bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated statistical matching of multiple tephra records exemplified using five long maar sequences younger than 75 ka, Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Green Rebecca M. , Bebbington Mark S. , Cronin Shane J. , Jones Geoff 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDetailed tephrochronologies are built to underpin probabilistic volcanic hazard forecasting, and to understand the dynamics and history of diverse geomorphic, climatic, soil-forming and environmental processes. Complicating factors include highly variable tephra distribution over time; difficulty in correlating tephras from site to site based on physical and chemical properties; and uncertain age determinations. Multiple sites permit construction of more accurate composite tephra records, but correctly merging individual site records by recognizing common events and site-specific gaps is complex. We present an automated procedure for matching tephra sequences between multiple deposition sites using stochastic local optimization techniques. If individual tephra age determinations are not significantly different between sites, they are matched and a more precise age is assigned. Known stratigraphy and mineralogical or geochemical compositions are used to constrain tephra matches. We apply this method to match tephra records from five long sediment cores (≤ 75 cal ka BP) in Auckland, New Zealand. Sediments at these sites preserve basaltic tephras from local eruptions of the Auckland Volcanic Field as well as distal rhyolitic and andesitic tephras from Okataina, Taupo, Egmont, Tongariro, and Tuhua (Mayor Island) volcanic centers. The new correlated record compiled is statistically more likely than previously published arrangements from this area.
Pectoralis major myofascial flap in salvage laryngectomy
Authors: Cömert E , Tunçel Ü , Torun M Taner , Kiliç C , Cengiz A Buğra , şencan Z , Kaya M 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjective:The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the pectoralis major myofascial flap on pharyngocutaneous fistula formation and time to oral feeding.Methods:This retrospective study reviewed 155 total laryngectomies. Patients were divided into two main groups. Group 1 included 110 patients who were treated primarily by total laryngectomy and group 2 comprised 45 patients who were treated by salvage laryngectomy with or without a pectoralis major myofascial flap.Results:The use of a pectoralis major myofascial flap did not have a significant effect on pharyngocutaneous fistula formation in the salvage group (p = 0.376). When comparing the oral feeding day of patients with pharyngocutaneous fistula, a significant difference was observed between the salvage group with pectoralis major myofascial flap reinforcement and the salvage group without pectoralis major myofascial flap reinforcement (p = 0.004).Discussion:Our study demonstrated that pectoralis major myofascial flap reinforcement did not decrease the rate of pharyngocutaneous fistula formation. Instead, it prevented the formation of large fistulas that would require surgical management, and showed a similar time to oral feeding and length of hospital stay to primary laryngectomy.
Diet and ontogenetic shift in habitat use byRhinosardinia bahiensisin a tropical semi-arid estuary, north-eastern Brazil
Authors: Clark Fernando José König , Pessanha André Luiz Machado 
Published: July 2014

The feeding biology of bahia sprat (Rhinosardinia bahiensis) was studied in two habitats of a tropical semi-arid estuary, on the north-eastern Brazilian coast. Samplings were collected on a monthly basis (January 2010–February 2011), and fish were caught during the day using an 8 m beach seine. Habitat use was size-dependent, with tidal mudflat occupied by higher size-classes than tidal creeks, which were occupied by smaller conspecifics. The diet analysis of different size-classes revealed that all sizes of fish consumed similar taxa (Calanoida, Cyclopoida and Decapoda larvae), and that the relative proportion of taxa consumed reflected fish size. Dietary differences between the two nursery areas mainly reflected prey availability. Although high diet overlap was only found between some size-classes in tidal mudflat, these results seem to demonstrate a strategy for efficient use of space potential; intraspecific competition was probably minimized by a differential habitat use patterns.
