bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Rethinking and extending approaches to the history of the English language
Authors: Nevalainen Terttu , Traugott Elizabeth Closs 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLinguistic research has been undergoing major shifts over the past few years. From thinking in terms of discrete categories and modules of language, as well as large discrete steps in change, the attention has shifted to variation, gradience, and interfaces between modules. In particular, language change is observed at the micro-level. This article introduces the rationale for the selection of topics in the Handbook, first what types of evidence can be used to access changes in English that are attested not only in past historical records but are also currently ongoing in British and American English, and English word-wide. It focuses on major trends in work aimed to rethink diachronic accounts of key factors, language external and internal, such as language contact, socio-cultural change, continua, and typological processes. The article also introduces the topic of relationships between information structure, syntax, and prosody. The overall message of the article is that recent rethinking of the field has led to new findings, connections, and prospects for future work.
Coins as evidence
Authors: Shaw Philip A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Coin inscriptions may be used as evidence for “spelling regulation at a local or national level” and for “practical constraints” affecting orthographic practice and its relationship with phonology. This article presents two case studies illustrating such uses of coin inscriptions. The first case study provides evidence for orthographic change in progress, but also raises questions about the relationship between epigraphic and manuscript orthography, between the processes of minting and the writing practices of ecclesiastical centers. The second case study indicates that an orthographic variation, which would be surprising if read as indicating phonological variation, may be a reflection of practical adaptation of orthographic practice.
Evidence for sound change from Scottish corpora
Authors: Anderson Wendy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCompleted in 2007, the Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech (SCOTS, 1945–present) is the main corpus resource for linguistic analysis of present-day Scots and Scottish English. In 2010, the Corpus of Modern Scottish Writing (CMSW, 1700–1945) was introduced as a companion corpus to the SCOTS. Although CMSW is a corpus of written language only, it contains a sizeable component of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century orthoepist works, by writers such as James Beattie, James Elphinston, Alexander Barrie, and Sir John Sinclair. These works provide a rich, complex mine of evidence of changing pronunciation, and offer a glimpse into contemporary attitudes to language which emerge from a blend of prescription, proscription, and description. SCOTS and CMSW provide a diverse range of evidence, and together the two corpora offer a new perspective on sound-change, in the broader context of language variation and change, over 300 years of Scots and Scottish English.
Evidence from historical corpora up to the twentieth century
Authors: Kytö Merja , Pahta Päivi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOver the past forty years, empirical research in English linguistics has increasingly relied on material drawn from a wide range of electronic corpora. In particular, the history of the English language has emerged as an area where electronic resources and various kinds of search tools represent a true revolution in the way research has been carried out to investigate mechanisms involved in language change, as well as the factors possibly accounting for it. Examples of areas of linguistic study where corpora have proved particularly influential include historical sociolinguistics, historical pragmatics, historical dialectology, historical variation analysis, genre and register studies, cognitive linguistics, and historical lexicology and lexicography. This article examines the representativeness and reliability of historical corpora as evidence for the history of English up to 1900. It first considers relevant issues associated with representativeness of electronic corpora as evidence of past language use. It then looks at some challenges concerning the reliability of sources and the language-external background information that is available for providing the contextual parameters of texts in historical corpora.
The impact of electronically-mediated communication on language standards and style
Authors: Baron Naomi S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOver the past five decades, the English language has undergone a stylistic shift, becoming increasingly informal. This informality is reflected in both speech and writing, and writing itself is tending to become a medium for recording informal speech. This chapter examines the extent to which contemporary information and communication technologies (ICTs) contribute to destandardization of either spoken or written language. It shows that the impact of ICTs results more from reinforcement of trends already evident in speech and writing and less from technological factors. These trends, in turn, reflect social change. The chapter first looks at variables shaping language standards and language style and then discusses independent changes (including growing social informality, emulation of youth, and multiculturalism) that have manifested themselves in both spoken and written language, predating popularization of computers and mobile phones.
