bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rare and Severe Maxillofacial Injury Due to Tear Gas Capsules: Report of Three Cases
Authors: Çorbacɩoğlu Şeref Kerem , Güler Sertaç , Er Erhan , Seviner Meltem , Aslan Şahin , Aksel Gökhan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTear gases are used by police or armed forces for control of riots or social events or by the general population for private self‐defense. These agents are used widely throughout the world, but some harmful effects have reported. In addition, despite well‐defined chemical side effects documented in the literature, data are insufficient regarding mechanical injury due to tear gas capsules. We report three cases of severe maxillofacial injury in patients who had these capsules fired from tear gas guns directly to their faces. The capsules penetrated the patients' faces, causing potentially fatal injuries. To our knowledge, reports of this kind of injury related to tear gas capsules are very rare in the literature. In conclusion, tear gas guns may be very dangerous in terms of human health and they may cause severe injuries, especially when they are not used according to strict guidelines.
Introducing Computed Tomography Standards for Age Estimation of Modern Australian Subadults Using Postnatal Ossification Timings of Select Cranial and Cervical Sites,
Authors: Lottering Nicolene , MacGregor Donna M. , Alston Clair L. , Watson Debbie , Gregory Laura S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractContemporary, population‐specific ossification timings of the cranium are lacking in current literature due to challenges in obtaining large repositories of documented subadult material, forcing Australian practitioners to rely on North American, arguably antiquated reference standards for age estimation. This study assessed the temporal pattern of ossification of the cranium and provides recalibrated probabilistic information for age estimation of modern Australian children. Fusion status of the occipital and frontal bones, atlas, and axis was scored using a modified two‐ to four‐tier system from cranial/cervical DICOM datasets of 585 children aged birth to 10 years. Transition analysis was applied to elucidate maximum‐likelihood estimates between consecutive fusion stages, in conjunction with Bayesian statistics to calculate credible intervals for age estimation. Results demonstrate significant sex differences in skeletal maturation (p < 0.05) and earlier timings in comparison with major literary sources, underscoring the requisite of updated standards for age estimation of modern individuals.
Effects of Ultrasound on Spoilage Microorganisms, Quality, and Antioxidant Capacity of Postharvest Cherry Tomatoes
Authors: Wang Wenjun , Ma Xiaobin , Zou Mingming , Jiang Peng , Hu Weixin , Li Jiao , Zhi Zijian , Chen Jianle , Li Shan , Ding Tian , Ye Xingqian , Liu Donghong 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMature‐green cherry tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Jinyu) were exposed to different power densities of ultrasound (66.64, 106.19, and 145.74 W/L) at 25 °C to study ultrasound non‐thermal effects on the storage properties. Among the three levels of ultrasound irradiation, 106.19 W/L ultrasound was effective in reducing the spoilage microorganisms, delaying postharvest ripening through inhibiting ethylene production and respiration rates, and consequently maintaining fruit firmness, flavor, enzyme activities, antioxidants (total phenolics, total flavonoids), and the total antioxidant capacity of cherry tomatoes. The 66.64 W/L ultrasound had similar effects but to a lesser extent. Meanwhile, although 145.74 W/L ultrasound resulted in higher content of ascorbic acid (AA), it showed many negative effects on the storage quality of fruits. These results demonstrated that ultrasound of appropriate power density had great potentials in inhibiting decay, maintaining flavor and nutritional quality of cherry tomatoes.
