bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological speciation in postglacialEuropean whitefish: rapid adaptive radiations into the littoral, pelagic, and profundal lake habitats
Authors: Præbel Kim , Knudsen Rune , Siwertsson Anna , Karhunen Markku , Kahilainen Kimmo K. , Ovaskainen Otso , Østbye Kjartan , Peruzzi Stefano , Fevolden Svein‐Erik , Amundsen Per‐Arne 
Published: November 2013

AbstractUnderstanding how a monophyletic lineage of a species diverges into several adaptive forms has received increased attention in recent years, but the underlying mechanisms in this process are still under debate. Postglacial fishes are excellent model organisms for exploring this process, especially the initial stages of ecological speciation, as postglacial lakes represent replicated discrete environments with variation in available niches. Here, we combine data of niche utilization, trophic morphology, and 17 microsatellite loci to investigate the diversification process of three sympatricEuropean whitefish morphs from three northernFennoscandian lakes. The morphological divergence in the gill raker number among the whitefish morphs was related to the utilization of different trophic niches and was associated with reproductive isolation within and across lakes. The intralacustrine comparison of whitefish morphs showed that these systems represent two levels of adaptive divergence: (1) a consistent littoral–pelagic resource axis; and (2) a more variable littoral–profundal resource axis. The results also indicate that the profundal whitefish morph has diverged repeatedly from the ancestral littoral whitefish morph in sympatry in two different watercourses. In contrast, all the analyses performed revealed clustering of the pelagic whitefish morphs across lakes suggesting parallel postglacial immigration with the littoral whitefish morph into each lake. Finally, the analyses strongly suggested that the trophic adaptive trait, number of gill rakers, was under diversifying selection in the different whitefish morphs. Together, the results support a complex evolutionary scenario where ecological speciation acts, but where both allopatric (colonization history) and sympatric (within watercourse divergence) processes are involved.
Sneaker “jack” males outcompete dominant “hooknose” males under sperm competition in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
Authors: Young Brent , Conti David V. , Dean Matthew D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn a variety of taxa, males deploy alternative reproductive tactics to secure fertilizations. In many species, small “sneaker” males attempt to steal fertilizations while avoiding encounters with larger, more aggressive, dominant males. Sneaker males usually face a number of disadvantages, including reduced access to females and the higher likelihood that upon ejaculation, their sperm face competition from other males. Nevertheless, sneaker males represent an evolutionarily stable strategy under a wide range of conditions. Game theory suggests that sneaker males compensate for these disadvantages by investing disproportionately in spermatogenesis, by producing more sperm per unit body mass (the “fair raffle”) and/or by producing higher quality sperm (the “loaded raffle”). Here, we test these models by competing sperm from sneaker “jack” males against sperm from dominant “hooknose” males in Chinook salmon. Using two complementary approaches, we reject the fair raffle in favor of the loaded raffle and estimate that jack males were ~1.35 times as likely as hooknose males to fertilize eggs under controlled competitive conditions. Interestingly, the direction and magnitude of this skew in paternity shifted according to individual female egg donors, suggesting cryptic female choice could moderate the outcomes of sperm competition in this externally fertilizing species.
