bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Patients Understand the Term “Nonmedical Use” of Prescription Drugs: Insights from Cognitive Interviews
Authors: McNeely Jennifer , Halkitis Perry N. , Horton Ariana , Khan Rubina , Gourevitch Marc N. 
Published: April 2013

Background With rising rates of prescription drug abuse and associated overdose deaths, there is great interest in having accurate and efficient screening tools that identify nonmedical use of prescription drugs in health care settings. The authors sought to gain a better understanding of how patients interpret questions about misuse of prescription drugs, with the goal of improving the accuracy and acceptability of instruments intended for use in primary care. Methods A total of 27 English-speaking adult patients were recruited from an urban safety net primary care clinic to complete a cognitive interview about a 4-item screening questionnaire for tobacco, alcohol, illicit drugs, and misuse of prescription drugs. Detailed field notes were analyzed for overall comprehension of the screening items on illicit drug use and prescription drug misuse, the accuracy with which participants classified drugs into these categories, and whether the screening response correctly captured the participant's substance use behavior. Results Based on initial responses to the screening items, 6 (22%) participants screened positive for past-year prescription drug misuse, and 8 (30%) for illicit drug use. The majority (26/27) of participants correctly interpreted the item on illicit drug use, and appropriately classified drugs in this category. Eleven (41%) participants had errors in their understanding of the prescription drug misuse item. The most common error was classifying use of medications without abuse potential as nonmedical use. All cases of misunderstanding the prescription drug misuse item occurred among participants who screened negative for illicit drug use. Conclusions The results suggest that terminology used to describe misuse of prescription medications may be misunderstood by many primary care patients, particularly those who do not use illicit drugs. Failure to improve upon the language used to describe prescription drug misuse in screening questionnaires intended for use in medical settings could potentially lead to high rates of false-positive results.
Clupeid Response to Stressors: The Influence of Environmental Factors on Thiaminase Expression
Authors: Lepak J. M. , Kraft C. E. , Vanni M. J. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Over the past five decades, a reproductive failure related to thiamine deficiency, referred to as thiamine deficiency complex (TDC), has been observed in valuable salmonine fishes in the Great Lakes and Finger Lakes in North America and the Baltic Sea in Europe. The cause of TDC has been linked to the consumption of clupeid fish, which contain high levels of a thiamine-destroying enzyme called thiaminase I (hereafter referred to as “thiaminase”). High activities of thiaminase have been reported from clupeids such as Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum and Atlantic (Baltic) Herring Clupea harengus, but no consistent explanation has accounted for the wide range of observed variation in levels of thiaminase in clupeids. Chronic stress can suppress the immune systems of Alewife and other fishes, thereby reducing the number of circulating white blood cells available to suppress bacteria. Because the presence of thiaminase has been associated with thiaminolytic bacteria isolated from Alewife viscera, we hypothesized that stressful conditions, which can potentially limit clupeid immune response or alter internal physiological conditions, could allow for thiaminase to be produced more efficiently by bacteria or thiaminolytic bacteria could proliferate, or both events could occur, resulting in a subsequent increase in thiaminolytic activity. In this study, Alewives and Gizzard Shad were exposed to severe winter temperatures and low food availability, respectively, in replicated pond experiments to evaluate the influence of stressful conditions on clupeid thiaminase activity. Though responses in circulating white blood cell counts and metrics of fish condition indicated that experimental treatments affected these clupeids, these effects were not related to increased thiaminase activity. The only significant treatment effect on clupeid thiaminase was an increase in mean thiaminase activity in Gizzard Shad from ponds where only high quality energy sources were available. These data indicate that variability in clupeid thiaminase may be related to diet composition.
