bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased reaction time variability in attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder as a response‐related phenomenon: evidence from single‐trial event‐related potentials
Authors: Saville Christopher W. N. , Feige Bernd , Kluckert Christian , Bender Stephan , Biscaldi Monica , Berger Andrea , Fleischhaker Christian , Henighausen Klaus , Klein Christoph 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundIncreased intra‐subject variability (ISV) in reaction times (RTs) is a promising endophenotype for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and among the most robust hallmarks of the disorder. ISV has been assumed to represent an attentional deficit, either reflecting lapses in attention or increased neural noise. Here, we use an innovative single‐trial event‐related potential approach to assess whether the increased ISV associated with ADHD is indeed attributable to attention, or whether it is related to response‐related processing.MethodsWe measured electroencephalographic responses to working memory oddball tasks in patients with ADHD (N = 20, aged 11.3 ± 1.1) and healthy controls (N = 25, aged 11.7 ± 1.1), and analysed these data with a recently developed method of single‐trial event‐related potential analysis. Estimates of component latency variability were computed for the stimulus‐locked and response‐locked forms of the P3b and the lateralised readiness potential (LRP).ResultsADHD patients showed significantly increased ISV in behavioural ISV. This increased ISV was paralleled by an increase in variability in response‐locked event‐related potential latencies, while variability in stimulus‐locked latencies was equivalent between groups. This result held across the P3b and LRP. Latency of all components predicted RTs on a single‐trial basis, confirming that all were relevant for speed of processing.ConclusionsThese data suggest that the increased ISV found in ADHD could be associated with response‐end, rather than stimulus‐end processes, in contrast to prevailing conceptions about the endophenotype. This mental chronometric approach may also be useful for exploring whether the existing lack of specificity of ISV to particular psychiatric conditions can be improved upon.
Impact of early tumor shrinkage on clinical outcome in wild‐type‐KRAS colorectal liver metastases treated with cetuximab
Authors: Ye Le‐chi , Wei Ye , Zhu De‐xiang , Chen Tao , Xu Jianmin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackground and AimTo evaluate the impact of early tumor shrinkage (ETS) on long‐term outcome in patients with wild‐type Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) unresectable colorectal liver metastases (CLM) receiving cetuximab plus chemotherapy.MethodsA total of 138 patients in a randomized controlled trial (70 in armA received cetuximab plus chemotherapy, 68 in armB received chemotherapy alone), as previously reported (Ye et al., 2013) were included into this analysis. The cut‐off date updated for overall survival (OS) was June 2014. ETS was defined as a ≥ 20% reduction of the longest diameters of the target lesions compared with baseline at the first evaluation (8 weeks). Outcome measures were progression‐free survival (PFS) and OS.ResultsThere were 132 patients available for evaluation, and ETS occurred more frequently in armA than that in armB (P = 0.003). ETS was associated with longer OS (armA: 35.7 vs 19.5 months, P < 0.001; armB 28.7 vs 18.7 months, P = 0.01) and PFS (armA: 13.4 vs 4.2 months, P < 0.001; armB 7.0 vs 4.2 months, P = 0.001) compared with patients with no‐ETS. Among patients with ETS, there was a significant difference between armA and armB in PFS (P = 0.03), but not in OS (P = 0.19). All 23 patients who underwent liver surgery achieved ETS. In armA, for patients without liver surgery, patients observed ETS also gained an increased survival benefit over those no‐ETS in OS (P = 0.02) and PFS (P < 0.001). ETS was an independent predictor of improved OS (hazard ratio 0.56, P = 0.007).ConclusionETS may serve as a predictor of favorable outcome in patients with wild‐type KRAS CLM receiving cetuximab plus chemotherapy.
Effectiveness of the IMPACT:Ability Program to Improve Safety and Self‐Advocacy Skills in High School Students With Disabilities
Authors: Dryden Eileen M. , Desmarais Jeffery , Arsenault Lisa 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDIndividuals with disabilities experience higher rates of abuse than the nondisabled. Few evidence‐based prevention interventions have been published despite a need for such work. This study evaluated IMPACT:Ability, a safety and self‐advocacy training for individuals with cognitive and/or physical disabilities.METHODSA quasi‐experimental design was used to assess change in safety and self‐advocacy knowledge, confidence, and behaviors among special education high school students in Boston, MA. Instruments were interviewer‐administered at 3 time points. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare change between the intervention (N = 21) and wait‐list (N = 36) groups. Repeated measures analysis was used to test change in the complete sample (N = 57).RESULTSStudents were diverse (58% males, 82% nonwhite) with a range of disabilities. Significantly greater improvement in key outcomes, including safety and self‐advocacy knowledge, confidence, and behavior, were observed in intervention students compared to the wait‐list group. Results in the complete sample showed evidence of further improvements in students' sense of safety and general self‐efficacy.CONCLUSIONSThese findings are encouraging given the effects were demonstrated in a heterogeneous urban population. IMPACT:Ability may be an effective safety and self‐advocacy training for students with disabilities. Further research will be required to determine effectiveness within particular subpopulations of students.
Testosterone and Body Composition in Men after Treatment for Rectal Cancer
Authors: Buchli Christian , Tapper John , Bottai Matteo , Holm Torbjörn , Arver Stefan , Blomqvist Lennart , Martling Anna 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer may affect Leydig cell function. However, the diagnosis of posttreatment hypogonadism is complicated as sexual symptoms associated to hypogonadism can rely on adverse events of pelvic radiation and surgery.

