bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family income in early childhood and subsequent attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Larsson Henrik , Sariaslan Amir , Långström Niklas , D'Onofrio Brian , Lichtenstein Paul 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundStudies have found negative associations between socioeconomic position and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but it remains unclear if this association is causal.
The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which the association between family income in early childhood and subsequent ADHD depends on measured and unmeasured selection factors.MethodsA total of 811,803 individuals born in Sweden between 1992 and 2000 were included in this nationwide population‐based cohort study. Diagnosis of ADHD was assessed via the Swedish national Patient Register and the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. Annual family income during offspring's first 5 years in life was collected prospectively from the Swedish Integrated Database for Labour Market Research and divided into quartiles by (lower) family disposable income. We predicted ADHD from family income while controlling for covariates and also comparing differently exposed cousins and siblings to control for unmeasured familial confounding.ResultsThe crude analyses suggested that children exposed to lower income levels were at increased risk for ADHD (HRQuartile1 = 2.52; 95% CI, 2.42–2.63; HRQuartile2 = 1.52; 95% CI, 1.45–1.58; HRQuartile3 = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.14–1.15). This dose‐dependent association decreased after adjustment for measured covariates (HRQuartile1 = 2.09; 95% CI, 2.00–2.19; HRQuartile2 = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.30–1.42; HRQuartile3 = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.08–1.18). Although the association was attenuated in cousin comparisons (HRQuartile1 = 1.61; 95% CI, 1.40–1.84; HRQuartile2 = 1.28; 95% CI, 1.12–1.45; HRQuartile3 = 1.14; 95% CI, 1.01–1.28) and sibling comparison models (HRQuartile1 = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.07–1.75; HRQuartile2 = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.12–1.68; HRQuartile3 = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.04–1.45), it remained statistically significant across all levels of decreased disposable family income.ConclusionsOur results indicated that low family income in early childhood was associated with increased likelihood of ADHD. The link remained even after controlling for unmeasured selection factors, highlighting family income in early childhood as a marker of causal factors for ADHD.
Research Review: Epidemiological modelling of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
Authors: Erskine Holly E. , Ferrari Alize J. , Nelson Paul , Polanczyk Guilherme V. , Flaxman Abraham D. , Vos Theo , Whiteford Harvey A. , Scott James G. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundThe most recent Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD 2010) is the first to include attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) for burden quantification. We present the epidemiological profiles of ADHD and CD across three time periods for 21 world regions.MethodsA systematic review of global epidemiology was conducted for each disorder (based on a literature search of the Medline, PsycInfo and EMBASE databases). A Bayesian metaregression tool was used to derive prevalence estimates by age and sex in three time periods (1990, 2005 and 2010) for 21 world regions including those with little or no data. Prior expert knowledge and covariates were applied to each model to adjust suboptimal data. Final prevalence output for ADHD were adjusted to reflect an equivalent value if studies had measured point prevalence using multiple informants while final prevalence output for CD were adjusted to reflect a value equivalent to CD only.ResultsPrevalence was pooled for males and females aged 5–19 years with no difference found in global prevalence between the three time periods. Male prevalence of ADHD in 2010 was 2.2% (2.0–2.3) while female prevalence was 0.7% (0.6–0.7). Male prevalence of CD in 2010 was 3.6% (3.3–4.0) while female prevalence was 1.5% (1.4–1.7). ADHD and CD were estimated to be present worldwide with ADHD prevalence showing some regional variation while CD prevalence remained relatively consistent worldwide.ConclusionsWe present the first prevalence estimates of both ADHD and CD globally and for all world regions. Data were sparse with large parts of the world having no estimates of either disorder. Epidemiological studies are urgently needed in certain parts of the world. Our findings directly informed burden quantification for GBD 2010. As mental disorders gained increased recognition after the first GBD study in 1990, the inclusion of ADHD and CD in GBD 2010 ensures their importance will be recognized alongside other childhood disorders.
