bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Control of Growth and Development in Yeast
Authors: Broach James R 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAvailability of key nutrients, such as sugars, amino acids, and nitrogen compounds, dictates the developmental programs and the growth rates of yeast cells. A number of overlapping signaling networks—those centered on Ras/protein kinase A, AMP-activated kinase, and target of rapamycin complex I, for instance—inform cells on nutrient availability and influence the cells’ transcriptional, translational, posttranslational, and metabolic profiles as well as their developmental decisions. Here I review our current understanding of the structures of the networks responsible for assessing the quantity and quality of carbon and nitrogen sources. I review how these signaling pathways impinge on transcriptional, metabolic, and developmental programs to optimize survival of cells under different environmental conditions. I highlight the profound knowledge we have gained on the structure of these signaling networks but also emphasize the limits of our current understanding of the dynamics of these signaling networks. Moreover, the conservation of these pathways has allowed us to extrapolate our finding with yeast to address issues of lifespan, cancer metabolism, and growth control in more complex organisms.
Weak Selection and Protein Evolution
Authors: Akashi Hiroshi , Osada Naoki , Ohta Tomoko 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe “nearly neutral” theory of molecular evolution proposes that many features of genomes arise from the interaction of three weak evolutionary forces: mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection acting at its limit of efficacy. Such forces generally have little impact on allele frequencies within populations from generation to generation but can have substantial effects on long-term evolution. The evolutionary dynamics of weakly selected mutations are highly sensitive to population size, and near neutrality was initially proposed as an adjustment to the neutral theory to account for general patterns in available protein and DNA variation data. Here, we review the motivation for the nearly neutral theory, discuss the structure of the model and its predictions, and evaluate current empirical support for interactions among weak evolutionary forces in protein evolution. Near neutrality may be a prevalent mode of evolution across a range of functional categories of mutations and taxa. However, multiple evolutionary mechanisms (including adaptive evolution, linked selection, changes in fitness-effect distributions, and weak selection) can often explain the same patterns of genome variation. Strong parameter sensitivity remains a limitation of the nearly neutral model, and we discuss concave fitness functions as a plausible underlying basis for weak selection.
Reginald Crundall Punnett: First Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics, Cambridge, 1912
Authors: Edwards A W F 
Published: September 2012

AbstractR. C. Punnett, the codiscoverer of linkage with W. Bateson in 1904, had the good fortune to be invited to be the first Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics at Cambridge University, United Kingdom, in 1912 when Bateson, for whom it had been intended, declined to leave his new appointment as first Director of the John Innes Horticultural Institute. We here celebrate the centenary of the first professorship dedicated to genetics, outlining Punnett’s career and his scientific contributions, with special reference to the discovery of “partial coupling” in the sweet pea (later “linkage”) and to the diagram known as Punnett’s square. His seeming reluctance as coauthor with Bateson to promote the reduplication hypothesis to explain the statistical evidence for linkage is stressed, as is his relationship with his successor as Arthur Balfour Professor, R. A. Fisher. The background to the establishment of the Professorship is also described.
Industrial Structure and Party Competition in the New Deal: A Reply to Webber
Authors: Ferguson Thomas 
Published: September 2012

This paper is a response to Webber's (1991) critique of Thomas Ferguson's (1983, 1984, 1986) essays on the New Deal and his “investment theory” of political parties. It argues that Webber's evidence is invalid and that his statistical design is conceptually flawed. The sample is defective: it includes many people it should not and it excludes others who should have been reckoned in, notably many Texas oilmen. His procedure for ascertaining corporate partisanship is inadequate, since, among other problems, it excludes large payments made to the 1936 Democratic campaign by firms such as Standard Oil of New Jersey and General Electric. The campaign finance data he relies upon are also far less complete than he implies. An entirely new data analysis is presented, incorporating not only Webber's data, but much new material from archives. The results confirm Ferguson's central thesis about the 1936 election: contributions to the Democrats in 1936 do indeed come from firms that are more internationally-oriented and capital-intensive than those contributing to the Republicans.
