bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fracture Healing
Authors: Smith Robert G. 
Published: March 2015

Background
Recognizing the existence of adverse drug effects of frequently prescribed drugs can empower a clinician with knowledge to avoid dangerous adverse effects that may result in hazardous, negative patient outcomes on either fracture healing or bone health. Pharmacovigilance reports have described the influence of medications, allowing for bone health to be quite unpredictable.

Methods
First, mechanisms found in the medical literature of potential drug adverse effects regarding fracture healing are presented. Second, the 100 most frequently prescribed medications in 2010 are reviewed regarding adverse effects on fracture healing. These reported adverse effects are evaluated for medical causation. Last, a data table describing the 100 reviewed medications and their reported effects on fracture healing is provided.

Results
The actual number of different medications in the review was 72. Reported drug adverse effects on bone and fracture healing occurred with 59 of the 72 drugs (81.9%). These adverse effects are either described as a definitive statement or represented by postmarketing case reports. Thirteen of the 72 review drugs (18.1%) did not have any description of the possible effects on bone health. A total of 301 cases reports describing delayed union, malunion, and nonunion of fractures represent 31 of the 72 medications reviewed (43.1%).

Conclusions
This review offers the health-care provider information regarding potential adverse drug effects on bone health. Empowered with this information, clinicians may assist their patients in maximizing pharmacologic outcomes by avoiding these reported harmful adverse effects.
Typhoon kinematic and thermodynamic boundary layer structure from dropsonde composites
Authors: Ming Jie , Zhang Jun A. , Rogers Robert F. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe data from 438 Global Positioning System dropsondes in six typhoons are analyzed to investigate the mean atmospheric boundary layer structure in a composite framework. Following a recent study on boundary layer height in Atlantic hurricanes, we aim to quantify characteristics of boundary layer height scales in Western Pacific typhoons including the inflow layer depth (hinflow), height of the maximum tangential wind speed (hvtmax), and thermodynamic mixed layer depth. In addition, the kinematic and thermodynamic boundary layer structures are compared between the dropsonde composites using data in typhoons and hurricanes. Our results show that similar to the hurricane composite, there is a separation between the kinematic and thermodynamic boundary layer heights in typhoons, with the thermodynamic boundary layer depth being much smaller than hinflow and hvtmax in the typhoon boundary layer. All three boundary layer height scales tend to decrease toward the storm center. Our results confirm that the conceptual model of Zhang et al. (2011a) for boundary layer height variation is applicable to typhoon conditions. The kinematic boundary layer structure is generally similar between the typhoon and hurricane composites, but the typhoon composite shows a deeper inflow layer outside the eyewall than the hurricane composite. The thermodynamic structure of the typhoon boundary layer composite is warmer and moister outside the radius of maximum wind speed than the hurricane composite. This difference is attributed to different environmental conditions associated with typhoons compared to the hurricanes studied here.
Observed climatology and trend in relative humidity in the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: You Qinglong , Min Jinzhong , Lin Houbo , Pepin Nick , Sillanpää Mika , Kang Shichang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMonthly surface relative humidity (RH) data for 71 stations in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) provided by the National Meteorological Information Center/China Meteorological Administration are compared with corresponding grid points from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR hereafter) reanalysis. Mean climatologies, interannual variabilities, and trends calculated by the Mann‐Kendal method are analyzed during 1961–2013. The annual regional long‐term mean surface RH is 55.3%, with a clear maximum in summer (66.4%) and minimum in winter (44.9%). Compared with observations, NCEP/NCAR overestimates RH in all seasons, especially in spring (18.2%) and winter (17.8%). Mean annual regional surface RH has decreased by −0.23% decade−1 and even more rapidly in summer (−0.60% decade−1) and autumn (−0.39% decade−1). The reduction of surface RH is also captured by the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis at the surface, 400, 500, and 600 hPa. A particularly sharp reduction of RH since the mid‐1990s is evident in both data sets, in line with rapid warming over the plateau. This suggests that moisture supply to the plateau from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal is limited and that variability and trends of surface RH over the TP are not uniquely driven by the Clausius‐Clapeyron relationship.
