bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased expression of programmed death (PD)‐1 and its ligand PD‐L1 correlates with impaired cell‐mediated immunity in high‐risk human papillomavirus‐related cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Yang Wen , Song Yan , Lu Yun‐Long , Sun Jun‐Zhong , Wang Hong‐Wei 
Published: March 2013

SummaryImpaired local cellular immunity contributes to the pathogenesis of persistent high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) infection and related cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, the programmed death 1/programmed death 1 ligand (PD‐1/PD‐L1; CD279/CD274) pathway was demonstrated to play a critical role in attenuating T‐cell responses and promoting T‐cell tolerance during chronic viral infections. In this study, we examined the expression of PD‐1 and PD‐L1 on cervical T cells and dendritic cells (DCs), respectively, from 40 women who were HR‐HPV‐negative (−) or HR‐HPV‐positive (+) with CIN grades 0, I and II–III. We also measured interferon‐γ, interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) and IL‐10 in cervical exudates. The most common HPV type was HPV 16, followed by HPV 18, 33, 51 and 58. PD‐1 and PD‐L1 expression on cervical T cells and DCs, respectively, was associated with HR‐HPV positivity and increased in parallel with increasing CIN grade. The opposite pattern was observed for CD80 and CD86 expression on DCs, which decreased in HR‐HPV(+) patients in parallel with increasing CIN grade. Similarly, reduced levels of the T helper type 1 cytokines interferon‐γ and IL‐12 and increased levels of the T helper type 2 cytokine IL‐10 in cervical exudates correlated with HR‐HPV positivity and CIN grade. Our results suggest that up‐regulation of the inhibitory PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway may negatively regulate cervical cell‐mediated immunity to HPV and contribute to the progression of HR‐HPV‐related CIN. These results may aid in the development of PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway‐based strategies for immunotherapy of HR‐HPV‐related CIN.
Objective evaluation by reflectance spectrophotometry can be of clinical value for the verification of blanching/non blanching erythema in the sacral area
Authors: Sterner Eila , Fossum Bjöörn , Berg Elisabeth , Lindholm Christina , Stark André 
Published: March 2013

AbstractEarly detection of non blanching erythema (pressure ulcer category I) is necessary to prevent any further skin damage. An objective method to discriminate between blanching/non blanching erythema is presently not available. The purpose of this investigation was to explore if a non invasive objective method could differentiate between blanching/non blanching erythema in the sacral area of patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Seventy‐eight patients were included. The sacral area of all patients was assessed using (i) conventional finger‐press test and (ii) digital reading of the erythema index assessed with reflectance spectrophotometry. The patients were examined at admission and during 5 days postsurgery. Reflectance spectrophotometry measurements proved able to discriminate between blanching/non blanching erythema. The reliability, quantified by the intra‐class correlation coefficient, was excellent between repeated measurements over the measurement period, varying between 0·82 and 0·96, and a significant change was recorded in the areas from day 1 to day 5 (P < 0·0001). The value from the reference point did not show any significant changes over the same period (P = 0·32). An objective method proven to identify early pressure damage to tissue can be a valuable tool in clinical practice.
Quantifying reciprocity in distylous and tristylous plant populations
Authors: Sánchez J. M. , Ferrero V. , Navarro L. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractReciprocal herkogamy (heterostyly) is an example of extreme relevance of accuracy of the location of the sexual organs within some floral systems. It involves the reciprocal positioning of anthers and stigmas in flowers of different plants within the same population, and the accuracy of this positioning is important to promote out‐cross pollination, prevent self‐interference, or both. Hence, several indices have been proposed to quantify reciprocity, most of them for populations with two different morphs (distylous). Here, we propose an extension of our index of reciprocity for distylous populations to be applied also to populations with three morphs (tristylous), allowing effective comparisons of reciprocity between tristylous, but also distylous populations. As for the distylous version, the index is based on comparison of the position of every single sexual organ in the sample with each and every organ of the opposite sex, for each of the three possible organ levels. Due to the massive amount of calculations required, a macro was developed that is available as Supplementary Information and at the website of the authors. The index and macro were tested on several hypothetical tristylous and distylous populations with predetermined mean and dispersion of sexual organs at each level, as well as on several actual tristylous and distylous populations. The index proposed is a solid tool for the study of reciprocity in distylous and tristylous populations. Comparisons between distylous and tristylous populations are easily performed and can be readily interpreted. The applicability of the index is facilitated through the software provided.
