bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploration of turbulent heat fluxes and wind stress curl in WRF and ERA‐Interim during wintertime mesoscale wind events around southeastern Greenland
Authors: DuVivier Alice K. , Cassano John J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe strong, mesoscale tip jets and barrier winds that occur off the coast of southeastern Greenland drive large surface turbulent heat fluxes that may impact deep ocean convection. The turbulent fluxes and wind stress curl associated with 10 m wind patterns identified using the self‐organizing map technique are investigated for 10 winters (1997–2007, November‐December‐January‐February‐March) in the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERA‐I) and a regional simulation using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at 50 km. Sensible heat flux differences between WRF and ERA‐I are primarily due to differences in near‐surface temperature, while latent heat flux differences are driven by both moisture and wind speed differences. The largest turbulent flux differences occur over the marginal ice zone where the fluxes in WRF are larger than in ERA‐I due to specified sea ice thickness that influences the near‐surface atmospheric temperature and moisture; WRF has larger magnitude wind stress curl over the Irminger Sea. Patterns of strong westerly tip jet with barrier flow are most likely to impact preconditioning and convection in the Irminger Sea compared to other manifestations of westerly tip jets, and easterly tip jets are expected to have localized ocean impacts south of Cape Farewell.
Temperature and melt fraction distributions in a mantle wedge determined from the electrical conductivity structure: Application to one nonvolcanic and two volcanic regions in the Kyushu subduction zone, Japan
Authors: Hata Maki , Uyeshima Makoto 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe propose a new method for estimating the temperatures and melt fractions of the upper mantle. Our method is based on connecting the electrical conductivity structure from geophysical observations with laboratory‐determined relationships between the electrical conductivity and temperature of four nominally anhydrous minerals (olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and garnet) and basaltic melt. The temperatures are expressed as the upper limit temperatures using the Hashin‐Shtrikman lower bound in solid phases and using the Hashin‐Shtrikman upper bound in solid‐liquid mixed phases. We apply the method to a nonvolcanic and two volcanic regions in the Kyushu subduction zone, southwest Japan. Our results suggest that the temperatures of the upper mantle are 1100–1450°C for dry mantle and 900–1350°C for wet mantle and that the melt fractions of the upper mantle are <20% beneath the two volcanic regions and <5% beneath the nonvolcanic region for both dry and wet mantle.
On Adler space‐time extremes during ocean storms
Authors: Romolo Alessandra , Arena Felice 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe paper concerns the statistical properties of extreme ocean waves in the space‐time domain. In this regard, a solution for the exceedance probability of the maximum crest height during a sea state over a certain area is obtained. The approach is based on the Adler's solution for the extremal probability for Gaussian random processes in a multidimensional domain. The method is able to include the effects of spatial variability of three‐dimensional sea waves on short‐term prediction, both over an assigned area XY and in a given direction. Next, the storm‐term predictions in the space‐time are investigated. For this purpose, the exceedance probability of
during an ocean storm over an assigned area
is derived. This solution gives a generalization to the space‐time of the Borgman's time‐based model for nonstationary processes. The validity of the model is assessed from wave data of two buoys of the NOOA‐NDBC network located along the Pacific and the Atlantic U.S. coasts. The results show that the size of the spatial domain
remarkably influences the expected maximum crest height during a sea storm. Indeed, the exceedance probabilities of the maximum crest height during an ocean storm over a certain area significantly deviate from the classical Borgman's model in time for increasing area. Then, to account for the nonlinear contributions on crest height, the proposed model is exploited jointly with the Forristall's distribution for nonlinear crest amplitudes in a given sea state. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations of a sea storm are performed showing a very good agreement with theoretical results.