Survey and comparative study of free simulation software for mobile robots
Authors: Torres-Torriti M. , Arredondo T. , Castillo-Pizarro P. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYIn robotics, simulation has become an essential tool for research, education, and design purposes. Various software tools for mobile robot simulation have been developed and have reached different levels of maturity in recent years. This paper presents a general survey of mobile robot simulation tools and discusses qualitative and quantitative aspects of selection of four major simulators publicly available at no cost: Carmen, Player-Stage-Gazebo, Open Dynamics Engine, and Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio. The comparison of the simulators is aimed at establishing the range of applications for which these are best suited as well as their accuracy for certain simulation tasks. The simulators chosen for detailed comparison were selected considering their level of maturity, modularity, and popularity among engineers and researchers. The qualitative comparison included a discussion of relevant features. The quantitative analysis entailed the development of a detailed dynamical model of a mobile robot on a road with varying slope. This model was used as benchmark to compare the accuracy of each simulator. The validity of the simulated results was also contrasted against measurements obtained from experiments with a real robot. This research and analysis should be very valuable to educators, engineers, and researchers who are always seeking adequate tools for simulating autonomous mobile robots.
Pragmatics in acquisition
Authors: CLARK EVE V. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTRecent research has highlighted several areas where pragmatics plays a central role in the process of acquiring a first language. In talking with their children, adults display their uses of language in each context, and offer extensive feedback on form, meaning, and usage, within their conversational exchanges. These interactions depend critically on joint attention, physical co-presence, and conversational co-presence – essential factors that help children assign meanings, establish reference, and add to common ground. For young children, getting their meaning across also depends on realizing language is conventional, that words contrast in meaning, and that they need to observe Grice's cooperative principle in conversation. Adults make use of the same pragmatic principles as they solicit repairs to what children say, and thereby offer feedback on both what the language is and how to use it.
First language development: a usage-based perspective on past and current research
Authors: LIEVEN ELENA 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTI first outline three major developments in child language research over the past forty years: the use of computational modelling to reveal the structure of information in the input; the focus on quantifying productivity and abstraction; and developments in the explanation of systematic errors. Next, I turn to what I consider to be major outstanding issues: how the network of constructions builds up and the relationship between social and cognitive development and language learning. Finally, I briefly consider a number of other areas of importance to a psychologically realistic understanding of children's language development.
Harmonizing influenza primary-care surveillance in the United Kingdom: piloting two methods to assess the timing and intensity of the seasonal epidemic across several general practice-based surveillance schemes
Authors: GREEN H. K. , CHARLETT A. , MORAN-GILAD J. , FLEMING D. , DURNALL H. , THOMAS D. Rh. , COTTRELL S. , SMYTH B. , KEARNS C. , REYNOLDS A. J. , SMITH G. E. , ELLIOT A. J. , ELLIS J. , ZAMBON M. , WATSON J. M. , McMENAMIN J. , PEBODY R. G. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYGeneral Practitioner consultation rates for influenza-like illness (ILI) are monitored through several geographically distinct schemes in the UK, providing early warning to government and health services of community circulation and intensity of activity each winter. Following on from the 2009 pandemic, there has been a harmonization initiative to allow comparison across the distinct existing surveillance schemes each season. The moving epidemic method (MEM), proposed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control for standardizing reporting of ILI rates, was piloted in 2011/12 and 2012/13 along with the previously proposed UK method of empirical percentiles. The MEM resulted in thresholds that were lower than traditional thresholds but more appropriate as indicators of the start of influenza virus circulation. The intensity of the influenza season assessed with the MEM was similar to that reported through the percentile approach. The MEM pre-epidemic threshold has now been adopted for reporting by each country of the UK. Further work will continue to assess intensity of activity and apply standardized methods to other influenza-related data sources.
