bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative studies on the chemical and enzymatic stability of alpha‐ and beta‐arbutin
Authors: Avonto C. , Wang Y.‐H. , Avula B. , Wang M. , Rua D. , Khan I. A. 
Published: September 2015

SynopsisObjectiveThe aim of this study was to establish a comparative analysis of the chemical and enzymatic stability of α‐ and β‐arbutins as potential sources of the substance of concern hydroquinone (HQ). The study was performed using an array of techniques including HPLC‐PDA, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and optical rotation (OR). Both arbutins are emerging as popular and effective skin whiteners, acting as tyrosinase inhibitors in a fashion similar to the popular whitening agent HQ. Due to their structural similarity to the regulated agent HQ, both arbutins may be regarded as potential sources of the active aglycone after chemical or metabolic conversion.MethodsVarious cosmetic formulations including creams, sera, gels and lotions were analysed by HPLC‐PDA for their arbutin and HQ content in freshly opened and aged samples stored for 16 months. Solutions of pure compounds were also aged and periodically checked for degradation products using 1D and 2D NMR experiments and OR measurements. The metabolic stability was investigated using pear peels as a biological model.ResultsBoth arbutins were found to be stable in water and methanol solutions in the absence of buffer or stabilizers. Their stability in cosmetic formulations, however, was found to depend on the type of formulation and pH. Both compounds were unstable under strong hydrolytic conditions, with consequent release of HQ. Enzymatic instability of both arbutins was also observed, although no formation of HQ was observed under the chosen experimental conditions.ConclusionBoth arbutins were found to possess similar stability profiles, and to be more prone to in vivo rather than in chemico degradation, although no HQ was found after enzymatic hydrolysis. Also, no epimerization was observed in any of the tested conditions. Diverse experimental approaches can be applied to analyse the chemical and enzymatic stability of arbutins in regard to the potential release of HQ in different types of preparations. These result showed the potential use of NMR and OR as complementary investigative tools for the stability and safety assessment of arbutin along with more established HPLC methods.
A mixed method thematic review: the importance of hope to the dying patient
Authors: Broadhurst Kathleen , Harrington Ann 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimTo review the literature and investigate the meaning of hope to patients receiving palliative care and to examine the themes that foster hope in those patients.BackgroundHope is often linked to the future and is a significant factor for patients dealing with adversity, such as a terminal illness. The concept of hope is underreported in the literature.DesignMixed method thematic review.Data sourcesCINAHL, Scopus, PsychINFO, Informit, PubMed, Science Direct, ProQuest, Web of Science and Google Scholar online databases were searched using keywords and inclusion and exclusion criteria published between 2003–2013.Review methodsTwelve qualitative articles were thematically analysed using Braun and Clarke's () steps to ascertain major themes and sub‐themes. On analysis, the remaining three mixed method studies were found to reflect the themes generated by the qualitative studies.ResultsSeven key themes that increased hope were found: disease status; positive personal relationships; positive character traits; quality of life; setting and achieving goals; spirituality/religion; and hope after death.ConclusionThe importance of hope to dying patients was established. Hope is a very complex and personal phenomena requiring hope‐enhancing strategies to be individualized. More research is needed with groups whose culture, youth or type of illness may affect their ability to foster and maintain hope.
From Framework to Practice: Person‐Directed Planning in the Real World
Authors: Martin Lynn , Grandia Philip , Ouellette‐Kuntz Hélène , Cobigo Virginie 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundPerson‐directed planning (PDP) is an approach to planning supports that aims to redistribute power from the service system to individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and natural supports, improve relationships and build community. To do this, the right people with the right attitudes engaging in the right actions are needed. This paper examines how key elements in PDP contribute to successes in planning.Materials/MethodsResearchers worked with three planning teams from different community service agencies using participatory action research techniques (i.e. free list and pile sort, Socratic wheel, whys/hows exercise).ResultsMost key elements of PDP were relevant to each team. Perceptions of which had most contributed to planning successes differed.ConclusionsThe various elements of PDP are used by and useful to planning teams, although some may be more relevant to some successes than others because of specific goals, or the person's strengths and needs.
