bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Alps 2: Controls on crustal subduction and (ultra)high‐pressure rock exhumation in Alpine‐type orogens
Authors: Butler Jared P. , Beaumont Christopher , Jamieson Rebecca A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBuilding on our previous results, we use 2‐D upper mantle‐scale thermomechanical numerical models to explore key controls on the evolution of Alpine‐type orogens and the Alps per se, focusing on (ultra)high‐pressure ((U)HP) metamorphic rocks. The models show that UHP rocks form and exhume by burial and subsequent buoyant ascent of continental crust in the subduction conduit. Here we test the sensitivity of the models to surface erosion rate, crustal heat production, plate convergence/divergence rates, geometry of the subducting continental margin, and strength of the retrocontinent. Surface erosion affects crustal exhumation but not early buoyant exhumation. Metamorphic temperatures increase with crustal radioactive heat production. Maximum burial depth prior to exhumation increases with plate convergence rates, but exhumation rates are only weakly dependent on subduction rates. Onset of absolute plate divergence does not trigger exhumation in these models. We conclude that contrasting peak pressures, exhumation rates, and volumes of (U)HP crust exhumed in the Alps orogen primarily reflect along‐strike contrasts in the geometry, thermal structure, and/or strength of the subducting microcontinent (Briançonnais) and continental (European margin) crust. The experiments also support the interpretation that the Western Alps (U)HP Internal Crystalline Massifs exhumed as composite, stacked plumes and that these plumes drove local crustal extension during orogen‐scale shortening. For weak upper plate retrocrusts, postexhumation retrothrusting forms a retrowedge. Overall, these results are consistent with predictions using the exhumation number (ratio of buoyancy to side traction forces in the conduit), which expresses the combined parameter control of the depth/volume of crustal subduction and the transition to buoyant exhumation.
Induced electromagnetic field by seismic waves in Earth's magnetic field
Authors: Gao Yongxin , Chen Xiaofei , Hu Hengshan , Wen Jian , Tang Ji , Fang Guoqing 
Published: June 2014

AbstractStudied in this article are the properties of the electromagnetic (EM) fields generated by an earthquake due to the motional induction effect, which arises from the motion of the conducting crust across the Earth's magnetic field. By solving the governing equations that couple the elastodynamic equations with Maxwell equations, we derive the seismoelectromagnetic wavefields excited by a single‐point force and a double‐couple source in a full space. Two types of EM disturbances can be generated, i.e., the coseismic EM field accompanying the seismic wave and the independently propagating EM wave which arrives much earlier than the seismic wave. Simulation of an Mw6.1 earthquake shows that at a receiving location where the seismic acceleration is on the order of 0.1 m/s2, the coseismic electric and magnetic fields are on the orders of 1 μV/m and 0.1 nT, respectively, agreeing with the EM data observed in 2008 Mw6.1 Qingchuan earthquake, China, and indicating that the motional induction effect is effective enough to generate observable EM signal. We also simulated the EM signals observed by Haines et al. () which were called the Lorentz fields and cannot be explained by the electrokinetic effect. The result shows that the EM wave generated by a horizontal force can explain the data well, suggesting that the motional induction effect is responsible for the Lorentz fields. The motional induction effect is compared with the electrokinetic effect, showing the overall conclusion that the former dominates the mechanoelectric conversion under low‐frequency and high‐conductivity conditions while the latter dominates under high‐frequency and low‐conductivity conditions.
