bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orogen‐scale drainage network evolution and response to erodibility changes: insights from numerical experiments
Authors: Giachetta Emanuele , Refice Alberto , Capolongo Domenico , Gasparini Nicole M. , Pazzaglia Frank J. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe continuous feedbacks among tectonics, surface processes, and climate are reflected in the distribution of catchments on active mountain ranges. Previous studies have shown a regularity of valley spacing across mountain ranges worldwide, but the origin of this geomorphological feature is currently not well known. In this work, we use a landscape evolution model to investigate the process of fluvial network organization and the evolution of regular ridge‐and‐valley patterns on simulated mountain ranges. In particular, we investigate the behavior of such patterns when subjected to a perturbation in landscape processes from a previous steady state, resulting from a sudden variation in the pattern of bedrock erodibility, from homogeneous to a gradient. We analyze the time evolution of the mean ratio λ' between the linear spacing of adjacent valleys and the half width of the mountain range. We show how a valley spacing ratio of ~0.5 is first achieved at steady state under uniform bedrock erodibility. After applying the gradient of bedrock erodibility across the landscape, we observe that λ' first increases and then decreases to a new steady‐state value that is smaller than the original value. A detailed analysis of the simulations, through observations of surface ‘snapshots’ at repeated time intervals, allows to gain some insight into the mechanisms governing this fluvial network reorganization process, driven by the migration of the main divide toward the side characterized by lower bedrock erodibility. On both sides of the range the new steady‐state valley spacing is obtained through mechanisms of catchment reorganization and competition between adjacent fluvial networks. In particular, catchment reorganization is characterized by the growth of smaller catchments between shrinking larger catchments on the side with lower erodibility, and the growth of larger catchments on the side with higher erodibility. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Framing the Capacity to Do and Use Evaluation
Authors: Cousins J. Bradley , Goh Swee C. , Elliott Catherine J. , Bourgeois Isabelle 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe construct of organizational evaluation capacity is a concept that is receiving increasing attention in theoretical and research‐based literature. It is situated within a stream of inquiry that has come to be known as evaluation capacity building (ECB). This chapter reviews evolving conceptions of ECB and recent research and theory in the area. A conceptualization of organizational capacity for evaluation is explicated. The framework addresses not only the capacity to do but also the capacity to use evaluation. This framework has evolved within our ongoing research program and has also informed other research activities focusing on the integration of evaluation into organizational culture. This chapter concludes with a discussion of implications for ongoing research and practice.
Effect of inhomogeneity of the electrospun fibrous scaffolds of gelatin/polycaprolactone hybrid on cell proliferation
Authors: Feng Bei , Duan Huichuan , Fu Wei , Cao Yilin , Jie Zhang Wen , Zhang Yanzhong 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this article, gelatin (GT) and polycaprolactone (PCL) blended with a weight ratio of 50:50 were dissolved in the trifluoroethanol (TFE) or the acetic acid‐doped TFE solvent system (0.2% relative to TFE) to prepare fibrous scaffolds of GT/PCL with different compositional and morphological homogeneities (denoted as the group 1 and the group 2 scaffolds) by electrospinning. The morphology and composition of the two groups of fibrous scaffolds were examined by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Then, using green fluorescence protein‐labeled mouse fibroblasts and HaCaT cells (a human keratinocyte cell line) as the model cells, cell adhesion, morphology, and proliferation were assessed by laser scanning confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and cell counting kit‐8 assay, respectively. The results showed that the morphological and compositional inhomogeneity of the group 1 scaffolds had a remarkable influence on cell adhesion and proliferation. In contrast, there was no significant difference among the group 2 scaffolds because of their good consistency in fiber morphology and composition. Phase separation resultant GT content variance in the group 1 scaffolds is suggested as one of the major causes. This study highlighted the importance of producing morphologically uniform and compositionally homogeneous composite nanofibers while electrospinning natural and synthetic polymer blends. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 431–438, 2015.
