bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Polyampholytes Based Cryoprotective Agents by Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerisation
Authors: Rajan Robin , Matsumura Kazuaki 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTDimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and several naturally occurring polyols or their derivatives (like glycerol) have been used as cryoprotective agents (CPAs) for many years. However DMSO shows high cytotoxicity and affects differentiation of cells, so it needs to be removed immediately after thawing, whereas polyols are comparatively weaker cryoprotective agents. Furthermore, some types of cells are extremely sensitive to damage during freezing and thawing, so cannot be cryopreserved properly using current CPAs. So there is a great need to develop newer cryoprotective agents with lower cytotoxicity and high efficiency for many biological and medical purposes.Recently we showed that carboxylated poly-L-lysine, which is classified as a polyampholyte, has a cryoprotective effect on cells in solution without any other cryoprotectant. Polyampholytes are charged polymers with both positively and negatively charged groups.Therefore, in this research, we are developing a completely synthetic polyampholytes by radical polymerization and will try to elucidate the key parameters of cryoprotective properties. Here we chose reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization as the mode of polymerization as it is a kind of living polymerization method and can give control over the molecular weight and composition of the copolymer. We evaluated the livingness of the 1:1 copolymer with methacrylic acid (MAA) and 2-Dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) with 2-(Dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid as the RAFT agent and the polymer solution showed good cell viability of L929 cells after cryopreservation at 15% copolymer concentration.
Improvements in Health Care Use Associated With Community Coalitions: Long-Term Results of the Allies Against Asthma Initiative
Authors: Clark Noreen M. , L. Lachance Laurie , Benedict M. Beth , Doctor Linda Jo , Gilmore Lisa , Kelly Cynthia S. , Krieger James , Lara Marielena , Meurer John , Milanovich Amy Friedman , Nicholas Elisa , Song Peter X. K. , Rosenthal Michael , Stoll Shelley C. , Awad Daniel F. , Wilkin Margaret 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We assessed changes in asthma-related health care use by low-income children in communities across the country where 6 Allies Against Asthma coalitions (Hampton Roads, VA; Washington, DC; Milwaukee, WI; King County/Seattle, WA; Long Beach, CA; and Philadelphia, PA) mobilized stakeholders to bring about policy changes conducive to asthma control. Methods. Allies intervention zip codes were matched with comparison communities by median household income, asthma prevalence, total population size, and race/ethnicity. Five years of data provided by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services on hospitalizations, emergency department (ED) use, and physician urgent care visits for children were analyzed. Intervention and comparison sites were compared with a stratified recurrent event analysis using a Cox proportional hazard model. Results. In most of the assessment years, children in Allies communities were significantly less likely (P < .04) to have an asthma-related hospitalization, ED visit, or urgent care visit than children in comparison communities. During the entire period, children in Allies communities were significantly less likely (P < .02) to have such health care use. Conclusions. Mobilizing a diverse group of stakeholders, and focusing on policy and system changes generated significant reductions in health care use for asthma in vulnerable communities.
Intersecting Identities and the Association Between Bullying and Suicide Attempt Among New York City Youths: Results From the 2009 New York City Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Authors: LeVasseur Michael T. , Kelvin Elizabeth A. , Grosskopf Nicholas A. 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We examined the intersections of sexual minority, gender, and Hispanic ethnic identities and their interaction with experiences of bullying in predicting suicide attempt among New York City youths.Methods. We performed secondary data analysis of the 2009 New York City Youth Risk Behavior Survey, using logistic regression to examine the association of sexual identity, gender, ethnicity, and bullying with suicide attempt. We stratified results on these measures and reported adjusted odds ratios.Results. Compared with non–sexual minority youths, sexual minority youths had 4.39 and 1.96 times higher odds, respectively, of attempting suicide and reporting bullying. Identity variables did not interact with bullying in predicting suicide attempt individually; however, a four-way interaction term was significant. The effect of bullying on suicide attempt was strongest among non-Hispanic sexual minority male youths (odds ratio = 21.39 vs 1.65–3.38 for other groups).Conclusions. Sexual minority, gender, and ethnic identities interact with bullying in predicting suicide attempt among New York City youths. Interventions to limit both the prevalence and the effect of bullying among minority youths should consider an intersectional approach that considers ethnic, gender, and sexual identities.
Effectiveness and Reach of the FLU-FIT Program in an Integrated Health Care System: A Multisite Randomized Trial
Authors: Potter Michael B. , Ackerson Lynn M. , Gomez Vicky , Walsh Judith M. E. , Green Lawrence W. , Levin Theodore R. , Somkin Carol P. 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We tested the effectiveness of offering home fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) during influenza vaccination clinics to increase colorectal cancer screening (CRCS).Methods. In a clinical trial at Kaiser Permanente Northern California influenza clinics in Redwood City, Richmond, South San Francisco, Union City, and Fresno, we randomly assigned influenza clinic dates to intervention (FIT offered) or control (FIT not offered) and compared subsequent CRCS activity.Results. Clinic staff provided FITs to 53.9% (1805/3351) of intervention patients aged 50 to 75 years. In the intent-to-treat analysis, 26.9% (900/3351) and 11.7% (336/2884) of intervention and control patients completed an FIT, respectively, within 90 days of vaccination (P ≤ .001). The adjusted odds ratio for completing FIT in the intervention versus the control arm was 2.75 (95% confidence interval = 2.40, 3.16). In the per protocol analysis, 35.4% (648/1830) of patients given FIT and 13.3% (588/4405) of patients not given FIT completed FIT within 90 days of vaccination (P ≤ .001).Conclusions. This intervention may increase CRCS among those not reached by other forms of CRCS outreach. Future research should include the extent to which these programs can be disseminated and implemented nationally.
Economic Crisis, Restrictive Policies, and the Population’s Health and Health Care: The Greek Case
Authors: Kondilis Elias , Giannakopoulos Stathis , Gavana Magda , Ierodiakonou Ioanna , Waitzkin Howard , Benos Alexis 
Published: April 2013

