bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unraveling Differences in the Effects of Ammonium/Amine‐Based Additives on the Performance and Stability of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Kao Shih‐Feng , Yu Ming‐Hsuan , Chen Jing‐Chun , Yu Hao‐Wei , Yu Hsin‐Yu , Lin Bi‐Hsuan , Ni I‐Chih , Li Yi‐Pei , Chueh Chu‐Chen 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAdditive engineering, with its excellent ability to passivate bulk or surface perovskite defects, has become a common strategy to improve the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). Among the various additives reported so far, ammonium salts are considered an important branch. It is worth noting that although both ammonium‐based additives (R‐NH3+) and amine‐based additives (R‐NH2) are derivatives of ammonia (NH3), the functions of the two can be easily confused due to their structural similarities. Moreover, there is no comprehensive comparative analysis of them in the literature. Here, the differences between phenethylammonium iodide (PEA+) and phenethylamine (PEA) additives are revealed experimentally and theoretically. The results clearly show that PEA outperforms PEA+ in terms of device performance and stability based on the following three factors: i) PEA's defect passivation capability is superior to that of PEA+; ii) PEA has better hydrophobicity to hinder water ingress; and iii) PEA completely improves the stability of PVSCs by enhancing thermal stability and inhibiting iodide migration in perovskite more effectively than PEA+. As a result, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the inverted methylammonium triiodide (MAPbI3) device using PEA increases by ≈15% to over 21%. More importantly, this device exhibits greater ability to prevent water invasion, thermal‐induce degradation, and inhibit iodide ion migration, resulting in better long‐term stability.
Popcorn‐Inspired Expanded Graphite Microspheres with Controlled Morphology and Considerable Conductivity
Authors: Guan Rongting , Lin Weizhi , Zhang Guorui , Ni Zhaoyang , Ma Yusong , Chen Feng , Fu Qiang 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe structured processing of graphite is complex and challenging, in which expanded graphite plays a crucial role. Given its superior physical and chemical properties, expanded graphite finds extensive application in diverse domains such as electrochemistry and thermal management. However, the traditional preparation process is inconvenient in effectively meeting the design requirements on the macro and micro scales, which presents a challenge for the structured processing of expanded graphite materials. Here, an innovative method is first proposed for the controllable preparation of expanded graphite microspheres. Inspired by the explosion process of popcorn, the controlled gas release inside the natural flake graphite during chemical expansion is regulated by fuming sulfuric acid, realizing the controllable preparation of expanded graphite microspheres. Subsequently, sulfur trioxide can also intensify the degree of oxidation on the surface of the microspheres. The controllable microsphere morphology endows the composite with good isotropic network bonding, with considerable thermal conductivity of 1.703 W m−1 K−1 at low loading of 10 wt.% and reliable cyclic stability. This work opens up a new way for the morphology control of expanded graphite and provides a novel design thought for the physical and chemical structure control of carbon materials in the future.
Mechanical and rheological properties of fiber‐reinforced 3D printable concrete; in terms of fiber content and aspect ratio
Authors: Şahin Hatice Gizem , Akgümüş Fatih Eren , Mardani Ali 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe aim of this study is to improve the mechanical and dimensional stability properties of 3D printable concrete by using fibers. Ten mixtures containing polypropylene fiber in three different lengths (3, 6, and 12 mm) and ratios (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%) were prepared. Rheological properties, compressive strength, three‐point flexural strength, and drying‐shrinkage performance of 3D printable concrete mixtures were examined in this study. Strength properties were determined by perpendicular and lateral loading. Thixotropic properties of the mixtures were determined using three different approaches (structural build‐up development, hysteresis area and dynamic structural build‐up). The dynamic yield stress value increased with fiber addition up to 0.4% of the total volume. It was determined that this value decreases with the use of fiber above this rate. In terms of mechanical and dimensional stability properties of 3D printable concrete, the optimum fiber length and utilization ratio were 6 mm and 0.4%, respectively. This parameters were adversely affected when fiber utilization ratio was 0.6% and length was 12 mm. Also, there is a strong correlation between structural build‐up development and dynamic structural build‐up.
Vom User zum Bürger: Durch Digitalisierung zu mehr Bürger:innenorientierung im SGB II
Authors: Funke Corinna , Christ Friedemann 
Published: August 2024

