bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glutamatergic and GABAergic energy metabolism measured in the rat brain by 13C NMR spectroscopy at 14.1 T
Authors: Duarte João M. N. , Gruetter Rolf 
Published: June 2013

AbstractEnergy metabolism supports both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission processes. This study investigated the specific contribution of astrocytic metabolism to γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis and inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission that remained to be ilucidated in vivo. Therefore, we measured 13C incorporation into brain metabolites by dynamic 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 14.1 T in rats under α‐chloralose anaesthesia during infusion of [1,6‐13C]glucose. The enhanced sensitivity at 14.1 T allowed to quantify incorporation of 13C into the three aliphatic carbons of GABA non‐invasively. Metabolic fluxes were determined with a mathematical model of brain metabolism comprising glial, glutamatergic and GABAergic compartments. GABA synthesis rate was 0.11 ± 0.01 μmol/g/min. GABA‐glutamine cycle was 0.053 ± 0.003 μmol/g/min and accounted for 22 ± 1% of total neurotransmitter cycling between neurons and glia. Cerebral glucose oxidation was 0.47 ± 0.02 μmol/g/min, of which 35 ± 1% and 7 ± 1% was diverted to the glutamatergic and GABAergic tricarboxylic acid cycles, respectively. The remaining fraction of glucose oxidation was in glia, where 12 ± 1% of the TCA cycle flux was dedicated to oxidation of GABA. 16 ± 2% of glutamine synthesis was provided to GABAergic neurons. We conclude that substantial metabolic activity occurs in GABAergic neurons and that glial metabolism supports both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the living rat brain.
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We performed 13C NMR spectroscopy in vivo at high magnetic field (14.1 T) upon administration of [1,6‐13C]glucose. This allowed to measure 13C incorporation into the three aliphatic carbons of GABA in the rat brain, in addition to those of glutamate, glutamine and aspartate. These data were then modelled to determine fluxes of energy metabolism in GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons and glial cells.
Endothelial nitric oxide deficiency promotes Alzheimer's disease pathology
Authors: Austin Susan A. , Santhanam Anantha V. , Hinton David J. , Choi Doo‐Sup , Katusic Zvonimir S. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAging and the presence of cerebrovascular disease are associated with increased incidence of Alzheimer's disease. A common feature of aging and cerebrovascular disease is decreased endothelial nitric oxide (NO). We studied the effect of a loss of endothelium derived NO on amyloid precursor protein (APP) related phenotype in late middle aged (LMA) (14–15 month) endothelial nitric oxide synthase deficient (eNOS−/−) mice. APP, β‐site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE) 1, and amyloid beta (Aβ) levels were significantly higher in the brains of LMA eNOS−/− mice as compared with LMA wild‐type controls. APP and Aβ1‐40 were increased in hippocampal tissue of eNOS−/− mice as compared with wild‐type mice. LMA eNOS−/− mice displayed an increased inflammatory phenotype as compared with LMA wild‐type mice. Importantly, LMA eNOS−/− mice performed worse in a radial arm maze test of spatial learning and memory as compared with LMA wild‐type mice. These data suggest that chronic loss of endothelial NO may be an important contributor to both Aβ related pathology and cognitive decline.
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Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with increased incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A common feature of these risk factors is decreased endothelial nitric oxide (NO). We observed, in mice deficient in endothelial nitric oxide synthase, increased amyloid precursor protein (APP), β‐site APP cleaving enzyme 1, amyloid beta levels, microglial activation, and impaired spatial memory. This suggests chronic loss of endothelial NO may be an important contributor to the pathogenesis of sporadic AD.
Exploring staff diabetes medication knowledge and practices in regional residential care: triangulation study
Authors: Wellard Sally Jane , Rasmussen Bodil , Savage Sally , Dunning Trisha 
Published: June 2013

