bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Self-Estimation Index of Erectile Function-No Sexual Intercourse (SIEF-NS): A Multidimensional Scale to Assess Erectile Dysfunction in the Absence of Sexual Intercourse
Authors: Yuan Yiming , Zhang Zhichao , Gao Bing , Peng Jing , Cui Wanshou , Song Weidong , Xin Zhongcheng , Guo Yinglu 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Introduction
A new concept of Erectile Dysfunction with No Sexual Intercourse (ED-NS) is proposed to acknowledge the subpopulation of patients who are unable to achieve or sustain an erection in the absence of sexual intercourse. Since the commonly used ED diagnostic tool, International Index of Erectile Function Questionnaire is not able to adequately assess the erectile function (EF) in the absence of intercourse, the researchers developed a new 10-item questionnaire to better evaluate the EF in this special patient subpopulation: Self-Estimation Index of Erectile Function-No Sexual Intercourse (SIEF-NS).

Aim
To validate the reliability, sensitivity and specificity of SIEF-NS.

Methods
The study was carried out in three phases. Phase one applied component analysis to 126 ED-NS patients to search for the primary factors and Cronbach's alpha standardized statistic values for SIEF-NS. Phase two applied discriminant analysis to participants' (212 ED-NS patients and 193 normal controls) scores on each question item, each factor and the overall 10-item questionnaire. Phase three investigated SIEF-NS's capability of evaluating treatment effect on 41 ED-NS patients.

Main Outcome Measures
Reliability, sensitivity and specificity were defined and used to evaluate the performance of SIEF-NS.

Results
EF by autonomic response (factor 1) and EF with potential sexual partners (factor 2) are the two primary factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0. High degree of internal consistency was observed for the two factors and the 10-item questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha values: 0.871 for 10 items, 0.84 for factor 1, and 0.823 for factor 2). SIEF-NS demonstrated adequate construct validity, high sensitivity (0.925) and specificity (0.829) to diagnose ED-NS. The EF scores of ED-NS patients post treatment showed significant improvement (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusion
SIEF-NS can be used to identify ED-NS patients and detect treatment-related EF changes in ED-NS patients.
Atom‐probe analyses of nanodiamonds from Allende
Authors: Heck Philipp R. , Stadermann Frank J. , Isheim Dieter , Auciello Orlando , Daulton Tyrone L. , Davis Andrew M. , Elam Jeffrey W. , Floss Christine , Hiller Jon , Larson David J. , Lewis Josiah B. , Mane Anil , Pellin Michael J. , Savina Michael R. , Seidman David N. , Stephan Thomas 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAtom‐probe tomography (APT) is currently the only analytical technique that, due to its spatial resolution and detection efficiency, has the potential to measure the carbon isotope ratios of individual nanodiamonds. We describe three different sample preparation protocols that we developed for the APT analysis of meteoritic nanodiamonds at sub‐nm resolution and present carbon isotope peak ratios of meteoritic and synthetic nanodiamonds. The results demonstrate an instrumental bias associated with APT that needs to be quantified and corrected to obtain accurate isotope ratios. After this correction is applied, this technique should allow determination of the distribution of 12C/13C ratios in individual diamond grains, solving the decades‐old question of the origin of meteoritic nanodiamonds: what fraction, if any, formed in the solar system and in presolar environments? Furthermore, APT could help us identify the stellar sources of any presolar nanodiamonds that are detected.
