bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Coordinatively Unsaturated Half‐Sandwich Iron–Silyl Complexes with an N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand and Their Reactions with H2
Authors: Hatanaka Tsubasa , Ohki Yasuhiro , Tatsumi Kazuyuki 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA half‐sandwich, coordinatively unsaturated N‐heterocyclic carbene complex of iron with a metallacycle was found to cleave the Si–H bonds of hydrosilanes to give 16‐electron iron–silyl complexes. The reactions of silyl complexes with H2 led to the formation of dihydride complexes, in which hydride ligands weakly interact with the silicon atom. The molecular structures of these new complexes have been determined by means of X‐ray crystallography.
Recent Developments in Low‐Dimensional Copper(II) Molecular Magnets
Authors: Landee Christopher P. , Turnbull Mark M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe literature of low‐dimensional CuII molecular magnetic systems in which superexchange pathways involve halide ions and/or cyclic 1,4‐diazines is reviewed. Compounds are organized by lattice type between 1D systems (including uniform and alternating chains, and ladders) and 2D systems (including square and rectangular layers).
A Unified Mixed‐Effects Model for Rare‐Variant Association in Sequencing Studies
Authors: Sun Jianping , Zheng Yingye , Hsu Li 
Published: March 2013

AbstractFor rare‐variant association analysis, due to extreme low frequencies of these variants, it is necessary to aggregate them by a prior set (e.g., genes and pathways) in order to achieve adequate power. In this paper, we consider hierarchical models to relate a set of rare variants to phenotype by modeling the effects of variants as a function of variant characteristics while allowing for variant‐specific effect (heterogeneity). We derive a set of two score statistics, testing the group effect by variant characteristics and the heterogeneity effect. We make a novel modification to these score statistics so that they are independent under the null hypothesis and their asymptotic distributions can be derived. As a result, the computational burden is greatly reduced compared with permutation‐based tests. Our approach provides a general testing framework for rare variants association, which includes many commonly used tests, such as the burden test [Li and Leal, 2008] and the sequence kernel association test [Wu et al., 2011], as special cases. Furthermore, in contrast to these tests, our proposed test has an added capacity to identify which components of variant characteristics and heterogeneity contribute to the association. Simulations under a wide range of scenarios show that the proposed test is valid, robust, and powerful. An application to the Dallas Heart Study illustrates that apart from identifying genes with significant associations, the new method also provides additional information regarding the source of the association. Such information may be useful for generating hypothesis in future studies.
Modeling errors in daily precipitation measurements: Additive or multiplicative?
Authors: Tian Yudong , Huffman George J. , Adler Robert F. , Tang Ling , Sapiano Mathew , Maggioni Viviana , Wu Huan 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe definition and quantification of uncertainty depend on the error model used. For uncertainties in precipitation measurements, two types of error models have been widely adopted: the additive error model and the multiplicative error model. This leads to incompatible specifications of uncertainties and impedes intercomparison and application. In this letter, we assess the suitability of both models for satellite‐based daily precipitation measurements in an effort to clarify the uncertainty representation. Three criteria were employed to evaluate the applicability of either model: (1) better separation of the systematic and random errors; (2) applicability to the large range of variability in daily precipitation; and (3) better predictive skills. It is found that the multiplicative error model is a much better choice under all three criteria. It extracted the systematic errors more cleanly, was more consistent with the large variability of precipitation measurements, and produced superior predictions of the error characteristics. The additive error model had several weaknesses, such as nonconstant variance resulting from systematic errors leaking into random errors, and the lack of prediction capability. Therefore, the multiplicative error model is a better choice.
