bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mesoporous Silicas as Versatile Supports to Tune the Palladium‐Catalyzed Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Parlett Christopher M. A. , Bruce Duncan W. , Hondow Nicole S. , Newton Mark A. , Lee Adam F. , Wilson Karen 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSurfactant templating offers a simple route to synthesize high‐surface area silicas with ordered, tunable mesopore architectures. The use of these materials as versatile catalyst supports for palladium nanoparticles has been explored in the aerobic selective oxidation (selox) of allylic alcohols under mild conditions. Families of Pd/mesoporous silicas, synthesized through incipient wetness impregnation of SBA‐15, SBA‐16, and KIT‐6, have been characterized by using nitrogen porosimetry, CO chemisorption, diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, and high‐resolution TEM and benchmarked in liquid phase allylic alcohol selox against a Pd/amorphous SiO2 standard. The transition from amorphous to two‐dimensional parallel and three‐dimensional interpenetrating porous silica networks conferred significant selox rate enhancements associated with higher surface densities of active palladium oxide sites. Dissolved oxygen was essential for in situ stabilization of palladium oxide, and thus maintenance of high activity on‐stream, whereas selectivity to the desired aldehyde selox product over competing hydrogenolysis pathways was directed by using palladium metal.
A matching prior based on the modified profile likelihood in a generalized Weibull stress‐strength model
Authors: Min Xiaoyi , Sun Dongchu 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBayesian inference of a generalized Weibull stress‐strength model (SSM) with more than one strength component is considered. For this problem, properly assigning priors for the reliabilities is challenging due to the presence of nuisance parameters. Matching priors, which are priors matching the posterior probabilities of certain regions with their frequentist coverage probabilities, are commonly used but difficult to derive in this problem. Instead, we apply an alternative method and derive a matching prior based on a modification of the profile likelihood. Simulation studies show that this proposed prior performs well in terms of frequentist coverage and estimation even when the sample sizes are minimal. The prior is applied to two real datasets.The Canadian Journal of Statistics41: 83–97; 2013 © 2012 Statistical Society of Canada
NERC matters: Coming into compliance with cyber protection—A legal perspective
Authors: Carpentier Deborah 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCyber and other national security threats pose an ever‐increasing risk to the reliability of the US electric grid. Currently, these concerns are addressed through the Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) standards of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), specifically standards CIP‐002 through CIP‐009. Under the CIP Standards, critical infrastructure (or critical assets) is defined as “[f]acilities, systems and equipment which, if destroyed, degraded, or otherwise rendered unavailable, would affect the reliability or operability of the Bulk Electric System.”1
Animal models for studying microglia: The first, the popular, and the new
Authors: Sieger Dirk , Peri Francesca 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMicroglia, the resident phagocytes of brain, have been intensively studied since their discovery in the 1920s. There is no doubt that the possibility of culturing microglia in vitro has advanced enormously our understanding of these cells. However, as we know today, that microglia react to even small changes in the brain, it is crucial to also study these cells by preserving as much as possible their natural environment. Nowadays, advances in imaging technologies and transgenic cell labeling methods allow the direct observation of cells at work. These in vivo approaches have already changed our view on microglia by showing that these cells are active even in the healthy adult brain. As today, there is upcoming evidence that microglia can directly influence neuronal activity, understanding their roles and, in particular, their interactions with neurons is of great importance. The aim of this review is to illustrate three animal models that are currently used for microglial research and to discuss their characteristics and advantages by presenting recent achievements in microglial research. In our view the availability of different systems for studying microglia will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of their functions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relevant adult programs, resilient students, and retention‐driven administration
Authors: Sullivan Esther Beth , Pagano Rosanne V. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn ten years, Alaska Pacific University has moved from a totally decentralized administration of its adult online program to a very centralized structure. Drastic changes in funding sources and student needs have compelled the university to take new approaches. As the learning landscape continues to shift for adults, online learners, and Alaska Native communities, the university continues to adapt its organizational structures to best address the shifting environment.
