bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Elemental AnalysisUpdate based on the original article by Fang‐Yu Yueh, Jagdish P. Singh, Hansheng Zhang,
Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry
, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authors: Cremers David A. , Yueh Fang‐Yu , Singh Jagdish P. , Zhang Hansheng 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a laser‐based technique that can provide nonintrusive, qualitative, and quantitative measurements of elements in gas, liquid, and solid samples. Two major advantages of LIBS, a method of atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), compared with other emission techniques, are that time‐consuming sample preparation is not necessary and measurements can be done rapidly. LIBS uses the plasma generated by a powerful laser pulse to prepare and excite the sample in one step. It also has the ability to perform simultaneous multielement analysis. A major disadvantage is that the sample excitation conditions are sensitive to variations in laser parameters and characteristics of the sample, thereby limiting analytical performance. The small amount of sample material used in LIBS analysis also limits detection sensitivity for some elements compared with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICPAES) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The potential of LIBS to detect toxic metals in harsh environments was recognized in the early 1970s. Recent developments toward improving its analytical capability have led to additional applications. This article reviews some applications of LIBS with an emphasis on environmental monitoring. A brief review of some fundamentally directed LIBS studies is also presented. The analytical abilities of LIBS are compared with other spectroscopic techniques commonly used in the laboratory, such as AAS, ICPAES, and X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF).
Conical Carbon Nanoparticles in Analytical Chemistry
Authors: Jiménez Soto Juan Manuel , Aranzana Ma Soledad Cárdenas 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Conical carbon nanoparticles are a particular form of open carbon nanomaterials. Their typical structure follows from the presence of pentagonal disclinations within a seamless graphene sheet. As a result, two main carbon nanostructures are obtained: carbon nanocones and carbon nanohorns. They were discovered after fullerenes and carbon nanotubes and since then, they have been extensively studied, although their analytical applications are still to be exploited. This contribution compiles the main aspects of conical carbon nanoparticles, including their synthesis and properties as well as the functionalization procedures, which are different from those proposed for other carbon nanoparticles. Finally, the most relevant applications developed up to date are commented on.
Expert Opinion in Court: Civil Law Jurisdictions (
France
,
Germany
,
Italy
, and
Spain
)
Authors: Turner Barry 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article examines the qualifications, mission, and status of the expert witness in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands. The differences and similarities in the role of the expert are compared in the five jurisdictions along with codes of ethics and the position of the expert in the litigation process.
Friction Ridge Skin: Preliminary Study of Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Sanford Ken R. , Farmerie Michelle R. , Pastorial Rachel G. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

This article reports on an initial study of nonhuman primate (NHP) friction ridge patterns. In 2008, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium collaborated on a research project that allowed for the collection of NHP fingerprints for analysis. Although prior NHP fingerprint collection has been limited, early sampling of NHP fingerprints indicated that the frequency of pattern types is reverse to that of humans. Humans possess approximately 65% loops, 30% whorls, and 5% arches; earlier NHP samples indicated that NHPs possess 65% whorls, 30% loops, and 5% arches. The goal of this study was to perform an organized collection of fingerprints representing prosimians, new and old world monkeys, and apes to validate or modify the existing data and contribute to the current development of fingerprint scientific knowledge and to further enhance the current general scientific knowledge base for NHP species as well. The results of this study illustrate new information discovered in both these areas. The data collected in this study thus far demonstrates that orangutans (
Pongo pygmaeus
) and gorillas (
Gorilla gorilla
) do not fall into the previously attributed frequency of pattern types for NHPs in general. This finding suggests that further investigation is needed to reach a definitive conclusion. A variety of collection techniques were developed and used to obtain prints from 10 different species of primates and 19 individual animals at the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium from 2008 to 2012. These collection methods are examined and the potential for future applications and the continuing goals for this ongoing study are discussed.
Lanthanides: Tetravalent Organometallic
Authors: Sroor Farid M.A. , Edelmann Frank T. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