The Social Market After the Crash
Authors: Mulheirn Ian 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMarkets are powerful tools for reform in both the public and private realms. But those markets need careful design and stewardship if they are to work to create value rather than simply becoming a mechanism for distributing rents to private investors. SMF Director Ian Mulheirn examines how the social market framework offers the most cogent analysis of recent events and how it can be a vital guide for future policy.
The Left and Constitutional Reform, Gladstone to Miliband
Authors: Morgan Kenneth O. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractNineteenth‐century constitutional reformers focussed on parliament. Their central idea was citizenship, modelled variously on the democracy of ancient Athens, small communities like Switzerland, and especially the United States, a particular inspiration for Gladstone who admired its constitution. The 1911 Parliament Act marked the final triumph of the Victorian Liberals legacy, with a very different impetus coming from Lloyd George during his coalition. Labour focussed on class, not the constitution, though the ILP favoured localism and devolution, before succumbing to a centralising unionism. Tawney championed the idea of social citizenship, emphasising activism and education. After 1945, Labour did not prioritize constitutional reform until the dramatic changes that came after 1997. Gordon Brown then revived the notion of citizenship, and possible codification, in pursuing the values of Britishness. Labour's legacy was a confusing one. But Ed Miliband's policy revision could reclaim the idea of citizenship, an egalitarian concept to counter the inequalities of class.
Ergodic chaos and aggregate stability: A deterministic discrete‐choice model of wealth distribution dynamics
Authors: Kamihigashi Takashi 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis paper studies wealth distribution dynamics in a small open economy with a continuum of consumers indexed by initial wealth. Each of them solves a discrete‐choice problem whose optimal policy function exhibits ergodic chaos. We show that for any initial distribution of wealth given by a density, the wealth distribution converges to a unique invariant distribution, and aggregate wealth converges to the corresponding value. Thus ergodic chaos leads to aggregate stability rather than instability. These results are illustrated with various numerical examples.
Optimal ergodic chaos under slow capital depreciation
Authors: Sato Kenji , Yano Makoto 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIt has been known that, in a standard two‐sector dynamic model, slow capital depreciation may result in a unimodal system with a kinked peak and that this system may be topological chaos, which is unobservable in Grandmont's sense. However, whether or not slow capital depreciation can cause observable chaos has not been examined in the existing literature. The present study demonstrates that slow capital depreciation may cause ergodic chaos, which is observable, by using a recent result of Sato and Yano (2012).
High Tunability in (111)‐Oriented Relaxor Pb0.8Ba0.2ZrO3 Thin Film with Antiferroelectric and Ferroelectric Two‐Phase Coexistence
Authors: Peng Biaolin , Fan Huiqing , Zhang Qi 
Published: March 2013

Using a sol‐gel method Pb0.8Ba0.2ZrO3 (PBZ) thin film with a thickness of ~320 nm was fabricated on Pt(111)/TiOx/SiO2/Si substrate. The analysis results of XRD, SEM, and dielectric properties revealed that this thin film is a (111)‐oriented nano‐scaled antiferroelectric and ferroelectric two‐phase coexisted relaxor. Calculations of dielectric tunability (η) and figure‐of‐merit (FOM) at room temperature display a maximum value of 75% at E = 560 kV/cm and ~236, respectively. High‐temperature stability (η > 75% and FOM > 230 at 560 kV/cm in the range from 300 to 380 K) and high breakdown dielectric strength (leakage current < 1 nA at 598 kV/cm) make the PBZ thin film to be an attractive material for applications of tunable devices.
