bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Qualitative Problem of Major Quotation Errors, as Illustrated by 10 Different Examples in the Headache Literature
Authors: Tfelt‐Hansen Peer 
Published: March 2015

There are two types of errors when references are used in the scientific literature: citation errors and quotation errors, and these errors have in reviews mainly been evaluated quantitatively. Quotation errors are the major problem, and 1 review reported 6% major quotation errors. The objective of this listing of quotation errors is to illustrate by qualitative analysis of different types of 10 major quotation errors how and possibly why authors misquote references.The author selected for review the first 10 different consecutive major quotation errors encountered from his reading of the headache literature.The characteristics of the 10 quotation errors ranged considerably. Thus, in a review of migraine therapy in a very prestigious medical journal, the superiority of a new treatment (sumatriptan) vs an old treatment (aspirin plus metoclopramide) was claimed despite no significant difference for the primary efficacy measure in the trial. One author, in a scientific debate, referred to the lack of dilation of the middle meningeal artery in spontaneous migraine despite the fact that only 1 migraine attack was studied.The possibility for creative major quotation errors in the medical literature is most likely infinite. Qualitative evaluations, as the present, of major quotation errors will hopefully result in more general awareness of quotation problems in the medical literature.Even if the final responsibility for correct use of quotations is with the authors, the referees, the experts with the knowledge needed to spot quotation errors, should be more involved in ensuring correct and fair use of references. Finally, this paper suggests that major misleading quotations, if pointed out by readers of the journal, should, as a rule, be corrected by way of an erratum statement.
Salt Stress Delayed Flowering and Reduced Reproductive Success of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), A Response Associated with Na+ Accumulation in Leaves
Authors: Pushpavalli R. , Quealy J. , Colmer T. D. , Turner N. C. , Siddique K. H. M. , Rao M. V. , Vadez V. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSalinity is known to reduce chickpea yields in several regions of the world. Although ion toxicity associated with salinity leads to yield reductions in a number of other crops, its role in reducing yields in chickpea growing in saline soils is unclear. The purpose of this study was to (i) identify the phenological and yield parameters associated with salt stress tolerance and sensitivity in chickpea and (ii) identify any pattern of tissue ion accumulation that could relate to salt tolerance of chickpea exposed to saline soil in an outdoor pot experiment. Fourteen genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) were used to study yield parameters, of which eight were selected for ion analysis after being grown in soil treated with 0 and 80 mm NaCl. Salinity delayed flowering and the delay was greater in sensitive than tolerant genotypes under salt stress. Filled pod and seed numbers, but not seed size, were associated with seed yield in saline conditions, suggesting that salinity impaired reproductive success more in sensitive than tolerant lines. Of the various tissues measured for concentrations of Cl−, Na+ and K+, higher seed yields in saline conditions were positively correlated with higher K+ concentration in seeds at the mid‐filling stage (R2 = 0.55), a higher K+/Na+ ratio in the laminae of fully expanded young leaves (R2 = 0.50), a lower Na+ concentration in old green leaves (R2 = 0.50) and a higher Cl− concentration in mature seeds. The delay in flowering was associated with higher concentrations of Na+ in the laminae of fully expanded young leaves (R2 = 0.61) and old green leaves (R2 = 0.51). We conclude that although none of the ions appeared to have any toxic effect, Na+ accumulation in leaves was associated with delayed flowering that in turn could have played a role in the lower reproductive success in the sensitive lines.
Exploring the Effect of Arrest Across a Domestic Batterer Typology
Authors: Johnson Richard R. , Goodlin‐Fahncke Wendi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWhile arrest is a common intervention utilized in intimate partner violence, it is not known if this strategy affects all types of offenders equally. The present study used data from three of the Spousal Assault Replication Program (SARP) studies to examine the deterrent effect of arrest on four different batterer subtypes (those identified by Holtzworth‐Munroe and Stuart, 1994) among a sample of 2,412 heterosexual male batterers. The results indicated that arrest increased the recidivism of IPV for two of the batterer subtypes (generally violent/antisocial and low‐level antisocial subtypes), suggesting the need for pre‐trial protection of victims.
Effects of Grape Seed Powder and Whey Protein on Quality Characteristics of Chicken Nuggets
Authors: Kumcuoglu Seher , Cagdas Ece 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this study, two different treatments and their effects on quality characteristics of chicken nuggets after three different cooking procedures were evaluated. Batters containing grape seed powder (GSP) dipped into whey protein solution (WPS) were compared with control (without any treatment) using deep fat frying, conventional oven and microwave oven. Batters contained equal amounts of wheat and corn flours with 5 and 10% GSP. All batters exhibited thixotropic behavior, and the GSP enhanced batters had lower viscosities. The lowest pickup values and highest total color change (ΔE) values were observed in deep fat fried samples. The microwaved samples had higher crispness levels and pickup values but achieved lighter colors that were identical to those of the pre‐fried samples. Samples dipped into WPS provided reduced oil absorption consistent with their moisture contents. The scores for overall acceptability tended to decrease with the increase in GSP amount.Practical ApplicationsThis study shows the effects of grape seed and whey protein solution treatments on batter quality as well as their interaction with cooking procedures. Although negative impressions toward battered and fried food products have been increased, consumers are becoming aware of health and nutritional food concepts. Therefore, new strategies are necessary in order to obtain healthier battered and fried foods without compromising the sensory quality. Grape seed powder is a promising ingredient as well as whey protein solution treatment as a post dip for improving the major components of frying batter in terms of textural properties, flow behavior, oil uptake and batter pickup. The results of this study could be helpful in the development of novel fried nuggets that include natural antioxidants having similar characteristics with grape seed powder.
