bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inheritance of resistance to 2,4‐D and chlorsulfuron in a multiple‐resistant population of Sisymbrium orientale
Authors: Preston Christopher , Malone Jenna M 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDA population of Sisymbrium orientale from South Australia has multiple resistance to auxinic herbicides and inhibitors of acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS). Inheritance of resistance to 2,4‐D and chlorsulfuron was studied in this population.RESULTSCrosses were made between seven resistant individuals as pollen donors to seven susceptible individuals. Sixteen F1 individuals from three crosses were identified by their lack of strong epinasty when treated with 200 g 2,4‐D ha−1. These individuals were selfed, and segregation analysis of strong epinasty in the resulting progeny fitted a 3:1 ratio for resistant:susceptible individuals when treated with 200 g 2,4‐D ha−1, as predicted by a single major gene. A detailed dose–response analysis of the F2 populations to 2,4‐D confirmed single‐gene inheritance. Analysis of segregation to 1 g chlorsulfuron ha−1, a concentration that kills all susceptible individuals, was unable to determine the mode of inheritance. A detailed dose–response analysis indicated that two genes contributed to chlorsulfuron resistance: a dominant target‐site mutation of Pro 197 to Ser and a second gene with dose‐dependent dominance.CONCLUSIONSThis population has a single dominant allele conferring 2,4‐D resistance, whereas two genes contribute to chlorsulfuron resistance. Single dominant gene inheritance demonstrates that 2,4‐D resistance can be readily selected. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Team Consistency and Occurrences of Prolonged Operative Time, Prolonged Hospital Stay, and Hospital Readmission: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Xiao Yan , Jones Alan , Zhang Beilei (Belinda) , Bennett Monica , Mears Simon C. , Mabrey Jay D. , Kennerly Donald 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundHuman factors research has suggested benefits of consistent teams yet no surgical team consistency measures have been established for teamwork improvement initiatives.MethodsRetrospective analysis was conducted of teams performing consecutive elective procedures of unilateral primary total knee and hip replacement between June 2008 and May 2010 at a large tertiary medical center. Surgeons who performed fewer than 50 cases of the procedures during the study period were excluded. A team was defined as consistent when its nurse and surgical technologist members were both among the three most frequent working with the surgeon during the study period. Odds ratios for prolonged operative time (in the longest quartile), prolonged hospital stay (longer than median), and 30‐day all‐cause readmissions were adjusted for patient characteristics (sex, age, comorbidity, American Society of Anesthesiology status), surgery characteristics (procedures, time of day), and surgeons.ResultsInconsistent teams performed 61 % of the 1,923 cases with eight surgeons, each of which worked with a median of 43.5 (range, 28–58) nurses and 29 (range, 13–47) technologists. Inconsistent teams were associated with higher likelihood of prolonged operative time [odds ratio 1.52, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.20–1.91], higher likelihood of prolonged hospital stay (odds ratio 1.51, 95 % CI 1.23–1.86), and more readmissions (adjusted odds ratio 1.42, 95 % CI 1.07–1.89).ConclusionsTeam consistency was an independent predictor of prolonged operative time, prolonged hospital stay, and 30‐day hospital readmission in elective, primary, unilateral total knee, and hip replacement procedures, after adjusting for patient and surgery characteristics and surgeons.