Superinfection and the coevolution of parasite virulence and host recovery
Authors: Kada S. , Lion S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractParasite strategies of host exploitation may be affected by host defence strategies and multiple infections. In particular, within‐host competition between multiple parasite strains has been shown to select for higher virulence. However, little is known on how multiple infections could affect the coevolution between host recovery and parasite virulence. Here, we extend a coevolutionary model introduced by van Baalen (Proc. R. Soc. B, 265, 1998, 317) to account for superinfection. When the susceptibility to superinfection is low, we recover van Baalen's results and show that there are two potential evolutionary endpoints: one with avirulent parasites and poorly defended hosts, and another one with high virulence and high recovery. However, when the susceptibility to superinfection is above a threshold, the only possible evolutionary outcome is one with high virulence and high investment into defence. We also show that within‐host competition may select for lower host recovery, as a consequence of selection for more virulent strains. We discuss how different parasite and host strategies (superinfection facilitation, competitive exclusion) as well as demographic and environmental parameters, such as host fecundity or various costs of defence, may affect the interplay between multiple infections and host–parasite coevolution. Our model shows the interplay between coevolutionary dynamics and multiple infections may be affected by crucial mechanistic or ecological details.
Factor structure and aetiological architecture of the BRIEF: A twin study
Authors: Little Callie W. , Taylor Jeanette , Moltisanti Allison , Ennis Chelsea , Hart Sara A. , Schatschneider Chris 
Published: September 2015

Executive function is a broad construct that encompasses various processes involved in goal‐directed behaviour in non‐routine situations (Banich, 2009). The present study uses a sample of 560 5‐ to 16‐year‐old twin pairs (M = 11.14, SD = 2.53): 219 monozygotic twin pairs (114 female; 105 male) and 341 dizygotic twin pairs (136 female, 107 male; 98 opposite sex) to extend prior literature by providing information about the factor structure and the genetic and environmental architecture of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF; Gioia et al., 2000, Child Neuropsychol., 6, 235; Gioia et al., 2000, Behavior rating inventory of executive function, Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources), a multifaceted rating scale of everyday executive functions. Phenotypic results revealed a 9‐scale, 3‐factor model best represents the BRIEF structure within the current sample. Results of the genetically sensitive analyses indicated the presence of rater bias/contrast effects for the Initiate, Working Memory, and Task‐Monitor scales. Additive genetic and non‐shared environmental influences were present for the Initiate, Plan/Organize, Organization of Materials, Shift, and Monitor and Self‐Monitor scales. Influences on Emotional Control were solely environmental. Interestingly, the aetiological architecture observed was similar to that of performance‐based measures of executive function. This observed similarity provided additional evidence for the usefulness of the BRIEF as a measure of ‘everyday’ executive function.
Micro RNAs mir‐106a, mir‐122 and mir‐197 are increased in severe acute viral hepatitis with coagulopathy
Authors: Weseslindtner Lukas , Macheleidt Iris , Eischeid Hannah , Strassl Robert , Hofer Harald , Popow‐Kraupp Theresia , Dienes Hans‐Peter , Holzmann Heidemarie , Odenthal Margarete 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsThe severity of acute viral hepatitis, which may be caused by several distinct viruses, varies among individual patients. In rare cases, severe hepatic injury with sudden loss of liver function may occur, which is clinically indicated by the occurrence of coagulopathy or encephalopathy. As the molecular mechanisms of this liver injury are largely unknown, we investigated extracellular micro RNA (miRNA) profiles in 54 patients acutely infected with one of four different hepatotropic viruses, in order to identify those miRNAs which indicate severe viral hepatitis associated with coagulopathy.MethodsFirst, the profile of miRNAs was extensively analysed using a microarray‐based approach in highly characterized 24 patients, matched in terms of sex, age and level of liver enzymes, as well as in three healthy controls. The cohort included samples from 18 patients with moderate and six individuals with severe hepatitis, indicated by abnormal prothrombin time and higher alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin levels. miRNAs found to be upregulated in severe hepatitis were then quantified by real‐time PCR in the expanded cohort of 54 patients.ResultsComprehensive microarray‐based miRNA profiling identified upregulation of mir‐106a, mir‐122 and mir‐197 in patients with severe acute viral hepatitis with coagulopathy, as compared to patients who did not develop coagulopathy. mir‐106a, mir‐122 and mir‐197 were then proven to be significantly upregulated in patients with severe acute viral hepatitis by quantitative real‐time PCR (P < 0.01, Mann–Whitney U‐test).Conclusionsmir‐106a, mir‐122 and mir‐197 could be potential markers for severe acute viral hepatitis associated with coagulopathy.
