bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urinary incontinence in older women: a review of conservative therapeutic interventions
Authors: Wright Gemma 
Published: January 2014

SummaryUrinary incontinence is a highly prevalent yet largely ignored condition that affects older women. Conservative treatment options are widely under-used and containment methods more widely prescribed. This study sought to review the efficacy of conservative approaches and identify which should be recommended. It was found that there is a strong evidence base in support of pelvic floor muscle and behavioural training with biofeedback as a useful adjunctive treatment. The use of therapeutic electrical stimulation was difficult to evaluate due to the different combinations of treatment available and a paucity of evidence of its use with older women. Lifestyle intervention and complementary therapies both demonstrated some positive outcomes. In conclusion it was felt that there is a place for conservative treatments in the management of urinary incontinence rather than relying on containment products. A combination of different treatment approaches is felt to be the most beneficial.
Planetary habitability: lessons learned from terrestrial analogues
Authors: Preston Louisa J. , Dartnell Lewis R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTerrestrial analogue studies underpin almost all planetary missions and their use is essential in the exploration of our Solar system and in assessing the habitability of other worlds. Their value relies on the similarity of the analogue to its target, either in terms of their mineralogical or geochemical context, or current physical or chemical environmental conditions. Such analogue sites offer critical ground-truthing for astrobiological studies on the habitability of different environmental parameter sets, the biological mechanisms for survival in extreme environments and the preservation potential and detectability of biosignatures. The 33 analogue sites discussed in this review have been selected on the basis of their congruence to particular extraterrestrial locations. Terrestrial field sites that have been used most often in the literature, as well as some lesser known ones which require greater study, are incorporated to inform on the astrobiological potential of Venus, Mars, Europa, Enceladus and Titan. For example, the possibility of an aerial habitable zone on Venus has been hypothesized based on studies of life at high-altitudes in the terrestrial atmosphere. We also demonstrate why many different terrestrial analogue sites are required to satisfactorily assess the habitability of the changing environmental conditions throughout Martian history, and recommend particular sites for different epochs or potential niches. Finally, habitable zones within the aqueous environments of the icy moons of Europa and Enceladus and potentially in the hydrocarbon lakes of Titan are discussed and suitable analogue sites proposed. It is clear from this review that a number of terrestrial analogue sites can be applied to multiple planetary bodies, thereby increasing their value for astrobiological exploration. For each analogue site considered here, we summarize the pertinent physiochemical environmental features they offer and critically assess the fidelity with which they emulate their intended target locale. We also outline key issues associated with the existing documentation of analogue research and the constraints this has on the efficiency of discoveries in this field. This review thus highlights the need for a global open access database for planetary analogues.
THE PROPERTIES OF CITIZENS
Authors: Robinson Tracy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper considers how a taxonomy of conjugality—marriage,common-law marriage, andvisiting relationships—emerged as a specialized vocabulary to apprehend and govern the postcolonial Caribbean. Although the metaphor of intersections does not fully capture the ways these categories relate to each other to produce social meaning, I employ an intersectional framework to offer a close reading of the routes through which these and other social differences and equivalences are produced as dimensions of citizenship in specific historical contexts, such as the period of decolonization and Caribbean nation-formation. In so doing, I illustrate how the categorization of intimate relationships codified a hierarchy based on intersections of race, class, gender, and sexual orientation, and established rough moral boundaries for a heterosexual Caribbean nation. The lives of working class Black women animate the categorization. I show how by centering these women in intimate relationship codes their sexuality is contained and patriarchy naturalized. In this paper, I suggest that we should mark the role intersectionality plays in constituting categories of intimate association, explore how these categories shape sentiments about belonging, and articulate the social costs of their instantiations.
BLACK MALE EXCEPTIONALISM?
Authors: Butler Paul 
Published: January 2014

Abstract“Black male exceptionalism” is the premise that African American men fare more poorly than any other group in the United States. The discourse of Black male exceptionalism presents African American men as an “endangered species.” Some government agencies, foundations, and activists have responded by creating “Black male achievement” programs. There are almost no corresponding “Black female achievement” programs. Yet empirical data does not support the claim that Black males are burdened more than Black females. Without attention to intersectionality, Black male achievement programs risk obscuring Black females and advancing patriarchal values. Black male achievement programs also risk reinforcing stereotypes that African American males are violent and dangerous. An intersectional approach would create space for Black male focused interventions, but require parity for Black female programs.
