bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of the AlGaN Multi‐Quantum Well Growth Temperature on the Efficiency of Metal‐Organic Vapor‐Phase Epitaxy‐Grown Far‐Ultraviolet‐C Light‐Emitting Diodes Emitting near 235 nm
Authors: Schilling Marcel , Susilo Norman , Muhin Anton , Cardinali Giulia , Ruschel Jan , Cho Hyun Kyong , Rass Jens , Höpfner Jakob , Wernicke Tim , Einfeldt Sven , Kneissl Michael 
Published: August 2024

The effect of the active region growth temperature (TMQW) on the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of AlGaN‐based far‐ultraviolet‐C light‐emitting diodes (far‐UVC LEDs) emitting near 235 nm is investigated. AlGaN multi‐quantum well (MQW) active regions are grown at temperatures between 850 and 1100 °C by metal‐organic vapor‐phase epitaxy, while special care is taken to keep aluminum mole fractions and thicknesses constant for all MQWs. Temperature‐ and excitation‐power‐dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy reveal a more than tenfold increase of the radiative recombination efficiency (RRE) when the growth temperature increases from 850 to 1020–1060 °C. The output powers for mounted far‐UVC LEDs at 0.2 A increase from 0.5 mW for TMQW of 900 °C to 2.5 mW for TMQW of 1020 °C, corresponding to an increase in EQE from 0.04% to 0.23% at 0.2 A. However, lifetime measurements reveal a reduction of the L70 lifetime from 400 to 1 h when TMQW increases from 900 to 1060 °C. In this investigation, it is shown that optimizing the growth conditions provides a promising approach to further increase the RRE and EQE and lifetime of far‐UVC LEDs.
Geometric Variability‐Aware Thermal Characteristics Modeling of Nanoscale Silicon Gate‐All‐around Nanowire Transistor
Authors: Feng Xiaoyue , Luo Kun , Zhan Guohui , Xu Lijun , Xu Qinzhi , Wu Zhenhua 
Published: August 2024

Thermal management becomes increasingly important in silicon gate‐all‐around (GAA) field‐effect transistor (FETs) for 3 nm technology node and beyond. The channel thermal conductivity significantly differs from bulk silicon. Precise determination of thermal conductivity is crucial for device evaluation and optimization. This study investigates the thermal conductivity of silicon nanowires, examining the complex interplay between size and channel orientation. The conventional nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) method is used with the standard Stillinger–Weber potential at the atomic scale. The results indicate that the thermal conductivity of silicon nanowires along the [100] direction increases monotonically with both length (L) and cross‐sectional side length (D). Conversely, the [110] direction exhibits nonmonotonic variation in thermal conductivity with D, due to increased acoustic–optic phonon scattering. For GAA FET devices with a silicon nanowire channel ofL = 20 nm andD = 5 nm, the NEMD calculations yield thermal conductivities of 10.8 W m·K−1for the [100] direction and 25.3 W m·K−1for the [110] direction. Subsequently, the self‐heating effect (SHE) in silicon nanowire GAA FETs by technology computer‐aided design with the modified channel conductivity is analyzed. The results suggest that silicon nanowires with the [110] transport direction are more suitable for device design.
Impact of Time and Handwashing on Infection Inference in Scenario‐Based Exposures Among Adults and Children in Japan
Authors: Furumi Fumikazu , Nishio Yumiko 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe COVID‐19 pandemic has underscored the importance of preventive measures like handwashing and mask‐wearing. However, preschoolers often struggle to comprehend disease transmission. This study examined how time and handwashing impact adults’ and preschoolers’ inferential processes related to infectious disease transmission.MethodsThirty‐eight Japanese adults aged 18–23 years (8 men; 30 women) and 36 Japanese children aged 5–6 years (15 boys; 21 girls) participated in this study. Participants were presented with scenarios involving an infectious individual who was present (1) at the same time, (2) immediately before, or (3) the previous day. Scenarios were presented via PowerPoint for adults and as a picture‐story for preschoolers, with questions on infection likelihood pre‐ and post‐handwashing.ResultsBoth age groups perceived a significantly higher likelihood of infection for same‐time exposure than for other exposures. Preschoolers estimated a lower likelihood of infection than adults ( = 0.25). Handwashing significantly reduced perceived infection risk, particularly for same‐time ( = 0.34) and immediately after ( = 0.10) exposures.ConclusionThis study highlights the critical need for age‐appropriate communication about infection prevention, particularly for young children. Preschoolers exhibited a more positive perception of infectious disease transmission, which necessitates reinforcing multiple preventive measures beyond handwashing. The findings underscore the importance of considering cognitive development and the influence of contemporary experiences like the COVID‐19 pandemic when educating about disease transmission. Future research should further explore the relationship between cognitive development, individual differences, and infection reasoning to enhance public health strategies for varying age groups.
Positional Accuracy of 3D Printed Quantum Emitter Fiber Couplers
Authors: Weber Ksenia , Thiele Simon , Hentschel Mario , Herkommer Alois , Giessen Harald 
Published: August 2024

