bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure of Cellulose Microfibrils in Primary Cell Walls from Collenchyma
Authors: Thomas Lynne H. , Forsyth V. Trevor , Šturcová Adriana , Kennedy Craig J. , May Roland P. , Altaner Clemens M. , Apperley David C. , Wess Timothy J. , Jarvis Michael C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn the primary walls of growing plant cells, the glucose polymer cellulose is assembled into long microfibrils a few nanometers in diameter. The rigidity and orientation of these microfibrils control cell expansion; therefore, cellulose synthesis is a key factor in the growth and morphogenesis of plants. Celery (Apium graveolens) collenchyma is a useful model system for the study of primary wall microfibril structure because its microfibrils are oriented with unusual uniformity, facilitating spectroscopic and diffraction experiments. Using a combination of x-ray and neutron scattering methods with vibrational and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that celery collenchyma microfibrils were 2.9 to 3.0 nm in mean diameter, with a most probable structure containing 24 chains in cross section, arranged in eight hydrogen-bonded sheets of three chains, with extensive disorder in lateral packing, conformation, and hydrogen bonding. A similar 18-chain structure, and 24-chain structures of different shape, fitted the data less well. Conformational disorder was largely restricted to the surface chains, but disorder in chain packing was not. That is, in position and orientation, the surface chains conformed to the disordered lattice constituting the core of each microfibril. There was evidence that adjacent microfibrils were noncovalently aggregated together over part of their length, suggesting that the need to disrupt these aggregates might be a constraining factor in growth and in the hydrolysis of cellulose for biofuel production.
Training for front‐line homeless workers: practicalities and ethics of teaching cognitive behavioural and dialectical behavioural psychological therapeutic techniques
Authors: Maguire Nick 
Published: November 2012

PurposeThis paper seeks to discuss the need and scope for application of psychological therapeutic techniques in work with problems of chaotic or dysfunctional behaviour, as found among users of homelessness resettlement services.Design/methodology/approachThe paper summarises recent research and UK policy guidance on the mental health needs encountered by frontline homelessness service resettlement staff on a daily basis. It goes on to discuss the impact of these experiences, and the value of training to help staff manage such encounters with greater awareness and skills. In particular, the paper considers the ethical dimension for staff, in responding to users' histories of emotional distress.FindingsThere is a relative dearth of studies providing evidence on stress and burn‐out amongst resettlement staff, compared to healthcare staff; nevertheless they face the same or similar pressures in their day‐to‐day work with clients. When asked to consider psychological techniques, some staff may initially fear being expected to be a psychotherapist; but research from clinical practice and recent training workshop experience suggest that training, especially where complemented by supervision or reflective practice, leaves staff feeling more confident.Originality/valueThe application of formal psychological thinking in homelessness resettlement is a relatively new field. This is the first paper to explore issues arising from the perspective of the ethical dilemmas faced by frontline staff in the work of relating to clients' distressed or distressing experiences.
Social and health care integration: (1) The individual dimension
Authors: Brand Don 
Published: November 2012

PurposeThis article begins a series of three about making a reality of integration policy in health and social care at individual, functional and cultural levels.Design/methodology/approachThe paper outlines messages from policy debate and the Adult Social Care White Paper about the benefits to individuals and carers of improvements in integration. It follows the progress of a 91‐year‐old widow during a recent six‐week stay in hospital, and the difficulties she and her daughter encountered through professional and service faultlines and information blocks.FindingsThe paper questions the White Paper proposal for named professionals to coordinate care for people with complex needs, and argues that the benefits of integration will not be achieved without a significant change of culture. It outlines later papers exploring a functional model of integration, and examining the implications of culture change for the relationships between health and social care, between professionals and individuals, and between the Department of Health and the health and care system.Originality/valueIn “placing the individual at the centre”, the article grounds a series linking the newly‐published Care and Support White Paper and the emerging NHS reform programme to examine changes needed if integration is to benefit individuals and carers.
The problem with “skunk”
Authors: Potter Gary R. , Chatwin Caroline 
Published: November 2012

