bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and Origin of N-Linked β-d-N-Acetylglucosamine Monosaccharide Modifications on Arabidopsis Proteins
Authors: Kim Young-Cheon , Jahren Neal , Stone Matthew D. , Udeshi Namrata D. , Markowski Todd W. , Witthuhn Bruce A. , Shabanowitz Jeffrey , Hunt Donald F. , Olszewski Neil E. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Many plant proteins are modified with N-linked oligosaccharides at asparagine-X-serine/threonine sites during transit through the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi. We have identified a number of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) proteins with modifications consisting of an N-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine monosaccharide (N-GlcNAc). Electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry analysis of peptides bearing this modification mapped the modification to asparagine-X-serine/threonine sites on proteins that are predicted to transit through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. A mass labeling method was developed and used to study N-GlcNAc modification of two thioglucoside glucohydrolases (myrosinases), TGG1 and TGG2 (for thioglucoside glucohydrolase). These myrosinases are also modified with high-mannose (Man)-type glycans. We found that N-GlcNAc and high-Man-type glycans can occur at the same site. It has been hypothesized that N-GlcNAc modifications are generated when endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) cleaves N-linked glycans. We examined the effects of mutations affecting the two known Arabidopsis ENGases on N-GlcNAc modification of myrosinase and found that modification of TGG2 was greatly reduced in one of the single mutants and absent in the double mutant. Surprisingly, N-GlcNAc modification of TGG1 was not affected in any of the mutants. These data support the hypothesis that ENGases hydrolyze high-Man glycans to produce some of the N-GlcNAc modifications but also suggest that some N-GlcNAc modifications are generated by another mechanism. Since N-GlcNAc modification was detected at only one site on each myrosinase, the production of the N-GlcNAc modification may be regulated.
Structural studies of human insulin cocrystallized with phenol or resorcinolviapowder diffraction
Authors: Karavassili Fotini , Giannopoulou Anastasia E. , Kotsiliti Eleni , Knight Lisa , Norrman Mathias , Schluckebier Gerd , Drube Lene , Fitch Andrew N. , Wright Jonathan P. , Margiolaki Irene 
Published: November 2012

The effects of the ligands phenol and resorcinol on the crystallization of human insulin have been investigated as a function of pH. Powder diffraction data were used to characterize several distinct polymorphic forms. A previously unknown polymorph with monoclinic symmetry (P21) was identified for both types of ligand with similar characteristics [the unit-cell parameters for the insulin–resorcinol complex werea= 114.0228 (8),b= 335.43 (3),c= 49.211 (6) Å, β = 101.531 (8)°].
Does the leaf economic spectrum hold within local species pools across varying environmental conditions?
Authors: Wright Justin P. , Sutton‐Grier Ariana 
Published: November 2012

Summary

Understanding patterns of trait variation across environmental variability is necessary for development of ecological predictions. The leaf economic spectrum (LES) has demonstrated global trade‐offs in leaf traits, but it is unclear whether such patterns are robust in local communities exposed to varying environments.

We conducted separate greenhouse experiments to examine the effects of varying water‐table depth and nitrogen availability on leaf‐level trait values among a suite of co‐occurring wetland species. We then assessed the effects of species‐specific trait value responses on relationships predicted by LES and whether species responded similarly to variations in water‐table depth and nitrogen availability.

We found that both water‐table depth and nitrogen availability had significant species by treatment interactions for specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen and photosynthetic rates, indicating species‐specific responses to environmental variability. The responses of individual traits to different treatment levels were relatively consistent across species, but multivariate responses were more variable.

We found that apart from significant relationships between specific leaf area and photosynthetic rate under some treatments, there was little support for the relationships predicted by the LES.

