bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
of the bilateral frontal lobes in patients with bipolar
disorder
Authors: HAMAKAWA H. , KATO T. , SHIOIRI T. , INUBUSHI T. , KATO N. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Using 31P and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) we previously reported that
phosphocreatine was decreased in the left frontal lobe and choline-containing compounds were
increased in the basal ganglia in the depressive state in patients with bipolar disorder. We applied
quantitative 1H-MRS for further characterization of biochemical alteration in the frontal lobes of
bipolar patients.Methods. Twenty-three bipolar patients and 20 normal controls were examined by
1H-MRS with a 1.5T MR system. All patients were examined in the
euthymic state, and eight patients were also
examined in the depressive state. Volumes of interest of 2·5×2·5×2·5 cm were selected in the left
and right frontal lobes. Absolute concentrations of N-acetyl-l-aspartate, creatine plus
phosphocreatine, and choline-containing compounds were calculated from each metabolite peak.Results. Creatine concentration in the left frontal lobe in bipolar patients in the depressive state was
significantly lower than that in the euthymic state. Creatine concentration in the right frontal lobe
in the male patients was significantly higher than that in the female patients and a similar trend was
also found in the control subjects.Conclusions. We found a state-dependent change of creatine metabolism in the left frontal lobe of
bipolar patients. The present results are compatible with our previous report of decreased
phosphocreatine measured by 31P-MRS in the left frontal lobe in bipolar disorder. We also found
an effect of gender on the creatine concentration. There may be a gender difference in creatine
transport function into the brain.
The problem of infant suffering
Authors: CHIGNELL ANDREW 
Published: July 2002

The problem of infant suffering and death is one of the most difficult

versions of the problem of evil, especially when we consider how God can
be thought
good to the infant victims by the infant victims. In
the
first portion of this paper, I
examine two theodicies that aim to solve this problem but fail. In the
final section,
I argue that the problem can be better dealt with by maintaining not that
God must
redeem the suffering of such children, but that such children are not the
sort of
beings whose suffering God can or must redeem.God is good, God is just, God is almighty: only a madman doubts this…
Doubtless
when their elders suffer these afflictions we are wont to say either that
their goodness
is being tested…or that their sins are being punished. But these
are older people.
Tell me what we are to answer about children!St Augustine, in a letter to Jerome
Insights from functional neuroimaging studies of behavioral state regulation in healthy and depressed subjects
Authors: Nofzinger Eric A. 
Published: July 2002

New data are presented showing excellent replicability and test-retest reliability of REM sleep findings from functional brain imaging studies in healthy subjects on which newer brain-based models of human dreaming have been constructed. Preliminary region-of-interest findings related to bottom-up versus dissociable brain systems mediating REM sleep and dreaming are also presented.[Hobson et al.; Solms]>
Sharp ergodic theorems for group actions and strong ergodicity
Authors: FURMAN ALEX , SHALOM YEHUDA 
Published: July 2002

