bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fixed‐Term Contracts: Short‐Term Blessings or Long‐Term Scars? Empirical Findings from theNetherlands 1980–2000
Authors: Mooi‐Reci Irma , Dekker Ronald 
Published: April 2013

AbstractUsing a comprehensive longitudinal dataset of prime‐ageDutch workers over the period 1980–2000, we examine how a previously held job with a fixed‐term contract influences both the likelihood and the duration of a future spell of unemployment. Analyses show thatDutch workers with fixed‐term contracts experience higher risks of future unemployment and have no shorter spells of unemployment compared to workers with regular contracts. Results also reveal that swifter employment re‐entries among men with fixed‐term contracts can be explained by their job search effortsbeforeunemployment. Our study (partly) invalidates theoretical positions that claim that fixed‐term contracts foster employment security by shortening unemployment durations; suggesting that fixed‐term contracts are a short‐term blessing that could end, for some workers, in a recurrent unemployment trap.
Workplace Flexibilities, Job Satisfaction and Union Membership in the US Workforce
Authors: Cotti Chad D. , Haley M. Ryan , Miller Laurie A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractUsing individual‐level data from the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce, we quantify how workers' job satisfaction levels correlate with five schedule‐based workplace flexibilities. The data permit us to control for numerous variables that might otherwise explain variation in the probability of job satisfaction, including, but not limited to, income, benefits, stress, depression, job control and individual preferences over flexibilities. Conditional on this control set, we find that workplace flexibilities correlate with an 8.1 per cent increase in job satisfaction. The relationship between job satisfaction and workplace flexibilities prevails through several sensitivity analyses, bias assessments and a propensity score matching analysis. We also explore how job satisfaction, union membership and workplace flexibilities intermix; we find that workplace flexibilities may function as a partial substitute for union membership.
Student help seeking from pastoral care in UK high schools: a qualitative study
Authors: Kendal Sarah , Keeley Philip , Callery Peter 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundLittle is known about high school students' perceptions of school‐based pastoral support. This study aimed to explore this in the context of a high school–based emotional support project.MethodsQualitative interviews explored perspectives on help seeking of students (N = 23) and staff (N = 27) in three UK high schools where a pastoral project was introduced. Data were analysed thematically.ResultsStudent peer groups perceived help seeking as a sign of weakness. However, students valued learning skills in managing emotions and friendships. Staff expressed concerns about students' ability to help seek proactively, and highlighted organisational influences on pastoral support.ConclusionsIncreasing student control over the process, and involving trusted staff, could encourage help seeking in high school. It is possible to access the views of students who do not help seek, to improve understanding of help‐seeking behaviour.
Hepatic B cells are readily activated by Toll-like receptor-4 ligation and secrete less interleukin-10 than lymphoid tissue B cells
Authors: Zhang H , Stolz D B , Chalasani G , Thomson A W 
Published: April 2013

Summary
B cells perform various immunological functions that include production of antibody, presentation of antigens, secretion of multiple cytokines and regulation of immune responses mainly via their secretion of interleukin (IL)-10. While the liver is regarded both as an important immune organ and a tolerogenic environment, little is known about the functional biology of hepatic B cells. In this study we demonstrate that, following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in vivo, normal mouse hepatic B cells rapidly increase their surface expression of CD39, CD40, CD80 and CD86, and produce significantly elevated levels of proinflammatory interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α compared with splenic B cells. Moreover, LPS-activated hepatic B cells produce very low levels of IL-10 compared with activated splenic B cells that produce comparatively high levels of this immunosuppressive cytokine. Splenic, but not hepatic, B cells inhibited the activation of liver conventional myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs). Furthermore, compared with the spleen, the liver exhibited significantly smaller proportions of B1a and marginal zone-like B cells, which have been shown to produce IL-10 upon LPS stimulation. These data suggest that, unlike in the spleen, IL-10-producing regulatory B cells in the liver are not a prominent cell type. Consistent with this, when compared with liver conventional mDCs from B cell-deficient mice, those from B cell-competent wild-type mice displayed enhanced expression of the cell surface co-stimulatory molecule CD86, greater production of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-12p40) and reduced secretion of IL-10. These findings suggest that hepatic B cells have the potential to initiate rather than regulate inflammatory responses.
