bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transrectal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of tumor size following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer
Authors: Pinkavova I. , Fischerova D. , Zikan M. , Burgetova A. , Slama J. , Svarovsky J. , Dundr P. , Dusek L. , Cibula D. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in the evaluation of tumor size and in the detection of residual tumor following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in patients with cervical cancer.MethodsThis was a prospective study involving 42 women with locally advanced histologically confirmed cervical cancer referred forNACT. Clinical examination,TRUSandMRIwere performed before and afterNACT. The tumor volume was calculated using three standardized diameters (anteroposterior, laterolateral and craniocaudal) that were measured using bothTRUSandMRI. Thereafter patients underwent surgical treatment and the same tumor measurements were taken by a pathologist using a fixed surgical specimen. Tumor volumes were calculated from tumor dimensions using the ellipsoid formula, and data obtained from both imaging methods were compared with pathological results as the gold standard.ResultsTwelve cases were excluded from the study owing to disease progression (these patients were referred for primary radiotherapy) or inability to performMRI, leaving data from 30 patients for the final analysis. On average, tumor volume decreased afterNACTby 84.6 and 87.1% as measured byMRIandTRUS, respectively. The agreement between measurements obtained byMRIand histology did not reach significance (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.344 (95%CI, –0.013 to 0.610), P = 0.059), while agreement betweenTRUSand histology was statistically significant (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.795 (95%CI, 0.569–0.902), P < 0.001). The accuracy of residual tumor detection (for non‐microscopic tumors > 5 mm3in volume) reached 77% for bothMRIandTRUS. The sensitivity ofTRUSwas, however, lower than that ofMRI(83vs96%). The positive predictive values were similar for the two methods.ConclusionsTRUSshould be considered as an accurate diagnostic method in the evaluation of tumor volume afterNACTin patients with cervical cancer and may constitute a reliable alternative imaging method toMRI. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Alterations in monoamines level in discrete brain regions and other peripheral tissues in young and adult male rats during experimental hyperthyroidism
Authors: Hassan Wafaa A. , Rahman Taghride Abdel , Aly Mona S. , Shahat Asmaa S. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe present study was conducted to investigate the effect of experimentally‐induced hyperthyroidism on dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5‐HT) levels in different brain regions as well as in blood plasma, cardiac muscle and adrenal gland of young and adult male albino rats (60 rats of each age). Hyperthyroidism was induced by daily s.c. injection of L‐thyroxine (L‐T4, 500 μg/kg body wt.) for 21 consecutive days. Induction of hyperthyroidism caused a significant elevation in DA and 5‐HT levels in most of the tissues studied of both young and adult animals after 7, 14, and 21 days. NE content significantly decreased after 21 days in most of the brain regions examined and after 14 and 21 days in blood plasma of young rats following hyperthyroidism. In adult rats, NE content decreased after 14 and 21 days in cardiac muscle and after 21 days only in adrenal gland. It may be suggested that the changes in monoamines level induced by hyperthyroidism may be due to disturbance in the synthesis, turnover and release of these amines through the neurons impairment or may attributed to an alteration pattern of their synthesis and/or degradative enzymes or changes in the sensitivity of their receptors
Meeting the need for modern contraception: Effective solutions to a pressing global challenge
Authors: Jacobstein Roy , Curtis Carolyn , Spieler Jeff , Radloff Scott 
Published: March 2013

AbstractVoluntary family planning is one of the most efficacious and cost‐effective means of improving individual health, gender equity, family well‐being, and national development. Increasing contraceptive use and reducing unmet need for family planning are central to improving maternal health (UN Millennium Development Goal 5). In less‐developed regions of the world, especially Sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia, human and financial resources are limited, modern contraceptive use is relatively low, unmet need for modern contraception is high, and consequently maternal morbidity and mortality are high. However, the international community is showing renewed commitment to family planning, a number of high impact program practices have been identified, and a number of Sub‐Saharan African countries (e.g. Ethiopia, Malawi, and Rwanda) have successfully made family planning much more widely and equitably available. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) has joined with other international and donor organizations in calling for increased funding and more effective programming to improve maternal health and family planning in low‐resource countries. Continued engagement by FIGO, its member societies, and its individual members will be helpful in addressing the numerous barriers that impede universal access to modern contraception in low‐resource countries.
