bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A fictitious domain approach for the Stokes problem based on the extended finite element method
Authors: Court Sébastien , Fournié Michel , Lozinski Alexei 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYIn the present work, we propose to extend to the Stokes problem a fictitious domain approach inspired by extended finite element method and studied for the Poisson problem in a paper of Renard and Haslinger of 2009. The method allows computations in domains whose boundaries do not match. A mixed FEM is used for the fluid flow. The interface between the fluid and the structure is localized by a level‐set function. Dirichlet boundary conditions are taken into account using Lagrange multiplier. A stabilization term is introduced to improve the approximation of the normal trace of the Cauchy stress tensor at the interface and avoid the inf‐sup condition between the spaces for the velocity and the Lagrange multiplier. Convergence analysis is given, and several numerical tests are performed to illustrate the capabilities of the method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are we missing the tail (and the tale) of residence time distributions in watersheds?
Authors: Frisbee Marty D. , Wilson John L. , Gomez‐Velez Jesus D. , Phillips Fred M. , Campbell Andrew R. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractResidence times provide vital information on hydrological, geochemical, and ecological processes in watersheds. The common perception is that mean residence times in watersheds are very short, on the order of days to years. However, there is growing concern that longer residence times of centuries to millennia are not being captured by traditional surface water age‐dating methods. We hypothesize that if mean residence times are biased short, then weathering rates calculated from mean residence times will be forced unrealistically high to match observed solute concentrations. We test this hypothesis by calculating weathering rates from springs based upon residence times estimated using three different age‐dating methods. Observed solute concentrations require unrealistically large weathering rates if typical short residence times are employed as compared to rates derived from longer residence times. Residence time distributions in watersheds have substantially longer tails than previously thought, with implications for age‐dating methods and their interpretation to infer process behavior.
Charred forests increase snowmelt: Effects of burned woody debris and incoming solar radiation on snow ablation
Authors: Gleason Kelly E. , Nolin Anne W. , Roth Travis R. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe document effects of postfire forest conditions on snow accumulation, albedo, and ablation in the Oregon Cascades. We measured snow water equivalent, solar radiation, snow albedo, and snowpack surface debris at a pair of burned and unburned forest plots. Snow accumulation was greater in the burned forest; however, the snowpack disappeared 23 days earlier and had twice the ablation rate than in the unburned forest. Snow albedo was 40% lower in the burned forest during ablation, while approximately 60% more solar radiation reached the snow surface, driving a 200% increase in net shortwave radiation. Significant amounts of pyrogenic carbon particles and larger burned woody debris shed from standing charred trees accumulated on the snowpack and darkened its surface. Spatial analysis showed that across the Western U.S., 80% of all forest fires occurred in the seasonal snow zone, and were 4.4 times larger than fires outside the seasonal snow zone.
Visible channel development during the initial breakdown of a natural negative cloud‐to‐ground flash
Authors: Campos Leandro Z. S. , Saba Marcelo M. F. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractGPS time synchronized high‐speed video records (at 4000 frames per second) and electric field waveforms are discussed for one stepped leader of a negative cloud‐to‐ground flash whose initial development becomes visible above cloud base. The leader emerges from the opaque region of the thundercloud around 4800 m above ground, propagating with speeds of the order of 106 m s−1. It is possible to see that this early, bright, and fast propagation period occurred simultaneously with the emission of initial breakdown bipolar pulse trains. The leader gradually reduces its speed and luminous intensity: When its tip is less than 3000 m above the ground, the propagation speeds oscillate between 2 and 4 × 105 m s−1 until it makes contact approximately 16 ms after it first became visible. With time, the initial breakdown waveform is gradually replaced by unipolar pulses and the leader propagation speed drops to the 105 m s−1 range.
