bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterotopic and homotopic nociceptive conditioning stimulation: Distinct effects of pain modulation
Authors: Haefeli J. , Kramer J.L.K. , Blum J. , Curt A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundWithin an area, habituation and sensitization represent well‐established modulatory effects to repetitive noxious input. Less is known regarding the nociceptive conditioning effects between body sites – i.e., how stimulating one site may affect another. Therefore, we investigated the effects of nociceptive stimulation of anatomically distinct locations (shoulder and hand) on pain rating and evoked potentials (i.e., contact heat‐evoked potentials).MethodsThe effect of stimulation order was assessed in eight healthy subjects. The shoulder was examined before the hand or the hand before the shoulder. All subjects underwent both conditions (shoulder before hand and hand before shoulder) on separate days. In an additional 30 subjects (total n = 38), between retesting the shoulder or the hand, conditioning stimulation in the respective other location (i.e., hand or shoulder) was applied. Both analyses focused upon changes in the magnitude of evoked pain responses in relation to the respective area being conditioned by heterotopic stimulation.ResultsWhen the shoulder was stimulated before the hand, N2P2 amplitude was significantly reduced. In contrast, stimulating the hand before the shoulder resulted in significant response increments (shorter N2 latency). Additionally, conditioning stimulation of the hand resulted in increased pain rating to shoulder stimulation.ConclusionsOverall, these findings indicate that response modulation to noxious contact heat stimulation depends upon conditioning stimulus location. These effects represent changes beyond conventional habituation due to repeated stimulation in the same area.
Fyn kinase‐regulated NMDA receptor‐ and AMPA receptor‐dependent pain sensitization in spinal dorsal horn of mice
Authors: Liu Y.N. , Yang X. , Suo Z.W. , Xu Y.M. , Hu X.D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundInhibition of Src‐family protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) in spinal dorsal horn has been established as an effective strategy for the alleviation of chronic pathological pain. As one of the important SFKs members, Fyn kinase is critical for synaptic plasticity and many pathophysiological processes. However, whether Fyn is involved in spinal sensitization is far from being elucidated.MethodWe manipulated Fyn activity by expressing a constitutively active Fyn mutant [Fyn(Y528F) ] or a catalytically null mutant [Fyn(K296M) ] in the spinal dorsal horn of mice, and performed behavioural and biochemical experiments to investigate the role of Fyn in regulating the nociceptive responses and the synaptic expression of ionotropic glutamate receptors.ResultsSpinal expression of Fyn(Y528F) alone in intact mice was sufficient to elicit persistent mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, which lasted for at least 12 days. Fyn(Y528F) simultaneously enhanced the concentrations of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid (NMDA)‐subtype and α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)‐subtype glutamate receptors at synaptosomal membrane fraction. Pharmacological inhibition of NMDA receptors or AMPA receptors greatly alleviated Fyn(Y528F)‐induced pain hypersensitivity. To evaluate the contribution of Fyn to inflammatory pain, we expressed Fyn(K296M) before intradermal injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), finding that Fyn(K296M) had no effect on the induction of inflammatory pain within 3 h post‐CFA injection, which, however, repressed the synaptic accumulation of NMDA receptors and AMPA receptors to attenuate the maintenance of chronic pain states.ConclusionFyn played a key role in the sustained sensitization of nociceptive behaviours by up‐regulating the functions of ionotropic glutamate receptors in spinal dorsal horn.
