bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An intercalation-locked parallel-stranded DNA tetraplex
Authors: Tripathi Shailesh , Zhang Daoning , Paukstelis Paul J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
DNA has proved to be an excellent material for nanoscale construction because complementary DNA duplexes are programmable and structurally predictable. However, in the absence of Watson–Crick pairings, DNA can be structurally more diverse. Here, we describe the crystal structures of d(ACTCGGATGAT) and the brominated derivative, d(ACBrUCGGABrUGAT). These oligonucleotides form parallel-stranded duplexes with a crystallographically equivalent strand, resulting in the first examples of DNA crystal structures that contains four different symmetric homo base pairs. Two of the parallel-stranded duplexes are coaxially stacked in opposite directions and locked together to form a tetraplex through intercalation of the 5′-most A–A base pairs between adjacent G–G pairs in the partner duplex. The intercalation region is a new type of DNA tertiary structural motif with similarities to the i-motif. 1H–1H nuclear magnetic resonance and native gel electrophoresis confirmed the formation of a parallel-stranded duplex in solution. Finally, we modified specific nucleotide positions and added d(GAY) motifs to oligonucleotides and were readily able to obtain similar crystals. This suggests that this parallel-stranded DNA structure may be useful in the rational design of DNA crystals and nanostructures.
Recombinase and translesion DNA polymerase decrease the speed of replication fork progression during the DNA damage response in Escherichia coli cells
Authors: Tan Kang Wei , Pham Tuan Minh , Furukohri Asako , Maki Hisaji , Akiyama Masahiro Tatsumi 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The SOS response is a DNA damage response pathway that serves as a general safeguard of genome integrity in bacteria. Extensive studies of the SOS response in Escherichia coli have contributed to establishing the key concepts of cellular responses to DNA damage. However, how the SOS response impacts on the dynamics of DNA replication fork movement remains unknown. We found that inducing the SOS response decreases the mean speed of individual replication forks by 30–50% in E. coli cells, leading to a 20–30% reduction in overall DNA synthesis. dinB and recA belong to a group of genes that are upregulated during the SOS response, and encode the highly conserved proteins DinB (also known as DNA polymerase IV) and RecA, which, respectively, specializes in translesion DNA synthesis and functions as the central recombination protein. Both genes were independently responsible for the SOS-dependent slowdown of replication fork progression. Furthermore, fork speed was reduced when each gene was ectopically expressed in SOS-uninduced cells to the levels at which they are expressed in SOS-induced cells. These results clearly indicate that the increased expression of dinB and recA performs a novel role in restraining the progression of an unperturbed replication fork during the SOS response.
Posterior Correction Without Rib-head Resection for Patients With Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Dystrophic Scoliosis, and Rib-head Protrusion Into the Spinal Canal
Authors: Cai Siyi , Zhang Jianguo , Shen Jianxiong , Zhao Hong , Weng Xisheng , Qiu Guixing 
Published: January 2015

Study Design:
A retrospective study.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to report the result of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1(NF-1), dystrophic scoliosis, and rib-head protrusion into the spinal canal who received posterior scoliosis correction surgery without rib-head resection.

Summary of Background data:
A total of 124 patients with NF-1 and dystrophic scoliosis were treated at our institution during the study period. Eight patients with a median age of 12 years had rib-head protrusion into the spinal canal and received surgery and were included in the analysis.

Methods:
All 8 patients (6 male, 2 female) were treated from 2003 to 2013 and received posterior correction with a pedicle screw-rod 3-dimensional correction system or screw-hook hybrid system. Scoliosis correction rate and percentage of spinal canal occupied by the rib head were analyzed.

Results:
The median patient age, number of segments fused, and follow-up duration were 12 years, 10.5, and 22.5 months, respectively. There were no surgery-related complications, and symptoms in all patients improved after surgery. The median postoperative and 1-year follow-up sagittal kyphotic angles were significantly smaller as compared with the preoperative value (28.5 and 31 vs. 62.5 degrees, P=0.012). The median postoperative coronal Cobb angle of the main thoracic curve was significantly smaller compared with the preoperative value (29 vs. 64.5 degrees, P=0.012). The median percentage of the spinal canal occupied by the intraspinal rib was significantly lower at 1-year follow-up compared with the preoperative value (23.1% vs. 28.6%, P=0.018).

Conclusions:
Posterior correction without rib-head excision can provide good outcomes for patients with NF-1 and dystrophic scoliosis and rib-head protrusion into the spinal canal.
Kirschner Wire and Bone Cement is a Viable Alternative to Reconstruction of Large Iliac Bone Defects After Strut Bone Graft Harvesting
Authors: Yu Shang-Won , Wu Chin-Hsien , Yeh James Jih-Hsi , Yen Cheng-Yo , Ma Ching-Hou , Tu Yuan-Kun 
Published: January 2015

Study Design:
A retrospective study.

