bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postoperative pain management experiences among school‐aged children: a qualitative study
Authors: Sng Qian Wen , Taylor Beverley , Liam Joanne LW , Klainin‐Yobas Piyanee , Wang Wenru , He Hong‐Gu 
Published: January 2013

Aims and objectivesTo explore postoperative pain management experiences among school‐aged children.BackgroundIneffective postoperative pain management among children has been commonly reported. School‐aged children are able to evaluate how their pain is managed and what their preferred strategies are. Most studies in pain management have adopted quantitative methods and have overlooked children's pain management experiences.DesignThis is a qualitative study using face‐to‐face interviews.MethodsData were collected from 15 school‐aged children admitted to a tertiary hospital in Singapore by in‐depth interviews conducted between November 2010 and January 2011. Data were analysed by thematic analysis.ResultsFive themes were identified: children's self‐directed actions to relieve their postoperative pain (e.g. using cognitive‐behavioural methods of distraction and imagery, physical method of positioning, sleeping and drinking, seeking other people's help by informing parents and crying and using pain medications); children's perceptions of actions parents take for their postoperative pain relief (assessing pain, administering pain medications, using various cognitive‐behavioural, physical methods and emotional support strategies, assisting in activities and alerting health professionals); children's perception of actions nurses take for their postoperative pain relief (administering medication, using cognitive‐behavioural methods, emotional support strategies and helping with activities of daily living) and suggestions for parents (using distraction and presence) and nurses (administering medications, distraction and positioning) for their postoperative pain relief improvement.ConclusionsThis study contributed to the existing knowledge about children's postoperative pain management based on their own experiences. Children, their parents and nurses used various strategies, including pain medication and non‐pharmacological methods, especially distraction, for children's postoperative pain relief.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study provides evidence for health care professionals to consider using more pain relief strategies when caring for children postoperatively and provide guidance for children to practice these strategies.
Reducing interruptions to continuous enteral nutrition in the intensive care unit: a comparative study
Authors: Williams Teresa A , Leslie Gavin D , Leen Tim , Mills Lauren , Dobb Geoff J 
Published: January 2013

Aims and objectivesTo develop and test strategies to reduce interruptions to enteral feeding to improve practice and promote attainment of nutritional goals.BackgroundEnteral nutrition is preferred for feeding patients in the intensive care unit who are unable to have oral nutrition. Interruption to feeding is likely to be a major contributor to patients not receiving their prescribed nutrition goals.DesignProspective before (May–November 2009) and after (March–September 2010) study.MethodPatients admitted to the intensive care unit (except cardiac surgery) and who were eligible to receive enteral nutrition were enrolled. After gaining Ethics Committee approval, baseline data were collected to identify interruptions to enteral nutrition. Nurse‐led multidisciplinary teams developed interventions to target specific reasons for interruption. Change champions implemented the improvements after staff were provided with an education package. Postintervention data were then collected.ResultsSix hundred and fifty‐three patients received enteral nutrition with the majority (88%) fed within 48 hours. Considering the first 28 days of feeding for patients fed longer than 24 hours (505 patients), the number of interruptions for patients who had an interruption decreased from 907–662. Interruptions due to gastrointestinal issues decreased (14 vs 10%), while those due to airway issues, enteral nutrition delivery system problems and other interruptions were similar before‐and‐after the practice change. Time lost to feeding because of interruptions was similar between groups.ConclusionTargeted strategies to enteral feeding practice resulted in a reduction to the number of interruptions but not the duration of enteral nutrition lost to interruption. Reducing unnecessary interruption of feeding circuits is likely to minimise the risk for splash injury and contamination of feeding sets through less manipulation and interruption to enteral nutrition flow.Relevance to clinical practiceReview of practice may reveal opportunities for improvement. Nurse champions can facilitate change processes to improve care.
