bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inferring the mode of colonization of the rapid range expansion of a solitary bee from multilocusDNAsequence variation
Authors: Dellicour S. , Mardulyn P. , Hardy O. J. , Hardy C. , Roberts S. P. M. , Vereecken N. J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractRapid geographic range expansions can have dramatic effects on the distribution of genetic diversity, both within and among populations. Based on field records collected over the past two decades in Western Europe, we report on the rapid geographic range expansion inColletes hederae, a solitary bee species. To characterize how this expansion shaped the distribution of genetic diversity within and among populations, we performed a genetic analysis based on the sequencing of three nuclear loci (RNAp,CADand WgL). We then simulated the evolution ofDNAsequences under a spatially explicit model of coalescence to compare different hypotheses regarding the mode of colonization associated with this rapid expansion and to identify those that are most consistent with the observed molecular data. Our genetic analyses indicate that the range expansion was not associated with an important reduction in genetic diversity, even in the most recently colonized area in the United Kingdom. Moreover, little genetic differentiation was observed among populations. Our comparative analysis of simulated data sets indicates that the observed genetic data are more consistent with a demographic scenario involving relatively high migration rates than with a scenario based on a high reproduction rate associated with few migrants. In the light of these results, we discuss the factors that might have contributed to the rapid geographic range expansion of this pollen‐specialist solitary bee species acrossWesternEurope.
The effect of population bottlenecks on mutation rate evolution in asexual populations
Authors: Raynes Y. , Halstead A. L. , Sniegowski P. D. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn the absence of recombination, a mutator allele can spread through a population by hitchhiking with beneficial mutations that appear in its genetic background. Theoretical studies over the past decade have shown that the survival and fixation probability of beneficial mutations can be severely reduced by population size bottlenecks. Here, we use computational modelling and evolution experiments with the yeast S. cerevisiae to examine whether population bottlenecks can affect mutator dynamics in adapting asexual populations. In simulation, we show that population bottlenecks can inhibit mutator hitchhiking with beneficial mutations and are most effective at lower beneficial mutation supply rates. We then subjected experimental populations of yeast propagated at the same effective population size to three different bottleneck regimes and observed that the speed of mutator hitchhiking was significantly slower at smaller bottlenecks, consistent with our theoretical expectations. Our results, thus, suggest that bottlenecks can be an important factor in mutation rate evolution and can in certain circumstances act to stabilize or, at least, delay the progressive elevation of mutation rates in asexual populations. Additionally, our findings provide the first experimental support for the theoretically postulated effect of population bottlenecks on beneficial mutations and demonstrate the usefulness of studying mutator frequency dynamics for understanding the underlying dynamics of fitness‐affecting mutations.
Socially flexible female choice and premating isolation in field crickets (Teleogryllus spp.)
Authors: Bailey N. W. , Macleod E. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSocial influences on mate choice are predicted to influence evolutionary divergence of closely related taxa, because of the key role mate choice plays in reproductive isolation. However, it is unclear whether females choosing between heterospecific and conspecific male signals use previously experienced social information in the same manner or to the same extent that they do when discriminating among conspecific mates only. We tested this using two field cricket sister species (Teleogryllus oceanicus and Teleogryllus commodus), in which considerable information is known about the role of male calling song in premating isolation, in addition to the influence of acoustic experience on the development of reproductive traits. We manipulated the acoustic experience of replicate populations of both species and found, unexpectedly, that experience of male calling song during rearing did not change how accurate females were in choosing a conspecific over a heterospecific male song during playback trials. However, females with acoustic experience were considerably less responsive to male song compared with naïve females. Our results suggest that variation in the acoustic environment affects mate choice in both species, but that it may have a limited impact on premating isolation. The fact that social flexibility during interspecific mate discrimination does not appear to operate identically to that which occurs during conspecific mate discrimination highlights the importance of considering the context in which animals exercise socially flexible mating behaviours. We suggest an explanation for why social flexibility might be context dependent and discuss the consequences of such flexibility for the evolution of reproductive isolation.
The role of phylogeny and ecology in shaping morphology in 21 genera and 127 species of Australo‐Papuan myobatrachid frogs
Authors: Vidal‐García M. , Byrne P. G. , Roberts J. D. , Keogh J. S. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBody shape is predicted to differ among species for functional reasons and in relation to environmental niche and phylogenetic history. We quantified morphological differences in shape and size among 98.5% of the 129 species and all 21 genera of the Australo‐Papuan endemic myobatrachid frogs to test the hypothesis that habitat type predicts body shape in this radiation. We tested this hypothesis in a phylogenetic context at two taxonomic levels: across the entire radiation and within the four largest genera. Thirty‐four external measurements were taken on 623 museum specimens representing 127 species. Data for seven key environmental variables relevant to anurans were assembled for all Australian‐distributed species based on species' distributions and 131,306 locality records. The Australo‐Papuan myobatrachid radiation showed high diversity in adult body size, ranging from minute (15 mm snout–vent length) to very large species (92 mm), and shape, particularly sin relative limb length. Five main morphological and environmental summary variables displayed strong phylogenetic signal. There was no clear relationship between body size and environmental niche, and this result persisted following phylogenetic correction. For most species, there was a better match between environment/habitat and body shape, but this relationship did not persist following phylogenetic correction. At a broad level, species fell into three broad groups based on environmental niche and body shape: 1) species in wet habitats with relatively long limbs, 2) species in arid environments with relatively short limbs (many of which are forward or backward burrowers) and 3) habitat generalist species with a conservative body shape. However, these patterns were not repeated within the four largest genera − Crinia, Limnodynastes, Pseudophryne and Uperoleia. Each of these genera displayed a highly conservative anuran body shape, yet individual species were distributed across the full spectrum of Australian environments. Our results suggest that phylogenetic legacy is important in the evolution of body size and shape in Australian anurans, but also that the conservative body plan of many frogs works well in a wide variety of habitats.
Cultural transmission and the evolution of human behaviour: a general approach based on the Price equation
Authors: El Mouden C. , André J.‐B. , Morin O. , Nettle D. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTransmitted culture can be viewed as an inheritance system somewhat independent of genes that is subject to processes of descent with modification in its own right. Although many authors have conceptualized cultural change as a Darwinian process, there is no generally agreed formal framework for defining key concepts such as natural selection, fitness, relatedness and altruism for the cultural case. Here, we present and explore such a framework using the Price equation. Assuming an isolated, independently measurable culturally transmitted trait, we show that cultural natural selection maximizes cultural fitness, a distinct quantity from genetic fitness, and also that cultural relatedness and cultural altruism are not reducible to or necessarily related to their genetic counterparts. We show that antagonistic coevolution will occur between genes and culture whenever cultural fitness is not perfectly aligned with genetic fitness, as genetic selection will shape psychological mechanisms to avoid susceptibility to cultural traits that bear a genetic fitness cost. We discuss the difficulties with conceptualizing cultural change using the framework of evolutionary theory, the degree to which cultural evolution is autonomous from genetic evolution, and the extent to which cultural change should be seen as a Darwinian process. We argue that the nonselection components of evolutionary change are much more important for culture than for genes, and that this and other important differences from the genetic case mean that different approaches and emphases are needed for cultural than genetic processes.
Relationship between the epithelial expression of hMLH1, MDM2, and p63 and lower lip carcinogenesis
Authors: de Oliveira Denise Hélen Imaculada Pereira , de Sousa Lopes Maria Luiza Diniz , de Santana Sarmento Dmitry José , Queiroz Lélia Maria Guedes , da Costa Miguel Márcia Cristina , da Silveira Éricka Janine Dantas 
Published: December 2013

