bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parallel Synthesis of Photoluminescent π‐Conjugated Polymers by Polymer Reactions of an Organotitanium Polymer with a Titanacyclopentadiene Unit
Authors: Matsumura Yoshimasa , Fukuda Katsura , Inagi Shinsuke , Tomita Ikuyoshi 
Published: January 2015

A regioregular organometallic polymer with titanacyclopentadiene unit, obtained by the reaction of a 2,7‐diethynylfluorene derivative and a low‐valent titanium complex, is subjected to the reaction with three kinds of electrophiles (i.e., sulfur monochloride, hydrochloric acid, and dichlorophenylphosphine) to give π−conjugated polymers possessing both fluorene and building blocks originated from the transformation of the titanacycles in the main chain. For example, a phosphole‐containing polymer whose number‐average molecular weight is estimated as 5000 is obtained in 50% yield. The obtained thiophene, butadiene, and phosphole‐containing polymers exhibit efficient photoluminescence (PL) with emission colors of blue, green, and yellow, respectively. For example, the phosphole‐containing polymer exhibits yellow PL with an emission maximum (Emax) of 533 nm and a quantum yield (Φ) of 0.37.
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Finite strain primal interface formulation with consistently evolving stabilization
Authors: Truster Timothy J. , Chen Pinlei , Masud Arif 
Published: January 2015

SummaryA stabilized discontinuous Galerkin method is developed for general hyperelastic materials at finite strains. Starting from a mixed method incorporating Lagrange multipliers along the interface, the displacement formulation is systematically derived through a variational multiscale approach whereby the numerical fine scales are modeled via edge bubble functions. Analytical expressions that are free from user‐defined parameters arise for the weighted numerical flux and stability tensor. In particular, the specific form taken by these derived quantities naturally accounts for evolving geometric nonlinearity as well as discontinuous material properties. The method is applicable both to problems containing nonconforming meshes or different element types at specific interfaces and to problems consisting of fully discontinuous numerical approximations. Representative numerical tests involving large strains and rotations are performed to confirm the robustness of the method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A prospective observational study of machine translation software to overcome the challenge of including ethnic diversity in healthcare research
Authors: Taylor Rachel M. , Crichton Nicola , Moult Beki , Gibson Faith 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAimThis study investigates whether machine translation could help with the challenge of enabling the inclusion of ethnic diversity in healthcare research.DesignA two phase, prospective observational study.MethodsTwo machine translators, Google Translate and Babylon 9, were tested. Translation of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) from 24 languages into English and translation of an English information sheet into Spanish and Chinese were quality scored. Quality was assessed using the Translation Assessment Quality Tool.ResultsOnly six of the 48 translations of the SDQ were rated as acceptable, all from Google Translate. The mean number of acceptably translated sentences was higher (P = 0·001) for Google Translate 17·1 (sd 7·2) than for Babylon 9 11 (sd 7·9). Translation by Google Translate was better for Spanish and Chinese, although no score was in the acceptable range. Machine translation is not currently sufficiently accurate without editing to provide translation of materials for use in healthcare research.
Carbo‐Benzene's Aromaticity, Before and Beyond: A Tribute to Nozoe
Authors: Cocq Kévin , Maraval Valérie , Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Chauvin Remi 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBeyond rigorous inspection of the literature, selected comments and drawings from the Nozoe Autograph Books show how concepts and targets of the chemistry of today already existed 40 years ago. This is illustrated for the chemistry of carbo‐mers, which was actually unknowingly inspired by chemists of the golden age. After a personal travel through time and pages by the last author of this essay, who meets autographs by people who have been important in his career, in particular on the occasions of Nozoe's visits to France or past ISNA events, unpublished results in non‐benzenoid chemistry are dedicated to Nozoe's memory. Experimental advances are first disclosed on the comparative chemistry of the three ortho, meta and para isomers of tetraphenyl‐carbo‐benzene C18H2Ph4, the known ortho isomer serving as a reference. The two CH vertices of these chromophores make their [6]pericyclyne precursors quite sensitive and their yields and purifications challenging to optimize. The meta isomer was, however, isolated in 18% yield, and described by NMR and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and crystallography. The para isomer was characterized both in pure form and in a 1:1 mixture with a single isomer of its HCl adduct, including by X‐ray diffraction analysis of a co‐crystal showing that the interior of the C18 ring of the HCl adduct is filled by the Cl atom. Theoretical advances are then offered regarding the “aromatic character” of a triple bond, by showing that the topological acyclic reference of acetylene is the Möbius‐twisted cyclobutadiene. Acetylenoids are finally proposed as a novel class of non‐benzenoid aromatics.
