bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observed Rainfall Asymmetry in Tropical Cyclones Making Landfall over China
Authors: Yu Zifeng , Wang Yuqing , Xu Haiming 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this study, the rainfall asymmetries in tropical cyclones (TCs) that made landfall in the Hainan (HN), Guangdong (GD), Fujian (FJ), and Zhejiang (ZJ) provinces of mainland China and Taiwan (TW) from 2001 to 2009 were analyzed on the basis of TRMM satellite 3B42 rainfall estimates. The results reveal that in landfalling TCs, the wavenumber 1 rainfall asymmetry shows the downshear to downshear-left maximum in environmental vertical wind shear (VWS), which is consistent with previous studies for TCs over the open oceans. A cyclonic rotation from south China to east China in the location of the rainfall maximum has been identified. Before landfall, the location of the rainfall maximum rotated from southwest to southeast of the TC center for TCs making landfall in the regions from HN to GD, TW, FJ, and ZJ. After landfall, the rotation became from southwest to northeast of the TC center from south China to east China. It is shown that this cyclonic rotation in the location of the rainfall maximum is well correlated with a cyclonic rotation from south China to east China in the environmental VWS between 200 and 850 hPa, indicating that the rainfall asymmetry in TCs that made landfall over China is predominantly controlled by the large-scale VWS. The cyclonic rotation of VWS is found to be related to different interactions between the midlatitude westerlies and the landfalling TCs in different regions. The results also indicate that the axisymmetric (wavenumber 0) component of rainfall generally decreased rapidly after landfall in most studied regions.
Initiating Moist Convection in an Inhomogeneous Layer by Uniform Ascent
Authors: Nugent Alison D. , Smith Ronald B. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Using aircraft data from the recent Dominica Experiment (DOMEX) project in Dominica, the authors evaluate a modified version of Woodcock’s theory of moist convective initiation. Upstream of Dominica, anticorrelated fluctuations in temperature and specific humidity are found in the subcloud layer related to ambient trade wind convection. The associated variances in virtual temperature and air density are surprisingly small due to buoyancy adjustment. When this air is quickly lifted by terrain, the moist patches, having a lower lifting condensation level, become “seeds” for convection. The authors model this process by uniformly lifting an observed layer of air moist adiabatically from 300 to 1300 m. The resulting variations of buoyancy within the layer are converted to vertical accelerations accounting for strong “added mass” effects that include an estimate of layer depth. These estimated fluctuations in vertical acceleration agree with aircraft measurements of updraft speed and length scale over the terrain of Dominica. The authors speculate on the breadth of applicability of this mechanism of convective initiation.
Comparing Large-Scale Hydrological Model Predictions with Observed Streamflow in the Pacific Northwest: Effects of Climate and Groundwater*
Authors: Safeeq Mohammad , Mauger Guillaume S. , Grant Gordon E. , Arismendi Ivan , Hamlet Alan F. , Lee Se-Yeun 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Assessing uncertainties in hydrologic models can improve accuracy in predicting future streamflow. Here, simulated streamflows using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model at coarse (°) and fine (°) spatial resolutions were evaluated against observed streamflows from 217 watersheds. In particular, the adequacy of VIC simulations in groundwater- versus runoff-dominated watersheds using a range of flow metrics relevant for water supply and aquatic habitat was examined. These flow metrics were 1) total annual streamflow; 2) total fall, winter, spring, and summer season streamflows; and 3) 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th flow percentiles. The effect of climate on model performance was also evaluated by comparing the observed and simulated streamflow sensitivities to temperature and precipitation. Model performance was evaluated using four quantitative statistics: nonparametric rank correlation ρ, normalized Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency NNSE, root-mean-square error RMSE, and percent bias PBIAS. The VIC model captured the sensitivity of streamflow for temperature better than for precipitation and was in poor agreement with the corresponding temperature and precipitation sensitivities derived from observed streamflow. The model was able to capture the hydrologic behavior of the study watersheds with reasonable accuracy. Both total streamflow and flow percentiles, however, are subject to strong systematic model bias. For example, summer streamflows were underpredicted (PBIAS = −13%) in groundwater-dominated watersheds and overpredicted (PBIAS = 48%) in runoff-dominated watersheds. Similarly, the 5th flow percentile was underpredicted (PBIAS = −51%) in groundwater-dominated watersheds and overpredicted (PBIAS = 19%) in runoff-dominated watersheds. These results provide a foundation for improving model parameterization and calibration in ungauged basins.
Seasonal Mesoscale and Submesoscale Eddy Variability along the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent
Authors: Qiu Bo , Chen Shuiming , Klein Patrice , Sasaki Hideharu , Sasai Yoshikazu 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Located at the center of the western North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, the Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC) is not only abundant in mesoscale eddies, but also exhibits prominent submesoscale eddy features. Output from a ° high-resolution OGCM simulation and a gridded satellite altimetry product are analyzed to contrast the seasonal STCC variability in the mesoscale versus submesoscale ranges. Resolving the eddy scales of &gt;150 km, the altimetry product reveals that the STCC eddy kinetic energy and rms vorticity have a seasonal maximum in May and April, respectively, a weak positive vorticity skewness without seasonal dependence, and an inverse (forward) kinetic energy cascade for wavelengths larger (shorter) than 250 km. In contrast, the submesoscale-resolving OGCM simulation detects that the STCC eddy kinetic energy and rms vorticity both appear in March, a large positive vorticity skewness with strong seasonality, and an intense inverse kinetic energy cascade whose short-wave cutoff migrates seasonally between the 35- and 100-km wavelengths. Using a 2.5-layer, reduced-gravity model with an embedded surface density gradient, the authors show that these differences are due to the seasonal evolution of two concurring baroclinic instabilities. Extracting its energy from the surface density gradient, the frontal instability has a growth time scale of O(7) days, a dominant wavelength of O(50) km, and is responsible for the surface-intensified submesoscale eddy signals. The interior baroclinic instability, on the other hand, extracts energy from the vertically sheared STCC system. It has a slow growth time scale of O(40) days, a dominant wavelength of O(250) km, and, together with the kinetic energy cascaded upscale from the submesoscales, determines the mesoscale eddy modulations.
Benzodiazepine use and aggressive behaviour: A systematic review
Authors: Albrecht Bonnie , Staiger Petra K , Hall Kate , Miller Peter , Best David , Lubman Dan I 
Published: September 2014

