bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macrophage cell death and transcriptional response are actively triggered by the fungal virulence factor Cbp1 during H. capsulatum infection
Authors: Isaac Dervla T. , Berkes Charlotte A. , English Bevin C. , Hocking Murray Davina , Lee Young Nam , Coady Alison , Sil Anita 
Published: August 2015

SummaryMicrobial pathogens induce or inhibit death of host cells during infection, with significant consequences for virulence and disease progression. Death of an infected host cell can either facilitate release and dissemination of intracellular pathogens or promote pathogen clearance. Histoplasma capsulatum is an intracellular fungal pathogen that replicates robustly within macrophages and triggers macrophage lysis by unknown means. To identify H. capsulatum effectors of macrophage lysis, we performed a genetic screen and discovered three mutants that grew to wild‐type levels within macrophages but failed to elicit host‐cell death. Each mutant was defective in production of the previously identified secreted protein Cbp1 (calcium‐binding protein 1), whose role in intracellular growth had not been fully investigated. We found that Cbp1 was dispensable for high levels of intracellular growth but required to elicit a unique transcriptional signature in macrophages, including genes whose induction was previously associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress and host‐cell death. Additionally, Cbp1 was required for activation of cell‐death caspases‐3/7, and macrophage death during H. capsulatum infection was dependent on the pro‐apoptotic proteins Bax and Bak. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that the ability of Cbp1 to actively program host‐cell death is an essential step in H. capsulatum pathogenesis.
Pandemic influenza virus, pH1N1, induces asthmatic symptoms via activation of innate lymphoid cells
Authors: Shim D. H. , Park Y. A. , Kim M. J. , Hong J. Y. , Baek J. Y. , Kim K. W. , Byun Y.‐h. , Seong B.‐L. , Ryu S. , Song M. K. , Hong K.‐J. , Na W. , Song D. , Park J. H. , Sohn M. H. , Lee J. M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe pandemic strain of the influenza A virus (pH1N1) in 2009 caused many complications in patients. In this study, we introduce asthmatic symptoms as a complication of pH1N1 infection in children, not having a relationship with asthma history. The aim of this study was to quantify asthmatic symptoms in pH1N1‐infected children and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of airway hyper‐responsiveness (AHR) induced in a murine model of pH1N1 infection.MethodsAs a retrospective study, pH1N1‐infected children who were hospitalized with moderate to severe acute asthmatic symptoms were enrolled and administered a methacholine challenge test (MCT) at 3 months post‐discharge. Additionally, the induction of AHR by pH1N1 infection was measured by MCT in wild‐type and Rag1−/− mice. The effect of the innate immune response on the development of AHR following pH1N1 infection was investigated.ResultsMore than 70% of the pH1N1‐infected children without a pre‐infection diagnosis of asthma had a negative response on the MCT. None of these children had recurrent wheezing or asthma during the 3 years following pH1N1 infection. The development of AHR in pH1N1‐infected mice was associated with an elevation in IL‐33 and innate lymphoid cells 2 (ILC2).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that pH1N1 infection directly induces transient asthmatic symptoms in patients regardless of their medical history. pH1N1 infection was shown to stimulate the rapid development of AHR and Th2‐type cytokine secretion in mice via the activation of ILC2; it may be activated independently of adaptive immunity.
The patient experience of sleep problems and their treatment in the context of current delusions and hallucinations
Authors: Waite Felicity , Evans Nicole , Myers Elissa , Startup Helen , Lister Rachel , Harvey Allison G. , Freeman Daniel 
Published: August 2015