UNSHACKLING INTERSECTIONALITY
Authors: Ocen Priscilla A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this essay, I call for an “unshackling” of intersectionality from the narrow and restrictive ways in which legal scholars and activists interpret and mobilize the theory and critique the single-axis framework that has been deployed by legal scholars and advocates in the context of mass incarceration. Specifically, I assert that a single-axis analysis of mass incarceration is insufficient to capture the broad impact of the prison and the raced and gendered logics that animate its operation. As a consequence of the failure to engage intersectionality in the context of the prison, legal scholarship on incarceration tends to obscure the centrality of Black women's gender in the racialized system of control and posits Black men as the primary targets of mass incarceration. This undertheorization of incarceration also hinders the development of a framework that can account for why both Black women and Black men are vulnerable to multiple systems of social control.
INTERSECTIONALITY AND SOCIAL EXPLANATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
Authors: Clarke Averil Y. , McCall Leslie 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTo the extent that intersectionality is becoming a common term in mainstream social science, it is as a methodological justification to separate out different racial, ethnic, gender, class, and other social groups for empirical analysis. One might call this the “intersectionality hypothesis,” and in its best incarnation, it is about getting the facts right and finding the differences that matter. But an intersectional analysis in the social sciences often involves more than this. An intersectional approach also leads to potentially different interpretations of the same facts, or what we term a different social explanation. It is not only the intersection of categories that defines an intersectional project, then, but the theoretical framing that informs the analysis and interpretation of the subject under study. This framing often leads to an analysis of multiple and even conflicting social dynamics that enable certain kinds of social understanding that are otherwise invisible when scholars focus on a single set of social dynamics. Because the social theoretical aspects of research on intersectionality are rarely discussed, relative to the more methodological and ontological aspects of intersectionality, this is our main subject matter in this article. We focus on the process of developing social explanations rooted in the intersection of multiple social dynamics in several examples from our own research and across a variety of topics in social science research.
Konstruktion und erste Validierung eines Fragebogens zur umfassenden Erfassung von Achtsamkeit
Authors: Bergomi Claudia , Tschacher Wolfgang , Kupper Zeno 
Published: January 2014

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Entwicklung und Validierung eines Fragebogens zur umfassenden Erfassung der Achtsamkeit, des Comprehensive Inventory of Mindfulness Experiences (CHIME), beschrieben. An einer Allgemeinbevölkerungs-Stichprobe (N = 298) und einer Stichprobe von TeilnehmerInnen an MBSR-Kursen (N = 161) wurde die Faktorenstruktur des CHIME ermittelt und seine Reliabilität und Validität geprüft. Faktorenanalytische Verfahren ergaben eine achtfaktorielle Struktur. Die Struktur wurde in einer zusätzlichen konfirmatorischen Stichprobe (N = 202) überprüft. Der Fragebogen sowie seine Unterskalen weisen gute Reliabilitätswerte auf (interne Konsistenz und Retest-Reliabilität). Analysen zur Messinvarianz der einzelnen Items über Gruppen, die sich bezüglich Meditationserfahrung, Alter, Geschlecht und Symptombelastung unterschieden, zeigten keine systematischen Unterschiede im Verständnis der Items. Die Kennwerte zur Konstrukt-, Kriterium-, und inkrementellen Validität sowie zur Veränderungssensitivität waren alle mindestens zufriedenstellend. Mit dem CHIME steht somit ein Fragebogen mit guten psychometrischen Eigenschaften zur Selbsteinschätzung der Achtsamkeit zur Verfügung. Der CHIME basiert auf allen in den aktuellen Instrumenten enthaltenen Aspekten des Achtsamkeitskonstrukts.
In vivo multiplexed interrogation of amplified genes identifies GAB2 as an ovarian cancer oncogene
Authors: Dunn Gavin P. , Cheung Hiu Wing , Agarwalla Pankaj K. , Thomas Sapana , Zektser Yulia , Karst Alison M. , Boehm Jesse S. , Weir Barbara A. , Berlin Aaron M. , Zou Lihua , Getz Gad , Liu Joyce F. , Hirsch Michelle , Vazquez Francisca , Root David E. , Beroukhim Rameen , Drapkin Ronny , Hahn William C. 
Published: January 2014

Significance
High-grade serous ovarian cancers are characterized by widespread gain and loss of copy number involving large numbers of genes; however, the functional consequences of many of these changes remain unclear. To determine which of the many amplified genes exhibited tumor-promoting behavior, we developed a novel in vivo method to systematically screen potential oncogenes for tumor formation. We identified GAB2, a signaling adaptor protein, as a potent oncogene that is also significantly amplified in ovarian and breast cancer. GAB2 overexpression activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and confers sensitivity to PI3K pathway inhibition. These results credential GAB2 as a potent oncogene in ovarian cancer and emphasize the importance of PI3K signaling in this cancer.