A case of variant angina treated with a pacemaker for cardiopulmonary arrest due to complete atrioventricular block and pulseless electrical activity
Authors: Kamishima Kazuho , Yamada Yuichiro , Kawarai Hirotaka , Kudo Kanako , Shimazaki Kensuke , Henmi Ryuta , Honda Atsushi , Gunji Kazue , Uno Motoki , Haruta Shoji 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA 55‐year‐old woman with variant angina was hospitalized for cardiopulmonary arrest because of pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Despite intensive postresuscitation drug therapy, another episode of angina occurred, with complete atrioventricular block and PEA. There was no confirmed ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. Coronary arteriography did not show significant stenosis, and acetylcholine‐loading test was positive. The patient was diagnosed with coronary spastic angina, and a pacemaker was implanted to stabilize hemodynamics during attacks. The pacemaker settings required some ingenuity: a high output was selected to avert pacing failure, and a rate drop response setting was selected to ensure efficient pacing.
Effect of Postacute Rehabilitation Setting on Mental and Emotional Health Among Persons With Dysvascular Amputations
Authors: Pezzin Liliana E. , Padalik Sara E. , Dillingham Timothy R. 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo examine the effect of postacute rehabilitation settings on depression and emotional and social functioning among patients undergoing major lower extremity dysvascular amputations.DesignA population‐based, prospective cohort study.SettingTwo racially diverse metropolitan areas (Baltimore, Maryland, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin).PatientsPersons undergoing major amputation.MethodsData were collected from medical records and patient interviews during acute hospitalization, and 6‐month postamputation data were analyzed with use of multivariate regression techniques.Main Outcome MeasuresMultivariate regressions were used to examine the independent effect of postacute rehabilitation setting on the probability of experiencing depression, low mental health, low social functioning, and low emotional role functioning 6 months postindex amputation, while controlling for preamputation functioning and an array of potential confounders, including pre‐existing medical conditions, sociodemographic characteristics, baseline health, and functional status described previously.ResultsOf the 297 patients participating in the study, 43.4% received most of their inpatient postacute care at an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF), 32% at a skilled nursing facility (SNF), and 24.6% were discharged home with no inpatient rehabilitation. Even after we adjusted for preamputation characteristics and potential selection bias into the postacute care setting, patients receiving postacute care at an IRF were significantly less likely than those receiving postacute care at an SNF or home to experience depressive symptoms. Patients receiving care at IRFs were also less likely to report low emotional functioning than their counterparts receiving postamputation care at home or in an SNF. Patients in IRFs also reported better social functioning than did those who received postacute care in SNFs.ConclusionsThis study showed an association between reduction in depressive symptoms and emotional suffering and management after lower limb amputation on an inpatient rehabilitation unit. These results add to the growing body of literature suggesting better outcomes for persons with vascular‐related amputations who receive care at an IRF relative to other postacute care settings.
