bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A dissection solver with kernel detection for symmetric finite element matrices on shared memory computers
Authors: Suzuki A. , Roux F.‐X. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYA direct solver for symmetric sparse matrices from finite element problems is presented. The solver is supposed to work as a local solver of domain decomposition methods for hybrid parallelization on cluster systems of multi‐core CPUs, and then it is required to run on shared memory computers and to have an ability of kernel detection. Symmetric pivoting with a given threshold factorizes a matrix with a decomposition introduced by a nested bisection and selects suspicious null pivots from the threshold. The Schur complement constructed from the suspicious null pivots is examined by a factorization with 1 × 1 and 2 × 2 pivoting and by a robust kernel detection algorithm based on measurement of residuals with orthogonal projections onto supposed image spaces. A static data structure from the nested bisection and a block sub‐structure for Schur complements at all bisection levels can use level 3 BLAS routines efficiently. Asynchronous task execution for each block can reduce idle time of processors drastically, and as a result, the solver has high parallel efficiency. Competitive performance of the developed solver to Intel Pardiso on shared memory computers is shown by numerical experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polarization‐controlled dressed‐photon–phonon etching of patterned diamond structures
Authors: Yatsui Takashi , Takeuchi Daisuke , Koizumi Satoshi , Sato Kazuki , Tsuzuki Kohei , Iwasaki Takayuki , Hatano Mutsuko , Makino Toshiharu , Ogura Masahiko , Kato Hiromitsu , Okushi Hideyo , Yamasaki Satoshi 
Published: July 2014

To realize an ultra‐flat diamond surface with a three‐dimensional (3D) structure, we performed dressed‐photon–phonon (DPP) etching. A DPP is generated on nano‐scale protrusions. Hence, the generation of DPPs results in selective removal of nano‐scale protrusions, thereby achieving an ultra‐flat surface even on the sidewall of a diamond mesa structure. By controlling the polarization of the incident light, a smooth diamond mesa structure sidewall was obtained, and a higher etching rate was obtained with a perpendicular polarization on the corrugations. In addition, by selective deposition of n‐layer diamond on the p‐layer diamond mesa structure, smooth n‐layer diamond was confirmed on the DPP etched sidewall.Schematic of dressed‐photon–phonon (DPP) etching on the sidewall: (a) before and (b) after etching, in which DPP selectively generates on the corrugations and etching automatically stops when the surface was smooth. Scanning electron microscopy image of the selective deposition of the n‐layer (c) without and (d) with the DPP etched sidewall.
Prevalence of pelvic adhesions on ultrasound examination in women with a history of Cesarean section
Authors: Moro F. , Mavrelos D. , Pateman K. , Holland T. , Hoo W. L. , Jurkovic D. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence and location of pelvic adhesions in women with a history of Cesarean section and to identify risk factors for their formation and symptoms associated with their presence.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study of women in whom one or more Cesarean sections had been performed > 12 months previously and who attended for a gynecological ultrasound examination. In all women, both transvaginal and transabdominal scans were performed in order to identify the presence of pelvic adhesions. Medical and surgical history was recorded and a structured questionnaire was used to enquire about any history of pelvic pain and urinary symptoms.ResultsA total of 308 women were recruited into the study. On ultrasound examination, 139 (45.1% (95% CI, 39.7–50.7%)) women showed evidence of adhesions within the pelvis. Adhesions in the vesicouterine pouch were the most common and were found in a total of 79 (25.6% (95% CI, 20.7–30.5%)) women. In women with a history of no surgery other than Cesarean section(s) (n = 220), an increasing number of Cesarean sections (odds ratio (OR) 3.4 (95% CI, 2.1–5.5)) and a postoperative wound infection (OR 11.7 (95% CI, 3.5–39.5)) increased the likelihood of adhesions developing in the anterior pelvic compartment. There was a significant association between the presence of anterior compartment adhesions and chronic pelvic pain. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified anterior abdominal wall adhesions (OR 2.4 (95% CI, 1.0–5.9)) and any adhesions present on ultrasound scan (OR 2.6 (95% CI, 1.2–5.7)) as independent predictors of chronic pelvic pain.ConclusionsPelvic adhesions are present in more than a third of women with a history of Cesarean section and they are associated with chronic pelvic pain. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Developments and Innovations in Resident and Fellowship Education
Authors: Sofka Carolyn M. 
