bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Renal Clearance of Oxalate in Normal Subjects and Patients with Primary Hyperoxaluria
Authors: Williams H. E. , Johnson Gloria A. , Smith L. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The renal clearance of oxalate was studied in six normal subjects and in two patients with primary hyperoxaluria utilizing a constant infusion of [14C]oxalic acid.
2. The [14C]oxalate clearance in normal subjects was between 101 and 217 ml/min with a range in the ratio of [14C]oxalate clearance to creatinine clearance of 1.33–2.09.
3. The oxalate clearance in two patients with primary hyperoxaluria was within the range found in the normal subjects.
4. This study does not confirm the previous report of a low oxalate/creatinine clearance ratio in man nor the finding of an elevated oxalate clearance in patients with primary hyperoxaluria.
5. Estimates of serum oxalate concentration based on these clearance values suggest that the serum oxalate concentration in normal subjects is less than 100 μg/100 ml.
Plasma Renin in Idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension: Differential Response in Subjects with Probable Afferent and Efferent Autonomic Failure
Authors: Love D. R. , Brown J. J. , Chinn R. H. , Johnson R. H. , Lever A. F. , Park D. M. , Robertson J. I. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. The changes of peripheral venous plasma renin concentration (PRC) induced by head-up tilting were studied in four patients with orthostatic hypotension.
2. Two of the patients had the Holmes—Adie syndrome and tests of autonomic function suggested that they had an afferent block from baroreceptors with intact efferent pathways; the others had no evidence of the Holmes—Adie syndrome and investigations suggested that they had interruption of efferent sympathetic pathways.
3. In the two patients in whom lesions of the afferent side of baroreceptor reflexes were suspected, a marked increase in PRC occurred with upright tilting, whereas no change in PRC occurred in the two patients thought to have an efferent sympathetic block.
4. During repeated tilting, supine blood pressure and PRC increased progressively in the two patients with suspected afferent block, but not in the two patients with suspected efferent block.
5. It is suggested that an increase in plasma renin may contribute to the supine hypertension sometimes observed in patients with orthostatic hypotension.
6. It is also suggested that renin release does not require intact autonomic reflexes although certain components of efferent sympathetic pathways, not dependent on baroreceptor reflexes, may be important.
Diagnostic Value of Quantitative Scintiscanning of the Salivary Glands in Sjögren's Syndrome and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Stephen K. W. , Chisholm D. M. , Harden R. McG. , Robertson J. W. K. , Whaley K. , Stuart Agnes 
Published: August 2015

1. The submandibular and parotid salivary gland uptake of [99mTc]pertechnetate has been measured at 3 min, 8 min and 13 min after administration in twenty-five normal subjects, seventeen patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) alone, seven patients with RA and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and twenty-four patients with Sjögren's syndrome and salivary gland involvement.
2. Normal ranges for salivary gland 99mTc uptake have been established.
3. At 8 min fifteen patients with Sjögren's syndrome had a low uptake value (parotid &lt;0.16% dose, submandibular &lt;0.07% dose).
4. A correlation was found between values for parotid and submandibular 99mTc uptake but parotid gland involvement was more marked than submandibular. Involvement was usually bilateral.
5. In the patients with RA alone and RA and KCS a small number of patients had low uptake values.
The Influence of Numerous Pregnancies and Lactations on Bone Dimensions in South African Bantu and Caucasian Mothers
Authors: Walker A. R. P. , Richardson Barbara , Walker Faith 
Published: August 2015

