bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Precise Process Safety Information: The Fundamental Building Block for a Strong Safety Management Program
Authors: Laskar Sandipan 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Process safety has become one of the inevitable elements in keeping businesses in various industries sustainable. Various industries have suffered painful lessons from incidents and have taken steps to prevent similar tragedies from re-occurring. The Bhopal incident in 1984 and the more recent Deepwater Horizon incident are few examples which show the catastrophic impact of process safety related incidents. Although eliminating risk entirely is not feasible, especially in handling highly hazardous chemicals, recent progress in process safety has improved safety performance through recognizing the risk and implementing safety measures to prevent or mitigate catastrophic consequences.
A safety management system provides a systematic way to identify hazards and control risks while maintaining assurance that these risk controls are effective. The main objective of any safety management program is to reduce the risk to a level that is as low as is reasonably practicable. Although all of the elements of a safety management program are important, one of the core requirements is maintaining accurate process safety information. If these data are not maintained, discrepancies cannot be identified during the Process Hazard Analysis or Pre Startup Safety Reviews, Procedures and Training elements will be based on incorrect information, and loss of containment or other catastrophic events could result from problems with Hot Work, Mechanical Integrity, and other elements. This paper proposes a new methodology to ensure proper documentation of the critical systems and introduces a three phase system to ensure correct, up-to-date process safety information. The paper illustrates how up-to-date process safety information leverages overall process safety management program and provides a list of frequently used process equipments along with the available RAGAGEP for design, inspection and testing.
The paper will assist facility personnel to utilize good engineering practice in design and documentation of critical systems, to meet both onshore and offshore process safety requirements, and to develop consistent company best practices for process safety management. In addition to the documentation methodology, the three phase approach furnishes a company with an effective tool for designing, developing and implementing a PSI program that will not only be in compliance with regulation, but will provide a basis for maintaining process, production and facility equipments in a reliable and safe operating condition.
Searching for Safety Management Headlights
Authors: Veley Carl 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Managers cannot guide a business solely with a balance sheet. That is like trying to drive looking only in the rearview mirror. They need ‘headlight’ indicators such as market forecasts, recruitment prospects, and competition reports to guide their future. In the safety arena, Managers rely on trailing indicators – rearview mirrors based on frequency and severity of past accidents. Efforts to produce reliable leading indicators for accident prevention headlights have been published for many years (Heinrich, 1931) but they have had limited success and are generally based on assumptions that have been largely discredited (Manuele, 2011).
One leading indicator proposed at previous SPE International Conferences (Veley, 2002 and Veley et al, 2004) has been applied to varying extents by several companies. It involved categorizing stated corrective actions using standard management theory definitions for: 1) direct action, 2) supervision, and 3) management. Points were awarded accordingly, averaged, and modified with minor adjustments to produce an index reflecting overall problem solving effectiveness. Managers have used this index to set safety goals and standards (Ritchie, 2012), but that approach has serious flaws.
Initially this metric seemed to be the long-sought management headlights because it is derived from corrective actions and is linked to probability of accidents happening in the future. After analyzing several thousand accident reports where this metric had guided corrective action generations, the author found that it had side effects that caused subtle but serious harm. Safety headlights are still needed to show if the road ahead is getting better or worse, and measurements based on the worth of corrective actions would seem to have the best chance of meeting that need, if the undesirable side effects can be eliminated. An objective of this paper is to show how that can be achieved.
Safety Transformation: The Challenge of Change to Become an Injury-Free Organization
Authors: Thanajaro Thananan 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Montara incident in 2009 is a wakeup call for SSHE transformation in PTTEP. In 2011, corporate SSHE had an organizational reform to strengthen the corporate oversight and to support PTTEP growth in international arena. The "Step Change in SSHE" program has then been introduced based on the core beliefs that the goal of zero injury is achievable and SSHE is a core value that must be integrated into every aspect of the business. The program targets leadership and commitment at all levels, strategic SSHE communication, management system and staff engagement, all of which to create common understanding and shift the company SSHE culture in which all staff are treated with trust and respect. The program is committed to achieving an LTI-free organization by 2013.
