bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing and evaluating shared decision making in oncology practice
Authors: Kane Heather L. , Halpern Michael T. , Squiers Linda B. , Treiman Katherine A. , McCormack Lauren A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAnswer questions and earn CME/CNEEngaging individuals with cancer in decision making about their treatments has received increased attention; shared decision making (SDM) has become a hallmark of patient‐centered care. Although physicians indicate substantial interest in SDM, implementing SDM in cancer care is often complex; high levels of uncertainty may exist, and health care providers must help patients understand the potential risks versus benefits of different treatment options. However, patients who are more engaged in their health care decision making are more likely to experience confidence in and satisfaction with treatment decisions and increased trust in their providers. To implement SDM in oncology practice, physicians and other health care providers need to understand the components of SDM and the approaches to supporting and facilitating this process as part of cancer care. This review summarizes recent information regarding patient and physician factors that influence SDM for cancer care, outcomes resulting from successful SDM, and strategies for implementing SDM in oncology practice. We present a conceptual model illustrating the components of SDM in cancer care and provide recommendations for facilitating SDM in oncology practice. CA Cancer J Clin 2014;64:377–388. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Single‐step isolation of extracellular vesicles by size‐exclusion chromatography
Authors: Böing Anita N. , van der Pol Edwin , Grootemaat Anita E. , Coumans Frank A. W. , Sturk Auguste , Nieuwland Rienk 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundIsolation of extracellular vesicles from plasma is a challenge due to the presence of proteins and lipoproteins. Isolation of vesicles using differential centrifugation or density‐gradient ultracentrifugation results in co‐isolation of contaminants such as protein aggregates and incomplete separation of vesicles from lipoproteins, respectively.AimTo develop a single‐step protocol to isolate vesicles from human body fluids.MethodsPlatelet‐free supernatant, derived from platelet concentrates, was loaded on a sepharose CL‐2B column to perform size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC; n=3). Fractions were collected and analysed by nanoparticle tracking analysis, resistive pulse sensing, flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. The concentrations of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and protein were measured in each fraction.ResultsFractions 9–12 contained the highest concentrations of particles larger than 70 nm and platelet‐derived vesicles (46%±6 and 61%±2 of totals present in all collected fractions, respectively), but less than 5% of HDL and less than 1% of protein (4.8%±1 and 0.65%±0.3, respectively). HDL was present mainly in fractions 18–20 (32%±2 of total), and protein in fractions 19–21 (36%±2 of total). Compared to the starting material, recovery of platelet‐derived vesicles was 43%±23 in fractions 9–12, with an 8‐fold and 70‐fold enrichment compared to HDL and protein.ConclusionsSEC efficiently isolates extracellular vesicles with a diameter larger than 70 nm from platelet‐free supernatant of platelet concentrates. Application SEC will improve studies on the dimensional, structural and functional properties of extracellular vesicles.
Étude d'un dispositif d'aide pour articuler le Regroupement d'Adaptation à la classe d'origine
Authors: Nédélec-Trohel Isabelle 
Published: September 2014

Dans cet article, nous nous interrogeons sur la manière de penser le lien entre le regroupement d’adaptation (RA) et la classe. Du côté des professeurs, comment favoriser, dans la classe, la réactivation par les élèves des savoirs repris au RA ? Nous avons choisi d’enquêter sur un dispositif d’aide particulier, élaboré et mis en œuvre par un maître spécialisé (ME) avec la collaboration d’un maître de classe de CE2, adressé à cinq élèves moins avancés en mathématiques. Dans ce dispositif, la dernière séance dite « séance de diffusion » se déroule dans la classe ; à cette occasion, le maître E et les élèves donnent à voir aux pairs et au professeur ordinaire certaines des situations d’apprentissage travaillées au RA. Nous regardons comment s’opère la migration du savoir mathématique du RA vers la classe.
Some Normal Numbers Generated by Arithmetic Functions
Authors: Pollack Paul , Vandehey Joseph 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLet g ≥ 2. A real number is said to be g-normal if its base g expansion contains every finite sequence of digits with the expected limiting frequency. Let φ denote Euler’s totient function, let σ be the sum-of-divisors function, and let λ be Carmichael’s lambda-function. We show that if f is any function formed by composing φ, σ, or λ, then the number0.f(1)f(2)f(3)···obtained by concatenating the base g digits of successive f -values is g-normal. We also prove the same result if the inputs 1,2,3.... are replaced with the primes 2, 3, 5.... The proof is an adaptation of a method introduced by Copeland and Erdõs in 1946 to prove the 10-normality of 0:235711131719...
The Equivariant Cohomology Rings of Peterson Varieties in All Lie Types
Authors: Harada Megumi , Horiguchi Tatsuya , Masuda Mikiya 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLet G be a complex semisimple linear algebraic group and let Pet be the associated Peterson variety in the flag variety G/B. The main theorem of this note gives an eõcient presentation of the equivariant cohomology ring (Pet) of the Peterson variety as a quotient of a polynomial ring by an ideal J generated by quadratic polynomials, in the spirit of the Borel presentation of the cohomology of the flag variety. Here the group S ≌C* is a certain subgroup of a maximal torus T of G. Our description of the ideal J uses the Cartan matrix and is uniform across Lie types. In our arguments we use the Monk formula and Giambelli formula for the equivariant cohomology rings of Peterson varieties for all Lie types, as obtained in the work of Drellich. Our result generalizes a previous theorem of Fukukawa–Harada–Masuda, which was only for Lie type A.
The Anterior Supine Intermuscular Approach for Total Hip Arthroplasty: Reducing the Complication Rate by Improving the Procedure
Authors: den Hartog Yvon M. , Mathijssen Nina M.C. , Peters Sebastian J. , Vehmeijer Stephan B.W. 
Published: September 2014

