bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Korkyra Melaina
Authors: Kirigin Branko 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

According to Ps.‐Skylax (29) and Apollonius Rhodius (
Argon
. 565–73), this is the name of the island of Korčula (Croatia). Ps.‐Skymnos (427–8), Strabo (7.5.5, 315), and Pliny (
HN
3.152) state that on the island there was a Knidian colony.
Leontinoi
Authors: Longo Fausto 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

A Greek
polis
in Sicily founded in 729
bce
on the hills of S. Mauro and Metapiccola, south of the fertile Etna plain, by inhabitants of Naxos guided by the oikist Theokles after ousting the Siculi by force (Thuc. 6.3.3).
Literacy, Greece
Authors: Sickinger James P. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLiteracy, understood in its most simple terms as the ability to read and write, reached new levels in Greek civilization. The Mycenaean Greeks had kept some palace records in the Linear B script, but no evidence suggests that they used writing to record or preserve literary compositions, diplomatic correspondence, business documents, or other types of texts, and Mycenaean literacy was probably limited to a small class of scribes and palace officials. Knowledge of writing disappeared from the Greek world when Mycenaean civilization collapsed in the twelfth centuryBCE, but by the early eighth century the Greeks had adapted a western Semitic script, often mislabeled the Phoenician alphabet, to the Greek language. The small number of characters in this new Greek alphabet and their close correspondence to spoken sounds made it relatively simple to learn. Literate skills thus became accessible to a broader group of individuals than had been the case with earlier writing systems, and the functions of writing spread throughout the Greek world in the following centuries.
Pharos, Adriatic Island
Authors: Kirigin Branko 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPharos is both the ancient name of the Adriatic island of Hvar (ca. 299 km2) and that of the GreekPolis(Ps.‐Skylax 23; Ephoros inFGrH70 F 89; Eratosth.ap. schol. in Ap. Rhod.Argon. 4.1215) founded there in 385/4bceby the Parians from the Aegean island and supported and protected by Dionysios I, the tyrant of Syracuse (Diod. Sic. 15.13–14).
Afterlife, Judaism and Christianity
Authors: Clark‐Soles Jaime 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAncient Judaism and Christianity reflect a wide variety of views on the afterlife. One finds both linear and parallel development with different ideas waxing and waning. Due to the multitudinous cultural influences (including Ugaritic, Canaanite, Egyptian, Persian, Greek, and Roman), the span of centuries, and the different kinds of evidence available (e.g., texts, epigraphy, graves, art), systemization remains impossible.
Agrapha Iesou
Authors: Stroker William D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAgrapha Iesourefers to sayings of the earthly Jesus which are not included in the earliest versions of the canonical gospels (Hofius 1991: 336). Noncanonical and extracanonical sayings of Jesus are alternative designations. The termagraphaassumes that the sayings go back to the pre‐written, oral stage of tradition, though that cannot be held for much of the material.
Catholic Epistles
Authors: Donelson Lewis R. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The Catholic Epistles are a varied group of seven letters that contain some of the richest theological imagery in the New Testament. These letters include a summary of Jewish Christian ethics, the most careful analysis of suffering in the New Testament, a glimpse into heated attacks on outsiders and on other Christians, and a rather orthodox, non‐Gnostic reading of the Gospel of John.
Constantine II
Authors: Howard Nathan D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractConstantine II (317–340ce) was the eldest of three surviving sons of Constantine I when the emperor died in 337. His full name was Flavius Claudius Constantinus. He was part of a new line of Flavian emperors that his father hoped to establish in the aftermath of years of civil war during the Tetrarchy. But divisions plagued the deceased emperor's sons, ultimately resulting in the early death of Constantine II at the age of 23.
Docetism
Authors: Slusser Michael 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The term “docetism” is applied to the teaching sometimes found in early Christianity that the divine redeemer only seemed to be, but was not, a human being. It comes from the Greek
dokein
, to seem, and
dokēsis
, a seeming appearance or phantasm. That teaching was vigorously opposed by the authors of some New Testament texts, by the second‐century writers Ignatius of Antioch and Irenaeus of Lyon, and by the Great Church generally.
