bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Duth: a user‐friendly dual‐factor authentication for Android smartphone devices
Authors: Zhu Hui , Lin Xiaodong , Zhang Yun , Lu Rongxing 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWith the pervasiveness of smartphones and the richness of mobile apps, many people are storing increasingly sensitive data on them, in greater quantities. In order to protect this sensitive information from misuse due to loss, or other accidental reasons, strong smartphone authentication has become imperative and has received considerable attention in recent years. However, when we directly implement traditional authentication schemes in smartphone devices, the balance between security and user‐friendliness of authentication becomes challenging, mainly because of the input‐in‐motion environments. In this paper, without adding extra hardware devices, we present a user‐friendly, dual‐factor authentication scheme called Duth, for Android smartphone devices. Specifically, the proposed Duth scheme is characterized by utilizing the spatial and time features of the user‐writing process as two factors of authentication; a user can be authenticated only if these two features are fulfilled. We implement Duth in Java as a library, which we make publicly available. With extensive discussions on parameter selection, we choose proper parameters and implement Duth on a smartphone with Android 2.3 for experiments, and the experiment results demonstrate that Duth can indeed achieve efficient and effective dual‐factor authentication. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Our Recent Progress on the Intramolecular Diels–Alder Reaction Approach in Natural Products Synthesis: Synthetic Studies of the Octahydronaphthalene Substructure of Versipelostatins and the A/B/C‐Tricyclic Substructure of GKK1032s
Authors: Tadano Kin‐Ichi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDuring this decade, the enantio‐ and stereoselective synthesis of natural products has been actively explored in the author's laboratory. In this account, the author outlines practical syntheses of the polycyclic substructures of two novel structurally formidable antibiotics, namely, the trans‐fused octahydronaphthalene moiety of versipelostatins and the A/B/C‐tricyclic decahydrofluorene moiety of GKK1032s. Both syntheses have been achieved with remarkable regio‐ and stereoselectivity via intramolecular Diels–Alder reactions using well‐designed enantiomeric substrates.
Impact Evaluation of Exit Strategy in Fuzzy Portfolio‐based Investment
Authors: Li You , Wang Bo , Watada Junzo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper focuses on the impacts of exit strategy in existing fuzzy portfolio selection models. In the securities market, the term ‘exit’ means that the investor may sell his/her equity on account of some exogenous or endogenous incentives, especially when the security price becomes higher than his/her expectation or lower than his/her tolerance. It is a common problem that all investors need to face in the investment horizon. There have been various studies reported in the current literature employing fuzzy set theory to handle the uncertainty of portfolio selection. Nevertheless, none of these studies considers the influence caused by exit strategy which will be executed once a security price fluctuates out of the expected interval. In this paper, we first secure the future returns of each security by profit/loss exit points (prices) before rebuilding fuzzy portfolio selection models. Next, the properties of exit points are analyzed. Then a meta‐heuristic method is proposed to analyze the differences between the new models' experimental results and those of previous methods. Finally, we discuss how to assign proper exit point values to different securities based on different risk attitudes, and apply our approach to a real application on the New York Stock Exchange. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A comparison of neuropsychological performance between US and Russia: Preparing for a global clinical trial
Authors: Hayden Kathleen M. , Makeeva Oksana A. , Newby L. Kristin , Plassman Brenda L. , Markova Valentina V. , Dunham Ashley , Romero Heather R. , Melikyan Zarui A. , Germain Cassandra M. , Welsh‐Bohmer Kathleen A. , Roses Allen D. ,   TOMSK‐DUKE Study Group Investigators
