bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and application of acrylic colloidal unimolecular polymers as a melamine thermoset system
Authors: Mistry Jigar K. , Natu Ameya M. , Van De Mark Michael R. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTAcrylic polymers were synthesized with a ratio of 1 : 7 or 1 : 8 of acrylic acid to acrylic ester monomers to produce an acid‐rich resin. The polymers were water reduced and solvent was stripped to produce colloidal unimolecular polymers (CUPs). These particles were typically 3–9 nm in diameter depending on the molecular weight. They were then formulated into a clear coating with melamine as the crosslinker with thermal curing. Compared to commercial latex films, these melamine‐cured acrylic CUPs had a distinct advantage of having a near‐zero volatile organic compound, better availability of surface functional groups, and improved water resistance. The coatings were evaluated for their methyl ethyl ketone resistance, adhesion, hardness, gloss, flexibility, abrasion, and impact resistance properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40916.
Programmable‐logical‐controllers Synthesis for Automated‐guided‐vehicle Systems Using Ordinary Petri Nets
Authors: Luo Jiliang , Ni Huijuan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn ordinary Petri‐net (PN) based approach is proposed to design the programmable logical controller (PLC) for preventing collisions between vehicles in an automated guided vehicles (AGV) system. First, method is proposed to model an AGV system as an ordinary PN, called the plant PN. Second, for collision prevention in an AGV system, module control methods are proposed to design the PN supervisor (the closed‐loop PN) by augmenting the plant PN. In detail, three modules are defined the line, divide, and merge modules, in the plant PN, and the control module methods are presented for each of these three modules. As a result, the closed‐loop PN of an AGV system is obtained and can be analyzed using the PN theory. Finally, method is proposed to translate a closed‐loop PN into a ladder diagram. Consequently, the PN supervisor is implemented by a PLC using these proposed methods. A laboratory AGV system is used to illustrate this approach.
Preparation and identification of transfer factor specific to Staphylococcus aureus in vitro
Authors: Zhou Jianwei , Kong Cui , Wang Xiukui , Shao Jun , Feng Lin , Zhang Zhaocai 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe objective of the study was to explore the methods for preparing transfer factor specific to Staphylococcus aureus (SA‐STF) in vitro. Under the optimum conditions, the spleen cells of rabbits were immunized with SA in vitro to prepare SA‐STF, and the immune activities were identified with the phagocytosis and sterilization, skin delayed‐type hypersensitivity, and immune protection tests. The concentration of polypeptide was 2.26 ± 0.27 mg/mL, and ribose was 0.684 ± 0.094 mg/mL. The phagocytosis and sterilization rates of the STF group were 70.9 ± 12.4% and 62.1 ± 12.2%, respectively, and compared with the non‐specific transfer factor (NTF) group, there were no significant differences (P = 0.074 and 0.069, respectively). The skin was inflamed and marked nodules formed at the injection site in the mice of the STF group rather than the NTF and control groups. The survival rate of the STF‐1 group was significantly higher than the survival rates of the STF‐2 (P = 0.024) and NTF groups (P = 0.016). SA‐STF was prepared and characterized successfully in vitro, and it probably is a biological candidate for therapy or adjuvant therapy for diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Overexpression of microRNAs enhances recombinant protein production in Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Loh Wan Ping , Loo Bernard , Zhou Lihan , Zhang Peiqing , Lee Dong‐Yup , Yang Yuansheng , Lam Kong Peng 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non‐coding RNAs that can negatively regulate expression of multiple genes at post‐transcriptional levels. Using miRNAs to target multiple genes and pathways is a promising cell‐engineering strategy to increase recombinant protein production in mammalian cells. Here, we identified miRs‐17, ‐19b, ‐20a, and ‐92a to be differentially expressed between high‐ and low‐ monoclonal antibody‐producing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell clones using next‐generation sequencing and quantitative real‐time PCR. These miRNAs were stably overexpressed individually and in combination in a high‐producing clone to assess their effects on CHO cell growth, recombinant protein productivity and product quality. Stably transfected pools demonstrated 24–34% increases in specific productivity (qP) and 21–31% increases in titer relative to the parental clone, without significant alterations in proliferation rates. The highest protein‐producing clones isolated from these pools exhibited 130–140% increases in qP and titer compared to the parental clone, without major changes in product aggregation and N‐glycosylation profile. From our clonal data, correlations between enhanced qP/titer and increased levels of miRs‐17, ‐19b, and ‐92a were observed. Our results demonstrate the potential of miRs‐17, ‐19b, and ‐92a as cell‐engineering targets to increase recombinant protein production in mammalian cells.
