bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of nitric oxide on mitochondrial oxidative defence in postharvest peach fruits
Authors: Jing Guangqin , Zhou Jie , Zhu Shuhua 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDIt has been confirmed that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in fruit can cause oxidative damage and nitric oxide (NO) can regulate the accumulation of ROS and the antioxidative defence of fruit. However, little is known about the roles of NO on the antioxidant system in mitochondria of fruit. In this study, Feicheng peach fruits were dipped with 2‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide (c‐PTIO) and NO solutions to explore the effects of NO on the membrane permeability transition and antioxidant system in mitochondria of peach fruit.RESULTSTreatment with 15 µmol L−1 NO solution could delay the decrease of mitochondrial permeability transition and decrease the content of ROS in mitochondria. Besides, when the endogenous NO was scavenged by c‐PTIO, the ROS in mitochondria increased greatly and superoxide dismutase activity decreased, while the content and activities of peroxidase and catalase changed slightly.CONCLUSIONBy delaying the decrease of mitochondrial permeability transition, 15 µmol L−1 NO treatment could promote a more stable internal medium in mitochondria of Feicheng peach fruit. The increases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in mitochondria caused by the remove of endogenous NO suggested that NO also plays an important role in the mitochondrial antioxidant system of Feicheng peach fruit. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
The economic burden of cancer in the UK: a study of survivors treated with curative intent
Authors: Marti Joachim , Hall Peter S. , Hamilton Patrick , Hulme Claire T. , Jones Helen , Velikova Galina , Ashley Laura , Wright Penny 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveWe aim to describe the economic burden of UK cancer survivorship for breast, colorectal and prostate cancer patients treated with curative intent, 1 year post‐diagnosis.MethodsPatient‐level data were collected over a 3‐month period 12–15 months post‐diagnosis to estimate the monthly societal costs incurred by cancer survivors. Self‐reported resource utilisation data were obtained via the electronic Patient‐reported Outcomes from Cancer Survivors system and included community‐based health and social care, medications, travel costs and informal care. Hospital costs were retrieved through data linkage. Multivariate regression analysis was used to examine cost predictors.ResultsOverall, 298 patients were included in the analysis, including 136 breast cancer, 83 colorectal cancer and 79 prostate cancer patients. The average monthly societal cost was $US409 (95%CI: $US316–$US502) [mean: £260, 95%CI: £198–£322] and was incurred by 92% of patients. This was divided into costs to the National Health Service (mean: $US279, 95%CI: $US207–$US351) [mean: £177, 95%CI: £131–£224], patients' out‐of‐pocket (OOP) expenses (mean: $US40, 95%CI: $US15–$US65) [mean: £25, 95%CI: £9–£42] and the cost of informal care (mean: $US110, 95%CI: $US57–$US162) [mean: £70, 95%CI: £38–£102]. The distribution of costs was skewed with a small number of patients incurring very high costs. Multivariate analyses showed higher societal costs for breast cancer patients. Significant predictors of OOP costs included age and socioeconomic deprivation.ConclusionsThis study found the economic burden of cancer survivorship is unevenly distributed in the population and that cancer survivors may still incur substantial costs over 1 year post‐diagnosis. In addition, this study illustrates the feasibility of using an innovative online data collection platform to collect patient‐reported resource utilisation information. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnostik psychopathischer Persönlichkeitszüge bei Straftätern
Authors: Eisenbarth Hedwig , Alpers Georg W. 
Published: June 2015

Das Psychopathic Personality Inventory Revised (PPI-R) wurde bisher anhand der Daten gesunder, nicht straffälliger Probanden validiert. Die vorliegende Untersuchung überprüft die Validität des PPI-R für Straftäterstichproben. Die PPI-R Werte von 152 männlichen Patienten des Maßregelvollzugs, 65 Strafgefangenen und 214 männlichen Studenten wurden verglichen. Es wurden Reliabilitätskoeffizienten sowie Korrelationen mit der PCL-R berechnet. Es ergaben sich gute Reliabilitätskoeffizienten in der forensischen und der Strafgefangenen-Stichprobe. Die forensischen Patienten unterschieden sich signifikant von der gesunden Gruppe im Gesamtwert des PPI-R. Der PPI-R Gesamtwert und die PCL-R sowie deren Faktoren korrelierten signifikant. Obwohl die Gütekriterien des PPI-R auch in Straftätergruppen repliziert werden konnten, legen die Ergebnisse die Verwendung spezifischer Referenzwerte nahe. Einschränkungen des Einsatzes im Rahmen von prognostischen Aussagen sind zu beachten.
