bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is the permeability of crystalline rock in the shallow crust related to depth, lithology or tectonic setting?
Authors: Ranjram M. , Gleeson T. , Luijendijk E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe permeability of crystalline rocks is generally assumed to decrease with depth due to increasing overburden stress. While experiments have confirmed the dependence of permeability on stress, field measurements of crystalline permeability have not previously yielded an unambiguous and universal relation between permeability and depth in the shallow crust (<2.5 km). Large data sets from Sweden, Germany and Switzerland provide new opportunities to characterize the permeability of crystalline rocks in the shallow crust. Here we compile in situ permeability measurements (n = 973) and quantitatively test potential relationships between permeability, depth (0–2.5 km), lithology (intrusive and metamorphic) and tectonic setting (active and inactive). Higher permeabilities are more common at shallow depths (<1 km), but trend analysis does not support a consistently applicable and generalizable relationship between permeability and depth in crystalline rock in the shallow crust. Results suggest lithology has a weak control on permeability–depth relations in the near surface (<0.1 km), regardless of tectonic setting, but may be a more important control at depth. Tectonic setting appears to be a stronger control on permeability–depth relations in the near surface. Permeability values in the tectonically active Molasse basin are scattered with a very weak relationship between permeability and depth. While results indicate that there is no consistently applicable relationship between permeability and depth for crystalline rock in the shallow crust, some specific lithologies and tectonic settings display a statistically significant decrease of permeability with depth, with greater predictive power than a generalized relationship, that could be useful for hydrologic and earth system models.
Modeling the Factors Impacting Pesticide Concentrations in Groundwater Wells
Authors: Aisopou Angeliki , Binning Philip J. , Albrechtsen Hans‐Jørgen , Bjerg Poul L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis study examines the effect of pumping, hydrogeology, and pesticide characteristics on pesticide concentrations in production wells using a reactive transport model in two conceptual hydrogeologic systems; a layered aquifer with and without a stream present. The pumping rate can significantly affect the pesticide breakthrough time and maximum concentration at the well. The effect of the pumping rate on the pesticide concentration depends on the hydrogeology of the aquifer; in a layered aquifer, a high pumping rate resulted in a considerably different breakthrough than a low pumping rate, while in an aquifer with a stream the effect of the pumping rate was insignificant. Pesticide application history and properties have also a great impact on the effect of the pumping rate on the concentration at the well. The findings of the study show that variable pumping rates can generate temporal variability in the concentration at the well, which helps understanding the results of groundwater monitoring programs. The results are used to provide guidance on the design of pumping and regulatory changes for the long‐term supply of safe groundwater. The fate of selected pesticides is examined, for example, if the application of bentazone in a region with a layered aquifer stops today, the concentration at the well can continue to increase for 20 years if a low pumping rate is applied. This study concludes that because of the rapid response of the pesticide concentration at the drinking water well due to changes in pumping, wellhead management is important for managing pesticide concentrations.
Joint Estimation of Hydraulic and Poroelastic Parameters from a Pumping Test
Authors: Berg Steven J. , Illman Walter A. , Mok Chin Man W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe coupling of hydraulic and poroelastic processes is critical in predicting processes involving the deformation of the geologic medium in response to fluid extraction or injection. Numerical models that consider the coupling of hydraulic and poroelastic processes require the knowledge of relevant parameters for both aquifer and aquitard units. In this study, we jointly estimated hydraulic and poroelastic parameters from pumping test data exhibiting “reverse water level fluctuations,” known as the Noordbergum effect, in aquitards adjacent to a pumped aquifer. The joint estimation was performed by coupling BIOT2, a finite element, two‐dimensional, axisymmetric, groundwater model that considers poroelastic effects with the parameter estimation code PEST. We first tested our approach using a synthetic data set with known parameters. Results of the synthetic case showed that for a simple layered system, it was possible to reproduce accurately both the hydraulic and poroelastic properties for each layer. We next applied the approach to pumping test data collected at the North Campus Research Site (NCRS) on the University of Waterloo (UW) campus. Based on the detailed knowledge of stratigraphy, a five‐layer system was modeled. Parameter estimation was performed by: (1) matching drawdown data individually from each observation port and (2) matching drawdown data from all ports at a single well simultaneously. The estimated hydraulic parameters were compared to those obtained by other means at the site yielding good agreement. However, the estimated shear modulus was higher than the static shear modulus, but was within the range of dynamic shear modulus reported in the literature, potentially suggesting a loading rate effect.