Context: The relationship between benzodiazepine consumption and subsequent increases in aggressive behaviour in humans is not well understood. Objectives: The current study aimed to identify, via a systematic review, whether there is an association between benzodiazepine consumption and aggressive responding in adults. Method: A systematic review was conducted and reported in line with the PRISMA statement. English articles within MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, Academic Search Complete, and Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection databases were searched. Additional studies were identified by searching reference lists of reviewed articles. Only articles that explicitly investigated the relationship between benzodiazepine consumption and subsequent aggressive behaviour, or a lack thereof, in human adults were included. Results: Forty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. It was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis due to the heterogeneity of study design and benzodiazepine type and dose. An association between benzodiazepine use and subsequent aggressive behaviour was found in the majority of the more rigorous studies, although there is a paucity of high-quality research with clinical or forensic populations. Diazepam and alprazolam have received the most attention. Dose-related findings are inconsistent: therapeutic doses may be more likely to be associated with aggressive responding when administered as a once-off, whereas higher doses may be more risky following repeated administration. Trait levels of anxiety and hostility may indicate a vulnerability to the experience of benzodiazepine-related aggression. Conclusions: There appears to be a moderate association between some benzodiazepines and subsequent aggressive behaviour in humans. The circumstances under which aggressive responding may be more likely to follow benzodiazepine use remain unclear, although some evidence suggests dose and/or personality factors may influence this effect.
Musculoskeletal Disorder Symptoms in Correction Officers
Authors: Warren Nicholas , Dussetschleger Jeffrey , Punnett Laura , Cherniack Martin G. 
Published: September 2014

Objective: In this study, we sought to explain the rapid musculoskeletal symptomatology increase in correction officers (COs). Background: COs are exposed to levels of biomechanical and psychosocial stressors that have strong associations with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in other occupations, possibly contributing to their rapid health deterioration. Method: Baseline survey data from a longitudinal study of COs and manufacturing line workers were used to model musculoskeletal symptom prevalence and intensity in the upper (UE) and lower (LE) extremity. Outcomes were regressed on demographics and biomechanical and psychosocial exposures. Results: COs reported significantly higher prevalence and intensity of LE symptoms compared to the industrial workers. In regression models, job tenure was a primary driver of CO musculoskeletal outcomes. In CO models, a single biomechanical exposure, head and arms in awkward positions, explained variance in both UE and LE prevalence (β of 0.338 and 0.357, respectively), and low decision latitude was associated with increased LE prevalence and intensity (β of 0.229 and 0.233, respectively). Manufacturing models were less explanatory. Examining demographic associations with exposure intensity, we found none to be significant in manufacturing, but in CO models, important psychosocial exposure levels increased with job tenure. Conclusion: Symptom prevalence and intensity increased more rapidly with job tenure in corrections, compared to manufacturing, and were related to both biomechanical and psychosocial exposures. Tenure-related increases in psychosocial exposure levels may help explain the CO symptom increase. Application: Although exposure assessment improvements are proposed, findings suggest focusing on improving the psychosocial work environment to reduce MSD prevalence and intensity in corrections.
Arm and Neck Pain in Ultrasonographers
Authors: Claes Frank , Berger Jan , Stassijns Gaëtane 
Published: September 2014

