bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Locus of Control, Psychological Distress, and Trauma Exposure in Groups Impacted by Intense Political Conflict in Egypt
Authors: Papanikolaou Vasiliki , Gadallah Mohsen , Leon Gloria R. , Massou Efthalia , Prodromitis Gerasimos , Skembris Angelos , Levett Jeffrey 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIntroductionSocial and political instability have become common situations in many parts of the world. Exposure to different types of traumatic circumstances may differentially affect psychological status.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the relationship between personal perceptions of control over the events happening in one's life and psychological distress in two groups who experienced physical trauma but differed as to whether the trauma was a result of political upheaval and violence. Views on the extent to which the state was interested in the individual were also assessed.MethodsThe sample consisted of 120 patients who were injured in the Cairo epicenter and 120 matched controls from the greater Cairo area whose injuries were from other causes. The Brown Locus of Control Scale and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL 90-R) were administered approximately three months after the January 2011 start of the demonstrations and subsequent overthrow of the government.ResultsThe groups did not differ on locus of control. For both groups, externality was associated with greater distress, suggesting a relationship between perceived helplessness in controlling one's life and distress. The Cairo group scored significantly higher than the control group on the SCL 90-R Global Severity Index (GSI) and Positive Symptom Total (PST). Perceptions of state interest in the population were low; overall, 78% viewed the state as having little or no interest in them.DiscussionThe relationship between exposure intensity and psychological distress is examined. In addition, differences in findings in populations experiencing political chaos compared with other types of disasters are considered.ConclusionBeliefs regarding personal control over one's life circumstances are more closely associated with psychological distress than the circumstances in which the trauma occurred.PapanikolaouV, GadallahM, LeonG, MassouE, ProdromitisG, SkembrisA, LevettJ. Relationship of locus of control, psychological distress, and trauma exposure in groups impacted by intense political conflict in Egypt. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(4):1-5.
Can transcranial direct current stimulation enhance outcomes from cognitive training? A randomized controlled trial in healthy participants
Authors: Martin Donel M. , Liu Rose , Alonzo Angelo , Green Melissa , Player Michael J. , Sachdev Perminder , Loo Colleen K. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Computer-administered cognitive training (CT) tasks are a common component of cognitive remediation treatments. There is growing evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), when given during cognitive tasks, improves performance. This randomized, controlled trial explored the potential synergistic effects of CT combined with tDCS in healthy participants. Altogether, 60 healthy participants were randomized to receive either active or sham tDCS administered during training on an adaptive CT task (dual n-back task), or tDCS alone, over 10 daily sessions. Cognitive testing (working memory, processing speed, executive function, reaction time) was conducted at baseline, end of the 10 sessions, and at 4-wk follow-up to examine potential transfer effects to non-trained tasks. Altogether, 54 participants completed the study. Over the 10 ‘online’ sessions, participants in the active tDCS+CT condition performed more accurately on the CT task than participants who received sham tDCS+CT. The performance enhancing effect, however, was present only during tDCS and did not result in greater learning (i.e. improvement over sessions) on the CT task. These results confirm prior reports of enhancement of cognitive function during tDCS stimulation. At follow-up, the active tDCS+CT group, but not the sham tDCS+CT group, showed greater gains on a non-trained test of attention and working memory than the tDCS-only group (p < 0.01). Although this gain can mainly be attributable to training, this result suggests that active tDCS may have a role in further enhancing outcomes.
Introduction
Authors: Atchison Amy L. 
Published: May 2013

Recommendation 5: That the character and implications of ethnic, gender, and cultural diversity and the international and transnational dimensions of particular problems and policies be addressed in all relevant courses—“main-streamed,” in the pedagogical vernacular—not treated as a separate and unique problem to be dealt with in a particular course or two or by a particular faculty member. (Wahlke 1991, 53; emphasis in original)
The idea for this Critical Perspectives section came from a short course at the 2011 American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, “Teaching Gender and Politics: Views from the Field.” In one of the panel discussions, a senior feminist international relations scholar mentioned the above-quoted Wahlke Report, and most participants—almost all of whom identify as gender scholars, many of whom are senior in the field—were surprised not only that APSA recommended gender mainstreaming in the political science classroom, but also that it happened so long ago. Despite this now twenty-year-old recommendation, the available data on gender mainstreaming indicate that gender as a powerful theoretical and analytical construct remains outside the mainstream of political science education (Cassese, Bos, and Duncan 2012). It is illustrative to note that our workshop participants were not the only political scientists who seem to have missed Wahlke's recommendation on inclusion of gender and ethnicity; it was not highlighted in either the immediate aftermath of the publication of the report or in more recent evaluations of the report's influence (Bennett 1991; Ishiyama 2005; Ishiyama, Breuning, and Lopez 2006; Kaufman-Osborn 1991). Given the many benefits of gender mainstreaming—from improving democratic citizenship to increasing the number of women in the profession—our goal for this Critical Perspectives section is to bring renewed focus to the subject of gender mainstreaming in political science education. We hope to start new conversations: What are the benefits of mainstreaming? How can faculty approach mainstreaming? What tools do faculty need in order to mainstream effectively? In the following essays, the authors approach these questions from a variety of viewpoints.
