bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineralogy, petrology, and distribution of meteorites at the Whitecourt crater, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Newman Jennifer D. , Herd Christopher D. K. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe Whitecourt meteorite impact crater, Alberta, Canada is a rare example of a well‐preserved small impact structure, with which thousands of meteorite fragments are associated. As such, this crater represents a unique opportunity to investigate the effect of a low‐energy impact event on an impacting iron bolide. Excellent documentation of meteorite fragment locations and characteristics has generated a detailed distribution map of both shrapnel and regmaglypted meteorite types. The meteorites' distribution, and internal and external characteristics support a low‐altitude breakup of the impactor which caused atmospherically ablated (regmaglypted) meteorites to fall close to the crater and avoid impact‐related deformation. In contrast, shrapnel fragments sustained deformation at macro‐ and microscales resulting from the catastrophic disruption of the impactor. The impactor was significantly fragmented along pre‐existing planes of weakness, including kamacite lamellae and inclusions, resulting in a bias toward low‐mass (<100 g) fragments. Meteorite mineralogy was investigated and the accessory minerals were found to be dominated by sulfides and phosphides with rare carlsbergite, consistent with other low‐Ni IIIAB iron meteorites. Considerations of the total mass of meteoritic material recovered at the site relative to the probable fraction of the impactor that was preserved based on modeling suggests that the crater was formed by a higher velocity, lower mass impactor than previously inferred.
Effects of meteoroid shape on cosmogenic nuclide production processes
Authors: Masarik Jozef , Beňo Juraj 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe shape of meteorites is one of the major factors influencing the production of cosmogenic nuclides. Numerical simulations using the Los Alamos Code System (LCS) particle production and transport codes were done to investigate particle fluxes and production rates of cosmogenic nuclides 10Be, 26Al, and 60Co in meteoroids of spherical, ellipsoidal, and cylindrical shapes. The calculations show that fluxes of nuclear active particles and also production rates of cosmogenic nuclides are sensitive to the shape of the irradiated parent body.
The origin of unique diversity in deglaciated areas: traces ofPleistocene processes in north‐European endemics from theGalium pusillumpolyploid complex (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Kolář Filip , Píšová Soňa , Záveská Eliška , Fér Tomáš , Weiser Martin , Ehrendorfer Friedrich , Suda Jan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe role of glacial oscillations in shaping plant diversity has been only rarely addressed in endemics of formerly glaciated areas. TheGalium pusillumgroup represents a rare example of an ecologically diverse and ploidy‐variable species complex that exhibits substantial diversity in deglaciated northern Europe. UsingAFLPand plastid and nuclearDNAsequences of 67 populations from northern, central, and western Europe with known ecological preferences, we elucidate the evolutionary history of lineages restricted to deglaciated areas and identify the eco‐geographic partitioning of their genetic variation. We reveal three distinct endemic northern lineages: (i) diploids from southern Sweden + the British Isles, (ii) tetraploids from southern Scandinavia and the British Isles that show signs of ancient hybridization between the first lineage and populations from unglaciated central Europe, and (iii) tetraploids from Iceland + central Norway. Available evidence supports a stepwise differentiation of these three lineages that started at least before the last glacial maximum by processes of genome duplication, interlineage hybridization and/or allopatric evolution in distinct periglacial refugia. We reject the hypothesis of more recent postglacial speciation. Ecological characteristics of the populations under study only partly reflect genetic variation and suggest broad niches of postglacial colonizers. Despite their largely allopatric modern distributions, the north‐European lineages of theG. pusillumgroup do not show signs of rapid postglacial divergence, in contrast to most other northern endemics. Our study suggests that plants inhabiting deglaciated areas outside the Arctic may exhibit very different evolutionary histories compared with their more thoroughly investigated high‐arctic counterparts.
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis YopDmutants that genetically separate effector protein translocation from host membrane disruption
Authors: Adams Walter , Morgan Jessica , Kwuan Laura , Auerbuch Victoria 
Published: February 2015

