bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An integrated modeling framework for exploring flow regime and water quality changes with increasing biofuel crop production in theU.S.CornBelt
Authors: Yaeger Mary A. , Housh Mashor , Cai Ximing , Sivapalan Murugesu 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTo better address the dynamic interactions between human and hydrologic systems, we develop an integrated modeling framework that employs aSystem of Systemsoptimization model to emulate human development decisions which are then incorporated into a watershed model to estimate the resulting hydrologic impacts. The two models are run interactively to simulate the coevolution of coupled human‐nature systems, such that reciprocal feedbacks between hydrologic processes and human decisions (i.e., human impacts on critical low flows and hydrologic impacts on human decisions on land and water use) can be assessed. The framework is applied to a Midwestern U.S. agricultural watershed, in the context of proposed biofuels development. This operation is illustrated by projecting three possible future coevolution trajectories, two of which use dedicated biofuel crops to reduce annual watershed nitrate export while meeting ethanol production targets. Imposition of a primary external driver (biofuel mandate) combined with different secondary drivers (water quality targets) results in highly nonlinear and multiscale responses of both the human and hydrologic systems, including multiple tradeoffs, impacting the future coevolution of the system in complex, heterogeneous ways. The strength of the hydrologic response is sensitive to the magnitude of the secondary driver; 45% nitrate reduction target leads to noticeable impacts at the outlet, while a 30% reduction leads to noticeable impacts that are mainly local. The local responses are conditioned by previous human‐hydrologic modifications and their spatial relationship to the new biofuel development, highlighting the importance of past coevolutionary history in predicting future trajectories of change.
Public Service and Community Media
Authors: Brevini Benedetta 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Public service and community media are often mentioned in the same breath. While there is much they share, there are also many ways in which they differ, not the least in the regulatory and political contexts that surround them. This entry provides an overview of theories underlying both kinds of media and a summary of their history, before describing the different national and international regulatory or funding regimes to which they are subject. It ends with an analysis of the challenges faced by these two media sectors from technological change and the campaigns of commercial competitors.
Content Creation and Curation
Authors: Burgess Jean , Woodford Darryl 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPlatforms for content created by web users have been associated with some of the most significant economic paradigm shifts in digital media. At the same time, user created content has often been at the center of heated scholarly debates around the democratization of media production, cultural participation, and public communication. In this entry, we provide an overview of such debates within media and communication research, particularly in relation to the evolution of mainstream platforms for content creation, curation, and sharing.
Electronic Markets and Intermediation
Authors: Wigand Rolf T. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Electronic markets are an unique virtual organizational form and evolve through the automated mediation of market transactions. Consequently, we observe that traditional industry chains potentially lose their relative importance since business can be carried out faster and often with more and new opportunities. Electronic markets, then, are abstract places or market spaces where (1) exchanges (trade) occur, (2) complete (
satisficed
) information can be found, and (3) over time transaction costs approach zero. Disintermediation is addressed here in that electronic markets make disintermediation possible; conversely, disintermediation may suggest the deployment of electronic markets as they function as a form of reintermediation in this context.
Endogenous cerebellar neurogenesis in adult mice with progressive ataxia
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Csaba Zsolt , Peineau Stéphane , Srivastava Rupali , Rasika Sowmyalakshmi , Mani Shyamala , Gressens Pierre , El Ghouzzi Vincent 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveTransplanting exogenous neuronal progenitors to replace damaged neurons in the adult brain following injury or neurodegenerative disorders and achieve functional amelioration is a realistic goal. However, studies so far have rarely taken into consideration the preexisting inflammation triggered by the disease process that could hamper the effectiveness of transplanted cells. Here, we examined the fate and long‐term consequences of human cerebellar granule neuron precursors (GNP) transplanted into the cerebellum of Harlequin mice, an adult model of progressive cerebellar degeneration with early‐onset microgliosis.MethodsHuman embryonic stem cell‐derived progenitors expressing Atoh1, a transcription factor key toGNPspecification, were generated in vitro and stereotaxically transplanted into the cerebellum of preataxic Harlequin mice. The histological and functional impact of these transplants was followed using immunolabeling and Rotarod analysis.ResultsAlthough transplantedGNPs did not survive beyond a few weeks, they triggered the proliferation of endogenous nestin‐positive precursors in the leptomeninges that crossed the molecular layer and differentiated into mature neurons. These phenomena were accompanied by the preservation of the granule and Purkinje cell layers and delayed ataxic changes. In vitro neurosphere generation confirmed the enhanced neurogenic potential of the cerebellar leptomeninges of Harlequin mice transplanted with exogenousGNPs.InterpretationThe cerebellar leptomeninges of adult mice contain an endogenous neurogenic niche that can be stimulated to yield mature neurons from an as‐yet unidentified population of progenitors. The transplantation of humanGNPs not only stimulates this neurogenesis, but, despite the potentially hostile environment, leads to neuroprotection and functional amelioration.
Epidemiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus in a Predominantly White Population in the United States
Authors: Jarukitsopa Sudumpai , Hoganson Deana D. , Crowson Cynthia S. , Sokumbi Olayemi , Davis Mark D. , Michet Clement J. , Matteson Eric L. , Maradit Kremers Hilal , Chowdhary Vaidehi R. 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveEpidemiologic studies comparing the incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and isolated cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) are few. Olmsted County, Minnesota provides a unique setting for such a study owing to resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project. We sought to describe and compare the incidence and prevalence of SLE and CLE from 1993–2005.MethodsSLE cases were identified from review of medical records and fulfilled the 1982 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria. CLE cases included patients with classic discoid lupus erythematosus, subacute CLE, lupus panniculitis, and bullous lupus erythematosus. Age‐ and sex‐adjusted incidence and prevalence were standardized to the 2000 US white population.ResultsThe age‐ and sex‐adjusted incidence of SLE (2.9 per 100,000; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.0–3.7) was similar to that of CLE (4.2 per 100,000; 95% CI 3.1–5.2, P = 0.10). However, the incidence of CLE was 3 times higher than SLE in men (2.4 versus 0.8 per 100,000; P = 0.009). The age‐ and sex‐adjusted prevalence of CLE on January 1, 2006 was higher than that of SLE (70.4 versus 30.5 per 100,000; P < 0.001). The prevalences of CLE and SLE in women were similar, but the prevalence of CLE was higher in men than in women (56.9 versus 1.6 per 100,000; P < 0.001). The incidence of CLE rose steadily with age and peaked at 60–69 years.ConclusionThe incidences of CLE and SLE are similar, but CLE is more common than SLE in men and in older adults. These findings may reflect differences in genetic or environmental etiology of CLE.
Effect of Weight Maintenance on Symptoms of Knee Osteoarthritis in Obese Patients: A Twelve‐Month Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Christensen Robin , Henriksen Marius , Leeds Anthony R. , Gudbergsen Henrik , Christensen Pia , Sørensen Tina J. , Bartels Else M. , Riecke Birgit F. , Aaboe Jens , Frederiksen Rikke , Boesen Mikael , Lohmander L. Stefan , Astrup Arne , Bliddal Henning 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveTo compare results of obese patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) who, after an intensive weight loss regimen, received 1 year of either dietary support (D), a knee‐exercise program (E), or “no attention” (C; control group).MethodsWe conducted a randomized, 2‐phase, parallel‐group trial. A total of 192 obese participants with knee OA were enrolled; the mean age was 62.5 years and 81% were women with a mean entry weight of 103.2 kg. In phase 1, all participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups and began a dietary regimen of 400–810 and 1,250 kcal/day for 16 weeks (2 8‐week phases) to achieve a major weight loss. Phase 2 consisted of 52 weeks' maintenance in either group D, E, or C. Outcomes were changes from randomization in pain on a 100‐mm visual analog scale, weight, and response according to the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology‐Osteoarthritis Research Society International criteria.ResultsMean weight loss for phase 1 was 12.8 kg. After 1 year on maintenance therapy, the D group sustained a lower weight (11.0 kg, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 9.0, 12.8 kg) than those in the E (6.2, 95% CI 4.4, 8.1 kg) and C (8.2, 95% CI 6.4, 10.1 kg) groups (P = 0.002 by analysis of covariance [ANCOVA]). Adherence was low in the E group. All groups had statistically significant pain reduction (D: 6.1; E: 5.6; and C: 5.5 mm) with no difference between groups (P = 0.98 by ANCOVA). In each group 32 (50%), 26 (41%), and 33 (52%) participants responded to treatment in the D, E, and C groups, respectively, with no statistically significant difference in the number of responders (P = 0.41).ConclusionA significant weight reduction with a 1‐year maintenance program improves knee OA symptoms irrespective of maintenance program.