1. In groups of South African Bantu and Caucasian women aged 30–44 years, sub-divided into those having had (i) none to two or (ii) seven or more children, measurements of radiographs of the second metacarpal and of the humerus were made in respect of length, cortical thickness, cortical index, cortical area/total area, cross-sectional area index and cortical/surface area ratio.
2. In Bantu mothers of large compared with small families, there were no significant differences in the means of corresponding variables. This was also the case with the Caucasian mothers. Bantu mothers of large and small families had significantly lower mean values for most variables compared with those of Caucasian mothers of large and small families. In all four groups, ranges of measurements and indices were very wide.
3. It is questioned whether Bantu mothers accustomed to a low calcium intake and to numerous pregnancies and long lactations, suffer from calcium deficiency. The problem of whether the high recommended allowances of calcium during these periods confer a clinically detectable benefit requires re-examination.
Respiratory Function Tests in Older People
Authors: Milne J. S. , Williamson J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Forced expiratory volume in ml (FEV1·0) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured in a random sample of older people (215 men, 272 women) aged 62 years and upwards.
2. Multiple regression equations were calculated to predict these variables by using age and height. In contrast with younger groups most of the variance was not explained by these equations.
3. The equations developed predict lower values for FEV1·0 and FVC than other published series most of which contain relatively few older people.
Studies on the Mechanism of Sodium Excretion in Uraemia
Authors: Wilkinson R. , Luetscher J. A. , Dowdy A. J. , Gonzales C. , Nokes G. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. A group of eight patients with advanced renal failure, and a creatinine clearance of 3·8–24 ml/min, were subjected to sodium loading and sodium depletion.
2. With sodium loading there was a consistent increase in blood pressure (0·01 &lt; P &lt;0·02), an increase in creatinine clearance that was significantly related to changes in mean arterial pressure (r = +0·3, 001 &lt; P &lt; 0·02); an increase in urinary sodium excretion that was closely correlated with changes in creatinine clearance (r = +0·82, P &lt; 0·001); a decrease in fractional reabsorption of filtered sodium that was inversely proportional to creatinine clearance (r = −0·63, 0·05&lt; P &lt; 0·1).
3. Fractional reabsorption of filtered sodium was proportional to creatinine clearance both in the sodium-loaded (r = +0·86, 0·001 &lt; P &lt; 0·01) and sodium-depleted states (r = +0·92, 0·001 &lt; P &lt; 0·01).
4. Urinary aldosterone excretion and plasma renin activity consistently increased with sodium depletion, the percentage increases of the two being significantly related (r = +0·95, P &lt; 0·001).
5. The results suggest that excretion of a sodium load in uraemia may be effected in part as the result of a raised blood pressure that elevates the glomerular filtration rate; by increasing the peritubular capillary pressure this may be responsible for the observed decrease in reabsorption of filtered sodium. The responsiveness of glomerular filtration rate to blood pressure changes suggests a decrease in afferent arteriolar tone that may account for the increased sodium excretion per nephron which occurs even in uraemic patients without hypertension.
6. It is suggested that aldosterone may continue to play an important regulatory role in sodium homeostasis in uraemia and that renin concentrations are the major determinants of aldosterone production in uraemia.
An Antibactericidal Factor in the Serum of Two Patients with Infections of the Upper Urinary Tract
Authors: Taylor P. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. The serum of two patients with infections of the upper urinary tract contained a specific factor which inhibited its bactericidal action against the Gram-negative organism causing the infection.
2. The serum of the patients was fractionated by gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography and pooled fractions were examined for antibactericidal activity.
3. Fractions showing antibactericidal activity appeared to contain only immunoglobulin G and it is suggested that bacterium-specific antibactericidal immunoglobulin G competes with immunoglobulin M, the major bactericidal antibody, for sites on the bacterial surface.
The 24-Hour Plasma Thyrotrophin Profile
Authors: Patel Y. C. , Alford F. P. , Burger H. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Daily fluctuations in the plasma concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and growth hormone (GH) have been studied in six normal males by using a 24 h continuous blood-sampling technique and a highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for TSH.
2. In all subjects the plasma concentrations of the two hormones were increased at night. The TSH concentrations rose approx. 2 h before the onset of sleep but the peak concentration coincided with the GH peak 2 h after the commencement of sleep. In three subjects who slept in the afternoon, additional peaks of GH activity were found and in two cases peaks of TSH activity also occurred.
3. The mean data from all subjects showed a significant circadian variation of TSH secretion with a maximum between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. and a minimum between 6 p.m. and 8 p.m.
The Distribution and Storage of Vitamin D and its Metabolites in Human Tissues
Authors: Mawer E. Barbara , Backhouse Joan , Holman Carlene A. , Lumb G. A. , Stanbury S. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. The distribution of vitamin D and its metabolites in human tissues has been studied by the combined use of radioactive cholecalciferol and biological assays of antiricketic activity in tissue extracts.
2. Injected radioactive cholecalciferol was cleared rapidly from the blood; unchanged vitamin D and various metabolites were detected subsequently in all tissues examined. The highest concentration of biological activity and radioactivity was in fat; this and, to a lesser extent, other tissues were shown to retain activity over a prolonged period of time.
3. Adipose tissue and voluntary muscle are the principal sites of storage of vitamin D in man. Pre-existing tissue pools of vitamin D can, in some circumstances, invalidate the use of radioactively labelled cholecalciferol to trace the pattern of body distribution.
4. Metabolically produced 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is also taken up from the blood into many tissues, probably by protein-binding.
5. Vitamin D is excreted in bile principally as more polar metabolites. Smaller amounts of cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol are also excreted, and antiricketic activity has been demonstrated in the bile of individuals treated with vitamin D.
6. An excess of cholecalciferol (or of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol) in the blood appears to be eliminated by the physicochemical processes of partition into tissue lipid and binding to tissue proteins. It is inferred tentatively that an increased concentration of vitamin D or of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the liver also causes an increased biliary excretion of these substances, and an increased hepatic formation and elimination of more polar metabolites of the vitamin.
Improved Atraumatic Method for Estimation of Cerebral Transit-Time in Man
Authors: Wilkinson I. M. S. , Goddard J. , Testa H. J. , Pullen B. 
Published: August 2015

