bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transformative occupation and the unilateralist impulse
Authors: Fox Gregory H. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe 2003 occupation of Iraq ignited an important debate among scholars over the merits of transformative occupation. An occupier has traditionally been precluded from making substantial changes in the legal or political infrastructure of the state it controls. But the Iraq experience led some to claim that this ‘conservationist principle’ had been largely ignored in practice. Moreover, transformation was said to accord with a variety of important trends in contemporary international law, including the rebuilding of post-conflict states along liberal democratic lines, the extra-territorial application of human rights treaty obligations, and the decline of abstract conceptions of territorial sovereignty. This article argues that these claims are substantially overstated. The practice of Occupying Powers does not support the view that liberal democratic transformations are widespread. Human rights treaties have never been held to require states parties to legislate in the territories of other states. More importantly, the conservationist principle serves the critical function of limiting occupiers' unilateral appropriation of the subordinate state's legislative powers. Post-conflict transformation has indeed been a common feature of post-Cold War legal order, but it has been accomplished collectively, most often via Chapter VII of the UN Charter. To grant occupiers authority to reverse this trend by disclaiming any need for collective approval of ‘reforms’ in occupied states would be to validate an anachronistic unilateralism. It would run contrary to the multilateralization of all aspects of armed conflict, evident in areas well beyond post-conflict reconstruction.
Soluble Carbohydrates Regulate Auxin Biosynthesis via PIF Proteins in Arabidopsis
Authors: Sairanen Ilkka , Novák Ondřej , Pěnčík Aleš , Ikeda Yoshihisa , Jones Brian , Sandberg Göran , Ljung Karin 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Plants are necessarily highly competitive and have finely tuned mechanisms to adjust growth and development in accordance with opportunities and limitations in their environment. Sugars from photosynthesis form an integral part of this growth control process, acting as both an energy source and as signaling molecules in areas targeted for growth. The plant hormone auxin similarly functions as a signaling molecule and a driver of growth and developmental processes. Here, we show that not only do the two act in concert but that auxin metabolism is itself regulated by the availability of free sugars. The regulation of the biosynthesis and degradation of the main auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), by sugars requires changes in the expression of multiple genes and metabolites linked to several IAA biosynthetic pathways. The induction also involves members of the recently described central regulator PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR transcription factor family. Linking these three known regulators of growth provides a model for the dynamic coordination of responses to a changing environment.
The influence of winter severity, predation and senescence on moose habitat use
Authors: Montgomery Robert A. , Vucetich John A. , Peterson Rolf O. , Roloff Gary J. , Millenbah Kelly F. 
Published: December 2012

Summary

Habitat use is widely known to be influenced by abiotic and biotic factors, such as climate, population density, foraging opportunity and predation risk. The influence of the life‐history state of an individual organism on habitat use is less well understood, especially for terrestrial mammals.

There is good reason to expect that life‐history state would affect habitat use. For example, organisms exhibiting poor condition associated with senescence have an increased vulnerability to predation and that vulnerability is known to alter habitat use strategies.

We assessed the influence of life‐history stage on habitat use for 732 moose (Alces alces) killed by wolves (Canis lupus) over a 50‐year period in Isle Royale National Park, an island ecosystem in Lake Superior, USA. We developed regression models to assess how location of death was associated with a moose's life‐history stage (prime‐aged or senescent), presence or absence of senescent‐associated pathology (osteoarthritis and jaw necrosis), and annual variation in winter severity, moose density and ratio of moose to wolves, which is an index of predation risk.

Compared to senescent moose, prime‐aged moose tend to make greater use of habitat farther from the shoreline of Isle Royale. That result is ecologically relevant because shoreline habitat on Isle Royale tends to provide better foraging opportunities for moose but is also associated with increased predation risk. During severe winters prime‐aged moose tend to make greater use of habitat that is closer to shore in relation to senescent‐aged moose. Furthermore, moose of both age classes were more likely to die in riskier, shoreline habitat during years when predation risk was lower in the preceding year.

