bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free Will in the Flesh
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
To understand free will it helps to imagine it in action, as in these three kinds of human agent: the moral agent, the economic agent, and the information agent. The moral agent guides action based on the accepted moral values of the society, so as to sustain a favorable reputation. The economic agent acts in a marketplace where trades and exchanges are negotiated for mutual advantage. The information agent communicates with others, building a shared reality of common beliefs and values, as well as integrating new information into existing knowledge. These centrally important examples illustrate the importance of free will for human functioning in a cultural society.
Do Conscious Thoughts Cause Behavior?
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Long and bitter debates have addressed the seemingly simple question of whether a person’s conscious thoughts cause the person’s actions. The proper scientific test would involve randomly manipulating people to have a particular conscious thought or feeling and then to measure behavior change. There is an enormous amount of evidence of precisely those effects. As examples, thinking about doing something makes people more likely to do it; mental practice improves sport and other performance; making conscious plans guides behavior; reinterpreting past events can change future acts; consciously thinking about other people’s perspectives is useful for helping and negotiation; and conscious decisions can override automatic impulses from the unconscious mind. In a word, yes, conscious thoughts cause behavior.
Interlude
Authors: Pharao Hansen Magnus 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter is a description of practices of transcription and orthography used in the book. It also serves as an introduction to the ideological and regional variation of Nahuatl, and the compleications of any idea of a standardized Nahuatl. Its significance is that it shows why it is necessary to use whichever orthography is preferred by a local community of Nahuatl speakers—and hence why the book adopts a practice of orthographic relativity instead of a single consistent orthography.
Nahuatl across Borders
Authors: Pharao Hansen Magnus 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter moves the focus from the national to the transnational context, to look at the uses of Nahuatl among members of the Mexican diaspora communities in the United States. The United States is home to many Indigenous Mexicans, who often continue to speak their Indigenous languages. It is also home to a large number of Chicano activists, who identify as Indigenous Mexica people and study the Nahuatl language as part of their reclamation of an Indigenous heritage, and the construction of an Indigenous identity. Being Indigenous and speaking Indigenous languages take on very different meanings in a context where Mexican identity is usually coded as invasive, and where indigeneity is often understood as a racial rather than a cultural category. The chapter analyzes the possibilities of political alliances between Mexican Nahuatl speakers and US Mexica activists, as they work to create lives that unite both sides of the border.
“Mommy, when I die . . .”
Authors: Klitzman Robert L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Spiritual care for children raises different considerations than for adults. Every death triggers existential questions, but a child’s demise adds stresses and complexities. Families may not want to confront the prospect of a child’s death, and instead push to continue aggressive treatments, even when futile. Many parents hesitate to talk to children about dying. Older youngsters with terminal disease may, however, wish to discuss the reality, generating conflict. Children also understand religious concepts much differently than do adults and struggle to make sense of the ultimate mysteries of human existence, often in surprising and unanticipated ways. Parents may talk inappropriately about sensitive personal issues when a hospitalized child can overhear. Chaplains can help parents who feel guilty or distraught about a child’s impending death, and can aid children as well.
Extending the Argument to Other Autocracies
Authors: Wang Frances Yaping 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores the idea that the media campaigns analyzed are not exclusive to the Chinese context. By drawing comparisons between China’s propaganda tactics and those employed by other authoritarian regimes, the chapter expands its comparative analysis, particularly focusing on similarities and differences with Vietnam’s approach. Central to this discussion is a detailed case study: Vietnam’s media strategy during the 2014 oil rig crisis. This case study serves to illustrate the overarching argument, demonstrating how Vietnam’s media behavior offers valuable insights into the operation and impact of media within authoritarian settings, thereby expanding the scope of the argument to other comparable authoritarian states.
The Second Flood
Authors: Conca Ken 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the flash-flooding disaster striking Ellicott City, a historic mill town in central Maryland, in May 2018. The flood episode was eerily similar to one striking just 22 months earlier and left the little town reeling. Where the previous flood had triggered an ambitious flood-resilience planning effort, this one yielded more extreme proposals that divided the community. Among these proposals (discussed in subsequent chapters) was a plan to demolish a substantial portion of the historic district to open the floodplain and “make room for the river;” a controversial proposal, of uncertain feasibility, to drill one or more costly tunnels through the granite to the river, bypassing the town entirely; and a grassroots campaign to reverse decades of housing development and land conversion in the hills above town.
