bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevational variation in density dependence in a subtropical forest
Authors: Xu Meng , Yu Shixiao 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDensity‐dependent mortality has been recognized as an important mechanism that underpins tree species diversity, especially in tropical forests. However, few studies have attempted to explore how density dependence varies with spatial scale and even fewer have attempted to identify why there is scale‐dependent differentiation. In this study, we explore the elevational variation in density dependence. Three 1‐ha permanent plots were established at low and high elevations in the Heishiding subtropical forest, southern China. Using data from 1200 1 m2 seedling quadrats, comprising of 200 1 m2 quadrats located in each 1‐ha plot, we examined the variation in density dependence between elevations using a generalized linear mixed model with crossed random effects. A greenhouse experiment also investigated the potential effects of the soil biota on density‐dependent differentiation. Our results demonstrated that density‐dependent seedling mortality can vary between elevations in subtropical forests. Species found at a lower elevation suffered stronger negative density dependence than those found at a higher elevation. The greenhouse experiment indicated that two species that commonly occur at both elevations suffered more from soilborne pathogens during seed germination and seedling growth when they grew at the lower elevation, which implied that soil pathogens may play a crucial role in density‐dependent spatial variation.
Distinguishing wild and farm‐raised freshwater fish through fatty acid composition: Application of statistical tools
Authors: Carbonera Fabiana , Santos Hevelyse Munise Celestino dos , Montanher Paula Fernandes , de Almeida Schneider Vanessa Vivian , Lopes Ana Paula , Visentainer Jesuí Vergílio 
Published: May 2014

Brazil stands out on the world stage as having the greatest variety of freshwater fish and great aquaculture potential due to a number of factors favorable to fish production. In order to classify fish according to their fatty acid composition and origin (wild vs. farm‐raised), a survey of data from native Brazilian freshwater fish was conducted. These data were subjected to statistical analyses (principal component analysis [PCA], cluster analysis, as well as ordination by nonmetric multidimensional scaling [NMDS]), where wild and farm‐raised fish separated into distinct groups. A combination of higher total HUFA, higher n‐3, lower n‐6, and lower n‐6/n‐3 can be used as qualifying factors of wild fish and the association of lower n‐3, higher total DUFA, higher n‐6, and higher n‐6/n‐3 ratio can qualify the farm‐raised fish.Brazil stands out on the world stage as having the greatest variety of freshwater fish and great aquaculture potential due to a number of factors favorable to fish production. In order to classify fish according to their fatty acid composition and origin (wild vs. farm‐raised), a survey of data from native Brazilian freshwater fish was conducted.
Metal ions can affect the composition and production of sophorolipids by Wickerhamiella domercqiae Y2A CGMCC 3798
Authors: Chen Jing , Zhang Hongrui , Liu Yue , Fu Shengmi , Liu Xinli 
Published: May 2014

Different metal ions were added as supplements to culture media to study sophorolipids production by Wickerhamiella domercqiae Y2A CGMCC 3798. The fermentation media were supplemented with different metal ions in the form of sulfate. A maximum yield 149.90 g/L was achieved in the presence of Cu2+ ions. The production of lactonic sophorolipids was favored when culture media wad supplied with Mg2+ ions, while Fe2+ ions were the optimal ions for acidic sophorolipids production. TLC, HPLC, and LC–MS analyses were used for further investigation on the sophorolipids production. The results of SDS–PAGE and enzymatic transformation of acidic sophorolipids showed differential expression of extracellular proteins of W. domercqiae Y2A CGMCC 3798 in presence of Mg2+ or Fe2+. Overall the results indicated potential selective production of different sophorolipids based on selected metal ions in culture media.Practical applications: During the fermentation process of sophorolipids, L‐SLs and A‐SLs were produced selectively by adding Mg2+ and Fe2+into fermentation media, respectively.Sophorolipid composition and production are different produced by Wickerhamiella domercqiae Y2A CGMCC 3798 cultured with Mg2+ (a) and Fe2+ (b), respectively by HPLC analysis.
