bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A reduced‐energy intake, well‐balanced diet improves weight control in children with Prader‐Willi syndrome
Authors: Miller J. L. , Lynn C. H. , Shuster J. , Driscoll D. J. 
Published: October 2012

How to cite this article Miller J.L., Lynn C.H., Shuster J. & Driscoll D.J. (2012) A reduced‐energy intake, well‐balanced diet improves weight control in children with Prader‐Willi syndrome.J Hum Nutr Diet.26, 2–9Background: Children with Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) have a predictable pattern of weight gain, with obesity beginning in early childhood and worsening as they get older and hyperphagia increases. Data on the most effective dietary modifications are scant and primarily anecdotal. As part of a longitudinal study investigating the natural history of PWS, we evaluated the effect of a well‐balanced, energy‐restricted diet on body composition and weight in young children with PWS.Methods: Sixty‐three children, aged 2–10 years, with genetically proven PWS participated in the present study. These children had measurements of body composition by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and resting energy expenditure (REE), as well as a 3‐day diet history analysis both before and after intervention. Energy calculations were based on the individual’s REE, with the recommendation that the macronutrients of the diet consist of 30% fat, 45% carbohydrates and 25% protein, with at least 20 g of fibre per day.Results: Thirty‐three families adhered to our dietary recommendations for both energy intake and macronutrient distribution. Those 33 children had lower body fat (19.8% versus 41.9%;P < 0.001) and weight management (body mass index SD score 0.3 versus 2.23;P < 0.001) than those whose parents followed the energy intake recommendations but did not alter the macronutrient composition of the diet. Those who followed our recommendations also had a lower respiratory quotient (0.84 versus 0.95;P = 0.002).Conclusions: Our recommendation for an energy‐restricted diet with a well‐balanced macronutrient composition and fibre intake improves both weight and body composition in children with PWS compared to a simple energy‐restricted diet.
Diet and the risk of unipolar depression in adults: systematic review of cohort studies
Authors: Sanhueza C. , Ryan L. , Foxcroft D. R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundNutrition may be a risk factor for unipolar depression. We aimed to review the association between dietary variables and the risk of depression.MethodsFifteen databases were searched up to May 2010. Only longitudinal studies for which outcomes were unipolar depression and/or depressive symptoms in adults were eligible for inclusion. Eleven studies were included and critically evaluated. Participants were in the age range 18–97 years and the study sample size was in the range 526–27 111. Follow‐up ranged from 2 to 13 years. The diversity of dietary variables and nonlinear associations precluded formal meta‐analysis and so a narrative analysis was undertaken.ResultsVariables inversely associated with depression risk were the consumption of nutrients such as folate, omega‐3 fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids; foods such as olive oil and fish; and a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes. Some of these associations varied by sex and some showed a nonlinear association.ConclusionsAt the study level, weaknesses in the assessment of exposure and outcome may have introduced bias. Most studies investigated a cohort subgroup that may have resulted in selection bias. At the review level, there is a risk of publication bias and, in addition, narrative analyses are more prone to subjectivities than meta‐analyses. Diet may potentially influence the risk of depression, although the evidence is not yet conclusive. Strengthening healthy‐eating patterns at the public health level may have a potential benefit. Robust prospective cohort studies specially designed to study the association between diet and depression risk are needed.
Automatic section thickness determination using an absolute gradient focus function
Authors: ELOZORY D.T. , KRAMER K.A. , CHAUDHURI B. , BONAM O.P. , GOLDGOF D.B. , HALL L.O. , MOUTON P.R. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryQuantitative analysis of microstructures using computerized stereology systems is an essential tool in many disciplines of bioscience research. Section thickness determination in current nonautomated approaches requires manual location of upper and lower surfaces of tissue sections. In contrast to conventional autofocus functions that locate the optimally focused optical plane using the global maximum on a focus curve, this study identified by two sharp ‘knees’ on the focus curve as the transition from unfocused to focused optical planes. Analysis of 14 grey‐scale focus functions showed, the thresholded absolute gradient function, was best for finding detectable bends that closely correspond to the bounding optical planes at the upper and lower tissue surfaces. Modifications to this function generated four novel functions that outperformed the original. The ‘modified absolute gradient count’ function outperformed all others with an average error of 0.56 μm on a test set of images similar to the training set; and, an average error of 0.39 μm on a test set comprised of images captured from a different case, that is, different staining methods on a different brain region from a different subject rat. We describe a novel algorithm that allows for automatic section thickness determination based on just out‐of‐focus planes, a prerequisite for fully automatic computerized stereology.
Temporal development and relationship amongst brown rot blossom blight, fruit blight and fruit rot in integrated and organic sour cherry orchards
Authors: Holb I. J. , Szőke S. , Abonyi F. 
Published: October 2012

