bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concise Review: The Coming of Age of Stem Cell Treatment for Corneal Surface Damage
Authors: Ramachandran Charanya , Basu Sayan , Sangwan Virender S. , Balasubramanian Dorairajan 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The cornea is a vital component of the eye because it provides approximately 70% of the refraction and focusing of incoming light. Being the outermost surface of the eye, it faces continuous stress from dryness, photodamage, infection, and injury; however, like the skin, the cornea regularly refreshes itself by shedding its epithelial cells, which are readily replaced, keeping the ocular surface stable and functional. This regular turnover of the corneal epithelial cells occurs through the stem cells in the limbus, an annular ring of a tissue surrounding the cornea, separating it from the sclera and the conjunctival membrane. The loss of this reserve of stem cells leads to a condition called limbal stem cell deficiency. Treatment for this disorder has evolved from transplanting whole limbal tissues to the affected eye to transplanting laboratory cultured limbal cells. This procedure is called cultivated limbal epithelial transplantation (CLET). Since its start in 1997, more than 1,000 CLET procedures have been reported from around the world, with varying degrees of success. In this paper, we compare the methods of cultivation and the outcomes and discuss some problem areas, use of other cells as substitutes for limbal epithelium, and various carrier materials used in transplantation. Our analysis suggests that CLET as a treatment for corneal surface damage has come of age. We also highlight a simpler procedure (simple limbal epithelial transplantation) that involves cultivation of limbal tissue in situ on the surface of the cornea in vivo and that has outcomes comparable to CLET.
Immunoevasive Pericytes From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Preferentially Modulate Induction of Allogeneic Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Domev Hagit , Milkov Irina , Itskovitz-Eldor Joseph , Dar Ayelet 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Isolated microvessel-residing pericytes and pericytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) exhibit mesenchymal stem cell-like characteristics and therapeutic properties. Despite growing interest in pericyte-based stem cell therapy, their immunogenicity and immunomodulatory effects on nonactivated T cells are still poorly defined, in particular those of vasculogenic hPSC pericytes. We found that tissue-embedded and unstimulated cultured hPSC- or tissue-derived pericytes constitutively expressed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and the inhibitory programmed cell death-ligand 1/2 (PD-L1/2) molecules but not MHC class II or CD80/CD86 costimulatory molecules. Pretreatment with inflammatory mediators failed to induce an antigen-presenting cell-like phenotype in stimulated pericytes. CD146+ pericytes from hPSCs did not induce activation and proliferation of allogeneic resting T cells independent of interferon (IFN)-γ prestimulation, similarly to pericytes from human brain or placenta. Instead, pericytes mediated a significant increase in the frequency of allogeneic CD25highFoxP3+ regulatory T cells when cocultured with nonactivated peripheral blood T cells. Furthermore, when peripheral blood CD25high regulatory T cells (Tregs) were depleted from isolated CD3+ T cells, pericytes preferentially induced de novo formation of CD4+CD25highFoxP3+CD127−, suppressive regulatory T cells. Constitutive expression of PD-L1/2 and secretion of transforming growth factor-β by hPSC pericytes directly regulated generation of pericyte-induced Tregs. Pericytes cotransplanted into immunodeficient mice with allogeneic CD25− T cells maintained a nonimmunogenic phenotype and mediated the development of functional regulatory T cells. Together, these findings reveal a novel feature of pericyte-mediated immunomodulation distinguished from immunosuppression, shared by native tissue pericytes and hPSC pericytes, and support the notion that pericytes can be applied for allogeneic cell therapy.
The effect of keel fractures on egg-production parameters, mobility and behaviour in individual laying hens
Authors: Nasr MAF , Murrell J , Wilkins LJ , Nicol CJ 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA majority of laying hens fracture their keel bones during the laying cycle. It is not easy for a farmer to identify hens with fractures and hen survival rate seems high. Thus, the effect of both recent and healed fractures on bird welfare is unclear. We aimed to investigate the impact of these keel-bone fractures on hens’ production and behaviour. The egg production, mobility and behaviour of Lohmann Brown hens without keel fractures were compared with that of hens with old healed fractures of varying severity. In addition, the keel-bone strength and body temperature around the fracture site was measured for each group. Hens with no fractures laid more eggs and had a higher egg-quality score (derived from measures of egg weight, egg surface area, shell weight, shell percentage and shell density). These hens had the highest keel area temperature, strongest keel bones, accessed perches more frequently and took a shorter time to negotiate a walkway obstacle test and to fly down from a raised perch. Hens without keel fractures were better in all investigated parameters than hens with keel fractures, indicating a detrimental effect of fractures on both welfare and economic return.
