bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Peripheral Nerve Transfers in Tetraplegia: Evaluation of Feasibility and Morbidity
Authors: Fox Ida K. , Davidge Kristen M. , Novak Christine B. , Hoben Gwendolyn , Kahn Lorna C. , Juknis Neringa , Ruvinskaya Rimma , Mackinnon Susan E. 
Published: September 2014

Background Peripheral nerve transfers are being used to improve upper extremity function in cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate feasibility and perioperative complications following these procedures. Methods Eligible SCI patients with upper extremity dysfunction were assessed and followed for a minimum of 3 months after surgery. Data regarding demographics, medical history, physical examination, electrodiagnostic testing, intraoperative nerve stimulation, recipient nerve histomorphometry, surgical procedure, and complications were collected. Results Seven patients had surgery on eight limbs, mean age of 28±9.9 years and mean time from SCI injury of 5.1±5.2 years. All patients had volitional elbow flexion and no volitional hand function. The nerve to the brachialis muscle was used as the expendable donor, and the recipients included the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) (for volitional prehension), nerve branches to the flexor carpi radialis, and flexor digitorum superficialis. Two patients underwent additional nerve transfers: (1) supinator to extensor carpi ulnaris or (2) deltoid to triceps. No patients had any loss of baseline upper extremity function, seven of eight AIN nerve specimens had preserved micro-architecture, and all intraoperative stimulation of recipient neuromuscular units was successful further supporting feasibility. Four patients had perioperative complications; all resolved or improved (paresthesias). Conclusion Nerve transfers can be used to reestablish volitional control of hand function in SCI. This surgery does not downgrade existing function, uses expendable donor nerve, and has no postoperative immobilization, which might make it a more viable option than traditional tendon transfer and other procedures.
Panama Canal expansion: fuel economy and logistical risk
Authors: Mulligan Robert F. , Lombardo Gary A. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Since cargo capacity increases faster than fuel consumption, the significantly larger capacity fleets which will accompany expansion of the Panama Canal will introduce additional fuel economies and cost savings. Enabling larger, more fuel-efficient vessels to carry cargo the entire distance from Asia to US east-coast ports allows vessel operators to realize significant and meaningful savings compared with the alternatives of using smaller Panamax vessels for the whole distance, or sending the cargo over the US land bridge by train or truck. Fuel savings are quantified along with the monetary savings based on various assumptions for the price of fuel. These savings are dramatic and will increase directly with the price of crude petroleum. Finally, microeconomic theory is deployed to determine how cost savings will be distributed between shipping customers and vessel operators.
Friction of low-dimensional nanomaterial systems
Authors: Guo Wanlin , Yin Jun , Qiu Hu , Guo Yufeng , Wu Hongrong , Xue Minmin 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
When material dimensions are reduced to the nanoscale, exceptional physical mechanics properties can be obtained that differ significantly from the corresponding bulk materials. Here we review the physical mechanics of the friction of low-dimensional nanomaterials, including zero-dimensional nanoparticles, one-dimensional multiwalled nanotubes and nanowires, and two-dimensional nanomaterials—such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and transition-metal dichalcogenides—as well as topological insulators. Nanoparticles between solid surfaces can serve as rolling and sliding lubrication, while the interlayer friction of multiwalled nanotubes can be ultralow or significantly high and sensitive to interwall spacing and chirality matching, as well as the tube materials. The interwall friction can be several orders of magnitude higher in binary polarized h-BN tubes than in carbon nanotubes mainly because of wall buckling. Furthermore, current extensive studies on two-dimensional nanomaterials are comprehensively reviewed herein. In contrast to their bulk materials that serve as traditional dry lubricants (e.g., graphite, bulk h-BN, and MoS2), large-area high-quality monolayered two-dimensional nanomaterials can serve as single-atom-thick coatings that minimize friction and wear. In addition, by appropriately tuning the surface properties, these materials have shown great promise for creating energy-efficient self-powered electro-opto-magneto-mechanical nanosystems. State-of-the-art experimental and theoretical methods to characterize friction in nanomaterials are also introduced.
