bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of root hydrophobic barriers in salt exclusion of a mangrove plant Avicennia officinalis
Authors: KRISHNAMURTHY PANNAGA , JYOTHI‐PRAKASH PAVITHRA A. , QIN LIN , HE JIE , LIN QINGSONG , LOH CHIANG‐SHIONG , KUMAR PRAKASH P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSalt exclusion at the roots and salt secretion in the leaves were examined in a mangrove, Avicennia officinalis. The non‐secretor mangrove Bruguiera cylindrica was used for comparative study of hydrophobic barrier formation in the roots. Bypass flow was reduced when seedlings were previously treated with high salt concentration. A biseriate exodermis was detected in the salt‐treated roots, along with an enhanced deposition of hydrophobic barriers in the endodermis. These barriers reduced Na+ loading into the xylem, accounting for a 90–95% salt exclusion in A. officinalis. Prominent barriers were found in the roots of B. cylindrica even in the absence of salt treatment. A cytochrome P450 gene that may regulate suberin biosynthesis was up‐regulated within hours of salt treatment in A. officinalis roots and leaves, corresponding with increased suberin deposition. X‐ray microanalysis showed preferential deposition of Na+ and Cl− in the root cortex compared with the stele, suggesting that the endodermis is the primary site of salt exclusion. Enhanced salt secretion and increased suberin deposition surrounding the salt glands were seen in the leaves with salt treatment. Overall, these data show that the deposition of apoplastic barriers increases resistance to bypass flow leading to efficient salt exclusion at the roots in mangroves.
Vitamin D status in children with attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Goksugur Sevil Bilir , Tufan Ali Evren , Semiz Murat , Gunes Cemalettin , Bekdas Mervan , Tosun Mehmet , Demircioglu Fatih 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundAttention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), one of the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood, has an early onset, affecting 2–18% of children worldwide. The etiopathogenesis of ADHD is obscure. In recent studies, a low level of vitamin D has been found in association with many disorders as well as in neuropsychiatric diseases. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate serum vitamin D level in pediatric ADHD patients.MethodsA total of 60 ADHD patients and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. The age of both groups was in the 7–18‐year‐old range. Serum 25‐OH‐vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase were investigated.ResultsSerum 25‐OH‐vitamin D was found to be significantly lower in children and adolescents with ADHD compared to healthy controls, and no significant differences were found between the groups in terms of other variables. 25‐OH‐vitamin D level in the ADHD group and control group was, respectively, 20.9 ± 19.4 ng/mL and 34.9 ± 15.4 ng/mL (P = 0.001).ConclusionThere is an association between lower 25‐OH‐vitamin D concentration and ADHD in childhood and adolescence. To the authors' knowledge this is the first study to investigate the relationship between vitamin D and ADHD in children.
Locating Gunky Water and Wine
Authors: Leonard Matt 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCan material objects be weakly located at regions of spacetime and yet fail to be exactly located anywhere? In this paper, I discuss a case which, at least according to one interpretation, answers affirmatively: the case of blending gunky water and wine, in gunky space. Perhaps after such a blend, the water and wine aren't exactly located anywhere while being weakly located at the location of the blend and any region which overlaps it. I show that the case is interesting and complicated, and has consequences for some ideas found in papers by Daniel Nolan and Josh Parsons.
Generalized Scan Statistics for Disease Surveillance
Authors: Lin Pei‐Sheng 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIn applying scan statistics for disease surveillance, it would be valuable to have an integrated model that simultaneously includes environmental covariates and spatial correlation. In this paper, a generalized scan statistics under quasi‐likelihood functions is proposed to address this issue. We use a two‐step estimation process to obtain estimates of coefficients and adapt a bootstrapping method for the minimal p‐value to address the multiple‐testing problem. Under suitable conditions, the proposed method is consistent and can control the type I error rate. Simulations and applications to real data sets are used to evaluate the method.
Valuing the Benefit of Reducing Adverse Effects from Polluting Heating Fuels
Authors: Liu Zheng , Pagoulatos Angelos , Hu Wuyang , Schieffer Jack 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesIndoor air pollution (IAP) from combustion‐generated pollutants, which are generated by solid fuel combustion for heating, has received considerable attention in recent years based on its health hazards for the human body. This article focuses on the health risk of heating fuel choice and estimates the health benefit (monetary benefits from medical expense savings) related to the improvement of the heating system.MethodsUsing the Kentucky Homeplace Program survey data and a health production function framework, this article explored the health implications of heating fuel choice by estimating the relationship between individuals’ use of polluting heating fuel and the number of medical services received annually.ResultsThe results show that using polluting heating increases doctor visits and medical expenses. Individuals may pay as much as about $135.99 for shifting from using polluting heating to nonpolluting heating.ConclusionsThe result provides some evidence to support the linkage between health risks and polluting heating use. Some demographic and lifestyle characteristics did have significant effects on medical care expenses. Government could consider subsidies to encourage lower income groups to shift to nonpolluting heating fuels or use improved technology in order to reduce the public insurance cost.
