bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between the maternal and the professional: the impact of being a child welfare officer on motherhood
Authors: Menashe Ayelet , Possick Chaya , Buchbinder Eli 
Published: November 2012

AbstractChild welfare officers experience stress from exposure to child neglect and abuse and the burden of responsibility for children's well‐being. This qualitative study addresses the question: How do social workers who are child welfare officers perceive and cope with the influence of their professional occupation on their relationships with their own children? The research is based on in‐depth interviews with a purposive sample of 10 child welfare workers who are mothers (of 2–4 children aged 2–23 years). The data analysis illustrates how the professional identity and the maternal identity of the child welfare officer fluctuate between two positions. The first is ‘anxious motherhood’ in which anxiety is the prism through which the welfare officer views the world as dangerous for her children, stimulating protective, control‐enhancing actions. The second position is reflective motherhood in which the welfare worker struggles with her own stresses and conflicts as a mother and searches for an experience of meaningful, positive motherhood. The findings reinforce the need to raise the consciousness of child welfare officers regarding the impact of encountering distress and trauma on their own well‐being as parents. In this way, they can prevent secondary traumatization and enhance professional and maternal growth.
The impact of kin support on urbanAmericanIndian families
Authors: Limb Gordon E. , Shafer Kevin , Sandoval Katrina 
Published: November 2012

AbstractScholars believe that family ties extending out to previous generations, called kin support, may have allowedAmericanIndians to withstand traumatic events. Although a series of traumatic and historical events disrupted the social structures of family life, kin support was found to be a major factor in the survival ofAmericanIndians. This study utilized theFragileFamilies andChildWellbeingStudy to compareAmericanIndians and whites (n= 1227) in factors that impact kin support. While urbanAmericanIndian mothers were similar to whites in a number of elements,AmericanIndian mothers that were not married, fell below the poverty threshold, were younger in age and co‐resided with kin were more likely than their white counterparts to receive kin support. Implications for urbanAmericanIndian mothers suggest that maintaining their role as kin keeper may serve as an intrinsic reward and motivation for caring for kin. The role of a kin keeper may also promote the unique contribution in their families and the preservation of their culture. Given the minimal research in this area, results of this study can be used to guide future research and the development of intervention strategies for practitioners working withAmericanIndian families.
The (ab)sense of a concept of social support in parenting research: a social work perspective
Authors: Geens Naomi , Vandenbroeck Michel 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSocial support, as a complex, dynamic and multidimensional concept, has been studied extensively. However, a review of research publications on social support and parenting reveals that social work perspectives on social support are underdeveloped in the Social Sciences Citation Index. Social support is predominantly studied in relation to parental health, considering social support as a buffer against potential negative outcomes for children. This, in turn, legitimates extensive research on parents ‘at risk’. Specific target groups have been questioned abundantly using social support measures, mainly consisting of self‐reports. We conclude that social support is studied as a predefined concept, lacking conceptualizations that encompass the actual enacted support in relation to the perspectives of both givers and receivers of support. Moreover, the focus on targeted groups ignores the experience of social support in more diverse populations in general services and in everyday life. Issues of reciprocity, diversity and multivocality are central to our appeal for social work perspectives truly encompassing the relational aspect of social support. The question whether, and to what extent, social workers (including practitioners, policy‐makers and researchers) should give attention to this relational aspect is discussed.
Long‐term safety of linagliptin monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Araki E. , Kawamori R. , Inagaki N. , Watada H. , Hayashi N. , Horie Y. , Sarashina A. , Thiemann S. , von Eynatten M. , Dugi K. , Woerle H.‐J. 
