bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma levels of growth‐related oncogene (CXCL1‐3) associated with fibrosis and platelet counts in HCV‐infected patients
Authors: Johansson S. , Talloen W. , Tuefferd M. , Darling J. M. , Scholliers A. , Fanning G. , Fried M. W. , Aerssens J. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryBackgroundFibrosis progression in hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected patients varies greatly between individuals. Chemokines recruit immune cells to the infected liver and may thus play a role in the fibrosis process.AimTo investigate plasma levels of a diverse chemokine panel in relation to liver fibrosis.MethodsAfrican‐American and Caucasian HCV genotype 1 infected patients were treated with peginterferon (pegIFN) and ribavirin (RBV) for 48 weeks (VIRAHEP‐C cohort). Plasma levels of 13 cytokines were studied at baseline (n = 386). Subsequently, GROα levels were assessed in a sub cohort (n = 99) at baseline, and at 4 and 12 weeks after start of pegIFN/RBV treatment.ResultsIncreased severity of fibrosis (Ishak fibrosis score 0–2 vs. 3–6) was associated with increased plasma IP‐10 (CXCL10) and IL‐8 (CXCL8) levels, and decreased plasma levels of the chemokine growth‐related oncogene (GRO, CXCL1‐3). Plasma GRO levels were also positively correlated with platelet counts, and were higher in African‐American as compared to Caucasian patients. In response to pegIFN/RBV treatment, GROα levels increased in Caucasian but not African‐American patients from week 4 onwards.ConclusionsThe association with severity of fibrosis and platelet count positions plasma GRO as a potential biomarker for liver fibrosis in HCV‐infected patients. The secretion of GRO by platelets may explain the correlation between GRO plasma level and platelet count. The ethnic difference in GRO levels both pre‐treatment and in response to pegIFN/RBV might be driven by a genetic polymorphism in GROα associated with higher plasma levels and more common in the African‐American population.
Repair of sacral fractures using pins and polymethylmethacrylate (six cases)
Authors: Wilson L 
Published: August 2015

Case reportsSacral fracture repair was accomplished in a cat and five dogs using a composite technique consisting of pins and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). In three of the cases, planned traditional iliosacral lag screw fixation was either abandoned or considered inadequate and in the other three, fracture configuration demanded an alternate repair method. All six cases healed uneventfully with no surgery‐associated complications. To the author's knowledge, the use of a composite technique has been previously described for vertebral fracture repair, but not in the stabilisation of sacral fractures. Indications for the composite technique include failed iliosacral lag screw repairs, augmentation of a tenuous repair and any sacral fracture configuration not amenable to lag screw fixation.ConclusionComposite repair is a versatile primary, ancillary or revision technique for sacral fracture fixation.
The linkage between infant negative temperament and parenting self‐efficacy: The role of resilience against negative performance feedback
Authors: Verhage Marije L. , Oosterman Mirjam , Schuengel Carlo 
Published: August 2015

Caring for infants with negative reactive temperament may tax parents' confidence in their caregiving ability, or parenting self‐efficacy (PSE). This may happen in particular in parents who interpret these signals as negative feedback on their performance. To test this hypothesis, 179 first‐time pregnant women were presented a caregiving simulation that provided positive and negative feedback on their attempts to comfort a crying baby. According to their PSE resilience to negative feedback during the task, they were grouped in a high resilient and low resilient group. PSE was followed up at 32 weeks of pregnancy and 3 and 12 months after birth, while perceived temperament of the child was assessed at 3 and 12 months after birth. Results showed that among women with low resilience against negative feedback, perceived negative temperament was negatively associated with PSE at 3 months, whereas no such association was observed among women with high resilience against negative feedback. Implications of the concept of resilience for the study of PSE are discussed.