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of upper-body-quadrant pain among ultrasonographers and to evaluate the association between individual ergonomics, musculoskeletal disorders, and occurrence of neck pain. Method: A hundred and ten ( N = 110) Belgian and Dutch male and female hospital ultrasonographers were consecutively enrolled in the study. Data on work-related ergonomic and musculoskeletal disorders were collected with an electronic inquiry, including questions regarding ergonomics (position of the screen, high-low table, and ergonomic chair), symptoms (neck pain, upper-limb pain), and work-related factors (consecutive working hours a day, average working hours a week). Results: Subjects with the screen on their left had significantly more neck pain (odds ratio [OR] = 3.6, p = .0286). Depending on the workspace, high-low tables increased the chance of developing neck pain (OR = 12.9, p = .0246). A screen at eye level caused less neck pain (OR = .22, p = .0610). Employees with a fixed working space were less susceptible to arm pain (OR = 0.13, p = .0058). The prevalence of arm pain was significantly higher for the vascular department compared to radiology, urology, and gynecology departments (OR = 9.2, p = .0278). Conclusions: Regarding prevention of upper-limb pain in ultrasonograph, more attention should be paid to the work environment and more specialty to the ultrasound workstation layout. Primary ergonomic prevention could provide a painless work situation for the ultrasonographer. Application: Further research on the ergonomic conditions of ultrasonography is necessary to develop ergonomic solutions in the work environment that will help to alleviate neck and arm pain.
Alternative Payment Models and Academy Advocacy for Future Physician Payment
Authors: Dillon Jane T. , Waguespack Richard W. , Boss Emily F. , Lorenz Robert R. , Weber Randal S. 
Published: September 2014

Program Description:The landscape of physician payment is changing, with quality and measures becoming more intertwined with how payment is and will be provided for services. This miniseminar will outline the efforts of our Academy, specifically the Physician Payment Policy Workgroup (3P) and the Ad Hoc Payment Model Workgroup, to prepare members for the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, so that otolaryngologists have the tools to participate in diverse payment systems. Topics include new public and private payment models including bundling and the importance of measures in the future of quality and payment initiatives.Educational Objectives:(1) Discuss payment models as they relate to health care reform initiatives, new payment models, and Academy efforts to prepare members for changes in reimbursement. (2) Describe how existing measure sets (adult sinusitis and acute otitis externa) were developed for otolaryngology, tracking, and reporting and how these measures affect reimbursement. (3) Recognize the Academy's efforts to interact and collaborate with public and private payers related to alternative payment model options and opportunities for otolaryngologists.
Regional Flaps Accessible to Everyone: Regional Reconstruction Revisited
Authors: Patel Urjeet , Hanasono Matthew M. , Richmon Jeremy D. , Hartig Gregory K. , Lin Derrick T. 
Published: September 2014

Program Description:The miniseminar will address regional reconstruction of the head and neck, with attention to surgical options available to the general otolaryngologist–head and neck surgeon. The format will include a descriptive portion of both longstanding and emerging reconstructive flap options that are commonly used today. The remainder will be case based, with depiction of commonly encountered wounds or defects followed by an interactive forum to discuss surgical and/or medical strategies for wound management. Audience participation will be encouraged through the Audience Response System to discuss preferred surgical strategies.Educational Objectives:(1) Describe recent advances of commonly used regional flaps for head and neck reconstruction: pectoralis, submental, supraclavicular flaps, temporoparietal, facial artery mucosal muscle, and trapezius. (2) Cite the indications and contraindications for each flap, with consideration of location and size of defect, mobility, and prior irradiation. (3) Incorporate the information provided to develop an algorithmic approach to wound management using regional flaps with awareness of their use and limitations.
Salvage Laryngectomy, Decision Making to Optimize the Result: Neck Dissection? Salivary Bypass? Flap‐Assisted Closure?
Authors: Chepeha Douglas B. , Gilbert Ralph W. , Patel Urjeet 
Published: September 2014

Program Description:How does a surgeon decide to optimize the outcome after performing a salvage laryngectomy? The goal of this miniseminar is to help the surgeon understand the decision‐making process for the reconstruction of the hypopharynx after salvage laryngectomy using evidence from 2 large national retrospective reviews. In addition, the role of withholding neck dissection to reduce morbidity will be discussed. Substantial time will be left at the end of the presentation to discuss specific case examples and have the faculty discuss perioperative and postoperative management.Educational Objectives:(1) Cite the current evidence for flap‐assisted closure for patients undergoing salvage laryngectomy. (2) Evaluate the risks and benefits of performing neck dissection for salvage patients. (3) Use case examples to demonstrate management relating to choice for neck dissection, use of the salivary bypass tube, and choice of flap‐assisted reconstruction.
Surgical Management of the Patient with Facial Paralysis
Authors: Wax Mark K. , Rosenthal Eben L. , Fedok Fred G. , Wang Tom D. 
Published: September 2014

