bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Critical Literature Review of Laboratory and Field Scale Determination of Residual Oil Saturation
Authors: Teklu Tadesse Weldu , Brown Jeffrey S. , Kazemi Hossein , Graves Ramona M. , AlSumaiti Ali M. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
In petroleum reservoirs only a small fraction of the original oil-in-place is economically recovered by primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery mechanisms. A considerable amount of hydrocarbon ends up unrecovered or trapped due to microscopic phase trapping in porous media which results in an oil recovery factor typically less than 50%. Waterflooding is by far the most widely used method to increase oil recovery. The oil that remains in the porous media after waterflooding is called remaining oil saturation (ROS) which is larger than the relative permeability residual oil saturation (Sorw or simply Sor). This residual oil saturation varies depending on lithology, pore size distribution, permeability, wettability, fluid characteristics, recovery method, and production scheme. Determination of the residual oil saturation of a reservoir is a key parameter for reserve assessment and recovery estimates. Further, reliable Sor data is important for investigation of possible incremental recovery under Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods.
Various residual oil saturation measurment techniques are available both at laboratory and field scale. None of the techniques can be regarded as a single best method of determining Sor. Depending on the complexity of the reservoir under study, combinations of methods are always advisable for appropriate Sor determination.
This study is an up-to-date review of techniques used in determining Sor in laboratory and field. The study further reports on the advantages and limitations of each method and provides recommendations for best practices.
Acid Treatments in High Temperature Dolomitic Carbonate Reservoirs Using Emulsified Acids: A Coreflood Study
Authors: Sayed M.A. , Nasr-El-Din H.A. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Acid treatments in deep wells drilled in carbonate reservoirs represent a challenge to the oil industry. Emulsified acid can be used in matrix acidizing and acid fracturing treatments. The delayed nature of emulsified acid is useful in creating deep wormholes and etched fracture surfaces. The high temperature of deep wells requires a special formulation of emulsified acid that is stable and effective at such high temperatures. The main objective of the present work is to study the performance of emulsified acid in stimulating high temperature deep wells drilled in dolomitic carbonate reservoirs.
A coreflood study was conducted using dolomite cores, which had dimensions of 1.5 in. diameter and 6 in. length. The initial permeability of the dolomite cores used in the current study ranged from 1.6 to 20.9 md. Emulsified acid systems were formulated at 0.7 acid volume fraction, 1.0 vol% emulsifier, and 15 wt% HCl concentration. Coreflood experiments were performed at a temperature of 300°F, at injection rates range from 0.5 to 10 cm3/min until acid breakthrough the core. Samples of the effluent fluids were collected and analyzed using ICP to measure the calcium and magnesium concentrations. All cores were CAT scanned before acid treatment to study the presence of vugs, and after acid injection to study the characteristics of the generated wormhole.
The results show that the emulsified acid created wormholes in dolomite cores, resulting in better treatment outcome. For emulsified acid injection rates in the range from 0.5 to 10 cm3/min, the volume of emulsified acid injected to achieve breakthrough increased with the increase in the emulsified acid injection rate. Also, there was no optimum injection rate for the injection rate range studied (0.5 to 10 cm3/min). The number and size of the created wormholes was function of the injection rate of emulsified acid. This paper summarizes the results obtained and recommends the use of emulsified acid systems for field applications with dolomite reservoirs.
New Generation of "Green" Defoamers for Challenging Drilling and Cementing Applications
