bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Pupil Center Shift in Refractive Surgery Candidates With Caucasian Eyes Using Infrared Pupillometry
Authors: Mabed Imene Salah , Saad Alain , Guilbert Emmanuel , Gatinel Damien 
Published: October 2014

PURPOSE:
To evaluate the effectiveness of the pupil center shift with changes in the state of pupil size and with other ocular variables.

METHODS:
Dynamic pupillometry with the Topolyzer Vario (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX) was performed in 248 eyes of 124 patients scheduled for corneal laser refractive surgery. High-resolution images were obtained using the infrared-sensitive camera (incorporated in the videokeratoscope) under mesopic and photopic conditions. Measurements of pupil diameters, distance between the pupil center and keratoscopic axis, and spatial shift of the pupil center were obtained after analysis.

RESULTS:
The mean distance between the pupil center and the corneal vertex in mesopic and photopic conditions of illumination in myopic eyes was 0.27 ± 0.14 (range: 0.02 to 0.70 mm) and 0.24 ± 0.12 mm (range: 0.06 to 0.65 mm), respectively, whereas it was 0.36 ± 0.15 (range: 0.03 to 0.70 mm) and 0.31 ± 0.16 mm (range: 0.03 to 0.77 mm) in hyperopic eyes, respectively. The mean spatial pupil center shift was significant: 0.11 ± 0.07 mm (range: 0.02 to 0.57 mm) in myopic eyes and 0.12 ± 0.09 mm (range: 0.02 to 0.47 mm) in hyperopic eyes. The pupil center shifted consistently temporally as the pupil dilated. The pupil center shift was not significantly related to sex, age, eye (right or left), or refractive error.

CONCLUSIONS:
The mean distance between the pupil center and the corneal vertex is greater in hyperopic eyes than in myopic eyes, whereas the spatial shift of this pupil center has a temporal direction as the pupil dilates and is constantly small in all groups. However, pupil center shift can be important in a few patients.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(10):694–700.]
Desiccating Stress–Induced Chemokine Expression in the Epithelium Is Dependent on Upregulation of NKG2D/RAE-1 and Release of IFN-γ in Experimental Dry Eye
Authors: Coursey Terry G. , Bohat Ritu , Barbosa Flavia L. , Pflugfelder Stephen C. , de Paiva Cintia S. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The Th1-associated chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 coordinate migration of CXCR3+ Th1 cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of the innate immune system in stimulating chemokine expression in an experimental model of dry eye and bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immunity. Desiccating stress (DS) induced very early (6 h) expression and production of Th1-associated chemokines in cornea and conjunctiva of C57BL/6 and RAG1 knockout (KO) mice, demonstrating that chemokine expression does not require innate T cells. We then demonstrated that activating the innate immune system prior to adoptive transfer of T cells to RAG1KO mice increased disease severity. Interestingly, lack of induction of chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in IFN-γKO mice provided evidence that their expression requires IFN-γ for induction. Treatment of RAG1KO mice with anti-NK1.1 prevented the increase of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in response to DS, compared with isotype controls. Additionally, DS increased the expression of NKG2D in the conjunctiva. The expression of the NKG2D ligand, retinoic acid early inducible gene 1, also increased at the ocular surface at both the protein and gene levels. Neutralization of NKG2D at the ocular surface decreased the expression of CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and IFN-γ. In summary, upregulation of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 expression in experimental dry eye is T cell–independent, requiring IFN-γ–producing NKG2D+ NK cells that are activated in response to DS-induced stress signals. This study provides insight into the events that trigger the initial immune response in dry eye pathology.
The Byzantine Church of Khirbet et-Tireh
Authors: Al-Houdalieh Salah H. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Khirbet et-Tireh was inhabited from the Hellenistic to Early Islamic periods and was later used for agriculture through the Ottoman period to modern times. It suffered severe damage due to urban development and looting over the past two centuries, resulting in the irretrievable loss of at least three-quarters of its archaeological remains. The surviving ruins include a Byzantine-era church, villa, and monastery, fortifications, a rock-cut reservoir, burial caves, a rock-cut olive press, a wine press, and several dry-stone terrace walls. The following article describes the site's current state, the efforts to uncover and preserve what remains, and an assessment of the recent destruction, particularly on the church, which is the focus here.
