bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canonical bases and higher representation theory
Authors: Webster Ben 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper develops a general theory of canonical bases and how they arise naturally in the context of categorification. As an application, we show that Lusztig’s canonical basis in the whole quantized universal enveloping algebra is given by the classes of the indecomposable 1-morphisms in a categorification when the associated Lie algebra is of finite type and simply laced. We also introduce natural categories whose Grothendieck groups correspond to the tensor products of lowest- and highest-weight integrable representations. This generalizes past work of the author’s in the highest-weight case.
Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Bacteroides Species Can Shield Other Members of the Gut Microbiota from Antibiotics
Authors: Stiefel Usha , Tima Mary Ann , Nerandzic Michelle M. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Antibiotics disrupt the intestinal microbiota, rendering patients vulnerable to colonization by exogenous pathogens. Intermicrobial interactions may attenuate this effect. Incubation with ceftriaxone-resistant,
ccrA
-positive, β-lactamase-producing
Bacteroides
strains raised the minimum bactericidal concentration of ceftriaxone required to kill a susceptible
Escherichia coli
strain (mean change, <0.25 to 29 mg/liter;
P
= 0.009); incubation with ceftriaxone-resistant but non-β-lactamase-producing
Bacteroides
strains had no effect. The production of β-lactamase by common members of the intestinal microbiota (
Bacteroides
) can protect susceptible fellow commensals from β-lactams.
In Vitro
Activity of AZD0914, a Novel DNA Gyrase Inhibitor, against Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae
Authors: Kohlhoff Stephan A. , Huband Michael D. , Hammerschlag Margaret R. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

The
in vitro
activities of AZD0914, levofloxacin, azithromycin, and doxycycline against 10 isolates each of
Chlamydia trachomatis
and
Chlamydia pneumoniae
were tested. For AZD0914, the MIC
90
s for
C. trachomatis
and
C. pneumoniae
were 0.25 μg/ml (range, 0.06 to 0.5 μg/ml) and 1 μg/ml (range, 0.25 to 1 μg/ml), respectively, and the minimal bactericidal concentrations at which 90% of the isolates were killed (MBC
90
s) were 0.5 μg/ml for
C. trachomatis
(range, 0.125 to 1 μg/ml) and 2 μg/ml for
C. pneumoniae
(range, 0.5 to 2 μg/ml).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains Lacking Surface Lipid Phthiocerol Dimycocerosate Are Susceptible to Killing by an Early Innate Host Response
Authors: Day Tracey A. , Mittler John E. , Nixon Molly R. , Thompson Cullen , Miner Maurine D. , Hickey Mark J. , Liao Reiling P. , Pang Jennifer M. , Shayakhmetov Dmitry M. , Sherman David R. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

The innate immune response plays an important but unknown role in host defense against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. To define the function of innate immunity during tuberculosis, we evaluated
M. tuberculosis
replication dynamics during murine infection. Our data show that the early pulmonary innate immune response limits
M. tuberculosis
replication in a MyD88-dependent manner. Strikingly, we found that little
M. tuberculosis
cell death occurs during the first 2 weeks of infection. In contrast,
M. tuberculosis
cells deficient in the surface lipid phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) exhibited significant death rates, and consequently, total bacterial numbers were reduced. Host restriction of PDIM-deficient
M. tuberculosis
was not alleviated by the absence of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), or the phagocyte oxidase subunit p47. Taken together, these data indicate that PDIM protects
M. tuberculosis
from an early innate host response that is independent of IFN-γ, reactive nitrogen intermediates, and reactive oxygen species. By employing a pathogen replication tracking tool to evaluate
M. tuberculosis
replication and death during infection, we identify both host and pathogen factors affecting the outcome of infection.
