bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observational epidemiological study to identify the clinical profile of naïve patients starting antiretroviral (ARV) therapy in Spain
Authors: Ocampo A , Viciana P , Hevia H , Ledesma F 
Published: November 2012

Purpose of the studyTo identify the proportion of patients starting ARV treatment with NNRTIs or with a PI/r and to explore and compare their clinical profile establishing different factors whereby physicians select the initial ARV treatment in a Spanish clinical setting.MethodsAn observational study was conducted in two different phases. In Phase I a cross‐sectional registration was conducted for patients who initiated ARV treatment in a 6‐month period in 65 Spanish hospitals. In Phase II clinical and social‐demographic features were collected retrospectively of patients who visited HIV clinics between August and November 2010 who had started ARV treatment containing an NNRTIs or a PI/r in Phase I.Summary of resultsIn Phase I, 1,687 subjects who initiated ARV treatment were registered, of which 53% started with an NNRTI‐based regimen whereas 42% started with a PI/r‐based regimen. Two percent of the treatment initiations occurred in a clinical trial. In Phase II, 642 patients were paired consecutively and retrospectively. The group of patients was composed of predominantly male subjects (81% vs 19%). The median time between diagnosis and the start of ARV treatment was 3.6±5.3 years. At the initiation of treatment, 72% of patients had a CD4 count below 350 cells/µl. Although treatment based on NNRTIs in naïve patients is the most frequent option in Spain, the analysis of clinical profiles shows that PI/r‐based therapy is more often used than NNRTIs with statistical significance in patients with high viral load, Fig. A (≥100.000 copies/ml) (58% vs 42%; OR:1,75; 95% CI: 1,26–2,43; p<0,01), with CD4 cell counts <200 cells/µl, Fig. B (68% vs 31%; OR: 2,92; 95% CI: 1,99–4,27; p<0,01), and in patients at CDC stage C (65% vs 35%; OR: 2,05; CI: 1,27–3,31; p<0,01).imageConclusionsIn Spain, HIV is still diagnosed late (as measured by CD4 count<350 cells/µl). Treatment based on NNRTIs are more frequently used in naïve patients, although PIs/r‐based regimens play an important role being the preferred option in patients with high viral load (≥100.000 copies/ml) and low CD4 cell count (<200 cells/µl).
State Cannabis and Psychedelic Legislation and Microdosing Interest in the US
Authors: Yang Kevin H. , Satybaldiyeva Nora , Allen Matthew R. , Ayers John W. , Leas Eric C. 
Published: June 2024

ImportanceDespite growing interest in psychedelics, there is a lack of routine population-based surveillance of psychedelic microdosing (taking “subperceptual” doses of psychedelics, approximately one-twentieth to one-fifth of a full dose, over prolonged periods). Analyzing Google search queries can provide insights into public interest and help address this gap.ObjectiveTo analyze trends in public interest in microdosing in the US through Google search queries and assess their association with cannabis and psychedelic legislative reforms.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cross-sectional study, a dynamic event-time difference-in-difference time series analysis was used to assess the impact of cannabis and psychedelic legislation on microdosing search rates from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2023. Google search rates mentioning “microdosing,” “micro dosing,” “microdose,” or “micro dose” within the US and across US states were measured in aggregate.ExposureEnactment of (1) local psychedelic decriminalization laws; (2) legalization of psychedelic-assisted therapy and statewide psychedelic decriminalization; (3) statewide medical cannabis use laws; (4) statewide recreational cannabis use laws; and (5) all cannabis and psychedelic use restricted.Main Outcome and MeasuresMicrodosing searches per 10 million Google queries were measured, examining annual and monthly changes in search rates across the US, including frequency and nature of related searches.ResultsSearches for microdosing in the US remained stable until 2014, then increased annually thereafter, with a cumulative increase by a factor of 13.4 from 2015 to 2023 (7.9 per 10 million to 105.6 per 10 million searches, respectively). In 2023, there were 3.0 million microdosing searches in the US. Analysis at the state level revealed that local psychedelic decriminalization laws were associated with an increase in search rates by 22.4 per 10 million (95% CI, 7.5-37.2), statewide psychedelic therapeutic legalization and decriminalization were associated with an increase in search rates by 28.9 per 10 million (95% CI, 16.5-41.2), statewide recreational cannabis laws were associated with an increase in search rates by 40.9 per 10 million (95% CI, 28.6-53.3), and statewide medical cannabis laws were associated with an increase in search rates by 11.5 per 10 million (95% CI, 6.0-16.9). From August through December 2023, 27.0% of the variation in monthly microdosing search rates between states was explained by differences in cannabis and psychedelics legal status.Conclusion and RelevanceThis cross-sectional study found that state-led legislative reforms on cannabis and psychedelics were associated with increased public interest in microdosing psychedelics.