Aim
The objective of this study was to investigate the association of testosterone levels and body composition. The clinical value of such an association is tested subsequently in the study population.

Methods
This was a longitudinal study with prospective registration during 2010–2012 and 1-year follow up. Men with rectal cancer stage I–III, treated with radiotherapy and surgery, were eligible, and 40 of 53 men were available for analysis.

Main Outcome Measures
The areas of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue were assessed on a defined section of a computed tomography at baseline and after 1 year. Androgen levels were recorded from morning blood samples.

Results
The area of skeletal muscle was related to the level of bioavailable testosterone (P = 0.01) but not to the level of serum testosterone (P = 0.36). The subcutaneous adipose tissue was not related to testosterone levels. Men with posttreatment serum testosterone levels of 8–12 nmol/L and longitudinal loss of psoas muscle area had a significantly increased luteinizing hormone-testosterone ratio compared with those with longitudinal gain of psoas muscle.

Conclusions
The area of psoas muscle is related to the unbound fraction of circulating testosterone in men treated for rectal cancer. The longitudinal loss of psoas muscle in men with borderline levels of serum testosterone seems to be an androgen-related symptom associated with compensatory activation of the pituitary–gonadal axis indicating a testicular failure in this group of patients.
Investigating the molecular underpinnings underlying morphology and changes in carbon partitioning during tension wood formation in Eucalyptus
Authors: Mizrachi Eshchar , Maloney Victoria J. , Silberbauer Janine , Hefer Charles A. , Berger Dave K. , Mansfield Shawn D. , Myburg Alexander A. 
Published: November 2014

Summary

Tension wood has distinct physical and chemical properties, including altered fibre properties, cell wall composition and ultrastructure. It serves as a good system for investigating the genetic regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis and wood formation. The reference genome sequence for Eucalyptus grandis allows investigation of the global transcriptional reprogramming that accompanies tension wood formation in this global wood fibre crop.

We report the first comprehensive analysis of physicochemical wood property changes in tension wood of Eucalyptus measured in a hybrid (E. grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla) clone, as well as genome‐wide gene expression changes in xylem tissues 3 wk post‐induction using RNA sequencing.

We found that Eucalyptus tension wood in field‐grown trees is characterized by an increase in cellulose, a reduction in lignin, xylose and mannose, and a marked increase in galactose. Gene expression profiling in tension wood‐forming tissue showed corresponding down‐regulation of monolignol biosynthetic genes, and differential expression of several carbohydrate active enzymes.

