bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Financial sustainability of Tanzanian saving and credit cooperatives
Authors: Marwa Nyankomo , Aziakpono Meshach 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to discuss the financial sustainability of Tanzanian saving and credit cooperatives (SACCOs).Design/methodology/approach– The data set used in this study comes from SACCOs’ audited financial reports for the year 2011. The performance was estimated using return on asset (ROA) and financial sustainability was estimated using the ratio of total expenses to total revenue. Linear regression was used to investigate the determinants of financial sustainability.Findings– The results show that, about 61 per cent of the sample SACCOs is operationally sustainable and 51 per cent of the total sample is both operationally and financially sustainable. The average sustainability score was 127 per cent. On average, the results for profitability (measured by ROA) is higher than some of the results reported for standard microfinance in the region and globally. In terms of sustainability the result forecasts a promising future for financial cooperative business model as an alternative form of financing the poor.Research limitations/implications– Only SACCOs with audited financial statements were included in the study, thus the conclusion is limited to SACCOs with similar characteristics. Future work might consider extending the analysis to include SACCOs with non-audited financial statements.Practical implications– Based on the sample SACCOs can under good management can be used as a sustainable social conduit for financial access and social economic development among the poor in Tanzania.Originality/value– This study contributes in two ways. First, it contributes towards the scanty empirical literature on the performance of SACCOs in developing countries and in Tanzania in particular. Second, it provides provocative evidence which appears to contradict earlier and more pessimistic accounts and it challenges the ontology about extending member-based microfinance.
Parental migration, unpaid child labour, and human capital
Authors: Shimada Akira 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate how parental migration due to poverty affects a child’s education and human capital formation through changes in the child’s supply of unpaid labour.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper uses a small open overlapping generations model where the parent migrates for the family’s subsistence and that the child has to give up a part of education to do the housework during the parent’s absence.

Findings
– The paper finds that given the level of the human capital, reducing the child’s burden of housework and promoting parental migration to high-wage countries do not necessarily raise the amount of child’s education. The paper also finds a possible underdevelopment trap in the dynamic context.

Originality/value
– Unlike previous studies on child labour, this paper focuses on unpaid labour, whose share is actually larger than that of paid labour. Even if paid labour is available, children cannot re-allocate their time from doing the housework to the market work; so the author cannot disregard this observation. Investigation into the dynamics of human capital formation under such child labour is new.
SH-wave velocity in a fiber-reinforced anisotropic layer overlying a gravitational heterogeneous half-space
Authors: Kakar Rajneesh 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the existence of SH-waves in fiber-reinforced layer placed over a heterogeneous elastic half-space.

Design/methodology/approach
– The heterogeneity of the elastic half-space is caused by the exponential variations of density and rigidity. As a special case when both the layers are homogeneous, the derived equation is in agreement with the general equation of Love wave.

Findings
– Numerically, it is observed that the velocity of SH-waves decreases with the increase of heterogeneity and reinforced parameters. The dimensionless phase velocity of SH-waves increases with the decreases of dimensionless wave number and shown through figures.

Originality/value
– In this work, SH-wave in a fiber-reinforced anisotropic medium overlying a heterogeneous gravitational half-space has been investigated analytically and numerically. The dispersion equation for the propagation of SH-waves has been observed in terms of Whittaker function and its derivative of second degree order. It has been observed that on the removal of heterogeneity of half-space, and reinforced parameters of the layer, the derived dispersion equation reduces to Love wave dispersion equation thereby validates the solution of the problem. The equation of propagation of Love wave in fiber-reinforced medium over a heterogeneous half-space given by relevant authors is also reduced from the obtained dispersion relation under the considered geometry.
Rheological model of Love wave propagation in viscoelastic layered media under gravity
Authors: Kakar Rajneesh 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to deal with the propagation of Love waves in inhomogeneous viscoelastic layer overlying a gravitational half-space. It has been observed velocity of Love waves depends on viscosity, gravity, inhomogeneity and initial stress of the layer.

Design/methodology/approach
– The dispersion relation for the Love wave in closed form is obtained with Whitaker’s function.

Findings
– The effect of various non-dimensional inhomogeneity factors, gravity factor and internal friction on the non-dimensional Love wave velocity has been shown graphically. The authors observed that the dispersion curve of Love wave increases as the inhomogeneity factor increases. It is seen that increment in gravity, inhomogeneity and internal friction decreases the damping phase velocity of Love waves but it is more prominent in case of internal friction.