Functional outcomes of child and adolescent oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in young adult men
Authors: Burke Jeffrey D. , Rowe Richard , Boylan Khrista 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundOppositional defiant disorder(ODD) is considered to be a disorder of childhood, yet evidence suggests that prevalence rates of the disorder are stable into late adolescence and trajectories of symptoms persist into young adulthood. Functional outcomes associated with ODD through childhood and adolescence include conflict within families, poor peer relationships, peer rejection, and academic difficulties. Little examination of functional outcomes in adulthood associated with ODD has been undertaken.MethodData for the present analyses come from a clinic referred sample of 177 boys aged 7–12 followed up annually to age 18 and again at age 24. Annual parental report of psychopathology through adolescence was used to predict self‐reported functional outcomes at 24.ResultsControlling for parent reported symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Conduct disorder (CD), depression and anxiety, ODD symptoms from childhood through adolescence predicted poorer age 24 functioning with peers, poorer romantic relationships, a poorer paternal relationship, and having nobody who would provide a recommendation for a job. CD symptoms predicted workplace problems, poor maternal relationship, lower academic attainment, and violent injuries. Only parent reported ODD symptoms and child reported CD symptoms predicted a composite of poor adult outcomes.ConclusionOppositional defiant disorder is a disorder that significantly interferes with functioning, particularly in social or interpersonal relationships. The persistence of impairment associated with ODD into young adulthood calls for a reconsideration of ODD as a disorder limited to childhood.
Practitioner Review: Social (pragmatic) communication disorder conceptualization, evidence and clinical implications
Authors: Norbury Courtenay F. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundDSM‐5 sees the introduction of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder (SPCD), characterized by persistent difficulties using verbal and nonverbal communication for social purposes, in the absence of restricted and repetitive interests and behaviours. There is currently much confusion about the precise diagnostic criteria forSPCDand how this disorder relates to autism spectrum disorders (ASD), previous descriptions of pragmatic language impairment (PLI) and more specific language disorders (LD).MethodProposed criteria forSPCDare outlined. A selective review of the evidence considers whether these criteria form a cohesive and distinct diagnostic entity. Approaches to assessment and intervention are discussed.ResultsImplementing the new diagnosis is currently challenged by a lack of well‐validated and reliable assessment measures, and observed continuities betweenSPCDand other neurodevelopmental disorders. High rates of comorbidity betweenSPCDand other seemingly disparate disorders (including conduct disorder,ADHDand disorders of known genetic origin) raise questions about the utility of this diagnostic category.ConclusionsSPCDis probably best conceptualized as a dimensional symptom profile that may be present across a range of neurodevelopmental disorders, although there is an urgent need to investigate the latent structure ofSPCDusing consistent diagnostic criteria. In addition, social communication and aspects of pragmatic language may be dissociated, with the latter heavily influenced by structural language attainments. Finally, there is a dearth of reliable and culturally valid assessment measures with which to make a differential diagnosis, and few rigorously tested intervention programmes. The implications for research and clinical practice are outlined.
Callous‐unemotional traits in children and mechanisms of impaired eye contact during expressions of love: a treatment target?
Authors: Dadds Mark R. , Allen Jennifer L. , McGregor Kimberley , Woolgar Matthew , Viding Essi , Scott Stephen 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundWe previously hypothesised that the early development of psychopathy is associated with a failure to attend to the eyes of attachment figures, and we have presented preliminary data from a parent–child ‘love’ scenario in support of this. Here, we confirm the association in a larger sample and test mechanisms of impaired eye contact during expressions of love in control and behaviourally disturbed children.MethodsOppositional defiant disorder children, assessed for callous‐unemotional (CU) traits, and controls, were observed in a brief interaction task where the mother was asked to show love to her child. Eye contact and affection were measured for each dyad.ResultsAs predicted, there were no group differences in affection and eye contact expressed by mothers; levels of CU traits predicted low levels of eye contact towards their mothers across all groups of children. As expected, low eye contact was correlated with psychopathic fearlessness in their fathers, and maternal reports of negative feelings towards the child. Independent observations showed that child's behaviour largely drives the low eye contact associated with CU traits, and low eye contact was not associated with independent observations of the quality of attachment‐related behaviours in mothers.ConclusionsImpaired eye contact is a unique characteristic of children with CU traits; these impairments are largely independent of maternal behaviour, but associated with psychopathic traits in the fathers. These impairments should be tested for functional significance and amenability to change in longitudinal and treatment studies.