We conclude that alterations of cell wall traits induced by tension wood formation in Eucalyptus are a consequence of a combination of down‐regulation of lignin biosynthesis and hemicellulose remodelling, rather than the often proposed up‐regulation of the cellulose biosynthetic pathway.
Proven Epstein–Barr encephalitis with negative EBV‐DNA load in cerebrospinal fluid after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Barberi Walter , Perrone Salvatore , Iori Anna Paola , Torelli Giovanni Fernando , Testi Anna Maria , Moleti Maria Luisa , Ceglie Teresa , Papoff Paola , Caresta Elena , Antonelli Manila , Gianno Francesca , Melone Antonio , Badiali Manuela , Giangaspero Felice , Foà Robin , Gentile Giuseppe 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe report a case of EBV encephalitis in a seven‐yr‐old child with Ph+ ALL. Two months after an allogeneic HSCT from his HLA mismatched mother, the patient showed an altered sensorium, generalized seizures, and a left hemiparesis. Brain MRI demonstrated multiple lesions highly suggestive for viral encephalitis. Blood and CSF PCR analyses were negative for the most common viruses involved in immunocompromised patients including EBV. A cerebral biopsy was performed, which showed intense gliosis and perivascular lymphocytic cuffing. PCR analysis performed on brain tissue was positive only for the EBV genome, while extensive investigations for other viral infections were negative. The patient's neurological symptoms rapidly worsened and he died two months later. This case report suggests that in patients presenting neurological and radiological signs of encephalitis after an HSCT, an EBV involvement should be considered, even in the absence of CSF and blood PCR virus detection.
Cardiovascular risk factors and cardiac disorders in long‐term survivors of pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Baskar Shankar , George Peggy L. , Eghtesad Bijan , Radhakrishnan Kadakkal , Hupertz Vera , Aziz Peter F. , Alkhouri Naim 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe MetS and cardiovascular disease are leading causes of late morbidity in adult liver transplantation recipients; however, limited data are available in pediatric liver transplantation. A single‐center retrospective review was undertaken for patients who had a liver transplantation before 18 yr of age and were >5 yr post‐transplantation, to study the prevalence of MetS, its components, and cardiac disorders. Fifty‐eight patients were included in the study with a mean age at transplantation of 6.3 ± 6.1 yr and mean follow‐up of 14.1 ± 6.0 yr. Of the study group, 41.4% were overweight or obese, with ongoing prednisone use and increased duration of follow‐up being significant risk factors. Fifty‐three patients had sufficient data for determining MetS, which was present in 17% of the patients. Although the prevalence of MetS is low in pediatric liver transplant recipients, it is associated with CKD and prednisone therapy (p < 0.05). Echocardiography data were available for 23 patients, of whom 43.4% had LVH and 13% had evidence of PH. The spectrum of cardiac disorders in this population is much wider than in adults.
Platelet transfusion: a systematic review of the clinical evidence
Authors: Kumar Ambuj , Mhaskar Rahul , Grossman Brenda J. , Kaufman Richard M. , Tobian Aaron A.R. , Kleinman Steven , Gernsheimer Terry , Tinmouth Alan T. , Djulbegovic Benjamin ,   AABB Platelet Transfusion Guidelines Panel
Published: November 2014

