bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Literacy and Race as Risk Factors for Low Rates of Advance Directives in Older Adults
Authors: Waite Katherine R. , Federman Alex D. , McCarthy Danielle M. , Sudore Rebecca , Curtis Laura M. , Baker David W. , Wilson Elizabeth A. H. , Hasnain‐Wynia Romana , Wolf Michael S. , Paasche‐Orlow Michael K. 
Published: February 2013

ObjectivesTo examine the effect of the relationship between literacy and other individual‐level factors on having an advance directive (AD).DesignFace‐to‐face structured interview.SettingParticipants were recruited from an academic general internal medicine clinic and one of four federally qualified health centers in Chicago.ParticipantsSeven hundred eighty‐four adults aged 55 to 74.MeasurementsAssessment of participant literacy, sociodemographic factors, and having an AD for medical care.ResultsOne‐eighth (12.4%) of participants with low literacy, 26.6% of those with marginal literacy, and 49.5% of those with adequate literacy reported having an AD (P < .001). In multivariable analyses, literacy and race were independently associated with less likelihood of having an AD. Specifically, participants with limited literacy (risk ratio (RR) = 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.22–0.95) and African Americans (RR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.47–0.88) were less likely to have an AD. Exploratory analyses showed that there was not a significant interaction between the effect of literacy and race.ConclusionLimited literacy and African‐American race were significant risk factors for not having an AD in this cohort of older adults. Literacy and race probably represent two separate but important causal pathways that need to be understood to improve how the healthcare system ascertains and protects individuals' advance care preferences.
Temper outbursts in Prader–Willi syndrome: causes, behavioural and emotional sequence and responses by carers
Authors: Tunnicliffe P. , Woodcock K. , Bull L. , Oliver C. , Penhallow J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundTemper outbursts are common in Prader–Willi syndrome but rarely described in detail. This study investigated the phenomenology of temper outbursts in terms of antecedents, sequence of behaviours and emotions and intervention strategies used.MethodA semi‐structured interview about temper outbursts was conducted with the main carers of seven children (9.5 to 16.7 years) and seven adults (24.7 to 47.10 years) with Prader–Willi syndrome (10 male, 4 female). Reliability and validity of the interview results was established.ResultsVarious setting events increased and reduced the likelihood of temper outbursts. The most common antecedent was a change to routine or expectation. There were marked similarities in the sequence of behaviours and emotions during temper outbursts, with anger rising quickly followed by expressions of remorse and distress at the end of an outburst.DiscussionThe sequence of behaviours and emotions within outbursts was similar to that described in temper tantrums in typical development. Cognitive and emotional processes are likely to be important in the understanding of temper outbursts with implications for early intervention.
Deficiency of G3BP1, the stress granules assembly factor, results in abnormal synaptic plasticity and calcium homeostasis in neurons
Authors: Martin Sophie , Zekri Latifa , Metz Alexandra , Maurice Tangui , Chebli Karim , Vignes Michel , Tazi Jamal 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRas‐GAP SH3‐domain–binding protein, G3BP, is an important component in the assembly of stress granules (SGs), which are cytoplasmic aggregates assembled following translational stress. To assess the physiological function of G3BP, we generated viable G3bp1‐knockout (KO) mice, which demonstrated behavioral defects linked to the CNS‐associated with ataxia phenotype. Immunohistochemistry pinpointed high expression of G3BP in the cytoplasm of hippocampal neurons and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum of wild‐type mice. Also, electrophysiological measurements revealed that the absence of G3BP1 leads to an enhancement of short‐term potentiation (STP) and long‐term depression in the CA1 area of G3bp1 KO mice compared with wild‐type mice. Consistently, G3BP1 deficiency in neurons leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and calcium release in response to (S)‐3,5‐Dihydroxyphenylglycine, a selective agonist of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. These results show, for the first time, a requirement for G3BP1 in the control of neuronal plasticity and calcium homeostasis and further establish a direct link between SG formation and neurodegenerative diseases.
