bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Forensic Dentistry
Authors: Furst G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Now that the terms “forensic odontology” and “forensic dentistry” are becoming more known to the dental profession and law enforcement agencies, text books have begun to appear. Everybody wants to get in on the scene. Since Gustafson's book in 1966 and Furahata and Yamamota's book in 1967, which have since become standard texts on the subject, four books have been published. Of the four, this book seems to be one of the best.
Review: Applications of Luminescence in Forensic Science
Authors: Gibson EP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Luminescence is defined as the emission from a sample of radiation that falls in the near ultraviolet, visible, or near infrared regions of the spectrum. Conventional luminescence (fluorescence and phosphorescence) is widely used and consists of excitation by electromagnetic radiation, usually of a wavelength greater than 200 nm, and the emission of radiation that has a longer wavelength than the excitation radiation. Other forms of luminescence differ from fluorescence and phosphorescence in that they derive the excitation energy from another source. Cathodoluminescence, for instance, uses a beam of low energy electrons as an excitation source. Chemiluminescence and bioluminescence derive their excitation from chemical reactions, bioluminescence being a special case where the chemical reaction occurs in a biological specimen. Thermoluminescence derives its excitation energy from ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, but the excitation is “trapped” in the material, only to be released when the material is heated.
Some Observations Concerning Blood Morphine Concentrations in Narcotic Addicts
Authors: Monforte JR 
Published: August 2015

AbstractProgress in the development of analytical methods has enabled the forensic toxicologist to detect and quantitate morphine in blood from the deceased narcotic addict. Techniques such as gas chromatography [1,2], radioimmunoassay [3–5], and spectrophotofluorometry [6,7] are adequate in terms of sensitivity and specificity. A comparison of three methods has also appeared [8].
An Improved Ferrous Metal Detection Reagent
Authors: Thornton JI , Stoney DA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recently the authors' laboratory reported on the use of a newly developed ferrous detection reagent [1]. This reagent, 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-p,p'-disulfonic acid, disodium salt trihydrate (PDT), reacts with ferrous ion to give a magenta complex, and the reaction is sufficiently sensitive to be used to determine if an individual has recently handled a steel object such as a firearm.
Toward a Scientific Forensic Psychiatry
Authors: Dietz PE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Every discipline must occasionally take stock of where it has been and where it is going, and this is nowhere more important than in a field such as legal medicine in which the practitioners are scattered around the world and have various professional identities and allegiances. Elsewhere I have described the tripartite structure of American legal medicine and the educational implications of the fractionation of the discipline into three divisions focused on psychiatry, pathology, and jurisprudence [1]. The implications for research are analogous and are complicated by the additional problem of coordinating research in legal medicine with research in criminology and criminalistics.
Psychiatric Evaluation of Traumatic Impotence: Evolution of a Case
Authors: Perr IN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A problem facing medicolegal examiners is evaluating the uncommon case in which scientific knowledge and clinical experience are often limited and in which relevant information is derived from a number of disciplines. Many experts are confronted with situations that occur rarely in the course of one individual's practice and yet one can formulate a reasonable opinion with review and collation of applicable information and coordinated input from different professionals. Particularly in psychiatric cases, or those with psychiatric implications, evaluators may react on the basis of their own set or bias [1] as well as countertransference attitudes. When a case involves an unclear diagnosis of one of the participants, non-psychiatrists are perhaps even more likely to attribute these events to psychologic phenomena, some of which can be utilized in a disparaging or demeaning fashion.
Evaluation of a Photoluminescence Technique for the Detection of Gunshot Residue
Authors: Nesbitt RS , Wessel JE , Wolten GM , Jones PF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is the second paper in a series describing the photoluminescence technique for detection of gunshot residue. It presents results of a substantial number of analyses of samples obtained for a variety of handguns and cartridges and collected under various conditions. A primary objective of the second study has been to evaluate factors which affect the utility of the method, such as the persistence of residue on the hand after firing, the effect of activity on retention of residue, and the possible presence of identifiable residue on surfaces other than the hand. The data represent an extensive addition to existing information on lead in gunshot residue and samples from several environmental conditions. A new method of residue collection, based on an adhesive layer, was used to collect samples from hands. It was found to be superior to the wash procedure used in the previously reported work [1]. For background information on the luminescence method the reader is referred to the earlier report.
Thermal Decomposition of Nitrocellulose Propellants
Authors: House JE , Zack PJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Most smokeless propellant powders for small arms use are either single base or double base types. Single base powders consist of nitrocellulose with small amounts of additives such as tin to reduce barrel fouling and muzzle flash, graphite to improve handling, and a stabilizer such as diphenylamine. Double base powders contain nitrocellulose with 10 to 15% of nitroglycerin added [1].
