bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Cell Line of Calf Kidney and Its Susceptibility to Viruses
Authors: Kimura Susumu , Fukui Kohmei , Yoshida Nagayuki , Matsubara Yoshikatsu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA new cell line (CKT) derived from a male calf kidney obtained in Tokushima, Japan has been established and cultivated serially over a period of 3 years. Morphologically, this line had a fibroblast‐like appearance during early cell passages, but became an epithelial‐cell form by the 20th passage and subsequently retained this form without significant morphological change during further passage in vitro. CKT cells had no susceptibility to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 or to echovirus type 4, but low susceptibility to coxsackie viruses B1 and B5. The cells showed a susceptibility similar to that of HeLa cells, but lower than that of human embryo kidney cells, when challenged with adenoviruses.
The Multiplication of Staphylococcal Phages in Nonpermissive Hosts
Authors: Wentworth Berttina B. , Romig William R. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTDetermining the phage susceptibility of staphylococci is complicated by the appearance of “inhibition,” in which concentrated phage suspensions produce confluent lysis, but no dilution of the phage suspension produces distinct plaques. Variants of typing phage 81 were found to inhibit cultures A17 and A19. The multiplication of phage in these nonpermissive hosts was studied by using more sensitive indicator strains for phage assays in one‐step growth experiments. The phage produced was neither host‐modified nor mutant. Since there have been reports of endemic hospital infections due to untypable strains inhibited by group III phages, two such strains, CL‐4 and CL‐63, were studied for production of typing phages 47 and 53. It was found that inhibition may be associated with either a normal burst of phage from a small fraction of infectious bacterial centers or with the release of a reduced burst from a higher proportion of infectious centers. The multiplication of phage in some cells of these nonpermissive hosts appeared to depend upon the physiological state of the culture as well as the genetic potential of the phage.
Drug Resistance of Staphylococci
Authors: Hashimoto Hajime , Oshima Hiroshi , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAccording to genetic studies of the inducible resistance to macrolide antibiotics; erythromycin (EM), oleandomycin (OM), leucomycin (LM), spiramycin (SP), in Staphylococcus aureus, it was found that there are two types of cross‐resistance; resistance to EM and to both EM and OM. In EM‐resistant strains, EM is an active inducer, while both EM and OM are the inducers in those strains resistant to both EM and OM. However, the induced populations of both strains acquired high resistance (800 μg/ml or more) to all macrolide antibiotics and to lincomycin. The resistance of induced cells was lost when grown in the absence of inducers. From a strain MS537, in which EM is an inducer, a mutant MS537‐1 was obtained on the plate containing OM. In strain MS537‐1, OM, in addition to EM, has become an active inducer for macrolide resistance. When MS537 and MS537‐1 were cultured on the plate containing LM, mutants MS537‐2 and MS537‐3 were obtained, respectively. They were found to be highly resistant to all macrolide antibiotics and to lincomycin, and their resistance was not inducible but constitutive. According to transductional analysis, it was found that the loci concerned with induction for macrolide resistance and those governing cross‐resistance to macrolide antibiotics were co‐transducible, both loci not being separated by transduction. The constitutive resistance to macrolide antibiotics and to lincomycin in strains MS537‐2 and MS537‐3, was also co‐transducible, suggesting that the resistance to macrolide antibiotics and to lincomycin are determined by a gene or by a cluster of genes in the cocci.
Interference with Virus Infection Induced by RNA in Chick Embryo Cells
Authors: Fukada Tetsuo , Kawade Yoshimi , Ujihara Masako , Shin Chieko , Shima Toshie 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTSome single‐stranded RNA's, notably RNA from E. coli bacteriophage MS2, were found to induce interference with viral growth (Sindbis, vesicular stomatitis, and vaccinia viruses) in chick embryo cell culture. Oligonucleotides appear to have a more essential role for induction of interference than high molecular weight RNA, since (a) phage RNA preparations containing degraded components are more consistently effective than preparations consisting essentially of intact molecules, (b) chick embryo RNA (homologous to the cells), ineffective in itself, becomes strongly effective after digestion with T1 RNase, and (c) calf liver RNA, which gives variable results, becomes reproducibly effective after T1 RNase digestion. Certain structural specificities of oligonucleotides are required, since (a) digests by pancreatic RNase, (b) T1 RNase digests of E. coli and yeast RNA's, and (c) mononucleotides, are all ineffective or only slightly effective. Various characteristics of the interference observed indicate that the RNA does not directly inactivate free virus but inhibits viral replication, most probably by inducing some cellular processes unfavorable for viral growth. Release of interferon into the culture medium during or after RNA treatment was examined, but in many cases only low titers or none of interferon activity were observed. Experiments on Newcastle disease virus, a virus relatively insensitive to interferon, yielded variable results as to its sensitivity to RNA‐induced interference. Thus the role of interferon in the RNA‐induced interference described here remains unsettled.