SummaryTheYersiniatypeIIIsecretion system (T3SS) translocatesYop effector proteins into host cells to manipulate immune defenses such as phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. TheT3SStranslocator proteinsYopBandYopDform pores in host membranes, facilitatingYop translocation. While theYopDamino and carboxy termini participate in pore formation, the role of theYopDcentral region between amino acids 150–227 remains unknown. We assessed the contribution of this region by generatingY. pseudotuberculosis yopDΔ150–170andyopDΔ207–227mutants and analyzing theirT3SSfunctions. These strains exhibited wild‐type levels ofYop secretionin vitroand enabled robust pore formation in macrophages. However, theyopDΔ150–170andyopDΔ207–227mutants were defective inYop translocation intoCHOcells and splenocyte‐derived neutrophils and macrophages. These data suggest thatYopD‐mediated host membrane disruption and effectorYop translocation are genetically separable activities requiring distinct protein domains. Importantly, theyopDΔ150–170andyopDΔ207–227mutants were defective inYop‐mediated inhibition of macrophage cell death andROSproduction in neutrophil‐like cells, and were attenuated in disseminatedYersiniainfection. Therefore, the ability of theYopDcentral region to facilitate optimal effector protein delivery into phagocytes, and therefore robust effectorYop function, is important forYersiniavirulence.
McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods Seventh Summary Edition and updated Composition of Foods Integrated Dataset
Authors: Roe M. , Pinchen H. , Church S. , Finglas P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe Seventh Summary Edition of McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods (MW7) was published in September 2014 and is intended to be a convenient single volume containing the most recent nutrient values for a wide range of almost 1200 foods that are commonly consumed in the UK. In addition to analytical data from recent surveys, all values have been reviewed and either validated as being representative of foods currently consumed or updated. Sources of data are provided for all foods and food names and descriptions are presented in a more standardised format for clarity. The full range of UK food composition data is included in the 2015 version of the Composition of Foods Integrated Dataset and consists of approximately 3300 foods, including all data published in MW7, and updated and/or validated data for foods that have been included in earlier publications in the McCance and Widdowson series.
The role of health‐related claims and health‐related symbols in consumer behaviour: Design and conceptual framework of the CLYMBOL project and initial results
Authors: Hieke S. , Kuljanic N. , Wills J. M. , Pravst I. , Kaur A. , Raats M. M. , van Trijp H. C. M. , Verbeke W. , Grunert K. G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHealth claims and symbols are potential aids to help consumers identify foods that are healthier options. However, little is known as to how health claims and symbols are used by consumers in real‐world shopping situations, thus making the science‐based formulation of new labelling policies and the evaluation of existing ones difficult. The objective of the European Union‐funded project Role of health‐related CLaims and sYMBOLs in consumer behaviour (CLYMBOL) is to determine how health‐related information provided through claims and symbols, in their context, can affect consumer understanding, purchase and consumption. To do this, a wide range of qualitative and quantitative consumer research methods are being used, including product sampling, sorting studies (i.e. how consumers categorise claims and symbols according to concepts such as familiarity and relevance), cross‐country surveys, eye‐tracking (i.e. what consumers look at and for how long), laboratory and in‐store experiments, structured interviews, as well as analysis of population panel data. EU Member States differ with regard to their history of use and regulation of health claims and symbols prior to the harmonisation of 2006. Findings to date indicate the need for more structured and harmonised research on the effects of health claims and symbols on consumer behaviour, particularly taking into account country‐wide differences and individual characteristics such as motivation and ability to process health‐related information. Based on the studies within CLYMBOL, implications and recommendations for stakeholders such as policymakers will be provided.
Increase in carbon accumulation in a boreal peatland following a period of wetter climate and long‐term decrease in nitrogen deposition
Authors: Utstøl‐Klein Simon , Halvorsen Rune , Ohlson Mikael 
Published: February 2015