Through the comprehensive 5-Act Step Change in SSHE program, new campaigns are introduced and existing campaigns are reinforced. The safety leadership workshop was implemented for CEO and top management to brainstorm and make a commitment towards company SSHE direction. SSHE moment in all meetings has adopted to encourage the concept of SSHE is everybody’s responsibility. SSHE Management System has been improved to ensure the minimum requirements in managing SSHE. New SSHE KPIs structure, which KPIs are assigned to all levels from CEO to individuals, has been implemented throughout the company. The main elements are the incorporation of leading and lagging indicators of personal safety as well as process safety. SSHE climate survey was also conducted to measure the level of SSHE Culture based on Safety Cultural Maturity Model. The average survey result was 3.3 (scale 0-5). With the appropriate interventions, PTTEP aims for 4+ in 2014.
At the end of 2011, the program has proved to reduce the overall company statistics, especially LTIF which reduced by 40% from 2010. This is a remarkable step towards an LTI-free organization by 2013.
The Step Change in SSHE journey will be profoundly continued. Top management leadership and everyone’s commitment are the most important parts of our success. We need to build effective and sustained compliance culture to underpin our License to Operate.
Integrating Social Performance Management: A Comparison with HSE Performance Management
Authors: Snodgrass Mary Beth , Milius Soledad , Howard Joanne , Energy Spectra , Hafner Colby 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The discourse on social performance in the extractive industries has advanced considerably over the past decade. However, when it comes to integrating social performance into organizational cultures and practices, significant challenges remain for many extractive companies. This article aims to provide practical insights and recommendations on how to improve social performance integration by drawing comparisons with health, safety and environment (HSE) performance.
Companies are just beginning to understand the benefits of and savings associated with managing social performance. The advanced integration of HSE into budgets and daily activities is due, in part, to the fact that managing health, safety and certain aspects of environmental issues can have more readily observable financial savings and rewards for companies. In contrast, proactive, fit-for-purpose management of social risk and performance pays off in the long-term but can be uncomfortable and challenging in the short-term.
Extractive companies could improve their social performance by drawing on lessons learned from HSE’s integration into company culture and practices. These lessons come from two key areas: risk-based approaches and winning the hearts and minds of employees.
Why Culture Matters
Authors: Duhon Howard 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Over the past 20 to 30 years the safety culture of the oil patch has changed dramatically resulting in large decreases in accident and injury frequency. Additional changes in culture might achieve further gains. Though engineers and managers understand that culture matters, most will have only vague ideas about what culture is, what it does that is important and how it might be improved.
The paper addresses culture based on several key concepts including:
Culture is learned. There are cognitive and social limits to the kinds of cultural attributes we can learn. Most learning in the areas of culture is tacit rather than explicit. Team dynamics impact learning by individuals in a group. Culture is created by leaders. Managers manage within a culture.
The paper weaves together important insights from leading researchers in several fields of study including:
Schein - organizational culture and leadership Argyris, Schon – action science Barron, Kerr – team dynamics Shelley, Fisk - social cognition Klein – naturalistic decision making Weick – sensemaking Edward Wilson – social evolution Taylor, Van Every – pragmatics (communication theory)
This paper provides background information for those interested in improving the culture of their company and/or of the industry and attempts to answer the question "Why does culture matter?"
A Tool Case Study on the Application and Benefits of Alternate Energy Supply Technologies
Authors: Rowbottom R. A , Kuykendall D. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The global issues related to greenhouse gas emissions, cost of electricity, and reliability of electrical supply are driving companies to evaluate options for alternative energy sources to power facilities. A robust screening tool was necessary to identify whether more environmentally sound and cost effective options were available to meet facility energy needs. This paper outlines the development, application and advantages of an alternate energy generation assessment tool for determining the feasibility of installing co generation and/or self generation to provide electrical power at company owned facilities. This tool, which is quick and easy to use, provides significant advantages over the traditional approach of engineering studies, which are often time consuming and expensive.
The tool evaluates various factors to compare utility provided power to other options including fuel cells, photovoltaic, and natural gas turbines. The power supply types are evaluated against a number of criteria including feasibility, energy quality, greenhouse gas emissions, cost, payback period and other factors.
To be a global assessment tool, the format needs to be adaptable to various conditions regarding supply and reliability in diverse power supply markets.
The application of the "alternate energy cogeneration tool" to various operation facilities in a global setting will be discussed. A case study will be outlined that concluded with the selection of a 300kW natural gas fuel cell at a facility. This resulted in annual savings of $477K in purchased electrical power and reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 1,578 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).
Calculations of greenhouse gas emissions (CO2e) will be detailed to show how to capture the environmental advantages of co-generation and self generation applications utilizing an internal carbon reporting system. These environmental benefits can be incorporated in overall sustainability reporting by the user, both internally and externally.
