bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Raising Awareness of Mistreatment Policies and Reporting Procedures Using a Novel Medical Student Mobile Application
Authors: Baranwal Seema , Ellen Stacy B. , Giordano Carolyn , Los Igor , Smolen Arnold , Salhi Bisan A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Reports of mistreatment are an important first step to improving medical students’ learning environment. Students may not report mistreatment due to a lack of awareness of institutional policies, reporting procedures, or for fear of reprisal.

Aim
We sought to determine if a medical school cross-platform mobile application (app) could be used to improve students’ awareness of mistreatment policies and procedures.

Setting and Participants
Participants in this intervention included Drexel University College of Medicine (DUCOM) medical students, faculty, and Student Affairs Deans.

Program Description
We created the DUCOMpass© app to make mistreatment policies and procedures more readily available and to ease mistreatment reporting for medical students.

Program Evaluation
To determine the efficacy of the app at raising mistreatment awareness, we analyzed our institutional Graduation Questionnaire data before and after the introduction of the app (from 2016 to 2023) as compared with the national average. We verified our students’ self-reported data with app usage data.

Discussion
To our knowledge, this is the first instance of a medical school mobile app being implemented to successfully address medical student mistreatment awareness and reporting. We found that reaching students in a familiar and easily accessible mode(s) of communication is a catalyst for lasting change.

NIH Trial Registry
Not applicable.
Functional characterisation of cell wall-associated β-glucanases and peroxidase induced during wheat-Diuraphis noxia interactions
Authors: Zondo Siphephelo N.N. , Mohase Lintle , Tolmay Vicki L. , Mafa Mpho S. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractWheat plants infested by Russian wheat aphids (RWA) induce a cascade of defence responses, which include increased activity of β-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase (POD). There is a lack of information regarding β-1,3-glucanase and POD synergistic effects on the plant cell wall modification and characterisation during wheat-RWA infestation. This study aimed to characterise the physicochemical properties of the cell wall-bound POD and β-1,3-glucanase during RWA-wheat interaction. The susceptible Tugela, moderately resistant Tugela-Dn1, and resistant Tugela-Dn5 cultivars were planted in a glasshouse to a seedling stage before being infested with RWASA2 for 14 days. The findings showed a significant increase in β-1,3-glucanase and POD activities in the infested Tugela-Dn5 and Tugela-Dn1 cultivars over the 14 days. However, in the Tugela enzymes were repressed. In addition, it was shown for the first time that β-1,3 − 1,4-glucanase activity specific toward mixed-linked glucan was significant in the resistant cultivar over 14 days. β-1,3-glucanase, β-1,3 − 1,4-glucanase and POD displayed optimum at pH 5. β-1,3-glucanase and POD displayed temperature optimum at 40 and 50 °C, respectively. However, β-1,3 − 1,4-glucanase had temperature optimum at 25 °C. β-1,3-glucanase and POD had a thermo-stability at 37 °C followed by about 80% relative activity at 70 °C, but β-1,3 − 1,4-glucanase displayed thermostability at 25 °C and retained more than 75% at 70 °C, confirming that β-1,3 − 1,4-glucanase and β-1,3-glucanase induced in the resistant cultivars cell wall were two different enzymes. Mechanism of actions and oligosaccharide displayed that β-1,3-glucanase was highly active against β-1,3-glucan and required a triose and higher oligosaccharide to be active. Our findings demonstrated cell-wall bound POD and β-1,3-glucanase activities significantly increased in wheat after RWASA2 infestation, revealing they acted synergistically to reinforce the cell wall to deter RWASA2 feeding in resistant cultivars.
Treatment Options for Brain Metastases
Authors: Choi Ariel , Hunting John , Lanier Claire , Douglas Emily , Triozzi Pierre , Ruiz Jimmy , Benayoun Marc , White Jaclyn , Chan Michael 
Published: July 2024

