bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water Hammer Modeling in Extended Reach Wells
Authors: Livescu Silviu , Watkins Tom J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Water hammer tools (WHTs) are used in coiled tubing (CT) operations for postponing a potential helical lock-up and running deeper into the hole. By rapidly opening and closing a valve in the tool, pressure pulses are created and the axial vibrating force is overcoming the friction between the CT and the wellbore. The pressure pulses depend on the CT parameters (size and material), WHT parameters (size and valve frequency), pumping rate, and downhole pressure. Although the effect of the water hammer pulses on the axial and radial vibrations has been investigated before, the coupling between water hammer pulses and the axial and radial vibrations for CT operations is not currently understood. Radial vibrations may be important as they may reduce the normal and thus the frictional forces between the CT and the wellbore and increase the reach in long horizontal wells.
In this paper the effect of the water hammer pulses on the radial vibrations is investigated. A numerical model was developed to simulate the water hammer pulses and vibrations of the CT and WHT assembly. The model was validated against lab data for the case of a single WHT located at the end of a CT. Then the model was used to investigate the optimal performance of the WHT.
Several scenarios, such as a WHT located between two CTs and two WHTs working in tandem, were also investigated. It is concluded that the radial vibrations which appear due to the water hammer pulses when two WHTs are used in tandem may be beneficial in reducing the friction forces between the CT and the wellbore. When two WHTs are used, a relationship between the additional pumping pressure and the distance between the two tools is also proposed.
Optimizing Pipe Management with a New Approach of Coiled Tubing Integrity Monitoring
Authors: Torregrossa Michelle , Zsolt Liam , Zwanenburg Mirjam 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Pipe management refers to the proper handling and treating of coiled tubing pipe to prolong its life and prevent failures. Current pipe management practices are based largely on semi-empirical models based on lab testing and field developed best practices. Among these parameters is tubing fatigue life, which is based on assumed semi empirical models without any physical measurement of the associated phenomena and assumes that coiled tubing surfaces are free of any induced defects. Current best practices used to some extent in the industry govern the use of chemical inhibitors, expended at varying degrees of effectiveness, without additional treatment evaluation.
While these current practices are proactive in prolonging the life of coiled tubing strings, they are inconsistently applied and often without an actual method of assessing ever changing pipe integrity. With the advent of operational Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) measurement devices, coil operators are now able to see many of the previously undetectable defects as they occur and advance. Coiled Tubing operators will be able to understand the circumstances that caused these defects, the conditions that worsen them, and the methods to prevent their progress. Pipe management can now be based on job-to-job, continual, physical measurements.
The integration of an MFL measurement device into coil tubing operations will redefine pipe management practices. This work will present an object oriented tracking system that allows coil operators to monitor defects as they evolve over time. Defects will be tracked continually with specific criterion recorded simultaneously, including MFL signatures, coil tubing characteristics, as well as critical job parameters.
In the case of fatigued material, micro fractures, and internal defects, there is no other way of observing the damage rendered to the pipe during operation. MFL measurements also bring characteristics such as bias welds into clear resolution. Additionally, metallurgical defects can be identified by an experienced MFL pipe inspector. Furthermore, with the inclusion of coil tubing characteristics and critical job parameters, the capabilities of observing issues resulting from irregular occurrences associated to job specifics are obtained. With this systematic method it becomes possible to evaluate the damage incurred, quantify pipe elongation, assess internal corrosion, and overall improve pipe integrity monitoring.
Owning the Process Safety Moment: Real-Time Risk Management and Response
Authors: Jose S. J. , Arango G. , Flichy P. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
During operations, critical events occur where action must be taken or a decision made that can influence an event outcome. Owning these decisive moments involve actively reducing risk exposure, avoiding potential events and quickly minimizing the impact of a realized event. Process safety analysis documents such decisive safety moments using models such as "bow-tie" diagrams. The oil and gas industry is taking positive steps to analyze the critical safety processes, develop the associated bow-tie frameworks and adopt a multi-barrier policy. The steps are in the right direction, but stop short of providing the measurable assurance that delivers true ownership of safety moments.
Bow-tie models articulate the "what" of process safety management. Owning the decisive safety moment involves taking the paper-based processes and barriers and bringing them to life in a real-time managed environment.
Therefore, processes and barrers must be tracked and controlled using a real-time management environment.
This paper presents how to transform paper-based risk management tools into a real-time environment to increase performance, lower risks, and reduce incidents.
