bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autonomic system and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Piccione Ezequiel A. , Sletten David M. , Staff Nathan P. , Low Phillip A. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The aim of this study is to characterize autonomic impairment in motor neuron disease. Methods: Neurological evaluations and autonomic testing were analyzed retrospectively in 132 patients: 86 classic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 36 lower motor neuron (LMN), and 10 upper motor neuron (UMN) predominant disease. Results: One‐third of patients were symptomatic; urinary urgency and constipation were the most frequent symptoms. Increased Composite Autonomic Severity Score (CASS) was present in 75% with mild impairment (CASS 1–3) in 85% and moderate (CASS 4–7) in 15%. The frequencies of testing abnormalities were: sudomotor 46%, cardiovagal 50%, and adrenergic 14%. The UMN group had significantly higher median CASS scores than the classic ALS (P = 0.021) and LMN group (P = 0.018). Conclusions: We found predominantly mild autonomic impairment in ALS patients, with mostly cardiovagal and sudomotor involvement. Moderate autonomic failure occurred in 1 of 7 patients, especially those with an UMN presentation. Patients with selective corticospinal tract involvement may have more impairment of autonomic pathways. Muscle Nerve 51:676–679, 2015
ICS teaching module: Analysis of voiding, pressure flow analysis (basic module)
Authors: Rosier Peter F.W.M. , Kirschner‐Hermanns Ruth , Svihra Jan , Homma Yukio , Wein Alan J. 
Published: September 2014

AimsTo present the evidence background for an ICS teaching module for the urodynamic analysis of voiding.MethodsLiterature analysis and expert opinion are combined to collate an outline and explanation of a preferred and good urodynamic practice.ResultPatient's preparation, pathophysiology, technique and principles of pressure flow analysis are summarized in this manuscript.ConclusionsThis manuscript serves as scientific background for a slides set, made available on the ICS website to teach the basic and practical elements of pressure flow analysis. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:36–38, 2016. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Age determination of soft tissue hematomas
Authors: Neumayer Bernhard , Hassler Eva , Petrovic Andreas , Widek Thomas , Ogris Kathrin , Scheurer Eva 
Published: September 2014

In clinical forensic medicine, the estimation of the age of injuries such as externally visible subcutaneous hematomas is important for the reconstruction of violent events, particularly to include or exclude potential suspects. Since the estimation of the time of origin based on external inspection is unreliable, the aim of this study was to use contrast in MRI to develop an easy‐to‐use model for hematoma age estimation.In a longitudinal study, artificially created subcutaneous hematomas were repetitively imaged using MRI over a period of two weeks. The hemorrhages were created by injecting autologous blood into the subcutaneous tissue of the thigh in 20 healthy volunteers. For MRI, standard commercially available sequences, namely proton‐density‐weighted, T2‐weighted and inversion recovery sequences, were used. The hematomas' MRI data were analyzed regarding their contrast behavior using the most suitable sequences to derive a model allowing an objective estimation of the age of soft tissue hematomas.The Michelson contrast between hematoma and muscle in the proton‐density‐weighted sequence showed an exponentially decreasing behavior with a dynamic range of 0.6 and a maximum standard deviation of 0.1. The contrast of the inversion recovery sequences showed increasing characteristics and was hypointense for TI = 200ms and hyperintense for TI =1000ms. These sequences were used to create a contrast model. The cross‐validation of the model finally yielded limits of agreement for hematoma age determination (corresponding to ±1.96 SD) of ±38.7h during the first three days and ±54 h for the entire investigation period.The developed model provides lookup tables which allow for the estimation of a hematoma's age given a single contrast measurement applicable by a radiologist or a forensic physician. This is a first step towards an accurate and objective dating method for subcutaneous hematomas, which will be particularly useful in child abuse. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tissue tropism, pathology and pathogenesis of enterovirus infection
