bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic engineering technologies for Ethiopian agriculture: Prospects and challenges
Authors: Abraham Adane 
Published: October 2014

Genetic engineering (GE) technologies can contribute to improve crop productivity and quality in Ethiopia. Adoption of commercialized insect resistance and herbicide tolerance technologies can help to protect major crops such as cotton, maize, sorghum and small cereals from their main insect pests or prevent heavy weed-inflicted loss. Moreover, key production constraints such asÂ bacterial wilt of enset, late blight of potato, drought stress on crops like maize and wheat, lodging resistance on tef as well as low nutritive quality of native crops like enset and grasspea can be addressed by strengthening domestic GE research capacity and international collaboration. Cognizant of this potential, the Ethiopian government has made significant investment in modern biotechnology capacity building in the last decade. There has also been specific interest by cotton sector to boost its productivity by adopting insect resistance (Bt) technologies. However, the GE regulatory system based on the existing biosafety law is so stringent that it is not possible for the country to access useful technologies from abroad as well as initiate domestic GE research. Consequently, no GE experiment is approved so far, leaving the country at risk of missing out on the global GE revolution. To catch up and Â harness the benefits of GE technologies, the country needs to create conducive regulatory environment, strengthen domestic GE capacity and devise a farsighted strategy.
Efficacy of Botanical Pesticides in Controlling Insect Pests of Three Pigeon Pea Varieties
Authors: Artienda, Jr. Victorino 
Published: October 2014

Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) is a high-value crop with its nutritional and medicinal properties that could augment food security. Pigeon pea is prone to pests attack that could affect its yield, thus, this study is conceived. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of botanical pesticides in controlling insect pests of three pigeon pea varieties. Specifically, it sought to: 1) determine which of the botanical pesticides can effectively control insect pests of pigeon pea; 2) find out which among the pigeon pea varieties has the least damage by insect pests; and 3) identify and recommend the best-botanical pesticides to control insect pests of pigeon peas. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design. Data gathered were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance. Significant differences among treatment means were analyzed using the Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results implied that the botanical extract applied to the pigeon pea plants exhibited a significant effect in terms of controlling the pests. The results of the study conclude that the application of botanical extracts is comparably effective in controlling pests of pigeon pea. The study recommends that B1 (Neem Leaf Extract), B2 (Yellow Ginger Extract) and B3 (Hot Pepper Extract) can be used to control insect pests of pigeon peas; V2 (ICPL 87119) is recommended for production due to its resistance to pests.
EXISTING IN HISTORY: ITALY'S DEVIOUS PATH FROM DEFEAT TO RECOVERY
Authors: ABSALOM ROGER 
Published: July 2002

Italy in the Cold War. Politics, culture & society,

1948–1958. Edited by Christopher Duggan

and Christopher Wagstaff. Oxford/Washington DC: Berg. 1995. Pp.

xi+228, index. £34.95War in Italy 1943–1945. A brutal story. By

Richard Lamb. London: Penguin Books. 1995

(1993). Pp. viii+335, maps and index. £7.99Italy and the wider world, 1860–1960. By R. J. B.

Bosworth. London and New York:

Routledge. 1996. Pp. x+252, index. £40.00‘America is the strongest and most prosperous nation on earth,’

Nately informed him

with lofty fervor and dignity. ‘And the American fighting man is

second to none.’

‘Exactly,’ agreed the old man pleasantly, with a hint of

taunting amusement. ‘Italy, on

the other hand, is one of the least prosperous nations on earth. And the

Italian fighting man is probably second to all. And that's exactly
why my

country is doing so well in this

war while your country is doing so poorly [[ctdot ]] You see,

Italy is really a very poor and

weak country, and that's what makes us so strong’.
‘THE WOE THAT WAS IN MARRIAGE’: SOME RECENT WORKS ON THE
HISTORY

OF WOMEN, MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND AND EUROPE
Authors: SAMPSON MARGARET 
Published: July 2002

Marriage and the English Reformation. By Eric Josef Carlson.

Oxford: Blackwell, 1994. Pp. ix+276. ISBN 0-631-16864-8. £45.00Gender, sex and subordination in England, 1550–1800.
By

Anthony Fletcher. New Haven and

London: Yale University Press, 1995. Pp. xxii+442. ISBN 0-300-06531-0.

