bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Daoud Mohammed , Abdel‐Khalik Ayman , Elserogi Ahmed , Ahmed Shehab , Massoud Ahmed 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFlywheels are one of the oldest and most popular energy storage media owing to the simplicity of storing kinetic energy in a rotating mass. Flywheel energy storage systems (FESSs) can be used in different applications, for example, electric utilities and transportation. With the development of new technologies in the field of composite materials and magnetic bearings, higher energy densities are allowed in the design of flywheels. The amount of stored energy inFESSdepends on the mass and the speed of the rotor, whereas the maximum power that can be generated depends on the rating of the electric machine and the power electronics‐based converters.The construction (electric machine, power electronics converters, bearings, and casing), features (efficiency, lifetime, cost, and safety), and applications (utility, transportation, and renewable energy sources) represent the important aspects in understandingFESSs.
Biomass for Polygeneration and District Heating
Authors: Baratieri Marco , Prando Dario 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article deals with biomass‐based technologies for polygeneration and district heating (DH). The relevant technologies for the generation of heat, power, and biofuels are presented in Section 1 taking into account thermochemical, chemical, and biological pathways. In particular, the opportunity of integrating them for polygeneration—also according to the biorefinery concept—is analyzed here. Biomass combined heat and power (CHP) systems forDHapplication have been compared considering size, efficiency, flexibility of operation, and field experience. In Section 2, heat distribution systems have been described taking advantage of the previous analysis on generation technologies and pointing out the existing relation between distribution, generation efficiencies, andDHnetwork temperature. The current trend toward low temperatureDHsystems has been then extensively analyzed. The effects of the possible variation in the heat demand—both in the short term (i.e., daily to seasonal utilization profiles) and in the medium term (e.g., building refurbishment)—on theDHsystem operation and efficiency, are presented here. The biomassCHPsystems are also discussed in the vision to extend the smart grid concept to thermal networks. As a whole, pilot or real‐plant data and validated theoretical models are used to support the analysis.
Low Carbon Economy in
J
apan
Authors: Xue Jinjun , Watanabe Satoshi 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Japan adopted the Kyoto Protocol, which is named after a local city, Kyoto, and bears the nickname, the
low carbon society
. At the United Nations General Conference in 2009, the Japanese government promised an ambitious target to reduce carbon emissions by 25% from the 1990 level by 2020. However, the Great East Japan Earthquake and the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident on 11 March 2011 interrupted its progress toward a low carbon economy and forced Japan to readjust its climate change and energy policies, as well as its carbon reduction target. With these events as context, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced a new climate policy at the 19th Conference of Parties (
COP19
) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (
UNFCCC
) in December 2013 with a

CO
2

emissions reduction target of 3.8% below the 2005 level by 2020. This is a sharp reduction compared to its ambitious original target of 25%. Accordingly, in April 2014, after a 2‐year debate, the Japanese cabinet made a difficult energy policy decision, in which nuclear power is still designated as base‐load power but its share will be reduced by an unspecified proportion. Consequently, Japan is now at a crossroads in its pursuit of a low carbon economy.
Thermal Energy Storage forCSPProcesses
Authors: Py Xavier , Olives Regis 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThermal energy storage (TES) is commonly acknowledged as a key component for concentrating solar power plants in terms of process optimization, increased capacity factor, grid integration, and reduction in green house gas emissions. The aim of this article is to present and compare the available mature or alternativeTEStechnologies in order to highlight major critical limitations and innovation opportunities. The mature two‐tank molten‐salt storage technology will not fulfill all constraints of the expected energy transition, and alternative storage materials and systems are highly needed. Innovative approaches such as sensible heat‐basedTESusing concrete or recycled ceramics seem to offer the best potential in the future.
Energetic and Environmental Evaluation of Waste Recycling
Authors: Pikoń Krzysztof 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRecycling is one of the most favored waste management options in the world. Comparison of production of the same good from virgin raw materials and from recycled ones shows benefits of using the latter option. Recycling processes could have significant impact on power energy system and finally on environment. Recycling saves energy primarily because it reduces the need to extract and refine natural resources. Each type of recycling is different and could be the source of different environmental impact. The amount of energy use by recycling processes as well as saved energy could be therefore different. Owing to different forms of energy generation in different countries, the cumulative environmental impact associated with recycling processes and their energy consumption could be substantially different. Comparison of different countries in that case could be very interesting and show the importance of proper waste management and its impact on clean energy production paradigm.
