bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease are increased in untreated chronic periodontitis: a case control study
Authors: Ramírez JH , Parra B , Gutierrez S , Arce RM , Jaramillo A , Ariza Y , Contreras A 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the endothelial function, systemic inflammatory biomarkers and subgingival microbial profile associations in patients with and without periodontal disease.MethodsForty‐four patients, half with chronic moderate to severe periodontitis (cases) and half gingivitis and incipient periodontitis (controls) were recruited. Anthropometric, clinical, biochemical parameters, endothelial function, subgingival microbiota, and eight plasma biomarkers of cardiovascular disease were assessed in both groups.ResultsBoth groups were comparable in anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, and number of positive metabolic syndrome components. Univariate analyses demonstrated significantly higher plasma levels of E‐selectin (64.5 ± 30.9 vs 43.8 ± 22.2; P = 0.026) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) (103 ± 114.5 vs 49.1 ± 35.6; P = 0.032) in cases than controls. In addition, significantly higher levels of E‐selectin, MPO and ICAM‐1 were found in periodontitis patients after adjustment by age and waist circumference. Red complex microorganisms were more frequently detected by culture and polymerase chain reaction in patients with severe to moderate periodontitis.ConclusionsSubgingival red complex bacteria and important cardiovascular risk markers were increased in untreated chronic moderate to severe periodontitis cases. Periodontitis seems to be associated with systemic inflammation that could increase the risk of cardiovascular events. The causal relation between periodontal infections and cardiovascular disease requires further research.
The use of bisphosphonates in children: review of the literature and guidelines for dental management
Authors: Bhatt RN , Hibbert SA , Munns CF 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBisphosphonates are inhibitors of osteoclastic bone resorption with therapeutic benefit in a variety of bone disorders in both adults and children. While these agents have been routinely used in adults for the past three decades, their more recent introduction into paediatric medicine means there is a paucity of data on long‐term safety and effects on dental development. There is uncertainty regarding the dental management of children treated with bisphosphonates, particularly when invasive dental procedures, such as extractions and oral surgical procedures, are required. There are limited data with which to make recommendations about the dental management of patients treated with bisphosphonates, and there are no published recommendations that specifically address paediatric patients. This paper aims to outline paediatric uses and adverse effects of bisphosphonates and present recommendations on the dental management of children receiving bisphosphonates.
Oral mucosal lesions: findings from the Australian National Survey of Adult Oral Health
Authors: Do LG , Spencer AJ , Dost F , Farah CS 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) and factors associated with these has not previously been reported in the Australian population. This study aimed to report on the prevalence of OMLs in Australian adults and to evaluate their association with socio‐demographic factors.MethodsThis study utilized data from the Australian National Survey of Adult Oral Health 2004–06, which employs a multi‐stage, stratified random sample selection procedure. Information on socio‐demographics, smoking and presence of OMLs were collected using telephone interview, self‐reported questionnaires and comprehensive oral examination. A multivariate regression model was generated to estimate effect of factors on the prevalence of non‐ulcerated OMLs.ResultsA total of 3551 dentate adult Australians had complete data for this analysis. Over 20% of study participants presented with an OML on the day of examination. The prevalence of suspected malignancy was less than 1% and over 17% for non‐ulcerated OMLs. Prevalence of non‐ulcerated OMLs was associated with age, gender, residential location, household income and smoking.ConclusionsThe study reported that epidemiological survey can provide useful information on OMLs. Certain population groups had a higher risk of having the condition. Preventing smoking uptake and smoking cessation can reduce the prevalence of OMLs in the population.
Ion release from calcium and fluoride containing dental varnishes
Authors: Cochrane NJ , Shen P , Yuan Y , Reynolds EC 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundA range of dental varnishes have been commercialized recently that contain calcium and inorganic phosphate in addition to fluoride. The aim of this study was to analyse the fluoride, calcium and inorganic phosphate ion release from: (1) MI Varnish containing casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP‐ACP); (2) Clinpro White containing functionalized tricalcium phosphate (fTCP); (3) Enamel Pro containing amorphous calcium phosphate; (4) Bifluorid 5 containing calcium fluoride; and (5) Duraphat (no added calcium control).MethodsThe varnishes were applied to a standardized surface area of polyvinyl chloride (n = 7 per group) and immersed in 25 g of distilled deionized water which was changed at 1, 4, 24, 72 and 168 hours. The ion release was determined by ion chromatography and expressed as μmol (cumulative) per gram of varnish.ResultsAll varnishes released measurable fluoride and calcium, however only MI Varnish and Enamel Pro released significant levels of inorganic phosphate. At 24 hours the order of cumulative fluoride release was: 1>3>4>2=5 with 1 significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the rest. At 72 and 168 hours, the cumulative calcium release was: 1>4>3>2=5 with 1 significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the rest.ConclusionsMI Varnish containing CPP‐ACP had the highest release of calcium and fluoride ions.
