bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discriminating Lamiophlomis rotata According to Geographical Origin by 1H‐NMR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Pan Zheng , Fan Gang , Yang Rong‐ping , Luo Wei‐zao , Zhou Xiang‐dong , Zhang Yi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIntroductionLamiophlomis rotata (Duyiwei) is a folk herbal medicine that traditionally has been used in China as a hemostatic agent. Raw plant materials used for medicinal products from different geographical regions are often inconsistent in chemical composition. Metabolic fingerprinting provides a new approach for distinguishing the geographical origins of L. rotata.ObjectiveTo identify metabolites that contribute to the different geographical regions of L. rotata samples.MethodsLamiophlomis rotata metabolomics were performed by 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analyses. The L. rotata metabolic profile was prepared for NMR measurements using methanol‐d4 solvent. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied to analyse the L. rotata 1H‐NMR spectroscopy data.ResultsNine iridoid glycosides, one flavonoid and three phenylpropanoid glycosides were detected in L. rotata by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. 1H‐NMR measurements and multivariate analysis were used to successfully discriminate samples from three different locations.ConclusionThe NMR‐based analysis of L. rotata is a more comprehensive approach than traditional chromatographic methods. Simple sample preparation, rapidity and reproducibility of are additional advantages of NMR analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Undifferentiated State Induced by Rb-p53 Double Inactivation in Mouse Thyroid Neuroendocrine Cells and Embryonic Fibroblasts
Authors: Kitajima Shunsuke , Kohno Susumu , Kondoh Atsushi , Sasaki Nobunari , Nishimoto Yuuki , Li Fengkai , Abdallah Mohammed Mohammed Salah , Muranaka Hayato , Nagatani Naoko , Suzuki Misa , Kido Yukiharu , Takahashi Chiaki 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB) is inactivated more frequently during tumor progression than during tumor initiation. However, its exact role in controlling the malignant features associated with tumor progression is poorly understood. We established in vivo and in vitro models to investigate the undifferentiated state induced by Rb inactivation. Rb heterozygous mice develop well-differentiated thyroid medullary carcinoma. We found that additional deletion of Trp53, without change in lineage, converted these Rb-deficient tumors to a poorly differentiated type associated with higher self-renewal activity. Freshly prepared mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) of Rb−/−; Trp53−/− background formed stem cell-like spheres that expressed significant levels of embryonic genes despite of lacking the ability to form colonies on soft agar or tumors in immune-deficient mice. This suggested that Rb-p53 double inactivation resulted in an undifferentiated status but without carcinogenic conversion. We next established Rb−/−; N-ras−/− MEFs that harbored a spontaneous carcinogenic mutation in Trp53. These cells (RN6), in an Rb-dependent manner, efficiently generated spheres that expressed very high levels of embryonic genes, and appeared to be carcinogenic. We then screened an FDA-approved drug library to search for agents that suppressed the spherogenic activity of RN6 cells. Data revealed that RN6 cells were sensitive to specific agents including ones those are effective against cancer stem cells. Taken together, all these findings suggest that the genetic interaction between Rb and p53 is a critical determinant of the undifferentiated state in normal and tumor cells. Stem Cells 2015;33:1657–1669
Integrin α6β1 Expressed in ESCs Instructs the Differentiation to Endothelial Cells
Authors: Toya Sophie P. , Wary Kishore K. , Mittal Manish , Li Fei , Toth Peter T. , Park Changwon , Rehman Jalees , Malik Asrar B. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Adhesion of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to the extracellular matrix may influence differentiation potential and cell fate decisions. Here, we investigated the inductive role of binding of integrin α6β1 expressed in mouse (m)ESCs to laminin-1 (LN1) in mediating the differentiation of ESCs to endothelial cells (ECs). We observed that α6β1 binding to LN1 was required for differentiation to ECs. α6β1 functioned by recruiting the adaptor tetraspanin protein CD151, which activated FAK and Akt signaling and mediated the EC lineage-specifying transcription factor Er71. In contrast, association of the ESC-expressed α3β1, another highly expressed LN1 binding integrin, with CD151, prevented α6β1-mediated differentiation. CD151 thus functioned as a bifurcation router to direct ESCs toward ECs when α6β1 associated with CD151, or prevented transition to ECs when α3β1 associated with CD151. These observations were recapitulated in mice in which α6 integrin or CD151 knockdown reduced the expression of Er71-regulated angiogenesis genes and development of blood vessels. Thus, interaction of α6β1 in ESCs with LN1 activates α6β1/CD151 signaling which programs ESCs toward the EC lineage fate. Stem Cells 2015;33:1719–1729
Brain Vascular Pericytes Following Ischemia Have Multipotential Stem Cell Activity to Differentiate Into Neural and Vascular Lineage Cells
