bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Steam‐Assisted Synthesis of an Extra‐Stable Polyoxometalate‐Encapsulating Metal Azolate Framework: Applications in Reagent Purification and Proton Conduction
Authors: Zhou En‐Long , Qin Chao , Wang Xin‐Long , Shao Kui‐Zhan , Su Zhong‐Min 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDifferent from the conventional synthesis approaches, such as hydrothermal or solvothermal synthesis, a porous metal azolate framework encapsulating Keggin‐type [SiW12O40]4− anions was prepared by an environmentally friendly, low‐cost, and highly efficient steam‐assisted conversion method for the first time. The nanosized polyoxometalates as a template were encapsulated by a zeotype 6448 cage constructed by 28 nuclear zinc atoms connected through 32 Trz ligands. The obtained composite exhibits excellent thermal and chemical stability; meanwhile, its special ability to selectively absorb water from alcohols makes it efficiently separate water from analytically pure ethanol, with the result that water content decreases from 0.23 to 0.05 wt %, which is superior to the standard of chromatographic grade ethanol (<0.1 wt %). Besides, alternating current (ac) impedance experiments also reveal that the hybrid is a kind of proton conductive material.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Zinc‐Amide‐Mediated CH Arylation of Fluoroarenes and Heteroarenes with Aryl Sulfides
Authors: Otsuka Shinya , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: August 2015

AbstractCH arylation of polyfluoroarenes and heteroarenes with aryl sulfides proceeds smoothly with the aid of a palladium–N‐heterocyclic carbene catalyst. A bulky zinc amide, TMPZnCl⋅LiCl, plays a key role as an effective base to generate the corresponding arylzinc species in situ. This arylation protocol is practically much easier to perform than our previous method, which necessitates preparation of the arylzinc reagents in advance from the corresponding aryl halides. Aryl sulfides that are prepared through sulfur‐specific reactions, such as SNAr sulfanylation and extended Pummerer reactions, undergo this direct arylation, offering interesting transformations that are otherwise difficult to achieve with conventional halogen‐based organic synthesis.
Synthesis of Silaphenalenes by Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Annulation between 1‐Naphthylsilanes and Internal Alkynes through CH Bond Cleavage
Authors: Tokoro Yuichiro , Sugita Kengo , Fukuzawa Shin‐ichi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRuthenium‐catalyzed annulation of 1‐naphthylsilanes with internal alkynes afforded silaphenalenes through cleavage of the CH bond at the 8‐position of the naphthalene. [RuH2(CO){P(p‐FC6H4)3}3] efficiently catalyzed the reaction. The use of 1‐naphthyldiphenylsilane as a substrate resulted in a better yield of the annulation product compared to the use of silanes with alkyl groups on the silicon atom. Internal alkynes with both aryl and alkyl groups were tolerated in this reaction.
Characteristics of Boreal Winter Total Ozone Distribution in the Northern Hemisphere and Their Relationship with Stratospheric Temperature During Recent 30 Years
Authors: Gang LI , Yan‐Ke TAN , Chong‐Yin LI , Shu‐Chi CHEN , Tao BAI , Dao‐Yong YANG , Ying ZHANG 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe characteristics of spatiotemporal distribution of total ozone have a significant impact on the variabilities of climate and environment. As the increase of the high quality and quantity of total ozone datasets, it is necessary to provide a detailed investigation of spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of total ozone and its relationship with climate variability. Based on the ECMWF global monthly mean total ozone and stratopheric temperature data from 1979 to 2013, the spatiotemporal structure of dominant total ozone pattern in the Northern Hemisphere (north of 20°N) during boreal winter is studied using the rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) analysis and Morlet wavelet analysis. Besides, the relationship of the dominant total ozone pattern with the temperature anomalies in the upper (2 hPa), middle (30 hPa) and lower (100 hPa) stratosphere is further studied using composite analysis. The results show that the variability of total ozone in the Northern Hemisphere during boreal winter is characterized by five significant dominant patterns during the recent 30 years, which are located in the Arctic region (75°N–90°N, 0°–360°), the subtropics of Northern Hemisphere (20°N–40°N, 0°–360°), the Alaska region (60°N–75°N, 180°E–260°E), the North Atlantic region (45°N–60°N, 310°E–360°E) and the Siberia region (50°N–65°N, 80°E–130°E). The five dominant patterns show significant variabilities on the interannual and interdecadal time scales. The total ozone over these five regions changes from more than normal to less than normal since the late 1980. On the interannual time scale, total ozone over the five regions shows pronounced periodicity. In addition, their periodicities show significant difference. The relationship between the dominant total ozone patterns and the stratospheric temperature indicates that, when the total ozone is increased (reduced), the upper stratosphere will be cooled (warmed), while the middle and lower stratosphere will be warmed (cooled). Furthermore, the middle stratosphere is warmer (cooler) than the lower stratosphere.
