bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biofilm‐forming bacteria and quality of life improvement after sinus surgery
Authors: Zhang Zi , Adappa Nithin D. , Chiu Alexander G. , Doghramji Laurel J. , Cohen Noam A. , Palmer James N. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundIt remains unclear how much chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients with bacterial biofilms can benefit from functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). We aimed to evaluate whether biofilm‐forming bacteria was associated with quality of life (QOL) improvement after FESS.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included adult CRS patients who underwent FESS from 2008 to 2011. Sinus samples were taken to evaluate for biofilm‐formation in vitro using a modified Calgary Biofilm Detection Assay. QOL was measured before FESS, and 1‐month, 3‐month, and 6‐month after FESS using 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) scores. Patients’ characteristics and medications were collected. Clinical significant QOL change was defined as a difference of at least 0.5 standard deviation (SD) of baseline SNOT‐22 score in the reference group.ResultsA total of 156 patients had complete data, and 15% had biofilm‐forming bacteria (n = 24). Patients with biofilm‐forming bacteria had significantly worse preoperative SNOT‐22 scores compared to patients without biofilm‐forming bacteria (48 ± 20 vs 38 ± 23, p = 0.048). Both groups had clinically significant QOL improvement after FESS, and the differences in their 1‐month (23 ± 19 vs 17 ± 20) and 3‐month (27 ± 18 vs 18 ± 19) post‐FESS SNOT‐22 scores were not significant. However, patients with biofilm‐forming bacteria demonstrated significantly less QOL improvement than patients without biofilm‐forming bacteria from pre‐FESS to 6‐month post‐FESS visits after adjusting for clinical factors (35 ± 25 vs 14 ± 15; β‐coefficient = 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13 to 1.28; p = 0.016).ConclusionCRS patients with biofilm‐forming bacteria demonstrated clinically significant QOL improvement following FESS, but the degree of improvement was decreased overtime and became significantly worse than patients without biofilm‐forming bacteria by 6‐month follow‐up. This QOL worsening was independent of other risk factors for CRS.
High Ethene/Ethane Selectivity in 2,2′‐Bipyridine‐Based Silver(I) Complexes by Removal of Coordinated Solvent
Authors: Cowan Matthew G. , McDanel William M. , Funke Hans H. , Kohno Yuki , Gin Douglas L. , Noble Richard D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFollowing removal of coordinated CH3CN, the resulting complexes [AgI(2,2′‐bipyridine)][BF4] (1) and [AgI(6,6′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine)][OTf] (2) show ethene/ethane sorption selectivities of 390 and 340, respectively, and corresponding ethene sorption capacities of 2.38 and 2.18 mmol g−1 when tested at an applied gas pressure of 90 kPa and a temperature of (20±1) °C. These ethene/ethane selectivities are 13 times higher than those reported for known solid sorbents for ethene/ethane separation. For 2, ethene sorption reached 90 % of equilibrium capacity within 15 minutes, and this equilibrium capacity was maintained over the three sorption/desorption cycles tested. The rates of ethene sorption were also measured. To our knowledge, these are the first complexes, designed for olefin/paraffin separations, which have open silver(I) sites. The high selectivities arise from these open silver(I) sites and the relatively low molecular surface areas of the complexes.
How a Zigzag Carbon Nanotube Grows
Authors: Yuan Qinghong , Ding Feng 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOwing to the unique structure of zigzag (ZZ) carbon nanotubes (CNTs), their ring‐by‐ring growth behavior is different from that of chiral or armchair (AC) CNTs, on the rims of which kinks serve as active sites for carbon attachment. Through first‐principle calculations, we found that, because of the high energy barrier of initiating a new carbon ring at the rim of a ZZ CNT, the growth rate of a ZZ CNT is proportional to its diameter and significantly (10–1000 times) slower than that of other CNTs. This study successfully explained the broad experimental observation of the lacking of ZZ CNTs in CNT samples and completed the theory of CNT growth.
Synthesis of Difluoromethyl Thioethers from Difluoromethyl Trimethylsilane and Organothiocyanates Generated In Situ
Authors: Bayarmagnai Bilguun , Matheis Christian , Jouvin Kévin , Goossen Lukas J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA copper‐CF2H complex generated in situ from copper thiocyanate and TMSCF2H smoothly converts organothiocyanates into valuable difluoromethyl thioethers. This reaction step can be combined with several thiocyanation methods to one‐pot protocols, allowing late‐stage difluoromethylthiolations of widely available alkyl halides and arenediazonium salts. This strategy enables the introduction of difluoromethylthio groups—a largely unexplored substituent with highly promising properties—into drug‐like molecules.
