bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Direct Conversion of Sugars into 2,5‐Furandicarboxylic Acid in a Triphasic System
Authors: Yi Guangshun , Teong Siew Ping , Zhang Yugen 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA one‐pot conversion of sugars into 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is demonstrated in a triphasic system: tetraethylammonium bromide (TEAB) or water—methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)—water. In this reaction, sugars are first converted into 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in TEAB or water (Phase I). The HMF in Phase I is then extracted to MIBK (Phase II) and transferred to water (Phase III), where HMF is converted into FDCA. Phase II plays multiple roles: as a bridge for HMF extraction, transportation and purification. Overall FDCA yields of 78 % and 50 % are achieved from fructose and glucose respectively.
Peak‐to‐average power ratio reduction of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems using modified tone reservation techniques
Authors: Liang Hsinying , Chu Hung‐Chi , Lin Chuan‐Bi 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThis paper proposed a modified tone reservation (TR) technique that can reduce the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system and is able to correct errors to avoid channel interference. The TR technique is a widely used PAPR reduction technique, which divides subcarriers of the OFDM system into two sets to generate peak‐canceling signals and transmit modulated data. The subcarriers used to reduce the PAPR are called the peak reduction tone sets. The mechanism of peak‐canceling signal generation is a primary factor in determining the quality of the PAPR reduction performance of the TR technique. Currently, two signal generation mechanisms exist: TR‐gradient‐based and TR‐clipping‐based techniques. Although TR techniques can effectively reduce the high PAPR in the OFDM system, TR techniques lack the ability to correct errors. Therefore, this paper combined block coded modulation codes and TR techniques to provide the modified TR techniques with error correction abilities. From the simulation results, the modified TR techniques had a superior effect on PAPR reduction performance compared with the conventional TR technique. The modified TR technique also possessed the ability to correct errors during signal transmission. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A gravitational search algorithm for solving the relay node placement problem in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Lanza‐Gutierrez Jose M. , Gomez‐Pulido Juan A. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryNowadays, the use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is increasing in many fields of application, such as industrial monitoring, home automation, and intensive agriculture. However, this technology presents an important shortcoming, which has not been solved yet: the energy efficiency. This factor involves a critical economic disadvantage, affecting quality of service. This situation led us to tackle the relay node placement problem, that is, the addition of relay nodes to traditional WSNs as a way to optimize such networks, assuming two important factors: energy consumption and average coverage. To achieve this goal, three multi‐objective (MO) evolutionary algorithms are considered (non‐dominated sorting genetic algoritm II, strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm 2, and MO gravitational search algorithm), assuming a freely available data set and different stop criteria to analyze the behavior of the algorithms. All the results obtained are studied through a widely accepted statistical methodology and two MO metrics (hypervolume and set coverage), concluding that the novel swarm intelligence algorithm MO gravitational search algorithm provides the best performance on average. Moreover, we study the advantages provided by the addition of relay nodes to traditional WSNs. Finally, we compare our proposal with another author approach, assuming a heuristic. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconceptualizing synergism and antagonism among multiple stressors
Authors: Piggott Jeremy J. , Townsend Colin R. , Matthaei Christoph D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe potential for complex synergistic or antagonistic interactions between multiple stressors presents one of the largest uncertainties when predicting ecological change but, despite common use of the terms in the scientific literature, a consensus on their operational definition is still lacking. The identification of synergism or antagonism is generally straightforward when stressors operate in the same direction, but if individual stressor effects oppose each other, the definition of synergism is paradoxical because what is synergistic to one stressor's effect direction is antagonistic to the others. In their highly cited meta‐analysis, Crain et al. (Ecology Letters, 11, 2008: 1304) assumed in situations with opposing individual effects that synergy only occurs when the cumulative effect is more negative than the additive sum of the opposing individual effects. We argue against this and propose a new systematic classification based on an additive effects model that combines the magnitude and response direction of the cumulative effect and the interaction effect. A new class of “mitigating synergism” is identified, where cumulative effects are reversed and enhanced. We applied our directional classification to the dataset compiled by Crain et al. (Ecology Letters, 11, 2008: 1304) to determine the prevalence of synergistic, antagonistic, and additive interactions. Compared to their original analysis, we report differences in the representation of interaction classes by interaction type and we document examples of mitigating synergism, highlighting the importance of incorporating individual stressor effect directions in the determination of synergisms and antagonisms. This is particularly pertinent given a general bias in ecology toward investigating and reporting adverse multiple stressor effects (double negative). We emphasize the need for reconsideration by the ecological community of the interpretation of synergism and antagonism in situations where individual stressor effects oppose each other or where cumulative effects are reversed and enhanced.