Objective:
To assess the safety and efficacy of iliac crest defect reconstruction using Kirschner wire (K-wire)/polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) versus traditional autologous rib graft reconstruction.

Summary of Background Data:
The iliac crest has been the preferred donor site for strut bone graft for various spinal fusion surgeries.

Methods:
Seventy-three patients (44 males and 29 females; average age: 57.2 y) were divided into 2 groups: the rib group (35 patients) and the K-wire/PMMA group (38 patients). All operations involved anterior spinal interbody fusion. Patients were followed-up, on average, for 34.2 months using plain radiographs and both pain and cosmesis visual analog scales (VAS) to assess the clinical results after surgery.

Results:
Almost all patients had pain VAS scores of ≤1 and grade 1 cosmesis VAS scores with no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of either pain or cosmesis (P=1.00 and 0.505, respectively). In addition, few complications were noted in both groups. Radiographic complications in the rib group and the K-wire group numbered 4 (11%) and 2 (5%), respectively; however, did not significantly differ between the 2 groups (P=0.418). One case required intraoperative revision of the length of the K-wire and 1 case needed reoperation for iliac ring fracture and K-wire migration. An additional case required revision due to a bad fall.

Conclusions:
K-wire and bone cement reconstruction is an effective and safe alternative method for large iliac bone defect repair when autologous rib graft is not available.
An Experimental Biomechanical Study on Artificial Atlantoodontoid Joint Replacement in Dogs
Authors: Zang Quanjin , Liu Yanming , Wang Dengfeng , Li Haopeng , Yang Pinglin , Wang Dong , He Xijing 
Published: January 2015

Study Design:
This study tested the biomechanics of artificial atlantoodontoid joint replacement (AAOJR) in a dog model. Dogs were divided into the artificial AAOJR group (n=10), the decompression group (n=10), and the healthy control group (n=10) using a random number table.

Objective:
To evaluate whether the use of AAOJR for repair of atlantoaxial instability retains rotation and restores stability.

Summary of Background data:
Atlantoaxial instability is characterized by excessive movement or laxity at the junction between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2). Pure decompression can lead to considerable loss of head and neck rotation and postoperative impairment. A series of biomechanical tests on cadavers found that the artificial AAOJR might rebuild the stability and retain the rotation function.

Methods:
We designed the AAOJ based on the radiologic and anatomic data of the dog atlas and axis, and established an animal model by resecting the odontoid and implanting the AAOJ into dogs. The biomechanical experiments measured the range of motion (ROM), neutral zone (NZ), and stiffness of flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation in the intact state, the decompressed state, after AAOJR, and after a fatigue test.

Results:
Compared with the intact state, after decompression operation, ROM and NZ in all directions, and stiffness during flexion were increased, and stiffness in all other directions was decreased. Compared with the after decompression state, AAOJR before and after the fatigue test resulted in decreased ROM in all directions (all P<0.05), decreased NZ during flexion/extension and lateral bending (all P<0.05), an increased NZ during axial rotation (both P<0.05), and increased stiffness in all directions (all P<0.05).