Acid Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Different Non‐O157 Shiga Toxin‐Producing E. coli Serogroups
Authors: Kim Gwang‐Hee , Breidt Frederick , Fratamico Pina , Oh Deog‐Hwan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe objective of this study was to compare the acid resistance (AR) of non‐O157 Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains belonging to serogroups O26, O45, O103, O104, O111, O121, and O145 with O157:H7 STEC isolated from various sources in 400 mM acetic acid solutions (AAS) at pH 3.2 and 30 °C for 25 min with or without glutamic acid. Furthermore, the molecular subgrouping of the STEC strains was analyzed with the repetitive sequence‐based PCR (rep‐PCR) method using a DiversiLabTM system. Results for a total of 52 strains ranged from 0.31 to 5.45 log reduction CFU/mL in the absence of glutamic acid and 0.02 to 0.33 CFU/mL in the presence of glutamic acid except for B447 (O26:H11), B452 (O45:H2), and B466 (O104:H4) strains. Strains belonging to serogroups O111, O121, and O103 showed higher AR than serotype O157:H7 strains in the absence of glutamic acid. All STEC O157:H7 strains exhibited a comparable DNA pattern with more than 95% similarity in the rep‐PCR results, as did the strains belonging to serogroups O111 and O121. Surprisingly, the DNA pattern of B458 (O103:H2) was similar to that of O157:H7 strains with 82% similarity, and strain B458 strain showed the highest AR to AAS among the O103 strains with 0.44 log reduction CFU/mL without glutamic acid. In conclusion, STEC serotypes isolated from different sources exhibited diverse AR and genetic subtyping patterns. Results indicated that some non‐O157 STEC strains may have higher AR than STEC O157:H7 strains under specific acidic conditions, and the addition of glutamic acid provided enhanced protection against exposure to AAS.
Proteolysis and Flavor Characteristics of Serrano Ham Processed under Different Ripening Temperature Conditions
Authors: del Olmo Ana , Calzada Javier , Gaya Pilar , Nuñez Manuel 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPhysicochemical, proteolysis and sensory characteristics of Serrano hams processed under low, medium and high ripening temperature conditions (RTC), with respective average temperatures of 9.3, 14.3, and 19.1 °C, were determined throughout a 15‐mo period. In addition, quantitative relationships among variables were calculated. Medium and high RTC hams showed lower moisture contents and lower levels of low‐ and high‐ionic‐strength soluble proteins than low RTC hams. At 15 mo, aldolase was the most abundant low‐ionic‐strength soluble protein and actin the most abundant high‐ionic‐strength soluble protein in all hams while creatine kinase was no longer detected and H‐meromyosin was detected only in low and medium RTC hams. Levels of all the molecular‐weight peptide fractions increased during ripening, with higher factors of increase for the fractions of lower molecular weight. Total free amino acids were at significantly higher concentrations in medium and high RTC hams than in low RTC hams from month 7 onwards. The correlations of flavor preference and flavor intensity with ripening time, thermal integral, total free amino acids and most individual free amino acids were highly significant, while raw‐meat taste was negatively correlated with all those variables. From month 5 to month 9 of ripening, development of a high quality flavor evolved more rapidly in medium RTC hams, flavor intensity increased at a faster rate in high RTC hams and raw‐meat taste declined more rapidly in medium and high RTC hams. Medium and high RTC may be applied to accelerate the ripening process of Serrano ham without impairing flavor preference.
Effect of Processed Onions on the Plasma Concentration of Quercetin in Rats and Humans
Authors: Kashino Yasuaki , Murota Kaeko , Matsuda Namiko , Tomotake Muneaki , Hamano Takuya , Mukai Rie , Terao Junji 
Published: September 2015

AbstractOnion is a major dietary source of the bioactive flavonoid, quercetin. Quercetin aglycone (QA) is exclusively distributed in the onion peel, although quercetin‐4′‐β‐O‐glucoside (Q4′G) is present in both the peel and the bulb, and quercetin‐3,4′‐β‐O‐diglucoside (Q3,4′diG) is present only the bulb. The bioavailability of flavonoids from fruits and vegetables is frequently affected by the manufacturing process and related conditions. The present study aimed to estimate the effect of food processing on the bioavailability of onion QA and its glucosides, Q4′G and Q3,4′diG, provided through the consumption of onion products. Rats were fed onion peel and onion bulb products‐mixed meal or pure QA/Q4′G+Q3,4′diG‐mixed meal at 5 mg QA equivalent/kg body weight. A comparison of the blood plasma concentrations strongly suggested that quercetin glucosides (Q4′G and Q3,4′diG) are superior or at least equal to QA in their bioavailability, when each purified compound is mixed with the meal. The intake of a peel powder‐containing meal provided a significantly higher increase of plasma quercetin concentration than the peel extract, bulb powder, bulb extract, and bulb sauté containing meals at each period tested. A human ingestion study confirmed the superiority of onion peel powder to onion peel extract. The difference of log P for QA between peel powder and peel extract indicated that a food matrix improves the bioavailability of QA in onion peel products. These results demonstrated that the bioavailability of quercetin provided by not the onion bulb but the onion peel is significantly affected by food processing.
