bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining the suitability of mass spectrometry for understanding the dissolution processes involved with pharmaceutical tablets
Authors: Lewis Claire , Ray Andrew , Bristow Tony , Wren Stephen 
Published: May 2015

RationaleA current challenge for analytical chemists is the development of the measurement systems and approaches required to understand dynamic processes such as tablet dissolution. The design and development of oral tablets could be improved by the availability of detailed information about the rates of release of the individual tablet components. Small footprint mass spectrometry (MS) systems are gaining use for on‐line reaction monitoring because of their ability to rapidly determine multiple reactant, intermediate, and product species. We have therefore assessed the utility of such MS systems to the study of dissolution processes.MethodsAqueous dissolution media containing phosphate and other non‐volatile buffer salts were pumped from a standard USPII dissolution vessel through an active splitter and back. The splitter sampled the dissolution stream and diluted it into a make‐up flow which was pumped to a small single quadrupole mass spectrometer. Single ion monitoring was used to quantify the ions of interest. Three different bio‐relevant dissolution media were studied to gauge the effect of the sample matrix.ResultsIndividual dissolution profiles were obtained from a tablet containing three drugs, and lactose as the soluble filler. This was successfully demonstrated with three different bio‐relevant media designed to reflect the pH of the different sections of the human gastro‐intestinal tract. Component concentrations as low as 0.06 µg/mL (representing 1% dissolution) were detected. The MS dissolution profiles correlated with the visual observation of tablet dissolution. MS gave linear responses with concentration for the individual components, although analysis of the tablet solution indicated that ion suppression is an area for further investigation.ConclusionsAn on‐line MS system was used to determine the individual dissolution profiles of three drugs and lactose as they were released from the same tablet. The level of each of these components in solution was determined every 10 seconds, and each had a similar release profile. The dissolution profiles were determined using inorganic buffer solutions at three different bio‐relevant pHs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Adverse Pressure Gradient and Different Vegetated Banks on Flow
Authors: Afzalimehr H. , Moradian M. , Gallichand J. , Sui J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis study examines velocity components in 3D and shear stress distributions in flows with adverse pressure gradient over a gravel‐bed channel using three types of vegetation on banks, rice, straw and Typha stems. Results of this experimental study are compared with those for flows in the bare bank channel. Results show that the flows with adverse pressure gradient are not self‐similar in vegetated and bare banks channels. The logarithmic law and parabolic law can be used to well describe flow in the inner and outer regions, respectively, but with different relative flow depths. Shear stress distributions depend on nature of bank roughness and the secondary flow effects because of small values of the aspect ratio and adverse pressure gradient. Quadrant analysis is performed to investigate the effect of different vegetation covers on the Reynolds stress distributions at the central axis of channel and near the vegetated banks. Vegetation covers influence the contributions of different quadrants to the shear stress distribution, showing that sweeps and ejections are dominant events for all vegetated banks for near bed region. However, near the water surface the contributions of outwards and inwards for banks with Typha stems are more important than those for rice and straw. Instead of using a single value for friction factor, for different vegetated banks, a range of friction factor has to be applied in river restoration projects. Vegetated banks result in an increase of more than 60% in friction factor in comparison with that for bare banks under adverse pressure gradient flows. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of pH on the silk fibroin coating of CoCrMo alloy
Authors: Türkan Uğur , Arpaçay Pınar 
Published: May 2015

SummaryBacteria related infections are still cited as a major problem for the implant materials resulting in failure of device especially knee and hip replacement. Two main approaches are focused for inhibiting the bacterial adhesion to the surface. These involve bactericidal substances and anti‐adhesive coatings. Silk fibroin is one of the promising materials due to its good drug loading capacity and efficiency. In this study, the effects of pH on the silk fibroin coating of CoCrMo alloy, prepared by means of layer by layer, was investigated thoroughly using scanning electron microscope (SEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR‐FTIR) Spectroscopy. A medical grade CoCrMo was coated with variable number of silk fibroin up to 14 layers at pH 3.0, 3.5, and 5.5 at room temperature. As a result, only silk fibroin films prepared at pH 3.0 and 3.5 were found to convey the general characteristics of the mixture of silk I and II, while the samples prepared at pH 5.5 exhibited the lack of some specific amide structures which influence the general characteristics of silk I and II. Moreover, regardless of pH, the surface roughness was determined to increase with the increasing number of layers. However, as the pH increases the surface roughness decreases at 6, 10 and 14 layers. SCANNING 38:80–88, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Concise Review: CXCR4/CXCL12 Signaling in Immature Hematopoiesis—Lessons From Pharmacological and Genetic Models
