bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multilateral knowledge transfer and multiple embeddedness
Authors: Ho Yen-Chen 
Published: August 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to argue that multilateral knowledge transfer emerges from two lines of thinking in the international business (IB) literature – the exploitation of multinationality and the contributory role of subsidiaries – and links three levels of analysis – headquarters, knowledge-creating subsidiaries and host-country environments.Design/methodology/approach– Multilateral knowledge transfer, both vertical and horizontal, is considered in this paper as a cross-level phenomenon that emerges as a result of beneficial interdependencies between headquarters, knowledge-creating subsidiaries and their host-country environments. The paper also discusses the concept of embeddedness, which both lines of thinking draw upon, and argues that the multinational enterprise (MNE) headquarters can actually moderate both internal and external embeddedness through global strategy and organizational design.Findings– By putting forward an integrative cross-level interdependency framework that incorporates insights from the R&D internationalization literature and the subsidiary evolution literature, this paper delineates multilateral knowledge transfer as an MNE strategy to systematically transform and integrate knowledge created at the subsidiary-level for the global competitive advantage at the MNE group-level.Originality/value– Such a perspective reemphasizes the multi-level nature of IB studies and provides new opportunities for theoretical and empirical development as did the internalization theory which has theorized the conventional headquarters-to-subsidiaries knowledge transfer more than 40 years ago.
The dynamics of regional and global multinationals, 1999-2008
Authors: Hoon Oh Chang , M. Rugman† Alan 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to analyze regional versus global activities of large firms. We assemble longitudinal data over the 1999-2008 period.

Design/methodology/approach
– Sales and assets data for the Fortune 500 firms from 1999-2008 were compiled from annual reports of the firms, by triad region. The definition of the triad regions is based on international accounting standards. The classifications of firms are based upon the new metric of regional-to-total sales rather than the traditional metric of foreign-to-total sales.

Findings
– In an extension of the original study of Rugman and Verbeke (2004), no trend toward globalization is found, as nearly 80 per cent of the world’s largest firms are classified as home-region oriented, and only 4 per cent are classified as global. Only a few firms change classifications over the ten-year period. Overall, the world’s largest firms average 70 per cent of their sales and 72 per cent of their assets in their home region of the triad.

Originality/value
– This paper is the first one to use longitudinal data in the analysis of regional versus global firms, with ten years of data on the regional sales and assets of the world’s 500 largest firms.
For the love of small things: consumerism and the making of maternal identities
Authors: Jane Kehily Mary 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to consider the increased commercialisation of motherhood and particularly the consumer practices of women as they prepare for the birth of their first child. The commercial world appears omnipresent in the lives of new mothers in Western societies.

Design/methodology/approach
– Based on a five-year study of motherhood in the UK, the paper focusses on women’s relationship to the marketing and consumption of everyday maternity and baby products made available to them through readership of pregnancy magazines and mainstream commercial outlets.

Findings
– Documenting how consumer culture features in the lives of mothers-to-be, the study identifies age and socio-economic status as key features in shaping the maternal experience and consumer “choice”.

Originality/value
– The paper explores the significance of consumption as preparatory work in the transition to motherhood.
“I don’t really care about me, as long as he gets everything he needs” – young women becoming mothers in consumer culture
Authors: Ponsford Ruth 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
– As becoming a mother becomes increasingly embedded in the marketplace, this paper explores how a group of low-income pregnant and newly parenting young mothers engaged with expansive markets for the new mother and baby.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper draws on an extended period of fieldwork carried out at a Pupil Referral Unit and a Mother and Baby Unit in the city of Bristol, UK. The research took a staged and incremental approach, incorporating aspects of participant observation, activity-based focus groups and a photo elicitation exercise.

Findings
– This paper highlights the anxiety the young women experienced around their ability (or lack thereof) to participate in practices of childrearing consumption and details how the young women strived to provide well for their children despite their limited incomes, developing a sophisticated knowledge of markets and adopting a range of budgeting and smart shopping strategies to ensure they could acquire the “stuff” their children “needed”.