This study describes specific complications noticed during the first unselected cases operated by anterior approach for THA in our hospital and specific adjustments that were applied on the procedure to prevent these complications. We retrospectively analysed the differences between 202 patients who were operated by a standardised approach and 248 patients who were operated after adjustments were implemented with the procedure. Injury to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN), fractures of the greater trochanter and dislocation were specific complications that were noticed with the initial technique. Prevalence of injury to the LFCN decreased from 7.9% to 0.8% (p<0.001), fractures of the greater trochanter decreased from 5.4% to 0.8% (p = 0.004) and the incidence of dislocation decreased from 4.5% to 1.6% (p = 0.074).
Validation and Cross Cultural Adaptation of the Italian Version of the Harris Hip Score
Authors: Dettoni Federico , Pellegrino Pietro , La Russa Massimo R. , Bonasia Davide E. , Blonna Davide , Bruzzone Matteo , Castoldi Filippo , Rossi Roberto 
Published: September 2014

Introduction The Harris Hip Score (HHS) is one of the most widely used health related quality of life (HRQOL) measures for the assessment of hip pathology: in spite of this, a validation study, and an official Italian version have not been provided yet. The aim of this study was to create an Italian valid and reliable version of the HHS. Materials and methods The score was translated and modified in Italian; then 103 patients with different hip pathologies were evaluated using this HHS version and also with the WOMAC and the SF-12 questionnaires. Content, construct and criterion validities were tested, such as interobserver reliability, test-retest reliability and internal consistency. Results Cross-cultural adaptation was easy, and only minor adaptation was required in the translation process. Construct and criterion validity of the HHS Italian Version were confirmed by satisfactory values of Spearman's Rho for correlation between specific domains of HHS and Womac and SF12 scores. Interobserver and test-retest reliabilities obtained values of 0.996 and 0.975 respectively; Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency was 0.816. Discussion Statistical and clinical analysis showed that HHS is highly valid and reliable in this new Italian version.
Early-onset Thrombosis of Internal Jugular Vein Associated with Introducer Catheter for Heart Catheterization in Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Fabiani Adam , Pittiruti Mauro , Russo Savino , Sanson Gianfranco 
Published: September 2014

Purpose In cardiac surgery, Swan-Ganz catheter (SGC) is often necessary and is inserted before the intervention through an introducer catheter. Catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) is a frequent complication of this procedure and often remains subclinical. The aims of this prospective cohort study were to determinate the incidence of CRT after positioning an SGC through an introducer and to identify factors relating to their occurrence. Methods One-hundred and sixteen cardiac surgery patients underwent ultrasound examination of the thoracic-cervical vessels, before and after introducer catheter removal. Data about drugs infused through the introducer catheter were also collected. Results The incidence of internal jugular vein CRT was 26.7%, corresponding to 70.5 cases per 1,000 catheter days. The incidence of “fibrin sleeve” was 28.4%. All introducer catheter tips lay in the brachiocephalic vein or in the upper third of the superior vena cava. The incidence of CRT was not associated with duration of the placement of the introducer catheter (average 3.9±2 days) or the SGC (average of 2.4±1.7 days). Infusion of total parenteral nutrition and dextran showed a significantly increased risk of thrombosis in both univariate and multivariate analyses. An overly proximal position of the introducer catheter tip was strongly associated with CRT incidence. Conclusions The presence of an introducer catheter for SGC, even for a short time, is associated with a high incidence of early-onset CRT. This incidence is significantly related to the catheter tip being positioned in the brachiocephalic vein and to its use as a central venous access.
Modern management of cryptorchidism: which evidences?
Authors: Caione Paolo , Tambucci Roberto 
Published: September 2014