Effect of screw access channel filling materials on uniaxial retentive force of cement‐retained implant restorations
Authors: Cakan U , Gultekin P , Guncu MB , Canay S 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the effect of various abutment screw access channel filling materials on the uniaxial retention of castings cemented onto the abutment using temporary cement.MethodsTen straight, regular platform Esthetic Abutments were used. Fifty castings were divided into five groups and the abutment screw access channels were filled with composite resin (Filtek Z 250), light‐cured temporary filling (Clip), temporary filling (Coltosol), polyvinyl siloxane impression material (Elite H‐D), or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tape. Castings were cemented and thermal cycled. A uniaxial tensile force with a cross‐head speed of 5 mm/min, was applied to the castings until cement failure occurred. One‐way analysis of variance was used to perform intergroup comparisons of the mean uniaxial retentive force (URF) values and Tukey's HSD test was used to determine the group causing the difference.ResultsThere were statistically significant differences between the mean URF values for the groups (p < 0.01). The mean URF value for the composite resin group was statistically higher than those for the other filling material groups respectively (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe retention of castings cemented to straight implant abutments using non‐eugenol temporary cement may be influenced by the screw access channel filling material.
Geodynamic context for the deposition of coarse‐grained deep‐water axial channel systems in the Patagonian Andes
Authors: Ghiglione M. C. , Likerman J. , Barberón V. , Beatriz Giambiagi L. , Aguirre‐Urreta B. , Suarez F. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe present field and seismic evidence for the existence of Coniacian–Campanian syntectonic angular unconformities within basal foreland basin sequences of the Austral or Magallanes Basin, with implications for the understanding of deformation and sedimentation in the southern Patagonian Andes. The studied sequences belong to the mainly turbiditic Upper Cretaceous Cerro Toro Formation that includes a world‐class example of conglomerate‐filled deep‐water channel bodies deposited in an axial foredeep depocentre. We present multiple evidence of syntectonic deposition showing that the present internal domain of the fold‐thrust belt was an active Coniacian–Campanian wedge‐top depozone where deposition of turbidites and conglomerate channels of Cerro Toro took place. Cretaceous synsedimentary deformation was dominated by positive inversion of Jurassic extensional structures that produced elongated axial submarine trenches separated by structural highs controlling the development and distribution of axial channels. The position of Coniacian‐Campanian unconformities indicates a ca. 50–80 km advance of the orogenic front throughout the internal domain, implying that Late Cretaceous deformation was more significant in terms of widening the orogenic wedge than all subsequent Andean deformation stages. This south Patagonian orogenic event can be related to compressional stresses generated by the combination of both the collision of the western margin of Rocas Verdes Basin during its closure, and Atlantic ridge push forces due to its accelerated opening, during a global‐scale plate reorganization event.
Phylogeography and biogeography of the lower Central American Neotropics: diversification between two continents and between two seas
Authors: Bagley Justin C. , Johnson Jerald B. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTLower Central America (LCA) provides a geologically complex and dynamic, richly biodiverse model for studying the recent assembly and diversification of a Neotropical biota. Here, we review the growing literature of LCA phylogeography studies and their contribution to understanding the origins, assembly, and diversification of the LCA biota against the backdrop of regional geologic and climatic history, and previous biogeographical inquiry. Studies to date reveal that phylogeographical signal within taxa of differing distributions reflects a diversity of patterns and processes rivalling the complexities of LCA landscapes themselves. Even so, phylogeography is providing novel insights into regional diversification (e.g. cryptic lineage divergences), and general evolutionary patterns are emerging. Congruent multi‐taxon phylogeographic breaks are found across the Nicaraguan depression, Chorotega volcanic front, western and central Panama, and the Darién isthmus, indicating that a potentially shared history of responses to regional‐scale (e.g. geological) processes has shaped the genetic diversity of LCA communities. By contrast, other species show unique demographic histories in response to overriding historical events, including no phylogeographic structure at all. These low‐structure or incongruent patterns provide some evidence for a role of local, ecological factors (e.g. long‐distance dispersal and gene flow in plants and bats) in shaping LCA communities. Temporally, comparative phylogeographical structuring reflects Pliocene–Pleistocene dispersal and vicariance events consistent with the timeline of emergence of the LCA isthmus and its major physiographic features, e.g. cordilleras. We emphasise the need to improve biogeographic inferences in LCA through in‐depth comparative phylogeography projects capitalising on the latest statistical phylogeographical methods. While meeting the challenges of reconstructing the biogeographical history of this complex region, phylogeographers should also take up the critical service to society of applying their work to the conservation of its fascinating biodiversity.