Reduction in Proximal Femoral Strength in Patients With Acute Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Edwards W Brent , Schnitzer Thomas J , Troy Karen L 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Bone loss after spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with an increased risk of fracture resulting from minor trauma. Proximal femoral fractures account for approximately 10% to 20% of the fractures in this population and are among the most serious of injuries. Our purpose was to quantify changes to proximal femoral strength in patients with acute SCI. Thirteen subjects received dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and clinical computed tomography (CT) scans at serial time points during acute SCI separated by a mean of 3.5 months (range 2.6 to 4.8 months). Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at the proximal femur was quantified from DXA, and proximal femoral strength was predicted using CT-based finite element (FE) modeling in a sideways fall configuration. During the acute period of SCI, femoral neck and total proximal femur aBMD decreased by 2.0 ± 1.1%/month (p &lt; 0.001) and 2.2 ± 0.7%/month (p &lt; 0.001), respectively. The observed reductions in aBMD were associated with a 6.9 ± 2.0%/month (p &lt; 0.001) reduction in femoral strength. Thus, changes in femoral strength were some 3 times greater than the observed changes in aBMD (p &lt; 0.001). It was interesting to note that in just 3.5 months of acute SCI, reductions in strength for some patients were on the order of that predicted for lifetime declines owing to aging. Therefore, it is important that therapeutic interventions are implemented soon after SCI in an effort to halt bone loss and decrease fracture risk. In addition, clinicians utilizing DXA to monitor bone health after SCI should be aware of the potential discrepancy between changes in aBMD and strength. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A single‐dose, open‐label, parallel, randomized, dose‐proportionality study of paliperidone after intramuscular injections of paliperidone palmitate in the deltoid or gluteal muscle in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Cleton Adriaan , Rossenu Stefaan , Crauwels Herta , Berwaerts Joris , Hough David , Gopal Srihari , Eerdekens Marielle , Vandebosch An , Remmerie Bart , De Meulder Marc , Fernández Clara M. Rosso 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPaliperidone palmitate (PP) is a long‐acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotic, developed for monthly intramuscular (i.m.) administration into deltoid/gluteal muscle, approved for the treatment of schizophrenia in many countries. To assess the options for i.m. injection sites, dose‐proportionality of PP was investigated after injection of a single dose (25–150 mg eq.) of PP in either gluteal (n = 106) or deltoid (n = 95) muscle of schizophrenic patients. Overall, mean (geometric) area under plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC∞) of paliperidone increased proportionally with increasing PP doses, regardless of injection site. Mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was slightly less than dose‐proportional for both injection sites at PP doses >50 mg eq. Mean Cmax was higher after injection in the deltoid compared with the gluteal muscle, except for the 100 mg eq. dose, while AUC∞ for both injection sites was comparable at all doses. Median time to reach Cmax (tmax) ranged from 13–14 days after deltoid and 13–17 days after gluteal injection across all doses. Single PP injections in deltoid and gluteal muscles in the dose range of 25–150 mg eq. were generally tolerable both locally and systemically.
Highly flexible broadband terahertz metamaterial quarter‐wave plate
Authors: Cong Longqing , Xu Ningning , Gu Jianqiang , Singh Ranjan , Han Jiaguang , Zhang Weili 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMetamaterials offer exciting opportunities that enable precise control of light propagation, its intensity and phase by designing an artificial medium of choice. Inducing birefringence via engineered metamolecules presents a fascinating mechanism to manipulate the phase of electromagnetic waves and facilitates the design of polarimetric devices. In this paper, a high‐efficiency, broadband, tunable and flexible quarter‐wave plate based on a multilayer metamaterial is presented. Excellent achromatic π/2 phase retardance with high transmission is observed upon terahertz propagation through the quarter‐wave plate. The calculated Stokes parameter represents the output polarization state numerically, indicating an excellent broadband conversion of linearly polarized light into circularly polarized light. The metamaterial‐based quarter‐wave plate demonstrated in this work could be an important step forward in the development of functional terahertz polarization conversion devices for practical applications.