AbstractPrecise positioning of optical elements plays a key role in the performance of optical systems. While additive manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing enable the creation of entire complex micro‐objectives in one step, thus rendering lens alignment unnecessary, certain applications require precise positional alignment of the printing process with respect to the substrate. For example, in order to efficiently couple quantum emitters to single‐mode fibers, which is a crucial step in the development of real world quantum networks, precise alignment between the emitter, the coupling optics, and the single‐mode fiber is of utmost importance. In this work, the positioning accuracy of a Photonics Professional GT (Nanoscribe GmbH) 3D printing machine is evaluated by using the integrated piezo stage to align to gold markers that is manufactured via e‐beam lithography. By running a statistical analysis of 38 printing cycles, a mean positional error of only 80 nm is determined. Additionally, an entire system is 3D printed that can couple quantum emitters to optical single‐mode fibers. Examining the focal spot of the 3D printed micro‐optics, a positional accuracy of ≈ 1 µm in all three dimensions is found, as well as excellent quality of the focal spot.
Quality control of robotic floor‐tiling by the modifications on technology parameters and adhesive properties
Authors: Wu Kai , Zhang Yanrong , Kong Xiangming , Zhang Shuang , Gao Liang 
Published: August 2024

AbstractFloor‐tiling robotics are increasingly employed in on‐site building constructions owing to their remarkable benefits on rising working efficiency and reducing labor costs. In this study, a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) model of robotic tiling was established for the first time, construction parameters and adhesive properties were modified, and their influences on the quality of robotic floor‐tiling were systematically investigated by tracking the mechanical behaviors of tiles and adhesive during tiling and the interfacial defects after tiling. Results indicated that the established FSI model was feasible for assessing robotic tiling quality with a deviation of less than 2%. The adhesive extruded horizontally was evenly distributed in cylindrical strips. An increase in the number of extrusion pipes slightly improved the tiling quality. Compared with the leveling loads of compression and vertical vibration, shear vibration could effectively eliminate tile rebounding and enlarge the contact area of tile–adhesive by up to 135.85%. Moderate increases in the amplitude and frequency of shear vibration resulted in lower rebounding and larger contact areas. An appropriate increase of yield stress heightened tiling quality by keeping the extrusive appearance of the adhesive, increasing slightly tile rebounding and enlarging the contact area of tile–adhesive to 0.625 m2. As yield stress was excessively high, tremendous elastic deformations of adhesive led to remarkable tile rebounding and small contact areas of 0.375 m2.
Sunflower‐Inspired Superhydrophobic Surface with Composite Structured Microcone Array for Anisotropy Liquid/Ice Manipulation
Authors: Yang Jiajun , Liu Guang , Zhang Kaiteng , Li Ping , Yan Haipeng , Yan Yu , Zheng Yingdong , Zhao Zehui , Zhang Liwen , Liu Xiaolin , Yang Guang , Chen Huawei 
Published: August 2024