Aims and objectivesThis study is drawn from a larger project that aimed to identify the staffing and organisational factors influencing the quality of diabetes care for older people living in residential care in regional Victoria, Australia. The focus of the current study is on medication management for residents with diabetes.BackgroundWith a continuous rise in diabetes in the population, there is an associated increase in the prevalence of diabetes in aged care residential settings. However, there is little specific guidance on how to manage diabetes in older people living in institutional settings who experience multiple concurrent chronic conditions.DesignA triangulation strategy consisting of three phases.MethodsA one‐shot cross‐sectional survey (n = 68) focus group interviews and a case file audit (n = 20). Data were collected between May 2009–January 2010.FindingsStaff knowledge of diabetes and its contemporary medication management was found to be suboptimal. Challenges to managing residents with diabetes included limited time, resident characteristics and communication systems. Additionally, the variability in medical support available to residents and a high level of polypharmacy added to the complexity of medication management of resident.ConclusionsThe current study suggests administering medicine to residents in aged care settings is difficult and has potentially serious medical, professional and economic consequences. Limitations to staff knowledge of contemporary diabetes care and medications potentially place residents with diabetes at risk of receiving less than optimal diabetes care.Relevance to clinical practiceProviding evidence‐based guidelines about diabetes care in residential care settings is essential to achieve acceptable outcomes and increase the quality of life for residents in public aged care. Continuing education programs in diabetes care specifically related to medication must be provided to all health professionals and encompass scope of practice.
Religion and self‐management of Thai Buddhist and Muslim women with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Lundberg Pranee C , Thrakul Supunnee 
Published: June 2013

Aims and objectivesTo report of a qualitative study of how religion affects the self‐management of Thai Buddhist and Muslim women with type 2 diabetes.BackgroundThe importance of diabetes self‐management is well recognised. However, research on such self‐management in Thailand is scarce, in particular on the influence of religion on the self‐management of Thai Buddhist and Muslim women with type 2 diabetes.DesignA descriptive qualitative study was conducted.MethodsPurposive convenience sampling was used, and 48 women, 19 Buddhist and 29 Muslim, aged from 28–80 years, participated. Data were collected in 2008–09 and analysed by use of manifest and latent content analysis.ResultsFour themes of the influence of religion on the self‐management among Thai women with type 2 diabetes emerged: religion – a way of coping with diabetes, spiritual practice – a help for disease control, spiritual practice – an effort to struggle with everyday life, and support from family – a cultural practice.ConclusionsThe Buddhist and Muslim women had self‐management capabilities that were often related to their religions. However, many of them had poor control of their blood sugar levels and needed assistance.Relevance to clinical practiceReference to religion and spiritual practice can be an effective means of helping diabetes patients better manage their disease and change their lifestyles. Furthermore, family and economic and social environments should be taken into account both in care and in interventions aimed at helping patients cope and empowering them to control their disease.
Implications for school nursing through interprofessional education and practice
Authors: Lam Winsome , Chan Engle A , Yeung Kit SS 
Published: June 2013

Aims and objectivesTo explore the interprofessional collaboration between nursing and social work professionals in their delivery of health services for schoolchildren.BackgroundInterprofessional education has long been recommended as a way to meet the need for effective collaboration in school health service with a view to improving the quality of health care. No local study in Hong Kong has looked specifically at how nursing and social work professionals carry out school health services through interprofessional education and practice. Therefore, an examination was conducted of collaboration on a community‐based school caring project.DesignA qualitative design was employed, using semi‐structured interviews, field observation and field debriefing.MethodsSeven nursing students and five social work students were recruited and interviewed in 2011. The transcripts were analysed using qualitative content analysis.ResultsThree themes were identified: (1) early identification of children's needs through interprofessional collaboration for health promotion, (2) prompt referral for schoolchildren in need, and (3) comprehensive planning and implementation of school health service.ConclusionThe strength of collaborative work between nursing and social work professionals is that it helps to identify and address these complex health needs of children. Healthcare providers are hence able to develop a fuller understanding of children's problems, which in turn enables them to provide appropriate and effective health promotion interventions.Relevance to clinical practiceThe development of interprofessional education for school health services should be envisaged by the local higher educational institute and policy makers to reduce children's risk‐taking behaviours and promote their health and well‐being. Health educators and health policy makers can better understand how interprofessional education and collaboration can promote children health service for regional and national policy and practice.
Certified nursing assistants’ perception of pain in people with dementia: a hermeneutic enquiry in dementia care practice
Authors: Karlsson Christina , Sidenvall Birgitta , Bergh Ingrid , Ernsth‐Bravell Marie 
Published: June 2013

