bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Analysis of Capsaicinoids in Fresh Peppers, Oleoresin Capsicum and Pepper Spray Products
Authors: Reilly CA , Crouch DJ , Yost GS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify the predominant capsaicinoid analogues in extracts of fresh peppers, in oleoresin capsicum, and pepper sprays. The concentration of capsaicinoids in fresh peppers was variable. Variability was dependent upon the relative pungency of the pepper type and geographical origin of the pepper. Nonivamide was conclusively identified in the extracts of fresh peppers, despite numerous reports that nonivamide was not a natural product. In the oleoresin capsicum samples, the pungency was proportional to the total concentration of capsaicinoids and was related by a factor of approximately 15,000 Scoville Heat Units (SHU)/µg of total capsaicinoids. The principle analogues detected in oleoresin capsicum were capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin and appeared to be the analogues primarily responsible for the pungency of the sample. The analysis of selected samples of commercially available pepper spray products also demonstrated variability in the capsaicinoid concentrations. Variability was observed among products obtained from different manufacturers as well as from different product lots from the same manufacturer. These data indicate that commercial pepper products are not standardized for capsaicinoid content even though they are classified by SHU. Variability in the capsaicinoid concentrations in oleoresin capsicum-based self-defense weapons could alter potency and ultimately jeopardize the safety and health of users and assailants.
Improvised Explosive Devices: Pipe Bombs
Authors: Oxley JC , Smith JL , Resende E , Rogers E , Strobel RA , Bender EC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The fragments from 56 pipe bombs were collected (average recovery 87%), counted, weighed, sorted, and photographed. The matrix examined included eight energetic fillers, two initiation systems, three types of pipe, and several degrees of fill. The matrix and results are summarized in Table 1. For identical devices, the overall fragmentation pattern was surprisingly reproducible. The fragmentation patterns are presented in photos, but they are also reduced to numerical evaluators. A particularly useful evaluator is the fragment weight distribution map (FWDM) which describes explosive power with a single variable—the slope. This value is independent of device size and percent recovery. We believe this database of 56 pipe bombs is the largest controlled study of these devices. This study demonstrates the possibility that, even in circumstances where chemical residue cannot be found, sufficient evidence is present in the pipe fragments to identify the nature of the energetic filler.
Physical and Chemical Evidence Remaining After the Explosion of Large Improvised Bombs. Part 3: Firings of Calcium Carbonate Ammonium Nitrate/Sugar
Authors: Monsfield AM , Marshall M , Walker CL , Hubbard P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The collection of both physical and chemical evidence from the scene of a large bomb can be useful in determining the type of explosive charge used and also its approximate size. A shortage of practical experience of such explosives on a large scale can hinder the collection and interpretation of such evidence. Six charges of calcium carbonate (limestone) ammonium nitrate/sugar (LAN/S) improvised explosive devices were fired (three at 454 kg and three at 2268 kg) together with one charge of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT, 454 kg) and one charge of ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO, 2268 kg). The charges were surrounded by vehicles, roadsigns, and lampposts that acted as witness material to provide both physical and chemical evidence. Analyses showed that ammonium, higher levels of nitrate, and some sugars were recovered from the LAN/S firings; low levels of nitrate from the ANFO firing; significant levels of TNT from the TNT firing. Levels of recovery generally decreased with increasing distance from the charge. The pattern of physical damage to the witness pieces at given distances from the charge was recorded. The velocities of detonations were measured and the corresponding TNT equivalence calculated.