ObjectivesTo evaluate the relationship between the epithelial expression of hMLH1, MDM2, and p63 in lower lip carcinogenesis, comparing the immunostaining of these proteins in cases of actinic cheilitis (AC) and lower lip squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).Study DesignForty cases of AC and 40 cases of SCC were studied, both lesions were of lower lip. Histological sections of 3 μm were submitted to immunoperoxidase method, and 1000 cells were counted for immunohistochemical analysis of lesions. The results were analyzed quantitatively, and expression was compared by the Mann–Whitney, Student t‐test, or one‐way ANOVA, adopting a level of significance of 5%.ResultsA higher percentage of epithelial cells expressing hMLH1 was observed in cases of AC without dysplasia or mild dysplasia (721.23 ± 88.116), whereas fewer positive cells were observed in lower lip SSCs (255.03 ± 199.47) when compared to the AC group (P < 0.001). Immunoexpression of MDM2 was higher in SCCs of the lower lip compared with AC (P = 0.019). For p63 protein, the expression was higher in AC than in SCC (P = 0.045).ConclusionThe present results showed changes in the immunoexpression of hMLH1, MDM2, and p63 in epithelial cells from premalignant and malignant lip disease, supporting the hypothesis that these alterations are related to the process of lower lip carcinogenesis.
Cross-Sex Hormonal Treatment and Body Uneasiness in Individuals with Gender Dysphoria
Authors: Fisher Alessandra D. , Castellini Giovanni , Bandini Elisa , Casale Helen , Fanni Egidia , Benni Laura , Ferruccio Naika , Meriggiola Maria Cristina , Manieri Chiara , Gualerzi Anna , Jannini Emmanuele , Oppo Alessandro , Ricca Valdo , Maggi Mario , Rellini Alessandra H. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Introduction
Cross-sex hormonal treatment (CHT) used for gender dysphoria (GD) could by itself affect well-being without the use of genital surgery; however, to date, there is a paucity of studies investigating the effects of CHT alone.