Use of Thermal Mass in Building Energy Storage
Authors: Yin Rongxin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThermal mass in buildings can be used to protect the building against temperature fluctuations. As batteries store energy chemically, buildings store heat (or retain coolness) in their thermal mass. Use of thermal mass allows buildings to act as energy storage devices. In addition, the use of thermal mass has enormous potential to increase the effectiveness of building systems for load shifting and peak energy demand reduction. This article introduces the basic concept of thermal mass in buildings and presents several techniques for measuring and modeling thermal mass. The use of thermal mass in buildings is characterized into two groups based on its passive and active uses. With a focus on the modeling of precooling using thermal mass, this article discusses two modeling methods for simulating the precooling control in buildings: data‐driven (inverse) modeling and forward (physical) modeling, in terms of each approach's methodology and challenges. Finally, a case study of precooling a building in a warm climate is presented for demonstrating the effect of various precooling control strategies on the energy and demand savings and those impacts on thermal comfort.
Efficiency Improvement for Medical Waste Management
Authors: Kerdsuwan Somrat , Laohalidanond Krongkaew 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMedical waste is composed of all of the solid waste generated from healthcare facilities, which includes both noninfectious and infectious wastes. The composition of medical waste and its generation differs from country to country, and most of the developed countries generate more medical waste than the developing countries. The medical waste management in developed countries has received more attention than in developing countries, where there is no government support, for example, directives, policies, guidelines, and financial support, available. Most developing countries dispose of their medical waste via open dumps, open burning, or burning in low efficiency incinerators. This results in the negative effects on humans and on the environment. The small‐scale incineration facility in this study was designed and recommended as a suitable technology for on‐site medical waste disposal in developing countries. The incineration facility consists of a two‐chamber, controlled‐air incinerator with an automatic feeding system, and quencher and a pack‐bed wet scrubber as the air pollution control unit. During the commissioning phase, the operating parameters, for example, medical waste destruction rate, temperature in the primary and secondary combustion chamber, and emission in terms ofCO,NOx,SO2, opacity, and particulate matter, were investigated. According to the performance testing, the incineration facility could be efficiently operated. The medical waste destruction rate achieved the designed value of 50 kg/h and the temperature in both the primary and secondary combustion chambers ranged from 650 to 780°C and 900 to 1080 °C, respectively. In addition, the pollutants in flue gas from the stack were able to meet the requirements of theUS EPAfor small‐scale medical waste incineration.
Coordinated Operation ofPVand Battery Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Kabir Md Nayim , Mishra Yateendra , Bansal Ramesh C. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWith increasing penetration of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems in the low voltage distribution systems, over voltage problem has become ubiquitous. Abnormal voltage profile not only deteriorates the life of various equipments connected to the network but also increases the chances of fire leading to financial losses and life threatening hazards. Therefore, it is important to keep the voltage profile within acceptable limits. Recently, the reducing cost of battery energy systems (BESs) has made it possible to deploy them for voltage control purposes. The excess energy produced byPVsduring the day can be stored inBESand used in the night. Using the coordinated control ofPVandBES, that is, the reactive capability of thePVinverter and the charging/discharging ofBES, both overvoltage and voltage dip problems can be alleviated. However, the high resistive characteristic of the distribution feeder limits the effectiveness of reactive power for voltage control purposes. Moreover, there is a need of effective coordination of differentPVandBESin the system to achieve this goal. Hence, a coordinated communication system is proposed which requires communication network protocol for all thePVsystem andBESin the network. This article discusses the feasibility of utilizing the existing power line communication (PLC) for improving the voltage profile of the distribution network.
Thermal Performance Prediction and Optimization of “Heat Exchangers” by Artificial Intelligence Techniques
Authors: Du Xueping , Zeng Min , Xie Gongnan , Wang Qiuwang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWith the rapid development of the artificial intelligence (AI) techniques used in thermal systems in recent decades, more and moreAIalgorithms are used in the optimal design of heat exchangers. Thermal performance prediction, optimal design, and cost minimization of heat exchangers are important targets for both designers and users. In this article, four commonAImethods (artificial neural network,ANN; genetic algorithm,GA; particle swarm optimization,PSO; and Taguchi method) are applied to predict and optimize the thermal performances of three common types of heat exchangers (shell‐and‐tube heat exchangers,STHXs; finned tube heat exchangers,FTHXs;and primary surface recuperators). It can be concluded thatANNscan be applied to predict thermal performances of the heat exchangers, especially for engineers to model the complicated heat exchangers in engineering applications. The optimized results acquired by theGAand the improvedPSOmethods for the comprehensive performance of heat exchangers may be used in engineering application and comprehensive study, as long as the optimization objective functions, optimization variables, and restrictive conditions can be chosen appropriately. The Taguchi method can be applied and conducted quickly and inexpensively to study the effect of the design parameters on the comprehensive performances of heat exchangers based on theCFDor experiment methods.
