bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a 3D printer using scanning projection stereolithography
Authors: Lee Michael P. , Cooper Geoffrey J. T. , Hinkley Trevor , Gibson Graham M. , Padgett Miles J. , Cronin Leroy 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe have developed a system for the rapid fabrication of low cost 3D devices and systems in the laboratory with micro-scale features yet cm-scale objects. Our system is inspired by maskless lithography, where a digital micromirror device (DMD) is used to project patterns with resolution up to 10 µm onto a layer of photoresist. Large area objects can be fabricated by stitching projected images over a 5cm2 area. The addition of a z-stage allows multiple layers to be stacked to create 3D objects, removing the need for any developing or etching steps but at the same time leading to true 3D devices which are robust, configurable and scalable. We demonstrate the applications of the system by printing a range of micro-scale objects as well as a fully functioning microfluidic droplet device and test its integrity by pumping dye through the channels.
Loss of superhydrophobicity of hydrophobic micro/nano structures during condensation
Authors: Jo HangJin , Hwang Kyung Won , Kim DongHyun , Kiyofumi Moriyama , Park Hyun Sun , Kim Moo Hwan , Ahn Ho Seon 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCondensed liquid behavior on hydrophobic micro/nano-structured surfaces is a subject with multiple practical applications, but remains poorly understood. In particular, the loss of superhydrophobicity of hydrophobic micro/nanostructures during condensation, even when the same surface shows water-repellant characteristics when exposed to air, requires intensive investigation to improve and apply our understanding of the fundamental physics of condensation. Here, we postulate the criterion required for condensation to form from inside the surface structures by examining the grand potentials of a condensation system, including the properties of the condensed liquid and the conditions required for condensation. The results imply that the same hydrophobic micro/nano-structured surface could exhibit different liquid droplet behavior depending on the conditions. Our findings are supported by the observed phenomena: the initiation of a condensed droplet from inside a hydrophobic cavity, the apparent wetted state changes and the presence of sticky condensed droplets on the hydrophobic micro/nano-structured surface.
Association of CD8+ T lymphocyte repertoire spreading with the severity of DRESS syndrome
Authors: Niu Jun , Jia Qingzhu , Ni Qingshan , Yang Yi , Chen Gang , Yang Xichuan , Zhai Zhifang , Yu Haili , Guan Peng , Lin Regina , Song Zhiqiang , Li Qi-Jing , Hao Fei , Zhong Hua , Wan Ying 
Published: April 2015

AbstractT-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated cross-recognition is a major mechanism in the pathogenesis of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome. However, the characteristics of the TCR repertoire and the clinical significance of repertoire reformation throughout the course of DRESS are unknown. Here, we isolated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells from peripheral blood of 8 DRESS patients at 10-day intervals and, sequenced CDR3-regions of the TCRB chain by high-throughput sequencing to analyze the dynamic reformation in the T-cell repertoire hierarchy. Compared with healthy donors, T-cell expanded in peripheral repertoires from DRESS patient. The extent of fluctuation of dominant CD8+ T-cell clones, but not of CD4+ counterparts, correlated positively with the clinical severity and helped classify the enrolled subjects into “fluctuant” and “flat” repertoire groups. The anti-herpesvirus response, which was measured using anti-EBV/HHV antibodies and the proportion of the homologous CD8+ EBV-specific clonotypes, in the “fluctuant” group was substantial higher than that in the “flat” group. Furthermore, autoimmune sequelae were observed in a cured “fluctuant” patient. Collectively, the clinical relevance of the fluctuant CD8+ T-cell repertoires supports the notion that herpes virus-mediated continuously de novo priming of newly pathogenic CD8+ T-cell clones is an alternate mechanism responsible for the pathogenicity of DRESS.
