bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential consequences of discard reform for seabird communities
Authors: Bicknell Anthony W. J. , Oro Daniel , Camphuysen Kees (C.J.) , Votier Stephen C. 
Published: March 2013

Summary

Upcoming reform of the European Union (EU) Common Fisheries Policy will be the biggest change in European fisheries management for a generation. A central plank of this reform is a proposed ban on discards, to aid the creation of economically and environmentally sustainable fisheries. This, together with a global trend for declining discards, may have unforeseen knock‐on consequences for the large number of scavenging seabirds that consume this plentiful subsidy.

Discards have shaped many aspects of seabird foraging, distribution and population dynamics. Here, we review these effects and consider the potential for both negative and positive impacts of discard reforms for seabirds, with particular focus on the EU, and propose recommendations for ongoing research and conservation.

EU seabird scavengers are dominated by a relatively small number of large generalist taxa. Many of these occur at globally significant numbers within the EU, but may be able to buffer a decline in discards by switching to feed on alternative foods.

A discard ban may have negative consequences by creating a food shortage for scavenging birds. Some species may offset this by feeding more on other birds, with potentially negative population‐level impacts, or by moving into novel environments.

Benefits of a discard ban may be a reduction in seabird bycatch in fishing gears, as well as a reduction in populations of large generalist species that currently dominate some seabird communities.

Synthesis and applications. Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy and global discard declines are essential components towards creating sustainable fisheries, but may have both detrimental and beneficial effects on seabird communities. The nature of these impacts is still poorly understood, highlighting the need for detailed long‐term seabird monitoring, as well as building resilience into populations through policy measures that incorporate remedial action on major seabird conservation priorities. Research should focus on understanding how seabird foraging, in terms of functional responses and searching behaviour, is influenced by both changing discards and natural fish prey availability, and how they impact upon fitness. It is also essential to link individual‐level responses with population‐, community‐ and ecosystem‐level change. Understanding these links is fundamental to ongoing seabird management and conservation, and an ecosystem‐based approach to fisheries management.
A systematic review and meta‐regression analysis of aggression during the First Episode of Psychosis
Authors: Winsper C. , Ganapathy R. , Marwaha S. , Large M. , Birchwood M. , Singh S. P. 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveThe First Episode of Psychosis (FEP) represents a period of heightened risk for aggression. However, it is not known whether this risk is significantly altered following contact with mental health services.MethodMeta‐analytic methods were used to estimate pooled prevalence of ‘any’ and ‘serious’ aggression during FEP, while meta‐regression analyses were conducted to explore reasons for heterogeneity between studies.ResultsFifteen studies comprising 3, 294 FEP subjects were analysed. Pooled prevalence of ‘any aggression’ before service contact was 28% (95% CI: 22–34) and following contact 31% (95% CI: 20–42). Pooled prevalence of ‘serious aggression’ was 16% (95% CI: 11–20) before service contact and 13% (95% CI: 6–20) following contact. Four studies reporting repeated assessments within the same cohort revealed that aggression rates did not significantly differ post and pre service contact: Odds Ratios for any aggression: 1.18 (95% CI: 0.46–2.99) and serious aggression: 0.61 (95% CI: 0.31–1.21).ConclusionRates of aggression are high during FEP, both before and following initial service contact, and seem not to alter following contact. This conclusion remains tentative due to considerable heterogeneity between studies and a lack of prospective cohort studies.
Does symptomatology at presentation correlate with successful expectant management of first trimester miscarriage: A prospective observational study
Authors: Casikar Ishwari , Lu Chuan , Reid Shannon , Condous George 
Published: March 2013