The Contribution of Structure and Evolution of Potential Vorticity Tower to the Intensity Change of Hurricane Wilma (2005)
Authors: Shuang LIU , Wei ZHONG , Ji‐Chen LIU , Han‐Cheng LU 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn this study, the characteristics and evolution of the Potential Vorticity Tower (PVT) at different stages and its contribution to rapid intensification (RI) are investigated with the high‐resolution simulation of Hurricane Wilma (2005). Results show that inner‐core structure and intensity change of PVT depends mainly on the subsidence of the upper‐level warm‐core, the mid‐level latent heating and the low‐level dynamic instability. In particular, the structure and instability evolution of the low‐level azimuthally averaged PV shows closely relation to the speed of intensity change in RI process. The transition between Monopole PVT (MPVT) and Hollow PVT (HPVT) during the RI period induced by upper‐level warming, latent heating and the vertical mixing associated with convection, leads to dynamic instability changed in TCs. Furthermore, Two theoretical structural parameters, thickness and hollowness, are redefined in the simulated hurricane case so that the structural effect of the PVT on the intensity change of hurricanes could be quantitatively analysed. The correlation analysis of the structural parameters and the intensity change of Wilma (2005) during the RI period shows that the coefficients of the structural parameters and the change rate of minimum sea surface central pressure exceed the 99% confidence level, which indicates the high dependency between the PVT structure and the intensity change of hurricanes.
Fine Lithospheric Structure Beneath the Middle‐Southern Segment of the Tan‐Lu Fault Zone
Authors: Bao‐Jin LIU , Shao‐Ying FENG , Ji‐Fa JI , Jin‐Hu SHI , Ya‐Li TAN , Yi‐Qing LI 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Tan‐Lu Fault Zone (TLFZ) is the largest active tectonic belt in East China, and it has a complicated history of formation and evolution. It is proved to have been playing an important dominant role in regional tectonics, magmatic activity, formation and distribution of mineral resources as well as current earthquake activities. To analyze the lithospheric structure of the TLFZ and blocks on both its sides, we applied deep seismic reflection exploration in the vicinity of Suqian City of Jiangsu Province in 2010, which is located at the middle‐southern segment of the TLFZ. The results show that the Moho and the bottom boundary of lithosphere are both west‐dipping, where the crustal thickness is about 31∼36 km and the lithosphere thickness is about 75∼86 km with an abrupt step around 10 km beneath the TLFZ. The TLFZ is characterized by a “flower‐like” structure consisting of many major faults on the seismic section. Inside them developed graben basin and compressive folds with tectonic traces of extension, compression and strike‐slip coexisting, which indicates that the formation and evolution of the TLFZ experienced multi‐period complicated tectonic movements. The TLFZ is a deep major fault system, cutting the near‐surface sediment layer downward to the Moho and the lithospheric mantle. The upwelling of high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) materials from the asthenosphere along the fault zone, magma under‐plating and thermal erosion lead to lithospheric extension and thinning, which probably change the lithospheric structure and material composition. This study can not only further our comprehension of the deep and shallow structures in the TLFZ, but also provide the data for analyzing the deep process and shallow structure in the eastern part of the North China Craton (NCC).