These results suggest that, before trait‐based ecology will be able to make progress towards using plant traits to predict responses of communities and ecosystems to changes in environmental drivers, considerable attention needs to be paid to the processes that control intraspecific trait variation.
The peptide chain release factor methyltransferase PrmC is essential for pathogenicity and environmental adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosaPA14
Authors: Pustelny Christian , Brouwer Stephan , Müsken Mathias , Bielecka Agata , Dötsch Andreas , Nimtz Manfred , Häussler Susanne 
Published: November 2012

SummaryPseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity and its capability to adapt to multiple environments are dependent on the production of diverse virulence factors, controlled by the sophisticated quorum sensing (QS) network of P. aeruginosa. To better understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie this adaptation we searched for novel key regulators of virulence factor production by screening a PA14 transposon mutant library for potential candidates acting downstream of the unique 2‐alkyl‐4‐quinolone (AQ) QS system of P. aeruginosa. We focused the work on a protein named HemK with high homology to PrmC of Escherichia coli displaying a similar enzymatic activity (therefore also referred to as PrmC). In this study, we demonstrate that PrmC is an S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (AdoMet)‐dependent methyltransferase of peptide chain release factors (RFs) essential for the expression of several virulence factors, such as pyocyanin, rhamnolipids and the type III‐secreted toxin ExoT. Furthermore, the PA14_prmC mutant strain is unable to grow under anoxic conditions and has a significantly reduced pathogenicity in the infection model Galleria mellonella. Along with transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, the presented data indicate that the methylation of RFs in P. aeruginosa seems to have a global effect on cellular processes related to the virulence of this nosocomial pathogen.
Inconsistencies in clinical guidelines for obstetric anaesthesia for Caesarean section
Authors: WINTHER L. P. , MITCHELL A. U. , MØLLER A. M. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundAnaesthetists need evidence‐based clinical guidelines, also in obstetric anaesthesia. We compared the Danish, English, American, and German national guidelines for anaesthesia for Caesarean section. We focused on assessing the quality of guideline development and evaluation of the guidelines' content.MethodsWe compared the four countries' guideline developmental quality by using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) instrument, an international tool for development and assessment of guidelines. The clinically important content of these countries' guidelines was compared.ResultsWe found differences in the quality of guideline development in the four countries. The German guidelines scored very low in the AGREE analysis, and the Danish national guideline scored low in the AGREE analysis. The American and British guideline both achieved high scores in the AGREE analysis. We found differences in the content of the four countries' guidelines. The Danish, American, and British guidelines were comprehensive but with some variation in the content.ConclusionDevelopment of national guidelines might benefit from following standardised regulations, such as those used in the AGREE tool. Content of guidelines is not standardised. Recommendations for the content of guidelines might contribute to standardising clinical guidelines.
Psychopathological long‐term outcome of schizophrenia – a review
Authors: Lang F. U. , Kösters M. , Lang S. , Becker T. , Jäger M. 
Published: November 2012

