bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐surgical management methods of noncavitated carious lesions
Authors: Tellez Marisol , Gomez Juliana , Kaur Sundeep , Pretty Iain A. , Ellwood Roger , Ismail Amid I. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo critically appraise all evidence related to the efficacy of nonsurgical caries preventive methods to arrest or reverse the progression of noncavitated carious lesions (NCCls).MethodsA detailed search of Medline (via OVID), Cochrane Collaboration, Scielo, and EMBASE identified 625 publications. After title and abstract review, 103 publications were selected for further review, and 29 were finally included. The final publications evaluated the following therapies: fluorides (F) in varying vehicles (toothpaste, gel, varnish, mouthrinse, and combination), chlorhexidine (CHX) alone or in combination with F, resin infiltration (I), sealants (S), xylitol (X) in varying vehicles (lozenges, gum, or in combination with F and/or xylitol), casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP‐ACP) or in combination with calcium fluoride phosphate. All included studies were randomized clinical trials, were conducted with human subjects and natural NCCls, and reported findings that can yield outcomes measures such as caries incidence/increments, percentage of progression and/or arrest, odds ratio progression test to control, fluorescence loss/mean values, changes in lesion area/volume and lesion depth. Data were extracted from the selected studies and checked for errors. The quality of the studies was evaluated by three different methods (ADA, Cochrane, author's consensus).ResultsSample size for these trials ranged between 15 and 3903 subjects, with a duration between 2 weeks and 4.02 years. More than half of the trials assessed had moderate to high risk of bias or may be categorized as ‘poor’. The great majority (65.5%) did not use intention to treat analysis, 21% did not use any blinding techniques, and 41% reported concealment allocation procedures. Slightly more than half of the trials (55%) factored in background exposure to other fluoride sources, and only 41% properly adjusted for potential confounders.ConclusionsFluoride interventions (varnishes, gels, and toothpaste) seem to have the most consistent benefit in decreasing the progression and incidence of NCCls. Studies using xylitol, CHX, and CPP‐ACP vehicles alone or in combination with fluoride therapy are very limited in number and in the majority of the cases did not show a statistically significant reduction. Sealants and resin infiltration studies point to a potential consistent benefit in slowing the progression or reversing NCCls.
Edaravone Protects HT22 Neurons from H2O2‐induced Apoptosis by Inhibiting the MAPK Signaling Pathway
Authors: Zhao Zhong‐Yan , Luan Ping , Huang Shi‐Xiong , Xiao Song‐Hua , Zhao Jia , Zhang Bei , Gu Bei‐Bei , Pi Rong‐Biao , Liu Jun 
Published: December 2012

SummaryAimsOxidative stress is frequently implicated in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effects and their underlying mechanism(s) of edaravone upon hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)–induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in HT22 cells, a murine hippocampal neuronal model.MethodsHT22 cells were treated with H2O2 in the presence of various concentrations of edaravone or in its absence. A CCK‐8 assay, Hoechst 33342 staining, and flow cytometry were used to detect cytotoxicity and apoptosis. In addition, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of Bcl‐2, Bax, p‐ERK 1/2, p‐JNK, and p‐P38 proteins in HT22 cells were examined.ResultsExogenous H2O2 decreased cell viability in a concentration‐dependent manner and was associated with increased apoptosis and ROS production. Moreover, H2O2 significantly activated and upregulated the expression of p‐ERK 1/2, p‐JNK, and p‐P38, while edaravon protected HT22 cells against H2O2‐induced injury by inhibiting the production of ROS and activating the MAPK signaling pathway.ConclusionsOur results provide the first evidence that edaravone can protect H2O2‐induced cell injury in HT22 neurons via its antioxidant action. These findings suggest that edaravone may be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders in which oxidative stress has been principally implicated.
