bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Through their eyes: selective attention in peahens during courtship
Authors: Yorzinski Jessica L. , Patricelli Gail L. , Babcock Jason S. , Pearson John M. , Platt Michael L. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARY
Conspicuous, multicomponent ornamentation in male animals can be favored by female mate choice but we know little about the cognitive processes females use to evaluate these traits. Sexual selection may favor attention mechanisms allowing the choosing females to selectively and efficiently acquire relevant information from complex male display traits and, in turn, may favor male display traits that effectively capture and hold female attention. Using a miniaturized telemetric gaze-tracker, we show that peahens (Pavo cristatus) selectively attend to specific components of peacock courtship displays and virtually ignore other, highly conspicuous components. Females gazed at the lower train but largely ignored the head, crest and upper train. When the lower train was obscured, however, females spent more time gazing at the upper train and approached the upper train from a distance. Our results suggest that peahens mainly evaluate the lower train during close-up courtship but use the upper train as a long-distance attraction signal. Furthermore, we found that behavioral display components (train rattling and wing shaking) captured and maintained female attention, indicating that interactions between display components may promote the evolution of multicomponent displays. Taken together, these findings suggest that selective attention plays a crucial role in sexual selection and likely influences the evolution of male display traits.
Leadership Studies and Liberal Education
Authors: Colvin Robert E. 
Published: July 2013

This article explores leadership studies as a complementary and integrating discipline in undergraduate liberal education curricula. A significant historical purpose of liberal education was to liberate and prepare its graduates to be active and capable participants and leaders in social, economic, religious, and political realms. This historical purpose has become resurgent in recent critical examinations of liberal education. Some now argue that the undergraduate liberal education should return, in part, to preparing citizens for leadership responsibilities necessary to strengthen our communities, nation, and democratic institutions.
There appears to be a symbiotic relationship between liberal education and leadership studies. The knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary for effective leadership appear to be closely aligned with the desired learning outcomes of a liberal arts education, regardless of major. This article concludes that leadership studies may be an important and beneficial component of undergraduate liberal education curricula.
Supervisory Options for Instructional Leaders in Education
Authors: Fritz Carrie , Miller Greg 
Published: July 2013

The principal purpose of this article was to identify supervisory approaches available to instructional leaders in education. Selected supervisory approaches served as the basis for creating the Supervisory Options for Instructional Leaders (SOIL) Model. Instructional leaders in a variety of educational settings could use this model. The SOIL Model is divided into three levels of supervision. The supervisory approaches included in each level are placed along a continuum of reward and risk. Reward is defined as “something given or offered for some service or attainment” (Mish, 1989, p. 628). Risk is defined by Mish (1989) as “the exposure to possible loss or injury” (p. 632).
As the instructional leader and teacher develop in the supervisory process, it is proposed that the approach of supervision used should change. As professional readiness increases and as the circumstances dictate, the instructional leader should progress in an upward direction on the continuum and facilitate more teacher-directed approaches of supervision. With teacher-directed approaches of supervision, instructional leaders and teachers may experience greater reward from the supervisory process.
Fiscal Decentralization and Environmental Infrastructure in China
Authors: Liu Antung , Zhang Junjie 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This article provides new evidence that fiscal decentralization has supported economic development by incentiving cities to provide more sewage infrastructure. As a result of the 1994 tax reform, Chinese cities retained different shares of their value-added tax (VAT). Exploiting the persistence of this sharing system, we use the VAT share in 1995 as an instrument for the present fiscal incentives. We find that cities with higher fiscal incentives built significantly more sewage treatment capacity between 2002 and 2008. This result suggests that fiscal incentives can play a strong role in the development of city-level infrastructure.
Thyroid Lymphoma: Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Optimal Management Strategies
Authors: Walsh Siun , Lowery Aoife J. , Evoy Denis , McDermott Enda W. , Prichard Ruth S. 