Instrument Reporting Practices in Second Language Research
Authors: Derrick Deirdre J. 
Published: January 2015

Second language (L2) researchers often have to develop or change the instruments they use to measure numerous constructs (Norris & Ortega, 2012). Given the prevalence of researcher‐developed and ‐adapted data collection instruments, and given the profound effect instrumentation can have on results, thorough reporting of instrumentation is important for interpreting study results, conducting replications, forming and modifying L2 theory, and performing meta‐analytic research. Transparency in instrument reporting should include information on the origins, development, piloting, and reliability of instruments as well as information about inter‐rater reliability. Prior research, however, indicates gaps in L2 research transparency (Cohen & Macaro, 2010; Plonsky & Gass, 2011). The present study examined instrument reporting practices in three L2 journals over a period of 5 years. Origins were reported for 58% of the instruments, descriptions of piloting were provided for 17% of the instruments, reliability coefficients were reported for 28% of the instruments (with Cronbach's alpha being the most frequently used index: 22%), and inter‐rater reliability information was provided for 42% of the instruments (with percentage agreement being the most frequently used calculation: 16%). Seventeen percent of the instruments were made available either online or in an appendix. This snapshot of current reporting practices indicates areas where transparency could be improved.
Pretend play
Authors: Weisberg Deena Skolnick 
Published: January 2015

Pretend play is a form of playful behavior that involves nonliteral action. Although on the surface this activity appears to be merely for fun, recent research has discovered that children's pretend play has connections to important cognitive and social skills, such as symbolic thinking, theory of mind, and counterfactual reasoning. The current article first defines pretend play and then reviews the arguments and evidence for these three connections. Pretend play has a nonliteral correspondence to reality, hence pretending may provide children with practice with navigating symbolic relationships, which may strengthen their language skills. Pretend play and theory of mind reasoning share a focus on others' mental states in order to correctly interpret their behavior, hence pretending and theory of mind may be mutually supportive in development. Pretend play and counterfactual reasoning both involve representing nonreal states of affairs, hence pretending may facilitate children's counterfactual abilities. These connections make pretend play an important phenomenon in cognitive science: Studying children's pretend play can provide insight into these other abilities and their developmental trajectories, and thereby into human cognitive architecture and its development.WIREs Cogn Sci2015, 6:249–261. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1341This article is categorized under:Psychology > Development and Aging
Total reflection X‐Ray fluorescence spectroscopy to study Pb and Zn accumulation in zebrafish embryos
Authors: Bilo Fabjola , Moscoso Sdenka , Borgese Laura , Delbarba Maria V. , Zacco Annalisa , Bosio Alberto , Federici Stefania , Guarienti Michela , Presta Marco , Bontempi Elza , Depero Laura E. 