Published: July 2014

Background Medical trainee education has drastically changed over the past 30 years significantly since the inception of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) in 1981. With an emphasis on patient safety, regulations and oversight from the ACGME have drastically changed the way many programs function with respect to trainee responsibilities, duty hours, and resident supervision. Questions/Purposes The purpose of this review is to summarize significant changes and innovations implemented by the ACGME and their proposed effects on trainee education. While there is an emphasis on musculoskeletal radiology fellowship training, the majority of the regulations and guidelines are applicable to all training programs. Methods Articles, commentaries, and policies focusing on ACGME requirements were reviewed, with a focus on musculoskeletal radiology. Results Changes in ACGME policies have resulted in significant structural modifications in how training programs are designed, specifically with respect to curriculum standardization, measuring outcomes of trainee performance, and integration of residents and fellows into hospital-based quality improvement and patient safety initiatives. Conclusion With an eye to continued training program advancement and improvement, the goal of universal oversight and standardization in medical training remains to produce forward-thinking physicians with an emphasis on lifelong learning, patient care, and quality improvement.
The effect of bushmeat consumption on migratory wildlife in the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania
Authors: Rentsch Dennis , Packer Craig 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBushmeat hunting is a threat to wildlife populations in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, including to migratory wildebeestConnochaetes taurinusand other wildlife populations in the Serengeti ecosystem. Accurate assessments of offtake through bushmeat hunting are necessary to determine whether hunting pressure on the wildebeest population is unsustainable. We used a panel dataset of local bushmeat consumption to measure offtake of wildlife and examine the long-term threat to the Serengeti wildebeest population. Based on these data we estimate an annual offtake of 97,796–140,615 wildebeest (6–10% of the current population), suggesting that previous estimates based on ecological models underestimated the effect of poaching on these populations.
Uphill and level walking of a three-dimensional biped quasi-passive walking robot by torso control
Authors: Cao Ying , Suzuki Soichiro , Hoshino Yohei 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYPassive walking robots can walk on a slight downward slope powered only by gravity. We propose a novel control strategy based on forced entrainment to stabilize a three-dimensional quasi-passive walking robot in uphill and level walking by using torso control in the frontal plane and synchronization of lateral motion with swing leg motion. We investigated the robot's walking energy efficiency, energy transformation, and transfer in simulation. The results showed that the proposed method is effective and energy-efficient for uphill and level walking. The relationship between energy utilization rate of actuation and energy efficiency of the robot was revealed, and mechanical energy transformation and transfer were characterized.
A matter of meaning: reflections on forty years of JCL
Authors: NELSON KATHERINE 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe entry into language via first words and, the acquisition of word meanings is considered from the perspective of publications in theJournal of Child Languageover the past forty years. Problems in achieving word meanings include the disparate and sparse concepts available to the child from past prelanguage experience. Variability in beginning word learning and in its progress along a number of dimensions suggests the problems that children may encounter, as well as the strategies and styles they adopt to make progress. Social context and adult practices are vitally involved in the success of this process. Whereas much headway has been made over the past decades, much remains to be revealed through dynamic systems theory and developmental semiotic analyses, as well as laboratory research aimed at social context conditions.
