bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Personal Journey to Merge Literacy Education and Multicultural Teacher Education
Authors: Doepker Gina M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
There has been considerable attention to multicultural education and how to effectively integrate it into teacher education programs so that it helps teachers to be attentive to and effective for the economically, culturally, and racially diverse student populace. This article will focus on my personal journey with multicultural teacher education and literacy education. There will be a discussion of multicultural or diverse-oriented teacher education with a focus on the challenges as well as the potentials that face these teacher preparation programs. In addition, there will be a discussion of current educational trends in schools as evidence that demands the need for stronger multicultural teacher education programs. Finally, an existing teacher education program will be presented that has an emphasis on multicultural teacher training, as well as suggest approaches for building a research-based multicultural teacher education program.
Self-disclosure in initial interactions amongst speakers of American and Australian English
Authors: Haugh Michael , Carbaugh Donal 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGetting acquainted with others is one of the most basic interpersonal communication events. Yet there has only been a limited number of studies that have examined variation in the interactional practices through which unacquainted persons become acquainted and establish relationships across speakers of the same language. The current study focuses on self-disclosure practices in initial interactions between first language speakers of English from Australia and the United States. It was found that while both American and Australian participants volunteered self-disclosures in the context of presentation-eliciting questions, there was a noticeable tendency for the American participants to self-disclose without being prompted by questions from the other participant. We also found that there was a tendency for the Australians to use positive assessments in response to self-disclosures less often and with a lesser degree of intensity than the American participants. These tendencies in self-disclosure practices are argued to reflect the ways in which underlying cultural premises are used by participants. However, given that a significant degree of inter-speaker and same-speaker variability was also observed, it is concluded that the study of pragmatic variation be situated on the level of interactional routines, relational dyads, and upwards that are engaged in particular social activities.
Adjoint Optimization of Multistage Axial Compressor Blades with Static Pressure Constraint at Blade Row Interface
Authors: Yu Jia , Ji Lucheng , Li Weiwei , Yi Weilin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAdjoint method is an important tool for design refinement of multistage compressors. However, the radial static pressure distribution deviates during the optimization procedure and deteriorates the overall performance, producing final designs that are not well suited for realistic engineering applications. In previous development work on multistage turbomachinery blade optimization using adjoint method and thin shear-layer N-S equations, the entropy production is selected as the objective function with given mass flow rate and total pressure ratio as imposed constraints. The radial static pressure distribution at the interfaces between rows is introduced as a new constraint in the present paper. The approach is applied to the redesign of a five-stage axial compressor, and the results obtained with and without the constraint on the radial static pressure distribution at the interfaces between rows are discussed in detail. The results show that the redesign without the radial static pressure distribution constraint (RSPDC) gives an optimal solution that shows deviations on radial static pressure distribution, especially at rotor exit tip region. On the other hand, the redesign with the RSPDC successfully keeps the radial static pressure distribution at the interfaces between rows and make sure that the optimization results are applicable in a practical engineering design.
The Functional Basis of Wing Patterning inHeliconiusButterflies: The Molecules Behind Mimicry
Authors: Kronforst Marcus R , Papa Riccardo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWing-pattern mimicry in butterflies has provided an important example of adaptation since Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace proposed evolution by natural selection &gt;150 years ago. The neotropical butterfly genus Heliconius played a central role in the development of mimicry theory and has since been studied extensively in the context of ecology and population biology, behavior, and mimicry genetics. Heliconius species are notable for their diverse color patterns, and previous crossing experiments revealed that much of this variation is controlled by a small number of large-effect, Mendelian switch loci. Recent comparative analyses have shown that the same switch loci control wing-pattern diversity throughout the genus, and a number of these have now been positionally cloned. Using a combination of comparative genetic mapping, association tests, and gene expression analyses, variation in red wing patterning throughout Heliconius has been traced back to the action of the transcription factor optix. Similarly, the signaling ligand WntA has been shown to control variation in melanin patterning across Heliconius and other butterflies. Our understanding of the molecular basis of Heliconius mimicry is now providing important insights into a variety of additional evolutionary phenomena, including the origin of supergenes, the interplay between constraint and evolvability, the genetic basis of convergence, the potential for introgression to facilitate adaptation, the mechanisms of hybrid speciation in animals, and the process of ecological speciation.
