bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ammonium Metabolism Enzymes Aid Helicobacter pylori Acid Resistance
Authors: Miller Erica F. , Maier Robert J. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT

The gastric pathogen
Helicobacter pylori
possesses a highly active urease to support acid tolerance. Urea hydrolysis occurs inside the cytoplasm, resulting in the production of NH
3
that is immediately protonated to form NH
4
+
. This ammonium must be metabolized or effluxed because its presence within the cell is counterproductive to the goal of raising pH while maintaining a viable proton motive force (PMF). Two compatible hypotheses for mitigating intracellular ammonium toxicity include (i) the exit of protonated ammonium outward via the UreI permease, which was shown to facilitate diffusion of both urea and ammonium, and/or (ii) the assimilation of this ammonium, which is supported by evidence that
H. pylori
assimilates urea nitrogen into its amino acid pools. We investigated the second hypothesis by constructing strains with altered expression of the ammonium-assimilating enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and the ammonium-evolving periplasmic enzymes glutaminase (Ggt) and asparaginase (AsnB).
H. pylori
strains expressing elevated levels of either GS or GDH are more acid tolerant than the wild type, exhibit enhanced ammonium production, and are able to alkalize the medium faster than the wild type. Strains lacking the genes for either Ggt or AsnB are acid sensitive, have 8-fold-lower urea-dependent ammonium production, and are more acid sensitive than the parent. Additionally, we found that purified
H. pylori
GS produces glutamine in the presence of Mg
2+
at a rate similar to that of unadenylated
Escherichia coli
GS. These data reveal that all four enzymes contribute to whole-cell acid resistance in
H. pylori
and are likely important for assimilation and/or efflux of urea-derived ammonium.
D-Wave and predecessors: From simulated to quantum annealing
Authors: Cohen Eliahu , Tamir Boaz 
Published: June 2014

On May 2011, D-Wave Systems Inc. announced "D-Wave One", as "the world's first commercially available quantum computer". No wonder this adiabatic quantum computer based on 128-qubit chip-set provoked an immediate controversy. Over the last 40 years, quantum computation has been a very promising yet challenging research area, facing major difficulties producing a large scale quantum computer. Today, after Google has purchased "D-Wave Two" containing 512 qubits, criticism has only increased. In this work, we examine the theory underlying the D-Wave, seeking to shed some light on this intriguing quantum computer. Starting from classical algorithms such as Metropolis algorithm, genetic algorithm (GA), hill climbing and simulated annealing, we continue to adiabatic computation and quantum annealing towards better understanding of the D-Wave mechanism. Finally, we outline some applications within the fields of information and image processing. In addition, we suggest a few related theoretical ideas and hypotheses.
Histological, Histochemical, and Protein Changes after Induced Malocclusion by Occlusion Alteration of Wistar Rats
Authors: de Souza Guerra Carolina , Carla Lara Pereira Yamba , Issa João Paulo Mardegan , Galisteu Luiz Kelly , Del Bel Guimarães Elaine A. , Gerlach Raquel Fernanda , Iyomasa Mamie Mizusaki 
Published: June 2014

Although disorders of the stomatognathic system are common, the mechanisms involved are unknown. Our objective was to study the changes in the masseter muscles after unilateral exodontia. Molar extraction was performed on Wistar rats (left side), and the animals were sacrificed after either 14 or 26 days. The masseter muscle was processed for histological analysis, conventional andin situzymography, and immunohistochemistry. The morphological analysis showed unique and specific characteristics for the experimental group. By conventional zymography no significant values of 72 kDa MMP-2 (P< 0.05) were found in both of the sides of masseter muscle after 14 and 26 days of unilateral extraction. Thein situzymography showed gelatinolytic activity on all deep masseter muscles, with significant increase on the contralateral side after 14 and 26 days (P< 0.05). The immunohistochemistry demonstrated greater expression of MMP-2 than MMP-9 and MMP-14 in all masseter muscles and there were few differences in the staining of 4 TIMPs. This knowledge about morphology and molecular masticatory muscle remodeling following environmental interventions can be used to develop clinically successful treatments.
ABCB5 Maintains Melanoma-Initiating Cells through a Proinflammatory Cytokine Signaling Circuit
Authors: Wilson Brian J. , Saab Karim R. , Ma Jie , Schatton Tobias , Pütz Pablo , Zhan Qian , Murphy George F. , Gasser Martin , Waaga-Gasser Ana Maria , Frank Natasha Y. , Frank Markus H. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The drug efflux transporter ABCB5 identifies cancer stem–like cells (CSC) in diverse human malignancies, where its expression is associated with clinical disease progression and tumor recurrence. ABCB5 confers therapeutic resistance, but other functions in tumorigenesis independent of drug efflux have not been described that might help explain why it is so broadly overexpressed in human cancer. Here we show that in melanoma-initiating cells, ABCB5 controls IL1β secretion, which serves to maintain slow cycling, chemoresistant cells through an IL1β/IL8/CXCR1 cytokine signaling circuit. This CSC maintenance circuit involved reciprocal paracrine interactions with ABCB5-negative cancer cell populations. ABCB5 blockade induced cellular differentiation, reversed resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents, and impaired tumor growth in vivo. Together, our results defined a novel function for ABCB5 in CSC maintenance and tumor growth. Cancer Res; 74(15); 4196–207. ©2014 AACR.
O planejamento urbano de Londres (1943 – 1947)
Authors: Lucchese Maria Cecilia 
Published: June 2014

Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento do planejamento urbano implantado na Inglaterra, e em particular, no Condado de Londres, no segundo pós-guerra, período em que o town planning chegou a seu auge na Inglaterra. Analisa o Plano do Condado de Londres, desenvolvido pelo London County Council e por Patrick Abercrombie, que serviu de modelo teórico ao desenvolvimento de planos diretores urbanos na Inglaterra e no exterior, e também no Brasil.
Resposta imune a doenças infecciosas
Authors: Coelho-Castelo Arlete A. M. , Trombone Ana P. F. , Rocha Carolina D. , Lorenzi Julio C. C. 
Published: June 2014

A interação do sistema imune com os agentes infecciosos ocorre de uma maneira dinâmica, com mecanismos de controle da infecção e de escape sofisticados. A compreensão dessa complexidade é condição sine qua non para que se estabeleça uma ação total no controle dessas infecções. Embora a resposta imune desenvolvida para controle das diferentes infecções apresente certas particularidades, em geral, apresentam também mecanismos comuns. A priori os mecanismos podem ser redundantes, no entanto existe uma gama de sutilezas entre a interação hospedeiro-parasita que define o estabelecimento ou não de doença. Por outro lado, não se pode deixar de alertar que melhores condições de saneamento básico diminuiriam a incidência de inúmeras doenças. A classificação de uma resposta imune protetora tem que ser avaliada sempre em relação ao tipo de agente agressor, pois um mecanismo protetor conta um vírus pode não ser essencial contra uma bactéria extracelular. De qualquer forma, o avanço na pesquisa com diferentes patógenos tem contribuído para uma melhor compreensão da resposta imune decorrente da interação entre o hospedeiro e parasita o que pode resultar no desenvolvimento de novas drogas e vacinas.
Perfil clínico e metabólico de pacientes soropositivos para HIV portadores de lipodistrofia
Authors: Falcato Renata G. , Monteiro Jacqueline P. , Machado Alcyone A. , Navarro Anderson M. 
Published: June 2014

Modelo do Estudo: Estudo descritivo. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil clínico e metabólico dos pacientes soropositivo para HIV, em uso de terapia antiretroviral fortemente ativa (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy - HAART) e com diagnóstico de lipodistrofiaassociada. Métodos: A pesquisa foi realizada a partir da análise de dados computados em um protocolo anexado ao prontuário de pacientes atendidos na Unidade Especial de Tratamento para DoençasInfecciosas (UETDI), no Ambulatório de Dislipidemia (ADIS) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade deMedicina de Ribeirão Preto (HC-FMRP). Resultados: 69,7% dos participantes eram do sexo masculino.As médias (DP) de IMC foram 24,7±3.6 Kg/m2 e 26,7 ±5.98 Kg/m2 e média de peso 72,78±12.7 Kg e65,94±15.4 Kg para o sexo masculino e feminino, respectivamente. A porcentagem de massa magra foimaior nos homens (p=0,0008) e de gordura corporal, maior no sexo oposto (p=0,0006). A variação docolesterol total teve mediana igual a 235mg/dl e os triglicérides, mediana de 387mg/dl. A ocorrência delipodistrofia demonstrou que 50% dos pacientes apresentaram lipohipertrofia abdominal, 27,9%lipoatrofia facial e 12,5% lipohipertrofia cervical. Conclusão: Alterações clínicas e metabólicas foramencontradas, o que representa fatores de risco adicionais para a ocorrência de doenças coronarianasnestes pacientes.
Efeito de diferentes doses de leucina sobre as reservas glicogênicas da musculatura esquelética desnervada de ratos
Authors: Ribeiro Carolina Barbosa , Borin Sergio Henrique , Silva Carlos Alberto da Silva Alberto 
Published: June 2014