ERK1/2 mediates sperm acrosome reaction through elevation of intracellular calcium concentration
Authors: Jaldety Yael , Breitbart Haim 
Published: July 2014

SummaryMammalian sperm acquire fertilization capacity after residing in the female reproductive tract for a few hours in a process called capacitation. Only capacitated sperm can bind the zona pellucida (ZP) of the egg and undergo the acrosome reaction, a process that allows penetration and fertilization. Extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) mediates signalling in many cell types, however its role in sperm function is largely unknown. Here we show that ERK1/2 is highly phosphorylated/activated after a short incubation of mouse sperm under capacitation conditions and that this phosphorylation is reduced after longer incubation. Further phosphorylation was observed upon addition of crude extract of egg ZP or epidermal growth factor (EGF). The mitogen-activated ERK-kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 abolished ERK1/2 phosphorylation,in vitrofertilization rate and the acrosome reaction induced by ZP or EGF but not by the Ca2+-ionophore A23187. Moreover, inhibition of ERK1/2 along the capacitation process diminished almost completely the sperm's ability to go through the acrosome reaction, while inhibition at the end of capacitation attenuated the acrosome reaction rate by only 45%. The fact that the acrosome reaction, induced by the Ca2+-ionophore A23187, was not inhibited by U0126 suggests that ERK1/2 mediates the acrosome reaction by activating Ca2+transport into the cell. Direct determination of intracellular [Ca2+] revealed that Ca2+influx induced by EGF or ZP was completely blocked by U0126. Thus, it has been established that the increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation/activation in response to ZP or by activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR) by EGF, is a key event for intracellular Ca2+elevation and the subsequent occurrence of the acrosome reaction.
Large congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula between the left main coronary artery and right superior vena cava, associated with aneurysmal dilatation of the left main coronary artery: rare case report
Authors: Chandra Naveen , Sarkar Achyut , Pande Arindam 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCoronary arteriovenous fistula is an uncommon clinical entity. The right coronary artery is the most common site of origin, and the fistula commonly drains into the right-sided cardiac chambers. Very rarely it can arise from the left main coronary artery, and fistulas draining into the superior vena cavity are extremely rare. We report a 12-year-old asymptomatic boy with a large coronary arteriovenous fistula between the left main coronary artery and superior vena cava, with aneurysmal dilatation of the left main coronary artery. As the fistula was very large and to prevent its complications, it was planned to close the fistula percutaneously.
Fruit and vegetable consumption in a sample of 11-year-old children in ten European countries – the PRO GREENS cross-sectional survey
Authors: Lynch Christel , Kristjansdottir Asa Gudrun , te Velde Saskia J , Lien Nanna , Roos Eva , Thorsdottir Inga , Krawinkel Michael , de Almeida Maria Daniel Vaz , Papadaki Angeliki , Hlastan Ribic Cirila , Petrova Stefka , Ehrenblad Bettina , Halldorsson Thorhallur I , Poortvliet Eric , Yngve Agneta 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo describe fruit and vegetable intake of 11-year-old children in ten European countries and compare it with current dietary guidelines.DesignCross-sectional survey. Intake was assessed using a previously validated questionnaire containing a pre-coded 24 h recall and an FFQ which were completed in the classroom. Portion sizes were calculated using a standardized protocol.SettingSurveys were performed in schools regionally selected in eight countries and nationally representative in two countries.SubjectsA total of 8158 children from 236 schools across Europe participating in the PRO GREENS project.ResultsThe total mean consumption of fruit and vegetables was between 220 and 345 g/d in the ten participating countries. Mean intakes did not reach the WHO population goal of ≥400 g/d in any of the participating countries. Girls had a significantly higher intake of total fruit and vegetables than boys in five of the countries (Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Bulgaria and Slovenia). Mean total fruit intake ranged between 114 and 240 g/d and vegetable intake between 73 and 141 g/d. When using the level ≥400 g/d as a cut-off, only 23·5 % (13·8–37·0 %) of the studied children, depending on country and gender, met the WHO recommendation (fruit juice excluded).ConclusionsFruit and vegetable consumption was below recommended levels among the schoolchildren in all countries and vegetable intake was lower than fruit intake. The survey shows that there is a need for promotional activities to improve fruit and vegetable consumption in this age group.