Published: January 2015

Biotoxicity tests are used to evaluate potential harmful effects of chemical substances. Among them, zebrafish embryo toxicity test is a well‐established procedure to study the negative effects of heavy metals. In respect to this, the measurement of the metal content accumulated in embryos during the toxicity test may help to understand adverse effects and identify target organs. However, because of the small masses involved, an analytical technique with high sensitivity is required.In this work, elemental chemical analysis of individual embryos was performed by means of total reflection X‐ray fluorescence to study Pb and Zn bioaccumulation. A suitable protocol for sample preparation and total reflection X‐ray fluorescence analysis was developed. At the end of fish embryo toxicity tests, zebrafish embryos exposed to Pb and Zn reference solutions or to leaching solutions of toxic and inertized municipal solid waste incinerator fly ashes were analyzed. A significant trend of bioaccumulation was observed for Pb with values one order of magnitude higher than the expected. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of the biophysical impacts of climate change in three hotspot regions in Africa and Asia
Authors: Kilroy Garrett 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA systematic review was conducted of biological and physical climate change impacts in three hotspot regions in Africa and Asia. Specifically, the review focused on identifying the nature and extent of biophysical impacts in semi-arid zones, mega-deltas and glacial-fed river basins. In total 139, peer-reviewed articles were reviewed, with a steady increase in relevant articles reported since 2006. Publications on the South Asian glacial-fed river basins were the most numerous followed by semi-arid areas and then deltas, with Central Asia and some African countries being the most under represented. The nature and extent of impacts varied for each hotspot area and were largely determined by the geographical context and intrinsic characteristics of each region. River basin publications were dominated by impacts concerning hydrology, highlighting the importance of glacial-fed water resources to downstream populations. Semi-arid regions were dominated by impacts to climate processes and impacts to livestock and vegetation highlighting the importance of rainfall to the ecosystems and the livelihoods of communities in these regions. In contrast, delta studies were dominated by a focus on hazards, predominantly coastal inundation, reflecting the concentration of populations and assets in these areas. Uncertainties associated with the biophysical impacts on these regions under a changing climate are documented and represent key knowledge gaps. Common information gaps for all hotspot regions were the need for improved hydro-meteorological monitoring systems. The development of climate change adaptation strategies and policies should be supported by a sound knowledge and understanding of the full range of biophysical impacts, which are characteristic to each geographical location.
Obesity and older age as protective factors for vaginal cuff dehiscence following total hysterectomy
Authors: Donnellan Nicole M. , Mansuria Suketu , Aguwa Nancy , Lum Deirdre , Meyn Leslie , Lee Ted 
Published: January 2015

AbstractStudies have shown an increased risk of vaginal cuff dehiscence following total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH). Patient variables associated with dehiscence have not been well described. This study aims to identify factors associated with dehiscence following varying routes of total hysterectomy. This is a retrospective, matched, case-control study of women who underwent a total hysterectomy at a large, urban, university-based teaching hospital from January 2000 to December 2011. Women who underwent a total hysterectomy and had a dehiscence (n = 31) were matched by surgical mode to the next five total hysterectomies (n = 155). Summary statistics and conditional logistic regression were performed to compare cases to controls. Obese women (BMI ≥ 30) were 70 % less likely than normal weight women (BMI < 25) to experience a dehiscence (p = 0.02). When stratified by hysterectomy route, obese women were 86 % less likely to have a dehiscence following robotic-assisted total hysterectomy (RAH) and TLH than normal weight women (p = 0.04). Further, increasing age was protective of dehiscence in this subgroup of women (p = 0.02). Older age and obesity were associated with a decreased risk of dehiscence following RAH and TLH but not following other routes. Increased risk of dehiscence following TLH observed in previous studies may be partially due to patient characteristics.
