bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time and Moisture Effects on Total and Bioavailable Copper in Soil Water Extracts
Authors: Tom‐Petersen Andreas , Hansen Hans Christian Bruun , Nybroe Ole 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTEnvironmental risk assessment of heavy metals in soil frequently involves testing of freshly spiked soils kept under stable humidity conditions, but it has been questioned whether these assessments are representative of the field situation. Furthermore, the poor correspondence that is often found between total metal content and metal toxicity calls for integrated chemical and biological analysis. The aim of this work was to determine time‐ and moisture‐dependent changes in total water‐extractable Cu as well as bioavailable Cu in soil water extracts. Measurements of total water‐extractable copper ([Cu]tot) were performed using furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. An in vitro assay employing a Cu‐specificPseudomonas fluorescensreporter strain was used to estimate Cu that was biologically available to the reporter strain. We refer to this copper fraction as “bioavailable,” [Cu]bioWe found a time‐dependent decrease in [Cu]totand [Cu]bioduring incubation for up to 220 d at field capacity. Hence the [Cu]biowas reduced to between 32 and 40% of the initial values. Furthermore, the [Cu]bioto [Cu]totratio correlated positively with the amount of added Cu and tended to increase with time. The moisture content of the soil was important for Cu retention. Dry soil had higher [Cu]totconcentrations than humid soil, but the [Cu]bioto [Cu]totratio was lower in the dry soil. Alternating drying and wetting did not lead to a more rapid Cu retention than observed under constant humid conditions. Our observations underline the need for considering both time and moisture effects when interpreting short‐term toxicity studies and when making predictions concerning possible long‐term effects of Cu in the soil environment.
In Situ Soil Treatments to Reduce the Phyto‐ and Bioavailability of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium
Authors: Brown Sally , Chaney Rufus , Hallfrisch Judith , Ryan James A. , Berti William R. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA study was established near a former Zn and Pb smelter to test the ability of soil amendments to reduce the availability of Pb, Zn, and Cd in situ. Soil collected from the field was amended in the lab with P added as 1% P‐H3PO4, biosolids compost added at 10% (referred to hereafter as “compost”), and a high‐Fe by‐product (referred to hereafter as “Fe”) + P‐triple superphosphate (TSP) (2.5% Fe + 1% P‐TSP) and incubated under laboratory conditions at a constant soil pH. Changes in Pb bioavailability were measured with an in vitro test and a feeding study with weanling rats. Field‐amended and incubated soils using these plus additional treatments were evaluated using the in vitro extraction and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv. Kentucky‐31) metal concentration. Reductions were observed across all parameters but were not consistent. In the feeding study, the 1% P‐H3PO4 and compost treatments resulted in a decrease of 26% in rat tissue Pb concentration compared with the control soil. The 2.5% Fe + 1% P‐TSP showed a 39% decrease. The 1% P‐H3PO4 treatment caused the greatest reduction in in vitro extractable Pb from field samples (pH 2.2) with a measured reduction of 66%, while the compost treatment had a 39% reduction and the 2.5% Fe + 1% P‐TSP treatment a 50% reduction. The in vitro extraction (pH 1.5) run on field samples showed no reduction in the compost or Fe treatments. The 1% P‐H3PO4 treatment was the most effective at reducing plant Pb, Zn, and Cd.
Fertilizer Source Effect on Ground and Surface Water Quality in Drainage from Turfgrass
Authors: Easton Zachary M. , Petrovic A. Martin 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTNutrients in surface and ground water can affect human and aquatic organisms that rely on water for consumption and habitat. A mass‐balance field study was conducted over two years (July 2000–May 2001) to determine the effect of nutrient source on turfgrass runoff and leachate. Treatments were arranged in an incomplete randomized block design on a slope of 7 to 9% of Arkport sandy loam (coarse‐loamy, mixed, active, mesic Lamellic Hapludalf) and seeded with Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Three natural organic (dairy and swine compost and a biosolid) and two synthetic organic nutrient sources (readily available urea and controlled‐release N source sulfur‐coated urea) were applied at rates of 50 and 100 kg N ha−1 per application (200 kg ha−1 yr−1). Runoff water collected from 33 storms and composite monthly leachate samples collected with ion exchange resins were analyzed for nitrate (NO−3–N), phosphate (PO3−4–P), and ammonium (NH+4–N). Nutrient concentrations and losses in both runoff and leachate were highest for the 20‐wk period following turfgrass seeding. The NO−3–N and NH+4–N losses declined significantly once turfgrass cover was established, but PO3−4–P levels increased in Year 2. Turf's ability to reduce nutrient runoff and leachate was related to overall plant growth and shoot density. The use of natural organics resulted in greater P loss on a percent applied P basis, while the more soluble synthetic organics resulted in greater N loss.
