bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rigidity of weakly hyperbolic actions of higher real rank semisimple Lie groups and their lattices
Authors: MARGULIS GREGORY A. , QIAN NANTIAN 
Published: July 2002

Under some weak hyperbolicity conditions, we establish C^0- and C^\infty-local rigidity theorems for two classes of standard algebraic actions: (1) left translation actions of higher real rank semisimple Lie groups and their lattices on quotients of Lie groups by uniform lattices; (2) higher rank lattice actions on nilmanifolds by affine diffeomorphisms. The proof relies on an observation that local rigidity of the standard actions is a consequence of the local rigidity of some constant cocycles. The C^0-local rigidity for weakly hyperbolic standard actions follows from a cocycle C^0-local rigidity result proved in the paper. The main ingredients in the proof of the latter are Zimmer's cocycle superrigidity theorem and stability properties of partially hyperbolic vector bundle maps. The C^\infty-local rigidity is deduced from the C^0-local rigidity following a procedure outlined by Katok and Spatzier.Using similar considerations, we also establish C^0-global rigidity of volume preserving, higher rank lattice Anosov actions on nilmanifolds with a finite orbit.
Remarks on Livšic' theory for nonabelian cocycles
Authors: SCHMIDT KLAUS 
Published: July 2002

Let $(X,\phi)$ be a hyperbolic dynamical system and let $(G,\delta)$ be a Polish group. Motivated by Nicol and Pollicott, and then by Parry we study conditions under which two Hölder maps $f,g: X\longrightarrow G$ are Hölder cohomologous.In the context of Nicol and Pollicott we show that if $f$ and $g$ are measurably cohomologous and the distortion of the metric $\delta $ by the cocycles defined by $f$ and $g$ is bounded in an appropriate sense, then $f$ and $g$ are Hölder cohomologous.Two further results extend the main theorems recently presented by Parry. Under the hypothesis of bounded distortion we show that, if $f$ and $g$ give equal weight to all periodic points of $\phi $, then $f$ and $g$ are Hölder cohomologous. If the metric $\delta $ is bi-invariant, and if the skew-product $\phi _f$ defined by $f$ is topologically transitive, then conjugacy of weights implies that $g$ is Hölder conjugate to $\alpha \cdot f$ for some isometric automorphism $\alpha $ of $G$. The weaker condition that $g$-weights of periodic points are close to the identity whenever their $f$-weights are close to the identity implies that $g$ is continuously cohomologous to a homomorphic image of $f$.
The York cause papers: a reply to Jeremy Goldberg
Authors: PEDERSEN FREDERIK 
Published: July 2002

When I wrote ‘Demography in the archives’, it was my
hope to open up
a methodological discussion of geographical, social, and demographic
aspects of legal sources that I believed had not received sufficient attention

in the past. The matter was urgent, I felt, because I had found that there

was a distinctive pattern to the reception of my work on either side of
the
Atlantic. When I presented papers in North America, my basic premise
– that it was difficult, if not impossible, to use legal sources
like the York
cause papers as the basis of an analysis of social change in the century

after the Black Death – was accepted with little or no comment. However,

when I presented the same papers in Britain there seemed to be unease
about this conclusion and one of the most frequent questions I was asked

was why I did not analyse temporal variations in the material. From this

I perceived the need to explain how I arrived at such a position, and after

a long period of gestation the eventual outcome was ‘Demography in
the
archives’. I am delighted that Dr Goldberg has taken the time to
go over
my arguments in this meticulous fashion (see ‘Fiction in the archives:
the
York cause papers is a source for later medieval social history’,
above in
this number). He has found many errors that escaped me during the
article's proofreading, and for this work I thank him. In what follows
I
shall concentrate on what I see as the main points of his article.It is clear that we differ profoundly in our estimation of the value
of
these sources to the social historian. However, there is some common
ground between us. We agree that an investigation of the categories
suggested in ‘Demography in the archives’ will yield important
insights
into the nature of the medieval litigation material. We are, in other words,

agreed that factors such as litigants' social status, their geographical

distance to the courts, and the age-composition of witnesses must be
examined before we can conclude anything about the usefulness of these

sources. Where we differ is in our interpretation of the evidence and in
the
tools that we suggest are most suited for this analysis.
The Return of Constructions
Authors: TOMASELLO MICHAEL 
Published: July 2002

Review essay on: Goldberg, A. Constructions: A construction
grammar
approach to argument structure. University of Chicago Press (1995).

