bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Gricean approach to the use of consensus and distinctiveness in causal attributions of verbally described interpersonal events
Authors: Maris Stefanie , Hoorens Vera 
Published: December 2013

AbstractVarious causal attribution theories, starting with the covariation model, argue that people use consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency information to causally explain events and behaviors. Yet, the visual presentation of the covariation model in the form of a cube is based on the assumptions that these dimensions generally affect attributions independently, symmetrically, and equally. A Gricean analysis suggests that these assumptions may not generally hold in the case of causal judgments for verbally communicated interpersonal events. We had participants judge the causal role of an actor and a patient in interpersonal events that were described through actor‐verb‐patient sentences under high versus low consensus and distinctiveness (Studies 1, 2, and 3) or without such information (Studies 2 and 3). As predicted by Gricean logic, consensus and distinctiveness effects on causality ratings depended on the target whose causal role participants assessed, on the information about the alternative dimension, and, most consistently, on consensus and distinctiveness being high versus low. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of smoke on walking speed
Authors: Fridolf Karl , Andrée Kristin , Nilsson Daniel , Frantzich Håkan 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYIn fire safety engineering, information about the expected walking speed of occupants through smoke is often one factor that is of interest to the designer. However, despite the fact that research already in the 1970s demonstrated that people tend to evacuate through smoke, little research has been performed on the topic since, and evidently, there is a lack of data on walking speed in smoke. This has created a situation where fire safety engineering assessments of the required safe escape time may be intimately associated with high uncertainties, especially for buildings in which people can be expected to evacuate long distances through smoke, for example, underground transportation systems. In order to address the lack of data on movement through smoke, 133 data points on individual walking speed in smoke are presented in this paper. The data lie within an extinction coefficient range of 1.2–7.5 m−1. In line with previous studies, it is demonstrated that the level of smoke density has a negative impact on the walking speed, whereas no significant effects of inclination, type of floor material, gender, age and height could be found in the data. In this paper, recommendations are also provided on how designers should treat the data in their fire safety risk assessments, depending on the type of risk analysis method, that is, if the designer is performing a deterministic analysis or a quantitative risk analysis. It is argued that this information can be used to reduce the uncertainty in future risk analyses involving egress calculations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic value of the proliferation marker Ki‐67 in laryngeal carcinoma: Results of the Accelerated Radiotherapy with Carbogen Breathing and Nicotinamide phase III randomized trial
Authors: Rademakers Saskia E. , Hoogsteen Ilse J. , Rijken Paul F. , Terhaard Chris H. , Doornaert Patricia A. , Langendijk Johannes A. , van den Ende Piet , van der Kogel Albert J. , Bussink Johan , Kaanders Johannes H. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe prognostic and predictive value of the proliferation marker Ki‐67 was investigated in a randomized trial comparing accelerated radiotherapy with carbogen breathing and nicotinamide (ARCON) to accelerated radiotherapy in laryngeal carcinoma.MethodsLabeling index of Ki‐67 (Li Ki‐67) in immunohistochemically stained biopsies and the colocalization with carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) were related to tumor control and patient survival.ResultsOn average, node‐positive patients had a higher Li Ki‐67 (median 14% vs 8%; p < .01). In patients with a high Li Ki‐67, the 5‐year regional control and metastases‐free survival were 79% versus 96% (p < .01) and 71% versus 88% (p = .05) for accelerated radiotherapy and ARCON, respectively. The 5‐year local control and disease‐specific survival were not significantly different. Patients with low Ki‐67 expression had an excellent outcome with accelerated radiotherapy alone.ConclusionPatients with laryngeal carcinomas with high proliferative activity are at increased risk of regional and distant metastases formation. This risk can be reduced by treatment with ARCON. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 171‐176, 2015