Epstein–Barr virus presence in pediatric diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma reveals a particular association and latency patterns: Analysis of viral role in tumor microenvironment
Authors: Cohen Melina , De Matteo Elena , Narbaitz Marina , Carreño Fernanda Agost , Preciado Maria V. , Chabay Paola A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNon‐Hodgkin's lymphoma represents 6–10% of pediatric malignancies, and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is one of the three major subtypes. The 2008 WHO classification included a new entity, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐positive DLBCL of the elderly, affecting patients >50 years. It has been demonstrated that EBV may play a role in tumor microenvironment composition, disturbing antitumor immune response and disease progression. As most studies were performed in adults, our aim was to assess EBV presence and latency pattern, as well as T‐cell microenvironment in a pediatric DLBCL series of Argentina. The study was conducted on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded biopsies from 25 DLBCL patients. EBV‐encoded small nuclear early regions (EBERs) expression was performed byin situhybridization, whereas EBV gene expression was analyzed using real‐time PCR. Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane proteins (LMP)1, LMP2A, CD3, CD4, CD8 and Foxp3 expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Forty percent of cases showed EBV expression, with a significantly higher incidence among patients <10 years (p= 0.018), and with immunosuppressed (p= 0.023). T‐cell subsets were not altered by EBV presence. Full EBV latency antigen expression (latency type III) was the most frequently pattern observed, together with BZLF1 lytic gene expression. One patient showed II‐likepattern (LMP1 without LMP2A expression). Based exclusively on IHC, some patients showed latency II/III (EBERs and LMP1 expression) or I (EBERs only). These findings suggest that EBV association in our series was higher than the previously demonstrated for elderly DLBCL and that EBV latency pattern could be more complex from those previously observed. Therefore, EBV could be an important cofactor in pediatric DLBCL lymphomagenesis.
Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Nanowires
Authors: Lin Wei‐Syuan , Jian Zih‐Jie , Lin Hong‐Ming , Lai Li‐Chung , Chiou Wen‐An , Hwu Yeu‐Kuang , Wu She‐Huang , Chen Wen‐Chang , Yao Y. D. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe iron nanowires can be fabricated via the process in which sodium borohydride reduces iron salts in external magnetic field. The iron nanowires are found to be covered by passivated layers of iron oxide which prevent the oxidation of iron nanowires. In this process, the boron will include in iron nanowires. The average length and diameter of iron nanowires is around 1.2 micrometers and 60 nanometers, respectively. According to ICP results, the contents of B and Fe are about 1.98 wt% and 87.04 wt%, respectively, in iron nanowires. A wide variety of equipment is used to investigate the morphological, microchemical, and structural characteristics of the newly synthesized iron nanowires ––– e.g., XRD, FE‐SEM, HR‐TEM, VSM and XANES. XANES analysis indicates the boron in iron nanowires exists in the form of B2O3. The saturation magnetization and the coercive force of iron nanowires are 157.93 emu/g and 9.74 Oe, respectively. In‐situ images of synthesized iron nanowires during reduction process in magnetic field are observed by NSRRC transmission X‐ray microscope. Thus, this study develop a novel process to produce iron nanowires with large quantitates and can control its length and diameter by various the concentration of precursors for various applications.