ZusammenfassungDie Jobcenter haben deutlich vor anderen deutschen Behörden ihr Leistungsangebot gegenüber den Bürgerinnen und Bürgern digitalisiert. Dies gilt sowohl für die gemeinsamen Einrichtungen als auch die kommunalen Jobcenter. Im Zuge ihrer Digitalisierungsbemühungen ist die Jobcenterwelt mit den Prinzipien, Methoden und Haltungen des nutzerzentrierten Service Designs konfrontiert worden. Dieser Beitrag argumentiert, dass der bei der Entwicklung von Online-Services unvermeidliche Fokus auf die Bedürfnisse der Nutzer:innen in der öffentlichen Verwaltung eine Bürger:innenorientierung logischerweise nach sich zieht. Die vom Bürgergeld-Gesetz angestrebte stärkere Bürger:innenorientierung wurde folglich durch die Digitalisierung in den Jobcentern teilweise vorweggenommen. Ob die gesetzgeberische Intention des Bürgergeldes erzielt wird, nämlich einen einfachen und nicht stigmatisierenden Zugang zu Grundsicherungsleistungen zu schaffen, hängt auch künftig maßgeblich von einem gelungenen Onlineangebot ab. Hierzu sind noch weitere Schritte in den Jobcentern vor Ort zu gehen, insbesondere auf organisationskultureller und ablauforganisatorischer Ebene.
Das Problem mit der Arbeit. Zur Kritik der erwerbszentrierten Sozialpolitik
Authors: Laufenberg Mike 
Published: August 2024

ZusammenfassungAnders als die Kritik von Konservativen, Rechtspopulisten und Arbeitgeberverbänden suggeriert, hat die Bürgergeldreform mit dem System von Hartz IV nicht grundsätzlich gebrochen. Das Bürgergeld bleibt als soziale Mindestsicherung vielmehr einem Erwerbszentrismus verhaftet, der in diesem Text einer systematischen Kritik unterzogen wird. In vier Schritten wird der herrschaftsförmige, ungleichheitsgenerierende, reduktionistische und polit-ökonomisch widersprüchliche Charakter der Lohnarbeitszentrierung in der Sozialpolitik dargelegt und in Hinsicht auf das Bürgergeld reflektiert. Das Bürgergeld und die politische Kontroverse, die sich an ihm entzündet, erscheinen in diesem Licht als symptomatisch für die fortbestehenden Hürden für eine emanzipatorische und zeitgemäße Sozialpolitik.
Von den „Sanktionen“ des Arbeitslosengeldes II zu „Leistungsminderungen“ des Bürgergeldes
Authors: Beetz Claudia , von Harbou Frederik 
Published: August 2024

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag zeichnet die Entwicklung von SGB II-Sanktionen zu Leistungsminderungen aus juristischer Sicht nach. Dazu werden die Sanktionsnormen aus dem alten „Hartz IV“-System dargestellt, die bis Ende 2022 galten, um so die Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 5. November 2019 zu der teilweisen Verfassungswidrigkeit der damaligen Regelungen zu erläutern. Anschließend skizzieren die Autor:innen die Datenlage zu Sanktionierungen unter Berücksichtigung des Zwecks solcher Leistungsminderungen, um schließlich die Neuregelungen durch das Bürgergeld-Gesetz vorzustellen und verfassungsrechtlich zu bewerten.
Zeit-Armut. Einblicke in die Lebenswirklichkeiten von Bürgergeldempfänger:innen
Authors: Welskop-Deffaa Eva M. 
Published: August 2024

