bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The European Commission and the Configuration of Internal European Union Borders: Direct and Indirect Contribution
Authors: Kostadinova Valentina 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article examines the European Commission's contribution to the configuration of internal European Union borders. The focus is on several policy areas related to free movement of people. It engages with the literature examining the tools used by the Commission in influencing the EU decision‐making process. It also looks into the studies summarizing the developments in EU migration that show the restrained manoeuvring space the Commission has in the policy areas. Building on these, the discursive techniques that are likely to be used in Commission articulations are conceptualized. The analysis of Commission documents shows that in the common visa policy and the common European asylum system (CEAS), the Commission has configured borders indirectly. In distinction, in the fields of intra‐Community border controls and movement for work purposes of highly skilled third country nationals (TCNs), the Commission has managed to play a leadership role and to significantly and directly challenge the underlying logic upon which these policies are based.
Graduate Student's Guide to Necessary Skills for Nonacademic Conservation Careers
Authors: BLICKLEY JESSICA L. , DEINER KRISTY , GARBACH KELLY , LACHER IARA , MEEK MARIAH H. , PORENSKY LAUREN M. , WILKERSON MARIT L. , WINFORD ERIC M. , SCHWARTZ MARK W. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractGraduate education programs in conservation science generally focus on disciplinary training and discipline‐specific research skills. However, nonacademic conservation professionals often require an additional suite of skills. This discrepancy between academic training and professional needs can make it difficult for graduate students to identify the skills and experiences that will best prepare them for the conservation job market. We analyzed job advertisements for conservation‐science positions and interviewed conservation professionals with experience hiring early‐career conservation scientists to determine what skills employers of conservation professionals seek; whether the relative importance of skills varies by job sector (government, nonprofit, and private); and how graduate students interested in careers in conservation science might signal competency in key skills to potential employers. In job advertisements, disciplinary, interpersonal, and project‐management skills were in the top 5 skills mentioned across all job sectors. Employers’ needs for additional skills, like program leadership, conflict resolution and negotiation, and technical and information technology skills, varied across sectors. Our interview results demonstrated that some skills are best signaled to employers via experiences obtained outside thesis or dissertation work. Our findings suggest that graduate students who wish to be competitive in the conservation job market can benefit by gaining skills identified as important to the job sector in which they hope to work and should not necessarily expect to be competent in these skills simply by completing their chosen degree path.Guía para el Estudiante de Grado de las Habilidades Necesarias para Carreras de Conservación Académicas
Water resources management in theJordanRiverBasin
Authors: Comair Georges F. , Gupta Prabhas , Ingenloff Chris , Shin Gihye , McKinney Daene C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTheJordanRiverBasin is under great hydric stress. Increases in population and agricultural demand are contributing to the closure of the basin. This paper analyses the results of integrated water resources planning model (WEAP) by studying the vulnerability of water resources in the lowerJordanRiver under a changing climate pattern and growing water demands. Water balance models show that all aquifers supplying the city ofAmman will be depleted within the next few decades. Mitigation measures should include the introduction of additional water into the basin through theRedSea–DeadSea canal, in addition to demand management measures such as water conservation and increase in irrigation efficiency. The findings of this study would provide a useful guide to the co‐riparians for policy formulation, decision making and dispute resolution. Cooperation among the five riparian countries may be improved by building a Geographic Information System (GIS) database that provides access to accurate data for hydrological analysis.
Enzymatic and Chemical Interesterification of Rice Bran Oil, Sheaolein, and Palm Stearin and Comparative Study of Their Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Adhikari Prakash , Hu Peng 
Published: November 2012

