bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benefit–risk profile of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in the management of venous thromboembolism
Authors: Ageno Walter , Beyer-Westendorf Jan 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a clinical challenge, primarily owing to drawbacks associated with the use of heparins and vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). These and other factors, including a growing elderly population, mean that VTE presents a continuing burden to patients and physicians. Anticoagulant therapy is a fundamental approach for VTE management. Non- VKA oral anticoagulants, including the factor Xa inhibitors apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban, and the thrombin inhibitor dabigatran, have been studied in phase III trials across a spectrum of thromboembolic disorders. These agents offer simplified care, with similar or improved efficacy and safety outcomes compared with heparins and vitamin K antagonists. There are several factors a physician must consider when prescribing an anticoagulant. An important consideration with all anticoagulant use is bleeding risk, especially in high-risk groups such as the elderly or those with renal impairment or cancer. In orthopaedic patients, other risks include a need for surgical revision or blood transfusion, or wound complications. Therefore, the clinical benefits of an anticoagulant should ideally be balanced with any risks associated with the therapy. Quantitative benefit–risk assessments are lacking, and owing to differences in trial design the non-VKA oral anticoagulants cannot be compared directly. Based on trial and “reallife” data, this review will summarise the clinical data for the non-VKA oral anticoagulants in the prevention and treatment of VTE, focusing on the balance between the benefits and risks of anticoagulation with these drugs, and their potential impact on VTE management.
Role of Dietary Fats in Modulating Cardiometabolic Risk During Moderate Weight Gain: A Randomized Double‐Blind Overfeeding Trial (LIPOGAIN Study)
Authors: Iggman David , Rosqvist Fredrik , Larsson Anders , Ärnlöv Johan , Beckman Lena , Rudling Mats , Risérus Ulf 
Published: October 2014

Background
Whether the type of dietary fat could alter cardiometabolic responses to a hypercaloric diet is unknown. In addition, subclinical cardiometabolic consequences of moderate weight gain require further study.

Methods and Results

In a 7‐week, double‐blind, parallel‐group, randomized controlled trial, 39 healthy, lean individuals (mean age of 27±4) consumed muffins (51% of energy [%E] from fat and 44%E refined carbohydrates) providing 750 kcal/day added to their habitual diets. All muffins had identical contents, except for type of fat; sunflower oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (
PUFA
diet) or palm oil rich in saturated fatty acids (
SFA
diet). Despite comparable weight gain in the 2 groups, total: high‐density lipoprotein (
HDL
) cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein:
HDL
cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B:
AI
ratios decreased during the
PUFA
versus the
SFA
diet (−0.37±0.59 versus +0.07±0.29, −0.31±0.49 versus +0.05±0.28, and −0.07±0.11 versus +0.01±0.07,
P
=0.003,
P
=0.007, and
P
=0.01 for between‐group differences), whereas no significant differences were observed for other cardiometabolic risk markers. In the whole group (ie, independently of fat type), body weight increased (+2.2%,
P
<0.001) together with increased plasma proinsulin (+21%,
P
=0.007), insulin (+17%,
P
=0.003), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, (+9%,
P
=0.008) fibroblast growth factor‐21 (+31%,
P
=0.04), endothelial markers vascular cell adhesion molecule–1, intercellular adhesion molecule–1, and E‐selectin (+9, +5, and +10%, respectively,
P
<0.01 for all), whereas nonesterified fatty acids decreased (−28%,
P
=0.001).

