bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Well Revival Due to Sand Control Failure - Case History of Cleaning Out a Mile of Sand and Live Well Perforation
Authors: Rahimov Khalid , Smith Simon D. , Gathman Brad , Hadiaman Farid 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli (ACG) is a giant field located in the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan. The field is operated by BP on behalf of Azerbaijan International Operating Company (AIOC). Wells are drilled and completed penetrating multilayers of weakly consolidated sand with low unconfined compressive strength. The typical sand-face completion is Open Hole Gravel Pack (OHGP), Stand Alone Screen (SAS), Expandable Sand Screen (ESS) and Cased and Perforated (C&P). After a period of time, when a well does loose it's sand control integrity, the wellbore has the potential to fill up with sand and create a production deferment. A viable option to revive these wells is by cleaning the sand out of the tubing to gain access and perforate the upper-zone.
This paper describes the success story of a challenging sand clean out and return to production in one of the wells in the ACG field. The job utilized an integrated clean out system from downhole to surface. A hydraulically actuated, switchable circulation sub was used with a real time downhole measurement system. While running into the well, forward jets of the sub helped penetrate and suspend sand and while pulling out of the well, the sub was switched to a low resistance, backward jetting mode which sweeps sand more efficiently. Adding real-time downhole measurement to the system enhanced the performance of the sub ensuring it was functioning correctly as per plan. A sand monitor was used in the surface return line to continuously monitor the returned sand. Design software was used to support the operation from start to finish and real time data comparisons to the software predictions created additional assurance of safe operational steps. Following the successful cleanout, the plan was to isolate the lower sand producing zone and perforate the well across a higher oil bearing zone. A live well deployment system on electrical coiled tubing was selected to perforate over 300m of the pay zone in a single run. This system was selected due to its capabilities of deploying and reverse deploying the extra-long perforation guns with positive wellhead pressure and completing the job in one run. Combination of the electrical and mechanical features of the coiled tubing added additional value to the operation as it made it possible to correlate depth based on CCL and gamma ray, displace kill weight fluid to base oil to create underbalance conditions and monitor the well pre and post perforating with CT in the wellbore.
The intervention was successful and the well was put back into production. This case serves as a reference for future sand clean outs and CT conveyed live well perforation jobs in the region.
Experimental Study of Heavy Metal Ions Removal from Oil Field Brine
Authors: Habashi Maryam Seied , Zarei Mohammad Mehdi , Moreno-Atanasio Roberto 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to present a co-precipitation technique with calcium carbonate for removal of heavy metals ions from oil field brine. Metals such as Mercury, Copper and Lead can be removed by the co-precipitation technique. In this work, parameters such as pH, injection time and concentration of reactants were optimized in other to obtain maximum removal efficiency. The results showed that pH has a significant effect while the injection time and reactant concentrations were less effective to remove the metals. Based on the SEM, ICP and hydrometer analysis, the optimum experimental conditions were the pH of 10, the injection time of 20 min and the reactant concentration of 0.5 mol percent. Approximately, more than 90 percent of mercury, lead and copper was removed employing co-precipitation techniques with calcium carbonate. Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis indicates that 200 rpm is the optimum rotational speed which leads to the formation of small particles. Finally, this study showed especially that the co-precipitation technique is a good alternative to remove the heavy metals especially mercury from the contaminated oil field brine.
Golden Rules to Improve Process Safety Behaviour
Authors: Aldrich Mark , Ramsden Martyn , Steer Rob , Hamilton Ian 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Most Oil and Gas Operators and service organizations have identified ‘Golden Rules’ intended to focus attention and influence safety behavior in their operations. Whilst these rules have successfully raised awareness of key safety hazards, the majority focus on occupational safety issues, such as lifting, confined space entry, electrical safety, etc, without explicitly addressing process safety or ‘major hazard’ issues. A recurrent theme from investigations into major accidents has been the recognition that occupational safety and process safety need to be treated differently. Concentrating on occupational safety metrics and controls will not necessarily positively influence process safety and environmental performance.
Recognizing that Oil and Gas Operators undertake operations within a major accident hazard environment, a set of process safety behaviors is proposed that focus the attention of workforce and management on the actions, behaviors and attitudes that will help to prevent or mitigate the consequences of a major accident event (MAE/MATTE). These are based on such concepts as ‘maintaining a chronic sense of unease’ and ‘responding strongly to weak signals’; concepts which have emerged from recent major accidents - such as Texas City, Macondo and Buncefield.
The opportunity exists to reconsider whether industry's focus is informed by an understanding of the broader operating risk portfolio. Effective engagement of key members of the operating organisation, both on and offshore in this key topic area is dependent upon its capacity to define and articulate risk management priorities. The competent, consistent and confident management of major accident hazards across the organisation is inextricably linked to this process. The inclusion of major accident priorities within focused campaigns and the explicit definition of mitigation responsibilities throughout the organisation could promote improvement in process safety performance.