Authors: Bava Luciana , Mahmoudkhani Amir , Wilson Robert , Levy Leanne 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Increased environmental regulations in the North Sea, US and Canada offshores (OSPAR, US EPA, etc.) call for the use of less toxic and biodegradable chemicals in upstream oilfied applications. Compliance with international and domestic protocols governing use and discharge of oilfield chemicals is a crucial factor in the development of new, environmentally benign additives. To create competitive products, service companies need to re-evaluate their existing product lines and re-formulate with chemistries that must meet not only the standards for the ecotoxicity footprint but also, the technological challenges in oilfields. With increasing offshore production activities, the need to develop efficient technological solutions generates a substantial market for "green" chemical substances.
In drilling and cementing applications, the reliable administration of defoaming chemistries is a key step in preventing excessive foaming and avoiding operational difficulties due to entrained air. Traditional products that are used in common operating conditions, often pose a risk to the environment. A new generation of "greener" chemistries is needed either in liquid or solid forms. Solid defoamers represent a particularly attractive alternative, as they are characterized by long term stability and ease of handling under severe climatic conditions.
This paper presents the development of "green" technologies that show superior performance when compared to traditional defoamers. Formulated products in liquid and solid forms are evaluated using an advanced analytical approach to optimized performance during simulated field conditions. Based on widely used risk assessment models, these new alternatives offer safe and reliable solutions for slurry design and chemical control of foaming in offshore applications. Examples of severe foaming cases in slurries containing diverse additives are presented and demonstrate the advantage of this "green" technology.
The oilfield industry is presently facing several challenges both from stricter environmental restrictions and also from specific field application requirements. The focus on finding suitable replacement additives for cementing and drilling systems without compromising the properties of completion fluids is a priority for many oil service companies. The studied "green" defoamers are less toxic and easily biodegradable thus providing new environmentally responsible and cost-effective additives.
Effect of Stress Anisotropy on Well Productivity in Unconventional Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Bahrami Hassan , Rezaee Reza , Hossain M. Mofazzal , Asadi M. Sadegh , Minaein Vida , Jamili Ahmad 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Relative magnitude of in-situ stresses and their direction can control production performance of non-fractured and hydraulically fractured horizontal wells in unconventional gas reservoirs. The in-situ stresses influence wellbore instability, hydraulic fractures propagation, reservoir permeability anisotropy, and direction of gas flow in the reservoir.
This paper presents the evaluation of the factors associated with horizontal stress anisotropy that control production performance in tight gas, shale gas, and coal bed methane reservoirs with normal faulting stress regime. Rock mechanical modeling and reservoir simulation are carried out based on the typical data from a West Australian unconventional gas reservoir, in order to understand the effect of stress anisotropy on permeability anisotropy and well productivity for difference cases of non-fractured and hydraulically fractured horizontal wells.
The study results highlight the significance of well completion system, horizontal well orientation, and direction of in-situ horizontal stresses in controlling well productivity. In non-fractured or hydraulically fractured wells, production performance may noticeably be different when horizontal wellbore orientation is parallel or perpendicular to the maximum horizontal stress direction. Understandings of these factors are vital in designing the well completion and stimulation strategy that ensures maximum well productivity.
The Realized Yield Effect of Genetically Engineered Crops: U.S. Maize and Soybean