Differential sensitization of silent nociceptors to low pH stimulation by prostaglandin E2 in human volunteers
Authors: Namer B. , Schick M. , Kleggetveit I.P. , Ørstavik K. , Schmidt R. , Jorum E. , Torebjörk E. , Handwerker H. , Schmelz M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundInflammatory mediators activate and sensitize nociceptors. Tissue acidosis with low pH of 5.5 often accompanies inflammation and could enhance inflammatory pain and sensitization.MethodsAction potentials from single mechano‐responsive (CM) and mechano‐insensitive (CMi) C‐nociceptors of cutaneous fascicles of the peroneal nerve in healthy volunteers were recorded by microneurography. Low pH solutions with and without prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were injected twice (with an interval of approximately 5 min) into two spots of the receptive fields of C‐fibres. Heat thresholds of the C‐fibres were obtained before and after each injection.ResultsInjections of the low pH solutions immediately induced phasic responses in CM nociceptors, whereas CMi fibres responded after a delay of several seconds with a sustained response. More CMi fibres than CM fibres showed ongoing discharge after low pH injection, but the duration and intensity of the responses to the first low pH injection did not differ between them. Upon repetition, duration and intensity of the pH responses increased more than twofold in CMi fibres only. Furthermore, combined application of pH and PGE2 sensitized the response in CMi fibres only. In contrast, heat activation thresholds were sensitized by the combination of low pH and PGE2 in both fibre classes.ConclusionsOur results confirm nociceptor class independent heat sensitization by PGE2 which is probably mediated by transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 phosphorylation. However, prolonged and increased pain responses in humans upon low pH/PGE2 stimulation appear to be primarily dependent on CMi fibres, whereas CM nociceptors appear crucial for phasic responses.
Care professionals' understanding of the new criminal offences created by the Mental Capacity Act 2005
Authors: Manthorpe Jill , Samsi Kritika 
Published: May 2014

ObjectivesImplemented in 2007, the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2005 codified decision‐making for adults unable to make decisions for themselves in England and Wales. Among other changes, two new offences of wilful neglect and ill‐treatment were created under Section 44. Our study explored how the MCA was being implemented in community‐based dementia care, focusing on frontline practice.MethodUsing qualitative longitudinal methodology, we interviewed 279 practitioners, in the London and South‐East area of England, two or three times over 3 years. We applied framework analysis to identify and delineate recurrent themes.ResultsViews of the new offences were positive overall, but understanding ranged from partial to non‐existent among some participants.ConclusionsClinicians may be increasingly called upon to provide advice on whether an alleged victim or perpetrator lacks decision‐making capacity in cases of suspected elder abuse. They need to be aware of the new criminal offences to ensure that people with dementia, among others, are not abused and that abusers are brought to account. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of certain Ni soil tests for an initial estimation of Ni sufficiency critical levels
Authors: Nikoli Thomai , Matsi Theodora 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAlthough Ni is officially recognized as an essential micronutrient for all higher plants, the majority of the published research on soil availability of Ni focuses on its hazardous role as a heavy metal. The objective of the study was to evaluate certain Ni soil tests in uncontaminated soils for an initial estimation of its sufficiency critical levels. Nickel was extracted from 30 cultivated soils employing the following extraction methods: DTPA, AB‐DTPA, AAAc‐EDTA, Mehlich‐3, 0.1 M HCl, and 0.1 M HNO3. Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was grown in pots containing the soils, harvested five times, certain plant parameters were determined, and the Cate–Nelson procedures were used for Ni critical levels determination. Among the six methods, HCl was the least reliable extractant for the evaluation of soil available Ni, whereas the most significant (p ≤ 5%) relationships between Ni concentration or Ni uptake by ryegrass and Ni soil tests were consistently obtained for AAAc‐EDTA or Mehlich‐3 extractable Ni. In many cases, > 80% of the variability of Ni concentration or uptake by ryegrass was explained by these two soil tests without the inclusion of other soil properties that affect Ni bioavailability. Sufficiency critical levels of Ni in soil were ≈ 2 mg kg–1 for both methods. Consequently, as an initial approach, concentrations of AAAc‐EDTA or Mehlich‐3 extractable Ni < 2 mg kg–1 are probably a good guide to indicate soils that will respond to Ni fertilization.
