bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
African‐American Race Modifies the Influence of Tacrolimus Concentrations on Acute Rejection and Toxicity in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Taber David J. , Gebregziabher Mulugeta G. , Srinivas Titte R. , Chavin Kenneth D. , Baliga Prabhakar K. , Egede Leonard E. 
Published: May 2015

Study ObjectiveTo determine the effect of tacrolimus trough concentrations on clinical outcomes in kidney transplantation, while assessing if African‐American (AA) race modifies these associations.DesignRetrospective longitudinal cohort study of solitary adult kidney transplants.SettingLarge tertiary care transplant center.PatientsAdult solitary kidney transplant recipients (n=1078) who were AA (n=567) or non‐AA (n=511).ExposureMean and regressed slope of tacrolimus trough concentrations. Subtherapeutic concentrations were lower than 8 ng/ml.Measurements and Main ResultsAA patients were 1.7 times less likely than non‐AA patients to achieve therapeutic tacrolimus concentrations (8 ng/ml or higher) during the first year after kidney transplant (35% vs 21%, respectively, p<0.001). AAs not achieving therapeutic concentrations were 2.4 times more likely to have acute cellular rejection (ACR) as compared with AAs achieving therapeutic concentrations (20.8% vs 8.5%, respectively, p<0.01) and 2.5 times more likely to have antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR; 8.9% vs 3.6%, respectively, p<0.01). Rates of ACR (8.3% vs 6.7%) and AMR (2.0% vs 0.9% p=0.131) were similar in non‐AAs compared across tacrolimus concentration groups. Multivariate modeling confirmed these findings and demonstrated that AAs with low tacrolimus exposure experienced a mild protective effect for the development of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA; hazard ratio [HR] 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47–1.32) with the opposite demonstrated in non‐AAs (HR 2.2, 95% CI 0.90–5.1).ConclusionIn contradistinction to non‐AAs, AAs who achieve therapeutic tacrolimus concentrations have substantially lower acute rejection rates but are at risk of developing IF/TA. These findings may reflect modifiable time‐dependent racial differences in the concentration‐effect relationship of tacrolimus. Achievement of therapeutic tacrolimus trough concentrations, potentially through genotyping and more aggressive dosing and monitoring, is essential to minimize the risk of acute rejection in AA kidney transplant recipients.
Detecting spam through their Sender Policy Framework records
Authors: Sipahi Devrim , Dalk𝚤l𝚤ç Gökhan , Özcanhan Mehmet Hilal 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSpamming has become one of the worst problems of email communication. Although various anti‐spamming methods have been developed, because of creative spammers, none of them are able to stop the penetration of the innovated spam. The content‐based anti‐spam methods used for spam recognition require considerable amounts of computational resources. Therefore, less resource demanding methods are needed to match the growing number of spam. One example is network‐based filtering, which is gaining importance. Sender Policy Framework (SPF) is a network protocol that can provide efficient network‐based spam filtering. But, it is becoming evident that spammers have also started to manipulate SPF‐based spam filtering. Presently, the spammers are purchasing domain names with SPF records to use them for sending spam. The only methods that can prevent such spam are the blacklist and content filtering techniques, or a blend of both. In the present study, the Domain Name System (DNS)/SPF records of spam‐sending domain names are compared with non‐spam‐sending domain names, for improving SPF‐based spam filtering. Research results show distinctive features between spam‐sending and non‐spam‐sending domain names. Naïve Bayes algorithm is utilized to identify spam‐sending domain names. The time delay results of spam analysis shows that the devised SPF‐based filtering offloads content filtering, significantly. Hence, our SPF‐based method can act as a pre‐filter that helps fighting spam. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identity‐based proxy signatures: a generic construction and a concrete scheme from RSA
Authors: Asaar Maryam Rajabzadeh , Salmasizadeh Mahmoud , Boyd Colin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractProxy signatures allow an entity to delegate its signing capability to a proxy which can sign messages on behalf of the delegator. We examine identity‐based versions of proxy signatures which employ identity strings in place of randomly generated public keys. First, we give a new generic construction of identity‐based proxy signatures from identity‐based standard signatures and show that our generic construction is secure if the underlying identity‐based standard signature is secure. In addition, we present the first identity‐based proxy signature from Rivest, Shamir and Adleman (RSA), secure under the one‐wayness of RSA in the random oracle model. We should highlight that the proxy key exposure attack cannot be applied to our proposed constructions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of Tsallis entropy in detection of SYN flood DoS attacks
