bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal degradation and fire performance of plywood treated with expanded vermiculite
Authors: Wang Fei , Gao Zhenzhong , Zheng Min , Sun Jin 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThe new flame‐retardant plywood was manufactured by adding expanded vermiculite (EVMT) in the adhesive and by surface treatment as a flame‐retardant coating. The study discussed the effect of EVMT to the limited oxygen index values of samples. The thermal degradation process of plywood samples has been investigated by thermal analysis. The result showed that EVMT increased all the limited oxygen index values of the treated samples and decreased the thermal activation energy at a high degree of degradation. Scanning electron microscope (FEI, Holland, The Netherlands) images showed that EVMT could form a protective coating, which improved the flame retardancy of plywood. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrodynamic characteristics of rill flow on steep slopes
Authors: Peng Wenying , Zhang Zhuodong , Zhang Keli 
Published: February 2015

AbstractRill erosion is a dominant sediment source on sloping lands. However, the amount of soil loss from rills on steep slopes is vastly more than that on gentle slopes because of differences in rill shape and hydraulic patterns. The aims of this paper are to determine the hydrodynamic characteristics of rills and the friction coefficients in steep slope conditions and to propose modifications of some hydraulic parameters used in soil loss prediction models. A series of inflow experiments was conducted on loess slopes. The results show that the geometric and hydraulic properties of rill on the steep loess slopes, which are characterized by the mean width of cross sections, mean velocity and mean depth of flow, are related to discharge and slope gradient in power functions. However, the related exponents to discharge are 0.26, 0.48 and 0.26, respectively, which are different from the exponents derived in previous studies, which were conducted on gentle slopes. The Manning roughness coefficient ranged from 0.035 to 0.071, with an average of 0.0536, and the Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficients varied from 0.4 to 1.9. The roughness coefficients are closely related to the Reynolds numbers and flow volumes; however, the correlations vary with slope gradient. The roughness coefficients are directly proportional to the Reynolds number and the flow volume on steep slopes, in contrast with the roughness coefficients found on gentle slopes, which decrease as the Reynolds number and flow volume increase. This difference is caused by the interactions among the hydraulics of the flow, the shape of the rills and the sediment concentrations on steep slopes. The results indicate that parameters used in models to predict rill erosion have to be modified according to slope gradient. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical Glycosylation by Single Electron Transfer
Authors: Nokami Toshiki , Itoh Toshiyuki , Mong Kwok‐Kong Tony 
Published: February 2015

AbstractOligosaccharides play important roles in nature; however, chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides is still difficult and not carried out in a fully automated manner. Among various methods, the activation of glycosyl donors by single electron transfer using electrochemical and photochemical methods has several benefits. In particular, electrochemical oxidation is a powerful method to activate glycosyl donors, including thioglycosides, which are one of the most popular class of glycosyl donors in modern chemical glycosylations. This review article covers the pioneering works of electrochemical glycosylations, other chemical glycosylations achieved by single electron transfer, and our recent approach to the automated solution‐phase synthesis of oligosaccharides based on the electrochemical method.
Tea waste: an effective and economic substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation
Authors: Yang Doudou , Liang Jin , Wang Yunsheng , Sun Feng , Tao Hong , Xu Qiang , Zhang Liang , Zhang Zhengzhu , Ho Chi‐Tang , Wan Xiaochun 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDTea waste is the residue that remains after tea leaves have been extracted by hot water to obtain water‐soluble components. The waste contains a re‐usable energy substrate and nutrients which may pollute the environment if they are not dealt with appropriately. Other agricultural wastes have been widely studied as substrates for cultivating mushrooms. In the present study, we cultivated oyster mushroom using tea waste as substrate. To study the feasibility of re‐using it, tea waste was added to the substrate at different ratios in different experimental groups. Three mushroom strains (39, 71 and YOU) were compared and evaluated. Mycelia growth rate, yield, biological efficiency and growth duration were measured.RESULTSSubstrates with different tea waste ratios showed different growth and yield performance. The substrate containing 40–60% of tea waste resulted in the highest yield.CONCLUSIONTea waste could be used as an effective and economic substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation. This study also provided a useful way of dealing with massive amounts of tea waste. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Racial disparities in laryngeal cancer treatment and outcome: A population‐based analysis of 24,069 patients