Mechanistic Insights into Elastin Degradation by Pseudolysin, the Major Virulence Factor of the Opportunistic Pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Yang Jie , Zhao Hui-Lin , Ran Li-Yuan , Li Chun-Yang , Zhang Xi-Ying , Su Hai-Nan , Shi Mei , Zhou Bai-Cheng , Chen Xiu-Lan , Zhang Yu-Zhong 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPseudolysin is the most abundant protease secreted byPseudomonas aeruginosaand is the major extracellular virulence factor of this opportunistic human pathogen. Pseudolysin destroys human tissues by solubilizing elastin. However, the mechanisms by which pseudolysin binds to and degrades elastin remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of action of pseudolysin on elastin binding and degradation by biochemical assay, microscopy and site-directed mutagenesis. Pseudolysin bound to bovine elastin fibers and preferred to attack peptide bonds with hydrophobic residues at the P1 and P1’ positions in the hydrophobic domains of elastin. The time-course degradation processes of both bovine elastin fibers and cross-linked human tropoelastin by pseudolysin were further investigated by microscopy. Altogether, the results indicate that elastin degradation by pseudolysin began with the hydrophobic domains on the fiber surface, followed by the progressive disassembly of macroscopic elastin fibers into primary structural elements. Moreover, our site-directed mutational results indicate that five hydrophobic residues in the S1-S1’ sub-sites played key roles in the binding of pseudolysin to elastin. This study sheds lights on the pathogenesis ofP. aeruginosainfection.
Laparoskopischer Bruchlückenverschluss bei Appendizitis im Leistenhernienbruchsack (Amyand-Hernie): Ist der Einsatz eines Netzes kontraindiziert?
Authors: Scheidbach H. , Blume B. , Meyer F. 
Published: April 2015

ZusammenfassungDie Amyand-Hernie wird definiert als eine Appendix vermiformis mit oder ohne Entzündung im Bruchsack einer ipsilateralen Leistenhernie. Die Inzidenz dieser Sonderform einer Leistenhernie ist außerordentlich selten und präsentiert sich präoperativ nahezu ausschließlich unter dem Bild einer inkarzerierten Leistenhernie. Der Einsatz von synthetischen Netzen bei der Versorgung derartiger Hernien wird kontrovers diskutiert und überwiegend abgelehnt. Im Zeitalter der dominierend prothetischen Hernienversorgung stellt sich die Frage der simultanen Netzimplantation bei potenzieller Kontamination neu. Anhand der 150 bislang zu diesem Thema veröffentlichten Fälle und ihrer detaillierten Analyse wird versucht, eine Neubewertung der Frage des Bruchlückenverschlusses mit Netz bei der Amyand-Hernie, nicht zuletzt basierend auf eigenen fallspezifischen Erfahrungen, darzulegen. Auch beim intraoperativen Zufallsbefund einer Appendizitis im Bruchsack einer Leistenhernie kann eine laparoskopische Hernienversorgung unter Verwendung eines Netzes nach simultaner Appendektomie, wie geplant, erfolgen, sofern eine Mitresektion des adhärenten Bruchsacks vorgenommen wird. Falls synthetische Implantate benutzt werden, sollten zwingend ausschließlich leichtgewichtige und großporige Netze zum Einsatz kommen.
Transcutaneous Drainage of Gel-Like Substance after Application of Hydrogel Dural Sealant: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Siman Homayoun , Techy Fernando 
Published: April 2015

Study Design Case report. Objective Incidental durotomy (IDT) is a common complication of spinal surgery. The use of collagen matrix graft along with hydrogel dural sealant is a common method of IDT repair. With this method, there have been several reported cases of detrimental dural sealant expansion in the literature. One case study reported an expansion rate greater than 300%; many report neurologic damage. This article reports the clinical course of two patients who developed postoperative transcutaneous drainage of a gel-like substance after the use of a dural sealant, which is a previously unreported complication. Methods The clinical course and treatment outcome of two patients is presented. Results Both patients experienced postoperative transcutaneous drainage of a gel-like substance at the surgical site. Case one began draining this substance on postoperative day 14. This patient required no further intervention, and the drainage ended after 3 mL of a gel-like substance was expressed from his incision while in the clinic. Case two began draining the gel on postoperative day 16. This patient underwent two washout procedures and resolution of the drainage. No infection was ever detected. Conclusions To our knowledge, our patients are the first reported cases of transcutaneous drainage of expanded dural sealant. It is important to take into consideration the unexpected expansion of a dural sealant when using it for the repair of IDT.
