bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of phages in the decontamination of Listeria monocytogenes adhered to clean stainless steel, stainless steel coated with fish protein, and as a biofilm
Authors: Ganegama Arachchi Geevika J , Cridge Andrew G , Dias-Wanigasekera Beatrice M , Cruz Cristina D , McIntyre Lynn , Liu Rachel , Flint Steve H , Mutukumira Anthony N 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen which causes listeriosis and is difficult to eradicate from seafood processing environments; therefore, more effective control methods need to be developed. This study investigated the effectiveness of three bacteriophages (LiMN4L, LiMN4p and LiMN17), individually or as a three-phage cocktail at ≈9 log10 PFU/ml, in the lysis of three seafood-borne L. monocytogenes strains (19CO9, 19DO3 and 19EO3) adhered to a fish broth layer on stainless steel coupon (FBSSC) and clean stainless steel coupon (SSC), in 7-day biofilm, and dislodged biofilm cells at 15 ± 1 °C. Single phage treatments (LiMN4L, LiMN4p or LiMN17) decreased bacterial cells adhered to FBSSC and SSC by ≈3–4.5 log units. Phage cocktail reduced the cells on both surfaces (≈3.8–4.5 and 4.6–5.4 log10 CFU/cm2, respectively), to less than detectable levels after ≈75 min (detection limit = 0.9 log10 CFU/cm2). The phage cocktail at ≈5.8, 6.5 and 7.5 log10 PFU/cm2 eliminated Listeria contamination (≈1.5–1.7 log10 CFU/cm2) on SSC in ≈15 min. One-hour phage treatments (LiMN4p, LiMN4L and cocktail) in three consecutive applications resulted in a decrease of 7-day L. monocytogenes biofilms (≈4 log10 CFU/cm2) by ≈2–3 log units. Single phage treatments reduced dislodged biofilm cells of each L. monocytogenes strain by ≈5 log10 CFU/ml in 1 h. The three phages were effective in controlling L. monocytogenes on stainless steel either clean or soiled with fish proteins which is likely to occur in seafood processing environments. Phages were more effective on biofilm cells dislodged from the surface compared with undisturbed biofilm cells. Therefore, for short-term phage treatments of biofilm it should be considered that some disruption of the biofilm cells from the surface prior to phage application will be required.
Oceanic wave-balanced surface fronts and filaments
Authors: McWilliams James C. , Fox-Kemper Baylor 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA geostrophic, hydrostatic, frontal or filamentary flow adjusts conservatively to accommodate a surface gravity wave field with wave-averaged, Stokes-drift vortex and Coriolis forces in an altered balanced state. In this altered state, the wave-balanced perturbations have an opposite cross-front symmetry to the original geostrophic state; e.g. the along-front flow perturbation is odd-symmetric about the frontal centre while the geostrophic flow is even-symmetric. The adjustment tends to make the flow scale closer to the deformation radius, and it induces a cross-front shape displacement in the opposite direction to the overturning effects of wave-aligned down-front and up-front winds. The ageostrophic, non-hydrostatic, adjusted flow may differ from the initial flow substantially, with velocity and buoyancy perturbations that extend over a larger and deeper region than the initial front and Stokes drift. The largest effect occurs for fronts that are wider than the mixed layer deformation radius and that fill about two-thirds of a well-mixed surface layer, with the Stokes drift spanning only the shallowest part of the mixed layer. For even deeper mixed layers, and especially for thinner or absent mixed layers, the wave-balanced adjustments are not as large.
Shape of optimal active flagella
Authors: Lauga Eric , Eloy Christophe 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMany eukaryotic cells use the active waving motion of flexible flagella to self-propel in viscous fluids. However, the criterion governing the selection of particular flagellar waveforms among all possible shapes has proved elusive so far. To address this question, we derive computationally the optimal shape of an internally forced periodic planar flagellum deforming as a travelling wave. The optimum is here defined as the shape leading to a given swimming speed with minimum energetic cost. To calculate the energetic cost, we consider the irreversible internal power expended by the molecular motors forcing the flagellum, only a portion of which is dissipated in the fluid. This optimization approach allows us to derive a family of shapes depending on a single dimensionless number quantifying the relative importance of elastic to viscous effects: the Sperm number. The computed optimal shapes are found to agree with the waveforms observed on spermatozoon of marine organisms, thus suggesting that these eukaryotic flagella might have evolved to be mechanically optimal.
