bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La transferencia de políticas globales de género y su puesta en agenda
Authors: Ruíz Paula 
Published: August 2015

Desde la década de los ochenta, el género se incorpora como categoría analítica e interpretativa que ha venido evolucionado tanto en su desarrollo teórico y metodológico como político y social. En el ámbito académico, por ejemplo, su análisis se ha abordado como una construcción cultural y social, lo cual ha permitido ampliar su espacio de discusión y de estudio como método de investigación dentro de las ciencias sociales. El feminismo, como movimiento social, ha impactado en la construcción de políticas en pro del empoderamiento de la mujer, impulsando a los Estados a suscribir acuerdos que paulatinamente, en la mayoría de sociedades, han mejorado su situación en los distintos ámbitos. La movilización internacional sobre temas blandos de la agenda internacional ha llevado a la transferencia de políticas de un sistema a otro y a su puesta en agenda a nivel local. En este artículo se estudiarán los aportes que el feminismo ha desarrollado en materia de investigación dentro de las relaciones internacionales, así como la influencia que el género ha tenido para la formulación de políticas globales y la implementación de estas a nivel local.
New records of Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Orussidae) represent a significant western range expansion
Authors: Skvarla Michael , Tripodi Amber , Szalanski Allen , Dowling Ashley 
Published: August 2015

Orussus minutus is an uncommonly collected parasitoid sawfly known from the eastern United States.
We report specimens Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983, from Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota, and Manitoba, which represent new state and province records and significantly expand the known range of the species west from previous records; provide collection information for unpublished specimens housed in the United States National Museum collection, which includes new state records for West Virginia and Michigan; and report two specimens housed in the Biological Museum at Lund University that represent new state records for Connecticut.
Stability of the Functional Cure in Congenital Esotropia
Authors: Ing Malcolm R. 
Published: August 2015

Purpose:
To report the stability of the functional cure in a chart review of patients with congenital esotropia.

Methods:
The charts of 31 patients with congenital esotropia, encountered in 2007–2012 with functional cure, were studied. The stability of the cure and duration of follow-up were determined by comparing the first recorded date of cure with the date of the last examination. The mean age of the patients analyzed was 19.5 years.

Results:
Two patients decompensated in the subgroup of 24 patients who did not require hyperopic correction and 1 patient decompensated in the subgroup of 7 patients who required hyperopic correction. All patients with decompensation were realigned by secondary surgery. A small subgroup of 4 patients demonstrated gradual improvement of stereoacuity to 60 arc seconds or better.

Conclusions:
The functional cure of congenital esotropia is relatively stable in patients within the first 20 years. The secondary use of hyperopic correction and secondary surgery increased this stability.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.
2015;52(6):335–338.]
Apartheid's Alcatraz: The Barberton Prison Complex During the Early 1980s - Part One
Authors: Peté SA 
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this two-part article is to examine in detail the public discourse surrounding the Barberton Prison Complex during the early 1980s, at the height of the apartheid era. The prisons within the Barberton Prison Complex were notorious as being among the most punitive of the many prisons within apartheid South Africa. Barberton was the place to which the most dangerous and intractable prisoners were sent to serve their sentences, making it apartheid's "Alcatraz". The focus of this article is on the treatment of "normal" as opposed to "political" prisoners during the period in question, allowing the "voices" of ordinary prisoners – often sidelined and silenced – to be brought to the fore. The Barberton Prison Complex is examined through the lens of public discourse, as reflected in a wide range of South African newspapers published at the time. By analysing a large number of reports dealing with events at Barberton during the period in question, in both English and Afrikaans language newspapers, as well as in both politically conservative and politically liberal newspapers, this article attempts to capture both the "smell" and the "feel" of what it was like to be imprisoned in one of apartheid's toughest prison complexes. Furthermore, this article seeks to show that – despite legislative measures restricting the publication of information on conditions inside apartheid prisons – the press was able to provide a steady stream of information to the South African public on the shocking events which occurred at Barberton during the period in question. Part One of this article deals with the deaths of three prisoners and the injury of many others during a day of violence at the Barberton prison farm on 29 December 1982, as well as the broader political implications of the criminal trial - known as the "heat exhaustion trial" - which followed. It is contended that the events surrounding the infamous "heat exhaustion trial" may be seen as a kind of metaphor for the apartheid system itself, as it began to unravel during the 1980s.
Lingual Thyroid with Hyperthyroidism in a Child: A Rare Presentation
Authors: Arora Nikhil , Bhargava Eishaan , Rana Kanika 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
Lingual thyroid is the most common presentation of ectopic thyroid tissue (ETT). It is a rare condition presents in about 1 in 100,000 populations, more commonly is seen in females. It is even rarer in children. It is mainly associated with euthyroid or hypothyroid status; hyperthyroidism is rarely seen. Its management varies from surgical excision to medical management. Here, we present a case of lingual thyroid presenting with hyperthyroidism and its management.