De wenselijkheid van beheerst beloningsbeleid in de financiële sector
Authors: Helstone A.M. 
Published: October 2014

De wenselijkheid van beheerst beloningsbeleid in de financiële sector
In de afgelopen zes jaar heeft de regulering van variabele beloning bij financiële ondernemingen na de val van Lehman Brothers niet stilgestaan. In dit verband wordt er met name in Nederland een niet-aflatende strijd voor beheerst beloningsbeleid in de financiële sector gevoerd. Deze bijdrage richt zich op de belangrijkste initiatieven voor regulering van beloningen bij financiële ondernemingen van de afgelopen zes jaar. Hierbij wordt ook stilgestaan bij de recente voornemens van de Nederlandse wetgever om een bonusplafond van 20% te introduceren voor alle medewerkers die werkzaam zijn in de financiële sector. Daarbij wordt ook ingegaan op de vraag in hoeverre het wenselijk is dat deze nieuwe regels naast de bestaande regels zullen worden geïntroduceerd.
Bankenbelasting
Authors: Bouwman J.N. 
Published: October 2014

Bankenbelasting
De kredietcrisis heeft in Nederland in 2012 geleid tot de invoering van een bankenbelasting. Deze belasting treft zogenoemde ongedekte schulden waarmee banken hun bedrijf financieren. Banken zijn bankenbelasting verschuldigd voor zover hun ongedekte schulden een doelmatigheidsvrijstelling overtreffen. De bankenbelasting wordt verhoogd indien aan het bestuur een bovenmatige bonus wordt toegekend. Andere landen hebben heffingen ingevoerd die vergelijkbaar zijn met de Nederlandse bankenbelasting. Om samenloop van deze heffingen tegen te gaan zijn maatregelen getroffen ter voorkoming van dubbele bankenbelasting. De techniek van de Nederlandse bankenbelasting en de voorkoming van dubbele bankenbelasting staan in deze bijdrage centraal.Aan de invoering van de bankenbelasting zijn in de parlementaire geschiedenis doelstellingen en randvoorwaarden verbonden. Deze worden ook in de bijdrage besproken. Betwijfeld kan worden of zij volledig zijn gerealiseerd met de invoering van de huidige bankenbelasting.
Le prêt de main-d’oeuvre : un dispositif innovant au service des territoires
Authors: Calamel Ludivine , Gallego-Roquelaure Virginie 
Published: October 2014

Licenciements, restructurations et fermetures d’usines demeurent, dans le présent contexte de crise économique, au coeur de l’actualité. Cet environnement turbulent a des conséquences sur l’emploi local. C’est dans ce récent contexte de crise, menaçant l’emploi et les entreprises, que certaines organisations se sont emparées d’un dispositif de gestion des ressources humaines innovant : la mise à disposition de salariés (MAD). Ce dispositif vise à sauvegarder l’emploi local ainsi qu’à accroître le panel de compétences des salariés en bénéficiant. Il implique diverses organisations ayant pour but principal d’éviter les licenciements et de favoriser l’acquisition de nouvelles compétences pour les salariés y participant. Le prêt de main-d’oeuvre suppose que l’entreprise prêteuse ne facture à l’entreprise utilisatrice que la stricte valeur des salaires versés au salarié pendant la mise à disposition, des charges sociales afférentes, ainsi que, s’il y a lieu, des frais professionnels remboursés à l’intéressé au titre de la mise à disposition. Il s’agit d’un dispositif d’entraide à but non lucratif, généralement privilégié lorsque les entreprises ont des relations de proximité : géographique, dès lors que les acteurs sont localisés sur un même espace, mais aussi socio-économique, dès lors que les acteurs développent des relations. Trois pôles de compétitivité Rhône-Alpin ont été étudiés, dans lesquels l’utilisation de prêt de main-d’oeuvre entre organisations privées et centre de recherche public a été mise à profit. La grille de lecture utilisée correspond à la démarche analytique de l’économie de la proximité (Bouba-Olga et Grossetti, 2008). Nous nous attachons à répondre à la problématique suivante : dans quelles conditions la proximité permet-elle de construire des formules innovantes de GRH inter-organisationnelles, telles que le prêt de main-d’oeuvre ? Les résultats montrent que la proximité, qu’elle soit géographique ou socio-économique, permet de construire des dispositifs de GRH inter-organisationnelle innovants tels que la mise à disposition de salariés.