This chapter covers the chemistry of organocerium(IV) complexes as well as “pseudo‐organometallics” of tetravalent cerium. The latter comprise mainly the alkoxides and siloxides as well as various amido and amidinato complexes of cerium in the oxidation state +4. True organocerium(IV) complexes are thus far restricted to a handful of cyclopentadienyl derivatives and some cerocene sandwich complexes. Cerium(IV) complexes comprising specially designed
N
‐heterocyclic ligands comprise the latest addition to the field.
Lanthanides: Endohedral Fullerenes
Authors: Burriss Daniel L. , Atwood David A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
While many elements have been encapsulated in fullerene cages, the rare earth endohedral fullerenes are by far the most studied. The rare earth endohedral fullerenes can exist in various forms, but this article focuses on the more extensively studied types such as monometallofullerenes, dimetallofullerenes, and cluster fullerenes. The covalent bonding of the rare earth elements or clusters to the carbon cage is an important feature. Just as important is the charge transfer from encapsulated species to the carbon cage, which gives the endohedral fullerenes interesting electronic properties. The electronic properties can lead to novel materials for electronic device fabrication. Medical applications for imaging are also being studied because the fullerene cage protects the organism from the potential toxicity of the free rare earth element.
Lanthanides: Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Cotton Simon A. , Harrowfield Jack M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The simple aqueous coordination chemistry of Ln
3+
ions is predominantly that of O‐ and O,N‐donor ligands, as amines are too basic to give isolable complexes from solution; the high hydration energy of Ln
3+
means that such syntheses have to be done in nonpolar solvents. Coordination numbers are determined by steric, not ligand‐field, factors. With uncongested ligands (e.g., H
2
O, thf), coordination numbers from 7 to 9 are typical; but with bulky ligands such as‐N(SiMe
3
)
2
, it is the repulsions between bulky substituent groups that determine how many ligands enter the coordination sphere. The use of small bidentate ligands can lead to coordination numbers up to 12. Coordination numbers often decrease with increasing atomic number of the lanthanide, but there are exceptions to this rule. Because coordination numbers are mainly determined by packing around the metal ion center, solvent molecules can be included in the coordination sphere, and X‐ray diffraction studies are the ultimate reliable way of determining the coordination number. Apart from its aqua ion, there are no cases of simple Sc
3+
complexes greater than six coordinate, except when nitrate is present in the coordination sphere, while Y
3+
complexes resemble those of the heavier lanthanides. A rich variety of simple complexes exists, exemplified by the thf complexes LnCl
3
(thf)

