bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microwave Spectrum and Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction of 3-Bromothiophene in Excited Vibrational States
Authors: Sasada Yoshiaki 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The rotational spectra of 3-bromothiophene in the excited states of two vibrational modes were observed and the rotational constants, the centrifugal distortion constants, and the nuclear quadrupole coupling constants were determined. The wave numbers of the two vibrational modes were evaluated to be 210 cm-1 and 320 cm-1 by measuring relative intensities of the ground and excited vibrational transitions. Variations in the inertia defect for each of the vibrational modes are compared with the results of the approximate calculation.
Damage Tensors and Tensors of Continuity in Stress Analysis
Authors: Betten J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Starting from a third order skew-symmetric tensor of continuity to represent area vectors (bivectors) of Cauchy's tetrahedron in a damaged state, a second order damage tensor is found which has the diagonal form with respect to the considered coordinate system.
The second part of the paper is concerned with the stresses in a damaged continuum. Introducing a linear operator of rank four a net-stress tensor is formulated. This tensor can be decomposed into a symmetric part and into an antisymmetric one, where only the symmetric part is equal to the net-stress tensor introduced by Rabotnov [7].
In view of the formulation of constitutive equations the non-symmetric property of the actual net-stress tensor is a disadvantage. Therefore, a pseudo-net-stress tensor is introduced, which is symmetric.
The dissociation of salicylic, 2,4-, 2,5-, and 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acids in methanol-water mixtures at 25 °C
Authors: Poulias G. , Papadopoulos N. , Jannakoudakis D. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The dissociation constants and the molar conductivities at the limit of zero concentration of salicylic, 2,6-, 2,5-, and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acids have been determined in water-methanol mixtures at 25 °C. The experimental data have been analysed with the Lee and Wheaton conductance equation.
Sein oder Nichtsein als Grundfrage der Quantenphysik / To he or not to be as basic question in quantum physics
Authors: Bopp Fritz 
Published: February 2015

The question is often asked how to interprete quantum physics. That question does not arise in classical physics, since Newton's axioms are immediately connected with basic ideas and experiences. The same is possible in quantum physics, if we remember how elementary particle physicists describe their experiments.
As Helmholtz has pointed out. the basic assumption of classical physics is that of geneidentity. That means: Bodies remain the same during their motion. Obviously, that is no longer true in quantum physics. Particles can be created and annihilated. Therefore creation and annihilation must be considered as basic processes. Motion only occurs, if a particle is annihilated in a certain point, if an equal one is created in an infinitesimally neighbouring point, and if this process is continuously going on during a certain time. Motions of that kind are compatible with the existence of some manifest creation and annihilation processes.
If we accept this idea, quantum physics can be derived from first principles. As in classical physics, we know therefore what happens from the very beginning. Thus questions of interpretation become dispensable.
A particular mathematical method is used to exhaust continua. The theory is formulated in a finite lattice, whose point density and extension equally go to infinity. All calculations are therefore performed in a finite dimensional Hilbert space. The results are however related to an infinite dimensional one. Earlier calculations may, therefore, be essentially correct, though they must be rejected in theories which are based on manifestly infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces. Here limiting processes do not occur in the state space. They are only admissible for numerical results.
Diffusion Measurements with the Gravimetric Method in Solutions and in Molten Alkali Nitrates
Authors: Graaf F. van der , Ketelaar J. A. A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The gravimetric method of interdiffusion measurement from a quartz frit is developped into an accurate general method. It is applied to a number of electrolyte solutions; for iodides and bromides a correction for the adsorption is applied. For the molten alkali nitrate systems (K-Cs)NO3 at the molar fractions xCs = 0.0 and xCs = 0.1, (Na-Cs)NO3 at xCs = 0.0 and xCs = 0.1. (Na-Rb)NO3, at xRb = 0.0 and xRb = 0.1 and (Na-K)NO3 at ,xNa = 0.0, xNa = 0.3 and xNa = 1.0 the interdiffusion coefficient is determined over the temperature range of 600-723 K. The values obtained here are discussed in comparison to those from literature.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Hübnerite (MnWO4) and Ferberite (FeWO4)Crystallization under Hydrothermal Conditions
Authors: Buhl J. Chr. , Willgallis A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The kinetics of the crystallization of hiibnerite (MnWO4) and ferberite (FeWO4) was studied by hydrothermally reacting the metal (II)-chlorides and sodium tungstate in a special autoclave at two temperatures (300 °C. 400 °C) and a pressure of 1 kbar. The rates of crystallization were determined by continual removal of the reactants from the autoclave. At both temperatures, the decrease of tungstate concentration in solution followed at first order reaction. The rate constants of the reactions were calculated and the Jerofejev-equation was used to describe the kinetics. The rate of hiibnerite formation was larger and increased faster with temperature. This should affect the formation of mixed crystals by initiating a shift of the composition towards higher MnWO4/FeWO4 ratios and might well account for a zonation or inhomogeneity of natural wolframites.
Three Dimensional Structure of the Copper Complex of N,N'-Bis-salicyloyl-hydrazine
Authors: Gentzkow Wolfgang von , Knapek Erwin , Dietrich Isolde , Formanek Helmut 
Published: February 2015