£19.95.Domestic dangers: women, words, and sex in early modern London.

By Laura Gowing. Oxford:

Clarendon Press, 1996. Pp. 301. ISBN 0-19-820517-1. £35.00.The prospect before her: a history of women in western Europe,

Volume one, 1500–1800. By Olwen

Hufton. London: HarperCollins, 1995. Pp. xiv+654. ISBN 0-00255120-9. £25.00.Sex and subjection: attitudes to women in early modern society.

By Margaret R. Sommerville.

London: Edward Arnold, 1995. Pp. 287. ISBN 0-340-64574-1. £14.99.
MEROE AND THE SUDANIC KINGDOMS
Authors: EDWARDS DAVID N. 
Published: July 2002

The kingdom of Kush (Meroe) represents one of a series of early
states
located within the Middle Nile. At its greatest extent controlling more
than
1,000 km. of the Nile valley from northern Lower Nubia to Sennar on the

Blue Nile, its scale, longevity and cultural achievements are remarkable
(Fig.
1). While its origins in the early millennium b.c. and its demise
around the
fourth century a.d. still remain obscure, it is one of the earliest
and most
impressive states yet found south of the Sahara. This notwithstanding,
the
place of the Kushite state and its civilization within the history of
sub-Saharan Africa remains far from clear.The early development of complex societies in the Middle Nile within
the
frontiers of the modern republic of Sudan raises many questions concerning

the role of external influences and cultural contacts on the region. The
ever
present shadow of Pharaonic Egypt looms large in most studies, and very

close links are still maintained between Meroitic (and Nubian) studies
and
Egyptology. One result of the undoubted Egyptocentrism which has for so

long dominated research in the region has been the neglect of many research

areas likely to be of interest to archaeologists and historians working

elsewhere in Africa. The political structuring and organisation of power

within the Kushite state still remain little studied, while little interest
has
been shown in trying to contextualize it, either in relation to later kingdoms

of the Middle Nile or indeed in the history of state development in Sudanic

Africa as a whole. All too often it seems still implied, if not explicitly
stated,
that the early development of social/political complexity in the region,
with
the rise of Kerma, Napata and Meroe and their attendant cultural achievements,

may be largely explained by, and understood in terms of, Egyptian
models: ‘secondary states’ on the margins of a great civilization,
unique
within, and effectively unconnected with, other regions of sub-Saharan

Africa.The concern of this paper is briefly to reassess a number of questions

concerning our perceptions of the Kushite state, which also have implications

for our understanding of the long-term history of early states within the

Middle Nile and their relation to other parts of Sudanic Africa.
Effect of fertilizer rate and form on the recovery of
15N-labelled fertilizer applied to wheat in Syria
Authors: PILBEAM C. J. , McNEILL A.M. , HARRIS H. C. , SWIFT R. S. 
Published: July 2002

15N-labelled fertilizer was applied at different rates
(0, 30, 60, 90 kg N ha−1) and in different forms
(urea or ammonium sulphate) to wheat grown in Syria in three seasons
(1991/92, 1992/93 and 1994/95).Recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer in the above-ground crop at
harvest was low (8–22%), with the amount of
15N-labelled fertilizer recovered in the crop increasing as the
rate of application increased.
Fertilizer application caused a significant increase in the amount of unlabelled
soil N in the crop,
suggesting that the application of N fertilizer caused a ‘real’ added
nitrogen interaction. Recovery of
15N-labelled fertilizer in the crop was unaffected by the
form of the fertilizer.On average 31% (14–54%) of the
15N-labelled fertilizer remained in the soil at harvest, mostly in
the 0–20 cm layer. At the lowest application rate (30 kg N
ha−1) most of the residual fertilizer was as
organic N, but at the higher application rates (60 and 90 kg N
ha−1), a greater proportion of the 15N-labelled
fertilizer was
recovered as inorganic N, presumably as the result of top-dressing N in dry
conditions in the spring. The amount of
15N-labelled fertilizer remaining in the soil increased as the
fertilizer rate increased, but was unaffected by the form of fertilizer applied.Losses of 15N-labelled fertilizer were large (>35%), probably
caused by gaseous losses, either
through volatilization of N from the calcareous soil, or through denitrification
from wet soils rich in organic residues.N fertilization strategies in the West Asia/North Africa (WANA) region
should take note of the
low recovery of N fertilizer by the crop in the season of application, and
the resultant large quantities of residual fertilizer.
Effects of bacterial inoculation of unwilted and wilted
grass silages. 2. Intake, performance and eating
behaviour by dairy cattle
Authors: PATTERSON D. C. , YAN T. , GORDON F. J. , KILPATRICK D. J. 
Published: July 2002

