bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE TIME RELATIONS OF THE KNEE‐JERK AND SIMPLE REFLEXES
Authors: Jolly W. A. 
Published: December 2014

A diphasic action current is recorded by means of the string galvanometer from the quadriceps muscle when the knee‐jerk is elicited.Its latency is about half as long as that of the electrical variation accompanying action of the muscles in the homonymous flexion reflex of the hind limb.The latency of the heteronymous extension reflex is about one‐thousandth of a second longer than that of the homonymous reflex.An electrical variation, consisting in a diminution of the demarcation current, is observed in the cut anterior crural (femoral) nerve when the skin on the dorsum pedis or mesial aspect of the thigh is mechanically stimulated. A similar electrical variation with shorter latent period is obtained in the same nerve when the knee‐jerk is elicited. By means of these variations the latency of afferent nerve endings can be determined, after deducting nerve conduction time from the latency of the variation.The synapse time in the case of the knee‐jerk and the other reflexes is obtained by deducting from the latency of the action current of the muscles reflexly excited periods attributable to (1) the afferent endings, (2) nerve conduction, and (3) motor endings and latency of action current.The action currents accompanying knee‐jerk and flexion reflex may in some cases be detected in the same recorded curve.The synapse time of the knee‐jerk in the spinal cat is about two‐thousandths of a second, of the homonymous flexion reflex about four‐thousandths.The relation between the synapse times suggests that the knee‐jerk mechanism involves one spinal synapse or set of synapses, while the flexion reflex involves two.
THE SUPRARENAL GLANDS IN DIPHTHERITIC TOXÆMIA
Authors: Ritchie James , Bruce A. Ninian 
Published: December 2014

1. In diphtheritic toxæmia in guinea‐pigs, complete exhaustion of all adrenalin from the medulla of the suprarenal glands is found in the less acute types of infection.2. In the more acute types of infection, considerable diminution in the amount of adrenalin in the suprarenal glands occurs. In both cases the final result is the same, a complete or relative absence of adrenalin being produced. Death appears to result from a condition which might be compared to acute Addison's disease.3. There is no neutralisation of diphtheria toxin by adrenalin, nor of adrenalin by diphtheria toxin.4. There is also no evidence of interaction between diphtheria toxin and the secreting cells of the medulla of the suprarenal glands.
ON THE SIZE AND GROWTH OF THE BLOOD IN TAME RATS
Authors: Chisolm R. A. 
Published: December 2014

(1) The average oxygen capacity per kilo of the rat between 50 and 150 grammes is 10·0 c.c., and the average blood volume per kilo 63·0 c.c. The average Hb percentage is 86, and the number of red cells 9 million per cubic millimetre.(2) There is a temporary fall in the Hb percentage, oxygen capacity per kilo, and blood volume per kilo during the suckling period, and a second fall in the oxygen capacity per kilo and the blood volume per kilo in later life connected with the diminished rate of growth in larger animals.(3) The oxygen capacity per kilo is less variable than the percentage of Hb blood volume per kilo or number of red cells per cubic millimetre.(4) The volume of the blood is less variable than the weight of the kidneys, liver, and spleen, considered as percentages of the total body weight.(5) The volume of the blood in rats may be calculated by the formula body weight0·9/10·1 = volume, and the total oxygen capacity by the formula body weight0·95/8·0 = total oxygen capacity.
THE POSSIBLE VICARIOUS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PITUITARY AND THYROID GLANDS
Authors: Simpson Sutherland , Hunter Andrew 
Published: December 2014

1. Complete removal of the thyroid gland in lambs from seven to eight months old and in adult sheep does not lead to the appearance of iodine in the pituitary, even after so long an interval as from five to six months. On the assumption that the iodine‐containing substance of the thyroid represents its active secretion, this does not support the Rogowitsch theory that in thyroid insufficiency the pituitary vicariously takes on its function.2. Compared with normal animals of the same age there is evidence of some increase in the size of the pituitary in the thyroidectomised lambs and sheep, but this is not so great as has been reported by many observers in other experimental animals—notably the rabbit,—nor in some cases of myxœdema and cretinism in the human subject. In the case of the lambs this increase amounted to about 15 per cent., and in the adult sheep to about 20 per cent., in from five to six months.
VASO‐DILATOR AXON‐REFLEXES
Authors: Bruce A. Ninian 
Published: December 2014

