bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blocking the Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor (PPAR): An Overview
Authors: Ammazzalorso Alessandra , De Filippis Barbara , Giampietro Letizia , Amoroso Rosa 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPeroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) have been studied extensively over the last few decades and have been assessed as molecular targets for the development of drugs against metabolic disorders. A rapid increase in understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of these receptors has occurred, together with the identification of novel chemical structures that are able to activate the various PPAR subtypes. More recent evidence suggests that moderate activation of these receptors could be favorable in pathological situations due to a decrease in the side effects brought about by PPAR agonists. PPAR partial agonists and antagonists are interesting tools that are currently used to better elucidate the biological processes modulated by this family of nuclear receptors. Herein we present an overview of the various molecular structures that are able to block each of the PPAR subtypes, with a focus on promising therapeutic applications.
Performance of a novel NMR apparatus with a solenoidal tape‐shaped antenna and a split‐type superconducting magnet
Authors: Wakuda Tsuyoshi , Park Minseok , Kawasaki Kenji , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Fukuda Yuzo , Okada Michiya , Kitaguchi Hitoshi 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTSince 2003, the authors have been developing a new configuration NMR that consists of a solenoid‐type antenna and a split‐type superconducting magnet to improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). The SNR (standard 0.1% ethylbenzene) of the system reached 9,850 in 2009. Refinement of the radiofrequency components, which include an antenna coil, a low‐temperature preamplifier, and a signal switch, led to a reduction in the system noise. In this study, the line shape of the spectrum was improved by reducing the residual magnetization of the antenna coil using a low‐magnetic sheet laminated with a tungsten sheet and a copper sheet. The measured SNR showed a good agreement with the predicted value, and the result shows the validity of this approach to improve the SNR based on the theoretical prediction. In this article, the outline and the performance of the NMR system are reported. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 43B: 79‐89, 2013
Impact of carbon ion radiotherapy for primary spinal sarcoma
Authors: Matsumoto Keiji , Imai Reiko , Kamada Tadashi , Maruyama Katsuya , Tsuji Hiroshi , Tsujii Hirohiko , Shioyama Yoshiyuki , Honda Hiroshi , Isu Kazuo ,   the Working Group for Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUNDSpinal sarcomas have been one of the most challenging diseases for orthopedic surgeons. The objective of this study was to retrospectively analyze carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) treatment results for spinal sarcoma.METHODSForty‐seven patients with 48 medically unresectable spinal sarcomas, excluding sacral tumors, received treatment with CIRT between 1996 and 2011. All patients were enrolled in phase 1/2 and phase 2 clinical trials of CIRT for bone and soft tissue sarcoma. The applied dose ranged from 52.8 gray equivalents (GyE) to 70.4 GyE (median, 64.0 GyE) in 16 fixed fractions over 4 weeks.RESULTSThe median patient age was 54 years, and the cohort included 24 men and 23 women. Thirty‐five patients were without prior treatment, and 12 patients had locally recurrent tumors after previous resection. The median follow‐up was 25 months, and the median survival was 44 months (range, 5.2‐148 months). The 5‐year local control, overall survival, and progression free rates were 79%, 52%, and 48%, respectively. None of the 15 patients who had tumors measuring <100 cm3 had a local recurrence. No fatal toxicities occurred during follow‐up. One patient each had a grade 3 late skin reaction and a grade 4 late skin reaction. Vertebral body compression was observed in 7 patients. One patient had a grade 3 late spinal cord reaction. Twenty‐two of the surviving 28 patients who had primary tumors remained ambulatory without supportive devices.CONCLUSIONSCIRT appears to be both effective and safe for the treatment of patients with unresectable spinal sarcoma. Cancer 2013;119:3496–3503.. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Comparative mapping of GABA‐immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous systems of nudibranch molluscs
