bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Population Health: Determinants and Policy Paradigm
Authors: Corden Timothy E. , Kindig David A. 
Published: February 2013

CME Educational Objectives1.Define a health determinant.2.Review how health determinants affect a child’s physical and mental health and how several adult diseases are rooted in childhood determinant exposures.3.Discuss how biologic health is affected by policies directed at determinants exclusive of traditional medical care program initiatives.During the past several decades, advances in medical science have given us sophisticated new devices, drugs, and technology that improve our armamentarium for carrying out the task of healing. The general concept of pathology-driven medical care has always been relatively straight forward for the public and policymakers to understand: medical care is a safety net for citizens who are unfortunate enough to become ill. Pediatricians, however, also have a long history of understanding that optimum child well-being is the product of multiple “determinants of health,” of which medical care is only one, and perhaps not the most important.
Childhood Immunization Policies and the Prevention of Communicable Disease
Authors: Conway James H. , Green Tiffany 
Published: February 2013

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Review the process through which vaccines are licensed and recommendations are developed for routine use.

2.
Discuss immunization coverage rates.

3.
Review possible strategies to improve immunization coverage rates.

The drastic reduction in the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases through childhood immunization represents one of public health’s greatest achievements. The social and economic benefits gained through the prevention of mortality and morbidity caused by infectious diseases have dramatically improved the lives of people around the world. The most impressive gains have been in developed countries, where abundant economic resources and extensive healthcare systems have supported the development and implementation of increasingly sophisticated and expensive vaccines.
Access to Care for Children: Recent Progress, Remaining Challenges
Authors: Leininger Lindsey Jeanne , Meurer John 
Published: February 2013

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Provide a definition of access to care and its correlates in the pediatric population.

2.
Discuss recent policy initiatives that have targeted improving access to quality health care for children.

3.
Recommend policy changes that improve pediatric access to care and promote the health of children.

Research consistently demonstrates the centrality of having access to medical care in the production of good health.
1–4
Illustratively, the important role that access to care plays in promoting pediatric health is echoed throughout the articles in this issue. Whether fighting communicable disease, providing behavioral health services to at-risk adolescents, or managing chronic physical conditions (such as asthma), achieving key pediatric health goals is crucially dependent upon the presence and accessibility of high-quality health care services.
Effects of Amyloid Beta Peptide on Neurovascular Cells
Authors: Askarova Sholpan , Tsoy Andrey , Shalakhmetova Tamara , Lee James C-M 
Published: February 2013

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in specific regions of the brain, accompanied by impairment of the neurons, and progressive deterioration of cognition and memory of affected individuals. Although the cause and progression of AD are still not well understood, the amyloid hypothesis is dominant and widely accepted. According to this hypothesis, an increased deposition of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain is the main cause of the AD’s onset and progression. There is increasing body of evidence that blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction plays an important role in the development of AD, and may even precede neuron degeneration in AD brain. In the early stage of AD, microvasculature deficiencies, inflammatory reactions, surrounding the cerebral vasculature and endothelial dysfunctions are commonly observed. Continuous neurovascular degeneration and accumulation of Aβ on blood vessels resulting in cerebral amyloid angiopathy is associated with further progression of the disease and cognitive decline. However, little is known about molecular mechanisms that underlie Aβ induced damage of neurovascular cells. In this regards, this review is aimed to address how Aβ impacts the cerebral endothelium. Understanding the cellular pathways triggered by Aβ leading to alterations in cerebral endothelial cells structure and functions would provide insights into the mechanism of BBB dysfunction and inflammatory processes in Alzheimer’s, and may offer new approaches for prevention and treatment strategies for AD.
A meta‐analysis of the relationship of the Parkin p.Val380Leu polymorphism to Parkinson's disease
Authors: Zhang Yi , Wang Zhen‐Zhen , Sun Hong‐Mei 
Published: February 2013

