bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergence of CD4 Independence Envelopes and Astrocyte Infection in R5 Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Model of Encephalitis
Authors: Zhuang Ke , Leda Ana Rachel , Tsai Lily , Knight Heather , Harbison Carole , Gettie Agegnehu , Blanchard James , Westmoreland Susan , Cheng-Mayer Cecilia 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in the central nervous system (CNS) is characterized by replication in macrophages or brain microglia that express low levels of the CD4 receptor and is the cause of HIV-associated dementia and related cognitive and motor disorders that affect 20 to 30% of treatment-naive patients with AIDS. Independent viral envelope evolution in the brain has been reported, with the need for robust replication in resident CD4
low
cells, as well as CD4-negative cells, such as astrocytes, proposed as a major selective pressure. We previously reported giant-cell encephalitis in subtype B and C R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected macaques (SHIV-induced encephalitis [SHIVE]) that experienced very high chronic viral loads and progressed rapidly to AIDS, with varying degrees of macrophage or microglia infection and activation of these immune cells, as well as astrocytes, in the CNS. In this study, we characterized envelopes (Env) amplified from the brains of subtype B and C R5 SHIVE macaques. We obtained data in support of an association between severe neuropathological changes, robust macrophage and microglia infection, and evolution to CD4 independence. Moreover, the degree of Env CD4 independence appeared to correlate with the extent of astrocyte infection
in vivo
. These findings further our knowledge of the CNS viral population phenotypes that are associated with the severity of HIV/SHIV-induced neurological injury and improve our understanding of the mechanism of HIV-1 cellular tropism and persistence in the brain.