Our results highlight a complicated connection between life history, age‐structured population dynamics and habitat‐related behaviour. Our analysis also illustrates why intraspecific competition should not be the presumed mechanism underlying density‐dependent habitat use, if predation risk is related to density, as it is expected to be in many systems.
Disparities in Use of Gynecologic Oncologists for Women with Ovarian Cancer in the United States
Authors: Austin Shamly , Martin Michelle Y. , Kim Yongin , Funkhouser Ellen M. , Partridge Edward E. , Pisu Maria 
Published: December 2012

ObjectiveTo examine disparities in utilization of gynecologic oncologists (GOs) across race and other sociodemographic factors for women with ovarian cancer.Data SourcesObtained SEER‐Medicare linked dataset for 4,233 non‐Hispanic White, non‐Hispanic African American, Hispanic of any race, and Non‐Hispanic Asian women aged ≥66 years old diagnosed with ovarian cancer during 2000–2002 from 17 SEER registries. Physician specialty was identified by linking data to the AMA master file using Unique Physician Identification Numbers.Study DesignRetrospective claims data analysis for 1999–2006. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between GO utilization and race/ethnicity in the initial, continuing, and final phases of care.Principal FindingsGO use decreased from the initial to final phase of care (51.4–28.8 percent). No racial/ethnic differences were found overall and by phase of cancer care. Women >70 years old and those with unstaged disease were less likely to receive GO care compared to their counterparts. GO use was lower in some SEER registries compared to the Atlanta registry.ConclusionsGO use for the initial ovarian cancer treatment or for longer term care was low but not different across racial/ethnic groups. Future research should identify factors that affect GO utilization and understand why use of these specialists remains low.
Prognosis of chronic spontaneous urticaria in 117 patients not controlled by a standard dose of antihistamine
Authors: Hiragun M. , Hiragun T. , Mihara S. , Akita T. , Tanaka J. , Hide M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundChronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a common skin disorder, but its clinical course reported so far is largely variable, probably due to the heterogeneity of the clinical background of patients and pathogenesis of this disease.MethodsTo reveal the prognosis of refractory CSU, we retrospectively studied the patients who suffered from spontaneous urticaria for six weeks or longer at their first visit to our outpatient clinic, who were insufficiently controlled by a standard dose of antihistamine, and revisited from 2003 to 2009.ResultsAmong 223 patients with CSU, 117 patients fulfilled the criteria mentioned above. Mean disease duration at first visit and mean duration of follow‐up at our hospital were 27.4 ± 4.2 months and 18.7 ± 1.9 months, respectively. By using Kaplan–Meier methods, the estimated improved rates at 12 months, 24 months, and 60 months were 36.6%, 51.2%, and 66.1%, respectively. The overall improvement rate of childhood cases (<19 years) was significantly higher than that of adult cases (P = 0.007, log‐rank test). Moreover, the improvement rate of patients with short disease durations (<1 year at the first visit) was significantly (P = 0.003, log‐rank test) higher than that of patients with long disease durations (one year or more).ConclusionOur data indicate that the condition of patients with CSU can be gradually improved even in intractable cases. Information about the clinical course and prognostic factors of CSU in this study could help physicians predict the prognosis of patients and ensure medication adherence of patients with CSU.
Implementation and Outcome of Thrombolysis with Alteplase 3 to 4.5 h After Acute Stroke in Chinese Patients
Authors: Liao Xiao‐Ling , Wang Chun‐Xue , Wang Yi‐Long , Wang Chun‐Juan , Zhao Xing‐Quan , Zhang Li‐Qun , Liu Li‐Ping , Pan Yue‐Song , Wang Yong‐Jun 
Published: December 2012