Published: July 2013

Learning Objectives
Explain the diagnostic modalities used to diagnose primary thyroid lymphoma. Describe the role of the endocrine surgeon in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid lymphoma. Cite the recent advances in the treatment of primary thyroid lymphoma.
Efficacy and Safety of Bevacizumab in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Pooled Analysis From Seven Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Hurwitz Herbert I. , Tebbutt Niall C. , Kabbinavar Fairooz , Giantonio Bruce J. , Guan Zhong-Zhen , Mitchell Lada , Waterkamp Daniel , Tabernero Josep 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Purpose.
This analysis pooled individual patient data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to more thoroughly examine clinical outcomes when adding bevacizumab to chemotherapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).

Patients and Methods.
Patient data were pooled from the first-line AVF2107, NO16966, ARTIST, AVF0780, AVF2192, and AGITG MAX RCTs and the second-line E3200 RCT. All analyses were based on the intent-to-treat population. To assess differences in time-to-event variables by treatment (chemotherapy with or without placebo vs. chemotherapy plus bevacizumab), stratified random-effects (overall) and fixed-effects (subgroup comparisons) models were used to estimate pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results.
The analysis population comprised 3,763 patients (1,773 chemotherapy with or without placebo; 1,990 chemotherapy plus bevacizumab). The addition of bevacizumab to chemotherapy was associated with statistically significant increases in overall survival (OS; HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.71–0.90) and progression-free survival (PFS; HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.46–0.71). The effects on OS and PFS across subgroups defined by chemotherapy backbone (oxaliplatin-based, irinotecan-based), extent of disease (liver metastases only, extensive disease), age (&lt;65, ≥65 years), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (0, ≥1), and KRAS status (wild-type, mutant) were consistent with the overall analysis. Incidence rates of grade ≥3 hypertension, proteinuria, bleeding, wound-healing complications, gastrointestinal perforations, and thromboembolic events were increased with bevacizumab treatment.

Conclusion.
The use of bevacizumab with chemotherapy resulted in statistically significant increases in OS and PFS for patients with mCRC. The PFS benefit extended across the clinically relevant subgroups examined. The observed safety profile of bevacizumab was consistent with that reported in individual trials.
The Role of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin in Ovarian Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Gibson Jean-Marie , Alzghari Saeed , Ahn Chul , Trantham Holly , La-Beck Ninh M. 
Published: July 2013

Learning Objectives
Determine circumstances under which ovarian cancer patients would benefit from carboplatin plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin rather than carboplatin plus paclitaxel. Compare and contrast efficacy and toxicity profiles of carboplatin plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin versus carboplatin plus paclitaxel. Compare and contrast efficacy and toxicity profiles of single agent pegylated liposomal doxorubicin versus topotecan, gemcitabine, olaparib, patupilone, and canfosfamide.
Biological Degradation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions during Pre‐Storage of Liquid Animal Manure
Authors: M⊘ller Henrik B. , Sommer Sven G. , Ahring Birgitte K. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTStorage of manure makes a significant contribution to global methane (CH4) emissions. Anaerobic digestion of pig and cattle manure in biogas reactors before outside storage might reduce the potential for CH4 emissions. However, manure pre‐stored at 15 to 20°C in buildings before anaerobic digestion may be a significant source of CH4 and could reduce the potential CH4 production in the biogas reactor. Degradation of energy‐rich organic components in slurry and emissions of CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) from aerobic and anaerobic degradation processes during pre‐storage were examined in the laboratory. Newly mixed slurry was added to vessels and stored at 15 and 20°C for 100 to 220 d. During storage, CH4 and CO2 emissions were measured with a dynamic chamber technique. The ratio of decomposition in the subsurface to that at the surface indicated that the aerobic surface processes contributed significantly to CO2 emission. The measured CH4 emission was used to calculate the methane conversion factor (MCF) in relation to storage time and temperature, and the total carbon‐C emission was used to calculate the decrease in potential CH4 production by anaerobic digestion following pre‐storage. The results show substantial methane and carbon dioxide production from animal manure in an open fed‐batch system kept at 15 to 20°C, even for short storage times, but the influence of temperature was not significant at storage times of <30 d. During long‐term storage (90 d), a strong influence of temperature on the MCF value, especially for pig manure, was observed.
