bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hunger Strikers: Historical Perspectives from the Emergency Management of Refugee Camp Asylum Seekers
Authors: Burkle Frederick M. , Chan Jimmy T. S. , Yeung Richard D. S. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe treatment of hunger strikers is always contentious, chaotic and complex. The management is particularly difficult for health professionals as it raises unprecedented clinical, ethical, moral, humanitarian, and legal questions. There are never any easy answers. The current situation of prisoners from the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars currently at the Guantanamo Bay Detention Center in Cuba demands unprecedented transparency, accountability and multilevel coordination to ensure that the rights of the strikers are properly met. There are scant references available in the scientific literature on the emergency management of these tragedies. This historical perspective documents the complex issues faced by emergency physicians in Hong Kong surrounding refugee camp asylum seekers from Vietnam in 1994 and is offered as a useful adjunct in understanding the complex issues faced by emergency health providers and managers.BurkleFMJr., ChanJTS, YeungRSD. Hunger strikers: historical perspectives from the emergency management of refugee camp asylum seekers. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013:28(6);1-5.
SePaS: Word sense disambiguation by

se

quential

pa

tterns in

s

entences
Authors: NAROUEI MASOUD , AHMADI MANSOUR , SAMI ASHKAN 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAn open problem in natural language processing is word sense disambiguation (WSD). A word may have several meanings, but WSD is the task of selecting the correct sense of a polysemous word based on its context. Proposed solutions are based on supervised and unsupervised learning methods. The majority of researchers in the area focused on choosing proper size of ‘n’ in n-gram that is used for WSD problem. In this research, the concept has been taken to a new level by using variable ‘n’ and variable size window. The concept is based on the iterative patterns extracted from the text. We show that this type of sequential pattern is more effective than many other solutions for WSD. Using regular data mining algorithms on the extracted features, we significantly outperformed most monolingual WSD solutions. The state-of-the-art results were obtained using external knowledge like various translations of the same sentence. Our method improved the accuracy of the multilingual system more than 4 percent, although we were using monolingual features.
Involvement of A20 in the molecular switch that activates the non-canonical NF-кB pathway
Authors: Yamaguchi Noritaka , Oyama Masaaki , Kozuka-Hata Hiroko , Inoue Jun-ichiro 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe non-canonical NF-κB pathway is crucial for the immune system. A critical event in activation of the non-canonical pathway is the attenuation of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) degradation, which is promoted by continuous polyubiquitination of NIK catalyzed by the NIK ubiquitin-ligase complex composed of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 and 2 (cIAP1/2), TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and TRAF3. However, the molecular mechanism of stimulation-dependent NIK stabilization remains poorly understood. Here, we show that A20, a ubiquitin-editing enzyme, promotes efficient activation of the non-canonical pathway independent of its catalytic activity. A20 directly binds to cIAP1 through the seventh zinc finger of A20, resulting in dissociation of the TRAF2/TRAF3 interaction, thereby inactivating the ligase complex to stabilize NIK. Given that A20 negatively regulates the canonical pathway, A20 is likely involved in the molecular switch that promotes the transition from canonical to non-canonical activation for proper control of the immune system.
Flexible asymmetric supercapacitors based on ultrathin two-dimensional nanosheets with outstanding electrochemical performance and aesthetic property
Authors: Shi Shan , Xu Chengjun , Yang Cheng , Chen Yanyi , Liu Juanjuan , Kang Feiyu 
Published: September 2013

AbstractFlexible asymmetric supercapacitors with excellent electrochemical performance and aesthetic property are realized by using ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) MnO2 and graphene nanosheets as cathode and anode materials, respectively. 2D MnO2 nanosheets (MSs) with a thickness of ca. 2 nm are synthesized with a soft template method for the first time, which achieve a high specific capacitance of 774 F g−1 even after 10000 cycles. Asymmetric supercapacitors based on ultrathin MSs and graphene exhibit a very high energy density up to 97.2 Wh kg−1 with no more than 3% capacitance loss after 10000 cycles in aqueous electrolyte. Most interestingly, we show that the energy storage device can have an aesthetic property. For instance, a “Chinese panda” supercapacitor is capable of lighting up a red light emitting diode. This work has another, quite different aspect that a supercapacitor is no longer a cold industry product, but could have the meaning of art.
Weighted means and Karcher equations of positive operators
Authors: Lawson Jimmie , Lim Yongdo 
Published: September 2013

