bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marcas Históricas no Nacionalismo Português * Historical Marks in the Portuguese Nationalism
Authors: PEREIRA DANGLEI DE CASTRO 
Published: August 2015

<p><strong>Resumo: </strong>O texto comenta a presença de tensões históricas na literatura portuguesa, dando especial atenção aos aspectos da temática nacionalista nessa tradição. O caminho analítico implica o cotejo de obras representativas dentro da tradição literária portuguesa face à ideia de permanência temática e de possíveis reflexos da tradição literária em Portugal na interface com valores históricos. O foco analítico valoriza a presença de caminhos trilhados pelo nacionalismo em diferentes obras literárias, dando enfoque, quando possível, na relação entre literatura e História.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave</strong>: Nacionalismo – Literatura portuguesa – Tradição.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The text comments the presence of historical tensions in the Portuguese literature, thus giving special attention to the nationalist aspects of the thematic in that tradition. The analytic way implies the comparison of representative works in the Portuguese literary tradition faced with thematic endurance and possible reflexes of the literary tradition in Portugal in the interface with historical values. The analytical focus values the presence of ways which are well-trodden by the nationalism in different literary works, giving focus, when possible, in the relationship between literature and History.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Nationalism – Portuguese Literature – Tradition.</p>
Histórias de Homero: um Balanço das Propostas de Datação dos Poemas Homéricos * Homer’s Histories: a Balance of the Dating Proposals of Homeric Poems
Authors: OLIVEIRA GUSTAVO 
Published: August 2015

<p><strong>Resumo:</strong> A datação dos poemas homéricos é um assunto polêmico e repleto de dificuldades. Mesmo diante de tal cenário, sua utilização como fonte histórica tem ocorrido, em geral sem maiores considerações acerca da dificuldade de resolver problemas centrais para a maneira de como os poemas são contextualizados. O presente estudo tem como objetivo fazer um levantamento das possibilidades de abordagens históricas destes poemas, apontando as particularidades, os pressupostos e problemas relacionados a cada uma. Por fim é apresentada uma sugestão alternativa de abordagem, que toma como ponto de partida a datação da tradição da qual os poemas fazem parte, encarando-os como testemunhos válidos desta tradição de longa duração oral.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave:</strong> Sociedade Homérica – Épica Grega – Tradição Oral.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> Dating the Homeric poems is a polemic subject, filled with difficulties. Even so, the poems have been used as historical sources, generally without any significant remarks about the difficulty in solving main problems in how the poems are put into context. The focus of this paper is to trace the possibilities of historical approaches which use the Homeric poems as sources and pointing out the particularities, the assumption and the problems presented in each type of approach. At last, it is suggested an alternative approach which has, as the starting point, the dating of the tradition to which the poems belong, considering them valid testimonies of such a long-lasting oral tradition.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Homeric Society – Greek Epic – Oral Tradition.</p>
Bayesian inference of environmental and biotic factors determining the occurrence of the grapevine disease ‘bois noir'
Authors: Panassiti Bernd , Hartig Florian , Breuer Michael , Biedermann Robert 
Published: August 2015

Insect‐vectored plant diseases often create complex epidemiological systems that are challenging to understand, predict, and manage. An example is ‘bois noir' (BN), a phytoplasma‐associated grapevine disease commonly found in European vineyards. Although BN has the potential to cause substantial economic damage, the factors that contribute to BN prevalence in vineyards are still not well understood.We used Bayesian inference with generalized linear mixed‐effect models to test the hypotheses that (1) grapevine varieties exhibit different BN susceptibility; (2) environment drivers influence prevalence of the disease and occurrence of the vector; and (3) the presence of the main vector is a major determinant of BN occurrence.We found that the presence of the vector Hyalesthes obsoletus increased with increasing isothermality, minimum temperatures during the coldest period, soil erosion, and natural vegetation in close proximity to the vineyards. Presence of the BN disease increased with presence of the vector as well as increasing altitudes and mean annual temperatures. After accounting for those factors, Chardonnay and Riesling showed higher disease prevalence than Müller‐Thurgau, Silvaner, and Merlot. Although the vector had an overall positive effect on the disease prevalence, disease and vector occurrence show distinct spatial patterns.In conclusion, our analysis suggests that vector presence is not the only, and maybe not the most important factor for BN disease prevalence. Environment and grape cultivar also play important roles. Hence, area‐wide predictions of both environmental disease risk and vector presence, together with information about the susceptibility of grape cultivars, will enable a more targeted disease management. Our modelling framework could easily be applied to other diseases of concern, such as apple proliferation or flavescence dorée.
Explicación de las disparidades raciales en la salud neonatal en Brasil
Authors: Nyarko Kwame A. , López-Camelo Jorge , Castilla Eduardo E. , Wehby George L. 
Published: August 2015