Conclusions

Excess energy from
PUFA
versus
SFA
reduces atherogenic lipoproteins. Modest weight gain in young individuals induces hyperproinsulinemia and increases biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, effects that may be partly outweighed by the lipid‐lowering effects of
PUFA
.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://ClinicalTrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
01427140.
Neural Interaction between Logical Reasoning and Pragmatic Processing in Narrative Discourse
Authors: Prado Jérôme , Spotorno Nicola , Koun Eric , Hewitt Emily , Van der Henst Jean-Baptiste , Sperber Dan , Noveck Ira A. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Logical connectives (e.g., or, if, and not) are central to everyday conversation, and the inferences they generate are made with little effort in pragmatically sound situations. In contrast, the neural substrates of logical inference-making have been studied exclusively in abstract tasks where pragmatic concerns are minimal. Here, we used fMRI in an innovative design that employed narratives to investigate the interaction between logical reasoning and pragmatic processing in natural discourse. Each narrative contained three premises followed by a statement. In Fully-deductive stories, the statement confirmed a conclusion that followed from two steps of disjunction–elimination (e.g., Xavier considers Thursday, Friday, or Saturday for inviting his girlfriend out; he removes Thursday before he rejects Saturday and declares “I will invite her out for Friday”). In Implicated-premise stories, an otherwise identical narrative included three premises that twice removed a single option from consideration (i.e., Xavier rejects Thursday for two different reasons). The conclusion therefore necessarily prompts an implication (i.e., Xavier must have removed Saturday from consideration as well). We report two main findings. First, conclusions of Implicated-premise stories are associated with more activity than conclusions of Fully-deductive stories in a bilateral frontoparietal system, suggesting that these regions play a role in inferring an implicated premise. Second, brain connectivity between these regions increases with pragmatic abilities when reading conclusions in Implicated-premise stories. These findings suggest that pragmatic processing interacts with logical inference-making when understanding arguments in narrative discourse.
Past Makes Future: Role of pFC in Prediction
Authors: Fuster Joaquín M. , Bressler Steven L. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The pFC enables the essential human capacities for predicting future events and preadapting to them. These capacities rest on both the structure and dynamics of the human pFC. Structurally, pFC, together with posterior association cortex, is at the highest hierarchical level of cortical organization, harboring neural networks that represent complex goal-directed actions. Dynamically, pFC is at the highest level of the perception–action cycle, the circular processing loop through the cortex that interfaces the organism with the environment in the pursuit of goals. In its predictive and preadaptive roles, pFC supports cognitive functions that are critical for the temporal organization of future behavior, including planning, attentional set, working memory, decision-making, and error monitoring. These functions have a common future perspective and are dynamically intertwined in goal-directed action. They all utilize the same neural infrastructure: a vast array of widely distributed, overlapping, and interactive cortical networks of personal memory and semantic knowledge, named cognits, which are formed by synaptic reinforcement in learning and memory acquisition. From this cortex-wide reservoir of memory and knowledge, pFC generates purposeful, goal-directed actions that are preadapted to predicted future events.
Activation of New Attentional Templates for Real-world Objects in Visual Search
Authors: Nako Rebecca , Smith Tim J. , Eimer Martin 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Visual search is controlled by representations of target objects (attentional templates). Such templates are often activated in response to verbal descriptions of search targets, but it is unclear whether search can be guided effectively by such verbal cues. We measured ERPs to track the activation of attentional templates for new target objects defined by word cues. On each trial run, a word cue was followed by three search displays that contained the cued target object among three distractors. Targets were detected more slowly in the first display of each trial run, and the N2pc component (an ERP marker of attentional target selection) was attenuated and delayed for the first relative to the two successive presentations of a particular target object, demonstrating limitations in the ability of word cues to activate effective attentional templates. N2pc components to target objects in the first display were strongly affected by differences in object imageability (i.e., the ability of word cues to activate a target-matching visual representation). These differences were no longer present for the second presentation of the same target objects, indicating that a single perceptual encounter is sufficient to activate a precise attentional template. Our results demonstrate the superiority of visual over verbal target specifications in the control of visual search, highlight the fact that verbal descriptions are more effective for some objects than others, and suggest that the attentional templates that guide search for particular real-world target objects are analog visual representations.
Temperature Inversion Breakup with Impacts on Air Quality in Urban Valleys Influenced by Topographic Shading
Authors: Rendón Angela M. , Salazar Juan F. , Palacio Carlos A. , Wirth Volkmar 
Published: October 2014

