bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of professionally administered plaque removal with or without adjunctive measures for the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis. A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Schwarz Frank , Becker Kathrin , Sager Martin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFocused QuestionIn patients with peri‐implant mucositis, what is the efficacy of professionally administered plaque removal (PAPR) with adjunctive measures on changing signs of inflammation compared with PARP alone?Materials and MethodsAfter electronic database and hand search, 19 full‐text articles were independently screened by two reviewers. Finally, a total of seven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The weighted mean difference (WMD) in bleeding on probing‐ (BOP) (primary outcome), gingival index‐ (GI) and probing pocket depth‐ (PD) reductions was estimated (random effect model).ResultsWMD in BOP reduction between test and control groups amounted to −8.16% [SD = 4.61; p = 0.07; 95% CI (−17.20, 0.88)] not favouring adjunctive antiseptic or antibiotic (local, systemic) therapy over PAPR alone. WMD in GI and PD reductions amounted to −0.12 [SD = 0.13; p = 0.34; 95% CI (−0.38, 0.13)] and −0.056 mm [SD = 0.10; p = 0.60; 95% CI (−0.27, 0.16)] not favouring adjunctive (antiseptics, systemic antibiotics, air abrasive device) over control measures respectively. Most studies evaluated reported on residual BOP and GI scores after therapy.ConclusionsAdjunctive therapy may not improve the efficacy of PAPR in reducing BOP, GI and PD scores at mucositis sites. Despite clinically important improvements, a complete disease resolution may not be expected by any of the treatment protocols investigated.
Behaviour change counselling for tobacco use cessation and promotion of healthy lifestyles: a systematic review
Authors: Ramseier Christoph A. , Suvan Jean E. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimTo systematically assess the efficacy of oral health behaviour change counselling for tobacco use cessation (TUC) and the promotion of healthy lifestyles.Materials and MethodsSystematic Reviews, Randomized (RCTs), and Controlled Clinical Trials (CCTs) were identified through an electronic search of four databases complemented by manual search. Identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion of studies were performed independently by two reviewers. Quality assessment of the included publications was performed according to the AMSTAR tool for the assessment of the methodological quality of systematic reviews.ResultsA total of seven systematic reviews were included. With the exception of inadequate oral hygiene, the following unhealthy lifestyles related with periodontal diseases were investigated: tobacco use, unhealthy diets, harmful use of alcohol, physical inactivity, and stress. Brief interventions for TUC were shown to be effective when applied in the dental practice setting while evidence for dietary counselling and the promotion of other healthy lifestyles was limited or non‐existent.ConclusionsWhile aiming to improve periodontal treatment outcomes and the maintenance of periodontal health current evidence suggests that tobacco use brief interventions conducted in the dental practice setting were effective thus underlining the rational for behavioural support.
Annual Research Review: Rare genotypes and childhood psychopathology – uncovering diverse developmental mechanisms of ADHD risk
Authors: Scerif Gaia , Baker Kate 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundThrough the increased availability and sophistication of genetic testing, it is now possible to identify causal diagnoses in a growing proportion of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. In addition to developmental delay and intellectual disability, many genetic disorders are associated with high risks of psychopathology, which curtail the wellbeing of affected individuals and their families. Beyond the identification of significant clinical needs, understanding the diverse pathways from rare genetic mutations to cognitive dysfunction and emotional–behavioural disturbance has theoretical and practical utility.MethodsWe overview (based on a strategic search of the literature) the state‐of‐the‐art on causal mechanisms leading to one of the most common childhood behavioural diagnoses – attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) – in the context of specific genetic disorders. We focus on new insights emerging from the mapping of causal pathways from identified genetic differences to neuronal biology, brain abnormalities, cognitive processing differences and ultimately behavioural symptoms of ADHD.FindingsFirst, ADHD research in the context of rare genotypes highlights the complexity of multilevel mechanisms contributing to psychopathology risk. Second, comparisons between genetic disorders associated with similar psychopathology risks can