bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma Cortisol Levels Increase with Age in Obese Subjects
Authors: Chalew Stuart A. , Zadik Zvi , Lozano Rolando A. , Nelson Jerald C. , Kowarski A. Avinoam 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn order to assess the influence of age, sex, and body mass on plasma cortisol concentrations, we measured the 24‐hour Integrated Concentration (IC) of cortisol (F) in 36 obese subjects (16 males, 20 females) aged 5.3–56.4 years, BMI=35.5 ± 7.3 kg/m2 and compared with 119 nonobese subjects, body mass indices (BMI) 21.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2, aged 8.8–66.2 years (55 males, 64 females). Subjects were nondiabetic, normotensive, without history of psychiatric illness, and otherwise in good health. IC studies were performed using a continuous blood withdrawal methodology, and IC‐F was assayed from the 24 hour pooled sample by a protein binding method. The effect of age and gender on IC‐F was analyzed by multivariate regression.In the nonobese group there was no effect of age or sex on IC‐cortisol levels, the mean IC‐F= 173.8 ± 44.1 nmol/L. A statistically significant but weak negative effect of BMI on IC‐cortisol (r = ‐.18, p<0.05) was present.In the obese subjects there was a significant increase in IC‐cortisol levels with age IC‐F(nmol/L)=2.76 x age(years) + 85.0 (r2=.36, p<0.0001). IC‐cortisol levels tended to be lower in obese males than females when controlled for age (p<0.05).We conclude that in nonobese subjects IC‐F levels are independent of age and gender. However, there is a significant increase of IC‐cortisol levels with age in obese individuals. The observed increase of IC‐cortisol with age may contribute to metabolic complications of obesity.
Decreased Hepatic Insulin Extraction Precedes Overt Noninsulin Dependent (Type II) Diabetes in Obese Monkeys
Authors: Hansen Barbara C. , Strifler John S. , Bodkin Noni L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMany obese middle‐aged rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) spontaneously develop noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Basal hyperinsulinemia and increased stimulated plasma insulin levels are associated with this obesity and precede the onset of overt diabetes. The present studies sought to determine the relative contributions of enhanced insulin secretion and of reduced insulin clearance to this early obesity‐associated hyperinsulinemia. Direct simultaneous measurement of portal and jugular vein insulin levels in two normal monkeys showed a constant rate of hepatic insulin extraction of 56±3% over the range of peripheral insulin levels from 351±113 to 625±118 pmol/L. In 33 additional monkeys ranging from normal to diabetic, basal C‐peptide levels were examined as an indicator of β‐cell secretion and the molar ratio of plasma C‐peptide to insulin (C/I ratio) under basal steady state conditions calculated as an index of hepatic insulin extraction. Well in advance of overt diabetes, there was a progressive decline of 67% in the apparent hepatic insulin extraction rate in association with increased obesity and plasma insulin levels. Basal insulin levels and hepatic insulin extraction returned toward normal in monkeys with impaired glucose tolerance and in those with overt diabetes. We conclude that reduced insulin disposal, probably due to reduced hepatic extraction of insulin, in addition to increased β‐cell activity, contributes to the development of basal hyperinsulinemia in obese rhesus monkeys progressing toward NIDDM. In addition, in overt diabetes, normal hepatic insulin extraction in the presence of limited β‐cell secretion may exacerbate the hypoinsulinemic state. (OBESITY RESEARCH 1993; 1:252–260)
Binge Eating Disorder: Current Knowledge and Future Directions
Authors: ZelitchYanovski Susan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBinge eating disorder (BED) is a newly characterized eating disorder that encompasses individuals who have severe distress and dysfunction due to binge eating, but who do not regularly engage in inappropriate compensatory behaviors. While relatively uncommon in the general community, BED becomes more prevalent with increasing severity of obesity. BED is associated with early onset of obesity, frequent weight cycling, body shape disparagement, and psychiatric disorders. These associations occur independent of the degree of obesity. Although many individuals with BED have good short‐term weight loss regardless of treatment modality, as a group they may be prone to greater attrition during weight‐loss treatment and more rapid regain of lost weight. Current treatments geared toward binge eating behaviors include antidepressant medications, cognitive behavioral psychotherapy, and interpersonal psychotherapy; however, these treatments have little efficacy in promoting weight loss, and only modest success in long‐term reduction of binge eating. As a significant proportion of obese individuals entering weight‐loss treatment and research programs are likely to meet criteria for BED, those conducting clinical research should be aware of this distinct subgroup and determine the contribution of BED to outcome measures. (OBESITY RESEARCH 1993; 1:306–324)