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding regional differences in cognitive performance is important for interpretation of data from large multinational clinical trials.MethodsData from Durham and Cabarrus Counties in North Carolina, USA and Tomsk, Russia (n = 2972) were evaluated. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Trail Making Test Part B (Trails B), Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Word List Memory Test (WLM) delayed recall, and self‐report Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Studies Mail‐In Cognitive Function Screening Instrument (MCFSI) were administered at each site. Multilevel modeling measured the variance explained by site and predictors of cognitive performance.ResultsSite differences accounted for 11% of the variation in the MoCA, 1.6% in Trails B, 1.7% in WLM, and 0.8% in MCFSI scores. Prior memory testing was significantly associated with WLM. Diabetes and stroke were significantly associated with Trails B and MCFSI.ConclusionsSources of variation include cultural differences, health conditions, and exposure to test stimuli. Findings highlight the importance of local norms to interpret test performance.
Conditions of basalt formation in the Dzhida zone of the Paleoasian Ocean
Authors: Simonov V.A. , Gordienko I.V. , Stupakov S.I. , Medvedev A.Ya. , Kotlyarov A.V. , Kovyazin S.V. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Petrological and geochemical studies performed with invoking data on the compositions of clinopyroxenes have clarified the conditions of formation of Vendian–Cambrian basaltic complexes in the Dzhida zone of the Paleoasian Ocean (northern Mongolia and southwestern Transbaikalia). The research was based on a comparative analysis with reference igneous basaltic associations. Of special importance are our microprobe data on trace and rare-earth elements in clinopyroxenes from igneous rocks of different present-day geodynamic settings, namely, N-MORB (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Central Atlantic), OIB (Bouvet Island, South Atlantic), WPB (within-plate tholeiitic plateau basalts of the Siberian Platform), and boninites of ensimatic arcs (Izu-Bonin island arc, Pacific). The studies have shown that the paleo-oceanic structures in the district of the Urgol guyot formed during geodynamic processes under the impact of mantle plumes on oceanic spreading crust, which resulted in oceanic basaltic plateaus and within-plate oceanic islands. All these structures were later superposed by typical island-arc structure-lithologic associations. Formation of basalt complexes in the Dzhidot guyot district proceeded with a stronger effect of enriched plume melts of within-plate oceanic islands as compared with the Urgol guyot. This is evidenced from petrochemical and geochemical data showing the development of OIB-type magmatic systems on the oceanic basement. Data on clinopyroxenes confirm the participation of mantle plume in this process, which led to the evolution of magmas from typical oceanic basalts (MORB) to plateau basalts and OIB.
Symptoms, disabilities, and life satisfaction five years after whiplash injuries
Authors: Styrke Johan , Sojka Peter , Björnstig Ulf , Stålnacke Britt-Marie 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Background
Chronic whiplash-associated disorders (WADs) are often associated with social functioning problems and decreased ability to perform previous activities. This may lead to decreased life satisfaction, which is insufficiently studied in the context of whiplash injuries. Symptoms included in chronic WAD are similar to symptoms frequently reported by persons who have sustained mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI)/concussion. In cases of MTBI, the severity and number of symptoms have been suggested to have a diagnostic value. The corresponding importance of symptoms in chronic WAD has not been documented. Most studies of whiplash injuries have focused on neck pain because this is the dominant complaint, while other symptoms are less studied. The frequency of long-term symptoms after whiplash injuries seems to vary. It is difficult to compare the long-term outcome since the follow-up after whiplash injury in most studies has been rather short. Therefore, the primary aim of this investigation was to study neck pain and other symptoms, disability, and life satisfaction five years after whiplash injury in a defined population and geographical area.