Children's experiences of a participation approach to asthma education
Authors: Trollvik Anne , Ringsberg Karin C , Silén Charlotte 
Published: January 2013

Aim and objectivesTo explore the participation and responses of children to an asthma education programme that was developed with the aid of children with asthma. In a larger perspective, the aim was to understand how educational approaches can be designed to help children learn to live and cope with asthma.BackgroundA literature search showed that programmes where children participate in the development of educational materials or programmes are lacking.DesignAn exploratory descriptive design was chosen to get an in‐depth understanding of the communication and collaboration between children and healthcare personnel.MethodsData were collected through observations, tape recordings of the conversations and notes of the interactions between the children and the healthcare personnel and analysed by content analysis.ResultsThe significance of the asthma education programme emerged in four themes: (i) children are learning from each other: in a positive learning climate, the children were able to express emotional themes that they may not have communicated before; (ii) children are learning through an interaction with the educational material: the children discussed stories and pictures in a fellow interplay: when one child expressed something, another child would recognise it and continue the story; (iii) children are learning from their interaction with healthcare personnel and vice versa: adjusting the vocabulary according to the children's experiences, they were met on their level of understanding; and (iv) children can express and discuss their understanding of asthma.ConclusionsThe unique aspect about this programme is that it emanates from children's perspectives. The children were actively involved and learnt from each other's shared knowledge and experiences, which is a good source of meaningful learning and empowering processes.Relevance to clinical practiceFuture educational approaches should use children's perspectives in a manner in which their questions, thoughts and daily challenges are emphasised.
Identification of risk factors for fracture of veneering materials and screw loosening of implant‐supported fixed partial dentures in partially edentulous cases
Authors: Noda K. , Arakawa H. , Maekawa K. , Hara E. S. , Yamazaki S. , Kimura‐Ono A. , Sonoyama W. , Minakuchi H. , Matsuka Y. , Kuboki T. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThis retrospective study identified the risk factors for fracture of veneering materials and screw loosening of implant‐supported fixed partial dentures in partially edentulous cases. The study group included a total of 182 patients who were installed 219 suprastructures at the Fixed Prosthodontic Clinic of Okayama University Dental Hospital between February 1990 and March 2005 and were subdivided in two subgroups: 120 patients (149 facing suprastructures) were included in the subgroup to investigate the risk factors of fracture of veneering materials, and 81 patients (92 suprastructures) were included in the subgroup to identify the risk factors of abutment screw loosening. Each patient was followed up from the day of suprastructure installation until March, 2005. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to identify the risk factors related to technical complications, and eight factors were regarded as candidate risk factors. Screw retention was the significant risk factor for fracture of veneering materials, whereas connection of suprastructures with natural tooth was the significant risk factor for screw loosening. It was suggested that screw retention was a significant risk factor for the fracture of veneering materials, and connection of suprastructures with natural tooth was a significant risk factor for screw loosening. Future studies, involving dynamic factors (e.g. bruxism) as predictors as well, are more helpful to discuss the risk factor of fracture of veneering materials and screw loosening.
Inferring the biogeographic origins of inter‐continental disjunct endemics using a Bayes‐DIVA approach
Authors: HARRIS AJ , WEN Jun , XIANG Qiu‐Yun (Jenny) 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe arcto‐Tertiary relictual flora is comprised of many genera that occur non‐contiguously in the temperate zones of eastern Asia, Europe, eastern North America, and western North America. Within each distributional area, species are typically endemic and may thus be widely separated from closely related species within the other areas. It is widely accepted that this common pattern of distribution resulted from of the fragmentation of a once more‐continuous arcto‐Tertiary forest. The historical biogeographic events leading to the present‐day disjunction have often been investigated using a phylogenetic approach. Limitations to these previous studies have included phylogenetic uncertainty and uncertainty in ancestral range reconstructions. However, the recently described Bayes‐DIVA method handles both types of uncertainty. Thus, we used Bayes‐DIVA analysis to reconstruct the stem lineage distributions for 185 endemic lineages from 23 disjunct genera representing 17 vascular plant families. In particular, we asked whether endemic lineages within each of the four distributional areas more often evolved from (1) widespread ancestors, (2) ancestors dispersed from other areas, or (3) endemic ancestors. We also considered which of these three biogeographic mechanisms may best explain the origins of arcto‐Tertiary disjunct endemics in the neotropics. Our results show that eastern Asian endemics more often evolved from endemic ancestors compared to endemics in Europe and eastern and western North America. Present‐day endemic lineages in the latter areas more often arose from widespread ancestors. Our results also provide anecdotal evidence for the importance of dispersal in the biogeographic origins of arcto‐Tertiary species endemic in the neotropics.