Large increase in dissolved inorganic carbon flux from the Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico due to climatic and anthropogenic changes over the 21st century
Authors: Ren Wei , Tian Hanqin , Tao Bo , Yang Jia , Pan Shufen , Cai Wei‐Jun , Lohrenz Steven E. , He Ruoying , Hopkinson Charles S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIt is recognized that anthropogenic factors have had a major impact on carbon fluxes from land to the ocean during the past two centuries. However, little is known about how future changes in climate, atmospheric CO2, and land use may affect riverine carbon fluxes over the 21st century. Using a coupled hydrological‐biogeochemical model, the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model, this study examines potential changes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) export from the Mississippi River basin to the Gulf of Mexico during 2010–2099 attributable to climate‐related conditions (temperature and precipitation), atmospheric CO2, and land use change. Rates of annual DIC export are projected to increase by 65% under the high emission scenario (A2) and 35% under the low emission scenario (B1) between the 2000s and the 2090s. Climate‐related changes along with rising atmospheric CO2 together would account for over 90% of the total increase in DIC export throughout the 21st century. The predicted increase in DIC export from the Mississippi River basin would alter chemistry of the coastal ocean unless appropriate climate mitigation actions are taken in the near future.
Nitrous oxide and methane dynamics in a coral reef lagoon driven by pore water exchange: Insights from automated high‐frequency observations
Authors: O'Reilly Chiara , Santos Isaac R. , Cyronak Tyler , McMahon Ashly , Maher Damien T. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAutomated cavity ring down spectroscopy was used to make continuous measurements of dissolved methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide in a coral reef lagoon for 2 weeks (Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef). Radon (222Rn) was used to trace the influence of tidally driven pore water exchange on greenhouse gas dynamics. Clear tidal variation was observed for CH4, which correlated to 222Rn in lagoon waters. N2O correlated to 222Rn during the day only, which appears to be a response to coupled nitrification‐denitrification in oxic sediments, fueled by nitrate derived from bird guano. The lagoon was a net source of CH4 and N2O to the atmosphere and a sink for atmospheric CO2. The estimated pore water‐derived CH4 and N2O fluxes were 3.2‐fold and 24.0‐fold greater than the fluxes to the atmosphere. Overall, pore water and/or groundwater exchange were the only important sources of CH4 and major controls of N2O in the coral reef lagoon.
Sulfatide levels correlate with severity of neuropathy in metachromatic leukodystrophy
Authors: Dali Christine í , Barton Norman W. , Farah Mohamed H. , Moldovan Mihai , Månsson Jan‐Eric , Nair Nitin , Dunø Morten , Risom Lotte , Cao Hongmei , Pan Luying , Sellos‐Moura Marcia , Corse Andrea M. , Krarup Christian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveMetachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder due to deficient activity of arylsulfatase A (ASA) that causes accumulation of sulfatide and lysosulfatide. The disorder is associated with demyelination and axonal loss in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The late infantile form has an early‐onset, rapidly progressive course with severe sensorimotor dysfunction. The relationship between the degree of nerve damage and (lyso)sulfatide accumulation is, however, not established.MethodsIn 13 children aged 2–5 years with severe motor impairment, markedly elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sural nerve sulfatide and lysosulfatide levels, genotype, ASA mRNA levels, residual ASA, and protein cross‐reactive immunological material (CRIM) confirmed the diagnosis. We studied the relationship between (lyso)sulfatide levels and (1) the clinical deficit in gross motor function (GMFM‐88), (2) median and peroneal nerve motor and median and sural nerve sensory conduction studies (NCS), (3) median and tibial nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), (4) sural nerve histopathology, and (5) brain MR spectroscopy.ResultsEleven patients had a sensory‐motor demyelinating neuropathy on electrophysiological testing, whereas two patients had normal studies. Sural nerve and CSF (lyso)sulfatide levels strongly correlated with abnormalities in electrophysiological parameters and large myelinated fiber loss in the sural nerve, but there were no associations between (lyso)sulfatide levels and measures of central nervous system (CNS) involvement (GMFM‐88 score, SSEP, and MR spectroscopy).InterpretationNerve and CSF sulfatide and lysosulfatide accumulation provides a marker of disease severity in the PNS only; it does not reflect the extent of CNS involvement by the disease process. The magnitude of the biochemical disturbance produces a continuously graded spectrum of impairments in neurophysiological function and sural nerve histopathology.