Lactantius
Authors: Nicholson Oliver 
Published: December 2012

AbstractL. Caelius Firmianus Lactantius (ca. 250–ca. 325ce) is the author of the first comprehensive exposition of Christianity in the Latin language,Divinarum Institutionum Libri VII(theDivine Institutes), written during the last Great Persecution of the church (303–313). Soon after the persecution ended, in 313–315, he wrote a vitriolic political pamphlet,De morte persecutorum (On the Deaths of the Persecutors), dedicated to a Christian comrade who had spent six years in a Nicomedia prison. This work describes the persecutions and the rise of Constantine from the point of view of a well‐informed if partisan political insider. From these, from Lactantius' other works, and from notices by Jerome (Chron. ad ann. Abr. 3222;Vir. Ill. 79–80), the outline of Lactantius' life may be reconstructed.
Melito of Sardis
Authors: Williams Megan 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Melito (fl. 170–180) was a Christian leader at Sardis in Asia Minor; he was a prolific author with an excellent literary and rhetorical training and was read by Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Eusebius. Near‐contemporaries describe his asceticism, prophecy, and links to John the Evangelist; later, he is called a bishop. Little is known of his life.
Monasticism, Christian
Authors: Dysinger Luke 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Christian monasticism, understood as a way of life characterized by prayer, withdrawal from society, celibacy, and dispossession of goods, first attained prominence in Egypt toward the end of the third century. Earlier antecedents certainly existed but are only faintly discernible in patristic allusions and early monastic biographies. Ignatius of Antioch (d. ca. 107) and Hippolytus (c. 215) mention communities of “virgins called widows,” celibate women committed to prayer and service. Whatever their origins, these feminine models of proto‐monasticism were sufficiently organized and established by the middle of the third century that Antony of Egypt (ca. 251–356), revered as the founder and “father of monks,” could entrust his young sister to their care before embarking on his own ascetical career around the year 270.
Muratorian Fragment
Authors: Hill Charles E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Muratorian Fragment is a discursive list of early Christian books which its author claims are, or may be, received by the Catholic Church. Its traditional dating to the latter half of the second century or beginning of the third, thus providing the earliest “canon list” of New Testament books, has, however, been forcefully challenged by scholars who view it as a product of the late fourth‐century east. Settling this question can have noteworthy effects for understanding the stages of the development of the New Testament Canon.
Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
Authors: Hillel Vered 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTheTestaments of the Twelve Patriarchsis a pseudepigraphic work (seePseudepigrapha in Early Christianity) that contains a collection of twelve self‐contained units, each of which purports to relate the deathbed speeches (“testaments”) of one of Jacob's twelve sons to their assembled descendants (modeled on Genesis 49; cf. Deuteronomy 33; for Greek text see de Jongeet al. 1978; for English translation see Hollander and de Jonge 1985).
Antony
Authors: Schroeder Caroline T. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAntony (251–ca. 356CE) was an influential monk of early Christianity, who is often considered the father of anchoritic monasticism. His rigorous asceticism contributed to an enduring reputation for holiness during his own lifetime, which only increased after his death with the publication of the popularLife of Antonyby Athanasius of Alexandria. Christian monastics in Catholic and Orthodox traditions have viewed him as an exemplar and a model for imitation. Antony's story has influenced Western culture and has been portrayed in art and literature by Rubens, Flaubert, and others.
Agora
Authors: Boehm Ryan 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The agora (pl.
agorai
; from
ageiro
: to assemble) was originally an assembly of the entire free male population of a city, as well as the physical location of that assembly. However, with the development of the Greek polis, the agora evolved into the public center of the city, serving as a political, administrative, and religious center, market, and meeting place.
Angaria
Authors: Puk Alexander 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The Greek term
angareia
was adopted from the Persian
aggaros
, which designated a mounted courier belonging to a system of royal messengers stationed along the main roads, which according to early Greek sources (Hdt. 8.98.2; Xen.