Evaluation of Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction Methods to Infer Nonstationary Patterns of Nucleotide Substitution
Authors: Matsumoto Tomotaka , Akashi Hiroshi , Yang Ziheng 
Published: May 2015

AbstractInference of gene sequences in ancestral species has been widely used to test hypotheses concerning the process of molecular sequence evolution. However, the approach may produce spurious results, mainly because using the single best reconstruction while ignoring the suboptimal ones creates systematic biases. Here we implement methods to correct for such biases and use computer simulation to evaluate their performance when the substitution process is nonstationary. The methods we evaluated include parsimony and likelihood using the single best reconstruction (SBR), averaging over reconstructions weighted by the posterior probabilities (AWP), and a new method called expected Markov counting (EMC) that produces maximum-likelihood estimates of substitution counts for any branch under a nonstationary Markov model. We simulated base composition evolution on a phylogeny for six species, with different selective pressures on G+C content among lineages, and compared the counts of nucleotide substitutions recorded during simulation with the inference by different methods. We found that large systematic biases resulted from (i) the use of parsimony or likelihood with SBR, (ii) the use of a stationary model when the substitution process is nonstationary, and (iii) the use of the Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano (HKY) model, which is too simple to adequately describe the substitution process. The nonstationary general time reversible (GTR) model, used with AWP or EMC, accurately recovered the substitution counts, even in cases of complex parameter fluctuations. We discuss model complexity and the compromise between bias and variance and suggest that the new methods may be useful for studying complex patterns of nucleotide substitution in large genomic data sets.
Pulmonary effects in workers exposed to indium metal: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Nakano Makiko , Tanaka Akiyo , Hirata Miyuki , Iwasawa Satoko , Omae Kazuyuki 
Published: May 2015

Pulmonary effects in workers exposed to indium metal: A cross‐sectional study: Makiko Nakano, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of MedicineObjectiveIndium was added to the list of substances regulated by the Ordinance on Prevention of Hazards due to Specified Chemical Substances (OPHSCS) in 2013. Indium metal (IM), however, is not regulated by the OPHSCS due to insufficient information on pulmonary effects following exposure.MethodsFrom 2011 to 2013, a cross‐sectional study was conducted on 141 IM‐exposed workers at 11 factories. Subjective symptoms were assessed, including levels of serum biomarkers, spirometry readings and total and diffuse lung capacity. Krebs von den Lungen‐6 (KL‐6) and surfactant protein D (SP‐D) were selected as biomarkers of interstitial pneumonia. Indium serum concentration (In‐S) and personal air sampling data were used to estimate exposure. Subjects were categorized into 5 groups based on occupation and type of exposure: smelting, soldering, dental technician, bonding and other.ResultsThe highest level of In‐S was 25.4 μg/l, and the mean In‐S level was significantly higher in the smelting group than in other groups. In the smelting group, the prevalence of increased In‐S levels was 9.1%, while that of abnormal KL‐6 was 15.2%. A significant dose‐effect relationship was observed between the In‐S and KL‐6 levels. No marked differences were observed between any of the groups in SP‐D values, pulmonary symptoms, or pulmonary function test results. A total of 31% of the subjects worked in an environment with IM levels exceeding 0.3 μg/m3, which requires a protective mask to be worn.ConclusionsFor workers exposed to IM, work environments should be monitored, appropriate protective masks should be worn, and medical monitoring should be conducted according to the OPHSCS.