Published: November 2012

AimsIn a phase III study conducted among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), linagliptin 5 and 10 mg showed clinically meaningful improvements in glycaemic parameters after 12 and 26 weeks compared with placebo and voglibose, respectively. This extension study assessed long‐term tolerability of linagliptin over 52 weeks.MethodsJapanese patients with T2DM who completed either phase of a 12‐week/26‐week study comparing linagliptin monotherapy with placebo or voglibose were eligible to enrol. In the extension study, the comparator groups switched to linagliptin 5 or 10 mg, while the linagliptin groups maintained dosage.ResultsIn all, 540 patients received at least one dose of linagliptin 5 or 10 mg and 494 completed the extension. Long‐term treatment with linagliptin was well tolerated; adverse events (AEs) of special interest and serious AEs occurred in small percentages of patients. Drug‐related AEs occurred in 10.2 and 10.6% of patients in the linagliptin 5‐ and 10‐mg groups, respectively, and discontinuations due to drug‐related AEs occurred in 1.1 and 0.7%, respectively. Only one (0.4%) patient in each dose group experienced investigator‐defined hypoglycaemia during the treatment period (both events were non‐severe). Body weight was not clinically altered in either group. The glycated haemoglobin A1c profiles over time were similar with linagliptin 5 and 10 mg.ConclusionsThese findings provide evidence for the safety and tolerability of oral linagliptin at either 5 or 10 mg for up to 52 weeks for the treatment of Japanese patients with T2DM, without clinically relevant increase in the risk of hypoglycaemia or weight gain.
No evidence of drug‐induced pancreatitis in rats treated with exenatide for 13 weeks
Authors: Tatarkiewicz K. , Belanger P. , Gu G. , Parkes D. , Roy D. 
Published: November 2012

AimsThe potential association of glucagon‐like peptide receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) with the development of pancreatitis or pancreatic malignancies in patients with diabetes has been suggested. This study evaluated the long‐term effects of the GLP‐1RA exenatide on pancreatic exocrine structure and function in the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat model of type 2 diabetes.MethodsRats received subcutaneous twice‐daily injections of 0 (control), 6, 40 and 250 µg/kg/day exenatide for 3 months. Clinical signs, body and pancreas weight, food consumption, HbA1c, fasting serum amylase, lipase, glucose and insulin concentrations were evaluated during treatment and after a 28‐day off‐drug period to assess the reversibility of any observed effects. Morphometric analysis of pancreatic ductal cell proliferation and apoptosis were performed.ResultsPlasma exenatide concentrations were several‐fold higher than therapeutic levels observed in humans. No exenatide‐related effects were observed on clinical signs, lipase concentration, pancreatic weight, pancreatic histology, ductal cell proliferation or apoptosis. Exenatide improved animal survival, physical condition, glucose concentrations and HbA1c, decreased food intake, and increased serum insulin concentration. Total amylase concentrations, although within normal ranges, were slightly higher in exenatide‐treated rats; following the off‐drug period, total amylase concentrations were comparable in treated and untreated rats. Exenatide‐related minimal‐to‐moderate islet hypertrophy was observed at doses ≥6 µg/kg/day, with dose‐related increases in incidence and degree. These changes were still present after the off‐drug period.ConclusionsChronic administration of exenatide in ZDF rats resulted in the expected metabolic benefits and improved animal survival, with no adverse effects noted on pancreatic exocrine structure and function.
The prognostic role of the adiponectin levels in atrial fibrillation
Authors: Hernández‐Romero Diana , Jover Eva , Marín Francisco , Vilchez Juan A. , Manzano‐Fernandez Sergio , Romera Marta , Vicente Vicente , Valdés Mariano , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Roldán Vanessa 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundPatients with atrial fibrillation (AF) have a high morbidity and mortality from vascular events, even despite oral anticoagulation (OAC). Rather than being a risk factor, AF has been proposed as a risk marker, being a signal of advanced atherosclerosis. Circulating adiponectin levels, a cytokine with anti‐inflammatory and cardioprotector roles, are related to different atherosclerotic risk factors. The aim is to evaluate whether plasma adiponectin can be predictive of cardiovascular risk in anticoagulated patients with AF.Materials and methodsWe included 918 stable anticoagulated out patients with nonvalvular AF [50·1% male; median age 76 (70–80) years; median score for the stroke risk stratification scheme CHA2DS2‐VASc was 4 (3–5)]. Plasma adiponectin was determined by ELISA. Clinical follow‐up and cardiovascular adverse events were recorded.ResultsAfter a median follow‐up of 956 (784–1085) days, 113 cardiovascular events were recorded (annual rate 4·70%/year) and 99 patients died (rate 4·12%/year). Low plasma adiponectin (< 4444 ng/mL) was significantly associated with major cardiovascular events in female patients [HR 2·96 (95%CI 1·78–4·92)]; P < 0·001, even after adjusting for clinical confounder factors. Adiponectin was neither predictive of stroke/thromboembolism nor all‐cause mortality in females, nor for any end‐point in males.ConclusionsAdiponectin is suggested as an independent prognostic biomarker for cardiovascular events in anticoagulated female patients with AF. Our data reinforce the importance of AF as a risk marker of atherosclerotic vascular damage.