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o efeito de diferentes doses de leucina sobre as reservas glicogênicasdo músculo esquelético de ratos desnervados. Foram utilizados 36 ratos Wistar com 3 a 4 meses,pesando entre 200 e 300g sendo mantidos em condições controladas de bioterismo. Os animais foramdistribuídos em grupo experimentais denominados controle(C); desnervados(D); tratados comaminoácido leucina em três doses 5mM(CL5); 1,25mM(CL1,25) e 0,30mM(CL0,30); desnervado tratadocom 0,30mM(DL0,30). A suplementação da leucina foi feita por gavagem e a desnervação foi realizadapela secção do nervo isquiático. As análises do conteúdo de glicogênio foram realizadas em amostrasdos músculos sóleo(S), gastrocnemio branco(GB) e vermelho(GV). O músculo S apresentou reduçãono glicogênio tanto em CL5(-42,8%) quanto em CL1,25(-33%) e aumento na dose CL0,30(+38%). Épossível que a baixas doses de leucina tenham estimulado a secreção de insulina, promovendo aumento na velocidade de captação de glicose pelos tecidos periféricos de 11.2±0,3%/min C para14,16±0,2%/min no grupo tratado com CL0,30. O glicogênio do GB e GV apresentou-se reduzido nosgrupos CL5(-44,8%) e CL1,25(-32,6%) comparado ao C; no entanto, no grupo CL0,30 não foi observadodiferença em relação ao Grupo C. Observou-se ainda diminuição do glicogênio no grupo D(26% S; 35%GB; 28,5% no GV) e no DL0,30(35,6% GB e 65% no GV) em comparação com C. Conclusão: Altas dosesde leucina podem comprometer a formação de glicogênio muscular e 0,30mM mostrou-se efetivamesmo estando o músculo em repouso.
The origin of barnacles (Thecostraca, Cirripedia)
Authors: Williamson D. I. 
Published: June 2014

I claim that hybridogenesis has played a vital part in the evolution of the Thoracica, Acrothoracica, Rhizocephala and Facetotecta. Hybridogenesis is the generation of new life forms and new life histories by sexual hybridization. It includes larval transfer, which explains the origins of all larvae, and component transfer, which explains the origins of cnidarians, lophophorates and thoracicans. I propose that adult thoracicans are descended from a hybrid between a crustacean and a non-arthropod, the genomes of which are expressed together. They are concurrent chimeras. Adult acrothoracicans are equivalent to the crustacean part of thoracicans. Nauplius larvae were added to the life histories of thoracicans and some acrothoracicans by later hybridizations. Adult rhizocephalans and juvenile facetotectans have no arthropod characteristics, and I claim that both these taxa acquired nauplius and cypris larvae by hybrid transfer. Extreme differences between the mitochondrial genomes of a sacculinid rhizocephalan and thoracicans are consistent with this view of rhizocephalan evolution. The Rhizocephala and Facetotecta are not members of the Cirripedia or the Arthropoda.
Two new genera of pennellids (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida): Propeniculus and Pseudopeniculus, each with a new combination, Propeniculus trichiuri (Gnanamuthu, 1951) and Pseudopeniculus asinus (Kabata & Wilkes, 1977)
Authors: Castro Romero Raul 
Published: June 2014

