bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated Management of Collar Rot of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii under Greenhouse Conditions
Authors: Joyce B. Achsa , Goud T. Yella , Sagar B. Vidya , Prasanna B. Laxmi 
Published: August 2024

Collar rot, one of the major soil borne diseases of chickpea incited by Sclerotium rolfsii causes significant economic losses in chickpea crop. The present study was undertaken to identify the eco-friendly management of this soil borne disease in chickpea. In this study, the efficacy of chemical, biocontrol and biofumigation to manage the chickpea collar rot disease was tested under Greenhouse conditions. Our results revealed that the treatments involving the sole application of chemical fungicide Tebuconazole 60 FS (as seed treatment or soil application) or in combination with other treatments resulted in 100% germination of chickpea seeds. Two treatments namely T5 (SA of Tebuconazole 60 FS) and T12 (ST with Tebuconazole and SA of mustard seed cake) recorded 0.00% total mortality and hence found to be highly effective in protecting chickpea seeds from both pre emergence seed rot and post emergence seedling mortality.The results on the percent disease incidence revealed that, T10 (ST with Trichoderma spp and SA of mustard seed cake) provided maximum disease reduction of 81.93 per cent (PDI 12.04%) and 75.93 (PDI 24.07% ) per cent over the control at 30 and 45 DAS respectively. This was followed by Treatment T7 which exhibited 72.22 % (PDI 18.52%) and 69.45 % (PDI 30.55%) disease reduction over the control at 30 and 45 DAS respectively. Overall, the results of our study (considering both germination and percent disease incidence percentages), revealed that T7 (ST and SA of Trichoderma spp.) was the most effective treatment in managing the collar rot disease of chickpeas.
Origin of shallow submarine mass movements and their glide planes—Sedimentological and geotechnical analyses from the continental slope off northern Norway
Authors: Baeten Nicole J. , Laberg Jan Sverre , Vanneste Maarten , Forsberg Carl Fredrik , Kvalstad Tore J. , Forwick Matthias , Vorren Tore O. , Haflidason Haflidi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSubmarine landslides are often characterized by a basal surface of rupture parallel to the stratigraphy, in which downslope movement is initiated. However, little is known about the sedimentology and physical properties of the sediments within these surfaces. In this study, we present a multiproxy analysis of the sediments collected from a giant piston core penetrating a shallow submarine mass transport deposit, in combination with high‐resolution seismoacoustic data to identify and characterize the basal glide plane and the weaker sediments in which movement was initiated. The initial phase of instability consists of a single fracture that formed due to the downslope movement of a mostly intact slab of sediments. The 16 m long core, comprising mostly undisturbed massive and laminated ice‐rafted debris‐rich clay penetrated this slab. The base of the slab is characterized by a high‐amplitude semicontinuous reflection visible on the subbottom profiler data at about 12.5 m depth, interpreted to originate from the glide plane on top of a plumite deposit. This plumite has dilative behavior with pore pressure decrease with increasing shear strain and high undrained shear strength. Movement probably started within contouritic sediments immediately above the glide plane, characterized by higher sensitivities and higher water contents. The occurrence of the mass movements documented in this study are likely affected by the presence of a submarine landslide complex directly downslope. The slide scar of this landslide complex promoted retrogressive movement farther upslope and progressive spreading of strain softening along the slide base and in the slide mass. Numerical models (infinite slope, BING, and retrogressive slope models) illustrate that the present‐day continental slope is essentially stable and allow reconstruction of the failure processes when initiated by an external trigger.
