bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems and Opportunities Integrating Scat and ICS1
Authors: de Bettencourt Michael , Tarpley John , Ward Kathleen 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Team (SCAT) process has done a tremendous amount to standardize the language of shoreline impact and cleanup needs over the past 8 years. The SCAT process has been standardized regionally, and this process now generates a tremendous amount of information in a very short period of time. However, the SCAT-generated information can be extremely complicated and dense. In the urgency of the oil spill crisis, the information is often filtered and distilled down to a point where it is so generalized that it is nearly useless. This inability to manage critical information often wastes valuable resources and time.
To better manage the information and decision making associated with shoreline cleanup, the SCAT process must be fully integrated into the Incident Command System (ICS). The information generated by the SCAT must not only be thorough, the spill management team and the supervisors in the field must easily understand it.
This paper discusses the problems and opportunities associated with integrating the SCAT process and the ICS planning process.
OSC2: A Combined ICS Forms, Database, and Trajectory Model System
Authors: Anderson Eric , Galagan Chris , Howlett Eoin , Jensen Donald S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The On-Scene Command and Control (OSC2) system has been developed for the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) under the direction of Headquarters (HQ), Research & Development (R&D) Center, and National Strike Force. The prototype system is now being used by the Atlantic Strike Team (AST) for PREP government-led area exercise use in an evaluation program. The OSC2 system manages the Incident Command System (ICS) forms, an underlying data base of spill response resources, and an oil spill model system, complete with a GIS user interface. An underlying geographic database contains vector maps of the land and water masses and raster marine charts. ICS Divisions/Groups and their Locations are mapped onto this geographic view. Resource allocations can be viewed and changes made both through the map view and the ICS forms view. The system keeps a history of all status changes. The strengths of the system are its adherence to ICS methodology, its complete underlying database structure, and its versatility in combining the map view and the data base view of the response situation and management. The system enables a complete and consistent review of all planned resource allocation for a spill or exercise.
Automated Contingency Plans
Authors: Heard Marc E. , Costanzo Don , Cassas Don , Walker Ann Hayward 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the fast paced environment of a response drill or incident, response personnel need reliable, accurate, and sensible information at their disposal. Many functional units need the ability to access this information. Additionally, these functional units need to start generating; status reports, response costs, and Incident Command System (ICS) forms. With automated contingency plans, response organizations take a significant step towards moving from a reactive emergency management mode to a project management response mode.
Through automation, organizations can take what was previously hard copy response plan data and load it in the computer. During steady state this data is easily maintainable and transferable to other similar contingency plans. The incremental cost of maintaining current plans and producing new ones is significantly reduced. With the contingency plans loaded, users can simulate “what-if” scenarios by changing resource allocations, response strategies, or command structures. However, the real benefit of automated contingency plans is their seamless integration into a response drill or actual incident.
With the click of a button, the automated contingency plan becomes active and instantly provides the starting point of the response. Based on the steady state decisions called for in the plan, operations command units are established, resource requisitions are immediately generated, and ICS reports are automatically updated. As operation resources change and the dynamic nature of the response continues, the scenario is easily updated.
At the conclusion of a drill or incident, the response information is available to analyze or use a starting point for the next drill. This database of information can also be used to target specific functional areas such as procurement or transportation.
A Rapid Assessment Program for Improving Natural Resource Damage Assessments
Authors: Reilly Timothy J. , Helton Douglas 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Assessing the impacts of oil spills requires the collection of a variety of biological, chemical and socio-economic data. However, the dynamic nature of oil spills necessitates the collection of data very soon after an incident. In 1992, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Damage Assessment Center (NOAA DAC) established a Rapid Assessment Program (RAP) to insure the collection of data necessary to characterize the nature and extent of ecological and public use injuries. The RAP maintains a team of trained and equipped government and contract personnel to initiate injury assessment activities on a 24-hour-per-day, 7-day-per-week basis. Further, the RAP sponsors research, develops assessment methodologies, and provides annual training to RAP personnel in order to continually enhance rapid assessment capabilities.