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common movement disorders. Parkin p.Val380Leu polymorphism (c.1239G > C) has been investigated as a potential genetic hallmark of PD, but studies examining the association between the polymorphism and PD have reported conflicting results. Therefore, we conducted a meta‐analysis to assess the influence of Parkin p.Val380Leu polymorphism on the susceptibility of PD. Computer and hand searches of the literature were conducted using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and China Academic Journals databases to identify studies addressing the association between the Parkin p.Val380Leu polymorphism and PD risk. We performed analyses of study characteristics, heterogeneity, and funnel plot asymmetry in analyses analogous to additive, dominant, recessive, homozygous, and heterozygous genetic models with the odds ratio (OR) as the measure of association. A total of 11 case–control studies involving 2,073 PD cases and 2,131 controls were included. When all 11 studies were pooled into the analysis, the presence of the Leu allele at the Parkin p.Val389Leu polymorphism was associated with decreased risk for PD in three genetic comparison models: OR in additive model: 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64–0.98, P = 0.029; OR in recessive model: 0.55, 95% CI = 0.35–0.89, P = 0.014; OR in homozygous model: 0.51, 95% CI = 0.32–0.82, P = 0.005. Begg's funnel plot and Egger's test provided visual and statistical evidences for funnel plot symmetry, without evidence presence of publication bias. We conclude that the presence of the Leu allele at the Parkin p.Val380Leu polymorphism is associated decreased risk for PD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanocomposites of PVC/TiO2 nanorods: Surface tension and mechanical properties before and after UV exposure
Authors: Sokhandani Parvane , Babaluo Ali Akbar , Rezaei Mostafa , Shahrezaei Mehdi , Hasanzadeh Amin , Mehmandoust Shadi Ghaebi , Mehdizadeh Reza 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this study, nanocomposites of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), using the synthesized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanorods and commercial nanopowder of titanium dioxide (Degussa P25) were produced by melt blending. The presence of TiO2 nanorods in PVC matrix led to an improvement in mechanical properties of PVC nanocomposites in comparison with unfilled PVC. The photocatalytic degradation behavior of PVC nanocomposites were investigated by measuring their structural change evaluations, surface tension, and mechanical properties before and after UV exposure for 500 h. It was found that mechanical and physical properties of PVC nanocomposites are not reduced significantly after UV exposure in the presence of TiO2 nanorods in comparison with the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles, which can be due to the amorphous structure of the synthesized nanorods. Therefore, it can be concluded that TiO2 nanorods led to an improvement in photostability and mechanical properties of PVC nanocomposites. The interfacial adhesion between TiO2 nanorods and PVC matrix was also investigated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The special optical properties and application of the heterocyclic compound diethyl 6‐anilino‐5H‐2,3‐dithia‐5,7‐diazacyclopenta(cd)indene‐1,4‐dicarboxylate
Authors: Zhao Liangrong , Liu Mingguo , Yan Mingxun , Zhu Yayun , Pan Liangjun , Yang Changying 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTThe heterocyclic compound diethyl 6‐anilino‐5H‐2,3‐dithia‐5,7‐diazacyclopenta(cd)indene‐1,4‐dicarboxylate (D1) was found to form highly emissive aggregates in polar solvents, and the aggregate emission can be tuned by the simple addition of water to a dimethylsulfoxide solution. A theoretical study based on Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, shows that intermolecular interactions of D1 with solvent may be potential factors in the fluorescence change. In addition, the phenyl ring in D1 plays an important role because of its response to solvent. In the non‐aggregated state, deprotonation of the N–H of D1 can proceed easily on the addition of base, and the deprotonated compound might interact with Ag+, resulting in a significant change in color and fluorescence quenching, which make it a potential chemosensor for the selective detection of trace amounts of Ag+. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diastereodivergent Processes in Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation
Authors: Oliveira Maria Teresa , Audisio Davide , Niyomchon Supaporn , Maulide Nuno 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDynamic deracemizations are robust strategies wherein a racemate is converted into a single enantiopure product in 100 % yield. A process can be defined as diastereodivergent if multiple diastereomers of the product are possible and if a specific process offers the ability to generate each and every one of them by fine‐tuning the reaction conditions. Palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation with stabilized nucleophiles is a versatile strategy that can be used to achieve this goal. In this concept, we summarize the advances that have been made in this field. We also introduce and develop the novel concepts of diastereodivergent deracemization and diastereodivergent de‐epimerization.
Bioluminescent Microcapsules: Applications in Activating a Photosensitizer
Authors: Zhao Jie , Fei Jinbo , Gao Liang , Cui Wei , Yang Yang , Wang Anhe , Li Junbai 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBioluminescent microcapsules uploading D‐luciferin have been fabricated by using the covalent assembly of firefly luciferase and alginate dialdehyde through a layer‐by‐layer technique. Such assembled microcapsules can produce visible light in the region of 520–680 nm, which can activate the photosensitizers rose bengal (RB) and hypocrellin B (HB) after adding ATP. The microcapsules uploading photosensitizers (RB or HB) have an obvious property to prevent the proliferation of tumor cells in the dark. The assembled bioluminescent microcapsules can be potentially used as photon donors for bioimaging, ATP detection, and photodynamic therapy.
The Combined Role of Catalysis and Solvent Effects on the Biginelli Reaction: Improving Efficiency and Sustainability
Authors: Clark James H. , Macquarrie Duncan J. , Sherwood James 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe traditional Biginelli reaction is a three‐component condensation between urea, benzaldehyde and an acetoacetate ester to give a dihydropyrimidinone. An investigation into catalytic and solvent effects has returned the conclusion that the diketo–enol tautomerisation equilibrium of the dicarbonyl reactant dictates the yield of the reaction. Whereas the solvent is responsible for the tautomerisation equilibrium position, the catalyst only serves to eliminate kinetic control from the reaction. Generally, to preserve reaction efficiency and improve sustainability, bio‐derivable p‐cymene was found to be a useful solvent. The metal–enolate intermediate that results from the application of a Lewis acidic catalyst often cited as promoting the reaction appears to hinder the reaction. In this instance, a Brønsted acidic solvent can be used to return greater reactivity to the dicarbonyl reagent.
Predicting Diel, Diurnal and Nocturnal Dynamics of Dissolved Oxygen and Chlorophyll‐a Using Regression Models and Neural Networks
Authors: Karakaya Nusret , Evrendilek Fatih , Gungor Kerem , Onal Deniz 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHuman‐induced and natural interruptions with continuous streams of observational data necessitate the development of gap‐filling and prediction strategies towards better understanding, monitoring and management of aquatic systems. This study quantified the efficacy of multiple non‐linear regression (MNLR) versus artificial neural network (ANN) models as well as the temporal partitioning of diurnal versus nocturnal data for the predictions of chlorophyll‐a (chl‐a) and dissolved oxygen (DO) dynamics. The temporal partitioning increased the predictive performances of the best MNLR models of diurnal DO by 45% and nocturnal DO by 4%, relative to the best diel MNLR model of diel DO ($r_{{\rm adj}}^{2} = 68.8\%$). The ANN‐based predictions had a higher predictive power than the MNLR‐based predictions for both chl‐a and DO except for diurnal DO dynamics. The best ANNs based on independent validations were multilayer perceptron (MLP) for diel chl‐a, generalized feedforward (GFF) for diurnal and nocturnal chl‐a, MLP for diel DO, GFF for diurnal DO, and MLP for nocturnal DO.
Clinical Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the 11β‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitor ABT‐384 in Healthy Volunteers and Elderly Adults
Authors: Liu Wei , Katz David A. , Locke Charles , Daszkowski Dan , Wang Yi , Rieser Matthew J. , Awni Walid , Marek Gerard J. , Dutta Sandeep 
Published: February 2013