Four grass silages, namely unwilted and wilted silages each
with and without bacterial inoculation,
were prepared on each of eight harvesting occasions during the 1994
growing season (Yan et al. 1998).
The four silages, made at each harvest, were offered ad libitum

to 48 lactating dairy cows in a 2
(control v. additive)×2 (unwilted v. wilted)×8

(harvest (period)) change-over design experiment with
3-week experimental periods. The animals also received 6·9 kg
dry matter (DM) of a concentrate
supplement daily during the first period and then the allowance of the
supplement was reduced by
0·43 kg DM at the start of each subsequent period. The supplement

was based on barley, molasses
and soyabean meal. The data presented are the mean results obtained across
the eight harvests.No significant interactions were found between inoculation and wilting
for silage intake,
performance and silage eating behaviour. Inoculation significantly
increased milk yield (2·4%,
P<0·05) and lactose output in milk (2·3%,
P<0·05) across the unwilted and wilted silages. These

increases following inoculation in general arose equally from both the

unwilted and wilted silages.
However, inoculation of either the unwilted or wilted silages had no
significant effects on silage DM
intake, milk composition, or silage eating behaviour. Wilting
significantly increased silage DM intake
(20·1%, P<0·001), milk yield (2·8%,
P<0·05) and the concentrations (P<0·001)
and yields
(P<0·01) of both fat and protein across the
untreated and inoculant-treated silages. The increases
following wilting derived equally from both the untreated and
inoculant-treated silages. Wilting also
significantly influenced silage eating behaviour with a significant
decrease following wilting in number
of meals per day (6·5%, P<0·05) and an
increase in eating rate (kg DM per eating hour) (29·7%,
P<0·001) across the untreated and inoculant-treated

silages. These results indicate that inoculation
of the unwilted and wilted silages produced similar increases
in milk production. Large positive
responses in silage DM intake and performance were recorded following wilting
with both the
untreated and inoculant-treated silages.
“Who's The Mack?”: The Performativity and Politics of
the Pimp Figure in Gangsta Rap
Authors: QUINN EITHNE 
Published: July 2002

Mack: pimp; talk someone into something“Pimptionary,” Ice-TMack man: Short for Mackerel man, a pimp. Possibly from the French
maquereau. Connotes the working side of pimping, especially the line, the “rap,”
the psychological game.“Pimp Talk,” Christina and Richard MilnerMack, as these definitions attest, is synonymous with pimp and is so
deployed in gangsta rap as both noun and verb. From this denotative
meaning, the term has assumed secondary meanings: to persuade, or as
Ice-T says “to talk someone into.” The mack comes to mean the
persuader, the trickster, the rapper. This semantic shift strikes at the
centre of the equivalencies between rap artist and pimp. As music critic
S. H. Fernando asserts, “the one specific quality that pimps and rappers
share is their way with words.” If broad parallels can be drawn between
pimping and rapping, what is distinctive about the notorious and highly
successful subgenre of gangsta rap, which emerged in late-1980s urban
California, is that here this equivalence is literalized. Many gangsta
rappers actually assume pimp personae, presenting oral narratives which
fulfil both denotative and connotative meanings of the word mack.
On the beta-drift of an initially circular vortex patch
Authors: SAI-LAP LAM J. , DRITSCHEL DAVID G. 
Published: July 2002