An Internal Data Non‐Hiding‐Type Real‐Time Kernel and Its Application to a Mechatronics Controller
Authors: Yoshida Toshio 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYFor a mechatronics equipment controller that controls robots and machine tools, high‐speed motion control processing is essential. The software system of the controller, as is the case with other embedded systems, is composed of three layers of software, including the real‐time kernel layer, middleware layer, and application software layer, running on dedicated hardware. The application layer, which is the top layer, consists of a large number of tasks, and the application functions of the system are achieved through cooperation between these tasks.In this paper, we propose an internal data non‐hiding‐ type real‐time kernel in which customizing task control is possible by only making changes in the program code on the task side, without any changes in the program code of the real‐time kernel.It is necessary to reduce the overhead caused by real‐time kernel task control for improving the speed of the motion control of mechatronics equipment. For this purpose customization of the task control function is needed. We developed the internal data non‐cryptic‐type real‐time kernel ZRK to evaluate this method, and applied it to the control of a multisystem automatic lathe. The speed‐up of task cooperation processing was confirmed by combined task control processing on the task side program code using the internal data non‐hiding‐type real‐time kernel ZRK. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(12): 61–73, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11481
Cantilever‐Type Thermal Microactuators Fabricated by SOI‐MUMPs with U‐Type and I‐Type Configurations
Authors: Osada Takahiro , Ochiai Kuniyuki , Osada Kazuki , Muro Hideo 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYRecently, micro fluid systems have been studied extensively, and microactuators such as micro valves fabricated using MEMS technology are essential for realizing these systems. This paper describes an investigation of thermal microactuators with U‐type and I‐type shapes fabricated by SOI‐MUMPs technology in order to optimize their configurations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(12): 46–51, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11500
Fabrication and Physical Properties of Organic Tricolor Superlattice
Authors: Yanase Takashi , Shimada Toshihiro 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYBy combining the two concepts of superlattices and organic amorphous materials, we attempted to fabricate a new material that exhibits photo‐switching piezoelectric properties. In order to utilize the merits of amorphous materials that can be deposited quickly, we started by building equipment specialized for the fabrication of organic amorphous superlattices. Using this equipment, we fabricated a p‐type semiconductor/piezoelectric polymer/n‐type semiconductor superlattice that responded to photoirradiation both electrically and mechanically. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(12): 32–36, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11556
Conductive Polymers as Bioelectronic Materials
Authors: Onoda Mitsuyoshi , Abe Yayoi , Tada Kazuya , Kawakita Yusuke , Fujisato Toshia , Uto Sadahito 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYFibroblast L929 and myoblast C2C12 cells of mouse connective tissue origin were sown on the surface of conductive polymer films [polypyrrole (PPy) and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)] in a cell culture medium, and the proliferative process of these cells was observed. Without changing form, fibroblast L929 and myoblast C2C12 cells were observed to proliferate similarly to cells cultured in commercially available dishes and to maintain compatibility. It is inferred that the two conductive polymers used in this study, PPy and PEDOT films, maintain the secretion functions of cells cultured on their surfaces. Therefore, PPy‐ and PEDOT‐coated electrodes are possibly usable as nerve stimulation electrodes with biocompatibility, because they have been effective in cell culturing. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(12): 24–31, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11557
Pulse Rise Time Dependence of Switching Field of Co/Pt Multilayer Dot
Authors: Kikuchi Nobuaki , Suyama Yoshihiro , Okamoto Satoshi , Kitakami Osamu 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYA voltage pulse generator for magnetic field application was built using a coaxial cable as a capacitor. The pulse duration was fixed to 10 ns and the pulse field rise time was controlled from 70 ps to 4 ns using low‐pass filters. Magnetization switching experiments were carried out on a Co/Pt multilayer dot with diameter of 300 nm with a perpendicular pulse field. The required pulse field amplitude for magnetization switching is independent of the pulse rise time, suggesting that the thermally activated process is dominant in the perpendicular field geometry. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(12): 9–14, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11569
Impacts of seasonality and surface heterogeneity on water‐use efficiency in mesic grasslands
