bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Contribution of Agriculture, Forestry and other Land Use activities to Global Warming, 1990–2012
Authors: Tubiello Francesco N. , Salvatore Mirella , Ferrara Alessandro F. , House Jo , Federici Sandro , Rossi Simone , Biancalani Riccardo , Condor Golec Rocio D. , Jacobs Heather , Flammini Alessandro , Prosperi Paolo , Cardenas‐Galindo Paola , Schmidhuber Josef , Sanz Sanchez Maria J. , Srivastava Nalin , Smith Pete 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe refine the information available through the IPCC AR5 with regard to recent trends in global GHG emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land uses (AFOLU), including global emission updates to 2012. Using all three available AFOLU datasets employed for analysis in the IPCC AR5, rather than just one as done in the IPCC AR5 WGIII Summary for Policy Makers, our analyses point to a down‐revision of global AFOLU shares of total anthropogenic emissions, while providing important additional information on subsectoral trends. Our findings confirm that the share of AFOLU emissions to the anthropogenic total declined over time. They indicate a decadal average of 28.7 ± 1.5% in the 1990s and 23.6 ± 2.1% in the 2000s and an annual value of 21.2 ± 1.5% in 2010. The IPCC AR5 had indicated a 24% share in 2010. In contrast to previous decades, when emissions from land use (land use, land use change and forestry, including deforestation) were significantly larger than those from agriculture (crop and livestock production), in 2010 agriculture was the larger component, contributing 11.2 ± 0.4% of total GHG emissions, compared to 10.0 ± 1.2% of the land use sector. Deforestation was responsible for only 8% of total anthropogenic emissions in 2010, compared to 12% in the 1990s. Since 2010, the last year assessed by the IPCC AR5, new FAO estimates indicate that land use emissions have remained stable, at about 4.8 Gt CO2 eq yr−1 in 2012. Emissions minus removals have also remained stable, at 3.2 Gt CO2 eq yr−1 in 2012. By contrast, agriculture emissions have continued to grow, at roughly 1% annually, and remained larger than the land use sector, reaching 5.4 Gt CO2 eq yr−1 in 2012. These results are useful to further inform the current climate policy debate on land use, suggesting that more efforts and resources should be directed to further explore options for mitigation in agriculture, much in line with the large efforts devoted to REDD+ in the past decade.
Testing the limits of resistance: a 19‐year study of Mediterranean grassland response to grazing regimes
Authors: Sternberg Marcelo , Golodets Carly , Gutman Mario , Perevolotsky Avi , Ungar Eugene D. , Kigel Jaime , Henkin Zalmen 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA synthesis of a long‐term (19 years) study assessing the effects of cattle grazing on the structure and composition of a Mediterranean grassland in north‐eastern Israel is presented, with new insights into the response of the vegetation to grazing management and rainfall. We hypothesized that the plant community studied would be resistant to high grazing intensities and rainfall variability considering the combined long history of land‐use and unpredictable climatic conditions where this community evolved. Treatments included manipulations of stocking densities (moderate, heavy, and very heavy) and of grazing regimes (continuous vs. seasonal), in a factorial design. The effect of interannual rainfall variation on the expression of grazing impacts on the plant community was minor. The main effects of grazing on relative cover of plant functional groups were related to early vs. late seasonal grazing. Species diversity and equitability were remarkably stable across all grazing treatments. A reduction in tall grass cover at higher stocking densities was correlated with increased cover of less palatable groups such as annual and perennial thistles, as well as shorter and prostrate groups such as short annual grasses. This long‐term study shows that interannual fluctuations in plant functional group composition could be partly accounted for by grazing pressure and timing, but not by the measured rainfall variables. Grazing affected the dominance of tall annual grasses. However, the persistence of tall grasses and more palatable species over time, despite large differences in grazing pressure and timing, supports the idea that Mediterranean grasslands are highly resistant to prolonged grazing. Indeed, even under the most extreme grazing conditions applied, there were no signs of deterioration or collapse of the ecosystem. This high resistance to grazing intensity and interannual fluctuation in climatic conditions should favor the persistence of the plant community under forecasted increasing unpredictability due to climate change.