N,N'-Bis-salicyloyl-hydrazine (BSH) is a very efficient copper deactivator. In this study the three dimensional structure of the copper-BSH complex was investigated with a cryotransmission- electron microscope and sterical and energetic calculations.
The neat copper-BSH complex forms a nearly amorphous polymer. By absorption of e.g. gaseous ammonia a hexagonal structure shows up without fundamentally transforming the conformation of the complex. The most dominant lattice periodicities are 0.9 and 1.1 nm as obtained by electron microscopical imaging, electron diffraction and sterical calculations. The model shows that copper is very well shielded in the complex by the surrounding BSH-molecules. Due to this, copper is perfectly deactivated.
Protonation of the Trimethylated Pyrichrominium Ion
Authors: Koput J. , Marciniak B. , Paszyc S. 
Published: February 2015

pK
Spectroscopic manifestations of protonation of the trimethylated pyrichrominium ion studied previously experimentally [1] are investigated using a semiempirical INDO/S Cl method. Singlet and triplet energy levels of the free ion and several protonated species are calculated, and transition energies and oscillator strengths are compared with experimental spectra. Calculated charge densities on nitrogen atoms are correlated with experimental values for the ground and lowest excited singlet and triplet states. The possibility of the proton transfer reaction (phototautomerization) in the lowest excited singlet state of monoprotonated species is discussed on the basis of INDO/S Cl calculations, fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy.
Magnetische Monopole in vereinheitlichten Eichtheorien
Authors: Mielke Eckehard W. 
Published: February 2015

Although refuted for a long time as a monstrosity, today’s concepts in elementary particle physics necessitate it on theoretical grounds: The existence of isolated elementary magnetic north- or south poles.
If compared with a proton, the mass of such a monopole is estimated to be gigantic; comparable to that of an amoeba. Under the impact of the empirical success of unified gauge models, the search for monopoles has been steadily enforced with the aid of new detection methods.
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Studies of Chelated Antimony Complexes. Part III. The Carboxylates: RCO2SbCl4
Authors: Gerard-Dion Claudine , Rupp-Bensadon Joyce , Lucken Edwin A. C. 
Published: February 2015

The 35Cl, 121Sb and 123Sb resonance frequencies for seventeen tetrachloro(carboxylato)antimony V compounds, RCO2SbCl4, are reported. The results confirm the difference in the effects of the substituent on the equatorial chlorine atoms and the axial chlorine atoms of the SbCl4 group, previously remarked in Parts I and II of this series, and this effect has been put on a more quantitative basis by correlating the observed frequencies with the pK’s of the corresponding acids.
The compounds with R = isopropyl and R = cyclopropyl both show a phase change in the region of 140 K which may correspond to reorientation of the substituent about the R - CO2 axis.
Dielectric and Pyroelectric Properties of Ammonium Hydrogen-DL-Malate Monohydrate, NH4(C4H5O5) H2O
Authors: Fleck Silvia , Böhm Michael C. , Weiss Alarich 
Published: February 2015

