bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of a Triclass Parameterization for the Collision–Coalescence Process in Shallow Clouds
Authors: Sant Vivek , Lohmann Ulrike , Seifert Axel 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Focusing on the formation of precipitation in marine stratiform clouds, a two-moment bulk parameterization for three liquid water classes (cloud, drizzle, and rain) is proposed to describe the process of collision–coalescence. Based on the stochastic collection equation and making use of partial moments to improve the physical representation of the shape of the drop size distribution, new rate equations for both number and mass densities are derived using the modified gamma distribution and an adapted collection kernel. Based on observations and spectral model results, the free shape parameters of the modified gamma distribution of each class are determined closing the set of equations. Idealized simulations of the new parameterization compare well to other studies and prove that the closure assumptions are appropriate, especially as the rate equations are invariant under time-stretching transformations—a key property of the stochastic collection equation. The framework of the one-dimensional kinematic cloud model is used to compare the new bulk parameterization to existing formulations and a spectral model. These results show a good agreement, especially in the sensitivity to the aerosol background concentration and the general development for updraft velocities relevant for shallow clouds. Furthermore, as drizzle dominates the formed precipitation for stratocumulus it becomes a pure transition class for more convective type clouds. The analysis reveals a different quantitative behavior of the various parameterizations in the drizzle regime, which is of special importance for precipitating stratocumulus clouds.
Large-Scale Errors and Mesoscale Predictability in Pacific Northwest Snowstorms
Authors: Durran Dale R. , Reinecke Patrick A. , Doyle James D. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The predictability of lowland snow in the Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest is explored by analyzing the spread in 100-member ensemble simulations for two events from December 2008. Sensitivities to the microphysical and boundary layer parameterizations in these simulations are minimized by estimating the likely precipitation type from the forecast 850-hPa temperatures and the established rain–snow climatology. Results suggest that the ensemble spread in events such as these, which were triggered by amplifying short waves, may develop a significant fraction of both rain-likely members and snow-likely members at forecast lead times as short as 36 h.
The perturbation kinetic energy of the ensemble members about the ensemble mean () is not maximized at small scales. Instead, the power in the initial spectrum of produced by the authors’ ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation cycle increases with increasing horizontal scale. The power in subsequently grows with time, while maintaining approximately the same spectral shape. There is no evidence of small-scale perturbations developing rapidly and transferring their influence upscale. Instead, the large-scale perturbations appear to grow more rapidly during the first 12 h than those at the smallest resolved scales.
Land–Ocean Warming Contrast over a Wide Range of Climates: Convective Quasi-Equilibrium Theory and Idealized Simulations
Authors: Byrne Michael P. , O’Gorman Paul A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Surface temperatures increase at a greater rate over land than ocean in simulations and observations of global warming. It has previously been proposed that this land–ocean warming contrast is related to different changes in lapse rates over land and ocean because of limited moisture availability over land. A simple theory of the land–ocean warming contrast is developed here in which lapse rates are determined by an assumption of convective quasi-equilibrium. The theory predicts that the difference between land and ocean temperatures increases monotonically as the climate warms or as the land becomes more arid. However, the ratio of differential warming over land and ocean varies nonmonotonically with temperature for constant relative humidities and reaches a maximum at roughly 290 K.
The theory is applied to simulations with an idealized general circulation model in which the continental configuration and climate are varied systematically. The simulated warming contrast is confined to latitudes below 50° when climate is varied by changes in longwave optical thickness. The warming contrast depends on land aridity and is larger for zonal land bands than for continents with finite zonal extent. A land–ocean temperature contrast may be induced at higher latitudes by enforcing an arid land surface, but its magnitude is relatively small. The warming contrast is generally well described by the theory, although inclusion of a land–ocean albedo contrast causes the theory to overestimate the land temperatures. Extensions of the theory are discussed to include the effect of large-scale eddies on the extratropical thermal stratification and to account for warming contrasts in both surface air and surface skin temperatures.
Effects of Spectral Nudging in WRF on Arctic Temperature and Precipitation Simulations
Authors: Glisan Justin M. , Gutowski William J. , Cassano John J. , Higgins Matthew E. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Spectral (interior) nudging is a way of constraining a model to be more consistent with observed behavior. However, such control over model behavior raises concerns over how much nudging may affect unforced variability and extremes. Strong nudging may reduce or filter out extreme events since nudging pushes the model toward a relatively smooth, large-scale state. The question then becomes: what is the minimum spectral nudging needed to correct biases while not limiting the simulation of extreme events? To determine this, case studies were performed using a six-member ensemble of the Pan-Arctic Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) with varying spectral nudging strength, using WRF’s standard nudging as a reference point. Two periods were simulated, one in a cold season (January 2007) and one in a warm season (July 2007).
Precipitation and 2-m temperature were analyzed to determine how changing spectral nudging strength impacts temperature and precipitation extremes and selected percentiles. Results suggest that there is a marked lack of sensitivity to varying degrees of nudging. Moreover, given that nudging is an artificial forcing applied in the model, an outcome of this work is that nudging strength can be considerably smaller than the WRF standard strength and still produce climate simulations that are much better than using no nudging.
Snow–Atmosphere Coupling Strength. Part I: Effect of Model Biases
Authors: Xu Li , Dirmeyer Paul 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSnow–atmosphere coupling strength, the degree to which the atmosphere (temperature and precipitation) responds to underlying snow anomalies, is investigated using the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) with realistic snow information obtained from satellite and data assimilation. The coupling strength is quantified using seasonal simulations initialized in late boreal winter with realistic initial snow states or forced with realistic large-scale snow anomalies, including both snow cover fraction observed by remote sensing and snow water equivalent from land data assimilation. Errors due to deficiencies in the land model snow scheme and precipitation biases in the atmospheric model are mitigated by prescribing realistic snow states. The spatial and temporal distributions of strong snow–atmosphere coupling in this model are revealed to track the continental snow cover edge poleward during the ablation period in spring, with secondary maxima after snowmelt. Compared with prescribed “perfect” snow simulations, the free-running CCSM captures major regions of strong snow–atmosphere coupling strength, with only minor departures in magnitude, but showing uneven biases over the Northern Hemisphere. Signals of strong coupling to air temperature are found to propagate vertically into the troposphere, at least up to 500 hPa over the coupling “cold spots.” The main mechanism for this vertical propagation is found to be longwave radiation and condensation heating.
The Relationship between the Madden–Julian Oscillation and U.S. Violent Tornado Outbreaks in the Spring
Authors: Thompson Daniel B. , Roundy Paul E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) has been linked to weather variability in the midlatitudes via its associated overturning circulations and Rossby wave trains that redistribute the thermal and mass fields at higher latitudes. This work examines the relationship between the MJO and violent tornado outbreaks in the United States. A census of events shows that violent tornado outbreaks during March–April–May (MAM) are more than twice as frequent during phase 2 of the Real-time Multivariate MJO (RMM) index as during other phases or when the MJO was deemed inactive. Composite analyses show the global circulation patterns simultaneously associated with the MJO and the tornado outbreaks and also indicate the most favored low-frequency circulation pattern that precedes tornado outbreaks in RMM phase 2. An index of 300-hPa geopotential height data is generated by projecting 60-day mean values onto the composite low-frequency pattern. When that index exceeds one standard deviation and the MJO is in RMM phase 2 with an amplitude exceeding one standard deviation during MAM, violent tornado outbreaks occur 50% of the time, relative to the average frequency of less than 4%. Results demonstrate that the anomalous large-scale midlatitude circulation modulated by the MJO and lower-frequency signals can make conditions more or less favorable for tornado outbreaks.
An epistemological problem and possibility
Authors: Moe-Lobeda Cynthia 
Published: December 2012

