bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Rare Case of Internal Laryngopyocele presenting with Stridor
Authors: Bhat Vinay S , Sobhan Yanamadala , Ravi KS 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
A laryngocele is an abnormal elongation and expansion of the saccule of the laryngeal ventricle. When the neck of the laryngocele is obstructed, it becomes filled with mucus of glandular secretion and is altered to a laryngomucocele. When this lesion becomes infected, laryngopyocele is formed. In view of the general rarity of laryngopyoceles and even more so, one causing acute airway obstruction, it was decided to report an instance of the latter type. The clinical features and management of this rare case has been described.

How to cite this article
Bhat VS, Sobhan Y, Ravi KS. A Rare Case of Internal Laryngopyocele presenting with Stridor. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2014;4(1):20-22.
A Rare Cause of Hoarseness of Voice: Lipoid Proteinosis of the Larynx
Authors: Sahu Mahesh Chandra , Panda Maitreyee , Patro Nibedita 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Lipoid proteinosis (LP) is a rare genetic disease with autosomal recessive inheritance. It most often involves deposition of periodic acid Schiff positive hyaline material in skin, oral mucosa, larynx and other tissues. But it also involves the central nervous system, lungs, lymph nodes and striated muscles. Hoarseness, small papules on the eyelid border (moniliform blepharosis), enlarged tongue, waxy skin, and diffuse verrucous skin colored or yellowish papules and plaques on traumatized areas and oral mucosa are the most common features leading to the clinical diagnosis of LP. We present the case report of a 12-year-old boy with significant hoarseness, inability to protrude the tongue, beaded papules along the eyelid margins, and scarring of the skin. Of his two sisters, one had the same symptoms but with less clinical severity and the other had no features of LP.

How to cite this article
Swain SK, Panda M, Patro N, Sahu MC. A Rare Cause of Hoarseness of Voice: Lipoid Proteinosis of the Larynx. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2014;4(1):23-26.
Relative Profit Maximization and Bertrand Equilibrium with Convex Cost Functions
Authors: Satoh Atsuhiro , Tanaka Yasuhito 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This study derives pure strategy Bertrand equilibria in a duopoly in which two firms produce a homogeneous good with convex cost functions and seek to maximize the weighted sum of their absolute and relative profits. The study shows that there exists a range of equilibrium prices in duopolistic equilibria. This range of equilibrium prices is narrower and lower than the range of equilibrium prices in duopolistic equilibria under pure absolute profit maximization. Moreover, the larger the weight on the relative profit, the narrower and lower the range of equilibrium prices. In this sense, relative profit maximization is more aggressive than absolute profit maximization.
Once by the Mississippi
Authors: Kruse Horst H. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This essay presents a stylistic as well as contextual analysis of the opening paragraphs of Mark Twain's “Old Times on the Mississippi” (1875). It concentrates on the pivotal sentence of the passage, “The great Mississippi, the majestic, the magnificent Mississippi, rolling its mile-wide tide along, shining in the sun,” to assess the author's contribution to the literary iconography of America. Words such as “rolling” and “shining” in their denotative and connotative meanings (as much as in their phonetic properties) help to define the place of Mark Twain's panegyric to the river among other texts that use similar devices to praise the beauty and the magnitude of America (such as Bryant's “The Prairies” and Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby).
Beneath Mark Twain
Authors: Roark Jarrod 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A paragraph written by David S. Reynolds, buried in the middle of his Introduction for the 1995 edition of the George Lippard's The Quaker City; or, The Monks of Monk Hall (1845), offers a question relevant for Twain studies: Had Lippard's sensational novel influenced Mark Twain's writing? If so, how can we trace this influence? In that paragraph, Reynolds conjectures about Twain's familiarity with Lippard and his work. This essay offers a response that extends beyond Twain's reading of Lippard and advances a larger idea about Twain's interaction with sensational literature. Twain had read Lippard's 1847 fictionalized account of Washington and mentioned Lippard and his book in an 1853 letter to his brother. But Twain also mentioned, satirized, and was influenced by Lippard and other sensational writers. This paper detects residues of sensationalism in Twain's early writing and places Twain's western writing in the lineage of sensation.
Twice-Told Tales
Authors: Morris Linda A. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
“Twice-Told Tales” offers a rereading of the character of Aunt Sally Phelps throughout the “Evasion” chapters at the conclusion of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. I argue that she is a character in whom Twain invested considerable energy and affection, that she should not be confused with the two characters who truly did try to “sivilize” Huck Finn: the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson. I show that she is a character of considerable spunk who can hold her own against Tom Sawyer. I also argue that she gains additional stature at the conclusion of the novel because of her particular association with Jim by virtue of the fact that he escapes captivity cross-dressed in one of her calico dresses. Finally, I show that she ultimately takes control of her own narrative, and in her own voice, through spirited exchanges with her gossiping neighbors.
The N-Word in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Reconsidered
Authors: Sloane David E. E. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The n-word in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a significant contribution to Twain's message, as digital analysis reveals, leading us to understand Twain's methods and targets as somewhat different from what many critics assume, exposing the racism in otherwise “kind” people.
Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Treaty-Based Settlement of Terrorism-Related Disputes in the Era of Active United Nations Security Council Involvement
Authors: Ali Nathanael Tilahun 
Published: October 2014

Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Treaty-Based Settlement of Terrorism-Related Disputes in the Era of Active United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council has become a crucial actor in international counterterrorism by not only spurring the taking of preventive and suppressive measures against terrorist individuals and groups, but also by taking actions against states that are said to stand in the way. The Security Council's actions against such states invariably arise from accusations by other states, such as accusations of refusal to extradite suspects of terrorism or responsibility for supporting terrorists. Meanwhile, most such issues of dispute are covered under international treaties relating to terrorism, which provide for political (negotiation) and judicial (arbitration and adjudication) mechanisms of dispute settlement. The Security Council's actions against states in connection with terrorism, therefore, involve (explicit or implicit) factual and legal determinations that affect the legal positions of the disputing states under the applicable international treaties relating to terrorism. The point of departure of this paper is that, in this respect, the Security Council effectively becomes an alternative to the treaty-based dispute-settlement mechanisms. The article centrally contends that the Security Council effectively acts as a more attractive alternative to treaty-based dispute-settlement mechanisms for pursuing terrorism-related (legal) disputes between states, without providing a meaningful platform of disputation that is based on equality of the parties. And the Security Council's relative attractiveness, arising from the discursive and legal superiority its decisions enjoy and the relative convenience and expediency with which those decisions are delivered, entails the rendering of resort to treaty-based dispute-settlement mechanisms of little legal consequence. The point of concern the article aims to highlight is the lack of platform of disputation some states are faced with, trapped between a hostile Security Council that makes determinations and decisions of legal consequence and an unhelpful treaty-based dispute-settlement mechanism.
Human Rights Courts Interpreting Sustainable Development: Balancing Individual Rights and the Collective Interest
Authors: Folkesson Emelie 
Published: October 2014

Human Rights Courts Interpreting Sustainable Development: Balancing Individual Rights and the Collective Interest
This article uses a generally accepted conceptualisation of sustainable development that can be operationalized in a judicial context. It focuses on the individual and collective dimensions of the environmental, economic and social pillars, as well as the consideration of inter-generational and intra-generational equity. Case law from the European, African and American systems is analysed to reveal if the elements of sustainable development have been incorporated in their jurisprudence. The analysis reveals that the human rights bodies have used different interpretative methods, some more progressive than others, in order to incorporate the elements of sustainable development in the scope of their mandate, even if they do not mention the concept as such. The overall conclusion is that sustainable development has been operationalized through human rights courts to a certain extent. Sometimes, however, a purely individualised approach to human rights creates a hurdle to further advance sustainable development. The conclusion creates the impression that sustainable development is not just a concept on paper, but that it in fact can be operationalized, also in other courts and quasi-courts. Moreover, it shows that the institutional structure of human rights courts has been used in other areas than pure human rights protection, which means that other areas of law might make use of it to fill the gap of a non-existing court structure.
Unity in Multiplicity: Shared Cultural Understandings on Marital Life in a Damascus Catholic and Muslim Court
Authors: Van Eijk Esther 
Published: October 2014