A Prospective, Observational Pilot Study of the Use of Urinary Antimicrobial Peptides in Diagnosing Emergency Department Patients With Positive Urine Cultures
Authors: Caterino Jeffrey M. , Hains David S. , Camargo Carlos A. , Quraishi Sadeq A. , Saxena Vijay , Schwaderer Andrew L. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivesUrinary tract infection (UTI) often represents a diagnostic challenge in the emergency department (ED) where urine culture results are generally not available and other tests demonstrate limited sensitivity and specificity. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are components of the innate immune system that have demonstrated increased urinary levels in response to infection both in children and in adults with chronic UTI. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between urinary AMP levels and positive urine cultures in adult ED patients with suspected UTI.MethodsThis was a prospective, observational study of adult ED patients with suspected UTI. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were performed to measure urine levels of AMPs: human neutrophil peptides 1–3 (HNP1–3), human α‐defensin 5 (HD5), human beta defensin 2 (hBD‐2), and cathelicidin (LL‐37). Comparisons between positive and negative cultures were performed using Wilcoxon rank sum tests and receiver operating characteristic curves, with calculation of area under the curve (AUC). Data were also analyzed for the older adult subgroup.ResultsOf 40 patients enrolled, 23 (58%) were ≥ 65 years, 25 were female (64%), and seven (17%) were nonwhite. Cultures were positive in 13 (32%), including seven in those ≥ 65 years old. HNP1–3, HD5, and hBD‐2 levels were significantly higher in those with positive than negative urine cultures. Median HNP1–3 was 5.39 ng/mg (interquartile range [IQR] = 2.74 to 11.09) in positive vs. 0.81 ng/mg (IQR = 0.06 to 3.87) in negative cultures. Median HD5 was 4.75 pg/mg (IQR = 1.6 to 22.7) in positive versus 0.00 pg/mg (IQR = 0 to 2.60) in negative cultures, and median hBD‐2 was 0.13 pg/mg (IQR = 0.08 to 0.17) in positive versus 0.02 pg/mg (IQR = 0 to 0.04) in negative cultures (p < 0.05 for all). Findings were similar for adults ≥ 65 years. The AUC was ≥ 0.75 for all three AMPs, both overall and in the older adult subgroup. LL‐37 was not significantly higher in patients with positive urine culture. However, LL‐37 expression is vitamin D dependent, and inadequate serum levels (< 30 ng/mL) were present in 72% of those tested.ConclusionsUrinary levels of HNP1–3, HD5, and hBD‐2 are significantly greater in the presence of positive urine cultures in ED patients with suspected UTI. These findings are maintained in the high‐risk subgroup of older adults.
Rats quit nicotine for a sweet reward following an extensive history of nicotine use
Authors: Huynh Carmen , Fam Justine , Ahmed Serge H. , Clemens Kelly J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDrug use may be exacerbated in environments which lack alternative means of engaging in rewarding behaviour. When alternative rewards are available, drug use may decrease—an effect that can be harnessed for therapeutic benefit. This idea is particularly well‐supported by recent preclinical evidence demonstrating that a majority of rats will readily choose a potent non‐drug reward over cocaine or heroin. Here we examine whether the same holds true for nicotine, a drug considered to have one of the highest addiction liabilities amongst drugs of abuse. Rats were trained to nose‐poke separately for saccharin or nicotine on alternate days. Using a discrete‐trial, forced‐choice procedure, rats were then allowed to choose between nicotine and saccharin. This was followed by choice testing after a decrease in saccharin concentration (0.2–0%), omission of the fluid reward, an increase in nicotine concentration and following an extended nicotine self‐administration history. All rats demonstrated a clear and immediate preference for saccharin at all times. This was despite variations in reward concentrations, or after an extensive nicotine history. Notably, rats preferred to nose‐poke for water over nicotine and would omit responses when no fluid was delivered, rather than resume responding for nicotine. Overall, this study confirms and extends to nicotine previous research on other drugs of abuse, including cocaine and heroin. The ease with which rats quit nicotine in the present study contrasts with the well‐known difficulty of humans to quit tobacco smoking. Possible factors that could explain this apparent discrepancy are discussed.