Vagal‐Central Nervous System Interactions Modulate the Feeding Response to Peripheral Enterostatin
Authors: Tian Qi , Nagase Hajime , York David A. , Bray George A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEnterostatin selectively inhibits the intake of dietary fat after both peripheral and central administration. We have investigated the role of the hepatic vagus nerve in modulating the peripheral response to enterostatin in Sprague‐Dawley rats adapted to a high fat (HF) diet. Intraperitoneal (ip) enterostatin reduced intake of HF diet after overnight starvation. This response was abolished by selective vagal hepatic branch transection. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to identify the location of Fos protein in brain nuclei after ip enterostatin. Fos protein was evident in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), parabrachial, paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. The pattern of expression of Fos‐like immunoreactivity differed from that induced by the lipoprivic agent β‐mercaptoacetate. Transection of the hepatic vagus blocked the central Fos responses to ip enterostatin. We conclude that afferent hepatic vagal nerve activity is required for the feeding response to peripheral enterostatin.
Physical Activity and Long‐Term Maintenance of Weight Loss
Authors: Pronk Nicolaas P. , Wing Rena R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTo examine the effect of exercise on the long‐term maintenance of weight loss, two types of literature were reviewed ‐ correlational studies of predictors of long‐term weight loss, and randomized trials comparing diet, exercise, and the combination of diet plus exercise. Both literatures were striking in the consistency with which activity emerged as a determinant of long‐term maintenance of weight loss. The benefits of exercise for long‐term weight maintenance were observed with different types of populations, diets, and exercise interventions. Several possible explanations for these positive effects of diet plus exercise are presented, and suggestions made for future research on ways to maximize the benefit of this approach to weight control. Since adherence to exercise may ultimately prove to be the cornerstone for long‐term weight maintenance, studying ways to improve exercise adherence is recommended.
Body Size Perceptions and Eating Attitudes in Elderly Men
Authors: Stevens June , Kumnanyika Shiriki , Keil Julian E. , Seibert Lynne 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe majority of studies on eating attitudes, dieting and body size perceptions have focused on young adults and women. This study examined these attitudes in 334 black and white men, ages 55 to 98 years, who were members of the Charleston Heart Study cohort. Associations of the eating attitude variable with race, education and weight status were examined.Eighty‐two percent of the overweight white men studied had dieted to lose weight, whereas only 49% of slimmer white men had dieted. In contrast, overweight black men did not diet more than slimmer black men. Overall black men dieted less than white men (37% reported dieting). Black men who were high school graduates were 1.3 times more likely to have dieted than were less educated black men. Overweight white men were over twice as likely as slimmer white men to feel guilty after overeating. This difference was not found in overweight versus slimmer black men.Education was not associated with measured body mass index (BMI) or perceived or ideal body size. However, there were some racial differences in these variables. White men preferred to be slightly thinner than black men (ideal BMI 25.6 vs. 26.1 kg/m2), and the difference between actual and desired BMI was 0.6 kg/m2 greater in white than in black men.These results indicate that effects of race and weight status on eating restraint and body size perceptions seen in younger subjects and in women are also present, at least to some degree, in elderly men.
