bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cradle of Thought: Growth, Learning, Play and Attachment in Neanderthal Children
Authors: Spikins Penny , Hitchens Gail , Needham Andy , Rutherford Holly 
Published: April 2014

SummaryChildhood is a core stage in development, essential in the acquisition of social, practical and cultural skills. However, this area receives limited attention in archaeological debate, especially in early prehistory. We here consider Neanderthal childhood, exploring the experience of Neanderthal children using biological, cultural and social evidence. We conclude that Neanderthal childhood experience was subtly different from that of their modern human counterparts, orientated around a greater focus on social relationships within their group. Neanderthal children, as reflected in the burial record, may have played a particularly significant role in their society, especially in the domain of symbolic expression. A consideration of childhood informs broader debates surrounding the subtle differences between Neanderthals and modern humans.
Learning by Experience: The Flint Mines of Southern England and Their Continental Origins
Authors: Baczkowski Jon 
Published: April 2014

SummarySince the discovery of prehistoric flint mines across Europe during the nineteenth century, mining has been recognized as a central component of the Neolithic ‘package’. In the south of Britain a small group of mines date to the early fourth millennium BC, posing a problem for traditional interpretations of the Early Neolithic, as they appear a significant period of time before other Neolithic monuments. This paper will look at evidence preserved in the mines of southern England, examining whether these sites demonstrate flint‐mining techniques already practised in Continental Europe. Central to the research is a notion that complex activities, such as mining, involve long periods of trial and error before evolving into an accomplished working methodology.
A Place for Everyone. The Structure of Arroyo Culebro D Cemetery and The Social Organization in the Middle Tagus Valley Iron Age (Spain)
Authors: de Torres Rodríguez Jorge 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe relationship between agriculture, sedentarization and the emergence of inequality has been a common subject when analysing the transition between egalitarian and non‐egalitarian societies. However, the strategies used during that process and their archaeological expressions are difficult to detect and interpret. The aim of this paper is to provide an example – the emergence of Early Iron Age cremation cemeteries in the Middle Tagus valley – of how this transformation could have been materially expressed. Through the study of Arroyo Culebro D and other cremation cemeteries, we will analyse the crucial moment when the structural changes that sedentarization carries started to be ideologically assumed, expressed and (or) repressed.
A retrospective description of anesthetic medication dosing in overweight and obese children
Authors: Burke Constance N. , Voepel‐Lewis Terri , Wagner Deborah , Lau Irwin , Baldock Andrew , Malviya Shobha , Nafiu Olubukola 
Published: April 2014

SummaryIntroductionPediatric obesity is a major health concern in the United States and as many as 34% of those who require general anesthesia are overweight or obese (OW). The lack of data and recommendations for dosing medications in obese children leaves significant gaps in the understanding of correct dosing in the clinical setting.ObjectiveTo determine whether OW children were more likely to receive doses of medications outside the recommended range.MethodsFollowing IRB approval, patient medical records were queried to identify children 2 through 17 years who underwent noncardiac surgeries and received at least one medication of interest. Children with hepatic disease, renal disease, neurological impairment, sleep‐disordered breathing, or missing height or weight measurements were excluded. Children were stratified into weight categories based on age and gender percentiles as per CDC guidelines. Those ≥85th percentile were classified as overweight/obese. Ideal and lean weight (for age, gender) were calculated. Drug doses were stratified as under‐dosed (>10% below minimum recommended dose), overdosed (>10% above maximum recommended dose), or within recommended dose (dose ± 10%). Actual doses were compared to recommended doses as per actual, ideal, or lean weight (as recommended for specific drugs) in the overweight/obese groups vs the control weight (CW) group.ResultsTen thousand five hundred and nine doses were reviewed. Overweight/obese children were more likely to receive doses outside the recommended dose range than the CW group.ConclusionsOverweight/obese children were more likely to receive doses of common anesthetic medications outside the recommended doses potentially adding risk of adverse outcomes in these children.