Comparative High-Resolution X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of GaN/AlGaN Heterostructure on Al2O3 and Si (111) Substrate Grown by Plasma Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Authors: Jana Sanjay Kr. , Ghosh Saptarsi , Dinara Syed Mukulika , Chakraorty Apurba , Biswas D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe work presents a comparative study on GaN/AlGaN type-II heterostructures grown on c-plane Al2O3 and Si (111) substrates by Plasma Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy. The in-depth structural characterizations of these samples were performed by High-Resolution X-Ray Diffraction, X-ray Reflectivity and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. The in-plane and out-of plane strains were determined from measured c- and a-lattice parameters of the epilayers from reciprocal space mapping of both symmetric triple axis (002) and asymmetric grazing incidence (105) double axis mode. The mosaicity parameters like tilt and correlation lengths were also calculated from reciprocal space mapping. Moreover, the twist angle was measured from skew symmetric off axis scan of (102), (103), and (105) planes along with (002) symmetric plane. The defect density were measured from the full width at half maxima of skew symmetric scan of (002) and (102) reflection planes. Also, the strained states of all the layers were analyzed and corresponding Al mole fraction was calculated based on anisotropic elastic theory. The thicknesses of the layers were measured from simulation of the nominal structure by fitting with X-ray Reflectivity experimental curves and also by comparing with cross sectional Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy micrographs.
Effect of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) Parameters on Wear Behavior of Heat Affected Zone of HSLA Steel Plates
Authors: López Bustos Z.L. , García Vázquez F.J. , Pérez Medina G.Y. , Vargas Arista B. , López Cortez V.H. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe wear phenomenon may occur for a variety of work conditions in the material. It causes losses in terms of time and costs in the components which are used for heavy machinery due to its re-pair or even replacement. It is important to select suitable materials that exhibit high-quality weldability and resistance to abrasive wear such as the high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel grade 950A. Therefore, it is necessary to study the wear behavior of this kind of steel after components are joined by multi-pass gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process, specifically on the heat affected zone (HAZ). The aim of this research was to evaluate wear resistance by pin on disc test and hardness on heat affected zone of HSLA steel plates with thickness of 14 mm joined by using GMAW process varying different parameters as wire feed speed and voltage. The influence of microstructural features such as carbide precipitation on wear behavior and hardness was investigated using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that microstructure is modified by the heat input of the welding process, affecting the material properties and causing more susceptibility to wear on the welded area.
Study of Corrosion Behavior of Polyuretane/nanoHidroxiapatite Hybrid Coating in Hank Solution at 25 °C
Authors: Carbajal-De La Torre G. , Martinez-Valencia A.B. , Sanchez-Castillo A. , Villagomez-Galindo M. , Espinosa-Medina M.A. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe study of corrosion behavior of polyurethane/nanohydroxyapatite hybrid coating in aerated Hank solution at 25 °C by Potentiodinamic and Electrochemical Impedance techniques was realized. The nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) powders were synthesized by ultrasonic assisted co-precipitation wet chemical method and then mixed with pure polyurethane (PU) during the polymerization. Results were supported by SEM morphologic characterization. Results showed that good corrosion resistance of hybrid coating, showing small corrosion product layer formation. Corrosion mechanisms are affected by an increasing of polarization resistance, promoting decreasing in the corrosion rates. Diffusion of ionic species was the governing mechanism in the corrosion behavior of polyurethane/nanohydroxyapatite hybrid coating.
Malignant catarrhal fever in a Vietnamese pot-bellied pig
Authors: Lapp S. , Förster C. , Kummrow M. , Wohlsein P. , Haist V. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryMalignant catarrhal fever (MCF) represents a sporadic and often fatal disease in various ungulate species including rarely swine. A close contact between susceptible and reservoir species of ovine herpes-virus-2 (OvHV-2) is a requirement for virus transmission. As in ruminants, a rapid course of disease with lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis and necrotizing vasculitis in multiple organs is frequently seen in porcine MCF. This report describes a case of MCF in a Vietnamese pot-bellied pig, which was kept in a zoological exhibit with direct contact to various ruminants. It represents the first description of porcine MCF with proven natural OvHV-2 infection in Germany. OvHV-2 should be considered as cause of fatalities among swine especially in mixed-species exhibits as present in many zoological gardens. Also farm pigs kept in free ranging husbandry systems with potential contact to sheep and other ruminant species may be at risk.