Importance of the poor prognosis of severe and fulminant hepatitis in the elderly in an era of a highly aging society: Analysis in a Japanese center
Authors: Fujiwara Keiichi , Yasui Shin , Yonemitsu Yutaka , Arai Makoto , Kanda Tatsuo , Nakano Masayuki , Oda Shigeto , Yokosuka Osamu 
Published: September 2014

AimOlder age has been widely believed to be associated with a poor prognosis of acute liver failure. We aimed to evaluate the impact of older age on outcomes of Japanese patients with severe and fulminant hepatitis in an era of a highly aging society.MethodsWe investigated 105 consecutive adult patients with fulminant hepatitis (FH) or severe hepatitis (SH) admitted to our liver unit between 2000 and 2013, consisting of 14 elderly patients (≥65 years) and 91 younger ones (<65 years).ResultsIn elderly patients, the proportion of women was greater (P < 0.001), the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase on admission were lower (P = 0.011 and P = 0.010, respectively), and the survival rate without liver transplantation was lower (P = 0.024) than younger ones. Two of seven SH and all seven FH elderly patients died, whereas all 45 SH and 16 of 46 FH younger patients recovered. Seventy‐one percent of elderly patients had underlying diseases with medications, and 57% had additional complications after the start of treatment for acute liver failure. Patients aged 70 years or more showed even poorer prognoses than younger ones and those aged 65–69 years (P = 0.0052 and P = 0.036, respectively).ConclusionOlder age was associated with a poor prognosis of patients with SH and FH. One of the reasons other than complications and loss of organ reserve by aging would be that elderly patients consulted us at a more advanced stage of illness than younger ones.
Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis and non‐specific interstitial pneumonia: frequent pulmonary sequelae of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Takeuchi Yasuhide , Miyagawa‐Hayashino Aya , Chen Fengshi , Kubo Takeshi , Handa Tomohiro , Date Hiroshi , Haga Hironori 
Published: September 2014

AimsPulmonary sequelae, reported as chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (cGVHD), of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) include constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans (CBO), lymphocytic bronchiolitis (LB), and veno‐occlusive disease (VOD); recently, pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE) has also been described in bone marrow transplant recipients. The histological features of pulmonary HSCT sequelae have not been described systematically. The aim of the study was to review and identify the histological features of PPFE after bone marrow transplant.Methods and resultsA retrospective review of 20 patients who underwent lung transplantation for pulmonary disease following HSCT between 2004 and 2013 was conducted. The patient age at transplantation ranged from 8 years to 57 years (median, 27.5 years). Fifteen patients had cGVHD in other organs (skin, nine; liver, six; salivary gland, six). Lung transplantation was performed at a median of 4.6 years (range, 1.2–14.8 years) post‐HSCT. Histologically, all cases had CBO, with concurrent LB in 10, and VOD in three. PPFE was identified in 15 cases (75%), with subpleural (15), paraseptal (11) and centrilobular (13) distributions; and non‐specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) was identified in 15 cases (75%), with fibrotic (nine) and cellular (six) patterns. PPFE was distributed in all lobes, with a predominance in the upper lobe. NSIP was mostly focal, with two cases having diffuse involvement.ConclusionsPPFE and NSIP were frequently seen in HSCT patients. Possible causes may include reactions to drugs or radiation, or cGVHD.