Cyr
. 8.6.17) was first established under Cyrus II in the sixth century
BCE
.
Architects
Authors: Newsome David J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

It is not always possible to disentangle the architect from the patron, the builder, or the dedicator, and the broad semantic range of terms that might be grouped beneath
architecton/ architectus
is problematic. Plato (
Plt
. 260A–B) suggests that the
architecton
was responsible for delegation and direction rather than hands‐on building. In the Late Roman Republic, then most notably with Vitruvius under Augustus, we see the distinction between the practical builder (
aedificator
) and the scientific and mathematical intellectual (
architectus
).
Naturally Occurring Nanoparticles from Arthrobotrys oligospora as a Potential Immunostimulatory and Antitumor Agent
Authors: Wang Yongzhong , Sun Leming , Yi Sijia , Huang Yujian , Lenaghan Scott C. , Zhang Mingjun 
Published: December 2012

AbstractArthrobotrys oligospora, a representative flesh eater in the fungal kingdom, is a potential source for natural‐based biomaterials due to the presence of specialized 3D adhesive traps that can capture, penetrate, and digest free‐living nematodes in diverse environments. The purpose of this study is to discover novel nanoparticles that occur naturally in A. oligospora and to exploit its potential biomedical applications. A new culture method, fungal sitting drop culture method, is established in order to monitor the growth of A. oligospora in situ, and observe the nanoparticle production without interfering or contamination from the solid media. Abundant spherical nanoparticles secreted from the fungus are first revealed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. They have an average size of 360–370 nm, with a zeta potential of –33 mV at pH 6.0. Further analyses reveal that there is ≈28 μg of glycosaminoglycan and ≈550 μg of protein per mg of nanoparticles. Interestingly, the nanoparticles significantly induce TNF‐α secretion in RAW264.7mouse macrophages, indicating a potential immunostimulatory effect. The nanoparticles themselves are also found slightly cytotoxic to mouse melanoma B16BL6 and human lung cancer A549 cells, and show a synergistic cytotoxic effect upon conjugation with doxorubicin against both cells. This study proposes a new approach for producing novel organic nanoparticles secreted from microorganisms under controlled conditions. The findings here also highlight the potential roles of the naturally occurring nanoparticles from A. oligospora as an immunostimulatory and antitumor agent for cancer immunochemotherapy.
Practical Synthesis of Polysubstituted Imidazoles via Iodine‐ Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cyclization of Aryl Ketones and Benzylamines
Authors: Huang Huawen , Ji Xiaochen , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA practical synthetic method for polysubstituted imidazoles via iodine‐catalyzed aerobic oxidative cyclization of aryl ketones and benzylamines has been developed. It was found to tolerate a broad range of substrates to prepare polysubstituted imidazole derivatives in a one‐pot manner, and thus importantly allowed product diversity for imidazole chemistry. Additionally, the resultant 1,2,4‐trisubstituted imidazoles could be conveniently transformed to functionalized 1,2,4,5‐tetrasubstituted imidazoles via electrophilic substitution or direct CH functionalization, or 2,4‐diaryl‐1H‐imidazoles by debenzylation reaction, which further indicates potential applications of this method in synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry.
Batch Stille Coupling with Insoluble and Recyclable Stannylated Polynorbornenes
Authors: Martínez‐Arranz Sheila , Carrera Nora , Albéniz Ana C. , Espinet Pablo , Vidal‐Moya Alejandro 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Stille coupling can be carried out in a batch process using insoluble tin supports. The new type of support consists of stannylated polymers based on the vinylic polynorbornene skeleton that allow one to use a set‐up where the tin reagent is immobilized in a column. The immobilized stannylated polymeric reagent can be easily reused. The coupling products are thus obtained by a very simple work‐up procedure and have very low levels of tin contamination.
