bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metals and ionizing photons from dwarf galaxies
Authors: Salvadori S. , Tolstoy E. , Ferrara A. , Zaroubi S. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
We estimate the potential contribution of M &lt; 109 M⊙ dwarf galaxies to the reionization and early metal enrichment of the Milky Way environment, or circum-Galactic medium. Our approach is to use the observed properties of ancient stars (≳12 Gyr old) measured in nearby dwarf galaxies to characterize the star formation at high z. We use a merger-tree model for the build-up of the Milky Way, which self-consistently accounts for feedback processes, and which is calibrated to match the present-day properties of the Galaxy and its dwarf satellites. We show that the high-z analogues of nearby dwarf galaxies can produce the bulk of ionizing radiation (&gt;80 per cent) required to reionize the Milky Way environment. Our fiducial model shows that the gaseous environment can be 50 per cent reionized at z ≈ 8 by galaxies with 107 M⊙ ≤ M &lt; 108 M⊙. At later times, radiative feedback stops the star formation in these small systems, and reionization is completed by more massive dwarf galaxies by zrei = 6.4 ± 0.5. The metals ejected by supernova-driven outflows from M &lt; 109 M⊙ dwarf galaxies almost uniformly fill the Milky Way environment by z ≈ 5, enriching it to Z ≈ 2 × 10−2 Z⊙. At z ≈ 2, these early metals are still found to represent the ≈50 per cent of the total mass of heavy elements in the circum-Galactic medium.
Ultrasonography of the Cervical Spine
Authors: van Eerd Maarten , Patijn Jacob , Sieben Judith M. , Sommer Mischa , Van Zundert Jan , van Kleef Maarten , Lataster Arno 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background:
Anatomical validation studies of cervical ultrasound images are sparse. Validation is crucial to ensure accurate interpretation of cervical ultrasound images and to develop standardized reliable ultrasound procedures to identify cervical anatomical structures. The aim of this study was to acquire validated ultrasound images of cervical bony structures and to develop a reliable method to detect and count the cervical segmental levels.

Methods:
An anatomical model of a cervical spine, embedded in gelatin, was inserted in a specially developed measurement device. This provided ultrasound images of cervical bony structures. Anatomical validation was achieved by laser light beams projecting the center of the ultrasound image on the cervical bony structures through a transparent gelatin.

Results:
Anatomically validated ultrasound images of different cervical bony structures were taken from dorsal, ventral, and lateral perspectives. Potentially relevant anatomical landmarks were defined and validated. Test/retest analysis for positioning showed a reproducibility with an intraclass correlation coefficient for single measures of 0.99. Besides providing validated ultrasound images of bony structures, this model helped to develop a method to detect and count the cervical segmental levels in vivo at long-axis position, in a dorsolateral (paramedian) view at the level of the laminae, starting from the base of the skull and sliding the ultrasound probe caudally.

Conclusions:
Ultrasound bony images of the cervical vertebrae were validated with an in vitro model. Anatomical bony landmarks are the mastoid process, the transverse process of C1, the tubercles of C6 and C7, and the cervical laminae. Especially, the cervical dorsal laminae serve best as anatomical bony landmarks to reliably detect the cervical segmental levels in vivo.
Presence of Human Enteric Viruses in the Stools of Healthy Malawian 6‐Month‐Old Infants
Authors: Rodríguez‐Díaz Jesús , Mira‐Pascual Laia , Collado Maria Carmen , Endo Akihito , Hyöty Heikki , Mangani Charles , Maleta Kenneth , Ashorn Per , Salminen Seppo 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe acquisition of intestinal microbiota is essential for infants who are also in close contact with intestinal viruses. We assayed the presence of human enteric viruses in the faeces of 44 healthy breast‐fed 6‐month‐old infants from rural Malawi. Half of the infants tested harboured enteroviruses, although the infants had no gastric symptoms, suggesting a viral community mainly composed of human asymptomatic enteroviruses.
The governance dimension of human development
Authors: Gamlath Sharmila 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– The research aims to include good governance as a facet in the measurement of human development.

Design/methodology/approach
– A modified Human Development Index (MHDI) was computed by including a governance dimension computed using the six governance indicators published by the World Bank. The rankings using the new index were obtained and compared to the rankings of the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP's) HDI.

Findings
– The rank correlation of the original and modified indices was very high, but there were many big rank changes for individual countries in each HDI group. These rank changes could be largely reconciled in the light of the rankings of these countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index and the Democracy Index.