Regulatory Transformations in a Changing City: The Anti-Smoke Movement in Baltimore, 1895–1931
Authors: Szymanski Ann-Marie 
Published: July 2014

This study of the Baltimore anti-smoke movement illustrates how Americans altered their approach to environmental regulation during the Progressive Era. After citizen groups came to recognize the limits of common-law regulation, they became enamored with administrative regulation and the promise of rationalized, professional agencies. While Baltimore did mirror the national regulatory trends, the city's unique circumstances limited its capacity to reduce the sooty, black smoke that provoked episodes of public activism. Fearful about the city's economic future, regulators exempted manufacturing from the city's early anti-smoke measures. Furthermore, although railroads were major polluters, they balked at electrifying the bulk of their tracks. Finally, the anti-smoke movement was narrowly based in the northeastern, more affluent parts of the city and failed to expand its support to working-class whites and African Americans. Hence, while theideasabout what constituted appropriate regulation “modernized” in Baltimore, the city did not alter its regulatorypracticesuntil the 1930s, long after other cities had done so:In the heart of a beautiful residence section of our city, there rises a towering factory structure in the most gruesome ugliness, belching volumes upon volumes of black and angry smoke, flooding our very houses with showers of soot…. It is the sworn duty of our legislators to protect the citizens in all their rights, and it is to be hoped that the crying need of protection from this unbearable smoke nuisance will now be recognized.—PH. H., February 28, 19012
From Abundance to Indeterminacy: The Precautionary Principle and Its Two Camps of Custom
Authors: Pedersen Ole W. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe question of what status the precautionary principle enjoys in international law has once again reared its head, most recently in the Indus Waters Treaty dispute between India and Pakistan before the Permanent Court of Arbitration. This article assesses the current state of play in respect of the precautionary principle and its status in international law. It identifies what it terms the two camps of custom – the custom camp and the no-custom camp – which find themselves on opposing sides in the debate. The article argues that the two camps are equally guilty of misunderstanding the precautionary principle and the nature of customary international law, though for different reasons. In so doing, the article shows that one side is guilty of ‘precaution spotting’, whereas the other ignores the implications of the ‘rule v. standard’ dialectic. These two concepts help us to understand the different claims advanced by the two camps. They also alert us to the fact that it is possible to conceptualize customary international law along two separate lines of inquiry: one lending emphasis to state practice and one relying on statements and declarations of rules. In pursuing these arguments, the article compares the precautionary principle with (other) norms of customary law, such as the ‘no-harm rule’ and the rules on cross-border environmental impact assessment, and argues that customary international law is best understood if we come to accept that there are multiple ways of identifying customary international rules.
Synergy of aromatic residues and phosphoserines within the intrinsically disordered DNA-binding inhibitory elements of the Ets-1 transcription factor
Authors: Desjardins Geneviève , Meeker Charles A. , Bhachech Niraja , Currie Simon L. , Okon Mark , Graves Barbara J. , McIntosh Lawrence P. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Eukaryotic proteins often contain intrinsically disordered regions that lack well-defined conformations, yet still play key roles in numerous biological processes. The molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of such unstructured regions are often poorly understood. In the case of the E26 transformation-specific transcription factor, DNA binding by the ETS domain is autoinhibited through transient interactions with an adjacent disordered serine-rich region (SRR). Phosphorylation of the SRR in response to cellular signals increases these interactions and thereby reinforces autoinhibition. In this study, we demonstrate that phosphorylation-enhanced autoinhibition requires the presence of phenylalanine or tyrosine residues neighboring the SRR phosphoacceptor serines. This highlights a previously unrecognized role of aromatic residues and their synergy with phosphoserines in an intrinsically disordered regulatory sequence.
The dynamic history of plastid genomes in the Campanulaceae
sensu lato
is unique among angiosperms
Authors: Knox Eric B. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Photosynthesis in plants occurs in the chloroplast, which is one developmental form of the eukaryotic plastid that evolved endosymbiotically from a cyanobacterium. During their algal ancestry, most plastid genes were transferred to the nucleus or otherwise lost, and genome architecture and organization stabilized prior to the origin of land plants. The plastid genome in some groups of plants subsequently became dynamic, which prompts the question: Why? This study shows that the extensive rearrangements in Campanulaceae plastid genomes include dozens of newly inserted protein-coding genes that likely originated from the nucleus. Better understanding of this unique evolutionary potential of Campanulaceae plastids to acquire new DNA may help bioengineers incorporate genes into plastids of other plants.