This approach will enhance the process safety performance of organisations, and provide a change in the perception of process safety.
Site Investigation of Crude Oil Contamination – Using Risk Based Principles to Shape the Data Collection Process
Authors: Croft Richard , Crowcroft Phil 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Oil production from land-based license blocks remains a major focus for operators, and managing environmental liability and taking care of the wider environment associated with such assets is increasingly important. Whether at the entry stage, with acquisition decisions to make, or at the operational and exit stages of a project lifecycle, an operator must have the basic information to assess and manage the financial liabilities which may be posed by impacts on soil, surface water and groundwater.
Defining the environmental baseline condition of the land within concession areas at both the start and completion of exploitation and production is essential to: Being able to define any incremental pollution caused by the operation of the field over its lifetime;Articulate and manage the environmental liability exposure such impacts represents to operators; andAid operators in restoring the land to an acceptable condition in compliance with their permitting and operational licenses and in accordance with sustainable principles to facilitate an orderly exit from the license block.
Comprising anything from exploration sites, storage pits, lay-down areas, well-heads, pipelines, flow stations, manifolds, valves, processing plants and waste disposal areas, the assets in question can be hugely variable but each can pose potential environmental risks in their own right. Set this against a background of environmentally diverse land patterns and usages, and the challenge of characterizing any pollution which occurs can be substantial. In addition, it is important to decide on what level of mitigation might ultimately be appropriate – just cleaning up land to remove all incremental impacts may be unsustainable, and a more cost-effective approach would better focus on those aspects of pollution which pose an actual risk of causing harm to human health or the environment, rather than adopting a blanket approach, irrespective of risk.
Study of the Impact of Reduced Permeability Due to Near-Wellbore Damage on the Optimal Parameters of the Matrix Acidizing in Carbonate Rocks
Authors: Bekibayev T. T. , Beisembetov I. K. , Assilbekov B. K. , Zolotukhin A. B. , Zhapbasbayev U. K. , Turegeldieva K. A. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The pore space near the wellbore damaged with a time due to fine particles, chemical reactions, reservoir pressure difference, etc. As a result of the above mentioned factors reservoir properties of near-wellbore zone are altered, which negatively affects the productivity/injectivity of wells. One way to restore the reservoir properties of near-wellbore zone is matrix acidizing. An analysis of the literature review shows that there is a definite law of permeability reduction of the near-wellbore zone due to formation damage with the maximum reduction observed at the wellbore, and with the distance from the wellbore it restores to the original value. The influence of reservoir properties reduction due to damage on the effectiveness of the matrix acidizing is the subject of these studies, which based on numerical simulation of the dissolution of carbonate rock with hydrochloric acid.
Numerical simulation of the dissolution of carbonate rock with hydrochloric acid is carried out using two-scale model in the polar coordinate system. To account the reduced reservoir properties due to formation damage of near-wellbore zone in numerical calculations special function fd is introduced. In this paper, a comparative analysis of results of dissolution modeling with the damage (fd ≠ 0) and without damage (fd = 0) function is shown.
As a result of numerical simulations it was revealed that the dominant wormholes grows faster than non-dominant wormholes in the case with fd ≠ 0, which leads to a quick acid breakthrough. On the contrary, in the base case (fd = 0), non-dominant wormholes become relatively developed. Optimal Damköhler number for the base case is Daopt = 330, while fd ≠ 0 for the number is varying from 210 to 310 depending on the damage ratio Δεd and parameter λ.
It was also shown that in the case of fd ≠ 0 wormhole grows faster than in the case of fd = 0. In the first case, the final skin factor is achieved when a volume of the injected acid is 75% less than amount required for the base case.
Hard Fill Removal Combining Vacuuming Technology and Intelligent Coiled Tubing leads to Injection – A Case Study in Azerbaijan
Authors: Rodriguez S. Marlin D. , Piñero Luis D. , Smith Simon D. , Mammadov Hajagha , Mollayev Samir 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Concentric Coiled Tubing (CCT) was introduced in early 2014 to the Caspian Sea in the Azeri Chirag Gunashli field as a solution for sub-hydrostatic wells where sand cleanout techniques are not feasible with conventional methods because of circulation losses and poor offshore nitrogen logistics. A number of oil producer wells were successfully cleaned out using CCT prior to the technique being deployed on a water injector well for first time. This study considers the first CCT cleanout of a water injector well.