Neuroprotective effects of PPAR‐γ agonist rosiglitazone in N171‐82Q mouse model of Huntington's disease
Authors: Jin Jing , Albertz Jennifer , Guo Zhihong , Peng Qi , Rudow Gay , Troncoso Juan C. , Ross Christopher A. , Duan Wenzhen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHuntington's disease (HD) is a devastating genetic neurodegenerative disease caused by CAG trinucleotide expansion in the exon‐1 region of the huntingtin gene. Currently, no cure is available. It is becoming increasingly apparent that mutant Huntingtin (HTT) impairs metabolic homeostasis and causes transcriptional dysregulation. The peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPAR‐γ) is a transcriptional factor that plays a key role in regulating genes involved in energy metabolism; recent studies demonstrated that PPAR‐γ activation prevented mitochondrial depolarization in cells expressing mutant HTT and attenuated neurodegeneration in various models of neurodegenerative diseases. PPAR‐γ‐coactivator 1α (PGC‐1 α) transcription activity is also impaired by mutant HTT. We now report that the PPAR‐γ agonist, rosiglitazone (RSG), significantly attenuated mutant HTT‐induced toxicity in striatal cells and that the protective effect of RSG is mediated by activation of PPAR‐γ. Moreover, chronic administration of RSG (10 mg/kg/day, i.p) significantly improved motor function and attenuated hyperglycemia in N171‐82Q HD mice. RSG administration rescued brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) deficiency in the cerebral cortex, and prevented loss of orexin‐A‐immunopositive neurons in the hypothalamus of N171‐82Q HD mice. RSG also prevented PGC‐1α reduction and increased Sirt6 protein levels in HD mouse brain. Our results suggest that modifying the PPAR‐γ pathway plays a beneficial role in rescuing motor function as well as glucose metabolic abnormalities in HD.
Complete House Furnishers: The Retailer as Interior Designer in Nineteenth–Century London
Authors: Edwards Clive 
Published: February 2013

This research paper considers the history of a particular moment in the development of the interior decoration/design business. Although the history of interior design practice has been well charted as “art/design history,” the business and professional history has been somewhat neglected, except for work on particular firms. The issues examined relate to four particular aspects. The first covers the distinctions between decorators, upholsterers, furnishers, and architects and how these differences were reflected in the work undertaken. Related to this is a brief examination of why many architects ignored interior work. Secondly, is the nature of the customer base and how it reacted in response to changing social and economic factors. Thirdly, there are the issues of marketing and promotion that were aimed at a much wider audience than architects would expect, and finally a consideration of the house furnisher as a foundation for the development of the professional interior decorator/designer. To address these issues, the paper offers an overview of the rise, maturity, and change of the house furnisher as the most important contributor to the supply of interior design/decoration advice and products in the second half of the nineteenth century. By taking case studies of important players in the field, the paper will consider why architects gave up their role as arbiters of taste in interior works, and how the house furnishing businesses took over. This is of some interest as it not only explores an issue that still remains in the interior design world—the notion of who controls the work, but also explores the nature and pre–history of professional interior design service providers in the period. Although the scope of this essay is potentially wide ranging, it is limited to the second half of the nineteenth century and focuses on London for its case studies. Through a consideration of primary sources, often using the trade press for commentaries, a sense of the contemporary issues is made. In addition, the recent work by scholars in the field is used to interpret the changes described. As a foundation for the subsequent development of a profession, the house furnisher had laid a number of ground rules. Apart from the issue of the control of work, they encouraged the development of specialized knowledge, and they recognized the importance of training and education, and to some extent, exercised control of access to the industry.