Implications of human value shift and persistence for biodiversity conservation
Authors: Manfredo Michael J. , Teel Tara L. , Dietsch Alia M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractLarge‐scale change in human values and associated behavior change is believed by some to be the ultimate solution to achieve global biodiversity conservation. Yet little is known about the dynamics of values. We contribute to this area of inquiry by examining the trajectory of values affecting views of wildlife in North America. Using data from a 19‐state study in the United States and global data from the Schwartz Value Survey, we explored questions of value persistence and change and the nature of attitudinal responses regarding wildlife conservation issues. We found support, based on subjects’ ancestry, for the supposition that domination is a prevalent American value orientation toward wildlife that has origins in European Judeo‐Christian traditions. Independent of that effect, we also found indications of change. Modernization is contributing to a shift from domination to mutualism value orientations, which is fostering attitudes less centered on human interests and seemingly more consistent with a biocentric philosophy. Our findings suggest that if value shift could be achieved in a purposeful way, then significant and widespread behavior change believed necessary for long‐term conservation success may indeed be possible. In particular, greater emphasis on mutualism values may help provide the context for more collaborative approaches to support future conservation efforts. However, given the societal forces at play, it is not at all clear that human‐engineered value shift is tenable. Instead of developing strategies aimed at altering values, it may be more productive to create strategies that recognize and work within the boundaries of existing values. Whereas values appear to be in a period of flux, it will be difficult to predict future trends without a better understanding of value formation and shift, particularly under conditions of rapid social‐ecological change.
Aktuelle Diagnostik und Behandlung des Basalzellkarzinoms
Authors: Alter Mareike , Hillen Uwe , Leiter Ulrike , Sachse Michael , Gutzmer Ralf 
Published: August 2015

ZusammenfassungDas Basalzellkarzinom ist der häufigste Tumor des hellhäutigen Menschen, altersstandardisiert liegt die Inzidenz bei 63 (Frauen) bzw. 80 (Männer) pro 100 000 Einwohner pro Jahr in Deutschland. Frühe Läsionen können klinisch eine diagnostische Herausforderung darstellen, hier können nichtinvasive Diagnoseverfahren wie die optische Kohärenztomographie und die konfokale Laserscanmikroskopie hilfreich sein. Die klinische Verdachtsdiagnose wird in der Regel mittels Gewebeuntersuchung histologisch bestätigt. Die Standardtherapie besteht in einer histologisch gesicherten, kompletten Resektion, wahlweise mittels mikrographisch Schnittrand‐kontrollierter Chirurgie oder entsprechend der Tumorgröße, ‐lokalisation und Infiltration mit 3–5 und mehr Millimetern Sicherheitsabstand, um das Rezidivrisiko zu mindern. Therapeutisch können insbesondere multiple Basalzellkarzinome (wie beim Gorlin‐Goltz‐Syndrom) oder lokal fortgeschrittene bzw. selten auch metastasierende Basalzellkarzinome ein Problem darstellen. Bei oberflächlichen Basalzellkarzinomen können nichtoperative Verfahren wie die photodynamische Therapie oder topische Medikamente erwogen werden. Bei lokal inoperablen oder metastasierenden Basalzellkarzinomen sollten in einer interdisziplinären Tumorkonferenz Therapieempfehlungen ausgesprochen werden, zu den Optionen zählen in dieser Situation eine Strahlentherapie oder eine Systemtherapie miteinem Hedgehog‐Inhibitor.
Medical error analysis in dermatology according to the reports of the North Rhine Medical Association from 2004–2013
Authors: Lehmann Lion , Wesselmann Ulrich , Weber Beate , Smentkowski Ulrich 
Published: August 2015

SummaryBackgroundPatient safety is a central issue of health care provision. There are various approaches geared towards improving health care provision and patient safety. By conducting a systematic retrospective error analysis, the present article aims to identify the most common complaints brought forth within the field of dermatology over a period of ten years.MethodsThe reports of the Expert Committee for Medical Malpractice Claims of the North Rhine Medical Association (from 2004 to 2013) on dermatological procedures were analyzed (n = 247 reports in the field of dermatology).ResultsExpert medical assessments in the field of dermatology are most frequently commissioned for nonsurgical therapies (e.g. laser therapy, phototherapy). While suspected diagnostic errors constitute the second most common reason for complaints, presumed dermatosurgery‐related errors represent the least common reason for commissioning expert medical assessments.ConclusionsThe most common and easily avoidable sources of medical errors include failure to take a biopsy despite suspicious clinical findings, or incorrect clinicopathological correlations resulting in deleterious effects for the patient. Furthermore, given the potential for incorrect indications and the inadequate selection of devices to be used as well as their parameter settings, laser and phototherapies harbor an increased risk in the treatment of dermatological patients. The fourth major source of error leading to complaints relates to incorrect indications as well as incorrect dosage and administration of drugs. Analysis of expert medical assessment reports on treatment errors in dermatology as well as other medical specialties is helpful and provides an opportunity to identify common sources of error and error‐prone structures.