Gunshot Residue Analysis by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Electrophoresis: Assessment for Application to Casework. Part I
Authors: Northrop DM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Usually gunshot residue (GSR) analysis examines samples for the presence of inorganic primer compounds, in particular lead (Pb), barium (Ba), and antimony (Sb). Alternative methods are needed because of the advent of primers that do not contain these metals. Micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis (MECE) has been used to examine characteristic organic gunpowder components (COGC), including nitroglycerin (NG). diphenylamine (DPA), ethylcentralite (EC), and others. The purpose of this project was to develop MECE for implementation in GSR casework. In order to do this, it was necessary to: (a) establish a sample collection and preparation method for use with both MECE and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); (b) determine that the minimum detection limits for COGC were in the picogram range; (c) show that no residues were identified in samples from the general population at or above these levels; and (d) quantitatively identify the common chemicals used in more than 100 commercially available ammunitions and reloading powders. Results from the study covering organic GSR persistence, environmental exposure effects, comparison to SEM results, and casework using both CE and SEM are described in a subsequent paper.
Gunshot Residue Analysis by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Electrophoresis: Assessment for Application to Casework. Part II
Authors: Northrop DM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis has been used to examine characteristic organic gunpowder compounds, including nitroglycerin, diphenylamine, ethylcentralite, and others. The purpose of this project was to develop MECE for implementation in gunshot residue casework. Studies were designed to provide data for evaluating casework samples. The first study compared the results of MECE analysis of organic gunshot residues (O-GSR) from firing range samples, to SEM results for inorganic GSR (I-GSR). MECE analysis found detectable O-GSR for each caliber of weapon examined except for the .22 caliber weapon. SEM analysis confirmed the presence of I-GSR in selected samples where O-GSR was identified by MECE, as well as vaporous lead for the .22 caliber sample. Repetitive firing experiments demonstrated that detectable O-GSR were not deposited each time the same weapon was fired under the same conditions. This leads to the conclusion that residue deposition mechanisms and collection efficiency significantly effect the outcome of O-GSR analyses. Another study found that detectable O-GSR do not persist for more than an hour after firing (under the conditions examined). Decomposition of O-GSR from environmental exposure occurs at a rate that is slow compared to residue persistence, thus, the value of O-GSR composition is not compromised by short term exposure. However, since time dependent changes do not occur, time of firing determinations cannot be made from this data. Finally, casework samples from the hands of suspected shooters and from victims' clothing were examined for O-GSR and I-GSR, O-GSR and I-GSR were identified on some of the samples. MECE has been found to be a potentially valuable tool in the examination of GSR evidence for characteristic organic gunpowder compounds.
Analysis of Distortion in Preserved Bite Mark Skin
Authors: Rothwell BR , Thien AV 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In addition to other methods for conservation of bite mark evidence, preservation of actual skin from deceased victims is often suggested. This study was undertaken to analyze the dimensional stability of such specimens. Utilizing a prefabricated template, marks approximating “bites” were made in postmortem skin of Miniature Hanford pigs, producing imprints with distinct margins and indentations. Tissue samples were stored in 10% formalin after affixing an acrylic support ring with cyanoacrylate adhesive and sutures. Measurements of the six tooth mark analogues and cross-arch dimensions were taken at intervals of up to 38 days.
Data from these measurements indicate a wide range of amount and type of distortion in preserved tissue. Although some samples were dimensionally stable, there was both contraction and expansion of bite mark specimens, even within individual skin samples. It appears that standard techniques for storage and preservation of bite mark samples will not produce reliable dimensional accuracy.
Criminals' Explanations of Their Criminal Behavior, III: The Effects of Time and Context
Authors: Harry B , Molitor J , Hewett J , Reid J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors looked at the explanations for their index of violent crimes as given by 69 incarcerated violent male offenders, respectively. We then examined the extent to which those explanations changed with the passing of time and with change in context. We found that explanations of impaired internal control increased with the passing of time, and that such explanation was given more often to mental health professionals rather than law enforcement professionals. Finally, we found that our subjects tended to give mental health professionals fewer explanations involving external control with the passing of time.
