bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arterial Spin–Labeled Perfusion Imaging to Predict Mismatch in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Niibo Takeya , Ohta Hajime , Yonenaga Kazuma , Ikushima Ichiro , Miyata Shirou , Takeshima Hideo 
Published: July 2013

Background and Purpose—
We assigned a threshold to arterial spin–labeling (ASL) perfusion-weighted images (PWI) from patients with acute ischemic stroke and compared them with dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion images to examine whether mismatch can be determined.

Methods—
Pseudocontinuous ASL was combined with dynamic susceptibility contrast PWI in 23 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Scans were obtained within 24 hours of symptom onset. PWI volumes were defined by ASL cerebral blood flow (<15, <20, and <25 mL/100 g per minute) and dynamic susceptibility contrast–mean transit time (MTT) thresholds (>10 s) that show a strong association with cerebral blood flow <20 mL/100 g per minute in Xenon CT studies. Agreement between the ASL–diffusion-weighted imaging and MTT–diffusion-weighted imaging mismatch and the correlation between penumbra salvage and infarct growth, defined as the difference between the baseline PWI and the baseline diffusion-weighted imaging lesion, respectively, and the final infarct volume were assessed.

Results—
The lesion volumes defined by MTT>10 s and ASL<20 mL/100 g per minute showed an excellent correlation. There was 100% agreement on the mismatch status between MTT>10 s and ASL<20 mL/100 g per minute. The correlation between infarct growth and penumbra salvage volume was significantly better for PWI lesions defined by ASL<20 mL/100 g per minute and MTT>10 s.

Conclusions—
In acute ischemic stroke, PWI lesions based on ASL threshold of <20 mL/100 g per minute can provide a reliable estimate of mismatch in correspondence at MTT threshold of >10 s.
Ideal Cardiovascular Health Metrics and the Risks of Ischemic and Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Stroke
Authors: Zhang Qian , Zhou Yong , Gao Xiang , Wang Chunxue , Zhang Shufeng , Wang Anxin , Li Na , Bian Liheng , Wu Jianwei , Jia Qian , Wu Shouling , Zhao Xingquan 
Published: July 2013

Background and Purpose—
Previous studies showed an inverse association between ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics and the total risk of cardiovascular diseases and stroke. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ideal CVH metrics and the risks of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, respectively.

Methods—
We collected information on the 7 ideal CVH metrics (including smoking status, body mass index, dietary intake, physical activity, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose) among 91 698 participants from the Kailuan study, China (72 826 men and 18 872 women between the ages of 18 and 98 years), free of myocardial infarction and stroke at baseline (2006–2007). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate stroke risk.

Results—

During the 4-year follow-up, we identified 1486 incident stroke events (1057 ischemic, 386 intracerebral hemorrhagic, and 43 subarachnoid hemorrhagic). The hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for total stroke with adherence to 0 (reference), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6/7 ideal CVH metrics were: 1, 0.92 (0.69–1.23), 0.69 (0.52–0.92), 0.52 (0.39–0.68), 0.38 (0.28–0.51), 0.27 (0.18–0.40), and 0.24 (0.11–0.54), respectively (
P
trend <0.01), after adjusting for age, sex, education, income, and hospital. Similar inverse associations were observed for both ischemic and intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke (both
P
trend <0.01).