Authors: Gunaratne Charuni A. , Sakurai Akira , Katz Paul S. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThe relative simplicity of certain invertebrate nervous systems, such as those of gastropod molluscs, allows behaviors to be dissected at the level of small neural circuits composed of individually identifiable neurons. Elucidating the neurotransmitter phenotype of neurons in neural circuits is important for understanding how those neural circuits function. In this study, we examined the distribution of γ‐aminobutyric‐acid;‐immunoreactive (GABA‐ir) neurons in four species of sea slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Nudibranchia): Tritonia diomedea, Melibe leonina, Dendronotus iris, and Hermissenda crassicornis. We found consistent patterns of GABA immunoreactivity in the pedal and cerebral‐pleural ganglia across species. In particular, there were bilateral clusters in the lateral and medial regions of the dorsal surface of the cerebral ganglia as well as a cluster on the ventral surface of the pedal ganglia. There were also individual GABA‐ir neurons that were recognizable across species. The invariant presence of these individual neurons and clusters suggests that they are homologous, although there were interspecies differences in the numbers of neurons in the clusters. The GABAergic system was largely restricted to the central nervous system, with the majority of axons confined to ganglionic connectives and commissures, suggesting a central, integrative role for GABA. GABA was a candidate inhibitory neurotransmitter for neurons in central pattern generator (CPG) circuits underlying swimming behaviors in these species, however none of the known swim CPG neurons were GABA‐ir. Although the functions of these GABA‐ir neurons are not known, it is clear that their presence has been strongly conserved across nudibranchs. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:794–810, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Single‐Dose Pharmacokinetics of the CCR9 Receptor Antagonist Vercirnon in Healthy US and Japanese Subjects
Authors: Haberer Lynda J. , Hacquoil Kimberley , Ino Hiroko , Sakamoto Takashi , Kanemoto Noriaki , McSherry Iain , Hirama Toshiyasu 
Published: August 2013

AbstractTwo randomized, single‐dose, crossover studies were carried out to assess different formulations and doses of the CCR9 receptor antagonist vercirnon in healthy subjects. US study (n = 24): a five‐period crossover study in healthy US subjects to assess the bioavailability of four new GlaxoSmithKline formulations compared with a “reference” formulation. Each subject received a single 500 mg dose of each of the five vercirnon formulations in a fed state. Primary pharmacokinetic (PK) endpoints were maximum plasma concentration, (Cmax), and exposure as assessed by area under the curve (AUC). There was no significant difference in PK parameters and bioavailability between the formulations tested. Japanese study (n = 30): a four‐period crossover study in healthy Japanese male subjects to assess PK and dose proportionality following single, ascending, oral doses of 250, 500, and 1,000 mg vercirnon under fasted and fed conditions. Vercirnon Cmax and AUC parameters in the fasted state increased in a less than dose proportional manner and were on average 20% higher in fed subjects compared with fasted subjects. Overall, these results support the premise that vercirnon has similar PK/safety profiles within US and Japanese populations. There was no evidence to preclude the use of the new vercirnon formulation in future studies.
Solvation Dynamics of a Radical Ion Pair in Micro‐Heterogeneous Binary Solvents: A Semi‐Quantitative Study Utilizing MARY Line‐Broadening Experiments
Authors: Pal Kunal , Grampp Günter , Kattnig Daniel R. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis work aims at elucidating the mechanism of solvation of a radical ion pair (RIP) in a micro‐heterogeneous binary solvent mixture using magnetically affected reaction yield (MARY) spectroscopy. For the exciplex‐forming 9,10‐dimethylanthracene/N,N‐dimethylaniline system a comparative, composition‐dependent MARY line‐broadening study is undertaken in a heterogeneous (toluene/dimethylsulfoxide) and a quasi‐homogenous (propyl acetate/butyronitrile) solvent mixture. The half‐saturation field extrapolated to zero‐quencher concentration, B1/2, and the self‐exchange rate constants are analyzed in the light of solvent dynamical properties of the mixtures and a dielectric continuum solvation model. The dependence of B1/2 on the solvent composition is explained by cluster formation giving rise to shortened RIP lifetimes. The results are in qualitative agreement with the continuum solvation model suggesting that it could serve as a theoretical basis for quantitative modeling.
Valorization of Humin‐Based Byproducts from Biomass Processing—A Route to Sustainable Hydrogen
Authors: Hoang Thi Minh Chau , Lefferts Leon , Seshan K. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe synthesis of biomass‐based top value‐added chemical platforms, for example, 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural, furfural, or levulinic acid from the acid‐catalyzed dehydration of sugars results in high yields of insoluble by‐products, referred to as humin. Valorization of humin by steam reforming for H2 is discussed. Both thermal and catalytic steam gasification were investigated systematically. Humin undergoes drastic changes under thermal pre‐treatment to the gasification temperature. Alkali‐metal‐based catalysts were screened for the reactions. Na2CO3 showed the highest activity and was selected for further study. The presence of Na2CO3 enhances the gasification rate drastically, and gas‐product analysis shows that the selectivity to CO and CO2 is 75 % and 25 %, respectively, which is a H2/CO ratio of 2 (corresponding to 81.3 % H2 as compared to the thermodynamic equilibrium). A possible process for the complete, efficient conversion of humin is outlined.