Aims and objectivesTo interpret certified nursing assistants’ perception of pain in people with dementia in nursing care practice.BackgroundDetection and understanding of pain in people with dementia remains a challenge due to their difficulty in verbalising their pain. Nursing assistants provide daily nursing care and therefore play a vital role in pain detection. Nevertheless, pain research from the nursing assistants’ perspective is sparse.DesignA qualitative approach within the interpretive tradition was adopted.MethodsIndividual interviews with twelve certified nursing assistants, all working in dementia care, were conducted and interpreted using philosophical hermeneutics.ResultsNursing assistants’ perception of pain is on three levels. Each level consists of a theme. The first theme ‘Being in the facing phase’ refers to the initial perception of the person's expressions. The second theme ‘Being in the reflecting phase’ means ability to reflect more deeply on one's perception, together with other colleagues and next of kins. The third theme ‘Being in the acting phase’ means perception arising from preventive and protective care focusing on contributing to well‐being. The themes served as a basis for comprehensive understanding, where perception of pain arises from closeness, compassion and dialogue based on personhood, accompanied by professional knowledge of pain and dementia.ConclusionNursing assistants’ perception of pain is based on ethical concerns and on their own subjective pain experiences rather than on medical skills. Their perception derives from fundamental values that are important aspects of nursing care. Interdisciplinary solidarity may strengthen cooperation amongst CNAs and RNs to achieve best pain management practice.Relevance to clinical practiceAttention to nursing assistants’ perception of pain needs to be highlighted when they are front‐line staff and have developed important pain detection skills. Their skills are essential complements and must be used in the development of pain management in dementia care practice.
The prescribing practices of nurses who care for patients with skin conditions: a questionnaire survey
Authors: Carey Nicola , Courtenay Molly , Stenner Karen 
Published: June 2013