The Cyano Group as a Traceless Activation Group for the Intermolecular [3+2] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides: A Five‐Step Synthesis of (±)‐Isoretronecanol
Authors: Li Jundong , Zhao Huaibo , Jiang Xunjin , Wang Xiance , Hu Haiming , Yu Lei , Zhang Yandong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe cyano group was used as a traceless activation group for the [3+2] cycloaddition of azomethine ylides in a two‐step process, thereby providing a highly effective approach to 5‐unsubstituted pyrrolidines. The transformation includes the silver acetate catalyzed intermolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of α‐iminonitriles and an unprecedented sodium borohydride induced reductive decyanation reaction. A diverse array of substrates is amenable to this transformation. The methodology was further extended to a five‐step total synthesis of the pyrrolizidine natural product isoretronecanol.
A Metal‐Free N‐Annulated Thienocyclopentaperylene Dye: Power Conversion Efficiency of 12 % for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Yao Zhaoyang , Zhang Min , Li Renzhi , Yang Lin , Qiao Yongna , Wang Peng 
Published: March 2015

AbstractReported are two highly efficient metal‐free perylene dyes featuring N‐annulated thienobenzoperylene (NTBP) and N‐annulated thienocyclopentaperylene (NTCP), which are coplanar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Without the use of any coadsorbate, the metal‐free organic dye derived from the NTCP segment was used for a dye‐sensitized solar cell which attained a power conversion efficiency of 12 % under an irradiance of 100 mW cm−2, simulated air mass global (AM1.5G) sunlight.
An amphoteric hydrogel: Synthesis and application as an internal curing agent of concrete
Authors: Liu Xin‐Yi , Huang Chang‐Hsiang , Zhuang Ching‐Hsiang , Hsu Kung‐Chung , Huang Chung‐Ho 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTA new crosslinked amphoteric hydrogel (PAC) was synthesized and evaluated as an internal curing agent of concrete. PAC was prepared from acrylamide (AM) and 4‐(2‐((carboxylatomethyl)dimethylammonio)ethoxy)−4‐oxobut‐2‐enoate (CMD) through free‐radical polymerization by using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator and methylene‐bisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker. The structure of the prepared polymer was verified by the IR spectra. The effects of the polymerization variables on the swelling capacity of PAC were investigated. The water absorbency of PAC was found to increase with increasing CMD/AM ratio, reach a maximum value, and decrease afterword. Increase of either APS or MBA content decreased the water absorbency. The highest water absorbency of PAC hydrogel (P7) achieved in deionized water, 0.1M NaCl solutions and 0.1M CaCl2 solutions, was 306 g/g, 32 g/g, and 22 g/g, respectively. Compared with a commercial acrylate‐based hydrogel 283HA, P7 was less sensitive to the existence of Ca2+ ions in cement pore solutions, and more effective in reducing the cracking tendency of cement pastes. Finally, mortars incorporated with proper amounts of P7 showed smaller drying shrinkage and higher compressive strength than that without hydrogel present. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42175.