Authors: Basicevic Ilija , Ocovaj Stanislav , Popovic Miroslav 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we present results of application of Tsallis entropy in detection of denial of service attacks. Two detectors, one based on Tsallis and the other one based on Shannon's entropy, have been applied in several attack simulations, and their properties have been compared. The simulated attack is Synchronize packet (SYN) flood. A simple packet distribution, that is, entropy of source addresses are considered. In both cases, cumulative sum control chart algorithm is used for change point detection. Properties of two detectors that are compared are detection delay and rate of true and false positives. The results show that Tsallis entropy‐based detector can outperform (with respect to false positive rate) Shannon‐based one but that requires careful tuning of Tsallis Q parameter that depends on characteristics of network traffic. The detection delay of two detectors is approximately the same. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IGF1 Promotes Adipogenesis by a Lineage Bias of Endogenous Adipose Stem/Progenitor Cells
Authors: Hu Li , Yang Guodong , Hägg Daniel , Sun Guoming , Ahn Jeffrey M. , Jiang Nan , Ricupero Christopher L. , Wu June , Rodhe Christine Hsu , Ascherman Jeffrey A. , Chen Lili , Mao Jeremy J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAdipogenesis is essential for soft tissue reconstruction following trauma or tumor resection. We demonstrate that CD31−/34+/146− cells, a subpopulation of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of human adipose tissue, were robustly adipogenic. Insulin growth factor-1 (IGF1) promoted a lineage bias towards CD31−/34+/146− cells at the expense of CD31−/34+/146+ cells. IGF1 was microencapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds and implanted in the inguinal fat pad of C57Bl6 mice. Control-released IGF1 induced remarkable adipogenesis in vivo by recruiting endogenous cells. In comparison with the CD31−/34+/146+ cells, CD31−/34+/146− cells had a weaker Wnt/β-catenin signal. IGF1 attenuated Wnt/β-catenin signaling by activating Axin2/PPARγ pathways in SVF cells, suggesting IGF1 promotes CD31−/34+/146− bias through tuning Wnt signal. PPARγ response element (PPRE) in Axin2 promoter was crucial for Axin2 upregulation, suggesting that PPARγ transcriptionally activates Axin2. Together, these findings illustrate an Axin2/PPARγ axis in adipogenesis that is particularly attributable to a lineage bias towards CD31−/34+/146− cells, with implications in adipose regeneration. Stem Cells 2015;33:2483–2495
Direct Derivatization vs Aqueous Extraction Methods of Fecal Free Fatty Acids for GC–MS Analysis
Authors: Amer Bashar , Nebel Caroline , Bertram Hanne C. , Mortensen Grith , Dalsgaard Trine K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA comprehensive and accurate determination of free fatty acids (FFA) is required for fecal metabolomic investigations. The present study compares three aqueous extraction methods (1) ULTRA‐TURRAX®, (2) whirl mixing and (3) basic ULTRA‐TURRAX extraction of fecal FFA with a direct derivatization approach using ethyl chloroformate as the derivatization reagent before determination by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The direct derivatization method resulted in significantly higher estimations (P < 0.01) of short‐ and long‐chain fatty acids than was the case when applying the aqueous extraction methods using ULTRA‐TURRAX, whirl mixing, or basic ULTRA‐TURRAX extraction before the derivatization step. Thus, avoiding an aqueous extraction before derivatization reduces the loss of volatile short‐chain FFA and the less water‐soluble long‐chain FFA.
Dual-task costs in aging are predicted by formal education