ObjectiveIn the past, the comparability of empirical studies that examined the course and outcome of schizophrenia was limited by their use of different diagnostic systems. Focussing on the psychopathological long‐term outcome, the present article aims to review follow‐up studies that used modern operationalized diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia (DSM‐III, DSM‐III‐R, DSM‐IV and ICD‐10).MethodWe searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, PsycINFO and PSYNDEX for relevant studies up to the year 2011. Twenty‐one studies were included in the final analysis.ResultsThe long‐term outcome of schizophrenia was heterogeneous and included full remissions as well as severe chronic states. Schizophrenia, however, showed a considerably more unfavourable outcome than other diagnostic groups such as schizoaffective or affective disorders. Psychopathological symptoms remained relatively stable in the course of illness. Several predictors for a poor outcome were identified, such as male gender or pronounced negative symptoms.ConclusionRecent studies using modern diagnostic systems largely confirm the results of earlier studies. Current diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia identify a heterogeneous sample of patients. The influence of therapeutic interventions on long‐term outcome remains unclear.
The mediating role of alcohol‐related memory associations on the relation between perceived parental drinking and the onset of adolescents' alcohol use
Authors: Van Der Vorst Haske , Krank Marvin , Engels Rutger C. M. E. , Pieters Sara , Burk William Jay , Mares Suzanne H. W. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimsThe aim of the current study was to examine the mediating role of alcohol‐related memory associations in the relation between perceived parental drinking and the onset of adolescents' alcohol use. Gender and grade were also included in the analyses.DesignWe tested a mediation model within a structural path modelling framework using longitudinal data (two waves).Setting and ParticipantsThe sample consisted of 608 Canadian adolescents (42.9% boys), who did not have any alcohol experiences at the first measurement. The adolescents were recruited from all grades 7–9 classes in a large school district in western Canada.MeasurementsAlcohol‐related memory associations were tested with the Word Association Test. We used adolescent self‐reports of alcohol use and parental drinking.FindingsResults clearly showed a mediation effect of alcohol‐related memory associations [estimate = 0.023, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.002–0.044). That is, parental drinking as perceived by the adolescent was related positively to alcohol‐related memory associations, which in turn predicted adolescents' alcohol use a year later. Gender and grade were related to alcohol‐related memory associations. That is, boys and adolescents of higher grades had more memory associations.ConclusionsChildren appear to form memory associations related to alcohol before they ever drink alcohol themselves, and these associations appear to mediate the link between their perceptions of their parents' drinking and their own initial alcohol use.
Off‐label use of recombinant factor VIIa in two tertiary hospitals in Queensland
Authors: Donovan Peter J. , Iedema Joel , McLeod Donald S. , Kubler Paul , Pillans Peter 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundRecombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) is used for many off‐label indications without high quality evidence to support its efficacy. The aim of this study was to determine indications for use of off‐label rFVIIa, efficacy and safety, and adherence to institutional guidelines.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of off‐label rFVIIa at two tertiary hospitals from 2007 to 2010.ResultsOne hundred forty‐five administrations were identified and analysed. Haemorrhage associated with cardiac surgery made up one‐third of all rFVIIa usage, with trauma (20%) and other surgery (11%) the next most frequent indications. Compared with all others, cardiac surgery patients were older (60.0 years versus 47.4 years, P < 0.001) and had lower pre‐rFVIIa transfusion requirements, a higher subjective response rate (88% versus 46%, P < 0.001) and lower mortality rates (6.1% versus 33%, P < 0.001), but higher rates of arterial thrombormbolic events (16.7% versus 2.1%, P = 0.002). Most patients received only one or two doses (n = 137; 95%), with no subject receiving a third or subsequent dose having an appreciable reduction in bleeding. Only a small number of patients (n = 15; 10.3%) had rFVIIa administered in accordance with our institutions' guidelines.ConclusionPatients administered rFVIIa for haemorrhage not associated with cardiac surgery were severely unwell. Despite lack of evidence, administration of rFVIIa may be justified by the high mortality rate, but more than two doses are unlikely to provide further benefit. The high rate of arterial thromboembolism in cardiac surgical patients raises risk–benefit considerations. Adherence to our institutions' guidelines was poor.