Surviving Scandal: An Exploration of the Immediate and Lasting Effects of Scandal on Candidate Evaluation
Authors: Vonnahme Beth Miller 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveThis study explores the immediate and long‐term effects of scandal on candidate evaluation. Because scandals involve politicians behaving in ways inconsistent with prevailing moral standards, an immediate negative reaction to such information is largely unavoidable. However, the present study examines whether there are any long‐term effects of scandal.MethodsResults from a longitudinal experiment are presented. The nature of the design facilitated the exploration of the immediate and lasting effects of exposure to scandal and the consistency of these effects across individuals.ResultsExposure to scandalous information about a candidate had an immediate negative effect on evaluation, but the magnitude of this negative effect declined over time, especially among the candidate's supporters.ConclusionThis research suggests that understanding the effects of scandal requires distinguishing between immediate and long‐term effects.
Minority Representation and Order Maintenance Policing: Toward a Contingent View
Authors: Sharp Elaine B. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveThis article's aim is to test the impact of black political and bureaucratic representation on the rate at which blacks are arrested for order maintenance violations in U.S. cities.MethodsUsing data from the Law Enforcement Management and Administration Survey, the Census Bureau, and the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, for all U.S. cities over 100,000 population, the article first documents the continuing influence of black elected officials in promoting black representation on police forces. After establishing the appropriateness of order maintenance policing as a follow‐up focus, the article then tests hypotheses that link variation in the rate of black order maintenance arrests to black political and bureaucratic representation, contingent upon form of government.ResultsBlack political representation does constrain black order maintenance arrests, while black representation on the police force does not.ConclusionEven with a more racially representative police force in place, black political representation is what matters in constraining controversial patterns of police practice.
Litigation in gynaecology
Authors: Jha Swati , Rowland Sarah 
Published: January 2014

Key contentReasons for litigation and pitfalls in patient care.Knowledge of civil law and basic Acts governing clinical negligence in a medicolegal claim.Specific problem areas relating to consent, sterilisation, laparoscopy, colposcopy, hysteroscopy, urogynaecology and hysterectomy.Issues of education, training and clinical governance.Learning objectivesTo understand the anatomy of a claim.How to avoid litigation.What to do when things go wrong.Ethical issuesIncreased litigation leads to clinicians practicing defensive medicine.Are patients being exposed to unnecessary investigations and invasive procedures to prevent clinicians from being sued?Litigation has an adverse impact on healthcare professionals and affects recruitment to particular specialties.
The iRoCS Toolbox – 3D analysis of the plant root apical meristem at cellular resolution
Authors: Schmidt Thorsten , Pasternak Taras , Liu Kun , Blein Thomas , Aubry‐Hivet Dorothée , Dovzhenko Alexander , Duerr Jasmin , Teale William , Ditengou Franck A. , Burkhardt Hans , Ronneberger Olaf , Palme Klaus 
Published: January 2014

SummaryTo achieve a detailed understanding of processes in biological systems, cellular features must be quantified in the three‐dimensional (3D) context of cells and organs. We described use of the intrinsic root coordinate system (iRoCS) as a reference model for the root apical meristem of plants. iRoCS enables direct and quantitative comparison between the root tips of plant populations at single‐cell resolution. The iRoCS Toolbox automatically fits standardized coordinates to raw 3D image data. It detects nuclei or segments cells, automatically fits the coordinate system, and groups the nuclei/cells into the root's tissue layers. The division status of each nucleus may also be determined. The only manual step required is to mark the quiescent centre. All intermediate outputs may be refined if necessary. The ability to learn the visual appearance of nuclei by example allows the iRoCS Toolbox to be easily adapted to various phenotypes. The iRoCS Toolbox is provided as an open‐source software package, licensed under the GNU General Public License, to make it accessible to a broad community. To demonstrate the power of the technique, we measured subtle changes in cell division patterns caused by modified auxin flux within the Arabidopsis thaliana root apical meristem.