elucidate convergent or distinct mechanisms at each level of analysis, which may inform therapeutic interventions and prognosis. Third, genetic disorders provide an unparalleled opportunity to observe dynamic developmental interactions between neurocognitive risk and behavioural symptoms. Fourth, variation in expression of psychopathology risk within each genetic disorder points to putative moderating and protective factors within the genome and the environment.ConclusionA common imperative emerging within psychopathology research is the need to investigate mechanistically how developmental trajectories converge or diverge between and within genotype‐defined groups. Crucially, as genetic predispositions modify interaction dynamics from the outset, longitudinal research is required to understand the multi‐level developmental processes that mediate symptom evolution.
Diversity and disparity through time in the adaptive radiation of Antarctic notothenioid fishes
Authors: Colombo M. , Damerau M. , Hanel R. , Salzburger W. , Matschiner M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAccording to theory, adaptive radiation is triggered by ecological opportunity that can arise through the colonization of new habitats, the extinction of antagonists or the origin of key innovations. In the course of an adaptive radiation, diversification and morphological evolution are expected to slow down after an initial phase of rapid adaptation to vacant ecological niches, followed by speciation. Such ‘early bursts’ of diversification are thought to occur because niche space becomes increasingly filled over time. The diversification of Antarctic notothenioid fishes into over 120 species has become one of the prime examples of adaptive radiation in the marine realm and has likely been triggered by an evolutionary key innovation in the form of the emergence of antifreeze glycoproteins. Here, we test, using a novel time‐calibrated phylogeny of 49 species and five traits that characterize notothenioid body size and shape as well as buoyancy adaptations and habitat preferences, whether the notothenioid adaptive radiation is compatible with an early burst scenario. Extensive Bayesian model comparison shows that phylogenetic age estimates are highly dependent on model choice and that models with unlinked gene trees are generally better supported and result in younger age estimates. We find strong evidence for elevated diversification rates in Antarctic notothenioids compared to outgroups, yet no sign of rate heterogeneity in the course of the radiation, except that the notothenioid family Artedidraconidae appears to show secondarily elevated diversification rates. We further observe an early burst in trophic morphology, suggesting that the notothenioid radiation proceeds in stages similar to other prominent examples of adaptive radiation.
Efficacy, effectiveness and side effects of medications used to prevent fractures
Authors: Reid I. R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThere is an increasing number of effective therapies for fracture prevention in adults at risk of osteoporosis. However, shortcomings in the evidence underpinning our management of osteoporosis still exist. Evidence of antifracture efficacy in the groups of patients who most commonly use calcium and vitamin D supplements is lacking, the safety of calcium supplements is in doubt, and the safety and efficacy of high doses of vitamin D give cause for concern. Alendronate, risedronate, zoledronate and denosumab have been shown to prevent spine, nonspine and hip fractures; in addition, teriparatide and strontium ranelate prevent both spine and nonspine fractures, and raloxifene and ibandronate prevent spine fractures. However, most trials provide little information regarding long‐term efficacy or safety. A particular concern at present is the possibility that oral bisphosphonates might cause atypical femoral fractures. Observational data suggest that the incidence of this type of fracture increases steeply with duration of bisphosphonate use, resulting in concern that the benefit–risk balance may become negative in the long term, particularly in patients in whom the osteoporotic fracture risk is not high. Therefore, reappraisal of ongoing use of bisphosphonates after about 5 years is endorsed by expert consensus, and ‘drug holidays’ should be considered at this time. Further studies are needed to guide clinical practice in this area.
Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Men with Prostate Cancer: A Time-Varying Analysis
Authors: Kaplan Alan L. , Lenis Andrew T. , Shah Adit , Rajfer Jacob , Hu Jim C. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Introduction
The use of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in men with prostate cancer is controversial given concerns of androgen-related cancer progression. Although emerging evidence suggests that TRT may be safe in this setting, no study has investigated dose-related effects.

