bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of lunar chronology revealing a preponderance of 4.34–4.37 Ga ages
Authors: Borg Lars E. , Gaffney Amy M. , Shearer Charles K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractData obtained from Sm‐Nd and Rb‐Sr isotopic measurements of lunar highlands’ samples are renormalized to common standard values and then used to define ages with a common isochron regression algorithm. The reliability of these ages is evaluated using five criteria that include whether: (1) the ages are defined by multiple isotopic systems, (2) the data demonstrate limited scatter outside uncertainty, (3) initial isotopic compositions are consistent with the petrogenesis of the samples, (4) the ages are defined by an isotopic system that is resistant to disturbance by impact metamorphism, and (5) the rare‐earth element abundances determined by isotope dilution of bulk of mineral fractions match those measured by in situ analyses. From this analysis, it is apparent that the oldest highlands’ rock ages are some of the least reliable, and that there is little support for crustal ages older than approximately 4.40 Ga. A model age for ur‐KREEP formation calculated using the most reliable Mg‐suite Sm‐Nd isotopic systematics, in conjunction with Sm‐Nd analyses of KREEP basalts, is 4389 ± 45 Ma. This age is a good match to the Lu‐Hf model age of 4353 ± 37 Ma determined using a subset of this sample suite, the average model age of 4353 ± 25 Ma determined on mare basalts with the 146Sm‐142Nd isotopic system, with a peak in Pb‐Pb ages observed in lunar zircons of approximately 4340 ± 20 Ma, and the oldest terrestrial zircon age of 4374 ± 6 Ma. The preponderance of ages between 4.34 and 4.37 Ga reflect either primordial solidification of a lunar magma ocean or a widespread secondary magmatic event on the lunar nearside. The first scenario is not consistent with the oldest ages reported for lunar zircons, whereas the second scenario does not account for concordance between ages of crustal rocks and mantle reservoirs.
Randomized, controlled trial of the effect of e‐feedback on knowledge about radiotherapy of breast cancer patients in Finland
Authors: Siekkinen Mervi , Kesänen Jukka , Vahlberg Tero , Pyrhönen Seppo , Leino‐Kilpi Helena 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe growing number of women with breast cancer and their unmet knowledge expectations of radiotherapy pose a challenge to develop effective electronic patient education. Development efforts should be focused on e‐feedback on knowledge because of its positive effects. In this study, we evaluated how an e‐feedback knowledge intervention (e‐Re‐Know) before first radiotherapy improves breast cancer patients' knowledge of radiotherapy and identified the associations with patients' characteristics. Women with breast cancer (n = 128) were randomized prior to the radiotherapy period either to the intervention group or control group. The outcome measured three months after the radiotherapy period was knowledge level of radiotherapy. The increase in knowledge level was higher in the intervention group after adjustment for baseline knowledge level, and a significantly higher increase in knowledge level was seen in one subdomain, side‐effect self‐care, compared to the control group. The results of this study indicate that the e‐Re‐Know can be used in patient education to support empowerment. Future research should target new applications of e‐Re‐Know available on the Internet for those interested in the subject.
Factors affecting sexual function: A comparison between women with gynecological or rectal cancer and healthy controls
Authors: Li Chia‐Chun , Rew Lynn , Chen Lynn 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis study had two purposes: (i) to explore differences in sexual function between women with gynecological or rectal cancer after related pelvic‐area treatments and women without cancer; and (ii) to investigate the relationships among body image, anxiety and depression, sexual relationship power, sexual self‐schema, and female sexual function. The participants (n = 139) were recruited through Internet cancer support groups and women's health organizations in the USA. Six structured questionnaires were mailed, and the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that women with gynecological or rectal cancer had significantly worse sexual function than women without cancer. Having gynecological/rectal cancer and a negative sexual self‐schema were significantly related to poor sexual function. Furthermore, sexual self‐schema moderated the relationship between sexual relationship power and female sexual function. Healthcare providers could give more attention to sexual issues in women who have undergone treatment for gynecological or rectal cancer, especially for those with a negative sexual self‐schema and high sexual relationship power, which might improve these women's quality of life.