Neurogranin regulates CaM dynamics at dendritic spines
Authors: Petersen Amber , Gerges Nashaat Z. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCalmodulin (CaM) plays a key role in synaptic function and plasticity due to its ability to mediate Ca2+ signaling. Therefore, it is essential to understand the dynamics of CaM at dendritic spines. In this study we have explored CaM dynamics using live-cell confocal microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to study CaM diffusion. We find that only a small fraction of CaM in dendritic spines is immobile. Furthermore, the diffusion rate of CaM was regulated by neurogranin (Ng), a CaM-binding protein enriched at dendritic spines. Interestingly, Ng did not influence the immobile fraction of CaM at recovery plateau. We have previously shown that Ng enhances synaptic strength in a CaM-dependent manner. Taken together, these data indicate that Ng-mediated enhancement of synaptic strength is due to its ability to target, rather than sequester, CaM within dendritic spines.
Growth kinetics of plasma-polymerized films
Authors: Hwang Sukyoung , Seo Hosung , Jeong Dong-Cheol , Wen Long , Han Jeon Geon , Song Changsik , Kim Yunseok 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe growth kinetics of polymer thin films prepared by plasma-based deposition method were explored using atomic force microscopy. The growth behavior of the first layer of the polythiophene somewhat differs from that of the other layers because the first layer is directly deposited on the substrate, whereas the other layers are deposited on the polymer itself. After the deposition of the first layer, each layer is formed with a cycle of 15 s. The present work represents the growth kinetics of the plasma-polymerized films and could be helpful for further studies on growth kinetics in other material systems as well as for applications of plasma-polymerized thin films.
Non-monotonic dynamics and crosstalk in signaling pathways and their implications for pharmacology
Authors: van Wijk Roeland , Tans Sander J. , Wolde Pieter Rein ten , Mashaghi Alireza 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCurrently, drug discovery approaches commonly assume a monotonic dose-response relationship. However, the assumption of monotonicity is increasingly being challenged. Here we show that for two simple interacting linear signaling pathways that carry two different signals with different physiological responses, a non-monotonic input-output relation can arise with simple network topologies including coherent and incoherent feed-forward loops. We show that non-monotonicity of the response functions has severe implications for pharmacological treatment. Fundamental constraints are imposed on the effectiveness and toxicity of any drug independent of its chemical nature and selectivity due to the specific network structure.
New synthesis of artepillin C, a prenylated phenol, utilizing lipase-catalyzed regioselective deacetylation as the key step
Authors: Yashiro Kazuki , Hanaya Kengo , Shoji Mitsuru , Sugai Takeshi 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
We have synthesized artepillin C, a diprenylated p-hydroxycinnamate originally isolated from Brazilian propolis and exhibiting antioxidant and antitumor activities, from 2,6-diallylphenol. Replacement of the terminal vinyl with 2,2-dimethylvinyl group by olefin cross-metathesis and subsequent transformation yielded 2,6-diprenyl-1,4-hydroquinone diacetate. Candida antarctica lipase B-catalyzed deacetylation in 2-propanol regioselectively removed the less hindered acetyl group to give 2,6-diprenyl-1,4-hydroquinone 1-monoacetate. After triflation of the liberated 4-hydroxy group, a three-carbon side chain was introduced by palladium-mediated alkenylation with methyl acrylate. Final hydrolysis of the esters furnished artepillin C.
The Jewish-Irish Modern American Drama
Authors: Watt Stephen 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Beginning with Lawrence Langner and Bernard Shaw’s argument over a character known as “The Jew” in the latter’s play Geneva (1938), this chapter outlines the effects of Irish drama and Irishness on major contributors to socially progressive or proletarian theater in America: Elmer Rice, Clifford Odets, Stella Adler, and Arthur Miller. It also contextualizes such drama with the negative affects of tenement fiction, shame for instance, and traces the collaboration between Irish and Jewish practitioners in advancing modern drama. In addition to discussing the impact of Shaw and O’Casey on American drama, the chapter also considers their relation to Judaism and to larger critiques of industrial capitalism, including the redaction of stereotypes. The chapter also intimates the lingering influence of the nineteenth-century stage on modern drama, concluding with a discussion of this phenomenon in the later work of Eugene O’Neill, which shares numerous similarities with melodrama and the socially progressive drama of Odets and Rice.
Background
Authors: Glasner Ruth 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This introductory chapter reviews the major problems which faced a medieval scholar who wished to promote the applied mathematical sciences: the incompatibility between Ptolemy’s astronomy and Aristotle’s physics; the weakness of Ptolemy’s cosmology; the discord between geometrical optics and Aristotle’s theories of light and vision; and the methodological inadequacy of the applied mathematical sciences according to Aristotelian standards.