Utility of transient elastography in the non‐invasive evaluation of cystic fibrosis liver disease
Authors: Kitson Matthew T. , Kemp William W. , Iser David M. , Paul Eldho , Wilson John W. , Roberts Stuart K. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundLiver disease frequently complicates cystic fibrosis (CF), with CF liver disease (CFLD) a leading cause of death. Liver biopsy is rarely performed because of the patchy nature of the disease. Transient elastography can reliably stage liver fibrosis via liver stiffness measurement (LSM).AimsTo evaluate LSM as a diagnostic tool in adults with CFLD.MethodsFifty adult patients with CF were prospectively studied: 25 with CFLD and 25 without CFLD. The presence of CFLD and portal hypertension (PHT) was assessed according to strict established criteria based on serial biochemistry and imaging. All patients underwent LSM; APRI, Hepascore® and Forns score were calculated.ResultsMedian LSM was higher in those with CFLD [8.1 kPa (IQR 6.8–9.5) vs. 5.0 kPa (IQR 4.1–5.6); P < 0.001]. On multivariate analysis, LSM was the only variable associated with CFLD (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.53–4.89; P = 0.001). AUROC for LSM predicting CFLD was 0.87 (95% CI 0.77–0.98) and an LSM ≥6.8 kPa predicted CFLD with 76.0% sensitivity and 92.0% specificity. Median LSM was higher in those with PHT [15.7 kPa (IQR 9.2–17.2) vs. 5.4 kPa (IQR 4.3–6.8); P < 0.001]. The AUROC for LSM predicting the presence of PHT was 0.96 (95% CI 0.92–1.00). An LSM cut‐off of ≥8.9 kPa predicted the presence of PHT with 87.5% sensitivity, 90.5% specificity, 63.6% positive predictive value and 92.9% negative predictive value.ConclusionsLSM is an accurate and reliable non‐invasive tool in assessing CFLD and PHT. An LSM ≥6.8 kPa is highly suggestive of CFLD and an LSM <8.9 kPa reliably excludes PHT.
Sun Exposure over a Lifetime in Australian Adults from Latitudinally Diverse Regions
Authors: Lucas Robyn M. , Valery Patricia , van der Mei Ingrid , Dwyer Terence , Pender Michael P. , Taylor Bruce , Ponsonby Anne‐Louise ,   The Ausimmune Investigator Group
Published: January 2013

AbstractSpatio‐temporal patterns in sun exposure underlie variations in skin cancer incidence and vitamin D deficiency, indicate effectiveness of sun protection programs and provide insights into future health risks. From 558 adults across four regions of Australia (Brisbane (27°S), Newcastle (33°S), Geelong and the Western Districts of Victoria (37°S) and Tasmania (43°S)), we collected: self‐report data on time‐in‐the‐sun from age 6 years; natural skin color and ethnicity; silicone skin casts (for cumulative skin damage); and serum for vitamin D status. Ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR) at the location of residence, with time‐in‐the‐sun, was used to calculate a “UVR dose” for each year of life. Individuals maintained their ranking compared to their peers for time‐in‐the‐sun in summer compared to winter and across ages (Spearman rho 0.24–0.84, all P < 0.001). Time‐in‐the‐sun decreased with age in all birth cohorts, and over calendar time. Summer time‐in‐the‐sun increased with increasing latitude (P < 0.001). Seasonal variation in vitamin D status had greater amplitude and vitamin D deficiency increased with increasing latitude. Temporal patterns are consistent with effectiveness of sun protection programs. Higher relative time‐in‐the‐sun persists from childhood through adulthood. Lower summer time‐in‐the‐sun in the warmest location may have implications for predictions of UVR‐related health risks of climate change.