Impacts of nonrefractory material on light absorption by aerosols emitted from biomass burning
Authors: McMeeking G. R. , Fortner E. , Onasch T. B. , Taylor J. W. , Flynn M. , Coe H. , Kreidenweis S. M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe present laboratory measurements of biomass‐burning aerosol light‐scattering and light absorption coefficients at 405, 532, and 781 nm and investigate their relationship with aerosol composition and fuel type. Aerosol composition measurements included nonrefractory components measured by a high‐resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), composition of refractory black carbon‐containing particles by a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP‐AMS), and refractory black carbon measured by a single‐particle soot photometer (SP2). All measurements were performed downstream of a thermal denuder system to probe the effects of nonrefractory material on observed optical properties. The fires studied emitted aerosol with a wide range of optical properties with some producing more strongly light‐absorbing particles (single‐scattering albedo or SSA at 781 nm = 0.4) with a weak wavelength dependence of absorption (absorption Ångström exponent or AAE = 1–2) and others producing weakly light‐absorbing particles (SSA at 781 nm ~1) with strong wavelength dependence of absorption (AAE ~7). Removal of nonrefractory material from the particles by the thermal denuder system led to substantial (20–80%) decreases in light absorption coefficients, particularly at shorter wavelengths, reflecting the removal of light‐absorbing material that had enhanced black carbon absorption in internally mixed untreated samples. Observed enhancements of absorption by all mechanisms were at least factors of 1.2–1.5 at 532 nm and 781 nm as determined from the heated samples. A mass absorption cross‐section‐based approach indicated larger enhancements, particularly at shorter wavelengths.
Remote effect of the model cold bias in the tropical North Atlantic on the warm bias in the tropical southeastern Pacific
Authors: Zhang Liping , Wang Chunzai , Song Zhenya , Lee Sang‐Ki 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMost state‐of‐the‐art climate models show significant systematic biases in the tropical southeastern Pacific (SEP) and tropical North Atlantic (TNA). These biases manifest themselves as the sea surface temperature (SST) in the SEP being too warm and the SST in the TNA being too cold. That is, as the cold SST biases appear in the TNA, the warm SST biases also occur in the SEP. This indicates that if climate models cannot succeed in simulating the TNA variability, they will also fail at least partially in the SEP. Our coupled model experiments show that the cold SST bias in the TNA results in a weakening of the Hadley‐type circulation from the TNA to the SEP. This meridional circulation reduces the South Pacific subtropical anticyclone and the associated subsidence, which in turn leads to a reduction of low clouds, a weakening of the easterly trade wind, and thus an increase of the warm SST bias in the SEP.
Formation of Dianions in Helium Nanodroplets
Authors: Mauracher Andreas , Daxner Matthias , Huber Stefan E. , Postler Johannes , Renzler Michael , Denifl Stephan , Scheier Paul , Ellis Andrew M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe formation of dianions in helium nanodroplets is reported for the first time. The fullerene cluster dianions (C60)n2− and (C70)n2− were observed by mass spectrometry for n≥5 when helium droplets containing the appropriate fullerene were subjected to electron impact at approximately 22 eV. A new mechanism for dianion formation is described, which involves a two‐electron transfer from the metastable He− ion. As well as the prospect of studying other dianions at low temperature using helium nanodroplets, this work opens up the possibility of a wider investigation of the chemistry of He−, a new electron‐donating reagent.
Using Surface Segregation To Design Stable Ru‐Ir Oxides for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Environments
Authors: Danilovic Nemanja , Subbaraman Ramachandran , Chang Kee Chul , Chang Seo Hyoung , Kang Yijin , Snyder Joshua , Paulikas Arvydas Paul , Strmcnik Dusan , Kim Yong Tae , Myers Deborah , Stamenkovic Vojislav R. , Markovic Nenad M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe methods used to improve catalytic activity are well‐established, however elucidating the factors that simultaneously control activity and stability is still lacking, especially for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts. Here, by studying fundamental links between the activity and stability of well‐characterized monometallic and bimetallic oxides, we found that there is generally an inverse relationship between activity and stability. To overcome this limitation, we developed a new synthesis strategy that is based on tuning the near‐surface composition of Ru and Ir elements by surface segregation, thereby resulting in the formation of a nanosegregated domain that balances the stability and activity of surface atoms. We demonstrate that a Ru0.5Ir0.5 alloy synthesized by using this method exhibits four‐times higher stability than the best Ru‐Ir oxygen evolution reaction materials, while still preserving the same activity.