AimsTo evaluate whether symptomatology at presentation correlates with successful expectant management of first‐trimester miscarriage.MethodsData were collected prospectively on women managed expectantly for two weeks with first‐trimester miscarriage. Women diagnosed with incomplete, missed and empty sac miscarriage were included. The overall rate of successful expectant management was evaluated in terms of symptomatology. The rates of successful expectant management for each miscarriage group were also evaluated in terms of the type of symptoms. Main outcome measure was success of expectant management at two weeks.ResultsSpontaneous completion of miscarriage was observed in 76.7% (161/210) women. The overall rates of successful expectant management were significantly different between the symptomatic (79.1%) and asymptomatic (42.9%) groups (P‐value = 0.0003). In the incomplete miscarriage group, higher rates of success were associated with vaginal bleeding than without (89.4 vs 56.3%; P‐value = 0.0027). The presence or absence of pain was not found to be significant.ConclusionsSymptomatology does appear to be a consistent predictor of outcome for expectant management of miscarriage. Overall, vaginal bleeding at presentation was associated with an increase in success of expectant management; but individually, only significant in the incomplete miscarriage group. The presence or absence of pain at presentation was not a predictor for the various types of miscarriage.
The ability of bispectral index to detect intra‐operative wakefulness during total intravenous anaesthesia compared with the isolated forearm technique
Authors: Russell I. F. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryIt has been suggested that monitoring during total intravenous anaesthesia should include aspects of brain function. The current study used a manually adjusted target‐controlled infusion of propofol for anaesthesia, guided to a bispectral index range of 55–60. Intra‐operative responsiveness, as assessed by the isolated forearm technique, was compared with whether the bispectral index predicted/identified a patient's appropriate hand movements in responses to commands. Twenty‐two women underwent major gynaecological surgery with total intravenous anaesthesia, propofol, remifentanil and atracurium. Sixteen women responded, on 80 occasions, with appropriate hand movements to commands during surgery, of which the bispectral index detected 47 (sensitivity 59%). The bispectral index suggested consciousness 220 times in the absence of movement responses (specificity 85%). The positive predictive value of a bispectral index response was 18%. While two women had vague recall about squeezing fingers, none had recall of surgery. For patients who responded more than once during surgery the bispectral index value associated with a response was not constant. Although there was no difference in the median (IQR [range]) effect site propofol concentration between intra‐operative responses (2.0 (1.5–2.3 [1.2–4.0]) μg.ml−1) and eye opening after surgery (2.1 (1.7–2.8 [1.5–3.9]) μg.ml−1), the median (IQR [range]) bispectral index value at eye opening after surgery was significantly higher than that associated with responses during surgery: 75 (70–78 [51–93]) vs 61 (52–67 [37–80]) respectively, (p < 0.001). The manual control of propofol intravenous anaesthesia to target a bispectral index range of 55–60 may result in an unacceptable number of patients who are conscious during surgery (albeit without recall).
Impact of mucosal healing on long‐term outcomes in ulcerative colitis treated with infliximab: a multicenter experience
Authors: Laharie D. , Filippi J. , Roblin X. , Nancey S. , Chevaux J.‐B. , Hébuterne X. , Flourié B. , Capdepont M. , Peyrin‐Biroulet L. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryBackgroundMucosal healing can be achieved with infliximab (IFX).AimTo assess the impact of mucosal healing on long‐term outcomes in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) when treated with infliximab (IFX) beyond 1 year.MethodsAll consecutive adult patients with refractory UC receiving maintenance treatment with IFX in five French referral centres were analysed retrospectively. Only patients who had endoscopic evaluation between 6 and 52 weeks following IFX initiation were included. According to their Mayo endoscopic sub‐score, patients were categorised into mucosal healing (sub‐score: 0–1) and no mucosal healing (2–3). Outcome measures were colectomy and IFX failure defined by drug withdrawal due to secondary failure among primary responders.ResultsOf the 63 patients (30 women; median age: 38 years), 30 (48%) achieved mucosal healing. The median follow‐up duration was 27 (3–79) months. Colectomy‐free survival rates at 12, 24 and 36 months were, respectively, 100%, 96% and 96% in patients with mucosal healing. The corresponding figures were, respectively, 80%, 65% and 65% in patients without mucosal healing (P = 0.004). By multivariate analysis, mucosal healing was the only factor associated with colectomy‐free survival, with an odds ratio of 18.01 (95%CI: 1.58–204.92). IFX failure‐free survival rates at 12, 24 and 36 months were, respectively, 76%, 69% and 64% in patients with mucosal healing, and 44%, 25% and 21% in those without mucosal healing (P = 0.003).ConclusionPatients with refractory UC who achieved mucosal healing after IFX initiation had better long‐term outcomes, with significantly less colectomy and less IFX failure.
