bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of Hospital Infection Control Program against Normative Weighted Criteria at a Large Public Hospital
Authors: Kant Sunil , Mehta Jitender , Arya Sanjay , Gupta Shakti Kumar 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
Hospital infection control programs are important for prevention and control of hospital acquired infection in a healthcare facility. An evaluatory study was done to measure the quality dimensions of hospital infection control program in a public hospital to compare the program implementation in different speciality centers against the normative weighted criteria developed by Gupta and Kant (2002). Result showed variations in infection control program activities in various speciality centers. A centralized administration of infection control program and emphasis on more training and education is recommended.

How to cite this article
Mehta J, Arya S, Kant S, Gupta SK. A Study of Hospital Infection Control Program against Normative Weighted Criteria at a Large Public Hospital. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2014;2(2):130-132.
Tur e Iraj, Caín y Abel: Semejanzas iconográficas en la interminable lucha del mal y el bien.
Authors: Igual Castelló Cristina 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT: The duality between good and evil is a common topic in all civilizations regardless of chronology or geographical location. It is a conflict reflected in art history, and on the present occasion, through the iconographic types of Cain killing Abel as well as Tur murdering Iraj. The roots of these myths are deeply embedded in two highly relevant written sources, the Bible and the Shahnameh or The Book of Kings. The latter was written by the great Iranian poet Ferdowsi. The legends, despite having different origins, nevertheless have many similarities and they share a particular iconographic type. I analyze each of the myths along with their pictorial representations, which connect the thought of different cultures. KEYWORDS: Tur, Iraj, Caín, Abel, Shahnaméh, Bible, envy, iconographic type. RESUMEN: La dualidad entre el bien y el mal es un tema común en todas las civilizaciones independientemente de la cronología o la localización geográfica. Un conflicto reflejado en la historia del arte y en esta ocasión, figurado a través de los tipos iconográficos de Caín matando a Abel así como Tur asesinando a Iraj. Mitos que hunden su raíz en dos fuentes escritas de gran relevancia, la Biblia y el Shahnaméh o Libro de los Reyes, esta última redactada por el gran poeta iraní Ferdousí. Las leyendas, pese a tener un origen distinto, poseen numerosas similitudes y comparten un tipo iconográfico concreto. Analizamos cada uno de los mitos junto con sus representaciones pictóricas, conectando el pensamiento de las distintas culturas. PALABRAS CLAVES: Tur, Iraj, Caín, Abel, Shahnaméh, Biblia, envidia, tipo iconográfico.
Fuentes de información y recursos de utilidad para el estudio e investigación de la Emblemática
Authors: López Poza Sagrario 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT: This study provides a list of sources and resources available for the study and research of emblem books and other materials produced by emblematic culture (15th-18th centuries), with a special focus on the contributions that have been produced in recent years with the widespread use of the Internet, both in terms of primary and secondary sources, as well as electronic resources (digital libraries, databases, digital editions with text encoding inner markup, search engines, specialized portals, etc.). KEYWORDS: Emblematics, Emblems, Imprese, Devices, Hieroglyphs, Resources for Emblem Studies. RESUMEN: Este trabajo ofrece una relación de fuentes y recursos disponibles para el estudio y la investigación de los libros de emblemas y otros materiales producidos por la cultura emblemática (siglos XV-XVIII), poniendo especial interés en las aportaciones que se han producido en los últimos años con la generalización del uso de Internet, tanto en lo relativo a fuentes primarias como secundarias y recursos electrónicos (bibliotecas digitales, bases de datos, publicaciones con marcación, buscadores, portales especializados, etc.). PALABRAS CLAVES: Emblemática, emblemas, empresas, divisas, jeroglíficos, recursos para el estudio de la Emblemática.