Authors: Brunsell N. A. , Nippert J. B. , Buck T. L. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWoody encroachment is occurring in grasslands worldwide, with largely unknown effects on local carbon and water fluxes and the energy balance. Water‐use efficiency (λ) is a measure of carbon assimilation per evapotranspiration. Here,awas compared among three different grassland ecosystems in eastern KS, USA, by using the eddy covariance technique. Variation inλwas examined at multiple timescales and across different burning regimes. Site‐specific variations inλwere more readily observed at seasonal and inter‐annual timescales rather than daily and monthly averages. Annually burned grassland with homogeneous C4grass cover had less negative values ofλ[lower water‐use efficiency (WUE)] than infrequently burned grassland that is presently undergoing woody encroachment and a transition to a shrub‐dominated ecosystem. The most likely explanation for differences inλare differences in rooting depth and source‐water acquisition between encroaching woody plants and the native grass community. Reliance on a deeper water source by the woody community may buffer the negative consequences of forecasted climate variability and drought, resulting in greater landscape WUE and reduced susceptibility to water stress when compared with the coexisting grass species. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysed Oxidative Coupling of Aldehydes with Alcohols/Thiols and One‐Pot Oxidation/Esterification of Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Ji Miran , Wang Xi , Lim Yu Na , Kang Ye‐Won , Jang Hye‐Young 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA versatile carbene‐catalysed oxidation protocol involving N‐heterocyclic carbene catalysts and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine N‐oxyl (TEMPO) is described for the synthesis of esters, cinnamic acids, and thioesters. A wide range of esters, thioesters, and cinnamic acids were obtained by metal‐free coupling of aldehydes with aliphatic, allylic and aromatic alcohols, benzyl mercaptan, and water. In addition to the oxidative coupling of aldehydes with nucleophiles, dehydrogenation of saturated aldehydes and oxidation of allylic alcohols were found under our oxidative coupling conditions. Unlike other TEMPO‐mediated oxidative esterification reactions, this reaction does not proceed through a TEMPO ester intermediate to form esters and thioesters.
Double‐Diffusive Convective Transport in a Nanofluid‐Saturated Porous Layer with Cross Diffusion and Variation of Viscosity and Conductivity
Authors: Umavathi J.C. , Mohite Monica B. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe onset of double‐diffusive nanofluid convection in a fluid‐saturated horizontal porous layer is studied with thermal conductivity and viscosity dependent on the nanoparticle volume fraction. The Darcy model has been used for the porous medium, while the nanofluid incorporates the effects of Brownian motion along with thermophoresis. The nanofluid is assumed to be diluted and this enables the porous medium to be treated as a weakly heterogeneous medium with variation in the vertical direction of conductivity and viscosity. In addition, the thermal energy equation includes regular diffusion and cross diffusion terms. The linear stability analysis is based on the normal mode technique, while for nonlinear analysis, minimal representation of the truncated Fourier series representation involving only two terms has been used. It is found that for the stationary mode the Soret parameter, Dufour parameter, viscosity ratio, and conductivity ratio have a stabilizing effect, while the solutal Rayleigh number destabilizes the system. For the oscillatory mode, the Soret parameter, Dufour parameter, and viscosity ratio have a stabilizing effect while the solutal Rayleigh number and conductivity ratio destabilize the system. For steady finite amplitude motions, the heat and mass transport decreases with an increase in the values of the Dufour parameter and solutal Rayleigh number. The Soret parameter enhances the solute concentration Nusselt number while it retards the thermal Nusselt number and concentration Nusselt number. The viscosity ratio and conductivity ratio enhances the heat and mass transports. We also study the effect of time on transient Nusselt numbers which is found to be oscillatory when time is small. However, when time becomes very large, all three transient Nusselt values approach a steady value. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(7): 628–652, 2014; Published online 11 November 2013 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21102
MODEL PRIORS REVISITED: INTERACTION TERMS IN BMA GROWTH APPLICATIONS
Authors: Moser Mathias , Hofmarcher Paul 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYThis paper provides a sensitivity analysis on the prior choice for interaction terms for the results of Masanjala and Papageorgiou (Rough and lonely road to prosperity. Journal of Applied Econometrics 2008; 23: 671–682), which has been criticized for its implementation of interaction terms by Crespo Cuaresma (How different is Africa? Journal of Applied Econometrics 2011; 26: 1041–1047). We find that the discussed priors have similar predictive power and we also evaluate alternative prior solutions that account for the special nature of interaction terms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser versus conventional fenestration in stapedotomy for otosclerosis: A systematic review
Authors: Wegner Inge , Kamalski Digna M. A. , Tange Rinze A. , Vincent Robert , Stegeman Inge , van der Heijden Geert J. M. , Grolman Wilko 