Splenectomy enhances the therapeutic effect of adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cell infusion on cirrhosis rats
Authors: Tang Wei‐Ping , Akahoshi Tomohiko , Piao Jing‐Shu , Narahara Sayoko , Murata Masaharu , Kawano Takahito , Hamano Nobuhito , Ikeda Tetsuo , Hashizume Makoto 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsClinical studies suggest that splenectomy improves liver function in cirrhotic patients, but the influence of splenectomy on stem cell transplantation is poorly understood. This study investigated the effect of splenectomy on stem cell infusion and elucidated its mechanism.MethodsRat adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells were infused into cirrhosis rats with or without splenectomy, followed by the assessment of the in vivo distribution of stem cells and pathological changes. Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 and hepatocyte growth factor expression were also investigated in splenectomized cirrhosis patients and rats.ResultsSplenectomy, prior to cell infusion, improved liver function and suppressed fibrosis progression more efficiently than cell infusion alone in the experimental cirrhosis model. Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 and hepatocyte growth factor levels after splenectomy were increased in patients and rats. These upregulated cytokines significantly facilitated stem cell motility, migration and proliferation in vitro. C‐X‐C chemokine receptor type 4 neutralization weakened the promotion of cell migration by these cytokines. The infused cells integrated into liver fibrosis septa and participated in regeneration more efficiently in splenectomized rats. Direct coculture with stem cells led to inhibition of hepatic stellate cell proliferation. In addition, hepatocyte growth factor induced hepatic stellate cell apoptosis via the c‐jun N‐terminal kinase‐p53 pathway.ConclusionsSplenectomy prior to cell infusion enhanced the therapeutic effect of stem cells on cirrhosis, which involved upregulation of stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 and hepatocyte growth factor after splenectomy.
Right Ventricular Angiogenesis is an Early Adaptive Response to Chronic Hypoxia‐Induced Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Kolb Todd M. , Peabody Jacelyn , Baddoura Philip , Fallica Jon , Mock Jason R. , Singer Benjamin D. , D'Alessio Franco R. , Damarla Mahendra , Damico Rachel L. , Hassoun Paul M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectiveMyocardial angiogenesis is presumed to play a role in RV adaptation to PH, though definitive evidence and functional correlations are lacking. We aimed to use definitive methods to correlate RV angiogenesis, hypertrophy, and function in a murine PH model.MethodsMice were exposed to CH for 21 days to induce PH and RV remodeling. We used unbiased stereology and flow cytometry to quantify angiogenesis and myocyte hypertrophy, and pressure–volume loops to measure RV function.ResultsWithin seven days, RV‐specific increases in total capillary length (10,576 ± 2574 cm vs. 6822 ± 1379 cm; p = 0.02), surface area (10 ± 3.3 cm2 vs. 4.9 ± 1.5 cm2; p = 0.01), and volume (0.0013 ± 0.0005 cm3 vs. 0.0006 ± 0.0001 cm3; p = 0.02) were observed, and RV EC proliferation increased nearly 10‐fold. Continued exposure led to progressive RVH without additional angiogenesis. RV function was preserved, but activation of hypoxia‐dependent gene expression was observed in both ventricles after 21 days.ConclusionsEarly RV remodeling in CH‐PH is associated with RV angiogenesis and preserved RV function. Continued CH‐PH is associated with RVH but not angiogenesis, leading to biventricular activation of hypoxia‐dependent gene expression.