How Do Children Restrict Their Linguistic Generalizations? An (Un‐)Grammaticality Judgment Study
Authors: Ambridge Ben 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA paradox at the heart of language acquisition research is that, to achieve adult‐like competence, children must acquire the ability to generalize verbs into non‐attested structures, while avoiding utterances that are deemed ungrammatical by native speakers. For example, children must learn that, to denote the reversal of an action, un‐ can be added to many verbs, but not all (e.g., roll/unroll; close/*unclose). This study compared theoretical accounts of how this is done. Children aged 5–6 (N = 18), 9–10 (N = 18), and adults (N = 18) rated the acceptability of un‐ prefixed forms of 48 verbs (and, as a control, bare forms). Across verbs, a negative correlation was observed between the acceptability of ungrammatical un‐ prefixed forms (e.g., *unclose) and the frequency of (a) the bare form and (b) alternative forms (e.g., open), supporting the entrenchment and pre‐emption hypotheses, respectively. Independent ratings of the extent to which verbs instantiate the semantic properties characteristic of a hypothesized semantic cryptotype for un‐ prefixation were a significant positive predictor of acceptability, for all age groups. The relative importance of each factor differed for attested and unattested un‐ forms and also varied with age. The findings are interpreted in the context of a new hybrid account designed to incorporate the three factors of entrenchment, pre‐emption, and verb semantics.
From Genes to Community: Exploring Translational Science in Adolescent Health Research
Authors: Miller Elizabeth 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAddressing complex adolescent health problems such as youth violence and teen pregnancy requires innovative strategies to promote protective social environments, increase healthier behaviors, and reduce the impact of health risk behaviors into adulthood. Multilevel, interdisciplinary, and translational approaches are needed to address these challenges in adolescent health. In May 2012, a group of adolescent health researchers participated in a 1‐day research symposium titled “From Genes to Community: Exploring Translational Science in Adolescent Health Research,” sponsored by the Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) of the University of Pittsburgh and the Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. The research symposium offered opportunities for adolescent health researchers to share examples of translational research as well as to identify potential collaborations to promote translational research. This and subsequent issues of Clinical and Translational Science will include papers from this symposium. The studies and reviews presented range from how basic biobehavioral sciences such as functional neuroimaging and decision science can be made relevant for intervention development as well as improving strategies for community‐partnered knowledge transfer of cutting‐edge research findings to promote adolescent health and well‐being. Clin Trans Sci 2012; Volume 5: 480–481
How commonly do children with complex cerebral arteriopathy have renovascular disease?
Authors: Willsher Alex , Roebuck Derek J , Ng Joanne , Ganesan Vijeya 
Published: December 2012

AimTo describe the frequency of renovascular abnormalities and hypertension in an opportunistic cohort of children with complex cerebrovascular disease from a single tertiary/quaternary referral centre.MethodThis was a retrospective case note and imaging review of children who had had cerebral and renal angiography, with a diagnosis of moyamoya or other occlusive cerebrovascular disease (OCVD). Hypertension was defined as at least three systolic blood pressure readings of the 95th centile or above.ResultsOf 34 children (12 males, 22 females; median age 5y 11mo, range 2mo‐15y 3mo; 20 with moyamoya, 14 with OCVD), primary presentation was neurological in 29 (arterial ischaemic stroke, transient ischaemic attack, or headache) and with hypertension in five. Renovascular abnormalities were identified in 17, of whom 10 had main renal artery stenosis. Renovascular involvement was not predictable according to arteriopathy diagnosis. Blood pressure was rarely plotted on centile charts. Using the 50th height centile for blood pressure, and based on a median of five systolic blood pressure readings per patient, 20 out of 34 met the definition for hypertension (15/29 patients with primary neurological presentation).InterpretationRenovascular abnormalities were common in this group of children with complex cerebrovascular disease. Blood pressure was frequently abnormal but rarely measured and infrequently plotted on centile charts. Neurologists should be alert to potential systemic vascular involvement and its sequelae in children with complex cerebrovascular disease.
