bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Encouraging collaborative entrepreneurship in developing countries: the current challenges and a research agenda
Authors: Ratten Vanessa 
Published: September 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the current challenges of collaborative entrepreneurship in developing countries. By focusing on developing countries, a research agenda is proposed that considers how collaborative entrepreneurship differs depending on a country’s level of economic and social development.Design/methodology/approach– A literature review was conducted on entrepreneurship in developing countries to evaluate the financial and non-financial reasons for collaborative entrepreneurship.Findings– The analysis of current challenges faced by entrepreneurs in developing countries finds that there are a number of different types of collaborative entrepreneurship conducted. These include cultural collaboration, government attitudes and society benefits, community innovations and collaborative capabilities.Originality/value– This paper contributes to the literature on developing countries by highlighting the collaborative entrepreneurial approach utilized by individuals, businesses and governments to succeed in the competitive global marketplace.
China’s trans-regional entrepreneurship
Authors: Song Lin , Winkler Christoph 
Published: September 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this article is to analyze the supply (technology, education, labour, unemployment and real estate development) and demand (fiscal revenue and resident income) factors that influence regional entrepreneurial activity in China. Entrepreneurship develops at a rapid pace in China with significant differences among the country’s regions.

Design/methodology/approach
– Statistics of 31 Chinese provinces from 2005 to 2010 were collected, and an econometric model of the panel data was established.

Findings
– Empirical results show that technology and employment positively impact on regional entrepreneurial activity. A subsequent analysis comparing data from 2005-2008 to 2009-2010 showed that different variables on regional entrepreneurship weaken during a period of financial crisis, with technology remaining as the only significant variable across all models. Finally, the study summarizes China’s entrepreneurial activity as primarily supply-driven.

Research limitations/implications
– This study is limited by the data sources and index design, which may not fully capture all influences on regional entrepreneurship to determine whether an inflection point or other interaction mechanisms exist.

Practical implications
– The study demonstrates a differential emphasis on the impact of economic supply factors in a developing economy to positively affect entrepreneurial activities and sustained economic growth at the regional level. Conversely, it can be inferred that increased government spending during an economic crisis positively influences regional entrepreneurial activities.

Originality/value
– The study contributes toward the development of a theoretical framework that emphasizes the relationship between entrepreneurial activities and its regional supply and demand factors. The overall model and findings highlight technology’s importance on the development of innovation clusters that spur industrial agglomeration.
How small-medium enterprises leverage intangibles during recessions. Evidence from the Italian clothing industry
Authors: Cucculelli Marco , Bettinelli Cristina , Renoldi Angelo 
Published: September 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to focus on how investments in research and development (R&D) and advertising affect the performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) during recessions.Design/methodology/approach– Contingency theory is applied to a data set of 376 Italian clothing SMEs during the period 2000-2010 to test whether investment in R&D and advertising impacts financial performance differently when contingent factors (such as market share, financial leverage and business model change) are taken into account.Findings– Empirical results confirm that market share and leverage moderate the effects of investments in R&D and advertising (i.e. intangibles) on performance, and also that changes in business models are an important contingent factor that explains performance. Specifically, the paper ascertains that a novelty-centered business model, together with investments in intangibles, positively affects performance during recessions.Originality/value– This study offers an input to the debate on how SMEs develop and sustain their competitive advantage during the recession. It contributes to existent theory by showing whether and how contingencies, such as a firm's market share and leverage, moderate the relationship between performance and investments in R&D and advertising in SMEs. Second, it addresses the call for additional data “about the strategic effects of business models and how they influence the positioning of firms in their competitive environment” (Amit and Zott, 2008, p. 20) by introducing business model change/innovation as a new contingency factor and by empirically testing its effects on “objective measures of firm performance” (Bocket al., 2012, p. 301).
Leader driven organizational adaptation
Authors: Seah Melody , Hsieh Ming-Huei , Huang Hsiu-Ying 
Published: September 2014