IMPORTANCE
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of astrocytes in the brain has been suggested to be important in HIV persistence and neuropathogenesis but has not been definitively demonstrated in an animal model of HIV-induced encephalitis (HIVE). Here, we describe a new nonhuman primate (NHP) model of R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-induced encephalitis (SHIVE) with several classical HIVE features that include astrocyte infection. We further show an association between severe neuropathological changes, robust resident microglia infection, and evolution to CD4 independence of viruses in the central nervous system (CNS), with expansion to infection of truly CD4-negative cells
in vivo
. These findings support the use of the R5 SHIVE models to study the contribution of the HIV envelope and viral clades to neurovirulence and residual virus replication in the CNS, providing information that should guide efforts to eradicate HIV from the body.
Early experience in high-resolution MRI for large vessel occlusions
Authors: Hui Ferdinand K , Zhu Xianjin , Jones Stephen E , Uchino Ken , Bullen Jennifer A , Hussain M Shazam , Lou Xin , Jiang Wei-Jian 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundLarge vessel occlusions are an important cause of ischemic stroke. Imaging goals center on identifying the site of occlusion, the size of the ischemic core and the size of the ischemic penumbra. The etiology of the occlusion is typically inferred by history and demographics, or subacutely during investigation for shunt, hypercoagulable state or other causes. Current generation vascular imaging is based primarily on lumenography. Contours of the vessel lumen on lumenography may suggest the presence of atherosclerosis, dissection or thrombus. High-resolution MRI (HRMRI) techniques can characterize wall morphology in the presence of an occlusion, which may affect clinical care by better definition of intra-occlusion wall characteristics as well as downstream vasculature normally confounded by the lack of antegrade flow.MethodsThe HRMRI databases of Cleveland Clinic and Beijing Tiantan Hospital were reviewed to identify patients with large vessel occlusions on lumenography, performed with a diagnostic quality HRMRI. Clinical data were reviewed for each patient and images were analyzed by experienced neuroradiologists at both institutions. Where possible, conventional angiography/lumenography was reviewed for comparison.ResultsNine patients with large vessel cerebral artery occlusions were identified in whom HRMRI characteristics were reviewed and categorized. Images were correlated with demographics, risk factors and the working diagnosis of each case.ConclusionsHRMRI of vascular occlusions can identify wall characteristics and characterize the course and caliber of the vasculature distal to the occluded segment. This information may be useful in determining preferred approaches for endovascular revascularization.
The LVIS/LVIS Jr. stents in the treatment of wide-neck intracranial aneurysms: multicentre registry
Authors: Poncyljusz Wojciech , Biliński Piotr , Safranow Krzysztof , Baron Jan , Zbroszczyk Miłosz , Jaworski Maciej , Bereza Sławomir , Burke Thomas H 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundWide-necked intracranial aneurysms have been a challenge for endovascular techniques. With the advent of adjunctive devices such as balloons or stents, recanalisation rates have decreased secondary to better packing.PurposeThe purpose of this registry was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the new Low-profiled Visualized Intraluminal Support LVIS and LVIS Jr. stents in the treatment of unruptured wide-neck intracranial aneurysms.MethodsThe LVIS or LVIS Jr. stent-assisted coil embolisation was performed in 78 patients harbouring 78 intracranial aneurysms. There were 59 aneurysms located in the anterior circulation and 19 in the posterior circulation. Clinical data and 6-month follow-up angiograms are presented.ResultsThe LVIS and LVIS Jr. stents were successfully delivered to the target aneurysm; however, there were seven cases in which the LVIS/LVIS Jr. stents had suboptimal opening and apposition to the parent vessel wall. The overall technical success for all groups was 91% (71 of 78 stents). There was complete angiographic occlusion in 66 (85%) of 78 cases and residual neck remnants in 12 (15%) cases. All patients had 6-month angiographic follow-up, which demonstrated complete occlusion of the target aneurysm in 64 (82%) cases, residual neck remnants in 5 (6%) cases and there was aneurysm filling in 9 (12%) cases.ConclusionsThe LVIS/LVIS Jr. stent system is safe and effective for the treatment of wide-neck intracranial aneurysms, providing suitable support of the coil mass, which allows for a high level of occlusion with low rates of recanalisation and subsequent treatments.
Using Pharmacogene Polymorphism Panels to Detect Germline Pharmacodynamic Markers in Oncology
Authors: Hertz Daniel L. , McLeod Howard L. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The patient (germline) genome can influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cancer therapy. The field of pharmacogenetics (PGx) has primarily focused on genetic predictors of pharmacokinetics, largely ignoring pharmacodynamics, using a candidate approach to assess single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with known relevance to drug pharmacokinetics such as enzymes and transporters. A more comprehensive approach, the genome-wide association study, circumvents candidate selection but suffers because of the necessity for substantial statistical correction. Pharmacogene panels, which interrogate hundreds to thousands of SNPs in genes with known relevance to drug pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics, represent an attractive compromise between these approaches. Panels with defined or customizable SNP lists have been used to discover SNPs that predict pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of cancer drugs, most of which await successful replication. PGx discovery, particularly for SNPs that influence drug pharmacodynamics, is limited by weaknesses in both genetic and phenotypic data. Selection of candidate SNPs for inclusion on pharmacogene panels is difficult because of limited understanding of biology and pharmacology. Phenotypes used in analyses have primarily been complex toxicities that are known to be multifactorial. A more measured approach, in which sensitive phenotypes are used in place of complex clinical outcomes, will improve the success rate of pharmacodynamics SNP discovery and ultimately enable identification of pharmacodynamics SNPs with meaningful effects on treatment outcomes.
See all articles in this CCR Focus section, “Progress in Pharmacodynamic Endpoints.”
Clin Cancer Res; 20(10); 2530–40. ©2014 AACR.
Pulmonary Veins to Left Atrium Cycle Length Gradient Predicts Procedural and Clinical Outcomes of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Ablation
Authors: Pascale Patrizio , Shah Ashok J. , Roten Laurent , Scherr Daniel , Komatsu Yuki , Ramoul Khaled , Daly Matthew , Denis Arnaud , Derval Nicolas , Sacher Frédéric , Hocini Mélèze , Jaïs Pierre , Haïssaguerre Michel 
Published: May 2014

Background—
Rapid pulmonary vein (PV) activity has been shown to maintain paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). We evaluated in persistent AF the cycle length (CL) gradient between PVs and the left atrium (LA) in an attempt to identify the subset of patients where PVs play an important role.

