bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Potential Novel Anthelmintic? The Cysteine Proteases Show Potent Anthelmintic Activity Against Cyathostomins In Vitro
Authors: Peachey L. , Matthews J. , Pinchbeck G. , Behnke J. , Burden F. , Hodgkinson J. 
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing studyAnthelmintic resistance is a global problem and constitutes a major threat to the welfare of equids worldwide. The cyathostomins are the most numerous and pathogenic gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) of equids in the developed world. Cyathostomins show widespread resistance to 2 out of 3 of the major classes of anthelmintic and recently there are reports of reduced efficacy to the potent macrocyclic lactones (MLs). None of the 3 novel classes of anthelmintic that have emerged in the last decade are licensed for use in equids. The cysteine proteases (CPs) are plant proteins that have shown potent activity against GINs in vivo in sheep and pigs.ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of the CP papain on cyathostomins in vitro using the egg hatch assay (EHA) and larval migration inhibition test (LMIT).MethodsSamples of cyathostomin eggs and third stage larvae were collected and cultured from a population of equids that have recently shown reduced ML efficacy in vivo. The EHA and LMIT were performed on repeated samples with increasing concentrations of papain. Dose–response curves were plotted and PROBIT analysis performed on the data to give EC‐50 values (concentration that gives 50% of the maximal response).ResultsPapain caused a dose dependent inhibition of both egg hatch and larval migration. The EC‐50 values were 2 μmol/l and 100 μmol/l in the EHA and LMIT respectively, indicating a more potent effect on egg hatch.ConclusionsThe CP papain shows potent anthelmintic activity against cyathostomins in vitro. Good evidence of anthelmintic effect against GINs in other host species is supportive of its potential use in equids. Further work is indicated to evaluate safety and in vivo efficacy.Ethical animal research: The study was approved by the University of Liverpool and Donkey Sanctuary Ethics Committee. Explicit owner informed consent for participation in this study was not stated. Sources of funding: The Donkey Sanctuary, University of Liverpool – Institute of Infection and Global Health. Competing interests: None.
Can Real‐Time Tissue Elastography Be Used to Assess The Healing Process of Injured Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon in Horses?
Authors: Tamura N. , Asano H. , Kasashima Y. 
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing studyReal‐time tissue elastography (RTE) can provide objective information associated with mechanical properties of tendon tissue and add value to the structural information obtained by greyscale ultrasound. Serial RTE assessment would be useful for monitoring and optimising safe rehabilitation for horses with tendon injury.ObjectivesTo test the hypothesis that RTE could measure change in tissue stiffness in the healing process of injured superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) of horses.Study designProspective field study.MethodsSix Thoroughbred horses with SDFT injury and standardised rehabilitation were used. Both greyscale and RTE images were recorded approximately every 4 weeks up to 40 weeks from occurrence. Greyscale ratio (GR: dividing the grey‐value of injured area by it of surrounding noninjured area) and strain ratio (SR: dividing the strain value of stand‐off gel pad, which can be a standard, by it of injured area) was calculated at each examination. Tissue strain is displayed by colour which suggests hard (blue), intermediate (yellow), soft (red) on RTE image. Strain of injured area was evaluated by colour‐scale grade (CSG) of 1 to 3 (1; blue to green, 2; yellow and 3; red) by 3 veterinarians who didn't know the case history.ResultsGR was returned to nearly 1 quickly within 8 weeks and it was unchanged thereafter. This continuous change of GR was best‐fitted to logarithmic trendline (r2 = 0.66). SR increased gradually up to the last examination and was best‐fitted to linear trendline (r2 = 0.89). CSG was decreased gradually and it was best‐fitted to linear trendline (r2 = 0.84). Both change of SR and CSG suggested that an injured tissue would gradually increase in stiffness.ConclusionsRTE could provide useful information regarding monitoring and optimising restoration of the tissue stiffness of tendon, even if GR was unchanged by progress of scar formation, for safer and more effective rehabilitation.Ethical animal research: All animal procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee for Laboratory Animals of the Japan Racing Association Equine Research Institute. Explicit owner informed consent for participation in this study was not stated. Sources of funding: Japan Racing Association Equine Research Institute. Competing interests: None.
Use of Standing MRI and a New MRI Grading System of the Subchondral Bone of the Distal Third Metacarpal Bone to Identify Bone Changes in the Thoroughbred Racehorse When Comparing 21 Cases of Catastrophic Biaxial Proximal Sesamoid Bone Fracture with 53 Controls
Authors: Peloso J.G. , Vogler J.B. , Cohen N.D. , Marquis P. , Hilt L. 
