bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise in ageing humans
Authors: Hearon Christopher M. , Dinenno Frank A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen delivery to contracting skeletal muscle is complex and involves the mechanical effects of muscle contraction; local metabolic, red blood cell and endothelium‐derived substances; and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). With advancing age in humans, skeletal muscle blood flow is typically reduced during dynamic exercise and this is due to a lower vascular conductance, which could ultimately contribute to age‐associated reductions in aerobic exercise capacity, a primary predictor of mortality in both healthy and diseased ageing populations. Recent findings have highlighted the contribution of endothelium‐derived substances to blood flow control in contracting muscle of older adults. With advancing age, impaired nitric oxide availability due to scavenging by reactive oxygen species, in conjunction with elevated vasoconstrictor signalling via endothelin‐1, reduces the local vasodilatory response to muscle contraction. Additionally, ageing impairs the ability of contracting skeletal muscle to blunt sympathetic vasoconstriction (i.e. ‘functional sympatholysis’), which is critical for the proper regulation of tissue blood flow distribution and oxygen delivery, and could further reduce skeletal muscle perfusion during high intensity and/or large muscle mass exercise in older adults. We propose that initiation of endothelium‐dependent hyperpolarization is the underlying signalling event necessary to properly modulate sympathetic vasoconstriction in contracting muscle, and that age‐associated impairments in red blood cell adenosine triphosphate release and stimulation of endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation may explain impairments in both local vasodilatation and functional sympatholysis with advancing age in humans.
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Biaxial Residual Stress Mapping for a Dissimilar Metal Welded Nozzle
Authors: Hill Michael R. , Olson Mitchell D. , DeWald Adrian T. 
Published: September 2015

This paper describes a sequence of residual stress measurements made to determine a two-dimensional map of biaxial residual stress in a nozzle mockup having two welds, one a dissimilar metal (DM) weld and the other a stainless steel (SS) weld. The mockup is cylindrical, designed to represent a pressurizer surge nozzle of a nuclear pressurized water reactor (PWR), and was fabricated as part of a weld residual stress measurement and finite-element (FE) modeling round-robin exercise. The mockup has a nickel alloy DM weld joining an SS safe end to a low-alloy steel cylinder and stiffening ring, as well as an SS weld joining the safe end to a section of SS pipe. The biaxial mapping experiments follow an approach described earlier, in PVP2012-78885 and PVP2013-97246, and comprise a series of experimental steps and a computation to determine a two dimensional map of biaxial (axial and hoop) residual stress near the SS and DM welds. Specifically, the biaxial stresses are a combination of a contour measurement of hoop stress in the cylinder, slitting measurements of axial stress in thin slices removed from the cylinder wall, and a computation that determines the axial stress induced by measured hoop stress. At the DM weld, hoop stress is tensile near the OD (240 MPa) and compressive at the ID (−320 MPa), and axial stress is tensile near the OD (370 MPa) and compressive near the midthickness (−230 MPa) and ID (−250 MPa). At the SS weld, hoop stress is tensile near the OD (330 MPa) and compressive near the ID (−210 MPa), and axial stress is tensile at the OD (220 MPa) and compressive near midthickness (−225 MPa) and ID (−30 MPa). The measured stresses are found to be consistent with earlier work in similar configurations.
Acute Hepatic Necrosis Caused by Salmonella enterica Serotype I 4,5,12:−:1,2 in a Dog
Authors: Giuliano Antonio , Meiring Thelma , Grant Andrew J. , Watson Penny J. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Acute hepatic necrosis was diagnosed in a dog. Gram staining and fluorescence
in situ
hybridization identified
Salmonella enterica
in the liver, subsequently confirmed as
S. enterica
serotype I 4,5,12:−:1,2. This is the first report of acute hepatic necrosis with liver failure caused by
Salmonella
in a dog.
A retrospective cross-sectional study on the association between tobacco smoking and incidence of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Steele Lloyd , Lloyd Amelia , Fotheringham James , Sultan Ayyaz , Iqbal Javaid , Grech Ever D 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Background
Cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease. However, the relationship between smoking and acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is less well described.