ZusammenfassungDas Bürgergeld zielt darauf ab, die Möglichkeit zur Teilhabe am gesellschaftlichen Leben zu verbessern. Doch genügen die damit verbundenen Sozialleistungen dafür? Menschen in belasteten Lebenslagen, die es schwer haben, ihre Existenz durch eigene Erwerbsarbeit zu sichern, sind oft in ihrer Zeitsouveränität eingeschränkt oder brauchen mehr Zeit für Alltagsobliegenheiten, z. B. weil sie in einem Stadtteil wohnen, der eine schlechte ÖPNV-Anbindung hat. Ein teilhabestärkendes Bürgergeldregime muss diese Lebenswirklichkeiten beachten, wie sozialarbeiterische Erfahrungen aus der Caritas-Praxis zeigen.
In-situ valve opening response of eastern oysters to estuarine conditions
Authors: Lavaud Romain , Archer Stephanie K. , La Peyre Megan K. , Campanino Finella M. , Casas Sandra M. , La Peyre Jerome F. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractHigh-frequency recordings of valve opening behavior (VOB) in bivalves are often used to detect changes in environmental conditions. However, generally a single variable such as temperature or the presence of toxicants in the water is the focus. A description of routine VOB under non-stressful conditions is also important for interpreting responses to environmental changes. Here we present the first detailed quantitative investigation of the in-situ VOB of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) to environmental variables typically not considered stressful. The VOB of eight individuals was monitored for seven weeks in a Louisiana estuary. We examined the relationships between VOB metrics (variance in mean % max opening among oysters, the probability of an oyster being closed, and the rate of valve closure), and temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration, the rate of change in those environmental variables, and the rate of change in water depth. Relationships were analyzed through statistical models including rates of change over 0, 0.25, 1-, 6-, 12-, and 24-hours. All the responses were best explained by the 12-hour time step model. The interaction effect between salinity and the rate of change of salinity had the greatest impact on variance in oysters’ behavior. Oysters closed faster at higher salinities and were more likely to be closed at lower chl-a concentrations. Significant interactions were found between many environmental variables, indicating a high level of complexity of oyster behavior in the natural environment. This study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of environmental conditions on oyster behavior and can help inform predictive tools for restoration initiatives and fisheries practices.
Monitoring lung and cerebral oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy in preterm infants during kangaroo mother care
Authors: Dani Carlo , Perugi Silvia , Pizzetti Camilla , Poggi Chiara , Corsini Iuri , Pratesi Simone 
Published: August 2024

AbstractLung function has never been assessed during kangaroo mother care (KMC) in preterm infants. We measured lung (rSO2L) and cerebral (rSO2C) oxygenation by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation or weighing ≤ 1500 g during KMC. rSO2L, rSO2C, and pulmonary (FOEL) and cerebral (FOEC) tissue oxygen extraction fraction were measured in 20 preterm infants before, during, and after a 2-h period of KMC at a mean postnatal age of 36 ± 21 days of life. We found that rSO2L, rSO2C, FOEL, and FOEC did not change in our patients. After 120 min of KMC, rSO2L was lower (71.3 ± 1.4 vs. 76.7 ± 4.6%; P = 0.012) in infants with BPD (n = 6; 30%) than in infants without BPD (n = 14 = 60%), while FOEL was higher (0.26 ± 0.02 vs. 0.20 ± 0.05; P = 0.012).Conclusion: Cerebral and lung oxygenation did not change in preterm infants during KMC. A transient decrease in lung oxygenation was offset by the increase in oxygen extraction, but these changes were clinically insignificant. These results confirm the safety of KMC in preterm infants who are in stable clinical conditions.

What is Known

• Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is widely used to improve the care of preterm newborns since it improves their outcome.

• KMC is safe as patients’ vital parameters, are not negatively affected, but lung function has never been directly assessed.

What is New

• Cerebral and lung oxygenation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy did not change during KMC.

