bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Declining Rates of Fatal and Nonfatal Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Epidemiological Trends in Australia
Authors: Gattellari Melina , Goumas Chris , Worthington John 
Published: December 2014

Background

A recent systematic review of epidemiological studies reported intracerebral hemorrhage (
ICH
) incidence and mortality as unchanged over time; however, comparisons between studies conducted in different health services obscure assessment of trends. We explored trends in
ICH
rates in a large, representative population in New South Wales, Australia's most populous state (≈7.3 million).

Methods and Results

Adult hospitalizations with a principal
ICH
diagnosis from 2001 to 2009 were linked to death registrations through to June 30, 2010. Trends for overall, fatal, and nonfatal
ICH
rates within 30 days and fatal rates for 30‐day survivors at 365 days were calculated. There were 11 332
ICH
patient admissions meeting eligibility criteria, yielding a crude hospitalization rate of 25.2 per 100 000 (age‐standardized rate: 17.2). Age‐ and sex‐adjusted overall rates significantly declined by an average of 1.6% per year (
P
=0.03). Fatal
ICH
declined by an average of 2.6% per year (
P
=0.004). For 30‐day survivors, a nonsignificant decline of 2.3% per year in fatal
ICH
at 365 days was estimated (
P
=0.17). Male sex and birth in the Oceania region and Asia were associated with an increased
ICH
risk, although this depended on age. Approximately 12% of
ICH
admissions would be prevented if the socioeconomic circumstances of the population equated with those of the least disadvantaged.

Conclusions

Overall and fatal
ICH
rates have fallen in this large Australian population. Improvements in cardiovascular prevention and acute care may explain declining rates. There was no evidence of an increase in devastated survivors because the longer term mortality of 30‐day survivors has not increased over time.
Gulf Stream Dynamics along the Southeastern U.S. Seaboard
Authors: Gula Jonathan , Molemaker M. Jeroen , McWilliams James C. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe Gulf Stream strongly interacts with the topography along the southeastern U.S. seaboard, between the Straits of Florida and Cape Hatteras. The dynamics of the Gulf Stream in this region is investigated with a set of realistic, very high-resolution simulations using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). The mean path is strongly influenced by the topography and in particular the Charleston Bump. There are significant local pressure anomalies and topographic form stresses exerted by the bump that retard the mean flow and steer the mean current pathway seaward. The topography provides, through bottom pressure torque, the positive input of barotropic vorticity necessary to balance the meridional transport of fluid and close the gyre-scale vorticity balance. The effect of the topography on the development of meanders and eddies is studied by computing energy budgets of the eddies and the mean flow. The baroclinic instability is stabilized by the slope everywhere except past the bump. The flow is barotropically unstable, and kinetic energy is converted from the mean flow to the eddies following the Straits of Florida and at the bump with regions of eddy-to-mean conversion in between. There is eddy growth by Reynolds stress and downstream development of the eddies. Interaction of the flow with the topography acts as an external forcing process to localize these oceanic storm tracks. Associated time-averaged eddy fluxes are essential to maintain and reshape the mean current. The pattern of eddy fluxes is interpreted in terms of eddy life cycle, eddy fluxes being directed downgradient in eddy growth regions and upgradient in eddy decay regions.
The More Rain, the Better the Model Performs—The Dependency of Quantitative Precipitation Forecast Skill on Rainfall Amount for Typhoons in Taiwan
Authors: Wang Chung-Chieh 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
A strong dependency of model performance in quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) as measured by scores such as the threat score (TS) on rainfall amount (i.e., the better the model performs when there is more rain), is demonstrated through real-time forecasts by the 2.5-km Cloud-Resolving Storm Simulator (CReSS) for 15 typhoons in Taiwan in 2010–12. Implied simply from the positive correlation between rain-area sizes and scores, this dependency is expected to exist in all regions, models, and rainfall regimes, while for typhoon QPFs in Taiwan it is also attributed to the model’s capability to properly handle (within 72 h) the processes leading to more rain, which are largely controlled by the typhoon’s track, size, structure, and environment, and the island’s topography. Because of this dependency, the performance of model QPFs for extreme events can be assessed accurately only when forecasts targeted for periods of comparable rainfall magnitude are included for averaging. For the most-rainy 24 h of the top-5 typhoons, the 0–24-h QPFs by CReSS have mean TS of 0.67, 0.67, 0.58, 0.51, and 0.32 at thresholds of 25, 50, 130, 200, and 350 mm, and 0.64, 0.57, 0.37, 0.33, and 0.22 from 48–72-h QPFs, respectively, suggesting superior performance even 2–2.5 days in advance. These scores are strikingly high, precisely because Taiwan can receive extreme rainfall from typhoons. For smaller (nonhazardous) events, the mean scores are progressively lower, but also unimportant and less representative statistically. Therefore, it is inappropriate to average scores over multiple forecasts as those for less-rainy periods would contaminate the result for key periods. The implication for forecasters is also discussed.
The effects of motor and intellectual functions on the effectiveness of comprehensive rehabilitation in young children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Zhang Hongbo , Zhang Bo , Jia Feiyong , Liang Dong , Li Haibo , Chen Yinbo , Yang Libin , Ge Pengfei , Liang Jianmin 
Published: December 2014