Bioconversion of α-pinene by a novel cold-adapted fungusChrysosporium pannorum
Authors: Trytek Mariusz , Jędrzejewski Krzysztof , Fiedurek Jan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe psychrotrophic fungus Chrysosporium pannorum A-1 is reported for the first time as a novel biocatalyst for O2-promoted oxidation of α-pinene. GC–MS analysis indicated that the main products of the reaction were compounds of a high commercial value, verbenol (1) and verbenone (2). Exponentially growing cells (days 2–3) were about twice as active as cells in the late stationary phase in terms of the total concentration of products. The highest yields of 1 and 2 were obtained using three-day and two-day-old mycelia and a medium containing 1.5 and 1 % (v/v) of the substrate, respectively. The optimal time for the bioconversion of α-pinene varied from 1 to 3 days, and depended on the kind of product desired. Most of 1 was produced at a relatively high concentration of 360 mg/L after the first six hours of α-pinene bioconversion [with an average yield of 69 mg/(g dry cell L aqueous phase)]. The oxidative activity of C. pannorum was identified across a wide temperature range of 5–25 °C, 10 °C being the optimum for the production of 1 and 20 °C for the production of 2. Sequential addition of the substrate during 3 days of the biotransformation resulted in a significant increase in 1 and 2 up to 722 and 176 mg/L, respectively, and a 2-fold enhancement of product yield as compared to bioconversion with a single supply of α-pinene. The concentration of total conversion products in the culture medium reached 1.33 g/L [which corresponded product yield of 225 mg/(g dry cell L)]. This represents probably the most promising result reported to date for oxidative biotransformation of α-pinene by a wild-type microorganism.
ON NORMATIVITY AND EPISTEMIC INTUITIONS: FAILURE OF REPLICATION
Authors: Seyedsayamdost Hamid 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe field of experimental philosophy has received considerable attention, essentially for producing results that seem highly counter-intuitive and at the same time question some of the fundamental methods used in philosophy. One of the earlier influential papers that gave rise to the experimental philosophy movement titled ‘Normativity and Epistemic Intuitions’ by Jonathan M. Weinberg, Shaun Nichols and Stephen Stich (2001), reported that respondents displayed different epistemic intuitions depending on their ethnic background as well as socioeconomic status. These findings, if robust, would have important implications for philosophical methodology in general and epistemology in particular. Because of the important implication of its findings, Weinberget al. (2001) has been very influential – currently with more than four hundred citations – and the subject of extensive debate. Despite the paper's significance and despite all the debates this paper has generated, there has not been a replication attempt of its experiments. We collected data from four different sources (two on-line and two in-person) to replicate the experiments. Despite several different data sets and in various cases larger sample sizes, we failed to detect significant differences between the above-mentioned groups. Our results suggest that epistemic intuitions are more uniform across ethnic and socioeconomic groups than Weinberget al. (2001) indicates. Given our data, we believe that the notion of differences in epistemic intuitions among different ethnic and socioeconomic groups advanced by Weinberget al. (2001) and accepted by many researchers needs to be corrected.
Trazodone and exacerbation of psychotic symptoms: an unfamiliar link
Authors: Osman M. , Kilduff M. 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveIn this case report we attempt to emphasize the unfamiliar link between trazodone and relapse of psychotic symptoms.MethodCase report and literature review of relevant papers.ResultsWe report a case of a 78-year-old woman with an established diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia who has experienced an exacerbation of positive psychotic symptoms following initiation of 50 mg dailydose of trazodone. We noted that psychotic symptoms abated following discontinuation of trazodone.ConclusionTrazodone use in patients in remission from schizophrenia may be associated with relapse of psychotic symptoms and caution is required.
Helical vortex filament motion under the non-local Biot–Savart model
Authors: Van Gorder Robert A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe thin helical vortex filament is one of the fundamental exact solutions possible under the local induction approximation (LIA). The LIA is itself an approximation to the non-local Biot–Savart dynamics governing the self-induced motion of a vortex filament, and helical filaments have also been considered for the Biot–Savart dynamics, under a variety of configurations and assumptions. We study the motion of such a helical filament in the Cartesian reference frame by determining the curve defining this filament mathematically from the Biot–Savart model. In order to do so, we consider a matched approximation to the Biot–Savart dynamics, with local effects approximated by the LIA in order to avoid the logarithmic singularity inherent in the Biot–Savart formulation. This, in turn, allows us to determine the rotational and translational velocity of the filament in terms of a local contribution (which is exactly that which is found under the LIA) and a non-local contribution, each of which depends on the wavenumber, $k$, and the helix diameter, $A$. Performing our calculations in such a way, we can easily compare our results to those of the LIA. For small $k$, the transverse velocity scales as $k^{2}$, while for large $k$, the transverse velocity scales as $k$. On the other hand, the rotational velocity attains a maximum value at some finite $k$, which corresponds to the wavenumber giving the maximal torsion.
