bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Register
Authors: Hall Judy E. , Boucher Andrew P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn 1974, the National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology was created to position specially trained psychologists—both independent practitioners and those in organized settings—within an emerging national health‐care system. Although the health‐care system did not materialize in the 1970, the National Register credential quickly developed into a valuable identification for psychologists specially trained in health service provision. Through almost 40 years of existence, the National Register has thrived by adapting to marketplace shifts and being responsive to the needs of its credentialed psychologists. Recently renamed the National Register of Health Service Psychologists, the organization is once again ready to position its credentialed psychologists within the emerging health‐care market.
Healy, William (1869–1963)
Authors: Jones Kathleen W. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

William Healy (1869–1963) worked as a psychiatrist, psychologist, and criminologist during the first half of the twentieth century, providing psychological evaluations of juvenile delinquents to juvenile courts in Chicago and Boston. Although interested in Freudian psychology and convinced that mental conflicts lay behind most delinquencies, Healy argued in his most important publication,
The Individual Delinquent
, that the causes of delinquency were multifaceted and that each youth represented a unique, individual combination of causative factors. Healy's research and clinical work influenced a generation of juvenile justice reformers, and the two institutions he directed served as models for child guidance clinics established in the 1920s and 1930s.
Humanistic/Existential/Phenomenological Psychotherapy
Authors: Watson Jeanne C. , Bohart Arthur 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis entry reviews humanistic, existential, and phenomenological approaches to psychotherapy. The emergence of these approaches is described as well as the influence and work of major contributors. Developments in theory and practice of humanistic and experiential psychotherapy are presented, including the ideas of Carl R. Rogers (1902–87), Eugene Gendlin (b. 1926), Fritz Perls (1893–1970), and colleagues. This is followed by an overview of existential and phenomenological psychotherapy. The main philosophical ideas of existentialism are described, and their translation into psychotherapeutic practice is explicated. Other notable psychiatrists who were influenced by existential and phenomenological thought include R. D. Laing (1927–89) and Victor Frankl (1905–97).
Behavioral (Reaction Time) Studies of Cognition
Authors: Atkins Louise , Yiend Jenny 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The cognitive psychology revolution inspired the information‐processing framework, within which reaction time studies became key measures of underlying cognitive processes. Informing both theory and treatment, methodologically rigorous behavioral studies of cognition can uncover cognitive‐processing differences among different psychological disorders that differ from those of healthy controls. These so‐called cognitive biases are known to cause and maintain psychological disorders by encouraging the processing of symptom‐congruent information. The emotional Stroop, attentional probe, and visual search tasks all measure reaction time to investigate attentional processes and have revealed increased attention to disorder‐specific information in many psychological disorders. Reaction time studies, such as the homograph primed lexical decision task and ambiguous text tasks, have been used to assess interpretation biases. Those with psychological disorders tend to make negative interpretations of emotional ambiguity. The future for reaction time tasks is bright, especially with continuing convergence with newer technologies.
McFall,Richard M. (b. 1939)
Authors: Treat Teresa A. , Bootzin Richard R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRichard M.McFall(b. 1939) is an eminent psychological scientist at Indiana University whose integrative research bridges clinical, cognitive, and neural science and whose professional contributions have advanced both clinical science and psychological science immeasurably. His research contributions include documenting the effect of self‐monitoring on behavior; examining the components of social skills training; evaluating the role of social competence in clinical phenomena; developing the social information‐processing model; and conducting integrative research that bridges clinical, cognitive, and neural science. Professionally,McFallauthored a “Manifesto for a science of clinical psychology,” developed the clinical science training model in clinical psychology, chaired the conference that led to the founding of the Academy of Psychological Clinical Science, and developed the firstNIMH‐funded training program in integrative psychological science at Indiana University. Currently, he is the executive director of the Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System.
Termination of Psychotherapy
Authors: O'Donohue William , Snipes Cassandra 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Termination refers to the ending of a period of psychotherapy. There has been a wide variety of views on its significance and how it ought to be conducted. Most termination seems to be patient initiated (i.e., the result of the client not showing up for a scheduled session). Termination can also depend on a number of variables, such as the theoretical orientation of the therapist, nature of the client problem, length of treatment, degree of success of therapy, personality characteristics of the client and therapist, and cost considerations. In addition, termination is sometimes associated with the need for relapse prevention and appropriate attention to continuity of care. Finally, the APA Ethical Principles require that termination occur when therapy is not beneficial or likely to be beneficial, when therapy is harming the client, or when there is harm or threat of harm to the therapist.
Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Neer Sandra M. , Beidel Deborah C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Most people experience anxiety in some situations. Anxiety that is disproportionate to the actual situation may be called an anxiety disorder if the person also experiences feelings of distress and social or occupational dysfunction. Anxiety is usually thought of as a “What if?” phenomenon, which is also described as
anticipatory anxiety
. Patients typically avoid the feared stimulus and their anxiety decreases, setting up a pattern whereby avoidance negatively reinforces the fear. This pattern of avoidance strengthens the fear until the patient feels he or she “can't” engage in the feared behavior. Treatment typically involves exposure to the feared object, situation, or event, with therapist assistance, so that the patient learns to be in the presence of the feared situation without heightened anxiety. This treatment response is called
habituation
. Future treatment may use newer technology, such as virtual reality, to augment effectiveness.
Structured Clinical Interview for the