Direct Laser Patterning of β‐BaB2O4 Crystals with High Orientation in the Inside of Glass Fiber
Authors: Suzuki Futoshi , Honma Tsuyoshi , Komatsu Takayuki 
Published: March 2013

The laser‐induced crystallization method was applied to pattern β‐BaB2O4 crystals (β‐BBO) in the inside of bulk glass plate and fibers of 8Sm2O3–42BaO–50B2O3, in which the focal position of continuous wave (CW) Yb:YVO4 fiber lasers (power: 0.9–1.0 W, scanning speed: 2 μm/s) with a wavelength of 1080 nm was moved gradually from the surface to the inside. It was confirmed from micro‐Raman scattering spectra, second harmonic generation, and transmission electron microscope observations that β‐BBO crystals are patterned in the inside of glass plate and fibers (diameter: 110 μm) and are highly oriented that is c‐axis orientation, along the laser scanning direction. This study proposes the direct and simple processing for the fabrication of glass fibers consisting of optical functional crystal cores.
Growth of Highly Conformal TiCx Films Using Atomic Layer Deposition Technique
Authors: Hong Tae Eun , Choi Sang‐Kyung , Kim Soo‐Hyun , Cheon Taehoon 
Published: March 2013

TiCx films were deposited by atomic layer deposition using tetrakis–neopentyl–titanium [Ti(CH2C(CH3)3)4] and H2 plasma as the precursor and reactant, respectively. The growth of the rock‐salt–structured TiCx films was confirmed by X‐ray and electron diffraction. The C‐to‐Ti ratio determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry was ~0.52 and the film resistivity was as low as ~600 μΩ cm with a high density of 4.41 g/cm3. The step coverage was approximately 90% over the trench structure (top opening diameter of 25 nm) with an aspect ratio of ~4.5.
Caveolin‐1 as a promoter of tumour spreading: when, how, where and why
Authors: Senetta Rebecca , Stella Giulia , Pozzi Ernesto , Sturli Niccolo , Massi Daniela , Cassoni Paola 
Published: March 2013

AbstractCaveolae are non‐clathrin invaginations of the plasma membrane in most cell types; they are involved in signalling functions and molecule trafficking, thus modulating several biological functions, including cell growth, apoptosis and angiogenesis. The major structural protein in caveolae is caveolin‐1, which is known to act as a key regulator in cancer onset and progression through its role as a tumour suppressor. Caveolin‐1 can also promote cell proliferation, survival and metastasis as well as chemo‐ and radioresistance. Here, we discuss recent findings and novel concepts that support a role for caveolin‐1 in cancer development and its distant spreading. We also address the potential application of caveolin‐1 in tumour therapy and diagnosis.
Corn pith weevil, Geraeus penicillus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in transgenic, insect‐resistant and conventional field corn hybrids
Authors: Bohnenblust E. , Breining J. , Roth G. , Tooker J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe corn pith weevil Geraeus penicillus (Herbst) is occasionally found boring in corn stalks throughout the eastern and Midwestern United States. Injury caused by G. penicillus is not typically economical, but may be confused with that of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), an important economic pest throughout the United States. During efforts to assess European corn borer infestations, we discovered G. penicillus in field corn in south‐eastern Pennsylvania, including hybrids genetically modified (i.e. Bt hybrids) to control European corn borer among other herbivore species. Our analysis across sites indicated that tunnels of G. penicillus were significantly more abundant in transgenic Bt hybrids than non‐Bt hybrids, but comparisons of Bt hybrids and their near isolines revealed mostly similar numbers of G. penicillus tunnels, suggesting other hybrid features might be affecting the distribution of G. penicillus. Tunnels of G. penicillus were equally distributed among the three transgenic trait packages represented in our study. In plants where we found G. penicillus, tunnels were more abundant in stalks free of European corn borer damage. Our report appears to be the first to note G. penicillus feeding in Bt corn hybrids. These findings are notable because they document insect damage in Bt hybrids that may be mistaken for European corn borer damage and may provide evidence of an insect herbivore proliferating following a mild winter or possibly even moving into competitor‐free space.
