bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cape Ghir filament system in August 2009 (NW Africa)
Authors: Sangrà Pablo , Troupin Charles , Barreiro‐González Beatriz , Desmond Barton Eric , Orbi Abdellatif , Arístegui Javier 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn the framework of the Canaries‐Iberian marine ecosystem Exchanges (CAIBEX) experiment, an interdisciplinary high‐resolution survey was conducted in the NW African region of Cape Ghir (30°38′N) during August 2009. The anatomy of a major filament is investigated on scales down to the submesoscale using in situ and remotely sensed data. The filament may be viewed as a system composed of three intimately connected structures: a small, shallow, and cold filament embedded within a larger, deeper, and cool filament and an intrathermocline anticyclonic eddy (ITE). The cold filament, which stretches 110 km offshore, is a shallow feature 60 m deep and 25 km wide, identified by minimal surface temperatures and rich in chlorophyll a. This structure comprises two asymmetrical submesoscale (∼18 km) fronts with jets flowing in opposite directions. The cold filament is embedded near the equatorward boundary of a much broader region of approximately 120 km width and 150 m depth that forms the cool filament and stretches at least 200 km offshore. This cool region, partly resulting from the influence of cold filament, is limited by two asymmetrical mesoscale (∼50 km) frontal boundaries. At the ITE, located north of the cold filament, we observe evidence of downwelling as indicated by a relatively high concentration of particles extending from the surface to more than 200 m depth. We hypothesize that this ITE may act as a sink of carbon and thus the filament system may serve dual roles of offshore carbon export and carbon sink.
Modeling water isotopologues during the last glacial: Implications for quantitative paleosalinity reconstruction
Authors: Caley Thibaut , Roche Didier M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractQuantitative paleosalinity reconstructions with reasonable uncertainties remain a challenge in paleoceanography. In this study, we focus on stable isotope‐based methods (δ18O and δ2H) to derive paleosalinity. We use the water isotopes‐enabled fully coupled atmosphere/ocean/vegetation/land surface three‐dimensional model of intermediate complexity iLOVECLIM to simulate the climate and water isotopes during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Heinrich event 1. We investigate how the isotopes in water can be used as reliable proxies to quantitatively reconstruct past changes in seawater salinity. Our results demonstrate that a quantitative salinity reconstruction during glacial conditions based on present‐day regional δ18O‐salinity relationships can lead to considerable errors (up to 25 g/kg in certain regions). However, we show that these eventual uncertainties on paleosalinity reconstruction can be reduced by allowing for model‐derived regional δ18O‐salinity relationships to vary through time. Our results indicate a rather stable dependence between δ2H and δ18O in surface seawater during the LGM. This suggest that quantitative reconstruction of salinity based on the δ2H measurement of alkenones (δ2Ha) might be possible if the slope and the intercept of the regression between the fractionation factor δ2Ha‐δ2Hsw and salinity can be sufficiently tightly constrained in open ocean conditions. We confirm that pairing water isotopologues has a strong potential to reduce uncertainties on quantitative paleosalinity reconstructions, also under glacial boundary conditions.
New magnetobiostratigraphic chronology and paleoceanographic changes across the Oligocene‐Miocene boundary at DSDP Site 516 (Rio Grande Rise, SW Atlantic)
Authors: Florindo Fabio , Gennari Rocco , Persico Davide , Turco Elena , Villa Giuliana , Lurcock Pontus C. , Roberts Andrew P. , Winkler Aldo , Carter Lionel , Pekar Stephen F. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNew magnetobiostratigraphic data for the late Oligocene through early Miocene at Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Hole 516F provide a significantly revised age model, which permits reevaluation of developments that led to the Mi‐1 glacial event at the Oligocene‐Miocene boundary. Our new high‐resolution paleomagnetic study, which is supported by quantitative calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminiferal analyses, significantly refines previous age models for Oligocene‐Miocene sediments from DSDP Hole 516F, with ages that are systematically younger than those previously determined. In some parts of the Oligocene, the discrepancy with previous studies exceeds 450 kyr. Based on this new age model, we infer a progressive increase in sedimentation rate and paleoproductivity between circa 23.9 Ma and circa 22.9 Ma, with the highest rate coinciding with the Mi‐1 glacial event at the Oligocene‐Miocene boundary. This productivity increase would have resulted in higher rates of carbon burial and in turn a drawdown of atmospheric CO2. Immediately afterward, an abrupt decrease in sedimentation rate and paleoproductivity suggests that the Mi‐1 deglaciation was associated with decreased carbon input into the ocean. Elevated sedimentation rates are also documented at ~24.5 Ma, coincident with the Oi2D glacioeustatic event. The presence of volcanic material within the sediments during these glacial events is interpreted to have resulted from redeposition of sediment scoured from nearby sites on the Rio Grande Rise due to transient variations in bottom water flow patterns.
