bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal and renal responses to variable water intake in whitebellied sunbirds and New Holland honeyeaters
Authors: Purchase Cromwell , Napier Kathryn R. , Nicolson Susan W. , McWhorter Todd J. , Fleming Patricia A. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryNectarivores face a constant challenge in terms of water balance, experiencing water loading or dehydration when switching between food plants or between feeding and fasting. To understand how whitebellied sunbirds and New Holland honeyeaters meet the challenges of varying preformed water load, we used the elimination of Intramuscular-injected [14C]-L-glucose and 3H2O to quantify intestinal and renal water handling on diets varying in sugar concentration. Both sunbirds and honeyeaters showed significant modulation of intestinal water absorption, allowing excess water to be shunted through the intestine on dilute diets. Despite reducing their fractional water absorption, both species showed linear increases in water flux and fractional body water turnover as water intake increased (both afternoon and morning), suggesting that the modulation of fractional water absorption was not sufficient to completely offset dietary water loads. In both species, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was independent of water gain (but was higher for the afternoon), as was renal fractional water reabsorption (measured in the afternoon). During the natural overnight fast, both sunbirds and honeyeaters arrested whole kidney function. Evaporative water loss in sunbirds was variable but correlated with water gain. Both sunbirds and honeyeaters appear to modulate intestinal water absorption as an important component of water regulation to help deal with massive preformed water loads. Shutting down GFR during the overnight fast is another way of saving energy for osmoregulatory function. Birds maintain osmotic balance on diets varying markedly in preformed water load by varying both intestinal water absorption and excretion through the intestine and kidneys.
Antifreeze proteins in the primary urine of larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis (Latreille)
Authors: Nickell Philip K. , Sass Sandra J. , Verleye Dawn M. , Blumenthal Edward M. , Duman John G. 
Published: January 2013

Summary
To avoid freezing while overwintering beneath the bark of fallen trees, Dendroides canadensis (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae) larvae produce a family of antifreeze proteins (DAFPs) that are transcribed in specific tissues and have specific compartmental fates. DAFPs and associated thermal hysteresis activity (THA) have been shown previously in hemolymph and midgut fluid, but the presence of DAFPs has not been explored in primary urine, a potentially important site that can contain endogenous ice nucleating compounds that could induce freezing. A maximum mean thermal hysteresis activity of 2.65±0.33°C was observed in primary urine of winter collected D. canadensis larvae. Thermal hysteresis activity in primary urine increased significantly through autumn, peaked in the winter and decreased through spring to levels of 0.2-0.3°C in summer, in a pattern similar to that of hemolymph and midgut fluid. Thermal hysteresis activity was also found in hindgut fluid and excreted rectal fluid suggesting that these larvae not only concentrate AFPs in the hindgut, but also excrete AFPs from the rectal cavity. Based on dafps isolated from Malpighian tubule epithelia, cDNAs were cloned and sequenced, identifying the presence of transcripts encoding 24 DAFP isoforms. Six of these Malpighian tubule DAFPs were known previously, but 18 are new. We also provide functional evidence that DAFPs can inhibit ice nucleators present in insect primary urine. This is potentially critical because D. canadensis larvae die if frozen, and therefore ice formation in any body fluid, including the urine, would be lethal.
‘Seeing’ is ‘trying’: The relation of visual perception to attemptive modality in the world's languages
Authors: Voinov Vitaly 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between the concepts of ‘seeing’ and ‘attempting/trying’ in various languages. These concepts have so far been found to be co-lexified in languages spoken in Eurasia, Papua New Guinea, India and West Africa, with an added implicature of politeness present in some languages when this lexical item is used in directives. After establishing a cross-linguistic sample, the paper proposes a specific grammaticalization mechanism as responsible for producing this semantic relationship. The explanation centers on a process involving metaphorical transfer, the loss of semantic features, generalization, and a specific syntactic context conducive to this meaning shift. First, the Mind-as-Body metaphor is applied to the mind-related notion of ‘seeing an object’ to derive the body-related notion of ‘controlling an object’, as has previously been demonstrated to be the case in the history of certain Indo-European languages. Second, semantic bleaching causes the meaning component of physical sight to be lost from the overall meaning of the morpheme, and semantic generalization allows attempted actions to be mentally treated the same as physical objects that are manipulated. Finally, the context in which this meaning shift occurs is posited as constructions involving multiverbs, such as serial verbs or converbs.
Aktive Schwingungsdämpfung eines Weißlichtinterferometers
Authors: Schäfer Patrick , Broschart Daniel , Seewig Jörg 
Published: January 2013

