bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis: a new bicongenic rat model
Authors: D'Souza Zelpha , McAdoo Stephen P. , Smith Jennifer , Pusey Charles D. , Cook H. Terence , Behmoaras Jacques , Aitman Timothy J. 
Published: August 2013

Summary
Crescentic glomerulonephritis (CRGN) is a major cause of human kidney failure, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats are uniquely susceptible to CRGN following injection of nephrotoxic serum, whereas Lewis (LEW) rats are resistant. Our previous genetic studies of nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN), a form of CRGN induced by nephrotoxic serum, identified Fcgr3 and Jund as WKY genes underlying the two strongest quantitative trait loci for NTN phenotypes: Crgn1 and Crgn2, respectively. We also showed that introgression of WKY Crgn1 or Crgn2 individually into a LEW background did not lead to the formation of glomerular crescents. We have now generated a bicongenic strain, LEW.WCrgn1,2, in which WKY Crgn1 and Crgn2 are both introgressed into the LEW genetic background. These rats show development of NTN phenotypes, including glomerular crescents. Furthermore, we characterised macrophage function and glomerular cytokine profiles in this new strain. Additionally, we show that LEW.WCrgn1,2 rats are resistant to the development of glomerular crescents that is usually induced following immunisation with recombinant rat α3(IV)NC1, the specific Goodpasture autoantigen located in the glomerular basement membrane against which the immune response is directed in experimental autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Our results show that the new bicongenic strain responds differently to two distinct experimental triggers of CRGN. This is the first time that CRGN has been induced on a normally resistant rat genetic background and identifies the LEW.WCrgn1,2 strain as a new, potentially valuable model of macrophage-dependent glomerulonephritis.
A mouse model of pathological small intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and shedding induced by systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Williams Jonathan M. , Duckworth Carrie A. , Watson Alastair J. M. , Frey Mark R. , Miguel Jennifer C. , Burkitt Michael D. , Sutton Robert , Hughes Kevin R. , Hall Lindsay J. , Caamaño Jorge H. , Campbell Barry J. , Pritchard D. Mark 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe gut barrier, composed of a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) held together by tight junctions, prevents the entrance of harmful microorganisms, antigens and toxins from the gut lumen into the blood. Small intestinal homeostasis is normally maintained by the rate of shedding of senescent enterocytes from the villus tip exactly matching the rate of generation of new cells in the crypt. However, in various localized and systemic inflammatory conditions, intestinal homeostasis can be disturbed as a result of increased IEC shedding. Such pathological IEC shedding can cause transient gaps to develop in the epithelial barrier and result in increased intestinal permeability. Although pathological IEC shedding has been implicated in the pathogenesis of conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. We have therefore developed a murine model to study this phenomenon, because IEC shedding in this species is morphologically analogous to humans. IEC shedding was induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in wild-type C57BL/6 mice, and in mice deficient in TNF-receptor 1 (Tnfr1-/-), Tnfr2 (Tnfr2-/-), nuclear factor kappa B1 (Nfκb1-/-) or Nfκb2 (Nfκb2-/-). Apoptosis and cell shedding was quantified using immunohistochemistry for active caspase-3, and gut-to-circulation permeability was assessed by measuring plasma fluorescence following fluorescein-isothiocyanate–dextran gavage. LPS, at doses ≥0.125 mg/kg body weight, induced rapid villus IEC apoptosis, with peak cell shedding occurring at 1.5 hours after treatment. This coincided with significant villus shortening, fluid exudation into the gut lumen and diarrhea. A significant increase in gut-to-circulation permeability was observed at 5 hours. TNFR1 was essential for LPS-induced IEC apoptosis and shedding, and the fate of the IECs was also dependent on NFκB, with signaling via NFκB1 favoring cell survival and via NFκB2 favoring apoptosis. This model will enable investigation of the importance and regulation of pathological IEC apoptosis and cell shedding in various diseases.
Visual contrast and color in rapid learning of novel patterns by chicks
Authors: Zylinski Sarah , Osorio Daniel 
Published: August 2013