Authors: Muehlenbachs Atis , Bhatnagar Julu , Zaki Sherif R 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEnteroviruses are very common and cause infections with a diverse array of clinical features. Enteroviruses are most frequently considered by practising pathologists in cases of aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis and disseminated infections in neonates and infants. Congenital infections have been reported and transplacental transmission is thought to occur. Although skin biopsies during hand, foot and mouth disease are infrequently obtained, characteristic dermatopathological findings can be seen. Enteroviruses have been implicated in lower respiratory tract infections. This review highlights histopathological features of enterovirus infection and discusses diagnostic modalities for formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues and their associated pitfalls. Immunohistochemistry can detect enterovirus antigen within cells of affected tissues; however, assays can be non‐specific and detect other viruses. Molecular methods are increasingly relied upon but, due to the high frequency of asymptomatic enteroviral infections, clinical–pathological correlation is needed to determine significance. Of note, diagnostic assays on central nervous system or cardiac tissues from immunocompetent patients with prolonged disease courses are most often negative. Histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular studies performed on clinical specimens also provide insight into enteroviral tissue tropism and pathogenesis. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Importance of blood cultures from peripheral veins in pediatric patients with cancer and a central venous line
Authors: Handrup Mette Møller , Møller Jens Kjølseth , Rutkjær Cecilie , Schrøder Henrik 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundWhen an infection is suspected in a child with cancer and a central venous line (CVL), cultures are often only obtained from the CVL and not from a peripheral vein (PV). This study was undertaken to evaluate the importance of concomitant blood cultures from the CVL and a PV.ProcedureClinical data and the results of all cultures taken concomitantly from the CVL and a PV were registered prospectively in children admitted with fever from April 2008 to December 2012 at the Department of Pediatrics at Aarhus University Hospital Skejby.ResultsDuring the study period 654 paired cultures obtained from the CVL and from a PV within two hour of each other were included. A true bloodstream infection (BSI) was registered in 112 episodes. In 20 (17%) out of 112, true BSI growth of a microorganism was detected only in the culture from a PV including seven cases of Escherichia coli and three cases of Staphylococcus aureus. In 52 episodes the same microorganism was cultured from both the CVL and a PV. Twenty‐four of these episodes were classified as catheter‐related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) using differential time to positivity. In total, 64 (57%) of all true BSI were defined as CRBSI.ConclusionsBlood cultures should be obtained from a PV in addition to cultures from CVL at the onset of fever in pediatric patients with cancer in order to maximize the findings of true BSIs. The frequency of CRBSI may be over‐estimated if blood cultures are drawn from CVL only. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:99–102. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pseudoprogression of low‐grade gliomas after radiotherapy
Authors: Naftel Robert P. , Pollack Ian F. , Zuccoli Giulio , Deutsch Melvin , Jakacki Regina I. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundIncreasing mass effect following radiation therapy (RT) in patients with low‐grade gliomas (LGGs) can be mistaken for tumor progression and/or malignant degeneration. Distinguishing pseudoprogression (PP) from true progression is crucial, with vastly different treatment approaches and prognoses.ProcedurePatients treated with RT for LGGs through the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Neuro–Oncology Program are considered to have PP and managed conservatively if they develop increased mass effect within 3 years of RT. Pre‐RT tumor area was compared to the maximum tumor size following RT and the size on the last follow‐up scan by a central reviewer.ResultsTwenty‐four children, median age 13 years, received external beam RT for LGG between March 2000 and August 2011. Thirteen patients (54.2%) developed an increase in tumor size compared to baseline beginning at a median of 6 months after RT and lasting for a median of 2.1 years (range 6.5 months to 5.1 years). Maximum tumor enlargement occurred at a median of 8 months after RT, with a range (5 months to 4.2 years). In all 13 cases, the tumor eventually decreased in size without additional anti‐tumor therapy. Two patients (8.3%) developed true tumor progression. With a median follow‐up of 4.9 years (range 1.0–12.4 years), all patients are alive.ConclusionsPseudoprogression occurred in more than half of the children with LGG following RT, typically beginning within 8 months and often running a very protracted course. Late presentations can also occur. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:35–39. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical and experimental study of castleman disease in children
