bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zielgerichtetheit und Zielsetzung in Wissenschaft und Natur: Entstehen und Verdrängen teleologischer Denkweisen in den exakten Naturwissenschaften
Authors: Krafft Fritz 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNeben dem Unterschied zwischen einer ‚internen’︁ Finalität, die den Einzelprozeß deterministisch bestimmt, und einer ‚externen’︁ Finalität, die als allgemeine Zweckmäßigkeit die gesamte Natur durchwaltet, besteht auch ein Unterschied zwischen Zielgerichtetheit/Zweckmäßigkeit (in der Natur) und (subjektiver) Zielsetzung. Eine Wissenschaft als sprachliche Handlungsform kann demnach nur eine Zielsetzung durch den Menschen erfahren, sie entwickelt sich nicht auf ein inneres Ziel hin (ist also auch nicht von einem bestimmten Stand wie dem der Gegenwart her als Ziel zu verstehen).Eine allgemeine Zweckmäßigkeit (externe Finalität) kennt Aristoteles im Gegensatz zum christlichen Aristotelismus noch nicht, wohl aber eine ‚interne’︁ Finalität des natürlichen Einzelprozesses. Erst der Versuch einer christlich orientierten Umformung der aristotelischen Physik läßt die Idee einer von Gott gesetzten ‚externen’︁ Zweckmäßigkeit aufkommen. Auf diese Weise entsteht bei Philoponos die Impetustheorie für ‚natürliche’︁ Bewegungen (die für ‚gewaltsame’︁ Bewegungen schon seit mehreren Jahrhunderten diskutiert worden war).Die Vorstellung von der externen Finalität unterdrückte die genuin aristotelische von der ‚internen’︁ Finalität des Einzelprozesses, dessen streng determinierter Ablauf der Allmacht Gottes widerspreche. Dieser Verdrängungsprozeß wird am Beispiel der Theorie vom ‚horror vacui’︁ und des Weges von der Impetus‐Theorie zur Idee der Allgemeinen Gravitation dargestellt. Die danach dominierende Vorstellung von der ‚externen’︁ Finalität (als der durch Gottes Vorsehung zweckmäßig gemachten Schöpfung) geht im Laufe des 18. Jahrhunderts dann wegen der Transzendierung auf etwas Außernatürliches (Gott) deshalb verloren, weil einzelne Phänomene, die noch nicht als natürlich entstanden erklärt werden konnten und daraufhin auf Gottes weisen Ratschluß zurückgeführt wurden, nach und nach eine natürliche (kausal‐mechanische) Erklärung fanden. — Zurück bleibt eine Natur (und Naturwissenschaft) ohne Zweck, und das heißt: ohne Sinn.
Coordination Chemistry of Gold Catalysts in Solution: A Detailed NMR Study
Authors: Zhdanko Alexander , Ströbele Markus , Maier Martin E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCoordination chemistry of gold catalysts bearing eight different ligands [L=PPh3, JohnPhos (L2), Xphos (L3), DTBP, IMes, IPr, dppf, S‐tolBINAP (L8)] has been studied by NMR spectroscopy in solution at room temperature. Cationic or neutral mononuclear complexes LAuX (L=L2, L3, IMes, IPr; X=charged or neutral ligand) underwent simple ligand exchange without giving any higher coordinate complexes. For L2AuX the following ligand strength series was determined: MeOH≪hex‐3‐yne <MeCN≈OTf−≪Me2S<2,6‐lutidine<4‐picoline<CF3CO2−≈DMAP<TMTU<PPh3<OH−≈Cl−. Some heteroligand complexes DTBPAuX exist in solution in equilibrium with the corresponding symmetrical species. Binuclear complexes dppf(AuOTf)2 and S‐tolBINAP(AuOTf)2 showed different behavior in exchange reactions with ligands depending on the ligand strength. Thus, PPh3 causes abstraction of one gold atom to give mononuclear complexes LLAuPPh3+ and (Ph3P)nAu+, but other N and S ligands give ordinary dicationic species LL(AuNu)22+. In reactions with different bases, LAu+ provided new oxonium ions whose chemistry was also studied: (DTBPAu)3O+, (L2Au)2OH+, (L2Au)3O+, (L3Au)2OH+, and (IMesAu)2OH+. Ultimately, formation of gold hydroxide LAuOH (L=L2, L3, IMes) was studied. Ligand‐ or base‐assisted interconversions between (L2Au)2OH+, (L2Au)3O+, and L2AuOH are described. Reactions of dppf(AuOTf)2 and S‐tolBINAP(AuOTf)2 with bases provided more interesting oxonium ions, whose molecular composition was found to be [dppf(Au)2]3O22+, L8(Au)2OH+, and [L8(Au)2]3O22+, but their exact structure was not established. Several reactions between different oxonium species were conducted to observe mixed heteroligand oxonium species. Reaction of L2AuNCMe+ with S2− was studied; several new complexes with sulfide are described. For many reversible reactions the corresponding equilibrium constants were determined.
