bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Dry Eye Disease Treatment based on the 2007 Report of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (DEWS)
Authors: Utheim O. , Ræder S. , Utheim T.P. , Eidet J.R. , Badian R. , Stojanovic A. , Chen X. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo assess the effect of dry eye disease (DED) treatment according to the guidelines reported by the International Dry Eye WorkShop (DEWS) in 2007.MethodsDry eye disease patients with or without meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), treated at the Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, with at least 6 months follow‐up time were consecutively included in the study. The choice of treatment for DED was based on the dry eye severity level (DESL), according to the 2007 Report of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (DEWS). The values of tear film break‐up time (TBUT), Schirmer I test, ocular surface staining (Oxford scale), and dry eye severity level (DESL) on the right eye at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after the treatment were compared with those prior to treatment.ResultsA total of 237 eyes were included. At 6 months follow‐up, TBUT increased from 5.07 ± 3.63s to 8.54 ± 5.12s (p < 0.001); Schirmer I test did not show significant change; ocular surface staining decreased from 1.64 ± 2.13 to 0.76 ± 1.20; and DESL decreased from 2.08 ± 0.47 to 1.72 ± 0.54 (p < 0.001). The improvement of TBUT, ocular surface staining, and DESL remained significant at 24 months follow‐up.ConclusionsTreatment based on the 2007 Report of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (DEWS) was effective in a Norwegian cohort of DED patients with significant improvement in key parameters for assessing DED.
Tolerance to deer herbivory and resistance to insect herbivores in the common evening primrose (Oenothera biennis)
Authors: Puentes A. , Johnson M. T. J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe evolution of plant defence in response to herbivory will depend on the fitness effects of damage, availability of genetic variation and potential ecological and genetic constraints on defence. Here, we examine the potential for evolution of tolerance to deer herbivory in Oenothera biennis while simultaneously considering resistance to natural insect herbivores. We examined (i) the effects of deer damage on fitness, (ii) the presence of genetic variation in tolerance and resistance, (iii) selection on tolerance, (iv) genetic correlations with resistance that could constrain evolution of tolerance and (v) plant traits that might predict defence. In a field experiment, we simulated deer damage occurring early and late in the season, recorded arthropod abundances, flowering phenology and measured growth rate and lifetime reproduction. Our study showed that deer herbivory has a negative effect on fitness, with effects being more pronounced for late‐season damage. Selection acted to increase tolerance to deer damage, yet there was low and nonsignificant genetic variation in this trait. In contrast, there was substantial genetic variation in resistance to insect herbivores. Resistance was genetically uncorrelated with tolerance, whereas positive genetic correlations in resistance to insect herbivores suggest there exists diffuse selection on resistance traits. In addition, growth rate and flowering time did not predict variation in tolerance, but flowering phenology was genetically correlated with resistance. Our results suggest that deer damage has the potential to exert selection because browsing reduces plant fitness, but limited standing genetic variation in tolerance is expected to constrain adaptive evolution in O. biennis.
A practice‐based clinical evaluation of the survival and success of metal‐ceramic and zirconia molar crowns: 5‐year results
Authors: Rinke S. , Kramer K. , Bürgers R. , Roediger M. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThis practice‐based study evaluates the survival and success of conventionally luted metal‐ceramic and zirconia molar crowns fabricated by using a prolonged cooling period for the veneering porcelain. Fifty‐three patients were treated from 07/2008 to 07/2009 with either metal‐ceramic crowns (MCC) or zirconia crowns (ZC). Forty‐five patients (26 female) with 91 restorations (obser‐vational period: 64·0 ± 4·8 months) participated in a clinical follow‐up examination and were included in the study. Estimated cumulative survival (ECSv), success (ECSc) and veneering ceramic success (ECVCSc) were calculated (Kaplan–Meier) and analysed by the crown fabrication technique and the position of the restoration (Cox regression model) (P < 0·05). Five complete failures (MCC: 2, ZC: 3) were recorded (5‐year ECSv: MCC: 97·6%, (95% confidence interval (95%‐CI): [93%; 100%]/ZC: 94·0%, (95%‐CI): [87%; 100%]). Of the MCCs (n = 41), 85·0%, [95%‐CI: (77%; 96%)] remained event‐free, whereas the ECSc for the ZCs (n = 50) was 74·3% (95%‐CI): [61%; 87%]. No significant differences in ECSv (P = 0·51), ECSc (P = 0·43) and ECVCSc (P = 0·36) were detected between the two fabrication techniques. Restorations placed on terminal abutments (n = 44) demonstrated a significantly lower ECVCSc (P = 0·035), (5‐year VCF‐rate: 14·8%) than crowns placed on tooth‐neighboured abutments (n = 47), (5‐year VCF‐rate: 4·3%). In the present study, zirconia molar crowns demonstrated a 5‐year ECSv, ECSc and ECVCSc comparable to MCCs. Irrespective of the fabrication technique, crowns on terminal abutments bear a significantly increased risk for VCFs. Clinical investigations with an increased number of restorations are needed.