Reproducibility of two functional field exercise tests for children with cerebral palsy who self‐propel a manual wheelchair
Authors: Verschuren Olaf , Ketelaar Marjolijn , De Groot Janke , Vila Nova FÁbio , Takken Tim 
Published: December 2012

AimThe aim of this study was to examine the test–retest reproducibility (reliability and agreement) of the 6‐minute push test (6MPT) and the one‐stroke push test (1SPT), and construct validity of the 6MPT in children with cerebral palsy (CP) who self‐propel a manual wheelchair.MethodSeventy‐three children and adolescents with spastic CP (51 males, 22 females; mean age 11y 9mo, SD 3y 7mo, range 4–18y; three unilateral, 70 bilateral) using a manual wheelchair for at least part of the day were recruited from and tested in different rehabilitation settings in the Netherlands and Brazil. Participants were classified as Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level II (n=7), III (n=36), or IV (n=30).ResultsIntraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for distance covered on the 6MPT (mean distance 266.5m, SD 120.6m) and the 1SPT (mean distance 4.5m, SD 2.7m) showed excellent reliability (ICC=0.97) for both tests. There was a significant correlation between the 6MPT and the 1SPT (r=0.73; p<0.001), and between the 6MPT and heart rate during the 6MPT (r=0.29, p=0.014).InterpretationThese results indicate that both the 6MPT and the 1SPT test are reproducible functional tests for young people with CP who self‐propel a wheelchair. Agreement for the 6MPT seems relatively large for children who perform short distances. Construct validity is supported for the 6MPT in children with CP.
Quantitative Myocardial Contrast Supine Bicycle Stress Echocardiography for Detection of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Miszalski‐Jamka Tomasz , Kuntz‐Hehner Stefanie , Tiemann Klaus , Karwat Krzysztof , Kostkiewicz Magdalena 
Published: December 2012

Background: If compared with two‐dimensional echocardiography (2DE), quantitative myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) improves detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) during pharmacological stress, but there is paucity of data regarding quantitative MCE performed during supine bicycle stress. Objectives: To determine the feasibility and accuracy of quantitative MCE and assess its incremental benefit over 2DE for detection of CAD during supine bicycle stress. Methods: Sixty‐one consecutive patients (47 males, 14 females, mean age 57 ± 12 years) with suspected CAD, who were scheduled for coronary angiography, underwent 2DE and MCE supine bicycle stress. The diagnosis of obstructive CAD (≥50% stenosis) was based on inducible wall‐motion and myocardial perfusion abnormalities. For quantitative myocardial perfusion analysis, A, β, and Aβ reserve were derived from myocardial contrast replenishment curves. Results: Quantitative coronary angiography revealed ≥50% stenosis in 41, ≥70% stenosis in 18, single vessel disease in 24, and multivessel disease in 17 patients. If compared with 2DE, quantitative MCE was more sensitive (71% vs. 93%; P < 0.05) and more accurate (74% vs. 89%; P < 0.05) to detect obstructive CAD. The sensitivity of 2DE and quantitative MCE was 61% and 91% (P < 0.05) in 50–69% stenosis, and 63% and 92% (P < 0.05) in single vessel disease. No difference in sensitivity between 2DE and quantitative MCE was found in subjects with ≥70% stenosis (83% vs. 94%, P = NS) and multivessel disease (82% vs. 94%, P = NS). Conclusions: Quantitative MCE enhances sensitivity and accuracy of supine bicycle stress 2DE for detection of obstructive CAD, and this incremental benefit is especially present in less severe disease.