A Large Case-Control Study Reveals a Positive Association Between Bisphosphonate Use and Delayed Dental Healing and Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
Authors: Borromeo Gelsomina L , Brand Caroline , Clement John G , McCullough Michael , Crighton Lisa , Hepworth Graham , Wark John D 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

This study sought to investigate, using a case-control study design, the association between bisphosphonate therapy and delayed dental healing and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Identification of potential cases of delayed dental healing was by consecutive screening of Specialist Oral and Maxillofacial and Special Needs Dentist clinic records for patients aged older than 50 years, during a 6-month window, in Victoria, Australia. Cases were confirmed by a case adjudication panel blinded to bisphosphonate status. Cases associated with malignancy or local radiotherapy were excluded. Controls were matched for age, sex, and source of dental referral (1:4, n = 160 controls). Variables of interest were dental precipitants, dental clinic type, smoking history, and medical comorbidities. A total of 4212 of 22,358 patients met inclusion criteria, of which 69 were potential cases with 40 (0.95%) confirmed cases. The odds ratio (OR) for developing delayed dental healing when taking an oral bisphosphonate was 13.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.4 to 39.3; p &lt; 0.001). There were no cases associated with intravenous bisphosphonate use. There was some evidence of an interaction with age, sex, and clinic type. When adjusted for smoking, the estimated odds ratio was 11.6 (95% CI 1.9 to 69.4; p = 0.01). There was an association between having another illness and delayed dental healing (OR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.0 to 5.2). A dental precipitant was present in 39 of 40 (97.5%) delayed dental healing cases. An important association between bisphosphonate use and delayed dental healing in the setting of benign bone disease, predominately in individuals with a dental precipitant, has been demonstrated. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
One‐range Addition Theorems for Complete Sets of Modified Exponential Type Orbitals and Noninteger n Slater Functions in Standard Convention
Authors: Guseinov I. I. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractUsing the L ‐generalized Laguerre polynomials L ‐GLPs) and φ ‐generalized exponential type orbitals φ ‐GETOs) introduced by the author in standard convention, the one‐ and two‐center onerange addition theorems are established for the complete sets of Ψ(α*) ‐modified exponential type orbitals (Ψ(α*) ‐METOs) and noninteger n χ‐Slater type orbitals (χ‐NISTOs), where pl* = 2l + 2 ‐ α* and α* is the integer (α* = α, −∞ < α ≤2) or noninteger (α* ≠ α, −∞ < α* < 3) self‐frictional quantum number. It should be noted that the origin of the L ‐GLPs, φ ‐GETOs and Ψ(α*) ‐METOs, therefore, of the one‐range addition theorems presented in this work is the Lorentz damping or self‐frictional field produced by the particle itself.
Synthesis of Pharmacologically Active Bis(indolyl) and Tris(indolyl) Derivatives Using Chlorotrimethylsilane
Authors: Singh Nongthombam G. , Kathing Chingrishon , Rani Jims W. S. , Nongkhlaw Rishan L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractChlorotrimethylsilane is found to be a comparatively fast and efficient catalyst for carrying out electrophilic substitution reactions of indoles with various aldehydes/ketones/triethylorthoformate, yielding excellent amount of bis(indolyl)methanes/tris(indolyl)methanes. The merits of this protocol are avoidance of any external energy source, minimal reaction time, simple and easy procedure and high yield under solvent free room temperature condition. The versatility of this method has been tested with various aldehydes/ketones and received satisfactory results.
Kinetic resolution of (R, S)‐2‐(2‐chloro‐1‐hydroxyethyl) thiophene via immobilizing lipase from Alcaligenes sp. onto magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Xun Erna , Wang Zhi , Zhao Jimin , Guo Jixun 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBACKGROUND(S)‐2‐(2‐chloro‐1‐hydroxyethyl) thiophene is one of the most important intermediates for the synthesis of (S)‐duloxetine. The preparation of (S)‐2‐(2‐chloro‐1‐hydroxyethyl) thiophene could be realized from its racemate via enzymatic resolution. This study aimed to prepare an easy‐recycling immobilized lipase with excellent performance and use it to obtain (S)‐2‐(2‐chloro‐1‐hydroxyethyl) thiophene with high enantiometric purity through enzymatic enantioselective transesterificaion in organic media. To achieve this, immobilization of the lipase and the effects of different reaction conditions (e.g. organic solvent, water activity, substrate ratio and temperature) on the activity and enantioselectivity of the lipase were investigated.RESULTSLipase from Alcaligenes sp. (lipase QL) was successfully immobilized onto the prepared magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles through hydrophobic interaction, and the enzyme loading (97.4 ± 2.3 mg g−1) as well as immobilization yield (48.7 ± 1.4%) was obtained. Under optimum reaction conditions, the higher enzyme activity (0.225 ± 0.01 µmol mg−1 min−1) and enantioselectivity (E‐value: 59.7 ± 1.8) for the immobilized lipase QL than those (enzyme activity: 0.034 ± 0.002 µmol mg−1 min−1, E‐value: 57.9 ± 2.0) for aggregated lipase was observed. The results also showed that (S)‐2‐(2‐chloro‐1‐hydroxyethyl) thiophene with optical purity ≥99% was obtained. In addition, the immobilized lipase QL was easily separated from the reaction media by magnetic steel, and maintained 90% of its initial activity with nearly unchanged enantioselectivity after five consecutive cycles.CONCLUSIONThe results obtained demonstrated good potential for practical application of magnetic nanoparticle‐immobilized lipase for the resolution of 2‐(2‐chloro‐1‐hydroxyethyl) thiophene through enantioselective transesterification. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
How do supervising physicians decide to entrust residents with unsupervised tasks? A qualitative analysis
Authors: Choo Kevin J. , Arora Vineet M. , Barach Paul , Johnson Julie K. , Farnan Jeanne M. 