Holy War, Progress, and “Modern Mohammedans” in Colonial Southeast Asia1
Authors: Gedacht Joshua 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe idea of perang sabil, a hybrid Malay/Arabic term roughly translated as war in the way of Allah, persists as an enduring staple of the popular and academic literature on resistance to colonial rule in Aceh and Mindanao. However, even in the midst of a genuine conflict zone, holy war signified neither a fixed term with any preordained meaning nor a straightforward reflection of violence between implacably opposed antagonists. Drawing from the records of colonial scholars, soldiers, and officials, as well as a variety of local Southeast Asian newspapers, I argue that perang sabil emerged as a multivalent discursive weapon. The idea of perang sabil served as a contingent and contested signifier that non‐Muslim colonizer and Muslim colonized alike could deploy in ongoing dialogical engagements over the proper definition of progress and reform, of “good” versus “bad” Muslims, and of the very nature of what might be called a “modern Mohammedan.” Indeed, while colonial invaders frequently portrayed perang sabil as the antithesis of modernity, logically embedded in that very rhetorical move was the necessity of acknowledging some “good” Islamic alternative, of promoting forms of piety that could eschew rebellion and serve the aspirations of the colonial state. This article will demonstrate that many Acehnese and Mindanaons seized this opening, promoting theological reform, forging new mutual aid societies, and in the process, paradoxically, leveraging the epistemic violence of colonialism to reconfigure their Muslim identity. However, such categories of progress and reform, “good Muslim” and “bad” Muslim, would not prove stable. This article will further demonstrate that the constant valuation and revaluation of holy war that arose from debates across the colonial divide often spun well beyond the control of the authorities. Indeed, even as colonial regimes sought to produce “good Muslims” in opposition to violent resistance, by the late 1930s and 40s, a fledgling cohort of nationalists moved to commemorate martyrdom and perang sabil not as the antithesis of modernity, but as its very apotheosis.
Changes in serum cystatin C, creatinine, and C‐reactive protein after cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with normal preoperative kidney function
Authors: Svensson Anders S. , Kvitting John‐Peder Escobar , Kovesdy Csaba P. , Cederholm Ingemar , Szabó Zoltán 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimThe use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can cause changes in serum creatinine and cystatin C independent of glomerular filtration rate. We aimed to quantify the temporal changes of these biomarkers and C‐reactive protein (CRP) after CPB.MethodsThis was a prospective study at an academic medical centre between April and October 2013. We compared postoperative changes in serum creatinine and cystatin C in 38 patients with normal preoperative kidney function who underwent cardiac surgery using CPB and did not develop perioperative acute kidney injury (AKI). The effect of inflammation on intra‐individual changes was examined in mixed effects regressions, using measurements of pre‐ and postoperative CRP.ResultsBoth serum creatinine (79.9 ± 22.7 vs. 92.6 ± 21.4 µmol/L, P = 0.001) and cystatin C (1.16 ± 0.39 vs. 1.33 ± 0.37 mg/L, P = 0.012) decreased significantly in the first 8 h postoperatively compared to preoperatively, as a result of haemodilution. Thereafter serum creatinine returned to preoperative levels, whereas serum cystatin C continued to rise and was significantly elevated at 72 h post‐CPB compared to preoperative levels (1.53 ± 0.48 vs. 1.33 ± 0.37 mg/L, P = 0.003). CRP levels increased significantly post‐CPB and were significantly associated with increases in both serum creatinine and cystatin C.ConclusionSerum creatinine and cystatin C appear not to be interchangeable biomarkers during and immediately after CPB. Processes unrelated to kidney function such as acute inflammation have a significant effect on post‐CPB changes in these biomarkers, and may result in significant increases in serum cystatin C that could erroneously be interpreted as AKI.