Combining MR elastography and diffusion tensor imaging for the assessment of anisotropic mechanical properties: A phantom study
Authors: Qin Eric C. , Sinkus Ralph , Geng Guangqiang , Cheng Shaokoon , Green Michael , Rae Caroline D. , Bilston Lynne E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPurpose:To investigate the anisotropic elasticity of soft tissues using MR elastography (MRE) combined with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).Materials and Methods:The storage moduli parallel (μ‖) and perpendicular (μ⟂) to the local fiber orientation were calculated assuming a transversely isotropic model. The local fiber orientation was provided by DTI. The proposed technique was validated against rheometry using anisotropic viscoelastic phantoms with various fiber volume fractions (Vf = 0%, 15%, and 35%) and bovine skeletal muscle samples.Results:The anisotropic ratio (μ‖/μ⟂) as measured by MRE correlated well with rheometry for all samples (R2 = 0.809). The combined MRE/DTI technique was also able to differentiate different levels of mechanical anisotropy with the mechanical anisotropy (μ‖/μ⟂) of the Vf = 35% phantoms being significantly higher than the Vf = 15% and the isotropic (Vf = 0%) phantoms. The bovine muscle samples showed significantly higher mechanical anisotropy than all phantoms.Conclusion:This study has demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed imaging technique for characterizing mechanical anisotropy of anisotropic materials and biological tissues, and validated the mechanical anisotropy results. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:217–226. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early registration of diffusion tensor images for group tractography of dystonia patients
Authors: Vo An , Argyelan Miklos , Eidelberg David , Uluǧ Aziz M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPurpose:To make a group comparison of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) results of dystonia patients and controls to reveal occult pathology. We propose using an early registration method that produces sharper group images and enables us to do group tractography.Materials and Methods:Twelve dystonia patients manifesting the disease, seven nonmanifesting dystonia mutation carriers (DYT1 and DYT6 gene mutations), and eight age‐matched normal control subjects were imaged for a previous study. Early and late registration methods for DTI were compared. An early registration technique for a super set was proposed, in which the diffusion‐weighted images were registered to a template, gradient vectors were reoriented for each subject, and they were combined into a super set before tensor calculation. The super set included images from all subjects and was useful for group comparisons. We used results obtained from the early registration of a super set for group analysis of tracts using the deterministic fiber‐tracking technique.Results:In dystonia mutation carriers, we detected fewer fibers in the cerebello‐thalamo‐cortical pathways. This result agrees well with the findings of a previous study that utilized a probabilistic tractography method and demonstrated that gene carriers have less fiber tracts in the disease‐involved pathway.Conclusion:This analysis visualized group level white matter fractional anisotropy and tract differences between dystonia patients and controls, and can be useful in understanding the pathophysiology of other nonfocal white matter diseases. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:67–75. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative Estimation of Gymnemagenin in Gymnema sylvestre Extract and its Marketed Formulations using the HPLC–ESI–MS/MS Method
Authors: Kamble Bhagyashree , Gupta Ankur , Patil Dada , Janrao Shirish , Khatal Laxman , Duraiswamy B. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTIntroductionGymnema sylvestre, with gymnemic acids as active pharmacological constituents, is a popular ayurvedic herb and has been used to treat diabetes, as a remedy for cough and as a diuretic. However, very few analytical methods are available for quality control of this herb and its marketed formulations.ObjectivesTo develop and validate a new, rapid, sensitive and selective HPLC–ESI (electrospray ionisation)–MS/MS method for quantitative estimation of gymnemagenin in G. sylvestre and its marketed formulations.MethodHPLC–ESI–MS/MS method using a multiple reactions monitoring mode was used for quantitation of gymnemagenin. Separation was carried out on a Luna C‐18 column using gradient elution of water and methanol (with 0.1% formic acid and 0.3% ammonia).ResultsThe developed method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonisation Guideline ICH‐Q2B and found to be accurate, precise and linear over a relatively wide range of concentrations (5.280–305.920 ng/mL). Gymnemagenin contents were found from 0.056 ± 0.002 to 4.77 ± 0.59% w/w in G. sylvestre and its marketed formulations.ConclusionThe method established is simple, rapid, with high sample throughput, and can be used as a tool for quality control of G. sylvestre and its formulations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Ultrasonic Treatment for the Size Reduction of HNS and HMX in Comparison to Solvent‐Antisolvent Crystallization
Authors: Kaur Jatinder , Arya Vandana P. , Kaur Gurvinder , Raychaudhuri Tusharkanti , Lata Prem 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe paper presents and compares two methods for the synthesis of fine particles of the high explosives HNS and HMX by ultrasonic treatment and solvent/antisolvent crystallization. The effect of ultrasonic treatment on the particle size of explosives was studied by varying the amplitude and frequency of ultrasonication for different time periods using an ultrasonic probe and an ultrasonic bath. Solvent/antisolvent recrystallization was performed by varying the process parameters including stirring rate, antisolvent temperature etc. In addition to FT‐IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis by TGA/DSC; the particle size and shape of fine powders of the explosives HMX and HNS were determined using particle size analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ultrasonic treatment of the probes resulted in the finer grains of HMX compared to solvent‐antisolvent crystallization. However in the case of HNS, solvent‐antisolvent crystallization produced finer particles compared to ultrasonication.