Summary
Biological communication signals often combine bright and dark colors, such as yellow and black, but it is unclear why such patterns are effective. The literature on aposematism suggests that high contrast patterns may be easily learnt or innately avoided, whereas studies of sexual signaling refer to their attractiveness or to their cost. Here in experiments with poultry chicks trained to find food in patterned containers, we confirm that elevated contrast dramatically increases the rate of initial attack on novel stimuli, but this response is labile. The chicks peck once at a novel unrewarded stimulus and then ignore it for at least 24 hours. Such single trial learning has not previously been reported for birds without a positively aversive unconditioned stimulus. We then test and reject two hypotheses about the function of high contrast patterns: first that the preferential responses are due to novelty, and second that elevated contrast enhances learning about a novel color. More generally, the observations are consistent with the idea that elevated contrast attracts attention, thereby enhancing both initial responses - whether positive or negative - and the rate of learning.
Spectral sensitivity of the ctenid spider Cupiennius salei Keys
Authors: Zopf Lydia M. , Schmid Axel , Fredman David , Eriksson Joakim 
Published: August 2013

Summary
The spectral sensitivity of adult male Cupiennius salei Keys, a nocturnal hunting spider, was studied in a behavioural test. As known from earlier behavioural tests, C. salei walks towards a black target presented in front of a white background. In this study a black target (size 42 x 70 cm) was presented in a white arena illuminated by monochromatic light in the range of 365 to 695 nm using 19 monochromatic filters (HW in the range of 6 - 10 nm). In the first trial, the transmission of the optical filters was between 40 % and 80%. In a second trial the transmission was reduced to 5%, using a neutral density filter. At the high intensity the spiders showed a spectral sensivity in the range from 380 to 670 nm. In the second trial the animals only showed directed walks if the illumination was in the range of 449 of 599 nm, indicating a lower sensitivity at the margins of the spectral sensitivity. In previous intracellular recordings, the measured spectral sensitivity was between 320 and 620 nm. Interestingly, these results do not completely match the behaviourally tested spectral sensitivity of the photoreceptors, where the sensitivity range is shifted to longer wavelengths. In order to investigate the molecular background of spectral sensitivity, we searched for opsin genes in C. salei. We found three visual opsins that correspond to UV and middle to long wavelength sensitive opsins as described for jumping spiders.
Thermal dependence of cardiac function in Arctic fish: implications of a warming world
Authors: Franklin Craig E. , Farrell Anthony P. , Altimiras Jordi , Axelsson Michael 
Published: August 2013

Summary
With the Arctic experiencing one of the most rapid and greatest increases in sea temperatures in modern time, predicting how Arctic marine organisms will respond to elevated temperatures has become critical for conservation biology. Here we examined the thermal sensitivity of cardiorespiratory performance for three closely related species of sculpins that inhabit the Arctic waters, two of which, Gymnocanthus tricuspis and Myoxocephalus scorpioides, have adapted to a restricted range within the Arctic, whereas the third species, Myoxocephalus scorpius, has a wider distribution. We tested the hypothesis that the fish restricted to Arctic cold waters would show reduced cardiorespiratory scope in response to an increase in temperature, as compared with the more eurythermal M. scorpius. As expected from their biogeography, M. scorpioides and G. tricuspis maximised cardiorespiratory performance at temperatures between 1-4oC, whereas M. scorpius maximised performance over a wider range of temperatures (1-10oC). Furthermore, factorial scope for cardiac output collapsed at elevated temperature for the two high-latitude species, negatively impacting their ability to support aerobically driven metabolic processes. Consequently, these results concurred with our hypothesis, suggesting that the sculpin species restricted to the Arctic will likely be negatively impacted by increases in ocean temperatures.
Regulatory role of PGC-1alpha/PPARs signaling in skeletal muscle metabolic recruitment during cold acclimation
Authors: Stancic Ana , Buzadzic Biljana , Korac Aleksandra , Otasevic Vesna , Jankovic Aleksandra , Vucetic Milica , Markelic Milica , Velickovic Ksenija , Golic Igor , Korac Bato 
Published: August 2013