‘CPAN 1842’: a new source of adult plant leaf rust resistance in bread wheat
Authors: Mishra Akhilesh N. , Kaushal Kamini , Dubey Vijay G. , Sai Prasad Sakuru V. , T.L Prakasha 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThere is worldwide interest in adult plant resistance (APR) because of greater durability of APR to the cereal rusts. Peruvian bread wheat genotype ‘CPAN (Coordinated Project Accession Number) 1842’ (LM 50–53) has shown leaf rust resistance in disease screening nurseries since its introduction in 1977. However, it is susceptible at the seedling stage to several Puccinia triticina (Pt) pathotypes including the widely prevalent 77‐5 (121R63‐1) that infects bread wheat. Inheritance studies showed that CPAN 1842 carried a dominant gene for APR to pathotype 77‐5, which was different from Lr12, Lr13, Lr22a, Lr34, Lr35, Lr37, Lr46, Lr48, Lr49 and Lr68, based on the tests of allelism; and from Lr67, based on genotyping with the closely linked SSR marker cfd71. This gene should also be different from Lr22b as the latter is totally ineffective against pathotype 77‐5. CPAN 1842 therefore appears to be a new promising source of leaf rust resistance. Also having resistance to stem rust and stripe rust, this line can contribute to breeding for multiple rust resistances in wheat.
Pharmaceutical Product Development and Liability With Chantix®: A Teaching Case
Authors: Wells Brenda 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn 2006, Pfizer introduced Chantix® to the American medical marketplace. Touted as an effective tool for smoking cessation, the drug experienced first‐year sales of just under $900 million. With smokers costing employers thousands of dollars more each year than nonsmokers, and with public pressure to give up cigarettes, many embraced Chantix® as a miracle drug. What many did not understand was that the drug was rushed to market before extensive testing and clinical trials could be conducted to prove its safety for a wide variety of users, especially those with psychiatric conditions.This case tells the story of Chantix®: how it works, how it came to market, and the more than 2,700 lawsuits that were filed as a result of injuries claimed to be caused by the drug. Students are given the opportunity to consider the ramifications of risk management decisions made throughout the development and marketing of the drug, as well as how litigation involving the medication might have been handled.
Is ERM Legally Required? Yes for Financial and Governmental Institutions, No for Private Enterprises
Authors: Whitman Andrew F. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe examine whether enterprise risk management (ERM) is legally required for financial institutions (e.g., banks, securities brokerage firms, insurance, hedge funds and mutual funds), government entities, publicly traded companies, and private enterprises. We find that ERM is legally required for U.S. financial institutions and for some government‐sponsored enterprises. Legally required means required by U.S. statutes, federal case law, or U.S. regulatory agencies (e.g., Securities and Exchange Commission [SEC]). ERM is an important factor for rating organizations (e.g., Standard & Poor's [S&P]), but not legally required. We found no U.S. statutes or federal court cases requiring an ERM framework for private enterprises, although ERM is accepted as a value‐contributing best practice, and elements of ERM are practiced by some private enterprises. For publically traded companies, elements of ERM are required by federal statute, by the SEC, and by S&P. We suggest that if a private enterprise is sued in U.S. federal court alleging breach of a legal duty to practice ERM, the suit will likely be dismissed. We trace the development of ERM from a traditional risk management (TRM) base. Fortunately, ERM is recognized as a value‐contributing best practice in corporate governance even when legal standards do not require it.