Published: November 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo assess hearing results and complications following primary stapedotomy in otosclerosis patients comparing the use of laser and conventional techniques for fenestration.Study DesignSystematic literature review.MethodsA systematic bibliographic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Scopus. Studies reporting original data on the effect of laser fenestration, compared to conventional techniques, on closure of air‐bone gap in patients undergoing primary stapedotomy were included. Directness of evidence and risk of bias of the selected articles were assessed. Studies with low directness of evidence, high risk of bias, or both were not further analyzed. The absolute risks, risk differences, and 95% confidence intervals were extracted only for studies with moderate to high directness of evidence and moderate to low risk of bias.ResultsIn total, 383 unique studies were retrieved. Eight of these (including 999 procedures) provided high or moderate directness of evidence and carried a moderate risk of bias, and were considered eligible for data extraction. The included studies show no consistent difference in postoperative air‐bone gap closure or immediate postoperative vertigo.ConclusionsBoth footplate fractures and sensorineural hearing loss appear to occur more frequently in the conventional group than in the laser group. Therefore, we prefer laser above conventional methods for footplate fenestration in primary stapedotomy.Level of EvidenceNALaryngoscope, 124:1687–1693, 2014
A model design for the labyrinthine membranes in mammals
Authors: Pender Daniel J. 
Published: November 2013

Objectives/HypothesisA model of the labyrinthine membranes in mammals may be useful in the study of conditions that involve membrane stress and deformation such as Meniere's disease and diving injuries.Study DesignConceptual design of a model of the labyrinthine membranes in mammals.MethodsThe model is constructed by emulating each of the several chambers of the membranous labyrinth and their connections with mathematically defined geometric shapes.ResultsThe model design uses a torus to emulate each semicircular canal, prolate spheroids for each ampulla, cylinders for the crus commune and utricle, an oblate spheroid for the saccule, hyperboloids of revolution for junctional zones, and a spiral torus for the cochlea membranes.ConclusionsA complete model of the labyrinthine membranes has been designed that can serve as a platform for stress analysis when numerical dimensions are available for any particular species including man.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 124:E245–E249, 2014
Biological Indices for Soil Quality Evaluation: Perspectives and Limitations
Authors: Paz‐Ferreiro Jorge , Fu Shenglei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSoil quality is threatened by the increase in human population and by the fact that most of the cultivable land is intensively used. The initial interest in this topic focused on defining soil quality but shifted into how to measure soil quality in the late 1990s. There is a general agreement that soil biochemical, microbiological and biological properties are more suitable than physical and/or chemical properties for the purpose of estimating alterations in soil quality and hence soil degradation. To date, most studies have used microbial biomass, soil respiration and enzymatic activities to obtain soil quality indices, whereas less focus has been given to soil fauna (microarthropods and nematodes). This article aims to do a critical review of soil quality indices based on soil biological and biochemical activities, mainly microbial biomass, soil respiration and the activity of several enzymes. Limitations within the database of articles that are focussed on broad scale application of soil quality indices include the difficulty of selecting the highest quality soils for comparison purposes, lack of standardisation of analytical methods, and inclusion of an insufficient number of soil types and ecosystems. There is a need to validate soil quality indices, both, spatially and temporally and to explore the use of indices that integrate faunal and microbial measurements. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled Synthesis of Multi‐Arm Star Polyether–Polycarbonate Polyols Based on Propylene Oxide and CO2
Authors: Hilf Jeannette , Schulze Patricia , Seiwert Jan , Frey Holger 
Published: November 2013

Multi‐arm star copolymers based on a hyperbranched poly(propylene oxide) polyether–polyol (hbPPO) as a core and poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) arms are synthesized in two steps from propylene oxide (PO), a small amount of glycidol and CO2. The PPC arms are prepared via carbon dioxide (CO2)/PO copolymerization, using hbPPO as a multifunctional macroinitiator and the (R,R)‐(salcy)CoOBzF5 catalyst. Star copolymers with 14 and 28 PPC arms, respectively, and controlled molecular weights in the range of 2700–8800 g mol−1 are prepared (Mw/Mn = 1.23–1.61). Thermal analysis reveals lowered glass transition temperatures in the range of −8 to 10 °C for the PPC star polymers compared with linear PPC, which is due to the influence of the flexible polyether core. Successful conversion of the terminal hydroxyl groups with phenylisocyanate demonstrates the potential of the polycarbonate polyols for polyurethane synthesis.