SummaryRates of peat growth and carbon (C) accumulation in aSphagnum‐dominated boreal peatland in south‐east Norway were compared over two time periods each 17 yr long, that is, an earlier period from 1978 to 1995 and a recent period from 1995 to 2012.Our research was based on 109 peat cores. By using exactly the same study area and sampling protocols to obtain data for the two time periods, we were able to obtain a clear picture of the spatio‐temporal patterns of peat accumulation.We show that peat growth and C accumulation were significantly higher in the recent than in the earlier time period. Interestingly, nitrogen (N) deposition was lower in the recent than in the earlier time period, while precipitation increased in the recent time period. Temperatures did not show any consistent trends over the time periods.Although our data do not allow assessment of the relative importance of declining N deposition vs increasing precipitation as drivers of peat accumulation, our results suggest that peatland C sequestration is not significantly inhibited by N pollution at current precipitation and N deposition levels.
Genome‐wide analysis of the lignin toolbox of Eucalyptus grandis
Authors: Carocha Victor , Soler Marçal , Hefer Charles , Cassan‐Wang Hua , Fevereiro Pedro , Myburg Alexander A. , Paiva Jorge A. P. , Grima‐Pettenati Jacqueline 
Published: February 2015

Summary

Lignin, a major component of secondary cell walls, hinders the optimal processing of wood for industrial uses. The recent availability of the Eucalyptus grandis genome sequence allows comprehensive analysis of the genes encoding the 11 protein families specific to the lignin branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway and identification of those mainly involved in xylem developmental lignification.

We performed genome‐wide identification of putative members of the lignin gene families, followed by comparative phylogenetic studies focusing on bona fide clades inferred from genes functionally characterized in other species. RNA‐seq and microfluid real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) expression data were used to investigate the developmental and environmental responsive expression patterns of the genes.

The phylogenetic analysis revealed that 38 E. grandis genes are located in bona fide lignification clades. Four multigene families (shikimate O‐hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT), p‐coumarate 3‐hydroxylase (C3H), caffeate/5‐hydroxyferulate O‐methyltransferase (COMT) and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL)) are expanded by tandem gene duplication compared with other plant species. Seventeen of the 38 genes exhibited strong, preferential expression in highly lignified tissues, probably representing the E. grandis core lignification toolbox.

The identification of major genes involved in lignin biosynthesis in E. grandis, the most widely planted hardwood crop world‐wide, provides the foundation for the development of biotechnology approaches to develop tree varieties with enhanced processing qualities.
Genomic patterns of species diversity and divergence in Eucalyptus
Authors: Hudson Corey J. , Freeman Jules S. , Myburg Alexander A. , Potts Brad M. , Vaillancourt René E. 
Published: February 2015

Summary

We examined genome‐wide patterns of DNA sequence diversity and divergence among six species of the important tree genus Eucalyptus and investigated their relationship with genomic architecture.

Using c. 90 range‐wide individuals of each Eucalyptus species (E. grandis, E. urophylla, E. globulus, E. nitens, E. dunnii and E. camaldulensis), genetic diversity and divergence were estimated from 2840 polymorphic diversity arrays technology markers covering the 11 chromosomes. Species differentiating markers (SDMs) identified in each of 15 pairwise species comparisons, along with species diversity (HHW) and divergence (FST), were projected onto the E. grandis reference genome.

Across all species comparisons, SDMs totalled 1.1–5.3% of markers and were widely distributed throughout the genome. Marker divergence (FST and SDMs) and diversity differed among and within chromosomes. Patterns of diversity and divergence were broadly conserved across species and significantly associated with genomic features, including the proximity of markers to genes, the relative number of clusters of tandem duplications, and gene density within or among chromosomes.

These results suggest that genomic architecture influences patterns of species diversity and divergence in the genus. This influence is evident across the six species, encompassing diverse phylogenetic lineages, geography and ecology.
A flexible multi‐species genome‐wide 60K SNP chip developed from pooled resequencing of 240 Eucalyptus tree genomes across 12 species
Authors: Silva‐Junior Orzenil B. , Faria Danielle A. , Grattapaglia Dario 
Published: February 2015

Summary

We used whole genome resequencing of pooled individuals to develop a high‐density single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip for Eucalyptus. Genomes of 240 trees of 12 species were sequenced at 3.5× each, and 46 997 586 raw SNP variants were subject to multivariable filtering metrics toward a multispecies, genome‐wide distributed chip content.