AbstractUrban valleys can experience serious air pollution problems as a combined result of their limited ventilation and the high emission of pollutants from the urban areas. Idealized simulations were analyzed to elucidate the breakup of an inversion layer in urban valleys subject to a strong low-level temperature inversion and topographic effects on surface heating such as topographic shading, as well as the associated air pollution transport mechanisms. The results indicate that the presence and evolution in time of the inversion layer and its interplay with an urban heat island within the valley strongly influence the venting of pollutants out of urban valleys. Three mechanisms of air pollution transport were identified. These are transport by upslope winds, transport by an urban heat island–induced circulation, and transport within a closed slope-flow circulation below an inversion layer.
Spiral Rainbands in a Numerical Simulation of Hurricane Bill (2009). Part II: Propagation of Inner Rainbands
Authors: Moon Yumin , Nolan David S. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This is the second part of a study that examines spiral rainbands in a numerical simulation of Hurricane Bill (2009). This paper evaluates whether the propagation of inner rainbands in the Hurricane Bill simulation is consistent with previously proposed hypotheses. Results indicate that the propagation of inner rainbands is not consistent with gravity waves, vortex Rossby waves, or squall lines. An alternative hypothesis is offered, arguing that inner rainbands are simply convective clouds that are advected by the rapidly rotating tropical cyclone wind field while being deformed into spiral shapes. A summary and a discussion of the results of both Parts I and II are provided.
A Return Stroke NOx Production Model
Authors: Koshak William J. , Solakiewicz Richard J. , Peterson Harold S. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A model is introduced for estimating the nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) production from a lightning return stroke channel. A realistic modified transmission line model return stroke current is assumed to propagate vertically upward along a stepped leader channel of 0.1-cm radius. With additional assumptions about the initial radial expansion rate of the channel, the full nonlinear differential equation for the return stroke channel radius r(z, t) is solved numerically using Mathematica V9.0.1.0. Channel conductivity and channel air density are adjustable constants, and the model employs typical atmospheric profiles of temperature, pressure, and density. The channel pressure is modeled by a dynamic pressure expression. Channel temperature is extracted from the pressure by a minimization technique that involves a generalized gas law appropriate for high temperatures where dissociation and ionization are important. The altitude and time variations of the channel energy density are also obtained. Three model runs, each with different input parameters, are completed. Channel radii at sea level range from about 1.7 to 6.0 cm depending on the model inputs and are in good agreement with other investigators. The NOx production from each 1-m segment of the channel is computed using conservation of energy and equilibrium freeze-out-temperature chemistry. Because the NOx per meter of channel is computed as a function of altitude, extensions of the results to tortuous and branched channels are possible and lead to preliminary estimates of total return stroke NOx. These estimates are found to be smaller than the return stroke NOx values obtained from the NASA Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Model (LNOM).
Implications of the Semigeostrophic Nature of Rossby Waves for Rossby Wave Packet Detection
Authors: Wolf Gabriel , Wirth Volkmar 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Upper-tropospheric Rossby wave packets have received increased attention recently. In most previous studies wave packets have been detected by computing the envelope of the meridional wind field using either complex demodulation or a Hilbert transform. The latter requires fewer choices to be made and appears, therefore, preferable. However, the Hilbert transform is fraught with a significant problem, namely, a tendency that fragments a single wave packet into several parts. The problem arises because Rossby wave packets show substantial deviations from the almost-plane wave paradigm, a feature that is well represented by semigeostrophic dynamics. As a consequence, higher harmonics interfere with the reconstruction of the wave envelope leading to undesirable wiggles. A possible cure lies in additional smoothing (e.g., by means of a filter) or resorting to complex demodulation (which implies smoothing, too). Another possibility, which does not imply any smoothing, lies in applying the Hilbert transform in semigeostrophic coordinate space. It turns out beneficial to exclude planetary-scale wavenumbers from this transformation in order to avoid problems in cases when the wave packet travels on a low wavenumber quasi-stationary background flow.
Analysis of the 1 December 2011 Wasatch Downslope Windstorm
Authors: Lawson John , Horel John 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A downslope windstorm on 1 December 2011 led to considerable damage along a narrow 50-km swath at the western base of the Wasatch Mountains in northern Utah. The strongest surface winds began suddenly at 0900 UTC, primarily in the southern portion of the damage zone. Surface winds reached their peak intensity with gusts to 45 m s−1 at ~1600 UTC, while the strongest winds shifted later to the northern end of the damage swath. The northward shift in strong surface winds relates to the rotation of synoptic-scale flow from northeasterly to easterly at crest level, controlled by an evolving anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking event. A rawinsonde released at ~1100 UTC in the midst of strong (&gt;35 m s−1) easterly surface wind intersected a rotor and sampled the strong inversion that surmounted it. The windstorm’s evolution was further examined via Weather Research and Forecasting Model simulations initialized from North American Mesoscale Model analyses ~54 h before the windstorm onset. The Control model simulation captured core features of the event, including the spatial extent and timing of the strongest surface winds. However, the model developed stronger mountain-wave breaking in the lee of the Wasatch, a broader zone of strong surface winds, and a downstream rotor located farther west than observed. A second simulation, in which the nearby east–west-oriented Uinta Mountains were reduced in elevation, developed weaker easterly flow across the Wasatch during the early stages of the event. This result suggests that the Uinta Mountains block and steer the initial northeasterly flow across the Wasatch.
Google Glass
Authors: Sawyer Ben D. , Finomore Victor S. , Calvo Andres A. , Hancock P. A. 
Published: October 2014