Community-Driven Development: A New Approach to Social Development in the Niger Delta
Authors: Reider Susan 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Global Memorandum of Understanding (GMOU) process was initiated in 2005 by Chevron Nigeria Ltd. (CNL) as a significant departure from prior operating experience in the Niger Delta. Previously, the company’s community relations spend primarily targeted "host communities" and involved relatively large, signature projects like schools and hospital buildings. Serious conflict between "have" and "have-not" communities, and between communities and the company, had been escalating for years. The new approach, based on a community-driven development model, was intended to deliver equitable and sustainable social investments, build capacity in civil society and promote peace and security. This paper will describe the model, as well as programs for training and capacity-building, governance, planning and field research.
CNL’s model of community-driven development was based on earlier efforts by Great Britain’s Department for International Development (DfID) and the Ford Foundation. The GMOU effort represented the model’s first application in the international oil sector, as well as in Nigeria on a large scale.
By 2007, 72 projects had been implemented in 50 communities. By 2011, 200 projects were completed. The three-year GMOUs have been renewed twice and conflict around Chevron facilities has been considerably reduced. These results can be attributed to several factors: the community-driven development model, up-front investment in training and capacity-building, transparent engagement with government at all levels, and long-term commitment to the process by all major stakeholders. The results also indicate that, in extreme poverty areas, social investment may have a more lasting, measurable and direct impact on beneficiaries when funds are directed to projects that enjoy a high level of community "ownership," rather than to large-scale initiatives.
Community-driven development planning, coupled with transparent governance, can be used in other West African, Southeast Asian and Latin American locations where oil companies are considering social investments. It may be especially relevant in situations where traditional development approaches have failed and company operations are negatively impacted by local conflict.
Case Studies Demonstrating Sustainability and Risk Evaluations in Environmental Due Diligence for Upstream Oil and Gas Transactions in Alberta
Authors: Nicholas L. , Lozier W. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Recent advances in the unconventional oil & gas plays have resulted in increased investment activities in the upstream space aimed at monetizing large acreage lease holdings as well as cash management to fund exploration and development of new plays. Often these transactions involve the global investment community at both the private and government owned company level. Coupled with these transactions, Global corporations are moving from a narrow view of environmental health and safety (EHS) management to a holistic Corporate and Social Governance (CSG) approach that includes EHS as just one component of managing a sustainable and profitable business. To compete successfully, it is critical that investors understand the implications of CSG risk management strategies and their impact on sustainable business growth plans.
Traditional due diligence activities have focused on quantifying and minimizing EHS impairment liabilities, at best considering a snap shot of current conditions and regulatory operating status. This is due to the fact that the cash flows of established operations are well understood. However, for upstream oil and gas plays with little to no operational assets, the most significant risks are not environmental impairment but rather are the environmental and sustainability risks that could affect asset development. Further, most oil and gas investments involve vast amounts of land and leaseholds, often at various stages within the project life cycle, for which traditional ASTM type due diligence methodologies are not practical.
This paper uses case studies involving due diligence for acquisitions in the Alberta oil reserves to illustrate a forward-looking assessment methodology for evaluating key non-technical risks such as community relations, water availability and management, sustainable risk management strategies, and reclamation planning. The case studies demonstrate how the results of the due diligence activities were incorporated into the financial models for the investment, allowing the investors to more fully understand the potential risks and opportunities associated with the acquisitions and asset development and incorporate these into their financial models.
The approaches used in these case studies represent a significant and important shift in thought processes around risk evaluation and prioritization during due diligence.
Optimizing Drilling Waste Treatment to Meet Discharge Criteria
Authors: Massam Karen , Andrade Diana , Mueller Frank 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Regulations governing offshore discharge are increasingly stringent and diverse, varying between country, legislative framework and type of discharge. One major waste stream is the slop generated during the drilling operation, which is collected in the rig drain systems or in surface pits. The slops come from multiple sources, vary widely in composition and are therefore challenging to treat to meet the discharge regulations of a global market.
Slops are formed when drilling or displacement fluids, wash water from routine cleaning operations or rain water runoff become contaminated with drilling fluid components. The slops are captured, either in surface pits or through the rig drain system and collected in storage tanks. Chemical and physical treatments can be used to treat this stream to minimize the volume and cost of disposal, but due to the complex and varied nature of the slop stream, treatment methods must be tailored. Optimal solutions should treat the stream to recover and recycle any drilling fluid. Water should be separated and treated to meet the discharge criteria. In this way the total volume of waste requiring disposal can be significantly reduced.