How to cite this article
Rana K, Arora N, Wadhwa V, Bhargava E. Lingual Thyroid with Hyperthyroidism in a Child: A Rare Presentation. World J Endoc Surg 2015;7(2):36-38.
Minimally Invasive Non-Endoscopic Thyroidectomy: A Very High in the Neck Thyroidectomy Incision
Authors: Linos Dimitrios 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
We propose the adoption of a very high in the neck thyroidectomy incision, as high as the cricoid and/or thyroid cartilage, placed in an existing skin crease. This is a minimally invasive non-endoscopic thyroidectomy (MINET) approach that allows a safer, easier and more complete thyroidectomy.

How to cite this article
Linos D. Minimally Invasive Non- Endoscopic Thyroidectomy: A Very High in the Neck Thyroidectomy Incision. World J Endoc Surg 2015;7(2):51-52.
Aldosterone-Cortisol Cosecreting Adenoma
Authors: Jain Manoj , Bhatia Eesh , Pradhan Roma , Tripathi Navneet 
Published: August 2015

How to cite this article
Tripathi N, Pradhan R, Jain M, Bhatia E, Agarwal A. Aldosterone-Cortisol Cosecreting Adenoma. World J Endoc Surg 2015;7(2):53-54.
L’abbé de Mably, entre modérantisme et radicalité
Authors: Roza Stéphanie 
Published: August 2015

Le présent article se propose de réexaminer la question de la réception, sous la Révolution française, de l’oeuvre de Mably, penseur oublié aujourd’hui, mais extrêmement fameux et important pour la période qui nous occupe. Il s’agit de montrer que, contrairement à ce que certains commentateurs ont soutenu, Mably n’est pas un penseur « conservateur » rétrospectivement travesti en précurseur éclairé de la Révolution. Au-delà de sa prudence stratégique et de son pessimisme quant à la conjoncture de son temps, qui ont pu l’amener à renoncer au combat direct pour des réformes d’ampleur, ses analyses ont fondamentalement contribué à la critique radicale des institutions de l’Ancien Régime et de l’inégalité sociale. En cela, les révolutionnaires ne se sont pas trompés en voyant en lui une de leurs sources d’inspiration.
De l’autorité et la Révolution. Une alternative paradigmatique au discours antiphilosophique
Authors: Münch Philippe 
Published: August 2015