Summary
Study examined molecular basis of energy-related regulatory mechanisms underlying metabolic recruitment of skeletal muscle during cold acclimation and possible involvement of the L-arginine/nitric oxide-producing pathway. Rats exposed to cold (4±1°C) for periods of 1, 3, 7, 12, 21, and 45 days were divided into three groups: untreated, L-arginine-treated and Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-treated. Compared to control (22±1°C), there was an initial increase in the protein level of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase α (day 1), followed by an increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α(PGC-1α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): PPARα and PPARγ from day 1 and PPARδ from day 7 of cold acclimation. Activation of the PGC-1α/PPAR transcription program was accompanied by increased protein expression of the key metabolic enzymes in β-oxidation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, with the exception in complex I (no changes) and ATP synthase (decreased at day 1). Cold did not affect hexokinase and GAPDH protein levels, but increased lactate dehydrogenase activity compared to control (1-45 days). L-arginine sustained, accelerated and/or intensified cold-induced molecular remodeling throughout cold acclimation. L-NAME exerted phase-dependent effects: similar to L-arginine in early cold acclimation and opposite after prolonged cold exposure (from day 21). It seems that upregulation of the PGC-1α/PPAR transcription program early on cold triggers molecular recruitment of skeletal muscle underlying the shift in its metabolism to more oxidative during prolonged cold acclimation. Our results suggest that nitric oxide has a role in maintaining skeletal muscle oxidative phenotype in late cold acclimation but question its role early on cold.
Cryptic impacts of temperature variability on amphibian immune function
Authors: Terrell Kimberly A. , Quintero Richard P. , Murray Suzan , Kleopfer John D. , Murphy James B. , Evans Matthew J. , Nissen Bradley D. , Gratwicke Brian 
Published: August 2013

SummaryEctothermic species living in temperate regions can experience rapid and potentially stressful changes in body temperature driven by abrupt weather changes. Yet, among amphibians, the physiological impacts of short-term temperature variation are largely unknown. Using an ex situ population of Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, an aquatic North American salamander, we tested the hypothesis that naturally-occurring periods of temperature variation negatively impact amphibian health, either through direct effects on immune function or by increasing physiological stress. We exposed captive salamanders to repeated cycles of temperature fluctuations recorded in the population's natal stream and evaluated behavioral and physiological responses, including plasma complement activity (i.e., bacteria killing) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila. The best-fit model (ΔAICc = 0, wi = 0.9992) revealed 70% greater P. aeruginosa killing after exposure to variable temperatures and no evidence of thermal acclimation. The same model predicted 50% increased E. coli killing, but had weaker support (ΔAICc = 1.8, wi = 0.2882). In contrast, plasma defenses were ineffective against A. hydrophila, and other health indicators (leukocyte ratios, growth rates and behavioral patterns) were maintained at baseline values. Our data suggest that amphibians can tolerate, and even benefit from, natural patterns of rapid warming/cooling. Specifically, temperature variation can elicit increased activity of the innate immune system. This immune response may be adaptive in an unpredictable environment, and is undetectable by conventional health indicators (and hence considered cryptic). Our findings highlight the need to consider naturalistic patterns of temperature variation when predicting species' susceptibility to climate change.
Physiological control of bioluminescence in a deep-sea planktonic worm, Tomopteris helgolandica Greeff, 1879
Authors: Gouveneaux Anaïd , Mallefet Jerome 
Published: August 2013