Frontal lobe connectivity and cognitive impairment in pediatric frontal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Braakman Hilde M. H. , Vaessen Maarten J. , Jansen Jacobus F. A. , Debeij‐van Hall Mariette H. J. A. , de Louw Anton , Hofman Paul A. M. , Vles Johan S. H. , Aldenkamp Albert P. , Backes Walter H. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryPurpose:  Cognitive impairment is frequent in children with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), but its etiology is unknown. With functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we have explored the relationship between brain activation, functional connectivity, and cognitive functioning in a cohort of pediatric patients with FLE and healthy controls.Methods:  Thirty‐two children aged 8–13 years with FLE of unknown cause and 41 healthy age‐matched controls underwent neuropsychological assessment and structural and functional brain MRI. We investigated to which extent brain regions activated in response to a working memory task and assessed functional connectivity between distant brain regions. Data of patients were compared to controls, and patients were grouped as cognitively impaired or unimpaired.Key Findings:  Children with FLE showed a global decrease in functional brain connectivity compared to healthy controls, whereas brain activation patterns in children with FLE remained relatively intact. Children with FLE complicated by cognitive impairment typically showed a decrease in frontal lobe connectivity. This decreased frontal lobe connectivity comprised both connections within the frontal lobe as well as connections from the frontal lobe to the parietal lobe, temporal lobe, cerebellum, and basal ganglia.Significance:  Decreased functional frontal lobe connectivity is associated with cognitive impairment in pediatric FLE. The importance of impairment of functional integrity within the frontal lobe network, as well as its connections to distant areas, provides new insights in the etiology of the broad‐range cognitive impairments in children with FLE.
A population‐based study of newly diagnosed epilepsy in infants
Authors: Eltze Christin M. , Chong Wui K. , Cox Tim , Whitney Andrea , Cortina‐Borja Mario , Chin Richard F. M. , Scott Rod C. , Cross J. Helen 
Published: December 2012

SummaryPurpose:  Most published data on infants presenting with epilepsy originate from hospital/specialist clinic settings and may therefore not be representative of the general population. We carried out a population‐based study to estimate the incidence of epilepsy onset in infants, to characterize the range of phenotypes and associated structural brain abnormalities, and to determine whether specific epilepsy diagnoses could be established at onset.Methods:  Children between 1 and 24 months of age with new‐onset epilepsy were ascertained over 13 months from the residents in 15 boroughs of North London. Classification based on clinical information, electroencephalography (EEG), and neuroimaging data was undertaken independently by two pediatric neurologists. Neuroimages were reviewed by two neuroradiologists blinded to clinical details.Key Findings:  A total of 57 children were enrolled giving an ascertainment‐adjusted incidence of 70.1 (95% CI [56.3, 88.5])/100,000 children ≤2 years of age/year (ascertainment 76%). The incidence was highest among Asian children. An electroclinical syndrome was identified in 24 (42%) cases of which 21 were epileptic encephalopathies. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of 51 cases (89% of the total cohort) were reviewed. These demonstrated positive findings in 37 (72%) of 51 cases, of which 26 (51%) of 51 were etiologically relevant, and included developmental malformations in 11 (21%) of 51.Significance:  In a population setting infantile onset epilepsy presents mostly with complex phenotypes commonly associated with structural brain abnormalities. Routine MR imaging at presentation is therefore justified. However, identification of specific electroclinical syndromes remains difficult at onset.
Tetrameric structure of SUR2B revealed by electron microscopy of oriented single particles
Authors: Fotinou Constantina , Aittoniemi Jussi , de Wet Heidi , Polidori Ange , Pucci Bernard , Sansom Mark S. P. , Vénien‐Bryan Catherine , Ashcroft Frances M. 