Conclusions:
These results indicate that AAOJR could reconstruct the vertebral stability of the C1–C2 segment and retain some axial rotation function.
SENSITIVE TO PROTON RHIZOTOXICITY1, CALMODULIN BINDING TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR2, and Other Transcription Factors Are Involved inALUMINUM-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER1Expression
Authors: Tokizawa Mutsutomo , Kobayashi Yuriko , Saito Tatsunori , Kobayashi Masatomo , Iuchi Satoshi , Nomoto Mika , Tada Yasuomi , Yamamoto Yoshiharu Y. , Koyama Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) the root apex is protected from aluminum (Al) rhizotoxicity by excretion of malate, an Al chelator, by ALUMINUM-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER1 (AtALMT1). AtALMT1 expression is fundamentally regulated by the SENSITIVE TO PROTON RHIZOTOXICITY1 (STOP1) zinc finger protein, but other transcription factors have roles that enable Al-inducible expression with a broad dynamic range. In this study, we characterized multiple cis-elements in the AtALMT1 promoter that interact with transcription factors. In planta complementation assays of AtALMT1 driven by 5′ truncated promoters of different lengths showed that the promoter region between –540 and 0 (the first ATG) restored the Al-sensitive phenotype of atalm1 and thus contains cis-elements essential for AtALMT1 expression for Al tolerance. Computation of overrepresented octamers showed that eight regions in this promoter region contained potential cis-elements involved in Al induction and STOP1 regulation. Mutation in a position around –297 from the first ATG completely inactivated AtALMT1 expression and Al response. In vitro binding assays showed that this region contained the STOP1 binding site, which accounted for the recognition by four zinc finger domains of the protein. Other positions were characterized as cis-elements that regulated expression by repressors and activators and a transcription factor that determines root tip expression of AtALMT1. From the consensus of known cis-elements, we identified CALMODULIN-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR2 to be an activator of AtALMT1 expression. Al-inducible expression of AtALMT1 changed transcription starting sites, which increased the abundance of transcripts with a shortened 5′ untranslated region. The present analyses identified multiple mechanisms that regulate AtALMT1 expression.
Description and evaluation of a novel service for “difficult to manage” psychiatric in-patients
Authors: Hayes Adrian J. , Pratt Daniel , Shaw Jenny 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– A new service was developed to provide transitional care between acute and secure services for people with serious mental illness who are considered “difficult to manage”. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the work of the service by examining referrals made, strategies employed for each referral, and patient outcomes, as well as investigating issues in the service's development and implementation.Design/methodology/approach– A retrospective descriptive study by review of 38 case notes, and qualitative interviews of 47 staff within the service and those referring to the service.Findings– In the first eight months, 38 patients were referred due to violence, aggression and management problems. Most interventions provided by the service involved working with referring staff, rather than direct patient contact. Subsequently, 16 per cent required referral to higher levels of security. Interviews showed the team's aims needed to be more clearly established, but that ward staff found the service to be a useful and productive resource.Research limitations/implications– The study is descriptive and retrospective, but showed that the service provided appropriate interventions for managing patients with serious mental illness and challenging behaviour.Practical implications– A transitional service may have value in keeping patients in the least restrictive setting. Careful planning is needed in designing novel interventions, ensuring clear aims and effective management.Originality/value– The service under study was novel, and may be useful in facilitating successful transfer from, or preventing admission to, secure services.
Young offenders’ experiences of an indeterminate sentence
Authors: Merola Melanie 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper was to understand the experience of those living with the Imprisonment for Public Protection (IPP) sentence.

Design/methodology/approach
– Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyse seven interviews with Young Offenders aged 18-21 who were serving an IPP sentence. Two participants were past their tariff expiry date, two had less than a year until their tariff date and three had more than a year until their tariff date.

Findings
– Several themes were found, each with their own subthemes: Injustice of the Justice System, Not Knowing, Coping, Change and Walking on Eggshells. Participants still detailed negative aspects of the sentence but within this was one, important, positive aspect, namely the inspiration the sentence gave for them to change their offending behaviour. However, this has come at a cost with participants feeling as though they have been treated unfairly, finding it difficult to cope, feeling victimised and finding it difficult to see a future.

Practical implications
– Lapses in motivation do not necessarily reflect the risk of the person but the difficulty of the sentence. Motivation can be fostered and developed through motivational interviewing, praise and peer support IPPs should be given more credit for the way they manage themselves daily and more understanding when they struggle. IPPs could be victimised by determinate prisoners or by staff. Establishments should be aware of this and help IPPs resolve situations without feeling like they are a victim. Consideration should be given to converting IPP sentences to determinate sentences.

Originality/value
– Previous research focused on the negative aspects of the sentence, the purpose was therefore to approach the situation with an open mind and by using a method that allows those with an IPP sentence to share their experience of the sentence. IPA allowed for exploration of the effects of the sentence on those serving it and therefore gains a further understanding of the impact of the sentence.
The therapeutic potential of a prison-based animal programme in the UK
Authors: Mercer Jenny , Gibson Kerry , Clayton Debbie 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– Much evidence suggests that animals can serve as therapeutic tools for those working with vulnerable individuals. This exploratory study analysed the accounts of staff and offenders involved in a UK prison-based animal programme. The purpose of this paper was to explore the perceived impact of such a programme with male offenders.

Design/methodology/approach
– Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three service users and five staff members. Participants were drawn from a special unit in a category B prison which housed an animal centre.

Findings
– A thematic analysis identified four salient themes: a sense of responsibility, building trust, enhanced communication, and impact on mood and behaviour. Findings revealed that offenders seemed to gain particular benefit from interacting with the two Labrador dogs which were present on the wing.

Practical implications
– The study highlights the therapeutic potential of the presence of animals in prisons. Their implications of this for forensic practice are discussed.

