bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat transport properties of plates with smooth and rough surfaces in turbulent thermal convection
Authors: Wei Ping , Chan Tak-Shing , Ni Rui , Zhao Xiao-Zheng , Xia Ke-Qing 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe present an experimental study of turbulent thermal convection with smooth and rough surface plates in various combinations. A total of five cells were used in the experiments. Both the global$\mathit{Nu}$and the$\mathit{Nu}$for each plate (or the associated boundary layer) are measured. The results reveal that the smooth plates are insensitive to the surface (rough or smooth) and boundary conditions (i.e. nominally constant temperature or constant flux) of the other plate of the same cell. The heat transport properties of the rough plates, on the other hand, depend not only on the nature of the plate at the opposite side of the cell, but also on the boundary condition of that plate. It thus appears that, at the present level of experimental resolution, the smooth plate can influence the rough plate, but cannot be influenced by either the rough or the smooth plates. It is further found that the scaling of$\mathit{Nu}$with$\mathit{Ra}$for all of the smooth plates is consistent with the classical$1/ 3$exponent. But the scaling exponent for the global$\mathit{Nu}$for the cell with both plates being smooth is definitely less than$1/ 3$(this result itself is consistent with all previous studies at comparable parameter range). The discrepancy between the$\mathit{Nu}$behaviour at the whole-cell and individual-plate levels is not understood and deserves further investigation.
Signature of gyro-phase drift
Authors: KOEPKE MARK E. , WALKER J. J. , ZIMMERMAN M. I. , FARRELL W. M. , DEMIDOV V. I. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractGyro-phase drift is a guiding center drift that is directly dependent on the charging rate limit of dust grains. The effect of introducing a gyro-phase-dependence on the grain charge leads to two orthogonal components of guiding-center drift. One component, referred to here as grad-q drift, results from the time-varying, gyro-phase angle dependent, in-situ-equilibrium grain charge, assuming that the grain charging is instantaneous. For this component, the grain is assumed to be always in its in-situ-equilibrium charge state and this state gyro-synchronously varies with respect to the grain's average charge state. The other component, referred to here as the gyro-phase drift, arises from any non-instantaneous-charging-induced modification of the diamagnetic drift and points in the direction of -∇RLd (where RLd is the grain gyro-radius), i.e. the direction associated with increasing magnitude of in-situ-equilibrium charge state. For this component, the grain gyro-synchronously undercharges and overcharges with respect to its gyro-synchronously varying, in-situ-equilibrium charge state. These characteristics are illustrated with a single-particle code for predicting grain trajectory that demonstrates how gyro-phase drift magnitude and direction could be exploited, using an extended version of the presented model, as sensitive indicators of the charging time of dust grains because of the cumulative effect of the ever-changing charge state of a grain making repeated excursions in inhomogeneous plasma over many gyro-periods.
Cortical brightness adaptation when darkness and brightness produce different dynamical states in the visual cortex
Authors: Xing Dajun , Yeh Chun-I , Gordon James , Shapley Robert M. 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Darkness and brightness are very different perceptually. To understand the neural basis for the perceptual difference, we studied populations of neurons in macaque primary visual cortex (V1) when a visual field alternated between black and white. Darkness but not brightness evoked sustained nerve-impulse spiking in V1 neurons. The sustained response to a white field in the local field potential, which is the sum of membrane currents in neurons near the recording microelectrode, was larger than for black. Taken together, these results imply that bright fields evoked strong intracortical synaptic inhibition, and this inhibition is the basis for cortical brightness adaptation. Such cortical brightness adaptation can explain many perceptual phenomena: interocular speeding up of dark adaptation, tonic interocular suppression, and interocular masking.
