bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population Attributable Risks of Hypertension and Diabetes for Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke in the Northern Manhattan Study
Authors: Willey Joshua Z. , Moon Yeseon Park , Kahn Emily , Rodriguez Carlos J. , Rundek Tatjana , Cheung Ken , Sacco Ralph L. , Elkind Mitchell S. V. 
Published: September 2014

Background

Understanding the population‐level risk factor contribution to disease incidence is critical for effective allocation of resources for prevention. There are little data on the contribution of cardiovascular disease (
CVD
) risk factors in multiethnic elderly populations.

Methods and Results

The Northern Manhattan Study (n=3298) is a population‐based prospective cohort study of
CVD
outcomes in a multiethnic urban population. Multivariable Cox's models were used to calculate hazard ratios, population attributable risk (
PAR
), and 95% confidence intervals (
CI
s) for (1) combined vascular event (
VE
) endpoint of stroke/myocardial infarction/vascular death (n=835) and (2) stroke (n=347). The
PAR
resulting from hypertension (
HTN
) was 24.3% (95%
CI
, 13.2 to 35.4) for
VE
and 29.9% (95%
CI
, 12.5 to 47.4) for stroke;
PAR
resulting from diabetes was 12.7% (95%
CI
, 8.2 to 17.2) for
VE
and 19.5% (95%
CI
, 12.4 to 26.5) for stroke. The
PAR
resulting from
HTN
and diabetes for stroke differed by race‐ethnicity and age (
P
for differences <0.05).
PAR
for stroke reslting from
HTN
was greater among Hispanics (50.6%; 95%
CI
, 29.2 to 71.9) than non‐Hispanic whites (2.6%; 95%
CI
, −33.2 to 38.6) and in those <80 years of age (35.6%; 95%
CI
, 18.9 to 52.3) than in those ≥80 (−0.3%; 95%
CI
, −34.2 to 33.6). Similarly, the
PAR
for stroke resulting from diabetes was 23.6% among those <80 years of age (95%
CI
, 15.7 to 31.5) and 2.3% among those ≥80 (95%
CI
, −8.2 to 12.7;
P
for difference=0.001). The
PAR
for
VE
did not differ by age/sex/race‐ethnicity.

Conclusions

HTN
and diabetes have important effects on the burden of stroke, particularly among those younger than age 80 and Hispanics. Public health campaigns targeted at specific risk factors in specific populations can lead to a greater reduction in
CVD
.
Atherosclerotic Plaque in the Left Carotid Artery Is More Vulnerable Than in the Right
Authors: Selwaness Mariana , van den Bouwhuijsen Quirijn , van Onkelen Robbert S. , Hofman Albert , Franco Oscar H. , van der Lugt Aad , Wentzel Jolanda J. , Vernooij Meike 
Published: September 2014

Background and Purpose—
Ischemic stroke is more often diagnosed in the left hemisphere than in the right. It is unknown whether this asymmetrical prevalence relates to differences in carotid atherosclerosis. We compared atherosclerotic plaque prevalence, severity, and composition between left and right carotid arteries.

Methods—

In a population-based cohort, carotid MRI scanning was performed in 1414 stroke-free participants (≥45 years). Using a multisequence MRI protocol, we assessed the prevalence, stenosis, and thickness of the plaque and its predominant component (ie, lipid core, intraplaque hemorrhage, calcification, or fibrous tissue in each carotid artery). Differences between left and right side were tested using paired
t
tests, McNemar test and Generalized Estimating Equation analyses.

Results—

The majority (85%) of the participants had bilateral carotid plaques. Unilateral plaques were twice more prevalent on the left than on the right side (67% versus 33%;
P
<0.001). Plaque thickness was also greater on the left (3.1±1.2 versus 2.9±1.3 mm;
P
<0.001); degree of stenosis did not differ. Intraplaque hemorrhage and fibrous tissue were more prevalent on the left (9.1 versus 5.9%;
P
<0.001 and 45.0 versus 38.5%;
P
<0.001), whereas calcification occurred more often on the right (37.4 versus 31.6% at the left;
P
<0.001). Lipid was equally distributed.