Sitagliptin improves albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Mori Hiroko , Okada Yosuke , Arao Tadashi , Tanaka Yoshiya 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of the present study was to determine the effect of sitagliptin on microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Materials and MethodsA total of 85 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (age >20 years, <80 years, hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] <8.4%) were randomized to patients taking sitagliptin 50 mg or other oral glucose‐lowering agents. The following parameters were evaluated at 0, 3 and 6 months after the treatment: bodyweight, blood pressure, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, estimated glomerular filtration rate and urinary albumin excretion. The primary outcome was changes in urinary albumin excretion at 6 months.ResultsSignificant and comparable falls in HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose were found in both groups. However, sitagliptin significantly reduced urinary albumin excretion within 6 months, especially in patients with high urinary albumin at baseline. A total of 27 patients with normoalbuminuria showed a reduction in urinary albumin excretion, suggesting that sitagliptin prevents the development of albuminuria. A total of 15 patients with albuminuria showed a reduction in urinary albumin excretion, suggesting the beneficial effect of sitagliptin in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy. There was a significant correlation between improvement of proteinuria and that of diastolic blood pressure.ConclusionsThe results suggested that sitagliptin improved albuminuria, in addition to improving glucose. The mechanism of the reduction of albuminuria by sitagliptin could be a direct effect, as well as an increase in active glucagon‐like peptide‐1, independently affecting blood pressure, bodyweight and glucose metabolism. This trial was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN no. #000010871).
Fracture is additionally attributed to hyperhomocysteinemia in men and premenopausal women with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Li Jianbo , Zhang Hongman , Yan Lingfei , Xie Min , Chen Jiawei 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAims/IntroductionData on hyperhomocysteinemia in relation to fractures in diabetes are limited. We aimed to explore the relationship between plasma total homocysteine concentrations and fractures in men and premenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsDiabetic and control participants (n = 292) were enrolled in a cross‐sectional hospital‐based study. Bone mineral density and fractures were documented by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry and X‐ray film, respectively. Plasma total homocysteine concentrations were measured using fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Risk factors for low bone mineral density or fractures and determinants of homocysteine were obtained from blood samples and the interviewer questionnaire.ResultsPlasma total homocysteine levels were higher in diabetic participants with fractures than without (8.6 [2.1] μmol/L vs 10.3 [3.0] μmol/L, P = 0.000). Diabetic participants with fractures had similar bone mineral densities as control participants. The association of homocysteine with the fracture was independent of possible risk factors for fractures (e.g., age, duration of diabetes, glycated hemoglobin, body mass index, thiazolidenediones and retinopathy) and determinants of homocysteine concentration (e.g., age, sex, serum folate and vitamin B12, renal status and biguanide use; odds ratio 1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.05–2.03, P = 0.020). Furthermore, per increase of 5.0 μmol/L plasma homocysteine was related to the fracture, after controlling for per unit increase of other factors (odds ratio 1.42, 95% confidence interval 1.12–1.78, P = 0.013).ConclusionsPlasma total homocysteine concentration is independently associated with occurrence of fractures in men and premenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Future prospective studies are warranted to clarify the relationship.
