bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF HYDROCARBONS IN BENTHIC FISH FROM COAL OIL POINT AND TANNER BANK, CALIFORNIA
Authors: Rossi Steven S. , Rommel George W. , Benson Andrew A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Hydrocarbons of rockfish (Sebastes sp.), sanddab (Citharichthys sp.), and sole (Lyopsetta sp.) were analyzed by high resolution glass-capillary gas chromatography, following saponification in methanolic-KOH, extraction by n-hexane, and separation via liquid chromatography. The fish contained a wide range of hydrocarbons, with total concentrations varying from less than 10 µg/g dry weight to values exceeding 100 µg/g DW. Some differences between species were noted: levels of biogenic constituents decreased in the order—sanddab&gt;rockfish&gt;slender sole. Fish collected during the summer exhibited hydrocarbon profiles similar to those taken during winter. Gravid females were characterized by somewhat higher levels of hydrocarbons.
Subtle differences were observed between fish collected near Coal Oil Point, a region of intense natural petroleum influx, and Tanner Bank, an area some 140 km offshore. Mean concentrations of hydrocarbons were elevated in COP fish (53.2 ± 38 µg/g), and many samples demonstrated characteristics of petroleum contamination. These characteristics were not accentuated in gravid females. Animals from Tanner Bank contained lesser amounts of hydrocarbons (x = 27.2 ± 15), with biogenic components often predominating over those of petroleum origin. Most fishes from both areas exhibited unresolved complex mixture (UCM) hydrocarbons. These data, in combination with the absence of petrogenic characteristics among resolvable hydrocarbons, suggest that samples were contaminated by low levels of weathered petroleum. The most abundant hydrocarbon was squalene, which was present in every sample. Synthetic chemicals such as p′, p′-DDE, poly chlorinated biphenyls, and plasticizers were present in nearly all fish samples, indicating the ubiquity of these compounds throughout the continental shelf biosphere. The relevance of these findings to marine pollution monitoring strategies is briefly discussed.
THE INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, AND SUBLETHAL EXPOSURE TO PHENANTHRENE, A PETROLEUM-DERIVED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON (PAH), ON THE RESPIRATION RATE OF JUVENILE MUD CRABS, RHITHROPANOPEUS HARRISII
Authors: Laughlin Roy B. , Neff J. M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Laboratory-reared juvenile mud crabs; Rhithropanopeus harrisii, were acclimated to temperature-salinity combinations of 20, 25, or 30°C and 5, 15, or 25 parts per thousand (‰) salinity. Subsequently, they were exposed for 10 days to phenanthrene concentrations of 0, 75, 150, or 300 µg/l (ppb). This gave a complete 3 × 3 × 4 factorial design of the factor combinations. On the tenth day of phenanthrene exposure the respiration rates of the crabs were determined both at steady state with the rearing salinity, and immediately following a move from either 15 ‰ to 5 ‰ salinity (hypoosmotic shock) or 15 ‰ to 25 ‰ salinity (hyperosmotic shock). To a certain extent, all the factors tested affected the respiration rates. An increase in temperature usually caused an increase in the respiration rate, although this was small. The juvenile crabs were tolerant both to a wide range of acclimation salinities, and to osmotic shock under control conditions. However, phenanthrene-exposed animals showed marked changes in respiration rates compared to controls. In most cases, mean respiration rates of phenanthrene-exposed juveniles increased over control rates. However, the specific pattern was largely a function of all three variables tested. The percent body water of phenanthrene-exposed crabs tended to be higher than that of the controls. This may indicate that the phenanthrene-exposed animals had difficulty osmoregulating. The results of this study show that physical environmental factors such as temperature and salinity influence the nature and magnitude of the sublethal physiological response of an estuarine invertebrate to hydrocarbon pollution.
EFFECTS OF NO. 2 FUEL OIL ON CHEMICALLY-EVOKED FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE MUD SNAIL, ILYANASSA OBSOLETA
Authors: Hyland Jeffery L. , Miller Don C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Chemically-mediated feeding responses of the mud snail, Ilyanassa obsoleta, were evaluated after exposure to various fractions and concentrations of No. 2 fuel oil in a continuous flow-through seawater system. This type of feeding response involves chemical perception of and movement toward a point source of food followed by feeding through an extended proboscis. To investigate the effects of oil on this behavior, two types of bioassays were employed. In the first, arousal was used as a criterion to document effects on initial perception of food (olfaction or distance chemoreception). This initial phase of the feeding response is particularly susceptible to disruption by oil, with significant inhibition occurring after 48 hours exposure to concentrations as low as 0.015 ppm of an oil-in-water dispersion (OWD) and 0.43 ppm of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF). In the second bioassay, extension of the proboscis was used as a criterion to document effects on subsequent tasting or contact chemoreception. This later phase of feeding is less sensitive to oil, with significant inhibition occurring only after one month exposure to 0.49 ppm WAF, or after 48 hours exposure to concentrations in excess of 1 ppm (1.45 ppm OWD and 5.97 ppm WAF). Other, more obvious effects, including mortality, were observed at these two higher dose levels.