The nonlinear inviscid evolution of a vortex patch in a single-layer quasi-geostrophic
fluid and within a background planetary vorticity gradient is examined numerically
at unprecedented spatial resolution. The evolution is governed by two dimensionless
parameters: the initial size (radius) of the vortex compared to the Rossby deformation
radius, and the initial strength of the vortex compared to the variation of the planetary
vorticity across the vortex. It is found that the zonal speed of a vortex increases with its
strength. However, the meridional speed reaches a maximum at intermediate vortex
strengths. Both large and weak vortices are readily deformed, often into elliptical
and tripolar shapes. This deformation is shown to be related to an instability of the
instantaneous vorticity distribution in the absence of the planetary vorticity gradient β.The extremely high numerical resolution employed reveals a striking feature of the
flow evolution, namely the generation of very sharp vorticity gradients surrounding
the vortex and extending downstream of it in time. These gradients form as the vortex
forces background planetary vorticity contours out of its way as it propagates. The
contours close to the vortex swirl rapidly around the vortex and homogenize, but at
some critical distance the swirl is not strong enough and, instead, a sharp vorticity gradient
forms. The region inside this sharp gradient is called the ‘trapped zone’, though
it shrinks slowly in time and leaks. This leaking occurs in a narrow wake called the
‘trailing front’, another zone of sharp vorticity gradients, extending behind the vortex.
Matrix approach to Lagrangian fluid dynamics
Authors: YAKUBOVICH E. I. , ZENKOVICH D. A. 
Published: July 2002

A new approach to ideal-fluid hydrodynamics based on the notion of continuous
deformation of infinitesimal material elements is proposed. The matrix approach
adheres to the Lagrangian (material) view of fluid motion, but instead of Lagrangian
particle trajectories, it treats the Jacobi matrix of their derivatives with respect to
Lagrangian variables as the fundamental quantity completely describing fluid motion.A closed set of governing matrix equations equivalent to conventional Lagrangian
equations is formulated in terms of this Jacobi matrix. The equation of motion
is transformed into a nonlinear matrix differential equation in time only, where
derivatives with respect to the Lagrangian variables do not appear. The continuity
equation that requires constancy of the Jacobi determinant in time takes the form
of an algebraic constraint on the Jacobi matrix. An accompanying linear consistency
condition, which is responsible for the dependence on spatial variables and does not
include time derivatives, ensures completeness of the system and reconstruction of
the particle trajectories by the Jacobi matrix.A class of exact solutions to the matrix equations that describes rotational non-stationary
three-dimensional motions having no analogues in the conventional formulations
is also found and investigated. A distinctive feature of these motions is
precession of vortex lines (rectilinear or curvilinear) around a fixed axis in space.
Boundary problems for the derived exact solutions including matching of rotational
and potential motions across the boundary of a vortex tube are addressed. In particular,
for the cylindrical vortex of elliptical cross-section involved in three-dimensional
precession, the outer potential flow is constructed and shown to be a non-stationary
periodic straining flow at a large distance from the vortex axis.
Collisional sheet flows of sediment driven by a turbulent fluid
Authors: JENKINS JAMES T. , HANES DANIEL M. 
Published: July 2002

We consider a sheet flow in which heavy grains near a packed bed
interact with a
unidirectional turbulent shear flow of a fluid. We focus on sheet flows
in which the
particles are supported by their collisional interactions rather than by
the velocity
fluctuations of the turbulent fluid and introduce what we believe to be
the simplest
theory for the collisional regime that captures its essential features.We employ a relatively simple model of the turbulent shearing of the
fluid and use
kinetic theory for the collisional grain flow to predict profiles of the
mean fluid velocity,
the mean particle velocity, the particle concentration, and the strength
of the particle
velocity fluctuations within the sheet. These profiles are obtained as
solutions to the
equations of balance of fluid and particle momentum and particle fluctuation
energy
over a range of Shields parameters between 0.5 and 2.5. We compare the
predicted
thickness of the concentrated region and the predicted features of the
profile of the
mean fluid velocity with those measured by Sumer et al. (1996).
In addition, we
calculate the volume flux of particles in the sheet as a function of Shields
parameter.Finally, we apply the theory to sand grains in air for the conditions
of a sandstorm
and calculate profiles of particle concentration, velocity, and local volume
flux.
The turbulent burning velocity for large-scale and small-scale turbulence
Authors: PETERS N. 
Published: July 2002