Research limitations/implications
– The research considers the measurement of human development at a point in time alone and incorporates 2010 governance indicators into the 2011 HDI, which could lead to a discrepancy in time periods considered. Furthermore, the governance indicators are measures of perceptions which can be subjective. The Practical implications paper does not delve into the country-specific factors that may have caused big rank changes.

Practical implications
– The paper builds a case for incorporating, or at least providing the option of including a governance dimension in the HDI.

Originality/value
– The paper is a novel attempt to incorporate good governance as a dimension in the HDI. It reasserts the need for policy-makers and governments to realize that peoples' capabilities cannot be realized in the absence of good governance, and that whilst improving other facets of human development, much attention needs to be paid towards establishing good governance.
Social action theory for understanding information security non-compliance in hospitals
Authors: Hedström Karin , Karlsson Fredrik , Kolkowska Ella 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– Employees' compliance with information security policies is considered an essential component of information security management. The research aims to illustrate the usefulness of social action theory (SAT) for management of information security.

Design/methodology/approach
– This research was carried out as a longitudinal case study at a Swedish hospital. Data were collected using a combination of interviews, information security documents, and observations. Data were analysed using a combination of a value-based compliance model and the taxonomy laid out in SAT to determine user rationality.

Findings
– The paper argues that management of information security and design of countermeasures should be based on an understanding of users' rationale covering both intentional and unintentional non-compliance. The findings are presented in propositions with practical and theoretical implications: P1. Employees' non-compliance is predominantly based on means-end calculations and based on a practical rationality, P2. An information security investigation of employees' rationality should not be based on an a priori assumption about user intent, P3. Information security management and choice of countermeasures should be based on an understanding of the use rationale, and P4. Countermeasures should target intentional as well as unintentional non-compliance.

Originality/value
– This work is an extension of Hedström et al. arguing for the importance of addressing user rationale for successful management of information security. The presented propositions can form a basis for information security management, making the objectives underlying the study presented in Hedström et al. more clear.
A framework for teaching network security in academic environments
Authors: Papanikolaou Alexandros , Vlachos Vasileios , Venieris Andreas , Ilioudis Christos , Papapanagiotou Konstantinos , Stasinopoulos Anastasios 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– Teaching information systems security features some peculiarities, compared to other scientific fields, as the trainees have to design and protect systems against both known and unknown attacks. Moreover, the so far established stereotypes present the potential intruders as being ingenious and able to penetrate almost every system. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– Within the scope of two different modules in higher education institutes, the students' involvement into practical pre-designed scenarios was attempted, in order for them to understand the way intruders think, the methodologies they follow and the liabilities one may face for the flawed security of network applications and/or the supporting infrastructure. For this reason, an educational software tool was developed (named “Hackademic Challenges”), which comprised a variety of realistic scenarios, where the student had to locate and exploit various vulnerabilities, in order to successfully complete the challenge. Evaluation of the developed tool was attempted through an online, anonymous questionnaire.

Findings
– The results show that the students embraced this approach and have benefited significantly from going through these exercises.

Originality/value
– The contribution consists of findings that may be useful to other instructors teaching similar subjects.
Regional innovation and performance
Authors: Prevezer Martha , Li Jian , Panzarasa Pietro 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– This paper aims to draw on a number of indicators of innovation to evaluate and compare two central regions – Hubei and Hunan – with three leading regions of China – Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper focuses on absorptive capacity at the level of domestic regions of China, using data on R&D expenditures, human resources in higher education and in high-tech industries. The paper uses social network analysis to investigate innovation networks based on patents from the SIPO and USPTO.

Findings
– Results indicate that, in Hubei and Hunan, R&D expenditures do not translate into as many innovative outputs as in the coastal and Southern regions. Moreover, high-tech industries contribute towards a relatively low proportion of the regional outputs of Hubei and Hunan, where especially the electronics industry is very poorly represented. Findings also suggest that Hubei and Hunan have a relatively limited access to foreign technologies embedded in ties with international partners. By contrast, the more advanced three regions tend to develop collaborative activities across national boundaries to a higher extent than across regional boundaries.

Research limitations/implications
– The analysis of China's regional innovation system has implications for research on national innovation systems. Policy-makers can benefit from the comparative analysis of regions.