Barriers to the Development of Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Díaz‐González Francisco , Cruz‐Zambrano Miguel 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Energy storage systems are in general young technologies that require intense efforts for technological development. In general terms, apart from well‐known lead‐acid batteries and pumped hydroelectric storage installations, most mechanical, chemical, electrochemical, electromagnetic, and even thermal storage technologies are still experiencing intense development for cost reduction and performance improvement. This improvement is very timely as storage technologies are intended as key actors for the decarbonization of the future electrical power systems and also the drivers of other fields such as the electromobility.
Technological development is in fact very important for the future of the storage systems but there are several other barriers (and of a diverse nature) to overcome toward extensive usage of storage. These barriers refer, for instance, to the lack of a dedicated regulatory framework viewing storage systems as a new actor in the power system that can provide numerous services that should be valued. Another kind of barrier refers to the location and availability of strategic metals for the manufacture of storage technologies, so it deals with geopolitics. Moreover, environmental aspects, such as the need of improving recycling efficiencies, and also the obligation of considering the unavoidable and principal social aspects, further challenge technology development. All of these potential barriers are presented so as to provide an idea of the state‐of‐the‐art in these regards.
Rechargeable Battery Energy Storage System Design
Authors: Howey David A. , Alavi S. M.Mahdi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRechargeable batteries are an important enabling technology for clean energy systems. Low cost, high performance, and long‐life batteries are essential for electric and hybrid vehicles; off‐grid and micro‐grid renewable energy systems; and for enabling increased amounts of renewable energy such as wind and solar onto the power grid.Substantial battery science and engineering research is being undertaken to improve both the materials chemistry and the systems aspects such as diagnostics and control. In this article, we concentrate on the engineering aspects of battery pack design, giving an overview of key rechargeable battery chemistries, and discussing issues associated with design, dynamic modeling, and battery management systems. Lithium‐ion chemistries are a key focus owing to their high relative energy density and durability.
Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hanisch Christian , Diekmann Jan , Stieger Alexander , Haselrieder Wolfgang , Kwade Arno 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe use of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) has grown since the market entry of portable power tools and consumer electronic devices. Soon, the need forLIBwill rise, when they are used in hybrid and full electric vehicles as well as in energy storage systems to enable the use of renewable energies. To prevent a future shortage of cobalt, nickel, and lithium and to enable a sustainable life cycle of these technologies, new recycling processes forLIBsare needed. These new processes have to regain not only cobalt, nickel, copper, and aluminum from spent battery cells but also a significant share of lithium. Therefore, this article approaches unit operations and their combination to set up for efficientLIBrecycling processes, especially considering the task to recover high rates of valuable materials with regard to involved safety issues. Further discussed unit operations areDeactivation/discharging of the batteryDisassembly of battery systems (specifically forEV‐battery systems)Mechanical processes (including inert crushing, sorting, and sieving processes and a special case: thermomechanical separation)Hydrometallurgical processesPyrometallurgical processesSpecific dangers are associated withLIBrecycling processes: electrical dangers, chemical dangers, burning reactions, and potential interactions of the single dangers. Furthermore, industrial process chains, already in use, as well as research approaches are summarized. The processes of the companiesRetriev Technologies,Recupyl,Batrec,Inmetco,Xstrata,Umicore,Accurec,AEA Technology,OnTo Technology, andLion Engineeringare discussed and illustrated briefly. A closer look is given to some results of the research projectLithoRec.
