bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pause on Avian H5N1 Influenza Virus Transmission Research Should Be Ended
Authors: Fouchier Ron A. M. , García-Sastre Adolfo , Kawaoka Yoshihiro 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT
A voluntary 60-day pause on avian H5N1 influenza virus transmission research was announced in January 2012 by the international community of influenza scientists engaged in this work to provide time to explain the benefits of such work and the risk mitigation measures in place. Subsequently, the pause was extended to allow for time for review of the biosafety and biosecurity conditions. After almost 8 months, these conditions have been met in some countries and are close to being met in others. Because H5N1 virus transmission studies are essential for pandemic preparedness, researchers who have approval from their governments and institutions to conduct this research safely under appropriate biosecurity conditions should resume this important work.
Research on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus: The Way Forward
Authors: Fauci Anthony S. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT
The voluntary moratorium on gain-of-function research related to the transmissibility of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus should continue, pending the resolution of critical policy questions concerning the rationale for performing such experiments and how best to report their results. The potential benefits and risks of these experiments must be discussed and understood by multiple stakeholders, including the general public, and all decisions regarding such research must be made in a transparent manner.
Mortality in schizophrenia and related psychoses: data from two cohorts, 1875–1924 and 1994–2010
Authors: Healy David , Le Noury Joanna , Harris Margaret , Butt Mohammed , Linden Stefanie , Whitaker Chris , Zou Lu , Roberts Anthony P 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveTo investigate death rates in schizophrenia and related psychoses.DesignData from two epidemiologically complete cohorts of patients presenting for the first time to mental health services in North Wales for whom there are at least 1, and up to 10-year follow-up data have been used to calculate survival rates and standardised death rates for schizophrenia and related psychoses.SettingThe North Wales Asylum Denbigh (archived patient case notes) and the North West Wales District General Hospital psychiatric unit.PopulationCohort 1: The North Wales Asylum Denbigh (archived patient case notes). Of 3168 patients admitted to the North Wales Asylum Denbigh 1875–1924, 1074 had a schizophrenic or related psychosis. Cohort 2: Patients admitted between 1994 and 2010 to the North West Wales District General Hospital psychiatric unit, of whom 355 had first admissions for schizophrenia or related psychoses.ResultsWe found a 10-year survival probability of 75% in the historical cohort and a 90% survival probability in the contemporary cohort with a fourfold increase in standardised death rates in schizophrenia and related psychoses in both historical and contemporary periods. Suicide is the commonest cause of death in schizophrenia in the contemporary period (SMR 35), while tuberculosis was the commonest cause historically (SMR 9). In the contemporary data, deaths from cardiovascular causes arise in the elderly and deaths from suicide in the young.ConclusionsContemporary death rates in schizophrenia and related psychoses are high but there are particular hazards and windows of risk that enable interventions. The data point to possible interventions in the incident year of treatment that could give patients with schizophrenia a normal life expectancy.
Intra-aneurysmal hemodynamic alterations by a self-expandable intracranial stent and flow diversion stent: high intra-aneurysmal pressure remains regardless of flow velocity reduction
Authors: Shobayashi Yasuhiro , Tateshima Satoshi , Kakizaki Ryuichi , Sudo Ryo , Tanishita Kazuo , Viñuela Fernando 
Published: October 2012