Summary
Tomopteris helgolandica Greeff 1879 (Tomopteridae) is a transparent holoplanktonic polychaete that can emit a bright light. In this work, we investigated the emission pattern and control of this deep-sea worm's luminescence. Potassium chloride depolarisation applied on anesthetised specimens triggered a maximal yellow light emission from specific parapodial sites, suggesting that a nervous control pathway was involved. A pharmacological screening revealed a sensitivity to carbachol, which was confirmed by a dose-light response associated with a change in the light emission pattern, where physiological carbachol concentrations induced flashes and higher concentrations induced glows. The light response induced by its hydrolysable agonist, acetylcholine, was significantly weaker but was facilitated by eserine pretreatment. In addition, a specific inhibitory effect of tubocurarine was observed on carbachol-induced emission. Lastly, KCl- and carbachol-induced light responses were significantly reduced when preparations were pre-incubated in Ca2+-free artificial sea water or in different calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem) and calmodulin inhibitor (trifluoperazine) solutions. All of these results strongly suggest that T. helgolandica produces its light flashes via activating nicotinic cholinergic receptors and a calcium-dependent intracellular mechanism involving L-type calcium channels.
RNA interference of glycerol biosynthesis suppresses rapid cold hardening of the beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua
Authors: Park Youngjin , Kim Yonggyun 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, is a freeze-susceptible species that overwinters in temperate zones without diapause. The rapid cold hardening (RCH) and supercooling capacity usually play crucial roles in the survival during overwintering period. This study determined a cryoprotectant as an RCH factor of S. exigua. A pre-exposure of S. exigua larvae to 4°C significantly increased survival at -10°C in all developmental stages from egg to adult. The RCH was dependent on the duration of the pre-exposure period. The RCH also significantly enhanced the supercooling capacity. Cryoprotectant analysis using HPLC showed that the pre-exposure treatment allowed the larvae to accumulate glycerol in the hemolymph. Two genes, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and glycerol kinase (GK), were identified as being associated with glycerol biosynthesis, and were cloned in S. exigua larvae. Both GPDH and GK were expressed in all developmental stages of S. exigua. Either RNA interference (RNAi) of GPDH or GK significantly inhibited glycerol accumulation in the hemolymph of S. exigua. Larvae treated with RNAi of GPDH or GK gene expression exhibited a significant decrease in RCH capacity. The glycerol accumulation in response to 4°C appeared to be under the control of humoral signal, because a ligation experiment prevented glycerol accumulation in the other half of the body. This study indicated that glycerol is a RCH factor of S. exigua and is induced to be synthesized in response to low temperature via humoral mediation.
Outcomes following fractured neck of femur in an Australian metropolitan teaching hospital
Authors: Chia P. H. , Gualano L. , Seevanayagam S. , Weinberg L. 
Published: August 2013

Objectives To determine the morbidity and mortality outcomes of patients presenting with a fractured neck of femur in an Australian context. Peri-operative variables related to unfavourable outcomes were identified to allow planning of intervention strategies for improving peri-operative care. Methods We performed a retrospective observational study of 185 consecutive adult patients admitted to an Australian metropolitan teaching hospital with fractured neck of femur between 2009 and 2010. The main outcome measures were 30-day and one-year mortality rates, major complications and factors influencing mortality. Results The majority of patients were elderly, female and had multiple comorbidities. Multiple peri-operative medical complications were observed, including pre-operative hypoxia (17%), post-operative delirium (25%), anaemia requiring blood transfusion (28%), representation within 30 days of discharge (18%), congestive cardiac failure (14%), acute renal impairment (12%) and myocardial infarction (4%). Mortality rates were 8.1% at 30 days and 21.6% at one year. Factors predictive of one-year mortality were American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (odds ratio (OR) 4.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 12.2)), general anaesthesia (OR 3.1 (95% CI 1.1 to 8.5)), age > 90 years (OR 4.5 (95% CI 1.5 to 13.1)) and post-operative oliguria (OR 3.6 (95% CI 1.1 to 11.7)). Conclusions Results from an Australian metropolitan teaching hospital confirm the persistently high morbidity and mortality in patients presenting with a fractured neck of femur. Efforts should be aimed at medically optimising patients pre-operatively and correction of pre-operative hypoxia. This study provides planning data for future interventional studies. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2013;2:162–8.
Frozen Section Diagnosis
Authors: Roy Somak , Parwani Anil V. , Dhir Rajiv , Yousem Samuel A. , Kelly Susan M. , Pantanowitz Liron 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Objectives:
Communication in various medical settings is subject to misinterpretation. The frozen section (FS) diagnosis in patient care is dependent on successful communication between pathologists and surgeons. However, very few studies looking at FS errors analyzed postanalytic communication issues.