Authors: Zhang Jun , Li ChangChun , Lv LinYa , Yang Chao , Kong Xiang Ru , Zhu Jin , Zhang Yun , Wang Shan 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundCastleman disease (CD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disease that is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed, especially in children. For this reason, we describe the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of CD in 11 children.ProcedureA retrospective study was performed to analyze the clinical features of 11 children with CD in a single institution from January 2001 to December 2012. All had computed tomography (CT) and lymph node resection for pathology diagnosis.ResultsThe average age of patients was 9.67 ± 4.26 years (range 1.3–15.5 years) including eight males (72.73%) and three females (27.27%). All but two (18.18%) had multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) infected cells were not detected in all patients. All patients were misdiagnosed in outside hospitals without tissue examination. Only in one case, the preoperative CT scan suggested CD. After treatment, 10 out of 11 children with CD in our study were disease free in the follow‐up period ranging from 12 to 136 months (average 65.1 ± 10.21 months).ConclusionCD in children is rare, and is frequently misdiagnosed clinically. Our study shows that surgical resection is very effective in the treatment of unicentric Castleman disease (UCD). The rare UCD patient and all MCD patients treated with the modified NHLBFM‐90 protocol had good prognosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:109–114. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) and Casein Kinase II (CK2) regulate Ikaros‐mediated repression of TdT in thymocytes and T‐cell leukemia
Authors: Wang Haijun , Song Chunhua , Gurel Zafer , Song Na , Ma Jisheng , Ouyang Hongsheng , Lai Liangxue , Payne Kimberly J. , Dovat Sinisa 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundIkaros is a DNA‐binding protein that acts as master‐regulator of hematopoiesis and a tumor suppressor. In thymocytes and T‐cell leukemia, Ikaros negatively regulates transcription of terminal deoxynucleotide transferase (TdT), a key protein in lymphocyte differentiation. The signaling pathways that regulate Ikaros‐mediated repression of TdT are unknown. Our previous work identified Casein Kinase II (CK2) and Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) as regulators of Ikaros DNA binding activity. Here, we investigated the role of PP1 and CK2 in regulating Ikaros‐mediated control of TdT expression.ProceduresIkaros phosphomimetic and phosphoresistant mutants and specific CK2 and PP1 inhibitors were used in combination with quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (qChIP) and quantitative reverse transcriptase‐PCR (q RT‐PCR) assays to evaluate the role of CK2 and PP1 in regulating the ability of Ikaros to bind the TdT promoter and to regulate TdT expression.ResultsWe demonstrate that phosphorylation of Ikaros by pro‐oncogenic CK2 decreases Ikaros binding to the promoter of the TdT gene and reduces the ability of Ikaros to repress TdT expression during thymocyte differentiation. CK2 inhibition and PP1 activity restore Ikaros DNA‐binding affinity toward the TdT promoter, as well as Ikaros‐mediated transcriptional repression of TdT in primary thymocytes and in leukemia.ConclusionThese data establish that PP1 and CK2 signal transduction pathways regulate Ikaros‐mediated repression of TdT in thymocytes and leukemia. These findings reveal that PP1 and CK2 have opposing effects on Ikaros‐mediated repression of TdT and establish novel roles for PP1 and CK2 signaling in thymocyte differentiation and leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2230–2235. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dental pulp therapy for primary teeth in children undergoing cancer therapy
Authors: Halperson Elinor , Moss Dinna , Tickotsky Nili , Weintraub Michael , Moskovitz Moti 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundChildhood cancer treatment negatively affects the immune system, increasing the risk for bacteremia and septicemia. As the oral cavity is a major entry portal for pathogens into the bloodstream dental care in such children tends to be radical, favouring tooth extraction over less drastic treatments such as pulpotomy, the amputation of infected dental pulp. The present study aimed to compare pulpotomy treatment success rate in children with cancer receiving immunosuppressive therapy with that of healthy children, and investigate if unsuccessful pulpotomy treatment in oncologic patients may lead to systemic complications.ProcedureTwenty‐six medical records of children from a paediatric oncology referral centre who had dental pulpotomy treatment (in 41 teeth) while receiving active cancer care during the years 2006–2012 were compared with records of 41 randomly selected healthy children who had undergone pulpotomy treatment (41 teeth) in the same institute during these years. Clinical and radiographic data were collected during treatments and at the end of the follow‐up period (six months post dental treatment).ResultsNo statisticaly significant difference was found between pulpotomy success rate amongst the two groups. Treatments success rates in the study and control groups were 82.9% (± 5.9) and 90.2% (± 4.7), respectively. No patient in the study group suffered from sepsis from a dental origin during follow‐up period.ConclusionsPulpotomy in paediatric cancer patients did not increase the risk for bacteremia or systemic complications from oral origin. We therefore recommend the re‐evaluation of the current protocol for treating paediatric oncology patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2297–2301. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Grief reactions and impact of patient death on pediatric oncologists
Authors: Granek Leeat , Bartels Ute , Scheinemann Katrin , Labrecque Manon , Barrera Maru 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundTo examine pediatric oncologists' grief reactions to patient death, and the impact patient death has on their personal and professional lives.ProcedureThe grounded theory method was used. Data was collected between March 2012 and July 2012 at two academic centres in Canada. Twenty‐one out of 34 eligible pediatric oncologists at different stages of their career were recruited and interviewed about their experiences with patient death. Inclusion criteria were: being able to speak English and having had a patient die in their care. The participants formed three groups of oncologists at different stages of career including: fellows, junior oncologists, and senior oncologists who varied in sub‐specialties, gender, and ethnicities.ResultsPediatric oncologists reported a range of reactions to patient death including sadness, crying, sleep loss, exhaustion, feeling physically ill, and a sense of personal loss. They also reported self‐questioning, guilt, feelings of failure and helplessness. The impact of these deaths had personal consequences that ranged from irritability at home, feeling disconnected from family members and friends, and becoming more desensitized towards death, to gaining a greater and more appreciative perspective on life. Professional impacts included concern about turnover or burnout at work and improving holistic care as a result of patient deaths.ConclusionsGrief over patient death and the emotional labour involved in these losses are a robust part of the pediatric oncology workplace and have major impacts on pediatric oncologist's personal and professional lives. Interventions that focus on how to help pediatric oncologists deal with these reactions are needed. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:134–142. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Simple and Rapid Evaluation of Explosive Performance – The Disc Acceleration Experiment
Authors: Lorenz Karl Thomas , Lee Edward L. , Chambers Ronald 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIt is crucial in the development of a new explosive to obtain an evaluation of performance early in the process when the availability of material is limited. Evaluation requires dynamic measurements of detonation velocity, pressure, and expansion energy – typically in separate experiments that require large amounts of material, time, and expense. There is also a need for evaluation of the total available thermodynamic energy. The dynamic evaluations, in particular, have been a major hindrance to development of new explosives. The new experimental testing method to be described here requires small charges and obtains accurate measurement of all three of the detonation performance characteristics in a single test. The design, a Disc Acceleration eXperiment (DAX), provides an initial condition of steady detonation and a charge‐geometry amenable to 2D hydrodynamic simulations. The velocity history of a metal disk attached to the end of the explosive charge is measured with Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (PDV). This disc velocity data is analyzed to give both CJ pressure and expansion energy. The detonation velocity is obtained with probes along the charge length. The experiments and subsequent analyses are concentrated on LX‐16, a known PETN based explosive, for the purpose of establishing the accuracy of the method and to provide a standard for comparison with other explosives. We present details of the experimental design and also detonation velocity and PDV results from a number of experiments. The total available internal energy for the explosive was obtained from published detonation calorimetry measurements by Ornellas [1], and from thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. An equation‐of‐state (EOS) for LX‐16 was derived from hydrodynamic simulations of thin plate‐push velocity‐time data. We will show a successful comparison with a previously published Jones‐Wilkins‐Lee (JWL) EOS for PETN by Green and Lee [2–4].