HEALTH CARE AND IDEOLOGY: A RECONSIDERATION OF POLITICAL DETERMINANTS OF PUBLIC HEALTHCARE FUNDING IN THE OECD
Authors: Herwartz Helmut , Theilen Bernd 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTIn this article, we examined if partisan ideology and electoral motives influence public healthcare expenditure (HCE) in countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. We distinguished between the effects on the growth of the expenditures and its adjustment to violations of a long‐run equilibrium linking HCE with macroeconomic and demographic trends. Regarding the influence of partisan ideology, we found that if governments are sufficiently long in power, right‐wing governments spend less on public health than their left‐wing counterparts. Furthermore, if a right‐wing party governs without coalition partners, it responds more strongly to deviations from the long‐run HCE equilibrium than left‐wing governments. With regard to electoral motives, we found that health expenditure increases in years of elections. Independent of their partisan ideology, single‐party (minority) governments induce higher (lower) growth of public HCE. Each of these political factors by its own may increase (decrease) HCE growth by approximately one percentage point. Given an average annual growth of HCE of approximately 4.1%, political factors turn out to be important determinants of trends in public HCE. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A modelling approach to assessing variations of total suspended solids (tss) mass fluxes during storm events
Authors: Piro Patrizia , Carbone Marco 
Published: March 2013

AbstractConnections between the catchment hydrology and accumulation, washoff and transport of pollutants in wet weather greatly affect the management of urban drainage and its wet‐weather effluents. In recent years, the concept of the first flush has gained on prominence and was further developed for analyzing the interaction between the hydrology and transport of runoff pollutants. One of the most important definitions of the first flush can be derived from the analysis of the m(v) curves (i.e. the curves in which the normalized cumulative pollutant mass is plotted vs the normalized cumulative runoff volume). Indeed the m(v) curves, indicating the distribution of pollutant mass versus volume in wet‐weather flow (WWF) discharges, are commonly used for comparing pollutant discharges for different rainfall events and catchments. In this study, the m(v) curves were used to define the concepts of flow‐limited and mass‐limited WWF events. These two different behaviours have been analysed for rainfall/runoff events observed in the urbanized part of the Liguori catchment in Cosenza (Italy). In order to advance the understanding of the intra‐event variability of m(v) curves, the mathematical rainfall/runoff model Storm Water Management Model of the US Environmental Protection Agency (SWMM) was calibrated for eight observed rainfall/runoff events and the differences between observed and simulated m(v) curves were analysed. The results showed a good correlation between the observed and simulated m(v) curves, and this finding offers further benefits in SWMM model calibration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD 
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:Essays in Toxicology. Vol. 3. W. J. Hayes, Jr.Current Diagnosis and Treatment. N. A. Kropp and M. C. ChattonTransferable Drug Resistance Factor. R. S. Mitsuhashi.Studies of Neurotransmitters at the Synaptic Level. Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology, Volume 6. E. Costa, L. L. Iversen, and R. Paoletti
Synthesis and Characterization of Process Related Impurities of (±)‐Milnacipran
Authors: Gopal P. Raja , Prabakar A. Christy , Chandrashekar ERR , bhaskar B. Vijaya , Somaiah P. Veera 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMilnacipran is a cyclopropane derivative, used as an anti depressant drug. During the process development of milnacipran, four process related potential impurities were detected in high performance liquid chromatography. All these impurities were identified, synthesized and subsequently characterized by their respective spectral data (IR, LC‐MS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR) as described in this article.
A Theoretical Investigation of the Decomposition Reactions of Ethyl Formate in the S1 and T1 States
Authors: Chou Yung‐Ching 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis study investigates the decomposition reactions of ethyl formate in the S1 and T1 states. The dissociation channels leading to HCOOH + C2H4, CH3CH2O + HCO, CH3CH2OCO + H, and CH3CH2 + HCO2 were studied. The major reactions of ethyl formate in the S1 and T1 states are isomerization to the biradical CH2CH2OC(OH)H and dissociation to CH3CH2O + HCO. All the stationary and intersection points were optimized at the CAS(10,8) level of theory with the 6‐31G(d,p) and 6‐311G(2df,2pd) basis sets. Single‐point CASPT3 energy was calculated for each of the stationary and intersection points. Microcanonical rate constants were also calculated for each of the reactions by using the RRKM theory.
