bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of skin ageing features on Chinese women's perception of facial age and attractiveness
Authors: Porcheron A. , Latreille J. , Jdid R. , Tschachler E. , Morizot F. 
Published: April 2014

SynopsisObjectivesAgeing leads to characteristic changes in the appearance of facial skin. Among these changes, we can distinguish the skin topographic cues (skin sagging and wrinkles), the dark spots and the dark circles around the eyes. Although skin changes are similar in Caucasian and Chinese faces, the age of occurrence and the severity of age‐related features differ between the two populations. Little is known about how the ageing of skin influences the perception of female faces in Chinese women. The aim of this study is to evaluate the contribution of the different age‐related skin features to the perception of age and attractiveness in Chinese women.MethodsFacial images of Caucasian women and Chinese women in their 60s were manipulated separately to reduce the following skin features: (i) skin sagging and wrinkles, (ii) dark spots and (iii) dark circles. Finally, all signs were reduced simultaneously (iv). Female Chinese participants were asked to estimate the age difference between the modified and original images and evaluate the attractiveness of modified and original faces.ResultsChinese women perceived the Chinese faces as younger after the manipulation of dark spots than after the reduction in wrinkles/sagging, whereas they perceived the Caucasian faces as the youngest after the manipulation of wrinkles/sagging. Interestingly, Chinese women evaluated faces with reduced dark spots as being the most attractive whatever the origin of the face. The manipulation of dark circles contributed to making Caucasian and Chinese faces being perceived younger and more attractive than the original faces, although the effect was less pronounced than for the two other types of manipulation.ConclusionThis is the first study to have examined the influence of various age‐related skin features on the facial age and attractiveness perception of Chinese women. The results highlight different contributions of dark spots, sagging/wrinkles and dark circles to their perception of Chinese and Caucasian faces.
Effects of three nickel titanium instrument systems on root canal geometry assessed by micro‐computed tomography
Authors: Gergi R. , Osta N. , Bourbouze G. , Zgheib C. , Arbab‐Chirani R. , Naaman A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimTo compare and evaluate the shaping ability of several nickel titanium instrument systems with different motions: two reciprocating single‐file systems (Reciproc and WaveOne) and one continuous rotation/reciprocation full‐sequence system [Twisted File (TF) Adaptive] using micro‐computed tomography.MethodologyA total of forty‐eight mesial canals of mandibular molars with two separate root canals and severe angles of curvature were selected. Canals were divided randomly to one of three experimental groups: group 1, reciprocating instrumentation with Reciproc R25, group 2, reciprocating with the Primary WaveOne file and group 3 ‘Adaptive Rotary Motion’ with Twisted Files. Each group consisted of 16 root canals. Canals were scanned before and after root canal preparation, with a resolution of 20 μm using a micro‐computed tomography system. The following parameters were assessed: changes in dentine volume, percentage of unshaped canal walls, degree of canal transportation and centring ability. Data were analysed using analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests test to explore a significant difference in mean dentine removal, mean percentage of noninstrumented canals, mean degree of canal transportation and centring ratio between groups in the apical third and along the entire root canal. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05.ResultsPreoperatively, there were no differences regarding root canal curvature and volume between experimental groups (P > 0.05). Overall instrumentation led to enlarged canal shapes with no evidence of preparation errors. None of the three groups was able to shape completely the root canal system. Mean dentine removal along the entire canal and in the apical third was significantly higher with Reciproc when compared with TF Adaptive and WaveOne (P = 0.013). Mean degree of canal transportation was significantly lower with TF Adaptive (P < 0.0001) followed by WaveOne and highest with Reciproc in the apical third and along the entire root canal.ConclusionsNone of the NiTi systems was able to instrument completely the entire root canal. Reciprocation and Adaptive Motions were found to cut dentine efficiently to full working length, with no procedural errors. The TF Adaptive system maintained the original canal anatomy with less canal transportation and better centring ability.