The global economic crisis has affected the Greek economy with unprecedented severity, making Greece an important test of the relationship between socioeconomic determinants and a population’s well-being. Suicide and homicide mortality rates among men increased by 22.7% and 27.6%, respectively, between 2007 and 2009, and mental disorders, substance abuse, and infectious disease morbidity showed deteriorating trends during 2010 and 2011. Utilization of public inpatient and primary care services rose by 6.2% and 21.9%, respectively, between 2010 and 2011, while the Ministry of Health’s total expenditures fell by 23.7% between 2009 and 2011. In a time of economic turmoil, rising health care needs and increasing demand for public services collide with austerity and privatization policies, exposing Greece’s population health to further risks.
The Public’s Preparedness: Self-Reliance, Flashbulb Memories, and Conservative Values
Authors: Greenberg Michael R. , Dyen Susannah , Elliott Stacey 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We surveyed how many US residents engaged in 6 preparedness activities and measured the relationship between engagement and personal experience in hazard events, flashbulb memories of major events, self-reliance, and other indicators of a conservative philosophy.Methods. We used random digit dialing for national landline (75%) and cell phone (25%) surveys of 1930 US residents from July 6, 2011, to September 9, 2011; 1080 of the sample lived near 6 US Department of Energy nuclear waste management facilities and 850 were a national random sample.Results. The median respondent engaged in 3 of the 6 activities; those who disproportionately engaged in 4 or more had experienced a hazard event, had distressing and strong flashbulb memories of major hazard events, and had strong feelings about the need for greater self-reliance. The results for the national and US Department of Energy site–specific surveys were almost identical.Conclusions. A cadre of US residents are disproportionately engaged in disaster preparedness, and they typically have stronger negative memories of past disasters and tend to be self-reliant. How their efforts can or should be integrated into local preparedness efforts is unclear.
Minimum Alcohol Prices and Outlet Densities in British Columbia, Canada: Estimated Impacts on Alcohol-Attributable Hospital Admissions
Authors: Stockwell Tim , Zhao Jinhui , Martin Gina , Macdonald Scott , Vallance Kate , Treno Andrew , Ponicki William , Tu Andrew , Buxton Jane 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We investigated whether periodic increases in minimum alcohol prices were associated with reduced alcohol-attributable hospital admissions in British Columbia.Methods. The longitudinal panel study (2002–2009) incorporated minimum alcohol prices, density of alcohol outlets, and age- and gender-standardized rates of acute, chronic, and 100% alcohol-attributable admissions. We applied mixed-method regression models to data from 89 geographic areas of British Columbia across 32 time periods, adjusting for spatial and temporal autocorrelation, moving average effects, season, and a range of economic and social variables.Results. A 10% increase in the average minimum price of all alcoholic beverages was associated with an 8.95% decrease in acute alcohol-attributable admissions and a 9.22% reduction in chronic alcohol-attributable admissions 2 years later. A Can$ 0.10 increase in average minimum price would prevent 166 acute admissions in the 1st year and 275 chronic admissions 2 years later. We also estimated significant, though smaller, adverse impacts of increased private liquor store density on hospital admission rates for all types of alcohol-attributable admissions.Conclusions. Significant health benefits were observed when minimum alcohol prices in British Columbia were increased. By contrast, adverse health outcomes were associated with an expansion of private liquor stores.
Language variations across genres: Quantifiers and worlds of reference in (and around) economics textbooks
Authors: Bondi-Paganelli Marina 
Published: April 2013

