bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis C virus vaccine development: old challenges and new opportunities
Authors: Li Dapeng , Huang Zhong , Zhong Jin 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), an enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, can cause chronic and end-stage liver diseases. Approximately 185 million people worldwide are infected with HCV. Tremendous progress has been achieved in the therapeutics of chronic hepatitis C thanks to the development of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs), but the worldwide use of these highly effective DAAs is limited due to their high treatment cost. In addition, drug-resistance mutations remain a potential problem as DAAs are becoming a standard therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Unfortunately, no vaccine is available for preventing new HCV infection. Therefore, HCV still imposes a big threat to human public health, and the worldwide eradication of HCV is critically dependent on an effective HCV vaccine. In this review, we summarize recent progresses on HCV vaccine development and present our views on the rationale and strategy to develop an effective HCV vaccine.
Acute Phase Reactants in Infections: Evidence-Based Review and a Guide for Clinicians
Authors: Markanday Anurag 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Acute-phase reactants such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein have traditionally been used as markers for inflammation and as a measure of “sickness index” in infectious and noninfectious conditions. In the last decade, more data have become available on the wider and more specific role for these markers in the management of complex infections. This includes the potential role in early diagnosis, in differentiating infectious from noninfectious causes, as a prognostic marker, and in antibiotic guidance strategies. A better defined role for biological markers as a supplement to clinical assessment may lead to more judicious antibiotic prescriptions, and it has the potential for a long-term favorable impact on antimicrobial stewardship and antibiotic resistance. Procalcitonin as a biological marker has been of particular interest in this regard. This review examines the current published evidence and summarizes the role of various acute-phase markers in infections. A MEDLINE search of English-language articles on acute-phase reactants and infections published between 1986 and March 2015 was conducted. Additional articles were also identified through a search of references from the retrieved articles, published guidelines, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.
Location of gamma-ray flaring region in quasar 4C +21.35
Authors: Lei Maichang , Wang Jiancheng 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
4C +21.35 is a flat-spectrum-radio-quasar-type blazar, in which the rapid variability of very high energy (VHE, Eγ ≳ 100 GeV) emission as short as ∼ 10 min was observed by MAGIC Cherenkov telescopes, and the VHE spectrum extends up to at least 400 GeV. In this paper, by using a flat broad-line region (BLR) structure, we study the location and properties of the γ-ray-emitting region of 4C +21.35 under the constraints of multiwavelength data. We fit three quasi-simultaneous spectral energy distributions using a homogeneous one-zone leptonic model, in which a flat BLR with aperture angle α = 25° and a spherically symmetric hot dusty torus with a temperature of Tsub = 1200 K are assumed. The results show that the jet structure of 4C +21.35 is nearly conical with a half-opening angle of θj ≃ 0 $_{.}^{\circ}$29–0 $_{.}^{\circ}$6. Furthermore, the emitting region is located within the BLR clouds and approaches the outer radius of the BLR during the flaring states, while it is well beyond the dusty torus in quiescent state. The quiescent high-energy emission is dominated by the synchrotron self-Compton process, the high-energy emission during the flaring periods is dominated by Compton scattering of BLR and dusty torus photons with a value of the Compton-dominance parameter of about 30. Moreover, the fit to optical/ultraviolet data provides further support that the central black hole mass of 4C +21.35 is 6 × 108 M⊙.
Travelling With Children on Home Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Mantegazza Cecilia , La Vela Vanessa , Hill Susan , Köglmeier Jutta 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTBackground:Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is an established therapy in children with intestinal failure. Parenteral nutrition (PN) management allows most paediatric patients to participate in age‐appropriate activities; however, HPN may lead to significant restrictions, particularly going on holiday. We aimed to identify sociodemographic and illness‐specific variables that influence if and how families with children on HPN travel.Methods:A standardised questionnaire was sent to all 40 children on HPN within a large tertiary intestinal failure centre in the United Kingdom. Depending on whether the family had/had not been on holiday since their child had started HPN, questions were asked to understand the reasons for not travelling or to gather information about individual travel experiences.Results:A total of 30 children were enrolled, 20 of 30 went at least once on holiday, and 5 of 30 travelled more than once per year, 70% travelled outside Britain. Going on vacation was more common, the longer the child had been on HPN (P = 0.022); hours spent on PN tolerance of enteral feeds or the child's age did not influence travel behaviour; 80% of parents who went on vacation had a good/worthy experience, 95% would travel again. The biggest reported obstacle was the transportation of PN bags. Ten families sacrificed a holiday over fear that it may be difficult to arrange or because of the child's unstable medical condition.Conclusions:A significant proportion of families chose to go on holiday away from home despite their child being on HPN. The experience is considered good by most.