Received June 19, 2012; accepted January 15, 2013
The depletion of gas in high-redshift dwarf galaxies from an inhomogeneous reionization
Authors: Sobacchi Emanuele , Mesinger Andrei 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The reionization of the intergalactic medium (IGM) was likely inhomogeneous and extended. By heating the IGM and photo-evaporating gas from the outskirts of galaxies, this process can have a dramatic impact on the growth of structures. Using a suite of spherically symetric collapse simulations spanning a large parameter space, we study the impact of an ultraviolet background (UVB) on the condensation of baryons onto dark matter haloes. We present an expression for the halo baryon fraction, fb, which is an explicit function of (i) halo mass, (ii) UVB intensity, (iii) redshift and (iv) redshift at which the halo was exposed to a UVB. We also present a corresponding expression for the characteristic or critical mass, Mcrit, defined as the halo mass which retains half of its baryons compared to the global value. Since our results are general and physically motivated, they can be broadly applied to inhomogeneous reionization models.
Hepatitis B Virus Genotype Change in Children Is Closely Related to HBeAg/Anti‐HBe Seroconversion
Authors: Wirth Stefan , Bortolotti Flavia , Brunert Carl , Postberg Jan , Hensel Kai , Jenke Andreas 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives:Genotype changes have been observed during long‐term follow‐up in adults with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and distribution of HBV genotype shifts in treated and untreated European children during the different phases of chronic hepatitis B.Methods:The initial population consisted of 85 HBeAg‐positive children who were sequentially investigated for HBV genotypes for a mean period of 7.1 years. During the survey, 65 patients seroconverted to anti‐HBe and 24 received antiviral treatment. Genotyping was done by restriction fragment length polymorphism.Results:Genotypes at enrollment were distributed as follows: D (n = 67), A (n = 11), B (n = 4), and C and mixed (n = 3). A genotype change was observed in 16 (19%) participants at last visit, of whom 1 of 20 (5%) remained persistently HBeAg positive and 15 of 65 (23%) children had seroconverted to anti‐HBe (P < 0.001). The genotype shift was D to A or B in 9 individuals, A to D in 5, and A to B in 1. Genotype changes were more frequent in untreated than in treated subjects; however, the difference was not statistically significant.Conclusions:The results of this study suggest that genotype change is a relatively frequent event in children with chronic hepatitis B after anti‐HBe seroconversion and independent of treatment. The reasons why only some patients will experience this event remain to be clarified.
“Deference as respect” in WTO standard of review
Authors: Dye Valerie D. 
Published: April 2013

PurposeIn WTO proceedings The Dispute Settlement Body has generally adopted a standard of review that is less than deferential even in the Anti‐Dumping agreement which envisages a deferential standard of review. What should be the applicable standard of review in WTO proceedings? The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the concept of “deference as respect” as developed by David Dyzenhaus and discuss its application to the WTO. This paper argues that the WTO should apply a standard of “deference as respect” in the interest of preserving economic sovereignty and the legitimacy of the WTO.Design/methodology/approachThe paper involves the analysis of relevant case law and also the analysis and application of the concept of “deference as respect” in WTO proceedings. It also uses a comparative methodology in that it highlights the application of domestic legal principles at the international level.FindingsThe main finding is that within the WTO there is need to balance the requirements of trade liberalisation which eschews protectionism and the requirements of sovereignty and legitimacy. This balance can partly be achieved when a standard of review akin to “deference as respect” is applied.Originality/valueThis paper is different from previous writings on WTO standard of review in that it applies the concept of “deference as respect”. This analysis and application will provide academics and members of the DSB with a new way of assessing the standard of review in the WTO.