A Randomised trial to investigate the erosive effect of hot drinks
Authors: Hooper S. M. , Macdonald E. L. , Addy M. , Antognozzi M. , Davies M. , West N. X. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryResearch on dental erosion has largely been undertaken at room temperature despite fruit juice drinks often being consumed at elevated temperatures in the United Kingdom, notably during periods of convalesce. The aim of the study was to evaluate the erosive potential of two fruit juices containing acidic non‐alcoholic drinks at elevated temperatures in situ on human enamel after 5, 10 and 15 days. A commercially available conventional apple and blackcurrant fruit juice drink was compared to a blackcurrant juice drink modified to have low erosive potential, and mineral water consumed at approximately 59 °C. Twenty‐one healthy volunteers aged 18 or over participated in a single‐centre, single‐blind (blinded to the investigator), three‐treatment crossover study. Subjects were randomised to a treatment sequence using a Latin square design. Subjects wore upper removable appliances containing one human enamel specimen from 9 am to 5 pm for 15 days for each beverage. Measurements of enamel loss were recorded after 5, 10 and 15 days by contact surface profilometry. The low erosive blackcurrant drink caused significantly less enamel loss (P < 0·05) than the commercially available conventional apple and blackcurrant fruit juice drink and was not statistically significantly different to mineral water at any of the time points in the study. Consuming the modified low erosive blackcurrant drink at an elevated temperature resulted in negligible enamel loss in situ, consistent with room temperature findings.
Nature and psychological management of anxiety disorders in youth
Authors: Rapee Ronald M 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAnxiety disorders affect around 5% of the paediatric population at any given time and are associated with high social and personal impact. These disorders typically begin early in life, and children with anxiety disorders are at increased risk for a variety of later difficulties across the life‐span. Although causes of anxiety in childhood are not fully understood, there is a strong heritable component. Additional risk factors include temperament, parent psychopathology, parent handling and peer interactions. Psychological treatments have demonstrated good efficacy with around 60% of anxious youth being in diagnostic remission immediately following treatment and a further 10% remitting over the following months. Because young people with anxiety disorders are among the least likely to seek appropriate help, paediatricians are in a unique position to identify anxious young people, educate families and recommend appropriate intervention.
Genetic divergence of weedy rice populations associated with their geographic location and coexisting conspecific crop: Implications on adaptive evolution of agricultural weeds
Authors: Song Zhuo‐Jun , Wang Zhe , Feng Yang , Yao Nan , Yang Ji , Lu Bao‐Rong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWeedy rice, the same biological species of cultivated rice, is a noxious weed that infests rice fields worldwide. To determine the genetic diversity, structure, and relationships of weedy rice in China, we applied insertion/deletion (InDel) molecular fingerprints to analyze weedy rice populations from northeastern to southern rice planting regions, using japonica and indica rice cultivars as references. The InDel fingerprints indicated relatively high overall genetic diversity (He = 0.42) for the 240 samples from 14 weedy rice populations. However, much lower within‐population diversity was detected, particularly for populations from northeastern and southern China, with the He value ranging from 0.006 to 0.06. Jiangsu populations showed much higher within‐population genetic diversity (He = 0.12–0.31) than those from other regions. Analysis of molecular variance and Fst showed ∼88% genetic variation among weedy rice populations. Principal component and structure analyses indicated substantial japonica–indica genetic differentiation of weedy rice populations. Weedy rice from Jiangsu province was undergoing indica–japonica differentiation even within populations, which was likely due to the replacement of indica by japonica rice varieties in this region. In conclusion, significant genetic divergence has taken place among weedy rice populations in China, which is associated with their geographic locations and coexisting rice varieties. Introgression from cultivated rice has a critical role in shaping the genetic diversity and structure of weedy rice populations in agro‐ecosystems influenced by humans.
Antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis E: a systematic review
Authors: Peters van Ton A. M. , Gevers T. J. G. , Drenth J. P. H. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryHepatitis E viral infection can lead to a chronic infection in immunocompromised patients, resulting in progressive liver disease and cirrhosis. Isolated cases have shown that treatment with ribavirin or pegylated interferon‐α can result in viral eradication. This systematic review evaluated efficacy and safety of both treatments in chronic hepatitis E. A systematic literature search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science and clinicaltrials.gov for articles and abstracts. The keywords ‘“Hepatitis E” or HEV’ AND ‘ribavirin or Rebetol or Copegus’ OR ‘pegylated interferon OR peginterferon′ were combined. The primary outcome was sustained viral response (SVR). Secondary endpoints include rapid viral response (RVR), relapse rates and side effects. Twenty‐four studies matched our criteria, representing a total of 105 ribavirin‐treated and 8 pegylated interferon‐treated patients. The majority of patients had a solid organ transplant. Sixty‐four per cent of ribavirin‐treated patients achieved a SVR at 6 months after treatment cessation compared to 2/8 peginterferon‐treated patients. Ribavirin was relatively well tolerated with the main side effect being anaemia, requiring dose reduction in 28% of patients. Peginterferon leads to acute transplant rejection in 2/8 patients. Ribavirin monotherapy appears to be an effective and safe treatment in all immunocompromised patients with chronic hepatitis E. The use of pegylated interferon in transplant patients may lead to transplant rejection and is not recommended. Therefore, ribavirin should be the antiviral treatment of choice in chronic hepatitis E.
The effect of sex‐biased dispersal on opposite‐sexed spatial genetic structure and inbreeding risk
Authors: Blyton Michaela D. J. , Banks Sam C. , Peakall Rod 
Published: March 2015