Unity in Multiplicity: Shared Cultural Understandings on Marital Life in a Damascus Catholic and Muslim Court
Family relations in Syria are governed by a plurality of personal status laws and courts. This plurality manifests itself on a variety of levels, including statutory, communal and individual. In this article, the author argues that, albeit this plurality, Syrian personal status law is also characterised by the prevalence of shared, gendered norms and views on marital life. Based on fieldwork conducted in a Catholic and a shar’iyya personal status courts in Damascus in 2009, the author examines the shared cultural understandings on marital relationships that were found in these courts, and as laid down – most importantly – in the respective Catholic and Muslim family laws. The article maintains that the patriarchal family model is preserved and reinforced by the various personal status laws and by the various actors which operated in the field of personal status law. Finally, two Catholic case studies are presented and analysed to demonstrate the importance and attachment to patriarchal gender norms in the Catholic first instance court of Damascus.
At the Crossroads of National and European Union Law. Experiences of National Judges in a Multi-level Legal Order
Authors: Jaremba Urszula 
Published: October 2014

At the Crossroads of National and European Union Law. Experiences of National Judges in a Multi-level Legal Order
The notion and theory of legal pluralism have been witnessing an increasing interest on part of scholars. The theory that originates from the legal anthropological studies and is one of the major topical streams in the realm of socio-legal studies slowly but steady started to become a point of departure for other disciplines. Unavoidably it has also gained attention from the scholars in the realm of the law of the European Union. It is the aim of the present article to illustrate the legal reality in which the law of the Union and the national laws coexist and intertwine with each other and, subsequently, to provide some insight on the manner national judges personally construct their own understanding of this complex legal architecture and the problems they come across in that respect. In that sense, the present article not only illustrates the new, pluralistic legal environment that came into being with the founding of the Communities, later the European Union, but also adds another dimension to this by presenting selected, empirical data on how national judges in several Member States of the EU individually perceive, adapt to, experience and make sense of this reality of overlapping and intertwining legal orders. Thus, the principal aim of this article is to illustrate how the pluralistic legal system works in the mind of a national judge and to capture the more day-to-day legal reality by showing how the law works on the ground through the lived experiences of national judges.
From Legal Pluralism to Public Justification
Authors: Melissaris Emmanuel 
Published: October 2014

From legal pluralism to public justification
The paper offers an argument for a conception of legal pluralism, which has some substantive upshots and at least partly alleviates that legal pluralism may regress to rampant relativism. In particular, I will argue that law in its pluralist conception is inextricably linked to the requirement of public justification. This is not by way of appealing to any transcendental normative ideals but as a matter of entailment of the very practice of law. But, perhaps to the disappointment of many, this procedural requirement is the only practical consequence of the concept of law. For thicker, substantive limits to what law can do and for ways in which legal pluralism may be reduced in real contexts one will have to turn to the actual circumstances furnishing the law with content and a different kind of thinking about the law.
Unexpected Circumstances arising from World War I and its Aftermath: ‘Open’ versus ‘Closed’ Legal Systems
Authors: Oosterhuis Janwillem 
Published: October 2014

