bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International code harmonization: the role of the Asian Concrete Model Code
Authors: Ueda Tamon 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMany national codes in Asia are heavily influenced by those from either Europe or the USA. The climatic, technological and economic conditions together with the material properties in Asia are, however, quite different from those in Europe and the USA, and even different among Asian countries. Thus, many Asian countries need their own national codes with suitable concepts and technologies. At the same time, many construction projects in Asia are carried out in multi‐national environments in which various national codes are applied, meaning that international code harmonization is necessary. In order to work for the global issue, such as the construction of a sustainable world, Asia, as the largest economic zone in the 21st century, should take on a leading role. For this purpose, international code harmonization with the new direction of life cycle management (LCM) would provide an efficient way.The International Committee on Concrete Model Code for Asia (ICCMC) was established in 1994 as the first international body in Asia. The ICCMC issued the Asian Concrete Model Code (ACMC) in 2001, the first international structural code in Asia. The ACMC is an umbrella code with a performance‐based concept and a multi‐level document structure, which makes it suitable for the considerable diversity in Asia. It is also the first international code covering maintenance and repair, which makes the ACMC ready to adopt the LCM concept. The ACMC has been a model for various national codes. The main features of the ACMC, i.e. the performance‐based concept, durability design concept, seismic design concept and the inclusion of maintenance/repair, are shared with JSCE Standard Specifications in Japan. The ICCMC has been working together with ISO/TC71 towards international code harmonization.
Influence of coiling on the stress relaxation of prestressing steel wires
Authors: Elices Manuel , Suarez Fernando , Gálvez Jaime C. , Cendón David A. , Atienza Jose Miguel 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe possible deleterious effects of coiling and long‐term storage of coiled wires on the stress relaxation behaviour of prestressing steel wires has been checked by means of experimental work and a simple analytical model. The results show that if the requirements of standards are fulfilled (minimum coiling diameters), these effects can be neglected. However, some other factors, such as previous residual stresses, long‐term storage or storage at high temperatures, can trigger or emphasize this damage to the material. In the authors' opinion, checking the final curvature of the wires after uncoiling prior to prestressing, as required in some standards, is to be recommended.
Structural systems for protection against extreme events
Authors: van Breugel Klaas 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTypical for extreme events is their multidisciplinary nature, and, consequently, solutions for protection against extreme events should mirror their inherent characteristics. This article discusses different types of hazards and extreme events in order to illustrate the complexity and scale of the problem. Concepts for judging hazards and associated risks are dealt with. Some features of the traditional risk concept are discussed, followed by a proposal for an extended risk concept, to be applied when dealing with extreme hazards. The emphasis will be on aspects that are typical of “low‐probability/high‐consequence risks”, particularly industrial risks. The potential role of structural (concrete) protective systems for mitigating the consequences of industrial accidents is emphasized. Throughout this article, the role of structural designers and their possible contribution to the debate on adequate protection against extreme events is addressed.
Application of performance‐based environmental design to concrete and concrete structures
Authors: Kawai Kenji 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe environmental impact and the effect of its reduction must be assessed quantitatively if we are to show clearly the effect of lowering the environmental impact of concrete and concrete structures. One of the quantitative evaluation methods is to regard and verify the environmental impact of concrete and concrete structures as an environmental performance in accordance with the performance‐based design method. This article briefly describes the performance‐based environmental design method prepared by fib Commission 3 TG3.6 and shows an example of the application of the design method applied to a concrete structure.
Minimizing environmental impact and maximizing performance in concrete recycling
Authors: Noguchi Takafumi , Kitagaki Ryoma , Tsujino Masato 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe sheer amount of concrete in use and in stock compared with other building materials throws up environmental issues such as the huge amount of CO2 emitted when cement and concrete are produced and transported and the enormous amount of waste generated when concrete is disposed of. In addition, we are beginning to deplete aggregate resources at a fast rate. Concrete has conventionally been regarded as being difficult to recycle. The construction industry has addressed these problems and carried out research and development regarding the recycling of concrete since the 1970s. Recycling technology has been shifting from simple crushing into scrubbing with some preparations to produce high‐quality recycled aggregate for structural concrete, and recycling of concrete in a completely closed loop has now become technically feasible. This paper reviews the development history of recycling technologies in Japan from the viewpoint of the properties of recycled aggregate and recycled aggregate concrete as well as the environmental impact such as CO2 emissions and waste generation in recycling. The paper also presents the outline of completely recyclable concrete, with which closed‐loop circulation of component materials is realized.