Hybrid femtosecond laser microfabrication to achieve true 3D glass/polymer composite biochips with multiscale features and high performance: the concept of ship‐in‐a‐bottle biochip
Authors: Wu Dong , Wu Si‐Zhu , Xu Jian , Niu Li‐Gang , Midorikawa Katsumi , Sugioka Koji 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTrue three‐dimensionally (3D) integrated biochips are crucial for realizing high performance biochemical analysis and cell engineering, which remain ultimate challenges. In this paper, a new method termed hybrid femtosecond laser microfabrication which consists of successive subtractive (femtosecond laser‐assisted wet etching of glass) and additive (two‐photon polymerization of polymer) 3D microprocessing was proposed for realizing 3D “ship‐in‐a‐bottle” microchip. Such novel microchips were fabricated by integrating various 3D polymer micro/nanostructures into flexible 3D glass microfluidic channels. The high quality of microchips was ensured by quantitatively investigating the experimental processes containing “line‐to‐line” scanning mode, improved annealing temperature (645°C), increased prebaking time (18 h for 1mm‐length channel), optimal laser power (1.9 times larger than that on the surface) and longer developing time (6 times larger). The ship‐in‐a‐bottle biochips show high capabilities to provide simultaneous filtering and mixing with 87% efficiency in a shorter distance and on‐chip synthesis of ZnO microflower particles.
Exposure to traffic and early life respiratory infection: A cohort study
Authors: Rice Mary B. , Rifas‐Shiman Sheryl L. , Oken Emily , Gillman Matthew W. , Ljungman Petter L. , Litonjua Augusto A. , Schwartz Joel , Coull Brent A. , Zanobetti Antonella , Koutrakis Petros , Melly Steven J. , Mittleman Murray A. , Gold Diane R. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryWe examined whether proximity to a major roadway and traffic density around the home during pregnancy are associated with risk of early life respiratory infection in a pre‐birth cohort in the Boston area. We geocoded addresses for 1,263 mother‐child pairs enrolled during the first trimester of pregnancy in Project Viva during 1999–2002. We calculated distance from home to nearest major roadway and traffic density in a 100 m buffer around the home. We defined respiratory infection as maternal report of ≥1 doctor‐diagnosed pneumonia, bronchiolitis, croup, or other respiratory infection from birth until the early childhood visit (median age 3.3). We used relative risk regression models adjusting for potential confounders to estimate associations between traffic exposures and risk of respiratory infection. Distance to roadway during pregnancy was associated with risk of respiratory infection. In fully adjusted models, relative risks (95% CI) for respiratory infection were: 1.30 (1.08, 1.55) for <100 m, 1.15 (0.93, 1.41) for 100 to <200 m, and 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) for 200 to <1,000 m compared with living ≥1,000 m away from a major roadway. Each interquartile range increase in distance to roadway was associated with an 8% (95% CI 0.87, 0.98) lower risk, and each interquartile range increase in traffic density was associated with a 5% (95% CI 0.98, 1.13) higher risk of respiratory infection. Our findings suggest that living close to a major roadway during pregnancy may predispose the developing lung to infection in early life. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:252–259. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Androgen withdrawal fails to induce detectable tissue hypoxia in the rat prostate
Authors: Regter Sietze , Hedayati Mohammad , Zhang Yonggang , Zhou Haoming , Dalrymple Susan , Koch Cameron J. , Isaacs John T. , DeWeese Theodore L. 
