bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Personality Behind Cheating: Behavioural Types and the Feeding Ecology of Cleaner Fish
Authors: Wilson Alexander D. M. , Krause Jens , Herbert‐Read James E. , Ward Ashley J. W. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe complex mutualistic relationship between the cleaner fish (Labroides dimidiatus) and their ‘clients’ in many reef systems throughout the world has been the subject of debate and research interest for decades. Game‐theory models have long struggled with explaining how the mixed strategies of cheating and honesty might have evolved in such a system and while significant efforts have been made theoretically, demonstrating the nature of this relationship empirically remains an important research challenge. Using the experimental framework of behavioural syndromes, we sought to quantitatively assess the relationship between personality and the feeding ecology of cleaner fish to provide novel insights into the underlying mechanistic basis of cheating in cleaner‐client interactions. First, we observed and filmed cleaner fish interactions with heterospecifics, movement patterns and general feeding ecology in the wild. We then captured and measured all focal individuals and tested them for individual consistency in measures of activity, exploration and risk taking (boldness) in the laboratory. Our results suggest a syndrome incorporating aspects of personality and foraging effort are central components of the behavioural ecology of L. dimidiatus on the Great Barrier Reef. We found that individuals that exhibited greater feeding effort tended to cheat proportionately less and move over smaller distances relative to bolder more active, exploratory individuals. Our study demonstrates for the first time that individual differences in personality might be mechanistically involved in explaining how the mixed strategies of cheating and honesty persist in cleaner fish mutualisms.
The Role of the Colloquial Varieties in the Acquisition of the Standard Variety: The Case of Arabic Heritage Speakers
Authors: Albirini Abdulkafi 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe study investigated the acquisition of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) by second language (L2) learners and by heritage speakers of the colloquial varieties of Arabic. The study focused on three questions: (1) whether heritage speakers who enroll in college‐level elementary MSA classes have an advantage over their L2 counterparts, (2) whether any potential advantage that heritage speakers may bring into the classroom carries on to a later stage of their MSA learning, and (3) the role of positive or negative transfer from the colloquial variety in the acquisition of MSA in a formal setting. Thirty‐five heritage speakers (19 elementary and 16 advanced), 28 advanced L2 learners, and 16 native‐speaker controls completed five negation tasks. The results indicated that, whereas elementary heritage speakers entered the MSA classroom with an advantage over their L2 counterparts in the area under study, the advanced heritage speakers exhibited patterns that were comparable to those of the L2 learners. Unlike their L2 counterparts, however, the advanced heritage speakers displayed positive and negative transfer effects from colloquial Arabic. The findings are discussed in the framework of three models/hypotheses of first language transfer to a third language, and their pedagogical implications for Arabic language teaching and learning are explicated.
Vegetation productivity patterns at high northern latitudes: a multi‐sensor satellite data assessment
Authors: Guay Kevin C. , Beck Pieter S. A. , Berner Logan T. , Goetz Scott J. , Baccini Alessandro , Buermann Wolfgang 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSatellite‐derived indices of photosynthetic activity are the primary data source used to study changes in global vegetation productivity over recent decades. Creating coherent, long‐term records of vegetation activity from legacy satellite data sets requires addressing many factors that introduce uncertainties into vegetation index time series. We compared long‐term changes in vegetation productivity at high northern latitudes (>50°N), estimated as trends in growing season NDVI derived from the most widely used global NDVI data sets. The comparison included the AVHRR‐based GIMMS‐NDVI version G (GIMMSg) series, and its recent successor version 3g (GIMMS3g), as well as the shorter NDVI records generated from the more modern sensors, SeaWiFS, SPOT‐VGT, and MODIS. The data sets from the latter two sensors were provided in a form that reduces the effects of surface reflectance associated with solar and view angles. Our analysis revealed large geographic areas, totaling 40% of the study area, where all data sets indicated similar changes in vegetation productivity over their common temporal record, as well as areas where data sets showed conflicting patterns. The newer, GIMMS3g data set showed statistically significant (α = 0.05) increases in vegetation productivity (greening) in over 15% of the study area, not seen in its predecessor (GIMMSg), whereas the reverse was rare (<3%). The latter has implications for earlier reports on changes in vegetation activity based on GIMMSg, particularly in Eurasia where greening is especially pronounced in the GIMMS3g data. Our findings highlight both critical uncertainties and areas of confidence in the assessment of ecosystem‐response to climate change using satellite‐derived indices of photosynthetic activity. Broader efforts are required to evaluate NDVI time series against field measurements of vegetation growth, primary productivity, recruitment, mortality, and other biological processes in order to better understand ecosystem responses to environmental change over large areas.