ObjectivesThere is increasing recognition that sleep problems are common in patients with psychosis, that they exacerbate delusions and hallucinations and should be a treatment target. The aim of this study was to gain a patient perspective on the nature of sleep problems in psychosis and experience of treatment.DesignA qualitative, semi‐structured interview‐based study to explore patient accounts of sleep problems and associated psychological treatment.MethodsTen patients with recent delusions and hallucinations, who had experienced sleep problems and received psychological treatment during a clinical trial (the Better Sleep Trial), were interviewed. Responses were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.ResultsPatients reported experiencing problems of getting to sleep, staying asleep, too much sleep, nightmares, and erratic sleep patterns. These sleep problems caused emotional distress, fatigue, and reduction in daytime activities. Worry and psychotic experiences disturbed sleep, while consequent tiredness meant that patients coped poorly with voices and persecutory fears. Treatment for sleep problems was viewed very positively and considered to have wide‐ranging impacts.ConclusionsSleep disturbance is a major problem for patients with psychosis, which should be treated more often in services using evidence‐based interventions.Practitioner points

Psychological interventions for sleep problems are valued by patients with psychosis.

Patients with current distressing psychotic experiences report wide‐ranging benefits from a brief psychological intervention for sleep problems.
Case formulation in clinical practice: Associations with psychological mindedness, attachment and burnout in staff working with people experiencing psychosis
Authors: Hartley Samantha , Jovanoska Jelena , Roberts Susan , Burden Nicolas , Berry Katherine 
Published: August 2015

ObjectivesCase formulation can impact on therapeutic relationships, staff understanding and outcomes, which might be particularly important when working with complex mental health problems such as psychosis. However, the evidence base is equivocal and there is insufficient understanding around the staff‐related factors that influence effective psychological case formulation. This study investigated the influence of staff characteristics (both professional and personal) on case formulation skill.DesignThis was a cross‐sectional study, with all of the measures collected at the same time point.MethodsFifty staff members working on inpatient wards with individuals experiencing psychosis were recruited. Measures included independently rated case formulation skill and psychological mindedness (the ability to draw together aspects of thoughts, feelings and actions), both in relation to hypothetical cases. Self‐report questionnaires assessed psychological mindedness, attachment styles, symptoms of burnout and professional qualifications.ResultsThe preliminary analyses indicated that case formulation skill was associated with higher psychological mindedness (both self‐reported and independently‐rated) and lower levels of avoidant attachment styles. Simultaneous entry multiple regression demonstrated that the only independent predictor of case formulation skill was independently rated psychological mindedness.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the factors that contribute to staff's ability to case formulate and the possibility for services to develop psychological mindedness and case formulation skills through formal training, alongside fostering a psychological minded working environment.Practitioner points

Case formulation skill is positively associated with the personal ability (or inclination) to draw together aspects of experience in a psychological manner (i.e., psychological mindedness)

It might also be important to consider avoidant attachment tendencies in relation to formulation skills

The sample was relatively small and drawn from a limited number of services, which might reduce the generalizability of the findings

Psychological mindedness might not be captured adequately by self‐report tools and services may wish to employ more novel ways of assessing this important skill in staff groups (such as the speech sample used in the current study)
Leaf proteome rebalancing in Nicotiana benthamiana for upstream enrichment of a transiently expressed recombinant protein
Authors: Robert Stéphanie , Goulet Marie‐Claire , D'Aoust Marc‐André , Sainsbury Frank , Michaud Dominique 
Published: August 2015

