bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Birmingham Gateway: structural assessment and strengthening
Authors: Orr John J. , Pask Dominic , Weise Karsten , Otlet Mike 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBirmingham New Street is the busiest UK rail station outside of London. Growing demand following upgrade works to the West Coast Main Line has seen passenger numbers exceed the design capacity of the current station, which was constructed in 1967. To meet projected increases in passenger numbers, a redevelopment of the historic station is currently underway. Retaining all major structural features, the redevelopment is being undertaken over a live railway in the heart of Birmingham while maintaining existing passenger capacity.
This paper describes the structural assessment and strengthening design work undertaken to facilitate the regeneration of Birmingham New Street. The assessment methodologies used in examining this historic concrete structure are discussed before the design of subsequent strengthening works is presented.
Shear tests on continuous prestressed concrete beams with external prestressing
Authors: Herbrand Martin , Classen Martin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAccording to current design codes, many existing road bridges exhibit shear capacity deficits. This is partly due to increased traffic loads and partly due to changes in the code provisions. In order to extend the service lives of these bridges, either refined design approaches may be used or strengthening measures performed. This paper describes the results of experimental investigations into how additional external prestressing influences the shear capacity of continuous prestressed concrete beams. Within the research project, six shear tests were performed on three test beams with parabolic internal post‐tensioning and additional, variable external prestressing. The aim of the project was to determine the effect of external prestressing on the shear capacity of existing bridges, and whether current design approaches lead to conservative results when used for recalculating existing bridge structures.
“Science capital”: A conceptual, methodological, and empirical argument for extending bourdieusian notions of capital beyond the arts
Authors: Archer Louise , Dawson Emily , DeWitt Jennifer , Seakins Amy , Wong Billy 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper sets out an argument and approach for moving beyond a primarily arts‐based conceptualization of cultural capital, as has been the tendency within Bourdieusian approaches to date. We advance the notion that, in contemporary society, scientific forms of cultural and social capital can command a high symbolic and exchange value. Our previous research [Archer et al. (2014) Journal of Research in Science Teaching 51, 1–30] proposed the concept of “science capital” (science‐related forms of cultural and social capital) as a theoretical lens for explaining differential patterns of aspiration and educational participation among young people. Here, we attempt to theoretically, methodologically, and empirically advance a discussion of how we might conceptualize science capital and how this might be translated into a survey tool for use with students. We report on findings from a survey conducted with 3658 secondary school students, aged 11–15 years, in England. Analysis found that science capital was unevenly spread across the student population, with 5% being classified as having “high” science capital and 27% “low” science capital. Analysis shows that levels of science capital (high, medium, or low) are clearly patterned by cultural capital, gender, ethnicity, and set (track) in science. Students with high, medium, or low levels of science capital also seem to have very different post‐16 plans (regarding studying or working in science) and different levels of self‐efficacy in science. They also vary dramatically in terms of whether they feel others see them as a “science person.” The paper concludes with a discussion of conceptual and methodological issues and implications for practice. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Research in Science Teaching Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 922–948, 2015.
A strategy for incorporating students’ interests into the high‐school science classroom
Authors: Hagay Galit , Baram‐Tsabari Ayelet 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMany students feel the curriculum is detached from their lives and interests. Indeed, about half the questions asked by high school biology students are not addressed by the curriculum. This study presents a strategy to incorporate students’ curiosity questions into the curriculum as a way to reduce the disparity between students’ interests and curricular requirements. We examined how five high school teachers incorporate their students' questions into their teaching and students’ perspectives on and experience of learning this way. In all classes, students were invited to anonymously write down their questions on the next topics to be learned and hand them in to the teacher, who mapped the questions into the required curriculum and planned teaching to address these questions. Teachers were given a freehand concerning how the questions were to be answered. This resulted in five different pedagogies ranging from teacher‐centered to students‐centered and different levels to which students’ voices affected the lesson content. There was no commonality between the level of adaptation of teaching content to include students’ voice and the choice of student‐centered pedagogies. The three basic needs identified by the Self‐Determination Theory were addressed, hence potentially increasing students’ intrinsic motivation. It enabled almost all the students to ask questions and influence lesson content; in some cases, an unintended outcome of improving teacher–student and peer to peer relations was observed. We suggest a practical, accessible, and flexible way to integrate students’ existing interests in science with disciplinary science learning, governed by the respect for their autonomy and needs. If the curriculum does not provide for personal queries, teachers can make this possible by incorporating students’ questions into the curriculum and negotiating a shared shadow curriculum. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 949–978, 2015.