Unexpected Circumstances arising from World War I and its Aftermath: ‘Open’ versus ‘Closed’ Legal Systems
European jurisdictions can be distinguished in ‘open’ and ‘closed’ legal systems in respect of their approach to unexpected circumstances occurring in contractual relations. In this article, it will be argued that this distinction can be related to the judiciary’s reaction in certain countries to the economic consequences of World War I. The first point to be highlighted will be the rather strict approach to unexpected circumstances in contract law that many jurisdictions had before the war – including England, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. Secondly, the judicial approach in England, France, Germany, and the Netherlands to unexpected circumstances arising from the war will be briefly analysed. It will appear that all of the aforementioned jurisdictions remained ‘closed’. Subsequently, the reaction of the judiciary in these jurisdictions to the economic circumstances in the aftermath of the war, (hyper)inflation in particular, will be analysed. Germany, which experienced hyperinflation in the immediate aftermath of the war, developed an ‘open’ system, using the doctrine of the Wegfall der Geschäftsgrundlage. In the Netherlands, this experience failed to have an impact: indeed, in judicial practice the Netherlands appears to have a ‘closed’ legal system nevertheless, save for an ‘exceptional’ remedy in the new Dutch Civil Code, Article 6:258 of the Burgerlijk Wetboek (1992). In conclusion, the hypothesis is put forward that generally only in jurisdictions that have experienced exceptional economic upheaval, such as the hyperinflation in the wake of World War I, ‘exceptional’ remedies addressing unexpected circumstances can have a lasting effect on the legal system.
The First World War and Constitutional Law for the Netherlands Indies
Authors: Efthymiou Nick 
Published: October 2014