Olive domestication and diversification in the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Diez Concepcion M. , Trujillo Isabel , Martinez‐Urdiroz Nieves , Barranco Diego , Rallo Luis , Marfil Pedro , Gaut Brandon S. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryOlive (Olea europaeassp. europaea) is the most important oil fruit crop in temperate areas, but the origin of the cultivated olive remains unclear. The existence of one or several domestication events in the Mediterranean Basin (MB) is still debated.We analyzed a dataset of 387 cultivated and wild accessions that were genotyped at 25 simple‐sequence repeat (SSR) loci. The sample represented genetic diversity at the geographic extremes of theMB. We inferred relationships among samples and also applied approximate Bayesian computation to estimate the most probable demographic model of our samples.Cultivated olives clustered into three different gene pools (Q1, Q2 and Q3), corresponding loosely to the west, central and easternMB, respectively. Q1 consisted primarily of accessions from southern Spain, retained the fingerprint of a genetic bottleneck, and was closely related to accessions from the easternMB. Q2 showed signs of recent admixture with wild olives and may derive from a local domestication event in the centralMB.Overall our results suggest that admixture shaped olive germplasm and perhaps also local domestication events.
Foundations for a human science of nursing: Gadamer, Laing, and the hermeneutics of caring
Authors: Rolfe Gary 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe professions of nursing and nurse education are currently experiencing a crisis of confidence, particularly in the UK, where the Francis Report and other recent reviews have highlighted a number of cases of nurses who no longer appear willing or able to ‘care’. The popular press, along with some elements of the nursing profession, has placed the blame for these failures firmly on the academy and particularly on the relatively recent move to all‐graduate status in England for pre‐registration student nurses. This has come to be known in the UK as the ‘too‐posh‐to‐wash’ argument, that there is an incommensurability between being educated to degree level and performing basic nursing tasks. I will argue in this paper that the diagnosis of the problem is substantively correct, but the formulation and the prescription are misguided and dangerous. I will suggest that the growing emphasis on research‐based and evidence‐based practice is the logical conclusion of an inappropriate scientific paradigm for nursing which is underpinned by the social sciences, by technical rationality, and by a focus on people. In contrast, I will suggest that a more fruitful way of thinking about and practising nursing and nurse education is to consider it as a human science with a focus on persons in which evidence for practice derives largely from practice itself. The history of the idea of a human science is traced from its roots in nineteenth century hermeneutics to the work of Gadamer and R.D. Laing in the 1960s, and I attempt to imagine a paradigm for nursing practice, scholarship, and education based on Laing's ‘existential–phenomenological’ approach with a focus on the endeavour to understand and relate to individual persons rather than to make broad prescriptions for practice based on statistical and other generalizations.
Intraoral features and considerations in face transplantation
Authors: Wall A , Bueno E , Pomahac B , Treister N 
Published: November 2014

Face transplantation (FT) is a unique and novel addition to the field of reconstructive surgery, which offers new hope to facially disfigured individuals. This review provides an overview of FT, including clinical indications, immunological principles, and functional outcomes, as well as an in‐depth characterization of the intraoral hard and soft tissue findings in the six patients transplanted to date at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, MA, USA. Six FT recipients underwent comprehensive clinical and radiographic evaluation to assess their intraoral status, function, and overall health. The extra‐ and intraoral soft tissue was assessed via quantitative sensory testing. The vitality of the transplanted dental hard tissue was evaluated with clinically available testing methods. Native teeth and prostheses were also assessed. Sensation of transplanted oral mucosa varied based on time elapsed from FT, ranging from minimal at 3 months post‐FT, to nearly complete recovery by approximately 24 months. There was mixed success with the integration of donor teeth (Patients 1, 4 and 6), including associated occlusal discrepancies. Mucosal complications included constriction at the donor/recipient interface (Patients 2 and 5) and solitary episodes of mucosal rejection presenting as lichenoid inflammation (Patients 2 and 4). Face transplantation represents a pivotal moment in the history of reconstructive surgery and transplant medicine, providing new optimism to patients with gross facial deformities. This report highlights the successes of FT, but also the challenges of transplanting hard and soft tissues to restore complex stomatognathic function. Further attention directed toward comprehensive oral rehabilitation in FT will contribute to improved outcomes, with the ultimate goal of restoring and optimizing patient quality of life.