Multicenter prospective study to optimize the efficacy of triple therapy with telaprevir in patients with genotype 1b hepatitis C virus infection according to an algorithm based on the drug Adherence, IL‐28B Gene Allele and Viral Response Trial (AG & RGT)
Authors: Sugawara Kayoko , Koushima Youhei , Inao Mie , Nakayama Nobuaki , Nagoshi Sumiko , Yakabi Koji , Tamano Masaya , Asabe Shinichi , Nishikawa Ko , Harada Youji , Sekine Chuichi , Fukuya Yuji , Funyu Junji , Hashimoto Yoshiaki , Mochida Satoshi 
Published: January 2015

AimTo optimize the therapeutic efficacy of NS3/4A protease inhibitors, a multicenter prospective study was performed according to an algorithm based on the Adherence, IL‐28B Gene Allele and Viral Response Trial (AG & RGT).MethodsA total of 340 patients with genotype 1b hepatitis C virus (HCV) showing serum RNA levels of >5 log were enrolled. The duration of ribavirin/pegylated interferon (PEG IFN)‐α‐2b therapy was prolonged to 48 weeks in patients with unfavorable IL28B alleles showing adherence rates of less than 80% for either drug during the first 12 weeks even if RVR had been achieved, and in those in whom cEVR, but not RVR, was achieved; furthermore, to 72 weeks in those showing partial early viral response.ResultsThe therapeutic outcomes were assessed in 282 patients, and the therapy was set to complete at 24 weeks in 181 patients (64%) and to prolong to 48 weeks or 72 weeks in 71 patients (25%). The former group showed a SVR rate of 84%, while the latter group showed an SVR rate of 69% with a relapse rate of 7%. The SVR rate was 33% in the 30 patients (11%) in whom the therapy had to be discontinued in less than 12 weeks. Thus, the results of intention‐to‐treat analysis revealed an overall SVR rate of 75%. Multivariate analysis identified prolongation of the duration of therapy as a significant factor associated with SVR.ConclusionTriple therapy yielded a high SVR rate in the AG & RGT trial via attenuation of viral relapse by prolonged ribavirin/PEG IFN‐α‐2b administration. © 2015 The Japan Society of Hepatology
Utility of real‐time shear wave elastography for assessing liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection without cirrhosis: Comparison of liver fibrosis indices
Authors: Tada Toshifumi , Kumada Takashi , Toyoda Hidenori , Ito Takanori , Sone Yasuhiro , Okuda Seiji , Tsuji Nozomi , Imayoshi Yumi , Yasuda Eisuke 
Published: January 2015

AimTo clarify the diagnostic impact of liver fibrosis except for cirrhosis identified using shear wave elastography (SWE) in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients, and to compare the performance in diagnosing liver fibrosis among SWE and liver fibrosis indices.MethodsA total of 55 CHC patients who underwent liver biopsy were analyzed. The diagnostic performance for identifying significant liver fibrosis (F2–F3) for SWE, FIB‐4 index, aspartate aminotransferase‐to‐platelet ratio index (APRI) and Forns’ index was assessed using receiver–operator curve (ROC) analysis.ResultsThe median SWE elasticity value, FIB‐4 index, APRI and Forns’ index in the F0–F1 and F2–F3 groups were 6.3 kPa and 13.1 kPa; 1.52 and 4.45; 0.41 and 1.43; and 7.69 and 8.85, respectively (P < 0.001 for all four methods). Multivariate analysis showed that SWE was independently associated with the presence of significant liver fibrosis (odds ratio, 2.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.49–4.28; P < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve for SWE in diagnosing significant liver fibrosis was 0.94, indicating high diagnostic value, compared with 0.86, 0.88 and 0.83, for the FIB‐4 index, APRI and Forns’ index, respectively, which corresponds to moderate diagnostic value. The accuracy of SWE, FIB‐4 index, APRI and Forns’ index for diagnosing significant liver fibrosis was 90.9%, 76.4%, 74.5% and 67.2%, respectively.ConclusionSWE has excellent ability for diagnosing significant liver fibrosis in CHC even when patients with cirrhosis are excluded. The diagnostic performance of SWE is superior to that of three liver fibrosis indices.