Distinguishing between pain intensity and pain resolution: Using acute post‐surgical pain trajectories to predict chronic post‐surgical pain
Authors: Althaus A. , Arránz Becker O. , Neugebauer E. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundHigh intensity of acute post‐surgical pain is one of the strongest predictors for chronic post‐surgical pain (CPSP). We investigated the predictive power of acute post‐surgical pain trajectories and the interplay of pain trajectories and diverse psychosocial risk factors in the development of CPSP.MethodsData from 199 patients were examined using latent growth curve analysis by means of structural equation modelling. This analytical approach was used to explicitly test the mediating role of acute pain trajectories within the association between preoperative psychosocial vulnerability factors and CPSP.ResultsBoth initial pain intensity and pain resolution during the first five post‐operative days independently contributed to the prediction of CPSP 6 months after surgery. In terms of vulnerability, anxiety and depression had clear but opposing effects on post‐operative pain trajectories. Whereas depressive patients exhibited impaired pain resolution, patients with high anxiety showed better rates of pain resolution after surgery. Both effects on acute pain resolution extended to chronic pain 6 months after surgery.ConclusionsIn this study, we demonstrated that going beyond conventional one‐time measurements of acute pain by modelling pain trajectories may substantially enhance research on pain chronification in two ways: First, pain trajectories bear great potential to improve the prediction of CPSP. Second, they represent a meaningful link between psychosocial vulnerability and CPSP because they can be used to uncover mechanisms by which psychosocial vulnerability unfolds. The reported findings suggest that the incidence of CPSP may be reduced by optimizing post‐operative pain monitoring.
Identification of the Vitamin D Receptor in Osteoblasts and Chondrocytes But Not Osteoclasts in Mouse Bone
Authors: Wang Yongji , Zhu Jinge , DeLuca Hector F 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Bone is clearly a target of vitamin D and as expected, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in osteoblasts. However, the presence of VDR in other cells such as osteocytes, osteoclasts, chondroclasts, and chondrocytes is uncertain. Because of difficulties in obtaining sections of undecalcified adult bone, identification of the site of VDR expression in adult bone tissue has been problematic. In addition, the antibodies to VDR used in previous studies lacked specificity, a property crucial for unambiguous conclusions. In the present study, VDR in the various cells from neonatal and adult mouse bone tissues was identified by a highly specific and sensitive immunohistochemistry method following bone decalcification with EGTA. For accurate evaluation of weak immunosignals, samples from Demay VDR knockout mice were used as negative control. Molecular markers were used to identify cell types. Our results showed that EGTA-decalcification of bone tissue had no detectable effect on the immunoreactivity of VDR. VDR was found in osteoblasts and hypertrophic chondrocytes but not in the multinucleated osteoclasts, chondroclasts, and bone marrow stromal cells. Of interest is the finding that immature osteoblasts contain large amounts of VDR, whereas the levels are low or undetectable in mature osteoblasts including bone lining cells and osteocytes. Proliferating chondrocytes appear devoid of VDR, although low levels were found in the hypertrophic chondrocytes. These data demonstrate that osteoblasts and chondrocytes are major targets of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, but osteoclasts and chondroclasts are minor targets or not at all. A high level of VDR was found in the immature osteoblasts located in the cancellous bone, indicating that they are major targets of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Thus, the immature osteoblasts are perhaps responsible for the vitamin D hormone signaling resulting in calcium mobilization and in osteogenesis. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
15‐LO/15‐HETE Mediated Vascular Adventitia Fibrosis via p38 MAPK‐Dependent TGF‐β
Authors: Zhang Li , Li Yumei , Chen Minggang , Su Xiaojie , Yi Dan , Lu Ping , Zhu Daling 
Published: August 2013