Abstract:  Total of 3 different mixtures of rice bran oil (RBO), sheaolein (SO), and palm stearin (PS) (RBO : SO : PS, 40 : 35 : 25; 15 : 40 : 45; 10 : 35 : 55) were modified by enzymatic interesterification (EIE) using TLIM as a bio‐catalyst. After interesterification, a physicochemical properties of selected ratio (10 : 35 : 55; RBO : SO : PS) was compared with chemical interesterification (CIE). CIE sample showed higher SFC than EIE in each measured temperature. DAG content was lower in CIE than EIE sample. Besides, each EIE or CIE products were compared with blends, where higher SFC, longer induction time was observed in the blends. Oxidative stability was measured based on Rancimat and peroxide value (PV) where EIE sample showed longer induction time and lower PV compared to CIE sample. Further, EIE sample was selected for oxidation studies and kept at 60 °C for 22 d after the addition of antioxidants (EGCG, rosemary) where induction time was significantly increased compared to control. EGCG containing sample showed longer induction time and lower PV compared to rosemary containing sample.Practical Application:  This research can show the application of SO in the bakery industry, which is a byproduct of shea butter production. There is very limited published information about SO application in bakery food. In addition, it could be useful for industrial application to compare the physicochemical properties of enzymatic interesterification compared to chemical interesterification.
Impact of Roasting on the Chemical Composition and Oxidative Stability of Perilla Oil
Authors: Zhao TingTing , Hong Seung In , Lee Junsoo , Lee Jeom‐Sig , Kim In‐Hwan 
Published: November 2012

Abstract:  The impact of roasting was observed with regard to certain changes in the chemical components and oxidative stability of oil expelled from the roasted perilla seeds. The roasting times were established differently at each roasting temperature of 180, 200, and 220 °C. Trans fatty acids in perilla oil were detected, and the level detected increased as the roasting time increased. Moreover, the roasting of perilla seed led to an increase of 4 tocopherols, α‐, β‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocopherol, as well as phosphorus in the oil. The oxidative stability of the oils obtained after roasting increased during 60 d of storage at 60 °C. The rate of decrease of tocopherol in the oil from unroasted perilla seed was faster than that of the tocopherol in the oils from roasted perilla seeds during storage.Practical Application:  The results reported in present research provide useful information that the producers of perilla oil could apply for their processing.
Occurrence of Biogenic Amines in Miso, Japanese Traditional Fermented Soybean Paste
Authors: Byun Bo Young , Mah Jae‐Hyung 
Published: November 2012

Abstract:  The objective of this study was to analyze overall contents of biogenic amines in Miso and thereby evaluate the safety of the food. Through HPLC analysis of 22 different Miso products, it was found that most samples had low biogenic amine contents. However, some samples contained both histamine and tyramine close to hazardous levels of the amines, which indicate that the amounts of biogenic amines in Miso are not completely within the safe level for human health. Meanwhile, the biogenic amine contents showed no clear relationship with physicochemical parameters, whereas they revealed a good relationship with the ratio of soybean to other grains used in raw material. Thus, it turned out that biogenic amine contents in Miso are primarily affected by the ratio of raw ingredients, especially soybeans. The aerobic plate counts of Miso samples ranged from 3 to 8 Log CFU/g, and all the strains isolated from Miso samples were found to produce biogenic amines. Most strains were identified to be Bacillus subtilis, often regarded as the predominant contaminant bacteria in Miso, and highly capable of producing tyramine and spermine. Taken together, therefore, this study suggests that variability of biogenic amine contents in Miso are primarily attributed to the ratio of raw ingredients in the food that affects the relative contribution level of bacterial contaminants to the contents.Practical Application:  Biogenic amines are harmful nitrogenous compounds. The amounts of biogenic amines in Miso are less when the ratio of soybean to other grains is lower in raw materials. This information would be helpful for consumers at the time of purchasing Miso product.
It's for your benefit: exploring patients' opinions about the inclusion of textual and numerical benefit information in medicine leaflets
Authors: Hamrosi Kim , Dickinson Rebecca , Knapp Peter , Raynor David K , Krass Ines , Sowter Julie , Aslani Parisa 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Objectives
To explore consumers' beliefs and preferences for benefit information in medicine leaflets and examine their understanding and reaction to treatment benefits.

Methods
Forty-five participants were recruited to eight focus groups, run concurrently in Australia (23 participants in four groups) and the UK (22 participants in four groups). Participants were provided with amended leaflets based on the medicine clopidogrel, containing textual and numerical benefit information presented using numbers needed to treat (NNT). A topic guide which explored use of leaflets, preferences and opinions was used to direct discussion. Focus group discussions were recorded, transcribed verbatim and content analysed using adapted cross-case study analysis.