This work illustrates the ability of extremely low levels of petroleum hydrocarbons to impair vital behavioral processes in marine organisms.
BIODISPOSAL FARMING OF REFINERY OILY WASTES
Authors: Weldon Roy A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oily waste materials, whether they are derived from oil spill cleanup operations or generated during petroleum processing, present somewhat similar disposal problems which are of major concern. With oily waste disposal in sanitary landfills increasingly unacceptable and with the many problems and high costs associated with incineration, landspreading (landfarming) is becoming more and more important as a disposal method. Although simple in principle, it is somewhat complex in application with little experimental data available. The API has undertaken a study to define the requirements and limitations for an environmentally acceptable landspreading method. Suntech selected three sites in the United States for the study, one of which is discussed in this paper, namely, Toledo, Ohio.
Typical refinery oily wastes were spread on test plots in multiple, controlled applications and tilled into the top eight inches of soil, and the fate of these wastes and their components in the soil environment was monitored for a two year period. Bio-oxidation rates were determined for the oil fractions. Microflora population counts served to monitor the microbial response and determine overall soil viability. Leachate and groundwater quality and surface runoff contamination were studied to assess any tendency toward waste constituent migration. Heavy metals, phenolics, and cyanides were also examined. Biodegradation rates were found to be substantial, with controlled applications in excess of 1,000 barrels of oil per acre per year.
HYDROCARBONS IN SEDIMENTS FROM THE EDGE OF THE BERMUDA PLATFORM
Authors: Sleeter Thomas D. , Butler James N. , Barbash Jack E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Surficial and subsurface (10–13 cm) sediment samples were taken at 7 stations (17 cores) on the northern margin of the Bermuda seamount, remote from ship traffic, beaches, and atmospheric fallout from aircraft. Their aliphatic (pentane-extractable) hydrocarbon content was found to be very low, comparable to samples from the North Atlantic abyssal plain, and two orders of magnitude lower than for typical coastal samples. About half of the aliphatic hydrocarbons are clearly biogenic, and the remainder are characteristic of petroleum residues. Petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations are lower in subsurface (for example, 0.11 µg/g dry weight) than surface samples (0.47 µg/g), and are lower outside the reef (0.25 µg/g) than inside (0.47 µg/g). These results are quantitatively consistent with a diffusion model. Extremely rapid bioturbation or totally quiescent deposition on a stable sedimentary facies can probably be eliminated as hypotheses for the deposition and transport mechanism within the sediment. Whether degradation is important cannot be answered without further studies.
RESPONSE OF A SUBTIDAL SEDIMENT COMMUNITY TO LOW LEVELS OF OIL HYDROCARBONS IN A NORWEGIAN FJORD
Authors: Bakke Torgeir , Johnsen Torbjørn M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During a nine-month field experiment, an artificially enclosed portion of the community on a subtidal sandy bottom was exposed to low levels of oil hydrocarbons (peak values between 25 and 50 µg/l in the water) for periods of two weeks at six week intervals. An adjacent portion of the community acted as a control.
The oil input did not result in significant accumulation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediment, presumably due to biodegradation and loss to the enclosure walls. The fluctuation in numbers of sediment bacterial cells did not correlate with the oil stress. Generally, the sediment chlorophyll a content was significantly higher in the oiled sediment than in the control, which indicates decreased grazing by the sediment fauna and/or increased primary production under the oil stress. The nematode abundance decreased progressively in the oiled sediment compared to a seemingly steady state in the control, whereas the harpacticoid copepods showed no response to the oil stress. No significant short term fluctuations during the exposure periods were observed in any of the groups of organisms studied. The pollution level, although chemically significant, was not considered ecologically significant with respect to the benthos.
PREDICTION OF THE MOTION OF OIL SPILLS IN CANADIAN ARCTIC WATERS
Authors: Venkatesh S. , Sahota H. S. , Rizkalla A. S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An oil spill movement prediction model operating as part of a real-time Environmental Prediction Support System for the Canadian Beaufort Sea has been developed. The present version of the model considers spills only in open waters, that is, the sea surface is considered to be ice free. The model has been partially verified with data obtained from oil simulation experiments conducted in the Bay of Fundy, off the east coast of Canada during the months of August and September, 1978. With the use of observed winds, the model-predicted locations of “Orion” buoys used to simulate the motion of oil on water, agreed fairly well with their observed locations. These verification tests also pointed out the need for high resolution surface wind forecasts — essential data for computing wind-driven water currents which move the oil.