L’étude ici présentée a pour objet les variations linguistiques à travers les genres dans le domaine du discours économique. L’investigation des relations entre quantificateurs et mondes de référence (monde de fait/monde d’hypothèse) est conduit sur deux corpora. Le premier corpus est constitué de trente chapitres extraits de manuels anglais et anglo-américains ; le second corpus, plus limité, regroupe des travaux de Samuelson et comprend des chapitres de manuels, des articles de recherche et des commentaires publiés sur la presse. L’ensemble des textes rend possible une analyse des traits linguistiques caractéristiques ainsi que des structures typiques relevées dans les chapitres des manuels pour l’économique. La comparaison des données met en évidence des variations quantitatives et fonctionnelles dans l’utilisation des quantificateurs à l’intérieur des différents genres. Une particulière attention a été accordée à l’utilisation de quantificateurs exacts dans des actes hypothétiques. Les conclusions considèrent enfin les implications d’une analyse fondée sur le concept de genre, conduite à partir des supports pédagogiques en anglais de spécialité.
A Sylvester-Based IMEX Method via Differentiation Matrices for Solving Nonlinear Parabolic Equations
Authors: de la Hoz Francisco , Vadillo Fernando 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this paper we describe a new pseudo-spectral method to solve numerically two and three-dimensional nonlinear diffusion equations over unbounded domains, taking Hermite functions, sinc functions, and rational Chebyshev polynomials as basis functions. The idea is to discretize the equations by means of differentiation matrices and to relate them to Sylvester-type equations by means of a fourth-order implicit-explicit scheme, being of particular interest the treatment of three-dimensional Sylvester equations that we make. The resulting method is easy to understand and express, and can be implemented in a transparent way by means of a few lines of code. We test numerically the three choices of basis functions, showing the convenience of this new approach, especially when rational Chebyshev polynomials are considered.
Quando o REUNI aderiu à Universidade
Authors: Gregório José Renato Bez de , Rodrigues Viviane de Souza , Mancebo Deise 
Published: April 2013

O presente artigo busca analisar como as recentes reconfigurações das universidades federais (IFES) no país têm sido processadas de forma compartilhada entre o governo federal, através do Ministério da Educação (MEC), reitores e setores importantes destas instituições. Apresenta conclusões a partir da análise das mudanças político-pedagógicas engendradas, no início da primeira década deste novo século, pelas universidades no contexto de sua inserção na contrarreforma da educação superior. Através da análise de documentos institucionais das universidades pesquisadas, particularmente da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), o texto aponta as diretrizes que orientam tais alterações e conclui que o recente Programa de Apoio aos Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (REUNI) cumpriu, em grande medida, o papel de ampliar e legitimar um processo de reforma das IFES, já em curso antes de sua implementação.
Introduction
Authors: Herman Stewart W. , Schaefer Arthur Gross 
Published: April 2013