Aeromonas salmonicida Binds Differentially to Mucins Isolated from Skin and Intestinal Regions of Atlantic Salmon in an
N
-Acetylneuraminic Acid-Dependent Manner
Authors: Padra János T. , Sundh Henrik , Jin Chunsheng , Karlsson Niclas G. , Sundell Kristina , Lindén Sara K. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Aeromonas salmonicida
subsp.
salmonicida
infection, also known as furunculosis disease, is associated with high morbidity and mortality in salmonid aquaculture. The first line of defense the pathogen encounters is the mucus layer, which is predominantly comprised of secreted mucins. Here we isolated and characterized mucins from the skin and intestinal tract of healthy Atlantic salmon and studied how
A. salmonicida
bound to them. The mucins from the skin, pyloric ceca, and proximal and distal intestine mainly consisted of mucins soluble in chaotropic agents. The mucin density and mucin glycan chain length from the skin were lower than were seen with mucin from the intestinal tract.
A. salmonicida
bound to the mucins isolated from the intestinal tract to a greater extent than to the skin mucins. The mucins from the intestinal regions had higher levels of sialylation than the skin mucins. Desialylating intestinal mucins decreased
A. salmonicida
binding, whereas desialylation of skin mucins resulted in complete loss of binding. In line with this,
A. salmonicida
also bound better to mammalian mucins with high levels of sialylation, and
N
-acetylneuraminic acid appeared to be the sialic acid whose presence was imperative for binding. Thus, sialylated structures are important for
A. salmonicida
binding, suggesting a pivotal role for sialylation in mucosal defense. The marked differences in sialylation as well as
A. salmonicida
binding between the skin and intestinal tract suggest interorgan differences in the host-pathogen interaction and in the mucin defense against
A. salmonicida
.
Gene Deletions in Mycobacterium bovis BCG Stimulate Increased CD8+T Cell Responses
Authors: Panas Michael W. , Sixsmith Jaimie D. , White KeriAnn , Korioth-Schmitz Birgit , Shields Shana T. , Moy Brian T. , Lee Sunhee , Schmitz Joern E. , Jacobs William R. , Porcelli Steven A. , Haynes Barton F. , Letvin Norman L. , Gillard Geoffrey O. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTMycobacteria, the etiological agents of tuberculosis and leprosy, have coevolved with mammals for millions of years and have numerous ways of suppressing their host's immune response. It has been suggested that mycobacteria may contain genes that reduce the host's ability to elicit CD8+T cell responses. We screened 3,290 mutantMycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) strains to identify genes that decrease major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I presentation of mycobacterium-encoded epitope peptides. Through our analysis, we identified 16 mutant BCG strains that generated increased transgene product-specific CD8+T cell responses. The genes disrupted in these mutant strains had disparate predicted functions. Reconstruction of strains via targeted deletion of genes identified in the screen recapitulated the enhanced immunogenicity phenotype of the original mutant strains. When we introduced the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)gaggene into several of these novel BCG strains, we observed enhanced SIV Gag-specific CD8+T cell responsesin vivo. This study demonstrates that mycobacteria carry numerous genes that act to dampen CD8+T cell responses and suggests that genetic modification of these genes may generate a novel group of recombinant BCG strains capable of serving as more effective and immunogenic vaccine vectors.
Cyclic AMP-Mediated Suppression of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation and Apoptosis by the Bordetella pertussis Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
Authors: Eby Joshua C. , Gray Mary C. , Hewlett Erik L. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) ofBordetella pertussisintoxicates target cells by generating supraphysiologic levels of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP). Since ACT kills macrophages rapidly and potently, we asked whether ACT would also kill neutrophils. In fact, ACT prolongs the neutrophil life span by inhibiting constitutive apoptosis and preventing apoptosis induced by exposure to liveB. pertussis. Imaging ofB. pertussis-exposed neutrophils revealed thatB. pertussislacking ACT induces formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), whereas wild-typeB. pertussisdoes not, suggesting that ACT suppresses NET formation. Indeed, ACT inhibits formation of NETs by generating cAMP and consequently inhibiting the oxidative burst. Convalescent-phase serum from humans following clinical pertussis blocks the ACT-mediated suppression of NET formation. These studies provide novel insight into the phagocyte impotence caused by ACT, which not only impairs neutrophil function but also inhibits death of neutrophils by apoptosis and NETosis.