Conclusions—
Carotid atherosclerotic plaque size and composition are not symmetrically distributed. Predominance of intraplaque hemorrhage in left-sided carotid plaques suggests a greater vulnerability as opposed to right-sided plaques, which are more calcified and therefore considered more stable.
Parents’ presence affects embryos’ development in Salaria fluviatilis (Asso, 1801), a fish with parental care
Authors: Fabre Noëlle , García-Galea Eduardo , Vinyoles Dolors 
Published: September 2014

In fishes, the parents’ presence generally improves embryos’ survival through parental care, but it is also associated with some disadvantages such as clutch cannibalism and loss of male physical condition. Captive breeding of the river blennySalaria fluviatilismight improve if these disadvantages were avoided by artificially replacing parental care benefits in the lab. Before accepting this procedure, it should be studied whether embryo development is dependent or not on any other unknown effect related to the parents’ presence. In this study, the ontogenetic sequence and several morphological structures – standard length, head height, jaw length and yolk-sac volume – from embryos reared both in the presence and in the absence of the parents were compared. At day 11 after oviposition, in the parents’ absence treatment, well-developed embryos were obtained, but a smaller size of the yolk-sac, a greater head height and a tendency to have a greater jaw length than in the parents’ presence treatment were found. These results suggest that the parents’ presence might affect embryo development and perhaps offspring sexual determination. Given these differences, the practise of depriving clutches from their parents in captivity breeding programmes should be questioned.
Stable Boundary Layer in Complex Terrain. Part II: Geometrical and Sheltering Effects on Mixing
Authors: Medeiros Luiz E. , Fitzjarrald David R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe authors examine how terrain texture and topography influence nocturnal mixing rates. Local topographic curvature and site sheltering exhibit systematic influences on nocturnal heat and momentum fluxes and the near-surface potential temperature distribution. This influence is particularly evident in hilly terrain with patchy forested areas, typical of eastern North America and many other regions. Exposure to local obstacles, quantified using Fujita’s “transmission factor,” has its maximum influence on mixing during strong winds (>5 m s−1), whereas the effects of local terrain curvature dominate under weaker winds. Such complementary dominance conditions currently limit direct comparison of the two effects. Even with a limited network of 10 stations, it is clear that preferred regions for mixing can be identified in advance given knowledge of land cover and topography. When designing a network of surface stations to be deployed in heterogeneous terrain, one should consider site curvature, slope, and exposure in addition to spatial coverage.
Contributions of Surface Sensible Heat Fluxes to Tropical Cyclone. Part I: Evolution of Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Structure
Authors: Ma Zhanhong , Fei Jianfang , Huang Xiaogang , Cheng Xiaoping 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The contributions of surface sensible heat fluxes (SHX) to the evolution of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity and structure are examined in this study by conducting cloud-resolving simulations. Results suggest that although the peak values of SHX could account for nearly 30% of those of the total surface latent and sensible heat fluxes, the impact of SHX on TC intensification is nonetheless not distinct. However, the TC size shows great sensitivity to the SHX that the storm is shrunk by over 20% after removing the SHX.
A potential temperature budget analysis indicates that the adiabatic cooling accompanying the radial inflow is largely balanced by the transfer of sensible heat fluxes rather than the entrainment of subsiding air from aloft. If there is upward transfer of SHX from underlying ocean so that the near-surface potential temperature decreases upward, the SHX will play a vital role; instead, if the upward SHX are absent so that the potential temperature increases upward near the surface, the downward sensible heat fluxes become the dominant contributor to warm the inflow air. The changes in TC size are found to be primarily caused by the rainband activities. The SHX help maintain high convective available potential energy as well as the cold pool feature outside the eyewall, thus being crucial for the growth of outer rainbands. If without upward transport of SHX, the outer-rainband activities could be largely suppressed, thereby leading to a decrease of the TC size.
Racial, Ethnic, and Immigrant Threat
Authors: Feldmeyer Ben , Warren Patricia Y. , Siennick Sonja E. , Neptune Malisa 
Published: September 2014

