bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric dominance and asymmetric mate choice oppose premating isolation after allopatric divergence
Authors: Sefc Kristina M. , Hermann Caroline M. , Steinwender Bernd , Brindl Hanna , Zimmermann Holger , Mattersdorfer Karin , Postl Lisbeth , Makasa Lawrence , Sturmbauer Christian , Koblmüller Stephan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAssortative mating promotes reproductive isolation and allows allopatric speciation processes to continue in secondary contact. As mating patterns are determined by mate preferences and intrasexual competition, we investigated male–male competition and behavioral isolation in simulated secondary contact among allopatric populations. Three allopatric color morphs of the cichlid fish Tropheus were tested against each other. Dyadic male–male contests revealed dominance of red males over bluish and yellow‐blotch males. Reproductive isolation in the presence of male–male competition was assessed from genetic parentage in experimental ponds and was highly asymmetric among pairs of color morphs. Red females mated only with red males, whereas the other females performed variable degrees of heteromorphic mating. Discrepancies between mating patterns in ponds and female preferences in a competition‐free, two‐way choice paradigm suggested that the dominance of red males interfered with positive assortative mating of females of the subordinate morphs and provoked asymmetric hybridization. Between the nonred morphs, a significant excess of negative assortative mating by yellow‐blotch females with bluish males did not coincide with asymmetric dominance among males. Hence, both negative assortative mating preferences and interference of male–male competition with positive assortative preferences forestall premating isolation, the latter especially in environments unsupportive of competition‐driven spatial segregation.
A Quick and Clean Procedure for Synthesis of α‐Aminophosphonates in Aqueous Media
Authors: Mollashahi Ebrahim , Gholami Hamideh , Kangani Mehrnoosh , Lashkari Mojtaba , Maghsoodlou Malek Taher 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTA green and efficient procedure for the synthesis of α‐aminophosphonates has been developed in water as a green and nonhazardous solvent, from condensation between aromatic aldehydes, aniline, and triphenyl phosphite at 80°C. This methodology has a number of advantages including clean reaction conditions, easy work‐up, and environmentally friendly.
Fabrication of elastomeric scaffolds with curvilinear fibrous structures for heart valve leaflet engineering
Authors: Hobson Christopher M. , Amoroso Nicholas J. , Amini Rouzbeh , Ungchusri Ethan , Hong Yi , D'Amore Antonio , Sacks Michael S. , Wagner William R. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractNative semi‐lunar heart valves are composed of a dense fibrous network that generally follows a curvilinear path along the width of the leaflet. Recent models of engineered valve leaflets have predicted that such curvilinear fiber orientations would homogenize the strain field and reduce stress concentrations at the commissure. In the present work, a method was developed to reproduce this curvilinear fiber alignment in electrospun scaffolds by varying the geometry of the collecting mandrel. Elastomeric poly(ester urethane)urea was electrospun onto rotating conical mandrels of varying angles to produce fibrous scaffolds where the angle of fiber alignment varied linearly over scaffold length. By matching the radius of the conical mandrel to the radius of curvature for the native pulmonary valve, the electrospun constructs exhibited a curvilinear fiber structure similar to the native leaflet. Moreover, the constructs had local mechanical properties comparable to conventional scaffolds and native heart valves. In agreement with prior modeling results, it was found under quasi‐static loading that curvilinear fiber microstructures reduced strain concentrations compared to scaffolds generated on a conventional cylindrical mandrels. Thus, this simple technique offers an attractive means for fabricating scaffolds where key microstructural features of the native leaflet are imitated for heart valve tissue engineering. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 3101–3106, 2015.