Seasonal Variation of Herbicide Concentrations in Prairie Farm Dugouts
Authors: Cessna Allan J. , Elliott Jane A. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTPrairie farm dugouts are frequently constructed for use as potable water sources. Consequently, cumulative pesticide inputs via atmospheric deposition and surface runoff may constitute a risk to human health. Since, relative to other pesticides, herbicides are used in greatest amount on the Canadian prairies, herbicide concentrations were intensively monitored in three dugouts over three growing seasons. Herbicides were detected in the water of all three dugouts each growing season which may reflect cumulative inputs from atmospheric and surface processes over the lifetimes of the dugouts, which varied from 11 to 22 yr. Detections, which were not continuous, tended to be seasonal in nature. During the 3‐yr study, detections were most frequent during the spring application period and late fall following dugout turnover. Between these periods, herbicide concentrations generally decreased to below detection limits. The reappearance of herbicides in the dugout water during fall turnover and in concentrations generally greater than those present during the spring application period suggest that, under appropriate environmental conditions, the bottom sediments may act as a source of herbicides to the water column. In general, herbicide inputs due to deposition of application drift did not result in detectable concentrations of herbicides in the dugouts. In the only year that winter samples were monitored, herbicides were also detected during ice cover. On the basis of monthly sampling over each growing season, median concentrations of 9 of the 10 herbicides monitored were less than 0.05 μg L−1 The exception, 2,4‐D, which has been used extensively on the Canadian prairies for more than 50 yr and in greatest amounts, was the most frequently detected herbicide. In no case did herbicide concentrations exceed Canadian drinking water guidelines; however, on occasion maximum herbicide concentrations did exceed aquatic life and irrigation water guidelines.
Evaluating Microbial Purification during Soil Treatment of Wastewater with Multicomponent Tracer and Surrogate Tests
Authors: Van Cuyk Sheila , Siegrist Robert L. , Lowe Kathryn , Harvey Ronald W. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTSoil treatment of wastewater has the potential to achieve high purification efficiency, yet the understanding and predictability of purification with respect to removal of viruses and other pathogens is limited. Research has been completed to quantify the removal of virus and bacteria through the use of microbial surrogates and conservative tracers during controlled experiments with three‐dimensional pilot‐scale soil treatment systems in the laboratory and during the testing of full‐scale systems under field conditions. The surrogates and tracers employed included two viruses (MS‐2 and PRD‐1 bacteriophages), one bacterium (ice‐nucleating active Pseudomonas), and one conservative tracer (bromide ion). Efforts have also been made to determine the relationship between viruses and fecal coliform bacteria in soil samples below the wastewater infiltrative surface, and the correlation between Escherichia coli concentrations measured in percolating soil solution as compared with those estimated from analyses of soil solids. The results suggest episodic breakthrough of virus and bacteria during soil treatment of wastewater and a 2 to 3 log (99–99.9%) removal of virus and near complete removal of fecal coliform bacteria during unsaturated flow through 60 to 90 cm of sandy medium. Results also suggest that the fate of fecal coliform bacteria may be indicative of that of viruses in soil media near the infiltrative surface receiving wastewater effluent. Concentrations of fecal coliform in percolating soil solution may be conservatively estimated from analysis of extracted soil solids.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Organic Phosphorus in Swine Manure and Soil
Authors: He Zhongqi , Griffin Timothy S. , Honeycutt C. Wayne 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTOrganic phosphorus (Po) exists in many chemical forms that differ in their susceptibility to hydrolysis and, therefore, bioavailability to plants and microorganisms. Identification and quantification of these forms may significantly contribute to effective agricultural P management. Phosphatases catalyze reactions that release orthophosphate (Pi) from Po compounds. Alkaline phosphatase in tris‐HCl buffer (pH 9.0), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phytase in potassium acetate buffer (pH 5.0), and nuclease P1 in potassium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) can be used to classify and quantify Po in animal manure. Background error associated with different pH and buffer systems is observed. In this study, we improved the enzymatic hydrolysis approach and tested its