Reproducible home ranges (rhr): A new, user‐friendly R package for analyses of wildlife telemetry data
Authors: Signer Johannes , Balkenhol Niko 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTAnalyzing wildlife tracking data frequently involves the estimation of home ranges. However, home range studies frequently lack important analytical steps, or only insufficiently report results. This makes it difficult for other researchers to evaluate, compare, and reproduce results from published home‐range studies. To facilitate more thorough home‐range analyses and reporting of analytical details, we developed a package for the statistical software package R that offers a user‐friendly platform for comprehensive home‐range analyses. Importantly, the package automatically generates a summary report that contains all analytical parameters used during analyses, and lists the main findings. To improve usability of the package, we also provide a graphical user interface that can be called from R without any programming skills. We currently implemented the calculation of site fidelity, time to statistical independence, minimum convex polygon, kernel density estimation, Brownian Bridge Movement Model, Jennrich–Turner Ellipses, local convex hull, estimation of home range asymptote, and area‐independent core‐area estimation. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Four Transition Metal Coordination Polymers based on an Aromatic Multi‐carboxylic Acid as Ligand: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Fluorescent/Magnetic Properties
Authors: Sun Yan‐Chun , Li Zhuo , Liang Ling‐Ling , Zhao Jian‐She , Wang Jun‐Long 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFour compounds, namely, [Zn(H2L)2·4H2O] (1), [Cu(HL)·(H2O)]·H2O (2), [Ni3L2(bpy)2·12H2O]·4H2O (3), and [Co3L2(bpy)2·12H2O]·4H2O (4) [H3L = 4, 4′‐[(5‐carboxy‐1, 3‐phenylene)bis(oxy)]dibenzoic acid], were synthesized under solvothermal conditions by employing a semi‐rigid aromatic multi‐carboxylic acid ligand (H3L) and ancillary nitrogen ligand (bpy = 4, 4′‐bipyridine). X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that complexes 1, 3, and 4 show zero‐dimensional (0D) structures, which were further extended to distinct 3D supramolecular nets by extensive hydrogen‐bond interactions. However, in compound 2, 1D chains of square‐shaped pores were linked together by HL2– ligands to generate a 2D porous layer along the ac plane. Comparison of the structures indicated that not only the conformation of the functional ligand, but also the ancillary ligand helped in structural determination of the compounds. Compound 1 exhibited solid fluorescence emission originating from an intraligand π→π* transition. Magnetic susceptibility measurements demonstrated that compound 2 exhibited antiferromagnetic coupling between adjacent copper(II) ions, with the corresponding J values of –141.84 cm–1. Furthermore, the thermal behaviors of the complexes 1–4 were studied by thermogravimetric analysis.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of the Sodium Molybdate Fluoride Na3MoO4F
Authors: Zhang Xiangyu , Li Danni , Yang Zhihua , Wu Hongping , Pan Shilie 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe compound Na3MoO4F was synthesized by high temperature solution methods. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that Na3MoO4F crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (No. 62) with lattice constants a = 5.588(2) Å, b = 7.515(3) Å, c = 12.876(5) Å, and Z = 4. The crystal structure consists of isolated MoO4 groups and [FNa3]∞ chains, which are connected by Na–O bonds to form a three‐dimensional framework. A detailed structure comparison between Na3MoO4F and NaMoO3F was carried out. IR spectroscopy and bond valence sum analysis of Na3MoO4F indicate that the structure is reasonable. In addition, the electronic structure was investigated by the first‐principles method.
Proximity of Couples to Parents: Influences of Gender, Labor Market, and Family
Authors: Chan Tak Wing , Ermisch John 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
We use household survey data from the UK to study how close middle-aged men and women in partnerships live to their parents and their partner’s parents. We find a slight tendency for couples to live closer to the woman’s parents than the man’s. This tendency is more pronounced among couples in which neither partner has a college degree and in which there is a child. In other respects, proximity to parents is gender-neutral, with the two partners having equal influence on intergenerational proximity. Better-educated couples live farther from their parents. And although certain family characteristics matter, intergenerational proximity is primarily driven by factors affecting mobility over long distances, which are mainly associated with the labor market, as opposed to gender or family circumstances.
Performance of the Present-on-Admission Indicator for Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Pakyz Amy L. , Patterson Julie A. , Motzkus-Feagans Christine , Hohmann Samuel F. , Edmond Michael B. , Lapane Kate L. 