Objective
To determine the relative risk of acute STEMI in smokers and ex-smokers, compared with individuals who had never smoked.

Methods
This observational study studied all patients with STEMI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in South Yorkshire, UK from 1 January 2009 to 6 April 2012. Additional contemporary demographical data for the South Yorkshire population, supplied by the Office for National Statistics, allowed derivation of the incidence rate of STEMI in South Yorkshire—both overall and stratified by smoking status. Incidence rate ratios and population attributable risk (PAR) were calculated to quantify STEMI risk.

Results
There were 1715 STEMIs in 1680 patients during the study period. Smoking status was obtained in 96.2% patients. The prevalence of smoking was 47.3% in patients with STEMI and 22.0% in the general population. In patients with STEMI, smokers were ∼10 years younger, mean (SD) 57.2 (11.1) years, than never-smokers, 66.4 (12.1) years, and ex-smokers, 67.9 (11.9) years. The age-standardised incident rate ratio of STEMI was 5.2 (4.5–6.1) for current smokers and 1.1 (1.0–1.3) for ex-smokers, with the reference group being never-smokers for both. Almost 50% of STEMIs were attributable to smoking (PAR=48.3%).

Conclusion
Cigarette smoking is associated with a fivefold increased risk of STEMI. Smoking cessation reduced this risk to a level similar to never-smokers.
Targeting a Novel ER/HOXB7 Signaling Loop in Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer
Authors: Heideman Marinus R. , Frei Anna , Hynes Nancy E. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Summary: The majority of patients with breast cancer present with an estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) tumor, and the endocrine agent tamoxifen is a mainstay for their treatment. Unfortunately, however, resistance remains a major problem because most patients who respond eventually have a recurrence. Thus, an enduring challenge in the breast cancer field is to identify mechanisms underlying tamoxifen resistance. Jin and colleagues describe a novel ER/HOXB7 signaling loop in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer models. Importantly, they reveal that targeting this signaling loop has great promise as an approach to treat patients with tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Cancer Discov; 5(9); 909–11. ©2015 AACR.
See related article by Jin et al., p. 944.
How Does Cardiovascular Disease First Present in Women and Men?
Authors: George Julie , Rapsomaniki Eleni , Pujades-Rodriguez Mar , Shah Anoop Dinesh , Denaxas Spiros , Herrett Emily , Smeeth Liam , Timmis Adam , Hemingway Harry 
Published: September 2015

Background—
Given the recent declines in heart attack and stroke incidence, it is unclear how women and men differ in first lifetime presentations of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). We compared the incidence of 12 cardiac, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular diseases in women and men at different ages.

Methods and Results—

We studied 1 937 360 people, aged ≥30 years and free from diagnosed CVD at baseline (51% women), using linked electronic health records covering primary care, hospital admissions, acute coronary syndrome registry, and mortality (Cardiovascular Research Using LInked Bespoke Studies and Electronic Records [CALIBER] research platform). During 6 years median follow-up between 1997 and 2010, 114 859 people experienced an incident cardiovascular diagnosis, the majority (66%) of which were neither myocardial infarction nor ischemic stroke. Associations of male sex with initial diagnoses of CVD, however, varied from strong (age-adjusted hazard ratios, 3.6–5.0) for abdominal aortic aneurysm, myocardial infarction, and unheralded coronary death (particularly >60 years), through modest (hazard ratio, 1.5–2.0) for stable angina, ischemic stroke, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, and cardiac arrest, to weak (hazard ratio <1.5) for transient ischemic attack, intracerebral hemorrhage, and unstable angina, and inverse (0.69) for subarachnoid hemorrhage (all
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—
The majority of initial presentations of CVD are neither myocardial infarction nor ischemic stroke, yet most primary prevention studies focus on these presentations. Sex has differing associations with different CVDs, with implications for risk prediction and management strategies.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01164371.
Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical Myrmicinae ant genus Blepharidatta Wheeler
Authors: Brandão Carlos Roberto F. , FEITOSA Rodrigo M. , Diniz Jorge L. M. 
Published: September 2015