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUNDMedical supervisors struggle to find meaningful ways to evaluate the preparedness of trainees to independently perform patient care tasks. The aim of this study was to describe the factors that influence how attending and resident physician perceptions of trust impact decision making.METHODSInternal medicine residents and attending physicians at a tertiary academic medical center were interviewed during a single academic year. Participants were asked to describe, using the critical incident technique, entrustment decisions made during their clinical rotations. A deductive qualitative analysis using the entrustable professional activities framework was used. The inter‐rater reliability was calculated using a generalized kappa statistic.RESULTSEighty‐four percent (46/50) of residents and 88% (44/50) of attending physicians participated. The analysis yielded 535 discrete mentions of entrusting factors that were mapped to the following domains deductively, with inductively derived subthemes: trainee factors (eg, confidence, specialty plans), supervisor factors (eg, approachability), task factors (eg, situational characteristics) and systems factors (eg, workload). The inter‐rater kappa between the 2 raters was 0.84.CONCLUSIONSFactors influencing trust in a trainee are related to the supervisor, trainee, their relationship, task, and the environment. Attending physicians note early interactions and language cues as markers of trustworthiness. Attending physicians reported using perceived confidence as a gauge of the trainee's true ability and comfort. Attendings noted trainee absences, even those that comply with regulation, negatively affected willingness to entrust. Future studies are needed to develop better assessment instruments to understand how entrustment decisions for independent practice are made. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:169–175. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Loss of sulfur dioxide and changes in some chemical properties of Malatya apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) during sulfuring and drying
Authors: Türkyılmaz Meltem , Özkan Mehmet , Güzel Nihal 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study was conducted to determine the differences in some analytical properties of four apricot cultivars and to determine the changes in these analytical properties during sulfuring and sun‐drying.RESULTSThere were significant differences in the contents of polyphenols, carotenoids and organic acids (OA) as well as antioxidant activities (AOAs) of the cultivars (P < 0.05). After sulfuring and drying, considerable reductions were detected in the contents of total polyphenols (TPCs, 11–26%), OAs (4–32%) and β‐carotene (6–21%), and AOAs (2–21%) of the samples. Sun‐drying resulted in 71–83% decreases in sulfur dioxide (SO2) contents of sulfured–dried apricots (SDAs) in comparison with apricots immediately after sulfuring. As the TPCs increased, the SO2 absorption by the samples also increased. In contrast, the OA contents had no effect on SO2 absorption, but an increase in OA content resulted in an increase in the browning values of the SDAs. As expected, increases in contents of ferulic acid (r = 0.932), chlorogenic acid (r = 0.850), epicatechin (r = 0.804) and quercetin (r = 0.750) led to an increase in browning values of the SDAs.CONCLUSIONThere were significant effects of cultivar and processing on the physico‐chemical properties investigated in the study, and with the absorption of SO2 and the formation of a brown colour in the samples. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrowetting on non‐fluorinated hydrophobic surfaces
Authors: You Han , Steckl Andrew J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFluorinated polymers, the most extensively used hydrophobic surface materials for electrowetting (EW) devices, are expensive and have potential risks to health and environment. In this paper, EW devices fabricated with non‐fluorinated hydrophobic surfaces are demonstrated by using a polysiloxane‐modified polyacrylate (BYK® Silclean® 3700, Louisville, KY). Water contact angle, which is the most critical parameter of EW devices, changes from ~165° to ~95° with a negligible hysteresis (~3°) when a 42 V AC voltage is applied. EW array display prototypes were constructed on the non‐fluorinated surface and can be switched reversibly by applying a low voltage difference. These results indicate the promise of this BYK® Silclean® hydrophobic surface for EW devices in electronic readers and other mobile devices.
