bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new stereo topographic map of Io: Implications for geology from global to local scales
Authors: White Oliver L. , Schenk Paul M. , Nimmo Francis , Hoogenboom Trudi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe use Voyager and Galileo stereo pairs to construct the most complete stereo digital elevation model (DEM) of Io assembled to date, controlled using Galileo limb profiles. Given the difficulty of applying these two techniques to Io due to its anomalous surface albedo properties, we have experimented extensively with the relevant procedures in order to generate what we consider to be the most reliable DEMs. Our final stereo DEM covers ~75% of the globe, and we have identified a partial system of longitudinally arranged alternating basins and swells that correlates well to the distribution of mountain and volcano concentrations. We consider the correlation of swells to volcano concentrations and basins to mountain concentrations, to imply a heat flow distribution across Io that is consistent with the asthenospheric tidal heating model of Tackley et al. (2001). The stereo DEM reveals topographic signatures of regional‐scale features including Loki Patera, Ra Patera, and the Tvashtar Paterae complex, in addition to previously unrecognized features including an ~1000 km diameter depression and a >2000 km long topographic arc comprising mountainous and layered plains material.
Mapping forest stand age in China using remotely sensed forest height and observation data
Authors: Zhang Chunhua , Ju Weimin , Chen Jing M. , Li Dengqiu , Wang Xiqun , Fan Wenyi , Li Mingshi , Zan Mei 
Published: May 2014

AbstractForest stand age plays a crucial role in determining the terrestrial carbon source or sink strength and reflects major disturbance information. Forests in China have changed drastically in recent decades, but quantification of spatially explicit forest age at national level has been lacking to date. This study generated a national map of forest age at 1 km spatial resolution using the remotely sensed forest height and forest type data in 2005, as well as relationships between age and height retrieved from field observations. These relationships include biomass as an intermediate parameter for major forest types in different regions of China. Biomass‐height and age‐biomass relationships were well fitted using field observations, with respective R2 values greater than 0.60 and 0.71 (P < 0.01), indicating the viability of age‐height relationships developed for age estimation in China. The resulting map was evaluated by comparison with national, provincial, and county forest inventories. The validation had high regional (R2 = 0.87, 2–8 years errors in six regions), provincial (R2 = 0.53, errors less than 10 years and consistent age structure in most provinces), and plot (R2 values of 0.16−0.32, P < 0.01) agreement between map values and inventory‐based estimates. This confirms the reliability and applicability of the age‐height approach demonstrated in this study for quantifying forest age over large regions. The map reveals a large spatial heterogeneity of forest age in China: old in southwestern, northwestern, and northeastern areas, and young in southern and eastern regions.
Accurate 2.5‐D boundary element method for conductive media
Authors: Dobbelaere Dieter , Rogier Hendrik , De Zutter Daniël 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe solution of the time‐harmonic Maxwell equations using a boundary element method, for 2‐D geometries illuminated by arbitrary 3‐D excitations, gives rise to numerical difficulties if highly conductive media are present. In particular, the interaction integrals arising in the method of moments involve kernels that strongly oscillate in space and, at the same time, decay exponentially. We present an accurate method to tackle these issues over a very broad conductivity range (from lossy dielectric to conductor skin‐effect regime), for both magnetic and nonmagnetic conductors. Important applications are the modal analysis of waveguides with nonperfect conductors, scattering problems, and shielding problems with enclosures with arbitrary permeability and conductivity and 3‐D noise sources.
The effects of thermomechanical heterogeneities in island arc crust on time‐dependent preeruptive stresses and the failure of an andesitic reservoir
Authors: Gottsmann J. , Odbert H. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractUsing ground deformation data from Soufrière Hills volcano (SHV), we present results from numerical modeling of the temperature‐ and time‐dependent stress evolution in a mechanically heterogeneous crust prior to reservoir failure and renewed eruptive activity. The best fit models do not allow us to discriminate between a magmatic plumbing system consisting of either a single vertically elongated reservoir or a series of stacked reservoirs. A prolate reservoir geometry with volumes between 50 and 100 km3, reservoir pressure changes between 4 and 7 MPa, and reservoir volume changes between 0.03 and 0.04 km3 with magma compressibility between 4 × 10−11 and 1 × 10−9 Pa−1 provide plausible thermomechanical model parameters to explain the deformation time series; around an order of magnitude less overpressure than is generally inferred from homogeneous, elastic crustal models. Reservoir failure is predicted to occur at the crest of the reservoir except for reservoirs with highly compressible magma ( Pa) for which subhorizontal sill formation is predicted upon reservoir failure. Introducing a deep‐crustal hot zone modulates the partitioning of strains into the hotter underlying crust and results in a further reduction in overpressure estimates to values of around 1–2 MPa upon reservoir failure. Deduced volume fluxes are consistent with constraints from thermal modeling of active subvolcanic systems and imply dynamic failure of a compressible magma mush column feeding eruptions at SHV. Our interpretation of the results is that the combined thermomechanical effects of a deep‐crustal hot zone and hot encasing rocks around a midcrustal andesitic reservoir fundamentally alter the time‐dependent subsurface stress and strain partitioning upon reservoir priming. These effects substantially influence surface strains recorded by volcano geodetic monitoring.