This special issue of BEQ presents diverse reflections on business practice from within Western patterns of theology and piety. Our goal is to help both academics and business practitioners understand the ultimate contexts in which religiously minded individuals construe their participation in business, and what these contexts then mean for moral reasoning. To keep the project manageable in scope, we have limited this foray to Western traditions, soliciting views from within representative denominations or viewpoints in Judaism, Roman Catholicism and Protestant Christianity. If this sampling is well-received, essays representing other traditions—Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism—will be sought for a later issue.We solicited essays from nine distinct perspectives, so as to present a cross-section of religious views. One of the questions we asked our contributors was: If a person in business were to take your tradition seriously, what does it teach him or her about God’s will for how business ought to be conducted? Here we were amply rewarded in our search for diversity. The nine contributions express a wide variety of religious beliefs and dispositions: from the fervent piety of evangelicals to the moral passion of modern Judaism, from the strict rules of traditional Judaism for containing greed to the exuberant permissions to innovate afforded by Roman Catholic social teaching, from a Lutheran focus on anxiety about security to an African-American struggle with an onerous historical legacy. (An even greater diversity is represented in the enormous recent anthology, On Moral Business, reviewed at the end of this issue.) The essays forcefully point to the importance of the quest to relate faith to business practice. They provide direction for those seeking to reconnect with their traditions. And to interested observers, they provide copious data for imagining how persons adhering to these traditions might interpret the business environment in which they work.
Le Web 2.0, rupture ou continuité dans les usages pédagogiques du Web?
Authors: Depover Christian , Quintin Jean-Jacques , Strebelle Albert 
Published: April 2013

Cette contribution porte sur les usages en émergence dans le domaine de l’exploitation pédagogique des TIC et plus particulièrement ceux liés au Web 2.0. Après avoir passé en revue les principales caractéristiques du Web 2.0 et les usages éducatifs qui en découlent, nous tenterons d’analyser en quoi ceux-ci constituent ou non une rupture par rapport à la manière dont les TIC étaient exploitées dans le cadre du Web classique.
Pour cela, nous nous appuierons sur un dispositif conçu au début des années 2000 (Galanet) afin de vérifier dans quelle mesure les approches pédagogiques mises en oeuvre à travers ce dispositif peuvent être rapprochées de celles préconisées par le socioconstructivisme et le Web social.
Après avoir analysé des données de sources diverses, les auteurs estiment que l’environnement Galanet peut être considéré comme un outil de passage qui a permis à des jeunes d’expérimenter, avant l’heure, certaines techniques qu’on verrait aujourd’hui comme relevant du Web social.
Usages des technologies en éducation : analyse des enjeux socioculturels
Authors: Collin Simon , Karsenti Thierry 
Published: April 2013

Cet article propose une analyse des enjeux socioculturels qui accompagnent les usages des technologies en éducation. Nous commençons par relever que, malgré leur pertinence éducative et socioprofessionnelle, les technologies en éducation doivent faire face à plusieurs défis, notamment parce qu’elles ne tiennent pas compte des usages technologiques des apprenants en dehors des institutions éducatives. Sur la base de ce constat, deux objectifs sont poursuivis : le premier consiste à dresser un portrait des usages technologiques des apprenants en dehors des institutions éducatives. Le second se propose d’en déduire des implications pour orienter les usages des technologies en contexte éducatif. Pour ce faire, nous procèderons dans un premier temps à une analyse des usages technologiques des jeunes. Nous en déduirons ensuite des implications pour orienter les usages des technologies en éducation, notamment en proposant un modèle « élargi » des technologies en éducation.
Sugar Beets
Authors: Cleary Michael ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Sugar beets are grown in mostly temperate climates. They are grown in 50 countries. Sugar comes from two crops:sugar beets and cane sugar. At present sugar beets account for more than 50% of the total sugar crop in the U.S. In 2012–2013, 1,230 million acres of sugar beets were planted in the U.S. The crop is usually harvested at the end of the growing season and held in storage piles until processing. The beet root,weighing 1–2 kg, contains 12–20% sucrose, 70–75% water, and 2% soluble material, and ca 5% insoluble material, which is eventually dried and sold as animal feed by‐product. The beets are sliced, the solids extracted countercurrently, the juice is purified with lime and carbon dioxide then filtered and concentrated, and the sucrose recovered by crystallization in vacuum pans. The final mother liquor, molasses which is about 50% sucrose may be sold as by‐product or subjected to chromatographic separation to further recover sucrose and occasionally betaine. The sugar market is complex. The U.S. Sugar Program uses price support, domestic marketing procedures and tariffs to influence the amount of sugar available in the United States. About 94% of seeds planted are biologically engineered to offset the effects of herbicides use during the growing process.
Formic Acid
Authors: Drury David J. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