Understanding nitrile-degrading enzymes: classification, biocatalytic nature and current applications
Authors: Rodríguez Jorge Ricaño 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNitrile-degrading enzymes commonly known as nitrilase enzymes are able to metabolize nitrile-substituent compounds and they have several industrial applications, for example: in drugs synthesis. It is also common to observe their exploitation for obtaining chemical compounds with commercial interests related to cosmetics production, paints and additives. In addition, these are frequently used in the active metabolites synthesis of pesticides. Due to the catalytic nature of such proteins, it is possible to take advantage of their biotechnological potential to be applied in various scientific fields including synthetic biocatalysis and environmental remediation, since they have been successfully used for soils nitrile-wastes decontamination such as cyanide, bromoxynil and benzonitrile. On the other hand, these enzymes are considered very important intermediaries of metabolic pathways related to indolic compounds that are produced by bacteria, plants and superior fungi, acting in most cases as vegetal growth hormones. Given the fact that indole-derivative molecules play an important role in physiological responses in superior organisms, nitrilase enzymes may be considered as important part of unknown multi-enzymatic secondary metabolites pathways. In light of the above considerations, this review attempts to summarize the current status of nitrilase research and describing in detail the main characteristics of nitrile-converting enzymes with emphasis on fungal proteins, including their function and catalytic selectivity. Likewise, their relationship with plant metabolism and biotechnological importance in bioremediation processes is discussed.
N2O production in the eastern South Atlantic: Analysis of N2O stable isotopic and concentration data
Authors: Frame Caitlin H. , Deal Eric , Nevison Cynthia D. , Casciotti Karen L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe stable isotopic composition of dissolved nitrous oxide (N2O) is a tracer for the production, transport, and consumption of this greenhouse gas in the ocean. Here we present dissolved N2O concentration and isotope data from the South Atlantic Ocean, spanning from the western side of the mid‐Atlantic Ridge to the upwelling zone off the southern African coast. In the eastern South Atlantic, shallow N2O production by nitrifier denitrification contributed a flux of isotopically depleted N2O to the atmosphere. Along the African coast, N2O fluxes to the atmosphere of up to 46 µmol/m2/d were calculated using satellite‐derived QuikSCAT wind speed data, while fluxes at the offshore stations averaged 0.04 µmol/m2/d. Comparison of the isotopic composition of the deeper N2O in the South Atlantic (800 m to 1000 m) to measurements made in other regions suggests that water advected from one or more of the major oxygen deficient zones contributed N2O to the mesopelagic South Atlantic via the Southern Ocean. This deeper N2O was isotopically and isotopomerically enriched (δ15Nbulk− N2O = 8.7 ± 0.1‰,δ18O − N2O = 46.5 ± 0.2‰, and Site Preference = 18.7 ± 0.6‰) relative to the shallow N2O source, indicating that N2O consumption by denitrification influenced its isotopic composition. The N2O concentration maximum was observed between 200 m and 400 m and reached 49 nM near the Angolan coast. The depths of the N2O concentration maximum coincided with those of sedimentary particle resuspension along the coast. The isotopic composition of this N2O (δ15Nbulk− N2O = 5.8 ± 0.1‰,δ18O − N2O = 39.7 ± 0.1‰, and Site Preference = 9.8 ± 1.0‰) was consistent with production by diffusion‐limited nitrate (NO3−) reduction to nitrite (NO2−), followed by NO2−reduction to N2O by denitrification and/or nitrifier denitrification, with additional N2O production by NH2OH decomposition during NH3oxidation. The sediment surface, benthic boundary layer, or particles resuspended from the sediments are likely to have provided the physical and chemical conditions necessary to produce this N2O.