Authors: Xu Zheng , Hennessy David A. , Sardana Kavita , Moschini GianCarlo 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTYield improvements are critical to ensuring food security for a growing world population especially in view of the increasing potential for use of land in biofuel production. Efforts to sustain the impressive rate of past productivity gains, epitomized by such successes as the Green Revolution, are bound to rely on biotechnology innovations such as those responsible for the development of genetically engineered (GE) crops. Some argue that the use of biotechnology can substantially improve yields relative to the trajectory established by traditional breeding in the 20th century. Because U.S. adoption of GE varieties has been very strong since their introduction in the late 1990s, we investigated empirically whether and to what extent the GE technology has improved realized yields. We study this question for nonirrigated U.S. maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yields over 1964 through 2010, having controlled for local effects, weather, fertilization, and the preexisting (non‐GE) crop improvement trend. For maize we find that GE varieties have increased realized yields, with a stronger gain in the Central Corn Belt (CCB). For soybeans, GE varieties appear to have slightly reduced yields. For both crops we find a strong trend in yield growth, which may have accelerated in recent years within the CCB. However, the combined effects of yield trend and GE adoption are predicted to fall short of the growth rate envisioned by industry projections.
Stability of Oleate Concentration in Soybean Lines Containing the High‐Oleate Transgene DP‐305423‐1
Authors: Spear Jordan D. , Fehr Walter R. , Schnebly Steve R. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTSoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines with the transgene DP‐305423‐1 produce oil with a high oleate concentration that is desirable for oxidative stability. It is important for commercial production to understand the oleate concentration that can be expected when cultivars with the transgene are grown over a range of environmental conditions. The objective of our study was to evaluate the environmental stability of oleate concentration for lines with the transgene in comparison to that of lines without the transgene. Three high‐oleate, normal‐linolenate (HONL); six high‐oleate, low‐linolenate (HOLL); three mid‐oleate, low‐linolenate (MOLL); three normal‐oleate, low‐linolenate (NOLL); and three normal‐oleate, normal‐linolenate (NONL) lines were evaluated across 18 environments during 2010 and 2011. The mean oleate concentration of all the lines ranged from 529 to 643 g kg−1 among the environments. The mean oleate concentration across environments was 842 g kg−1 for HONL, 826 g kg−1 for HOLL, 536 g kg−1 for MOLL, 262 g kg−1 for NOLL, and 238 g kg−1 for NONL lines. The range in oleate concentrations among environments averaged 73 g kg−1 for HONL, 128 g kg−1 for HONL, 148 g kg−1 for MOLL, 153 g kg−1 for NOLL, and 108 g kg−1 for NONL lines. The results indicated that the consistency in oleate concentrations across a range of production environments for cultivars with the DP‐305423‐1 transgene would be equal or superior to cultivars without the transgene.
Effects of Storage Temperature and Relative Humidity on Viability and Vigor of Treated Soybean Seeds
Authors: Mbofung Gladys C. Y. , Goggi A. Susana , Leandro Leonor F. S. , Mullen Russell E. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTSeed treatments are applied to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds to control early season diseases and insects. Unsold, treated soybean seed must be disposed in a different manner than untreated seed. To minimize treated seed disposal costs, it is necessary to improve seed storage. The objective was to determine the best storage environments that would minimize deterioration of treated soybean seed. Twenty‐four soybean varieties, different in lipid and protein contents and from four maturity groups, were treated either with fungicide or a mixture of fungicide plus insecticide or were untreated and were stored in three storage environments differing in temperature and relative humidity: a cold storage (CS) (10°C), a warm storage (WS) (25°C), and a warehouse (WH). Seed viability and vigor were evaluated each 4 mo for 20 mo using standard germination and accelerated aging tests. Seed viability remained high throughout the study for seeds stored in CS (>92%) and moderate in the WS (>78%) but decreased to almost 0% after 20 mo in the WH. The seed viability of treated seed was significantly higher than that of untreated seed after 16 mo in the WH while in the CS and WS the positive effects lasted for 20 mo. Seed vigor was affected by only seed lipid content for seeds stored for 12 mo, regardless of storage environment. Treated soybean seeds could be carried over for two seasons if the storage temperature is maintained at 10°C and the relative humidity is below 40%.