Opinion StatementTherapies for brain metastasis continue to evolve as the life expectancies for patients have continued to prolong. Novel advances include the use of improved technology for radiation delivery, surgical guidance, and response assessment, along with systemic therapies that can pass through the blood brain barrier. With increasing complexity of treatments and the increased need for salvage treatments, multi-disciplinary management has become significantly more important.
Lev Tolstoy, A Founder of Democratic Education
Authors: Matusov Eugene 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn this philosophical-theoretical study of Lev Tolstoy’s pedagogical legacy of his Yasnaya Polyana school in the Russian Empire (1859–1862), I raised three major questions: (1) was Lev Tolstoy a democratic educator, and if so, why can one claim that, (2) if so, what kind of a democratic educator was he, and (3) what kind of limitations to his democratic education have I observe and what were the sources of these limitations? My answer to the first question was unequivocally positive. I argue that Tolstoy was the conceptual founder of democratic non-coercive education and the first known practitioner of democratic education for children. In my view, his democratic education was based on educational offerings provided by the teachers. His democratic educational philosophy was based on non-coercion, naturalism, anarchism, liveliness, pragmatism, pedagogical experimentation, student responses, pedagogical self-reflection, and dialogism. At the same time, his democratic education was limited to his uncritical acceptance of conventionalism. Tolstoy’s attraction to Progressive Education was facilitated by ignoring his enormous powers, both explicit and implicit, that he manifested exercised in the school and enacted through his “pervasive informality.” In my judgment, Tolstoy overemphasized pedagogy over self-education and did not distinguish learning from education. Still, Tolstoy’s pioneering work in democratic education, both in theory and practice, remains mostly unacknowledged and unanalyzed while continuing to be highly relevant and potentially influential.
Organic geochemical and petrological investigations of the upper miocene bongaya formation in the pitas, onshore sabah basin, and its relevance for hydrocarbon potential
Authors: Azam Nor Aainaa Farhana , Mustapha Khairul Azlan , Hakimi Mohammed Hail 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe Upper Miocene Bongaya Formation coal, carbonaceous shale, and shale sediments were collected to investigate their origin, types, and maturity. The main objectives of this study were to verify and update previous claim of possible hydrocarbon showings and to gain new insights about the petroleum potential using different geochemical analysis approach. The primary methodology used in this study is the pyrolysis technique and coupled with petrographic analysis. The bulk geochemistry results revealed that the Bongaya sediments serve as favorable source rock, with the total organic carbon (TOC) content ranging from 0.90 to 63.10 wt% by weight, indicating fair to excellent organic richness. The coal samples exhibited the highest TOC values, followed by carbonaceous shale samples, while shale and coal laminated with sandstone samples displayed fair TOC amounts. Most of the Bongaya sediments analyzed in this study exhibited hydrogen index (HI) values of less than 200 mg HC/g TOC, indicating Type III organic matter, which signifies a significant influence of terrestrial organic matter. However, three coals displayed comparatively higher pyrolysis HI values, corroborated by Pyrolysis gas-chromatography (Py-GC) results and maceral types, indicating a mixture of Type II/III kerogen. This suggests that the Bongaya Formation sediment has the potential to generate gas with minor oil. Maceral analysis also revealed that most of the coal samples contained a high content of resinite maceral, which explains the waxy composition of the oil. The organic matter in the analyzed Bongaya sediments was found to be immature for petroleum generation, as evidenced by low huminite reflectance data (lower than 0.50% VR) and Tmax values between 372 and 432 °C. Consequently, the kerogen in the studied onshore Bongaya sediments has yet to enter the hydrocarbon cracking (catagenesis) phase before expelling petroleum. Therefore, it is essential to consider the offshore equivalent Bongaya sediments, which may be laterally extended offshore and buried at deeper depths to attain optimal maturity for hydrocarbon generation.
Versatile crop yield estimator
Authors: Sadeh Yuval , Zhu Xuan , Dunkerley David , Walker Jeffrey P. , Chen Yang , Chenu Karine 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAccurate production estimates, months before the harvest, are crucial for all parts of the food supply chain, from farmers to governments. While methods have been developed to use satellite data to monitor crop development and production, they typically rely on official crop statistics or ground-based data, limiting their application to the regions where they were calibrated. To address this issue, a new method called VeRsatile Crop Yield Estimator (VeRCYe) has been developed to estimate wheat yield at the pixel and field levels using satellite data and process-based crop models. The method uses the Leaf Area Index (LAI) as the linking variable between remotely sensed data and APSIM crop model simulations. In this process, the sowing dates of each field were detected (RMSE = 2.6 days) using PlanetScope imagery, with PlanetScope and Sentinel-2 data fused into a daily 3 m LAI dataset, enabling VeRCYe to overcome the traditional trade-off between satellite data that has either high temporal or high spatial resolution. The method was evaluated using 27 wheat fields across the Australian wheatbelt, covering a wide range of pedo-climatic conditions and farm management practices across three growing seasons. VeRCYe accurately estimated field-scale yield (R2 = 0.88, RMSE = 757 kg/ha) and produced 3 m pixel size yield maps (R2 = 0.32, RMSE = 1213 kg/ha). The method can potentially forecast the final yield (R2 = 0.78–0.88) about 2 months before the harvest. Finally, the harvest dates of each field were detected from space (RMSE = 2.7 days), indicating when and where the estimated yield would be available to be traded in the market. VeRCYe can estimate yield without ground calibration, be applied to other crop types, and used with any remotely sensed LAI information. This model provides insights into yield variability from pixel to regional scales, enriching our understanding of agricultural productivity.
Candida auris Resistance Mechanisms to Amphotericin B Alternative Treatments Development
Authors: Fenton Adam , John George K. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Systemic fungal infections caused by Candida auris have been identified since 2009, with mortality rates and drug resistance being noticeably higher than other forms of fungal or nosocomial infections. This review article will be a timely addition to the growing body of literature on how alternative or dual-action treatments may become mainstream or required outside the initial trio of antifungal drug classes, including C. auris.

