bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MEREDOSIA OIL TERMINAL—THE ILLINOIS RIVER FLOODS A TANK FARM
Authors: Tanos A. E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Rising waters on the Illinois River during April 1979 caused breaks in the levee near Meredosia, Illinois. The swollen river flooded 10,000 acres of farmland, as well as the asphalt storage tank farm of the Meredosia Oil Terminal. The 35 tanks within the terminal included several multimillion gallon tanks of hot asphalt, as well as those containing the diesel fuel for the heating system. The floodwater reached a depth of 12 feet and the hydrostatic pressure of the rising waters lifted the diesel fuel tanks and toppled them. Thousands of gallons of oil spilled from the vents at the top of the tanks, or from the broken pipelines at their bases. A westerly wind moved the oil out over the flooded farmland.
The terminal operator's resources were depleted after long efforts to prevent the levee breaks. The spill-ctonainment dike around the tank farm was underwater, so several thousand feet of floating containment boom was brought in to surround the tank farm. A Marco Class self-propelled skimmer was flown in by the U.S. Coast Guard Strike Force. However, inspections on the second day revealed that much of the oil had diffused out over the floodwater and did not appear to be recoverable. Response forces concentrated on the spilled oil within the tank farm and the potential of teh toppled and floating tanks. After 3 days of cleanup, a brief, violent storm blew oily debris back to the terminal from across the lake. Now a massive debris recovery effort was begun in addition to the oil recovery. Cleanup efforts continued for 51 days, until by June 4, 1979, the floodwaters had dropped below the tank farm's spill-containment dike.
BIODEGRADATION OF A CHEMICALLY DISPERSED CRUDE OIL
Authors: Cretney W. J. , Macdonald R. W. , Wong C. S. , Green D. R. , Whitehouse B. , Geesey G. G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The n-alkane fraction of Prudhoe Bay crude oil dispersed with Corexit 9527 disappeared rapidly from the water column directly beneath a seawater surface slick contained by an enclosure. Biodegradation appeared to be more important than nonbiological volatilization or photooxidation processes. Extracellular polysaccharides, synthesized by floc-forming bacteria, accumulated in the water column of the enclosures during n-alkane degradation. The study demonstrates the possible usefulness of Corexit 9527 in accelerating the conversion of this crude oil fraction by the indigenous microflora of coastal marine waters.
A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL FOR OIL SPILL SIMULATION
Authors: Torgrimson Gary M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The On-Scene-Spill Model (OSCM) is a portable, interactive, environmental simulation system for the rapid modeling of pollutant trajectories in the marine environment. Inputs to the OSSM include the physical locations of the spill, coastal outlines, bathymetry, oceanographic and meteorological observations, and other environmental data. The output from this model consists of both Calcomp and printer graphics, summaries of initialized data, and checkpoint files. The user can request detailed information about data and model parameters. Typical initialization setup time is about 3 hours.
The model can be run in different modes depending on the data bases used, including a climatological mode to assess long-term transport, a tactical mode to assess short-term transport, and a receptor mode. It allows the user to utilize variable time and space scales to resolve the physical transport processes, consistent with available data. This is accomplished by the use of multiple embedded submodels in the main model.
IXTOC I OIL SPILL—THE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
Authors: Woods E. G. , Hannah R. P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On June 3, 1979, the Ixtoc I well blew out in the Bay of Campeche, Mexico. Before the well was capped on March 23, 1980, approximately 3.3 million of the estimated 140 million barrels (bbl) of spilled oil impacted the South Texas coast. This event activated U.S. response and cleanup activities that are authorized and organized under the National Contingency Plan (NCP). A formal plan to assess damage from waterborne pollutants did not exist before this spill. Therefore, an ad hoc committee with representatives from private institutions, industries, universities, and state and federal agencies with primary responsibilities or interest in resource protection was formed to develop the scientific approach and management structure for the damage assessment plan that was developed during this crisis situation.