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUNDIt has been reported that significant hypoxia may occur in the rat prostate following androgen deprivation (AD). It is well known that hypoxia substantially reduces radiation sensitivity of cells both in vitro and in vivo. Given that contemporary management of men with intermediate and high‐risk prostate cancer includes the use of neoadjuvant androgen suppression and radiation, AD‐induced hypoxia in the prostate could result in suboptimal therapeutic results. Given this concern, we fully investigate possible AD‐induced hypoxia in the ventral prostate (VP) of adult rats by two independent methods.METHODSTissue pO2 levels in the VP of adult Spraque‐Dawley rats were evaluated prior to and at various time points following castration by two independent techniques. First, an Oxylab tissue oxygen monitor with a 240 μm probe was used for quantitative monitoring of global VP oxygenation. Second, fluorescence immunohistochemistry using the hypoxia marker EF5, known to be metabolically activated by hypoxic cells, was used to evaluate cell‐to‐cell variation in hypoxia at various days post‐castration.RESULTSNeither the oxygen probe nor EF5 method demonstrate any substantive change in pO2 levels in the rat VP at any time point post‐castration.CONCLUSIONSWe find no evidence that the rat VP becomes hypoxic at any point following castration using an animal model that closely mimics the human prostate. These data are in contrast to previous reports suggesting prostatic hypoxia occurs following AD and provide assurance that our present therapeutic strategy of neoadjuvant AD followed by radiation is not compromised by AD‐induced tissue hypoxia. Prostate 74:805–810, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Remarkable magnetic properties of amorphous hydrogenated carbon nanostructured thin films
Authors: Lukitsa Ivan , Nikolaychuk Galina , Moroz Oleg 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAmorphous hydrogenated carbon thin films with 3d metal nanoparticles were deposited on Si and glass‐ceramic substrates by reactive ion‐plasma magnetron sputtering. Thin films have a high complex permittivity ε * and permeability µ * (ε ′ ≈ 1000–10000, ε″ ≈ 100–1500, μ ′ ≈ 10–70, µ ″ ≈ 0.4–10), what can stipulate by anomalous electromagnetic microwave radiation absorption effect. The magnetic parameters as shape of hysteresis loop, values of coercive force, remanence and saturation magnetization were determined from vibrating‐coil magnetometer measurements. The mechanism of absorption in the material under study is described. Obtained results demonstrate a good promise to use this material for the absorption of electromagnetic microwave radiation. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pathways for novel magnetocaloric materials: A processing prospect
Authors: Krautz Maria , Hosko Josef , Skokov K. , Svec Peter , Stoica Mihai , Schultz Ludwig , Eckert Jürgen , Gutfleisch Oliver , Waske Anja 
Published: March 2014

AbstractComposites of two magnetocaloric components have been prepared by melt spinning. A special nozzle modification allows to separate the melts of two different materials which solidify simultaneously as rapidly quenched composite. Two materials combinations were chosen: (a) Fe‐based amorphous materials with different Cr‐contents and (b) Fe‐based alloys with different Si‐content resulting in crystalline La(Fe,Si)13 phase with large magnetocaloric effect after subsequent annealing. By melt spinning crystalline segments of several cm length and long amorphous ribbons were obtained. The magnetocaloric properties of the composites were assessed by magnetometry and direct measurements of the adiabatic temperature change. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Towards the large scale production of (La1‐zCez)(Fe1‐x‐yMnySix)13Hn products for room temperature refrigeration
Authors: Mayer Charlotte , Dubrez Alexandra , Pierronnet Michel , Vikner Peter 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we present a novel process based on gas atomization and powder metallurgy techniques to produce reliable and stable (La1‐zCez)(Fe1‐x‐yMnySix)13Hn materials, with 0.08 ≤ x ≤ 0.15, 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.05, 0 ≤ z ≤ 0.3 and 1.5 ≤ n ≤ 3. With this process, shaped pieces ready‐to‐use into refrigeration devices can be produced. Gas atomisation is a rapid solidification technique that prevents the La‐Fe‐Si‐type alloy from forming very large α‐Fe dendrites during cooling, allowing to easily and efficiently heat treat the obtained powder to form the magnetocaloric NaZn13‐type intermetallic. In this process, a batch of 500 kg of alloy was first gas atomized into powder. The powder was then annealed at 1373 K under Ar for one hour to reach around 95% of magnetocaloric phase, and subsequently hydrogenated. Finally, the powder was shaped into composite shaped products containing 91.5 wt.% of powder, by extrusion. This process induces no loss of matter and allows producing non fragile pieces comprising thin portions. Our first results on the stability of partially hydrogenated (La,Ce)(Fe,Mn,Si)13 materials are shown and we discuss on the possible existence of conditions of instability liked to both the composition of the magnetocaloric phase and the level of hydrogenation. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Global assimilation of air temperature, humidity, wind and pressure from surface stations
Authors: Ingleby Bruce 
Published: March 2014

AbstractOriginally the only surface data assimilated in the Met Office global forecasting system were pressure and marine winds but now most temperatures, humidities and land winds are also used. Adjustments for differences between station and model height are essential for pressure and temperature; new height adjustments for humidity and wind were introduced. These changes brought the global and regional forecasting systems much closer in their use of surface data and forecast performance for surface variables. Winds from islands and headlands not resolved in the forecast model and tropical land winds are excluded. Extra reports (notably Metars) have been introduced into the system.The assimilation of land station temperature and humidity reports gave a clear improvement to short‐range forecasts of ‘screen’ temperature and humidity and small improvements to pressure forecasts. The assimilation of winds over land areas had little impact—wind speed biases, especially at night, are part of the problem. The surface pressure assimilation improves pressure and upper atmosphere forecasts but has little effect on other surface variables. The observation innovations reveal aspects of observation and model errors and other factors such as the proximity to the coast and the importance of the diurnal cycle.