Objetivos. Buscamos cuantificar la manera en que los efectos socioeconómicos, demográficos, geográficos y de atención de salud explican las disparidades raciales en las tasas de bajo peso al nacer y prematuridad en Brasil.Métodos. Utilizamos una muestra de 8 949 niños nacidos entre 1995 y el 2009 en 15 ciudades y 7 provincias de Brasil. Nos centramos en las disparidades en la prevalencia de bajo peso al nacer (< 2 500 g) y prematuridad (< 37 semanas de gestación) en recién nacidos de ascendencia solo africana o mezclada con otras ascendencias y de ascendencia solo europea. Usamos un modelo de descomposición para cuantificar la contribución de los factores conceptualmente pertinentes a esas disparidades.Resultados. El modelo permitió explicar entre 45% y 94% de las disparidades en cuanto al bajo peso al nacer y entre 64% y 94% de las disparidades en cuanto a la prematuridad entre los grupos de ascendencia africana y de ascendencia europea. Las diferencias en el uso de atención prenatal y en la ubicación geográfica fueron los factores más importantes, seguidos por las diferencias socioeconómicas. El modelo permitió explicar la mayoría de las disparidades en los recién nacidos de ascendencia africana mezclada y parte de las disparidades en los de ascendencia solo africana.Conclusiones. En las políticas públicas para mejorar la salud infantil se deben abordar las diferencias en cuanto a la atención prenatal y la ubicación geográfica a fin de reducir las disparidades en materia de salud entre los recién nacidos de ascendencia africana y los de ascendencia europea en Brasil.
The Combined Effects of the Expansion of Primary Health Care and Conditional Cash Transfers on Infant Mortality in Brazil, 1998–2010
Authors: Guanais Frederico C. 
Published: August 2015

Objectives. I examined the combined effects of access to primary care through the Family Health Program (FHP) and conditional cash transfers from the Bolsa Familia Program (BFP) on postneonatal infant mortality (PNIM) in Brazil.Methods. I employed longitudinal ecological analysis using panel data from 4583 Brazilian municipalities from 1998 to 2010, totaling 54 253 observations. I estimated fixed-effects ordinary least squares regressions models with PNIM rate as the dependent variable and FHP, BFP, and their interactions as the main independent variables of interest.Results. The association of higher FHP coverage with lower PNIM became stronger as BFP coverage increased. At the means of all other variables, when BFP coverage was 25%, predicted PNIM was 5.24 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.95, 5.53) for FHP coverage = 0% and 3.54 (95% CI = 2.77, 4.31) for FHP coverage = 100%. When BFP coverage was 60%, predicted PNIM was 4.65 (95% CI = 4.36, 4.94) when FHP coverage = 0% and 1.38 (95% CI = 0.88, 1.89) when FHP coverage = 100%.Conclusions. The effect of the FHP depends on the expansion of the BFP. For impoverished, underserved populations, combining supply- and demand-side interventions may be necessary to improve health outcomes.
Efectos combinados de la ampliación de la atención primaria de salud y de las transferencias condicionadas de dinero en efectivo sobre la mortalidad infantil en Brasil, 1998–2010
Authors: Guanais Frederico C. 
Published: August 2015

Objetivos. Examiné los efectos combinados del acceso a la atención primaria mediante el Programa de Salud Familiar (PSF) y las transferencias condicionadas de dinero en efectivo del Programa Bolsa Familia (PBF) sobre la mortalidad infantil posneonatal (MIPN) en Brasil.Métodos. Empleé un análisis ecológico longitudinal usando datos en panel de 4 583 municipios brasileños de 1998 al 2010, con 54 253 observaciones en total. Estimé modelos de regresión de efectos fijos por mínimos cuadrados ordinarios, con la tasa de MIPN como la variable dependiente y el PSF, el PBF y sus interacciones como las principales variables independientes de interés.Resultados. La asociación de una mayor cobertura del PSF con una menor tasa de MIPN se volvió más fuerte conforme aumentaba la cobertura del PBF. En los promedios de todas las demás variables, cuando la cobertura de PBF era 25%, la MIPN predicha fue 5,24 (intervalo de confianza [IC] de 95% = 4,95, 5,53) para una cobertura del PSF de 0%, y de 3,54 (IC de 95% = 2,77, 4,31) para una cobertura del PSF de 100%. Cuando la cobertura del PBF era de 60%, la MIPN predicha fue 4,65 (IC de 95% = 4,36, 4,94) para una cobertura del PSF de 0%, y de 1,38 (IC de 95% = 0,88, 1,89) para una cobertura del PSF de 100%.Conclusiones. El efecto del PSF depende de la ampliación del PBF. Para las poblaciones empobrecidas y subatendidas, la combinación de intervenciones tanto del lado de la oferta como del lado de la demanda podría ser necesaria para mejorar los resultados en salud.
Arthroscopic Posterior Knee Capsulotomy for a Fixed Flexion Contracture in a Ten-Year-Old Boy Due to a Hypertrophied Ligamentum Mucosum
Authors: Pace J. Lee 
Published: August 2015

Case:
Knee flexion contractures are difficult to treat effectively. We present the case of a ten-year-old boy with a flexion contracture due to a hypertrophied ligamentum mucosum treated with an arthroscopic posterior capsular release. The patient obtained full extension and maintained it at the time of final follow-up.

Conclusion:
This case represents a unique cause of an impinging ligamentum mucosum and provides anecdotal support to the concept of an arthroscopic posterior capsular release as a safe and effective option for flexion contractures.
One Size Does Not Fit All: How the Uniform Rules of FIN 48 Affect the Relevance of Income Tax Accounting
Authors: Robinson Leslie A. , Stomberg Bridget , Towery Erin M. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
Our study examines how the uniform rules of FIN 48, which governs accounting for income tax uncertainty, affect the relevance of income tax accounting. By requiring all firms to follow the same recognition and measurement process, the FASB intended FIN 48 to improve the relevance of income tax accounting. However, practitioners argue that reserves reported under FIN 48 lack relevance because they represent liabilities that will never be paid to tax authorities. Consistent with these concerns, we estimate that over a three-year period, only 24 cents of every dollar of reserves unwind via settlements. Moreover, contrary to the FASB's intention, we find no evidence that FIN 48 increased the ability of tax expense to predict future tax cash flows. Rather, we find that the predictive ability of tax expense for future tax cash flows decreases among firms for which FIN 48 is most restrictive. Finally, we find no evidence that investors identify firms for which reserves overstate future tax cash outflows and incorporate this into their valuations. Our results provide evidence that the uniform accounting rules of FIN 48 negatively affect the relevance of income tax accounting.
JEL Classifications: H25; M41; M48.
Foreign Portfolio Investment and Shareholder Dividend Taxes
Authors: Amiram Dan , Frank Mary Margaret 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
We investigate the effects of dividend taxes on foreign equity portfolio holdings. Based on the extension of an equilibrium model with risky assets to an international setting, we predict that a change in the tax rate on dividends of a country's domestic investors is positively related to changes in foreign investors' portfolio holdings in that country. The evidence from two research settings, which exploit changes in the national tax policies of different countries, supports this prediction. More generally, the model predicts that a foreign investor's equilibrium portfolio holdings in a country are negatively related to the dividend tax rate that she directly pays on assets in that country and positively related to the weighted-average dividend tax rate of worldwide investors in that country. Results from analyses using panel data provide empirical support for these predictions.
Correlation of Iodine content of mother’s milk and urine with their child’s TSH level
Authors: Singh Shruti , Lamsal Madhab , Baral Nirmal , Bhatta Nisha Keshary , Uprety Dhruba K 
Published: August 2015