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing studyBiaxial fracture of the proximal sesamoid bones (PSB) is the leading cause of fetlock failure resulting in euthanasia in Thoroughbred racehorses in California, Kentucky and Hong Kong. Identifying alterable risk factors to reduce biaxial PSB fractures could have a significant impact on reducing the occurrence of catastrophic failure of the fetlock (CFF).ObjectivesWe hypothesised that standing MRI (sMRI) would identify a greater degree of bone change in Thoroughbred racehorses with CFF from biaxial PSB fracture when compared to controls.Study designRetrospective cohort study.MethodsBone changes from Florida Thoroughbred racehorses with CFF due to biaxial fracture of the PSB (n = 21) were compared to controls (n = 53) using the sMRI. Data for control limbs were Florida racehorses that were subjected to euthanasia for reasons other than CFF (enteritis, pneumonitis, etc.). All forelimb fetlocks underwent sMRI imaging within 72 h of euthanasia. Bone scores were assigned to the subchondral bone (SCB) on the distal palmar aspect of the lateral and medial condyle of the third metacarpal bone (McIII) and the lateral and medial PSB. All information for analysis from sMRI images for cases and controls for all Thoroughbred racehorses was reviewed and collected by the lead author. The association between the dichotomous outcomes of PSB fracture with independent variables was assessed using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis with significance set at P<0.05.ResultsThe proportion of cases with >75% sclerosis of the ipsilateral lateral PSB (43%, 9/21) was significantly greater than that among controls (6%, 3/53). The proportion of cases with SCB lesion grade >3 of the contralateral palmar lateral condyle (29%, 6/21) was significantly greater than that among controls (0%, 0/53).ConclusionsThe sMRI identified a significantly greater degree of bone change in racehorses with PSB fracture compared to control horses. These identified changes may be useful as a screening tool to identify horses at increased risk of fetlock fracture during racing.Ethical animal research: Explicit owner informed consent for participation in this study was not given but permission for post mortem examination was given by the Racing Authority. Sources of funding: None. Competing interests: No competing interests have been declared.
Use of Squeeze‐Induced Somnolence for Routine Plasma Administration in Healthy Neonatal Foals
Authors: Pickles K.J. , Madigan J.E. , Torske S. , Aleman M.R. 
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing studyA nonchemical method of restraint to facilitate neonatal foal handling and minimally invasive procedures would be highly useful.ObjectivesTo investigate squeeze‐induced somnolence for providing adequate restraint of healthy neonatal foals for the purpose of plasma administration.Study designProspective clinical study.MethodsSqueeze‐induced somnolence of neonatal foals was performed by use of a soft rope restraint as previously described [1] to allow intravenous catheterisation and plasma administration. Physiological and clinical parameters were monitored pre‐, during and post squeeze‐induced somnolence.ResultsSqueeze‐induced somnolence and plasma administration was performed on 14 foals within the first day of life without any adverse effects. Mean time to recumbency during squeeze restraint was 53 s, mean time to stand and mean time to nurse from dam following release of restraint were 46 s and 163 s, respectively. Over 50% of foals gave some reaction to subcutaneous injection of local anaesthetic but only one foal reacted strongly. The restraint technique was performed without any difficulty in 8/14 foals, 5/14 foals became less somnolent latterly in the procedure (around 17–18 min) and one foal never became fully somnolent.ConclusionsSqueeze‐induced somnolence provides adequate restraint for plasma administration, without the need for sedation, in the majority of neonatal foals. Squeeze‐induced somnolence can be used to allow nonchemical restraint of neonatal foals for routine procedures. Further refinement of the technique is required to maximise its potential usefulness.Ethical animal research: The study was approved by the University of California Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Foals were included in the study with informed owner consent. Sources of funding: Private anonymous donation. Competing interests: None.
Priorities in the communication needs of adolescents with psychosocial problems and their parents
Authors: Jager Margot , De Winter Andrea F. , Metselaar Janneke , Knorth Erik J. , Reijneveld Sijmen A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn patient‐centred care, professionals should recognize their patient's needs and adapt their communication accordingly. Studies into patients’ communication needs suggest priorities vary depending on sociodemographic characteristics, and type and severity of the complaints. However, evidence lacks on priorities in the communication needs of adolescents in psychosocial care and their parents.ObjectiveTo assess adolescents’ and parents’ importance ratings concerning affective communication, information provision, shared decision‐making, interprofessional communication and the degree to which client and care characteristics determine these.MethodsAdolescents aged 12–18 (n = 403) and one of their parents (n = 403) rated the importance of communication before the psychosocial care process started. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to determine which characteristics were associated with the 25% lowest importance ratings for communication aspects.ResultsAdolescents and parents considered affective communication to be the most important, with shared decision‐making the least important. For adolescents, lower importance ratings were associated with dissatisfaction with prior care (OR 1.8), negative expectations (ORs 1.9–2.4), emotional problems (ORs 0.2–0.5) and low prosocial behaviour skills (ORs 2.0). For parents, low education (ORs 1.7–1.8), negative expectations (OR 0.4), adolescent's hyperactivity/inattention (ORs 0.4–0.5) and low prosocial behaviour skills (ORs 1.8–2.6) determined lower importance ratings.ConclusionsAffective communication has highest priority for adolescents and their parents. Client and care characteristics are associated with client priorities in communication. Being attentive to clients’ educational level, previous care experiences, current expectations and specific problem types might help professionals to adapt better to their clients’ communication needs.