Pp. xi+265.The cornerstone of traditional descriptive grammars is the construction:
a
recurrent pattern of linguistic elements that serves some well-defined

communicative function. Prototypical constructions are sentence-level
patterns such as, in English: the imperative, the ditransitive, the passive,
the
resultative, the yes–no question, and the cleft (each of which may
have some
subtypes). Also included in some theorists' definition of construction
are
components of sentences such as the prepositional phrase, the noun phrase,

or the genitive noun phrase. Traditional constructions may have some
specific words or morphemes associated with them (e.g. by in the
full passive,
's in the genitive), but these are generally closed-class
morphemes. Almost by
definition, traditional constructions are relatively abstract patterns
that apply
across whole classes of open-class morphemes.One of the defining features of modern-day generative grammar is the

absence of constructions. Chomsky (1981) hypothesized that grammatical

structure comprises two primary levels: the level of principles and parameters,

which is much more abstract than constructions and includes
everything from the subjacency constraint to the empty category principle,

and the level of the lexicon, which includes all of the concrete morphemes

and words of a particular language. In this view, constructions represent
a
‘middle level’ of analysis that is, in effect, an epiphenomenon
resulting from
the interaction of the two primary levels. One outcome of this theoretical

move has been that generative linguists concerned with construction-level

phenomena have had to fill the generative lexicon with ever richer types
of
linguistic information, especially for verbs (e.g. Bresnan, 1982; Jackendoff,

1990; Levin, 1995; Pinker, 1989).
Erratum
Authors: GARMORY H. S. , CHANTER N. , FRENCH N. P. , BUESCHEL D. , SONGER J. G. , TITBALL R. W. 
Published: July 2002

Epidemiol. Infect.124 (2000), 61–7Occurrence ofClostridium perfringensβ2-toxin amongst animals,
determined using genotyping and subtyping PCR assaysPage 61, Summary, line 7, should read:‘… and the gene encoding β2-toxin was …’
Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia
Authors: Purandare Nitin , Allen  , Burns Alistair 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionDementia is a syndrome which involves progressive disturbance of multiple cognitive functions, emotional control and social behaviour in clear consciousness (International Classification of Diseases, ICD-10).1 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for more than 50% of all dementias and hence is the most widely studied. Although Alzheimer’s first description of the condition included noncognitive features like hallucinations, delusions and screaming,2 most research has focused on the cognitive features, i.e. memory loss, perceptuo-motor skills and language disturbance.
THE KITCHEN POLICE: SERVANT SURVEILLANCE AND MIDDLE-CLASS TRANSGRESSION
Authors: McCuskey Brian W. 
Published: July 2002

I. Privileged SpiesTOWARD THE END of Lady Audley’s Secret (1862), the most infamous femme fatale of the Victorian novel retires to her dressing room after a long day of committing arson and attempting murder. Shamming a headache, Lady Audley sends her maid from the room. The narrator explains her motive:
The impact of observations on Mesoscale Model forecasts of three‐hourly rainfall accumulations
Authors: Anderson S R , Graham R J , Bader M J 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe aim of data‐impact studies at the UK Met. Office is to investigate how observations affect the accuracy of model forecasts. Results from such experiments provide useful evidence on which to base the design of observational networks. This project, using a case study approach, investigated the relative benefit of different observation types within The Met. Office's Mesoscale Model domain on forecasts of three‐hourly precipitation accumulation over the UK up to 12 hours ahead. The method used assesses the impact of assimilating single observation types, or a limited combination of types, where impact is measured against a control forecast obtained after a dummy assimilation using no observations. In experiments for 13 case studies, the observation types that most frequently provided a beneficial impact when presented alone to the assimilation were sonde data, surface data and data from the Moisture Observation Processing System (MOPS). Copyright © 2000 Crown copyright
Sustainability accounting and green accounting
Authors: CAIRNS ROBERT D. 
Published: July 2002