Manipulation of regulatory T cells and antigen‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐based tumour immunotherapy
Authors: Karimi Shirin , Chattopadhyay Subhasis , Chakraborty Nitya G. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThe most potent killing machinery in our immune system is the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). Since the possibility for self‐destruction by these cells is high, many regulatory activities exist to prevent autoimmune destruction by these cells. A tumour (cancer) grows from the cells of the body and is tolerated by the body's immune system. Yet, it has been possible to generate tumour‐associated antigen (TAA) ‐specific CTL that are also self‐antigen specific in vivo, to achieve a degree of therapeutic efficacy. Tumour‐associated antigen‐specific T‐cell tolerance through pathways of self‐tolerance generation represents a significant challenge to successful immunotherapy. CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ T cells, referred to as T regulatory (Treg) cells, are selected in the thymus as controllers of the anti‐self repertoire. These cells are referred to as natural T regulatory (nTreg) cells. According to the new consensus (Nature Immunology 2013; 14:307–308) these cells are to be termed as (tTreg). There is another class of CD4+ Treg cells also involved in regulatory function in the periphery, also phenotypically CD4+ CD25±, classified as induced Treg (iTreg) cells. These cells are to be termed as peripherally induced Treg (pTreg) cells. In vitro‐induced Treg cells with suppressor function should be termed as iTreg. These different Treg cells differ in their requirements for activation and in their mode of action. The current challenges are to determine the degree of specificity of these Treg cells in recognizing the same TAA as the CTL population and to circumvent their regulatory constraints so as to achieve robust CTL responses against cancer.
The heavy weight of death: how anti‐fat bias is affected by weight‐based group membership and existential threat
Authors: Seibert Ann , Schindler Simon , Reinhard Marc‐André 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAnti‐fat bias is marked by a devaluation of overweight people compared with non‐overweight persons. Even though belonging to the same group, research on social identity theory (SIT) indicates that overweight people also devaluate overweight others. Merging insights from research on anti‐fat bias, SIT, and terror management theory, our study (n = 101) provides new insights on motivational aspects of anti‐fat bias by investigating the effects of existential threat on the evaluation of non‐overweight and overweight people. Results revealed that participants in the existential threat condition displayed in‐group bias: Participants perceiving themselves as non‐overweight showed more pronounced anti‐fat bias compared with participants in the non‐death threat condition. In contrast, participants perceiving themselves as overweight demonstrated less anti‐fat bias than controls.
Greening China's Wastewater Treatment Infrastructure in the Face of Rapid Development: Analysis Based on Material Stock and Flow through 2050
Authors: Hou Wanxin , Tian Xin , Tanikawa Hiroki 
Published: September 2014

SummaryWastewater treatment infrastructure (WWTI) construction in China has entered an accelerated stage of development in recent years as a result of rapid economic growth, urbanization, and the demand for improving water quality. As a result, a large amount of resources and materials will be allocated for the WWTI, and it is particularly important to find ways to reduce resource consumption effectively so that social dematerialization and sustainable development can be achieved. In this study, we employed the dynamic material flow model to estimate the material flows and stocks of WWTIs and the associated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions through 2050, considering effects of a rise in water consumption, a longer lifetime, and an increased material recycling rate. Our results indicate that material consumption in WWTIs will increase rapidly through 2025 to meet the needs of the increased volume of discharged wastewater as well as to overcome the shortage of existing wastewater treatment plants. In contrast with the moderate effects of rise in water consumption, prolonging the lifetime will greatly reduce material consumption in WWTI construction during the period 2030–2050, and approximately 60% of the total material input will be saved in the medium‐lifetime scenario, compared with the short‐lifetime scenario. Material output and CO2 emissions associated with WWTIs will be reduced by 87% and 37%, respectively, in the medium‐lifetime scenario, compared with the short‐lifetime scenario, under high‐water‐consumption growth. Our results highlight the great importance of pipeline construction and cement consumption in resource consumption associated with WWTI construction in China. Moreover, this study also examined the potential ways to reduce material consumption in WWTI construction in the context of the demand chain, the design, construction, operation and management, and demolition.
