bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prescribing Positivism: The Dawn of Nietzsche's Hippocratism
Authors: Mann Joel E. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
As a classical philologist, Nietzsche was extremely familiar with the work of many ancient Greek writers. It is well known that Nietzsche made a practice of identifying with and praising ancient thinkers with whom he felt a kinship. It is worth investigating, then, whether Nietzsche's mention of Hippocrates in D signals a sustained interest in the so-called father of medicine. I argue that there is no evidence that Nietzsche paid special attention to Hippocrates or the Hippocratic corpus. Instead, Nietzsche's curious allusion to Hippocrates is likely influenced in part by his reading of the Comtean positivist Émile Littré. Finally, I argue that if Nietzsche is consciously “Hippocratic” at all, he is so in virtue of the “medical posture” he adopts in D, where Nietzsche's remarks suggest his mission is to relieve humankind of the psychological suffering caused by morality.
Misunderstanding Epicurus? A Nietzschean Identification
Authors: Shearin Wilson H. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
This article considers aspects of Nietzsche's identification with the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus, focusing in particular upon how Epicurus's antiteleology (his denial of an ultimate metaphysical principle) was significant for Nietzsche's views on religion and knowledge. I make a case for the claim that Nietzsche's practice of philosophy, specifically his perspectivism, was influenced by Epicurus's practice of multiple explanations, a form of scientific explanation rooted in ethics and antiteleology. In conclusion, I examine the ways in which Nietzsche's manner of reading Epicurus may cause us to revise our interpretations of not only the Greek thinker but also elements of Nietzsche's own identification with that thinker.
Pelvic Floor Disorders and Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Mahajan Sangeeta T. , James Rebecca , Frasure Heidi 
Published: March 2014

Background: Despite recent efforts to educate multiple sclerosis (MS) health-care providers about the importance of pelvic floor disorders (urinary, bowel, and sexual dysfunction), no data are currently available to assess outcomes of these efforts in terms of patient satisfaction.
Methods: As part of the fall 2010 North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis survey, we conducted a prospective, survey-based cohort study (N = 14,268) to evaluate patient satisfaction with the current evaluation and treatment of pelvic floor disorders. Patients were queried about 1) bother from bladder, bowel, or sexual symptoms; 2) whether they had been evaluated by a health-care provider for pelvic floor issues in the last 12 months; and 3) satisfaction with the evaluation and treatment they received, on a 5-point Likert scale. Patients were also asked whether these treatments had affected their quality of life (7-point Likert scale).
Results: A total of 9397 responses were received (response rate of 65.9%); respondents were primarily white (89%) and female (77.4%). Moderate-to-severe pelvic floor symptoms were reported by one-third of patients (bladder, 41%; bowel, 30%; sexual, 42%). Most respondents had been asked about bladder (61%) or bowel (50%) issues by their health-care providers, but only 20% had been queried about sexual dysfunction. Most respondents were moderately to very satisfied with the management of their bladder and bowel disorders but significantly less satisfied with that of sexual dysfunction.
Conclusions: While MS patients are generally satisfied with current management of bladder and bowel dysfunction, improvement is needed in that of sexual dysfunction.
Nurses’ Perspective on Approaches to Limit Flu-Like Symptoms During Interferon Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Filipi Mary L. , Beavin Jill , Brillante Raquel T. , Costello Kathleen , Hartley Gail C. , Hartley Kay , Namey Marie , O'Leary Shirley , Remington Gina 
Published: March 2014

Background: Several interferon beta (IFNβ) formulations are approved for first-line use as disease-modifying therapies to treat patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Systemic post-injection reactions, often termed flu-like symptoms (FLS), occur in approximately half of all patients treated with IFNβs and can affect adherence to therapy. These symptoms, which include pyrexia, chills, malaise, myalgia, and headaches, usually resolve within 24 hours or persist intermittently following each injection. Because FLS, which usually occur early in the treatment course and diminish over time, are a primary cause of nonadherence to IFNβ therapy, it is important to employ strategies that can attenuate these side effects.
