bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Rational Oil Spill Dispersant Effectiveness Protocol
Authors: Sorial George A. , Koran Karen M. , Holder Edith , Venosa Albert D. , King Dennis W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Chemical dispersants are used in oil spill response operations to enhance the dispersion of oil slicks at sea as small oil droplets in the water column. To be considered for use, the dispersants must be listed in the National Contingency Plan (NCP) Product Schedule. Since 1994, dispersants were required to pass an effectiveness test known as the Swirling Flask Test (SFT), which is described in Appendix C of 40 CFR 300. Listing of a dispersant on the NCP Product Schedule is contingent on the dispersant being at least 45% effective in dispersing South Louisiana crude (SLC) and Prudhoe Bay crude (PBC) oils as measured and calculated by the test. Shortly after adopting the SFT, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began to receive complaints that the test was too rigorous and few dispersants that were previously listed on the NCP Product Schedule could achieve the 45% effectiveness criterion. Additionally, the SFT has been found to give widely varying results in the hands of different testing laboratories. A redesign of the test flask, which is characterized as being baffled with a stopcock at the bottom for undisturbed sample collection, is considered to be necessary to accomplish reproducibility within operators and between operators. This paper presents the development of a revised procedure for dispersant effectiveness testing, called the Baffled Flask Test (BFT), and reports the reproducibility of the revised procedure by three independent operators. It also details the development of pass/fail selection criteria. Experimental results are presented comparing the repeatability of the SFT and BFT methods with three operators determining the effectiveness of 18 dispersants on SLC and PBC oils. Statistical analysis of the results indicated that the overall mean effectiveness of the SFT for all 18 dispersants was only 19.7% compared to 64.6% by the BFT and the coefficient of variation for the SFT was 21.9% versus only 7.8% for the BFT.
Application of a Comprehensive Spill Management Program for Oils and Bulk Hazardous Liquids-Southern Peru Copper Corporation
Authors: Taylor Elliott , Buselli Ezio , Jackson James , Geddes Brian 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Developing corporate environmental management standards for companies with operations in multiple nations is challenging. In 1997, Southern Peru Copper Corporation (SPCC) began developing an oil and bulk hazardous liquids spill management program for compliance in Peru and that would meet responsible planning levels recognized internationally. This effort entailed designing an approach and determining the actions to be taken to put the SPCC program in place, including environmental assessments, spill equipment specifications and purchase, and training and exercises. SPCC has completed a comprehensive spill hazards assessment analysis, developed a spill hazards management database, and prepared corporate-level spill prevention and contingency plans, facility-specific spill prevention plans, and area spill contingency plans. All spill contingency plans are aligned with the Incident Command System (ICS) and are prepared in both English and Spanish.
The success of the spill management program at SPCC centers on an introspective management process: hazards analysis, risk estimation, prevention, planning, spill exercises, response, and evaluation. The risk quantification attributed to oil and bulk hazardous liquids includes evaluation criteria for spill source, pathways, and receptors. Prevention measures are considered in spill source criteria. As spill prevention and preparedness capabilities increase, the relative risk posed by source, pathways, and receptors can be expected to decrease. As hazards are reevaluated, the spill management program subsequently is refocused on those areas posing the highest risk ranking.
Institutional Considerations for Emergency Response in Developing Nations: Indonesia, Brazil, and Angola
Authors: Armstrong Louis , Feld Sergio , Clare Jay 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As exploration and production increase in developing nations, multinational oil companies have to deal with new institutional requirements for emergency response. These can range from plan submission requirements to reporting requirements for a spill to dispersant application regulations. In each country, the institutional requirements can be hidden under several different agencies, changing on a regular basis, or nonexistent. For example, in Indonesia, detailed regulations exist defining the response agencies depending on the distance from the shoreline, but institutional capacity is lacking. In Brazil, there are contingency plan format requirements as part of the environmental process for drilling, strict dispersant permit requirements, and newly published regulations (February 2000) requiring oil spill reporting. In Angola, there are no existing regulations regarding spill response; however, there are emerging regulations targeting the petroleum industry, and a National Oil Spill Contingency Plan is under development. This paper represents regulations and decrees that are valid as of October 2000.
Results of Laboratory Tests on the Potential for Using In Situ Burning on 17 Crude Oils
Authors: McCourt James , Buist Ian , Buffington Sharon 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Over the past 5 years, S.L. Ross Environmental Research has analyzed 17 crude oils with a suite of laboratory tests and controlled burns to determine, for each oil, the likelihood of successfully using in situ burning as a response tool. These studies provided valuable spill response information by indicating which of the oils would respond well to in situ burning and which would not.