Metal phases in ordinary chondrites: Magnetic hysteresis properties and implications for thermal history
Authors: Gattacceca J. , Suavet C. , Rochette P. , Weiss B. P. , Winklhofer M. , Uehara M. , Friedrich Jon M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMagnetic properties are sensitive proxies to characterize FeNi metal phases in meteorites. We present a data set of magnetic hysteresis properties of 91 ordinary chondrite falls. We show that hysteresis properties are distinctive of individual meteorites while homogeneous among meteorite subsamples. Except for the most primitive chondrites, these properties can be explained by a mixture of multidomain kamacite that dominates the induced magnetism and tetrataenite (both in the cloudy zone as single‐domain grains, and as larger multidomain grains in plessite and in the rim of zoned taenite) dominates the remanent magnetism, in agreement with previous microscopic magnetic observations. The bulk metal contents derived from magnetic measurements are in agreement with those estimated previously from chemical analyses. We evidence a decreasing metal content with increasing petrologic type in ordinary chondrites, compatible with oxidation of metal during thermal metamorphism. Types 5 and 6 ordinary chondrites have higher tetrataenite content than type 4 chondrites. This is compatible with lower cooling rates in the 650–450 °C interval for higher petrographic types (consistent with an onion‐shell model), but is more likely the result of the oxidation of ordinary chondrites with increasing metamorphism. In equilibrated chondrites, shock‐related transient heating events above approximately 500 °C result in the disordering of tetrataenite and associated drastic change in magnetic properties. As a good indicator of the amount of tetrataenite, hysteresis properties are a very sensitive proxy of the thermal history of ordinary chondrites, revealing low cooling rates during thermal metamorphism and high cooling rates (e.g., following shock reheating or excavation after thermal metamorphism). Our data strengthen the view that the poor magnetic recording properties of multidomain kamacite and the secondary origin of tetrataenite make equilibrated ordinary chondrites challenging targets for paleomagnetic study.
The secondary history of Sutter's Mill CM carbonaceous chondrite based on water abundance and the structure of its organic matter from two clasts
Authors: Beck P. , Quirico E. , Garenne A. , Yin Q.‐Z. , Bonal L. , Schmitt B. , Montes‐Hernandez G. , Montagnac G. , Chiriac R. , Toche F. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSutter's Mill is a regolith breccia composed of both heavily altered clasts and more reduced xenoliths. Here, we present a detailed investigation of fragments of SM18 and SM51. We have characterized the water content and the mineralogy by infrared (IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the structure of the organic compounds by Raman spectroscopy, to characterize the secondary history of the clasts, including aqueous alteration and thermal metamorphism. The three methods used in this study suggest that SM18 was significantly heated. The amount of water contained in phyllosilicates derived by TGA is estimated to be approximately 3.2 wt%. This value is quite low compared with other CM chondrites that typically range from 6 to 12 wt%. The infrared transmission spectra of SM18 show that the mineralogy of the sample is dominated by a mixture of phyllosilicate and olivine. SM18 shows an intense peak at 11.2 μm indicative of olivine (Fig. 1). If we compare SM18 with other CM and metamorphosed CM chondrites, it shows one of the most intense olivine signatures, and therefore a lower proportion of phyllosilicate minerals. The Raman results tend to support a short‐duration heating hypothesis. In the ID/IG versus FWHM‐D diagram, SM18 appears to be unusual compared to most CM samples, and close to the metamorphosed CM chondrites Pecora Escarpment (PCA) 91008 and PCA 02012. In the case of SM51, infrared spectroscopy reveals that olivine is less abundant than in SM18 and the 10 μm silicate feature is more similar to that of moderately altered CM chondrites (like Murchison or Queen Alexandra Range [QUE] 97990). Raman spectroscopy does not clearly point to a heating event for SM51 in the ID/IG versus FWHM‐D diagram. However, TGA analysis suggests that SM51 was slightly dehydrated as the amount of water contained in phyllosilicates is approximately 3.7 wt%, which is higher than SM18, but still lower than phyllosilicate water contents in weakly altered CM chondrites. Altogether, these results confirm that fragments with different secondary histories are present within the Sutter's Mill fall. The dehydration that is clearly observed for SM18 is attributed to a short‐duration heating based on the similarity of its Raman spectra to that of PCA 91008. Because of the brecciated nature of Sutter's Mill and the presence of adjacent clasts with different thermal histories, impacts that can efficiently fragment and heat porous materials are the preferred heat source.