Zusammenfassung
In der Oberflächenmesstechnik sind mechanische Umgebungsschwingungen problematisch. Eine aktive Dämpfung von Messgeräten kann aus diesem Grund ein wichtiger Bestandteil für eine hohe Ergebnisgüte sein. Beispielhaft ist hier die praktische Umsetzung der Dämpfung eines Weißlichtinterferometers (WLI) vorgestellt. Als Referenzmessgerät dient ein Quadraturinterferometer (QI), welches die Schwingungen zwischen WLI-Messkopf und Messtisch aufzeichnet. Ein Regelalgorithmus nutzt diese Information um eine Stellgröße zu erzeugen, welche den WLI-Messkopf mit Hilfe eines Piezoelementes stabilisiert.
Messsystem zur Bestimmung akustischer Kenngrößen stark absorbierender, transversal isotroper Kunststoffe
Authors: Rautenberg Jens , Bause Fabian , Henning Bernd 
Published: January 2013

Zusammenfassung
Es wird ein wellenleiterbasierter Ansatz zur Bestimmung von Modellparametern für die numerische Simulation der Schallausbreitung in stark absorbierenden, transversal isotropen Kunststoffen vorgestellt. Aufbauend auf einer ersten strahlentheoretischen Schätzung wird innerhalb eines inversen Ansatzes eine multimodale wellentheoretische Simulation der Schallausbreitung im Wellenleiter realisiert.
A Semianalytic Solution for Flow in Finite-Conductivity Vertical Fractures by Use of Fractal Theory
Authors: Cossio M.. , Moridis G.J.. J. , Blasingame T.A.. A. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThe exploitation of unconventional reservoirs complements the practice of hydraulic fracturing, and with an ever-increasing demand in energy, this practice is set to experience significant growth in the coming years. Sophisticated analytic models are needed to accurately describe fluid flow in a hydraulic fracture, and the problem has been approached from different directions in the past 3 decades—starting with the work of Gringarten et al. (1974) for an infinite-conductivity case, followed by contributions from Cinco-Ley et al. (1978), Lee and Brockenbrough (1986), Ozkan and Raghavan (1991), and Blasingame and Poe (1993) for a finite-conductivity case. This topic remains an active area of research and, for the more-complicated physical scenarios such as multiple transverse fractures in ultratight reservoirs, answers are currently being sought.Starting with the seminal work of Chang and Yortsos (1990), fractal theory has been successfully applied to pressure-transient testing, although with an emphasis on the effects of natural fractures in pressure/rate behavior. In this paper, we begin by performing a rigorous analytical and numerical study of the fractal diffusivity equation (FDE), and we show that it is more fundamental than the classic linear and radial diffusivity equations. Thus, we combine the FDE with the trilinear flow model (Lee and Brockenbrough 1986), culminating in a new semianalytic solution for flow in a finite-conductivity vertical fracture that we name the “fractal-fracture solution (FFS).” This new solution is instantaneous and comparable in accuracy with the Blasingame and Poe solution (1993). In addition, this is the first time that fractal theory is used in fluid flow in a porous medium to address a problem not related to reservoir heterogeneity. Ultimately, this project is a demonstration of the untapped potential of fractal theory; our approach is flexible, and we believe that the same methodology could be extended to different applications.One objective of this work is to develop a fast and accurate semianalytical solution for flow in a single vertical fracture that fully penetrates a homogeneous infinite-acting reservoir. This would be the first time that fractal theory is used to study a problem that is not related to naturally fractured reservoirs or reservoir heterogeneity. In addition, as part of the development process, we revisit the fundamentals of fractals in reservoir engineering and show that the underlying FDE possesses some interesting qualities that have not yet been comprehensively addressed in the literature.
Carbonised polyaniline and polypyrrole: towards advanced nitrogen-containing carbon materials
Authors: Ćirić-Marjanović Gordana , Pašti Igor , Gavrilov Nemanja , Janošević Aleksandra , Mentus Slavko 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPolyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPY) undergo carbonisation in an inert/reduction atmosphere and vacuum, yielding different nitrogen-containing carbon materials. This contribution reviews various procedures for the carbonisation of PANI and PPY precursors, and the characteristics of obtained carbonised PANI (C-PANI) and carbonised PPY (C-PPY). Special attention is paid to the role of synthetic procedures in tailoring the formation of C-PANI and C-PPY nanostructures and nanocomposites. The review considers the importance of scanning and transmission electron microscopies, XPS, FTIR, Raman, NMR, and EPR spectroscopies, electrical conductivity and adsorption/desorption measurements, XRD, and elemental analyses in the characterisation of C-PANIs and C-PPYs. The application of C-PANI and C-PPY in various fields of modern technology is also reviewed.
The Referee as Educator: Hermeneutical and Pedagogical Perspectives
Authors: Isidori Emanuele , Müller Arno , Kaya Sabri 
Published: January 2013