1. The dilatation of the vessels seen in the initial stages of the inflammatory process does not occur if the region to which the irritant is applied be rendered completely insensitive by means of a local anæsthetic.2. This vaso‐dilatation must, therefore, be the result of nervous impulses which pass centralwards up a sensory fibre or fibres and peripheralwards down a fibre or fibres subserving vaso‐dilatation.3. Section of the spinal cord does not influence this reflex, therefore the centre cannot be situated above the cord.4. Section of the posterior sensory roots central to their ganglia of origin does not influence the reflex, therefore the centre cannot lie in the spinal cord.5. The vaso‐dilatation is also not interrupted by section of sensory efferent fibres peripheral to their ganglia of origin provided that the severed peripheral portion of the fibre be not degenerated.6. If the severed peripheral portion of the fibre be allowed to degenerate, the application of an irritant is not followed by any of the usual vascular phenomena characteristic of inflammation.7. The afferent sensory posterior root fibres must be assumed to undergo a peripheral bifurcation, one limb of the bifurcation passing to end in a sensory end‐organ in the skin; this normally conducts sensory impressions towards the nerve‐centres; the other limb passes to the vessels of the part irritated, and normally conducts vaso‐dilator impulses to them.8. After section of the nerve‐fibres between the ganglia and the periphery, the nervous impulses producing dilatation of vessels in the initial stage of the inflammatory process are limited to the two limbs of this bifurcation. The impulses pass up the one limb and down the other.9. The effect thus produced is of the nature of an axon‐reflex, comparable to those already described in connexion with the sympathetic system.10. The identity of the vaso‐dilator fibres with the afferent posterior root fibres receives strong support from the above experiments.
THE APNŒIC PAUSE
Authors: Milroy T. H. 
Published: December 2014

(1) Alterations in the rate or degree of distension of the pulmonary alveoli when the amount of ventilation is constant does not affect the duration of the apnœic pause in any constant direction, but a repetition of ventilation periods tends to prolong the pause.(2) Removal of the vagal control does not interfere with the production of the apnœic pause.(3) Any rise in the CO2 content of the air used for ventilation shortens the apnœic pause, and any increase in the carbonic acid content of the gas mixture used to distend the lung after pulmonary ventilation with air shortens the period. With increasing CO2 content of these gas mixtures, irrespective of the amount of oxygen, the apnœic pause proportionately decreases. Rich oxygen‐holding mixtures in the absence of carbonic acid prolong the pause.(4) Injection of small quantities of acid solutions directly into the carotid during the pause leads to respiratory movements of an exaggerated type, as does also injection into the central end of the carotid. Injections into the external jugular vein are much less effective.(5) With the excitation of such respirations during the pause there is associated an increased passage out of carbonic acid from pulmonary blood to air.(6) These effects are produced after removal of the vagal control, but the excitability of the centre under such conditions seems to be diminished.(7) The passage of CO2 from alveolar gas mixtures to blood or from blood to alveoli seems to depend entirely upon the difference of the pressure of that gas in the blood and air in the alveoli.(8) It seems most probable that the effective stimulus of the respiratory centre rendered quiescent by over‐ventilation is a rise in the carbonic acid concentration in that centre, whether brought about by the normal rise in carbonic acid formation during the pause, with its associated rise in the
Ch', or primarily to a rise in the
Ch' from the formation of acid products of incomplete oxidation giving rise secondarily to an increase in the free CO2 tension.
THE ANTAGONISM BETWEEN ADRENINE AND CHLOROFORM, CHLORAL, ETC., ON THE HEART; AND THE INDUCTION OF RHYTHMIC CONTRACTIONS IN THE QUIESCENT HEART BY ADRENINE
Authors: Gunn James A. 
Published: December 2014