Dose–response and histopathological study, with special attention to the hypophysis, of the differential effects of domoic acid on rats and mice
Authors: Vieira Andrés Crespo , Martínez J. Manuel Cifuentes , Pose Roberto Bermúdez , Queijo Álvaro Antelo , Posadas Nuria Alemañ , López Luis M. Botana 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe effects of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) in the central nervous system of rodents (essentially rats and mice) after intraperitoneal administration have been profusely studied in the past. These observations have shown that the toxin induces similar symptoms and pathology in both species, but the lethality varies greatly. This article addresses the common and specific histopathological effects in rats and mice and the difference in sensitivity of these species to DA. Various sublethal and lethal doses were employed in mice (from 3 mg/kg to 8 mg/kg) to observe their neurotoxicity by using different histological techniques, and these results were compared with the pathological effects after the administration of LD50 in rats (2.5 mg/kg). Additionally we also detected the presence of this toxin in various tissues by means of immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that rats are more vulnerable than mice to the neurotoxic effects of DA after intraperitoneal inoculation: lethality was extremely high in rats and the toxin produced hippocampal damage in rats surviving the intoxication, while lesions were not observed in DA‐inoculated mice. As for similarities between rats and mice, both displayed similar clinical signs and in both the toxin was detected in the hypophysis by immunohistochemistry, a brain region not reported to date as target of the toxin. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:396–403, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of four Aconitum species used as “Caowu” in herbal markets by 3d reconstruction and microstructural comparison
Authors: Liu Chan‐Chan , Cheng Ming‐En , Peng Huasheng‐ , Duan Hai‐Yan , Huang Luqi‐ 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTAuthentication is the first priority when evaluating the quality of Chinese herbal medicines, particularly highly toxic medicines. The most commonly used authentication methods are morphological identification and microscopic identification. Unfortunately, these methods could not effectively evaluate some herbs with complex interior structures, such as root of Aconitum species with a circular conical shape and an interior structure with successive changes. Defining the part that should be selected as the standard plays an essential role in accurate microscopic identification. In this study, we first present a visual 3D model of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. constructed obtained from microscopic analysis of serial sections. Based on this model, we concluded that the point of largest root diameter should be used as the standard for comparison and identification. The interior structure at this point is reproducible and its shape and appearance can easily be used to distinguish among species. We also report details of the interior structures of parts not shown in the 3D model, such as stone cells and cortical thickness. To demonstrate the usefulness of the results from the 3D model, we have distinguished the microscopic structures, at their largest segments, of the other three Aconitum species used for local habitat species of Caowu. This work provides the basis for resolution of some debate regarding the microstructural differences among these species. Thus, we conclude that the 3D model composed of serial sections has enabled the selection of a standard cross‐section that will enable the accurate identification of Aconitum species in Chinese medicine. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:425–432, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolutionary allometry of the thoracolumbar centra in felids and bovids
Authors: Jones Katrina E. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTMammals have evolved a remarkable range of body sizes, yet their overall body plan remains unaltered. One challenge of evolutionary biology is to understand the mechanisms by which this size diversity is achieved, and how the mechanical challenges associated with changing body size are overcome. Despite the importance of the axial skeleton in body support and locomotion, and much interest in the allometry of the appendicular skeleton, little is known about vertebral allometry outside primates. This study compares evolutionary allometry of the thoracolumbar centra in two families of quadrupedal running mammals: Felidae and Bovidae. I test the hypothesis that, as size increases, the thoracolumbar region will resist increasing loads by becoming a) craniocaudally shorter, and b) larger in cross‐sectional area, particularly in the sagittal plane. Length, width, and height of the thoracolumbar centra of 23 felid and 34 bovid species were taken. Thoracic, prediaphragmatic, lumbar, and postdiaphragmatic lengths were calculated, and diameters were compared at three equivalent positions: the midthoracic, the diaphragmatic and the midlumbar vertebra. Allometric