Self‐Funding of Health‐Care Plans by Small Firms: Risks and Reforms
Authors: Pozen Robert , Vinjamoori Anant 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSmall employers that offer health insurance have usually offered fully insured products through traditional health plans. Recently, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) has created new requirements for fully insured products that will entice more small firms to fund their own health‐care benefits. However, self‐funding poses significant risks to these small firms, their employees, and state exchanges. To mitigate some of these risks within current political realities, we recommend advance disclosures—to small firms of material changes in their stop‐loss policies, and to their employees that premium subsidies are available only on ACA exchanges. We also suggest strengthening Small Business Health Options Program exchanges by broadening the availability of subsidies and building partnerships with brokers. Finally, we recommend an expanded role for brokers and third‐party administrators in helping small firms improve their choice of health‐care insurance.
Identification of Suitable Reference Genes for Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Subset Studies in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Oturai D. B. , Søndergaard H. B. , Börnsen L. , Sellebjerg F. , Romme Christensen J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractQuantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) involves the need of a proper standard for normalizing the gene expression data. Different studies have shown the validity of reference genes to vary greatly depending on tissue, cell subsets and experimental context. This study aimed at the identification of suitable reference genes for qPCR studies using different peripheral blood cell subsets (whole blood (WB) cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and PBMC subsets (CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells, monocytes, B cells and dendritic cells) from healthy controls (HC), patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and interferon‐β‐treated patients with RRMS (RRMS‐IFN‐β). Eight candidate reference genes (CASC3, EEF1A1, GAPDH, HPRT1, RPLP0, UBC, UBE2D2 and YWHAZ) were analysed using normfinder and genorm algorithms to identify the most stably expressed genes. We found reference gene expression varied most across cell subsets, and less variation between the donor groups. UBE2D2 was the most stably expressed gene across both HC and RRMS patients and across cell subsets, while UBC was the most stably expressed gene between HC, RRMS and RRMS‐IFN‐β patients. UBE2D2 and HPRT1 was the most stable combination for analyses of cell subsets between HC and RRMS patients, while the combination of UBC and YWHAZ was superior for analysis of cell subsets between HC, RRMS and RRMS‐IFN‐β groups. GAPDH was generally unsuitable for blood cell subset studies in multiple sclerosis. In conclusion, we found that blood cell subsets result in marked variation in reference gene expression, and we identified suitable reference genes for studies involving PBMC subsets, RRMS patients and interferon‐β treatment.
Comparison of manual hematocrit determinations versus automated methods for hematopoietic progenitor cell apheresis products
Authors: Avecilla Scott T. , Marionneaux Steven M. , Leiva Tyler D. , Tonon Jo‐ann , Chan Virgil T. , Moung Christine , Meagher Richard C. , Maslak Peter 
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUNDAllogeneic hematopoietic stem cell donor selection is based primarily on human leukocyte antigen degree of match and it often occurs without regard to the red blood cell (RBC) compatibility between donor and recipient. When major ABO‐mismatched grafts are infused, it is imperative that an accurate determination of the incompatible RBC content is made to ensure that the product is safe for infusion. RBC content determination requires the hematocrit (Hct) parameter which can be obtained via manual (directly measured) or automated (calculated) methods.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSNinety‐seven apheresis hematopoietic progenitor grafts were assessed for Hct by manual testing and by four commercially available automated hematology analyzer instruments. A clinical model was developed to assess the frequency of unnecessary RBC reductions or alteration in standard infusion practice.RESULTSSignificant (p < 0.001) differences were observed where the manual Hct value was markedly lower than automated Hct values. At stringent incompatible RBC threshold of 10 mL, the number of preventable RBC reduction procedures ranged from 18% to 69%.CONCLUSIONAccurate determination of RBC content of hematopoietic progenitor grafts is essential for patient safety. Despite the rapidity and convenience offered by automated Hct methods, they significantly overestimate the incompatible RBC content of grafts, which may trigger unnecessary RBC reduction procedures or split infusions. In products where automated Hct methods indicate excessive amounts of incompatible RBCs are present, we advise the performance of confirmatory testing with a manual Hct method to ensure that the automated Hct value is not a false positive.