(1) In regard to the perfused isolated heart of the rabbit or cat, adrenine can antagonise a concentration of chloroform which markedly enfeebles the heart's contractions, but not such a concentration as completely arrests the heart.(2) Adrenine exerts a more complete antagonism to chloral, being able to revive rhythmic contractions in a heart arrested in diastole by chloral. It cannot antagonise a (greater) strength of solution of chloral which is sufficient to arrest the heart in systole.(3) Adrenine has an action on the heart antagonistic to that of many other substances which slow the heart or weaken systolic contraction.(4) The rhythmic contractions aroused in a quiescent heart by adrenine are regarded as independent of intrinsic motor ganglia.(5) The cardiac sympathetic nerve is an originator‐accelerator‐augmentor nerve of the heart's contractions.
HEAT CONTRACTION OF ELASTIC TISSUE
Authors: McCartney J. E. 
Published: December 2014

(1) On heating elastic tissue (ligamentum nuchæ) there is a gradual uniform contraction as the temperature increases up to 65° C., at which point there is a rapid contraction lasting to 75° C., after which the contraction again becomes gradual.(2) The contraction at 65° C. is due to the fibrous tissue in the ligamentum nuchæ, as is shown by the heating of tendon and of digested ligamentum nuchæ.(3) The contraction of fibrous tissue is not due to a coagulation of the contained proteins, but is probably due to the conversion of collagen to gelatin, which then contracts.(4) The shortening of fresh ligamentum nuchæ on heating is perfectly reversible below temperatures of 65° C. When heated above this temperature and then cooled it shows a large amount of “persistent thermal contraction.”(5) The curve of heating of digested ligamentum nuchæ shows no contraction at 65° C., and is almost perfectly reversible on cooling, there being only a small, variable amount of permanent shortening.(6) The contraction of elastic tissue by heat is a physical change similar to that undergone by stretched india‐rubber under the influence of change of temperature.(7) When elastic tissue is heated in Ringer's solution there is a loss of weight, which is only partially regained (within the space of half an hour) on cooling. This loss of weight is caused by the squeezing out of water due to contraction, and is probably only an effect and not the cause of contraction.
RESEARCHES ON THE PERFUSED HEART: ANÆSTHETICS AND INORGANIC SALTS
Authors: Burridge W. 
Published: December 2014

Three modes of contraction are described as produced by the anæsthetics in the frog's ventricle. The actions of the anæsthetics are also found capable of classification as reversible and irreversible.Many of these reversible actions are influenced by the salts of calcium and potassium.Thus, the action of the anæsthetics in depressing the beats of the heart to a constant level by a lessening of systole is antagonised by calcium salts, and the same salts are necessary for subsequent restoration of the beats to their original size.Similarly, calcium salts are found necessary for restoration of initiation and propagation when these processes were depressed by the anæsthetics.The action of each of the substances examined in stopping the heart in the contracted condition was resolved into the processes of stopping the heart in the dilated condition and production of contraction.An increased amplitude of contraction resulted from the action of the anæsthetics after they had undoubtedly done some form of damage to the heart. Reasons are given for believing this damage to be primarily associated with the sarcoplasm, the results being in agreement with others obtained by the author that the sarcoplasm is a structure which governs the amplitude of contraction in virtue of its content in calcium.It is suggested that in strengths sufficient to produce anæsthesia these anæsthetics bring about a reduction in the effective concentration of the calcium salts and phosphates in the tissues, and that, consequent on such reduction, those functions dependent on calcium will be affected, e.g. initiation, conduction, excitability, oxidation, etc.
THE PARATHYROIDS:—TETANIA PARATHYREOPRIVA: ITS NATURE, CAUSE, AND RELATIONS TO IDIOPATHIC TETANY. PART VII.: A COMPARISON OF THE INFLUENCE ON THE PROTEIN METABOLISM OF PARATHYROIDECTOMY AND OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF GUANIDIN
Authors: Burns David 
Published: December 2014

After the administration of guanidin hydrochloride—1. The excretion of nitrogen was increased immediately and out of all proportion to the dose.2. The ratio of urea nitrogen to total nitrogen was decreased.3. The proportion of the total urinary nitrogen excreted in the form of ammonia showed either a slight decrease in feeding animals and generally a slight increase in animals which refused food and in one animal where tremors appeared.4. The excretion of creatinin was only slightly, if at all, increased.5. The percentage of undetermined nitrogen rose markedly immediately after injection of guanidin.
RESEARCHES ON THE PERFUSED HEART: ITS MODE OF WORKING
Authors: Burridge W. 
Published: December 2014