Studies on Parainfluenza Virus Infections among Infants and Children in Sendai
Authors: Numazaki Yoshio , Yano Namio , Shigeta Shiro , Ikeda Mari , Takai Soji , Suto Tsunehisa , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAccording to our own procedures of virus isolation and serology, 53 cases of parainfluenza virus infections were found out of 479 infants and children with respiratory illness between September 1963 and December 1965 in Sendai. Virus isolation was positive in 134 cases out of 479 tested, including 60 respiratory syncytial (RS) virus, 28 parainfluenza virus and others. In serological study, poor antibody production in type 2 parainfluenza virus infection was noticed as compared with type 1 or type 3 infections. Three cases from which no viral agent was recovered, showed significant antibody rise against Sendai virus without antibody rise against any other parainfluenza and mumps viruses. In addition, Sendai virus antibody was most frequently found as a heterotypic antibody in these parainfluenza virus infections. Type 1 and type 3 parainfluenza virus infections were observed in spring, whereas type 2 virus infections were observed in autumn and winter. In this epidemiologic and clinical study, it is most notable that the incidence of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) is less than that in the reports from other European and American countries.
Bovine Epizootic Fever
Authors: Tanaka Yoshio , Inaba Yuji , Sato Kunihiko , Ito Hiroshi , Omori Tuneyoshi , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIt was found that the ruins of Bovine Epizootic Fever appeared to be RNA as its replication was not inhibited by 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine. It had a buoyant density of 1.196, was not filterable through membrane filter (Millipore Filter Corp. Mass.) of 100 mμ pore size, and was sensitive to ether, chloroform and deoxycholate, was inactivated by trypsin and ultraviolet irradiation, precipitated by protamine sulfate, readily inactivated at pH 3.0, fairly labile at 56 C but readily preserved at —80 C, not stabilized at 50 C by I M MgCl2, and resisted repeated freeze‐thawing. The virus appears not to require a DNA‐depcndent RNA synthesis in the host cell for its replication, as chromomycin A3 did not inhibit its replication. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation was unsuitable for purification because of a very poor recovery of infectivity. CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation was successfully used for this purpose, and electron microscopy of the resulting fractions by phosphotungstic negative staining technique revealed virus‐like bullet‐shape particles, about 140 mμ in length and 80 mμ across, in the fraction of peak infectivity titer. The particle is probably the virion of the virus. These findings suggest relation of the virus to Rhabdoviruses [6], but further studies are necessary. The physicochemical properties of the virus provide additional evidence for similarity of the virus to bovine ephemeral fever virus, and emphasizes the desirability of further detailed comparative studies to decide whether they are one and the same or merely very closely related.
Antibody Formation in Mice Infected with Salmonella typhimurium by Primary Immunization with Sheep Erythrocytes or Bacterial Cells
Authors: Nakano Masayasu , Saito Kazuhisa 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTInfection of mice with a strain of Salmonella typhimurium, known to multiply in macrophages, resulted in a marked alteration of their antibody response to further antigenic stimulation with sheep red blood cells (sRBC) or killed bacterial cells. The mice infected with a wild‐type S. typhimurium and simultaneously immunized with sRBC, showed a significantly stimulated immune response to sRBC as revealed by the increased number of hemolytic plaque‐forming cells in their spleens during the period following such immunization. Whether the animals were infected intraperitoneally or intravenously did not affect the stimulant effect of the infection on the immune response to sRBC. Injection of killed bacteria in amounts up to 106 organisms, instead of infection with live organisms, did not elicit any effective enhancement of antibody formation to sRBC. In cases of attenuated S. typhimurium infection, the stimulant effect on antibody formation to sRBC was obvious in the mice infected with the organisms simultaneously with or 1 week prior to the sRBC injection, while a slight suppression of antibody formation was observed in mice infected 3 weeks before the injection with sRBC. A similar effect of the infection was observed when the serum anti‐bacterial antibody response was examined after stimulation with bacterial antigens. The altered immune responses after Salmonella infection are discussed in relation to the adjuvant effect of bacterial endotoxins and also to the acquired immunity to mouse typhoid.