The evolutionary ecology of testicular function: size isn't everything
Authors: Ramm Steven A. , Schärer Lukas 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTLarger testes are considered the quintessential adaptation to sperm competition. However, the strong focus on testis size in evolutionary research risks ignoring other potentially adaptive features of testicular function, many of which will also be shaped by post‐mating sexual selection. Here we advocate a more integrated research programme that simultaneously takes into account the developmental machinery of spermatogenesis and the various selection pressures that act on this machinery and its products. The testis is a complex organ, and so we begin by outlining how we can think about the evolution of testicular function both in terms of the composition and spatial organisation of the testis (‘testicular histology’), as well as in terms of the logical organisation of cell division during spermatogenesis (‘testicular architecture’). We then apply these concepts to ask which aspects of testicular function we can expect to be shaped by post‐mating sexual selection. We first assess the impact of selection on those traits most strongly associated with sperm competition, namely the number and kind of sperm produced. A broad range of studies now support our contention that post‐mating sexual selection affects many aspects of testicular function besides gross testis size, for example, to maximise spermatogenic efficiency or to enable the production of particular sperm morphologies. We then broaden our focus to ask how testicular function is affected by fluctuation in sperm demand. Such fluctuation can occur over an individual's lifetime (for example due to seasonality in reproduction) and may select for particular types of testicular histology and architecture depending on the particular reproductive ecology of the species in question. Fluctuation in sperm demand also occurs over evolutionary time, due to shifts in the mating system, and this may have various consequences for testicular function, for example on rates of proliferation‐induced mutation and for dealing with intragenomic conflict. We end by suggesting additional approaches that could be applied to study testicular function, and conclude that simultaneously considering the machinery, products and scheduling of spermatogenesis will be crucial as we seek to understand more fully the evolution of this most fundamental of male reproductive traits.
A Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Arylamino‐5‐Aryloxylalkyl‐1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles and Their Urease Inhibition Studies
Authors: Akhtar Tashfeen , Khan Muhammad A. , Iqbal Jamshed , Jones Peter G. , Hameed Shahid 
Published: February 2014

A one‐pot method for the synthesis of structural type urease inhibitors, 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles, was developed. The structures of the compounds were established using spectroanalytical techniques and unambiguously confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of compound 3o. The synthesized compounds were tested against jack beans urease, and most of the compounds (3c, 3g, 3j, 3k, 3n, 3r–3v) were found more active than the standard. The most potent compound (3u) had an IC50 value of 6.03 ± 0.02 μm as compared to the IC50 value of the standard (thiourea; 22.0 ± 1.2 μm). The prominent urease inhibition activity of these compounds may serve as an important finding in the development of less toxic and more potent antiulcer drugs. The compounds were also investigated against four bacterial strains, and some of the compounds (3g and 3r) were found more potent than the standard drug (ciprofloxacin) against all the tested strains. The MIC value for compound 3g was 0.156 μmol/mL against the tested bacterial strains.
Biochemical and radiological relationships in patients with pheochromocytoma: lessons from a case control study
Authors: Kannan Subramanian , Purysko Andrei , Faiman Charles , Remer Erick M. , Shah Lisa , Bena James , Siperstein Allan , Berber Eren , Fergany Amr , Bravo Emmanuel , Hamrahian Amir H. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryBackgroundAn elevation of fractionated plasma or urinary metanephrine (MN) or nor‐metanephrine (NMN), collectively called metanephrines (MN and NMN), >4‐fold above the upper limit of normal (ULN) is usually considered to be diagnostic for pheochromocytoma (PHEO). There are a greater number of false positive results when the elevations are more modest.AimTo identify biochemical and radiological features in PHEOs with modest elevations (<4‐fold above ULN) of metanephrines.MethodologyWe retrospectively reviewed the charts of 112 patients with PHEO (10% extra‐adrenal) and 208 patients with a non‐PHEO adrenal mass operated from 1997–2011, who had metanephrines measured pre‐operatively. We divided PHEO into group 1 (n = 90) with metanephrines ≥4‐fold ULN and group 2 (n = 22) with metanephrines <4‐fold ULN. The non‐PHEO group was designated as group 3.ResultsThe median (range) tumour size in group 1 and group 2 was 4·8 cm (1·7–22) and 3·0 cm (1·7–5) respectively (P < 0·001). All patients with PHEO in group 2 had a tumour <5 cm in size. The MN fraction was elevated in about 65% of groups 1 and 2; only 2 (1%) patients in group 3 had an elevated urinary MN fraction, and none were associated with an elevated plasma MN fraction. All PHEOs had a pre‐contrast attenuation ≥17 Hounsfield Units (HU).ConclusionsModest elevations (<4‐fold ULN) of the NMN fraction in an adrenal mass >5 cm are almost always falsely positive. Elevations in plasma and urinary MN fraction are less likely to be false positive. The CT pre‐contrast attenuation of PHEOs is >10 HU.
