bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitride‐based hetero‐field‐effect‐transistor‐type photosensors with extremely high photosensitivity
Authors: Ishiguro Mami , Ikeda Kazuya , Mizuno Masataka , Iwaya Motoaki , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAlGaN/GaN hetero‐field‐effect‐transistor‐type (HFET‐type) photosensors are fabricated with a p‐GaInN optical gate for the detection of visible light. These photosensors employ a two‐dimensional electron gas at the heterointerface between AlGaN and GaN as a highly conductive channel with a high electron mobility. By changing the InN molar fraction in the p‐GaInN optical gate, the wavelength range of the photosensitivity of the HFET‐type photosensors can be controlled. The photosensitivity of the AlGaN/GaN HFET‐type photosensors with a p‐GaInN optical gate greatly surpassed those of commercially available Si pin and Si avalanche photodiodes, and was comparable to those of photomultiplier tubes. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A method to diagnose boundary‐layer type using Doppler lidar
Authors: Harvey Natalie J. , Hogan Robin J. , Dacre Helen F. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA new technique for objective classification of boundary layers is applied to ground‐based vertically pointing Doppler lidar and sonic anemometer data. The observed boundary layer has been classified into nine different types based on those in the Met Office ‘Lock’ scheme, using vertical velocity variance and skewness, along with attenuated backscatter coefficient and surface sensible heat flux. This new probabilistic method has been applied to three years of data from Chilbolton Observatory in southern England and a climatology of boundary‐layer type has been created. A clear diurnal cycle is present in all seasons. The most common boundary‐layer type is stable with no cloud (30.0% of the dataset). The most common unstable type is well mixed with no cloud (15.4%). Decoupled stratocumulus is the third most common boundary‐layer type (10.3%) and cumulus under stratocumulus occurs 1.0% of the time. The occurrence of stable boundary‐layer types is much higher in the winter than the summer and boundary‐layer types capped with cumulus cloud are more prevalent in the warm seasons. The most common diurnal evolution of boundary‐layer types, occurring on 52 days of our three‐year dataset, is that of no cloud with the stability changing from stable to unstable during daylight hours. These results are based on 16393 hours, 62.4% of the three‐year dataset, of diagnosed boundary‐layer type. This new method is ideally suited to long‐term evaluation of boundary‐layer type parametrisations in weather forecast and climate models.
Scheduling component replacement for timely execution in dynamic systems
Authors: Romero Julio Cano , García‐Valls Marisol 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYTimely run‐time software replacement techniques are a corner stone for reconciling real‐time systems development and dynamic behavior. Typical real‐time systems do not consider dynamic behavior because it deeply challenges predictability and timeliness. Current efforts are starting to merge the safe and predictable execution with a controllable level of dynamicity by imposing a set of bounds and limitations to the system dynamic behavior. One of the obstacles for this is how to time‐bound the different operations required to effectively implement component replacement. In this paper, the main challenges for this problem are identified, and a model to ensure that components can be replaced at run time preserving the temporal properties of the system is provided that also avoids failures in replacements. A real example and simulations of our replacement model are provided that validate the presented ideas. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Programs as visual, interactive documents
Authors: French G.W. , Kennaway J.R. , Day A.M. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYWe present a novel approach to combined textual and visual programming by allowing visual, interactive objects to be embedded within textual source code and segments of source code to be further embedded within those objects. We retain the strengths of text‐based source code, while enabling visual programming where it is beneficial. Additionally, embedded objects and code provide a simple object‐oriented approach to adding a visual form of LISP‐style macros to a language. The ability to freely combine source code and visual, interactive objects with one another allows for the construction of interactive programming tools and experimentation with novel programming language extensions. Our visual programming system is supported by a type coercion‐based presentation protocol that displays normal Java and Python objects in a visual, interactive form. We have implemented our system within a prototype interactive programming environment called ‘The Larch Environment’. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Generation of Astrocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Defined Conditions
Authors: Shaltouki Atossa , Peng Jun , Liu Qiuyue , Rao Mahendra S. , Zeng Xianmin 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Astrocytes can be generated from various tissue sources including human pluripotent stem cells (PSC). In this manuscript, we describe a chemically defined xeno-free medium culture system for rapidly generating astrocytes from neural stem cells derived from PSC. We show that astrocyte development in vitro, mimics normal development in vivo, and also passes through a CD44+ astrocyte precursor stage. Astrocytes generated by our method display similar gene expression patterns, morphological characteristics and functional properties to primary astrocytes, and they survive and integrate after xenotransplantation. Whole genome expression profiling of astrocyte differentiation was performed at several time points of differentiation, and the results indicate the importance of known regulators and identify potential novel regulators and stage-specific lineage markers.
