bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new analgesia regimen after (adeno) tonsillectomy in children: a pilot study
Authors: Syed M.I. , Magos T.A. , Singh J. , Montague M.L. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveThe objective was to ascertain the efficacy of a new analgesic regimen introduced in children undergoing (adeno)tonsillectomy in view of the ban on codeine use in children <12 years by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).DesignProspective pilot study at a paediatric tertiary referral centre.Materials and methodsA total of 176 children undergoing (adeno) tonsillectomy over a 5‐month period (Sept 2013‐Jan 2014) were included in the study. Data were prospectively collected on analgesia used peri‐operatively and patients were discharged on regular paracetamol and ibuprofen for 7 days and three doses of oral morphine sulphate solution to be used on days 3, 4 and 5. Pain scores were recorded on days 1–10 post‐operatively using the Wong Baker Faces Pain Rating scale.ResultsThe pain scores were significantly better (P‐value < 0.0001) in children who were compliant with morphine (n = 93) than those who were not (n = 32). We also found that children who were compliant with morphine were less likely to seek help out of hours (P‐value < 0.001).ConclusionsOral morphine sulphate solution provides a reasonable alternative to codeine, albeit one should bear in mind that parental concerns and adverse effects of the drug were seen in a minority of patients (n = 11) and anaesthetists were reluctant to prescribe the drug in cases of severe OSA or associated central apnoeas (n = 7).
Anticipation in Real‐World Scenes: The Role of Visual Context and Visual Memory
Authors: Coco Moreno I. , Keller Frank , Malcolm George L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe human sentence processor is able to make rapid predictions about upcoming linguistic input. For example, upon hearing the verb eat, anticipatory eye‐movements are launched toward edible objects in a visual scene (Altmann & Kamide, 1999). However, the cognitive mechanisms that underlie anticipation remain to be elucidated in ecologically valid contexts. Previous research has, in fact, mainly used clip‐art scenes and object arrays, raising the possibility that anticipatory eye‐movements are limited to displays containing a small number of objects in a visually impoverished context. In Experiment 1, we confirm that anticipation effects occur in real‐world scenes and investigate the mechanisms that underlie such anticipation. In particular, we demonstrate that real‐world scenes provide contextual information that anticipation can draw on: When the target object is not present in the scene, participants infer and fixate regions that are contextually appropriate (e.g., a table upon hearing eat). Experiment 2 investigates whether such contextual inference requires the co‐presence of the scene, or whether memory representations can be utilized instead. The same real‐world scenes as in Experiment 1 are presented to participants, but the scene disappears before the sentence is heard. We find that anticipation occurs even when the screen is blank, including when contextual inference is required. We conclude that anticipatory language processing is able to draw upon global scene representations (such as scene type) to make contextual inferences. These findings are compatible with theories assuming contextual guidance, but posit a challenge for theories assuming object‐based visual indices.
Postoperative volume balance: does stroke volume increase in Trendelenburg's position?
Authors: Frost H. , Mortensen C. R. , Secher N. H. , Nielsen H. B. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryIn healthy humans, stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) do not increase with expansion of the central blood volume by head‐down tilt or administration of fluid. Here, we exposed 85 patients to Trendelenburg's position about one hour after surgery while cardiovascular variables were determined non‐invasively by Modelflow. In Trendelenburg's position, SV (83 ± 19 versus 89 ± 20 ml) and CO (6·2 ± 1·8 versus 6·8 ± 1·8 l/min; both P<0·05) increased, while heart rate (75 ± 15 versus 76 ± 14 b min−1) and mean arterial pressure were unaffected (84 ± 15 versus 84 ± 16 mmHg). For the 33 patients (39%) with a > 10% increase in SV (from 78 ± 16 to 90 ± 17 ml) corresponding to an increase in CO from 5·9 ± 1·5 to 6·9 ± 1·6 l min−1 (P<0·05) when tilted head‐down, administration of 250 ml Ringer's lactate solution increased SV (to 88 ± 18 ml) and CO (to 6·8 ± 1·7 l min−1). In conclusion, determination of SV and/or CO in Trendelenburg's position can be used to evaluate whether a patient is in need of IV fluid as here exemplified after surgery.