The aim of this 4‐year study was to characterize temporal development of brown rot blossom blight and fruit blight (caused by Monilinia spp.) and their sporulating areas in sour cherry orchards; and to determine the relationships amongst incidence and sporulating area of blossom blight, fruit blight and fruit rot. The study was performed in integrated and organic orchard blocks on two cultivars (Újfehértói fürtös and Érdi bőtermő). On both cultivars, disease progress on flowers and fruits was 2–10 times slower in the integrated than in the organic management system. The peak incidence values were 9 and 31 days after petal fall for blossom blight and fruit blight, respectively. After these dates, no new blight symptoms on flowers and/or fruits appeared and the disease was levelling off. Final blossom blight incidence ranged from 1 to 5% and from 12 to 34%, and fruit rot incidence from 2 to 6% and from 11 to 26% in the integrated and the organic orchards, respectively. The sum of fruit blight incidence ranged from 9 to 22% for the organic system, but was below 5% for the integrated system, while the final sporulating area was 5–16 mm2 and <3 mm2, respectively. Among the five highest Pearson's correlation coefficients, relationships between blossom blight and early fruit blight stage (r = 0·845, P = 0·0087 integrated; r = 0·901, P = 0·0015 organic), and between sporulating area and fruit rot (r = 0791, P = 0·0199 integrated; r = 0·874, P = 0·0039 organic) were the most significant relationships from an epidemic standpoint as they indicated a connection between different brown rot symptom types.
IgG4‐related prostatitis: A rare cause of steroid‐responsive obstructive urinary symptoms
Authors: Hart Phil A , Smyrk Thomas C , Chari Suresh T 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIgG4‐related disease is an idiopathic, systemic fibroinflammatory disease that can affect a wide variety of sites, including several in the genitourinary system. We describe a patient with steroid‐responsive urinary symptoms and an abnormal digital rectal exam that were secondary to IgG4‐related prostatitis. We discuss the importance of recognizing this condition and differentiating it from prostate cancer, which can present similarly.
The Andean Hapalopsittaca parrots (Psittacidae, Aves): an example of montane‐tropical lowland vicariance
Authors: QUINTERO ESTHER , RIBAS CAMILA C. , CRACRAFT JOEL 
Published: October 2012