Direct Aza‐Darzens Aziridination of N‐Tosylimines with 2‐Bromomalonates for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Donor‐Acceptor Aziridines
Authors: Wu Xingxing , Li Lei , Zhang Junliang 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAn approach to highly functionalized donor‐acceptor aziridines by the aziridination of N‐tosylimines and 2‐bromomalonates in the presence of sodium hydride under mild conditions has been developed. The high‐yielding reaction has a relatively broad scope and can be easily scaled up to the gram level.
Enantioselective Organocatalytic Michael Addition of Cyclobutanones to Nitroalkenes
Authors: Mailhol Damien , Duque Maria del Mar Sanchez , Raimondi Wilfried , Bonne Damien , Constantieux Thierry , Coquerel Yoann , Rodriguez Jean 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSynthetic applications of cyclobutanones other than ring expansion and fragmentation reactions are rare. Herein, highly efficient diastereo‐ and enantioselective organocatalytic Michael additions of 2‐substituted cyclobutanone derivatives to nitroalkenes are reported allowing the stereocontrolled creation of ‘all‐carbon’ quaternary centers. The approach relies on both the use of Brønsted base/hydrogen‐bond donor bifunctional organocatalysts, and importantly, the specific stabilization and activation of cyclobutanone with a secondary amide moiety. The reaction was found to nicely accommodate a broad scope of substrates, allowing the control of up to three contiguous stereogenic centers. This work has opened new synthetic opportunities.
Linear viscoelastic behavior of compatibilized PMMA/PP blends
Authors: Souza Adriana Martinelli Catelli de , Calvão Patrícia Schmid , Demarquette Nicole Raymonde 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this work, the morphology and linear viscoelastic behavior of PMMA/PP blends to which a graft copolymer PP‐g‐PMMA has been added was studied. The copolymer concentration varied from 1 to 10 wt % relative to the dispersed phase concentration. The rheological data were used to infer the interfacial tension between the blended components. It was observed that PP‐g‐PMMA was effective as a compatibilizer for PMMA/PP blends. For PP‐g‐PMMA concentration added below the critical concentration of interface saturation, two rheological behaviors were observed depending on the blend concentration: for 70/30 blend, the storage modulus, at low frequencies, increased as compared to the one of the unmodified blend; for 90/10 blend, it decreased. For 90/10 blend, the relaxation spectrum presented an interfacial relaxation time related to the presence of the compatibilizer (τβ). For PP‐g‐PMMA concentrations added above the critical concentration of interface saturation, the storage modulus of all blends increased as compared with the one of the unmodified blend. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effects of Brilliant Blue FCF in Mice
Authors: Tanaka Toyohito , Takahashi Osamu , Inomata Akiko , Ogata Akio , Nakae Dai 
Published: December 2012

Brilliant blue FCF of food color was given in the diets of mice at levels of 0% (control), 0.08, 0.24, and 0.72% from 5 weeks of age in the F0 generation and continuing to 11 weeks of age in the F1 generation and selected reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters were measured. Mice were mated at 9 weeks of age and dams were delivered offspring at 12 weeks of age. Offspring were weaned at 4 weeks of age. Regarding exploratory behavior at 8 weeks of age in the F0 generation, movement time (sec) displayed a significant tendency to be increased and the average time of rearing (sec) displayed a significant tendency to be decreased in females in the treatment groups in a trend test (p = 0.019 and 0.027, respectively). In the F1 generation, the development of surface righting at postnatal day 4 was delayed significantly in the high‐dose group (0.72%) in male and female offspring, and those effects were significantly related to dose in a trend test (p< 0.01 for both). Regarding exploratory behavior at 8 weeks of age in the F1 generation, the number of horizontal activities exhibited a significant tendency to be decreased in females in the treatment groups in a trend test (p = 0.015). Regarding spontaneous behavior, average time of movement (sec) was significantly accelerated in females in the high‐dose group. The dose levels of brilliant blue FCF used in the present study produced a few significant effects on neurobehavioral parameters in multiple generations in mice.