Emotionsregulation und aggressives Verhalten im Jugendalter
Authors: Koglin Ute , Petermann Franz , Jaščenoka Julia , Petermann Ulrike , Kullik Angelika 
Published: May 2013

Die Störungen des Sozialverhaltens treten im Jugendalter häufig auf und sind mit schwerwiegenden Konsequenzen verbunden. Einen proximalen Risikofaktor dafür stellt wahrscheinlich eine defizitäre Emotionsregulation dar. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde daher der Zusammenhang zwischen Emotionsregulation und aggressivem Verhalten im Grundschulalter untersucht. 278 Jugendliche (12 – 17 Jahre) füllten Selbstberichtsfragebögen zu internalen, externalen, funktionalen sowie dysfunktionalen Emotionsregulationsstrategien und aggressivem Verhalten aus. Hierarchische multiple Regressionsanalysen analysieren den Einfluss von Emotionsregulationsmustern auf verschiedene Formen der Aggression. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zwar signifikante Geschlechtsunterschiede bei der Häufigkeit der Anwendung von Regulationsstrategien, die sich jedoch nicht im Ausmaß aggressiven Verhaltens äußern. Internal- und external-dysfunktionale Emotionsregulation waren bedeutsame Prädiktoren oppositionell-aggressiven Verhaltens und allgemein aggressiven Verhaltens. Allein die external-dysfunktionale Emotionsregulation war Prädiktor aggressiv-dissozialen Verhaltens. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass unterschiedliche Formen aggressiven Verhaltens in differenzierter Weise mit Emotionsregulationsdefiziten in Beziehung stehen. Gezielte Interventionen zur Förderung der Emotionsregulation könnten zukünftig verbreitete Maßnahmen zur Therapie der Störung des Sozialverhaltens ergänzen.
Determining indicator taxa across spatial and seasonal gradients in the Columbia River coastal margin
Authors: Fortunato Caroline S , Eiler Alexander , Herfort Lydie , Needoba Joseph A , Peterson Tawnya D , Crump Byron C 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Bacterioplankton communities are deeply diverse and highly variable across space and time, but several recent studies demonstrate repeatable and predictable patterns in this diversity. We expanded on previous studies by determining patterns of variability in both individual taxa and bacterial communities across coastal environmental gradients. We surveyed bacterioplankton diversity across the Columbia River coastal margin, USA, using amplicon pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes from 596 water samples collected from 2007 to 2010. Our results showed seasonal shifts and annual reassembly of bacterioplankton communities in the freshwater-influenced Columbia River, estuary, and plume, and identified indicator taxa, including species from freshwater SAR11, Oceanospirillales, and Flavobacteria groups, that characterize the changing seasonal conditions in these environments. In the river and estuary, Actinobacteria and Betaproteobacteria indicator taxa correlated strongly with seasonal fluctuations in particulate organic carbon (ρ=−0.664) and residence time (ρ=0.512), respectively. In contrast, seasonal change in communities was not detected in the coastal ocean and varied more with the spatial variability of environmental factors including temperature and dissolved oxygen. Indicator taxa of coastal ocean environments included SAR406 and SUP05 taxa from the deep ocean, and Prochlorococcus and SAR11 taxa from the upper water column. We found that in the Columbia River coastal margin, freshwater-influenced environments were consistent and predictable, whereas coastal ocean community variability was difficult to interpret due to complex physical conditions. This study moves beyond beta-diversity patterns to focus on the occurrence of specific taxa and lends insight into the potential ecological roles these taxa have in coastal ocean environments.
Hemicrania Continua
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Hemicrania continua is an underrecognized primary headache disorder that is uniquely responsive to treatment with indomethacin. This chapter discusses the clinical features, differential diagnosis, and work-up for this disorder and reviews the treatment options including strategies to employ when indomethacin is ineffective or contraindicated.
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The agonizing pain of trigeminal neuralgia can prove resistant to simple treatment. Differential diagnosis includes glossopharyngeal neuralgia, facial pathology, and lesions in the region of the path of the trigeminal nerve or in the brainstem near the trigeminal nuclei. Both diagnostic and treatment approaches (medical and surgical) are discussed in this chapter.