Program Description:Patients with facial nerve paralysis suffer significant cosmetic and functional morbidity. Most of these patients eventually require the attention of the facial plastic reconstructive surgeon. Management of the eye involves both loading the upper eyelid and tightening the lower eyelid. Mid‐face reconstruction can be addressed by either dynamic sling using a temporalis muscle or adynamic with acellular suspension. The advantages and risks associated with the procedures and the operative results of these techniques will be discussed by the panel. Each panelist will present their preferred method of rehabilitation with case scenarios to explore subtleties of each surgical approach.Educational Objectives:(1) Upon completion of this session, the attendee will be able to determine the management of the upper and lower eyelid complex. (2) Attendees will be able to discuss the differences in dynamic and adynamic reconstruction of the lower face. (3) Attendees will be able to manage the nasal airway in patients with facial nerve paralysis.
Technical Pearls in Rhinoplasty
Authors: Pribitkin Edmund A. , Mobley Steven R. , Humphrey Clinton D. , Hamilton Grant S. 
Published: September 2014

Program Description:Four experienced rhinoplasty surgeons divulge their 3 techniques that prove useful in almost every case. Every component of rhinoplasty will be covered systematically with tips being offered on the straight dorsum, functional middle vault, and the refined tip. Videos or step‐by‐step photographs will enable attendees to quickly grasp how and when to use these maneuvers to consistently improve their patient outcomes. Topics to be covered include grafts in rhinoplasty made easy, management of the lateral crus, ultrasonic sculpting of the dorsum, suture fixation techniques revisited, and critical closing steps.Educational Objectives:(1) Employ suture techniques such as medial crural fixation stitch and upper lateral cartilage suspension sutures to maintain tip projection and middle vault competency, respectively. (2) Select cartilage grafts that camouflage defects, reinforce projection, and maintain the nasal airway. (3) Choose appropriate tip refinement techniques to consistently improve patient outcomes.
American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Core Miniseminar: Building Research into Your Practice
Authors: Bleier Benjamin S. , Gubbles Samuel , St. John Maie , Cheng Alan G. , Tan Bruce K. , Sikora Andrew G. 
Published: September 2014

Program Description:This course is sponsored by the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery CORE Grants program and is designed to provide a practical, “nuts and bolts” guide to incorporating research into your otolaryngology practice. A diverse group of experienced surgeon‐scientists will cover all of the relevant topics from how to choose a project, get funding, publish your work, patent your ideas, and more. Whether you are looking to begin a small clinical study or embark on a career in research, this miniseminar will provide you with the tools to avoid common pitfalls and make your research a successful and rewarding experience.Educational Objectives:(1) Design a rewarding research project based on your interests, resources, and time. (2) Market your research idea in order to get funding and successfully publish your findings. (3) Determine when and if you should patent your ideas and how to work with industry to bring your research into the clinic.
Avoiding the Deadly Sins of Humanitarian Missions: How to Do Good Better
Authors: McMains Kevin C. , Isaacson Glenn C. , Netterville James L. , Wagner Richard 
Published: September 2014

Program Description:Humanitarian surgical trips provide an opportunity to deliver care that would otherwise be unavailable. However, there is significant variability among humanitarian missions. This variability has contributed to some unfortunate patient outcomes. This miniseminar will explore “deadly sins” common to medical humanitarian efforts and issues that are unique to surgical humanitarian missions. Panelists with extensive humanitarian experience will discuss available data and areas with a lack of data concerning humanitarian efforts. Best practices will be discussed with respect to appropriate standard of care, duration, follow‐up, research, role of the media, and integration with local care systems.Educational Objectives:(1) Critically evaluate the existing literature and identify gaps in knowledge regarding humanitarian efforts in otolaryngology. (2) Recognize “best practices” including appropriate standard of care, duration, follow‐up, conduct of research, role of the media, and integration with local care systems. (3) Critically evaluate and devise methods to improve existing humanitarian efforts in otolaryngology.
Decision Making in the Precarious Airway
Authors: Johnson Jonas T. , Kost Karen M. , Goldenberg David 
Published: September 2014

Program Description:Otolaryngologists are familiar with the available techniques for establishing an airway. In elective procedures with an anticipated difficult airway, the surgeon, anesthetist, and other members of the team may establish a clear plan of action in the controlled setting of the operating room. Upper airway obstruction may present as a life‐threatening emergency in which quick action is essential and discussion time is limited. Some of these cases are extraordinarily challenging. In this miniseminar, we present the options available for establishing an airway through cases in which “standard” plans of action required modification to achieve a successful outcome.Educational Objectives:(1) Recognize what makes an airway “difficult.” (2) Weigh the options available for establishing a precarious airway. (3) Establish a decision‐making process through case presentations.