Methods and Results—

Ninety-seven consecutive patients undergoing first ablation for persistent AF were studied. For each PV, the CL of the fastest activation was assessed over 1 minute (PV
fast
) using Lasso recordings. The PV to LA CL gradient was quantified by the ratio of PV
fast
to LA appendage (LAA) AF CL. Stepwise ablation terminated AF in 73 patients (75%). In the AF termination group, the PV
fast
CL was much shorter than the LAA CL resulting in lower PV
fast
/LAA ratios compared with the nontermination group (71±10% versus 92±7%;
P
<0.001). Within the termination group, PV
fast
/LAA ratios were notably lower if AF terminated after PV isolation or limited adjunctive substrate ablation compared with patients who required moderate or extensive ablation (63±6% versus 75±8%;
P
<0.001). PV
fast
/LAA ratio <69% predicted AF termination after PV isolation or limited substrate ablation with 74% positive predictive value and 95% negative predictive value. After a mean follow-up of 29±17 months, freedom from arrhythmia recurrence off-antiarrhythmic drugs was achieved in most patients with PV
fast
/LAA ratios <69% as opposed to the remaining population (80% versus 43%;
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—
The PV to LA CL gradient may identify the subset of patients in whom persistent AF is likely to terminate after PV isolation or limited substrate ablation and better long-term outcomes are achieved.
Equation for the Microwave Backscatter Cross Section of Aggregate Snowflakes Using the Self-Similar Rayleigh–Gans Approximation
Authors: Hogan Robin J. , Westbrook Christopher D. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In this paper an equation is derived for the mean backscatter cross section of an ensemble of snowflakes at centimeter and millimeter wavelengths. It uses the Rayleigh–Gans approximation, which has previously been found to be applicable at these wavelengths due to the low density of snow aggregates. Although the internal structure of an individual snowflake is random and unpredictable, the authors find from simulations of the aggregation process that their structure is “self-similar” and can be described by a power law. This enables an analytic expression to be derived for the backscatter cross section of an ensemble of particles as a function of their maximum dimension in the direction of propagation of the radiation, the volume of ice they contain, a variable describing their mean shape, and two variables describing the shape of the power spectrum. The exponent of the power law is found to be −. In the case of 1-cm snowflakes observed by a 3.2-mm-wavelength radar, the backscatter is 40–100 times larger than that of a homogeneous ice–air spheroid with the same mass, size, and aspect ratio.
Are child and adolescent mental health problems increasing in the 21st century? A systematic review
Authors: Bor William , Dean Angela J , Najman Jacob , Hayatbakhsh Reza 
Published: May 2014

Objective: Up to one in five children experience mental health problems. Social and cultural factors may influence emergence of mental health problems. The 21st century has led to changes in many of these factors, but it is unclear whether rates of internalizing and externalizing problems have also changed in recent cohorts of young people. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was undertaken to locate cohort or population studies that examined changes in mental health of children over time, where participants were aged 18 years and under, and the time frame for change was at least 10 years, with data for at least one time point in the 21st century being statistically compared to at least one time point in the 20th century. Studies were reviewed for quality and outcome. Results: Nineteen studies met criteria for review. These included studies of toddlers, children, and adolescents. Seventeen studies examined internalizing problems, and 11 studies examined externalizing problems. For both children and toddlers, recent cohorts did not exhibit worsening of mental health symptoms. In adolescents, the burden of externalizing problems appear to be stable. However, the majority of studies report an increase in internalizing problems in adolescent girls. The findings for internalizing problems in boys were mixed. Conclusions: These findings suggest that recent cohorts of adolescent girls are experiencing increases in internalizing symptoms compared to previous cohorts. Approaches for prevention and early intervention should be explored.
Persistent disability is a risk factor for late-onset mental disorder after serious injury
Authors: Holmes Alex CN , O’Donnell Meaghan L , Williamson Owen , Hogg Malcolm , Arnold Carolyn 
Published: May 2014