Methotrexat für die topische Applikation in magistraler Rezeptur
Authors: Wohlrab Johannes , Neubert Reinhard H.H. , Michael Julia , Naumann Sandy 
Published: August 2015

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDer Folsäureantagonist Methotrexat wird in der Systemtherapie von onkologischen und chronisch‐entzündlichen Erkrankungen routinemäßig eingesetzt. Die erfolgreiche topische Applikation der Substanz ist in individuellen Heilversuchen, Fallserien und kleineren Studien, insbesondere in den Indikationen Mycosis fungoides (Ekzemstadium) und lymphomatoide Papulose, beschrieben. Bisher steht für den klinischen Einsatz in ausgewählten Behandlungssituationen keine qualitätsgesicherte Präparation oder Magistralrezeptur zur Verfügung.Material und MethodikEs wurden zwei Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatografie (HPLC)‐Methoden erarbeitet, die zum Nachweis des Wirkstoffs in einem galenischen System oder in Extrakten aus biologischen Materialien geeignet sind. Für die epikutane Applikation wurden geeignete Vehikelsysteme entwickelt, die präklinisch hinsichtlich der Wirkstoffstabilität, ‐freigabe und Pharmakokinetik charakterisiert und deren Sicherheit bewertet wurde.ErgebnisseDie Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zeigen, dass Methotrexat in einer Konzentration bis 0,5 % in Basiscreme DAC galenisch stabil und unproblematisch eingearbeitet werden kann. Die magistrale Rezeptur setzt ausreichend Wirkstoff frei, der nach epikutaner Applikation in den Zielkompartimenten der Haut eine relevante Bioverfügbarkeit erreicht. Bei Anwendung auf einem begrenzen Areal der Hautoberfläche zeichnet sich keine relevante systemische Bioverfügbarkeit und damit kein besonderes Sicherheitsrisiko für den Patienten ab.SchlussfolgerungenInsgesamt lässt sich feststellen, dass die verschreibungspflichtige, qualitätsgesicherte Magistralrezeptur den Anforderungen der Apothekenbetriebsordnung (§ 7 ApBetrO) entspricht und die vorliegenden Daten deren Stabilität und pharmazeutische Qualität belegen.
Analyse ärztlicher Fehler in der Dermatologie anhand von Gutachten der Ärztekammer Nordrhein von 2004–2013
Authors: Lehmann Lion , Wesselmann Ulrich , Weber Beate , Smentkowski Ulrich 
Published: August 2015

ZusammenfassungHintergrundPatientensicherheit ist ein zentraler Inhalt der Gesundheitsversorgung. Zur Verbesserung der Gesundheitsversorgung und der Patientensicherheit gibt es verschiedene Ansätze. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat das Ziel, mit Hilfe einer systematischen retrospektiven Fehleranalyse die häufigsten Beanstandungen innerhalb des Fachbereiches Dermatologie in einem Zeitraum von zehn Jahren zu identifizieren.MethodikDie Gutachten der Gutachterkommission für ärztliche Behandlungsfehler bei der Ärztekammer Nordrhein zu Verfahren in der Dermatologie aus dem Zeitraum zwischen 2004 und 2013 wurden ausgewertet (n = 247 Gutachten im Fachgebiet Dermatologie).ErgebnisseGutachtenanforderungen zur Prüfung vermeintlicher Behandlungsfehler erfolgen in der Dermatologie am häufigsten aufgrund nichtoperativer Therapien (z. B. Lasertherapie, Lichttherapie). Vermutete Diagnosefehler sind der zweithäufigste Grund für Gutachtenanforderungen. Am seltensten kommt es zu Gutachtenanforderungen wegen vermuteter Fehler durch dermatologische Operationen.SchlussfolgerungenDie häufigsten, einfach zu vermeidenden Fehlerquellen umfassen nicht durchgeführte Biopsien trotz verdächtiger klinischer Befunde oder unkorrekte klinisch‐histopathologische Korrelationen, die zum Schaden des Patienten führten. Weiterhin bergen Lasertherapien und Lichttherapien aufgrund falscher Indikationen, Gerätewahl oder Parametereinstellung erhöhte Risiken bei der Behandlung dermatologischer Patienten. Als vierte Hauptfehlerquelle kommt eine falsche Indikationsstellung, Dosierung und Applikation bei der Medikation hinzu. Die Analyse medizinischer Gutachten zu Behandlungsfehlern in der Dermatologie aber auch anderer Fachrichtungen ist hilfreich und eine Möglichkeit, um häufige Fehlerquellen und eventuell fehleranfällige Strukturen zu identifizieren.