Lymph node dissection during cytoreductive nephrectomy: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Feuerstein Michael A , Kent Matthew , Bernstein Melanie , Russo Paul 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo assess whether regional lymph node dissection could improve the prognosis of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.MethodsWe reviewed data on 258 patients who underwent cytoreductive nephrectomy at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA, some of whom received a concurrent lymph node dissection. The primary outcome measure was overall survival. A Cox proportional hazards regression model included, age, pathological stage, lymphadenopathy, tumor size, modified Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center criteria, site of metastatic disease and lymph node dissection. We created a logistic regression model to evaluate risk factors for node‐positive disease. Survival analyses were carried out for lymph node template (hilar vs other) and number of nodes removed (0–3, 4–7 or ≥8).ResultsOf 258 patients, 177 (69%) underwent lymph node dissection, and positive nodes were found in 59 (33%). The 5‐year overall survival was 21% for patients who underwent lymph node dissection and 31% for patients who did not. No significant difference in survival was found among patients receiving or not receiving lymph node dissection. The 5‐year overall survival was 27% and 9% for negative and positive nodal status, respectively (P < 0.0005). For patients who underwent lymph node dissection, the presence of lymphadenopathy was a significant predictor of node‐positive disease (odds ratio 25.0, 95% confidence interval 9.04–69.4, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsLymph node dissection carried out during cytoreductive nephrectomy is not associated with a survival benefit. Lymph node‐positive disease represents a poor prognostic variable; therefore, lymph node dissection should be considered as a staging procedure for clinical trials.
tTregs, pTregs, and iTregs: similarities and differences
Authors: Shevach Ethan M. , Thornton Angela M. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryFoxp3+ T‐regulatory cells (Tregs) are primarily generated in the thymus (tTreg), but also may be generated extrathymically at peripheral sites (pTreg), or induced in cell culture (iTreg) in the presence of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). A major unresolved issue is how these different populations of Tregs exert their suppressive function in vivo. We have developed novel systems in which the function of Tregs can be evaluated in vivo in normal mice. Our studies demonstrate that one prominent mechanism of action of polyclonal tTregs is to inhibit T‐effector cell trafficking to the target organ, while antigen‐specific iTregs primarily prevent T‐cell priming by acting on antigen‐presenting dendritic cells (DCs). Interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) plays an important role in the suppressive function of antigen‐specific iTregs by controlling the expression of MARCH1 and CD83 on the DC. Activated tTregs may mediate infectious tolerance by delivery of cell surface‐expressed TGFβ to naive responder T cells to generate pTregs. Manipulation of Treg function will require the ability to differentiate tTregs from pTregs and iTregs. The expression of the transcription factor Helios has proven to be a useful marker for the identification of stable tTregs in both mouse and human.
Induction of regulatory cells by helminth parasites: exploitation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases
Authors: Finlay Conor M. , Walsh Kevin P. , Mills Kingston H. G. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryHelminth parasites are highly successful pathogens, chronically infecting a quarter of the world's population, causing significant morbidity but rarely causing death. Protective immunity and expulsion of helminths is mediated by T‐helper 2 (Th2) cells, type 2 (M2) macrophages, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, and eosinophils. Failure to mount these type 2 immune responses can result in immunopathology mediated by Th1 or Th17 cells. Helminths have evolved a wide variety of approaches for immune suppression, especially the generation of regulatory T cells and anti‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐10 and transforming growth factor‐β. This is a very effective strategy for subverting protective immune responses to prolong their survival in the host but has the bystander effect of modulating immune responses to unrelated antigens. Epidemiological studies in humans have shown that infection with helminth parasites is associated with a low incidence of allergy/asthma and autoimmunity in developing countries. Experimental studies in mice have demonstrated that regulatory immune responses induced by helminth can suppress Th2 and Th1/Th17 responses that mediate allergy and autoimmunity, respectively. This has provided a rational explanation of the ‘hygiene hypothesis’ and has also led to the exploitation of helminths or their immunomodulatory products in the development of new immunosuppressive therapies for inflammatory diseases in humans.