Measures of Arthritis Activity Associated With Patient‐Reported Improvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis When Assessed Prospectively Versus Retrospectively
Authors: Ward Michael M. , Guthrie Lori C. , Alba Maria I. 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveThe patient global assessment (PGA) is intended to provide an integrated summary of all symptoms of arthritis, but it is not clear which disease features most impact patients' assessments of changes in their overall status. We investigated what aspects of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) activity correlated best with prospectively measured changes in the PGA and with patients’ retrospective judgments of improvement.MethodsWe studied 250 patients with active RA in a prospective longitudinal study. Disease activity measures were collected before and after treatment escalation. Prospectively measured changes in PGA and patients' judgments of improvement or worsening at the followup visit were tested for correlations with changes in patient‐reported measures of symptoms and functioning, joint counts, and laboratory tests.ResultsPatients improved during the study, with the mean ± SD PGA decreasing from 55.6 ± 25.2 to 37.6 ± 24.0. At the followup visit, 167 patients (66.8%) reported improvement in overall arthritis status. Changes in pain severity, stiffness severity, and fatigue were the only significant correlates of changes in PGA. In contrast, changes in the Health Assessment Questionnaire, tender joint count or Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), and stiffness severity were associated with retrospective judgments of improvement.ConclusionProspectively measured changes in PGA in RA were related solely to other patient‐reported measures, but patients’ retrospective judgments of improvement were related to functional limitations, tender joint count, and DAS28. Patients' subjective judgments of improvement reflect aspects of RA different from the PGA and may be a simple complementary measure of treatment efficacy.
Iron(III) Chloride Catalyzed Synthesis of Highly Substituted Indolyl‐Tetrahydroquinoline Derivatives by Using Indolylnitroalkene as Dienophiles and Its Application to the Synthesis of Indolo‐Benzonaphthyridine Derivatives
Authors: Zanwar Manoj R. , Gawande Sachin D. , Kavala Veerababurao , Kuo Chun‐Wei , Yao Ching‐Fa 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAn efficient iron(III) chloride catalyzed synthesis of highly substituted indolyltetrahydroquinoline derivatives from easily available starting materials, including indolylnitroalkenes, substituted anilines and various aldehydes is reported. The reaction utilized strong electron deficient dienophiles like indolylnitroalkene via a Povarov approach.The methodology shows good functional group tolerance and can be used to prepare fused indolo‐benzonaphthyridine derivatives.magnified image
Development, validation, and use of a semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire for assessing protein intake in Papua New Guinean Highlanders
Authors: Morita Ayako , Natsuhara Kazumi , Tomitsuka Eriko , Odani Shingo , Baba Jun , Tadokoro Kiyoshi , Igai Katsura , Greenhill Andrew R. , Horwood Paul F. , Soli Kevin W. , Phuanukoonnon Suparat , Siba Peter M. , Umezaki Masahiro 
Published: November 2014

ObjectivesThe aim of this article was to develop a semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and evaluate its validity to estimate habitual protein intake, and investigate current dietary protein intakes of Papua New Guinea (PNG) Highlanders.MethodsA 32‐item FFQ was developed and tested among 135 healthy male and female volunteers. The FFQ‐estimated daily total and animal protein intakes were compared with biomarkers and 3‐day Weighed Food Records (WFR) by correlation analyses, Bland–Altman plot analyses and joint classification analyses.ResultsThe FFQ‐estimated total protein intake significantly correlated with urinary nitrogen in the first morning void after adjusting urinary creatinine