bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sousa Mendes, Souza Dantas, and the Flight of Polish Refugees from France
Authors: Afonso Rui , Koifman Fábio 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis article deals with two diplomats and the impact they had on the lives of Polish refugees trapped in France during the German invasion of May and June 1940. These individuals were the Portuguese consul-general in Bordeaux, Aristides de Sousa Mendes, and Brazil’s ambassador to France and to the Vichy government, Luiz Martins de Souza Dantas. Sousa Mendes was recalled to Portugal and left France in July 1940, after the French defeat and the subsequent partition of the country into the Occupied Zone and the Free Zone (Vichy France). Souza Dantas remained in the Free Zone and continued to help refugees. This article offers a comparison between the Portuguese and Brazilian refugee policies of the time, focusing on their discriminatory aspects. The disobedience and humanitarian actions of the two diplomats are also described, including numerous examples of the treatment of refugees, among them both famous and ordinary Poles. Some had left Poland recently, while others had emigrated to other European countries years before—but all were in danger. These two diplomats provided desperate people with the unauthorized visas they needed to escape France, at personal risk for their activities. The consequences for Sousa Mendes and Souza Dantas of their acts are also discussed.
Oboje (both-collective) Normative Grammar, the Polish National Corpus, Google, and Contemporary Standard Polish
Authors: Swan Oscar 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article examines the contemporary Polish usage of the collective numeral oboje/obydwoje (both)1 in order to highlight, on the example of this one word, used in the nominative case, differences that can arise between (a) what people should say according to authorities on correct usage; (b) what people actually do say according to the growing body of writing and speech contained both in the Polish National Corpus and in the search engine Google Search; and (c) what sorts of things are not always found in either (a) or (b) but, often enough, turn out to be what one wants to know. In the end, one needs to work things out for oneself by looking at both (a) and (b) and triangulating the two into (c)—that is, something that seems to make sense. In the course of this paper we will become better informed as to the use of the liczebnik zbiorowy (collective numeral) oboje in Contemporary Standard Polish, which departs substantially and in several ways from the way it is described in standard normative sources.
Proposal for Changes in the Financing System of the EU Budget Poland’s Position
Authors: Kawecka-Wyrzykowska Elżbieta 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The present system of financing the budget of the European Union (EU) has been criticized for many years, and there are many good reasons for replacing a substantial share of the existing resources with EU taxes. The EU Commission has recently presented a proposal for two new EU taxes: a new value-added tax (VAT) and a foreign transactions tax (FTT). The main objective of this article is to review the Commission’s proposal to finance part of the EU budget through those new EU taxes and to assess the proposal from the point of view of Polish interests. The article begins with a brief characterization of the current system of EU resources and the main criticisms of it. Next, the proposal for the two new EU taxes (VAT and FTT) to supplement and modify the present resources of the EU budget is discussed, and its pros and cons are elaborated. Then Poland’s official position on both proposals is reviewed and assessed. The conclusions compare the pros and cons of the proposal from the point of view of Poland’s contributions to the EU budget.
Surface and airborne measurements of organosulfur and methanesulfonate over the western United States and coastal areas
Authors: Sorooshian Armin , Crosbie Ewan , Maudlin Lindsay C. , Youn Jong‐Sang , Wang Zhen , Shingler Taylor , Ortega Amber M. , Hersey Scott , Woods Roy K. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis study reports on ambient measurements of organosulfur (OS) and methanesulfonate (MSA) over the western United States and coastal areas. Particulate OS levels are highest in summertime and generally increase as a function of sulfate (a precursor) and sodium (a marine tracer) with peak levels at coastal sites. The ratio of OS to total sulfur is also highest at coastal sites, with increasing values as a function of normalized difference vegetation index and the ratio of organic carbon to elemental carbon. Correlative analysis points to significant relationships between OS and biogenic emissions from marine and continental sources, factors that coincide with secondary production, and vanadium due to a suspected catalytic role. A major OS species, methanesulfonate (MSA), was examined with intensive field measurements, and the resulting data support the case for vanadium's catalytic influence. Mass size distributions reveal a dominant MSA peak between aerodynamic diameters of 0.32–0.56 µm at a desert and coastal site with nearly all MSA mass (≥84%) in submicrometer sizes; MSA:non‐sea‐salt sulfate ratios vary widely as a function of particle size and proximity to the ocean. Airborne data indicate that relative to the marine boundary layer, particulate MSA levels are enhanced in urban and agricultural areas and also the free troposphere when impacted by biomass burning. Some combination of fires and marine‐derived emissions leads to higher MSA levels than either source alone. Finally, MSA differences in cloud water and out‐of‐cloud aerosol are discussed.