AbstractABT‐384 is a potent and selective inhibitor of 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD‐1), the enzyme that regenerates cortisol in several tissues. Two clinical studies of ABT‐384 were undertaken to assess its safety, pharmacokinetics, target engagement, and pharmacologic effects in healthy subjects. Single doses from 1 to 240 mg, and multiple doses from 1 to 100 mg once daily for 7–14 days, were administered to healthy adults. Multiple doses from 10 to 100 mg once daily for 21 days were administered to elderly subjects. A total of 103 subjects received at least 1 dose of ABT‐384. A maximum‐tolerated dose was not defined in either study. The pharmacokinetic profiles of ABT‐384 and its active metabolite support once daily dosing. Analysis of urine cortisol metabolites demonstrated full hepatic HSD‐1 inhibition with regimens from 1 mg daily, and confirmed in vitro target selectivity. Pharmacologic effects included increases of adrenocorticotrophic hormone levels, cortisol production and androgen and estradiol levels. ABT‐384 has a wide therapeutic index relative to full hepatic target engagement which is relevant for indications such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Its therapeutic index for other potential indications such as Alzheimer's disease remains to be established.
Native Biomolecules in the Gas Phase? The Case of Green Fluorescent Protein
Authors: Frankevich Vladimir , Barylyuk Konstantin , Chingin Konstantin , Nieckarz Robert , Zenobi Renato 
Published: February 2013

