bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Star Evviva Spill: Oiled Waterfowl But no Oil
Authors: Sturm Francis J. , Jennings Charles 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In January 1999, over 200 oiled waterfowl were recovered from the coastal beaches of South Carolina and North Carolina. A large, multiagency response effort was mounted to collect and rehabilitate these birds, and to identify the source of the damaging oil spill. This was the first time on record that the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) was used on the East Coast of the Unite States to clean wildlife in the absence of any known spill. A temporary rehabilitation center was established for the bird rescue and recovery operation under the direction of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR), while the U.S. Coast Guard spearheaded efforts to determine the cause and source of the damaging spill. Representatives from a number of government agencies located up and down the eastern seaboard and Gulf Coast worked together to respond to this wildlife damage and identify the source of the spill: the Star Evviva, which discharged 24,700 gallons of heavy fuel oil approximately 30 miles off the coast of South Carolina. Responding agencies used a unified response and innovative techniques to deal with the unusual challenges presented by this event. This paper summarizes the “lessons learned” in that response effort and attempts to provide useful advice concerning wildlife contingency planning and oil spill investigation and identification.
Extrapolating Injury from Larger to Smaller Oil Spills: Lessons in Louisiana
Authors: Kern John C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
One challenge for trustees in a natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) is to adequately quantify natural resource injuries in a cost-effective manner. This is particularly true for smaller spills, where the cost of more expansive and more expensive injury assessment studies could dwarf the cost of the restoration actions to compensate for those injuries. The need for cost-effective assessments must he balanced against the need for the assessment methods to be technically defensible and useful in identifying and scaling appropriate restoration actions.
In this paper, it is shown how the injury assessment results from the Lake Barre oil spill of May 1997 (which released 6,561 barrels of crude oil) were used to help inform trustees about the likely magnitude of injury for two smaller crude oil spills in Louisiana. For the Lake Barre spill, the trustees developed an incident-specific model—adapted from the Type A model—to quantify injury to birds and aquatic fauna. The results of this model were used to evaluate a restoration offer as compensation for these injuries from the responsible party (RP). Subsequently, the results of the Lake Barre assessment were used to help quantify injury to birds and aquatic organisms for the September 1998 release of up to 1,500 barrels of crude oil from a well blowout into Lake Grande Ecaille. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) again used the Lake Barre results to quantify injury to water column organisms for a November 1999 release of 850 barrels of crude oil from a pipeline in Four-Bayou Pass.
Estimating injury by extrapolation from one spill to similar spills represents one cost-effective approach toward quantifying injury for small incidents, and should be considered as a potential injury assessment method for those spills where it is impractical or otherwise difficult to justify conducting large incident-specific injury studies. This technique can be done quickly, potentially speeding the settlement and restoration implementation process, thereby compensating the public in an expeditious manner.
Planning and Hazards of Spill Response in Antarctica
Authors: Gundlach Erich R. , Gallagher John J. , Hatcher John , Vinson Tom 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Antarctica is unique in many ways that greatly add to the complexity of spill response. McMurdo Station is the largest of all Antarctic facilities (&gt; 1,300 people in summer, &lt;200 people in winter) and has a storage capacity of over 11 million gallons. A single tanker arriving in February each year supplies fuel, which is augmented by a minor amount supplied by U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker. Waterborne spill response equipment is operationally hazardous to use because of broken ice conditions, limited open water, and difficulty of putting equipment into the water. Operating from shore is preferred as the station has extensive pumping, hose, and storage capability. During major spills, alternative response techniques, particularly burning, would be favorably considered. Additional support from outside Antarctica would not be expected to arrive for several days at best.
Outside of McMurdo Station, seasonal field camps are supplied by airlift, and oil is stored in metal drums placed within a containment area. Transport to South Pole Station is by skiequipped C-130 aircraft, and storage is in a new, multitank facility with containment. Oil spills on the ice sheet are unique in that the oil penetrates deep into the snow, making its capture and recovery very difficult. Additionally, because of subzero temperatures, response is very weather dependent, and protection is needed to fully avoid contact with the spilled material.