Onwards facing backwards: the rhetoric of science in nineteenth-century Greece
Authors: TAMPAKIS KOSTAS 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to show how the Greek men of science negotiated a role for their enterprise within the Greek public sphere, from the institution of the modern Greek state in the early 1830s to the first decades of the twentieth century. By focusing on instances where they appeared in public in their official capacity as scientific experts, I describe the rhetorical schemata and the narrative strategies with which Greek science experts engaged the discourses prevalent in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Greece. In the end, my goal is to show how they were neither zealots of modernization nor neutral actors struggling in isolated wastelands. Rather, they appear as energetic agents who used scientific expertise, national ideals and their privileged cultural positions to construct a rhetoric that would further all three. They engaged eagerly and consistently with emerging political views, scientific subjects and cultural and political events, without presenting themselves, or being seen, as doing anything qualitatively different from their peers abroad. Greek scientists cross-contextualized the scientific enterprise, situating it in the space in which they were active.
Prevalence and Characterization of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Retired National Football League Players
Authors: Randolph Christopher , Karantzoulis Stella , Guskiewicz Kevin 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIt has been hypothesized that exposure to repetitive head trauma from contact sports over a long-playing career may eventuate in an increased risk of late-life cognitive impairment. There are currently two competing hypotheses about the possible mechanism underlying such impairment. One is the presence of a unique neurodegenerative disorder known as “chronic traumatic encephalopathy” (CTE). The other is diminished cerebral reserve leading to the earlier clinical expression of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study examined informant AD8 inventory data in a sample of 513 retired National Football League (NFL) players. These data were indicative of possible cognitive impairment in 35.1% of this relatively young sample. A comparison of neurocognitive profiles in a subsample of this group to a clinical sample of patients with a diagnosis of MCI due to AD revealed a highly similar profile of impairments. Overall, the data suggest that there may be an increased prevalence of late-life cognitive impairment in retired NFL players, which may reflect diminished cerebral reserve. The findings are considered preliminary, but emphasize the need for larger, controlled studies on this issue. (JINS, 2013,19, 1–8)
Unmittelbare Auswirkungen einzelner Bewegungseinheiten auf das Bedürfnis zu rauchen
Authors: Ledochowski Larissa , Taylor Adrian H. , Haasova Marcela , Faulkner Guy E. , Ussher Michael H. , Kopp Martin 
Published: August 2013

Beurteilung der Datenlage zu den unmittelbaren Auswirkungen einer Bewegungseinheit in der Raucherentwöhnung bzw. bei temporärer Nikotinabstinenz, auf die Entzugssymptomatik, sowie auf das Verlangen nach Zigaretten. Es wurde eine systematische Bewertung von im Zeitraum Dezember 1975 – Dezember 2011 veröffentlichten Fachartikeln, die den Einfluss einer Bewegungseinheit im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollbedingung auf die Nikotinabstinenz untersuchten, durchgeführt. Neben einer Beschreibung der Studiendesigns werden die Ergebnisse zu den verwendeten Zielvariablen, die durchschnittliche Nikotinabstinenzdauer, Art und Ausmaß der Bewegungseinheit und verwendete Erhebungsinventare tabellarisch dargestellt. 23 von 24 Studien, die akute Auswirkungen von körperlicher Aktivität mit einer passiven Kontrollsituation bei Rauchern verglichen, berichten von positiven Einflüssen der Bewegungseinheit auf das Verlangen zu rauchen. Eine Reduktion des Verlangens nach Zigaretten wurde sowohl bei Bewegungseinheiten von hoher (60 – 80 % Herz Frequenz Reserve [HRR] über einen Zeitraum von ca. 30 min.) und moderater Intensität (24 % HRR über einen Zeitraum von ca. 15 Minuten) als auch bei geringer Intensität (isometrische Übungen für ca. 5 min.) festgestellt. 13 Studien zeigten eine signifikante Reduktion der Entzugssymptomatik während und nach Bewegung. In 5 Studien wurde ein 2- bis 3- mal längerer Zeitraum bis zum Rauchen der ersten Zigarette nach der Bewegungseinheit beobachtet. Zudem berichten 6 Studien von einer Verbesserung der Stimmungslage während und nach der Bewegungseinheit. Einzelne Bewegungseinheiten können in der Raucherentwöhnung zur Reduktion der Entzugssymptomatik und des Bedürfnisses zu rauchen beitragen. Bei nicht vorhandener Abstinenzmotivation kann durch einzelne Bewegungseinheiten eine Verringerung der Anzahl konsumierter Zigaretten erreicht werden.
Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor Secreted from Retinal Pigment Epithelium Facilitates Apoptotic Cell Death of iPSC
Authors: Kanemura Hoshimi , Go Masahiro J. , Nishishita Naoki , Sakai Noriko , Kamao Hiroyuki , Sato Yoji , Takahashi Masayo , Kawamata Shin 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe show that pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), which is secreted from primary or iPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), dramatically inhibits the growth of iPSCs. PEDF is detected abundantly in culture supernatants of primary or iPSC-derived RPE. Apoptotic cell death is induced in iPSC when co-cultured with RPE, a process that is significantly blocked by addition of antibody against PEDF. Indeed, addition of recombinant PEDF to the iPSC cell culture induces apoptotic cell death in iPSCs, but the expression of pluripotency related-genes is maintained, suggesting that PEDF causes cell death, not differentiation, of iPSCs. To recapitulate this event in vivo, we examined tumor formation in NOG mice after subcutaneous injection of iPSCs with or without an iPSC-derived RPE sheet (2.5 × 105 RPE cells). We observed that the tumor forming potential of iPSCs was significantly suppressed by simultaneous transplantation with an iPSC-derived RPE sheet.
A Validated Questionnaire to Assess the Knowledge of Psychiatric Aspects of Alcohol Use Disorder
Authors: Jaworowski Sol , Walter Garry , Soh Nerissa , Freier Dror Yossi , Mergui Joseph , Gropp Cornelius , Haber Paul S. 
Published: August 2013

Background To the best of our knowledge, there is no validated instrument for measuring knowledge of psychiatric aspects of alcohol use disorder (AUD) amongst medical students. Our aim was to develop an instrument for this purpose and to describe the instrument's psychometric properties. We also investigated whether the instrument could demonstrate a significant change in scores following an educational intervention consisting of a 60-minute PowerPoint lecture on AUD, associated handouts, and role-plays. Methods The Knowledge of Psychiatric Aspects of Alcohol Questionnaire (KPAAQ) was developed from the Kaplan and Saddock textbook synopsis chapter on alcohol related disorders. The questionnaire included 6 categories of clinically relevant material: metabolism of alcohol, short-term effects of alcohol, long-term effects of alcohol, AUD, alcohol withdrawal, and alcohol use in pregnancy. The KPAAQ was administered to 75 medical students in Years 4 and 5 from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel, during a relevant clinical rotation. Following the initial administration of the KPAAQ, the students attended a 60-minute lecture (in Hebrew) based on material from the University of Sydney's learning module on alcohol. The KPAAQ was readministered to the students immediately following the lecture. Results The KPAAQ demonstrated good reliability (Cronbach α =.92 for all questions) and validity r(209) =.674, P <.001. Knowledge of alcohol and alcoholism significantly increased after the educational intervention ( F(2, 154) = 151.60, P <.001). Post hoc comparisons using the Scheffe test revealed a significant positive change in knowledge after students received the intervention (mean difference = 33, P <.001). Conclusions These initial findings suggest that the KPAAQ is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing medical student knowledge of psychiatric aspects of AUD over 6 clinical categories.