Escherichia coli heme oxygenase modulates host innate immune responses
Authors: Maharshak Nitsan , Ryu Hyungjin Sally , Fan Ting‐Jia , Onyiah Joseph C. , Schulz Stephanie , Otterbein Sherrie L. , Wong Ron , Hansen Jonathan J. , Otterbein Leo E. , Carroll Ian M. , Plevy Scott E. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTInduction of mammalian heme oxygenase (HO)‐1 and exposure of animals to carbon monoxide (CO) ameliorates experimental colitis. When enteric bacteria, including Escherichia coli, are exposed to low iron conditions, they express an HO‐like enzyme, chuS, and metabolize heme into iron, biliverdin and CO. Given the abundance of enteric bacteria residing in the intestinal lumen, our postulate was that commensal intestinal bacteria may be a significant source of CO and those that express chuS and other Ho‐like molecules suppress inflammatory immune responses through release of CO. According to real‐time PCR, exposure of mice to CO results in changes in enteric bacterial composition and increases E. coli 16S and chuS DNA. Moreover, the severity of experimental colitis correlates positively with E. coli chuS expression in IL‐10 deficient mice. To explore functional roles, E. coli were genetically modified to overexpress chuS or the chuS gene was deleted. Co‐culture of chuS‐overexpressing E. coli with bone marrow‐derived macrophages resulted in less IL‐12p40 and greater IL‐10 secretion than in wild‐type or chuS‐deficient E. coli. Mice infected with chuS‐overexpressing E. coli have more hepatic CO and less serum IL‐12 p40 than mice infected with chuS‐deficient E. coli. Thus, CO alters the composition of the commensal intestinal microbiota and expands populations of E. coli that harbor the chuS gene. These bacteria are capable of attenuating innate immune responses through expression of chuS. Bacterial HO‐like molecules and bacteria‐derived CO may represent novel targets for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory conditions.
Quantifying the influence of measured and unmeasured individual differences on demography
Authors: Plard Floriane , Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Coulson Tim , Delorme Daniel , Warnant Claude , Michallet Jacques , Tuljapurkar Shripad , Krishnakumar Siddharth , Bonenfant Christophe 
Published: July 2015

Summary

Demographic rates can vary not only with measured individual characters like age, sex and mass but also with unmeasured individual variables like behaviour, genes and health.

Predictions from population models that include measured individual characteristics often differ from models that exclude them. Similarly, unmeasured individual differences have the potential to impact predictions from population models. However, unmeasured individual differences are rarely included in population models.

We construct stage‐ and age‐structured models (where stage is mass) of a roe deer population, which are parameterized from statistical functions that either include, or ignore, unmeasured individual differences.

We found that mass and age structures substantially impacted model parameters describing population dynamics, as did temporal environmental variation, while unmeasured individual differences impacted parameters describing population dynamics to a much smaller extent once individual heterogeneity related to mass and age has been included in the model. We discuss how our assumptions (unmeasured individual differences only in mean trait values) could have influenced our findings and under what circumstances unmeasured individual differences could have had a larger impact on population dynamics.

There are two reasons explaining the relative small influence of unmeasured individual differences on population dynamics in roe deer. First, individual body mass and age both capture a large amount of individual differences in roe deer. Second, in large populations of long‐lived animals, the average quality of individuals (independent of age and mass) within the population is unlikely to show substantial variation over time, unless rapid evolution is occurring. So even though a population consisting of high‐quality individuals would have much higher population growth rate than a population consisting of low‐quality individuals, the probability of observing a population consisting only of high‐quality individuals is small.
