bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of community pharmacists in monitoring adverse drug reactions in Nigeria
Authors: Osemene Kanayo Patrick , Ayeni Mopelola Ibidunni , Afolabi Margaret Olubunmi 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Objectives
To identify the common types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) detected and reported by community pharmacists in Nigeria. In addition we examined the extent of community pharmacists' involvement in ADR activities and evaluated the factors influencing community pharmacists' role in monitoring and reporting ADRs.

Methods
The study was conducted among community pharmacists using a convenience sampling process. Verbal consent to participate in the study was sought during this initial contact. Structured and pre-tested questionnaires made up of closed and open-ended questions were given to the community pharmacists. Community pharmacists answered questions on demographics, the extent of their involvement in ADR activities, pharmacological class of drugs causing ADRs and number of ADRs detected and reported as well as the factors influencing their role in ADR activities.

Key findings
Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The response rate for the study was 92.7%. The extent of involvement of community pharmacists in ADR activities was low. A total of 41cases of ADRs were identified and reported. Variables that were significant at P &lt; 0.05 and the study revealed that influences on community pharmacists' role in ADR activities were knowledge of ADRs (1.369), community pharmacists' experience (1.330) and patients' medical information (1.183).

Conclusion
Analyses indicated that all classes of drugs examined, including herbal medicines, caused ADRs. This is contrary to the widely held view that herbal preparations are non-toxic in nature. Hence, this finding will elicit more interest in effective medication management and monitoring.
Psychological distress among university female students and their need for mental health services
Authors: Bernhardsdóttir J. , Vilhjálmsson R. 
Published: September 2012

Accessible summary

The purpose of this research was to assess psychological distress among university female students and identify their mental health service needs.

Rates of elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety among university women students was 22.5% and 21.2%, respectively, which is similar to women of the same age in the general population. The mean level of depressive symptoms was however lower among the female students.

Results showed that little less than one‐third of psychologically distressed women students had received professional help, and only 1.4% had received mental health counselling from nurses.

Most of the distressed female students experienced mild to moderate levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms, which indicates a need for prevention or early intervention measures.

This need is a challenge for nurses working in the primary care sector, including the educational system. They are in a unique position to screen for psychological distress and provide or initiate preventive services or early interventions, including outreach programmes within schools where most young people are reachable.

AbstractPsychological distress among university students, especially young women, is of increasing concern. This study focuses on the prevalence of psychological distress among female university students and their need for mental health services. The analysis is based on two cross‐sectional surveys, an internet survey among women students attending the University of Iceland in the spring of 2007, and a postal survey of Icelandic female adults conducted in the Fall of 2006. Psychological distress was measured with the Symptom Checklist‐90 Depression and Anxiety subscales. The prevalence of above‐threshold depression and anxiety among the university women students was 22.5% and 21.2% respectively. Results showed that the mean depression score was significantly lower among the students than among women of the same age in the general population. However, little less than one‐third of students with elevated distress levels received any professional help. Only 1.4% of the distressed students received mental help care from nurses. The high proportion of distressed female students not receiving professional help is a challenge to the primary health‐care system and the nursing profession. This also raises questions about the adequacy of the current system of health‐care delivery and the potential advantages of on‐campus health services, in closer proximity to the students.
Retrospective review of trends in assaults and seclusion at an acute psychiatric ward over a 5‐year period
Authors: Luckhoff M. , Jordaan E. , Swart Y. , Cloete K. J. , Koen L. , Niehaus D. J. H. 
Published: September 2012

Accessible summary
Research on trends in assaults and seclusion over time in developing countries such as South Africa is scant.
Here, we assessed trends in assaults and seclusion, stratified by gender, at the acute admission wards in one psychiatric facility over a 5‐year period.
The results of this study show that continuous monitoring of assaults and seclusions is important to improve quality of care.
AbstractIn developing countries such as South Africa, not much is known about the prevalence of assaults and seclusion occurring in mental health wards over time. Here, we describe a 5‐year trend in assaults and seclusions, stratified by gender, at Stikland Hospital, South Africa. A retrospective review of clinical records of patients admitted to the acute psychiatric admission wards at Stikland and involved in assault and secluded was undertaken between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2010. Data on the number of patient and staff assaults as well as seclusions, gender, age, marital status, level of education, level of income, duration of hospital admission and primary psychiatric diagnosis were collected. Significantly (P < 0.01) more men than women engaged in patient assaults, while significantly (P < 0.01) more men were secluded than women. On a monthly basis, the number of gender‐stratified patient assaults and seclusions significantly increased (P < 0.01) throughout the study period. In conclusion, we show here that gender had a significant effect on both patient assault and seclusion numbers, which increased towards the end of the study period. Monitoring of these events is therefore important to continuously improve quality of care.
Stimulant use disorders: Characteristics and comorbidity in an Australian population sample
Authors: Sara Grant , Burgess Philip , Harris Meredith , Malhi Gin S , Whiteford Harvey , Hall Wayne 
Published: September 2012