Recent Findings
Amphotericin B of the polyene class of antifungals has been used in infections caused by this organism but has also been associated with adverse events and patient toxicity. The use of this drug has been demonstrated in dual-action treatments and clinical investigations and confers a greater degree of infection clearance.

Summary
A greater understanding of fungal yeast infections has also shown the ability for cell-mediated apoptosis in response to Amphotericin B damaging the fungal cell. This supports treatment methods that can still cause cell death with lower dosages being required, though this drug’s specific mechanism of cell membrane binding is not entirely understood. This demonstrates that alternative or dual action treatments may become mainstream or required outside the initial trio of antifungal drug classes.
Health Equity and Access to COVID-19 Treatments Available through Emergency Use Authorizations
Authors: Johnson Candon , Wolff Carolyn , Xu Jing ,   On behalf of the N3C consortium
Published: July 2024

AbstractUnderstanding and evaluating equity in access to care is a critical component to ensuring health equity for all individuals. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration made unprecedented use of its regulatory authority by authorizing the use of unapproved products through Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs). We use data from the U.S. National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) to understand how access to therapeutic products authorized under EUAs has varied across COVID-19 patients and over time. We find that Black patients were more likely to receive early EUA drugs while White patients were more likely to receive monoclonal antibodies. Male patients were more likely to receive any EUA drug than Female patients. Patients in Metropolitan areas were more likely to receive EUA drugs than patients in other regions. Additionally, differences in the rates of exposure to EUA drugs by gender, rural-urban classification, and length of stay decreased over time while differences by race and ethnicity have generally persisted. Our project identifies inequities in the rate of access to EUA drugs across patient groups that can inform policy makers in future planning and decision making.
Evaluation of the Loss of Surface Roughness Following the Use of Four Different Instruments for Mechanical Debridement of Dental Implants: An In-vitro Pilot Study
Authors: Kumar Santhosh , Yewale Manasi , Parthasarathi N. L. , Balasundaram Rajasekaran , Gopalkrishna Pratibha , Bhat Subraya Giliyar 
Published: July 2024

