bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Fatty Acid Composition of Nannochloropsis salina as a Determinant of Biodiesel Properties
Authors: Mohammady Nagwa Gamal-ElDin 
Published: January 2015

Nannochloropsis salina was cultured batch-wise to evaluate the potential of the alga to produce biodiesel. The cells were harvested at the end of the exponential growth phase when the concentration was 18 · 106 cells/mL culture. The growth estimated as dry weight from this cell number was (3.8 ± 0.7) mg/L. The lipid and triglyceride contents were 40% and 12% on a dry weight basis, respectively. The amount of the ratio triglycerides/total lipids was approximately 0.3.
The composition of triglyceride fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) was analysed by gasliquid chromatography and identified as: C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:1, and C20:5. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid contents was approximately 4.4. Additionally, the characterization of each individual fatty acid ester was discussed with regard to the fuel properties of biodiesel produced by the alga.
Antitumour and Antioxidant Activity of Some Red Sea Seaweeds in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in vivo
Authors: Ahmed Hanaa H. , Hegazi Muhammad M. , Abd-Allac Howaida I. , Eskander Emad F. , Ellithey Mona S. 
Published: January 2015

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The antitumour activities of extracts from the Red Sea seaweeds Jania rubens, Sargassum subrepandum, and Ulva lactuca were investigated in an in vivo mice model based on intramuscular injection of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. In parallel, antioxidant activities were measured. Tumour marker levels, liver biochemical parameters, and hepatic oxidant/antioxidant status were measured to prove the anticancer and antioxidant nature of the algal extracts. Significant decreases in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, activities of liver enzymes, levels of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and an increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were recorded in groups treated with the algal extracts. Jania rubens was selected for phytochemical screening of its phytoconstituents. In addition, carotenoids, halides, minerals, lipoidal matters, proteins, and carbohydrates were studied. Furthermore, 7-oxo-cholest-5(6)-en-3-ol () and cholesterol (2) were isolated from the dichloromethane fraction.
Spectroscopic Identifi cation of New Ellagitannins and a Trigalloylglucosylkaempferol from an Extract of Euphorbia cotinifolia L. with Antitumour and Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Marzouk Mohamed S. , Moharram Fatma A. , Gamal-Eldeen Amira , Damlakhy Iman M. 
Published: January 2015

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From an extract of leaves and small branches of Euphorbia cotinifolia L., 17 polyphenols were isolated including two new ellagitannins and a trigalloyl-glucosylkaempferol. Based on extensive spectral data (UV, ESI-MS, 1H NMR, DEPT and 1D/2D NMR) and chemical studies, their structures were characterized as 1-O-galloyl-3,6-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-DB1,4- glucopyranose (), 1-O-galloyl-3,6-valoneoyl-D-B1,4-glucopyranose (6), and kaempferol 3-O-(2”,3”,6”-tri-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (13). Biological evaluation indicated that the 80% aqueous methanol extract (AME), chloroform extract (CE), and some pure compounds have potent scavenging activity in the DPPH assay with SC50 values lower than that of ascorbic acid, especially 5, 7 - 9, and a mixture of hyperin 6”-gallate (11) and isoquercitrin 6”-gallate (12). Moreover, using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay, 6 and 8 exhibited the highest inhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Hep-G2), while AME, CE, 5, 7, 9, and the mixture of 11 and 12 were found to be moderate growth inhibitors according to their IC50 values. In addition, AME, 5, and 8 exhibited significant antiproliferative activity against colon carcinoma cells (HCT-116); however, CE and the other examined compounds displayed moderate to low antitumour activity against HCT-116 cells
Postnatal Development of Spinal Cord and Liver Antioxidant Status in the Young of Retinol-Overdosed Female Rats
Authors: Patlevič Peter , Vašková Janka , Vaško Ladislav , Kluchová Darina 
Published: January 2015