Originality/value
– Contrary to popular discourse, the young women emerge as careful and pragmatic consumers who plan and manage their finances carefully, and the paper acknowledges skills that are often missing from accounts of young mothers and working-class people more broadly.
Selling infant safety: entanglements of childhood preciousness, vulnerability and unpredictability
Authors: Martens Lydia 
Published: August 2014

Purpose– This paper aims to examine, through a focus on the practice of child caring, how three qualities of childhood preciousness, vulnerability and unpredictability, are nurtured by being brought together as rationales for product re-design, innovation and diversification. The new parent of today is confronted with a myriad of products that are designed to “safeguard”, “guide” and “monitor” the young child and ensure its well-being.Design/methodology/approach– The paper draws on research into the organisation of encounter platforms that serve as communication forums for commercial practitioners and child carers, and includes insights derived from fieldwork and a cultural content analysis of the British retailer Mothercare, consumer exhibitions and brand–product websites.Findings– After providing a brief outline of the research on which this paper draws, the author present three ways in which child safety is present in the market that caters for young children and their care. This is followed by a discussion of two case studies, which respectively expand on how vulnerability and unpredictability are nurtured in commercial narratives.Originality/value– The author concludes by drawing out the implications of the risk-averse culture, which this creates.
Variability in potential to exploit different soil organic phosphorus compounds among tropical montane tree species
Authors: Steidinger Brian S. , Turner Benjamin L. , Corrales Adriana , Dalling James W. 
Published: August 2014

Summary

We hypothesized that tropical plant species with different mycorrhizal associations reduce competition for soil phosphorus (P) by specializing to exploit different soil organic P compounds.

We assayed the activity of root/mycorrhizal phosphatase enzymes of four tree species with contrasting root symbiotic relationships – arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) (angiosperm and conifer), ectomycorrhizal (EM) and non‐mycorrhizal – collected from one of three soil sites within a montane tropical forest. We also measured growth and foliar P of these seedlings in an experiment with P provided exclusively as inorganic orthophosphate, a simple phosphomonoester (glucose phosphate), a phosphodiester (RNA), phytate (the sodium salt of myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate) or a no‐P control.

The EM tree species expressed twice the phosphomonoesterase activity as the AM tree species, but had similar phosphodiesterase activity. The non‐mycorrhizal Proteaceae tree had markedly greater activity of both enzymes than the mycorrhizal tree species, with root clusters expressing greater phosphomonoesterase activity than fine roots.

Both the mycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal tree species contained significantly greater foliar P than in no‐P controls when limited to inorganic phosphate, glucose phosphate and RNA. The EM species did not perform better than the AM tree species when limited to organic P in any form. In contrast, the non‐mycorrhizal Proteaceae tree was the only species capable of exploiting phytate, with nearly three times the leaf area and more than twice the foliar P of the no‐P control.