Can two‐dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometric identification of bicyclic aromatic acids in petroleum fractions help to reveal further details of aromatic hydrocarbon biotransformation pathways?
Authors: West Charles E. , Pureveen Jos , Scarlett Alan G. , Lengger Sabine K. , Wilde Michael J. , Korndorffer Frans , Tegelaar Erik W. , Rowland Steven J. 
Published: March 2014

RATIONALEThe identification of key acid metabolites ('signature' metabolites) has allowed significant improvements to be made in our understanding of the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, in reservoir and in contaminated natural systems, such as aquifers and seawater. On this basis, anaerobic oxidation is now more widely accepted as one viable mechanism, for instance. However, identification of metabolites in the complex acid mixtures from petroleum degradation is challenging and would benefit from use of more highly resolving analytical methods.METHODSComprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOFMS) with both nominal mass and accurate mass measurement was used to study the complex mixtures of aromatic acids (as methyl esters) in petroleum fractions.RESULTSNumerous mono‐ and di‐aromatic acid isomers were identified in a commercial naphthenic acids fraction from petroleum and in an acids fraction from a biodegraded petroleum. In many instances, compounds were identified by comparison of mass spectral and retention time data with those of authentic compounds.CONCLUSIONSThe identification of a variety of alkyl naphthalene carboxylic and alkanoic and alkyl tetralin carboxylic and alkanoic acids, plus identifications of a range of alkyl indane acids, provides further evidence for 'signature' metabolites of biodegradation of aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons. Identifications such as these now offer the prospect of better differentiation of metabolites of bacterial processes (e.g. aerobic, methanogenic, sulphate‐reducing) in polar petroleum fractions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autonomous Vision‐based Micro Air Vehicle for Indoor and Outdoor Navigation
Authors: Schmid Korbinian , Lutz Philipp , Tomić Teodor , Mair Elmar , Hirschmüller Heiko 
Published: March 2014

Micro air vehicles have become very popular in recent years. Autonomous navigation of such systems plays an important role in many industrial applications as well as in search‐and‐rescue scenarios. We present a quadrotor that performs autonomous navigation in complex indoor and outdoor environments. An operator selects target positions in the onboard map and the system autonomously plans an obstacle‐free path and flies to these locations. An onboard stereo camera and inertial measurement unit are the only sensors. The system is independent of external navigation aids such as GPS. No assumptions are made about the structure of the unknown environment. All navigation tasks are implemented onboard the system. A wireless connection is only used for sending images and a three‐dimensional (3D) map to the operator and to receive target locations. We discuss the hardware and software setup of the system in detail. Highlights of the implementation are the field‐programmable‐gate‐array‐based dense stereo matching of 0.5 Mpixel images at a rate of 14.6 Hz using semiglobal matching, locally drift‐free visual odometry with key frames, and sensor data fusion with compensation of measurement delays of 220 ms. We show the robustness of the approach in simulations and experiments with ground truth. We present the results of a complex, autonomous indoor/outdoor flight and the exploration of a coal mine with obstacle avoidance and 3D mapping.