Alternatives to antibiotics for farm animals.
Authors: Papatsiros V. G. , Katsoulos P. D. , Koutoulis K. C. , Karatzia M. , Dedousi A. , Christodoulopoulos G. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increasing concern for the public health about the consequences from the long and increased use of antibiotics in livestock production. The use of antibiotics in animal feed as growth promoters has been completely banned by the European Union since 2006, based on their possible negative effects on human and animal health. The removal of growth promoters has led to animal performance problems and a rise in the incidence of certain animal diseases. Thus, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to antibiotics, especially in EU. Due to the modern consumers' concern about the potential development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria as well as at the same time the need to prevent economic losses of the farmers, alternatives to antibiotics has been developed to prevent the health problems and to improve the growth performance in farm animals. Owing to the full ban of antibiotic use in EU there is an urgent need to find alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. New strategies and commercial products must be developed to improve animal health and performance, based on their safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness. The aim of this study is to summarize the beneficial effects of currently used alternatives to in-feed antibiotics, i.e. probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, phytogenic compounds and zeolites on health and growth performance in farm animals (swine, poultry and ruminants).
Is food security measurement sensitive to its definition and measurement method?
Authors: Bashir M. K. , Schilizzi S. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Three hundred studies on the subject of food security measurement were systematically reviewed using a meta-analysis technique to review food security measurement methods and their pros and cons. Six methods for measuring food security are identified from the literature. It was noted that the dietary intake assessment (DIA) and the food insecurity experienced-based measurement scales (FIEMS) were those most used by researchers. Furthermore, we tested both these methods using primary data from 1152 rural households in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The results of DIA showed that 23% of the sample households are food insecure, while the results of FIEMS yielded only 5% of the sample households. In addition, a slight change in the definition of food security resulted in notable variations in the proportion of food insecure households. The selection of food security definition and measurement method is crucial for estimating the extent of food insecurity. We recommend that the definition or threshold level defined by the local health departments in the study areas be selected. This will encompass the diversity of cultural, social and physical needs of people.
Species- and size-related patterns in stable isotopes and mercury concentrations in fish help refine marine ecosystem indicators and provide evidence for distinct management units for hake in the Northeast Atlantic
Authors: Chouvelon T. , Caurant F. , Cherel Y. , Simon-Bouhet B. , Spitz J. , Bustamante P. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Recent European environmental policies argue for the development of indicators of the ecological status of ecosystems that are easy to implement and powerful enough to detect changes quickly. For instance, some indicators that are currently proposed for monitoring foodweb structure and functioning are based on the size of organisms, using size as a proxy for trophic level. However, these indicators do not necessarily accurately reflect the underlying trophic structure and dynamics to follow. Ecological tracers (i.e. chemical parameters measured in consumer tissues to infer the trophic ecology of organisms) may serve as complementary indicators of trophic level, and may also help distinguish different populations of a species when more commonly used methods (e.g. genetic, age determination) present their own limitations. Here, we analysed the potential of muscle δ13C and δ15N values and of muscle mercury (Hg) concentrations to depict size-related trophic habits of different fish species. We expected that intra- and interspecific variation in these ecological tracers could be helpful in refining currently proposed indicators of marine ecosystems, and also help in discriminating management unitsfor some species. Four fish species were selected for their economical and/or ecological importance in the Bay of Biscay (Northeast Atlantic): whiting Merlangius merlangus, European hake Merluccius merluccius, Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus and anglerfish Lophius piscatorius. Muscle δ13C and δ15N values segregated the species and enabled us to discriminate species-specific feeding strategies with increasing size of individuals. Fish body size was not always linearly correlated with δ15N or trophic level. In contrast, Hg concentrations and size-related Hg patterns were more similar from species to species. Interestingly, muscle δ15N values together with Hg concentrations segregated the two putative stocks of European hake within the Bay of Biscay. Hence, we propose the combined use of ecological tracers as a promising method for accurately assigning a consumer to a trophic guild, investigating Hg trophodynamics in foodwebs, and helping discriminate distinct ecological populations within a species when defining management units.
Influence of habitat and population density on recruitment and spatial dynamics of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus: implications for harvest refugia
Authors: Ouréns Rosana , Freire Juan , Vilar Jose A. , Fernández Luis 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
We studied the spatial variation in recruitment and the population dynamics of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, analysing the effect of depth and presence of sea urchin aggregations on population structure. Over 90% of the observed recruits (individuals under 1 year of age) were concentrated in aggregations found in shallow waters. In these areas, a positive linear relationship was found between adult and recruit density, possibly due to higher survival rates of juveniles taking refuge among the spines of adults. The scarcity of recruits and the presence of adult sea urchins at depths of 8 and 12 m suggest the migration of part of the population towards deep areas when individuals reach a size of ∼40 mm. In light of these results, the implementation of harvest refugia for sea urchins in shallow areas could constitute an effective fishery management tool for this species. High population densities could enhance recruitment, given the inverse density dependence of this process, while their migratory pattern would guarantee biomass exportation towards deeper fishing grounds.