This paper will present a review of the discharge criteria relating to drilling slop waste, highlighting the variations seen between countries. The paper will discuss how this variability, together with the slop chemical characteristics, impacts optimum treatment methods. Examples will be provided of successful treatments of a variety of slop wastes, where both chemical and physical treatment was successfully applied to meet a range of discharge criteria from oil content to complex organic analysis.
Understanding slop treatment and the multitude of discharge regulations that can be applied will permit the optimal solution for slop treatment to be selected to minimize waste and maximize reuse whilst ensuring compliance to the required environmental regulations.
Gas Transport Characteristics in Membrane Reactors for Environmental Applications
Authors: Kajama Mohammed N. , Gobina Edward 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Silica composite membrane was obtained by the repeated dipping method from a 30 nm y-Al2O3 membrane. Gas permeation behaviour was obtained from the gases (N2, CO2, O2, CH4, H2, and He) at a permeation temperature of 298 K and an average pressure between (1.03 - 3.50 Pa). Single gas permeance and permeability of the membrane was calculated in this experiment. This silica composite membrane showed permeability of up to (10-7 - 10-8 mol m/m2 s-1 Pa-1) for the gases (N2, CH4, and H2) after the 5th dip at permeation temperature of 298 K. Gas permeabilities through the silica membrane followed the order of their designated molecular weight written as (H2 &gt; CH4 &gt; N2 &gt; O2) which is (2 &gt; 16 &gt; 28 &gt; 32 g/mol), and attributed to Knudsen flow transport mechanism. The permeance of gas molecules (N2, CO2, O2, H2, He and CH4) on the membrane was also obtained for up to three number of dippings at permeation temperature of 298 K and an average pressure of (1.15 - 1.50 Pa). However, the result shows that gas permeance decreases as the number of dipping increases. The results shows an outstanding regression fit (R2 = 0.9989, 0.9966, 0.9958, 0.9939 and 0.9925) at 2nd dip for the gas molecules (N2, CO2, CH4, H2 and O2) which also confirms Knudsen flow mechanism where the interactions of molecule-pore wall are more significant.
Analyzing Production Data From Hydraulically Fractured Wells: The Concept of Induced Permeability Field
Authors: Fuentes-Cruz Gorgonio , Gildin Eduardo , Valkó Peter P. 
Published: June 2014

Summary
This work introduces a new model for the production-decline analysis (PDA) of hydraulically fractured wells on the basis of the concept of the induced permeability field. We consider the case when the hydraulic-fracturing operation—in addition to establishing the fundamental linear-flow geometry in the drainage volume—alters the ability of the formation to conduct fluids throughout, but with varying degrees depending on the distance from the main fracture plane. We show that, under these circumstances, the reservoir response departs from the uniform-permeability approach significantly.
The new model differs from the once promising group of models that are inherently related to power-law-type variation of the permeability-area product and thus are burdened by a mathematical singularity inside the fracture. The analysis of field cases reveals that the induced permeability field can be properly represented by a linear or exponential function characterized by the maximal induced permeability k0 and the threshold permeability k*. Both these permeabilities are induced (superimposed on the formation) by the hydraulic-fracturing treatment; thus, the model can be considered as a simple, but nontrivial, formalization of the intuitive stimulated-reservoir-volume (SRV) concept.
It is quite reasonable to assume that the maximum happens at the fracture face and that the minimum happens at the outer boundary of the SRV. The contrast between maximal and minimal permeability, SR = k0/k*, will be of considerable interest, and thus, we introduce a new term for it: stimulation ratio (SR). Knowledge of these parameters is crucial in evaluating the effectiveness of today's intensively stimulated well completions, especially multifractured horizontal wells in shale gas. The approach describes, in a straightforward manner, the production performance of such wells exhibiting transient linear flow and late-time boundary-dominated flow affected also by a skin effect (i.e., by an additional pressure drop in the system characterized by linear dependence on production rate).
This work provides the induced-permeability-field model within the single-medium concept, and shows that some features widely believed to require a dual-medium (double-porosity) representation are already present. Advantages and drawbacks related to applying the concept in a dual-medium approach will be discussed in an upcoming work. We present the model and its analytical solution in Laplace space. We provide type curves for decline-curve analysis, closed-form approximate solutions in the time domain, field examples, and practical guidelines for the analysis of commonly occurring production characteristics of massively stimulated reservoirs.