Methods
The study was carried out at a public hospital in northern Sweden and was a cross-sectional survey of patients five years after the injury event in a cohort of whiplash-injured patients. Five years after the emergency department visit, 186 persons aged 18–64 answered questionnaires on symptoms (Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire, RPQ), disabilities (Rivermead Head Injury Follow Up Questionnaire, RHFUQ), and life satisfaction (LiSat-11). The answers were compared to those of a comparison cohort.

Results
The most common symptoms five years after whiplash injury were fatigue (41%), poor memory (39%), and headache (37%). Inability to sustain previous workload (44%) and fatigue at work (43%) were frequently reported disabilities. Only 39% were satisfied with their somatic health and 60% with their psychological health. Compared with healthy controls, the whiplash injured exhibited more symptoms and had lower life satisfaction. Women reported significantly higher pain intensity than men. Few significant differences between women and men regarding the other parameters were found.

Conclusions
This study shows that five years after a whiplash injury, patients reported symptoms that are typical of mild traumatic brain injury. Further, this study emphasizes the possibility of screening patients with chronic WAD for these symptoms as a complement to the assessment.

Implications
Untreated symptoms may negatively affect the outcome of pain rehabilitation. This implies that it might be clinically meaningful to quantify symptoms earlier in the rehabilitation process
Selection of tomato genotypes resistant to tomato leaf curl virus disease using biochemical and physiological markers
Authors: SINGH R. K. , RAI N. , SINGH M. , SINGH S. N. , SRIVASTAVA K. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYA total of 34 tomato genotypes (24 F1+10 parents) were tested for resistance to tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) disease by various whitefly inoculation techniques under field and insect-proof glasshouse (mass and cage) conditions. Of the ten tomato parental lines, two accessions [EC-520061 (Solanum habrochaites) and EC-521080 (Solanum pimpinellifolium)] were identified as highly resistant while four accessions (EC-520049, EC-528372, WIR-5032 and WIR-3957) of wild species were resistant to ToLCV. Out of the 24 F1 crosses, PBC×EC-520061, H-86×EC-520061, H-24×EC-520061 and DVRT-2×EC-520061 were found to be highly resistant against ToLCV disease. Biochemical (total phenol and total sugar concentration) and physiological (chlorophyll content and leaf area index) parameters were also used in healthy and disease-inoculated leaves of ten parents and six F1 hybrids to test the conformity of ToLCV-resistant and susceptible disease reactions. The results showed that among the 16 genotypes (10 parents+6 F1), EC-520061, EC-520049, PBC×EC-520061 and H-86×EC-520061 were stable for both biochemical and physiological markers while EC-521080 showed higher accumulations of total phenol and sugar concentrations and reduced leaf size between healthy and disease-inoculated leaves. The present study demonstrates the importance of the whitefly inoculation technique and biochemical and physiological markers in virus resistance screening programmes, and identifies a potential source of resistance to the ToLCV in Solanum species.
GuanacoLama guanicoenumbers plummet in an area subject to poaching from oil-exploration trails in Patagonia
Authors: Radovani Natalia Inés , Funes Martín Cristian , Walker R. Susan , Gader Reinaldo , Novaro Andrés José 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe report changes in guanacoLama guanicoedensity, recruitment, and social structure associated with increased access of poachers along an extensive network of hydrocarbon-exploration roads in northern Patagonia, and conservation measures taken in response. Mean guanaco densities declined 93–96% and mean group size declined from 9.8 to 5.0 guanacos per group at three sites surveyed during 1982–1983 and 2002–2007, whereas yearling proportions did not change significantly. Additional surveys during 2002–2007 suggest population declines and fragmentation have occurred over a wide area of intense hydrocarbon exploration and extraction. Guanaco densities in 2002–2007 showed a strong negative association with the density of access points along hydrocarbon-exploration roads and, to a lesser degree, with livestock densities. The increase in poaching in recent decades, resulting from increased access and an urban population that has appropriate vehicles, has probably been the main cause of the decline of the guanaco population, although overgrazing by livestock and decreased plant productivity may also be contributing factors. Closing of exploration roads with levees and ditches in 2006 and 2010 by a hydrocarbon company, under supervision by the local government and scientists, restricted access by unauthorized vehicles to a 220,000-ha area, including two of the sites where guanaco numbers collapsed. This action, in combination with increased ranger patrols, may allow guanaco recovery in the coming years.
How could the bushmeat trade in the Kilombero Valley of Tanzania be regulated? Insights from the rural value chain
Authors: Nielsen Martin Reinhardt , Meilby Henrik , Smith-Hall Carsten 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBushmeat trade is a threat to biodiversity in Africa. Information about the bushmeat value chain can inform conservation policies, yet such knowledge is lacking for most of East Africa. We examine the structure and organization of bushmeat markets in three villages in the Kilombero Valley of Tanzania, where illegal hunting is widespread. We base our analysis on 1,855 observations of trade during 1 year (2008–2009) and questionnaire interviews with 325 individuals involved in the trade in 2011. Our results reveal that the trade is large-scale both in volume (1,100 animals, equivalent to 370,000 kg meat per year) and local turnover (USD 210,000 per year) and that several threatened species are hunted. There are no patron–client relationships and hunters, traders and retailers, which are the main actors involved, conduct only basic product upgrading (drying and making packages). The value chain is characterized by governance problems, including widespread rent-seeking and violent enforcement. Although hunting is open-access, lack of access to firearms constitutes an entry barrier, curbing supply and enabling actors to realize supernormal profits. Decentralization of management rights and responsibilities to communities, supplemented by improved firearms control, appears the most realistic option for regulating the trade and preventing further declines of wildlife.
Every Whichway: New Directions for Canadian Socio-Legal Research.
Authors: Arthurs H. W. 
Published: July 2014