AbstractTo compare the dental implant surface properties such as mean surface roughness, roughness depth, and the surface loss produced by different prophylactic instrument types. Twenty-four surfaces of twelve dental implants were treated using titanium curettes, titanium-coated curettes, an air abrasion unit, and titanium brushes. The dental implants were inserted partially into a Styrofoam base, exposing one-third to simulate cases of peri-implantitis. The exposed surface was coated with artificial dental calculus (ADC) and divided into four groups for treatment. The arithmetic mean surface roughness (Ra) and the mean roughness depth (Rz) were assessed using the confocal microscope, and the surface loss (SL) area was calculated from the scanning electron microscopic images using an image analysis software. The Ra value varied between 1.08 to 0.29 µm, the Rz value between 10.3 to 70.5 µm, and the mean surface loss area between 154 to 9410 µm2. The One-way ANOVA analysis showed a statistically significant difference between the four groups (P < 0.05). The air abrasion unit showed the highest mean roughness value of 1.08 ± 0.14 µm, mean roughness depth of 70.5 ± 2.21 µm, and a minor surface area loss of 154 ± 132 µm2. In comparison, the titanium brushes showed the least Ra and Rz of 0.29 ± 0.05 µm and 10.3 ± 2.32 µm, respectively, whereas the titanium-coated curettes showed the highest loss of surface area 9410 ± 91.6 µm2. The air abrasion unit was shown to have the least detrimental effect on the implant surface when removing the artificial dental calculus compared to the other three methods.
MPOCSR: optical chemical structure recognition based on multi-path Vision Transformer
Authors: Lin Fan , Li Jianhua 
Published: July 2024

AbstractOptical chemical structure recognition (OCSR) is a fundamental and crucial task in the field of chemistry, which aims at transforming intricate chemical structure images into machine-readable formats. Current deep learning-based OCSR methods typically use image feature extractors to extract visual features and employ encoder-decoder architectures for chemical structure recognition. However, the performance of these methods is limited by their image feature extractors and the class imbalance of elements in chemical structure representation. This paper proposes MPOCSR (multi-path optical chemical structure recognition), which introduces the multi-path Vision Transformer (MPViT) and the class-balanced (CB) loss function to address these two challenges. MPOCSR uses MPViT as an image feature extractor, combining the advantages of convolutional neural networks and Vision Transformers. This strategy enables the provision of richer visual information for subsequent decoding processes. Furthermore, MPOCSR incorporates CB loss function to rebalance the loss weights among different categories. For training and validation of our method, we constructed a dataset that includes both Markush and non-Markush structures. Experimental results show that MPOCSR achieves an accuracy of 90.95% on the test set, surpassing other existing methods.
Delivering Microrobots in the Musculoskeletal System
Authors: Cao Mumin , Sheng Renwang , Sun Yimin , Cao Ying , Wang Hao , Zhang Ming , Pu Yunmeng , Gao Yucheng , Zhang Yuanwei , Lu Panpan , Teng Gaojun , Wang Qianqian , Rui Yunfeng 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDisorders of the musculoskeletal system are the major contributors to the global burden of disease and current treatments show limited efficacy. Patients often suffer chronic pain and might eventually have to undergo end-stage surgery. Therefore, future treatments should focus on early detection and intervention of regional lesions. Microrobots have been gradually used in organisms due to their advantages of intelligent, precise and minimally invasive targeted delivery. Through the combination of control and imaging systems, microrobots with good biosafety can be delivered to the desired area for treatment. In the musculoskeletal system, microrobots are mainly utilized to transport stem cells/drugs or to remove hazardous substances from the body. Compared to traditional biomaterial and tissue engineering strategies, active motion improves the efficiency and penetration of local targeting of cells/drugs. This review discusses the frontier applications of microrobotic systems in different tissues of the musculoskeletal system. We summarize the challenges and barriers that hinder clinical translation by evaluating the characteristics of different microrobots and finally point out the future direction of microrobots in the musculoskeletal system.
Identitätsarbeit und kollektive Beziehungsgestaltung im WhatsApp-Gruppenchat
Authors: Frick Karina 
Published: July 2024