Accuracy of routine cytology and immunocytochemistry in preoperative diagnosis of oral amelanotic melanomas in dogs
Authors: Przeździecki Rafał , Czopowicz Michał , Sapierzyński Rafał 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundAmelanotic melanomas are one of the most common oral malignancies. The cytologic and histopathologic differentiation between amelanotic melanoma, sarcoma, and poorly differentiated carcinoma is often difficult or even impossible.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the reliability of routine cytology and immunocytochemistry in preoperative diagnosis of canine oral amelanotic melanoma.MethodsCytologic preparations from undifferentiated canine oral tumors were stained with Giemsa and by immunocytochemistry (ICC) using anti‐cytokeratin, anti‐vimentin, and anti‐Melan A antibodies. The final cytologic diagnosis (includingICC) was compared to the final diagnosis based on histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) results, and sensitivity and specificity of cytologic examination were determined.ResultsFinal cytologic diagnoses of 38 cases agreed well with the histopathologic/immunohistochemical diagnoses, thus both specificity and sensitivity of combined routine cytology andICCwere 100% (95% confidence interval 90.8–100%). Of 32 oral tumors, diagnosis of amelanotic melanoma, sarcoma, and carcinoma was made using routine cytology andICC. In 4 of 6 aspirates taken from lymph nodes, a preliminary diagnosis of metastatic amelanotic melanoma corresponded with the final diagnosis. Both sensitivity and specificity of routine cytology in diagnosis of amelanotic melanomas were considered moderate (66.7% and 85.7%, respectively).ConclusionsIn conclusion, routine cytology is a reliable diagnostic method for canine oral amelanotic melanoma and metastatic amelanotic melanoma, andICC, using anti‐cytokeratin, anti‐vimentin, and anti‐Melan A antibodies, is an excellent supporting method for presurgical diagnosis of poorly differentiated oral malignancies in dogs.
Perioperative trends in plasma colloid osmotic pressure in horses undergoing surgery
Authors: Raftery Alexandra G. , Morgan Ruth A. , MacFarlane Paul D. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo compare perioperative trends in plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) between horses undergoing orthopedic and colic surgery.DesignProspective clinical study September 2009–January 2011.SettingVeterinary university teaching hospital.AnimalsThirty‐three healthy, client‐owned horses presenting for orthopedic surgery (non‐GI) and 85 client‐owned horses presenting for emergency exploratory celiotomy (GI, gastrointestinal).InterventionsNone.MeasurementsData relating to the horse's parameters on presentation, surgical lesion, post‐operative management and survival were extracted from computerized clinical records. Heparinized blood samples were taken on presentation (PreOp, pre‐operative), on recovery from anesthesia (T0), at 12 (T12) and 24 (T24) hours post recovery. COP was measured within 4 hours of collection.ResultsThere was no significant difference in PreOp or T0 COP between groups. Both groups had a significant decrease in COP during anesthesia. When compared to their respective pre‐operative values, horses in the non‐GI group had significantly increased COP at T12, whereas those in the GI group had significantly reduced COP. This trend was continued at T24. Horses in the GI group placed on intravenous crystalloid isotonic fluids post‐operatively had a significantly lower COP at T12 and T24. Horses in the GI group that did not survive had significantly lower post‐operative COP values at T24.ConclusionsHorses undergoing exploratory celiotomy had significantly lower COP post‐operatively than those horses undergoing orthopedic surgery. This difference was more marked in those horses receiving isotonic crystalloid intravenous fluid therapy post‐operatively and in those that did not survive to discharge. In the non‐GI group an increase in COP post‐operatively was common.
Primary isolated osteoma cutis causing eyelid deformation and strabismus in a dog
Authors: Hindley Kate E. , Billson F. Mark , Piripi Susan , Verbruggen Anne Marie , Havlicek Martin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractOsteoma cutis describes bone formation in skin and is well documented in the medical literature, but veterinary reports are few. We report a single case of a juvenile samoyed that was referred for assessment of a superior eyelid anomaly. Exploratory surgery and histopathology revealed the presence of mature, lamellar bone within the superior eyelid. The histologic appearance was consistent with primary osteoma cutis. The presence of the ossification within the deep dermis of the eyelid was associated with an abnormal conformation causing trichiasis, keratitis and dorsal strabismus. Identification of the osseous lesion during surgery and its removal was curative with no recurrence of disease during the 32 month follow‐up period.