slopes were calculated using a reduced major axis regression, on both raw and independent contrasts data. Slopes and elevations were compared using an ANCOVA. As size increases the thoracolumbar centra become more robust, showing preferential reinforcement in the sagittal plane. There was less allometric shortening of the thoracic than the lumbar region, perhaps reflecting constraints due to its connection with the respiratory apparatus. The thoracic region was more robust in bovids than felids, whereas the lumbar region was longer and more robust in felids than bovids. Elongation of lumbar centra increases the outlever of sagittal bending at intervertebral joints, increasing the total pelvic displacement during dorsomobile running. Both locomotor specializations and functional regionalization of the axial skeleton appear to have influenced its response to increasing size. J. Morphol. 276:818–831, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impacts of long‐lived jet contrail ‘outbreaks’ on surface station diurnal temperature range
Authors: Bernhardt Jase , Carleton Andrew M. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTMultiple persistent jet aviation contrails – contrail ‘outbreaks’ – occur frequently over certain portions of the Continental United States (CONUS). The artificial cloudiness generated by contrail outbreaks alters the atmospheric radiation budget, potentially impacting the surface air temperature, particularly the diurnal temperature range (DTR), or difference between daytime maximum and nighttime minimum temperatures. This study evaluates the hypothesis that contrail outbreaks reduce the DTR relative to clear‐sky conditions. We utilize a database of longer‐lived (>4 h duration) jet contrail outbreaks for the CONUS previously determined from interpretation of high‐resolution satellite imagery, for the January and April months of 2008 and 2009. The outbreak impact on DTR was determined by comparing maximum and minimum temperatures at pairs of surface weather stations (one outbreak and one non‐outbreak) across two regions of climatologically high outbreak frequency; the South in January, and Midwest in April. We ensured that each station pair selected had broadly similar land use‐land cover, soil moisture, and synoptic air mass conditions. For outbreaks in the South (January), there was a statistically significant reduction of DTR at the outbreak versus non‐outbreak stations. This result was similar to that obtained for a smaller subset of outbreaks for which lower‐level clouds could be confirmed as being absent (from North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) output). For the Midwest (April), the results are mixed; statistically different for satellite‐retrieved outbreaks, but not significantly different for the NARR‐validated dataset. These results suggest that persistent jet contrails should be considered in short‐term weather forecasting, and for their potential influence on the climatology of more frequently impacted areas.
Do atmospheric teleconnection patterns explain variations and trends in thermal growing season parameters in Finland?
Authors: Irannezhad Masoud , Kløve Bjørn 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTUsing daily mean temperature datasets applied at regular grid points (10 × 10 km2) throughout Finland for the period 1961–2011, interannual variations and trends in thermal growing season (GS) parameters, in terms of start (GSS), end (GSE) and length (GSL) and their relationships with various atmospheric teleconnection patterns (ATPs) were analysed. The GSL in Finland naturally increases from north to south, in association with earlier GSS and later GSE. However, the results showed that during the last 50 years, GSL on national scale in Finland significantly (p < 0.05) increased, at a rate of 0.30 ± 0.18 days year–1. This change was mainly attributable to earlier GSS (0.16 ± 0.13 days year–1, p < 0.05). The East Atlantic/West Russia (EA/WR) pattern was the most significant ATP influencing variations in GSS (ρ = 0.33), GSE (ρ = −0.42) and GSL (ρ = −0.33) on national scale in Finland. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) trends in GSL were all positive (increasing) and mainly observed in the centre (Oulu), upper east (Kuopio) and west (Jyväskylä), north (Rovaniemi‐Sodankylä) and south‐west coastal areas (Helsinki‐Turku‐Vaasa) of Finland. Increasing GSL in central, upper eastern and western Finland was mainly associated with significantly earlier GSS; that in the north with significantly later GSE; and that in the most south‐westerly areas with both earlier GSS and later GSE. These increases in GSL and corresponding shifts in GSS and/or GSE were significantly correlated with the East Atlantic (EA) pattern in northern and central Finland; with the EA/WR pattern in the south, south‐east and south‐west; and with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) in south‐west coastal areas. The results provide a detailed national and spatial picture of changes in GS parameters in Finland during the last 50 years and reveal that the interannual variability in GS parameters in Finland is strongly linked with a number of ATPs, such as the EA, EA/WR, NAO and AO.