1. The atraumatic technique for estimating human cerebral mean transit-time (CMTT) by antecubital injection of a bolus of non-diffusible radioactive indicator has been improved.
2. The index of CMTT obtained by the new method was of correct magnitude (2·4 ± 1·1 s SD, n = 10) and underwent an appropriate and significant increase (from 2·4 ± 1·4 s SD to 4·4 ± 0·9 s SD, n = 5) in response to a 10 mmHg reduction in arterial Pco2.
Somatomedin (Sulphation Factor)-Like Activity of Homocystine
Authors: Dehnel Jennifer M. , Francis M. J. O. 
Published: August 2015

1. Homocystine (10 mg/100 ml) has a significant effect on the incorporation of inorganic sulphate by rat costal cartilage in vitro.
2. The characteristic skeletal changes associated with homocystinuria due to defective cystathionine synthetase could therefore be caused by the elevated plasma concentration (1–10 mg/100 ml) of homocystine present in this disease.
Factors Influencing the Urinary Excretion of Free Catecholamines in Man
Authors: Townshend Mary M. , Smith A. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The 24 h urinary excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline is significantly lower in recumbent than ambulant normal subjects.
2. A diurnal variation exists in catecholamine excretion, the lowest values occurring during sleep.
3. Diurnal variation in sodium excretion parallels that in noradrenaline and adrenaline loss but the cycles can be separated by acute alterations in sleep/awake pattern.
4. Diurnal variation is lost during exercise, after myocardial infarction and was absent pre-operatively in a patient with a phaeochromocytoma.
5. Acute alterations in renal blood flow, diuresis, natriuresis and urinary acidification do not alter catecholamine excretion significantly.
6. Urinary catecholamine excretion is related to physical activity and wakefulness; the normal diurnal variation is easily overriden by sustained sympatho-adrenal activity. Alterations in renal function in exercise or after myocardial infarction do not account for the observed increases in catecholamine excretion.
Metabolism of Exercising and Resting Human Skeletal Muscle, in the Post-Prandial and Fasting States
Authors: Baker Patricia G. B. , Mottram R. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Methods are described for study of metabolism of human skeletal muscle in situ, at rest and during mild sustained contraction in the fed and fasted states.
2. At rest the average oxygen uptake was 0.29 ml min−1 100 ml of muscle−1 and the carbon dioxide output was 0.22 ml. Glucose uptake was 0.49 mg min−1 100 ml of muscle−1. The respiratory quotient was 0.75, indicating that most of the glucose was being stored.
3. When subjects made hand-grips of 5% of their maximal voluntary contraction force (5% MVC) the oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanges both increased by six times while the glucose uptake increased by 70% of the resting value.
4. A 7 h fast before the observations were made severely decreased both resting and exercising glucose uptake but produced no other alteration in the metabolism of the muscle.
Determination of Leg Blood Flow During Exercise in Man: An Indicator-Dilution Technique Based on Femoral Venous Dye Infusion
Authors: Wahren J. , Jorfeldt L. 
Published: August 2015