Theoretical issues arising in maximin and utilitarian programs are considered in order to shed light on the merits of various concepts of income and types of environmental accounting as guides for environmental policy. The accounting prices for sustaining an economy obey Hartwick's rule but are inconsistent with the principles of national accounting. Moreover, they would be formidably difficult to calculate. Green net national product is an approximate index of welfare in a utilitarian economy which maximises future discounted utility flows. These conclusions hold even if underlying conditions are non-autonomous.JEL Codes: Q3, E2
“Ticklish Points”: The English East India Company and Japan, 1621
Authors: Massarella Derek 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe previously unpublished text of a letter written by John Osterwick in Hirado to Richard Fursland, President of the Council of Defence, around the end of September 1621. Its value lies in the detail which it provides of the state of the English East India Company's factory in Japan, eight years after it was established and two years before it closed.
INTERVIEW WITH DAVID CASS
Authors: Spear Stephen E. , Wright Randall 
Published: July 2002

David Cass is undoubtedly one of the central contributors to modern dynamic
economics. His fundamental contributions include work on optimal growth
problems, overlapping-generations models, sunspot equilibria, and general
equilibrium models with incomplete markets. His research has shaped in
profound ways the manner in which we do both micro- and macroeconomics.
From laying the foundations of real business-cycle theory via the
Cass-Koopmans model, to providing us with general tools and techniques to
analyze dynamic economic models, to furthering our understanding of
monetary economics, to making fundamental contributions to the economics of
extrinsic uncertainty, Cass's work has played a major part in the
development of much of modern macroeconomic theory. In addition to being a
first-class scholar, Cass is also truly his own man and a free spirit of
the highest order.In this interview, we tried to gain some insights into the story of David
Cass and his approach to economic theory. Also, given the title as well as
the intended readership of Macroeconomic Dynamics, we made a real effort
to get him to discuss modern macroeconomics and the influence his work has
had on its development. We edited out some parts of the discussion in the
interests of space, but what remains is essentially unedited. As most
readers will know, David Cass has collaborated extensively with Karl Shell
over the years. We talked to Shell a few weeks after talking to Cass, and
that interview is scheduled to appear in a future issue.We met with Dave in his office at the University of Pennsylvania's
Economics Department just before noon. Amid the boxes and piles of
articles, books and CD's, he sat in his standard jeans and T-shirt, looking
about as disheveled as he usually does. We chatted there for a while,
went out and continued over lunch, and
then returned to complete the
interview several hours later. It was an unseasonably warm day in
February, and Friday the 13th to be exact. That is traditionally
an unlucky day, but one that turned out in this case to be a real
treat, at least for us! We hope that you get as much out of this conversation with
Dave as we did.
Isolation and Regulation of Accumulation of a Minor Chromoplast-Specific Protein from Cucumber Corollas
Authors: Libal-Weksler Y. , Vishnevetsky M. , Ovadis M. , Vainstein A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The differentiation of chloroplasts to chromoplasts in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) corollas parallels flower development. Chromoplast biogenesis involves chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid accumulation, and the appearance of a new set of proteins. To study factors involved in chromoplast biogenesis in floral tissues, a minor (in abundance) protein of about 14 kD, CHRD (chromoplast protein D), was isolated from cucumber corolla chromoplasts. Immunological characterization revealed that the protein is chromoplast-specific and that its steady-state level in corollas increases in parallel to flower development. The protein was not detected in cucumber leaves or fruits. Immunological analysis of corollas and fruits from a variety of other plants also did not reveal cross-reactivity with the CHRD protein antisera. Using an in vitro bud culture system, we analyzed the effect of phytohormones on CHRD expression. Gibberellic acid rapidly enhanced, whereas paclobutrazol down-regulated, the steady-state level of CHRD. Ethylene also down-regulated the protein's steady-state level. It is suggested that hormonal control of chromoplastogenesis is tightly regulated at the tissue/organ level and that mainly developmental signals control carotenoid accumulation in nonphotosynthetic tissues.