Gray matter involvement in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica
Authors: Kawachi Izumi , Nishizawa Masatoyo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) and neuomyelitis optica (NMO) are the two main autoimmune and inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. They have long been considered to be autoimmune diseases that primarily affect the white matter (WM). However, renewed interest in gray matter (GM) pathology is emerging. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the details of GM pathology, and its clinical aspects including cognitive impairment in MS and NMO. Patients with MS and NMO have similar cognitive profiles as represented by the latent start of impairment from a very early stage of the disease course. Pathological assessments show that substantial cortical demyelination is prominent in all stages or courses of MS, and cortical neurodegeneration is also present not only in cortical demyelination, but also in normal‐appearing GM in MS. In contrast, cortical neurodegeneration is present in NMO and involves unique dynamics of astrocytes, but no cortical demyelination is seen in NMO. Thus, two distinct diseases, MS and NMO, each have unique characteristic features of pathological modalities in the brain. These important hallmarks of MS and NMO might influence neuronal and cognitive function in the brain, given different detrimental effects including cytokine diffusion, disruption of water homeostasis associated with aquaporin‐4 dynamics, or other unidentified mechanisms. Although the cause of GM lesions in MS and NMO has not been fully determined, an increase in knowledge of the structure of GM lesions, and the pathomechanisms in MS and NMO brains will result in more targeted pharmacotherapeutic approaches to these diseases.
Genetic studies of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica: Current status in European, African American and Asian populations
Authors: Isobe Noriko , Oksenberg Jorge R. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis results from both genetic and environmental factors. Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have contributed considerably to our understanding of MS susceptibility through identification of genetic variants influencing risk and quantitation of their effect sizes. Immunologically relevant genes, including genes in the major histocompatibility complex region, are the primary genetic contributors to MS susceptibility. MS prevalence differs according to population, and most GWAS carried out to date have used datasets from people of European descent. Interpretation and application of GWAS results from Europeans to other populations require a good understanding of the genetic characteristics of each population, such as linkage disequilibrium patterns. The heterogeneity in global MS prevalence is partially explained by differences in risk allele frequencies in populations, which are due to the effects of migration, adaptation to new environments and genetic heterogeneity. Genetic studies of different populations can be expected to narrow down the putative causative regions and improve our understanding of MS pathogenesis. The literature record of genetic studies of neuromyelitis optica is much shorter than that of MS. Genes associated with neuromyelitis optica have been reported in the major histocompatibility complex region, as well as at other genetic loci, but only the susceptibility associated with the HLA‐DPB1*05:01 and HLA‐DRB1*03 alleles, and the association of a CYP7A single nucleotide polymorphism have been replicated. Here, we describe important genetic studies of MS and neuromyelitis optica in Europeans, African Americans, and Asians, and discuss the implications for disease incidence and future directions for genetic research.
Mechanisms of action of fingolimod in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Antel Jack 
Published: February 2014

AbstractFingolimod is a sphingosine 1‐phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator approved as a therapy for multiple sclerosis. The present review will describe how interactions of fingolimod with S1PR, can induce the dual effects of inhibiting signaling and functional responses induced by S1P, the natural ligand for the S1PR, while continuing itself to induce active signaling and functional responses. These dual effects of fingolimod will be considered in terms of their mechanisms of actions on the systemic immune system, the blood–brain barrier, and within the central nervous system.
Renal cell carcinoma in patients with end‐stage renal disease has favorable overall prognosis
Authors: Shrewsberry Adam B. , Osunkoya Adeboye O. , Jiang Kun , Westby Ruth , Canter Daniel , Pattaras John , Turgeon Nicole , Master Viraj A. , Ogan Kenneth 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPatients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) demonstrate a greater risk for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) than the general population. This study compared pathological and clinical outcomes in patients with RCC with and without ESRD. Patients with ESRD who underwent nephrectomy and were found to have RCC at our institution since 1999 were identified. The control group was composed of patients from the general population with RCC. The primary outcome was risk of cancer recurrence. The study included 338 RCC patients: 84 with ESRD and 243 without ESRD. In the ESRD group, mean tumor size was smaller, there was decreased prevalence of advanced T category (>3) , and the average Karakiewicz nomogram score was lower. ESRD was associated with decreased tumor recurrence and clear cell pathology. No patients with ESRD had metastatic disease. There was no difference in overall or cancer‐specific mortality between the ESRD and control groups. Patients with ESRD who develop RCC have a better prognosis compared to RCC in patients without ESRD, which is likely secondary to favorable histopathologic phenotype as well as the likelihood of early diagnosis. Thus, the delay between nephrectomy and renal transplantation may not be necessary, especially in patients with asymptomatic, low grade tumors.