SummaryBackground and PurposeThe European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS) III showed that intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) administered in the 3 to 4.5 h after symptom onset significantly improved clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). But little is known regarding the safety and efficacy of intravenous rtPA treatment within this extended time window in Chinese patients with AIS.Methods and ResultsData were collected from the Thrombolysis Implementation and Monitor of acute ischemic Stroke in China (TIMS‐China). A total of 574 patients who underwent rtPA therapy within 4.5 h after symptom onset were included in this study: 409 in the 0‐ to 3‐h group and 165 in the 3‐ to 4.5‐h group. There were no significant differences in SICH rate (2.4% vs. 1.5%, P = 0.70) at 24 to 36 h, mortalities (7.5% vs. 7.3%, P = 0.84), independence rate (68.9% vs. 63.9%, P = 0.19), and excellent recovery rate (60.9% vs. 52.4%, P = 0.11) between the two time window groups. These results were comparable with previous Western studies.ConclusionThis study suggests that intravenous rtPA treatment at 3 to 4.5 h of symptom onset remains safe and effective in Chinese patients with AIS.
Diabetic retinopathy: pathogenesis, clinical grading, management and future developments
Authors: Heng L. Z. , Comyn O. , Peto T. , Tadros C. , Ng E. , Sivaprasad S. , Hykin P. G. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDecades of research into the pathophysiology and management of diabetic retinopathy have revolutionized our understanding of the disease process. Diabetic retinopathy is now more accurately defined as a neurovascular rather than a microvascular disease as neurodegenerative disease precedes and coexists with microvascular changes. However, the complexities of the pathways involved in different stages of disease severity continue to remain a challenging issue for drug discovery. Currently, laser photocoagulation is the mainstay of treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy, but is gradually being superseded for diabetic macular oedema. However, it is destructive and at best results in a gradual but modest improvement in vision in the long term. So, diabetic retinopathy remains the most prevalent cause of visual impairment in the working‐age population despite established screening programmes, early diagnosis and treatment of the condition. The recent discovery of inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor is revolutionizing the management of diabetic retinopathy, particularly diabetic macular oedema. However, not all patients respond to anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents, reinforcing the fact that diabetic retinopathy is a multifactorial disease. Studies are still required to improve our understanding of how retinal structure correlates with visual function. It is hoped that these will lead to better characterization of the disease phenotype based on treatment responses to different agents and allow an algorithm to be developed that will guide the management of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema at different stages of severity.
Biological traits of eastern sand darter (Ammocrypta pellucida) in the lower Thames River, Canada, with comparisons to a more southern population
Authors: Finch Mary , Faber Joseph E. , Koops Marten A. , Doka Susan E. , Power Michael 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEastern sand darter (Ammocrypta pellucida)is listed as Threatened under the CanadianSpecies at Risk Act. Little relevant biological information is available for most Canadian populations and only limited information is available for populations in the United States. To supplement the paucity of information, this study collected biological information on eastern sand darter during field surveys in 2006–2007 from 10 sites in the lower Thames River, Ontario, Canada. Collected data were used to estimate critical life history traits including: longevity, fecundity, clutch size and number, growth, survival, age‐at‐first‐maturity and cohort age structure. Longevity was 3+ years, with age‐at‐first‐maturity being 1+ for both sexes. Examination of egg sizes from preserved females in 2007 showed a bimodal distribution, suggesting two spawning occurrences of 71 eggs each. Quantitative comparison of lower Thames River biological information with a more southerly eastern sand darter population in the Little Muskingum River, Ohio, demonstrated little variation between the populations. Data comparisons suggest that localised environmental factors are affecting biological traits (growth), in particular water temperature that may be controlled by differences in riparian cover and/or groundwater input.
Ontogenetic and individual diet variation in amphibian larvae across an environmental gradient
Authors: SCHRIEVER TIFFANY A. , WILLIAMS D. DUDLEY 
Published: December 2012