When the results of the separate tests were grouped together, trends in suitability were noted. In particular, API gravity was shown to be a reasonably good predictor of success with in situ burning for heavy and light oils (below 21° and above 38°, respectively); however, success with oils of intermediate API gravities was varied, and further testing of these oils is warranted.
Oil Weathering and Sediment Toxicity in Shorelines Affected by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska
Authors: Page David S. , Gilfillan Edward S. , Stubblefield William A. , Boehm Paul D. , Parker Keith R. , Maki Alan W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Beginning in 1989, scientists supported by ExxonMobil conducted a number of scientific studies to assess the fate and effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on shorelines in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska. The 1990, 1991, and 1993 field programs included concurrent sediment sampling for hydrocarbon chemistry and sediment toxicity. This sediment quality assessment found that spill residues on the oiled shorelines rapidly lost toxicity through weathering. The relative amounts of naphthalenes and chrysenes in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the sediments were found to be good indicators of weathering and toxicity. Using a standard sediment amphipod bioassay on the field samples increased mortality above background was found at exposure levels above approximately 2,600 ng/g total PAH (TPAH) for oil that had weathered a year or more. For samples with TPAH &gt; 2,600 ng/g, fractions of naphthalenes (R = +0.76) and chrysenes (R = −0.63) significantly correlated with amphipod mortality where samples with high mortalities (&gt; 80%) were dominated by relatively high fractions of naphthalenes (median = 0.26), and the low mortality category (&lt; 30%) was dominated by relatively high fractions of chrysenes (median = 0.24). The amphipod mortality data fit significantly to a logistic model. Estimated LC10 and LC50 values were approximately 4,100 and 10,750 ng/g TPAH, respectively. Sediment grain size and total organic carbon were also found to contribute to increased amphipod mortality and were covariates in the data analysis. As petroleum weathers through exposure to the environment and lighter hydrocarbon fractions are lost, the results of this study show that the Exxon Valdez spill oil rapidly lost toxicity as the fractions of chrysenes increased and fractions of naphthalenes decreased.
Review of Studies on Oil Damage To Prince William Sound Pink Salmon
Authors: Brannon Ernest , Collins Keya , Moulton Lawrence , Parker Keith R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the tenth year following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, differences of opinion still exist about injuries to pink salmon. It was alleged that exposure to oil reduced growth of fry and induced mortality in eggs. The authors reexamined the allegation that injury occurred and have concluded that insufficient consideration was given to other factors that affected results in the studies from which these allegations were drawn. The inability to track temperature differences and the unknown ages of fry precluded assessment of oil effects on growth during early marine residence. Reported higher egg mortality and long-term injury alleged to have resulted from oil exposure during incubation were confounded by the mortality of eggs that occurred as an artifact of the sampling procedure, unrelated to oil effects. The authors concluded that injury to incubating pink salmon embryos and reduced fry growth were based on an incomplete assessment of other factors that influenced these results. This evidence is supported by other research that has disclosed no oil effects on incubating eggs. Among these were studies that showed measured oil concentrations reaching the incubation substrate were 14 to 7,600 times below the lethal threshold. The seven largest runs in the history of Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska have returned in the 10 years following the spill, which ultimately demonstrated the lack of measurable effect of the oil spill on pink salmon. The authors suggest that the allegation of oil-induced injury to PWS pink salmon needs to be reconsidered in light of these analyses.
Preparedness for Heavy Oil Spills: More Focus on Mechanical Feeder Skimmers
Authors: Hvidbak Flemming 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Numerous spills over the years have demonstrated that mechanical response to heavy oil spills at sea is less than successful. Recently, after the 10,000 m3 Erika spill in France, less than 5% was recovered before the oil reached the coast. The weather played an important role, but the selection of equipment and apparent response strategy did as well. Mainly weir skimmers were used.
Weir skimmers are, due to their simplicity and reliability, widely used in spills at sea. Probably because some of the well-known brands are equipped with heavy oil transfer pumps, they commonly are used in heavy oil spills. In addition, high capacity units with light oil centrifugal transfer pumps are being used on heavy oil (Erika). Weir skimmers start losing their efficiency when the viscosity of the oil exceeds certain limits. It gets too difficult for the oil to pass the weir lip and flow into the hopper so that the pump can transfer it. For very heavy oils, which barely can float, the inlet weir is an even larger obstruction. A mechanical feeder skimmer lifts or drags the oil out of the water to a position above the water surface and feeds or drops it into a collection tank or a transfer pump. The mechanical feeder principle may result in significantly increased performance regarding high viscosity, debris, and, in most cases, low water content.