A modeling study of irrigation effects on global surface water and groundwater resources under a changing climate
Authors: Leng Guoyong , Huang Maoyi , Tang Qiuhong , Leung L. Ruby 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of irrigation on global water resources by performing and analyzing Community Land Model 4.0 (CLM4) simulations driven by downscaled/bias‐corrected historical simulations and future projections from five General Circulation Models (GCMs). For each climate scenario, three sets of numerical experiments were performed: (1) a CTRL experiment in which all crops are assumed to be rainfed; (2) an IRRIG experiment in which the irrigation module is activated using surface water (SW) to feed irrigation; and (3) a PUMP experiment in which a groundwater pumping scheme coupled with the irrigation module is activated for conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater (GW) for irrigation. The parameters associated with irrigation and groundwater pumping are calibrated based on a global inventory of census‐based water use compiled by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Our results suggest that irrigation could lead to two major effects: SW (GW) depletion in regions with irrigation primarily fed by SW (GW), respectively. Furthermore, irrigation depending primarily on SW tends to have larger impacts on low‐flow than high‐flow conditions, suggesting increased vulnerability to drought. By the end of the 21st century, combined effect of increased irrigation water demand and amplified temporal‐spatial variability of water supply may lead to severe local water scarcity for irrigation. Regionally, irrigation has the potential to aggravate/alleviate climate‐induced changes of SW/GW although such effects are negligible when averaged globally. Our study highlights the need to account for irrigation effects and sources in assessing regional climate change impacts.
Prevalence of Gout in the Adult Population of France
Authors: Bardin Thomas , Bouée Stéphane , Clerson Pierre , Chalès Gérard , Flipo René‐Marc , Lioté Frédéric , Perez Vincent , Poiraud Thierry , Schaeverbeke Thierry , Richette Pascal 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo estimate adult gout prevalence in France.MethodsWe used a previously established phone questionnaire that allowed for classifying patients as gouty or nongouty by 2 logistic regression models and 1 classification and regression tree (CART) model, the sensitivity and specificity of which were all more than 80%. The full questionnaire was administered by phone to subjects who acknowledged present or past nontraumatic acute pain in a peripheral joint, the others being classified as nongouty. A random sample of adults residing in France was derived from the national telephone directory (home and mobile) by the quota method and further redressed to match the French population. The target size for the interview survey conducted in March and June 2013 was 10,000 participants.ResultsWe interviewed 10,026 participants. All 3 models (2 logistic regression models and a CART model) converged to an estimated gout prevalence of 0.9%. This prevalence was lower than that estimated by self‐reporting only (3.7% [95% confidence interval 3.3–4.1]). The prevalence was higher for men than women and increased with age but did not differ by area of France.ConclusionGout prevalence in the adult population of France in 2013 was estimated at 0.9%. Studies using self‐reporting only might overestimate the prevalence.
