bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Only the chemical state of Indium changes in Mn-doped In3Sb1Te2 (Mn: 10 at.%) during multi-level resistance changes
Authors: Lee Y. M. , Ahn D. , Kim J.-Y. , Kim Y. S. , Cho S. , Ahn M. , Cho M.-H. , Jung M. S. , Choi D. K. , Jung M.-C. , Qi Y. B. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe fabricated and characterized the material with Mn (10 at.%: atomic percent) doped In3Sb1Te2 (MIST) using co-sputtering and synchrotron radiation, respectively. The MIST thin film showed phase-changes at 97 and 320°C, with sheet resistances of ~10 kΩsq (amorphous), ~0.2 kΩsq (first phase-change) and ~10 Ωsq (second phase-change). MIST did not exhibit any chemical separation or increased structural instability during either phase-change, as determined with high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Chemical state changes were only depended for In without concomitant changes of Sb and Te. Apparently, doped Mn atoms can be induced with movement of only In atoms.
Increasing Mechanical Strength of Gelatin Hydrogels by Divalent Metal Ion Removal
Authors: Xing Qi , Yates Keegan , Vogt Caleb , Qian Zichen , Frost Megan C. , Zhao Feng 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe usage of gelatin hydrogel is limited due to its instability and poor mechanical properties, especially under physiological conditions. Divalent metal ions present in gelatin such as Ca2+ and Fe2+ play important roles in the gelatin molecule interactions. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of divalent ion removal on the stability and mechanical properties of gelatin gels with and without chemical crosslinking. The gelatin solution was purified by Chelex resin to replace divalent metal ions with sodium ions. The gel was then chemically crosslinked by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC). Results showed that the removal of divalent metal ions significantly impacted the formation of the gelatin network. The purified gelatin hydrogels had less interactions between gelatin molecules and form larger-pore network which enabled EDC to penetrate and crosslink the gel more efficiently. The crosslinked purified gels showed small swelling ratio, higher crosslinking density and dramatically increased storage and loss moduli. The removal of divalent ions is a simple yet effective method that can significantly improve the stability and strength of gelatin hydrogels. The in vitro cell culture demonstrated that the purified gelatin maintained its ability to support cell attachment and spreading.
Physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities and protective effect against acute ethanol-induced hepatic injury in mice of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) bran oil
Authors: Pang Min , He Shujian , Wang Lu , Cao Xinmin , Cao Lili , Jiang Shaotong 
Published: April 2014

Millets are good sources of nutraceuticals. Oil extracted from foxtail millet bran proved to be a nutrient by its antioxidant activitiesin vitroand ameliorating effects against ethanol-induced hepatic injury in mice.
Remembering Ruth First at the CEA
Authors: Darch Colin 
Published: April 2014

Ruth changed in Mozambique; she softened. I think she belonged in Mozambique in a way that she never belonged to England. It was her home, and she meant something to that society. (Gillian Slovo, interview, 1989)
This article traces the evolution of research at the Centro de Estudos Africanos (CEA) from before the time of Ruth First's arrival. It divides her work there into two periods: the work on the Mozambican Miner, in which she was heavily involved personally, and the later period when she was much more involved in recruiting permanent staff and in creating conditions for successful research, including building up the Documentation Centre within the CEA. This objective included work on maintaining the administrative independence of the CEA within the university to ensure flexibility in responding to rapidly changing research conditions. Research was not simply determined by political priorities, although it engaged with them. The evolution of the key Development Course is also traced, and the work of the Oficina de Historia (History Workshop) is briefly described.