Methods: To identify interventions effective in limiting FLS, a panel of United States–based nurses with expertise in MS patient care was convened and a literature review completed.
Results: Panel consensus was reached on specific interventions that can attenuate FLS. These prevention and mitigation strategies include dose titration, analgesia, and optimal injection timing, as well as other techniques that panel members have found useful in their clinical practice experience.
Conclusions: These measures, in addition to effective patient education, will help to reduce the incidence of FLS secondary to IFNβ therapy, improve patient medication adherence, and positively affect long-term clinical outcomes.
Interest in Providing Multiple Sclerosis Care and Subspecializing in Multiple Sclerosis Among Neurology Residents
Authors: Halpern Michael T. , Teixeira-Poit Stephanie , Kane Heather L. , Frost A. Corey , Keating Michael , Olmsted Murrey 
Published: March 2014

Background: Although detailed knowledge regarding treatment options for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is largely limited to neurologists, shortages in the neurologist workforce, including MS subspecialists, are predicted. Thus, MS patients may have difficulties in gaining access to appropriate care. No systematic evaluation has yet been performed of the number of neurology residents planning to pursue MS subspecialization. This study identifies factors affecting interest in providing MS patient care or MS subspecialization among current neurology residents.Methods: We randomly selected half of all Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education–certified neurology residency programs in the continental United States to receive the neurology resident survey. Completed surveys were received from 218 residents.Results: Residents were significantly more likely to have increased interest in MS care when they participated in MS research, were interested in teaching, and indicated that the “ability to improve patient outcomes and quality of life” was a positive factor influencing their desire to provide MS patient care. Residents who were interested in providing MS care, interested in teaching, and indicated that “research opportunities” was a positive factor for providing MS patient care were significantly more likely to express interest in MS subspecialization.Conclusions: Increasing opportunities to interact with MS patients, learn about MS care, and participate in MS research may increase interest in MS care and subspecialization among neurology residents. Opportunities to educate residents regarding MS patient care may affect residents’ attitudes.
Comparing Two Conditions of Administering the Six-Minute Walk Test in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Sandroff Brian M. , Pilutti Lara A. , Dlugonski Deirdre , Learmonth Yvonne C. , Pula John H. , Motl Robert W. 
Published: March 2014

Objective: This quasi-experimental study was conducted to determine whether differences existed in the total distance walked and energy expended between two conditions of administering the 6-Minute Walk test (6MW) across different levels of disability in people with multiple sclerosis (MS).
Methods: The sample comprised 160 individuals with MS. One group of participants (n = 82) completed a 6MW while wearing a portable metabolic unit (K4b2, Cosmed, Italy) in a square hallway with four corridors and performing 90° turns. Another group (n = 78) completed a 6MW while wearing the same metabolic unit in a single corridor and performing 180° turns. Main outcome measures included total distance walked (in feet) and oxygen consumption (in milliliters per minute) expressed as 30-second averages for 1 minute before the 6MW and over the entire 6MW. Disability status was assessed using the Patient-Determined Disease Steps scale.
Results: Participants undertaking the 6MW in a single corridor (1412 ft) walked 37 ft (2.7%) farther than those undertaking the test in a square hallway (1375 ft), but this difference was not statistically significant (F = 0.45, P = .51). Those completing the 6MW in a single corridor expended more energy than those completing the 6MW in the square hallway with four corridors (F = 3.41, P &lt; .01).
Conclusions: Either protocol is acceptable, but researchers should be aware of the additional physiological demands when administering the 6MW in a single corridor with 180° turns.
HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis for people who inject drugs: a review of current results and an agenda for future research
Authors: Escudero Daniel J , Lurie Mark N , Kerr Thomas , Howe Chanelle J , Marshall Brandon DL 
Published: March 2014

IntroductionStudies examining the use of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV transmission among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) have not been adequately summarized. Recently, the Bangkok Tenofovir Study has shown that PrEP may be effective at reducing new HIV infections among this high‐risk group. This randomized controlled trial was the first study to specifically examine the efficacy of PrEP among PWIDs. In this review, we present the current state of evidence regarding the use of PrEP to prevent HIV infection in PWID populations, and set an agenda for future research to inform the most effective implementation of PrEP in the context of existing evidence‐based HIV prevention strategies.DiscussionDespite positive trial results confirming that PrEP may prevent HIV transmission among PWIDs, there remain many questions regarding the interpretation of these results, as well as obstacles to the implementation of PrEP regimens within highly diverse drug‐using communities. Aside from the Bangkok Tenofovir Study, we identified only one other published study that has collected empirical data to inform the use of PrEP among PWIDs. The large gap in research regarding the use and implementation of PrEP for PWIDs signals the need for further research and attention.ConclusionsWe recommend that future research efforts focus on elucidating the generalizability of the Bangkok Tenofovir Study results in other injection drug–using populations, examining the willingness of PWIDs to use PrEP in diverse contexts, identifying barriers to adherence to PrEP regimens and determining the most effective ways to implement PrEP programmes within the context of existing evidence‐based prevention strategies, including opioid substitution therapy and needle and syringe distribution programmes.
Trends in alcohol consumption during pregnancy in Australia, 2001–2010
Authors: Callinan Sarah , Ferris Jason 
Published: March 2014

Callinan, S., & Ferris, J. (2014). Trends in alcohol consumption during pregnancy in Australia, 2001–2010. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 3(1), 17-24. doi:10.7895/ijadr.v3i1.108Aim: The aim of the current study is to examine, using cross-sectional data, the role of maternal age, period (year of pregnancy) and cohort (year of birth) as predictors of alcohol consumption during pregnancy over a 10-year period.Design: Four cross-sectional surveys were examined, both separately and together.Setting: Using cross-sectional data, there does appear to be a positive relationship between maternal age and alcohol consumption during pregnancy; however, within any one survey period, it is difficult to determine if these patterns are due to period or cohort effects.Participants: The National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS) is a large-scale survey administered to more than 20,000 respondents. Across four survey periods, 3,281 women reported being pregnant in the 12 months prior to the survey.Measures: The section on pregnancy and alcohol in the NDSHS 2001, 2004, 2007 and 2010.Findings: Age was a significant positive predictor of alcohol consumption during pregnancy in 2010. However, when the four data sets were combined, period appeared to be a stronger predictor, with younger groups and cohorts decreasing consumption at a faster rate over time than older groups and cohorts.Conclusions: Although age and cohort do play a role in the likelihood of alcohol consumption among Australian women during pregnancy, period is the most important predictor, indicating that alcohol consumption among pregnant women is decreasing. Furthermore, knowledge of pregnancy results in a marked decrease in consumption, suggesting a possible focus for prevention campaigns.
The effectiveness of alcohol warning labels in the prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A brief review
Authors: Thomas Gerald , Gonneau Ginny , Poole Nancy , Cook Jocelynn 
Published: March 2014

Thomas, G., Gonneau, G., Poole, N., & Cook, J. (2014). The effectiveness of alcohol warning labels in the prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A brief review. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 3(1), 91-103 doi:10.7895/ijadr.vX3i1.126Aims and Method: Alcohol warning labels are one way of influencing alcohol consumption in pregnancy and thereby preventing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). This scoping review describes the literature on the influence of alcohol warning labels (AWLs) for changing attitudes and behavior related to alcohol use in pregnancy; draws on the larger literature related to effectiveness of AWLs which may have relevance to FASD prevention; and situates AWLs within a continuum of strategies to prevent FASD.Findings: Our review of the published literature suggests that while AWLs are popular with the public, their effectiveness for changing drinking behavior is limited. Available research suggests that for maximum effect, AWLs should speak clearly about the consequences of alcohol consumption and should also be coordinated and integrated with other, broader social messaging campaigns. Use of AWLs related to alcohol and pregnancy must be carefully considered; their messaging has the most influence on low-risk drinkers, and to date they have not been shown to change the drinking behavior of those who drink heavily or binge during pregnancy. However, AWLs have been shown to stimulate conversations about alcohol consumption and may play a role in shifting social norms to reduce risks.Conclusions: Multiple measures are required to increase societal awareness of the risks of drinking in pregnancy, influence alcohol consumption by pregnant women, and improve the quality of support for women with alcohol and related health and social problems.