Originality/value
– Surface plot of Love wave reveals that the velocity ratio increases with the increase of non-dimensional phase velocity and non-dimensional wave number. The above results may attract seismologists and geologists.
Fatigue reliability theory-based optimal design of wire ropes on test platforms for FAST actuators
Authors: Zhu Ming , Wang QiMing , Yang Lei , Lei Zheng , Wang Yong , Wu Mingchang 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– Three test platforms for long-term continuous loading are adopted to test the actuator prototypes of the 500-meter aperture spherical radio telescope (FAST). However, the wire ropes that are the key components of these platforms often break during testing. The purpose of this paper is to present an effective dimension design method for these wire ropes. This method is based on fatigue reliability theory.

Design/methodology/approach
– Three types of stresses are introduced into the total stress model of the wire rope according to the complicated stress conditions. The fatigue strength of the ropes is also discussed in this paper. Then, the total stress model and the results of fatigue strength analysis are applied to set the optimization function for these wire ropes. Subsequently, this optimization function is used to calculate the reliability of previously developed wire ropes in relation to the actuator test platform.

Findings
– The wire rope is unreliable, which is a finding that corresponds to those of previous tests. Upon drawing the optimal curve from the optimization function (whose optimal objective is the wire diameter), a wire rope is optimized for the FAST actuator test platforms. Finally, this optimized rope is used on the new actuator test platform. No fracture phenomenon has been detected in tests conducted over the past six months.