Cancer incidence in Khartoum, Sudan: first results from the Cancer Registry, 2009–2010
Authors: Saeed Intisar E. , Weng Hsin‐Yi , Mohamed Kamal H. , Mohammed Sulma I. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn 2009, the first National Population‐based Cancer Registry (NCR) was established in Sudan. We report in this study, the first data from the NCR for Khartoum State for the period 2009–2010. The NCR staff used passive and active approaches to collect data on cancer diagnosed by all means in Khartoum State. Rates were age standardized to the 2010 Sudan Standard Population and 1966 and 2000 World Standard Population and expressed per 100,000 populations. During 2009–2010, 6771 new cancer cases were registered. Of those, 3646 (53.8%) cases were in women and 3125 (46.2%) were in men. The most commonly diagnosed cancer among women was breast followed by leukemia, cervix, and ovary, and among men it was prostate cancer followed by leukemia, lymphoma, oral, colorectal, and liver. In children less than 15 years of age, leukemia was the most common cancer followed lymphoma, and cancer of the eye, bone, kidney, and the brain. The overall age‐standardized rate (ASR) per 100,000 population was higher in women (124.3) than in men (90.8) using 2010 Sudan Standard Population. Similarly, it was higher in women (188.6 and 206.3 per 100,000 population) than in men (145.4 and 160.0 per 100,000 population) using 1966 and 2000 World Standard Population, respectively. The data from NCR indicated that prostate and breast as the most commonly diagnosed cancer sites in men and women in Khartoum, while cancer of the cervix trailed behind portraying a cancer picture similar to that of the developed world. Despite the study limitations, the NCR data gave a fair representation of cancer profile of Khartoum State and underscored the need for high‐quality cancer registries in Sudan.
Highly Efficient Reversible Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Formates Using a Ruthenium PNP‐Pincer Catalyst
Authors: Filonenko Georgy A. , van Putten Robbert , Schulpen Erik N. , Hensen Emiel J. M. , Pidko Evgeny A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe front cover artwork for Issue 6/2014 is provided by the research group of Inorganic Materials Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology (The Netherlands). The image shows a concept of a hydrogen battery in which H2 storage and its release are achieved through reversible hydrogenation of CO2 catalysed by an Ru‐PNP pincer complex. See the Communication itself at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201402119.
Probing the Redox Chemistry of Titanium Silicalite‐1: Formation of Tetrahedral Ti3+ Centers by Reaction with Triethylaluminum
Authors: Morra Elena , Giamello Elio , Chiesa Mario 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTransition‐metal ions with open‐shell configurations hold promise in the development of novel coordination chemistry and potentially unprecedented redox catalysis. Framework‐substituted Ti3+ ions with tetrahedral coordination are generated by reductive activation of titanium silicalite‐1 with triethylaluminum, an indispensable co‐catalyst for heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta polymerization catalysts. Continuous‐wave and pulse electron paramagnetic resonance methods are applied to unravel details on the local environment of the reduced transition metal‐ions, which are shown to be part of the silica framework by detection of 29Si hyperfine interactions. The chemical accessibility of the reduced sites is probed using ammonia as probe molecule. Evidence is found for the coordination of a single ammonia molecule. Comparison to similar systems, such as TiAlPO‐5, reveals clear differences in the coordination chemistry of the reduced Ti sites in the two solids, which may be understood considering the different electronic properties of the solid frameworks.