The duration of cough in patients with H1N1 influenza
Authors: Lin Ling , Yang Zi‐Feng , Zhan Yang‐Qing , Luo Wei , Liu Bao‐Juan , Pan Jia‐Yu , Yi Fang , Chen Ru‐Chong , Lai Ke‐Fang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundCough is one of common symptoms of influenza, the cough duration and prevalence of postinfectious cough (PIC) after viral upper respiratory tract infection has not been well described.ObjectivesWe aim to investigate the duration of cough and prevalence of PIC and its relation with acute symptoms, airway inflammation and cough sensitivity in patients with H1N1 influenza.MethodsPatients with acute symptoms of H1N1 influenza were enrolled and followed up until cough relived. Spirometry, induced sputum test, capsaicin challenge test were conducted in patients with PIC. Cough sensitivity was presented as logarithm of provocative concentration inducing five or more coughs (logC5).ResultsA total of 141 cases with H1N1 influenza were enrolled. In patients with H1N1 influenza, 97.2% of them complained cough. The duration of cough was as following: <1 week (73.0%); 1–2 weeks (7.8%); 2–3 weeks (7.8%); ≥3 weeks (8.5%). Twelve (8.5%) patients had cough lasting more than 3 weeks (PIC), 4 (2.8%) patients developed chronic cough (>8 weeks). Acute symptoms, spirometry, bronchial responsiveness and sputum differential cell count were similar between patients with PIC and those without PIC, however, there was a higher prevalence of previous PIC (58.3% vs 14.7%, P < 0.05) and elevated cough sensitivity (lgC5: 1.18 ± 0.58 vs 2.73 ± 0.33, P < 0.01) in patients with PIC as compared with the patients without PIC.ConclusionsAcute cough is common in patients with H1N1 PIC, only a few of patients develop chronic cough. Acute symptoms cannot predict PIC which is related with previous PIC and increased cough sensitivity.
Intermediate‐risk patients with three to four small adenomas should be considered low risk for colorectal cancer screening
Authors: Pérez‐Cuadrado‐Robles Enrique , Torrella‐Cortés Emilio , Bebia‐Conesa Paloma , Quesada‐Vázquez Noé , Rodrigo‐Agudo José Luis , Chacón‐Martínez Silvia , López‐Martín Aurelio , Esteban‐Delgado Pilar , Pérez‐Cuadrado‐Martínez Enrique , Pérez‐Riquelme Francisco 
Published: November 2015

Background and AimIntermediate‐risk patients following a colorectal cancer screening program may have differential risk of advanced lesions depending on the findings of an index colonoscopy. The aim of the present study was to comparatively assess advanced colorectal neoplasia risk at the first follow‐up colonoscopy among the different intermediate‐risk subgroups with a focus on patients with three to four adenomas.MethodsAll patients recruited for a baseline screening colonoscopy between 2006 and 2011 were included. Number, size and histopathological characteristics of adenomas were collected. Main outcome was an advanced colorectal neoplasia detection rate (invasive carcinoma or advanced adenoma) at the first follow‐up colonoscopy. Low‐ and high‐risk patients were excluded.ResultsFive hundred and sixty‐one intermediate‐risk patients (63.3% men, mean age: 59.01 ± 6.16 years) underwent indexing and follow‐up colonoscopy. By multivariate analysis, three to four adenomas (OR: 3.613 [95% CI: 1.661–7.859], P = 0.001) and adenoma size ≥10 <20 mm (OR: 3.374 [95% CI: 1.618–7.034], P = 0.001) were independent factors associated with advanced colorectal neoplasia. Advanced lesions were detected in 7.66% of cases. Of patients with advanced colorectal neoplasia, 51.16% belonged to the three‐to‐four‐adenoma group and ≥1 of ≥10 <20‐mm subgroups (n = 132, 23.53%). These patients demonstrated a higher rate of advanced lesions [OR: 3.886 (95% CI: 2.061–7.325), P < 0.001] than patients with three to four small adenomas of <10 mm (16.67% vs 5.07%, P < 0.001). The association between patients with small adenomas (n = 217, 38.68%) and advanced lesions was not significant (OR: 0.521 [95% CI: 0257–1.056], P = 0.066).ConclusionIntermediate‐risk patients with three to four small adenomas achieved a very low advanced lesion rate at follow up. Surveillance interval should be lengthened because these patients should be considered low risk.