An Artificial Estrogen Receptor through Combinatorial Imprinting
Authors: Schillinger Eric , Möder Monika , Olsson Gustaf D. , Nicholls Ian A. , Sellergren Börje 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPolymeric sorbents targeting endocrine‐disrupting estrogen active compounds (EAC) were prepared by terpolymer imprinting using 17β‐estradiol (E2) as template. From a group of eight functional monomers representing Brønsted acids, bases, hydrogen‐bond donors and acceptors, as well as π‐interacting monomers, a terpolymer library that comprises all possible binary combinations of the functional monomers was prepared. Binding tests revealed that imprinted polymers exhibit a markedly higher affinity for E2 compared to nonimprinted polymers (NIPs) or polymers prepared by using single functional monomers. A combination of methacrylic acid (MAA) and p‐vinylbenzoic acid offered a particularly promising lead polymer, displaying an imprinting factor of 17 versus 2.4 for a benchmark polymer prepared by using only MAA as functional monomer. The saturation capacities ascribed to imprinted sites were four to five times higher for this polymer compared to previously reported imprinted polymers. NMR titrations and molecular dynamics simulations corroborated these results, indicating an orthogonal preference of the two functional monomers with respect to the E2 3‐OH and 17‐OH groups. The optimized polymer exhibited a retentivity for EACs that correlates with their inhibitory effect on the natural receptor. By using the optimized molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in a model water‐purification system, they were capable of completely removing ppb levels of a small group of EACs from water. This is in contrast to the performance of nonimprinted polymers and well‐established sorbents for water purification (e.g., active carbon), which still contained detectable amounts of the compounds after treatment.
Nucleic Acid Driven DNA Machineries Synthesizing Mg2+‐Dependent DNAzymes: An Interplay between DNA Sensing and Logic‐Gate Operations
Authors: Orbach Ron , Mostinski Lena , Wang Fuan , Willner Itamar 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPolymerase/nicking enzymes and nucleic‐acid scaffolds are implemented as DNA machines for the development of amplified DNA‐detection schemes, and for the design of logic gates. The analyte nucleic acid target acts, also, as input for the logic gates. In the presence of two DNA targets, acting as inputs, and appropriate DNA scaffolds, the polymerase‐induced replication of the scaffolds, followed by the nicking of the replication products, are activated, leading to the autonomous synthesis of the Mg2+‐dependent DNAzyme or the Mg2+‐dependent DNAzyme subunits. These biocatalysts cleave a fluorophore/quencher‐functionalized nucleic‐acid substrate, thus providing fluorescence signals for the sensing events or outputs for the logic gates. The systems are used to develop OR, AND, and Controlled‐AND gates, and the DNA‐analyte targets represent two nucleic acid sequences of the smallpox viral genome.
Reversible and Efficient Inhibition of UDP‐Galactopyranose Mutase by Electrophilic, Constrained and Unsaturated UDP‐Galactitol Analogues
Authors: Ansiaux Christophe , N'Go Inès , Vincent Stéphane P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA series of UDP‐galactitols were designed as analogues of high‐energy intermediates of the UDP‐galactopyranose mutase (UGM) catalyzed furanose/pyranose interconversion, an essential step of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall biosynthesis. The final compounds structurally share the UDP and the galactitol substructures that were connected by four distinct electrophilic connections (epoxide, lactone and Michael acceptors). All molecules were synthesized from a common perbenzylated acyclic galactose precursor that was derivatized by alkenylation, alkynylation and cyclopropanation. The inhibition study against UGM could clearly show that slight changes in the relative orientation of the UDP and the galactitol moieties resulted in dramatic variations of binding properties. Compared to known inhibitors, the epoxide derivative displayed a very tight, reversible, inhibition profile. Moreover, a time‐dependent inactivation study showed that none of these electrophilic structures could react with UGM, or its FAD cofactor, the catalytic nucleophile of this still intriguing reaction.