AbstractNatal sex‐biased dispersal has long been thought to reduce the risk of inbreeding by spatially separating opposite‐sexed kin. Yet, comprehensive and quantitative evaluations of this hypothesis are lacking. In this study, we quantified the effectiveness of sex‐biased dispersal as an inbreeding avoidance strategy by combining spatially explicit simulations and empirical data. We quantified the extent of kin clustering by measuring the degree of spatial autocorrelation among opposite‐sexed individuals (FMstructure). This allowed us to systematically explore how the extent of sex‐biased dispersal, generational overlap, and mate searching distance, influenced both kin clustering, and the resulting inbreeding in the absence of complementary inbreeding avoidance strategies. Simulations revealed that when sex‐biased dispersal was limited, positiveFMgenetic structure developed quickly and increased as the mate searching distance decreased or as generational overlap increased. Interestingly, complete long‐range sex‐biased dispersal did not prevent the development ofFMgenetic structure when generations overlapped. We found a very strong correlation betweenFMgenetic structure and bothFISunder random mating, and pedigree‐based measures of inbreeding. Thus, we show that the detection ofFMgenetic structure can be a strong indicator of inbreeding risk. Empirical data for two species with different life history strategies yielded patterns congruent with our simulations. Our study illustrates a new application of spatial genetic autocorrelation analysis that offers a framework for quantifying the risk of inbreeding that is easily extendable to other species. Furthermore, our findings provide other researchers with a context for interpreting observed patterns of opposite‐sexed spatial genetic structure.
Were Fertile Crescent crop progenitors higher yielding than other wild species that were never domesticated?
Authors: Preece Catherine , Livarda Alexandra , Wallace Michael , Martin Gemma , Charles Michael , Christin Pascal‐Antoine , Jones Glynis , Rees Mark , Osborne Colin P. 
Published: March 2015

