bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rope trauma, sedation, disentanglement, and monitoring‐tag associated lesions in a terminally entangled North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis)
Authors: Moore Michael , Andrews Russel , Austin Trevor , Bailey James , Costidis Alex , George Clay , Jackson Katie , Pitchford Tom , Landry Scott , Ligon Allan , McLellan William , Morin David , Smith Jamison , Rotstein David , Rowles Teresa , Slay Chris , Walsh Michael 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA chronically entangled North Atlantic right whale, with consequent emaciation was sedated, disentangled to the extent possible, administered antibiotics, and satellite tag tracked for six subsequent days. It was found dead 11 d after the tag ceased transmission. Chronic constrictive deep rope lacerations and emaciation were found to be the proximate cause of death, which may have ultimately involved shark predation. A broadhead cutter and a spring‐loaded knife used for disentanglement were found to induce moderate wounds to the skin and blubber. The telemetry tag, with two barbed shafts partially penetrating the blubber was shed, leaving barbs embedded with localized histological reaction. One of four darts administered shed the barrel, but the needle was found postmortem in the whale with an 80º bend at the blubber‐muscle interface. This bend occurred due to epaxial muscle movement relative to the overlying blubber, with resultant necrosis and cavitation of underlying muscle. This suggests that rigid, implanted devices that span the cetacean blubber muscle interface, where the muscle moves relative to the blubber, could have secondary health impacts. Thus we encourage efforts to develop new tag telemetry systems that do not penetrate the subdermal sheath, but still remain attached for many months.
Geographic, seasonal, and diurnal surface behavior of harbor porpoises
Authors: Teilmann Jonas , Christiansen Casper T. , Kjellerup Sanne , Dietz Rune , Nachman Gösta 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDuring ship surveys harbor porpoises are only visible when breaking the sea surface to breathe, while during aerial surveys they may be seen down to 2 m below the surface. The fractions of time spent at these two depths can be used for correcting visual surveys to actual population estimates, which are essential information on the status and management of the species. Thirty‐five free‐ranging harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) were tracked in the region between the Baltic and the North Sea for 25–349 d using Argos satellite transmitters. No differences were found in surface behavior between geographical areas or the size of the animals. Slight differences were found between the two sexes and time of day. Surface time peaked in April, where 6% was spent with the transmitter above surface and 61.5% between 0 and 2 m depth, while the minimum values occurred in February (3.4% and 42.5%, respectively). The analyses reveal that individual variation among porpoises is the most important factor in explaining variation in surface rates. However, the large number of animals documented in the present study covering a wide range of age and sex groups justifies the use of the seasonal average surface times for correcting abundance surveys.
Railroads and Immigration in the Northeast United States 1850–1900
Authors: Healey Richard G. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBoth large‐scale immigration and rapid expansion of the railroad network played major roles in the economic development of the United States during the second half of the 19th century. Although the romance of the settlement of the West has received much attention in the literature, the northeast remained the industrial powerhouse of the continent, attracting large numbers of immigrants to work in its mines, factories and mills, despite the growing ascendancy of Chicago. However, new research using the complete count US 1880 census dataset demonstrates that until the latter part of the period, the US railroad industry and its associated employment opportunities were also heavily concentrated in the northeast region. This paper examines the interrelationships between processes of immigration and railroad development, in terms of the movement of people and the availability of employment opportunities, and presents evidence that different ethnic groups participated in the railroad industry to markedly varying degrees.
Gender, Militarization and Sovereignty
Authors: Dowler Lorraine 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMilitarization is a process that we often consider restricted to the boundaries of the state. However this essay offers a feminist reformulation of militarization as a banal process that is furtively present in our everyday spaces. This essay focuses on some of the arguments put forth by both scholars of geopolitics and feminist political geography in order to understand how the process of militarization traverses not only at the scales of global politics but also with the intimates scales of the home and the body. Most importantly, the arguments presented in this essay are in agreement that militarization is a hegemonic process, which reinforces sovereignty, resulting in the creation of gendered political identities.