Simultaneous Exposure to Escherichia coli Heat-Labile and Heat-Stable Enterotoxins Increases Fluid Secretion and Alters Cyclic Nucleotide and Cytokine Production by Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Read Lisa T. , Hahn Rachel W. , Thompson Carli C. , Bauer David L. , Norton Elizabeth B. , Clements John D. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
(ETEC) is a significant cause of diarrheal disease and death, especially in children in developing countries. ETEC causes disease by colonizing the small intestine and producing heat-labile toxin (LT), heat-stable toxin (ST), or both LT and ST (LT+ST). The majority of ETEC strains produce both ST and LT. Despite the prevalence of LT+ST-producing organisms, few studies have examined the physiologic or immunologic consequences of simultaneous exposure to these two potent enterotoxins. In the current report, we demonstrate that when LT and ST are both present, they increase water movement into the intestinal lumen over and above the levels observed with either toxin alone. As expected, cultured intestinal epithelial cells increased their expression of intracellular cyclic GMP (cGMP) when treated with ST and their expression of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) when treated with LT. When both toxins were present, cGMP levels but not cAMP levels were synergistically elevated compared with the levels of expression caused by the corresponding single-toxin treatment. Our data also demonstrate that the levels of inflammatory cytokines produced by intestinal epithelial cells in response to LT are significantly reduced in animals exposed to both enterotoxins. These findings suggest that there may be complex differences between the epithelial cell intoxication and, potentially, secretory outcomes induced by ETEC strains expressing LT+ST compared with strains that express LT or ST only. Our results also reveal a novel mechanism wherein ST production may reduce the hosts' ability to mount an effective innate or adaptive immune response to infecting organisms.
Intracellular Trafficking of AIP56, an NF-κB-Cleaving Toxin from Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida
Authors: Pereira Liliana M. G. , Pinto Rute D. , Silva Daniela S. , Moreira Ana R. , Beitzinger Christoph , Oliveira Pedro , Sampaio Paula , Benz Roland , Azevedo Jorge E. , dos Santos Nuno M. S. , do Vale Ana 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

AIP56 (apoptosis-inducing protein of 56 kDa) is a metalloprotease AB toxin secreted by
Photobacterium damselae
subsp.
piscicida
that acts by cleaving NF-κB. During infection, AIP56 spreads systemically and depletes phagocytes by postapoptotic secondary necrosis, impairing the host phagocytic defense and contributing to the genesis of infection-associated necrotic lesions. Here we show that mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (mBMDM) intoxicated by AIP56 undergo NF-κB p65 depletion and apoptosis. Similarly to what was reported for sea bass phagocytes, intoxication of mBMDM involves interaction of AIP56 C-terminal region with cell surface components, suggesting the existence of a conserved receptor. Biochemical approaches and confocal microscopy revealed that AIP56 undergoes clathrin-dependent endocytosis, reaches early endosomes, and follows the recycling pathway. Translocation of AIP56 into the cytosol requires endosome acidification, and an acidic pulse triggers translocation of cell surface-bound AIP56 into the cytosol. Accordingly, at acidic pH, AIP56 becomes more hydrophobic, interacting with artificial lipid bilayer membranes. Altogether, these data indicate that AIP56 is a short-trip toxin that reaches the cytosol using an acidic-pH-dependent mechanism, probably from early endosomes. Usually, for short-trip AB toxins, a minor pool reaches the cytosol by translocating from endosomes, whereas the rest is routed to lysosomes for degradation. Here we demonstrate that part of endocytosed AIP56 is recycled back and released extracellularly through a mechanism requiring phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity but independent of endosome acidification. So far, we have been unable to detect biological activity of recycled AIP56, thereby bringing into question its biological relevance as well as the importance of the recycling pathway.
