bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LAPPI: A light‐weight technique to practical process modeling and improvement target identification
Authors: Raninen Anu , Ahonen Jarmo J. , Sihvonen Hanna‐Miina , Savolainen Paula , Beecham Sarah 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the current state of the software processes and their problem points is important. Without this understanding, software process improvement (SPI) resources may be allocated to less meaningful targets. SPI work can be challenging to initiate especially in small companies where resources and knowledge of SPI are often limited. The aim of the developed technique, LAPPI (A Light‐weight Technique to Practical Process Modeling and Improvement Target Identification), is to provide an easy to use, lightweight tool for process modeling and improvement target identification. The technique provides a suitable method that integrates with various SPI initiatives. The method used in the development of LAPPI is a nonformal variation of constructive research. LAPPI has been incrementally developed in multiple academia‐industry collaboration projects and by industry actors themselves. Our evaluation of the LAPPI technique in 42 studies conducted in 31 companies indicates that the technique is suitable for modeling the current process and identifying the points of improvement in the process. Practical experience shows that LAPPI provides a cost‐effective technique for process modeling and improvement target identification especially in small and medium‐sized enterprises. It is most useful in the diagnosing phase of SPI. It helps the company to understand the current processes and the organizational interactions, and to create a process description baseline. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bat mortality at a wind‐energy facility in southeastern Wisconsin
Authors: Grodsky Steven M. , Jennelle Christopher S. , Drake David , Virzi Thomas 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe wind‐energy industry is rapidly developing worldwide as a viable renewable power option to offset high economic and environmental costs of fossil fuel consumption and nuclear power generation. Evidence suggests bats are more likely to be negatively affected by wind facilities than are birds. Studies have shown that significant bat mortality occurs at wind facilities, yet our understanding of the concomitant drivers of these events is limited. Our objectives were to assess the impact of a wind facility in southeastern Wisconsin, USA, on migratory and non‐migratory and/or short‐distance migrant bats by 1) estimating mortality, 2) recording species composition of mortality cases, and 3) determining the correlative variables associated with bat mortality events. We estimated 4,454 total bats, 3,019 migratory and 912 non‐migratory and/or short‐distance migrant bats were killed, respectively, over 277 search days during two spring and two autumn study periods, 2008–2010. We found bat mortality was strongly linked to migration. Approximately one‐quarter of all bat mortality consisted of non‐migratory big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) and short‐distance migrant little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), which is higher than many previous studies, supported by similar studies in the Midwest, and of concern due to these species' susceptibility to white‐nose syndrome. We determined weanling mice were suitable surrogates for bat carcasses in scavenger removal trials. We found temperature was positively related to bat mortality, which indicates a possible link with prey availability. We encourage standardization in search and statistical methods across studies and acknowledgment of migratory and non‐migratory and/or short‐distance migrant bat mortality at wind facilities in agricultural landscapes. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Eat prey and love: Game‐meat consumption and attitudes toward hunting
Authors: Ljung Per E. , Riley Shawn J. , Heberlein Thomas A. , Ericsson Göran 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPublic support of hunting is a key to sustaining this socio‐economic activity that contributes to control of game populations. Previous studies have suggested that experience with hunting and hunters may determine acceptance of hunting. An untested assumption is that consumption of game meat is a causal factor in generating positive attitudes toward hunters and hunting. Here we used a survey, sent during 2009 to a random sample of 1,067 Swedish residents, to test the association between non‐hunters' frequency of game‐meat consumption and their attitudes toward hunting. We found that game meat was consumed at least once per year in 65% of non‐hunters' household, and that 80% of non‐hunters expressed favorable attitudes toward hunting. Game‐meat consumption and social relationships were the key factors associated with positive attitudes toward hunting. Our findings suggest game‐meat consumption to be an important reason that hunting is well accepted in the Swedish society. We suggest that increased distribution and availability of game meat to non‐hunters will increase the likelihood that positive attitudes toward hunters and hunting will be sustained. Our findings are from Sweden, where meat from wild game can freely be distributed and traded; yet, the results can be considered as catalysts for discussion about sale of game meat in countries where it now is illegal. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Synchrotron X‐ray Powder Diffraction and Electronic Band Structure of α‐ and β‐Cu2ZnSiS4
Authors: Rosmus Kimberly A. , Brunetta Carl D. , Srnec Matthew N. , Karuppannan Balamurugan , Aitken Jennifer A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract The quaternary diamond‐like semiconductor, Cu2ZnSiS4, was synthesized by high‐temperature solid‐state synthesis at 1000 °C. High‐resolution synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction of this product revealed the presence of two polymorphs. This data confirms that the known α‐Cu2ZnSiS4 exists with the wurtz‐stannite structure in the noncentrosymmetric space group Pmn21. The new polymorph, β‐Cu2ZnSiS4, crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric space group Pn with a = 6.134092(6) Å, b = 6.392752(5) Å, c = 7.421228(8) Å, β = 90.056(1)°, Z = 2, χ2 = 5.554, Rp = 0.0857 and wRp = 0.1173. Electronic structure calculations performed for both polymorphs indicate direct bandgaps of 1.3 and 1.7 eV at the Γ‐point, respectively.