Cerebrovascular adaptations to chronic hypoxia in the growth restricted lamb
Authors: Castillo‐Melendez Margie , Yawno Tamara , Allison Beth J. , Jenkin Graham , Wallace Euan M. , Miller Suzanne L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractChronic moderate hypoxia induces angiogenic adaptation in the brain, reflecting a modulatory role for oxygen in determining cerebrovascular development. Chronic intrauterine fetal hypoxia, such as occurs in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is likely to lead to a reduction in oxygen delivery to the brain and long‐term neurological abnormalities. Thus we investigated whether vascular remodeling and vascular abnormalities were evident in the brain of IUGR newborn lambs that were chronically hypoxic in utero. Single uterine artery ligation (SUAL) surgery was performed in fetuses at ∼105 days gestation (term ∼145 days) to induce placental insufficiency and IUGR. Ewes delivered naturally at term and lambs were euthanased 24 h later. IUGR brains (n = 9) demonstrated a significant reduction in positive staining for the number of blood vessels (laminin immunohistochemistry) compared with control (n = 8): from 1650 ± 284 to 416 ± 47 cells/mm2 in subcortical white matter (SCWM) 1793 ± 298 to 385 ± 20 cells/mm2 in periventricular white matter (PVWM), and 1717 ± 161 to 405 ± 84 cells/mm2 in the subventricular zone (SVZ). The decrease in vascular density was associated with a significant decrease in VEGF immunoreactivity. The percentage of blood vessels exhibiting endothelial cell proliferation (Ki67 positive) varied regionally between 14 to 22% in white matter of control lambs, while only 1–3% of blood vessels in IUGR brains showed proliferation. A 66% reduction in pericyte coverage (α‐SMA and desmin) of blood vessels was observed in SCWM, 71% in PVWM, and 73% in SVZ of IUGR lambs, compared to controls. A reduction in peri‐vascular astrocytes (GFAP and laminin) was also observed throughout the white matter of IUGR lambs, and extravasation of albumin into the brain parenchyma was present, indicative of increased permeability of the blood brain barrier. Chronic hypoxia associated with IUGR results in a reduction in vascular density in the white matter of IUGR newborn brains. Vascular pericyte coverage and peri‐vascular astrocytes, both of which are essential for stabilisation of blood vessels and the maintenance of vascular permeability, were also decreased in the white matter of IUGR lambs. In turn, these vascular changes could lead to inadequate oxygen supply and contribute to under‐perfusion and increased vulnerability of white matter in IUGR infants.
The effects of advertising models for age‐restricted products and self‐concept discrepancy on advertising outcomes among young adolescents
Authors: Pezzuti Todd , Pirouz Dante , Pechmann Cornelia 
Published: January 2015

AbstractResearch on discrepancies between the actual self and ideal self has examined self‐discrepancies in knowledge, skills and stature but age‐based self‐discrepancies have only recently received attention and so we studied this phenomenon in young adolescents. In three studies we identified a product‐category contextual cue that apparently caused adolescents to respond to an existing age‐based self‐discrepancy. Specifically we found that when the contextual cue was advertising for an age‐restricted product, adolescents conformed to dissimilar young adult advertising models and diverged from similar adolescent models. This indicated that the contextual cue caused them to respond to an age‐based self‐discrepancy and use a product associated with the ideal self rather than the actual self. Importantly, this response was stronger among adolescents that were more dissatisfied with their age. With advertising for an age‐unrestricted product, adolescents conformed to adolescent advertising models and diverged from young adult models. Industry policies for age‐restricted products assume that similarity drives influence and therefore mandate that advertising models be young adults rather than adolescents. Our findings suggest this assumption is invalid for age‐restricted products.
Performance effects of early and late Six Sigma adoptions
Authors: Jacobs Brian W. , Swink Morgan , Linderman Kevin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOperations managers confront the challenge of deciding when to implement various administrative innovations such as Six Sigma, ISO 9000, and Lean. This research examines the operating performance effects of early versus late adoption of Six Sigma process improvement. Using theories of organizational learning and knowledge transfer, we develop hypotheses describing the advantages of late adoption, and factors that affect a firm's ability to benefit from Six Sigma either as an early or late adopter. We test our hypotheses using an event study methodology. The empirical results show that, on average, late adopters in our sample enjoy significantly greater performance gains than early adopters. However, the analysis also shows that the advantages of late adopters tend to be moderated by certain environmental and structural characteristics of a firm. Specifically, late adoption has been favorable when firms operate in low‐velocity industries, when they primarily sell in business‐to‐business markets, when they have good financial performance prior to adoption, and when they are large. Conversely, when adopters operate in conditions that have the opposite characteristics, then early adoption appears to have produced better results. Understanding the effects of these factors can enhance managers’ abilities to determine appropriate adoption timing to increase performance.
