bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N-Terminal Presequence-Independent Import of Phosphofructokinase into Hydrogenosomes of Trichomonas vaginalis
Authors: Rada Petr , Makki Abhijith Radhakrishna , Zimorski Verena , Garg Sriram , Hampl Vladimír , Hrdý Ivan , Gould Sven B. , Tachezy Jan 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT

Mitochondrial evolution entailed the origin of protein import machinery that allows nuclear-encoded proteins to be targeted to the organelle, as well as the origin of cleavable N-terminal targeting sequences (NTS) that allow efficient sorting and import of matrix proteins. In hydrogenosomes and mitosomes, reduced forms of mitochondria with reduced proteomes, NTS-independent targeting of matrix proteins is known. Here, we studied the cellular localization of two glycolytic enzymes in the anaerobic pathogen
Trichomonas vaginalis
: PP
i
-dependent phosphofructokinase (
Tv
PP
i
-PFK), which is the main glycolytic PFK activity of the protist, and ATP-dependent PFK (
Tv
ATP-PFK), the function of which is less clear.
Tv
PP
i
-PFK was detected predominantly in the cytosol, as expected, while all four
Tv
ATP-PFK paralogues were imported into
T. vaginalis
hydrogenosomes, although none of them possesses an NTS. The heterologous expression of
Tv
ATP-PFK in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
revealed an intrinsic capability of the protein to be recognized and imported into yeast mitochondria, whereas yeast ATP-PFK resides in the cytosol.
Tv
ATP-PFK consists of only a catalytic domain, similarly to “short” bacterial enzymes, while
Sc
ATP-PFK includes an N-terminal extension, a catalytic domain, and a C-terminal regulatory domain. Expression of the catalytic domain of
Sc
ATP-PFK and short
Escherichia coli
ATP-PFK in
T. vaginalis
resulted in their partial delivery to hydrogenosomes. These results indicate that
Tv
ATP-PFK and the homologous ATP-PFKs possess internal structural targeting information that is recognized by the hydrogenosomal import machinery. From an evolutionary perspective, the predisposition of ancient ATP-PFK to be recognized and imported into hydrogenosomes might be a relict from the early phases of organelle evolution.
Encephalitis in Australian children: contemporary trends in hospitalisation
Authors: Britton Philip N , Khoury Lynette , Booy Robert , Wood Nicholas , Jones Cheryl A 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveThe clinical epidemiology of childhood encephalitis in Australia is inadequately understood. We aimed to describe recent trends in childhood encephalitis-related hospitalisation.Study designWe identified encephalitis-related hospital admissions (2000–2012) in national datasets among children ≤14 years using ICD encephalitis codes. We calculated hospitalisation rates and analysed trends by year, age, gender, location, indigenous status and aetiology.ResultsRates of childhood encephalitis hospitalisations significantly declined over an 11-year period (2000–2012; average hospitalisation rate 3.2/100 000). Varicella encephalitis hospitalisations decreased significantly, associated with high levels of varicella vaccine coverage since 2006. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) was the most common ‘specified’ cause of encephalitis hospitalisation (15%–17%), and its rate has significantly increased. The highest hospitalisation rates occurred in the <1 year age group (5.8/100 000) and varied by location (highest in Northern Territory). The majority (58.9%) of hospitalised encephalitis had no cause identified; this proportion was highest in the <1 year age group (77%). The most common specified infectious causes included: herpes simplex virus, enterovirus, bacterial meningoencephalitis and varicella. When aggregated, the proportion of childhood encephalitis coded as viral was 21.2%.ConclusionHospitalisation of childhood encephalitis has slightly decreased in Australia. High rates of childhood immunisation have been associated with a reduction of varicella-associated encephalitis in Australian children. ADEM, an immune-mediated encephalitis, is the most common recognised cause of encephalitis in children. Young children (<1 year) have the highest admission rates. The high proportion of ‘unspecified’ encephalitis deaths and hospitalisations is an ongoing challenge.