Authors: Vallesi Antonino 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The capacity to manage different concurrent tasks at the same time decays in older adults. There is however a considerable amount of inter-individual variability in this capacity even in healthy aging. The purpose of this empirical study is to investigate which factors help explaining this variability. A dual-task paradigm was administered to 64 older adults and 31 younger controls. In this paradigm, a primary simple response time task had to be carried out either by itself (single-task condition) or while concurrently performing a secondary subtraction task (dual-task condition). Dual-task costs were operationalized by comparing dual-task and single-task conditions. Older adults showed higher dual-task interference than younger controls. Within the older group, the influence of age, general cognitive abilities, performance on the secondary task, and years of formal education was assessed with a multiple regression analysis. The results showed that years of formal education in older adults were the best predictor that significantly explained a portion of the variance in dual-task performance. These findings extend previous literature by showing that formal education provides an important dose of cognitive reserve, which is useful to successfully implement cognitive dual-task management despite aging.
Ea Superstitione:Christian Martyrdom and the Religion of Freelance Experts
Authors: Wendt Heidi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis paper situates Roman actions undertaken against Christians amidst an unofficial pattern of measures employed throughout the imperial period to manage the expanding influence of freelance religious experts. Questions about the historical circumstances of martyrdom or persecution tend to proceed from the assumption that Christians were perceived and dealt with as a distinct religious community. However, the penalties alleged by writers such as Paul and Justin were more commonly issued against self-authorized individuals (magi, astrologers, prophets, diviners, philosophers, and so forth) than against undifferentiated religious groups. Thus, I propose that Roman motivations for investigating and punishing Christians, at least in the first and second centuries, are best understood in relation to the wider phenomenon of freelance expertise and the range of concerns that it engendered.
Apartheid Resistance and Biblical Interpretation: From Christian Confession to Materialist Analysis
Authors: McKay Niall 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe rhetorical resistance to Apartheid in South Africa appealed to many sources of authority. In Christian communities, the New Testament was brought into creative conversation with traditional “confessional” texts, modern scholarship, and Marxist class analysis in order to develop contextually-located theologies and practices of resistance. This article highlights the important insights of Allan Boesak, Albert Nolan, and Itumeleng Mosala, which served the Apartheid struggle. After noting key differences in the methods and conclusions of these scholars, I suggest that another look at their insights may well be critical in developing Christian responses to the deep structural injustices of the post-Apartheid period.
A novel essential domain perspective for exploring gene essentiality
Authors: Lu Yao , Lu Yulan , Deng Jingyuan , Peng Hai , Lu Hui , Lu Long Jason 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMotivation: Genes with indispensable functions are identified as essential; however, the traditional gene-level studies of essentiality have several limitations. In this study, we characterized gene essentiality from a new perspective of protein domains, the independent structural or functional units of a polypeptide chain.Results: To identify such essential domains, we have developed an Expectation–Maximization (EM) algorithm-based Essential Domain Prediction (EDP) Model. With simulated datasets, the model provided convergent results given different initial values and offered accurate predictions even with noise. We then applied the EDP model to six microbial species and predicted 1879 domains to be essential in at least one species, ranging 10–23% in each species. The predicted essential domains were more conserved than either non-essential domains or essential genes. Comparing essential domains in prokaryotes and eukaryotes revealed an evolutionary distance consistent with that inferred from ribosomal RNA. When utilizing these essential domains to reproduce the annotation of essential genes, we received accurate results that suggest protein domains are more basic units for the essentiality of genes. Furthermore, we presented several examples to illustrate how the combination of essential and non-essential domains can lead to genes with divergent essentiality. In summary, we have described the first systematic analysis on gene essentiality on the level of domains.Contact: huilu.bioinfo@gmail.com or Long.Lu@cchmc.orgSupplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Preliminary Development of a Performance Assessment Tool for Documentation of History Taking in Child Physical Abuse
Authors: Burrell Tanya , Moffatt Mary , Toy Serkan , Nielsen-Parker Monica , Anderst James 
Published: May 2015