Mental health in female veterinarians: effects of working hours and having children
Authors: Shirangi A , Fritschi L , Holman CDJ , Morrison D 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundPersonal, interpersonal and organisational factors have been suggested as possible causes of stress, anxiety and depression for veterinarians. We used established psychological scales to measure (1) levels of distress and work‐related stress (anxiety and depression) and (2) the demographic and work characteristics of female veterinarians in relation to anxiety, depression and mental health.MethodsA national cross‐sectional survey of a cohort population was conducted and self‐administered questionnaires were received from 1017 female veterinarians who completed the mental health section of the survey. Using linear and logistic regression analyses, we examined demographic and work‐related factors associated with overall stress measured by theGeneralHealthQuestionnaire scale and theAffectiveWell‐Being scale (Anxiety‐ContentmentAxis andDepression‐EnthusiasmAxis).ResultsMore than one‐third (37%) of the sample was suffering ‘minor psychological distress’, suggesting the stressful nature of veterinary practice. Women with two or more children had less anxiety and depression compared with those who had never been pregnant or were childless. Longer working hours were associated with increased anxiety and depression in female veterinarians overall and in stratified samples of women with and without children.ConclusionAmong the work characteristics of veterinary practice, long working hours may have a direct effect on a veterinarian's health in terms of anxiety, depression and mental health. The finding also indicates that women with two or more children have less anxiety and depression than women who have never been pregnant or childless women.
Origin of evolutionary change in avian clutch size
Authors: Haywood Sacha 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTWhy different bird species lay different numbers of eggs is a question that has long been associated with factors external to the organism, that is, factors which operate on inherited variation in clutch size through the action of natural selection. Yet, while external factors are important, the extent of what is evolutionarily possible rests with the mechanisms developed by birds for clutch‐size control. Hitherto neglected, these mechanisms generate factors internal to the organism that are central to the origin of evolutionary change. They are related to the fact that a species‐specific range of clutch size arises from the differential survival of pre‐ovulatory follicles undergoing growth when the signal causing egg laying to end reaches the ovary. Herein, I examine three internal factors that, together with external factors, could impact the evolution of avian clutch size. Each factor acts by changing either the number of pre‐ovulatory follicles present in the ovary at the time of follicular disruption or the timing of this event. These changes to clutch size can be explained by the concept of heterochrony. In light of this, the role of phenotypic plasticity and genes determining clutch size is discussed. Finally, to account for the origin of evolutionary change in clutch size, I detail an hypothesis involving a process similar to Waddington's theory of genetic assimilation.
Changing channels: Managing channel integration and migration in public organizations
Authors: Kernaghan Kenneth 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe integration and migration of service delivery channels are increasingly important issues for public organizations, involving investment of substantial resources. Designing and implementing a channel integration and migration strategy require attention to: 1) the collection of baseline data on the customers and channels involved with the delivery of each service; 2) an assessment of desirable and feasible changes to the current channel strategy; 3) consideration of the appropriate mix of service channels, with particular reference to incentives to encourage migration to self‐service channels; 4) the reduction or removal of barriers to effective channel management and migration. The pursuit of cost savings and improved service, together with the increasing number and upgrading of service channels, will keep channel management high on the service delivery agenda.
Development of Phonological Constancy: 19‐Month‐Olds, but Not 15‐Month‐Olds, Identify Words in a Non‐Native Regional Accent
Authors: Mulak Karen E. , Best Catherine T. , Tyler Michael D. , Kitamura Christine , Irwin Julia R. 
Published: March 2013

