bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep web: aproximaciones a la ciber irresponsabilidad
Authors: Bautista Luzardo Dulce María 
Published: October 2015

<p>La Deep web o Hard web es una parte gigantesca de las plataformas virtuales indetectables donde ocurren ciberacciones que tienen como precedente el ocultamiento de la identidad del usuario y han dado pie a la tergiversación del concepto de persona y a la utilización de la web de una manera irresponsable —en algunos casos— para causar desazón, para perseguir o a veces hackear bancos, entidades y cuentas privadas. Este es un artículo de reflexión para analizar los alcances de la práctica de esconder acciones en Internet y de modificar el rostro en la cibersociedad contemporánea. Con esta reflexión se pretende llamar la atención acerca de la responsabilidad que tenemos a la hora de entrar en el mundo del Internet y se analiza los peligros que estas prácticas conllevan.</p>
De la razón cordial a la compasión: La ética con los animales
Authors: Arbeláez Cardona Teresa , Vargas Guillén Germán 
Published: October 2015

<p>Este artículo discute la siguiente tesis: la ética (responsabilidad consigo mismo, con los animales, con el entorno) se basa en la compasión, progresivamente dilucidada por sucesivos estados mentales de segundo orden. Así, este estudio pone su centro en la investigación ética, sobre todo cuando se entrelaza o se entreteje esta en relación con los animales. La tesis que sostenemos es que ética, en rigor, solo hay cuando hay imputabilidad, responsabilidad. Una y otra son esferas de lo humano e implican estados mentales de segundo orden (EM2). Solo mediante estos la persona puede dar cuenta de sí misma y de los otros.</p>
Desarrollando un comité de ética de investigación: el caso del sistema de salud de manaus
Authors: Montefusco-Pereira Carlos Victor , Almeida Rodrigues Nora Ney , Teixeira Cardoso Ademarina , Da Costa Castro Fátima Maria 
Published: October 2015

<p> La creciente complejidad de la investigación biomédica con seres humanos genera muchos conflictos éticos que se suman a la dificultad de cumplir con todos los requisitos impuestos por una legislación en bioética. La Secretaría Municipal de Salud de Manaus (MHCO, en inglés), en el la Región Norte de Brasil, ya tenía un intercambio con universidades locales que no era gestionado por ningún sector en específico, por lo que los proyectos de investigación se autorizaban sin análisis de viabilidad o relevancia y sin ningún seguimiento de acciones dentro del sistema de salud local. En 2008, la MHCO creó la Comisión de Ética de la Investigación (RECO, en inglés). Entonces, ¿constituye la MHCO un campo para la investigación? Hay que decir que sí en el sentido de que, del sistema local de salud, parten temas y servicios que caracterizan por completo a la salud y a la ciudad en sí. Entre 2008 y 2011, el total de proyectos presentados para trabajar dentro de los establecimientos de salud asciende a 282, relacionados con trabajos de pregrado y postgrado. La MHCO representa una acción del gobierno local para supervisar las actividades de investigación en el sistema local de salud y, al mismo tiempo, atrae la atención de los empleados públicos como investigadores de su propio entorno laboral. Dicha acción contribuye a identificar problemas a nivel interno y revela la forma en que la sociedad de Manaus ve al sistema de salud. Articulo de reflexión.</p><p> </p>
Análisis Bioético desde la perspectiva de VR Potter a los discursos de Álvaro Uribe Vélez, relacionados con la implementación de la producción de biocombustibles en Colombia.
Authors: Wilches Flórez Ángela María 
Published: October 2015