Contextual functions of antigen‐presenting cells in the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Grainger John R. , Askenase Michael H. , Guimont‐Desrochers Fanny , Fonseca Denise Morais da , Belkaid Yasmine 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe immune system of the gastrointestinal tract must be tightly regulated to limit pathologic responses toward innocuous antigens while simultaneously allowing for rapid development of effector responses against invading pathogens. Highly specialized antigen‐presenting cell (APC) subsets present in the gut play a dominant role in balancing these seemingly disparate functions. In this review, we discuss new findings associated with the function of gut APCs and particularly the contextual role of these cells in both establishing tolerance to orally acquired antigens in the steady state and regulating acute inflammation during infection.
Functional dynamics of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in mice and humans
Authors: Bin Dhuban Khalid , Kornete Mara , S. Mason Edward , Piccirillo Ciriaco A. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryForkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3)+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical mediators for the establishment of self‐tolerance and immune homeostasis and for the control of pathology in various inflammatory responses. While Foxp3+ Treg cells often control immune responses in secondary lymphoid tissues, they must also traffic to and persist within non‐lymphoid tissues, where they integrate various environmental cues to coordinate and adapt their effector acitvities in these sites. In recent years, our group has made use of several mouse models, including the non‐obese diabetic model of type 1 diabetes, to characterize the factors, which impact the homeostasis, function, and reprogramming potential of Foxp3+ Treg cells in situ. In addition, our recent work shows that Foxp3+ Treg cells possess distinct post‐transcriptional mechanisms of gene regulation, namely mRNA translation, to modulate tissue‐specific inflammatory responses. In humans, there is a pressing need for reliable markers of FOXP3+ Treg cells and their related function in blood and tissue. Experimental progress in our group has enabled us to discover novel markers of FOXP3+ Treg cell (dys)function and unique gene signatures that discriminate effector and Treg cells, as well as functional and dysfunctional FOXP3+ Treg cells.
Regulatory T‐cell homeostasis: steady‐state maintenance and modulation during inflammation
Authors: Smigiel Kate S. , Srivastava Shivani , Stolley J. Michael , Campbell Daniel J. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryRegulatory T (Treg) cells play a vital role in the prevention of autoimmunity and the maintenance of self‐tolerance, but these cells also have an active role in inhibiting immune responses during viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. Although excessive Treg activity can lead to immunodeficiency, chronic infection, and cancer, too little Treg activity results in autoimmunity and immunopathology and impairs the quality of pathogen‐specific responses. Recent studies have helped define the homeostatic mechanisms that support the diverse pool of peripheral Treg cells under steady‐state conditions and delineate how the abundance and function of Treg cells changes during inflammation. These findings are highly relevant for developing effective strategies to manipulate Treg cell activity to promote allograft tolerance and treat autoimmunity, chronic infection, and cancer.
Lineage stability and phenotypic plasticity of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells
Authors: Hori Shohei 
Published: April 2014

SummaryRegulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) constitute a unique T‐cell lineage committed to suppressive functions. While their differentiation state is remarkably stable in the face of various perturbations from the extracellular environment, they are able to adapt to diverse and fluctuating tissue environments by changing their phenotype. The lineage stability and phenotypic plasticity of Treg cells thus ensure the robustness of self‐tolerance and tissue homeostasis. Recent studies have suggested, however, that Treg cells may retain lineage plasticity, the ability to switch their cell fate to various effector T‐cell types under certain circumstances such as inflammation, a notion that remains highly contentious. While accumulating evidence indicates that some Treg cells can downregulate Foxp3 expression and/or acquire effector T‐helper cell‐like phenotypes, results from my laboratory have shown that Treg cells retain epigenetic memory of, and thus remain committed to, Foxp3 expression and suppressive functions despite such phenotypic plasticity. It has also become evident that Foxp3 can be promiscuously and transiently expressed in activated T cells. Here, I argue that the current controversy stems partly from the lack of the lineage specificity of Foxp3 expression and also from the confusion between phenotypic plasticity and lineage plasticity, and discuss implications of our findings in Treg cell fate determination and maintenance.