Abstract15‐Lipoxygenase/15‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15‐LO/15‐HETE) is known to modulate pulmonary vascular medial hypertrophy and intimal endothelial cells migration and angiogenesis after hypoxia. However, it is unclear whether 15‐HETE affects the adventitia of the pulmonary arterial wall. We performed immunohistochemistry, adventitia fibrosis, pulmonary artery fibroblasts phenotype and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition to determine the role of 15‐HETE in hypoxia‐induced pulmonary vascular adventitia remodeling. Our studies showed that O2 deprivation induced adventitia hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries with ECM accumulation in both humans with pulmonary arterial hypertension and hypoxic rats. Hypoxia induced 15‐LO expression in adventitia. With the inhibitor, NDGA depressed the hypoxia induced ECM deposition and 15‐LO production in hypoxic rats. Hypoxia up‐regulated the expression of α‐SMA, type‐Ia collagen and fibronectin in cultured fibroblasts, which seemed to be due to the increased 15‐LO/15‐HETE. Exogenous 15‐HETE mediated the ECM and phenotypic alterations of the fibroblasts as well. The 15‐LO/15‐HETE induced adventitia fibrosis and fibroblasts phenotypic alterations depended on signaling of the transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1)/Smad2/3 pathway. P38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPKs) was likely to mediate 15‐LO induced TGF‐β1 and Smad2/3 activation after hypoxia. The results suggest that adventitia fibrosis is an important event in the hypoxia induced pulmonary arterial remodeling, which relies on 15‐LO/15‐HETE induced p38 MAPK‐dependent TGF‐β1/Smad2/3 intracellular signaling systems. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 245–257, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sonographic appearance of the cavum septum pellucidum et vergae in normal fetuses in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy
Authors: Tao Guowei , Lu Gang , Zhan Xinfeng , Li Jun , Cheng Lin , Lee Kingyin , Poon Wai Sang 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundTo characterize the cavum septum pellucidum et vergae (CSPV) in normal fetuses in the second to third trimester.MethodsThe cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) and CSPV were investigated in 322 uncomplicated singleton pregnancies from 25 to 39 weeks' gestation. Visualization rate, width, and morphology of both CSP and cavum vergae (CV) were assessed by ultrasound and MRI.ResultsThe CSP and CSPV visualization rates were 100% and 7.8% (25/322), respectively. The mean widths were 6.3 ± 1.2 mm (3.4–10 mm) and 6.7 ± 1.0 mm (5.1–9 mm), respectively, with no significant correlation between width and gestational age (r = −0.108, p > 0.05 and r = −0.182, p > 0.05, respectively). In CSPV fetuses, the CV to CSP ratio was 1.004 ± 0.018 (0.967–1.033). All CSPVs were rectangular in the transverse plane and extended posteriorly beyond the midpoint of the brain.ConclusionsCommon features of CSPVs include (1) a rectangular morphology, (2) communication between the two cavities, (3) a CV width within the normal range for CSP, and (4) a CV‐CSP ratio of 1. These findings may help distinguish normal from abnormal CSPV. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 41:525–531, 2013.
Glutathione‐sensitive RGD‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐SS‐polyethylenimine for intracranial glioblastoma targeted gene delivery
Authors: Lei Yang , Wang Jing , Xie Cao , Wagner Ernst , Lu Weiyue , Li Ying , Wei Xiaoli , Dong Jibin , Liu Min 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundReductively reversible and hydrolytically degradable cationic polymers have been used as gene delivery systems. The present study aimed to enhance the low transfection efficiency caused by PEGylation by taking advantage of a nonviral vector containing a disulfide linkage.MethodsThe novel reducible targeted gene vector c(RGDyK)‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐SS‐polyethylenimine (RGD‐PEG‐SS‐PEI), representing a combination of RGD‐PEG with PEI through a disulfide linkage, was synthesized and its reduction‐sensitivity was tested in the presence of glutathione. The RGD‐PEG‐SS‐PEI/pDNA complexes were formed and their stability was evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis in both phosphate‐buffered saline and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 