concentration (r = 0.28, P < 0.01) and the FFQ‐estimated animal protein intake significantly correlated with the hair δ15N (Spearman's r = 0.34, P < 0.001). The limits of agreement were ±2.39 Z‐score residuals for total protein intake and ±2.19 Z‐score for animal protein intake, and intra‐individual differences increased as protein intake increased. The classification into the same and adjacent quartiles was 66.0% for total protein intake and 73.6% for animal protein intake. Median daily total and animal protein intake estimates from the FFQ and the 3‐day WFR showed a good agreement with differences of 0.2 and 4.9 g, respectively. None of the studied communities in the PNG Highlands met the biologically required protein intake; although the community closer to an urban center showed higher protein intake than the more remote communities.ConclusionsThe newly developed 32‐item FFQ for PNG Highlanders is applicable for evaluation of protein intake at the individual level. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:349–357, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Perylene‐Bridged Switchable [3]Rotaxane Molecular Shuttle with a Fluorescence Output
Authors: Cao Zhan‐Qi , Li Hong , Yao Jian , Zou Lei , Qu Da‐Hui , Tian He 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA bistable bis‐branched [3]rotaxane with a perylene bisimide (PBI) chromophore that separates two mechanically interlocked [2]rotaxane arms including a diferrocene‐functionalized dibenzo‐24‐crown‐8 ring, was designed, prepared, and characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy and HR‐ESI mass spectrometry. The uniform relative shuttling movement of target [3]rotaxane in response to external acid‐base stimuli was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the shuttling motion of the macrocycles in the system was accompanied by a remarkably visual fluorescence change due to the distance‐dependent photoinduced electron transfer process from the ferrocene units to the PBI fluorophore. This kind of rotaxane has important potential for designing more sophisticated mechanically interlocked molecules with controllable functions.
Two‐Coordinate Iron(I) Complex [Fe{N(SiMe3)2}2]−: Synthesis, Properties, and Redox Activity
Authors: Werncke C. Gunnar , Bunting Philip C. , Duhayon Carine , Long Jeffrey R. , Bontemps Sébastien , Sabo‐Etienne Sylviane 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFirst‐row two‐coordinate complexes are attracting much interest. Herein, we report the high‐yield isolation of the linear two‐coordinate iron(I) complex salt [K(L)][Fe{N(SiMe3)2}2] (L=18‐crown‐6 or crypt‐222) through the reduction of either [Fe{N(SiMe3)2}2] or its three‐coordinate phosphine adduct [Fe{N(SiMe3)2}2(PCy3)]. Detailed characterization is gained through X‐ray diffraction, variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility studies. One‐ and two‐electron oxidation through reaction with I2 is further found to afford the corresponding iodo iron(II) and diiodo iron(III) complexes.
Sonocrystallization Yields Monoclinic Paracetamol with Significantly Improved Compaction Behavior
Authors: Bučar Dejan‐Krešimir , Elliott James A. , Eddleston Mark D. , Cockcroft Jeremy K. , Jones William 
Published: November 2014

AbstractUltrasound‐assisted crystallization (sonocrystallization) was used to prepare a mixture of nano‐ and micrometer‐sized crystals of the monoclinic form of paracetamol—a widely used analgesic known for its particularly problematic mechanical behavior under compression (i.e. poor tabletability). The nano‐ and micrometer‐sized crystals yielded a powder which exhibits elastic moduli and bulk cohesions that are significantly higher than those observed in samples consisting of macrometer‐sized crystals, thus leading to enhanced tabletability without the use of excipients, particle coating, salt, or cocrystal formation. Experimental compaction and finite element analysis were utilized to rationalize the significantly improved compaction behavior of the monoclinic form of paracetamol.