Cet article vise à explorer un paradigme discursif peu abordé par l’historiographie de la Révolution française : le paradigme de l’autorité. Il a été défendu par des auteurs contre-révolutionnaires modérés comme Mallet du Pan, Mounier, Sénac de Meilhan. Pour expliquer l’origine de la Révolution française, ceux-ci ont soutenu la thèse d’un écroulement interne de la monarchie. Le défaut d’autorité aurait favorisé le développement des luttes de pouvoir et des violences inhérentes à celles-ci. Point de complot à la Barruel ou de Providence à la de Maistre pour expliquer l’événement révolutionnaire. Une fine analyse politique de la décomposition du pouvoir monarchique permettrait ainsi de comprendre la dynamique révolutionnaire née de 1789. Pour ce faire, les auteurs de ce paradigme doivent défendre l’héritage de la philosophie des Lumières à travers un longue polémique qui marquera toute la décennie révolutionnaire et constituera le principal débat au sein de la culture politique contre-révolutionnaire.
Cystic Fibrosis: A Novel Pharmacologic Approach to Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Modulation Therapy
Authors: Virant-Young Deborah , Thomas Justin , Woiderski Sarah , Powers Michelle , Carlier Joseph , McCarty James , Kupchick Tyler , Larder Anthony 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Therapy for cystic fibrosis (CF) has progressed during the past several decades. Much of this progress is because of advances in genetic testing to precisely identify the underlying cause of CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) dysfunction. However, with more than 1900 mutations that can produce a faulty CFTR, the management of CF can remain a challenge. Several innovative drugs recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration, termed genetic modulators, target the underlying disease by modulating the CFTR defect. This review provides physicians with an established simple classification scheme to guide their use of these drugs. The treatment challenge of 1900 CFTR mutations has been simplified into 6 physiologic classes, each paired with an available therapy to offer patients the most functional improvement. Drug therapy monitoring, adverse effects, and indications for discontinuation must also be considered.
Effect of Table Trainer–to-Student Ratios on Outcome in Student Assessments of Cervical Muscle Energy Techniques
Authors: Snider Karen T. , Dowling Dennis J. , Seffinger Michael A. , Channell Millicent K. , Yao Sheldon C. , Gustowski Sharon M. , Johnson Jane C. , Pryor Martin J. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Context: Improving the acquisition of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) skills may increase student confidence and later use of OMT. A first step in this process is determining the optimal table trainer–to-student ratio (TTR).

Objective: To determine the effect of TTR on knowledge and skill acquisition of cervical muscle energy OMT techniques in first-year osteopathic medical students.

Methods: First-year students at 3 colleges of osteopathic medicine received instruction on cervical diagnosis and muscle energy techniques at 1 of 3 workshops, each having a different TTR (1:4, 1:8, or 1:16). Written assessments were conducted immediately before and after the workshop and again 2 weeks later to test retention of the knowledge acquired. Practical assessments were conducted immediately after the workshop and 2 weeks later to test retention of the skills acquired and were graded for technical and proficiency elements.

Results: Ninety-two students completed pre- and postworkshop assessments, and 86 completed the retention assessment. No difference was found between TTRs on the preworkshop, postworkshop, and retention written scores (P≥.15). Postworkshop written assessment scores were highest, followed by retention scores; preworkshop scores were lowest (P<.001). Although the mean (SD) postworkshop practical scores for the 1:4 and 1:8 TTR workshop groups (266.3 [43.1] and 250.6 [47.5], respectively) were higher than those for the 1:16 TTR groups (230.3 [62.2]), the difference was not significant (P=.06). For the retention practical assessment scores, no significant difference was found between TTRs (P=.19). A significant interaction was noted between TTR and the timing of practical assessments; scores declined from postworkshop to retention assessments for the 1:4 (P=.04) and 1:8 (P=.02) TTR workshop groups but not the 1:16 TTR workshop groups (P=.21). Student order in paired student demonstrations also had a significant effect on technical scores (P≤.03); students who demonstrated techniques second had higher scores than those who demonstrated techniques first.

Conclusion: The TRR had no significant effect on written or practical assessment scores. Practical assessment scores for the 1:4 and 1:8 TTRs declined significantly between postworkshop and retention assessments. Future studies with more statistical power will be necessary to determine the effect of TTRs on student learning. The current study also found that student order in paired demonstrations may affect practical assessment scores, because the second-demonstrating student scored higher than the first; colleges of osteopathic medicine should therefore consider randomizing student order during practical assessments.
Empowering Users to Game Dovelopment Platform for Visually Impaired Student
Authors: Damnuy Narin , Witosurapot Suntorn , Matayong Sureena 
Published: August 2015

