bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow physics and RANS modelling of oblique shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction
Authors: Morgan Brandon , Duraisamy K. , Nguyen N. , Kawai S. , Lele S. K. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractLarge-eddy simulation (LES) is utilized to investigate flow physics and lower-fidelity modelling assumptions in the simulation of an oblique shock impinging on a supersonic turbulent boundary layer (OSTBLI). A database of LES solutions is presented, covering a range of shock strengths and Reynolds numbers, that is utilized as a surrogate-truth model to explore three topics. First, detailed conservation budgets are extracted within the framework of parametric investigation to identify trends that might be used to mitigate statistical (aleatory) uncertainties in inflow conditions. It is found, for instance, that an increase in Reynolds number does not significantly affect length of separation. Additionally, it is found that variation in the shock-generating wedge angle has the effect of increasing the intensity of low-frequency oscillations and moving these motions towards longer time scales, even when scaled by interaction length. Next, utilizing the LES database, a detailed analysis is performed of several existing models describing the low-frequency unsteady motion of the OSTBLI system. Most significantly, it is observed that the length scale of streamwise coherent structures appears to be dependent on Reynolds number, and at the Reynolds number of the present simulations, these structures do not exist on time scales long enough to be the primary cause of low-frequency unsteadiness. Finally, modelling errors associated with turbulence closures using eddy-viscosity and stress-transport-based Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations are investigated. It is found that while the stress-transport models offer improved predictions, inadequacies in modelling the turbulence transport terms and the isotropic treatment of the dissipation is seen to limit their accuracy.
Phosphorus affects high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits and glutenin macropolymer size distribution in wheat grains
Authors: NI Y. , YANG D. , WANG Z. , YIN Y. , CAI T. , DAI Z. , YAN S. , LI W. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYTwo winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cultivars, Jimai20 and Shannong12, differing in phosphorus (P) utilization efficiency, were selected to study the effect of P application rate on changes in glutenin macropolymer (GMP) size distribution and the content of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) in wheat grain. Four P levels (0, 40, 100 and 160 kg/ha) were applied under N1 (112·5 kg/ha) and N2 (225 kg/ha) conditions in the field, in 2008/09 and 2009/10. The results showed that increased P levels favoured HMW-GS synthesis under N1 conditions, but had a less pronounced effect under N2. When compared with the control, the volume proportions of <10 μm GMP particles in grains of both cultivars were significantly decreased, and those of >100 μm were increased in response to P application. The volume proportions of 10–100 μm GMP particles in the cultivars Jimai20 and Shannong12 were respectively lower and higher in response to P application than with no P fertilizer. At maturity, for both cultivars, total HMW-GS content was negatively correlated with GMP particle volume of <10 μm, but positively correlated with that of >100 μm. These observations suggest that both P and N affect protein synthesis in wheat grains and there exists a relationship between HMW-GS content and the synthesis of large GMP particles (>100 μm). The N×P interaction was the most important factor to regulate the HMW-GS and GMP contents.
The effect of immunity on the early events in the life-cycle ofEimeria tenellain the caecal mucosa of the chicken
Authors: Rose M. Elaine , Lawn A. M. , Millard B. J. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYA comparison was made between the early events (a sexual stages) in the life-cycle ofEimeria tenellain specifically immunized and control chickens. Particular attention was paid to the quantitative aspects and to the transport of sporozoites within intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IEL) from the enterocytes of the surface epithelium to the enterocytes of the crypts. There was a moderate decrease in the number of parasites initially seen in the mucosa of the immune birds, suggesting that some of the effects of immunity are exerted before penetration of the surface enterocytes, but the reduction in the numbers of developing parasites was more marked. This latter effect was due, at least partly, to failure of transfer of sporozoites from IELs to crypt enterocytes. These findings are discussed in relation to the efficacy of the immunity induced.
New insights on the genetic diversity of the honeybee parasiteNosema ceranaebased onmultilocussequence analysis
Authors: ROUDEL MATHIEU , AUFAUVRE JULIE , CORBARA BRUNO , DELBAC FREDERIC , BLOT NICOLAS 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYThe microsporidian parasiteNosema ceranaeis a common pathogen of the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) whose variable virulence could be related to its genetic polymorphism and/or its polyphenism responding to environmental cues. Since the genotyping ofN. ceranaebased on unique marker sequences had been unsuccessful, we tested whether amultilocusapproach, assessing the diversity of ten genetic markers – encoding nine proteins and the small ribosomal RNA subunit – allowed the discrimination betweenN. ceranaevariants isolated from singleA. melliferaindividuals in four distant locations. High nucleotide diversity and allele content were observed for all genes. Most importantly, the diversity was mainly present within parasite populations isolated from single honeybee individuals. In contrast the absence of isolate differentiation precluded anytaxadiscrimination, even through amultilocusapproach, but suggested that similar populations of parasites seem to infect honeybees in distant locations. As statistical evolutionary analyses showed that the allele frequency is under selective pressure, we discuss the origin and consequences ofN. ceranaeheterozygosity in a single host and lack of population divergence in the context of the parasite natural and evolutionary history.