Significance
As positive matrices and operators have gained increased prominence in theoretical, applied, and computational settings, finding appropriate methods for averaging them has become an important task. In recent years, the minimizer of the (weighted) sum of the distances (in an appropriately chosen metric) to the points to be averaged has been shown to exhibit many attractive features. In this paper, we extend most of these results to the infinite-dimensional setting, where the metric definition needs to be replaced by a solution shown to be unique of a corresponding equation called the Karcher equation. A multivariable weighted operator mean results that in many senses generalizes the geometric mean of a finite number of positive real numbers.
Conservation of the Owens Pupfish: Genetic Effects of Multiple Translocations and Extirpations
Authors: Finger Amanda J. , Parmenter Steve , May Bernie P. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe Owens Pupfish Cyprinodon radiosus represents many of the challenges of managing threatened or endangered species in fragmented refuge populations. All six extant populations of the endangered Owens Pupfish were examined to assess how management practices, including serial translocations and founder events, have influenced the genetic diversity of the species and to make recommendations for future management. Four populations were sampled twice with 3–4 years intervening; two additional populations were sampled once. Populations were genotyped at nine microsatellite loci; estimated effective population sizes ranged from 34.2 to 347.8 individuals based on the linkage disequilibrium method and from 10 to 48 using the sibship assignment method. All of the populations were estimated to have undergone severe bottlenecks, and statistically significant pairwise FST values increased during the period between sampling. From this data we infer that the individual refuge populations have differentiated and lost genetic diversity and that without intervention they will continue to do so. For the long‐term persistence of this species, we recommend founding new populations composed of 30–50 founders from each of the extant populations, regularly translocating up to 10 migrants per generation among stable populations, and maximizing habitat area and quality.
Development of a Nonlethal and Minimally Invasive Protocol to Study Elasmobranch Reproduction
Authors: Prohaska Bianca K. , Tsang Paul C. W. , Driggers William B. , Hoffmayer Eric R. , Sulikowski James A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
An understanding of basic reproductive biology is essential for successful species-specific management of elasmobranch fishes (sharks, skates, and rays). Such information is often gained through gross dissection or other lethal techniques, which are not appropriate for threatened and endangered species. Previous work on other vertebrates suggested that sex steroid hormones can be extracted from muscle tissues to identify reproductive status. Collecting for muscle biopsy is quick and minimally invasive and can be done without removing an animal from the water. Thus, the objective of the current study was to determine the efficacy of using muscle steroid hormones to assess the reproductive biology of elasmobranch fishes. The results suggest that concentrations of muscle progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol can be successfully quantified to study reproduction by radioimmunoassay. Additionally, there were significant correlations between the plasma and muscle estradiol concentrations in Spiny Dogfish Squalus acanthias and the progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol concentrations in Atlantic Sharpnose Sharks Rhizoprionodon terraenovae. The present investigation thus demonstrates that skeletal muscle is a nonlethally harvestable tissue that is well suited for studying the reproductive biology of elasmobranchs.
Received October 12, 2012; accepted March 12, 2013
Patterns and processes of habitat-specific demographic variability in exploited marine species
Authors: Vasconcelos Rita P. , Eggleston David B. , Le Pape Olivier , Tulp Ingrid 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Population dynamics are governed by four demographic rates: births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. Variation in these rates and processes underlying such variation can be used to prioritize habitat conservation and restoration as well as to parameterize models that predict habitat-specific effects on population dynamics. The current understanding of patterns of habitat-specific demographic variability in exploited marine species, as well as processes underlying these patterns, was reviewed. We describe patterns of (i) habitat-specific density, followed by ontogenetic changes in habitat use, such as (ii) immigration (i.e. use as a settlement habitat) and (iii) emigration (i.e. use as a habitat for secondary dispersal to and from), and demographic rates such as (iv) growth, and (v) mortality. Despite the importance of coastal habitats for fish and invertebrate species and the vulnerability of these habitats to human impacts, there was ambiguous evidence on their role in driving of population dynamics. Roughly 63% of the studies were descriptive, 21% experimental, and 11% used a combination of descriptive and experimental approaches, whereas 5% used meta-analyses. Habitat-specific density was the most common pattern quantified, followed by growth and mortality, with relatively few examples of studies of habitat-specific larval settlement. There were many examples of the influence of coastal habitats on survival, growth, and movement, especially at young stages, and there was an emerging focus on the effects of habitat degradation on demographic rates. There needs to be an increased effort on quantifying habitat-specific demographic rates and integrating these to better predict the effects of coastal habitats on the dynamics of exploited marine populations.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum Is the Main Membrane Source for Biogenesis of the Lytic Vacuole inArabidopsis
Authors: Viotti Corrado , Krüger Falco , Krebs Melanie , Neubert Christoph , Fink Fabian , Lupanga Upendo , Scheuring David , Boutté Yohann , Frescatada-Rosa Márcia , Wolfenstetter Susanne , Sauer Norbert , Hillmer Stefan , Grebe Markus , Schumacher Karin 
Published: September 2013