Urinary bladder xanthoma: a multi‐institutional series of 17 cases
Authors: Yu Darryl C W , Patel Premal , Bonert Michael , Carlson Kevin , Yilmaz Asli , Paner Gladell , Magi‐Galluzzi Cristina , Lopez‐Beltran Antonio , Trpkov Kiril 
Published: January 2015

AimsTo present a series of urinary bladder xanthomas and characterize their clinical features and associated pathology.Methods and resultsWe retrieved the clinicopathological data of bladder xanthomas, with and without associated urothelial neoplasms. We identified six isolated bladder xanthomas and 11 arising within or adjacent to urothelial neoplasms. The biopsies showed lamina propria aggregates of foamy histiocytes, without an accompanying inflammation. Patients presented either incidentally or with microscopic haematuria or irritative symptoms. Patients with isolated xanthomas had a mean age of 65.3 years (range: 54–75 years) and an equal male to female ratio. Four of five patients with isolated xanthomas with available serum results had an abnormal lipid profile. Eleven patients had xanthomas associated with urothelial neoplasms [papilloma n = 4, papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP) n = 2 and low‐grade urothelial carcinoma n = 5]. Mean patient age was 62.5 years (range: 51–69 years) and all were male. Of the six patients with metabolic abnormalities, five had hypercholesterolaemia and one had a history of diabetes mellitus.ConclusionBladder xanthomas are rare lesions found in older patients who present either non‐specifically or with microscopic haematuria or irritative symptoms. These lesions are often associated with underlying lipid abnormalities. A biopsy is recommended for an accurate diagnosis and to exclude neoplasia.
The effect of ultrasound waves on the efficiency of membrane clarification of pomegranate juice
Authors: Aliasghari Aghdam Morteza , Mirsaeedghazi Hossein , Aboonajmi Mohammad , Kianmehr Mohammad H. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryPomegranate juice has a turbid appearance, which poses difficulties in its concentration process. Membrane clarification can be used to clarify pomegranate juice; however, membrane fouling reduces the permeate flux, limiting its effectiveness. Ultrasound at 30 kHz was used to reduce membrane fouling. Results were compared with the data obtained for membrane clarification without ultrasonic treatment at the same temperature. Results showed that permeate flux increased with ultrasonic treatment. Evaluation of different membrane fouling characteristics showed that the total membrane resistance fell due to the reduction in irreversible fouling and cake resistance. However, ultrasound did not affect the thick caking produced in membrane processing at low feed‐flow rates. Evaluation of the physicochemical properties of pomegranate juice showed that ultrasound can decrease antioxidant activity due to the reduction in total anthocyanin content. Also, total soluble solid content and acidity of pomegranate juice changed with ultrasonic treatment.
Turbidity potentials of single long‐chain fatty acids and gelatinised starch in synthetic lautering wort
Authors: Holtz Christopher , Gastl Martina , Becker Thomas 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe turbidity potentials of long‐chain fatty acids as well as gelatinised starch were investigated in synthetic lautering wort to determine their contribution to turbidity according to concentration. Synthetic wort proved to be a standardised and reproducible model solution. Concentration series of gelatinised starch and single long‐chain fatty acids as pure substances showed high correlations between concentrations and turbidity levels of turbidity 11° and turbidity 90° measurements. Gelatinised barley starch has the turbidity potential of 0.04 EBC/(mg L−1) on turbidity 11° levels. Regarding long‐chain fatty acids, saturated fatty acids showed distinctly higher turbidity potentials on turbidity 11° (≥0.32 EBC/(mg L−1) and turbidity 90° (≥0.15 EBC/(mg L−1) than unsaturated fatty acids. The turbidity potential of the saturated fatty acids corresponded with their chain lengths, with stearic acid (18:0) showing the highest turbidity potential. However, the impact on turbidity is primarily determined by concentration and not by turbidity potential.