Aim
We used time-varying analysis to determine whether increasing TRT exposure is associated with worse outcomes.

Methods
Using linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data, we identified 149,354 men diagnosed with prostate cancer from 1991 to 2007. Subjects treated with TRT were stratified by duration of treatment. Weighted propensity score methods were used to adjust for differences between groups. A Cox proportional hazards model was constructed to assess the effect of injectable TRT exposure on outcomes.

Main Outcome Measure
Overall mortality (OM), prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM), and use of salvage androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).

Results
Men treated with TRT, regardless of duration, did not experience higher OM or PCSM (all hazard ratio [HR] &lt; 1.0, all P ≤ 0.002). We found no difference in use of salvage ADT in the ≤30-day and 31–60 day groups compared with no-TRT (HR 1.23 and 1.05, P = 0.06 and 0.81, respectively), whereas it was lower for men on long-term TRT (HR 0.70, P = 0.04).

Conclusions
TRT following prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment does not increase mortality or the use of salvage ADT. Using time-varying analysis, we demonstrate that longer duration of TRT is not associated with adverse mortality or greater need for ADT.
Hepatic involvement in congenital cytomegalovirus infection – infrequent yet significant
Authors: Bilavsky E. , Schwarz M. , Bar‐Sever Z. , Pardo J. , Amir J. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryCongenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection can reside in many organ systems; however, the virus has a particular predilection towards inhabiting the reticuloendothelial system, especially the liver. Specific studies focusing only on hepatic involvement in infants with cCMV are lacking. We report our experience with a large cohort of infants treated in our hospital clinic due to cCMV and hepatic involvement. Hepatic involvement was defined either as hepatitis (elevated alanine transaminases (ALT) >80 units/L without cholestatic disease) or cholestatic disease (elevated ALT >80 units/L combined with direct bilirubin >2 mg/dL). During the study period, 198 infants were diagnosed with symptomatic cCMV in our clinic. Hepatic involvement was observed in 13 infants (6.6%); 7 (3.5%) with hepatitis and 6 (3%) with cholestatic disease. Maternal primary infection with cytomegalovirus during pregnancy was diagnosed in 7 (53.8%) of the 13 infants, nonprimary in 3 (23.1%) and unknown in 3 (23.1%). Among these 13 infants, central nervous system (CNS) involvement was observed in 11 (84.6%) and hearing impairment in 7 (53.8%). Treatment with an antiviral agent was initiated in all cases. Gradual improvement of hepatic enzymes and cholestasis was observed over a prolonged period. We found that the incidence of hepatic involvement in infants with cCMV is much less frequent than previously reported. The hepatic involvement in these infants may manifest in two different ways, and thus, a high index of suspicion and a stepwise approach will help in correctly diagnosing these infants. Antiviral treatment due to CNS involvement is warranted and prognosis is excellent.
A role for the FtsQLB complex in cytokinetic ring activation revealed by an ftsL allele that accelerates division
Authors: Tsang Mary‐Jane , Bernhardt Thomas G. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThe cytokinetic apparatus of bacteria is initially formed by the polymerization of the tubulin‐like FtsZ protein into a ring structure at midcell. This so‐called Z‐ring facilitates the recruitment of many additional proteins to the division site to form the mature divisome machine. Although the assembly pathway leading to divisome formation has been well characterized, the mechanisms that trigger cell constriction remain unclear. In this report, we study a ‘forgotten’ allele of ftsL from Escherichia coli, which encodes a conserved division gene of unknown function. We discovered that this allele promotes the premature initiation of cell division. Further analysis also revealed that the mutant bypasses the requirement for the essential division proteins ZipA, FtsK and FtsN, and partially bypasses the need for FtsA. These findings suggest that rather than serving simply as a protein scaffold within the divisome, FtsL may play a more active role in the activation of the machine. Our results support a model in which FtsL, along with its partners FtsB and FtsQ, function as part of a sensing mechanism that promotes the onset of cell wall remodeling processes needed for the initiation of cell constriction once assembly of the divisome complex is deemed complete.
The bypass of ZipA by overexpression of FtsN requires a previously unknown conserved FtsN motif essential for FtsA–FtsN interaction supporting a model in which FtsA monomers recruit late cell division proteins to the Z ring
Authors: Pichoff Sebastien , Du Shishen , Lutkenhaus Joe 
Published: December 2014

SummaryAssembly of the divisome in Escherichia coli occurs in two temporally distinct steps. First, FtsZ filaments attached to the membrane through interaction with FtsA and ZipA coalesce into a Z ring at midcell. Then, additional proteins are recruited to the Z ring in a hierarchical manner to form a complete divisome, activated by the arrival of FtsN. Recently, we proposed that the interaction of FtsA with itself competes with its ability to recruit downstream division proteins (both require the IC domain of FtsA) and ZipA's essential function is to promote the formation of FtsA monomers. Here, we tested whether overexpression of a downstream division protein could make ZipA dispensable, presumably by shifting the FtsA equilibrium to monomers. Only overexpression of FtsN bypassed ZipA and a conserved motif in the cytoplasmic domain of FtsN was required for both the bypass and interaction with FtsA. Also, this cytoplasmic motif had to be linked to the periplasmic E domain of FtsN to bypass ZipA, indicating that linkage of FtsA to periplasmic components of the divisome through FtsN was essential under these conditions. These results are used to further elaborate our model for the role of FtsA in recruiting downstream division proteins.
Intermediate school's trip to India: Preparing for competence
Authors: Andrews Robyn 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn November 2010, students from a Palmerston North intermediate school embarked on a 2‐week excursion to India. Qualitative research was carried out before, during and after the trip. Results discussed in this article focus primarily on the students' account of their trip, especially their perceived cultural competence and their explanation for it. Accounts of their competence are also offered by the parents and teachers, for example, they especially valued the students' extensive school‐based preparation. Insights gained from the experiences of this trip may be applied to other, including older, cohorts of students embarking on overseas school field trips.
Effectiveness of weight loss interventions – is there a difference between men and women: a systematic review
Authors: Williams R. L. , Wood L. G. , Collins C. E. , Callister R. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryEffective strategies are required to reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity; however, the effectiveness of current weight loss programmes is variable. One contributing factor may be the difference in weight loss success between men and women. A systematic review was conducted to determine whether the effectiveness of weight loss interventions differs between men and women. Randomized controlled trials published up until March 2014 were included. Effect sizes (Hedges' g) were used to examine the difference in weight outcomes between men and women. A total of 58 studies met the eligibility criteria with 49 studies of higher quality included in the final data synthesis. Eleven studies that directly compared weight loss in men and women reported a significant sex difference. Ten of these reported that men lost more weight than women; however, women also lost a significant amount of weight. Analysis of effect sizes found small differences in weight loss favouring men for both diet (g = 0.489) and diet plus exercise (g = 0.240) interventions. There is little evidence from this review to indicate that men and women should adopt different weight loss strategies. Current evidence supports moderate energy restriction in combination with exercise for weight loss in both men and women.
Incidence of Dementia in Relation to Genetic Variants at PITX2, ZFHX3, and ApoE ε4 in Atrial Fibrillation Patients
Authors: ROLLO JEFFREY , KNIGHT STACEY , MAY HEIDI T. , ANDERSON JEFFREY L. , MUHLESTEIN JOSEPH B. , BUNCH T. JARED , CARLQUIST JOHN 
Published: December 2014