<p>En Colombia durante las últimas décadas se ha implementado la producción de biocombustibles como una alternativa a la utilización de combustibles fósiles, se busca que nuestro país se convierta en uno de los primeros productores, razón por la cual el gobierno ha trabajado lo necesario para lograrlo. Uno de los principales promotores del desarrollo de los biocombustibles en Colombia ha sido el expresidente Álvaro Uribe Vélez, es por ello que en este trabajo se hace un análisis desde la perspectiva de la bioética de Van Rensselaer Potter a discursos pronunciados por el expresidente durante su mandato, con el fin de elucidar si se encuentran posturas bioéticas. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se utilizó la metodología del análisis del discurso, encontrándose que en los planteamientos de Uribe Vélez sí se encuentran posturas bioéticas, aunque también se perciben contradicciones frente al manejo que da al concepto de naturaleza.</p>
Steady-state time-periodic finite element analysis of a brushless DC motor drive considering motion
Authors: Jagieła Mariusz , Gwoźdź Janusz 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This paper aims at providing a framework for comprehensive steady-state time-domain analysis of rotating machines considering motion. The steady-state waveforms of electromagnetic and circuit quantities are computed via iterative solution of the nonlinear field-circuit-and-motion problem with constraints of time periodicity. The cases with forced speed and forced load torque are considered. A comparison of execution times with a conventional time-stepping transient model is carried out for two different machines. The numerical stability of a time-periodic model with forced speed is shown to be worse than that of traditional transient time-stepping one, although the model converges within a reasonable number of iterations. This is not the case if forced load via equation of mechanical balance is accounted for. To ensure convergence of the iterative process the physical equation of motion is replaced by the fixed-point equation. In this way the model delivers time-periodic solutions regarding not only the electromagnetic quantities but also the rotational speed.
Sequential changes in Rotterdam CT scores related to outcomes for patients with traumatic brain injury who undergo decompressive craniectomy
Authors: Fujimoto Kenji , Miura Masaki , Otsuka Tadahiro , Kuratsu Jun-ichi 
Published: October 2015

OBJECT
Rotterdam CT scoring is a CT classification system for grouping patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) based on multiple CT characteristics. This retrospective study aimed to determine the relationship between initial or preoperative Rotterdam CT scores and TBI prognosis after decompressive craniectomy (DC).

METHODS
The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all consecutive patients who underwent DC for nonpenetrating TBI in 2 hospitals from January 2006 through December 2013. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to determine the relationship between initial or preoperative Rotterdam CT scores and mortality at 30 days or Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores at least 3 months after the time of injury. Unfavorable outcomes were GOS Scores 1–3 and favorable outcomes were GOS Scores 4 and 5.

RESULTS
A total of 48 cases involving patients who underwent DC for TBI were included in this study. Univariate analyses showed that initial Rotterdam CT scores were significantly associated with mortality and both initial and preoperative Rotterdam CT scores were significantly associated with unfavorable outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for established predictors of TBI outcomes showed that initial Rotterdam CT scores were significantly associated with mortality (OR 4.98, 95% CI 1.40–17.78, p = 0.01) and unfavorable outcomes (OR 3.66, 95% CI 1.29–10.39, p = 0.02) and preoperative Rotterdam CT scores were significantly associated with unfavorable outcomes (OR 15.29, 95% CI 2.50–93.53, p = 0.003). ROC curve analyses showed cutoff values for the initial Rotterdam CT score of 5.5 (area under the curve [AUC] 0.74, 95% CI 0.59–0.90, p = 0.009, sensitivity 50.0%, and specificity 88.2%) for mortality and 4.5 (AUC 0.71, 95% CI 0.56–0.86, p = 0.02, sensitivity 62.5%, and specificity 75.0%) for an unfavorable outcome and a cutoff value for the preoperative Rotterdam CT score of 4.5 (AUC 0.81, 95% CI 0.69–0.94, p < 0.001, sensitivity 90.6%, and specificity 56.2%) for an unfavorable outcome.

CONCLUSIONS
Assessment of changes in Rotterdam CT scores over time may serve as a prognostic indicator in TBI and can help determine which patients require DC.
Initial experience with dual-lumen balloon catheter injection for preoperative Onyx embolization of skull base paragangliomas
Authors: Ladner Travis R. , He Lucy , Davis Brandon J. , Yang George L. , Wanna George B. , Mocco J 
Published: October 2015

OBJECT
Paragangliomas are highly vascular head and neck tumors for which preoperative embolization is often considered to facilitate resection. The authors evaluated their initial experience using a dual-lumen balloon to facilitate preoperative embolization in 5 consecutive patients who underwent preoperative transarterial Onyx embolization assisted by the Scepter dual-lumen balloon catheter between 2012 and 2014.