The ecotheology represented in this project is situated within the small segment of Earth’s people who are disproportionately: (1) responsible for climate change; (2) beneficiaries of the fossil fuel economy causing it; and (3) protected from its worst consequences. The epistemological underpinnings of our ecotheology are shaped by this social location and the imbalances in power and privilege that have produced them. Is ecotheology developed from this epistemological location capable of challenging those imbalances in power and privilege? Or are sources of theological wisdom outside the boundaries of power and privilege in advanced global capitalism necessary to forge a future not governed by it? This essay pursues these questions.
The marketization of the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Stacey Christopher 
Published: December 2012

This article looks at the marketization of the criminal justice system from a user perspective. Using a combination of personal and professional experience, the author explores the development of a market within the system, starting with an examination of what the system is trying to achieve. The ‘primary customer’ of the system is then discussed, highlighting in the author’s view how the emphasis of NOMS has been moving away from the person serving a sentence as being its primary customer. This then leads into a discussion of how a market has developed within a system that doesn’t have its main consumer as its primary customer, and some of the potential problems that this causes. While slightly pessimistic about the way that the market currently operates, the article concludes by calling for a shift in who is seen as being NOMS’s primary customer, if a fair and effective market is to be developed in the future.
Double unit grafts successfully extend the application of umbilical cord blood transplantation in adults with acute leukemia
Authors: Scaradavou Andromachi , Brunstein Claudio G. , Eapen Mary , Le-Rademacher Jennifer , Barker Juliet N. , Chao Nelson , Cutler Corey , Delaney Colleen , Kan Fangyu , Isola Luis , Karanes Chatchada , Laughlin Mary J. , Wagner John E. , Shpall Elizabeth J. 
Published: December 2012