IntroductionMechanisms underlying atrial fibrillation (AF) and dementia are unknown. Some genetic risk factors convey risk for AF and cerebral ischemic events. These markers may identify AF patients at risk for dementia either directly or through a gene‐gene interaction with the ApoE ε4 variant, a known marker of dementia risk.MethodsCaucasian patients with AF and a subsequent dementia diagnosis (n = 112) were matched 1:2 on sex, AF onset age, and follow‐up period to AF patients without dementia. AF patients with dementia and AF patients without dementia were matched 1:1 on sex and age at dementia diagnosis (n = 112). Genotyping employed Taqman real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to examine associations between AF/dementia groups and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), as well as gene‐gene interactions.ResultsIn dementia patients, there was an association between the PITX2 loci and AF (rs2634073: odds ratio [OR] = 2.11; P = 0.025 and rs2200733: OR = 2.27; P = 0.029). In patients with AF, there was an association between PITX2 loci, rs2200733, and dementia (OR = 2.15, P = 0.008). There was no association between ApoE ε4 allele and AF in patients with dementia, although confirmation of the association between the carriage of ApoE ε4 allele and dementia was found (OR = 1.79; P = 0.026) in patients with AF. There were no significant interactions between ApoE ε4 allele and both the PITX2 loci and ZFHX3.ConclusionsThese findings support prior studies of ApoE risk of noncerebral vascular accident‐related dementia/Alzheimer's risk in the Caucasians and provide support to suggest an association between PITX2‐related SNPs and dementia, which may in part be attributed to silent cerebral ischemic events, a hypothesis deserving further testing.
Second Generation of Cryoballoons Can Improve Efficiency of Cryoablation for Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: LIU JUN , KAUFMANN JAN , KRIATSELIS CHARALAMPOS , FLECK ECKART , GERDS‐LI JIN HONG 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundWe investigated whether the new second generation of cryoballoons can improve the efficiency and safety of cryoablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) during ablation and in terms of outcome.MethodsData of AF patients consecutively treated with a single 28‐mm cryoballoon were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups: the G1 group was treated with the first‐generation cryoballoons (ArcticFront) and G2 with the second generation (ArcticFront Advance). Failure of cryoablation treatment was defined as detection of an episode of AF, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia lasting ≥30 seconds during 3‐month follow‐up. Left atrial diameter (LAD) was measured by transthoracic echocardiography before cryoablation.ResultsOne hundred twenty‐five patients (group G1/G2: 57/68) were enrolled. Mean total time of the whole procedure, cryomapping, and cryoablation was shorter with G2 than with G1 (P < 0.05). No complication occurred with G1 whereas with G2 the complication rate was 8.8%. During mean 12 ± 4 months follow‐up, the overall success rate of cryoablation was 76.0% (95/125); it was higher with G2 (89.7% [61/68] vs 59.7% [34/57], P < 0.001). Patients in whom treatment failed had larger LAD (48 ± 8 mm vs 44 ± 6 mm, P = 0.002) than those in whom it succeeded. Type of cryoballoon (relative risk [RR] = 5.75 [2.16, 15.27], P < 0.0001) and LAD (RR = 0.90 [0.83, 0.97], P = 0.0043) were shown in multivariable analysis to be individually related to the difference in success rate.ConclusionAblation for AF with the new generation of cryoballoons is associated with higher success rate of pulmonary vein isolation and better outcome. However, more complications occurred during the early stage of application of the G2 cryoballoon.