bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NUTRITION IN THE AGED: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Esposito Salvatore J. , Vinton Paul W. , Rapuano J. Alfred 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe subject of nutrition in the aged is reviewed under the headings of requirements for calories, protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iron and iodine), and vitamins (water‐soluble and fat‐soluble).Our knowledge of the process of aging is distinctly limited. Although many changes in body composition and functioning occur during senescence, the exact mechanisms are still unknown. Thus the matter of possible changes in the requirements for various nutrients during aging needs much more investigation. At present many of the reported findings are conflicting and controversial.
THE BASIC LAWS OF BIOLOGIC SENESCENCE
Authors: Calloway N. O. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSome general laws of biologic senescence are proposed. The aging process from conception to death follows definite and continuous pathways. The decrease in the percentage of body water and the decrease in heat production (basal metabolic rate) are used as measures to show that the continuous processes take place according to previously derived equations.It is concluded that there are two basic and absolute laws of senescence: I. The rate of aging is proportional to the size of the function. As the function diminishes with age, the rate of aging decreases. II. The rate of aging is inversely proportional to some function of the age. As the individual ages, the rate of aging decreases. These two laws are predicated on the basis of general inspection of the data curves, and also on deductions made from the mathematical equations describing the shape of these curves.
THE EDENTULOUS PATIENT. I. XEROSTOMIA AND THE SERUM CHOLESTEROL LEVEL
Authors: Cheraskin E. , Ringsdorf W. M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSixty‐seven edentulous patients with complete dentures were studied during 168 visits. Xerostomia was reported during only 38 of the 168 visits, and in most of these instances it was mild and intermittent; there were no severe cases, and only 5 patients reported that the condition was constant. The serum cholesterol level was definitely elevated (250 mg per 100 ml, or higher) during 42 per cent of the visits, and marginally elevated during another 45 per cent. Statistical analysis showed that the concentration of serum cholesterol was significantly higher in the patients with xerostomia.
A TREATMENT‐FOCUSED GERIATRIC PROGRAM IN A STATE MENTAL HOSPITAL*
Authors: Lehrman Nathaniel S. , Friedman Jacob H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAt Bronx State Hospital, active treatment modalities—psychotherapeutic, social and psychopharmacological—are offered from the time of admission. Families are dealt with energetically from the start, with particular attention to preventing extrusion of the patient from the family unit. For retraining patients whose social and psychological skills have atrophied from prolonged hospitalization, there is an intensive treatment ward. A “hotel ward” without staff has been established for those who are able to live in a minimally structured environment but have no homes to go to. A work‐for‐pay program, specially tailored to the needs of geriatric patients, also has been organized. For regressed patients there are special programs, including reality orientation and sensory training. A major factor in maintaining staff morale in this difficult work is their active involvement at all staff levels in the regular teaching conferences.After release of the patient, hospital responsibility continues. Supportive services—psychiatric, social, psychological and recreational—are supplied when necessary, but emphasis is placed on the ex‐patients becoming involved with local community organizations such as community houses and Golden Age clubs.In the future we hope to place more emphasis on prevention by helping to establish or maintain supportive services in the community for the elderly before they become ill, and by starting therapeutic activities in the earliest stages of illness so that disability and hospital admission can be minimized if not averted. Much can be done for geriatric psychiatric patients.
HEALTH PATTERNS OF AGED MIGRANT RETIREES*
Authors: Bultena Gordon L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractData are reported from interviews with 349 retirees who have moved permanently from the Midwest to communities in Florida and Arizona. Analysis is made of the role of health considerations in their migration decision, as well as the implications of health problems for their differential adaptation to retirement living. Although health frequently was given as a motive for moving, the respondents were found to be in as good health as persons retiring in the Midwest. Migrants in poor health experienced greater financial difficulty and were less satisfied with their move than those in good health.