The role of osteopontin in the induction of the CD40 ligand in Graves' disease
Authors: Qi Yicheng , Li Xiaoli , Ma Xinran , Xu Lingyan , Zhang Xiaofang , Jiang Xiaohua , Hong Jie , Cui Bin , Ning Guang , Wang Shu 
Published: April 2013

SummaryObjectiveGraves' disease (GD) is a common autoimmune disease involved autoantibody production. Although we previously reported that osteopontin (OPN), a proinflammatory protein, affected development of GD through NF‐κB activation, little is known about the role of OPN in regulating immunoglobulin production in GD. CD40 Ligand (CD40L) is expressed on the surface of activated CD4+T cells and costimulates CD40 on B cells, stimulating production of immunoglobulins, a process which has been reported to play a vital role in immunological signalling transduction in several autoimmune diseases. This study sought to characterize the relationship between CD40L and GD development, as well as investigating the role of OPN in modulating immunoglobulin production in GD via CD40L.MethodsForty incident patients with GD, twenty‐one patients with GD in remission and twenty‐seven healthy controls were recruited. Both membrane‐bound and soluble forms of CD40L were measured, and their correlations with clinical parameters were studied. In addition, correlation between OPN and CD40L level was also examined. Furthermore, we studied the regulatory effect of OPN on CD40L in CD4+T cells.ResultsWe demonstrated that the CD40L levels were enhanced in patients with GD and recovered in patients with GD in remission. CD40L levels correlated with clinical GD diagnostic parameters and OPN concentration. Moreover, human recombinant OPN and plasma samples from patients with GD increased CD40L expression, which could be significantly suppressed by OPN monoclonal antibody. In addition, CD40L antibody blocked the immunoglobulin production augmented by OPN in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), isolated from patients with GD and healthy subjects.ConclusionThese results indicate that CD40L is induced by OPN and serves as the downstream effector of OPN for immunoglobulin production in GD development.
The Myth of Failed Integration: The Case of Eastern Oslo
Authors: ANDERSEN BENGT , BISETH HEIDI 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this article we examine the dominant assumptions that immigrant youth living in the working‐class suburban areas in Oslo, Norway are marginalized and angry. We argue that there is no proof that immigrants living in the Oslo suburbs are alienated from society. Nor do we see any indications of some form of mobilization among this group. This dominant assumption is linked to a larger misperception about “ghettos” in Oslo. The idea, that there are “immigrant ghettos” in Oslo, has similarities with, and draws on public debates about “immigrants” in other European cities and a broader international scholarly discourse. In this paper we show that teenagers and young adults in the most materially deprived areas in Oslo are not socially isolated, but actively participate in crucial mainstream institutions and arenas. We show that these youths have ideals, values, and ambitions that closely duplicate those of most Norwegian teenagers and young adults. We conclude therefore, that the young people labeled as “immigrants” are not only integral members of Norwegian society, but co‐producers of it.
Narratives of Moral Order in Michigan's Foreclosure Crisis
Authors: JEFFERSON ANNA 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn the United States foreclosure crisis since 2007, millions of homeowners have strived but failed to hold onto homeownership. This crisis threatens to unsettle the myth of the American dream and deep‐seated cultural beliefs about the self as a moral, political, and financial subject. On the whole, mainstream narratives blame homeowners for their predicaments or at least hold them responsible for the consequences of the housing bust. This article examines how homeowners, housing professionals, and activists in Michigan confront narratives of blame and flawed foreclosure prevention programs. Michigan has been pivotal in the formation of beliefs about the American dream, evidenced in the blue‐collar middle class, as well as being emblematic of deindustrialization and the foreclosure crisis. Confronting a multi‐layered crisis, homeowners, housing professionals, and activists in Michigan produce narratives of suicide, walking away, or strategically defaulting on the mortgage. These narratives present moral critiques of lenders, enact and challenge tropes of blame, and imagine ways to recapture (albeit constrained) agency.
Gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase level is a novel adverse prognostic indicator in human metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: He W.‐z. , Guo G.‐f. , Yin C.‐x. , Jiang C. , Wang F. , Qiu H.‐j. , Chen X.‐x. , Rong R.‐m. , Zhang B. , Xia L.‐p. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimBiomarkers have been utilized for prognosis in colorectal cancer; however, relatively few have been identified. We compared the prognostic value of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA19‐9) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).MethodBlood samples were collected from 239 patients with mCRC presenting between 2005 and 2010 in the Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center.ResultsCEA (P < 0.001), CA19‐9 (P < 0.001), GGT (P < 0.001), ALP (P < 0.001) and LDH (P = 0.001) were statistically significant prognostic factors of overall survival (OS). CEA (P = 0.002) and GGT (P = 0.021) were validated as independent predictors. On univariate analysis, CEA (P = 0.003), CA19‐9 (P = 0.006), GGT (P < 0.001) and ALP (P = 0.001) were statistically significant predictive factors of progression‐free survival (PFS) in patients having first‐line chemotherapy. CEA (P = 0.011) and GGT (P = 0.027) were independent predictors. GGT (P = 0.001), ALP (P = 0.016) and LDH (P = 0.039) levels were correlated with the tumour response rate assessed by CT, whilst CEA (P = 0.724) and CA19‐9 (P = 0.822) were not. There was a statistically significant difference in OS (P < 0.001) and PFS (P < 0.001) among patients who had elevations of both CEA and GGT compared with those in whom only one or neither was elevated.ConclusionAmong GGT, LDH and ALP, only GGT plays an independent role with CEA in predicting OS and PFS in mCRC. When coupled with CEA, GGT may lead to improved prognostic predictors.
Pharmacotherapy of amphetamine‐type stimulant dependence: An update
Authors: Brensilver Matthew , Heinzerling Keith G. , Shoptaw Steven 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIssues.Methamphetamine‐ or amphetamine‐type stimulants are the second most frequently used illicit drug worldwide, second only to cannabis. Behavioural treatments are efficacious, but their impact is limited underscoring the need for other treatment options, notably, pharmacotherapy.Approach.A review of randomised controlled trials of pharmacotherapies for methamphetamine‐ or amphetamine‐type stimulants was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Evidence for efficacy of medications is reported.Key Findings.Clinical trials have yielded no broadly effective pharmacotherapy. Promising signals have been observed for methylphenidate, naltrexone, bupropion and mirtazapine in subgroups of patients in reducing stimulant use (e.g. patients with less severe dependence at baseline and men who have sex with men), though none has produced an unambiguous, replicable signal of efficacy.Implications.Problems in Phase II trials, including high dropout rates, missing data and a lack of agreement on outcomes, complicate efforts to find a broadly effective pharmacotherapy for amphetamine‐type stimulant disorders. Efforts to address these problems include calls for better validation of pharmacological target exposure, receptor binding and functional modulation. As well, there is a need for agreement in using findings from preclinical and early phases of the medication development process for selecting better pharmacotherapy candidates.Conclusion.After over 20 years of efforts worldwide to develop a broadly effective medication for dependence on methamphetamine‐ or amphetamine‐type stimulants, no candidate has emerged. This highlights the need for new compounds, consistent and stringent research methods, better integration between preclinical and clinical stages of medication development, and improved collaboration between government, industry and researchers. [Brensilver M, Heinzerling KG, Shoptaw S. Pharmacotherapy of amphetamine‐type stimulant dependence: An update. Drug Alcohol Rev 2013;32:449–460]
What Is Social Construction?
Authors: Diaz‐Leon E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this paper I discuss the question of what it means to say that a property is socially constructed. I focus on an influential project that many social constructivists are engaged in, namely, arguing against the inevitability of a trait, and I examine several recent characterizations of social construction, with the aim of assessing which one is more suited to the task.