Striking Improvement in Peroxidase Activity of Cytochrome c by Modulating Hydrophobicity of Surface‐Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles within Cationic Reverse Micelles
Authors: Maiti Subhabrata , Das Krishnendu , Dutta Sounak , Das Prasanta Kumar 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis work demonstrates a remarkable enhancement in the peroxidase activity of mitochondrial membrane protein cytochrome c (cyt c) by perturbing its tertiary structure in the presence of surface‐functionalised gold nanoparticles (GNPs) within cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) reverse micelles. The loss in the tertiary structure of cyt c exposes its heme moiety (which is buried inside in the native globular form), which provides greater substrate (pyrogallol and H2O2) accessibility to the reactive heme residue. The surfactant shell of the CTAB reverse micelle in the presence of co‐surfactant (n‐hexanol) exerted higher crowding effects on the interfacially bound cyt c than similar anionic systems. The congested interface led to protein unfolding, which resulted in a 56‐fold higher peroxidase activity of cyt c than that in water. Further perturbation in the protein’s structure was achieved by doping amphiphile‐capped GNPs with varying hydrophobicities in the water pool of the reverse micelles. The hydrophobic moiety on the surface of the GNPs was directed towards the interfacial region, which induced major steric strain at the interface. Consequently, interaction of the protein with the hydrophobic domain of the amphiphile further disrupted its tertiary structure, which led to better opening up of the heme residue and, thereby, superior activity of the cyt c. The cyt c activity in the reverse micelles proportionately enhanced with an increase in the hydrophobicity of the GNP‐capping amphiphiles. A rigid cholesterol moiety as the hydrophobic end group of the GNP strikingly improved the cyt c activity by up to 200‐fold relative to that found in aqueous buffer. Fluorescence studies with both a tryptophan residue (Trp59) of the native protein and the sodium salt of fluorescein delineated the crucial role of the hydrophobicity of the GNP‐capping amphiphiles in improving the peroxidase activity of cyt c by unfolding its tertiary structure within the reverse micelles.
Geochemical and Spatial Appraisal of Fluoride in the Soils of Indo‐Gangetic Plains of India Using Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Jha Sunil K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe geochemical characteristics and the spatial distribution of the fluoride were studied in the soils of Indo‐Gangetic plains using multivariate analysis. The fluoride (F) distribution in soil profiles and surface soil (0–15 cm) samples were studied. It was found that total fluoride (TF) in the profiles ranged from 248 to 786 mg kg−1with a mean of 515.1 mg kg−1whereas CaCl2extractable soluble fluoride (FCa) was found to be in the range of 1.68 to 99.1 mg F kg−1soil. On the other hand, in surface soils, the TF and FCaranged from 118 to 436 mg kg−1with a mean of 251.2 mg kg−1and 1.01 to 5.05 mg kg−1with a mean of 2.12 mg kg−1, respectively, in the study area. The principal component analysis revealed that the natural weathering of fluoride bearing rock and minerals, various ion‐exchange and dissolution processes in the soil, alkalinity, sodium adsorption ratio, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and clay contents of the soil are responsible for high fluoride occurrence in the area. The fluoride contamination index developed by using these factors could explain more than 76% variance of F contamination due to FCain soils. The interpolated kriged map of FCain surface soil indicated a distinct loop of 1.0–2.0, 2.0–3.0, 3.0–4.0, and >4.0 mg kg−1.