Let $\mu$ be a probability measure on a locally compact group $G$, and suppose $G$ acts measurably on a probability measure space $(X,m)$, preserving the measure $m$. We study ergodic theoretic properties of the action along $\mu$-i.i.d. random walks on $G$. It is shown that under a (necessary) spectral assumption on the $\mu$-averaging operator on $L^2(X,m)$, almost surely the mean and the pointwise (Kakutani's) random ergodic theorems have roughly $n^{-1/2}$ rate of convergence. We also prove a central limit theorem for the pointwise convergence. Under a similar spectral condition on the diagonal $G$-action on $(X\times X,m\times m)$, an almost surely exponential rate of mixing along random walks is obtained.The imposed spectral condition is shown to be connected to a strengthening of the ergodicity property, namely, the uniqueness of $m$-integration as a $G$-invariant mean on $L^\infty(X,m)$. These related conditions, as well as the presented sharp ergodic theorems, never occur for amenable $G$. Nevertheless, we provide many natural examples, among them automorphism actions on tori and actions on Lie groups' homogeneous spaces, for which our results can be applied.
EVALUATION OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS ON COMPLEMENTARY AND
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
Authors: Bloom Bernard S. , Retbi Aurélia , Dahan Sandrine , Jonsson Egon 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is
growing in all Western countries. The goal of this study was to evaluate
quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of CAM interventions for
specific diagnoses to inform clinical decision making.Methods: MEDLINE and related databases were searched for CAM RCTs.
Visual review was done of bibliographies, meta-analyses, and CAM journals.
Inclusion criteria for review and scoring were blinded RCT, specified
diagnosis and intervention, complete study published between January 1, 1966
and July 31, 1998 in an English-language, peer-reviewed journal. Two reviewers
independently scored each study.Results: More than 5,000 trials were found, but only 258 met all
study inclusion criteria. The main cause for rejection (> 90%) was that the
study was not an RCT or had no blinding. Mean score across 95
diagnosis/intervention categories was 44.7 (S.D. ± 14.3) on a
100-point scale. Ordinary least-squares regression found date of publication,
biostatistician as author or consultant, published in one of five widely read
English-language medical journals and diagnosis/intervention category of
hypertension/relaxation as significant predictors of higher scores.Conclusions: The overall quality of evidence for CAM RCTs is poor
but improving slowly over time, about the same as that of biomedicine. Thus,
most services are provided without good evidence of benefit.
Characterizing the complex hyperbolic space by Kähler
homogeneous structures
Authors: GADEA P. M. , AMILIBIA A. MONTESINOS , MASQUÉ J. MUÑOZ 
Published: July 2002

The Kähler case of Riemannian homogeneous structures [3, 15,
18] has been studied in [1, 2, 6, 7,
13, 16], among other papers. Abbena and Garbiero [1]
gave a classification of Kähler homogeneous structures, which has four primitive classes
[Kscr ]1, …, [Kscr ]4 (see [6, theorem
5·1] for another proof and Section 2 below for the result).
The purpose of the present paper is to prove the following result:THEOREM 1·1. A simply connected irreducible homogeneous Kähler manifold admits
a nonvanishing Kähler homogeneous structure in Abbena–Garbiero's class
[Kscr ]2 [oplus ] [Kscr ]4if
and only if it is the complex hyperbolic space equipped with the Bergman metric of
negative constant holomorphic sectional curvature.
Population estimates of persons presenting to general
practitioners with influenza-like illness, 1987–96: a study of
the demography of influenza-like illness in sentinel practice
networks in England and Wales, and in The Netherlands
Authors: FLEMING D. M. , ZAMBON M. , BARTELDS A. I. M. 
Published: July 2002

Incidence data by age of new episodes of influenza-like illness reported by sentinel general
practice networks in England and Wales and in The Netherlands over a 10-year period were
examined to provide estimates of the consulting population during influenza epidemic periods.
Baseline levels of recording in each age group were calculated from weeks in which influenza
viruses were not circulating and the excess over baseline calculated to provide the population
estimates during influenza epidemics.Influenza A/H3N2 epidemics were associated with higher population estimates for
consultations than influenza B, especially in the age groups 0–4 and 65 years and over. In the
intervening age groups, population estimates were more consistent regardless of the virus type.
Both networks reported simultaneous peaking of incidence rates in all of the age groups. There
were substantial increases in the number of persons reporting other respiratory illnesses during
influenza epidemics.Population estimates of the consulting population provide the only secure basis for which
health services resource utilization during influenza epidemics can be estimated.
The ontogeny and distribution of countershading in colonies of the naked mole‐rat (Heterocephalus glaber)
Authors: Braude Stanton , Ciszek Deborah , Berg Nancy E. , Shefferly Nancy 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMost naked mole‐rats Heterocephalus glaber are countershaded, with purple‐grey dorsal but pale pink ventral skin. The exceptions to this coloration pattern are uniformly pink, and include newborn pups, most queens and breeding males, and very old animals. Countershading begins to appear at 2–3 weeks of age and begins to disappear at c. 7 years of age. Countershading may provide camouflage when young naked mole‐rats are above ground attempting to disperse. Therefore, reproductives and older workers may lose this coloration once they are unlikely to leave the burrow. Alternative hypotheses for pigmentation that we considered include: thermoregulation, and protection from abrasion or from damaging ultraviolet radiation. These hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but do lead to different predictions regarding the development of pigmentation and which colony members should be countershaded.
Tidarren argo sp. nov. (Araneae: Theridiidae) and its exceptional copulatory behaviour: emasculation, male palpal organ as a mating plug and sexual cannibalism
Authors: Knoflach Barbara , van Harten Antonius 
Published: July 2002