(Co)polymerization of ethylene via nonmetallocene catalysts with diphenyl phosphoroso schiff‐base ligand
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhang Xinli , Zhou Lu , Zhou Yang , Huang Qigu , Yang Wantai 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTA series of novel nonmetallocene catalysts [N, O, P] with diphenyl phosphoroso ligands were synthesized by the treatment of phthaldialdehyde, substituted phenols, chlorodiphenyl phosphine with metal halides of TiCl4 and ZrCl4. The catalyst microstructure was characterized by 1H NMR and EA. After activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO), these [N, O, P] catalysts were utilized to catalyze the polymerization of ethylene and the copolymerization of ethylene with 1‐octene. The results indicated that the obtained catalysts were highly efficient for ethylene polymerization and ethylene/1‐octene copolymerization. Structures and properties of the obtained polymers were measured by WAXD, DSC, GPC, and 13C NMR. The results indicated that polyethylene catalyzed by Cat.3 possessed the highest weight‐average molecular weight of 1.025 × 106 g/mol and the highest melting point of 136.3°C. The copolymer of ethylene/1‐octene catalyzed by Cat.1 exhibited the highest 1‐octene incorporation content of 0.63 mol %. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42225.
Zur Ermittlung der Sorptionsenthalpie von Baustoffen
Authors: Gertis Karl , Schmidt Thomas 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObwohl die Sorptionsvorgänge seit vielen Jahren intensiv untersucht wurden, sind in der Fachliteratur nur spärliche Angaben zur Sorptionsenthalpie von Baustoffen vorhanden. Man bräuchte solche Daten aber bei der Berechnung instationär‐gekoppelter Wärme‐ und Feuchtetransportvorgänge. Hierbei spielen Latentenergien eine Rolle, die sich aus der Verdampfungsenthalpie bei der Phasenänderung Wasser/Dampf und der sorptiven Bindungsenthalpie bei Wasseranlagerung in den Baustoffporen zusammensetzen. Die Sorptionsenthalpie hängt bei höheren Materialfeuchten nicht vom Baustoff ab, sondern nur von der Wasserdampf‐Gaskonstanten sowie von der Temperatur und wird vernachlässigbar klein, je feuchter der Baustoff ist. Bei niedrigen Feuchten hängt sie, wenn der Baustoff hygroskopisch ist, vom Baustoff ab und nimmt zu, je trockener der Baustoff ist. Ihre Ermittlung kann durch kalorimetrische Messungen oder durch die Messung zweier Sorptionsisothermen bei zwei verschiedenen Temperaturen geschehen. Wegen eines linear‐logarithmischen Zusammenhangs genügt die Messung von nur zwei Isothermen, die Ermittlung der gesamten Isothermenschar ist nicht notwendig. Das Ermittlungsverfahren wird in Einzel‐Rechenschritten dargestellt. Hieraus lässt sich eine simple Formel für die Bestimmung der Sorptionsenthalpie ableiten.On determining the sorption enthalpy of construction materials. Although processes of water adsorption have been analysed intensively for a long time, technical literature provides only scarce information regarding the sorption enthalpy of building materials. However, such data is required for calculations of transient coupled heat and moisture transfer. In this context, latent energy is relevant, which includes the enthalpy of evaporation during the water/vapour phase change and the sorptive bonding enthalpy during water ingress in the pores of building materials. For higher moisture contents the sorption enthalpy does not depend on the material, but only on the gas constant and on the temperature. The sorption enthalpy becomes the smaller the higher the moisture content is. If we have hygroscopic materials with small moisture content the sorption enthalpy depends on the material properties. It is increasing with decreasing moisture content and can be determined either by conducting calorimetric measurements or by measuring two sorption isotherms at two different temperatures. Due to a linear‐logarithmic relationship, the measurement of merely two isotherms will be sufficient; it is not necessary to determine the entire isotherm family. The procedure of determination is exemplified specifying the individual calculation steps. From this, a simple formula for determining the sorption enthalpy can be derived.
Reaction Pathways of Biomass‐Derived Oxygenates over Metals and Carbides: From Model Surfaces to Supported Catalysts
Authors: Xiong Ke , Yu Weiting , Vlachos Dionisios G. , Chen Jingguang G. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe conversion of lignocellulosic biomass‐derived oxygenates into renewable fuels and chemicals requires the control of bond‐scission sequences. For example, selective CO/CO bond scission is needed to reduce the oxygen content and thus increase the energy density to produce renewable fuels. On the other hand, the control of CC bond scission is desired for producing H2 and suppressing side products from CO/CO bond‐scission reactions. In this review, recent advances in the utilization of bimetallic and metal carbide catalysts that demonstrate enhanced performance and/or low cost for the selective CC and CO/CO bond‐scission reactions, are summarized. Furthermore, the importance of combining density function theory (DFT) calculations, microkinetic modeling, and ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) experiments on single‐crystal model surfaces with reactor evaluations over the corresponding powder catalysts is illustrated. General trends and future opportunities for the control of bond‐scission sequences of biomass‐derived oxygenates are also discussed.