Decolourisation of Sugar Beet Molasses Vinasse by Ion Exchange
Authors: Krzywonos Małgorzata , Łapawa Aniceta 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSugar beet molasses vinasse is a by‐product of ethanol fermentation from sugar beet molasses. Its dark brown colour, which is attributable to the presence of caramels, melanoidins and invert alkaline degradation products, cannot be removed by biological methods. The novelty of this work lies in the use of conventional strongly alkaline ion‐exchange resins for the decolourisation of sugar beet molasses vinasse. The aim of the study was to determine the efficiency of two strong‐base ion‐exchange resins, Dowex 2 and Wofatit ES, when used for the decolourisation of sugar beet molasses vinasse. Optimal conditions and extent of decolourisation were related to the concentration and pH of the vinasse, the time of reaction with the resin, and also to the dose and type of the resin used. The greatest extent of decolourisation (92%) was achieved with Wofatit ES dosed in the amount of 5 g/100 mL of 25% vinasse with an initial pH of 10. The optimal time of reaction with the resin indispensable for attaining the maximal effect of decolourisation was 1.5 h for both resins. The highest extent of reduction in chemical oxygen demand (43%) during decolourisation of 25% vinasse (pH 10) was obtained with Dowex 2.
Achieving Effective Sustainable Management: A Small‐Medium Enterprise Case Study
Authors: Stewart Heather , Gapp Rod 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTIn order to have a greater understanding of corporate social responsibility (CSR) within small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs), this paper investigates continual learning that has occurred in an exemplary SME. This qualitative case study used interviews, observations, and memorandums to investigate an SME that has achieved national recognition in sustainable management practices. Reflective and cyclical learning within a participative environment allowed for the internalisation of values, behaviours, beliefs, and actions required for the positive uptake of CSR and sustainable management practice. Measurable results were identified in terms of business performance that can be directly attributed to the SME's greater social and environmental engagement. This initial investigation highlights the relationship between learning, the development of organisational values that underpin CSR and improved business performance within an SME setting. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A brain–computer interface for motor assist by the prefrontal cortex
Authors: Misawa Tadanobu , Takano Shinya , Shimokawa Tetsuya , Hirobayashi Shigeki 
Published: September 2012

AbstractConsiderable research has been conducted on the development of brain–computer interfaces (BCIs). Although there have been several reports on BCIs that assist motor functions by measurement of brain activity in the motor cortex, only a few studies have discussed BCIs that assist motor functions by measurement of activity in areas other than the motor cortex. In this study, we experimentally develop a BCI that assists motor functions on the basis of brain activity in the prefrontal cortex. In this BCI system, subjects are presented with the labyrinth problem. Concretely, brain activity is measured using fNIRS and the data are acquired in real time. The signal processing module implements low‐pass filtering of these signals. Further, the pattern classification module used in this system currently is a support vector machine. Twenty‐two subjects, both male and female, volunteered to participate in this experiment. Eight of these twenty‐two subjects were able to solve the labyrinth problem. In this experiment, we could not obtain a high distinction. However, these results show that it is possible to develop BCI systems that assist motor functions using information from the prefrontal cortex. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(10): 1–8, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11426
Ecohydrology of Sphagnum moss hummocks: mechanisms of capitula water supply and simulated effects of evaporation
Authors: McCarter Colin P. R. , Price Jonathan S. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTMaintaining sufficiently high surface (capitula) soil‐water pressures to avoid the draining of hyaline cells (desiccation) is paramount to hummock‐forming Sphagnum species' survival; however, the mechanisms of capitula water supply are poorly understood. This study investigates how the hydraulic characteristics of different Sphagnum species (Sphagnum fuscum, Sphagnum rubellum and Sphagnum magellanicum) contribute to desiccation avoidance, on the basis of numerical simulations parameterized with measured soil hydraulic characteristics for each species. Although having similar unsaturated hydraulic conductivity values, the upper 5 cm of S. magellanicum retains ~20% less moisture under tension than S. fuscum and S. rubellum; in fact, S. rubellum on average retained slightly more water than S. fuscum. Hydrus‐1D was used to simulate daytime and nighttime conditions over a 7‐day period, where daily potential evaporation was 4 mm, to explore the governing mechanisms controlling water supply to the capitula. The simulations showed that S. fuscum and S. rubellum were able to retain sufficiently high moisture content under the prevailing simulated water demand to sustain surface soil‐water pressure heads (greater than −100 cm), whereas S. magellanicum could not prevent depressurization and the concomitant desiccation of its surface layer. A similar number of the same size pores were observed in all species; however, there was lower pore connectivity in S. magellanicum leading to the desiccation of the capitula. Contrary to previous studies, the results of this study indicate that it is not only soil‐water retention but also pore connectivity that allows hummock species to thrive above the water table. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of regional zoobenthos status in the Huai River Basin, China, using two new ecological niche clustering approaches