Barely three years ago, as chairman of the SSHRC's Consultative Group on Research and Education in Law, I released a report entitled Law and Learning. This report — in its diagnosis hardly more than a systematic compilation and empirical verification of “what we knew but could not tell” — contained a series of recommendations for the invigoration of Canadian legal scholarship. Several of these recommendations related to the need to diversify the types of legal research being conducted, to strengthen the research community by the development of networks and centres of activity, and to communicate the results of new research endeavours to relevant professional audiences, as well as to the public.
For me, therefore, the establishment of the Canadian Law and Society Association and the publication of the Canadian Journal of Law and Society are events of special significance. I am pleased — indeed flattered — to be involved in these new and important enterprises, albeit in a largely symbolic way. My pleasure is only enhanced by being afforded both a platform for pontification (the Editor has absolved me from the obligation to provide footnotes), and a collective script to which I can add what amounts to a postscript to our report.
A Disenchanted Charter? The Common Law Tradition and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Authors: Weber Bryce 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The statutory entrenchment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms marks a break with the common law practice of protecting civil liberties by means of socio-legal convention. This article argues that such a break with common law practice can be justified at a theoretical level through reference to Max Weber's liberal rationalist account of the effects of modernization on law and society and, at a practical level, points out parallels between Weber's position on modern law, the pre-entrenchment doctrine of the Supreme Court and Pierre Trudeau's advocacy of the Charter. However, the article argues that a Weberian account of modernity and law is based upon too narrow a conception of rationality to allow it to deal with the normative questions that are raised by the substantively democratic claims made by the Charter and with which the courts will have to deal in making judgements in Charter cases. The article concludes that in order for court interpretation to take the substantive sections of the Charter into account in a meaningful fashion, it will be forced to abandon what, until the entrenchment of the Charter, was a narrow, positivist interpretation of rights and democracy; and that this can be accomplished by means of a reconstruction of the democratic ethos that is nascent within the common law tradition but remains as yet undeveloped in a clear fashion.
The History of Metis Aboriginal Rights: Politics, Principle, and Policy.
Authors: Flanagan Thomas E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This article gives a schematic overview of metis aboriginal rights from the Huron and Superior Treaties of 1850 to the Mackenzie Valley Treaty of 1921. It traces the evolution of federal policy in several stages: treating Metis as Indians, followed by individual grants of land, scrip and money. Pragmatism and expediency led to many inconsistencies in policy, but there were also pressures of administrative precedent favouring rationalization. Awareness of this history is essential in determining what metis aboriginal rights, if any, are still “existing” under s. 25 of the Constitution Act, 1982.
Obscénité, sexualité et droit: étude sur l'effectivité du discours juridique au Canada, 1892–1970
Authors: Sansfaçon Daniel 
Published: July 2014