The dielectric and pyroelectric properties of ammonium hydrogen-DL-malate monohydrate NH⊕ (⊖OOCCHOHCH2COOH) • H20 were studied as a function of temperature and crystallographic direction. The components of the dielectric tensor at room temperature are within the limits 5.9 ≦ ε≦ 8.6. The pyroelectric coefficient |p| increases from ≈ 18 μC m-2 K-1 at T= 100 K to 32 μC m-2 K-1 at room temperature. The angular variation of p in the ac-plane of the crystal with symmetry Cc is ≈ 10°.
Using an INDO procedure which includes crystal field effects in a self-consistent way (SCEF) the charge distribution in the solid was calculated. With the therefrom resulting dipole moment and together with the dielectric measurements the pyroelectric coefficient |p| and the change of |p| with temperature was calculated. Experiment and theoretical result agree satisfactory.
Composite Gluons and Effective Nonabelian Gluon Dynamics in a Unified Spinor-Isospinor Preon Field Model
Authors: Stumpf H. 
Published: February 2015

The model is defined by a selfregularizing nonlinear preon field equation and all observable (elementary and non-elementary) particles are assumed to be bound (quantum) states of the fermionic preon fields. In particular electroweak gauge bosons are two-particle composites, leptons and quarks are three-particle composites, and gluons are six-particle composites. Electroweak gauge bosons, leptons and quarks and their effective interactions etc. were studied in preceding papers. In this paper gluons and their effective dynamics are discussed. Due to the complications of a six-particle bound state dynamics the formation of gluons is performed in two steps: First the effective dynamics of three-particle composites (quarks) is derived, and secondly gluons are fusioned from two quarks respectively. The resulting effective gluon dynamics is a non-abelian SU(3) dynamics, i.e. this local gauge dynamics is produced by the properties of the composites and need not be introduced in the original preon field equation. Mathematically these results are achieved by the application of functional quantum theory to the model under consideration and subsequent evaluation of weak mapping procedures, both introduced in preceding papers.
PACS 11.10 Field theory.
PACS 12.10 Unified field theories and models.
PACS 12.35 Composite models of particles.
X-Ray Diffraction of Some Biphenylcyclohexanes (BCH's)
Authors: Ibrahim I. H. 
Published: February 2015

X-ray diffraction measurements have been made on BCH5Cl, BCH5Br, BCH5CN, BCH52 and binary mixture of BCH5CN and BCH52, in the nematic phase. BCH5C1 and BCH5Br are thought to have a weak molecular correlation along the texture axis with repeat unit along that axis of ~ 1.1 molecular lengths. Whereas for BCH5CN the repeat unit along the texture axis is about 1.4 molecular lengths implying a strong molecular association.
The d-spacings of the binary mixtures of the strongly polar BCH5CN and the nonpolar BCH52, in the nematic phase, vary roughly linearly between the d-spacing of BCH5CN and that of BCH52.
Lorentz Invariance as a Dynamic Symmetry
Authors: Winterberg F. 
Published: February 2015