Old news: Rethinking language change through Australian broadcast speech
Authors: Price Jenny 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLike other forms of spoken language, broadcast speech changes over time. While longitudinal language shift is often difficult to pin down with any certainty, archival news recordings provide a valuable opportunity to gain access to our spoken past. The formal style and British-sounding accents of old news bulletins differ from the way Australian newsreaders speak today. This is due in part to the process of “decolonization,” when Australia developed its own identity, one that was independent of its British heritage. While studies on varieties of the English language tend to focus on society as a whole, this article proposes an alternative approach. It views diachronic language change through the particular prism of news speech to examine the connection between accent and identity at a turning point in Australia’s history.
Changing attitudes and political correctness
Authors: Hughes Geoffrey 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPolitical correctness creates new social agendas and areas of conformity by introducing new terms, redefining established words, and suppressing taboo terms and behaviors, all within a democratic framework. This article traces much earlier forms of political correctness in different social areas of changing conformity and taboo as new values and new dualisms have emerged. It discusses various kinds of semantic engineering, including word-formation, the generation of formulas and shifts of meaning. The political correctness debate has raised an important issue: whether social attitudes are indeed changed by alterations in the language. In rethinking this proposition, “changing attitudes” would mean adopting not only new terms but also new behaviors. One school of thought, which takes its cue from the initiatives of feminism, argues that changing the language is vital to changing attitudes. This article looks at the historical shift which essentially has been from realpolitik to the optional politics of values and lifestyle.
Toward an automated classification of Englishes
Authors: Wichmann Søren , Urban Matthias 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAs part of the Automated Similarity Judgment Program (ASJP), a simple method for comparing languages or language varieties has been developed. The method involves the comparison of words with the same meaning and the measurement of phonological differences between such words using a different version of the so-called Levenshtein distance (LD), which measures the number of substitutions, deletions, and insertions needed to turn one string of symbols into another. Subsequently distances between pairs of speech varieties can be obtained by averaging distances among the different words that are being compared. This approach was implemented by dialectologists working on Irish and Dutch, and has more recently been applied to several other languages and language families. This article describes a relatively new methodology, that of an automated lexicostatistics using the LD, which treats dialects and creoles in essentially the same way in investigating varieties of the English language.
The syntax-lexicon continuum
Authors: Broccias Cristiano 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe lexicon is traditionally viewed as distinct from the syntax of a language. Standard accounts of the history of the English language have separate chapters on syntax and vocabulary. The underlying assumption is that the two are considered either implicitly or explicitly as separate linguistic components. However, various strands of cognitive linguistics such as Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar and Croft’s Radical Construction Grammar have argued that there are no clear-cut boundaries between what are traditionally called lexicon, syntax and morphology but, rather, that they form a continuum. This chapter first examines some of the synchronic arguments in favor of this proposal before offering some diachronic arguments. It also briefly discusses three cases studies (the way construction, the adjectival resultative construction and –ingly adverbs) which support a continuum.
Lifelong Learning for Professional Musicians
Authors: Smilde Rineke 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the meaning of lifelong learning for professional musicians. It identifies three interrelated incentives that serve as anchors for musicians' self-identity throughout their lives: informal music-making; improvisation; and high-quality performance. It discusses how institutions and teachers can facilitate attitudes and capacities for lifelong learning. It concludes with recommendations for implementing lifelong learning in the education of professional musicians.
Empathy and Creativity in Group Musical Practices: Towards a Concept of Empathic Creativity
Authors: Cross Ian , Laurence Felicity , Rabinowitch Tal-Chen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the role of empathy in creative musical interaction. It first investigates the relationships between empathy and engagement in creative group musical activities. It then describes the ways in which empathy is related to processes that are significant in social interaction; these processes may either be automatic or volitional, reflectively rational, or emotionally embodied. The article then shows how structured musical group improvisations that emphasize other-directed behaviour can help children develop a sense of empathy. It concludes with a case-study involving the collaborative composition of songs by an adult and a group of children.
Technology and the Educator
Authors: Purves Ross 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article suggests that large-scale, complex technological installations are not necessarily the ones that offer the best professional development experiences to practitioners and educators. It explores how the economist E. F. Schumacher's concept of “intermediate technology” can be used to describe small, low-cost technological tools that pervade the daily working lives of music teachers. These tools are likely the ones that will support professional development.
Music Education and Some of Its Subfields: Thoughts about Future Priorities
Authors: Green Lucy 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses some important issues in music education. Specifically, it identifies three substantial sub-fields under the umbrella of music education: education-in-music, music-education-research, and music-teacher-education. It considers some of the implications of dividing the field this particular way, especially with regards to the relationship between theory and practice within each sub-field.