Summary1. Variation among individuals within size or age classes can have profound effects on community dynamics and food‐web structure. We investigated the potential influence of habitat disturbance on intrapopulation niche variation.2. Amphibians occupy a range of lentic habitats from short‐hydroperiod intermittent ponds to long‐hydroperiod permanent ponds. We quantified ontogenetic diet variation and individual specialisation in wood frog tadpoles (Lithobates sylvaticus) and blue‐spotted salamander larvae (Ambystoma laterale) to investigate the influence of hydroperiod on population niche width across a natural hydroperiod gradient using stable isotope and gut content analyses. In one of the few tests using larval forms, we tested the niche variation hypothesis, which predicts that populations with larger niche widths also have increased individual variation.3. Our results support the niche variation hypothesis, indicating that more generalised populations exhibit higher within‐individual diet variation. We report gradual changes in the relative importance of diet items, decreased dietary overlap and increased trophic position in L. sylvaticus throughout development. A. laterale became more enriched in δ13C and increased in δ15N throughout its larval period. We did not find a relationship between hydroperiod and niche parameters, indicating that niches are conserved across heterogeneous habitats. In contrast to most documented cases, we estimated low levels of individual specialisation in amphibian larvae.4. Amphibians are an important link between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, whereby diet shifts can influence food‐web structure by altering energy flow pathways and the trophic position of higher consumers, ultimately changing food‐chain length.
Mate guarding in relation to seasonal changes in the energy reserves of two freshwater amphipods (Gammarus fossarumandG. pulex)
Authors: BECKER JOCHEN , ORTMANN CHRISTIAN , WETZEL MARKUS A. , WINKELMANN CAROLA , KOOP JOCHEN H. E. 
Published: December 2012

Summary1. We assessed sex‐specific seasonal changes in major energy storage compounds (triglycerides, glycogen) inGammarus fossarumandGammarus pulexcollected from the field, with respect to their reproductive activity.2. The dynamics of stored energy followed a seasonal pattern in both species and sexes. Moreover, over a 4‐year period, these changes were independent of the year in which they were investigated. Stored energy reached a peak in late winter, but was depleted in late summer and early autumn, coinciding with the reproductive periods.3. Triglyceride (annual mean ± SD) accounted for 79.7 ± 11.9% of the total stored energy and was responsible for the seasonal pattern. In contrast, glycogen contributed a lesser percentage (20.3 ± 11.9%). Over the study period, the amount of stored energy ranged between 0.39 and 4.08 kJ g−1dry mass (triglyceride: 0.19–3.69 kJ g−1dry mass; glycogen: 0.14–0.80 kJ g−1dry mass).4. In both species, the energy reserves of males were drastically depleted shortly before the cessation of precopulatory mate guarding in the field, thus offering a bioenergetic explanation for the reproductive period in these two widespread species.
Études in vivo et approches in vitro visant à comprendre les différences entre les peaux de types Caucasien et Africain: rôle spécifique du derme papillaire
Authors: Girardeau‐Hubert Sarah , Pageon Hervé , Asselineau Daniel 
Published: December 2012

RésuméContexte La plupart des différences identifiées entre les types de peau caucasien et africain ont été attribuées à la partie superficielle de la peau, à savoir, l’épiderme. Nous nous sommes attachés àétudier le rôle potentiel joué par le compartiment dermique dans les différences cutanées entre les Caucasiens et les Africains.Méthodes Des études comparatives in vivo et in vitro ont été menées à l’aide de biopsies de peaux humaines normales et de peaux reconstruites in vitro correspondantes. Des équivalents de peau ont été réalisés avec des fibroblastes papillaires isolés à partir du derme superficiel de peaux caucasiennes ou de peaux africaines. L’expression des principaux composants de la jonction dermo‐épidermique (JDE) a été examinée en fonction du groupe ethnique.Résultats Les observations des contrôles histologiques des biopsies cutanées ont montré que le relief de la JDE des peaux de type Africain était plus important que celui des peaux de type Caucasien. Les immunomarquages des collagènes IV et VII, de la laminine‐5 et du nidogène au niveau de la JDE étaient plus faibles dans les biopsies de peau africaine comparativement aux biopsies de peau caucasienne.Conclusions Cette étude fournit de nouveaux éléments concernant l’implication du derme papillaire dans les différences entre les types de peaux caucasiens et africains. Sachant que les fibroblastes du derme superficiel coopèrent avec les kératinocytes épidermiques dans la production des protéines de la membrane basale, les résultats de cette étude in vivo suggèrent que les fibroblastes papillaires pourraient jouer un rôle dans les caractéristiques observées au niveau de la JDE. Des expériences in vitro préliminaires ont montré, sur les modèles de peau reconstruite élaborés avec des fibroblastes papillaires issus des deux origines, des différences au niveau de l’expression de plusieurs protéines contribuant à la structure de la JDE. Les équivalents de peau in vitro pourraient être utilisés pour expliquer les différences de peaux entre les groupes ethniques.
Relation entre la couleur de la peau et sa réponse cutanée à la lumière ultraviolette
Authors: Del Bino Sandra , Bernerd Françoise 
Published: December 2012