Objective To determine the effects of motor and intellectual functions on the effectiveness of comprehensive rehabilitation (CR) in young children with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods This longitudinal cohort study recruited paediatric patients with a confirmed diagnosis of CP. Baseline gross motor function was classified using the Gross Motor Function Classification System. Baseline intellectual level was evaluated using the Developmental Quotient (DQ) via the Gesell Development Scale. Children underwent CR for 3 months and then their motor and intellectual functions were assessed using the Gross Motor Function Measure, Fine Motor Function Measure and DQ. The changes from baseline were calculated. Results Forty-eight children with CP were recruited to this study. Greater improvements in motor function were associated with a lower baseline level of intellectual impairment. Motor and intellectual function in children with CP was significantly improved when treatment was started before 12 months of age. Conclusion There might be a close and reciprocal relationship between the baseline levels of impairment of motor and intellectual function with regard to the effectiveness of CR. Early intervention is important to gain a good outcome in children with CP.
Older people’s experiences of their free will in nursing homes
Authors: Tuominen Leena , Leino-Kilpi Helena , Suhonen Riitta 
Published: December 2014

Background: Older people in institutional care should be allowed to live a meaningful life in a home-like environment consistent with their own free will. Research on actualisation of older people’s own free will in nursing home context is scarce. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe older people’s experiences of free will, its actualisation, promoters and barriers in nursing homes to improve the ethical quality of care. Research design: Fifteen cognitively intact older people over 65 years in four nursing homes in Southern Finland were interviewed. Giorgi’s phenomenological method expanded by Perttula was used to analyse the data. Ethical considerations: Chief administrators of each nursing home gave permission to conduct the study. Informants’ written informed consent was gained. Findings: Older people described free will as action consistent with their own mind, opportunity to determine own personal matters and holding on to their rights. Own free will was actualised in having control of bedtime, dressing, privacy and social life with relatives. Own free will was not actualised in receiving help when needed, having an impact on meals, hygiene, free movement, meaningful action and social life. Promoters included older people’s attitudes, behaviour, health, physical functioning as well as nurses’ ethical conduct. Barriers were nurses’ unethical attitudes, institution rules, distracting behaviour of other residents, older people’s attitudes, physical frailty and dependency. Discussion: Promoting factors of the actualisation of own free will need to be encouraged. Barriers can be influenced by educating nursing staff in client-orientated approach and influencing attitudes of both nurses and older people. Conclusion: Results may benefit ethical education and promote the ethical quality of older people’s care practice and management.
Using the Q Methodology Approach in Human Resource Development Research
Authors: Bartlett James E. , DeWeese Brad 
Published: December 2014