Objective: To describe the correlates of stimulant use disorders (abuse, dependence) in an Australian population sample, to compare the characteristics of stimulant users with and without stimulant use disorders and to describe the patterns of service use and help-seeking in people with stimulant use disorders. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, which sampled 8841 residents of private dwellings in Australia in 2007. Lifetime DSM-IV substance use and mental disorder diagnoses were obtained from interviews conducted by lay interviewers, using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Socio-demographic, socio-economic and clinical correlates of stimulant use disorders were identified using binary logistic regression models. Stimulant users with and without stimulant use disorders were compared to non-stimulant users via multinomial logistic regression models. Results: Compared to Australians without stimulant use disorder, people with stimulant use disorders were younger, more likely to be male, of non-heterosexual orientation and born in Australia, but were not more socially disadvantaged. Lifetime comorbidity rates were high: 79% of persons with stimulant use disorders had a lifetime alcohol use disorder, 73% a lifetime cannabis use disorder, and more than one third a lifetime mood or anxiety disorder. Stimulant use disorders were associated with a family history of substance use, affective disorders and psychosis. One in five people with lifetime stimulant use disorders had been imprisoned, homeless or hospitalised for substance or mental health problems, and 13% reported at least one symptom of psychosis. Nearly half had sought help for substance or mental health problems, primarily from General Practitioners (GPs), psychologists or psychiatrists. Conclusions: Stimulant use disorders in a representative population sample are associated with significant comorbidity and harm. Many persons with stimulant use disorders had sought care and found this helpful. There is scope for screening and intervention in this group.
Blind and Sighted Pedestrians’ Road-Crossing Judgments at a Single-Lane Roundabout
Authors: Guth David A. , Long Richard G. , Wall Emerson Robert S. , Ponchillia Paul E. , Ashmead Daniel H. 
Published: September 2012

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative risk and efficiency of road crossing experienced by blind and sighted pedestrians at a single-lane roundabout with two levels of traffic volume and at two distances from the roundabout. Background: With the rapid spread of modern roundabouts across the United States, their accessibility to blind pedestrians has become an important concern. To date, accessibility research relevant to blind pedestrians has focused on multilane roundabouts, and single-lane roundabouts have been virtually ignored. Method: Blind and sighted participants made judgments about when they would cross a single-lane roundabout with high and low traffic volumes, at exit and entry lanes, and at the actual crosswalks and at locations farther from the roundabout. Results: Relative to sighted participants, blind participants’ judgments about when to cross were more frequently risky, especially when traffic volume was high. Blind participants also were slower to make crossing judgments and accepted fewer crossing opportunities. Both groups made somewhat safer and more efficient judgments at locations farther from the roundabout. Conclusion: Some single-lane roundabouts may pose greater risk to blind pedestrians than to sighted pedestrians, especially when traffic volume is high. Crosswalk location merits further investigation as a design issue. Application: These findings are relevant to transportation planners and engineers who are responsible for the accessibility of public rights-of-way.
Differential infection patterns of CD4+ T cells and lymphoid tissue viral burden distinguish progressive and nonprogressive lentiviral infections
Authors: Brenchley Jason M. , Vinton Carol , Tabb Brian , Hao Xing Pei , Connick Elizabeth , Paiardini Mirko , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Silvestri Guido , Estes Jacob D. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNonhuman primate natural hosts for simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) develop a nonresolving chronic infection but do not develop AIDS. Mechanisms to explain the nonprogressive nature of SIV infection in natural hosts that underlie maintained high levels of plasma viremia without apparent loss of target cells remain unclear. Here we used comprehensive approaches (ie, FACS sorting, quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization) to study viral infection within subsets of peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue (LT) CD4+ T cells in cohorts of chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs), HIV-infected humans, and SIVsmm-infected sooty mangabeys (SMs). We find: (1) infection frequencies among CD4+ T cells in chronically SIV-infected RMs are significantly higher than those in SIVsmm-infected SMs; (2) infected cells are found in distinct anatomic LT niches and different CD4+ T-cell subsets in SIV-infected RMs and SMs, with infection patterns of RMs reflecting HIV infection in humans; (3) TFH cells are infected at higher frequencies in RMs and humans than in SMs; and (4) LT viral burden, including follicular dendritic cell deposition of virus, is increased in RMs and humans compared with SMs. These data provide insights into how natural hosts are able to maintain high levels of plasma viremia while avoiding development of immunodeficiency.
Airway protease/antiprotease imbalance in atopic asthmatics contributes to increased Influenza A virus cleavage and replication
Authors: Kesic Matthew J , Hernandez Michelle , Jaspers Ilona 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Asthmatics are more susceptible to influenza infections, yet mechanisms mediating this enhanced susceptibility are unknown. Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein binds to sialic acid residues on the host cells. HA requires cleavage to allow fusion of the viral HA with host cell membrane, which is mediated by host trypsin-like serine protease. We show data here demonstrating that the protease:antiprotease ratio is increased in the nasal mucosa of asthmatics and that these changes were associated with increased proteolytic activation of influenza. These data suggest that disruption of the protease balance in asthmatics enhances activation and infection of influenza virus.
The nutritional status of children in Bhutan: results from the 2008 National nutrition survey and trends over time
Authors: Zangmo Ugyen , de Onis Mercedes , Dorji Tandin 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
There are few reports on the nutritional status of Bhutanese children. The objective of this paper is to summarize results from the 2008 National Nutrition Survey and to describe progress achieved during the last two decades.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey of 2376 children aged 6 to 59 months was conducted during November-December 2008 to provide national and regional estimates. A multi-stage cluster sampling method was applied and 40 gewogs/thromdes were selected from each region (Western, Central, Eastern). Guidelines on how to measure length/height and weight followed WHO standardized procedures. Data were analysed for consistency and validation using the software WHO Anthro and the WHO SPSS macro. Underweight, stunting, overweight, wasting and thinness were defined based on the WHO Child Growth Standards. Data from 1986-88 and 1999 national surveys were reanalysed using the WHO standards to describe trends in nutritional status.