Published: December 2012

The ATP‐sensitive potassium (KATP) channel is a hetero‐octameric complex that links cell metabolism to membrane electrical activity in many cells, thereby controlling physiological functions such as insulin release, muscle contraction and neuronal activity. It consists of four pore‐forming Kir6.2 and four regulatory sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) subunits. SUR2B serves as the regulatory subunit in smooth muscle and some neurones. An integrative approach, combining electron microscopy and homology modelling, has been used to obtain information on the structure of this large (megadalton) membrane protein complex. Single‐particle electron microscopy of purified SUR2B tethered to a lipid monolayer revealed that it assembles as a tetramer of four SUR2B subunits surrounding a central hole. In the absence of an X‐ray structure, a homology model for SUR2B based on the X‐ray structure of the related ABC transporter Sav1866 was used to fit the experimental images. The model indicates that the central hole can readily accommodate the transmembrane domains of the Kir tetramer, suggests a location for the first transmembrane domains of SUR2B (which are absent in Sav1866) and suggests the relative orientation of the SUR and Kir6.2 subunits.Structured digital abstract

SUR2B and SUR2B bind by electron microscopy (View interaction)

SUR2B and SUR2B bind by molecular sieving (View interaction)
Global climate change in large European rivers: long‐term effects on macroinvertebrate communities and potential local confounding factors
Authors: Floury Mathieu , Usseglio‐Polatera Philippe , Ferreol Martial , Delattre Cecile , Souchon Yves 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAquatic species living in running waters are widely acknowledged to be vulnerable to climate‐induced, thermal and hydrological fluctuations. Climate changes can interact with other environmental changes to determine structural and functional attributes of communities. Although such complex interactions are most likely to occur in a multiple‐stressor context as frequently encountered in large rivers, they have received little attention in such ecosystems. In this study, we aimed at specifically addressing the issue of relative long‐term effects of global and local changes on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in multistressed large rivers. We assessed effects of hydroclimatic vs. water quality factors on invertebrate community structure and composition over 30 years (1979–2008) in the Middle Loire River, France. As observed in other large European rivers, water warming over the three decades (+0.9 °C between 1979–1988 and 1999–2008) and to a lesser extent discharge reduction (−80 m3 s−1) were significantly involved in the disappearance or decrease in taxa typical from fast running, cold waters (e.g. Chloroperlidae and Potamanthidae). They explained also a major part of the appearance and increase of taxa typical from slow flowing or standing waters and warmer temperatures, including invasive species (e.g. Corbicula sp. and Atyaephyra desmarestii). However, this shift towards a generalist and pollution tolerant assemblage was partially confounded by local improvement in water quality (i.e. phosphate input reduction by about two thirds and eutrophication limitation by almost one half), explaining a significant part of the settlement of new pollution‐sensitive taxa (e.g. the caddisfly Brachycentridae and Philopotamidae families) during the last years of the study period. The regain in such taxa allowed maintaining a certain level of specialization in the invertebrate community despite climate change effects.
Latitudinal phytoplankton distribution and the neutral theory of biodiversity
Authors: Chust Guillem , Irigoien Xabier , Chave Jerome , Harris Roger P. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimRecent studies have suggested that global diatom distributions are not limited by dispersal, in the case of both extant species and fossil species, but rather that environmental filtering explains their spatial patterns. Hubbell's neutral theory of biodiversity provides a framework in which to test these alternatives. Our aim is to test whether the structure of marine phytoplankton (diatoms, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores) assemblages across the Atlantic agrees with neutral theory predictions. We asked: (1) whether intersite variance in phytoplankton diversity is explained predominantly by dispersal limitation or by environmental conditions; and (2) whether species abundance distributions are consistent with those expected by the neutral model.LocationMeridional transect of the Atlantic (50° N–50° S).MethodsWe estimated the relative contributions of environmental factors and geographic distance to phytoplankton composition using similarity matrices, Mantel tests and variation partitioning of the species composition based upon canonical ordination methods. We compared the species abundance distribution of phytoplankton with the neutral model using Etienne's maximum‐likelihood inference method.ResultsPhytoplankton communities are slightly more determined by niche segregation (24%), than by dispersal limitation and ecological drift (17%). In 60% of communities, the assumption of neutrality in species’ abundance distributions could not be rejected. In tropical zones, where oceanic gyres enclose large stable water masses, most communities showed low species immigration rates; in contrast, we infer that communities in temperate areas, out of oligotrophic gyres, have higher rates of species immigration.ConclusionsPhytoplankton community structure is consistent with partial niche assembly and partial dispersal and drift assembly (neutral processes). The role of dispersal limitation is almost as important as habitat filtering, a fact that has been largely overlooked in previous studies. Furthermore, the polewards increase in immigration rates of species that we have discovered is probably caused by water mixing conditions and productivity.