Background: Most of what we know about the psychiatric consequences of injury is limited to the first year. Determining the prevalence of and risk factors for psychiatric morbidity beyond one year will aid service development and facilitate timely diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this prognostic study was to determine the prevalence of mental disorders in the three years following serious injury and to identify risk factors for the onset of new disorders after 1 year. Methods: Of 272 patients assessed in hospital following serious injury, 196 (72.1%) were reassessed at 3 years. Assessment involved gold standard semi-structured interviews for psychiatric diagnoses, risk factors for mental disorder, injury measures and pain scores. Results: More than a quarter of all patients were diagnosed with at least one mood or anxiety disorder at some stage during the three years following their injury. The most common diagnoses were major depression (20.0%), generalised anxiety disorder (6.7%) and panic disorder (6.7%). For a third of these patients, the disorder appeared after 12 months, for which persistent physical disability was an independent risk factor. Conclusion: Although there is a necessary focus on the early detection and treatment of mental disorders after injury, attention to later onset disorders is also required for those with persistent pain and physical disability.
Updating Cuban Socialism
Authors: Salazar Luis Suárez 
Published: May 2014

A critical look at what is officially called the “updating of the Cuban economic model” and the “perfecting” of the Cuban political system from the viewpoint of the utopias of the Cuban Revolution calls attention to the importance of deepening participatory and socially representative democracy, strengthening popular and grassroots control over state management, addressing some of the causes of the deterioration of moral and civic values, and increasing the participation of the mass media in counteracting negative effects. This should help prepare citizens, especially the generations that will lead the country from 2018 on, to deal critically and in a utopian fashion with the challenges posed by the Cuban socialist transition. Una mirada crítica a lo que se llama oficialmente la “actualización del modelo económico cubano” y el “perfeccionamiento” del sistema político cubano desde el punto de vista de las utopías de la Revolución Cubana llama la atención sobre la importancia de profundizar la democracia participativa y socialmente representativa, fortalecer al control popular y de base sobre la gestión del estado, abordar algunas de las causas del deterioro de los valores morales y cívicos, y aumentar a la participación de los medios de comunicación para contrarrestar los efectos negativos. Esto debería ayudar a preparar a los ciudadanos, especialmente las generaciones quienes liderarán al país desde 2018 en adelante, para hacer frente críticamente y de una manera utópica con los desafíos planteados por la transición socialista cubana.
A National Study of the Certified Diabetes Educator
Authors: Zrebiec John 
Published: May 2014

Purpose The purposes of this national practice analysis conducted by the National Certification Board for Diabetes Educators are to (1) maintain the Certified Diabetes Educator® (CDE®) examination as a valid measure of knowledge, (2) ensure that the content of certification examinations is related to practice, and (3) define content areas that should be assessed in future certification examinations. Methods The study involved developing a diabetes educator job task list and survey, distributing 5,053 surveys, and analyzing survey responses from a multidisciplinary and geographically representative sample of certified diabetes educators. Results Nine hundred sixty-one surveys were suitable for analysis, with relevant demographic subgroups adequately represented. On the basis of survey data, an examination matrix and a detailed content outline were constructed that will be used by the National Certification Board for Diabetes Educators to develop future examinations. Conclusions Certification examination specifications were developed on the basis of the important job activities certified diabetes educators perform. These test specifications will guide future test development and ensure that the examination has strong content validity and reflects current practice. Future forms of the examination will contain 175 items at specified cognitive levels, with a representative sampling of tasks within 3 core areas from a detailed content outline.
Effectiveness of Culturally Tailored Diabetes Interventions for Asian Immigrants to the United States
Authors: Joo Jee Young 
Published: May 2014