OIL SPILL LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION
Authors: Carven Christopher J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Before the Torrey Canyon incident in 1967, no adequate national or international legal regimes existed to compensate victims of oil pollution damage or to enable governments to recover costs incurred in cleaning up oil spills. But, as a result of this major pollution incident, many national and four major international regimes were developed to make certain that victims of oil spills were compensated for their losses. This article discusses two voluntary schemes, TOVALOP and CRISTAL, and two Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization conventions—the Civil Liability Convention and the Fund Convention. For comparative purposes, it also covers the key features of proposed U.S. legislation generally referred to as “Superfund.”
HYDROCARBON DISTRIBUTION AND WEATHERING CHARACTERISTICS AT A TROPICAL OIL SPILL SITE
Authors: Page David S. , Mayo Dana W. , Cooley Judith F. , Sorenson Edmund , Gilfillan Edward S. , Hanson Sherry A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A study was performed on the state of an oil spill site on the southwest coast of Puerto Rico. The location of the study was Bahia Sucia, the site of the Zoe Colocotroni spill of 17 March, 1973. Particular attention was given to the weathering characteristics of the stranded oil remaining at the sites and to the presence of biogenic hydrocarbons in the sediments.
High resolution gas chromatography of the aliphatic and aromatic fractions of the sediment hydrocarbons was used to distinguish the types of hydrocarbons present and their distribution. It was observed that oil weathers much more rapidly in a tropical environment as compared with spills in temperate areas. Even in the most heavily impacted areas, the Zoe Colocotroni oil had weathered practically to the point of being tar.
It was also observed that a tropical site has a significant chronic input of hydrocarbons from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Gas chromatograms of extracts of leaf waxes from live mangroves compared with biogenic hydrocarbons observed in the sediments. Tar-balls also account for a significant fraction of the hydrocarbon burden in the sites studied.
The conclusion is that a tropical area has the potential for making a much more rapid recovery from an oil spill than a temperate one. Moreover, in assessing the effects of a tropical oil spill, care must be taken to distinguish the relative contribution to the total hydrocarbon burden in a spill area by oil, pelagic tar, and biogenic sources.
PROBLEMS IN ECOLOGICAL MONITORING IN PORT VALDEZ, ALASKA
Authors: Cowell E. B. , Monk D. C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The technical and scientific problems of ecological monitoring at Port Valdez, Alaska are discussed. Particular attention is given to the lack of understanding of the processes of the Alaskan Rocky Shore ecosystem and the paucity of data on the natural stresses controlling temporal and spatial variation in populations. In addition, taxonomic difficulties, particularly in the littoral macro-algae, further compound survey problems.
The paper suggests some possible approaches that could be applied and is illustrated by data taken on baseline surveys made in 1977. Particular attention is given to unexpected age size distributions in the limpet Collisella pelta.
THE ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS — TOWARD A METHODOLOGY
Authors: Fricke Peter H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the state of the art of socio-economic damage assessment following oil spills as a first step in developing a comparative methodology of use both to social scientists and lawyers in damage claim litigation. The conclusions reached are, first, that socio-economic baseline studies must be developed in areas potentially at risk if post-spill studies are to have any meaning. Secondly, post-spill data must be handled in uniform modes. Finally, development of predictive models is considered and assessed.
U.S. COAST GUARD ATLANTIC STRIKE TEAM TRAINING PROGRAM*
Authors: Jensen Donald S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Rapid personnel turnover is a problem facing the U.S. Coast Guard today. To keep productivity and mission performance high, training becomes a high priority mission area. The Atlantic Strike Team (AST) is charged with maintaining a high state of readiness to respond to actual spills and potential discharges of oil and hazardous substances. Over the past 2 years, the AST has developed a training program that serves to ensure that newly arriving team members develop needed skills rapidly through a qualification program and that seasoned members sharpen their acquired skills through periodic training exercises. The AST training program can serve as a model for other federal, state, and local agencies, as well as industry, who are faced with the training of emergency response teams.
RESULTS OF A SURPRISE TEST OF SUN TRANSPORT COMPANY'S OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLAN
Authors: Kazmierczak Leon J. , Bates John H. , Tatman N. G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A test of Sun Transport's oil spill response plan was held to gauge the effectiveness of various aspects of the plan under real-life conditions. Only the few people who were responsible for the exercise had foreknowledge of the test, its timing, and location.
At the 1979 Oil Spill meeting in Los Angeles, a paper (Kazmierczak, 1979) was presented describing details of the plan and how it was expected to work. This test was conducted to identify weaknesses, oversights, or other problem areas that might impair performance in the event of a real spill situation.
Part of the planning criteria was to select a time and location that would coincide with a Sun tanker actually being in the area so that no one would question the likelihood of a spill or suspect a drill. The element of surprise was maintained and a worthwhile exercise conducted.
