bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inventing Pilsner
Authors: Pilcher Jeffrey M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Beer styles were named after particular towns such as Pilsen, Budweis, Munich, and Vienna, but they responded to globalization, as consumers sought out distinctive products. These industrial brews resulted from a combination of British technologies of malting and brewing and Bavarian bottom fermentation. The distinctive colors of these styles served as a form of product differentiation in international markets. Pure yeast helped to avoid contamination, while analytical chemistry used for industrial quality control helped to standardize beer styles. New technologies of advertising and spaces of consumption, such as beer gardens, also contributed to the commodification of beer. In addition to European markets, migrants carried these new beers to the Americas. At a time when workers were increasingly well fed, Pilsner’s light taste helped to convert beer from the category of food to recreation. The style’s light color and clean taste made it a favorite because of its associations with purity.
You Are Your Circumstance
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
I consider circumstantialism to be one of four important or major themes in Mexican philosophy, the others being accidentality, nepantla, and anti-essentialism. The Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset introduces a foundational principle to Mexican philosophy: “I am myself and my circumstance, and if I don’t save it, I don’t save myself.” With this principle in hand, Mexican philosophy comes into its own in the mid-twentieth century. Motivating this movement were readings of the work of Ortega and the German Martin Heidegger. Marrying Ortega’s notion of circumstance with Heidegger’s conception of “mineness,” Mexican philosophers found the justification for a Mexican philosophy, a philosophy that was truly their own and truly circumstantial. In this chapter, we think about the power of this idea.
Don’t Fear Ghosts . . . or Death
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins with a ghost story. The point of the story is to highlight the Mexican idea of death. This idea is one in which one’s death is not necessarily an event of the future. In fact, Mexican philosophers seek to disentangle death from the linearity of time altogether, and instead to talk about death in the language of community and sociality. Death, for them, is not an event to come, but a presence in the now. Thus, death does not bestow meaning on our lives, as it does for Freud and others; rather, our lives bestow meaning on death, which is a mirror and a coexistence.
Don’t Be Too Judgy
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we think about the “process of understanding the other” proposed by Luis Villoro. Villoro suggests that there are three “levels” in this process: objectification, assimilation, and subjugation. While I use an example of an alien civilization trying to make sense of us earthlings as a way to illustrate these steps, Villoro appeals to historical precedent: the colonization of the Indigenous peoples in the Valley of Mexico. The lesson here is that understanding others has a limit, and to go beyond this limit is to violate them. As in the previous chapter, we are reminded that we must allow others to retain what makes them different, and that not doing so can lead to violence and totalization.
The Space Between
Authors: Randles Clint 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays groundwork for understanding the role of the Middle Ground in being and becoming a songwriter. Advice is provided for how to think about the Middle Ground in the development of a personal voice in between covering songs and songwriting. Strategies are provided to help both students and their teachers think about the process of creating remixes and sampling so that the lesson seeds can be accomplished more successfully. Small group music-making is presented as a way to nurture the best of what can be accomplished through the Middle Ground. Remixing and sampling ideas, terminology, and technology are shared across the chapter, as well as “water” and “sunlight” for help and inspiration.
What Should a Scientific Theory of Free Will Look Like?
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Many scientific arguments about free will boil down to different definitions. Both sides largely agree that the human mental system for controlling action—how the brain tells the muscles to move—is very different from anything else in nature. Explaining that system is the scientific problem. A scientific theory of free will would not include supernatural elements, such as souls. Scientific theories are causal theories, so free will is not an exemption from all causes—though it might include being able to resist or overcome specific causes. The “will” part of “free will” is purely metaphor, because modern psychology does not talk about will. The “free” part is fine, however, especially if one recognizes that freedom exists along a continuum: Some actions are freer than others.
Why Free Will Evolved
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A scientific theory has to be plausibly consistent with evolution. Free will, as the ability to act differently in the same situation, probably evolved in steps. Animals are arguably freer than plants, given that only animals can leave their current situation. Humankind evolved to solve the eternal problems of survival and reproduction by creating culture to organize social life. Human free will is therefore likely one of the traits designed to enable culture. The properties of free will are therefore based more on the requirements of advanced social systems than on anything inside the individual brain. Responsibility and autonomy are the main requirements.