Abstract Nowadays, in contemporary sports studies scarce attention is devoted to studying the referee and his/her functions in light of the philosophical and pedagogical approach. For this reason, the main aim of this study is to use a hermeneutical philosophic methodology to reflect on the role and functions of this figure, and to show his or her importance in preserving the intrinsic values of sport in front of youth and society. Starting with a historical analysis of the referee and the sport judge in ancient Greek athletics, this study will highlight how such this important figure has always been a key element of competitive sport. This study will demonstrate that refereeing is a practice that needs a specific set of hermeneutical skills and the development of complex pedagogical knowledge and ways of acting. It will also define the concept of “refereeing” in light of a pedagogical approach demonstrating that this practice is, fundamentally, a communicative action implying an ethical and hermeneutical dimension of the referee as a critical-reflective professional committed to enforcing sport’s rules and values. In conclusion, the study will stress the importance of looking at referees and sport judges not as a mere technicians and evaluators of performances in competitions but as educators whose specific knowledge must be developed in all of the courses for their training and education.
Convergent Overdetermined-RBF-MLPG for Solving Second Order Elliptic PDEs
Authors: Shirzadi Ahmad , Ling Leevan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper deals with the solvability and the convergence of a class of unsymmetric Meshless Local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) method with radial basis function (RBF) kernels generated trial spaces. Local weak-form testings are done with step-functions. It is proved that subject to sufficiently many appropriate testings, solvability of the unsymmetric RBF-MLPG resultant systems can be guaranteed. Moreover, an error analysis shows that this numerical approximation converges at the same rate as found in RBF interpolation. Numerical results (in double precision) give good agreement with the provided theory.
Refractometry
Authors: Pepper Randy E. , Samuels Robert J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Polymers are an integral part of our everyday life as they are used in products from clothing to car dashboards, toys to aircraft wings, and hundreds of other products that reflect their high strength, low weight, and manufacturing versatility. To use polymers most efficiently, knowledge of both their processed structure and how that structure affects their performance is required. The processed structure signifies either the molecular orientation in a single‐phase polymer system or the amount and orientation of each phase in a multiphase polymer. One particularly useful and simple technique for quantifying the structural state of a polymer sample is polarized refractometry using an Abbe refractometer. This technique is important because it is nondestructive, inexpensive, simple to use, easy to understand, and generates considerable information about the structural state of the polymer. A partial list of the structural information derivable from the refractive index(es) measured with an Abbe refractometer using polarized monochromatic light includes the three principal refractive indexes (

