bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of graduated compression stockings on the prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome - results of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Jayaraj Arjun , Meissner Mark 
Published: July 2014

Objective Post-thrombotic syndrome is a chronic complication of acute deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremity. The role of graduated compression stockings in the prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome has been studied with opinion being divided on the beneficial effects. We aim to answer this question with a randomized controlled study that uses multiple scoring instruments to assess post-thrombotic syndrome. Methods Sixty-nine consecutive patients with acute deep venous thrombosis diagnosed by duplex ultrasonography were randomized to treatment with graduated compression stockings or no graduated compression stockings. Venous Clinical Severity Score and Villalta-Prandoni Score, commonly used scoring systems, were used to appraise post-thrombotic syndrome at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months following diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. In both scoring systems, the individual either had post-thrombotic syndrome or no post-thrombotic syndrome. Cumulative incidence was computed using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Relative risk was assessed for age, obesity, varicose veins, and iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis. Results As measured by both Villalta-Prandoni Score and Venous Clinical Severity Score instruments, the graduated compression stockings group had a lower incidence of post-thrombotic syndrome compared to the control group, but only when one month was used as cut off time for the first diagnosis of post-thrombotic syndrome. When 6 or 12 months were used, there was no difference in the incidence of post-thrombotic syndrome between the two groups. The burden of post-thrombotic syndrome was significantly more when the Villalta-Prandoni Score instrument (∼75%) was used as compared to the Venous Clinical Severity Score instrument (∼30%) at 24 months’ follow-up. Obesity was the only statistically significant predictor for the development of post-thrombotic syndrome. Conclusion As assessed by both Villalta-Prandoni Score and Venous Clinical Severity Score instruments, use of graduated compression stockings does not reduce the incidence of post-thrombotic syndrome. There is a significant difference in the incidence post-thrombotic syndrome as detected by Villalta-Prandoni Score and Venous Clinical Severity Score instruments with incidence of post-thrombotic syndrome dependent on instrument and cut off time interval used to assess post-thrombotic syndrome. However, larger prospective studies are required to confirm these differences.
Protective Equipment and Player Characteristics Associated With the Incidence of Sport-Related Concussion in High School Football Players
Authors: McGuine Timothy A. , Hetzel Scott , McCrea Michael , Brooks M. Alison 
Published: July 2014

Background: The incidence of sport-related concussion (SRC) in high school football is well documented. However, limited prospective data are available regarding how player characteristics and protective equipment affect the incidence of SRC. Purpose: To determine whether the type of protective equipment (helmet and mouth guard) and player characteristics affect the incidence of SRC in high school football players. Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Certified athletic trainers (ATs) at each high school recorded the type of helmet worn (brand, model, purchase year, and recondition status) by each player as well as information regarding players’ demographics, type of mouth guard used, and history of SRC. The ATs also recorded the incidence and days lost from participation for each SRC. Incidence of SRC was compared for various helmets, type of mouth guard, history of SRC, and player demographics. Results: A total of 2081 players (grades 9-12) enrolled during the 2012 and/or 2013 football seasons (2287 player-seasons) and participated in 134,437 football (practice or competition) exposures. Of these players, 206 (9%) sustained a total of 211 SRCs (1.56/1000 exposures). There was no difference in the incidence of SRC (number of helmets, % SRC [95% CI]) for players wearing Riddell (1171, 9.1% [7.6%-11.0%]), Schutt (680, 8.7% [6.7%-11.1%]), or Xenith (436, 9.2% [6.7%-12.4%]) helmets. Helmet age and recondition status did not affect the incidence of SRC. The rate of SRC (hazard ratio [HR]) was higher in players who wore a custom mouth guard (HR = 1.69 [95% CI, 1.20-2.37], P < .001) than in players who wore a generic mouth guard. The rate of SRC was also higher (HR = 1.96 [95% CI, 1.40-2.73], P < .001) in players who had sustained an SRC within the previous 12 months (15.1% of the 259 players [95% CI, 11.0%-20.1%]) than in players without a previous SRC (8.2% of the 2028 players [95% CI, 7.1%-9.5%]). Conclusion: Incidence of SRC was similar regardless of the helmet brand (manufacturer) worn by high school football players. Players who had sustained an SRC within the previous 12 months were more likely to sustain an SRC than were players without a history of SRC. Sports medicine providers who work with high school football players need to realize that factors other than the type of protective equipment worn affect the risk of SRC in high school players.
Comparison of Dexmedetomidine Versus Propofol on Hospital Costs and Length of Stay
Authors: Patanwala Asad E. , Erstad Brian L. 
Published: July 2014