Stem cells in the skin and their role in oncogenesis
Authors: Singh R. , Chen C. , Phelps R.G. , Elston D.M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractStem cells generate great interest because they hold the promise for treatment of various incurable diseases. Several distinct stem cell populations have been identified in each organ, including the skin. As the skin is the largest organ in the body and is easily accessible, cutaneous stem cells have raised significant hopes for being a rich source of easily available multipotent stem cells. Genetic alterations and mutations in stem cells are being proposed as initiation step in multiple cancers. Small populations of oncogenic stem cells termed as cancer stem cells or tumour‐initiating cells have been identified in multiple tumours, including squamous cell carcinomas, and melanomas that can sustain tumour growth, underlie its malignant behaviour and initiate distant metastases. These cells are controlled and regulated by the same pathways that are also responsible for maintenance and differentiation of normal stem cells. Developing a targeted therapy against the oncogenic stem cells and dysregulated members of the signalling pathways may be the key to understanding and treating skin cancers like melanomas, for which we still do not have an effective treatment.
Increased expression of IL‐17A and limited involvement of IL‐23 in patients with palmo‐plantar (PP) pustular psoriasis or PP pustulosis; results from a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Bissonnette R. , Nigen S. , Langley R.G. , Lynde C.W. , Tan J. , Fuentes‐Duculan J. , Krueger J.G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundPalmo‐plantar pustular psoriasis (PPPP) and palmo‐plantar pustulosis (PPP) are chronic skin diseases with significant impact on quality of life.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to study the efficacy of ustekinumab in PPPP and PPP and gain more knowledge on the pathophysiology and the role of the interleukin‐23 (IL‐23) signalling pathway in these diseases.MethodsThirty‐three patients with either PPPP (20) or PPP (13) and seven volunteers with normal palmo‐plantar skin were recruited. Patients with PPP or PPPP were randomised (1 : 1) to receive either an anti IL‐12/IL‐23 antibody (ustekinumab 45 mg) or placebo at day 0 and week 4 with subsequent placebo cross‐over to ustekinumab at week 16. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients randomized to ustekinumab achieving a 50% improvement in the Palmo‐Plantar Pustular Area and Severity Index (PPPASI‐50) as compared to placebo. Skin biopsies of the palms and soles of normal subjects and patients with PPP or PPPP were performed and analysed by RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of patients randomised to ustekinumab as compared to those randomised to placebo achieving PPPASI‐50 at week 16 for patients with PPPP (10%, 20%; P = 1.000) or PPP (20%, 37.5%; P = 1.000) respectively. Compared to normal subjects an 89‐fold increase in IL‐17A expression was found in palms/soles of patients with PPPP (P = 0.006) and a 190‐fold increase for patients with PPP (P = 0.051). There were no statistically significant changes in cytokine expression at week 16 in the palms and soles of patients with PPP or PPPP.ConclusionTaken together these results suggest that ustekinumab at a dose of 45 mg has limited efficacy in PPPP and PPP. IL‐17A may have a more important role than IL‐23 in patients with PPPP and PPP. Conclusions are limited by the small sample size of this study.
Relationship between the interleukin‐6‐174 gene and mannose‐binding lectin codon 54 gene polymorphisms and condyloma acuminatum
Authors: Aydogan K. , Ozakin C. , Saricaoglu H. , Sigirli D. , Oral B. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundSeveral genes encoding different Th1 and Th2 cytokines may play crucial roles in host susceptibility to Condyloma acuminatum (CA). Mannose‐binding lectin (MBL) is a serum lectin that mediates complement activation, and it is a member of innate immune system. MBL gene polymorphisms are considered to be associated with several infectious diseases.ObjectiveIn this study, we investigated the association between cytokines and MBL gene polymorphisms with CA.MethodsForty patients with CA and 40 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. These patients had not responded to at least a therapy modality and all patients had recurrent lesions. Polymorphism of cytokine [Th1 cytokines; tumour necrosis factor‐α and interferon (IFN)‐γ, Th2 cytokine; IL‐6, T regulatory/suppressor cytokines; IL‐10 and transforming growth factor‐β] genes studies were performed by Polymerase chain reaction sequence‐specific primers method and MBL genotyping were studied by PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method.ResultsWith the aid of agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis, we categorized subjects into two main clusters (cluster 1; formed by the majority of patients with CA, cluster 2; formed by the majority of healthy controls), which were found to have significantly different distributions of IL‐6 and MBL genotypes. Frequencies of IL‐6 (‐174) G/G (P < 0.001) and MBL AA (P < 0.001) polymorphisms were significantly greater in the cluster 1. In contrast, significantly lower frequencies of the IL‐6 G/C (P = 0.046) genotype and MBL AB (P < 0.001) genotype were observed in cluster 1.ConclusionThese results suggest that the IL‐6 G/G and MBL AA gene polymorphisms are potential risk factors and that the IL‐6 G/C and MBL AB polymorphisms are a protective factor for occurrence and recurrence of CA.