Effect of autologous platelet‐rich plasma on bone regeneration in mandibular fractures
Authors: Daif Emad T. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the effect of autologous platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) on bone regeneration in mandibular fractures via a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).Patients and methodsTwenty‐four patients having parasymphyseal fractures participated in this study. They were randomly divided into two equal groups. Group A was treated by two titanium miniplates and screws plus local application of activated PRP along the fracture line, whereas group B was treated by the same bone plates and screws without application of PRP. The patients were recalled at 1 week, 3 and 6 months after surgery for clinical assessment and measuring the bone density via CBCT at a region of interest (ROI) including the fracture line.ResultsThe mean values of the bone density measurements, in both groups, were higher at 3 and 6 months than 1 week after surgery. At 1 week after surgery, the values were 542 ± 93 HU and 515 ± 81 HU in group A and B, respectively. In group A, the mean value of bone density measurements was 728 ± 58 HU (range 620–796 HU) at 3 months after surgery and it was 1024 ± 188 HU (range 825–1490 HU) 6 months later. While in group B, the mean values of the bone density measurements at the ROI were 600 ± 78 HU (range 520–790 HU) and 756 ± 53 HU (range 710–890 HU) at 3 and 6 months after surgery, respectively. The increase in the bone density measurements at 3 and 6 months after surgery was statistically significant only in group A (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0001, respectively).ConclusionsIt can be concluded that direct application of the PRP along the fracture lines may enhance the bone regeneration in mandibular fractures.
Longevity of posterior dental restorations and reasons for failure
Authors: Kopperud Simen E. , Tveit Anne Bjørg , Gaarden Torunn , Sandvik Leiv , Espelid Ivar 
Published: November 2012

Tooth‐coloured restorative materials are being used increasingly more often in Class II preparations in permanent teeth. Using a practice‐based study design, we aimed to assess the survival time of Class II restorations and to identify factors relevant to their longevity. Class II restorations (n = 4,030), consisting of resin composites (81.5%), compomers (12.7%), amalgams (4.6%), and glass‐ionomer cement restorations (1.2%), were placed in 1,873 patients with a median age of 15 yr. In total, 92.7% of restorations were placed due to primary caries and 5.8% were replacements. After an average follow‐up period of 4.6 yr, 61.6% of the restorations were successful, 11.2% had failed, and 27.2% were not available for evaluation (owing to patient drop‐out). The mean annual failure rate was 2.9% for resin‐composite restorations and 1.6% for amalgams. For resin‐composite restorations, secondary caries was the most common reason for replacement (73.9%), followed by loss (8.0%), fracture (5.3%), and marginal defects (2.4%). Multilevel Cox‐regression analyses identified young age of the patient, high previous caries experience, deep cavities, and saucer‐shaped preparation technique as predisposing to shorter longevity of resin‐composite restorations. One brand of resin composite had a shorter survival time than the others.