Improving Vertical Seismic Profile Safety Through the Use of Specially Designed Source Vehicles
Authors: Tulett John , Dean Timothy , Lane Darvin 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Two successive models of truck-mounted seismic vibrators were designed and manufactured to ensure the highest possible levels of vehicle safety while also delivering excellent data quality. Seismic vibrators are the preferred energy sources for land vertical seismic profile (VSP) surveys because they are relatively repeatable and controllable, have high energy but a low HSE impact, and are cost effective. Recent advances in vibrator design have enriched the quality of VSP data, but the improvements have been mainly applied only to buggy-mounted vibrators. Buggy-mounted vibrators are typically used for surface seismic surveys in remote areas, and thus their design has been optimized for off-road performance. Surface seismic surveys have typical durations of a number of months or even years. However, VSP surveys are often of short duration (several hours) and require rapid equipment mobilization to the wellsite, often at short notice. Seismic vibrators for vibroseis VSP surveys may spend more time in road transportation to and from the wellsite than in performing the actual VSP survey.
While the main HSE safety exposure for buggy-mounted vibrators is related to their off-road use, the main exposure for the vibrators used in VSPs is related to their transport between work sites and their use by sometimes relatively inexperienced personnel (vehicle weights can be more than 30 tons and hydraulic pressures often exceed 3,000 psi). As the targets for VSP surveys become more complex, there is a need to use more advanced vibrators, which until now have only been available as buggy mounted. However, the use of buggy-mounted vibrators for VSP surveys has HSE implications for transportation. To overcome these issues, the special truck-mounted vibrators that have been developed incorporate all the recent improvements in vibrator quality while retaining all the HSE advantages of modern truck-mounted vehicles, such as their ability to be driven safely between wellsites, and additional modifications to ensure the safety of personnel with limited experience.
One of the greatest HSE exposure risks associated with vibroseis VSP operations occurs during transportation to and from wellsites. Since the introduction of the new vehicles, there have been no HSE incidents.
Environmental Monitoring and Modeling of Drilling Discharges at a Location with Vulnerable Seabed Fauna: Comparison between Field Measurements and Model Simulations
Authors: Frost Tone K. , Myrhaug Janne L. , Ditlevsen May K. , Rye Henrik 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Offshore drilling activities were carried out by Statoil at the Hyme field, located in the Norwegian Sea, in an area with vulnerable seabed fauna. Cold water corals (Lophelia) were identified in vicinity of the drilling well location. Drilling activities in sensitive areas requires that the operator perform an assessment of potential impact or risk of drilling discharges prior to the drilling operation. The risk assessment is an input to the planning of the drilling operation with regards to minimize negative impacts on corals or other vulnerable fauna present. In addition, environmental monitoring during the drilling operation is undertaken in such areas, to document and, if possible, prevent potential impacts on the seabed fauna.
The monitoring program at the Hyme field included measurements of ocean currents, temperature, salinity, turbidity and sedimentation of particles at the drilling location during the drilling operation. After drilling, the environmental risk assessment was updated with actual current data and high resolution discharge data for the whole discharge period. The results from the field measurements were used for validation of model simulations of dispersion and deposition of discharged drilling particles, in order to predict actual exposure and consequently potential effects or risk to the corals.
In the present paper a comparison between model simulations and field measurements is presented. The model predicted particle exposure concentrations and burial of corals will be verified against turbidity measurements in the water column and particle sedimentation measurements at different distances from the discharge points.
A high level accuracy in the model simulations, as basis for assessment of potential impacts to biota, is of high importance. This enables the operator to evaluate alternatives with regards to drilling discharge solutions (discharge point etc.) with lowest impact on environmental resources at the drilling site prior to drilling. A high level of accuracy is also important in the validation of the simulation.
Human Biomonitoring (HBM): Challenges and Solution for Assuring Quality
Authors: Lerman Steven , Minsavage Gary 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
HBM is an important tool for assessing workplace and environmental exposure to potentially hazardous substances and associated risk. HBM use by government, NGOs and industry is becoming increasingly commonplace. However, there are several critical factors in the manner in which HBM is designed, conducted, interpreted and communicated that must be considered in order to ensure that an HBM Program provides information that enhances decision making.
This paper is intended to identify those critical factors and describe an approach to ensure that they are adequately addressed prior to embarking on an HBM Program.