Authors: Karpova Darja , Bonig Halvard 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDominant, although nonexclusive roles of CXCR4 and its chief ligand CXCL12 in bone marrow (BM) retention and preservation of the relative quiescence of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), along with their involvement in human immunodeficiency virus infection, in trafficking of mature hematopoietic cells to sites of inflammation and in orderly migration of nonhematopoietic cells during embryogenesis, explain the significant interest of the scientific community in the mode of action of this receptor–ligand pair. In this focused review, we seek to distil from the large body of information that has become available over the years some of the key findings about the role of CXCR4/CXCL12 in normal immature hematopoiesis. It is hoped that understanding the mechanistic insights gained there from will help generate hypotheses about potential avenues in which cancer/leukemia cell behavior can be modified by interference with this pathway. Stem Cells 2015;33:2391–2399
Effects of TRPV1 on the hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the epileptic rat brain
Authors: Saffarzadeh Fatemeh , Eslamizade Mohammad J. , Ghadiri Tahereh , Modarres Mousavi Sayed Mostafa , Hadjighassem Mahmoudreza , Gorji Ali 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTTemporal lobe epilepsy is often presented by medically intractable recurrent seizures due to dysfunction of temporal lobe structures, mostly the temporomesial structures. The role of transient receptor potential vaniloid 1 (TRPV1) activity on synaptic plasticity of the epileptic brain tissues was investigated. We studied hippocampal TRPV1 protein content and distribution in the hippocampus of epileptic rats. Furthermore, the effects of pharmacologic modulation of TRPV1 receptors on field excitatory postsynaptic potentials have been analyzed after induction of long term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas after 1 day (acute phase) and 3 months (chronic phase) of pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus (SE). A higher expression of TRPV1 protein in the hippocampus as well as a higher distribution of this channel in CA1 and CA3 areas in both acute and chronic phases of pilocarpine‐induced SE was observed. Activation of TRPV1 using capsaicin (1 µM) enhanced LTP induction in CA1 region in non‐epileptic rats. Inhibition of TRPV1 by capsazepine (10 µM) did not affect LTP induction in non‐epileptic rats. In acute phase of SE, activation of TRPV1 enhanced LTP in both CA1 and CA3 areas but TRPV1 inhibition did not affect LTP. In chronic phase of SE, application of TRPV1 antagonist enhanced LTP induction in CA1 and CA3 regions but TRPV1 activation had no effect on LTP. These findings indicate that a higher expression of TRPV1 in epileptic conditions is accompanied by a functional impact on the synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. This suggests TRPV1 as a potential target in treatment of seizure attacks. Synapse 69:375–383, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deletion of Gαq in the telencephalon alters specific neurobehavioral outcomes
Authors: Graham Devon L. , Buendia Matthew A. , Chapman Michelle A. , Durai Heather H. , Stanwood Gregg D. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTGαq‐coupled receptors are ubiquitously expressed throughout the brain and body, and it has been shown that these receptors and associated signaling cascades are involved in a number of functional outputs, including motor function and learning and memory. Genetic alterations to Gαq have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders such as Sturge‐Weber syndrome. Some of these associated disease outcomes have been modeled in laboratory animals, but as Gαq is expressed in all cell types, it is difficult to differentiate the underlying circuitry or causative neuronal population. To begin to address neuronal cell type diversity in Gαq function, we utilized a conditional knockout mouse whereby Gαq was eliminated from telencephalic glutamatergic neurons. Unlike the global Gαq knockout mouse, we found that these conditional knockout mice were not physically different from control mice, nor did they exhibit any gross motor abnormalities. However, similarly to the constitutive knockout animal, Gαq conditional knockout mice demonstrated apparent deficits in spatial working memory. Loss of Gαq from glutamatergic neurons also produced enhanced sensitivity to cocaine‐induced locomotion, suggesting that cortical Gαq signaling may limit behavioral responses to psychostimulants. Screening for a variety of markers of forebrain neuronal architecture revealed no obvious differences in the conditional knockouts, suggesting that the loss of Gαq in telencephalic excitatory neurons does not result in major alterations in brain structure or neuronal differentiation. Taken together, our results define specific modulation of spatial working memory and psychostimulant responses through disruptions in Gαq signaling within cerebral cortical glutamatergic neurons. Synapse 69:434–445, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Salivary gland development and disease
Authors: Mattingly Aaron , Finley Jennifer K. , Knox Sarah M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMammalian salivary glands synthesize and secrete saliva via a vast interconnected network of epithelial tubes attached to secretory end units. The extensive morphogenesis required to establish this organ is dependent on interactions between multiple cell types (epithelial, mesenchymal, endothelial, and neuronal) and the engagement of a wide range of signaling pathways. Here we describe critical regulators of salivary gland development and discuss how mutations in these impact human organogenesis. In particular, we explore the genetic contribution of growth factor pathways, nerve‐derived factors and extracellular matrix molecules to salivary gland formation in mice and humans. WIREs Dev Biol 2015, 4:573–590. doi: 10.1002/wdev.194This article is categorized under:

Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms
Vertebrate Organogenesis > From a Tubular Primordium: Branched
Birth Defects > Organ Anomalies
Lebensmitteldiscounter und Supermarkt. Untersuchung zu Verkehrseffekten, Einzugsgebieten, Vorlieben der Kunden und zum Genehmigungsprozess vor dem Hintergrund der Regelungen des § 11 Abs. 3 BauNVO
Authors: Anders Sascha 
Published: May 2015

For the location of new food markets in Germany, the provisions of article 11 sector 3 BauNVO (Federal Land Utilisation Ordinance) and the corresponding jurisdictions are of great importance. The expected impacts of new markets are always object of controversial discussions.