ObjectLittle is known about how much protection a flow diversion stent provides to a non-thrombosed aneurysm without the adjunctive use of coils.MethodsA three-dimensional anatomically realistic computation aneurysm model was created from the digital subtraction angiogram of a large internal carotid artery-ophthalmic artery aneurysm which could have been treated with either a neck bridging stent or a flow diversion stent. Three-dimensional computational models of the Neuroform EZ neck bridging stent and Pipeline embolization device were created based on measurements with a stereo-microscope. Each stent was placed in the computational aneurysm model and intra-aneurysmal flow structures were compared before and after placement of the stents. Computational fluid dynamics were performed by numerically solving the continuity and Navier–Stokes momentum equations for a steady blood flow based on the finite volume method. Blood was assumed as an incompressible Newtonian fluid. Vessel walls were assumed to be rigid, and no-slip boundary conditions were applied at the lumens. To estimate the change in the intra-aneurysmal pressures we assumed that, at the inlets, the intra-arterial pressure at peak systole was 120 mm Hg both before and after stent placementResultsWithout any stent, the blood flow entered into the aneurysm dome from the mid to proximal neck area and ascended along the distal wall of the aneurysm. The flow then changed its direction anteriorly and moved along the proximal wall of the aneurysm dome. In addition to the primary intra-aneurysmal circulation pattern, a counterclockwise vortex was observed in the aneurysm dome. The placement of a Neuroform EZ stent induced a mean reduction in flow velocity of 14% and a small change in the overall intra-aneurysmal flow pattern. The placement of a Pipeline device induced a mean reduction in flow velocity of 74% and a significant change in flow pattern. Despite the flow velocity changes, Neuroform EZ and Pipeline devices induced reductions in intra-aneurysmal pressure of only 4 mm Hg and 8 mm Hg, respectively.ConclusionsThe flow diversion effects of both stents were limited to flow velocity reduction. In a non-thrombosed aneurysm or an aneurysm with delayed thrombosis, the intra-aneurysmal pressure remains essentially unchanged regardless of the level of the intra-aneurysmal flow velocity reduction induced by the stents.
Polyploidization of Murine Mesenchymal Cells Is Associated with Suppression of the Long Noncoding RNA H19 and Reduced Tumorigenicity
Authors: Shoshani Ofer , Massalha Hassan , Shani Nir , Kagan Sivan , Ravid Orly , Madar Shalom , Trakhtenbrot Luba , Leshkowitz Dena , Rechavi Gideon , Zipori Dov 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are used extensively in clinical trials; however, the possibility that MSCs have a potential for malignant transformation was raised. We examined the genomic stability versus the tumor-forming capacity of multiple mouse MSCs. Murine MSCs have been shown to be less stable and more prone to malignant transformation than their human counterparts. A large series of independently isolated MSC populations exhibited low tumorigenic potential under syngeneic conditions, which increased in immunocompromised animals. Unexpectedly, higher ploidy correlated with reduced tumor-forming capacity. Furthermore, in both cultured MSCs and primary hepatocytes, polyploidization was associated with a dramatic decrease in the expression of the long noncoding RNA H19. Direct knockdown of H19 expression in diploid cells resulted in acquisition of polyploid cell traits. Moreover, artificial tetraploidization of diploid cancer cells led to a reduction of H19 levels, as well as to an attenuation of the tumorigenic potential. Polyploidy might therefore serve as a protective mechanism aimed at reducing malignant transformation through the involvement of the H19 regulatory long noncoding RNA. Cancer Res; 72(24); 6403–13. ©2012 AACR.
BMS-754807, a Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor/Insulin Receptor, Enhances Gemcitabine Response in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Awasthi Niranjan , Zhang Changhua , Ruan Winston , Schwarz Margaret A. , Schwarz Roderich E. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Gemcitabine has limited clinical benefits in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling proteins are frequently overexpressed in PDAC. The therapeutic potential of BMS-754807, a small-molecule inhibitor of IGF-type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor (IR), and gemcitabine was evaluated in experimental PDAC. Cell proliferation and protein expression were measured by WST-1 assay and immunoblotting. Tumor growth and survival studies were conducted in murine xenografts. PDAC cells expressed phospho-IGF-1R protein. BMS-754807 and gemcitabine inhibited cell proliferation of PDAC cells; the combination of BMS-754807 with gemcitabine had additive effects. Addition of BMS-754807 decreased gemcitabine IC50 from 9.7 μmol/L to 75 nmol/L for AsPC-1, from 3 μmol/L to 70 nmol/L for Panc-1, from 72 to 16 nmol/L for MIA PaCa-2, and from 28 to 16 nmol/L for BxPC-3 cells. BMS-754807 caused a decrease in phospho-IGF-1R and phospho-AKT proteins in AsPC-1 and Panc-1 cells. BMS-754807 and gemcitabine caused an increase in PARP-1 and caspase-3 cleavage. Net tumor growth inhibition in BMS-754807, gemcitabine, and BMS-754807+gemcitabine groups was 59%, 35%, and 94% as compared with controls. Effects of therapy on intratumoral proliferation and apoptosis corresponded with tumor growth inhibition data. BMS-754807 also caused a decrease in phospho-IGF-1R and phospho-AKT in tumor tissue lysates. Median animal survival (controls: 21 days) with BMS-754807 was 27 days (P = 0.03), with gemcitabine 28 days (P = 0.05), and in the BMS-754807+gemcitabine combination group, 41 days (P = 0.007). The strong antitumor activity of BMS-754807 in experimental PDAC supports the potential of BMS-754807-induced mechanisms for clinical PDAC therapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(12); 2644–53. ©2012 AACR.
Comparison of Resolute Zotarolimus-Eluting Stents and Sirolimus-Eluting Stents in Patients With De Novo Long Coronary Artery Lesions
Authors: Ahn Jung-Min , Park Duk-Woo , Kim Young-Hak , Song HaeGeun , Cho Young-Rak , Kim Won-Jang , Lee Jong-Young , Kang Soo-Jin , Lee Seung-Whan , Lee Cheol Whan , Park Seong-Wook , Yun Sung-Cheol , Han Seungbong , Lee Sung Yun , Lee Bong-Ki , Cho Jang-Hyun , Yang Tae-Hyun , Lee Nae-Hee , Yang Joo-Young , Park Jong-Seon , Shin Won-Yong , Kim Moo Hyun , Bae Jang Ho , Kim Myeong-Kon , Yoon Junghan , Park Seung-Jung 
Published: October 2012