The First World War and Constitutional Law for the Netherlands Indies
In the nineteenth and part of the twentieth century, the Kingdom of the Netherlands had colonies both in the West Indies and in the East Indies. This article will focus on the Dutch colonies in the East Indies, i.e., the Netherlands Indies – present-day Indonesia, and will discuss whether the First World War had an impact on the constitutional law for the Netherlands Indies.
Volatile cycling of H2O, CO2, F, and Cl in the HIMU mantle: A new window provided by melt inclusions from oceanic hot spot lavas at Mangaia, Cook Islands
Authors: Cabral Rita A. , Jackson Matthew G. , Koga Kenneth T. , Rose‐Koga Estelle F. , Hauri Erik H. , Whitehouse Martin J. , Price Allison A. , Day James M. D. , Shimizu Nobumichi , Kelley Katherine A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMangaia hosts the most radiogenic Pb‐isotopic compositions observed in ocean island basalts and represents the HIMU (high µ = 238U/204Pb) mantle end‐member, thought to result from recycled oceanic crust. Complete geochemical characterization of the HIMU mantle end‐member has been inhibited due to a lack of deep submarine glass samples from HIMU localities. We homogenized olivine‐hosted melt inclusions separated from Mangaia lavas and the resulting glassy inclusions made possible the first volatile abundances to be obtained from the HIMU mantle end‐member. We also report major and trace element abundances and Pb‐isotopic ratios on the inclusions, which have HIMU isotopic fingerprints. We evaluate the samples for processes that could modify the volatile and trace element abundances postmantle melting, including diffusive Fe and H2O loss, degassing, and assimilation. H2O/Ce ratios vary from 119 to 245 in the most pristine Mangaia inclusions; excluding an inclusion that shows evidence for assimilation, the primary magmatic H2O/Ce ratios vary up to ∼200, and are consistent with significant dehydration of oceanic crust during subduction and long‐term storage in the mantle. CO2 concentrations range up to 2346 ppm CO2 in the inclusions. Relatively high CO2 in the inclusions, combined with previous observations of carbonate blebs in other Mangaia melt inclusions, highlight the importance of CO2 for the generation of the HIMU mantle. F/Nd ratios in the inclusions (30 ± 9; 2σ standard deviation) are higher than the canonical ratio observed in oceanic lavas, and Cl/K ratios (0.079 ± 0.028) fall in the range of pristine mantle (0.02–0.08).
The role of viscoelasticity in subducting plates
Authors: Farrington R. J. , Moresi L.‐N. , Capitanio F. A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSubduction of tectonic plates into Earth's mantle occurs when one plate bends beneath another at convergent plate boundaries. The characteristic time of deformation at these convergent boundaries approximates the Maxwell relaxation time for olivine at lithospheric temperatures and pressures, it is therefore by definition a viscoelastic process. While this is widely acknowledged, the large‐scale features of subduction can, and have been, successfully reproduced assuming the plate deforms by a viscous mechanism alone. However, the energy rates and stress profile within convergent margins are influenced by viscoelastic deformation. In this study, viscoelastic stresses have been systematically introduced into numerical models of free subduction, using both the viscosity and shear modulus to control the Maxwell relaxation time. The introduction of an elastic deformation mechanism into subduction models produces deviations in both the stress profile and energy rates within the subduction hinge when compared to viscous only models. These variations result in an apparent viscosity that is variable throughout the length of the plate, decreasing upon approach and increasing upon leaving the hinge. At realistic Earth parameters, we show that viscoelastic stresses have a minor effect on morphology yet are less dissipative at depth and result in an energy transfer between the energy stored during bending and the energy released during unbending. We conclude that elasticity is important during both bending and unbending within the slab hinge with the resulting stress loading and energy profile indicating that slabs maintain larger deformation rates at smaller stresses during bending and retain their strength during unbending at depth.
Rayleigh wave phase velocities in the Atlantic upper mantle
Authors: James Esther K. , Dalton Colleen A. , Gaherty James B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPhase velocity in the period range 30–130 s is measured for approximately 10,000 fundamental‐mode Rayleigh waves traversing the Atlantic basin. In order to isolate the signal of the oceanic upper mantle, paths with >30% of their length through continental upper mantle are excluded. The lateral distribution of Rayleigh wave phase velocity in the Atlantic upper mantle is explored with two approaches. One, phase velocity is allowed to vary only as a function of seafloor age. Two, a general two‐dimensional parameterization is utilized in order to capture perturbations to age‐dependent structure. In both scenarios, phase velocity shows a strong dependence on seafloor age at all periods, with higher velocity associated with older seafloor. Removing age‐dependent velocity from the 2‐D phase‐velocity maps highlights areas of anomalously low velocity, almost all of which are proximal to locations of hotspot volcanism. The age‐dependent phase velocities for the Atlantic are not consistent with a half‐space cooling model and are best explained by a plate cooling model with thickness of 75 km and mantle temperature of 1400°C. In contrast, age‐dependent phase velocities for the Pacific basin determined by Nishimura and Forsyth (1989) can be fit reasonably well by a half‐space cooling model with mantle temperature approximately 50°C warmer than the Atlantic. Comparison of Rayleigh wave phase velocity and fractionation‐corrected Na concentrations in mid‐ocean ridge basalts erupted at 87 axial ridge segments reveals a positive correlation coefficient that increases with period, as expected if along‐ridge variations in mantle potential temperature are controlling both quantities.
Mapping atmospheric aerosols with a citizen science network of smartphone spectropolarimeters
Authors: Snik Frans , Rietjens Jeroen H. H. , Apituley Arnoud , Volten Hester , Mijling Bas , Di Noia Antonio , Heikamp Stephanie , Heinsbroek Ritse C. , Hasekamp Otto P. , Smit J. Martijn , Vonk Jan , Stam Daphne M. , van Harten Gerard , de Boer Jozua , Keller Christoph U. ,   3187 iSPEX citizen scientists
Published: October 2014

AbstractTo assess the impact of atmospheric aerosols on health, climate, and air traffic, aerosol properties must be measured with fine spatial and temporal sampling. This can be achieved by actively involving citizens and the technology they own to form an atmospheric measurement network. We establish this new measurement strategy by developing and deploying iSPEX, a low‐cost, mass‐producible optical add‐on for smartphones with a corresponding app. The aerosol optical thickness (AOT) maps derived from iSPEX spectropolarimetric measurements of the daytime cloud‐free sky by thousands of citizen scientists throughout the Netherlands are in good agreement with the spatial AOT structure derived from satellite imagery and temporal AOT variations derived from ground‐based precision photometry. These maps show structures at scales of kilometers that are typical for urban air pollution, indicating the potential of iSPEX to provide information about aerosol properties at locations and at times that are not covered by current monitoring efforts.