On the relationship between phonological awareness, morphological awareness and Chinese literacy skills: evidence from an 8‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Pan Jinger , Song Shuang , Su Mengmeng , McBride Catherine , Liu Hongyun , Zhang Yuping , Li Hong , Shu Hua 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe present study reported data on phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and Chinese literacy skills of 294 children from an 8‐year longitudinal study. Results showed that mainland Chinese children's preliterate syllable awareness at ages 4 to 6 years uniquely predicted post‐literate morphological awareness at ages 7 to 10 years. Preliterate syllable awareness directly contributed to character reading and writing at age 11 years, while post‐literate phonemic awareness predicted only character reading at age 11 years. In addition, preliterate syllable and morphological awareness at ages 4 to 6 years had indirect effects on character reading and writing, reading fluency, and reading comprehension at age 11 years, through post‐literate morphological awareness at ages 7 to 10 years. Findings underscore the significant role of syllable awareness in Chinese character reading and writing, and the importance of morphological awareness in character‐level processing and high‐level literacy skills. More importantly, our results suggest the unique relation of syllable awareness and morphological awareness in Chinese as they focus on the same unit, which is also likely to map directly onto a character, the basic unit for high‐level Chinese reading skills.
Categorization in infancy: labeling induces a persisting focus on commonalities
Authors: Althaus Nadja , Plunkett Kim 
Published: November 2015

AbstractRecent studies with infants and adults demonstrate a facilitative role of labels in object categorization. A common interpretation is that labels highlight commonalities between objects. However, direct evidence for such a mechanism is lacking. Using a novel object category with spatially separate features that are either of low or high variability across the stimulus set, we tracked 12‐month‐olds’ attention to object features during learning and at test. Learning occurred in both conditions, but what was learned depended on whether or not labels were heard. A detailed analysis of eye movements revealed that infants in the two conditions employed different object processing strategies. In the silent condition, looking patterns were governed exclusively by the variability of object parts. In the label condition, infants’ categorization performance was linked to their relative attention to commonalities. Moreover, the commonality focus persisted after learning even in the absence of labels. These findings constitute the first experimental evidence that labels induce a persistent focus on commonalities.
Use of incretin agents and risk of pancreatic cancer: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Knapen L. M. , van Dalem J. , Keulemans Y. C. , van Erp N. P. , Bazelier M. T. , De Bruin M. L. , Leufkens H. G. M. , Croes S. , Neef C. , de Vries F. , Driessen J. H. M. 
Published: November 2015

AimTo investigate the association between the use of incretin agents and the risk of pancreatic cancer.MethodsA retrospective population‐based cohort study, using data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, 2007–2012, was conducted. Patients (n = 182 428) with at least one non‐insulin antidiabetic drug (NIAD) prescription and aged ≥18 years during data collection, were matched one‐to‐one to control patients without diabetes. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and a new user design were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of pancreatic cancer in incretin users (n = 28 370) compared with control subjects without diabetes and other NIAD‐treated patients. Time‐dependent adjustments were made for age, sex, lifestyle, comorbidities and drug use.ResultsThe mean duration of follow‐up was 4.1 years for incretin users. Current NIAD use was associated with a fourfold increased risk of pancreatic cancer [HR 4.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.49–5.24]. This risk was almost doubled among current incretin users as compared with control subjects. Incretin use was not associated with pancreatic cancer when compared with control subjects with diabetes (HR 1.36, 95% CI 0.94–1.96); however, the ‘new user’ design did show an association between incretin use and pancreatic cancer when compared with control subjects with diabetes. In both cohorts with prevalent and incident users of antidiabetic drugs, the risk of pancreatic cancer almost doubled in those who had recently initiated incretin therapy (up to seven prescriptions), whereas this elevated risk dropped to baseline levels with prolonged use.ConclusionsWe found that incretin use was not associated with pancreatic cancer after adjustment for the severity of the underlying Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The elevated risk of pancreatic cancer in those recently initiating incretin agents is likely to be caused by protopathic bias or other types of unknown distortion. The presence of considerable confounding by disease severity and the lack of a duration‐of‐use relationship do not support a causal explanation for the association between incretin agents and pancreatic cancer.