Key PointsEfficacy of transplanting adequately dosed 1- or 2-cord blood units.
Fixed points and approximately octic mappings in non-Archimedean 2-normed spaces
Authors: Park Choonkil , Eshaghi Gordji Madjid , Ghaemi Mohammad Bagher , Majani Hamid 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Using the fixed point method, we investigate the Hyers-Ulam stability of the system of additive-cubic-quartic functional equations with constant coefficients in non-Archimedean 2-normed spaces. Also, we give an example to show that some results in the stability of functional equations in (Archimedean) normed spaces are not valid in non-Archimedean normed spaces.

MSC:39B82, 46S10, 39B52, 47S10, 47H10.
Identification of transcription factors potential related to brown planthopper resistance in rice via microarray expression profiling
Authors: Wang Yubing , Guo Huimin , Li Haichao , Zhang Hao , Miao Xuexia 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Background
Brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål, is one of the most destructive insect pests of rice. The molecular responses of plants to sucking insects resemble responses to pathogen infection. However, the molecular mechanism of BPH-resistance in rice remains unclear. Transcription factors (TF) are up-stream regulators of various genes that bind to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the transcription from DNA to mRNA. They are key regulators for transcriptional expression in biological processes, and are probably involved in the BPH-induced pathways in resistant rice varieties.

Results
We conducted a microarray experiment to analyze TF genes related to BPH resistance in a Sri Lankan rice cultivar, Rathu Heenati (RHT). We compared the expression profiles of TF genes in RHT with those of the susceptible rice cultivar Taichun Native 1 (TN1). We detected 2038 TF genes showing differential expression signals between the two rice varieties. Of these, 442 TF genes were probably related to BPH-induced resistance in RHT and TN1, and 229 may be related to constitutive resistance only in RHT. These genes showed a fold change (FC) of more than 2.0 (P<0.05). Among the 442 TF genes related to BPH-induced resistance, most of them were readily induced in TN1 than in RHT by BPH feeding, for instance, 154 TF genes were up-regulated in TN1, but only 31 TF genes were up-regulated in RHT at 24 hours after BPH infestation; 2–4 times more TF genes were induced in TN1 than in RHT by BPH. At an FC threshold of >10, there were 37 induced TF genes and 26 constitutive resistance TF genes. Of these, 13 were probably involved in BPH-induced resistance, and 8 in constitutive resistance to BPH in RHT.

Conclusions
We explored the molecular mechanism of resistance to BPH in rice by comparing expressions of TF genes between RHT and TN1. We speculate that the level of gene repression, especially for early TF genes, plays an important role in the defense response. The fundamental point of the resistance strategy is that plants protect themselves by reducing their metabolic level to inhibit feeding by BPH and prevent damage from water and nutrient loss. We have selected 21 TF genes related to BPH resistance for further analyses to understand the molecular responses to BPH feeding in rice.
Family history as a risk factor for recurrent hospitalization for lone atrial fibrillation: a nationwide family study in Sweden
Authors: Zöller Bengt , Ohlsson Henrik , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Background
Although the heritability of atrial fibrillation (AF) has been determined, the relevance of family history of AF for the likelihood of recurrent hospitalization for AF is unknown. The aim of this nationwide study was to determine whether family history of AF is a risk factor of recurrent hospitalization for lone AF (LAF), i.e., AF with unknown etiology. The familial risk for first time LAF hospitalization was also determined and compared to the risk of recurrent hospitalization for LAF.

Methods
We examined whether family history of AF is a risk factor for recurrent hospitalization for LAF in the whole Swedish population. We linked Multigeneration Register data on individuals aged 0–60 years to Hospital Discharge Register data for the period 1987–2009 to compare LAF recurrent hospitalization risk among individuals with and without parental or sibling history of AF. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) to determine the familial HR of recurrent hospitalization for LAF. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for familial risk of first time LAF hospitalization.

Results
The risk of recurrent LAF hospitalization was 1.23 (95% CI 1.17-1.30) for individuals with affected parents compared to 1.30 (95% CI 1.22-1.38) for those with affected siblings. After 10 years of follow up 50% of those without and 60% of those with family history had recurrent hospitalization for LAF. The risk of recurrent LAF hospitalization in individuals with two affected parents was 1.65 (95% CI 1.44-1.90). There was an interaction between age and family history, with family history having a weaker effect on LAF hospitalization risk in older age groups. The OR for first time LAF hospitalization was 2.08 (95% CI 2.02-2.15) for offspring with affected parents and 3.23 (95% CI 3.08-3.39) for individuals with affected siblings.