Conclusions—
We observed a clear inverse gradient relationship between the number of ideal CVH metrics and the risk of stroke in a Chinese population, supporting the importance of ideal health behaviors and factors in stroke prevention.
Corporate Personality from an Islamic Perspective
Authors: Zahid Anowar 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Corporate personality is said to be a Western concept, but is it also Islamic? Answering this question is a demand of the day in view of the ever-increasing number of Islamic commercial and financial entities. For example, the legal personality of the first Islamic Bank of Malaysia, Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad, has been brought to question following an unreported case, Bank Islam Malaysia Bhd. v. Adnan Bin Omar (1994). In an attempt to answer this question, this article overviews the arguments of Islamic jurists on this issue and puts forward its own judgment.
Shariʿah Governance System in Islamic Financial Institutions: New Issues and Challenges
Authors: Grassa Rihab 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Shariʿah governance is considered an unique characteristic of governance in financial architecture as it is concerned with the religious aspect of the overall behaviour of Islamic financial institutions compared to the conventional model of governance. Shariʿah governance is defined as the internal mechanism which helps to ensure that an Islamic financial institution complies with the Shariʿah in its operations and activities and which helps it to achieve the objectives of maqāṣid al-shariʿah. Today, with the significant and rapid growth of the Islamic financial industry worldwide, a strong Shariʿah governance framework seems to be needed now more than before. Effective Shariʿah governance is crucial to strengthen the credibility of the Islamic financial industry. Failure to provide efficient Shariʿah governance may have serious consequences on the development of the Islamic financial system. This article aims to review the Shariʿah governance system and its practice in Islamic financial institutions internationally and discusses the current issues and challenges facing Shariʿah governance.
Property (Māl) and Credit Relations in Islamic Law: An Explanation of Dayn and the Function of Legal Personality (Dhimma)
Authors: Cattelan Valentino 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This article deals with the notion of property (māl) and the conceptualization of credit relations in Islamic law by investigating the dyad ʿayn/dayn and highlighting the functional linkage between dayn (debt/credit) and dhimma (legal personality). More precisely, in accordance with the elaboration of classical scholars, the work illustrates the notion of dayn, not in terms of obligation but as a property already owned by the creditor, while subsisting over the dhimma of the debtor: i.e., a property-in-the-future guaranteed by this dhimma. Differences from the Western notion of obligation, as well as peculiarities of Islamic contract law, are subsequently outlined.
“Weather Girls” on the Big Screen: Stereotypes, Sex Appeal, and Science
Authors: Perryman Nyssa , Theiss Sandra 
Published: July 2013

Women currently in the broadcasting meteorology field have dealt with—and continue to deal with—restrictive stereotypes based on the public's perception of their physical appearance and intelligence, largely stemming from the “weather girl” stereotype developed in the 1950s. This sexist stereotype is best seen and often exaggerated in cinematic films and television shows; however, the public's ability to distinguish the truthful and fictitious aspects of these stereotypes is important because these stereotypes limit the level of trust established between female weathercasters and viewers while consequently impeding the public response to dangerous weather situations.
This study will evaluate the origin of the weather girl stereotype associated with female broadcast meteorologists throughout history and use this information to further understand the representation of women weathercasters in several films and television episodes, in order to determine if the weather girl stereotype is further perpetrated in popular cultural media. The study found that these films and episodes actually serve to diminish the role of female weathercasters by reducing them to nothing more than a weather girl.
Investigation of PR and TMI Version 6 and Version 7 Rainfall Algorithms in Landfalling Tropical Cyclones Relative to the NEXRAD Stage-IV Multisensor Precipitation Estimate Dataset
Authors: Zagrodnik Joseph P. , Jiang Haiyan 
Published: July 2013