Low‐Valent Iron(I) Amido Olefin Complexes as Promotors for Dehydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Lichtenberg Crispin , Viciu Liliana , Adelhardt Mario , Sutter Jörg , Meyer Karsten , de Bruin Bas , Grützmacher Hansjörg 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFeI compounds including hydrogenases show remarkable properties and reactivities. Several iron(I) complexes have been established in stoichiometric reactions as model compounds for N2 or CO2 activation. The development of well‐defined iron(I) complexes for catalytic transformations remains a challenge. The few examples include cross‐coupling reactions, hydrogenations of terminal olefins, and azide functionalizations. Here the syntheses and properties of bimetallic complexes [MFeI(trop2dae)(solv)] (M=Na, solv=3 thf; M=Li, solv=2 Et2O; trop=5H‐dibenzo[a,d]cyclo‐hepten‐5‐yl, dae=(N‐CH2‐CH2‐N) with a d7 Fe low‐spin valence‐electron configuration are reported. Both compounds promote the dehydrogenation of N,N‐dimethylaminoborane, and the former is a precatalyst for the dehydrogenative alcoholysis of silanes. No indications for heterogeneous catalyses were found. High activities and complete conversions were observed particularly with [NaFeI(trop2dae)(thf)3].
A Rabbit Model of Acanthamoeba Keratitis That Better Reflects the Natural Human Infection
Authors: Feng Xianmin , Zheng Wenyu , Wang Yuehua , Zhao Donghai , Jiang Xiaoming , Lv Shijie 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTAcanthamoeba species are ubiquitous, free‐living protozoa that can invade the cornea and result in Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), a painful progressive sight‐threatening corneal disease. Disease progression in current animal models is too rapid to mimic AK in humans accurately. This study provides a novel method for establishing AK in rabbits and compared it with the conventional method with regard to pathogenesis and immune response in humans. The New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two experimental groups (Groups A and B). Rabbits in the Group A (n = 14) received intrastromal injections of 1 × 104/100 µL Acanthamoeba healyi trophozoites (conventional AK model). The Group B animals (n = 14) received microinjections of 1 × 104/10 µL A. healyi trophozoites between the corneal epithelium and Bowman's layer, anterior to the corneal stroma (novel AK model). In addition, two rabbits were left untreated as normal controls. AK in the treated rabbits was evaluated clinically, histopathologically, and immunologically for 35 days. AK was successfully established in both the conventional and novel model groups. Compared with the Group A, AK in the Group B displayed an efficient immune response with less severe pathology. Moreover, the self‐limiting but chronic nature of the infection in the Group B was strikingly similar to that of AK in humans. The novel animal model for AK described here more closely simulates the pathogenesis and immune response of Acanthamoeba corneal infection in humans than the animal models currently in use. Anat Rec, 298:1509–1517, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of nutritional status on the pharmacokinetics of erlotinib in rats
Authors: Pérez‐Pitarch A. , Nácher A. , Merino V. , Catalán‐Latorre A. , Jiménez‐Torres N.V. , Merino‐Sanjuán M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMalnourishment is a complex condition in which physiopathological changes take place in multiple systems as a result of energy, protein and nutrient deficiency. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, using an experimental animal model, the impact of nutritional status on the pharmacokinetic profile of erlotinib, a reversible, highly selective, human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Two groups of rats –WN (well‐nourished) and UN (undernourished) – were fed with different diets for 23–26 days. Rats were assigned randomly to one of three erlotinib treatments (n = 42) consisting of a single dose administered intravenously (i.v.), via oral solution or via oral suspension. Blood samples were assayed for erlotinib concentration. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed and pharmacokinetic parameters obtained in UN rats were compared with those in WN rats. Erlotinib clearance suffered a 5% decrease in the mild‐undernutrition status. Moreover, when the drug was administered orally as a suspension, the extent and rate of absorption underwent a 20% increase in UN rats. The results of this study might help to explain, at least in part, the variability of erlotinib treatment and could represent the first step towards establishing new dosage guidelines for the treatment of undernourished cancer patients. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of frailty on short- and mid-term outcomes in vascular surgical patients