Evaluation of two commercial nucleic acid amplification kits for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis in saliva samples
Authors: González Mediero G , Vázquez Gallardo R , Pérez del Molino ML , Diz Dios P 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two commercial nucleic acid amplification techniques to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis in saliva.Subjects and MethodsFifty‐two participants were recruited, 32 patients with a clinical and microbiological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and 20 healthy volunteers as controls. Three sputum samples were collected from each participant and were examined by direct bacilloscopy, cultured in liquid and solid media, and processed using the Mycobacterium tuberculosis direct (MTD) test for rRNA detection. One saliva sample was collected from each participant using conventional methods and was examined by direct bacilloscopy, cultured, and processed using the MTD test for rRNA detection and the FluoroType Mycobacterium tuberculosis assay for DNA detection.ResultsIn saliva samples, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the MTD test were 71.8%, 95%, 95.8%, and 67.8%, respectively. The values obtained with the FluoroType assay were 56.2%, 90%, 90%, and 56.2%, respectively.ConclusionsOur results indicate that when a sufficient volume of sputum cannot be obtained, saliva could be an alternative biological sample for the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis using commercial nucleic acid amplification techniques.
Origins of adult pigmentation: diversity in pigment stem cell lineages and implications for pattern evolution
Authors: Parichy David M. , Spiewak Jessica E. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryTeleosts comprise about half of all vertebrate species and exhibit an extraordinary diversity of adult pigment patterns that function in shoaling, camouflage, and mate choice and have played important roles in speciation. Here, we review studies that have identified several distinct neural crest lineages, with distinct genetic requirements, that give rise to adult pigment cells in fishes. These lineages include post‐embryonic, peripheral nerve‐associated stem cells that generate black melanophores and iridescent iridophores, cells derived directly from embryonic neural crest cells that generate yellow‐orange xanthophores, and bipotent stem cells that generate both melanophores and xanthophores. This complexity in adult chromatophore lineages has implications for our understanding of adult traits, melanoma, and the evolutionary diversification of pigment cell lineages and patterns.
Application of high‐throughput, high‐resolution and cost‐effective next generation sequencing‐based large‐scale HLA typing in donor registry
Authors: Zhou M. , Gao D. , Chai X. , Liu J. , Lan Z. , Liu Q. , Yang F. , Guo Y. , Fang J. , Yang L. , Du D. , Chen L. , Yang X. , Zhang M. , Zeng H. , Lu J. , Chen H. , Zhang X. , Wu S. , Han Y. , Tan J. , Cheng Z. , Huang C. , Wang W. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractNext generation sequencing (NGS)‐based human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing was used for ultra large‐scale genotyping of registry donors for the China Marrow Donor Program (CMDP). More than 79,000 samples were subjected to HLA genotyping at 4‐digit allelic level without ambiguities for HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, DRB1 and DQB1 loci, with throughput up to 2068 samples per lane in a HiSeq flow cell (eight lanes per run), and cost reduced by 95% compared with that of Sanger‐based typing. Two percent of randomly selected samples were quality control (QC) tested at 4‐digit allelic level by the CMDP QC laboratory, yielded a concordance of 99.72%. These results demonstrate that NGS is a cost effective and valuable tool for HLA typing of registry donors.