Results
Nationally, 34.9% Bhutanese preschool children are stunted and 10.4% are underweight. Wasting is 4.7%, with severe wasting close to 2% in rural areas, while overweight affects 4.4% of preschool children. While underweight rates are similar across regions, wasting is substantially more prevalent in the Western region and stunting in the Eastern region. Stunting shows a steep rise during the first two years of life, as high as 40%, and levels off thereafter, while wasting is greatest among children aged 6-24 months and subsequently decreases. The prevalence of stunting fell from 60.9% in 1986-88 to 34.9% in 2008, and underweight declined from 34.0% to 10.4% during same period. The percentage of wasted children dropped from 5.2% in 1986-88 to 2.5% in 1999 but then increased to 4.7% in 2008.

Conclusions
There have been major improvements in the nutritional status of Bhutanese children over the past two decades, however, linear growth retardation remains a significant concern. Early identification of growth faltering is essential for improving the effectiveness of public health programs to prevent stunting. Similarly, wasting rates indicate the need for a system to identify children with severe malnutrition in the isolated communities so that they can receive appropriate care.
The Viviani-Joffre Mission to the United States, April–may 1917: A Reassessment
Authors: Greenhalgh Elizabeth 
Published: September 2012

The French mission to the United States in April 1917 on America’s entry into World War I is usually acclaimed as a great success. The mission’s aim was to fix the main lines of cooperation between American and Allied forces. However, in the context of the relationship during the period of American neutrality as revealed by the French propaganda effort in the United States, and in comparison to the British mission sent to Washington at the same time, the mission seems less successful and its achievements less clearcut. The promise of autonomy and of artillery supplies that Marshal Joseph Joffre, the mission’s military leader, gave to the Americans had significant consequences on the war effort, and the competitive spirit between the French and British missions undercut the alliance’s image in Washington.
Quand les Etats-Unis déclarèrent la guerre en avril 1917, la France y envoya une mission politique et militaire pour déterminer dans leurs grandes lignes les directives de la coopération des forces américaines avec les forces alliées. Cette mission est censée avoir connu un grand succès. En plaçant la mission dans deux contextes—celui des relations francoaméricaines pendant la période de neutralité révélées par l’effort de propagande française envers les Etats-Unis, et celui des relations francobritanniques révélées par l’esprit de compétitivité qui se manifesta entre la mission du maréchal Joffre et René Viviani et celle des Britanniques qui arriva à Washington à la même date— notre analyse de la mission permet d’en évaluer les résultats qui étaient moins positifs. Effectivement les promesses faites par le maréchal et la concurrence avec la mission britannique nuisirent à l’effort de guerre allié, surtout en 1918.
Ezogabine: An Evaluation of Its Efficacy and Safety as Adjunctive Therapy for Partial-Onset Seizures in Adults
Authors: Yamada Mikiko , Welty Timothy E 
Published: September 2012