A fall prevention guideline for older adults living in long‐term care facilities
Authors: Jung D. , Shin S. , Kim H. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundFalls are among the most frequent critical health problems for older adults over 65 years of age and often result in consequential injuries.AimThis study developed a guideline covering risk factors and interventions for falls in order to prevent them from occurring in long‐term care facilities.MethodsThis study was grounded in the methodological approach of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network for establishing evidence‐based guidelines: (1) establishment of the target population and scope of the guideline, (2) systematic literature review and critical analysis, (3) determination of the recommendation grade, (4) development of a draft nursing intervention guideline and algorithm, (5) expert evaluation of the draft nursing intervention guideline, and (6) confirmation of the final intervention guideline and completion of the algorithm.ResultsThe resulting evidence‐based fall prevention guideline consists of a three‐step factor assessment and a three‐step intervention approach.LimitationsThe resulting guideline was based on the literature and clinical experts. Further research is required to test the guideline's feasibility in across long term care facilities.ConclusionThis guideline can be used by nurses to screen patients who are at a high risk of falling to provide patient interventions to help prevent falls.Implications for nursing and health policyConsidering the high rate of falls at long‐term care facilities and the absence of evidence‐based guidelines to prevent them, additional studies on falls at long‐term care facilities are necessary. Meanwhile, given prior research that indicates the importance of human resources in the application of such guidelines, continuous investigations are needed as to whether the research outcomes are actually conveyed to nurses.
Evaluation of the clinimetrics of transcutaneous oxygen measurement and its application in wound care
Authors: Yip Wai Lam 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTranscutaneous oxygen (TcPO2) measurement is a non‐invasive diagnostic tool increasingly being used in clinical practice. Existing evidence suggests that reduction of TcPO2 is correlated with an increase in skin ischaemia, and its measurement has been shown to have predictive value for wound healing in diabetic patients, success rate of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, amputation rate in patients suffering from peripheral vascular disease or with ischaemic ulcers. This article evaluates the clinimetrics of TcPO2 measurement in adults with discussion of its potential application in clinical practice.
Electrocardiographic PR Prolongation and Atrial Fibrillation Risk: A Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Authors: CHENG MIN , LU XIANGFENG , HUANG JIANFENG , ZHANG SHU , GU DONGFENG 
Published: September 2014

PR Interval and Atrial FibrillationBackgroundElectrocardiographic PR interval prolongation is considered a benign condition, but recent studies have challenged the notion by demonstrating that prolonged PR interval is associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF).ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to perform a meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies to evaluate the evidence supporting an association of prolonged PR interval with AF incidence.MethodsWe searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE database (from inception to May 2014) supplemented by manual searches of references of relevant retrieved articles. Prospective cohort studies were included with hazard ratio (HR) of prolonged PR interval for incident AF.ResultsThe search strategy yielded 6 cohort studies meeting eligibility criteria. A total of 328,932 participants were included, with 14,191 participants suffering from AF during follow‐up. Pooled HRs of prolonged PR interval for incident AF was 1.30 (95% CI: 1.13 to 1.49) using random‐effect model (I2 = 30%). There was a significant difference of combined HRs between studies with and without adjustment for taking of AV nodal blocking agents in subgroup analysis. Sensitivity analysis supported the robustness of the results.ConclusionsProlonged PR interval is not a totally benign condition but an independent risk factor for AF incidence. The mechanisms underlying the association of prolonged PR interval with AF incidence need further research.
Biatrial Tachycardia Following Linear Anterior Wall Ablation for the Perimitral Reentry: Incidence and Electrophysiological Evaluations
Authors: MIKHAYLOV EVGENY N. , MITROFANOVA LUBOV B. , VANDER MARIANNA A. , TATARSKIY ROMAN B. , KAMENEV ALEXANDER V. , ABRAMOV MIKHAIL L. , SZILI‐TOROK TAMAS , LEBEDEV DMITRY S. 