Phase II trial of sorafenib in advanced salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Thomson David J. , Silva Priyamal , Denton Kim , Bonington Suzanne , Mak Soo K. , Swindell Ric , Homer Jarrod , Sykes Andrew J. , Lee Lip W. , Yap Beng K. , Slevin Nicholas J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundThere is a need to improve the systemic treatment of advanced adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). Response rates to chemotherapy are poor and preliminary investigations of molecularly targeted agents have been disappointing. In this study, we evaluate sorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, which has an attractive targeting profile for this disease.MethodsIn a single‐arm phase II trial, patients with unresectable locally recurrent and/or metastatic ACC were treated with sorafenib 400 mg bid.ResultsTwenty‐three patients, median age 51 years, were recruited from 2009 to 2011. Median progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 11.3 and 19.6 months, respectively. PFS at 6 and 12 months were 69.3% and 46.2%, respectively. Sorafenib was only reasonably well tolerated, and 13 patients (57%) experienced grade 3 toxicity.ConclusionSorafenib showed modest activity in ACC with a 12‐month PFS of 46.2%. Sorafenib 400 mg bid was associated with significant toxicity and, taken together with limited effectiveness, cannot be enthusiastically recommended for further evaluation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 182‐187, 2015
Lymphadenopathy: Defining a palpable lymph node
Authors: Xu Jason J. , Campbell Gordon , Alsaffar Hussain , Brandt Michael G. , Doyle Philip C. , Glicksman Jordan T. , Fung Kevin 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe threshold size required to detect lymphadenopathy via palpation has never been formally determined. The purpose of this study was to determine the threshold, sensitivity, and error of node palpation and how this changes with experience.MethodsLymphadenopathy models were created using polyvinyl alcohol cryogel (PVA‐C) to mimic tissue tactility. Node diameter ranged from 0.5 to 4 cm. Study subjects were medical students, otolaryngology residents, and otolaryngology consultants. Each subject provided 22 estimates of size. Primary outcomes were the sensitivity, error (true vs estimated size), and threshold of palpation.ResultsThirty subjects completed the study. Sensitivity was 60%, 74%, and 86% for students, residents, and consultants, respectively (p < .01). Error was 0.88 cm, 0.61 cm, and 0.57 cm, respectively (p < .05). Palpation threshold was 1.32 cm, 0.83 cm, and 0.75 cm, respectively (p < .05). All participants detected nodes ≥2 cm, whereas consultants detected nodes ≥1 cm.ConclusionExperience is associated with decreased palpation threshold and error, and increased sensitivity. Educational interventions should target nodes <2 cm. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 177‐181, 2015
Association of Serum Uric Acid and Incident Nonspine Fractures in Elderly Men: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Parimi Neeta , Lui Li-Yung , Wise Barton L , Yao Wei , Lay Yu-An Evan , Cawthon Peggy M , Orwoll Eric ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Group
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT

Uric acid (UA) is produced from purines by the enzyme xanthine oxidase, and elevated levels may cause arthritis and kidney stones. Conversely, UA also appears to function as an antioxidant and may protect against the oxidative stress associated with aging and disease. We performed a prospective fracture case-cohort study to understand the relation of UA and fracture risk in older men enrolled in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. In the cohort of 5994 men aged 65 years and older attending the baseline MrOS examination, we evaluated a subgroup 1680 men in a case-cohort study design. The analytic group included 387 men with incident nonspine fractures (73 hip) and a random sample of 1383. Serum UA was measured in baseline serum samples. Modified proportional hazards models that account for case-cohort study design were used to estimate the relative hazards (RH) of hip and nonspine fracture in men for serum UA. Models were adjusted for age, race, clinic site, body mass index, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, walking speed, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) score, frailty, and total. Subjects with incident nonspine fractures were older, had lower total hip bone mineral density (BMD), and higher serum phosphorus. There was an 18% decreased risk of nonspine fractures (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71–0.93; p = 0.003) per 1 SD increase of baseline serum and 34% decreased risk of nonspine fractures in quartile 4 of UA versus quartiles 1, 2, and 3 (95% CI 0.49–0.89; p = 0.028) compared with nonfracture cases after multivariate adjustment. Hip fractures were not significantly associated with UA. Total hip BMD was significantly higher in the group of men with high UA levels compared with lower UA levels and increased linearly across quartiles of UA after multivariate adjustment (p for trend = 0.002). In summary, higher serum UA levels were associated with a reduction in risk of incident nonspine fractures but not hip fractures and higher hip BMD. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
EMBEDDING THE VULNERABLE INTO THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS: SOCIAL PROTECTION IN POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPERS
Authors: Elkins Meg 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSocial protection and equity are missing elements of the Millennium Development Goals. Both are essential to redress the situation of the most vulnerable. This study provides a comprehensive review of social protection packages in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and devises an index to evaluate the extent of a country's level of social protection in its development strategy. The findings show that the social protection agenda in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers is more pronounced in countries with higher levels of income and lower levels of ethnic diversity and that social assistance packages are more aligned to higher levels of official development assistance and governance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BOLD MRI in the brain of fetal sheep at 3T during experimental hypoxia
Authors: Schoennagel Bjoern P. , Yamamura Jin , Fischer Roland , Tavares de Sousa Manuela , Weyhmiller Marcela , Birkelbach Moritz , Kooijman Hendrik , Adam Gerhard , Wedegaertner Ulrike 
Published: December 2013

PurposeTo calculate regional fetal brain oxygen saturation (sO2) during hypoxia in sheep.Materials and MethodsEight pregnant ewes were examined at a 3T MR‐scanner using blood oxygenation level‐dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD‐MRI) to measure signal intensity changes of the fetal brain during a control period and a period of induced hypoxia. Regions of interest were placed in the fetal cerebrum to assess ΔR2* from GRE signal intensity plateaus (Scontrol, Shypoxia) and the relation between ΔR2* and ΔpO2 was analyzed. A probe was placed surgically in the fetal brain to directly measure local pO2 as a reference standard. Baseline and hypoxic pO2 values were recorded and compared (ΔpO2).ResultsMean fetal brain pO2 decreased from 14.3 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10–19) to 3.4 mmHg (95% CI: 2–5) during hypoxia (mean ΔpO2 = 10.9 mmHg and ΔR2* = −5s−1). A significant correlation between ΔR2* and ΔpO2 was noted (r = 0.93, P < 0.001), and conversion of pO2 into sO2 resulted in a linear regression coefficient of (−0.14 ± 0.01)s−1/% (r2 = 0.91).ConclusionMeasured fetal brain BOLD‐MRI was compared and converted to pO2, followed by calculation of cerebral sO2. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:110–116. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fast Fourier transforms for the evaluation of convolution products: CPU versus GPU implementation
Authors: Van de Wiele B. , Vansteenkiste A. , Van Waeyenberge B. , Dupré L. , De Zutter D. 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYIn a large variety of research areas, convolution products that relate a physical quantity in some observation points with their sources are encountered. When the sources and the observation points coincide, the numerical evaluation of the physical quantity typically leads to order N2 numerical problems. Here, fast Fourier transforms are widely used to reduce the computations to order Nlog N complexity. When adopting Fourier transforms (FFT) for finite physical problems, zero padding is required. Hence, in 2D and 3D problems, an optimization of the evaluation of the convolution product includes a non‐execution of Fourier transforms on arrays containing only zeros in the forward 2D or 3D FFT scheme and their corresponding arrays in the inverse 2D or 3D FFT scheme. This paper describes the implementation of such an approach on graphical processing units (GPUs) and compares the time gains on GPU and on CPU. It is found that on CPU, the speedup corresponds with the theoretical limit, while in the GPU implementation, the memory bandwidth limits the speedup ratio. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement of Achilles tendon repair mediated by matrix metalloproteinase inhibition via systemic administration of doxycycline
Authors: Kessler Michael W. , Barr Jerome , Greenwald Robert , Lane Lewis B. , Dines Joshua S. , Dines David M. , Drakos Mark C. , Grande Daniel A. , Chahine Nadeen O. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractCollagenases or matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been shown to play an important role in the matrix degradation cascade associated with Achilles tendon rupture and disease. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of daily administration of doxycycline (Doxy) through oral gavage on MMP activity and on the repair quality of Achilles tendons in vivo. Our findings indicate that Achilles tendon transection resulted in increasing MMP‐8 activity from 2 to 6 weeks post‐injury, with peak increases in activity occurring at 4 weeks post‐injury. Doxy adiministration at clinically relevant serum concentrations was found to significantly inhibit MMP activity after continuous treatment for 4 weeks, but not for continuous administration for shorter durations (96 h or 2 weeks). Extended doxy administration was also associated with improved collagen fibril organization, and enhanced biomechanical properties (stiffness, ultimate tensile strength, maximum load to failure, and elastic toughness). Our findings indicate that a temporal delay exists between Achilles tendon transection and associated increases in MMP‐8 activity in situ. Our findings suggest that inhibition of MMP‐8 at its peak activity levels ameliorates fibrosis development and improves biomechanical properties of the Achilles tendon. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:500–506, 2014.