When is birthweight at term abnormally low? A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the association and predictive ability of current birthweight standards for neonatal outcomes
Authors: Malin GL , Morris RK , Riley R , Teune MJ , Khan KS 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundIntrauterine growth restriction is a cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. A variety of definitions of low birthweight are used in clinical practice, with a lack of consensus regarding which definitions best predict adverse outcomes.ObjectivesTo evaluate the relationship between birthweight standards and neonatal outcome in term‐born infants (at ≥ 37 weeks of gestation).Search strategyMEDLINE (1966–January 2011), EMBASE (1980–January 2011), and the Cochrane Library (2011:1) and MEDION were included in our search.Selection criteriaStudies comprising live term‐born infants (gestation ≥ 37 completed weeks), with weight or other anthropometric measurements recorded at birth along with neonatal outcomes.Data collection and analysisData were extracted to populate 2 × 2 tables relating birthweight standard with outcome, and meta‐analysis was performed where possible.Main resultsTwenty‐nine studies including 21 034 114 neonates were selected. Absolute birthweight was strongly associated with mortality, with birthweight < 1.5 kg giving the largest association (OR 48.6, 95% CI 28.62–82.53). When using centile charts, regardless of threshold, the summary odds ratios were significant but closer to 1 than when using absolute birthweight. For all tests, summary predictive ability comprised high specificity and positive likelihood ratio for neonatal death, but low sensitivity and a negative likelihood ratio close to 1.Author's conclusionsAbsolute birthweight is a prognostic factor for neonatal mortality. The indirect evidence suggests that centile charts or other definitions of low birthweight are not as strongly associated with mortality as the absolute birthweight. Further research is required to improve predictive accuracy.
A comparison of perinatal outcomes in singletons and multiples born after in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection stratified for neonatal risk criteria
Authors: van Heesch Mirjam M.J. , Evers Johannes L.H. , Dumoulin John C.M. , van der Hoeven Mark A.H.B.M. , van Beijsterveldt Catharina E.M. , Bonsel Gouke J. , Dykgraaf Ramon H.M. , van Goudoever Johannes B. , Koopman‐Esseboom Corine , Nelen Willianne L.D.M. , Steiner Katerina , Tamminga Pieter , Tonch Nino , van Zonneveld Piet , Dirksen Carmen D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo compare perinatal singleton and multiple outcomes in a large Dutch in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) population and within risk subgroups. Newborns were assigned to a risk category based on gestational age, birthweight, Apgar score and congenital malformation.DesignRegister‐based retrospective cohort study.SettingNetherlands Perinatal Registry data.SampleA total of 3041 singletons and 1788 multiple children born from IVF/ICSI in 2003–2005.MethodsStudent's t‐test or Mann–Whitney U‐test was used to analyze continuous data, chi‐squared analyses were used for categorical data. Multivariate logistic and linear regression analysis was performed to analyze whether the risk stratification criteria were associated with neonatal hospital admission and length of stay.Main outcome measuresStart of labor, mode of delivery, gestational age, birthweight, 5‐min Apgar score, congenital malformation, neonatal hospital admission, neonatal intensive care unit admission and mortality.ResultsIVF/ICSI‐conceived multiples had considerably poorer outcomes than singletons in terms of cesarean section rate, preterm birth, birthweight, being small‐for‐gestational‐age, Apgar score, neonatal hospital admission, neonatal intensive care unit admission and neonatal mortality. As opposed to the results found in the total study population and the low‐risk and moderate‐risk populations, high‐risk multiples showed better outcomes than high‐risk singletons regarding cesarean section rate, birthweight and Apgar score. All risk stratification variables were associated with being hospitalized after birth. Length of stay was associated with all risk stratification criteria except Apgar score.ConclusionsPerinatal outcomes in IVF/ICSI‐conceived multiples are considerably poorer than in singletons. This finding mainly pertains to low‐risk children. High‐risk multiples had significantly better perinatal outcomes than high‐risk singletons.