Key findings
The consensus was that the inclusion of benefit information was a positive factor. Many participants felt that textual benefit information offered an incentive to take a medicine, although some Australian participants had concerns that included benefit information could create anxiety. The presentation of numerical benefit information provoked strong feelings of disbelief and shock. Participants were surprised that so few people would benefit. Some participants struggled to understand and interpret the NNT and others found it difficult to comprehend the magnitude of the benefit information, instead operating on initial and often crude assumptions of what the data meant. In both countries the provision of numerical benefit information appeared to shake participants' faith in drug treatments. Participants were concerned about how this might affect the ‘less-informed’ patient. However, in the UK, participants stated that their adherence to treatment was also reinforced by their doctor's advice.

Conclusions
Participants wanted to receive information about the benefits of their medicines. However, they may misinterpret the numerical information provided.
Template‐Based Synthesis of Aluminum Nitride Hollow Nanofibers Via Plasma‐Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Ozgit‐Akgun Cagla , Kayaci Fatma , Donmez Inci , Uyar Tamer , Biyikli Necmi 
Published: November 2012

Aluminum nitride (AlN) hollow nanofibers were synthesized via plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition using sacrificial electrospun polymeric nanofiber templates having different average fiber diameters (~70, ~330, and ~740 nm). Depositions were carried out at 200°C using trimethylaluminum and ammonia precursors. AlN‐coated nanofibers were calcined subsequently at 500°C for 2 h to remove the sacrificial polymeric nanofiber template. SEM studies have shown that there is a critical wall thickness value depending on the template's average fiber diameter for AlN hollow nanofibers to preserve their shapes after the template has been removed by calcination. Best morphologies were observed for AlN hollow nanofibers prepared by depositing 800 cycles (corresponding to ~69 nm) on nanofiber templates having ~330 nm average fiber diameter. TEM images indicated uniform wall thicknesses of ~65 nm along the fiber axes for samples prepared using templates having ~70 and ~330 nm average fiber diameters. Synthesized AlN hollow nanofibers were polycrystalline with a hexagonal crystal structure as determined by high‐resolution TEM and selected area electron diffraction. Chemical compositions of coated and calcined samples were studied using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). High‐resolution XPS spectra confirmed the presence of AlN.
Rapid Microwave Annealing of Amorphous Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films Deposited by Sol‐Gel Method on LaNiO3/SiO2/Si Substrates
Authors: Chen Y. N. , Wang Z. J. 
Published: November 2012

The heating behavior of LaNiO3 (LNO) films on SiO2/Si substrate heated by 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation in the microwave magnetic field was first investigated, and then amorphous Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) thin films were deposited on LNO‐coated SiO2/Si substrates by a sol‐gel method and crystallized in the microwave magnetic field. The crystalline phases and microstructures as well as the electrical properties of the PZT films were investigated as a function of the elevated temperature generated by microwave irradiation. The perovskite PZT films with a highly (100)‐preferred orientation can be obtained by microwave annealing at 700°C for only 180 s of total processing time, and have good electrical properties. The results demonstrated that conductive metal oxide LNO as a bottom electrode layer is an advantage for the crystallization of PZT thin films by microwave irradiation in the microwave magnetic field.
Polymorph and Morphology Control of CaCO3 via Temperature and PEG During the Decomposition of Ca(HCO3)2
Authors: Jiang Jiuxin , Ye Jiuzhou , Zhang Gaowen , Gong Xinghou , Nie Longhui , Liu Jianing 
Published: November 2012