Authors: Ambler G K , Brooks D E , Al Zuhir N , Ali A , Gohel M S , Hayes P D , Varty K , Boyle J R , Coughlin P A 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundFrailty is a multidimensional vulnerability resulting from age-associated decline. The impact of frailty on outcomes was assessed in a cohort of vascular surgical patients.MethodsThe study included patients aged over 65 years with length of hospital stay (LOS) greater than 2 days, who were admitted to a tertiary vascular unit over a single calendar year. Demographics, mode of admission, diagnosis, mortality, LOS and discharge destination were recorded, as well as a variety of frailty-specific characteristics. The impact of frailty on LOS, discharge destination, survival and readmission rate was assessed using multivariable regression techniques. The ability of the models to predict these outcomes was also assessed.ResultsIn total, 413 patients of median age 77 years were followed for a median of 18 (range 12–24) months. The in-hospital, 3- and 12-month mortality rates were 3·6, 8·5 and 13·8 per cent respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that frailty-based regression models were excellent predictors of 12-month mortality (area under the ROC curve (AUC) = 0·81), prolonged LOS (AUC = 0·79) and discharge to a care institution (AUC = 0·84). A simple additive frailty score using six key features retained strong predictive power for 12-month mortality (AUC = 0·83), discharge to a care institution (AUC = 0·78) and prolonged LOS (AUC = 0·74). This frailty score was also strongly associated with readmission rates (P &lt; 0·001).ConclusionFrailty in vascular surgery patients predicts a multiplicity of poorer outcomes. Optimal management should include identification of at-risk patients and treatment of modifiable risk factors.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition by Heterotrimeric Triple‐Helical Peptide Transition State Analogues
Authors: Bhowmick Manishabrata , Stawikowska Roma , Tokmina‐Roszyk Dorota , Fields Gregg B. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in numerous pathologies. An overall lack of selectivity has rendered active‐site‐targeted MMP inhibitors problematic. The present study describes MMP inhibitors that function by binding both secondary binding sites (exosites) and the active site. Heterotrimeric triple‐helical peptide transition‐state analogue inhibitors (THPIs) were assembled utilizing click chemistry. Three different heterotrimers were constructed, allowing for the inhibitory phosphinate moiety to be present uniquely in the leading, middle, or trailing strand of the triple helix. All heterotrimeric constructs had sufficient thermally stability to warrant analysis as inhibitors. The heterotrimeric THPIs were effective against MMP‐13 and MT1‐MMP, with Ki values spanning 100–400 nM. Unlike homotrimeric THPIs, the heterotrimeric THPIs offered complete selectivity between MT1‐MMP and MMP‐1. Exosite‐based approaches such as this provide inhibitors with desired MMP selectivities.
Palladium Nanotubes Formed by Lipid Tubule Templating and Their Application in Ethanol Electrocatalysis
Authors: Wang Yinan , Ma Shenghua , Su Yingchun , Han Xiaojun 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPalladium nanotubes were fabricated by using lipid tubules as templates for the first time in a controlled manner. The positively charged lipid 1,2‐dioleoyl‐3‐trimethylammoniumpropane (DOTAP) was doped into lipid tubules to adsorb PdCl42− on the tubule surfaces for further reduction. The lipid tubule formation was optimized by studying the growing dynamics and ethanol/water ratio. The DOTAP‐doped tubules showed pH stability from 0 to 14, which makes them ideal templates for metal plating. The Pd nanotubes are open‐ended with a tunable wall thickness. They exhibited good electrocatalytic performance in ethanol. Their electrochemically active surface areas were 6.5, 10.6, and 83.2 m2 g−1 for Pd nanotubes with 77, 101, and 150 nm wall thickness, respectively. These Pd nanotubes have great potential in fuel cells. The method demonstrated also opens up a way to synthesize hollow metal nanotubes.
Ruthenium Complexes with Dendritic Ferrocenyl Phosphanes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in the Catalytic Redox Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Neumann Paul , Dib Hanna , Sournia‐Saquet Alix , Grell Toni , Handke Marcel , Caminade Anne‐Marie , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn efficient system for the catalytic redox isomerization of the allylic alcohol 1‐octen‐3‐ol to 3‐octanone is presented. The homogeneous ruthenium(II) catalyst contains a monodentate phosphane ligand with a ferrocene moiety in the backbone and provides 3‐octanone in quantitative yields. The activity is increased by nearly 90 % with respect to the corresponding triphenyl phosphane ruthenium(II) complex. By grafting the catalyst at the surface of a dendrimer, the catalytic activity is further increased. By introducing different spacers between ferrocene and phosphorus, the influence on the electronic properties of the complexes is shown by evaluating the electrochemical behavior of the compounds.