Repeat HIV testing during pregnancy and delivery: missed opportunities in a rural district hospital in Zambia
Authors: Heemelaar Steffie , Habets Nicole , Makukula Ziche , van Roosmalen Jos , van den Akker Thomas 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess coverage of repeat HIV testing among women who delivered in a Zambian hospital. HIV testing of pregnant women and repeat testing every 3 months during pregnancy and breastfeeding is the recommended policy in areas of high HIV prevalence.MethodsA prospective implementation study in a second‐level hospital in rural Zambia. Included were all pregnant women who delivered in hospital during May and June 2012. Data regarding antenatal visits and HIV testing were collected by two investigators using a standardised form.ResultsOf 401 women who delivered in hospital, sufficient antenatal data could be retrieved for 322 (80.3%) women. Of these 322 women, 301 (93.5%) had attended antenatal care (ANC) at least once. At the time of discharge after delivery in hospital, 171 (53.1%) had an unclear HIV status because their negative test result was more than 3 months ago or of an unknown date, or because they had not been tested at all during pregnancy or delivery. An updated HIV status was present for 151 (46.9%) women: 25 (7.8%) were HIV positive and 126 (39.1%) had tested negative within the last 3 months. In this last group, 79 (24.5%) had been tested twice or more during pregnancy. During the study period, none of the women was tested during admission for delivery.ConclusionDespite high ANC coverage, opportunities for repeat HIV testing were missed in almost half of all women who delivered in this hospital in a high‐prevalence HIV setting.
Trigonal Ice Crystals in Earth’s Atmosphere
Authors: Murray Benjamin J. , Salzmann Christoph G. , Heymsfield Andrew J. , Dobbie Steven , Neely Ryan R. , Cox Christopher J. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
We are all familiar with the hexagonal shape of snow and ice crystals, and it is well established that their sixfold symmetry is derived from the arrangement of water molecules in a hexagonal crystal structure. However, atmospheric ice crystals with only threefold rotational symmetry are often observed, which is inconsistent with the hexagonal crystal structure of ordinary ice. These crystals are found in a wide range of different cloud types ranging from upper-tropospheric cirrus to contrails and diamond dust and they form at temperatures ranging from about −84° to −5°C. Recent experimental studies of ice crystal structures have shown that ice under a wide range of atmospheric conditions does not always conform to the standard hexagonal crystal structure. Instead, sequences of the hexagonal structure can be interlaced with cubic sequences to create stacking-disordered ice. This degrades the symmetry of the crystal structure so that, instead of having a hexagonal structure, they have a trigonal structure with a corresponding threefold symmetry. Hence, this implies that atmospheric ice crystals with threefold symmetry are made of stacking-disordered ice. We conclude that the presence of trigonal crystals in the atmosphere is consistent with rare Parry arc halos and also show that they have distinct radiative properties compared with hexagonal ice.
Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Feedback on the Intensity of the Western Pacific Subtropical High to Microphysics Schemes
Authors: Sun Yuan , Zhong Zhong , Lu Wei 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The Advanced Research version of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) Model is used to examine the sensitivity of a simulated tropical cyclone (TC) track and the associated intensity of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) to microphysical parameterization (MP) schemes. It is found that the simulated WPSH is sensitive to MP schemes only when TCs are active over the western North Pacific. WRF fails to capture TC tracks because of errors in the simulation of the WPSH intensity. The failed simulation of WPSH intensity and TC track can be attributed to the overestimated convection in the TC eyewall region, which is caused by inappropriate MP schemes. In other words, the MP affects the simulation of the TC activity, which influences the simulation of WPSH intensity and, thus, TC track. The feedback of the TC to WPSH plays a critical role in the model behavior of the simulation. Further analysis suggests that the overestimated convection in the TC eyewall results in excessive anvil clouds and showers in the middle and upper troposphere. As the simulated TC approaches the WPSH, the excessive anvil clouds extend far away from the TC center and reach the area of the WPSH. Because of the condensation of the anvil clouds’ outflows and showers, a huge amount of latent heat is released into the atmosphere and warms the air above the freezing level at about 500 hPa. Meanwhile, the evaporative (melting) process of hydrometers in the descending flow takes place below the freezing level and cools the air in the lower and middle troposphere. As a result, the simulated WPSH intensity is weakened, and the TC turns northward earlier than in observations.