A new genus, Propeniculus (Copepoda, Pennellidae), is established here to accommodate a pennellid originally described as Peniculus trichiuri Gnanamuthu, 1951, in the new combination, Propeniculus trichiuri (Gnanamuthu, 1951). Four other species of Peniculus (P. sciaenae Gnanamuthu, 1951; P. scomberi Gnanamuthu, 1951; P. stromatei Gnanamuthu, 1951; and P. theraponi Gnanamuthu, 1951) are considered junior synonyms of Propeniculus trichiuri. The habitus of the new genus is generally similar to that of Peniculus. It differs from that genus in that it has a prominent ventral swelling on its cephalothorax, a minute buccal cone, and in the absence of a proboscis. The labral plate is simple (whereas it is complex in Peniculus), and the posterior surface of the labium bears two groups of spinules (two pairs of scale-like plates are found in Peniculus). Sclerotized skeletal bars are present in the neck of the new genus, and these also occur in Metapeniculus but not in Peniculus. P. trichiuri lives on the fins of its hosts, which are marine fishes in the Indian Ocean (type locality), in Taiwanese as well as in Indonesian waters.Pseudopeniculus is erected to accommodate Peniculus asinus Kabata & Wilkes, 1977 as a new combination in Pseudopeniculus asinus (Kabata & Wilkes, 1977). In this case, the presence of two pairs of holdfasts on the cephalothorax, the type of labrum (simple), and the probable absence of labial armature, together with the type of intrabuccal stylet, bearing plumose setae, make P. asinus completely different from all other species of Peniculus. P. asinus also lives attached to the fins of its host, parasitizing Sebastes in North America (Oregon and Canada).A key is included for the identification of the genera.
Description of Indoclausia helioporae sp. nov. (Copepoda, Clausiidae) from blue coral, associated with a number of polychaetes
Authors: Cheng Yu-Rong , Ho Ju-Shey , Dai Chang-Feng 
Published: June 2014

This is the first study of Helioporacea Bock, 1938 for symbiotic copepods. A new species of copepod, Indoclausia helioporae sp. nov., was obtained by washing segments of blue coral, Heliopora coerulea (Pallas, 1766), collected from shallow water reefs in southern Taiwan. A full description of the new species is provided. The new species can be easily distinguished from its only congener, Indoclausia bacescui Sebastian & Pillai, 1974, by having (1) a small body of 1.32 × 0.20 mm; (2) a small caudal ramus, 33 × 15 μm; (3) a short antennule with formula: 4, 10, 11, 4, 2 + 1 aesthetasc and 7 + 1 aesthetasc (very short); (4) a 2-segmented maxilliped; (5) the exopod of leg 1 with formula: I-0; III-0; (6) the exopod of leg 2 with formula: I-0; I, III; (7) no seta on the endopod of legs 1 and 2; (8) a uniseriate egg-sac with 6 eggs.
Environmental driving forces determining the epipelagic decapod larval community distribution in the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean)
Authors: Carbonell Ana , Carbonell Ana , Tor Ariadna , Carbonell Ana , Tor Ariadna , Álvarez-Berastegui Diego , Carbonell Ana , Tor Ariadna , Álvarez-Berastegui Diego , Vélez-Belchi Pedro , Carbonell Ana , Tor Ariadna , Álvarez-Berastegui Diego , Vélez-Belchi Pedro , dos Santos Antonina , Carbonell Ana , Tor Ariadna , Álvarez-Berastegui Diego , Vélez-Belchi Pedro , dos Santos Antonina , Balbín Rosa , Carbonell Ana , Tor Ariadna , Álvarez-Berastegui Diego , Vélez-Belchi Pedro , dos Santos Antonina , Balbín Rosa , Alemany Francisco 
Published: June 2014