Current use of and attitudes towards identification in cats and dogs in veterinary clinics in Oklahoma City, USA
Authors: Slater MR , Weiss E , Lord LK 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPersonalised identification (ID) tags that contain the contact information of pet owners can help ensure a pet gets home quickly. Recent research found that even though ID tags can help get pets home, the majority of pet owners do not consistently provide ID tags. The objectives of this study were to identify the number of animals at our study site wearing an ID tag as well as the owners’ reasons for not having them do so and to evaluate the attitudes and perceptions of owners towards pet identification. Pet owners were surveyed when visiting one of five veterinary hospitals and a low cost spay/neuter clinic in Oklahoma City, USA. Out of the 291 pets in the survey, only 59 (20.3%) were currently wearing an ID tag with correct information. When asked how important it was for pets to wear identification, 79.6% of the surveyed pet owners reported it was very or extremely important with only 0.7% reporting that ID tags were not at all important. The most common reason for not placing a tag on their pet was that their pet was ‘indoor only’ (35.3%), with another 10% reporting their pet did not wear ID because the pet was uncomfortable wearing a collar. The results of this research suggest that a high percentage of pets do not have ID tags and that a programme to place ID tags directly onto the pets has a good potential for success, as there is a positive attitude toward tagging among pet owners.
Ces lieux où ingénieurs et musiciens convergent
Authors: Palacio-Quintin Cléo 
Published: September 2014

Particulièrement au cours du xxe siècle, le développement des technologies d’enregistrement du son, puis de l’informatique, ont révolutionné la pratique musicale de nombreux créateurs. Le musicien, intéressé par les possibilités sonores inouïes qu’offrent ces nouveaux outils, deviendra de plus en plus « technicien », « ingénieur » voire « programmeur », afin de réaliser ses oeuvres. La nécessité d’avoir accès à des équipements de pointe (au départ rares et très coûteux) et aux connaissances techniques pour s’en servir et les développer donne naissance à des centres de recherche et de création où vont se réunir ingénieurs et compositeurs. Cet article présente les premières institutions ayant posé d’importants jalons pour la discipline, en examinant particulièrement deux figures phares du développement de la musique-technologie, soit Pierre Schaeffer (grm, France) et Max Mathews (Bell Labs, États-Unis), souvent respectivement qualifiés de « pères » de la musique électroacoustique et de la musique informatique. Les collaborateurs privilégiés de Mathews sont également présentés : Jean-Claude Risset et John Chowning (de l’Université de Stanford). Des parties thématiques soulignent l’historique des tout premiers studios fondés au sein de radios d’État, ainsi que plusieurs autres fondés au sein des universités nord-américaines à partir des années 1950. Ce survol se termine sur des institutions françaises fondées au cours des années 1960 et 1970. Ces lieux pionniers ont tous engagé des activités de recherche et de création significatives, qui ont permis le développement d’outils technologiques pour la création musicale.
Mesoscale dynamics in the Arabian Sea and a focus on the Great Whirl life cycle: A numerical investigation using ROMS
Authors: Vic C. , Roullet G. , Carton X. , Capet X. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe Great Whirl (GW) is a persistent anticyclonic mesoscale eddy that is observed seasonally in the Arabian Sea during a period embedding the 3 months of the southwest monsoon (June–July–August) at a quasi‐steady location. Its dynamics remain unclear despite it being one of the largest coherent vortices in the world ocean. Realistic regional numerical experiments using ROMS are performed to investigate the life cycle of the GW, which is not well resolved by sparse available in situ measurements in the region. Using a set of sensitivity experiments and an accurate temporal characterization of the eddy properties (including position, radius, depth, and vorticity) we (i) confirm the role of basin‐scale downwelling Rossby waves in the GW generation, (ii) clarify the role of the monsoonal strong anticyclonic wind in its maintenance and barotropization, and (iii) suggest a connection between basin‐scale Rossby wave dynamics and GW collapse.