Two‐Step Synthesis of a Novel Cd17 Sulfide Cluster through Ionic Clusters
Authors: Zhang Qichun , Zheng Shou‐Tian , Bu Xianhui , Feng Pingyun 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA novel discrete neutral Cd17 sulfide cluster (denoted CMM‐9) with seven corners has been synthesized by slow diffusion of methanol into a mixed solution (DMF/CS2 = 1:1, weight ratio) containing an ionic starting material CMM‐4. The structures of CMM‐4 and CMM‐9 are determined from single crystal X‐ray diffraction data collected at 150 K. The structure of the new Cd17 cluster is distinctly different from the well‐known C1 cluster that also has 17 Cd sites. The UV/Vis spectrum of the new cluster CMM‐9 revealed a maximum absorption at 305 nm in DMF solution, which is slightly red‐shifted compared to the regular C1 cluster (C1, [Cd17S4(SPh)28]2–, with a maximum absorption at 296 nm).
[Ir2Te14Br12]2(InBr4)2 – Clusters with Te10·– Radical Anions
Authors: Günther Anja , Isaeva Anna , Ruck Michael 
Published: September 2012

Abstract The reaction of the electrophilic transition metal iridium with tellurium, indium, and bromine resulted in black, shiny crystals with the composition [Ir2Te14Br12]2(InBr4)2. X‐ray diffraction on single‐crystals revealed a triclinic structure (space group P$\bar{1}$) that contains two crystallographically distinct, centrosymmetric clusters, (Te10)[Ir(TeBr3)2]2+ and (Te10)[Ir(TeBr4)(TeBr2)]2+, as well as two tetrahedral InBr4– anions per unit cell. The center of the positively charged cluster is a Te10·– radical anion. This biconvex tricyclo[5.1.1.13, 5] unit consists of two angulated Te4 rings that are linked by two almost linear μ‐Te bridges. The radical causes an intense single ESR signal at g = 1.999. Molecular DFT‐calculations show that the unpaired electron populates an orbital of the Te10‐unit. Computational variation of the number of electrons causes noticeable variations in the Te–Te distances, providing strong evidence for the Te10·– radical. The decatellurium unit coordinates two iridium(III) cations as a bridging bis‐tetradentate ligand. Two terminal bromidotellurate(II) groups complete the slightly distorted octahedral coordination of each transition metal atom. The two [IrTe6] polyhedra share a common edge. The constitutions of the terminal ligands differ, including only TeBr3– anions in one type of clusters, but a combination of TeBr42– and TeBr2 groups in the other. The coordinating tellurium atoms of the central Te10·– and of the terminal groups act as electron pair donors, thereby fulfilling the 18‐electron‐rule for the iridium(III) cations.