Estrogen and progesterone together expand murine endometrial epithelial progenitor cells
Authors: Janzen Deanna M. , Cheng Donghui , Schafenacker Amanda M. , Paik Daniel Y. , Goldstein Andrew S. , Witte Owen N. , Jaroszewicz Artur , Pellegrini Matteo , Memarzadeh Sanaz 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Synchronous with massive shifts in reproductive hormones, the uterus and its lining the endometrium expand to accommodate a growing fetus during pregnancy. In the absence of an embryo the endometrium, composed of epithelium and stroma, undergoes numerous hormonally regulated cycles of breakdown and regeneration. The hormonally mediated regenerative capacity of the endometrium suggests that signals that govern the growth of endometrial progenitors must be regulated by estrogen and progesterone. Here, we report an antigenic profile for isolation of mouse endometrial epithelial progenitors. These cells are EpCAM+CD44+ITGA6hiThy1−PECAM1−PTPRC−Ter119−, comprise a minor subpopulation of total endometrial epithelia and possess a gene expression profile that is unique and different from other cells of the endometrium. The epithelial progenitors of the endometrium could regenerate in vivo, undergo multilineage differentiation and proliferate. We show that the number of endometrial epithelial progenitors is regulated by reproductive hormones. Coadministration of estrogen and progesterone dramatically expanded the endometrial epithelial progenitor cell pool. This effect was not observed when estrogen or progesterone was administered alone. Despite the remarkable sensitivity to hormonal signals, endometrial epithelial progenitors do not express estrogen or progesterone receptors. Therefore, their hormonal regulation must be mediated through paracrine signals resulting from binding of steroid hormones to the progenitor cell niche. Discovery of signaling defects in endometrial epithelial progenitors or their niche can lead to development of better therapies in diseases of the endometrium.
Automatic test case generation from Simulink/Stateflow models using model checking
Authors: Mohalik Swarup , Gadkari Ambar A. , Yeolekar Anand , Shashidhar K.C. , Ramesh S. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYModel‐based test generation techniques based on random input generation and guided simulation do not satisfy the demands of high test coverage and completeness guarantees as required by safety‐critical applications. Recently, test generation techniques based on model checking have been reported to bridge this gap. To evaluate the effectiveness of these techniques, an in‐house tool suite, AutoMOTGen, has been developed for Simulink/Stateflow and applied on real‐life case studies at General Motors. This paper outlines the test generation methodology of AutoMOTGen and gives a comparative study with a commercial, primarily random input‐based, test generation tool on the same set of examples. The results indicate that in terms of coverage, model checking‐based techniques complement the random input‐based techniques. In addition, they provide proofs for unreachability that can aid in debugging the models. Therefore, it is recommended that model checking‐based tools be utilized to complement and enhance the effectiveness of model‐based testing methods in safety‐critical systems engineering. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress and cognition
Authors: Sandi Carmen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractStress can affect cognition in many ways, with the outcome (i.e., facilitating or impairing) depending on a combination of factors related to both stress and the cognitive function under study. Among the factors identified as particularly relevant to define the cognitive effects of stress are the intensity or magnitude of stress, its origin (i.e., whether triggered by the task or externally), and its duration (i.e., whether acute or chronically delivered). At the cognitive end, the specific cognitive operation (e.g., implicit or explicit memory, long‐term or working memory, goal‐directed or habit learning) and information processing phases (e.g., learning, consolidation, and retrieval) are essential as well to define stress effects. The emerging view is that mild stress tends to facilitate cognitive function, particularly in implicit memory or simple declarative tasks or when the cognitive load is not excessive. Exposure to high or very high stress acutely (whether elicited by the cognitive task or experienced before being trained or tested in the task) or chronically impairs the formation of explicit memories and, more generally, of those that require complex, flexible reasoning (as typically observed for hippocampus‐ and prefrontal cortex‐related functions) while improving performance of implicit memory and well‐rehearsed tasks (as reported for amygdala‐dependent conditioning tasks and for striatum‐related processes). In addition to these general principles, there are important individual differences in the cognitive impact of stress, with gender and age being particularly influencing factors. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:245–261. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1222This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction
Linolelaidic Acid Induces a Stronger Proliferative Effect on Human Umbilical Vein Smooth Muscle Cells Compared to Elaidic Acid
Authors: Li Xiao‐Ping , Luo Ting , Li Jing , Fan Ya‐Wei , Liu Rong , Hu Jiang‐Ning , Liu Xiao‐Ru , Deng Ze‐Yuan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTrans fatty acids (TFA) have been considered as an independent risk factor of coronary heart disease, sudden death and insulin‐resistance, and different TFA isomers may have different effects on the progression of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of two major TFA, elaidic acid and linolelaidic acid which have the same number of carbons but a different number and configuration of trans bonds, on the proliferation of human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (HUVSMC). Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and flow cytometry assays showed that the cell proliferation rose to 115.37 ± 0.39 and 117.5 ± 0.57 % and the cell number in the S phase of the cell cycle reached 27.7 ± 0.7 and 25.8 ± 2.8 % when treated with 50 μM elaidic acid and 20 μM linolelaidic acid, respectively. Quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analyses showed that the two TFA increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of PCNA, CDK2 and Cyclin E in HUVSMC. Moreover, gas chromatography analysis showed that the total PUFA level of HUVSMC was lower after treatment with the two TFA, especially n‐3 PUFA. These results suggested that linolelaidic acid exhibited a stronger proliferative effect on HUVSMC than elaidic acid, and regulation of CDK2 and Cyclin E may be important for the effect of the TFA on atherosclerosis.
Trace Elements Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Basalt from the Southern Part of the East Pacific Rise
Authors: Pandey Sanjay Kumar , Pal Sucharita , Shrivastava J. P. , Roonwal G. S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Trace element geochemistry of basalt samples collected from 6°S-24°S of the southern EPR, representing a super-fast spreading axis is discussed. Trace element data classify these basalts into Normal and Transitional types of MORB, however, LREE enrichment is also observed in few of them. Chondrite normalized REE data plots show highly fractionated nature of these lavas, suggesting their derivation from the primitive mantle source. Petrogenetic modeling of the data suggests variation in the solidus pressure (14-20 kb.) and temperature (1316-1425°C), where 15 to 20% partial melting of the mantle is accountable for the generation of the melt. The pressure and temperature conditions at the beginning of the mantle melting were high along higher latitudes (24°S of EPR), but it gradually lowered down in the lower latitudinal areas (6°S of EPR), supporting for the presence of passively rising upper mantle beneath the Southern EPR.
Determination of the Fractal Dimension of a Shore Platform Profile
Authors: Dasgupta Rajarshi 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Morphological studies of shore platforms have focused on elements like width, gradient and elevation, while mostly ignoring the surface roughness as a morphometric attribute. This paper uses the Roughness-length method to show how the Fractal Dimension of a shore platform profile can be obtained. The higher the value of the fractal dimension, the higher is the roughness of the platform. The studied profile is situated in Houghton Bay on the south coast of Wellington, New Zealand. The fractal dimension of the profile under consideration was found to be 1.314. However, one profile is not sufficient to provide information about the surface roughness of a shore platform. Therefore, a number of profiles should be taken to have an idea about surface roughness.
Brief report: Adolescent adjustment in affluent communities: The role of motivational climate and goal orientation
Authors: Travers Lea V. , Bohnert Amy M. , Randall Edin T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTResearchers now recognize that affluent youth experience tremendous achievement pressures, yet contributing factors or outcomes are rarely explored. Using a sample of affluent adolescents, the present study investigates the mediating role of goal orientation (GO) on relations between school motivational climate (MC) and adolescent adjustment. Adolescents from four high schools completed measures of MC (i.e., Performance and Mastery), GO (i.e., Ego and Task), and adjustment (i.e., depressive symptoms, anxiety, and life satisfaction). Performance climates were associated with more adjustment problems while Mastery climates were associated with fewer adjustment problems. Adolescents with higher Ego orientation reported more depressive and anxiety symptoms, while adolescents with higher Task orientation indicated fewer depressive symptoms and greater life satisfaction. Adolescent Task orientation mediated the relations between Mastery climate and two adjustment outcomes (i.e., depressive symptoms and life satisfaction). Results suggest the importance of non‐competitive achievement‐oriented values and collaborative school contexts in adolescent adjustment.