x

(e.g.,
x
= 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4), which are also useful starting materials in synthesis.
Lanthanides: Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Walrod John Hamilton , Atwood David A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Rare earth metal‐organic frameworks generally contain lanthanide Ln
3+
ions coordinated by organic linkers with “hard” Lewis bases forming highly crystalline porous polymers. This chapter provides a brief description of rare earth metal‐organic frameworks and provides a comparison of their chemical and physical properties. The unique luminescent properties are examined across the lanthanide series and the origin of luminescence in rare earth metal‐organic frameworks is explored in detail. Potential applications involving rare earth metal‐organic frameworks are discussed. This includes their use as chemical sensors for various ions, small molecules, and changes in temperature. Additionally, their utility as potential materials for novel biotechnology applications is highlighted.
Lanthanides: Near‐Infrared Materials
Authors: Sun Lining , Shi Liyi 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Recent research in the field of lanthanide‐based near‐infrared (NIR)‐luminescent materials is very active, both at the fundamental and applied levels. A great deal of recent research has focused on the sensitization of NIR‐luminescent lanthanides ions (Ln = Nd, Er, Yb, Ho, Tm, Dy, Sm, and Pr), which are emissive in the NIR region of the spectrum with the wavelength range of 750 to 2500 nm. NIR luminescence attracts interest based on their advantages for lasers, optical amplifiers for telecommunication, biological applications, NIR organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) technology, and solar energy conversion, etc. This chapter describes the current interest in NIR‐luminescent lanthanide complexes and materials. In an effort toward the practical applications, NIR‐emitting complexes have been inserted into matrices, as a result, that is the NIR‐luminescent lanthanide hybrid materials. We mainly focus on the NIR‐luminescent lanthanide ions Yb
3+
, Nd
3+
, and Er
3+
, and to a lesser extent Pr
3+
, Sm
3+
, Dy
3+
, Ho
3+
, and Tm
3+
which will be mentioned when relevant. The chapter describes the latest developments in (i) photophysics of NIR‐emitting lanthanide ions; (ii) NIR‐luminescent lanthanide complexes on the various sensitizers proposed for encapsulating these ions, such as βdiketone, ligands based on 8‐hydroxyquinolinate, d‐transition metal complexes, metal‐organic frameworks, and macrocyclic ligands; and (iii) NIR‐luminescent materials based on sol‐gel, mesoporous materials, polymers, ionic liquids, and upconverting materials. As a conclusion, several evident research trends were proposed which are particularly promising but will require concerted effort for success.
Lanthanides: Upconversion Nanoparticles for Bioimaging Applications
Authors: Jin Jiefu , Wong Wing‐Tak 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Stimulated by the prevalence of nanotechnology since the late 1990s, lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have attracted enormous attention in biological sciences, especially for bioimaging. Compared with conventional bioimaging fluorophores, UCNPs possess unique upconversion luminescence features, high resistance to photobleaching, good chemical stability, and tolerable toxicity. Thus, UCNPs are considered to be very promising near‐infrared bioimaging agents with the characteristics of high signal‐to‐noise contrast and high penetration depth. This chapter begins with an introduction to upconversion mechanisms and upconversion materials, followed by the synthesis and chemical surface modifications of UCNPs. The biological applications of UCNPs, focusing on
in vivo
imaging, are discussed. And lastly, the prospects of UCNPs for biological applications are also addressed.
Lanthanides: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Laurent Sophie , Vander Elst Luce , Boutry Sebastien , Muller Robert N. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Among the different lanthanide ions, gadolinium is the most commonly used to prepare stable complexes for MRI. These paramagnetic complexes are well known as
contrast agents
(CAs) for MRI. The most widely used ligands for complexation are derivatives of DTPA and DOTA. New CAs are continuously being developed to target specific organs and to allow applications in cellular and molecular MRI. Gd‐complexes with high thermodynamic and kinetic stability are required for
in vivo
applications, giving appropriate biodistribution and safety profiles. The efficiency of MRI CAs is measured in terms of their
r
1
and
r
2
relaxivity values.
Lanthanides: Magnetism
Authors: Wang Bing‐Wu , Gao Song 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Some essential concepts about rare earth magnetism are introduced in this chapter. First, ground‐state multiplets of rare earth ions are described to understand the magnetic susceptibilities of rare earth paramagnetic salts at room temperature. To explain the deviation of magnetic susceptibilities with regard to spin and orbital moment only, spin‐orbital coupling and ligand‐field effect are introduced as corrections and they complicate the ground‐ and low‐excited‐state energy spectra. Finally, the exchange‐coupling interactions between rare earths and other spin carriers are discussed to understand the rich magnetic phenomenon of rare earth‐containing materials.
Comparison of operative notes with real-time observation of adhesiolysis-related complications during surgery
Authors: ten Broek R P G , van den Beukel B A W , van Goor H 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Background
The operative report contains critical information for patient care, serves an educational purpose and is an important source for surgical research. Recent studies demonstrate that operative reports are unstructured and lack vital components. The accuracy of the operative notes has never been assessed. The aim of this study was to analyse the accuracy of operative reports by comparing notes with intraoperative observer-derived findings regarding adhesions and adhesiolysis-related complications.

Methods
The incidence of adhesions and adhesiolysis-induced injury were scored from the reports by a researcher blinded to operative findings obtained prospectively by direct observation. In addition, factors influencing correct reporting were analysed, including sex, surgical experience, delay in dictation, and the gradual introduction of a new report template with a focus on describing operative findings rather than actions taken.

Results
A total of 755 consecutive operative reports were analysed. Sensitivity and specificity for the incidence of adhesions was 85·1 and 72·4 per cent respectively. Six of 43 inadvertent enterotomies, and 17 of 48 other organ injuries, had not been reported. All missed bowel injuries were found in reports written in the old template. A median delay in dictating of 3 (range 1–226) working days was found for 56 reports (7·4 per cent). Documentation of inadvertent enterotomies was missing more often in delayed reports (2 of 3 versus 4 of 40 reports dictated with no delay; P = 0·022).

