bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Conversion of Pine Wood Char to Carbon Nanomaterials in the Presence of Iron Nanoparticles
Authors: Mun Sung Phil , Cai Zhiyong , Watanabe Fumiya , Agarwal Umesh P , Zhang Jilei 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Southern yellow pine (Pinus taeda) wood char powder was thermally treated at 1,000°C in the presence of a 25-nm-size Fe nanoparticle catalyst. The thermally treated carbon materials were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Well-aligned graphitic carbon structures with 15 to 17 layers on average were observed. These graphitic carbon structures were similar to those of graphite with an average interplanar distance of 0.34 nm. The Raman spectra results showed that the full-width half-maximum values of Raman G and D bands, and the peak intensity ratio, ID″/IG, of thermally treated pine char after an acid purification treatment were 69 cm−1, 126 cm−1, and 0.16, respectively.
Effects of Compressive Deformation on Wettability and Water Uptake Behavior of Poplar
Authors: Zhang Yang , Wang Siqun , Hosseinaei Omid , Zhou Zhaobing 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Wood compression is a method of increasing the density and stiffness of wood. Using heat (thermal compression) or impregnating wood with various resins can also increase its dimensional stability. Compressed wood can be used as a structural component in buildings, but it generally must be painted to improve its durability. The objective of this research was to investigate the surface wettability and water uptake behavior of compressed poplar wood with and without melamine-formaldehyde resin impregnation in order to be able to predict the behavior of resins or paints on surfaces of compressed wood. Samples of poplar wood were pressed both in the presence of resin and without resin at 180°C for 30 minutes under different pressures (0 to 8 MPa). Compression ratios were 10, 20, and 50 percent, depending on the pressure. Results indicate that the surface contact angle of the compressed wood, without resin, increased as the compression ratio increased. The water absorption of compressed wood, without resin, was much higher than that of the compressed wood with resin treatment. Also, the amount of absorbed water in the direction of the grain was greater than that in the perpendicular-to-grain direction for both compressed wood samples.
Potential of Tannins for Exterior Grade Plywood
Authors: Mathur Smita , Sharma Pradeep , Shukla K. S. , Soni P. L. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
Resins from Uncaria gambier and Acacia catechu tannins were prepared by copolymerization with phenol and formaldehyde at 100°C. Both tannins were used to substitute up to 50 percent of the phenol using 5, 8, and 11 percent alkali concentrations. Adhesive formulations and gluing conditions were tested by preparing three-ply Shorea robusta boards (53.34 by 53.34 cm). We found that U. gambier tannin can substitute up to 50 percent of the phenol, using 8 and 11 percent sodium hydroxide as a catalyst; A. catechu tannin can substitute up to 30 percent of the phenol, using 8 and 11 percent sodium hydroxide. The resultant boiling water resistance grade plywood meets the requirements laid down in Indian Standards (IS) 303-1989 for exterior grade plywood in all respects (i.e., glue shear strength in dry, water resistance, and mycological tests).
Demonstration Results from Greenhouse Heating with Bio-Oil
Authors: Steele Philip , Parish Don , Cooper Jerome 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Bio-oils from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and white oak (Quercus alba) wood were produced by the laboratory scale auger reactor located at the Department of Forest Products, Mississippi State University (MSU). The bio-oils were esterified to boiler fuel by a technology developed at MSU. The testing of esterified bio-oil combustion was performed at Natchez Trace Greenhouses located in Kosciusko, Mississippi. At the greenhouse facility an idled natural gas/diesel boiler was retrofit with a highly aerated fuel injection system. Fifteen gallons of loblolly pine esterified boiler fuel and 15 gallons of white oak boiler fuel were successfully combusted in the retrofit boiler.
The Effect of Raw Material, Cut Length, and Chip Discharge on the Performance of an Industrial Chipper
Authors: Spinelli Raffaele , Magagnotti Natascia 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
In this study we examined the effect of specific factors on chipper performance by using a mobile industrial chipper in a real-life commercial setting. The comprehensive experimental design consisted of five replications per each combination of two types of raw material, two chip discharge systems, and two cut lengths (i.e., 5 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 40 replications). Each replication consisted of a full 18-m3 trailer load. Cut length was manipulated by using different drum types. When all else was equal, the doubling of cut length resulted in a 50 percent increase of average chip length, a 15 percent increase of net productivity, and a 15 percent decrease in fuel consumption. The handling characteristics of the raw material had a strong impact on chipper productivity, causing variations on the order of 20 percent. The discharge system had no significant effect on fuel consumption or productivity, but it did impact product quality and bulk density. Using a blower allowed increasing bulk density between 4 and 7 percent, whereas the installation of a belt conveyor reduced the incidence of small chips and fine particles by up to 30 percent.