Authors: Nakagomi Takayuki , Kubo Shuji , Nakano-Doi Akiko , Sakuma Rika , Lu Shan , Narita Aya , Kawahara Maiko , Taguchi Akihiko , Matsuyama Tomohiro 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Brain vascular pericytes (PCs) are a key component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)/neurovascular unit, along with neural and endothelial cells. Besides their crucial role in maintaining the BBB, increasing evidence shows that PCs have multipotential stem cell activity. However, their multipotency has not been considered in the pathological brain, such as after an ischemic stroke. Here, we examined whether brain vascular PCs following ischemia (iPCs) have multipotential stem cell activity and differentiate into neural and vascular lineage cells to reconstruct the BBB/neurovascular unit. Using PCs extracted from ischemic regions (iPCs) from mouse brains and human brain PCs cultured under oxygen/glucose deprivation, we show that PCs developed stemness presumably through reprogramming. The iPCs revealed a complex phenotype of angioblasts, in addition to their original mesenchymal properties, and multidifferentiated into cells from both a neural and vascular lineage. These data indicate that under ischemic/hypoxic conditions, PCs can acquire multipotential stem cell activity and can differentiate into major components of the BBB/neurovascular unit. Thus, these findings support the novel concept that iPCs can contribute to both neurogenesis and vasculogenesis at the site of brain injuries. Stem Cells 2015;33:1962–1974
Early Childhood Education and Care in the United States: An Overview of the Current Policy Picture
Authors: Kamerman Sheila B. , Gatenio-Gabel Shirley 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Early childhood education and care (ECEC) in the US includes a wide range of part-day, full-school-day, and full-work-day programs, under educational, social welfare, and commercial auspices, funded and delivered in a variety of ways in both the public and the private sectors, designed sometimes with an emphasis on the “care” component of ECEC and at other times with stress on “education” or with equal attention to both. Although ECEC scholars and advocates are increasingly convinced of the need to integrate all these program types, categorical funding coupled with diverse societal values continue to support the differences. The result is a fragmented ECEC system, of wide-ranging quality and with skewed access, but with some movement in recent years toward the integration of early childhood education and care.
The Development and Current Situation of the Early Intervention for Children with Developmental Delay in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Pi-Hsia 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
In this thesis, it introduces the development and current situation of the early intervention for children with developmental delay in Taiwan. First, it gives an explanation on the policy evolution on this issue after the 1993 amendment of “Child Welfare Law” of ROC, and then it depicts the four steps in the process of early intervention for children with developmental delay, i.e. “Screening and Detection”, “Report and Referral”, “Team Evaluation”, “Intervention Service”. Thereafter, a detailed explanation on the major models of intervention service and a plan on the direction of future development are established.
Childcare Policy in Korea: Current Status and Major Issues
Authors: Rhee Ock 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This paper discusses the main policies and efforts aimed at childcare support undertaken by the Korean Government from 2003 to 2007, as well as dealing with the ensuing policy issues which arose as a result of such efforts. This paper also seeks to review the details and implications of the First and Second Policy Scheme of National Childcare Support, as well as those of the Nationwide Survey of Childcare and Early Childhood Education prepared by the Presidential Committee in 2004 and 2005. In addition, this study investigates changes made to major childcare support policy indicators, which can be said to be the output of implementing policy tasks. Some quantitative indicators such as the supply of childcare facilities and childcare budgets indicate clear increases while other indicators, such as teachers’ salaries, the safety condition of facilities, and the actual measurements of the quality of childcare service do not indicate an increase. This paper also discusses some issues of controversy regarding childcare support policies which the government will encounter in the process of policy creation as well as actually undertaking policy projects. These issues include the expansion of public services as opposed to the utilization of private services, support for low-income families as opposed to general support, control of rather than self-regulation of childcare fees, support for institutions as opposed to direct assistance to young children, and maximization rather than the minimization of governmental intervention. This study concludes that Korea’s childcare policies are evolving from a conservative approach to a more progressive one. National welfare and associated policies are expected to continue to move towards a more progressive perspective, despite the diversity of opinion within Korean society over these issues, as evidenced in current debates. This is because general financial support has been greatly increased on an annual basis and this has taken place against the backdrop of a national consensus which has seen a broadening of governmental support for childcare due to the crisis of an ever lowering fertility rate.