Summary

During the origin of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent, the broad spectrum of wild plant species exploited by hunter‐gatherers narrowed dramatically. The mechanisms responsible for this specialization and the associated domestication of plants are intensely debated. We investigated why some species were domesticated rather than others, and which traits they shared.

We tested whether the progenitors of cereal and pulse crops, grown individually, produced a higher yield and less chaff than other wild grasses and legumes, thereby maximizing the return per seed planted and minimizing processing time. We compared harvest traits of species originating from the Fertile Crescent, including those for which there is archaeological evidence of deliberate collection.

Unexpectedly, wild crop progenitors in both families had neither higher grain yield nor, in grasses, less chaff, although they did have larger seeds. Moreover, small‐seeded grasses actually returned a higher yield relative to the mass of seeds sown. However, cereal progenitors had threefold fewer seeds per plant, representing a major difference in how seeds are packaged on plants.

These data suggest that there was no intrinsic yield advantage to adopting large‐seeded progenitor species as crops. Explaining why Neolithic agriculture was founded on these species, therefore, remains an important unresolved challenge.
Arabidopsis EF‐Tu receptor enhances bacterial disease resistance in transgenic wheat
Authors: Schoonbeek Henk‐jan , Wang Hsi‐Hua , Stefanato Francesca L. , Craze Melanie , Bowden Sarah , Wallington Emma , Zipfel Cyril , Ridout Christopher J. 
Published: March 2015

Summary

Perception of pathogen (or microbe)‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a key component of plant innate immunity. The Arabidopsis PRR EF‐Tu receptor (EFR) recognizes the bacterial PAMP elongation factor Tu (EF‐Tu) and its derived peptide elf18. Previous work revealed that transgenic expression of AtEFR in Solanaceae confers elf18 responsiveness and broad‐spectrum bacterial disease resistance.

In this study, we developed a set of bioassays to study the activation of PAMP‐triggered immunity (PTI) in wheat. We generated transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants expressing AtEFR driven by the constitutive rice actin promoter and tested their response to elf18.

We show that transgenic expression of AtEFR in wheat confers recognition of elf18, as measured by the induction of immune marker genes and callose deposition. When challenged with the cereal bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. oryzae, transgenic EFR wheat lines had reduced lesion size and bacterial multiplication.