Export Activities of Central Appalachian Hardwood Products Industry: The Case of West Virginia
Authors: Gazal Kathryn Arano , Wang Jingxin 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
The US forest products industry is struggling as it faces increasing pressure from foreign competition coupled with the current slump in the housing market. In order to survive, industries need to maintain and expand their domestic and international markets. Because the forest products industry of West Virginia is an important component of the state's economic base, the industry must explore the export market to expand its market coverage. A mail survey was conducted in 2009 to assess the problems and potential strategies regarding participation of the West Virginia forest products in the export market. Results indicate that 28 percent of the respondents exported abroad. The most common product exported was lumber, followed by logs. The main reason that companies sell abroad is to reduce risk by selling to a diverse market, while the main reason for not exporting is the perception that domestic market involvement is sufficient. As expected, exporters were relatively more knowledgeable about issues related to exporting compared with nonexporters, and they were also more knowledgeable in strategies needed to conduct international business. Based on the indicators examined, exporters were also more innovative. Of the respondents who did not participate in the export market, only 44 percent indicated that they were interested in developing export markets for their products. The top three problems that hindered competitiveness among nonexporters were production costs, lack of capital, and raw material problems.
Examination of Roundwood Utilization Rates in West Virginia
Authors: Grushecky Shawn T. , Wiedenbeck Jan , Hassler Curt C. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
Forest harvesting is an integral part of the West Virginia forest economy. This component of the supply chain supports a diverse array of primary and secondary processors. A key metric used to describe the efficiency of the roundwood extraction process is the logging utilization factor (LUF). The LUF is one way managers can discern the overall use of harvested roundwood. To update LUF in West Virginia, roundwood utilization during harvesting operations was investigated on 30 active sites in 2008. Approximately 3.6 markets were used by the loggers sampled. The average utilization rate at the time of felling and bucking in the woods was 87.8 percent for trees sampled during this study. Over 97 percent of the roundwood that was processed on the landing was utilized. No relationship was found between the number of markets and utilization rates. Results from this study provide estimates on the overall efficiency of harvest operations as well as the characteristics and quantity of material being left after harvest. This information is important to those involved in the management of the hardwood resource as well as those making investments in wood processing industries.
Monsters and music: The private worlds of Maurice Sendak and Oliver Knussen
Authors: Gowar Mick 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This article traces the process of composition of the opera version of Where the Wild Things Are, libretto and set and costume designs by Maurice Sendak and music by Oliver Knussen. The article looks in particular at how elements in early drafts of Where the Wild Things Are – especially motifs in a version entitled Where the Wild Horses Are – which were deleted from the published text of Where the Wild Things Are were reintroduced into the opera. The article also compares the early lives of both Sendak and the composer Knussen, and reflects on their shared tastes in music for children and the success of their collaboration.
Facebook, the public sphere and political youth leagues in South Africa
Authors: Ndlovu Musawenkosi , Mbenga Chilombo 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Focusing on the Facebook presence of the African National Congress Youth League, Democratic Alliance Youth and Congress of the People Youth Movement as a collective case study, this article explores the following questions: is the Facebook presence created by youth leagues of the largest political parties an extension of South Africa’s public sphere? Can a citizen whose views are circumscribed by ideological auspices of a particular political party enhance the quality of the public sphere? What is the discourse of youth’s political deliberations in these forums? In answering the questions, the article argues that Facebook pages and groups are an extension of the public sphere as they attempt to get youth involved in politics in a technologically and socially transforming society; that as much as political party communication is propaganda and people tend to gravitate towards ideologies that conform to their world-view, party supporters on Facebook do challenge their political parties’ views; and that some arguments on Facebook enrich the public sphere discourse.
Côte d’Ivoire 2010–2011 post-electoral crisis: An approach from the media
Authors: Sendín José Carlos 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The objective of this work is approaching the political crisis occurred in Côte d´Ivoire after the contested elections of 2010, through the perspective of the Ivorian media and media professionals. This study draws theoretically on the media political economy and critical understanding of the relationship between democracy and the media. After a brief description of Côte d´Ivoire political history, as well as its media political economy, perceptions from foreign correspondents and Ivoirian journalist were gathered. Conclusions show the sheer complexity of the role played by the media, which goes beyond its information provider responsibility to turn into platforms for the political struggle in a highly political polarized environment. At the same time, it is demonstrated how foreign perceptions of Ivorian media performance are built against ideal representations of media that often fail to grasp particular contexts.