Experimental investigation of stationary and rotational structures in non-circular hydraulic jumps
Authors: Teymourtash A. R. , Mokhlesi M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWhen a vertical liquid jet impacts on a solid horizontal surface, the first expectation is to have a circular hydraulic jump. However, in some conditions, for highly viscous fluids, the transition from supercritical to subcritical flow occurs with non-circular shapes such as polygons. Indeed, a quick rotational wave appears on the circular jump before the formation of a polygonal form, which may be related to the Rayleigh–Plateau instability. In this paper, stable polygonal jumps are studied to complete this research. The region of stability is defined for polygonal jumps, and the dependence of this region on the flow governing dimensionless groups is determined experimentally. The results confirm the multistability (hysteresis) of the polygonal jumps, and imply that polygonal jumps with different corner numbers can be created in a certain parameter regime. The size and curvature of the sides of the polygons due to variations of flow rate and downstream obstacle height are also investigated. In addition to the stable ones, our experiments reveal a new type of polygonal jump that has an unstable structure and displays a rotational behaviour with a constant angular velocity, which we call it, ‘rotational hydraulic jump’. It is observed that the angular velocity of this kind of jump depends on the jet flow rate, jet radius and downstream height of the jump. Our observations suggest that the nature of the rotational jump is some kind of surface wave along the jump in clockwise or anticlockwise direction. It seems that the rotational jump has a flow structure that is the same as a type IIb jump. The jump dimensions are studied; the inscribed and circumscribed circular radii of each polygon are measured in order to compare the various polygons together and to find a mean jump radius to compare with Watson’s theory.
Sounding in silence: men, machines and the changing environment of naval discipline, 1796–1815
Authors: POSKETT JAMES 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLogbooks and sea charts may appear rather straightforward evidence to present at a naval court martial. However, their introduction into proceedings in the early nineteenth century reveals an important shift. Measuring the depth of water soon became a problem both of navigation and of discipline. Indeed, Captain Newcomb's knowledge of the soundings taken at the Battle of the Basque Roads proved crucial at Lord Gambier's court martial in June 1809. Through a case study of Edward Massey's sounding machine, this paper reveals the close connection between disciplinary practices on land and at sea. The Board of Longitude acted as a key intermediary in this respect. By studying land and sea together, this paper better explains the changing make-up of the British scientific instrument trade in this period. Massey is just one example of a range of new entrants, many of whom had little previous experience of the maritime world. More broadly, this paper emphasizes the role of both environmental history and material culture in the study of scientific instruments.
Prognostic significance of tumour progression and human papillomavirus in advanced tonsillar cancer classified as stage IVa
Authors: Park E , Jung K-Y , Kwon S-Y , Woo J-S , Cho J-G , Park M W , Kim I S , Kim S J , Baek S-K 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjective:To identify clinical factors that can explain the differences in treatment outcome, and examine the value of human papillomavirus infection as a prognostic biomarker in stage IVa tonsillar carcinomas.Methods:Fifty-nine patients with tonsillar carcinoma classified as stage IVa were retrospectively analysed for survival outcomes according to various clinical factors. Human papillomavirus infection was evaluated using a human papillomavirus DNA chip test and immunohistochemical staining for p16 and p53.Results:Lower disease-free survival rates were associated with increasing local invasiveness and nodal status. Although human papillomavirus positivity and p16 expression was more common in locally advanced tonsillar carcinomas with advanced nodal status, the overall survival rate was better for patients with human papillomavirus positive, p16-positive tumours.Conclusion:The disease-free survival rate may differ according to local tumour invasiveness and nodal status, even for stage IVa tonsillar cancers. Human papillomavirus infection may be a useful biomarker for predicting treatment outcomes for stage VIa tumours.