Quintero, E., Ribas, C. C. & Cracraft, J. (2012). The Andean Hapalopsittaca parrots (Psittacidae, Aves): an example of montane‐tropical lowland vicariance. —Zoologica Scripta, 42, 28–43.We describe a phylogenetic and biogeographical pattern connecting high montane biotas to those of the lowlands, as exemplified by the exclusively montane parrot genus Hapalopsittaca and its lowland sister genus Pyrilia, both nested within Tavares et al.’s “amazons and allies” clade. As Hapalopsittaca is the only genus within the “amazons and allies” clade that is exclusively distributed in the Andes, the optimization leads to the inference that the ancestral distribution of the branch leading to Pyrilia + Hapalopsittaca was lowland. Museum specimens were examined to determine basal diagnosably distinct taxonomic units. Based on this analysis, mitochondrial sequences (cyt b and ND2 genes) from 17 individuals, mostly from toe pads, and representing all basal taxa within Hapalopsittaca, were obtained. A divergence‐dating analysis using both nuclear (RAG‐1) and mitochondrial (cyt b) genes was conducted to explore whether the uplift of the Andes coincides temporarily with the origin of this montane group, and thus might be causally linked to its origin. Molecular dating estimates the split between Hapalopsittaca and Pyrilia to have occurred between 6.6 and 8.0 Myr; thus, the timing of this highland/lowland disjunction is consistent with that of the final uplift of the Central Andes, supporting a hypothesis of vicariance due to Andean uplift. These results suggest that the taxonomic assembly of montane biotas may be, at least in part, explained by events of Earth history rather than by long‐distance dispersal and colonization. Diversification within Hapalopsittaca and the origin of current species are more recent in time and probably are related to Pleistocene climatic oscillations, as has been shown in other montane groups.
Deltocyathiidae, an early‐diverging family of Robust corals (Anthozoa, Scleractinia)
Authors: Kitahara Marcelo V. , Cairns Stephen D. , Stolarski Jarosław , Miller David J. 
Published: October 2012

Kitahara, M.V., Cairns, S.D., Stolarski, J. & Miller, D.J. (2012). Deltocyathiidae, an early‐diverging family of Robust corals (Anthozoa, Scleractinia). —Zoologica Scripta, 00, 000–000.Over the last decade, molecular phylogenetics has called into question some fundamental aspects of coral systematics. Within the Scleractinia, most families composed exclusively by zooxanthellate species are polyphyletic on the basis of molecular data, and the second most speciose coral family, the Caryophylliidae (most members of which are azooxanthellate), is an unnatural grouping. As part of the process of resolving taxonomic affinities of ‘caryophylliids’, here a new ‘Robust’ scleractinian family (Deltocyathiidae fam. n.) is proposed on the basis of combined molecular (CO1 and 28S rDNA) and morphological data, accommodating the early‐diverging clade of traditional caryophylliids (represented today by the genus Deltocyathus). Whereas this family captures the full morphological diversity of the genus Deltocyathus, one species, Deltocyathus magnificus, is an outlier in terms of molecular data, and groups with the ‘Complex” coral family Turbinoliidae. Ultrastructural data, however, place D. magnificus within Deltocyathiidae fam. nov. Unfortunately, limited ultrastructural data are as yet available for turbinoliids, but D. magnificus may represent the first documented case of morphological convergence at the microstructural level among scleractinian corals. Marcelo V. Kitahara, Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, S.P. 11600‐000, Brazil. E‐mail:kitahara@usp.br
Extraction of Dominant Extremal Structures in Volumetric Data Using Separatrix Persistence
Authors: Günther D. , Seidel H.‐P. , Weinkauf T. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractExtremal lines and surfaces are features of a 3D scalar field where the scalar function becomes minimal or maximal with respect to a local neighborhood
. These features are important in many applications, e.g. computer tomography, fluid dynamics, cell biology
. We present a novel topological method to extract these features using discrete Morse theory. In particular, we extend the notion of ‘separatrix persistence’ from 2D to 3D, which gives us a robust estimation of the feature strength for extremal lines and surfaces. Not only does it allow us to determine the most important (parts of) extremal lines and surfaces, it also serves as a robust filtering measure of noise‐induced structures. Our purely combinatorial method does not require derivatives or any other numerical computations
.
Genetic structure and patterns of gene flow among populations of the endangered Ethiopian wolf
Authors: Gottelli D. , Sillero‐Zubiri C. , Marino J. , Funk S. M. , Wang J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPopulations of endangered mammals are often small, fragmented and have low genetic variability that can reduce the ability to evolve in response to environmental changes. The endangered Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) is a habitat specialist restricted to six small, isolated pockets of Afroalpine habitat, with a total population of fewer than 500 adult animals. The degradation of the Ethiopian highlands because of human expansion is ever increasing, potentially leading to further population fragmentation and local extinctions. In order to assist Ethiopian wolf conservation management, we quantified the genetic diversity, population structure and patterns of gene flow of the species using up to 14 microsatellite loci. FST, analysis of molecular variance, principal coordinates analysis and Bayesian clustering analyses revealed geographic population structuring delimited by three mountain ranges, in concert with a previous study based on mitochondrial DNA. Bayesian analysis showed that current gene flow is low, unidirectional and limited to geographically proximate populations. Given the small census size and strong population structuring with low gene flow, demographic stochasticity is likely to be the highest threat to the long‐term persistence of this species. The protection of the remaining suitable habitat, especially narrow ridges linking habitat patches within mountain blocks, is therefore essential. The genetic survey presented by this study provides vital and much needed information for the future effective management of Ethiopian wolf populations.
Coevolution of the male and female reproductive tracts in an old endemic murine rodent of Australia
Authors: Breed W. G. , Leigh C. M. , Speight N. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe male reproductive tract of most Australian hopping mice in the genus Notomys has a suite of highly derived features that differ markedly from those of other Australian rodents. These include, among others, extremely small testes, a reduced complement of accessory sex glands and a spiny penis. Here we ask the question – what are the coevolved features of the female reproductive tract? To answer this question, we used histology and resin casts to compare the reproductive tract of the Australian plains mouse (Pseudomys australis) with that of the Spinifex hopping mouse (Notomys alexis). In P. australis, the cervix is highly fibrous and has two small canals whereas the vagina has prominent fornices, a large lumen and a folded epithelial lining. By contrast, in N. alexis the cervix is not prominent and is far more cellular. It has a very small, single lumen with the boundary between it and the vagina not being readily evident. The vagina has minute fornices and is surrounded by a comparatively thick muscle coat. Shortly after ejaculation, N. alexis had many uterine sperm that associated with coagulated material but, unlike in P.australis, no large vaginal plug occurs after ejaculation. These observations support the conclusion that N. alexis has a highly derived distal region of the female reproductive tract which has coevolved with that of the male. It appears to facilitate rapid sperm transport postcoitum without the need for a large copulatory plug.
A multivariate analysis of variation in genome size and endoreduplication in angiosperms reveals strong phylogenetic signal and association with phenotypic traits
Authors: Bainard Jillian D. , Bainard Luke D. , Henry Thomas A. , Fazekas Aron J. , Newmaster Steven G. 
Published: October 2012