The term cryptorchidism is related to the failure of the migration of the testis to the scrotum. In most cases, testis are retained along the physiological route through the inguinal canal. In 1% of cases the gubernaculum testis is abnormally fixed (testicular ectopy). In 20% of cases, one testis is not clinically palpable. The US has a sensitivity of 45% and a specificity of 78% in detecting intra-abdominal testis. Consequently, laparoscopy should be considered the gold-standard in these cases. Hormonal therapy has been considered in order to aid testicular descent, without or before surgery. Recent data suggest that these strategies seem to have a success rate 10% higher than placebo, while surgery alone is effective in 33-100% of cases. Several histological studies showed microscopic damages due to cryptorchidism since age of 6-9 months. Some Authors suggest that up to 40% retained testis completely lose their own germinal cells pool at the age of two years. Consequently guide-lines suggest that surgery should be proposed at the age of 6-18 months. Cancer relative risk associated to cryptorchidism is calculated to be 1.5-7.5% higher than in general population and lower than what is traditionally estimated (15-33%). Moreover, this risk increases 2.9-32.0 times when surgery is performed after the age of 10-11 years.
Katherine Mansfield and the New Age School of Satire
Authors: Snyder Carey 
Published: September 2014

I want to tell you how sensible I am of your wonderful unfailing kindness to me in the “old days.” And to thank you for all you let me learn from you. I am still—more shame to me—very low down in the school. But you taught me to write, you taught me to think; you showed me what there was to be done and what not to do.
—Katherine Mansfield, letter to New Age editor A. R. Orage, February 9, 1921
Comparing patterns of sexual risk among adolescent and young women in a mixed‐method study in Tanzania: implications for adolescent participation in HIV prevention trials
Authors: Tolley Elizabeth E , Kaaya Sylvia , Kaale Anna , Minja Anna , Bangapi Doreen , Kalungura Happy , Headley Jennifer , Baumgartner Joy Noel 
Published: September 2014

IntroductionDespite the disproportionate impact of HIV on women, and adolescents in particular, those below age 18 years are underrepresented in HIV prevention trials due to ethical, safety and logistical concerns. This study examined and compared the sexual risk contexts of adolescent women aged 15–17 to young adult women aged 18–21 to determine whether adolescents exhibited similar risk profiles and the implications for their inclusion in future trials.MethodsWe conducted a two‐phase, mixed‐method study to assess the opportunities and challenges of recruiting and retaining adolescents (aged 15–17) versus young women (18–21) in Tanzania. Phase I, community formative research (CFR), used serial in‐depth interviews with 11 adolescent and 12 young adult women from a range of sexual risk contexts in preparation for a mock clinical trial (MCT). For Phase II, 135 HIV‐negative, non‐pregnant adolescents and young women were enrolled into a six‐month MCT to assess and compare differences in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes, including risky sexual behaviour, incident pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and HIV.ResultsIn both research phases, adolescents appeared to be at similar, if not higher, risk than their young adult counterparts. Adolescents reported earlier sexual debut, and similar numbers of lifetime partners, pregnancy and STI/RTI rates, yet had lower perceived risk. Married women in the CFR appeared at particular risk but were less represented in the MCT. In addition, adolescents were less likely than their older counterparts to have accessed HIV testing, obtained gynaecological exams or used protective technologies.ConclusionsAdolescent women under 18 are at risk of multiple negative SRH outcomes and they underuse preventive services. Their access to new technologies such as vaginal microbicides or pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) may similarly be compromised unless greater effort is made to include them in clinical trial research.
An interdisciplinary framework for measuring and supporting adherence in HIV prevention trials of ARV‐based vaginal rings
Authors: MacQueen Kathleen M , Tolley Elizabeth E , Owen Derek H , Amico K Rivet , Morrow Kathleen M , Moench Thomas , Friend David R , Friedland Barbara 
Published: September 2014