Size‐Regulable Vesicles Based on Anion–π Interactions
Authors: He Qing , Han Yuchun , Wang Yilin , Huang Zhi‐Tang , Wang De‐Xian 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTaking tetraoxacalix[2]arene[2]triazine as a functionalization platform, a series of new amphiphilic molecules were synthesized in 18 to 53 % yields by using a fragment coupling protocol. These amphiphilic molecules self‐assembled into stable vesicles in a mixture of THF and water, with the surface of the vesicles engineered by electron‐deficient cavities. Various anions are able to selectively influence the size of self‐assembled vesicles, following the order of F−<ClO4−<SCN−<BF4−<Br−<Cl−<NO3−, as revealed by DLS measurements. Such a sequence was independent with the hydration cost and in agreement with the binding strength of anions with tetraoxacalix[2]arene[2]triazine host molecule, indicating that the anion–π interaction most probably competed over other possible weak interactions and accounted for this interesting selectivity. In addition, the chloride permeation process across the membrane of the vesicles was also preliminarily studied by means of fluorescent experiments. This study, in addition to providing the potentiality of heteracalixaromatics as new models to construct functional vesicles, opens a new avenue to study the anion–π interactions in aqueous and also potentially in living systems.
Interfacial Chiral Selection by Bulk Species
Authors: Dong Hua , Ignés‐Mullol Jordi , Claret Josep , Pérez Lourdes , Pinazo Aurora , Sagués Francesc 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA chiral selection process in a self‐assembled soft monolayer of an achiral amphiphile as a consequence of its interaction with chiral species dissolved in the aqueous subphase, is reported. The extent of the chiral selection is statistically measured in terms of the enantiomorphic excess of self‐assembled submillimeter domains endowed with well‐defined orientational chirality that is unambiguously resolved using optical microscopy. Our results show that the emergence of chirality is mediated by electrostatic interactions and significantly enhanced by hydrophobic effects. This chiral chemical effect can be suppressed and even reversed by opposing a macroscopic physical influence, such as vortical stirring. This result gives evidence for the crucial role of hydrodynamic effects in supramolecular aggregation.
A Highly Luminescent Tetramer from a Weakly Emitting Monomer: Acid‐ and Redox‐Controlled Multiple Complexation by Cucurbit[7]uril
Authors: Bergamini Giacomo , Fermi Andrea , Marchini Marianna , Locritani Mirko , Credi Alberto , Venturi Margherita , Negri Fabrizia , Ceroni Paola , Baroncini Massimo 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe tetrahedral, shape‐persistent molecule 14+, containing four pyridylpyridinium units connected through a central carbon atom, exhibits unexpected photophysical properties including a substantially redshifted absorption (2350 cm−1) and a very strong fluorescence (Φem=40 %), compared with the monomer 2+ (Φem=0.4 %). Density functional theory calculations on the structure and spectroscopic properties of 14+ and 2+ show that exciton interactions, homoconjugation, and orbital nature account for the observed differences in their photophysical properties. The protonated tetramer binds four cucurbit[7]uril molecules and the host/guest interactions can be controlled by chemical (acid/base) as well as redox stimuli.
Reductive Cross‐Coupling Reactions between Two Electrophiles
Authors: Knappke Christiane E. I. , Grupe Sabine , Gärtner Dominik , Corpet Martin , Gosmini Corinne , Jacobi von Wangelin Axel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractReductive cross‐electrophile coupling reactions have recently been developed to a versatile and sustainable synthetic tool for selective CC bond formation. The employment of cheap and abundant electrophiles avoids the pre‐formation and handling of organometallic reagents. In situ reductive coupling is effected in the presence of a transition‐metal catalyst (Ni, Co, Pd, Fe) and a suitable metallic reductant (Mn, Zn, Mg). This Concept article assesses the current state of the art and summarizes recent protocols with various combinations of alkyl, alkenyl, allyl, and aryl reagents and highlights key mechanistic studies.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Acylation of Heteroarenes by sp2 CH Functionalization
Authors: Yang Ke , Zhang Cheng , Wang Peng , Zhang Yan , Ge Haibo 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNickel‐catalyzed ligand‐free decarboxylative cross‐coupling of azole derivatives with α‐oxoglyoxylic acids has been developed. This work represents the first example of decarboxylative cross‐coupling reactions, in a CH bond functionalization manner, through nickel catalysis, and tolerates various functional groups. Additionally, this approach provides an efficient access to azole ketones, an important structural motif in many medicinal compounds with a broad range of biological activities.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Xanthatin
Authors: Bergmann Andreas , Reiser Oliver 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe enantioselective synthesis of cytostatic and antibiotic xanthatin (1 a) is reported. As a key intermediate, a bicyclic compound 2 was identified, which can be readily synthesized from methyl‐2‐furoic acid in diastereo‐ and enantiomerically pure form. Compound 2 can be functionalized regio‐ and stereoselectively at C‐6 and C‐7, allowing the facile introduction of the functionalities found in xanthatin, as well as the synthesis of derivatives thereof. Moreover, a robust strategy for the introduction of the exo‐methylene group at C‐3, commonly found in many sesquiterpenes, was developed that makes use of masking the alkene in the α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl system by O‐pivaoyl, which is stable under acidic and mild basic conditions but eliminated upon treatment with strong bases.