If all the forces of nature can be reduced to those which follow from a linear combination of a scalar and vector potential, as in electrodynamics, Lorentz invariance can be derived as a dynamic symmetry. All that has to be done is to assume that there is an all pervading substratum or ether, transmitting those forces through space, and that all physical bodies actually observed are held together by those forces. Under this assumption bodies in absolute motion through the substratum suffer a true contraction equal to the Lorentz contraction, and as a result of this contraction clocks in absolute motion go slower by the same amount. The velocity of light appears then to be equal in all inertial reference systems, if Einstein’s clock synchronization convention by reflected light signals is used and which presupposes this result. The Lorentz contraction and time dilation measured on an object at rest relative to an observer who gained a velocity by an accelerated motion is there explained as an illusion caused by a true Lorentz contraction and time dilation of the observer.
Both the special relativistic kinematic interpretation and this alternative dynamic interpretation give identical results only in the adiabatic limit where the accelerations are small, because if the Lorentz contraction is a real physical effect, it must take a finite time. However, to break the peculiar interaction symmetry with the ether, and which in the dynamic interpretation is the cause for the Lorentz invariance, the accelerated motions must involve rotation. Only then can non-adiabatic relativity-violating effects be observed and which would establish a preferred reference system at rest with the ether. Under most circumstances relativity-violating effects resulting from such a dynamic interpretation of special relativity would be very small and difficult to observe, a likely reason why they have evaded their detection in the past. For the rotating earth a residual sideral tide has been observed with a superconducting gravimeter, and which could be explained by an “ether wind” of about 300 km /sec at rest with the cosmic microwave background radiation. However, because of the observational uncertainties in measuring the terrestrial tides no definite conclusion can be drawn. A number of new experiments are therefore needed to decide the question regarding a possible weak violation of special relativity.
Smooth Decomposition of Generalized Fatou Set Explains Smooth Structure in Generalized Mandelbrot Set
Authors: Peinke J. , Parisi J. , Röhricht B. , Rössler O. E. , Metzler W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Generalized Mandelbrot sets arise in perturbed (non-analytic) versions of the complex logistic map. Numerically, it contains smooth portions as shown previously. To exclude that this result is specific to particular initial conditions only, the structure of the analogue to the Fatou set is looked at in the region in question. The set of non-divergent points is being "eaten up" by a smooth invading boundary. Therefore, the same type of decomposition applies independent of position in parameter space, in the region in question.
Nitrogen Quadrupole Hyperfine Structure in the Rotational Spectrum of 2-,3-,and 4-Fluoro-Benzonitrile.A Comparative High Resolution Microwave Fourier Transform Study
Authors: Böttcher Olaf , Sutter Dieter H. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A microwave Fourier transform study of the rotational spectrum of 3-fluoro-benzonitrile was carried out to study the 14N quadrupole coupling and to give improved rotational constants and centrifugal distortion parameters. In order to fully exploit the high resolution inherent to the experimental technique, frequencies, linewidths, intensities and phases were directly fitted to the observed transient emission signals. The quadrupole coupling constants are discussed in comparison to those of the related molecules 2-fluoro-benzonitrile, 4-fluoro-benzonitrile, and benzonitrile itself. For this comparison a sufficient number of hfs-patterns of the latter molecules was remeasured to derive coupling constants of comparable reliability. The four molecules may be grouped into two pairs. In benzonitrile and in 3-fluoro-benzonitrile the CN-bond shows a smaller deviation from cylindrical symmetry than in 2-and 4-fluoro-benzonitrile.
Photoreactions of 2-Amino-2-Phenylindan-1,3-Dione Derivatives
Authors: Timtcheva I. , Nikolov P. , Zechner J. , Getoff N. , Minchev St. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The photochemical behaviour of several derivatives of 2-amino-2-phenylindan-1,3-dione, substituted in the amino group was investigated by means of steady state irradiation and flash photolysis. It is shown, that two photoisomerization reactions take place simultaneously: i) photoisomerization to 3-aminosubstituted-benzylidene-phthalides; ii) photoisomerization to 2-substituted-3-phenylisoquinolinones.Both processes result from a bond rupture according to a Norrish type I reaction mechanism.
The Soft Ion Model in Monte Carlo Simulation of Molten Salts
Authors: Margheritis C. , Sinistri C. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This paper describes a method for a simple evaluation of the polarization energy in molten salt systems, by which it is possible to go, without heavy computational cost, from the rigid to the soft ion model. The method is based on the observation that, within the movements of single ions in the Monte Carlo chain, the deviation of the polarization energy is a linear function of the deviation of the Coulomb energy.
An extended numerical application has been carried out for molten Lil at 800, 1200 and 1453 (b. p.) K. The parameters that are mostly affected by the used model are put into evidence.
Dielectric Relaxation of N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone in Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Authors: Dachwitz E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Frequency dependent permittivity measurements on liquid mixtures of both substances in the relaxation region of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (MPy) show two spectral components originating from MPy. Pure MPy, on the other hand, exhibits only one component. The components are discussed as due to the microheterogenity of the mixtures.
Properties of Cold Condensed Metal Chlorideand of Cocondensed Metal/Metal Chloride Films II. Raman Spectra
Authors: Gottwald Helmut , Weil Konrad G. 
Published: February 2015