Aims
This study aimed to assess differences in body uneasiness and psychiatric symptoms between GD clients taking CHT and those not taking hormones (no CHT). A second aim was to assess whether length of CHT treatment and daily dose provided an explanation for levels of body uneasiness and psychiatric symptoms.

Methods
A consecutive series of 125 subjects meeting the criteria for GD who not had genital reassignment surgery were considered.

Main Outcome Measures
Subjects were asked to complete the Body Uneasiness Test (BUT) to explore different areas of body-related psychopathology and the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R) to measure psychological state. In addition, data on daily hormone dose and length of hormonal treatment (androgens, estrogens, and/or antiandrogens) were collected through an analysis of medical records.

Results
Among the male-to-female (MtF) individuals, those using CHT reported less body uneasiness compared with individuals in the no-CHT group. No significant differences were observed between CHT and no-CHT groups in the female-to-male (FtM) sample. Also, no significant differences in SCL score were observed with regard to gender (MtF vs. FtM), hormone treatment (CHT vs. no-CHT), or the interaction of these two variables. Moreover, a two-step hierarchical regression showed that cumulative dose of estradiol (daily dose of estradiol times days of treatment) and cumulative dose of androgen blockers (daily dose of androgen blockers times days of treatment) predicted BUT score even after controlling for age, gender role, cosmetic surgery, and BMI.

Conclusions
The differences observed between MtF and FtM individuals suggest that body-related uneasiness associated with GD may be effectively diminished with the administration of CHT even without the use of genital surgery for MtF clients. A discussion is provided on the importance of controlling both length and daily dose of treatment for the most effective impact on body uneasiness.
Sleep enhances memory consolidation in children
Authors: Ashworth Anna , Hill Catherine M. , Karmiloff‐Smith Annette , Dimitriou Dagmara 
Published: December 2013

SummarySleep is an active state that plays an important role in the consolidation of memory. It has been found to enhance explicit memories in both adults and children. However, in contrast to adults, children do not always show a sleep‐related improvement in implicit learning. The majority of research on sleep‐dependent memory consolidation focuses on adults; hence, the current study examined sleep‐related effects on two tasks in children. Thirty‐three typically developing children aged 6–12 years took part in the study. Actigraphy was used to monitor sleep. Sleep‐dependent memory consolidation was assessed using a novel non‐word learning task and the Tower of Hanoi cognitive puzzle, which involves discovering an underlying rule to aid completion. Children were trained on the two tasks and retested following approximately equal retention intervals of both wake and sleep. After sleep, children showed significant improvements in performance of 14% on the non‐word learning task and 25% on the Tower of Hanoi task, but no significant change in score following the wake retention interval. Improved performance on the Tower of Hanoi may have been due to children consolidating explicit aspects of the task, for example rule‐learning or memory of previous sequences; thus, we propose that sleep is necessary for consolidation of explicit memory in children. Sleep quality and duration were not related to children's task performance. If such experimental sleep‐related learning enhancement is generalizable to everyday life, then it is clear that sleep plays a vital role in children's educational attainment.
Identification of PDE5A:E90K: A Polymorphism in the Canine Phosphodiesterase 5A Gene Affecting Basal cGMP Concentrations of Healthy Dogs
Authors: Stern J. A. , Reina‐Doreste Y. , Chdid L. , Meurs K. M. 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundCyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)‐specific phosphodiesterase (PDE5A) is the target of phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as sildenafil. Polymorphisms in the PDE5A gene that may predict response to therapy with sildenafil and nitric oxide, be linked to disease progression, and aid in risk assessment have been identified in human beings. Identification of polymorphisms in PDE5A could affect the physiologic actions of PDE5A and the effects of phosphodiestrase type 5 inhibitor drugs.Hypothesis/ObjectiveFunctional polymorphisms exist in the canine PDE5A gene. Specific objectives were to identify PDE5A polymorphisms and evaluate their functional relevance.AnimalsSeventy healthy dogs.MethodsThe exonic, splice‐site, 3′ and 5′ untranslated regions of the canine PDE5A gene were sequenced in 15 dogs and aligned with the canine reference sequence. Identified polymorphisms were evaluated in 55 additional, healthy, unrelated dogs of 20 breeds. Plasma was collected from 51 of these dogs and cGMP was measured. An unpaired t‐test and one‐way ANOVA with Dunnett's test of multiple comparisons were used to evaluate the effect of genotype on cGMP.ResultsA common exonic polymorphism was identified that changed glutamic acid to lysine and resulted in significantly lower cGMP concentrations in the group with polymorphism versus the wild type group (P = .014). Additionally, 6 linked single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 3′ untranslated region were identified that did not alter cGMP concentrations.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceA polymorphism exists in the canine PDE5A gene that is associated with variable circulating cGMP concentrations in healthy dogs and warrants investigation in diseases such as pulmonary hypertension.
Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic integration and modelling of florfenicol in calves
Authors: Sidhu P. , Rassouli A. , Illambas J. , Potter T. , Pelligand L. , Rycroft A. , Lees P. 
Published: December 2013