The metabolic form of vitamin A, retinol, has a pivotal role in the nervous system development and neuronal differentiation, both during embryogenesis through maternal-fetal support and in the early postnatal life. Retinoic acid was administered orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight to pregnant female rats through days 8 - 10 of gestation. Spinal cord sections were processed for histochemical visualization one day after birth and on day 21, when weaning is expected. NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d)-positive neurons were found in the dorsal horn, around the central canal, and at the intermediolateral cell column on postnatal days 1 and 21 in both control and experimental groups. There were no NADPHd- positive structures in the ventral horn. The results suggest that prenatal administration of high doses of retinoic acid is not associated with postnatal morphological changes in NADPH-d-positive neurons in the rat spinal cord.
Levels of antioxidants and related enzymes in retinoid storage organs were measured to estimate possible side effects. The activities of enzymes detoxifying superoxide radicals and peroxides were supressed after birth. A decrease in the level of reduced glutathione was observed on postnatal day 21, indicating an unbalanced redox environment.
A Novel Paradigm for Nonassociative Long-Term Memory inDrosophila: Predator-Induced Changes in Oviposition Behavior
Authors: Kacsoh Balint Z , Bozler Julianna , Hodge Sassan , Ramaswami Mani , Bosco Giovanni 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLearning processes in Drosophila have been studied through the use of Pavlovian associative memory tests, and these paradigms have been extremely useful in identifying both genetic factors and neuroanatomical structures that are essential to memory formation. Whether these same genes and brain compartments also contribute to memory formed from nonassociative experiences is not well understood. Exposures to environmental stressors such as predators are known to induce innate behavioral responses and can lead to new memory formation that allows a predator response to persist for days after the predator threat has been removed. Here, we utilize a unique form of nonassociative behavior in Drosophila where female flies detect the presence of endoparasitoid predatory wasps and alter their oviposition behavior to lay eggs in food containing high levels of alcohol. The predator-induced change in fly oviposition preference is maintained for days after wasps are removed, and this persistence in behavior requires a minimum continuous exposure time of 14 hr. Maintenance of this behavior is dependent on multiple long-term memory genes, including orb2, dunce, rutabaga, amnesiac, and Fmr1. Maintenance of the behavior also requires intact synaptic transmission of the mushroom body. Surprisingly, synaptic output from the mushroom body (MB) or the functions of any of these learning and memory genes are not required for the change in behavior when female flies are in constant contact with wasps. This suggests that perception of this predator that leads to an acute change in oviposition behavior is not dependent on the MB or dependent on learning and memory gene functions. Because wasp-induced oviposition behavior can last for days and its maintenance requires a functional MB and the wild-type products of several known learning and memory genes, we suggest that this constitutes a paradigm for a bona fide form of nonassociative long-term memory that is not dependent on associated experiences.
Ursachen, Diagnose und verhaltensmedizinische Therapie der Unsauberkeit von Katzen
Authors: Kuhne F. 
Published: January 2015

ZusammenfassungUnsauberkeit von Katzen, d. h. das Absetzen von Urin und/oder Kot in der Wohnung außerhalb der Katzentoilette, stellt das häufigste Verhaltensproblem von Katzen dar, das Katzenbesitzer zu einer Konsultation des Tierarztes veranlasst. Nachdem primär abgeklärt ist, ob es sich um Eliminationsoder Markierverhalten handelt, müssen in einer umfassenden Anamnese, Ursache(n) und aktuelle Auslöser für das Verhaltensproblem gefunden werden. Da das Verhaltensproblem entweder territorial oder stressbedingt ist bzw. Umwelteinflüsse eine Aversion gegen die Katzentoilette hervorrufen oder einen anderen Platz attraktiver erscheinen lassen, sollten die primären Managementmaßnahmen allgemein zur Verbesserung des Wohlbefindens der Katze beitragen, beispielsweise durch ein optimiertes Management der Katzentoilette. Der entscheidende Ansatz in der Therapie hat zum Ziel, die Katze nicht mehr den Angst oder Stress auslösenden Stimuli auszusetzen, die Benutzung der Katzentoiletten attraktiver zu gestalten und eine gezielte Verhaltensmodifikation durchzuführen.
Ownership of fishing areas and use of fishing resources by artisanal fishermen in a pond in southern Brazil
Authors: Santos Jackes Mancke dos , Tavares Rafael Aldrigh , Fernandes João Morato , Souza Daiane Machado , Pouey Juvêncio Luiz Osório Fernandes , Piedras Sergio Renato Noguez 
Published: January 2015