Ligation of TLR7 on CD19+CD1dhi B cells suppresses allergic lung inflammation via regulatory T cells
Authors: Khan Adnan R. , Amu Sylvie , Saunders Sean P. , Hams Emily , Blackshields Gordon , Leonard Martin O. , Weaver Casey T. , Sparwasser Tim , Sheils Orla , Fallon Padraic G. 
Published: March 2015

B cells have been described as having the capacity to regulate cellular immune responses and suppress inflammatory processes. One such regulatory B‐cell population is defined as IL‐10‐producing CD19+CD1dhi cells. Previous work has identified an expansion of these cells in mice infected with the helminth, Schistosoma mansoni. Here, microarray analysis of CD19+CD1dhi B cells from mice infected with S. mansoni demonstrated significantly increased Tlr7 expression, while CD19+CD1dhi B cells from uninfected mice also demonstrated elevated Tlr7 expression. Using IL‐10 reporter, Il10−/− and Tlr7−/‐ mice, we formally demonstrate that TLR7 ligation of CD19+CD1dhi B cells increases their capacity to produce IL‐10. In a mouse model of allergic lung inflammation, the adoptive transfer of TLR7‐elicited CD19+CD1dhi B cells reduced airway inflammation and associated airway hyperresponsiveness. Using DEREG mice to deplete FoxP3+ T regulatory cells in allergen‐sensitized mice, we show that that TLR7‐elicited CD19+CD1dhi B cells suppress airway hyperresponsiveness via a T regulatory cell dependent mechanism. These studies identify that TLR7 stimulation leads to the expansion of IL‐10‐producing CD19+CD1dhi B cells, which can suppress allergic lung inflammation via T regulatory cells.
‘Wind‐up’ in Parkinson's disease: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Aschermann Z. , Nagy F. , Perlaki G. , Janszky J. , Schwarcz A. , Kovacs N. , Bogner P. , Komoly S. , Orsi G. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundParkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder mainly marked by selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons that leads to disabling motor and cognitive impairment. This condition is less widely appreciated as a disease associated with a substantial variety of pain syndromes, although the prevalence of pain is relatively high. Repeated painful stimulation of peripheral nerves can cause pain ‘wind‐up’ if the frequency of the stimulation is adequate and specifically stimulates the afferent C‐fibres. We presumed that in case of PD, pain or pain severeness might be frequently caused by the aggravation of the ‘wind‐up’ phenomenon due to any central or peripheral lesions or functional alterations.MethodsTo test for this hypothesis, we compared three groups (patients with left‐ and right‐dominant PD and control subjects) using functional magnetic resonance imaging and thermally induced pain.ResultsPatient showed higher average ‘wind‐up’ scores, compared to the healthy subjects, with lower values on the more affected sides compared to the less affected ones. In group level comparisons, patients had higher activation during ‘wind‐up’ compared to control subjects in two main areas; these were the posterior division of cingulate gyrus and the precuneus cortex. In case of patients, further analyses showed that applied heat pain on the less affected side elicited higher activation in the supramarginal and postcentral gyri.ConclusionsThese differences may arise from the deficiency in the efferent information, as well as the alterations in the central processing. It is highly likely that both processes contribute to this phenomenon simultaneously.
Effects of β2 agonists on post‐thoracotomy pain incidence
Authors: Salvat E. , Schweitzer B. , Massard G. , Meyer N. , de Blay F. , Muller A. , Barrot M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundPre‐clinical research has shown β2‐adrenoceptors to be essential for the antiallodynic action of antidepressant drugs in murine models of neuropathic pain and that sustained treatment with β2‐agonists has an antiallodynic action. Here, we clinically investigated whether chronic β2‐agonist treatments may influence the incidence of post‐thoracotomy chronic pain, defined as pain that recurs or persists along a thoracotomy scar more than 2 months after surgery, either neuropathic or non‐neuropathic.MethodsWe conducted an epidemiological study on patients operated by thoracotomy. Demographic data, medical history and treatments concomitant to the surgery were recorded at a follow‐up visit. Information on perioperative treatments was collected from the anaesthesia records and confirmed by the patients. In patients with pain at the surgery level, post‐thoracotomy chronic pain was assessed by clinical examination and numeric scale. Physical examination and DN4 questionnaire were used to discriminate neuropathic and non‐neuropathic chronic pain at scar level.ResultsOne hundred and eighty‐nine patients were included. Eighty‐one patients reported persisting thoracic pain, with neuropathic characteristics in 58 of them (30% of the 189 patients). The most common chronic drugs during the perioperative period were inhaled β2‐agonists (28.6%). The chronic use of β2‐agonists was an independent predictor of thoracic neuropathic pain (but not of non‐neuropathic pain) and was associated with a five‐fold decrease in the relative incidence of neuropathic pain [OR = 0.19 (0.06–0.45)].ConclusionsThese data suggest a possible influence of chronic β2‐agonist treatments on neuropathic pain secondary to thoracotomy. This apparent preventive effect of β2‐agonist treatments should warrant controlled clinical trials.