Originality/value
– The study is primarily exploratory, and the findings contribute to the literature and ongoing discussion on data sources and methods for the analysis of regional innovation.
Choice of export entry mode by developing economies SMEs
Authors: El-Gohary Hatem , Edwards David , Eid Riyad , Huang Juanling 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to add to the accumulative knowledge in the field through investigating the different factors affecting the choice of export entry mode by Egyptian SMEs. An organised examination of the literature related to export entry modes by SMEs is discussed to provide and develop a clear understanding about the different factors affecting the choice of export entry mode by Egyptian SMEs. Such investigation will help in achieving a deep and reflective understanding of current exporting practises by Egyptian SMEs. The findings indicated that there is very few research studies in the literature related to the choice of export entry mode in developing countries in general and there was no published studies related to the choice of export entry mode in Egypt.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper reviews the published literature related to choice of export entry mode by SMEs in general and to SMEs in developing countries (e.g. Egypt) in particular. Based on this review and the results of two focus groups, the paper validates a conceptual model utilising a positivist research philosophy with a quantitative approach, in which quantitative data are collected based on survey strategy through questionnaires to address different levels of the study.

Findings
– The findings showed that Egyptian SMEs owners, marketing and sales managers have a limited knowledge in relation to the different available export entry modes. The findings also illustrated that SME internal factors, local market factors and target market factors have different impacts on the choice of export entry mode and that only small number of Egyptian SMEs conducted an effective and efficient export activities.

Research limitations/implications
– The paper will provide great benefits for entrepreneurs, policy makers, practitioners, researchers and educators though providing a clearer view and deep understanding for the issues related to different factors affecting the choice of export entry mode by Egyptian SMEs.

Originality/value
– The paper adds to the extremely limited number of empirical studies that has been conducted to investigate different factors affecting the choice of export entry mode by Egyptian and Developing Economies SMEs. Depending on this research, researchers and scholars in the field can have a clearer view to set their attitude towards suitable future research studies which in turn will contribute to the related accumulated knowledge in the field.
Evaluating outsourcing partners' capability: a case study from the pharmaceutical supply chain
Authors: Zhang Min , S. Pawar Kulwant , Shah Janat , Mehta Peeyush 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– Many pharmaceutical companies outsource their research and development and manufacturing operations to value chain partners. Effective evaluation of outsourcees' capabilities and relationship management are often central for outsourcers to secure sustainable competitive advantage. This study aims to investigate how to evaluate outsourcees and manage outsourcing relationships in the pharmaceutical industry based on the theory of dynamic capability (DC).

Design/methodology/approach
– The investigation used an exploratory multiple case study approach. The data collection, spanning a period of 12 months, entailed a multinational pharmaceutical company (PharmCo) with its headquarters in Europe, and four contract research and manufacturing organizations from China and India.

Findings
– The results show that PharmCo evaluates its outsourcing partners based on their dynamic capabilities, which include processes (project deliverables, communication, and accuracy of costs), positions (financial assets, number of scientists, spectrum of services, and geographical presence), and paths (past experiences). The findings indicate that a pharmaceutical company outsources to partners with high operational capabilities, whereas it builds fully integrated outsourcing relationships only with those that have high dynamic capabilities.

Practical implications
– Findings from this study provide guidelines for practitioners in manufacturing industries to efficiently and effectively evaluate and manage outsourcees to deal with the challenges and risks associated with strategic outsourcing.

Originality/value
– The paper contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the role of DC in outsourcee evaluation and outsourcing relationship management in the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, the paper illustrates how to conceptualize and measure the DC as a multi-dimensional construct. The analysis also indicates that partners' dynamic and operational capabilities play different roles in outsourcing relationship management.
Quality and reliability in new product development
Authors: Natarajan M. , Senthil V. , Devadasan S.R. , Vijay Mohan N. , Sivaram N.M. 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to contribute a model that would facilitate the infusing of quality and reliability in new products by blending Six Sigma concept and new product development (NPD) process.

Design/methodology/approach
– A model called QUARNEWSS (stands for QUA – quality, R – reliability, NEW – new product and SS – Six Sigma) was designed. QUARNEWSS blends four stages of NPD process with Six Sigma's DMAIC improvement methodology and belt-based training infrastructure. After designing, QUARNEWSS was adopted to infuse quality and reliability in a new product being developed at a compressed air treatment products manufacturing company.

Findings
– The implementation experience indicated that QUARNEWSS could act as a vehicle for systematically infusing quality and reliability in new products.

Originality/value
– The contribution of QUARNEWSS model through this paper is valuable on considering the fact that modern customers demand new products with high degree of quality and reliability.
Comparative analysis of ultra-fine fluorescent disperse dye paste and its stability with naphthalene sulphonic derivative dispersant
Authors: Xiu Yufei , Wang Kezhong , Wang Chaoxia , Javed Kashif , Fu Shaohai , Tian Anli 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– The aim of this paper was to prepare a stable fluorescent disperse yellow paste by wet grinding process by adding naphthalene sulphonic derivative dispersing agent.