Heat of Explosion Qex of Linear Nitramines with Azido and Nitrato Groups: Non‐Linear Behavior
Authors: Ritter Helmut , Braun Silke , Ciszek Fabrice 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe measurement of the heat of explosion Qex – a method to determine the energy content of an energetic material by combustion in a calorimeter bomb – was performed for six linear dinitramines (DNDA5, DNDA6, DNDA7, EDNA, M‐EDNA, and DM‐EDNA), three dinitramines with azido groups (DN3, AZD6, and BAED) and six nitratoethylnitramines (DINA, Me‐NENA, Et‐NENA, Bu‐NENA, BNE‐MEDINA, and BNE‐EDNA). It was observed that for some substances the determination, based on the combustion of mixtures with nitrocellulose, did not result in constant Qex values, which questioned the general application of the method. This non‐linear behavior induced a detailed investigation in order to explain this phenomenon. Constant calculated Qex values lying over 4000 J g−1 with a small deviation were obtained for compounds with an oxygen balance above −60 %, whereas in the range of −60 % to −70 % the Qex values between 3400 and 3700 J g−1 already presented pronounced deviations. However, for compounds with an oxygen balance below −70 %, the calculated Qex value increased strongly with rising percentage of the compound in analyzed mixtures with NC. A reliable value cannot be given in this case. This behavior is explained by different decomposition reactions of the compound, depending also on the pressure and temperature dependent water gas equilibrium and the Boudouard equilibrium. It should be clarified by further investigations and comparison with thermodynamic calculations. Neither the type of energetic groups as NNO2, ONO2, or N3 nor the nitrogen content or the type of energetic additive (RDX or NC) in the analyzed mixtures have any decisive influence on the Qex values.
Phase transitions in Ga–Sb phase change alloys
Authors: Raoux Simone , König Anja K. , Cheng Huai‐Yu , Garbin Daniele , Cheek Roger W. , Jordan‐Sweet Jean L. , Wuttig Matthias 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGa–Sb alloys are potential candidates for phase change random access memory (PCRAM) applications. Ga–Sb alloys of variable compositions including the single stoichiometric GaSb and several Sb‐rich compositions were studied using resistivity versus temperature measurements, static laser testing, and time‐resolved X‐ray diffraction. It was found that the stoichiometric alloy has an unusual inverse optical contrast compared to typical phase change materials as the crystalline phase has lower reflectance compared to the amorphous phase. Sb‐rich alloys show a decrease in reflectance upon crystallization at lower temperature but an increase in reflectance at higher temperature from subsequent Sb segregation. Alloys very rich in Sb only show a positive change in reflectance upon crystallization typical for conventional phase change materials. magnified imageChange in reflectance of a Ga/Sb = 36:64 (in at.%) amorphous thin film crystallized by laser pulses of variable length and power. Unusual for a phase change material, this alloy shows both positive and negative contrast at different laser power levels.
Reply to “Comment on ‘Effect of an electric field and nonlinear optical rectification of confined excitons in quantum dots’ ” [Phys. Status Solidi B 249, 2150 (2012)]
Authors: Xie Wenfang 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this reply, we address the issues raised in the Comment by Jefferson Flórez, Ángela Camacho, and Hanz Y. Ramírez [Phys. Status Solidi B 249, 2150 (2012), this issue] on our work: Wenfang Xie, Phys. Status Solidi B 246, 2257 (2009).