Hydrogen Evolution: Electrochemical Pretreatment for Voltammetric Analysis with Gold Electrodes
Authors: Lamas‐Ardisana Pedro José , Fanjul‐Bolado Pablo , Costa‐García Agustín 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA pretreatment for gold electrodes is presented in this work. The improvement of the voltammetric responses for gold surfaces is achieved applying an adequate cathodic potential in acidic media which results on vigorous evolution of gas hydrogen at the interface between electrode and electrolyte. The effectiveness of this procedure is evidenced for gold wire electrodes by cyclic voltammetry in several redox systems. The pretreatment is also compared with other activation methods for gold electrodes in electroanalytical and electrochemical terms.
Normal Pulse Voltammetry and Steady State Voltammetry of the Square Mechanism at Spherical Microelectrodes
Authors: Molina A. , Laborda E. , Martínez‐Ortiz F. , Gómez‐Gil J. M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA simple analytical solution is presented for the study of the square mechanism in normal pulse and steady state voltammetries at spherical (ultra)microelectrodes. The analytical expression deduced enables the description of a broad range of situations depending on the chemical kinetics and the difference between the half‐wave potentials of the electron transfers. Regarding the chemical kinetics, the electrochemical response is analysed from the limit of slow kinetics, where the thickness of the reaction layer tends to coincide with that of the diffusion layer, up to the limit of very fast kinetics, where the reaction layer vanishes. Finally, the conditions under which the total steady state response is sensitive to the homogeneous kinetics are studied.
A potential role for the midbrain in integrating fat‐free mass determined energy needs: An H215O PET study
Authors: Weise Christopher M. , Thiyyagura Pradeep , Reiman Eric M. , Chen Kewei , Krakoff Jonathan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLittle is known on how sensing of energy needs is centrally represented, integrated, and translated into the behavioral aspects of energy homeostasis. Fat free mass (FFM) is the major determinant of energy expenditure. We investigated how interindividual variances in FFM relate to neuronal activity in humans. Healthy adults (n = 64, 21F/43M; age 31.3 ± 9.1y; percentage of body fat [PFAT] 25.6 ± 10.7%; BMI 30.4 ± 9) underwent a 36h fast and subsequent H215O positron emission tomographic (PET) measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Multiple variable regression analysis revealed significant associations of FFM with rCBF within the midbrain [including parts of the periaqueductal gray (PAG), ventral tegmental area (VTA), thalamic and hypothalamic regions], the bilateral parahippocampal region, left anterior cingulate, left insular cortex, right cerebellum, and distinct regions within the temporal and occipital cortex. In contrast, no significant associations were found for fat mass (FM). We investigated the potential functional‐anatomical link between FFM and central regulation of food intake by performing a conjunction analysis of FFM and the perceived hunger feelings. This showed a significant overlap within the midbrain PAG. Mediation analysis demonstrated a significant indirect effect of FFM on hunger with PAG rCBF as mediator. Most regions we found to be associated with FFM form part in ascending homeostatic pathways and cortical circuitries implicated in the regulation of basic bodily functions indicating a potential role of these central networks in the integration of FFM determined energy needs. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2406–2415, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effect of Medicare Eligibility on Spousal Insurance Coverage
Authors: Dillender Marcus , Mulligan Karen 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA majority of married couples in the USA take advantage of the fact that employers often provide health insurance coverage to spouses. When older spouses become eligible for Medicare, however, many of them can no longer provide their younger spouses with coverage. In this paper, we study how spousal eligibility for Medicare affects the health insurance and health care access of younger spouses. We find that spousal eligibility for Medicare results in younger spouses no longer having employers pay for their insurance and being less likely to have employer‐sponsored coverage. Instead, younger spouses switch to privately purchased coverage, which tends to be worse than what they had before their spouses became eligible for Medicare. We also find suggestive evidence that younger spouses are less likely to use health care services after their older spouses become eligible for Medicare. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Relationship Between Skill Deficits and Disability–A Transdiagnostic Study
Authors: Hofmann Mareike , Fehlinger Tobias , Stenzel Nikola , Rief Winfried 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveTransdiagnostic skills (e.g., emotion regulation, stress management) and related self‐concepts (e.g., self‐esteem) are associated with the pathogenesis and course of different mental disorders. Evidence suggests that skill deficits coincide with not only specific psychopathology but also psychological strain and disability. So far, studies examining the relevance of several skills for a patient's disability are lacking. The aim of the present study was the combined assessment of 7 skills and self‐concept variables to simultaneously analyze their relevance for disability.MethodWe interviewed inpatients (N = 183) both on admission and discharge to assess 7 specific skills, 7 areas of daily living disability, and psychopathological distress.ResultsResults support a relationship between several skills and disability (especially stress management), even while controlling for psychopathology. The improvement of skills and related self‐concepts during therapy contributed substantially to the improvement of disability ratings.ConclusionThis study highlights the transdiagnostic importance of skills as well as the improvement of skills and related self‐concepts as major determinants of disability. Parts of these effects are robust, even while controlling for psychopathology.