Delusional Misidentification and Aggression in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Arturo Silva J , Leong GB , Weinstock R , Ruiz-Sweeney M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Alzheimer's disease has been associated with serious behavioral disturbances including aggressive behaviors and agitation. Aggression in dementia of the Alzheimer's type may be associated with psychotic symptoms, particularly delusional misidentification phenomena. These phenomena are complex and varied in Alzheimer's disease and so far have been only rudimentarily described. In this paper, we explore the association of delusional misidentification and aggression in an individual suffering from Alzheimer's disease.
Combined Homicide-Suicide in Galveston County
Authors: Felthous AR , Hempel AG , Heredia A , Freeman E , Goodness K , Holzer C , Bennett TJ , Korndorffer WE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Combined homicide-suicides have been classified based on the psychopathology of the perpetrator and the nature of the relationship between perpetrator and victim(s). To further understand the nature of this tragic phenomenon and to test the validity and practicality of a previously suggested classification system, investigators systematically collected data on all combined homicide-suicide events that occurred in Galveston County, Texas over a continuous 18-year period (n = 20). The most common psychopathological finding for perpetrators was high serum alcohol levels that suggested intoxication. Most combined homicide-suicides fell into one of the relational categories and most of these, as predicted, were of the consortial type, possessive subtype. As expected, due to the small sample size, the less common types of combined homicide-suicide were not represented in this sample.
Frequency of Bone Lesions: An Inadequate Criterion for Gunshot Wound Diagnosis in Skeletal Remains
Authors: Lorin de la Grandmaison G , Brion F , Durigon M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A retrospective study was carried out on 130 fatalities due to gunshot wounds to determine whether the combined absence of bone damage and projectile in a skeleton is sufficient to eliminate a diagnosis of gunshot wound. Our findings showed that bone lesions were present in about 90% of the cases and were associated with intracorporeal projectile(s) in about 70% of the cases. The presence or absence of bone lesions seemed independent of the gun characteristics, the shot conditions, and the type of death. The cause of death was predominantly brain injury in cases with bone lesions whereas thoracic, abdominal, and peripheral vascular causes were more frequently encountered in cases without bone damage. We concluded that the combined absence of bone lesions and intracorporeal projectile (about 5% in our series) cannot exclude a diagnosis of death secondary to gunshot wounds.
Immunohistochemical Contribution to the Study of Morphine Metabolism in Calliphoridae Larvae and Implications in Forensic Entomotoxicology
Authors: Bourel B , Fleurisse L , Hédouin V , Cailliez J-C , Creusy C , Gosset D , Lee Goff ML 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Morphine was detected by immunohistochemistry on sections of third stage larvae of Calliphora vomitoria (Diptera, Calliphoridae) reared on minced beef meat previously treated with morphine hydrochloride. The detection was performed with an avidin-biotin-peroxidase-complex method. Positive specimens showed specific staining of the haemolymph and a more intense immunoreaction in an area located at the limit between exocuticle and endocuticle. These results constitute an evidence of morphine accumulation inside the cuticle of Diptera larvae during their development. During the pupariation, the larval cuticle is transformed into the sclerotized puparium. This study consequently points out the possibilities of analyzing empty pupariae when suitable tissues or living necrophagous insects are absent.
Determination of Drug Levels in Two Species of Necrophagous Coleoptera Reared on Substrates Containing Morphine
Authors: Bourel B , Tournel G , Hédouin V , Lee Goff ML , Gosset D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two species of necrophagous Coleoptera: Dermestes frischi (Dermestidae) and Thanatophilus sinuatus (Silphidae), were reared on substrates containing different amounts of morphine. Colonies of D. frischi were reared on rabbit carcasses which had been given 10, 20, and 40 mg/h of morphine hydrochloride via ear artery perfusion over a 3 h period prior to death. A fourth rabbit served as a control. T. sinuatus was reared on minced beef spiked with morphine hydrochloride to give concentrations of 1000, 2500, 5000, and 10 000 ng/g and one control colony. These dosages were calculated to create tissue concentrations of morphine similar to those encountered in human deaths due to morphine overdose. Larvae, pupae, and adults (except for T. sinuatus) were analyzed for morphine content. All developmental stages of D. frischi were positive for morphine and concentrations correlated with cadaveric tissue concentrations during larval stages and to a lesser extent in the adult stage. For T. sinuatus, the best correlations were found in 2nd and 3rd instar larvae. This study demonstrates the potential for use of necrophagous Coleoptera, as well as Diptera larvae, as alternate specimens for toxicological analyses.