The purpose of this paper is to describe the formation of an ad hoc interagency damage assessment organization, to outline the concept and goal of the comprehensive Ixtoc I Damage Assessment Program, and to describe the implementation of the monitoring phase of this program. The paper also offers specific recommendations for future damage assessment endeavors.
EFFECTS OF THE IXTOC I OIL SPILL ON THE INTERTIDAL AND SUBTIDAL INFAUNAL POPULATIONS ALONG LOWER TEXAS COAST BARRIER ISLAND BEACHES
Authors: Thebeau Larry C. , Tunnell John W. , Dokken Quenton R. , Kindinger Mary E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Pre-spill (August 4 to 11, 1979) and post-spill (September 24 to 29, 1979) sampling of intertidal and subtidal infaunal populations along lower Texas coast sandy beaches was conducted to determine the impact of the Ixtoc I oil spill. Transects sampled between the Rio Grande and Port Aransas produced 52 species of macroinfauna primarily dominated in abundance and diversity by polychaetes and haustoriid amphipods. Analyses revealed visible, though not significant, decreases in pooled intertidal population densities and significant reductions in pooled subtidal population densities. Numbers of species did not significantly change. Population density changes may have been caused by Ixtoc I impact, tropical depression/storm beach erosion, seasonal fluctuations, beach cleanup techniques, or a combination of these.
SHORELINE OIL TWO YEARS AFTER AMOCO CADIZ: NEW COMPLICATIONS FROM TANIO
Authors: Gundlach Erich R. , Berné Serge , D'Ozouville Laurent , Topinka Jerry A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The latest in a series of joint Franco-American surveys of the Amoco Cadiz (233,000 tons; March 17, 1978) spill site was conducted during May and June 1980. The purposes of this survey were to determine remaining surface oil, buried oiled sediment, oil incorporation in interstitial water, and recovery of attached macroalgae.
Oil was found to persist primarily as tar blotches and black staining along exposed rocky shores and as oil-contaminated (indicated by surface sheen), interstitial water in previously heavily oiled, sheltered tidal flats. Less commonly, oil was present as asphalted sediment and oil-coated rocks in sheltered embayments. The cleaned marsh at Ile Grande remained significantly damaged from the oil; however, both upper and lower marsh grasses showed some recovery. At another marsh, no recovery occurred in uncleaned, heavily oiled areas. On sheltered rocky shores, heavily oiled algae showed rapid recolonization by Fucus; however, Ascophyllum noaosum-dominated areas showed less recovery.
The Tanio oil spill on March 7, 1980 (7,000 tons lost) impacted 45 percent of the Amoco Cadiz spill site and severely complicated further differentiation of Amoco Cadiz oil in many areas. In total, 197 kilometers (km) of shoreline were impacted; 45 km were heavily oiled. Nine weeks after initial impact, Tanio oil occurred as patches of heavy oil along sheltered and exposed, rocky shores. Sand beaches and tidal flats were generally free of oil. Several hundred soldiers continued to pressure spray dispersants and water to clean up oiled areas, even in high wave energy and isolated localities.
IT IS TIME TO REDEFINE A HARMFUL QUANTITY OF OIL
Authors: Leek W. R. , Blevins H. J. , Loftin S. D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the early 1970s, when Congress required the President to define a harmful quantity of oil, very little was known about the effects of oil discharged into the marine environment.
As a result, a very limiting definition of what constitutes a “harmful quantity” of oil was written into regulatory law. Since then, both government and industry have found that this well-intentioned definition suffered from a very significant deficiency. The definition set forth a “sheen test,” which defined as harmful any quantity of oil which can be seen on the surface of water. Because any quantity of oil spilled on water—even a drop or two—will cause a visible sheen, the reporting procedures set out in the regulations required massive paperwork for both government and industry, even when only miniscule amounts of oil were spilled.
The purpose of this paper is to suggest that a proper period of time has elapsed, and sufficient data has been gathered, to permit the regulations to be made more realistic without any harm to the public interest. A secondary benefit from a better regulatory reporting requirement would be increased productivity for professionals in government and industry, if these workers were freed from unnecessary paperwork and allowed more time for preparations necessary to deal with more significant problems relating to potential oil spills.