AbstractRainfall estimates from versions 6 (V6) and 7 (V7) of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) 2A25 and Microwave Imager (TMI) 2A12 algorithms are compared relative to the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) Multisensor Precipitation Estimate stage-IV hourly rainfall product. The dataset consists of 252 TRMM overpasses of tropical cyclones from 2002 to 2010 within a 230-km range of southeastern U.S. Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) sites. All rainfall estimates are averaged to a uniform 1/7° square grid. The grid boxes are also divided by their TMI surface designation (land, ocean, or coast). A detailed statistical analysis is undertaken to determine how changes to the TRMM rainfall algorithms in the latest version (V7) are influencing the rainfall retrievals relative to ground reference data. Version 7 of the PR 2A25 is the best-performing algorithm over all three surface types. Over ocean, TMI 2A12 V7 is improved relative to V6 at high rain rates. At low rain rates, the new ocean TMI V7 probability-of-rain parameter creates ambiguity in differentiating light rain (≤0.5 mm h−1) and nonraining areas. Over land, TMI V7 underestimates stage IV more than V6 does at a wide range of rain rates, resulting in an increased negative bias. Both versions of the TMI coastal algorithm are also negatively biased at both moderate and heavy rain rates. Some of the TMI biases can be explained by uncertain relationships between rain rate and 85-GHz ice scattering.
Retrieval of Cloud Properties Using CALIPSO Imaging Infrared Radiometer. Part II: Effective Diameter and Ice Water Path
Authors: Garnier Anne , Pelon Jacques , Dubuisson Philippe , Yang Ping , Faivre Michaël , Chomette Olivier , Pascal Nicolas , Lucker Pat , Murray Tim 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis paper describes the version-3 level-2 operational analysis of the Imaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR) data collected in the framework of the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) mission to retrieve cirrus cloud effective diameter and ice water path in synergy with the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) collocated observations. The analysis uses a multisensor split-window technique relying on the concept of microphysical index applied to the two pairs of channels (12.05, 10.6 μm) and (12.05, 8.65 μm) to retrieve cirrus microphysical properties (effective diameter, ice water path) at 1-km pixel resolution. Retrievals are performed for three crystal families selected from precomputed lookup tables identified as representative of the main relationships between the microphysical indices. The uncertainties in the microphysical indices are detailed and quantified, and the impact on the retrievals is simulated. The possible biases have been assessed through consistency checks that are based on effective emissivity difference. It has been shown that particle effective diameters of single-layered cirrus clouds can be retrieved, for the first time, down to effective emissivities close to 0.05 when accurate measured background radiances can be used and up to 0.95 over ocean and land, as well as over low opaque clouds. The retrieval of the ice water path from the IIR effective optical depth and the effective diameter is discussed. Taking advantage of the cloud boundaries retrieved by CALIOP, an IIR power-law relationship between ice water content and extinction is established for four temperature ranges and shown to be consistent with previous results on average for the chosen dataset.
The Upslope–Downslope Flow Transition on a Basin Sidewall
Authors: Villagrasa Daniel Martínez , Lehner Manuela , Whiteman C. David , Hoch Sebastian W. , Cuxart Joan 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe late afternoon upslope–downslope flow transition on the west inner sidewall of Arizona’s Meteor Crater, visualized by photographs of smoke dispersion, is investigated for 20 October 2006 using surface radiative and energy budget data and mean and turbulent flow profiles from three towers, two at different distances up the slope and one on the basin floor. The bowl-shaped crater allows the development of the upslope–downslope flow transition with minimal influence from larger-scale motions from outside and avoiding the upvalley–downvalley flow interactions typical of valleys. The slow downslope propagation of the shadow from the west rim causes a change in the surface radiation budget and the consequent loss of heat from the shallow atmospheric layer above the western slope at a time when the sun still heats the crater floor and the inner east sidewall. The onset of the katabatic flow is visualized by the dispersion of the smoke, and the onset occurs at the same time at the two slope towers. The katabatic flow arrives later at the crater floor, cooling the air and contributing to the stabilization of a shallow but strong inversion layer there. A wavelet analysis indicates that the initial upslope current is driven by crater-size scales, whereas the later downslope flow is influenced by the thermal gradient between opposing sidewalls generated by their different cooling rates. A comparison with other days suggests that the timing of the transition is also influenced by the presence of convective eddies in addition to the local energy balance.
Interannual Variability of the East Asian Winter Monsoon and Related Modulations of the Planetary Waves
Authors: Takaya Koutarou , Nakamura Hisashi 
Published: July 2013

