bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern carbonate sedimentary facies on the outer shelf and slope around New Caledonia
Authors: Yamano Hiroya , Cabioch Guy , Pelletier Bernard , Chevillon Christophe , Tachikawa Hiroyuki , Lefêvre Jérôme , Marchesiello Patrick 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe investigated surface carbonate sediments at 33 sites on the outer shelf and slope around New Caledonia (163°–167°E, 20°–23°S), at water depths of 75–720 m. Four carbonate sedimentary facies are recognized on the basis of sediment size fractions and predominant constituents: Facies 1, encrusted grains (rhodoliths and macroids), bryozoa, and benthic foraminifera; Facies 2, bryozoa, benthic foraminifera, and mud; Facies 3, plankton and mud; and Facies 4, ahermatypic corals. Facies distributions were constrained primarily by water depth, and secondarily by local seafloor geomorphology that, in some areas, allows transport of sediments to deeper water. Because the dominant facies (Facies 1 and 3), as well as lagoon and basin facies, are distributed worldwide at similar latitudes, facies around New Caledonia can be considered as representative of carbonate sedimentary facies distributed in tropical–subtropical regions.
In vitro evaluation of a novel biofilm remover
Authors: Hofer D , Meier A , Sener B , Guggenheim B , Attin T , Schmidlin PR 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate a novel device for its efficacy in removing experimental biofilm from root surfaces and its potential for concomitantly removing/roughening the surface substance.Methods and MaterialsA novel acrylic rotary device (biofilm remover, BR) was tested in vitro in three experiments: surface loss, surface roughness [positive controls: Perioset (PS) and Proxoshape (PR)] and biofilm removal [positive controls: ultrasonic (US) and PS]. Surface loss/surface roughness was evaluated for dentin samples instrumented for three 20 s periods. The calcium removed during instrumentation was analysed after each interval and cumulatively, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Surface roughness was measured using profilometric analysis. Biofilm removal was evaluated on dentin specimens coated with a 64.5 h 6‐species in vitro formed biofilm, after one 20 s treatment. Surface loss was analysed using anova with Scheffé post hoc test, and surface roughness/biofilm removal was analysed using Mann–Whitney test (all P ≤ 0.05).ResultsSignificantly less substance loss [μg (±1 SD)] was observed with the novel device at all time points, both interval and cumulative (1.0 (±0.5) versus 9.3 (±3.2) PS and 9.9 (±1.9) PR at 60 s). Surface roughness [μm (95% CI)] was significantly lower for BR than for PS and PR [0.00 (−0.01, 0.08) 0.20 (0.16, 0.27) and 0.21 (0.19, 0.24) at 60 s]. Significantly less biofilm bacteria remained after treatment with both BR 4.5 (−0.1, 16.2) and US 1.9 (−0.2, 14.3), compared to PS 52 (27.9, 82.1).ConclusionsThe novel biofilm remover was less damaging to dentin surfaces, while removing biofilm at least as effectively as devices used in this study.
Dental pulp stem cell responses to novel antibiotic‐containing scaffolds for regenerative endodontics
Authors: Kamocki K. , Nör J. E. , Bottino M. C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAimTo evaluate both the drug‐release profile and the effects on human dental pulp stem cells' (hDPSC) proliferation and viability of novel bi‐mix antibiotic‐containing scaffolds intended for use as a drug delivery system for root canal disinfection prior to regenerative endodontics.MethodologyPolydioxanone (PDS)‐based fibrous scaffolds containing both metronidazole (MET) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) at selected ratios were synthesized via electrospinning. Fibre diameter was evaluated based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Pure PDS scaffolds and a saturated CIP/MET solution (i.e. 50 mg of each antibiotic in 1 mL) (hereafter referred to as DAP) served as both negative (nontoxic) and positive (toxic) controls, respectively. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to investigate the amount of drug(s) released from the scaffolds. WST‐1® proliferation assay was used to evaluate the effect of the scaffolds on cell proliferation. LIVE/DEAD® assay was used to qualitatively assess cell viability. Data obtained from drug release and proliferation assays were statistically analysed at the 5% significance level.ResultsA burst release of CIP and MET was noted within the first 24 h, followed by a sustained maintenance of the drug(s) concentration for 14 days. A concentration‐dependent trend was noticed upon hDPSCs' exposure to all CIP‐containing scaffolds, where increasing the CIP concentration resulted in reduced cell proliferation (P < 0.05) and viability. In groups exposed to pure MET or pure PDS scaffolds, no changes in proliferation were observed.ConclusionsSynthesized antibiotic‐containing scaffolds had significantly lower effects on hDPSCs proliferation when compared to the saturated CIP/MET solution (DAP).
Ending poverty in Mongolia: From socialism to social development
Authors: Smith Richard J. 