Research on coal staged conversion poly-generation system based on fluidized bed
Authors: Ni Mingjiang , Li Chao , Fang Mengxiang , Wang Qinhui , Luo Zhongyang , Cen Kefa 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA new coal staged conversion poly-generation system combined coal combustion and pyrolysis has been developed for clean and high efficient utilization of coal. Coal is the first pyrolysed in a fluidized pyrolyzer. The pyrolysis gas is then purified and used for chemical product or liquid fuel production. Tar is collected during purification and can be processed to extract high value product and to make liquid fuels by hydro-refining. Semi-coke from the pyrolysis reactor is burned in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor for heat or power generation. The system can realize coal multi-product generation and has a great potential to increase coal utilization value. A 1 MW poly-generation system pilot plant and a 12 MW CFB gas, tar, heat and power poly-generation system was erected. The experimental study focused on the two fluidized bed operation and characterization of gas, tar and char yields and compositions. The results showed that the system could operate stable, and produce about 0.12 m3/kg gas with 22 MJ/m3 heating value and about 10 wt% tar when using Huainan bituminous coal under pyrolysis temperature between 500 and 600 °C. The produced gases were mainly H2, CH4, CO, CO2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6 and C3H8. The CFB combustor can burn semi-coke steadily. The application prospect of the new system was discussed.
Alzheimer's disease public‐private partnerships: Update 2014
Authors: Snyder Heather M. , Kim Hye , Bain Lisa J. , Egge Robert , Carrillo Maria C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe National Plan to Address Alzheimer's Disease highlights the need for coordinated public‐private partnerships. In recent years, the number of collaborations and consortia have expanded and grown in Alzheimer's research. The Alzheimer's Association compiles this annually updated compendium to centralize this inventory of partnerships in an effort to synergize these activities. This manuscript reflects the 2014 landscape of non‐profit organizations who engage in public‐private partnerships to promote and support dementia research.
‘Fight TB with BCG’: Mass Vaccination Campaigns in the British Caribbean, 1951–6
Authors: Altink Henrice 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBased on a wide range of primary materials, including WHO reports and Colonial Office correspondence, this article examines the UNICEF/WHO-funded mass BCG campaigns that were carried out in seven Caribbean colonies between 1951 and 1956. It explores the reasons behind them, their nature and aftermath and also compares them to those in other non-European countries and discusses them within a context of decolonisation. In doing so, it not only adds to the scholarship on TB in non-European contexts, which had tended to focus on Africa and Asia, but also to the relatively new field of Caribbean medical history and the rapidly expanding body of work on international health, which has paid scant attention to the Anglophone Caribbean and the pre-independence period.
‘Recharge My Exhausted Batteries’: Overbeck’s Rejuvenator, Patenting, and Public Medical Consumers, 1924–37
Authors: Stark James F. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlthough historians have shown that there has been a complex and multi-layered relationship between the body, medicine and the force of electricity, many avenues remain to be explored. One of the most prominent of these is the way in which electrotherapy technologies were marketed to a wide variety of different end users and intermediaries. This paper offers the first historical analysis of one such device – the Overbeck Rejuvenator – a 1920s electrotherapy machine designed for use by the general public. Its inventor, Otto Overbeck, was not a medical man and this enabled him to use aggressive strategies of newspaper advertising, using testimonials to market his product alongside appeals to his own scientific authority. He commissioned the prestigious Ediswan Company to manufacture the Rejuvenator on a large scale, and took out patents in eleven countries to persuade users of the efficacy of the device. In response to Overbeck’s activities, the British Medical Association enlisted an electrical engineer to examine the Rejuvenator, contacted practitioners whose endorsements were being used in publicity material, and denied Overbeck permission to advertise in theBritish Medical Journal. Despite this, the Rejuvenator brought its inventor wealth and notoriety, and helped redefine the concept of ‘rejuvenation’, even if the professional reception of such a device was almost universally hostile. This paper shows how the marketing, patenting and publishing of Overbeck combined to persuade members of the laity to try the Rejuvenator as an alternative form of therapy, bypassing the medical profession in the process.
Matters of Priority: Herbert Mayo, Charles Bell and Discoveries in the Nervous System
Authors: Bradley James 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBetween 1822 and the late 1830s a highly personal priority dispute was fought between the celebrated surgeon and anatomist Sir Charles Bell and his ex-student Herbert Mayo. The dispute was over the motor and sensory functions of the Vth and VIIth cranial nerves. Over the course of the 1820s and the 1830s, the competing claims of Bell and Mayo were presented in newspapers, journals, and textbooks. But by the time of Bell’s death in 1842, Mayo had been discredited, a seemingly tragic footnote in the history of nervous discovery. And yet, with the benefit of hindsight, Bell’s case was at best disingenuous. His success was not due to any intrinsic scientific merit in his argument, but rather his ability to create a narrative that undermined the credibility of Mayo. However, only when Mayo’s public performances elided with Bell’s descriptions did this ploy succeed. As a result, the dispute illuminates the importance of credibility to the creation of an idealised scientific medical practitioner.