Efficient, specific, developmentally appropriate cre‐mediated recombination in anterior pituitary gonadotropes and thyrotropes
Authors: Pérez‐Millán María Inés , Zeidler Michael G. , Saunders Thomas L. , Camper Sally A. , Davis Shannon W. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryTissue‐specific expression of cre recombinase is a well‐established genetic tool to analyze gene function, and it is limited only by the efficiency and specificity of available cre mouse strains. Here, we report the generation of a transgenic line containing a cre cassette with codon usage optimized for mammalian cells (iCre) under the control of a mouse glycoprotein hormone α‐subunit (αGSU) regulatory sequences in a bacterial artificial chromosome genomic clone. Initial analysis of this transgenic line, Tg(αGSU‐iCre), with cre reporter strains reveals onset of cre activity in the differentiating cells of the developing anterior pituitary gland at embryonic day 12.5, with a pattern characteristic of endogenous αGSU. In adult mice, αGSU‐iCre was active in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and in the cells that produce αGSU (gonadotropes and thyrotropes) with high penetrance. Little or no activity was observed in other tissues, including skeletal and cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, lungs, testis, ovary, and liver. This αGSU‐iCre line is suitable for efficient, specific, and developmentally regulated deletion of floxed alleles in anterior pituitary gonadotropes and thyrotropes. genesis 51:785–792. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Method for the Preparation of Nonracemic Bis‐Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes
Authors: Helms Melanie , Lin Zhijie , Gong Lei , Harms Klaus , Meggers Eric 
Published: August 2013

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the team of Prof. Meggers. The cover image shows the Λ and Δ enantiomers of a bis‐cyclometalated iridium(III) complex and their corresponding mirror‐imaged CD spectra.
One‐Pot Two‐Step Synthesis of 1‐(Ethoxycarbonyl)indolizines via Pyridinium Ylides
Authors: Allgäuer Dominik S. , Mayr Herbert 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPyridinium salts Py+‐CH2‐EWG (EWG = CO2Et, CONEt2, CN, COMe, COPh) reacted with Michael acceptors Ar‐CH=C(CO2Et)(Acc) (Acc = CO2Et, COMe, SO2Me, CONH2) at ambient temperature in the presence of base to give [3 + 2]‐cycloadducts by stepwise [3 + 2]‐cycloaddition of the intermediate pyridinium ylides. Treatment of the crude reaction mixtures with 1 equiv. of chloranil and atmospheric oxygen in the presence of sodium hydroxide gave 1‐(ethoxycarbonyl)indolizines by dehydrogenation and elimination of the acceptor group (Acc). A good yield of indolizine was also obtained from Py+‐CH2CN and iPr‐CH=C(CO2Et)2, which indicates that this method is not restricted to aromatic Michael acceptors. Structurally related isoquinolinium salts react with Michael acceptors analogously to give pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines.