1. The heart perfused with Ringer's solution may be likened to a machine working without lubricant.2. The normal lubricant is adrenin, and it facilitates certain actions of calcium.3. Since blood contains adrenin and Ringer's solution does not, the calcium tension of Ringer's solution must be higher than that of blood, to compensate for the absence of adrenin.4. The fresh heart perfused with Ringer's solution beats approximately at its maximum amplitude of contraction.5. The system thus formed is of a low order of flexibility.6. A method of increasing its flexibility is described.7. A method is also described for obtaining results directly comparable from heart to heart.In conclusion, I wish to express my indebtedness to Professor Sherrington for the facilities afforded me to carry out the work.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE DEPRESSOR NERVE ON THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Authors: Schafer E. Sharpey 
Published: December 2014

1. Excitation of the central end of the cut depressor nerve in the rabbit—the vagi having been previously cut—produces dilatation not only of the systemic but also of the pulmonary arterioles, although the effect upon the latter is usually less pronounced than upon the former. But the effect may be more pronounced in the pulmonary than in the aortic system.2. The depressor nerve is singularly susceptible to stimulation by mechanical means, such as gentle traction upon a thread used to tie its end for convenience of placing the nerve upon electrodes.3. During the inhibition of systemic arterioles resulting from stimulation of the depressor nerve a larger amount of blood is conveyed to The right side of the heart. The same applies mutatis mutandis to the pulmonary arterioles and the left side of the heart.4. In animals which, unlike the rabbit, do not possess a separate depressor nerve, effects similar to those brought about by excitation of that nerve in the rabbit are caused by stimulation of the central end of either vagus—both vagi being cut. The results are, however, apt to be complicated by effects of other afferent fibres in the nerve and especially those from the lungs which influence the movements of respiration, and these may be the cause of blood—pressure changes other than those produced by depressor fibres.5. Conspicuous Traube waves have been found sometimes to follow excitation of the depressor.6. If weak stimuli are used, excitation of the depressor does not produce cardiac inhibition even with the vagi intact.The expenses of this investigation have been assisted by grants of money from the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, and from the Earl of Moray Endowment for the Promotion of Original Research in the University of Edinburgh.I desire to acknowledge the valuable assistance I have received from Dr R.J.S. M'Dowall in carrying out the experiments recorded in this paper.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS UPON THE BLOOD‐PRESSURE IN THE PULMONARY SYSTEM
Authors: Schafer Edward Sharpey 
Published: December 2014

Every inspiratory movement is accompanied by a fall in pulmonary blood‐pressure, and every expiratory movement by a rise. These effects are purely mechanical, and are due to the increase in calibre of the pulmonary capillaries by inspiration and to their diminution by expiration.The changes of pressure in the aortic system which are caused by the respiratory movements are dependent upon those in the pulmonary system, but bear no constant ratio to them, since differences are produced by changes in the rate of respiration and by other conditions affecting the rate of flow of blood in the pulmonary system. Most frequently, however, the rise of aortic pressure is synchronous or nearly so with the inspiratory fall in pulmonary pressure, and a fall of aortic pressure synchronous with the expiratory rise.In the first stage of asphyxia, when the inspiratory movements are increased in force and the expiratory diminished, the pulmonary pressure falls, whilst the aortic pressure rises; whereas in the second stage, when the expiratory movements are accentuated, the pulmonary pressure rises. The aortic pressure may show a corresponding fall, but in many cases continues to rise owing to the effect of the accumulating CO2 in the blood upon the vaso‐motor centre.
A METHOD FOR RECORDING GASTRIC SECRETION IN ACUTE EXPERIMENTS ON NORMAL ANIMALS
Authors: Lim Robert K. S. 
Published: December 2014