Long‐term exercising video‐endoscopic examination of the upper airway following laryngoplasty surgery: A prospective cross‐sectional study of 41 horses
Authors: Barnett T. P. , O'Leary J. M. , Parkin T. D. H. , Dixon P. M. , Barakzai S. Z. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyTo investigate upper respiratory tract function in horses, previously undergoing laryngoplasty (LP), using exercising video‐endoscopy.ObjectivesTo evaluate arytenoid abduction and stability, diagnose any concurrent upper airway problems, and correlate these with the owners' perception of success.MethodsHorses undergoing LP during a 6‐year period at one hospital were initially included. Those available for re‐examination were exercised for a duration and intensity considered maximal for their discipline using an over‐ground endoscope. Resting and exercising laryngeal and pharyngeal videos were analysed blindly. Multivariable analysis was used to test associations between resting and exercising endoscopic variables, and also between endoscopic variables and owner questionnaire findings.ResultsForty‐one horses were included and 78% had a form of upper airway collapse at exercise, with 41% having complex forms, despite 93% of owners reporting the surgery to have been beneficial. Horses with poor abduction (grades 4or5/5) were 6 times more likely to make respiratory noise compared with those with good (grades 2or3/5) abduction (P= 0.020; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–27.0), and those not having a ventriculectomy were 4.9 times more likely to produce respiratory noise post operatively (P= 0.048; 95% CI 1.0–23.9). Palatal dysfunction was observed in 24% of horses at rest, and 56% at exercise, with the diagnosis at rest and exercise significantly associated (P= 0.001). Increasing severity of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (prevalence 61%) was significantly associated with increasing arytenoid abduction (P= 0.01). Thirty‐four per cent of horses had aryepiglottic fold collapse and 22% of horses had vocal fold collapse.ConclusionsMany horses that had previously had LP were diagnosed with upper airway abnormalities, despite the procedure being considered as beneficial by most owners.Potential relevanceWhen investigating cases of ongoing respiratory noise or poor performance following LP, exercising endoscopy must be considered. Continued respiratory noise may be associated with poor arytenoid abduction and not performing concurrent ventriculectomy.
Xylanase XYN IV from Trichoderma reesei showing exo‐ and endo‐xylanase activity
Authors: Tenkanen Maija , Vršanská Mária , Siika‐aho Matti , Wong Dominic W. , Puchart Vladimír , Penttilä Merja , Saloheimo Markku , Biely Peter 
Published: November 2012

A minor xylanase, named XYN IV, was purified from the cellulolytic system of the fungus Trichoderma reesei Rut C30. The enzyme was discovered on the basis of its ability to attack aldotetraohexenuronic acid (HexA‐2Xyl‐4Xyl‐4Xyl, HexA3Xyl3), releasing the reducing‐end xylose residue. XYN IV exhibited catalytic properties incompatible with previously described endo‐β‐1,4‐xylanases of this fungus, XYN I, XYN II and XYN III, and the xylan‐hydrolyzing endo‐β‐1,4‐glucanase EG I. XYN IV was able to degrade several different β‐1,4‐xylans, but was inactive on β‐1,4‐mannans and β‐1,4‐glucans. It showed both exo‐and endo‐xylanase activity. Rhodymenan, a linear soluble β‐1,3‐β‐1,4‐xylan, was as the best substrate. Linear xylooligosaccharides were attacked exclusively at the first glycosidic linkage from the reducing end. The gene xyn4, encoding XYN IV, was also isolated. It showed clear homology with xylanases classified in glycoside hydrolase family 30, which also includes glucanases and mannanases. The xyn4 gene was expressed slightly when grown on xylose and xylitol, clearly on arabinose, arabitol, sophorose, xylobiose, xylan and cellulose, but not on glucose or sorbitol, resembling induction of other xylanolytic enzymes from T. reesei. A recombinant enzyme prepared in a Pichia pastoris expression system exhibited identical catalytic properties to the enzyme isolated from the T. reesei culture medium. The physiological role of this unique enzyme remains unknown, but it may involve liberation of xylose from the reducing end of branched oligosaccharides that are resistant toward β‐xylosidase and other types of endoxylanases. In terms of its catalytic properties, XYN IV differs from bacterial GH family 30 glucuronoxylanases that recognize 4‐O‐methyl‐d‐glucuronic acid (MeGlcA) substituents as substrate specificity determinants.