Objective: The objective of this evaluation was to compare total hospital costs and length of stay of critically ill patients who received dexmedetomidine versus propofol for sedation in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: This was a retrospective quality improvement evaluation at a tertiary care, academic medical center in the United States. Data were retrieved for patients discharged between April 2012 and June 2013. Patients were included if they were admitted to the ICU, were 18 years of age or older, and received dexmedetomidine or propofol for sedation. Multivariate regression models were developed to determine the association between sedative type and hospital costs, ICU length of stay, and hospital length of stay. Results: The final cohort included 3294 patients. Of these, 2685 received propofol and 609 received dexmedetomidine. The median hospital cost was US$31 041 (interquartile range [IQR] US$17 963-US$57 826) in the propofol group and US$46 716 (IQR US$31 247 to US$85 490) in the dexmedetomidine group ( P < .001). The median ICU length of stay was 2 days (IQR 1-6 days) and 4 days (IQR 2-9 days) in the propofol and dexmedetomidine groups, respectively ( P < .001). Overall, hospital length of stay was 8 days (IQR 4-15 days) and 9 days (IQR 5-18 days) in the 2 groups, respectively ( P < .001). In the multivariate analyses, dexmedetomidine use was associated with increased costs, ICU length of stay, and hospital length of stay ( P < .001 for each outcome). Conclusions: In this academic medical center, dexmedetomidine use was associated with higher costs when compared to propofol for sedation in the ICU. Also, use of dexmedetomidine was associated with increased lengths of ICU and hospital stay. Future prospective trials are needed to confirm these findings.
Quantification of active pharmaceutical ingredient and impurities in sildenafil citrate obtained from the Internet
Authors: Veronin Michael A. , Nutan Mohammad T. , Dodla Uday Krishna Reddy 
Published: July 2014