Background: Iodine deficiency is still a significant public health problem. In the rural plains of Nepal, it remains a mild-to-moderate public health problem among pregnant and lactating women despite the availability of iodized salt. To date, only limited attention has been paid to breast-milk iodine content despite its importance in the intellectual development of infants.Objectives: (i) To determine iodine content in mother’s urine, mother’s milk and to measure their respective child’s TSH level. (ii) To correlate iodine content of mother’s urine with child’s TSH level and also mother’s milk content with child’s TSH level.Setting and Design: cross sectional study in human using consecutive sampling techniqueMaterials and Methods: Mother’s urinary and milk iodine level was measured by Ammonium Persulfate Digestion Microplate method using Sandell-Kolthoff reaction in a sealing cassette (Hitachi, Japan) and child’s TSH by ELISA commercial Kit from Eliscan (RFCL, India) based on classical sandwich technique.Statistical analysis used: Spearman’s correlation was performed in quantitative variables. A p-value less than 0.05 and 0.001 were considered statistically significant and highly significant respectivelyResults: The median mother’s urine was 174.96 µg/L(97.39-215.43) and their respective median child TSH level was 3.86 mIU/L(2.66-4.80). Median mother’s milk iodine was 129.90 µg/L (94.14-165.94).There was significant negative correlation between mothers’ urinary iodine content and their child’s TSH (r2= -0.391, p = 0.005) and between mother’s urinary iodine and their child’s TSH (r2= -0.471, p = 0.001). There was positive correlation between mother’s milk iodine and mother urinary iodine but not statistically significant ((r2= 0.261, p = 0.067).Conclusion: Mothers urinary iodine, mother’s milk iodine and child TSH are interrelated with each other.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(1) 2015 40-48
Expression of Tau Protein and Tau mRNA in gastric carcinoma
Authors: Li Chun-hui , Pan Li-Hui , Sahi Rajina , Xing Zhao , Yu Cheng , De-Li Zhang 
Published: August 2015

Aims and Objectives: To provide theoretical basis for the gastric carcinoma pathogenesis and the clinical targeted therapy. Materials and Methods: We detected the expression of Tau protein and Tau mRNA in 60 cases of gastric carcinoma tissues (observation group) and 10 cases of normal gastric tissues (control group). Immunohistochemisty was adopted to detect the expression of Tau protein in normal and carcinomatous gastric tissue. Tau mRNA was detected by RT-PCR in normal and carcinomatous gastric tissue. To analyse the experimental data combined clinical pathology with statistics. Results: The expression of Tau protein in carcinomatous gastric tissue was higher than that in normal gastric tissue (P<0.05). The expression of Tau protein and Tau mRNA in well differentiated and moderately differentiated was lower than that in poorly differentiated gastric carcinoma (P<0.05). The expression of Tau protein and Tau mRNA in gastric carcinoma without lymph node metastasis was lower than that in gastric carcinoma with lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). The expression of Tau mRNA in carcinomatous gastric tissue was higher than that in normal gastric tissue (P<0.05).Conclusion: Tau protein and Tau mRNA were significant differences between normal gastric tissue and gastric carcinoma, also were concerned with differentiation in grade and lymph node metastasis of gastric carcinoma.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(1) 2015 20-23
Intra uterine insemination: Limitations in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Rani Rekha , Sinha Maruti , Bhattacharya Ratnaboli , Gupta Ridhima , Kaur Gurcharan 
Published: August 2015

Aims and Objectives: Infertile couples need expert guidance to be able to choose an appropriate therapy relevant to their sub-fertility where one in seven couples have infertility. The present study has been designed to study the clinical effectiveness of IUI in enhancing pregnancy rates in cases of unexplained infertility and to compare it with other modalities of expectant treatment. We enumerate our experience with IUI at Kasturba Hospital with a special effort to assess any limitations in performing this procedure in tertiary care centres like ours.Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study with observational analysis of data on sub fertile couples who underwent COH and IUI as a part of the management protocol in our hospital- Kasturba Hospital, New Delhi. The period of study extended from 2007 to 2014. Infertility work up of all the registered couples was done on a standard investigation protocol. The male partner was also assessed by a detailed history and semen analysis.Results: Average females were less than 30 years of age at 48.1% Majority of couples were having primary infertility (82.28%) whereas only 17.72% had secondary infertility. Pregnancy rates achieved with single IUI (22.55%) was more than that achieved in double IUI (11.11%). Pre rupture IUI resulted in higher pregnancy rates (23.08%) than post rupture ones (15.12%). Out of pregnancies that occurred from IUI cycles, term deliveries were 21.52% and there were 6.33% spontaneous miscarriages. Only 2.53% had twin pregnancies.Conclusion: In a resource deprived country like India where low per capita income make IVF-ET an unaffordable option to most of the patients, IUI has found wide acceptance with much lower costs. However the biggest limitation in offering IUI is that most of the tertiary care centres in India are yet to eqiup itself with standard IUI Laboratories to thus make Intra Uterine insemination widely available at affordably low cost.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(1) 2015 76-81
Prevalence of SRY and DAX-1 gene deletion in patients with Cryptorchidism and Hypospadias – A Pilot study in North Indian Children
Authors: Gulla Krishna Mohan , Panigrahi Inusha , Marwaha R.K. , Rao K.L.N. 
Published: August 2015