Winter‐responding proxy temperature reconstructions and the North Atlantic Oscillation
Authors: Jones P. D. , Harpham C. , Vinther B. M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractInstrumental temperature data for the Northern Hemisphere (30°–90°N) clearly indicate that winter season variability is larger than equivalent measures for summer. This should not be surprising as temperatures in winter are dominated by variability caused by changes in atmospheric circulation features, whereas in summer variability is more dominated by local changes in cloudiness. Here we consider most of the few winter‐responding annually resolved proxy reconstructions of temperature from the northern North Atlantic and northwestern European regions. We find the expected out‐of‐phase relationship between northwest Europe and Greenland due to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which is stronger when the series from the two locations are formed from more than one series. On 30 year time scales this relationship between the two locations shows no century‐scale variations since 1250 CE (Common Era), the start of our reconstructions, in contrast to the strong positive NAO values before 1400 CE implied by the study of Trouet et al. (2009).
Deep conduit flow in karst aquifers revisited
Authors: Kaufmann Georg , Gabrovšek Franci , Romanov Douchko 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCaves formed in soluble rocks such as limestone, anhydrite, or gypsum are efficient drainage paths for water moving through the aquifer from the surface of the host rock toward a resurgence. The formation of caves is controlled by the physical solution through dissociation of the host rock by water or by the chemical solution through reactions of the host rock with water enriched with carbon dioxide. Caves as large underground voids are simply the end‐member of secondary porosity and conductivity characterizing the aquifer. Caves and their relation to a present or past base level are found both close to a past or present water table (water table caves) and extending far below a past or present water table (bathy‐phreatic caves). One explanation for this different speleogenetic evolution is the structural control: fractures and bedding partings are preferentially enlarged around more prominent faults, thus the fracture density in the host rock controls the speleogenetic evolution. This widely accepted explanation can be extended by adding other controls, e.g., a hydraulic control: as temperature generally increases with depth, density and viscosity of water change, and particularly the reduction of viscosity due to the increase in temperature enhances flow. This hypothesis was proposed by Worthington (2001, 2004) as a major controlling factor for the evolution of deep bathy‐phreatic caves. We compare the efficiency of structural and hydraulic control on the evolution of a cave passage by numerical means, adding a third control, the chemical control to address the change in solubility of the circulating water with depth. Our results show that the increase in flow through deep bathy‐phreatic passages due to the decrease in viscosity is by far outweighted by effects such as the decrease in fracture width with depth due to lithostatic stress and the decrease in solubility with depth. Hence, the existence of deep bathy‐phreatic cave passages is more likely to be controlled by the structural effect of prominent faults.
A recurrent neural fuzzy controller based on self‐organizing improved particle swarm optimization for a magnetic levitation system
Authors: Lin Cheng‐Jian , Chen Cheng‐Hung 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThis paper proposes a recurrent neural fuzzy controller (RNFC) approach based on a self‐organizing improved particle swarm optimization (SOIPSO) algorithm used for solving control problems. The proposed SOIPSO algorithm can adaptively determine the number of fuzzy rules and automatically adjust the parameters in an RNFC. The proposed learning algorithm consisted of phases of structure and parameter learning. Structure learning adopts several subswarms to constitute the adjustable variables in fuzzy systems, and an elite‐based structure strategy determines the suitable number of fuzzy rules. This paper proposes an improved particle swarm optimization technique, which consists of the modified evolutionary direction operator (MEDO) and traditional PSO techniques. The proposed MEDO method used the EDO and migration operation to improve the search ability of a global solution. Finally, the proposed RNFC approach based on the SOIPSO learning algorithm (RNFC–SOIPSO) was adopted to control a magnetic levitation system. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed RNFC–SOIPSO model outperforms other models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Vanadosilicate with Hexadeca‐Coordinated Cs+ Ions as a Highly Effective Cs+ Remover
Authors: Datta Shuvo Jit , Moon Won Kyung , Choi Do Young , Hwang In Chul , Yoon Kyung Byung 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe effective removal of 137Cs+ ions from contaminated groundwater and seawater and from radioactive nuclear waste solutions is crucial for public health and for the continuous operation of nuclear power plants. Various 137Cs+ removers have been developed, but more effective 137Cs+ removers are still needed. A novel microporous vanadosilicate with mixed‐valence vanadium (V4+ and V5+) ions is now reported, which shows an excellent ability for Cs+ capture and immobilization from groundwater, seawater, and nuclear waste solutions. This material is superior to other known materials in terms of selectivity, capacity, and kinetics, and at very low Cs+ concentrations, it was found to be the most effective material for the removal of radioactive Cs+ ions under the test conditions. This novel vanadosilicate also contains hexadeca‐coordinated Cs+ ions, which corresponds to the highest coordination number ever described.