Performance evaluation of image segmentation algorithms on microscopic image data
Authors: BENEŠ MIROSLAV , ZITOVÁ BARBARA 
Published: September 2014

SummaryIn our paper, we present a performance evaluation of image segmentation algorithms on microscopic image data. In spite of the existence of many algorithms for image data partitioning, there is no universal and ‘the best’ method yet. Moreover, images of microscopic samples can be of various character and quality which can negatively influence the performance of image segmentation algorithms. Thus, the issue of selecting suitable method for a given set of image data is of big interest. We carried out a large number of experiments with a variety of segmentation methods to evaluate the behaviour of individual approaches on the testing set of microscopic images (cross‐section images taken in three different modalities from the field of art restoration). The segmentation results were assessed by several indices used for measuring the output quality of image segmentation algorithms. In the end, the benefit of segmentation combination approach is studied and applicability of achieved results on another representatives of microscopic data category – biological samples – is shown.
An investigation of factors that impact patients’ subjective experience of nurse‐led clinics: a qualitative systematic review
Authors: Jakimowicz Samantha , Stirling Christine , Duddle Maree 
Published: September 2014

Aims and objectivesTo systematically review the qualitative evidence on factors that affect the experience of patients attending nurse‐led clinics and compare with key elements of person‐centred care.BackgroundAs the number of nurse‐led clinics increases in response to health system needs, evaluation has focused on clinical outcomes and cost. Patient experiences are less researched and yet, they are an important influence on clinical outcomes and an indicator of person‐centred care. A detailed review of existing research in this area is needed.DesignA systematic review of primary, qualitative literature was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology of meta‐aggregation.MethodsPublished research from 1990–2012 was located using CINAHL, PubMed, Medline and PsycINFO. Reference lists were searched and analysed. Two reviewers assessed the papers for methodological quality using instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute to critically appraise, extract data and meta‐aggregate findings.ResultsEleven studies met all inclusion criteria. Three meta‐synthesis statements were derived from 46 findings aggregated to nine categories. The key themes relating to establishment of a therapeutic relationship, effective communication, and clinical skills and collaboration mapped closely to the person‐centred care framework.ConclusionConcepts central to person‐centred care proved to be factors impacting patients’ subjective experience. Further research is warranted to meet the challenge to transform the key concepts of the person‐centred care model into everyday nursing practice.Relevance to clinical practiceKnowledge of patients’ feelings and the importance of person‐centred, individualised care may contribute to development of future training and re‐training programs in basic nursing skills. This is significant in that it contributes to future positive patient experience.
Barriers to breast cancer screening in Australia: experiences of women with physical disabilities
Authors: Peters Kath , Cotton Antoinette 
Published: September 2014

Aims and objectivesTo explore the experiences of breast cancer screening for women with physical disabilities.BackgroundDespite women with disabilities having the same or greater risk of having breast cancer than women without disabilities, they are less likely to uptake breast cancer screening services.DesignQualitative descriptive study.MethodsTwelve women with physical disabilities were recruited for the purpose of this study. Data were collected via semi‐structured face to face or telephone interviews. Interviews were transcribed and data were analysed thematically.ResultsOverwhelmingly, participants conveyed that their breast screening experiences were negative. The following four themes describe the experiences of breast cancer screening for women with physical disabilities: feeling I'm not in control; being ignored and not listened to; being helpless, alone and afraid and; experiencing pain, torture and humiliation.ConclusionsWomen with physical disabilities experience substantial barriers to breast cancer screening. This research highlights that the attitudes and poor communication skills of health professionals served as a deterrent to future screening for participants.Relevance to clinical practiceBy exploring experiences of women with physical disabilities of breast cancer screening, nurses and other health‐care professionals can use this to develop and implement optimal approaches, such as collaborative models of care which empower women with disabilities.