High‐Throughput Development of a Hybrid‐Type Fluorescent Glutamate Sensor for Analysis of Synaptic Transmission
Authors: Takikawa Kenji , Asanuma Daisuke , Namiki Shigeyuki , Sakamoto Hirokazu , Ariyoshi Tetsuro , Kimpara Naoya , Hirose Kenzo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFluorescent sensors are powerful tools for visualizing cellular molecular dynamics. We present a high‐throughput screening system, designated hybrid‐type fluorescence indicator development (HyFInD), to identify optimal position‐specific fluorophore labeling in hybrid‐type sensors consisting of combinations of ligand‐binding protein mutants with small molecular fluorophores. We screened sensors for glutamate among hybrid molecules obtained by the reaction of four cysteine‐reactive fluorescence probes with a set of cysteine‐scanning mutants of the 274 amino acid S1S2 domain of AMPA‐type glutamate receptor GluA2 subunit. HyFInD identified a glutamate‐responsive probe (enhanced glutamate optical sensor: eEOS) with a dynamic range >2400 %, good photostability, and high selectivity. When eEOS was specifically tethered to neuronal surfaces, it reliably visualized the spatiotemporal dynamics of glutamate release at single synapses, revealing synapse‐to‐synapse heterogeneity of short‐term plasticity.
Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Cyanosporaside Aglycons from a Single Enediyne Precursor through Site‐Selective p‐Benzyne Hydrochlorination
Authors: Yamada Kei , Lear Martin J. , Yamaguchi Takaya , Yamashita Shuji , Gridnev Ilya D. , Hayashi Yujiro , Hirama Masahiro 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe cyanosporasides A–F are a collection of monochlorinated benzenoid derivatives isolated from the marine actinomycetes Salinispora and Streptomyces sp. All derivatives feature one of two types of cyanocyclopenta[a]indene frameworks, which are regioisomeric in the position of a single chlorine atom. It is proposed that these chloro‐substituted benzenoids are formed biosynthetically through the cycloaromatization of a bicyclic nine‐membered enediyne precursor. Herein, we report the synthesis of such a bicyclic precursor, its spontaneous transannulation into a p‐benzyne, and its differential 1,4 hydrochlorination reactivity under either organochlorine or chloride‐salt conditions. Our bioinspired approach culminated in the first regiodivergent total synthesis of the aglycons A/F and B/C, as well as cyanosporasides D and E. In addition, empirical insights into the site selectivity of a natural‐like p‐benzyne, calculated to be a ground‐state triplet diradical, to hydrogen, chlorine, and chloride sources are revealed.
Dual pH‐ and temperature‐responsive hydrogels with extraordinary swelling/deswelling behavior and enhanced mechanical performances
Authors: Huang Shutong , Shen Jianfeng , Li Na , Ye Mingxin 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTpH‐ and temperature‐responsive semi‐interpenetrating nanocomposite hydrogels (NC hydrogels) were prepared with surface‐functionalized graphene oxide (GO) as the crosslinker, N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) as the monomer, and chitosan (CS) as an additive. The effects of 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate‐modified GO sheets and CS content on various physical properties were investigated. Results show that PNIPAM/CS/GO hydrogels undergo a large volumetric change in response to temperature. Swelling ratios of PNIPAM/CS/GO hydrogels are much larger than those of the conventional organically crosslinked PNIPAM hydrogels. The deswelling test indicates that the deswelling rate was greatly enhanced by incorporating CS into the hydrogel network and using the surface‐functionalized GO as the crosslinker. The pH‐sensitivity of PNIPAM/CS/GO hydrogels is evident below their volume phase transition temperature. Moreover, the PNIPAM/CS/GO hydrogels have a much better mechanical property compared with traditional hydrogels even in a high water content of 90%. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41530.
Analysis of the effects of electrostatic interactions on protein transport through zwitterionic ultrafiltration membranes using protein charge ladders
Authors: Hadidi Mahsa , Zydney Andrew L. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTA large number of studies have shown that zwitterionic ultrafiltration membranes have very low protein fouling due to the strongly hydrated structure of the zwitterionic modification. However, there is much less known about the effects of the zwitterionic functionality on the electrostatic interactions governing protein transport through these membranes. The objective of this work was to use protein charge ladders to evaluate the effects of electrostatic interactions on protein transport through cellulosic ultrafiltration membranes modified with a zwitterionic functionality. Data were obtained using protein charge ladders formed by reacting lysozyme and α‐lactalbumin with acetic anhydride to generate a series of protein derivatives (ladders) differing by single charge groups but with essentially identical size. Protein retention was greater for the more positively charged elements within the charge ladder, consistent with a weak electrostatic repulsion from the zwitterionic membrane which had a small positive charge at pH 7. Data for all elements of the protein charge ladder (both positively and negatively charged) were in excellent agreement with calculations of a theoretical model based on the partitioning of a charged sphere (protein) in a charged cylinder. The results demonstrate the potential of using zwitterionic membranes for enhanced ultrafiltration with high selectivity and minimal fouling. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41540.