The Development of EU Case‐Law on Age Discrimination in Employment: ‘Will You Still Need Me? Will You Still Feed Me? When I'm Sixty‐Four’
Authors: Dewhurst Elaine 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article addresses the development of age discrimination law in the Court of Justice and concludes that there is a marked difference in the level of discretion given to Member States in cases relating to mandatory retirement policies. The article will critique the approach of the Court of Justice to the legitimate objective test and the proportionality test in retirement cases. It will also argue that the decisions of the Court of Justice to date have all involved cases with very similar factual scenarios, and the article hypothesises how a different conclusion might be reached in cases with different factors. It also considers the impact of the Charter of Fundamental Rights on such cases. The article concludes by arguing that mandatory retirement policies may no longer be compatible with EU law and that there is a need to move towards more flexible retirement policies.
Modelling the effects of climate change on the distribution and production of marine fishes: accounting for trophic interactions in a dynamic bioclimate envelope model
Authors: Fernandes Jose A. , Cheung William W. L. , Jennings Simon , Butenschön Momme , de Mora Lee , Frölicher Thomas L. , Barange Manuel , Grant Alastair 
Published: April 2013

AbstractClimate change has already altered the distribution of marine fishes. Future predictions of fish distributions and catches based on bioclimate envelope models are available, but to date they have not considered interspecific interactions. We address this by combining the species‐based Dynamic Bioclimate Envelope Model (DBEM) with a size‐based trophic model. The new approach provides spatially and temporally resolved predictions of changes in species' size, abundance and catch potential that account for the effects of ecological interactions. Predicted latitudinal shifts are, on average, reduced by 20% when species interactions are incorporated, compared to DBEM predictions, with pelagic species showing the greatest reductions. Goodness‐of‐fit of biomass data from fish stock assessments in the North Atlantic between 1991 and 2003 is improved slightly by including species interactions. The differences between predictions from the two models may be relatively modest because, at the North Atlantic basin scale, (i) predators and competitors may respond to climate change together; (ii) existing parameterization of the DBEM might implicitly incorporate trophic interactions; and/or (iii) trophic interactions might not be the main driver of responses to climate. Future analyses using ecologically explicit models and data will improve understanding of the effects of inter‐specific interactions on responses to climate change, and better inform managers about plausible ecological and fishery consequences of a changing environment.
Poor correlation between handgrip strength and isokinetic performance of knee flexor and extensor muscles in community‐dwelling elderly women
Authors: Felicio Diogo Carvalho , Pereira Daniele Sirineu , Assumpção Alexandra Miranda , de Jesus‐Moraleida Fabianna Resende , de Queiroz Barbara Zille , da Silva Juscelio Pereira , de Brito Rosa Naysa Maciel , Dias João Marcos Domingues , Pereira Leani Souza Máximo 
Published: April 2013

AimTo investigate the correlation between handgrip strength and performance of knee flexor and extensor muscles determined using an isokinetic dynamometer in community‐dwelling elderly women.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study. Sample selection for the study was made by convenience, and 221 (71.07 ± 4.93 years) community‐dwelling elderly women were included. Knee flexor and extensor muscle performance was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer Biodex System 3 Pro. The isokinetic variables chosen for analysis were peak torque, peak torque/bodyweight, total work/bodyweight, total work, average power, and agonist/antagonist ratio at the angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s. Assessment of handgrip strength was carried out using the Jamar dynamometer. Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated to identify intervariable correlations.ResultsOnly knee flexor peak torque (60°/s) and average power (60°/s), and knee extensor peak torque (180°/s) and total work (180°/s) were significantly (P < 0.05), yet poorly, correlated with handgrip strength (r < 0.30).ConclusionThe majority of analyses did not show any correlation between variables assessed by isokinetic dynamometer and handgrip dynamometer. Caution is required when generalizing handgrip strength as a predictor of global muscle strength in community‐dwelling elderly women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 185–189.