Three‐dimensional P wave azimuthal anisotropy in the lithosphere beneath China
Authors: Huang Zhouchuan , Wang Pan , Zhao Dapeng , Wang Liangshu , Xu Mingjie 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSeismic anisotropy in the upper mantle beneath East Asia has been studied extensively using shear wave (SKS) splitting measurements, which have provided important information on mantle dynamics in this region. However, SKS measurements have poor vertical resolution, and so their interpretations are usually not unique. In this work we use a large number of traveltime data from 34,036 local earthquakes recorded by 1563 seismic stations to determine the first model of 3‐D P wave azimuthal anisotropy in the lithosphere beneath China. Our results show that the fast velocity directions (FVDs) are generally correlated with the surface geologic features, such as the strikes of the orogens, active faults, and tectonic boundaries. The FVDs in the upper crust are normal to the maximal horizontal stress (σH) in regions with extensive compression such as the Tibetan Plateau, whereas they are subparallel to σH in strike‐slip shear zones such as the western and eastern Himalayan syntax. The comparison of the FVDs of P wave anisotropy with SKS splitting measurements indicates that beneath the Tibetan Plateau the seismic anisotropy in the lithosphere contributes significantly to the SKS splitting observations. In contrast, in east China the P wave FVDs in the lithosphere are different from the SKS splitting measurements, suggesting that the SKS splitting is mainly caused by the anisotropy in the deeper mantle such as the asthenosphere and the mantle transition zone under east China. These novel results provide important new information on the lithospheric deformation and mantle dynamics in East Asia.
Atmospheric gravity waves excited by a fireball meteor: Observations and modeling
Authors: Vadas Sharon L. , Suzuki Hidehiko , Nicolls Michael J. , Nakamura Takuji , Harmon Robert O. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn a companion paper, Suzuki et al. (2013) studied an expanding circular train observed in the Na airglow for 9 min above Syowa Station, Antarctica, on 7 June 2008. This train was created by a southwestward moving fireball meteor. Here we report on “V”‐shaped faint gravity waves (GWs) partially visible in many of the Na airglow images 8 to 43 min after the meteor. The GW phase lines appear to originate from the horizontal projection of the meteor path, with angles −42 to −52° south and 10 to 20° north of the path. The GWs south of the path propagated southwestward with a horizontal phase speed of cH∼80–100m/s, while those north of the path propagated northwestward with cH∼20–40m/s. Those south (north) of the path had horizontal wavelengths λH∼25–35km (λH∼18 km) and periods τr∼5–6 min (τr∼7–15 min). We then model the GWs excited by idealized horizontal and slanted heatings and body forces. We show that the GW phase lines form Vs when the heat/force is slanted vertically. If the central altitude of the heat/force is z0>92 km, the open ends of the Vs are mainly directed away from the meteor trajectory. If the heat/force is long enough, two oppositely directed Vs are created, forming an “X” at the center of the structure. We find that λH depends sensitively on the width of the heating. We obtain heating parameters which compare reasonably well with the Na observations: z0∼120 km, half‐length half maximum of ∼25–35km, and half width half maximum of ∼2–3km.
How Much Is Fatigue Explained by Standard Clinical Characteristics of Disease Activity in Patients With Inflammatory Arthritis? A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Minnock Patricia , McKee Gabrielle , Bresnihan Barry , FitzGerald Oliver , Veale Douglas J. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo determine the relationship between fatigue and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) core set outcomes in patients with inflammatory arthritis (IA).MethodsThis prospective longitudinal study evaluated fatigue in patients with active IA commencing tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor therapy. Fatigue was assessed using the multidimensional assessment of fatigue scale and the ACR core set (swollen and tender joint counts, pain, global health score, Health Assessment Questionnaire [HAQ] disability index [DI], and C‐reactive protein level) was used for standard assessment of disease activity.ResultsAssessments at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months were completed by 125, 92, and 82 patients, respectively. Fatigue and disease activity improved significantly within the first 3 months, with fatigue improving by 29% (F[2, 118] = 17.14, P < 0.001; repeated‐measures analysis of variance). Using multiple regression, the amount of fatigue explained by the core outcomes differed at each time point: 28% at baseline (P < 0.001; significant predictors were the HAQ DI, global health, and C‐reactive protein level), 37% at 3 months (P < 0.001; significant predictors were pain and tender joint count), and 46% at 6 months (P < 0.001; significant predictor was global health). Regression modelling using the fatigue change score at 3 months explained 17% of fatigue change (P < 0.012; significant predictors were HAQ DI and global health).ConclusionFatigue, which improved following treatment with TNF inhibitors, was poorly and inconsistently explained through the core set outcomes. Further, fatigue was least accounted for when the disease was most active, highlighting the need for further research into alternate explanations. These findings suggest further exploration of contributing variables and mechanisms in order to develop targeted symptom management of fatigue in IA.