Localized In Vivo Activation of a Photoactivatable Doxorubicin Prodrug in Deep Tumor Tissue
Authors: Ibsen Stuart , Zahavy Eran , Wrasidlo Wolf , Hayashi Tomoko , Norton John , Su Yongxuan , Adams Stephen , Esener Sadik 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSparing sensitive healthy tissue from chemotherapy exposure is a critical challenge in the treatment of cancer. The work described here demonstrates the localized in vivo photoactivation of a new chemotherapy prodrug of doxorubicin (DOX). The DOX prodrug (DOX‐PCB) was 200 times less toxic than DOX and was designed to release pure DOX when exposed to 365 nm light. This wavelength was chosen because it had good tissue penetration through a 1 cm diameter tumor, but had very low skin penetration, due to melanin absorption, preventing uncontrolled activation from outside sources. The light was delivered specifically to the tumor tissue using a specialized fiber‐optic LED system. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that DOX‐PCB had an α circulation half‐life of 10 min which was comparable to that of DOX at 20 min. DOX‐PCB demonstrated resistance to metabolic cleavage ensuring that exposure to 365 nm light was the main mode of in vivo activation. Tissue extractions from tumors exposed to 365 nm light in vivo showed the presence of DOX‐PCB as well as activated DOX. The exposed tumors had six times more DOX concentration than nearby unexposed control tumors. This in vivo proof of concept demonstrates the first preferential activation of a photocleavable prodrug in deep tumor tissue.
Firm R&D, Absorptive Capacity and Learning by Exporting: Firm‐level Evidence from China
Authors: Dai Mi , Yu Miaojie 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe absorptive capacity of firms developed through R&D promotes learning by exporting. In this paper, we estimate the instantaneous and long‐run productivity effects of exporting on the universe of Chinese manufacturing firms. We find that exporting has very different productivity effects for firms with different pre‐export R&D status. It has large and lasting productivity effects for firms with pre‐export R&D, while it has little effects for firms without pre‐export R&D. Furthermore, the effect of exporting increases with the number of years of pre‐export R&D investment.
The Trend and Mechanism of Intergenerational Income Mobility in China: An Analysis from the Perspective of Human Capital, Social Capital and Wealth
Authors: Zhigang Yuan , Lin Chen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIntergenerational income mobility is the extent to which children’s incomedepends on their parents. The increasing of intergenerational income mobilitycan relieve the social pressure caused by the income gap and provide the incentivefor hardworking and human capital investment. Using microdata and economicempirical technique, this study analyses the time trend and structuralmechanism of China’s intergenerational income mobility in 1988–2005. Theresults suggest the intergenerational income mobility improves in the early period,then becomes stable and even shows a deteriorating sign recently. Humancapital, social capital and wealth explain more than 60 per cent of the intergenerationalincome mobility in China, with wealth contributing the largest proportion.Promoting education equality, eliminating the labour market segmentationand deepening the market–oriented reform are suggested to help improve theintergenerational income mobility in China.
The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on International Migration: Does Education Matter?
Authors: Wang Miao , Wong M. C. Sunny , Granato Jim 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUsing migration data in 1990 and 2000, we find that inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in non‐OECD countries affects the out‐migration of individuals with tertiary and secondary education to OECD countries originating the investments, but has no significant effect on the out‐migration of individuals with primary education. Distinguishing between linkage and home effects, our results show a dominant home effect of FDI for individuals with tertiary education, but a stronger linkage effect for those with secondary education. The existing stock of former migrants in foreign countries influences the out‐migration of individuals with primary education.
Prevalence of pain in a university veterinary intensive care unit
Authors: Moran Clara E. , Hofmeister Erik H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence of pain in veterinaryICUpatients, to determine if there are predictors for patients to be painful, and to relate 3 commonly used pain scoring systems with each other.DesignCross‐sectional observational study.SettingThe study was conducted in the small animalICUat the University ofGeorgiaVeterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsAll dogs admitted during June 1, 2010–August 5, 2010 were eligible for inclusion. Exclusion criteria included patients receiving supplemental oxygen, comatose animals, aggressive animals, and animals with a zoonotic disease.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsTwice daily, at randomly generated times, an independent observer assessed every eligible dog for pain using three different methods: theGlasgow composite pain scale (Glasgow), a visual analogue scale (VAS), and a simple descriptive scale (SDS). Six hundred twenty‐nine observations were made on 230 individual dogs over a 63‐day time period. Dogs who were receiving hydromorphone or were on the orthopedic or neurosurgical service were more likely to be described as painful. Overall, 22% of dogs were described as painful, and this was not different depending on time of day or day of the week. There was no difference in slope betweenVASandGlasgow scores depending on order. The kappa statistic was 0.58 betweenGlasgow andSDS, 0.70 betweenVASandSDS, and 0.47 betweenGlasgow andVAS.ConclusionsIn this study population, dogs undergoing surgery needed a more intense analgesic approach to ensure that they were nonpainful. TheSDSidentified the highest number of painful observations of the scoring systems, at the given levels for defining pain.