Comparison of a standalone consumer grade smartphone with a specialist inertial measurement unit for quantification of movement symmetry in the trotting horse
Authors: Pfau T. , Weller R. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryReasons for performing studyEquine inertial measurement unit (IMU) gait analysis has gained in popularity for use in horses. Similar transducers are now found in consumer grade smartphones. However, to date there are no scientific data evaluating their use for assessment of movement (a)symmetry in the horse.ObjectivesTo establish limits of agreement (LoA, mean difference ±2 s.d.) between a validated specialist IMU system and IMU data collected with a consumer grade smartphone for quantification of movement symmetry and range of motion (ROM) of pelvic movement in the trotting horse.Study designMethod comparison study based on quantitative gait data.MethodsTwenty horses were equipped with a specialist IMU (MTw, Xsens) and a consumer grade smartphone (Apple iPhone6), both securely attached immediately in front of one another in the midline over the sacrum. Horses were trotted in‐hand and lunged on both reins on a soft arena surface. Median values for movement symmetry and ROM were determined over a series of strides for each exercise condition. Data collection was repeated in 6 horses to determine the effect of mediolateral sensor positioning on outcome parameters.ResultsValid data from 17 horses resulted in LoA values of ‐3.7 ± 9.2 mm for MinDiff (difference between left and right hind mid stance), ‐0.6 ± 6.0 mm for MaxDiff (difference between left and right hind propulsion) and ‐0.8 ± 7.4 mm for ROM across horses and exercises. LoAs were narrower for straight line exercise and the negative bias was considerably reduced when moving the smartphone to the right of the midline.ConclusionsThe consumer grade smartphone provided meaningful gait data in horses: LoAs in particular for in‐hand exercise and when adjusting the mediolateral positioning are similar to published asymmetry thresholds. Owing to the sensitivity to mediolateral positioning, particular care should be taken when placing an IMU over the midline of the horse.
Development of the faecal microbiota in foals
Authors: Costa M. C. , Stämpfli H. R. , Allen‐Vercoe E. , Weese J. S. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryReasons for performing studyThe intestinal microbiota is a complex polymicrobial ecosystem that exerts extremely important roles in the development and maintenance of health. Recently, as new sequencing technologies have become more available, there has been a revolution in the understanding of the equine intestinal microbiota. However, studies characterising the pioneer intestinal bacteria colonising foals and its development over time are still limited.ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to characterise the intestinal bacterial colonisation of newborn foals and to follow individual animals over time until age 9 months.Study designLongitudinal study.MethodsEleven pregnant mares from one farm were enrolled and faecal samples were collected longitudinally from mares and foals during their first day post partum and again periodically until foals were age 9 months. The V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform.ResultsNewborn foals had a rich and diverse bacterial community, which was mainly comprised of the Firmicutes phylum with several low abundant genera being unique at this age. Foals aged 2–30 days had significantly decreased diversity compared to older animals, with the majority of organisms classified as Akkermansia spp. After 60 days of life, the intestinal microbiota structure tended to remain stable, but differences in community membership were still present between 9‐month‐old animals and mature mares. Several differences at the phylum level were observed between different ages, including a higher abundance of Fibrobacteres after weaning.ConclusionsThe intestinal microbiota of the equine newborn is already complex by the first day of life. Microbiota adaptation occurs during the first month and the microbiota of foals older than 60 days resemble the mother's microbiota, although differences in community membership are still present.