Purpose– Earlier research has identified adaptive leadership strategies and organizational culture as two key factors that influence a firm's adaptive capabilities. However, little is known about how leadership and organizational culture affect each other. Nor do the authors know how the combined effects of adaptive leadership and culture facilitates organizational adaptation over time. The purpose of this paper is to address this gap by using a co-evolutionary perspective to enhance the understanding of this phenomenon.Design/methodology/approach– Data were collected through informant interviews, observations and archival material.Findings– Study findings reveal that leaders can enhance organizational adaptability by creating an appropriate context to guide the co-evolutionary interactions between their leadership strategies, organizational culture and employees towards the ongoing achievement of firm goals.Originality/value– The study enhances the understanding of how leaders facilitate organizational adaptability, especially in a family business context.
Contamination profile on typical printed circuit board assemblies vs soldering process
Authors: Conseil Helene , Stendahl Jellesen Morten , Ambat Rajan 
Published: September 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper was to analyse typical printed circuit board assemblies (PCBAs) processed by reflow, wave or selective wave soldering for typical levels of process-related residues, resulting from a specific or combination of soldering processes. Typical solder flux residue distribution pattern, composition and concentration are profiled and reported. The effect of such contaminants on conformal coating was tested.

Design/methodology/approach
– Presence of localized flux residues was visualized using a commercial residue reliability assessment testing gel test and chemical structure was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while the concentration was measured using ion chromatography, and the electrical properties of the extracts were determined by measuring the leak current using a twin platinum electrode set-up. Localized extraction of residue was carried out using a commercial critical contamination control extraction system.

Findings
– Results clearly show that the amount and distribution of flux residues are a function of the soldering process, and the level can be reduced by an appropriate cleaning. Selective soldering process generates significantly higher levels of residues compared to the wave and reflow process. For conformal coated PCBAs, the contamination levels generated from the tested wave and selective soldering process are found to be enough to generate blisters under exposure to high humidity levels.

Originality/value
– Although it is generally known that different soldering processes can introduce contamination on the PCBA surface, compromising its cleanliness, no systematic work is reported investigating the relative levels of residue introduced by various soldering processes and its effect on corrosion reliability.
Comparing 2D and 3D numerical simulation results of gas flow velocity in convection reflow oven
Authors: Illés Balázs 
Published: September 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to compare and study two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics simulation results of gas flow velocity in a convection reflow oven and show the differences of the different modeling aspects. With the spread of finer surface-mounted devices, it is important to understand convection reflow soldering technology more deeply.

Design/methodology/approach
– Convection reflow ovens are divided into zones. Every zone contains an upper and a lower nozzle-matrix. The gas flow velocity field is one of the most important parameters of the local heat transfer in the oven. It is not possible to examine the gas flow field with classical experimental methods due to the extreme circumstances in the reflow oven. Therefore, numerical simulations are necessary.

Findings
– The heat transfer changes highly along the moving direction of the assembly, and it is nearly homogeneous along the traverse direction of the zones. The gas flow velocity values of the 2D model are too high due to the geometrical distortions of the 2D model. On the other hand, the calculated flow field of the 2D model is more accurate than in the 3D model due to the finer mesh.

Research limitations/implications
– Investigating the effects of tall components on a printed wiring board inside the gas flow field and further analysis of the mesh size effect on the models.

Practical implications
– The presented results can be useful during the design of a simulation study in a reflow oven (or in similar processes).

Originality/value
– The presented results provide a completely novel approach from the aspect of 2D and 3D simulations of a convection reflow oven. The results also reveal the heat transfer differences.
Comparing the reliability and intermetallic layer of solder joints prepared with infrared and vapour phase soldering
Authors: Krammer Olivér 
Published: September 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to compare the reliability and intermetallic layer (IML) of solder joints prepared with infrared (IR) and vapour phase (VP) soldering. The reliability of 0603-sized resistors’ solder joints formed with IR and VP soldering was investigated. The IML of the joints was analysed based on image processing algorithm automatically.

Design/methodology/approach
– For the reliability analyses, the ageing method was a highly accelerated stress test (HAST) with +105°C maximum temperature, fully saturated (100 per cent) relative humidity at +0.5 atm overpressure. The joints were characterised based on the thickness of their IML and on their shear strength in as-reflowed stage, and after 400, 800, 1,200, 1,600 and 2,000 hours of HAST. An image processing algorithm was developed to measure the thickness of the IMLs on cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images automatically.

Findings
– The increase of the IML thickness is lower in the case of HAST ageing compared to other methods. The thickness increment of the Cu6Sn5 layer was higher for IR and lower for VP soldering; the Cu3Sn layer cannot be inspected even after 2,000 hours of HAST ageing. The results of shear strength measurements show better reliability for VP soldered joints.

Practical implications
– The developed image processing method is applicable to obtain quantitative results about the IMLs in an effective fast way.