SummaryA key factor influencing the yield of biopharmaceuticals in plants is the ratio of recombinant to host proteins in crude extracts. Postextraction procedures have been devised to enrich recombinant proteins before purification. Here, we assessed the potential of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) as a generic trigger of recombinant protein enrichment in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves before harvesting. Previous studies have reported a significant rebalancing of the leaf proteome via the jasmonate signalling pathway, associated with ribulose 1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) depletion and the up‐regulation of stress‐related proteins. As expected, leaf proteome alterations were observed 7 days post‐MeJA treatment, associated with lowered RuBisCO pools and the induction of stress‐inducible proteins such as protease inhibitors, thionins and chitinases. Leaf infiltration with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacterial vector 24 h post‐MeJA treatment induced a strong accumulation of pathogenesis‐related proteins after 6 days, along with a near‐complete reversal of MeJA‐mediated stress protein up‐regulation. RuBisCO pools were partly restored upon infiltration, but most of the depletion effect observed in noninfiltrated plants was maintained over six more days, to give crude protein samples with 50% less RuBisCO than untreated tissue. These changes were associated with net levels reaching 425 μg/g leaf tissue for the blood‐typing monoclonal antibody C5‐1 expressed in MeJA‐treated leaves, compared to less than 200 μg/g in untreated leaves. Our data confirm overall the ability of MeJA to trigger RuBisCO depletion and recombinant protein enrichment in N. benthamiana leaves, estimated here for C5‐1 at more than 2‐fold relative to host proteins.
Understanding and utilizing crop genome diversity via high‐resolution genotyping
Authors: Voss‐Fels Kai , Snowdon Rod J. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryHigh‐resolution genome analysis technologies provide an unprecedented level of insight into structural diversity across crop genomes. Low‐cost discovery of sequence variation has become accessible for all crops since the development of next‐generation DNA sequencing technologies, using diverse methods ranging from genome‐scale resequencing or skim sequencing, reduced‐representation genotyping‐by‐sequencing, transcriptome sequencing or sequence capture approaches. High‐density, high‐throughput genotyping arrays generated using the resulting sequence data are today available for the assessment of genomewide single nucleotide polymorphisms in all major crop species. Besides their application in genetic mapping or genomewide association studies for dissection of complex agronomic traits, high‐density genotyping arrays are highly suitable for genomic selection strategies. They also enable description of crop diversity at an unprecedented chromosome‐scale resolution. Application of population genetics parameters to genomewide diversity data sets enables dissection of linkage disequilibrium to characterize loci underlying selective sweeps. High‐throughput genotyping platforms simultaneously open the way for targeted diversity enrichment, allowing rejuvenation of low‐diversity chromosome regions in strongly selected breeding pools to potentially reverse the influence of linkage drag. Numerous recent examples are presented which demonstrate the power of next‐generation genomics for high‐resolution analysis of crop diversity on a subgenomic and chromosomal scale. Such studies give deep insight into the history of crop evolution and selection, while simultaneously identifying novel diversity to improve yield and heterosis.
Deriving C4 photosynthetic parameters from combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence using an Excel tool: theory and practice
Authors: Bellasio Chandra , Beerling David J , Griffiths Howard 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe higher photosynthetic potential of C4 plants has led to extensive research over the past 50 years, including C4‐dominated natural biomes, crops such as maize, or for evaluating the transfer of C4 traits into C3 lineages. Photosynthetic gas exchange can be measured in air or in a 2% Oxygen mixture using readily available commercial gas exchange and modulated PSII fluorescence systems. Interpretation of these data, however, requires an understanding (or the development) of various modelling approaches, which limit the use by non‐specialists. In this paper we present an accessible summary of the theory behind the analysis and derivation of C4 photosynthetic parameters, and provide a freely available Excel Fitting Tool (EFT), making rigorous C4 data analysis accessible to a broader audience. Outputs include those defining C4 photochemical and biochemical efficiency, the rate of photorespiration, bundle sheath conductance to CO2 diffusion and the in vivo biochemical constants for PEP carboxylase. The EFT compares several methodological variants proposed by different investigators, allowing users to choose the level of complexity required to interpret data. We provide a complete analysis of gas exchange data on maize (as a model C4 organism and key global crop) to illustrate the approaches, their analysis and interpretation. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Adenovirus necrotizing hepatitis complicating atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor
Authors: McKillop Sarah J. , Belletrutti Mark J. , Lee Bonita E. , Yap Jason Y. , Noga Michelle L. , Desai Sunil J. , Sergi Consolato 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAdenovirus‐induced fulminant hepatitis is rare. It has been reported in children with primary immunodeficiency, following transplantation or while receiving chemotherapy for hematological malignancy. We present the case of an infant recovering from chemotherapy for atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) in whom a diagnosis of hepatic necrosis due to adenovirus was made.
Magnesium oxide nanoparticles induce systemic resistance in tomato against bacterial wilt disease
Authors: Imada K. , Sakai S. , Kajihara H. , Tanaka S. , Ito S. 
Published: August 2015

