bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconciling Human Rights and Traditional Practices: The Anti-TrokosiCampaign in Gnana
Authors: Ameh Robert Kwame 
Published: August 2014

RésuméUne abondante littérature documente de nombreux exemples de tentatives d'abolir ou de réformer des pratiques traditionnelles allant à l'encontre des droits humains dans différentes sociétés, mais peu de cas de succès ont été rapportés. Celui de la campagne récente contre le systèmetrokosiau Ghana, qui implique la servitude rituelle de femmes, est une exception notable. Jusqu'en août 2000, 59% de toutes lestrokosisavaient été libérées, et en 2004, on estimait leur nombre à moins de 200. La campagne antitrokosi, menée d'abord sous la bannière d'une croisade chrétienne contre la pratique religieuse traditionnelleEwe, avait suscité l'hostilité et peu de coopération auprès les propriétaires des temples et les pratiquants. Ce n'est qu'en changeant la stratégie, à partir de 1995, en campagne internationale pour les droits humains que la voie s'ouvrit pour une première libération massive detrokosis, en 1996. L'auteur soutient que le succès de la campagne est surtout dû à l'approche particulière des droits humains fondée sur l'éducation, le dialogue, la sensibilité culturelle et le respect mutuel.
Empirical analysis suggests continuous and homogeneous circulation of Newcastle disease virus in a wide range of wild bird species in Africa
Authors: CAPPELLE J. , CARON A. , SERVAN De ALMEIDA R. , GIL P. , PEDRONO M. , MUNDAVA J. , FOFANA B. , BALANÇA G. , DAKOUO M. , OULD EL MAMY A. B. , ABOLNIK C. , MAMINIAINA O. F. , CUMMING G. S. , De VISSCHER M.-N. , ALBINA E. , CHEVALIER V. , GAIDET N. 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYNewcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important poultry diseases worldwide and can lead to annual losses of up to 80% of backyard chickens in Africa. All bird species are considered susceptible to ND virus (NDV) infection but little is known about the role that wild birds play in the epidemiology of the virus. We present a long-term monitoring of 9000 wild birds in four African countries. Overall, 3·06% of the birds were PCR-positive for NDV infection, with prevalence ranging from 0% to 10% depending on the season, the site and the species considered. Our study shows that ND is circulating continuously and homogeneously in a large range of wild bird species. Several genotypes of NDV circulate concurrently in different species and are phylogenetically closely related to strains circulating in local domestic poultry, suggesting that wild birds may play several roles in the epidemiology of different NDV strains in Africa. We recommend that any strategic plan aiming at controlling ND in Africa should take into account the potential role of the local wild bird community in the transmission of the disease.
Assessment of coronary ischaemia by myocardial perfusion dipyridamole stress technetium-99 m tetrofosmin, single-photon emission computed tomography, and coronary angiography in children with Kawasaki disease: pre- and post-coronary bypass grafting
Authors: Mostafa Mostafa S. , Sayed Ashraf O. , Al Said Yasser M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackground: Coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease invasively assessed by coronary angiography. Evaluation of myocardial perfusion by single-photon emission computed tomography may identify the haemodynamic significance of coronary lesions.Objective: To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of dipyridamole stress technetium-99 m tetrofosmin, single-photon emission computed tomography as a possible alternative to invasive coronary angiography for detection and follow-up of myocardial ischaemia in patients with Kawasaki disease, and pre- and post-coronary bypass grafting.Patients and methods: Coronary angiography and single-photon emission computed tomography were performed on 21 patients who were classified into three groups – group I (stenosis), group II (giant aneurysms), and group III (small aneurysms). Of the 21 patients, 16 (groups I and II) patients with myocardial perfusion defects, who underwent coronary bypass grafting, were followed up with single-photon emission computed tomography.Result:In group I, all patients had significant coronary stenosis and 100% of them had perfusion defects in the anterior and septal walls. In group II, all patients had giant aneurysms and 83% of them had inferior and inferolateral perfusion defects. In group III, all patients had small aneurysms and 100% of them had normal perfusion. Pre-coronary bypass grafting myocardial ischaemic defects disappeared in all patients after surgery. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of single-photon emission computed tomography were 94, 100, and 95%, respectively.Conclusion:Technetium-99 m tetrofosmin single-photon emission computed tomography can be applied as an accurate non-invasive diagnostic technique for detecting myocardial perfusion defects with coronary artery lesions, and to show improved or even normalised perfusion of the myocardium in patients after surgical revascularisation.
The role of perceived barriers in explaining socio-economic status differences in adherence to the fruit, vegetable and fish guidelines in older adults: a mediation study
Authors: Dijkstra S Coosje , Neter Judith E , van Stralen Maartje M , Knol Dirk L , Brouwer Ingeborg A , Huisman Martijn , Visser Marjolein 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to identify barriers for meeting the fruit, vegetable and fish guidelines in older Dutch adults and to investigate socio-economic status (SES) differences in these barriers. Furthermore, we examined the mediating role of these barriers in the association between SES and adherence to these guidelines.DesignCross-sectional.SettingLongitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), the Netherlands.SubjectsWe used data from 1057 community-dwelling adults, aged 55–85 years. SES was measured by level of education and household income. An FFQ was used to assess dietary intake and barriers were measured with a self-reported lifestyle questionnaire.ResultsOverall, 48·9 % of the respondents perceived a barrier to adhere to the fruit guideline, 40·0 % for the vegetable and 51·1 % for the fish guideline. The most frequently perceived barriers to meet the guidelines were the high price of fruit and fish and a poor appetite for vegetables. Lower-SES groups met the guidelines less often and perceived more barriers. The association between income and adherence to the fruit guideline was mediated by ‘perceiving any barrier to meet the fruit guideline’ and the barrier ‘dislike fruit’. The association between income and adherence to the fish guideline was mediated by ‘perceiving any barrier to meet the fish guideline’ and the barrier ‘fish is expensive’.ConclusionsPerceived barriers for meeting the dietary guidelines are common in older adults, especially in lower-SES groups. These barriers and in particular disliking and cost concerns explained the lower adherence to the guidelines for fruit and fish in lower-income groups in older adults.
John Capgrave
Authors: Winstead Karen A. 
Published: August 2014