Reoxygenation from chronic hypoxia promotes metastatic processes in pancreatic cancer through the Hedgehog signaling
Authors: Morifuji Yoshihiro , Onishi Hideya , Iwasaki Hironori , Imaizumi Akira , Nakano Kenji , Tanaka Masao , Katano Mitsuo 
Published: January 2014

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most deadly types of malignancies because of its high ability to metastasize. PDAC is thought to be under hypoxic condition. Therefore, to investigate the mechanism of metastatic processes, chronic‐hypoxia‐resistant PDAC cells were newly generated under hypoxic condition for 3–6 months and reoxygenation experiments were performed using these chronic‐hypoxia‐resistant PDAC cells in in vivo‐mimicking conditions. Proliferation, invasiveness and tumorigenicity in PDAC cells were significantly increased by reoxygenation. A Hedgehog (Hh) signaling component, Gli1, was significantly increased by reoxygenation. Gli1 knockdown inhibited reoxygenation‐induced increases in proliferation and tumorigenicity and decreased invasiveness through suppression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and MMP9. Moreover, inhibition of Sonic Hh and Smoothened abrogated reoxygenation induced increases in proliferation and invasiveness. These results suggest that metastatic processes in PDAC are induced through activation of the Hh signaling pathway. Therefore, the Hh signaling pathway may be a therapeutic target for refractory PDAC in metastatic processes induced by reoxygenation.
Conscientious Consumerism Project in an Undergraduate Quality Management Class
Authors: Helms Marilyn M. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThis article describes a “conscientious consumerism” project that involves the student as the consumer to either commend or complain to a company about a recent product or service experience. This activity and presentation helps students develop an understanding of the commendation/complaint management process within organizations while adding realism with the student as the customer. Students initiate communication with an organization and maintain a timeline of all contacts, calls, e‐mails, letters, and visits to the company as they work to resolve or report their issue. The project begins early in the semester and concludes with a final registered, certified letter to the company CEO where students summarize the class project and praise processes or recommend any needed changes. When the project is presented, students learn how organizations manage and process customer feedback and complaints. Students have insightful comparisons of the implementation and execution of such processes within organizations. The project contributes to student learning and understanding of numerous key objectives of quality management including: how quality is managed in organizations, the strategic focus customer feedback can play in organizations, process management, voice of the customer, and benchmarking best compliment/complaint management practices.
Norming of Student Evaluations of Instruction: Impact of Noninstructional Factors
Authors: Nargundkar Satish , Shrikhande Milind 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTStudent Evaluations of Instruction (SEIs) from about 6,000 sections over 4 years representing over 100,000 students at the college of business at a large public university are analyzed, to study the impact of noninstructional factors on student ratings. Administrative factors like semester, time of day, location, and instructor attributes like gender and rank are studied. The combined impact of all the noninstructional factors studied is statistically significant. Our study has practical implications for administrators who use SEIs to evaluate faculty performance. SEI scores reflect some inherent biases due to noninstructional factors. Appropriate norming procedures can compensate for such biases, ensuring fair evaluations.
Theoretical and empirical perspectives on the scaling of supply and demand in social insect colonies
Authors: Waters James S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOne of the central questions in physiological ecology is how energetic constraints affect organismal performance and the dynamics of ecological systems. Social insect colonies integrate the balance of supply and demand across levels of biological organization such that the individual components are simultaneously serving as the supply transport network and also the source of energetic demand. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the per‐capita metabolic rates of individuals within social insect colonies decrease with increasing colony size, a metabolic hypometry much like the pattern exhibited by individual organisms. An important question is thus, whether this scaling pattern is a result of an energetic supply constraint or evidence for an emergent economy of scale. This review synthesizes theoretical models and results from empirical studies on the scaling of resource supply and demand in social insect colonies. Scaling in biology is a powerful tool to unify the study of diverse concepts and organisms; increased integration of mechanistic realism into metabolic models will improve our understanding of the evolution of complex biological systems.