IntroductionProduct adherence and its measurement have emerged as a critical challenge in the evaluation of new HIV prevention technologies. Long‐acting ARV‐based vaginal rings may simplify use instructions and require less user behaviour, thereby facilitating adherence. One ARV‐based ring is in efficacy trials and others, including multipurpose rings, are in the pipeline. Participant motivations, counselling support and measurement challenges during ring trials must still be addressed. In previous HIV prevention trials, this has been done largely using descriptive and post‐hoc methods that are highly variable and minimally evaluated. We outline an interdisciplinary framework for systematically investigating promising strategies to support product uptake and adherence, and to measure adherence in the context of randomized, blinded clinical trials.DiscussionThe interdisciplinary framework highlights the dual use of adherence measurement (i.e. to provide feedback during trial implementation and to inform interpretation of trial findings) and underscores the complex pathways that connect measurement, adherence support and enacted adherence behaviour. Three inter‐related approaches are highlighted: 1) adherence support – sequential efforts to define motivators of study product adherence and to develop, test, refine and evaluate adherence support messages; 2) self‐reported psychometric measures – creation of valid and generalizable measures based in easily administered scales that capture vaginal ring use with improved predictive ability at screening, baseline and follow‐up that better engage participants in reporting adherence; and 3) more objective measurement of adherence – real‐time adherence monitoring and cumulative measurement to correlate adherence with overall product effectiveness through innovative designs, models and prototypes using electronic and biometric technologies to detect ring insertion and/or removal or expulsion. Coordinating research along these three pathways will result in a comprehensive approach to product adherence within clinical trials.ConclusionsBetter measurement of adherence will not, by itself, ensure that future effectiveness trials will be able to address the most basic question: if the product is used per instructions, will it prevent HIV transmission? The challenges to adherence measurement must be addressed as one component of a more integrated system that has as its central focus adherence as a behaviour emerging from the social context of the user.
Learning from the private sector: towards a keener understanding of the end‐user for microbicide introduction planning
Authors: Lin Amy H , Breger Tiffany L , Barnhart Matthew , Kim Ann , Vangsgaard Charlotte , Harris Emily 
Published: September 2014

IntroductionIn planning for the introduction of vaginal microbicides and other new antiretroviral (ARV)‐based prevention products for women, an in‐depth understanding of potential end‐users will be critically important to inform strategies to optimize uptake and long‐term adherence. User‐centred private sector companies have contributed to the successful launch of many different types of products, employing methods drawn from behavioural and social sciences to shape product designs, marketing messages and communication channels. Examples of how the private sector has adapted and applied these techniques to make decisions around product messaging and targeting may be instructive for adaptation to microbicide introduction.DiscussionIn preparing to introduce a product, user‐centred private sector companies employ diverse methods to understand the target population and their lifestyles, values and motivations. ReD Associates’ observational research on user behaviours in the packaged food and diabetes fields illustrates how ‘tag along’ or ‘shadowing’ techniques can identify sources of non‐adherence. Another open‐ended method is self‐documentation, and IDEO's mammography research utilized this to uncover user motivations that extended beyond health. Mapping the user journey is a quantitative approach for outlining critical decision‐making stages, and Monitor Inclusive Markets applied this framework to identify toilet design opportunities for the rural poor. Through an iterative process, these various techniques can generate hypotheses on user drop‐off points, quantify where drop‐off is highest and prioritize areas of further research to uncover usage barriers. Although research constraints exist, these types of user‐centred techniques have helped create effective messaging, product positioning and packaging of health products as well as family planning information. These methods can be applied to microbicide acceptability testing outside of clinical trials to design microbicide marketing that enhances product usage.ConclusionsThe introduction of microbicide products presents an ideal opportunity to draw on the insights from user‐centred private sector companies’ approaches, which can complement other methods that have been more commonly utilized in microbicide research to date. As microbicides move from clinical trials to real‐world implementation, there will be more opportunities to combine a variety of approaches to understand end‐users, which can lead to a more effective product launch and ultimately greater impact on preventing HIV infections.
WHO guidance grounded in a comprehensive approach to sexual and reproductive health and human rights: topical pre‐exposure prophylaxis
Authors: Lusti‐Narasimhan Manjula , Khosla Rajat , Baggaley Rachel , Temmerman Marleen , McGrory Elizabeth , Farley Tim 
Published: September 2014

IntroductionTwo new microbicide products based on topical (vaginal) application of antiretroviral drugs – 1% tenofovir gel and the dapivirine ring – are currently in late‐stage clinical testing, and results on their safety and effectiveness are expected to become available in early 2015. WHO guidelines on the use of topical pre‐exposure prophylaxis (topical PrEP) are important in order to ensure that these new prevention products are optimally used.DiscussionGiven that these new topical PrEP products are designed to be woman initiated and will likely be delivered in reproductive health settings, it is important to ensure that the guidance be framed in the context of comprehensive sexual and reproductive health and human rights. In addition to the safety and effectiveness data resulting from clinical trials, and the regulatory approval required for new products, the WHO normative guidelines on the use of topical PrEP will be essential for rapid roll‐out in countries.ConclusionsHuman rights standards and principles provide a framework for the provision of woman‐initiated HIV prevention products. These include addressing issues related to the gender inequities which are linked to the provision of HIV‐prevention, treatment and care for young girls and women. Effective programming for women and girls must therefore be based on understanding the local, social and community contexts of the AIDS epidemic in the country, and adapting HIV strategies and programmes accordingly. Such a framework therefore is needed not only to ensure optimal uptake of these new products by women and girls but also to address sociocultural barriers to women's and girls’ access to these products.