Negative political advertising and the imperative of broadcast regulation in Ghana
Authors: Tietaah Gilbert K. M. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
While the effects of negative election campaigns is a well-researched topic in mature democracies, it remains largely unexplored in transitional and nascent democracies such as those in Africa. This article addresses concerns that an insidious culture of intolerance, hate and insults in Ghanaian politics and electoral contests could undermine the efficacy of the country’s neo-democracy. The article draws on pre-election interviews with the two main contenders in Ghana’s 2012 elections to sound out their positions on the propriety and prudence of expressing a negative campaign platform. The interview responses are analysed in the context of past ads run by their parties, which reveal that the candidates’ disclaimers and public professions to run issue-oriented campaigns contradicted the practice of their party’s resort to negative campaigns. The article concludes that candidates and their parties are unlikely to abide by ethical injunctions and accordingly proposes the passage of a legal code to regulate broadcasting (including political advertising) in Ghana.
Will the social media lenses be the framework for sustainable development in rural Nigeria?
Authors: Madu Robert , Moguluwa Shedrack Chinwuba 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Nigeria’s greatest obstacle in this twenty-first century is entrenched in the low level of sustainability in most areas of human endeavour, resulting in damaged economy and looming shallow development despite the nation’s vast and abundant resources, both human and natural. Nigeria has the enormous capability of moving from a developing country to a developed state; however, the lack of some basic elements together with the vices termed ‘Nigerian factors’ have eaten deep into the nation’s institutional fabrics and denied her the opportunity of transforming her dreams. As academia, development experts and policy-makers have continued to search for the right mix of technology, methodology, easy-to-use and understandable scientific elements and infrastructure that would suit the nation’s peculiar circumstances towards meeting her developmental needs. This situation, no doubt, calls for adaptation of social media’s unique opportunities and adjustment of its weaknesses to aptly blend with the forces of innovation and ability of cultural and behavioural changes. Concerted efforts are required of the Nigerian government and its agencies in awakening the consciousness of the citizenry to integrate social media culture into the mainstream of Nigerian culture so as to produce positive changes that are evidences of sustainability.
The challenges of stem cell research in Nigeria
Authors: Agbedia Clara Oniovokoyubu , Oshegbo Godwin Efe 
Published: October 2013

Many patients and their families, have great expectations that Stem cell therapy could be the cure for a host of devastating diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's dementia, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, burns, etc. As stem cell research gains ground in Nigeria, it is appropriate to explore the issues surrounding the use of human embryos for stem cell research and its implication from a nursing perspective. In this paper the socio-political implications of the use of embryonic stem cell research was addressed. The nursing, medical and legal literature (both print and electronic) related to Stem cell research and therapy were evaluated and the main ethical issues raised by the destruction of human embryos were examined. There must be a public discussion/debate on the benefits including its cost implication. Nigerians must evaluate the appropriateness of stem cell technologies within their own national contexts and prioritize which applications are the most promising for improving their health.
Birth outcomes of cases with right sided obstructive defects of heart a population-based case-control study
Authors: Vereczkey Attila , Kósa Zsolt , Csáky-Szunyogh Melinda , Urbán Róbert , Czeizel Andrew 
Published: October 2013

Background: Among structural birth defects, i.e. congenital abnormalities, the most common group includes congenital heart defects (CHDs), however, the underlying causes are unclear in the vast majority of cases with CHD.Objectives: Cases with different CHD-entities as homogeneously as possible are planned to evaluate. Thus the medically recorded birth outcomes of lethal or surgically corrected cases with different groups of right sided obstructive defects of heart (RSODH) were evaluated.Method: The population-based large dataset of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities was used and date were analyzed between 1980-1996, including 200 live-born cases with isolated RSODH, 72, 13,7 and 108 had congenital stenosis of pulmonary valve, atresia/stenosis of tricuspid valve, Ebsteins anomaly, and atresia/stenosis of pulmonary artery, respectively compared to 304 matched controls and 38,151 population controls without any defects.Results: A higher rate of preterm birth and low birthweight was found in cases with RSODH born in somewhat elder women with higher birth order and lower socioeconomic status. However, 4 groups of RSODH were different from epidemiological aspect, and the degree of intrauterine growth restriction depended on the group of RSODH and the sex of fetuses.Conclusions: The pathogenesis-oriented classification of RSODH is not associated with similar epidemiological birth outcomes of cases with different RSODH groups.
Hydrolithon abyssophila sp. nov. (Hydrolithoideae, Corallinales), a bisporic coralline from the insular shelf edge of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (US)
Authors: Athanasiadis Athanasios , Ballantine David L. , Ruiz Hector 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
A new species of Hydrolithon is described from mesophotic habitats, between 30 and at least 76 m depth, off La Parguera, Puerto Rico, and St Thomas, Virgin Islands (Caribbean Sea). Its encrusting thallus covers corals and rocks. Hydrolithon abyssophila sp. nov. is distinctive in developing bisporangia that are about twice as large as its congeners and in lacking both perithallial protuberances and trichocytes in horizontal or vertical groups. It reproduces primarily by uninucleate bispores that presumably recycle the parental phase. Unfertilized carpogonia were observed in one collection suggesting the rare occurrence of gametophytic reproduction in the species.