AbstractFormic acid is the first member of the homologous series of alkyl carboxylic acids. It is a colorless, highly corrosive liquid with an intense and pungent smell. Formic acid exhibits many of the typical chemical properties of the aliphatic carboxylic acids such as esterification and amidation. It is manufactured by the carbonylation of methanol to methyl formate and as a co‐product with acetic acid in the liquid‐phase oxidation of hydrocarbons. Formic acid is corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes.The largest uses for formic acid are as a silage additive and an antibacterial additive for animal feed. It is used outside of the agricultural sector in the textile industry as an acidulant in dyeing, and in tanning of leather. Most currently there is use for formic acid in fuel cells.
Friedel‐Crafts Reactions
Authors: Reddy V. Prakash , Prakash G. K. Surya 
Published: April 2013

AbstractRecent trends in Friedel‐Crafts and related electrophilic reactions, using a variety of Lewis and Brønsted acid catalysts, are comprehensively reviewed. The Friedel‐Crafts reactions include alkylations, acylations, hydroxylations, nitrations, halogenations, aminations, sulfuration, sulfinylation, and sulfonylation of aromatic and olefinic hydrocarbons. The nature and types of acid catalysts are discussed, including superelectrophilic activation. Representative stereoselective Friedel‐Crafts alkylations are also described.
Gallium and Gallium Compounds
Authors: Gray Floyd , Kramer Deborah A. , Bliss James D. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

AbstractGallium was discovered through a study of its spectral properties in 1875. It was the first element to be discovered after the publication of the Periodic Table. Gallium is scarce but not a rare element. Gallium is primarily produced as a byproduct of aluminum extraction from bauxite ores. The physical properties of gallium , especially its thermal properties, are exceptional. It has a low melting point and has the longest liquid interval of all of the elements. It is also easily supercooled. A large part of the wastes from gallium arsenide production is recovered for both environmental and economic reasons. Gallium arsenide and gallium nitride are the two important gallium compounds. They are both used in the manufacture of optoelectronic devices (laser diodes, LEDs, photodetectors, and solar cells). Integrated circuits account for the largest share of gallium use. GaAs is used in smartphones, wireless communication, defense, and aerospace.
Mercury
Authors: DeVito Stephen C. , Brooks William E. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

AbstractMercury, also called quicksilver, is a heavy odorless metal that is liquid at room temperature. It has a characteristic bright silvery appearance unless impurities are present. Uses of mercury date back to antiquity. Mercury is widely distributed in nature in low concentrations. However in the latter half of the 20th Century it became evident that mercury is highly toxic and consumption of the metal declined drastically. One of its biggest uses is in chlorine‐caustic soda manufacture from mercury cell technology. Mercury is being replaced in this process by the newer membrane technology. Mercury is reclaimed from this process as well as from end‐of‐service automobile convenience switches, fluorescent lamps, laboratory and medical devices, dental amalgam, and thermostats. A current use is in gold–silver mining. Mercury is highly regulated because of its toxic nature. As of Jan 2013 it is illegal for the United States to export elemental mercury.