The Measurement of School-to-work Transitions as Processes
Authors: Brzinsky-Fay Christian 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
Measuring individual transitions means capturing a process with a specific time dimension. The established analysis of school-to-work transitions focuses on single status changes, such as those between education and unemployment. As longitudinal datasets became increasingly available, the periodical character of transitions has deserved attention, mostly in terms of studies that used event history models. But even these kinds of studies continued to focus on single status changes, which are not determined by theory but by the respective research question, or by data availability. Hence, the analysis of micro-level transitions remains selective, because there is no common idea how to explore them. As a result, school-to-work transition research is in danger to overlook important aspects of this life-course trajectory. This paper argues that the reason is the missing theoretical definition of a transition. Given the growing complexity of school-to-work transitions, the status change concept becomes inappropriate for their analysis. The predominance of hypothesis-testing methods together with an underrepresentation of explorative methods lead to a disregard of the process character of school-to-work transitions. This considerably limits the gain of new scientific insights. Recent methodological developments regarding the explorative analysis of longitudinal processes, namely sequence analysis, offer the possibility to cope with the complexity of school-to-work transitions. The paper aims at comparing the advantages and drawbacks of two methods in analysing transitions, and advocates a combined research design between explorative and hypothesis-testing methods.
In Vitro Screening of Chinese Medicinal Plants for Antifungal Activity against Saprolegnia sp. and Achlya klebsiana
Authors: Xue-Gang Hu , Lei Liu , Cheng Chi , Kun Hu , Xian-Le Yang , Gao-Xue Wang 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Saprolegniasis is a common fungal disease in aquaculture, causing severe damage to cultured fishes. To find natural agents for controlling and treating saprolegniasis, we investigated methanol extracts of 40 traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Saprolegnia sp. strain JL and Achlya klebsiana were used to evaluate the antifungal activity of the plants. Cnidium monnieri, Magnolia officinalis, and Aucklandia lappa at a concentration of 62.5 mg/mL exhibited antifungal activity on Saprolegnia and Achlya klebsiana mycelium and were selected for further evaluation. The three plant species were extracted with four solvents (petroleum ether [PE], ethyl acetate, methanol, and water), and the extracts were evaluated with an in vitro bioassay using a rapeseed (Brassica napus) microplate method. Among the extracts tested, the PE extracts of the three plants exhibited the highest efficacy. The PE extract of A. lappa exhibited the best anti-Saprolegnia and anti-Achlya activities (50% effective concentrations = 11.3 and 26.1 mg/L, respectively), followed by C. monnieri and M. officinalis. Furthermore, the minimum fungicidal concentrations of PE extracts from the three herbs were identified as 25, 12.5, and 25 mg/L, respectively, against Saprolegnia spores and 25, 25, and 12.5 mg/L, respectively, against Achlya klebsiana spores. These findings demonstrate that the three traditional Chinese medicinal plants—A. lappa, C. monnieri, and M. officinalis—have the potential for use in developing a novel therapy to control saprolegniasis in aquaculture.
ML3 Is a NEDD8- and Ubiquitin-Modified Protein
Authors: Hakenjos Jana P. , Bejai Sarosh , Ranftl Quirin , Behringer Carina , Vlot A. Corina , Absmanner Birgit , Hammes Ulrich , Heinzlmeir Stephanie , Kuster Bernhard , Schwechheimer Claus 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
NEDD8 (NEURAL PRECURSOR CELL-EXPRESSED, DEVELOPMENTALLY DOWN-REGULATED PROTEIN8) is an evolutionarily conserved 8-kD protein that is closely related to ubiquitin and that can be conjugated like ubiquitin to specific lysine residues of target proteins in eukaryotes. In contrast to ubiquitin, for which a broad range of substrate proteins are known, only a very limited number of NEDD8 target proteins have been identified to date. Best understood, and also evolutionarily conserved, is the NEDD8 modification (neddylation) of cullins, core subunits of the cullin-RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases that promote the polyubiquitylation of degradation targets in eukaryotes. Here, we show that Myeloid differentiation factor-2-related lipid-recognition domain protein ML3 is an NEDD8- as well as ubiquitin-modified protein in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and examine the functional role of ML3 in the plant cell. Our analysis indicates that ML3 resides in the vacuole as well as in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bodies. ER bodies are Brassicales-specific ER-derived organelles and, similar to other ER body proteins, ML3 orthologs can only be identified in this order of flowering plants. ML3 gene expression is promoted by wounding as well as by the phytohormone jasmonic acid and repressed by ethylene, signals that are known to induce and repress ER body formation, respectively. Furthermore, ML3 protein abundance is dependent on NAI1, a master regulator of ER body formation in Arabidopsis. The regulation of ML3 expression and the localization of ML3 in ER bodies and the vacuole is in agreement with a demonstrated importance of ML3 in the defense to herbivore attack. Here, we extend the spectrum of ML3 biological functions by demonstrating a role in the response to microbial pathogens.