Gersonides
Authors: Glasner Ruth 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This chapter provides a sketch of the evolution of Gersonides’ scientific thought that draws on the dates of completion of his works (indicated by their colophons) and on the dates of his astronomical observations. The study of the works in the supposed order of their writing suggests a division of Gersonides’ life into three periods. In the early period he claimed to be ‘a mathematician, natural scientist, and philosopher’ and believed that using his skills in all these disciplines, he would be able to solve the major problem of medieval science (Chapter 1). The middle period marks his turning away from metaphysics and then, gradually also from Aristotelian natural science altogether (Chapters 3–6). In the late period (Chapter 8), Gersonides concentrated on mathematical astronomy, perfecting his techniques of observation and computation. This reconstruction of the intellectual development of Gersonides helps us understand how he shifted from polymathy to specialization.
Cosmology
Authors: Glasner Ruth 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Having robbed the Aristotelian divine science of its primacy, Gersonides endeavours to develop an alternative ‘divine science’ that would accord with his belief that the world was created. The underlying philosophical assumption of the new world picture is that the stars are the instruments of God’s providence and that their effects on the sublunar region and especially on humanity were programmed at the time of creation. The underlying physical basis is the theory of rays presented in a pseudo-Avicennian work translated into Hebrew from Latin. Gersonides draws in particular on the notion of the ‘mixing of rays’ described in that work to explain combinations of stellar influences. He draws on the general framework of natural astrology and on several mathematical rules of proportion that describe how the stellar influences can in principle be computed.
Introduction
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This book is a general history of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) from 2001 to 2011. The book covers the initial organization of the IASB and its subsequent evolution, the process of developing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) and the acceptance of IFRSs in many countries around the world. The book was written at the invitation of the IASB, as a companion to a previous book on the history of the IASB’s predecessor body, the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). While written at the IASB’s invitation and with the IASB’s support, the book was researched and written as an independent academic study. The book is based on archival materials provided by the IASB, published sources, and over 170 interviews with individuals from around the world who have been involved with the IASB and IFRSs in various capacities.
The IASB Sets its Agenda
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The IASB was free to set its own agenda of technical projects, building on the inherited corpus of IASC standards. A part of the initial agenda continued the IASC’s policy of improving standards in order to gain acceptance by securities regulators, organized in IOSCO. Another element was the notion of convergence, initially conceived of as multilateral convergence of IFRSs and the best standards from a range of countries, but increasingly thought of as convergence of IFRSs and US GAAP. Thirdly, members of the IASB Board drew on their experience to select issues that had already attracted the attention of standard setters in the 1990s. IFRS 2 on accounting for share-based payment was one of the IASB’s early successes. Conversely, the IASB was unable to bring projects on performance reporting and insurance contracts to a swift conclusion.
Financial Instruments
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Accounting for financial instruments became a test-case for the adoption of IFRSs by the European Union. The standard IAS 39 had always been controversial. There was a widely held view that the IASB was not sufficiently receptive to the views of the European banking industry while making a number of short-term improvements to IAS 39 prior to its endorsement for use in the EU. The IASB, on its part, insisted that it had followed due process and properly exercised its independent expert judgment. The issue ascended to the political level. IAS 39 was endorsed in 2004, but with two so-called carve-outs. Relations between the IASB and its European constituents were severely strained, even before the actual transition to IFRSs in 2005.
The IASB’s Organization Matures
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of the IASB organization through its first decade, and reviews the changing composition of the trustees, the Board, the advisory council, the interpretations committee and the technical staff. The trustees exercised their right to appoint Board members by gradually shifting the emphasis in the Board from technical accounting expertise to a broader range of backgrounds and experiences. Several initiatives were taken to enhance the Board’s due process and to improve its communication with constituents. Establishing a secure funding basis for the IASC Foundation was a continuous preoccupation of the trustees. Gradually, the initial reliance on voluntary contributions was replaced by national funding mechanisms and by funding from the European Commission.
Concepts and Convergence
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Between 2005 and 2008, the IASB’s technical agenda was increasingly dominated by convergence with US GAAP. In order to facilitate the lifting of the 20-F reconciliation, the IASB and the FASB agreed to a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in 2006, outlining a work programme of over a dozen convergence projects. The MoU was updated in 2008. A target or deadline for completion by mid-2011 was agreed, evidently with a view to a decision by the SEC on use of IFRSs by US domestic companies. The chapter reviews the most important convergence projects. To the alarm of some constituents, the work programme led the two boards to a fundamental reconsideration of several basic accounting concepts and practices. During the period, the IASB also completed a version of its standards designed for small and medium-sized entities (SMEs).
Preparing the IASB for the Second Decade
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Between 2006 and 2009 the question of the IASB’s public accountability was resolved by establishing a Monitoring Board, mainly composed of securities regulators. The powers of the Monitoring Board, in relation to the IASB Board’s independence, were a matter of intense negations. In the course of the second review of the Foundation’s Constitution, a number of other changes were made in recognition of the IASB’s growing responsibility as the standard setter for companies in more than a hundred countries. Given the central role played by David Tweedie during the IASB’s first decade, the choice of his successor was a seen as a vital matter, testing the relationship between the Foundation trustees and the recently established Monitoring Board. The relationship was further explored in parallel reviews of the IASB’s governance and strategy conducted by the trustees and the Monitoring Board.