1. A dye-dilution method has been developed for the determination of leg blood flow in man. The method is based on the infusion of indicator into the distal part of the femoral vein with blood sampling from the same vein at the level of the inguinal ligament. Catheterization of the femoral artery is not required. Evidence of adequate mixing of dye and blood is presented, based on the finding of the same dye concentration in samples from two different levels in the femoral vein.
2. Leg blood flow measured by this technique at rest and during exercise in six healthy subjects was found to agree closely with simultaneous determinations with an intra-arterial indicator-dilution technique. The reproducibility of the blood-flow measurements, expressed as the coefficient of variation for a single determination, was 9·8%.
3. A routine procedure is suggested for leg blood-flow determination based on femoral venous dye infusion. Using this procedure, leg blood flow was measured in twelve healthy subjects at rest and during exercise at work loads of 100, 200, 400 and 600 kpm/min. A linear relationship was found between leg blood flow and pulmonary oxygen uptake.
4. The applicability of this method to the study of patients with occlusive arterial disease of the leg is illustrated by findings in two patients before and after vascular reconstruction.
Central and Peripheral Mechanisms in the Maintenance of Experimental Hypertension in the Rabbit
Authors: Reid John L. , Lewis Peter J. , Dollery Colin T. 
Published: August 2015

1. The role of the central nervous system (CNS) in maintaining arterial pressure was investigated in two types of experimental hypertension in rabbits.
2. In rabbits with neurogenic hypertension produced by baroreceptor denervation, anaesthesia followed by injection of clonidine (1 μg/kg) into the cisterna magna lowered mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 100·5 ± 1·5 mmHg to 45·0 ± 2·5 mmHg. In normal animals treated similarly MAP fell from 79·1 ± 2·3 mmHg to 49·1 ± 3·9 mmHg.
3. In renal hypertensive rabbits with cellophane perinephritis, intracisternal clonidine decreased MAP from 117·9 ± 4·7 mmHg to 73·0 ± 4·2 mmHg.
4. Acute ganglion blockade with intravenous pentolinium (3 mg/kg) caused a maximum fall in MAP in renal hypertensive animals to 75·8 ± 5·5 mmHg. Combination of intracisternal clonidine and intravenous pentolinium did not significantly augment this fall.
5. The raised arterial pressure in neurogenic hypertension is mediated by the CNS. In renal hypertension, there is a large contribution from the CNS but there are additional non-neurogenic factors elevating the pressure.
Systemic Haemodynamics in Mild Arterial Hypertension before and after Physical Training
Authors: Sannerstedt R. , Wasir H. , Henning R. , Werkö L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Five men with borderline, latent arterial hypertension of the hyperkinetic type were studied haemodynamically at rest and during dynamic exercise before and after a 6-week period of supervised physical training.
2. Tendencies to lower heart rate, cardiac output and arterial blood pressure, both at rest and during a standardized work-load, were observed after the training period, with significant differences between paired observations for the heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure during exercise. The systemic vascular resistance being unchanged, there was a certain trend to an increased widening of the arteriovenous oxygen difference, both at rest and during exercise.
3. The present findings from a small number of subjects indicate that physical conditioning of patients with latent hypertension of the hyperkinetic type contributes to a normalization of their circulation toward a normokinetic one, thereby also normalizing their blood pressure level and achieving a more economic energy expenditure in the cardiovascular system.
Antihypertensive Effect of Spironolactone in Essential, Renal and Mineralocorticoid Hypertension
Authors: Mantero F. , Armanini D. , Urbani S. 
Published: August 2015