Characterization of the Early Events Leading to Totipotency in an Arabidopsis Protoplast Liquid Culture by Temporal Transcript Profiling
Authors: Chupeau Marie-Christine , Granier Fabienne , Pichon Olivier , Renou Jean-Pierre , Gaudin Valérie , Chupeau Yves 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying plant cell totipotency are largely unknown. Here, we present a protocol for the efficient regeneration of plants from Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts. The specific liquid medium used in our study leads to a high rate of reentry into the cell cycle of most cell types, providing a powerful system to study dedifferentiation/regeneration processes in independent somatic cells. To identify the early events in the establishment of totipotency, we monitored the genome-wide transcript profiles of plantlets and protoplast-derived cells (PdCs) during the first week of culture. Plant cells rapidly dedifferentiated. Then, we observed the reinitiation and reorientation of protein synthesis, accompanied by the reinitiation of cell division and de novo cell wall synthesis. Marked changes in the expression of chromatin-associated genes, especially of those in the histone variant family, were observed during protoplast culture. Surprisingly, the epigenetic status of PdCs and well-established cell cultures differed, with PdCs exhibiting rare reactivated transposons and epigenetic changes. The differentially expressed genes identified in this study are interesting candidates for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying plant cell plasticity and totipotency. One of these genes, the plant-specific transcription factor ABERRANT LATERAL ROOT FORMATION4, is required for the initiation of protoplast division.
Bark traits and life‐history strategies of tropical dry‐ and moist forest trees
Authors: Poorter Lourens , McNeil Adam , Hurtado Victor‐Hugo , Prins Herbert H. T. , Putz Francis E. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryBark is crucial to trees because it protects their stems against fire and other hazards and because of its importance for assimilate transport, water relationships and repair. We evaluate size‐dependent changes in bark thickness for 50 woody species from a moist forest and 50 species from a dry forest in Bolivia and relate bark thickness to their other bark characteristics, species life‐history strategies and wood properties.For 71% of the evaluated species, the allometric coefficient describing the relationship between bark thickness and stem diameter was significantly <1 (average 0·74; range 0·38–1·20), indicating that species attain an absolute increase in bark thickness with increasing stem diameter but invest relatively less in bark thickness at larger diameters.We hypothesized that in response to more frequent fires, dry‐forest species should have thicker barked trees. Contrary to this prediction, dry‐ and moist‐forest tree species were similar in allometric bark coefficients and bark thickness.In both forest types, about 50% of the species never developed bark thick enough to avoid fire damage to their vascular cambia. Recent increases in fire frequency and extent may therefore have potentially large effects on the composition of these forests.Within each forest, coexisting species displayed a diversity of bark investment strategies, and bark thickness of trees 40 cm stem diameter varied up to 15‐fold across species (ranging from 1·7 to 25·7 mm).In both forests, sapling bark thickness was positively related to adult stature (maximum height) of the species, possibly because trees of long‐lived species are more likely to experience fire during their life span, whereas for species that are characteristically small or short‐lived, it may not pay off to invest heavily in bark and they may follow a resprouter strategy instead. Sapling bark thickness was not related to species' shade tolerance.Bark and wood traits were closely associated, showing a trade‐off between species with tough tissues (high densities of bark and wood) on the one hand vs. species with watery tissues (high water contents of bark and wood) and thick bark on the other hand.Species with different bark investment strategies coexist in both the moist and the dry tropical forest studied. Bark and wood fulfil many functions, and the observed trade‐offs may reflect different plant strategies to deal with fire, avoidance and repair of stem damage, avoidance and resistance of drought stress, and mechanical stability.