Of the 60 904 SNPs on the chip, 59 222 were genotyped and 51 204 were polymorphic across 14 Eucalyptus species, providing a 96% genome‐wide coverage with 1 SNP/12–20 kb, and 47 069 SNPs at ≤ 10 kb from 30 444 of the 33 917 genes in the Eucalyptus genome.

Given the EUChip60K multi‐species genotyping flexibility, we show that both the sample size and taxonomic composition of cluster files impact heterozygous call specificity and sensitivity by benchmarking against ‘gold standard’ genotypes derived from deeply sequenced individual tree genomes. Thousands of SNPs were shared across species, likely representing ancient variants arisen before the split of these taxa, hinting to a recent eucalypt radiation. We show that the variable SNP filtering constraints allowed coverage of the entire site frequency spectrum, mitigating SNP ascertainment bias.

The EUChip60K represents an outstanding tool with which to address population genomics questions in Eucalyptus and to empower genomic selection, GWAS and the broader study of complex trait variation in eucalypts.
Intra‐arch dimensional measurement validity of laser‐scanned digital dental models compared with the original plaster models: a systematic review
Authors: De Luca Canto G. , Pachêco‐Pereira C. , Lagravere M. O. , Flores‐Mir C. , Major P. W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA systematic review was undertaken to evaluate the validity of intra‐arch dimensional measurements made from laser‐scanned digital dental models in comparison with measurements directly obtained from the original plaster casts (gold standard). Finally included articles were only those reporting studies that compared measurements from digital models produced from laser scanning against their plaster models. Measurements from the original plaster models should have been made using a manual or digital caliper (gold standard). Articles that used scans from impressions or digital photographs were discarded. Detailed individual search strategies for Cochrane, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, and LILACS were developed. The references cited in the selected articles were also checked for any references that could have been missed in the electronic database searches. A partial gray literature search was undertaken using Google Scholar. The methodology of selected studies was evaluated using the 14‐item quality assessment tool for diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS). Only 16 studies were finally included for the qualitative/quantitative synthesis. The selected studies consistently agree that the validity of measurements obtained after using a laser scanner from plaster models is similar to direct measurements. Any stated differences would be unlikely clinically relevant. There is consistent scientific evidence to support the validity of measurements from digital dental models in comparison with intra‐arch dimensional measurements directly obtained from them.
Targeted spatial sampling using GOANNA improves detection of visual field progression
Authors: Chong Luke X. , Turpin Andrew , McKendrick Allison M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPurposeA new automated visual field testing approach that samples scotoma edges at a finer spatial resolution, GOANNA (Gradient‐Oriented Automated Natural Neighbour Approach) was previously shown to improve accuracy and precision around those regions compared to current procedures in computer simulation. The purpose of this study was to observe if this improvement translated to more accurate classification of glaucomatous progression.MethodsComputer simulations were undertaken on six procedures: three variants of GOANNA on 150 locations; two variants of ZEST on 52 locations; and the ideal case where true thresholds are perfectly measured. The median number of presentations of GOANNA was matched to ZEST. The procedures were run on 156 sequences of simulated progressing fields and 156 sequences of stable fields to determine sensitivity and specificity using point‐wise linear regression. Reliable (0% FP, 0% FN) and typical false positive (15% FP, 3% FN) response error conditions were investigated. Area under ROC curves (AUC) were plotted against the number of visual fields acquired to evaluate the performance of these procedures.ResultsThe GOANNA framework exhibited equal or greater AUC than ZEST at all visits when baseline fields were initially defective (under both response error conditions) and when baseline fields were initially healthy when no false responses were made. Retest implementations of GOANNA exhibited an improvement over the original GOANNA after the first seven visits when fields were initially healthy.ConclusionThe results suggest that the improvement in precision and accuracy around scotoma borders seen in the GOANNA framework translates to earlier and more accurate detection of progressing fields compared with ZEST, especially in the early stages of glaucomatous progression.