National forest cover change in Congo Basin: deforestation, reforestation, degradation and regeneration for the years 1990, 2000 and 2005
Authors: Ernst Céline , Mayaux Philippe , Verhegghen Astrid , Bodart Catherine , Christophe Musampa , Defourny Pierre 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis research refers to an object‐based automatic method combined with a national expert validation to produce regional and national forest cover change statistics over Congo Basin. A total of 547 sampling sites systematically distributed over the whole humid forest domain are required to cover the six Central African countries containing tropical moist forest. High resolution imagery is used to accurately estimate not only deforestation and reforestation but also degradation and regeneration. The overall method consists of four steps: (i) image automatic preprocessing and preinterpretation, (ii) interpretation by national expert, (iii) statistic computation and (iv) accuracy assessment. The annual rate of net deforestation in Congo Basin is estimated to 0.09% between 1990 and 2000 and of net degradation to 0.05%. Between 2000 and 2005, this unique exercise estimates annual net deforestation to 0.17% and annual net degradation to 0.09%. An accuracy assessment reveals that 92.7% of tree cover (TC) classes agree with independent expert interpretation. In the discussion, we underline the direct causes and the drivers of deforestation. Population density, small‐scale agriculture, fuelwood collection and forest's accessibility are closely linked to deforestation, whereas timber extraction has no major impact on the reduction in the canopy cover. The analysis also shows the efficiency of protected areas to reduce deforestation. These results are expected to contribute to the discussion on the reduction in CO2 emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) and serve as reference for the period.
Effects of plant diversity, N fertilization, and elevated carbon dioxide on grassland soil N cycling in a long‐term experiment
Authors: Mueller Kevin E. , Hobbie Sarah E. , Tilman David , Reich Peter B. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe effects of global environmental changes on soil nitrogen (N) pools and fluxes have consequences for ecosystem functions such as plant productivity and N retention. In a 13‐year grassland experiment, we evaluated how elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), N fertilization, and plant species richness alter soil N cycling. We focused on soil inorganic N pools, including ammonium and nitrate, and two N fluxes, net N mineralization and net nitrification. In contrast with existing hypotheses, such as progressive N limitation, and with observations from other, often shorter, studies, elevated CO2 had relatively static and small, or insignificant, effects on soil inorganic N pools and fluxes. Nitrogen fertilization had inconsistent effects on soil N transformations, but increased soil nitrate and ammonium concentrations. Plant species richness had increasingly positive effects on soil N transformations over time, likely because in diverse subplots the concentrations of N in roots increased over time. Species richness also had increasingly positive effects on concentrations of ammonium in soil, perhaps because more carbon accumulated in soils of diverse subplots, providing exchange sites for ammonium. By contrast, subplots planted with 16 species had lower soil nitrate concentrations than less diverse subplots, especially when fertilized, probably due to greater N uptake capacity of subplots with 16 species. Monocultures of different plant functional types had distinct effects on N transformations and nitrate concentrations, such that not all monocultures differed from diverse subplots in the same manner. The first few years of data would not have adequately forecast the effects of N fertilization and diversity on soil N cycling in later years; therefore, the dearth of long‐term manipulations of plant species richness and N inputs is a hindrance to forecasting the state of the soil N cycle and ecosystem functions in extant plant communities.
Progression of haemophilic arthropathy in children: a Lithuanian – Danish comparative study
Authors: Saulyte Trakymiene S. , Clausen N. , Poulsen L. H. , Ingerslev J. , Rageliene L. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryRecurrent bleeding into joints initiates a sequence of events leading to a progressive joint damage in people with severe haemophilia. This is a continuous process during childhood and adolescence, therefore joint abnormalities may be minimal on physical examination in very young children – even those receiving on‐demand treatment. The aim of our study was to quantify the burden of arthropathy in Lithuanian patients who had been treated exclusively by on‐demand substitution and compare their physical joint health with age‐matched Danish patients who received prophylaxis from an early age. Boys, aged 4–17 years, with severe haemophilia and no signs of inhibitors were included in the study. Joint outcome based on the Haemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS) was analysed in two different treatment groups and compared within the matched pairs. In total, 32 (16 in each treatment group) patients were enroled. A total of 192 joints were evaluated. Joint status according to treatment strategy was strikingly different: 27.4 for on‐demand vs. 3.3 for prophylaxis (<0.001) group. Significance of the difference in joint status comparing different treatment strategies was equally strong both in younger (4–9 years) and older (10–17 years) patient groups: 2.2 vs. 12.5 (P = 0.0002) and 3.9 vs. 36.3 (P < 0.0001) respectively. The results further demonstrate the unequivocal effect of prophylaxis on joint status and give an insight into early and late manifestations of joint impairment based on the HJHS in haemophilia patients with treatment on‐demand compared with joint changes that may develop over the time with the preventative treatment.