The Weakening of the Mexican Party System
Authors: Ponce Aldo F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Until recently, the Mexican party system was one of the most stable and institutionalized in Latin America. Mexican parties were disciplined and relatively strong organizations. These conditions have changed since the presidential elections in 2018. The electoral outcomes in this election depict the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) as unambiguously dominant. The dominance of one party is not new to Mexican politics: the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) held this position for seven decades until the 2000 national election. This chapter analyses the factors that explain MORENA’s swift ascendancy to dominance and discusses its potential duration. I propose that a combination of factors help understand the rise of MORENA: 1) poor governance outcomes (low economic growth, insecurity, corruption); 2) the popularity, populist appeals, and electoral strategies of current president Andrés Manuel López Obrador; 3) parties’ self-defeating decision making and internal conflicts; and 4) MORENA’s increasing local party presence and its strategic alliances with unions and other civil society organizations. On these grounds, I argue that MORENA’s dominance in the future will depend on the extent to which it continues strengthening its connections with society, and on the future success of the populist appeals of its leader, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO).
Japan
Authors: Uekami Takayoshi , Yamaguchi Junpei 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we provide a diagnosis for the difficulties facing Japanese party politics. As Japan has yet to experience the refugee crisis that has hit Europe and elsewhere in the world, the upswing of a populist radical right has not happened. However, Japan confronts multiple problems of its own, i.e. an ever-stagnant economy, a rapidly ageing society, and an increasingly severe international environment. To cope with these challenges, Japan decided to change its way of conducting politics by introducing the mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) electoral system to the lower house in 1994. By merging the opposition forces, it has been striving to transform its party system from a Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)-dominant one to a more effective two-party system. This reform precipitated the concentration of political power in the hands of the LDP leadership, but the consolidation of non-LDP parties has failed again and again: their organizations are small, shallow, and divided, and hence unable to solve the coordination problem. In this sense, Japanese democracy suffers from a democratic deficit stemming from the monopolization of political power by the LDP, which has held a majority of seats without gaining a majority of votes in elections.
Can It Happen?
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis is how social policy in the United States has evolved over the past century. It has expanded in fits and starts, bursts and lulls. Movement has been largely forward; backsliding has been rare. Simple extrapolation suggests that this is what we should expect for the future. Further advance won’t necessarily happen soon, and progress almost certainly won’t be steady or regular.
The Cloak of Power
Authors: Wienand Johannes 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
To Prussian king Frederick the Great, a crown was merely a hat that let the rain in. Alas, it is not that simple! Pomp and circumstance are essential to monarchic rule, and a crown is far more than a hat, even still more than just a symbol of political power: a crown is a medium in the communicative processes between the ruler and the ruled—a medium (among others) through which sovereignty itself is carved out in the first place.
Emperors and Generals in the Fourth Century
Authors: Lee Doug 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Roman emperors had always been conscious of the political power of the military establishment. In his well-known assessment of the secrets of Augustus’ success, Tacitus observed that he had “won over the soldiers with gifts,” while Septimius Severus is famously reported to have advised his sons to “be harmonious, enrich the soldiers, and despise the rest.” Since both men had gained power after fiercely contested periods of civil war, it is hardly surprising that they were mindful of the importance of conciliating this particular constituency. Emperors’ awareness of this can only have been intensified by the prolonged and repeated incidence of civil war during the mid third century, as well as by emperors themselves increasingly coming from military backgrounds during this period. At the same time, the sheer frequency with which armies were able to make and unmake emperors in the mid third century must have served to reinforce soldiers’ sense of their potential to influence the empire’s affairs and extract concessions from emperors.
Gaul and the Roman Emperors of the Fourth Century
Authors: Szidat Joachim 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Genuine separatist movements were unknown to the Roman empire. No one wanted to leave the empire; rather, individual parts or regions of the empire strove to ensure that their interests were taken into greater consideration and represented. This inevitably led to conflict with the central authority. Gaul ranks among the parts of the empire in which this effort was particularly pronounced and significant beyond its regional context. The phenomenon is palpable in Gaul from its incorporation into the empire, albeit in varying strength and form. There are various reasons for it that have to do with the internal structure of Gaul, its location on the edge of the Roman empire next to free Germany, the form of the monarchy, and policy of individual emperors.