Switchgrass Biomass Composition Altered by Six Generations of Divergent Breeding for Digestibility
Authors: Vogel K. P. , Mitchell R. B. , Sarath G. , Jung H. G. , Dien B. S. , Casler M. D. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTBiomass composition of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) can affect its utilization by ruminants and its conversion to liquid fuels in a biorefinery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of six generations of divergent breeding for forage in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) on switchgrass biomass composition, forage quality traits, and ethanol yield. Initially there was one cycle of selection for both low (C‐1) and high IVDMD (C1 = cv. Trailblazer), followed by four additional breeding cycles for high IVDMD. In cycles 4 and 5, winter survival was included as a selection criterion because of decreased winter survival of the C3 population. The experimental populations that were produced by these breeding generations and nine half‐sib families from cycle 5 were evaluated for two post‐establishment years at the research station in eastern Nebraska, where all the breeding work was conducted. The six breeding generations resulted in significant differences among the populations for all the 28 cell wall and non‐cell‐wall composition variables measured, forage quality, and ethanol yield traits measured except for total biomass C, cell wall concentration, soluble glucose, and etherified ferulates. These traits included all cell wall and nonstructural carbohydrates. Breeding for the heritable complex trait IVDMD affected a large number of plant biomass characteristics and also adversely affected plant biomass yield and winter survival.
Influence of Three Nitrogen Fertilization Schedules on Bermudagrass and Seashore Paspalum: I. Spring Green‐up and Fall Color Retention
Authors: Rimi Filippo , Macolino Stefano , Richardson Michael D. , Karcher Douglas E. , Leinauer Bernd 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTA primary concern in managing warm‐season turfgrasses within the transition zone is the lengthy dormant period, during which these swards lack green color. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of three N fertilization schedules on spring green‐up and fall color retention of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.). A field trial was performed at the agricultural experimental farm of Padova University (northeastern Italy). Bermudagrass cultivars Princess‐77, Riviera, SWI 1014, and Yukon and seashore paspalum ‘Sea Spray’ were compared under three N fertilization schedules: (i) 6.7 g N m−2 on 15 May, 15 June, and 15 August, (ii) 5 g N m−2 on 15 May, 15 June, 15 August, and 15 October, and (iii) 4 g N m−2 on 15 May, 15 June, 15 August, 15 September, and 15 October. Spring green‐up was estimated weekly as a percent green turfgrass coverage from 15 March to 15 June of 2010 and 2011. Fall color retention was visually rated from September to November of 2010 and 2011. Sea Spray seashore paspalum had later spring green‐up and better fall color than the bermudagrass cultivars, which differed widely in terms of spring green‐up and fall color retention. Fall‐applied N enhanced green‐up of all the grasses tested and extended fall color retention of bermudagrass cultivars. This study revealed that protracting applications of N fertilizer until late season may improve quality performance of warm‐season grasses without increasing annual N applied.
Segmentation of Individual Renal Cysts from MR Images in Patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Authors: Bae Kyungsoo , Park Bumwoo , Sun Hongliang , Wang Jinhong , Tao Cheng , Chapman Arlene B. , Torres Vicente E. , Grantham Jared J. , Mrug Michal , Bennett William M. , Flessner Michael F. , Landsittel Doug P. , Bae Kyongtae T. 
Published: March 2013