Abstract Tidarren argo sp. nov. is described from Yemen. As in its congeners, the male amputates one of his palps before maturation and enters his adult life with one palp only. The new species is shown to adopt exceptional copulatory behaviour. As soon as the male achieves genitalia coupling with his palp, the palp is torn off by the female. The separated gonopod remains attached to the female's epigynum for c. 4 h and apparently continues to function independently. Furthermore, it serves as a mating plug. In the meantime the female feeds on the palpless male. Emasculation synchronizes sexual cannibalism and sperm transfer, and may lengthen the interval between copulations. This unique mating behaviour probably allows continuation of insemination by the dismembered palp and is reported for the first time.
Plasticity and the ageing mind: an exemplar of the bio-cultural orchestration of brain and behaviour
Authors: BALTES PAUL B. , SINGER TANIA 
Published: July 2002

Genetic interventions will improve the genome, but they will never make

a human being out of the human animalUsing research on the ageing mind, support is offered for the concept of bio-cultural sciences. The bio-cultural sciences highlight the notion that human behaviour is the joint and co-constructive expression of biological–genetic and cultural–societal processes and conditions. The genome determines the ontogeny of the brain; however, so does the cultural–social environment and individual behaviour. The study of the ageing mind illustrates this principle of bio-cultural co-construction. One fertile theory distinguishes between the declining biology-driven cognitive mechanics and the maintained or even increasing culture-driven cognitive pragmatics. Beginning in early adulthood, the plasticity of the cognitive mechanics decreases with advancing age, but the cognitive pragmatics exploit the opportunities of culture and the experiential and interpersonal contexts in which people develop and, therefore, they can exhibit lifelong positive expressions. Professional expertise, artistic competence, social–emotional intelligence and wisdom are examples of late-life potentials in the cognitive pragmatics. This view does not exclude the fact that, in the oldest (Fourth Age), ageing losses become more prominent and affect the cognitive pragmatics as well. A general developmental theory is presented that illustrates how, within the limits offered by biological- and culture-based plasticity, successful ageing is accomplished by the orchestration of three behavioural processes: selection, optimization, and compensation.
AN INTERVIEW WITH ROBERT E. LUCAS, JR.
Authors: McCallum Bennett T. 
Published: July 2002

