bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glycemic Control in Cardiac Surgery: Implementing an Evidence-Based Insulin Infusion Protocol
Authors: Hargraves Joelle D. 
Published: May 2014

Background
Acute hyperglycemia following cardiac surgery increases the risk of deep sternal wound infection, significant early morbidity, and mortality. Insulin infusion protocols that target tight glycemic control to treat hyperglycemia have been linked to hypoglycemia and increased mortality. Recently published studies examining glycemic control in critical illness and clinical practice guidelines from professional organizations support moderate glycemic control.

Objectives
To measure critical care nurses’ knowledge of glycemic control in cardiac surgery before and after education. To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of an evidence-based insulin infusion protocol targeting moderate glycemic control in cardiac surgery patients.

Methods
This evidence-based practice change was implemented in the cardiovascular unit in a community teaching hospital. Nurses completed a self-developed questionnaire to measure knowledge of glycemic control. Blood glucose data, collected (retrospectively) from anesthesia end time through 11:59 PM on postoperative day 2, were compared from 2 months before to 2 months after the practice change.

Results
Nurses’ knowledge (test scores) increased significantly after education (pretest mean = 53.10, SD = 11.75; posttest mean = 79.10, SD = 12.02; t54 = −8.18, P &lt; .001). Mean blood glucose level after implementation was 148 mg/dL. The incidence of hypoglycemia, 2.09% before and 0.22% after the intervention, was significantly reduced (χ12 [n = 29] = 13.9, P &lt; .001). The percentage of blood glucose levels less than 180 mg/dL was 88.30%.

Conclusions
Increasing nurses’ knowledge of glycemic control and implementing an insulin infusion protocol targeting moderate glycemic control were effective for treating acute hyperglycemia following cardiac surgery with decreased incidence of hypoglycemia.
Effectiveness of an Electromagnetic Feeding Tube Placement Device in Detecting Inadvertent Respiratory Placement
Authors: Metheny Norma A. , Meert Kathleen L. 
Published: May 2014

Background
Use of technology capable of electromagnetically tracking advancement of a feeding tube on a monitoring screen during insertion may enable detection of deviation of the tube from the midline as it advances through the chest, possibly indicating entry of the tube into the right or left main bronchus.

Purposes
To describe (1) published peer-reviewed studies that report on the detection of malpositioned tubes inserted by an electromagnetic tube placement device, and (2) events reported to the US Food and Drug Administration’s Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database regarding use of such a device.

Methods
An Ovid MEDLINE search was conducted to locate peer-reviewed studies published between 2007 and 2012 that referred to use of an electromagnetic tube placement device to detect inadvertent respiratory placements of feeding tubes. In addition, an online search of the MAUDE database was conducted for the years 2007 through 2012.

Results
The Ovid MEDLINE search yielded 6 studies that referred to respiratory placements; no cases of pneumothorax were reported. The MAUDE database search yielded 21 adverse events associated with use of an electromagnetic tube placement device (including 17 cases of pneumothorax and 2 deaths). As the MAUDE database relies on voluntary reports, this number should not be construed as the incidence of malpositioned tubes during this period.