The Mangueira Lagoon located in southern Brazil, has its northern portion included in the Taim Ecological Station, a federal conservation unit. The fishing practice is among the activities at this region. It has its own characteristics due to environmental conditions and specific physiography of the area. A field protocol based on geographic information was used to characterize the occupation process and the use of fishing resources. Socio-economic information was collected through interviews of the fishermen and also based on fishing data. After compiling the data a statistical descriptive analyses was completed. The average catch per fisherman in the region is 4,766.5 kg per year. The Loricariichthys anus showed the highest catch volume, ensuring the economic viability of the local activity. The constant increase of the activity may be compromising the reproductive cycle of the local ichthyological fauna, thus compromising the fishery sustainability.
Hydrogeological Features and Environmental Impacts of Geothermal Waters in the Yıldız River Basin (Sivas, Turkey)
Authors: Keskin Tülay Ekemen , Kaçaroğlu Fikret 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT: The study area, located in the Yıldız River Basin (Sivas), has eight geothermal waters, which are used for balneotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the natural and/or anthropogenic water pollution in terms of drinking and irrigation water in the Sıcak Çermik, Uyuz Çermiği, and Hamzaşeyh Çermiği geothermal areas. Na+, Cl–, SO4−2, B, Mn, Fe, As, and Se concentrations of the geothermal waters generally exceed the upper limits stated in the Turkish Standards for Water Intended for Human Consumption and World Health Organization regulations. Based on the irrigation water classification by the U.S. Salinity Laboratory Diagram, it is concluded that these waters may have hazardous levels of salinity and sodium when used as irrigation water. Wastewater from these health and tourism centers is discharged into the Yıldız River and to agricultural land. This procedure causes increase in the concentrations of major and minor elements and negatively affects the river water quality.
Training Teacher-Scholars: A Mentorship Program
Authors: Schnader Anne L. , Westermann Kimberly D. , Hanes Downey Denise , Thibodeau Jay C. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT
This article describes the details of a mentorship program implemented by one university to train accounting doctoral candidates as educators, thus responding to calls by the Pathways Commission (2012), prior research (Gribbin, Sobery, and Braswell 2002; Brink, Glasscock, and Wier 2012), and the AACSB (2013) for thoughtful training of our future teacher-scholars. The two-semester program enables doctoral program directors to meet each doctoral candidate at his/her point of need, includes recommendations for supporting international doctoral candidates, and advocates for an appreciation of the synergies between research and teaching. As such, this study should be of interest to doctoral program directors, doctoral candidates, and administrators.
The City of Providence, RI: A Case Examining the Financial Condition of a U.S. Municipality
Authors: Earley Christine E. , Feng Nancy Chun , Kelly Patrick T. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT
This case is intended for use in a wide variety of learning contexts, including undergraduate and graduate government and not-for-profit accounting courses, advanced accounting courses, public policy courses, along with courses that address municipal pensions at the college or university level, or other training programs. The case achieves four primary objectives: developing proficiency in ratio analyses for a municipality, conducting research related to the financial status of a municipality, improving critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and developing an awareness of potential public interest issues facing municipal leaders. We find that students benefit from analyzing the financial condition of the City of Providence, RI and develop critical thinking skills through their analyses.
Incretin-Based Therapy and Risk of Acute Pancreatitis: A Nationwide Population-Based Case-Control Study
Authors: Thomsen Reimar Wernich , Pedersen Lars , Møller Niels , Kahlert Johnny , Beck-Nielsen Henning , Sørensen Henrik Toft 
Published: January 2015

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether the use of incretin-based drugs (GLP-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 [DPP4] inhibitors) is associated with acute pancreatitis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study was a nationwide population-based case-control study using medical databases in Denmark. Participants were 12,868 patients with a first-time hospitalization for acute pancreatitis between 2005 and 2012 and a population of 128,680 matched control subjects. The main outcome measure was the odds ratio (OR) for acute pancreatitis associated with different antihyperglycemic drugs. We adjusted for history of gallstones, alcoholism, obesity, and other pancreatitis-associated comorbidities and medications.