Characteristics Associated With Hallux Valgus in a Population‐Based Foot Study of Older Adults
Authors: Dufour Alyssa B. , Casey Virginia A. , Golightly Yvonne M. , Hannan Marian T. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveHallux valgus (HV) is common in older adults, but limited studies of risk factors have reported conflicting results. This cross‐sectional analysis examined the association of HV with foot pain and other characteristics in older adults.MethodsThe population‐based Framingham Foot Study assessed HV, foot pain, foot structure (planus, rectus, and cavus), current and past high‐heeled shoe use, age, and body mass index (BMI). Sex‐specific logistic and multinomial logistic regression examined the association of HV and HV with pain with study variables.ResultsOf 1,352 men and 1,725 women (mean ± SD age 66 ± 10.5 years), 22% of men and 44% of women had HV, and 3% of men and 11% of women had HV with pain. Foot pain increased the odds of HV in both sexes (P < 0.05). In women, older age and past high‐heeled shoe use increased the odds of HV by 27% and 47%, respectively (P < 0.01), and cavus foot structure decreased the odds of HV by 26% (P = 0.02). BMI >30 kg/m2 decreased the odds of HV by 33% in men and 45% in women (P < 0.05). In women only, odds of pain and HV versus no pain and no HV were greater with older age and planus foot structure.ConclusionOur work showed different associations in participants who had HV with pain compared to those without foot pain. In both men and women, strong associations were observed between HV and foot pain and inversely with BMI. Older age was associated with HV in women only, as were protective associations with cavus foot structure.
Metal‐Free and Recyclable Route to Synthesize Polysubstituted Olefins via CC Bond Construction from Direct Dehydrative Coupling of Alcohols or Alkenes with Alcohols Catalyzed by Sulfonic Acid‐Functionalized Ionic Liquids
Authors: Han Feng , Yang Lei , Li Zhen , Zhao Yingwei , Xia Chungu 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA direct synthesis of polysubstituted olefins via construction of CC bonds, which involves the direct dehydrative coupling of alcohols or alkenes with alcohols, was realized using a series of alkanesulfonic acid group‐functionalized ionic liquids (SO3H‐functionlization ILs) without additives. The metal‐free and recyclable catalyst system avoided the disposal and neutralization of acidic catalysts after reaction and tolerated a broad range of substrates, including benzylic, allyl, propargylic, aliphatic and aromatic or aliphatic olefins. Additionally, the catalytic system was suitable for a gram‐scale preparation. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that the CH bond cleavage in this reaction might be involved in the rate‐determining step.magnified image
Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Halonitroaromatics over Platinum on Carbon as Catalyst in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Ichikawa Shinichiro , Seki Tsunetake , Ikariya Takao 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe chemoselective hydrogenation of 2‐chloronitrobenzene to 2‐chloroaniline over platinum on carbon (Pt/C) as catalyst in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) was investigated. In the scCO2 phase, undesired dehalogenation was significantly suppressed to yield 2‐chloroaniline in 99.7% selectively. The utilization of scCO2 resulted in an about two‐fold increase in the rate of the reaction compared to the solvent‐free conditions. Visual inspection of phase behaviour of the reaction mixture revealed that the formation of a single supercritical phase including substrate, hydrogen, and products, is the crucial factor for the facile hydrogenation of nitro groups. In situ diffuse reflectance FT‐IR spectroscopy revealed that carbon monoxide generated in situ by the reverse water‐gas shift reaction (CO2+H2→CO+H2O) poisoned selectively platinum active sites that promoted undesired side reactions including dehalogenation and hydrogenation of aromatic rings, resulting in the excellent product selectivity in scCO2. The untouched active sites efficiently catalyzed the nitro group hydrogenation in scCO2, thereby realizing the highly chemoselective hydrogenation to haloanilines. The present chemoselective hydrogenation is applicable to other chlorinated nitrobenzenes to give the desired products in 100% conversion and with over 99% selectivity.magnified image
Prostate cancer and occupational exposure to whole‐body vibration in a national population‐based cohort study
Authors: Jones Marcella K. , Harris M. Anne , Peters Paul A. , Tjepkema Michael , Demers Paul A. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundFollowing preliminary evidence from observational studies, we test the potential relationship between whole‐body vibration (WBV) and prostate cancer in a cohort study.MethodsWBV exposure was assigned based on occupation in 1991 and 1,107,700 participants were followed for incident prostate cancer until the end of 2003. Adjusted hazard rate ratios (HRs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards modeling.Results17,922 incident prostate cancer cases were observed. WBV‐exposed men in Natural and Applied Sciences Occupations had a 37% elevated risk of prostate cancer (95% CI 1.09–1.72) and WBV‐exposed men in Trades, Transport, and Equipment Operators Occupations had a 9% reduced risk (95% CI 0.86–0.97). Independent of WBV exposure, small but significant differences in risk were seen for several occupational categories.ConclusionsWe found no consistent relationship between WBV and prostate cancer. Further research could focus on other exposures or specific occupations in the studied categories to determine what may be contributing to the observed differences in prostate cancer risk. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:896–905, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief communication: Comparative patterns of enamel thickness topography and oblique molar wear in two early neolithic and medieval population samples