Our results suggest that AM and EM tree species exploit similar forms of P, despite differences in phosphomonoesterase activity. In contrast, the mycorrhizal tree species and non‐mycorrhizal Proteaceae appear to differ in their ability to exploit phytate. We conclude that resource partitioning of soil P plays a coarse but potentially ecologically important role in fostering the coexistence of tree species in tropical montane forests.
A randomised controlled double‐blind clinical trial of 17‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate for the prevention of preterm birth in twin gestation (PROGESTWIN): evidence for reduced neonatal morbidity
Authors: Awwad J , Usta IM , Ghazeeri G , Yacoub N , Succar J , Hayek S , Saasouh W , Nassar AH 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo determine whether 17 alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17OHPC) prolongs gestation beyond 37 weeks of gestation (primary outcome) and reduces neonatal morbidity (secondary outcome) in twin pregnancy.DesignRandomised controlled double‐blind clinical trial.SettingTertiary‐care university medical centre.PopulationUnselected women with twin pregnancies.MethodsParticipants received weekly injections of 250 mg 17OHPC (n = 194) or placebo (n = 94), from 16–20 to 36 weeks of gestation. Randomisation was performed using the permuted‐block randomisation method. Data were analysed on an intention‐to‐treat basis.Main outcome measurePreterm birth (PTB) rate before 37 weeks of gestation.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the average gestational age at delivery, or in the rates of PTB before 37, 32, and 28 weeks of gestation, between the two groups. The proportion of very‐low‐birthweight neonates (<1500 g) was significantly lower in the 17OHPC group (7.6%) compared with placebo (14.3%) (relative risk, RR 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI 0.3–0.9; P = 0.01). Progestogen‐treated neonates had a significantly lower composite neonatal morbidity (19.1%) compared with placebo (30.9%) (odds ratio, OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.31–0.90; P = 0.02), with significantly lower odds for respiratory distress syndrome (14.4 versus 23.4%; OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.31–0.98; P = 0.04), retinopathy of prematurity (1.1 versus 4.6%; OR 0.21; 95% CI 0.05–0.96; P = 0.04), and culture‐confirmed sepsis (3.4 versus 12.8%; OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.10–0.57; P = 0.00).ConclusionsIntramuscular 17OHPC therapy did not reduce PTB before 37 weeks of gestation in unselected twin pregnancies. Nonetheless, 17OHPC significantly reduced neonatal morbidity parameters and increased birthweight.
Development and application of molecular gut‐content analysis to detect aphid and coccinellid predation by Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Italy
Authors: Rondoni Gabriele , Athey Kacie J. , Harwood James D. , Conti Eric , Ricci Carlo , Obrycki John J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDespite their positive effect in reducing pest populations, exotic generalist predators sometimes become invasive and contribute to the displacement of indigenous species in the same trophic level. Although laboratory experiments have linked intraguild predation (IGP) to these interactions, field evidence and quantification of IGP are still lacking for most systems. The recent establishment of the exotic Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Italy raises concern about the detrimental effect that the ladybird could have on native coccinellids. Here we assessed, under laboratory conditions, the acceptability and suitability of eggs of 2 native ladybirds, Adalia bipunctata L. and Oenopia conglobata (L.), as prey items for H. axyridis larvae. Then we developed primers for molecular gut‐content analysis to detect predation by H. axyridis on the 2 ladybirds and on the aphid Eucallipterus tiliae L. Species‐specific 16S primers were developed for the 3 species and laboratory feeding trials were conducted to quantify the rate of prey DNA breakdown in the gut of H. axyridis. Moreover, to field evaluate primers, H. axyridis 4th instars (n = 132) were systematically collected from linden trees in northern Italy and screened for the presence of prey DNA. Seventy‐three percent and 7% of field collected H. axyridis were positive for aphid and coccinellid DNA, respectively. Predation upon aphid and A. bipunctata was lower than predicted if density dependent consumption was expected, while predation upon O. conglobata was significantly higher. Here, we provided the first evidence of IGP among feral populations of H. axyridis and indigenous ladybird beetles, occurring in Italy.
Environmental Isotopic Characterization of Groundwater and Surface Water in Northeast Missan Province, South Iraq