Synthesis and EPR/UV/Vis‐NIR Spectroelectrochemical Investigation of a Persistent Phosphanyl Radical Dication
Authors: Schwedtmann Kai , Schulz Stephen , Hennersdorf Felix , Strassner Thomas , Dmitrieva Evgenia , Weigand Jan J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe reaction of the bis(imidazoliumyl)‐substituted PI cation [(2‐ImDipp)P(4‐ImDipp)]+ (10+) (2‐Im=imidazolium‐2‐yl; 4‐Im=imidazolium‐4‐yl; Dipp=2,6‐di‐isopropylphenyl) with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (HOTf) or methyl trifluoromethylsulfonate (MeOTf) yields the corresponding protonated [(2‐ImDipp)PH(4‐ImDipp)]2+ (112+) and methylated [(2‐ImDipp)PMe(4‐ImDipp)]2+ (122+) dications, respectively. EPR/UV/Vis‐NIR spectroelectrochemical investigation of the low‐coordinated PI cation 10+ predicted a stable and “bottleable” P‐centered radical dication [(2‐ImDipp)P(4‐ImDipp)]2+. (132+.). The reaction of 10+ with the nitrosyl salt NO[OTf] yields the persistent phosphanyl radical dication 132+. as triflate salt in crystalline form. Quantum chemical investigation revealed an exceptional high spin density at the P atom.
Do Anti‐Bredt Natural Products Exist? Olefin Strain Energy as a Predictor of Isolability
Authors: Krenske Elizabeth H. , Williams Craig M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBredt’s rule holds a special place in the realm of physical organic chemistry, but its application to natural products chemistry—the field in which the rule was originally formulated—is not well defined. Herein, the use of olefin strain (OS) energy as a readily calculated predictor of the stability of natural products containing a bridgehead alkene is introduced. Schleyer first used OS energies to classify parent bridgehead alkenes into “isolable”, “observable”, and “unstable” classes. OS calculations on natural products, using contemporary forcefield methods, unequivocally predict all structurally verified bridgehead alkene natural products to be “isolable”. Thus, when one assigns the structure of a putative bridgehead alkene natural product, an OS in the “observable” or “unstable” ranges is a red flag for error.
A Simple and Efficient Preparation of High‐Purity Hydrogen Trioxide (HOOOH)
Authors: Strle Gregor , Cerkovnik Janez 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA simple and efficient method allows the synthesis of solutions of high‐purity hydrogen trioxide (HOOOH), released in the low‐temperature methytrioxorhenium(VII) (MTO)‐catalyzed transformation of the ozonized polystyrene‐supported dimethylphenylsilane. High‐purity hydrogen trioxide solutions in diethyl ether, separated from the polymer and free of any reactants and by‐products, can be stored at −20 °C for weeks. By removing the solvent in vacuo, HOOOH could be isolated in highly pure form or transferred to other solvents, thus significantly extending the research perspectives of HOOOH for novel applications.
Das Hexacyanodiboran(6)‐Dianion [B2(CN)6]2−
Authors: Landmann Johannes , Sprenger Jan A. P. , Hailmann Michael , Bernhardt‐Pitchougina Vera , Willner Helge , Ignat'ev Nikolai , Bernhardt Eduard , Finze Maik 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDiboran(6)‐Dianionen mit über Kohlenstoff an Bor gebundenen Substituenten sind sehr reaktiv, und dementsprechend wurden bisher nur wenige Beispiele beschrieben. Diboran(6)‐Derivate sind die einfachsten Verbindungen mit einer elektronenpräzisen B‐B‐σ‐Bindung, die sowohl von grundlegendem Interesse als auch von Bedeutung für die Materialwissenschaften sind. Wir berichten über das chemisch sehr stabile homoleptische Hexacyanodiboran(6)‐Dianion [B2(CN)6]2−. Es ist luftstabil und reagiert weder mit siedendem Wasser noch mit wasserfreiem Fluorwasserstoff. Seine Salze sind thermisch sehr robust; z. B. zersetzt sich (H3O)2[B2(CN)6] erst ab 200 °C. Das [B2(CN)6]2−‐Dianion ist 1) aus B(CN)32− und einem Oxidationsmittel, 2) aus [BF(CN)3]− und einem Reduktionsmittel oder 3) durch Reaktion von B(CN)32− mit [BHal(CN)3]− (Hal=F, Br) zugänglich. Die letztgenannte Reaktion verläuft über einen dreifach negativ geladenen Übergangszustand nach einem SN2‐Mechanismus.