As research continues, the control on the polymorph and morphology of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) becomes a hot topic because its application is limited by these parameters. The polymorph and morphology control of CaCO3 was successfully achieved via temperature and PEG (Mw = 6000) during the decomposition of Ca(HCO3)2, which has rarely been employed to prepare precipitated CaCO3. As‐prepared CaCO3 was characterized using XRD and SEM. In the case of no PEG, rhombohedra calcite, lamellar vaterite, rod‐ and needlelike aragonite are observed, and calcite is the major phase at all samples and it increases with temperature, whereas vaterite and aragonite decrease with temperature. The addition of PEG restrains the formation of vaterite and promotes the emergence of needlelike aragonite particles at 70°C, and prevents the generation of calcite and encourages the production of rodlike aragonite particles at 80°C and 90°C. This work not only provides a new way on the preparation of CaCO3 powder but also presents the feasible control method in this route.
Integration of Merged Delayed‐Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Multidetector Computed Tomography for the Guidance of Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation: A Pilot Study
Authors: COCHET HUBERT , KOMATSU YUKI , SACHER FREDERIC , JADIDI AMIR SHERWAN , SCHERR DANIEL , RIFFAUD MATTHIEU , DERVAL NICOLAS , SHAH ASHOK , ROTEN LAURENT , PASCALE PATRIZIO , RELAN JATIN , SERMESANT MAXIME , AYACHE NICHOLAS , MONTAUDON MICHEL , LAURENT FRANÇOIS , HOCINI MÉLÈZE , HAÏSSAGUERRE MICHEL , JAÏS PIERRE 
Published: November 2012