N
x

,

N
y

, and

N
z

), axiality (isotropic, uniaxial, multiaxial), average refractive index, density, crystallinity, molecular weight, glass‐transition temperature, copolymer composition, and three‐dimensional molecular orientation. This article presents the theory and practical aspects of polarized refractometry along with applications to real polymer systems.
Zwitterionic Polymerization
Authors: Suzuki Masato 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA zwitterion conducts the polymerization as the key intermediate, which is formed by the reaction between neutral electrophile and nucleophile, or as the monomer itself, which is prepared and isolated before use. The latter case is known in a limited number of articles. On the other hand, a number of examples have been reported for the former case, which is categorized into the following three patterns: (1) Propagation takes place from one site of a zwitterion, accordingly, which is the initiating species to give homopolymer. There is a case that a cyclic polymer is produced by the backbiting. (2) A zwitterion is formed to activate a monomer and reacts with a neutral initiator as well as the same functional group at the polymer terminal for the propagation reaction. In these two patterns, amine, phosphine, orN‐heterocyclic carbene work as the initiator and the activator, respectively. (3) No catalyst copolymerization takes place by the reactions between zeitterionic intermediates, which are produced by the combination of a nucleophilic monomer with an electrophilic monomer. The monomers that appear in these three patterns involve electron‐deficient and electron‐rich olefinic compounds including qiunone and allene, heterocumulenes such as isocyanate and carbon disulfide, and heterocyclic compounds such as lactone, oxirane, amino acidN‐carboxyanhydride, cyclic imino ether, cyclic phosphite, and cyclic phophonite.
Polycondensation
Authors: Higashihara Tomoya , Ueda Mitsuru 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
There are many technological challenges of the twenty‐first century including energy, information, and transportation. During the continuous innovations, polycondensates have been supporting our modern life in the global society. The synthetic methodology of polycondensation allows for a wide variety of available monomers and polymer structures than any other synthetic polymerization technique, which are derived from almost infinite kinds of designing structures in monomers compared to vinyl monomers. In addition, the high performance of specially designed polycondensates (eg, high thermal, chemical, mechanical, and dimensional stability) have provided a breakthrough, especially in material science and industry, as represented by the developments of superengineering plastics, such as wholly aromatic polyamides, polyimides, poly(phenylene ether)s, poly(ether sulfone)s, poly(ether ketone)s, and poly(ether ether ketone)s. Polycondensation chemistry is also used for preparing recent optoelectronic applications including organic electroluminescence, field–effect transistors, organic solar cells, polymer memories, and so forth. This article, details the basic principles of polycondensation and recent advances in polycondensation.
Two‐Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy: A Polymer‐Related Issue
Authors: Sun Shengtong , Wu Peiyi 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Two‐dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) is a mathematical method whose basic principles were first proposed by Noda in 1986. Up to the present, 2DCOS has been widely used to study spectral variations of different chemical species under various external perturbations (eg, temperature, pressure, concentration, time, electromagnetic). By spreading peaks along a second dimension, 2DCOS can sort out complex or overlapped spectral features and get an enhanced spectral resolution. Owing to the different response of different species to external variable, additional useful information about molecular motions or conformational changes can be extracted, which cannot be obtained directly from conventional one‐dimensional spectra. Perturbation‐correlation moving window (PCMW) is a newly developed technique based on 2DCOS. Except for its original ability in determining transition points, PCMW can additionally monitor complicated spectral variations along the perturbation direction. In this critical review, we focus on the application of 2DCOS and PCMW to the characterization of polymers, which are classified in six specific topics: synthetic functional polymers, bio‐ and natural polymers, glass transition, crystallization and melting of polymers, water diffusion in polymer films, polymer blends and nanocomposites, and polymer‐related reactions.
Discovery and Evaluation of a Functional Ternary Polymer Blend for Bone Repair: Translation from a Microarray to a Clinical Model