Effects of temperature and copper pollution on soil community—extreme temperature events can lead to community extinction
Authors: Menezes-Oliveira Vanessa B. , Scott-Fordsmand Janeck J. , Soares Amadeu M.V.M. , Amorim Monica J.B. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Global warming affects ecosystems and species' diversity. The physiology of individual species is highly influenced by changes in temperature. The effects on species communities are less studied; they are virtually unknown when combining effects of pollution and temperature. To assess the effects of temperature and pollution in the soil community, a 2-factorial soil mesocosms multispecies experiment was performed. Three exposure periods (28 d, 61 d, and 84 d) and 4 temperatures (19 °C, 23 °C, 26 °C, and 29 °C) were tested, resembling the mean annual values for southern Europe countries and extreme events. The soil used was from a field site, clean, or spiked with Cu (100 mg Cu/kg). Results showed clear differences between 29 °C treatment and all other temperature treatments, with a decrease in overall abundance of organisms, further potentiated by the increase in exposure time. Folsomia candida was the most abundant species and Enchytraeus crypticus was the most sensitive to Cu toxicity. Differences in species optimum temperatures were adequately covered: 19 °C for Hypoaspis aculeifer or 26 °C for E. crypticus. The temperature effects were more pronounced the longer the exposure time. Feeding activity decreased with higher temperature and exposure time, following the decrease in invertebrate abundance, whereas for the same conditions the organic matter turnover increased. Hence, negative impacts on ecosystem services because of temperature increase can be expected by changes on soil function and as consequence of biodiversity loss. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2678–2685. © 2013 SETAC
Distribution of pyrethroid insecticides in secondary wastewater effluent
Authors: Parry Emily , Young Thomas M. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Although the freely dissolved form of hydrophobic organic chemicals may best predict aquatic toxicity, differentiating between dissolved and particle-bound forms is challenging at environmentally relevant concentrations for compounds with low toxicity thresholds such as pyrethroid insecticides. The authors investigated the distribution of pyrethroids among 3 forms: freely dissolved, complexed with dissolved organic carbon, and sorbed to suspended particulate matter, during a yearlong study at a secondary wastewater treatment plant. Effluent was fractionated by laboratory centrifugation to determine whether sorption was driven by particle size. Linear distribution coefficients were estimated for pyrethroid sorption to suspended particulate matter (Kid) and dissolved organic carbon (Kidoc) at environmentally relevant pyrethroid concentrations. Resulting Kid values were higher than those reported for other environmental solids, and variation between sampling events correlated well with available particle surface area. Fractionation results suggest that no more than 40% of the pyrethroid remaining in secondary effluent could be removed by extending settling periods. Less than 6% of the total pyrethroid load in wastewater effluent was present in the dissolved form across all sampling events and chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2686–2694. © 2013 SETAC
Dietary bioavailability of cadmium presented to the gastropod Peringia ulvae as quantum dots and in ionic form
Authors: Khan Farhan R. , Schmuecking Katarina , Krishnadasan Siva H. , Berhanu Deborah , Smith Brian D. , deMello John C. , Rainbow Philip S. , Luoma Samuel N. , Valsami-Jones Eugenia 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

For quantum dots (QDs) synthesized in solvents that are immiscible in water, dietary, rather than aqueous, exposure is expected to be the primary route of uptake. The estuarine snail Peringia ulvae was presented with mats of simulated detritus spiked with oleic acid capped cadmium sulfide (CdS; 3.1 ± 0.4 nm) or cadmium selenide (CdSe; 4.2 ± 0.8 nm) nanoparticles, synthesized using a microfluidics method, or Cd2+ (added as Cd[NO3]2) as a control. A biodynamic modeling approach was used to quantify parameters that describe the dietary accumulation of the Cd forms. Ingestion rates decreased across treatments at higher exposure concentrations, indicating a metal-induced stress response related to Cd dose rather than form. Although Cd was bioavailable from both CdS and CdSe QDs, uptake rate constants from diet were significantly lower than that of Cd2+ (p &lt; 0.05). After 72 h depuration, however, no loss of Cd was observed from snails that had accumulated Cd from either type of QD. In comparison, snails ingesting Cd2+-spiked detritus eliminated 39% of their accumulated body burden per day. The almost identical uptake and efflux rates for Cd in both QDs suggest no effect of the chalcogenide conjugates (S or Se). The findings of the present study indicate that the availability of Cd in the form of nanoparticles and its apparent in vivo persistence will lead to bioaccumulation. The implications of this are discussed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2621–2629. ©2013 SETAC
Maternal transfer of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in aquatic and terrestrial arthropods
Authors: Saxton Heidi J. , Goodman James R. , Collins Jeffrey N. , Black Frank J. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