Incidence of acute transfusion reactions to platelets in hospitalized pediatric patients based on the US hemovigilance reporting system
Authors: Li Ning , Williams Lawrence , Zhou Zhiming , Wu YanYun 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundTransfusion reactions in pediatric populations have not been well studied. We investigated the incidence and type of transfusion reactions to platelets (PLTs) in a pediatric inpatient population.Study Design and MethodsOver 1 year, a retrospective review of all PLT transfusions given to pediatric inpatients (≤18 years old) was performed at a single institution with application of the US hemovigilance reporting definitions. Intraoperative transfusions were excluded. Any signs or symptoms that could represent an acute transfusion reaction (ATR) within 24 hours after PLT transfusion were reviewed and classified based on the US hemovigilance reporting definitions.ResultsBetween June 1, 2010, and May 31, 2011, a total of 805 PLT transfusions to 126 patients were identified as appropriate for inclusion. Of these 805 transfusions, 116 (14.4%) met the reporting criteria for ATRs. Some PLT transfusions were associated with multiple types of ATRs leading to 120 ATRs overall, as defined by the US hemovigilance reporting system. Of these 120 reportable ATRs, 54 (45.0%) transfusion‐associated dyspnea (TAD) reactions, 38 (31.7%) febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions, 15 (12.5%) allergic transfusion reactions, eight (6.7%) hypotensive transfusion reactions, and five (4.2%) transfusion‐associated cardiac overload reactions were identified. No resultant deaths associated with ATRs were observed. Of these reportable ATRs, only four (3.34%) were reported to the hospital transfusion service.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that reportable ATRs in the pediatric populations may be more prevalent than previously reported and were underreported to our transfusion service. TAD encompassed the majority of reportable ATRs and is the main contributor to the increased rate of reportable ATRs.
Born to be Global and the Globalisation Process
Authors: Norbäck Pehr‐Johan , Persson Lars 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDuring the last decades, we have witnessed a large number of entrepreneurial firms that reach the world market at a fast pace (‘born global firms’). Our analysis suggests that the ongoing globalisation process indeed implies that born to be global firms would be more prominent in the world economy due to the reduction in the cost of exploiting good business ideas globally. However, our analysis also suggests that entrepreneurial firms have incentives to sell their business to incumbents. Indeed, we show that ‘born to be sold global firms’ can be even more frequent as a result of trade liberalisation and the international deregulation of the market for corporate control.
Tobacco Use in the Oncology Setting: Advancing Clinical Practice and Research
Authors: Gritz Ellen R. , Toll Benjamin A. , Warren Graham W. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Although tobacco is a well-established causal agent for many human cancers, less emphasis has been placed on translating this evidence by evaluating the effects of continued tobacco use after a cancer diagnosis. A broad assessment of the effects of continued tobacco use demonstrates that tobacco increases cancer treatment toxicity, recurrence, second primary tumors, and mortality in patients with cancer. Few studies report the potential benefits of cessation after a cancer diagnosis, but data suggest improved treatment outcomes in patients with cancer who quit smoking. Improving tobacco cessation treatment efficacy and access to cessation support has been sparsely researched in the oncology setting compared with the general population; however, patients with cancer are receptive to standard evidence-based tobacco cessation guidelines. Several studies demonstrate moderate tobacco cessation success in patients with cancer using the general principles of evidence-based tobacco cessation support. Several systems-level issues and research efforts are needed to standardize tobacco use definitions, increase access to tobacco cessation support, improve tobacco cessation efficacy, understand the time-dependent effects of tobacco and cessation on cancer biology, and realize the potential benefits of tobacco cessation for patients with cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(1); 3–9. ©2014 AACR.
Characterizing Spatiotemporal Variations of Hourly Rainfall by Gauge and Radar in the Mountainous Three Gorges Region
Authors: Li Zhe , Yang Dawen , Hong Yang , Zhang Jian , Qi Youcun 
Published: January 2014

AbstractUnderstanding spatiotemporal rainfall patterns in mountainous areas is of great importance for prevention of natural disasters such as flash floods and landslides. There is little knowledge about rainfall variability over historically underobserved complex terrains, however, and especially about the variations of hourly rainfall. In this study, the spatiotemporal variations of hourly rainfall in the Three Gorges region (TGR) of China are investigated with gauge and newly available radar data. The spatial pattern of hourly rainfall has been examined by a number of statistics, and they all show that the rainfall variations are time-scale and location dependent. In general, the northern TGR receives more-intense and longer-duration rainfall than do other parts of the TGR, and short-duration storms could occur in most of the TGR. For temporal variations, the summer diurnal cycle shifts from a morning peak in the west to a late-afternoon peak in the east while a mixed pattern of two peaks exists in the middle. In statistical terms, empirical model–based estimation indicates that the correlation scale of hourly rainfall is about 40 km. Further investigation shows that the correlation distance varies with season, from 30 km in the warm season to 60 km in the cold season. In addition, summer rainstorms extracted from radar rainfall data are characterized by short duration (6–8 h) and highly localized patterns (5–17 and 13–36 km in the minor and major directions, respectively). Overall, this research provides quantitative information about the rainfall regime in the TGR and shows that the combination of gauge and radar data is useful for characterizing the spatiotemporal pattern of storm rainfall over complex terrain.