Use of Commercial Plant Species in a Hydroponic System to Treat Domestic Wastewaters
Authors: Vaillant Nathalie , Monnet Fabien , Sallanon Huguette , Coudret Alain , Hitmi Adnane 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe objectives in this work were to investigate a conceptual layout for an inexpensive and simple system that would treat primary municipal wastewater to discharge standards. A commercial hydroponic system was adapted for this study and the wastewater was used to irrigate wooly digitalis (Digitalis lanata Ehrh.) and foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.). These plants are medicinal and produce cardenolide compounds. Influent and effluent samples were collected once a month for six months and analyzed to determine the various parameters relating to water quality. The legal discharge levels for total suspended solids (SS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were reached for the two tested plants after 48 h of wastewater treatment; the removal was 82, 93, and 79%, respectively, for wooly digitalis and 92, 92, and 84%, respectively, for foxglove. Similar results were obtained during a 6‐mo period although the sewage composition varied widely. The system tended to be unable to remove N and P to concentrations below regulated levels. Compared with the nutrient solution composition, the wastewater was more concentrated in Na+ and Cl− and less in N, K+, and Ca2+ These variations can lead to the decline of wooly digitalis plants. Foxglove developed a significant root system to increase mineral absorption wastewater being used as the unique nutritive source. After 10 wk all the wooly digitalis seedlings were dead. Despite this fact, however, the root system remained in place for a significant time (<4 mo), thus continuing to filter wastewater and to be used as a bacterial support thus making it possible to have a security period to replace the dead plants.
Environmental Factors Influencing Attenuation of Methane and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons in Landfill Cover Soils
Authors: Scheutz Charlotte , Kjeldsen Peter 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe influence of different environmental factors on methane oxidation and degradation of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) was investigated in microcosms containing soil sampled at Skellingsted Landfill, Denmark. The soil showed a high capacity for methane oxidation resulting in a maximum oxidation rate of 104 μg CH4 g−1 h−1 and a low affinity of methane with a half‐saturation constant of 2.0% v/v. The hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCFC‐21 (dichlorofluoromethane) and HCFC‐22 (chlorodifluoromethane) were rapidly oxidized and the oxidation occurred in parallel with the oxidation of methane. The maximal HCFC oxidation rates were 0.95 and 0.68 μg g−1 h−1 for HCFC‐21 and HCFC‐22, respectively. Increasing concentrations of HCFCs resulted in decreased methane oxidation rates. However, compared with typical concentrations in landfill gas, relatively high HCFC concentrations were needed to obtain a significant inhibition of methane oxidation. In general, the environmental factors studied influenced the degradation of HCFCs in almost the same way as they influenced methane oxidation. Temperature had a strong influence on the methanotrophic activity giving high Q10 values of 3.4 to 4.1 over the temperature range of 2 to 25°C. Temperature optimum was around 30°C; however, oxidation occurred at temperatures as low as 2°C. A moisture content of 25% w/w yielded the maximum oxidation rate as it allowed good gas transport together with sufficient microbial activity. The optimum pH was around neutrality (pH = 6.5–7.5) showing that the methanotrophs were optimally adapted to the in situ pH, which was 6.9. Copper showed no inhibitory effect when added in relatively high concentrations (up to 60 mg kg−1), most likely due to sorption of copper ions to soil particles. At higher copper concentrations the oxidation rates decreased. The oxidation rates for methane, HCFC‐21, and HCFC‐22 were unaltered in ammonium‐amended soil up to 14 mg kg−1 Higher ammonium concentrations inhibited the oxidation process. The most important parameters controlling oxidation in landfill cover soil were found to be temperature, soil moisture, and methane and oxygen supply.