Summary

Objective
To evaluate the performance of a semi-automated method for the segmentation of individual renal cysts from magnetic resonance (MR) images in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD).

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
This semi-automated method was based on a morphologic watershed technique with shape-detection level set for segmentation of renal cysts from MR images. T2-weighted MR image sets of 40 kidneys were selected from 20 patients with mild to moderate renal cyst burden (kidney volume < 1500 ml) in the Consortium for Radiologic Imaging Studies of Polycystic Kidney Disease (CRISP). The performance of the semi-automated method was assessed in terms of two reference metrics in each kidney: the total number of cysts measured by manual counting and the total volume of cysts measured with a region-based thresholding method. The proposed and reference measurements were compared using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis.

Results
Individual renal cysts were successfully segmented with the semi-automated method in all 20 cases. The total number of cysts in each kidney measured with the two methods correlated well (ICC, 0.99), with a very small relative bias (0.3% increase with the semi-automated method; limits of agreement, 15.2% reduction to 17.2% increase). The total volume of cysts measured using both methods also correlated well (ICC, 1.00), with a small relative bias of <10% (9.0% decrease in the semi-automated method; limits of agreement, 17.1% increase to 43.3% decrease).

Conclusion
This semi-automated method to segment individual renal cysts in ADPKD kidneys provides a quantitative indicator of severity in early and moderate stages of the disease.
In Vivo Maturation of Allo-Specific CD8 CTL and Prevention of Lupus-like Graft-versus-Host Disease Is Critically Dependent on T Cell Signaling through the TNF p75 Receptor But Not the TNF p55 Receptor
Authors: Soloviova Kateryna , Puliaiev Maksym , Haas Mark , Via Charles S. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
A third signal is required for maturation of effector CD8 CTL in addition to TCR and CD28 engagement. Inflammatory cytokines can provide a third signal; however, in nonpathogen settings (i.e., antitumor responses), the identity of the third signal is not clear. A useful model for in vivo CD8 CTL in the absence of exogenous pathogens is the alloantigen-driven parent-into F1 model of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) characterized by a strong TNF-dependent donor antihost CD8 CTL T cell response. To determine whether TNF acts directly on donor T cells in a signal 3 manner, F1 mice received TNFR 1 (p55) knockout (KO) and/or TNFR 2 (p75) KO donor T cells. Donor p75 KO but not p55KO donor T cells failed to induce acute GVHD phenotype and instead induced a lupus-like chronic GVHD both short and long term because of quantitative and qualitative donor T cell defects, that is, reduced perforin, IFN-γ, and TNF production. Transfer of mixed or matched purified CD4 and CD8 T cells from wild type or p75KO donors demonstrated that optimal CTL maturation required p75 signaling in both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Despite defective p75KO CD4 help for CD8 CTL, p75KO CD4 help for B cells and autoimmunity was intact. These results provide a mechanism by which impaired CD8 CTL could contribute to reduced antiviral and antitumor responses and autoimmunity reported in patients receiving TNF blockers. Our results support the idea that selective p55 blockade may be beneficial by reducing inflammation without compromising CD8 CTL.
Post total thyroidectomy hypocalcemia
Authors: Pradeep PV , Ramalingam K , Jayashree B 
Published: March 2013

Context:
No single factor can predict the occurrence of post total thyroidectomy (TT) hypocalcemia.

Aims:
This study was conducted to look at various factors usually implicated in post TT clinically significant hypocalcemia (CSH) and to develop a scoring system using a combination of these factors to predict CSH.

Settings and Design:
Prospective study, tertiary care center. Materials and Methods: 145 patients, who underwent total thyroidectomy for benign goiters and early carcinoma thyroid (< T2/N0/M0), were included. Age of the patient, presence, or absence of hyperthyroidism, pre-operative levels of serum calcium and 25 OH vitamin D, post-operative iPTH at 8 hours and calcium at 12 hours, intra-operative parathyroid preservation status, and nodule size were studied. CSH prediction score (0 to 8) was designed based on these 8 factors.

Statistical Analysis:
SPSS 13 software was used. For comparison between groups' independent samples T-test and Chi-square test was used. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. A logistic regression analysis model was built to assess the significant predictors.

Results:
There were 22 males and 123 females. 64.82% had euthyroid multinodular goiters, 24.82% had toxic MNG, and 10.34% had an early carcinoma of thyroid. 30.34% developed CSH. CSH was observed in patients with low pre-operative calcium (P=0.008), low 25 OH vitamin D (P=0.001), low post-operative iPTH at 8 hours (P=0.001), low serum calcium at 12 hours after surgery (P=0.001) and lesser number of parathyroid identification at surgery (P=0.001). Patient age (P=0.2) and nodule size (P - 0.17) was not significant. Hypocalcemia risk score of > 3 had 91% sensitivity, 84% specificity with a PPV of 71% and NPV of 95%, whereas score of ≥ 4 had 100% specificity and PPV in predicting CSH.

Conclusions:
CSH after TT is multi-factorial, and a combination of factors (Hypocalcemia prediction score > 3) can be used to predict it so as to discharge patients within 24 hours after surgery.
Effect of Aging on the Optical Properties of Plasma Polymerized 1,1,3,3‐Tetramethoxypropane Thin Films
Authors: Afroze Tamanna , Bhuiyan A. H. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTPlasma‐polymerized 1,1,3,3‐tetramethoxypropane (PPTMP) thin films of pale brown color were prepared using a capacitively coupled glow discharge reactor. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic investigation revealed that PPTMP thin films might have a certain amount of conjugation. Optical properties were investigated by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopic measurements on as‐deposited and aged PPTMP thin films. From the optical absorption data, absorption coefficient and direct and indirect energy band gaps were calculated for the as‐deposited unaged and aged PPTMP thin films. The aging effect on the structural and optical properties is also discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21347; View this article online atwileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21347