applicability for investigating Po in soils, recognizing that soil and manure differ in numerous physicochemical properties. We applied (i) acid phosphatase from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), (ii) acid phosphatases from both potato and wheat germ, and (iii) both enzymes plus nuclease P1 to identify and quantify simple labile monoester P, phytate (myo‐inositol hexakis phosphate)‐like P, and DNA‐like P, respectively, in a single pH/buffer system (100 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0). This hydrolysis procedure released Po in sequentially extracted H2O, NaHCO3, and NaOH fractions of swine (Sus scrofa) manure, and of three sandy loam soils. Further refinement of the approach may provide a universal tool for evaluating hydrolyzable Po from a wide range of sources.
Field Studies on Exposure, Effects, and Risk Mitigation of Aquatic Nonpoint‐Source Insecticide Pollution: A Review
Authors: Schulz Ralf 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTRecently, much attention has been focused on insecticides as a group of chemicals combining high toxicity to invertebrates and fishes with low application rates, which complicates detection in the field. Assessment of these chemicals is greatly facilitated by the description and understanding of exposure, resulting biological effects, and risk mitigation strategies in natural surface waters under field conditions due to normal farming practice. More than 60 reports of insecticide‐compound detection in surface waters due to agricultural nonpoint‐source pollution have been published in the open literature during the past 20 years, about one‐third of them having been undertaken in the past 3.5 years. Recent reports tend to concentrate on specific routes of pesticide entry, such as runoff, but there are very few studies on spray drift–borne contamination. Reported aqueous‐phase insecticide concentrations are negatively correlated with the catchment size and all concentrations of >10 μg/L (19 out of 133) were found in smaller‐scale catchments (<100 km2). Field studies on effects of insecticide contamination often lack appropriate exposure characterization. About 15 of the 42 effect studies reviewed here revealed a clear relationship between quantified, non‐experimental exposure and observed effects in situ, on abundance, drift, community structure, or dynamics. Azinphos‐methyl, chlorpyrifos, and endosulfan were frequently detected at levels above those reported to reveal effects in the field; however, knowledge about effects of insecticides in the field is still sparse. Following a short overview of various risk mitigation or best management practices, constructed wetlands and vegetated ditches are described as a risk mitigation strategy that have only recently been established for agricultural insecticides. Although only 11 studies are available, the results in terms of pesticide retention and toxicity reduction are very promising. Based on the reviewed literature, recommendations are made for future research activities.
Dissolved Organic Carbon and Disinfection By‐Product Precursor Release from Managed Peat Soils
Authors: Fleck J. A. , Bossio D. A. , Fujii R. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA wetland restoration demonstration project examined the effects of a permanently flooded wetland on subsidence of peat soils. The project, started in 1997, was done on Twitchell Island, in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta of California. Conversion of agricultural land to a wetland has changed many of the biogeochemical processes controlling dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release from the peat soils, relative to the previous land use. Dissolved organic C in delta waters is a concern because it reacts with chlorine, added as a disinfectant in municipal drinking waters, to form carcinogenic disinfection by‐products (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). This study explores the effects of peat soil biogeochemistry on DOC and DBP release under agricultural and wetland management. Results indicate that organic matter source, extent of soil organic matter decomposition, and decomposition pathways all are factors in THM formation. The results show that historical management practices dominate the release of DOC and THM precursors. However, within‐site differences indicate that recent management decisions can contribute to changes in DOC quality and THM precursor formation. Not all aromatic forms of carbon are highly reactive and certain environmental conditions produce the specific carbon structures that form THMs. Both HAA and THM precursors are elevated in the DOC released under wetland conditions. The findings of this study emphasize the need to further investigate the roles of organic matter sources, microbial decomposition pathways, and decomposition status of soil organic matter in the release of DOC and DBP precursors from delta soils under varying land‐use practices.