Seasonality of Insect Succession and Pig Carcass Decomposition in a Natural Forest Area in Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Maria Lopes de Carvalho L , Xavier Linhares A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In this study, successional patterns, relative abundance of larvae and adults of sarcosaprophagous insects, carcass decay, diversity and seasonality of species, and their potential as forensic indicators were studied. Four experiments were carried out in each season in a natural area of southeastern Brazil. Two pigs (Sus scrofa L.) were used in each experiment and were exposed to sunlight and shade, respectively. The Calliphoridae outnumbered the Sarcophagidae in specimens collected and reared from the carcasses. More insects were collected from carcasses exposed to the sun, while a larger number of specimens were reared from those in the shade. Temperature and rainfall influenced the stages of carcass decay and insect activity and abundance. Chrysomya albiceps was the most abundant species in all four experiments. The carcasses were used as a protein source and substratum for oviposition. The dark putrefaction and fermentation stages yielded more flies than the other stages. These results show that flies are important in carcass decay and are, therefore, also of forensic importance. Seven species can be considered valuable forensic indicators in South-eastern Brazil. However, only three species were useful as forensic indicators in wooded areas: P. intermutans, H. segmentaria, and H. semidiaphana.
Preliminary Quantitative Investigation of Postmortem Adipocere Formation
Authors: Yan F , McNally R , Kontanis EJ , Sadik OA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The accurate determination of postmortem interval (PMI) using the formation of adipocere presents a significant challenge to forensic scientists interested in determining the time of death. Several attempts have been made to determine the time since the occurrence of death. However, up to date, this has been difficult because previous approaches have been mainly qualitative, focusing on the later stages of degradation processes. This work presents preliminary results of an experimental model of postmortem adipocere formation using liquid chromatography. Three pig cadavers were submerged in distilled water, chlorinated water, and saline water. Fresh specimens resulting from the degradation in the subcutaneous fat were obtained from the pigs at two-week intervals for a period of ten weeks, and were subjected to chromatographic analysis. By correlating the ratio of the disappearance of hydrolyzed fatty acids with the formation of hydroxystearic and oxostearic acids after death, a simple, quantitative analytical method was developed for the determination of PMI. Experimental observation of the chemistry of adipocere formation indicated that adipocere can be formed only a few hours after an incidence of death and this continues until the saturation of oleic acid degradation after several weeks. Different time courses were obtained for cadavers immersed in distilled, chlorinated, and saline water, respectively. This work has not in any way solved the time since death problem. But it may be an approach to the problem that has not been adequately explored.
Capillary Ion Electrophoresis of Endogenous Anions and Anionic Adulterants in Human Urine
Authors: Ferslew KE , Hagardorn AN , Robert TA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Normal human urine contains many anions and cations. Ionic concentrations in urine have classically been determined by spectrophotometry of color reactions, flame emission spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography, or potentiometry with ion-specific electrodes. Capillary ion electrophoresis (CIE) is a form of capillary electrophoresis which uses the differential electrophoretic mobility of ions to perform a separation of an ionic mixture. Various salts can be added to urine specimens to abnormally elevate ionic concentrations and interfere with either immunoassay urine drug screening procedures or gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric confirmation techniques. Application of CIE for the direct detection of endogenous anions and anionic adulterants in human urine specimens was the purpose of this investigation. CIE was performed using a Waters Quanta 4000 Capillary Electrophoresis System with either direct or indirect ultraviolet absorption detection at 254 nm. CIE of 30 random normal urine specimens and 21 urine specimens suspected of adulteration was performed. Duplicate aliquots were assayed by CIE and by colorimetric technique for nitrite. Sixteen specimens had elevated concentrations of nitrite and/or nitrate. The correlation coefficient between nitrite CIE and colorimetric results was 0.9895. Three specimens had detectable concentrations of chromate and were suspected of being adulterated with “Urine Luck,” an adulterant found to contain chromate. Two specimens suspected of being adulterated with bleach were found to only contain chloride, sulfate, and phosphate. CIE is applicable to forensic analysis of urine anion concentrations. CIE can easily quantitate numerous endogenous anions and offers a method to detect and/or confirm anion adulteration of urine specimens.