Conclusions
Family history of AF is a novel risk factor for recurrent LAF hospitalization. The higher recurrence hospitalization risk in multiplex families and younger individuals suggests a genetic contribution. However, the familial risk for recurrent LAF hospitalization was much lower than the risk for first time LAF hospitalization, suggesting that familial and possibly genetic factors are more important for first time LAF hospitalization than recurrent LAF hospitalization.
Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces recurrence and mortality from Clostridium difficileinfection in mice following vancomycin treatment
Authors: Li Yuesheng , Figler Robert A , Kolling Glynis , Bracken Tara C , Rieger Jayson , Stevenson Ralph W , Linden Joel , Guerrant Richard L , Warren Cirle Alcantara 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundActivation of the A2Aadenosine receptor (A2AAR) decreases production of inflammatory cytokines, preventsC.difficiletoxin A-induced enteritis and, in combination with antibiotics, increases survival from sepsis in mice. We investigated whether A2AAR activation improves and A2AAR deletion worsens outcomes in a murine model ofC.difficile(strain VPI10463) infection (CDI).MethodsC57BL/6 mice were pretreated with an antibiotic cocktail prior to infection and then treated with vancomycin with or without an A2AAR agonist. A2AAR-/-and littermate wild-type (WT) mice were similarly infected, and IFNγ and TNFα were measured at peak of and recovery from infection.ResultsInfected, untreated mice rapidly lost weight, developed diarrhea, and had mortality rates of 50-60%. Infected mice treated with vancomycin had less weight loss and diarrhea during antibiotic treatment but mortality increased to near 100% after discontinuation of antibiotics. Infected mice treated with both vancomycin and an A2AAR agonist, either ATL370 or ATL1222, had minimal weight loss and better long-term survival than mice treated with vancomycin alone. A2AAR KO mice were more susceptible than WT mice to death from CDI. Increases in cecal IFNγ and blood TNFα were pronounced in the absence of A2AARs.ConclusionIn a murine model of CDI, vancomycin treatment resulted in reduced weight loss and diarrhea during acute infection, but high recurrence and late-onset death, with overall mortality being worse than untreated infected controls. The administration of vancomycin plus an A2AAR agonist reduced inflammation and improved survival rates, suggesting a possible benefit of A2AAR agonists in the management of CDI to prevent recurrent disease.
Pretreatment with intrathecal amitriptyline potentiates anti-hyperalgesic effects of post-injury intra-peritoneal amitriptyline following spinal nerve ligation
Authors: Cheng Kuang-I , Wang Hung-Chen , Chang Lin-Li , Wang Fu-Yen , Lai Chung-Sheng , Chou Chao-Wen , Tsai Hung-Pei , Kwan Aij-Lie 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Background
Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant and potent use-dependent blocker of sodium channels, has been shown to attenuate acute and chronic pain in several preclinical modes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether intrathecal pretreatment with amitriptyline combined with post-injury intra-peritoneal amitriptyline is more effective than post-injury treatment alone on L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced neuropathic pain.

Methods
96 adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were allocated into 4 groups: group S, Sham; group L, L5 spinal nerve
L
igation with vehicle treatment; group A, SNL and post-injury intra-peritoneal (
A
bdominal) amitriptyline twice daily × 3 days; group P, intrathecal
P
retreatment with amitriptyline, SNL and intra-peritoneal amitriptyline twice daily × 3 days. Responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli, as well as sodium channel expression in injured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and activated glial cells in spinal dorsal horn (SDH) were measured pre-operatively and on post-operative day (POD) 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28.

Results
SNL-evoked hyper-sensitivity responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli, up-regulated Nav1.3 and down-regulated Nav1.8 expression in DRG, and activated microglia and astrocytes in SDH. In group A, intra-peritoneal amitriptyline alone alleviated thermal hypersensitivity on POD7, reversed Nav1.8 and reduced activated microglia on POD14. In group P, intrathecal pretreatment with amitriptyline not only potentiated the effect of intra-peritoneal amitriptyline on thermal hypersensitivity and Nav1.8, but attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity on POD7 and reduced up-regulated Nav1.3 on POD14. Furthermore, this treatment regimen reduced astrocyte activation on POD14.

Conclusions
Concomitant intrathecal pretreatment and post-injury intra-peritoneal amitriptyline was more effective than post-injury treatment alone on attenuation of behavioral hypersensitivity, decrease of activated microglia and astrocytes and dysregulated Nav1.3 and 1.8.