Two refractory Wild 2 terminal particles from a carrot‐shaped track characterized combining MIR/FIR/Raman microspectroscopy and FE‐SEM/EDS analyses
Authors: Rotundi A. , Rietmeijer F. J. M. , Ferrari M. , Della Corte V. , Baratta G. A. , Brunetto R. , Dartois E. , Djouadi Z. , Merouane S. , Borg J. , Brucato J. R. , Le Sergeant d'Hendecourt L. , Mennella V. , Palumbo M. E. , Palumbo P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe present the analyses results of two bulk Terminal Particles, C2112,7,171,0,0 and C2112,9,171,0,0, derived from the Jupiter‐family comet 81P/Wild 2 returned by the Stardust mission. Each particle embedded in a slab of silica aerogel was pressed in a diamond cell. This preparation, as expected, made it difficult to identify the minerals and organic materials present in these particles. This problem was overcome using a combination of three different analytical techniques, viz. FE‐SEM/EDS, IR, and Raman microspectroscopy that allowed identifying the minerals and small amounts of amorphous carbon present in both particles. TP2 and TP3 were dominated by Ca‐free and low‐Ca, Mg‐rich, Mg,Fe‐olivine. The presence of melilite in both particles is supported by IR microspectroscopy, but is not confirmed by Raman microspectroscopy, possibly because the amounts are too small to be detected. TP2 and TP3 show similar silicate mineral compositions, but Ni‐free and low‐Ni, subsulfur (Fe,Ni)S grains are present in TP2 only. TP2 contains indigenous amorphous carbon hot spots; no indigenous carbon was identified in TP3. These nonchondritic particles probably originated in a differentiated body. This work found an unanticipated carbon contamination following the FE‐SEM/EDS analyses. It is suggested that organic materials in the embedding silica aerogel are irradiated during FE‐SEM/EDS analyses creating a carbon gas that develops a strong fluorescence continuum. The combination of the selected analytical techniques can be used to characterize bulk Wild 2 particles without the need of extraction and removal of the encapsulating aerogel. This approach offers a relatively fast sample preparation procedure, but compressing the samples can cause spurious artifacts, viz. silica contamination. Because of the combination of techniques, we account for these artifacts.
Genetically distinct pathways guide effector export through the type VI secretion system
Authors: Whitney John C. , Beck Christina M. , Goo Young Ah , Russell Alistair B. , Harding Brittany N. , De Leon Justin A. , Cunningham David A. , Tran Bao Q. , Low David A. , Goodlett David R. , Hayes Christopher S. , Mougous Joseph D. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryBacterial secretion systems often employ molecular chaperones to recognize and facilitate export of their substrates. Recent work demonstrated that a secreted component of the type VI secretion system (T6SS), haemolysin co‐regulated protein (Hcp), binds directly to effectors, enhancing their stability in the bacterial cytoplasm. Herein, we describe a quantitative cellular proteomics screen for T6S substrates that exploits this chaperone‐like quality of Hcp. Application of this approach to the Hcp secretion island I‐encoded T6SS (H1‐T6SS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa led to the identification of a novel effector protein, termed Tse4 (type VI secretion exported 4), subsequently shown to act as a potent intra‐specific H1‐T6SS‐delivered antibacterial toxin. Interestingly, our screen failed to identify two predicted H1‐T6SS effectors, Tse5 and Tse6, which differ from Hcp‐stabilized substrates by the presence of toxin‐associated PAAR‐repeat motifs and genetic linkage to members of the valine‐glycine repeat protein G (vgrG) genes. Genetic studies further distinguished these two groups of effectors: Hcp‐stabilized effectors were found to display redundancy in interbacterial competition with respect to the requirement for the two H1‐T6SS‐exported VgrG proteins, whereas Tse5 and Tse6 delivery strictly required a cognate VgrG. Together, we propose that interaction with either VgrG or Hcp defines distinct pathways for T6S effector export.