Semirecumbent Positioning During Anesthesia Recovery and Postoperative Hypoxemia
Authors: Wang Xinghe , Guo Kedi , Sun Jia , Yang Yuping , Wu Yan , Tang Xihui , Xu Yuqing , Chen Qingsong , Zeng Si , Wang Liwei , Liu Su 
Published: June 2024

ImportanceThe efficacy of a semirecumbent position (SRP) in reducing postoperative hypoxemia during anesthesia emergence is unclear despite its widespread use.ObjectiveTo determine the differences in postoperative hypoxemia between patients in an SRP and a supine position.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis randomized clinical trial was performed at a tertiary hospital in China between March 20, 2021, and May 10, 2022. Patients scheduled to undergo laparoscopic upper abdominal surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled. Study recruitment and follow-up are complete.InterventionsPatients were randomized to 1 of the following positions at the end of the operation until leaving the postanesthesia care unit: supine (group S), 15° SRP (group F), or 30° SRP (group T).Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the incidence of postoperative hypoxemia in the postanesthesia care unit. Severe hypoxemia was also evaluated.ResultsOut of 700 patients (364 men [52.0%]; mean [SD] age, 47.8 [11.3] years), 233 were randomized to group S (126 men [54.1%]; mean [SD] age, 48.2 [10.9] years), 233 to group F (122 men [52.4%]; mean [SD] age, 48.1 [10.9] years), and 234 to group T (118 women [50.4%]; mean [SD] age, 47.2 [12.1] years). Postoperative hypoxemia differed significantly among the 3 groups (group S, 109 of 233 [46.8%]; group F, 105 of 233 [45.1%]; group T, 76 of 234 [32.5%]; P = .002). This difference was statistically significant for groups T vs S (risk ratio [RR], 0.69 [95% CI, 0.55-0.87]; P = .002) and groups T vs F (RR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.57-0.91]; P = .007), but not for groups F vs S (RR, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.79-1.17]; P = .78). Severe hypoxemia also differed among the 3 groups (group S, 61 of 233 [26.2%]; group F, 53 of 233 [22.7%]; group T, 36 of 234 [15.4%]; P = .01). This difference was statistically significant for groups T vs S (RR, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.41-0.85]; P = .005).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this randomized clinical trial of SRP during anesthesia recovery in patients undergoing laparoscopic upper abdominal surgery, postoperative hypoxemia was significantly reduced in group T compared with group F or group S.Trial RegistrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry Identifier: ChiCTR2100045087
Heat Exposure and Dementia-Related Mortality in China
Authors: Gao Ya , Lin Lin , Yin Peng , Kan Haidong , Chen Renjie , Zhou Maigeng 
Published: June 2024

ImportanceAlthough existing research has found daily heat to be associated with dementia-related outcomes, there is still a gap in understanding the differing associations of nighttime and daytime heat with dementia-related deaths.ObjectivesTo quantitatively assess the risk and burden of dementia-related deaths associated with short-term nighttime and daytime heat exposure and identify potential effect modifications.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis case-crossover study analyzed individual death records for dementia across all mainland China counties from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2019, using a time-stratified case-crossover approach. Statistical analysis was conducted from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2019.ExposuresTwo novel heat metrics: hot night excess (HNE) and hot day excess (HDE), representing nighttime and daytime heat intensity, respectively.