Structures of a pan‐specific antagonist antibody complexed to different isoforms of TGFβ reveal structural plasticity of antibody–antigen interactions
Authors: Moulin Aaron , Mathieu Magali , Lawrence Catherine , Bigelow Russell , Levine Mark , Hamel Christine , Marquette Jean‐Piere , Le Parc Josiane , Loux Christophe , Ferrari Paul , Capdevila Cecile , Dumas Jacques , Dumas Bruno , Rak Alexey , Bird Julie , Qiu Huawei , Pan Clark Q. , Edmunds Tim , Wei Ronnie R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractVarious important biological pathways are modulated by TGFβ isoforms; as such they are potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Fresolimumab, also known as GC1008, is a pan‐TGFβ neutralizing antibody that has been tested clinically for several indications including an ongoing trial for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The structure of the antigen‐binding fragment of fresolimumab (GC1008 Fab) in complex with TGFβ3 has been reported previously, but the structural capacity of fresolimumab to accommodate tight interactions with TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 was insufficiently understood. We report the crystal structure of the single‐chain variable fragment of fresolimumab (GC1008 scFv) in complex with target TGFβ1 to a resolution of 3.00 Å and the crystal structure of GC1008 Fab in complex with TGFβ2 to 2.83 Å. The structures provide further insight into the details of TGFβ recognition by fresolimumab, give a clear indication of the determinants of fresolimumab pan‐specificity and provide potential starting points for the development of isoform‐specific antibodies using a fresolimumab scaffold.
“Not Designed for Us”: How Science Museums and Science Centers Socially Exclude Low‐Income, Minority Ethnic Groups
Authors: DAWSON EMILY 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper explores how people from low‐income, minority ethnic groups perceive and experience exclusion from informal science education (ISE) institutions, such as museums and science centers. Drawing on qualitative data from four focus groups, 32 interviews, four accompanied visits to ISE institutions, and field notes, this paper presents an analysis of exclusion from science learning opportunities during visits alongside participants’ attitudes, expectations, and conclusions about participation in ISE. Participants came from four community groups in central London: a Sierra Leonean group (n = 21), a Latin American group (n = 18), a Somali group (n = 6), and an Asian group (n = 13). Using a theoretical framework based on the work of Bourdieu, the analysis suggests ISE practices were grounded in expectations about visitors’ scientific knowledge, language skills, and finances in ways that were problematic for participants and excluded them from science learning opportunities. It is argued that ISE practices reinforced participants preexisting sense that museums and science centers were “not for us.” The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings in relation to previous research on participation in ISE and the potential for developing more inclusive informal science learning opportunities.
Small target detection using morphology and modified Gaussian distance function
Authors: Kim Jong‐Ho , Park Jun‐Jae , Ahn Sang‐Ho , Lee Deok Gyu , Moon Daesung , Kim Sang‐Kyoon 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe propose a new small target detection system that detects small target candidates based on morphology operations and detects actual targets using a modified Gaussian distance function. To reduce clutter on the edges of clouds, a median filter is applied as preprocessing. Two kinds of images are calculated with closing and opening morphological operators, respectively. In the morphology operations, various sizes of structure elements that are used to consider the sizes of targets and candidate targets are extracted from different images between the two images in the closing and opening operations. With a modified Gaussian distance function, small targets are detected from the candidate targets. The proposed method is less sensitive to clutters than existing methods and has a detection rate of 98%. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.