Characteristics of Magnetic Basement Depth Beneath China Mainland
Authors: Sheng‐Qing XIONG , Yan‐Yun DING , Zhan‐Kui LI 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe relief of the metamorphosed basement of the Precambrian and the thickness variation of the overlying sedimentary cover are very important for geology and exploration of energy and resources. The magnetic difference between these two layers permits geophysicists to estimate the magnetic basement depth using aeromagnetic data. The work is based on such data acquired by AGRS's aero geophysical surveys for more than 30 years over China mainland, covering more than 30 basins and areas. Our purpose is to compile the magnetic basement depth map for China mainland on a scale 1:1000000 with the data converted into the same coordinate system and scale. The resultant map shows that using E105° line as a boundary, the covers are thick in sedimentary depression areas of western China, mainly distributed in the Tarim basin, Junggar basin, Qaidam basin and Tibet area. While, in east China, mainly distributed in the Songliao basin, Erlian basin, Ordos, southern North China, Sichuan basin, and South Yellow Sea‐Subei basin, such covers are relatively thin in sedimentary depression areas, of which the largest thickness is located in the southwest of the Sichuan basin and the western edge of the Ordos basin. These characteristics are associated with the metamorphosed basement of Precambrian and depth changes of irruptive rocks body with certain scales, and reflect sedimentary covers' thickness and status. They allow us to intuitively observe depths and sizes of various types of sedimentary basins and sedimentary depression areas, and provide direct evidence for exploration of oil and gas reservoirs on the basements.
Characteristics of Crustal Structure and Their Relation with Major Earthquakes in Western China
Authors: Di‐Di JIANG , Wei‐Wei JIANG , Yi XU , Tian‐Yao HAO , Wei‐Jian HU , Jing‐Feng YU 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMajor and/or great earthquakes frequently occured in western China, where exist many striking seismotectonic zones such as Tian Shan, Altay, Pamir and Kunlun Mountains. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the gravity field in western China, inverts the depth of Moho interface by the Parker‐Oldenburg method with gravity data and seismic profiles. Through comparison with the results of seismic tomography inversion, we analyze crustal structure of the study area. The results show that the study area is significantly heterogeneous in crustal structure, with main orogenic belts of high‐speed while basins and major depressions of low speed. The orogenic belts in the study area are generally Moho depression areas while the basins are the Moho uplift areas. According to the calculation results and epicenter distribution of the study area, we discuss the correlation between crustal structure and major earthquakes. The earthquakes in this region are closely related to crustal heterogeneity, which mainly happen around the crustal velocity change belts and in the regions with great crustal velocity differences. Under the effect of tectonic stress, these crustal non‐uniform areas are prone to major earthquakes, which is one of the tectonic reasons for high seismicity in orogenic belts and near the boundary between basins and mountains in western China.
