bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract A89: Do patient tracking, follow up, and referral practices contribute to breast cancer disparities in a large urban area?
Authors: Weldon Christine B. , Knight Jimmie , Trosman Julia R. , Dupuy Danielle , Broggenkamp Betty , Schink Julian C. , Orsi Jennifer M. , Murphy Anne Marie 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Background: Chicago Black women are 62% more likely to die from breast (BC) cancer than White women. Previous data from 39 Chicago hospitals suggested significant quality deficits in breast cancer screening and treatment (Chicago Breast Cancer Quality Consortium, 2010). Patient tracking, follow up and referral practices may influence quality of care for minority women (Mojica et al, Cancer Control, 2007). Our goal is to evaluate tracking, follow up and referral practices during screening, diagnosis and treatment of BC at Chicago hospitals servicing Black women.
Methods: Using the framework approach of qualitative research, we conducted interviews with providers of BC screening and care from 20 Chicago institutions with Black patients averaging 50% of patient base (15 community, 3 academic and 2 public hospitals). Informants included surgeons, medical oncologists, radiologists, mammography technicians, internists, nurses, administrators, and patient navigators. Interviews were transcribed, and thematic and statistical analyses were performed (simple frequencies and Fisher's exact test).
Results: Six of the 20 sites (30%) follow up with patients who did not show for a scheduled mammography visit. Five of these sites (83%, 5/6) have a low “no-show” rate (below 20%), compared to 4 sites (29%, 4/14) with low “no-show” rates among the 14 sites without follow-up (p=0.05). Seven of the 20 sites (35%) direct diagnosed patients to their next step in care by providing referrals and guidance, while other 13 sites rely on a primary care physician or leave the patient without a clear care plan. BC patients at 6 of the 7 sites directing care (86%, 6/7) are referred to a mid- or high-volume surgeon (3+ BC surgeries / month), compared to patients from only 1 of the 13 sites not directing care (p=0.001). Nine of the 20 sites track diagnosed BC patients through their care. Five of them (56%, 5/9) also track survivors, compared to none (0%, 0/11) of the 11 sites who do not track patients (p=0.008).
Conclusions: Poor tracking, follow up and referral practices for breast cancer screening and treatment are associated with suboptimal care and may contribute to outcome disparities for Black women in Chicago.
Citation Format: Christine B. WeldonJimmie Knight, III, Julia R. Trosman, Danielle Dupuy, Betty Broggenkamp, Julian C. Schink, Jennifer M. Orsi, Anne Marie Murphy. Do patient tracking, follow up, and referral practices contribute to breast cancer disparities in a large urban area? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A89.
Abstract B02: Promotores advancing knowledge and participation in cancer research studies.
Authors: Cupertino Ana Paula , Rios Johana Bravo De los , Saint-Elin Mercedes 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Background and Purpose: Less than three percent of all adult cancer patients participate in cancer research studies. Participation is even lower for patients from underserved Latino populations. Community Health Workers (Promotores de Salud) have been shown to improve minority participation in clinical research and access to care. The objective is to describe the development and implementation of a theory-based, language and literacy appropriate training program to advance awareness and interest in cancer research studies among Latinos. Our central hypothesis is that a culturally sensitive, language and literacy appropriate program will improve a) knowledge about cancer research studies and b) attitudes regarding participation. Study Design: The study was carried out in three phases: 1) Building an infrastructure for a commu nity based participatory research program; 2) Training promotores utilizing a community-based curriculum; and 3) Using Paulo Freire's education model, we designed and implemented a cancer 101 and a cancer research studies training program. Prior to the training, Latino community members completed a pre-assessment that included demographic, socio-economic information, and open ended questions about cancer topics and cancer research studies. Results: A total of 27 Promotores enrolled in the training program and 22 (81.48%) completed the three sessions. At the end of the training session, 92% believed that it was very important for community members to learn about cancer research studies and 85% felt comfortable talking about cancer research studies in their communities. Impact: Our study demonstrated the feasibility of recruiting and engaging promotores to improve community knowledge of cancer research studies and attitudes regarding participation in cancer research studies. This initial step will inform the development of future community-based interventions.