Chiral Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity: Selective Membrane Permeation of Enantiomers
Authors: Weng Xilun , Baez José E. , Khiterer Mariya , Hoe Madelene Y. , Bao Zongbi , Shea Kenneth J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFollowing its resolution by diastereomeric complexation, 5,5′,6,6′‐tetrahydroxy‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethyl‐1,1′‐spirobisindane (TTSBI) was used to synthesize a chiral ladder polymer, (+)‐PIM‐CN. (+)‐PIM‐COOH was also synthesized by the acid hydrolysis of (+)‐PIM‐CN. Following characterization, both (+)‐PIM‐CN and (+)‐PIM‐COOH were solvent cast directly into semipermeable membranes and evaluated for their ability to enable the selective permeation of a range of racemates, including mandelic acid (Man), Fmoc‐phenylalanine, 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (binol), and TTSBI. High ee values were observed for a number of analytes, and both materials exhibited high permeation rates. A selective diffusion–permeation mechanism was consistent with the results obtained with these materials. Their high permeability, processability, and ease of chemical modification offer considerable potential for liquid‐phase membrane separations and related separation applications.
Ein stabiler “Single‐site”‐Palladiumkatalysator für Hydrierungen
Authors: Vilé Gianvito , Albani Davide , Nachtegaal Maarten , Chen Zupeng , Dontsova Dariya , Antonietti Markus , López Núria , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWir beschreiben die Herstellung und das Hydrierungsverhalten eines Einzelatom‐Palladiumkatalysators, geschaffen durch die Verankerung von Pd‐Atomen in den Mesoporen eines graphitischen Kohlenstoffnitridpolymers. Die Analyse des Materials bestätigt die atomare Dispersion der Palladium‐Phase über die komplette Probe. Gegenüber nanopartikelbasierten Vergleichskatalysatoren zeigte sich die hohe Aktivität und Selektivität deutlich bei Anwendung in der kontinuierlichen Drei‐Phasen‐Hydrierung von Alkinen und Nitroarenen in einem Durchflussreaktor. Dichtefunktionalrechnungen ermöglichten die Erarbeitung fundamentaler Erkenntnisse betreffend Materialstruktur und erlaubten, die hohe katalytische Aktivität und Selektivität auf die einfache Wasserstoffaktivierung und Kohlenwasserstoffadsorption auf den atomar verteilten Pd‐Strukturen zurückzuführen.
Cholesterol Hydroperoxides as Substrates for Cholesterol‐Metabolizing Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Alternative Sources of 25‐Hydroxycholesterol and other Oxysterols
Authors: van Lier Johan E. , Mast Natalia , Pikuleva Irina A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe interaction of the primary autoxidation products of cholesterol, namely 25‐ and 20ξ‐hydroperoxides, with the four principal cholesterol‐metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes is reported. Addition of cholesterol 25‐hydroperoxide to the enzymes CYP27A1 and CYP11A1 induced well‐defined spectral changes while generating 25‐hydroxycholesterol as the major product. The 20ξ‐hydroperoxides induced spectral shifts in CYP27A1 and CYP11A1 but glycol metabolites were detected only with CYP11A1. CYP7A1 and CYP46A1 failed to give metabolites with any of the hydroperoxides. A P450 hydroperoxide‐shunt reaction is proposed, where the hydroperoxides serve as both donor for reduced oxygen and substrate. CYP27A1 was shown to mediate the reduction of cholesterol 25‐hydroperoxide to 25‐hydroxycholesterol, a role of potential significance for cholesterol‐rich tissues with high oxidative stress. CYP27A1 may participate in the removal of harmful autoxidation products in these tissues, while providing a complementary source of 25‐hydroxycholesterol, a modulator of immune cell function and mediator of viral cell entry.
Pentafulvene for the Synthesis of Complex Natural Products: Total Syntheses of (±)‐Pallambins A and B
Authors: Ebner Christian , Carreira Erick M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe first total syntheses of pallambins A and B are enabled by the use of pentafulvene in an unprecedented Diels–Alder reaction. After elaboration of the adduct through chemoselective cyclopropanation, strategic CH insertion affords the dense tetracyclic core of the natural products. 1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition and palladium(II)‐catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation were leveraged for the construction of the hexacyclic scaffold en route to both natural products.