Bermudagrass Sod Growth and Metal Uptake in Coal Combustion By‐Product‐Amended Media
Authors: Schlossberg M. J. , Vanags C. P. , Miller W. P. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTCoal combustion by‐products (CCB) include fly ash and bottom ash and are generated nationally at rates of 108Mg yr−1Land applications of CCB have improved physicochemical properties of soil, yet inherent bulkiness and trace metal content of CCB often limit their use. Likewise, utilization of biosolids and manure as fertilizer can be problematic due to unfavorable nutrient ratios. A 2‐yr field study evaluated environmental and technical parameters associated with CCB–organic waste utilization as growth media in turfgrass sod production. Experimental growth media formulated with CCB and organic waste and a sand–compost control mixture were uniformly spread at rates from 200 to 400 m3ha−1and sprigged with hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ×C. transvaalensisBurtt‐Davy]. Leaf clippings were collected and analyzed for total elemental content each year. In Year 2, growth media samples were collected during establishment 47 and 84 days after planting (DAP) and viableEscherichia coliorganisms were quantified. At harvest (99 or 114 DAP), sod biomass and physicochemical properties of the growth media were measured. During sod propagation, micronutrient and metal content in leaf clippings varied by growth media and time. After 47 d of typical sod field management, viableE. colipathogens were detected in only one biosolids‐amended plot. No viableE. coliwere measured at 84 DAP. In both years, sod biomass was greatest in media containing biosolids and fly ash. Following installation of sod, evaluations did not reveal differences by media type or application volume. Using CCB–organic waste mixes at the rates described herein is a rapid and environmentally safe method of bermudagrass sod production.
Optimizing Phosphorus Characterization in Animal Manures by Solution Phosphorus‐31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Turner Benjamin L. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA procedure involving alkaline extraction and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was developed and optimized for the characterization of P in animal manures (broiler, swine, beef cattle). Inclusion of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in the alkaline extraction solution recovered between 82 and 97% of the total P from the three manures, which represented a significant improvement on recovery in NaOH alone. Low concentrations of paramagnetic ions in all manure extracts meant that relatively long delay times (>5 s) were required for quantitative analysis by solution 31P NMR spectroscopy. The manures contained inorganic orthophosphate, orthophosphate monoesters, orthophosphate diesters, and inorganic polyphosphates, but results were markedly influenced by the concentration of NaOH in the extractant, which affected both spectral resolution and the apparent P composition of the extracts. For example, extraction of swine manure and broiler litter with 0.5 M NaOH + 50 mM EDTA produced remarkable spectral resolution that allowed accurate quantification of the four signals from phytic acid, the major organic P compound in these manures. In contrast, more dilute NaOH concentrations produced considerable line broadening that obscured individual signals in the orthophosphate monoester region of the spectra. Spectral resolution of cattle manure extracts was relatively unaffected by NaOH concentration. Improvements in spectral resolution of more concentrated NaOH extracts were, however, compromised by the disappearance of phospholipids and inorganic polyphosphates, notably in swine and cattle manure extracts, which indicated either degradation or a change in solubility. The optimum extraction conditions will therefore vary depending on the manure type and the objectives of the study. Phytic acid can be accurately quantified in swine manure and broiler litter by extraction with 0.5 M NaOH + 50 mM EDTA, while a more dilute NaOH concentration should be used for complete P characterization or comparison among different manure types.