Published: November 2014

While recent literature on social welfare has included Asian countries, less is known about low‐income and former socialist countries in Central Asia. This article combines a documentary‐historical method with a value‐critical approach to analyze Mongolia's social policy response to poverty. Mongolia is unique in Asia because it transformed from nomadic pastoralism to socialism without a phase of capitalist industrial development. The case study found that Mongolia lost social welfare when it transitioned from socialism, a statist model, to market liberalism and multiparty democracy. In the 21st century, Mongolia has been aspiring to promote social development by redirecting mining revenues to a human development fund. Mongolia is potentially an exemplar of social development strategies affirmed at the United Nations Conference for Social Development (Rio+20) regarding a green economy for inclusive growth and poverty elimination. Future social welfare research should consider the importance of sustainability.Key Practitioner Message: ● Global standards for tracking poverty alleviation will be integrated with sustainability measures beginning in 2015; ● Mongolia hopes to foster social development and sustainable livelihoods by reinvesting revenues from mining into human capital and health care; ● To sustain future generations, social policy needs to consider the relationship between natural capital, social capital, and financial capital.
MicroRNAs of two medically important mosquito species: Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi
Authors: Hu W. , Criscione F. , Liang S. , Tu Z. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, single‐stranded small RNAs that have important regulatory functions at the post‐transcriptional level. In the present study, we characterize miRNAs in two divergent mosquito species, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi, through deep sequencing of small RNAs spanning all developmental stages. We discovered eight novel miRNAs in Ae. aegypti and 20 novel miRNAs in An. stephensi, which enabled the first systematic analysis of miRNA evolution in mosquitos. We traced the phylogenetic history of all miRNAs in both species and report a rate of 0.055–0.13 miRNA net gain per million years. Most novel miRNAs originate de novo. Duplications that produced miRNA clusters and families are more common in Ae. aegypti than in An. stephensi. We also identified arm‐switch as a source of new miRNAs. Expression profile analysis identified mosquito‐specific miRNAs that showed strong stage‐specific expression in one or both lineages. For example, the aae‐miR‐2941/2946 family represents the most abundant maternally deposited and zygotically transcribed miRNAs in Ae. aegypti. miR‐2943 is a highly expressed zygotic miRNA in both Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi. Such information provides the basis from which to study the function of these miRNAs in biology common to all mosquitos or unique to one particular lineage.
Toll‐like receptor 8 deletion accelerates autoimmunity in a mouse model of lupus through a Toll‐like receptor 7‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Tran Ngoc Lan , Manzin‐Lorenzi Céline , Santiago‐Raber Marie‐Laure 
Published: November 2014

SummarySystemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder characterized by increased levels of lymphocyte activation, antigen presentation by dendritic cells, and the formation of autoantibodies. This leads to immune complex‐mediated glomerulonephritis. Toll‐like receptor 7 (T7) and TLR9 localize to the endosomal compartment and play important roles in the generation of autoantibodies against nuclear components, as they recognize RNA and DNA, respectively. In contrast, very little is known about endogenous TLR8 activation in mice. We therefore tested whether TLR8 could affect autoimmune responses in a murine model of lupus. We introduced a Tlr8 null mutation into C57BL/6 mice congenic for the Nba2 (NZB autoimmunity 2) locus and bearing the Yaa (Y‐linked autoimmune acceleration) mutation containing a tlr8 duplicated gene, and monitored disease development, autoantibody production, and glomerulonephritis‐associated mortality. Cellular responses were investigated in female Nba2.TLR8−/− mice bearing no copy of tlr8. The TLR8 deficiency accelerated disease progression and mortality, increased the number of circulating antibodies and activated monocytes, and heightened cellular responses to TLR7 ligation. TLR8‐deficient antigen‐presenting cells exhibited increased levels of MHC class II expression. The ability of dendritic cells to present antigens to allogeneic T cells after TLR7 ligation was also improved by TLR8 deficiency. TLR8 deletion accelerated autoimmunity in lupus‐prone mice in response to TLR7 activation. Antigen‐presenting cell function seemed to play a key role in mediating the effects of TLR8 deficiency.
Contribution of Different Organs to Grain Filling in Durum Wheat under Mediterranean Conditions I. Contribution of Post‐Anthesis Photosynthesis and Remobilization
Authors: Merah O. , Monneveux P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractUnder Mediterranean conditions, drought affects cereals production principally through a limitation of grain filling. In this study, the respective role of post‐anthesis photosynthesis and carbon remobilization and the contribution of flag leaf, stem, chaff and awns to grain filling were evaluated under Mediterranean conditions in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) cultivars. For the purpose, we examined the effects of shading and excision of different parts of the plant and compared carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in dry matter of flag leaf, stem, chaff, awns and grain at maturity and in sap of stem, flag leaf, chaff and awns, this last measurement providing information on photosynthesis during a short period preceding sampling. Source–sink manipulations and isotopic imprints of different organs on final isotope composition of the grain confirmed the high contribution of both carbons assimilated by ears and remobilized from stems to grain filling, and the relatively low contribution of leaves to grain filling. Grain Δ was highly and significantly associated with grain yield across treatments, suggesting the utilization of this trait as an indicator of source–sink manipulations effects on grain yield. Chaff and awns Δ were better correlated with grain Δ than stem and leaf Δ, indicating that chaff were more involved in grain filling than other organs. Moreover, in chaff, sap Δ was highly significantly correlated with dry matter Δ. These results suggest the use of Δ for a rapid and non‐destructive estimation of the variation in the contribution of different organs to grain filling.