Redox‐ and Hypoxia‐Responsive MRI Contrast Agents
Authors: Do Quyen N. , Ratnakar James S. , Kovács Zoltán , Sherry A. Dean 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe development of responsive or “smart” magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents that can report specific biomarker or biological events has been the focus of MRI contrast agent research over the past 20 years. Among various biological hallmarks of interest, tissue redox and hypoxia are particularly important owing to their roles in disease states and metabolic consequences. Herein we review the development of redox‐/hypoxia‐sensitive T1 shortening and paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (PARACEST) MRI contrast agents. Traditionally, the relaxivity of redox‐sensitive Gd3+‐based complexes is modulated through changes in the ligand structure or molecular rotation, while PARACEST sensors exploit the sensitivity of the metal‐bound water exchange rate to electronic effects of the ligand‐pendant arms and alterations in the coordination geometry. Newer designs involve complexes of redox‐active metal ions in which the oxidation states have different magnetic properties. The challenges of translating redox‐ and hypoxia‐sensitive agents in vivo are also addressed.
Inferior survival among Aboriginal children with cancer in Ontario
Authors: Marjerrison Stacey , Pole Jason D. , Sung Lillian 
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUNDPediatric cancer distribution and outcomes have not been examined in Canadian Aboriginal children. The objective of this study was to describe the distribution, event‐free survival, and overall survival of Aboriginal children with malignancies who reside in Ontario compared with non‐Aboriginal children.METHODSThis population‐based study included 10,520 Ontario children (aged <18 years) who were diagnosed with cancer between 1985 and 2011. Patients were identified from the Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario Networked Information System database. Aboriginal children were identified by self‐reported ethnicity or postal code on a Native reserve at diagnosis. Descriptive statistics of the patients were presented and compared using the Fisher exact test. Event‐free and overall survival probabilities were calculated for Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal children, described using Kaplan‐Meier curves, and compared using log‐rank tests.RESULTSIn total, 65 Aboriginal children and 10,364 non‐Aboriginal children with malignancy were identified. The distribution of malignancy type was similar between the 2 groups. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics, presence of metastatic disease, or treatment approach (clinical trial, standard of care, or individualized protocol) between the groups. The 5e‐year event‐free survival rate (± standard error) was 56.3% ± 6.2% among Aboriginal children versus 72.8% ± 0.4% among non‐Aboriginal children (P = .0042), and the 5‐year overall survival rate was 64% ± 6.0% versus 79.3 ± 0.4% (P = .0017), respectively. The cause of death did not vary according to Aboriginal ethnicity.CONCLUSIONSSurvival was significantly inferior among Aboriginal children who had cancer compared with non‐Aboriginal children who had cancer in Ontario. Future studies are required to define the etiology of this disparity, evaluate the issue nationally, and create interventions to improve outcomes for Aboriginal children. Cancer 2014;120:2751–2759. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Infections among long‐term survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Perkins Joanna L. , Chen Yan , Harris Anne , Diller Lisa , Stovall Marilyn , Armstrong Gregory T. , Yasui Yutaka , Robison Leslie L. , Sklar Charles A. ,   on behalf of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUNDLittle is known about infections among adult survivors of childhood cancer. The authors report the occurrence of infections and risk factors for infections in a large cohort of survivors of childhood cancer.METHODSThe Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort was used to compare incidence rates of infections among 12,360 5‐year survivors of childhood cancer with the rates of 4023 siblings. Infection‐related mortality of survivors was compared with that of the US population. Demographic and treatment variables were analyzed using Poisson regression to determine the