The Alkaloids of Fungi
Authors: El‐Refai Abdel‐Monam H. , Sallam Lottfy A. R. , Naim Nadia 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTExamination of different species of local fungi, grown on two nutritive solutions of different composition, for alkaloid formation was investigated. The formation of alkaloids was confined to four species, namely: Geotrichum candidum, Mucor hiemalis, Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus nigricans. A comparative study of the growth as well as the formation of alkaloids by these species and by Claviceps purpurea NRRL was carried out. Methods were also described with which the different alkaloids produced by the experimental strains were identified. Peptides as well as clavine type alkaloids were detected in all cases except with Mucor hiemalis where a compound corresponding to ergosine was the only alkaloid present.
Genetic Recombination in Klebsiella pneumoniae An Approach to Genetic Linkage Mapping
Authors: Matsumoto Hideki , Tazaki Tadakatu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGenetic recombination was observed between two different strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, which is a non‐motile and encapsulated bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae and has about 55% of its DNA content as GC. The mode of recombination seemed to be similar to that of the F‐factor mediated conjugation in Escherichia coli. One strain acted as the donor and the other as the recipient, and a relatively large fragment of the donor's chromosome was transferred unilaterally and unidirectionally by cell to cell contact. No genetic factor which is associated with the recombination has been identified. The genetic linkage map of K. pneumoniae was analyzed various mutants derived from the two strains. It was found that the 28 markers so far investigated were arranged linearly in a single linkage group, and that the genetic linkage map of K. pneumoniae, like that of E. coli, could be considered circular. The proposed genetic linkage map of K. pneumoniae was quite similar to that of E. coli or Salmonella typhimurium. The close similarities in this map among the three species suggest a possibility that K. pneumoniae may have differentiated from an ancestor common all three species.
Experimental Salmonellosis
Authors: Kawakami Masaya , Ishibashi Hiroaki , Mitsuhashi Susumu , Sakaino Kohji , Fukai Kohji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMice were infected with smooth or rough strains of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium and viable bacterial cells found in the liver of the inoculated animals were enumerated by plating homogenates of tissues on nutrient agar plates containing 0.35 M sucrose. Some rough strains of these Salmonella were recovered in the bacteria seen on these plates and appeared able to form colonies only on the sucrose‐containing medium but not on an identical medium without added sucrose. This population did not appear in the liver of animals until at least 24 hr after infection. The number of bacteria capable of forming colonies only on the hypertonic medium was found to vary with the time after infection and the strain of bacteria used for infection. From the results of morphological examination of cells of the colonies developing on the hypertonic plates, these bacterial forms were thought to result from unstable L forms in the infected tissues. Possible processes of the formation of these L forms in vivo and their significance in induction of anti‐infectious immunity are discussed.
Macrolide Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Shimizu Mikio , Saito Tetsu , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA heat‐inducible mutant, resistant to macrolide antibiotics (Mac), was isolated from Staphylococcus aureus MS537 in which Mac‐resistance was induced by subinhibitory concentrations of erythromycin (EM). After induction at 42 C, this mutant acquired a high resistance to both Mac and lincomycin (LMC). Transduction and biochemical studies revealed that spiramycin (SP)‐resistance in this mutant was induced by exposure to a high temperature (42 C) or by treatment with EM in broth but not in phosphate buffer. Induction did not take place when chloramphenicol (CM) was added to the induction mixture. Ribosomes from the mutant cultured at 42 C decreased their affinity for SP and consequently polypeptide synthesis on such ribosomes was not inhibited by SP, when compared with those cultured at 30 C. From these results, it was concluded that alteration of ribosomes took place after induction by exposure at high temperatures or by EM‐treatment and that the mechanism of SP‐resistance after induction was accounted for by a decrease in SP‐binding to ribosomes.