First Report of Sclerotium rolfsii in Greater Plantain in Paraná, Brazil
Authors: Dias-Arieira C. R. , Severino J. J. , Abe V. H. F. , Silva C. N. , Tessmann D. J. 
Published: January 2014

Greater plantain or common plantain (Plantago major L.) is an herbaceous plant native to most of Europe, northern and central Asia, and it has adapted well to tropical regions where it is used as a medicinal plant. Between November 2011 and April 2012, greater plantains cultivated in the Medicinal Plant Garden at the Umuarama Advanced Campus of the State University of Maringa (UEM-CAU) suddenly died off. A visual examination revealed the presence of white mycelium and sclerotia on the lower third of the plant. These sclerotia were collected and deinfested by immersion in 70% alcohol and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 45 s, and in sterilized water for 1 min. Next, the sclerotia were placed on 10 petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium and incubated at 29°C. After 7 days, the culture medium was entirely coated with a cottony white mycelial growth and, 15 days after isolation, sclerotia began to form. Healthy seedlings were transplanted individually into pots containing autoclaved soil (120°C/2 h). After 10 days, eight seedlings were inoculated with 8-mm mycelia disks deposited on the base of the plant, and eight seedlings inoculated with fungus-free PDA disks (control). The plants were irrigated and the pots placed in with plastic bags and kept at an average temperature of 28°C. Three days after inoculation, we observed a cottony white mycelial growth and symptoms of rot on the plants. The plastic bags were then removed and the plants kept under the same temperature, relative humidity of 80% and 12 h of light. Seven days after inoculation, the plants treated with the fungus died, whereas the plants treated with PDA developed normally. The fungus was re-isolated from the symptomatic plants and slides evaluated under a light microscope, revealing that the mycelium was thick, septate, and hyaline. The sclerotia formed were spherical, initially white or light brown, becoming dark brown or black, with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mm. The fungus was subjected to DNA analysis using ribosomal region oligonucleotides ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATAT-3′) and ITS5 (5′-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3′) (1) to amplify the target region. The segment including the 5.8S gene and rDNa regions ITS1 and ITS2 was 630 bp long. DNA analysis revealed that it was 99% identical to Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu and Kimbr (anamorph: S. rolfsii) (GenBank Accession No. HM222638.1). The isolate was deposited in the fungus collection at the UEM-CAU Phytopathology Laboratory under code F-Sr-01-UMU. Reference: (1) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.
Power-law Null Model for Bystander Mutations in Cancer
Authors: Loohuis Loes Olde , Witzel Andreas , Mishra Bud 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this paper we study Copy Number Variation (CNV) data. The underlying process generating CNV segments is generally assumed to be memory-less, giving rise to an exponential distribution of segment lengths. In this paper, we provide evidence from cancer patient data, which suggests thatthis generative model is too simplistic, and thatsegment lengths follow a power-law distribution instead. We conjecture a simple preferential attachment generative model that provides the basis for the observed power-law distribution. We then show how an existing statistical method for detecting cancer driver genes can be improved by incorporating the power-law distribution in the null model.
Algorithms in Stringomics (I): Pattern-Matching against “Stringomes”
Authors: Ferragina Paolo , Mishra Bud 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper reports an initial design of new data-structures that generalizes the idea of pattern-matching in stringology, from its traditional usage in an (unstructured) set of strings to the arena of a well-structured family of strings. In particular, the object of interest is a family of strings composed of blocks/classes of highly similar “stringlets,” and thus mimic a population of genomes made by concatenating haplotype-blocks, further constrained by haplotype-phasing. Such a family of strings, which we dub “stringomes,” is formalized in terms of a multi-partite directed acyclic graph with a source and a sink. The most interesting property of stringomes is probably the fact that they can be represented efficiently with compression up to theirk-th order empirical entropy, while ensuring that the compression does not hinder the pattern-matching counting and reporting queries – either internal to a block or spanning two (or a few constant) adjacent blocks. The solutions proposed here have immediate applications to next-generation sequencing technologies, base-calling, expression profiling, variant-calling, population studies, onco-genomics, cyber security trace analysis and text retrieval.