Rational Design of Heterodimeric Protein using Domain Swapping for Myoglobin
Authors: Lin Ying‐Wu , Nagao Satoshi , Zhang Mohan , Shomura Yasuhito , Higuchi Yoshiki , Hirota Shun 
Published: November 2014

AbstractProtein design is a useful method to create novel artificial proteins. A rational approach to design a heterodimeric protein using domain swapping for horse myoglobin (Mb) was developed. As confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis, a heterodimeric Mb with two different active sites was produced efficiently from two surface mutants of Mb, in which the charges of two amino acids involved in the dimer salt bridges were reversed in each mutant individually, with the active site of one mutant modified. This study shows that the method of constructing heterodimeric Mb with domain swapping is useful for designing artificial multiheme proteins.
Entrapping an Ionic Liquid with Nanocarbon: The Formation of a Tailorable and Functional Surface
Authors: Ding Yuxiao , Sun Xiaoyan , Zhang Liyun , Mao Shanjun , Xie Zailai , Liu Zhong‐Wen , Su Dang Sheng 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAn interface microenvironment between nanocarbon and ionic liquids (ILs) is presented. By an entrapping effect, a few layers of ILs can be finely deposited on the surface of nanocarbon, endowing amazingly tailorable surface properties. The entrapped IL layer, which was believed to be unable to be charred under pyrolysis conditions alone, can be further carbonized to a functional carbon layer. C, B, and N were confirmed to share the same hexagonal ring in the resultant layer, which provides more designable electronic properties.
Adsorption and desorption properties of modified feather and feather/PP melt‐blown filter cartridge of lead ion (Pb2+)
Authors: Wang Hong , Jin Xiang‐Yu , Wu Hai‐Bo 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTDuck and chicken feather fibers are waste products of the poultry industry, creating a serious solid waste problem around the world. Previous works showed that feather fibers can be reused to adsorb heavy metal ions from water. To improve the adsorption capacity of feather fibers, sodium pyrosulfite (Na2S2O5) was used in this article to modify the feather fiber in order to improve its Pb2+ adsorption capacity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) quantified chemical and structural changes of Na2S2O5 modified feather fibers. In addition, Na2S2O5 modified feather fibers were processed into feather/polypropylene (PP) melt‐blown filter cartridges and their dynamic Pb2+ adsorption properties were investigated. Finally, the desorption effects of NaOH and sodium sulfide nonahydrate (Na2S·9H2O) aqueous solutions on the feather fiber adsorbed with Pb2+ were studied. It is found that Pb2+ adsorption capacity of the feather fiber increased after being modified by Na2S2O5. Modified feather/PP filter cartridge exhibited higher Pb2+ adsorption capacity than feather/PP filter cartridge and pure PP filter cartridge in the whole dynamic adsorption process. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41555.
Functional Implications of Variation in Tooth Spacing and Crown Size in Pinnipedimorpha (Mammalia: Carnivora)
Authors: Churchill Morgan , Clementz Mark T. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTPinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses) show variation in tooth morphology that relates to ecology. However, crown size and spacing are two aspects of morphology that have not been quantified in prior studies. We measured these characters for nearly all extant pinnipeds and three fossil taxa and then determined the principal sources of variation in tooth size and spacing using principal components (PCAs) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). PCA and HCA showed that species sorted into three groups: taxa with small crowns and large diastemata, taxa with large crowns and small diastemata, and taxa that fell between these two extremes. We then performed discriminant function analysis (DFA) to determine if tooth morphology correlated with foraging strategy or diet. DFA results indicated weak correlation with diet, and stronger correlation with prey capture strategies. Tooth size and spacing were most strongly correlated with the importance of teeth in prey acquisition, with tooth size decreasing and tooth spacing increasing as teeth become less necessary in capturing food items. Taxa which relied on teeth for filtering prey from the water column or processing larger or tougher food items generally had larger crowns and smaller tooth spacing then taxa which swallowed prey whole. We found the fossil taxa Desmatophoca and Enaliarctos were most similar in tooth morphology to extant otariids, suggesting that both taxa were generalist feeders. This study established the relationship between tooth size and feeding behavior, and provides a new tool to explore the paleoecology of fossil pinnipeds and other aquatic tetrapods. Anat Rec, 298:878–902, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.