Development and validation of UV spectroscopic methods for simultaneous estimation of ciprofloxacin and tinidazole in tablet formulation
Authors: Gummadi Sowjanya , Thota Devi , Varri Sri Valli , Vaddi Pratyusha , Rao Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Seshagiri 
Published: September 2012

Two simple, accurate, precise, reproducible and economical UV spectroscopic methods (A & B) for simultaneous estimation of Ciprofloxacin and Tinidazole in tablet dosage form have been developed. Method A employs solving of simultaneous equations based on the measurement of absorbance at two wavelengths, 271nm and 318nm which are the ?max values of Ciprofloxacin and Tinidazole respectively in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Method B is based on the principle of Q-Analysis where in the absorbance was measured at 292nm (iso-absorptive point) and 271nm (?max of Ciprofloxacin)in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Ciprofloxacin and Tinidazole shows linearity at all the selected wave-lengths and obeys Beers law in the concentration range of 10-35µg/mL and 10-80µg/mL respectively. Recovery studies for Ciprofloxacin and Tinidazole were performed and the percentage recovery for both the drugs was obtained in the range of 98.1-99.7% (Method A) and 98.0-100.4% (Method B) confirming the accuracy of the proposed method. Both the methods showed good reproducibility and recovery with %RSD less than 2. Statistical validation of the data shows that the proposed methods can be successfully applied for the routine analysis of drugs in commercial tablets.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i10.11849 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(10): 317-321
Role of clinical pharmacist in rational therapy of pediatric seizures
Authors: Lakshmi Chaitanya , Babitha Mr. , Ramesh Mr. , Dhanapal Mr. , Manavalan Mr. 
Published: September 2012

Seizures are more common in children than in any other age group, except the elderly. In fact, there are several kinds of seizures that affect only children. Sometimes children outgrow their seizures but many need to be treated for their seizures for their entire life. The main objectives of this study are to study the physician prescribing pattern in pediatric seizures and to educate the patient care taker about the disease and the use of drugs in order to control seizures and improve the quality of life. A non invasive prospective observational study was done with 86 pediatric patients from 01.11.2010 to 30.04.2011. Females were found to be more prone to seizures; prevalence of seizure was more in children aged 1-5 years old. Febrile seizures (46.5%) are the most commonly observed type of seizure in children followed by tonic  clonic seizures (21%) and complex partial seizures (14%). The other types of seizures observed are simple partial seizures (7%), status epilepticus (2.3%) and others (9.3%). We observed that Clobazam is the most commonly prescribed drug for prophylaxis of febrile seizures. Phenytoin, Clobazam and Sodium valproate were commonly used drug in children. We infer that monotherapy for seizure is effective choice of treatment.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i10.11851 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(10): 328-331
No Advantage of Quadruple- or Triple-Class Antiretroviral Therapy as Initial Treatment in Patients with Very High Viraemia
Authors: Grijsen Marlous L , Holman Rebecca , Gras Luuk , Wit Ferdinand WNM , Hoepelman Andy IM , van den Berk Guido E , de Wolf Frank , Prins Jan M ,   the ATHENA National Observational Cohort Study
Published: September 2012

Background We assessed whether quadruple or triple-class therapy for the initial treatment of HIV-1 infection provides a virological benefit over standard triple therapy in patients with very high plasma viraemia. The assessment was made based on a national observational HIV cohort in the Netherlands. Methods Inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years, treatment-naive, plasma viral load (pVL) ≥500,000 copies/ml and initiation of quadruple or triple therapy between 2001 and 2011. Time to viral suppression, defined as pVL<50 copies/ ml, was compared between the two groups using Kaplan– Meier plots and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results A total of 675 patients were included: 125 (19%) initiated quadruple and 550 (81%) triple therapy. Median pVL was 5.9 (IQR 5.8–6.1) log10 copies/ml in both groups ( P=0.49). 22 (18%) patients on quadruple and 63 (12%) on triple therapy interrupted the treatment regimen because of drug-related toxicity ( P=0.06). Median time to viral suppression was 5.8 (IQR 4.6–7.9) and 6.0 (4.0–9.4) months in the patients on quadruple and triple therapy, respectively (log-rank, P=0.42). In the adjusted Cox analysis, quadruple therapy was not associated with time to viral suppression (HR 1.07 [95% CI 0.86, 1.33], P=0.53). Similar results were seen when comparing triple- versus dual-class therapy ( n=72 versus n=601, respectively). Conclusions Initial quadruple- or triple-class therapy was equally effective as standard triple therapy in the suppression of HIV-1 in treatment-naive patients with very high viraemia and did not result in faster pVL decreases, but did expose patients to additional toxicity.