In addition to cleaning sand from the well, the following main criteria were identified during the planning stage of the job; reduce wellbore contact friction inside the protective coated tubulars, minimize the number of CCT runs and fully displace heavy brine for a lighter friction reduced fluid. Job data collected during the initial runs was used for simulations with proprietary modeling software in an attempt to minimize pipe to pipe contact friction. A comparison based on the impact pressure at the nozzles with the available BHA's was also made from different scenarios simulated in order to best tackle the problem of any hard packed sand bridges in the well.
This paper looks at how the above was achieved and also discusses the operational aspects of the job where proprietary BHA components and Coiled Tubing (CT) techniques were combined to break through a sand bridge described as the "hardest fill ever experienced in the field" by the operator. A combination of intelligent CT, rotating jetting tool and a specialized switching cleanout sub was quickly mobilized alongside the planned CCT midway through the operation when the hard packed sand was discovered. Once the hard packed sand bridge had been completely removed, CCT and vacuuming technology were once again used across the perforated interval to establish a clean wellbore and injection into the reservoir.
This paper is a case study and summarizes the main planning and operational steps of the successful cleanout job and provides some guidance for future operations.
The Study of Injection Performance Using Streamline Tracing
Authors: Asgarov Murad , Mamiyev Vidadi , Bayramov Jabbar , Ibrahimov Turan , Sadigov Samir 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Identifying injector-producer pairs and quantifying the strength of communication of a particular pair can be critical for injection management and resulting production optimization in oil fields under pressure maintenance. Even though surveillance methods based on actual data may help identifying injector-producer interactions, they do not quantify or rank the interactions. Streamline simulation, on the other hand, does not only provide excellent visualization of injector-producer interactions, but also quantifies them. However, it depends on the quality of the model calibration, similar to any kind of simulation.
This work developed a comprehensive visualization template based on streamline simulation results, enabling reservoir engineers to identify and quantify injection support, evaluate injection efficiency and come up with possible scenarios to optimize injection strategy. The template is built in TIBCO™ Spotfire®® for analyzing the streamline simulation outputs with user friendly displays. The template quantifies the support of a particular injector to the producers, different regions or reservoir layers over time. In addition, it calculates efficiency factors for all injectors and displays how the injector efficiency changes over time. The template and the method proposed in this study can support history match process via key visualizations for surveillance information such as distributed temperature sensors and production logs.
Understanding a Complex Overburden to Deliver Safe & Productive Wells at the Giant Shah Deniz Gas-condensate Field, Offshore Azerbaijan
Authors: Price Gavin R , Hall David , Kaiser Karl , Tranchina Enrico 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The stage 2 development of the giant Shah Deniz gas-condensate field (SD2) represents an investment in excess of 45 billion USD and requires the drilling of 26 subsea development wells. Significant well cost reductions may be achieved by minimising the amount of ‘non-productive time’ (NPT) during drilling.
NPT associated with subsurface geological characteristics may be minimised by careful pre-drill well planning, robust subsurface interpretation and data integration, application of learnings from previous Shah Deniz drilling and clear communication of subsurface risks to all parties involved in designing and executing the well. To achieve this, a dedicated team exists to provide an Integrated Subsurface Description (ISD) of the overburden and reservoir section at Shah Deniz.
A three year plan describes the key ISD products designed to influence NPT and contribute towards the safe and efficient drilling of wells. These ISD products include an ‘ever-green’ geological model of the field, with overburden, reservoir and aquifer descriptions, plus 3D models of stress and pore-pressure. Such is the complexity of the pore pressure story at Shah Deniz that this represents one of the biggest risks to safe delivery of the wells required for SD2. Delivery of a detailed overburden ISD is enabled by comprehensive interpretation and integration of all well and seismic data acquired over the past 18 years.
This paper will focus on some of the tools and techniques used to enhance understanding of the overburden geology at Shah Deniz, types of overburden products generated and how they are used in well planning.
The Evolution of Geomechanics Application in the Korchagina Field, North Caspian Sea
Authors: Valisevich A. , Shtun S. , Zvyagin V. , Golenkin M. , Sadykov L. , Korelskiy E. , Ocheretyanyy A. , Khakov A. , Golubtsov R. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Production from the periphery of the Korchagina field, a pilot project of Lukoil for offshore development in the Caspian region, is only possible by drilling extended reach (ERD) wells, with extreme lengths of lateral sections exceeding 6 km. The tough geological environment and uncertainties in wellbore stability conditions require real-time updating of the model during drilling, which has helped to update collapsed gradients and optimize mud properties, hole cleaning, and tripping procedures. Implementation of improved geomechanical modeling has led to the successful drilling of a challenging 12.25-in. section after two failed boreholes.