Originality/value
– There is a lack of information in the literature regarding the reliability comparison of solder joints formed with VP and conventional reflow processes. Thus, we performed research about the lifetime of solder joints formed with VP and IR reflow method.
Failure analysis on electrolytic Ni/Au surface finish of PCB used for wire bonding and soldering
Authors: Chen Fei-Jun , Yan Shi , Yang Zhen-Guo 
Published: September 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to address two kinds of printed circuit board (PCB) failures with electrolytic Ni/Au as the surface finish. One was the weak bondability of gold wires to Ni/Au pads and the other was “dull gold” and weak solder wettability, which both caused great loss for the PCB manufacturer.

Design/methodology/approach
– The failure samples were studied and analyzed in terms of macro- and micro-morphology of the surface finish, its element composition and thickness by various characterization techniques, such as three-dimensional stereo microscope, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectrum.

Findings
– Then the causes of the two failures were both found to be the inadequate thickness of gold deposit and other surface finish defects, but these causes played different roles in either failure or the mechanisms differ. Finally, their failure mechanisms were discussed and corresponding countermeasures were put forward for prevention.

Practical implications
– This study not only addresses a practical failure problem but also provides some clues to a better and further understanding of the effect of PCB process and management on its quality and reliability in manufacturing practice.

Originality/value
– It sheds light on how the thickness and quality of surface finish affects its wire bonding and soldering performances.
Ant–caterpillar antagonism at the community level: interhabitat variation of tritrophic interactions in a neotropical savanna
Authors: Sendoya Sebastián F. , Oliveira Paulo S. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryAnt foraging on foliage can substantially affect how phytophagous insects use host plants and represents a high predation risk for caterpillars, which are important folivores. Ant–plant–herbivore interactions are especially pervasive in cerrado savanna due to continuous ant visitation to liquid food sources on foliage (extrafloral nectaries, insect honeydew). While searching for liquid rewards on plants, aggressive ants frequently attack or kill insect herbivores, decreasing their numbers.Because ants vary in diet and aggressiveness, their effect on herbivores also varies. Additionally, the differential occurrence of ant attractants (plant and insect exudates) on foliage produces variable levels of ant foraging within local floras and among localities. Here, we investigate how variation of ant communities and of traits among host plant species (presence or absence of ant attractants) can change the effect of carnivores (predatory ants) on herbivore communities (caterpillars) in a cerrado savanna landscape.We sampled caterpillars and foliage‐foraging ants in four cerrado localities (70–460 km apart). We found that: (i) caterpillar infestation was negatively related with ant visitation to plants; (ii) this relationship depended on local ant abundance and species composition, and on local preference by ants for plants with liquid attractants; (iii) this was not related to local plant richness or plant size; (iv) the relationship between the presence of ant attractants and caterpillar abundance varied among sites from negative to neutral; and (v) caterpillars feeding on plants with ant attractants are more resistant to ant predation than those feeding on plants lacking attractants.Liquid food on foliage mediates host plant quality for lepidopterans by promoting generalized ant–caterpillar antagonism. Our study in cerrado shows that the negative effects of generalist predatory ants on herbivores are detectable at a community level, affecting patterns of abundance and host plant use by lepidopterans.The magnitude of ant‐induced effects on caterpillar occurrence across the cerrado landscape may depend on how ants use plants locally and how they respond to liquid food on plants at different habitats. This study enhances the relevance of plant–ant and ant–herbivore interactions in cerrado and highlights the importance of a tritrophic perspective in this ant‐rich environment.
Complex bacterial diversity in the white biofilms of the Catacombs of St. Callixtus in Rome evidenced by different investigation strategies
Authors: Krakova Lucia , De Leo Filomena , Bruno Laura , Pangallo Domenico , Urzì Clara 
Published: September 2014