Real‐time fault‐voltage estimation for nonlinear dynamic power systems
Authors: Thabet A. , Boutayeb M. , Abdelkrim M. N. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThis paper investigates a relevant observer based on fault estimation of nonlinear systems described by a class of differential‐algebraic equation models using the extended Kalman filter. The method involves the use of a transformation from a differential‐algebraic equation to ordinary differential equation. Two nonlinear observers are used for fault estimation for comparison purposes: one of them is being an extended Kalman filter used as an estimator, and the other is a relevant state observer with moving horizon with a study of convergence based on the choice of the matrix of covariance of the noises of system and measurements. High performances are illustrated through a real‐time application on 5‐bus test system with Digital Signal Processing device (Dspace DS 1104). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Aminopyridinato Titanium Catalyst for the Intramolecular Hydroaminoalkylation of Secondary Aminoalkenes
Authors: Dörfler Jaika , Bytyqi Besnik , Hüller Sascha , Mann Nicola M. , Brahms Christian , Schmidtmann Marc , Doye Sven 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe easily accessible 2‐(methylamino)pyridinato titanium complex initially synthesized by Kempe is used as catalyst for efficient intramolecular hydroaminoalkylation reactions of secondary aminoalkenes. The corresponding reactions of N‐aryl‐substituted 1‐aminohept‐6‐enes and 1‐aminohex‐5‐enes directly give access to 2‐methylcyclohexyl‐ or 2‐methylcyclopentylamines in good yields. In addition, intramolecular hydroaminoalkylations of an N‐alkyl‐substituted secondary aminoalkene and a geminally β‐disubstituted substrate are described for the first time. While all products are formed as mixtures of two diastereoisomers, better trans/cis ratios are observed during the formation of 2‐methylcylopentylamines.magnified image
A multivariate approach to assess variation in tooth mineralization using free‐lived and captive‐raised chimpanzees (P. troglodytes)
Authors: Boughner Julia C. , Der Jasmine , Kuykendall Kevin L. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesUnderstanding variation in dental development among primates is important to accurately characterize species‐specific sequences and times of tooth formation. Conventional approaches that summarize dental development data (i.e., dental maturity score, DMS) inherently omit information about the full range of variation in raw scores; thus, classic bivariate analyses are limited for exploring patterns of variation in detail. Here we report a new multivariate approach to simultaneously assess all raw dental scores, for all teeth, among all individuals for all groups, thus retaining much greater detail about population‐specific patterns of variation.MethodsWe scored (0–12) permanent tooth mineralization using radiographs of mandibles of captive‐raised known‐age chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes; n = 114) and free‐lived age‐unknown conspecifics (n = 54). As a test of our method we also scored free‐lived baboons (Papio anubis, n = 50) because of well‐described contrasting patterns of permanent molar initiation between Papio and Pan. Using principal component analysis (PCA), we investigated how crypt, crown and root formation scores covaried with each other in all three genera, and with chronological age in captive chimpanzees.ResultsPCA successfully captured additional detail about variation among raw scores. Also, compared to DMS, PC1 scores correlated equivalently well with known ages but had lower prediction error.ConclusionsWe found different patterns of variation in scores between younger juvenile free and captive chimpanzees but saw no wholesale differences between groups. Pan and Papio showed different patterns of variation, further validating this multivariate approach to visualize, quantify and compare raw dental score datasets among primate species. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:452–462, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synergistic effect of lactic acid oligomers and laminar graphene sheets on the barrier properties of polylactide nanocomposites obtained by thein situpolymerization pre‐incorporation method
Authors: Ambrosio‐Martín Jesús , López‐Rubio Amparo , José Fabra María , Angel López‐Manchado Miguel , Sorrentino Andrea , Gorrasi Giuliana , Lagarón Jose M. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTNanocomposites of polylactide (PLA) and functionalized graphene sheets (FGS) were obtained via melt compounding. Pre‐incorporation of the FGS fillers into lactic acid oligomers (OLLA) byin situmelt polycondensation was performed with the aim of improving the FGS dispersion and distribution into the polymeric matrix. To evaluate the effect of the pre‐incorporation step, a comparison with direct addition of the filler to the melt mixing process was carried out. Addition of OLLA and FGS led to enhanced better barrier properties. Specifically, reductions of up to 45% and 41% in oxygen and water vapor permeability were achieved, respectively. Mechanical and electrical properties of the PLA and its nanocomposites were also studied and correlated with both the addition of oligomers and the incorporation method. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 42661.
Antitumor Activity of Ionic Liquids Based on Ampicillin
Authors: Ferraz Ricardo , Costa‐Rodrigues João , Fernandes Maria H. , Santos Miguel M. , Marrucho Isabel M. , Rebelo Luís Paulo N. , Prudêncio Cristina , Noronha João Paulo , Petrovski Željko , Branco Luís C. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSignificant antiproliferative effects against various tumor cell lines were observed with novel ampicillin salts as ionic liquids. The combination of anionic ampicillin with appropriate ammonium, imidazolium, phosphonium, and pyridinium cations yielded active pharmaceutical ingredient ionic liquids (API‐ILs) that show potent antiproliferative activities against five different human cancer cell lines: T47D (breast), PC3 (prostate), HepG2 (liver), MG63 (osteosarcoma), and RKO (colon). Some API‐ILs showed IC50 values between 5 and 42 nM, activities that stand in dramatic contrast to the negligible cytotoxic activity level shown by the ampicillin sodium salt. Moreover, very low cytotoxicity against two primary cell lines—skin (SF) and gingival fibroblasts (GF)—indicates that the majority of these API‐ILs are nontoxic to normal human cell lines. The most promising combination of antitumor activity and low toxicity toward healthy cells was observed for the 1‐hydroxyethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium–ampicillin pair ([C2OHMIM][Amp]), making this the most suitable lead API‐IL for future studies.