Applying a Mixture Design for Consumer Optimization of Black Cherry, Concord Grape and Pomegranate Juice Blends
Authors: Lawless Lydia J.R. , Threlfall Renee T. , Meullenet Jean‐François , Howard Luke R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractExpanding interest in the nutraceutical market inspires sensory‐ and nutraceutical‐oriented optimization methods. Black cherry (BlkCh), Concord grape (Con) and pomegranate (Pom) juices were blended according to a mixture design (seven juice treatments) and evaluated by descriptive and consumer panels. Consumers (n = 100) evaluated estimated overall liking (OL), pre‐ and post‐antioxidant information OL, appearance OL, just‐about‐right (JAR) attributes, purchase intent and familiarity to determine an optimum juice formulation and the influence of consumer characteristics on acceptance of nutraceutical‐rich juices. Descriptive (n = 10) and consumer (n = 100) data showed that Con juice attributes (sweetness, Concord flavor, caramelized flavor) were positive, and that the attributes of BlkCh and Pom juices were negative. Post‐antioxidant information OL was high for Con juice (7.48) and low for BlkCh juice (5.01) and Pom juice (5.01). Using the desirability function, juice blend solutions were generated based on OL for pre‐antioxidant‐information (77% Con + 3% Pom + 20% BlkCh) and post‐antioxidant information (75% Con + 12% Pom + 13% BlkCh). Pom juice had the most antioxidants, and the post‐antioxidant information solution had a higher level of Pom. JAR analysis showed that 33% Con + 33% Pom + 33% BlkCh juice had fewer nonoptimal attributes than 100% Pom or 100% BlkCh juice, but had more antioxidants than 100% Con juice. Evaluating consumer OL, diagnostic and descriptive data provided a comprehensive understanding of how products could be adjusted to maximize consumer acceptance.Practical ApplicationsBlack cherry, Concord grape and pomegranate juice blends are prime candidates for the nutraceutical juice market because of their inherent health‐oriented characteristics and portable convenience. Consumer‐driven approaches to balance the nutraceutical and sensory quality of products are necessary to optimize consumer utility. Merely applying instrumental measures of nutraceutical levels to optimization models does not incorporate how consumers value those attributes; thus, an optimization that applied consumer value of antioxidants in juice products was used, the principle of which could aid in the future development of nutraceutical beverages.
Interrelationship between milk constituents, serum oestradiol and vaginal mucus indicators of oestrus in Egyptian buffaloes
Authors: Kandiel M. M. M. , El‐Naggar R. A. M. , Abdel‐Ghaffar A. E. , Sosa G. A. M. , Abou El‐Roos N. A. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThe intensity of heat signs in buffaloes is generally low and the incidence of suboestrus varied from 15 to 73% (Buffalopedia). The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of monitoring the changes in some milk constituents, oestradiol levels and electrical conductivity of vaginal mucus during peri‐oestrous period in prediction of the timing of oestrus in buffaloes. Twenty‐one Egyptian buffaloes aged 3–9 year, 1st–6th lactations, were examined by oestrous detector and ultrasonographically for monitoring the ovarian and uterine activity for 7 days around the time of standing oestrus. Sodium, potassium, chloride and lactose were assayed in aqueous phase of milk; besides, oestradiol was estimated in serum. Current results declared highly significant acute changes in milk constituents at the time of oestrus characterized by peaking of chloride and sodium levels and lowering of potassium and lactose values. The alternation in milk composition when arranged in decreasing order of magnitude, sodium was the highest (77.78 ± 0.69%), followed by chloride (61.60 ± 1.52%) and potassium (−58.14 ± 10.89%). Concomitantly, milk lactose decreased by 26.07 ± 7.97% compared to baseline levels. Synchronously, vaginal electrical resistance (VER) showed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease, but serum oestradiol 17β levels surged (59.93 ± 7.29 pg/ml) on day of oestrus. Serum oestradiol level was negatively correlated with VER (r = −0.577), potassium (r = −0.661), positively correlated with chloride (r = 0.707) and sodium (r = 0.579) and not correlated with lactose levels. These results for the first time suggested that the changes in constituents of milk during peri‐oestrous period may be used as a practical non‐invasive indicator for oestrous detection and prediction of ovulation in Egyptian buffaloes.