Providing Successful Scat Data Management Support During Spill Response
Authors: Lamarche Alain , Ion Jack , Owens Edward H. , Rubec Peter 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Teams (SCAT) are now used worldwide to assess oiled shorelines as part of response cleanup activities. The amount of SCAT information gathered during surveys can be very large, with the possibility of overwhelming decision makers. New tools are now available to automate the processing of SCAT information. For example, dedicated computerized SCAT data management systems have been used during the Iron Baron (Tasmania) and Kure (California) incidents. More recently, a prototype system was developed by the State of Florida to electronically support all the steps involved in the cleanup phase of an oil spill response. Given this, when should computerized SCAT data management be used and at what level? An analysis of the work performed during recent spills involving SCAT activity provided answers to these questions. Some of the main findings include the following: (1) computerized systems can decrease the time necessary to gather data and increase the accuracy of the captured data; (2) computerized systems decrease the data turnover time and speed up the decision-making cycle; (3) an all-electronic computerized system can become essential in cases where the length of oiled shoreline is very large with respect to the number of SCAT survey teams; (4) for large spills, the increased cost of an all-electronic system may outweigh the cost of not being prepared.
Sub-Area Contingency Planning Across Multiple Federal Region Boundaries: The Huntington Environmental Response Operations Plan1
Authors: Moon Sean K. , Laws Shane M. , III George H. Burns 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Faced with a complex boundary set and minimal existing plans for pollution response operations in the marine environment, the U.S. Captain of the Port Huntington, West Virginia, developed the Huntington Environmental Response Operations (HERO) Plan. Unique in that its format is completely based on the Incident Command System/Unified Command Structure, the HERO Plan offers a model format for consideration for other planners. Additionally, the plan development process is a case study in resolving the cross-boundary planning problems associated with multiple jurisdictions.
The Application of Remote-Sensing Techniques To Create a Black Sea Coastal Response Strategy for Oil Spill Response
Authors: Urban Robert W. , Hanlon William J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The application of remote satellite imaging, coupled with Geographic Information System (GIS) technology has been used to create coastal maps enhanced with environmental information. The use of such techniques for oil spill response requires the development of practical applications to assist responders with real-time decision making. In a joint effort with regional navies for Black Sea spill contingency planning, the U.S. Navy has developed methods by which a quick, accurate, and economical application of existing technology can be used to produce data rich maps for a large area of interest. This combines various existing techniques to create practical applications and usable documents for oil spill planners and responders.
Existing environmental data on a selected area of the Black Sea coastal zone was collected and this information was sorted, harmonized and transposed onto a rectified multispectral satellite image of the area in a GIS format. Multispectral analysis was performed on the image to locate environmentally distinct zones. The resulting multi-layered GIS map provides a useful representation of coastal environmental sensitivities, and in many ways surpasses conventional GIS systems. The satellite image provides an accurate and real-time map of the area while the multispectral data precisely locates common ecosystems, such as wetlands and forests. This allows for the rapid prioritization of coastal areas and the ability to pinpoint specific areas for protection.
The resulting process provides emergency responders the ability to quickly and efficiently create a data rich GIS. This system will provide reliable, timely information for protection strategies, identifying environmental and public risks, and offer a basis by which to measure spill impacts and recovery techniques, especially in areas where environmental reference data is limited.
Managing The Environmental Data of a Spill Event
Authors: Turton David J. , Boehm Paul D. , Gouveia Dean A. , Amman Michael , O'Brien Patrick , Menard Glenn 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Data is critical to decision making during any spill event. This data can include information on spill movement, weather and other environmental influences, chemical and physical characterization of the released materials, resources at risk, and sampling and analysis information. To assemble this data for on-site decision making, and for post-spill analysis, the authors have developed a Spill Response Database Application (SRDA). SRDA integrates inventory and imaging, database, and geographical information systems (GIS) capabilities. Database capabilities provide for the storage, retrieval, and manipulation of information. The Sample Information module provides a means for tracking samples and the results. The GIS capabilities provide a graphical interface for integrating data and communicating issues in a quick and efficient manner. Users can build and view a map of the evolving event along with information from the database such as sample locations, analytical results, documents, and photos. Centralizing and organizing the data provides the team with quick access to a wide range of data on environmental-related issues that facilitates better communication and decision making. In addition, at the conclusion of the event the team returns with a comprehensive record of the event in digital format that can be utilized for post-spill reporting or analysis.