Changes in Ground Water Quality in an Irrigated Area of Southern Alberta
Authors: Rodvang S. J. , Mikalson D. M. , Ryan M. C. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTFew studies have documented spatial and temporal variations in ground water quality in areas with high densities of animal farming operations (AFOs), or the long‐term effects on surface‐water quality. Changes in ground water quality were characterized in an irrigated area with a high density of AFOs in southern Alberta, Canada to evaluate the effect on ground water quality of manure application to fields. Fifty‐five piezometers in the oxidized zone were sampled once or twice annually from 1995 to 2001, and temporal changes were analyzed using mixed model analysis. Average NO3−–N increased significantly from 12.5 to 17.4 mg L−1 and average Cl− increased significantly from 19.4 to 34.4 mg L−1 in piezometers installed in an unconfined sand aquifer at locations receiving fertilizer and manure. Compared with these manured locations, nitrate and chloride concentrations were significantly lower in shallow aquifer water in areas of pasture or native range, and concentrations did not change significantly with time. Nitrate and chloride concentrations in shallow ground water in fine‐textured manured locations did not change significantly. Ground water below about 6 m in till and fine lacustrine sediments contains 18O signatures indicative of recharge under pre‐irrigation or glacially influenced conditions, suggesting this ground water has a low vulnerability to agricultural contamination. Evaluations suggest that shallow ground water discharge will cause NO3−–N and Cl− in the Oldman River to increase by factors of at least 4.3 and 1.3, respectively, with more significant effects in smaller streams and under low‐flow conditions.
Effect of Chloride in Soil Solution on the Plant Availability of Biosolid‐Borne Cadmium
Authors: Weggler Karin , McLaughlin Michael J. , Graham Robin D. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTIncreasing chloride (Cl) concentration in soil solution has been shown to increase cadmium (Cd) concentration in soil solution and Cd uptake by plants, when grown in phosphate fertilizer– or biosolid‐amended soils. However, previous experiments did not distinguish between the effect of Cl on biosolid‐borne Cd compared with soil‐borne Cd inherited from previous fertilizer history. A factorial pot experiment was conducted with biosolid application rates of 0, 20, 40, and 80 g biosolids kg−1 and Cl concentration in soil solution ranging from 1 to 160 mM Cl. The Cd uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd) was measured and major cations and anions in soil solution were determined. Cadmium speciation in soil solution was calculated using GEOCHEM‐PC. The Cd concentration in plant shoots and soil solution increased with biosolid application rates up to 40 g kg−1, but decreased slightly in the 80 g kg−1 biosolid treatment. Across biosolid application rates, the Cd concentration in soil solution and plant shoots was positively correlated with the Cl concentration in soil solution. This suggests that biosolid‐borne Cd is also mobilized by chloride ligands in soil solution. The soil solution CdCl+ activity correlated best with the Cd uptake of plants, although little of the variation in plant Cd concentrations was explained by activity of CdCl+ in higher sludge treatments. It was concluded that chloro‐complexation of Cd increased the phytoavailability of biosolid‐borne Cd to a similar degree as soil (fertilizer) Cd. There was a nonlinear increase in plant uptake and solubility of Cd in biosolid‐amended soils, with highest plant Cd found at the 40 g kg−1 rate of biosolid application, and higher rates (80 g kg−1) producing lower plant Cd uptake and lower Cd solubility in soil. This is postulated to be a result of Cd retention by CaCO3 formed as a result of the high alkalinity induced by biosolid application.