Authors: Khan Ferdous , Smith James O. , Kanczler Janos M. , Tare Rahul. S. , Oreffo Richard O.C. , Bradley Mark 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSkeletal tissue regeneration is often required following trauma, where substantial bone or cartilage loss may be encountered and is a significant driver for the development of biomaterials with a defined 3D structural network. Solvent blending is a process that avoids complications associated with conventional thermal or mechanical polymer blending or synthesis, opening up large areas of chemical and physical space, while potentially simplifying regulatory pathways towards in vivo application. Here ternary mixtures of natural and synthetic polymers were solvent blended and evaluated as potential bone tissue engineering matrices for osteoregeneration by the assessment of growth and differentiation of STRO‐1+ skeletal stem cells. Several of the blend materials were found to be excellent supports for human bone marrow‐derived STRO‐1+ skeletal cells and fetal skeletal cells, with the optimized blend exhibiting in vivo osteogenic potential, suggesting that these polymer blends could act as suitable matrices for bioengineering of hard tissues.
Ligandless Copper‐Catalyzed Coupling of Heteroaryl Bromides with Gaseous Ammonia
Authors: Fantasia Serena , Windisch Johannes , Scalone Michelangelo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA range of different N‐ and S‐containing heterocyclic bromides can be efficiently coupled with gaseous ammonia in the presence of copper(II) acetylacetonate [Cu(acac)2] as catalyst and in the absence of additional ligands. Unstable aminothiophenes and aminobenzothiophenes can be further reacted in situ to afford functionalized derivatives.
An Efficient and Reliable Procedure for the Preparation of Highly Reactive Rieke Zinc
Authors: Kudret Suleyman , Haen Jan D‘ , Lutsen Laurence , Vanderzande Dirk , Maes Wouter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractRieke zinc has a wide potential for applications in organic chemistry, notably for the synthesis of highly chemoselective organozinc reagents. However, due to the rather unreliable preparation method, leading to large batch to batch variations, its use has been rather limited. Rieke zinc is commonly prepared by the reduction of zinc chloride with lithium using a stoichiometric amount of naphthalene. In our hands, it was observed that the reaction outcome was highly dependent on the naphthalene source and purity grade. The presence of benzothiophene seems crucial to avoid coagulation of the zinc particles and the amount of benzothiophene has a large effect on the physical properties and the reactivity of the resulting zinc powder. Accordingly, highly reactive Rieke zinc was easily prepared from zinc chloride by adding an optimum amount (3 mol% with regard to ZnCl2) of benzothiophene into the lithium naphthalenide solution (prepared in situ). The Rieke zinc obtained in this way was successfully employed in the so‐called “Rieke method” to prepare regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT). The novel approach enables preparation of Rieke zinc in a reproducible manner, which considerably facilitates its use in both small molecule and polymer synthesis.
The evolutionary paradox and the missing heritability of schizophrenia
Authors: van Dongen Jenny , Boomsma Dorret I. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSchizophrenia is one of the most detrimental common psychiatric disorders, occurring at a prevalence of approximately 1%, and characterized by increased mortality and reduced reproduction, especially in men. The heritability has been estimated around 70% and the genome‐wide association meta‐analyses conducted by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium have been successful at identifying an increasing number of risk loci. Various theories have been proposed to explain why genetic variants that predispose to schizophrenia persist in the population, despite the fitness reduction in affected individuals, a question known as the evolutionary paradox. In this review, we consider evolutionary perspectives of schizophrenia and of the empirical evidence that may support these perspectives. Proposed evolutionary explanations include balancing selection, fitness trade‐offs, fluctuating environments, sexual selection, mutation‐selection balance and genomic conflicts. We address the expectations about the genetic architecture of schizophrenia that are predicted by different evolutionary scenarios and discuss the implications for genetic studies. Several potential sources of “missing” heritability, including gene–environment interactions, epigenetic variation, and rare genetic variation are examined from an evolutionary perspective. A better understanding of evolutionary history may provide valuable clues to the genetic architecture of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders, which is highly relevant to genetic studies that aim to detect genetic risk variants. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.