Abatement cost of wood‐based energy products at the production level on afforested and reforested lands
Authors: Dwivedi Puneet , Khanna Madhu 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe combined economic and life‐cycle analyses in an integrated framework to ascertain greenhouse gas (GHG) intensities, production costs, and abatement costs of GHG emissions for ethanol and electricity derived from three woody feedstocks (logging residues only, pulpwood only, and pulpwood and logging residues combined) across two forest management choices (intensive and nonintensive) and 31 harvest ages (year 10–year 40 in steps of 1 year) on reforested and afforested lands at the production level for slash pine (Pinus elliottii) in the Southern United States. We assumed that wood chips and wood pellets will be used to produce ethanol and generate electricity, respectively. Production costs andGHGintensities of ethanol and electricity were lowest for logging residues at the optimal rotation age for both forest management choices. Opportunity cost related with the change in rotation age was a significant determinant of the variability in the overall production cost.GHGintensity of feedstocks obtained from afforested land was lower than reforested land. Relative savings inGHGemissions were higher for ethanol than electricity. Abatement cost of GHG emissions for ethanol was lower than electricity, especially when feedstocks were obtained from a plantation whose rotation age was close to the optimal rotation age. A carbon tax of at least $25 and $38 Mg−1CO2e will be needed to promote production of ethanol from wood chips and electricity from wood pellets in the US, respectively.
Estimates of the leaf area of forage peanut for use in morphogenetic assessment
Authors: Lopes de Sá O. A. A. , Lara M. A. S. , Evangelista A. R. , Bernardes T. F. , Casagrande D. R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the morpho‐physiological responses of forage plants is critical for successfully managing pastures; however, there is no specific method for morphogenetically assessing Arachis pintoi. The present study aimed to develop and validate mathematical models to estimate leaf area in A. pintoi to enable assessments of leaf elongation and senescence. Two experiments were performed. The first experiment used 500 A. pintoi leaves to model leaf area. Three models were used: correlation, mechanistic and empirical. A total of 336 leaflets were collected to validate the models. For the second experiment, 786 leaflet pairs were collected to test the leaf symmetry. Leaf length (L), width (W) and area (A) were measured for each leaflet in both of the experiments. The model identity test was used. The leaflet area can be estimated using the following formula: Â = W ×L × 0·25 × π. Experiment 2 showed that the initial leaflet pairs were equal, as were the terminal leaflet pairs. In conclusion, the mechanistic model should be used to estimate the leaf area for A. pintoi, and only half of each leaf can be measured.