Shore-Based Video Observations of Nonlinear Internal Waves across the Inner Shelf *,+
Authors: Suanda Sutara H. , Barth John A. , Holman Rob A. , Stanley John 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Shore-based video remote sensing is used to observe and continually monitor nonlinear internal waves propagating across the inner shelf. Month-long measurements of velocity from bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers and temperature from thermistor chains at the 10- and 20-m isobaths are combined with sea surface imagery from a suite of cameras (Argus) to provide a kinematic description of 11 borelike internal waves as they propagate across the central Oregon inner shelf. The surface expression of these waves, commonly seen by eye as alternating rough and smooth bands, are identified by increased pixel intensity in Argus imagery (average width 39 ± 6 m), caused by the convergence of internal wave-driven surface currents. These features are tracked through time and space using 2-min time exposure images and then compared to wave propagation speed and direction from in situ measurements. Internal waves are refracted by bathymetry, and the measured wave speed (~0.15 m s−1) is higher than predicted by linear theory (&lt;0.1 m s−1). Propagating internal waves are also visible in subsampled Argus pixel time series (hourly collections of 17 min worth of 2-Hz pixel intensity from a subset of locations), thus extending the observational record to times without an in situ presence. Results from this 5-month record show that the preferred sea state for successful video observations occurs for wind speeds of 2–5 m s−1. Continued video measurements and analysis of extensive existing Argus data will allow a statistical estimate of internal wave occurrence at a variety of inner-shelf locations.
Sleep disorders and systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Palagini L , Tani C , Mauri M , Carli L , Vagnani S , Bombardieri S , Gemignani A , Mosca M 
Published: January 2014

Objective Sleep disturbances are often seen in rheumatic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the prevalence of sleep disorders in SLE as well as the contributing factors to their occurrence remain poorly understood. The aim of this paper is to review the clinical and psychobiological data on the relationship between sleep disturbances and SLE. Method We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsychINFO, using MeSH headings and keywords for “sleep disorders” and “SLE.” Results Nine studies reporting the relationship between sleep disorders and SLE were found. Prevalence rates of sleep disorders ranged between 55% and 85%; differences in assessment techniques appeared to be a major source of this variability. In the majority of the studies an association between sleep disorders and disease activity, pain and fatigue has been reported. Psychosocial variables, depression, steroid use, and the role that sleep disruption has on pain, inflammation and cytokines, have been hypothesized as possible psychobiological factors. Conclusions Sleep disorders appear to occur in more than half of patients with SLE and appear to be associated with disease activity. Pain and fatigue are also related to sleep disorders. Among the hypotheses on the possible mechanisms underlining the association between sleep disorders and SLE, psychosocial/psychological factors, especially depression, were the most frequently reported.
Investigation of thermal conductivity and rheological properties of nanofluids containing graphene nanoplatelets
Authors: Mehrali Mohammad , Sadeghinezhad Emad , Latibari Sara Tahan , Kazi Salim Newaz , Mehrali Mehdi , Zubir Mohd Nashrul Bin Mohd , Metselaar Hendrik Simon Cornelis 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In the present study, stable homogeneous graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) nanofluids were prepared without any surfactant by high-power ultrasonic (probe) dispersion of GNPs in distilled water. The concentrations of nanofluids were maintained at 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 wt.% for three different specific surface areas of 300, 500, and 750 m2/g. Transmission electron microscopy image shows that the suspensions are homogeneous and most of the materials have been well dispersed. The stability of nanofluid was investigated using a UV-visible spectrophotometer in a time span of 600 h, and zeta potential after dispersion had been investigated to elucidate its role on dispersion characteristics. The rheological properties of GNP nanofluids approach Newtonian and non-Newtonian behaviors where viscosity decreases linearly with the rise of temperature. The thermal conductivity results show that the dispersed nanoparticles can always enhance the thermal conductivity of the base fluid, and the highest enhancement was obtained to be 27.64% in the concentration of 0.1 wt.% of GNPs with a specific surface area of 750 m2/g. Electrical conductivity of the GNP nanofluids shows a significant enhancement by dispersion of GNPs in distilled water. This novel type of nanofluids shows outstanding potential for replacements as advanced heat transfer fluids in medium temperature applications including solar collectors and heat exchanger systems.
A new method for measuring wetness of flowing steam based on surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Li Xinjiang , Li Xiaofeng , Wang Chinhua 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A novel method for real-time and inline wetness measurement based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is presented in this paper. The Kretschmann geometry is adopted to excite surface plasmon waves in our measurement system. In order to prevent water coating, an ultrathin layer of hydrophobic coating is formed on the surface of Au layer. The experimental results show that the level of steam wetness can be obtained via the area ratio of water and air on the prism, which is determined by analyzing the SPR spectrum of wet steam based on a Gaussian model. In addition, during the online measurement of flowing wet steam wetness, significant shifts in the resonant position of the SPR spectrum occurred, which can be attributed to the strong interaction of the adjacent water droplets.