Supporting this position is the petroleum industry's multimillion dollar program developed in the last decade that determined that small spills have at most a negligible impact on the marine environment.
The authors of this paper hope that redefining of “harmful quantity of oil” will represent one step to use the manpower devoted to energy matters in this country more effectively and efficiently, thereby freeing workers from unnecessary paperwork on minor issues and allowing them to concentrate on the more serious and promising energy matters that must be dealt with in this decade.
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A WEIR BOOM FOR OIL RECOVERY AT SEA*
Authors: Wilson H. B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A combined oil containment and recovery system based on a weir boom principle has been designed and developed for high-rate oil spill recovery at sea. A full-scale research prototype system was tested at the Ixtoc I well blowout site in November 1979 by courtesy of Petroleos Mexicanos. The test results have shown that the system design target, specifically to recover 7,500 tonnes of oil or mousse per day per unit in conditions up to sea state 5, with winds up to force 5 on the Beaufort scale, significant wave heights up to 3 metres, and wave periods in the range of 3 to 12 seconds, is achievable.
The work has been carried out by the British Petroleum Company with support from the Norwegian and British Governments.
NEW DIRECTIONS IN NAVY SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING
Authors: Yaroschak Paul J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Under the new National Spill Contingency Plan, Navy officials will serve as On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) for spills from Navy vessels and facilities. This has required a restructuring of the Navy's response organization and has placed increased emphasis on the training of Navy OSCs. The biggest problem has been, and continues to be, the rotation of personnel within the Navy. A number of actions are being taken to mitigate this fact-of-life problem.
OFFSHORE OIL SPILL EQUIPMENT EVOLUTION IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA—A SYSTEMS APPROACH?1
Authors: Onstad Lindon A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Exploration of outer continental shelf (OCS) lands off Southern California has been expanding at a rapid rate for the past two years. Lease Sales 48, 53, and 68 have provided the impetus for this rapid development. The Bureau of Land Management has predicted several spills in excess of 1,000 barrels will occur as a result of these sales and subsequent exploration activities. Legitimate concerns have been raised by federal, state and local governments as well as numerous citizen groups concerning the ability of industry to respond adequately to a major offshore oil spill.
As a result of these concerns, the California Coastal Commission has ordered a study and evaluation of the California Oil Spill Cooperatives with an objective of ensuring they will possess an adequate response capability. Concurrent with this study, the U.S. Coast Guard and the Interior Department's Minerals Management Service have entered into a Memorandum of Understanding concerning review of oil spill plans and equipment in OCS waters. With expanding geographic areas to cover, the cooperatives have begun to purchase new state-of-the-art equipment in hopes of satisfying the regulatory agencies and concerned groups.
This paper examines the process of the federal government, state of California and industry in upgrading oil spill response capability in waters offshore southern California. The process is shown to have occurred systematically with a view toward the response system rather than individual pieces of equipment. Recommendations to California concerning acceptance of federal guidelines, joint reviews and use of dispersants are discussed.
OIL SPILL ON NORTHERN SHORELINES: AN EVALUATION OF SOME OPTIONS DEALING WITH THIS PROBLEM
Authors: Sendstad Erling , Sveum Per 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Three options for dealing with oily debris from oil contaminated shorelines are studied. It is shown that bunker oil does not affect plant life but does kill the invertebrates in the contaminated supralittoral zone. A non-sticky soil surface can be established if treated with a sorbent.
Oily debris picked up by hand, composted with sorbents, and conditioned with fertilizers showed a decrease in total oil content of approximately 60 percent after 400 days. The addition of sorbents gave approximately the same rate of biodegradation, whereas the addition of fertilizer alone had a less beneficial effect on oil biodegradation.
