bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Physiological and Metabolic Responses to Drought Stress of Peanut Cultivars and Breeding Lines
Authors: Singh Daljit , Collakova Eva , Isleib Thomas G. , Welbaum Gregory E. , Tallury Shyam P. , Balota Maria 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe Virginia–Carolina region is the most important peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production region for the large‐seeded, virginia‐type peanut in the United States, but 85% of the production is rainfed and predisposed to water deficit stress. The mechanisms virginia‐type peanut uses in response to drought stress are poorly understood. We evaluated several physiological and metabolic characteristics and their relationship with pod yield in eight virginia‐type cultivars and advanced breeding lines in rainfed and irrigated field trials in 2011 and 2012. Each year, evaluations were performed at three sampling dates in conjunction with growth stages beginning flower, pod, and seed. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) genotypic variation in membrane injury, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm ratio), and relative levels of metabolites and lipid‐derived fatty acids was observed in response to water regime and sampling time. In general, in both years, the Fv/Fm ratio, organic acids, and fatty acids decreased in rainfed vs. irrigated plants, while the relative levels of sugar and cyclic polyols increased. Because higher levels of organic acids and lower levels of sugars were associated (p ≤ 0.05) with higher pod yield, we conclude that natural stress responses rather than adaptive mechanisms to drought prevailed for the genotypes used in this study. Based on its minimal changes in the Fv/Fm ratio and metabolite levels of the rainfed vs. irrigated plants, line SPT 06‐07 showed improved tolerance to water deficit stress; this line can be an important source for drought tolerance improvement of the virginia‐type peanut.
Materiality Guidance of the Major Public Accounting Firms
Authors: Eilifsen Aasmund , Messier William F. 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARY
This paper examines the materiality guidance for eight of the largest U.S. public accounting firms. Knowledge of how materiality guidance is integrated into a firm's methodology is important for accounting and auditing researchers as well as for practitioners, regulators, and educators. Our results show a high level of consistency across the firms in terms of the quantitative benchmarks (e.g., income before taxes, total assets or revenues, and total equity) used to determine overall materiality, the related percentages applied to those benchmarks, the percentages applied to overall materiality for determining tolerable misstatement, and what constitutes a clearly trivial misstatement. We also find that the firms' guidance for evaluating detected misstatements, including qualitative factors and firm guidance for group audits, is consistent across firms. However, there are differences in how the firms consider the possibility of undetected misstatements when evaluating detected misstatements. The results of this study provide important insights into implementation of standards and valuable information for future research and education.
Data Availability: The data used are proprietary to the firms and are not available for distribution.
Book Reviews
Authors: Fustec Klervi , Mejía González Ludivina 
Published: August 2014

Andréassian, V., & Margat, J. (2012). Rivières et rivaux : les frontières de l'eau.
Recensé par Klervi FustecWalsh, C. (2010). Construyendo fronteras: una historia transnacional del algodón de riego en la frontera entre México y Texas, Gabriela Romano Muñoz Cano (Trad.).
Reseña por Ludivina Mejía González
Computed tomography–guided percutaneous biopsy for vertebral osteomyelitis: a department's experience
Authors: Garg Vasant , Kosmas Christos , Young Peter C. , Togaru Uday Kiran , Robbin Mark R. 
Published: August 2014

Object
Vertebral osteomyelitis has been reported to occur in approximately 0.2–2 cases per 100,000 annually. Elevated laboratory values such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein suggest inflammatory etiologies. Different imaging modalities, from radiography and CT scanning to nuclear medicine imaging and contrastenhanced MRI, can be employed to evaluate for osteomyelitis. Although MRI has a strong sensitivity and specificity for vertebral osteomyelitis, obtaining histological and microbiological samples remains the gold standard in diagnosis. Therapy can be geared toward the specific pathogen cultured, thereby preventing the need surgical intervention in the majority of cases. However, recent reports have questioned the percentage yield of image-guided percutaneous biopsy even when there is a high clinical suspicion for vertebral osteomyelitis.