Adding 3D calculations to the models demonstrated that with the existing well and casing design, safety was a major factor in wellbore design. The 3D models led to changes throughout the well design. As a result, applying geomechanics in the Korchagina field has produced outstanding results. So far, 21 wells have been successfully drilled with minimal borehole instability issues, including record ERD Wells 103 (TD 8001 m) and 108 (TD 8005m).
Formation Sampling While Drilling in Productivity Steering Process
Authors: Makhmotov Akikat , Mullins Oliver C. , Haq Shahid Azizul , Wichers Wich 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
There is a quiet revolution happening in oil and gas reservoir management. For visionary operator companies ready to appreciate its significance it brings countless benefits, such as:–lowering the risks associated with flow assurance,–optimization of the wells’ performance,–maximizing the effectiveness of surface production facilities, etc.
All of these extremely important bonuses can be acquired by a thoughtful application of a single logging-while-drilling (LWD) tool.
At the long last, formation-sampling-while-drilling tool (FSWD) is added to the available suite of LWD technology. FSWD has an ability to take downhole formation fluid samples while being a part of a drilling assembly. Therefore de-risking operations and saving rig time whenever wireline runs are not convenient. But more importantly, it can scan formation fluids and transmit their characteristics to the surface in real time when the decisions on adjusting the borehole trajectory can still be made.
In authors's eyes it is no less than the most significant step to ultimate "Productivity Steering" — an ability to make informed decisions in real time on the wellbore trajectory that would maximize the value of the investment into the well.
The concept of analyzing downhole fluids while drilling and using this information is still new to the industry and its full potential is yet to be comprehended.
In this paper authors attempt to illustrate some of the possibilities FSWD opens up for oil and gas industry. It is hoped that many more applications of this technology will be discussed and utilised by the industry in the nearest future as it has a potential of a game changer.
Effects of a 2-Year Supervised Exercise Program Upon the Body Composition and Muscular Performance of HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Paes Lorena da Silva , Borges Juliana Pereira , Santos Fernanda Monteiro dos , Oliveira Taciana Pinto de , Dupin Jaciara Gomes , Harris Elizabeth Assumpção , Farinatti Paulo 
Published: October 2015

Background :There is a lack of research investigating long-term effects of exercise training upon the body composition and muscle function in HIV-infected patients (PHIV). The study investigated the influence of a 2-year supervised exercise program on body composition and strength of PHIV under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).Methods :A training program including aerobic, strength and flexibility exercises was performed by 27 PHIV (17 men/ 10 women; age: 48.7±7.0 years; HAART: 150.7±65.3 months) during 1 year and 18 PHIV (10 men/ 8 women; age: 50.6±5.2 years; HAART: 176.6±53.1 months) during 2 years. Body composition and knee isokinetic strength were assessed at baseline and at the end of each year of intervention.Results :Body composition remained stable along the whole experimentvsbaseline (1-year- total muscle mass: Δ men=1.1%,P=0.21; Δ women=1.4%,P=0.06; trunk fat: Δ men=-0.1%,P=0.65; Δ women=-1.5%,P=0.45;2 years- total muscle mass: Δ men=2.7%,P=0.54; Δ women=-1.9%,P=0.71; trunk fat: Δ men=4.4%,P=0.96; Δ women=10.0%,P=0.30). After 1-year, peak torque increased in men (Δ extension=4.2%,P=0.01; Δ flexion=12.2%,P=0.04) and total work reduced in women (Δ extension=-15.4%,P=0.01, Δ flexion=-17.5%,P=0.05). All strength markers remained stablevsbaseline after 2 years of intervention (P>0.05). Only men showed significant reduction in the risk of disability due to sarcopenia (P=0.05) after 1 year of intervention, which remained stable after 2 years.Conclusion :Long-term exercise training preserved strength and muscle mass in PHIV under HAART. Exercise programs should be part of HIV therapy to prevent sarcopenia of this population along the years.Trial Registration :ACTRN12610000683033; UTN U1111-1116-4416.
A blended learning framework for curriculum design and professional development
Authors: Mirriahi Negin , Alonzo Dennis , Fox Bob 
Published: October 2015

The need for flexibility in learning and the affordances of technology provided the impetus for the rise of blended learning (BL) globally across higher education institutions. However, the adoption of BL practices continues at a low pace due to academics’ low digital fluency, various views and BL definitions, and limited standards-based tools to guide academic practice. To address these issues, this paper introduces a BL framework, based on one definition and with criteria and standards of practice to support the evaluation and advancement of BL in higher education. The framework is theoretically underpinned by the extant literature and supported by focus group discussions. The evidence supporting the criteria and standards are discussed with suggestions for how they can be used to guide course design, academic practice, and professional development.Keywords: digital literacy; criteria; standards; academic development; curriculum design(Published: 26 October 2015)Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2015, 23: 28451 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v23.28451