PurposeThis article aims to discuss the use of the word “skunk” in contemporary discourse as short‐hand for premium quality, indoor‐grown cannabis. Skunk, as used in this way, is a contested term that many cannabis users reject. The purpose of the article is to draw attention to some practical implications of this semantic dispute for academic research and for policy development.Design/methodology/approachThe authors draw on qualitative data generated during an online survey project examining UK cannabis markets. Findings discussed are contextualised by reference to use of the word skunk in public discourse through the media and policy documents.FindingsThe uncritical use of the word “skunk” by researchers, the media and others can pose problems, particularly where the use and implied meaning of the word is rejected (as it is amongst a segment of the cannabis using population). Attempts to acquire or disseminate knowledge, or to develop or enact policy about cannabis use and distribution in the UK may encounter significant problems if attention is not paid to this issue.Originality/valueThe article offers a view of the impact of the increased and uncritical public use of the word “skunk” on those who may be of particular concern to policy makers and academic researchers: those who are most involved with cannabis (e.g. heavier users, cannabis connoisseurs and cannabis growers).
Self‐care, plesio‐care, telecare and m‐care: a new assisted living model
Authors: Doughty Kevin , Godfrey David , Mulvihill Billy 
Published: November 2012

PurposeThis paper critically reviews the motivations for introducing different connected healthcare to support Assisted Living in older and other vulnerable groups. The aim is to develop a new approach that will be sustainable in the future.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology involves a consideration of assessment criteria currently being employed and the resulting costs and limitations in providing a person centred approach. The implications of introducing new technologies such as plesiocare and mCare are then considered.FindingsIt was found that one of the most cost‐effective applications of technology is in the support of informal carers but the telecare equipment that they are offered may not be the most appropriate.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings are limited by a lack of formal risk assessments that are person centred. The implications include the need for improved training in assessment processes and access to a wider inventory of technologies.Practical implicationsExisting telecare services will need to change in order to adopt more plesiocare and self‐care approaches and to engage more actively in the development of models based on mcare.Social implicationsGovernments and health ministries may achieve better and lower cost support for their ageing population by adopting a model that includes multiple layers of technology, including easier access to self‐care and mCare technologies.Originality/valueThis paper includes the first discussion on plesiocare and its relative advantages over telecare in supporting informal carers.
The need for cognitive profiles based on neuropsychological assessments to drive individual education plans (IEPs) in forensic settings
Authors: Lowings Graham , Wicks Beth 
Published: November 2012

PurposeMany people within secure forensic settings are expected to take part in psycho‐educational programmes as part of their treatment and rehabilitation. Many are hampered in their progress due to cognitive difficulties. This paper aims to outline the scale of the problem and to offer potential solutions.Design/methodology/approachThe numbers of people who are placed in secure settings with known neuropsychological difficulties and the range of their cognitive problems are explored. It is proposed that individual education plans based on neuropsychological profiles together with guidance on the preparation and delivery of educational materials could improve the efficacy of psycho‐educational programmes.FindingsMany people within the secure forensic estate have neuropsychological deficits. Many have suffered traumatic or other acquired brain injury or have deficits associated with substance misuse or even childhood emotional trauma. Others have cognitive difficulties specific to their mental health and occasionally their prescribed medication. A significant number will have intellectual disability (IQ<70) or be within the borderline range (IQ between 70 and 79).Originality/valueUnderstanding neuropsychological difficulties would mean that best use is made of the psycho‐educational materials presented, thus speeding up and improving the efficacy of the rehabilitation process and potentially reducing the risk that the person poses to themselves and others. There are resources, which offer guidance to teachers of children with neuropsychological difficulties but not for the adolescent and adult forensic population. This paper addresses this gap.
How does prison visiting affect female offenders' mental health? Implications for education and development
Authors: de Motte Claire , Bailey Di , Ward James 
Published: November 2012

PurposeThe aims of this paper are to determine the state of visiting for women in the English prison system and to explore the relationship between women's mental health and visits in prison.Design/methodology/approachFor the purpose of this paper the authors conducted a review of the literature. All literature published from 1983 onwards was included to coincide with the introduction of Pat Carlen's (1983) campaigning group Women in Prison (WIP). The review focused on all literature from England and Wales to reflect the National Criminal Justice System and used an inclusion criteria to achieve this.FindingsThe review revealed key themes including visit rejection, the importance of visits for maintaining identity and the contradicting emotions that women in prison experience when visited.Originality/valueSocial relationships and family ties are protective factors for prisoners' mental wellbeing, yet the number and frequency of visits to offenders in custody has declined. The potential role for prison visiting schemes to improve the mental wellbeing of women in custody is explored, including the implications for the education and training of staff and visitors involved in the visiting process.
Window tax
Authors: Gordon Peter J. 
Published: November 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss concerns that, despite recent campaigns, stigma has not been fully addressed by the psychiatric profession and that evidence suggests it may have unwittingly contributed to iatrogenic stigma.Design/methodology/approachThe writer of this paper is a psychiatrist and considers the subject of stigma by employing the metaphor of bricked up windows. Arguments are supported through the evaluation of scientific research in addition to ideas from philosophy and literature.FindingsThe paper highlights areas of ongoing stigma and also identifies possible explanations for this in the current approach of the psychiatric profession.Practical implicationsIt is hoped that this paper stimulates further discussion particularly within the psychiatric profession about the approach to tackling stigma.Originality/valueThis paper revisits the subject of Iatrogenic Stigma ten years on from an editorial in the British Medical Journal by Professor Norman Sartorius. The assumption of the psychiatric profession is that, by giving prominence to a biomedical view of mental illness, stigma will be lessened. This paper challenges this view and widens the discussion.
Employment – hope and reality
Authors: Williams Alex 
Published: November 2012