Constructing Communities of Scholarship in Music Education
Authors: Jorgensen Estelle R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses how music educational communities can be a mixed blessing. One of their disadvantages is that they can ossify musical beliefs and practices. They may be so focused on traditional practices that insularity, closed-mindedness, and parochialism on the part of community's members may make it difficult to adapt when changing circumstances and contexts require alternative ideas and practices. While forged around shared purposes and methods, communities also need to foster specialized functions and segmented groups that arise in the midst of specific and differing interests. The interplay of these forces can energize the system and open creative possibilities between sometimes contradictory purposes and approaches. The challenge for organizations is to find a balance between these forces. The creation of an international framework or organizational structure for music education scholarship is also discussed.
Research Issues in Personal Music Identification
Authors: Madsen Clifford K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article begins with the author's recollections of his childhood years playing the cornet, leading up to his first time conducting a band in high school. He then discusses the how music is tied to self-identification. He calls for studies on why people learn to play musical instruments, including the sociological issues concerning status and the psychological issues relating to self-concept and personal motivation.
All Theoried Up and Nowhere to Go
Authors: Reimer Bennett 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article considers the influence of the National Society for the Study of Education Yearbook, Basic Concepts in Music Education (1958), on the actions of music teachers. The Yearbook strongly influenced emerging scholars working towards a doctorate in music education and searching for substantive ideas that would support their own contributions to their chosen vocation. Research-based efforts in music education have fostered impressive growth in further theory, but had little impact on school programs and practices. Several conditions in music education that support the separation of theory from practice are discussed.
On the Horizon
Authors: Kozlowski Steve W. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The collection of chapters in this handbook document the evolution of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology as a science and practice, our foundational methods for generating knowledge, and the broad range of actionable knowledge created by our science that can be applied to enrich employee well-being and to enhance the effectiveness of individuals, teams, and organizations. Each of the chapters provides an agenda for continued scientific progress and evidence to support practical applications. In that sense, the future of I/O psychology is solid. In this closing chapter, I advocate four desirable evolutionary themes that I believe would enhance the potential, relevance, and impact of the field going forward. It should strengthen its scientific foundation, increase its multi- and interdisciplinary linkages, focus on multilevel system dynamics as core capabilities, and improve the translation of I/O psychological science into evidence-based practice.
Team Learning: A Theoretical Integration and Review
Authors: Bell Bradford S. , Kozlowski Steve W. J. , Blawath Sabrina 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWith the increasing emphasis on work teams as the primary architecture of organizational structure, scholars have begun to focus attention on team learning, the processes that support it, and the important outcomes that depend on it. Although the literature addressing learning in teams is broad, it is also messy and fraught with conceptual confusion. This chapter presents a theoretical integration and review. The goal is to organize theory and research on team learning, identify actionable frameworks and findings, and emphasize promising targets for future research. We emphasize three theoretical foci in our examination of team learning, treating it as multilevel (individual and team, not individual or team), dynamic (iterative and progressive; a process not an outcome), and emergent (outcomes of team learning can manifest in different ways over time). The integrative theoretical heuristic distinguishes team learning process theories, supporting emergent states, team knowledge representations, and respective influences on team performance and effectiveness. Promising directions for theory development and research are discussed.
Strategic Human Resource Management
Authors: Snow Charles C. , Snell Scott A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe essence of strategic human resource management (SHRM) is a systemic view of the management of a firm's human resources, as well as an orientation toward the future. The management of human resources must be linked to the organization's total management system, and human resource professionals must work to ensure that the organization anticipates its future human resource needs and is prepared to address them. Our chapter examines two perspectives on the strategic management of human resources. The first perspective is that of systemic fit, which characterizes much of the early SHRM research. This perspective focuses on planned human resource deployments and activities that achieve continuity over time, as well as consistency with other management decisions and actions. The other perspective, strategic resources and capabilities, characterizes much of the more recent SHRM research. This perspective focuses on the future and helps the organization to identify opportunities to use strategic human resource management to its competitive advantage. We review the empirical evidence related to both the systemic fit and strategic resources/capabilities perspectives, and we suggest future research directions for scholars in SHRM.