N‐Triazolylpropanamide – an Acrylamide‐Derived Multifunctional Ligand for the Construction of Supramolecular Hydrogen‐Bonded Networks
Authors: Wagner Thomas , Hrib Cristian G. , Lorenz Volker , Edelmann Frank T. , Zhang Jianfeng , Yi Qiaohua 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe synthesis and single crystal X‐ray structure of the multifunctional acrylamide‐derived ligand N‐triazolylpropanamide (1, = NTPA) are reported. The title compound was prepared in 72 % yield by Michael addition of 1, 2, 4‐triazole and acrylamide in the presence of Triton B (= trimethylbenzylammonium hydroxide) as catalyst. Treatment of 1 with FeCl3(H2O)6 in MeOH/MeCN led to reduction and formation of the iron(II) complex (NTPA)2FeCl2(MeOH)2 (2, yellow prisms, 52 % yield). Both 1 and 2 were structurally characterized by X‐ray diffraction. Surprisingly, the NTPA ligands in 2 are coordinated to iron in a monodentate fashion through a triazole ring nitrogen atom. In the crystal, both compounds form supramolecular hydrogen‐bonded networks.
Supramolecular Networks Extended by N–H···O Interactions between Cu‐Benzimidazole Subunits and Keggin Anions
Authors: Liu Guo‐Cheng , Wang Yu‐Fei , Tian Ai‐Xiang , Wang Xiu‐Li , Cao Jing‐Jing , Yang Song , Lin Hong‐Yan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThree new 2D/3D supramolecular architectures derived from Cu‐organic subunits and Keggin anions, [CuII2(biz)8(HPMoVI10MoV2O40)(H2O)2]·2H2O (1), [CuI4(biz)8(SiW12O40)]·2H2O (2) and [CuI2(dmbiz)4(Hdmbiz)2(SiW12O40)] (3) (biz = benzimidazole, dmbiz = 5, 6‐dimethyl benzimidazole), were obtained under hydrothermal conditions. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that compound 1 has two kinds of [CuII(biz)2]2+ cations, which are further extended by Keggin anions into a 2D (4, 8)‐connected supramolecular network by hydrogen bonding interactions. In compound 2, four types of [CuI(biz)2]+ subunits link the [SiW12O40]4– anions to form a 3D (2, 6)‐connected supramolecular structure. Compound 3 shows a 3D supramolecular network with a NaCl‐type topology constructed by [CuI(dmbiz)2]+ subunits, anions, and discrete [Hdmbiz]+ cations. Moreover, the electrochemical and photocatalytic properties of compounds 1 and 2 were investigated.
A Model for Peer Experiential and Reciprocal Supervision (PEERS) for Genetic Counselors: Development and Preliminary Evaluation Within Clinical Practice
Authors: Sexton A. , Hodgkin L. , Bogwitz M. , Bylstra Y. , Mann K. , Taylor J. , Hodgson J. , Sahhar M. , Kentwell M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA model for practising genetic counselors to obtain clinical supervision via reciprocal peer observation and feedback was developed and trialled. The model was developed in response to a perceived lack of opportunity for immediate observational feedback for practising genetic counselors. The aims reached by consensus were to facilitate learning new approaches and skills, to revitalise current ways of practising, and to enhance supervision skills in a two‐way process, where the observer learnt from the counselor, and vice‐versa. The genetic counselors agreed on a process of paired reciprocal observation whereby the observer was present in the room during the counseling session, and a reflective feedback discussion was arranged within 24 h of the session. Four main themes emerged from analysis of the recorded discussions were (i)“I wasn't sure if I‐”:voicing of doubts or internal questions that occurred during session for the counselor conducting the session, (ii)“I really liked that”:positive feedback and validation from the observer, (iii)“I wonder whether‐”:offering of alternative views, insights and strategies by the observer, and (iv)“That's a real thing for me to take away and think about”:evidence of learning by both observers and counselors.