Objective: To evaluate the safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic properties, and clinical application of ezogabine (retigabine. INN), an antiepileptic drug approved in 2011. Data Sources: Published data from in vitro, animal, and clinical studies were obtained from PubMed and CINAHL searches, from January 1980 to March 31, 2012. Other relevant data regarding the safety and efficacy of ezogabine were obtained from the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medication Agency Web sites. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Selected articles were prospective in vitro, animal, and controlled clinical studies of ezogabine. Non-English-language articles were excluded. Data Synthesis: In vitro and animal studies show that ezogabine activates voltage-gated potassium channels, leading to reduction of seizure frequency by inhibiting hyperexcitability activity in the central nervous system. Additionally, ezogabine enhances γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity and de novo GABA synthesis. Eight clinical studies of ezogabine have been published, 5 being Phase 1 clinical trials in healthy subjects and 3 being Phase 3 clinical trials in patients with pharmacoresistant partial-onset seizures. Phase 3 clinical trials demonstrated the safety and efficacy of ezogabine in patients with partial-onset seizures. Conclusions: Clinical trials have shown that ezogabine is efficacious as an adjunctive agent in patients with pharmacoresistant partial seizures. Careful monitoring of drug interactions and adverse reactions is necessary. While ezogabine is efficacious (or partial seizures, its precise role in the management of patients with epilepsy is yet to be determined.
Systematic Reviews of Studies Quantifying the Accuracy of Diagnostic Tests and Markers
Authors: Reitsma Johannes B , Moons Karel GM , Bossuyt Patrick MM , Linnet Kristian 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy studies allow calculation of pooled estimates of accuracy with increased precision and examination of differences in accuracy between tests or subgroups of studies. Recently, several advances have been made in the methods used in performing systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy studies, most notably in how to assess the methodological quality of primary diagnostic test accuracy studies by use of QUADAS-2 (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2) instrument and how to develop sound statistical models for metaanalysis of the paired measures of test accuracy (bivariate metaregression model of sensitivity and specificity). This article provides an overview of the different steps within a diagnostic systematic review and highlights these advances, illustrated with empirical data. The potential benefits of some recent developments in the areas of network metaanalysis and individual patient data metaanalysis for diagnostic tests are also discussed.
Nanoscale materials for organohalide degradation via reduction pathways
Authors: Bolandi Ali , Nick Setare Tahmasebi , Obare Sherine O. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe unique chemical and physical properties of nanoscale materials have led to important roles in several scientific and technological fields. Environmental chemistry processes have benefited from the enhanced reactivity of nanoscale particles relative to their bulk counterparts with contaminants. Here, we describe recent advances in the synthesis and characterization of metallic and bimetallic nanoparticles that have been effective toward degrading toxic organohalide contaminants. We then review the degradation mechanisms involved in the reactions of nanoscale particles with organohalides via reduction pathways. We also discuss an emerging area – the degradation of organohalides via multi-electron transfer pathways.
Crystal structure of (E)-3-(N-oxide-benzylimino)indolin-2-one, C15H12N2O2
Authors: Meng Mei , Fang Huang , Chen Gang 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
C15H12N2O2 monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 12.343(4) Å, b = 8.172(3) Å, c = 13.375(5) Å, β = 114.466(4)°, V = 1228.0 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.048, wRref(F2) = 0.127, T = 296 K.
Simultaneous analysis of first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs in tablets by UV spectrophotometry compared to capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Marcellos Luiza , Faria Adriana , Souza Marcus , Almeida Mariana , Sabin Guilherme , Poppi Ronei , Oliveira Marcone 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The development and optimization of a novel UV spectrophotometric methodology was proposed for simultaneous analysis of ethambutol (ETB), isoniazid (ISO), rifampicin (RIF) and pyrazinamide (PYR), using multivariate calibration based on the partial least squares method (PLS). The methodology was successfully applied for analysis of four-drug fixed dose combination (4-FDC) tablets used for tuberculosis treatment. A 34 Box-Behnken design, with triplicate in central point, was used for sample preparation in the calibration step. In the present case, nine latent variables were chosen for the model development that presented the smallest RMSECV and explain 98.76% of data variance in Y block (concentrations of ETB ISO, RIF and PYR) and 99.93% of data variance in X block (spectral data). PLS models for ETB, ISO, RIF and PYR presented RMSEP and R2 values of 0.23 mg L−1 and 0.971; 0.14 mg L−1 and 0.731; 0.11 mg L−1 and 0.990 and 0.57 mg L−1 and 0.972, respectively. A validation step was performed based on the comparison between the UV spectrophotometric proposed methodology and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) in 4-FDC real samples and no significant difference was found between two methodologies at 95% of confidence level.