Bob Lucas is widely regarded as the most influential economist of the
past 25–30 years, at least among those working in macro and monetary economics.
His work provided the primary stimulus for a drastic overhaul and revitalization
of that broad area, an overhaul that featured the ascendance of rational expectations,
the emergence of a coherent equilibrium theory of cyclical fluctuations, and
specification of the analytical ingredients necessary for the use of econometric
models in policy design. These are the accomplishments for which he was awarded the
1995 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. In addition, he has made outstanding
contributions on other topics—enough, arguably, for another prize. Among these are seminal
writings on asset pricing, economic growth and development, exchange-rate determination, optimal
fiscal and inflation policy, and tools for the analysis of dynamic recursive models.Clearly, Bob Lucas is very much a University of Chicago product; he studied there both as an
undergraduate and as a Ph.D. student and has been on the faculty since 1975. Also, he has served
as chairman of the Chicago Department of Economics and two terms as an editor of the Journal of
Political Economy. Nevertheless, I and several colleagues at Carnegie Mellon like to point out
that Bob was a professor here in the Graduate School of Industrial Administration from 1963 until
1974, during which time he conducted and published the central portions of the work for which he
was awarded the Nobel Prize. Consequently, I could not resist asking Bob a few questions about his
GSIA years in the interview.Many researchers in the economics profession have been impressed and inspired by Lucas's technical
skills, but the clarity and elegance of his writing style also deserve mention, plus his choice of
research topics. The latter is reflective of Bob's utter seriousness of purpose. Each of his projects
attacks a problem that is simultaneously of genuine theoretical interest and also of considerable importance
from the perspective of economic policy. There is nothing frivolous about Lucas's research, as he had
occasion to remind me during our interview.As is well known to those who have been around him, Bob Lucas is a person who never uses three words
when one will suffice—but that one will usually be carefully chosen. This characteristic shows up
in the interview below. As a departure from standard MD Interview practice, and with the Editor's
permission, this interview was conducted at a distance—i.e., via mail and e-mail. It yielded a smaller
number of pages than have previous interviews, but I think that readers will find
them stimulating.
The process of obtaining them was somewhat challenging but highly informative
and thoroughly enjoyable for me.
Beyond eight forms of rarity: which species are threatened and which will be next?
Authors: Manne Lisa L. , Pimm Stuart L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe tabulate three measures of rarity: local abundance, breeding range size and elevational extent for the passerine birds of the New World. We determine what fraction of species is threatened with extinction within the combinations of these three measures. Species with smaller ranges, lower abundances and narrower elevational bands suffer higher levels of threat across lowland, montane and island species. For a given range size, lowland species suffer higher levels of threat than island or montane species. (This is counter to the intuition that island species — and those isolated on mountain tops — might be ecologically naïve.) When all three factors are considered together, there is only a slight tendency for lowland species to be disproportionately more threatened. Simply, island and montane species tend to be relatively common within their restricted ranges and their increased abundance reduces their likelihood of being threatened. Elevation is a consistent but relatively unimportant factor in determining threat; abundance and range size are much more important, and have an interactive effect on threatened status. We calculate the number of humans with which each species shares its breeding range, and find that this number does not aid in predicting threat status.
A Contiguous 66-kb Barley DNA Sequence Provides Evidence for Reversible Genome Expansion
Authors: Shirasu Ken , Schulman Alan H. , Lahaye Thomas , Schulze-Lefert Paul 
Published: July 2002

Organisms with large genomes contain vast amounts of repetitive DNA sequences, much of which is composed of retrotransposons. Amplification of retrotransposons has been postulated to be a major mechanism increasing genome size and leading to “genomic obesity.” To gain insights into the relation between retrotransposons and genome expansion in a large genome, we have studied a 66-kb contiguous sequence at the Rar1 locus of barley in detail. Three genes were identified in the 66-kb contig, clustered within an interval of 18 kb. Inspection of sequences flanking the gene space unveiled four novel retroelements, designated Nikita, Sukkula,Sabrina, and BAGY-2 and several units of the knownBARE-1 element. The retroelements identified are responsible for at least 15 integration events, predominantly arranged as multiple nested insertions. Strikingly, most of the retroelements exist as solo LTRs (Long Terminal Repeats), indicating that unequal crossing over and/or intrachromosomal recombination between LTRs is a common feature in barley. Our data suggest that intraelement recombination events deleted most of the original retrotransposon sequences, thereby providing a possible mechanism to counteract retroelement-driven genome expansion.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession no. AF254799.]
A Novel γ2-Herpesvirus of the Rhadinovirus 2 Lineage in Chimpanzees
Authors: Lacoste Vincent , Mauclère Philippe , Dubreuil Guy , Lewis John , Georges-Courbot Marie-Claude , Gessain Antoine 
Published: July 2002