Chemical and Carbon‐13 Cross‐Polarization Magic‐Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Characterization of Logyard Fines from British Columbia
Authors: Preston C. M. , Forrester P. D. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTPhasing out beehive burners and rising costs for landfilling have increased the need to widen options for utilization of the smaller size fractions of woody wastes generated during log handling and sawmilling in British Columbia. We characterized several size classes of logyard fines up to 16 mm sampled from coastal and interior operations. Total C, total N, ash, and condensed tannin concentrations were consistent with properties derived largely from wood, with varying proportions of bark and mixing with mineral soil. Especially for <3‐mm fractions, the latter resulted in high ash contents that would make them unsuitable for fuel. Solid‐state 13C cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning (CPMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were consistent with the chemical data, with high O‐alkyl intensity and similarity to naturally occurring woody forest floor; no samples were high in aromatic or phenolic C. Aqueous extracts of two <16‐mm fines, which accounted for only a small proportion of the total C, were enriched in alkyl C and had low or undetectable tannins. Application to forest sites might cause short‐term immobilization of N, but also might include possible longer‐term benefits from reduction of N loss after harvesting and restoration of soil organic matter in degraded sites.
Effect of Nasal Anti-Inflammatory Treatment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Callebaut Ina , Hox Valérie , Bobic Sonja , Bullens Dominique M.A. , Janssens Wim , Dupont Lieven , Hellings Peter W. 
Published: July 2013

Background Sinonasal inflammation and symptoms are often underdiagnosed in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. So far, it is not known to what extent anti-inflammatory nasal treatment may reduce sinonasal symptoms in COPD patients. This study was designed to examine the effects of nasal anti-inflammatory treatment on sinonasal symptoms and cough in COPD patients. Methods Thirty-three COPD patients on stable bronchial therapy (salmeterol/fluticasone propionate 50/500 mg b.i.d. for >6 weeks) were randomized to receive fluticasone furoate (FF) or placebo nasal spray at 110 μg once daily for 12 weeks. Sinonasal symptoms and cough were monitored at baseline, at 6 and 12 weeks of treatment, and at 4 weeks after cessation of the treatment using a visual analog scale. Levels of cytokines were measured in nasal secretions. Results In contrast to the placebo group (n = 13), FF patients (n = 14) reported less nasal blockage (10.62 ± 4.21 mm versus 36.57 ± 8.01 mm; p = 0.0026), postnasal drip (1.46 ± 0.29 score versus 2.83 ± 0.38 score; p = 0.03), and nasal discharge (0.23 ± 0.12 score versus 1.77 ± 0.43 score; p = 0.01) after 6 weeks of treatment compared with baseline, which was still present at 12 weeks. FF patients reported less cough compared with baseline (25.54 ± 4.46 mm versus 36.79 ± 5.75 mm; p = 0.04), which was not the case in the placebo group (49.58 ± 10.44 mm versus 42.00 ± 8.05 mm; p = 0.38). Nine of 14 patients in the FF group (64%) reported slight to total relief of nasal symptoms, and this subgroup had a significant decrease in IL-8 levels in nasal secretions after 6 weeks of treatment (850.7 ± 207.2 pg/mL versus 1608 ± 696.5 pg/mL; p = 0.03) compared with baseline. Conclusion Nasal FF treatment in COPD patients significantly reduced sinonasal symptoms, in parallel with reduced IL-8 in nasal secretion levels and cough.
Olfactory Dysfunction and Asthma as Risk Factors for Poor Quality of Life in Upper Airway Diseases
Authors: Katotomichelakis Michael , Simopoulos Efthimios , Zhang Nan , Tripsianis Gregory , Danielides Gerasimos , Livaditis Miltos , Bachert Claus , Danielides Vassilios 
Published: July 2013

Background The study of olfaction/quality of life (QoL) interaction has not been adequately discussed and remains to be further explored. Determination of clinical predictors for poor QoL may support consultation of respective patients. This study explores QoL of patients with olfactory dysfunction and evaluates associated clinical risk factors for QoL prediction. Methods One hundred eight patients suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and allergic rhinitis (AR) and 30 healthy subjects were studied. Olfactory function was evaluated using objective olfactory test. All patients completed six validated questionnaires either specific for olfaction (Questionnaire of Olfactory Deficits [QOD]) and for assessing psychological state (Zung Anxiety Scale [ZAS], State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Zung Depression Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]) or a generic one (Short Form 36). Results Significantly poorer QoL and more severe anxiety and depression symptoms were observed in anosmic (all p < 0.001) and hyposmic patients compared with controls. Anosmic patients presented significantly worse results compared with hyposmic and normosmic patients. However, higher scores were observed in hyposmic compared with normosmic patients only in the QOD, ZAS, and BDI scale. Patients with CRS presented significantly poorer QoL than patients with AR only. The presence of nasal polyps or concomitant AR in patients with CRS did not show any differentiation in the results. Asthma was associated with significantly worse scores in all the psychometric questionnaires. Conclusion Olfactory dysfunction was found to decrease QoL among patients. Anosmia, CRS disease, and asthma as clinical predictors were proved to be independently correlated with QoL, anxiety, and depression levels.