Background: The accessibility of prescription drugs produced outside of the United States, most notably sildenafil citrate (innovator product, Viagra®), has been made much easier by the Internet. Of greatest concern to clinicians and policymakers is product quality and patient safety. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued warnings to potential buyers that the safety of drugs purchased from the Internet cannot be guaranteed, and may present a health risk to consumers from substandard products. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether generic sildenafil citrate tablets from international markets obtained via the Internet are equivalent to the US innovator product regarding major aspects of pharmaceutical quality: potency, accuracy of labeling, and presence and level of impurities. This will help identify aspects of drug quality that may impact public health risks. Methods: A total of 15 sildenafil citrate tablets were obtained for pharmaceutical analysis: 14 generic samples from international Internet pharmacy websites and the US innovator product. According to US Pharmacopeial guidelines, tablet samples were tested using high-performance liquid chromatography for potency of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and levels of impurities (impurities A, B, C, and D). Impurity levels were compared with International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) limits. Results: Among the 15 samples, 4 samples possessed higher impurity B levels than the ICH qualification threshold, 8 samples possessed higher impurity C levels than the ICH qualification threshold, and 4 samples possessed more than 1% impurity quantity of maximum daily dose (MDD). For API, 6 of the samples failed to fall within the 5% assay limit. Conclusions: Quality assurance tests are often used to detect formulation defects of drug products during the manufacturing and/or storage process. Results suggest that manufacturing standards for sildenafil citrate generic drug products compared with the US innovator product are not equivalent with regards to potency and levels of impurities. These findings have implications for safety and effectiveness that should be addressed by clinicians to safeguard consumers who choose to purchase sildenafil citrate and foreign-manufactured drugs, in general, via the Internet.
Alpine oxidation of lithium micas in Permian S-type granites
(Gemeric unit, Western Carpathians, Slovakia)
Authors: Petrík I. , Čík Š. , Miglierini M. , Vaculovič T. , Dianiška I. , Ozdín D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLithium micas of the zinnwaldite and phengite–Li-phengite series occur as
characteristic minerals in Permian Li-F-(P) granites of the western Gemeric
unit (Western Carpathians) accompanied by topaz, tourmaline, Nb, Ta, Ti, Sn
oxides and aluminophosphates. The calculated Li2O contents of all
the mica analysed, together with Rb2O and Cs2O were
confirmed by LA-ICP-MS analyses for all the identified micas. Samples from
three localities were investigated: two surficial (Surovec, Vrchsúl’ová);
and one drill hole (Dlhá dolina). Zinnwaldite (polylithionite) occurs in the
upper level of the Dlhá dolina granitic intrusion and in the nearby shallow
satellite body of Surovec. The lower level porphyritic granites contain only
siderophyllite. The Vrchsúl’ ová micas are closer in composition to
Li-annite and siderophyllite. Dioctahedral micas are mostly phengites,
although zinnwaldite-bearing granites are rich in late-crystallizing
Li-phengite, which extensively replaces earlier zinnwaldite. The secondary
Liphengite and phengite are interpreted as products of Alpine metamorphism
during Cretaceous burial and subsequent exhumation of the Gemeric unit.
Reactions are suggested explaining the formation of Li-phengite by reaction
of zinnwaldite with phengite or with muscovite. All mica types were
investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy, which showed high degrees of
oxidation (25–50% Fe3+ of total Fe) with the exception of
zinnwaldite from Vrchsúl’ová, which may have preserved an original, reduced
value of 10%. The metamorphic assemblage present permitted calculation of
P-T-X conditions: T = 184°C,
P = 320 MPa, with oxidation of siderophyllite to
phengite + goethite and fO2 at ΔNN = 4.7, confirming the low-grade conditions of the
Alpine metamorphism in agreement with previous estimates.
Tangdanite, a new mineral species from the Yunnan Province,
China and the discreditation of ‘clinotyrolite’
Authors: Zhesheng Ma , Guowu Li , Chukanov N. V. , Poirier G. , Nicheng Shi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTangdanite, ideally
Ca2Cu9(AsO4)4(SO4)0.5(OH)9·9H2O
and monoclinic, is a new mineral species (IMA No. 2011-096) occurring in the
Tangdan and Nanniping mines, southeast Dongchuan copper mining district,
Dongchuan County, Kunming City Prefecture, Yunnan Province, P. R. China
(26°11’N 103°51’E). The mineral is found in the oxidized zone (gossan) of an
As-bearing Cu sulfide deposit and is clearly of supergene origin. Associated
minerals are chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, covellite, tennantite,
enargite, cuprite, malachite, azurite, copper and brochantite. Crystals form
radiating or foliated aggregates of flaky crystals up to 3 mm, flattened
parallel to (100) and elongated along [001]. It is emerald green with a
light green streak, translucent and has a pearly to silky lustre. It is
sectile having perfect cleavage on {100} although neither parting nor
fracture was observed. No fluorescence in long- or short-wave ultraviolet
radiation was observed. The hardness is VHN50 42.0−43.6, mean
42.8 kg mm−2 (2−2½ on the Mohs scale). The density measured by
pycnometry is 3.22 g cm−3 (Ma et al., 1980). The
calculated density from the empirical chemical formula is 3.32 g
cm−3. The compatability index gives 1 −
(Kp/Kc) = −0.041 (good). The empirical formula
(based on 36 O a.p.f.u) of tangdanite is
Ca2.05Cu9.08(As1.03O4)4(S0.63O4)0.5(OH)9·9H2.04O.
The simplified formula is
Ca2Cu9(AsO4)4(SO4)0.5(OH)9·9H2O.