Dieting Status and Its Relationship to Weight, Dietary Intake, and Physical Activity Changes Over Two Years in a Working Population
Authors: French Simone A. , Jeffery Robert W , Forster Jean L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe present study prospectively examined changes in dietary intake, physical activity and weight associated with self‐reported efforts to lose weight in a cohort of 3671 men and women sampled from the general population. Dieting efforts, dietary intake, physical activity and weight were measured at two points in time, 24 months apart.At baseline, current dieters reported consuming fewer dairy products, sweets, meat, soft drinks and fried potatoes (all p's < .0001), and engaging more frequently in high‐intensity physical activity (p < .0001) than those not currently dieting. At follow‐up, current dieters reported consuming fewer sweets (p < .0001) and fried potatoes (p < .0008), and engaging more frequently in moderate‐intensity physical activity (p < .02) than those not currently dieting. Prospectively, those who initiated weight‐loss diets showed the largest decrease in consumption of sweets (p < .0001), soft drinks (p < .0001), and fried potatoes (p < .01), and increase in frequency of high‐intensity physical activity (p < .0001) and moderate‐intensity physical activity (p < .007). Those initiating weight‐loss diets were the only group to lose weight (1 lb.). Those dieting at baseline but not at follow‐up gained the most weight (4 lbs.).Self‐reports of current dieting correspond to reported changes in dietary intake and physical activity, and to measured changes in weight over the same time period. Individuals who report dieting to lose weight have healthier eating and exercise patterns than those who do not report dieting.
Fibrinogen in Obesity Before and After Weight Reduction
Authors: Ditschuneit Herwig H. , Flechtner‐Mors Marion , Adler Guido 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that obesity is associated with atherosclerosis. The reason may be that there is often a gathering together of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in obesity. Recently plasma fibrinogen level has been identified as an important cardiovascular risk factor. The aim of the study was to investigate fibrinogen levels in obesity before and after weight reduction.Obese but otherwise healthy patients with overweight problems were studied. 448 female patients (39.1 ± 13.2 years, body mass index 38.7 kg/m2) and 136 male patients (39.4 ± 12.8 years, body mass index 40.7 kg/m2) were examined after overnight fasting.Sixty patients (44 female, 16 male) were studied after 9.5 ± 6.2 month of dieting (1200 kcal/day: 20% protein, 30% fat and 50% carbohydrates). The weight loss was 16.7 ± 11.0 kg in the female and 16.2 ± 6.7 kg in the male patients, and blood pressure, triglycerides, blood glucose and uric acid had declined.The fibrinogen level correlated with the body mass index, the waist circumference, the hip circumference and the waist to hip ratio. The fibrinogen level also correlated with insulin. A partial correlation of fibrinogen and insulin continued to exist after removing the linear effects of the other variables measured. After weight reduction, the level of fibrinogen was lower. In patients with extreme overweight and high fibrinogen levels, who reduced their BMI by 7.4 ± 1.24 kg/m2, the weight loss correlated with the decrease in fibrinogen.The results suggest that fibrinogen is associated with the degree of obesity and with the fasting insulin level. Fibrinogen concentration is lowered by weight reduction. However decrease of fibrinogen was observed only in patients with considerable weight loss.
Assessing Impact of Weight on Quality of Life
Authors: Kolotkin Ronette L. , Head Susan , Hamilton Michael , Tse Chiu‐Kit J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper is a preliminary report on the development of a new instrument, the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life (IWQOL) questionnaire, that assesses the effects of weight on various areas of life. We conducted two studies utilizing subjects in treatment for obesity at Duke University Diet and Fitness Center. The first study describes item development, assesses reliability, and compares pre‐ and post‐treatment scores on the IWQOL. In the second study we examined the effects of body mass index (BMI), gender, and age on subjects' perceptions of impact of weight on quality of life. Results indicate adequate psychometric properties with test‐retest reliabilities averaging .75 for single items, and .89 for scales. Scale internal consistency averaged .87. Post‐treatment scores differed significantly from pre‐treatment scores on all scales, indicating that treatment produced positive changes in impact of weight on quality of life. The results of the second study indicate that the impact of weight generally worsened as the patients' size increased. However for women there was no association between BMI and impact of weight on Self‐Esteem and Sexual Life. Even at the lowest BMI tertile studied, women reported that weight had a substantial impact in these areas. There were also significant gender differences, with women showing greater impact of weight on Self‐Esteem and Sexual Life compared with men. The impact of age was a bit surprising, with some areas showing positive changes and others showing no change.