Higher Connectedness Properties of Support Points and Functionals of Convex Sets
Authors: De Bernardi Carlo Alberto 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe prove that the set of all support points of a nonempty closed convex bounded set C in a real infinite-dimensional Banach space X is AR(σ-compact) and contractible. Under suitable conditions, similar results are proved also for the set of all support functionals of C and for the domain, the graph, and the range of the subdifferential map of a proper convex lower semicontinuous function on X.
Genetically Engineered Mice by Pronuclear DNA Microinjection
Authors: DeMayo Janet L. , Wang Jie , Liang Dongcai , Zhang Ruina , DeMayo Francesco J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe generation of transgenic mice by DNA microinjection is a powerful tool to investigate the molecular regulation of gene expression, development, and disease. The power of this technology is that foreign DNA can be introduced into every cell of a developing organism, and the phenotypic impact of this genetic modification can be investigated in a system under the constraints of normal development and physiology. The generation of transgenic mice requires the preparation of the transgene DNA construction, collection of one‐cell fertilized mouse embryos, injection of the transgene into mouse embryos, and transfer of the surviving embryos into a pseudopregnant female. Mice born from such manipulations are then screened for the presence of the transgene. The execution of these procedures requires a highly efficient system; otherwise, the cost of the generation of these mice can be cost prohibitive. However, the production of these animals can provide an invaluable research resource. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 2:245‐262 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Determination of Muscle Fiber Type in Rodents
Authors: Kalmar Bernadett , Blanco Gonzalo , Greensmith Linda 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSkeletal muscles consist of muscle fibers that can differ in both composition and functional characteristics. These three types of muscle fibers, broadly categorized as slow, fast IIa, and fast IIb muscle fibers, express characteristic myosin heavy chain proteins and have different metabolic and enzymatic activities, which can be used as surrogate markers to identify the different fiber types. Pathological changes affecting the muscle, such as denervation, muscle disuse, and atrophy not only manifest on a functional level, but also as marked changes in the composition of muscle fiber type of individual muscles. In this unit we describe three methods for histological identification of slow/type I, fast fatigue resistant/type IIa, and fast fatigable/type IIb fibers by staining for either myosin ATPases or oxidative enzyme capacity (succinate dehydrogenase, SDH)—or, alternatively, immunostaining for specific myosin heavy chain isoforms in muscles of mouse hindlimbs. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 2:231‐243 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Structural and Biomimetic Chemical Kinetics: Kinetic Magnitudes Include Structural Information
Authors: Otero Toribio F. , Martinez Jose G. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractElectrochemical reactions in films of conducting polymers involve reactive chains, exchanging ions and solvent with the electrolyte under current flow. The reaction induces structural changes: conformational movements in chains and swelling, shrinking, compaction, and relaxation processes in the reactive dense gel. Conformational movements and structural changes induced by reactions are not included by today's chemical kinetic models. Using different packed conformations as initial states for the study of the reaction kinetics in films of different conducting polymers, rate coefficients, activation energies, and reaction orders related to the concentration of active centers in the film change with the structure of the selected initial state. The kinetic magnitudes include and quantify conformational and structural energetic states. Therefore, the reaction activation energy includes the constant reaction activation energy and the conformational energy of the initial packed state. The electrochemically stimulated conformational relaxation model describes the empirical variation of the kinetic magnitudes.