Quantifying tidally driven benthic oxygen exchange across permeable sediments: An aquatic eddy correlation study
Authors: McGinnis Daniel F. , Sommer Stefan , Lorke Andreas , Glud Ronnie N. , Linke Peter 
Published: September 2014

AbstractContinental shelves are predominately (∼70%) covered with permeable, sandy sediments. While identified as critical sites for intense oxygen, carbon, and nutrient turnover, constituent exchange across permeable sediments remains poorly quantified. The central North Sea largely consists of permeable sediments and has been identified as increasingly at risk for developing hypoxia. Therefore, we investigate the benthic O2exchange across the permeable North Sea sediments using a combination of in situ microprofiles, a benthic chamber, and aquatic eddy correlation. Tidal bottom currents drive the variable sediment O2penetration depth (from ∼3 to 8 mm) and the concurrent turbulence‐driven 25‐fold variation in the benthic sediment O2uptake. The O2flux and variability were reproduced using a simple 1‐D model linking the benthic turbulence to the sediment pore water exchange. The high O2flux variability results from deeper sediment O2penetration depths and increased O2storage during high velocities, which is then utilized during low‐flow periods. The study reveals that the benthic hydrodynamics, sediment permeability, and pore water redox oscillations are all intimately linked and crucial parameters determining the oxygen availability. These parameters must all be considered when evaluating mineralization pathways of organic matter and nutrients in permeable sediments.
Changes in the composition of the northern polar upper stratosphere in February 2009 after a sudden stratospheric warming
Authors: Damiani Alessandro , Funke Bernd , López Puertas Manuel , Gardini Angela , von Clarmann Thomas , Santee Michelle L. , Froidevaux Lucien , Cordero Raul R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractVariability in the chemistry of the upper stratosphere/lower mesosphere region has been analyzed focusing on high latitudes during the boreal winter in 2009 characterized by the strong sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) on 24 January. Data from Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding aboard Envisat and the Microwave Limb Sounder on Aura have been used to exemplify these changes. Record high (low) values of O3 and ClO (temperature and HCl) for the winters of 2005–2012, coupled with a simultaneous enhancement of ClONO2, have been observed in February 2009. This suggests that the very low temperatures favor a more effective ozone production and a greater O3/O ratio. The latter is the main factor controlling active chlorine partitioning. Increases of ClO lead to high ClONO2 concentrations in the upper stratosphere at high latitudes, where its photodissociation rate is smaller. Since this increase of ClONO2 happens at the expense of HCl, the region of high ClONO2 roughly coincides with the region of low HCl. Although this period was characterized by an elevated stratopause event, the investigated region was not influenced by the descent of mesospheric air rich in NOx. Some limited enhancements in NOx at ~1 hPa occurred at latitudes greater than 80°N after about 20 February, but they became consistent only in March. Intrusion of midlatitude air mostly occurred between the SSW and early February. Then, the sum of volume mixing ratios of ClONO2 + ClO + HCl remained approximately constant and close to the values of the other years. In contrast, it was up to 0.2 ppbv lower during the SSW period. These atypical chemical conditions occurred also in February 2006, but 2009 stands out for its long‐lasting effects, which persisted until late March.
Aircraft soot indirect effect on large‐scale cirrus clouds: Is the indirect forcing by aircraft soot positive or negative?