Reorganization of the ACI 318 Building Code
Authors: Poston Randall W. , Dolan Charles W. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn 2008, ACI 318 initiated a six‐year task of reorganizing the format of the ACI Building Code for Concrete Structures. This is the first major reorganization of the code in nearly 40 years. The reorganization effort moves the code from a behaviour‐based to a member‐based design approach. This article presents the philosophy of the code development, efforts leading up to the reorganization and an outline of the 2014 code format.
Base‐isolated super high‐rise RC building composed of three connected towers with vibration control systems
Authors: Nishimura Akira , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Kimura Yasuhiko , Kimura Hideki , Yamamoto Masashi , Kushibe Atsumichi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe Island Tower Sky Club is a super high‐rise RC apartment block constructed in Fukuoka City, Japan, which makes inventive use of the most advanced building technologies. The building is 145 m tall with 42 storeys. It is composed of three similar, slender towers with three‐fold rotational symmetry. The towers are connected at three different levels by aerial gardens and contain various vibration control devices to assure a high level of safety. The aerial gardens are connected to the towers by vibration control dampers to reduce the overturning effects of the towers caused by seasonal winds and large earthquakes. An elaborate control system can reduce the storey acceleration response by 30 %. At the upper two storeys of each tower, super‐plastic zincaluminium alloy dampers are also used. To reduce the storey acceleration response, the base of the building is isolated using a hybrid system of bearing supports and dampers. The validity of the control system implemented is confirmed by human power vibration tests conducted at the aerial gardens.
Formwork pressure induced by highly flowable concretes – design approach and transfer into practice
Authors: Graubner Carl‐Alexander , Boska Erik , Motzko Christoph , Proske Tilo , Dehn Frank 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAn analytical model for the calculation of the pressure of concrete on vertical formwork has been developed on the basis of experimental tests on highly flowable concretes in the fresh state (see companion paper “Material investigations and large‐scale tests”). The model takes into account the time‐dependent material parameters of the fresh concrete, the specific properties of the highly flowable vibrated concretes and self‐compacting concretes (SCC) as well as operational aspects. A proposal for the design of formwork was developed based on the experimental tests and the semi‐probabilistic safety concept. It was found that the design load is often lower than the hydrostatic concrete pressure – even for highly flowable concretes. On construction sites, the pressure can be best controlled by limiting the casting rate. Insufficient experience of personnel in the handling of highly flowable concretes increases the uncertainties with respect to the design values and the safety risk.Further investigations into construction management‐related aspects regarding the use of highly flowable concretes cover the risk assessment during concreting, design of the processes on the construction site and the development of the basis for a documentation system.
Statistical comparison of data from concrete families in ready‐mixed concrete plants
Authors: Caspeele Robby , Taerwe Luc 
Published: October 2013

AbstractData has been collected from several European ready‐mixed concrete plants in order to analyse some data‐based statistical aspects of the concrete family concept. Concrete strength records of concrete families were obtained from seven different concrete plants. This data is used to investigate the presence of autocorrelation in the transposed data of concrete family strength records. Further, strength records from two Belgian concrete plants are investigated in more detail and used to investigate how the concrete family concept, the applied transformation method and the family composition guidelines influence the general quality of accepted batches.
Behaviour of steel prestressing wires under extreme conditions of strain rate and temperature
Authors: Gálvez Francisco , Atienza Jose Miguel , Elices Manuel 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to provide information on the behaviour of steel prestressing wires under likely conditions that could be expected during a fire or impact loads. Four loadings were investigated: a) the influence of strain rate – from 10–3 to 600 s–1 – at room temperature, b) the influence of temperature – from 24 to 600 °C – at low strain rate, c) the influence of the joint effect of strain rate and temperature, and d) damage after three plausible fire scenarios.At room temperature it was found that using “static” values is a safe option. At high temperatures our results are in agreement with design codes. Regarding the joint effect of temperature and strain rate, mechanical properties decrease with increasing temperature, although for a given temperature, yield stress and tensile strength increase with strain rate. The data provided can be used profitably to model the mechanical behaviour of steel wires under different scenarios.
The levels‐of‐approximation approach in MC 2010: application to punching shear provisions
Authors: Muttoni Aurelio , Ruiz Miguel Fernández 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn order to address how new knowledge influences design expressions, design codes have in most cases become significantly more complex over the last decades. However, this tendency is leading to codes that are too complicated for preliminary design but still not sufficiently accurate for assessing existing structures (where even more realistic models of behaviour are sometimes required). An alternative code strategy is that proposed by codes based on a levels‐of‐approximation (LoA) approach. This approach is based on the use of theories based on physical parameters where the hypotheses for their application can be refined as the accuracy required increases. The approach proposes adopting safe hypotheses during the first stages of design, leading to relatively quick and simple analyses. In cases where such a degree of accuracy is not sufficient (e.g. design of complex structures, assessment of existing structures, significant potential economic savings), the hypotheses can be refined in a number of steps, leading to better estimates of the behaviour and strength of members. This approach, recently adopted in the first complete draft of Model Code 2010 for a number of design issues, is discussed within this paper with reference to punching shear provisions.