The emergence of localized vortex–wave interaction states in plane Couette flow
Authors: Deguchi Kengo , Hall Philip , Walton Andrew 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe recently understood relationship between high-Reynolds-number vortex–wave interaction theory and computationally generated self-sustaining processes provides a possible route to an understanding of some of the underlying structures of fully turbulent flows. Here vortex–wave interaction (VWI) theory is used in the long streamwise wavelength limit to continue the development found at order-one wavelengths by Hall & Sherwin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 661, 2010, pp. 178–205). The asymptotic description given reduces the Navier–Stokes equations to the so-called boundary-region equations, for which we find equilibrium states describing the change in the VWI as the wavelength of the wave increases from $O(h)$ to $O(Rh)$, where $R$ is the Reynolds number and $2h$ is the depth of the channel. The reduced equations do not include the streamwise pressure gradient of the perturbation or the effect of streamwise diffusion of the wave–vortex states. The solutions we calculate have an asymptotic error proportional to ${R}^{- 2} $ when compared to the full Navier–Stokes equations. The results found correspond to the minimum drag configuration for VWI states and might therefore be of relevance to the control of turbulent flows. The key feature of the new states discussed here is the thickening of the critical layer structure associated with the wave part of the flow to completely fill the channel, so that the roll part of the flow is driven throughout the flow rather than as in Hall & Sherwin as a stress discontinuity across the critical layer. We identify a critical streamwise wavenumber scaling, which, when approached, causes the flow to localize and take on similarities with computationally generated or experimentally observed turbulent spots. In effect, the identification of this critical wavenumber for a given value of the assumed high Reynolds number fixes a minimum box length necessary for the emergence of localized structures. Whereas nonlinear equilibrium states of the Navier–Stokes equations are thought to form a backbone on which turbulent flows hang, our results suggest that the localized states found here might play a related role for turbulent spots.
Host specialization of parasitoids and their hyperparasitoids on a pair of syntopic aphid species
Authors: Schär Sämi , Vorburger Christoph 
Published: March 2013

AbstractParasitoids of herbivorous insects have frequently evolved specialized lineages exploiting hosts occurring on different plants. This study investigated whether host specialization is also observed when closely related parasitoids exploit herbivorous hosts sharing the same host plant. The question was addressed in economically relevant aphid parasitoids of theLysiphlebus fabarumgroup. They exploit two aphid species (Aphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidesandBrachycaudus cardui), co-occurring in mixed colonies (syntopy) on the spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare). Two morphologically distinguishable parasitoid lineages of the genusLysiphlebuswere observed and each showed virtually perfect host specialization on one of the two aphid species in this system. FromA. f. cirsiiacanthoides, only females emerged that morphologically belonged toLysiphlebus cardui, while males and females belonging toL. fabarumhatched fromB. cardui. Microsatellite analyses indicated clear genetic differentiation ofL. fabarumandL. cardui. L. carduicomprised only two distinct asexual lineages, one of which predominated throughout the area investigated. Population genetic analysis of sexualL. fabarumshowed evidence for relatively strong spatial structuring and limited dispersal ability. Hyperparasitoids emerged from a large proportion of aphid mummies. One species,Pachyneuron aphidis, was significantly associated withB. cardui/L. fabarummummies, indicating that host specialization may even extend to the trophic level above parasitoids.
Do asexual morphs of the peach-potato aphid,Myzus persicae, utilise the aphid sex pheromone? Behavioural and electrophysiological responses ofM. persicaevirginoparae to (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone and its effect on aphid performance
Authors: Fernández-Grandon G. Mandela , Woodcock Christine M. , Poppy Guy M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe aphid sex pheromone component (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone is considered to be a potential tool for enhancing biological control of aphids. Studies have confirmed its potential to attract parasitoids, increase parasitism rates in the field and also alter the spatial distribution of parasitoids. An important aspect that has been overlooked is the impact that the introduction of nepetalactone may have on aphid populations already present in field or glasshouse environments. The most prevalent pest aphid populations in glasshouse and field environments are the asexual morphs, which are capable of exponential growth if populations are not controlled. The short-term implications of the sex pheromone on asexual aphids were observed through their behavioural response. Using Y-tube olfactometry, it is shown that virginoparae of the peach-potato aphid,Myzus persicae, are repelled by high concentrations of nepetalactone. Long-term effects of the pheromone which may span the aphid's life, or even generations, were assessed via mean relative growth rate (MRGR) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm). Electroantennography also demonstrated that asexual female aphids are able to detect aphid sex pheromone components. To our knowledge, this is the first time it has been reported thatM. persicaevirginoparae are able to detect aphid sex pheromone components or that their behavioural response and/or performance has been studied. The implications of these results and their significance in understanding semiochemical communication are discussed.