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMain outcomes were the relative risk and burden of dementia-related deaths associated with HNE and HDE under different definitions. Analysis was conducted with conditional logistic regression integrated with the distributed lag nonlinear model.ResultsThe study involved 132 573 dementia-related deaths (mean [SD] age, 82.5 [22.5] years; 73 086 women [55.1%]). For a 95% threshold, the median hot night threshold was 24.5 °C (IQR, 20.1 °C-26.2 °C) with an HNE of 3.7 °C (IQR, 3.1 °C-4.3 °C), and the median hot day threshold was 33.3 °C (IQR, 29.9 °C-34.7 °C) with an HDE of 0.6 °C (IQR, 0.5 °C-0.8 °C). Both nighttime and daytime heat were associated with increased risk of dementia-related deaths. Hot nights’ associations with risk of dementia-related deaths persisted for 6 days, while hot days’ associations with risk of dementia-related deaths extended over 10 days. Extreme HDE had a higher relative risk of dementia-related deaths, with a greater burden associated with extreme HNE at more stringent thresholds. At a 97.5% threshold, the odds ratio for dementia-related deaths was 1.38 (95% CI, 1.22-1.55) for extreme HNE and 1.46 (95% CI, 1.27-1.68) for extreme HDE, with an attributable fraction of 1.45% (95% empirical confidence interval [95% eCI], 1.43%-1.47%) for extreme HNE and 1.10% (95% eCI, 1.08%-1.11%) for extreme HDE. Subgroup analyses suggested heightened susceptibility among females, individuals older than 75 years of age, and those with lower educational levels. Regional disparities were observed, with individuals in the south exhibiting greater sensitivity to nighttime heat and those in the north to daytime heat.Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this nationwide case-crossover study suggest that both nighttime and daytime heat are associated with increased risk of dementia-related deaths, with a greater burden associated with nighttime heat. These findings underscore the necessity of time-specific interventions to mitigate extreme heat risk.
Patroklos (Patroclus), Ptolemaic commander
Authors: Lanciers Eddy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Patroklos was a general (
strategos
) in the service of the Egyptian king Ptolemy II. He is best known for his role in the Chremonideian War, when he was commander‐in‐chief of the Egyptian expeditionary force sent to Greece. His activities are not only attested in Greece, but also in several other places in the eastern Aegean.
Divorce, Greek
Authors: Harris Edward M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In Athenian law men could divorce their wives but had to return the dowry. A woman could leave her husband but had to make a declaration before the archon. A father could also compel his daughter to leave her husband and could marry her to another husband. The relatives of a widow who inherited could be compelled by her relatives to divorce her husband and marry her nearest relative. At Gortyn men could divorce their wives, and women could leave their husbands and take their property. There were no dowries at Gortyn. In Ptolemaic Egypt a marriage was dissolved when the parties ceased to live with each other.
Approach‐avoidance tendencies in proactive and reactive aggression
Authors: Van Bockstaele Bram 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAggressive behaviors have been related to approach/avoidance tendencies. In our current study, we investigated whether approach/avoidance tendencies for angry versus fearful emotional expressions were differentially predictive of children's reactive and proactive aggression. A total of 116 children (58 girls, Mage = 10.90, standard deviation SDage = 0.98) completed an approach/avoidance task (AAT) and a stimulus‐response compatibility task (SRCT), both measuring the extent to which they tended to approach or avoid angry and fearful facial expressions relative to neutral facial expressions. Children also completed a self‐report scale of reactive and proactive aggression. Although none of the approach/avoidance tendency scores correlated significantly with either of the aggression scores, stronger approach tendencies for angry faces and stronger avoidance tendencies for fearful faces in the AAT predicted more reactive aggression. Similar yet nonsignificant results were found for proactive aggression, but no effects were replicated in the SRCT. Our results thus invite the conclusion that reactive aggression is characterized by a tendency to approach angry faces and a tendency to avoid fearful faces. However, the poor discrimination between both types of aggression as well as the lack of convergence between the results of our two measures of approach/avoidance tendencies indicates that further research is needed to establish the role of approach/avoidance tendencies for emotional faces as markers for childhood aggression.