Mechanistic Study of the Role of Primary Amines in Precursor Conversions to Semiconductor Nanocrystals at Low Temperature
Authors: Yu Kui , Liu Xiangyang , Chen Queena Y. , Yang Huaqing , Yang Mingli , Wang Xinqin , Wang Xin , Cao Hong , Whitfield Dennis M. , Hu Changwei , Tao Ye 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPrimary alkyl amines (RNH2) have been empirically used to engineer various colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs). Here, we present a general mechanism in which the amine acts as a hydrogen/proton donor in the precursor conversion to nanocrystals at low temperature, which was assisted by the presence of a secondary phosphine. Our findings introduce the strategy of using a secondary phosphine together with a primary amine as new routes to prepare high‐quality NCs at low reaction temperatures but with high particle yields and reproducibility and thus, potentially, low production costs.
Sawfish exploitation and status in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Md Anwar , Thompson Benjamin S. , ChowdHury Gawsia Wahidunnessa , Mohsanin Samiul , Fahad Zubair H. , Koldewey Heather J. , Islam Md Anwarul 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Sawfish are among the world's most threatened and understudied marine fishes. There are few studies on sawfish from outside Australian and USA waters ‐ a significant knowledge gap considering their circumtropical distribution and migratory nature.
This paper presents the first assessment of sawfish exploitation and status in Bangladesh: a country that is subject to extensive fishing efforts, and home to the largest mangrove forest on Earth – an ecosystem that provides critical nursery habitat for juvenile sawfish.
A countrywide rapid assessment was undertaken between December 2011 and November 2012, using an interdisciplinary methodology. Fish landing stations, dry fish markets, and fishing villages were visited and a sawfish medicine maker was found and interviewed. In addition, interviews with national specialists at academic and fisheries institutions were undertaken. In total, 203 questionnaire surveys were conducted with fishers and traders in order to understand the extent of decline, potential drivers of declines, and local perceptions and uses of sawfish. Eighteen rostra were documented from museum archives and private collections, and unpublished data were sourced.
Two sawfish species, Pristis pristis and Anoxypristis cuspidata were confirmed to be present in Bangladesh. General population declines were revealed. The average annual sawfish encounter rate (observations and catches) declined from 3.7 individuals using lifetime recall data (~22‐year), to 1.5 using 5‐year recall data, and further to 0.7 using 1‐year recall data.
The consensus from social research methods was that sawfish were caught as bycatch, with drift gill nets being cited as the most damaging gear type. Every respondent perceived sawfish as a useful animal – typically for medicinal or cultural values. Conservation measures are proposed, including a local education and outreach programme to seek behavioural changes – primarily to release live sawfish.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aberrant promoter methylation of PPP1R3C and EFHD1 in plasma of colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Takane Kiyoko , Midorikawa Yutaka , Yagi Koichi , Sakai Ayako , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Takayama Tadatoshi , Kaneda Atsushi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAberrant DNA methylation is a common epigenetic alteration involved in colorectal cancer (CRC). In our previous study, we performed methylated DNA immunoprecipitation‐on‐chip analysis combined with gene re‐expression analysis by 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine treatment, to identify methylation genes in CRC genome widely. Among these genes, 12 genes showed aberrant hypermethylation frequently in >75% of 149 CRC samples but did not in normal samples. In this study, we aim to find out any of these methylation genes to be utilized for CRC detection using plasma DNA samples. Primers for methylation‐specific PCR and pyrosequencing were designed for seven of the 12 genes. Among them, PPP1R3C and EFHD1 were rarely hypermethylated in peripheral blood cells, but frequently hypermethylated in 24 CRC tissue samples and their corresponding plasma samples. In plasma samples, PPP1R3C was methylated in 81% (97/120) of CRC patients, but only in 19% (18/96) of noncancer patients (P = 6 × 10−20, Fisher's exact test). In combined analysis with EFHD1, both genes were methylated in 53% (64/120) of CRC patients, but only in 4% (4/96) of noncancer patients (P = 2 × 10−16), giving high specificity of 96%. At least one of the two genes was methylated in 90% (108/120) of CRC patients, and 36% (35/96) of control patients, giving high sensitivity of 90%. Compared with low sensitivity of carcinoembryonic antigen (17% at stage I, 40% at stage II) and CA19‐9 (0% at stage I, 13% at stage II) for early‐stage CRCs, sensitivity of aberrant methylation was significantly higher: PPP1R3C methylation at 92% (11/12) for stage I and 77% (23/30) for stage II, and methylation of at least one gene at 100% (12/12) for stage I and 87% (26/30) for stage II. PPP1R3C methylation or its combined use of EFHD1 methylation was highly positive in CRC plasma samples, and they might be useful in detection of CRC, especially for early‐stage CRCs.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica‐Immobilized Chiral Dirhodium(II) Catalyst for Enantioselective Carbenoid Reactions.