Fine‐root morphological and growth traits in a Turkey‐oak stand in relation to seasonal changes in soil moisture in the Southern Apennines, Italy
Authors: Montagnoli Antonio , Terzaghi Mattia , Di Iorio Antonino , Scippa Gabriella Stefania , Chiatante Donato 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe investigated the effects of seasonal changes in soil moisture on the morphological and growth traits of fine roots (<2 mm in diameter) in a mature Turkey‐oak stand (Quercus cerris L.) in the Southern Apennines of Italy. Root samples (diameter: <0.5, 0.5–1.0, 1.0–1.5, and 1.5–2.0 mm) were collected with the Auger method. Mean annual fine‐root mass and length on site was 443 g m−2 (oak fine roots 321 g m−2; other species 122 g m−2) and 3.18 km m−2 (oak fine roots 1.14 km m−2; other species 2.04 km m−2), respectively. Mean specific root length was 8.3 m g−1. All fine‐root traits displayed a complex pattern that was significantly related to season. In the four diameter classes, both fine‐root biomass and length peaked in summer when soil water content was the lowest and air temperature the highest of the season. Moreover, both fine‐root biomass and length were inversely related with soil moisture (p < 0.001). The finest roots (<0.5 mm in diameter) constituted an important fraction of total fine‐root length (79 %), but only 21 % of biomass. Only in this root class, consequent to change in mean diameter, specific root length peaked when soil water content was lowest showing an inverse relationship (p < 0.001). Furthermore, fine‐root production and turnover decreased with increasing root diameter. These results suggest that changes in root length per unit mass, and pulses in root growth to exploit transient periods of low soil water content may enable trees to increase nutrient and water uptake under seasonal drought conditions.
Development of microsatellite loci in the common reef starfish Linckia laevigata and Linckia multifora
Authors: Yasuda Nina , Taquet Coralie , Nagai Satoshi , Wörheide Gert , Nadaoka Kazuo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe isolated seven polymorphic microsatellite loci from the coral reef starfish Linckia laevigata—a common coral reef sea star distributed widely in the Indo‐Pacific. The number of alleles ranged from 4 to 13, with an average of 7.4. The ranges of observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.367/0.933 and 0.332/0.840 for L. laevigata and 0.182/0.818 and 0.329/0.697 for L. multifora, respectively. All of these markers can also be used in the sister species Linckia multifora. These microsatellite loci will be useful for population and conservation genetic studies in coral reef ecosystems.
Parallel transitive closure algorithm
Authors: Alves C. E. R. , Cáceres E. N. , de Castro A. A. , Song S. W. , Szwarcfiter J. L. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Using the BSP/CGM model, with
$$p$$
processors, where
$$p \ll n$$
, we present a parallel algorithm to compute the transitive closure of a digraph
$$D$$
with
$$n$$
vertices and
$$m$$
edges. Our algorithm uses
$$\log p + 1$$
communication rounds if the input is an acyclic directed graph labeled using a linear extension. For general digraphs, the algorithm requires
$$p$$
communication rounds in the worst case. In both cases,
$$O(M/p)$$
local computation is performed per round, where
$$M$$
is the amount of computation needed to compute a sequential transitive closure of a digraph. The presented algorithm can be implemented using any sequential algorithm that computes the transitive closure of a digraph
$$D$$
. We have implemented the algorithm using the Warshall transitive closure algorithm on two Beowulf clusters using MPI. The implementation results show its efficiency and scalability. It also compares favorably with other parallel implementations. The worst case (communication rounds) for a digraph was derived through an artificially elaborated example. However, in all our test cases, the algorithm never requires more than
$$\log p + 1$$
communication rounds and presents very promising implementation results. The algorithm also can be applied to any
$$n \times n$$
matrix that represents a binary relation.
On the origin of the secondary vortex street
Authors: Kumar Bhaskar , Mittal Sanjay 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe origin of the secondary vortex street, observed in the far wake in the flow past a circular cylinder, is investigated. The Reynolds number, based on the diameter of the cylinder, is 150. The von Kármán vortex street, which originates in the near wake, decays exponentially downstream of the cylinder. Beyond the region of decay, a broad band of frequencies are selectively amplified, leading to the formation of a secondary vortex street consisting of packets of large-scale vortex structures. The streamwise location of the onset of the instability, frequency of the generation of packets and their convection speed are estimated via direct numerical simulation (DNS). Global linear stability analysis of the time-averaged flow reveals the presence of unstable convective modes that travel at almost the same speed and have a structure similar to the packet-like disturbances as observed in the DNS. Sensitivity analysis of the global convective modes to structural perturbations is carried out to locate the region of the wake that is most significant in generating the modes responsible for the appearance of the secondary vortex street. This information is utilized to control the flow. By placing a ‘slip’ splitter plate along the wake centre line, in the overlap region of the direct and the adjoint modes, the oscillations in the far wake are significantly reduced, though the oscillations related to the primary vortex shedding in the near wake are not. It is also found that suppression of the primary vortex shedding leads to annihilation of the secondary vortex street as well. Linear stability analysis of the steady-state flow does not yield any modes that can explain the appearance of the secondary vortex street. The steady and time-averaged wake profiles, for the $\mathit{Re}= 150$ flow, are compared to bring out the differences in the two. The effect of free-stream oscillations on the evolution of the secondary vortex street is investigated. By reducing the amplitude of inlet excitation, a gradual transition from ordered shedding in the far wake to the appearance of a broad-band spectrum of frequencies, as in the unforced wake, is observed. All the computations have been carried out using a stabilized finite element method.