Published: March 2015

The performance of a hospital- and community-onset Clostridium difficile infection definition using administrative data with a present-on-admission indicator was compared with definitions using clinical surveillance. For hospital-onset C. difficile infection, there was moderate sensitivity (68%) and high specificity (93%); for community-onset, sensitivity and specificity were high (both 85%).Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(7):838–840
The effects of Nordic school meals on concentration and school performance in 8- to 11-year-old children in the OPUS School Meal Study: a cluster-randomised, controlled, cross-over trial
Authors: Sørensen Louise B. , Dyssegaard Camilla B. , Damsgaard Camilla T. , Petersen Rikke A. , Dalskov Stine-Mathilde , Hjorth Mads F. , Andersen Rikke , Tetens Inge , Ritz Christian , Astrup Arne , Lauritzen Lotte , Michaelsen Kim F. , Egelund Niels 
Published: March 2015

It is widely assumed that nutrition can improve school performance in children; however, evidence remains limited and inconclusive. In the present study, we investigated whether serving healthy school meals influenced concentration and school performance of 8- to 11-year-old Danish children. The OPUS (Optimal well-being, development and health for Danish children through a healthy New Nordic Diet) School Meal Study was a cluster-randomised, controlled, cross-over trial comparing a healthy school meal programme with the usual packed lunch from home (control) each for 3 months (NCT 01457794). The d2 test of attention, the Learning Rating Scale (LRS) and standard tests on reading and mathematics proficiency were administered at baseline and at the end of each study period. Intervention effects were evaluated using hierarchical mixed models. The school meal intervention did not influence concentration performance (CP; primary outcome, n 693) or processing speed; however, the decrease in error percentage was 0·18 points smaller (P< 0·001) in the intervention period than in the control period (medians: baseline 2·03 %; intervention 1·46 %; control 1·37 %). In contrast, the intervention increased reading speed (0·7 sentence, P= 0·009) and the number of correct sentences (1·8 sentences, P< 0·001), which corresponded to 11 and 25 %, respectively, of the effect of one school year. The percentage of correct sentences also improved (P< 0·001), indicating that the number correct improved relatively more than reading speed. There was no effect on overall math performance or outcomes from the LRS. In conclusion, school meals did not affect CP, but improved reading performance, which is a complex cognitive activity that involves inference, and increased errors related to impulsivity and inattention. These findings are worth examining in future trials.
The Pulse in the Machine: Automating Tibetan Diagnostic Palpation in Postsocialist Russia
Authors: Chudakova Tatiana 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis article analyzes efforts by Soviet and present-day scientists in Russia to “rationalize” and ultimately automate the diagnostic techniques of Tibetan medicine. It tracks the institutional and conceptual histories of designing a pulse diagnostic system, a project that began in the Soviet Union in the early 1980s. It has recently been re-enlivened in Buryatia, an ethnic minority region in Southeastern Siberia, in efforts to mobilize indigenous medical practices in response to local and national public health concerns. I focus on the translational ideologies that informed efforts to develop the pulsometer as a medical imaging technology, and analyze obstacles to these efforts found at the core of the device. Scientists working on the pulsometer have systematically tried to discern whether their measurements indicate sustained bodily pathologies, or instead reflect only technological white noise, and they still recruit and rely on the embodied expertise of practitioners of Tibetan medicine to validate their findings. In so doing they reaffirm claims that Tibetan medicine in Buryatia is inextricable from the forms of knowledge and practice that their projects work to standardize. I show how the apparent failures at perfect mechanization have made the pulsometer a surprisingly productive site for creating new kinds of expert communities and forms of knowledge making.
Internal Violence: The “Police Action” in Hyderabad
Authors: Purushotham Sunil 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThrough an examination of the September 1948 event known as the “Police Action,” this article argues that “internal violence” was an important engine of state formation in India in the period following independence in 1947. The mid-century ruptures in the subcontinent were neither incidental to nor undermining of the nascent Indian nation-state project—they were constitutive events through which a new state and regime of sovereignty emerged. A dispersal and mobilization of violence in and around the princely state of Hyderabad culminated in an event of violence directed primarily at Hyderabad's Muslims during and just after the Police Action. This violent mediation of the incorporation of India's Muslims into the postcolonial order left significant legacies in subsequent decades. These events in the heart of peninsular India, and the processes behind them, have remained largely invisible or obscured in the historical record. Here I substantially revise the historiography of what happened in Hyderabad, and draw on my findings to offer an alternative perspective on decolonization in India.
Sovereign Violence: Temple Destruction in India and Shrine Desecration in Iran and Central Asia
Authors: Moin A. Azfar 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWas the destruction of Sufi and ‘Alid saint shrines as a rite of conquest in Iran and Central Asia a phenomenon comparable to the desecration of temples in war in India? With this question in mind, this essay examines the changing nature of Islamic kingship in premodern Iran and Central Asia and compares it to developments in Indic kingship. It begins with the thesis that the decline of the caliphate and the rise of Muslim saints and shrines in thirteenth-century Iran and Central Asia led to a new form of “shrine-centered” sovereignty practiced by the rulers of these regions. This development, in turn, gave rise to a notable pattern in which Muslim kings threatened or attacked the shrines of their enemies’ patron saints in times of war. A focus on this ritual violence, which remains neglected in the studies of Islamic iconoclasm and jihad, reveals how the protocols of violence and accommodation that governed these Muslim milieus became analogous to those enacted by Indic kings who also sacked temples of rival sovereigns in times of war. With the spread of Muslim shrines and the related belief that the “real” sovereign was not the caliph but the enshrined saint, Islam and Hinduism developed comparable grammars of “gifting” and “looting.” This argument allows for a new, transcultural perspective to examine the premodern history of India, Iran, and Central Asia, connected by the rise of Muslim saints and their shrines.