Randomized clinical trial on the effect of a multispecies probiotic on visceroperception in hypersensitive IBS patients
Authors: Ludidi S. , Jonkers D. M. , Koning C. J. , Kruimel J. W. , Mulder L. , van der Vaart I. B. , Conchillo J. M. , Masclee A. A. M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by heterogeneous pathophysiology and low response to treatment. Up to 60% of IBS patients suffers from visceral hypersensitivity, which is associated with symptom severity and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Recently, positive effects of probiotics in IBS have been reported, but overall the response was modest. We performed a study in IBS patients, characterized by visceral hypersensitivity measured with the rectal barostat, aiming to assess the effect of 6 weeks of multispecies probiotic mix on visceral pain perception.MethodsWe conducted a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial in forty Rome III IBS patients with visceral hypersensitivity. Prior to intake, patients kept a 2‐week symptom diary and underwent a rectal barostat measurement. When hypersensitivity was confirmed, participation was allowed and patients received a multispecies probiotic with in vitro proven potential beneficial effects on mechanisms contributing to visceral hypersensitivity (six different probiotic strains; 109 cfu/g), or a placebo product of one sachet (5 g) per day for 6 weeks. At the end of the intervention period, visceroperception and symptoms were reassessed.Key ResultsThirty‐five patients completed the trial. The percentage of patients with visceral hypersensitivity decreased significantly in the probiotic and placebo group (76.5% and 71.4%, respectively; N.S. between groups). Improvement in pain scores and mean symptom score did not differ between the probiotic and placebo group.Conclusions & InferencesIn this placebo‐controlled trial in IBS patients with visceral hypersensitivity, no significant effect of a multispecies probiotic on viscerperception was observed. The study has been registered in the US National Library of Medicine (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00702026).
Chronic prenatal stress epigenetically modifies spinal cordBDNFexpression to induce sex‐specific visceral hypersensitivity in offspring
Authors: Winston J. H. , Li Q. , Sarna S. K. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a heterogeneous disorder with abdominal pain as one of the primary symptoms. The etiology ofIBSremains unknown. Epidemiological studies found that a subset of these patients have a history of adverse early‐life experiences. We tested the hypothesis that chronic prenatal stress (CPS) epigenetically enhances brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in spinal cord to aggravate colon sensitivity to colorectal distension (CRD) differentially in male and female offspring.MethodsWe used heterotypic intermittent chronic stress (HeICS) protocols in pregnant dams from E11 until delivery.Key ResultsChronic prenatal stress induced significant visceral hypersensitivity (VHS) toCRDin male and female offspring. A second exposure to HeICSin adult offspring exacerbatedVHSgreater in female offspring that persisted longer than in male offspring. Chronic prenatal stress upregulatedBDNFexpression in the lumbar‐sacral dorsal horn that correlated with the exacerbation ofVHSin female, but not in male offspring. The upregulation ofBDNFwas due to a significant increase inRNAPol II binding, histone H3 acetylation, and significant decrease in histone deacetylase 1 association with the core promoter ofBDNFin female offspring. Other chronic prenatal and neonatal stress protocols were less effective than HeICS.Conclusions & InferencesThe development ofVHS, which contributes to the symptom of intermittent abdominal pain, is a two‐step process, chronicin uterostress followed by chronic stress in adult‐life. This two‐step process induces aggravated and persistent colon hypersensitivity in female than in male offspring. Our preclinical model explains several clinical features inIBSpatients.
Arctic canopy photosynthetic efficiency enhanced under diffuse light, linked to a reduction in the fraction of the canopy in deep shade
Authors: Williams Mathew , Rastetter Edward B. , Van der Pol Laura , Shaver Gaius R. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryWe investigated how radiation conditions within a tundra canopy were linked to canopy photosynthesis, and how this linkage explained photosynthetic sensitivity to sky conditions, that is total radiation and its diffuse fraction.We measured within canopy radiation at leaf scales and netCO2exchanges at canopy scales, under varied total irradiance and diffuse fraction, inAlaskan shrub tundra.Normalised mean radiation profiles within canopies showed no significant differences with varied diffuse fractions. However, radiation density distribution was non‐normal, being more unimodal under diffuse conditions and distinctly bimodal under direct sunlight. There was a nearly three‐fold increase in the proportion of the canopy in deep shade under direct illumination, compared to diffuse conditions. Under diffuse conditions the canopy had higher light‐use efficiency (LUE), resulting in up to 17% greater photosynthesis.The enhancement inLUEunder diffuse illumination was not related to differences in the mean light profiles, but instead was due to significant shifts in the density distribution of light at leaf scales, in particular a reduced fraction of the canopy in deep shade under diffuse illumination. These results provide unique information for testing radiative transfer schemes in canopy models, and for better understanding canopy structure and trait variation within plant canopies.