Climate drives temporal replacement and nested‐resultant richness patterns of Scottish coastal vegetation
Authors: Lewis Rob J. , Marrs Rob H. , Pakeman Robin J. , Milligan Gregg , Lennon Jack J. 
Published: August 2015

Beta diversity quantifies spatial and/or temporal variation in species composition. It is comprised of two distinct components, species replacement and nestedness, which derive from opposing ecological processes. Using Scotland as a case study and a β‐diversity partitioning framework, we investigate temporal replacement and nestedness patterns of coastal grassland species over a 34‐yr time period. We aim to 1) understand the influence of two potentially pivotal processes (climate and land‐use changes) on landscape‐scale (5 × 5 km) temporal replacement and nestedness patterns, and 2) investigate whether patterns from one β‐diversity component can mask observable patterns in the other.We summarised key aspects of climate driven macro‐ecological variation as measures of variance, long‐term trends, between‐year similarity and extremes, for three important climatic predictors (minimum temperature, water‐balance and growing degree‐days). Shifts in landscape‐scale heterogeneity, a proxy of land‐use change, was summarised as a spatial multiple‐site dissimilarity measure. Together, these climatic and spatial predictors were used in a multi‐model inference framework to gauge the relative contribution of each on temporal replacement and nestedness patterns.Temporal β‐diversity patterns were reasonably well explained by climate change but weakly explained by changes in landscape‐scale heterogeneity. Climate was shown to have a greater influence on temporal nestedness than replacement patterns over our study period, linking nestedness patterns, as a result of imbalanced gains and losses, to climatic warming and extremes respectively. Important climatic predictors (i.e. growing degree‐days) of temporal β‐diversity were also identified, and contrasting patterns between the two β‐diversity components revealed.Results suggest climate influences plant species recruitment and establishment processes of Scotland's coastal grasslands, and while species extinctions take time, they are likely to be facilitated by climatic perturbations. Our findings also highlight the importance of distinguishing between different components of β‐diversity, disentangling contrasting patterns than can mask one another.
Corrected stress intensity factor solution for a British standard single edge notched tension (SENT) specimen
Authors: Zhu X.‐K. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper revisits a complicated analytical solution of the stress intensity factor K adopted in a newly published British standard BS 8571:2014 for clamped single edge notched tension (SENT) specimens. Comparison with existing numerical results of K shows that the analytical K solution in BS 8571 is correct only for the crack length to specimen width ratio a/W ≤ 0.6, but incorrect for a/W > 0.6. A reinvestigation is thus performed using the crack compliance method, and a corrected K solution is obtained for the BS 8571 clamped SENT specimens over the full range of a/W. On this basis, a simple closed‐form solution of K is obtained using the best curve fitting with an accuracy within 1% for crack sizes up to a/W = 0.98. Results show that the proposed closed‐form solution of K agrees well with the numerical results of K for the clamped SENT specimens.