Pancreatic tumours
Authors: Miller Ben , Geh Ian , Roy-Choudhury Shuvro 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Chapter 9 discusses the ninety percent of primary pancreatic tumours that are ductal adenocarcinomas, which have a predilection for the head and neck and are the main focus of discussion here. Tumours of the islet cells are less common and are discussed separately in Chapter 18.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours
Authors: Mahon Brinder , Seddon Beatrice , Geh Ian 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Chapter 10 discusses gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs), which are rare tumours arising from the same common mesenchymal stem cell precursor as the interstitial cells of Cajal, which are pacemaker cells of the autonomic nervous system, located within the wall of the gut and responsible for gastrointestinal (GI) tract peristalsis.
The law and the criminal justice system
Authors: Plant Martin , Robertson Roy , Plant Moira , Miller Patrick 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the main provisions of the UK's Misuse of Drugs Act (1971) and other legislation related to illicit drug use. It should be noted that this important piece of legislation is derived from the International United National Convention 1961. This Convention sets out the framework for domestic legislation in member countries but often results in slightly different laws with varying penalties and constraints. For this reason differences are often observed between countries when comparisons are made. It also considers some of the recent debates about the operation of the criminal justice system in relation to drugs and drug users. The legal classification of drugs will be critically considered in the light of evidence suggesting that some legal drugs (such as alcohol and tobacco) are at least as dangerous as some of those which are illegal. A review will also be provided of trends in cautions and convictions for drug-related offences. The overall role of drugs in relation to crime and the criminal justice system will also be considered. This discussion will include the issues of drug offenders, drug dependents and drug use in prison, the impact of drugs on the court service, probation, and Customs and Excise.
Considering recovery as a process: or, life is not an outcome
Authors: Davidson Larry 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter argues that in order to appreciate the nature of recovery as a process, we first have to disconnect it from any preconceived notions of desirable outcomes to which it may ordinarily be linked. Accepting that, for human beings, the only real “outcome” that is enduring is our eventual death, the author argues that a process understanding of recovery makes better sense of the longitudinal data related to the non-linearity of course and heterogeneity in clinical definitions of outcome of mental illness. If, as the consumer/survivor movement argues, each person has to be the final arbiter of what is and what is not “normal” for him- or herself, further doubts are raised about the utility of the notion of recovery as an outcome. The author connects this discussion to the civil rights dimension of recovery as promoted by the recovery movement, and shows how this understanding of recovery is consistent with the view that people may experience an increase in symptoms, or deterioration in clinical status, in response to life events without thereby no longer being considered “in recovery”. Finally, the author responds to the criticism that this definition of recovery can apply to everyone all the time, and is therefore meaningless, by illustrating how it evolves in the lives of people with serious mental illnesses.
Phasic GABAA-Mediated Inhibition
Authors: Cherubini Enrico 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This review will focus on GABAA-mediated phasic inhibition which, in physiological conditions, exerts a powerful control on cell excitability and network oscillations thought to be associated with higher cognitive functions.3 An impairment of fast GABAergic signaling is involved in various psychiatric and neurological disorders including epilepsy.4
Tonic GABAA Receptor–Mediated Signaling in Epilepsy
Authors: Walker Matthew C. , Kullmann Dimitri M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Fast inhibitory signaling in the brain has conventionally been considered to be predominantly mediated by the vesicular release of GABA from presynaptic terminals onto postsynaptic GABAA receptors.1 Transient opening of such receptors results in a brief increase in postsynaptic permeability to Cl–, generating an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) that reduces the probability of firing of the neuron. However, there is abundant evidence that GABA can also act relatively far from its site of release, and this, together with several other discoveries in the last two decades, has contributed to a reappraisal of the roles of GABAA receptors in modulating neuronal and circuit excitability.1
Glutamatergic Mechanisms Related to Epilepsy
Authors: Dingledine Raymond 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The ionotropic glutamate receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate the vast majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. The past 20 years have been a golden age for glutamate receptor research. Even before that time, in the early 1980s the invention of the first selective antagonists for what would come to be known as N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors1 triggered a flood of investigations as the realization grew that NMDA receptors were critically involved in synaptic plasticity, learning, creation of the proper wiring diagram of the brain during development, excitotoxicity, and a host of neurological disorders involving aberrant circuitry organization, including epilepsy (reviewed in refs. 2 and 3). Cloning of the first glutamate receptor subunit was reported in December 1989,4 and within the next 2 years an additional 15 subunits were cloned.3,5 The subsequent application of molecular and gene ablation technologies has revealed a wealth of subtlety regarding control of synaptic transmission highlighted, perhaps, by a resurgence of interest in how excitatory input patterns to GABAergic interneurons regulate synchronous firing throughout the brain. Over the past decade, our understanding of how these receptors work has been brought to the structural level by successful crystallization of numerous glutamate receptor subunits (see ref. 6). The mechanisms (transcriptional, translational, and post-translational) underlying seizure-induced changes in expression of glutamate receptors have been elucidated. A wealth of new pharmacologic reagents, particularly allosteric receptor modulators, have been introduced that can facilitate study of the roles of specific glutamate receptors in epilepsy. The proposal that reactive astrocytes release glutamate, which then acts to synchronize neuron firing within local microdomains, has been developed. Here I review the functional properties of glutamate receptors and discuss recent data pointing to their potential roles in epilepsy. But first, a word on nomenclature.