BackgroundPlatelet (PLT) transfusion is indicated either prophylactically or therapeutically to reduce the risk of bleeding or to control active bleeding. Significant uncertainty exists regarding the appropriate use of PLT transfusion and the optimal threshold for transfusion in various settings. We formulated 12 key questions to assess the role of PLT transfusion.Study Design and MethodsWe performed a systematic review (SR) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane registry of controlled trials was performed. Methodologic quality of included studies was assessed and a meta‐analysis was performed if more than two studies with similar designs were identified for a specific question.ResultsSeventeen RCTs and 55 observational studies were included in the final SR. Results from RCTs showed a beneficial effect of prophylactic compared with therapeutic transfusion for the prevention of significant bleeding in patients with hematologic disorders undergoing chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation. We found no difference in significant bleeding events related to the PLT count threshold for transfusion or the dose of PLTs transfused. Overall methodologic quality of RCTs was moderate. Results from observational studies showed no evidence that PLT transfusion prevented significant bleeding in patients undergoing central venous catheter insertions, lumbar puncture, or other surgical procedures. The methodologic quality of observational studies was very low.ConclusionWe provide a comprehensive assessment of evidence on the use of PLT transfusions in a variety of clinical settings. Our report summarizes current knowledge and identifies gaps to be addressed in future research.
High prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care: a cross-sectional study in two hospitals in northern Uganda
Authors: Bayo Pontius , Ochola Emmanuel , Oleo Caroline , Mwaka Amos Deogratius 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of the hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positivity among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in two referral hospitals in northern Uganda.DesignCross-sectional observational study.SettingTwo tertiary hospitals in a postconflict region in a low-income country.ParticipantsRandomly selected 402 pregnant women attending routine antenatal care in two referral hospitals. Five women withdrew consent for personal reasons. Data were analysed for 397 participants.Primary outcomeHepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity.ResultsOf 397 pregnant women aged 13–43 years, 96.2% were married or cohabiting. 47 (11.8%) tested positive for HBsAg; of these, 7 (14.9%) were HBeAg positive. The highest HBsAg positivity rate was seen in women aged 20 years or less (20%) compared with those aged above 20 years (8.7%), aOR=2.54 (95% CI 1.31 to 4.90). However, there was no statistically significant difference between women with positive HBsAg and those with negative tests results with respect to median values of liver enzymes, haemoglobin level, absolute neutrophil counts and white cell counts. HIV positivity, scarification and number of sexual partners were not predictive of HBV positivity.ConclusionsOne in eight pregnant women attending antenatal care in the two study hospitals has evidence of hepatitis B infection. A significant number of these mothers are HBeAg positive and may be at increased risk of transmitting hepatitis B infection to their unborn babies. We suggest that all pregnant women attending antenatal care be tested for HBV infection; exposed babies need to receive HBV vaccines at birth.
An evaluation of combat application tourniquets on training military personnel: changes in application times and success rates in three successive phases
Authors: Unlu Aytekin , Kaya E , Guvenc I , Kaymak S , Cetinkaya R A , Lapsekili E O , Ozer M T , Guler A , Yildiz R , Petrone P , Harlak A , Kilic S 
Published: November 2014