The Problem To better understand Human Resource Development (HRD), it is critical to understand human behavior and perspectives on subjective topics. Q methodology provides a view of subjectivity from the point of view that is self-referenced. The Solution This article provides a description of a method to identify similarities and differences in the subjective perceptions across a sample. This is distinctly different from traditional factor analysis that examines correlation between items. A step-by-step description of Q methodology is included that describes defining the concourse, developing the Q-set, selecting the P-set (sample), Q-sorting (collecting data), as well as analyzing and interpreting the data. The Stakeholders Both researchers and practitioners will benefit by understanding how to implement and interpret Q methodology in both research and practice to understand human subjectivity. The article can be used as a guide by researchers and practitioners who want to conduct Q methodology in the field of HRD to better understand subjective viewpoints.
Incidence, risk factors and outcomes of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with sepsis: a systematic review
Authors: Kuipers Sanne , Klouwenberg Peter MC Klein , Cremer Olaf L 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Critically ill patients with sepsis are prone to develop cardiac dysrhythmias, most commonly atrial fibrillation (AF). Systemic inflammation, circulating stress hormones, autonomic dysfunction, and volume shifts are all possible triggers for AF in this setting. We conducted a systematic review to describe the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of new-onset AF in patients with sepsis.

Methods
MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web Of Science were searched for studies reporting the incidence of new-onset AF, atrial flutter or supraventricular tachycardia in patients with sepsis admitted to an intensive care unit, excluding studies that primarily focused on postcardiotomy patients. Studies were assessed for methodological quality using the GRADE system. Risk factors were considered to have a high level of evidence if they were reported in ≥2 studies using multivariable analyses at a P value <0.05. Subsequently, the strength of association was classified as strong, moderate or weak, based on the reported odds ratios.

Results
Eleven studies were included. Overall quality was low to moderate. The weighted mean incidence of new-onset AF was 8% (range 0 to 14%), 10% (4 to 23%) and 23% (6 to 46%) in critically ill patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock, respectively. Independent risk factors with a high level of evidence included advanced age (weak strength of association), white race (moderate association), presence of a respiratory tract infection (weak association), organ failure (moderate association), and pulmonary artery catheter use (moderate association). Protective factors were a history of diabetes mellitus (weak association) and the presence of a urinary tract infection (weak association). New-onset AF was associated with increased short-term mortality in five studies (crude relative effect estimates ranging from 1.96 to 3.32; adjusted effects 1.07 to 3.28). Three studies reported a significantly increased length of stay in the ICU (weighted mean difference 9 days, range 5 to 13 days), whereas an increased risk of ischemic stroke was reported in the single study that looked at this outcome.

Conclusions
New-onset AF is a common consequence of sepsis and is independently associated with poor outcome. Early risk stratification of patients may allow for pharmacological interventions to prevent this complication.
L-citrulline production by metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum from glucose and alternative carbon sources
Authors: Eberhardt Dorit , Jensen Jaide V K , Wendisch Volker F 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
L-citrulline plays an important role in human health and nutrition and is an intermediate of the L-arginine biosynthetic pathway. L-citrulline is a by-product of L-arginine production by Corynebacterium glutamicum. In this study, C. glutamicum was engineered for overproduction of L-citrulline as major product without L-arginine being produced as by-product. To this end, L-arginine biosynthesis was derepressed by deletion of the arginine repressor gene argR and conversion of L-citrulline towards L-arginine was avoided by deletion of the argininosuccinate synthetase gene argG. Moreover, to facilitate L-citrulline production the gene encoding a feedback resistant N-acetyl L-glutamate kinase argB
fbr as well as the gene encoding L-ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase argF were overexpressed. The resulting strain accumulated 44.1 ± 0.5 mM L-citrulline from glucose minimal medium with a yield of 0.38 ± 0.01 g⋅g−1 and a volumetric productivity of 0.32 ± 0.01 g⋅l−1⋅h−1. In addition, production of L-citrulline from the alternative carbon sources starch, xylose, and glucosamine could be demonstrated.
Linifanib Versus Sorafenib in Patients With Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Results of a Randomized Phase III Trial
Authors: Cainap Calin , Qin Shukui , Huang Wen-Tsung , Chung Ik Joo , Pan Hongming , Cheng Ying , Kudo Masatoshi , Kang Yoon-Koo , Chen Pei-Jer , Toh Han-Chong , Gorbunova Vera , Eskens Ferry A.L.M. , Qian Jiang , McKee Mark D. , Ricker Justin L. , Carlson Dawn M. , El-Nowiem Saied 
Published: December 2014