By 12 months, children grasp that a phonetic change to a word can change its identity (phonological distinctiveness). However, they must also grasp that some phonetic changes do not (phonological constancy). To test development of phonological constancy, sixteen 15‐month‐olds and sixteen 19‐month‐olds completed an eye‐tracking task that tracked their gaze to named versus unnamed images for familiar words spoken in their native (Australian) and an unfamiliar non‐native (Jamaican) regional accent of English. Both groups looked longer at named than unnamed images for Australian pronunciations, but only 19‐month‐olds did so for Jamaican pronunciations, indicating that phonological constancy emerges by 19 months. Vocabulary size predicted 15‐month‐olds' identifications for the Jamaican pronunciations, suggesting vocabulary growth is a viable predictor for phonological constancy development.
Vitamin D status in primary hyperparathyroidism: a Southern European perspective
Authors: Tassone Francesco , Gianotti Laura , Baffoni Claudia , Visconti Gianluca , Pellegrino Micaela , Cassibba Sara , Croce Chiara Giulia , Magro Giampaolo , Cesario Flora , Attanasio Roberto , Borretta Giorgio 
Published: March 2013

SummaryBackgroundVitamin D deficiency (VDD) is common in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT), and this could affect the clinical expression of the disease. However, few North American or North European studies have addressed this issue, showing vitamin D repletion in only about one‐third of the patients.Subjects and methodsVitamin D status was evaluated both in an observational study in a series of 206 consecutive patients with pHPT at diagnosis and in a case‐control analysis with 113 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy blood donors. Vitamin D status was assessed by measuring plasma 25‐hydroxy‐vitamin D (25OHD) levels and was defined as VDD or severe VDD if 25OHD was <20 ng/ml (<50 nm) and <10 ng/ml (<25 nm), respectively.ResultsNo seasonal variability was observed in 25OHD levels. VDD was observed in 75 of 206 patients (36·4%). The VDD was severe in 24 of 75 patients (11·7%). There was no difference in prevalence of VDD between men and women nor between asymptomatic and ‘bone and stone’ symptomatic patients. 25OHD levels was negatively correlated with parathyroid hormone, ionized calcium, and bone turnover markers, and positively correlated with phosphate. 25OHD levels were also positively correlated with bone mineral density at all sites measured. In the case‐control study, the overall prevalence of VDD and severe VDD was higher in patients with pHPT compared with controls (33·6% vs 10·6%, P < 0·0001, and 8·8% vs 1·8%, P = 0·0337, respectively).ConclusionsOur study shows that VDD occurs in about one‐third of patients with pHPT resident in a Southern European area, a lower figure than previously reported. Moreover, VDD is related to a more severe bone disease, and its prevalence is higher in patients with pHPT than in healthy matched subjects.
Vitamin D levels during and after resolution of ketoacidosis in children with new onset Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Devidayal  , Singh M. K. , Sachdeva N. , Singhi S. , Attri S. V. , Jayashree M. , Bhalla A. K. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimTo study the effect of ketoacidosis on measured 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 in children with new onset Type 1 diabetes.MethodsMeasurement of pH and bicarbonate levels was carried out in children with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes at presentation with ketoacidosis. 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 estimation was carried out at presentation (timepoint 1) and 1 month later (timepoint 2). There was no significant difference in the mean (±sd) 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 levels [35.39 (±25.79) vs 39.63 (±48.03) nmol/L; P = 0.661) at the two timepoints in the study.ResultsCorrelation analysis revealed a positive correlation between bicarbonate levels and timepoint 1, i.e. the lower the bicarbonate levels, the lower were the timepoint 1 levels and vice versa (correlation coefficient 0.538, P = 0.001). Timepoint 2 levels also showed a positive correlation with serum bicarbonate levels with a correlation coefficient of 0.379 (P = 0.032). None of the variables other than bicarbonate,.(age, gender, BMI, pH or time), was found to have the predictive ability for timepoint1 levels. Similarly for predicting timepoint 2 levels, BMI was found to have independent predictive ability in addition to bicarbonate.ConclusionsSevere ketoacidosis, as judged by bicarbonate but not pH, may transiently lower 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 levels in children with new onset Type 1 diabetes. Persistence of low 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 levels after resolution of ketoacidosis suggests a state of permanent vitamin D deficiency in our patient population.
Oral Health Impact Profile, EuroQol, and Assessment of Quality of Life instruments as quality of life and health‐utility measures of oral health
Authors: Brennan David S. 
Published: March 2013