A new typology of judicial review of legislation
Authors: COLÓN-RÍOS JOEL I 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe distinction between strong and weak judicial review occupies a privileged place in comparative constitutional law. This article argues that it is necessary to generate a new typology that includes two other increasingly influential models. The two ‘new’ models can be identified as ‘strong basic structure review’ and ‘weak basic structure review’. The former, present in some common law countries such as India and Belize, not only provides judges with the ability to strike down legislation that is inconsistent with a particular constitutional provision, but also constitutional amendments incompatible with the principles on which the constitution rests. The latter model, weak basic structure review, currently present in some Latin American countries, also provides judges with the power to strike down ordinary and constitution-amending legislation, but gives ‘the people’, acting through a constituent assembly, the final word on the validity of any form of positive law. Finally, the article considers the possibility of the development of a fifth model in which even the constituent people would be bound by certain principles to be identified and enforced by judges.
‘Rules about rules’ and the endogenous dynamics of international law: Dissonance reduction as a mechanism of secondary rule-making
Authors: REINOLD THERESA , ZÜRN MICHAEL 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe can observe some developments that indicate a further strengthening of human rights and the rule of law even after 2001. These developments are puzzling as they occurred despite largely unfavourable scope conditions. This article offers an account of these developments that focuses on dynamics endogenous to the law. These internal dynamics provide a causal mechanism that sets in once a certain threshold of legalization has been reached. We employ the Hartian notion of secondary rules which we think is an especially helpful conceptual tool to analyse the endogenous dynamics of legal systems. To the extent that law is programmed towards consistency, secondary rules become necessary in an environment of rapidly increasing legal density to govern the complexity resulting from this proliferation of norms. Upholding consistency is necessary to maintain the autonomy of law in a Luhmannian sense and the ‘morality’ of the legal system in a Fullerian sense. Our goal is to show this and at the same move beyond an argument of system or normative functionality by identifying causal mechanisms that can explain the law’s built-in drive towards secondary rules, and that are in accordance with broader social science theory. We use some insights from cognitive psychology to develop these causal mechanisms further. While testing these causal mechanisms would be beyond the scope of this paper, we hope to provide the conceptual tools for future empirical research on the dynamics of secondary rule-making and offer some empirical illustrations to demonstrate how dissonance reduction operates in practice.
Significant N2 fixation by heterotrophs, photoheterotrophs and heterocystous cyanobacteria in two temperate estuaries
Authors: Bentzon-Tilia Mikkel , Traving Sachia J , Mantikci Mustafa , Knudsen-Leerbeck Helle , Hansen Jørgen L S , Markager Stiig , Riemann Lasse 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fixation is fueling planktonic production in a multitude of aquatic environments. In meso- and poly-haline estuaries, however, the contribution of N by pelagic N2 fixation is believed to be insignificant due to the high input of N from land and the presumed absence of active N2-fixing organisms. Here we report N2 fixation rates, nifH gene composition and nifH gene transcript abundance for key diazotrophic groups over 1 year in two contrasting, temperate, estuarine systems: Roskilde Fjord (RF) and the Great Belt (GB) strait. Annual pelagic N2 fixation rates averaged 17 and 61 mmol N m−2 per year at the two sites, respectively. In RF, N2 fixation was mainly accompanied by transcripts related to heterotrophic (for example, Pseudomonas sp.) and photoheterotrophic bacteria (for example, unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacteria group A). In the GB, the first of two N2 fixation peaks coincided with a similar nifH-expressing community as in RF, whereas the second peak was synchronous with increased nifH expression by an array of diazotrophs, including heterotrophic organisms as well as the heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena. Thus, we show for the first time that significant planktonic N2 fixation takes place in mesohaline, temperate estuaries and that the importance of heterotrophic, photoheterotrophic and photosynthetic diazotrophs is clearly variable in space and time.