Adaptive strategies in nocturnally migrating insects and songbirds: contrasting responses to wind
Authors: Chapman Jason W. , Nilsson Cecilia , Lim Ka S. , Bäckman Johan , Reynolds Don R. , Alerstam Thomas 
Published: July 2015

SummaryAnimals that use flight as their mode of transportation must cope with the fact that their migration and orientation performance is strongly affected by the flow of the medium they are moving in, that is by the winds. Different strategies can be used to mitigate the negative effects and benefit from the positive effects of a moving flow. The strategies an animal can use will be constrained by the relationship between the speed of the flow and the speed of the animal's own propulsion in relation to the surrounding air.Here we analyse entomological and ornithological radar data from north‐westernEurope to investigate how two different nocturnal migrant taxa, the noctuid mothAutographa gammaand songbirds, deal with wind by analysing variation in resulting flight directions in relation to the wind‐dependent angle between the animal's heading and track direction.Our results, from fixed locations along the migratory journey, reveal different global strategies used by moths and songbirds during their migratory journeys. As expected, nocturnally migrating moths experienced a greater degree of wind drift than nocturnally migrating songbirds, but both groups were more affected by wind in autumn than in spring.The songbirds’ strategies involve elements of both drift and compensation, providing some benefits from wind in combination with destination and time control. In contrast, moths expose themselves to a significantly higher degree of drift in order to obtain strong wind assistance, surpassing the songbirds in mean ground speed, at the cost of a comparatively lower spatiotemporal migratory precision.Moths and songbirds show contrasting but adaptive responses to migrating through a moving flow, which are fine‐tuned to the respective flight capabilities of each group in relation to the wind currents they travel within.
Application of Chromatographic Techniques in the Detection and Identification of Constituents Formed during Food Frying: A Review
Authors: Zhang Qing , Qin Wen , Li Meiliang , Shen Qun , Saleh Ahmed S.M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFrying is one of the most popular food processing methods. However, many physicochemical reactions occur during frying, forming complex products in both the frying oil and the fried food. Chromatographic techniques have been successfully applied to characterize the products formed during food‐frying or during a simulated frying process. In this review, the specific products analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are elucidated in detail. The most studied components are polar compounds (such as volatile compounds, hydrolysis products, oxidized triacylglycerol [TAG] decomposition products, oxidized TAG monomers, sterol oxides, oxygenated TAG polymers, and acrylamide) and nonpolar compounds (such as cyclic fatty acid monomers and trans isomers), which are classified based on their polarity. However, the definite structures of TAG polymers and sterol oxides, and polymers analyzed by GC or HPLC‐based methods are only investigated in modeled reactions. Furthermore, some of the sample pretreatments and chromatographic methods are only used to analyze the known products. A number of earlier trace amounts of undetected products need to be investigated by more effective detection techniques. The development of multidimensional chromatographic techniques and elaborate mass spectrometry detectors makes composition analysis possible for the food‐frying process, which may effectively promote the development of quality monitoring and nutrition evaluation for the fried foods.