Understanding the hydrologic sources and sinks in the Nile Basin using multisource climate and remote sensing data sets
Authors: Senay Gabriel B. , Velpuri Naga Manohar , Bohms Stefanie , Demissie Yonas , Gebremichael Mekonnen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this study, we integrated satellite‐drived precipitation and modeled evapotranspiration data (2000–2012) to describe spatial variability of hydrologic sources and sinks in the Nile Basin. Over 2000–2012 period, 4 out of 11 countries (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda) in the Nile Basin showed a positive water balance while three downstream countries (South Sudan, Sudan, and Egypt) showed a negative balance. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mass deviation in storage data analysis showed that at annual timescales, the Nile Basin storage change is substantial while over longer time periods, it is minimal (<1% of basin precipitation). We also used long‐term gridded runoff and river discharge data (1869–1984) to understand the discrepancy in the observed and expected flow along the Nile River. The top three countries that contribute most to the flow are Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Kenya. The study revealed that ∼85% of the runoff generated in the equatorial region is lost in an interstation basin that includes the Sudd wetlands in South Sudan; this proportion is higher than the literature reported loss of 50% at the Sudd wetlands alone. The loss in runoff and flow volume at different sections of the river tend to be more than what can be explained by evaporation losses, suggesting a potential recharge to deeper aquifers that are not connected to the Nile channel systems. On the other hand, we also found that the expected average annual Nile flow at Aswan is greater (97 km3) than the reported amount (84 km3). Due to the large variations of the reported Nile flow at different locations and time periods, the study results indicate the need for increased hydrometeorological instrumentation of the basin. The study also helped improve our understanding of the spatial dynamics of water sources and sinks in the Nile Basin and identified emerging hydrologic questions that require further attention.
Separating the influence of temperature, drought, and fire on interannual variability in atmospheric CO2
Authors: Keppel‐Aleks Gretchen , Wolf Aaron S. , Mu Mingquan , Doney Scott C. , Morton Douglas C. , Kasibhatla Prasad S. , Miller John B. , Dlugokencky Edward J. , Randerson James T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe response of the carbon cycle in prognostic Earth system models (ESMs) contributes significant uncertainty to projections of global climate change. Quantifying contributions of known drivers of interannual variability in the growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is important for improving the representation of terrestrial ecosystem processes in these ESMs. Several recent studies have identified the temperature dependence of tropical net ecosystem exchange (NEE) as a primary driver of this variability by analyzing a single, globally averaged time series of CO2 anomalies. Here we examined how the temporal evolution of CO2 in different latitude bands may be used to separate contributions from temperature stress, drought stress, and fire emissions to CO2 variability. We developed atmospheric CO2 patterns from each of these mechanisms during 1997–2011 using an atmospheric transport model. NEE responses to temperature, NEE responses to drought, and fire emissions all contributed significantly to CO2 variability in each latitude band, suggesting that no single mechanism was the dominant driver. We found that the sum of drought and fire contributions to CO2 variability exceeded direct NEE responses to temperature in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Additional sensitivity tests revealed that these contributions are masked by temporal and spatial smoothing of CO2 observations. Accounting for fires, the sensitivity of tropical NEE to temperature stress decreased by 25% to 2.9 ± 0.4 Pg C yr−1 K−1. These results underscore the need for accurate attribution of the drivers of CO2 variability prior to using contemporary observations to constrain long‐term ESM responses.
A novel EBSD‐based finite‐element wave propagation model for investigating seismic anisotropy: Application to Finero Peridotite, Ivrea‐Verbano Zone, Northern Italy
Authors: Zhong Xin , Frehner Marcel , Kunze Karsten , Zappone Alba 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA novel electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) ‐based finite‐element (FE) wave propagation simulation is presented and applied to investigate seismic anisotropy of peridotite samples. The FE model simulates the dynamic propagation of seismic waves along any chosen direction through representative 2D EBSD sections. The numerical model allows separation of the effects of crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) and shape preferred orientation (SPO). The obtained seismic velocities with respect to specimen orientation are compared with Voigt‐Reuss‐Hill estimates and with laboratory measurements. The results of these three independent methods testify that CPO is the dominant factor controlling seismic anisotropy. Fracture fillings and minor minerals like hornblende only influence the seismic anisotropy if their volume proportion is sufficiently large (up to 23%). The SPO influence is minor compared to the other factors. The presented FE model is discussed with regard to its potential in simulating seismic wave propagation using EBSD data representing natural rock petrofabrics.