The Marine Transportation System's Economic Juggernaut: A Tonic for Pollution Prevention?1
Authors: Johnson Mark H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In September 1999, U.S. Secretary of Transportation Rodney Slater delivered a report on the marine transportation system (MTS) to the U.S. Congress. It captured the growing alarm by MTS stakeholders that the current system of marine transportation was barely adequate now and certainly not capable of accommodating the predicted growth and changing nature of shipping over the next two decades. While the report's recommendations seemed to highlight the economic aspects of the MTS, solving impediments to economic efficiency also can translate into significant pollution prevention. Principal among potential pollution prevention is in the area of reducing the numbers of vessel collisions, allisions, and groundings—29 of which resulted in oil spills of 10,000 gallons or more between 1995–1999. These casualties impact the ability of a port to conduct business, resulting in accrual of demurrage and risking competitive position.
Attacking the port-specific and systemic factors influencing human factor causes of collisions, allisions, and groundings, the U.S. Coast Guard has embarked on several risk-based decision tools that enable local MTS coordinating committees, called harbor safety committees (HSCs), to evaluate the greatest factors that can contribute to vessel casualties. The tools include a Ports and Waterways Safety Assessment (PWSA) and a tailored model to evaluate U.S. Army Corps of Engineers facility permits. Early results show opportunities to improve navigational risk in specific ports. Additionally, another MTS effort involves providing real-time navigational and environmental information to vessels to aid decision making.
Delivering Improved Management Information for Oil Spill Prevention Plans
Authors: Bennett Bernie 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Measurement and analysis of incidents are vital parts of any performance management process. Conclusions drawn and recommendations made from the analysis of data provide valuable information on which to base programs for continuous improvement. With specific regard to oil spills, BP Amoco's upstream U.K. operations have been using performance measurements based on the number and volumes of spills.
This methodology provides little in the way of valuable management information. For example, 1,000 spills a year appear to be poor performance; however, the total amount spilled may have been only 1,000 Liters. Having just a small number of spills would appear to indicate better performance but not if each one was of 500 tons. A better approach is needed if management is to make decisions based on performance and environmental impact potential.
This paper describes a method that is being piloted by BP Amoco Aberdeen upstream operations beginning January 1, 2000, and is based around causation analysis, benchmarking against other operators, and a unique oil spill severity matrix. Also included in the pilot is “near-miss” environmental incident reporting.
If successful in delivering better quality of management information and reducing BP Amoco spills, it is hoped that the upstream U.K. Continental Shelf (UKCS) oil industry and regulators can be leveraged into adopting the protocol thus assisting cross operator learning and reducing oil spills in the UKCS as a whole. Historically, the offshore oil industry in the United Kingdom has approximately 300–400 spills per year, most of them very small in quantity.
Gasoline Pipeline Rupture and Explosion at Whatcom Creek: A Focus on Response Management
Authors: Cutler Thor , Barber Anthony 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Safety for the public and responders was the first priority in responding to the estimated 231,000 gallons unleaded gasoline release and explosion that killed three boys in Whatcom Park in Bellingham, Washington and devastated the environment. Establishment of the Unified Command structure was critical to manage the vast resources and multitude of issues that arose in the wake of the release to Hannah and Whatcom Creeks on June 10, 1999. The pollution response, investigations, infrastructure rebuilding, natural resource (trustee) restoration, and community outreach/public information were completed with funds from the potentially responsible party (PRP), Olympic Pipe Line (OPL), as mandated by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Goals evolved as projects changed from fire and explosion emergencies to time critical environmental emergencies. Bellingham's drinking water capacity was restored, and initial restoration of the creeks was completed in time for the August salmon runs. Ongoing activities include the operation and maintenance of a vapor extraction plus a ground water interception system as well as long-term creek restoration plans managed by natural resource trustees. This paper summarizes the fire and explosion emergency phase, pipeline investigation removal, streambed restoration and cleanup, and the cleanup of the source area.
Inland Pipeline Spill Response in Kansas1
Authors: Mix Nelson 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Pipeline spills are a serious and growing problem in inland areas. In some cases, there are no regulations or inspections of certain size or types of pipelines. Small, localized inland spills may become politicized and require a higher standard of cleanup than large coastal spills. The use of in situ burning at these spills produces its own challenges.