PurposeThis article aims to explore what are likely to be key factors in a successful journey to employment for someone who has experienced long‐term mental distress.Design/methodology/approachThe article is a personal account of entering and sustaining employment by someone who has experienced long‐term mental distress and use of secondary mental health services. The writer reflects on a hard fought journey to start paid work in the hope that readers may understand this process for themselves and others in similar positions.FindingsKey factors in the transition to employment are hard work, workplace support, specialist vocational advice, individual determination and willing employers. Support needs to be flexible, personalised, ongoing and sometimes intensive. Time is measured in years rather than months.Practical implicationsThe integration of specialist vocational advice within mental health teams may be an effective approach.Research implicationsFurther research into the practical and psychological barriers to employment for mental health service users, which may extend far beyond the more commonly studied stigma and discrimination, would enhance existing knowledge of vocational rehabilitation.Originality/valuePublished testimonies from service users and survivors on their experiences of entering employment for the first time are few in number. More such testimonies would help understanding of this potentially complex process.
Care in the community?
Authors: Gray Susan 
Published: November 2012

PurposeThis article aims to highlight how people with mental health problems are ostensibly in the community but can still “feel” excluded.Design/methodology/approachThe author reflects on her own experiences and uses examples to demonstrate the above.FindingsThe article highlights the need for service users to be consulted and listened to by all in the community.Originality/valueThis article increases people's awareness of the real experience of service users, drawing upon the experience of someone with long experience of mental health services.
Intermittent breeding and the dynamics of resource allocation to reproduction, growth and survival
Authors: Baron Jean‐Pierre , Le Galliard Jean‐François , Ferrière Régis , Tully Thomas 
Published: November 2012

Summary

In iteroparous organisms, the timing of reproduction varies greatly and reproduction may be intermittent. Here, we investigate the proximate determinants of intermittent breeding and their evolutionary significance in a viviparous snake, the meadow viper Vipera ursinii ursinii. We used individual life‐history data collected over a 28‐year capture–mark–recapture field study.

Among viviparous snakes, the meadow viper's almost exclusively insectivorous diet is remarkable. Breeding females maintain substantial foraging activity during gestation.

The life cycle is iteroparous, and female breeding frequency is essentially biennial. Breeding status is strongly associated with a threshold on female body condition prior to vitellogenesis.

Non‐breeding females grow and store fat reserves needed for future reproduction. Breeding females convert reserves into eggs, the number of which is determined by maternal size and body condition prior to vitellogenesis. During pregnancy, females stop growing.

Females survive breeding and non‐breeding years with equal probabilities. Our results suggest that income resources during pregnancy are used to fully cover the costs of gestation.

Integration of our data into a matrix population model allowed us to relate breeding pattern to fitness. According to the model, biennial breeding is strongly favoured by natural selection if consecutive breeding decreases maternal survival and/or fecundity. Growth cessation during breeding years generates weak selection pressures for intermittent breeding.
Coordination difficulties and self‐esteem: A review and findings from a New Zealand survey
Authors: Eggleston Matthew , Hanger Nicola , Frampton Christopher , Watkins William 
Published: November 2012