Phase 2 study of MK‐2206, an allosteric inhibitor of AKT, as second‐line therapy for advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer: A SWOG cooperative group trial (S1005)
Authors: Ramanathan Ramesh K. , McDonough Shannon L. , Kennecke Hagen F. , Iqbal Syma , Baranda Joaquina C. , Seery Tara E. , Lim Howard J. , Hezel Aram F. , Vaccaro Gina M. , Blanke Charles D. 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUNDThe AKT inhibitor MK‐2206 at a dose of 60 mg every other day was evaluated in gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancers.METHODSPatients who had progressed after first‐line treatment were eligible. Pertinent eligibility criteria included adequate organ function, a fasting serum glucose level ≤ 150 mg/dL, and less than grade 2 malabsorption or chronic diarrhea. MK‐2206 was given orally (60 evaluable patients required). The primary endpoint was overall survival, and a median survival of 6.5 months (power, 89%; significance level, 0.07) was considered encouraging for further investigation.RESULTSSeventy patients were included in the final analyses. The median age was 59.8 years (range, 30.4‐86.7 years); 70% were male, 89% were white, and 7% were Asian. There were 2 deaths possibly related to the study drug (cardiac arrest and respiratory failure). Grade 4 adverse events included hyperglycemia, anemia, and lung infection (1 each). Grade 3 adverse events occurred in < 5% of patients except for fatigue (6%). Other adverse events (all grades) included anemia (17%), anorexia (30%), diarrhea (26%), fatigue (50%), hyperglycemia (30%), nausea (40%), vomiting (22%), dry skin (19%), maculopapular rash (30%), and acneiform rash (13%). The response rate was 1%, the median progression‐free survival was 1.8 months (95% confidence interval, 1.7‐1.8 months), and the median overall survival was 5.1 months (95% confidence interval, 3.7‐9.4 months)CONCLUSIONSMK‐2206 as second‐line therapy was well tolerated by an unselected group of patients with gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancers, but it did not have sufficient activity (response rate, 1%; overall survival, 5.1 months) to warrant further testing in this population. Cancer 2015;121:2193–2197. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Detection of K‐ras gene mutation by liquid biopsy in patients with pancreatic cancer
Authors: Kinugasa Hideaki , Nouso Kazuhiro , Miyahara Koji , Morimoto Yuki , Dohi Chihiro , Tsutsumi Koichiro , Kato Hironari , Matsubara Takehiro , Okada Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Kazuhide 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUNDCell‐free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in serum has been considered to be a useful candidate for noninvasive cancer diagnosis. The current study was designed to estimate the clinical usefulness of genetic analysis for ctDNA by digital polymerase chain reaction in patients with pancreatic cancer.METHODSThe authors compared K‐ras mutations detected in endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy tissue DNA and in ctDNA from 75 patients with pancreatic cancer. K‐ras mutations in the serum of 66 independent, consecutive patients with pancreatic cancer were also analyzed and the authors compared the results with survival rates.RESULTSThe frequencies of the mutations in tissue samples at G12V, G12D, and G12R in codon 12 were 28 of 75 samples (37.3%), 22 of 75 samples (29.3%), and 6 of 75 samples (8.0%), respectively. Conversely, the rates of the mutations in ctDNA were 26 of 75 samples (34.6%), 29 of 75 samples (38.6%), and 4 of 75 samples (5.3%), respectively. Overall, the K‐ras mutation rates in tissue and ctDNA were 74.7% and 62.6%, respectively, and the concordance rate between them was 58 of 75 samples (77.3%). Survival did not appear to differ by the presence of K‐ras mutations in tissue DNA, but the survival of patients with K‐ras mutations in ctDNA was significantly shorter than that of patients without mutations in both a development set (P = .006) and an independent validation set (P = .002). The difference was especially evident in cases with a G12V mutation.CONCLUSIONSAnalysis of ctDNA is a new useful procedure for detecting mutations in patients with pancreatic cancer. This noninvasive method may have great potential as a new strategy for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer as well as for predicting survival. Cancer 2015;121:2271–2280. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Connexin50 couples axon terminals of mouse horizontal cells by homotypic gap junctions
Authors: Dorgau Birthe , Herrling Regina , Schultz Konrad , Greb Helena , Segelken Jasmin , Ströh Sebastian , Bolte Petra , Weiler Reto , Dedek Karin , Janssen‐Bienhold Ulrike 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTHorizontal cells in the mouse retina are of the axon‐bearing B‐type and contribute to the gain control of photoreceptors and to the center‐surround organization of bipolar cells by providing feedback and feedforward signals to photoreceptors and bipolar cells, respectively. Horizontal cells form two independent networks, coupled by dendro‐dendritic and axo‐axonal gap junctions composed of connexin57 (Cx57). In Cx57‐deficient mice, occasionally the residual tracer coupling of horizontal cell somata was observed. Also, negative feedback from horizontal cells to photoreceptors, potentially mediated by connexin