Critical factors that should be considered in an HBM Program include: The question being addressed and the rationale for the program – Is HBM more effective than more conventional forms of exposure assessment, e.g., air monitoring to address the questionDoes this program constitute research and if so, has it been reviewed by an Institutional Review Board and is informed consent planned?Has a sensitive and specific marker of exposure been identified?Is an appropriate sample collection strategy defined taking into account the nature of the exposure and the toxicokinetics of the chemical and its metabolites? Timing and frequency of samplingChain of custodyPrevention of contamination (including from the container used for collection)Has a laboratory been identified that is qualified to conduct the test and has adequate quality control and assurance methodologies?If HBM is being used to assess risk, has an appropriate biomonitoring reference value (e.g., Biomonitoring Equivalents) been identified?How and to whom will results be communicated? If there is not a reference value, will individual subjects get results? If not, will this be communicated prior to testing?If so, what other than an absolute value will be communicated?Have other communications been considered {e.g., journal publication, communication to impacted community, US EPA – TSCA 8(e)}
Risk Assessment and Planning for Offshore Oil Spill Response Preparedness
Authors: Rob Cox 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Following the April 2010 Gulf of Mexico (Macondo) oil spill and the Montara incident in Australia, the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) formed the Global Industry Response Group. This Group identified nineteen oil spill response recommendations that are being addressed via an Oil Spill Response Joint Industry Project (OSR-JIP) during 2012-2014. The OSR-JIP is managed by IPIECA on behalf of OGP, in recognition of IPIECA’s long-standing experience with oil spill response matters
One of the nineteen recommendations concerned the development of an international guideline for offshore oil spill risk assessment and a method to better relate oil spill response resources to that risk.
This paper describes the development and content of the guideline, including how the oil spill risk assessment process provides structured and relevant information to oil spill response planning for offshore operations. The process starts by defining the context of the assessment and describing the activity to be assessed. Thereafter it addresses a series of key questions, such as: What can go wrong, leading to potential release of oil?What happens to the spilled oil?What are the impacts on key environmental - both ecological and socio-economic - receptors?What is the risk for environmental damage?How is the established risk utilised in oil spill response planning?
The guideline draws on existing good practice in the determination of oil spill response resources. It promotes consideration, in tactical and logistical detail, of the preferred and viable response strategies to address scenarios covering the range of potential oil spills up to the most serious. The methodology to consider the scenarios follows a series of questions: What are the viable techniques/strategies to deliver response with greatest net environment benefit?What are the tactical measures required to implement the identified response strategies, considering technical, practical and safety factors?What Tiered resources are required to mount the tactical measures and achieve effective response?
The paper sums up useful tools, key information and the necessary level of detail that are essential to perform an oil spill risk assessment and use this in oil spill response planning.
Addressing Driving Management Challenges: A Global Perspective with a Risk-Based Approach
Authors: Wiraatmadja Gunawan , Walker Kirsty , Lawrence Dave 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Despite significant effort to improve safety, driving continues to be the work-related activity with the highest associated risk in the oil and gas industry. Many emerging and developing countries have experienced a rapid increase in the number and diversity of road users that has outpaced corresponding improvement in infrastructure, regulation, and enforcement of driving laws. This has resulted in increasing risk of road incidents, presenting growing challenges for organizations in the management of their global driving activities. Variation in the levels and types of risk between different countries and regions adds to the complexity of effectively managing driving safety. The traditional way that companies manage their driving activities is to apply a corporate standard globally. This involves implementing the same requirements regardless of the level of driving risks in a country or operational location. While this approach provides clear direction, it may not always help to focus attention on high-risk driving situations. To better address the challenges of managing its global driving activities, and take into consideration the variation of driving risks in different locations, an oilfield services company has developed a management approach based on both country and operational risks. This paper presents the company’s risk-based driving and journey management approach and reviews how it was developed. It describes how the approach has enabled the organization to improve the effectiveness of managing driving activities in more than 85 countries, including more than 50,000 drivers, 25,000 vehicles, and in excess of 550 million miles driven per year.
The Global Initiative: Building Government and Industry Cooperation in New Regions
Authors: Bonneville Elisabeth , Coolbaugh Thomas , Depraz Sophie , Murphy Helen , Taylor Peter 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
As oil industry exploration and production activities and global marine shipping patterns have evolved, there is recognition of the potential for increased levels of oil spill risk in specific regions. In response to this, the IPIECA/IMO Global Initiative (GI) Programme is undergoing a period of broad expansion into regions where these increased activities may have the biggest potential impact. These same regions tend to show a need for improvement: consistency in the application of international legislation; effectiveness of regional agreements and national plans; and industry arrangements in order to minimize the likelihood of a significant incident and to mitigate the consequences. As is the case in the existing GI regions, the overall objective of any proposed new regional initiatives is to strengthen the cooperation between government and industry on oil spill related issues and to improve the capacity of countries to protect their marine and coastal environments and resources through the full implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, 1990 (OPRC).