Authors: Zhou Cheng , Penner Joyce E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe indirect effect of aircraft soot on cirrus clouds is subject to large uncertainties due to uncertainty in the effectiveness of aircraft soot acting as heterogeneous ice nuclei (IN) and the complexity caused by background ice nucleation, which introduces two major competing ice nucleation mechanisms: homogeneous freezing that generally produces more abundant ice particles and heterogeneous nucleation that generally produces fewer ice particles. In this paper, we used the coupled Community Atmosphere Model version 5.2 (CAM5)/IMPACT model to estimate the climate impacts of aircraft soot acting as IN in large‐scale cirrus clouds. We assume that only the aircraft soot particles that are preactivated in persistent contrail cirrus clouds are efficient IN. Further, we assume that these particles lose their ability to act as efficient IN when they become coated with three monolayers of sulfate. We varied the background number concentration of sulfate aerosols allowed to act as homogeneous ice nucleation sites as well as the dust concentrations that act as heterogeneous ice nuclei to examine the sensitivity of the forcing by aircraft soot to the background atmosphere. The global average effect can range from a high negative (cooling) rate, −0.35 W m−2, for the high sulfate/low dust case to a positive (warming) rate, +0.09 W m−2, for the low sulfate/low dust case (default CAM5 setup) when approximately 0.6% of total aviation soot acts as IN. The net negative forcing is caused by the addition of IN to a background atmosphere that is dominated by homogeneous nucleation (mainly in the tropic Indian Ocean, Central America, and North Atlantic Ocean). The forcings can be all positive, about +0.11 to +0.21 W m−2, when the background atmosphere is dominated by pure heterogeneous ice nucleation.
Drought in the U.S. Great Plains (1980–2012): A sensitivity study using different methods for estimating potential evapotranspiration in the Palmer Drought Severity Index
Authors: Yuan Shanshui , Quiring Steven M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) has been widely used to evaluate drought conditions since it was developed in 1965. In the original formulation of the PDSI, potential evapotranspiration (PET) was estimated using the Thornthwaite equation. This study evaluates how using more physically based approaches for estimating PET influences the depiction of drought conditions over the U.S. Great Plains from 1980 to 2012. Both the Penman‐Monteith equation and the two‐source PET model are compared to the original Thornthwaite‐based PDSI. The differences in PET between the three methods are much larger than the resulting differences in the PDSI. Results show that the original PDSI has a stronger drying trend than versions of PDSI that use more physically based methods of estimating PET. Spatially, all three versions of the PDSI show similar distributions of drying and wetting trends; however, there are significant regional variations that appear to be associated with land cover. PDSI and observed soil moisture in the top 1 m are moderately correlated (correlation coefficient is ~0.5) over the U.S. Great Plains, except in Texas (correlation coefficient is ~0.3). Although all three approaches result in a similar area‐averaged PDSI for the U.S. Great Plains, there are large differences in the area affected by drought, especially during extreme drought events.
Investigating ice nucleation in cirrus clouds with an aerosol‐enabled Multiscale Modeling Framework
Authors: Zhang Chengzhu , Wang Minghuai , Morrison Hugh , Somerville Richard C. J. , Zhang Kai , Liu Xiaohong , Li Jui‐Lin F. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this study, an aerosol‐dependent ice nucleation scheme has been implemented in an aerosol‐enabled Multiscale Modeling Framework (PNNL MMF) to study ice formation in upper troposphere cirrus clouds through both homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation. The MMF model represents cloud scale processes by embedding a cloud‐resolving model (CRM) within each vertical column of a GCM grid. By explicitly linking ice nucleation to aerosol number concentration, CRM‐scale temperature, relative humidity and vertical velocity, the new MMF model simulates the persistent high ice supersaturation and low ice number concentration (10–100/L) at cirrus temperatures. The new model simulates the observed shift of the ice supersaturation PDF toward higher values at low temperatures following the homogeneous nucleation threshold. The MMF model predicts a higher frequency of midlatitude supersaturation in the Southern Hemisphere and winter hemisphere, which is consistent with previous satellite and in situ observations. It is shown that compared to a conventional GCM, the MMF is a more powerful model to simulate parameters that evolve over short time scales such as supersaturation. Sensitivity tests suggest that the simulated global distribution of ice clouds is sensitive to the ice nucleation scheme and the distribution of sulfate and dust aerosols. Simulations are also performed to test empirical parameters related to auto‐conversion of ice crystals to snow. Results show that with a value of 250 μm for the critical diameter, Dcs, that distinguishes ice crystals from snow, the model can produce good agreement with the satellite‐retrieved products in terms of cloud ice water path and ice water content, while the total ice water is not sensitive to the specification of Dcs value.