A comparison between the Cotonou Agreement and the EU Generalized System of Preferences
Authors: Constant LaForce Vanessa 
Published: April 2013

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to critically analyse the trade preferences offered by the European Union (EU) to developing countries under the Cotonou Agreement and the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) in relation to trade in sugar. There is a need for a timely examination of this area, given the context of the ACP‐EU Economic Partnership Agreements and the recent termination of the ACP‐EU Sugar Protocol (SP).Design/methodology/approachThe paper focuses on the Caribbean region as a whole with a particular focus on two non‐least developed ACP Caribbean countries, Guyana and Jamaica which held the largest sugar quotas among ACP Caribbean which benefited from the SP.FindingsThe EU trade regime changes have affected the value of the African‐Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) sugar trade regime and could have a serious impact on the amount of sugar available for purchase on the global market. The paper argues that ACP Caribbean countries could find more profitable to grow sugarcane as an agricultural commodity to produce biofuel, which is currently in high demand.Research limitations/implicationsThe analysis in this paper is limited to the arrangements pertaining to developing countries and therefore excludes those relating to least developed countries. Trade in more highly processed sugars such as fructose or glucose, together with the growing trade in biofuel refined from sugar beet and sugar cane are also outwith the scope of this discussion.Originality/valueThe paper deals with an intricate issue. It discusses the socio‐economic impact of the trade regime changes on the selected Caribbean countries and includes a section on recommendations given the economic weight of sugar for these countries.
Beyond a Livable and Green Neighborhood: Asserting Control, Sovereignty and Transgression in the Casc Antic of Barcelona
Authors: Anguelovski Isabelle 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDuring the past 15 years, the Casc Antic, a traditionally low‐income and immigrant neighborhood in Barcelona, has been the site of community‐based mobilization to revitalize abandoned areas and improve local environmental conditions. The organization of residents and their supporters is situated within a broader context of urban political and socioeconomic change — the transformation of the urban economy into a decentralized, global and technology‐ and service‐focused system, accompanied by rising socioeconomic inequality and displacement in inner‐city areas. To date, few studies in the urban environmental arena have been placed within processes of urban change and offer specificity on the purposes, intents and goals that poor and minority residents develop as they understand, resist and challenge their marginality. Why do residents of marginalized neighborhoods and their supporters organize to proactively improve livability and environmental quality? To what extent do the environmental struggles of marginalized communities serve as means to advance more complex political agendas in the city? Through the examination of neighborhood organization for livability in the Casc Antic, I analyze how activists use their environmental endeavors as tools to address stigmas attached to their place, control the land and its boundaries, and build a more transgressive form of democracy.
Systematic review: Asian patients with chronic hepatitis C infection
Authors: Nguyen L. H. , Nguyen M. H. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryBackgroundChronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection is a risk factor for both the development of end‐stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Globally, approximately 170 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the majority of these individuals come from the western Pacific and Southeast Asia regions (94.6 million persons combined). CHC is an understudied and underappreciated health problem in many Asian countries and in the US, where Asians represent one of the fastest growing groups of new Americans.AimTo perform a systematic review of the current literature on the epidemiology, diagnosis and screening, clinical characteristics and response to anti‐viral therapy of Asians with CHC.MethodsUsing a PubMed search of ‘hepatitis C’ and ‘Asia,’ 341 original manuscripts published in peer‐reviewed journals were identified, and 99 were selected based on their relevance.ResultsMany Asian CHC patients do not have easily identifiable risk factors and may be underdiagnosed. Rates of HCV infection in Asians on community screening in the US are unexpectedly high, and there is a high prevalence of HCV genotype 6 in Southeast Asia and Southern China. HCV‐infected Asians tend to present at older age and may have higher risk of HCC; however, they respond better to anti‐viral therapy than non‐Asians across all HCV genotypes.ConclusionsGiven the high HCV endemicity in Asia, lack of identifiable risk factors and favourable treatment response rates in Asians, we advocate the screening for HCV infection of all Asians who come from areas where HCV prevalence is ≥2%.