Background—
Procedural and clinical outcomes still remain unfavorable for patients with long coronary lesions who undergo stent-based coronary interventions. Therefore, we compared the relative efficacy and safety of resolute zotarolimus-eluting stents (R-ZES) and sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) for patients with de novo long coronary lesions.

Methods and Results—

This randomized, multicenter, prospective trial, called the Percutaneous Treatment of LONG Native Coronary Lesions With Drug-Eluting Stent-IV (LONG-DES IV) trial, compared long R-ZES and SES in 500 patients with long (≥25 mm) native coronary lesions. The primary end point of the trial was in-segment late luminal loss at 9-month angiographic follow-up. The baseline characteristics were not different between R-ZES and SES groups, including lesion lengths (32.4±13.5 mm versus 31.0±13.5 mm,
P
=0.27). At 9-month angiographic follow-up, the R-ZES was noninferior to the SES with respect to in-segment late luminal loss, the primary study end point (0.14±0.38 mm versus 0.12±0.43 mm,
P
for noninferiority=0.03,
P
for superiority=0.68). In addition, in-stent late luminal loss (0.26±0.36 mm versus 0.24±0.42 mm,
P
=0.78) and the rates of in-segment (5.2% versus 7.2%,
P
=0.44) and in-stent (4.0% versus 6.0%,
P
=0.41) binary restenosis were not significantly different between the 2 groups. There were no significant between-group differences in the rate of adverse clinical events (death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, target-lesion revascularization, and composite outcomes).

Conclusions—
For patients with de novo long coronary artery disease, R-ZES implantation showed noninferior angiographic outcomes as compared with SES implantation.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01186094.
First Serial Assessment at 6 Months and 2 Years of the Second Generation of Absorb Everolimus-Eluting Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold
Authors: Ormiston John A. , Serruys Patrick W. , Onuma Yoshinobu , van Geuns Robert-Jan , de Bruyne Bernard , Dudek Dariusz , Thuesen Leif , Smits Pieter C. , Chevalier Bernard , McClean Dougal , Koolen Jacques , Windecker Stephan , Whitbourn Robert , Meredith Ian , Dorange Cecile , Veldhof Susan , Hebert Karine Miquel , Rapoza Richard , Garcia-Garcia Hector M. 
Published: October 2012

Background—
Nonserial observations have shown this bioresorbable scaffold to have no signs of area reduction at 6 months and recovery of vasomotion at 1 year. Serial observations at 6 months and 2 years have to confirm the absence of late restenosis or unfavorable imaging outcomes.

Methods and Results—

The ABSORB trial is a multicenter single-arm trial assessing the safety and performance of an everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold. Forty-five patients underwent serial invasive imaging, such as quantitative coronary angiography, intravascular ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography at 6 and 24 months of follow-up. From 6 to 24 months, late luminal loss increased from 0.16±0.18 to 0.27±0.20 mm on quantitative coronary angiography, with an increase in neointima of 0.68±0.43 mm
2
on optical coherence tomography and 0.17±0.26 mm
2
on intravascular ultrasound. Struts still recognizable on optical coherence tomography at 2 years showed 99% of neointimal coverage with optical and ultrasonic signs of bioresorption accompanied by increase in mean scaffold area compared with baseline (0.54±1.09 mm
2
on intravascular ultrasound,
P
=0.003 and 0.77±1.33 m
2
on optical coherence tomography,
P
=0.016). Two-year major adverse cardiac event rate was 6.8% without any scaffold thrombosis.