The strongest five reflections in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern
[d in Å(I) (hkl)] are:
4.782(100) ( 1 1),
4.333(71) (6 0 2), 5.263(54) ( 0 2),
3.949(47) (8 0 2) and 2.976(46) ( 1 1). The
unit-cell parameters are a = 54.490(9), b
= 5.5685(9), c = 10.4690(17) Å, β = 96.294(3)o,
V = 3157.4(9) Å3, Z = 4. Its
structure was solved and refined in space group C2/c, with
R = 0.110.
Vapnikite Ca3UO6 – a new double-perovskite
mineral from pyrometamorphic larnite rocks of the Jabel Harmun, Palestinian
Autonomy, Israel
Authors: Galuskin E. V. , Galuskina I. O. , Kusz J. , Armbruster T. , Marzec K. M. , Dzierżanowski P. , Murashko M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe new mineral species vapnikite, Ca3UO6, was found
in larnite pyrometamorphic rocks of the Hatrurim Formation at Jabel Harmun
in the Judean desert, Palestinian Autonomy, Israel. Vapnikite is an analogue
of the synthetic ordered double-perovskite β-Ca3UO6
and is isostructural with the natural fluorperovskite – cryolite
Na3AlF6. Vapnikite Ca3UO6
(P21/n, Z = 2,
a = 5.739(1), b = 5.951(1),
c = 8.312(1) Å, β = 90.4(1)°, V =
283.9(1) Å3) forms yellow-brown xenomorphic grains with a strong
vitreous lustre. Small grains up to 20−30 µm in size are wedged between
larnite, brownmillerite and ye’elimite. Vapnikite has irregular fracture,
cleavage and parting were not observed. The calculated density is 5.322 g
cm−3, the microhardness is VHN25 = 534 kg
mm−2 (mean of seven measurements) corresponding to the
hardness of ∼5 on the Mohs scale. The crystal structure of vapnikite
Ca3UO6 differs from that of its synthetic analogue
β-Ca3UO6 by having a larger degree of Ca, U
disorder. Vapnikite formed at the high-temperature retrograde stage of
pyrometamorphism when larnite rocks were altered by fluids/melts of high
alkalinity.
Growth of continental crust: a balance between preservation and recycling
Authors: Condie K. C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOne of the major obstacles to our understanding of the growth of continental crust is that of estimating the balance between extraction rate of continental crust from the mantle and its recycling rate back into the mantle. As a first step it is important to learn more about how and when juvenile crust is preserved in orogens. The most abundant petrotectonic assemblage preserved in orogens (both collisional and accretionary) is the continental arc, whereas oceanic terranes (arcs, crust, mélange, Large Igneous Provinces, etc.) comprise <10%; the remainder comprises older, reworked crust. Most of the juvenile crust in orogens is found in continental arc assemblages. Our studies indicate that most juvenile crust preserved in orogens was produced during the ocean-basin closing stage and not during the collision. However, the duration of ocean-basin closing is not a major control on the fraction of juvenile crust preserved in orogens; regardless of the duration of subduction, the fraction of juvenile crust preserved reaches a maximum of ∼50%. Hafnium and Nd isotopic data indicate that reworking dominates in external orogens during supercontinent breakup, whereas during supercontinent assembly, external orogens change to retreating modes where greater amounts of juvenile crust are produced. The most remarkable feature of εNd (sedimentary rocks and granitoids) and εHf (detrital zircons) distributions through time is how well they agree with each other. The ratio of positive to negative εNd and eHf does not increase during supercontinent assembly (coincident with zircon age peaks), which suggests that supercontinent assembly is not accompanied by enhanced crustal production. Rather, the zircon age peaks probably result from enhanced preservation of juvenile crust. Valleys between zircon age peaks probably reflect recycling of continental crust into the mantle during supercontinent breakup. Hafnium isotopic data from zircons that have mantle sources, Nd isotopic data from detrital sedimentary rocks and granitoids and whole-rock Re depletion ages of mantle xenoliths collectively suggest that ≥70% of the continental crust was extracted from the mantle between 3500 and 2500 Ma.
Lead-antimony sulfosalts from Tuscany (Italy). XV.
(Tl-Ag)-bearing rouxelite from Monte Arsiccio mine: occurrence and crystal
chemistry
Authors: Biagioni C. , Moëlo Y. , Orlandi P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA third world occurrence of rouxelite, ideally
Cu2HgPb22Sb28S64(O,S)2,
has been identified from the baryte-pyrite-Fe oxides ore of Monte Arsiccio
mine, near Sant’Anna di Stazzema (Apuan Alps, Tuscany, Italy). Rouxelite
occurs as mm-sized acicular crystals, black in colour, with bluish-violet
iridescence, in vugs of carbonate + baryte + quartz veins embedded in
dolostones from the Sant’Olga tunnel. It is associated with Tl-bearing
chovanite, sphalerite and valentinite. Its X-ray powder diffraction pattern
gives unit-cell parameters a = 43.10(2), b
= 4.060(2), c = 37.88(2) Å, β = 117.33(2)°,
V = 5889(5) Å3. Electron-microprobe data
reveal a complex chemistry, with additional minor elements (wt.%): Tl
(0.6–1.7), Ag (0.4–0.6), As (0.2–0.6) and Bi (≤0.05). This indicates a
widespread substitution of Hg by Ag, according to Hg + Pb = Ag + Sb and
incorporation of Tl, with some Ag, according to 2Pb = Sb + (Tl, Ag). The
occurrence of mixed (Hg, Ag) and (Hg, Cu) sites in natural sulfides and
sulfosalts is briefly reviewed. The Tl-content of the samples studied is a
characteristic fingerprint agreeing with the Tl-rich nature of the mineral
assemblage from Monte Arsiccio. Rouxelite therefore constitutes a new
example of a Tl-bearing sulfosalt.
The sialyltransferase ST3GAL6 influences homing and survival in multiple myeloma
Authors: Glavey Siobhan V. , Manier Salomon , Natoni Alessandro , Sacco Antonio , Moschetta Michele , Reagan Michaela R. , Murillo Laura S. , Sahin Ilyas , Wu Ping , Mishima Yuji , Zhang Yu , Zhang Wenjing , Zhang Yong , Morgan Gareth , Joshi Lokesh , Roccaro Aldo M. , Ghobrial Irene M. , O’Dwyer Michael E. 
Published: July 2014