Conclusions
The ability of clinicians to place feeding tubes correctly by using an electromagnetic tube placement device varies. Thus, it is reasonable to question the wisdom of eliminating radiographic confirmation of tube position before starting feedings.
Multiple Roles of Perforin in Hampering ERBB-2 (Her-2/neu) Carcinogenesis in Transgenic Male Mice
Authors: Macagno Marco , Bandini Silvio , Stramucci Lorenzo , Quaglino Elena , Conti Laura , Balmas Elisa , Smyth Mark J. , Lollini Pier-Luigi , Musiani Piero , Forni Guido , Iezzi Manuela , Cavallo Federica 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Perforin (pfp)-mediated cytotoxicity is one of the principal immunosurveillance mechanisms involved in the fight against cancer. However, its importance in spontaneous epithelial cancer is still poorly defined. In this study, we use a realistic mouse model that displays many features that are equivalent to human pathology to evaluate the role of pfp-dependent immunosurveillance by comparing tumor progression in rat ERBB-2 (neu) transgenic, pfp-proficient (neu+/pfp+) or pfp-deficient (neu+/pfp−) BALB/c male mice. Adult neu+/pfp+ males developed poorly differentiated salivary carcinomas, whereas neu+/pfp− males displayed their salivary carcinomas noticeably earlier and showed zones of more highly differentiated tumor, indicating that pfp-mediated immunosurveillance is able not only to delay the growth kinetic of an aggressive epithelial tumor, but also to shape its histology. The role of pfp-mediated immunosurveillance appeared to be of even more dramatic importance against the less aggressive male mammary carcinomas. In neu+/pfp+ males, the incidence of mammary carcinomas was a sporadic and late event. In contrast, in neu+/pfp− males their incidence was four-fold higher. This higher cancer incidence was associated with a 2-fold higher occurrence of persisting mammary remnants, a major risk factor for mammary cancer in male mice, and one that would appear to be due to pfp’s previously unidentified involvement in male mammary gland rejection during embryogenesis. This work thus provides further proof of the complex role that the immune system plays in the body and gives new insight into the pathogenesis of epithelial tumors, demonstrating that the penetrance and malignancy of a tumor may be dramatically affected by pfp-dependent mechanisms.
Soluble, but Not Transmembrane, TNF-α Is Required during Influenza Infection To Limit the Magnitude of Immune Responses and the Extent of Immunopathology
Authors: DeBerge Matthew P. , Ely Kenneth H. , Enelow Richard I. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
TNF-α is a pleotropic cytokine that has both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions during influenza infection. TNF-α is first expressed as a transmembrane protein that is proteolytically processed to release a soluble form. Transmembrane TNF-α (memTNF-α) and soluble TNF-α (solTNF-α) have been shown to exert distinct tissue-protective or tissue-pathologic effects in several disease models. However, the relative contributions of memTNF-α or solTNF-α in regulating pulmonary immunopathology following influenza infection are unclear. Therefore, we performed intranasal influenza infection in mice exclusively expressing noncleavable memTNF-α or lacking TNF-α entirely and examined the outcomes. We found that solTNF-α, but not memTNF-α, was required to limit the size of the immune response and the extent of injury. In the absence of solTNF-α, there was a significant increase in the CD8+ T cell response, including virus-specific CD8+ T cells, which was due in part to an increased resistance to activation-induced cell death. We found that solTNF-α mediates these immunoregulatory effects primarily through TNFR1, because mice deficient in TNFR1, but not TNFR2, exhibited dysregulated immune responses and exacerbated injury similar to that observed in mice lacking solTNF-α. We also found that solTNF-α expression was required early during infection to regulate the magnitude of the CD8+ T cell response, indicating that early inflammatory events are critical for the regulation of the effector phase. Taken together, these findings suggest that processing of memTNF-α to release solTNF-α is a critical event regulating the immune response during influenza infection.
Through an ITIM-Independent Mechanism the FcγRIIB Blocks B Cell Activation by Disrupting the Colocalized Microclustering of the B Cell Receptor and CD19
Authors: Xu Liling , Li Gen , Wang Jing , Fan Yilin , Wan Zhengpeng , Zhang Shaosen , Shaheen Samina , Li Jing , Wang Li , Yue Cai , Zhao Yan , Wang Fei , Brzostowski Joseph , Chen Ying-Hua , Zheng Wenjie , Liu Wanli 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
B cell activation is regulated through the interplay of the BCR with the inhibitory coreceptor FcγRIIB and the activating coreceptor CD19. Recent studies suggest that Ag-driven BCR microclusters are efficiently converted to a signaling active state on colocalization with CD19 microclusters. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy–based, high-resolution, high-speed live-cell and molecule imaging approaches, we show that when co-ligated to the BCR, the FcγRIIB can inhibit B cell activation by blocking the colocalization of BCR and CD19 microclusters within the B cell immunological synapse. Remarkably, this inhibitory function of FcγRIIB is dependent not on its well-characterized ITIM-containing cytoplasmic domain, but its transmembrane domain. Indeed, human primary B cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients homozygous for gene encoding the loss-of-function transmembrane domain mutant FcγRIIB-I232T fail to block the synaptic colocalization of the BCR with CD19, leading to dysregulated recruitment of downstream signaling molecule p-PI3K to membrane proximal signalosome. This inhibitory function of FcγRIIB in impairing the spatial-temporal colocalization of BCR and CD19 microclusters in the B cell immunological synapse may help explain the hyper-reactive features of systemic lupus erythematosus patient B cells in reported studies. These observations may also provide new targets for therapies for systemic autoimmune disease.
Newer Dopaminergic Agents Cause Minimal Endocrine Effects in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Daniel Jacob S. , Govindan Jyothish P. , Kamath Chandan , D'Souza Charles , Adlan Mohamed A. , Premawardhana Lakdasa D. 
Published: May 2014