Skin reactions amongst Greek endodontists: a national questionnaire survey
Authors: Zarra T. , Lambrianidis T. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimTo investigate amongst Greek endodontists in the past 5 years the prevalence, aetiologic factors, severity and treatment for skin reactions.MethodologyOne hundred and 47 endodontists met the inclusion criteria and were invited to participate in the survey. Participants were asked for personal/professional data, prevalence, aetiologic factors, symptoms, severity and treatment for skin reactions in the past 5 years. The type of gloves used and frequency of hand washing as well as information on history of atopy and eczema were also recorded. Data were analysed using chi‐square test and independent samples t‐test. The level of significance was set at P = 0.05.ResultsThe response rate was 84%. Skin reactions were reported by 32.5% of participants. Hands were the body part most frequently affected (66% of cases); glove powder accounted for 73% of skin reactions. Medical care was sought by 28.2% of the affected participants. Endodontists with a history of atopy (P < 0.001) and dermal eczema (P < 0.001) as well as females (P = 0.023) were more likely to report skin reactions. Replacement of powdered latex gloves with powder‐free or vinyl/nitrile gloves, avoidance of potential allergens and use of pharmaceutical ointments were adopted by 48.7%, 23.1% and 2.6% of the affected endodontists, respectively, to manage skin reactions.ConclusionsApproximately one‐third of participants reported skin reactions. History of atopy and dermal eczema as well as gender was significantly associated with such reactions. The use of powder‐free latex gloves instead of powdered ones was the measure most frequently adopted to manage reactions.
Physicochemical stability of egg protein‐stabilised oil‐in‐water emulsions supplemented with vegetable powders
Authors: Raikos Vassilios , Neacsu Madalina , Morrice Philip , Duthie Garry 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThe effect of vegetable powders on the physicochemical stability of egg protein‐stabilised oil‐in‐water emulsions was studied. Vegetable powders (beetroot, broccoli, carrot, celery, green pea, red pepper, spinach, swede, tomato and yellow pea) were added at 2.5% (w/v) to emulsions prepared with rapeseed oil. The physical stability of the emulsions was characterised using the emulsifying activity (EAI) and the emulsifying stability indices (ESI) in addition to bright field microscopy. The oxidative stability of the emulsions was monitored by means of an accelerated oxidation test (Rancimat method). The addition of most vegetable powders did not markedly affect the physical stability of the emulsions although an adverse effect of tomato was observed. The oxidative stability of the emulsions was significantly improved in most cases as indicated by the Rancimat method with broccoli exhibiting the highest increase in induction time (98.2%) compared with the control. Both polar and nonpolar antioxidants are likely to contribute to the overall chemical stability of this complex food system in a concentration‐dependent manner.
Comparative studies on lipid oxidation of organic model sausage without nitrite produced with the addition of native or autoclaved mustard seed and acid whey
Authors: Karwowska Małgorzata , Wójciak Karolina M. , Dolatowski Zbigniew J. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThe objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the addition of native and autoclaved mustard seed (AMS) with combination of acid whey (AW) on the stability of organic model sausages during 30 days of vacuum storage by measuring primary and secondary products of lipid oxidation, the changes in the fatty acid composition, oxidation–reduction potential and antioxidant capacity. Briefly, the addition of AW (5%) with combination of AMS (1%) significantly increased the capacity of sausages to capture the radical cations 2,2‐azinobis(3‐ethyl‐benzothiazoline)‐6‐sulphonate at 1 day of storage which suggests that autoclaved mustard possessed significantly higher amount of phenolic acids compared with native mustard. The salted samples with mustard seed addition characterised by lower oxidation–reduction potential values (264.5–302.1 mV) during the whole storage period compared with control‐cured sample (307.3–330.5 mV). Results of conjugated dienes (CD) measurements indicated that salted meat product samples with mustard seed addition were characterised by significantly lower CD concentration (1.12–1.90 μmol mg−1 meat product) compared with control‐cured sample (1.86–2.55 μmol mg−1 meat product). The AW and mustard seed added to uncured sausage were able to protect polyunsaturated fatty acids against the oxidation comparable to nitrite.
Panel Data Evidence on the Effects of Fiscal Policy Shocks in the EU New Member States
Authors: Borys Paweł , Ciżkowicz Piotr , Rzońca Andrzej 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe identify fiscal policy shocks in the EU new member states using four different methods. We use panel data techniques to estimate the output response to these shocks. We find that investment and export growth increase after fiscal consolidation and decelerate after fiscal stimulus when the shocks are expenditure‐based. In contrast, private consumption does not respond to fiscal policy shocks. Expenditure‐based fiscal consolidations reduce wages, supporting the view that fiscal consolidation of such composition enhances the competitiveness and profitability of domestic enterprises. In contrast, we do not find evidence of fiscal shocks affecting households' confidence.