We revise the taxonomy of the exclusively Neotropical Myrmicinae ant genus Blepharidatta (Attini), redescribing the known species (B. brasiliensis and B. conops), and describing two new species, B. delabiei sp. n. (Brazil: Bahia) and B. fernandezi sp. n. (Colombia: Amazonas). We also describe worker sting apparatuses, larvae, males, and ergatoid gynes of all species, except for B. fernandezi, known only from few worker specimens; we provide a key for identifying workers, present distribution maps for all species and summarize the knowledge on the biology of Blepharidatta species.
Capturing and Sharing Our Collective Expertise on Climate Data: The CHARMe Project
Authors: Clifford Debbie , Alegre Raquel , Bennett Victoria , Blower Jon , Deluca Cecelia , Kershaw Philip , Lynnes Christopher , Mattmann Chris , Phipps Rhona , Rozum Iryna 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
For users of climate services, the ability to quickly determine the datasets that best fit one’s needs would be invaluable. The volume, variety, and complexity of climate data makes this judgment difficult. The ambition of CHARMe (Characterization of metadata to enable high-quality climate services) is to give a wider interdisciplinary community access to a range of supporting information, such as journal articles, technical reports, or feedback on previous applications of the data. The capture and discovery of this “commentary” information, often created by data users rather than data providers, and currently not linked to the data themselves, has not been significantly addressed previously. CHARMe applies the principles of Linked Data and open web standards to associate, record, search, and publish user-derived annotations in a way that can be read both by users and automated systems. Tools have been developed within the CHARMe project that enable annotation capability for data delivery systems already in wide use for discovering climate data. In addition, the project has developed advanced tools for exploring data and commentary in innovative ways, including an interactive data explorer and comparator (“CHARMe Maps”), and a tool for correlating climate time series with external “significant events” (e.g., instrument failures or large volcanic eruptions) that affect the data quality. Although the project focuses on climate science, the concepts are general and could be applied to other fields. All CHARMe system software is open-source and released under a liberal license, permitting future projects to reuse the source code as they wish.
Enhanced Persistence of Equatorial Waves via Convergence Coupling in the Stochastic Multicloud Model
Authors: Brenowitz Noah D. , Frenkel Yevgeniy , Majda Andrew J. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Recent observational and theoretical studies show a systematic relationship between tropical moist convection and measures related to large-scale convergence. It has been suggested that cloud fields in the column stochastic multicloud model compare better with observations when using predictors related to convergence rather than moist energetics (e.g., CAPE) as per Peters et al. Here, this work is extended to a fully prognostic multicloud model. A nonlocal convergence-coupled formulation of the stochastic multicloud model is implemented without wind-dependent surface heat fluxes. In a series of idealized Walker cell simulations, this convergence coupling enhances the persistence of Kelvin wave analogs in dry regions of the domain while leaving the dynamics in moist regions largely unaltered. This effect is robust for changes in the amplitude of the imposed sea surface temperature (SST) gradient. In essence, this method provides a soft convergence coupling that allows for increased interaction between cumulus convection and the large-scale circulation but does not suffer from the deleterious wave–conditional instability of the second kind (CISK) behavior of the Kuo-type moisture-convergence closures.
Range expansion and habitat shift triggered elevated diversification of the rice genus (Oryza, Poaceae) during the Pleistocene
Authors: Lin Li , Tang Liang , Bai Yun-Jun , Tang Zhi-Yao , Wang Wei , Chen Zhi-Duan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe rice genus (Oryza) contains many wild genetic resources that are vital to the well-being of humans. However, little is known about the process by which the genus diversified or the factors that drove its speciation. Here, we integrated the phylogenetic, molecular dating and biogeographic methods to investigate the spatial-temporal patterns ofOryzadiversification, and used a series of model tests to examine whether intercontinental migrations and/or key innovations were associated with significant changes in diversification rates in the genus.ResultsOryzabecame differentiated in tropical Asia in the Miocene. There