Transient expression analysis revealed the importance of VTC2 expression level in light/dark regulation of ascorbate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yoshimura Kazuya , Nakane Tomono , Kume Seina , Shiomi Yuki , Maruta Takanori , Ishikawa Takahiro , Shigeoka Shigeru 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Ascorbate (AsA) is an important antioxidant and an enzyme cofactor involved in various metabolic pathways. In this study, we investigated the effects of estrogen (ES)-inducible transient expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the d-mannose/l-galactose (d-Man/l-Gal) pathway for plant AsA biosynthesis on AsA levels under light and dark conditions. No significant difference was observed in AsA levels between Arabidopsis plants transiently expressing phosphomannose isomerase (PMI1), GDP-d-Man pyrophosphorylase (GMP/VTC1), GDP-Man-3′,5′-epimerase (GME), and l-Gal 1-phosphate phosphatase (GPP/VTC4), but AsA levels in the plants transiently expressing GDP-l-Gal phosphorylase (GGP/VTC2) were 2.5-fold higher than those in control plants 7 d after ES treatment. The increase in AsA levels under continuous light conditions and the decrease in AsA levels under dark conditions were enhanced and suppressed, respectively, in the ES-treated plants. These results suggest that GGP/VTC2 acts as a rate-limiting step regulating AsA biosynthesis in response to light and dark conditions.
Effects of heparin and cholesterol sulfate on the activity and stability of human matrix metalloproteinase 7
Authors: Samukange Vimbai , Yasukawa Kiyoshi , Inouye Kuniyo 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans and sulfated lipids are involved in the biological functions of human matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7). In this study, the effects of heparin and cholesterol sulfate (CS) on the activity and stability of MMP-7 in the hydrolysis of a synthetic substrate, (7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl-l-Pro-l-Leu-Gly-l-Leu-[N3-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-l-2,3-diaminopropionyl]-l-Ala-l-Arg-NH2, were examined. Heparin increased activity by decreasing Km, and the Km values for 0 and 50 μM heparin were 57 ± 8 and 19 ± 5 μM, respectively. CS decreased activity in a non-competitive inhibitory manner with a Ki value of 11 ± 3 μM. In thermal incubation at 50−70 °C, heparin increased relative activity (the ratio of kcat/Km of MMP-7 with incubation to that without it), while CS decreased relative activity. These results indicate that heparin increases the activity and stability of MMP-7, while CS decreases them.
Characterization of chimeric and mutated isocitrate lyases of a mesophilic nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Azotobacter vinelandii, and a psychrophilic bacterium, Colwellia maris
Authors: Hayashi Tomofumi , Matsuzaki Wataru , Takada Yasuhiro 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Chimeric enzymes between a cold-adapted isocitrate lyase (ICL) of a psychrophilic bacterium, Colwellia maris, (CmICL) and a mesophilic ICL of a nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Azotobacter vinelandii, (AvICL) were constructed by dividing the ICL genes into four regions of almost equal length and exchanging regions in various combinations. The chimeric ICL, which was replaced C-terminal region 4 of AvICL by the corresponding region of CmICL, showed much lower specific activity and lower optimum temperature and thermostability for activity than wild-type AvICL, indicating that region 4 is involved in its thermal properties. Furthermore, mutual substitution between the Met501 residue in region 4 of CmICL and the corresponding Ile504 residue of AvICL influenced the temperature dependence of their activities, suggesting that these amino acid residues are important to the respective mesophilic and cold-adapted properties of AvICL and CmICL.
Acyl-homoserine lactones suppresses IEC-6 cell proliferation and increase permeability of isolated rat colon
Authors: Joe Ga-Hyun , Andoh Midori , Nomura Mikako , Iwaya Hitoshi , Lee Jae-Sung , Shimizu Hidehisa , Tsuji Youhei , Maseda Hideaki , Miyazaki Hitoshi , Hara Hiroshi , Ishizuka Satoshi 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We investigated to determine whether a variety of acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) influences epithelial cell proliferation and mucosal permeability. 3-Oxo-C12-homoserine lactone (HSL) and 3-oxo-C14-HSL significantly suppressed IEC-6 cell proliferation. A significant increase in mucosal permeability was observed in isolated rat colon tissue exposed to C12-HSL, 3-oxo-C12-HSL, and 3-oxo-C14-HSL. These data indicate that AHLs suppress epithelial proliferation and disrupt barrier function in intestinal mucosa.