Traumatic Migration of the Bryan Cervical Disc Arthroplasty
Authors: Wagner Scott C. , Kang Daniel G. , Helgeson Melvin D. 
Published: April 2015

Study Design Case study. Objective To describe a case of dislodgment and migration of the Bryan Cervical Disc (Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Memphis, Tennessee, United States) arthroplasty more than 6 months after implantation secondary to low-energy trauma. Methods The inpatient, outpatient, and radiographic medical records of a patient with traumatic migration of the Bryan Cervical Disc arthroplasty were reviewed. The authors have no relevant disclosures to report. Results A 36-year-old man with chronic left upper extremity radiculopathy underwent uncomplicated Bryan Cervical Disc arthroplasty at C5–C6, with complete resolution of his symptoms. Approximately 6 months after his index procedure, he sustained low-energy trauma to the posterior cervical spine, after being struck by a book falling from a shelf. The injury forced his neck into flexion, and though he did not have recurrence of his radiculopathy symptoms, radiographs demonstrated anterior migration of the arthroplasty device. He underwent revision to anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion. Conclusions Although extremely rare, it is imperative that surgeons consider the potential for failure of osseous integration in patients undergoing cervical disk arthroplasty, even beyond 3 to 6 months postoperatively. This concern is especially relevant to press-fit or milled devices like the Bryan Cervical Disc arthroplasty, which lack direct fixation into adjacent vertebral bodies. We are considering modification of our postoperative protocol to improve protection of the device after implantation, even beyond 3 months postoperatively.
Head-to-head antisense transcription and R-loop formation promotes transcriptional activation
Authors: Boque-Sastre Raquel , Soler Marta , Oliveira-Mateos Cristina , Portela Anna , Moutinho Catia , Sayols Sergi , Villanueva Alberto , Esteller Manel , Guil Sonia 
Published: April 2015

Significance
The molecular mechanisms used by noncoding RNAs to regulate gene expression are largely unknown. We have discovered a previously unidentified regulatory phenomenon underlying the transcriptional activation of the intermediate filament protein vimentin. This regulation involves the participation of a previously uncharacterized head-to-head antisense transcript that forms part of a hybrid DNA:RNA structure known as the R loop. R loops have been the focus of recent research regarding their unexpected involvement in gene expression regulation. Antisense-mediated formation of the R loop supports a local chromatin environment that ensures the optimal binding of vimentin transcriptional activators. In addition, we describe how hypermethylation of the locus in a large panel of colon cancer patients is correlated with antisense silencing and, thereby, compromises its regulatory activity.
Abnormal Right Ventricular Relaxation in Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Murch Stuart D. , La Gerche Andre , Roberts Timothy J. , Prior David L. , MacIsaac Andrew I. , Burns Andrew T. 