Authors: Chepiga Kathryn M. , Feng Yan , Brunelli Nicholas A. , Jones Christopher W. , Davies Huw M. L. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn optically active silica supported dirhodium catalyst is prepared and successfully applied to cyclopropanation, cyclopropenation, tandem ylide formation/[2,3] sigmatropic rearrangement and C‐H functionalization reactions.
The alternating least squares technique for nonuniform intensity color correction
Authors: Finlayson Graham D. , Mohammadzadeh Darrodi Maryam , Mackiewicz Michal 
Published: May 2014

AbstractColor correction involves mapping device RGBs to display counterparts or to corresponding XYZs. A popular methodology is to take an image of a color chart and then solve for the best 3 × 3 matrix that maps the RGBs to the corresponding known XYZs. However, this approach fails at times when the intensity of the light varies across the chart. This variation needs to be removed before estimating the correction matrix. This is typically achieved by acquiring an image of a uniform gray chart in the same location, and then dividing the color checker image by the gray‐chart image. Of course, taking images of two charts doubles the complexity of color correction. In this article, we present an alternative color correction algorithm that simultaneously estimates the intensity variation and the 3 × 3 transformation matrix from a single image of a color chart. We show that the color correction problem, that is, finding the 3 × 3 correction matrix, can be solved using a simple alternating least‐squares procedure. Experiments validate our approach. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 232–242, 2015
Speciation, population structure, and demographic history of the Mojave Fringe‐toed Lizard (Uma scoparia), a species of conservation concern
Authors: Gottscho Andrew D. , Marks Sharyn B. , Jennings W. Bryan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe North American deserts were impacted by both Neogene plate tectonics and Quaternary climatic fluctuations, yet it remains unclear how these events influenced speciation in this region. We tested published hypotheses regarding the timing and mode of speciation, population structure, and demographic history of the Mojave Fringe‐toed Lizard (Uma scoparia), a sand dune specialist endemic to the Mojave Desert of California and Arizona. We sampled 109 individual lizards representing 22 insular dune localities, obtained DNA sequences for 14 nuclear loci, and found that U. scoparia has low genetic diversity relative to the U. notata species complex, comparable to that of chimpanzees and southern elephant seals. Analyses of genotypes using Bayesian clustering algorithms did not identify discrete populations within U. scoparia. Using isolation‐with‐migration (IM) models and a novel coalescent‐based hypothesis testing approach, we estimated that U. scoparia diverged from U. notata in the Pleistocene epoch. The likelihood ratio test and the Akaike Information Criterion consistently rejected nested speciation models that included parameters for migration and population growth of U. scoparia. We reject the Neogene vicariance hypothesis for the speciation of U. scoparia and define this species as a single evolutionarily significant unit for conservation purposes.
Stand‐scale transpiration of two Moso bamboo stands with different culm densities
Authors: Ichihashi Ryuji , Komatsu Hikaru , Kume Tomonori , Onozawa Yuka , Shinohara Yoshinori , Tsuruta Kenji , Otsuki Kyoichi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe large‐scale expansion of Moso bamboo forests in Japan raises concerns about how vegetation will affect the hydrological cycle and local water resources. However, information on transpiration (E) is limited to study on a single bamboo stand with low culm density (4 000 ha−1). The present study conducted a year‐round measurement of E in a high‐density (11 000 ha−1) stand using sap‐flow measurements, and additional measurements were made during summer in the previously studied low‐density stand and a neighbouring Japanese cedar stand for comparison. Annual E of the high‐density stand was estimated at 455 mm. Although the value was greater than those reported for neighbouring coniferous forests (250–370 mm), it was lower than previous measurements made in the low‐density stand (567 mm). The daytime sap flux density of the high‐density stand was generally less than half that in the low‐density stand, resulting in similar daily maximum E values in those stands. In addition, E typically peaked before midday in the high‐density stand followed by a rapid decline; the midday suppression of E led to decreased total E in the stand. Based on present and previous measurements of E, combined with the lower rainfall interception (I) reported for bamboo stands, water loss through evapotranspiration would be comparable between bamboo and coniferous forests. Present results also suggest that the E of bamboo stands does not have strong positive relationships with stand structural parameters (e.g., culm density and sapwood area) but possibly depends more on the sites' microenvironments (e.g., solar radiation). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.