Genetic and biochemical analysis of the antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters on the Streptomyces linear plasmid
Authors: Arakawa Kenji 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We extensively analyzed the giant linear plasmid pSLA2-L in Streptomyces rochei 7434AN4, a producer of two structurally unrelated polyketide antibiotics, lankacidin and lankamycin. It was found that amine oxidase LkcE oxidizes an acyclic amine to an imine, which is in turn converted to the 17-membered carbocyclic lankacidin. Heterologous expression and translational fusion experiments indicated the modular-iterative mixed polyketide biosynthesis of lankacidin. Concerning to lankamycin biosynthesis, starter unit biosynthesis and the post-PKS modification pathway were elucidated by feeding and gene inactivation experiments. It was shown that pSLA2-L contains many regulatory genes, which constitute the signaling molecule/receptor system for antibiotic production and morphological differentiation in this strain. Two signaling molecules, SRB1 and SRB2, that induce production of lankacidin and lankamycin were further isolated and their structures were elucidated. Each contains a 2,3-disubstituted butenolide skeleton, and the stereochemistry at C-1′ position is crucial for inducing activity.
Administered chrysanthemum flower oil attenuates hyperuricemia: mechanism of action as revealed by DNA microarray analysis
Authors: Honda Shinichi , Kawamoto Seiji , Tanaka Hozumi , Kishida Hideyuki , Kitagawa Masayasu , Nakai Yuji , Abe Keiko , Hirata Dai 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe applied Chrysanthemum flower oil (CFO) to a hyperuricemia model by feeding rats a hyperuricemia-inducing diet (HID) and investigated its effect on serum uric acid (SUA) levels and its mode of action. CFO is the oily fraction that contains polyphenols derived from chrysanthemum flowers. Oral administration of CFO to HID-fed rats significantly decreased their SUA levels. It also inhibited xanthine oxidase activities in the liver and increased urine uric acid levels. The effects of CFO on the renal gene expressions that accompanied the induction of hyperuricemia were comprehensively confirmed by DNA microarray analysis. The analysis showed up-regulation of those genes for uric acid excretion by CFO administration. These results suggest that CFO suppresses the increase in SUA levels via two mechanisms: suppression of uric acid production by inhibition of xanthine oxidase in the liver and acceleration of its excretion by up-regulation of uric acid transporter genes in the kidney.
Terpenoids from Tripterygium hypoglaucum and their inhibition of LPS-induced NO production
Authors: Zhao Peng , Wang Hao , Jin Da-Qing , Ohizumi Yasushi , Xu Jing , Guo Yuanqiang 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
One new (1) and three known (2–4) sesquiterpenes and four known diterpenes (5–8) were isolated from the root bark of Tripterygium hypoglaucum. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses (IR, ESI-MS, HR-ESI-MS, 1D-NMR, and 2D-NMR). The inhibitory activity toward LPS-induced NO production of these terpenoids was evaluated, all the compounds showing inhibitory effects.
Phenolic components from the stem of Acanthopanax koreanum and their inhibitory effects on NF-kappa B
Authors: Sun Ya Nan , Li Wei , Yan Xi Tao , Yang Seo Young , Song Seok Bean , Kim Young Ho 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Two novel phenolic glucosides (1–2), as well as seven known compounds (3–9), were isolated from the stem of Acanthopanax koreanum; their chemical structures were determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods and subsequently compared with previously reported data. Their inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was measured in human embryonic kidney (293T) cells by using an NF-κB luciferase assay.
Theasaponin E1 as an effective ingredient for anti-angiogenesis and anti-obesity effects
Authors: Kim Jong-Deog , Chaudhary Narendra , Seo Hyo-Jin , Kim Min-Yong , Shin Tai-Sun 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Theasaponin E1 (TSE1) has been suggested to have higher biological activity than other saponins present in tea seed. Saponins have recently been considered as a potential chemotherapeutic agent for treating cancer. We examined the anti-angiogenic and anti-obesity properties of TSE1 contributing to anti-cancer efficacy. Treating with a 10 μg/mL concentration of TSE1 completely inhibited tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). TSE1 showed toxicity toward cancer cells and inhibited in vivo growth of the tumor. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor complex was suppressed, leading to the inhibition of protein kinase B (Akt) expression and down-regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) activation. The differentiating 3T3-L1 cells treated with TSE1 had decreased lipid droplet formation measured by Oil Red O staining. Reduced weight was measured in mice fed with a TSE1 plus high-fat diet. The results taken together, and particularly the NF-kB inhibition, suggest that TSE1 may have multi-target action for treating cancer as a novel chemotherapeutic agent.