Using Precision Prairie Reconstruction to Drive the Native Seeded Species Colonization Process
Authors: Grygiel Carolyn E. , Norland Jack E. , Biondini Mario E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRestoring forb richness to the northern tallgrass prairie (U.S.A.) is often problematic. A potential solution is the establishment of native forb‐seeded patches that can serve as colonization sites. This study was designed to determine the following: (1) the success at which native forbs sown in small patches can colonize the surrounding vegetation matrix and (2) whether soil amendments (C additions, P fertilization, and seed bank reduction) applied to the seeded sites can facilitate such colonization (patch quality). Colonization was investigated at (1) the immediate surrounding (1 m belt transect, BT) of the seeded sites and (2) in disturbed but not seeded patches located 3 m from the seeded site (out‐plots). Soil amendments did not affect colonization, but native forb density in the BT and out‐plots was correlated to the density of forbs in the seeded sites (r2 = 0.3, p < 0.01). Seeded native forb density in the out‐plots was higher than in the adjacent BT (19 vs. 5 plants/m2), suggesting that competition from the matrix vegetation may be more important in forb colonization than distance from the source. Taller forbs with larger seeds showed advantages in colonization success. This study showed that the colonization of matrix vegetation with native forbs from seeded patches is a viable method for prairie reconstruction but requires the availability of disturbed sites. In most prairies, animal‐generated soil disturbances are common. In their absence, disturbances of the vegetation matrix will need to be added to the management plan.
Detection of airflow limitation using a handheld spirometer in a primary care setting
Authors: Ching Siew‐Mooi , Pang Yong‐Kek , Price David , Cheong Ai‐Theng , Lee Ping‐Yein , Irmi Ismail , Faezah Hassan , Ruhaini Ismail , Chia Yook‐Chin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground and objectiveEarly diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in primary care settings is difficult to achieve chiefly due to lack of availability of spirometry. This study estimated the prevalence of airflow limitation among chronic smokers using a handheld spirometer in this setting.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional study performed on consecutive patients who were ≥40 years old with ≥10 pack‐years smoking history. Face‐to‐face interviews were carried out to obtain demographic data and relevant information. Handheld spirometry was performed according to a standard protocol using the COPd‐6 device (Model 4000, Vitalograph, Ennis, Ireland) in addition to standard spirometry. Airflow limitation was defined as ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced expiratory volume in 6 s <0.75 (COPd‐6) or FEV1/forced vital capacity <0.7. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine predictors of airflow limitation.ResultsA total of 416 patients were recruited with mean age of 53 years old. The prevalence of airflow limitation was 10.6% (n = 44) with COPd‐6 versus 6% as gauged using standard spirometry. Risk factors for airflow limitation were age >65 years (odds ratio (OR) 3.732 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.100–1.280), a history of ‘bad health’ (OR 2.524, 95% CI: 1.037–6.142) and low to normal body mass index (OR 2.914, 95% CI: 1.191–7.190).ConclusionsIn a primary care setting, handheld spirometry (COPd‐6) found a prevalence of airflow limitation of ∼10% in smokers. Patients were older, not overweight and had an ill‐defined history of health problems.
Joint Modelling of Repeated Measurements and Time-to-Event Outcomes: Flexible Model Specification and Exact Likelihood Inference
Authors: Barrett Jessica , Diggle Peter , Henderson Robin , Taylor-Robinson David 
Published: April 2014

Summary
Random effects or shared parameter models are commonly advocated for the analysis of combined repeated measurement and event history data, including dropout from longitudinal trials. Their use in practical applications has generally been limited by computational cost and complexity, meaning that only simple special cases can be fitted by using readily available software. We propose a new approach that exploits recent distributional results for the extended skew normal family to allow exact likelihood inference for a flexible class of random-effects models. The method uses a discretization of the timescale for the time-to-event outcome, which is often unavoidable in any case when events correspond to dropout. We place no restriction on the times at which repeated measurements are made. An analysis of repeated lung function measurements in a cystic fibrosis cohort is used to illustrate the method.