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION IN THE ELDERLY
Authors: McGraw Walker C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis study of 110 patients (aged 65 and older) indicates that cardiopulmonary resuscitation is as feasible in the patient with pulmonary disease as it is in the patient with cardiac disease. This applies particularly to the elderly.Early recognition of pulmonary insufficiency in elderly patients may be delayed because of concomitant multiple disease. Yet treatment must be started promptly and intensively if resuscitation is to be successful. Those who treat these patients must have wide experience with respiratory disease and must be intelligent, alert and constant in their attendance. This phase of medical care is truly a team effort.
ARTERIAL INSUFFICIENCY OF THE BRAIN: PROGRESSION PREVENTED BY LONG‐TERM ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY IN ELEVEN PATIENTS
Authors: WALSH ARTHUR C. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract: Eleven elderly patients with arterial insufficiency of the brain (senile dementia, presenile dementia, transient ischemic attacks or recurrent strokes) were treated with an anticoagulant (bishydroxycoumarin) for periods varying from eight years to twenty‐four days. All 11 patients showed improvement. Interruption of treatment proved safe in 2 patients, harmful in 2 others, and fatal in 3 patients. In a case of Alzheimer's disease in which bishydroxycoumarin was stopped four times, the patient deteriorated each time the drug was discontinued and improved each time it was resumed.Anticoagulant therapy appears to be effective in relieving the symptoms of arterial insufficiency of the brain and preventing progression of disability. In a selected group of patients, considerable improvement may be expected. Once relief is obtained, discontinuing anticoagulant therapy (especially within two years) may be very risky since deterioration is likely to occur. The risks of using anticoagulants for this purpose are not discussed but probably they are the same as in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Not using anticoagulants may be more harmful than using them; discontinuation withdraws effective treatment.
RENAL TUBULAR CLEARANCE AND REABSORPTION OF PHOSPHATES IN AGED DIABETIC PATIENTS
Authors: MAZZI CARLO , CARULLO PAOLO 
Published: April 2015

Abstract: The findings of this study of 41 aged (over 65) non‐acidotic diabetic patients demonstrated not only a correlation between glycosuria and tubular reabsorption of phosphates but also an increase of renal phosphate excretion with an increase in clearance (35 per cent of the cases) despite a virtually normal level of blood phosphorus. By contrast, this pattern was demonstrated in only 16 per cent of 31 aged nondiabetic controls. There was no statistical difference between the blood phosphorus and calcium values in the two series of subjects.In 12 of 14 aged diabetic subjects who underwent the induced hypercalcemia test, phosphate clearance values indicated depression of parathyroid function.Among the possible hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of the renal phospho‐calcium metabolic disturbance in aged diabetic patients, that of secondary adaptive hyperparathyroidism is discussed, although not accepted.
Cephaloglycin in Urinary‐Tract Infections
Authors: Seneca H. , Zinsser H. H. , Peer P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCephaloglycin is an effective and safe antibiotic in the management of urinary‐tract infections. It completely cured 14 of 31 chronic cases. In bacteremias and systemic infections, parenterally‐active cephalothin or cephaloridine is recommended.
ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF GASTRIC ULCER IN THE AGED AND ON THE ANTAGONISM BETWEEN CALCIFIED ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND GASTRIC CARCINOMA: A RADIOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors: Elkeles Arthur 
Published: April 2015

AbstractRadiography of the abdominal aorta was used to study the incidence of calcified atheroma in 330 cases of primary gastric ulcer, 224 cases of gastric carcinoma, and 1,704 control cases. It is emphasized that the solitary gastric ulcer in the aged differs in its pathogenesis from gastric ulcers which are associated with lesions in the pyloric antrum or in the duodenum. Apparently classical gastric ulcer in patients over 50 years of age is a complication of atherosclerosis. “Calcified” atheroma in the abdominal aorta is relatively rare in gastric carcinoma even in the high age groups. The role of calcium in the stability of chromosomes, and the possible clinical applications are discussed.The concept is advanced that, when ageing is associated with increased affinity of the tissues for calcium, it leads to calcified atherosclerosis and relative immunity to cancer.