OBJECT
The authors reviewed the demographic and clinical records of 5 patients who underwent Scepter-assisted Onyx embolization of a paraganglioma followed by resection between 2012 and 2014. Descriptive statistics of clinical outcomes were assessed.

RESULTS
Five patients (4 with a jugular and 1 with a vagal paraganglioma) were identified. Three paragangliomas were embolized in a single session, and each of the other 2 were completed in 3 staged sessions. The mean volume of Onyx used was 14.3 ml (range 6–30 ml). Twenty-seven vessels were selectively catheterized for embolization. All patients required selective embolization via multiple vessels. Two patients required sacrifice of parent vessels (1 petrocavernous internal carotid artery and 1 vertebral artery) after successful balloon test occlusion. One patient underwent embolization with Onyx-18 alone, 2 with Onyx-34 alone, and 1 with Onyx-18 and −34. In each case, migration of Onyx was achieved within the tumor parenchyma. The mean time between embolization and resection was 3.8 days (range 1–8 days). Gross-total resection was achieved in 3 (60%) patients, and the other 2 patients had minimal residual tumor. The mean estimated blood loss during the resections was 556 ml (range 200–850 ml). The mean postoperative hematocrit level change was −17.3%. Two patients required blood transfusions. One patient, who underwent extensive tumor penetration with Onyx, developed a temporary partial cranial nerve VII palsy that resolved to House-Brackmann Grade I (out of VI) at the 6-month follow-up. One patient experienced improvement in existing facial nerve weakness after embolization.

CONCLUSIONS
Scepter catheter-based Onyx embolization seems to be safe and effective. It was associated with excellent distal tumor vasculature penetration and holds promise as an adjunct to conventional transarterial Onyx embolization of paragangliomas. However, the ease of tumor penetration should encourage caution in practitioners who may be able to effect comparable improvement in blood loss with more conservative proximal Onyx penetration.
Real-time magnetic resonance imaging-guided frameless stereotactic brain biopsy: technical note
Authors: Mohyeldin Ahmed , Lonser Russell R. , Elder J. Bradley 
Published: October 2015

OBJECT
The object of this study was to assess the feasibility, accuracy, and safety of real-time MRI-compatible frameless stereotactic brain biopsy.

METHODS
Clinical, imaging, and histological data in consecutive patients who underwent stereotactic brain biopsy using a frameless real-time MRI system were analyzed.

RESULTS
Five consecutive patients (4 males, 1 female) were included in this study. The mean age at biopsy was 45.8 years (range 29–60 years). Real-time MRI permitted concurrent display of the biopsy cannula trajectory and tip during placement at the target. The mean target depth of biopsied lesions was 71.3 mm (range 60.4–80.4 mm). Targeting accuracy analysis revealed a mean radial error of 1.3 ± 1.1 mm (mean ± standard deviation), mean depth error of 0.7 ± 0.3 mm, and a mean absolute tip error of 1.5 ± 1.1 mm. There was no correlation between target depth and absolute tip error (Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, r = 0.22). All biopsy cannulae were placed at the target with a single penetration and resulted in a diagnostic specimen in all cases. Histopathological evaluation of biopsy samples revealed dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (1 case), breast carcinoma (1 case), and glioblastoma multiforme (3 cases).

CONCLUSIONS
The ability to place a biopsy cannula under real-time imaging guidance permits on-the-fly alterations in the cannula trajectory and/or tip placement. Real-time imaging during MRI-guided brain biopsy provides precise safe targeting of brain lesions.
Allograft versus autograft for pediatric posterior cervical and occipito-cervical fusion: a systematic review of factors affecting fusion rates
Authors: Reintjes Stephen L. , Amankwah Ernest K. , Rodriguez Luis F. , Carey Carolyn C. , Tuite Gerald F. 
Published: October 2015

OBJECT
Fusion rates are high for children undergoing posterior cervical fusion (PCF) and occipito-cervical fusion (OCF). Autologous bone has been widely used as the graft material of choice, despite the risk of donor-site morbidity associated with harvesting the bone, possibly because very low fusion rates were reported with posterior allograft cervical fusions in children several decades ago. Higher overall fusion rates using allograft in adults, associated with improvements in internal fixation techniques and the availability of osteoinductive substances such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), have led to heightened enthusiasm for the use of bank bone during pediatric PCF. A systematic review was performed to study factors associated with successful bone fusion, including the type of bone graft used.