ZusammenfassungDigitale Alltagskommunikation in Messengerdiensten findet nicht nur in dyadischen, sondern inzwischen auch in vielfältigen Gruppenkonstellationen statt. Deren kommunikative Dynamiken und die Frage, wie Nutzer:innen persönliche Erfahrungen in einer klar identifizierbaren Gruppe von Teilnehmer:innen erzählen, sind bisher nur in Ansätzen untersucht worden. Mithilfe des Small-Story-Ansatzes werden in diesem Beitrag Praktiken der Identitätsarbeit und kollektiven Beziehungsgestaltung im Gruppenchat eines adoleszenten Basketballteams untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich, dass sowohl die Etablierung als auch die Aufrechterhaltung der Gruppenidentität eine komplexe Aufgabe ist, die sowohl auf der sprachlichen Ebene, z. B. durch Angleichungsstrategien, als auch auf der inhaltlich-thematischen Ebene bearbeitet werden muss.
Safety Issues and Improvement Measures of Ni-Rich Layered Oxide Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Cui Baichuan , Xiao Zhenxue , Cui Shaolun , Liu Sheng , Gao Xueping , Li Guoran 
Published: July 2024

AbstractNi-rich layered oxide cathode materials hold great promise for enhancing the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their impressive specific capacity. However, the chemical and structural stability issues associated with the materials containing a high Ni content have emerged as a primary safety concern, particularly in the context of traction batteries for electric vehicles. Typically, when these materials are in a highly charged state, their metastable layered structure and highly oxidized transition metal ions can trigger detrimental phase transitions. This leads to the generation of oxygen gas and the degradation of the material’s microstructure, including the formation of cracks, which can promote the interactions between Ni-rich materials and electrolytes, further generating flammable gases. Consequently, various strategies have been devised at the material level to mitigate potential safety hazards. This review begins by providing an in-depth exploration of the sources of instability in Ni-rich layered oxides, drawing from their crystal and electronic structures, and subsequently outlines the safety issues that arise as a result. Subsequently, it delves into recent advancements and approaches aiming at modifying Ni-rich cathode materials and electrolytes to enhance safety. The primary objective of this review is to offer a concise and comprehensive understanding of why Ni-rich cathode materials are susceptible to safety incidents and to present potential methods for improving the safety of Ni-rich cathode materials in high-density LIBs.
Graphical Abstract
Safety risk origin of Ni-rich cathode materials, potential safety issues, and possible measures to improve safety are summarized.
Novel insights into acetylation kinetics in a continuous Flow milli-reactor for chemo-enzymatic separation of silybin A/B
Authors: Fortunato Michele Emanuele , Pagano Rita , Romanucci Valeria , Licenziato Chiara , Zarrelli Armando , Di Serio Martino , Di Fabio Giovanni , Russo Vincenzo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe separation of silybin A (SilA) and B (SilB) diastereomers in optically pure compounds is challenging due to their very similar physical and chemical properties. However, such separation is crucial for evaluating the biological activity of the diasteroisomers SilA and SilB, which show very different performance in pharmacological applications like treating prostate cancer, liver diseases, and Alzheimer’s disease. The most common isolation method is based on high-performance liquid chromatography, but it is slow and has a yield in pure SilB of hundreds of milligrams per day. An alternative chemo-enzymatic separation method, utilizing an immobilized lipase CALB catalyst to stereoselectively acetylate silybin B (1b), offers advantages in terms of higher productivity, selectivity, and scalability, particularly when applied in flow reactors. This study delves into the kinetics of Sil acetylation catalyzed by Novozym 435 in a continuous flow milli-reactor, investigated at various temperatures, volumetric flow rates, and Sil initial concentrations. It is noteworthy that, at the current state of the art, there is a lack of kinetic studies on this reaction, emphasizing the novelty and significance of this work. The kinetic and fluid dynamic parameters were estimated using a non-linear regression analysis of experimental data. The examined reaction showed a null apparent activation energy, explaining the temperature insensitivity of the final acetylated silybin B (1b) concentration. Furthermore, the decrease in steady-state concentrations of the acetylated products with increasing volumetric flow rates indicated that the reaction was occurring in a kinetic regime. Interestingly, a maximum starting Sil concentration was identified, above which there was no favorable impact on conversion.