Oral‐specific measures are often preferred to examine outcomes of oral disorders. However, generic measures can add additional information, including health utility. The aim was to assess the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), EuroQol (EQ‐5D), and Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL) instruments in relation to oral health in terms of their discriminative and convergent validities. Data were collected from adults, 30–61 yr of age, in Australia by mailed survey during 2009 and 2010, including the OHIP‐14, the EQ‐5D, and the AQoL, a range of self‐reported oral health variables, and by self‐rated oral and general health. Responses were collected from 1093 subjects (a response rate of 39.1%). The OHIP, the EQ‐5D, and the AQoL were associated with oral health variables, with effect sizes ranging from 0.6 to 1.1 for the OHIP, from 0.3 to 0.5 for the EQ‐5D, and from 0.4 to 0.6 for the AQoL. The OHIP tended to be more strongly correlated with self‐rated oral health (rho = −0.5) than with general health (rho = −0.3), whilst the EQ‐5D and the AQoL were less strongly correlated with oral health (rho = −0.3 and −0.3, respectively) than with general health (rho = −0.4 and −0.5, respectively). Whilst the OHIP was more sensitive to differences in oral health, the generic measures of EQ‐5D and AQoL both exhibited discriminative validity and convergent validity in relation to oral health variables, supporting their use in oral health studies.
The understudied and underappreciated role of predation in the mortality of fish released from fishing gears
Authors: Raby Graham D , Packer Jessica R , Danylchuk Andy J , Cooke Steven J 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe assumption that animals released from fishing gears survive has frequently been scrutinized by researchers in recent years. Mortality estimates from these research efforts can be incorporated into management models to ensure the sustainability of fisheries and the conservation of threatened species. Post‐release mortality estimates are typically made by holding the catch in a tank, pen or cage for short‐term monitoring (e.g. 48 h). These estimates may be inaccurate in some cases because they fail to integrate the challenges of the wild environment. Most obvious among these challenges is predator evasion. Stress and injury from a capture experience can temporarily impair physiological capacity and alter behaviour in released animals, a period during which predation risk is likely elevated. In large‐scale commercial fisheries, predators have adapted their behaviour to capitalize on impaired fishes being discarded, while in recreational catch‐and‐release fisheries, exercise and air exposure can similarly impede the capacity for released fish to evade opportunistic predators. Owing to the indirect and often cryptic nature of this source of mortality, very few studies have attempted to document it. A survey of the literature demonstrated that <2% of the papers in the combined realms of bycatch and catch‐and‐release have directly addressed or considered post‐release predation. Future research should combine field telemetry and laboratory studies using both natural and simulated predation encounters and incorporate physiological and behavioural endpoints. Quite simply, predation is an understudied and underappreciated contributor to the mortality of animals released from fishing gears.
Regime shifts and recruitment dynamics of snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio, in the eastern Bering Sea
Authors: Szuwalski Cody , Punt André E. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractShifts in climate regime are prominent features of the physical environment of the eastern Bering Sea and in recent years have been documented in approximately 1977 and 1989. Average snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) recruitment decreased sharply after the 1989 fertilization year. Models in which control of snow crab recruitment shifts between drivers dependent on climate ‘regime’ are presented. These models are evaluated using cross‐validation and retrospective analysis, both of which indicate that the relationships are relatively robust to varying levels of information. Larval survival as influenced by food availability in the pelagic phase and advection to suitable nursery grounds are the hypothesized mechanisms driving recruitment dynamics.