hemichannels, appeared unaffected. These results point to the expression of a second connexin in mouse horizontal cells. We investigated the expression of Cx50, which was recently identified in axonless A‐type horizontal cells of the rabbit retina. In the mouse retina, Cx50‐immunoreactive puncta were predominantly localized on large axon terminals of horizontal cells. Electron microscopy did not reveal any Cx50‐immunolabeling at the membrane of horizontal cell tips invaginating photoreceptor terminals, ruling out the involvement of Cx50 in negative feedback. Moreover, Cx50 colocalized only rarely with Cx57 on horizontal cell processes, indicating that both connexins form homotypic rather than heterotypic or heteromeric gap junctions. To check whether the expression of Cx50 is changed when Cx57 is lacking, we compared the Cx50 expression in wildtype and Cx57‐deficient mice. However, Cx50 expression was unaffected in Cx57‐deficient mice. In summary, our results indicate that horizontal cell axon terminals form two independent sets of homotypic gap junctions, a feature which might be important for light adaptation in the retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:2062–2081, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Light‐evoked S‐nitrosylation in the retina
Authors: Tooker Ryan E. , Vigh Jozsef 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTNitric oxide (NO) synthesis in the retina is triggered by light stimulation. NO has been shown to modulate visual signal processing at multiple sites in the vertebrate retina, via activation of the most sensitive target of NO signaling, soluble guanylate cyclase. NO can also alter protein structure and function and exert biological effects directly by binding to free thiol groups of cysteine residues in a chemical reaction called S‐nitrosylation. However, in the central nervous system, including the retina, this reaction has not been considered to be significant under physiological conditions. Here we provide immunohistochemical evidence for extensive S‐nitrosylation that takes place in the goldfish and mouse retinas under physiologically relevant light intensities, in an intensity‐dependent manner, with a strikingly similar pattern in both species. Pretreatment with N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM), which occludes S‐nitrosylation, or with 1‐(2‐trifluromethylphenyl)imidazole (TRIM), an inhibitor of neuronal NO synthase, eliminated the light‐evoked increase in S‐nitrosylated protein immunofluorescence (SNI) in the retinas of both species. Similarly, light did not increase SNI, above basal levels, in retinas of transgenic mice lacking neuronal NO synthase. Qualitative analysis of the light‐adapted mouse retina with mass spectrometry revealed more than 300 proteins that were S‐nitrosylated upon illumination, many of which are known to participate directly in retinal signal processing. Our data strongly suggest that in the retina light‐evoked NO production leads to extensive S‐nitrosylation and that this process is a significant posttranslational modification affecting a wide range of proteins under physiological conditions. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:2082–2110, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postnatal accumulation of intermediate filaments in the cat and human primary visual cortex
Authors: Song Seoho , Mitchell Donald E. , Crowder Nathan A. , Duffy Kevin R. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTA principal characteristic of the mammalian visual system is its high capacity for plasticity in early postnatal development during a time commonly referred to as the critical period. The progressive diminution of plasticity with age is linked to the emergence of a collection of molecules called molecular brakes that reduce plasticity and stabilize neural circuits modified by earlier visual experiences. Manipulation of braking molecules either pharmacologically or though experiential alteration enhances plasticity and promotes recovery from visual impairment. The stability of neural circuitry is increased by intermediate filamentous proteins of the cytoskeleton such as neurofilaments and α‐internexin. We examined levels of these intermediate filaments within cat and human primary visual cortex (V1) across development to determine whether they accumulate following a time course consistent with a molecular brake. In both species, levels of intermediate filaments increased considerably throughout early postnatal life beginning shortly after the peak of the critical period, with the highest levels measured in adults. Neurofilament phosphorylation was also observed to increase throughout development, raising the possibility that posttranslational modification by phosphorylation reduces plasticity due to increased protein stability. Finally, an approach to scale developmental time points between species is presented that compares the developmental profiles of intermediate filaments between cats and humans. Although causality between intermediate filaments and plasticity was not directly tested in this study, their accumulation relative to the critical period indicates that they may contribute to the decline in plasticity with age, and may also constrain the success of treatments for visual disorders applied in adulthood. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:2111–2126, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.