METHODS
The authors performed a comprehensive PubMed search of English-language articles pertaining to PCF and OCF in patients less than 18 years old. Of the 561 abstracts selected, 148 articles were reviewed, resulting in 60 articles that had sufficient detail to be included in the analysis. A meta-regression analysis was performed to determine if and how age, fusion technique, levels fused, fusion substrate, BMP use, postoperative bracing, and radiographic fusion criteria were related to the pooled prevalence estimates. A systematic review of the literature was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement.

RESULTS
A total of 604 patients met the specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The overall fusion rate was 93%, with a mean age of 9.3 years and mean follow-up of 38.7 months. A total of 539 patients had fusion with autograft (94% fusion rate) and 65 patients with allograft (80% fusion rate). Multivariate meta-regression analysis showed that higher fusion rates were associated with OCF compared with fusions that excluded the occiput (p < 0.001), with the use of autograft instead of allograft (p < 0.001), and with the use of CT to define fusion instead of plain radiography alone. The type of internal fixation, the use of BMP, patient age, and the duration of follow-up were not found to be associated with fusion rates in the multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS
Fusion rates for PCF are high, with higher rates of fusion seen when autograft is used as the bone substrate and when the occiput is included in the fusion construct. Further study of the use of allograft as a viable alternative to autograft bone fusion is warranted because limited data are available regarding the use of allograft in combination with more rigid internal fixation techniques and osteoinductive substances, both of which may enhance fusion rates with allograft.
Les premiers pas d’une vie nouvelle Baptême ou bizutage ? Rites bénéfiques ou traumatisants ?
Authors: De Visscher Pierre 
Published: October 2015

Il s’agit d’apporter une relative contribution à l’examen de ce phénomène récurrent d’actualité sociétale. On lira ci-après : une esquisse de l’évolution historique des « baptêmes étudiants » en Belgique ; une tentative de différencier baptême et bizutage ; une confrontation de points de vue motivés et significatifs divergents ; la réactualisation d’une recherche effectuée sur les baptêmes « traditionnels » ; un questionnement quant à la coexistence d’une fraternité et solidarité groupale du baptême avec des soumissions et humiliations du bizutage et leur déni ; l’évocation de l’expérience de Zimbardo à Stanford et de ses conséquences ; l’exemplification de cas de déshumanisation extrême qui se vivent aujourd’hui.
Les appropriations de la main courante informatisée par les personnels de police
Authors: Ocqueteau Frédéric 
Published: October 2015