DSM

(
SCID
)
Authors: First Michael B. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The Structured Clinical Interview for

DSM
‐5

(
SCID
‐5) is the most widely used structured diagnostic instrument for assessing

DSM

‐5 disorders. The
SCID‐PD
(formerly
SCID‐II
) is used for the evaluation of the

DSM
‐5

personality disorders. The
SCID
‐5 is organized into diagnostic modules, and it assesses mood disorders, psychotic disorders, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive and related disorders, eating disorders, somatic symptom disorders, some sleep disorders (i.e., insomnia and hypersomnolence disorders), “externalizing disorders” (i.e., intermittent explosive disorder, gambling disorder, and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), and trauma‐ and stressor‐related disorders. It has been published in various forms, including a version for clinicians (
SCID‐CV
) and a version for clinical trials (
SCID‐CT
).
Intelligence Testing
Authors: Willis John O. , Dumont Ron , Kaufman Alan S. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The history of intelligence testing extends over nearly 4,000 years with major breakthroughs in the first part of the twentieth century by Alfred Binet (1857–1911), Lewis Terman (1877–1956), and David Wechsler (1896–1981). Despite steady improvement bringing together earlier, diverse efforts, intelligence testing remains controversial. Although psychologists have never agreed on a single definition of intelligence, recent intelligence tests have been developed on the basis of several evolving psychological theories and models of intelligence. There is a continuing tension between theories and tests that emphasize a single measure of global, general ability, or psychometric
g
, and those that focus on separate cognitive abilities. Recent psychometric tests demonstrate significantly improved technical characteristics, such as norms, reliability, and validity. Psychologists attempting to carry out “intelligent testing” face practical challenges of test selection, administration, scoring and interpretation.
Licensed Professional Counselor (
LPC
)
Authors: Cohen‐Filipic Jessye 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Licensed professional counselors (LPCs) are master's level mental‐health professionals. Known by a variety of other terms, depending on jurisdiction, professional counselors can now be licensed in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The path to licensure includes completion of a master's degree program in counseling, supervised postmaster's counseling experience, and passing a licensure examination. Licensed professional counselors provide a variety of mental health services in a wide array of settings, with each state specifying the scope of practice for professional counselors. Licensed professional counselors are diverse in their training programs and specializations. As a result, developing a cohesive professional identity has been challenging. However, the profession is expected to grow rapidly and LPCs provide many needed mental health services in communities.
Response Style and Malingering
Authors: Bender Scott D. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Accurate assessment of an individual's mental health is predicated on the acquisition of valid and reliable information. Response styles and malingering are threats to validity and to the evaluation process. Malingering is the intentional production of false or grossly exaggerated symptoms, motivated by external incentives, and it often poses ethical and professional challenges to the clinician. Deception develops fairly early in childhood, at a time when intentionality is questionable. Attempts to deceive are usually not credible until adolescence. Incentives to malinger can be substantial in both criminal and civil courts. Modern malingering detection is multidimensional and specific to the type of malingering in question (e.g., cognitive versus psychiatric). Tremendous gains have been made in the science of detection, but problems and pitfalls remain.
Intentionality and Psychological Explanation
Authors: Kimball Robert 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Intentionality is a property of some mental states and of linguistic expressions, according to which they are directed onto or are
about
things other than themselves. Beliefs, desires, and other internal representations are intentional states. Intentional psychological explanation consists in discovering and citing law‐like regularities between internal representations and types of behavior. Such law‐like regularities are not to be found either between stimulus and response or between behavior and specific types of brain states (characterized at neuron‐type level). Rather the regularities that would explain human behavior are to be found by subsuming representations—intentional states—and behavior under general laws. An appealing consequence of this theory is that it allows ordinary psychological explanations in terms of the agent's beliefs and desires, on the one hand, and neurological and pharmaceutical explanations, on the other, to be compatible and even complementary.
Positivism and Logical Positivism
Authors: Bluhm Robyn 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPositivism claims that science is the best approach to understanding the world and/or to addressing social issues. It also emphasizes the role of observation over the development of explanatory theories. This entry discusses several approaches to positivism that have been influential in the philosophy of science, beginning with the theories of August Comte (1798–1857) and Ernst Mach (1838–1916). Contemporary philosophy of science has been particularly influenced by logical positivism, especially its views on the meaningfulness of and evidence for scientific statements, and its understanding of the unity of science.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Norman Meredith , Wallace Nancy , Nunley Sarah , McNeil Cheryl B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by problems related to inattention, hyperactivity–impulsivity, or a combination of the two. Research suggests that there is a neurological origin toADHDand that the disorder is highly heritable. Associated features ofADHDinclude motor coordination problems, impaired academic functioning, cognitive impairments, and problems with peer and parent interactions. Clinical interviews, parent and teacher rating scales, and medical examinations are commonly used inADHDevaluations. Treatment ofADHDsymptoms may include central nervous system stimulant medication and/or behavioral intervention.
Pica
Authors: Kostro Katrina Brody , Attia Evelyn 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Pica is a behavioral disturbance characterized by persistent consumption of non‐nutritive, nonfood substances. According to
DSM‐5
, a diagnosis of pica requires symptoms to occur, at minimum, for a 1‐month period. Pica behaviors are inappropriate to the individual's developmental level and not part of a social or cultural practice. When the symptoms occur within the course of another mental disorder or medical condition, a diagnosis of pica is made only if the eating behaviors require clinical attention or significantly interrupt social functioning. Pica can be dangerous, depending on the amounts and types of substances consumed and the degree of nutritional deficiency that may be present. Although pica is an old illness, little is known about its prevalence and course because it has not been formally studied in high‐risk populations, and treatment is difficult to assess.
Parasomnias
Authors: Nadorff Michael R. , Rose Mary W. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Parasomnias are sleep disorders that involve abnormal actions or experiences during sleep, often due to dissociated states in which there is a simultaneous coexistence of sleep and wake. Parasomnias are divided into two categories: those that occur during nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM) and those occurring during rapid eye movement sleep (REM). NREM parasomnias include sleepwalking and night terrors. Examples of REM parasomnias are nightmares, hypnogogic hallucinations, and REM behavior disorder. Although many parasomnias in themselves are considered benign, they are clinically relevant as some have been shown to be associated with psychiatric illness (e.g., nightmare disorder) and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., REM behavior disorder).
Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Tomarken Andrew J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Structural equation modeling (
SEM
) has become a popular statistical approach for addressing questions of relevance to clinical scientists. It is commonly used to assess questions related to measurement structure and construct validity, mediation and causality, and the structure of change. The popularity of
SEM
is due to both recent developments in software and its strengths as a model‐testing technique. The latter include the provision of overall tests of fit applicable to highly complex models, the ability to model latent constructs, and an overarching structure with sufficient flexibility to accommodate a wide variety of models and data structures. Although
SEM
is a powerful data‐analytic technique, it is especially important for users to understand its limitations and ambiguities. Several limitations and misconceptions associated with the assessment of model fit are discussed in detail.
Sexual Harassment
Authors: Levett Lora M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLegally, sexual harassment in the workplace is defined as unwelcome advances, requests for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature. Sexual harassment occurs with some frequency in the workplace. Women are more likely to experience sexual harassment than men, and certain working environments may make sexual harassment more or less probable. Victims of sexual harassment vary in damage experienced as a result of the harassment. In the courtroom, female jurors are more likely than men to find more types of sociosexual behavior as harassing, and there are several mediators between the relationship between gender and juror decisions in sexual harassment cases.
Psychoneuroendocrinology
Authors: Allison Amber , Lawing Kathryn , Hayes Jill 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The endocrine system is a complex network that utilizes chemical messengers (i.e., hormones) to promote or maintain various functions, such as growth, development, metabolism, and tissue function. In addition, the endocrine system is vital to psychological functioning, through both baseline and reactive patterns of hormone release. Cortisol, testosterone, and oxytocin are three hormones integrally tied to behavior, cognition, and emotion. The ability to draw conclusions about these hormones' effect on psychological functioning requires an understanding of the biological (i.e., circadian rhythmicity, age, gender) and environmental (i.e., stress, sleep, exercise) factors that influence hormone levels, as well as the procedural (i.e., saliva and urine collection) protocols used to collect these hormones. This entry is intended to provide the reader with information from current literature regarding these hormonal systems, the internal and extrinsic factors that affect them, and the methodology used to collect and interpret them.
Multitrait–Multimethod Analysis
Authors: Widaman Keith F. , Castro‐Schilo Laura 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Multitrait–multimethod (
MTMM
) analysis is based on the assumption that every measurement in psychology is a trait–method unit, and so contains both trait‐related and method‐related variance. If each of a set of traits is measured using each of a set of methods, an
MTMM
matrix of correlations among measures can be calculated. Convergent validation is supported if measures of purportedly the same trait correlate highly across different methods of measurement, discriminant validation is supported if measures of different traits correlate at relatively low levels, and method variance is shown if measures obtained with the same method of measurement correlate highly. Initially, informal rules involving comparisons of correlations within an
MTMM
were employed to evaluate convergent and discriminant validation. These methods have been supplanted by statistical approaches using confirmatory factor analysis to represent and test patterns of relations among measures.
S
pitzer,
R
obert (
b
. 1932)
Authors: Williams Janet B. W. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Robert L. Spitzer (b. 1932) is often described as the most influential psychiatrist of the twentieth century. He led the task force that developed

DSM‐III

, which revolutionized diagnosis and assessment in psychiatry. In addition, Spitzer made major contributions to psychiatric research, and his legacy includes several of the most widely used assessment tools, including the Structured Clinical Interview for
DSM
Disorders and the Patient Health Questionnaire.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Authors: Drabick Deborah A. G. , Cline Jessie I. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Oppositional defiant disorder (
ODD
) involves a recurrent pattern of angry and irritable mood, argumentative and defiant behavior, and vindictiveness.
ODD
co‐occurs with a variety of conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, anxiety and mood disorders, and substance use disorders, and it developmentally precedes most co‐occurring conditions. A variety of risk factors and correlates for
ODD
have been identified, including child (e.g., difficult temperament), parent–child (e.g., harsh discipline and low warmth), family (e.g., high conflict), and peer (e.g., bullying and victimization) factors. A multimethod, multi‐informant assessment approach is recommended to determine whether youth meet criteria for
ODD
, as well as to identify risk factors, correlates, and comorbid conditions. The most effective treatment strategies for
ODD
use cognitive behavioral strategies. Changes to the diagnostic criteria in

DSM
‐5

include removal of the hierarchical exclusion criterion for conduct disorder, developmentally referenced frequency criteria, and addition of a severity rating based on the number of settings in which symptoms are present.
Forensic Evaluation/Assessment (versus Clinical Evaluation/Assessment)
Authors: Hunt Elizabeth , Kimonis Eva R. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Forensic assessment is a specific type of evaluation used to gather information to assist legal decision makers. It differs from standard clinical assessment in several ways, including its purpose, the evaluator's role/relationship with the examinee, the limits of confidentiality and voluntariness of the evaluation, and the type of testimony. Given the nature and context of forensic assessment, careful attention must be paid to the examinee's response style and the potential for malingering. Forensic assessment should be comprehensive by including multiple sources of information and approaches to collecting data. When appropriate, the information obtained through this evaluation should be presented clearly with explicit mention of the procedures used and the basis for each conclusion.
Autism Spectrum Disorder/Autism
Authors: Haisley Lauren , Barton Marianne , Fein Deborah 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (
ASD
) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a behavioral profile present in early childhood.
ASDs
are defined by deficits in communication and socialization, as well as the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. Among individuals with
ASD
, there is great heterogeneity in the severity and presentation of these symptoms. The conceptualization of
ASD
has changed over time. This entry provides a broad overview of the disorder's history as well as an overview of
ASD
's characteristics, epidemiology, etiology, assessment, and treatment.
Weight Management
Authors: Butryn Meghan L. , Raggio Greer , Lowe Michael R. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The obesity epidemic continues to grow, resulting in major harm to health and wellbeing. Behavioral interventions represent the most common type of weight‐loss program. They produce medically significant weight losses, but maintenance remains elusive. Bariatric surgery produces the largest and longest‐lasting weight losses, but it is expensive and requires dramatic, lifelong changes in eating behavior. Society‐wide changes in the food and physical activity environment appear to be necessary to reverse the obesity epidemic.