Quantitative framework for prospective motion correction evaluation
Authors: Pannetier Nicolas A. , Stavrinos Theano , Ng Peter , Herbst Michael , Zaitsev Maxim , Young Karl , Matson Gerald , Schuff Norbert 
Published: March 2015

PurposeEstablishing a framework to evaluate performances of prospective motion correction (PMC) MRI considering motion variability between MRI scans.MethodsA framework was developed to obtain quantitative comparisons between different motion correction setups, considering that varying intrinsic motion patterns between acquisitions can induce bias. Intrinsic motion was considered by replaying in a phantom experiment the recorded motion trajectories from subjects. T1‐weighted MRI on five volunteers and two different marker fixations (mouth guard and nose bridge fixations) were used to test the framework. Two metrics were investigated to quantify the improvement of the image quality with PMC.ResultsMotion patterns vary between subjects as well as between repeated scans within a subject. This variability can be approximated by replaying the motion in a distinct phantom experiment and used as a covariate in models comparing motion corrections. We show that considering the intrinsic motion alters the statistical significance in comparing marker fixations. As an example, two marker fixations, a mouth guard and a nose bridge, were evaluated in terms of their effectiveness for PMC. A mouth guard achieved better PMC performance.ConclusionIntrinsic motion patterns can bias comparisons between PMC configurations and must be considered for robust evaluations. A framework for evaluating intrinsic motion patterns in PMC is presented. Magn Reson Med 75:810–816, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigating the dependence of the calibration parameter M on echo time
Authors: Hare Hannah V. , Bulte Daniel P. 
Published: March 2015

PurposeThe calculation of the calibration parameter M, which represents the maximum theoretically possible blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal increase, is an essential intermediate step in any calibrated fMRI experiment. To better compare M values obtained across different studies, it is common to scale M values from their original BOLD echo time (TE) to a different echo time according to the theory that M is directly proportional to TE. To the best of our knowledge, this relationship has never been directly tested.Theory and MethodsA pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling sequence with five readouts (TE ranging from 20 to 78 ms) was implemented to test the relationship between M and TE, both with and without the application of flow crushing gradients.ResultsBoth M and the BOLD signal were found to be linear functions of TE, but with a nonzero intercept. This intercept was reduced when crusher gradients were added, suggesting that the deviation from theory is a result of nonnegligible intravascular signal.ConclusionThe linear scaling method introduces some error when comparing M values acquired with different BOLD echo times. However, this error is small compared with other considerations, and would generally not preclude the continued use of this scaling method. Magn Reson Med 75:556–561, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
On the use of suboptimal matchings for scaling and ordering sparse symmetric matrices
Authors: Hogg Jonathan , Scott Jennifer 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe use of matchings is a powerful technique for scaling and ordering sparse matrices prior to the solution of a linear systemAx=b. Traditional methods such as implemented by theHSLsoftware packageMC64use the Hungarian algorithm to solve the maximum weight maximum cardinality matching problem. However, with advances in the algorithms and hardware used by direct methods for the parallelization of the factorization and solve phases, the serial Hungarian algorithm can represent an unacceptably large proportion of the total solution time for such solvers. Recently, auction algorithms and approximation algorithms have been suggested as alternatives for achieving near‐optimal solutions for the maximum weight maximum cardinality matching problem. In this paper, the efficacy of auction and approximation algorithms as replacements for the Hungarian algorithm is assessed in the context of sparse symmetric direct solvers when used in problems arising from a range of practical applications. High‐cardinality suboptimal matchings are shown to be as effective as optimal matchings for the purposes of scaling. However, matching‐based ordering techniques require that matchings are much closer to optimality before they become effective. The auction algorithm is demonstrated to be capable of finding such matchings significantly faster than the Hungarian algorithm, but our‐approximation matching approach fails to consistently achieve a sufficient cardinality. Copyright © 2015 The Authors Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.