Design/methodology/approach
– The dispersants 2-naphthalenesulphonic acid (NNO), naphthalene-sulphonic acid (MF) and benzyl naphthalene sulphonate formaldehyde condensate (CNF) were used to disperse the yellow dye. The particle size of the paste was characterised by particle size analyser. The paste centrifugal stability, diffusion properties, morphology and thermal properties were also tested for assessing its stability which could be helpful to prepare inks with good stability.

Findings
– The particle sizes of dye pastes with dispersing agent NNO, MF and CNF were 161.1, 150.0 and 136.0 nm, respectively, after grinding for 6 h. The dye paste grinded with dispersing agent CNF presented good centrifugal and thermal properties. TEM images demonstrated that the morphologies of dye pastes grinded with dispersing agent MF and CNF were homogeneous nearly spherical nanoparticle and rarely generated agglomeration and precipitation.

Originality/value
– The paste used for aqueous inkjet ink exhibited excellent thermal stability.
A review of the similarities and differences between five different polymer-solvent interaction coefficients
Authors: D. Sudduth Richard 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– This paper attempted to show the potential relationship between five different interaction coefficients relating solvents and polymers. This review addressed primarily a comparison between the polymer-solvent interaction coefficients obtained from two different types of models. These two primary polymer-solvent interaction coefficients included the Flory-Huggins interaction coefficient developed from thermodynamic colligative properties and the polymer-solvent Sudduth interaction coefficient obtained from the generalized viscosity equation. The other three interaction coefficients included Hildebrand solubility parameter and the interaction coefficients or constants for the Huggins and Kraemers models that are normally generated from viscosity measurements. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– These five different interaction coefficients were compared from theoretical considerations as well as on the basis of available experimental data.

Findings
– Remarkably the polymer-solvent interaction coefficients for both Flory-Huggins interaction coefficient and the Sudduth interaction coefficient were found to be dimensionless and approximately of the same value. In addition, when both interaction coefficients are negative then both describe solvents. In addition, both interaction coefficients describe a plasticizer when they are in the range of 0 to ½. Finally both interaction coefficients describe a non-solvent or a suspension when both are greater than 1. The Hildebrand solubility parameter was found to be directly related to the Flory-Huggins interaction coefficient. The viscosity constants for the Huggins and Kraemers models were found to be included as subsets of the Sudduth generalized viscosity model.

Research limitations/implications
– The strong apparent relationship between these five different interaction coefficients to predict the interaction between polymers and solvents is strongly indicated based on the results from this study. However, approximately half of these interaction coefficients have been derived to be evaluated from colligative properties and half were derived to be evaluated from viscosity measurements.

Practical implications
– In general, it is much easier to obtain viscosity measurements compared to the evaluation of the colligative properties. Therefore, if a direct relationship can be shown between these five different interaction coefficients, then it would appear to be much easier to evaluate polymer-solvent interactions from the interaction coefficients obtained from viscosity measurements.

Originality/value
– This is the first time that these five interaction coefficients have been compared in such a way that shows their direct relationship even though half of these interaction coefficients have been derived to be evaluated from colligative properties and half were derived to be evaluated from viscosity measurements.
Italian banks' equity-based incentive plans: what does the future hold?
Authors: Dell'Atti Stefano , Sylos Labini Stefania , Morella Saverio 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this research is to contribute to the development of an effective incentive policy implementation model, through an in-depth analysis of the stock option and/or stock grant schemes adopted by the major Italian banking groups.

Design/methodology/approach
– Out of the 77 banking groups operating in Italy on 30 June 2011, The paper selected 12 banking institutions that implemented either stock option or stock grant plans over the years 2007-2010. The documentary analysis was carried out on 22 stock option and/or stock grant schemes and based on the examination of corporate governance reports, as well as information memoranda on incentive plans.

Findings
– The results show a limited implementation of equity-based incentive plans in the Italian banking sector during the investigation period (2007-2010) and clearly demonstrates that, as far as these types of incentives are concerned, there is ample room for improvement as well as substantial adjustments.

Research limitations/implications
– The research covers a limited period of time. Therefore, further extending the scope of its survey will definitely be of great academic interest in the light of the latest regulatory changes made to the banking sector remuneration regime.

Originality/value
– By giving a clear indication of the critical points that should be addressed to improve the policies in force, this research study aims to provide greater knowledge about the remuneration practices adopted by Italian banks, in terms of equity-based incentive plans.