Flexible, 31‐Channel breast coil for enhanced parallel imaging performance at 3T
Authors: Hancu Ileana , Fiveland Eric , Park Keith , Giaquinto Randy O. , Rohling Kenneth , Wiesinger Florian 
Published: March 2015

PurposeTo design, build, and characterize the performance of a novel 3T, 31‐channel breast coil.MethodsA flexible breast coil, accommodating all breast sizes while preserving close to unity filling factors in all configurations, was designed and built. Its performance was compared to the performance of the current state‐of‐the‐art, 16 channel breast coil (Sentinelle coil, Hologic, Bedford, MA, USA), in phantoms and in vivo.ResultsBetter axilla coverage and lower inter‐coil coupling (12% versus 26%, as characterized by the average off‐diagonal elements of the noise correlation matrix) was exhibited by our 31‐channel coil compared with the 16‐channel coil. Breast area signal‐to‐noise ratio increases of 68% (phantom) and 28% ± 31% (in vivo) were observed when the 31‐channel coil was used. For the 31‐channel/16‐channel arrays, respectively, two‐dimensional acceleration factors of left/right × superior/inferior = 4.3 × 2.4 resulted in average g‐factors of 1.10/1.68 (in vitro) and 1.28/2.75 (in vivo); acceleration factors of left/right × anterior/posterior = 3.0 × 2.8 resulted in average g‐factors of 1.06/1.54 (in vitro) and 1.05/1.12 (in vivo).ConclusionA high performance breast coil was built; its capabilities were demonstrated in phantom and normal volunteer imaging experiments. Magn Reson Med 75:897–905, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A subspace‐based coil combination method for phased‐array magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Gol Gungor Derya , Potter Lee C. 
Published: March 2015

PurposeCoil‐by‐coil reconstruction methods are followed by coil combination to obtain a single image representing a spin density map. Typical coil combination methods, such as square‐root sum‐of‐squares and adaptive coil combining, yield images that exhibit spatially varying modulation of image intensity. Existing practice is to first combine coils according to a signal‐to‐noise criterion, then postprocess to correct intensity inhomogeneity. If inhomogeneity is severe, however, intensity correction methods can yield poor results. The purpose of this article is to present an alternative optimality criterion for coil combination; the resulting procedure yields reduced intensity inhomogeneity while preserving contrast.Theory and MethodsA minimum mean squared error criterion is adopted for combining coils via a subspace decomposition. Techniques are compared using both simulated and in vivo data.ResultsExperimental results for simulated and in vivo data demonstrate lower bias, higher signal‐to‐noise ratio (about 7×) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (about 2×), compared to existing coil combination techniques.ConclusionThe proposed coil combination method is noniterative and does not require estimation of coil sensitivity maps or image mask; the method is particularly suited to cases where intensity inhomogeneity is too severe for existing approaches. Magn Reson Med 75:762–774, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solvent‐Tuned Self‐Assembled Nanostructures of Chiral l/d‐Phenylalanine Derivatives of Protoporphyrin IX
Authors: Bobe Mr. Sharad R. , Al Kobaisi Mohammad , Bhosale Sheshanath V. , Bhosale Sidhanath V. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractProtoporphyrin IX is a naturally occurring amphiphilic porphyrin with a rigid hydrophobic nonpolar core and two polar propionic acid substitutions on the porphyrin ring. This molecule can be modified on the hydrophilic group, which can lead to strengthened π–π‐stacking and spontaneous self‐assembly into novel nanostructures. Herein, we use l‐ phenylalanine and d‐phenylalanine to modify protoporphyrin IX, and use the two derivatives for solvophobic‐controlled self‐assembly. Both derivatives possess two important features: 1) the aromatic core of the porphyrin for dispersive interactions and 2) a chiral amino acid to maximize the influence of chirality on selfassembly. These derivatives lead to the formation of a variety of nanostructure morphologies, such as spheres, nanofibers, lamellar structures, and thread‐like and spherical shells. Solution‐based self‐assembly was determined by UV/Vis, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy, and the formed nanostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Such engineered porphyrin derivatives could have potential applications in energy transport and storage, supramolecular chemistry, materials science, and medicine.