CD30‐positive lymphoproliferative disorders arising after regional therapy for recurrent melanoma: A report of two cases and analysis of CD30 expression
Authors: Gill Kamraan , Ariyan Charlotte , Wang Xuan , Brady Mary Sue , Pulitzer Melissa 
Published: May 2014

Background and ObjectivesPrimary cutaneous CD30‐positive T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders (CD30+ LPD), including primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (CALCL) and lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP), comprise the second most common group of cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (CTCL). The etiology of these disorders is not known. Isolated limb perfusion (ILP) and isolated limb infusion (ILI) are forms of regional chemotherapy used to treat recurrent tumors of the extremity, most commonly, melanoma. Secondary malignancy following regional therapy is rarely reported.Methods/ResultsWe identified two cases of CD30+ LPD arising in the affected limbs of patients treated with ILP/ILI. We subsequently performed CD30 immunohistochemical stains on 11 pre‐ and post‐treatment skin specimens from melanoma patients treated with ILP/ILI and found that 5 of the 11 cases showed an increase in CD30+ lymphocytes following ILP/ILI.ConclusionsWe hypothesize that ILP/ILI causes upregulation of CD30 expression in the extremities of treated patients, and suggest that this may be a marker of treatment response. However, a rare but long‐term effect may be an increased risk of T‐cell cutaneous lymphoproliferative disease in the affected limb. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:258–264. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Decision Support System for Prioritizing Investments in an Energy Efficiency Program in Favelas in the City of Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Ribas José Roberto , da Silva Rocha Mariana 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis study proposes an integrated qualitative and quantitative assessment of expert opinions aiming at ranking a set of five shantytowns (favelas) located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. These communities are candidates for investments in an energy efficiency program implemented by the local electric utility company. The city, state, and federal governments want to eliminate domination of these areas by organized criminal gangs and present the city as a peaceful metropolis while hosting two big sports events: the soccer World Cup in 2014 and the Olympic Games in 2016. In recent years, some favelas were chosen to be prototypes for an ambitious project to reshape Rio de Janeiro. This involves first sending in special tactics police to drive drug gangs out, then installing the Pacifying Police Unit in the favela. Once security has been established, it is possible to improve general living conditions in these areas, including by providing public services such as health clinics, formal electricity connections and cable television. The core of the energy efficiency program was to convert informal customers to formal ones, because such communities were responsible for approximately 40% of the commercial losses (stolen energy) in the city. The model specification presented in this paper was set up with ten relevant criteria for decision making, identified through an in‐depth interview with the decision maker. The relative importance of the criteria and the performance of each favela regarding each criterion were measured by the Simos method. The preferences resulting from this method were translated into a nine‐point scale. The imprecision of subjective judgment was partially compensated by using a fuzzy analytical hierarchy process. Some criteria were ordinal, such as ‘Fair Relationship with the Community’ and ‘Complexity to Rebuild the Distribution Lines’, whereas other were cardinal, like ‘Percentage of Clients in Default’ and ‘Commercial Loss Due to Energy Theft’. At the end, the model was efficient in ranking the five favelas, therefore contributing to a rational and transparent approach for capital investment in social projects. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Normal nerve striations are altered in the trembler‐J mouse, a model of charcot–marie–tooth disease
Authors: Power Bridget J. , O'reilly Gavin , Murphy Robert , Murphy Keith J. , Pickering Mark , Jones James F.X. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: This study was initiated because it was noted that the peripheral nerves of Trembler‐J mice (a model of human Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease) appear to lack normal striations. Methods: We performed confocal microscopy of whole sciatic nerves and tested the effect of axial stress on impulse conduction. Results: We found that the axons of mutant mice were longer than those of the wild‐type (1.55 mm of axon/mm length of nerve vs. 1.28 mm/mm respectively). This axonal elongation altered the helical nerve striations (bands of Fontana). As nerves were stretched axially, the conduction distance became correspondingly shorter. The effect on latency was significantly greater in the more coiled nerves of Trembler‐J mice (P = 0.038). Conclusions: The finding that mice with a mutated peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) possess excessively long axons may be related to the excess Schwann cell numbers found in this disorder. Muscle Nerve 51: 246–252, 2015