DOUBLE BLIND RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL: INJECTION OF AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PATELLA TENDINOPATHY—A PILOT STUDY
Authors: Khanbhai T , Resteghini P , Mughal S , Sivardeen Z 
Published: October 2015

AimPatella tendinopathy is a common cause of knee pain in athletes, with limited treatment options once rehabilitation methods have failed. We conducted a double blind randomised controlled study to assess the efficacy of Autologous Blood Injections (ABI) against saline in patients with chronic recalcitrant patella tendinopathy.MethodsPatients with a diagnosis of refractory patellar tendinopathy were recruited between March 2010 and March 2012. Diagnosis was confirmed on ultrasound. All patients completed the Short-form McGill pain questionnaire (MPQ), a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a VISA-P scale. Using two practitioners, patients were randomised to either receive autologous blood or saline injections. All patients were followed up for 12 months with repeat assessments.Results22 patients completed the final review at 12-months and were included in the study. Subjects ranged in age from 22 and 61 years and were randomised to 11 in each autologous blood (ABI) and saline groups. ABI group had a mean duration of symptoms of 16.7 months whilst that of the saline group was 19.2 months. The saline group mean VAS score was reduced from 7.9 to 4.5 at 1 month (p=0.003) and 3.3 (p=0.005) at one year. With ABI, the score was reduced from 7.5 to 4.5 (p=0.005) at 1 month and 3.1 (p=0.003) at one year. VISA-P, MPQ and VAS scores were all significant in both groups.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that both the ABI and saline groups experienced a significant improvement in symptoms. However, when the results were compared there was no statistical difference between the two groups. This research provided an argument that it is the tendon fenestration that provides the therapeutic effect rather than the substance being injected.
PROMOTING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WITHIN SCOTTISH HOSPITAL SETTINGS
Authors: White D 
Published: October 2015

AimTo embed the routine promotion of physical activity (PA) across secondary care settings in Scotland; to enable and inspire the workforce to contribute to national targets; and to encourage innovative and collaborative approaches across various clinical settings.MethodsA simple, validated screening tool for inactivity was developed, and set within the new ‘National Physical Activity Pathway’. Poor staff confidence and expertise on the topic was identified through national engagement, and this was addressed with the development of an educational resource suite (DVD & facilitator notes; e-learning modules, etc).1 Revision of patient documentation was encouraged to increase opportunities for implementation of the PA Pathway. Facilitated local collaboration between clinical leads, health improvement staff, and Quality Improvement (QI) teams fostered new partnerships for action. A bespoke QI package was developed to support small-scale, developmental practice guided through improvement science, enabling systematic sharing and up-scaling of good practice. National guidance was issued to all health boards, detailing their obligations and the support available.ResultsA total of 3979 secondary care staff were trained in PA promotion and behaviour change within 12 months of the launch of the PA Pathway. The 'routine' promotion of physical activity increased from in only 9 clinical settings across 6 health boards, to 67 settings across all 15 Scottish health boards within the year. Documentation had been amended in 69 clinical settings.ConclusionsSupporting the secondary care workforce to promote PA has seen early progress across a range of clinical settings and specialties. With PA promotion growing across Scottish hospital settings, evidencing the effectiveness of impact of this intervention is a priority allowing further momentum in the NHS contribution to a more active Scotland. Newly established local partnerships and national networks should allow for sustained progress moving forward.
BETHECHANGE
Authors: Griffin S 
Published: October 2015

AimPhysical inactivity has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for non-communicable diseases and accounts for over 3 million preventable deaths each year.1 Healthcare professionals have an important role to play in increasing physical activity (PA) levels,2 and should be educated on the matter.3MethodsBeTheChange was a pilot scheme aimed at increase the advocacy of PA as a healthcare tool by targeting both the education and practice of PA among medical students. An educational seminar was attended by 108 delegates (12 medical students).ResultsOnly one felt that sufficient training had been provided on the matter and 100% felt more likely to advocate PA as a healthcare tool following the seminar. Twenty-two medical students attended a local gym using a free BeTheChange pass. Five students correctly identified the Chief Medical Officer (CMO) guidelines,4 but only one felt that sufficient training had been provided. A further four students thought that sufficient teaching was provided, yet were unable to correctly identify the CMO guidelines.ConclusionsDespite a low sample size, knowledge of the CMO guidelines was low, and the majority of medical students did not feel as if they had received sufficient teaching on the matter. BeTheChange highlights the need for PA-related teaching in the undergraduate curriculum and warrants further investigation as a novel method of increasing the advocacy of PA among medical students.
What might interrupt men's suicide? Results from an online survey of men
Authors: Shand Fiona L , Proudfoot Judy , Player Michael J , Fogarty Andrea , Whittle Erin , Wilhelm Kay , Hadzi-Pavlovic Dusan , McTigue Isabel , Spurrier Michael , Christensen Helen 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesMen are almost two times more likely to die by suicide than women, yet little research has focused on what is required to prevent suicide among men. This paper aims to investigate what factors interrupt suicidal behaviour in men, and to examine differences according to known suicide risk factors.SettingAustralia.Participants251 Australian men aged 18 years and over who had made a suicide attempt 6–18 months prior to completing the survey.OutcomesThe survey canvassed the language men use to describe their depression and suicidality, warning signs, barriers to accessing help and what is needed to interrupt a suicide attempt. ORs and χ2were used to test for differences by age, geographic location and current depression severity.ResultsOf 299 men screened and eligible to participate, 251 completed all or part of the survey. Participants identified different words and warning signs for depression compared with suicidality. The most commonly endorsed barriers to accessing help were not wanting to burden others (66%) and having isolated themselves (63%). Men overwhelmingly endorsed ‘I thought about the consequences for my family’ as the factor which stopped a suicide attempt (67%). ‘I need support from someone I really trust and respect’ was also strongly endorsed. There were few differences by age, region or depression severity.ConclusionsParticipants were able to identify signs, albeit often subtle ones, that they were becoming depressed or suicidal. Similarly, most were able to identify active strategies to interrupt this downward spiral. Men wanted others to notice changes in their behaviour, and to approach them without judgement.