Evaluation of culturally appropriate health counselling to prevent lifestyle‐related diseases and its modification for practical use as the new ABC model of culturally appropriate counselling for Japanese public health nurses
Authors: Marutani Miki , Tamura Sugako , Miyazaki Misako , Amamiya Yuko 
Published: April 2013

This study evaluates culturally appropriate health counselling to prevent lifestyle‐related diseases and suggests modifications of the method for practical use.Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 13 public health nurses (PHNs) in seven cities with different cultural backgrounds. Data were analysed qualitatively with the following research questions: Do we need to add other cultural factors to the previous six categories or to improve their expression for practical use? Are the methods for using cultural factors valid and expressed in appropriate language for practical use?The original factors were re‐categorized into three classifications—Values, Styles and Relationships—using colloquial expressions. The original methods of using cultural factors were re‐categorized and modified into five phases: Assessment, Acceptance, Awareness, Balance and Connection. The names of the methods were also modified.Modified culturally appropriate health counselling is easily understandable by any PHN and highlights the unique Japanese culture and style of public health nurses.
A Comparison of 0°–0° and 45°–45° bridge‐Seeded, YBCO single grains
Authors: Shi Yunhua , Durrell John H. , Dennis Antony R. , Zhang Zhiwei , Zhai Wei , Hari Babu Nadendla , Cardwell David A. 
Published: April 2013

A variety of multiseeding techniques have been investigated over the past 20 yr in an attempt to enlarge bulk (RE)BCO superconducting samples fabricated by the top‐seeded melt growth (TSMG) process for practical applications. Unfortunately, these studies have failed to establish whether technically useful values of trapped field can be achieved in multiseeded bulk samples. In this work specially designed, 0°–0° and 45°–45° bridge seeds of different lengths have been employed to produce improved alignment of the seeds during the TSMG process. The ability of these bridge‐seeded samples to trap magnetic field, which is the key superconducting property for practical applications of bulk (RE)BCO, is compared for the samples seeded using 0°–0° and 45°–45° bridge seeds of different lengths. The grain boundaries produced by these bridge seeds are analyzed in detail, and the similarities and differences between the two bridge‐seeding processes are discussed.
Salt Loading and Potassium Supplementation: Effects on Ambulatory Arterial Stiffness Index and Endothelin‐1 Levels in Normotensive and Mild Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Liu Zhendong , Peng Jie , Lu Fanghong , Zhao Yingxin , Wang Shujian , Sun Shangwen , Zhang Hua , Diao Yutao 
Published: April 2013

The authors investigated effects of excessive salt intake and potassium supplementation on ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) and endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) in salt‐sensitive and non–salt‐sensitive individuals. AASI and symmetric AASI (s‐AASI) were used as indicators of arterial stiffness. Plasma ET‐1 levels were used as an index of endothelial function. Chronic salt‐loading and potassium supplementation were studied in 155 normotensive to mild hypertensive patients from rural northern China. After 3 days of baseline investigation, participants were maintained sequentially for 7 days each on diets of low salt (51.3 mmol/d), high salt (307.7 mmol/d), and high salt+potassium (60 mmol/d). Ambulatory 24‐hour blood pressure (BP) and plasma ET‐1 were measured at baseline and on the last 2 days of each intervention. High‐salt intervention significantly increased BP, AASI, s‐AASI (all P<.001); potassium supplementation reversed increased plasma ET‐1 levels. High‐salt–induced changes in BP, s‐AASI, and plasma ET‐1 were greater in salt‐sensitive individuals. Potassium supplementation decreased systolic BP and ET‐1 to a significantly greater extent in salt‐sensitive vs non–salt‐sensitive individuals (P<.001). Significant correlations were identified between s‐AASI and ET‐1 change ratios in response to both high‐salt intervention and potassium supplementation (P<.001). Reducing dietary salt and increasing daily potassium improves arterial compliance and ameliorates endothelial dysfunction.