Hierarchical random walks in trace fossils and the origin of optimal search behavior
Authors: Sims David W. , Reynolds Andrew M. , Humphries Nicolas E. , Southall Emily J. , Wearmouth Victoria J. , Metcalfe Brett , Twitchett Richard J. 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceHow best to search for food in heterogeneous landscapes is a universal problem facing mobile organisms. Diverse modern animals use a random search strategy called a Lévy walk, composed of many small move steps interspersed by rare long steps, which theoretically is optimal for locating sparse resources. Here, we find the first evidence, to our knowledge, that extinct animals, in this case 50 My-old sea urchins, used a Lévy-like search strategy. Our results are important because they indicate Lévy walks likely have an ancient origin and may arise from simple behaviors observed in much older fossil trails. This foraging strategy may have adapted in response to decreased food availability after productivity collapse associated with past climate change and mass extinctions.
Accuracy of forecasts in strategic intelligence
Authors: Mandel David R. , Barnes Alan 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceForecasting is a vital part of strategic intelligence, offering policy makers indications about probable future conditions and aiding sound decision making. Nevertheless, there has not been a concerted effort to study the accuracy of intelligence forecasts over a large set of assessments. This study applied quantitative measures of forecasting accuracy commonly used in other areas of expert forecasting to over 1,500 strategic intelligence forecasts spanning approximately 6 y of intelligence production by a strategic assessment unit. The findings revealed a high level of discrimination and calibration skill. We also show how calibration may be improved through postforecast transformations. The study illustrates the utility of proactively applying scoring rules to intelligence forecasts as a means of outcome-based quality control.
Transcriptomics identified a critical role for Th2 cell-intrinsic miR-155 in mediating allergy and antihelminth immunity
Authors: Okoye Isobel S. , Czieso Stephanie , Ktistaki Eleni , Roderick Kathleen , Coomes Stephanie M. , Pelly Victoria S. , Kannan Yashaswini , Perez-Lloret Jimena , Zhao Jimmy L. , Baltimore David , Langhorne Jean , Wilson Mark S. 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceThe rising prevalence of allergic diseases throughout the world demands new approaches to treat this inflammatory disorder. CD4+Th2 cells orchestrate the allergic cascade, stimulating IgE production, activating innate cells, and stimulating local tissue. This study took a comprehensive approach to identify the unique transcriptional features of pathogenic Th2 cells with the aim of identifying novel molecular regulators. Highly purified Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, and Treg cells isolated from mice with allergy, infection, and autoimmunity identified unique mRNA and microRNAs (miRNAs) expressed in Th2 cells. Functional and mechanistic studies using miRNA-deficient mice, luciferase assays, miRNA inhibitors, and siRNA in combination with state-of-the-art adoptive transfer systems, identified a critical role for miR-155–regulatedS1pr1in the pathogenesis of Th2-mediated allergy.
Charge transport and rectification in molecular junctions formed with carbon-based electrodes
Authors: Kim Taekyeong , Liu Zhen-Fei , Lee Chulho , Neaton Jeffrey B. , Venkataraman Latha 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Single-molecule circuits represent an ultimate limit of device size and control, where function relates to intrinsic molecular properties. Here, we introduce a new paradigm for such circuits. Instead of using precious metals that have smooth densities of states around the Fermi energy, we introduce a hybrid device structure with the molecule trapped across a gold/graphite gap. These junctions rectify and have among the highest rectification ratios reported for a molecular junction. Using quantitative and predictive calculations, we explain our results as directly emanating from a nonuniform voltage drop and a nonconstant graphite density of states near the Fermi level. This work introduces the electrode as a tunable variable for realizing nonlinear device phenomena in hybrid junctions formed with layered two-dimensional materials.