Factors associated with variation in urgency of primary out-of-hours contacts in the Netherlands: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Zwaanswijk Marieke , Nielen Markus M J , Hek Karin , Verheij Robert A 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesDutch primary out-of-hours care is provided by general practice cooperatives (GPCs). Although most GPCs use the same standardised triage system, differences between GPCs exist in the urgency assigned to patients’ health problems. This cross-sectional study aims to provide insight into factors associated with the variation in assigned urgency between GPCs.Design and methodsData were derived from routine electronic health records of 895 253 patients who attended 17 GPCs in 2012. Patients’ gender, age, travel distance to the GPC, and the use of a computer-based decision support system for triage were investigated as possibly affecting assigned urgency. Multilevel linear regression analyses were executed for the 3 most frequently presented health problems (cystitis/other urinary infection, laceration/cut and fever).ResultsVariation in urgency levels between GPCs was significant for the selected health problems (p=0.00). Assigned urgency was mainly related to patient gender and age. It was not associated with the use of a computer-based decision support system, or with travel distance to the GPC. Most variation in urgency (93.4–96.7%) could be ascribed to variation in patient characteristics.ConclusionsThere is significant variation in urgency levels between GPCs, even for the same health problem. This variation is mainly associated with differences in characteristics of individuals contacting the GPCs, rather than with variables such as patients’ travel distance or the use of a computer-based decision support system. Since patient characteristics are likely to affect patients’ clinical need, our results are an indication of the adequate functioning of the triage system.
Patients’ perspectives on the medical primary–secondary care interface: systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research
Authors: Sampson Rod , Cooper Jamie , Barbour Rosaline , Polson Rob , Wilson Philip 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesTo synthesise the published literature on the patient experience of the medical primary–secondary care interface and to determine priorities for future work in this field aimed at improving clinical outcomes.DesignSystematic review and metaethnographic synthesis of primary studies that used qualitative methods to explore patients’ perspectives of the medical primary–secondary care interface.SettingInternational primary–secondary care interface.Data sourcesEMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus with Full text, PsycINFO, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, Health Business Elite, Biomedica Reference Collection: Comprehensive Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts, eBook Collection, Web of Science Core Collection: Citation Indexes and Social Sciences Citation Index, and grey literature.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesStudies were eligible for inclusion if they were full research papers employing qualitative methodology to explore patients’ perspectives of the medical primary–secondary care interface.Review methodsThe 7-step metaethnographic approach described by Noblit and Hare, which involves cross-interpretation between studies while preserving the context of the primary data.ResultsThe search identified 690 articles, of which 39 were selected for full-text review. 20 articles were included in the systematic review that encompassed a total of 689 patients from 10 countries. 4 important areas specific to the primary–secondary care interface from the patients’ perspective emerged: barriers to care, communication, coordination, and ‘relationships and personal value’.Conclusions and implications of key findingsPatients should be the focus of any transfer of care between primary and secondary systems. From their perspective, areas for improvement may be classified into four domains that should usefully guide future work aimed at improving quality at this important interface.Trial registration numberPROSPERO CRD42014009486.
Prioritising patients for bariatric surgery: building public preferences from a discrete choice experiment into public policy
Authors: Whitty Jennifer A , Ratcliffe Julie , Kendall Elizabeth , Burton Paul , Wilson Andrew , Littlejohns Peter , Harris Paul , Krinks Rachael , Scuffham Paul A 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesTo derive priority weights for access to bariatric surgery for obese adults, from the perspective of the public.SettingAustralian public hospital system.ParticipantsAdults (N=1994), reflecting the age and gender distribution of Queensland and South Australia.Primary and secondary outcome measuresA discrete choice experiment in which respondents indicated which of two individuals with different characteristics should be prioritised for surgery in repeated hypothetical choices. Potential surgery recipients were described by seven key characteristics or attributes: body mass index (BMI), presence of comorbid conditions, age, family history, commitment to lifestyle change, time on the surgical wait list and chance of maintaining weight loss following surgery. A multinomial logit model was used to evaluate preferences and derive priority weights (primary analysis), with a latent class model used to explore respondent characteristics that were associated with variation in preference across the sample (see online supplementary analysis).ResultsA preference was observed to prioritise individuals who demonstrated a strong commitment to maintaining a healthy lifestyle as well as individuals categorised with very severe (BMI≥50 kg/m2) or (to a lesser extent) severe (BMI≥40 kg/m2) obesity, those who already have obesity-related comorbidity, with a family history of obesity, with a greater chance of maintaining weight loss or who had spent a longer time on the wait list. Lifestyle commitment was considered to be more than twice as important as any other criterion. There was little tendency to prioritise according to the age of the recipient. Respondent preferences were dependent on their BMI, previous experience with weight management surgery, current health state and education level.ConclusionsThis study extends our understanding of the publics’ preferences for priority setting to the context of bariatric surgery, and derives priority weights that could be used to assist bodies responsible for commissioning bariatric services.