SummaryRoman Catacombs are affected by different kinds of biofilms that were extensively investigated in the last 14 years. In particular, the areas far from the lamps are often covered by white biofilms of different extension, consistency and nature. The aim of this paper is to describe the profile of the microbial community present in two areas of the Ocean's Cubiculum (CSC13), characterized by similar alterations described as white biofilms, by using a multistep approach that included direct microscopy observations, culture‐dependent and culture‐independent methodologies through the extraction of DNA and RNA directly from the sampled areas. In addition to this, we extracted the DNA directly from the Petri dishes containing R2A and B4 media after incubation and growth of bacteria. Our results evidenced that a complex bacterial community (mainly constituted by filamentous Actinobacteria, as well as Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) colonizes the two different white biofilms, and its detection, quantitative and qualitative, could be revealed only by different approaches, each method giving different information that only partially overlap.
The long‐term adaptation of bacterial communities in metal‐contaminated sediments: a metaproteogenomic study
Authors: Gillan David C. , Roosa Stéphanie , Kunath Benoit , Billon Gabriel , Wattiez Ruddy 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThe aim of the study was to understand the effect of a long‐term metal exposure (110 years) on sediment microbial communities. Two freshwater sites, Férin and MetalEurop, differing by one order of magnitude in metal levels (MetalEurop: 3218 mg Zn kg−1; 913 mg Pb kg−1) were compared by shotgun metaproteogenomics. A total of 69–118 Mpb of DNA and 943–1241 proteins were obtained. PhymmBL analysis of the DNA sequences indicated that the phylogenetic profile was similar in both stations and that β‐Proteobacteria were dominant. However, subtle but significant changes were observed for some bacteria: e.g. Pseudomonas (+0.4%), Leptothrix (–0.4%), Thiobacillus (+0.36%) and Acidovorax (+0.48%). Using the stamp software, the two communities were found to be functionally very similar. However, significant genetic differences (10−6 < P < 10−3) were observed for three SEED categories: synthesis of exopolymeric substances, virulence and defence mechanisms (including czcA metal efflux genes), and elements involved in horizontal gene transfer. The CzcA protein was found by metaproteomics in MetalEurop, but the levels were too low to allow comparisons. It is concluded that bacterial communities in freshwater sediments may adapt to high metal levels without broad changes in the structure of the population.
The Concept Analysis of Health Based onIslamic Sources: Intellectual Health
Authors: Sadat Hoseini Akram Sadat , Panah AbdulHosein Khosro , Alhani Fateme 
Published: September 2014

PurposeThis study describes the concept of health through an analysis ofIslamic sources.MethodThe concept analysis method ofWalker andAvant was used.FindingsThe concept of health includes body and spiritual dimensions. Humans have the authority and insight to attain spiritual health, allowing intellectual dominance of the spirit over the body.ConclusionHealth and illness are different stages of life, and illness is an opportunity for spiritual growth. It means that events can be used intellectually to gain greater spiritual growth.Practical ImplicationsThis approach may eliminate the concept of adaptation in nursing. Nurses can aspire to human excellence if they consider illness as a normal event, not an abnormal event to which the patient must adapt.
Plato, Nightingale, and Nursing: Can You Hear Me Now?
Authors: Arnone Jacqueline Michele , Fitzsimons Virginia 
Published: September 2014

PurposeA historical perspective on how the writings of Plato influenced Florence Nightingale in the formation of nursing as a respected profession for women. Comparing Nightingale's life and legacy to Platonic philosophy demonstrates how philosophy continues to speak to the profession of nursing practice as guardians of society in the 21st century.MethodsA review of the literature using EBSCO, SAGEpub, MEDLINE, and CINAHL databases and hand searches of literature were initiated for the years 1990–2014 using the terms “Plato,” “Nightingale,” and “nursing” restricted to English.FindingsFlorence Nightingale, known as the mother of modern‐day nursing, embodied her life and work after the philosophic tenets of Plato. Plato's Allegory of the Cave influenced Nightingale's attitudes with regard to the value of education, knowledge of the good, and the importance of imparting learned knowledge to others. Plato's work spoke of educating both men and women to seek the truth, affording both sexes to become competent as future leaders in the role of guardians to society. Nightingale's emphasis of education for women as a conduit for their usefulness to society mirrored Plato's philosophy.ConclusionOver 100 years after her death, the impact Florence Nightingale still has on professional nursing practice remains. Scholarship in nursing education today is infused with a liberal arts background in philosophy, ethics, and the sciences. Nightingale's holistic concepts of person, health, and environment in the practice of nursing coalesced with her statistical analyses in validating nursing actions foreshadowed the development of universal nursing knowledge and language base and meta‐paradigm concepts in nursing. Further classification and categorization of Nightingale's concepts of assessing, implementing, and evaluating delivery of care became the linguistic precursors for the identification of nursing process, nursing actions, and nursing diagnoses.Nursing implicationsPlato's and Nightingale's holistic, scientific, and humanistic approach to living, and to care practice in all its dimensions, grounds the discipline of nursing in a liberal arts and critical thinking matrix, elevating nursing to higher ethical, safe, and professional levels of standards.