Interannual variability of the East Asian winter monsoon is investigated through composite analysis applied to observational data for 50 recent years. Although the monsoon activity itself is confined into the lower troposphere, its midwinter variability tends to accompany upper-tropospheric geopotential height anomalies similar to the Eurasian (EU) and western Pacific (WP) teleconnection patterns. The “EU-like” pattern is characterized by a wavy signature over the Eurasian continent and the North Atlantic, with surface temperature anomalies over the Far East and North America. In the “WP-like” pattern, a meridional dipole of upper-level height anomalies is evident over the Far East. These anomaly patterns related to the anomalous winter monsoon activity are found to accompany marked modulations of the climatological development of the upper-tropospheric planetary waves from late autumn to midwinter. Enhanced monsoon activity in January associated with the WP-like pattern involves anomalous seasonal development of a planetary wave ridge with enhanced positive height tendencies from November to January over eastern Siberia and Alaska, while the corresponding tendencies are anomalously negative under the weakened monsoon activity. The stronger monsoon also accompanies an enhanced seasonal decline of geopotential height over the midlatitude North Pacific, corresponding to the enhanced southeastward development of a planetary wave trough. Similar modulations of the planetary wave evolution are observed with the anomalous monsoon activity associated with the EU-like pattern. In addition, the anomalous midwinter activity of the monsoon is also accompanied by noticeable variability of the seasonal development of the planetary waves over the Euro-Atlantic sector.
Multiscale Performance of the ALARO-0 Model for Simulating Extreme Summer Precipitation Climatology in Belgium
Authors: De Troch Rozemien , Hamdi Rafiq , Van de Vyver Hans , Geleyn Jean-François , Termonia Piet 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDaily summer precipitation over Belgium from the Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement International (ALADIN) model and a version of the model that has been updated with physical parameterizations, the so-called ALARO-0 model [ALADIN and AROME (Application de la Recherche à l'Opérationnel à Meso-Echelle) combined model, first baseline version released in 1998], are compared with respect to station observations for the period 1961–90. The 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40) is dynamically downscaled using both models on a horizontal resolution of 40 km, followed by a one-way nesting on high spatial resolutions of 10 and 4 km. This setup allows us to explore the relative importance of spatial resolution versus parameterization formulation on the model skill to correctly simulate extreme daily precipitation. Model performances are assessed through standard statistical errors and density, frequency, and quantile distributions as well as extreme value analysis, using the peak-over-threshold method and generalized Pareto distribution. The 40-km simulations of ALADIN and ALARO-0 show similar results, both reproducing the observations reasonably well. For the high-resolution simulations, ALARO-0 at both 10 and 4 km is in better agreement with the observations than ALADIN. The ALADIN model consistently produces too high precipitation rates. The findings demonstrate that the new parameterizations within the ALARO-0 model are responsible for a correct simulation of extreme summer precipitation at various horizontal resolutions. Moreover, this study shows that ALARO-0 is a good candidate model for regional climate modeling.
Global Hydrological Cycle Response to Rapid and Slow Global Warming
Authors: Back Larissa , Russ Karen , Liu Zhengyu , Inoue Kuniaki , Zhang Jiaxu , Otto-Bliesner Bette 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis study analyzes the response of global water vapor to global warming in a series of fully coupled climate model simulations. The authors find that a roughly 7% K−1 rate of increase of water vapor with global surface temperature is robust only for rapid anthropogenic-like climate change. For slower warming that occurred naturally in the past, the Southern Ocean has time to equilibrate, producing a different pattern of surface warming, so that water vapor increases at only 4.2% K−1. This lower rate of increase of water vapor with warming is not due to relative humidity changes or differences in mean lower-tropospheric temperature. A temperature of over 80°C would be required in the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship to match the 4.2% K−1 rate of increase. Instead, the low rate of increase is due to spatially heterogeneous warming. During slower global warming, there is enhanced warming at southern high latitudes, and hence less warming in the tropics per kelvin of global surface temperature increase. This leads to a smaller global water vapor increase, because most of the atmospheric water vapor is in the tropics. A formula is proposed that applies to general warming scenarios. This study also examines the response of global-mean precipitation and the meridional profile of precipitation minus evaporation and compares the latter to thermodynamic scalings. It is found that global-mean precipitation changes are remarkably robust between rapid and slow warming. Thermodynamic scalings for the rapid- and slow-warming zonal-mean precipitation are similar, but the precipitation changes are significantly different, suggesting that circulation changes are important in driving these differences.