Histologic and Histomorphometric Behavior of Microgrooved Zirconia Dental Implants with Immediate Loading
Authors: Delgado‐Ruiz Rafael Arcesio , Calvo‐Guirado Jose Luis , Abboud Marcus , Ramirez‐Fernandez Maria Piedad , Mate‐Sanchez Jose Eduardo , Negri Bruno , Rothamel Daniel 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPurposeThe study aims to assess the total soft tissue (ST) width, crestal bone level (CBL), bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC), and bone density (BD) for zirconia implants textured with microgrooved surfaces and immediately loaded.Materials and MethodsThis study included 51 implants; one implant from each study group was retained for surface characterization. The 48 remaining implants were inserted randomly in premolar areas of both sides of the healed edentulous lower jaws of foxhound dogs. They were divided into three groups of 16: control (titanium); test A (zirconia), and test B (microgrooved zirconia). The implants were splinted and covered with an acrylic bridge. A split‐mouth design was used and immediate occlusal loading was applied on one side, while the other side did not have occlusal contact. ST, CBL, BIC, and BD were evaluated after 3 months. The effects of immediate loading on these parameters were analyzed.ResultsAll the implants were osseointegrated. ST was established at 3 months with mean values of 2.9 ± 0.4 mm for all groups. No differences were appreciated between loaded and unloaded sides regarding ST (p > .05). CBL showed a mean of 1.2 ± 0.3 mm for all groups without differences between loaded and unloaded sides (p > .05). BIC percentages were significantly higher for loaded all‐microgrooved implants (p < .05). BD percentages were higher in areas close to all‐microgrooved implants (p < .05) and significantly higher for loaded implants than unloaded.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of the present study, it may be concluded that for zirconia dental implants with microgrooved surfaces and immediate loading, the thickness of STs remains stable resulting in 3 mm mean biologic width, that crestal bone preservation is related to insertion depth, and that higher BIC percentages and increased BD around implants microgrooved over the entire intraosseous area may be expected at 3 months following implant insertion and immediate loading.
Left Atrial Functional Remodeling in Lone Atrial Fibrillation: A Two‐Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiographic Study
Authors: Hong Jin , Gu Xiaoyan , An Ping , Luo Taiyang , Lv Qiang , Kang Junping , He Yihua , Hu Rong , Liu Xiaohui , Ma Changsheng 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess left atrial (LA) functional remodeling in lone atrial fibrillation (LAF) patients via two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2DSTE).MethodsForty‐five paroxysmal LAF patients and 30 healthy controls underwent 2DSTE in sinus rhythm. Longitudinal LA strain/strain rate (LAS/LASR) of booster, reservoir, and conduit function in apical four‐ and two‐chamber views were measured and averages of the 2 views were used.ResultsThe 2 groups had similarity in LA volume. LAS and LASR of the 3 phasic functions were reduced in patients. Comparing the 2 groups, LA booster strain (LASa) and strain rate were −12.31 ± 3.15 versus −15.30 ± 2.52% and −1.64 ± 0.51 versus −2.08 ± 0.48 1/sec, respectively, P < 0.05 for both. Multivariate regression confirmed that LAF was an independent determinant of LAS/LASR reduction. LASa was the most accurate parameter for differentiating LAF patients from controls (area under receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.763; cutoff value, −14.3%; sensitivity, 71.1% and specificity, 70.0%). Finally, LASa decrement was found to be the only significant predictor of early atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence (odds ratio [OR], 1.39 per unit decrement; 95% CI, 1.02–1.89; P = 0.038).ConclusionsRemodeling of LA booster pump, reservoir, and conduit function in LAF patients can be detected by 2DSTE before structural remodeling. Occurrence of LAF is associated with impairment of LA intrinsic myocardial properties. LASa can differentiate LAF patients and lower LASa is associated with early recurrence of AF after ablation.