A Review of High School Level Astronomy Student Research Projects Over the Last Two Decades
Authors: Fitzgerald M. T. , Hollow R. , Rebull L. M. , Danaia L. , McKinnon D. H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSince the early 1990s with the arrival of a variety of new technologies, the capacity for authentic astronomical research at the high school level has skyrocketed. This potential, however, has not realised the bright-eyed hopes and dreams of the early pioneers who expected to revolutionise science education through the use of telescopes and other astronomical instrumentation in the classroom. In this paper, a general history and analysis of these attempts is presented. We define what we classify as an Astronomy Research in the Classroom (ARiC) project and note the major dimensions on which these projects differ before describing the 22 major student research projects active since the early 1990s. This is followed by a discussion of the major issues identified that affected the success of these projects and provide suggestions for similar attempts in the future.
THE TOTAL DISTANCE FOR TOTALLY POSITIVE ALGEBRAIC INTEGERS
Authors: FLAMMANG V. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLet $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}P(x)$ be a polynomial of degree $d$ with zeros $\alpha _1, \ldots, \alpha _d$. Stulov and Yang [‘An elementary inequality about the Mahler measure’, Involve6(4) (2013), 393–397] defined the total distance of$P$ as ${\rm td}(P)=\sum _{i=1}^{d} | | \alpha _i| -1|$. In this paper, using the method of explicit auxiliary functions, we study the spectrum of the total distance for totally positive algebraic integers and find its five smallest points. Moreover, for totally positive algebraic integers, we establish inequalities comparing the total distance with two standard measures and also the trace. We give numerical examples to show that our bounds are quite good. The polynomials involved in the auxiliary functions are found by a recursive algorithm.
DEPENDENCE OF EIGENVALUES OF SIXTH-ORDER BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS ON THE BOUNDARY
Authors: GE SUQIN , WANG WANYI , YANG QIUXIA 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the dependence of eigenvalues of sixth-order boundary value problems on the boundary. We show that the eigenvalues depend not only continuously but also smoothly on boundary points, and that the derivative of the$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}n$th eigenvalue as a function of an endpoint satisfies a first-order differential equation. In addition, we prove that as the length of the interval shrinks to zero all higher eigenvalues of such boundary value problems march off to plus infinity. This is also true for the first (that is, lowest) eigenvalue.
The effect of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on the spread of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) by Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Garzón A. , Budia F. , Medina P. , Morales I. , Fereres A. , Viñuela E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe effects of two aphidophagous predators, the larvae of Chrysoperla carnea and adults of Adalia bipunctata, on the spread of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) transmitted in a non-persistent manner by the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii were studied under semi-field conditions. Natural enemies and aphids were released inside insect-proof cages (1 m ×1 m ×1 m) with a central CMV-infected cucumber plant surrounded by 48 healthy cucumber seedlings, and the spatiotemporal dynamics of the virus and vector were evaluated in the short and long term (1 and 5 days) in the presence and absence of the natural enemy. The spatial analysis by distance indices methodology together with other indices measuring the dispersal around a single focus was used to assess the spatial pattern and the degree of association between the virus and its vector. Both natural enemies significantly reduced the number of aphids in the CMV-source plant after 5 days but not after 1 day. The CMV transmission rate was generally low, especially after 1 day, due to the limited movement of aphids from the central CMV-source plant, which increased slightly after 5 days. Infected plants were mainly located around the central virus-infected source plant, and the percentage of aphid occupation and CMV-infected plants did not differ significantly in absence and presence of natural enemies. The distribution patterns of A. gossypii and CMV were only coincident close to the central plant. The complexity of multitrophic interactions and the role of aphid predators in the spread of CMV are discussed.
Development, survivorship and reproduction ofHelicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under fluctuating temperatures
Authors: Mironidis George K. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLaboratory studies were conducted to assess the effect of temperature on the survival, development, longevity and fecundity ofHelicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at eight different fluctuating temperatures with an amplitude ±9 °C under constant photoperiodic conditions of 16:8 h (L:D).H. armigeraachieved complete development from egg to adult emergence between mean 17.5 and 32.5 °C. At mean 35 °C, all newly hatched larvae died and at mean 15 °C entered diapause at pupal stage. The lower developmental thresholds of the immature stages were estimated by a linear model and ranged from 4.63 °C (pupal stage) to 7.69 °C (egg stage). The developmental thresholds estimated by a nonlinear model were slightly higher than those estimated by the linear model. Adult longevity and fecundity were reduced at mean fluctuating temperatures 17.5 and 32.5 °C, but tended to be independent of the pattern of temperature change at moderate temperatures. The maximum reproductive performance, 1130 eggs per female, was observed at mean 25 °C. The intrinsic rates of increase were positive, meaning thatH. armigeracould be expected to persist or increase in number between mean 17.5 and 32.5 °C, with the maximum value at mean 27.5 °C.H. armigerasurvives, develops and reproduces within a wide range of fluctuating temperatures, while it completes the above functions with different levels of success at different mean temperatures of diurnal variation. Comparison of our results with similar data from the literature involving constant conditions is discussed. This information will provide a better understanding ofH. armigeraphenology and population dynamics under natural conditions and is essential to understanding the ecological and evolutionary consequences of climate change on this important species.