Association Between Northern Manhattan Study Global Vascular Risk Score and Successful Aging
Authors: Warsch Jessica R. L. , Rundek Tatjana , Paik Myunghee C. , Elkind Mitchell S. V. , Sacco Ralph L. , Wright Clinton B. 
Published: March 2013

ObjectivesTo examine the association between successful aging without subsequent cognitive decline (SA‐ND) and the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS) global vascular risk score (GVRS), which is predictive of stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingA stroke‐free sample of Hispanic, black, and white participants living in the same community enrolled in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) substudy of NOMAS, a population‐based prospective cohort study.ParticipantsOne thousand two hundred ninety individuals in whom a cognitive screen was administered at baseline and at enrollment in the MRI substudy.MeasurementsSA‐ND was based on disease, disability, and cognitive function. The GVRS includes age, sex, race and ethnicity, waist circumference, alcohol intake, smoking, physical activity, blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, fasting blood sugar, lipid levels, and peripheral vascular disease.ResultsData at baseline and follow‐up were available for 1,162 participants (mean age 70 ± 9; 61% women; 13% white, 16% black, 69% Hispanic; mean GVRS 8.6 ± 0.9). Logistic regression, adjusted for education, socioeconomic status, and follow‐up time, showed that the odds of SA‐ND were 38% greater for each additional 1‐point decrease on the GVRS (odds ratio = 1.38, 95% confidence interval = 1.17–1.61; P < .001). An inverse dose‐response was observed between quartiles of GVRS and SA‐ND. Greater diastolic blood pressure in participants taking antihypertensive medication and a history of claudication (P = .003) or peripheral arterial disease (P < .001) were inversely associated with SA‐ND in the fully adjusted model.ConclusionPotentially modifiable vascular risk factors were independently associated with SA‐ND in a multiethnic community‐based sample. Improvements in GVRSs could help promote healthy longevity in the aging population.
Dermal innervation in healthy subjects and small fiber neuropathy patients: a stereological reappraisal
Authors: Karlsson Páll , Porretta‐Serapiglia Carla , Lombardi Raffaella , Jensen Troels S. , Lauria Giuseppe 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to estimate dermal nerve fiber length (DNFL) using a stereological sampling technique in comparison with a previously reported manual estimation. DNFL was analyzed in skin punch biopsy specimens from 24 healthy volunteers and 18 patients with small fiber neuropathy (SFN) using global spatial sampling that yields unbiased and reliable length estimation. The estimation was carried out in 50‐µm biopsy sections after immunostaining with anti‐protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 antibodies. The length of the PGP9.5‐positive dermal nerves from the dermal–epidermal junction and 200 µm down was measured (DNFL mm−2). Results were compared with our previously reported manual method. Patients showed a significantly (p < 0.0001) lower DNFL (105 mm−2 ± 6.4 SD) than healthy subjects (246 mm−2 ± 8.39 SD). Moderate correlation with age was observed for both healthy subjects (Pearson's r = −0.33) and patients (Pearson's r = −0.59). A significant (p < 0.001) correlation between global spatial sampling and manual estimation was observed in both patients and healthy subjects (Pearson's r = 0.62 and 0.61, respectively). These findings provide further evidence on the reliability of dermal nerve morphometry in human skin and strengthen the hypothesis that dermal nerve fibers undergo significant degeneration in SFN.