Push–Pull Buta‐1,2,3‐trienes: Exceptionally Low Rotational Barriers of Cumulenic CC Bonds and Proacetylenic Reactivity
Authors: Gawel Przemyslaw , Wu Yi‐Lin , Finke Aaron D. , Trapp Nils , Zalibera Michal , Boudon Corinne , Gisselbrecht Jean‐Paul , Schweizer W. Bernd , Gescheidt Georg , Diederich François 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA variety of asymmetrically donor–acceptor‐substituted [3]cumulenes (buta‐1,2,3‐trienes) were synthesized by developed procedures. The activation barriers to rotation ΔG≠ were measured by variable temperature NMR spectroscopy and found to be as low as 11.8 kcal mol−1, in the range of the barriers for rotation around sterically hindered single bonds. The central CC bond of the push–pull‐substituted [3]cumulene moiety is shortened down to 1.22 Å as measured by X‐ray crystallography, leading to a substantial bond length alternation (BLA) of up to 0.17 Å. All the experimental results are supported by DFT calculations. Zwitterionic transition states (TS) of bond rotation confirm the postulated proacetylenic character of donor–acceptor [3]cumulenes. Additional support for the proacetylenic character of these chromophores is provided by their reaction with tetracyanoethene (TCNE) in a cycloaddition‐retroelectrocyclization (CA–RE) cascade characteristic of donor‐polarized acetylenes.
A New Method for Quantitative Marking of Deposited Lithium by Chemical Treatment on Graphite Anodes in Lithium‐Ion Cells
Authors: Krämer Yvonne , Birkenmaier Claudia , Feinauer Julian , Hintennach Andreas , Bender Conrad L. , Meiler Markus , Schmidt Volker , Dinnebier Robert E. , Schleid Thomas 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA novel approach for the marking of deposited lithium on graphite anodes from large automotive lithium‐ion cells (≥6 Ah) is presented. Graphite anode samples were extracted from two different formats (cylindrical and pouch cells) of pristine and differently aged lithium‐ion cells. The samples present a variety of anodes with various states of lithium deposition (also known as plating). A chemical modification was performed to metallic lithium deposited on the anode surface due to previous plating with isopropanol (IPA). After this procedure an oxygenated species was detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which later was confirmed as Li2CO3 by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD). A valuation of the covered area by Li2CO3 was carried out with an image analysis using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and quantitative Rietveld refinement.
ChemInform Abstract: HP‐CsB5O8: Synthesis and Characterization of an Outstanding Borate Exhibiting the Simultaneous Linkage of All Structural Units of Borates.
Authors: Sohr Gerhard , Toebbens Daniel M. , Schmedt auf der Guenne Joern , Huppertz Hubert 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe new high‐pressure phase of title is synthesized in a Walker‐type multianvil apparatus (6 GPa, 900 °C, 10 min) from a precursor obtained under ambient‐pressure conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Transparency Through Structural Disorder: A New Concept for Innovative Transparent Ceramics.
Authors: Al Saghir Kholoud , Chenu Sebastien , Veron Emmanuel , Fayon Franck , Suchomel Matthew , Genevois Cecile , Porcher Florence , Matzen Guy , Massiot Dominique , Allix Mathieu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHighly transparent polycrystalline glass ceramics of composition Sr1+x/2Al2+xSi2‐xO8 (0 < x ≤ 0.4) are prepared by melt quenching of stoichiometric amounts of SrCO3, Al2O3, SiO2 (Rh/Pt crucible, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Inducing Ferrimagnetism in Insulating Hollandite Ba1.2Mn8O16.
Authors: Larson Amber M. , Moetakef Pouya , Gaskell Karen , Brown Craig M. , King Graham , Rodriguez Efrain E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBoth Ba1.2Mn8O16 (I) and BaxCoyMn8‐yO16 (II) are prepared by reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Mn2O3, Co3O4, and Ba(NO3)2 in a KCl flux (alumina crucible, 1123 k, 72 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Formal [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of α,α′‐Dichloro‐ortho‐Xylenes with Alkynes.
Authors: Komeyama Kimihiro , Okamoto Yuji , Takaki Ken 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Co‐catalyzed reaction of α,α′‐dichloro‐ortho‐xylenes with alkynes leads to 1,4‐dihydronaphthalenes and/or naphthalenes depending on the structure of starting compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: An Annulation Reaction for the Synthesis of Cross‐Conjugated Triene‐Containing Hydroindanes from Acyclic Precursors.
Authors: Cheng Xiayun , Micalizio Glenn C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn efforts directed toward the synthesis of seco‐prezizaane sesquiterpenoids, a stereoselective annulation reaction is developed between 4‐hydroxy‐1,6‐enynes (I) and Tms‐alkynes (II) affording cross‐conjugated triene‐containing hydroindanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Cyclization of Aryldiacetylenes in the Synthesis of Functionalized Enediynes Fused to a Heterocyclic Core.