Authors: Zhao Changsen , Sun Changlei , Liu Changming , Xia Jun , Yang Gang , Liu Xiaomang , Zhang Dan , Dong Bao'en , Sobkowiak Leszek 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTTwo new ecological niche clustering approaches are presented in this paper: first, an importance/dominance evaluation model, based on both density and biomass, is devised to evaluate the importance (contribution) of a specific species in its community; second, an integrated index encoding approach is constructed to spatially cluster all dominant species at a sampling site. Two approaches are employed to study ecological niche clustering of the Huai River Basin zoobenthos in order to identify key regions for ecosystem restoration. Results show that habitat changes will significantly impact Corbicula fluminea (Müller), whereas influences on Corbicula nitens (Philippi) will be the least significant. Total phosphorus has the greatest impact on zoobenthos, and high‐concentrated ammonia nitrogen is also detrimental. Decreasing the discharge of both phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen in the Huai River Basin is therefore required to facilitate restoration. Changing habitat parameters has only a limited effect on alteration of zoobenthos structure. The application of these niche clustering approaches has identified priority locations for ecological restoration in the Huai River Basin. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Issues for power system operation for future renewable energy penetration: Robust power system security
Authors: Yorino Naoto , Sasaki Yutaka , Fujita Shoki , Zoka Yoshifumi , Okumoto Yoshiharu 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA large amount of PV penetration may introduce uncertainties in future power system planning and operations. This paper proposes the concept of “Robust Security (RS)” and the “RS region” in order to investigate power system security in the presence of a large amount of uncertainties. The RS region is defined as the region of power system operation where the system is secure under uncertainties. It is shown that the region tends to shrink and disappear for a high degree of PV penetration. Emerging problems concerned with security in future power systems are investigated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 182(1): 30–38, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22289
A fault location method for power cables using time–frequency analysis
Authors: Kobayashi Shin'ichi , Morimoto Nozomi , Miyajima Kazuhisa , Hozumi Naohiro 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe pulse radar method is one of the fault location methods for power cables. It locates the breakdown point by measuring the delay time of the echo or the discharge signal coming from the breakdown point. The equipment for the pulse radar method is more compact compared to the Murray loop bridge, and its operation is simpler because sensitive adjustments to the proportions are not needed. However, the signal propagating through the cable may be distorted, depending on the distance and frequency, leading to poor location accuracy. In this report, signal processing in the time–frequency domain is proposed to resolve this problem. The pulse waveforms received at two different terminals of the cable were extracted by a window function, and subsequently Fourier‐transformed in order to calculate the phase difference at an appropriate frequency. Special care was taken for unwrapping the folded phase spectrum. The phase difference was interpreted as the time lag at an identical frequency. The technique was applied to fault location for a full‐size XPLE cable line. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 182(1): 10–17, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22323
CD43 in the nucleus and cytoplasm of lung cancer is a potential therapeutic target
Authors: Fu Qiangwei , Cash Steven E. , Andersen Jeremiah J. , Kennedy Colin R. , Oldenburg Darby G. , Zander Valerie B. , Foley Greta R. , Simon Shelley Carl 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCD43 is a transmembrane sialoglycoprotein. Normally the molecule is only produced by white blood cells where it regulates functions such as intercellular adhesion, intracellular signaling, apoptosis, migration and proliferation. Two CD43 antibodies were used to interrogate 66 cases of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 24 cases of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). In addition, we engineered the CD43‐positive lung cancer cell line A549 to stably express either non‐targeted or CD43‐targeted small‐interfering RNA (siRNA). These lines were then subjected to in vitro assays of apoptosis, natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, intercellular adhesion and transendothelial migration. A xenograft mouse model evaluated the ability of the lines to grow primary tumors in vivo. CD43 was found to be expressed in the majority of both SCLC and NSCLC. Inclusive of CD43‐negative tumors, differential patterns of nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of CD43 define four molecular subcategories of lung cancer. Targeting CD43 in A549 lung cancer cells, increased homotypic adhesion, decreased heterotypic adhesion and transendothelial migration, increased susceptibility to apoptosis and increased vulnerability to lysis by NK cells. Furthermore, targeting inhibited the growth of primary tumors in nude mice.