Purpose This open-label phase III trial evaluated efficacy and tolerability of linifanib versus sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) without prior systemic therapy. Patients and Methods Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to linifanib 17.5 mg once daily or sorafenib 400 mg twice daily. Patients were stratified by region (Outside Asia, Japan, and rest of Asia), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score (ECOG PS; 0 or 1), vascular invasion or extrahepatic spread (yes or no), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (yes or no). The primary end point of the study was overall survival (OS). Secondary end points were time to progression (TTP) and objective response rate (ORR) per RECIST v1.1. Results We randomly assigned 1,035 patients (median age, 60 years; Asian, 66.6%; ECOG PS 0, 65.2%; HBV, 49.1%; vascular invasion or extrahepatic spread, 70.1%). Median OS was 9.1 months on the linifanib arm (95% CI, 8.1 to 10.2) and 9.8 months on the sorafenib arm (95% CI, 8.3 to 11.0; hazard ratio [HR], 1.046; 95% CI, 0.896 to 1.221). For prespecified stratification subgroups, OS HRs ranged from 0.793 to 1.119 and the 95% CI contained 1.0. Median TTP was 5.4 months on the linifanib arm (95% CI, 4.2 to 5.6) and 4.0 months on the sorafenib arm (95% CI, 2.8 to 4.2; HR, 0.759; 95% CI, 0.643 to 0.895; P = .001). Best response rate was 13.0% on the linifanib arm versus 6.9% on the sorafenib arm. Grade 3/4 adverse events (AEs); serious AEs; and AEs leading to discontinuation, dose interruption, and reduction were more frequent with linifanib (all P < .001). Conclusion Linifanib and sorafenib had similar OS in advanced HCC. Predefined superiority and noninferiority OS boundaries were not met for linifanib and the study failed to meet the primary end point. TTP and ORR favored linifanib; safety results favored sorafenib.
Accumulated Deep Sleep Is a Powerful Predictor of LH Pulse Onset in Pubertal Children
Authors: Shaw N. D. , Butler J. P. , Nemati S. , Kangarloo T. , Ghassemi M. , Malhotra A. , Hall J. E. 
Published: December 2014

Context:
During puberty, reactivation of the reproductive axis occurs during sleep, with LH pulses specifically tied to deep sleep. This association suggests that deep sleep may stimulate LH secretion, but there have been no interventional studies to determine the characteristics of deep sleep required for LH pulse initiation.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of deep sleep fragmentation on LH secretion in pubertal children.

Design and Setting:
Studies were performed in a clinical research center.

Subjects:
Fourteen healthy pubertal children (11.3–14.1 y) participated in the study.

Interventions:
Subjects were randomized to two overnight studies with polysomnography and frequent blood sampling, with or without deep sleep disruption via auditory stimuli.