The role of T‐cell receptor recognition of peptide:MHC complexes in the formation and activity of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells
Authors: Weissler Katherine A. , Caton Andrew J. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryFoxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are required to prevent the immune system from spontaneously mounting a severe autoaggressive lymphoproliferative disease and can modulate immune responses in a variety of settings, including infections. In this review, we describe studies that use transgenic mice to determine how signals through the T‐cell receptor (TCR) contribute to the development, differentiation, and activity of Treg cells in in vivo settings. By varying the amount and quality of the self‐peptide recognized by an autoreactive TCR, we have shown that the interplay between autoreactive thymocyte deletion and Treg cell formation leads to a Treg cell repertoire that is biased toward low abundance agonist self‐peptides. In an autoimmune disease setting, we have demonstrated that diverse TCR specificities can be required in order for Treg cells to prevent disease in a mouse model of autoimmune inflammatory arthritis. Lastly, we have shown that Treg cells initially selected based on specificity for a self‐peptide can be activated by TCR recognition of a viral peptide, and that they can acquire a specialized phenotype and suppress antiviral effector cell activity at the site of infection. These studies provide insights into the pivotal role that TCR specificity plays in the formation and activity of Treg cells.
Spiritual care in nursing: a concept analysis
Authors: Ramezani M. , Ahmadi F. , Mohammadi E. , Kazemnejad A. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundAround the world, spiritual care in nursing is a critical part of providing holistic care, but within our profession, there is a lack of certainty over the meaning of spirituality and delivery of spiritual care, including nurses thinking of spirituality as religion.MethodsWe adopted the eight‐step Walker and Avant's concept analysis approach to provide a definition of the concept, searching and analysing international and national online databases. Inclusion criterion included that articles were published between 1950 and 2012 in English or Persian language. Finally, 151 articles and 7 books were included in the analysis.FindingsThe attributes of spiritual care are healing presence, therapeutic use of self, intuitive sense, exploration of the spiritual perspective, patient‐centredness, meaning‐centred therapeutic intervention and creation of a spiritually nurturing environment. Spiritual care is a subjective and dynamic concept, a unique aspect of care that integrates all the other aspects. It emerges in the context of nurses’ awareness of the transcendent dimension of life and reflects a patient's reality. The provision of spiritual care leads to positive consequences such as healing for patients and promotion of spiritual awareness for nurses.Implications for Nursing and Health PolicyThe conceptual definition of spiritual care provided in this study can help clinical nurses, educators and nurse managers to develop and implement evidence‐based health policies, comprehensive staff training programmes and practical quality assessment guidelines to try to ensure that all nurses are competent to include relevant spiritual care in practice.ConclusionA comprehensive definition of the concept of spiritual care ensued. The findings can facilitate further development of nursing knowledge and practice in spiritual care and facilitate correction of common misconceptions about the provision of spiritual care.
Surgical Correction of Angular and Torsional Metatarsal Deformity With Cylindrical Osteotomy and Locking Compression Plates in a Calf
Authors: Schleining Jennifer A. , Bergh Mary Sarah 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo report successful surgical correction of concurrent angular and torsional metatarsal deformities in a calf using a cylindrical osteotomy and locking compression plate (LCP) technology.Study DesignCase report.AnimalsA 10‐week‐old composite bull calf.MethodsUsing Paley's principles of angular limb deformity correction, a cylindrical osteotomy was performed to concurrently correct varus deformity and external torsion of the metatarsus. The limb was aligned and stabilized using two 3.5 mm broad LCP with locking head screws.ResultsThe calf was immediately weight bearing after surgery and did not experience any postoperative complications. Follow‐up radiographs 5 months postoperatively revealed complete osteotomy healing and remodeling. The limb was in good alignment, the calf was fully weight bearing, and client satisfaction was very high. Telephone follow‐up with the owner 16 months after surgery revealed continued full use of the operated limb and the bull was being used in a pasture breeding program.ConclusionsCylindrical osteotomy with LCP stabilization can provide a favorable outcome in angular and torsional metatarsal deformity correction in cattle.