Authors: GHALIB Hussein Badr , SÖĞÜT Ali Riza 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe present work studies the environmental isotopes assess groundwater characteristics of the different parts of the main aquifer in the northeast Missan Province in south of Iraq. Water samples of groundwater and surface water were collected for two dry and wet seasons during the water year of 2011–2012. The study shows that most of the groundwater in the aquifer falls above the global meteoric water line, and all the samples fall below the Mediterranean meteoric water line, indicating that these samples are a mixture of two water types. The tritium content of these samples supports this conclusion. The overall conclusion of this study indicates that there are two sources of groundwater recharge in the studied area: the ephemeral streams (Teeb and Dewerge) and major precipitation sources. According to the tritium levels at or below one tritium unit (TU) obtained from the water, supply wells are highly confined or “not vulnerable”. Overall, the 3H results imply that recent recharge has taken place during the last four to five decades. In the recharge area, the high tritium content in the southern part of the Teeb area suggests that the recharge originates from rapid infiltration of surface runoff. Therefore, the groundwater resources in the study area should be protected from contamination, because it will influence the aquifer in a relatively short period of time if any contamination enters the recharge areas of the aquifer.
An Overview of Formation Mechanism and Disaster Characteristics of Post‐seismic Debris Flows Triggered by Subsequent Rainstorms in Wenchuan Earthquake Extremely Stricken Areas
Authors: NI Huayong , TANG Chuan , ZHENG Wanmo , XU Ruge , TIAN Kai , XU Wei 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe Wenchuan earthquake induced large amounts of debris flows and catastrophic incidents triggered by subsequent rainstorms occurred frequently in the past 6 rainy seasons, and thus resulted in serious casualties, huge economic loss and long‐term impact. In this paper, post‐seismic debris flows distributed in 10 Wenchuan earthquake extremely stricken counties were verified and debris flow database consisting of 609 debris flows was established based on detailed investigation organized by Land and Resources Department of Sichuan Province. Combined with database and related studies, the impact of Wenchuan earthquake on debris flows was analyzed. And then variation of formation conditions including rainfall threshold and landform condition was analyzed by contrasting pre‐seismic and post‐seismic debris flows. Followed are some typical viewpoints on initiation mechanism of post‐seismic debris flows. In the end of this paper, characteristics of post‐seismic debris flows triggered by subsequent rainstorms were comprehensively summarized, such as regional group occurrence, high frequency, high viscosity, chain effect, huge dynamics, large scale and long duration. We hope this paper will be helpful in understanding the formation mechanism, disaster characteristics and prevention countermeasures of post‐seismic debris flows in Wenchuan earthquake extremely stricken areas.
Haplotype diversity in the equine myostatin gene with focus on variants associated with race distance propensity and muscle fiber type proportions
Authors: Petersen Jessica L. , Valberg Stephanie J. , Mickelson James R. , McCue Molly E. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryTwo variants in the equine myostatin gene (MSTN), including a T/C SNP in the first intron and a 227‐bp SINE insertion in the promoter, are associated with muscle fiber type proportions in the Quarter Horse (QH) and with the prediction of race distance propensity in the Thoroughbred (TB). Genotypes from these loci, along with 18 additional variants surrounding MSTN, were examined in 301 horses of 14 breeds to evaluate haplotype relationships and diversity. The C allele of intron 1 was found in 12 of 14 breeds at a frequency of 0.27; the SINE was observed in five breeds, but common in only the TB and QH (0.73 and 0.48 respectively). Haplotype data suggest the SINE insertion is contemporary to and arose upon a haplotype containing the intron 1 C allele. Gluteal muscle biopsies of TBs showed a significant association of the intron 1 C allele and SINE with a higher proportion of Type 2B and lower proportion of Type 1 fibers. However, in the Belgian horse, in which the SINE is not present, the intron 1 SNP was not associated with fiber type proportions, and evaluation of fiber type proportions across the Belgian, TB and QH breeds shows the significant effect of breed on fiber type proportions is negated when evaluating horses without the SINE variant. These data suggest the SINE, rather than the intron 1 SNP, is driving the observed muscle fiber type characteristics and is the variant targeted by selection for short‐distance racing.
Diffuse melanosis cutis in the setting of BRAFV600E mutant melanoma and treatment with targeted therapies
Authors: Minocha Rashi , Kefford Richard , Uribe Pablo , Sebaratnam Deshan F , Fernández‐Peñas Pablo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDiffuse melanosis cutis (DMC) is a rare presentation of metastatic melanoma associated with a particularly guarded prognosis. We report a case of a 35‐year‐old man with BRAFV600E metastatic melanoma treated with dabrafenib (as well as ipilimumab and whole brain radiotherapy), who is alive, 25 months after the onset of his DMC. This is significantly longer than the reported mean survival of 4 months, highlighting the importance of BRAF mutation testing and the promising survival advantage of using targeted therapies compared with conventional chemotherapeutic regimens.
Compound A, a selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist, inhibits immunoinflammatory diabetes, induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin in mice
Authors: Saksida T , Vujicic M , Nikolic I , Stojanovic I , Haegeman G , Stosic‐Grujicic S 
Published: August 2014