Aims and objectivesTo explore the practice of nurses who prescribe medication for patients with skin conditions.BackgroundNurses have lead roles in dermatology services. In the United Kingdom, nurses in primary care frequently prescribe medicines for skin conditions, but there are concerns about role preparation and access to continuing professional development. The prescribing practices of nurse independent supplementary prescribers who care for patients with skin conditions are under‐researched.DesignCross‐sectional survey.MethodsAn online questionnaire was used to survey 186 nurses who prescribed for skin conditions from May–July 2010. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests.ResultsThe majority worked in primary care (78%) and general practice (111, 59·7%). Twenty (10·8%) had specialist modules (at diploma, degree or master's level), 104 (55·9%) had dermatology training (e.g. study days), 44 (23·7%) had no training, and a further 18 (9·6%) did not respond. Oral antibiotics, topical antifungal and antibacterial drugs were frequently prescribed. Nurses with specialist dermatology training used their qualification in a greater number of ways, prescribed the broadest range of products and prescribed more items per week. Over 70% reporting on continuing professional development had been able to access it.ConclusionsA large number of nurses in primary care prescribe medicines for skin conditions and are involved in medicines management activities. Lack of specialist dermatology training is a concern and associated with lower prescribing–related activities. Access to dermatology training and continuing professional development are required to support nurse development in this area of practice and maximise benefits.Relevance to clinical practiceNurse prescribers' involvement in medicines management activities has important implications in terms of improving access to services, efficiency and cost savings. To maximise their contribution, improved provision of specialist dermatology training is required. This will be of interest to education providers and service planners in the UK and countries around the world.
Five‐year results of a prospective randomised controlled clinical trial of posterior computer‐aided design–computer‐aided manufacturing ZrSiO4‐ceramic crowns
Authors: Passia N. , Stampf S. , Strub J. R. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryThe aim of this prospective randomised controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the clinical outcome of shrinkage‐free ZrSiO4‐ceramic full‐coverage crowns on premolars and molars in comparison with conventional gold crowns over a 5‐year period. Two hundred and twenty‐three patients were included and randomly divided into two treatment groups. One hundred and twenty‐three patients were restored with 123 ZrSiO4‐ceramic crowns, and 100 patients received 100 gold crowns, which served as the control. All crowns were conventionally cemented with glass–ionomer cement. After an observation period of 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months, the survival probability (Kaplan–Meier) for the shrinkage‐free ZrSiO4‐ceramic crowns was 98·3%, 92·0%, 84·7%, 79% and 73·2% and for the gold crowns, 99%, 97·9%, 95·7%, 94·6% and 92·3%, respectively. The difference between the test and control group was statistically significant (P = 0·0027). The gold crowns showed a better marginal integrity with less marginal discoloration than the ceramic crowns. The most common failure in the ceramic crown group was fracture of the crown. The 60‐month results of this prospective randomised controlled clinical trial suggest that the use of these shrinkage‐free ZrSiO4‐ceramic crowns in posterior tooth restorations cannot be recommended.
Family Violence, Bullying, Fighting, and Substance Use Among Adolescents: A Longitudinal Mediational Model
Authors: Espelage Dorothy L. , Low Sabina , Rao Mrinalini A. , Hong Jun S. , Little Todd D. 
Published: June 2013

Social interaction learning theory provides a framework for understanding the potential overlap among adolescent problem behaviors such as family violence, aggression, and substance use. The current study assessed the longitudinal, reciprocal relations among family violence, bullying perpetration, fighting perpetration, and adolescent substance use using a sample of 1,232 students from four Midwestern middle schools. Students completed measures on family dynamics, bullying and fighting behaviors, and alcohol and drug use three times over 18 months. Structural equation modeling results indicated that bullying and fighting perpetration mediated the link between family violence and substance use only for males, but not for females. For females, family violence at Wave 1 was related to greater substance use at Wave 3.
Comparative digestibility of low‐quality grass hay by two breeds of cattle differing in mature live weight
Authors: Lourenço A. L. , Dias‐da‐Silva A. , Santos A. S. , Rodrigues M. A. M. , Cone J. W. , Ferreira L. M. M. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryThe digestive capacity of the Portuguese native breed of Barrosão cattle and the Holstein–Friesian breed was measured when fed meadow hay (72–74 g CP and 641–671 g NDF/kg dry matter), offered either alone or supplemented with soya bean meal (150 g/kg dry matter), at maintenance level. Four mature cows of each breed were used. Average initial live weight (LW) was 457 and 635 kg for the Barrosão and the Holstein–Friesian cows respectively. The organic matter digestibility (OMD) of the meadow hay was higher in Holstein–Friesian than in Barrosão cows (p < 0.08) whether supplemented or not. The neutral detergent fibre digestibility of the hay was also higher in Holstein–Frisian when the hay was fed alone (p < 0.08). The soya bean meal supplementation increased the OMD and the NDFD digestibility of the total diet (p < 0.05), but not the OMD digestibility of the hay (p > 0.05). The results obtained in this study suggest a higher ability to digest fibre in the large dairy breed than in the small native breed. This suggestion is also supported by previous findings with sheep breeds largely differing in mature live weight.
Survival in low light: photosynthesis and growth of a red alga in relation to measured in situ irradiance
Authors: Pritchard Daniel W. , Hurd Catriona L. , Beardall John , Hepburn Christopher D. 
Published: June 2013