Treatment comparisons in agricultural field trials accounting for spatial correlation
Authors: RICHTER C. , KROSCHEWSKI B. , PIEPHO H.-P. , SPILKE J. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYThe classical analysis model for agricultural field trials is based on the principles of experimental design – randomization, replication and blocking – and it assumes independent residual effects. Accounting for any existent spatial correlation as an add-on component may be beneficial, but it requires selection of a suitable spatial model and modification of classical tests of treatment contrasts. Using a sugar beet trial laid out in complete blocks for illustration, it is shown that tests obtained with different modifications yield diverging results. Simulations were performed to decide whether different test modifications lead to valid statistical inferences. For the spherical, power and Gaussian models, each with six different values of the range parameter and without a nugget effect, the suitability of the following modifications was studied: a generalization of the Satterthwaite method (1941), the method of Kenward and Roger (1997), and the first-order corrected method described by Kenward and Roger (2009). A second-order method described by Kenward and Roger (2009) is also discussed and detailed results are provided as Supplemental Material (available at: http://journals.cambridge.org/AGS). Simulations were done for experiments with 10 or 30 treatments in complete and incomplete block designs. Model selection was performed using the corrected Akaike information criterion and likelihood-ratio tests. When simulation and analysis models were identical, at least one of the modifications for the t-test guaranteed control of the nominal Type I error rate in most cases. When the first-order method of Kenward and Roger was used, control of the t-test Type I error rate was poor for 10 treatments but on average very good for 30 treatments, when considering the best-fitting models for a given simulation setting. Results were not satisfactory for the F-test. The more pronounced the spatial correlation, the more substantial was the gain in power compared to classical analysis. For experiments with 20 treatments or more, the recommendation is to select the best-fitting model and then use the first-order method for t-tests. For F-tests, a randomization-based model with independent error effects should be used.
Sub-Arctic operations in the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905
Authors: Stone Ian R. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThis note concerns the little known sub-Arctic operations in the Russo-Japanese war, 1904–1905. Apart from a slightly farcical ‘invasion’ of the Kamchatka peninsula by a group of Japanese fishermen, and a naval engagement off the coast of southern Sakhalin, the main operations related to the efficiently conducted Japanese invasion of the sub–Arctic island of Sakhalin itself. This was the only occupation of Russian territory during the war and was intended to strengthen the Japanese position in the peace negotiations, held at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, that brought the war to a close.
Versatile green: an alternative perspective on urban green space in late nineteenth-century Antwerp
Authors: TRITSMANS BART 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThis article argues that a one-sided focus on official sources has dominated historical research on urban green space. The absence of the users’ perspective obscures a substantial part of its significance. This article, which aims at complementing rather than contradicting existing research, will show that the different perspectives and practices of city dwellers widen our understanding of the history of urban green spaces. The article will also consider the value of often marginalized, unofficial green spaces like ramparts and wastelands at the urban fringe.
FREELY QUASICONFORMAL MAPS AND DISTANCE RATIO METRIC
Authors: LI YAXIANG , PONNUSAMY SAMINATHAN , VUORINEN MATTI 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSuppose that $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}E$ and $E'$ denote real Banach spaces with dimension at least 2 and that $D\subset E$ and $D'\subset E'$ are domains. Let $\varphi :[0,\infty )\to [0,\infty )$ be a homeomorphism with $\varphi (t)\geq t$. We say that a homeomorphism $f: D\to D'$ is $\varphi $-FQC if for every subdomain $D_1 \subset D$, we have $\varphi ^{-1} (k_D(x,y))\leq k_{D'} (f(x),f(y))\leq \varphi (k_D(x,y))$ holds for all $x,y\in D_1$. In this paper, we establish, in terms of the $j_D$ metric, a necessary and sufficient condition for a homeomorphism $f: E \to E'$ to be FQC. Moreover, we give, in terms of the $j_D$ metric, a sufficient condition for a homeomorphism $f: D\to D'$ to be FQC. On the other hand, we show that this condition is not necessary.