John Capgrave (b. 1393–d. 1464), an Augustinian friar from King’s Lynn, Norfolk, was one of medieval England’s most prolific authors. His earliest surviving work is a Latin commentary on Genesis, one of many Latin theological tracts attributed to him, most of which are now lost. In 1440, he composed his first known work in Middle English, a verse life of Saint Norbert of Xanten, the founder of the Premonstratensian order, at the request of John Wygenhale, a Premonstratensian abbot in nearby West Dereham. More saints’ lives followed. Capgrave addressed a verse life (c. 1445) of one of the most popular saints of the time, Katherine of Alexandria, to a general audience; wrote a life of Augustine of Hippo (c. 1450) for an unnamed gentlewoman; and supplied a life of Gilbert of Sempringham (1451) for the Gilbertine nuns at Sempringham. Though Capgrave was long thought to have written the Nova Legenda Anglie, a voluminous anthology of lives of British saints, Peter Lucas has effectively refuted that attribution. Besides saints’ lives, Capgrave’s works include a pilgrim’s guide to Rome, The Solace of Pilgrims, completed shortly after his own pilgrimage in 1450, and historical works. A set of biographies about illustrious people named Henry was dedicated to King Henry VI in 1446. Capgrave’s final project, the Abbreviation of Chronicles, was a concise history of the world (with particular attention, in later sections, to England), from Creation to the 1417 Council of Constance. Augustinian historians undertook much of the early research on Capgrave in the twentieth century. Because most of his works survive in manuscripts that he wrote or corrected himself, Capgrave has also been studied by scholars concerned with dialect and with matters of paleography and codicology. Lately literary scholars have taken an interest in Capgrave’s work. His Life of Saint Katherine, especially, is remarkable for its scope and complexity, with rich characterizations, extended forays into history and theology, and the first extended discussion in English literature of whether women are fit to rule. Once regarded as a dull denizen of a cultural wasteland, Capgrave, like many of his contemporaries, has benefited from revisionist scholarship on the fifteenth century. He is now widely regarded by medievalists as an innovator and a liberal thinker who, though orthodox, championed religious reform.
Role of Cardiac- and Myeloid-MyD88 Signaling in Endotoxin Shock
Authors: Feng Yan , Zou Lin , Chen Chan , Li Dan , Chao Wei 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Background:
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an adaptor molecule critical for host innate immunity. Studies have shown that signaling via MyD88 contributes to cytokine storm, cardiac dysfunction, and high mortality during endotoxin shock. However, the specific contribution of MyD88 signaling of immune and cardiac origins to endotoxin shock remains unknown.