Objective We studied the prevalence of endocrine dysfunction in subjects with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) on newer dopaminergic agents (DA). DA are also used in endocrine hypersecretory states in small doses and we hypothesized that endocrine dysfunction was likely in IPD where DA were used in comparatively much higher dosage. Patients and Methods Twenty-five subjects with IPD, established on DA, were recruited to this cross-sectional study. We measured insulin-like growth factor-1, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid function, oestradiol or testosterone and Cortisol levels following a short synacthen test. Results We studied 18 males and 7 females, whose median age was 72 years, and whose median time from diagnosis, and duration of treatment was 27 months (interquartile range 17-45 and 13-39 months, respectively). (1) Endocrine tests were normal in 19 of 25 subjects at recruitment. Minor abnormalities reverted to normal on repeat testing in three of six with initial abnormalities; two had persistent abnormalities and the third subject could not be further investigated. Therefore, 22 of 24 (92%) with IPD on DA therapy had normal endocrine profiles. (2) The Cortisol response to ACTH was normal in 24 of 25 subjects (96%). (3) Eleven subjects (44%) had isolated PRL suppression. There were no differences between the suppressed PRL and “normal” PRL groups. However, a higher number of them were on non-ergoline-derived DA (83% vs 31%; P < 0.05). Conclusions We have demonstrated that newer non-ergoline DA therapy caused only minimal endocrine perturbations in subjects with IPD. Their clinical significance can only be speculative currently. The Cortisol response to ACTH was normal in almost all but a significant minority had suppressed prolactin levels.
Trajectories of Bone Remodeling Markers and Bone Mineral Density during Treatment with Strontium Ranelate in Postmenopausal Women Previously Treated with Bisphosphonates
Authors: Lima Helisane , Maia Juliana , Bandeira Francisco 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate the responses of C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) and serum osteocalcin after the first 4 months of treatment with strontium ranelate (SR) and demonstrate their association with long-term bone density changes.Subjects and MethodsA sample of 13 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis was analyzed (mean age 65 ± 7.7 years), who were treated with SR for an average of 2.56 ± 0.86 years. All patients had undergone previous treatment with bisphosphonates for an average period of 4.88 ± 2.27 years. Serum CTX and osteocalcin levels were determined before and after four months of treatment with SR. Bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and femoral neck were obtained before and after treatment with SR.ResultsWe observed an average increase of 53.7% in the CTX levels, and 30.7% in the osteocalcin levels. The increase in bone markers was associated with a mean 4.8% increase in lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) from 0.820 to 0.860 g/cm2( T-score from –2.67 to –1.92; P= 0.001), after 2.5 years of treatment with SR.ConclusionThese data suggest an anabolic effect of SR on postmenopausal women who were previously treated with long-term bisphosphonates.
An Immigrant Bank in Philadelphia Serving Russian Jews:
Authors: Velvel Moskoff William , Gayle Carol 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
The Blitzstein Bank of Philadelphia, established in 1891 by Russian Jews to serve Russian Jewish immigrants, had two main functions: first, to sell steamship tickets to immigrants so that they could bring relatives and friends to the United States and, second, to serve as an intermediary in the transfer of dollar remittances to relatives in Russia and then the Soviet Union. The financial status of the bank was tied to economic conditions in the United States and those in Russia. When prosperity reigned in the United States, the bank sold many tickets. When conditions were especially harsh in Russia, the impulse to migrate to the United States was high and so were ticket sales. The bank's fortunes were also indirectly connected to legal barriers against Jewish emigration erected by both the fledgling Soviet Union and the draconian immigrant quotas imposed by the United States in the early 1920s. After initially surviving the first wave of bank closings at the beginning of the Great Depression, the bank finally succumbed and closed its doors in late December 1930.
Young Man Bache:
Authors: Scherr Arthur 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
Far from being a humorless radical, as he is often depicted, Benjamin Franklin Bache, editor of the Philadelphia General Advertiser: Aurora from 1790 until his death in 1798, was a romantic, erotic young man concerned with loving and being loved. He was also a gentleman, like his grandfather Benjamin Franklin. A graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, Bache had a reading knowledge of Latin. He valued a good education and was interested in presenting arguments in a logical, cohesive manner, rather than in composing partisan, rambling tirades. A complex individual, he was exemplary of the Late Enlightenment, combining its Romantic and rationalist features. More creative and serious-minded than most scholars who write about him comprehend, he was also a loving suitor, husband, and father.
The Problematic of Architecture and Utopia
Authors: Coleman Nathaniel 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
The job of recovering or recuperating Utopia for architecture is no easy task, considering how deeply entrenched suspicions about Utopia are in the discipline of architecture, as elsewhere. In an attempt to set the stage for the articles that follow, the introduction to this special issue on architecture and Utopia is dedicated to explaining just how and why Utopia has become so estranged from architecture that it requires recuperation.