Summary

Genome size (C‐value) and endopolyploidy (endoreduplication index, EI) are known to correlate with various morphological and ecological traits, in addition to phylogenetic placement. A phylogenetically controlled multivariate analysis was used to explore the relationships between DNA content and phenotype in angiosperms.

Seeds from 41 angiosperm species (17 families) were grown in a common glasshouse experiment. Genome size (2C‐value and 1Cx‐value) and EI (in four tissues: leaf, stem, root, petal) were determined using flow cytometry. The phylogenetic signal was calculated for each measure of DNA content, and phylogenetic canonical correlation analysis (PCCA) explored how the variation in genome size and EI was correlated with 18 morphological and ecological traits.

Phylogenetic signal (λ) was strongest for EI in all tissues, and λ was stronger for the 2C‐value than the 1Cx‐value. PCCA revealed that EI was correlated with pollen length, stem height, seed mass, dispersal mechanism, arbuscular mycorrhizal association, life history and flowering time, and EI and genome size were both correlated with stem height and life history.

PCCA provided an effective way to explore multiple factors of DNA content variation and phenotypic traits in a phylogenetic context. Traits that were correlated significantly with DNA content were linked to plant competitive ability.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use for Headache and Migraine: A Critical Review of the Literature
Authors: Adams Jon , Barbery Gaery , Lui Chi‐Wai 
Published: October 2012