The transfer of mercury from females to their offspring plays an important role in mercury accumulation and toxicity during early development. To quantify the transfer of inorganic mercury and methylmercury from female arthropods to their eggs, the authors collected and analyzed brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana), wolf spiders (Alopecosa spp.), and their attached eggs from aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems at the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA. Essentially all of the mercury in both the female brine shrimp and their eggs was methylmercury (94 ± 17% and 90 ± 21%, respectively). The brine shrimp eggs had methylmercury concentrations that were 84 ± 2% lower than in the females, reflecting the fact that females transferred 45 ± 4% of their total body mass but only 11 ± 3% of their methylmercury burden to their eggs. As a result of this sequestration, the concentration of methylmercury in the female brine shrimp increased by 62 ± 8% during egg formation. The percentage of the total mercury that was methylmercury in female wolf spiders (77 ± 21%) was similar to that in their egg masses (81 ± 19%), indicating similar maternal transfer efficiencies for inorganic mercury and methylmercury in these invertebrates. The concentration of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in the female spiders was the same as in their eggs. These arachnids transferred 48 ± 9% of their total body mass, 55 ± 13% of their inorganic mercury, and 50 ± 9% of their methylmercury to their egg masses. Thus, female wolf spiders do not have the ability to reduce the transfer of methylmercury to their eggs, nor does this process represent an important pathway for the depuration of mercury. The present study demonstrates that although some arthropods have mechanisms to minimize the transfer of methylmercury to their eggs and reduce the potential for mercury toxicity during early development, other arthropods do not. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2630–2636. © 2013 SETAC
Landslide velocity, thickness, and rheology from remote sensing: La Clapière landslide, France
Authors: Booth Adam M. , Lamb Michael P. , Avouac Jean‐Philippe , Delacourt Christophe 
Published: August 2013

AbstractQuantifying the velocity, volume, and rheology of deep, slow‐moving landslides is essential for hazard prediction and understanding landscape evolution, but existing field‐based methods are difficult or impossible to implement at remote sites. Here we present a novel and widely applicable method for constraining landslide 3‐D deformation and thickness by inverting surface change data from repeat stereo imagery. Our analysis of La Clapière, an ~1 km2 bedrock landslide, reveals a concave‐up failure surface with considerable roughness over length scales of tens of meters. Calibrating the thickness model with independent, local thickness measurements, we find a maximum thickness of 163 m and a rheology consistent with distributed deformation of the highly fractured landslide material, rather than sliding of an intact, rigid block. The technique is generally applicable to any mass movements that can be monitored by active or historic remote sensing.
Organic Stereochemistry. Part 8
Authors: Testa Bernard 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis review terminates our general presentation of the principles of stereochemistry with special reference to the biomedicinal sciences. Here, we discuss and illustrate the principles of prostereoisomerism, and apply these to product and substrateproduct stereoselectivity in drug metabolism. The review begins with an overview of the concept of prostereoisomerism, discussing such aspects as homotopic, enantiotopic, and diastereotopic groups and faces. The main part of this review is dedicated to drug and xenobiotic metabolism. Here, the concept of prostereoisomerism proves particularly helpful to avoid confusing metabolic reactions in which an existing stereogenic element (e.g., a stereogenic center) influences the course of the reaction (substrate stereoselectivity), with metabolic reactions which create a stereogenic element (almost always a stereogenic center; product stereoselectivity). Specifically, examples of product stereoselectivity will be taken from functionalization reactions (so‐called phase‐I reactions) and conjugation (so‐called phase‐II reactions). Cases where stereoisomeric substrates show distinct product stereoselectivities (substrateproduct stereoselectivity) will also be presented.
Triterpene Saponins from Entada phaseoloides
Authors: Xiong Hui , Mei Zhinan , Yang Guangzhong , Mo Shasha , Yang Xinzhou , Zhang Peng , Wu Jizhou 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFour oleanane‐type triterpene saponins, phaseoloideside A–D (1–4), were isolated from the seed kernels of Entada phaseoloides, along with rheediinoside B. The structures of the four new compounds were established by 2D‐NMR spectroscopic methods, HR‐ESI‐MS analysis, and chemical degradation. Phaseoloideside D (4) showed cytotoxic activity against the Eca‐109 cell line with an IC50 value of 28.0 μM.
Microwave‐Assisted Convenient Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Esters and Ketones via Aldol‐Adduct Elimination
Authors: Suman Pathi , Nageswara Rao Rayala , China Raju Bhimapaka 
Published: August 2013

AbstractVarious fluorinated 3‐oxo ester/1,3‐diketones were reacted with carbonyl compounds, in presence of piperidine and under microwave irradiation, to afford (E)‐α,β‐unsaturated esters and ketones in good yields. The systematic study reveals that the reaction proceeded through the formation of aldol adduct. The method provides a new and simple way for C,C bond formations.