10% serum. In vitro transfection efficiency and cell viability assay of the different polymers was performed for U87 cells using pEGFP‐N2 and pGL4.2 reporter gene systems. RGD‐PEG‐SS‐PEI/pDsRED‐N1 and RGD‐PEG‐PEI/pDsRED‐N1 complexes were injected intravenously into the U87 cell‐bearing nude mice via their tail vein to investigate in vivo gene expression.ResultsRGD‐PEG‐SS‐PEI has been synthesized successfully and its reduction‐sensitivity was confirmed in the presence of glutathione. The RGD‐PEG‐SS‐PEI/pDNA complexes demonstrated good stability in both conditions. In comparison with mPEG‐PEI/pDNA for gene delivery, the RGD‐PEG‐SS‐PEI/pDNA complex provided improved levels of transfection efficiency and reduced cytotoxicity when tested in U87 cells in vitro, and also enhanced levels of gene expression in the brains of intracranial U87 glioblastoma‐bearing mice as demonstrated using dsRed gene transfer and bioimaging in vivo.ConclusionsThe results of the present study suggest that RGD‐PEG‐SS‐PEI represents a promising candidate for further study in glioblastoma and combined gene therapies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A kinetic model for the methane hydrate precipitated from venting gas at cold seep sites at Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia margin, Oregon
Authors: Cao Yuncheng , Chen Duofu , Cathles Lawrence M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe develop a kinetic model for hydrate crystallization from methane gas venting through shallow sediments at Hydrate Ridge on the Cascadia margin of Oregon that predicts how pore water chlorinity, temperature, and crystallized hydrate evolve after the onset of steady venting. Predictions are compared to observations at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1249. In the preferred model, calculated gas hydrate saturation and chloride concentrations reach those observed at depths less than 20 m below seafloor (bsf) under the southern summit of Hydrate Ridge in ~650 years, and the vertical water flux must be less than 50 kg/m2/yr. Hydrate accumulates more slowly between 20 m bsf and the base of the hydrate stability zone where there is no free gas, accumulating to observed levels of a few volume percent of hydrate in 105 to 106 years, depending on the water flux that is assumed through this zone. This dichotomy means that the presently observed gas venting must have been diverted to this area ~650 years ago, or be episodic and infrequent. If the gas venting for the last 650 years has been as observed today, the latent heat of hydrate precipitation in the upper 20 m of sediments would have caused the temperature to increase ~0.8°C at ~20 m bsf and ~0.2°C at ~100 m bsf. This would have caused a ~5 m rise in the elevation of the base of hydrate stability zone, and decreased the rate of hydrate crystallization from 1.5 kg CH4/m2/yr 650 years ago to 0.7 kg CH4/m2/yr today.
Human pharmacokinetics of xanthohumol, an antihyperglycemic flavonoid from hops
Authors: Legette LeeCole , Karnpracha Chanida , Reed Ralph L. , Choi Jaewoo , Bobe Gerd , Christensen J. Mark , Rodriguez‐Proteau Rosita , Purnell Jonathan Q. , Stevens Jan F. 
Published: August 2013

ScopeXanthohumol (XN) is a bioactive prenylflavonoid from hops. A single‐dose pharmacokinetic (PK) study was conducted in men (n = 24) and women (n = 24) to determine dose–concentration relationships.Methods and resultsSubjects received a single oral dose of 20, 60, or 180 mg XN. Blood was collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. Plasma levels of XN and its metabolites, isoxanthohumol (IX), 8‐prenylnaringenin (8PN), and 6‐prenylnaringenin (6PN) were measured by LC‐MS/MS. Xanthohumol (XN) and IX conjugates were dominant circulating flavonoids among all subjects. Levels of 8PN and 6PN were undetectable in most subjects. The XN PK profile showed peak concentrations around 1 h and between 4–5 h after ingestion. The maximum XN concentrations (Cmax) were 33 ± 7 mg/L, 48 ± 11 mg/L, and 120 ± 24 mg/L for the 20, 60, and 180 mg dose, respectively. Using noncompartmental modeling, the area under the curves (AUC0→∞) for XN were 92 ± 68 h × μg/L, 323 ± 160 h × μg/L, and 863 ± 388 h × μg/L for the 20, 60, and 180 mg dose, respectively. The mean half‐life of XN was 20 h for the 60 and 18 h for the 180 mg dose.ConclusionXN has a distinct biphasic absorption pattern with XN and IX conjugates being the major circulating metabolites.