rate ratios (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations with infectious complications.RESULTSCompared with the US population, survivors were at an increased risk of death from infectious causes (standardized mortality ratio [SMR], 4.2; 95% CI, 3.2‐5.4), with the greatest risk observed among females (SMR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.5‐6.9) and among those who had been exposed to total body irradiation (SMR, 7.8; 95% CI, 1.8‐33.0). Survivors also reported higher rates than siblings of overall infectious complications (RR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2‐1.4) and higher rates of all categories of infection.CONCLUSIONSSurvivors of childhood cancer remain at elevated risk for developing infectious‐related complications, and they have a higher risk of infection‐related mortality years after therapy. Further investigation is needed to provide insight into the mechanisms for the observed excess risks. Cancer 2014;120:2514–2521. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Accuracy of bronchial brush and wash specimens prepared by the ThinPrep method in the diagnosis of pulmonary small cell carcinoma
Authors: Wang Cheng , Duan Qiuli , Kelly Margaret , Duggan Máire A. 
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUNDThinPrep bronchial brush and wash accuracy in the diagnosis of pulmonary small cell carcinoma (pSCCa) and measured as sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) is incompletely studied or unknown.METHODSSpecimens collected over 5 years from 199 pSCCa and 938 negative (Neg) for pulmonary cancer individuals were selected by linking the laboratory file with the cancer registry. Results other than unsatisfactory were classified as true‐positive and ‐negative, and false‐positive and ‐negative tests so as to calculate accuracy estimates. Slides of all false‐negative and ‐positive and randomly selected samples of true‐positive and ‐negative tests were evaluated for 11 abnormal cell features typical of pSCCa in conventional preparations: distribution differences by disease status were tested for significance.RESULTSThere were 129 brush and 170 wash in the pSCCa group and 365 brush and 1153 wash in the Neg group. Of all specimens, 1.2% were unsatisfactory. Brush sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 61.9%, 99.4%, 97.5%, and 88%, respectively. Wash frequencies were 53.3%, 98.8%, 86.5%, and 93.5%, respectively. Abnormal cell features occurred in 29.9% of the selected pSCCa and 4.7% of the Neg specimens, and distribution differences were significant for each feature (P < .001).CONCLUSIONSUnsatisfactory brush and wash specimens are infrequent in the diagnosis of pSCCa, and both have moderate sensitivity and high specificity, PPV, and NPV. pSCCa abnormal cell features resemble those seen in conventional preparations and can distinguish specimens with pSCCa from those negative for pulmonary cancer. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:577–585. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Does hue affect the perception of grayness?
Authors: Shamey Renzo , Sawatwarakul Weethima , Fu Sha 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAlthough gray is defined as an achromatic color sensation varying only in lightness, in practice, grayness can be tinged by any hue within a limited range of chroma. Given the fact that preferred perceived white and black are slightly chromatic, the hypothesis tested in this study is that the preferred perceived object gray is also slightly chromatic. Two psychophysical experiments were carried out to test this hypothesis. A total of 56 color normal subjects assessed 27 different gray patches that varied mainly in hue, in three separate trials. Subjects selected a subset of samples (10 in the first experiment and five in the second experiment) that were considered “most gray” resulting in 168 selected sets of samples. Subjects then ranked their selected subset of samples from most to least gray. A total of 1225 assessments were thus obtained (750 assessments in the first experiment and 465 in the second experiment). Results from both experiments were in good agreement and indicate that greenish blue grays in the range of 190° to 235° of CIELAB hue angle were selected as most gray, thus indicating that the perception of grayness is influenced by hue. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 374–382, 2015