Contrasting CO2 concentration discharge dynamics in headwater streams: A multi‐catchment comparison
Authors: Dinsmore K. J. , Wallin M. B. , Johnson M. S. , Billett M. F. , Bishop K. , Pumpanen J. , Ojala A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAquatic CO2 concentrations are highly variable and strongly linked to discharge, but until recently, measurements have been largely restricted to low‐frequency manual sampling. Using new in situ CO2 sensors, we present concurrent, high‐frequency (<30 min resolution) CO2 concentration and discharge data collected from five catchments across Canada, UK, and Fennoscandinavia to explore concentration‐discharge dynamics; we also consider the relative importance of high flows to lateral aquatic CO2 export. The catchments encompassed a wide range of mean CO2 concentrations (0.73–3.05 mg C L−1) and hydrological flow regimes from flashy peatland streams to muted outflows within a Finnish lake system. In three of the catchments, CO2 concentrations displayed clear bimodal distributions indicating distinct CO2 sources. Concentration‐discharge relationships were not consistent across sites with three of the catchments displaying a negative relationship and two catchments displaying a positive relationship. When individual high flow events were considered, we found a strong correlation between both the average magnitude of the hydrological and CO2 response peaks, and the average response lag times. An analysis of lateral CO2 export showed that in three of the catchments, the top 30% of flow (i.e., flow that was exceeded only 30% of the time) had the greatest influence on total annual load. This indicates that an increase in precipitation extremes (greater high‐flow contributions) may have a greater influence on the flushing of CO2 from soils to surface waters than a long‐term increase in mean annual precipitation, assuming source limitation does not occur.
Diurnal temperature range variation and its causes in a semiarid region from 1957 to 2006
Authors: Wang Fuxing , Zhang Chi , Peng Yong , Zhou Huicheng 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe diurnal temperature range (DTR) is an important indicator of climate change, and it has decreased worldwide since the 1950s, particularly over arid and semiarid regions. This study analyses the effect of meteorological and anthropogenic factors on DTR variation to investigate the possible causes of DTR decreases in semiarid climates. The study region is located in northeast China, and the study period is from 1957 to 2006. There are three main results. First, the rate of decrease in the DTR is −1.24 K per 50 years. This decrease is mainly attributed to the increasing daily minimum temperature rate (Tmin, 2.24 K per 50 years), which is greater than the change in the daily maximum temperature (Tmax, 1.00 K per 50 years). Second, sunshine duration (SD) appears to be the most significant meteorological factor that determines the DTR through downward shortwave radiation (Rsw,d) and surface soil moisture (SM). The effect of Rsw,d is larger for Tmax than for Tmin; therefore, the decrease in Rsw,d results in a smaller increase in Tmax than in Tmin. On the other hand, the increase in SM can strengthen daytime latent heat release, and the increase in Tmax is then slowed because of the cooling effect of evaporation. The precipitation values and the leaf area index show a negative correlation with the DTR, whereas the cloud amount and the relative humidity appear not to be main causes of the DTR decrease in this region. Finally, atmospheric aerosols can reduce the SD by 0.27 h year–1 by decreasing atmospheric transparency, as indicated by an analysis of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer Aerosol Index from 1979 to 2005. The decrease in direct solar radiation is the main cause of decreases in Rsw,d. These findings will provide references for DTR variation studies in similar climates.