Los fundamentos de la visualidad de la Prudencia
Authors: Montesinos Castañeda María 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT: Prudence, as one of the cardinal virtues, is a theme that has been dealt with by numerous thinkers ever since Antiquity. Its broad treatment with regards to different aspects, such as time, governance, selection or advice, has been the object of many visual representations, which show a great variety of attributes, the foundations of which we find in written sources. KEYWORDS: Prudence, Cardinal Virtues. RESUMEN: La Prudencia, como parte de las virtudes cardinales, ha sido tema a tratar por diferentes pensadores desde la Antigüedad. Su amplia consideración, en relación a diferentes aspectos, como el tiempo, el gobierno, la elección o el consejo, ha sido fruto de numerosas representaciones visuales que muestran gran variedad de atributos, cuyos fundamentos encontramos en las fuentes escritas. PALABRAS CLAVES: Prudencia, Virtudes Cardinales.
La divisa de las granadas del rey Enrique IV de Castilla y su estela posterior
Authors: López Poza Sagrario 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT: This study analyzes the meaning of the impresa or device of the pomegranates, with the motto «Agro dulce», utilized by Henry IV (1425-1474), of the House of Trastámara, King of Castile from 1454 until his death. By means of a review of vestiges that remain of the device, especially in architectonic elements, I postulate that the pomegranate may have been used as the family impresa of the House of Trastámara and their descendants. This, it seems, can be deduced from the pictura of the device in several personal imprese of relatives who lived in the sixteenth century. KEYWORDS: pomegranate, devices, royal clemency, Henry IV, Catholic Monarchs, Catherine of Aragon, Charles V, Philip II of Spain. RESUMEN: Se analiza el significado de la empresa o divisa de las granadas, con el mote «Agro dulce» empleada por Enrique IV (1425 –1474), de la casa de Trastámara, rey de Castilla desde 1454 hasta su muerte. Se da noticia de vestigios que se encuentran de la divisa, sobre todo en elementos arquitectónicos y se plantea la posibilidad de que la granada fuera empleada como divisa familiar de los Trastámara y sus descendientes. Así parece deducirse de la presencia de la pictura de la divisa en varias empresas personales de parientes que vivieron en el siglo XVI. PALABRAS CLAVES: granada, divisas, clemencia real, Enrique IV, Reyes Católicos, Catalina de Aragón, Carlos V, Felipe II.
Los ángeles de la Lonja de los Mercaderes de Valencia (1484 - ca. 1498). Un estudio de iconografía musical
Authors: Perpiñá García Candela 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT: Although the historical and artistic significance of the Lonja (Guildhall) of the Merchants of Valencia is undeniable, up until now there has been no detailed study of the decoration of the vaults over the old Merchant’s Chapel and the Chamber of Trade. The vaults form a unitary visual program in which fifty-two angels are depicted praying, carrying various objects and playing a wide repertoire of musical instruments. This article analyzes the visualization of heavenly music in the Lonja through the iconographic subject of the musician angel. To this end, I have used an iconographic-iconological methodology to study these images, to which I have added observations on the organological aspects as a further source of information that must be kept keep in mind when interpreting the visual program, with the aim of illuminating its cultural significance. KEYWORDS: heavenly music, angels, musical iconography, Christian iconography, guilds, civic Gothic. RESUMEN: Si bien la importancia histórico-artística de la Lonja de los Mercaderes de Valencia es indiscutible, hasta el momento no existe un estudio detallado de la decoración de las bóvedas que cubren la antigua Capilla de los Mercaderes y la Sala de la Contratación. Éstas conforman un programa visual unitario en el que pueden observarse 52 ángeles rezando, sosteniendo diversos objetos y tañendo un variado repertorio de instrumentos musicales. El presente artículo pretende analizar la visualización de la música celestial en la Lonja a través del tipo iconográfico del ángel músico. Para ello se ha empleado la metodología propia del análisis iconográfico-iconológico, añadiéndose la observación de los aspectos organológicos como otra fuente más de información a tener en cuenta en la interpretación del mencionado programa, con el objetivo de aproximarse a su significado cultural. PALABRAS CLAVES: música celestial, ángeles, iconografía musical, iconografía cristiana, gremios, gótico civil.