These results demonstrate that AtEFR can be transferred successfully from dicot to monocot species, further revealing that immune signalling pathways are conserved across these distant phyla. As novel PRRs are identified, their transfer between plant families represents a useful strategy for enhancing resistance to pathogens in crops.
Oral mucosal lesions in older people: relation to salivary secretion, systemic diseases and medications
Authors: Lynge Pedersen AM , Nauntofte B , Smidt D , Torpet LA 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in a sample of older Danish people and to investigate their associations with age, gender, systemic diseases, medications, xerostomia and salivary secretion.MethodsA total of 668 community‐dwelling individuals aged 65–95 years underwent a clinical examination, measurements of unstimulated and stimulated whole and labial salivary flow rates and an interview regarding xerostomia, general health, medication, tobacco and alcohol habits.ResultsSeventy‐five per cent of all participants and 70% of the non‐medicated ones had one or more oral mucosal lesions. The most prevalent lesions were lingual varicosities (28.3%), denture stomatitis (12.7%), candidiasis (11.8%), fissured tongue (9.1%) and frictional keratosis (8.4%). Lesions were generally associated with smoking and xerostomia. Varicosities were more common in participants with systemic diseases and medication intake, particularly with cardiovascular diseases and agents. Fissured tongue and atrophic tongue were associated with female gender, xerostomia and low unstimulated whole and labial salivary secretion. Oral candidiasis was associated with older age; being male; current smoker; having >3 diseases, intake of medications and low salivary flow rates; and identified in relation to denture stomatitis, fissured tongue and atrophic tongue and median rhomboid glossitis.ConclusionsOral mucosal lesions are prevalent in older Danish people and generally associated with changes in both local and systemic factors. Tongue lesions in particular appeared as indicators that may identify patients with specific need of oral intervention.
Candida–streptococcal mucosal biofilms display distinct structural and virulence characteristics depending on growth conditions and hyphal morphotypes
Authors: Bertolini M.M. , Xu H. , Sobue T. , Nobile C.J. , Del Bel Cury A. A. , Dongari‐Bagtzoglou A. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryCandida albicans and streptococci of the mitis group form communities in multiple oral sites, where moisture and nutrient availability can change spatially or temporally. This study evaluated structural and virulence characteristics of Candida–streptococcal biofilms formed on moist or semidry mucosal surfaces, and tested the effects of nutrient availability and hyphal morphotype on dual‐species biofilms. Three‐dimensional models of the oral mucosa formed by immortalized keratinocytes on a fibroblast‐embedded collagenous matrix were used. Infections were carried out using Streptococcus oralis strain 34, in combination with a C. albicans wild‐type strain, or pseudohyphal‐forming mutant strains. Increased moisture promoted a homogeneous surface biofilm by C. albicans. Dual biofilms had a stratified structure, with streptococci growing in close contact with the mucosa and fungi growing on the bacterial surface. Under semidry conditions, Candida formed localized foci of dense growth, which promoted focal growth of streptococci in mixed biofilms. Candida biofilm biovolume was greater under moist conditions, albeit with minimal tissue invasion, compared with semidry conditions. Supplementing the infection medium with nutrients under semidry conditions intensified growth, biofilm biovolume and tissue invasion/damage, without changing biofilm structure. Under these conditions, the pseudohyphal mutants and S. oralis formed defective superficial biofilms, with most bacteria in contact with the epithelial surface, below a pseudohyphal mass, resembling biofilms growing in a moist environment. The presence of S. oralis promoted fungal invasion and tissue damage under all conditions. We conclude that moisture, nutrient availability, hyphal morphotype and the presence of commensal bacteria influence the architecture and virulence characteristics of mucosal fungal biofilms.
Refractory cardiogenic shock in a patient with β‐thalassemia major requiring mechanical circulatory support: Case report and literature review
Authors: Horne David , Conway Jennifer , Kantor Paul F. , AlAklabi Mohammed M. , Anand Vijay , Bruce Aisha , Garcia Guerra Gonzalo , Rebeyka Ivan M. , Ross David B. , Buchholz Holger 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIron overload cardiomyopathy secondary to β‐thalassemia major is a potentially reversible condition managed with chelation and medical hemodynamic support, as bridge‐to‐recovery or transplant. We describe our experience, and challenges faced, in a pediatric patient with iron overload cardiomyopathy secondary to β‐thalassemia major, requiring biventricular MCS.