were two migrations from the ancestral area into Africa and Australia during the Miocene. We inferred at least 10 migration events out of tropical Asia since the Pleistocene, mainly involving the species adapting open habitat. A rapid increase in diversification rates of the wholeOryzaoccurred during the Pleistocene. Intercontinental migrations from tropical Asia to other tropical regions were positively correlated with shift in habitat, but not with changes in life history. A habitat preference shift from shade tolerant to open habitat predated the burst in diversification rates.ConclusionsRice species may have been pre-adapted to invade open habitat. Significant increase in diversification rates occurred during the Pleistocene and is associated with range expansion and habitat shift, but not with life history. The rice genus provides an excellent case supporting the idea that range expansion and invasion of novel habitats can drive the diversification of a group.
Changes in the chemical profile of cephalic salivary glands ofScaptotrigona postica(Hymenoptera, Meliponini) workers are phase related
Authors: Poiani Silvana B. , Morgan E. David , Drijfhout Falko P. , da Cruz-Landim Carminda 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTMost advanced eusocial bees recruit their nest mates to food resources. Recent studies in Meliponini species have revealed that the cephalic salivary (labial) glands (CSGs) are responsible for the production of scent trail pheromones. Studies on CSGs have shown that changes occur in worker glandular cell morphology from emergence from brood combs until forager phase, which may be correlated to changes in the composition of the CSG secretion. However, the composition of the CSG secretion and the chemical changes that occur in it according to the worker's life phase or tasks performed are unknown for many species, including Scaptotrigona postica. In this study, the chemical profile of CSG secretion in S. postica workers was studied. Glands were taken from specimens that were newly emerged (NE), working in the brood comb area (CA) and foraging (FO), and were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed that the glandular secretion consists of oxygenated compounds of middle volatility (acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters and ether), and their quantity varies among the different life phases, increasing as the individual moves from intra- to extra-colonial activities. The NE phase contained the smallest variety and quantity of compounds. Because of the variability of compounds, the CA workers were separated into three subgroups according to the chemical constitution of their secretion. Forager workers showed the largest quantity and variety of chemical compounds. The major compounds in forager gland secretion were 7-hexadecen-1-yl acetate and 5-tetradecen-1-yl acetate. Statistical analysis indicates that the chemical composition of glandular secretion is phase related.
Green and Reusable Nanocatalyst for the Synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines and Its Derivatives under Solvent-free Conditions
Authors: Satyanarayana Kandregula Veera Venkata , Chandra Matangi Ravi , Ramaiah Parimi Atchuta , Murthy Yellajyosula Lakshmi Narasimha , Gil Yoon Soon , Pammi Sri Venkata Narayana 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Novel, reusable, and efficient (Cd, Zn) S nanocatalysts were prepared by simple and economical chemical bath deposition using a greener approach. The as-synthesized catalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The catalytic activity of as-prepared nanocatalysts were examined for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines and its derivatives under solvent-free conditions without using any toxic materials. It has been observed that CdS nanocatalyst shows superior catalytic activity and is recyclable and reusable for ten runs without any significant loss.
High-capacity Lithium-ion Storage System Using Unilamellar Crystallites of Exfoliated MoO2 Nanosheets
Authors: Sugaya Hidetaka , Fukuda Katsutoshi , Morita Masahito , Murayama Haruno , Matsubara Eiichiro , Kume Toshirou , Uchimoto Yoshiharu 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The electrochemical properties of a composite electrode for the lithium-ion battery consisting of exfoliated MoO2 nanosheets were investigated. The cell exhibited a high capacity of ca. 400 mA h g−1 in the cell voltage range of 3.0–0.1 V, even after several charge–discharge cycles. In situ X-ray analysis during the electrochemical test revealed that multiple injections of Li+ into the interlayers between the MoO2 nanosheets and subsequent delithiation from the material occurred reversibly at room temperature.
What do midwives think about midwifery supervision?
Authors: Roseghini Manjit , Olson Suzanne 
Published: September 2015