Objectives: The racial threat perspective argues that racial minorities are subjected to greater punishment in places with large or growing minority populations. However, prior research has focused largely on Black populations while devoting limited attention to potential “Latino threat” or “immigrant threat” effects. To address these gaps, this study explores the effects of racial, ethnic, and immigrant threat on sentence disposition (jail, prison, or community corrections) and sentence length. Methods: Using 2000 through 2006 data from the Florida Department of Corrections Guideline database, we use multilevel modeling techniques to explore the effects of racial, ethnic, and immigrant threat on state criminal sentencing. Results: The results provide support for racial/ethnic threat theory among Black but not Latino defendants. Black defendants are more likely to be sentenced to prison and are given longer sentences in counties with growing Black populations. In contrast, Latino sentences are not significantly influenced by Latino population growth. Results provide no support for immigrant threat positions. Conclusions: Overall, our findings offer a complex picture for racial/ethnic and immigrant threat. However, one pattern remains clear. Within Florida courts, Black defendants continue to be the prime targets for effects of racial threat and resulting disadvantages in criminal sentencing.
Evaluation of sternochondroplasty efficacy in treatment of pectus deformities
Authors: Bagheri Reza , Haghi Seyed Ziaollah , Nouri Dalouee Marzie , Ebrahimi Kolsoumeh , Rajabnejad Ata'ollah 
Published: September 2014

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of sternochondroplasty for repair of pectus deformities. Methods Thirty-three patients underwent repair of pectus deformity with a sternochondroplasty technique between 1989 and 2009. Studied variables were age, sex, symptoms, pulmonary function tests before and after surgery, Haller index, complications, recurrence, and cosmetic results. Results The median age at operation was 13.27 years. Twenty patients (13 male and 7 female) had pectus excavatum, and 13 (11 male and 2 female) had pectus carinatum. Congenital anomalies associated with pectus excavatum included a skeletal anomaly in 6 (30%) patients and a cardiac anomaly in 4 (20%); only 1 patient with pectus carinatum had cardiac anomaly. Inspiratory vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s were significantly different before and after surgery in patients with pectus excavatum, but there was no significant difference in functional residual capacity. Pulmonary function tests showed no significant differences before and after surgery in patients with pectus carinatum. Complications after surgery were seroma in 2 cases and 1 case each of pneumothorax and atelectasis. Recurrence was observed in 2 cases of pectus excavatum. The cosmetic result was excellent in 93.9% of cases. Hospital mortality was zero. Conclusion Sternochondroplasty is a desirable procedure for repairing pectus deformities. This procedure has minimal complications and the cosmetic and physiologic results are excellent.
Understanding migraine using dynamic network biomarkers
Authors: Dahlem Markus A , Kurths Jürgen , Ferrari Michel D , Aihara Kazuyuki , Scheffer Marten , May Arne 
Published: September 2014

Background Mathematical modeling approaches are becoming ever more established in clinical neuroscience. They provide insight that is key to understanding complex interactions of network phenomena, in general, and interactions within the migraine-generator network, in particular. Purpose In this study, two recent modeling studies on migraine are set in the context of premonitory symptoms that are easy to confuse for trigger factors. This causality confusion is explained, if migraine attacks are initiated by a transition caused by a tipping point. Conclusion We need to characterize the involved neuronal and autonomic subnetworks and their connections during all parts of the migraine cycle if we are ever to understand migraine. We predict that mathematical models have the potential to dismantle large and correlated fluctuations in such subnetworks as a dynamic network biomarker of migraine.
Lateralized nociceptive blink reflex habituation deficit in episodic cluster headache: Correlations with clinical features
Authors: Coppola Gianluca , Di Lorenzo Cherubino , Bracaglia Martina , Di Lenola Davide , Parisi Vincenzo , Perrotta Armando , Serrao Mariano , Pierelli Francesco 
Published: September 2014