Methods
After obtaining institutional review board approval, the authors performed a chart review of patients who had undergone image-guided percutaneous bone biopsies at University Hospitals Case Medical Center in Cleveland, Ohio. Data were filtered for patients in whom a biopsy sample of a vertebral body/disc was obtained. A total of 213 procedures were performed, of which clinicians indicated a concern for infection in 84, infection or neoplasm in 13, and a noninfectious etiology (the majority being neoplasms) in the remaining 116.

Results
Histological examination provided positive results in 25 (41.0%) of the 61 samples collected for suspected cases of osteomyelitis. Microbiology samples were less predictive, with only 16 of the 84 samples collected, or 19.0%, yielding a positive result. In 10 patients there were positive blood and/or urine cultures. Of these, 8 samples (80%) demonstrated the same pathogen identified by biopsy (for the remaining 2 positive systemic cultures, no pathogen was identified by the percutaneous intervention). In other words, half of the 16 cases that provided microbiological results from biopsy demonstrated the same results by systemic cultures. However, 89 (76.7%) of the 116 samples collected with the primary concern of neoplasm yielded results.

Conclusions
Image-guided percutaneous biopsy for vertebral osteomyelitis demonstrates an extremely low probability of identifying specific microbes. Blood or urine cultures concurrently identified culprit pathogens in 50% of positive biopsy cultures. Therefore, in only 8 (9.5%) of 84 biopsies did the biopsy results provide additional information to clinicians as to the pathological microorganism present and how treatment might need to be adjusted.
Entre la société et la forêt: voyage sur une interface (essai)
Authors: Rosset Jean 
Published: August 2014

Forest and society: journey along an interface
During the train journey to his work, the author looks through the windows on either side of the compartment. On one side, he sees the world of men, increasingly urban and technical, on the other, the forest. He notes that at the interface of these two worlds, the forester's work is becoming more and more complex and sensitive. He makes proposals about the scale of management of the forest, and the level at which the forester should become involved. He believes that today's generation is responsible for putting in place the framework necessary for the conservation of biodiversity, and proposes the creation of a specialised working group of the Swiss Forestry Society and a national centre of competence for this challenge. He notes the challenges for forest management and silviculture arising in connection with climate change and scarcity of energy. Finally, he concludes that because of a favourable politico-institutional context, the community of those responsible for forest institutions is morally obliged to act in an effective and far-sighted way to safeguard what has been achieved, while adapting to the evolution of our world and anticipating changes. The author concludes that the draft modification to the forest law at present being discussed by the federal parliament is a positive development, and calls on the forest community to unite in its support.
Zur Lage im Schweizer Wald (Essay)
Authors: Hess Josef 
Published: August 2014

The state of the Swiss forest (essay)
When assessing the situation of the Swiss forest, all its functions must be considered. One aspect stands out, however: Switzerland is losing valuable opportunities by harvesting a relatively low share of its wood production potential. This applies to climate change, prevention of natural catastrophes and biodiversity, as well as forest and wood economy. The Confederation supports the use of wood for construction and energy through its resources policy. To increase domestic added value, investment, cooperation between all stakeholders and improved framework conditions are all essential.
Intellectual Property Right of Transgenic Crops and Right to Work: Bioethical Challenges in Rural Communities
Authors: Heydari Bahareh , Razmkhah Najmeh 
Published: August 2014

Increasing importance of intellectual property rights (IPR) over the area of seed production, is radically transforming agricultural production relations. One major effect of this transformation is the exclusive control of biotech companies on process of transaction of GM crops. This new status, that is the part of a trend that was set in national and international documents to protect inventors, may have adverse impact on the right to work of poor and vulnerable farmers in developing countries. In the framework of international human rights, the right to work is the fundamental right of every one to have sustainable access to decent work that meets the needs and welfare of his livelihood. Rural communities enjoy this right similar to the urban communities. But, the main question, which is our major concern, is the relationship between IPR and the right to work with attention to articles of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural right and International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v5i2.19619 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2014 Vol.5 (2): 49-60.
Editorial Vol.5(2)
Authors: Ahmed Tahera 
Published: August 2014

The Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics is an open access journal and open to all interested and involved persons in this or related fields. The journal seeks to bring to the forefront current challenges and issues within this important sector. As a result research articles from many different countries depicting current or ongoing research, latest technological break- through, experiences from the field or literature reviews are shared with all. With the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) coming to an end in 2015, the need to assess and evaluate the progress in the 8 goals is being undertaken by different countries. At the same time Global discussions are underway on Sustainable Development beyond 2015. The Journal of Bioethics Society looks forward to submission of articles on these areas and the role played by Bioethics. The current issue presents the following articles: Zoheb Rafique describes experiences of teaching bioethics in different institutes and degree courses at undergraduate level. Bioethics is being taught to improve the understanding of the ethical issues in the field of medicine. Bahareh Heydari and Najmeh Razmkhah study the increasing importance of intellectual property rights (IPR) over the area of seed production, is radically transforming agricultural production relations. Mohammad Manzoor Malik delves into the different problems of patient autonomy to euthanasia. Patient autonomy has a critical role in making decisions in medical practice and it is accepted by international conventions on health care and various national medical codes. Muhammad Waseem Khan etal studies the different standards of care in clinical research in countries. Standard of care followed in one country may not suit other countries; the reason may involve economic conditions, certain norms, beliefs, tradition and culture of that society. The issues of conducting research in developing countries will remain and one has to try sincerely to sort out the ethical problems while conducting a research study. Fayemi Ademola Kazeem studies the The Nijmegen Method of Case Deliberation and Clinical Decision in a Multicultural Society. Ethical case deliberation is a method of reflecting, clarifying, evaluating and making decisions about moral problems, conflicts and dilemmas in the clinical settings. The Nijmegen method helps to motivate rational decision and reasoned responsibility in healthcare through consensus building which does not attenuate moral uprightness. The Nijmegen method is part of the healthcare process and aims at improving communication among patient, family and the healthcare team as well as enriching the decision making process. As the new Editor of this journal , I seek cooperation and involvement of all members to provide state of the art information on the important topic of Bioethics which has a tremendous impact in all spheres of our lives.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v5i2.19621 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2014 Vol.5 (2): 43
Dendritic Cells and B Cells: Unexpected Partners in Th2 Development
Authors: León Beatriz , Ballesteros-Tato André , Lund Frances E. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Although we have known for decades that B cells contribute to immune responses by secreting Ab, it is now clear that they are more than simply factories for Ig production, and they also play key roles as modulators of T cell–dependent immunity. Indeed, the evidence showing that Ag-presenting and cytokine-producing B cells can alter the magnitude and quality of CD4 T cell responses continues to grow. In this article, we review the data showing that B cells, working in partnership with dendritic cells, regulate the development of Th2 cells and the subsequent allergic response.
Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time‐of‐Flight Mass Analysis of Peptides