A review of intercropping systems in Western Canada
Authors: Mbanyele Vengai , Enesi Rebecca Oiza , Shaw Lana , Gorim Linda Yuya 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIntercropping is gaining interest from Western Canadian producers who are looking for information on how to incorporate intercrops into their production systems. This review summarizes agronomic research on intercropping from the last 40 years in Western Canada and discusses the potential challenges of integrating intercropping into existing crop rotations while identifying challenges and possible solutions. Reviewed literature indicates that several intercrop combinations have been tested in small plots involving up to four crops simultaneously grown, with over 60% comprising pulse–oilseed combinations followed by pulse–cereal combinations at ∼30%. The land equivalent ratio (LER) for pulse–oilseed and pulse–cereal averaged 1.11 and 1.13, respectively. Key agronomic factors that influenced LER in different intercrop combinations have been summarized, and the relationship of N and seeding rate with crop grain LER and partial land equivalent ratio has been assessed. While the relationship between N rate and LER was unclear in pulse–oilseed combinations such as pea (Pisum sativum L.)–canola (Brassica napus L.), LER decreased linearly with increasing N rate (p < 0.004) in pea–barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) intercrop. We highlighted that incorporating intercrops into current rotations will decrease crop rotation lengths with possible implications for disease management. There are many logistical challenges to intercropping but new technology may help producers to adapt.
Seasonal changes in body composition in children from Maya agriculturalists in central Yucatán, Mexico
Authors: Gurri Francisco D. , Ruiz‐García Wilma , Vallejo‐Nieto Mirna I. , Molina‐Rosales Dolores O. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIntroductionDevelopment policies have aimed to substitute subsistence agriculture for cash crops or other cash generating activities to encourage local farmers to depend on store‐bought groceries available year‐round instead of seasonal subsistence crops. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that increased dependence on store bought foods has decreased seasonal changes in nutritional status and fat mass in Maya Children from Yucatan, Mexico.MethodsWeight for age (W/A), body mass index (BMI), and tricipital Skinfold z scores in children under the age of 10 years from 14 Maya rural towns with different degrees of development were compared longitudinally between scarcity and abundance seasons using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Height for age (H/A) z scores were also estimated.ResultsOrigin of food consumed corresponded to the town's degree of development. Nutritional status (W/Az) and adiposity, BMI, and tricipital z scores were significantly lower during the scarcity season in every community. W/Az, tricipital skinfold z, and H/Az scores were significantly higher in developed than in traditional towns, yet in both types of town W/Az and H/Az scores were below the WHO standard mean. Tricipital skinfold z score was only below the WHO standard amongst traditional towns during the scarcity season.ConclusionsIncreased dependence on store foods failed to eliminate significant losses in body fat during the scarcity season. This failure may be affecting linear growth and promoting a thrifty phenotype that is seen in short and stocky individuals with a tendency to accumulate fat during abundance seasons.
Role of short‐chain fatty acids in host physiology
Authors: Liu Mingyue , Lu Yubo , Xue Guoyu , Han Le , Jia Hanbing , Wang Zi , Zhang Jia , Liu Peng , Yang Chaojuan , Zhou Yingjie 
Published: June 2024

AbstractShort‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are major metabolites produced by the gut microbiota through the fermentation of dietary fiber, and they have garnered significant attention due to their close association with host health. As important mediators between the gut microbiota and the host, SCFAs serve as energy substrates for intestinal epithelial cells and maintain homeostasis in host immune and energy metabolism by influencing host epigenetics, activating G protein‐coupled receptors, and inhibiting pathogenic microbial infections. This review provides a comprehensive summary of SCFAs synthesis and metabolism and offering an overview of the latest research progress on their roles in protecting gut health, enhancing energy metabolism, mitigating diseases such as cancer, obesity, and diabetes, modulating the gut‐brain axis and gut‐lung axis, and promoting bone health.