An overview of underlying causes and animal models for the study of age‐related degenerative disorders of the spine and synovial joints
Authors: Vo Nam , Niedernhofer Laura J. , Nasto Luigi Aurelio , Jacobs Lloydine , Robbins Paul D. , Kang James , Evans Christopher H. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAs human lifespan increases so does the incidence of age‐associated degenerative joint diseases, resulting in significant negative socioeconomic consequences. Osteoarthritis (OA) and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) are the most common underlying causes of joint‐related chronic disability and debilitating pain in the elderly. Current treatment methods are generally not effective and involve either symptomatic relief with non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and physical therapy or surgery when conservative treatments fail. The limitation in treatment options is due to our incomplete knowledge of the molecular mechanism of degeneration of articular cartilage and disc tissue. Basic understanding of the age‐related changes in joint tissue is thus needed to combat the adverse effects of aging on joint health. Aging is caused at least in part by time‐dependent accumulation of damaged organelles and macromolecules, leading to cell death and senescence and the eventual loss of multipotent stem cells and tissue regenerative capacity. Studies over the past decades have uncovered a number of important molecular and cellular changes in joint tissues with age. However, the precise causes of damage, cellular targets of damage, and cellular responses to damage remain poorly understood. The objectives of this review are to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the sources of endogenous and exogenous damaging agents and how they contribute to age‐dependent degenerative joint disease, and highlight animal models of accelerated aging that could potentially be useful for identifying causes of and therapies for degenerative joint diseases. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 831–837, 2013
Simulation‐based look‐ahead release planning for color filter fabs
Authors: Chen James C. , Lee Szu‐Hsien , Chen Chien‐Yu , Chen Chih‐Cheng , Peng Tzu‐Wei 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis study presents a look‐ahead release planning approach on the basis of AutoMod simulation model for a sixth‐generation thin film transistor liquid crystal display color filter (CF) fab in north Taiwan. The studied CF fab has two identical lines with the processes of black matrix (BM), color layer [red, green, and blue (RGB)], indium tin oxide, and photo spacer (PS). These two lines share two supporting processes, multi‐domain vertical alignment (MVA) and laboratory (LAB). MVA has the capability and flexibility to provide the functions of RGB and PS, whereas LAB can provide the functions of BM and RGB. The production release planning becomes complex because of the equipment flexibility in supporting each other. An AutoMod simulation model is therefore developed and validated using real data from the fab. The AutoMod simulation model is well representative of the real system with less than 10% difference in throughput in all production stations. Using simulation to look ahead, a production controller can predict potential equipment idleness and make adjustment to better utilize equipment capacity. On the basis of simulation with design of experiments, the proposed simulation‐based look‐ahead release plan is demonstrated to be effective in improving system throughput.
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: A Systematic Review and Comparison of Endoscopic, Endoscopic‐Assisted, and Open Resection in 1047 Cases
Authors: Boghani Zain , Husain Qasim , Kanumuri Vivek V. , Khan Mohemmed N. , Sangvhi Saurin , Liu James K. , Eloy Jean Anderson 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:This study is a review of the treatment outcomes of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) specifically comparing endoscopic, endoscopic‐assisted, and open surgical approaches.Study Design:Systematic review of studies using the MEDLINE database.Methods:A systematic review of studies on JNA from 1990 to 2012 was conducted. A search for articles related to JNA, along with bibliographies of those articles, was performed. Articles were examined for individual patient data (IPD) and aggregate patient data (APD). Demographics, presenting symptoms, surgical approach, follow‐up, and outcome were analyzed.Results:Eighty‐five articles were included, with IPD reported in 57 articles (345 cases) and APD in 28 articles (702 cases). For the IPD cohort, average follow‐up was 33.4 months (range, 0.5–264 months). Average blood loss was 544.0 mL, 490.0 mL, and 1579.5 mL for endoscopic, endoscopic‐assisted, and open surgical cases, respectively (P < .05). Recurrence rate following endoscopic surgery and open surgery were significantly less than endoscopic‐assisted surgery (P < .05). In the APD cohort, the recurrence rate following endoscopic surgery was 4.7% compared to 20.6% in the endoscopic‐assisted group and 22.6% in the open surgery group (P < .05). Among studies that reported Radkowski/Sessions grading, there was no significant difference in recurrence rates for both the IPD and APD cohorts across each stage between open and endoscopic surgery (P > .05).Conclusions:In this study, endoscopic resection had a significantly lower intraoperative blood loss and lower recurrence rate when compared to open resection. However, there was no difference in recurrence rate when analyzing the IPD and controlling for Radkowski/Sessions grading. Therefore, further large‐scale studies may be required to fully elucidate treatment options.