Life Insurance and Overweight
Authors: Bray George A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTwo items were selected for this month's Classics in Obesity. The first is an extract from the Report of the Joint Committee on the Medico Actuarial Mortality Investigation published in 1913 (1). The second is an extract from DeLamar Lectures by Louis Dublin from 1927 (3). It is selected because Dublin and the insurance industry played a major role in the focus on the increased risk of death among the overweight. In his lecture in 1926 Dublin says, “The conviction that body build affects longevity has been general for a long time.” But when was this concept first identified and how long did it take to impact research in obesity? The idea was clearly enunciated in the material published by the Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors and the Actuarial Society of America in 1913 that increased mortality was associated with increased deviations in body weight. I have plotted the 1913 data below (Figure 1). The increase in mortality with increasing upward deviation is readily apparent. But there is little evident impact of deviations below average.
Fatness and Physical Fitness of Girls 7 to 17 Years
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Beunen Gaston P. , Claessens Albrecht L. , Lefevre Johan , Eynde Bart Vanden , Renson Roland , Vanreusel Bart , Simons Jan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA two‐fold approach was used to investigate the association between fatness and fitness of girls 7 to 17 years of age: first, age‐specific correlations between fatness and measures of health‐related and motor fitness, and second, comparisons of fitness levels of girls classified as fat and lean. A representative sample of 6700 between 7 to 17 years was surveyed. Adiposity (fatness) was estimated as the sum of five skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, medial calf). Physical fitness included health‐related items (step test, PWC170the sit and reach, sit‐ups and leg lifts, flexed arm hang) and motor performance items (standing long jump, vertical jump, arm pull strength, flamingo stand, shuttle run, plate tapping). Age‐specific partial correlations between fatness and each fitness item, controlling for stature and weight, were calculated. In addition, in each age group the fattest 5% (presumably the obese) and the leanest 5% were compared on each fitness test. After controlling for stature and weight, subcutaneous fatness accounts for variable percentages of the variance in each fitness item. Estimates for health‐related fitness items are: cardiorespiratory endurance ‐ step test (3% to 5%) and PWC170(0% to 16%), flexibility ‐ sit and reach (3% to 8%), functional strength ‐ flexed arm hang (6% to 17%) and abdominal strength ‐ sit‐ups/leg lifts (1% to 8%). Corresponding estimates for motor fitness items are more variable: speed of limb movement ‐plate tapping (0% to 3%), balance ‐ flamingo stand (0% to 5%), speed and agility ‐ shuttle run (2% to 12 %), static strength ‐ arm pull (4% to 12%), explosive strength ‐ standing long jump/vertical jump (11% to 18%). At the extremes, the fattest girls have generally poorer levels of health‐related and motor fitness.