AbstractGreen fluorescent protein (GFP) was ionized by native electrospray ionization and trapped for many seconds in high vacuum, allowing fluorescence emission to be measured as a probe of its biological function, to answer the question whether GFP exists in the native form in the gas phase or not. Although a narrow charge‐state distribution, a collision cross‐section very close to that expected for correctly folded GFP, and a large stability against dissociation all support a near‐native gas‐phase structure, no fluorescence emission was observed. The loss of the native form is attributed to the absence of residual water in the gas phase, which normally stabilizes the para‐hydroxybenzylidene imidazolone chromophore of GFP.
Selective Synthesis of DOPA and DOPA Peptides by Native and Immobilized Tyrosinase in Organic Solvent
Authors: Botta Giorgia , Delfino Michela , Guazzaroni Melissa , Crestini Claudia , Onofri Silvano , Saladino Raffaele 
Published: February 2013

Abstract3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)‐containing peptides and proteins provide attractive design paradigms for pharmaceutical applications and engineering of synthetic polymers. An efficient and selective route to DOPA peptides by oxidation of L‐tyrosine derivatives with tyrosinase is reported. The efficiency of the procedure was tested by using successively recycled tyrosinase immobilized on Eupergit®C250L and coated with polyelectrolytes by the layer‐by‐layer method.
Efficient Synthesis of Quinoxaline Derivatives by Selective Modification of 3‐Chloro‐6‐fluoroquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐one 4‐Oxide
Authors: Maichrowski Jan , Gjikaj Mimoza , Hübner Eike G. , Bergmann Bärbel , Müller Ingrid B. , Kaufmann Dieter E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe readily available and polyfunctionalized 3‐chloro‐6‐fluoroquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐one 4‐oxide, derived from the efficient one‐step annulation reaction of 1,1,2‐trichloro‐2‐nitroethene with 4‐fluoroaniline, was selectively modified at the chloronitrone and the amide units, leading to more than 30 new quinoxaline derivatives with a unique substitution pattern in good to excellent yields. In addition, the electronic properties of the versatile starting compound were computed by means of density functional theory, which gave a reasonable explanation for its unique reactivity. The antimalarial activity of all hitherto unknown compounds has been investigated.
Parametric finite element analysis of FRP reinforced concrete beams in fire and design guidelines
Authors: Rafi Muhammad Masood , Nadjai Ali 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTFRP bars are made of innovative materials, and use of these bars in residential and commercial buildings and infrastructure could result in their increased applications. This requires establishment of fire resistance of the FRP bar RC. This paper describes the results of a parametric study that was carried out on hybrid and carbon FRP bar RC beams. The influence of concrete strength and load ratio on the high temperature performance of beams was investigated. The study used finite element modelling and was conducted with the help of numerical models that were calibrated previously by the authors against the data of experimentally tested beams. It was found that the beam strength and stiffness reduce in the same proportion between two consecutive load ratios and are nearly uninfluenced by the concrete strength. The amount of load was found to be a critical factor for the beam thermal resistance. Preliminary guidance for FRP RC beam design in fire situation is provided on the basis of findings of the study. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Induction of Phagocytic Activation by Mixtures of the Water Chlorination By‐Products, Dichloroacetate‐ and Trichloroacetate, in Mice after Subchronic Exposure
Authors: Hassoun Ezdihar A. , Cearfoss Jacquelyn , Musser Brian , Krispinsky Sarah , Al‐Hassan Noor , Liu Ming‐Cheh 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study, groups of B6C3F1 male mice were treated with dichloroacetate (DCA), trichloroacetate (TCA), and mixtures of the compounds (Mix I, II, and III) daily by gavage, for 13 weeks. The tested doses were 7.5, 15, and 30 mg DCA/kg/day and 12.5, 25, and 50 mg TCA/kg/day. The DCA: TCA ratios in Mix I, II, and III were 7.5:12.5, 15:25, and 30:50 mg/kg/day, respectively. Peritoneal lavage cells were collected at the end of the treatment period and assayed for the biomarkers of phagocytic activation, including superoxide anion and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha production, and myeloperoxidase activity. The mixtures produced nonlinear effects on the biomarkers of phagocytic activation, with Mix I and II effects were found to be additive, but Mix III effects were found to be less than additive. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J BiochemMol Toxicol 27:237‐242, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.21476
Deoxynivalenol impairs the immune functions of neutrophils
Authors: Gauthier Thierry , Waché Yann , Laffitte Joëlle , Taranu Ionelia , Saeedikouzehkonani Nazli , Mori Yasuyuki , Oswald Isabelle P. 
Published: February 2013

ScopeDeoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp., is toxic to many animal species, with pigs being the most sensitive species to the toxin. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of DON on pig polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), the first line of defense against infection.Methods and resultsPMNs isolated from pig blood samples were stimulated with LPS to mimic infection. DON (0.5–10 μM) altered three main functions of pig PMNs: LPS‐induced secretion of IL‐8, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis capability. This alteration of PMN properties was due to apoptotis induced by DON exposure. Using Western blot and flow cytometry, we demonstrated that this process included the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane and the activation of caspase‐3. The effect of DON was mediated by the phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase within the first 30 min of exposure.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that low concentrations of DON can alter the immune functions of porcine PMNs and suggests the involvement of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase in the signal transduction pathway. These immunosuppressive effects of DON may have implications for humans and/or animals when eating contaminated food/feed.
Analyses of the Iridoid Glucoside Dimers in Paederia scandens Using HPLC–ESI–MS/MS
Authors: Lu Chen‐Ceng , Wang Jian‐Hua , Fang Dong‐Mei , Wu Zhi‐Jun , Zhang Guo‐Lin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIntroductionMany dimers consisting of structurally similar monomers are difficult to be identified even using NMR. Rapid structural identification of iridoid glycoside dimers, especially isomeric dimers in a complicated matrix, remains desirable.ObjectiveTo develop a rapid, sensitive analytical method for structural elucidation of trace iridoid glycoside isomers in a complicated extract.MethodsThree isomeric iridoid glucoside dimers, paederoscandoside, saprosmoside E and saprosmoside D, were isolated and further analysed by electrospray ionisation quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (ESI–QTOF–MS/MS) in positive‐ion mode. Energy‐resolved mass spectrometry (ERMS) was used to provide information on the relative intensity of ions versus collision energy. The crude extract of Paederia scandens was analysed by HPLC–ESI–MS/MS.ResultsThe relative abundance of product ions in the MS/MS spectra from ammonium adduct ions varied greatly for the three isomers. The energy‐resolved experiments enhanced differences among the three isomers. A total of 13 iridoid glucoside dimers (three groups of isomers) in the extract of P. scandens were identified or tentatively characterised by using HPLC–ESI–QTOF based on the tandem mass spectra of references.ConclusionLinkage sites between different hydroxyl groups on the sugar and carboxyl groups for the three groups of isomers are confirmed. The reason for fragmentation differences might be that cleavage of the glycosidic bond accompanies the active H in vicinal hydroxyl rearrangement. The MS method is a useful tool for the analysis of isomers, especially trace isomers in a complicated extract. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.