Studies on the Antigenic Activities of Yeasts
Authors: Sunayama Hiroyoshi , Suzuki Shigeo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn order to provide further information on the chemical nature of the antigenideterminants of the mannan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the mannan was digested by Arthrobacter α ‐mannosidase, and 9, 21, 35, 59 and 62%‐partially degraded mannans were prepared in the present study. Acetolysis of each degraded mannan showed that only a small amount of the tetrasaccharide was detectable in the 35%‐digested mannan, whereas the predominant product of the 59 and 62%‐digested mannan was mannose. The result of a quantitative precipitation reaction with the degraded mannans showed that the precipitation activities were partially or completely destroyed by the action of the enzyme. The lack of the tetrasaccharide moieties of the mannan were noticeable by a decrease in the precipitating ability. It was observed that the decreasing ratio of either the maximum amount of the antibody N precipitable by the mannan or per cent degradation of the mannan were essentially equal and yielded nearly a straight relationship between 0 and 2.0 hr digestion. However, the 59 and 62%‐digested mannans, containing trace amounts of di‐ and trisaccharides in the branching parts, showed no significant antigenic activities. Furthermore, the molar ratio of the tetrasaccharide relative to the trisaccharide also gradually decreased. These observations confirm that the tetrasaccharide moiety, Man α1→3Man α1→2Manα1→2Man, plays an important role as the antigenic determinant. The core mannan moiety completely lost both the precipitating ability and inhibitory activity in ranges employed up to 1500 μg. These findings offer a direct proof that the core mannan moiety of mannan is not responsible for antigenic activity, and functions merely as the “carrier” of the antigenic determinants which dominate the immunological specificity.
Degradation of RNA of Partially Uncoated Tobacco Mosaic Virus During Extraction from Tobacco Leaves
Authors: Onda Haruo , Hirai Tokuzo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTExtracts of tobacco leaves, 3 to 22 hr after infection with 32P‐labeled tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), were analysed by sucrose density‐gradient centrifugation. As reported previously, a shoulder appeared on the lighter side of the main peak representing intact parent viruses. The shoulder was shown to contain partially uncoated virus particles with sedimentation constants of about 140–150 S, which withstood dialysis against a phosphate buffer. RNA from the uncoated particles was isolated on the sucrose density‐gradient, and its sedimentation constant was estimated at 16–18 S. Intact TMV‐RNA and RNA having 16–18 S were also obtained directly from homogenates of tobacco leaves infected with 32P‐TMV. 32P‐TMV was partially stripped by SDS and was added to tobacco leaf sap to test the RNase activity in tobacco leaves. A part of RNA which was exposed by SDS was digested and the 32P‐radioactivity in the top zone of the centrifugation tube increased. This finding supported the idea that the partially uncoated virus particles in infected leaves lost a portion of their RNA during extraction by the action of the RNase contained in the homogenate.
Transduction Analysis of the Genetic Determinants for Chloramphenicol Resistance in Staphylococci
Authors: Inoue Matsuhisa , Hashimoto Hajime , Yamagishi Saburo , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA genetic analysis of resistance to chloramphenicol (CM) in Staphylococcus aureus S1337 was carried out through transduction. About 3 to 18% of the transductants jointly acquired resistance to both tetracycline (TC) and CM, even when singly selected for either CM‐ or TC‐resistance. When singly selected for either TC‐ or streptomycin (SM)‐resistance, about 1 to 4% of the transductants jointly acquired resistance to both TC and SM. Joint transduction of both CM‐ and SM‐resistance was never observed, when singly selected for either TC‐ or CM‐resistance. These findings indicate that the genetic loci govering CM, TC and SM resistance in S1337 are closely linked, and appear to possess the following linkage order, ‐CM‐TC‐SM‐. The finding that penicillin (PC) resistance is not cotransducible with either CM‐, TC‐, or SM‐resistance, is also accordance with a previous result in MS27, indicating that PC‐resistance is governed by a genetic unit different from the one carrying resistance to TC, SM and CM in S1337.