Sinonasal Respiratory Epithelial Adenomatoid Hamartomas: Series of 51 Cases and Literature Review
Authors: Lee Jivianne T. , Garg Rohit , Brunworth Joseph , Keschner David B. , Thompson Lester D.R. 
Published: July 2013

Background Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartomas (REAHs) are rare, benign glandular proliferations of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. This study aimed to expand our understanding of this entity by presenting a series of REAHs combined with a review of the pertinent literature. Methods A retrospective review was performed on all patients with a diagnosis of REAH from 2002 to 2011. Data were collected with respect to age, gender, clinical presentation, imaging, histopathology, treatment, and outcome. Because olfactory cleft expansion by imaging evaluation has been reported to suggest REAH, maximum olfactory cleft (MOCs) widths were also measured. Results Fifty-one cases of REAH included 37 male (72.5%) and 14 female subjects (27.5%) with a mean age of 58.4 years. Headache, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and hyposmia were the most common presenting symptoms. Although 35(68.6%) were associated with concurrent inflammatory pathology, 16 (31.4%) presented as isolated lesions of the nasal cavity. Enlargement of MOCs was evident on computed tomography, with mean MOCs of 8.64 and 9.4 mm, in the coronal/axial planes, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between MOCs of isolated (7.96 mm) versus MOCs of associated (9.63 mm) lesions (p = 0.25). Forty-nine were treated with endoscopic resection without evidence of recurrence after a mean follow-up of 27.2 months. Conclusion REAHs are rare sinonasal lesions that may appear as localized, isolated masses or more diffuse when in conjunction with other inflammatory processes. Irrespective of clinical presentation, endoscopic removal appears to be curative. Differentiation from more aggressive lesions is paramount to avoid unnecessarily radical surgery for an otherwise benign process.
Does Surgery of the Olfactory Clefts Modify the Sense of Smell?
Authors: Nguyen Duc Trung , Gauchotte Guillaume , Nguyen-Thi Phi-Linh , Jankowski Roger 
Published: July 2013

Background The olfactory outcome after surgery of polyps in the olfactory clefts (OCs) is unknown. This study was designed to (1) investigate the relationship between clinical characteristics and the presence of the respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma (REAH) in the OCs and (2) assess the olfactory outcome after surgery in the OC for either eosinophilic polyps (EP) or REAH in patients with ethmoidectomy for nasal polyposis (NP). Methods Seventy-four patients with NP having undergone nasalization procedure were enrolled in this prospective study. The OCs were systematically examined during endoscopic surgery. Small polyps or edematous mucosa of the OC were systematically biopsied. Moderate or big polyps in the OC were removed after nasalization of the ethmoidal labyrinths. The distinction between REAH and EP relied on histopathological examinations. The olfactory function was measured with standardized odor threshold and identification tests 1 day before and 6 weeks after surgery. Results There was a close relationship between the presence of REAH-OC and the duration of NP disease (p = 0.0009), asthma (p = 0.004), and previous surgery (p = 0.0006). Before surgery, 90.6% of patients with REAH-OC were hypo-anosmic in contrast with one-half of patients having EP-OC (p = 0.0003). Predictors of poor olfactory outcomes after surgery were long-standing nasal symptoms (p = 0.027), history of previous surgery (p = 0.01), and history of previous middle turbinates resection (p = 0.0006). Polyp histology and surgery of the OC were not predictors of poor olfactory outcomes. Conclusion The resection of REAH or EP of the OC in patients with NP does not worsen but instead can improve the sense of smell after surgery.