Methods:

Tissue-specific MyD88 deletion models: Cre-recombinase transgenic mice with α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) or lysozyme M promoters were cross-bred with MyD88-loxP (MyD88fl/fl) mice, respectively, to generate cardiomyocyte- (α-MHC-MyD88−/−) or myeloid-specific (Lyz-MyD88−/−) MyD88 deletion models and their respective MyD88fl/fl littermates. Endotoxin shock model: Mice were subjected to 15 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (intraperitoneal injection). Cardiac function was measured by echocardiography and cytokines by multiplex assay and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

Results:
α-MHC-MyD88−/− mice had 61 and 87% reduction in MyD88 gene and protein expression in cardiomyocytes, respectively, whereas Lyz-MyD88−/− had 73 and 67% decrease, respectively, in macrophages (n = 3 per group). After lipopolysaccharide treatment, the two groups of MyD88fl/fl littermates had 46% (n = 10) and 60% (n = 15) of mortality, respectively. Both α-MHC-MyD88−/− and Lyz-MyD88−/− mice had markedly improved survival. Compared with the MyD88fl/fl littermates, Lyz-MyD88−/− mice had warmer body temperature, attenuated systemic and cardiac inflammatory cytokine production, and significantly improved cardiac function, whereas α-MHC-MyD88−/− mice had decreased myocardial inducible nitric oxide synthase induction and modestly preserved cardiac function.

Conclusions:
Both cardiomyocyte- and myeloid-MyD88 signaling play a role in cardiac dysfunction and mortality during endotoxin shock. Myeloid-MyD88 signaling plays a predominant role in systemic and cardiac inflammation after endotoxin challenge.
Cisplatin+Vinorelbine Treatment of Recurrent or Metastatic Salivary Gland Malignancies (RMSGM)
Authors: Airoldi Mario , Garzaro Massimiliano , Pedani Fulvia , Ostellino Oliviero , Succo Giovanni , Riva Giuseppe , Sensini Matteo , Naqe Nertila , Bellini Elisa , Raimondo Luca , Pecorari Giancarlo 
Published: August 2014

Objectives:
Recurrent or metastatic salivary gland malignancies (RMSGM) are not suitable for conventional treatment. We report the clinical outcomes of 60 patients affected by RMSGM who were treated with DDP+VNB as a first-line or second-line scheme.

Materials and Methods:
Sixty patients between 2001 and 2008, affected by RMSGM were enrolled in this cohort prospective study; they received the following first-line or second-line chemotherapy (CT), for a maximum of 6 cycles: DDP at 80 mg/m2 on day 1+VNB at 25 mg/m2 on day 1 and 8, at 3-week intervals.

Results:
Seventy percent of the patients received DDP+VNB as the first-line CT and 30% of them received it as the second-line CT. After 5 cycles (median) of first-line DDP+VNB, 7% of the patients achieved a complete response, 24% achieved a partial response, 33% achieved an no change, and 36% achieved a PD. After 4 cycles (median) of second-line CT, 0 patients achieved a CR, 5% achieved a PR, 33% achieved an NC, and 62% achieved a PD. The median overall survival period was 10 months for those who received the first-line CT and 4 months for those who received the second-line CT. The best ORR (54%) and median survival were observed, during first-line treatment, in adenocarcinomas, whereas undifferentiated tumours were unresponsive with a poor median survival (4.6 mo).