Between Boko Haram and the Joint Task Force: Assessing the Dilemma of Counter-Terrorism and Human Rights in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Sampson Isaac Terwase 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis article seeks to examine the paradox of Boko Haram terrorism and Nigeria's counter-terrorism efforts, personified by the Joint Task Force (JTF). While posing the challenge of human rights abuses by the JTF in its counter-Boko Haram operations, the article contends that, whereas the terrorists' activities violate the rights of victims, the JTF's actions have also resulted in significant human rights abuses against innocent civilians. It argues that, despite Nigeria's obligations under the plenitude of international human rights treaties, non-domestication of these treaties by Nigeria has rendered them insignificant. The article therefore recommends alternative approaches to this challenge. Nigeria should domesticate the catalogue of international human rights instruments to which it has acceded, enact rules of engagement for law enforcement operations by security forces, develop a counter-terrorism strategy that is subject to robust engagement with all stakeholders, and strengthen its existing human rights accountability mechanisms, such as the law courts, legislature and National Human Rights Commission.
The efficacy of tonsillectomy in chronic tonsillitis patients as demonstrated by the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
Authors: Yenigun A 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectives:Adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy are the oldest surgical procedures. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an inflammatory marker. This study aimed to investigate neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios in chronic tonsillitis patients and to determine whether this ratio reflects the pre- and post-operative inflammatory status in these patients.Methods:Patients and healthy individuals were assigned to four groups: the adenoid hypertrophy, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, chronic tonsillitis and control groups. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was calculated for each patient before surgery and one month post-surgery. Pre- and post-operative white blood cell, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios were compared both within and between groups.Results:Pre- and post-operative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios were significantly higher in the chronic tonsillitis group than in the adenoid hypertrophy and adenotonsillar hypertrophy groups (p< 0.01 andp< 0.05, respectively). In the chronic tonsillitis group, post-operative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios were significantly lower than pre-operative ratios (p= 0.045). The pre-operative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher in the chronic tonsillitis group than in the adenoid hypertrophy, adenotonsillar hypertrophy and control groups (p= 0.000). In contrast, there was no significant difference in post-operative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios among all groups (p= 0.584).Conclusion:The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio measurement can be used in chronic tonsillitis patients as an effective auxiliary method for determining the necessity and timing of tonsillectomy and post-operative follow up, thereby helping prevent complications due to delayed or inadequate treatment.
Collimation of laser-produced plasmas using axial magnetic field
Authors: Roy Amitava , Harilal Sivanandan S. , Hassan Syed M. , Endo Akira , Mocek Tomas , Hassanein Ahmed 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe investigated the expansion dynamics of laser-produced plasmas expanding into an axial magnetic field. Plasmas were generated by focusing 1.064 μm Nd:YAG laser pulses onto a planar tin target in vacuum and allowed to expand into a 0.5 T magnetic field where the field lines were aligned along the plume expansion direction. Gated images employing an intensified charge-coupled device showed focusing of the plasma plume, which were also compared with results, obtained using particle-in-cell modeling methods. The estimated density and temperature of the plasma plumes employing emission spectroscopy revealed significant changes in the presence and absence of the 0.5 T magnetic field. In the presence of the field, the electron temperature is increased with distance from the target, while the density showed opposite effects.
Detailed computation of hot-plasma atomic spectra
Authors: Pain Jean-Christophe , Gilleron Franck , Blenski Thomas 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe present recent evolutions of the detailed opacity code SCO-RCG which combines statistical modelings of levels and lines with fine-structure calculations. The code now includes the Partially Resolved Transition Array model, which allows one to replace a complex transition array by a small-scale detailed calculation preserving energy and variance of the genuine transition array and yielding improved higher-order moments. An approximate method for studying the impact of strong magnetic field on opacity and emissivity was also recently implemented. The Zeeman line profile is modeled by fourth-order Gram-Charlier expansion series, which is a Gaussian multiplied by a linear combination of Hermite polynomials. Electron collisional line broadening is often modeled by a Lorentzian function and one has to calculate the convolution of a Lorentzian with Gram-Charlier distribution for a huge number of spectral lines. Since the numerical cost of the direct convolution would be prohibitive, we propose, to obtain the resulting profile, a fast and precise algorithm, relying on a representation of the Gaussian by cubic splines.