Determining a Fair Outcome: The Role of the Review Process in Ensuring the Accreditation Decision Accurately Reflects the Practices of the Childcare Centre
Authors: Banham Vicki 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Standards of quality can influence the way childcare is both implemented and viewed by families. In Australia, childcare services are required to participate in a process of accreditation in order for their families to be eligible to receive Commonwealth government Childcare Benefit payments that assist them with the cost of childcare. The accreditation process determines if the practices the services implement are in line with agreed elements of quality care practices and such practices protect the rights of the child. Of equal interest however, are the strategies the nation has in place to protect the child care service itself from potential unfair/unjust assessment of its practices. The concepts of procedural fairness, if the service considers an unjust/unfair assessment of their practices has been made, are rightly addressed in the Australian Child Care Accreditation System (CCAS). This final step within CCAS is one which is quite unique in the international context. This paper addresses the framework, implementation, and issues that need to be faced in delivering a fair and just review of a service’s Accreditation Decision, along with the role the review process plays in the nation’s accreditation system for childcare. Data from review applications submitted by services over a nine year period was analysed to determine if childcare services who considered the assessment of their practices was unfair/unjust, was supported following an evidence based review of its practices by the review agency. Conclusions highlighted a range of issues such as assessment practices, subjectivity of assessment and relevance of assessment to context that require further research. Such findings can be utilized to inform policy development on the ongoing development of holistic accreditation systems internationally.
The Revision of Japan’s National Guidelines for Care and Education at Day Nursery and Its Problems
Authors: Shishido Takeo 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This article is written to introduce the main contents of the revised National Guidelines for Care and Education at Day Nursery (henceforth New Guidelines), which were recently announced by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW), and the challenges associated with these New Guidelines. The National Guidelines for Care and Education at Day Nursery is the national curriculum for Japan’s day nurseries, an official educational institution for preschools and kindergartens under the authority of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MECST). The New Guidelines are the fourth revised edition of such a curriculum. Unlike the previously issued guidelines, the New Guidelines, which were publicly announced by the Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare, are legally binding as a minimum standard for child care and education. This article is focused on introducing (a) roles of day nurseries, (b) child care and education, (c) promotion of food education, (d) plans and evaluations of child care and education, and (e) transition from preschool to elementary school. Some additional points worthy of consideration, such as minimum standards for day nurseries, plans and self-evaluation of child care and education, problems of child care and education plans, and parental involvement are also included in this article. It is recommended the New Guidelines not be regarded as being faultless. Rather, positive efforts should be made based on the practices and studies of child care and education to improve the Guidelines in accordance with social trends.
Building a Strong and Equal Partnership between Childcare and Early Childhood Education in Canada
Authors: Friendly Martha 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSplit early childhood education and childcare systems (ECEC) have historically been a common phenomenon, but today many countries are moving towards more coherent approaches to ECEC. Canada, however, has continued to maintain a divided ECEC situation. Reviewing Canada’s ECEC in 2004, the OECD suggested that greater integration of kindergarten and childcare would bring real advantages. In 2007, Ontario, Canada’s largest province, began to develop integrated “full-day early learning” for all four and five year olds. In the initial phase, several key challenges have emerged: first, merging the public kindergarten system with market-driven childcare; second, financing the new program; third, maintaining stability in user-pay childcare as four and five year olds move to the new program; fourth, determining staffing models, bridging differences between kindergarten and childcare staff; and fifth, managing the phase-in. How Ontario meets these challenges will have major implications for the future of ECEC programs across Canada.
Developing Models to Integrate Early Childhood Education and Childcare in Korea
Authors: Rhee Ock , Kim Eunseol , Shin Nary , Moon Mugyeong 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore models for integrated policies and systems of early childhood education and childcare in Korea. We proposed five prospective models and offered a possible roadmap toward the integration of administrative systems. The roadmap was constructed after obtaining feedback from professionals in the fields and by evaluating the advantages and limitations of each of the prospective models that were developed. After identifying significant disagreements among stakeholders, we recommended a roadmap for integration which could minimize the conflicts among key groups. We presented specific tasks to explore before undertaking the administrative integration. The suggested tasks included integrating the two existing committees of early childhood education and childcare under the supervision of the Prime Minister, accommodating the functions of kindergartens and childcare facilities, integrating teacher training and qualification systems, and equalizing public financial support and regulatory systems between the two sectors.