The decapod larvae community inhabiting the Balearic Sea surface waters was studied from plankton surveys carried out in the spring and summer of 2004 and 2005 between 38°N 0.5°E and 42°N 6°E. A total of 84 taxa were identified, from seven taxonomic orders. The mean larval densities varied from 0.01-240 (±11.69) individuals 100 m−3in 2004 to 0.40-600 (±26.89) individuals 100 m−3in 2005. The analysis of larval spatial patterns in relation to the observed inter-annual environmental variability indicated that they were associated with the different hydrodynamic conditions. In 2004, mesoscale gyres, both anticyclonic and cyclonic, influenced the surface larval distribution by trapping and retaining larvae near the islands, and these larvae constituted an identifiable community different from a second one occupying the oceanic area, characterized by the presence of mesopelagic species larvae. In 2005, most of the area was occupied by resident surface Atlantic waters, which hindered the northern progression of fresher recent Atlantic waters. This environmental homogeneity resulted in a less contrasting scenario, and a unique community including larvae both of neritic and oceanic decapod species was found in most stations. The contrasting hydrographical situations studied in these years allowed to detect shift boundaries in the larval distribution of neritic species, indicating that the hydrographically more homogeneous years may lead to a higher dispersion of neritic decapod larvae.
Motivation for and Development of a Standardized Introductory Meteorology Assessment Exam
Authors: Davenport Casey E. , Wohlwend Christian S. , Koehler Thomas L. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Education research has shown that there is often a disconnect between what instructors teach and what students actually comprehend. Much of this disconnect stems from students’ previous conceptions of the subject that often remain steadfast despite instruction. The field of meteorology is particularly susceptible to misconceptions as a result of the years of personal experience students have with weather before instruction. Consequently, it is often challenging for students to accurately integrate course material with their observations and personal explanations. A longitudinal assessment exam of the meteorology program at the U.S. Air Force Academy revealed that misconceptions of fundamental, introductory content can propagate through years of instruction, potentially impeding deeper understanding of advanced topics and hindering attainment of professional certifications. Thus, it is clear that such misconceptions must be identified and corrected early. This manuscript describes the development of the Fundamentals in Meteorology Inventory (FMI), a multiple-choice assessment exam designed to identify the common misconceptions of fundamental topics covered in introductory meteorology courses. In developing the FMI, care was taken to avoid complex vocabulary and to include plausible distractors identified by meteorology faculty members. Question topics include clouds and precipitation, wind, fronts and air masses, temperature, stability, severe weather, and climate. Applications of the exam for the meteorology community are discussed, including identifying common meteorology misconceptions, assessing student understanding, measuring teaching effectiveness, and diagnosing areas for improvement in introductory meteorology courses. Future work to be completed to ensure the efficacy of the FMI will also be acknowledged.
The Role of Extratropical Cyclones and Fronts for Southern Ocean Freshwater Fluxes
Authors: Papritz Lukas , Pfahl Stephan , Rudeva Irina , Simmonds Ian , Sodemann Harald , Wernli Heini 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In this study, the important role of extratropical cyclones and fronts for the atmospheric freshwater flux over the Southern Ocean is analyzed. Based on the Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), the freshwater flux associated with cyclones is quantified and it is revealed that the structure of the Southern Hemispheric storm track is strongly imprinted on the climatological freshwater flux. In particular, during austral winter the spiraliform shape of the storm track leads to a band of negative freshwater flux bending toward and around Antarctica, complemented by a strong freshwater input into the midlatitude Pacific, associated with the split storm track. The interannual variability of the wintertime high-latitude freshwater flux is shown to be largely determined by the variability of strong precipitation (&gt;75th percentile). Using a novel and comprehensive method to attribute strong precipitation uniquely to cyclones and fronts, it is demonstrated that over the Southern Ocean between 60% and 90% of the strong precipitation events are due to these synoptic systems. Cyclones are the dominant cause of strong precipitation around Antarctica and in the midlatitudes of the Atlantic and the Pacific, while in the south Indian Ocean and the eastern Atlantic fronts bring most of the strong precipitation. A detailed analysis of the spatial variations of intense front and cyclone precipitation associated with the interannual variability of the wintertime frequency of cyclones in the midlatitude and high-latitude branches of the Pacific storm track underpins the importance of considering both fronts and cyclones in the analysis of the interannual variability of freshwater fluxes.
Comprehensive Pattern of Deep Convective Systems over the Tibetan Plateau–South Asian Monsoon Region Based on TRMM Data
Authors: Qie Xiushu , Wu Xueke , Yuan Tie , Bian Jianchun , Lu Daren 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Diurnal and seasonal variation, intensity, and structure of deep convective systems (DCSs; with 20-dBZ echo tops exceeding 14 km) over the Tibetan Plateau–South Asian monsoon region from the Tibetan Plateau (TP) to the ocean are investigated using 14 yr of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data. Four unique regions characterized by different orography are selected for comparison, including the TP, the southern Himalayan front (SHF), the South Asian subcontinent (SAS), and the ocean. DCSs and intense DCSs (IDCSs; with 40-dBZ echo tops exceeding 10 km) occur more frequently over the continent than over the ocean. About 23% of total DCSs develop into IDCSs in the SHF, followed by the TP (21%) and the SAS (15%), with the least over the ocean (2%). The average 20-dBZ echo-top height of IDCSs exceeds 16 km and 9% of them even exceed 18 km. DCSs and IDCSs are the most frequent over the SHF, especially in the westernmost SHF, where the intensity—in terms of strong radar echo-top (viz., 40 dBZ) height, ice-particle content, and lightning flash rate—is the strongest. DCSs over the TP are relatively weak in convective intensity and small in size but occur frequently. Oceanic DCSs possess the tallest cloud top (which mainly reflects small ice particles) and the largest size, but their convective intensity is markedly weaker. DCSs and IDCSs show a similar diurnal variation, mainly occurring in the afternoon with a peak at 1600 local time over land. Although most of both DCSs and IDCSs occur between April and October, DCSs have a peak in August, whereas IDCSs have a peak in May.