Novel mutation in the replication focus targeting sequence domain of DNMT1 causes hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy IE
Authors: Yuan Junhui , Higuchi Yujiro , Nagado Tatsui , Nozuma Satoshi , Nakamura Tomonori , Matsuura Eiji , Hashiguchi Akihiro , Sakiyama Yusuke , Yoshimura Akiko , Takashima Hiroshi 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
DNMT1, encoding DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1), is a critical enzyme which is mainly responsible for conversion of unmethylated DNA into hemimethylated DNA. To date, two phenotypes produced by DNMT1 mutations have been reported, including hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) type IE with mutations in exon 20, and autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness, and narcolepsy caused by mutations in exon 21. We report a sporadic case in a Japanese patient with loss of pain and vibration sense, chronic osteomyelitis, autonomic system dysfunctions, hearing loss, and mild dementia, but without definite cerebellar ataxia. Electrophysiological studies revealed absent sensory nerve action potential with nearly normal motor nerve conduction studies. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed mild diffuse cerebral and cerebellar atrophy. Using a next‐generation sequencing system, 16 candidate genes were analyzed and a novel missense mutation, c.1706A>G (p.His569Arg), was identified in exon 21 of DNMT1. Our findings suggest that mutation in exon 21 of DNMT1 may also produce a HSAN phenotype. Because all reported mutations of DNMT1 are concentrated in exons 20 and 21, which encode the replication focus targeting sequence (RFTS) domain of Dnmt1, the RFTS domain could be a mutation hot spot.
The human lung during the embryonic period: vasculogenesis and primitive erythroblasts circulation
Authors: Pereda J. , Sulz L. , San Martin S. , Godoy‐Guzmán C. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractVascularization and blood cell circulation are crucial steps during lung development. However, how blood vessels are generated and when lung circulation is initiated is still a matter of debate. A morpho‐functional analysis of pulmonary vasculature was done using human lung samples between 31 and 56 days post‐fertilization (pf). The immunolocalization and expression of CD31, CD34, FLT‐1, KDR and the vascular growth factor (VEGF) were investigated. The results showed that at day 31 pf, a capillary plexus is already installed, and a few primitive erythroblasts were seen for the first time within the lumen of some blood vessels. Around day 45 pf, an increase in the amount of primitive erythroblasts was detected in the parenchyma surrounding the distal segment of the bronchial tree. The expression of FLT‐1, KDR, CD31 and CD34 was observed in endothelial cells of the capillary plexus and the VEGF was detected in the endodermal epithelium. Our results support the hypothesis that the initial formation of the capillary plexus around the tip of the growing airway bud occurs by vasculogenesis, probably regulated by VEGF and KDR. We also showed a very early onset of blood circulation, starting from day 34 pf, concomitant with the generation of new lung buds. In addition, the increasing number of primitive erythroblasts from week 6 onward, associated with a change in the shape of the blood vessels, suggests a remodeling process and that the generation of new distal vessels at the tip of the lung bud occurs mainly by a process of angiogenesis.
Melatonin antagonizes hypoxia‐mediated glioblastoma cell migration and invasion via inhibition of HIF‐1α
Authors: Zhang Yanmin , Liu Qian , Wang Fuwu , Ling Eng‐Ang , Liu Shangming , Wang Liyan , Yang Yang , Yao Linli , Chen Xueran , Wang Fen , Shi Wei , Gao Ming , Hao Aijun 
Published: March 2013

AbstractHypoxia is a crucial factor in tumor aggressiveness and resistance to therapy, especially in glioblastoma. Our previous results have shown that melatonin exerts antimigratory and anti‐invasive action in glioblastoma cells under normoxia. However, the effect of melatonin on migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells under hypoxic condition remains poorly understood. Here, we show that melatonin strongly reduced hypoxia‐mediated invasion and migration of U251 and U87 glioblastoma cells. In addition, we found that melatonin significantly blocked HIF‐1α protein expression and suppressed the expression of downstream target genes, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Furthermore, melatonin destabilized hypoxia‐induced HIF‐1α protein via its antioxidant activity against ROS produced by glioblastoma cells in response to hypoxia. Along with this, HIF‐1α silencing by small interfering RNA markedly inhibited glioblastoma cell migration and invasion, and this appeared to be associated with MMP‐2 and VEGF under hypoxia. Taken together, our findings suggest that melatonin suppresses hypoxia‐induced glioblastoma cell migration and invasion via inhibition of HIF‐1α. Considering the fact that overexpression of the HIF‐1α protein is often detected in glioblastoma multiforme, melatonin may prove to be a potent therapeutic agent for this tumor.