Citation Format: Ana Paula Cupertino, Johana Bravo De los Rios, Mercedes Saint-Elin. Promotores advancing knowledge and participation in cancer research studies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B02.
Abstract B52: Polymorphisms in the metabolism-related genes and obesity may explain prostate cancer disparity in African American men.
Authors: Chornokur Ganna , Amankwah Ernest , Park Jong , Phelan Catherine , Kumar Nagi 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Background. Prostate cancer (PCa) racial disparity is likely to be multifactorial, involving the individual's genotype, the environment and their interaction. We investigated the association between selected functional polymorphisms in the metabolism-related genes and the risk of PCa in African American/ Black and Non-Hispanic White men. We further explored if these associations varied by body mass index (BMI) in the two races.
Methods. DNA samples from 259 (136 cases and 123 controls) Black and 269 (147 cases and 142 controls) White men, matched by age, Gleason score and PSA were genotyped for 10 selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 7 metabolism related genes using the TaqMan PCR. The dominant, recessive and additive age-adjusted unconditional logistic regression models were fitted for all men combined, for each race and stratified by BMI, height and smoking habits within each race.
Results. Three SNPs showed statistically significant associations with PCa. In Black men: rs7501939 (OR=2.42; CI 1.31-4.47; p=0.0046) and rs4430796 (OR=0.57; CI 0.34-0.97; p=0.0383), both in the HNF1B/ TCF2 gene and associated with diabetes. In White men: rs4962416 (OR=1.52; CI 1.02-2.26; p=0.0384) in the CTBP2 gene. In addition, BMI in Black men (OR=1.06; CI 1.008-1.114; p=0.022), and height in White men (OR=0.92; CI 0.85-0.99; p=0.0434) showed significant associations. Interestingly, rs7501939 in the HNF1B gene was associated with PCa exclusively in obese Black men (OR=2.14; CI 1.2-3.8; p=0.0103).
Conclusions. Our results suggest that polymorphisms in the metabolism related genes may be involved in PCa disparity, possibly through the mechanism of obesity-related hormonal shift and disrupted androgen signaling. We are planning a well-powered study to test this hypothesis.
Citation Format: Ganna Chornokur, Ernest Amankwah, Jong Park, Catherine Phelan, Nagi Kumar. Polymorphisms in the metabolism-related genes and obesity may explain prostate cancer disparity in African American men. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B52.
Abstract B61: Effects of anti-obesity dietary supplement DHEA on serum DHEA, DHEA-S, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in DMBA-induced breast cancer model.
Authors: Hakkak Reza , Korourian Soheila 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Obesity has been epidemic in the US for over two decades. Obesity has been linked to the risk of development of various cancers, including breast cancer. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an over-the-counter dietary supplement used as an anti-cancer agent and anti-obesity supplement. The objectives of this study were to investigate the long-term effects of obesity and DHEA treatment on body weight gain and serum DHEA, DHEA-S, IGF-1and IGFBP-3 using 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumor model. Forty-three six-week-old obese female Zucker rats were used. Rats were randomly assigned and had ad libitum access to water and a diet of either chow (2016) as a control diet or chow with the addition of DHEA at a concentration of 6 g/kg of chow as a DHEA diet. All rats were orally gavaged at age 50 days with 65 mg DMBA/kg body weight and were sacrificed 155 days post-DMBA treatment. Fifty-five percent (55%) of the control diet group developed mammary tumors, while no tumors were detected in the DHEA diet group (P&lt;0.001). Obese rats fed the DHEA diet gained significantly less weight (P&lt;0.001) and had an increased (P&lt;0.001) serum DHEA and DHEA-S compared to control rats. Also, obese DHEA-Fed rats had significantly (P&lt;0.001) lower serum IGF-1 and IGF-BP3. Our results suggest that DHEA treatment can reduce body weight gain by lowering serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 which might protects against breast cancer development caused by obesity. Also, this results suggests that breast cancer risk may be due to genetic predisposition to obesity might be related to body weight gain. It also suggests that these individuals could potentially reduce their risk by actively combating the weight gain. Supported by ABI to RH.