Comparison of marine macrophytes for their contributions to blue carbon sequestration
Authors: Trevathan-Tackett Stacey M. , Kelleway Jeffrey , Macreadie Peter I. , Beardall John , Ralph Peter , Bellgrove Alecia 
Published: May 2015

Many marine ecosystems have the capacity for long‐term storage of organic carbon (C) in what are termed “blue carbon” systems. While blue carbon systems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) are efficient at long‐term sequestration of organic carbon (C), much of their sequestered C may originate from other (allochthonous) habitats. Macroalgae, due to their high rates of production, fragmentation, and ability to be transported, would also appear to be able to make a significant contribution as C donors to blue C habitats. In order to assess the stability of macroalgal tissues and their likely contribution to long‐term pools of C, we applied thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to 14 taxa of marine macroalgae and coastal vascular plants. We assessed the structural complexity of multiple lineages of plant and tissue types with differing cell wall structures and found that decomposition dynamics varied significantly according to differences in cell wall structure and composition among taxonomic groups and tissue function (photosynthetic vs. attachment). Vascular plant tissues generally exhibited greater stability with a greater proportion of mass loss at temperatures >300°C (peak mass loss ~320°C) than macroalgae (peak mass loss between 175−300°C), consistent with the lignocellulose matrix of vascular plants. Greater variation in thermogravimetric signatures within and among macroalgal taxa, relative to vascular plants, was also consistent with the diversity of cell wall structure and composition among groups. Significant degradation above 600°C for some macroalgae, as well as some belowground seagrass tissues, is likely due to the presence of taxon‐specific compounds. The results of this study highlight the importance of the lignocellulose matrix to the stability of vascular plant sources and the potentially significant role of refractory, taxon‐specific compounds (carbonates, long‐chain lipids, alginates, xylans, and sulfated polysaccharides) from macroalgae and seagrasses for their long‐term sedimentary C storage.This study shows that marine macroalgae do contain refractory compounds and thus may be more valuable to long‐term carbon sequestration than we previously have considered.
Early Detection of Phoma Lingam Infection in Oilseed Winter Rape Before Visible Symptoms Appear
Authors: Hura Katarzyna , Hura Tomasz , Grzesiak Maciej , Rapacz Marcin 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
A chlorophyll fluorescence technique enabled early detection of disturbances in the activity of the photosynthet-ic apparatus under Phoma lingam infection. The photosynthetic apparatus of leaves and cotyledons exhibited a negative response to P. lingam inoculation. The effect disappeared more rapidly in leaves, which were not inoculated directly, than in cotyledons, which were inoculated directly. Photosynthetic apparatus disturbances were detected in cotyledons and leaves as early as 24 h after inoculation. Photosynthetic apparatus activity can be affected by the level of hydrogen peroxide, which in cotyledons probably was an element of the hypersensitive response and in leaves could induce an increase in pathogenesis-related proteins, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase.
Tanshinones in Culture of Salvia Przewalskii Maxim in Vitro
Authors: Skała Ewa , Mielicki Wojciech , Wysokińska Halina 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The content of four tanshinones was determined in different in vitro cultures of Salvia przewalskii. Accumulation of tanshinones depended on the type and age of tissue and could be altered by growth conditions. Differentiated tissues (in vitro cultured shoots, shoots and roots of plantlets regenerated in vitro) contained more diterpenoids than undifferentiated tissues (i.e., the four callus lines). Root was the most important organ for tan-shinone accumulation. The highest levels were achieved in roots of 4-week-old plantlets (5.1-5.6 mg g−1 DW); the shoots used for root induction were maintained on multiplication medium for 2.5-4 years with regular subcultures every 4 weeks.