The Force of Gardening: Investigating Children's Learning in a Food Garden
Authors: Green Monica , Duhn Iris 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSchool gardens are becoming increasingly recognised as important sites for learning and for bringing children into relationship with food. Despite the well-known educational and health benefits of gardening, children's interactions with the non-human entities and forces within garden surroundings are less understood and examined in the wider garden literature. Using a relational materialist approach (Hultman & Lenz Taguchi, 2010) that considers the material artefacts that constitute a learning environment, this article examines children's interactions with the animate and inanimate life forces through three specific garden photographs. The photos belong to data derived from a study that examined food, ecology and design pedagogies in three Australian primary schools. This paper argues that children's interactions with the non-human materialities of a garden are a vital dimension of gardening practice. The agential powers of gardens have great capacity to mobilise and inform children's inhabitation of food gardens.
All of us? An exploration of the concept of mental health literacy based on young people’s responses to fictional mental health vignettes
Authors: Chambers D. , Murphy F. , Keeley H. S. 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesMental health literacy is increasingly referenced as a goal of mental health policy. However, the current definition of this concept has a relatively narrow focus on mental disorders. The objectives of this study were to explore mental health literacy through the use of vignettes and to begin to articulate a broader definition.MethodsSix groups of young people (n=42) aged between 16 and 25 years old responded to open-ended questions about vignettes depicting fictional characters with diagnosable mental health problems. The responses were analysed using Foucault’s governmentality theory.ResultsThe responses to the vignettes highlighted a range of determinants of our mental health. The young people suggested informal mental health-promoting techniques and highlighted the importance of talking. Ambiguity was reported in relation to the types of knowledge that are important in responding to mental health need. Finally, the responses were reflective of young people who are empathetic and view mental health from the perspective of our shared humanity, rather than as a marginal issue.ConclusionsAs mental health literacy is increasingly becoming a goal of mental health policy, it is timely that a shared understanding of this important concept is articulated. The current definition of mental health literacy is narrow in its focus on the recognition of mental disorders. A more broad-based definition of mental health literacy should be adopted by policy makers, reflecting the full range of determinants of mental health and recognising the importance of mental wellbeing.
Characterization, distribution, biology and impact on Italian walnut orchards of the invasive North-American leafminerCoptodisca lucifluella(Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae)
Authors: Bernardo U. , van Nieukerken E.J. , Sasso R. , Gebiola M. , Gualtieri L. , Viggiani G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe leafminerCoptodiscasp. (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae), recently recorded for the first time in Europe on Italian black and common walnut trees, is shown to be the North-AmericanCoptodisca lucifluella(Clemens) based on morphological (forewing pattern) and molecular (cytochrome oxidase c subunit I sequence) evidence. The phylogenetic relatedness of three species feeding on Juglandaceae suggests thatC. lucifluellahas likely shifted, within the same host plant family, from its original North-American hostsCaryaspp. toJuglansspp. Over the few years since its detection, it has established in many regions in Italy and has become a widespread and dominant invasive species. The leafminer completes three to four generations per year, with the first adults emerging in April–May and mature larvae of the last generation starting hibernation in September–October. Although a high larval mortality was recorded in field observations (up to 74%), the impact of the pest was substantial with all leaves infested at the end of the last generation in all 3 years tested. The distribution of the leafminer in the canopy was homogeneous. The species is redescribed and illustrated, a lectotype is designated and a new synonymy is established.