Bacterial wilt is a serious problem affecting many important food crops. Recent studies have indicated that treatment with biotic or abiotic stress factors may increase the resistance of plants to bacterial infection. This study investigated the effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NP) on disease resistance in tomato plants against Ralstonia solanacearum, as well as its antibacterial activity. The roots of tomato seedlings were inoculated with R. solanacearum and then immediately treated with MgO NP; the treated plants showed very little inhibition of bacterial wilt. In contrast, when roots were drenched with a MgO NP suspension prior to inoculation with the pathogen, the incidence of disease was significantly reduced. Rapid generation of reactive oxygen species such as O2−˙ radicals was observed in tomato roots treated with MgO NP. Further O2−˙ was rapidly generated when tomato plant extracts or polyphenols were added to the MgO NP suspension, suggesting that the generation of O2−˙ in tomato roots might be due to a reaction between MgO NP and polyphenols present in the roots. Salicylic acid‐inducible PR1, jasmonic acid‐inducible LoxA, ethylene‐inducible Osm, and systemic resistance‐related GluA were up‐regulated in both the roots and hypocotyls of tomato plants after treatment of the plant roots with MgO NP. Histochemical analyses showed that β‐1,3‐glucanase and tyloses accumulated in the xylem and apoplast of pith tissues of the hypocotyls after MgO NP treatment. These results indicate that MgO NP induces systemic resistance in tomato plants against R. solanacearum.
Sclerostin, Osteocytes, and Chronic Kidney Disease – Mineral Bone Disorder
Authors: Moysés Rosa M. A. , Schiavi Susan C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractOsteocytes respond to kidney damage by increasing production of secreted factors important to bone and mineral metabolism. These circulating proteins include the antianabolic factor, sclerostin, and the phosphaturic hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Elevated sclerostin levels correlate with increased FGF23, localized reduction in Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in the skeleton and reduced osteoblast differentiation/activity. Decreased Wnt/β‐catenin signaling occurs regardless of the overall changes in bone formation rates, suggesting that a reduction in the anabolic response may be a common feature of renal bone disorders but additional mechanisms may contribute to the diversity of osteodystrophy phenotypes. Recent preclinical studies support this hypothesis, as treatment with antisclerostin antibodies improved bone quality in the context of low but not high turnover renal osteodystrophy. Sclerostin also appears in the circulation suggesting additional roles outside the skeleton in normal and disease states. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), serum levels are elevated several fold relative to healthy individuals. Emerging data suggest that these changes are associated with increased fracture rates but the relationship between sclerostin and cardiovascular disease is unclear. Additional epidemiologic studies that examine stage specific and patient sub‐populations are needed to assess whether sclerostin elevations influence comorbidities associated with CKD.
The Risk of Cyanobacterial Toxins in Dialysate: What Do We Know?
Authors: Hilborn Elizabeth D. , Ward Richard A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSurface waters are increasingly contaminated by cyanobacteria, which may produce potent cyanotoxins harmful to animals and humans. Hemodialysis patients are at high risk of injury from waterborne contaminants in the water used to prepare dialysate. Episodes of acute illness and death among hemodialysis patients have been reported following exposure to dialysate prepared from drinking water contaminated with elevated concentrations of cyanotoxins. Protecting dialysis patients from these toxins is complicated by a lack of monitoring and regulation of cyanotoxins in drinking water, uncertainty as to their safe levels in dialysate, and incomplete knowledge of how well current dialysate preparation and water treatment practices remove them. Until these issues are adequately addressed, hemodialysis centers should be aware of the potential for cyanotoxins to be present in their potable water supply, particularly when it comes from surface water sources prone to cyanobacterial blooms.
Everyday Nationalism: Constructivism for the Masses*