Authors: Shin Jacob Y. , Truong Minh T. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectivesTo determine the impact of race on laryngeal preservation strategies and overall survival (OS) for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).Study DesignRetrospective, national cancer database analysis.MethodsData were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Chi‐square test, Kaplan‐Meier method, and Cox regression models were employed in SPSS 20.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) for data analyses.ResultsA total of 24,069 patients with laryngeal SCC were identified. Of these, 18,166 (75.5%) patients were white, 3,475 (14.4%) were black, 1,608 (6.7%) were Hispanic, and 820 (3.4%) were Asian. Compared with other races, black patients were more likely to be diagnosed at a younger age (P < 0.001), undergo lymph node dissection (P < 0.001), have nodal metastasis (P < 0.001), be with advanced stage disease (P < 0.001), and be unmarried (P < 0.001). Black patients with T1 to T2 and T3 disease were more likely to undergo total laryngectomy as compared with white patients (T1–2: 8.2% vs. 4.3%; P < 0.001; T3: 28.4% vs. 24.3%; P = 0.023). For patients with T4 disease, however, rates of primary radiotherapy among black patients were higher (40.5% vs. 35.7%; P = 0.015).The 5‐year OS for white, black, Hispanic, and Asian patients were 60.6%, 52.7%, 59.5% and 65.7% (P < 0.001). This significant 5‐year OS difference by race persisted regardless of age, gender, year of diagnosis, primary treatment, nodal status, or tumor grade. On multivariate analysis, race remained an independent prognostic factor for OS.ConclusionsRace is an independent prognostic factor for OS. Further studies are warranted to evaluate causes for racial disparities and discrepancies in OS and laryngeal preservation strategies.Level of Evidence2c. Laryngoscope, 125:1667–1674, 2015
Cerebral Iron Accumulation Is Not a Major Feature of FA2H/SPG35
Authors: Marelli Cecilia , Salih Mustafa A. , Nguyen Karine , Mallaret Martial , Leboucq Nicolas , Hassan Hamdy H. , Drouot Nathalie , Labauge Pierre , Koenig Michel 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMutations in the fatty‐acid 2‐hydroxylase (FA2H) gene cause an autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia (SPG35), often associating with cerebellar ataxia; cerebral MRI may show iron accumulation in the basal ganglia, leading to the inclusion of SPG35 among the causes of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. This finding was initially considered strongly relevant for diagnosis, although its frequency is not yet established. We found 5 novel patients (from two families) with mutations in the FA2H gene: none of them showed cerebral iron accumulation (T2‐weighted images performed in all; T2 gradient‐echo in 2); notably, in 1 case, iron accumulation was absent even after 18 years from disease onset on both T2 gradient‐echo and susceptibility‐weight MRI sequences. Cerebral iron accumulation is not a prominent feature in SPG35 and is not always dependent on disease duration; its absence should not discourage from evoking this diagnosis.
A longitudinal study of magnetic resonance spectroscopy Huntington's disease biomarkers
Authors: Sturrock Aaron , Laule Corree , Wyper Katy , Milner Ruth A. , Decolongon Joji , Santos Rachelle Dar , Coleman Allison J. , Carter Kimberley , Creighton Susan , Bechtel Natalie , Bohlen Stefan , Reilmann Ralf , Johnson Hans J. , Hayden Michael R. , Tabrizi Sarah J. , Mackay Alex L. , Leavitt Blair R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPutaminal metabolites examined using cross‐sectional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can distinguish pre‐manifest and early Huntington's Disease (HD) individuals from controls. An ideal biomarker, however, will demonstrate longitudinal change over short durations. The objective here was to evaluate longitudinal in vivo brain metabolite profiles in HD over 24 months. Eighty‐four participants (30 controls, 25 pre‐manifest HD, 29 early HD) recruited as part of TRACK‐HD were imaged at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months using 3T MRS of left putamen. Automated putaminal volume measurement was performed simultaneously. To quantify partial volume effects, spectroscopy was performed in a second, white matter voxel adjacent to putamen in six subjects. Subjects underwent TRACK‐HD motor assessment. Statistical analyses included linear regression and one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA). At all time‐points N‐acetyl aspartate and total N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA), neuronal integrity markers, were lower in early HD than in controls. Total NAA was lower in pre‐manifest HD than in controls, whereas the gliosis marker myo‐inositol (MI) was robustly elevated in early HD. Metabolites were stable over 24 months with no longitudinal change. Total NAA was not markedly different in adjacent white matter than putamen, arguing against partial volume confounding effects in cross‐sectional group differences. Total NAA correlations with disease burden score suggest that this metabolite may be useful in identifying neurochemical responses to therapeutic agents. We demonstrate almost consistent group differences in putaminal metabolites in HD‐affected individuals compared with controls over 24 months. Future work establishing spectroscopy as an HD biomarker should include multi‐site assessments in large, pathologically diverse cohorts. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A 32‐channel combined RF and B0 shim array for 3T brain imaging
Authors: Stockmann Jason P. , Witzel Thomas , Keil Boris , Polimeni Jonathan R. , Mareyam Azma , LaPierre Cristen , Setsompop Kawin , Wald Lawrence L. 