Recent tests at SAIC/Environment Canada's test facility in Ottawa, Canada, sponsored by the Canadian Coast Guard, demonstrated that floating bitumen with a viscosity of about 2 million cSt could be recovered by mechanical feeder skimmers, while a “high viscosity” weir skimmer had no effect. This puts the Erika's viscosity of “only” 200,000 cSt into perspective, and strongly point at mechanical feeder skimmers in the preparedness for heavy oil spills.
Innovative Recovery of Nonfloating Oils, Upham Beach, Florida
Authors: Stowe Cynthia , McMillen Richard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Marine Safety Office (MSO) Tampa, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, conducted a unique and innovative oil recovery operation involving the removal of submerged and buried oil. Leveraging into an existing federally funded beach renourishment project as the primary means of oil recovery not only minimized costs, but also significantly reduced the waste stream. This is the first time such a dual-purpose operation has been conducted.
Throughout the course of the recovery operation, innovative recovery techniques were developed, such as the creation of a 1,000 foot by 500 foot retention pond that was located on the beach and was constructed entirely of sand. This pond, which is typical of a construction site, receives and controls runoff water. In this case, the pond received all of the dredged material including the oil, which was collected and vacuumed off the pond. The use of a weir box outfall allowed for the easy removal of the large amount of water that was deposited with the dredged material.
This project was initiated when the Corps of Engineers uncovered pockets of submerged oil during a beach renourishment project. The oil was linked to a major spill occurring in 1993 where a Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) was signed recently. Because of this agreement, no Responsible Party could be named under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), and all oil removal costs were born by the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF).
Training the Masses: Teaching ICS over the World Wide Web
Authors: Anderson David , Dix Mark 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In March 2000, instructors from the Marine Safety Port Operations School at the U.S. Coast Guard Training Center Yorktown in Yorktown, Virginia delivered Incident Command System (ICS) 200-level training over the World Wide Web. The ICS Web-based training was part of an ensemble of courses that were offered over the Web to evaluate a software package developed by an independent contractor and to measure the effectiveness of Web-based training in the U.S. Coast Guard. Students throughout the United States, including Alaska, participated in the training using their personal or work computers. A number of students successfully met the objectives of the ICS 200 training without leaving their locale. To evaluate the efficacy of delivery, students were given pretests and posttests to measure their knowledge of ICS both before and after the training. The course consisted of two 4-hour Web-based delivery sessions using the National Interagency Incident Management System (NIIMS) curriculum for ICS 200. The U.S. Coast Guard adopted NIIMS ICS as the standardized response management system for all Coast Guard response operations and faces the task of providing the appropriate ICS training to all its members. Currently, Coast Guard ICS training is being provided at resident courses within the Coast Guard Marine Safety Schools and by field instructors. The advantages, foibles, and lessons learned from this Web-based training experiment as well as the future of using the Internet for delivery of ICS courses are discussed.
A Review of the Problems Posed By Spills of Heavy Fuel Oils
Authors: Ansell D. V. , Dicks B. , Guenette C. C. , Moller T. H. , Santner R. S. , White I. C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Experience shows that spills of persistent heavy fuel oils, whether from cargo carried on tankers or bunker fuel used by ships in general, are among the most difficult to combat. Because of their viscous nature, which leads to prolonged persistence in the marine environment, these oils have the potential to cause widespread contamination of sensitive environmental and economic resources. This is also true for heavy crude oils and those crudes that form viscous and persistent emulsions, and many of the observations contained in this paper apply equally to such oils.
The paper highlights some of the specific problems that the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited (ITOPF) staff have experienced during their on-site involvement in over 150 fuel oil spills during the last 25 years including incidents such as the Eleni V (United Kingdom/Netherlands, 1978), Tanio (France, 1980), Nestucca (United States/Canada, 1988), Korea Hope (South Korea, 1990), Vista Bella (Caribbean, 1991), Katina P (Mozambique, 1992), Morris J Berman (Puerto Rico, 1994), Apollo Sea (South Africa), Iron Baron (Australia, 1995), Nakhodka (Japan, 1997), Evoikos (Singapore, 1997), Kure (United States, 1997), New Carissa (United States, 1999), Erika (France, 1999), Volgoneft 248 (Turkey, 1999), and Treasure (South Africa, 2000).