Citation Format: Reza Hakkak, Soheila Korourian. Effects of anti-obesity dietary supplement DHEA on serum DHEA, DHEA-S, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in DMBA-induced breast cancer model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B61.
Abstract B74: Behavioral and social science: Recruitment/retention/adherence research.
Authors: Kanarek Norma F. , Kanarek Marty , Olatoye Dare , Carducci Michael 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Background: Enrollment in interventional therapeutic clinical trials is a small fraction of all patients who might participate given reasonable access. A case series of new prostate cancer cases are evaluated for their participation in a clinical trial.
Methods: A hierarchical approach is utilized in measuring staged participation from trial availability to patient enrollment. Our framework suggests that concern for justice comes in the design and eligibility criteria for clinical trials; attention to beneficence is given in the eligibility and physician triage stages. The remaining four stages (doctor discussion with the patient, patient interest, patient consent, patient enrolled) rely on respect for persons.
Reasons for nonparticipation or barriers to participation in prostate cancer clinical trials are examined within the seven step framework. Ninety-seven medical oncology patients with an initial six month consultation are tracked from one stage to the next to assess comparability of participation by race.
Results: We illustrated seven transitions from being a patient to enrollment in a clinical trial in a case series of prostate cancer cases who consulted medical oncology in early 2010 (n=97). Pilot data suggest transition probabilities as follows for patients 65% had trial availability, of those 84% were eligible, of those 92% were triaged, of those 100% have trials discussion, of those 51% were interested, of those 71% consented, and of those 94% enrolled. The average transition probability was 77.7%. Trial availability, patient interest and patient consented were three transitions that were below average; none were statistically significant however. We combined steps to obtain the probability of a patient-trial-fit, 50%; the probability of opportunity, 51%; and the probability of acceptance, 66.7%. there were no differences in enrollments by race.
Conclusions: The framework may serve to streamline comprehensive and improved reporting of clinical trial participation to the benefit of patients and toward the ethical conduct of clinical trials. The seven step framework may aid trouble shooting of flagging trial enrollment.
Citation Format: Norma F. Kanarek, Marty Kanarek, Dare Olatoye, Michael Carducci. Behavioral and social science: Recruitment/retention/adherence research. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B74.
Abstract ED04-03: Health literacy and health information technology: Promises and pitfalls.
Authors: Sarkar Urmimala 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Studies of cancer disparities would benefit from attention to health literacy limitations. Both inadequate (i.e., very low) and marginal health literacy (HL) appear to be important factors in the causal pathway to health disparities, especially in low income patients with chronic diseases. Patients with poorer health literacy skills are at greater risk for increased HgA1c & retinopathy, late stage presentation of cancer, depression/anxiety, poor self-rated health status, hospitalization, and mortality. Given the high prevalence (46% of the US population) of inadequate (i.e., very low) plus marginal HL, often described as limited HL and limited literacy's association with poor health outcomes, there has been great interest in including HL assessments in epidemiologic and clinical research. There are several standard health literacy measures including REALM TOFHLA, Newest Vital Sign, and sTOFHLA. Chew and colleagues developed three self-reported HL screening questions and found that a single item (“How confident are you filling out medical forms by yourself?”) may be sufficient to detect patients. As health information technology is burgeoning it is important to consider health literacy implications. A study by Sarkar et al. found that across each function of a patient portal, those reporting limited health literacy were consistently less likely to complete each function. Ensuring universal internet and computer access will become more important than ever. As services migrate to the internet, those most at risk for poor health outcomes are at risk of falling further behind as health systems increasingly rely on patient portal health service functions and limit the alternative modes of access and communication. Additionally, improving the usability of internet-based patient portals, such that those with limited health literacy can navigate them effectively, is critical to realizing health benefits. The internet has potential, via use of audio, graphic, video, and multiple languages, to greatly expand the capacity and reach of health care systems (Institute of Medicine, 2009). However, in the real world, that potential has yet to be realized. Barriers to internet-based health care services require improved technology access as well as tailoring of design and services to reach those with limited health literacy. In summary, interventions to address disparities in cancer screening and treatment should attend to the health literacy limitations of populations in order to improve their reach and effectiveness.