Farm Security Administration Photographs of Greenbelt Towns:
Authors: Reblando Jason 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
In 1935, Roy Stryker, director of the Historical Section of the Resettlement Administration/Farm Security Administration (RA/FSA), hired some of the best professional photographic artists in the United States to document socioeconomic conditions of the Great Depression. Many of these RA/FSA images became icons of despair and catalysts for the social and economic reforms of the New Deal era. But there is a subset of photographs within the FSA archive that proposed a new American way of life: images of the Greenbelt communities that were constructed by the U.S. government in the late 1930s. In this article I argue that the images of the Greenbelt Towns were made to depict cooperation and prosperity, attributes not commonly associated with the work of the RA/FSA photographers. They present a utopian vision of architecture and community in America that challenged the economic ethos of individualism. My methods will include an analysis of RA/FSA photographs of the three Greenbelt towns, and I will compare them to photographs that have come to emblematize what the RA/FSA file represents. My treatment will complicate common assumptions about FSA photography and consider the historical and pictorial narrative of the Greenbelt program as a practical attempt at utopia in America.
The “Floating Asylum,” the Armée du salut, and Le Corbusier:
Authors: Morgan Diane 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
This article examines the case of a neglected “heterotopian” space, Le Corbusier's “floating asylum,” commissioned by the French Salvation Army. It uses archival material to explore the potentially far-reaching contribution “heterotopia” can make to a “utopian” project for social transformation, as well as indicating how “dystopian” aspects can infiltrate the same initiative. My analysis focuses on the different texts available in French on Foucault's problematic ideas on “other spaces.” It also draws attention to a another occluded “debate,” one that did not take place as such, between Foucault and Gauchet and Swain as to what types of spaces asylums actually were and intended to be. It also reflects on the place of asylum today and how hospitality might be extended to those who are socially excluded.
Beyond the Red Curtain:
Authors: Dunham Donald 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
One of the most striking features of the Barcelona Pavilion, a 1986 replica of the temporary structure designed by architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as the German Pavilion for the 1929 International Exposition, is a red curtain visible behind a transparent glass wall. This detail, the only primary color in the composition, is inextricably linked to the pavilion's representational legacy and to the 1986 structure's authenticity as a reliable artifact. The modernist and classical aestheticizing and politicizing of the pavilion, however, have prevented us from looking beyond the red curtain. Here lies the conceptual epicenter of Mies's work. Why has the Barcelona Pavilion endured? What was the purpose and motivation of reconstructing a temporal structure that had very little explicit purpose beyond its own archi-political sovereignty? Do the answers lie in our subconscious need to experience firsthand a genuine utopian artifact? And if so, what exactly constitutes a utopian architectural artifact? This article examines the twentieth-century utopian tradition in architecture and places the Barcelona Pavilion at its epicenter.
Die Materielle Richtung der Utopieen:
Authors: Dugdale Kyle 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
The coming months will witness the publication in English of the second volume of Peter Sloterdijk's Spheres trilogy, the magnum opus of an author who is currently intensely fashionable among architects. Sloterdijk embeds within that text what might appear to be a staggering claim: that architectural aspiration is ultimately responsible for the very conception of the Judeo-Christian God. This claim is validated by reference to the Tower of Babel, long a marker both of utopian aspiration and of anti-utopian doubt, a tower constructed within the enclosure of city walls that were themselves, in Sloterdijk's account, designed to protect the utopia of a tight community against the threat of an expanding world. Sloterdijk illustrates his text with an image taken from Uriel Birnbaum's 1924 Der Kaiser und der Architekt: itself a magnificently illustrated retelling of the story of Babel. But not only is Birnbaum himself radically opposed to utopian thought, whether artistic or political; his text might more readily be associated with Nietzsche's account of the death of God than with Sloterdijk's account of the birth of that God. This article explores the curious ambiguity of Birnbaum's position, drawing in part on his unpublished manuscript entitled “Wesen und Geschichte der Utopie.”
Iain M. Banks, February 16, 1954–June 9, 2013
Authors: Milner Andrew 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
The leading Scottish author Iain M. Banks was to have been the opening speaker at the conference of the European Utopian Studies Society held at New Lanark on July 1–4, 2013. His diagnosis with imminently terminal cancer made that sadly impossible. Below we publish the text of the eulogy delivered in his stead by Andrew Milner, professor of English and comparative literature at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia.
Comment jouer la régulation dans l’industrie du jeu vidéo?
Authors: Legault Marie-Josée , Weststar Johanna 
Published: May 2014