Detection of the ampulla of Vater in small bowel capsule endoscopy: Experience with two different systems
Authors: Koulaouzidis Anastasios , Plevris John N 
Published: August 2012

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the detection rate of the ampulla of Vater (AoV) during small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) examinations and compare the two SBCE systems used in our center.MethodsSBCE procedures performed in our center from March 2005 to June 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. A single reviewer, following a detailed protocol, analyzed 30 min of each recording to identify the AoV.ResultsA total of 619 SBCE procedures were enrolled in the study, including 262 with a PillCam SB1, 148 with a PillCam SB2 and 209 with a MiroCam. AoV was identified in 59 SBCE examinations (9.5%), consisting of 28 with a PillCam SB1 (28/262, 10.7%), 13 with a PillCam SB2 (13/148, 8.8%) and 18 with a MiroCam (18/209, 8.6%) (P = 0.665). The AoV was visualized in 53.2 frames (median 12 frames, range 1–1056 frames); and the detection rate was low regardless of indication, patients' characteristics, SBCE system used or capsule transit parameters. Bile spout was associated with a higher AoV detection (P = 0.003).ConclusionsThe persistently low AoV detection rate using two different SBCE systems underlines the weakness of non‐steerable capsule endoscopy. Furthermore, if AoV detection is taken as a surrogate marker of small polyp detection, it becomes obvious both that non‐steerable SBCE cannot replace a side‐viewing endoscope in the evaluation of periampullary polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis and that it is an infallible method in other small bowel polyposis states.
Prevalence and Genotypic Characterization of Clostridium difficile From Ruminants in Switzerland
Authors: Romano V. , Albanese F. , Dumontet S. , Krovacek K. , Petrini O. , Pasquale V. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryClostridium difficile is an emerging enteric pathogen of humans and animals with a known main reservoir in the intestinal tract of various warm‐blooded animals. This study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of C. difficile in 150 rectal swab samples collected from cattle and goats in Switzerland. The overall prevalence of C. difficile was 6.6%. The isolates belonged to the PCR ribotypes 033, 066, 070, 003, 001 and 137. In addition, the occurrence of C. difficile in faecal samples collected from farm ground was also evaluated and C. difficile was detected in 21% (7/30) of these samples. These isolates belonged to ribotypes 033, 066, 014 and 137. Several isolates pertained to ribotypes known to cause Clostridium difficile infections in humans.
Learner Acquisition of Dialect Variation in a Study Abroad Context: The Case of the Spanish [θ]
Authors: Ringer‐Hilfinger Kathryn 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe present study aims at analyzing the acquisition of dialect variation by native English–speaking university students who study Spanish for a semester in Spain. The selected variable is the phoneme /q/ (theta). The goal is to assess learner awareness, opinion, and use of [θ]. Data were elicited through a set of oral and written tasks conducted with 15 university students prior to, during, and after attending their study abroad program in Madrid. Although post–study abroad learners demonstrated high awareness of native speaker use of this dialect feature compared to pre–study abroad learners, this did not seem to determine their use of [θ]. Data suggested that (non) acquisition varies according to the dialect employed by the native speaker(s) with whom students are in contact before and after living abroad.