Originality/value
– The fatigue reliability theory-based optimization function for wire ropes can be adopted for the universal dimension design of other wire ropes.
Directors’ networks and access to collective resources
Authors: Breton Gaétan , Dicko Saidatou 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to illustrate the resource dependency theory by making ties between the different resources needed by a firm and the members of the board through their allegiances to different organizations. Many researchers have explained the formation of the board through a controlling function. Alternative explanation is proposed by the resource dependency theory.Design/methodology/approach– To investigate the case of the largest company in Canada, the authors took their data in the Boardex database. Then drawing an affiliation matrix, they used the Pajek software to analyze these connections. They obtained a non-directional social network prone to illustrate the resource dependency theory.Findings– The authors found different categories of resources being placed at firm’s disposal: political, social and economic, under different forms. Because a case study approach was used, the findings will be used to complete the theory rather than confirm or contradict it. The case firm is well-connected at every level, although having a quite conservative board: only one woman, no representative of the social or environmental worlds. Through a program for designing networks, the authors show that board member’s networks are encompassing a spectrum of resources. Comparing with a previous study, it was found that the proportions of these resources remain the same in 2013 than in 2007.Research limitations/implications– This case is a very large group. Therefore, it can be expected that it will need every kind of resources. It might be interesting to replicate the study on smaller firms. The results imply that boards may not be the best structure to control the firm’s inside activities.Originality/value– Although many theoretical papers exist on this question, the board is mainly studied through the insiders/outsiders dichotomy, but there are few practical studies taking the resource dependency theory perspective.
Experimental manipulation of floral scent bouquets restructures flower–visitor interactions in the field
Authors: Larue Anne‐Amélie C. , Raguso Robert A. , Junker Robert R. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryA common structural feature of natural communities is the non‐random distribution of pairwise interactions between organisms of different trophic levels. For plant–animal interactions, it is predicted that both stochastic processes and functional plant traits that facilitate or prevent interactions are responsible for these patterns.However, unbiased manipulative field experiments that rigorously test the effects of individual traits on community structure are lacking. We address this gap by manipulating floral scent bouquets in the field.Manipulation of floral scent bouquets led to quantitative as well as qualitative restructuring of flower–visitor networks, making them more generalized. Olfactometer trials confirmed both positive and negative responses to scent bouquets.Our results clearly show that the distribution of insect visitors to the two abundant study plant species reflects the insects' species‐specific preferences for floral scents, rather than for visual or morphological floral traits.Thus, floral scents may be of major importance in partitioning flower–visitor interactions. Integrating experimental manipulations of plant traits with field observations of interaction patterns thus represents a promising approach for revealing the processes that structure species assemblages in natural communities.
Strategic Aspects of Difficult Global Challenges
Authors: Sandler Todd 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis game‐theoretic paper distills various strategic aspects of difficult‐to‐handle global challenges, such as climate change, disease eradication, financial crises, nuclear weapon proliferation, trade boycotts, species preservation, and transnational terrorism. The analysis focuses on issues that involve shoring up weakest links, coordinating actions among many countries, promoting partial cooperation, and addressing regional best‐shot problems. In each of these cases, the paper displays the strategic concern and assesses the prognosis for overcoming the roadblock. For instance, for some partial cooperation concerns, noncooperators can completely annihilate the achieved gains of the cooperators. The role of uncertainty, countries’ asymmetries, and component groups’ composition are considered. Among its many findings, the paper shows that the prognosis for weakest‐link public goods, where the smallest effort fixes the good's overall level, is not so optimistic when countries possess different financial capabilities. The need to shore up one or more poor countries often creates a situation where countries wait for others to act.
Tobacco outlet density, retailer cigarette sales without ID checks and enforcement of underage tobacco laws: associations with youths’ cigarette smoking and beliefs
Authors: Lipperman‐Kreda Sharon , Grube Joel W. , Friend Karen B. , Mair Christina 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimsTo estimate the relationships of tobacco outlet density, cigarette sales without ID checks and local enforcement of underage tobacco laws with youth's life‐time cigarette smoking, perceived availability of tobacco and perceived enforcement of underage tobacco laws and changes over time.DesignThe study involved: (a) three annual telephone surveys, (b) two annual purchase surveys in 2000 tobacco outlets and (c) interviews with key informants from local law enforcement agencies. Analyses were multi‐level models (city, individual, time).SettingA sample of 50 mid‐sized non‐contiguous cities in California, USA.ParticipantsA total of 1478 youths (aged 13–16 at wave 1, 52.2% male); 1061 participated in all waves.MeasurementsMeasures at the individual level included life‐time cigarette smoking, perceived availability and perceived enforcement. City‐level measures included tobacco outlet density, cigarette sales without ID checks and compliance checks.FindingsOutlet density was associated positively with life‐time smoking [OR = 1.12, P < 0.01]. An interaction between outlet density and wave (OR = 0.96, P < 0.05) suggested that higher density was associated more closely with life‐time smoking at the earlier waves when respondents were younger. Greater density was associated positively with perceived availability (β = 0.02, P < 0.05) and negatively with perceived enforcement (β = −0.02, P < 0.01). Sales rate without checking IDs was related to greater perceived availability (β = 0.01, P < 0.01) and less perceived enforcement (β = −0.01, P < 0.01). Enforcement of underage tobacco laws was related positively to perceived enforcement (β = 0.06, P < 0.05).ConclusionsHigher tobacco outlet density may contribute to life‐time smoking among youths. Density, sales without ID checks and enforcement levels may influence beliefs about access to cigarettes and enforcement of underage tobacco sales laws.
THE PAST IS EVIL/EVIL IS PAST: ON RETROSPECTIVE POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY, AND TEMPORAL MANICHAEISM