The level-set approach is applied to a regime of premixed turbulent
combustion where
the Kolmogorov scale is smaller than the flame thickness. This regime is
called the
thin reaction zones regime. It is characterized by the condition that small
eddies can
penetrate into the preheat zone, but not into the reaction zone.By considering the iso-scalar surface of the deficient-species mass
fraction Y
immediately ahead of the reaction zone a field equation for the scalar
quantity
G(x, t)
is derived, which describes the location of the thin reaction zone. It
resembles the level-set equation used in the corrugated flamelet regime, but the resulting
propagation
velocity s*L normal to the front
is a fluctuating quantity and the curvature term
is multiplied by the diffusivity of the deficient species rather than
the Markstein
diffusivity. It is shown that in the thin reaction zones regime diffusive
effects are
dominant and the contribution of s*L to

the solution of the level-set equation is small.In order to model turbulent premixed combustion an equation is used
that contains
only the leading-order terms of both regimes, the previously analysed corrugated

flamelets regime and the thin reaction zones regime. That equation accounts
for
non-constant density but not for gas expansion effects within the flame
front which
are important in the corrugated flamelets regime. By splitting G
into a mean and a
fluctuation, equations for the Favre mean [Gtilde]and the variance

[Gtilde]″2 are derived. These
quantities describe the mean flame position and the turbulent flame brush
thickness,
respectively. The equation for [Gtilde]″2 is
closed by considering two-point statistics. Scaling
arguments are then used to derive a model equation for the flame surface
area ratio
[rhotilde]. The balance between production, kinematic restoration and
dissipation in this
equation leads to a quadratic equation for the turbulent burning velocity.
Its solution
shows the ‘bending’ behaviour of the turbulent to laminar burning
velocity ratio
sT/sL,
plotted as a function of v′/sL.

It is shown that the bending results from the
transition from the corrugated amelets to the thin reaction zones regimes.
This is
equivalent to a transition from Damköhler's large-scale to his
small-scale turbulence
regime.
Some observations on the typology of linguistic theories
Authors: ACKERMAN FARRELL 
Published: July 2002

Gilles Fauconnier & Eve Sweetser (eds.),Space, worlds, and grammar.
Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1996. 355 Pp.Masayoshi Shibatani & Sandra Thompson (eds.),Grammatical constructions:
their form and meaning. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. Pp. xvii+345.Several years ago a volume of articles appeared called The view from Building
20 (Hale & Keyser 1993). As suggested by the title, the contributions
reflected trends guiding the theoretical paradigm pre-eminently associated
with MIT. After reading this collection, a colleague quipped that she
wondered how well the view from Building 20 accorded with the broad
research world beyond it. In this connection, the two books under review
represent perspectives on language analysis which encourage one to pause
and consider the present theoretical landscape in linguistics, and, less
directly, the role of linguistics within modern cognitive science. Among their
other merits, both books provide a rich and useful illustration of some of the
perspectives on language analysis outside of Building 20. In doing so, they
also help to define a more interesting research landscape than that usually
characterized as an opposition between ‘formalists’ versus ‘cognitive/functionalists’.
Schizophrenia-like psychosis following traumatic brain injury: a chart-based descriptive and case–control study
Authors: SACHDEV P. , SMITH J. S. , CATHCART S. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Head injury has been reported to increase the likelihood of the development of schizophrenia-like psychosis (SLP), but its features and risk factors have been insufficiently investigated.Method. Between 1987 and 1997, we examined 45 referred patients with SLP following brain trauma. These subjects were matched with 45 head-injured subjects without SLP on age (current and at injury) and gender, and their case records reviewed systematically. The groups were compared and logistic regression analyses performed.Results.The psychoses had a mean age of onset of 26·3 years, a mean latency of 54·7 months after head injury, usually a gradual onset and a subacute or chronic course. Prodromal symptoms were common and depression often present at onset. Paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations were the predominant features, with formal thought disorder, catatonic features and negative symptoms being uncommon. The SLP group had more widespread brain damage on neuroimaging, especially in the left temporal and right parietal regions, and were more impaired cognitively. Fewer (non-significantly) SLP subjects had epilepsy which was more likely to be well-controlled in this group. On regression analysis, a positive family history of psychosis and duration of loss of consciousness were the best predictors of SLP.Conclusions. Head injury-related psychosis is usually paranoid-hallucinatory and subacute or chronic in its presentation. A genetic predisposition to schizophrenia and severity of injury with significant brain damage and cognitive impairment may be vulnerability factors.