• A transient decrease in lung oxygenation compensated for by the increase in oxygen extraction occurred only in infants with BPD, but these changes were clinically insignificant.
Indentation and reading time: a randomized control trial on the differences between generated indented and non-indented if-statements
Authors: Hanenberg Stefan , Morzeck Johannes , Gruhn Volker 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIndentation is an old technique that emphasizes elements in source code using white spaces or tabs. But while this technique has been taught and applied for decades, evidence for its effectiveness is weak: up to 2022 relatively few experiments can be found – the present authors are only aware of one single experiment that revealed an effect of indentation and reported the effect size, but even in that experiment the effect of indentation was found to be weak. The situation changed recently, where an experiment was published that suddenly revealed a strong and large effect of indentation in control flows on reaction time. However, although the experiment provided an initial indication of a possible cause for the difference between indented and non-indented code (the length of the code that can be skipped in indented code), the evidence for this indicator was rather weak. The present paper presents a formal model on the differences in reading times (measured in terms of reaction times) between indented and non-indented code. Based on that model a controlled experiment on generated tasks was designed and executed on 27 participants (undergraduate students, PhD students, professionals). The experiment (again) confirms a strong (p < .001) and large ($$\eta _{p}^{2}$$ηp2= .198,$$\frac{M_{Non-Indented}}{M_{Indented}}$$MNon-IndentedMIndented= 2.13) effect of indentation. Furthermore, it confirms that the larger the skippable code is, the larger is the difference between reading time of indented and non-indented code (p = .001,$$\eta _{p}^{2}$$ηp2= .072). I.e., the experiment goes beyond the point “indented vs non-indented code” and explains the difference by revealing a factor that controls this difference. However, although the previous statements holds true for the whole sample in the experiment, this effect could only be shown for a subset of individual participants.
Negotiated spaces: black women academics’ experiences in UK universities
Authors: Osho Yaz Iyabo , Alormele Naomi 
Published: August 2024

AbstractA dearth of literature exists on Black women academics’ experience in UK universities. This lacunae in research mirrors the lived experiences of many Black women academics: feeling silenced whilst simultaneously experiencing the strain of hypervisibility in their academic roles. Within the global landscape, influencing factors have been highlighted relating to pay disparities between Black women and their white counterparts, experiences of covert gendered racism, microaggressions and the absence of support from universities in relation to progression and development opportunities. The frequency of toxic work cultures and systemic racism within universities is evidenced in the lack of representation of Black women in senior leadership positions in the UK. Where representation is found, this paper presents evidence that Black women academics tend to be working within insecure contracts and/or at universities that do not prioritise and allocate time for research and promotion-rich activity. For Black women academics who do survive and thrive in the sector, there is the identification of the importance of internal and external networks which offer safety, support and solidarity. Nonetheless, these networks alone are not enough, with an analysis of groups outside of Black women able to gain access to these networks, rendering Black women’s space to share their experiences unsafe and potentially violent. In recognition of a move from an approach of an analysis of literature being left as a standalone point for reflection, this paper provides a review and several points for action for the higher education sector. These action points can be utilised by universities to develop and implement equitable strategies and policies for Black women academics and racially minoritised staff, more broadly.
Model of U and 226Ra uptake by Spergularia rubra (L.) J. Presl & C. Presl in an area affected by Cu ore mining
Authors: Expósito-Suárez V. M. , Suárez-Navarro J. A. , Caro A. , Sanz M. B. , Gómez-Mancebo M. B. , Barragán M. , Suárez-Navarro M. J. , Ferreiro A. , Fitzgerald T. , Sánchez-Sánchez P. , Gil-Pacheco E. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSpergularia rubra (L.) J. Presl & C. Presl has a mycorrhizal resistance that leads to increased uranium uptake. The results show that 35% of the 238U is retained in the carbonate fraction and 59% in the residual or non-reactive fraction. 226Ra shows a different pattern with an average association of 19% in the organic matter fraction, 10% in the carbonate compounds and the remaining 71% in the residual fraction. The relationships between the activity concentrations of 238U and 226Ra in the soil fractions and in Spergularia were found to be statistically representative of the carbonate and organic matter fractions, respectively.
Non-empirical methods for ethics research on digital technologies in medicine, health care and public health: a systematic journal review
Authors: Ursin Frank , Müller Regina , Funer Florian , Liedtke Wenke , Renz David , Wiertz Svenja , Ranisch Robert 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBioethics has developed approaches to address ethical issues in health care, similar to how technology ethics provides guidelines for ethical research on artificial intelligence, big data, and robotic applications. As these digital technologies are increasingly used in medicine, health care and public health, thus, it is plausible that the approaches of technology ethics have influenced bioethical research. Similar to the “empirical turn” in bioethics, which led to intense debates about appropriate moral theories, ethical frameworks and meta-ethics due to the increased use of empirical methodologies from social sciences, the proliferation of health-related subtypes of technology ethics might have a comparable impact on current bioethical research. This systematic journal review analyses the reporting of ethical frameworks and non-empirical methods in argument-based research articles on digital technologies in medicine, health care and public health that have been published in high-impact bioethics journals. We focus on articles reporting non-empirical research in original contributions. Our aim is to describe currently used methods for the ethical analysis of ethical issues regarding the application of digital technologies in medicine, health care and public health. We confine our analysis to non-empirical methods because empirical methods have been well-researched elsewhere. Finally, we discuss our findings against the background of established methods for health technology assessment, the lack of a typology for non-empirical methods as well as conceptual and methodical change in bioethics. Our descriptive results may serve as a starting point for reflecting on whether current ethical frameworks and non-empirical methods are appropriate to research ethical issues deriving from the application of digital technologies in medicine, health care and public health.
Edge importance in complex networks
Authors: Noschese Silvia , Reichel Lothar 
Published: August 2024