Mating ofHelicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths and their host plant origins as larvae within Australian cotton farming systems
Authors: Baker G.H. , Tann C.R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTransgenic (Bt) cotton dominates Australian cotton production systems. It is grown to control feeding damage by lepidopteran pests such asHelicoverpa armigera. The possibility that these moths might become resistant to Bt remains a threat. Consequently, refuge crops (with no Bt) must be grown with Bt cotton to produce large numbers of Bt-susceptible moths to reduce the risk of resistance developing. A key assumption of the refuge strategy, that moths from different host plant origins mate at random, remains untested. During the period of the study reported here, refuge crops included pigeon pea, conventional cotton (C3 plants), sorghum or maize (C4 plants). To identify the relative contributions made by these (and perhaps other) C3 and C4 plants to populations ofH. armigerain cotton landscapes, we measured stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) within individual moths captured in the field. Overall, 53% of the moths were of C4 origin. In addition, we demonstrated, by comparing the stable isotope signatures of mating pairs of moths, that mating is indeed random amongst moths of different plant origins (i.e. C3 and C4). Stable nitrogen isotope signatures (δ15N) were recorded to further discriminate amongst host plant origins (e.g. legumes from non-legumes), but such measurements proved generally unsuitable. Since 2010, maize and sorghum are no longer used as dedicated refuges in Australia. However, these plants remain very common crops in cotton production regions, so their roles as ‘unstructured’ refuges seem likely to be significant.
Effect of water availability and genetic diversity on flowering phenology, synchrony and reproductive investment in summer squash
Authors: CAMPBELL L. G. , LUO J. , MERCER K. L. 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYCurrent agricultural practices rely on crops with developmental phenologies adapted to local climate, photoperiods and soils; however, global climate change will alter some abiotic factors (e.g. temperature and precipitation). Previously adapted varieties may be poorly prepared for these changing conditions, if such conditions induce mismatched phenologies. Crops that depend on cross-pollination and synchronous flowering may be most susceptible, e.g. monoecious plants have separate male and female flowers, and changes in flowering synchrony may alter yield. Using genetically diverse (open-pollinated (OP)) and genetically homogeneous (hybrid) varieties of a monoecious crop, courgette, also known as zuchinni (Cucurbita pepo), phenological responses to experimentally manipulated moisture conditions were explored in an agricultural context. Under drier and wetter conditions, the hybrid courgette plants shifted towards a male-biased floral sex ratio due to the reduced production of female flowers. However, flowering synchrony and fruit production were unaffected by moisture treatment in both varieties. The hybrid and OP varieties differed in many traits related to floral sex ratios, phenology, synchrony and fruit production. Further, the OP variety displayed more phenotypic variation than the hybrid in many traits. Being in a population context rather than relying on self-pollination increased the availability of potential mates for a given female flower in both the hybrid and, particularly, the OP variety. Thus, the increased genetic diversity found in OP v. hybrid varieties may buffer the possible environmental effects on flowering synchrony within a cropping context. Finally, the likelihood of female flowers setting fruit increased with the number of male flowers within a population, and the rate of increase was higher in the hybrid variety. In summary, climate change is predicted to reduce investment in female function in some monoecious crops and genetically diverse varieties may play an important role in maintaining reproductive synchrony in altered environments.