PRESBYCUSIS
Authors: Lehman Roger H. , Miller Alfred L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPresbycusis is the insidious bilateral loss of hearing for high tones that occurs in the aged. The differential diagnosis should include deafness based on factors such as heredity, trauma, vascular disease and neoplasia. The pathologic changes involve the organ of Corti, the cochlear nerve, the central nuclei and the auditory cortex. No form of medical therapy has been beneficial. Auditory training and hearing aids play an important role in rehabilitation.
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IMMOBILIZED IN AN AGED RAT
Authors: BJORKSTEN JOHAN , ASHMAN STEPHEN 
Published: April 2015

Abstract:A pregnant rat received 8 mc of tritiated tyrosine at the time of giving birth (from seven days before, to six days after). No radioisotopes were ever given directly to the litter born. A male from this litter died from pneumonia at age 809 days. After removal of water and acetone solubles and of phospholipids, hydrolysis of the residue released the following radioactive amino acids, parts of molecules fixed until death and containing tritium present at birth: lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, listed in order of decreasing radioactivity, with lysine carrying 29 per cent of the total tritium present.
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE PROBLEMS IN THE AGED—CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING PREVENTION*
Authors: WRIGHT IRVING S. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract:The problems of peripheral vascular disease in the aged have been greatly neglected. Preventive measures should be established in the younger years so that there will not be so much need for therapeutic attempts in old age.The chief cause of peripheral vascular disease in the elderly is atherothrombosis, with elements of both atherosclerosis and thrombosis. The study of these two elements should not be conducted in strictly separate categories, as at present. Robertson's theory of the pathogenesis is described, including the cellular and biochemical influences. The genetic element is emphasized in the concept of susceptible atherophils versus resistant atherophils in relation to elevated blood lipid levels.Prevention involves anti‐obesity dietary measures, appropriate exercise, and the avoidance of smoking. If hypertension, hyperlipidemia or hyperglycemia (diabetes) develop, early detection and treatment are important. Patients with peripheral vascular disease should avoid extremes of cold or heat and pay special attention to cleanliness of the feet. Even though all the etiologic factors in the disease are not known, it is essential to apply all the available preventive measures. Such a program requires improved education of the medical and associated professions, as well as of the lay public.
THE INFLUENCE OF AGE ON THE ACTIVITY OF CATECHOLAMINES AND RELATED THERAPEUTIC AGENTS
Authors: BENDER A. DOUGLAS 
Published: April 2015

Abstract:A review has been made of the literature on the changes with age in the sensitivity of various organs and tissues to catecholamines. The objective of this review was to examine these changes and to interpret them in the light of related compounds that are employed commonly in the treatment of the elderly. The available evidence strongly indicates that there is an increase with age in the sensitivity to exogenously administered amines. In terms of the therapeutic application of related drugs in the elderly, this finding indicates that caution should be used when administering such agents, particularly if they have significant secondary effects which are related to the stimulation of adrenergic receptors. Additional information indicates that perhaps there is a delay in the excretion and in the distribution of catecholamines. Thus, higher blood levels might be anticipated when sympathomimetic amines are employed in the treatment of various disease states.
PULMONARY EXERCISES IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES
Authors: Blocker William P. , Gonzalez Frank R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFor many patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a program of graded pulmonary exercises (preceded by bronchial drainage) will induce improvement. This improvement is manifested by increased ability to perform the activities of daily living and an increase in exercise tolerance associated with a decrease in the heart rate (both at rest and during exercise). The medical management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is outlined, and the drainage technique and exercises are described in detail.
TREATMENT PROGRAMS FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC BRAIN SYNDROME CAN BE SUCCESSFUL
Authors: Inskip Wilma 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAn attempt is made to dispel some of the over‐generalizations about the futility of treating persons with chronic brain syndrome. The success or failure of such a treatment program is based upon several variables related to the patient, the therapist and the environment. Recognizing and controlling these variables is the first step toward making them work to the advantage of the patient and his recovery.