Published: April 2015

Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is a well‐described complication of systemic hypertension. However, less is known regarding the effect of chronic pressure overload on right ventricular (RV) diastolic function. We hypothesized that pulmonary hypertension (PHT) is associated with abnormal RV early relaxation and that this would be best shown by invasive pressure measurement. Twenty‐five patients undergoing right heart catheterization for investigation of breathlessness and/or suspected PHT were studied. In addition to standard measurements, RV pressure was sampled with a high‐fidelity micromanometer, and RV pressure/time curves were analyzed. Patients were divided into a PHT group and a non‐PHT group on the basis of a derived mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 25 mmHg. Eleven patients were classified to the PHT group. This group had significantly higher RV minimum diastolic pressure (5.1 ± 6.6 vs. −0.1 ± 3.3 mmHg, P = 0.03) and RV end‐diastolic pressure (RVEDP; 11.0 ± 6.3 vs. 3.8 ± 3.7 mmHg, P = 0.004), and RV τ was significantly prolonged (53 ± 32 vs. 31 ± 13 ms, P = 0.04). There were strong correlations between RV τ and RV minimum diastolic pressure (r = 0.93, P < 0.0001) and between RV τ and RVEDP (r = 0.87, P < 0.0001). There was a trend toward increased RV contractility (end‐systolic elastance) in the PHT group (0.73 ± 0.21 vs. 0.52 ± 0.21 mmHg/mL, P = 0.07) and a correlation between RV systolic pressure and first derivative of maximum pressure change (r = 0.58, P = 0.003). Stroke volumes were similar. Invasive measures of RV early relaxation are abnormal in patients with PHT, whereas measured contractility is static or increasing, which suggests that diastolic dysfunction may precede systolic dysfunction. Furthermore, there is a strong association between measures of RV relaxation and RV filling pressures.
International Law in the U.S. Legal System
Authors: Bradley Curtis A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This book provides an overview of how international law intersects with the domestic legal system of the United States, and points out various unresolved issues and areas of controversy. The book covers all of the principal forms of international law: treaties, decisions and orders of international institutions, customary international law, and jus cogens norms. It also explores a number of issues that are implicated by the intersection of U.S. law and international law, such as the use of “executive agreements” in lieu of treaties, foreign sovereign immunity, international human rights litigation under the Alien Tort Statute, war powers, extradition, international criminal prosecution, and extraterritoriality. The book highlights recent decisions and events relating to the topic (including decisions and events arising out of the war on terrorism), while also taking into account relevant historical materials, including materials relating both to the U.S. constitutional founding and to long-standing practices of Congress and the executive branch.
Courts and Foreign Affairs
Authors: Bradley Curtis A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of some of the constitutional, statutory, and common law doctrines that govern the adjudication of foreign affairs–related disputes in the United States. These doctrines include requirements for federal court jurisdiction, “justiciability” limitations such as the political question doctrine, the Erie doctrine concerning federal court application of state law, and the common law “act of state” doctrine. The chapter also discusses more general interpretive principles such as the Charming Betsy canon of construction and deference to the executive branch. The chapter concludes by briefly describing the constitutional authority of U.S. government institutions other than the courts, including the situations in which state law that concerns foreign affairs will be preempted.
Executive Agreements
Authors: Bradley Curtis A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers the status in the U.S. legal system of “executive agreements”—that is, international agreements concluded by the United States outside of the senatorial advice and consent process specified in Article II of the Constitution. After describing the substantial growth during the twentieth century in the number of executive agreements, the chapter focuses in particular on congressional-executive agreements and sole executive agreements. It also considers the extent to which executive agreements are interchangeable with Article II treaties for purposes of domestic law, with respect to the preemption of state law, displacement of federal statutes, and federalism limitations. The chapter further discusses the President’s long-standing use of executive agreements for the settlement of international claims. It concludes with a discussion of the growing phenomenon of non-binding “political” or “soft law” agreements.
Decisions and Orders of International Institutions
Authors: Bradley Curtis A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers the status in the U.S. legal system of decisions and orders of international institutions to which the United States is a party. It begins with a description of various constitutional doctrines and principles that are potentially implicated by delegations of authority to international institutions. The chapter also recounts the long history of U.S. engagement with international arbitration and the constitutional debates that this engagement has sometimes triggered. Extensive consideration is given to litigation concerning the consular notice provisions in the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. The U.S. relationship with other international institutions, such as the World Trade Organization and the International Criminal Court, are also considered. The chapter concludes by considering the extent to which constitutional concerns relating to international delegations are adequately addressed by presuming that the orders and decisions of international institutions are non–self-executing in the U.S. legal system.