Effect of Novel Starter Culture on Reduction of Biogenic Amines, Quality Improvement, and Sensory Properties ofDoenjang, a Traditional Korean Soybean Fermented Sauce Variety
Authors: Shukla Shruti , Lee Jong Suk , Park Hae‐Kyong , Yoo Jung‐Ah , Hong Sung‐Yong , Kim Jong‐Kyu , Kim Myunghee 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTo select appropriate microorganisms as starter cultures for the reliable and reproducible fermentation of soybean fermented products of KoreanDoenjang, various ratios of fungi (Aspergillus oryzaeJ,Mucor racemosus15,M. racemosus42) combined withBacillus subtilisTKSP 24 were selected as either single, double, or multipleMejustrains for commercial mass production ofDoenjang, followed by analysis of sensory characteristics. In the sensory evaluation,DoenjangBAM15‐1 and BAM42‐1, which were fermented with multiple strains (1:1:1), showed the highest sensory scores as compared to control. Based on sensory characteristics, 6Doenjangsamples were subjected to quantitative determination of amino acids, free sugars, and organic acids (volatile and nonvolatile) contents, followed by determination of biogenic amines. Total sweet taste amino acid contents were highest in BAM15‐1 and BAM42‐1 samples (333.7 and 295.8 mg/100 g, respectively) and similar that of control (391.1 mg/100 g). Samples BAM15‐1 and BAM42‐1 showed the relatively high volatile and nonvolatile organic acid contents (154.24, 192.26, and 71.31, 82.42 mg/100 g, respectively). In addition, BAM15‐1 and BAM42‐1 showed negligible biogenic amine formation, ranging from 0.00 to 1.02 and 0.00 to 3.92 mg/100 g, respectively. These findings indicate that determination of food components along with sensory and quality attributes using multiple microbialMejustrains as a starter culture may provide substantial results on improved quality fermentedDoenjangproducts.
Use of Attenuated Total Reflectance Mid‐Infrared Spectroscopy for Rapid Prediction of Amino Acids in Chinese Rice Wine
Authors: Wu Zhengzong , Xu Enbo , Long Jie , Wang Fang , Xu Xueming , Jin Zhengyu , Jiao Aiquan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe high content of amino acids of Chinese rice wine (CRW), especially essential amino acids makes it a food increasingly demanded by consumers. Rapid detection technique of amino acid content, which is an important quality and function index of CRW, is highly desirable for consumers, producers as well as administrative authorities. In this study, the potential of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) as a novel and rapid analytical technique to determine 17 free amino acids in CRW were investigated. Genetic algorithms (GA) and synergy interval partial least squares (SiPLS) were used to select the most efficient spectral variables to improve the prediction precision of the classic partial least squares (PLS) model constructed on the full‐spectrum. The results demonstrated that compared with the PLS model using all wavelengths of FT‐IR spectra, the prediction precision of model based on the spectral variables selected by GA and SiPLS was significantly improved, especially for arginine and proline. After systemic comparison and discussion, it was found that GA‐SiPLS model achieved the best performance, with the correlation coefficient in calibration (R2 (cal)) higher than 0.80 and the residual predictive deviation higher than 2.00 for all of the free amino acids analyzed in this study. The overall results confirmed that FT‐IR combined with efficient variable selection algorithms is a method that may be useful to replace the traditional methods for routine analysis of free amino acids in CRW.
Merging time‐series Australian data across databases: challenges and solutions
Authors: Katselas Dean , Sidhu Baljit K. , Yu Chuan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis study discusses the differences in company identification across sources of Australian data and raises important issues which should be considered prior to merging across databases. In particular, we show that the practice among accounting databases of overwriting prior identifiers used by a given company, with its most recent, results in failure to match data which actually exists. We suggest a method for reconciling these differences and show that our method results in a match rate of 97 percent with the Aspect company identification file, and 94 percent after missing accounting data is considered. This contrasts with a match rate of only 71 percent when performing a direct merge.
Association between adult atopic dermatitis, cardiovascular disease, and increased heart attacks in three population‐based studies
Authors: Silverberg J. I. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundAdults with eczema are more likely to smoke cigarettes, consume alcohol, and have sedentary lifestyle. We sought to determine whether adult eczema is associated with increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.MethodsData from the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (n = 4970) and 2010 (n = 27 157) and 2012 (n = 34 525) National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). History of coronary artery disease (CAD), angina, heart attack, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) were determined.ResultsIn NHANES, flexural eczema in the past year was associated with significantly higher odds of CAD (P ≤ 0.04), heart attack (P ≤ 0.01), and congestive heart failure (P ≤ 0.02), but not with stroke (P ≥ 0.37), in survey‐weighted multivariate logistic regression models that controlled for socio‐demographics, comorbid asthma, and hay fever. Similarly, in NHIS 2010 and 2012, 1‐year history of eczema was associated with significantly higher odds of CAD (P ≤ 0.02), angina (P ≤ 0.02), heart attack (P ≤ 0.047), other heart disease (P < 0.0001), stroke (P ≤ 0.02), and PVD (<0.0001) in multivariate models.ConclusionsAdults with atopic dermatitis may have increased cardiovascular disease, heart attack, and stroke.