Is International Volunteer Surgery for Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate a Cost‐Effective and Justifiable Intervention? A Case Study from East Asia
Authors: Moon Woori , Perry Henry , Baek Rong‐Min 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundAlthough surgery provided by international volunteers is increasingly common in the developing world, there have been few assessments of the cost‐effectiveness of these activities. In this context, this study covered 15 years of experience of one international nongovernmental organization, Smile for Children, in providing cleft lip (CL) and cleft palate (CP) surgical services in Vietnam.MethodsWe analyzed the cost‐effectiveness of the program and its contributions to building local capacity. To assess the cost‐effectiveness of CL/CP surgery performed during Smile for Children’s missions in Vietnam, we analyzed the data from four annual missions, from 2007 to 2010. According to the 2003 World Health Organization Guide to Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis, we calculated cost per disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) averted with and without age weighting. For the data from the 2010 mission, we repeated the same calculation but with and without considering opportunity cost for labor.ResultsThe discounted cost per DALY averted averaged $68, ranging from $52 to $79 depending on the year of the mission. The average discounted cost per DALY averted with age weighting was $56 (range $43–$65). For the calculation that takes into account the volunteers’ possible income loss as the labor cost of the mission in 2010, the cost per DALY averted without age weighting increased by 28 %, from $76 to $97; and the cost per DALY averted with age weighting increased by 27 %, from $63 to $80. Under all of these varying assumptions, the CL/CP program operated by Smile for Children is a cost‐effective intervention using international criteria for cost‐effectiveness.ConclusionsThe contribution of the international volunteer surgical team to building in‐country capacity is notable. It was achieved primarily through training Vietnamese surgeons during the mission trips and through sending these surgeons to Korea for training. Other staff, including anesthesiologists, were also trained; and equipment and supplies were provided.
Ratio of Cesarean Deliveries to Total Operations and Surgeon Nationality Are Potential Proxies for Surgical Capacity in Central Haiti
Authors: Hughes Christopher D. , McClain Craig D. , Hagander Lars , Pierre Jean Hamiltong , Groen Reinou S. , Kushner Adam L. , Meara John G. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe World Health Organization has a standardized tool to assess surgical capacity in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), but it is often resource‐ and time‐intensive. There currently exists no simple, evidence‐based measure of surgical capacity in these settings. The proportion of cesarean deliveries in regard to the total operations (C/O ratio) has been suggested as a way to assess quickly the capacity for emergency and essential surgery in LMICs. This ratio has been estimated to be between 23.3 and 41.5 % in LMICs, but the tool’s utility has not been replicated.MethodsWe reviewed operative logbooks for the Partners In Health/Zanmi Lasante hospital in Cange, Haiti. We recorded data on all consecutive surgical patients from July 2008 to 2010 and calculated the C/O ratio by dividing the number of cesarean deliveries by the total number of operations performed. We also analyzed surgical data by surgeon nationality to provide additional information about local surgical capacity.ResultsA total of 3,641 operations were performed between 2008 and 2010. The C/O ratio decreased significantly between 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 (13.4 vs. 10.7 %, p = 0.001) as the surgical volume and resources increased. Nationality analysis demonstrated that Haitian surgeons were able to provide a spectrum of general and specialist surgical care.ConclusionsIn its inherent relation to essential surgical procedures and to the overall rate of cesarean deliveries in the region, the C/O ratio can provide an accessible assessment of regional surgical resources. In Haiti, the change in the C/O ratio demonstrated a relative increase in surgical capacity from 2008 to 2010. An additional analysis of surgeon nationality ensured that C/O ratio estimates more accurately reflect local practitioner activity, but deficiencies in the regional capacity to address the local burden of surgical disease may still exist.