Teaching Collections Management Anthropologically
Authors: Krmpotich Cara 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis article documents the creation of a teaching collection intended to teach and equally interrogate collections management practices and values to graduate‐level museum studies students. The collection is being used to convey to students the ways collections management is an embodied practice and an active area for research. The creation of the collection is discussed as an iterative process through the lens of material culture and museum anthropological analysis, taking into account the objects in the collection, the practices of collections management, and the interactions between students and the growing collection. The iterative process is likewise presented in waves of challenges and partial solutions. [collections management, material culture, museum anthropology]
Devil in The Digital: Ambivalent Results in an Object‐Based Teaching Course
Authors: Turin Mark 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn 2013, I piloted a course in which students used Web‐based tools to explore underdocumented collections of Himalayan materials at Yale University. Through class‐based research and contextualization, I set students the goal of augmenting existing metadata and designing media‐rich, virtual tours of the collections that could be incorporated into the sparse catalogue holdings held within the library system. The process was experimental and had mixed results, as this article documents. The class provided an opportunity for undergraduate students from any discipline to work with objects and primary materials, requiring them to evaluate different sources of information, value, and legitimacy. Learning outcomes were nontraditional and intentionally underscripted. The collaborative and hands‐on approaches toward digitization that de‐emphasized the authority of the instructor were unsettling to some students. [digital humanities, mobile classroom, critical pedagogy, material culture, Himalaya]
Plastid genomes reveal support for deep phylogenetic relationships and extensive rate variation among palms and other commelinid monocots
Authors: Barrett Craig F. , Baker William J. , Comer Jason R. , Conran John G. , Lahmeyer Sean C. , Leebens‐Mack James H. , Li Jeff , Lim Gwynne S. , Mayfield‐Jones Dustin R. , Perez Leticia , Medina Jesus , Pires J. Chris , Santos Cristian , Wm. Stevenson Dennis , Zomlefer Wendy B. , Davis Jerrold I. 
Published: September 2015

Summary

Despite progress based on multilocus, phylogenetic studies of the palms (order Arecales, family Arecaceae), uncertainty remains in resolution/support among major clades and for the placement of the palms among the commelinid monocots. Palms and related commelinids represent a classic case of substitution rate heterogeneity that has not been investigated in the genomic era.

To address questions of relationships, support and rate variation among palms and commelinid relatives, 39 plastomes representing the palms and related family Dasypogonaceae were generated via genome skimming and integrated within a monocot‐wide matrix for phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses.

Support was strong for ‘deep’ relationships among the commelinid orders, among the five palm subfamilies, and among tribes of the subfamily Coryphoideae. Additionally, there was extreme heterogeneity in the plastid substitution rates across the commelinid orders indicated by model based analyses, with c. 22 rate shifts, and significant departure from a global clock.

To date, this study represents the most comprehensively sampled matrix of plastomes assembled for monocot angiosperms, providing genome‐scale support for phylogenetic relationships of monocot angiosperms, and lays the phylogenetic groundwork for comparative analyses of the drivers and correlates of such drastic differences in substitution rates across a diverse and significant clade.