MDCT/MRI Fusion for the Guidance of VT Ablation. Background: Delayed enhancement (DE) MRI can assess the fibrotic substrate of scar‐related VT. MDCT has the advantage of inframillimetric spatial resolution and better 3D reconstructions. We sought to evaluate the feasibility and usefulness of integrating merged MDCT/MRI data in 3D‐mapping systems for structure–function assessment and multimodal guidance of VT mapping and ablation.
Methods:
Nine patients, including 3 ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), 3 nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), 2 myocarditis, and 1 redo procedure for idiopathic VT, underwent MRI and MDCT before VT ablation. Merged MRI/MDCT data were integrated in 3D‐mapping systems and registered to high‐density endocardial and epicardial maps. Low‐voltage areas (<1.5 mV) and local abnormal ventricular activities (LAVA) during sinus rhythm were correlated to DE at MRI, and wall‐thinning (WT) at MDCT.
Results:
Endocardium and epicardium were mapped with 391 ± 388 and 1098 ± 734 points per map, respectively. Registration of MDCT allowed visualization of coronary arteries during epicardial mapping/ablation. In the idiopathic patient, integration of MRI data identified previously ablated regions. In ICM patients, both DE at MRI and WT at MDCT matched areas of low voltage (overlap 94 ± 6% and 79 ± 5%, respectively). In NICM patients, wall‐thinning areas matched areas of low voltage (overlap 63 ± 21%). In patients with myocarditis, subepicardial DE matched areas of epicardial low voltage (overlap 92 ± 12%). A total number of 266 LAVA sites were found in 7/9 patients. All LAVA sites were associated to structural substrate at imaging (90% inside, 100% within 18 mm).
Conclusion:
The integration of merged MDCT and DEMRI data is feasible and allows combining substrate assessment with high‐spatial resolution to better define structure–function relationship in scar‐related VT. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 24, pp. 419‐426, April 2013)
SIMAGRIO‐W: Development of a prediction model for wireworms in relation to soil moisture, temperature and type
Authors: Jung Jeanette , Racca Paolo , Schmitt Juliane , Kleinhenz Benno 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAs a result of increasing cultivation of corn and potatoes, the polyphagous larvae of the click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae), called wireworms, become a problem in agriculture (Parker and Howard 2001). The hypothesis that the vertical distribution of wireworms depends on soil moisture, soil temperature and soil type had to be verified. In field experiments, investigations on wireworm activity in relation to soil moisture and soil temperature were carried out over a period of 2 years. Bait traps were buried in soil, and the appearance of larvae was recorded during the seasons. In laboratory, the optimum soil moisture for larvae was tested with four soil types. Correlations between the percentage of observed wireworms and soil moisture were analysed.The results were taken as the basis for the prediction model SIMAGRIO‐W (SIMulation of the larvae of AGRIOtes (Wireworms)), which appraises the risk of damages on field culture caused by wireworms in relation to soil moisture and soil temperature. With logistic and Gaussian regressions, a first approach of a prediction model was developed. One output of the model displays the risk for damages in form of a binary response, which identifies two risk classes (risk and no risk). A second output displays for four soil types the percentage of appeared wireworms in relation to soil moisture, starting with an undefined amount of wireworms on a field. With a R² from 0.81 to 0.89, the percentage of occurred wireworms could be calculated well. The correlations were significant in all tested soil types (P ≤ 0.05). With data collected in 2010 and 2011, an independent validation was carried out to get information about the predictions quality of the developed model SIMAGRIO‐W. The hit rate was validated within two classes, risk and no risk. With correct results in over 85% of the cases, the class was predicted correctly.
Current prospects for interferon‐free treatment of hepatitis C in 2012
Authors: Stedman Catherine AM 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPresent interferon‐based therapy for chronic hepatitis C is limited by both efficacy and tolerability. Telaprevir and boceprevir are the first two direct‐acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) that inhibit hepatitis C virus replication to be licensed for use in conjunction with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Numerous other DAAs are in clinical development, and phases 2 and 3 trials are evaluating interferon‐free combination DAA therapy. Interferon‐free sustained virologic responses have now been achieved with combinations of asunaprevir and daclatasvir; sofosbuvir and ribavirin; sofosbuvir and daclatasvir; faldaprevir and BI207127; ABT‐450, ritonovir and ABT‐333; ABT‐450, ritonovir and ABT‐072; miracitabine, danoprevir and ritonavir; and alisporivir and ribavirin. Some drugs are genotype‐specific in their activity, whereas others are pan‐genotypic, and differential responses for the genotype 1 subtypes 1a and 1b have emerged with many DAA combinations. Viral breakthrough and resistance are important considerations for future trial design. The prospect of interferon‐free combination DAA therapy for hepatitis C virus is now finally becoming a reality.
Non‐26S Proteasome Proteolytic Role of Ubiquitin in Plant Endocytosis and Endosomal TraffickingF
Authors: Tian Miaomiao , Xie Qi 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe 76 amino acid protein ubiquitin (Ub) is highly conserved in all eukaryotic species. It plays important roles in many cellular processes by covalently attaching to the target proteins. The best known function of Ub is marking substrate proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. In fact, other consequences of ubiquitination have been discovered in yeast and mammals, such as membrane trafficking, DNA repair, chromatin modification, and protein kinase activation. The common mechanism underlying these processes is that Ub serves as a signal to sort proteins to the vacuoles or lysosomes for degradation as opposed to 26S proteasome‐dependent degradation. To date, several reports have indicated that a similar function of Ub also exists in plants. This review focuses on a summary and analysis of the recent research progress on Ub acting as a signal to mediate endocytosis and endosomal trafficking in plants.
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[ Qi Xie (Corresponding author)]
A Kelch Motif‐Containing Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatase Determines the Large Grain QTL Trait in Rice
Authors: Hu Zejun , He Haohua , Zhang Shiyong , Sun Fan , Xin Xiaoyun , Wang Wenxiang , Qian Xi , Yang Jingshui , Luo Xiaojin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA thorough understanding of the genetic basis of rice grain traits is critical for the improvement of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. In this study, we generated an F2 population by crossing the large‐grain japonica cultivar CW23 with Peiai 64 (PA64), an elite indica small‐grain cultivar. Using QTL analysis, 17 QTLs for five grain traits were detected on four different chromosomes. Eight of the QTLs were newly‐identified in this study. In particular, qGL3‐1, a newly‐identified grain length QTL with the highest LOD value and largest phenotypic variation, was fine‐mapped to the 17 kb region of chromosome 3. A serine/threonine protein phosphatase gene encoding a repeat domain containing two Kelch motifs was identified as the unique candidate gene corresponding to this QTL. A comparison of PA64 and CW23 sequences revealed a single nucleotide substitution (C→A) at position 1092 in exon 10, resulting in replacement of Asp (D) in PA64 with Glu (E) in CW23 for the 364th amino acid. This variation is located at the D position of the conserved sequence motif AVLDT of the Kelch repeat. Genetic analysis of a near‐isogenic line (NIL) for qGL3‐1 revealed that the allele qGL3‐1 from CW23 has an additive or partly dominant effect, and is suitable for use in molecular marker‐assisted selection.