The Time Dimension
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Most animals live in the immediate here and now, but humans have a greatly extended awareness of past and future. Being able to imagine various future outcomes, including how present actions would produce them, and to use those thoughts as input into current action, is an important increase in freedom. Another advantage of the human awareness of time is being able to understand oneself and one’s actions in narrative form: The present action is part of a story, with meaningful relations to both past and future. Free will enables the pursuit of enlightened self-interest, especially doing what will be best in the long run even if it is not the most appealing in the immediate present.
Free Will Is No Free Lunch
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Brains consume energy, and the advanced activity required for free will requires extra energy. The evolution of free will happened as the brain became able to use the body’s energy supply to enact complicated mental processes. How the self regulates itself is a centrally important feature of human psychology. Much research has shown the advanced energy requirements of self-control, rational thinking, planning, and active initiative. This evidence often shows that after performing such a mental feat, subsequent acts of self-control or decision-making are curtailed, as if the brain gets tired from exertion. The common energy supply for self-control, rational choice, planning, and initiative is an important aspect of free will.
From Heirlooms to Tacos
Authors: Matthes Erich Hatala 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that what we save holds profound implications for who we are, and thus that identity always has a role to play in our thinking about what to conserve. The chapter discusses a range of common targets for conservation (physical material, meaning and memory, history, feeling, authenticity), and demonstrates the ways that identity is bound up with all of these other potential answers to the question of what we should save. The discussion features a wide range of cases and contexts, including family heirlooms, culinary traditions, and places, exploring how considerations of identity, both individual and collective, can guide our thinking about what to save.
From Wilderness to Pottery
Authors: Matthes Erich Hatala 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that conservation doesn’t just shape identity, but moreover, the shaping of identity, both individual and collective, can help explain why conservation matters. The chapter considers three commonly invoked rationales for conservation (appeals to intrinsic value, irreplaceability, and respect), and argues that while each consideration brings something to the table, they are each inadequate on their own. The framework of meaning provided by identity helps to explain when and why appeals to intrinsic value, irreplaceability, and respect matter for conservation. Some intrinsically valuable things are irreplaceable because their loss would threaten our sense of self. Respect for these things, however, doesn’t always require conservation. Sometimes respect requires letting something change, or even be destroyed.
Decaying, Dying, Decomposing
Authors: McNicholl Adeana 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the aesthetics of disgust in preta literature. It argues that disgust does not simply operate as a scare tactic to discourage bad behavior. Rather, disgust is integral to the ethical and soteriological framework of preta narratives. Depictions of decaying, dying, and decomposing abject preta bodies help shock (saṃvega) individuals and instill in them a sense of urgency to act toward their own soteriological good. Shock also acts as a transitory emotion that prompts individuals to cultivate confidence (śraddhā) and mental clarity (prasāda) regarding the Buddha’s teachings on actions and their fruits. As a result, disgust forms part of the affective ethos modeled and produced in preta stories, illustrating how Buddhist texts utilize literary aesthetics to produce affective experiences that are constitutive of embodied ethical action.
Doctor, Will You Pray for Me?
Authors: Klitzman Robert L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
New technologies are redefining the beginning and end of life, raising religious, spiritual, and existential quandaries about whether and when to turn off the machines and “play God.” COVID-19 made these dilemmas ever more acute. Increasingly, public discourse on religion and spirituality is polarized, with believers battling atheists. This book explores how patients and families, facing serious disease and threats of death, commonly struggle in the middle to make sense of these crises, seeking hope, meaning, purpose, and larger connections beyond themselves. Physicians, though, generally lack training and are uncomfortable regarding these issues. Healthcare chaplains have been filling the void, developing valuable approaches and insights. However, most people know little about them: Who are they? What do they do? What challenges do they face? Based on interviews with chaplains, patients, other providers, and the author’s own experiences, this book illuminates the many ways in which chaplains aid patients and families. These spiritual care providers reframe and construct narratives of illness and notions of spirituality, draw on psychotherapeutic approaches, and provide fresh eyes, uncovering vital information that can assist in medical care. They also confront challenges and are often marginalized and under-resourced. This book argues that religion and spirituality play critical roles in medicine but are often misunderstood; that chaplains are unsung heroes and deserve far more recognition and appreciation; and that by working together, doctors and chaplains can better address these realms. Understanding these amazing providers can aid us all as we face, at some point, the ultimate challenges in our lives.