Links between trajectories of self‐reported violent and nonviolent offending and official offending during adolescence and adulthood
Authors: Fontaine Nathalie M. G. , Lacourse Eric , Vitaro Frank , Tremblay Richard E. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundLittle is known about the associations between self‐reported offending and official offending whilst considering different types of offences.AimsThe aims of the present study are to identify developmental trajectories of self‐reported violent and nonviolent offending (SRVO; SRNVO) and to examine their associations with official violent and nonviolent offences (as juveniles and adults).MethodsDevelopmental trajectories of SRVO and SRNVO from 11 to 17 years of age were estimated with data from the Montreal Longitudinal and Experimental Study, a prospective longitudinal study of 1037 boys from disadvantaged neighbourhoods.ResultsFive trajectories of SRVO (i.e. Chronic, Desisting, Delayed, Moderate and Low) and three trajectories of SRNVO (Chronic, Moderate and Low) were identified. Chronic, Desisting and Delayed trajectories of SRVO were associated with violent and nonviolent official offending in adolescence and early adulthood, over and above the trajectories of SRNVO. In comparison, trajectories of SRNVO were weakly and inconsistently associated with official offending, once controlling for their overlap with trajectories of SRVO.ConclusionsIndividuals on high trajectories of violent offending during adolescence are most at risk for being exposed to the justice system both concurrently and longitudinally. Differentiating violent and nonviolent offending can help resolve part of the discordance between self‐reported and official offending. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transparent and Inexpensive Microfluidic Device for Two‐Phase Flow Systems with High‐Pressure Performance
Authors: Macedo Portela da Silva Nayane , Letourneau Jean‐Jacques , Espitalier Fabienne , Prat Laurent 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA design strategy allowing the development of an inexpensive microdevice with a cylindrical section able to work at high pressures is established. The setup combines good optical access, high‐pressure resistance, homogeneous operation conditions, fast process control and detection, and the ability to generate a stable two‐phase flow. The experiments are conducted in the ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and supercritical carbon dioxide flow under isothermal conditions. The two‐phase flow system is observed with a high‐speed camera. An image processing procedure is performed on the films in order to determine the global two‐phase flow geometrical characterizations.
Polytype and Stacking Faults in the Li2CoSiO4 Li‐Ion Battery Cathode
Authors: Truong Quang Duc , Devaraju Murukanahally Kempaiah , Sasaki Yoshikazu , Hyodo Hiroshi , Honma Itaru 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAtomic‐resolution imaging of the crystal defects of cathode materials is crucial to understand their formation and the correlation between the structure, electrical properties, and electrode performance in rechargeable batteries. The polytype, a stable form of varied crystal structure with uniform chemical composition, holds promise to engineer electronic band structure in nanoscale homojunctions.1–3 Analyzing the exact sites of atoms and the chemistry of the boundary in polytypes would advance our understanding of their formation and properties. Herein, the polytype and stacking faults in the lithium cobalt silicates are observed directly by aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. The atomic‐scale imaging allows clarification that the polytype is formed by stacking of two different close‐packed crystal planes in three‐dimensional space. The formation of the polytype was induced by Li–Co cation exchange, the transformation of one phase to the other, and their stacking. This finding provides insight into intrinsic structural defects in an important Li2CoSiO4 Li‐ion battery cathode.