Chimeric Arabidopsis thalianaRibulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Containing a Pea Small Subunit Protein Is Compromised in Carbamylation1
Authors: Getzoff Timothy P. , Zhu Genhai , Bohnert Hans J. , Jensen Richard G. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A cDNA of pea (Pisum sativum L.) RbcS 3A, encoding a small subunit protein (S) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), has been expressed in Arabidopsis thalianaunder control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, and the transcript and mature S protein were detected. Specific antibodies revealed two protein spots for the four Arabidopsis S and one additional spot for pea S. Pea S in chimeric Rubisco amounted to 15 to 18% of all S, as judged by separation on two-dimensional isoelectric focusing/sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels from partially purified enzyme preparations and quantitation of silver-stained protein spots. The chimeric enzyme had 11 ± 1% fewer carbamylated sites and a 11 ± 1% lower carboxylase activity than wild-type Arabidopsis Rubisco. Whereas pea S expression, preprotein transport, and processing and assembly resulted in a stable holoenzyme, the chimeric enzyme was reproducibly catalytically less efficient. We suggest that the presence of, on average, one foreign S per holoenzyme is responsible for the altered activity. In addition, higher-plant Rubisco, unlike the cyanobacterial enzyme, seems to have evolved species-specific interactions between S and the large subunit protein that are involved in carbamylation of the active site.
Protection of Photosynthesis against Ultraviolet-B Radiation by Carotenoids in Transformants of the CyanobacteriumSynechococcus PCC79421
Authors: Götz Thomas , Windhövel Ute , Böger Peter , Sandmann Gerhard 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The cyanobacteriumSynechococcus PCC7942 was transformed with various carotenogenic genes, and the resulting transformants either accumulated higher amounts of β-carotene and zeaxanthin or showed a shift in the carotenoid pattern toward the formation of zeaxanthin. These transformants were exposed to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, and the degradation of phycobilins, the inactivation of photosynthetic oxygen evolution, and the activity of photosystem II were determined. In the genetically modified cells, the influence on destruction of phycobilins was negligible. However, protection of photosynthetic reactions against UV-B damage was observed and was dependent on the carotenoid concentrations in the different transformants. Furthermore, it was shown that endogenous zeaxanthin is more effective than β-carotene. Our results suggest that carotenoids exert their protective function as antioxidants to inactivate UV-B-induced radicals in the photosynthetic membrane.
Biosynthesis and Immunolocalization of Lewis a-ContainingN-Glycans in the Plant Cell
Authors: Fitchette Anne-Catherine , Cabanes-Macheteau Marion , Marvin Laure , Martin Barry , Satiat-Jeunemaitre Béatrice , Gomord Véronique , Crooks Kim , Lerouge Patrice , Faye Loı̈c , Hawes Chris 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We recently demonstrated the presence of a new asparagine-linked complex glycan on plant glycoproteins that harbors the Lewis a (Lea), or Galβ(1-3)[Fucα(1-4)]GlcNAc, epitope, which in mammalian cells plays an important role in cell-to-cell recognition. Here we show that the monoclonal antibody JIM 84, which is widely used as a Golgi marker in light and electron microscopy of plant cells, is specific for the Lea antigen. This antigen is present on glycoproteins of a number of flowering and non-flowering plants, but is less apparent in the Cruciferae, the family that includes Arabidopsis. Lea-containing oligosaccharides are found in the Golgi apparatus, and our immunocytochemical experiments suggest that it is synthesized in the trans-most part of the Golgi apparatus. Lea epitopes are abundantly present on extracellular glycoproteins, either soluble or membrane bound, but are never observed on vacuolar glycoproteins. Double-labeling experiments suggest that vacuolar glycoproteins do not bypass the late Golgi compartments where Lea is built, and that the absence of the Leaepitope from vacuolar glycoproteins is probably the result of its degradation by glycosidases en route to or after arrival in the vacuole.
Characterization of Ripening-Regulated cDNAs and Their Expression in Ethylene-Suppressed Charentais Melon Fruit