Calculation of Co‐Seismic Effects of the Nepal MS8.1 Earthquake on 25 April 2015
Authors: Bei ZHANG , Hui‐Hong CHENG , Yao‐Lin SHI 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe co‐seismic displacement and stress fields of the Nepal Ms8.1 earthquake on 25 April 2015 were calculated using the finite element method. Curvature of the Earth was included in our model to get accurate results in the far field. We adopted the PREM earth model and two different slip models in the calculation. The Nepal Ms8.1 earthquake is a typical low‐angle thrust event, of which the co‐seismic deformation is dominated by horizontal components. The co‐seismic displacement is mainly in north‐south direction and concentrates near Kathmandu. East‐west and vertical components are relatively small. The USGS slip model gave a maximum displacement around 3.5 m, while that of the CEA slip model is up to 1.2 m. The range of influence is about 300 km within which co‐seismic displacement is over 0.1 m. Coulomb failure stress change caused by the earthquake is positive in the vicinity of Nepal and its maximum is about 0.1 MPa. The Ms8.1 earthquake could affect China's Tibet region, especially in areas of the Yarlung Zangbo Jiang and the Lhasa block, where Coulomb failure stress changes are positive and the magnitude is up to 10 kPa for N‐S trending normal faults, which implies possibilities of triggering new major earthquakes.
April‐25‐2015 Nepal Mw7.8 Seismogenic Process Analysis and Post‐Quake Trend Prediction
Authors: Pei LI , Si‐Qing QIN , Lei XUE , Guo‐Liang LI 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBased on the brittle failure theory of multiple locked patches in a seismogenic fault system and interplate seismic zoning principle proposed by the authors of this paper, the Islamabad–Kathmandu seismic zone is defined. Through seismogenic period definition and main shock event recognition, the seismogenic process of major/great earthquakes in this seismic zone is analyzed and the future trend of earthquake occurrence is predicted. The results show that the Islamabad–Kathmandu seismic zone is an Mw8.3∼8.6 earthquake hazard zone, and has undergone at least three complete seismogenic periods; the Nepal Mw7.8 earthquake on April 25, 2015 was a representative major earthquake event in the current seismogenic period when the damage of the third locked patch was accumulated to the peak strength point; After the Mw7.3 earthquake in Nepal on May 12, 2015, this seismic zone is already in another critical state of the current seismogenic period, and an Mw8.0∼8.2 earthquake would occur in short‐middle term.
Hybrid Pseudospectral/Finite‐Difference Numerical Simulation and Stability Analysis of Pure P‐Wave Propagation in Vti Media
Authors: Qi‐Zhen DU , Cheng‐Feng GUO , Xu‐Fei GONG 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe attractive feature of pure P‐wave equations for anisotropic media is that it is completely free from shear‐wave artifacts, and can alleviate the numerical instabilities caused by anisotropy. We present the first‐order pure P‐wave velocity‐stress equation for transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis. Like most other pure acoustic anisotropic wave equations, our equation involves complicated pseudo‐differential operators in space, which cannot be solved with the finite‐difference method alone. For computational efficiency, we adopt an efficient hybrid pseudospectral (PS)/finite‐difference (FD) scheme to solve the pure P‐wave equation. The stability of the hybrid PS/FD scheme on central and staggered grids is investigated by von Neumann's method. Numerical tests on 2D synthetic examples demonstrate that the proposed pure P‐wave equation provides stable and kinetically accurate simulation results for complex anisotropic media.
Exploring the Effects of Glycosylation and Etherification of the Side Chains of the Anticancer Drug Mitoxantrone
Authors: Shaul Pazit , Steinbuch Kfir B. , Blacher Eran , Stein Reuven , Fridman Micha 
Published: August 2015

AbstractHerein we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of symmetric and asymmetric analogues of the DNA intercalating drug mitoxantrone (MTX) in which the side chains of the parent drug were modified through glycosylation or methyl etherification. Several analogues with glycosylated side chains exhibited higher DNA affinity than the parent MTX. The most potent in vitro cytotoxicity was observed for MTX analogue 8 (1,4‐dimethoxy‐5,8‐bis[2‐(2‐methoxyethylamino)ethylamino]anthracene‐9,10‐dione) with methoxy ether containing side chains. Treatment of melanoma‐bearing mice with MTX or analogue 8 decreased the intraperitoneal tumor burden relative to untreated mice; the effect of 8 was less pronounced than that of MTX. In vitro metabolism assays of MTX with rabbit liver S9 fraction gave rise to several metabolites; almost no metabolites were detected for MTX analogue 8. The results presented indicate that derivatization of the MTX side chain primary hydroxy groups may result in a significant improvement in DNA affinity and lower susceptibility to the formation of potentially toxic metabolites.