AbstractVacuoles are multifunctional organelles essential for the sessile lifestyle of plants. Despite their central functions in cell growth, storage, and detoxification, knowledge about mechanisms underlying their biogenesis and associated protein trafficking pathways remains limited. Here, we show that in meristematic cells of the Arabidopsis thaliana root, biogenesis of vacuoles as well as the trafficking of sterols and of two major tonoplast proteins, the vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase and the vacuolar H+-adenosinetriphosphatase, occurs independently of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking. Instead, both pumps are found in provacuoles that structurally resemble autophagosomes but are not formed by the core autophagy machinery. Taken together, our results suggest that vacuole biogenesis and trafficking of tonoplast proteins and lipids can occur directly from the ER independent of Golgi function.
The World Bank
'
s Africa Virtual University Project: a revisit
Authors: M. Nafukho Fredrick , Helen Muyia Machuma 
Published: September 2013

Purpose
– The main purpose of using technology in the delivery of virtual learning programs in higher education in Africa is to ensure access and equity as a strategy to develop human resources. Examining how specific educational innovations in higher education are working is necessary. The purpose of this study is to examine the World Bank
'
s education policies in Africa with special focus on AVU Kenyatta University Project. In addition, the paper seeks to critically examine the use of information technology (IT) distance learning project initiated by the World Bank in Kenya. The project served as an important pioneering role to eLearning in Africa.

Design/methodology/approach
– To achieve the primary purpose of the study, a critical analysis of relevant literature was conducted. The literature search included computerized search of accessible and available material on AVU and distance education in Africa.

Findings
– The results of the study show that AVU
'
s design and implementation in Africa was initially flawed like many other World Bank education projects. While distance learning should lower costs of higher education, this was not the case. The AVU project was initially faced with challenges, but, over a period of 16 years, the Africa Region is now considered one of the most dynamic e-learning markets on the planet. The continent has witnessed increased digitization of universities, booming enrollment in online higher education and the rapid adoption of self-paced learning.

Research limitations/implications
– The concept of virtual learning if appropriately applied could be of great benefit to universities and students in Africa. Thus, design and implementation of innovations in education should be grounded in the relevant theories of learning and should involve educational experts.

Originality/value
– There are limited studies that focus on the issues of access, efficiency, equity and use of innovative technologies in the design and successful delivery of virtual learning courses in African universities, hence the importance of this study.
Empowered talent begins with communication
Authors: Hopp Armin 
Published: September 2013

PurposeThis paper aims to observe that, as globalization increases the need for businesses to communicate across borders, more HR and learning and development specialists are recognizing the link between communication skills, talent mobility and improving business productivity.Design/methodology/approachIt underlines the need for a unified language‐training system integrating the “perfect blend” of virtual classrooms, mobile learning and e‐learning.FindingsIt argues that one seamless, standardized blended‐learning system can be a powerful tool for organizational talent succession mobility. With a unified approach, management can better categorize the current profile of employees, identify their level of language skills and determine potential successors for different jobs.Practical implicationsThe paper urges the need for a combination of global delivery and local support, especially for corporate language training.Social implicationsIt highlights the need for proper language training in an increasingly globalized business world.Originality/valueThe paper advances the view that a truly collaborative, adaptable approach for social and mobile learning will harness its benefits to the maximum.
How Skillsoft stay ahead of the learning curve: content, service and experience are crucial to customer satisfaction
Authors: Bell Gareth 
Published: September 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an interview with Kevin Young, general manager of Skillsoft Europe, Middle East and Africa.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes the form of an interview.FindingsThe paper discusses the challenges the industry faces, both for learning solution providers and customers.Originality/valueIt outlines how Skillsoft has overcome various challenges, and discusses the core beliefs that the company espouse.
Assessing sustainability education in a transdisciplinary undergraduate course focused on real‐world problem solving
Authors: Remington‐Doucette Sonya M. , Hiller Connell Kim Y. , Armstrong Cosette M. , Musgrove Sheryl L. 
Published: September 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the results of a classroom assessment aimed at determining the extent to which key sustainability competencies develop in students during an introductory transdisciplinary sustainability course.Design/methodology/approachThe paper summarizes three previously identified key sustainability competencies and describes teaching methodologies used in the introductory course described here to foster these competencies in students. The development of these competencies over the course of one semester is assessed using a pre‐/post‐test based on case analyses. The implications of these findings for academic sustainability programs are discussed.FindingsBased on the assessment used here, the sustainability competencies developed differently in students with different disciplinary affiliations as a result of the introductory sustainability course. Business majors did not improve any of the key competencies, sustainability majors improved systems thinking competence only, and sustainability minors who were majoring in another traditional discipline improved all competencies.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to undergraduate sustainability education by shedding light on how sustainability might best be incorporated into specific academic programs. This information may help create more effective sustainability courses and academic programs, which may maintain the viability of current sustainability programs and promote the institutionalization of sustainability in higher education in general.
Exploring sustainability themes in engineering accreditation and curricula
Authors: Byrne Edmond P. , Desha Cheryl J. , Fitzpatrick John J. , “Charlie” Hargroves Karlson 
Published: September 2013