Authors: Hadfield Kristen A. , Dang Tam , Guis Monique , Pech Jean-Claude , Bouzayen Mondher , Bennett Alan B. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Charentais melons (Cucumis melo cv Reticulatus) are climacteric and undergo extremely rapid ripening. Sixteen cDNAs corresponding to mRNAs whose abundance is ripening regulated were isolated to characterize the changes in gene expression that accompany this very rapid ripening process. Sequence comparisons indicated that eight of these cDNA clones encoded proteins that have been previously characterized, with one corresponding to ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) oxidase, three to proteins associated with pathogen responses, two to proteins involved in sulfur amino acid biosynthesis, and two having significant homology to a seed storage protein or a yeast secretory protein. The remaining eight cDNA sequences did not reveal significant sequence similarities to previously characterized proteins. The majority of the 16 ripening-regulated cDNAs corresponded to mRNAs that were fruit specific, although three were expressed at low levels in vegetative tissues. When examined in transgenic antisense ACC oxidase melon fruit, three distinct patterns of mRNA accumulation were observed. One group of cDNAs corresponded to mRNAs whose abundance was reduced in transgenic fruit but inducible by ethylene treatment, indicating that these genes are directly regulated by ethylene. A second group of mRNAs was not significantly altered in the transgenic fruit and was unaffected by treatment with ethylene, indicating that these genes are regulated by ethylene-independent developmental cues. The third and largest group of cDNAs showed an unexpected pattern of expression, with levels of mRNA reduced in transgenic fruit and remaining low after exposure to ethylene. Regulation of this third group of genes thus appears to ethylene independent, but may be regulated by developmental cues that require ethylene at a certain stage in fruit development. The results confirm that both ethylene-dependent and ethylene-independent pathways of gene regulation coexist in climacteric fruit.
Subcellular Localization of Expansin mRNA in Xylem Cells,
Authors: Im Kyung-Hoan , Cosgrove Daniel J. , Jones Alan M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Terminal differentiation of many vascular cells involves cell wall changes. Cells first elongate their primary wall, then lay down a lignified secondary wall, which is often followed by digestion of the primary wall. Expansins are wall proteins that regulate wall changes, but little is known about the specific functions of the many individual expansin isoforms. An in vitro cell culture of synchronously differentiating tracheary elements was used to identify three new expansins and to compare their expression kinetics with the timing of wall changes. The genes encoding these expansins from zinnia (Zinnia elegans), designatedZeExp1, ZeExp2, ZeExp3, are expressed during cell elongation. ZeExp1 andZeExp2 mRNA decrease at the early stage of secondary wall formation, whereas ZeExp3 does not. In planta, all three ZeExp mRNAs are found predominantly in a single flank of cells adjacent to protoxylem and metaxylem vessels and in cells roughly at the radial position of the fasicular and interfasicular cambium. Furthermore, within these cells,Exp mRNA is localized exclusively either to the apical or basipetal end of cells depending on the expansin gene and organ, providing the first evidence for polar localization of mRNA in plant cells. ZeExp1 and ZeExp3 mRNA are localized at the apical tip, whereas ZeExp2 mRNA is found in the basal tip. These observations indicate that these three expansins are xylem cell specific and possibly involved in the intrusive growth of the primary walls of differentiating xylem cells.
Retrobiosynthetic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Amino Acid Biosynthesis and Intermediary Metabolism. Metabolic Flux in Developing Maize Kernels
Authors: Glawischnig Erich , Gierl Alfons , Tomas Adriana , Bacher Adelbert , Eisenreich Wolfgang 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Information on metabolic networks could provide the basis for the design of targets for metabolic engineering. To study metabolic flux in cereals, developing maize (Zea mays) kernels were grown in sterile culture on medium containing [U-13C6]glucose or [1,2-13C2]acetate. After growth, amino acids, lipids, and sitosterol were isolated from kernels as well as from the cobs, and their 13C isotopomer compositions were determined by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The highly specific labeling patterns were used to analyze the metabolic pathways leading to amino acids and the triterpene on a quantitative basis. The data show that serine is generated from phosphoglycerate, as well as from glycine. Lysine is formed entirely via the diaminopimelate pathway and sitosterol is synthesized entirely via the mevalonate route. The labeling data of amino acids and sitosterol were used to reconstruct the labeling patterns of key metabolic intermediates (e.g. acetyl-coenzyme A, pyruvate, phosphoenolpyruvate, erythrose 4-phosphate, and Rib 5-phosphate) that revealed quantitative information about carbon flux in the intermediary metabolism of developing maize kernels. Exogenous acetate served as an efficient precursor of sitosterol, as well as of amino acids of the aspartate and glutamate family; in comparison, metabolites formed in the plastidic compartments showed low acetate incorporation.