Dépassant la vue ancestrale de la main courante comme registre de consignation quotidienne des incidents de la vie urbaine sans vocation pénale, l’article éclaire des facettes plus insoupçonnées d’un outil devenu un authentique instrument de la sécurité publique. Depuis son informatisation en 1995 et sa généralisation dans les services de police, l’alimentation et l’usage de la main courante informatisée (MCI) se sont enracinés au point d’avoir fait naître un outil de gestion et d’information ressoudant les policiers les uns aux autres, alors que les identités professionnelles sont en crise. L’article montre le rapport ambivalent de différents policiers à la MCI comme outil de gestion des ressources humaines, distributeur des rapports de pouvoirs en police administrative et judiciaire ou monnaie d’échanges avec la gendarmerie. Il explique pourquoi la MCI n’a pas réussi à accéder au statut d’instrument de mise en œuvre de solutions de prévention aux risques et aux désordres urbains par les statistiques de son produit local.
Associations of CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer in Indian women: a meta-analysis
Authors: Pabalan Noel , Singh Neetu , Singian Eloisa , Barbosa Caio Parente , Bianco Bianca , Jarjanazi Hamdi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractReported associations of CYP1A1 polymorphisms with breast cancer have been inconsistent. In this meta-analysis examining breast cancer associations of three CYP1A1 polymorphisms (M1, M2 and M4) among Indian women may yield information that may be of clinical and epidemiological use for this particular demography. We searched MEDLINE using PubMed and Embase for association studies. From seven published case-control studies, we estimated overall associations and applied subgroup analysis to explore differential effects. All three polymorphisms exhibited overall increased risk, significant in M1 (OR 1.61–1.65, p = 0.04) and M4 (OR 2.02–3.92, p = 0.02–0.04). Differential effects were observed only in the M1 polymorphism where M1 effects were significant in South Indians (OR 2.20–4.34, p < 0.0001) but not the North population, who were at reduced risk (OR 0.64–0.77, p = 0.03–0.55). These populations were not materially different in regard to M2 and M4 as did the women stratified by menopausal status. In this meta-analysis, M1 and M4 effects may render Indian women susceptible, but may be limited by heterogeneity of the studies. Differential effects of the M1 polymorphism in breast cancer render South Indians susceptible compared to those in the North.
IgM-Dependent Phagocytosis in Microglia Is Mediated by Complement Receptor 3, Not Fcα/μ Receptor
Authors: Weinstein Jonathan R. , Quan Yi , Hanson Josiah F. , Colonna Lucrezia , Iorga Michael , Honda Shin-ichiro , Shibuya Kazuko , Shibuya Akira , Elkon Keith B. , Möller Thomas 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Microglia play an important role in receptor-mediated phagocytosis in the CNS. In brain abscess and other CNS infections, invading bacteria undergo opsonization with Igs or complement. Microglia recognize these opsonized pathogens by Fc or complement receptors triggering phagocytosis. In this study, we investigated the role of Fcα/μR, the less-studied receptor for IgM and IgA, in microglial phagocytosis. We showed that primary microglia, as well as N9 microglial cells, express Fcα/μR. We also showed that anti-Staphylococcus aureus IgM markedly increased the rate of microglial S. aureus phagocytosis. To unequivocally test the role of Fcα/μR in IgM-mediated phagocytosis, we performed experiments in microglia from Fcα/μR−/− mice. Surprisingly, we found that IgM-dependent phagocytosis of S. aureus was similar in microglia derived from wild-type or Fcα/μR−/− mice. We hypothesized that IgM-dependent activation of complement receptors might contribute to the IgM-mediated increase in phagocytosis. To test this, we used immunologic and genetic inactivation of complement receptor 3 components (CD11b and CD18) as well as C3. IgM-, but not IgG-mediated phagocytosis of S. aureus was reduced in wild-type microglia and macrophages following preincubation with an anti-CD11b blocking Ab. IgM-dependent phagocytosis of S. aureus was also reduced in microglia derived from CD18−/− and C3−/− mice. Taken together, our findings implicate complement receptor 3 and C3, but not Fcα/μR, in IgM-mediated phagocytosis of S. aureus by microglia.
Costimulation of IL-2 Production through CD28 Is Dependent on the Size of Its Ligand
Authors: Lim Hong-Sheng , Cordoba Shaun-Paul , Dushek Omer , Goyette Jesse , Taylor Alison , Rudd Christopher E. , van der Merwe P. Anton 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Optimal T cell activation typically requires engagement of both the TCR and costimulatory receptors, such as CD28. Engagement of CD28 leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic region and recruitment of cytoplasmic signaling proteins. Although the exact mechanism of CD28 signal transduction is unknown, CD28 triggering has similarities to the TCR, which was proposed to use the kinetic-segregation (KS) mechanism. The KS model postulates that, when small receptors engage their ligands within areas of close (∼15 nm) contact in the T cell/APC interface, this facilitates phosphorylation by segregating the engaged receptor/ligand complex from receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases with large ectodomains, such as CD45. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of elongating the extracellular region of the CD28 ligand, CD80, on its ability to costimulate IL-2 production by primary T cells. CD80 elongation reduced its costimulatory effect without abrogating CD28 binding. Confocal microscopy revealed that elongated CD80 molecules were less well segregated from CD45 at the T cell/APC interface. T cells expressing CD28 harboring a key tyrosine-170 mutation were less sensitive to CD80 elongation. In summary, the effectiveness of CD28 costimulation is inversely proportional to the dimensions of the CD28-CD80 complex. Small CD28-CD80 complex dimensions are required for optimal costimulation by segregation from large inhibitory tyrosine phosphatases. These results demonstrate the importance of ligand dimensions for optimal costimulation of IL-2 production by T cells and suggest that the KS mechanism contributes to CD28 signaling.