Conclusion
The sensitivity and specificity of operative reports noting adhesions and adhesiolysis were low. One in seven enterotomies was not reported. Effort should be put into teaching timely, meaningful, structured and accurate reporting of surgical procedures.
Meta-analysis of prospective trials determining the short- and mid-term effect of elective open and endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms on quality of life
Authors: Coughlin P A , Jackson D , White A D , Bailey M A , Farrow C , Scott D J A , Howell S J 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Background
Repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is undertaken to prevent rupture. Intervention is by either open repair (OR) or a more minimally invasive endovascular repair (EVAR). Quality-of-life (QoL) analysis is an important health outcome and a number of single studies have assessed QoL following OR and EVAR. This was a meta-analysis of published studies to assess the effect of an intervention on QoL in patients with an AAA.

Methods
A systematic literature search was undertaken for studies prospectively reporting QoL analysis in patients with an AAA undergoing elective intervention. A multivariable meta-analysis model was developed in which the outcomes were mean changes in QoL scores over time, both for all AAA repairs (OR and EVAR) and comparing OR with EVAR.

Results
Data were collated from 16 studies (14 OR, 12 EVAR). The results suggested that treating an AAA had an effect on patient-reported QoL, evident from the statistically significant changes predominantly in domains assessing physical ability and pain. QoL was affected most within the first 3 months after any form of intervention, and was more pronounced following OR. Furthermore, a deterioration in the Physical Component Summary score following an AAA repair (either OR or EVAR) was evident at 12 months after intervention.