Contexts.— An evidence base for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) consumption within general populations is emerging. However, research data on CAM use for headache disorders remain poorly documented. This paper, constituting the first critical review of literature on this topic, provides a synopsis and evaluation of the research findings on CAM use among patients with headache and migraine.Methods.— A comprehensive search of literature from 2000 to 2011 in CINAHL, MEDLINE, AMED, and Health Sources was conducted. The search was confined to peer‐reviewed articles published in English reporting empirical research findings of CAM use among people with primary headache or migraine.Results.— The review highlights a substantial level of CAM use among people with headache and migraine. There is also evidence of many headache and migraine sufferers using CAM concurrent to their conventional medicine use. Overall, the existing studies have been methodologically weak and there is a need for further rigorous research employing mixed method designs and utilizing large national samples.Discussion.— The critical review highlights the substantial prevalence of CAM use among people with headache and migraine as a significant health care delivery issue, and health care professionals should be prepared to inquire and discuss possible CAM use with their patients during consultations. Health care providers should also pay attention to the possible adverse effects of CAM or interactions between CAM and conventional medical treatments among headache and migraine patients.
Soft Tissue Artifact in Canine Kinematic Gait Analysis
Authors: Schwencke Monique , Smolders Luc A. , Bergknut Niklas , Gustås Pia , Meij Bjorn P. , Hazewinkel Herman A. 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveTo investigate, noninvasively, the soft tissue artifact (STA) in canine kinematic gait analysis.Study DesignExperimental study.AnimalsLabrador retrievers (n = 4).MethodsKinematic study: Reflective markers were glued to the skin over bony landmarks, with the distance between 2 markers representing the length of the underlying scapula, humerus, ulna, femur, and crus. The distance between these markers (marker distance [MD]) was measured with infrared cameras while the dogs stood still or walked on a treadmill.Fluoroscopy study: Radiopaque markers were glued on the skin over the spinous process of the L6 vertebra and the stifle to allow fluoroscopic observation of the markers and underlying skeletal segments while the dogs walked on the treadmill. The position of the markers was compared with the position of the underlying skeletal segments during different phases of the step cycle.ResultsKinematic study: Significant differences were found between MD during standing and walking for all bones investigated. Mean percentage differences in MD ranged from –18% to +6%.Fluoroscopy study: Significant displacements relative to the bony landmarks were found ranging from 0.4 to 1.2 cm.ConclusionsAnalysis of the motion of skeletal structures with the use of markers attached to the skin showed that the skin moves relative to underlying skeletal structures. When working with a 3‐D motion‐capture system using skin markers, researchers should be aware that the STA could significantly influence their results.
A randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of nightly sildenafil citrate to preserve erectile function after radiation treatment for prostate cancer
Authors: Ilic Dragan , Hindson Ben , Duchesne Gillian , Millar Jeremy L 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIntroductionErectile dysfunction (ED) is a common adverse event associated with treatment for prostate cancer. This study aimed to identify whether early, regular use of sildenafil after radiation treatment for prostate cancer is effective at reducing the rate of ED at 2 years.MethodsA randomised controlled trial with 27 men planned for radiation treatment for localised prostate cancer recruited from a single radiotherapy centre in Australia. Men were randomised to receive daily sildenafil, or a placebo tablet, for 6 months. The primary end‐point was erectile function, as measured by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) score, at 2‐year follow‐up. The abridged IIEF‐5 survey was also used during the treatment period, and could be derived from the full IIEF at other time‐points. Two‐sided Student's t‐tests and Mann–Whitney U‐tests were used for the analysis of continuous outcomes, with Fisher's exact test for dichotomous outcomes.ResultsNo difference was seen at 2 years in the primary end‐point, and IIEF scores did not differ significantly between groups during the study. Men in the sildenafil group exhibited significantly better IIEF‐5 scores at 4 weeks (P = 0.02) and 6 months (P = 0.02). There was no difference in erectile function scores between the two groups throughout the treatment period. No significant difference in adverse events was identified between the two groups.ConclusionThere was no evidence from this trial that sildenafil provides long‐term erectile function for patients while on medication. Regular use of sildenafil may improve short‐term sexual function for patients while on medication. Larger trials are required to examine the effectiveness of implementing sildenafil for prostate cancer patients undergoing radiation treatment.