Published: February 2015

PurposeWe add user‐controllable direct currents (DC) to the individual elements of a 32‐channel radio‐frequency (RF) receive array to provide B0 shimming ability while preserving the array's reception sensitivity and parallel imaging performance.MethodsShim performance using constrained DC current (±2.5A) is simulated for brain arrays ranging from 8 to 128 elements. A 32‐channel 3‐tesla brain array is realized using inductive chokes to bridge the tuning capacitors on each RF loop. The RF and B0 shimming performance is assessed in bench and imaging measurements.ResultsThe addition of DC currents to the 32‐channel RF array is achieved with minimal disruption of the RF performance and/or negative side effects such as conductor heating or mechanical torques. The shimming results agree well with simulations and show performance superior to third‐order spherical harmonic (SH) shimming. Imaging tests show the ability to reduce the standard frontal lobe susceptibility‐induced fields and improve echo planar imaging geometric distortion. The simulation of 64‐ and 128‐channel brain arrays suggest that even further shimming improvement is possible (equivalent to up to 6th‐order SH shim coils).ConclusionIncluding user‐controlled shim currents on the loops of a conventional highly parallel brain array coil is feasible with modest current levels and produces improved B0 shimming performance over standard second‐order SH shimming. Magn Reson Med 75:441–451, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Whole‐exome DNA sequence analysis of Brca2‐ and Trp53‐deficient mouse mammary gland tumours
Authors: Francis Jeffrey C , Melchor Lorenzo , Campbell James , Kendrick Howard , Wei Wenbin , Armisen‐Garrido Javier , Assiotis Ioannis , Chen Lina , Kozarewa Iwanka , Fenwick Kerry , Swain Amanda , Smalley Matthew J , Lord Christopher J , Ashworth Alan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractGermline mutations in the tumour suppressor BRCA2 predispose to breast, ovarian and a number of other human cancers. Brca2‐deficient mouse models are used for preclinical studies but the pattern of genomic alterations in these tumours has not yet been described in detail. We have performed whole‐exome DNA sequencing analysis of mouse mammary tumours from Blg–Cre Brca2f/f Trp53f/f animals, a model of BRCA2‐deficient human cancer. We also used the sequencing data to estimate DNA copy number alterations in these tumours and identified a recurrent copy number gain in Met, which has been found amplified in other mouse mammary cancer models. Through a comparative genomic analysis, we identified several mouse Blg–Cre Brca2f/f Trp53f/f mammary tumour somatic mutations in genes that are also mutated in human cancer, but few of these genes have been found frequently mutated in human breast cancer. A more detailed analysis of these somatic mutations revealed a set of genes that are mutated in human BRCA2 mutant breast and ovarian tumours and that are also mutated in mouse Brca2‐null, Trp53‐null mammary tumours. Finally, a DNA deletion surrounded by microhomology signature found in human BRCA1/2‐deficient cancers was not common in the genome of these mouse tumours. Although a useful model, there are some differences in the genomic landscape of tumours arising in Blg–Cre Brca2f/f Trp53f/f mice compared to human BRCA‐mutated breast cancers. Therefore, this needs to be taken into account in the use of this model. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Joint Work of Connecting Multiple (Re)presentations in Science Classrooms
Authors: JORNET ALFREDO , ROTH WOLFF‐MICHAEL 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to advance current understanding of the transactional processes that characterize students’ sense‐making practices when they are confronted with multiple representations of scientific phenomena. Data for the study are derived from a design experiment that involves a technology‐rich, inquiry‐based sequence of activities. We draw on interaction analysis to examine the work by means of which a group of upper secondary school students make sense of a number of different ways in which a physical phenomenon—a phase transition—is presented to them. Our analytical perspective, grounded in a cultural‐historical framework, involves scrutinizing how the different materials emerge and evolve as signifiers for something other than themselves during teacher–student and student–student transactions. This approach allows us to trace the emergence of students’ interpretations of the relations between phenomena and their diverse presentations without committing to any preconceived notion of what these presentations stand for. We describe how students’ bodily and pragmatic actions become reified in conceptual terms and how these relate to lived‐in experiences rather than to formal underlying concepts. Findings are discussed with regard to the central role of body and praxis in research on learning science with multiple representations.