Gluten and casein supplementation does not increase symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Pusponegoro Hardiono D. , Ismael Sofyan , Firmansyah Agus , Sastroasmoro Sudigdo , Vandenplas Yvan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimA gluten‐ and casein‐free diet is often given to children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We aimed to determine the effect of gluten and casein supplementation on maladaptive behaviour, gastrointestinal symptom severity and intestinal fatty acids binding protein (I‐FABP) excretion in children with ASD.MethodsA randomised, controlled, double‐blind trial was performed on 74 children with ASD with severe maladaptive behaviour and increased urinary I‐FABP. Subjects were randomised to receive gluten–casein or a placebo for seven days. We evaluated maladaptive behaviour before and after supplementation, using I‐FABP excretion, the approach withdrawal problem composite subtest of the Pervasive Developmental Disorder Behavior Inventory and the Gastrointestinal Symptom Severity Index.ResultsThe mean approach withdrawal problem composite score was significantly higher before supplementation than after, both in the placebo and in the gluten–casein group. However, the mean difference was not significant and may have been caused by additional therapy. There was no significant difference in gastrointestinal symptoms and urinary I‐FABP excretion.ConclusionAdministrating gluten–casein to children with ASD for one week did not increase maladaptive behaviour, gastrointestinal symptom severity or urinary I‐FABP excretion. The effect of prolonged administration or other mechanisms of enterocyte damage in ASD should be explored.
Using a novel laminar flow unit provided effective total body hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic encephalopathy
Authors: Perez Jose M. R. , Golombek Sergio G. , Alpan Gad , Sola Augusto 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimThis was a clinical observational trial on a laminar flow device that provides total body hypothermia for infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE).MethodsWe enrolled infants born at up to 35 weeks of gestation, who presented with HIE within six hours of birth. Total body cooling was achieved using the neonatal laminar flow unit for 72 hours, with continuous rectal temperature servo control, isolation and humidification. Outcome measures were cerebral palsy, a Bayley II Mental Development Index score <70, hearing loss or blindness. We compared findings with previously published studies.ResultsWe included 26 newborn infants (69% male) with a birthweight of 3.341 ± 1658 g and gestational age of 38.2 ± 3.2 weeks. The majority (62.6%) had a Sarnat HIE score of three and 38.4% had a score of two. Total body cooling (33–34°C) was achieved in 70 minutes and maintained with servo control, showing very little variability until rewarming. At 18–24 months of age, two of the 18 survivors were diagnosed with cerebral palsy and one was diagnosed with impaired hearing.ConclusionThe laminar flow unit proved effective in maintaining moderate total body hypothermia under well‐controlled conditions, and our results were very similar to other studies.
Microscale Adaptation of In Vitro Transcription/Translation for High‐Throughput Screening of Natural Product Extract Libraries
Authors: Lowell Andrew N. , Santoro Nicholas , Swaney Steven M. , McQuade Thomas J. , Schultz Pamela J. , Larsen Martha J. , Sherman David H. 
Published: July 2015

Novel antimicrobials that effectively inhibit bacterial growth are essential to fight the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. A promising target is the bacterial ribosome, a 2.5 MDa organelle susceptible to several biorthogonal modes of action used by different classes of antibiotics. To promote the discovery of unique inhibitors, we have miniaturized a coupled transcription/translation assay using E. coli and applied it to screen a natural product library of ~30 000 extracts. We significantly reduced the scale of the assay to 2 μL in a 1536‐well plate format and decreased the effective concentration of costly reagents. The improved assay returned 1327 hits (4.6% hit rate) with %CV and Z′ values of 8.5% and 0.74, respectively. This assay represents a significant advance in molecular screening, both in miniaturization and its application to a natural product extract library, and we intend to apply it to a broad array of pathogenic microbes in the search for novel anti‐infective agents.