Iron dysregulation in Huntington's disease
Authors: Muller Michelle , Leavitt Blair R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHuntington's disease (HD) is one of many neurodegenerative diseases with reported alterations in brain iron homeostasis that may contribute to neuropathogenesis. Iron accumulation in the specific brain areas of neurodegeneration in HD has been proposed based on observations in post‐mortem tissue and magnetic resonance imaging studies. Altered magnetic resonance imaging signal within specific brain regions undergoing neurodegeneration has been consistently reported and interpreted as altered levels of brain iron. Biochemical studies using various techniques to measure iron species in human samples, mouse tissue, or in vitro has generated equivocal data to support such an association. Whether elevated brain iron occurs in HD, plays a significant contributing role in HD pathogenesis, or is a secondary effect remains currently unclear.
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Huntington's disease (HD) is one of many neurodegenerative diseases reported to have alterations in brain iron homeostasis. Whether elevated brain iron occurs in HD, and whether elevated iron levels play a significant contributory role in HD pathogenesis remains currently unclear. In this review, we discuss potential mechanisms by which mutant huntingtin‐mediated increases in intracellular calcium and elevated intracellular iron may interact to result in elevated levels of reactive oxygen species leading to lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and neuronal cell death.
Association of Developmental Venous Anomalies with Perfusion Abnormalities on Arterial Spin Labeling and Bolus Perfusion‐Weighted Imaging
Authors: Iv Michael , Fischbein Nancy J. , Zaharchuk Greg 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSETo investigate the frequency and characteristics of developmental venous anomaly (DVA)‐associated perfusion abnormalities on arterial spin labeling (ASL) and bolus perfusion‐weighted imaging (PWI) and discuss their potential causes.METHODSWe reviewed brain MR reports to identify all DVAs reported on studies performed between 2009 and 2012. DVA location and findings on PWI and/or ASL imaging were assessed by visual inspection. Sizes of DVAs were categorized as small (<15 mm), medium (15‐25 mm), and large (>25 mm). For ASL, signal in the DVA, surrounding parenchyma, or associated draining vein was recorded. For PWI, changes on hemodynamic maps (cerebral blood volume [CBV], cerebral blood flow [CBF], mean transit time [MTT], and normalized time‐to‐peak of the residue function [Tmax]) were evaluated. Coexisting vascular malformations in association with DVAs were also identified.RESULTSSix hundred and fifty‐two DVAs were identified in 632 subjects. Of these, 121 underwent both perfusion modalities, 15 only PWI, and 127 only ASL. ASL abnormalities were seen in 21/248 (8%), including signal in a draining vein (2/21, 10%), in the DVA (11/21, 52%), and in the parenchyma (8/21, 38%). On PWI, the majority of DVAs demonstrated abnormalities (108/136, 79%), typically increased CBF, CBV, MTT, and Tmax. There was no association between DVA size and presence of ASL signal (P = .836). Borderline statistical significance was found between DVA size and presence of PWI abnormality (P = .046). No relationship was found between the presence of a coexisting vascular malformation and presence of ASL (P = .468) or PWI abnormality (P = .745).CONCLUSIONSPerfusion changes with DVAs are common on PWI but uncommon on ASL. PWI findings are expected based on the anatomy and physiology of DVAs and are accentuated by gradient echo acquisition. DVAs with intrinsic ASL signal or signal in draining veins may be associated with arteriovenous shunting (transitional lesions).