GST Compliance in the New Zealand Property Sector
Authors: Claus Iris 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDifferent schemes used in property transactions raised concern in New Zealand that insufficient goods and services tax (GST) was being paid on the sale of property. To improve tax compliance in the property sector, various measures have been undertaken. Tax auditing of property transactions has been strengthened since 2007 and in 2009 the government issued a discussion document that proposed a legislative solution to some specific GST problems. Moreover, several court cases have ruled against abusive GST schemes. This paper estimates the impact on GST collection and compliance in the property sector following these actions. The findings suggest that GST compliance in the property sector has increased.
Nephroureterectomy and Ureteroneocystostomy in an Alpaca With Bilateral Ectopic Ureters Diagnosed by Computed Tomographic Excretory Urography
Authors: Polf Holly D. , Smith Shasta , Simpson Katharine M. , Rochat Mark C. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo report diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence in a female Huacaya alpaca.Study DesignClinical case report.AnimalsFemale intact Huacaya alpaca (n = 1)MethodsComputed tomographic (CT) excretory urography and vaginourethrography were performed to diagnose the cause of urinary incontinence.ResultsBilateral ectopic ureters and left hydronephrosis and hydroureter were diagnosed. Left nephroureterectomy and right ureteroneocystostomy were performed with subsequent resolution of clinical signs. Pyelonephritis was identified by culture of the resected left kidney.ConclusionsCT excretory urography was helpful in the diagnosis of bilateral ectopic ureters in an alpaca and provided information for surgical planning. Surgical repair by ureteroneocystostomy and unilateral nephroureterectomy was successful in resolving clinical signs.
HEROES AND PENTADS: OR HOW INDO-EUROPEAN IS GREEK EPIC?
Authors: ALLEN NICK 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Students of the narrative content of Greek epic usually ignore the hypothesis that it shares a common origin with the Sanskrit epic, and even Georges Dumézil, the best known Indo-European cultural comparativist of the last century, emphasized the contrast between the two traditions. However, since Dumézil's death, it has been argued that his ‘trifunctional’ theory of Indo-European ideology needs to be subsumed within a pentadic framework. This framework suggests that the sets of protagonists in the Massacre of the Suitors and in the Trojan War are comparable with those at the heart of the Sanskrit Mahābhārata. Despite some blurring, the influence of the pentadic ideology is recognisable in a ‘canonical’ set of Achaean heroes, as regards not only their participation in certain Homeric episodes but also the sequence of their deaths and their relationship to geographical space.
APULIAN VASE-PAINTING BY NUMBERS: SOME THOUGHTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF VASES DEPICTING INDIGENOUS MEN
Authors: HERRING EDWARD 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the place of vases depicting indigenous men in the wider context of Apulian red-figure pottery production. Through an analysis of 13,577 vases, it is shown that those depicting indigenous men were only ever a tiny part of the overall output. The overwhelming majority of surviving Apulian vases lack a proper archaeological provenance, but although this limits certainty, the evidence suggests that the vases in question were primarily used in Central Puglia. The iconography of the vessels shows indigenous men in a positive light, as successful warriors who participated in banqueting and religious rituals. The scenes all have direct parallels in the wider iconography of Apulian red-figure, where Greek men are shown engaged in a similar range of activities. The paper considers why this idealized representation of indigenous male lifestyles is so indebted to Greek culture and argues for the continued importance of local identities.