Limbic Network Synchronization and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Jefferys John G.R. , Jiruska Premysl , de Curtis Marco , Avoli Massimo 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Cognitive function, including perception and the formation and recall of memories, depends on the integrated, often synchronous, activity of many neurons. The limbic system in general, and the hippocampal formation in particular, have well-developed anatomical and physiological mechanisms that promote neuronal synchronization. Examples of physiological synchronization include the theta rhythm, beta and gamma oscillations, and sharp-wave ripples. In general, the mechanisms of these synchronous activities depend on intrinsic neuronal properties and the interplay between populations of principal cells and interneurons.
Normal and Pathological High-Frequency Oscillations
Authors: Staba Richard J. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
During natural waking and sleep behavior, the occurrence of spontaneous rhythmic field potentials, for example theta (3–8 Hz), gamma (30–80 Hz), and high-frequency oscillations (HFOs; 80–600 Hz), correspond with an increase in the rate and synchrony of neuronal firing. Compared to theta and gamma oscillations, networks supporting the generation of HFOs can be smaller in size and events shorter in duration, but the increase in neuronal firing and synchrony of discharges that occurs on a temporal scale of a few milliseconds or less can be much greater. Because HFOs can facilitate synaptic transmission through local networks, these events are implicated in information processing and consolidation of memory. Alterations to neuronal networks associated with epilepsy can also generate abnormal or pathological HFOs (pHFOs) that are believed to reflect fundamental neuronal disturbances associated with brain areas capable of generating spontaneous epileptic seizures. However, distinguishing normal HFOs from pHFOs is not always simple, particularly in studies involving intracranial brain recordings in presurgical patients with medically refractory epilepsy. This chapter will describe some of the spatial and temporal properties of HFOs observed in normal and epileptic mammalian brain and roles HFOs could play in normal brain function and epilepsy. Important to any description of HFOs are the putative mechanisms that support the generation of normal HFOs and pHFOs, and how pHFOs could be clinically useful in the treatment of epilepsy.
Interictal Epileptiform Discharges in Partial Epilepsy
Authors: de Curtis Marco , Jefferys John G.R. , Avoli Massimo 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Seizures (also termed ictal discharges) represent the critical events and the primary clinical burden of an active epileptic condition. Between seizures, however, the brain of patients with epilepsy generates pathological patterns of activity, called interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), that are clearly distinguished from the activity observed during the seizure itself. The correlation between IEDs and ictal discharges in intractable partial epilepsies has been the subject of several studies (for review see refs. 1–4), yet no conclusion regarding the reciprocal relationship and interdependence of IEDs and ictal discharges has been reached to date. Indeed, the existing data findings have led to two opposite views that assign to IEDs either a preventive or a precipitating role in seizure occurrence.
GABAA Receptor Function in Typical Absence Seizures
Authors: Crunelli Vincenzo , Leresche Nathalie , Cope David W. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
A typical absence is a nonconvulsive epileptic seizure that is characterized by a sudden and relatively brief impairment of consciousness, occurring concomitantly with a generalized, bilaterally synchronous spike (or polyspike) and slow wave discharge (SWD) at 2.5–4 Hz in the electroencephalogram (EEG).1,2 Typical absence seizures are part of the multifaceted clinical and EEG presentation of many idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs), but in childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) these seizures are the only neurological symptom and are not accompanied by either metabolic, neuropathological, or other neurological deficits.1,2 The human studies reviewed in this chapter, therefore, will be those that relate to CAE, since this is the only IGE in which a putative causal link can be made between a typical absence seizure and the underlying genetic variants or pathophysiological mechanisms without the confounding effects of other epileptic and nonepileptic neurological phenotypes.