Absence of lipofuscin in motor neurons of SOD1-linked ALS mice
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Urmi , Nagy Maria , Fenton Wayne A. , Horwich Arthur L. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
This is the first report, to our knowledge, of the absence of lipofuscin, “aging pigment,” in a setting of motor neuron neurodegenerative disease, mutant SOD1-linked ALS. Although the initial hypothesis was that this must be due to a block in the autophagy/lysosome pathway, instead studies of autophagy markers and of ALS mice treated with chloroquine suggest the opposite, that there is hyperactivity of the autophagy/lysosome pathway, at least in part mediated through MTORC1.
Impaired excitability of somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing cortical interneurons in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome
Authors: Tai Chao , Abe Yasuyuki , Westenbroek Ruth E. , Scheuer Todd , Catterall William A. 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceDravet syndrome (DS) is an intractable childhood epilepsy syndrome accompanied by mental disability, behaviors similar to autism, and premature death. DS is caused by dominant loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the NaV1.1 sodium channel,SCN1A, which initiates electrical signals in the nerve cells of the brain. The physiological basis for this disease is largely unknown. Here we describe the functional effects of DS mutations on inhibitory neurons in the cerebral cortex in mice. Our results show that two major types of inhibitory neurons are impaired in generation of electrical signals by a DS mutation, whereas excitatory neurons are unaffected. The resulting imbalance of excitatory over inhibitory electrical signaling would contribute in an important way to the symptoms of DS.
Decreased dopamine brain reactivity in marijuana abusers is associated with negative emotionality and addiction severity
Authors: Volkow Nora D. , Wang Gene-Jack , Telang Frank , Fowler Joanna S. , Alexoff David , Logan Jean , Jayne Millard , Wong Christopher , Tomasi Dardo 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Marijuana abusers show lower positive and higher negative emotionality scores than controls, which is consistent, on one hand, with lower reward sensitivity and motivation and, on the other hand, with increased stress reactivity and irritability. To investigate this aspect of marijuana’s impact on the human brain, we compared the brain’s reactivity in marijuana abusers vs. controls when challenged with methylphenidate (MP). We found that marijuana abusers display attenuated dopamine (DA) responses to MP, including reduced decreases in striatal distribution volumes. These deficits cannot be unambiguously ascribed to reduced DA release (because decreases in nondisplaceable binding potential were not blunted) but could reflect a downstream postsynaptic effect that in the ventral striatum (brain reward region) might contribute to marijuana’s negative emotionality and addictive behaviors.
Individual and Cooperative Management of Invasive Species in Human‐mediated Landscapes
Authors: Epanchin-Niell Rebecca S. , Wilen James E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAs a bioinvasion spreads across a landscape from its point of introduction, damages rise roughly with the square of the distance from the original invasion. It is thus generally beneficial, at the landscape scale, to apply eradication or containment controls early if not immediately upon discovery. However, an individual property owner only has incentives to consider the costs and benefits of control on his/her own property rather than potential landscape‐scale damages. Bioinvasions will therefore generally be under‐controlled in a landscape of independent owners operating under a laissez‐faire system. A mechanism is thus needed to induce early cooperative contributions to control costs from beneficiaries who would, without them, be invaded later. We develop a spatially‐explicit, integrated model of invasion spread and human behavior to examine how different degrees of spatial cooperation affect patterns of invasion spread and the total costs and damages imposed. We compare individual laissez‐faire, cooperative control by adjacent neighbors, and cooperative control by groups including more distant but nearby neighbors. As expected, private laissez‐faire control decisions tend to under‐control the invasion relative to socially optimal control under most circumstances. But a reasonably high fraction of first best payoffs can be achieved with only a modest geographical reach of cooperation. We also find that less extensive cooperation is needed to control invasions whose costs and damages otherwise lead to the largest externalities (circumstances with costs that are relatively low compared with damages). This suggests that even small amounts of cooperation to control bioinvasions can provide large social benefits.