Factors associated with outcome and gradual improvement in survival over time in 1065 equine neonates admitted to an intensive care unit
Authors: Giguère S. , Weber E. J. , Sanchez L. C. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryReasons for performing studyThere is a paucity of information regarding the association between common disorders and outcome over time in a large population of ill equine neonates.ObjectivesTo describe the relative frequency of neonatal disorders in a large population of foals admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit, to determine the disorders and factors associated with nonsurvival and determine if the outcome of ill neonatal foals has improved over time.Study designRetrospective study.MethodsCases were selected from equine neonatal (≤14 days of age) admissions between 1982 and 2008. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the disorders, clinical parameters and laboratory variables associated with nonsurvival or natural death and assess survival over time after accounting for potential confounding variables.ResultsA total of 1065 foals were included in the study. Overall, 775 of 1065 (72.8%) foals survived to be discharged from the hospital and 290 (27.2%) foals were nonsurvivors. Age at admission, sepsis score, proportion of foals with positive blood cultures and proportion of survivors were significantly different (P<0.001) between primary disease categories. Variables retained in the multivariable model for nonsurvival included positive blood culture, neutrophils <2.28 × 109/l, temperature ≤37.6°C, bicarbonate,PCO2, presence of infectious orthopaedic disorders and sepsis score. The adjusted odds of survival for foals admitted in the 2000s were approximately 3.4 (95%CI= 1.9–6.0, P<0.001) times higher than that of foals admitted in the 1980s.ConclusionsPrimary disorders, sepsis, temperature, acid base status and neutropenia are the main factors that affect outcome in this population of equine neonates. The survival of foals admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit has increased dramatically over a 26 year period.
Virological characteristics of hepatitis B genotype G/A2 recombination virus in Japan
Authors: Tsuzuki Yuji , Watanabe Tsunamasa , Iio Etsuko , Fujisaki Seiichiro , Ibe Shiro , Kani Satomi , Hamada‐Tsutsumi Susumu , Yokomaku Yoshiyuki , Iwatani Yasumasa , Sugiura Wataru , Okuse Chiaki , Okumura Akihiko , Sato Yoshihisa , Tanaka Yasuhito 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimWe identified four cases of infection with hepatitis B virus genotype G and A2 recombinant (HBV/G/A2) strains, which were initially overlooked by enzyme immunoassay‐based genotyping. The patients were all men who have sex with men (MSM) and inhabited several metropolitan areas of Japan, suggesting that the recombinant strains may be circulating among high‐risk groups such as MSM. Here, we investigated the genomic structure and virological properties of the HBV/G/A2 strains.MethodsComplete genome sequences of the isolates were determined and phylogenetically analyzed. Replication efficiency of HBV/G/A2 was investigated by transfecting plasmids containing 1.24‐fold viral genome. The in vivo viral kinetics of HBV/G/A2 were investigated using chimeric mice with humanized livers.ResultsPhylogenetic analysis revealed that the four strains were almost identical (>99.7% homologous). The preS2/S region of these strains was highly homologous to that of genotype A2 and the remaining region was almost identical to that of genotype G, reflecting inter‐genotypic recombination. Interestingly, in all four cases, genotype A was co‐infected as a minor population. In vitro analysis revealed that HBV/G/A2 had a low replication rate. Although detectable viremia was not measurable following the inoculation of HBV/G/A2 into chimeric mice, subsequent superinfection of HBV genotype A greatly enhanced HBV/G/A2 replication and viral spread.ConclusionWe found that four cases of HBV/G/A2 recombinant among MSM patients in the metropolitan areas of Japan, and HBV/A co‐infections are required for its efficient replication. High‐risk groups such as MSM should be carefully tested for infection of genotype G‐derived variants.