Wind and Temperature Oscillations Generated by Wave–Turbulence Interactions in the Stably Stratified Boundary Layer
Authors: Sun Jielun , Mahrt Larry , Nappo Carmen , Lenschow Donald H. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The authors investigate atmospheric internal gravity waves (IGWs): their generation and induction of global intermittent turbulence in the nocturnal stable atmospheric boundary layer based on the new concept of turbulence generation discussed in a prior paper by Sun et al. The IGWs are generated by air lifted by convergence forced by the colliding background flow and cold currents near the ground. The buoyancy-forced IGWs enhance wind speed at the wind speed wave crests such that the bulk shear instability generates large coherent eddies, which augment local turbulent mixing and vertically redistribute momentum and heat. The periodically enhanced turbulent mixing, in turn, modifies the air temperature and flow oscillations of the original IGWs. These turbulence-forced oscillations (TFOs) resemble waves and coherently transport momentum and sensible heat. The observed momentum and sensible heat fluxes at the IGW frequency, which are due to either the buoyancy-forced IGWs themselves or the TFOs, are larger than turbulent fluxes near the surface. The IGWs enhance not only the bulk shear at the wave crests, but also local shear over the wind speed troughs of the surface IGWs. Temporal and spatial variations of turbulent mixing as a result of this wave-induced turbulent mixing change the mean airflow and the shape of the IGWs.
Shear Capacity as Prognostic for Nocturnal Boundary Layer Regimes
Authors: van Hooijdonk Ivo G. S. , Donda Judith M. M. , Clercx Herman J. H. , Bosveld Fred C. , van de Wiel Bas J. H. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Field observations and theoretical analysis are used to investigate the appearance of different nocturnal boundary layer regimes. Recent theoretical findings predict the appearance of two different regimes: the continuously turbulent (weakly stable) boundary layer and the relatively “quiet” (very stable) boundary layer. A large number of nights (approximately 4500 in total) are analyzed using an ensemble averaging technique. The observations support the existence of these two fundamentally different regimes: weakly stable (turbulent) nights rapidly reach a steady state (within 2–3 h). In contrast, very stable nights reach a steady state much later after a transition period (2–6 h). During this period turbulence is weak and nonstationary. To characterize the regime, a new parameter is introduced: the shear capacity. This parameter compares the actual shear after sunset with the minimum shear needed to sustain continuous turbulence. In turn, the minimum shear is dictated by the heat flux demand at the surface (net radiative cooling), so that the shear capacity combines flow information with knowledge of the boundary condition. It is shown that the shear capacity enables prediction of the flow regimes. The prognostic strength of this nondimensional parameter appears to outperform the traditional ones like the similarity parameter z/L and the gradient Richardson number Ri as a regime indicator.
Multiple myeloma: a model for scientific and clinical progress
Authors: San Miguel Jesus 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a unique cancer paradigm for investigating the mechanisms involved in the transition from a premalignant condition (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance) into a malignant disease (MM). In the pathogenesis of myeloma, the dialogue between plasma cells and their microenvironment is as important as the genotypic characteristics of the tumor clone. MM is genetically highly complex, with almost all patients displaying cytogenetic abnormalities and frequent intraclonal heterogeneity that play a critical role in the outcome of the disease. In fact, it is likely that myeloma will soon no longer be considered as a single entity. This, along with the availability of an unexpected number of new treatment possibilities, has reinforced the need for better tools for prognosis and for monitoring treatment efficacy through minimal residual disease techniques. The outcome of MM patients has significantly improved in the last 2 decades, first through the introduction of high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation and, more recently, due to the use of proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib and carfilzomib) and immunomodulatory agents (thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide). Moreover, the need to reexamine the diagnostic criteria of early MM and the possibility of early intervention opens up new therapeutic avenues. New drugs are also emerging, including second- and third-generation proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulators, monoclonal antibodies, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and kinesin spindle protein inhibitors, among others. Our goal is to find a balance among efficacy, toxicity, and cost, with the ultimate aim of achieving a cure for this disease.