Conclusions:
Adenocarcinomas show the best response and prognosis with DDP+VNB scheme that seems to be an effective and well-tolerated first-line CT for RMSGM, whereas it has only low palliative activity as a second-line CT.
To be or not to be planktonic? Self‐inhibition of biofilm development
Authors: Nagar Elad , Schwarz Rakefet 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe transition between planktonic growth and biofilm formation represents a tightly regulated developmental shift that has substantial impact on cell fate. Here, we highlight different mechanisms through which bacteria limit their own biofilm development. The mechanisms involved in these self‐inhibition processes include: (i) regulation by secreted small molecules, which govern intricate signalling cascades that eventually decrease biofilm development, (ii) extracellular polysaccharides capable of modifying the physicochemical properties of the substratum and (iii) extracellular DNA that masks an adhesive structure. These mechanisms, which rely on substances produced by the bacterium and released into the extracellular milieu, suggest regulation at the communal level. In addition, we provide specific examples of environmental cues (e.g. blue light or glucose level) that trigger a cellular response reducing biofilm development. All together, we describe a diverse array of mechanisms underlying self‐inhibition of biofilm development in different bacteria and discuss possible advantages of these processes.
Near‐zero growth kinetics of Pseudomonas putida deduced from proteomic analysis
Authors: Panikov Nicolai S. , Mandalakis Manolis , Dai Shujia , Mulcahy Lawrence R. , Fowle William , Garrett Wendy S. , Karger Barry L. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryIntensive microbial growth typically observed in laboratory rarely occurs in nature. Because of severe nutrient deficiency, natural populations exhibit near‐zero growth (NZG). There is a long‐standing controversy about sustained NZG, specifically whether there is a minimum growth rate below which cells die or whether cells enter a non‐growing maintenance state. Using chemostat with cell retention (CCR) of Pseudomonas putida, we resolve this controversy and show that under NZG conditions, bacteria differentiate into growing and VBNC (viable but not non‐culturable) forms, the latter preserving measurable catabolic activity. The proliferating cells attained a steady state, their slow growth balanced by VBNC production. Proteomic analysis revealed upregulated (transporters, stress response, self‐degrading enzymes and extracellular polymers) and downregulated (ribosomal, chemotactic and primary biosynthetic enzymes) proteins in the CCR versus batch culture. Based on these profiles, we identified intracellular processes associated with NZG and generated a mathematical model that simulated the observations. We conclude that NZG requires controlled partial self‐digestion and deep reconfiguration of the metabolic machinery that results in the biosynthesis of new products and development of broad stress resistance. CCR allows efficient on‐line control of NZG including VBNC production. A well‐nuanced understanding of NZG is important to understand microbial processes in situ and for optimal design of environmental technologies.
What Can Acreage Allocations Say about Crop Supply Elasticities? A Convex Programming Approach to Supply Response Disaggregation
Authors: Garnache Cloé , Mérel Pierre R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis article has two goals. The first is to extend previous results regarding calibration of land‐constrained programming models of agricultural supply against supply elasticities to the general case of multiple constraints. The second goal is to demonstrate how the resulting calibration conditions can be used as a source of identification to disaggregate crop supply elasticities down to the level at which static information on acreage allocations is available. We propose an information‐based disaggregation algorithm to systematically generate regionalised elasticities from a single prior, and provide an empirical illustration.
A comparison between three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy combined with interventional treatment and interventional treatment alone for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumour thrombosis
Authors: Lu Dong‐Hui , Fei Zhen‐Le , Zhou Jun‐Ping , Hu Zong‐Tao , Hao Wen‐Sheng 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntroductionWe investigated the therapeutic effects of three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumour thrombosis (PVTT).MethodsSixty‐three HCC patients with PVTT were divided into two groups. Group A (30 patients) was treated with three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy followed by 2–3 series of TACE, while group B (33 patients) was only treated with TACE.ResultsThe 1‐ and 2‐year survival rates of group A were 62.40% and 20.81%, respectively, with a mean survival time of 13.0 months. The 1‐ and 2‐year survival rates of group B were 56.49% and 18.83%, respectively, with a mean survival time of 9.0 months. There were significant differences between the two groups (log‐rank chi‐square value = 3.950, P = 0.047).ConclusionThree‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy combined with TACE can significantly improve clinical outcomes in patients with HCC and PVTT compared with TACE alone.