AbstractPrecisely controlling the directional motion trajectories of droplets on anisotropic 3D functional surfaces has great application potential in self‐cleaning, drug delivery, and droplet power generation, but it also faces huge challenges. Herein, inspired by the microcone structure in the heart of sunflowers, a nanoneedle‐modified microcone array surface (NMAS) is reported. The surface is created using a combination of nanosecond laser direct engraving and electroforming and is subsequently fluorinated. Through programmable control of the laser spot, the geometric parameters and inclination angle of the microcone can be quickly and finely adjusted, thereby achieving precise control of the droplet bouncing trajectory. The results show that droplets can achieve programmable multiple bouncing behaviors on patterned functional surfaces, including gravity‐defying hopping and directional water transport. It is worth noting that this functional surface has delayed freezing and anti‐freezing effects. Furthermore, this functional surface has a wide range of potential applications, including surface self‐cleaning, droplet capture, and droplet‐based chemical microreactions, especially in the field of anti‐icing operations. This opens up a new way for the directional transport of droplets on biomimetic functional surfaces.
Electronic Structure Regulation by Fe Doped Ni‐Phosphides for Long‐term Overall Water Splitting at Large Current Density
Authors: Long Yanju , Jiang Pingping , Liao Peisen , Yang Chenyu , Li Suisheng , Xian Jiahui , Sun Yamei , Liu Qinghua , Li Guangqin 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAcquiring a highly efficient electrocatalyst capable of sustaining prolonged operation under high current density is of paramount importance for the process of electrocatalytic water splitting. Herein, Fe‐doped phosphide (Fe‐Ni5P4) derived from the NiFc metal−organic framework (NiFc‐MOF) (Fc: 1,1′‐ferrocene dicarboxylate) shows high catalytic activity for overall water splitting (OWS). Fe‐Ni5P4||Fe‐Ni5P4 exhibits a low voltage of 1.72 V for OWS at 0.5 A cm−2 and permits stable operation for 2700 h in 1.0 m KOH. Remarkably, Fe‐Ni5P4||Fe‐Ni5P4 can sustain robust water splitting at an extra‐large current density of 1 A cm−2 for 1170 h even in alkaline seawater. Theoretical calculations confirm that Fe doping simultaneously reduces the reaction barriers of coupling and desorption (O*→OOH*, OOH*→O2
*) in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and regulates the adsorption strength of the intermediates (H2O*, H*) in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), enabling Fe‐Ni5P4 to possess excellent dual functional activity. This study offers a valuable reference for the advancement of highly durable electrocatalysts through the regulation derived from coordination frameworks, with significant implications for industrial applications and energy conversion technologies.
A Na‐Free Surface Enables “Three‐In‐One” Enhancement of Structural, Interfacial and Air Stability for Sodium‐Ion Battery Cathodes
Authors: Sun Guojie , Hao Youchen , Feng Lihua , Zhou Xiaochong , Tian Ziqi , Zhang Zhongcai , Zhang Xuan , Jiang Yinzhu 
Published: August 2024