Therapeutic endorsement enhances compliance with national glaucoma guidelines in Australian and New Zealand optometrists
Authors: Zangerl Barbara , Hayen Andrew , Mitchell Paul , Jamous Khalid F. , Stapleton Fiona , Kalloniatis Michael 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPurposePrevious studies confirmed that optometrists have access to and confidence in applying clinical tests recommended for glaucoma assessment. Less is known about factors best predicting compliance with national clinical guidelines and thus by inference, the provision of suitable care by primary care ophthalmic practitioners. We utilised the unique two‐tiered profession (therapeutic and non‐therapeutic scope of practice) in Australia and New Zealand to assess the prospective adherence to glaucoma guidelines dependent on the clinician's background.MethodsAustralian and New Zealand optometrists were surveyed on ophthalmic techniques for glaucoma assessment, criteria for the evaluation of the optic nerve head, glaucoma risk categories and review times while also recording background, training, and experience. Parameters identifying progression/conversion and patients' risk levels were analysed comparatively to ophthalmologists' opinions. Linear regression analysis identified variables significantly improving the likelihood of concordance with guidelines.ResultsReported application of techniques complied well with glaucoma guidelines although gonioscopy and pachymetry, pupil dilation for optic nerve head examination, and acquisition of permanent records were less frequently employed. The main predictors for entry‐level diagnostic standards were therapeutic endorsement together with the associated knowledge of relevant guidance and procedural confidence. Other findings suggested a potential underestimation in the value of optic disc size and intraocular pressure for the prediction of glaucoma risk, while optometrists more frequently relied on the outcomes of non‐standardised automated perimetry and auxiliary imaging.ConclusionsOptometrists in Australia and New Zealand may not always exercise optimal clinical acumen regarding techniques/criteria for glaucoma diagnosis. Therapeutic endorsement was gradually adopted in different jurisdictions in various forms since 1999 and is mandatory for registration since late 2014. The result of the two‐tiered optometric cohorts suggest that inclusion of therapeutic training as part of the core training is likely a key factor to enhanced compliance with glaucoma guidelines. Improved adherence to the current clinical standards should positively impact on the facilitation of appropriate glaucoma diagnosis and management. Obligatory knowledge and possibly accreditation of available guidelines might ensure a uniform standard in glaucoma testing protocols in concordance with compulsory entry‐level skills.
Are Dermatophytid Reactions in Patients with Kerion Celsi Much More Common Than Previously Thought? A Prospective Study
Authors: Topaloğlu Demir Filiz , Karadag Ayse Serap 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDermatophytid reactions are secondary eruptions in response to dermatophytosis. Only a few cases demonstrating an association between dermatophytid reactions and tinea capitis have been reported. Dermatophytid reactions were evaluated in patients diagnosed with kerion celsi. Patients admitted to the dermatology clinic of Van Regional Training and Research Hospital between November 22, 2012, and July 1, 2013, diagnosed with kerion celsi were evaluated for dermatophytid reactions. Six girls (32%) and 13 boys (68%) were included in this study. Dermatophytid reactions were detected in 13 of the 19 patients (68%). Seven patients (36.84%) had eczematous patches or plaques and three (15.8%) had papules. Eczematous lesions, papules, and pustules were noted in two patients (10.5%) and one (5.3%) had signs of an angioedema‐like reaction. Dermatophytid reactions in all patients were observed before the initiation of therapy. According to our clinical experiences, dermatophytid reactions in patients with kerion celsi were more common than reported. Eczematous scaly patches or plaques were the most frequently seen forms of dermatophytid in patients with kerion celsi. Dermatophytid reactions may occur before or after initiation of systemic antifungal therapy. Recognition of this reaction is important so that dermatophytids can be distinguished from drug reactions and the decision can be made whether to continue or to stop the systemic antifungal treatment.