First clinical experiences with perampanel—The Kork experience in 74 patients
Authors: Steinhoff Bernhard J. , Bacher Matthias , Bast Thomas , Kornmeier Reinhold , Kurth Christoph , Scholly Julia , Staack Anke M. , Wisniewski Ilona 
Published: January 2014

SummaryPerampanel (PER) has been approved for adjunctive treatment of partial‐onset seizures in patients age 12 years and older. In Germany, PER was licensed and marketed in September of 2012. At our tertiary referral epilepsy center, a couple of difficult‐to‐treat patients were awaiting this introduction of PER; therefore, we were able to initiate treatment in many patients within a short period of time. For this report we collected and analyzed the data of the first patients who had been started on add‐on PER between September and December of 2012, so that we were able to evaluate at least 6 months of treatment when we made this analysis. At cutoff in June of 2013, 74 patients could be analyzed. Mean age was 38.4 years (range 15–71 years). PER doses ranged from 4 to 14 mg (mean 8.8 mg). All patients took PER once daily at bedtime. Seventy‐one patients had focal epileptic seizures; the remaining four patients had Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome. Considering the last 3 months of observation compared with baseline, 34 patients (46%) were responders with a reduction of seizure frequency of at least 50%. Ten patients of these (14% of all) were seizure‐free. Adverse events were reported in 40 patients (54%). Leading side effects were somnolence (n = 31, 42%) and dizziness (n = 13, 18%), followed by ataxia, irritability, falls, cognitive slowing, and depression in single cases. Six‐month retention rate was 70%. Our first clinical experiences with add‐on PER in a highly selected group of difficult‐to‐treat epilepsies are promising.
Tribute to Tinbergen: Putting Niko Tinbergen's ‘Four Questions’ in Historical Context
Authors: Burkhardt Richard W. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNiko Tinbergen's (Zeit. Tier. 20, 1963, 410) paper ‘On aims and methods of ethology’ is appropriately remembered as the paper in which Tinbergen characterized ethology as ‘the biological study of behavior’ and went on to explain that to study behavior biologically is to ask four distinct questions about it: (1) How is it caused physiologically? (2) What is its survival value? (3) How has it evolved? and (4) How does it develop in the individual? Here, we consider Tinbergen's paper in its historical context by looking at it from three different perspectives: (1) a comparison of Tinbergen's formulation of ‘ethology's four questions’ with similar, but different formulations of biology's basic problems offered by Julian Huxley, Konrad Lorenz, and Ernst Mayr; (2) a survey of the roles that the four questions played in Tinbergen's own work over the course of his career; and (3) a consideration of the two explicit goals of Tinbergen's (Zeit. Tier., 20, 1963, 410) paper, namely (a.) to honor Tinbergen's friend and colleague Konrad Lorenz (as part of a Festschrift for Lorenz on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday) and (b.) to provide a sketch of ethology's scope and an evaluation of the ways the field needed to develop in the future. We suggest that just as the work of Tinbergen's Oxford research team revealed how the behavior of gulls reflected compromises worked out in the face of the diverse selective pressures of particular environments, we can identify certain conflicts that arose for Tinbergen in trying to write something that his friend Lorenz would like while also assessing ethology's current state and future prospects. That said, however, Tinbergen's enduring concern was to do all he could to ensure that ethology thrive as a field and develop a scientific understanding of animal (and human) behavior. For this to happen, he insisted, the four questions of ethology needed to be pursued in a balanced, comprehensive, and integrated fashion.