Authors: Sandoval Wendy 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) is a simple, effective, and widely used technique for determining the mass of biomolecules, with exceptional capabilities for mass analysis of peptides. Relative to other ionization techniques, MALDI‐MS offers a high tolerance of salts and other common buffer components. MALDI‐MS ionization of peptides results in predominantly singly charged, protonated ion species (M+H+), rendering analysis relatively straightforward. MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS instruments enable true tandem MS/MS fragmentation of peptide ions, facilitating peptide sequencing and identity. Routine detection limits for peptides are in the low parts per million range. This unit will focus on the application of MALDI‐MS to the analysis of peptides on time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass spectrometers. Instrument configuration and calibration, matrix options, and sample preparation are discussed. Finally, this unit describes methods for obtaining sequence information on peptides by tandem mass spectrometry. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 77:16.2.1‐16.2.11. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Post‐Translational Modification Profiling—a High‐Content Assay for Identifying Protein Modifications in Mammalian Cellular Systems
Authors: Merbl Yifat , Kirschner Marc W. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractProtein microarrays are extremely useful for detecting substrates of phosphorylation, substrates of ubiquitylation, or other post‐translational modifications. The ability to screen binding interactions as well as post‐translational modifications of thousands of proteins at once has improved our ability to identify their targets. Utilizing such systems in combination with functional mammalian cell extracts that preserve enzymatic activity offers advantages in identifying semi‐quantitative changes of these interactions in the context of specific cellular conditions. This unit provides a detailed procedure for setting up an extract‐based activity assay for high content detection of protein post‐translation modifications. It also provides basic guidelines for data analysis. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 77:27.8.1‐27.8.13 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mantle transition zone discontinuities beneath the contiguous United States
Authors: Gao Stephen S. , Liu Kelly H. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractUsing over 310,000 high‐quality radial receiver functions recorded by the USArray and other seismic stations in the contiguous United States, the depths of the 410 km and 660 km discontinuities (d410 and d660) are mapped in over 1,000 consecutive overlapping circles with a radius of 1°. The average mantle transition zone (MTZ) thickness for both the western and central/eastern U.S. is within 3 km from the global average of 250 km, suggesting an overall normal MTZ temperature beneath both areas. The Pacific Coast Ranges and the southern Basin and Range Province are underlain by a depressed d410, indicating higher‐than‐normal temperature in the upper MTZ. The proposed Yellowstone and Raton hot spots are not associated with clear undulations of the MTZ discontinuities, but d410 beneath another proposed hot spot, Bermuda, is depressed significantly and d660 has a normal depth. Low‐temperature regions are found in the upper MTZ associated with the subducted Juan de Fuca slab beneath the northern Rocky Mountains and in two circular areas beneath the northern Basin and Range Province and the southern Colorado Plateau. Part of the Great Plains is characterized by a depressed d660. This observation, when combined with results from seismic tomography, suggests the existence of a cold region in the lower MTZ, probably associated with subducted Farallon slab segments.
Characterization of Meiothermus taiwanensis Galactokinase and its Use in the One‐Pot Enzymatic Synthesis of Uridine Diphosphate‐Galactose and the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of the Carbohydrate Antigen Stage Specific Embryonic Antigen‐3
Authors: Li Si‐Peng , Hsiao Wei‐Chen , Yu Ching‐Ching , Chien Wei‐Ting , Lin Hong‐Jyune , Huang Li‐De , Lin Chien‐Hung , Wu Wan‐Ling , Wu Shih‐Hsiung , Lin Chun‐Cheng 
Published: August 2014