Objective: We assess the driving distraction potential of texting with Google Glass (Glass), a mobile wearable platform capable of receiving and sending short-message-service and other messaging formats. Background: A known roadway danger, texting while driving has been targeted by legislation and widely banned. Supporters of Glass claim the head-mounted wearable computer is designed to deliver information without concurrent distraction. Existing literature supports the supposition that design decisions incorporated in Glass might facilitate messaging for drivers. Method: We asked drivers in a simulator to drive and use either Glass or a smartphone-based messaging interface, then interrupted them with an emergency brake event. Both the response event and subsequent recovery were analyzed. Results: Glass-delivered messages served to moderate but did not eliminate distracting cognitive demands. A potential passive cost to drivers merely wearing Glass was also observed. Messaging using either device impaired driving as compared to driving without multitasking. Conclusion: Glass in not a panacea as some supporters claim, but it does point the way to design interventions that effect reduced load in multitasking. Application: Discussions of these identified benefits are framed within the potential of new in-vehicle systems that bring both novel forms of distraction and tools for mitigation into the driver’s seat.
Increased risk of urinary calculi in patients with migraine: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Tsai Min-Juei , Chen Yung-Tai , Ou Shuo-Ming , Shin Chia-Jen , Peng Kuan-Po , Tang Chao-Hsiun , Wang Shuu-Jiun 
Published: October 2014

Objective Whether migraine is associated with urinary calculi is an unresolved issue, although topiramate, a migraine-preventive agent, is known to contribute to this complication. This study investigates the association between migraine and the risk of urinary calculi. Methods We identified a total of 147,399 patients aged ≥18 years with migraine diagnoses recorded in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database between 2005 and 2009. Each patient was randomly matched with one individual without headache using propensity scores. All participants were followed from the date of enrollment until urinary calculi development, death, or the end of 2010. Results The risk of urinary calculi was greater in the migraine than the control cohort (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 1.58; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.52–1.63; p < 0.001, irrespective of the influence of topiramate. The risk was higher in younger and female patients. The magnitude of the risk was proportional to the annual frequency of clinic visits for headache (≥6 vs. <3, aHR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04–1.17; p = 0.002), but did not differ between migraine patients with and without aura. Conclusions Our study showed migraine was associated with an increased risk of urinary calculi, independent of topiramate use. A higher frequency of clinic visits was associated with a greater risk.
Deficiencies in Pitching Biomechanics in Baseball Players With a History of Superior Labrum Anterior-Posterior Repair
Authors: Laughlin Walter A. , Fleisig Glenn S. , Scillia Anthony J. , Aune Kyle T. , Cain E. Lyle , Dugas Jeffrey R. 
Published: October 2014

Background: Baseball pitchers who undergo superior labrum anterior-posterior (SLAP) repair often have trouble returning to their previous level of performance. While the reason is often assumed to be diminished shoulder range of motion or other mechanical changes, differences in pitching biomechanics between baseball pitchers with a history of SLAP repair and pitchers with no injury history have not been studied previously. Hypothesis: The primary hypothesis was that compared with the control group, the SLAP group would exhibit compromised shoulder range of motion (external rotation and horizontal abduction) and internal rotation torque during pitching. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Pitching biomechanics were compared retrospectively between a group of 13 collegiate and professional pitchers with a history of a SLAP tear and a control group of 52 pitchers with no history of surgery; groups were matched by age, height, weight, and pitch velocity. Data were collected with an automated 3-dimensional motion analysis system while participants threw fastballs from the windup. Biomechanics of the shoulder (horizontal abduction and external rotation), elbow (flexion, extension velocity, and flexion torque), and body (stride length, shoulder horizontal adduction, and forward trunk tilt) were compared between the 2 groups. For each variable, a Student t test was used at an α level of .05. Results: Pitchers in the SLAP group exhibited significantly less shoulder horizontal abduction (10.0° ± 13.2° vs 21.0° ± 11.7°, respectively; P = .013) and shoulder external rotation (168.3° ± 12.7° vs 178.3° ± 7.3°, respectively; P = .016) than those in the control group. In addition, players in the SLAP group pitched with a more upright trunk, demonstrated by a less forward trunk tilt at the instant of ball release (30.2° ± 6.3° vs 34.4° ± 6.6°, respectively; P = .048). Conclusion: Pitchers with a history of SLAP repair produce less shoulder horizontal abduction, shoulder external rotation, and forward trunk tilt during pitching than do pitchers with no history of injury. Clinical Relevance: To facilitate normal pitching mechanics, shoulder external rotation and horizontal abduction at 90° should be primary objectives in surgical repair and rehabilitation after SLAP repair. In addition, pitchers should work with their pitching coaches to ensure proper forward trunk tilt.