Reduced light availability for benthic primary producers as a result of anthropogenic activities may be an important driver of change in coastal seas. However, our knowledge of the minimum light requirements for benthic macroalgae limits our understanding of how these changes may affect primary productivity and the functioning of coastal ecosystems. This knowledge gap is particularly acute in deeper water, where the impacts of increased light attenuation will be most severe. We examined the minimum light requirements of Anotrichium crinitum, which dominates near the maximum depth limit for macroalgae throughout New Zealand and Southern Australia, and is a functional analog of rhodophyte macroalgae in temperate low‐light (deep‐water) habitats throughout the world. These data show that A. crinitum is a shade‐adapted seaweed with modest light requirements for the initiation of net photosynthesis (1.49–2.25 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1) and growth (0.12–0.19 mol photons · m−2 · d−1). A. crinitum maintains high photosynthetic efficiency and pigment content and a low C:N ratio throughout the year and can maintain biomass under sub‐compensation (critical) light levels for at least 5 d. Nevertheless, in situ photon flux is less than the minimum light requirement for A. crinitum on at least 103 d per annum and is rarely sufficient to saturate growth. These findings reinforce the importance of understanding the physiological response of macroalgae at the extremes of environmental gradients and highlight the need to establish minimum thresholds that modification of the subtidal light environment should not cross.
Analysis of the germination kinetics of individual Bacillus subtilis spores treated with hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite
Authors: Setlow B. , Yu J. , Li Y.-Q. , Setlow P. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
More than 95% of individuals in populations of Bacillus subtilis spores killed approximately 95% by hydrogen peroxide or hypochlorite germinated with a nutrient, although the germination of the treated spores was slower than that of untreated spores. The slow germination of individual oxidizing agent-treated spores was due to: (i) 3- to 5-fold longer lag times (Tlag) between germinant addition and initiation of fast release of spores' large dipicolinic acid (DPA) depot (ii) 2- to 10-fold longer times (ΔTrelease) for rapid DPA release, once this process had been initiated; and (iii) 3- to 7-fold longer times needed for lysis of spores' peptidoglycan cortex. These results indicate that effects of oxidizing agent treatment on subsequent spore germination are on: (i) nutrient germinant receptors in spores' inner membrane (ii) components of the DPA release process, possibly SpoVA proteins also in spores' inner membrane, or the cortex-lytic enzyme CwlJ; and (iii) the cortex-lytic enzyme SleB, also largely in spores' inner membrane. This study further indicates that rapid assays of spore viability based on measurement of DPA release in spore germination can give false-positive readings.

Significance and Impact of the Study
This work shows that with Bacillus subtilis spore populations in which approximately 95% of individual spores were killed by several oxidizing agents, &gt;95% of the spores in these populations germinated with nutrients, albeit slowly. This is important, as assay of an early germination event, release of dipicolinic acid, has been suggested as a rapid assay for spore viability and would give false-positive readings for the level of the killing of oxidizing agent-treated spore populations. Analysis of the germination kinetics of multiple individual untreated or oxidizing agent-treated spores also provides new information on proteins damaged by oxidizing agent treatment, and at least some of which are in spores' inner membrane.
Work, Family, and Accounts of Mothers’ Lives Using Discourse to Navigate Intensive Mothering Ideals
Authors: Damaske Sarah 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDespite the dramatic increase in women’s employment since the 1970s, mothers’ decisions about work remain closely scrutinized. The intensive mothering ethos in which “good” mothers are highly involved in the minutiae of their children’s lives, continues to be the prevailing parenting paradigm in the United States. This article asks: How do women use discourse to navigate the demands of intensive motherhood? First, this article reviews literature on ideologies of intensive mothering. The article then considers research on how accounts are used to navigate the moral dilemmas surrounding women’s work and motherhood. This article provides us with a better understanding of how traditional gender divides remain culturally relevant, how people use discourse to expand cultural schemas to fit their own social location, and how the process of expanding the framework of a schema through this negotiation process can allow traditional gender schemas to remain salient even while different actions are incorporated.