The Detection of Psilocin in Human Urine
Authors: Grieshaber AF , Moore KA , Levine B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Pharmacokinetic studies of psilocybin in humans have shown the rapid dephosphorylation of psilocybin to psilocin with further conversion to 4-hydroxy-tryptophole (4HT) and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (4HIAA) in plasma. Our study shows that psilocin also undergoes conjugation and can be found in the urine as the psilocin-glucuronide conjugate. Recoveries after enzymatic hydrolysis of the urine with β-glucuronidase (Helix Pomatia or E. Coli) when compared to non-hydrolyzed urine confirmed the presence of the glucuronide. Detection of psilocin from hydrolyzed and extracted samples was optimized for GC/MS by derivatization with MSTFA. The method developed allows for the detection of psilocin in urine with a limit of quantitation of 10 ng/mL, based on 5 mL of spiked urine. Using this method, our laboratory has confirmed the presence of psilocin in 6 out of 8 urine samples, with concentrations ranging from 10 ng/mL to greater than 200 ng/mL. Before implementation of the hydrolysis and derivatization steps, our limit of detection was 200 ng/mL, based on spiked urine standards. No case samples were positive without hydrolysis and derivatization.
Office Paper DeCopier
Authors: Trela Frost B , Dwyer KT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
DeCopier Technologies, Inc., of Framingham, MA, has developed an office paper DeCopier that uses a thermo-chemical process to soften toner and loosen its bond with paper. The toner is then brushed away and the sheet dried. The result is a “clean” sheet of paper that is ready to be reused. DeCopier Technologies, Inc. reports that this process will not only work on documents prepared by a photocopy machine or laser printer, but on transparencies, facsimiles, and other documents with toner components/entries.
An experiment design was developed to demonstrate how the DeCopying process affects toner as well as other applications (i.e., ink, typewriting, rubber stamps, etc.) that are typically seen in documentary evidence. The results indicate that, although DeCopier Technologies' ability to successfully remove toner from paper is currently limited to relatively few types of toner, the technology does have the potential to not only do what it purports, but also to affect various other applications found on documentary evidence. The DeCopying process affected all the additional applications, except watermarks, but did not completely remove any of them. However, the toner was removed successfully from the specimens prepared on transparencies. The extent to which the various applications were effected varied.
Concordance Study on Population Database Samples Using the PowerPlex™ 16 Kit and AmpFℓSTR® Profiler Plus™ Kit and AmpFℓSTR® COfiler™ Kit
Authors: Budowle B , Sprecher CJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Over 500 population database samples comprising African Americans, Bahamians, and Southwestern Hispanics were typed using the PowerPlex™ 16 and the Profiler Plus™ COfiler™ kits. There was only one sample in which a typing difference was observed. An FGA heterozygote profile was observed using the PowerPlex™ 16 primers, and a single allele FGA profile was observed using Profiler Plus primers. Thus, the extant data suggest that the primers used in the PowerPlex™ 16, Profiler Plus™, and COfiler™ kits are reliable for typing reference samples destined for use in CODIS. In addition, African American, Bahamian, and Southwestern Hispanic databases have been established for the STR loci Penta D and Penta E. Both loci are highly polymorphic. The application of the product rule is valid for estimating the rarity of a multiple loci profile consisting of these two and the 13 core STR loci.