The relationship between oral and written narratives: A three‐year longitudinal study of narrative cohesion, coherence, and structure
Authors: Pinto Giuliana , Tarchi Christian , Bigozzi Lucia 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundThe relationship between oral language and the writing process at early acquisition stages and the ways the former can enhance or limit the latter has not been researched extensively.AimsThe predictive relationship between kindergarten oral narrative competence and the first‐ and second‐grade written narrative competence was explored in a 3‐year longitudinal study. Among the first and second graders, the relationship between orthographic competence and narrative competence in written productions was also analysed.SampleOne hundred and nine Italian children participated in this study.MeasuresKindergarteners produced an oral narrative, whereas the first and second graders produced a written narrative. The oral and written narratives were analysed in terms of cohesion, coherence, and structure. The first‐grade orthographic competence was assessed via a dictation task.ResultsMultiple linear regression and mediational analyses were performed. Kindergarten oral narrative competence affected the first‐ and second‐grade written narrative competence via a mediational effect of orthographic competence.ConclusionThe results suggest the importance of practicing oral narrative competence in kindergarten and first grade and the value of composition quality independent of orthographic text accuracy.
Identification of the putative binding pocket of valerenic acid on GABAA receptors using docking studies and site‐directed mutagenesis
Authors: Luger D , Poli G , Wieder M , Stadler M , Ke S , Ernst M , Hohaus A , Linder T , Seidel T , Langer T , Khom S , Hering S 
Published: September 2015

Background and Purposeβ2/3‐subunit‐selective modulation of GABAA receptors by valerenic acid (VA) is determined by the presence of transmembrane residue β2/3N265. Currently, it is not known whether β2/3N265 is part of VA's binding pocket or is involved in the transduction pathway of VA's action. The aim of this study was to clarify the localization of VA's binding pocket on GABAA receptors.Experimental ApproachDocking and a structure‐based three‐dimensional pharmacophore were employed to identify candidate amino acid residues that are likely to interact with VA. Selected amino acid residues were mutated, and VA‐induced modulation of the resulting GABAA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes was analysed.Key ResultsA binding pocket for VA at the β+/α− interface encompassing amino acid β3N265 was predicted. Mutational analysis of suggested amino acid residues revealed a complete loss of VA's activity on β3M286W channels as well as significantly decreased efficacy and potency of VA on β3N265S and β3F289S receptors. In addition, reduced efficacy of VA‐induced IGABA enhancement was also observed for α1M235W, β3R269A and β3M286A constructs.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur data suggest that amino acid residues β3N265, β3F289, β3M286, β3R269 in the β3 subunit, at or near the etomidate/propofol binding site(s), form part of a VA binding pocket. The identification of the binding pocket for VA is essential for elucidating its pharmacological effects and might also help to develop new selective GABAA receptor ligands.
Two‐year clinical outcomes following non‐surgical mechanical therapy of peri‐implantitis with adjunctive diode laser application
Authors: Mettraux Gérald R. , Sculean Anton , Bürgin Walter B. , Salvi Giovanni E. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundNon‐surgical mechanical therapy of peri‐implantitis (PI) with/without adjunctive measures yields limited clinical improvements.AimTo evaluate the clinical outcomes following non‐surgical mechanical therapy of PI with adjunctive application of a diode laser after an observation period ≥2 years.Material and methodsAt baseline (BL), 15 patients with 23 implants with a sandblasted and acid‐etched (SLA) surface diagnosed with PI were enrolled and treated. PI was defined as presence of probing pocket depths (PPD) ≥5 mm with bleeding on probing (BoP) and/or suppuration and ≥2 threads with bone loss after delivery of the restoration. Implant sites were treated with carbon fiber and metal curettes followed by repeated application of a diode laser 3x for 30 s (settings: 810 nm, 2.5 W, 50 Hz, 10 ms). This procedure was performed at Day 0 (i.e., baseline), 7 and 14. Adjunctive antiseptics or adjunctive systemic antibiotics were not prescribed.ResultsAll implants were in function after 2 years. The deepest PPD decreased from 7.5 ± 2.6 mm to 3.6 ± 0.7 mm at buccal (P < 0.0001) and from 7.7 ± 2.1 mm to 3.8 ± 0.9 mm at oral sites (P < 0.0001), respectively. The % of implants with ≥1 site with BoP decreased from 100% at BL to 43% after 2 years (P = 0.0002). The % of implants with suppuration decreased from 87% at BL to 0% after 2 years (P < 0.0001).ConclusionNon‐surgical mechanical therapy of PI with adjunctive repeated application of a diode laser yielded significant clinical improvements after an observation period of at least 2 years.