Authors: Le Luyer Mona , Rottier Stéphane , Bayle Priscilla 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTEnamel thickness has been linked to functional aspects of masticatory biomechanics and has been demonstrated to be an evolutionary plastic trait, selectively responsive to dietary changes, wear and tooth fracture. European Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic hunter‐gatherers mainly show a flat wear pattern, while oblique molar wear has been reported as characteristic of Neolithic agriculturalists. We investigate the relationships between enamel thickness distribution and molar wear pattern in two Neolithic and medieval populations. Under the assumption that dietary and/or non‐dietary constraints result in directional selective pressure leading to variations in enamel thickness, we test the hypothesis that these two populations will exhibit significant differences in wear and enamel thickness patterns. Occlusal wear patterns were scored in upper permanent second molars (UM2) of 64 Neolithic and 311 medieval subadult and adult individuals. Enamel thickness was evaluated by microtomography in subsamples of 17 Neolithic and 25 medieval individuals. Eight variables describing enamel thickness were assessed. The results show that oblique molar wear is dominant in the Neolithic sample (87%), while oblique wear affects only a minority (42%) of the medieval sample. Moreover, in the Neolithic molars, where buccolingually directed oblique wear is dominant and greatest enamel lost occurs in the distolingual quadrant, thickest enamel is found where occlusal stresses are the most important—on the distolingual cusp. These results reveal a correlation between molar wear pattern and enamel thickness that has been associated to dietary changes. In particular, relatively thicker molar enamel may have evolved as a plastic response to resist wear. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:162–172, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Broad‐Spectrum Catalysts for the Ambient Temperature Anti‐Markovnikov Hydration of Alkynes
Authors: Li Le , Zeng Mingshuo , Herzon Seth B. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAnti‐Markovnikov alkyne hydration provides a valuable route to aldehydes. Half‐sandwich ruthenium complexes ligated by 5,5′‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine are remarkably active for this transformation. In the presence of 2 mol % metal, a wide range of functionalized aliphatic and aromatic alkynes are hydrated in high yield at ambient temperature.
Increased Expression of Dopamine Receptors in Synovial Fibroblasts From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Inhibitory Effects of Dopamine on Interleukin‐8 and Interleukin‐6
Authors: Capellino Silvia , Cosentino Marco , Luini Alessandra , Bombelli Raffaella , Lowin Torsten , Cutolo Maurizio , Marino Franca , Straub Rainer H. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveObservations in both animal models of arthritis and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) suggest a role for dopamine and its receptors in RA. Because synovial fibroblasts (SFs) contribute to inflammation and joint destruction in RA, the aim of this study was to investigate dopaminergic pathways in SFs obtained from patients with RA and, for comparison, in SFs from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) undergoing knee joint replacement surgery.MethodsThe expression of all dopamine receptors (D1–D5) and dopamine transporter was assessed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining. The levels of dopamine receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA were measured by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The intracellular content of dopamine, its precursor, and its main metabolites was assayed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The influence of dopamine on proinflammatory interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and IL‐8, matrix metalloproteinase 3, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP‐1) and TIMP‐2 was studied in SFs.ResultsSFs possess an intrinsic dopaminergic system, including dopamine receptors, dopamine transporter, and tyrosine hydroxylase, and contain dopamine, its precursor, and its main metabolites. SFs from patients with RA, in comparison with those from patients with OA, showed increased expression of dopamine receptors D1 and D5, and exogenous dopamine strongly inhibited the production of IL‐8 in patients with RA.ConclusionSFs from patients with RA and patients with OA show a dopaminergic phenotype. The expression of D1‐like dopamine receptors was higher in RASFs, and this increased expression may lead to antiinflammatory effects, as demonstrated by the expression of IL‐8. Studies in animal models and patients with RA are needed to assess the therapeutic potential of endogenous, local production of dopamine in synoviocytes.