Against this backdrop, the study on qualified local supply, based on a nationwide household survey conducted by telephone, analyzed among others the catchment areas and traffic impacts of the different types of business in food retail — in correlation with the demands and preferences of customers. Unlike common surveys, related to a particular case and carried out within the course of urban land-use planning considerations, the presented study tries to provide general evidence. This shall provide the responsible public authorities and agencies of public interest with a reliable basis for necessary considerations and the balance of interests. Our empirical studies show that the in article 11 sector 3 BauNVO formulated general presumption of urban impacts from a sales area of 800 m2 onwards cannot be confirmed — at least not for the food retail sector. But there also is no other empirically robust sales area limit instead.
Besides the size of the market especially the location of the market (urban integrated vs. non-integrated), the urban framework (urban vs. rural) and the different retailers themselves (like Aldi, Edeka) have a crucial influence on traffic impacts and purchasing power levies.
Effects of Attentional Loadings on Gait Performance Before Turning in Stroke Survivors
Authors: Manaf Haidzir , Justine Maria , Goh Hui‐Ting 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundAttentional loadings have significant impacts on turning performance in individuals with stroke. Improper gait modification before turning may contribute to falls after stroke. Therefore, examination of the changes in temporal‐spatial gait parameters before turning may reveal important deficits in gait control when stroke survivors are challenged by dual‐tasking.ObjectiveTo compare the effects of 3 attentional loading conditions on spatial‐temporal gait parameters before turning between stroke survivors and healthy control subjects.DesignCase‐control study design.SettingUniversity motion analysis laboratory.ParticipantsTen chronic stroke survivors (mean age = 49 ± 9 years) and 10 healthy control subjects (mean age = 53 ± 5 years) were included.MethodsSpatial‐temporal gait parameters were obtained by the use of a motion‐capture system while participants performed the Timed‐Up and Go (TUG) test under 3 attentional loading conditions: single, dual‐motor, and dual‐cognitive task conditions. A repeated‐measure analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.Main outcome measuresWe measured gait speed, stride length, and stride time during the straight walking phase (one gait cycle before turn) of the TUG test.ResultsWe found that attentional loadings had a differential effect on gait speed measured for both groups (P = .001). The dual‐motor and dual‐cognitive task conditions led to a slower gait speed compared with the single‐task condition in stroke survivors (both P = .02). However, in the TUG scores of healthy control subjects, only the dual‐cognitive condition led to a significantly reduced gait speed compared with the single task condition (P = .001) and dual motor condition (P = .01).ConclusionThe results demonstrated that attentional loadings resulted in a greater deterioration of gait performance before turning in stroke survivors compared with healthy control subjects. Particularly, temporal gait parameter was more vulnerable to dual‐task interference than the spatial gait parameter.
REASONS FOR REASONS
Authors: Reed Baron 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTHilary Kornblith explores the prospects for reasons eliminationism, the view that reasons ought not to be regarded as being of central importance in epistemology. I reply by conceding that reasons may not be necessary for knowledge, in at least some cases, but I argue that they are nevertheless vitally important in epistemology more broadly. Their importance stems from being necessary, not for knowledge but for us, given that we are social agents with practical concerns. In that sense, we have (social and practical) reasons for (having a practice of giving and receiving epistemic) reasons.
Tropical forests and climate change: a critique of green governmentality
Authors: Adelman Sam 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis paper contains three main arguments. First, tropical forests have become objects of climate and environmental governance under the REDD+ mechanism in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change that combines legal, market and scientific rationalities with measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) technologies in a neoliberal green governmentality regime. Second, the current structures and institutions of governance are contradictory and international environmental law provides inadequate means for regulating and protecting forests. Third, these deficiencies point to the need for imaginative alternative forms of governance to prevent further deforestation.