Structure‐Dependent Microwave Dielectric Properties and Middle‐Temperature Sintering of Forsterite (Mg1–xNix)2SiO4 Ceramics
Authors: Zhang Chen , Zuo Ruzhong , Zhang Jian , Wang Yang 
Published: November 2014

The crystal structure, microstructure, and microwave dielectric properties of forsterite‐based (Mg1–xNix)2SiO4 (x = 0.02–0.20) ceramics were systematically investigated. All samples present a single forsterite phase of an orthorhombic structure with a space group Pbnm except for a little MgSiO3 secondary phase as x > 0.08. Lattice parameters in all axes decrease linearly with increasing Ni content due to the smaller ionic radius of Ni2+ compared to Mg2+. The substitution of an appropriate amount of Ni2+ could greatly improve the sintering behavior and produce a uniform and closely packed microstructure of the Mg2SiO4 ceramics such that a superior Q × f value (152 300 GHz) can be achieved as x = 0.05. The τf value was found to increase with increasing A‐site ionic bond valences. In addition, various additives were used as sintering aids to lower the sintering temperature from 1500°C to the middle sintering temperature range. Excellent microwave dielectric properties of εr~6.9, Q × f~99800 GHz and τf~−50 ppm/°C can be obtained for 12 wt% Li2CO3‐V2O5‐doped (Mg0.95Ni0.05)2SiO4 ceramics sintered at 1150°C for 4 h.
Influence of the Processing Route on the Carbon Nanotubes Dispersion and Creep Resistance of 3YTZP/SWCNTs Nanocomposites
Authors: Castillo‐Rodríguez Miguel , Muñoz Antonio , Morales‐Rodríguez Ana , Poyato Rosalía , Gallardo‐López Ángela , Domínguez‐Rodríguez Arturo 
Published: November 2014

3YTZP matrix composites containing 2.5 vol% of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) at 1250°C, following different processing routines with the aim of optimizing the SWCNTs dispersion throughout the ceramic matrix. Microstructural characterization of the as‐fabricated samples has been performed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The specimens have been crept at 1200°C to correlate creep resistance and SWCNTs distribution. There are no creep experimental results on these nanocomposites reported in literature. Mechanical results show that the incorporation of SWCNTs into a 3YTZP matrix produces an increase in the strain rate at high temperature with respect to monolithic zirconia. The creep resistance of these nanocomposites decreases with the improvement of the SWCNTs dispersion, where a smaller SWCNTs agglomerate size and consequently a higher concentration of carbon nanotubes surrounding the 3YTZP grain boundaries is found. This fact indicates that SWCNTs act as a lubricant making grain‐boundary sliding easier during deformation of these composites.
Strong Red Emissions in Pr3+‐Doped (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3–CaTiO3 Diphase Ceramics
Authors: Sun Haiqin , Zhang Qiwei , Wang Xusheng , Bulin Chaoke 
Published: November 2014

The photoluminescence and temperature sensing properties based on down‐shifting emission of Pr3+‐doped (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3–yCaTiO3 (KNN: yCT) diphasic materials were systematically investigated. Under 447‐nm excitation, Pr3+‐doped KNN: yCT samples exhibited significantly enhanced red emission at 603 nm assigned to 1D2→3H4 transitions of Pr3+ ions. The red emission intensities reached the optimum value with y = 0.05 near the polymorphic phase transition region. The origin of the enhanced red emission is mainly ascribed to the doping‐induced lattice symmetry change. The energy level transitions from the typical f–f transitions to the valence‐to‐conduction transitions were observed as CaTiO3 concentration increases above a critical concentration of y = 0.05. Furthermore, the sample with y = 0.05 also possessed excellent temperature response properties in a wide temperature range 300–473 K and the maximum sensing sensitivity was 0.016 K−1. The Pr3+‐doped (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3–yCaTiO3 red emission materials with admirable intrinsic piezoelectric properties may have important technological promise in novel multifunctional devices.