Forcings and feedbacks in the GeoMIP ensemble for a reduction in solar irradiance and increase in CO2
Authors: Huneeus Nicolas , Boucher Olivier , Alterskjær Kari , Cole Jason N. S. , Curry Charles L. , Ji Duoying , Jones Andy , Kravitz Ben , Kristjánsson Jón Egill , Moore John C. , Muri Helene , Niemeier Ulrike , Rasch Phil , Robock Alan , Singh Balwinder , Schmidt Hauke , Schulz Michael , Tilmes Simone , Watanabe Shingo , Yoon Jin‐Ho 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe effective radiative forcings (including rapid adjustments) and feedbacks associated with an instantaneous quadrupling of the preindustrial CO2 concentration and a counterbalancing reduction of the solar constant are investigated in the context of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). The forcing and feedback parameters of the net energy flux, as well as its different components at the top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) and surface, were examined in 10 Earth System Models to better understand the impact of solar radiation management on the energy budget. In spite of their very different nature, the feedback parameter and its components at the TOA and surface are almost identical for the two forcing mechanisms, not only in the global mean but also in their geographical distributions. This conclusion holds for each of the individual models despite intermodel differences in how feedbacks affect the energy budget. This indicates that the climate sensitivity parameter is independent of the forcing (when measured as an effective radiative forcing). We also show the existence of a large contribution of the cloudy‐sky component to the shortwave effective radiative forcing at the TOA suggesting rapid cloud adjustments to a change in solar irradiance. In addition, the models present significant diversity in the spatial distribution of the shortwave feedback parameter in cloudy regions, indicating persistent uncertainties in cloud feedback mechanisms.
A modified weighted function method for parameter estimation of Pearson type three distribution
Authors: Liang Zhongmin , Hu Yiming , Li Binquan , Yu Zhongbo 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this paper, an unconventional method called Modified Weighted Function (MWF) is presented for the conventional moment estimation of a probability distribution function. The aim of MWF is to estimate the coefficient of variation (CV) and coefficient of skewness (CS) from the original higher moment computations to the first‐order moment calculations. The estimators for CVand CSof Pearson type three distribution function (PE3) were derived by weighting the moments of the distribution with two weight functions, which were constructed by combining two negative exponential‐type functions. The selection of these weight functions was based on two considerations: (1) to relate weight functions to sample size in order to reflect the relationship between the quantity of sample information and the role of weight function and (2) to allocate more weights to data close to medium‐tail positions in a sample series ranked in an ascending order. A Monte‐Carlo experiment was conducted to simulate a large number of samples upon which statistical properties of MWF were investigated. For the PE3 parent distribution, results of MWF were compared to those of the original Weighted Function (WF) and Linear Moments (L‐M). The results indicate that MWF was superior to WF and slightly better than L‐M, in terms of statistical unbiasness and effectiveness. In addition, the robustness of MWF, WF, and L‐M were compared by designing the Monte‐Carlo experiment that samples are obtained from Log‐Pearson type three distribution (LPE3), three parameter Log‐Normal distribution (LN3), and Generalized Extreme Value distribution (GEV), respectively, but all used as samples from the PE3 distribution. The results show that in terms of statistical unbiasness, no one method possesses the absolutely overwhelming advantage among MWF, WF, and L‐M, while in terms of statistical effectiveness, the MWF is superior to WF and L‐M.