Impact of professionalism in nursing on in‐hospital bedside monitoring practice
Authors: Bunkenborg Gitte , Samuelson Karin , Åkeson Jonas , Poulsen Ingrid 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimThis article reports a study exploring nursing practice of monitoring in‐hospital patients including intra‐ and interprofessional communication and collaboration.BackgroundSub‐optimal care in general in‐hospital wards may lead to admission for intensive care, cardiac arrest, or sudden death. Reasons may include infrequent measurements of vital parameters, insufficient knowledge of their predictive values, and/or sub‐optimal use of Medical Emergency Teams. This study was designed to improve understanding of nursing practice and to identify changes required to support nursing staff in improving standards of clinical monitoring practice and patient safety in general in‐hospital wards.DesignThe study was designed as a qualitative descriptive clinical study, based on method triangulation including structured individual observations and semi‐structured individual interviews.MethodsIn the spring of 2009, structured observations and semi‐structured interviews of 13 nurses were carried out at a university hospital in Copenhagen, Denmark. The observational notes and interview transcriptions were analysed using content analysis.ResultsOne theme (Professionalism influences nursing monitoring practice) and two sub‐themes (Knowledge and skills and Involvement in clinical practice through reflections) were identified. Three categories (Decision‐making, Sharing of knowledge, and Intra‐ and interprofessional interaction) were found to be associated with the theme, the sub‐themes, and with each other.ConclusionClinical monitoring practice varies considerably between nurses with different individual levels of professionalism. Future initiatives to improve patient safety by further developing professionalism among nurses need to embrace individual and organizational attributes to strengthen their practice of in‐hospital patient monitoring and management.
Emergency Department Patients Self‐Report Higher Patient Inertia, Hopelessness, and Harmful Lifestyle Choices Than Community Counterparts
Authors: Joyner JaNae , Moore Ashley R. , Mount David L. , Simmons Debra R. , Ferrario Carlos M. , Cline David M. 
Published: August 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:828–835. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Patient inertia is defined as an individual’s failure to take responsibility for proactive lifestyle change and health conditions including hypertension. Generalized and hypertension‐specific patient inertia factors were compared in 110 patients (48% women; 52% African American) from a Forsyth County, NC, emergency department (ED) and 104 community members (79% women; 70% African American) using the patient inertia–facilitated survey Patient Inertia‐36. Statistically, more ED than community participants added salt to food at the table and consumed fast foods 5 to 7 days a week. ED patients agreed less often with health literacy questions about salt and BP. Hypertension associated Patient inertia questions asked of 45 ED and 40 community participants with a personal history of hypertension revealed a statistically higher sense of hopelessness surrounding blood pressure management in ED participants. Past BP control experiences of family members had statistically greater impact on community participants regarding their own BP control. Using a logistic regression model, advancing age and being surveyed in the ED were correlated with hopelessness towards BP control. ED patients make unhealthier diet choices and possess heightened generalized and hypertension‐specific patient inertia including hopelessness towards controlling their BP that increases with age. These factors may contribute to this population’s poor BP control, particularly self‐efficacy barriers.
Clinical Application of the Five‐Factor Model
Authors: Widiger Thomas A. , Presnall Jennifer Ruth 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe Five‐Factor Model (FFM) has become the predominant dimensional model of general personality structure. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a clinical application. A substantial body of research indicates that the personality disorders included within the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) can be understood as extreme and/or maladaptive variants of the FFM (the acronym “DSM” refers to any particular edition of the APA DSM). In addition, the current proposal for the forthcoming fifth edition of the DSM (i.e., DSM‐5) is shifting closely toward an FFM dimensional trait model of personality disorder. Advantages of this shifting conceptualization are discussed, including treatment planning.
It Takes Two: A Longitudinal Dyadic Study on Predictors of Fertility Outcomes
Authors: Hutteman Roos , Bleidorn Wiebke , Penke Lars , Denissen Jaap J. A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectiveAlthough previous studies have found personality traits to be associated with reproductive behavior, it remains unclear whether there are dyadic associations between partners' personality and couples' decisional process to have children. The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between partners' personality, parenthood expectations and intentions, and the couple's fertility outcomes one year later.MethodWe used dyadic longitudinal data from 2,482 couples with a mean age of 32.7 years (SD = 5.9) participating in the Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (PAIRFAM).ResultsSelf‐esteem, shyness, and aggressiveness of both partners were related to one's own and one's partner's expectations about parenthood. These expectations were associated with one's own and one's partner's intentions to become a parent, which in turn predicted the couple's actual fertility outcomes. Personality traits of both partners were directly associated with the fertility outcome, with self‐esteem of both partners and male aggressiveness predicting the couple's decision to have their first child. The effect of self‐esteem on the decision to become a parent was mediated by the partner's intention.ConclusionsIn sum, our findings stress the importance of psychological factors in fertility outcomes and emphasize the role of dyadic processes.