Reduced sedimentation of barium titanate nanoparticles in poly(vinylidene fluoride) films during solution casting by surface modification
Authors: Zhao Rongyan , Zhao Jun , Wang Lina , Dang Zhi‐Min 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTReduced sedimentation of barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT) nanoparticles during solution casting to prepare the BT/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films is systematically investigated by surface modification of the BT nanoparticles. The surface of BT nanoparticles is hydroxylated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or aminated by γ‐aminopropyl triethoxysilane (γ‐APS). It is found that the compatibility between the fillers and polymer matrix is remarkably improved by such surface treatments. As a result, the agglomeration and sedimentation of BT nanoparticles in the BT/PVDF composite films are significantly reduced, which is supported by morphology observation. Better dielectric properties such as higher dielectric constant, higher breakdown strength, and lower dielectric loss are also obtained for the composite films with surface‐modified fillers than those with raw fillers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42662.
Reversible and Selective Fluorescence Detection of Histidine Using a Naphthalimide‐Based Chemosensing Ensemble
Authors: Meng Qingtao , Jia Hongmin , Gao Xue , Wang Yue , Zhang Run , Wang Renjie , Zhang Zhiqiang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe described a new ensemble‐approach‐based chemosensor, NCH‐Cu2+, for highly selective and reversible detection of histidine (His) in aqueous solution and live cells. The ligand NCH exhibited specific binding with Cu2+ ions over other metal ions, accompanied with a 92.2 % fluorescence quenching. The decomplexation of NCH‐Cu2+ ensemble by His led to the liberation of the fluorophore, NCH, and thus the fluorescence was recovered. The specific fluorescence enhancement of NCH‐Cu2+ towards His showed a good linearity with a detection of limit at 70 nm. Quantification of intracellular His at the single cell level was achieved by microscopy and flow cytometry. Besides the UV/Vis and emission titration, reversibility of the NCH‐Cu2+ towards His was further confirmed by imaging and cytometry analysis. In addition, microscopy studies revealed that NCH‐Cu2+ was distributed in the lysosome of live cells, where it could be employed as a fluorescent biosensor for imaging of His at subcellular level.
Bioreactor control improves bioprocess performance
Authors: Simutis Rimvydas , Lübbert Andreas 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe performance of bioreactors is not only determined by productivity but also by process quality, which is mainly determined by variances in the process variables. As fluctuations in these quantities directly affect the variability in the product properties, combatting distortions is the main task of practical quality assurance. The straightforward way of reducing this variability is keeping the product formation process tightly under control. Purpose of this keynote is to show that there is enough evidence in literature showing that the performance of the fermentation processes can significantly be improved by feedback control. Most of the currently used open loop control procedures can be replaced by relatively simple feedback techniques. It is shown by practical examples that such a retrofitting does not require significant changes in the well‐established equipment. Feedback techniques are best in assuring high reproducibility of the industrial cultivation processes and thus in assuring the quality of their products. Many developments in supervising and controlling industrial fermentations can directly be taken over in manufacturing processes. Even simple feedback controllers can efficiently improve the product quality. It's the time now that manufacturers follow the developments in most other industries and improve process quality by automatic feedback control.
How to Green the red Dragon: A Start‐ups' Little Helper for Sustainable Development in China
Authors: Steinz Henk J. , Van Rijnsoever Frank J. , Nauta Frans 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article qualitatively identifies and explains the barriers that foreign cleantech start‐ups can encounter when attempting to enter the Chinese market, as well as the possible strategies that can help overcome these barriers. We base our analysis on interviews with Chinese and foreign entrepreneurs and facilitators. To structure the analysis of such barriers, we use the components of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. We then explain the barriers using institutional theory. We demonstrate that they are caused either by the regulations in China or by the difference between Chinese and Western logics. We further recommend that cleantech entrepreneurs come prepared to China, remain flexible, associate themselves with reputable partners and take advice from those familiar with business in China. Cultural–cognitive barriers might be overcome by integrating the communities of foreign and Chinese start‐ups. Regulative barriers can be removed by the Chinese Government, but this conflicts with the logic of state control. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment