bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving surgical intravenous fluid management: a controlled educational study
Authors: Gnanasampanthan Vaishnaavi , Porten Lauren , Bissett Ian 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundThis study aims to measure whether the introduction of a multifaceted, evidence‐based, educational intervention will improve both intravenous (i.v.) fluids prescribed by doctors and administrated by nurses.MethodsA daily baseline audit of i.v. fluid prescription and administration for colorectal inpatients was carried out at two Auckland teaching hospitals over 4 weeks. The educational intervention was then administered at hospital 1, while at hospital 2 nurses and junior doctors were merely informed of the audit. The educational intervention included a lecture, multiple posters around the wards and pocket i.v. fluid protocols for junior doctors. Data collection continued for a further 4 weeks at both sites.ResultsThe study included 513 days of i.v. fluids received by 109 patients at the two sites. At hospital 1 following the intervention, there was an improvement in the number of correct prescriptions of maintenance i.v. fluids from 21% to 62% (P < 0.001). There were also improvements in the number of patients who received correct administration of i.v. maintenance fluids from 26% to 57% (P < 0.001), gastric loss i.v. replacement from 61% to 93% (P < 0.001) and bowel loss i.v. replacement fluids from 59% to 85% (P = 0.004). None of these measures improved at hospital 2.ConclusionAt baseline, both prescription and administration of i.v. fluids were poor. A multifaceted educational intervention, involving teaching sessions with handouts, pocket‐sized cards and posters visible on the wards, has brought improvements to both the prescription and administration of i.v. fluids in patients managed by colorectal surgeons.
Evaluation of the transfer of immunoglobulin from colostrum anaerobic fermentation (colostrum silage) to newborn calves
Authors: Saalfeld Mara H. , Pereira Daniela I. B. , Borchardt Jessica L. , Sturbelle Regis T. , Rosa Matheus C. , Guedes Marcio C. , Gularte Marcia A. , Leite Fábio P. Leivas 
Published: July 2014

AbstractColostrum silage is an anaerobic fermentation methodology of excess farm colostrum used to conserve and provide as milk replacement for calves. The present study aimed to evaluate the levels of immunoglobulins present in bovine colostrum silage and its absorption by newborn calves. The concentration of immunoglobulins was determined in fresh colostrum and colostrum silage stored for 12 months. The absorption of immunoglobulins by calves was assessed immediately after birth and 24 h after colostrum silage intake. The immunoglobulin levels were evaluated by ELISA. The results highlighted that colostrum silage kept similar levels of immunoglobulins as the ones in colostrum in natura, and can be transferred to newborn calves with similar amounts to calves fed with colostrum in natura. It is concluded that colostrum silage keeps viable immunoglobulins, and is able to transfer passive immunity to newborn calves.
Why are Young Women Less Likely to Breastfeed? Evidence From an Australian Population‐Based Survey
Authors: Biro Mary Anne , Yelland Jane Susanne , Brown Stephanie Janne 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundYounger mothers are less likely to continue breastfeeding compared with older mothers. However, few studies have explored this finding. The aim of this study was to investigate breastfeeding initiation and duration among women aged under 25 and 25 years or older, and assess the extent to which any differences associated with maternal age were explained by other factors.MethodsAll women who gave birth in September and October 2007 in two Australian states were mailed questionnaires 6 months after the birth. Women were asked about infant feeding, maternity care experiences, sociodemographic characteristics, and exposure to stressful life events and social health issues. We examined the association between maternal age, breastfeeding initiation, and breastfeeding at 6 months, while adjusting for a range of social and obstetric risk factors.ResultsWhile younger women were just as likely to initiate breastfeeding as older women (AdjOR 1.13; 95% CI 0.63–2.05), they had almost twice the odds of not breastfeeding at 6 months (AdjOR 1.76; 95% CI 1.34–2.33). Several psychosocial factors may explain why young women are less likely to breastfeed for longer periods.ConclusionsGiven the complexity of young childbearing women's lives, supporting them to breastfeed will require a multisectorial approach that addresses social disadvantage and resulting health inequalities.
Futures planning – adult sibling perspectives
Authors: Davys Deborah , Mitchell Duncan , Haigh Carol 
Published: July 2014

Accessible summaryPlanning for the future is important to the happiness and well‐being of people who have a learning disability and their families.Parents, brothers and sisters of people with learning disability worry about the future especially when parents are not able to give support.Planning for the future can be difficult because families may not feel ready to plan. They may also feel frightened about the future and feel that they do not have enough information. Families worry about support, relationships and the needs of different family members.Planning for the future can take a long time, and plans may need to change.SummaryA total of 15 adult siblings of people who have a learning disability were interviewed in relation to their future wishes and expectations of care giving.InterpretativePhenomenologicalAnalysis (IPA) was used to analyse transcripts from the interviews where it was demonstrated that futures planning remains an area of difficulty for families of learning disabled people. The range and degree of plans in place were variable across the families and overall, plans tended to lack detail and clarity. Various factors were cited as hindrances to the futures planning process such as parental anxiety, difficulty with service providers, superstition, attitude, assumption and life stage. Futures planning presented as a transitional process and further research into how best to support families and individuals who have a learning disability to develop long term yet flexible plans is indicated.
Different apoptotic effects of [Pt(O,O′‐acac)(γ‐acac)(DMS)] and cisplatin on normal and cancerous human epithelial breast cells in primary culture
Authors: Vetrugno Carla , Muscella Antonella , Fanizzi Francesco Paolo , Cossa Luca Giulio , Migoni Danilo , De Pascali Sandra Angelica , Marsigliante Santo 
Published: July 2014

Background and PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine whether [platinum (Pt)(O,O′‐acetylacetonate (acac))(γ‐acac)(dimethylsulphide (DMS))] is differentially cytotoxic in normal and cancer cells, and to measure comparative levels of cytotoxicity compared with cisplatin in the same cells.Experimental ApproachWe performed experiments on cancerous and normal epithelial breast cells in primary culture obtained from the same patients. The apoptotic effects [Pt(O,O′‐acac)(γ‐acac)(DMS)] and cisplatin in cancerous and normal breast cells were compared.Key ResultsCancer cells were more sensitive to [Pt(O,O′‐acac)(γ‐acac)(DMS)] (IC50 = 5.22 ± 1.2 μmol·L−1) than normal cells (IC50 = 116.9 ± 8.8 μmol·L−1). However, the difference was less strong when cisplatin was used (IC50 = 96.0 ± 6.9 and 61.9 ± 6.1 μmol·L−1 for cancer and normal cells respectively). Both compounds caused reactive oxygen species (ROS) production with different mechanisms: [Pt(O,O′‐acac)(γ‐acac)(DMS)] quickly activated NAD(P)H oxidase while cisplatin caused a slower formation of mitochondrial ROS. Cisplatin and [Pt(O,O′‐acac)(γ‐acac)(DMS)] caused activation of caspases, proteolysis of PARP and modulation of Bcl‐2, Bax and Bid. [Pt(O,O′‐acac)(γ‐acac)(DMS)] also caused leakage of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. Overall, these processes proceeded more quickly in cells treated with [Pt(O,O′‐acac)(γ‐acac)(DMS)] compared with cisplatin. [Pt(O,O′‐acac)(γ‐acac)(DMS)] effects were faster and quantitatively greater in cancer than in normal cells. [Pt(O,O′‐acac)(γ‐acac)(DMS)] caused a fast decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, especially in cancer cells.Conclusions and Implications[Pt(O,O′‐acac)(γ‐acac)(DMS)] was specific to breast cancer cells in primary culture, and this observation makes this compound potentially more interesting than cisplatin.
Identifying bias in CCR1 antagonists using radiolabelled binding, receptor internalization, β‐arrestin translocation and chemotaxis assays
Authors: Gilchrist A , Gauntner T D , Fazzini A , Alley K M , Pyen D S , Ahn J , Ha S J , Willett A , Sansom S E , Yarfi J L , Bachovchin K A , Mazzoni M R , Merritt J R 
Published: July 2014

Background and PurposeInvestigators have suggested that the chemokine receptor CCR1 plays a role in multiple myeloma. Studies using antisense and neutralizing antibodies to CCR1 showed that down‐regulation of the receptor altered disease progression in a mouse model. More recently, experiments utilizing scid mice injected with human myeloma cells demonstrated that the CCR1 antagonist BX471 reduced osteolytic lesions, while the CCR1 antagonist MLN‐3897 prevented myeloma cell adhesion to osteoclasts. However, information is limited regarding the pharmacology of CCR1 antagonists in myeloma cells.Experimental ApproachWe compared several well‐studied CCR1 antagonists including AZD4818, BX471, CCX354, CP‐481715, MLN‐3897 and PS899877 for their ability to inhibit binding of [125I]‐CCL3 in vitro using membranes prepared from RPMI 8226 cells, a human multiple myeloma cell line that endogenously expresses CCR1. In addition, antagonists were assessed for their ability to modulate CCL3‐mediated internalization of CCR1 and CCL3‐mediated cell migration using RPMI 8226 cells. As many GPCRs signal through β–arrestin‐dependent pathways that are separate and distinct from those driven by G‐proteins, we also evaluated the compounds for their ability to alter β‐arrestin translocation.Key ResultsThere were clear differences between the CCR1 antagonists in their ability to inhibit CCL3 binding to myeloma cells, as well as in their ability to inhibit G–protein‐dependent and ‐independent functional responses.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur studies demonstrate that tissue phenotype seems to be relevant with regards to CCR1. Moreover, it appears that for CCR1 antagonists, inhibition of β‐arrestin translocation is not necessarily linked to chemotaxis or receptor internalization.
The route to pathologies in chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by T helper type 2 immune cells
Authors: Jovanovic K , Siebeck M , Gropp R 
Published: July 2014

SummaryT helper type 2 (Th2)-characterized inflammatory responses are highly dynamic processes initiated by epithelial cell damage resulting in remodelling of the tissue architecture to prevent further harm caused by a dysfunctional epithelial barrier or migrating parasites. This process is a temporal and spatial response which requires communication between immobile cells such as epithelial, endothelial, fibroblast and muscle cells and the highly mobile cells of the innate and adaptive immunity. It is further characterized by a high cellular plasticity that enables the cells to adapt to a specific inflammatory milieu. Incipiently, this milieu is shaped by cytokines released from epithelial cells, which stimulate Th2, innate lymphoid and invariant natural killer (NK) T cells to secrete Th2 cytokines and to activate dendritic cells which results in the further differentiation of Th2 cells. This milieu promotes wound-healing processes which are beneficial in parasitic infections or toxin exposure but account for increasingly dysfunctional vital organs, such as the lung in the case of asthma and the colon in ulcerative colitis. A better understanding of the dynamics underlying relapses and remissions might lead ultimately to improved therapeutics for chronic inflammatory diseases adapted to individual needs and to different phases of the inflammation.
Calreticulin promotes angiogenesis via activating nitric oxide signalling pathway in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Ding H , Hong C , Wang Y , Liu J , Zhang N , Shen C , Wei W , Zheng F 
Published: July 2014

Summary
Calreticulin (CRT) is a multi-functional endoplasmic reticulum protein implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The present study was undertaken to determine whether CRT was involved in angiogenesis via the activating nitric oxide (NO) signalling pathway. We explored the profile of CRT expression in RA (including serum, synovial fluid and synovial tissue). In order to investigate the role of CRT on angiogenesis, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were isolated and cultured in this study for in-vitro experiments. Our results showed a significantly higher concentration of CRT in serum (5·4 ± 2·2 ng/ml) of RA patients compared to that of osteoarthritis (OA, 3·6 ± 0·9 ng/ml, P &lt; 0·05) and healthy controls (HC, 3·7 ± 0·6 ng/ml, P &lt; 0·05); and significantly higher CRT in synovial fluid (5·8 ± 1·2 ng/ml) of RA versus OA (3·7 ± 0·3 ng/ml, P &lt; 0·05). High levels of CRT are expressed in synovial membrane localized predominantly to inflammatory cells and synovial perivascular areas in both the lining and sublining layers of RA synovial tissue (RAST). Increased nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphorylation level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were measured in HUVECs following CRT stimulation, while the total eNOS expression was not significantly changed. Furthermore, CRT promoted the proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs, which were significantly inhibited by a specific eNOS inhibitor. These findings suggested that CRT may be involved in angiogenesis events in RA through NO signalling pathways, which may provide a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of RA.
Early‐life factors are associated with nocturnal cortisol and glucose effectiveness in Afro–Caribbean young adults
Authors: Thompson Debbie S. , Ferguson Trevor S. , Wilks Rainford J. , Phillips David I. , Osmond Clive , Samms‐Vaughan Maureen , Forrester Terrence E. , Boyne Michael S. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryContextEarly‐life factors (including intrauterine growth retardation) may influence the development of type 2 diabetes. We postulated that birth size is associated with cortisol levels, which itself could alter serum adipomyokines (i.e. adiponectin, IGF‐I, myostatin) and glucose metabolism.DesignAn observational study with 60 Afro‐Caribbean young adults from a birth cohort.MeasurementsFasting blood was drawn for serum adiponectin, IGF‐I and myostatin. A frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test measured insulin sensitivity (SI), acute insulin response (AIRg), disposition index (DI) and glucose effectiveness (Sg). Body composition was assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Salivary cortisol was collected at home at 0800 and 2300 h. Sex‐adjusted correlations were used to explore the relationships between birth size, cortisol and the metabolic variables.ResultsThe participants were 55% male, mean age 23·1 ± 0·5 years. Birth weight correlated positively with 2300‐h cortisol (P = 0·04), although not after adjusting for gestational age. Gestational age was correlated with 2300 h cortisol (r = 0·38, P = 0·03), even after adjusting for birth weight (P = 0·02). 2300 h cortisol was not associated with adiponectin, IGF‐I, myostatin, SI, AIRg or DI, but was negatively correlated with Sg (r = −0·30, P = 0·05) even after adjusting for birth and adult anthropometry. Adiponectin, IGF‐I and myostatin were unrelated to glucose metabolism.ConclusionsGestational age is associated with higher nocturnal cortisol, which in turn is associated with lower glucose effectiveness in adulthood. Higher glucose effectiveness could therefore be a compensatory mechanism to improve glucose uptake.
Do flow volume loops alter surgical management in patients with a goitre?
Authors: Stevens J.L. , Constantinides V. , Todd J. , Meeran K. , Christakis I. , Tolley N.S. , Palazzo F.F. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryIntroductionFlow volume loops (FVLs) are considered part of the workup of patients with thyroid enlargement presenting to the endocrinology clinic. They are used to detect upper airway obstruction (UAO) secondary to tracheal compression (TC) from a goitre. Surgical assessment in contrast tends to focus on clinical evaluation supplemented when required by imaging. The aim of this study was to investigate whether FVLs influence the decision to operate in patients with a goitre.MethodsWe identified patients with a goitre referred by the department of endocrinology for FVLs between 2006 and 2011. The results of the FVL were collated, and their impact on patient management was assessed.ResultsNinety‐six patients were referred for FVL. In 38 patients, the indication was specifically to evaluate the effects of a goitre. Of these, 33 were reported as normal. Five FVLs were reported as abnormal (3 suggesting lung pathology and 2 TC). Both patients with TC on FVL presented no CT evidence of TC and underwent surgery due to abnormal cytology. Of the 33 normal FVLs, 7 underwent surgery: 2 for local compression, 4 for abnormal cytology and 1 for Graves' disease. None of the FVLs influenced the decision to operate.ConclusionFVLs may detect subradiological TC, but rarely influence management in patients with a goitre. In view of this and the cost of £235 per investigation, FVL should be reserved for goitre patients with suspected primary lung pathology, where the distinction between large and small airway compression is likely to influence management.
SNaPshot reveals high mutation and carrier frequencies of 15 common hearing loss mutants in a Chinese newborn cohort
Authors: Chen Y. , Cao Y. , Li H.‐B. , Mao J. , Liu M.‐J. , Liu Y.‐H. , Wang B.‐J. , Jiang D. , Zhu Q. , Ding Y. , Wang W. , Li H. , Choy K.W. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGenetic causes account for more than half of congenital hearing loss cases. The most frequent mutations found in non‐syndromic hearing loss patients occur in GJB2 and SLC26A4. Mitochondrial genome mutations are also prevalent. However, the frequency of common hearing loss mutations in the Chinese population has not yet been well estimated. Here, we implemented the SNaPshot genotyping method to investigate the carrier frequency of 15 commonly reported hearing loss mutations in GJB2, SLC26A4 and the mitochondrial genome based on a cohort of 5800 neonates in China. Up to 15.9% (923/5800) of the newborns carry at least one mutant allele. The top three were GJB2‐c.109G>A, GJB2‐c.235delC, and SLC26A4‐c.919A>G, with notably high carrier frequencies of 1/10, 1/53 and 1/62 respectively, and mt‐7444G>A with 1/141 was the most frequent allele in the mitochondrial genome. In this cohort, 0.48% (28/5800) of neonates were genetically diagnosed with hearing loss, from which seven cases failed an OAE test. This is the first epidemiological study of non‐syndromic hearing loss in Chinese newborns indicating a notably high carrier frequency (1 per 6.3 newborns) among these 15 mutant alleles. Our carrier frequency data also aid in effective risk assessment and genetic counseling for hearing loss patients in the Chinese population.
First phylogenetic analysis of the family Neriidae (Diptera), with a study on the issue of scaling continuous characters
Authors: Koch Nicolás Mongiardino , Soto Ignacio M. , Ramírez Martín J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNeriidae are a small family of acalyptratae flies, mostly distributed in the tropics. Very little is known about their biology, and the evolutionary relationships among species have never been evaluated. We perform the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the family, including 48 species from all biogeographic regions inhabited, as well as five species of Micropezidae and one Cypselosomatidae as outgroups. We build a morphological data matrix of 194 characters, including 72 continuous characters. We first explore ways to deal with the issue of scaling continuous characters, including rescaling ranges to unity and using implied weighting. We find that both strategies result in very different phylogenetic hypotheses, and that implied weighting reduces the problem of scaling, but only partially. Furthermore, using implied weighting after rescaling characters improves the congruence between partitions and results in higher values of group support. With respect to the Neriidae, we confirm the monophyly of the family and of most its genera, although we do not obtain any of the currently accepted suprageneric groups. We propose to restrict theEoneriaandNeriusgroups exclusively to the Neotropical fauna, and synonymizeGlyphidopssubgenusOncopsiaEnderlein withGlyphidopssubgenusGlyphidopsEnderlein, eliminating the subgeneric divisions. This revised phylogeny presents a striking biogeographic consistency, and shows that previous main divisions of the family were based on events of convergence.
Evaluation of a multidisciplinary Tier 3 weight management service for adults with morbid obesity, or obesity and comorbidities, based in primary care
Authors: Jennings A. , Hughes C. A. , Kumaravel B. , Bachmann M. O. , Steel N. , Capehorn M. , Cheema K. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryA multidisciplinary Tier 3 weight management service in primary care recruited patients with a body mass index ≥40 kg·m−2, or 30 kg·m−2 with obesity‐related co‐morbidity to a 1‐year programme. A cohort of 230 participants was recruited and evaluated using the National Obesity Observatory Standard Evaluation Framework. The primary outcome was weight loss of at least 5% of baseline weight at 12 months. Diet was assessed using the two‐item food frequency questionnaire, activity using the General Practice Physical Activity questionnaire and quality of life using the EuroQol‐5D‐5L questionnaire. A focus group explored the participants' experiences. Baseline mean weight was 124.4 kg and mean body mass index was 44.1 kg·m−2. A total of 102 participants achieved 5% weight loss at 12 months. The mean weight loss was 10.2 kg among the 117 participants who completed the 12‐month programme. Baseline observation carried forward analysis gave a mean weight loss of 5.9 kg at 12 months. Fruit and vegetable intake, activity level and quality of life all improved. The dropout rate was 14.3% at 6 months and 45.1% at 1 year. Focus group participants described high levels of satisfaction. It was possible to deliver a Tier 3 weight management service for obese patients with complex co‐morbidity in a primary care setting with a full multidisciplinary team, which obtained good health outcomes compared with existing services.