Evolutionary dynamics of interlinked public goods traits: an experimental study of siderophore production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Ross‐Gillespie A. , Dumas Z. , Kümmerli R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPublic goods cooperation is common in microbes, and there is much interest in understanding how such traits evolve. Research in recent years has identified several important factors that shape the evolutionary dynamics of such systems, yet few studies have investigated scenarios involving interactions between multiple public goods. Here, we offer general predictions about the evolutionary trajectories of two public goods traits having positive, negative or neutral regulatory influence on one another's expression, and we report on a test of some of our predictions in the context of Pseudomonas aeruginosa's production of two interlinked iron‐scavenging siderophores. First, we confirmed that both pyoverdine and pyochelin siderophores do operate as public goods under appropriate environmental conditions. We then tracked their production in lines experimentally evolved under different iron‐limitation regimes known to favour different siderophore expression profiles. Under strong iron limitation, where pyoverdine represses pyochelin, we saw a decline in pyoverdine and a concomitant increase in pyochelin – consistent with expansion of pyoverdine‐defective cheats derepressed for pyochelin. Under moderate iron limitation, pyochelin declined – again consistent with an expected cheat invasion scenario – but there was no concomitant shift in pyoverdine because cross‐suppression between the traits is unidirectional only. Alternating exposure to strong and moderate iron limitation caused qualitatively similar though lesser shifts compared to the constant‐environment regimes. Our results confirm that the regulatory interconnections between public goods traits can significantly modulate the course of evolution, yet also suggest how we can start to predict the impacts such complexities will have on phenotypic divergence and community stability.
Form and function of the intervertebral disc in health and disease: a morphological and stain comparison study
Authors: Walter B. A. , Torre O. M. , Laudier D. , Naidich T. P. , Hecht A. C. , Iatridis J. C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMultiple histologic measurements are commonly used to assess degenerative changes in intervertebral disc (IVD) structure; however, there is no consensus on which stains offer the clearest visualization of specific areas within the IVD. The objective of this study was to compare multiple tinctorial stains, evaluate their ability to highlight structural features within the IVD, and investigate how they influence the capacity to implement a degeneration scoring system. Lumbar IVDs from seven human autopsy specimens were stained using six commonly used stains (Hematoxylin/Eosin, Toluidine Blue, Safranin‐O/Fast Green, Extended FAST, modified Gomori's Trichrome, and Picrosirius Red Alcian Blue). All IVDs were evaluated by three separate graders to independently determine which stains (i) were most effective at discerning different structural features within different regions of the IVDs and (ii) allowed for the most reproducible assessment of degeneration grade, as assessed via the Rutges histological scoring system (Rutges et al. A validated new histological classification for intervertebral disc degeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 21, 2039‐47). Although Trichrome, XFAST and PR/AB stains were all effective at highlighting different regions of whole IVDs, we recommend the use of PR/AB because it had the highest degree of rater agreement on assigned degeneration grade, allowed greater resolution of degeneration grade, has an inferential relationship between color and composition, and allowed clear differentiation of the different regions and structural disruptions within the IVD. The use of a standard set of stains together with a histological grading scheme can aid in the characterization of structural changes in different regions of the IVD and may simplify comparisons across the field. This collection of human IVD histological images highlights how IVD degeneration is not a single disease but a composite of multiple processes such as aging, injury, repair, and disease, each of which are unique to the individual.
Investigating the adequacy of the Competence‐Turnover Intention Model: how does nursing competence affect nurses’ turnover intention?
Authors: Takase Miyuki , Teraoka Sachiko , Kousuke Yabase 
Published: November 2014

Aims and objectivesThe aim of this study was to test the adequacy of the Competence‐Turnover Intention Model, which was developed to identify how nursing competence could affect nurses’ turnover intention (nurses’ intention to voluntarily leave an organisation).BackgroundRecent studies have suggested that the level of nursing competence is negatively related to nurses’ intention to leave their jobs, suggesting that a lack of competence threatens both the quality and quantity of the nursing workforce. However, the mechanism of how nursing competence affects nurses’ turnover intention has not been explored previously.DesignA cross‐sectional survey design was used.MethodsSurveys were distributed to 1337 Japanese registered nurses/midwives in October, 2013. The adequacy of the model was analysed using structural equation modelling.ResultsIn total, 766 questionnaires were returned, with a return rate of 57%. The model fitted well with the data. The results showed that the level of nursing competence was related positively to the quantity of organisational rewards they felt they had received, and negatively related to the level of exhaustion they experienced. Moreover, the perceived organisational rewards and exhaustion were correlated with nurses’ turnover intention through affective commitment.ConclusionsThe Competence‐Turnover Intention Model is useful for explaining how nursing competence impacts on their turnover intention.Relevance to clinical practiceClinical implications derived from the findings are that: promoting nursing competence is key to improving not only the quality of care provided by nurses, but also to retaining the nursing workforce, and the model can be used to develop strategies that would mitigate their turnover intention.