Customary International Law
Authors: Bradley Curtis A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers the status in the U.S. legal system of customary international law. After considering what the text of the Constitution suggests about this issue, the chapter discusses how courts historically applied customary international law in cases in which it was relevant and how courts referred to it as “part of our law.” The chapter also explores the possibility that customary international law might have the status of modern “federal common law” and what such a status might mean for questions of jurisdiction, preemption of state law, and limitations on congressional and executive authority. It also discusses ways in which customary international law can be applied indirectly in the U.S. legal system, such as through application of the Charming Betsy canon of construction. The chapter concludes by discussing recent debates over the Supreme Court’s consideration of foreign and international law materials when interpreting the U.S. Constitution.
Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Law
Authors: Bradley Curtis A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers the application of federal and state law to conduct that takes place outside the territory of the United States. It begins by discussing the territorial scope of U.S. constitutional rights. The chapter then discusses the “presumption against extraterritoriality” that the Supreme Court applies when interpreting federal statutes. For situations in which the presumption is overcome or is inapplicable, the chapter explains how customary international law principles relating to prescriptive jurisdiction can be relevant in U.S. litigation through application of the Charming Betsy canon of construction. In addition, the chapter discusses the role of “universal jurisdiction” in U.S. litigation and criminal prosecution. Possible constitutional limitations on the extraterritorial application of both federal statutes and state laws, based on due process and other considerations, are also considered.
Alien Tort Statute Litigation
Authors: Bradley Curtis A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers litigation under the Alien Tort Statute, which provides for jurisdiction over suits brought by aliens for torts in violation of international law. The chapter begins by exploring Congress’s likely intent in enacting the Statute in 1789, and how the Statute may have related to Article III of the Constitution. The chapter then describes how the Statute received little attention until the Filartiga decision in 1980, which allowed for it to be used by aliens to sue other aliens for human rights abuses committed abroad. The chapter proceeds to explore a variety of doctrinal issues relating to this human rights litigation, including the source of the cause of action, the standards for bringing a claim, and the ability to sue corporations. The chapter then discusses the Supreme Court’s 2013 decision in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum, in which the Court substantially curtailed the territorial reach of claims that could be brought under the Statute.
Sovereign and Official Immunity
Authors: Bradley Curtis A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses three types of immunity in U.S. litigation: the immunity of foreign governments and their agencies and instrumentalities; the immunity of diplomats and consular officials; and the immunity of other foreign officials. Foreign governmental immunity is addressed today the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, and both the historical practice predating the Act and its core provisions are considered here. Diplomatic immunity and consular immunity are addressed by multilateral treaties and this chapter describes those treaties and how they have been applied by U.S. courts. The most unsettled category of immunity concerns suits against other foreign government officials, including against sitting and former heads of state. The chapter describes how the lower courts, since the Supreme Court’s 2010 decision in the Samantar case, have been developing a common law of immunity for these cases, while also often giving deference to the views of the executive branch.
Extradition and Other Means of Criminal Law Enforcement
Authors: Bradley Curtis A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers the extradition of criminal suspects to and from the United States, as well as other issues relating to international criminal law enforcement. The chapter begins by describing early U.S. practice relating to extradition, and then describes the respective roles of the courts and the executive branch in modern extradition cases. The chapter further describes some of the common limitations in U.S. extradition treaties, such as the dual criminality requirement, the political offense exception, and the specialty doctrine. In addition, the chapter considers difficulties that have arisen in some cases involving extradition to the United States where the federal government or a state government is likely to seek the death penalty. Besides extradition treaties, the chapter also discusses Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties and prisoner exchange agreements. The chapter concludes by discussing the domestic legal implications of both international abduction of criminal suspects and “extraordinary rendition” of suspects in the war on terrorism.