The Use of the Gandolfi Camera as a Screening and Confirmation Tool in the Analysis of Explosive Residues
Authors: Canfield DV , De Forest PR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In the past, bombing cases were relatively uncommon and evidence from these cases seldom found its way into the forensic science laboratory. Therefore, only a limited amount of research in the area of explosive residue analysis has been carried out. Today, however, according to the current figures from the National Bomb Data Center the reported incidence rate is about 5.8 bombs per day [1]. As S. G. Styles [2] remarks: “Terrorism is a fact of life today in all parts of the free world. It grows up in a climate of political, religious or doctrinal tensions; it erupts with violence, death and destruction.” Rather than being a rarity, bomb residues are becoming a part of everyday forensic science laboratory analysis. Thus, the forensic science laboratory today is being frequently asked to determine if in fact a bombing has taken place or if some accident such as a natural gas leak caused gas to accumulate in the presence of an ignition source, resulting in an explosion. In addition, where the damage characteristic of a high explosive is noted, the capability of identifying the type of explosives used in a bombing would be helpful as an investigative aid in limiting the number of possible avenues to be pursued by investigators. It would be important to distinguish between explosions resulting from compounds such as picric acid or ammonium nitrate, which may have legitimate nonexplosive uses and may have been detonated accidentally in storage, and those substances such as military explosives whose presence at the origin of an explosion would imply a purposeful design. Further subdivision of this latter group by use of definitive chemical identification schemes could aid in determining the source of supply and possibly the perpetrator.
Concise Identifications of Commonly Encountered Tear Gases
Authors: Gag JA , Merck NF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This laboratory recently received two submissions on unrelated matters, each containing a tear gas canister. The offenses were aggravated assault and aggravated robbery. Our effort to identify conclusively the chemical composition was delayed because we had little prior experience with the compounds and we found relatively little published material that dealt with the specific problems of separation of the primary constituent from the typical carriers [1,2].
The Identification of Polyester Fibers in Forensic Science
Authors: Grieve MC , Kotowski TM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A polyester fiber is by definition one composed of linear macromolecules comprising at least 85% (by mass) of the chain of an ester of a diol and terephthalic acid [1]. In 1941 it was discovered in the laboratories of the Calico Printers Association in Lancashire, England that fibers could be spun from polyethlene terephthalate (PET). I.C.I. Ltd. began production in 1948 under the name “Terylene,” and production was expanded to a large scale in 1955. DuPont began to produce a polyester known as Fiber V in the U.S.A. in 1950. This fiber subsequently became known as Dacron® and was produced in quantity from 1953 onwards [2].
Digoxin Concentrations in Fatal Cases
Authors: Selesky M , Spiehler V , Cravey RH , Elliot HW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Analytical methods for the determination of digoxin in pharmaceutical and autopsy specimens using colorimetry [1], gas liquid chromatography [2ߝ4], fluorometry [1,5], and polarography [6] have been reported. These classic methods, however, suffered from lack of sensitivity and specificity in the therapeutic (1.0 to 1.4 μg/litre) [7] and borderline toxic (2.0 μg/litre or greater) ranges, making detection of this drug possible only when large amounts remained unadsorbed in the stomach or excreted via the kidneys. The introduction of radioimmunoassay in 1969 by Smith et al [7] and Smith and Haber [8] made possible the detection of digoxin in postmortem biological fluids and tissue samples. Radioimmunoassay for the determination of serum digoxin is now the most extensively used radioisotope test in many nuclear laboratories and may be the most commonly requested drug assay by hospital physicians.
A Study of Procedures for the Identification of Heroin
Authors: Clark CC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
For forensic purposes, it is essential for the chemist to identify drugs correctly. The method or combination of methods chosen must be able to differentiate the drug present from all other compounds, regardless of structural similarities. The proper choice of method can be achieved only with a thorough understanding of the limitations and specificity of each analytical technique available to the chemist. Virtually no literature is available on the specificity of the many procedures used for the identification of heroin (diacetylmorphine). Indeed, it has been shown [1] that even pyramiding certain analytical tests may not be adequate.
Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Amphetamine Derivatives and Morpholine-Related Drugs
Authors: Canfield DV , Lorimer P , Epstein RL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forensic chemists are constantly evaluating various techniques for the identification and isolation of large classes of drugs of similar chemical structure. Because of increased abuse, of particular interest are the amphetamine derivatives and morpholine-related drugs either clandestinely synthesized or manufactured in licit form. The twelve drugs studied in this paper, some of which have been recently controlled by law as dangerous substances, are routinely encountered in crime laboratories; thus, the chromatographic separation and identification of these substances is important to practicing forensic drug chemists.