Methods:
A total of 300 consecutive cases, in which an FS was performed and corresponding surgical note was available, were studied. The FS diagnosis and surgeon’s interpretation were recorded for all cases. Discrepancies were classified as major (clinical impact) or minor (no clinical impact).

Results:
We found 8 (2.7%) miscommunications, all with only minor clinical impact. These were attributed mainly to the surgeon’s misinterpretation of a deferred diagnosis. Also contributing to miscommunication was the pathologist’s use of nonspecific terminology such as “favor” or “scattered.”

Conclusions:
We found that the rate of miscommunicated FS diagnoses was low at our institution during the period of our study. However, the rate of miscommunication was similar to the much more widely recognized problem of sampling error.
Euclidean spaces as weak tangents of infinitesimally Hilbertian metric measure spaces with Ricci curvature bounded below
Authors: Gigli Nicola , Mondino Andrea , Rajala Tapio 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

We show that in any infinitesimally Hilbertian

𝖢𝖣
*

(
K
,
N
)

$\mathsf {CD}^*(K,N)$

-space at almost every point there exists a Euclidean weak tangent, i.e., there exists a sequence of dilations of the space that converges to a Euclidean space in the pointed measured Gromov–Hausdorff topology.
The proof follows by considering iterated tangents and the splitting theorem for infinitesimally Hilbertian

𝖢𝖣
*

(
0
,
N
)

$\mathsf {CD}^*(0,N)$

-spaces.
La estructura de oposición privativa y la dialéctica de Hegel
Authors: García-Hernández Benjamín 
Published: August 2013

SummaryPrivative oppositions have arisen with Phonology within the Prague School and they are a very fruitful structural concept. Their operative power has been successively verified on the morphematic, syntactic and lexical levels. Whereby, they are also a good proof that the systematic character of the language is not limited to the grammar. A privative opposition always contains three values, namely positive / negative // neutral. These can be expressed by three lexemes (Lat
On Tense, Viewpoint and Actionality in Vulgar and Literary Late Latin
Authors: Haverling Gerd 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe problem dealt with in this paper is the extent to which the changes in tense, viewpoint and actionality in Late Latin are reflected in different kinds of texts. The changes in the actional system lead to the introduction of new words, of which some are accepted in literary Late Latin and others are not, and to the use of old words in partly new functions in the literary texts. The use of
Prepositions in Cause expressions
Authors: Luraghi Silvia 
Published: August 2013

SummarySeveral prepositions can denote Cause in Latin. They all have a basic spatial meaning from which the causal meaning is derived through different metaphors. Their usage and distribution varies among authors and through time. Related semantic roles, such as Beneficiary and Purpose, can be expressed to varying extents by the same prepositions that express Cause. In Late Latin Cause and Beneficiary (and later Purpose) merged completely, a development which is still partly visible in the Romance languages. It is argued that merger of these semantic roles is favored by the fact that the prepositions involved expressed some sort of static Location as their original local meaning, and did not denote directionality.
Action Nouns in Reports of Speech Acts
Authors: Shalev Donna 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe paper sets out the question of possible links between reports of speech acts and verbal nouns in Latin. The syntax of the verbal noun has mainly been investigated with respect to its governing force. I introduce the notion of the report of a speech act in sections 1, 2. A survey of earlier work on verbal nouns as complements is presented in sections 3, 4. I try to sharpen the focus on a type of complement clause involving the report of a speech act, in contrast to modes of indirect discourse usually considered in discussions on complement clauses.
A previously unrecognized typological category: The state distinction in Kabyle (Berber)
Authors: Mettouchi Amina , Frajzyngier Zygmunt 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The study addresses the functional distinction between the annexed and absolute states of nouns, a controversial issue in Berber linguistics. It is demonstrated that the annexed state provides the specific value for a grammaticalized meaning encoded earlier in the sentence. The absolute state carries no function within the grammaticalized domains of the language. The importance of this study for linguistic typology is that it demonstrates the existence of a coding system on noun phrases that is not related to grammatical functions, semantic functions, or information structure.