Citation Format: Urmimala Sarkar. Health literacy and health information technology: Promises and pitfalls. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr ED04-03.
Abstract PL04-02: Genetics and health care disparities caused by smoking.
Authors: Benowitz Neal L. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
In the U.S., racial/ethnic differences are seen in smoking behavior and related disease risk. Compared to smokers of European ancestry, African Americans smoke fewer cigarettes per day, but take in more nicotine and smoke per cigarette and appear to be more highly dependent. Asians also smoke fewer cigarettes per day put appear to be less dependent than smokers of European ancestry. Lung cancer incidence normalized by cigarettes smoked per day is higher for African Americans and lower in Asians compared to smokers of European Ancestry. Genetic variations in two genes are most strongly associated with smoking behavior and lung cancer risks, and these are found in different frequencies across races. CYP2A6 is the enzyme that is primarily responsible for nicotine metabolism, and is also involved in the bioactivation of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine and lung carcinogen NNK. There are many reduced function variants of the CYP2A6 gene, and these are more frequent in Asians and African Americans compared to those of European ancestry. The presence of reduced function CYP2A6 variants is associated with smoking fewer cigarettes per day and with lower dependence, the latter evidenced by more successful quitting. Among smokers of European ancestry and Asians, reduced function CYP2A6 variants are associated with lower lung cancer risk. However, for unknown reasons, despite having a higher prevalence of reduced function CYP2A6 alleles, African Americans have higher risks for lung cancer. Genes in the nicotine receptor subunit gene cluster CHRNA5-A3-B4 have been associated with lung cancer risk in a number of studies, and have also been associated with nicotine intake and with risk of chronic obstructive lung disease and peripheral arterial disease. It is that believed that the α5 nicotinic receptor subunit influences sensitivity to nicotine; and reduced function of the subunit results in a greater level of nicotine and smoke intake, and therefore a higher level of dependence. Relatively little is known about the effects of this gene cluster on smoking behavior or cancer risk in African Americans or Asians. Among European Ancestry smokers, the CYP2A6 gene and CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster are additively associated with cigarette consumption, nicotine dependence and lung cancer risk. Genetic risk factors are important determinants of racial differences in smoking behavior and lung cancer risk, but explain only a relatively small amount of variation in risk among smokers.
Citation Format: Neal L. Benowitz. Genetics and health care disparities caused by smoking. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr PL04-02.
Abstract PL04-04: Global tobacco control and disparities in smoking.
Authors: Cohen Joanna 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Tobacco products are a major cause of death and disease across the globe. These products killed 100 million people in the 20th century, and they are currently responsible for almost 6 million deaths annually. In 2008, more people died from tobacco products than from AIDS, TB, and malaria combined.
If current trends persist, it is estimated that tobacco products will kill more than 8 million people worldwide each year by the year 2030. By the end of this century, tobacco products may kill a billion people or more unless urgent action is taken.
Not only are tobacco products are a major cause of preventable death and disease, but they are also responsible for increasing health disparities. In high income countries, the prevalence of tobacco use is highest among the most disadvantaged segments of society, including those with mental health illnesses, those of low socioeconomic status, and those with comorbidities. But there are also major disparities in the burden of illness from tobacco products across nations, with low and middle income countries (LMIC) bearing the lion's share of the devastating impacts of tobacco products. This presentation will focus on global health disparities caused by tobacco.
Because low and middle income countries are still in the early stages of the tobacco epidemic, they have yet to experience the full impact of tobacco-caused disease and death already evident in wealthier countries where tobacco use has been common for much of the past century. Many of these countries have fewer resources to respond to the health, social and economic problems caused by tobacco use, which will exacerbate the tobacco epidemic's impacts. Tobacco-caused disease and death will hit these countries very hard in the coming decades, absent a strong international effort to combat tobacco use. The good news is that many countries have made great strides in implementing evidence-based tobacco control policies to address this preventable epidemic.
Citation Format: Joanna Cohen. Global tobacco control and disparities in smoking. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr PL04-04.