AbstractComputer-exercise game is well served for visually impaired students to engage their physical and mental health exercises. However, these type of games are increasingly unchallenged for long-term usage due to apathy patterns and restricted contents. In this paper, we describe how such drawbacks can be avoided by offering the game development platform. The platform provides a service-based architecture, which empowers teachers to build or to customize numerous game designs for entertainment and learning purpose without jeopardy. Based on our evaluation study, we found evidence that teachers of visually impaired students are satisfied with the game development approach in terms of system reliability and software usability. In addition, the teachers also have very good perception in the aspects of trust, responsiveness, applicability, usefulness and enthusiasm toward the game development approach.
Association of Fat Mass and Adipokines With Foot Pain in a Community Cohort
Authors: Walsh Tom P. , Gill Tiffany K. , Evans Angela M. , Yaxley Alison , Shanahan E. Michael , Hill Catherine L. 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveTo determine, first, if fat mass index (FMI) or fat‐free mass index (FFMI) and serum adipokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) are associated with prevalent (stage 2) foot pain, and, second, if they are predictive of future (stage 3) foot pain.MethodsA subset of participants ages ≥50 years (n = 1,462) from the North West Adelaide Health Study were used for this study. Participants from this community cohort were asked in stage 2 (2004–2006) and stage 3 (2008–2010) if they had foot pain, aching, or stiffness. In stage 2, serum adipokines and anthropometry were measured, while body composition was analyzed with dual x‐ray absorptiometry. These variables, along with comorbidities and social history, were used in logistic regression analyses to determine if FMI, FFMI, and serum adipokines were associated with foot pain.ResultsPrevalent foot pain was present in 20.2% of participants, and future foot pain in 36.4%. Following multivariate modeling, the odds of having pain at stage 2 increased by 8% for each FMI unit (odds ratio [OR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.04–1.12), while the odds of having pain at stage 3 increased by 6% for each FMI unit at stage 2 (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02–1.11). TNF level, IL‐6 level, and FFMI were not associated with pain.ConclusionIncreased FMI, but not body mass index, FFMI, or TNF or IL‐6 level, was associated with both prevalent and future foot pain. These results suggest that body fat may be more important than body weight with respect to foot pain. The role played by other adipokines requires further investigation.
Spectroscopic Characterization of 1‐­Naphth­yl Isocyanate Anion Radical and of Tris(1‐naphthyl) Isocyanurate Atropisomers
Authors: Peters Steven J. , Kassabaum Mark E. , Nocella Michael K. , McDonald Robert 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRoom‐temperature potassium metal reduction of 1‐naphthyl isocyanate in THF results in a rapid cyclotrimerization (initiated by the 1‐naphthyl isocyanate anion radical) that generates two diastereoisomers (atropisomers) of tris(1‐naphthyl) isocyanurate. The formation of the syn and anti diastereoisomers was monitored by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Upon completion of the cyclotrimerization, the two diastereoisomers were isolated, and their configuration was assigned by NMR spectroscopy. Both compounds crystallize in the monoclinic C2/c space group, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses confirm the structures of both isomeric forms. The results from this study prove that alkali metal reduction of isocyanates is a convenient and rapid method for generating isocyanurate compounds even when a sterically bulky substituent is attached to the NCO moiety.
Aligning force planning and systems acquisition
Authors: Thaba James , Benade Siebert 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWith the dawn of democracy in South Africa, there was a general shift in paradigm in the utilisation of the defence force. The formation of Joint Operations Division signalled a new era for the SANDF and a drive towards jointness in operations, which meant joint planning for the future. Acquisition in the SANDF is governed by Defence Acquisition Policy (DAP) 1000 based on sound System Engineering principles. This policy defines eight levels of the system hierarchy. This is important to distinguish between the various levels of employment and complexity. This study focusses on the interface between systems levels 5, 6 and 7.The ROC is drafted by arms of services with Joint Operations division (which specifies capability requirements) only involved in its approval process. This in turn creates a gap between force planning and acquisition of product systems. In assessing the alignment of future defence objectives and prospective acquisition programs, the efforts to assess this gap has four areas to deal with, namely, implementation of Capability‐based planning (CBP), assessment of the link between capability requirements and acquisition programs, the link between technology planning and capability development and lastly the engineering concept required to take over from System of System Engineering from Level 7. Survey and case study methods were used for this research to assess whether there exists a gap between capability development and systems engineering as it is done in the SANDF and devise proposals to deal with the gap should it be found to exist.