Quasi‐Isometric Points for the Technique of Lateral Suture Placement in the Feline Stifle Joint
Authors: De Sousa Ricardo J.R. , Knudsen Christina S. , Holmes Mark A. , Langley‐Hobbs Sorrel J. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate the quasi‐isometric points (nearest isometric points) between the distal aspect of the femur and fabella and the proximal aspect of the tibia for placement of a lateral suture in cats.Study DesignRadiographic study.AnimalsCadaveric cat stifles (n = 7 cats; 14 stifles).MethodsSpecimens were secured in a mounting frame to maintain rigid fixation of the femur and allow free range of motion of the stifle joint and proximal tibia. Two anatomic landmarks were identified: the center of the lateral fabella (Ff) and a point 4 mm proximal to the insertion of the patellar tendon adjacent to the tibial cortex (Tt). Radiopaque spheres were placed at predefined landmarks in the femur (caudal aspect of the lateral femoral condyle distal [F1] and proximal [F2] to the lateral fabella) and in the tibia (caudal to the proximal aspect of the extensor groove [T1]; cranial to the proximal aspect of the extensor groove [T2]; 2 mm proximal and caudal to the insertion of the patellar tibial tendon [T3] and 3 mm caudal to the insertion of the patellar tibial tendon [T4]. For each stifle, 4 radiographic projections were made: in extension (166°), in flexion (45°), and 2 intermediate stance phases (90°, 130°). ANOVA was used to compare means of the distance between the point pairs and means of the percent change in variation of distance (VOD%) using the 45° measurement as a reference.ResultsMean VOD% nearest to zero, over all the different angles tested, was produced by Ff‐Tt, which was statistically significantly different from each of the other point pairs.ConclusionFf‐Tt provides the best quasi‐isometric points for placement of lateral sutures in cats, compared with all combinations tested. Further assessments with biomechanical studies are needed to evaluate the reproducibility of these landmarks for stabilization of CCL rupture in cats.
Population structure and genetic differentiation of livestock guard dog breeds from the Western Balkans
Authors: Ceh E. , Dovc P. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryLivestock guard dog (LGD) breeds from the Western Balkans are a good example of how complex genetic diversity pattern observed in dog breeds has been shaped by transition in dog breeding practices. Despite their common geographical origin and relatively recent formal recognition as separate breeds, the Karst Shepherd, Sarplaninac and Tornjak show distinct population dynamics, assessed by pedigree, microsatellite and mtDNA data. We genotyped 493 dogs belonging to five dog breeds using a set of 18 microsatellite markers and sequenced mtDNA from 94 dogs from these breeds. Different demographic histories of the Karst Shepherd and Tornjak breeds are reflected in the pedigree data with the former breed having more unbalanced contributions of major ancestors and a realized effective population size of less than 20 animals. The highest allelic richness was found in Sarplaninac (5.94), followed by Tornjak (5.72), whereas Karst Shepherd dogs exhibited the lowest allelic richness (3.33). Similarly, the highest mtDNA haplotype diversity was found in Sarplaninac, followed by Tornjak and Karst Shepherd, where only one haplotype was found. Based on FST differentiation values and high percentages of animals correctly assigned, all breeds can be considered genetically distinct. However, using microsatellite data, common ancestry between the Karst Shepherd and Sarplaninac could not be reconstructed, despite pedigree and mtDNA evidence of their historical admixture. Using neighbour‐joining, STRUCTURE or DAPC methods, Sarplaninac and Caucasian Shepherd breeds could not be separated and additionally showed close proximity in the NeighborNet tree. STRUCTURE analysis of the Tornjak breed demonstrated substructuring, which needs further investigation. Altogether, results of this study show that the official separation of these dog breeds strongly affected the resolution of genetic differentiation and thus suggest that the relationships between breeds are not only determined by breed relatedness, but in small populations even more importantly by stochastic effects.
Building Communities in Ancient Samnium: Cult, Ethnicity and Nested Identities
Authors: Scopacasa Rafael 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThis article addresses the meaning of community in an area of the ancient world that is normally seen to diverge from the paradigm of theClassical city‐state, by examining the role of sanctuaries in the articulation of identity and belonging. The focus is onSamnium (centralItaly) in the last four centuriesBC, where archaeological and historical evidence, including a wealth of recent discoveries, supports a dynamic view of a region that is traditionally associated with a cohesive ethnic group. Whilst it is true that the major sanctuary atPietrabbondante fostered the construction ofSamnite ethnic identity, this article highlights the importance of other types and levels of belonging in light of a broader range of cult sites. The concept of ‘nested identities’ (a scenario where individuals identify simultaneously with overlapping groups) can bring about a more nuanced view of how cult was used as a means to negotiate belonging on ethnic and non‐ethnic levels. I hope to show that local communities, and particularly the local elites, were able to function independently rather than simply as the building blocks of theSamnite ethnos.