The Uncertain Path Towards a Single Global Standard
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Following the financial crisis and personnel changes at the US SEC, the prospect of adoption of IFRSs in the United States began to fade. This brought other jurisdictions, which had formed their policies in anticipation of a US adoption, to reconsider their approach to IFRSs. The most notable example was Japan, which in 2009 adopted a roadmap towards a decision on adoption of IFRSs, but where the lack of progress in the United States, coupled with increasing domestic scepticism about the desirability of moving to IFRSs, ushered in a period of indecision. China maintained its policy of substantial convergence, while India explored ways of adopting a modified version of IFRSs. Meanwhile, Brazil and many other Latin American countries announced or completed adoption of IFRSs.
Epilogue
Authors: Camfferman Kees , Zeff Stephen A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This chapter reviews major developments between June 2011 and the middle of 2014. Because of the SEC’s silence on the use of IFRSs in the United States, the IASB had to find its position in a world where it had unquestionably become a leading player, but where national standard setters retained important positions in several jurisdictions. In modifying its consultative arrangements, the IASB paid particular attention to interaction with national standard setters. The IASB’s special relationship with the FASB was reconsidered. Some of the two boards’ remaining convergence projects were completed, but no new joint projects were initiated. The IASB undertook a major agenda consultation to chart its course over the next years. As evidenced by events in the United States and Europe, critical questioning of the IASB and of IFRSs continued.
If Urban Regions are the Answer, What is the Question? Thoughts on the European Experience
Authors: Tomàs Mariona 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis essay contributes to the current debate in the field of critical urban and regional studies on the meanings of the ‘regional’ and the ‘urban’. From a political science perspective, we focus on the European case. Firstly, we argue that the conception of the regional scale is not the same in various languages and traditions. Regions in Europe carry meanings and connotations that are not always easy to translate without losing their specific histories. Secondly, our analysis of contemporary debates on the ‘regional’ in the field of urban studies reveals that both practitioners and academics consider the regional scale mainly as a functional space, as the space for economic competitiveness. However, urban regions are also to be regarded as spaces for social and political mobilization. I argue that the political dimension of the ‘regional’ deserves more attention and that further research needs to be undertaken in this respect.
Elite Compacts in Africa: The Role of Area‐based Management in the New Governmentality of the Durban City‐region
Authors: Beall Jo , Parnell Susan , Albertyn Chris 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThrough reflection on the practical post‐apartheid (re)alignment of competing rationalities across the Greater Durban urban region, this essay teases out the interface between traditional and modern settlement management systems, and explores how governance cleavages are being renegotiated and mediated. It is suggested that, in building an integrated method of operating across the fragmented city‐regional scale and navigating the competing interests involved, the practice of African urbanism is being defined. Without making any claims for what may or may not be uniquely African city‐regional dynamics at the boundaries of tradition and modernity, what is clear from the Durban case is that both conventional city‐regional literature and new city‐regional ideas have glossed over the complexity of finding solutions to tensions between poor communities, urban managers, elected local authorities and the traditional rural elites of the functional city‐regions of Africa.
Analysis of the key enzymes of butyric and acetic acid fermentation in biogas reactors
Authors: Gabris Christina , Bengelsdorf Frank R. , Dürre Peter 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThis study aimed at the investigation of the mechanisms of acidogenesis, which is a key process during anaerobic digestion. To expose possible bottlenecks, specific activities of the key enzymes of acidification, such as acetate kinase (Ack, 0.23–0.99 U mg−1 protein), butyrate kinase (Buk, < 0.03 U mg−1 protein) and butyryl‐CoA:acetate‐CoA transferase (But, 3.24–7.64 U mg−1 protein), were determined in cell free extracts of biogas reactor content from three different biogas reactors. Furthermore, the detection of Ack was successful via Western blot analysis. Quantification of corresponding functional genes encoding Buk (buk) and But (but) was not feasible, although an amplification was possible. Thus, phylogenetic trees were constructed based on respective gene fragments. Four new clades of possible butyrate‐producing bacteria were postulated, as well as bacteria of the genera Roseburia or Clostridium identified. The low Buk activity was in contrast to the high specific But activity in the analysed samples. Butyrate formation via Buk activity does barely occur in the investigated biogas reactor. Specific enzyme activities (Ack, Buk and But) in samples drawn from three different biogas reactors correlated with ammonia and ammonium concentrations (NH3 and NH4+‐N), and a negative dependency can be postulated. Thus, high concentrations of NH3 and NH4+‐N may lead to a bottleneck in acidogenesis due to decreased specific acidogenic enzyme activities.