A spatiotemporal precipitation generator based on a censored latentGaussian field
Authors: Baxevani Anastassia , Lennartsson Jan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA daily stochastic spatiotemporal precipitation generator that yields precipitation realizations that are quantitatively consistent is described. The methodology relies on a latent Gaussian field that drives both the occurrence and intensity of the precipitation process. For the precipitation intensity, the marginal distributions, which are space and time dependent, are described by a composite model of a gamma distribution for observations below some threshold with a generalized Pareto distribution modeling the excesses above the threshold. Model parameters are estimated from data and extrapolated to locations and times with no direct observations using linear regression of position covariates. One advantage of such a model is that stochastic generator parameters are readily available at any location and time of the year inside the stationarity regions. The methodology is illustrated for a network of 12 locations in Sweden. Performance of the model is judged through its ability to accurately reproduce a series of spatial dependence measures and weather indices.
A new interhemispheric 16‐moment model of the plasmasphere‐ionosphere system: IPIM
Authors: Marchaudon A. , Blelly P.‐L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe present a new interhemispheric numerical model: the IRAP plasmasphere‐ionosphere model (IPIM). This model describes the transport of the multispecies ionospheric plasma from one hemisphere to the other along convecting and corotating magnetic field lines, taking into account source processes at low altitude such as photoproduction, chemistry, and energization through the coupling with a kinetic code solving the transport of suprathermal electron along the field line. Among the new developments, a 16‐moment‐based approach is used for the transport equations in order to allow development of strong temperature anisotropy at high altitude and we consider important but often neglected effects, such as inertial acceleration (centrifugal and Coriolis). In this paper, after presenting in detail the principle of the model, we focus on preliminary results showing the original contribution of this new model. For these first runs, we simulate the convection and corotation transport of closed flux tubes in the plasmasphere for tilted/eccentric dipolar magnetic field configuration in solstice and equinox conditions. We follow different flux tubes between 1.2 and 6 Earth Radii (RE) and demonstrate the capability of the model to describe a wide range of density (above 15 orders of magnitude). The relevance of the mathematical approach used is highlighted, as anisotropies can develop above 3000 km in the plasmasphere as a result of the mirroring effect related to the anisotropic pressure tensor. Moreover, we show that the addition of inertial acceleration may become critical to describe plasma interhemispheric transport above 4RE. The ability of the model to describe the external plasmasphere is demonstrated, and innovative studies are foreseen, regarding the dynamics of the plasma along the magnetic field lines (in particular interhemispheric exchanges and “opening”/“closure” of a flux tube).
Short‐term reproducibility and variability of the pupillographic sleepiness test
Authors: Wilhelm Barbara , Bittner Evelyn , Hofmann Anna , Koerner Andreas , Peters Tobias , Lüdtke Holger , Wilhelm Helmut 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesThe pupillographic sleepiness test (PST) measures the amplitude of the fluctuations of pupil size in the dark, which reflects the level of central nervous system activation and thus alertness. The aim of this study was to assess the short‐term reproducibility and variability of the results obtained with the PST in normal healthy subjects.MethodsThe PST was measured at 9.00, 11:00, and 13:00 h on three consecutive days in 13 young adults. Subjective sleepiness was assessed with the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) and with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The intra‐class correlation (ICC), a measure of reproducibility and the intra‐ and inter‐individual variability, was calculated.ResultsANOVA analysis of the data revealed no significant differences in the PST measurements for testing day. Time of day and subject did however significantly affect the results with an ICC 73.1%. For the SSS and VAS, the ICC was 38.8% and 45.9%, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐individual variability in PST results did not differ considerably between time and days.ConclusionsWe conclude that recordings of the PST have a good reproducibility and low intra‐ and inter‐individual variability compared to subjective scales of sleepiness or the Multiple Sleep Latency Test. The PST is thus a viable method to measure daytime sleepiness objectively. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:862–866, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Household environment and behavioral determinants of respiratory tract infection in infants and young children in northern bangladesh