What helminth genomes have taught us about parasite evolution
Authors: ZAROWIECKI MAGDALENA , BERRIMAN MATT 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYThe genomes of more than 20 helminths have now been sequenced. Here we perform a meta-analysis of all sequenced genomes of nematodes and Platyhelminthes, and attempt to address the question of what are the defining characteristics of helminth genomes. We find that parasitic worms lack systems for surface antigenic variation, instead maintaining infections using their surfaces as the first line of defence against the host immune system, with several expanded gene families of genes associated with the surface and tegument. Parasite excretory/secretory products evolve rapidly, and proteases even more so, with each parasite exhibiting unique modifications of its protease repertoire. Endoparasitic flatworms show striking losses of metabolic capabilities, not matched by nematodes. All helminths do however exhibit an overall reduction in auxiliary metabolism (biogenesis of co-factors and vitamins). Overall, the prevailing pattern is that there are few commonalities between the genomes of independently evolved parasitic worms, with each parasite having undergone specific adaptations for their particular niche.
Psychotic reactions to daily life stress and dopamine function in people with severe hearing impairment
Authors: Gevonden M. J. , Myin-Germeys I. , van den Brink W. , van Os J. , Selten J. P. , Booij J. 
Published: December 2014

Background.Minor stresses measured in daily life have repeatedly been associated with increased momentary psychotic experiences, both in individuals with psychotic disorders and in persons who are genetically at an increased risk for these disorders. Severe hearing impairment (SHI) is an environmental risk factor for psychotic disorder, possibly due to the experience of social exclusion. The aim of the current study is to investigate whether people with SHI exhibit higher levels of psychotic reactivity to social stressors in daily life than normal-hearing controls and whether this reactivity is associated with decreased baseline dopamine (DA) D2/3receptor availability and/or elevated DA release following a dexamphetamine challenge.Method.We conducted an experience sampling study in 15 young adults with SHI and 19 matched normal-hearing controls who had previously participated in a single photon emission computed tomography study measuring DA D2/3receptor availability and DA release in response to dexamphetamine.Results.The association between social stress and momentary psychotic experiences in daily life was stronger among SHI participants than among normal-hearing controls. Interactions between social stress and baseline striatal DA D2/3receptor availability or DA release were not significant in multilevel models of momentary psychotic experiences including age, sex and tobacco use.Conclusions.While both elevated striatal DA release and elevated psychotic stress reactivity have been found in the same population defined by an environmental risk factor, SHI, their inter-relationship cannot be established. Further research is warranted to clarify the association between biological and psychological endophenotypes and psychosis risk.
Determination of the maximal singularity-free zone of 4-RRR redundant parallel manipulators and its application on investigating length ratios of links
Authors: Liu Yuzhe , Wu Jun , Wang Liping , Wang Jinsong 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYThis paper presents a new numerical approach using a Genetic algorithm (GA) to search for the singularity-free cylindrical space of a 4-RRR planar redundant parallel manipulator and investigates the effects of the joint position (namely the length ratios of two links) of each leg on the singularity-free cylindrical space. A previous method investigated the maximal singularity-free zone in a 3-dimensional (3-D) space within a given workspace. The method in this paper is improved by optimizing the maximal singularity-free zone in a 2-dimensional (2-D) plane while considering the whole workspace. This improvement can be helpful for reducing the searching time and for finding a larger singularity-free zone. Furthermore, the effect of the joint position of each leg on the maximal singularity-free zone is studied in this paper, which reveals a larger singularity-free zone than before. This result shows that changing the joint positions of one or two legs may be more practical than changing the joint positions of more legs. The approach in this paper can be used to analyze the maximal singularity-free zone of any other three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) planar parallel mechanisms and will be useful for the optimal design of redundant parallel manipulators.