Hearing the voices of children: self-reported information on children's experiences during research procedures: a study protocol
Authors: Staphorst Mira S , Hunfeld Joke A M , Timman Reinier , Passchier Jan , van Goudoever Johannes B 
Published: October 2015

IntroductionIn paediatric research, there is a tension between what you can ask from a child and what is needed for the development of evidence-based treatments. To find an optimal balance in conducting clinical research and protecting the child, it is necessary to have empirical data on children's experiences. Until now, there are scarce empirical data on the experiences from the perspective of the child. In this manuscript, we describe the protocol of a two-phase study measuring children's self-reported experiences during research procedures.Methods and analysisIn the first phase of our study, we aim to interview approximately 40 children (6–18 years) about their self-reported experiences during research procedures. In the second phase, we will develop a questionnaire to measure children's experiences during research procedures in a quantitative way. We will use the interview outcomes for the development of this questionnaire. Next, we will measure the experiences of children during seven research procedures with this questionnaire. A one-month follow-up is conducted to investigate the emotional impact of the research procedures on the children. Children will be recruited from different research studies in three academic children's hospitals in the Netherlands.Ethics and disseminationThe ethics committee of the VU University medical center evaluated both studies and indicated that there was no risk/discomfort associated, stating that both phases are exempt from getting approval under the Dutch Law. Dissemination of results will occur by conference presentations and peer-reviewed publications. The findings of our project can help Institutional Review Boards and paediatric researchers when evaluating the discomforts of research procedures described in study protocols or when designing a study. Information on experiences of children involved in previous studies may also help children and parents in future research with their decision-making about participation in clinical research, or parts thereof.
Telmisartan and Insulin Resistance in HIV (TAILoR): protocol for a dose-ranging phase II randomised open-labelled trial of telmisartan as a strategy for the reduction of insulin resistance in HIV-positive individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Pushpakom Sudeep P , Taylor Claire , Kolamunnage-Dona Ruwanthi , Spowart Catherine , Vora Jiten , García-Fiñana Marta , Kemp Graham J , Whitehead John , Jaki Thomas , Khoo Saye , Williamson Paula , Pirmohamed Munir 
Published: October 2015

IntroductionTelmisartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, has beneficial effects on insulin resistance and cardiovascular health in non-HIV populations. This trial will evaluate whether telmisartan can reduce insulin resistance in HIV-positive individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy.Methods and analysisThis is a phase II, multicentre, randomised, open-labelled, dose-ranging trial of telmisartan in 336 HIV-positive individuals over a period of 48 weeks. The trial will use an adaptive design to inform the optimal dose of telmisartan. Patients will be randomised initially 1:1:1:1 to receive one of the three doses of telmisartan (20, 40 and 80 mg) or no intervention (control). An interim analysis will be performed when half of the planned maximum of 336 patients have been followed up for at least 24 weeks. The second stage of the study will depend on the results of interim analysis. The primary outcome measure is a reduction in insulin resistance (as measured by Homeostatic Model Assessment—Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)) in telmisartan treated arm(s) after 24 weeks of treatment in comparison with the non-intervention arm. The secondary outcome measures include changes in lipid profile; body fat redistribution (as measured by MRI); plasma and urinary levels of various biomarkers of cardiometabolic and renal health at 12, 24 and 48 weeks. Serious adverse events will be compared between different telmisartan treated dose arm(s) and the control arm.Ethics and disseminationThe study, this protocol and related documents have been approved by the National Research Ethics Service Committee North West—Liverpool Central (Ref: 12/NW/0214). On successful completion, study data will be shared with academic collaborators. The findings from TAILoR will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, at scientific conferences, the media and through patient and public involvement.Trial registration numbers04196/0024/001-0001; EUDRACT: 2012-000935-18; ISRCTN: 51069819.