Effects of ultrasonic assisted processing and clay nanofiller on dielectric properties and lithium ion transport mechanism of poly(methyl methacrylate) based plasticized polymer electrolytes
Authors: Choudhary Shobhna , Bald Adam , Sengwa Ram Jeewan , Chęcińska‐Majak Dorota , Klimaszewski Krzysztof 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTLithium ion conducting solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) films consisted of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix with lithium perchlorate as a dopant ionic salt, poly(ethylene glycol) as plasticizer and montmorillonite clay as inorganic nanofiller have been prepared by classical solution casting and high intensity ultrasonic assisted solution casting methods. The X‐ray diffraction study confirmed the amorphous structure of all these PMMA‐based solid electrolytes and the clay nanosheets existed in exfoliated form in their amorphous phase. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy had been employed for the investigation of complex dielectric function, ac electrical conductivity, electric modulus, and impedance spectra of these electrolytes over the frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 MHz. It was observed that the dielectric properties and ionic conductivity of the electrolytes strongly depended on the sample preparation methods, and also had changes with addition of the clay nanofiller. Temperature‐dependent dielectric study of the electrolyte films confirmed that their dc ionic conductivity and conductivity relaxation time values obeyed the Arrhenius behavior. This study also revealed that the lithium ion transportation in the ion–dipolar complexes of these electrolytes occurred through hopping mechanism and it was correlated with the conductivity relaxation time. Preparation of these electrolyte films through ultrasonic assisted solution casting method increased the ionic conductivity by more than one order of magnitude in comparison to that of the classical solution casting method, which revealed that the former was a novel method for the preparation of these SPEs of relatively enhanced ionic conductivity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42188.
Wilfred Bion: From World War I to Contemporary Psychoanalysis
Authors: Altman Neil 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis article considers the evolution of Bion's theoretical ideas in the context of unthinkable experiences to which he was subject in World War I. The article considers how war trauma encoded in Bion's theory contributes to the unique way his theory speaks to people in the contemporary world. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A continuous hydrothermolytic catalytic reactor system for the production of bio‐crude biofuels
Authors: McNeff Clayton V. , McNeff Larry C. , Greuel Peter G. , Yan Bingwen , Nowlan Daniel T. , Wyborny Shane , Rupp Steven J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis work describes the continuous hydrothermal conversion of free fatty acid and triglyceride‐based feedstocks to biofuel mixtures using metal oxide catalysts, supercritical water, and high temperatures (≥500 °C) in a fixed bed reactor. A brief investigation of catalyst type indicated that zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) resulted in a biofuel mixture with similar properties to petroleum fuel products and the catalyst was stable under the supercritical water conditions used. The biofuel product is comprised of alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, and ketones. A wide variety of feedstocks were investigated, as well as the effect of temperature on yield and conversion selectivity to biofuel. The temperature study led to the identification of a set of ideal conditions (515 °C, 3:1 H2O:soybean oil mass ratio, ZrO2 catalyst, 60 s catalyst contact time, 3500 psi) where liquid yield (70%) and selectivity (99%) were maximized as well as making a biofuel product with a useful combination of functionalities. Finally, the biofuel mixture was distilled, first atmospherically and then under vacuum, to give a light fraction and a middle distillate fraction. The fractions were sent for ASTM D4814 or ASTM D975 quality testing to determine the similarities to their petroleum counterparts: gasoline (light distillate) and diesel (middle distillate). The ASTM results were promising as both biofuel distillates have similar properties to their petroleum counterparts, even meeting many of the ASTM testing specifications. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Drug Use Among Immigrant and Non‐immigrant Adolescents: Immigrant Paradox, Family and Peer Influences