This review of the practical lessons that can be learned from past events is intended to provide an informed basis for the selection of more effective response techniques and equipment, and for the development of improved spill response management and contingency planning.
Oil Spill Response Training and Exercises in Norway: Are We Prepared?1
Authors: Ly Johan Marius 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT) is responsible for coordinating a national contingency system against oil pollution in Norway. As part of this responsibility, SFT has conducted training and exercises for the private, municipal, and governmental contingency organizations for more than 20 years.
This paper presents the current oil spill response preparedness in Norway and outlines different training and exercise programs adapted to the various levels of responsibility and the geographical areas of response. Furthermore, some of the issues and challenges faced by the reduction of governmental funding for training and exercises are discussed.
EurOPA Is Coming1
Authors: Rutherford Donna J. , Bell Matteson B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the few short months since the Erika sinking, a push for stronger European maritime safety regulations has been proposed. Classification societies have come under fire to tighten standards and surveys for aging vessels. Changes, as an evolutionary process, are time-consuming and often slow; however, a catastrophic event may accelerate this change. The Exxon Valdez is a prime example of a catastrophe that preceded intense change in U.S. legislation and regulatory requirements; the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 was the eventual climax of the responses to this major spill. As the Exxon Valdez was the catalyst for major legislative and regulatory changes in the United States, the Erika could possibly be the European equivalent. This paper looks into the changes in U.S. legislation implemented after the Exxon Valdez and primarily, the aftermath of the Erika to European and international legislation as it pertains to the shipping industry.
The Erika Oil Spill: Laboratory Studies Conducted To Assist Responders
Authors: Guyomarc'h Julien , Merlin François-X , Budzinski Hélène , Mazeas Laurent , Chaumery Christian , Haeseler Frank , Oudot Jean 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Immediately following the Erika oil spill, responders raised many questions concerning the identification of the fuel oil, its behavior in the water column, and physical properties, potential toxicity, environmental impacts, and the feasibility of various countermeasures to treat the spill. Several laboratories in France conducted simultaneous complementary investigations. The Laboratoire d'Analyse de Surveillance et d'Expertise de la Marine (LASEM) performed oil analyses of various samples collected at sea and on the shore for identification as well as for confirming the oil drifting predictions. The CEntre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux (CEDRE) studied oil behavior and its physical properties under realistic conditions in its flume test canal to predict the evolution of the product spilled at sea. Simultaneously, the Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP) and the Laboratoire de Physico-Toxico Chimie des systèmes naturels (LPTC) carried out oil chemical analyses of the polyaromatic compounds and the water accommodated fractions for environmental risk assessments. Finally, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) investigated the possibility for oil biodegradation through laboratory experiments. This experimental information was of great interest for response operations. Field observations validated laboratory predictions, especially those concerning physical properties.
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company's Response Training Program
Authors: Chelgren-Koterba Pam , Knutsen Gregg , Hankins Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In January 2000, the Alaska Statewide Oil and Hazardous Substance Incident Management System workgroup, convened under the auspices of the Alaska Regional Response Team (ARRT), submitted standardized spill response management guidelines to the ARRT These guidelines lay out minimum training needs of personnel in a variety of spill response positions including both those in the field and the Incident Management Team. These guidelines were established after extensive workgroup actions designed to comprehensively and accurately capture response information.
This paper will examine these guidelines through a look at Alyeska Pipeline Service Company's Ship Escort Response Vessel System (SERVS) training standards and preparedness. It will show how SERVS and other Alyeska training requirements meet and/or exceed the recommendations of the ARRT-sponsored guidelines. The paper will explore the various avenues of training offered by Alyeska, including classroom instruction, on-the-job training opportunities available for employee development, and outside training classes/courses to which Alyeska has sent its employees. The paper will frame these discussions within a description of the minimum qualifications required for each position. As a key contributor to the guidelines, Alyeska Valdez Business Unit has used the guide to streamline its response training program. The training program set up by the Alyeska Business Unit compares very favorably to the statewide ARRT-recommended training levels by function and management level after an exhaustive review of our training processes. The paper will review how this training review process factors in prior work and training equivalencies into the Alyeska Valdez Business Unit program, promoting personnel assignment flexibility and efficiency.
Through this discussion of the elements of the Alyeska Valdez Business Unit training program and a comparison of the program to the ARRT guidelines, the reader will have a better understanding of the tools required to develop a comprehensive spill prevention and response training program, while considering the inevitable pressures of resource and time constraints on that program.