The use of sorbents did not affect the generation of leachate water from the compost piles. The oil content in the leachate was between 20 and 40 milligrams per liter. Seaweed in the oily debris decomposed rapidly. The volume of the piles was reduced by about 50 percent. Total oil content was approximately constant in the compost piles. The rapidly decomposing seaweed made it difficult to keep the compost piles in an aerobic state.
Oily debris mixed with lime (CaO) produced a dry material. The lime volume required was approximately equal to the oil volume in the debris. Even after this treatment, some oil and other organic components were released with the leachate. The process of mixing lime into the oily debris was very unpleasant for the workers and posed a severe working-environment problem.
OHMSETT TESTS OF TRUCK-MOUNTED VACUUM SYSTEMS FOR OIL SPILL RECOVERY1
Authors: Gates Donald C. , Corradino Kevin M. , Senftner William R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Two recent test programs at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) examined two different vacuum systems. The first program, performed in September 1980, tested a vacuum truck fabricated by Coleman Environmental and Pollution Control Equipment Co., Inc. and a Vactor 2045 air conveyor system made by the Peabody Myers Company. The vacuum truck produced an average oil recovery rate of 2.4 cubic meters per hour (10.6 gallons per minute) and an oil recovery efficiency of 18 percent. Results confirmed the prevalent belief that this type of equipment is well suited for use in thick slicks (i.e., above 60 millimeters). The addition of skimmer attachments to the hose end increased recovery efficiency without affecting oil recovery rate. The air conveyor tests resulted in an average oil recovery rate of 4.4 m3/hour (19.4 gpm) and a recovery efficiency of 61 percent. The air conveyor worked well, particularly with thinner slicks. The independent variables incorporated into the first test program included slick thickness, test oil viscosity, blower speed, length of the recovery hose, the height of the suction hose end above the slick, and use of skimmer attachments.
The second test program, performed in August 1982, extended the investigations of the initial program, adding a more viscous test oil, debris, and a different skimming attachment for the hose end. Also included were tests to confirm results of the first program. The truck used in the second program was another vacuum truck made by Coleman Environmental and Pollution Control Equipment Co., Inc. The standard vacuum truck yielded an average oil recovery rate of 5.0 m3/hour (22 gpm) with an average oil recovery efficiency of 51 percent. This was over nine different phases, each phase studying the effect of a different combination of variables. Skimming a higher viscosity test oil in the range of 11.2 centipoise (cp) to 318 cp caused an increase in oil recovery rate and recovery efficiency. The addition of a skimming attachment increased recovery efficiency and decreased oil recovery rate. Tests with debris confirmed the necessity of keeping debris away from the hose end.
FIRST GERMAN OIL SPILL HANDBOOK FOR HAMBURG HARBOR
Authors: Spengler Dirk-Uwe 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Motivated by two greater oil spills in 1981 and 1982 with total cleaning costs of about $11 million, the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg developed in 1983 a complete oil spill contingency plan with a detailed environmental sensitivity map. This book concerns the Elbe River inside the boundaries of Hamburg and, of course, the harbor region, which covers about 87 km2. The contingency plan is called Ölunfall—Handbuch (Oil Spill Handbook). It starts with general remarks about the physical and chemical characteristics of oil. Especially, there are lists of imported and exported crude oil and oil products in the Hamburg Harbor complete with lists of important parameters for combating the effects of these oils and products. This is followed by chapters dealing with the behavior and characteristics of oil after a spill, and the classification and identification of oil. Some analytic methods for in situ measurements are listed. Safety measures during combating actions are followed by a general discussion of combating methods such as various booms, skimmers, pumps, chemicals, and interim depots.
Simulations and experiments were carried out to get better knowledge of the hydraulic conditions and to enable predictions, especially in the streamed harbor basins. The contingency plan details the notification and mobilization of the command team of the government environmental agency, the mainly scientific support teams, and the private action team.