AbstractO3‐type layered oxides are regarded as one of the most promising cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries. However, the multistep phase transitions, severe electrode/electrolyte parasitic reactions, and moisture sensitivity are challenging for their practical application because of the highly active Na+. Here, a Na‐free layer is built on the surface of NaNi1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3O2 (NMF111) via a leaching treatment and the subsequent surface reconstruction. Accordingly, both the structural degradation from bulk to surface and the overgrowth of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) are greatly ameliorated, which results in the improved capacity retention of modified NMF111 from 58.3% to 89.6% after 400 cycles at 1 C. Besides, the Na‐free surface with rock‐salt structure prevents the H+/Na+ exchange and then enables good reversibility and low polarization of the optimal NMF111 when exposed to wet air (50% RH) for 4 days. This work opens a new avenue for the comprehensive cyclability improvement of layered oxides via surface reconstruction.
Enhancing the Mn Redox Kinetics of LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 Cathodes Through a Synergistic Co‐Doping with Niobium and Magnesium for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Vanaphuti Panawan , Manthiram Arumugam 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe concerns on the cost of lithium‐ion batteries have created enormous interest on LiFePO4 (LFP) and LiMn1‐xFexPO4 (LMFP) cathodes However, the inclusion of Mn into the olivine structure causes a non‐uniform atomic distribution of Fe and Mn, resulting in a lowering of reversible capacity and hindering their practical application. Herein, a co‐doping of LMFP with Nb and Mg is presented through a co‐precipitation reaction, followed by a spray‐drying process and calcination. It is found that LiNbO3 formed with the aliovalent Nb doping resides mainly on the surface, while the isovalent Mg2+ doping occurs into the bulk of the particle. Full cells assembled with the co‐doped LMFP cathode and graphite anode demonstrate superior cycling stability and specific capacity, while maintaining good tap density, compared to the undoped or mono‐doped (only with Nb or Mg). The co‐doped sample exhibits a capacity retention of 99% over 300 cycles at a C/2 rate. The superior performance stems from the enhanced ionic/electronic transport facilitated by Nb coating and the enhanced Mn2+/3+ redox kinetics resulting from bulk Mg doping. Altogether, this work reveals the importance of the synergistic effect of different dopants in enhancing the capacity and cycle stability of LMFP.
Self‐Supporting Hierarchical Carbon Network Loaded with NiW Nanoparticles for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Wang Xian , Qin Ze , Qian Jinjie , Chen Liyu , Shen Kui 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWater splitting technology can convert renewable energies such as solar and wind into hydrogen energy, which is key to achieving a low‐carbon hydrogen economy cycle. However, Pt‐based catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are too expensive, thus it needs to develop efficient non‐noble metal catalysts as alternatives. Herein, Ni‐BDC‐loaded carbon cloth (CC) is co‐pyrolyzed with urea to obtain a composite structure of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and porous carbon (PC) embedded with W‐doped Ni nanoparticles on CC, resulting in NiW‐CNT/PC/CC. Benefiting from the synergistic effect between Ni and W, the high conductivity of CNT, and the high mass transfer rate of PC, NiW‐CNT/PC/CC exhibits excellent HER activity in KOH, which only requires a low overpotential of 45 mV to drive a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with stability exceeding 40 h. Simulation calculations confirm that the W doping in metal Ni can optimize its electronic structure by lowering the d‐band center and weakening hydrogen adsorption, thus reducing its HER barrier.
Asymmetrical Functionalization of Polarizable Interface Restructuring Molecules for Rapid and Longer Operative Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Son Chae Yeong , Kim Daehyun , Jun Seo‐Young , Park Haesun , Ryu Won‐Hee 
Published: August 2024

AbstractLithium metal batteries (LMBs) have been recognized as high‐energy storage alternatives; however, problematic surface reactions due to dendritic Li growth are major obstacles to their widespread utilization. Herein, a 3‐mercapto‐1‐propanesulfonic acid sodium salt (MPS) with asymmetrically functionalized thiol and sulfonate groups as polarizable interface‐restructuring molecules is proposed to achieve rapid and longer‐operating LMBs. Under a harsh condition of 5 mA cm−2, Li–Li symmetric cells employing MPS can be cycled over 1200 cycles, outperforming those employing other molecules symmetrically functionalized by thiol or sulfonate groups. The improved performance of the Li|V2O5 full cell is demonstrated by introducing MPS additives. MPS additives offer advantages by flattening the surface, reconfiguring Li nucleation and growth along the stable (110) plane, and forming a durable and conductive solid–electrolyte interface layer (SEI). This study suggests an effective way to develop a new class of electrolyte additives for LMBs by controlling engineering factors, such as functional groups and polarizable properties.
Unraveling the Mechanism of Covalent Organic Frameworks‐Based Functional Separators in High‐Energy Batteries
Authors: Li Wenjie , Hao Zhendong , Cao Shihai , Chen Silin , Wang Xue , Yin Huimin , Tao Xuewei , Dai Yuming , Cong Yuan , Ju Jia 
Published: August 2024

AbstractCovalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising porous materials due to their high specific surface area, adjustable structure, highly ordered nanochannels, and abundant functional groups, which brings about wide applications in the field of gas adsorption, hydrogen storage, optics, and so forth. In recent years, COFs have attracted considerable attention in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Specifically, COF‐based functional separators are ideal candidates for addressing the ionic transport‐related issues in high‐energy batteries, such as dendritic formation and shuttle effect. Therefore, it is necessary to make a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of COFs in functional separators. In this review, the advantages, applications as well as synthesis of COFs are firstly presented. Then, the mechanism of COFs in functional separators for high‐energy batteries is summarized in detail, including pore channels regulating ionic transport, functional groups regulating ionic transport, adsorption effect, and catalytic effect. Finally, the application prospect of COFs‐based separators in high‐energy batteries is proposed. This review may provide new insights into the design of functional separators for advanced electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems.
Identifying college hazing precursors and related behaviors in secondary school settings
Authors: McCready Adam M. , Biddix J. Patrick , Feuer Emily , Hopkins B. Elliot 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWhile often positioned as a higher education challenge, hazing is prevalent in the secondary environment and is often linked to college hazing victimization and perpetration. This article reviews foundational studies of secondary education hazing, peer violence, and bullying, as these related activities are frequently linked in secondary education research. The article closes with recommendations for research and hazing prevention at the secondary school level.
OntoCPS4PMS: Ontology modeling for collaborative cyber‐physical threat defense in power monitoring system
Authors: Teng Jing , Yang Ruge , Wang Tian , Du Junzhe , Sheng Quan Z. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractGiven the deep interconnection between information and physical aspects of power systems, escalating cyber‐attacks pose significant threats to both grid information systems and electrical equipment. The context highlights the importance of risk perception and defense mechanisms in information and functional security for Power Monitoring System (PMS). To address this, we introduce an innovative ontology framework designed for comprehensive cyber‐physical security in PMS (OntoCPS4PMS). OntoCPS4PMS identifies risks from cross‐domain attacks and supports a collaborative defense strategy. It offers a multifaceted assessment method for PMS security events, considering vulnerabilities, cyber‐attack impacts, and physical domain risks. Through simulated PMS attack scenarios, we validate the framework's effectiveness in dynamic cyber‐physical security analysis. The results demonstrate OntoCPS4PMS's ability to trace attacks, locate affected equipment, and recommend mitigation measures, confirming its utility in enhancing PMS security and decision‐making.
The evolution of frailty assessment using inertial measurement sensor‐based gait parameter measurements: A detailed analysis
Authors: Amjad Arslan , Qaiser Shahzad , Błaszczyszyn Monika , Szczęsna Agnieszka 
Published: August 2024

AbstractFrailty is a significant issue in geriatric health, may cause adverse effects such as falls, delirium, weight loss, or physical decline. Over time, various methods have been developed for measuring frailty, including clinical judgment, the frailty index, the clinical frailty scale, and the comprehensive geriatric assessment. These traditional frailty assessment approaches rely on healthcare professionals, which can lead to inaccuracy and require frequent clinic visits, making it burdensome for elderly patients. This review paper explores the latest trends in frailty assessment by measuring gait parameters using wearable sensors, specifically the inertial measurement unit (IMU). The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of objective methods for evaluating and quantifying frailty. We focus on the application of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques to IMU gait data, highlighting key aspects of recent publications such as algorithms, sensor types, sample sizes, and performance evaluations. By examining the strengths and challenges of each technique, this review aims to guide future studies on utilizing cost‐effective and portable devices integrated with clinical data. This integration can help to propose optimized IMU gait parameters or ML models to detect early‐stage frailty. This advances the emerging trend of intelligent, individualized, and efficient healthcare systems for older adults.This article is categorized under:
Application Areas > Health Care
Technologies > Machine Learning
Technologies > Artificial Intelligence
Heart of Language: Teamwork as Sociogenesis
Authors: Vogt Tom Caldwell 
Published: August 2024

AbstractInspired by my experiences as a graduate student in the Santa Barbara UC Links program some years ago, I created a new program in Augsburg, Germany. As part of my bilingual ‘Media & Learning Communities/Medien & Lerngemeinschaft’ seminar, the ‘English Media Club’ project connects University of Augsburg faculty, undergraduate students, international Erasmus+ (visiting) students, and local school age children in Augsburg, Germany. In this chapter I describe the crucial, multi-level teamwork of such a Uni-After School partnership, with a focus on language-learning processes, building on John Dewey’s claim that “The heart of language…is the establishment of cooperation in an activity in which there are partners, and in which the activity of each is modified and regulated by partnership” (Dewey, 1925/1958, p. 179). Such a ‘learning communities’ approach to language, living, and learning has, in fact, profound implications for language learners, affording optimal possibilities for young people as active participants in vibrant, intercultural, technologically enhanced learning communities. In particular, I look up-close at the planning, filming, editing, and presenting of our case study film, ‘Dark Dreams’ where teamwork and social creativity flourished on a daily basis.