Direct Benzylic C−H Etherification Enabled by Base‐Promoted Halogen Transfer
Authors: Bone Kendelyn I. , Puleo Thomas R. , Delost Michael D. , Shimizu Yuka , Bandar Jeffrey S. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractWe disclose a benzylic C−H oxidative coupling reaction with alcohols that proceeds through a synergistic deprotonation, halogenation and substitution sequence. The combination of tert‐butoxide bases with 2‐halothiophene halogen oxidants enables the first general protocol for generating and using benzyl halides through a deprotonative pathway. In contrast to existing radical‐based methods for C−H functionalization, this process is guided by C−H acidity trends. This gives rise to new synthetic capabilities, including the ability to functionalize diverse methyl(hetero)arenes, tolerance of oxidizable and nucleophilic functional groups, precision site‐selectivity for polyalkylarenes and use of a double C−H etherification process to controllably oxidize methylarenes to benzaldehydes.
Eine RNA‐Sequenz in zwei Faltungen: Ein Ribozym mit Vielseitigen Fähigkeiten zur Substratprozessierung
Authors: Zhu Jikang , Dierks Dorothea , Möller Christina , Balke Darko , Müller Sabine 
Published: June 2024

AbstractWir berichten über das Design einer RNA‐Sequenz, die zwei verschiedene Ribozym‐Faltungen annehmen und die Spaltung und/oder Ligation der jeweiligen Substrate katalysieren kann. Diese RNA ist in der Lage, ihre Konformation als Reaktion auf ihre Umgebung zu ändern, weshalb wir sie als Chamäleon‐Ribozym (CHR) bezeichnen. Die effiziente RNA‐Spaltung von zwei verschiedenen Substraten sowie die RNA‐Ligation durch CHR wurde in separaten Experimenten und in einer Ein‐Topf‐Reaktion nachgewiesen. Unsere Studie zeigt, dass sich Sequenzvarianten des Hairpin‐Ribozyms mit dem Hammerhead‐Ribozym überschneiden und dass relativ kurze RNA‐Moleküle eine große konformationelle Flexibilität aufweisen können, was ein wichtiges Kriterium für die Entstehung neuer funktioneller Faltungen in der frühen Evolution ist.
Enrichment of Rare Variants of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Genes in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Correia Marques Mariana , Rubin Danielle , Shuldiner Emily G. , Datta Mallika , Schmitz Elizabeth , Gutierrez Cruz Gustavo , Patt Andrew , Bennett Elizabeth , Grom Alexei , Foell Dirk , Gattorno Marco , Bohnsack John , Yeung Rae S. M. , Prahalad Sampath , Mellins Elizabeth , Anton Jordi , Len Claudio A. , Oliveira Sheila , Woo Patricia , Ozen Seza , Deng Zuoming , Ombrello Michael J. ,   INCHARGE Consortium
Published: June 2024

ObjectiveOur objective was to evaluate whether there is an enrichment of rare variants in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)‐associated genes among patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) with or without macrophage activation syndrome (MAS).MethodsTargeted sequencing of HLH genes (LYST, PRF1, RAB27A, STX11, STXBP2, UNC13D) was performed in patients with sJIA from an established cohort. Sequence data from control participants were obtained in silico (database of Genotypes and Phenotypes: phs000280.v8.p2). Rare variant association testing (RVT) was performed with sequence kernel association test package. Significance was defined as P < 0.05 after 100,000 permutations.ResultsSequencing data from 524 sJIA cases were jointly called and harmonized with exome‐derived target data from 3,000 controls. Quality control operations produced a set of 480 cases and 2,924 ancestrally matched control participants. RVT of cases and controls revealed a significant association with rare protein‐altering variants (minor allele frequency [MAF] < 0.01) of STXBP2 (P = 0.020) and ultrarare variants (MAF < 0.001) of STXBP2 (P = 0.006) and UNC13D (P = 0.046). A subanalysis of 32 cases with known MAS and 90 without revealed a significant difference in the distribution of rare UNC13D variants (P = 0.0047) between the groups. Additionally, patients with sJIA more often carried two or more HLH variants than did controls (P = 0.007), driven largely by digenic combinations involving LYST.ConclusionWe identified an enrichment of rare HLH variants in patients with sJIA compared with controls, driven by STXBP2 and UNC13D. Biallelic variation in HLH genes was associated with sJIA, driven by LYST. Only UNC13D displayed enrichment in patients with MAS. This suggests that HLH variants may contribute to the pathophysiology of sJIA, even without MAS.image