What Defendants Say in Response to Their Offenses
Authors: Gruber M. Catherine 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which defendants developed the topic of their offense. In general, they either focused on the offense itself, such as by making a critical assessment of their actions, or they offered a response to the offense, perhaps with a conventional apology (e.g., “I’m sorry”). The chapter argues that speaking in more performative ways (Austin 1962) indexes defendants as seeking to accomplish a particular goal. In the context of sentencing, that goal is understood as sentence related. The interest that defendants are understood as having in the sentence, however, undermines the sincerity necessary for a sincere-sounding apology. In addition, defendants’ references to their offenses were strikingly vague. Depending on the lens that is applied, expressions such as “what I did” and “my actions” can be understood as either a defensive strategy or a natural consequence of a focus on a different element of the utterance.
Spanish Imposters and Verbal Agreement
Authors: Dudley Rachel 
Published: April 2014

AbstractChapter 3 provides evidence for a subject clitic doubling mechanism in Spanish by bringing together two different empirical observations. The first observation comes from new research on agreement with Spanish imposters that singular imposters like un servidor — “a servant” — allow only third-person verbal agreement and that plural imposters like unos servidores — “some servants” — optionally allow both first- and third-person agreement. The second observation comes from a fresh look at analyses of Spanish verbal morphology, which indicates that apparent inflectional morphemes on plural verb forms might actually be incorporated subject clitics. The argument is that observed singular/plural asymmetries in both domains (agreement with imposters and verbal paradigms) can be derived from the same underlying asymmetry in clitic doubling.
The Syntax of Indonesian Imposters
Authors: Kaufman Daniel 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe languages of West Indonesia shed a unique and valuable light on imposter phenomena in comprising the only attested case of imposters being treated differently from homophonous non-imposters in the overt syntax. This chapter looks at the best studied of these languages, Indonesian. Indonesian takes part in the widely attested East Asian sprachbund phenomenon of employing titles and terms of kin as polite pronouns. Unlike the vast majority of other East Asian languages, however, Indonesian shows incipient person agreement on verbs. Entire referring expressions are employed as agreement markers, procliticizing to the verb on analogy with regular person prefixes. Because agreement only takes place with local ([+1], [+2]) persons, a positional difference arises between referring expressions that have a third person reference, and those that have a first or second person reference, with only the latter procliticizing. The chapter examines the syntax of this proclisis and its consequences for the theory of imposters.
The intonational phonology of Tamil
Authors: Keane Elinor 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter presents a first survey of the intonational phonology of Tamil within the Autosegmental-Metrical framework. It analyzes the rising F0 contours characteristic of declarative sentences and examines how interrogativity and focus are marked intonationally. It also describes collection of an intonational speech database designed to accommodate diglossia in Tamil.
An Autosegmental-Metrical analysis of Georgian intonation
Authors: Vicenik Chad , Jun Sun-Ah 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter proposes an intonational model of Georgian positing three prosodic units above the word, marked by a boundary tone. Additionally, it is claimed that previously described High tones on the antepenultimate syllable are a property of an Accentual Phrase, and not linked to a stressed syllable of the word.
The marked accentuation pattern of Curaçao Papiamentu
Authors: Remijsen Bert , Martis Farienne , Severing Ronnie 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe variety of the Caribbean Creole language Papiamentu that is spoken on Curaçao has some lexical specification of tone, which combines with intonation. Certain sentence types (negations, wh-questions, most imperatives) are pronounced with a tonal pattern that replaces both the lexical specification of tone and the unmarked intonational pattern.