Authors: Cristini Francesca , Scacchi Luca , Perkins Douglas D. , Bless Kimberly D. , Vieno Alessio 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe present study compared immigrant and Italian native adolescents with regard to drug use. Additionally, we analysed the role of family and peer risk and protective factors for drug use. Participants included 2533 Italian native and immigrant adolescents (mean age = 17.19,SD = 1.6; 66.7% male). Results showed that immigrant adolescents reported lower levels of marijuana and pharmaceutical drug abuse than non‐immigrant adolescents. These results confirm the so‐called immigrant paradox phenomenon: the counterintuitive finding that although immigrants often live under challenging conditions and reported lower economic affluence compared with nationals, some health outcomes have not always corresponded to their relative disadvantage. Immigrant adolescents also reported higher level of parental control and lower levels of affiliation with deviant peers, but lower levels of child disclosure, parental solicitation and parental knowledge. Socio‐economic status and parental monitoring showed equivalent effects on drug use for immigrant and non‐immigrant adolescents. Results have implications for preventive interventions for immigrant adolescents and families, including the need to develop programmes that leverage the benefits of the immigrant paradox for immigrant communities. Future research should analyse the processes that lead to lower levels of drug use in immigrant adolescents and investigate the influence of friendship networks on immigrant adolescent drug use behaviour. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Cactus‐Derived Toxin‐Like Cystine Knot Peptide with Selective Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Aboye Teshome L. , Strömstedt Adam A. , Gunasekera Sunithi , Bruhn Jan G. , El‐Seedi Hesham , Rosengren K. Johan , Göransson Ulf 
Published: March 2015

AbstractNaturally occurring cystine knot peptides show a wide range of biological activity, and as they have inherent stability they represent potential scaffolds for peptide‐based drug design and biomolecular engineering. Here we report the discovery, sequencing, chemical synthesis, three‐dimensional solution structure determination and bioactivity of the first cystine knot peptide from Cactaceae (cactus) family: Ep‐AMP1 from Echinopsis pachanoi. The structure of Ep‐AMP1 (35 amino acids) conforms to that of the inhibitor cystine knot (or knottin) family but represents a novel diverse sequence; its activity was more than 500 times higher against bacterial than against eukaryotic cells. Rapid bactericidal action and liposome leakage implicate membrane permeabilisation as the mechanism of action. Sequence homology places Ec‐AMP1 in the plant C6‐type of antimicrobial peptides, but the three dimensional structure is highly similar to that of a spider neurotoxin.
Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1α prevents endothelial progenitor cells senescence and enhances re‐endothelialization of injured arteries via human telomerase reverse transcriptase
Authors: Shen Xiaohua , Zhou Yucheng , Bi Xukun , Zhang Jiefang , Fu Guosheng , Zheng Hao 
Published: March 2015

AbstractRecent studies have suggested that endothelial progenitor subpopulation (EPCs) number and activity were associated with EPCs senescence. Our previous study had shown that stromal cell‐derived factor‐1alpha (SDF‐1α) could prevent EPCs senescence, which may be via telomerase. In this study, we further investigated the role of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (h‐TERT) on the protective effect of SDF‐1α against senescence. Knockdown h‐TERT abrogated the protective effect of SDF‐1α and abolished the effects of SDF‐1α on migration and proliferation. Moreover, it inhibited EPCs recruitment. In conclusion, h‐TERT served a critical role in the progress that SDF‐1α prevented EPCs senescence and enhanced re‐endothelialization of the injured arteries.
Effects of Electrospinning Parameters on Gelatin/Poly(ϵ‐Caprolactone) Nanofiber Diameter
Authors: Gönen Seza Özge , Taygun Melek Erol , Küçükbayrak Sadriye 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn electrospinning procedure was carried out to fabricate gelatin/poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (Gt/PCL) nanofibers. Response surface methodology based on a three‐level, four‐variable Box‐Behnken design technique was used to model the resultant diameter of the as‐spun nanofibers. A second‐order model was obtained to describe the relationship between the fiber diameter and the electrospinning parameters, namely Gt concentration, PCL concentration, content of acetic acid in the overall solvent, and content of Gt solution in the blend solution. The individual and the interactive effects of these parameters on the fiber diameter were determined. Validation experiments verified the accuracy of the model which provided a simple and effective method for fabricating nanofibers with a controllable and predictable fiber diameter.
Fast Measurements of the Gas‐Liquid Diffusion Coefficient in the Gaussian Wake of a Spherical Bubble
Authors: Dietrich Nicolas , Francois Jessica , Jimenez Mélanie , Cockx Arnaud , Guiraud Pascal , Hébrard Gilles 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA fast method is proposed for determining the oxygen gas‐liquid diffusion coefficient from measurements of the fluorescence quenching behind a bubble. The approach consists of capturing pictures of the concentration field at micro‐scale in the laminar bubble wake. The Gaussian concentration profiles measured in the wake are demonstrated to be systematically equivalent to an instantaneous plane diffusion case. The approach permits to accurately evaluate the gas‐liquid diffusivity in a very short time of around one second.