Health economic evaluation: Important principles and methodology
Authors: Rudmik Luke , Drummond Michael 
Published: March 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo discuss health economic evaluation and improve the understanding of common methodology.ResultsThis article discusses the methodology for the following types of economic evaluations: cost‐minimization, cost‐effectiveness, cost‐utility, cost‐benefit, and economic modeling. Topics include health‐state utility measures, the quality‐adjusted life year (QALY), uncertainty analysis, discounting, decision tree analysis, and Markov modeling.ConclusionEconomic evaluation is the comparative analysis of alternative courses of action in terms of both their costs and consequences. With increasing health care expenditure and limited resources, it is important for physicians to consider the economic impact of their interventions. Understanding common methodology involved in health economic evaluation will improve critical appraisal of the literature and optimize future economic evaluations.
Laryngotracheal transplantation
Authors: Farwell D. Gregory , Birchall Martin A. , Macchiarini Paolo , Luu Quang C. , de Mattos Angelo M. , Gallay Brian J. , Perez Richard V. , Grow Matthew P. , Ramsamooj Rajen , Salgado Moses D. , Brodie Hilary A. , Belafsky Peter C. 
Published: March 2013

Objectives/HypothesisLaryngeal transplantation offers the potential for patients without a larynx to recover their voice, which is critical in our communication age. We report clinical and functional outcomes from a laryngotracheal transplant. Widespread adoption of this technique has been slowed due to the ethical concerns of life‐long immunosuppression after a nonvital organ transplant. Our patient was already on immunosuppressive medication from prior kidney–pancreas transplantation, and therefore was not exposed to added long‐term risk. We describe the unique technical advances, clinical course, and rehabilitation of this patient and the implications for future laryngeal transplantation.Study DesignCase report.MethodsA laryngotracheal transplantation was performed in a 51‐year‐old prior kidney–pancreas transplant recipient presenting with complete laryngotracheal stenosis. Surgical modifications were made in the previously described technique related to retrieval, vascular supply, and reinnervation. This resulted in a robustly vascularized organ with well‐perfused long‐segment tracheal transplant and early return of motor reinnervation.ResultsA multidisciplinary approach resulted in a successful transplant without evidence of rejection to date. Postoperatively, the patient continues to rely on a tracheotomy but has had the return of an oral and nasal airway, vocalization, smell, and taste, all experienced for the first time in 11 years.ConclusionsWe have demonstrated that our methods may result in a successful laryngotracheal transplant. We describe the preparation, surgical technique, rehabilitation, and interventions employed in achieving optimal outcomes. This report contributes valuable information on this rarely performed composite transplant. Laryngoscope, 123:2502–2508, 2013
Adenosine A2A receptor antagonist istradefylline reduces daily OFF time in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Mizuno Yoshikuni , Kondo Tomoyoshi ,   the Japanese Istradefylline Study Group
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundWe evaluated the efficacy and safety of istradefylline, a selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist administered as adjunctive treatment to levodopa for 12 weeks in a double‐blind manner in Parkinson's disease patients with motor complications in Japan.MethodsA total of 373 subjects were randomized to receive placebo (n = 126), istradefylline 20 mg/day (n = 123), or istradefylline 40 mg/day (n = 124). The primary efficacy variable was the change in daily OFF time. Other secondary variables were also evaluated.ResultsThe change in daily OFF time was significantly reduced in the istradefylline 20 mg/day (−0.99 hours, P = .003) and istradefylline 40 mg/day (−0.96 hours, P = .003) groups compared with the placebo group (−0.23 hours). The most common adverse event was dyskinesia (placebo, 4.0%; istradefylline 20 mg/day, 13.0%; istradefylline 40 mg/day, 12.1%).ConclusionsIstradefylline reduced daily OFF time and was well tolerated in Japanese PD patients with motor complications on levodopa treatment. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society