Suspicious mammographic parenchymal abnormalities that are occult at ultrasonography
Authors: Gunawardena Deepika , Tresham Janette , Hardie Mireille , Phillips Michael , Wylie Elizabeth 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimThe study aims to ascertain the significance of ultrasonically occult but mammographically suspicious parenchymal abnormalities, detected at screening mammography.MethodA retrospective analysis was made on BreastScreen Western Australia data from January 2004 to December 2009. The study group included cases with a mammographic parenchymal abnormality, a negative ultrasound scan and a biopsy under stereotactic guidance. A comparable group of ultrasonically visible carcinomas was used as the control to compare with breast carcinomas in the study sample.ResultsStudy population consisted of 469 cases. Twenty per cent (n = 92) of the cases were breast carcinomas, with invasive ductal carcinoma (non‐specified) being the most common histological type. There was a statistically significant increase in ductal carcinoma in situ and mucinous carcinoma within this malignant subgroup. Three per cent (n = 17) of the total cohort were borderline lesions on histology. The other 77% (n = 360) of cases were benign histology on core biopsy; however, one was subsequently diagnosed as an interval breast carcinoma.ConclusionStereotactic‐guided core biopsy of a suspicious mammographic parenchymal abnormality is warranted, regardless of a normal ultrasound scan, as up to 20% of these cases could be breast carcinomas.
Adolescent Social Isolation Does Not Lead to Persistent Increases in Anxiety‐ Like Behavior or Ethanol Intake in Female Long‐Evans Rats
Authors: Butler Tracy R. , Carter Eugenia , Weiner Jeffrey L. 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundClinically, early life stress and anxiety disorders are associated with increased vulnerability for alcohol use disorders. In male rats, early life stress, imparted by adolescent social isolation, results in long‐lasting increases in a number of behavioral risk factors for alcoholism, including greater anxiety‐like behaviors and ethanol (EtOH) intake. Several recent studies have begun to use this model to gain insight into the relationships among anxiety measures, stress, EtOH intake, and neurobiological correlates driving these behaviors. As prior research has noted significant sex differences in the impact of adolescent stress on anxiety measures and EtOH drinking, the current study was conducted to determine if this same model produces an “addiction vulnerable” phenotype in female rodents.MethodsFemale Long Evans rats were socially isolated (SI; 1/cage) or group housed (GH; 4/cage) for 6 weeks during adolescence. After this housing manipulation, behavioral assessment was conducted using the elevated plus maze, response to novelty in an open field environment, and the light/dark box. After behavioral testing, home cage EtOH drinking was assessed across an 8‐week period.ResultsNo group differences were detected in any of the behavioral measures of unconditioned anxiety‐like behavior. Greater EtOH intake and preference were observed in SI females but these differences did not persist.ConclusionsThe SI/GH model, which results in robust and enduring increases in anxiety measures and EtOH self‐administration in male Long Evans rats, did not result in similar behavioral changes in female rats. These data, and that of others, suggest that adolescent social isolation is not a useful model with which to study neurobiological substrates linking antecedent anxiety and addiction vulnerability in female rats. Given the compelling epidemiological evidence that the relationship between chronic adolescent stress and alcohol addiction is particularly strong in women, there is clearly an urgent need to identify a more effective model with which to study these clinically important relationships in female rodents.
The effects of replacement of whole‐plant corn with oat and common vetch on the fermentation quality, chemical composition and aerobic stability of total mixed ration silage in Tibet
Authors: Chen Lei , Guo Gang , Yu Chengqun , Zhang Jie , Shimojo Masataka , Shao Tao 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of replacement of whole‐plant corn with oat and common vetch on the fermentation quality, chemical composition and aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR) silage in Tibet. Four TMR that varied in the forage sources on dry matter basis were used: (i) 52% whole‐plant corn (Control); (ii) 43% oat + 12% common vetch (OC3.6); (iii) 38% oat + 18% common vetch (OC2.2); and (iv) 33% oat + 23% common vetch (OC1.5). Silos were opened on day 45 and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 12 days. The results showed that all silages were well preserved with low pH and NH3‐N, and high lactic acid and V‐scores. With the increasing proportion of common vetch, crude protein, ether extract increased (P < 0.05), and neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber decreased (P < 0.05). Under aerobic conditions, treated silages were more stable than the control silage as indicated by lower (P < 0.05) pH and yeast population. It was concluded that replacement of whole‐plant corn with oat and common vetch had no unfavorable effects on the fermentation quality and improved crude protein content and aerobic stability of TMR silage. OC2.2 silage was the best among three treated TMR silages.