Conclusion
Treating an AAA deleteriously affects patient-reported QoL over the first year following intervention.
Study of SOD Mimic and Nucleic Acid Interaction Activity Exerted by Enrofloxacin‐Based Copper(II) Complexes
Authors: Patel Mohan N. , Bhatt Bhupesh S. , Dosi Promise A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractFive new copper(II) complexes of type [Cu(erx)(L)Cl] (erx, enrofloxacin; thiophene‐2‐carbaldehyde (L1); pyridine‐2‐carbaldehyde (L2); 2,2′‐dipyridylamine (L3); 4,5‐diazafluoren‐9‐one (L4); bis(3,5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrazolyl)methane (L5)) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, reflectance, IR, and FAB‐MS. Complexes have been investigated for their interaction with calf thymus (CT) DNA utilizing the absorption‐titration method, viscometric and DNA thermal denaturation studies. The cleavage reaction on pUC19 DNA has been monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that the CuII complexes can more effectively promote the cleavage of plasmid DNA at physiological pH and superoxide dismutase. The (SOD) activity of the complexes has been evaluated by the nitroblue tetrazolium assay, and the complexes catalyzed the dismutation of superoxide at pH 7.8 with IC50 values of 0.35–1.25 μM. The complexes have also been screened for their antibacterial activity against five pathogenic bacteria.
Essential Oils of Micromeria dalmaticaBenth., a Balkan Endemic Species of Section Pseudomelissa
Authors: Karousou Regina , Hanlidou Effie , Lazari Diamanto 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe essential oils of 13 Greek populations of Micromeria dalmatica, a Balkan endemic species and member of the section Pseudomelissa, were examined for the first time. Among the studied populations, two main oil types could be distinguished. Type I was found to be rich in β‐pinene, limonene, and germacrene D (accounting for 55.6–70.2% of the total oil), and Type II was characterized by the preponderance of p‐menthane compounds (accounting for 64.2–89.9% of the oil). The latter oil type could be further divided into two subtypes, one comprising oils with predominance of piperitenone and piperitenone oxide and another composed of oils containing high proportions of pulegone, menthone, and isomenthone. The abundance of p‐menthane compounds is a common feature of the oils of all members of the section Pseudomelissa studied to date. However, the existence of oils of Type I has not been previously reported for M. dalmatica, neither for other members of the section Pseudomelissa.
Rational Design of an “OFF–ON” Phosphorescent Chemodosimeter Based on an Iridium(III) Complex and Its Application for Time‐Resolved Luminescent Detection and Bioimaging of Cysteine and Homocysteine
Authors: Tang Yan , Yang Hui‐Ran , Sun Hui‐Bin , Liu Shu‐Juan , Wang Jing‐Xia , Zhao Qiang , Liu Xiang‐Mei , Xu Wen‐Juan , Li Sheng‐Biao , Huang Wei 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBiothiols, such as cysteine (Cys) and homocysteine (Hcy), play very crucial roles in biological systems. Abnormal levels of these biothiols are often associated with many types of diseases. Therefore, the detection of Cys (or Hcy) is of great importance. In this work, we have synthesized an excellent “OFF‐ON” phosphorescent chemodosimeter 1 for sensing Cys and Hcy with high selectivity and naked‐eye detection based on an IrIII complex containing a 2,4‐dinitrobenzenesulfonyl (DNBS) group within its ligand. The “OFF‐ON” phosphorescent response can be assigned to the electron‐transfer process from IrIII center and C^N ligands to the DNBS group as the strong electron‐acceptor, which can quench the phosphorescence of probe 1 completely. The DNBS group can be cleaved by thiols of Cys or Hcy, and both the 3MLCT and 3LC states are responsible for the excited‐state properties of the reaction product of probe 1 and Cys (or Hcy). Thus, the phosphorescence is switched on. Based on these results, a general principle for designing “OFF‐ON” phosphorescent chemodosimeters based on heavy‐metal complexes has been provided. Importantly, utilizing the long emission‐lifetime of phosphorescence signal, the time‐resolved luminescent assay of 1 in sensing Cys was realized successfully, which can eliminate the interference from the short‐lived background fluorescence and improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio. As far as we know, this is the first report about the time‐resolved luminescent detection of biothiols. Finally, probe 1 has been used successfully for bioimaging the changes of Cys/Hcy concentration in living cells.
Towards Nanoscopic Mn‐Containing Hybrid Polyoxomolybdates: Synthesis, Structure, Magnetic Properties, and Solution Behavior of a {Mn6Mo10} Cluster
Authors: Zhang Lei , Clérac Rodolphe , Onet Camelia I. , Healy Colm , Schmitt Wolfgang 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA manganese‐containing organic–inorganic hybrid polyoxomolybdate, (TBA)2[MnII6MoVI10(O)12(μ‐O)14(μ3‐O)4(tert‐butyl‐PO3)6(Ac)2(pyridine)4(H2O)6]·(CH3CN)6 (1; Ac = CH3COO, TBA = tetrabutylammonium), was synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and IR spectroscopy. Lindqvist hexamolybdate and manganese(III) acetylacetonate were used as starting Mo and Mn sources, respectively. Hexadecanuclear, mixed‐metal 1 is characterized by a sandwich‐type structural motif, whereby a central {Mn6} unit is capped by two {Mo5} moieties. In addition, six fully deprotonated tert‐butylphosphonate ligands bridge these metal centers by adopting η1:η1:η2:μ4 binding modes. MALDI‐MS studies demonstrated that 1 displays interesting fragmentation behavior involving a series of {Mn6Mo10}, {Mn6Mo9}, {Mn6Mo8}, {Mn6Mo7}, {Mn6Mo6}, {Mn6Mo5}, and {Mn6Mo4} moieties. Investigation of the magnetic properties of 1 highlights typical antiferromagnetic interactions between the MnII spin centers.
A Quaternary Polybenzimidazole Membrane for Intermediate Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Xu C. , Scott K. , Li Q. , Yang J. , Wu X. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA quaternary ammonium polybenzimidazole (QPBI) membrane was synthesized for applications in intermediate temperature (100–200 °C) hydrogen fuel cells. The QPBI membrane was imbibed with phosphoric acid to provide suitable proton conductivity. The proton conductivity of the membrane was 0.051 S cm–1 at 150 °C with the PA acid loading level of 3.5 PRU (amount of H3PO4 per repeat unit of polymer QPBI). The QPBI membrane was characterized in terms of composition, structure and morphology by NMR, FTIR, SEM, and EDX. The fuel cell performance with the membrane gave peak power densities of 440 and 240 mW cm–2 using oxygen and air, respectively, at 175 °C.