Disciplinary Literacy in English Language Arts
Authors: Smagorinsky Peter 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis article explores the complexity of learning the literacy practices and conventions in the discipline of English language arts. Literacies are explored in the areas of writing/composition, reading/literature, and language/grammar, with attention to the situated nature of proper expression and understanding with respect to each. The author illustrates how different communities of practice produce expectations that require an understanding of not only print conventions but also the social practices that they follow from. The author urges teachers to prepare students for literacy development so they engage the world outside the classroom through language and related modes of communication in ways that enable them to understand others and to express their own views with fidelity to their intentions and clarity to their listeners and readers.
Rapid low‐cost measurement of base‐station antennas in a compact environment
Authors: Oh Soon‐Soo , Lee Young‐Hwan , Kim Woo‐Su 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTWe propose a low‐cost measurement technique of commercially available base‐station antenna in a compact experimental setting, which may be considerably smaller than the far‐field distance. An α‐variable positioner was utilized with Fresnel‐to‐far‐field transformation method. Compared with conventional near‐field measurements, the technique described here allows for more rapid scanning and transformations. The experimental results show good agreement between the results measured at the far‐field and that found using the Fresnel‐to‐far‐field transformation. The experimental validity for commercial base‐station antenna has been successfully shown for the first time as far as our knowledge, so that the proposed technique can be easily applied in small anechoic chambers, which are typically possessed by small‐/medium‐sized companies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:2617–2622, 2015
Predicting Non‐sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis in a Chinese Breast Cancer Population with 1–2 Positive Sentinel Nodes: Development and Assessment of a New Predictive Nomogram
Authors: Chen Jia‐ying , Chen Jia‐jian , Xue Jing‐yan , Chen Ying , Liu Guang‐yu , Han Qi‐xia , Yang Wen‐tao , Shen Zhen‐zhou , Shao Zhi‐min , Wu Jiong 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundWe have developed a new nomogram to predict the probability of a patient with 1–2 metastatic sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) to present further axillary disease.MethodsData were collected from 480 patients who were diagnosed with 1–2 positive lymph nodes and thus underwent axillary lymph node dissection between March 2005 and June 2011. Clinical and pathological features of the patients were assessed with multivariable logistic regression. The Shanghai Cancer Center Non‐SLN nomogram (SCC‐NSLN) was created from the logistic regression model. This new model was subsequently applied to 481 patients from July 2011 to December 2013. The predictive accuracy of the SCC‐NSLN nomogram was measured by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).ResultsBased on the results of the univariate analysis, the variables that were significantly associated with the incidence of non‐SLN metastasis in an SLN‐positive patient included lymphovascular invasion, neural invasion, the number of positive SLNs, the number of negative SLNs, and the size of SLN metastasis (P < 0.05). Using multivariate analysis, lymphovascular invasion, the number of positive SLNs, the number of negative SLNs, and the size of SLN metastasis were identified as independent predictors of non‐SLN metastasis. The SCC‐NSLN nomogram was then developed using these four variables. The new model was accurate and discriminating on both the modeling and validation groups (AUC: 0.7788 vs 0.7953). The false‐negative rates of the SCC‐NSLN nomogram were 3.54 and 9.29 % for the predicted probability cut‐off points of 10 and 15 % when applied to patients who have 1–2 positive SLNs.ConclusionThe SCC‐NSLN nomogram could serve as an acceptable clinical tool in clinical discussions with patients. The omission of ALND might be possible if the probability of non‐SLN involvement is <10 and <15 % in accordance with the acceptable risk determined by medical staff and patients.