We report on Raman spectroscopic investigations with cold condensed films of silver chloride, thallium chloride, and sodium chloride in the absence and in the presence of cocondensed metal. With films of 1000 nm -2000 nm thickness, Raman signals only can be seen if small silver particles are present. These are either cocondensed particles or they are formed by photolysis of silver chloride. At low temperatures, noncrystalline films can absorb light from the exciting laser, while at room temperature also crystalline silver chloride can be photolyzed by the argon ion laser.
The signals are interpreted as surface enhanced Raman transitions of a chloride - silver vibration. No indications for the presence of silver chloride or thallium chloride molecules can be found from the spectra.
Molecular Dynamics Study of a Lithium Ion in Ammonia
Authors: Hannongbua S. V. , Ishida T. , Spohr E. , Heinzinger K. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A Molecular Dynamics simulation of a solution of one Li+ in 215 NH3 molecules has been performed at an average temperature of 235 K. A newly developed flexible model for NH3 is employed and the Li +−NH3 interactions are derived from ab initio calculations. The structure of the solution is described by radial distribution functions and the orientation of the molecules. A solvation number of six is found for Li+ and a strong preference of the solvation shell molecules exists for an orientation where the Li + −N vector and the dipole moment direction of NH3 are parallel. The self-diffusion coefficient, the hindered translational motions and librations are calculated separately for the ammonia molecules in the solvation shell and in the bulk. The effect of Li + on intramolecular geometry and vibrations is reported.
Notizen: Oxidation of a Cyanine Dye with o-Cl-Dibenzoyle Peroxide and Peroxydisulphate
Authors: Habib A. M. , Abdel-Kader M. H. , Salem M. A. , Abdel-Halim S. T. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The oxidation of the cyanine dye 1-methyl-4-N-dimethylamine-γ-stilbazolium iodide with o-Cl dibenzoyl peroxide and peroxydisulphate ion is kinetically investigated. In both cases the oxidation process obeys second order kinetics, being first order in the oxidant molecule and first order in the cyanine dye. The thermodynamic parameters evaluated for the reaction between the dye and o-Cl-DBP are Ea = 45.6 kJ mol−1m, ΔH* = 43.09 kJ mol−1 and ΔS* = − 115.7 J deg −1 mol−1. The corresponding values of Ea, ΔH, and ΔS* obtained for the dye/S2O8
−2 system are 58.01 kJ mol−1, 55.5 kJ mol−1, and − 147.8J deg−1 mol−1. Proposed mechanisms are discussed.
Fractal Behaviour of Amorphous Ni32Pd52P16 Studied by SANS
Authors: Schaal M. , Lamparter P. , Steeb S. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) was done with meltspun amorphous Ni32Pd52P16 in the as-quenched state as well as after annealing at 533 K, 570 K. and 607 K, 20 h each. The double logarithmic plot of the structure factor versus the momentum transfer shows linear behaviour with noninteger Porod-slopes. The results are interpreted with the scattering from fractally rough inner surfaces.
The as-quenched state contains fluctuations of the scattering length density associated with smooth boundary interfaces. Annealing yields rough boundary interfaces, the roughness being largest after the 570 K annealing. Annealing at the higher temperature of 607 K yields less rough boundary interfaces.
Application of Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) for Precise Determination of NQR Frequencies
Authors: Eguchi Taro , Mano Koichi , Nakamura Nobuo 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The maximum entropy method (MEM) is applied to the analysis of the closely spaced nuclear quadrupole resonance spectra of 35Cl in hexachlorobenzene and 14N in trarts-azobenzene. The superiority of the MEM to usual FFT spectra is discussed with respect to the precision of frequency measurements and the noise characteristics in broad and noisy NQR spectra.
Absorption Spectrum of Mn2+ Ions Doped in Zinc Thallium Sulphate Hexahydrate
Authors: Rao J. Lakshmana , Reddy M. Ramachandra , Lakshman S. V. J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The optical absorption spectrum of Mn2+ ions doped in zinc thallium sulphate hexahydrate has been studied at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. The observed bands are assigned as transitions from the 6A1g(S) ground state to various excited quartet levels of Mn2+ ion in octahedral symmetry. The fine structure observed in the 4T2g(D) band is explained as due to spin-orbit interaction. All the observed band positions have been fitted with the parameters B, C, Dq and α .
Phase Transition Studies across Isotropic-Smectic A and Smectic A-Smectic F Phases in 90.4
Authors: Potukuchi D. M. , Rao P. Bhaskara , Rao N. V. S. , Pisipati V.G. K. M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The temperature dependence of the density of N(p-n-nonyloxy benzylidene)p-n-butylaniline (90.4) is studied. The compound exhibits smectic A, smectic F and smetic G phases. The isotropicsmectic A (IA) and smetic A-smectic F phase transitions are found to be first order. The calculated thermal expansion coefficient and differential scanning calorimetry support the density results. The density jumps, associated enthalpies and the estimated pressure dependence of the transition temperatures for IA transitions in other compounds are also presented.