“The thousand kinds of atheism”
Authors: Klitzman Robert L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chaplains assist not only religious and spiritual patients but also atheists and agnostics, who are rapidly increasing in numbers but have varying views. Although such patients have often been hurt by religious institutions, they nonetheless grapple to find meaning, purpose, and hope and larger sources of ultimate connection. They often have difficulty doing so, and chaplains seek to understand and help. Patients use the terms “atheism” and “agnosticism” in differing ways and may remain unsure about their beliefs, and/or fluctuate. These categories frequently blur. Individuals vary in how much they tolerate the inherent murkiness of agnosticism, and many prefer atheism as a more definitive answer. Patients who want to believe, but find doing so difficult, can also become depressed, though questions arise of which came first: skepticism or despair. This chapter describes how chaplains work to assess and aid these varied individuals.
Finding meaning and hope in a rapidly changing world
Authors: Klitzman Robert L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
While various critics have argued that religions are wholly harmful and should be abandoned, patients and chaplains illuminate how religious and spiritual beliefs can be used for good or bad, and can provide crucial and unique aid. Chaplains provide new models for religion and spirituality, illustrating needs to expand our conceptions and vocabulary. Religion and spirituality can inspire us to recognize how much we all deserve respect and can facilitate cooperation. Given growing political, religious, and cultural polarization, such understandings and perspectives are ever more vital. Unfortunately, pundits both for and against religion often dispute these perspectives. New religious and spiritual movements are emerging. The internet disrupts traditional religions, forging new human bonds and allowing people to connect in new ways. These chaplains illustrate how more acceptance of such varied and evolving forms of spirituality, and heightened appreciation of nature and unknown aspects of the cosmos, can aid us all.
Introduction
Authors: Kane Robert 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains that the book will address the author’s latest views on four fundamental questions about free will that have been much debated in the past half century: The (i) “Compatibility Question”: Is free will compatible or incompatible with determinism? (ii) The “Significance Question”: What kinds of freedoms are “worth wanting” and why? (iii) The Intelligibility Question”: Can we make sense of a libertarian freedom of will that would be incompatible with determinism, and answer common objections that such a view would reduce freedom of will either to mere chance or luck or mystery? And (iv) Can such a freedom be reconciled with modern natural and human sciences? The chapter ends by briefly sketching some crucial changes to the author’s libertarian view in the past decade in meeting these challenges, changes that will be developed in more detail in Chapters 2–5 and later chapters.
Ultimate Desert, the Dialectic of Selfhood, Kant’s Three Questions, Aspiration, Eastern Views, Theism, and Predestination
Authors: Kane Robert 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter explains in a personal way why the author came to believe in a free will that is incompatible with determinism. It also discusses how, beginning in the 1990s, the author began relating these concerns to three great metaphysical questions that Kant introduced at the end of his Critique of Pure Reason: What can we know? How should we live and act? What should we aspire to? The remainder of the chapter pursues these thoughts, relating them to ultimate desert, to what the author has called the “dialectic of selfhood” and to the Kantian ethical ideal of treating persons as ends because they have the capacity to be ultimate creators of their own ends. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the religious dimensions of debates about free will, in Eastern religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism, and the theism of Western and Middle Eastern religions.
Ellipses
Authors: Barton Jill 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Ellipses fill the void when writers take a word or phrase out of the middle or end of a quote. In our online world, cutting and pasting is so easy that plenty of lawyers overload their writing with quotations. The justices do not. When they do insert a quote, they make sure every word is necessary. Then they make sure to quote every part perfectly, down to the capitalization and punctuation with ellipses filling any void. There are a few finicky rules here, depending on whether the beginning, middle, or end of a quote is deleted. First, do not put an ellipsis at the beginning of a quote. Use a bracket there instead. Second, use three spaced periods to show a deletion in the middle of a quote. And use four spaced periods to show a deletion at the end. That fourth period? It ends the sentence.