Conclusions—
This serial analysis of the second generation of the everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold confirmed, at medium term, the safety and efficacy of the new device.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00856856.
Valve-in-Valve Implantation of Medtronic CoreValve Prosthesis in Patients with Failing Bioprosthetic Aortic Valves
Authors: Linke Axel , Woitek Felix , Merx Marc W. , Schiefer Conrad , Möbius-Winkler Sven , Holzhey David , Rastan Ardawan , Ender Jörg , Walther Thomas , Kelm Malte , Mohr Friedrich W. , Schuler Gerhard 
Published: October 2012

Background—
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) using the Medtronic CoreValve (MCV) system might represent an alternative to conventional redo surgery in older high-risk patients with a failing aortic valve bioprosthesis.

Methods and Results—

Symptomatic patients with failing aortic valve bioprosthesis, aged ≥65 years with a logistic EuroSCORE ≥10 % were considered for treatment. Local anesthesia was used to retrogradely implant the MCV system into the failing bioprosthetic valve. Clinical events were recorded and a transthoracic echocardiography was performed to evaluate the impact of MCV on hemodynamics after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. A total of 27 patients (aged 74.8±8 years, logistic EuroSCORE of 31±17%) were treated. In those with AS and AS and AR (n=25), the mean gradient declined from 42±16 mm Hg before to 18±8 mm Hg after MCV implantation (
P
<0.001), in those with AR the level declined by 2. There was no intraprocedural death and no procedural myocardial infarction. On the basis of the definitions of the Valvular Academic Research Consortium, the rate of major stroke was 7.4 %, of life-threatening bleeding 7.4%, of kidney failure stage III 7.4%, and of major access site complication 11.1 %, respectively. Within 30 days after the procedure, 2 patients died; 1 from stroke and 1 from cardiac failure (30-day mortality: 7.4%).

Conclusions—
These results suggest that transfemoral MCV implantation into a wide range of degenerated aortic bioprosthetic valves—irrespective of the failure mode—is feasible, safe, and improves hemodynamics in older patients with higher risk for conventional aortic valve redo surgery.
Pharmacodynamic Effect of Switching Therapy in Patients With High On-Treatment Platelet Reactivity and Genotype Variation With High Clopidogrel Dose Versus Prasugrel
Authors: Sardella Gennaro , Calcagno Simone , Mancone Massimo , Palmirotta Raffaele , Lucisano Luigi , Canali Emanuele , Stio Rocco Edoardo , Pennacchi Mauro , Di Roma Angelo , Benedetti Giulia , Guadagni Fiorella , Biondi-Zoccai Giuseppe , Fedele Francesco 
Published: October 2012

Background—
High on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) is associated with adverse outcomes. We aim to compare the novel thienopyridine prasugrel versus double-dose clopidogrel in patients with HTPR and explore the interaction between CYP2C19 genotype and both drugs.

Methods and Results—

Consecutive stable patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were screened with the Multiplate Analyzer P2Y12 assay, defining HTPR as area under the curve >450. Those with HTPR were randomized to prasugrel (10 mg/day) or high-dose clopidogrel (150 mg/day) for 2 weeks and then crossed-over to, respectively, clopidogrel and prasugrel, repeating the P2Y12 assay at the end of each cycle. Clinical follow-up (until 3 months) and CYP2C19 genotyping was performed in all patients. The primary end point was platelet reactivity after 14 days of prasugrel versus high-dose clopidogrel. Thirty-two patients were randomized to prasugrel and then high-dose clopidogrel or to high-dose clopidogrel followed by prasugrel. Prasugrel was associated with a significantly lower platelet reactivity than high-dose clopidogrel was (325.8 versus 478.5 area under the curve,
P
=0.028). No patient treated with prasugrel exhibited HTPR, whereas 9 (28.1%) receiving high-dose clopidogrel still had prevalence of HTPR (
P
=0.001). Similar findings were obtained changing cutoffs or considering platelet reactivity as a continuous variable. Genotyping showed the same efficacy between high-dose clopidogrel and prasugrel in the 18 (56.3%) CYP2C19*2 noncarriers (HTPR in 12.5% versus 0,
P
=0.274), whereas it was significantly worse in the 14 (43.7%) carriers (HTPR in 43.7% versus 0,
P
=0.003).