The Sea Empress Oil Spill: Fisheries Closure and Removal of Restrictions
Authors: Law Robin J. , Kelly Carole A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A precautionary fishery closure area was established following the Sea Empress oil spill in 1996, and the restrictions progressively removed as contamination declined. All controls had been removed by September 1997, approximately 19 months after the initial grounding of the tanker. In this paper the authors outline the criteria by which the residual contamination was assessed, in the absence of standards or guideline values for PAH levels in U.K. legislation. The limitations of this approach in respect to contamination in this area from sources other than the Sea Empress, and the background levels of contamination by PAHs in shellfish production areas elsewhere in England and Wales, are discussed.
Response of Infaunal Bivalves to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill and Related Shoreline Treatment
Authors: Lees Dennis C. , Driskell William B. , Houghton Jonathan P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Infaunal bivalves monitored in Prince William Sound intertidal sediments between 1990 through 1996 appear to have been affected more by shoreline treatment than by exposure to oil. Lower numbers were observed at oiled but treated (Category 3) sites whereas highest numbers were observed at reference (Category 1) sites. Species richness, very similar at reference and oiled but untreated (Category 2) sites after 1990, declined slightly during the study. Abundance, also quite similar at reference and Category 2 sites, peaked in 1992 or 1993 and then gradually declined through the remaining years. In contrast, averages for Category 3 sites exhibited no apparent trends representing recovery. Differences in both variables were highly significant between reference and Category 2 sites, on one hand, and Category 3 sites, on the other hand.
Dominance patterns and behavior provide important insights into the effects of the spill, shoreline treatment, and the recovery process. Mysella tumida, Macoma spp., and Protothaca staminea dominated at reference and Category 2 sites but were far less common at Category 3 sites. These dominant species generally are relatively long-lived, slowly reproducing species that bury up to several centimeters below the surface of stable sediments. Mysella is typically commensal with larger burrowing species that are mostly absent or uncommon at Category 3 sites. In contrast, Hiatella arctica, the dominant at Category 3 sites, is an opportunist that nestles on the surface of disturbed sediments.
Uniformity: The Role of States (U.S. and Foreign) in Environmental Protection Post-Intertanko and Erika
Authors: Sahatjian Laurie Crick 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On March 2, 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously rejected certain Washington State regulations of oil tankers, clarified the federal interest in regulating interstate navigation, and remanded to lower courts certain other state regulations for a determination of their validity in light of the “considerable federal interest at stake.” On December 12, 1999, the oil tanker Erika broke up and caused over 10,000 tons of oil to wash up on France's coast. The ultimate impact of this incident, and the extent of the reaction of the European Community (EU), remains to be seen. These two events epitomize the ongoing international struggle between the benefits of uniformity and the political imperatives brought on by maritime casualties. This paper will discuss the impact of both. The Intertanko decision clarified that the United States is to speak with one voice on matters of foreign affairs and foreign policy, including international maritime affairs. The international implications of the case were of such great importance that fourteen foreign governments, including the United Kingdom, Norway, Greece, and Japan, filed an amicus brief urging the Supreme Court to overturn Washington State regulations on the grounds that the regulations at issue were incompatible with the principles of uniformity and reciprocity that have long been agreed by the United States and other maritime nations as key to adopting, implementing, and enforcing effective international standards and regulations for ships, including shipboard measures for protecting the marine environment.
This paper will first discuss the impact of the Intertanko decision on the role of individual states. It will then address the participation of foreign governments in the legal system of the United States to further international goals, including issues considered significant enough to compel fourteen governments to participate as amici in the Supreme Court's consideration of the case. It will also address the continuing threat to uniformity resulting from notorious spills, including the Erika disaster and the EU reaction thereto. Finally, the paper will suggest steps that must be taken at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and other international bodies to ensure continuing preservation of uniform international regulation of shipping.