PE/Chlorinated‐PE Blends and PE/Chlorinated‐PE/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites: Morphology, Phase Miscibility, and Interfacial Interactions
Authors: Mittal Vikas , Luckachan Gisha Elizabeth , Matsko Nadejda B. 
Published: December 2013

The microstructure of high‐density polyethylene (PE) and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) blends, as well as their composites with graphene oxide (GO) is characterized. The filler dispersion improves as the extent of chlorination is enhanced. The platelets are also observed to be covered with a harder phase by atomic force microscopy (AFM), due to the stronger nucleating action of the graphene clusters, along with the alignment or ordering of the CPE phase at the interface with the filler. The filler and the CPE phases are observed to undergo chemical interaction during solution mixing, which enhances during melt mixing of the CPE–GO masterbatch with the PE matrix. The majority of the Cl atoms in the CPE chains are observed to be depleted during chemical reaction or thermal degradation at the melt compounding temperature, resulting in chlorine‐free materials.
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Development of Tissue Adhesives Based on Amphiphilic Isocyanate‐Terminated Trimethylene Carbonate Block Copolymers
Authors: Bochyńska Agnieszka I. , Sharifi Shahriar , van Tienen Tony G. , Buma Pieter , Grijpma Dirk W. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryIn this study, novel 3‐armed star‐shaped isocyanate‐terminated block copolymers based on trimethylolpropane ethoxylate (TMPE) and trimethylene carbonate (TMC) varying in composition were designed and synthesized. By reaction with water, networks were formed. The characteristics of these networks were compared with those prepared from analogous linear structures based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) and TMC.Tensile testing of the networks highlighted good mechanical properties. In lap shear adhesion tests to chamois leather, very good bonding strengths of up to 0.6 MPa were obtained. These values compare favorably with those of Dermabond®, which is currently one of the strongest clinically used tissue adhesives.
Effect of Pore Characteristics on Mechanical Properties and Annulus Fibrosus Cell Seeding and Proliferation in Designed PTMC Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
Authors: Blanquer Sébastien B.G. , Haimi Suvi P. , Poot André A. , Grijpma Dirk W. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryDegeneration of the intervertebral disk is the main cause of chronic back pain. Disk degeneration often leads to tearing of the annulus fibrosus (AF) and extrusion of the nucleus pulposus. As the current surgical strategies are suboptimal, reconstruction of the AF tissue by a tissue engineering strategy has emerged as an alternative. However, regeneration of the AF is challenging due to its complex and non‐homogeneous structure. Since there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effects of scaffold pore sizes on the behavior of human AF cells (hAFCs), scaffolds with a well‐defined and controlled pore architecture with pore sizes ranging from 230–420 µm were prepared by stereolithography. The scaffolds were prepared from the crosslinked biodegradable elastomer poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC). The compression modulus of the scaffolds was inversely related to the pore size and ranged from 0.31–0.21 MPa. These values are similar to those reported for native AF tissue. Seeded hAFCs adhered to the PTMC network and proliferated well in all scaffolds during a culture period of 14 days. However, cell distribution was less homogeneous in the scaffold with 230 µm pore size. In view of its relatively high stifness, the latter scaffold is most suitable for AF tissue engineering, provided that the cell seeding procedure in this scaffold is optimized.