Paying it forward: how helping others can reduce the psychological threat of receiving help
Authors: Alvarez Katherina , van Leeuwen Esther 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis paper shows that receiving help could be psychologically harmful for recipients, and passing on help to others after receiving help (“helping forward”) is a good strategy to improve and restore help recipients' self‐competence. Participants (N = 87) received autonomy‐ or dependency‐oriented help and anticipated helping forward or not. Compared to receiving autonomy‐oriented help, receiving dependency‐oriented help negatively affected participants' self‐competence and their evaluation of the helper. Anticipation of future helping increased the liking for and evaluation of the helper. After paying help forward, participants felt more self‐competent than before helping, and this effect was more pronounced among former recipients of dependency‐oriented help. These results show that helping forward can negate the psychological threat associated with receiving help.
Climatic niche breadth and species richness in temperate treefrogs
Authors: Chejanovski Zachary A. , Wiens John J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimPatterns of species richness are often closely linked with climate, but the specific mechanisms by which species' climatic niches underlie large‐scale richness patterns remain poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that reduced temperature seasonality in the tropics promotes the evolution of species with narrow temperature niche breadths, and that this hypothesis helps explain high tropical richness. However, the relationship between species' climatic niche breadths and species richness has yet to be tested. We have addressed this issue using treefrogs (Hylidae) in eastern North America.LocationEastern North America.MethodsWe characterized climatic niches and niche breadths for all 24 hylid species in eastern North America using temperature and precipitation variables. We then examined the relationships between species richness, climatic niche positions and climatic niche breadths using phylogenetic comparative methods.ResultsSpecies richness was negatively associated with mean climatic niche breadth, such that high‐richness climates had species with narrower climatic niches. Our results also supported the roles of niche conservatism and the time‐for‐speciation effect in generating the relationship between climate and species richness in the region (more species in warm, wet regions that have been inhabited longer). Importantly, we show that the invasion of low‐richness climates has occurred primarily through recent intraspecific niche expansion into these climates rather than evolution of species that are narrowly specialized for these conditions (although the two hylid clades studied showed somewhat different patterns).Main conclusionsWe found that climatic zones with high species richness contain more species with narrower climatic niche breadths. Our results suggest that this pattern arose because narrow climatic niche breadths restricted the dispersal of most hylid species out of the ancestral, warm, moist climatic zones, allowing more time for speciation to build up higher species richness in these zones.
Bipolar Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation for Refractory Ventricular Outflow Tract Arrhythmias
Authors: TEH ANDREW W. , REDDY VIVEK Y. , KORUTH JACOB S. , MILLER MARC A. , CHOUDRY SUBBARAO , D'AVILA ANDRE , DUKKIPATI SRINIVAS R. 
Published: June 2014

Bipolar Ablation for Outflow Tract VTIntroductionStandard unipolar radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is typically successful in eliminating premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) originating from the ventricular outflow tract region. In a minority of cases, this approach may be ineffective. We report 4 cases where bipolar RFA was attempted after failed unipolar RFA.MethodsFrom a total of 73 consecutive PVC ablations, 4 patients underwent bipolar RFA after failed unipolar ablation. Three‐dimensional electroanatomic activation mapping of the right and left ventricular outflow (RVOT and LVOT), coronary sinus, and aortic root was performed.ResultsMean age was 53 ± 22 years, 3 male. The mean 24‐hour PVC burden in these patients was 33,107 ± 8,712. In 3 of 4 patients, the RVOT activation was earlier than the left side. The earliest activation on the left was in the right coronary cusp in 2 patients and left coronary cusp in 2. Unipolar RFA delivered sequentially at the site of earliest RVOT and then earliest aortic cusp sites failed to eradicate the PVCs in all 4 patients. Subsequently, bipolar RFA was applied between irrigated catheters placed at the earliest RVOT and aortic root sites. This approach eliminated PVCs in 3 of 4 (75%) cases. At a median follow‐up of 4 months, those with successful bipolar RFA had no recurrence of clinical PVCs.ConclusionsThis report demonstrates the potential utility of bipolar RFA in patients with outflow tract PVCs that fail unipolar RFA.