Reproductive failure in Arabidopsis thaliana under transient carbohydrate limitation: flowers and very young siliques are jettisoned and the meristem is maintained to allow successful resumption of reproductive growth
Authors: Lauxmann Martin A. , Annunziata Maria G. , Brunoud Géraldine , Wahl Vanessa , Koczut Andrzej , Burgos Asdrubal , Olas Justyna J. , Maximova Eugenia , Abel Christin , Schlereth Armin , Soja Aleksandra M. , Bläsing Oliver E. , Lunn John E. , Vernoux Teva , Stitt Mark 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe impact of transient carbon depletion on reproductive growth in Arabidopsis was investigated by transferring long‐photoperiod‐grown plants to continuous darkness and returning them to a light–dark cycle. After 2 days of darkness, carbon reserves were depleted in reproductive sinks, and RNA in situ hybridization of marker transcripts showed that carbon starvation responses had been initiated in the meristem, anthers and ovules. Dark treatments of 2 or more days resulted in a bare‐segment phenotype on the floral stem, with 23–27 aborted siliques. These resulted from impaired growth of immature siliques and abortion of mature and immature flowers. Depolarization of PIN1 protein and increased DII‐VENUS expression pointed to rapid collapse of auxin gradients in the meristem and inhibition of primordia initiation. After transfer back to a light–dark cycle, flowers appeared and formed viable siliques and seeds. A similar phenotype was seen after transfer to sub‐compensation point irradiance or CO2. It also appeared in a milder form after a moderate decrease in irradiance and developed spontaneously in short photoperiods. We conclude that Arabidopsis inhibits primordia initiation and aborts flowers and very young siliques in C‐limited conditions. This curtails demand, safeguarding meristem function and allowing renewal of reproductive growth when carbon becomes available again.
Evaluation of the Percutaneous Absorption of Ketamine HCl, Gabapentin, Clonidine HCl, and Baclofen, in Compounded Transdermal Pain Formulations, Using the Franz Finite Dose Model
Authors: Bassani August S. , Banov Daniel 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Objective. This study evaluates the ability of four commonly used analgesics (ketamine HCl, gabapentin, clonidine HCl, and baclofen), when incorporated into two transdermal compounding bases, Lipoderm and Lipoderm ActiveMax, to penetrate human cadaver trunk skin in vitro , using the Franz finite dose model.
Design. In vitro experimental study .
Methods. Ketamine HCl 5% w/w, gabapentin 10% w/w, clonidine HCl 0.2% w/w, and baclofen 2% w/w were compounded into two transdermal bases, Lipoderm and Lipoderm ActiveMax. Each compounded drug formulation was tested on skin from three different donors and three replicate skin sections per donor. The Franz finite dose model was used in this study to evaluate the percutaneous absorption and distribution of drugs within each formulation.
Results. Rapid penetration to peak flux was detected for gabapentin and baclofen at approximately 1 hour after application. Clonidine HCl also had a rapid penetration to peak flux occurring approximately 1 hour after application and had a secondary peak at approximately 40 hours. Ketamine HCl exhibited higher overall absorption rates than the other drugs, and peaked at 6–10 hours. Similar patterns of drug distribution within the skin were also observed using both transdermal bases.
Conclusions. This study suggests that the combination of these 4 analgesic drugs can be successfully delivered transdermally, using either Lipoderm or Lipoderm ActiveMax. Compounded transdermal drug preparations may then provide physicians with an alternative to traditional oral pain management regimens that can be personalized to the specific patient with the potential for enhanced pain control.
Hearing Voices in Different Cultures: A Social Kindling Hypothesis
Authors: Luhrmann Tanya M. , Padmavati R. , Tharoor Hema , Osei Akwasi 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis study compares 20 subjects, in each of three different settings, with serious psychotic disorder (they meet inclusion criteria for schizophrenia) who hear voices, and compares their voice‐hearing experience. We find that while there is much that is similar, there are notable differences in the kinds of voices that people seem to experience. In a California sample, people were more likely to describe their voices as intrusive unreal thoughts; in the South Indian sample, they were more likely to describe them as providing useful guidance; and in our West African sample, they were more likely to describe them as morally good and causally powerful. What we think we may be observing is that people who fall ill with serious psychotic disorder pay selective attention to a constant stream of many different auditory and quasi‐auditory events because of different “cultural invitations”—variations in ways of thinking about minds, persons, spirits and so forth. Such a process is consistent with processes described in the cognitive psychology and psychiatric anthropology literature, but not yet described or understood with respect to cultural variations in auditory hallucinations. We call this process “social kindling.”