Botulinum toxin B in the treatment of craniofacial hyperhidrosis
Authors: Karlqvist M. , Rosell K. , Rystedt A. , Hymnelius K. , Swartling C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundHyperhidrosis affects up to 3% of the population and negatively affects patients' quality of life. Craniofacial hyperhidrosis is a common complaint which has been successfully treated with botulinum toxin B (Btx B) since 2004 at our hidrosis clinics.ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and clinical effect of Btx B in craniofacial hyperhidrosis.MethodsThe dermatology life quality index (DLQI) was monitored before and after treatment in 38 patients with craniofacial hyperhidrosis. Sweating before and after treatment was monitored by measuring trans epidermal water loss and by collecting gravimetric data. Global Assessment of Therapy in a 5‐grade scale was captured.ResultsDLQI scores were significantly improved at follow‐up 2–4 weeks posttreatment and sweating was significantly reduced. DLQI scores before treatment were 13 ± 1 (mean ± SD) and posttreatment 5 ± 1 which was highly statistically significant (P < 0.001). Sweating before treatment monitored with trans epidermal water loss was 52 ± 31 g/m2/h which decreased to 18 ± 7 g/m2/h (P < 0.001) posttreatment. Gravimetric data yielded a sweat rate of 0.07 ± 0.08 mg/min at baseline, which consequently dropped to 0.02 ± 0.05 mg/min (P < 0.05) posttreatment. Regarding the Global Assessment of Therapy 87% of the patients were satisfied (score 4–5) with the treatment result. In a 2‐year follow‐up, 74% returned for further treatments after a median time of 5 months. Side‐effects were mild and most commonly reported was stiffness of the forehead and the eyebrows.ConclusionsIn this prospective, uncontrolled study Btx B seems to be both a safe and effective treatment in craniofacial hyperhidrosis improving quality of life and reducing extreme sweating.
Treatment of earlobe keloids by surgical excision and cryosurgery
Authors: Litrowski N. , Boullie M.C. , Dehesdin D. , De Barros A. , Joly P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe long‐term results of keloid treatments remain poor.ObjectiveTo assess the long‐term efficacy of a technique combining surgical excision and immediate cryosurgery in patients with ear keloids.MethodsA retrospective study was performed between January 2001 and June 2011. All patients referred for treatment of an ear keloid and undergoing subsequent surgical excision followed by immediate freezing of the postoperative wound using cryosurgery were included. The primary end‐point was the number of patients who achieved major flattening of the keloid (defined as a reduction of more than 80% of the keloid) at the time of the study after a minimum follow‐up of 24 months after treatment.ResultsSixty‐six patients with a total of 97 keloids were included. Median follow‐up time after treatment was 43 months. ‘Major’ flattening was observed in 69 keloids (71%). Fifty‐six of these lesions (81%) were treated with one session and 13 (19%) required a second session after keloid recurrence. Fifteen lesions (15%) were considered ‘treatment failure’, including 11 keloids in eight patients who were lost to follow‐up and four keloids which achieved less than 30% reduction of their surface. Thirteen other keloids were evaluated as displaying significant or moderate improvement. Treatment side‐effects were partial amputation of the ear lobe in three patients with a very large keloid of the ear lobe and hypopigmentation in five patients.LimitationRetrospective study.ConclusionThe combination of surgical excision and cryosurgery can be considered for the treatment of large ear keloids.