Emergence and Consciousness
Authors: Lewtas Patrick 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMost definitions of radical emergentism characterize it epistemologically. This leads to misunderstandings and makes it hard to assess the doctrine's metaphysical worth. This paper puts forward purely metaphysical characterizations of emergentism and property emergence. It explores the nature of the necessitation relation between base and emergent and argues that emergentism entails a Humean account of causation and related relations. Then it presents arguments against emergentism, both as a wider metaphysic and as an account of consciousness. These maintain that emergentism makes implausible claims about how the world works. The paper also stresses the doctrine's contemporary relevance: most current property dualists endorse views effectively identical to classical emergentism less its historical commitment to novel emergent forces.
The deaths of two Khaghans: a comparison of events in 1242 and 1260
Authors: Haw Stephen G. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe sudden Mongol withdrawal from Hungary in 1242 has been explained by historians in several ways and no consensus about the reason has ever been reached. Contrary to some previously expressed opinions, it was not an unparalleled event: a similar withdrawal from a successful invasion of the Song empire in southern China occurred in 1260. The parallels between the events of 1242 and 1260 are instructive, and strongly suggest that the deaths of the Khaghans Ögödei, in 1241, and Möngke, in 1259, were the basic reasons for breaking off the campaigns. The full explanation is more complex, however. The Mongol invasions of Dali and Annam in the 1250s are also briefly examined, and it is pointed out that a Mongol army led by Uriyangkhadai successfully invaded Song from Annam in 1259, a fact that has often been overlooked.
Examining the relationship between chronic conditions, multi-morbidity and labour market participation in Canada: 2000–2005
Authors: SMITH PETER , CHEN CYNTHIA , MUSTARD CAMERON , BIELECKY AMBER , BEATON DORCAS , IBRAHIM SELAHADIN 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTRelatively little attention has been paid to understanding and addressing the potential health-related barriers faced by older workers to stay at work. Using three representative samples from the Canadian Community Health Survey, we examined the relationship between seven physical chronic conditions and labour market participation in Canada between 2000 and 2005. We found that all conditions were associated with an increased probability of not being able to work due to health reasons. In our adjusted models, heart disease was associated with the greatest probability of not working due to health reasons. Arthritis was associated with the largest population attributable fraction. Other variables associated with not being able to work due to health reasons included older age, female gender and lower educational attainment. We also found particular combinations of chronic conditions (heart disease and diabetes; and arthritis and back pain) were associated with a greater risk than the separate effects of each condition independently. The results of this study demonstrate that chronic conditions are associated with labour market participation limitations to differing extents. Strategies to keep older workers in the labour market in Canada will need to address barriers to staying at work that result from the presence of chronic conditions, and particular combinations of conditions.
Relational Repression in China: Using Social Ties to Demobilize Protesters
Authors: Deng Yanhua , O'Brien Kevin J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractChinese local officials frequently employ relational repression to demobilize protesters. When popular action occurs, they investigate activists' social ties, locate individuals who might be willing to help stop the protest, assemble a work team and dispatch it to conduct thought work. Work team members are then expected to use their personal influence to persuade relatives, friends and fellow townspeople to stand down. Those who fail are subject to punishment, including suspension of salary, removal from office and prosecution. Relational repression sometimes works. When local authorities have considerable say over work team members and bonds with protesters are strong, relational repression can help demobilize protesters and halt popular action. Even if relational repression does not end a protest entirely, it can limit its length and scope by reducing tension at times of high strain and providing a channel for negotiation. Often, however, as in a 2005 environmental protest in Zhejiang, insufficiently tight ties and limited concern about consequences creates a commitment deficit, partly because thought workers recognize their ineffectiveness with many protesters and partly because they anticipate little or no punishment for failing to demobilize anyone other than a close relative. The practice and effectiveness of relational, “soft” repression in China casts light on how social ties can demobilize as well as mobilize contention and ways in which state and social power can be combined to serve state ends.