Measuring the level of agreement between directly measured blood pressure and pressure readings obtained with a veterinary‐specific oscillometric unit in anesthetized dogs
Authors: Acierno Mark J. , Fauth Erika , Mitchell Mark A. , da Cunha Anderson 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if an oscillometric device optimized for use in dogs produces systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures (MAPs) measurements that are in good agreement with directly obtained pressuresDesignProspective study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsTwenty‐one dogs under general anesthesia for surgical procedures.InterventionsA 20‐Ga catheter was placed into the dorsal pedal artery and systolic, diastolic, and MAPs were directly measured using a validated blood pressure measurement system. Indirect blood pressure measurements were collected using a widely available veterinary oscillometric blood pressure unit. Results obtained by the 2 methods were then compared.Measurements and Main ResultsAgreement between the directly and indirectly measured pressure demonstrated a bias of 9.9 mm Hg and limits of agreement (LOA) 73.7 to −53.9, a bias of −8.9 mm Hg and LOA 23.3 to −41.2, and a bias of −6.3 mm Hg and LOA 28.2 to −40.8 for systolic, diastolic, and MAP, respectively.ConclusionsThere was poor agreement between the direct and indirect measured blood pressure measurement systems. Therefore, use of the oscillometric blood pressure unit evaluated in this study for monitoring patients under anesthesia cannot be recommended at this time.
Influence of the Vaginal Microbiota on Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 Production by Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: MacPhee Roderick A. , Miller Wayne L. , Gloor Gregory B. , McCormick John K. , Hammond Jo-Anne , Burton Jeremy P. , Reid Gregor 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Menstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a serious illness that afflicts women of premenopausal age worldwide and arises from vaginal infection by
Staphylococcus aureus
and concurrent production of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). Studies have illustrated the capacity of lactobacilli to reduce
S. aureus
virulence, including the capacity to suppress TSST-1. We hypothesized that an aberrant microbiota characteristic of pathogenic bacteria would induce the increased production of TSST-1 and that this might represent a risk factor for the development of TSS. A
S. aureus
TSST-1 reporter strain was grown in the presence of vaginal swab contents collected from women with a clinically healthy vaginal status, women with an intermediate status, and those diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis (BV). Bacterial supernatant challenge assays were also performed to test the effects of aerobic vaginitis (AV)-associated pathogens toward TSST-1 production. While clinical samples from healthy and BV women suppressed toxin production,
in vitro
studies demonstrated that
Streptococcus agalactiae
and
Enterococcus
spp. significantly induced TSST-1 production, while some
Lactobacillus
spp. suppressed it. The findings suggest that women colonized by
S. aureus
and with AV, but not BV, may be more susceptible to menstrual TSS and would most benefit from prophylactic treatment.
Comparison of the Genome Sequences of “Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum” Primary Endosymbionts of the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci B and Q Biotypes
Authors: Jiang Zi-Feng , Xia Fangfang , Johnson Kipp W. , Brown Christopher D. , Bartom Elizabeth , Tuteja Jigyasa H. , Stevens Rick , Grossman Robert L. , Brumin Marina , White Kevin P. , Ghanim Murad 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

“
Candidatus
Portiera aleyrodidarum” is the primary endosymbiont of whiteflies. We report two complete genome sequences of this bacterium from the worldwide invasive B and Q biotypes of the whitefly
Bemisia tabaci
. Differences in the two genome sequences may add insights into the complex differences in the biology of both biotypes.