RésuméCet article pose la question de l'effectivité du discours juridique. Constatant les limites des approches herméneutiques et socio-politiques à l'analyse du droit, il s'agit alors de se demander de quelle manière le droit réussit à maintenir sa prétention à dire le juste et à persuader de la nécessité de la répression alors qu'il n'en exerce somme toute que très peu. À partir de l'examen des arrêts publiés au Canada entre 1892 et 1970 en matière d'obscénité, l'article montre que le judiciaire s'emploie à encadrer et transformer une pratique sociale portant sur la question des rapports socio-sexuels jusqu' à l'oblitérer, dépossédant ainsi la société civile de toute capacité d' en discuter les enjeux éthiques.
L'éthique sociale et le discours sur les droits
Authors: Marion Normand 
Published: July 2014

Les études présentées sous le présent thème, à l'exception des contributions de Kai Nielsen et de Katia Boustany, sont l'oeuvre de membres de l'Équipe de Recherche en Éthique Sociale (ERES), rattachée au département de philosophie de l'UQAM. L'ERES est une équipe multidisciplinaire (philosophie, droit, sociologie…) qui aborde les aspects éthiques des problèmes contemporains dans une approche où l'éthique est perçue comme issue des pratiques sociales et où le savoir des sciences sociales est mis à contribution.En cette période de remise en question de l'État Providence, les travaux de l'ERES ont d'abord porté sur les théories contemporaines de justice distributive et ce, particulièrement en regard des oeuvres de John Rawls et de Robert Nozick. Cette incursion dans la philosophie politique et morale contemporaine, qui a déjà fait l'objet de publications, nous a conduit à l'élaboration d'un programme de recherche dont l'objectif était d'évaluer la pertinence du discours sur les droits.
A Partial Rehabilitation of the Principle of Collective Punishment
Authors: Lipnowski Irwin 
Published: July 2014

Most, if not all, high school graduates have experienced the following event at some stage of their academic careers. Their teacher wishes to leave the classroom but is fearful about the noise level that will ensue after he or she departs, and so issues the following stern warning to the class:
I shall be out of the classroom for a few minutes and during my absence, I want to be able to hear a pin drop from down the hall. If I hear so much as a peep coming from this classroom, everyone will have to remain for detention after class.
A Reply to Professor Brodeur
Authors: Lipnowski Irwin 
Published: July 2014

I welcome the opportunity to respond to Professor Brodeur's thoughtful and provocative comments on my paper. Notwithstanding the gracious tone of his rejoinder, I am afraid that I must take issue with several points that Professor Brodeur makes.The concept of “collective punishment” is a rather elastic one that lends itself to a wide range of interpretation. I believe that ambiguity in the interpretation of “collective punishment” lies at the heart of the differences between Professor Brodeur and myself.To elaborate, let me begin by drawing a sharp distinction between the following two types of policy:(i) an authority punishes, in an undifferentiated way, each member of a group (of suspects) known to comprise innocent and guilty individuals;(ii) an authority punishes a guilty individual, but in doing so, unintentionally or unavoidably causes a harmful effect upon innocent third parties.
La philosophie du droit de H. L. A. Hart
Authors: Blais François 
Published: July 2014

RésuméLe but de cet article est de faire une présentation succincte mais systématique de la vie et de l'oeuvre de H. L. A. Hart. L'auteur reprend essentiellement les thèmes importants de sa philosophie du droit et tente de mettre en perspective les aspects les plus originaux et les plus novateurs de cette pensée qui fut à l'origine du renouveau d'intérêt pour la philosophie du droit dans les pays anglo-saxons, il y a de cela maintenant plus de 40 ans.