Full‐arch implant fixed prostheses: a comparative study on the effect of connection type and impression technique on accuracy of fit
Authors: Papaspyridakos Panos , Hirayama Hiroshi , Chen Chun‐Jung , Ho Chung‐Han , Chronopoulos Vasilios , Weber Hans‐Peter 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the effect of connection type and impression technique on the accuracy of fit of implant‐supported fixed complete‐arch dental prostheses (IFCDPs).Materials and MethodsAn edentulous mandibular cast with five implants was fabricated to serve as master cast (control) for both implant‐ and abutment‐level baselines. A titanium one‐piece framework for an IFCDP was milled at abutment level and used for accuracy of fit measurements. Polyether impressions were made using a splinted and non‐splinted technique at the implant and abutment level leading to four test groups, n = 10 each. Hence, four groups of test casts were generated. The impression accuracy was evaluated indirectly by assessing the fit of the IFCDP framework on the generated casts of the test groups, clinically and radiographically. Additionally, the control and all test casts were digitized with a high‐resolution reference scanner (IScan D103i, Imetric, Courgenay, Switzerland) and standard tessellation language datasets were generated and superimposed. Potential correlations between the clinical accuracy of fit data and the data from the digital scanning were investigated. To compare the accuracy of casts of the test groups versus the control at the implant and abutment level, Fisher's exact test was used.ResultsOf the 10 casts of test group I (implant‐level splint), all 10 presented with accurate clinical fit when the framework was seated on its respective cast, while only five of 10 casts of test group II (implant‐level non‐splint) showed adequate fit. All casts of group III (abutment‐level splint) presented with accurate fit, whereas nine of 10 of the casts of test group IV (abutment‐level non‐splint) were accurate. Significant 3D deviations (P < 0.05) were found between group II and the control. No statistically significant differences were found between groups I, III, and IV compared with the control. Implant connection type (implant level vs. abutment level) and impression technique did affect the 3D accuracy of implant impressions only with the non‐splint technique (P < 0.05).ConclusionFor one‐piece IFCDPs, the implant‐level splinted impression technique showed to be more accurate than the non‐splinted approach, whereas at the abutment‐level, no difference in the accuracy was found.
Interrelationships between indices of longitudinal movement of the common carotid artery wall and the conventional measures of subclinical arteriosclerosis
Authors: Taivainen S. Helena , Yli‐Ollila Heikki , Juonala Markus , Kähönen Mika , Raitakari Olli T. , Laitinen Tiina M. , Laitinen Tomi P. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryOur objective was to study the interrelationships between longitudinal movement of the wall of the common carotid artery and the conventional measures of arteriosclerosis in a large and well‐characterized study population. Successful longitudinal movement analyses were performed on 292 subjects. The peak‐to‐peak and retrograde amplitudes of the longitudinal movement were directly correlated with carotid artery distensibility (r = 0·21, P<0·001 and r = 0·23, P<0·001, respectively) and inversely correlated with pulse wave velocity (r = −0·14, P<0·05 and r = −0·17, P<0·01, respectively). All longitudinal motion parameters were independent of brachial flow‐mediated dilatation and intima‐media thickness. Our findings indicate that arterial stiffening modulates longitudinal movement and, therefore, measurement of longitudinal movement can be of value in the assessment of vascular health.