Authors: Nasanen‐Gilmore S. Pieta K. , Saha Subir , Rasul Izaz , Rousham Emily K. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesRespiratory tract infections (RTI) are one of the leading causes of under‐five mortality in Bangladesh. Solid biomass fuels are the main source of domestic fuel used for cooking across Bangladesh, leading to smoke and pollution exposure in the home. This article aims to identify risk factors for RTI among children aged under five years in Bangladesh with a particular focus on the household environment, fuel use, and cooking practices.MethodsA cross‐sectional household‐health survey was carried out in 321 households in northern Bangladesh. The survey included care‐giver interviews on cooking practices, child health, and household behaviors during cooking. Health status of the youngest child (under five years) from each household was recorded through maternal interviews, medical diagnosis, and assessment of biomarkers (C‐reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin) from finger‐prick blood samples. Anthropometric status (weight, height) was recorded.ResultsChildren who spent ≥30 minutes/day within 5 feet of the stove during cooking had a significantly increased risk of moderate/severe RTI compared with children spending <30 minutes/day close to the stove (OR = 2.15, 95%CI: 1.20–3.86, P = 0.01), independent of socio‐economic status (SES), biomass fuel type (wood, dung, plant‐derived, compressed rice husks), child age, anthropometric status, CRP and hemoglobin.ConclusionsIn environments with a heavy reliance on solid biomass fuels, the amount of time a child spends near the stove during cooking may be an important risk for RTI. These novel findings from Bangladesh warrant further investigation of mother‐infant behaviors during cooking in relation to child health, to ascertain whether the association is likely to be causal. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:851–858, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bionanocomposites based on polysaccharides and fibrous clays for packaging applications
Authors: Alcântara Ana C. S. , Darder Margarita , Aranda Pilar , Ayral André , Ruiz‐Hitzky Eduardo 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe present paper reports the use of sepiolite and palygorskite fibrous clays as fillers to improve the mechanical and barrier properties of films based on neutral or negatively charged polysaccharides, such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, alginate, pectin, and xanthan. The interaction established between the polysaccharide chains and the clay fibers, as well as the physicochemical characteristics of the resulting bionanocomposites are characterized by several techniques. These materials are processed as self‐standing films that not only exhibit improved mechanical properties and water resistance, but also a significant barrier to UV light and reduced water absorption capacity, which make them very attractive for use in food packaging or coatings. Moreover, fibrous clays previously modified with the hydrophobic protein zein are also evaluated as fillers in alginate matrices, focusing on the improvement of water resistance, as well as of light and gas barrier properties, especially towards oxygen, which are of special interest for potential application in the food packaging sector. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42362.
Production and characterization of microfibrillated cellulose‐reinforced thermoplastic starch composites
Authors: Lendvai László , Karger‐Kocsis József , Kmetty Ákos , Drakopoulos Stavros X. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study thermoplastic starch (TPS) matrix‐based microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) reinforced microcomposites were prepared via extrusion compounding in one‐step. Starch was plasticized with a combination of glycerol and water. The native starch/glycerol and the plasticized starch/water ratios were set for 4/1 and 6/1, respectively. Two different MFC types (of varying mean length and diameter) were incorporated up to 20 wt % in the plasticizer‐containing premix prior to its compounding in a twin‐screw extruder. The mechanical properties of the TPS biocomposites were markedly enhanced by the introduction of MFC. The yield strength was improved by ∼50%, whereas the stiffness by ∼250% upon adding 20 wt % MFC compared to the parent TPS. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that the reinforcing effect of the MFC was more prominent in the starch‐ than in the glycerol (plasticizer)‐rich phase of the TPS. The mean length and diameter of the MFCs, yielding similar aspect ratio values lying below the estimated critical one, influenced the mechanical, thermal, and thermo‐mechanical properties marginally. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42397.
Micro‐contact reconstruction of adjacent carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix through annealing‐Induced relaxation of interfacial residual stress and strain
Authors: Li Dongxu , Fei Guoxia , Xia Hesheng , Spencer Paul E. , Coates Philip D. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) nanocomposites were prepared by twin‐screw extrusion and micro injection molding. The electrical conductivity of micro injection molded polymer nanocomposites exhibits a low value and uneven distribution in the micromolded samples. Real‐time tracing of electrical conductivity was conducted to investigate the post thermal treatment on the electrical conductivity of microinjection molded composites. The results show that postmolding thermal treatment leads to a significant increase in the electrical conductivity by over three orders of magnitude for 5 wt % CNT‐filled TPU composites. In‐situ Transmission electron microscopy confirms the conductive CNT network does not change at the micron/sub‐micron scale during thermal treatment. TEM image analysis by a statistical method was used to determine the spatial distribution of CNT in the sample and showed that the average distance between adjacent CNT reduced slightly at the nanometer scale after postmolding thermal treatment. A new conductive mechanism is proposed to explain the enhancement of electrical conductivity after thermal treatment, i.e. micro‐contact reconstruction of adjacent CNT in the polymer matrix through annealing‐induced relaxation of interfacial residual stress and strain. Raman spectra and small angle X‐ray scattering curve of annealed samples provide supporting evidence for the proposed new conductive mechanism. The electron tunneling model was used to understand the effect of inter‐particle distance on the conductivity of polymer composites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42416.