A method for recording gastric secretion in normal anaesthetised animals is described. It depends on the use of a perforated glass cannula (introduced into the stomach through the pylorus) to drain the stomach of its juice, which is allowed to activate a drop‐recorder after its escape from the organ. A balloon is also inserted into the stomach to serve as a control of motor changes.The method permits of observations being made on the latent period, the duration and the quantity of secretion after the introduction of a suitable excitant. The juice thus obtained invariably contains free HCL and pepsin.
DOES THE BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH EXOPHTHALMIC GOITRE CONTAIN ACTIVE DERIVATIVES OF THE THYROID?
Authors: Sharpey-Schafer Edward 
Published: December 2014

The serum of normal human blood contains a substances which produces marked augmentation and acceleration of the contractions of an isolated strip of longitudinal muscle of cat's intestine (ileum).The effect of serum from cases of exophthalmic goitre is far greater than that of serum from normal blood.Thyroid extract also produces augmentation and acceleration of the contractions of the intestinal strip. It might therefore be inferred that in exophthalmic goitre there is a large amount of thyroid secretion present in the blood.But the action of thyroid extract is relatively slight compared with that even of normal serum, and the specific autacoid of the thyroid (thyroxin) has no effect upon the intestinal strip. Moreover, neither normal blood nor exophthalmic blood, when fed to tadpoles, have any influence upon their metamorphosis.These experiments therefore lend no support to the view that normal thyroid secretion containing thyroxin is poured into the blood in appreciably increased amount in exophthalmic goitre. Nor do they support the view that the symptoms of the disease are due to the presence of an abnormal amount of free adrenalin in the blood, since if this were the case the contractions of the intestinal strip would tend to be inhibited instead of being augmented.Experiments are in progress to determine whether variations in the amount of augmentor substance in serum are characteristic of affections other than exophthalmic goitre, and if possible to isolate this substance and elucidate its nature.The expenses of this research have been assisted by grants from the Earl of Moray Fund of the University of Edinburgh and from the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.
THE SOURCE OF THE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME IN EXTRACTS OF THE PYLORIC MUCOUS MEMBRANE
Authors: Lim Robert K. S. 
Published: December 2014

(1) A proteolytic ferment, which is much weaker than pepsin in its action, is invariably present in pyloric extracts. It does not act in a neutral or faintly alkaline medium. The material employed for extracts was in every case free from fundus tissue.(2) Infiltration of pepsin from the fundus accounts for part of the activity observed, especially the increase in activity during digestion, but a secretion of ferment must also be admitted.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ISOLATED PYLORIC SEGMENT AND ON ITS SECRETION
Authors: Lim Robert K. S. , Dott Norman M. 
Published: December 2014

1. The operative methods for isolating the pyloric segment and forming it into a pouch, are described.2. The secretion of the pyloric pouch is viscid, slightly alkaline and definitely proteolytic.3. The proteolytic action of the pyloric juice is not due to bacterial contamination, nor to the inclusion of peptic cells in the wall of the pyloric pouch, but to the presence of a ferment.4. The ferment secreted by the mucoid cells of the pylorus is only 1/25 as active as pepsin secreted by the peptic cells of the fundus, and has no associated rennin action.
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN PATHOLOGICAL SERA ON PLAIN MUSCLE
Authors: Adam Lena C. 
Published: December 2014

1. Normal human serum contains a substance which causes a constant rise in tone when applied to plain muscle.2. A similar rise in tone was obtained with serum from cases of diabetes, scarlet fever, diphtheria (convalescent), pernicious anæmia, syphilis, and some cases of nephritis, malignant disease, and afebrile tuberculosis.3. An increased effect was obtained with serum from exophthalmic goitre, febrile tuberculosis, six out of eight cases of malignant disease, six out of nine cases of nephritis, and one case of influenza.4. A less marked rise of tone occurred with serum from one case of myxœdema, and was increased up to normal after thyroid‐feeding.5. The augmentor substance occurs in serum, citrated blood, citrated plasma, laked, washed red cells, and fresh uncoagulated blood.I desire to express my thanks to Professor Meakins, Professor Lovell Gulland, Professor Sir Harold Stiles, and Dr Lees of the Royal Infirmary for facilities given for obtaining material ; also to Dr Crockett of the Bridge of Weir Sanatoria and Dr Simpson of Southfields Sanatorium.The expenses of this research have been partly defrayed by a grant from the Earl of Moray Research Endowment Fund.