Alteration of forest succession and carbon cycling under elevated CO2
Authors: Miller Adam D. , Dietze Michael C. , DeLucia Evan H. , Anderson‐Teixeira Kristina J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRegenerating forests influence the global carbon (C) cycle, and understanding how climate change will affect patterns of regeneration and C storage is necessary to predict the rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) increase in future decades. While experimental elevation of CO2 has revealed that young forests respond with increased productivity, there remains considerable uncertainty as to how the long‐term dynamics of forest regrowth are shaped by elevated CO2 (eCO2). Here, we use the mechanistic size‐ and age‐ structured Ecosystem Demography model to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment on forest regeneration, using data from the Duke Forest Free‐Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiment, a forest chronosequence, and an eddy‐covariance tower for model parameterization and evaluation. We find that the dynamics of forest regeneration are accelerated, and stands consistently hit a variety of developmental benchmarks earlier under eCO2. Because responses to eCO2 varied by plant functional type, successional pathways, and mature forest composition differed under eCO2, with mid‐ and late‐successional hardwood functional types experiencing greater increases in biomass compared to early‐successional functional types and the pine canopy. Over the simulation period, eCO2 led to an increase in total ecosystem C storage of 9.7 Mg C ha‐1. Model predictions of mature forest biomass and ecosystem–atmosphere exchange of CO2 and H2O were sensitive to assumptions about nitrogen limitation; both the magnitude and persistence of the ecosystem response to eCO2 were reduced under N limitation. In summary, our simulations demonstrate that eCO2 can result in a general acceleration of forest regeneration while altering the course of successional change and having a lasting impact on forest ecosystems.
Investigating client perception and attitude to decentralization of HIV/AIDS treatment services to primary health centres in three Nigerian states
Authors: Onwujekwe Obinna , Chikezie Ifeanyi , Mbachu Chinyere , Chiegil Robert , Torpey Kwasi , Uzochukwu Benjamin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe opinions of consumers in decentralization provide insights into possible levels of improvement in access and uptake of services.ObjectivesThe study examined clients' perception and attitude towards decentralization of antiretroviral treatment services from central hospitals to primary health centres (PHCs).MethodologyA cross‐sectional survey was undertaken in three states in Nigeria. A total of 1265 exit interviews were conducted with HIV/AIDS clients in nine health facilities.FindingsAbout a third of all the respondents were not comfortable with receiving ART services in a PHC facility close to where they live. The reasons given by 385 respondents who would not want their treatment centres near were as follows: fear of disclosure, 299 (80.4%); fear of being discriminated against, 278 (74.3%); and satisfaction with care received at current facility, 278 (74.3%). However, more than 90% of respondents in all three states felt that decentralization of ART services to PHCs would be beneficial in controlling HIV/AIDS in Nigeria; the difference in respondents' perception across the three state was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe findings imply that scaling‐up of treatment services to PHCs would be widely accepted, and probably result in increased uptake. However, this must be accompanied by targeted behaviour change interventions for clients who for the fear of disclosure and stigma would still not access care from proximate facilities.
Assessing Magnitude: Tasmanian Aboriginal Population, Resistance and the Significance of Musquito in the Black War
Authors: Powell Michael 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn August 1824, there was a fierce attack by 200 Tasmanian Aboriginal men on James Hobbs's property at Eastern Marshes, near Oatlands in Van Diemen's Land. Hobbs's stockmen fired to deter the approaching Aborigines, but having discharged their weapons, they were overwhelmed before they could reload, and one man, James Doyle, was beaten to a pulp. The rest fled in terror to Hobart, refusing to return.The influence of Musquito, the renegade Sydney Aborigine was suspected. His campaign of terror that began about 1824 alarmed the colony, but what was more frightening was the fact “that no Natives [were]…observed on any part of the coast” having moved into the interior and “lately formed themselves into one formidable body.” It appeared the coastal Oyster Bay tribe had formed an alliance with the interior Big River mob.There was strong suspicion that “Musquito and other blacks” brought up among Europeans were behind these new attacks, but it was difficult to pin responsibility on Musquito. Aborigines came from a considerable “distance to place themselves under [his] command”, but he tended to manipulate forces obliquely. Musquito “kept the tethers”: “He would lurk about, gain information, lay his plans in a skilful manner and then from his retreat, dispatch his band to carry on the warfare.”He was by all accounts a formidable, charismatic figure who “had high notions of his own worth.” He would “stalk into the cottages of the settlers” and “seat himself with great dignity,” while his followers, upwards of several hundreds, would patiently await “his signal to approach.” According to John West, as his influence “enlarged, it became more pernicious” and influenced not only his immediate followers “but propagated his spirit” and deeds “of great enormity were committed at his direction; several by his own hand.”