AimsChildren and adolescents with significant coordination difficulties have consistently been found to have lower self‐esteem in relation to athletic competence and physical ability. However, findings in relation to global self‐esteem have been mixed. This study aimed to investigate the self‐esteem of children and adolescents with a diagnosis of dyspraxia in a large New Zealand sample.MethodsA confidential postal questionnaire was sent to all members of the Dyspraxia Support Group of New Zealand. Children and adolescents aged seven to 18 years with a diagnosis of dyspraxia were asked to complete the Piers–Harris Children's Self‐Concept Scale 2nd edition (PHCSCS‐2), while parents were asked about a range of factors which might affect self‐esteem including possible coexisting conditions.ResultsThere was a response rate of 20% with 75 valid responses. Coexisting conditions were common including 50.7% with a diagnosis of dyslexia or another learning disorder. Children and adolescents with dyspraxia scored significantly lower than PHCSCS‐2 norms on the physical appearance and attributes, intellectual and school status and popularity subscales and also the PHCSCS‐2 total score, indicating lower global self‐esteem.ConclusionsThis study strengthens the evidence that an association exists in children and adolescents between having significant coordination difficulties and lower global self‐esteem.
Effects of levonorgestrel‐quinestrol (EP‐1) treatment on Mongolian gerbil wild populations: a case study
Authors: FU Heping , ZHANG Jinwei , SHI Dazhao , WU Xiaodong 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRodent pest population outbreaks occur frequently in grassland ecosystems in northern China. The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) is a dominant pest rodent which is distributed across the semi‐desert grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China. In 2009, we studied the contraceptive effect of levonorgestrel‐quinestrol (EP‐1), concentration 50 ppm, on a wild Mongolian gerbil population. The one‐off contraceptive treatment was compared with a control group using a semi‐monthly live trapping method in the Ordos Semi‐desert Grassland Region of Inner Mongolia. The results show that juveniles were not recruited in spring in the treatment group. Ratios of juveniles in the control and treatment groups showed significant semi‐monthly differences from spring to summer (one‐way ANOVA, F2, 14= 7.53, P < 0.05). Between both groups, annual fluctuations of juvenile and total population densities were significantly different respectively (F2, 14= 4.64, P < 0.05; F2, 18= 7.72, P < 0.05). The contraceptive EP‐1 delayed the normal reproductive pattern of Mongolian gerbil populations. This suppressed birth rates of gerbil populations, reduced their densities, and changed their age structures. The period of EP‐1 baiting should be extended but it could be an ideal method for controlling Mongolian gerbil populations during each breeding season.
Observation of intra‐group and extra‐group copulation and reproductive characters in free ranging groups of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis)
Authors: HUANG Bei , GUAN Zhenghua , NI Qingyong , ORKIN Joseph D. , FAN Pengfei , JIANG Xuelong 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBlack crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor) are 1 of only 3 gibbon species that have been observed in long‐term polygynous groups, but their mating behavior and reproductive characters have never been reported. Based on population monitoring over 7 years and direct observation for 26 months of the study groups in Wuliang Mountain, central Yunnan, we describe for the first time the copulation behavior and breeding pattern of free‐ranging western black crested gibbons. The gestation period of black crested gibbons is estimated to be between 6 and 7 months. The average breeding interval is 3.5 years, with infant independence at approximately 2.5 years. We observed 2 intra‐group copulations and 5 extra‐group copulations. Copulations were initiated when a female gave a ‘solicitation’ gesture. When a male made any mating attempt, the female might refuse it. These results demonstrate direct female mate choice. Both male and female gibbons dispersed from their natal groups and sometimes replaced paired adults in other groups. We observed no evidence of infanticide during inter‐group conflicts or after replacement of adults. Together with extra‐group copulations, these phenomena indicate a flexible social organization and complex mating system. We also observed a male‐biased sex ratio among offspring. More genetic work is necessary to describe the effects of inter‐group copulation and the genetic diversity of this population.
Antidepressant use, depression, and new‐onset diabetes among elderly Medicare beneficiaries (在老年医疗保险受益者中调查抗抑郁药的使用、抑郁症以及新发糖尿病)
Authors: Sambamoorthi Usha , Ma Yunsheng , Findley Patricia A. , Rust George 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to examine the association between antidepressant use, diagnosed depression, and new‐onset diabetes among elderly Medicare beneficiaries.MethodsLongitudinal data from merged survey and claims from the nationally representative Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey(MCBS) from 1999 to 2005 were used. Diabetes incidence was extracted from claims and survey data over a 3‐year period. Data regarding depression and antidepressant use over time were obtained. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine associations between antidepressant use, depression, and new‐onset diabetes, adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle risk factors. Analyses accounted for the complex design of the MCBS.ResultsThe incident diabetes rate was 4.8% for those “without depression and without antidepressants” and 9.5% for those with any antidepressant use in all 3 years and diagnosed depression”. Compared with Medicare beneficiaries who did not report any antidepressant use, beneficiaries reporting antidepressant use in all 3 years were 50% more likely to have new‐onset diabetes. However, when diagnosed depression was entered in the model, there was no significant association between long‐term antidepressant use and new‐onset diabetes. Medicare beneficiaries with any depression were twice as likely as those without depression to develop diabetes (adjusted odds ratio 2.04; 95% confidence interval 1.51, 2.75).ConclusionsDepression independently increased the risk of developing diabetes in the MCBS population, although there is no evidence of an association between antidepressant use and new‐onset diabetes. If replicated, these results have significant clinical implications.