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF COMPLICATIONS AND RECURRENCE RATE OF ARTHROSCOPIC RESECTION OF VOLAR WRIST GANGLION
Authors: Fernandes Carlos Henrique , Miranda Cesar Dario Oliveira , dos Santos João Baptista Gomes , Faloppa Flavio 
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this systematic review is to determine the incidence of complications and the recurrence rate of a volar wrist ganglion following arthroscopic resection. We performed a systematic review of English and non-English articles using Google Scholar, Medline, and Web of Knowledge. Articles were screened for study inclusion by three independent reviewers using the terms "arthroscopic treatment of volar wrist ganglion" and "arthroscopic resection of volar wrist ganglion". Inclusion criteria: (1) level I–V evidence, (2) documentation of the number of wrists subjected to surgery, (3) documentation of surgical techniques used on wrists, and (4) documentation of surgical or post-surgical complications and recurrence rate of a volar wrist ganglion after arthroscopic resection. A complication was defined as an adverse outcome that was directly related to the operative procedure. Between 2001 and 2012, 13 articles met the inclusion criteria. Two articles were excluded and 11 were reviewed. A total of 232 wrists underwent arthroscopic surgery with 14 recurrences. The recurrence rate ranged from 0 to 20%, with mean of 6.03%. There were 16 (6.89%) complications. There was no connection with the ganglion in six wrists, three haematomas, three cases of neuropraxia of the dorsal radial nerve, two partial lesions of the median nerve, and two lesions of a branch of the radial artery. Patients did not have a decrease in the arc range of motion. Treatment of volar ganglia of the midcarpal joint was technically difficult and associated with a higher number of complications. In general, arthroscopic resection results in fewer complications and lower recurrence rates than an open surgical approach, but there is no clear evidence of such an advantage for arthroscopic resection of a volar wrist ganglion. Additional prospective, controlled clinical trials will be essential to address this important issue.
NEW TECHNIQUE FOR REDUCING FIBROSIS IN RECURRENT CASES OF CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
Authors: Nassar Wael A. M. , Atiyya Ahmed Naeem 
Published: October 2014

Purpose: Synthetic bio-degradable materials have been used as an artificial barrier in prophylaxis of adhesions. We report on the use of lactid caprolacton film (Mesofol®) in recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome. We hypothesise that its use will give favourable results regarding the functional outcome and the recurrence rate.Patients and methods: Fourteen patients were prospectively reviewed following neurolysis and application of Mesofol®film. Average age was 48 years. Outcome assessment measures included; two-point discrimination, verbal rating scale, and Boston Questionnaire.Results: Follow-up period averaged 25.5 months. Post-operative two-point discrimination improved to an average of 4.57 mm. The post-operative average verbal rating scale was 1.5. The mean symptom severity score improved to 1.88 and the mean functional score improved to 1.69 post-operatively.Conclusion: In cases of recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome, the use of mesofol barrier yields good functional results at the short term follow-up. The technique is simple. No patients needed further surgeries.
Automatic parallelization of a class of irregular loops for distributed memory systems
Authors: Ravishankar Mahesh , Eisenlohr John , Pouchet Louis-Noël , Ramanujam J. , Rountev Atanas , Sadayappan P. 
Published: October 2014

Many scientific applications spend significant time within loops that are parallel, except for dependences from associative reduction operations. However these loops often contain data-dependent control-flow and array-access patterns. Traditional optimizations that rely on purely static analysis fail to generate parallel code in such cases.
This article proposes an approach for automatic parallelization for distributed memory environments, using both static and runtime analysis. We formalize the computations that are targeted by this approach and develop algorithms to detect such computations. We also describe algorithms to generate a parallel inspector that performs a runtime analysis of control-flow and array-access patterns, and a parallel executor to take advantage of this information. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated on several benchmarks that were automatically transformed using a prototype compiler. For these, the inspector overheads and performance of the executor code were measured. The benefit on real-world applications was also demonstrated through similar manual transformations of an atmospheric modeling software.