Stones from Mohave County, Arizona: Multiple falls in the “Franconia strewn field”
Authors: Hutson Melinda , Ruzicka Alex , Timothy Jull A. J. , Smaller James E. , Brown Ryan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOne of the most productive and well‐sampled dense collection areas for meteorites on Earth is the “Franconia strewn field” in Mohave County, Arizona, which since 2002 has yielded hundreds of meteorites in an ellipsoidal area approximately 5 × 16 km across. Based on petrographic, mineral‐chemical, and terrestrial age data, we conclude that among 14 meteorites examined, there are at least 6 and possibly 8 distinct meteorites represented, which fell over a period of approximately 0–20 kyr ago. These include equilibrated H‐chondrites such as Franconia (H5) and Buck Mountains (BM) 001 (H6); H3–6 breccias such as Buck Mountains Wash and BM 004; and L6 chondrites such as BM 002 and BM 003 (which may be paired), Palo Verde Mine, and BM 005. To confidently pair such meteorites often requires thorough petrographic examination, mineral‐chemical analyses, and terrestrial ages. We estimate that 50 ± 10% of the larger specimens in this area are paired, yielding a relatively high value of approximately 2.3–2.9 distinct meteorites km−2. The meteorite flux estimated for Franconia area is higher than the flux inferred from contemporary fireball data for larger masses. We suggest that one large H3–6 meteoroid fell in the area, most likely that of Buck Mountains Wash approximately 4 kyr ago, which produced an elliptical strewn field with masses generally increasing toward one end, and which raised the meteorite productivity in the recovery area.
Relationship between effective population size, inbreeding and adult fitness‐related traits in a steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) population released in the wild
Authors: Naish K. A. , Seamons T. R. , Dauer M. B. , Hauser L. , Quinn T. P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractInbreeding is of concern in supportive breeding programmes in Pacific salmonids, Oncorhynchus spp, where the number of breeding adults is limited by rearing space or poor survival to adulthood, and large numbers are released to supplement wild stocks and fisheries. We reconstructed the pedigree of 6602 migratory hatchery steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) over four generations, to determine the incidence and fitness consequences of inbreeding in a northwest USA programme. The hatchery maintained an effective population size, = 107.9 from F0 to F2, despite an increasing census size (N), which resulted in a decreasing Ne/N ratio (0.35 in F0 to 0.08 in F2). The reduced ratio was attributed to a small broodstock size, nonrandom transfers and high variance in reproductive success (particularly in males). We observed accumulation of inbreeding from the founder generation (in F4, percentage individuals with inbreeding coefficients Δf > 0 = 15.7%). Generalized linear mixed models showed that body length and weight decreased significantly with increasing Δf, and inbred fish returned later to spawn in a model that included father identity. However, there was no significant correlation between Δf and age at return, female fecundity or gonad weight. Similarly, there was no relationship between Δf and reproductive success of F2 and F3 individuals, which might be explained by the fact that reproductive success is partially controlled by hatchery mating protocols. This study is one of the first to show that small changes in inbreeding coefficient can affect some fitness‐related traits in a monitored population propagated and released to the wild.
Montane refugia predict population genetic structure in theLarge‐blotchedEnsatina salamander
Authors: Devitt Thomas J. , Devitt Susan E. Cameron , Hollingsworth Bradford D. , McGuire Jimmy A. , Moritz Craig 
Published: February 2013

AbstractUnderstanding the biotic consequences ofPleistocene range shifts and fragmentation remains a fundamental goal in historical biogeography and evolutionary biology. Here, we combine species distribution models (SDM) from the present and two lateQuaternary time periods with multilocus genetic data (mitochondrialDNAand microsatellites) to evaluate the effect of climate‐induced habitat shifts on population genetic structure in theLarge‐blotchedEnsatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi), a plethodontid salamander endemic to middle and high‐elevation conifer forest in theTransverse andPeninsularRanges of southernCalifornia and northernBajaCalifornia. A compositeSDMrepresenting the range through time predicts two disjunct refugia, one in southernCalifornia encompassing the core of the species range and the other in theSierraSanPedroMártir of northernBajaCalifornia at the southern limit of the species range. Based on our spatial model, we would expect a pattern of high connectivity among populations within the northern refugium and, conversely, a pattern of isolation due to long‐term persistence of theSierraSanPedroMártir population. Our genetic results are consistent with these predictions based on the hypothetical refugia in that (i) historical measures of population connectivity among stable areas are correlated with gene flow estimates; and (ii) there is strong geographical structure between separate refugia. These results provide evidence for the role of recent climatic change in shaping patterns of population persistence and connectivity within the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges, an evolutionary hotspot.