Rapid immunoassay alone is insufficient for the detection of hepatitis C virus infection among high‐risk population
Authors: Firdaus R. , Saha K. , Sadhukhan P. C. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryRapid testing for HCV has become a routine practice in resource‐limited settings for initial screening. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of rapid immunoassay diagnostic test kits for specific and accurate diagnosis of HCV infection among different patient groups in clinical settings of Kolkata, India. Two hundred and fifty‐four randomly selected serum samples of 612 samples reported as HCV nonreactive by rapid immunodiagnostic tests were evaluated for HCV antibody, ELISA and HCV RNA testing for confirmatory diagnosis. 15.74% were HCV seropositive by ELISA, and 11.02% were RNA positive by nested RT‐PCR. Additionally, 15 HCV‐seronegative chronic liver disease patients with high ALT and AST values were screened for HCV RNA, of which five were positive whose viral load ranged from 1.2 × 102 to 4.4 × 106 IU/mL, and the samples belonged to IVDUs and HIV‐co‐infected individuals. The results showed that HCV rapid immunoassay test cannot be solely relied on as an absolute and accurate diagnostic tool for screening infection of HCV particularly in high‐risk group patients such as IVDUs, haemodialysis, thalassaemic and HIV‐co‐infected patients who need HCV screening frequently.
Is the Real In Vivo Nitric Oxide Concentration Pico or Nano Molar? Influence of Electrode Size on Unstirred Layers and NO Consumption
Authors: Bohlen H. Glenn 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectiveThere is a debate if the [NO] required to influence vascular smooth muscle is below 50 nM or much higher. Electrodes with 30 μm and larger diameter report [NO] below 50 nM, whereas those with diameters of <10–12 μm report hundreds of nM. This study examined how size of electrodes influenced [NO] measurement due to NO consumption and unstirred layer issues.MethodsElectrodes were 2 mm disk, 30 μm × 2 mm carbon fiber, and single 7 μm diameter carbon fiber within open tip microelectrode, and exposed 7 μm carbon fiber of ~15 μm to 2 mm length.ResultsAll electrodes demonstrated linear calibrations with sufficient stirring. As stirring slowed, 30 μm and 2 mm electrodes reported much lower [NO] due to unstirred layers and high NO consumption. The three 7 μm microelectrodes had minor stirring issues. With limited stirring with NO present, 7 μm open tip microelectrodes advanced toward 30 μm and 2 mm electrodes experienced dramatically decreased current within 10–50 μm of the larger electrodes due to high NO consumption. None of the 7 μm microelectrodes interacted.ConclusionsThe data indicate large electrodes underestimate [NO] due to excessive NO consumption under conditions where unstirred layers are unavoidable and true microelectrodes are required for valid measurements.
Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 in Pig Farms and Multispecies Farms
Authors: Verhegghe M. , Pletinckx L. J. , Crombé F. , Vandersmissen T. , Haesebrouck F. , Butaye P. , Heyndrickx M. , Rasschaert G. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryDuring the last few years, methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 has been isolated frequently from livestock, especially from pigs and to a lesser extent from cattle and poultry. To gain insight into the distribution of this bacterium in pig farms versus multispecies farms, 30 Belgian farms (10 pig, 10 pig/poultry and 10 pig/cattle farms) were screened for the presence of MRSA. On each farm, 10 nasal swabs were taken from pigs. When present, cattle (n = 10) were sampled in the nares and poultry (n = 10) in the nares, earlobes and cloaca. A selection of the obtained isolates were further characterized using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing, SCCmec typing, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multiple‐locus variable‐number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. On 26 of 30 farms, MRSA was isolated from pigs. Furthermore, MRSA was also isolated from poultry and cattle on one pig/poultry and five pig/cattle farms, respectively. All tested MRSA isolates belonged to ST398. Eight spa types (t011, t034, t567, t571, t1451, t2974, t3423 and t5943) were detected, among which t011 predominated. SCCmec cassettes type IVa and V were present in 20% and 72% of the isolates, respectively. When combining the results of the two remaining typing methods, PFGE and MLVA, eighteen genotypes were obtained of which one genotype predominated (56% of the positive farms). All MRSA isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Resistance to trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol was also observed. In conclusion, there was no effect of the farm type on the MRSA status of the pigs. A statistically significant difference was observed when comparing the pig/poultry or the pig/cattle MRSA status on the multispecies farms. Additionally, a wide variety of MRSA ST398 strains was found within certain farms when combining different typing methods.