Behaviour of tilt‐up precast concrete buildings during the 2010/2011 Christchurch earthquakes
Authors: Henry Richard , Ingham Jason 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe Christchurch region of New Zealand experienced a series of major earthquakes and aftershocks between September 2010 and June 2011 which caused severe damage to the city's infrastructure. The performance of tilt‐up precast concrete buildings was investigated and initial observations are presented here. In general, tilt‐up buildings performed well during all three major earthquakes, with mostly only minor, repairable damage occurring. For the in‐plane loading direction, both loadbearing and cladding panels behaved exceptionally well, with no significant damage or failure observed in panels and their connections. A limited number of connection failures occurred due to large out‐of‐plane panel inertia forces. In several buildings, the connections between the panel and the internal structural frame appeared to be the weakest link, lacking in both strength and ductility. This weakness in the out‐of‐plane load path should be prevented in future designs.
Design procedure and simplified equations for the flexural capacity of concrete members reinforced with fibre‐reinforced polymer bars
Authors: Torres Lluis , Neocleous Kyriacos , Pilakoutas Kypros 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe predominant failure mode of concrete members reinforced with fibre‐reinforced polymer (FRP) bars is flexural, due to either concrete crushing or FRP rupture. Many design tools have been developed for the flexural design of FRP‐reinforced concrete. These tools are sufficiently accurate, but an iterative procedure is required when dealing with flexural failure due to FRP rupture. In addition, despite the fact that the design concepts involved are similar to those used for conventional steel‐reinforced concrete, the changes in the design philosophy and the linear behaviour up to rupture of the FRP bars lead to the sectional properties having a different influence on the design, which not everyone may be familiar with. Therefore, this study proposes a general methodology for evaluating the design flexural capacity of FRP‐reinforced concrete sections. This methodology is based on the design provisions of Eurocode 2 and comprises non‐dimensional, closed‐form equations, derived independently of the concrete and FRP characteristics. The proposed methodology can be used to derive universal dimensionless design charts as well as tables. The accuracy of the proposed design tools has been verified by comparing the predictions with the experimental results of 98 beams, which are available in the published literature.
Precast concrete structures: the lessons learned from the L'Aquila earthquake
Authors: Toniolo Giandomenico , Colombo Antonella 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the problems of the seismic design of precast concrete structures as indicated by the effects of the L'Aquila earthquake of 2009. The behaviour of such structures on that occasion is analysed on the basis of detailed surveys performed on site on a relevant number of buildings just after the earthquake.Following this analysis, which points out the inadequacy of the cladding panel connections, the paper presents a systematic definition of the problem, examining the behaviour of the whole system of structure + panels. Proposals are made for the typology of one‐storey buildings for industrial uses, some possible alternative solutions that ensure the stability of all the construction elements. Specific calculations for a typical precast building give the order of magnitude of the forces and/or displacements for which the connections are to be designed.
Stress‐strain behaviour of self‐compacting concretes containing limestone fillers
Authors: Desnerck Pieter , De Schutter Geert , Taerwe Luc 
Published: October 2013

AbstractKnowledge of the stress‐strain relationship of concrete under uniaxial compression is crucial for the design of concrete members. This study focuses on the stress‐strain behaviour under compression and especially the strain‐softening of self‐compacting concretes produced with limestone fillers. Four self‐compacting concretes (SCC) and three conventional vibrated concretes (VC) were used to produce cylindrical test specimens with an h/d ratio of 3. The σ‐ϵ diagram at five different ages (3–91 days) was recorded during uniaxial compressive tests. The peak strain of the SCC cylinders was shown to be higher than the ones recorded for VC concretes. However, the specific toughness of both concrete types turned out to be comparable.
Deterioration model and input parameters for reinforcement corrosion
Authors: Beck Matthias , Burkert Andreas , Harnisch Jörg , Isecke Bernd , Osterminski Kai , Raupach Michael , Schießl Peter , Tian Wei , Warkus Jürgen 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe paper presents the damage model of German Research Unit 537 which was used as a working hypothesis for the development of a user‐friendly design model. Excerpts from the laboratory experiments and numerical calculations processed in project A of the research unit are presented here. The excerpts include the quantification of self‐corrosion, geometrical effects in the macrocell corrosion, development of corroding steel surface and pit depth as well as the quantification of the resistivity of the concrete and the corrosion of steel in cracked concrete.