Mass preparation of nanofibers by high pressure air‐jet split electrospinning: Effect of electric field
Authors: He Jianxin , Lian Yanping , Zhang Xueli , Wu Yanchao , Liu Rangtong 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTA novel electrospinning method using airflow, namely high pressure air‐jet split electrospinning, was proposed to fabricate polymer nanofibers with ultrahigh production rate. 7 wt % polyacrylonitrile spinning solution with a 0.157 Pa s viscosity was divided into micron size droplets by the filter screen in the front of the nozzle, and then these droplets were divided and split through high pressure airflow, which were drafted into nanofibers directly in the electric field and airflow field. In this study, the electric field distributions with different positive electrodes were simulated and their effect on fiber formation was investigated. The results show that electric field distribution and its intensity depended on electrodes area, a broader electric field distribution with a stronger intensity would bring about a larger cone angle of spraying jet region, at the same time, the contrast in the spray region enhanced. When the whole nozzle was charged, thinner fibers with about 170 nm could be prepared and the fiber production was 75.6 g/h. Compared with the conventional needle electrospinning, the throughput of nanofibers could be improved by thousands of times based on this novel electrospinning method. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 993–1001
Exploitation of viral properties for intracellular delivery
Authors: Galdiero Stefania , Falanga Annarita , Vitiello Mariateresa , Grieco Paolo , Caraglia Michele , Morelli Giancarlo , Galdiero Massimiliano 
Published: May 2014

Nanotechnology is an expanding area of study with potentially pivotal applications in a discipline as medicine where new biomedical active molecules or strategies are continuously developing. One of the principal drawbacks for the application of new therapies is the difficulty to cross membranes that represent the main physiological barrier in our body and in all living cells. Membranes are selectively permeable and allow the selective internalization of substances; generally, they form a highly impermeable barrier to most polar and charged molecules, and represent an obstacle for drug delivery, limiting absorption to specific routes and mechanisms. Viruses provide attracting suggestions for the development of targeted drug carriers as they have evolved naturally to deliver their genomes to host cells with high fidelity.A detailed understanding of virus structure and their mechanisms of entry into mammalian cells will facilitate the development and analysis of virus‐based materials for medical applications. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controllable electrical conduction at complex oxide interfaces
Authors: Tra Vu Thanh , Yang Jan‐Chi , Hsieh Ying‐Hui , Lin Jiunn‐Yuan , Chen Yi‐Chun , Chu Ying‐Hao 
Published: May 2014

Abstractmagnified imageOxide interfaces have sparked considerable interest due to their fascinating physical properties and promising possibilities for next‐generation nanoelectronics. Three intriguing oxide interfaces, hetero‐, homo‐, and tubular interfaces, will be discussed in detail in this review. First, the development and fundamental properties of classical heterointerfaces will be elaborated. Using LaAlO3/SrTiO3 as a case study, we present the most generic approach to control the two‐dimensional electron conduction at the heterointerface. Secondly, several key issues based on interesting observations on ferroic homointerfaces will be addressed. Multiple controls of fascinating functionalities based on multiferroic BiFeO3 domain walls will be presented as a model system. Finally, as the most challenging task, we review a new type of complex oxide interfaces, the tubular interface. Further insights of recently emerged tubular interfaces in BiFeO3/CoFe2O4 system will be explored, which serve as one of the focal roles in developing new functional interfaces and potentially new type of nanostructures. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Near Infrared Organic Semiconducting Materials for Bulk Heterojunction and Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Singh Surya Prakash , Sharma G. D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells have been the subject of intensive academic interest over the past two decades, and significant commercial effort has been directed towards this area with the vison of developing the next generation of low cost solar cells. Materials development has played a vital role in the dramatic improvement of both DSSC and BHJ solar cell performance in the recent years. Organic conjugated polymers and small molecules that absorb solar light in the visible and near infrared (NIR) regions represent a class of emering materials and show a great potential for the use of different optoelectronic devices such as DSSCs and BHJ solar cells. This account describes the emering class of near infrared (NIR) organic polymers and small molecules having donor and acceptors units, and explores their potential applications in the DSSCs and BHJ solar cells.