RésuméL'exposition solaire est responsable d'effets délétères tels que le coup de soleil, le photovieillissement et les photocancers. L'importance de ces effets dépend en grande partie de la pigmentation constitutive de la peau. Afin étudier le lien entre la couleur de la peau et sa sensibilité aux UV, nous avons analysé 42 prélèvements de peau ex vivo. Le type de couleur de peau a été déterminé grâce à l'Angle Typologique Individuel (ATI°) sur la base de paramètres colorimétriques. Ceci nous a permis de classer les peaux de façon objective en cinq groupes: Claire, Intermédiaire, Mate, Brune et Foncée. Après exposition à des doses croissantes d'UV, la dose biologiquement efficace (DBE) a été déterminée pour chaque prélèvement par la quantification des cellules coup de soleil (CCS). Nous avons observé une corrélation entre l'ATI et la DBE, c'est‐è‐dire plus la peau est claire, plus la DBE est faible. Nous avons également analysé des marqueurs de la réponse biologique aux UV tels que la formation des dimères de pyrimidine (CPD) et l'accumulation de p53. Tout comme pour les CCS, nous avons mis en évidence une relation entre l'ATI et la dose induisant ces dommages biologiques. Il est intéressant de noter que les CPD étaient présents dans toutes les couches épidermiques et dans le derme superficiel des peaux Claires, Intermédiaires et Mates. Par contre, il n'était pas possible de détecter de CPD dans la couche basale de l'épiderme ou dans le derme des peaux Brunes et Foncées. Nos résultats indiquent une diminution progressive de la sensibilitéà l'exposition aux UV au fur et à mesure de l'augmentation de la pigmentation constitutive. Il est probable que cette sensibilité permette de prédire la prédisposition individuelle au développement des conséquences délétères des expositions solaires que sont le photovieillissement et les cancers de la peau.
Dermatoses des plis chez le noir Africain à Bamako (Mali)
Authors: Keita Somita , Faye Ousmane , Traoré Aboubacrine , Dicko Adama , Berthe Siritio , Traore Pierre , Coulibaly Karim 
Published: December 2012

RésuméLa dermatose des plis ou intertrigo est un motif fréquent de consultation notamment en Afrique où le climat chaud et humide constitue un facteur aggravant. C’est une pathologie complexe aux étiologies multiples et intriquées. Le but de ce travail était de décrire les aspects épidémiologiques et étiologiques des dermatoses des plis chez les sujets à peau noire à Bamako (Mali).Nous avons mené une enquête transversale descriptive des dermatoses localisées aux plis en milieu dermatologique à Bamako (Mali).Au total, 141 cas d’intertrigo ont été identifiés : 96 sujets de sexe féminin (68%) et 45 de sexe masculin. L’âge moyen des malades était de 30 ± 18 ans (2–80 ans). La majorité des malades ont consulté entre les mois de mars et Juin; 52% des malades avaient déjà reçu un traitement avant la consultation. Les lésions intéressaient les plis inguinaux et ou inter‐fessiers chez 95 patients (57,4%), les plis axillaires et sous‐mammaires chez 46 malades (42,6%). L’eczéma, l’érythrasma et les mycoses étaient les pathologies les plus fréquemment observées.L’intérêt de ce travail repose sur l’approche topographique qu’un dermatologue doit adopter pour conduire le diagnostic de certaines dermatoses. Dans les populations ayant des pratiques culturelles spécifiques, la prise en charge de ces affections nécessite, outre une bonne connaissance de ces spécificités, l’abandon des attitudes et comportements néfastes.