On the Origins of Spanish Hieroglyphs: Part One
Authors: Leal Pedro Germano 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT: In this paper the Spanish reception of hieroglyphs, and its outcome, is presented as an important aspect of the process of transmission of hieroglyphs in Early-Modern Europe. This change of perspective is important because it gives a general context for the phenomenon in Spain, clarifies its ties with the rest of the continent through the process of diffusion and –perhaps more relevantly– highlights the distinct characteristics that hieroglyphs assumed in Spain as response to a different mentality, culminating with the creation of what the author regards as «classic Spanish hieroglyphs». KEYWORDS: Hieroglyph, Emblem, Diffusion, Genre. RESUMEN: En este trabajo, dividido en dos partes, la recepción española de los jeroglíficos y sus desenlaces se presentan con un aspecto importante del proceso de transmisión de los jeroglíficos en Europa. Este cambio de perspectiva es importante porque da un marco general para el fenómeno en España, aclara sus vínculos con el resto del continente a través del proceso de difusión de ideas y –quizás lo más relevante– pone de relieve las características distintivas que los jeroglíficos lograron en España como un reflejo de su adaptación a una mentalidad diferente, que culminó con la creación de lo que el autor se refiere como «jeroglíficos clásicos españoles». PALABRAS CLAVES: Jeroglífico, Emblema, Difusión, Género.
Los icones de varones ilustres: un género emblemático
Authors: Zafra Molina Rafael 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT: In this study I analyze a group of books structured around a variant of the classical emblem based upon an illustrious personage, in which a portrait serves as the pictura and the name constitutes the motto. My purpose is to introduce what I consider to be a subgenre of emblematic literature and highlight some of its major works. I hope to spur interest in the further study of this subgenre, and thus move towards a more suitable conceptualization of the emblem for the purpose of its scientific analysis. KEYWORDS: icons, illustrious men, portrait, emblem theory RESUMEN: En este artículo se analiza un grupo de libros estructurados con una variante del emblema clásico construida en torno a un personaje ilustre, en el que un retrato hace las veces de pictura y el nombre constituye el lema. El propósito del autor es hacer una primera aproximación a lo que considera un subgénero de la literatura emblemática, y destacar algunas de sus principales obras, con la intención de despertar el interés en su estudio, y con ello avanzar hacia una conceptualización del emblema más apta para el análisis científico. PALABRAS CLAVES: icones, varones ilustres, retrato, teoría del emblema
Prevalence and correlates of HIV among men who have sex with men in Tijuana, Mexico
Authors: Pitpitan Eileen V , Goodman‐Meza David , Burgos Jose Luis , Abramovitz Daniela , Chavarin Claudia V , Torres Karla , Strathdee Steffanie A , Patterson Thomas L 
Published: February 2015

IntroductionMen who have sex with men (MSM) in developing countries such as Mexico have received relatively little research attention. In Tijuana, Mexico, a border city experiencing a dynamic HIV epidemic, data on MSM are over a decade old. Our aims were to estimate the prevalence and examine correlates of HIV infection among MSM in this city.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study of 191 MSM recruited through respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) in 2012. Biological males over the age of 18 who resided in Tijuana and reported sex with a male in the past year were included. Participants underwent interviewer‐administered surveys and rapid tests for HIV and syphilis with confirmation.ResultsA total of 33 MSM tested positive for HIV, yielding an RDS‐adjusted estimated 20% prevalence. Of those who tested positive, 89% were previously unaware of their HIV status. An estimated 36% (95% CI: 26.4–46.5) had been tested for HIV in the past year, and 30% (95% CI: 19.0–40.0) were estimated to have ever used methamphetamine. Independent correlates of being infected with HIV were methamphetamine use (odds ratio [OR]=2.24, p=0.045, 95% CI: 1.02, 4.92) and active syphilis infection (OR=4.33, p=0.01, 95% CI: 1.42, 13.19).ConclusionsOur data indicate that MSM are a key sub‐population in Tijuana at higher risk for HIV. Tijuana would also appear to have the highest proportion among upper‐middle‐income countries of HIV‐positive MSM who are unknowingly infected. More HIV prevention research on MSM is urgently needed in Tijuana.