A 30-year case study and 15 principles: Implications of an artificial intelligence methodology for functional modeling
Authors: Goel Ashok K. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractResearch on design and analysis of complex systems has led to many functional representations with several meanings of function. This work on conceptual design uses a family of representations called structure–behavior–function (SBF) models. The SBF family ranges from behavior–function models of abstract design patterns to drawing–shape–SBF models that couple SBF models with visuospatial knowledge of technological systems. Development of SBF modeling is an instance of cognitively oriented artificial intelligence research that seeks to understand human cognition and build intelligent agents for addressing complex tasks such as design. This paper first traces the development of SBF modeling as our perspective on design evolved from that of problem solving to that of memory and learning. Next, the development of SBF modeling as a case study is used to abstract some of the core principles of an artificial intelligence methodology for functional modeling. Finally, some implications of the artificial intelligence methodology for different meanings of function are examined.
That which is not form: The practical challenges in using functional concepts in design
Authors: Eckert Claudia 
Published: July 2013

AbstractFunctional modeling is a very significant part of many different well-known design methodologies. This paper investigates the questions of what functional modeling approaches people use in industry and how they conceptualize functions. Using interviews and the findings from an experiment where 20 individual designers were asked to generate a functional model of a product, the paper highlights the different notions designers associate with the wordfunction. Difficulties associated with functional modeling arise from varied and inconsistent notions of functions as well as wider challenges associated with modeling and the introduction of methods in industry.
Toward a scientific ontology based concept of function
Authors: Chen Yong , Zhang Zhinan , Huang Jian , Xie Youbai 
Published: July 2013

AbstractFunction is an ambiguous concept, whereas having explicit and precise concepts is critical for building a systematic science of engineering design. Based on Bunge's scientific ontology, this paper is devoted to developing an explicit and precise concept of function for design science. First, we attempt to clarify the concept of behavior, which is closely related to function and is also shown as an ambiguous concept in engineering. Second, the concept of action is imported from scientific ontology into design science. Third, a scientific ontology based concept of function is proposed, together with an ontology-based functional taxonomy. A case of a function definition of a civil aircraft type demonstrates that the proposed concept of function is more explicit and precise than previous ones, and it can lead to better functional design results.
Linking assumptions in amblyopia
Authors: LEVI DENNIS M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractOver the last 35 years or so, there has been substantial progress in revealing and characterizing the many interesting and sometimes mysterious sensory abnormalities that accompany amblyopia. A goal of many of the studies has been to try to make the link between the sensory losses and the underlying neural losses, resulting in several hypotheses about the site, nature, and cause of amblyopia. This article reviews some of these hypotheses, and the assumptions that link the sensory losses to specific physiological alterations in the brain. Despite intensive study, it turns out to be quite difficult to make a simple linking hypothesis, at least at the level of single neurons, and the locus of the sensory loss remains elusive. It is now clear that the simplest notion—that reduced contrast sensitivity of neurons in cortical area V1 explains the reduction in contrast sensitivity—is too simplistic. Considerations of noise, noise correlations, pooling, and the weighting of information also play a critically important role in making perceptual decisions, and our current models of amblyopia do not adequately take these into account. Indeed, although the reduction of contrast sensitivity is generally considered to reflect “early” neural changes, it seems plausible that it reflects changes at many stages of visual processing.
Linking perception to neural activity as measured by visual evoked potentials
Authors: NORCIA ANTHONY M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractLinking propositions have played an important role in refining our understanding of the relationship between neural activity and perception. Over the last 40 years, visual evoked potentials (VEPs) have been used in many different ways to address questions of the relationship between neural activity and perception. This review organizes and discusses this research within the linking proposition framework developed by Davida Teller, and her colleagues. A series of examples from the VEP literature illustrates each of the five classes of linking propositions originally proposed by Davida Teller. The related concept of the bridge locus—the site at which neural activity can be said to first be proscriptive of perception—is discussed and a suggestion is made that the concept be expanded to include an evolution over time and cortical area.