Fatty acid transporters involved in the palmitate and oleate induced insulin resistance in primary rat hepatocytes
Authors: Chabowski A. , Żendzian‐Piotrowska M. , Konstantynowicz K. , Pankiewicz W. , Mikłosz A. , Łukaszuk B. , Górski J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimsTo determine the presence and possible involvement of FAT/CD36, FABPpm and FATP‐2, transporters in (i) fatty acids movement across plasma membrane and (ii) an induction of insulin resistance by palmitic (PA) and oleic (OA) fatty acids in primary hepatocytes.MethodsPrimary hepatocytes were treated with either PA and OA or combination of activators (AICAR, Insulin) or inhibitors (SSO, phloretin) of FA transport. Expression of FA and glucose transporters as well as insulin signalling proteins was determined using Western blot analyses. Palmitate and glucose transport was measured using radioactive isotopes. Intracellular lipid content [ceramide, diacylglycerols (DG) and triacylglycerols] and FA composition were estimated by GLC.ResultsIn primary hepatocytes, adding phloretin diminished insulin, and AICAR stimulated palmitate transport. Both PA and OA fatty acids induced the protein expression of FAT/CD36 and FATP‐2 with concomitant: (i) reduction in GLUT‐2 protein content, (ii) inhibition of insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake, (iii) reduction in insulin‐stimulated activation of AKT and GSK, (iv) accumulation of either DG (PA and OA) or ceramide (only PA).ConclusionsFA transport into hepatocytes is, at least in part, protein‐mediated process, and both PA and OA induce the protein expression of FAT/CD36 and FATP‐2. Both saturated (PA) and unsaturated (OA) fatty acids induce insulin resistance in primary hepatocytes, associated with the accumulation of DG and/or ceramide.
Informed Consent in Direct‐to‐Consumer Personal Genome Testing: The Outline of A Model between Specific and Generic Consent
Authors: Bunnik Eline M. , Janssens A. Cecile J.W. , Schermer Maartje H.N. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBroad genome‐wide testing is increasingly finding its way to the public through the online direct‐to‐consumer marketing of so‐called personal genome tests. Personal genome tests estimate genetic susceptibilities to multiple diseases and other phenotypic traits simultaneously. Providers commonly make use of Terms of Service agreements rather than informed consent procedures. However, to protect consumers from the potential physical, psychological and social harms associated with personal genome testing and to promote autonomous decision‐making with regard to the testing offer, we argue that current practices of information provision are insufficient and that there is a place – and a need – for informed consent in personal genome testing, also when it is offered commercially. The increasing quantity, complexity and diversity of most testing offers, however, pose challenges for information provision and informed consent. Both specific and generic models for informed consent fail to meet its moral aims when applied to personal genome testing. Consumers should be enabled to know the limitations, risks and implications of personal genome testing and should be given control over the genetic information they do or do not wish to obtain. We present the outline of a new model for informed consent which can meet both the norm of providing sufficient information and the norm of providing understandable information. The model can be used for personal genome testing, but will also be applicable to other, future forms of broad genetic testing or screening in commercial and clinical settings.
Fluoxetine Induces Hepatic Lipid Accumulation Via Both Promotion of the SREBP1c‐Related Lipogenesis and Reduction of Lipolysis in Primary Mouse Hepatocytes
Authors: Feng Xue‐Min , Xiong Jing , Qin Hao , Liu Wei , Chen Rui‐Ni , Shang Wei , Ning Rui , Hu Gang , Yang Jian 
Published: November 2012