Identification Through the Computerization of Dental Records
Authors: Siegel R , Sperber ND , Trieglaff A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The use of dental records in forensic sciences is one of the accepted and time-honored methods of identification. A trained forensic odontologist is consulted when identification cannot be determined through visualization, fingerprints, personal effects, or other methods. Traditionally, the forensic odontologist studies the dentition, using charts, X-rays, photographs, and sometimes study models. He then compares his findings with records believed to be those of the subject in question to confirm or rule out positive identification.
Comparative Studies on the Rate of Ethanol Elimination in Acute Poisoning and in Controlled Conditions
Authors: Bogusz M , Pach J , Staśko W 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
For many years, a view has been established in toxicology that the elimination of ethanol in the blood is by zero-order kinetics, that is, at a constant rate [1ߝ5]. A factor which restricts ethanol metabolism is the reoxidation of a reduced form of nicotinamide dinucleotide (NADH) produced during ethanol oxidation to acetaldehyde by an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-NADH system [6,7].
Analysis of Impurities in Illicit Methamphetamine Exhibits. III: Determination of Methamphetamine and Methylamine Adulterant by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Kram TC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
For this third paper in a series reporting the results of analyses of illicit methamphetamine preparations [1,2], exhibits of dl-methamphetamine hydrochloride (I) appearing as off-white blocks or hygroscopic powder were examined and found to contain substantial quantities of methylamine hydrochloride (II). Some of the powder exhibits contained, as diluents, mannitol (III), dextrose (IV), or a combination of one of these with magnesium sulfate. Examination for other impurities indicated only traces, at most, of unidentifiable compounds.
Forensic Applications of X-Ray Diffraction. I: Differentiation of Piperidyl Benzilates and Related Glycolates by Micro-X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Barrick JC , Polk DE , Raman RV , Giessen BC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The differentiation of closely related compounds is a subject of considerable forensic importance, especially for drugs where relatively minor compositional or structural variations, such as different substituents or isomerism, have considerable physiological effects and may distinguish between a controlled substance and an uncontrolled one. Frequently, common techniques such as ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy are ineffective in such cases [1], and others such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC) [2] lack specificity of response. Some effective techniques such as mass spectrometry (MS) [3] are often not readily available.
The Development of Latent Fingerprints on Human Skin: The Iodine-Silver Plate Transfer Method
Authors: Adcock JM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The successful development of latent prints on human skin would be of great use to the law enforcement officer in the investigation of crimes in which the subject has touched the victim. The iodine-silver plate transfer method has shown promising results in the development of such impressions from both live and cadaveric human skin. Numerous police agencies in the United States and Canada are presently experimenting with this process; it is still in the research stage and consequently has not been used in the investigation of an actual case.
An Unusual Tear-Gas Gun Fatality
Authors: Oxley DW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The potential for serious and fatal wounds by tear-gas pen guns firing both conventional tear-gas and fixed metallic ammunition has been extensively studied and reported by Stahl, Jones, and others [1–5]. The case reported here involves the “weapon as missile” and illustrates an additional potential for injury or fatality to the shooter when these weapons are loaded with metallic ammunition. This case is mentioned in passing by Jones [3], but to our knowledge no similar case has been fully reported.
Acute Ethanol Poisoning: A Two-Year Study of Deaths in North Carolina
Authors: Taylor HL , Hudson RP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A significantly high blood level of ethanol is one of the most common factors among deaths investigated by medical examiners. There are few, if any, drugs that are as extensively used. Much information is available on forensic problems that involve the use and abuse of ethanol and on deaths contributed to, caused, or precipitated by ethanol [1–4].
A Review of Combat Handgun Shooting
Authors: DiMaio VJM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is a well written, beautifully illustrated book. The author is obviously knowledgeable about and interested in his subject. The intended audience for this book originally appears to have been individuals interested in the sport of combat handgun shooting. In writing the book, however, the author has produced a textbook on combat handgunning which should be of interest to law-enforcement agencies as well as individual police officers. This book can assist such agencies in firearm training as well as in making decisions as to choice of suitable weapons and ammunition. The book should be required reading for all firearms instructors, if not for all police officers. In short, I highly recommend this book.
A Review of Paternity Testing by Blood Grouping
Authors: McWright CG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Paternity Testing By Blood Grouping by Dr. Leon N. Sussman is revised and updated from the original 1968 edition entitled Blood Grouping—Medicolegal Uses. It covers succinctly and ably the development and current status of the field of immunohematology. The A-B-O, M-N-S-s, Rh-Hr, Kell, Kidd, Duffy, and Lutheran blood group systems as well as polymorphic serum proteins and erythrocyte isoenzymes receive critical attention from the standpoint of their medicolegal applications in disputed paternity cases.