Published: September 2014

Biatrial Reentry After Anterior LA Line AblationIntroductionA left atrial (LA) anterior ablation line (AnL), connecting the mitral annulus and right pulmonary veins or a roof line, has been suggested as an alternative to mitral isthmus (MI) ablation for perimitral flutter (PMF). Theoretically, the AnL can exclude the LA septal wall from the reentrant circle, and lead to involvement of the right atrium (RA) in a tachycardia (AT) mechanism.Methods and ResultsAmong 807 patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation, PMF was diagnosed in 28 subjects, and AnL was performed in 13, and MI ablation in 15 cases.In 4 (31%) patients, AnL resulted in abrupt AT cycle length prolongation, which was associated with the development of a clockwise biatrial tachycardia (bi‐AT). The bi‐AT propagated along the lateral and posterior mitral annulus, entered the RA via the coronary sinus, and after activating the RA septum reentered the LA over the Bachmann's bundle. The bi‐AT was terminated by ablation in Bachmann's bundle insertion areas in the RA or LA. No bi‐AT was documented in the MI group.One patient in the AnL group died of stroke in 10 days following the procedure. Anatomic evaluation showed that at the level of the AnL the RA anteroseptal area was separated from the LA by the aortic root, and was free from ablation damage.ConclusionA bi‐AT can develop when an AnL is created for PMF termination. Biatrial entrainment mapping facilitates diagnosis. Termination of the bi‐AT is feasible when ablated from either RA or LA.
Surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis using a bone substitute with or without a resorbable membrane: a 5‐year follow‐up
Authors: Roos‐Jansåker Ann‐Marie , Persson Gösta Rutger , Lindahl Christel , Renvert Stefan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimTo compare two regenerative surgical treatments for peri‐implantitis over 5 years.Material & MethodsTwenty‐five individuals with peri‐implantitis remained at study endpoint. They were treated with a bone substitute and a resorbable membrane (13 individuals with 23 implants) [Group 1], or with bone substitute alone (12 individuals with 22 implants) [Group 2]. All study individuals were kept on a strict maintenance programme every third month.ResultsFive‐year follow‐up demonstrated clinical and radiographic improvements in both groups. No implants were lost due to progression of peri‐implantitis. Probing depths were reduced by 3.0 ± 2.4 mm in Group 1, and 3.3 ± 2.09 mm in Group 2 (NS). In both groups, radiographic evidence of bone gain was significant (p < 0.001). At year 5, the average defect fill was 1.3 mm (SD ± 1.4 mm) in Group 1 and 1.1 mm (SD ± 1.2 mm) in Group 2 (mean diff; 0.4 95% CI −0.3, 1.2, p = 0.24). Bleeding on probing decreased in both groups. Baseline and year 5 plaque scores did not differ between groups and was reduced from 50% to 15%.ConclusionBoth procedures resulted in stable conditions. Additional use of a membrane does not improve the outcome.
Therapeutic efficacy of bone marrow‐derived mononuclear cells in diabetic polyneuropathy is impaired with aging or diabetes
Authors: Kondo Masaki , Kamiya Hideki , Himeno Tatsuhito , Naruse Keiko , Nakashima Eitaro , Watarai Atsuko , Shibata Taiga , Tosaki Takahiro , Kato Jiro , Okawa Tetsuji , Hamada Yoji , Isobe Ken‐ichi , Oiso Yutaka , Nakamura Jiro 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAims/IntroductionRecent studies have shown that cell transplantation therapies, such as endothelial precursor cells, bone marrow‐derived mononuclear cells (BM‐MNCs) and mesenchymal stem cells, are effective on diabetic polyneuropathy through ameliorating impaired nerve blood flow in diabetic rats. Here, we investigated the effects of BM‐MNCs transplantation in diabetic polyneuropathy using BM‐MNCs derived from adult (16‐week‐old) diabetic (AD), adult non‐diabetic (AN) or young (8‐week‐old) non‐diabetic (YN) rats.Materials and MethodsBM‐MNCs of AD and AN were isolated after an 8‐week diabetes duration. The BM‐MNCs were characterized using flow cytometry analysis of cell surface markers and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of several cytokines. BM‐MNCs or saline were injected into hind limb muscles. Four weeks later, the thermal plantar test, nerve conduction velocity, blood flow of the sciatic nerve and capillary‐to‐muscle fiber ratio were evaluated.ResultsThe number of CD29+/CD90+ cells that host mesenchymal stem cells in BM‐MNCs decreased in AD compared with AN or YN, and transcript expressions of basic fibroblast growth factor and nerve growth factor in BM‐MNCs decreased in AD compared with AN or YN. Impaired thermal sensation, decreased blood flow of the sciatic nerve and delayed nerve conduction velocity in 8‐week‐diabetic rats were significantly ameliorated by BM‐MNCs derived from YN, whereas BM‐MNCs from AD or AN rats did not show any beneficial effect in these functional tests.ConclusionsThese results show that cytokine production abilities and the mesenchymal stem cell population of BM‐MNCs would be modified by aging and metabolic changes in diabetes, and that these differences could explain the disparity of the therapeutic efficacy of BM‐MNCs between young and adult or diabetic and non‐diabetic patients in diabetic polyneuropathy.