Thermosensitive Molecular, Colloidal, and Bulk Interactions Using a Simple Surfactant
Authors: Kodger Thomas E. , Sprakel Joris 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEfficient use of (nano)particle self‐assembly for creating nanostructured materials requires sensitive control over the interactions between building blocks. Here, a very simple method for rendering the interactions between almost any hydrophobic nano‐ and microparticles thermoswitchable is described and this attraction is characterized using colloid probe atomic force microscopy (CP‐AFM). In a single‐step synthesis, a thermoresponsive surfactant is prepared that through physical adsorption generates a thermosensitive brush on hydrophobic surfaces. These surface layers can reversibly trigger gelation and crystallization of nano‐ and microparticles, and at the same time can be used to destabilize emulsions on demand. The method requires no chemical surface modification yet is universal, reproducible, and fully reversible.
The Influence of A‐Site Rare Earth Ion Size in Controlling the Curie Temperature of Ba1 − xRExTi1 − x/4O3
Authors: Freeman Colin L. , Dawson James A. , Harding John H. , Ben Liu‐Bin , Sinclair Derek C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe defect structures for Gd‐ and La‐doping on the A‐site of BaTiO3 with the creation of Ti vacancies are reported. The rare‐earth cations cluster together around the vacancy. The local relaxations caused by the defect cluster lead to distortion and tilting of nearby TiO6 octahedra and this is responsible for the lowering of the Curie temperature with increasing dopant concentration. Larger distortions to the octahedra are observed for La‐doping and this is the proposed origin of the greater decrease in Tc as observed by experimental results associated with La‐ compared to Gd‐doped samples.
Overgrowth with increased proliferation of fibroblast and matrix metalloproteinase activity related to reduced TIMP1: A newly recognized syndrome?
Authors: Chung Brian , Hinek Aleksander , Keating Sarah , Weksberg Rosanna , Shah Vibhuti , Blaser Susan , Hawkins Cynthia , Chitayat David 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe report on a child with prenatal onset of overgrowth associated with thick, excessive wrinkled skin and other abnormalities including cleft palate, Chiari malformation and polymicrogyria. His clinical features do not resemble any of the known reported overgrowth syndromes. Genetic evaluations, including karyotype, oligoarray, methylation‐sensitive multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for 11p11.2 region, CDKN1C sequencing, GPC3 sequencing and dosage analysis, and HRAS sequencing, have been un‐revealing. Immunohistochemistry done on the patient's cultured skin fibroblasts showed normally assembled elastic fibers and normal pattern of chondroitin sulfate deposition with defective deposition of Collagen I fibers. In addition, there were high levels of immuno‐detectable metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) and undetectable tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1). The defective collagen deposition in the fibroblast culture could be reversed by the broad spectrum MMP inhibitor, doxycycline. We also present evidence that the fibroblasts of this patient have an increased rate of cellular proliferation. We propose that this is a previously unrecognized overgrowth syndrome associated with increased cellular proliferation and defective collagen I deposition due to an imbalance between MMP and TIMP in fibroblasts. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wisconsin Stillbirth Service Program: Analysis of large for gestational age cases
Authors: Burmeister Bradley , Zaleski Christina , Cold Christopher , McPherson Elizabeth 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSince its inception in 1983, the Wisconsin Stillbirth Service Program (WiSSP) has reviewed over 2,600 referrals. Among 2,451 with fetal weight and gestational age recorded, 186 (7.6%) were large for gestational age (LGA), which is more than expected. We reviewed these cases to identify factors causing or contributing to fetal death as well as increased fetal size. LGA losses tended to occur later in pregnancy than non‐LGA losses. The most common cause of death in LGA fetuses was fetal (43.5%), followed by placental (22.6%), and maternal (11.2%), which contrasts with previous studies involving the same database, but unselected for fetal weight, in which 21.5%, 40.0%, and 12.7% had fetal, placental, and maternal causes, respectively. The most common fetal cause was hydrops (60 cases/32.4%), which was most frequently idiopathic (16/26.6%), followed by cardiac (11/18.3%), Turner syndrome (8/13.3%), and twin–twin transfusions (6/10.0%). Placental causes, most commonly abruption and infarct, were more frequent in diabetic mothers, accounting for 33% versus only 18% in the entire LGA group. In the LGA group overall, 21% of mothers were diabetic, and most stillbirths in diabetic mothers occurred after 28 weeks. Despite large placentas (>95th centile) in 71.8% of the LGA cohort compared to 11% previously reported in the entire database, the most extreme LGA cases had a high fetoplacental ratio. We recommend pathologic evaluation of placentas from all stillbirths, close follow‐up of pregnancies complicated by diabetes, and continued research into causes and pathophysiology of hydrops. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The significant role of plasmonic effects in femtosecond laser‐induced grating fabrication on the nanoscale