1. The hypotensive effect of spironolactone has been studied in twenty-four patients with various forms of hypertension.
2. In essential hypertension a greater fall of blood pressure was achieved in patients with renin activity hyporesponsive to postural change than in those in whom renin responded normally to posture.
3. A poor hypotensive response was observed in patients with renal or renal arterial disease and secondary aldosteronism.
4. The variable hypotensive response seen in patients with primary aldosteronism predicted the response to adrenal surgery.
5. Blood pressure was not lowered by spironolactone in one case of 17-hydroxylation deficiency or in one case of malignant ovarian arrhenoblastoma producing aldosterone.
The Possible Site of Action of Sodium Cromoglycate Assessed by Exercise Challenge
Authors: Godfrey S. , Zeidifard E. , Brown K. , Bell J. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The protective effect of different particle sizes of sodium cromoglycate (SCG) was assessed by exercise challenge in nine asthmatic patients.
2. SCG particles of 11·7 μm or 2·0 μm mass median diameter were generated by a spinning disc and compared with lactose placebo particles. The drugs were given 10 min before a 6 min run on a treadmill.
3. The post-exercise bronchoconstriction caused a 48% fall in peak flow rate in the placebo test, a 41% fall after the large SCG particles and a 20% fall after the small particles.
4. It is concluded that the site of action of SCG is probably in the smallest airways.
Investigation of Serum Lipoproteins and Apoproteins in Abetalipoproteinaemia
Authors: Kostner G. , Holasek A. , Bohlmann H. G. , Thiede H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The serum lipoproteins, apoproteins and lecithin—cholesterol acyltransferase activity of three patients with abetalipoproteinaemia have been studied.
2. Concentration of lipoproteins with a density of less than 1·063 was found to be 5–6 mg/100 ml of plasma. The protein part consisted only of apoAI polypeptides.
3. Concentration of total serum high-density lipoproteins was 90–100 mg/100 ml. After total delipidization of this fraction, apoproteins were separated by column chromatography. All apoA and most of the apoC peptides could be demonstrated by immunochemical methods and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
4. Quantification of individual polypeptides indicated that the proportions apoAI: apoAII: apoAIII in high-density lipoproteins were not different from those observed in normal subjects. ApoCIII1 was absent in the patients' serum. In the remaining apoC peptides differences in the distribution compared with normal subjects could be demonstrated.
5. With antibodies to lipoprotein B, acetylated lipoprotein B or apolipoprotein B no reaction could be observed with abetalipoproteinaemic serum or any density fraction tested including density 1·23 infranate.
6. Isoelectric focussing of prestained lipoproteins in complete patients' serum revealed the absence of four major lipoprotein families present in normal serum.
7. Lecithin—cholesterol acyltransferase activity of abetalipoproteinaemic serum was reduced to a value of about 50% of normal but lipoproteins of patients' serum could be utilized as a substrate only to a minor degree. The maximum activity was observed only if lipoproteins of normal serum were added to the assay system.
Detection of Mucopolysaccharidoses by Sulphate Incorporation into Stimulated Lymphocytes
Authors: Venetianer A. , Dallmann L. , László A. , Burg K. 
Published: August 2015

1. A new technique has been developed for the detection of inborn errors of mucopolysaccharide metabolism by measurement of the incorporation of radioactive sulphate into lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin.
2. Incorporation of 35SO4 was much higher in lymphocytes of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis than in healthy subjects.
3. This technique offers a rapid, simple, reliable screening procedure for the detection of mucopolysaccharidoses.
Studies of the Peripheral Vasodilator Response to Acute Insulin-Induced Hypoglycaemia in Man
Authors: Middleton W. G. , French E. B. 
Published: August 2015

1. The response of hand blood flow to acute insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was measured in normal subjects in whom vasomotor tone had been released physiologically by body heating, anatomically by unilateral nerve block and pharmacologically by unilateral intra-arterial infusion of bretylium tosylate or phenoxybenzamine. Five patients who had undergone unilateral cervical sympathectomy were also studied.
2. Under these conditions the usual increase in hand blood flow associated with acute hypoglycaemia was converted into a decrease except during complete unilateral α-adrenergic blockade when hypoglycaemia produced no change in hand blood flow.
3. The possible mechanisms responsible for the vasodilatation associated with hypoglycaemia are discussed.
4. The results suggest that release of vasoconstrictor tone, rather than activation of specific vasodilator mechanisms (neurogenic or humoral), is the principal means whereby acute hypoglycaemia produces increased blood flow in the hand.