RESULTS
A total of 89 pancreatitis patients (0.69%) and 684 control subjects (0.53%) were ever users of incretins. The crude OR for acute pancreatitis among incretin users was 1.36 (95% CI 1.08–1.69), while it was 1.44 (95% CI 1.34–1.54) among users of other antihyperglycemic drugs. After confounder adjustment, the risk of acute pancreatitis was not increased among incretin users (OR 0.95 [95% CI 0.75–1.21]), including DPP4 inhibitor users (OR 1.04 [95% CI 0.80–1.37]) or GLP-1 receptor agonist users (OR 0.82 [95% CI 0.54–1.23]), or among nonincretin antihyperglycemic drug users (OR 1.05 [95% CI 0.98–1.13]), compared with nonusers of any antihyperglycemic drugs. Findings were similar in current versus ever drug users and in patients with pancreatitis risk factors. The adjusted OR comparing incretin-based therapy with other antihyperglycemic therapy internally while also adjusting for diabetes duration and complications was 0.97 (95% CI 0.76–1.23).

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that the use of incretin-based drugs appears not to be associated with an increased risk of acute pancreatitis.
Normative Values for Corneal Nerve Morphology Assessed Using Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Multinational Normative Data Set
Authors: Tavakoli Mitra , Ferdousi Maryam , Petropoulos Ioannis N. , Morris Julie , Pritchard Nicola , Zhivov Andrey , Ziegler Dan , Pacaud Danièle , Romanchuk Kenneth , Perkins Bruce A. , Lovblom Leif E. , Bril Vera , Singleton J. Robinson , Smith Gordon , Boulton Andrew J.M. , Efron Nathan , Malik Rayaz A. 
Published: January 2015

OBJECTIVE
Corneal confocal microscopy is a novel diagnostic technique for the detection of nerve damage and repair in a range of peripheral neuropathies, in particular diabetic neuropathy. Normative reference values are required to enable clinical translation and wider use of this technique. We have therefore undertaken a multicenter collaboration to provide worldwide age-adjusted normative values of corneal nerve fiber parameters.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 1,965 corneal nerve images from 343 healthy volunteers were pooled from six clinical academic centers. All subjects underwent examination with the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph corneal confocal microscope. Images of the central corneal subbasal nerve plexus were acquired by each center using a standard protocol and analyzed by three trained examiners using manual tracing and semiautomated software (CCMetrics). Age trends were established using simple linear regression, and normative corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), corneal nerve fiber branch density (CNBD), corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL), and corneal nerve fiber tortuosity (CNFT) reference values were calculated using quantile regression analysis.

RESULTS
There was a significant linear age-dependent decrease in CNFD (−0.164 no./mm2 per year for men, P &lt; 0.01, and −0.161 no./mm2 per year for women, P &lt; 0.01). There was no change with age in CNBD (0.192 no./mm2 per year for men, P = 0.26, and −0.050 no./mm2 per year for women, P = 0.78). CNFL decreased in men (−0.045 mm/mm2 per year, P = 0.07) and women (−0.060 mm/mm2 per year, P = 0.02). CNFT increased with age in men (0.044 per year, P &lt; 0.01) and women (0.046 per year, P &lt; 0.01). Height, weight, and BMI did not influence the 5th percentile normative values for any corneal nerve parameter.