Fiber Lasers
Authors: Becker Frank , Brettschneider Corinna , Kallage Peter , Rath Wolfram 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFiber lasers have already firmly established themselves within the industrial production sector and are synonymous with efficiency, precision and cost‐effectiveness in a large number of laser material processing applications. They offer excellent single‐mode or multi‐mode beam qualities, which can be precisely adapted to the processing task and therefore represent a universal tool for industrial production. On the basis of selected application examples, the technology and the manifold application possibilities of the Rofin fiber lasers in the power range from 0.5 to 6 kW are reviewed.
Complexation of Mefenamic Acid by Low‐Generation PAMAM Dendrimers: Insight from NMR Spectroscopy Studies and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Barra Pabla A. , Barraza Luis , Jiménez Verónica A. , Gavín José A. , Alderete Joel B. 
Published: January 2014

The complexation of mefenamic acid (MA) with poly(amido amine) dendrimers of the second and third generation (PAMAM‐G2 and PAMAM‐G3) at pH 7.0 is studied by aqueous solubility experiments, DOSY and 2D‐NOESY spectroscopy, and fully atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Solubility profiles account for the formation of MA:PAMAM complexes of the type 10:1 and 15:1, for PAMAM‐G2 and PAMAM‐G3, respectively, with a maximum solubilization enhancement of 14.6 mol of MA per mol dendrimer. Diffusion ordered sepectroscopy (DOSY) and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) experiments suggest that MA association occurs through both external electrostatic interactions with the PAMAM surface and internal encapsulation into the deep dendrimer cavities. MD simulations are consistent with these experimental findings and show that the internal drug encapsulation is enhanced as the dendrimer generation increases. The involvement of internal and external interactions in the complexation of MA with low‐generation PAMAM dendrimers differs from the general behavior expected for acidic anionic guests, for which external electrostatic contacts with the positively charged PAMAM surface have been postulated as the most relevant factor for drug association.
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Narcissistic biographies—third age self‐transcendence abilities
Authors: Nirestean Aurel , Lukacs Emese , Cimpan Dana , Nirestean Tudor 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTNarcissistic traits interfere in the process of self‐determination and the individual motivational strategies of human beings. The grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic personality subtypes have difficulties in their education, interpersonal relationships and quality of life. The latter is also affected by ageing, whose attributes influence, above all, one's self‐esteem, especially in women. Though very fearful of suffering and death, narcissists have a powerful desire to overcome them by cultivating their grandiosity, especially through the mystical and paranormal experiences they relate. The spiritual means of transcending one's self, including the components of magical thinking, can prevent the destruction of self‐esteem in narcissists in their third‐age. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composite Propellant Based on a New Nitrate Ester
Authors: Reese David A. , Son Steven F. , Groven Lori J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractComposite propellants based on the solid nitrate ester 2,3‐hydroxymethyl‐2,3‐dinitro‐1,4‐butanediol tetranitrate (SMX) were theoretically and experimentally examined and compared to formulations based on ammonium perchlorate (AP). Thermochemical equilibrium calculations show that aluminized SMX‐based formulations can achieve theoretical sea level specific impulse values upwards of 260 s. Both ignition sensitivity (tested via drop weight impact, electrostatic discharge, and BAM friction) and physical properties (hardness and thermal properties) are comparable to those of the AP‐based formulations. However, the SMX‐based formulation could be detonated using a high explosive donor charge in contact with the propellant. Differential scanning calorimetry of the SMX‐based propellant indicated an exotherm onset of 140 °C, which corresponds to the known decomposition temperature of SMX. The propellant has a high burning rate of 1.57 cm s−1 at 6.89 MPa, with a pressure exponent of 0.85. This high pressure sensitivity might be addressed using various energetic and/or stabilizing additives. With good performance and high density, SMX‐based composite propellants may offer a promising perchlorate‐free alternative to existing AP‐based formulations.