Ferrocenylalkynes for Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Isohypsic CH/NO Bond Functionalizations
Authors: Kornhaaß Christoph , Kuper Christian , Ackermann Lutz 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRuthenium(II) catalysis allowed for regioselective annulations of challenging ferrocenylalkynes by oximes or N‐methoxybenzamides through isohypsic CH/NO bond functionalization to furnish substituted isoquinolines and NH‐free isoquinolones with ample scope.magnified image
Reusing textile waste as reinforcements in composites
Authors: Ramamoorthy Sunil Kumar , Persson Anders , Skrifvars Mikael 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTPolyester (PET) has wide applications in textile industries as textile fiber and its share continues to grow. Substantial quantities of cotton/polyester blend fabrics are disposed every year due to technical challenges, which pose a big environmental and waste‐dumping problem. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of discarded cotton/PET fabrics as raw materials for composites. If their inherent reinforcement properties can be used in composites, an ecological footprint issue can be solved. In this study, we investigate three concepts for reuse of cotton/PET fabrics for composites: compression molding above the Tm of PETs, use of a matrix derived from renewable soybean oil, use of thermoplastic copolyester/polyester bi‐component fibers as matrix. All three concepts have been explored to make them available for wider applications. The effects of processing parameters such as compression temperature, time and pressure are considered in all three cases. The third concept gives the most appealing properties, which combine good tensile properties with toughness; more than four times better tensile strength than the first concept; and 2.2 times better than the second concept. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40687.
A7: Initial Assessment of Multi‐biomarker Disease Activity Assay in JIA
Authors: Ringold Sarah , Lu Lucy , Wallace Carol A. , Sasso Eric H. , Scott Eastman P. 
Published: March 2014

Background/Purpose:Current measures of disease activity in JIA, including physician global assessment of disease activity and active joint count, are subjective and potentially confounded by disease heterogeneity and comorbid conditions. A multi‐biomarker disease activity assay (MBDA) incorporating a panel of biomarkers may provide objective and quantitative data regarding disease activity that would be of great value to physicians caring for children with JIA. The objective of this investigation was to measure the feasibility of a MBDA developed for RA (Vectra DA, Crescendo Bioscience, Inc), and its individual biomarker components as a measure of disease activity in patients with JIA.Methods:Samples were analyzed from a prior cross‐sectional, observational study that included 31 children with rheumatoid factor (RF) positive polyarticular JIA (n = 4), RF negative polyarticular JIA (n = 18), or extended oligoarticular JIA (n = 8). All children had established disease and were on treatment (mean disease duration 5 years; range 0–15 years). The Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS) based on 10 joints was calculated for each sample and each sample was classified as clinically inactive disease or active disease using the ACR provisional criteria for clinically inactive disease (CID). Samples were analyzed for 18 individual biomarkers, 12 of which comprise Vectra DA and a total Vectra DA score was calculated. Biomarker assays were also performed for a cohort of 44 healthy 18 year‐old controls obtained from the ProMeDx specimen bank.Results:The mean JADAS value for the cohort was 4.9 (range 0–16.3). The mean Vectra DA score for the healthy controls was 14 (maximum possible score is 100). The mean score was 20 for the children with CID, and 27 for children with active disease. The correlation between the Vectra DA and JADAS was moderate (r = 0.68; Figure 1). The individual biomarker profiles for the control cohort and the children who met criteria for inactive disease appeared similar, but several individual biomarkers, including SAA, CRP, IL‐6 and MMP‐3 were elevated in the active disease group as compared to the children with CID and controls (Figure 2).
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imageConclusion:These data support the feasibility of the development of a JIA‐specific MBDA that will reflect the underlying heterogeneity of the disease process and provide physicians with an objective measure of disease activity. Additional analyses of larger sets of biomarkers using samples with a broad range of disease activities will inform the next steps of assay development.