Maintenance of Weight Loss: A Needs Assessment
Authors: DePue Judith D. , Clark Matthew M. , Ruggiero Laurie , Medeiros Meredith L , Pera Vincent 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis study identified facilitators and obstacles to maintenance of weight loss following a very‐low‐calorie‐diet and behavior modification program. A survey was mailed to a random sample of 178 program completers and received a 61% response rate; the most frequent follow‐up period was more than 2 years. Twenty‐nine percent reported weighing the same (within 10 lbs) or less than the end of their participation in the treatment program (maintainers), while 71% reported their present weight was a mean of 65% higher than their initial weight loss (regainers). Maintainers were significantly more likely to report engaging in regular aerobic exercise, attending a maintenance support group, and confidence in their ability to manage their weight in the future, while regainers were more likely to report stress and motivation as frequent weight management obstacles. Respondents consistently identified the need for low/no cost ongoing support. Maintainers and relapsers reported similar challenges in managing their weight, yet with different results, suggesting the need to identify subgroups for which different post‐treatment support options could be applied.
Evaluation of Drugs for Treating Obesity
Authors: Bray George A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCriteria for the evaluation of new drugs to treat obesity are important as guides for designing clinical trials to test these agents. These criteria must be developed in relation to the realities of obesity, which is a chronic disease associated with morbidity and mortality that is increased by visceral fat deposits. The observation that patients regain weight after stopping drug treatment for obesity argues for the proposition that drugs work only when taken and NOT that the drugs are ineffective. The analogy between the development of treatments for obesity to those for the treatment of hypertension is used to highlight potential areas for new developments. Several features of an ideal drug for the treatment of obesity are suggested. Criteria for evaluating new drugs include both primary and secondary endpoints. The primary endpoint for an anti‐obesity drug should be weight loss, possibly by category of success. Losses of total body fat or visceral fat might be alternative primary endpoints. Secondary endpoints include reduction in risk factors for associated diseases and improvement in the quality of life. In trials where vigorous placebo designs including highly aggressive behavior modification or very‐low‐calorie diets were used, it may be difficult or impossible to detect a response to a drug.
Drugs That Cause Weight Gain
Authors: Fernstrom Madelyn H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAmong drugs which cause weight gain, the tricyclic antidepressant medications are a drug class producing persistent and problematic body weight gain in many treated patients. Major depressive illness is often associated with reductions in appetite and body weight, and treatment with antidepressants effectively restores mood, appetite and weight. However, a frequent complaint of patients treated with tricyclic drugs is of excessive and unwanted weight gain, oftentimes resulting in medication noncompliance. The incidence of weight gain during acute and chronic treatment with different, frequently prescribed antidepressant drugs will be reviewed, as will the possible mechanisms by which such drugs alter caloric intake and expenditure, contributing to drug‐induced weight gain.
Topical Fat Reduction
Authors: Greenway Frank L. , Bray George A. , Heber David 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe fat on women's thighs is more difficult to mobilize due to increased α‐2 adrenergic receptor activity induced by estrogen. Lipolysis can be initiated through adipocyte receptor stimulation (β adrenergic) or inhibition (adenosine or α‐2 adrenergic) or by inhibition of phosphodiesterase. Since many women desire regional thigh fat loss, a series of clinical trials were initiated using one thigh as a double‐blinded control. Trial #1: Five overweight women had injections of isoproterenol at intervals around the thigh three times a week for 4 weeks with diet and walking. Trial #2: Five overweight woman had ointment containing forskolin, yohimbine and aminophylline applied to the thigh five times a week for 4 weeks after hypertonic warm soaks with a diet and walking. Trial #3: Eighteen overweight women were divided into three groups of six and trial #2 was repeated with each agent alone vs. placebo using forskolin, yohimbine or aminophylline in separate ointments. Trial #4: Thirty overweight women had 10% aminophylline ointment applied to the thigh five times a week for 6 weeks with diet and walking. Chemistry panel, theophylline level and patch testing wereperformed. Trial#5: Twelve women had trial #4 repeated with 2% aminophylline cream without a diet or walking. Trial #6: Trial #5 was repeated with 0.5% aminophylline cream. All trials except yohimbine ointment gave significantly more girth loss from the treated thigh (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Chemistry panel showed no toxicity. Theophylline was undetectable and patch testing was negative. We conclude that topical fat reduction for women's thighs can be achieved without diet or exercise.