Purpose The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness of tailoring community-based diabetes intervention to Asian immigrant cultures. Methods The Cochrane processes and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses recommendations guided this systematic review. PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Ovid, and PsycINFO were searched for analyses and syntheses of primary research published since 2000 that described interventions tailored for the cultures of Asian immigrants with diabetes. This search yielded a total of 9 articles published from 2005 to 2013. The Amsterdam-Maastricht Consensus List for Quality Assessment was used to assess the quality of the studies. Results Retrieved studies’ populations were foreign-born adults >50 years of age with type 2 diabetes. The review revealed that culturally tailored diabetes programs are effective at improving patients’ objectively measured clinical outcomes, in particular A1C levels, and psychobehavioral outcomes. Patients were also highly satisfied with bilingual health care providers and bilingual educational programs. Conclusions There is strong evidence of the effectiveness of tailoring diabetes interventions to Asian immigrant populations’ cultures. Further studies, including longitudinal studies and studies with rigorous research designs that subclassify Asian immigrants, are needed to encourage the implementation of culturally tailored diabetes intervention for this ethnic minority.
Utilization and determinants of palliative care in the trauma intensive care unit: Results of a national survey
Authors: Karlekar Mohana , Collier Bryan , Parish Abby , Olson Lori , Elasy Tom 
Published: May 2014

Background: There is a paucity of data evaluating utilization of palliative care in trauma intensive care units. Aim: We sought to determine current indications and determinants of palliative care consultation in the trauma intensive care units. Design: Using a cross-sectional assessment, we surveyed trauma surgeons to understand indications, benefits, and barriers trauma surgeons perceive when consulting palliative care. Setting/participants: A total of 1232 surveys were emailed to all members of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Results: A total of 362 providers responded (29% response rate). Majority of respondents were male ( n = 287, 80.2%) and practiced in Level 1 ( n = 278, 77.7%) trauma centers. Most common indicators for referral to palliative care were expected survival 1 week to 1 month, multisystem organ dysfunction >3 weeks, minimal neurologic responsiveness >1 week, and referral to hospice. In post hoc analysis, there was a significant difference in frequency of utilization of palliative care when respondents had access to board-certified palliative care physicians ( χ2 = 56.4, p < 0.001). Although half of the respondents ( n = 199, 55.6%) reported palliative care consults beneficial all or most of the time, nearly still half ( n = 174, 48.6%) felt palliative care was underutilized. Most frequent barriers to consultation included resistance from families ( n = 144, 40.2%), concerns that physicians were “giving up” ( n = 109, 30.4%), and miscommunication of prognosis ( n = 98, 27.4%) or diagnosis ( n = 58, 16.2%) by the palliative care physician. Conclusion: Although a plurality of trauma surgeons reported palliative care beneficial, those surveyed indicate that palliative care is underutilized. Barriers identified provide important opportunities to further appropriate utilization of palliative care services.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) positivity correlates with poor prognosis in cervical cancer
Authors: Yao Tingting , Wu Zhuna , Liu Yukun , Rao Qunxian , Lin Zhongqiu 
Published: May 2014

Objective To analyse the associations between aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) tumour immunopositivity and disease-free survival in cervical carcinoma. Methods ALDH1 immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded cervical tumour tissue samples obtained from hospital archives. Data regarding disease-free survival were obtained. Kaplan–Meier survival analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed. Results Patients with ALDH1-positive tumours ( n = 31) had significantly shorter disease-free survival than those with ALDH1-negative tumours ( n = 167; 41.99 ± 0.90 vs 53.64 ± 2.67 months). ALDH1 positivity was associated with poor prognosis (relative risk 2.727; 95% confidence intervals 1.253, 5.914). Conclusions ALDH1 positivity is associated with poor prognosis of cervical carcinoma, and may be an independent predictor of prognosis.