Variance Function Partially Linear Single-Index Models
Authors: Lian Heng , Liang Hua , Carroll Raymond J. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryWe consider heteroscedastic regression models where the mean function is a partially linear single-index model and the variance function depends on a generalized partially linear single-index model. We do not insist that the variance function depends only on the mean function, as happens in the classical generalized partially linear single-index model. We develop efficient and practical estimation methods for the variance function and for the mean function. Asymptotic theory for the parametric and non-parametric parts of the model is developed. Simulations illustrate the results. An empirical example involving ozone levels is used to illustrate the results further and is shown to be a case where the variance function does not depend on the mean function.
On Efficient Estimators of the Proportion of True Null Hypotheses in a Multiple Testing Setup
Authors: Nguyen Van Hanh , Matias Catherine 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTWe consider the problem of estimating the proportion θ of true null hypotheses in a multiple testing context. The setup is classically modelled through a semiparametric mixture with two components: a uniform distribution on interval [0,1] with prior probability θ and a non‐parametric density f. We discuss asymptotic efficiency results and establish that two different cases occur whether f vanishes on a non‐empty interval or not. In the first case, we exhibit estimators converging at a parametric rate, compute the optimal asymptotic variance and conjecture that no estimator is asymptotically efficient (i.e. attains the optimal asymptotic variance). In the second case, we prove that the quadratic risk of any estimator does not converge at a parametric rate. We illustrate those results on simulated data.
Prediction of long‐term sustainability of constructed urban soil: impact of high amounts of organic matter on soil physical properties and water transfer
Authors: Cannavo P. , Vidal‐Beaudet L. , Grosbellet C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSustainability of urban soils lies in their ability to facilitate water and air permeabilities. Exogenous organic matter has been shown to have a positive impact on these properties. Under urban conditions, a large one‐time input of an organic amendment was made to the reconstituted soil. Two organic materials, green‐waste compost (gw) or cocompost from sewage sludge and wood chips (sw), were mixed with sandy loam soil (40% v/v) and placed in 600‐L containers. Containers received a 29‐cm thick layer of sandy loam soil–organic matter mix over a 28‐cm thick layer without organic amendment. Volumetric water content, dry bulk density, hydraulic conductivity at saturation and water retention were measured over 5 yrs in the soils and values for the mixes and a control compared. After this time, dry bulk density was greater (1.54 g/cm3) in control than in gw or sw soils (1.31 and 1.11 g/cm3, respectively), whereas hydraulic conductivity at saturation was smaller (4 × 10−7 m/s) than in gw (3.4 × 10−6) or sw (3.7 × 10−6 m/s). HYDRUS 1D water balance model indicated that below 27 cm depth in the control after 5 yrs, there was a high degree of anoxia, lasting >200 days per year, compared with <40 days in gw and sw. Amplification of the risk of anoxia below 27 cm depth after 10 yrs was 323, 151 and 100 days in the control, gw and sw, respectively. Organic matter amendment could support sustainable urban soils for ten years after soil reconstitution.