Fabrication, Thermoanalysis, and Performance Evaluation Studies on RDX‐based Microcellular Combustible Objects
Authors: Yang Weitao , Li Yuxiang , Ying Sanjiu 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn the development of weapons, the current trend is to replace incombustible constituent elements with combustible ones. The traditional porous combustible objects are composed of nitrocellulose as energetic component, which is highly sensitive and inflammable. Formulations composed of high content RDX and inert polymer binder were employed to replace the tradional ones. This paper reports the fabrication process of microcellular combustible objects with skin‐core structure using supercritical CO2 (SC‐CO2) as foaming agent. The objects were foamed in designed foaming molds with expansion ratios of 1.1, 1.2 and 1.35. The influence of foaming temperature, saturation pressure, expansion ratio and RDX content on porous structure was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted and the results revealed a two‐stage decomposition process of RDX and binder. Performance in terms of heat resistance and moisture resistance was evaluated and compared with the traditional ones. A comparative study indicated that microcellular combustible objects are superior to traditional ones in respect of their survivability.
Herbicides and plant hormesis
Authors: Belz Regina G , Duke Stephen O 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHerbicide hormesis is commonly observed at subtoxic doses of herbicides and other phytotoxins. The occurrence and magnitude of this phenomenon are influenced by plant growth stage and physiological status, environmental factors, the endpoint measured and the timing between treatment and endpoint measurement. The mechanism in some cases of herbicide hormesis appears to be related to the target site of the herbicide, whereas in other examples hormesis may be by overcompensation to moderate stress induced by the herbicides or a response to disturbed homeostasis. Theoretically, herbicide hormesis could be used in crop production, but this has been practical only in the case of the use of herbicides as sugar cane ‘ripeners’ to enhance sucrose accumulation. The many factors that can influence the occurrence, the magnitude and the dose range of hormetic increases in yield for most crops make it too unpredictable and risky as a production practice with the currently available knowledge. Herbicide hormesis can cause undesired effects in situations in which weeds are unintentionally exposed to hormetic doses (e.g. in adjacent fields, when shielded by crop vegetation). Some weeds that have evolved herbicide resistance may have hormetic responses to recommended herbicide application rates. Little is known about such effects under field conditions. A more complete understanding of herbicide hormesis is needed to exploit its potential benefits and to minimize its potential harmful effects in crop production. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Current state of herbicides in herbicide‐resistant crops
Authors: Green Jerry M 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCurrent herbicide and herbicide trait practices are changing in response to the rapid spread of glyphosate‐resistant weeds. Growers urgently needed glyphosate when glyphosate‐resistant crops became available because weeds were becoming widely resistant to most commonly used selective herbicides, making weed management too complex and time consuming for large farm operations. Glyphosate made weed management easy and efficient by controlling all emerged weeds at a wide range of application timings. However, the intensive use of glyphosate over wide areas and concomitant decline in the use of other herbicides led eventually to the widespread evolution of weeds resistant to glyphosate. Today, weeds that are resistant to glyphosate and other herbicide types are threatening current crop production practices. Unfortunately, all commercial herbicide modes of action are over 20 years old and have resistant weed problems. The severity of the problem has prompted the renewal of efforts to discover new weed management technologies. One technology will be a new generation of crops with resistance to glyphosate, glufosinate and other existing herbicide modes of action. Other technologies will include new chemical, biological, cultural and mechanical methods for weed management. From the onset of commercialization, growers must now preserve the utility of new technologies by integrating their use with other weed management technologies in diverse and sustainable systems. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Constella: new treatment for constipation‐predominant IBS
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Trudgill Nigel 
Published: January 2014

AbstractLinaclotide (Constella) is guanylate cyclase‐C receptor agonist for the treatment of constipation‐predominant IBS. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse effects and Dr Nigel Trudgill discusses its place in therapy.