Association of host, agent and environment characteristics and the duration of incubation and symptomatic periods of norovirus gastroenteritis
Authors: DEVASIA T. , LOPMAN B. , LEON J. , HANDEL A. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYWe analysed the reported duration of incubation and symptomatic periods of norovirus for a dataset of 1022 outbreaks, 64 of which reported data on the average incubation period and 87 on the average symptomatic period. We found the mean and median incubation periods for norovirus to be 32·8 [95% confidence interval (CI) 30·9–34·6] hours and 33·5 (95% CI 32·0–34·0) hours, respectively. For the symptomatic period we found the mean and median to be 44·2 (95% CI 38·9–50·7) hours and 43·0 (95% CI 36·0–48·0) hours, respectively. We further investigated how these average periods were associated with several reported host, agent and environmental characteristics. We did not find any strong, biologically meaningful associations between the duration of incubation or symptomatic periods and the reported host, pathogen and environmental characteristics. Overall, we found that the distributions of incubation and symptomatic periods for norovirus infections are fairly constant and showed little differences with regard to the host, pathogen and environmental characteristics we analysed.
Pressure–temperature evolution of primordial solar system solids during impact-induced compaction
Authors: Bland P. A. , Collins G. S. , Davison T. M. , Abreu N. M. , Ciesla F. J. , Muxworthy A. R. , Moore J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPrior to becoming chondritic meteorites, primordial solids were a poorly consolidated mix of mm-scale igneous inclusions (chondrules) and high-porosity sub-μm dust (matrix). We used high-resolution numerical simulations to track the effect of impact-induced compaction on these materials. Here we show that impact velocities as low as 1.5 km s−1 were capable of heating the matrix to >1,000 K, with pressure–temperature varying by >10 GPa and >1,000 K over ~100 μm. Chondrules were unaffected, acting as heat-sinks: matrix temperature excursions were brief. As impact-induced compaction was a primary and ubiquitous process, our new understanding of its effects requires that key aspects of the chondrite record be re-evaluated: palaeomagnetism, petrography and variability in shock level across meteorite groups. Our data suggest a lithification mechanism for meteorites, and provide a ‘speed limit’ constraint on major compressive impacts that is inconsistent with recent models of solar system orbital architecture that require an early, rapid phase of main-belt collisional evolution.
Power‐area‐efficient transient‐improved capacitor‐free FVF‐LDO with digital detecting technique
Authors: Guo Jianping , Ho Marco , Kwong Ka Yee , Leung Ka Nang 
Published: December 2014

A fast‐transient capacitor‐free low‐dropout regulator (LDO) based on a flipped‐voltage‐follower (FVF) structure has been designed with the proposed digital detecting technique. By increasing the slewing at the gate of the power transistor through detecting the dynamic changes inside the circuit, load‐transient recovery time can be decreased by 99.8%. The quiescent current of the proposed LDO is only 3.9 µA under normal operation. In addition, the circuit maintains a small chip area of 0.04 mm2 under 0.18 µm CMOS technology since no large RC components are needed to couple the output voltage spikes.
The first estimate of radio jet proper motion at z &gt; 5
Authors: Frey Sándor , Paragi Zsolt , Fogasy Judit O. , Gurvits Leonid I. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The extremely high-redshift (z = 5.3) radio source SDSS J102623.61+254259.5 (J1026+2542) is among the most distant and most luminous radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) known to date. Its one-sided radio jet structure on milliarcsecond (mas) and ∼10-mas scales typical for blazars was first imaged at 5 GHz with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) in 2006. Here we report on our dual-frequency (1.7 and 5 GHz) imaging observations performed with the European VLBI Network (EVN) in 2013. The prominent jet structure allows us to identify individual components whose apparent displacement can be detected over the time span of 7.33 yr. This is the first time when jet proper motions are directly derived in a blazar at z &gt; 5. The small values of up to ∼0.1 mas yr−1 are consistent with what is expected in a relativistic cosmological model if redshift is a measure of distance. The apparent superluminal jet speeds, considered tentative because derived from two epochs only, exceed 10 c for three different components along the jet. Based on modelling its spectral energy distribution, J1026+2542 is known to have its X-ray jet oriented close to the line of sight, with significant Doppler boosting and a large bulk Lorentz factor (Γ ≈ 13). The new VLBI observations, indicating ∼2.3 × 1012 K lower limit to the core brightness temperature, are consistent with this picture. The spectral index in the core region is −0.35.