PurposeThis paper aims to present key findings from an inquiry into engineering accreditation and curricula renewal. The research attempted to ascertain conceptions of requisite sustainability themes among engineering academics and professionals. The paper also reflects on the potential role of professional engineering institutions (PEIs) in embedding sustainability through their programme accreditation guidelines and wider implications in terms of rapid curricula renewal.Design/methodology/approachThis research comprised an International Engineering Academic Workshop held during the 2010 International Symposium on Engineering Education in Ireland, on “accreditation and sustainable engineering”. This built on the findings of a literature review that was distributed prior to the workshop. Data collection included individual questionnaires administered during the workshop, and notes scribed by workshop participants.FindingsThe literature review highlighted a wide range of perspectives across and within engineering disciplines, regarding what sustainability/sustainable development (SD) themes should be incorporated into engineering curricula, and regarding language and terminology. This was also reflected in the workshop discussions. Notwithstanding this diversity, clusters of sustainability themes and priority considerations were distilled from the literature review and workshop. These related to resources, technology, values, ethics, inter‐ and intra‐generational equity, transdisciplinarity, and systems and complex thinking. Themes related to environmental and economic knowledge and skills received less attention by workshop participants than represented in the literature.Originality/valueThis paper provides an appreciation of the diversity of opinion regarding priority sustainability themes for engineering curricula, among a group of self‐selected engineering academics who have a common interest in education for SD. It also provides some insights and caveats on how these themes might be rapidly integrated into engineering curricula.
A‐broad spectrum: sustainability in educational travel
Authors: Hale Brack W. , Vogelaar Alison , Long Joshua 
Published: September 2013

PurposeThis study seeks to assess the role that sustainability concerns currently play in educational travel within higher education. Although sustainability issues and initiatives have become popular on campuses across the globe, little has been written specifically about efforts within higher educational travel programs.Design/methodology/approachThe paper conducted an online survey of practitioners in the field of higher education travel about attempts, if any, to incorporate themes of sustainability and sustainable travel into travel programs at the institutions.FindingsIn general, the paper found that sustainability‐related themes and concerns have yet to develop to the level of campus sustainability. The paper also found three additional themes: a disparity between sustainability in discourse and practice; sustainable measures that focus on local organizations/relationships and external programs; and the financial, marketing and relational offsets associated with the implementation of sustainability.Originality/valueThe paper could find no other similar study; thus the paper represents a first glimpse into current efforts to incorporate and address sustainability concerns in higher education travel programs.
Using e‐learning for student sustainability literacy: framework and review
Authors: Diamond Susannah , Irwin Brian 
Published: September 2013

PurposeThe paper aims to explore staff practices in using e‐learning to embed sustainability literacy, highlight best practice and determine areas for improvement.Design/methodology/approachA framework of four areas for developing student sustainability literacy (SSL) was proposed as a basis for analysing practice. A literature review then explored the extent to which e‐learning is used to support embedding SSL in the curriculum, and the types of e‐learning currently in use for this.FindingsE‐learning tools were most frequently used to provide flexible access to information, followed by support for communication and collaboration, and were less frequently used for the development of specific skills, personal identity and confidence.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample of case studies provided only limited evidence. A survey of practitioners could be undertaken to explore and validate the issues raised by the literature review.Practical implicationsThe review highlighted scope for a pedagogical shift away from using e‐learning for information delivery and practical communication, and towards supporting rich, student‐centred forms of learning in both blended and distance learning modes.Social implicationsThis shift would create more powerful learning experiences for students, more effectively develop students' personal identities and skills, and yield graduates who are more confident in their ability to create more sustainable futures.Originality/valueThis paper will be of value to academic staff and educational developers looking to develop practice in embedding SSL in teaching and learning, and to harness the potential of e‐learning.