Into the pressure cooker: Student stress in college preparatory high schools
Authors: Feld Lauren D. , Shusterman Anna 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTPurposeThe goals of this study were to (1) measure psychological, physiological, and behavioral indicators of stress, (2) assess the relationship between stress and student attitudes, and (3) explore coping behaviors in response to stress, among a sample of students in two academically high‐achieving environments.MethodThree hundred thirty‐three students in grades 9 through 12 from two college‐preparatory high schools completed a cross‐sectional online survey that included the Students' Life Satisfaction Scale, School Attitude Assessment Questionnaire‐Revised, and assessments for stress‐related indicators, including eating, sleeping and exercise, and strategies they utilized for coping with stress.ResultsStudents reported a high prevalence of physical and psychological correlates of stress, and related unhealthy behaviors such as widespread and chronic sleep deprivation and rushed meals.ConclusionsThe results suggest areas to focus attention for identifying and addressing maladaptive responses to stress among high‐achieving student populations.
Model validity of randomised placebo-controlled trials of individualised homeopathic treatment
Authors: Mathie Robert T , Van Wassenhoven Michel , Jacobs Jennifer , Oberbaum Menachem , Roniger Helmut , Frye Joyce , Manchanda Raj K , Terzan Laurence , Chaufferin Gilles , Dantas Flávio , Fisher Peter 
Published: March 2015

Background: Though potentially an important limitation in the literature of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of homeopathy, the model validity of homeopathic treatment (MVHT) has not previously been systematically investigated.Objective: As an integral part of a programme of systematic reviews, to assess MVHT of eligible RCTs of individualised homeopathic treatment.Methods: From 46 previously identified papers in the category, 31 papers (reporting a total of 32 RCTs) were eligible for systematic review and were thus the subject of the study. For each of six domains of assessment per trial, MVHT was judged independently by three randomly allocated assessors from our group, who reached a final verdict by consensus discussion as necessary.Results: Nineteen trials were judged overall as ‘acceptable’ MVHT, nine as ‘uncertain’ MVHT, and four as ‘inadequate’ MVHT.Conclusions: These results do not support concern that deficient MVHT has frequently undermined the published findings of RCTs of individualised homeopathy. However, the 13 trials with ‘uncertain’ or ‘inadequate’ MVHT will be a focus of attention in supplementary meta-analysis. New RCTs of individualised homeopathy must aim to maximise MVHT and to enable its assessment through clear reporting.
Role of back-arc tectonics in the origin of subduction magmas: new Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope data from Middle Miocene lavas of Kunashir Island (Kurile Island Arc)
Authors: Martynov A.Yu. , Martynov Yu.A. , Rybin A.V. , Kimura J.-I. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope data for basaltic rocks of different ages from Kunashir Island (southern Kurile island arc) provide clues to investigate the subduction magmatic history. Signatures of a high-temperature slab component (melt and/or supercritical liquid produced by melting of slab sediments) involved in Early Miocene–Pleistocene back-arc basaltic magmatism indicate a relatively hot (&gt; 800 °C) slab surface. Depleted isotope characteristics of Holocene basaltic lavas in both volcanic front and back arc indicate their origin with the participation of a cold aqueous fluid produced by dehydration of altered oceanic crust of the Pacific MORB type. The difference in geological, geochemical and isotope patterns in the Pleistocene and the Holocene lavas may be a response to stress change from extension to compression in the Kurile back-arc basin and the Kurile arc.