Optimizing the Anode Structure of a Passive Tubular-Shaped Direct Methanol Fuel Cell to Operate With High Concentration Methanol
Authors: Huang Jing , Ward Travis , Faghri Amir 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
In order to take full advantage of the high energy density available in methanol fuel, one must use high concentration methanol in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). However, this causes severe methanol crossover and leads to low power density and fuel efficiency. In this work, a tubular shape is adopted to generate higher volumetric power density; porous polytetrafluoroethylen (PTFE) membranes at the anode are used to control methanol transport with a high concentration fuel. A novel passive tubular-shaped DMFC is improved to achieve stable operation with methanol concentrations up to 20 M. It is observed that a balance between fuel transport resistance, power density, energy density, and fuel efficiency exists. Increased resistance enhances fuel efficiency, hence, energy density, but limits the fuel supply and causes low power density. With the improved anode structure and higher concentration fuel (1 M to 15 M), the energy output of the tubular DMFC increases 591%, from 0.094 Wh to 0.65 Wh with 2 ml fuel. The power densitymaintains the same level as 16 mW/cm2. For different fuel concentrations, there exists an optimum structure to generate the highest power density, which is a result of minimizing the methanol crossover while also providing sufficient fuel. The discharge characteristic at constant voltage and its effect on fuel efficiency are also discussed.
Experience with Fosfomycin for Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections Due to Multidrug-Resistant Organisms
Authors: Neuner Elizabeth A. , Sekeres Jennifer , Hall Gerri S. , van Duin David 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

Fosfomycin has shown promising
in vitro
activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) urinary pathogens; however, clinical data are lacking. We conducted a retrospective chart review to describe the microbiological and clinical outcomes of urinary tract infections (UTIs) with MDR pathogens treated with fosfomycin tromethamine. Charts for 41 hospitalized patients with a urine culture for an MDR pathogen who received fosfomycin tromethamine from 2006 to 2010 were reviewed. Forty-one patients had 44 urinary pathogens, including 13 carbapenem-resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
(CR-Kp), 8
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, and 7 vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus faecium
(VRE) isolates, 7 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers, and 9 others.
In vitro
fosfomycin susceptibility was 86% (median MIC, 16 μg/ml; range, 0.25 to 1,024 μg/ml). Patients received an average of 2.9 fosfomycin doses per treatment course. The overall microbiological cure was 59%; failure was due to either relapse (24%) or reinfection UTI (17%). Microbiological cure rates by pathogen were 46% for CR-Kp, 38% for
P. aeruginosa
, 71% for VRE, 57% for ESBL producers, and 100% for others. Microbiological cure (
n
= 24) was compared to microbiological failure (
n
= 17). There were significantly more solid organ transplant recipients in the microbiological failure group (59% versus 21%;
P
= 0.02). None of the patients in the microbiological cure group had a ureteral stent, compared to 24% of patients within the microbiological failure group (
P
= 0.02). Fosfomycin demonstrated
in vitro
activity against UTIs due to MDR pathogens. For CR-KP, there was a divergence between
in vitro
susceptibility (92%) and microbiological cure (46%). Multiple confounding factors may have contributed to microbiological failures, and further data regarding the use of fosfomycin for UTIs due to MDR pathogens are needed.