Objectives
This study aimed to develop a performance assessment tool for the history-taking components of the medical evaluation of physical abuse in young children by (1) determining the consensus-based injury history and social components for documentation, (2) identifying preliminary performance standards, (3) assessing current level-specific performance using the created tools, and (4) evaluating reliability and validity of the created tools.

Methods
The Physical Abuse Assessment Tool (PHAAT) was developed in 2 steps: (1) a modified Delphi survey was used to identify the injury history and social components for documentation in a medical evaluation for physical abuse, and (2) level-specific (“novice,” “competent,” “expert”) practice standards (minimum passing scores) were created using the identified components via the Angoff method. To evaluate validity, reliability, and level-specific performance of the PHAAT, a chart review of 50 consecutive cases from each of the 3 levels was performed.

Results
Seventy-one child abuse pediatricians and 39 social workers participated in the modified Delphi survey, and 67 child abuse pediatricians and 27 social workers participated in the Angoff method. The resulting PHAAT included 2 checklists for use based on presence or absence of a history of an injurious event. One-way analysis of variance shows significant differences in performance based on team level (P < 0.001), indicating construct validity. Intrarater and interrater reliability evaluations showed strong (r
s = 0.64-0.92) and moderate to strong (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.81-0.98) correlations, respectively.

Conclusions
Initial evaluation suggests the PHAAT may be a reliable and valid practice assessment tool for the medical evaluation of physical abuse.
Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group F: Report of a case and review of Japanese patients
Authors: Tofuku Yukari , Nobeyama Yoshimasa , Kamide Ryoichi , Moriwaki Shinichi , Nakagawa Hidemi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractXeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by extraordinary sensitivity to sunlight, resulting in cutaneous malignant tumors. Among XP, XP‐F presents relatively uniquely in Japanese. To clarify the characteristics of this group, we describe a case of XP‐F and review Japanese cases previously reported. A 50‐year‐old Japanese woman was referred to us with multiple, variously sized, light‐ or dark‐brown macules on the face and sunlight‐exposed extremities. She had experienced bulla formation with approximately 10 min of sunlight exposure during her elementary school years. Her parents had been first cousins, and her mother and sister had photosensitivity. She showed no neurological or developmental abnormalities. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation testing revealed normal levels for minimal erythema dose with UV‐A and UV‐B. Sensitivity to UV‐C and DNA repair ability in the patient's fibroblasts were indicated between that in normal individuals and that in an XP‐A patient. Complementation assay revealed that transfection of the XPF gene led most efficient DNA repair compared with the other XP genes. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with XP‐F. Twenty‐three cases of Japanese patients (six males, 17 females) with XP‐F have been reported, including the present case. Our review suggested a relatively high prevalence of 50% (11/22) for cutaneous malignant tumors. A significant difference was evident in the mean age at first medical consultation between patients with cutaneous malignant tumors (53.6 years) and patients without such tumors (30.8 years). This suggests that cutaneous malignant tumors could occur in the age range of 30–50 years in XP‐F patients.
Development of bullous pemphigoid during treatment of psoriatic onycho‐pachydermo periostitis with ustekinumab
Authors: Nakayama Chihiro , Fujita Yasuyuki , Watanabe Mika , Shimizu Hiroshi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractUstekinumab is a human monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to the p40 subunit of interleukin (IL)‐12 and IL‐23, inhibiting the activity of both cytokines, thereby blocking the T‐helper (Th)1 and Th17 inflammatory pathways. While biologic agents have dramatically changed the strategies of psoriasis treatment, increasing cases of autoimmune diseases during the use of such agents have been reported. We experienced a case of bullous pemphigoid occurring during treatment of a rare variant of psoriatic arthritis, psoriatic onycho‐pachydermo periostitis with ustekinumab. Only six cases of autoimmune blistering diseases during treatment with biologic agents have ever been reported including our case, and we herein review the published work of these cases. Dermatologists must be attentive to the possibility of autoimmune blistering diseases during ustekinumab treatment.
Ecosystem‐level effects of a globally spreading invertebrate invader are not moderated by a functionally similar native
Authors: Penk Marcin , Irvine Kenneth , Donohue Ian 
Published: May 2015