Contrasting echogenicity in flexor digitorum profundus–flexor carpi ulnaris: A diagnostic ultrasound pattern in sporadic inclusion body myositis
Authors: Noto Yu‐Ichi , Shiga Kensuke , Tsuji Yukiko , Kondo Masaki , Tokuda Takahiko , Mizuno Toshiki , Nakagawa Masanori 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTIntroduction: In this study we aimed to clarify whether muscle ultrasound (US) of the forearm can be used to differentiate between patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis (s‐IBM) and those with s‐IBM–mimicking diseases. Methods: We compared the echo intensity (EI) of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) muscle and the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) muscles in patients with s‐IBM (n = 6), polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM; n = 6), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; n = 6). Results: We identified EI abnormalities in 100% of patients with s‐IBM, 33% of those with PM/DM, and 33% of those with ALS. An “FDP–FCU echogenicity contrast,” a US pattern involving a higher EI in the FDP than in the FCU, was observed in all patients with s‐IBM, but in none of those with PM/DM or ALS. Conclusions: FDP–FCU echogenicity contrast in muscle US is a sensitive diagnostic indicator of s‐IBM. Muscle Nerve 49: 745–748, 2014
Visualization of the diaphragm muscle with ultrasound improves diagnostic accuracy of phrenic nerve conduction studies
Authors: Johnson Nicholas E. , Utz Michael , Patrick Erica , Rheinwald Nicole , Downs Marlene , Dilek Nuran , Dogra Vikram , Logigian Eric L. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Evaluation of phrenic neuropathy (PN) with phrenic nerve conduction studies (PNCS) is associated with false negatives. Visualization of diaphragmatic muscle twitch with diaphragm ultrasound (DUS) when performing PNCS may help to solve this problem. Methods: We performed bilateral, simultaneous DUS–PNCS in 10 healthy adults and 12 patients with PN. The amplitude of the diaphragm compound muscle action potential (CMAP) (on PNCS) and twitch (on DUS) was calculated. Results: Control subjects had <38% side‐to‐side asymmetry in twitch amplitude (on DUS) and 53% asymmetry in phrenic CMAP (on PCNS). In the 12 patients with PN, 12 phrenic neuropathies were detected. Three of these patients had either significant side‐to‐side asymmetry or absolute reduction in diaphragm movement that was not detected with PNCS. There were no cases in which the PNCS showed an abnormality but the DUS did not. Conclusions: The addition of DUS to PNCS enhances diagnostic accuracy in PN. Muscle Nerve 49: 669–675, 2014
Reliability of panoramic ultrasound imaging to simultaneously examine muscle size and quality of the medial gastrocnemius
Authors: Rosenberg Joseph G. , Ryan Eric D. , Sobolewski Eric J. , Scharville Michael J. , Thompson Brennan J. , King Gilbert E. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTIntroduction: In this study we examined the test–retest reliability of panoramic brightness‐mode ultrasound (US) imaging to simultaneously measure both muscle size and quality from a single US image. Methods: Sixteen healthy, recreationally active men (age = 20.9 ± 2.5 years) volunteered for this investigation. Test–retest reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and the standard error of measurement as a percentage of the mean (SEM%). Muscle size [cross‐sectional area (CSA)], and muscle quality [echo intensity (EI)] of the medial gastrocnemius were examined on 2 separate days. Results: These measures demonstrated acceptable reliability between assessment days with ICCs and SEM% of 0.914 and 0.720 and 5.830 and 3.680 for CSA and EI, respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that panoramic US imaging may be a reliable technique for simultaneous assessment of both muscle size and quality from a single US scan. Muscle Nerve 49: 736–740, 2014
Repeat post‐op voiding trials: An inconvenient correlate with success
Authors: Ferrante Kimberly L. , Kim Hae‐Young , Brubaker Linda , Wai Cliff Y. , Norton Peggy A. , Kraus Stephen R. , Shepherd Jonathan , Sirls Larry T. , Nager Charles W. ,   for the Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimsThis study examined the association between the need for a repeat voiding trial after midurethral sling (MUS) surgery and 1‐year success rates.MethodsWe conducted this secondary analysis of the participants in the Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network trial of midurethral sling (TOMUS) study which compared retropubic versus transobturator MUS. A standard voiding trial was attempted on all subjects. The “repeat voiding trial” group included subjects discharged with catheterization. All others were considered “self voiding.” Success rates between the groups at 1‐year were compared, followed by multivariate analyses controlling for previously reported clinical predictors of success.ResultsMost women (76%) were self‐voiding, while 24% required a repeat voiding trial. The objective success rate at 1‐year was 85.8% in the repeat voiding trial group and 75.3% in the self‐voiding group (P = 0.01). Subjective success rate at 1‐year was 61.0% in the repeat voiding trial group and 55.1% in the self‐voiding group (P = 0.23). Women in the repeat voiding trial group continued to demonstrate greater objective success than the self‐voiding group in multivariate analysis that controlled for previous incontinence surgery, pad weight, urethral mobility, urge score, and type of MUS (P = 0.04, OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.03–3.22).ConclusionsWomen who require a repeat voiding trial following MUS surgery have greater objective success at 1‐year postoperatively when compared to those who are self‐voiding at the time of discharge. These results may help reassure women who require catheterization after MUS surgery that their outcome is not compromised by this immediate transient post‐operative result. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:1225–1228, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.