Background and PurposeType 1 diabetes is a multifactorial inflammatory disease that develops as a result of deregulated immune responses, causing progressive autoimmune destruction of insulin‐producing beta cells of pancreas. 2‐((4‐acetoxyphenyl)‐2‐chloro‐N‐methyl) ethylammonium chloride, compound A (CpdA), is a selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist that displays strong anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. We investigated the therapeutic effectiveness of CpdA in a pharmacological model of type 1 diabetes in mice.Experimental ApproachThe utility of CpdA in diabetes prevention was evaluated in vivo through its prophylactic administration to male C57BL/6 mice that received multiple low doses of streptozotocin for immunoinflammatory diabetes induction. The effect of CpdA on disease development was studied by measuring blood glucose and insulin level, histopathological examination, determination of the nature of infiltrating cells, pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine production, and signalling pathways.Key ResultsProphylactic in vivo therapy with CpdA conferred protection against development of immunoinflammatory diabetes in mice by dampening the M1/Th1/Th17 immune response and switching it towards an anti‐inflammatory M2/Th2/Treg profile, thus preserving beta cell function.Conclusions and ImplicationsAnti‐diabetic properties of CpdA are mediated through modulation of immune cell‐mediated pathways, but without triggering adverse events. These findings provide basic information for the therapeutic use of selective GR agonists in the amelioration of islet‐directed autoimmunity.
Labour and Petty Production
Authors: Harriss‐White Barbara 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTOne of many fracture zones in the right‐less workforce is between wage labour, disguised wage labour (DWL) and petty commodity production (PCP) — between the formal and real subsumption of labour to capital. When the polar classes of capitalism leave much lying between them under conditions of generalized commodity production and circulation, where expansion is driven by multiplication of tiny units of production and trade rather than, or as well as, accumulation, what is to be done? In response to Saumyajit Bhattacharya's charge (in this issue) that the discourse used to explore PCP can support the de‐legitimation of labour politics, this essay examines the definitions of, evidence for, and interpretation of DWL and PCP in the Indian case. It then addresses the theoretical and practical importance of PCP, its persistence, problems of its legal status and its politics.
Anodal motor cortex stimulation paired with movement repetition increases anterograde interference but not savings
Authors: Leow Li‐Ann , Hammond Geoff , de Rugy Aymar 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRetention of motor adaptation is evident in savings, where initial learning improves subsequent learning, and anterograde interference, where initial learning impairs subsequent learning. Previously, we proposed that use‐dependent movement biases induced by movement repetition contribute to anterograde interference, but not to savings. Here, we evaluate this proposal by limiting or extending movement repetition while stimulating the motor cortex (M1) with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a brain stimulation technique known to increase use‐dependent plasticity when applied during movement repetition. Participants first adapted to a counterclockwise rotation of visual feedback imposed either abruptly (extended repetition) or gradually (limited repetition) in a first block (A1), during which either sham or anodal tDCS (2 mA) was applied over M1. Anterograde interference was then assessed in a second block (B) with a clockwise rotation, and savings in a third block (A2) with a counterclockwise rotation. Anodal M1 tDCS elicited more anterograde interference than sham stimulation with extended but not with limited movement repetition. Conversely, anodal M1 tDCS did not affect savings with either limited or extended repetition of the adapted movement. Crucially, the effect of anodal M1 tDCS on anterograde interference did not require large errors evoked by an abrupt perturbation schedule, as anodal M1 tDCS combined with extended movement repetition within a gradual perturbation schedule similarly increased anterograde interference but not savings. These findings demonstrate that use‐dependent plasticity contributes to anterograde interference but not to savings.