Results:
An average of 68.1 ±10.7 (± SE) auditory stimuli were delivered to interrupt deep sleep during the disruption night, limiting deep sleep to only brief episodes (average length disrupted 1.3 ± 0.2 min vs normal 7.1 ± 0.8 min, P &lt; .001), and increasing the number of transitions between non-rapid eye movement (NREM), REM, and wake (disrupted 274.5 ± 33.4 vs normal 131.2 ± 8.1, P = .001). There were no differences in mean LH (normal: 3.2 ± 0.4 vs disrupted: 3.2 ± 0.5 IU/L), LH pulse frequency (0.6 ± 0.06 vs 0.6 ± 0.07 pulses/h), or LH pulse amplitude (2.8 ± 0.4 vs 2.8 ± 0.4 IU/L) between the two nights. Poisson process modeling demonstrated that the accumulation of deep sleep in the 20 minutes before an LH pulse, whether consolidated or fragmented, was a significant predictor of LH pulse onset (P &lt; .001).

Conclusion:
In pubertal children, nocturnal LH augmentation and pulse patterning are resistant to deep sleep fragmentation. These data suggest that, even when fragmented, deep sleep is strongly related to activation of the GnRH pulse generator.
A critical evaluation of science outreach via social media: its role and impact on scientists
Authors: McClain Craig , Neeley Liz 
Published: December 2014

The role of scientists in social media and its impact on their careers are not fully explored. While policies and best practices are still fluid, it is concerning that discourse is often based on little to no data, and some arguments directly contradict the available data. Here, we consider the relevant but subjective questions about social media for science outreach (SOSM), specifically: (1) Does a public relations nightmare exist for science?; (2) Why (or why aren’t) scientists engaging in social media?; (3) Are scientists using social media well?; and (4) Will social media benefit a scientist’s career? We call for the scientific community to create tangible plans that value, measure, and help manage scientists’ social media engagement.
Whistleblower as news source: A complex relationship examined through a survey of journalists’ attitudes
Authors: Moore Maria A. , Huxford John , Hopper K. Megan 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In an era in which corporate and governmental corruption is rife, the whistleblower has become a crucial resource in journalism’s attempts to fulfil its role of social watchdog, making accountable those who wield governmental and corporate power. Yet the relationship between journalist and whistleblower is complex with both synergetic and oppositional characteristics, which can threaten both the credibility of the final news report and the standing and well-being of the participants. This exploratory study focuses on the crucial interface between journalist and whistleblower, pursuing an understanding of journalists’ views, knowledge and attitudes towards the whistleblower as source.
The semiotics of power: Corrupting sign systems in contemporary American Exceptionalism and in Bret Easton Ellis’s American Psycho and Don DeLillo’s Cosmopolis
Authors: Harma Tanguy 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This article aims to decipher the interplay on the semiotic notions of signifier, signified and referent coined by semiotician Saussure in Donald E. Pease’s 2009 work New American Exceptionalism and in two late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century American novels: Bret Easton Ellis’s American Psycho and Don DeLillo’s Cosmopolis. The analysis of the semiotic arrangement of the selected works will allow a critical insight into the constitution of specific sign systems in contemporary American Exceptionalism that will shed light onto the distortion and corruption of the foundational values of the American nation, as exemplified in the selected novels
In this regard, Ellis and DeLillo will be envisaged as two fiction writers who, through their engagement with postmodern aesthetics, incorporate this semiotic interplay at the level of their own sign systems. Through their various representations of a reality that is flattened out by the two-dimensional culture of the image, I will show how this paradigm is integrated into the texts, as each writer, in his own fashion, underlines the conditions for semiotic manipulation in contemporary culture.
In more detail, I will analyse how a trope of surface reality (Baudrillard) is characterized in these works through a movement that starts with a disconnection between signifier and signified and that proceeds with the symbolic discarding of the sign’s referent (Ellis), resulting in the capacity to corrupt reality through language itself. Ultimately, I will decipher how DeLillo’s Cosmopolis epitomizes the dematerialization and dissolution of referents in cyber-capitalism through the self-referentiality of the sign that the novel purports.
As the selected texts of Ellis and DeLillo integrate and satirize this hiatus, they present their readers with a critique of the deviation of national culture and identity from the foundational spirit of the American project and the promises of American Exceptionalism, ultimately offering an invitation to rethink contemporary American culture from a postmodern perspective.