Cet article étudie les choix des concepteurs de jeux vidéo en matière de représentation de leurs intérêts à la lumière de la théorie de la mobilisation de Kelly (1998), cela dans le but de mesurer leur disposition à l’action collective. Ces travailleurs illustrent bien le cas des travailleurs du savoir dans des productions organisées par projets. Si le modèle de Kelly permet en principe d’asseoir des projections concernant la syndicalisation d’un secteur, tel n’est pas le cas ici. Notre étude nous amène plutôt à mesurer l’ampleur de la transformation du marché de l’emploi depuis l’élaboration du modèle et la distance qui sépare les besoins des travailleurs du savoir, d’une part, et les options que leur propose l’action syndicale traditionnelle telle que présentée par le modèle de Kelly, d’autre part.Ce groupe de travailleurs remplit deux conditions propices à l’action collective : il a identifié des problèmes communs dans les conditions de travail de l’industrie et il en attribue généralement la responsabilité à l’employeur.Cependant, trois conditions essentielles l’empêchent de s’unir en une coalition. D’abord, il est partagé entre une définition de son intérêt en termes collectifs et individuels; ensuite , il est aussi partagé quant à la conviction que la situation insatisfaisante est illégitime. Enfin, et surtout, lorsque les travailleurs analysent les coûts et les bénéfices de l’action collective, le projet de syndicalisation via le régime général d’accréditation fondé sur l’entreprise-employeur leur pose plusieurs problèmes concrets. Les concepteurs de jeux pratiquent une forme d’action collective qui contourne les contraintes que pose notre régime juridique actuel de rapports collectifs de travail. Or, la théorie de la mobilisation de Kelly assimile action collective et action syndicale traditionnelle, ce qui mérite d’être reconsidéré.