Our alerting procedure, travel arrangements, logistics, and other parts of the plan revealed some areas for further refinement. The greatest benefit was a realization on the part of all the participants that spills can happen and if any organization is unfortunate enough to experience one, there is no substitute for preparedness.
Details of the planning, the actual exercise, post-exercise critique, and adjustments to the plan are thoroughly discussed in that paper.
INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONTROL TRAINING PROGRAM
Authors: Hann Roy W. , Young Harry N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
After viewing the oil spill from the supertanker Metula in 1974 and observing the state of preparedness to deal with oil spills in Chile and other countries, the need for a stronger program was evident.
With encouragement from the International Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) and others, a training course was developed to complement the IMCO and United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) programs which subsequently has been presented on a regional basis in the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, the West African area, and Brazil.
The support the UNEP Regional Seas Program and at the same time ensure that the faculty of the training program has a realistic knowledge of the problems in a given area, a series of reports has been commissioned on the status of oil pollution and oil pollution control in the various regions. The report on the Caribbean has been completed and reports on Southeast Asia and West Africa are in the final stages of preparation.
This paper will discuss the format and technical content of the training courses and the format and technical content of the supporting studies. The authors will also discuss trends in international response responsibility and methods evident from their studies and from their interaction with the students in the course.
ONSHORE IMPACTS AND CLEANUP DURING THE BURMAH AGATE OIL SPILL—NOVEMBER 1979
Authors: Thebeau Larry C. , Kana Timothy W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Of the 250,000 barrels (bbl) of oil spilled or consumed by fire during the Burmah Agate spill off Galveston, Texas, in November 1979, 2,100 bbl eventually reached the shore. Fortunately, because of the predominance of offshore, northerly winds in November 1979, most of the oil not consumed by fire dispersed offshore or was contained and recovered at the wreck site. Daily aerial and ground surveys at reference stations were conducted to locate impacts and monitor the persistence of oil onshore. Beach impacts directly attributable to the Burmah Agate occurred as far as 470 kilometers (km) from the wreck near Mansfield Pass, Texas. The first major impact occurred on November 8 and 9 when approximately 500 bbl impacted a 10-km section of San Jose Island, 250 km southwest of the wreck. Due to relative inaccessibility, and rapid recovery of the beach, no cleanup was attempted. By November 16, 1979, less than 25 percent of the impact remained buried or on the beachface. The heaviest onshore impact of Burmah Agate oil occurred November 19 to 21 when up to 1,500 bbl beached along the western half of Galveston Island. Cleanup was initially by manual labor and front-end loaders; however, by November 23, the primary method of cleanup involved pooling the oil by hand labor and picking it up with vacuum trucks. This latter method considerably reduced the volume of sand removed from the beach. Cleanup and manicuring the beach were virtually complete by November 27. Other minor impacts of less than 50 bbl occurred sporadically during the spill from Bolivar Peninsula to Brown Cedar Cut. The only known marsh impact occurred on November 9, when approximately 5 bbl coated 400 meters of fringing marsh along Smith Point in Galveston Bay.
THE WRECK OF THE LEE WANG ZIN
Authors: Bayliss Randolph , Spoltman Raymond 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Environmental effects and cleanup efforts involved in Alaska's largest (length of shoreline affected) marine oil spill are recounted. Some 2,381 to 7,143 barrels (bbl) of heavy bunker fuel and diesel oil were released during high winds into Alaskan and Canadian waters as a result of the 1979 Christmas Day capsize of the Taiwanese ore freighter, M/V Lee Wang Zin, off the southern edge of the Alaska Panhandle. Over 350 miles (mi) of shoreline were contaminated within a week of the accident, and oil slicks identified as products of the spill were sited a month later, 210 mi north of the vessel's grounding site off the southeast tip of Prince of Wales Island. During tow to deep-water burial, the vessel unexpectedly sank 8 mi from an internationally known sea bird sanctuary. Overall, many sensitive fish, mammal, bird, and shellfish resources were potentially impacted, furbearers and waterfowl, probably most seriously. Moreover, severe weather conditions and rugged terrain presented unique problems for cleanup operations, access, and logistics. By the end of April, 1980, some 585 bbl of oil had been removed at a cost of $2,089,000 ($3,570/bbl). Additional oil deposits were being found and disposed of through October, but the final resting places of some oil patches still remained to be located. Oil recovery and burning methods, including a successful propane-torching technique, are described and results tabulated. Cooperative emergency and scientific efforts involved federal, state, and local representatives, including the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guards, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service, the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Alaska State Troopers, and the Ketchikan Department of Fish and Game. Monitoring of some areas will continue for several years, and it has been recommended that certain areas be dedicated for continuing scientific study.