Human Adipose Stem Cells in Chondrogenic Differentiation Medium without Growth Factors Differentiate Towards Annulus Fibrosus Phenotype In Vitro
Authors: Gebraad A. W. H. , Miettinen S. , Grijpma D. W. , Haimi S. P. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryIntervertebral disc degeneration is the main cause of chronic back pain. Disc degeneration mainly leads to tearing of annulus fibrosus (AF), which is with current methods difficult to restore and impossible to regenerate. Stem cell technology offers a potential technique to repair the ruptured AF by enabling new matrix synthesis at the defect site.Previous studies have shown that human adipose stem cells (hASCs) are able to differentiate towards AF phenotype when treated with suitable growth factors. There are concerns about the use of growth factors in clinical applications because of their short half‐lives, high costs and low effectiveness. The main aim of this research project was to regenerate AF tissue in vitro using hASCs and serum free chondrogenic medium without supplementation of growth factors.Differentiation of hASCs was induced by using the micromass culture technique. Human annulus fibrosus cell (hAFCs) cultured in commercial AF growth medium were used as positive control. Assessment of AF phenotype of hASCs and hAFCs was done at 14 and 21 days of culture.Quantification of sulphated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content showed that hASCs cultured in chondrogenic medium expressed similar levels of sulphated GAGs as hAFCs. qRT‐PCR confirmed the similarity of the differentiated hASCs with AF phenotype. Several markers for AF phenotype (aggrecan, collagen type I and glypican‐3) were expressed in both hAFCs and differentiated hASCs.This is the first study that demonstrated that hASCs can be differentiated towards AF phenotype using serum free chondrogenic medium without growth factors. In a next step, scaffolds manufactured from biodegradable polymers will be used in combination with ASCs to find an optimal construct to repair AF defects.
Effect of Surface Morphology of Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) Scaffolds on Adipose Stem Cell Adhesion and Proliferation
Authors: Diban Nazely , Haimi Suvi P. , Bolhuis‐Versteeg Lydia , Teixeira Sandra , Miettinen Susanna , Poot André A. , Grijpma Dirk W. , Stamatialis Dimitrios 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThe effect of the surface morphology of flat poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds on human adipose stem cell (hASC) adherence and proliferation was studied. During fabrication of the scaffolds by phase inversion, the employment of different non‐solvents (water (W), ethanol (EtOH) or isopropanol (IPA)) led to distinct surface morphologies. It was found that PCL scaffolds fabricated using IPA as a non‐solvent had a higher roughness and porosity compared to the other groups. Moreover, during culturing of hASCs under static conditions, best cell attachment, spreading and growth were observed on the PCL scaffold. Our results show the potential of PCL scaffolds prepared using IPA as a non‐solvent for especially soft tissue engineering applications.
Ring Opening Polymerization of Organic Carbonates Using CO2 ‐ Carbene Adducts as Effective Organo Catalyst
Authors: Reitz A. , Wilhelm R. , Kuckling D. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryIn this study we successfully synthesized Poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) through carbene‐catalysed ring opening polymerization. The use of CO2‐adducts decreases the air and moisture sensitivity of the carbene and improves the controllability of the reaction. The carbene is freed through dissolving and heating. The reaction can be done in bulk or in solution. Improvements to the system can be made by varying temperature and solvent. We could show that bulk polymerization allows the synthesis of PTMC in a short span of time and good yields.
Rheological and Turbidity Study of Fibrin Hydrogels
Authors: Wedgwood Jennifer , Freemont Anthony J. , Tirelli Nicola 
Published: December 2013

SummaryFibrin hydrogels prepared from different fibrinogen concentrations (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/mL) were studied through oscillatory rheology (gelation kinetics, stress amplitude tests and frequency sweeps), static experiments (creep and recovery tests) and turbidity (gelation kinetics). The experimental parameters obtained from these measurements (including gel point, characteristic times for different kinetic phases, loss and storage moduli), were used to gain some insight on the processes concurring to form the network structure of fibrin hydrogels. Here, we show (turbidity measures) that lateral fibre aggregation appears to be significantly depressed with increasing fibrinogen concentration. Among other important findings, a caveat in using absolute data of mechanical properties from gelation kinetics: we have shown that at low fibrinogen concentration, the actual modulus values are significantly affected by the application of shear stress during gelation.