Fast running restricts evolutionary change of the vertebral column in mammals
Authors: Galis Frietson , Carrier David R. , van Alphen Joris , van der Mije Steven D. , Van Dooren Tom J. M. , Metz Johan A. J. , ten Broek Clara M. A. 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceOur study explains one of the riddles of mammal evolution: the strong conservation of the number of trunk vertebrae. The vertebral column and its high evolvability are considered to be of central importance for the evolution of vertebrates, which is why the constancy is both puzzling and important. We hypothesize, on biomechanical and developmental grounds, that evolutionary change is virtually impossible in fast running and agile mammals. The rationale is that several mutations are necessary to change trunk vertebral counts, with single mutations usually leading to irregular lumbosacral joints that severely hamper running and jumping capability. Our observations indeed show that selection against these initial changes is strong in fast and agile mammals and weak in slower and sturdier ones.
Caspase-8 promotes NLRP1/NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β production in acute glaucoma
Authors: Chi Wei , Li Fei , Chen Hongrui , Wang Yandong , Zhu Yingting , Yang Xuejiao , Zhu Jie , Wu Frances , Ouyang Hong , Ge Jian , Weinreb Robert N. , Zhang Kang , Zhuo Yehong 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceRetinal damage and resulting irreversible vision loss are feared complications of rapid and substantially elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in acute glaucoma. An inflammatory response to retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury involving Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and IL-1β has been implicated in disease pathogenesis; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study demonstrates the critical role of caspase-8 in IOP-induced cell death in rodent models of acute glaucoma. TLR4 signaling, mediated by caspase-8, was crucial for the activation of Nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 1 (NLRP1)/NLRP3 inflammasomes and processing of IL-1β. Inhibition of either TLR4 or caspase-8 signaling significantly blocked production of IL-1β and attenuated retinal ischemic damage. These findings identify a mechanism of retinal retinal ganglion cell death and provide a previously unidentified treatment strategy to preserve vision in acute glaucoma.
Human (Clovis)–gomphothere (Cuvieroniussp.) association ∼13,390 calibrated yBP in Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Sanchez Guadalupe , Holliday Vance T. , Gaines Edmund P. , Arroyo-Cabrales Joaquín , Martínez-Tagüeña Natalia , Kowler Andrew , Lange Todd , Hodgins Gregory W. L. , Mentzer Susan M. , Sanchez-Morales Ismael 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceArchaeological evidence from Sonora, Mexico, indicates that the earliest widespread and recognizable group of hunter-gatherers (“Clovis”) were in place ∼13,390 y ago in southwestern North America. This is the earliest well-documented population on the continent and suggests that the unique Clovis artifact style originated in the southwest or south central part of the continent, well south of the Arctic gateways into the continent. These hunters targeted gomphotheres, an elephant common in south and central North America, but unknown in association with humans or at this late age in North America.
Neural correlates of dueling affective reactions to win–win choices
Authors: Shenhav Amitai , Buckner Randy L. 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceChoices between multiple good prospects (e.g., job offers) are known to generate anxiety, even as the decision maker feels positivity toward their options. Here, we explored the basis for these (paradoxically) simultaneously occurring experiences. We evaluated brain activity during win–win choices relative to how positive and anxious the participant later reported having felt when encountering a set of options, and relative to subsequent choice reversals. Our participants felt increasingly positive and anxious with increasingly good options, and these two experiences were accounted for by dissociable neural circuits. Positivity-related circuits primarily tracked the value of the best item whereas anxiety-related circuits primarily tracked the level of competition between potential responses, and whether the participants would later decide to reverse their choice.
In situ studies of a platform for metastable inorganic crystal growth and materials discovery
Authors: Shoemaker Daniel P. , Hu Yung-Jin , Chung Duck Young , Halder Gregory J. , Chupas Peter J. , Soderholm L. , Mitchell J. F. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Dense inorganic materials comprise most functional electronic, optical, and magnetic devices. Whereas the discovery of new inorganic materials can increase our technical capabilities and uncover new phenomena, the search is difficult due to their formation at high temperatures where only the most stable (often known) materials can be isolated postreaction. We find a variety of unexpected and unknown materials nucleating at moderate temperatures in molten salts. By probing these processes with in situ diffraction, we are able to identify a large variety of new phases quickly and pave a path to more efficient materials discovery.