Morphology and life stages of the potentially pinnatoxin-producing thecate dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum from the tropical Mexican Pacific
Authors: Hernández-Becerril David U. , Rodríguez-Palacio Mónica C. , Lozano-Ramírez Cruz 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
During a phytoplankton survey, non-motile (cyst-like) cells were isolated and cultured from the tropical Mexican Pacific, which belong to the thecate dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum Nézan et Chomérat, recently described from the Mediterranean and recently identified as a source of pinnatoxins in Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. Motile cells and putative cysts were studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The most characteristic features of the species agree with a previous description: (i) large and conspicuous apical pore, which extrudes mucilaginous material; (ii) polygonal and striated theca; (iii) ventral, sigmoid canal running from the apical pore to the anterior margin of the cingulum; (iv) three connected anterior intercalary plates; and (v) production of spherical cyst-like cells. The species is photosynthetic, containing many small greenish-brown chloroplasts. The tabulation of the species is Po, X, 4′, 3a, 7″, 6c, 5s?, 5′″, 2″″. Organic cyst-like cells were nearly spherical to subspherical, solitary, or aggregations linked by mucilaginous material; they are considered to be a stage in the life cycle of the species. Vulcanodinium rugosum is a new record in the study area. The ecology and the geographical distribution of the species are also discussed.
Unexpected interaction between CYP3A4 and BI 11634: is BI 11634 interacting with CYP3A4 similar to nifedipine?
Authors: Mathur Arti , Tweedie Donald J. , Maw Holly Hlaing-Hlaing , Li Yongmei 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background: Interactions between cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and its substrates are complex with multiple binding sites within the active site. BI 11634 is a factor Xa inhibitor in drug development and its interaction with CYP3A4 was evaluated.

Methods: Reaction phenotyping studies were conducted to determine human isoform(s) of cytochrome P450 responsible for BI 11634 metabolism using recombinant CYPs and specific chemical inhibitors. Metabolite identification and quantitation were performed for incubations of [14C]BI 11634 with human liver microsomes (HLMs) or recombinant CYP3A4 (rCYP3A4) using a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-radiomatic detector. Inhibition of the CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of BI 11634 by quinidine was further evaluated.

Results: From the reaction phenotyping studies, it was shown that the metabolism of BI 11634 in HLM was inhibited by ketoconazole and quinidine, well-accepted specific inhibitors of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, respectively. In contrast, BI 11634 metabolism was exclusively mediated by rCYP3A4. Additional studies confirmed that BI 11634 was metabolized by CYP3A4 to form one major metabolite and this reaction was inhibited by quinidine with a K
i of 7 µM.

Conclusions: These data indicated that BI 11634 may interact with CYP3A4 similar to nifedipine. CYP3A4 substrates have been categorized into three subgroups, including a stand-alone subgroup for dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine and felodipine. In addition, this study emphasizes the importance of using rCYP in conjunction with approaches relying on inhibition when conducting CYP450 reaction phenotyping studies, as one single method may generate misleading results. The specificity of quinidine as a CYP2D6 inhibitor is questionable as it can also significantly inhibit CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of some compounds.
Design and Development of a Test Fixture and Method for Investigation of Impact During Pre-Stressed Compression
Authors: Kerr-Anderson Eric , Geiger-Willis Benjamin , Pillay Selvum , Vaidya Uday 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
As composites become more integrated into large structures and vehicles, there is a need to design for laminate failure associated with realistic combined loading scenarios. Because a structural composite is typically brittle, impact damage has been extensively studied and residual strength has been evaluated post impact damage. Few studies have been conducted to determine the effects of pre-stressing a composite during impact. In the case of in-plane compression during impact, it has been found that there is a synergistic effect which causes more damage than occurs with a standard compression-after-impact (CAI) test. When compressive pre-stress greater than 70 MPa was applied to 150 mm × 100 mm × 5.4 mm glass fiber/vinyl ester laminates, an impact initiated shear crack (IISC) developed perpendicular to the applied load leading to failure. To accommodate designers concerned with compressively loaded composite structures that may endure an impact event, a test method has been established to conduct compression during impact (CDI) testing. This paper has reported the design, construction, and implementation of an innovative test fixture that enables investigation of failure mechanisms in the CDI test mode.