Are flatter diurnal cortisol rhythms associated with major depression and anxiety disorders in late adolescence? The role of life stress and daily negative emotion
Authors: Doane Leah D. , Mineka Susan , Zinbarg Richard E. , Craske Michelle , Griffith James W. , Adam Emma K. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAlterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis functioning have been associated with major depression disorder (MDD) and some anxiety disorders. Few researchers have tested the possibility that high levels of recent life stress or elevations in negative emotion may partially account for the HPA axis alterations observed in these disorders. In a sample of 300 adolescents from the Youth Emotion Project, we examined associations between MDD and anxiety disorders, dimensional measures of internalizing symptomatology, life stress, mood on the days of cortisol testing, and HPA axis functioning. Adolescents with a past MDD episode and those with a recent MDD episode comorbid with an anxiety disorder had flatter diurnal cortisol slopes than adolescents without a history of internalizing disorders. Higher reports of general distress, a dimension of internalizing symptomatology, were also associated with flatter slopes. Negative emotion, specifically sadness and loneliness, was associated with flatter slopes and partially accounted for the associations between comorbid MDD and anxiety disorders and cortisol. The associations between past MDD and cortisol slopes were not accounted for by negative emotion, dimensional variation in internalizing symptomatology, or levels of life stress, indicating that flatter cortisol slopes may also be a “scar” marker of past experiences of MDD.
Strategic objectives for improving understanding of informant discrepancies in developmental psychopathology research
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDevelopmental psychopathology researchers and practitioners commonly conduct behavioral assessments using multiple informants' reports (e.g., parents, teachers, practitioners, children, and laboratory observers). These assessments often yield inconsistent conclusions about important questions in developmental psychopathology research, depending on the informant (e.g., psychiatric diagnoses and risk factors of disorder). Researchers have theorized why informant discrepancies exist and advanced methodological models of informant discrepancies. However, over 50 years of empirical data has uncovered little knowledge about these discrepancies beyond that they exist, complicate interpretations of research findings and assessment outcomes in practice, and correlate with some characteristics of the informants providing reports (e.g., demographics and mood levels). Further, recent studies often yield take-home messages about the importance of taking a multi-informant approach to clinical and developmental assessments. Researchers draw these conclusions from their work, despite multi-informant approaches to assessment long being a part of best practices in clinical and developmental assessments. Consequently, developmental psychopathology researchers and practitioners are in dire need of a focused set of research priorities with the key goal of rapidly advancing knowledge about informant discrepancies. In this paper, I discuss these research priorities, review work indicating the feasibility of conducting research addressing these priorities, and specify what researchers and practitioners would gain from studies advancing knowledge about informant discrepancies in developmental psychopathology research.
Effects of family cohesion and heart rate reactivity on aggressive/rule-breaking behavior and prosocial behavior in adolescence: The Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey study
Authors: Sijtsema Jelle Jurrit , Nederhof Esther , Veenstra Rene , Ormel Johan , Oldehinkel Albertine J. , Ellis Bruce J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe biological sensitivity to context hypothesis posits that high physiological reactivity (i.e., increases in arousal from baseline) constitutes heightened sensitivity to environmental influences, for better or worse. To test this hypothesis, we examined the interactive effects of family cohesion and heart rate reactivity to a public speaking task on aggressive/rule-breaking and prosocial behavior in a large sample of adolescents (N = 679; M age = 16.14). Multivariate analyses revealed small- to medium-sized main effects of lower family cohesion and lower heart rate reactivity on higher levels of aggressive/rule-breaking and lower levels of prosocial behavior. Although there was some evidence of three-way interactions among family cohesion, heart rate reactivity, and sex in predicting these outcome variables, these interactions were not in the direction predicted by the biological sensitivity to context hypothesis. Instead, heightened reactivity appeared to operate as a protective factor against family adversity, rather than as a susceptibility factor. The results of the present study raise the possibility that stress reactivity may no longer operate as a mechanism of differential susceptibility in adolescence.
A theoretical model of continuity in anxiety and links to academic achievement in disaster-exposed school children
Authors: Weems Carl F. , Scott Brandon G. , Taylor Leslie K. , Cannon Melinda F. , Romano Dawn M. , Perry Andre M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis study tested a theoretical model of continuity in anxious emotion and its links to academic achievement in disaster-exposed youth. An urban school based sample of youths (n = 191; Grades 4–8) exposed to Hurricane Katrina were assessed at 24 months (Time 1) and then again at 30 months (Time 2) postdisaster. Academic achievement was assessed through end of the school year standardized test scores (~31 months after Katrina). The results suggest that the association of traumatic stress to academic achievement was indirect via linkages from earlier (Time 1) posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms that predicted later (Time 2) test anxiety. Time 2 test anxiety was then negatively associated with academic achievement. Age and gender invariance testing suggested strong consistency across gender and minor developmental variation in the age range examined. The model presented advances the developmental understanding of the expression of anxious emotion and its links to student achievement among disaster-exposed urban school children. The findings highlight the importance of identifying heterotypic continuity in anxiety and suggest potential applied and policy directions for disaster-exposed youth. Avenues for future theoretical refinement are also discussed.