Meta-analysis of endoscopic therapy for low-grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus
Authors: Almond L M , Hodson J , Barr H 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
The optimal management of patients with Barrett's-associated low-grade dysplasia (LGD) is unclear. The objective of this study was to identify systematically all reports of endoscopic treatment of LGD, and to assess outcomes in terms of disease progression, eradication of dysplasia and intestinal metaplasia, and complication rates.

Methods
A systematic review of articles reporting endoscopic treatment of LGD was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched to identify the relevant literature. Rates of complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia (CE-IM) and dysplasia (CE-D) were reported. The pooled incidence of progression to cancer was calculated following endoscopic therapy.

Results
Thirty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting outcomes of endoscopic therapy for 521 patients with LGD. The pooled incidence of progression to cancer was 3·90 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1·27 to 9·10) per 1000 patient-years. CE-IM and CE-D were achieved in 67·8 (95 per cent c.i. 50·2 to 81·5) and 88·9 (83·9 to 92·5) per cent of patients respectively. The commonest adverse event was stricture formation.

Conclusion
Reports of endoscopic therapy were heterogeneous and follow-up periods were short. There is a high likelihood of historical overdiagnosis of LGD. Endoscopic therapy, particularly radiofrequency ablation, appears safe and effective at eradicating LGD, but does not eliminate the risk of progression to cancer.
Cancer stem cells and cisplatin‐resistant cells isolated from non‐small‐lung cancer cell lines constitute related cell populations
Authors: Lopez‐Ayllon Blanca D. , Moncho‐Amor Veronica , Abarrategi Ander , de Cáceres Inmaculada Ibañez , Castro‐Carpeño Javier , Belda‐Iniesta Cristobal , Perona Rosario , Sastre Leandro 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLung cancer is the top cause of cancer‐related deceases. One of the reasons is the development of resistance to the chemotherapy treatment. In particular, cancer stem cells (CSCs), can escape treatment and regenerate the bulk of the tumor. In this article, we describe a comparison between cancer cells resistant to cisplatin and CSCs, both derived from the non‐small‐cell lung cancer cell lines H460 and A549. Cisplatin‐resistant cells were obtained after a single treatment with the drug. CSCs were isolated by culture in defined media, under nonadherent conditions. The isolated CSCs were clonogenic, could be differentiated into adherent cells and were less sensitive to cisplatin than the original cells. Cisplatin resistant and CSCs were able to generate primary tumors and to metastasize when injected into immunodeficient Nu/Nu mice, although they formed smaller tumors with a larger latency than untreated cells. Notably, under appropriated proportions, CSCs synergized with differentiated cells to form larger tumors. CSCs also showed increased capacity to induce angiogenesis in Nu/Nu mice. Conversely, H460 cisplatin‐resistant cells showed increased tendency to develop bone metastasis. Gene expression analysis showed that several genes involved in tumor development and metastasis (EGR1, COX2, MALAT1, AKAP12, ADM) were similarly induced in CSC and cisplatin‐resistant H460 cells, in agreement with a close similarity between these two cell populations. Cells with the characteristic growth properties of CSCs were also isolated from surgical samples of 18 out of 44 lung cancer patients. A significant correlation (P = 0.028) was found between the absence of CSCs and cisplatin sensitivity.