THE PAST AND SPACE: ON ARGUMENTS IN AFRICAN LAND CONTROL
Authors: Lund Christian 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThe contemporary construction of the past is crucial for the successful vindication of political rights in Africa. Often, however, more than a single past proves potentially valid as a claim to land and office. When arguments of the past, furthermore, intertwine with competing projections of legitimate forms of land control, complex combinations of claims emerge. The ubiquity of ‘the past’ in African politics and the increasing competition over space suggest that the naturalness with which some refer to the past and others conceive of space should be under constant scrutiny. Based on work in northern Ghana, the article argues that the contemporary construction of the past, as either tradition or history, and the competing projections of land control, as either property or political territory, interdigitate in complex ways. This affords certain rhetorical or discursive combinations that competing social elite groups instrumentalize. Each group sees its interests best served by a particular reading of the past and a particular conception of space.
THE STRATEGIC INSTRUMENTALIZATION OF LAND TENURE IN ‘STATE-BUILDING’: THE CASE OF JUBA, SOUTH SUDAN
Authors: Badiey Naseem 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTDebates over land tenure have been instrumental to state-building in South Sudan since the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). Focusing on the local dynamics of post-conflict reconstruction in the town of Juba, this article argues that amidst the political and institutional change inaugurated by the transition from war to peace, debates over land provided a basis for the negotiation of the South Sudanese state. Actors at a variety of levels employed competing interpretations of rights to land as state-building strategies – as tools towards promoting particular visions of the state and of citizenship.
OF LAND AND LEGITIMACY: A TALE OF TWO LAWSUITS
Authors: Askew Kelly , Maganga Faustin , Odgaard Rie 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThrough a comparative analysis of two recent Tanzanian lawsuits concerning pastoralist–farmer disputes over land, this article argues that the judicial system is being employed as a vehicle for legitimizing dispossession. Wealthy elites who find their efforts to acquire vast tracts of land thwarted by protective mechanisms in the Land Act No. 4 of 1999 and Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999 are turning to the courts to get what they want. Having access to deeper pockets and being able to out-lawyer and out-manoeuvre their poorer and often less-educated opponents enables elites (including the government itself) to avail themselves of the judicial system and acquire land through illegitimate means. Yet our analysis also illustrates that Tanzanian courts at times act independently of political influence and secure property rights for at least some of the dispossessed. An unusual mix of conflicting pressures and key personalities in these two cases coalesced to produce unexpected outcomes in favour of the Maasai defendants, whose land and legitimacy were on the line. Winning, however, came at considerable cost.
WHATEVER IT TAKES: TENURE SECURITY STRATEGIES OF COMMUNAL LAND RIGHT HOLDERS IN ZIMBABWE
Authors: Goodwin David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis article looks at ways in which communal area right holders in Zimbabwe attempt to add security to their land rights when faced with altered circumstances. Apart from quasi-legal means such as ad hoc diagrams, which were beyond the scope of this article, two principal strands were found by which land right security is bolstered. First, investment in interpersonal ties (both with the living and the dead), and second, ceremonies for forging and maintaining links with land. For both, it was found that traditional practices have been bent and adapted pragmatically to suit contemporary contexts. Increased mobility and remoteness from rural homes have also given rise to a degree of abstraction (for example, the symbolic use in urban settings of soil or grain brought from communal areas). Where both custom and formal law coexist pluralistically, custom has proved the more flexible of the two and, unless demonstrably better security is offered, it seems likely that custom will continue to be invoked and modified to provide security for new circumstances.
IV.—Some Ecological Aspects of the Intertidal Area of the Estuary of the Aberdeenshire Dee
Authors: Milne Alec 
Published: January 2013

In the seaward direction in an estuary there are usually the following main gradients:—(a) Increase in osmotic pressure (total salt content, especially chlorides).(b) Increase in calcium and magnesium content.(c) Increase in alkalinity.(d) Increase in winter and decrease in summer temperature.(e) Increase in light penetration.There are other gradients of less importance. The first three are dependent on salinity. Thus, from the ecological standpoint, the three important physical observations relative to the study of estuarine life are the salinity, temperature, and light (silt content) gradients.Ecological studies are directed towards the elucidation of two types of problems:(i) Characteristics of the physical environment relevant to the distribution of specific forms of life.(ii) The growth of mixed populations and their interrelations in a homogeneous environment or in a physical gradient.The present study concerns itself especially with the former, and to a less extent with the latter.