SummaryBiological invasions are a key element of human‐induced global environmental change. However, lack of knowledge of the indirect consequences of invasions, combined with poor understanding of how their ecological effects depend upon competitive attributes of the receiving community, hinders our ability to manage and predict the effects of invasive species on ecosystems.We established an experiment using a combination of both additive and substitutive experimental designs to explore the effects of the globally spreading mysid shrimpHemimysis anomalaon the biological structure of outdoor pond mesocosms in the absence and presence of a functionally similar native competitor,Mysis salemaai.The naturally smallerH. anomalahad considerably stronger effects on primary producers, multiple aspects of consumer assemblages and overall biological structure of the ponds in comparison with the functionally similar native. Moreover, the magnitude of these effects was generally independent of the presence ofM. salemaaiand even total mysid density.Hemimysis anomalareduced both the abundance and diversity of zooplankton assemblages significantly, triggering a strong trophic cascade on phytoplankton and a simultaneous increase of benthic invertebrate biomass. These findings indicate that invasion byH. anomalamay exacerbate the effects of nutrient enrichment on lakes.Our results demonstrate that introduced species can, irrespective of the presence of functionally similar natives, induce complex changes to ecosystems that reach beyond direct consumptive effects. Moreover, the cascading indirect effects of invasion can exacerbate the impacts of other stressors. Disregarding the complexity of indirect effects therefore risks underestimating significantly the global ecological footprint of biological invasions.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal effects on plant competition and community structure
Authors: Lin Guigang , McCormack M. Luke , Guo Dali 
Published: May 2015

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mediate plant interspecific competition and community structure. However, the magnitude and direction of AMF effects and underlying mechanisms are not clear. Here, we synthesized the results of 304 studies to evaluate how AMF affect plant competition and community structure and which abiotic and biotic conditions in experimental design modify these AMF effects.

The magnitude and direction of AMF effects on plant competitive ability (in terms of competitive response) differed markedly among plant functional groups. When AMF inoculum was added, competitive ability was strongly enhanced in N‐fixing forbs and was significantly suppressed in C3 grasses, whereas no effect was observed in C4 grasses, non‐N‐fixing forbs and woody species. Furthermore, AMF inoculation increased competitive ability of perennial species when their competitors were annual species.

AMF inoculation differentially influenced separate aspects of plant community structure and species composition. AMF inoculation significantly increased plant diversity but had no effects on plant productivity. Response of dominant plant species to AMF inoculation was the determining factor in explaining variations in how and to what degree plant diversity was influenced by AMF inoculation. When dominant species derived strong benefits from AMF, their dominance level was increased by AMF inoculation, which consequently decreased plant diversity. We did not find stronger AMF effects on plant diversity and productivity when greater numbers of AMF species were used in the inoculation.

Synthesis. Despite large variations in AMF effects among studies, a unifying mechanism was observed that the mycorrhizal responsiveness (differences in plant growth between AMF and non‐AMF colonization treatments) of target and neighbouring plant species can determine AMF effects on the competitive outcome among plant species, which in turn influenced plant species diversity and community composition. Given that plant traits, soil nutrient conditions and probably mycorrhizal fungal traits are all factors determining the degree of mycorrhizal response of plant species, future studies should explicitly consider each of these factors in experimental design to better understand AMF effects on plant coexistence, plant community dynamics and ecosystem processes.