Originality/value
– This paper offers an important contribution to the sparse literature about prison-based animal programmes in the UK.
The role of spirituality in business education
Authors: Illes Katalin , Zsolnai Laszlo 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to argue that there is a strong imbalance in business education between providing abstract, rational concepts and opportunities for personal growth. Introducing spirituality in business education seems to be desirable if we want to prepare students for the complexities and challenges of the workplace today.Design/methodology/approach– The paper gives an example of how techniques from voice and drama therapy can be used for enabling students to look beyond the rational and the material.Findings– By engaging with their “true self”, students may discover dormant qualities in themselves and start to find their purpose, meaning and spirituality.Originality/value– The paper shows that by introducing some new approaches in business education, we can provide opportunities for students to connect their rational thoughts with conscience and the “true self”. When students make an integrated use of our mental, emotional and spiritual resources, they are better equipped to make complex decisions and behave ethically in the workplace and in their personal lives.
FORUM: Perverse incentives risk undermining biodiversity offset policies
Authors: Gordon Ascelin , Bull Joseph W. , Wilcox Chris , Maron Martine 
Published: January 2015

Summary

Offsetting is emerging as an important but controversial approach for managing environment–development conflicts. Biodiversity offsets are designed to compensate for damage to biodiversity from development by providing biodiversity gains elsewhere.

Here, we suggest how biodiversity offset policies can generate behaviours that exacerbate biodiversity decline, and identify four perverse incentives that could arise even from soundly designed policies.

These include incentives for (i) entrenching or exacerbating baseline biodiversity declines, (ii) winding back non‐offset conservation actions, (iii) crowding out of conservation volunteerism and (iv) false public confidence in environmental outcomes due to marketing offset actions as gains.

Synthesis and applications. Despite its goal of improving biodiversity outcomes, there is potential for best‐practice offsetting to achieve the opposite result. Reducing this risk requires coupling offset crediting baselines to measured trajectories of biodiversity change and understanding the potential interaction between offsetting and other environmental policies.
Fss1 is involved in the regulation of an ENA5 homologue for sodium and lithium tolerance in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Son Hokyoung , Park Ae Ran , Lim Jae Yun , Lee Yin‐Won 
Published: January 2015

SummarySodium is an abundant cation required for protein function and maintenance of cellular osmotic homeostasis. High concentrations of sodium are toxic, and fungi have evolved efficient sodium efflux systems. In this study, we characterized a novel sodium tolerance mechanism in the plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Fusarium graminearum sodium sensitive 1 (Fss1) is a nuclear transcription factor with a Zn(II)2Cys6 fungal‐type DNA‐binding domain required for sodium tolerance. RNA‐seq and genetic studies revealed that a P‐type ATPase pump, exitus natru (Latin: exit sodium) 1 (FgEna5), mediates the phenotypic defects of FSS1 mutants. A homologue of PACC (PAC1) was required for FgEna5‐dependent sodium and lithium tolerance independent of Fss1. The results of this study revealed that F. graminearum has a distinct and novel pathway for sodium tolerance not present in other model fungi.
Non-state Actors and Global Crime Governance: Explaining the Variance of Public-private Interaction
Authors: Jakobi Anja P. 
Published: January 2015

This article: Shows the variance of non-state actors in global crime governance and transnational governance in general, and shows that existent accounts fail to explain this variance. Proposes a model of how we can understand the different roles of non-state actors, distinguishing normative from rationalist reasons for non-state actor involvement. Compares different forms of current global crime governance (human trafficking, conflict diamonds, money laundering, cybercrime) to explore the validity of the model. Shows that non-state activism and public debate are usually only related to a specific type of crime, turning a ‘blind eye’ to other forms of crime and their governance. Argues that this creates problems with regard to oversight and discussion of global crime governance, exemplified with regard to intelligence surveillance via internet traffic. Global crime governance has become a major area of international activity, including a growing number of public and private regulatory efforts. Yet it is puzzling that a considerable variance exists in how state and non-state actors interact: non-state actors have been important agenda-setters in some issue areas, while they have been absent in others. Sometimes they are implementation bodies, sometimes they set regulations themselves. I argue that this variance is caused by issue characteristics: If an issue area is framed in a highly moralised way, it is likely that resulting non-governmental activity can be explained by normative convictions, and in particular advocacy occurs frequently. If an issue area is framed in a technical way, resource exchange is central, and delegation to non-state actors becomes more prominent. A comparison of human trafficking, conflict diamonds, money laundering and cybercrime shows that this relation can be found on the global and national level.
What Do Voters Want From Their Local MP?
Authors: Vivyan Nick , Wagner Markus 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article summarises the findings from a study of what constituents want from their local Member of Parliament. We make use of a survey technique known as conjoint analysis, wherein we present a national sample of British voters with profiles of hypothetical MPs who vary randomly in their characteristics, activities and behaviour. We find that voters like MPs who are independent from the party line and who do not focus exclusively on national policy work. MPs' gender and experience matter far less to constituents. Overall, voters want a Parliament made up of strong‐minded MPs who see their role as that of a constituency representative. This has important implications for parliamentary democracy in Britain.