Old World monkeys and, recently, African great apes have been shown, by serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), to harbor different γ2-herpesviruses closely related to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV). Although the presence of two distinct lineages of KSHV-like rhadinoviruses, RV1 and RV2, has been revealed in Old World primates (including African green monkeys, macaques, and, recently, mandrills), viruses belonging to the RV2 genogroup have not yet been identified from great apes. Indeed, the three yet known γ2-herpesviruses in chimpanzees (PanRHV1a/PtRV1, PanRHV1b) and gorillas (GorRHV1) belong to the RV1 group. To investigate the putative existence of a new RV2 Rhadinovirus in chimpanzees and gorillas we have used the degenerate consensus primer PCR strategy for the Herpesviral DNA polymerase gene on 40 wild-caught animals. This study led to the discovery, in common chimpanzees, of a novel γ2-herpesvirus belonging to the RV2 genogroup, termed Pan Rhadino-herpesvirus 2 (PanRHV2). Use of specific primers and internal oligonucleotide probes demonstrated the presence of this novel γ2-herpesvirus in three wild-caught animals. Comparison of a 1092-bp fragment of the DNA polymerase obtained from these three animals of thePan troglodytes troglodytes subspecies, one from Gabon and the two others from Cameroon, revealed <1% of nucleotide divergence. The geographic colocalization as well as the phylogenetic “relationship” of the human and simian γ2-herpesviruses support the model according to which herpesviruses have diversified from a common ancestor in a manner mediating cospeciation of herpesviruses with their host species. By demonstrating the existence of two distinctRhadinovirus lineages in common chimpanzees, our finding indicates the possible existence of a novel human γ2-herpesvirus belonging to the RV2 genogroup.[The Herpesviral DNA polymerase sequence data determined herein have been deposited at the GenBank database under accession nos. AF290601, AF346488, AF346489, andAF346490.]
Simultaneous Suppression of Multiple Genes by Single Transgenes. Down-Regulation of Three Unrelated Lignin Biosynthetic Genes in Tobacco
Authors: Abbott James C. , Barakate Abdellah , Pinçon Gaelle , Legrand Michel , Lapierre Catherine , Mila Isabelle , Schuch Wolfgang , Halpin Claire 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Many reports now describe the manipulation of plant metabolism by suppressing the expression of single genes. The potential of such work could be greatly expanded if multiple genes could be coordinately suppressed. In the work presented here, we test a novel method for achieving this by using single chimeric constructs incorporating partial sense sequences for multiple genes to target suppression of two or three lignin biosynthetic enzymes. We compare this method with a more conventional approach to achieving the same end by crossing plants harboring different antisense transgenes. Our results indicate that crossing antisense plants is less straightforward and predictable in outcome than anticipated. Most progeny had higher levels of target enzyme activity than predicted and had lost the expected modifications to lignin structure. In comparison, plants transformed with the chimeric partial sense constructs had more consistent high level suppression of target enzymes and had significant changes to lignin content, structure, and composition. It was possible to suppress three target genes coordinately using a single chimeric construct. Our results indicate that chimeric silencing constructs offer great potential for the rapid and coordinate suppression of multiple genes on diverse biochemical pathways and that the technique therefore deserves to be adopted by other researchers.
Fruit-Specific Expression of a Defensin-Type Gene Family in Bell Pepper (Upregulation during Ripening and upon Wounding)
Authors: Meyer B. , Houlne G. , Pozueta-Romero J. , Schantz M. L. , Schantz R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We have isolated a 454-bp cDNA that encodes a novel fruit-specific defensin from bell pepper (Capsicum annuum). The encoded 75-amino-acid polypeptide contains an N-terminal domain characteristic of a signal peptide and a 48-amino-acid mature domain named J1. The mature protein, from which the N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined, contains eight cysteines that form four intramolecular disulfide bridges, suggesting a monomeric form for J1. In healthy fruits J1 is undetectable at the green stage but high levels accumulate during ripening. In wound areas of the green fruit the accumulation of J1 dramatically increased, suggesting a role for J1 in the plant's defense response. Moreover, we have demonstrated that J1 possesses an antifungal activity. We have isolated and characterized the corresponding two homologous genes (j1–1 and j1–2) that exist in the bell pepper genome. Both genes are interrupted by the insertion, at the same position, of one intron of 853 bp for j1–1 and 4900 bp for j1–2. Northern blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses revealed that j1–1 transcripts are present only in fruits, only in trace amounts in mature green fruits, and that they accumulate to high levels in fully ripe fruits, whereas no j1–2 transcripts were detected in the samples monitored.