Enhancing the antioxidant activity of immature calamondin by heat treatment
Authors: Lou Shyi‐Neng , Hsieh Hsin‐Pei , Ho Chi‐Tang , Ferng Lin‐Huei A. , Chang Yung‐Chung 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate the enhancing effect of heat treatment (110 and 130 °C for 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 h, and 150 °C for 1.5 h) on antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of immature calamondin (Citrus mitis Blanco). The results indicated that heat treatment could enhance the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging potency, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and total phenolic content. However, the major flavonoid, 3′,5′‐di‐C‐β‐glucopyranosylphloretin (DGPP), decreased drastically after being heated at ≥130 °C over 1.5 h. The increasing ratio of absorbance at UV420 nm coincided with the change of the antioxidant activity. Therefore, it was concluded that the browning products resulted in the increase of the antioxidant activity of immature calamondin heated at ≥130 °C over 1.5 h, while the increase of antioxidant activity at 110 and 130 °C ≤ 1.0 h heating was due to increased phenolic content.
Comparative analysis of genetically modified brown rice with conventional rice varieties for the safety assessment
Authors: Oh Seonwoo , Park Soo‐Yun , Yeo Yunsoo , Park Soon Ki , Kim Hee‐Yun 
Published: January 2015

SummaryCompositional analysis of genetically modified (GM) rice (OsCK1), non‐GM comparator and reference rice as commercial rice was conducted for the safety assessment. The tolerance intervals (TI) of commercial rice were also set to illustrate compositional variability. GM rice, non‐GM rice and reference rice were compared using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) to assess the impact of genetic modification vs. environmental influence on the rice component. Seventeen components in forty‐six analysed components were significantly different between GM rice and non‐GM rice. But, the mean ranges of the seventeen components were all within those of the reference TIs. These results demonstrate that the nutrition components of GM rice (OsCK1) fell within the range of natural variability and were biologically equivalent to non‐GM rice. In addition, multivariate analysis by PCA and PLS‐DA revealed that environmental factors such as growing locations were important due to the variability of the rice metabolite profiles. These comparisons lead to the conclusion that disease‐resistant transgenic rice (OsCK1) is compositionally equivalent to and as safe and nutritious as conventional rice varieties grown commercially.
Trends in Oral Anticoagulant Choice for Acute Stroke Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation in Japan: The SAMURAI-NVAF Study
Authors: Toyoda Kazunori , Arihiro Shoji , Todo Kenichi , Yamagami Hiroshi , Kimura Kazumi , Furui Eisuke , Terasaki Tadashi , Shiokawa Yoshiaki , Kamiyama Kenji , Takizawa Shunya , Okuda Satoshi , Okada Yasushi , Kameda Tomoaki , Nagakane Yoshinari , Hasegawa Yasuhiro , Mochizuki Hiroshi , Ito Yasuhiro , Nakashima Takahiro , Takamatsu Kazuhiro , Nishiyama Kazutoshi , Kario Kazuomi , Sato Shoichiro , Koga Masatoshi ,   for the SAMURAI Study Investigators
Published: January 2015

Background Large clinical trials are lack of data on non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants for acute stroke patients. Aim To evaluate the choice of oral anticoagulants at acute hospital discharge in stroke patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and clarify the underlying characteristics potentially affecting that choice using the multicenter Stroke Acute Management with Urgent Risk-factor Assessment and Improvement-NVAF registry (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01581502). Method The study included 1192 acute ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (527 women, 77·7 ± 9·9 years old) between September 2011 and March 2014, during which three nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant oral anticoagulants were approved for clinical use. Oral anticoagulant choice at hospital discharge (median 23-day stay) was assessed. Results Warfarin was chosen for 650 patients, dabigatran for 203, rivaroxaban for 238, and apixaban for 25. Over the three 10-month observation periods, patients taking warfarin gradually decreased to 46·5% and those taking nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants increased to 48·0%. As compared with warfarin users, patients taking nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants included more men, were younger, more frequently had small infarcts, and had lower scores for poststroke CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc, and HAS-BLED, admission National Institutes of Health stroke scale, and discharge modified Rankin Scale. Nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants were started at a median of four-days after stroke onset without early intracranial hemorrhage. Patients starting nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants earlier had smaller infarcts and lower scores for the admission National Institutes of Health stroke scale and the discharge modified Rankin Scale than those starting later. Choice of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants was independently associated with 20-day or shorter hospitalization (OR 2·46, 95% CI 1·87–3·24). Conclusions Warfarin use at acute hospital discharge was still common in the initial years after approval of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants, although nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant users increased gradually. The index stroke was milder and ischemia-risk indices were lower in nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant users than in warfarin users. Early initiation of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants seemed safe.
Treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who are eligible for stem cell transplantation: position statement of the Myeloma Foundation of Australia Medical and Scientific Advisory Group
Authors: Quach H. , Joshua D. , Ho J. , Szer J. , Spencer A. , Harrison S. J. , Mollee P. , Roberts A. W. , Horvath N. , Talulikar D. , To B. , Zannettino A. , Brown R. , Catley L. , Augustson B. , Jaksic W. , Gibson J. , Prince H. M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe survival of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) has improved substantially since the introduction in the late 1980s of high‐dose chemotherapy (HDT) supported by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Further improvements have been observed following the availability of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiD) such as thalidomide and lenalidomide, and the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib. Here, we summarise the recommendations of the Medical Scientific Advisory Group to the Myeloma Foundation of Australia for patients considered suitable for HDT + ASCT as part of initial therapy. These recommendations incorporate the various phases of treatment: induction, HDT conditioning and maintenance therapy.
Immune mechanisms linked to depression via oxidative stress and neuroprogression
Authors: Bakunina Nataliia , Pariante Carmine M. , Zunszain Patricia A. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryEmerging evidence suggests a significant role for inflammation and oxidative stress as main contributors to the neuroprogression that is observed in major depressive disorder (MDD), where patients show increased inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers. The process of neuroprogression includes stage‐related neurodegeneration, cell death, reduced neurogenesis, reduced neuronal plasticity and increased autoimmune responses. Oxidative stress is a consequence of the biological imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, leading to the alteration of biomolecules and the loss of control of the intracellular redox‐related signalling pathways. ROS serve as crucial secondary messengers in signal transduction and significantly affect inflammatory pathways by activating nuclear factor‐κB and mitogen‐activated protein kinase family stress kinases. When present in excess, ROS inflict damage, affecting cellular constituents with the formation of pro‐inflammatory molecules, such as malondialdehyde, 4‐hydroxynonenal, neoepitopes and damage‐associated molecular patterns promoting immune response, and ultimately leading to cell death. The failure of cells to adapt to the changes in redox homeostasis and the subsequent cell death, together with the damage caused by inflammatory mediators, have been considered as major causes of neuroprogression and hence MDD. Both an activated immune–inflammatory system and increased oxidative stress act synergistically, complicating our understanding of the pathogenesis of depression. The cascade of antioxidative and inflammatory events is orchestrated by several transcription factors, with nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 and nuclear factor‐κB having particular relevance to MDD. This review focuses on potential molecular mechanisms through which impaired redox homeostasis and neuroinflammation can affect the neuronal environment and contribute to depression.
Six‐month outcomes in dental patients identified with hyperglycaemia: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Lalla Evanthia , Cheng Bin , Kunzel Carol , Burkett Sandra , Ferraro Andrew , Lamster Ira B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAimTo assess an approach to improving behavioural and glycaemic outcomes in dental patients who present with diabetes risk factors and previously unrecognized hyperglycaemia.MethodsWe randomized 101 individuals identified with potential diabetes or pre‐diabetes into two interventions. In the basic/control intervention, participants were informed about their diabetes risk factors and blood test result, and advised to see a physician. In the enhanced/test intervention, patients received a detailed explanation of findings and their implications, a written report for the physician, and were contacted at 2 and 4 months to inquire whether medical follow‐up had occurred. At a 6‐month re‐evaluation, outcome measures included visit to physician, positive lifestyle changes and reduction in HbA1c.ResultsSeventy‐three subjects returned for the 6‐month visit. The two intervention groups did not significantly differ in any of the outcome variables. Eighty‐four percent of subjects reported having visited a physician post‐randomization, and 49% reported at least one positive lifestyle change as a result of our intervention. In subjects identified with potential diabetes (baseline HbA1c ≥ 6.5%), HbA1c was reduced 1.46 ± 0.28% compared to baseline (p < 0.01).ConclusionDiabetes risk assessment and education by dental professionals of affected individuals unaware of their status may contribute to improved patient outcomes.