1,4‐Cyclohexadienes—Easy Access to a Versatile Building Block via Transition‐Metal‐Catalysed Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Hilt Gerhard 
Published: May 2014

Abstract1,4‐Cyclohexadiene derivatives are easily accessed via transition‐metal cycloadditions of 1,3‐dienes with alkynes. The mild reaction conditions of several transition‐metal‐catalysed reactions allows the incorporation of various functional groups to access functionalised 1,4‐cyclohexadienes. The control of the regiochemistry in the intermolecular cobalt‐catalysed Diels–Alder reaction is realised utilising different ligand designs. The functionalised 1,4‐cyclohexadiene derivatives are valuable building blocks in follow‐up transformations. Finally, the oxidation of the 1,4‐cyclohexadienes can be accomplished under mild conditions to generate the corresponding arene derivatives.
Protein–protein interaction network of the marine microalga Tetraselmis subcordiformis: prediction and application for starch metabolism analysis
Authors: Ji Chaofan , Cao Xupeng , Yao Changhong , Xue Song , Xiu Zhilong 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Under stressful conditions, the non-model marine microalga Tetraselmis subcordiformis can accumulate a substantial amount of starch, making it a potential feedstock for the production of fuel ethanol. Investigating the interactions of the enzymes and the regulatory factors involved in starch metabolism will provide potential genetic manipulation targets for optimising the starch productivity of T. subcordiformis. For this reason, the proteome of T. subcordiformis was utilised to predict the first protein–protein interaction (PPI) network for this marine alga based on orthologous interactions, mainly from the general PPI repositories. Different methods were introduced to evaluate the credibility of the predicted interactome, including the confidence value of each PPI pair and Pfam-based and subcellular location-based enrichment analysis. Functional subnetworks analysis suggested that the two enzymes involved in starch metabolism, starch phosphorylase and trehalose-phosphate synthase may be the potential ideal genetic engineering targets.
Improving the thermostability of a mesophilic family 10 xylanase, AuXyn10A, from Aspergillus usamii by in silico design
Authors: Wang Junqing , Tan Zhongbiao , Wu Minchen , Li Jianfang , Wu Jing 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
To improve the thermostability of a mesophilic GH family 10 xylanase, AuXyn10A, from Aspergillus usamii E001, its modification was performed by in silico design. Based on the comparison of B-factor values, a mutant xylanase ATXyn10 was predicted by substituting a segment YP from Tyr25 to Pro34 of AuXyn10A with the corresponding one from Asn24 to Ala32 of TaXyn10, a thermophilic GH family 10 xylanase from Thermoascus aurantiacus. Analysis of a TaXyn10 crystal structure indicated that there is a close interaction between segments YP and FP. For that reason, another mutant xylanase ATXyn10M was designed by mutating Ser286 and His288 of ATXyn10 into the corresponding Gly285 and Phe287 in the FP of TaXyn10. Then, two ATXyn10- and ATXyn10M-encoding genes, ATxyn10 and ATxyn10M, were expressed in Pichia pas toris GS115. The temperature optimum of recombinant (re) ATXyn10M was 60 °C, 10 °C higher than that of reAuXyn10A. Its thermal inactivation half-life (t 1/2) at 55 °C was 10.4-fold longer than that of reAuXyn10A. As compared with reAuXyn10A, reATXyn10M displayed a slight decrease in K m value and a significant increase in V max value from 6,267 to 8,870 U/mg.
Subclavius Posticus: An Anomalous Muscle in Association with Suprascapular Nerve Compression in an Athlete
Authors: Cogar Ashley C. , Johnsen Parker H. , Potter Hollis G. , Wolfe Scott W. 
Published: May 2014

Subclavius posticus is a rare anomalous muscle that traverses from the costal cartilage of the first rib posterolaterally to the superior border of the scapula. We present an athlete who presented with incapacitating suprascapular nerve compression associated with a subclavius posticus diagnosed by MRI. Symptoms were relieved, and function was restored by decompression of the nerve and excision of the anomalous muscle. We present this case to bring awareness of the subclavius posticus as an anatomic variant and a potential additional source for compression in suprascapular neuropathy. We recommend high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate cases of isolated suprascapular neuropathy. Level of Evidence: V