Macroparasites at peripheral sites of infection are major and dynamic modifiers of systemic antimicrobial pattern recognition responses
Authors: Friberg I. M. , Little S. , Ralli C. , Lowe A. , Hall A. , Jackson J. A. , Bradley J. E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractImmune defences and the maintenance of immunological homeostasis in the face of pathogenic and commensal microbial exposures are channelled by innate antimicrobial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll‐like receptors (TLRs). Whilst PRR‐mediated response programmes are the result of long‐term host‐pathogen or host–commensal co‐evolutionary dynamics involving microbes, an additional possibility is that macroparasitic co‐infections may be a significant modifier of such interactions. We demonstrate experimentally that macroparasites (the model gastrointestinal nematode, Heligmosomoides) at peripheral sites of infection cause substantial alteration of the expression and function of TLRs at a systemic level (in cultured splenocytes), predominantly up‐regulating TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9‐mediated cytokine responses at times of high standing worm burdens. We consistently observed such effects in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice under single‐pulse and trickle exposures to Heligmosomoides larvae and in SWR and CBA mice under single‐pulse exposures. A complementary long‐term survey of TLR2‐mediated tumour necrosis factor‐alpha responses in wild wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) was consistent with substantial effects of macroparasites under some environmental conditions. A general pattern, though, was for the associations of macroparasites with TLR function to be temporally dynamic and context‐dependent: varying with different conditions of infection exposure in the field and laboratory and with host genetic strain in the laboratory. These results are compelling evidence that macroparasites are a major and dynamic modifier of systemic innate antimicrobial responsiveness in naturally occurring mammals and thus likely to be an important influence on the interaction between microbial exposures and the immune system.
Diversification in a biodiversity hot spot: landscape correlates of phylogeographic patterns in the African spotted reed frog
Authors: Lawson Lucinda P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot is known for microendemism and exceptional population genetic structure. The region's landscape heterogeneity is thought to limit gene flow between fragmented populations and create opportunities for regional adaptation, but the processes involved are poorly understood. Using a combination of phylogeographic analyses and circuit theory, I investigate how characteristics of landscape heterogeneity including regional distributions of slope, rivers and streams, habitat and hydrological basins (drainages) impact genetic distance among populations of the endemic spotted reed frog (Hyperolius substriatus), identifying corridors of connectivity as well as barriers to dispersal. Results show that genetic distance among populations is most strongly correlated to regional and local hydrologic structure and the distribution of suitable habitat corridors, not isolation by distance. Contrary to expectations, phylogeographic structure is not coincident with the two montane systems, but instead corresponds to the split between the region's two major hydrological basins (Zambezi and East Central Coastal). This results in a paraphyletic relationship for the Malawian Highlands populations with respect to the Eastern Arc Mountains and implies that the northern Malawian Highlands are the diversity centre for H. substriatus. Although the Malawian Highlands collectively hold the greatest genetic diversity, individual populations have lower diversity than their Eastern Arc counterparts, with an overall pattern of decreasing population diversity from north to south. Through the study of intraspecific differentiation across a mosaic of ecosystem and geographic heterogeneity, we gain insight into the processes of diversification and a broader understanding of the role of landscape in evolution.