Anisotropic core ion temperatures associated with strong zonal flows and upflows
Authors: Archer W. E. , Knudsen D. J. , Burchill J. K. , Patrick M. R. , St.‐Maurice J. P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe Swarm satellites observe strongly anisotropic ion temperatures at 500 km altitude. The ion temperature anisotropy ratios going up to 5 for the strongest electric fields presented in this paper. The largest observed anisotropy ratios exceed the values predicted by theories of collisional heating in strong flows by a factor of 2, indicating that collisional cross sections should perhaps be revised for O+ ion colliding with O. Temperature anisotropy is also found not to be a simple function of electric field strength. This could be understood in terms a time delay needed to advect hot anisotropic ion velocity distributions from strongly collisional regions below 400 km to weakly collisional regions at 500 km and above. The mirror force associated with these events is insufficient to account for the observed upward flows (>500 m/s). For gyroresonant heating to be consistent with our observations, an additional mechanism for field‐aligned acceleration is required.
A semianalytical ocean color inversion algorithm with explicit water column depth and substrate reflectance parameterization
Authors: McKinna Lachlan I. W. , Fearns Peter R. C. , Weeks Scarla J. , Werdell P. Jeremy , Reichstetter Martina , Franz Bryan A. , Shea Donald M. , Feldman Gene C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA semianalytical ocean color inversion algorithm was developed for improving retrievals of inherent optical properties (IOPs) in optically shallow waters. In clear, geometrically shallow waters, light reflected off the seafloor can contribute to the water‐leaving radiance signal. This can have a confounding effect on ocean color algorithms developed for optically deep waters, leading to an overestimation of IOPs. The algorithm described here, the Shallow Water Inversion Model (SWIM), uses pre‐existing knowledge of bathymetry and benthic substrate brightness to account for optically shallow effects. SWIM was incorporated into the NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group's L2GEN code and tested in waters of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua time series (2002–2013). SWIM‐derived values of the total non‐water absorption coefficient at 443 nm, at(443), the particulate backscattering coefficient at 443 nm, bbp(443), and the diffuse attenuation coefficient at 488 nm, Kd(488), were compared with values derived using the Generalized Inherent Optical Properties algorithm (GIOP) and the Quasi‐Analytical Algorithm (QAA). The results indicated that in clear, optically shallow waters SWIM‐derived values of at(443), bbp(443), and Kd(443) were realistically lower than values derived using GIOP and QAA, in agreement with radiative transfer modeling. This signified that the benthic reflectance correction was performing as expected. However, in more optically complex waters, SWIM had difficulty converging to a solution, a likely consequence of internal IOP parameterizations. Whilst a comprehensive study of the SWIM algorithm's behavior was conducted, further work is needed to validate the algorithm using in situ data.
Identification and Spectroscopic Characterization of Nonheme Iron(III) Hypochlorite Intermediates
Authors: Draksharapu Apparao , Angelone Davide , Quesne Matthew G. , Padamati Sandeep K. , Gómez Laura , Hage Ronald , Costas Miquel , Browne Wesley R. , de Visser Sam P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFeIII–hypohalite complexes have been implicated in a wide range of important enzyme‐catalyzed halogenation reactions including the biosynthesis of natural products and antibiotics and post‐translational modification of proteins. The absence of spectroscopic data on such species precludes their identification. Herein, we report the generation and spectroscopic characterization of nonheme FeIII–hypohalite intermediates of possible relevance to iron halogenases. We show that FeIII‐OCl polypyridylamine complexes can be sufficiently stable at room temperature to be characterized by UV/Vis absorption, resonance Raman and EPR spectroscopies, and cryo‐ESIMS. DFT methods rationalize the pathways to the formation of the FeIII‐OCl, and ultimately FeIVO, species and provide indirect evidence for a short‐lived FeII‐OCl intermediate. The species observed and the pathways involved offer insight into and, importantly, a spectroscopic database for the investigation of iron halogenases.
Chelation‐Driven Rearrangement of Primary Alkyl Aminopalladation Products to Stable Trisubstituted Alkyl–Palladium Complexes
Authors: Rosewall Carolyn F. , Ingalls Erica L. , Kaminsky Werner , Michael Forrest E. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe formation of highly substituted carbon centers using catalysis has been a widely sought after goal, but complexes of highly substituted carbon atoms with transition metals are rare, and the factors that affect the relative stability of complexes with differentially substituted carbon atoms are poorly understood. In this study, a set of equilibrating alkyl–palladium complexes were subtly tuned to form either a primary or trisubstituted alkyl complex as the more thermodynamically favored state, depending on either the substrate or reaction conditions. An X‐ray crystal structure of the trisubstituted alkyl–palladium complex is presented and compared with the corresponding primary alkyl complex. The mechanism for rearrangement and the factors that drive the change in stability are discussed.