Slavery and Information
Authors: Dari-Mattiacci Giuseppe 
Published: March 2013

This article shows how asymmetric information shaped slavery by determining the likelihood of manumission. A theoretical model explains the need to offer positive incentives to slaves working in occupations characterized by a high degree of asymmetric information. As a result, masters freed (and, more generally, rewarded) slaves who performed well. The model's implications are then tested against the available evidence: both in Rome and in the Atlantic world, slaves with high asymmetric information tasks had greater chances of manumission. The analysis also sheds light on the master's choices of carrots versus sticks and of labor versus slavery.“Whatever work he does beyond what is sufficient to purchase his own maintenance can be squeezed out of him by violence only.”Adam Smith,The Wealth of Nations1“[N]or because they are slaves do they less than free men need the lure of hope and happy expectation.”Xenophon,The Economist2
Tetrapotassium pyrophosphates γ- and δ-K4P2O7
Authors: Le Bail Armel , Hansen Thomas , Crichton Wilson A. 
Published: March 2013

The structures of γ- and δ-K4P2O7 are solved by X-ray powder diffraction (conventional laboratory X-ray and synchrotron data, respectively), both in hexagonal symmetry (aγ = 5.9645(3) Å, cγ = 14.4972(8) Å, Vγ = 446.64(4) Å3 at 300 °C, Zγ = 2, space group P63/mmc; aδ = 10.211 45(7) Å, cδ = 42.6958(4) Å, Vδ = 3855.59(7) Å3 at room temperature, Zδ = 18, space group P61) with cell–supercell relations $a_\delta \approx a_\gamma \sqrt{3}$ and cδ ≈ 3 cγ. In the experimental conditions, the expected β/γ transition previously announced at 486 °C is not observed; the γ-form is stable at least up to the maximum temperature of our measurements (700 °C). In the γ-form, similar to the orthorhombic form of Na4P2O7, idealized, the pyrophosphate group is in eclipsed conformation, the K+ cations occupying three different coordinations. In the δδ-form, two of the three different [P2O7]4− groups are staggered and one eclipsed, the K+ cations occupying 12 independent sites.
The London Vagrancy Crisis of the 1780s
Authors: HITCHCOCK TIM 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article outlines the changing character of vagrant removal from the City of London during the 1780s, suggesting that the City largely abandoned its duty to ‘punish’ the vagrant poor in favour of a policy of simply moving them on as quickly and cheaply as possible. After describing the impact of the destruction of Newgate and the resulting overcrowding in London's other prisons, it provides evidence for a dramatic increase in vagrant numbers. The article suggests that this change was both a direct result of the crises of imprisonment, transportation and punishment that followed the Gordon Riots and American war; and a result of growing demand for the transportation provided to vagrants, on the part of the migratory poor. Having established the existence of a changing pattern of vagrant removal, it suggests that the poor increasingly made use of the City of London, and the system of removal, to access transportation in pursuit of seasonal migration, and more significantly, medical care in the hospitals of the capital as part of a wider ‘economy of makeshift’.
‘Furiously Mad’: Vagrancy Law and a Sub-Group of the Disorderly Poor
Authors: ECCLES AUDREY 
Published: March 2013

Abstract:Madness has been a social problem from time immemorial. Wealthy lunatics were made royal wards so that their estates would be looked after, and the common law very early admitted madness and idiocy as conditions justifying the exemption of the sufferer from punishments for crime. But the vast majority of lunatics have never been either criminal or wealthy, and many wandered about begging, unwelcome in any settled community. Finally, in the eighteenth century, the law made some attempt to determine a course of action which would protect the public and theoretically also the lunatic. This legislation and its application in practice to protect the public, contain the lunatic, and deal with the nuisance caused by those ‘disordered in their senses’, form the subject of this article. Much has been written about the development of psychiatry, mainly from contemporary medical texts, and about the treatment of lunatics in institutions, chiefly from nineteenth-century sources, but much remains to be discovered from archival sources about the practicalities of dealing with lunatics at parish level, particularly how they were defined as lunatics, who made such decisions, and how they were treated in homes and workhouses.