Multicolour Fluorescent Memory Based on the Interaction of Hydroxy Terphenyls with Fluoride Anions
Authors: Akamatsu Masaaki , Mori Taizo , Okamoto Ken , Sakai Hideki , Abe Masahiko , Hill Jonathan P. , Ariga Katsuhiko 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMemory operations based on variation of a molecule’s properties are important because they may lead to device miniaturization to the molecular scale or increasingly complex information processing protocols beyond the binary level. Molecular memory also introduces possibilities related to information‐storage security where chemical information (or reagents) might be used as an encryption key, in this case, acidic/basic reagents. Chemical memory that possesses both volatile and non‐volatile functionality requires reversible conversion between at least two chemically different stable or quasi‐stable states. Here we have developed the phenol–phenoxide equilibrium of phenol fluorophores as a data storage element, which can be used to write or modulate data using chemical reagents. The properties of this system allow data to be stored and erased either in non‐volatile or volatile modes. We also demonstrate non‐binary switching of states made possible by preparation of a composite containing the molecular memory elements.
Estimation of 2D Stationary Random Medium Parameters from Post‐Stack Seismic Data
Authors: Yuan Gu , Pei‐Min ZHU , Hui LI , Xiao‐Yong LI 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe key to apply the random medium theory to seismic exploration is the estimation of random medium parameters (RMP) from seismic data. In this paper, we propose an approach to estimate parameters of 2D stationary random medium from post‐stack seismic data (PSD). Firstly, the relationship between PSD and the impedance model of random medium is established, and the principle and method of parameters estimation of autocorrelation function (ACF) are introduced. Then, by using power spectrum method, the algorithms and procedures for estimating RMP are discussed with an example; afterward, the feasibility and correctness of this approach is tested using several 2D theoretical models; finally, this approach is applied to the field seismic data, and the results indicate that the estimated parameters can provide an important reference for further dividing delta sedimentary facies, which reflects the estimation method of RMP is very promising. Compared with peer‐research work, the estimation method in this paper is a real 2D algorithm, and in particular it can estimate the autocorrelation angle, and this approach based on power spectrum method is obviously efficient and easily understandable. However, we could not ignore the relatively large errors in our approach, and it needs to be further improved and amended in the later researches.
Three‐Dimensional Density Structure of North China's Craton Crust and Its Geological Implications
Authors: Zun‐Ze HOU , Wen‐Cai YANG , Chang‐Qing YU 
Published: October 2014

AbstractOne of the goals of geological interpretation on gravity anomalies is to reveal three‐dimensional density structure of the earth's crust, for which density inversion is crucial. This paper presents multiple‐scale density inversion of gravity anomalies. Firstly wavelet transform is employed to decompose gravity anomalies. Secondly, power spectrum analysis is performed to estimate the average depth of the field source for each layer, and then the generalized density inversion method is used to calculate the depth of each layer. Finally, such multi‐scale density inversion is conducted for the North China region, resulting in the density structure of its crust. The results demonstrate that this approach is effective. The followed analysis indicates that low density anomalies in orogenic belts mainly reflect the granite bodies distributed there. In comparison with shallow density disturbance in eastern North China, depressions bearing oil and gas seem to have low‐density anomalies of small amplitude. It implies that the density information extracted by wavelet multi‐scale inversion has some guiding significance for deployment of oil and gas exploration.
Numerical Study on the Characteristics of Multipole Acoustic Logging While Drilling in Cracked Porous Medium
Authors: Song XU , Yuan‐Da SU , Xue‐Lian CHEN , Xiao‐Ming TANG 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCracks and pores universally exist in earth formation rocks, significantly affecting logging while drilling (LWD) acoustic waves. Using a cracked porous medium elastic wave theory, we derive the LWD acoustic wave field for a fluid‐filled borehole containing a drill collar and study the velocity dispersion, attenuation, and sensitivity of multipole wave modes (e.g. Stoneley, flexural and quadrupole waves) as a function of crack density and gas saturation. Increasing crack concentration and gas saturation can produce significant velocity change and attenuation. Relatively speaking, the velocity is more sensitive to crack density, while the attenuation is more sensitive to gas saturation. The dispersive LWD dipole and quadrupole waves characterized by a “Airy Phase” are strongly attenuated by gas saturation. This phenomenon can be used to detect the presence of gas in tight formations. The modeling and analysis results of this study are in agreement with analysis of field LWD data.