Enhancing Intersystem Crossing in Phenotiazinium Dyes by Intercalation into DNA
Authors: Nogueira Juan J. , Oppel Markus , González Leticia 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPhenothiazinium dyes are used as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. Their mode of action is related to the generation of triplet excited states by intersystem crossing. Therefore, rationalizing the factors that influence intersystem crossing is crucial to improve the efficacy of photodynamic therapy. Here we employ quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations to investigate the effect of aqueous and nucleic acid environments on the intersystem crossing mechanism in methylene blue. We find that the mechanism by which the triplet states are generated depends strongly on the environment. While intersystem crossing in water is mediated exclusively by vibronic spin–orbit coupling, it is enhanced in DNA due to a second pathway driven by electronic spin–orbit coupling. Competing charge‐transfer processes, which are also possible in the presence of DNA, can therefore be suppressed by a suitable structural functionalization, thereby increasing the efficacy of photodynamic therapy.
Design of water and heat networks with single contaminant
Authors: Zhao Hui‐Peng , Chan Tie‐Chun , Liu Zhi‐Yong 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper presents a new design method for water and heat networks with single contaminant. The water network is designed first based on the concentration and temperature of water‐using processes. Then, the thermal information of water streams in the water network can be used to design the corresponding heat network. The results of the illustrated examples show that the designs obtained in this work are comparable with those obtained in the literature with mathematical programming methods. The network structure obtained by using the proposed method is simple. Copyright © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoparticles based on β‐conglycinin and chitosan: Self‐assembly, characterization, and drug delivery
Authors: Liu Yong , Liang Jieyi , Wei Shoulian , Liu Ling , Liao Miaochan 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to fabricate and evaluate nanoparticles based on β‐conglycinin (7S) and chitosan (CS) to deliver 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). The nanoparticles were prepared with a self‐assembly method. Turbidity measurements performed at 600 nm were used to investigate the formation of the nanoparticles as a function of the pH, 7S‐to‐CS mass ratio, and total concentration of 7S and CS. The optimum conditions for the preparation of the nanoparticles were a pH of 5.5, a 7S‐to‐CS mass ratio of 4 : 1, and total concentration of 7S and CS of 9 mg/mL. Under these conditions, the nanoparticles in solution had a high turbidity and good stability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the nanoparticles were formed mainly through electrostatic interactions between the amine groups (NH3+) of CS and the carboxyl groups (COO−) of 7S. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs and dynamic light scattering analysis showed that the nanoparticles had an approximately spherical morphology with a smooth surface, and the mean particle size was about 120 nm with a narrow size distribution. The release of 5‐FU showed an initial burst release followed by a sustained release, and the release was pH‐dependent. The release mechanism of 5‐FU was Fickian diffusion according to the Ritger–Peppas model. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41963.
Core–Shell Carbon‐Coated CuO Nanocomposites: A Highly Stable Electrode Material for Supercapacitors and Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wen Tao , Wu Xi‐Lin , Zhang Shouwei , Wang Xiangke , Xu An‐Wu 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHerein we present a simple method for fabricating core–shell mesostructured CuO@C nanocomposites by utilizing humic acid (HA) as a biomass carbon source. The electrochemical performances of CuO@C nanocomposites were evaluated as an electrode material for supercapacitors and lithium‐ion batteries. CuO@C exhibits an excellent capacitance of 207.2 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 within a potential window of 0–0.46 V in 6 M KOH solution. Significantly, CuO electrode materials achieve remarkable capacitance retentions of approximately 205.8 F g−1 after 1000 cycles of charge/discharge testing. The CuO@C was further applied as an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries, and a high initial capacity of 1143.7 mA h g−1 was achieved at a current density of 0.1 C. This work provides a facile and general approach to synthesize carbon‐based materials for application in large‐scale energy‐storage systems.