Low Temperature Partial Oxidation of Methane over Bimetallic Nickel‐f Block Element Oxide Nanocatalysts
Authors: Branco Joaquim B. , Ferreira Ana C. , Gasche T. Almeida , Pimenta Gervásio , Leal João P. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe partial oxidation of methane (POM) was studied over bimetallic nickel‐f block element oxide nanocatalysts prepared by a modified sol‐gel method. They proved to be active (conversion of methane, 50–70%) at a relatively low temperatures (550 and 650 °C) and highly selective towards synthesis gas production (selectivity, H2 60–90% and CO 50–80%). The activity and selectivity depend on the surface basicity and size of the bimetallic oxide nanoparticles: lower particle size and higher basicity, enhanced activity and selectivity to synthesis gas. Catalysts reducibility seems as well to promote their activity and selectivity. The bimetallic nickel‐gadolinium and nickel‐thorium oxide nanocatalysts proved to be more active and selective towards synthesis gas production than a commercial platinum supported catalyst (5 wt% Pt/Al2O3) or other bimetallic nickel oxide catalysts obtained by a different high temperature preparation route, which stresses the advantage of the preparation method. The bimetallic nickel‐f block element oxide nanocatalysts present also remarkable long‐term stability and an unusual low deposition of carbon, which is a major advantage, especially when compared to other nickel‐based catalysts reported for POM. Such a behavior was attributed to the lanthanide or actinide oxide phases that appear to play an important role on the catalysts stability.magnified image
Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective Oxytrifluoromethylation of Allenes Using a CF3‐Transfer Reagent
Authors: Wang Yanan , Jiang Min , Liu Jin‐Tao 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA mild and efficient copper‐catalyzed oxytrifluoromethylation of allenes is demonstrated. The reaction tolerates a range of substrates to give a series of trifluoromethylated derivatives in moderate to good yields. Two possible pathways were proposed based on the reaction results and control experiments.magnified image
Synthesis of Isoquinolin‐4‐ols by Palladium‐Catalysed Intramolecular Nucleophilic Addition of Aryl Iodides to Aldehydes
Authors: Solé Daniel , Mariani Francesco , Fernández Israel 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA palladium‐catalysed intramolecular nucleophilic addition of aryl iodides to aldehydes leading to tetrahydroisoquinolin‐4‐ols is reported. A variety of products were isolated in good to excellent yields. The joint experimental‐computational study shows that although two competitive reaction pathways can be promoted by Pd(0) starting from α‐(2‐iodobenzylamino)‐aldehydes, the selectivity of the process can be controlled by the proper selection of the base. While the nucleophilic addition of the aryl‐Pd(II) intermediate to the carbonyl group is selectively promoted by using the base triethylamine (Et3N), the CH bond activation at the formyl group competes with the nucleophilic addition only when the base is replaced by cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3).magnified image
Chiral Bicyclic Imidazole Nucleophilic Catalysts: Design, Synthesis, and Application to the Kinetic Resolution of Arylalkylcarbinols
Authors: Zhang Zhenfeng , Wang Mo , Xie Fang , Sun Huai , Zhang Wanbin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA new type of chiral 5‐aminoimidazole nucleophilic catalyst, designated as Alkyl‐PDPI (PDPI=3‐pyrrolidinyl‐6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]imidazole), was rationally designed, synthesized and applied to the kinetic resolution of various arylalkylcarbinols with good to excellent enantioselectivities. In particular, for phenyl(tert‐butyl)methanol and 1‐mesitylethanol, the s factors are as high as 45 and 67, respectively. Additionally, this new kind of chiral imidazole catalyst also showed good enantioselectivity for heteroarylalkylcarbinols.magnified image
Direct Synthesis of Pyrrolo[3,4‐c]quinolines from the Domino Reaction of Tosylmethyl Isocyanides and Aminochalcones
Authors: Hu Zhongyan , Li Yifei , Pan Ling , Xu Xianxiu 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA tandem formal [3+2] cycloaddition/cyclization reaction of aminochalcones with tosylmethyl isocyanide derivatives was developed for the practical and convenient synthesis of diverse tricyclic pyrrolo[3,4‐c]quinolines in high to excellent yields. In this domino process, three new bonds and two rings are successively formed at ambient conditions.magnified image