Background: Cryptorchidism and hypospadias are common problems in males attending the pediatric surgery clinic. These two abnormalities are also associated with genetic syndromes/disorders of sexual development (DSD).Aims and Objectives: Aim of present study was to find out the prevalence of SRY and DAX-1 gene deletions in phenotypic males with cryptorchidism or hypospadias.Materials and Methods: Children with cryptorchidism, or hypospadias attending the Pediatric Surgery OPD were enrolled for the study after informed consent. One blood sample (4ml) was taken from each patient for DNA analysis and PCR amplification of SRY and DAX-1 genes was done using the previously described primers. PCR for DAX and SRY genes was done according to a standard protocol.Results: The age ranged from 12 months to 144 months. Twenty-nine children had cryptorchidism and 22 had hypospadias. Out of 29 children having cryptorchidism, 11 had right side cryptorchidism and 7 had bilateral cryptorchidism. Out of 22 children having hypospadias, 13 had distal penile hypospadias. The DNA analysis showed amplification of DAX gene in all 51 patients. SRY gene showed amplification in 50/51 patients and one patient’s DNA did not show amplification. Conclusion: More extensive studies are needed to explore the enigma of genetic basis involved in DSD. Cryptorchidism and hypospadias are anomalies with potentially severe consequences, such as infertility and testicular cancer, and more research efforts can help in characterization of cause of these abnormalities.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(1) 2015 24-29
Correlation of Serum zinc with TSH in hyperthyroidism
Authors: Sinha Satwika , Kar Kaushik , Dasgupta Anindya , Basu Saubhik , Sen Sukanta 
Published: August 2015

Aims and Objectives: Trace elements may have a role in progression of hyperthyroidism. We planned to estimate the serum zinc, copper and ceruloplasmin in hyperthyroids.Materials and Methods: 41 hyperthyroid patients and 32 control subjects were taken for the study. Serum T4,TSH ,zinc, copper and ceruloplasmin were estimated in them. T4 and TSH were estimated by ELISA method. Zinc and copper were estimated by colorimetric method. Serum ceruloplasmin were estimated by Ravins method.Results: Significant decrease of TSH (p<0.0001)and zinc(p<0.0001) were found in hyperthyroids in comparision to controls. Serum copper and ceruloplasmin were significantly elevated(p<0.0001) in them. Significant positive correlation between TSH and zinc was observed in case group.Conclusion: Zinc defficiency may contribute to the worsening of hyperthyroidism. Zinc supplementation may improve the condition.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(1) 2015 66-69
Environmental Flows in Nepal - An Evaluation of Current Practices and an Analysis of the Upper Trishuli-I Hydroelectric Project
Authors: Rijal Narayan Hari , Alfredsen Knut 
Published: August 2015

Environmental assessments and environmental flows are important components in modern hydropower development. Various methods employing a combination of hydrology, hydraulics, environmental assessment and ecology have been developed for analysing and setting environmental flows. In the developed countries, detailed assessments are being carried out for setting environmental flows whereas very little attention has been given to this topic in Nepal. However, this trend is changing in recent developments. We discuss current minimum flow practices for a number of hydropower projects in the planning, development and operation phases to observe minimum flows and environmental flow over time. Furthermore, we present an analysis of environmental flows for the Upper Trishuli-I Hydroelectric Project in Nepal that is currently in the planning phase. We base our conclusion using current flow assessment methodologies to study the effects of proposed minimum flows and possible changes to improve the effect of compensatory releases. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 17, July 2015