Using Small-Angle Light Scattering to Discriminate Among Single Fibers Subjected to Consumer-Like Uses
Authors: Bresee RR , Crews PC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Small-angle light scattering (SALS) patterns and scanning electron photomicrographs (SEM) of single fibers were recorded for five different types of polyester fibers when new as well as after being laundered by either of two different methods or after being exposed to outdoor weather. SALS was a sensitive tool for discriminating among the fiber types when new as well as after each of the three treatments. In addition, SALS was able to discriminate among fibers from the same yarn bobbin in each of the four different conditions examined. SALS was more sensitive in detecting some types of physical changes than was SEM.
The Evidential Value of Automobile Paint. Part II: Frequency of Occurrence of Topcoat Colors
Authors: Ryland SG , Kopec RJ , Somerville PN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Frequency of occurrence data are valuable to forensic scientists in their quest to properly assess the evidential value of automotive paint exhibits. A survey of automobile topcoat paint colors is presented with a sample size of 43 000 vehicles covering six eastern states in the United States. In addition, the results of a second survey utilizing more discriminating color groups for 2000 vehicles in central Florida is given. Comments on statistical validity and sample size for frequency distribution studies are provided.
Detection of the Rare PGM13 Allele. Further Biochemical and Genetic Characterization of the PGM13 Isozymes
Authors: Nelson MS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A family possessing the rare PGM13 allele has been found in North Carolina, and criteria for the electrophoretic separation and accurate typing of the PGM13 isozymes are outlined. The PGM13 isozymes detected proved to be useful in helping to determine parentage in an incest investigation. The pattern of segregation of the PGM13 allele in four generations of this family and thermostability studies on the PGM13 isozymes are presented.
National and International Standards Pertaining to Noise and Speech
Authors: Yost WA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
There has been considerable recent activity in the development of standards relating to bioacoustics, especially in the areas of noise, hearing, and speech. Most of these national and international standards are written within the framework of the Bioacoustic Committee, S3, of the American National Standards Institute. This paper briefly describes how standards for bioacoustics are developed and used. Many of the new standards on noise, hearing, and speech are also described.
Privilege, Confidentiality, and Patient Privacy: Status 1980
Authors: Perr IN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The principle of patient privacy has evolved from the Hippocratic Oath to current medical ethics guidelines and to legal protections for doctor-patient communications. Privilege statutes now abound in the United States with considerable difference from state jurisdiction to state jurisdiction. Recently several bills have been introduced to establish a federal standard for patient privacy. These bills are critically examined—particularly in regard to the conflict between the need to keep doctor-patient interactions private and the demand by law enforcement agencies for information. The federal bills lean towards the latter at the expense of the protection of confidentiality and therefore should not be adopted. The narrowness of the scope of the proposed laws is reflected in a comparison with a proposed model privacy act.
Terrorism—What Can the Psychiatrist Do?
Authors: Daly LN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The 1970s have yielded many situations in which psychiatrists have been summoned by agents of the state for help in resolving terrorist-related crises. This paper tries to examine the evolving role of forensic psychiatrists as they participate in such situations and reviews some of the functions involved in open community/terrorist confrontations, closed community/terrorist confrontations, and psychiatrist/terrorist relations. Positive contributions have been made by psychiatrists, but there is a lack of available information to assist them in fulfilling their tasks. Specific recommendations are made that may be of benefit to the psychiatrist.
Stimuli Triggering Violence in Psychoses
Authors: Pontius AA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Various behavioral and neurophysiological models are suggested to objectify and quantify the defense of insanity and to assess dangerousness in someone who is being considered for release from custody. Two cases are presented that show a pattern of specific relationships between traumatic experiences in youth and a later trigger stimulus that releases homicidal action. Until a refined classification system and neurophysiological understanding of sudden aggression can be achieved, forensic psychiatrists should be aware of the psychotic trigger reaction within a clinical psychiatric model.
An Overview of Firearms Identification Evidence for Attorneys. I: Salient Features of Firearms Evidence
Authors: Joling RJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article attempts to broaden the perspective of attorneys, but it should be of value to all forensic scientists. Although the subject matter is directed to attorneys, it nevertheless is applicable to the professional understanding of members of all professional disciplines. It covers some of the salient features of firearms evidence, and the scientific articles referenced should enable the reader to find a base from which to begin additional research.
An Overview of Firearms Identification Evidence for Attorneys. IV: Practice and Procedures When Using the Firearms Examiner and Demonstrative Evidence
Authors: Joling RJ , Stern WW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article attempts to broaden the perspective of attorneys, but it should be of value to all forensic scientists. Although the subject matter is directed to attorneys, it nevertheless is applicable to the professional understanding of members of all professional disciplines. It highlights various practices and procedures applicable to witnesses and demonstrative evidence, and the cited rules of evidence should enable the reader to find a base from which to begin additional research.