Conclusions—
HTPR is successfully abolished by therapy with prasugrel irrespective of CYP2C19 genotype. Conversely, high-dose clopidogrel can address HTPR only in CYP2C19*2 noncarriers.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01465828.
Bivalirudin Versus Heparin Plus a Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitor in Patients With Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention After Clopidogrel Pretreatment
Authors: Ndrepepa Gjin , Neumann Franz-Josef , Deliargyris Efthymios N. , Mehran Roxana , Mehilli Julinda , Ferenc Miroslaw , Schulz Stefanie , Schömig Albert , Kastrati Adnan , Stone Gregg W. 
Published: October 2012

Background—
The optimal antithrombotic therapy for patients with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention is not well defined. We investigated the efficacy and safety of bivalirudin versus heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (GPI) in patients with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention after clopidogrel pretreatment.

Methods and Results—

This study included 3798 clopidogrel-pretreated patients with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, who were randomly assigned to receive bivalirudin (n=1928) or heparin (unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin; n=1870) plus a GPI in the setting of the Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy (ACUITY) and Intracoronary Stenting and Antithrombotic Regimen: Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (ISAR-REACT) 4 trials. Major end points were a composite of death, recurrent myocardial infarction or urgent target vessel revascularization (efficacy end point), major bleeding (safety end point), and the composite of death, recurrent myocardial infarction, urgent target vessel revascularization, or major bleeding (net adverse clinical events [NACE]) at 30 days. The incidence of the efficacy end point was 10.6% (n=205) in the bivalirudin group versus 10.2% (n=191) in the heparin plus a GPI group (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.85–1.27;
P
=0.69). The incidence of safety end point was 3.4% (n=66) in the bivalirudin group versus 6.3% (n=117) in the heparin plus a GPI group (OR, 0.54 [0.40–0.72];
P
<0.001). NACE occurred in 258 patients (13.4%) in the bivalirudin group versus 275 patients (14.7%) in the heparin plus a GPI group (OR, 0.90 [0.76–1.06];
P
=0.21).

Conclusions—
NACE rates were not significantly different between bivalirudin and heparin plus a GPI in patients with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention after clopidogrel pretreatment. Although no significant difference in efficacy was seen in terms of suppression of adverse ischemic events, bivalirudin was superior to heparin plus a GPI in terms of reducing bleeding events.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique Identifier: NCT00093158 and NCT00373451.
Institutional Determinants of New Firm Entry in Russia: A Cross-Regional Analysis
Authors: Bruno Randolph Luca , Bytchkova Maria , Estrin Saul 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
We investigate how the regional institutional environment—in particular, the political environment—affects Russian new firm entry across regions, industries, firm size classes, and time. We find that entry rates in Russia are explained by natural entry rates and the institutional environment. Industries that are characterized by low entry barriers in developed market economies are found to have lower entry rates in regions subject to greater political fluidity, as in the case of gubernatorial change. We also find that higher levels of political fluidity and democracy increase relative entry rates for small-sized firms but reduce them for medium-sized or large ones.
Remittances Deteriorate Governance
Authors: Ahmed Faisal Z. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
I use a natural experiment of oil-price-driven remittance flows to poor, non-oil-producing Muslim countries to demonstrate that remittances deteriorate the quality of governance, especially in countries with weak democratic institutions. The results indicate that a 1 standard deviation increase in remittances raises corruption by 1.5 index points (on a 6-point scale), which is equivalent to a [dollar]600 decrease in per capita GDP. Concomitantly, remittances may enable governments to reduce their delivery of public services (for example, health care, school enrollment). The results suggest that political institutions may mediate the potentially beneficial socioeconomic effects of remittance inflows.
Crime and Immigration: Evidence from Large Immigrant Waves
Authors: Bell Brian , Fasani Francesco , Machin Stephen 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This paper focuses on empirical connections between crime and immigration, studying two large waves of recent U.K. immigration (the late 1990s/early 2000s asylum seekers and the post-2004 inflow from EU accession countries). The first wave led to a modest but significant rise in property crime, while the second wave had a small negative impact. There was no effect on violent crime; arrest rates were not different, and changes in crime cannot be ascribed to crimes against immigrants. The findings are consistent with the notion that differences in labor market opportunities of different migrant groups shape their potential impact on crime.