Cross-Cultural Organizational Psychology
Authors: Aycan Zeynep , Gelfand Michele J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe chapter presents an overview of the cross-cultural organizational psychology literature with three specific aims: to provide future research direction based on a historical projection of the development of the field; to summarize the state-of-the-art literature in substansive areas, including recruitment and selection, nature of jobs, criteria for performance, work motivation, job attitudes, teamwork, leadership, conflict and negotiation; and to discuss challenges faced by cross-cultural researchers (e.g., level of analysis, interaction between cultural and organizational contingencies). Our review indicates that individualism-collectivism attracts the most research attention and accounts for substantial variation in organizational behavior across cultures. Our review also points out that the impact of cultural values on organizational phenomena vary depending on organizational and task-related contingencies. The need is identified to expand the cross-cultural industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology literature to include more research on cross-cultural interactions and culture-specific enactments of organizational behavior.
Work and Aging
Authors: Hedge Jerry W. , Borman Walter C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractGlobal aging of the workforce means that the human resource management landscape of tomorrow will be vastly different and more challenging than it is today. This chapter examines the aging workforce from an individual worker, organization, and societal perspective. It includes the latest thinking and research on physical attributes, cognitive abilities, knowledge, personality traits, and motivation, as they relate to aging. In addition, we discuss organizational norms and culture, age stereotyping, and age discrimination, as well as strategies for recruiting and hiring older workers, and job design and redesign to accommodate the effects of aging. The chapter also examines strategies for: training throughout the career life cycle; flexible work alternatives; developing employee benefit programs in ways that are attractive to older workers; and linking employee retention programs directly to knowledge retention tactics. A longer term human resource (HR) perspective for an aging workforce is also included by examining career planning and career management, succession planning, long-range workforce planning, and retirement planning. The chapter concludes with an agenda for where research and application should be directed in the future to address issues of an aging workforce.
The Nature of Organizational Psychology
Authors: Kozlowski Steve W. J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOrganizational psychology is the science of psychology applied to work and organizations. This field of inquiry spans more than a century and covers an increasingly diverse range of topics as the nature of work and organizations continue to evolve. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a concise overview of organizational psychology as a field of inquiry and the topics covered in this handbook, which endeavors to encapsulate key topics of research and application, summarize important research findings, and identify innovative directions for research and practice. The chapter is organized around four sections. First, it begins with a brief overview of the evolution of the concept of work and the changing career model to provide a backdrop to our examination of the psychology of organizations. Second, it describes several dialectic tensions—industrial and organizational psychology, employee well-being and organizational effectiveness, basic and applied science, science and practice activities, and individual and organizational levels—that characterize organizational psychology as an applied, translational science. The tensions are a source of challenges that require a dynamic balance, but they also create important synergies for the field. Third, I highlight important trends over the last 35 years in the evolution of the field—it is increasingly multilevel, encompassing teams, studying dynamic phenomena, and expanding its breadth of coverage—that are shaping the field, as well as its future. Finally, I close with a tour of the structure of the volume and the topics that illustrate the breadth and diversity of this field that studies the science of psychology applied to work and organizations.
A History of Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Authors: Bryan Laura L. Koppes , Vinchur Andrew J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter is a historical overview of the evolution of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology both in the United States and abroad, from the late nineteenth century to its current incarnation as a complex, wide-ranging scientific and applied discipline. Contextual background is integrated with the development of science and practice from a chronological perspective, partitioning this history into seven somewhat arbitrary time periods. Following a discussion of pre-1900 precursors, we discuss the genesis of the field from 1900 to 1914, when dynamic cultural, economic, and other external forces influenced early efforts in areas such as advertising, fatigue, and selection. Industrial psychology became established from 1915 through 1919, due in large part to the work of the Division of Applied Psychology at the Carnegie Institute of Technology and to psychologists’ efforts in World War I. The period of 1920 to 1939 included the influential Hawthorne Studies and the maturation of industrial psychology, while 1940 to 1959 saw considerable expansion during World War II and its aftermath. This expansion continued during the period of 1960 to 1979, with “industrial” psychology now “industrial-organizational” psychology. We close with an overview of developments from 1980 to the present day.