Regional Dynasties and Imperial Court
Authors: Kulikowski Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Although it is normal, and indeed profoundly necessary, to break up the historical past into periods that can be studied in a more or less manageable way, many topics are illuminated by deliberately ignoring traditional historiographical boundaries, opening up a broader comparative analysis by considering them across a wider span of time. Roman imperial history is certainly one such example, not least because the habit of imposing a sharp divide between early and later empires at the accession of Diocletian is so deeply ingrained. One need only scan a few representative titles on a bookshelf to see how pervasive the division is. Yet even a moment’s casual reflection will reveal how many continuities between second and fourth centuries the traditional periodization tends to obscure. In the same way that there is a pressing need to examine the fifth-century West within its narrower context, in order to minimize the distorting effects of past historiography, so too should we examine the fourth-century empire in the perspective of the “longue durée.”
Constantine and the Tyche of Constantinople
Authors: Lenski Noel 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The notion of monarchy is fraught with contradiction. No ruler rules alone, for the very basis of power is control over the many. Whether the monarch achieves this in the realm of fiscal policy, administrative apparatus, social legislation, military campaigns, or religious authority, his exercise of power is always constructed in dialogue with those over whom he rules. Constantine appears to have been particularly successful at ruling, for despite the radical changes he introduced—to imperial finance, the bureaucracy, civil law, the army, and the exercise of religion—he managed to commandeer consent and even cooperation from his subjects, soldiers, and administrators. This is not to deny that tensions arose and at times even boiled over into open violence, but by and large Constantine was remarkably skilled at keeping the struggle over contested monarchy firmly in his grasp. This was nowhere more evident than in the realm of religion, where his changes were the most sweeping and radical.
The Empire’s Golden Shade
Authors: Wienand Johannes 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
On the cover of this volume appears a ceremonial gold coin of the finest quality, produced in ad 346 by the Roman mint at Antioch (cf. Figure 20.1). Seen in context, this medallion neatly encapsulates the main themes of this volume: administration, imperial representation, and religion. A closer look at this specific coin reveals how a fourth-century emperor had to integrate these three fields to forge the image of a ruler equal to the specific challenges of the times. The following discussion of this medallion, its ceremonial context, and the political-military circumstances draws together in a concluding epilogue the central subjects of this book and retraces how in the fourth century not only such precious coins but also the emperors themselves served as icons of sovereignty in an age of transition.
The Concept of the Employer
Authors: Gaudio Giovanni , Adams-Prassl Jeremias 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Compared to the extensive corpus of jurisprudence and academic literature on the definition of the employee, the concept of the employer has been comparatively neglected in both judicial and doctrinal discussions to date; leaving it inchoate and built on unquestioned or even unstated assumptions—in particular, the long-standing (albeit often unspoken) assumption that the employer is to be characterized as a singular entity. This narrow focus is increasingly problematic in modern labour markets due to the existence of a wide array of multi-entity work arrangements, from the vertical disintegration of the firm to the fissured workplace and the rise of gig work and the platform economy. This chapter explores these challenges and potential legal responses from a comparative perspective. After observing how civil law and common law jurisdictions have generally developed different approaches to tackle these issues, the chapter argues that convergence between the two models may offer mutual advantages.
Privacy at Work and the Right to Private Life Outside Work
Authors: Otto Marta 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The digital transformation of the world of work represents a considerable challenge to the effective protection of workers’ privacy. New technologies and emerging working models are putting the legal frameworks under unprecedented strain and exposing conceptual and operational gaps in the ongoing regulatory responses. The aim of this chapter is to capture the essence of the relevant regulatory deficiencies in the European system of protection of the right to privacy, which is particularly rich when it comes to its formal guarantees and complex when it comes to institutional settings. In doing so the author attempts to invite a more comprehensive discussion on the future orientations for protecting this right in an era of rapid technological progress and societal change.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Codes of Conduct
Authors: Galani Tiemeni Thierry 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The nature and future of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is intimately linked to that of labour law. CSR and codes of conducts, as self-regulatory instruments, are increasingly touted as primary solutions for important labour issues. The first section of this chapter analyses CSR as a theoretical construct: via a discussion of its role and definition; and an assessment of its fault lines and pertinence, or the lack thereof. The second section of this chapter highlights and discusses practical applications and implementations of CSR via an analysis of CSR instruments and initiatives, including corporate codes of conducts and an assessment of the relevance, effectiveness, and limitations of these instruments. The final part of this chapter ultimately discusses, and provides insights on, the potential for CSR to achieve decent work and social justice goals without undermining or compromising the regulatory role and responsibility of the state.