Involvement of the IAA-Regulated ACC Oxidase Gene PnACO3 in Pharbitis Nil Flower Inhibition
Authors: Wilmowicz Emilia , Frankowski Kamil , Kućko Agata , Kęsy Jacek , Kopcewicz Jan 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The study examined the influence of light and auxin on the transcription level of PnACO3, a gene involved in ethylene production, in relation to the inhibitory effect of ethylene on flower induction in the short-day plant Pharbitis nil (=Ipomoea nil). Exogenous auxin was shown to increase the level of PnACO3 mRNA, with the effect depending on the experimental conditions. Light did not affect the level of PnACO3 mRNA. Applying auxin to seedling cotyledons at the beginning of inductive night boosted PnACO3 transcriptional activity even threefold during the next few hours, supporting our previous suggestion that the inhibitory effect of auxin on P. nil flowering results from its stimulatory effect on ethylene production.
Changes in Pigment Content of Triticale Genotypes Infested with Grain Aphid Sitobion Avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Wójcicka Agnieszka 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The effect of feeding by the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on chlorophyll, carotenoid and flavonoid content was studied in waxy and waxless triticale genotypes. On both sampling dates (5 and 10 days after infestation), seedlings of infested waxy and waxless plants had lower chlorophylls and carotenoids and higher flavonoids than in uninfested plants.
Chromosome Numbers and Basic Chromosome Numbers in Monocotyledonous Genera of the Western Himalayas (India)
Authors: Kaur Harpreet , Mubarik Nadeem , Kumari Santosh , Gupta Raghbir Chand 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Worldwide chromosome number information has been compiled from the literature for monocotyledonous genera whose members have been cytologically studied in the last three years from Kangra District (Himachal Pradesh) and Kashmir (Jammu & Kashmir) in the Western Himalayas, comprising 143 species of 86 genera in 12 families, many in the family Poaceae. Chromosome number information from the literature is supplemented with new and varied reports for 54 species/56 taxa from the present study. Overall, the chromosome numbers range from 2n=10 to 2n=120. Some species in all genera show a large number of cytotypes, clearly highlighting the role of inter- and intraspecific genetic diversity as well as polyploidy and dysploidy. The basic chromosome numbers in all 86 genera are reconsidered. Monobasic genera are more common in Poaceae, and polyba-sic genera are more common in the other 11 families. Polyploidy in the different genera ranges from 3x to 40x, and is quite high in certain genera (18x in Avena, Bothriochloa, Isachne, Helictotrichon and Panicum; 19x in Saccharum; 24x in Tradescantia; 28x in Eleocharis; 32x in Cyperus; 36x in Andropogon; 38x in Poa; 40x in Dioscorea). An updated checklist of chromosome number variability in these genera is given for India and world-wide.
Factors Affecting Doubled Haploid Plant Production Via Maize Technique in Bread Wheat
Authors: Xynias Ioannis , Koufalis Antonios , Gouli-Vavdinoudi Evdokia , Roupakias Demetrios 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The effect of two in planta factors (growth conditions, genotype) and two in vitro factors (time of embryo rescue, embryo rescue medium) on doubled haploid (DH) plant production in bread wheat via maize technique was investigated in nine F1 hybrids produced after crossing four bread wheat cultivars. During the first year one group of F1 plants was grown in a field and at the proper stage pollinated with maize pollen (sweet corn popu-lation). In parallel, a second group of F1 plants was grown in a growth chamber and pollinated as in the former group. In the second growing season the experiment was repeated but only field-grown plants were used. All the produced haploid embryos were cultured in three different media and the resulting 146 haploid plants were sub-sequently treated with aqueous solution of colchicine. Finally, 86 doubled haploid plants were obtained. We noted that the growing conditions of the parental plants and the intervening time between day of pollination and day of embryo rescue influenced the percentage of haploid embryo production. Culture medium also influenced haploid and doubled haploid plant production. The two media (MS/2, B5) were found equally effective. Most of the haploid embryos originated from the Penios × Acheloos cross, whereas most of the doubled haploid plants were produced from the KVZ × Penios cross. Doubled haploid plants were produced from all crosses.