IMPACT ON FIRMS OF THE USE OF KNOWLEDGE EXTERNAL SOURCES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Vivas Carlos , Barge‐Gil Andrés 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis study summarizes the main conclusions from a systematic review of the empirical literature regarding the impact on firms of the use of knowledge external sources (universities, research institutes and knowledge intensive business services). With the aim to organize the literature, we classify the different works according to the research question addressed: (i) which firms use knowledge external sources?; (ii) Do firms using knowledge external sources achieve better results?; And (iii) which firms benefit the most from using knowledge external sources? Stylized facts are that larger, more R&D intensive and high tech firms are more likely to use knowledge external sources and that use of knowledge external sources is associated to firms higher technical results. Less attention has been paid to the third question and evidence is not conclusive. Several recommendations for future research emerge. First, to take in greater consideration methodological issues so that potential biases in the results caused by sample selection and endogeneity are handled properly. Second, to pay more attention to heterogeneous outcomes. Third, to use continuous indicators of depth and breadth of links allowing for non‐linear relationships and fourth, to extend evidence for developing countries and service industries.
Predicting Risk‐Mitigating Behaviors From Indecisiveness and Trait Anxiety: Two Cognitive Pathways to Task Avoidance
Authors: McNeill Ilona M. , Dunlop Patrick D. , Skinner Timothy C. , Morrison David L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPast research suggests that indecisiveness and trait anxiety may both decrease the likelihood of performing risk‐mitigating preparatory behaviors (e.g., preparing for natural hazards) and suggests two cognitive processes (perceived control and worrying) as potential mediators. However, no single study to date has examined the influence of these traits and processes together. Examining them simultaneously is necessary to gain an integrated understanding of their relationship with risk‐mitigating behaviors. We therefore examined these traits and mediators in relation to wildfire preparedness in a two‐wave field study among residents of wildfire‐prone areas in Western Australia (total N = 223). Structural equation modeling results showed that indecisiveness uniquely predicted preparedness, with higher indecisiveness predicting lower preparedness. This relationship was fully mediated by perceived control over wildfire‐related outcomes. Trait anxiety did not uniquely predict preparedness or perceived control, but it did uniquely predict worry, with higher trait anxiety predicting more worrying. Also, worry trended toward uniquely predicting preparedness, albeit in an unpredicted positive direction. This shows how the lack of performing risk‐mitigating behaviors can result from distinct cognitive processes that are linked to distinct personality traits. It also highlights how simultaneous examination of multiple pathways to behavior creates a fuller understanding of its antecedents.
The Relation of Pro‐Sociality to Self‐Esteem: The Mediational Role of Quality of Friendships
Authors: Zuffianò Antonio , Eisenberg Nancy , Alessandri Guido , Luengo Kanacri Bernadette Paula , Pastorelli Concetta , Milioni Michela , Caprara Gian Vittorio 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe present longitudinal study examined the role of quality of friendship in mediating the relation of pro‐sociality to self‐esteem over time. Participants were 424 Italian young adults (56% females) assessed at two waves (Mage = 21.1 at Time 1; Mage = 25 at Time 2). An autoregressive cross‐lagged panel model was used to test the mediational model. Self‐ and friend‐report measures of pro‐sociality, quality of friendship, and self‐esteem were included in the analyses. Results were in line with the hypothesized paths, with quality of friendship mediating the relation of pro‐sociality to later self‐esteem above and beyond its high stability. Self‐esteem, in turn, predicted pro‐sociality 4 years later. Overall, the present findings support the potential benefits of behaving pro‐socially for an actor in terms of increased perceived self‐worth and also expand previous work by outlining the specific mediational role of the quality of friendships. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.