Recovery from severe H7N9 disease is associated with diverse response mechanisms dominated by CD8+ T cells
Authors: Wang Zhongfang , Wan Yanmin , Qiu Chenli , Quiñones-Parra Sergio , Zhu Zhaoqin , Loh Liyen , Tian Di , Ren Yanqin , Hu Yunwen , Zhang Xiaoyan , Thomas Paul G. , Inouye Michael , Doherty Peter C. , Kedzierska Katherine , Xu Jianqing 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe avian origin A/H7N9 influenza virus causes high admission rates (>99%) and mortality (>30%), with ultimately favourable outcomes ranging from rapid recovery to prolonged hospitalization. Using a multicolour assay for monitoring adaptive and innate immunity, here we dissect the kinetic emergence of different effector mechanisms across the spectrum of H7N9 disease and recovery. We find that a diversity of response mechanisms contribute to resolution and survival. Patients discharged within 2–3 weeks have early prominent H7N9-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, while individuals with prolonged hospital stays have late recruitment of CD8+/CD4+ T cells and antibodies simultaneously (recovery by week 4), augmented even later by prominent NK cell responses (recovery >30 days). In contrast, those who succumbed have minimal influenza-specific immunity and little evidence of T-cell activation. Our study illustrates the importance of robust CD8+ T-cell memory for protection against severe influenza disease caused by newly emerging influenza A viruses.
Neuronal development is promoted by weakened intrinsic antioxidant defences due to epigenetic repression of Nrf2
Authors: Bell Karen F.S. , Al-Mubarak Bashayer , Martel Marc-André , McKay Sean , Wheelan Nicola , Hasel Philip , Márkus Nóra M. , Baxter Paul , Deighton Ruth F. , Serio Andrea , Bilican Bilada , Chowdhry Sudhir , Meakin Paul J. , Ashford Michael L.J. , Wyllie David J.A. , Scannevin Robert H. , Chandran Siddharthan , Hayes John D. , Hardingham Giles E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractForebrain neurons have weak intrinsic antioxidant defences compared with astrocytes, but the molecular basis and purpose of this is poorly understood. We show that early in mouse cortical neuronal development in vitro and in vivo, expression of the master-regulator of antioxidant genes, transcription factor NF-E2-related-factor-2 (Nrf2), is repressed by epigenetic inactivation of its promoter. Consequently, in contrast to astrocytes or young neurons, maturing neurons possess negligible Nrf2-dependent antioxidant defences, and exhibit no transcriptional responses to Nrf2 activators, or to ablation of Nrf2’s inhibitor Keap1. Neuronal Nrf2 inactivation seems to be required for proper development: in maturing neurons, ectopic Nrf2 expression inhibits neurite outgrowth and aborization, and electrophysiological maturation, including synaptogenesis. These defects arise because Nrf2 activity buffers neuronal redox status, inhibiting maturation processes dependent on redox-sensitive JNK and Wnt pathways. Thus, developmental epigenetic Nrf2 repression weakens neuronal antioxidant defences but is necessary to create an environment that supports neuronal development.
Active graphene–silicon hybrid diode for terahertz waves
Authors: Li Quan , Tian Zhen , Zhang Xueqian , Singh Ranjan , Du Liangliang , Gu Jianqiang , Han Jiaguang , Zhang Weili 
Published: May 2015

AbstractControlling the propagation properties of the terahertz waves in graphene holds great promise in enabling novel technologies for the convergence of electronics and photonics. A diode is a fundamental electronic device that allows the passage of current in just one direction based on the polarity of the applied voltage. With simultaneous optical and electrical excitations, we experimentally demonstrate an active diode for the terahertz waves consisting of a graphene–silicon hybrid film. The diode transmits terahertz waves when biased with a positive voltage while attenuates the wave under a low negative voltage, which can be seen as an analogue of an electronic semiconductor diode. Here, we obtain a large transmission modulation of 83% in the graphene–silicon hybrid film, which exhibits tremendous potential for applications in designing broadband terahertz modulators and switchable terahertz plasmonic and metamaterial devices.
Climate variability modulates western US ozone air quality in spring via deep stratospheric intrusions
Authors: Lin Meiyun , Fiore Arlene M. , Horowitz Larry W. , Langford Andrew O. , Oltmans Samuel J. , Tarasick David , Rieder Harald E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEvidence suggests deep stratospheric intrusions can elevate western US surface ozone to unhealthy levels during spring. These intrusions can be classified as ‘exceptional events’, which are not counted towards non-attainment determinations. Understanding the factors driving the year-to-year variability of these intrusions is thus relevant for effective implementation of the US ozone air quality standard. Here we use observations and model simulations to link these events to modes of climate variability. We show more frequent late spring stratospheric intrusions when the polar jet meanders towards the western United States, such as occurs following strong La Niña winters (Niño3.4<−1.0 °C). While El Niño leads to enhancements of upper tropospheric ozone, we find this influence does not reach surface air. Fewer and weaker intrusion events follow in the two springs after the 1991 volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. The linkage between La Niña and western US stratospheric intrusions can be exploited to provide a few months of lead time during which preparations could be made to deploy targeted measurements aimed at identifying these exceptional events.