CITED2 is a novel direct effector of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ in suppressing hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth
Authors: Cheung Kin‐Fai , Zhao Junhong , Hao Ying , Li Xiaoxing , Lowe Anson W. , Cheng Alfred S. L. , Sung Joseph J. Y. , Yu Jun 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Previous reports from these authors found that activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) suppressed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study sought to identify the molecular target of PPARγ and characterize its antitumor effect in HCC.METHODS:Optimal PPARγ binding activity was obtained using the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone (100 μM) as determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Under PPARγ activation, 114 PPARγ downstream targets associated with cancer development were identified by oligonucleotide microarray and Gene Ontology analysis. Among them, Cbp/p300‐interacting transactivator, with Glu/Asp‐rich carboxy‐terminal domain, 2 (CITED2) was the most prominent PPARγ‐bound target, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation–polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS:CITED2 messenger RNA and protein was significantly down‐regulated in primary HCCs compared with their adjacent nontumor tissues. PPARγ induced expression of CITED2 in HCC cell lines after adenovirus‐PPARγ transduction. The biological function of CITED2 was evaluated by loss‐ and gain‐of‐function assays. CITED2 knockdown in the hepatocyte cell line LO2 and HCC cell line Hep3B significantly increased cell viability and clonogenicity, and promoted G1‐S phase transition in both cell lines. In contrast, ectopic expression of CITED2 in HepG2 and BEL7404 HCC cell lines significantly suppressed cell growth. The tumor suppressive effect of CITED2 was associated with up‐regulation of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors p15INK4B, p21Wat1/Cip1, p27Kip1, antiproliferative regulator interferon alpha 1, proapoptotic mediators including tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (TNFRSF1A), TNFRSF25, caspase‐8, granzyme A, and the tumor suppressor gene maspin. CITED2 was also associated with the down‐regulation of cell cycle regulator cyclin D1, oncogene telomerase reverse transcriptase, and proinvasion/metastasis gene matrix metallopeptidase 2.CONCLUSIONS:CITED2 is a direct effector of PPARγ for tumor suppression. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Distributed data structure templates for data‐intensive remote sensing applications
Authors: Ma Yan , Wang Lizhe , Liu Dingsheng , Yuan Tao , Liu Peng , Zhang Wanfeng 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYThe remotely sensed images continuously acquired by satellite and airborne sensors are increasing dramatically. Remote sensing applications are overwhelmed with tons of remote sensing data with complex data structures. Efficient programming in parallel systems for data‐intensive applications like massive remote sensing data processing will be a challenge. We propose a generic data‐structure oriented programming template to support massive remote sensing data processing in high‐performance clusters. These templates provide distributed abstractions for large remote sensing image data with complex data structure and allow these distributed data to be accessed as a global one. Through data serialization and one‐sided message passing primitives provided by message passing interface, the distributed remote sensing data template whose sliced data blocks are scattered among nodes could offer a simple and effective way to distribute and communicate massive remote sensing data. Efficient parallel input/output directly to and from the distributed data structure will also be offered to address the input/output bottleneck caused by massive image data. Developers can take the advantage of our templates to program efficient parallel remote sensing algorithms without dealing with data slicing and communication through low‐level message passing interface APIs. Through experiments on remote sensing applications, we confirmed that our templates were productive and efficient. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nucleic Acids With Metal‐Mediated Base Pairs and Their Applications
Authors: Scharf Philipp , Müller Jens 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMetal‐mediated base pairs represent an elegant way for the site‐specific functionalisation of nucleic acids. In this type of base pair, the hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleobases are replaced formally by coordinative bonds to one or more transition‐metal ions. This Review presents an overview of metal‐mediated base pairs reported so far. It gives an insight into the characterisation of metal‐mediated base pairs and into the structures of the resulting metal‐modified nucleic acids. In addition, a summary of applications exploiting the formation of metal‐mediated base pairs is presented. The applications include, for example, metal‐ion sensors of various types, a protein sensor, and DNA‐based molecular machines. Initial reports on the potential use of metal‐mediated base pairs in the context of charge transfer through nucleic acid double helices are summarised as well.