Dynamic response of the high‐rise steel tridimensional parking structure for vertical impact excitation of the lifting system
Authors: He Yongjun , Zhou Xuhong , Liu Xiaohua 
Published: February 2015

SummaryFor the vertical lifting high‐rise steel tridimensional parking structure, the vertical impact excitation resulting from the repeated acceleration and deceleration of the lifting system is analyzed and obtained according to the operational mode of lifting system. The dynamic model of the parking structure is established, and the structural dynamic response for vertical impact excitation of the lifting system is analyzed by the finite element software ANSYS (Ansys Inc., Cecil Township, Pa, USA). Influence of various factors, such as the lifting height of the lifting cage, structural damping, parking case, speedup mode and abnormal operation of the lifting system, on the structural dynamic response is investigated, and the corresponding suggestions on vibration reduction and rational speedup mode are given. Finally, the structural dynamic buckling caused by vertical impact excitation of the lifting system is discussed. The results indicate that the maximum structural vibration response occurs in the acceleration stage after start of the lifting system and depends on the velocity pattern. Additionally, the lifting height and structural damping have not remarkable influence on the maximum structural vibration response. It is suggested that the vehicles be parked in the garage from bottom to top symmetrically, and the abnormal speedup or stop of the lifting system should be avoided. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general solution for performance evaluation of a tall building with multiple damped and undamped outriggers
Authors: Fang C. J. , Tan P. , Chang C. M. , Zhou F. L. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThis paper presents a general solution for performance evaluation of a tall building with multiple damped and undamped outriggers. First, general rotational stiffness (GRS) is proposed to model an outrigger that consists of the stiffness of perimeter columns and an outrigger connection and the damping of dampers in an outrigger. By utilizing the dynamic stiffness method, the GRS can be represented by complex stiffness in an outrigger element. To analyze the dynamic characteristics of a tall building with multiple outriggers, a dynamic transcendental equation is obtained from the combination of the GRS and dynamic stiffness method. The structural responses can be calculated through the Fourier transform based on this equation. Moreover, the GRS can also be blended into a finite element (FE) model to generate an augmented state‐space equation for the analysis of the dynamic characteristics and structural responses. Applications to various outriggers are illustrated. In the numerical analysis, good agreements are found between the GRS and the FE that validates the proposed method, and the performances of various outrigger systems are evaluated parametrically. As the results of a tall building with multiple damped or undamped outriggers, the proposed method is capable of providing an optimally parametric design with respect to the position of outriggers, damping, and core‐to‐column and core‐to‐outrigger stiffness ratio. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical investigation of hybrid composite precast beams with modified strain compatibility for entire history of nominal flexural capacity
Authors: Hong Won‐Kee , Lee Yongjei , Kim Sunkuk , Kim Seung‐il , Yun Yeo‐jin 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThe strain compatibility documented in Chapter I of the American Institute of Steel Construction 360‐10 (AISC, 2010) was modified to provide accurate analytical solution for hybrid composite precast beams. In the proposed method, locations of neutral axis of the section are investigated to formulate all possible equilibrium equations of stress fields of composite sections. The only neutral axis satisfying all stress fields is then found for composite sections for entire loading history including yield and maximum load limit state and between those limit states. Finally, the nominal moment capacity of hybrid composite precast beam is calculated based on the correct neutral axis. Experimental study was conducted to verify the accuracy of the proposed method. The test results for hybrid composite precast beams agreed very well with the analysis results. The capacity difference between them is less than 4.8%. This study also compares the proposed design method with the conventional strength addition method, showing that the conventional method underestimated structures leading to over‐design. It was found that the new approach predicted the behaviors of hybrid composite precast beams more accurately than the conventional methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Mercury‐richest Europium Amalgam Eu10Hg55
Authors: Tambornino Frank , Hoch Constantin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe mercury‐richest europium amalgam Eu10Hg55 was synthesized by isothermal electrocrystallization from a solution of EuI3·8DMF in DMF on a reactive mercury cathode. The crystal structure shows remarkable complexity and polar metal–metal bonding. Closely related to the structures of mercury‐rich amalgams A11–xHg55+x (A = Na, Ca, Sr), it shows underoccupied Hg positions along [00z]. Eu10Hg55 can be described as hettotype structure of the Gd14Ag51 structure type.
Exploring the range of retention issues for seafarers in global shipping: opportunities for further research
Authors: Caesar Livingstone Divine , Cahoon Stephen , Fei Jiangang 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Discussions surrounding the global shortage of seafarers (especially ship officers) continue to evolve and have attracted the attention of a growing number of researchers and industry practitioners in recent times. There is a general consensus within the literature that ship-to-shore mobility among seafarers (including officers and unlicensed mariners) is increasing. Prolonging the number of years that seafarers spend at sea and their subsequent retention is therefore an important issue that requires further attention. This conceptual paper (which is the product of a systematic literature review on seafarers) argues that to effectively retain ship officers and cadets at sea, the range of factors negatively influencing their retention must be identified and sufficiently managed by shipping industry employers. The result from the synthesis of the reviewed literature shows that the range of retention issues that shipping industry employers need to focus on relates mostly to the following: satisfaction with job and employer, opportunities for career progression and good working conditions. The paper also examines the cluster of human resource practices and theories among industry employers and how they eventually predict the mobility of seafarers to landside jobs. Recommendations are given on how shipping industry employers may be able to alleviate the current labour crisis within the shipping industry through prudent retention strategies.