Microcosm Study of Effect of Different Nutrient Addition on Bioremediation of Fuel Oil No. 2 in Soil from Nova Scotia Coastal Marshes
Authors: Garcia-Blanco Susana , Suidan Makram T. , Huang Tiehong , Cacho-Rivero Jesus , Venosa Albert D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Biostimulation has been shown to be an effective tool for the treatment of oil spills in medium to low-energy marine environments. Little information is available on the bioremediation of oil spills in low-energy coastal wetlands. Most of the previous laboratory studies have been carried out under total flooding conditions. In this study, a tidal salt marsh was simulated in laboratory microcosms. The study was carried out in glass columns filled to a depth of 10 cm with sediment. Each microcosm was operated on a 24 hours square tidal cycle with a 12-hour submergence period. The entire sediment was mixed with weathered fuel oil No 2 (F02) to a concentration of 20 g/kg of wet sediment. Two biomarkers, 5α-cholestane and heptamethylnonane were added to the oil for data normalization. Nutrients were premixed with the soil in an amount equivalent to 1 gram as nitrogen and 0.2 grams as phosphorus per column. The experiment was conducted with a no fertilizer control and three types of fertilizer: a slow-release, inorganic, granular fertilizer, prilled ammonium nitrate; sodium nitrate; and ammonium chloride. The source of phosphorus was sodium tripolyphosphate.
Duplicate columns were sacrificed at 15, 30, 60 and 120 days after FO2 addition. Sediments were divided into two layers from the top and bottom of the columns, extracted with dichloro-methane (DCM) by Soxhlet extraction and analyzed for oil components by GC/MS. Nitrate, ammonia, and pH were monitored in the water samples on a weekly basis. Soil samples were also extracted for nutrients to perform a mass balance. Phospholipids analysis and Most Probable Number (MPN) were performed on the sediment samples to establish a measurement of biological growth. Results indicated that: (1) oil degradation was slightly higher for all treatments in the top 5 cm layer and it occurred mostly during the first 15 days of the experiment; (2) microbial growth of 2 orders of magnitude was detected in the top layer; (3) no significant differences were observed among treatments; (4) degradation was probably limited by oxygen availability.
Remediation of an Oil-Contaminated Experimental Freshwater Wetland: II. Habitat Recovery and Toxicity Reduction
Authors: Lee Kenneth , Doe Kenneth G. , Lee Lucila E. J. , Suidan Makram T. , Venosa Albert D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A controlled oil spill experiment to determine natural recovery rates and the efficacy of potential remediation strategies in wetland ecosystems was initiated in June 1999 at a site on the St. Lawrence River, Canada dominated by Scirpus pungens. A weathered light crude oil (Mesa) was applied on 16 plots (5 m × 4 m) at the rate of 12 L per plot. Treatment of the plots included: natural attenuation (no treatment), nutrient amendment with granular ammonium nitrate and super triple phosphate, a similar treatment with plants continuously cut back (to evaluate the influence of plant growth on remediation), and a nutrient amendment treatment with sodium nitrate instead of ammonium nitrate. To elucidate the effect of nutrient amendments alone, four unoiled plots were fertilized with ammonium nitrate and triple super phosphate. Sediment samples were routinely recovered for chemical and toxicological analysis over a 21-week period that effectively covered the natural growth season of the plants.
Significant changes in biological measures of habitat were observed. S. pungens, the dominant plant species, was tolerant to the oil, and its growth was significantly enhanced above that of the unoiled control by the addition of nutrients. Other biotest organisms (bacteria, Vibrio sp.,; invertebrates, Daphnia, Hyalella, and Viviparus sp.) provided additional evidence of both enhanced recovery and potential detrimental effects. GC-MS analysis could not resolve significant changes in the composition of the residual oil as a result of experimental treatments. This discrepancy in the detection of treatment efficacy between the chemical and biological methods may be due to induced tolerance to the contaminant hydrocarbons, changes in the bioavailability of the residual oil associated with stimulated plant growth, and detrimental effects of the type and quantity of bioremediation agents used.
Rapid International Mobilization of Oil Spill Response Equipment: Recent Experiences1
Authors: Read Scott 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Rapid mobilization of response equipment to the scene of an incident is critical to mitigate its effects. If the scale of the response requires support from an international Tier 3 response center, it is essential to have in place a robust logistics chain to ensure that appropriate equipment is delivered rapidly and deployed effectively. With delivery time a priority, all transportation options must be explored to reduce mobilization period.
This paper will refer to three recent response mobilizations of Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) to demonstrate the reality of transporting response equipment internationally by air. It will examine the options available including the use of the response center's permanently chartered aircraft, full or part charter available from the charter market, and the use of scheduled freighter aircraft.