CONCLUSIONS
This study provides robust worldwide normative reference values for corneal nerve parameters to be used in research and clinical practice in the study of diabetic and other peripheral neuropathies.
Monitoring Landscape Changes in Japan Using Classification of Modis Data Combined with a Landscape Transformation Sere (LTS) Model
Authors: Harada Ippei , Hara Keitarou , Tomita Mizuki , Short Kevin , Park Jonggeol 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Japan, with over 75% forest cover, is one of the most heavily forested countries in the world. Various types of climax forest are distributed according to latitude and altitude. At the same time, human intervention in Japan has historically been intensive, and many forest habitats show the influence of various levels of disturbance. Furthermore, Japanese landscapes are changing rapidly, and a system of efficient monitoring is needed. The aim of this research was to identify major historical trends in Japanese landscape change and to develop a system for identifying and monitoring patterns of landscape change at the national level. To provide a base for comparison, Warmth Index (WI) climatic data was digitalized and utilized to map potential climax vegetation for all of Japan. Extant Land Use Information System (LUIS) data were then modified and digitalized to generate national level Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) distribution maps for 1900, 1950 and 1985. In addition, MODIS data for 2001 acquired by the Tokyo University of Information Sciences were utilized for remote LU/LC classification using an unsupervised method on multi-temporal composite data. Eight classification categories were established using the ISODATA (cluster analyses) method; alpine plant communities, evergreen coniferous forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, mixed forest, arable land (irrigated rice paddy, non-irrigated, grassland), urban area, river and marsh. The results of the LUIS analyses and MODIS classifications were interpreted in terms of a Landscape Transformation Sere model assuming that under increasing levels of human disturbance the landscape will change through a series of stages. The results showed that overall forest cover in Japan has actually increased over the century covered by the data; from 72.1% in 1900 to 76.9% in 2001. Comparison of the actual vegetation and the potential vegetation as predicted by WI, however, indicated that in many areas the climax vegetation has been replaced by secondary forests such as conifer timber plantations. This trend was especially strong in the warm and mid temperate zones of western Japan. This research also demonstrated that classification of moderate resolution remote sensing data, interpreted within a LTS framework, can be an effective tool for efficient and repeat monitoring of landscape changes at the national level. In the future, the authors plan to continue utilizing this approach to track rapidly occurring changes in Japanese landscapes at the national level.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for spinal metastases with or without separation surgery
Authors: Bate Berkeley G. , Khan Nickalus R. , Kimball Brent Y. , Gabrick Kyle , Weaver Jason 
Published: January 2015

OBJECT
In patients with significant epidural spinal cord compression, initial surgical decompression and stabilization of spinal metastases, as opposed to radical oncological resection, provides a margin around the spinal cord that facilitates subsequent treatment with high-dose adjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). If a safe margin exists between tumor and spinal cord on initial imaging, then high-dose SRS may be used as the primary therapy, eliminating the need for surgery. Selecting the appropriate approach has shown greater efficacy of tumor control, neurological outcome, and duration of response when compared with external beam radiotherapy, regardless of tumor histology. This study evaluates the efficacy of this treatment approach in a series of 57 consecutive patients.

METHODS
Patients treated for spinal metastases between 2007 and 2011 using the Varian Trilogy Linear Accelerator were identified retrospectively. Each received SRS, with or without initial surgical decompression and instrumentation. Medical records were reviewed to assess neurological outcome and surgical or radiation-induced complications. Magnetic resonance images were obtained for each patient at 3-month intervals posttreatment, and radiographic response was assessed as stability/regression or progression. End points were neurological outcome and local radiographic disease control at death or latest follow-up.

RESULTS
Fifty-seven patients with 69 lesions were treated with SRS for spinal metastases. Forty-eight cases (70%) were treated with SRS alone, and 21 (30%) were treated with surgery prior to SRS. A single fraction was delivered in 38 cases (55%), while a hypofractionated scheme was used in 31 (45%). The most common histological entities were renal cell, breast, and lung carcinomas. Radiographically, local disease was unchanged or regressed in 63 of 69 tumors (91.3%). Frankel score improved or remained stable in 68 of 69 cases (98.6%).

CONCLUSIONS
SRS, alone or as an adjunct following surgical decompression, provides durable local radiographic disease control while preserving or improving neurological function. This less-invasive alternative to radical spinal oncological resection appears to be effective regardless of tumor histology without sacrificing durability of radiographic or clinical response.