Authors: Danilkina N. A. , Kulyashova A. E. , Khlebnikov A. F. , Braese S. , Balova I. A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractVarious diacetylene substrates (syntheses described) bearing heteroatom substituents at the ortho position can be used for the preparation of the target compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: The Trapping of Phenyldiazenes in Cycloaddition Reactions.
Authors: Fehler Stefanie K. , Pratsch Gerald , Heinrich Markus R. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPhenyldiazenes, generated in situ from phenylazocarboxylates (I), react readily with furans (II) to afford pyridazinium salts (IV) as a result of an ionic cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: Diethyl Tartrate Linked Chiral Macrocyclic Manganese(III)‐Salen Complex for Enantioselective Epoxidation of Olefins and Oxidative Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Secondary Alcohols.
Authors: Maity Nabin Ch. , Kumar Bera Prasanta , Saravanan S. , Abdi Sayed H. R. , Kureshy Rukhsana I. , Khan Noor‐ul H. , Bajaj Hari C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe catalyst can be recovered and reused up to four times with no loss in performance.
ChemInform Abstract: CH‐Activating Oxidative Hydroxylation of 1‐Tetralones and Related Compounds with High Regio‐ and Stereoselectivity.
Authors: Roiban Gheorghe‐Doru , Agudo Ruben , Ilie Adriana , Lonsdale Richard , Reetz Manfred T. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractEfficient biocatalytic one‐step access to 4‐hydroxy derivatives of 1‐tetralone is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Aldol Reactions with Aqueous 2,2‐Dimethoxyacetaldehyde Organocatalyzed by Binam‐Prolinamides under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Moles Fernando J.N. , Banon‐Caballero Abraham , Guillena Gabriela , Najera Carmen 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe enantioselective aldol reactions of aqueous dimethoxyacetaldehyde (II) and ketones give β‐hydroxyketones.
ChemInform Abstract: An Alternative to the Classical α‐Arylation: The Transfer of an Intact 2‐Iodoaryl from ArI(O2CCF3)2.
Authors: Jia Zhiyu , Galvez Erik , Sebastian Rosa Maria , Pleixats Roser , Alvarez‐Larena Angel , Martin Eddy , Vallribera Adelina , Shafir Alexandr 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe reaction of activated ketones such as (I), (IV), and (VI) with phenylbis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodane (II) leads to the corresponding α‐(2‐iodoaryl)ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Mizoroki—Heck Type Reaction: A Radical Oxidative Coupling Reaction of 2‐Chloro‐Dithiane with Substituted Olefins.
Authors: Du Wenbin , Lai Junshan , Tian Lixia , Xie Xingang , She Xuegong , Tang Shouchu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe reaction of di‐ and trisubstituted alkenes with 2‐chloro‐dithiane (II) affords dithianyl‐substituted alkene derivatives with high regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Fast, Efficient and Simple Method for the Synthesis of Cyclic Alkenyl Fluorides by a Fluorinative Carbocyclization Reaction.
Authors: Alonso Pedro , Pardo Pilar , Fananas Francisco J. , Rodriguez Felix 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA novel method for the synthesis of cyclic alkenyl fluorides is developed using simply tetrafluoroboric acid as the source of fluoride.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Copper‐Catalyzed Propargylic Alkylation of Acyclic Ketone Enamines for the Construction of Two Vicinal Stereocenters.
Authors: Zhang De‐Yang , Zhu Fu‐Lin , Wang Ya‐Hui , Hu Xin‐Hu , Chen Song , Hou Chuan‐Jin , Hu Xiang‐Ping 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA highly diastereo‐/enantioselective construction of two vicinal chiral centers via the copper‐catalyzed propargylic alkylation of acyclic ketone enamines with propargylic esters by using a bulky and structurally rigid tridentate ketimine P,N,N‐ligand is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Indium Nitronates and Their Henry Reactions.
Authors: Soengas Raquel G. , Acurcio Rita , Silva Artur M. S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Henry reaction of aldehydes such as (II) and (VI) with indium nitronates, generated in situ from nitroalkanes (I), affords desired β‐nitroalkanols.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Arylation of Amines: C—N Coupling of Amines with Arylboronic Acids Using Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles‐Supported EDTA—Cu(II) Complex in Water.
Authors: Mostafalu Ramin , Kaboudin Babak , Kazemi Foad , Yokomatsu Tsutomu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA EDTA—Cu(II) complex supported on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles is applied for the C—N coupling of arylboronic acids with amines.