Formation of the compact jets in the black hole GX 339−4
Authors: Corbel S. , Aussel H. , Broderick J. W. , Chanial P. , Coriat M. , Maury A. J. , Buxton M. M. , Tomsick J. A. , Tzioumis A. K. , Markoff S. , Rodriguez J. , Bailyn C. D. , Brocksopp C. , Fender R. P. , Petrucci P. O. , Cadolle-Bel M. , Calvelo D. , Harvey-Smith L. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Galactic black hole binaries produce powerful outflows which emit over almost the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Here, we report the first detection with the Herschel observatory of a variable far-infrared source associated with the compact jets of the black hole transient GX 339−4 during the decay of its recent 2010–2011 outburst, after the transition to the hard state. We also outline the results of very sensitive radio observations conducted with the Australia Telescope Compact Array, along with a series of near-infrared, optical (OIR) and X-ray observations, allowing for the first time the re-ignition of the compact jets to be observed over a wide range of wavelengths. The compact jets first turn on at radio frequencies with an optically thin spectrum that later evolves to an optically thick synchrotron emission. An OIR reflare is observed about 10 d after the onset of radio and hard X-ray emission, likely reflecting the necessary time to build up enough density, as well as to have acceleration (e.g. through shocks) along an extended region in the jets. The Herschel measurements are consistent with an extrapolation of the radio inverted power-law spectrum, but they highlight a more complex radio to OIR spectral energy distribution for the jets.
Violence and Nonviolence at the Heart of Hindu Ethics
Authors: Das Veena 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores how a certain anxiety around violence might be rendered as integral to the imagination of an ethical life in Hindu texts and practices. It also describes some contemporary examples of violence and non-violence, and addresses how new forms of collective life such as the imaginary of the nation can shape the expression and experience of violence. The figure of the animal is significant in understanding violence. The chapter argues that the link between sovereignty and the subjugation of violence is the dominant theme of any story of sovereignty. It is observed that Draupadi and Gandhari became the causes for the destruction of the Kshatriyas and of Krishna's dynasty, respectively. The voice of the woman becomes the voice that questions the vanities of Dharma.
Violence in Chinese Religious Traditions
Authors: Shahar Meir 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis chapter argues that the category of religion eludes traditional Chinese thinking. It outlines the periods of harmony between official Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism, commenting on the historical reverence for martial gods and practices of religiously sanctioned human sacrifice and self-mortification. The amorphous religious identity characteristic of China offers a convenient starting point for the analysis. Chinese clerics have been conscious of their religious distinction to the extent of competing with others. The policy has been a major source of friction between the People's Republic of China and the Catholic Church. The Chinese martial art is a multifaceted system of physical and mental self-cultivation that combines military, therapeutic, and religious goals within the same training routine. The imagination of Daoist immortality, the cosmology of the Supreme Ultimate, and the vocabulary of Buddhist enlightenment has been equally tackled to discuss the practitioner's mystical experience.
Sacrifice/Human Sacrifice in Religious Traditions
Authors: Carrasco Davíd 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis chapter presents a survey of several contemporary, major definitions of sacrifice as forms of symbolic and performative violence. A modest discussion of patterns in the sacrifices of animals and their symbols in various traditions is reported. The chapter then turns to an interpretation of the more troubling topic of actual human sacrifices in various cultures. The role of emotion and aggression in sacrifice appears in a number of Greek rituals and cultural expressions. Human sacrifice has been practiced in Mesoamerica for over 1500 years. It has increased, and the amount of territory controlled in Mesoamerica has increasingly expounded, assuring a tremendous growth in tributary payments to the capital and its royal families. The Mesoamerican religious traditions did not only seek substitutes for human “debt payments” or sublimate in rituals their aggressive drives toward humans in ways that eliminated human sacrifice, as many other peoples did.