Ecological Risk Assessment Principles Applied to Oil Spill Response Planning
Authors: Kraly Jennifer , Pond Robert G. , Walker Ann Hayward , Caplis John , Aurand Don V. , Coelho Gina M. , Martin Buzz , Sowby Michael 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper summarizes the process of a cooperative ecological risk assessment (ERA) that was used to examine the potential environmental consequences of oil spill scenarios in San Francisco Bay, California; Galveston Bay, Texas; and Puget Sound, Washington. The purpose of the ERA process is to evaluate the ecological trade-offs associated with the use of each of five potential oil spill removal options—natural recovery, on-water mechanical recovery, shoreline cleanup, dispersant use, and on-water in situ burning. The desired outcome of the evaluation is identification of the optimum mix of response options in reducing injury to each specific environment. Evaluations at each location were accomplished through a series of facilitated workshops involving technical experts and resource managers from as many stakeholder organizations as possible. At these workshops, the participants developed relative ecological risk evaluations for response options. At the conclusion of each ERA, the workshop participants felt that the cooperative ERA process had the potential to become an integral part of the area contingency planning process by facilitating the assessment of the effectiveness of response strategies contained in an Area Contingency Plan (ACP). Repeated application of the process for various scenarios should enable an area committee to optimize response strategies over time by maximizing net environmental benefit. This paper describes the process used by the participants and presents a simplified version of the ERA process amenable to shorter timeframes and consequently more scenarios.
Case Study: Spill of JP5 Fuel at Roosevelt Roads Naval Station, Puerto Rico, into a Basin Mangrove Forest
Authors: Lehmann Stephen , Lopez Felix , Csulak Frank 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Roosevelt Roads Naval Station (RRNS) lies near the municipality of Ceiba on the southeastern coast of Puerto Rico. On October 20, 1999, RRNS personnel reported a spill of JP5 fuel oil, which was officially determined to be 112,000 gallons. The oil spilled from a day-tank into a 50-acre basin mangrove forest and then into the northern Ensenada Harbor. Initial spill response activities by the U.S. Navy Construction Battalion (Seabees), including construction and placement of both underflow and culvert dams, were carried out in the face of an approaching hurncane. This damming effort resulted in both positive and negative consequences for the survival of the mangrove forest.
In addition to the cleanup activities, the federal trustees—including the U.S. Navy (USN), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)—initiated a natural resource damage assessment (NRDA). The primary objectives of the damage assessment were to identify potential natural resources at risk, determine the horizontal extent of contamination within the basin mangrove, and document exposure and/or injuries to natural resources resulting from the spill.
This paper examines the overall effectiveness of the spill response operations, discusses the difficulties in conducting cleanup activities in a basin mangrove environment, and describes coordination efforts between cleanup activities and natural resource response activities.
A Regression Model to Estimate Baseline Use of a Recreation Area Following an Oil Spill
Authors: Dunford Richard W. , Knight Tori H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recreation losses resulting from an oil spill are based on the difference between the recreation use that would have occurred in the absence of the spill (i.e., baseline use) and the recreation use that actually occurs following the spill, (i.e., with-injury use). Thus, recreation losses end when actual recreation use returns to baseline levels. Since baseline recreation use is unobserved, by definition, estimating baseline recreation use is an important, and usually controversial, aspect of assessing recreation losses.
This paper presents the authors' approach for estimating baseline recreation use of a coastal state park in Texas following a February 1995 oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. They had daily visitation estimates for the park for all of February and March in 1994 and 1995. Unfortunately, the weather during these months in 1995 was colder, wetter, and windier than the weather in 1994. Thus, the authors could not use the 1994 visitation estimates as a proxy for 1995 baseline visitation at the state park because the 1995 baseline visitation would have been lower than 1994 visitation as a result of poorer weather conditions.
Since the authors could not use 1994 visitation estimates as a proxy for 1995 baseline visitation, they developed a regression model to estimate 1995 baseline visitation as a function of variables such as weather conditions (e.g., temperature, amount of sunshine, and precipitation), day of the week, week in the period, and oil-spill cleanup days. The results of their regression model indicate that visits to the state park returned to baseline levels about a week after the cleanup was completed. Their model reveals that almost half of the reduction in 1995 visits to the state park was a result of poor weather conditions, not the oil spill. Finally, the model also suggests that some of the forgone visits immediately following the oil spill were simply postponed, rather than lost.