In preparation for the annual audit of the Local Supervising Authority (LSA), a team of supervisors of midwives (SoMs) surveyed the midwives in their unit. This was to ascertain midwives' views of supervision, including their willingness to undertake the Preparation of Supervisors of Midwives course, and to raise the profile of supervision. The survey was sent, via a SurveyMonkeyTM link, to 325 midwives. The response rate was 58.0% (n=188): 73.0% (n=138) responded that supervision is a positive process and 32.0% (n=60) said that they would consider becoming a SoM. Three questions with open text yielded richer data from which themes were drawn. The results were analysed in relation to the requirements of the Midwives rules and standards ( Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2012 ) and the recent King's Fund report (2015), Midwifery regulation in the United Kingdom. The views of midwives regarding the effectiveness of midwifery supervision, especially in light of recent recommendations, are particularly pertinent.
Clinical management and rehabilitation of persistent sternal instability
Authors: El-Ansary Doa , Aitken John , Zalucki Nadia , Hardikar Ashutosh 
Published: September 2015

Background: Postoperative sternal complications after cardiac surgery remain a significant problem that increases hospital length of stay and cost of care, delays recovery, and impairs function. While the majority of patients with sternal instability can be successfully treated with sternal debridement and rewiring, this may not be an option for all patients who present with acute or persistent instability. Methods: This clinical case reports an interdisciplinary approach to the clinical assessment and conservative management of a complex patient with multiple co-morbidities and persistent sternal instability following three open-heart procedures for coronary revascularisation. It presents new and innovative diagnosis of sternal instability and monitoring of sternal healing using real-time ultrasound, as well as clinical management, with a sternal brace (QualiTeam, Chiaverano, 10010-Torino, Italy). Results: With the QualiBreath in situ, the patient reported a significant reduction in pain with activity (2/10), uninterrupted sleep and improved confidence in completing everyday tasks. On physical examination, there was minimal sternal motion on palpation (Sternal Instability Scale grade 1). Conclusions: A conservative interdisciplinary team approach to the management of patients who present with persistent sternal instability is recommended.
Incorporating the study of religion into Canadian citizenship education: More than the political
Authors: Patrick Margie 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
To date Canadian citizenship education in English Canada has largely ignored religion. Given the religious diversity of the Canadian population and the increasing political salience of religion in national and international events, the marginalization of religion within citizenship education is no longer tenable. Citizenship education is integrally connected with diversity policies, and the religious illiteracy common among Canadians harms those who belong to minority religions, many of whom are first- and second-generation immigrants. More specifically, religious illiteracy breeds misperceptions about religious adherents who highly identify with their religious identity and it hinders the ability of society to take religious differences seriously. Despite the links between religious and citizenship education however, there are concerns about reducing religion to its political expediency of addressing religious diversity and pluralism. In this article I draw on research about religion conducted in various disciplines that promote citizenship education and address religious illiteracy without reducing religion to its political functions. The three areas studied are religious pluralism, religious identity and inter-religious dialogue.
A Novel Method of Audio Steganography using Advanced Encryption Standard
Authors: Aslam Muhammad , Alkhaldi Ali Hussain 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper introduces a new sound steganographic algorithm based on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). First of all sound is converted in the form of an image and then it is encrypted with the help of AES. Simulations and security analyses are provided to demonstrate an excellent performance of the proposed algorithm.
Bemerkungen zu Porphyrios und Bardaiṣan
Authors: Tanaseanu-Döbler Ilinca 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe article analyses two fragments from the work of Bardaiṣan which the Neoplatonic philosopher Porphyry preserves in his De Styge and De abstinentia. Focusing especially on the longer piece from De Styge, it explores both Bardaiṣan’s treatment of India and Porphyry’s reception of it as contributions to the philosophical and literary Greek-speaking discourse of the Imperial period and shows how both authors are deeply rooted in Greek paideia and its conventions