NGF Blockade at Early Times during Bone Cancer Development Attenuates Bone Destruction and Increases Limb Use
Authors: McCaffrey Gwen , Thompson Michelle L. , Majuta Lisa , Fealk Michelle N. , Chartier Stephane , Longo Geraldine , Mantyh Patrick W. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Studies in animals and humans show that blockade of nerve growth factor (NGF) attenuates both malignant and nonmalignant skeletal pain. While reduction of pain is important, a largely unanswered question is what other benefits NGF blockade might confer in patients with bone cancer. Using a mouse graft model of bone sarcoma, we demonstrate that early treatment with an NGF antibody reduced tumor-induced bone destruction, delayed time to bone fracture, and increased the use of the tumor-bearing limb. Consistent with animal studies in osteoarthritis and head and neck cancer, early blockade of NGF reduced weight loss in mice with bone sarcoma. In terms of the extent and time course of pain relief, NGF blockade also reduced pain 40% to 70%, depending on the metric assessed. Importantly, this analgesic effect was maintained even in animals with late-stage disease. Our results suggest that NGF blockade immediately upon detection of tumor metastasis to bone may help preserve the integrity and use, delay the time to tumor-induced bone fracture, and maintain body weight. Cancer Res; 74(23); 7014–23. ©2014 AACR.
Implications of Limited Liquid Water Path on Static Mixing within Arctic Low-Level Clouds
Authors: Sedlar Joseph 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObservations of cloud properties and thermodynamics from two Arctic locations, Barrow, Alaska, and Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA), are examined. A comparison of in-cloud thermodynamic mixing characteristics for low-level, single-layer clouds from nearly a decade of data at Barrow and one full annual cycle over the sea ice at SHEBA is performed. These cloud types occur relatively frequently, evident in 27%–30% of all cloudy cases. To understand the role of liquid water path (LWP), or lack thereof, on static in-cloud mixing, cloud layers are separated into optically thin and optically thick LWP subclasses. Clouds with larger LWPs tend to have a deeper in-cloud mixed layer relative to optically thinner clouds. However, both cloud LWP subclasses are frequently characterized by an in-cloud stable layer above the mixed layer top. The depth of the stable layer generally correlates with an increased temperature gradient across the layer. This layer often contains a specific humidity inversion, but it is more frequently present when cloud LWP is optically thinner (LWP < 50 g m−2). It is suggested that horizontal thermodynamic advection plays a key role modifying the vertical extent of in-cloud mixing and likewise the depth of in-cloud stable layers. Furthermore, longwave atmospheric opacity above the cloud top is generally enhanced during cases with optically thinner clouds. Thermodynamic advection, cloud condensate distribution within the stable layer, and enhanced atmospheric radiation above the cloud are found to introduce a thermodynamic–radiative feedback that potentially modifies the extent of LWP and subsequent in-cloud mixing.
Metastability of Northern Hemisphere Teleconnection Modes
Authors: Risbey James S. , O’Kane Terence J. , Monselesan Didier P. , Franzke Christian , Horenko Illia 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This study applies a finite-element, bounded-variation, vector autoregressive method to assess midtropospheric flow regimes characterized by regime switches between metastable states. The flow is assessed in reanalysis data from three different reanalysis sets assimilating surface data only; surface and upper-air data; and ocean, surface, and upper-air data. Results are generally consistent across the reanalyses and confirm the utility of surface-only reanalyses for capturing midtropospheric variability. The method is applied to a set of regional domains in the Northern Hemisphere and for the full-hemispheric domain. Composites of the metastable states for each region yield structures that are consistent with the well-documented teleconnection modes: the North Atlantic Oscillation in the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific–North America pattern (PNA) in the Pacific Ocean, and Scandinavian blocking over Eurasia. The PNA mode includes a clear waveguide structure in midlatitudes. The Northern Hemisphere domain yields a state composite that reflects aspects of an annular mode (Arctic Oscillation), where the annular component in midlatitudes comprises a circumglobal waveguide. The Northern Hemisphere waveguide is characterized by wavenumber 5. Some of the nodes in this circumglobal waveguide manifest as part of regional dipole structures like the PNA. This situation contrasts with the Southern Hemisphere, where the circumglobal waveguide exhibits wavenumbers 3 and 5 and is monopolar. For each of the regions and modes examined, the annual time series of residence percent in each state displays prominent decadal variability and provides a clear means of identifying regimes of the major teleconnection modes.