From sauropsids to mammals and back: New approaches to comparative cortical development
Authors: Montiel Juan F. , Vasistha Navneet A. , Garcia‐Moreno Fernando , Molnár Zoltán 
Published: August 2015

AbstractEvolution of the mammalian neocortex (isocortex) has been a persisting problem in neurobiology. While recent studies have attempted to understand the evolutionary expansion of the human neocortex from rodents, similar approaches have been used to study the changes between reptiles, birds, and mammals. We review here findings from the past decades on the development, organization, and gene expression patterns in various extant species. This review aims to compare cortical cell numbers and neuronal cell types to the elaboration of progenitor populations and their proliferation in these species. Several progenitors, such as the ventricular radial glia, the subventricular intermediate progenitors, and the subventricular (outer) radial glia, have been identified but the contribution of each to cortical layers and cell types through specific lineages, their possible roles in determining brain size or cortical folding, are not yet understood. Across species, larger, more diverse progenitors relate to cortical size and cell diversity. The challenge is to relate the radial and tangential expansion of the neocortex to the changes in the proliferative compartments during mammalian evolution and with the changes in gene expression and lineages evident in various sectors of the developing brain. We also review the use of recent lineage tracing and transcriptomic approaches to revisit theories and to provide novel understanding of molecular processes involved in specification of cortical regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:630–645, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
When does pleasure start after the end of pain? The time course of relief
Authors: Andreatta Marta , Mühlberger Andreas , Pauli Paul 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPainful events are suggested to elicit two opponent responses: a negatively valenced and a positively valenced process triggered by their onset and termination, respectively. Consequently, stimuli (conditioned stimulus, CS) associated with pain onset (unconditioned stimulus, US) provoke defensive responses like startle potentiation, while stimuli associated with pain termination elicit appetitive responses like startle attenuation. Here we summarize four studies elucidating the time course of the relief following the termination of a painful US. In these studies, the timing of a relief‐associated stimulus (reliefCS) presented after a painful US was varied from immediately (Study1), 3 seconds (Study4), or 6 seconds (Study2 and 3) after the US. Responses to these relief CSs were compared also with responses to a stimulus presented before the US (fearCS), and a third stimulus (safetyCS) that was never associated with the US. The synopsis of these studies reveals that the timing of the reliefCS is crucial to turn a defensive response into an appetitive response. Namely, the reliefCS immediately following the US‐induced startle potentiation and negative valence (Study1); 3 seconds later, the startle response was slightly less potentiated and the ratings a little less negative (Study4); finally, the reliefCS presented 6 seconds after the US caused startle attenuation (Study2 and 3) and positively valenced ratings (Study3). In sum, the observed time course of relief closely follows the predictions of opponent process theory. This means that relief may be a reinforcer that elicits conditioned appetitive behavior, but its reinforcing properties strongly depend on its temporal relation to the aversive event. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1653–1667, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does increasing applied load lead to contact changes indicative of knee osteoarthritis? A subject‐specific FEA study
Authors: Boyd Jennifer L. , Zavatsky Amy B. , Gill Harinderjit S. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryThis study investigated whether increased loading (representing obesity) in the extended knee and flexed knee led to increased stresses in areas of typical medial and lateral osteoarthritis cartilage lesions, respectively. We created two paired sets of subject‐specific finite element models; both sets included models of extended knees and of flexed knees. The first set represented normal loading; the second set represented increased loading. All other variables were held constant. The von Mises stresses and contact areas calculated on the tibial cartilage surfaces of the paired models were then compared.In the extended knee models, applying a larger load led to increased stress in the anterior and central regions of the medial tibial cartilage. These are the typical locations of medial osteoarthritis cartilage lesions. Therefore, the results support that increased loading in the extended knee may result in medial osteoarthritis.In the flexed knee models, applying a larger load increased stress in the anterior and central regions of the lateral tibial cartilage. Lateral osteoarthritis cartilage lesions typically occur centrally and posteriorly. Therefore, these results do not support our hypothesis. Shear stress was increased in areas of typical lateral lesions, however, and should be investigated in future studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduction of Charge and Discharge Polarization by Cobalt Nanoparticles‐Embedded Carbon Nanofibers for Li–O2 Batteries
Authors: Kim Yun‐Jung , Lee Hongkyung , Lee Dong Jin , Park Jung‐Ki , Kim Hee‐Tak 
Published: August 2015

AbstractInvited for this month’s cover is the group of Jung‐Ki Park and Hee‐Tak Kim at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. The image shows cobalt nanoparticles embedded in carbon nanofibers for use in lithium oxygen (Li–O2) battery: the fibers attract oxygen molecules and lithium ions due to a charge transfer from cobalt nanoparticles to carbon, inducing the formation of amorphous lithium peroxide. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201500520.