Authors: Huang Min , Cheng Ya , Zhao Fuli , Xu Zhizhan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNowadays, plasmonics aiming at manipulating light beyond the diffraction limit has aroused great interest on account of the promise of nanoscale optical devices. Generally, the ability to break diffraction barrier is achieved via controlling surface plasmons (SPs) on artificial structures as products of human ingenuity. Here, nevertheless, it is demonstrated that in short‐pulse laser ablation ultrafast active plasmonic structures spontaneously generate by virtue of plasmonic effects rather than human will. First, with the experimental results on ZnO, Si, and GaAs, explicit evidence is provided for the grating‐splitting phenomenon that acts as a direct route for the formation of laser‐induced deep‐subwavelength gratings. The splitting mechanism can break through the diffraction limit and push laser‐induced structures towards the nanoscale. Then, through comprehensive numerical studies based on the viewpoint of plasmonics, it can be confirmed that the grating‐splitting phenomenon originates in the conversion of SP modes from the resonant to the nonresonant mode and further to the inphase or antiphase asymmetric mode. In short, plasmonic effects play an important role in ultrafast laser‐induced grating splitting towards the nanoscale, which will provide new insights into the mechanisms of ultrafast laser‐induced nanostructures.
A New Dimension in Separation Science: Comprehensive Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography
Authors: Meinert Cornelia , Meierhenrich Uwe J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe introduction and development of comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography offers greatly enhanced resolution and identification of organic analytes in complex mixtures compared to any one‐dimensional separation technique. Initially promoted by the need to resolve highly complex petroleum samples, the technique’s enormous separation power and enhanced ability to gather information has rapidly attracted the attention of analysts from all scientific fields. In this Minireview, we highlight the fundamental theory, recent advances, and future trends in the instrumentation and application of comprehensive two‐dimensional column separation.
Challenges Facing Lithium Batteries and Electrical Double‐Layer Capacitors
Authors: Choi Nam‐Soon , Chen Zonghai , Freunberger Stefan A. , Ji Xiulei , Sun Yang‐Kook , Amine Khalil , Yushin Gleb , Nazar Linda F. , Cho Jaephil , Bruce Peter G. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEnergy‐storage technologies, including electrical double‐layer capacitors and rechargeable batteries, have attracted significant attention for applications in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, bulk electricity storage at power stations, and “load leveling” of renewable sources, such as solar energy and wind power. Transforming lithium batteries and electric double‐layer capacitors requires a step change in the science underpinning these devices, including the discovery of new materials, new electrochemistry, and an increased understanding of the processes on which the devices depend. The Review will consider some of the current scientific issues underpinning lithium batteries and electric double‐layer capacitors.
Selective Pyrophosphate Recognition by Cyclic Peptide Receptors in Physiological Saline
Authors: Butler Stephen J. , Jolliffe Katrina A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe anion binding ability of a family of bis(ZnII‐Dpa) functionalized cyclic peptides has been investigated using displacement assays with a fluorescent coumarin indicator in water, saline solution, and Krebs buffer. Non‐binding side‐chain steric bulk, the relative position of binding sites, and the scaffold size were all found to affect the ability of these receptors to discriminate between polyphosphate ions. Most receptors showed some selectivity for pyrophosphate over ATP and ADP in water and saline, and this selectivity was significantly enhanced in the biologically relevant Krebs buffer giving chemosensing ensembles capable of selective recognition of pyrophosphate in the presence of excess ATP.