IntroductionHaemorrhage from the injured extremity is a significant cause of preventable death in military settings. This study evaluated the effect of training on the efficacy of the combat application tourniquet (CAT) and to define standards for military personnel.MethodParticipants from a training tank battalion were randomised. Data collected included age, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, hand dominance, femoral artery diameter and skin thickness. The study involved tourniquet application times (AT) and application success rates in basic, after-training and eyes-closed phases. Doppler ultrasound was used to identify the presence or absence of popliteal, radial and ulnar artery pulses.ResultsA total of 102 trainees participated. In the after-training phase, the left and right upper extremity ATs were 35±13.1 s, and 34.8±13.5 s and the right and left lower extremity ATs were 20.6±6.0 s and 20.5±5.5 s, respectively. The overall tourniquet success rates in three successive study phases were 69.6%, 82.4% and 91.2%, respectively. A negative significant relationship was found between extremity circumference and tourniquet success.DiscussionThe results show that the efficacy of CAT application increases with training. Further studies are required to investigate the reasons underlying application failures. This single group prospective randomised study involves level of evidence 4.
Akt1 and Akt3 Exert Opposing Roles in the Regulation of Vascular Tumor Growth
Authors: Phung Thuy L. , Du Wa , Xue Qi , Ayyaswamy Sriram , Gerald Damien , Antonello Zeus , Nhek Sokha , Perruzzi Carole A. , Acevedo Isabel , Ramanna-Valmiki Rajesh , Rodriguez-Waitkus Paul , Enayati Ladan , Hochman Marcelo L. , Lev Dina , Geeganage Sandaruwan , Benjamin Laura E. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Vascular tumors are endothelial cell neoplasms whose mechanisms of tumorigenesis are poorly understood. Moreover, current therapies, particularly those for malignant lesions, have little beneficial effect on clinical outcomes. In this study, we show that endothelial activation of the Akt1 kinase is sufficient to drive de novo tumor formation. Mechanistic investigations uncovered opposing functions for different Akt isoforms in this regulation, where Akt1 promotes and Akt3 inhibits vascular tumor growth. Akt3 exerted negative effects on tumor endothelial cell growth and migration by inhibiting activation of the translation regulatory kinase S6-Kinase (S6K) through modulation of Rictor expression. S6K in turn acted through a negative feedback loop to restrain Akt3 expression. Conversely, S6K signaling was increased in vascular tumor cells where Akt3 was silenced, and the growth of these tumor cells was inhibited by a novel S6K inhibitor. Overall, our findings offer a preclinical proof of concept for the therapeutic utility of treating vascular tumors, such as angiosarcomas, with S6K inhibitors. Cancer Res; 75(1); 40–50. ©2014 AACR.
SYK Is a Candidate Kinase Target for the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer
Authors: Ghotra Veerander P.S. , He Shuning , van der Horst Geertje , Nijhoff Steffen , de Bont Hans , Lekkerkerker Annemarie , Janssen Richard , Jenster Guido , van Leenders Geert J.L.H. , Hoogland A. Marije M. , Verhoef Esther I. , Baranski Zuzanna , Xiong Jiangling , van de Water Bob , van der Pluijm Gabri , Snaar-Jagalska B. Ewa , Danen Erik H.J. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Improved targeted therapies are needed to combat metastatic prostate cancer. Here, we report the identification of the spleen kinase SYK as a mediator of metastatic dissemination in zebrafish and mouse xenograft models of human prostate cancer. Although SYK has not been implicated previously in this disease, we found that its expression is upregulated in human prostate cancers and associated with malignant progression. RNAi-mediated silencing prevented invasive outgrowth in vitro and bone colonization in vivo, effects that were reversed by wild-type but not kinase-dead SYK expression. In the absence of SYK expression, cell surface levels of the progression-associated adhesion receptors integrin α2β1 and CD44 were diminished. RNAi-mediated silencing of α2β1 phenocopied SYK depletion in vitro and in vivo, suggesting an effector role for α2β1 in this setting. Notably, pharmacologic inhibitors of SYK kinase currently in phase I–II trials for other indications interfered similarly with the invasive growth and dissemination of prostate cancer cells. Our findings offer a mechanistic rationale to reposition SYK kinase inhibitors for evaluation in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Res; 75(1); 230–40. ©2014 AACR.
Molecular Pathways: Translational and Therapeutic Implications of the Notch Signaling Pathway in Cancer
Authors: Previs Rebecca A. , Coleman Robert L. , Harris Adrian L. , Sood Anil K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOver 100 years have passed since the first observation of the notched wing phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster, and significant progress has been made to characterize the role of the Notch receptor, its ligands, downstream targets, and cross-talk with other signaling pathways. The canonical Notch pathway with four Notch receptors (Notch1-4) and five ligands (DLL1, 3-4, Jagged 1-2) is an evolutionarily conserved cell signaling pathway that plays critical roles in cell-fate determination, differentiation, development, tissue patterning, cell proliferation, and death. In cancer, these roles have a critical impact on tumor behavior and response to therapy. Because the role of Notch remains tissue and context dependent, alterations within this pathway may lead to tumor suppressive or oncogenic phenotypes. Although no FDA-approved therapies currently exist for the Notch pathway, multiple therapeutics (e.g., demcizumab, tarextumab, GSI MK-0752, R04929097, and PF63084014) have been developed to target different aspects of this pathway for both hematologic and solid malignancies. Understanding the context-specific effects of the Notch pathway will be important for individualized therapies targeting this pathway. Clin Cancer Res; 21(5); 955–61. ©2014 AACR.
Structural Similarity Exerts Opposing Effects on Perceptual Differentiation and Categorization: An fMRI Study
Authors: Gerlach Christian , Zhu Xun , Joseph Jane E. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
We manipulated the degree of structural similarity between objects that had to be matched either according to whether they represented the same object (perceptual matching) or belonged to the same category (conceptual matching). Behaviorally, performance improved as a linear function of increased structural similarity during conceptual matching but deteriorated as a linear function of increased structural similarity during perceptual matching. These effects were mirrored in fMRI recordings where activation in several ventral posterior areas exhibited a similar interaction between match type and structural similarity. Our findings provide direct support for the notion that structural similarity exerts opposing effects on classification depending on whether objects are to be perceptually differentiated or categorized—a notion that has been based on rather circumstantial evidence. In particular, the finding that structural similarity plays a major role in categorization of instances according to taxonomy challenges the view that the organization of superordinate categories is not driven by shared structural features.