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Developing an international Pseudomonas aeruginosa reference panel
Authors: De Soyza Anthony , Hall Amanda J. , Mahenthiralingam Eshwar , Drevinek Pavel , Kaca Wieslaw , Drulis‐Kawa Zuzanna , Stoitsova Stoyanka R. , Toth Veronika , Coenye Tom , Zlosnik James E. A. , Burns Jane L. , Sá‐Correia Isabel , De Vos Daniel , Pirnay Jean‐Paul , J. Kidd Timothy , Reid David , Manos Jim , Klockgether Jens , Wiehlmann Lutz , Tümmler Burkhard , McClean Siobhán , Winstanley Craig ,   EU FP7 funded COST Action BM1003 “Cell surface virulence determinants of cystic fibrosis pathogens”
Published: November 2013

AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa is a major opportunistic pathogen in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and causes a wide range of infections among other susceptible populations. Its inherent resistance to many antimicrobials also makes it difficult to treat infections with this pathogen. Recent evidence has highlighted the diversity of this species, yet despite this, the majority of studies on virulence and pathogenesis focus on a small number of strains. There is a pressing need for a P. aeruginosa reference panel to harmonize and coordinate the collective efforts of the P. aeruginosa research community. We have collated a panel of 43 P. aeruginosa strains that reflects the organism's diversity. In addition to the commonly studied clones, this panel includes transmissible strains, sequential CF isolates, strains with specific virulence characteristics, and strains that represent serotype, genotype or geographic diversity. This focussed panel of P. aeruginosa isolates will help accelerate and consolidate the discovery of virulence determinants, improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of infections caused by this pathogen, and provide the community with a valuable resource for the testing of novel therapeutic agents.
Activation of autophagy and AMPK by gamma‐tocotrienol suppresses the adipogenesis in human adipose derived stem cells
Authors: Zhao Lu , Ha Jung‐Heun , Okla Meshail , Chung Soonkyu 
Published: November 2013

ScopeThis study investigated the mechanistic details by which gamma‐tocotrienol (γ‐T3) manipulates adipocyte differentiation in human adipose derived stem cells (hASCs).Methods and resultsγ‐T3 specifically inhibited the early stage of adipocyte differentiation by acting on downstream of C/EBP‐β but upstream of C/EBP‐α in hASCs. In searching a potential mechanism, we identified that γ‐T3 promoted two catabolic signaling pathways: (i) AMP kinase (AMPK), and (ii) enhanced autophagy, as assessed by autophagic flux and cytosolic autophagosome (LC3II) accumulation. In addition, chronic exposure of γ‐T3 induced caspase3‐mediated apoptotic cell death. The blockage of AMPK by a dominant negative mutant of AMPK was insufficient to normalize γ‐T3‐mediated autophagy, suggesting that enhanced autophagic activity of γ‐T3 is independent of AMPK activation. Intriguingly, AMPK inhibition significantly restored PPAR‐γ activation, but marginally rescued lipid‐loaded adipocyte morphology due to, at least partly, a lack of lipid droplet‐coating protein. These data suggest that γ‐T3 activates AMPK and autophagy signaling, which synergistically contributes to the suppression of adipogenic conversion of hASCs into adipocytes.ConclusionThese results provide a novel insight into the molecular mechanism involved in anti‐adipogenic action of γ‐T3 in humans via AMPK and autophagy activation. Thus, γ‐T3 may constitute a new dietary avenue to attenuate hyperplastic obesity in humans.