Environmental sensitivity maps have been developed to help the command team identify priority areas for maximum effort for combating actions. The system includes 18 general profiles, which describe the location of beaches and quays in Hamburg with a sensitivity scale from 2 to 10 with respect to the cleanup possibilities in oil spills. The maps also show if combating has to be done only from the water side, where there are ramps and cranes for loading ships with equipment, and prepared places for OSC containers. Most important are the areas of ecological significance marked by symbols of the types of birds, plants, fish and benthos with symbols for the time of year they will be there. Finally, 162 points are designated for which special recommendations are given for combating actions, including remarks about needed facilities, staff, and times to arrive.
A COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION SYSTEM ON CRUDE OILS
Authors: Krutz Michael , Krutz Hildegard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In cooperation with the German Federal Environmental Agency, a one-year investigation was made by the Institute for Water Research in Dortmund to collect physical and ecological information on 200 crude oil species. Data of primary interest were the composition of crude oils, the boiling points of their refinery fractions, their pour points, densities, viscosities, surface tensions, and flammabilities, and the dependence of these parameters on temperature and weathering. Biodegradability data and specification of cleanup methods for the different types of crude oils give efficient support to oil spill emergency authorities.
For fast and easy retrieval, data are stored in an IBM 4341/3031 computer as a substructure of the already operational “Databank on Harmful Substances,” which is an information system on physical, chemical, and ecological properties of 20,000 chemicals, developed in cooperation with the German Federal Environmental Agency.
IDENTIFICATION AND INITIAL RECOVERY OF JET A FUEL FROM THE GROUND UNDERLYING A TANK FARM AT PALM BEACH INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
Authors: Ries Kenneth M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A recent surface fuel spill incident by tank overflow at a 220,000 gal above-ground airport tank farm led to a single monitoring well installed at the request of the state. This well disclosed previously spilled Jet A fuel at the water table, 5 ft below grade. Eight monitoring wells averaging 7 ft deep were completed in 3 days, revealing a surprisingly confined pool of fuel in fine sand estimated at 24,000 ft2 but with over 30 in. of fuel in some wells. Monitoring wells 40 ft away showed a complete absence of fuel. Leaking from underground piping was tested and eliminated as a possible source. Above-ground spills, it was concluded, were insufficient as a source. Inventory records failed to show any losses. Gas chromatic analysis of the product confirmed that it was Jet A, and therefore not JP-4 from an abandoned Air Force fuel main. The source of fuel was concluded as primarily from the practice of daily fuel tank sumping to the ground, which ceased in 1974. Significantly, the spill was 10 years old and had not moved.
Initial recovery was by slotted drum, later replaced by a 70 ft by 3 ft trench to the water table, gravel backfilled. Recovery of product only, without water pumping, was by an electrical chemical metering pump, continuously, at the rate of product flow to the trench, averaging 23 gal per day.
Investigations of groundwater quality in nearby monitoring wells by the state agency failed to show any hydrocarbons, analyzed down to 5 parts per billion. The closest water well, 1,800 ft away, showed no contamination.
Bench scale testing demonstrated that monitoring well fuel thickness overstates fuel thickness in the ground, and that trenches concentrate fuel thicknesses like monitoring wells.
Tight cost control was maintained, with monitoring wells costing under $50 each, a recovery trench under $2,000, and recovery pumping under $1,000. By-product recovery revenue has offset some recovery costs.
MANAGEMENT OF THE UNIACKE G-72 INCIDENT
Authors: Gill S. D. , Bonke C. A. , Carter J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the evening of February 22, 1984, the Uniacke G-72 gas well being drilled 150 nautical miles off Halifax, Nova Scotia, by the semisubmersible drilling rig, Vinland, under contract to Shell Canada Resources, blew out of control, emitting gas and condensate at an estimated rate of 300 bbl per day. During the following 10 days while Shell was assembling personnel, vessels, and equipment for reboarding the rig and initiating well control procedures, a comprehensive environmental monitoring program was put in place. An air, slick, and water column sampling program was initiated to provide information on the physical and chemical properties of the condensate. This paper describes the primary findings of the program that involved the coordination of government, area petroleum operators, and consultants.