Authors: Goode J. Paul , Stroup David R. 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveWe argue that the “everyday nationalism” approach is both useful and necessary for improving existing constructivist approaches in the comparative study of nationalism and ethnic politics.MethodsA meta‐analysis of existing studies reveals pervasive conceptual and methodological problems of contemporary constructivist approaches. We consider the implications of replacing individuals or groups with ethnic or nationalist practices as units of analysis.ResultsEveryday nationalism promises to address the gap between constructivist theory and the methodological individualism of existing studies. This approach proceeds from ethnographic observation and utilizes methods reliant on observing societal interaction or relational meaning making for verification. We illustrate such a research strategy using examples of nationalist legitimation in authoritarian regimes and the ethnicization of economic development.ConclusionThe everyday nationalism approach promises to overcome the shortcomings in much contemporary constructivist work. The potential for developing qualitative data sets of nationalist or ethnic practices further promises to complement constructivist insights.
The Empire Strikes Back: Ethnicity, Terrain, and Indiscriminate Violence in Counterinsurgencies*
Authors: Siroky David , Dzutsati Valery 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveThe literature on indiscriminate violence has emphasized how information shapes state capacity and determines whether and where the government employs collective targeting. This article investigates the conditions that influence the government's ability to obtain intelligence in counterinsurgencies. Specifically, it suggests that the government is more likely to use indiscriminate violence in areas characterized by indigenous ethnic homogeneity and forested terrain. These features increase the cost of acquiring information about the insurgents, and reduce state capacity, thereby increasing the likelihood of indiscriminate violence.MethodWe examine district‐level data on the Russian government's use of indiscriminate violence and disaggregated data on ethnicity and terrain across the North Caucasus from 2000 to 2011.ResultsThe results indicate that ethnically homogeneous and forested areas are significantly more likely targets of indiscriminate violence, and that the effect of ethnicity is markedly stronger when the district is densely forested.ConclusionThis finding expands on previous studies by testing the observable implications of theories linking information to indiscriminate violence, and by providing new micro‐level evidence for important human and physical constraints on counterinsurgencies.
What Does it Mean to Be a Kin Majority? Analyzing Romanian Identity in Moldova and Russian Identity in Crimea from Below
Authors: Knott Eleanor 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveThis article investigates what kin identification means from a bottom‐up perspective in two kin majority cases: Moldova and Crimea.MethodsThe article is based on ∼50 fieldwork interviews conducted in both Moldova and Crimea with everyday social actors (2012–2013).ResultsEthnic homogeneity for kin majorities is more fractured that previously considered. Respondents identified more in terms of assemblages of ethnic, cultural, political, linguistic, and territorial identities than in mutually exclusive census categories.ConclusionsTo understand fully the relations between kin majorities, their kin‐state and home‐state and the impact of growing kin engagement policies, like dual citizenship, it is necessary to analyze the complexities of the lived experience of kin identification for members of kin majorities and how this relates to kin‐state identification and affiliation. Understanding these complexities helps to have a more nuanced understanding of the role of ethnicity in post‐Communist societies, in terms of kin‐state and intrastate relations.
Seroprevalence of Leishmania infection among asymptomatic renal transplant recipients from southern Spain
Authors: Elmahallawy E.K. , Cuadros‐Moronta E. , Liébana‐Martos M.C. , Rodríguez‐Granger J.M. , Sampedro‐Martínez A. , Agil A. , Navarro‐Mari J.M. , Bravo‐Soto J. , Gutierrez‐Fernández J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this article is to assess the seroprevalence of Leishmania infection among asymptomatic renal transplant recipients in a population in the south of Spain.MethodsSerum samples were screened for immunoglobulin‐G antibodies against Leishmania with an indirect fluorescent antibody test.ResultsOf 625 examined serum samples, 30 (4.8%) samples were positive for Leishmania antibodies. Thirteen samples showed titers of 1:80, 15 samples showed titers of 1:160, and 2 samples showed titers of 1:320. None of the patients with positive serology to Leishmania showed signs or symptoms compatible with leishmaniasis.ConclusionThe prevalence of Leishmania infection found among asymptomatic renal transplant patients reinforces the need for attention in evaluation of these patients in endemic areas.