Inferring Soil Moisture Memory from Streamflow Observations Using a Simple Water Balance Model
Authors: Orth Rene , Koster Randal D. , Seneviratne Sonia I. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Soil moisture is known for its integrative behavior and resulting memory characteristics. Soil moisture anomalies can persist for weeks or even months into the future, making initial soil moisture a potentially important contributor to skill in weather forecasting. A major difficulty when investigating soil moisture and its memory using observations is the sparse availability of long-term measurements and their limited spatial representativeness. In contrast, there is an abundance of long-term streamflow measurements for catchments of various sizes across the world. The authors investigate in this study whether such streamflow measurements can be used to infer and characterize soil moisture memory in respective catchments. Their approach uses a simple water balance model in which evapotranspiration and runoff ratios are expressed as simple functions of soil moisture; optimized functions for the model are determined using streamflow observations, and the optimized model in turn provides information on soil moisture memory on the catchment scale. The validity of the approach is demonstrated with data from three heavily monitored catchments. The approach is then applied to streamflow data in several small catchments across Switzerland to obtain a spatially distributed description of soil moisture memory and to show how memory varies, for example, with altitude and topography.
World’s Greatest Observed Point Rainfalls: Jennings (1950) Scaling Law
Authors: Zhang Huan , Fraedrich Klaus , Zhu Xiuhua , Blender Richard , Zhang Ling 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The observed relation of worldwide precipitation maxima P versus duration d follows the Jennings scaling law, P ≈ db, with scaling coefficient b ≈ 0.5. This scaling is demonstrated to hold for single-station rainfall extending over three decades. A conceptual stochastic rainfall model that reveals similar scaling behavior is introduced as a first-order autoregressive process [AR(1)] to represent the lower tropospheric vertical moisture fluxes, whose upward components balance the rainfall while the downward components are truncated and defined as no rain. Estimates of 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) vertical moisture flux autocorrelations (at grids near the rainfall stations) provide estimates for the truncated AR(1). Subjected to maximum depth-duration analysis, the scaling coefficient b ≈ 0.5 is obtained extending for about two orders of magnitude, which is associated with a wide range of vertical moisture flux autocorrelations 0.1 &lt; a &lt; 0.7.
Large-Amplitude Internal Solitary Waves Observed in the Northern South China Sea: Properties and Energetics
Authors: Lien Ren-Chieh , Henyey Frank , Ma Barry , Yang Yiing Jang 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Five large-amplitude internal solitary waves (ISWs) propagating westward on the upper continental slope in the northern South China Sea were observed in May–June 2011 with nearly full-depth measurements of velocity, temperature, salinity, and density. As they shoaled, at least three waves reached the convective breaking limit: along-wave current velocity exceeded the wave propagation speed C. Vertical overturns of ~100 m were observed within the wave cores; estimated turbulent kinetic energy was up to 1.5 × 10−4 W kg−1. In the cores and at the pycnocline, the gradient Richardson number was mostly &lt;0.25. The maximum ISW vertical displacement was 173 m, 38% of the water depth. The normalized maximum vertical displacement was ~0.4 for three convective breaking ISWs, in agreement with laboratory results for shoaling ISWs. Observed ISWs had greater available potential energy (APE) than kinetic energy (KE). For one of the largest observed ISWs, the total wave energy per unit meter along the wave crest E was 553 MJ m−1, more than three orders of magnitude greater than that observed on the Oregon Shelf. Pressure work contributed 77% and advection contributed 23% of the energy flux. The energy flux nearly equaled CE. The Dubriel–Jacotin–Long model with and without a background shear predicts neither the observed APE &gt; KE nor the subsurface maximum of the along-wave velocity for shoaling ISWs, but does simulate the total energy and the wave shape. Including the background shear in the model results in the formation of a surface trapped core.