AbstractHerein, we report the first characterization of a novel galactokinase from Meiothermus taiwanensis sp. nov. WR‐220 (MtGalK), which is overexpressed in E. coli and exhibits a kcat/Km value of 168.47 mM−1 s−1 toward Gal at 75 °C. The thermophilic MtGalK shows specific substrate recognition toward the Gal configuration with limited tolerance for modifications at the C‐2 position to form products such as GalN‐1‐P, GalN3‐1‐P, and GalNAc‐1‐P. Due to its unique thermostability toward elevated reaction temperatures, MtGalK served as an ideal biocatalyst in the synthesis of useful sugar‐1‐phosphates and was further combined with glucose‐1‐phosphate thymidylyltransferase (RmlA) and α‐1,4‐galactosyltransferase (LgtC) to achieve the efficient preparative‐scale synthesis of globotriose analogs (Gb3) using a one‐pot three‐enzyme system. In combination with a chemical synthetic strategy, a carbohydrate antigen from breast cancer stem cells, stage specific embryonic antigen‐3 (SSEA‐3) pentasaccharide, was synthesized from Gb3 in ten steps with a 23% overall yield. This flexible chemoenzymatic strategy for the synthesis of SSEA‐3 also allowed us to further expand the inventory of valuable natural and non‐natural glycans.magnified image
Highly ortho‐Selective Trifluoromethylthiolation Reactions using a Ligand Exchange Strategy
Authors: Yin Weiyu , Wang Zhaofeng , Huang Yong 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe trifluoromethylthio group (SCF3) is a highly privileged modifier for drug molecules. Direct CH trifluoromethylthiolation reactions are highly valuable synthetic tools for the late‐stage modification of drug candidates, which have so far been underexplored. We report a palladium‐catalyzed ortho‐selective mono‐trifluoromethylthiolation reaction of arenes. The reaction proceeds through a key ligand exchange pathway using readily available silver trifluoromethylthiolate (AgSCF3). Acetic acid was found to be crucial to minimize oxidative dimerization of the starting materials and to facilitate the “SCF3−” transfer. We expect this strategy to have broad applications in CH functionalization reactions using a stand‐alone oxidant and various anions.magnified image
Time‐Resolved Assembly of Cluster‐in‐Cluster {Ag12}‐in‐{W76} Polyoxometalates under Supramolecular Control
Authors: Zhan Caihong , Cameron Jamie M. , Gao Jing , Purcell Jamie W. , Long De‐Liang , Cronin Leroy 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe report the time‐resolved supramolecular assembly of a series of nanoscale polyoxometalate clusters (from the same one‐pot reaction) of the form: [H(10+m)Ag18Cl(Te3W38O134)2]n, where n=1 and m=0 for compound 1 (after 4 days), n=2 and m=3 for compound 2 (after 10 days), and n=∞ and m=5 for compound 3 (after 14 days). The reaction is based upon the self‐organization of two {Te3W38} units around a single chloride template and the formation of a {Ag12} cluster, giving a {Ag12}‐in‐{W76} cluster‐in‐cluster in compound 1, which further aggregates to cluster compounds 2 and 3 by supramolecular Ag‐POM interactions. The proposed mechanism for the formation of the clusters has been studied by ESI‐MS. Further, control experiments demonstrate the crucial role that TeO32−, Cl−, and Ag+ play in the self‐assembly of compounds 1–3.
Multilayer‐coated NPK compound fertilizer hydrogel with controlled nutrient release and water absorbency
Authors: Noppakundilograt Supaporn , Pheatcharat Natthaya , Kiatkamjornwong Suda 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA novel trilayered controlled‐release nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer hydrogel was prepared by dipping the NPK fertilizer granules sequentially in 7% w v−1 poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and 2% w v−1 chitosan (CS) solutions and then cross‐linking the CS layer (cross‐CS) via glutaraldehyde vapor deposition. Different NPK fertilizer hydrogels were then synthesized by inverse suspension polymerization of the dried PVA/cross‐CS bilayer‐coated fertilizer granules in various molar ratios of acrylamide (AM) and acrylic acid (AA) monomers, and polymerization with varying molar ratios of ammonium persulfate, N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine and N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (N‐MBA). The water dissolution time of the obtained PVA/cross‐CS/poly (AA‐co‐AM) trilayer‐coated NPK fertilizer hydrogel granules was prolonged, while the water absorbency increased with increasing AA contents, and decreased with increasing N‐MBA contents in the outer poly(AA‐co‐AM) coating. The optimal trilayer‐coated NPK fertilizer hydrogel obtained released 84 ± 18, 63 ± 12, and 36 ± 15% of the N, P, and K nutrients, respectively, after a 30‐day immersion in water. The release phenomena of the N, P, and K nutrients of the fertilizer hydrogel obeyed both the Korsmeyer‐Peppas and Ritger‐Peppas models with a pseudo‐Fickian diffusion mechanism. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41249.