A granular‐cell odontogenic tumour occurring alongside orofacial granulomatosis: a report of the first case
Authors: Fletcher S.M. , Chengot P. , Dalghous A. , Mizen K. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis article describes a case of a granular‐cell odontogenic tumour occurring in the mandible of a 19‐year‐old woman alongside a presentation of orofacial granulomatosis. The granular‐cell odontogenic tumour is an extremely rare lesion, with fewer than 40 documented cases, and orofacial granulomatosis is itself an uncommon condition. The simultaneous occurrence of the two lesions has not previously been described.
New carnivoraforms from the early Eocene of Europe and their bearing on the evolution of the Carnivoraformes
Authors: Solé Floréal 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTwo new mammalian carnivoraform species, Uintacyon hookeri sp. nov. and Quercygale smithi sp. nov., are described from the early Eocene of Europe. U. hookeri sp. nov. is recorded in Mutigny (MP8 + 9, PE IV), Avenay (MP8 + 9, PE V), Brasles, Condé‐en‐Brie (MP8 + 9) and Cuis (MP 10), while Q. smithi sp. nov. comes from Mutigny and Mancy (MP10). Because the two species are not recorded in earliest Eocene localities such as Dormaal and Le Quesnoy (MP7, PE I), it is proposed that they dispersed after the main phase of the Mammal Dispersal Event. U. hookeri sp. nov. supports the existence of terrestrial connections with North America, while Q. smithi sp. nov. implies possible faunal exchange with Asia. This evidence for the evolution of the Carnivoraformes supports: (1) a rapid decrease in their diversity after the Mammal Dispersal Event; and (2) the existence of a mammal turnover event in Europe during the early Eocene. The discovery of a new species of Quercygale, which is generally considered as the closest carnivoraform to the crown‐group Carnivora, shows that the genus had already lost the M3 by the early Eocene and supports an important, but very poorly known, radiation of the carnivoraforms at least during the earliest early Eocene.
Floral volatiles: from biosynthesis to function
Authors: MUHLEMANN JOËLLE K. , KLEMPIEN ANTJE , DUDAREVA NATALIA 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFloral volatiles have attracted humans' attention since antiquity and have since then permeated many aspects of our lives. Indeed, they are heavily used in perfumes, cosmetics, flavourings and medicinal applications. However, their primary function is to mediate ecological interactions between flowers and a diverse array of visitors, including pollinators, florivores and pathogens. As such, they ultimately ensure the plants' reproductive and evolutionary success. To date, over 1700 floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been identified. Interestingly, they are derived from only a few biochemical networks, which include the terpenoid, phenylpropanoid/benzenoid and fatty acid biosynthetic pathways. These pathways are intricately regulated by endogenous and external factors to enable spatially and temporally controlled emission of floral volatiles, thereby fine‐tuning the ecological interactions facilitated by floral volatiles. In this review, we will focus on describing the biosynthetic pathways leading to floral VOCs, the regulation of floral volatile emission, as well as biological functions of emitted volatiles.
Metabolic engineering of volatile isoprenoids in plants and microbes
Authors: VICKERS CLAUDIA E. , BONGERS MAREIKE , LIU QING , DELATTE THIERRY , BOUWMEESTER HARRO 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe chemical properties and diversity of volatile isoprenoids lends them to a broad variety of biological roles. It also lends them to a host of biotechnological applications, both by taking advantage of their natural functions and by using them as industrial chemicals/chemical feedstocks. Natural functions include roles as insect attractants and repellents, abiotic stress protectants in pathogen defense, etc. Industrial applications include use as pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, fuels, fuel additives, etc. Here we will examine the ways in which researchers have so far found to exploit volatile isoprenoids using biotechnology. Production and/or modification of volatiles using metabolic engineering in both plants and microorganisms are reviewed, including engineering through both mevalonate and methylerythritol diphosphate pathways. Recent advances are illustrated using several case studies (herbivores and bodyguards, isoprene, and monoterpene production in microbes). Systems and synthetic biology tools with particular utility for metabolic engineering are also reviewed. Finally, we discuss the practical realities of various applications in modern biotechnology, explore possible future applications, and examine the challenges of moving these technologies forward so that they can deliver tangible benefits. While this review focuses on volatile isoprenoids, many of the engineering approaches described here are also applicable to non‐isoprenoid volatiles and to non‐volatile isoprenoids.