Background We previously observed impaired habituation mechanisms of the conventional blink reflex (BR) in patients with episodic cluster headache (ECH) during the bout, studying only the affected side. Here, we have studied the nociceptive-specific BR (nBR) both on the affected and non-affected sides, and in relation to clinical features. Participants and methods We recorded nBR in 18 ECH patients during the bout, and in 18 healthy volunteers (HVs). We compared pain threshold, area, and habituation of the nBR, recorded both for the affected and non-affected sides. Results In patients, the pain threshold on the affected side was lower than that of the non-affected side ( p = 0.009), and lower than in HVs ( p = 0.038). Reflex area was decreased on both sides ( p < 0.05) compared with HVs, whereas habituation was significantly impaired only on the affected side ( p = 0.025 vs. HVs; p = 0.003 vs. non-affected). The habituation slope was positively correlated with the number of days since the onset of the bout and the daily attack frequency. Conclusions Our data reflect lateralized pathological variations in craniofacial nociception in ECH patients over the course of the cluster period. We hypothesized that this is due to malfunctioning of mechanisms that regulate hypothalamic activity and descending aminergic controls.
Altered Tibiofemoral Kinematics in the Affected Knee and Compensatory Changes in the Contralateral Knee After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Hofbauer Marcus , Thorhauer Eric D. , Abebe Ermias , Bey Michael , Tashman Scott 
Published: September 2014

Background: Previous studies of knee kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have generally employed low-effort tasks and typically not assessed changes in kinematics over time. Hypotheses: (1) During single-legged hop landing, ACL-reconstructed limbs will have altered kinematics compared with contralateral (ACL-intact) limbs 5 months after surgery. (2) Kinematic differences between limbs will decrease over time because of changes in both ACL-reconstructed and ACL-intact limbs. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: In vivo kinematics of ACL-reconstructed and contralateral ACL-intact knees were evaluated for 14 subjects during single-legged forward-hop landings at 5 and 12 months after surgery on the basis of dynamic stereo x-ray imaging. Differences between limbs and changes over time were assessed via repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: Five months after surgery, ACL-reconstructed knees landed significantly less flexed compared with contralateral ACL-intact knees (20.9° vs 28.4°, respectively; P < .05). The ACL-reconstructed knees were significantly more externally rotated (12.2° vs 6.5°; P < .05) and medially translated (3.8 vs 2.3 mm; P < .009) compared with ACL-intact knees. Anterior-posterior translation was similar between limbs. From 5 to 12 months, knee flexion at landing increased in ACL-reconstructed knees (mean change, +3.4°; P < .05) and decreased in contralateral knees (mean change, –3.3°; P < .05). External tibial rotation also significantly decreased in ACL-reconstructed knees (–2.2°; P < .05) and increased in contralateral knees (+1.1°; P = .117) over time. Medial tibial translation decreased slightly over time only in ACL-reconstructed knees (–0.3 mm). Conclusion: Five months after ACL reconstruction, landing kinematics differed between ACL-reconstructed and contralateral ACL-intact knees during a dynamic high-loading activity. These differences decreased over time, owing to changes in both the ACL-reconstructed and contralateral ACL-intact limbs. Clinical Relevance: This study identified kinematic changes over time in both the ACL-injured and contralateral ACL-intact knees after ACL reconstruction. These kinematic adaptations could have important implications for postoperative care, including evaluating the optimal timing of return to sports and the development of bilateral neuromuscular rehabilitation programs that may improve patient outcomes and reduce reinjuries in both the short and long terms.
Liquidity Measures and Cost of Trading in an Illiquid Market
Authors: Armitage Seth , Brzeszczyński Janusz , Serdyuk Anna 
Published: September 2014