Complex intonation near the tonal isogloss in the Netherlands
Authors: Gussenhoven Carlos 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe tonal dialect of Helden (Limburgish) has a low rise interrogative by the side of a high rise interrogative, but the dialect of Venlo employs this distinction to signal different lexical tones. To signal the lexical tone distinction, Helden’s rising interrogative contours have a contrastive pitch dip in the post-focal stretch. With four intonations contours, these two dialects, spoken in locations some 15 km apart on the north-western edge of the Franconian tonal area, have the largest number of intonation contours reported to date for these tonal dialects.
Very early borrowings into Germanic
Authors: Durkin Philip 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The core methods of historical comparative linguistics are introduced, by which language families that have developed from a common ancestor can be established. The method of comparative reconstruction is explained. The methodology is demonstrated by some examples illustrating very early contact between Germani and other peoples in continental Europe. In addition to their value in illustrating processes of historical language change, examples such as rich, iron, and leech (probably ultimately from Celtic) and pound (in weight), kettle, and cheap (ultimately from Latin) are revealing for what they suggest about early social and cultural contacts.
Methodologies: sound change; word geography; loanwords versus semantic borrowing
Authors: Durkin Philip 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Some of the most important sound changes in Old English and in Latin are introduced, and their implications for the identification and dating of loanwords examined. Approaches from word geography are considered, and particularly the light they can shed on loanwords shared by a number of different early Germanic languages. Finally, the important contribution of semantic borrowing to the Old English lexicon is examined, and some loanwords and semantic loans from similar semantic fields are compared. The chapter is followed by a brief summary of the main conclusions from chapters 6, 7, and 8.
Introduction to Scandinavian loanwords in English
Authors: Durkin Philip 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Estimates of the extent of Scandinavian settlement in England are examined, and their implications for linguistic history assessed. The cover-term ‘early Scandinavian’ for early North Germanic linguistic inputs in English is introduced and explained. The unusual nature of lexical borrowing from early Scandinavian in English is illustrated by an extended example, the third-person plural personal pronoun they. The periodization of Scandinavian loanwords in English is explained and a selection of loanwords first attested in each period is considered.
Exploring the contact situation and identifying loans
Authors: Durkin Philip 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The main sources of data about the vocabularies of Middle English, French (as used in Britain and on the continent), and Latin are examined, and the limitations of the available data surveyed. This is followed by an exploration of the multilingual society of later medieval Britain and its implications for the relationships between English, French, and Latin in this period. With this essential background in place, the methodology for identifying loanwords from French, Latin, and French and/or Latin is explored in detail. Building on this, a hypothesis is presented concerning the likely mechanisms of borrowing. Finally, the chapter considers the extent to which there may have been reinforcement or re-borrowing of words that had already been borrowed from Latin during the Old English period.
Loanwords from other languages: test cases
Authors: Durkin Philip 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Loanwords from European languages other than French, Latin, and the Scandinavian and Celtic languages are looked at in the first part of the chapter. Particular attention is paid to Dutch, Afrikaans, Low German and High German, Yiddish, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Greek, and Russian, because these languages rank highest in the number of loanwords into English in the survey based on OED data in chapter 1. Particular topics looked at include the unusually high contribution from Dutch in Middle English and early modern English; the difficulty of distinguishing between inputs from different Romance languages in Early Modern English; and the light that comparison with this set of test cases sheds on the changing nature of borrowing from French in recent centuries. The second part of the chapter looks at borrowing from languages from outside Europe, focusing again on those languages which figure most prominently in the OED-derived data in chapter 1: Arabic, Hebrew, languages of South Asia, Malay, Chinese, Maori, and Japanese. Issues examined include whose English particular loanwords belong to; how patterns of borrowing reflect patterns of historical contact; connections with the development of World English varieties; transmission of earlier loans via other European languages; and particular semantic categories that are particularly heavily represented, such as the names of traded goods, of types of food and drink, and of newly encountered flora and fauna and other aspects of the natural world.