Experimental evaluation of large circular RC columns under pure compression
Authors: Lee Tai‐Kuang , Chen Cheng‐Cheng , Pan Austin D.E. , Hsiue Kai‐Yuan , Tsai Wei‐Ming , Hwa Ken 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEight sets of large, circular, short reinforced concrete columns were tested under monotonic axial compression. The primary variables are type of transverse reinforcement (spiral vs. circular tie), type of splice, end hook length and staggered length of adjacent circular ties. The tests confirmed the acceptable performance of the circular tie newly proposed in ACI 318M‐11. In addition, the circular tie scheme in which the ends terminate with hooks that engage with a longitudinal steel bar and bend into the concrete core is acceptable for performance and ease of construction. The effectiveness of its end hook length and the staggered length of adjacent circular ties is also investigated.
Reliability‐based non‐linear analysis according to fib Model Code 2010
Authors: Cervenka Vladimir 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe fib Model Code 2010 for Concrete Structures introduces numerical simulation as a new tool for designing reinforced concrete structures. The model of resistance based on non‐linear analysis requires adequate model validation and a global safety format for verifying designs. The numerical simulations combined with random sampling offer the chance of an advanced safety assessment. Approximate methods of global safety assessment are discussed and compared in a case study. An example of a bridge design supported by non‐linear analysis is shown.
Compressive, tensile and bending basic creep behaviours related to the same concrete
Authors: Tailhan Jean‐Louis , Boulay Claude , Rossi Pierre , Le Maou Fabrice , Martin Eric 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper concerns the relationship between compressive, tensile and flexural creep behaviours related to the same concrete. Experimental tests and a numerical simulation are performed in the scope of this work. The main conclusion of this study is that due to the strong scale effect related to the tensile and bending creep behaviours of a “standard” concrete mix design, it is not possible to simulate numerically (with classical Kelvin‐Voigt chains) the bending creep behaviour of that type of concrete knowing the compressive and tensile creep behaviours obtained using the specimen geometries normally used in laboratories.
Design for punching of prestressed concrete slabs
Authors: Clément Thibault , Ramos António Pinho , Fernández Ruiz Miguel , Muttoni Aurelio 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPrestressing in flat slabs helps to control deformations and cracking under service loads and allows the required slab thickness to be reduced, thus leading to more slender structures and an economic solution for long spans. However, as a consequence of the limited thickness of these members, punching typically governs at the ultimate limit state. Studies of the punching shear strength have shown that the presence of prestressing in flat slabs has a number of potential beneficial effects, namely the vertical component (force) carried by inclined tendons, the in‐plane compression stresses and the bending moments developed near the supported region. However, the approach provided by codes of practice for punching design in the presence of prestressing may differ significantly. Some codes neglect the influence of the bending moments introduced as a result of prestressing and the sections at which the deviation forces of the tendons are considered may be located at different distances from the edge of the supported region. The influence of prestressing on the punching shear strength of members without shear reinforcement is investigated in this paper by using the fundamentals of the critical shear crack theory. Using that as a basis, and also taking into account 65 tests available in the scientific literature, the suitability and accuracy of a number of design codes, e.g. Model Code 2010, Eurocode 2 and ACI 318‐11, are investigated and compared.
Normal impact of hard projectiles on concrete targets
Authors: Khazraiyan Najmeh , Liaghat Gholam Hossein , Khodarahmi Hossein 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis research study involves obtaining an analytical model for the perforation of unreinforced concrete targets by a hemispherical hard projectile. Dynamic cavity expansion theory and the reflection of compressive waves from the end of the concrete targets are used for developing the analytical model. The effect of the friction coefficient is also investigated in the analysis. Numerical modelling of the problem has been performed in LS‐DYNA code for validating the analytical results. Johnson‐Holmquist concrete and rigid material models have been employed for the concrete and the projectile respectively. The impact velocity range considered in this work is between 250 and 850 m/s. No projectile erosion is considered in this range. The analytical results have been compared with numerical results and show good agreement with numerical simulations.
Highlights of the design and construction of a 12 km elevated APM bridge project in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ayoub Essam , Malek Charles , Helmy Gamal 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe automated people mover (APM) bridge project constructed at Princess Nora University (PNU) in Saudi Arabia and inaugurated in May 2012 is a major project with many challenges in design and construction due to its strict time‐frame compared with the big scale of the project. Therefore, the design had to be such that it ensured simplicity, time‐savings, lowest costs, aesthetics and the high quality required for bridge project elements. For aesthetic reasons, a box section was chosen for all the APM bridge sections for the bridge project, including straight, bifurcation and curved parts. This paper highlights the efficiency of the precast concrete techniques used in the design and construction of big projects such as this elevated APM bridge project at PNU in Saudi Arabia.