Behavioural responses of diverse insect groups to electric stimuli
Authors: Wijenberg Rosanna , Hayden Michael E. , Takács Stephen , Gries Gerhard 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAnecdotal evidence suggests that cockroaches respond to electrical appliances or outlets. Our objectives were to determine the effect of field‐inducing sources and field attributes on attraction of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae), and to test those parameters found effective for attraction of B. germanica for attraction of other groups of insects. In two‐choice, large‐arena experiments, significantly more female, but not nymphal, B. germanica settled in or near electrified coils with static or fluctuating electromagnetic fields produced by low‐level direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) sources than in control coils without current. Electromagnetic fields with the magnetic, but not the electric, component of the field nulled still attracted B. germanica, suggesting that the electric component of the field may contribute to the attraction or arrestment response of B. germanica. DC‐powered coils with static electromagnetic fields also attracted/arrested brown‐banded cockroaches, Supella longipalpa (Fabricius) (Blattodea: Blattellidae), common silverfish, Lepisma saccharina (L.), firebrats, Thermobia domestica (Packard) (both Thysanura: Lepismatidae), and European earwigs, Forficula auricularia (L.) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), but they repelled American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.) (Blattodea: Blattidae). If proven in field experiments, electrified coils as trap baits may offer non‐toxic alternatives to pesticides for selective insect control in urban environments.
Origins of the bottom trawling controversy in the British Isles: 19th century witness testimonies reveal evidence of early fishery declines
Authors: Thurstan Ruth H , Hawkins Julie P , Roberts Callum M 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBottom trawling (nets towed along the seabed) spread around the British Isles from the 1820s, yet the collection of national fisheries statistics did not begin until 1886. Consequently, analysis of the impacts of trawling on fish stocks and habitats during this early period is difficult, yet without this information, we risk underestimating the extent of changes that have occurred as a result of trawling activities. We examined witness testimonies recorded during two Royal Commissions of Enquiry (1863–66 and 1883–85). These enquiries interviewed hundreds of fishers about the early effects of sail trawling and the changes they were witnessing to fish stocks, habitats and fishing practises during this time. We converted all quantitative statements of perceived change in fish stocks and fishing practices to relative change. Witnesses from the north‐east of England interviewed during 1863 revealed an average perceived decline in whitefish of 64% during their careers, which many blamed upon trawling. Between 1867 and 1892, trawl‐landing records from the same location suggest that this trajectory continued, with fish availability declining by 66% during the period. Fishers adapted to these declines by increasing distances travelled to fishing grounds and increasing gear size and quantity. However, inshore declines continued and by the early 1880s even trawl owners were calling for closures of territorial waters to trawling in order to protect fish nursery and spawning grounds. Until now, these testimonies have been largely forgotten, yet they reveal that alterations to near‐shore habitats as a result of trawling began long before official data collection was initiated.
Lower responsiveness of canopy evapotranspiration rate than of leaf stomatal conductance to open‐air CO2 elevation in rice
Authors: Shimono Hiroyuki , Nakamura Hirofumi , Hasegawa Toshihiro , Okada Masumi 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAn elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) can reduce stomatal conductance of leaves for most plant species, including rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, few studies have quantified seasonal changes in the effects of elevated [CO2] on canopy evapotranspiration, which integrates the response of stomatal conductance of individual leaves with other responses, such as leaf area expansion, changes in leaf surface temperature, and changes in developmental stages, in field conditions. We conducted a field experiment to measure seasonal changes in stomatal conductance of the uppermost leaves and in the evapotranspiration, transpiration, and evaporation rates using a lysimeter method. The study was conducted for flooded rice under open‐air CO2 elevation. Stomatal conductance decreased by 27% under elevated [CO2], averaged throughout the growing season, and evapotranspiration decreased by an average of 5% during the same period. The decrease in daily evapotranspiration caused by elevated [CO2] was more significantly correlated with air temperature and leaf area index (LAI) rather than with other parameters of solar radiation, days after transplanting, vapor‐pressure deficit and FAO reference evapotranspiration. This indicates that higher air temperatures, within the range from 16 to 27 °C, and a larger LAI, within the range from 0 to 4 m2 m−2, can increase the magnitude of the decrease in evapotranspiration rate caused by elevated [CO2]. The crop coefficient (i.e. the evapotranspiration rate divided by the FAO reference evapotranspiration rate) was 1.24 at ambient [CO2] and 1.17 at elevated [CO2]. This study provides the first direct measurement of the effects of elevated [CO2] on rice canopy evapotranspiration under open‐air conditions using the lysimeter method, and the results will improve future predictions of water use in rice fields.