Emoticons and Emojis
Authors: Barton Jill 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Emoticons and emojis are creeping into lower court opinions, along with emails, texts, and other online communications. In one case, two defendants are appealing their convictions relating to the January 6, 2021, insurrection at the United States Capitol, in part, because the emojis in their text messages were not admitted into evidence. The defendants argued, “the Court would have found three of their communications to reflect sarcasm if the emojis included in them had been admitted.” An emoticon is the text-based representation of an emoji. A colon with a closed parentheses, for example, can create a smile. Emojis are the smiley face graphic and similar images. The justices do not use emoticons or emojis, though one reference to an emoji appeared in a 2021 free speech case about student profanity on social media.
Periods
Authors: Barton Jill 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Periods end each and every point in legal writing, even if it’s not a complete sentence as with, “True enough.” “Tough as a three-dollar steak.” “Pure applesauce.” The justices revel in the chance to pack a punch, especially when they quip a pithy phrase that is not quite a sentence. All the justices add fragments, on occasion, to make a point. In writing, the comma creates a brief pause; the semicolon, a touch longer; the colon, a tough longer than that. Then there’s the all-powerful period, the full stop. Periods have a few extra jobs in legal writing. This essential punctuation mark ends fragments and sentences, of course, but it also ends citations and point headings in motions and briefs. Groups of periods—three and sometimes four—create ellipses.
The Chinese Propaganda System and Media Campaigns
Authors: Wang Frances Yaping 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 contextualizes the misalignment theory and its competing theories in the Chinese propaganda system and media campaigns. The first section provides an overview of the Chinese propaganda system, establishing the background for the empirical tests to follow. The second section conducts a medium-N test of the theory in twenty-one Chinese diplomatic crises. The medium-N test of twenty-one cases serves a dual purpose: on the one hand, it operates as a plausibility probe for the misalignment theory; on the other hand, it offers a summary of Chinese media campaigns concerning territorial disputes, thereby laying the groundwork for more thorough case studies in the ensuing chapters.
A New Look at Presidential Campaigns in the Modern Era
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Althaus Scott L. , Panagopoulos Costas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter outlines the arguments of the book with regard to American presidential elections and specifically the Electoral College. Over the last seventy years, presidential election campaigns have been evolving in systematic ways, so that today’s campaigning looks different than the campaigning of the mid-twentieth century. When it comes to winning American presidential elections, both strategic choices and campaign execution can contribute to success, so studying them can help us understand who wins and who loses. The chapter briefly reviews other research and studies of presidential campaigning and then sets out the three campaign eras covered in the following book chapters: wholesale campaigning (1952–1972), zero-sum campaigning (1976–2000), and micro-targeted campaigning (2004–2020). Finally, it presents chapter outlines.
Empire Inside Out
Authors: Loewy Shacham Ilanit 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Empire Inside Out examines the emperor-poet Kṛṣṇadevarāya (r. 1509–1529), his magnum opus, the Āmuktamālyada (Giver of the Worn Garland), and a wide array of texts from South India, bringing to light the richness and complexity of a local culture and its ideas. The monograph explores the Vijayanagara Empire (fourteenth to seventeenth century) at its zenith, during the reign of its most celebrated monarch. The book considers how a royal author navigates cosmopolitan and regional, public and personal, convention and innovation, political duty and religious devotion. It highlights how profoundly literary texts from this period were both influenced by classical and conventional models of South Asian literature and invigorated by personal experiences, linguistic experimentation, and new modes of poetic expressivity. Empire Inside Out argues that Kṛṣṇadevarāya’s text was groundbreaking, reflective of the dynamic period in which it was produced—replete with religious, political, historical, and ethnographic detail. It argues that the Śrīvaiṣṇava community, its ideology, and its Tamil landscape helped to define a new imperial idiom.
Introduction
Authors: Loewy Shacham Ilanit 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The introduction situates Kṛṣṇadevarāya within the broader history of South India, and particularly of the Vijayanagara Empire. Looking at historical records as well as modern accounts, the introduction outlines key features of Kṛṣṇadevarāya’s reign, with special attention to his literary court and the place of the Āmuktamālyada within it. The introduction also delineates the main theoretical and methodological issues at the core of this study. Among these are theories regarding the connection between courtly culture and (Sanskrit) court poetry; Sheldon Pollock’s influential study on the shift in literary production from Sanskrit to vernacular languages and its connection to the royal court and articulation of political power; and theories about the political models of South India and the role of temples and religious institutions within these models. It provides a synopsis of the Āmuktamālyada, the main sources used in the book, the main themes discussed, and the book’s structure.