Film‐formation of polyacrylate/silica composite latexes by sol‐gel process
Authors: Liao Wenbo , Huang Xiangxuan , Ye Lingyun , Lan Shanhong , Fan Hongbo , Qu Jinqing 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe polyacrylate/silica composite latexes were prepared by directly mixing silica particles with polyacrylate modified by γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of polyacrylate/silica composite films confirmed the sol‐gel processes occurred to form Si–O–Si crosslinking bonds during the process of film‐formation. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images revealed that the polyacrylate latexes were in contact with silica particles while some silica particles stayed together. Atomic force microscope (AFM) photos showed that organic and inorganic phases were strictly connected with each other and silica particles were embedded in the polymeric matrix with a size range of 20–50 nm. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves demonstrated that the composite film with 3% MPS has higher Tg than those of pure polyacrylate films. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42417.
Understanding the foamability and mechanical properties of foamed polypropylene blends by using extensional rheology
Authors: Laguna‐Gutierrez Ester , Van Hooghten Rob , Moldenaers Paula , Rodriguez‐Perez Miguel Angel 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTIn this article, the influence of the rheological behavior of miscible blends of a linear and a high melt strength, branched, polypropylene (HMS PP), on the cellular structure and mechanical properties of cellular materials, with a fixed relative density, has been investigated. The rheological properties of the PP melts were investigated in steady and oscillatory shear flow and in uniaxial elongation in order to calculate the strain hardening coefficient. While the linear PP does not exhibit strain hardening, the blends of the linear and the HMS PP show pronounced strain hardening, increasing with the concentration of HMS PP. Related to the cellular structure, in general, the amount of open cells, the cell size, and the width of the cell size distribution increase with the amount of linear PP in the blends. Also mechanical properties are conditioned by the extensional rheological behavior of PP blends. Cellular materials with the best mechanical properties are those that have been fabricated using large amounts of HMS PP. The results demonstrate the importance of the extensional rheological behavior of the base polymers for a better understanding and steering of the cellular structure and properties of the cellular materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42430.
Flexural behavior of PP/Mica composites interfacial modified by a p‐phenylen‐bis‐maleamic acid grafted atactic polypropylene modifier obtained from industrial wastes
Authors: García‐Martínez Jesus Maria , Collar Emilia P. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe study of the flexural behavior of the polypropylene/mica system with modified interface by the presence of an interfacial agent obtained from an industrial polymerization by‐product is one of the purposes of present work. The interfacial agent used was a p‐phenylen‐bis‐maleamic grafted atactic polypropylene, aPP‐pPBMA, obtained in authors’ laboratories. Jointly to the study of the effect of the interfacial modification in the composite system, this paper has tried to underline a mathematical model to make predictions of the ultimate properties of the composite. So, a statistical two independent variables Box‐Wilson experimental design have been used to model the behavior of the composite system. The two independent variables considered were the amount of mica particles and of interfacial agent. The fact that the flexural test consist in a combination of compressive and tensile stresses emerges from the analysis of both the data and the statistic parameters of the model. Additionally, a lower sensitivity to changes in the amount of the interfacial agent is found if compared to the obtained for tensile properties. Furthermore, an excellent correlation emerges between the flexural modulus forecasts and those obtained under tensile conditions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42437.
Development of bioplastics based on agricultural side‐stream products: Film extrusion of Crambe abyssinica/wheat gluten blends for packaging purposes
Authors: Rasel Hannah , Johansson Therese , Gällstedt Mikael , Newson William , Johansson Eva , Hedenqvist Mikael 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this work was to add economic value to crambe meal, the protein‐rich byproduct from the industrial extraction of Crambe abyssinica seed oil, by using it as a potential feedstock for oilseed meal‐based plastics. The feasibility to produce continuous, flexible plastic films of glycerol‐plasticized crambe meal blended with wheat gluten (WG) to improve extrudate properties and urea as a protein denaturant using extrusion was investigated. The effect of process parameters and blend composition were studied with regard to the extrusion performance and the film properties. Tensile properties and oxygen permeability were determined, and the film morphology was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. A die temperature between 125 and 130°C resulted in films with the most homogeneous surfaces and highest tensile strength and extensibility. The use of compression molding after extrusion improved the surface quality and film strength and lowered the oxygen permeability. A decrease in the plasticizer content (from 30 to 20 wt %) improved the extrudability and showed the highest tensile strength, whereas the extensibility was essentially unaffected. The importance of the presence of WG was shown by the fact that strength and extensibility decreased when the crambe content was increased from 60 to 80 wt %. It was shown that crambe‐based biopolymer blends could be extruded as continuous flexible plastic films that exhibited promising mechanical and oxygen barrier properties. The operational window was, however, found to be narrow. The results provide a first basis to further develop the process and the blend toward industrial applications, for example, as packaging materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42442.