STRESS AND AGING*
Authors: Selye Hans 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe experimental “aging” exemplified in the progeria‐like syndrome (induced by dihydrotachysterol, DHT, in rats) is not the cause but the consequence of disturbed calcium metabolism. Certain anabolic steroids can prevent the loss of body weight (protein) and the abnormal tissue calcification. Moreover, steroidal substances designated “catatoxic” have been found to play a role in adaptive reactions, particularly the maintenance of resistance to stress. Thus the anti‐DHT effect of the steroids is not due to their antimineralocorticoid or anabolic action, but to their catatoxic (antitoxic) potency.An experimental biochemical disease model—the “Electrolyte‐Steroid‐Cardiopathy with Necrosis” (ESCN)—was developed to demonstrate a typical pluricausal disease in which several factors operate conjointly to produce a lesion. Glucomineralo‐corticoids plus sodium salts were outstanding factors in the production of cardiac necrosis. This experimental necrosis could be prevented by KCl or MgCl2. However, oral administration of KCl has many drawbacks for the prophylaxis or treatment of myocardial infarction; more convenient and lasting methods of providing potassium are needed. Certain catatoxic steroids also were found to be efficacious in preventing ESCN.These data may eventually help in finding ways to combat spontaneous aging. Aging has no specific cause. Body hormones and numerous other factors play decisive roles.
CELSUS ON GERIATRICS
Authors: Howell Trevor H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe author quotes many of Celsus' astute observations on the characteristics of the aged and recommendations for treatment of their diseases. If the pertinence of these observations—made in the first century A.D.—seems surprising, it may be because of the contrast with our present‐day obtuseness in the field of geriatrics.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF ETHACRYNIC ACID IN THE AGED*
Authors: Rosenberg Gilbert , Wener Joseph 
Published: April 2015

AbstractEthacrynic acid was given to 41 aged men and women who had previously been treated with thiazides for congestive heart failure. Twenty‐three of these patients had diabetes. After ten weeks of maintenance therapy with ethacrynic acid, there were no statistically significant changes in the levels of blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, chloride, sodium and potassium. Glucose tolerance was not adversely affected; rather, glucose tolerance improved (P < .05) in the 20 diabetic patients tested. Of the 41 patients, 7 had gastrointestinal symptoms of mild to moderate severity for one to three days, but when ethacrynic acid was started again these symptoms did not recur. Ethacrynic acid, as used in the present study, would appear to be an effective, relatively safe diuretic, particularly well suited for long‐term use in patients with diabetes mellitus.
RUPTURED ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM*
Authors: Taheri Syde A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractRupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is a dire surgical emergency. The mortality rate in surgically treated cases, although declining due to better diagnosis and advances in vascular surgery, is high. However, the mortality in untreated cases is virtually 100 per cent. By contrast, the mortality rate in elective operations is very low. For this reason all authors urge early diagnosis and elective surgery. Every such aneurysm, if the patient lives long enough, will eventually rupture.Because patients with an abdominal aneurysm have significant atherosclerosis and perhaps other degenerative cardiovascular disease, and because only rarely do they have symptoms of impending rupture, geriatricians are urged to include an x‐ray search for this lesion in the periodic examination of these patients. The author's series of 26 cases is presented.
SERUM CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN SENECTUS PRAECOX
Authors: Dénes Susanna 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSerum cholinesterase activity was reduced in 13 (32.5 per cent) of 40 cases of senectus praecox (premature aging). This is an indication of a reduction in general enzyme activity. The associated symptoms of parasympathetic excitation (profuse sweating, weakness and a state of collapse) may be the clinical indicators of the biochemical changes. This impairment of cholinesterase activity is found chiefly in prematurely old persons with disturbances of the digestive system.