Transport choices are based on clearly defined procedures and the experience of the staff involved, combined with well-established and exercised contingency plans. Assessment of these various options will highlight the uniqueness of every response and demonstrate how flexibility and cooperation by all concerned parties is essential to provide the solutions to the real-time challenges that occur. A variety of systems are in place to assist rapid equipment mobilization and developments in equipment packaging and load planning are reducing further the time taken to load and discharge cargo. The case studies will show the lessons learned, pitfalls, and benefits of these systems and in particular will focus on the advantages in speed, cost, and flexibility that are obtained from the use of aircraft pallet modules as part of a specialized aircraft palletization system.
The concept and development of the aircraft pallet system attracted attention as the poster presentation “Packaging of Tier 3 Oil Spill Equipment for a Faster Response” (Read, 1999) at the 1999 International Oil Spill Conference in Seattle, Washington. This paper follows up with the realities of 2-years use.
Risk-Based Oil Spill Emergency Preparedness on the Norwegian Continental Shelf
Authors: Stokke Kari , Rødal Jon 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies (NOFO) is responsible for oil spill response, planning, and preparedness on behalf of the companies that are operating on the Norwegian continental shelf The responsibility includes initial response offshore, as well as coastal protection and shoreline cleanup. NOFO is developing a plan for regional oil spill preparedness to be implemented in 2001. The plan is based on risk assessment and covers planned oil production activities in the Norwegian offshore sector.
Previously, NOFO's oil spill response plan was based on authority requirements and recognized standards. NOFO is now proposing a risk-based approach, aiming to identify the need for oil spill response in different areas of the Norwegian sector. The new approach is based on estimated probability of oil spill situations, dimensioning oil spill scenarios, and oil drift modeling to define arrival time to shore, coastal areas at risk, and amount of oil that may possibly reach the shore. The risk-based approach is an alternative to traditional “worst case” considerations and allows implementation of more cost-effective measures.
Changing Perspectives on Oil Toxicity Evaluation
Authors: Moles Adam 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recent advances in oil toxicity research may well alter the way oil spill response decisions are made. Those responding to spills should be aware of the limitations surrounding the use of acute toxicity data to predict even short-term oil effects. Many animals previously classified as tolerant of short-term oil exposure, such as fish eggs and benthic organisms, are just as or much more sensitive than pelagic fishes to chronic exposures. Toxicity bioassays proved to be of limited value in predicting the long-term damage from the Exxon Valdez oil spill because such toxicity information only measured mortality to water-accommodated fractions of fresh oil over a 96-hour period. During the spill, many of the aquatic organisms were exposed to weathered oil resolubilized from nearshore sediments rather than to fresh oil in the water column. Oil allowed to sequester in the sediments of streams, mussel beds, and estuaries provided a persistent source of contamination in natal and nursery fish habitats over several years. Eggs, larvae, and juveniles that inhabit these habitats are especially sensitive to long-term exposure to sediment accommodated weathered oil. Spill response should be geared toward preventing oil from reaching streams, fine sediment beaches, and estuaries that serve as critical fish habitats rather than solely toward reducing initial mortalities.
Investing in Spill Prevention: Has It Reduced Vessel Spills and Accidents in Washington State?
Authors: Etkin Dagmar Schmidt , Neel Jon 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Washington State is a major crude oil refining center also known for its high quality of life and salmon-producing waters. The state is dependent economically on a variety of waterway uses, including Pacific Rim trade, aquaculture, tribal culture, tourism, commercial fishing, and recreational boating. Since the passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) and the establishment of the Washington State spill prevention program in 1991, federal and state government, in conjunction with industry, have made considerable investments in spill prevention. During this intervening period, major oil spills from all sources, particularly vessels, have declined substantially.
This study evaluated the overall effectiveness of these prevention efforts by comparing data on the rate of significant vessel oil spills and vessel casualties in Washington State with national data, and with data from three other key coastal states with busy ports and high vessel traffic—California, New York, and Texas. Overall, Washington appears to be significantly ahead of the United States as a whole in terms of reduction in the number of vessel spills, as well as by rates of spillage by tonnage transport and transit. Washington is ahead of the states of California, New York, and Texas in some categories of comparison but not others. The rate of reduction in vessel spills in Washington, however, was considerably greater than the other coastal states studied.
It is hard to demonstrate the value of spill prevention programs. The difficulty lies in the inability to count spills that have not occurred as a result of increased diligence on the part of the private and public sectors. However, it is clear from this study that spill prevention programs do work, and that the reduced frequency of major spills is not a reason for complacency.