Comparative genetic diversity in a sample of pony breeds from the U.K. and North America: a case study in the conservation of global genetic resources
Authors: Winton Clare L. , Plante Yves , Hind Pamela , McMahon Robert , Hegarty Matthew J. , McEwan Neil R. , Davies‐Morel Mina C. G. , Morgan Charly M. , Powell Wayne , Nash Deborah M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMost species exist as subdivided ex situ daughter population(s) derived from a single original group of individuals. Such subdivision occurs for many reasons both natural and manmade. Traditional British and Irish pony breeds were introduced to North America (U.S.A. and Canada) within the last 150 years, and subsequently equivalent breed societies were established. We have analyzed selected U.K. and North American equivalent pony populations as a case study for understanding the relationship between putative source and derived subpopulations. Diversity was measured using mitochondrial DNA and a panel of microsatellite markers. Genetic signatures differed between the North American subpopulations according to historical management processes. Founder effect and stochastic drift was apparent, particularly pronounced in some breeds, with evidence of admixture of imported mares of different North American breeds. This demonstrates the importance of analysis of subpopulations to facilitate understanding the genetic effects of past management practices and to lead to informed future conservation strategies.
Hydroarylation of Alkynes with Phenols in the Presence of Gallium Complexes of a Labile N‐Ligand: Synthesis of Chromenes
Authors: Moskalev Mikhail V. , Yakub Arkadiy M. , Morozov Alexander G. , Baranov Evgenii V. , Kazarina Olga V. , Fedushkin Igor L. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn the presence of (dpp‐bian)Ga–Ga(dpp‐bian) (1) and [dpp‐bian(Ph)C=C(H)]Ga–Ga[(H)C=C(Ph)dpp‐bian] (2) {dpp‐bian = 1,2‐bis[(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene}, phenylacetylene reacts with 1‐naphthol to give 2‐(1‐phenylvinyl)naphthalen‐1‐ol (3). In solution in the presence of complexes 1 or 2, compound 3 undergoes further dimerization to give 2‐[4‐methyl‐2,4‐diphenyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[h]chromen‐2‐yl]naphthalen‐1‐ol (C36H28O2), whose diastereomers 4 and 5 were isolated in crystalline form. Diastereomer 4 is the kinetically favored product, which, however, undergoes conversion into diastereomer 5 in solution at elevated temperature. The structures of 4 and 5 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The catalytic activity of complexes 1 and 2 in the hydroarylation reactions of phenylacetylene and some other alkynes with different arenes has been investigated. By the reaction of phenylacetylene with 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenol, 5,7‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methyl‐2,4‐diphenyl‐4H‐chromene (7) has been prepared for the first time.
Synthesis of (Arylamido)pyrrolidinone Libraries through Ritter‐Type Cascade Reactions of Dihydroxylactams
Authors: Wu Peng , Petersen Michael Åxman , Petersen Rico , Rasmussen Martin Ohsten , Bonnet Karine , Nielsen Thomas E. , Clausen Mads H. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Ritter‐type reaction of arylnitriles and N‐acyliminium ions generated in situ from dihydroxy‐γ‐lactams gave tetrahydropyrrolo[2,3‐d]oxazol‐5‐ones in excellent yields. A subsequent acidic hydrolysis in EtOH/H2O/TFA (trifluoroacetic acid) yielded new (arylamido)pyrrolidinones with excellent cis diastereoselectivity. A combined one‐step Ritter–hydrolysis procedure proved to be of equal efficiency. This versatile method, which was successfully used for the construction of a screening library containing 706 molecules within the European Lead Factory consortium, provides a simple way to access new compounds incorporating an arylamido and a pyrrolidinone moiety, both of which are widely found in marketed drugs and in biologically active molecules.