Florfenicol was administered subcutaneously to 10 calves at a dose of 40 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK‐PD) integration and modelling of the data were undertaken using a tissue cage model, which allowed comparison of microbial growth inhibition profiles in three fluids, serum, exudate and transudate. Terminal half‐lives were relatively long, so that florfenicol concentrations were well maintained in all three fluids. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined in vitro for six strains each of the calf pneumonia pathogens, Mannhemia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida. An PK‐PD integration for three serum indices provided mean values for P. multocida and M. haemolytica, respectively, of 12.6 and 10.4 for Cmax/MIC, 183 and 152 h for AUC0–24 h/MIC and 78 and 76 h for T>MIC. Average florfenicol concentrations in serum exceeded 4 × MIC and 1.5 × MIC for the periods 0–24 and 48–72 h, respectively. Ex vivo growth inhibition curves for M. haemolytica and P. multocida demonstrated a rapid (with 8 h of exposure) and marked (6 log10 reduction in bacterial count or greater) killing response, suggesting a concentration‐dependent killing action. During 24‐h incubation periods, inhibition of growth to a bacteriostatic level or greater was maintained in serum samples collected up to 96 h and in transudate and exudate samples harvested up to 120 h. Based on the sigmoidal Emax relationship, PK‐PD modelling of the ex vivo time–kill data provided AUC0–24 h/MIC serum values for three levels of growth inhibition, bacteriostatic, bactericidal and 4 log10 decrease in bacterial count; mean values were, respectively, 8.2, 26.6 and 39.0 h for M. haemolytica and 7.6, 18.1 and 25.0 h for P. multocida. Similar values were obtained for transudate and exudate. Based on pharmacokinetic and PK‐PD modelled data obtained in this study and scientific literature values for MIC distributions, Monte Carlo simulations over 100 000 trials were undertaken to predict once daily dosages of florfenicol required to provide 50% and 90% target attainment rates for three levels of growth inhibition, namely, bacteriostasis, bactericidal action and 4 log10 reduction in bacterial count.
Topography and edge effects are more important than elevation as drivers of vegetation patterns in a neotropical montane forest
Authors: Lippok Denis , Beck Stephan G. , Renison Daniel , Hensen Isabell , Apaza Amira E. , Schleuning Matthias 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimsThe high plant species diversity of tropical mountain forests is coupled with high habitat heterogeneity along gradients in elevation and topography. We quantified the effects of elevation, topography and forest edge on habitat conditions and woody plant diversity of tropical montane forest fragments.LocationTropical montane forest fragments, ‘Yungas’, Bolivia.MethodsWe measured microclimate and sampled soil properties and woody vegetation at forest edges and in the forest interior on ridges and in gorges along an elevational gradient of 600 m. We analysed effects of elevation, topography and forest edge on habitat conditions (i.e. microclimate, soil properties and forest structure), species richness, evenness and composition with linear mixed effects models and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA).ResultsChanges in habitat conditions were weaker along the elevational gradient than between forest interior and forest edge and between different topographies. Species richness was not affected by any gradient, while species evenness was reduced at forest edges. All three gradients affected species composition, while effects of topography and forest edge were stronger than that of elevation.ConclusionsIn general, effects of the 600‐m elevational gradient were weak compared to effects of forest edge and topography. Edge effects shifted species composition towards pioneer species, while topographical heterogeneity is particularly important for generating high diversity in montane forests. These results underscore that edge effects have severe consequences in montane forest remnants and that small‐scale variation between topographical microhabitats should be considered in studies that predict monotonous upslope migrations of plant species in tropical montane forests due to global warming.
Does the Initial Floristic Composition model of succession really work?
Authors: Wilson J. Bastow 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHarvey & Holzman, in this issue of the Journal of Vegetation Science, describe divergent successional pathways after fire in Pinus muricata forest. Fourteen years after fire, the shrub Ceanothus thyrsiflorus had occupied flat parts of the area. They predicted it would continue to prevent succession to P. muricata forest, as in the initial floristic composition concepts of Clements and Egler.