SERUM PROTEINS, AMYLOID AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE*
Authors: Behan Peter O. , Feldman Robert G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSerum protein analysis in 60 patients with histologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease (Group A) and in 60 others with clinical dementia and radiographic evidence of diffuse cerebral atrophy compatible with Alzheimer's disease (Group B) revealed a decrease in albumin and an increase in alpha‐1 antitrypsin, alpha‐2 macroglobulin and haptoglobin fractions. These abnormalities occurred in 66 per cent of these two groups, but in only 13 per cent of a third group of patients with dementia of the non‐Alzheimer type. In addition, the highest values for alpha‐2 macroglobulin were found in Groups A and B. The possible relationships of these findings to amyloidosis of the central nervous system is discussed.The significance of these data may lie in their value as an aid in making the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in vivo, in the absence of a brain biopsy. Further study is needed to confirm these observations.
MORTALITY, MORBIDITY AND VOLUNTARY CHANGE OF RESIDENCE BY OLDER PEOPLE*
Authors: Lawton M. Powell , Yaffe Silvia 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this study there was no statistical difference in mortality rates that could be ascribed to the voluntary relocation of a group of relatively independent older people as compared with two non‐relocated groups of older people individually matched for age, sex, and initial functional health status—a total of 103 matched “triplets.” Two similarly matched, 77‐member groups of relocated and non‐relocated older people whose health was evaluated over a twelve‐month period showed no increased morbidity due to moving, as judged by behavioral and subjective health indices. Physicians' ratings of functional health in the two groups showed both improvements and declines among the relocatees. Although the small number of subjects makes caution imperative, the data suggest that relocation is stressful for some elderly people, but felicitous for others. The voluntary nature of the move may account for the lack of major negative relocation effects.
MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION—FURTHER SODIUM AND POTASSIUM STUDIES
Authors: Priddle William W. , Liu Sim F. , Breithaupt David J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSince the senior author's first publication forty years ago on the relationship of sodium and potassium to hypertension, these clinical investigations have continued, and in 1958 were established at the Geriatric Study Centre in Toronto. Here, studies were started on the urinary excretion (as an index of intake) of sodium and potassium in subjects with normal blood pressure and in patients with hypertension. Some of the findings are reported in this article, including evidence for the accuracy of the laboratory values, and determination of the normal ranges for serum sodium, serum potassium, serum chloride and blood urea nitrogen in a small group of elderly persons. These studies demonstrated: 1) in persons with normal blood pressure, the urinary excretion (and presumably the intake) of sodium averaged 3.75 gm (9.375 gm NaCl) per day; 2) sodium‐restricted diets, as applied before the study, had been grossly inadequate (excretion 2 gm sodium per day); 3) the study regimen (sodium‐restricted, potassium‐rich intake plus chlorothiazide) had a beneficial effect on hypertension; 4) the potassium supplements induced a sharp rise in the urinary excretion of potassium; and 5) the lack of serious abnormalities in the levels of serum sodium, serum potassium and blood urea nitrogen indicated the safety of this regimen within the limits of this study.The authors have continued to treat hypertension with a sodium‐restricted (400 mg daily) diet, a small dosage (250 mg daily) of chlorothiazide, and potassium (4 gm daily) supplements. The findings on groups of patients treated as long as twelve years are recorded.Hypokalemia as a complication of thiazide therapy is discussed and its potential dangers emphasized. A case of recurrent hypokalemia during a three‐year period is presented to demonstrate certain clinical manifestations and the influence of hypokalemia on the electrocardiogram. The effect of the described therapeutic regimen is also detailed in a case of renovascular hypertension engrafted on essential hypertension, and in a case of hypertension treated by the Smithwick operation. The effect of therapy on morbidity and mortality from hypertension is discussed.
PERIARTICULAR CALCIFICATION IN A HEMIPLEGIC LIMB—A RARE COMPLICATION OF A STROKE
Authors: Rosin Arnold J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe occurrence of calcification around the hip joint of a hemiplegic limb within a few weeks of a stroke is reported in 2 cases. This is a rare complication in hemiplegia although it is observed more commonly in paraplegia. Both patients had considerable pain, which subsided after a course of radiotherapy. Possible aetological factors are discussed.