Aluminum‐Marker of Wild Type 1 Poliovirus Strains
Authors: Nakao Chieko , Tagaya Isamu , Komatsu Toshihiko , Kodama Hideo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAluminum (A)‐marker of 14 wild type 1 poliovirus strains (4 from the central nervous system of fatal cases, 10 from feces of paralytic cases) were studied. These strains were isolated in Japan from 1957 to 1961 before the implementation of the mass vaccination campaign with Sabin live poliovaccine. While an attenuated strain LSc,2ab, and a virulent strain, Mahoney, were shown to be typically A− and A+ respectively, only one of the wild strains examined was A+, 3 strains were A− and the remaining 10 were apparently A−, being thermoresistant in the presence or absence of Al3+ ions, when an ordinary stock virus was used. After three passages in primary monkey kidney cell cultures maintained with l‐cystine‐free synthetic medium No. 199 most of these strains became more or less thermosensitive in the absence of, but stabilized in the presence of Al3+, The results of the monkey neurovirulence test by intrathalamic inoculation with 2 A− strains indicated that they are almost as neurovirulent as the reference A+ Mahoney strain. These results suggest that the A‐marker is an attribute inherent to each strain of type 1 poliovirus without any correlation with neurovirulence in monkeys.
Transfer Agent of Immunity
Authors: Osawa Nobutaka , Saito Kazuko , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAn almost pure population of mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages) was obtained by repeated replacement of the culture medium. When treated in vitro with an immune ribonucleic acid (RNA) preparation extracted from the spleens of mice immunized with horse red blood cells (H‐RBC), the rosette forming cells against H‐RBC were demonstrated in some of the cultured macrophages but not against calf red blood cells. According to both microscopic observations and phagocytic activity, almost all of the rosette formers in this population were found to be large mononuclear phagocytes. These results support our view that large mononuclear phagocytes of mesenchymal origin constitute another cell line responsible for antibody formation in addition to the plasma and lymphocytic cell lines.
Complement Requirement of Neutralizing Antibodies Appearing after Primary and Booster Immunizations with Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Yoshino Kamesaburo , Morishima Taka , Aoki Yoshiro 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTen rabbits were given a primary course of immunization by 4 weekly intravenous injections of herpes virus, and 1.5 years later 3 of them showing low titers of neutralizing antibody received 1 booster injection. The serological response in the primary immunization was characterized by an early development of complement‐requiring neutralizing (CRN) antibody ahead of that of non‐complement‐requiring neutralizing (N) antibody, the CRN/N ratio being 8 to 128 within 3 weeks. In contrast, N antibody appeared much faster after the booster immunization, the CRN/N ratio approaching 4 within 1 week. The early type IgG, whose neutralizing activity was enhanced by complement (C′) about 16‐fold, was distinct from the late type IgG which could not be enhanced by C′ more than 4‐fold. The late type IgG appeared after 4 weeks and 3 days in the primary and booster immunizations, respectively. Serological examinations of human patients suggested the occurrence of the booster type response in the case of repeated infections among adults.
Inhibition of Phage Growth by an Antibiotic Rugulosin Isolated from Myrothecium verucaria
Authors: Nakamura Shinichi , Nii Fusako , Shimizu Masanao , Watanabe Itaru , Haruna Ichiro 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe mechanism of anti‐phage action of (—)rugulosin was investigated mainly using phage MS2. In the presence of the antibiotic, phage adsorption was not inhibited and phage–bacterium complexes did not remain in an antiserum‐sensitive state. However, phage–bacterium complexes temporarily remained in a shear‐sensitive state during the time immediately following phage infection and phage RNA penetrating into the host bacteria was decreased. The antibiotic also acted on preformed antiserum‐ and shear‐resistant infective centers and inhibited the in vitro RNA synthesis by Qβ replicase. These results indicate that the mechanim of action of the antibiotic consists of at least 2 parts, i.e., the inhibition of the penetration of phage RNA into the host bacteria and some early intracellular reaction(s) for phage multiplication.