We provide the first in-depth study of trading on the Ukrainian stock exchange, using trade-by-trade data. Although Ukraine has some large listed companies, the market is quite illiquid. We study the efficiency of five liquidity measures in the market. The proportion of no-trading days is the most reliable of the five, while turnover, which is widely used in the literature, is a poor measure. On trading cost, trades in all size categories are executed within the quoted spread, as in other dealership markets, with medium-sized trades being the cheapest. The cost of sales is higher than the cost of purchases under all market conditions. JEL Classification: G15, C51
Investor Behaviour and Herding: Evidence from the National Stock Exchange in India
Authors: Poshakwale Sunil , Mandal Anandadeep 
Published: September 2014

The article examines the presence of herd behaviour in the emerging Indian stock market. Using daily data of S&P CNX Nifty 50 index of the National Stock Exchange over 1997–2012 and by employing Kalman filter, we investigate for the presence of herding. The article finds that the investors in the Indian market show significant herding behaviour. The presence of herding is robust after accounting for time-varying state variables that capture market volatility and market direction. Herding shows significant movements and persistence in both bull and bear markets and it seems to increase in bear market conditions. JEL Classification: C02, C21, G11, G14
From Simulation to Imitation
Authors: de Castell Suzanne , Jenson Jennifer , Thumlert Kurt 
Published: September 2014

Background We contend that a conceptual conflation of simulation and imitation persists at the heart of claims for the power of game-based simulations for learning. Recent changes in controller-technologies and gaming systems, we argue, make this conflation of concepts more readily apparent, and its significant educational implications more evident. Aim This article examines the evolution in controller technologies of imitation that support players’ embodied competence, rather than players’ ability to simulate such competence. Digital gameplay undergoes an epistemological shift when player and game interactions are no longer restricted to simulations of actions on a screen, but instead support embodied imitation as a central element of gameplay. We interrogate the distinctive meanings and affordances of simulation and imitation and offer a critical conceptual strategy for refining, and indeed redefining, what counts as learning in and from digital games. Method We draw upon actor-network theory to identify what is educationally significant about the digitally mediated learning ecologies enabled by imitation-based gaming consoles and controllers. Actor-network theory helps us discern relations between human actors and technical artifacts, illuminating the complex inter-dependencies and inter-actions of the socio-technical support networks too long overlooked in androcentric theories of human action and cognitive psychology. Conclusion By articulating distinctions between simulation and imitation, we show how imitative practices afforded by mimetic game controllers and next-generation motion-capture technologies offer a different picture of learning through playing digital games, and suggest novel and productive avenues for research and educational practice.
Adverse Events in Carotid Endarterectomy From a Medicolegal Perspective
Authors: Svider Peter F. , Vidal Gian-Paul , Zumba Osvaldo , Mauro Andrew C. , Haser Paul B. , Graham Alan , Rahimi Saum 
Published: September 2014

Objectives: Characterize factors raised in carotid endarterectomy litigation. Methods: Outcomes, alleged causes of malpractice, and other factors were evaluated. Results: Of the 37 verdicts and settlements, defendants were not liable in 25 (67.5%) cases. Frequently reported complications included stroke (51.3%) and hypoglossal nerve injury (27.0%), with other complications including airway compromise, vocal cord injury, and death. No cases reported myocardial infarction. Cerebral monitoring was mentioned in 2 cases, while inadequate informed consent, delayed diagnosis, and requirement of additional surgery were alleged in numerous instances. Settlements and jury awards averaged US$895 833 and US$1.53 million, respectively. Conclusions: Stroke and hypoglossal nerve injury are the most frequently litigated complications, and mean damages awarded were considerable. Knowledge of issues raised in our analysis may be included in a comprehensive consent process, potentially minimizing liability and improving patient safety.