Authors: BEVERNAGE BERBER 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTOne of the most remarkable phenomena in current international politics is the increasing attention paid to “historical injustice.” Opinions on this phenomenon strongly differ. For some it stands for a new and noble type of politics based on raised moral standards and helping the cause of peace and democracy. Others are more critical and claim that retrospective politics comes at the cost of present‐ or future‐oriented politics and tends to be anti‐utopian.The warnings about the perils of a retrospective politics outweighing politics directed at contemporary injustices, or strivings for a more just future, should be taken seriously. Yet the alternative of a politics disregarding all historical injustice is not desirable either. We should refuse to choose between restitution for historical injustices and struggle for justice in the present or the future. Rather, we should look for types of retrospective politics that do not oppose but complement or reinforce the emancipatory and utopian elements in present‐ and future‐directed politics.I argue that retrospective politics can indeed have negative effects. Most notably it can lead to a “temporal Manichaeism” that not only posits that the past is evil, but also tends to treat evil as anachronistic or as belonging to the past. Yet I claim that ethical Manichaeism and anti‐utopianism and are not inherent features of all retrospective politics but rather result from an underlying philosophy of history that treats the relation between past, present, and future in antinomic terms and prevents us from understanding “transtemporal” injustices and responsibilities.In order to pinpoint the problem of certain types of retrospective politics and point toward some alternatives, I start out from a criticism formulated by the German philosopher Odo Marquard and originally directed primarily at progressivist philosophies of history.
2. CAN THE CRITIQUE OF CAPITALISM BE ANTIHUMANIST?
Authors: BEHRENT MICHAEL C. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThis essay argues that to understand Foucault's attraction to neoliberalism, we must understand the elective theoretical affinities that he perceived between this current in economic thought and one of the central elements of his own philosophical project: the critique of humanism or “anthropologism” (that is, the tendency in modern thought to sift all knowledge through human knowledge). Specifically, the essay examines moments in Foucault's 1978 and 1979 lectures when Foucault clearly refers to the arguments of his earlier work, The Order of Things, the locus classicus of his philosophical antihumanism. In particular, Foucault claimed that economists of the Chicago School developed a theory of labor that escaped the limitations of the “anthropological” theory of labor associated with Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Karl Marx. He also interpreted the notion of homo oeconomicus and Smith's idea of the market's “invisible hand” as critiques of the characteristically modern attempt to make transcendental claims on the basis of human nature. The essay concludes by asking if Foucault's philosophical antihumanism provides an adequate vantage point from which to critique contemporary capitalism.
HOW WE LIVE WITH THE PAST NOW
Authors: Goldstein Jan E. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTMichael Roth's new collection of essays, written over the last two decades, is held together by its author's pervasive concern with human temporality: our individual and collective passages through time, recorded by the faculty of memory, which pose some of our most intractable problems. The essays treat, and indeed provide a map to, several adjacent areas of inquiry: the history of the psychopathology of memory in the long nineteenth century; the vicissitudes of the trauma‐concept from its relatively modest medical origins to its postmodern apotheosis; and photography as a medium and art form embroiled in our relationship with the past. Roth's major interventions are threefold. First, while persuaded of the value of the psychoanalytic version of the trauma‐concept, he critiques the so‐called traumatophilia of postmodern theorists who, usually with reference to the Holocaust, seek to invest trauma with ethical valences and powers of legitimation or even, as in the case of Agamben, raise it to ontological status. Second, through his fine‐grained account of Freud's convergence with and divergence from his French colleagues, especially Charcot and Janet, Roth argues that the stunning breakthrough of psychoanalysis was to take the past seriously, to recognize the inevitable penetration of the past into the present in the human psyche as well our affective investment in and need to narrativize the past. For Roth, Freud's continued relevance today resides in what he has taught us about living with the past. Finally, Roth begins to develop the concept of “piety” as an attitude toward the past that fuels the writing of history. He leaves the concept in rudimentary form, but his evocative remarks suggest the fruitfulness of developing it further.
Dangerous liaisons: doctors‐in‐training and the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Pokorny A. M. J. , Gittins C. B. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractInteraction between doctors and the pharmaceutical industry is long‐standing and ingrained in modern practice. Doctors‐in‐training are at a vulnerable stage of their careers, both in requiring knowledge and forming lasting relationships. There is evidence that limiting contact between industry and junior doctors has a positive effect on subsequent clinical behaviour. Currently in Australia, there is no limitation on pharmaceutical representatives approaching doctors‐in‐training, and the majority of education sessions are sponsored by pharmaceutical companies. This purposefully creates a sense of reciprocity, which may have adverse long‐term consequences on attitudes, behaviours and patient care. Several guidelines exist that may assist junior doctors in navigating these potential interactions, most notably the Royal Australasian College of Physicians' own Guidelines for Ethical Relationships between Physicians and Industry. Despite this, there is no reflection of its importance or necessity within subspecialty curricula. This should be rectified, to the benefit of both the profession and public.
Genome‐wide association analyses reveal complex genetic architecture underlying natural variation for flowering time in canola
Authors: Raman H. , Raman R. , Coombes N. , Song J. , Prangnell R. , Bandaranayake C. , Tahira R. , Sundaramoorthi V. , Killian A. , Meng J. , Dennis E. S. , Balasubramanian S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractOptimum flowering time is the key to maximize canola production in order to meet global demand of vegetable oil, biodiesel and canola‐meal. We reveal extensive variation in flowering time across diverse genotypes of canola under field, glasshouse and controlled environmental conditions. We conduct a genome‐wide association study and identify 69 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with flowering time, which are repeatedly detected across experiments. Several associated SNPs occur in clusters across the canola genome; seven of them were detected within 20 Kb regions of a priori candidate genes; FLOWERING LOCUS T, FRUITFUL, FLOWERING LOCUS C, CONSTANS, FRIGIDA, PHYTOCHROME B and an additional five SNPs were localized within 14 Kb of a previously identified quantitative trait loci for flowering time. Expression analyses showed that among FLC paralogs, BnFLC.A2 accounts for ~23% of natural variation in diverse accessions. Genome‐wide association analysis for FLC expression levels mapped not only BnFLC.C2 but also other loci that contribute to variation in FLC expression. In addition to revealing the complex genetic architecture of flowering time variation, we demonstrate that the identified SNPs can be modelled to predict flowering time in diverse canola germplasm accurately and hence are suitable for genomic selection of adaptative traits in canola improvement programmes.