Key Points
Knockdown of the sialyl-transferase, ST3GAL6, in MM inhibits in vivo homing and prolongs survival in xenograft mice. In MM patients, high expression of ST3GAL6 is associated with inferior overall survival.
Changes in serum creatinine in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis treated with tofacitinib: results from clinical trials
Authors: Isaacs John D , Zuckerman Andrea , Krishnaswami Sriram , Nduaka Chudy , Lan Shuping , Hutmacher Matthew M , Boy Mary G , Kowalski Ken , Menon Sujatha , Riese Richard 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Small increases in mean serum creatinine (SCr) were observed in studies of rheumatoid arthritis patients during tofacitinib treatment. These SCr changes were investigated and potential mechanisms explored.

Methods
SCr values and renal adverse event data were pooled from five Phase 3 and two long-term extension (LTE) studies. Dose-response relationships and association with inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP)) were explored using Phase 2 data and confirmed with Phase 3 data.

Results
In Phase 3, least squares mean SCr differences from placebo at Month 3 were 0.02 and 0.04 mg/dl for tofacitinib 5 and 10 mg twice daily (BID) (P <0.05), respectively. During Months 0 to 3, confirmed SCr ≥33% increases over baseline were reported in 17 (1.4%; 5 mg BID) and 23 (1.9%; 10 mg BID) patients. Generally, elevations plateaued and remained within normal limits throughout Phase 3 and LTE studies. Exposure-response modeling demonstrated small, reversible effects of tofacitinib on mean SCr, and significant (P <0.05) effects of CRP on model parameters. Phase 3 data confirmed that patients with higher baseline CRP or greater CRP decreases following tofacitinib treatment had the largest increases in SCr. Across Phase 3 and LTE studies, 22 tofacitinib-treated patients had clinical acute renal failure (ARF), predominantly in the setting of concurrent serious illness.

Conclusions
Tofacitinib treatment was associated with small, reversible mean increases in SCr that plateaued early. The mechanism behind these SCr changes remains unknown, but may involve effects of tofacitinib on inflammation. ARF occurred infrequently, was associated with concurrent serious illness, and was unrelated to prior SCr increases.
Psychometric comparison of three behavioural scales for the assessment of pain in critically ill patients unable to self-report
Authors: Chanques Gerald , Pohlman Anne , Kress John P , Molinari Nicolas , de Jong Audrey , Jaber Samir , Hall Jesse B 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Pain assessment is associated with important outcomes in ICU patients but remains challenging, particularly in non-communicative patients. Use of a reliable tool is paramount to allow any implementation of sedation/analgesia protocols in a multidisciplinary team. This study compared psychometric properties (inter-rater agreement primarily; validity, responsiveness and feasibility secondarily) of three pain scales: Behavioural Pain Scale (BPS/BPS-NI, that is BPS for Non-Intubated patients), Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) and Non-verbal Pain Scale (NVPS), the pain tool routinely used in this 16-bed medical ICU.

Methods
Pain was assessed by at least one of four investigators and one of the 20 bedside nurses before, during and 10 minutes after routine care procedures in non-comatose patients (Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale ≥ -3) who were unable to self-report their pain intensity. The Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU was used to assess delirium. Non-parametric tests were used for statistical analysis. Quantitative data are presented as median (25th to 75th).

Results
A total of 258 paired assessments of pain were performed in 30 patients (43% lightly sedated, 57% with delirium, 63% mechanically ventilated). All three scales demonstrated good psychometric properties. However, BPS and CPOT exhibited the best inter-rater reliability (weighted-κ 0.81 for BPS and CPOT) and the best internal consistency (Cronbach-α 0.80 for BPS, 0.81 for CPOT), which were higher than for NVPS (weighted-κ 0.71, P <0.05; Cronbach-α 0.76, P <0.01). Responsiveness was significantly higher for BPS compared to CPOT and for CPOT compared to NVPS. For feasibility, BPS was rated as the easiest scale to remember but there was no significant difference in regards to users’ preference.

Conclusions
BPS and CPOT demonstrate similar psychometric properties in non-communicative intubated and non-intubated ICU patients.