Jewish Legal Responses to COVID-19
Authors: Zuckier Shlomo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers issues in Jewish law that arose in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in an intensive period of Halakhic innovation unparalleled since the mid-twentieth century. It analyzes the halakhic decisions made across a variety of communities with an eye to the significance of those responses on the broader understanding of halakhah in the contemporary world. It studies how decisors applied the halakhic concept of Pikkuah Nefesh (saving a life) in navigating the health risks associated with the highly infectious disease and the related social distancing guidelines. Halakhic authorities carefully debated the scope of this principle and its application to decisions regarding halakhic practices such as communal prayer in a minyan quorum and the use of Mikveh ritual baths for women. The chapter also explores halakhic approaches to the use of video technology for forming a quorum and other rituals requiring halakhic presence, several approaches relating to vaccination, and a number of other halakhic debates that took place over the pandemic. Finally, it considers shifting models of halakhic authority during the pandemic, and the relationship between halakhic decisors and government officials and regulators, focusing primarily on the United States and Israel.
Geoeconomics and US Economic Statecraft
Authors: Lee James 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines geoeconomics and US economic statecraft, focusing on the connection between threat perception and state intervention. Despite the conventional notion of the United States as the leading proponent of the “Washington Consensus,” evidence from the Cold War and the present day shows that the United States has intervened in the economy to address perceived national security threats from other great powers. The chapter provides evidence for this claim by examining the issue areas of industrial policy, foreign assistance, trade, and foreign direct investment. It also addresses the ongoing debate about the onset of a “New Cold War” by examining the practice of US economic statecraft during the (first) Cold War and its lessons for contemporary US strategy.
Self-Cognition
Authors: Dunning David 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on cognition of the self, describing four primary observations. First, although people believe they perceive the self directly, many of their conclusions are based indirectly on inference. Consequently, many of their self-beliefs are malleable and diverge from objective reality. Second, people respond to many variants of self, including of their current self but also their future and possible selves. Third, self-cognition differs from social cognition in fundamental ways. People have information about the self, such as internal reactions to events, that differs fundamentally from information available about other people. They are also motivated to maintain a positive self-image. That said, and fourth, social cognition is entangled with self-cognition. People base their judgments of others on self-beliefs. They also distort judgments about other people to maintain positive self-image. The chapter ends with examples of questions about self-cognition for future scholarship to address.
The Ordinary and Extraordinary Struggle of Social Life
Authors: Schroeder Juliana 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The world is filled with minds other than our own. Although we are equipped with the social acuity to engage with these minds, we also make systematic errors in doing so. This chapter highlights challenges and opportunities for mind perception (how people attribute mental capacity to others) and mind reading (how people assess others’ mental states) through the lens of six different types of “minds.” Three minds illustrate forms of mind perception—invisible minds (those we cannot directly experience), dehumanized minds (those that seem weaker than our own), and anthropomorphized minds (those that we perceive but may not actually exist). The other three illustrate mind reading—misread and misunderstood minds (those that are apparent but not accurately inferred), and unlocked minds (those that can be accurately read using effective communication). Understanding the minds that surround us is critical, as it has the power to transform strangers into life-long relationships.
The Social Neuroscience of Social Cognition
Authors: Ito Tiffany A. , Kubota Jennifer T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights theoretical insights about social cognition revealed with neuroscience measures. It discusses how social neuroscience methods are well suited to the study of social cognition because they provide insight into the elements of social cognition in real time via the central and peripheral nervous systems. Neuroscience methods specifically allow researchers to assess multiple simultaneously unfolding social cognitive processes without requiring subjects’ willingness or ability to report their thoughts and feelings. They also support inferences about individual information processing operations through measurement of different brain areas or physiological systems or to responses at different points in time, congruent with the focus within social cognition on separate components of social behavior. The chapter illustrates these points with a focus on social neuroscience research on the self, social perception, social evaluation, and behavior regulation. It also briefly reviews common social neuroscience methods and notes key unaddressed questions and promising future directions.