Child Care in Malaysia: Then and Now
Authors: Chiam Heng Keng 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Child care services in Malaysia are instituted so that women can partake in the labour force. The Child Care Centre Act 1984 sets minimal standards and regulations. Possibly due to this minimum requirement, child care is seen as custodian care by the Government and parents. Changes in attitude and quality of care seem to be taking place. The Social Welfare Department with the cooperation of the Skill Development Department, Ministry of Human Resources, has drawn up the Standard Practice and Standard Content for child care providers in accordance with the National Occupation Skill Standard. This programme provides career pathways for child care providers. The Early Child Care and Development Policy is being finalized and the Quality Improvement and Accreditation System is ready but has yet to be implemented. In addition, the Deputy Prime Minister’s wife has initiated an early childhood programme, known as Permata Negara, which promotes holistic development of the child.
Smarter Reform: Moving beyond Single-Program Solutions to an Early Care and Education System in the United States
Authors: Stoney Louise , Mitchell Anne , Warner Mildred 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Proposals to improve early care and education (ECE) in the United States are often based on narrow conceptions of the value, benefits, and appropriate structure of services. The result is an increasing number of initiatives that focus only on a single aspect of the system (e.g., preschool for poor children) and assume this limited intervention can produce large results. This paper argues that to realize ECE’s potential to benefit children, families, and the US economy, the focus of reform proposals must broaden. The paper highlights the need for public investment that recognizes our children’s full worth and that reflects the value of family caregiving by supporting unpaid as well as market care. The paper presents an alternative proposal that takes into account the complexity and special nature of ECE markets and that calls for a range of investment strategies and a commitment to a level of institutional support commensurate with a high-quality ECE system.
From Ideology to Productivity: Reforming Early Childhood Education and Care in Australia
Authors: Cheeseman Sandra , Torr Jane 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Early childhood education and care services in Australia are undergoing major reforms, following widespread community concern about the quality of provision in general and the viability of corporate childcare in particular. A National Quality Framework has been developed by the current Australian Government to improve the quality, access and equity of early childhood services. As with any major social, political and economic change, however, the implementation of the reform agenda is subject to complex and often competing forces. In the paper, we describe the early childhood landscape in Australia today, and the possibilities and potential barriers to carrying out the much needed reforms proposed by the Australian Government. Early childhood professionals and the wider community are embracing the opportunity to work together to achieve a transformation in the way we educate and care for young children.
Competing Forces: Government Policy, Teacher Education, and School Administration in Hong Kong Early Childhood Education
Authors: Chan Betty , Lee Maria , Choy Grace 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The ecology and development of Hong Kong early childhood education is molded by the continuous and dynamic interactions between major stakeholders: government, school administrators and teacher educators. Hong Kong early childhood education is driven by three forces: policy, advocacy, and quality. These diverse forces compete with each other to become the dominant discourse in the field. Over the years, the voice of a particular force became more prominent than the other after an intricate interactions and negotiations between the different parties. This paper reviews the development of Hong Kong early childhood education policy from 1930s to present and examines its impact from the perspectives of teacher educators and school administrators.
Universal and Targeted Approaches to Preschool Education in the United States
Authors: Barnett W. Steven 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn the United States, enrollments in preschool center-based programs have leveled off at about 75 percent of four-year-olds and 50 percent of three year olds. Nearly all government programs restrict eligibility to children in low-income families, and these families have substantially increased preschool participation rates as a result. However, in the last decade little progress was made toward increasing enrollments, despite increases in government spending, and less than half of children in poverty attend public programs even at age four. The average educational quality of private programs is quite low, and public programs are only modestly better. As a result, the educational effectiveness of preschool programs in the United States tends to be much weaker than that of the well-known programs research has shown be cost-effective. This paper considers whether publicly funded preschool education for all children would alleviate these problems. Universal public preschool education would reach many more children in poor and low-income families. For means-tested programs constantly changing incomes present a moving target, while the stigma associated with programs for the poor also limits participation. Program effectiveness would be at least as good in a universal program as in targeted program, and effectiveness might actually improve. One source of increased effectiveness is peer effects on learning. In addition, parents from higher-income families may be better advocates for quality, and political support for quality may be higher. Children from middle- and higher-income families also will benefit from high-quality publicly-subsidized preschool programs. A universal approach will cost more than current targeted programs, but moving from targeted to universal public preschool education is likely to produce benefits that far exceed the additional cost.