SummaryAimsIn this study, we investigated the peripheral mechanisms underlying the metabolic side effects of fluoxetine (FLX) by focusing on hepatic lipid metabolism.MethodsPrimary mouse hepatocytes were prepared from male mice by the two‐step perfusion method. The lipid accumulation in primary mouse hepatocytes was analyzed via neutral oil staining. And the lipid metabolism enzymes were determined with RT‐PCR and Western blot.ResultsFluoxetine significantly induced the lipid accumulation in primary mouse hepatocytes. Moreover, FLX increased the acetyl‐CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression, which are important enzymes in lipogenesis. Oppositely, Fluoxetine significantly decreased the carboxylesterase 3 (CES3) and carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) expression, which are related to lipolysis. Further study demonstrated FLX‐activated SREBP1c, which is one of the most important transcription factors conducting coordinated transcriptional regulation of lipogenesis gene such as ACC1 and FAS. And the increase of lipogenesis gene (ACC1) was abolished by SB203580 but not by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), suggesting through p38‐MAPK pathway.ConclusionFluoxetine induces hepatic lipid accumulation via both promotion of the SREBP1c‐related lipogenesis and reduction of lipolysis in primary mouse hepatocytes.
Revisiting the indicator problem: can three epigean arthropod taxa inform about each other's biodiversity?
Authors: Beck Jan , Pfiffner Lukas , Ballesteros‐Mejia Liliana , Blick Theo , Luka Henryk 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimConservation studies often investigate the biodiversity of one taxonomic group with the expectation that it reflects biodiversity of other taxa as well. However, previous studies have found that biodiversity patterns are often only weakly correlated across ecologically very different taxa. Using three arthropod taxa that share the same habitat, utilize similar resources and are sampled with identical technique, we investigate the applicability of two levels of biodiversity indication: (1) prediction of biodiversity patterns, and (2) inference of environment–biodiversity relationships. The second aspect is of high relevance to applied conservation management yet mostly neglected, at least in terrestrial systems, when discussing the indicator concept.LocationNorthern SwitzerlandMethodsWe used a very large data set of pitfall trap samples from different habitats for three taxonomic groups (Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Araneae). We quantified biodiversity by different metrics of local diversity (species richness, effective number of species) and of pairwise faunal dissimilarities (Sørensen, Bray–Curtis). We investigated the congruence of (1) biodiversity patterns by cross‐taxa regressions, and (2) environmental models of biodiversity by comparing fitted coefficients, and resulting extrapolations across the research region.ResultsWe found positive yet not very strong correlations in biodiversity patterns, while environmental models differed considerably between taxa as well as between diversity metrics.Main conclusionsInferences of environment–biodiversity relationships can differ between taxonomic groups even if biodiversity patterns alone show significant correlation. This may be either because species indeed respond differently to environmental variation or because of misspecifications inherent in ecological modelling. Both possibilities suggest a need for caution in selecting and applying biodiversity indicators. Furthermore, the choice of diversity metric can strongly affect results, and therefore, decisions about which metric to use in any given situation need to be made carefully.
Impaired response to hypoxia in the respiratory center is a major cause of neonatal death of the PACAP‐knockout mouse
Authors: Arata Satoru , Nakamachi Tomoya , Onimaru Hiroshi , Hashimoto Hitoshi , Shioda Seiji 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide expressed widely in nervous tissues. PACAP‐knockout (−/−) mice display a sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)‐like phenotype, although the underlying physiological mechanism to explain this remains unclear. Here, we report on the presence of abnormal respiratory activity in PACAP−/− mice under hypoxic conditions, which provides a basis for the SIDS‐like phenotype. PACAP−/− mice display a lowered baseline respiratory activity compared with wild‐type animals, and an abnormal response to hypoxia. More specifically, PACAP−/− mice at postnatal day 7 showed respiratory arrest in response to hypoxia. In contrast, their response to hypercapnic conditions was the same as that of wild‐type mice. Histological and real‐time PCR analyses indicated that the catecholaminergic system in the medulla oblongata was impaired in PACAP−/− mice, suggesting that endogenous PACAP affects respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata via its action on the catecholaminergic system. We propose that disruption of this system is involved in the SIDS‐like phenotype of PACAP−/− mice. Thus, disorders of the catecholaminergic system involved with O2 sensing could be implicated in underlying neuronal mechanisms responsible for SIDS.
Quantifying the roles of ecology and geography in spatial genetic divergence
Authors: Wang Ian J. , Glor Richard E. , Losos Jonathan B. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractInvestigating the properties of ecological landscapes that influence gene flow among populations can provide key insights into the earliest stages of biological divergence. Both ecological and geographical factors can reduce gene flow, which can lead to population divergence, but we know little of the relative strengths of these phenomena in nature. Here, we use a novel application of structural equation modelling to quantify the contributions of ecological and geographical isolation to spatial genetic divergence in 17 species of Anolis lizards. Our comparative analysis shows that although both processes contributed significantly, geographical isolation explained substantially more genetic divergence than ecological isolation (36.3 vs. 17.9% of variance respectively), suggesting that despite the proposed ubiquity of ecological divergence, non‐ecological factors play the dominant role in the evolution of spatial genetic divergence.