AbstractComplex networks are made up of vertices and edges. The latter connect the vertices. There are several ways to measure the importance of the vertices, e.g., by counting the number of edges that start or end at each vertex, or by using the subgraph centrality of the vertices. It is more difficult to assess the importance of the edges. One approach is to consider the line graph associated with the given network and determine the importance of the vertices of the line graph, but this is fairly complicated except for small networks. This paper compares two approaches to estimate the importance of edges of medium-sized to large networks. One approach computes partial derivatives of the total communicability of the weights of the edges, where a partial derivative of large magnitude indicates that the corresponding edge may be important. Our second approach computes the Perron sensitivity of the edges. A high sensitivity signals that the edge may be important. The performance of these methods and some computational aspects are discussed. Applications of interest include to determine whether a network can be replaced by a network with fewer edges with about the same communicability.
Somapacitan-induced reversible lipoatrophy in an adult woman with hypopituitarism
Authors: Rakusa Matej , Janez Andrej , Jensterle Mojca 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Background
Lipoatrophy is rare adverse event (AE) in daily recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH). Data on lipoatrophy in newly developed long-acting GH (LAGH) are scarce. We report the first case of lipoatrophy in adult patient treated with LAGH somapacitan.

Case presentation
A 38-year-old woman with congenital panhypopituitarism was transitioned from daily rhGH 0.4 mg QD to somapacitan dose 4 mg QW due to non-adherence to daily rhGH. Despite adequate education and regular changing of injection sites, the patient reported reduced subcutaneous tissue at all four injection sites, after the 4th application of somapacitan. Somapacitan was discontinued at patient preference and lipoatrophy completely reversed after 3 months.

Conclusions
Lipoatrophy caused by somapacitan was completely reversible. We speculate that high initial dose and volume of somapacitan caused delayed diffusion and a direct local lipolytic effect in our patient. Although, titration of somapacitan was initiated as previously reported in REAL2 study protocol, recent clinical guidelines advise more gradual increase of somapacitan dose also in women on oral estogens that are switched from daily rhGH. Importantly, our case and the two previously described cases in children in the REAL 3 study showed that lipoatrophy caused by somapacitan was transient and completely reversible, and that discontinuation of the drug is not always mandatory.