Three active and functional GI regional programmes have been established between 2003−13, covering (i) the Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Central Eurasia, (ii) West, Central and Southern Africa and (iii) South East Asia. The establishment and successes of these programmes are described, along with on-going work in this field in the Mediterranean Sea.
As a result of increased oil and gas activity, IPIECA and IMO have identified East Africa as a "high priority" region for future GI activities. In 2013, IPIECA has commissioned a report to outline the existing level of oil spill risk from upstream and shipping activities and assess the existing preparedness and resource capabilities of government and industry within the region. The outcomes from this report along with the recommendations and future plans for possible GI activities in East Africa will be discussed.
The possible development of a GI programme for coastal China that would provide spill preparedness and response technical workshops in China will be reviewed with particular emphasis on the 2012 agreement between the Chinese Maritime Safety Agency, IPIECA, and the IMO. In addition, the draft GI China action plan will be presented with details of proposed oil spill response training.
Assessing Exploratory Drilling Impacts on an Arctic Deepwater Sea-Pen Habitat in Offshore Norway
Authors: Paulsen John E. , Cochrane Sabine K. , Leikvin Øyvind , Hansen Jesper , Torbergsen Hans E. , Pierfelici Stefano 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Drilling in Norwegian Arctic waters provokes concern regarding potential impacts on commercial fisheries and the marine environment. Of particular concern are deep-water sponge and sea-pen habitats. Drilling permits require environmental surveys to be carried out before and after drilling, to document drill cutting impacts. Lack of data on bottom currents in deep, northern waters may introduce errors in deposition models.
This study aimed to provide data for environmental waste management in the Norwegian Arctic, at a drilling location at approximately 1400 m depth, inhabited by the deep-water seapen tentatively identified as Umbellula enchrinus, which occurs along the continental slope across the entire European Arctic. More than 70 Umbellula colonies were mapped using underwater video within approximately 1 km2 around the drilling location. Four surveys were carried out between 2010 and 2013, covering pre- and post-drilling conditions. Sediment core samples were taken before and after drilling to quantify the thickness and spatial extent of deposited drill cuttings. An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) was deployed to measure water currents in the lower 450 m of the water column, at high resolution, during the entire drilling period.
The upper water masses comprised northward-flowing Atlantic water, with cold Norwegian Sea Deep Water in the lowest 200 m overlying the seabed. Visible deposition of drill cuttings was restricted to within 100 m from the drilling location in most directions, and extending to around 150 m to the south-west, in accordance with bottom water movements. Exposure to cuttings deposition was not lethal, but organisms immediately near the well were mechanically destroyed.
This likely is the most detailed investigation of live Umbellula organisms world-wide, and contributes to biological research on drilling impacts. Innovative water column measurements and drill cuttings impact assessments provide data for planning environmentally-sound drilling waste management strategies for offshore operations in Arctic Norway.
Making the Connection: Oil and Gas Management of Natural Resources
Authors: Pedroni Paola Maria , Fennessey Karl , Romer Ruth , Ruck Philip 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
IPIECA, the global oil and gas industry association for environmental and social issues, develops shares and promotes good practice and knowledge to help the industry improve its environmental and social performance. Through its member led working groups and executive leadership, IPIECA brings together the collective expertise of oil and gas companies and associations on a number of issues relevant to onshore and offshore operations. Two specific areas of focus for IPIECA are the topics of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (BES) and Water Management.
In recognition of the cross-cutting nature of these two topics, and to coincide with the UN International Day for Biodiversity’s 2013 theme of "Water and Biodiversity", IPIECA developed a communications tool - Making the connection: oil and gas management of natural resources. The interactive illustration highlights the interface between the management of BES and water issues throughout upstream onshore oil and gas operations. This tool outlines the key management steps for identifying and assessing both dependencies and potential impacts of operations on BES and water risks, as well as how to implement these practically.
The purpose is: To highlight the relevance and importance of ecosystem services for oil and gas operations;To illustrate the synergies and alignment in the approach and management steps for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (BES) and water throughout the operational lifecycle;To present the range of practices and tools available to implement the management steps.
The management steps are based on the "Plan, Do, Check, Act" cycle for continuous improvement in the management of natural resources. Stakeholder engagement is fully integrated into the process.
HSE professionals, managers and practitioners can click through each stage of the cycle to understand the IPIECA approach whilst also discovering IPIECA tools and products that are available to help manage BES and water issues effectively. This paper provides more detail on the rationale behind the different components of the management cycle and uses examples to illustrate its practical application.