Airborne radar sounding evidence for deformable sediments and outcropping bedrock beneath Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica
Authors: Schroeder Dustin M. , Blankenship Donald D. , Young Duncan A. , Witus Alexandra E. , Anderson John B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe geologic and morphologic records of prior ice sheet configurations show evidence of rapid, back‐stepping, meltwater intensive retreats. However, the potential for such a retreat in a contemporary glacier depends on the lithology of the current ice sheet bed, which lies beneath kilometers of ice, making its physical properties difficult to constrain. We use radar sounding and marine bathymetry data to compare the bed configuration of Thwaites Glacier to the bed of paleo‐Pine Island Glacier. Using observed and modeled radar scattering, we show that the tributaries and upper trunk of Thwaites Glacier are underlain by ice flow‐aligned bedforms consistent with deformable sediment and that the lower trunk is grounded on a region of high bed roughness consistent with outcropping bedrock. This is the same configuration as paleo‐Pine Island Glacier during its retreat across the inner continental shelf.
Modeling vegetation controls on fluvial morphological trajectories
Authors: Bertoldi Walter , Siviglia Annunziato , Tettamanti Stefano , Toffolon Marco , Vetsch David , Francalanci Simona 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe role of riparian vegetation in shaping river morphology is widely recognized. The interaction between vegetation growth and riverbed evolution is characterized by complex nonlinear feedbacks, which hinder direct estimates of the role of key elements on the morphological evolutionary trajectories of gravel bed rivers. Adopting a simple theoretical framework, we develop a numerical model which couples hydromorphodynamics with biomass dynamics. We perform a sensitivity analysis considering several parameters as flood intensity, type of vegetation, and groundwater level. We find that the inclusion of vegetation determines a threshold behavior, identifying two possible equilibrium configurations: unvegetated versus vegetated bars. Stable vegetation patterns can establish only under specific conditions, which depend on the different environmental and species‐related characteristics. From a management point of view, model results show that relatively small changes in water availability or species composition may determine a sudden shift between dynamic unvegetated conditions to more stable, vegetated rivers.
Steady‐state field‐aligned currents at Mercury
Authors: Anderson Brian J. , Johnson Catherine L. , Korth Haje , Slavin James A. , Winslow Reka M. , Phillips Roger J. , McNutt Ralph L. , Solomon Sean C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMagnetic field observations acquired in orbit about Mercury by the MESSENGER spacecraft demonstrate the presence in the planet's northern hemisphere of Birkeland currents that flow to low altitudes. Currents of density 10–30 nA/m2 flow downward at dawn and upward at dusk. Total currents are typically 20–40 kA and exceed 200 kA during disturbed conditions. The current density and total current are two orders of magnitude lower than at Earth. An electric potential of ~30 kV from dayside magnetopause magnetic reconnection implies a net electrical conductance of ~1 S. A spherical‐shell conductance model indicates closure of current radially through the low‐conductivity layers near the surface and by lateral flow from dawn to dusk through more conductive material at depth.
The steepness of the magnetic shear angle “saddle”: A parameter for constraining the location of dayside magnetic reconnection?
Authors: Petrinec S. M. , Trattner K. J. , Fuselier S. A. , Stovall J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObservations of cutoff velocities in plasma distribution functions within the cusps have been used to remotely map reconnection sites on the dayside magnetopause. From these observations, a model of the location of magnetic reconnection along the dayside magnetopause has been developed during conditions of southward interplanetary magnetic field. The reconnection merging region runs along a crest of maximum magnetic shear across the magnetopause, either along two separate antiparallel lines or along a single continuous line. The single, continuous line also follows along a crest of a “saddle” topology in the magnetic shear angle, crossing local noon at low to middle latitudes. In this study the steepness of the saddle at local noon as a function of the solar wind condition and the dipole tilt angle of the Earth is examined. In addition, the locations of dayside low to middle latitude magnetopause crossings by spacecraft for which plasma velocity signatures suggest that the reconnection X line passed over the spacecraft are compared to the expected location of the model X line and as a function of the steepness of the saddle. The comparisons between model and observations are used to help determine to what extent the steepness of the saddle constrains the location of the X line.