Acute bronchointerstitial pneumonia in two indoor cats exposed to the H1N1 influenza virus
Authors: Pigott Armi M. , Haak Carol E. , Breshears Melanie A. , Linklater Andrew K.J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo describe 2 cases of acute bronchointerstitial pneumonia in indoor domestic cats infected by anthroponotic transmission of pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1 virus from their owners.Case Series SummaryTwo indoor domestic shorthair cats from the same household were evaluated for acute onset of respiratory distress. The owners had been recovering from flu‐like illness at the time of presentation. Venous blood gas showed increased pvCO2 while thoracic radiographs revealed severe bronchointerstitial to alveolar patterns in both cats. The cats were treated with oxygen supplementation, antimicrobials, analgesics, diuretics, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, mechanical ventilation (1 cat), and supportive care. Despite initial improvement in the clinical condition of each cat, respiratory function deteriorated and ultimately both cats were euthanized. Gross and histopathologic examination confirmed diffuse, severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1 viral testing by real time PCR was positive in 1 cat.New or Unique Information ProvidedThese cases provide further evidence that domestic felids are susceptible to pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1 virus, and the literature is briefly reviewed for treatment recommendations. H1N1 should be considered in the differential diagnosis for domestic cats presenting with peracute to acute onset of respiratory distress in the right context. While human‐to‐cat transmission of H1N1 seems probable in several reported cases, cat‐to‐human transmission has not been identified.
Oxygen in the regulation of intestinal epithelial transport
Authors: Ward Joseph B. J. , Keely Simon J. , Keely Stephen J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe transport of fluid, nutrients and electrolytes to and from the intestinal lumen is a primary function of epithelial cells. Normally, the intestine absorbs approximately 9 l of fluid and 1 kg of nutrients daily, driven by epithelial transport processes that consume large amounts of cellular energy and O2. The epithelium exists at the interface of the richly vascularised mucosa, and the anoxic luminal environment and this steep O2 gradient play a key role in determining the expression pattern of proteins involved in fluid, nutrient and electrolyte transport. However, the dynamic nature of the splanchnic circulation necessitates that the epithelium can evoke co‐ordinated responses to fluctuations in O2 availability, which occur either as a part of the normal digestive process or as a consequence of several pathophysiological conditions. While it is known that hypoxia‐responsive signals, such as reactive oxygen species, AMP‐activated kinase, hypoxia‐inducible factors, and prolyl hydroxylases are all important in regulating epithelial responses to altered O2 supply, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved is still limited. Here, we aim to review the current literature regarding the role that O2 plays in regulating intestinal transport processes and to highlight areas of research that still need to be addressed.
Maternal melatonin administration mitigates coronary stiffness and endothelial dysfunction, and improves heart resilience to insult in growth restricted lambs
Authors: Tare Marianne , Parkington Helena C. , Wallace Euan M. , Sutherland Amy E. , Lim Rebecca , Yawno Tamara , Coleman Harold A. , Jenkin Graham , Miller Suzanne L. 
Published: April 2014

Key points
Failure of the placenta to develop and perform gives rise to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in the fetus. IUGR is associated with impaired heart function in childhood and can even persist long term.
Oxidative stress is increased in IUGR and we asked if an antioxidant could reduce this. Melatonin is a well‐known and well‐studied hormone, present in all of us, and it has potent antioxidant properties.
In this study we administered melatonin to pregnant ewes carrying twins, one with IUGR.
Maternal melatonin improved oxygen delivery to the IUGR fetus and strengthened and protected its heart against infarct. After birth, the poor function and stiffness in the coronary arteries of IUGR lambs were entirely prevented by melatonin.
Our results demonstrate that administration of melatonin to a mother carrying an IUGR fetus can markedly dampen the adverse heart and artery effects in the offspring following birth.
AbstractIntrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with impaired cardiac function in childhood and is linked to short‐ and long‐term morbidities. Placental dysfunction underlies most IUGR, and causes fetal oxidative stress which may impact on cardiac development. Accordingly, we investigated whether antenatal melatonin treatment, which possesses antioxidant properties, may afford cardiovascular protection in these vulnerable fetuses. IUGR was induced in sheep fetuses using single umbilical artery ligation on day 105–110 of pregnancy (term 147). Study 1: melatonin (2 mg h−1) was administered i.v. to ewes on days 5 and 6 after surgery. On day 7 fetal heart function was assessed using a Langendorff apparatus. Study 2: a lower dose of melatonin (0.25 mg h−1) was administered continuously following IUGR induction and the ewes gave birth normally at term. Lambs were killed when 24 h old and coronary vessels studied. Melatonin significantly improved fetal oxygenation in vivo. Contractile function in the right ventricle and coronary flow were enhanced by melatonin. Ischaemia–reperfusion‐induced infarct area was 3‐fold greater in IUGR hearts than in controls and this increase was prevented by melatonin. In isolated neonatal coronary arteries, endothelium‐dependent nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability was reduced in IUGR, and was rescued by modest melatonin treatment. Melatonin exposure also induced the emergence of an indomethacin‐sensitive vasodilation. IUGR caused marked stiffening of the coronary artery and this was prevented by melatonin. Maternal melatonin treatment reduces fetal hypoxaemia, improves heart function and coronary blood flow and rescues cardio‐coronary deficit induced by IUGR.
Participation in Vigorous Sports, Not Moderate Sports, Is Positively Associated With Cardiorespiratory Fitness Among Adolescent Girls
Authors: Taber Daniel R. , Pratt Charlotte , Charneco Eileen Y. , Dowda Marsha , Phillips Jennie A. , Going Scott B. 
Published: April 2014

Background:There is controversy regarding whether moderately-intense sports can improve physical fitness, which declines throughout adolescence among girls. The objective was to estimate the association between moderate and vigorous sports participation and cardiorespiratory fitness in a racially diverse sample of adolescent girls.Methods:Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using a modified physical work capacity test in 1029 eighth-grade girls participating in the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls. Girls reported sports in which they participated in the last year on an organized activity questionnaire. Using general linear mixed models, the study regressed absolute and relative fitness on the number of vigorous and moderate sports in which girls participated, race/ethnicity, age, treatment group, fat mass, fat-free mass, and an interaction between race and fat-free mass.Results:The number of vigorous sports in which girls participated was positively associated with absolute fitness (β = 10.20, P = .04) and relative fitness (β = 0.17, P = .04). Associations were reduced, but not eliminated, after controlling for MET-weighted MVPA. Participation in moderate sports was not associated with either fitness measure.Conclusions:Vigorous sports participation is positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness. Future longitudinal research should analyze whether promoting vigorous sports at an early age can prevent age-related declines in cardiorespiratory fitness among adolescent girls.
Longitudinal Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior From Adolescence to Adulthood: Comparing U.S.–Born and Foreign-Born Populations
Authors: Ross Sharon E. Taverno , Larson Nicole , Graham Dan J. , Neumark-Sztainer Dianne 
Published: April 2014

Background:This study compared moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior in U.S.–born and foreign-born adolescents and young adults, and differences in behavior change from adolescence to young adulthood by nativity.Methods:Data on 2039 U.S.–born and 225 foreign-born participants from Project EAT-III (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults) were used to examine MVPA, television/DVD/video viewing, and computer use. Participants completed surveys at baseline in Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN secondary school classrooms in 1998–1999 (14.9 ± 1.6 y) and follow-up measures online or by mail in 2008–2009 (25.3 ± 1.6 y).Results:At both time points, foreign-born participants reported significantly lower levels of MVPA than their U.S.–born counterparts (P < .05). Foreign-born females at baseline and follow-up and foreign-born males at follow-up reported less television/DVD/video viewing compared with U.S.–born participants (P < .01). All participants experienced a significant decline in MVPA from baseline to follow-up (P < .001). Between-group analyses revealed a significantly greater decline in television/DVDs/video viewing for the foreign-born males compared with U.S.–born males from baseline to follow-up (mean change: foreign-born: –4.8 ± 1.32 hrs/wk, U.S.–born: –0.6 ± 0.6 hrs/wk; P < .01).Conclusions:Differences in activity patterns between foreign-born and U.S.–born youth into young adulthood may contribute to disparities in chronic disease risk. Nativity, along with the social, environmental, and cultural context, should be considered when designing programs to promote MVPA and prevent obesity.