bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of hydrothermal temperature on the optical properties of hydrochar-derived dissolved organic matter and their interactions with copper (II)
Authors: Ji Licheng , Yu Zhongpu , Cao Qi , Gui Xiangyang , Fan Xingjun , Wei Chengcheng , Jiang Fei , Wang Jie , Meng Fanbin , Li Feiyue , Wang Jianfei 
Published: June 2024

AbstractHydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has been regarded as a promising technique for turning wet biomass into hydrochar due to its low energy consumption, low exhaust gas emissions, etc. In addition, hydrochar is an important source of dissolved organic matter (DOM), which plays a crucial part in the migration and destiny of pollutants in the environmental medium. However, there are limited studies that focus on the factors that influence the formation of DOM in hydrochar, such as hydrothermal temperature. Therefore, the current study comprehensively characterized the optical properties of DOM within hydrochar derived from sawdust (HDOM) under different hydrothermal temperatures (150–300 °C) by Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as its complexation characteristic with Cu(II). The findings revealed that the organic carbon content of HDOM reached a peak of 37.3 mg L−1 when the temperature rose to 240 °C and then decreased as the temperature increased. UV–Vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the absorption capacity of HDOM at 275 nm increases with temperature and reaches a maximum value at 240 °C, indicating that high temperature promotes the formation of monocyclic aromatic compounds. High temperature enhances the aromaticity, hydrophobicity, and humification degree of HDOM, thus improving its stability and aromaticity. The E3/E4 ratios are all greater than 3.5, confirming that the main component of HDOM is fulvic acid, which corresponds to 3D-EEM and Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis. The humification index (HIX) of HDOM increased with the rise in hydrothermal temperature (150–240 °C), as observed by the three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (3D-EEMs). After reaching its peak at 240 °C, the HIX value gradually dropped in line with the trend of the DOC change. Moreover, the bioavailability (BIX) value of DOM was all high and greater than 1, indicating all the HDOM are readily bioavailable. Two microbial humic substances (C1 and C4), a humic-like substance (C2), and a protein-like substance (C3) were discovered in DOM by integrating 3D-EEMs with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Their fluorescence intensity decreases as the Cu(II) concentration increases, indicating the formation of complexes with Cu(II). As the temperature rises, the binding ability of DOM and Cu(II) changes significantly, reaching the optimum at 300 °C. Meanwhile, the substance C2 has the strongest binding ability with Cu(II). This research emphasizes the significance of spectroscopy analysis in determining the evolution of hydrochar-derived DOM, the potential for heavy metal binding and migration, and its characteristics and features.
Graphical Abstract
The developments in carbon-modified graphitic carbon nitride for photoelectrochemical water splitting: a mini review
Authors: Yang Yuewen , Xu Tingrui , Zhang Ruiqin 
Published: June 2024

AbstractGraphitic carbon nitride (g-CN), as a potential photoelectrode for photoelectrochemical water splitting, has garnered significant research attention owing to its favorable attributes, including a suitable bandgap, abundant elemental composition, excellent thermal stability, and non-toxicity. However, the limited efficiency of visible light absorption and poor electrical conductivity of pure g-CN result in low photocurrent density and photocatalytic activity, falling short of meeting the requirements for commercial applications. In contrast, graphitic carbon materials possess high conductivity and stability, appearing to be an excellent candidate for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of g-CN while maintaining its stability. Recently, nitrogen vacancies, surface junction, carbon crystallite introduction, and carbon atom doping methods have been employed to prepare carbon-modified g-CN. The introduced π-electron conjugated system by sp2-hybridized carbon atoms indeed extends the visible light absorption and photocurrent of g-CN, resulting in improved photocatalytic performance. In this review, we highlight recent advancements in the development of carbon-modified g-CN and offer insights into the future prospects of g-CN-based films.
Depth‐Partitioning of Particulate Organic Carbon Composition in the Rising and Falling Stages of the Amazon River
Authors: Rosengard Sarah Z. , Moura Jose Mauro S. , Spencer Robert G. M. , Johnson Carl , McNichol Ann , Steen Andrew D. , Galy Valier 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe Amazon River mobilizes organic carbon across one of the world's largest terrestrial carbon reservoirs. Quantifying the sources of particulate organic carbon (POC) to this flux is typically challenging in large systems such as the Amazon River due to hydrodynamic sorting of sediments. Here, we analyze the composition of POC collected from multiple total suspended sediment (TSS) profiles in the mainstem at Óbidos, and surface samples from the Madeira, Solimões and Tapajós Rivers. As hypothesized, TSS and POC concentrations in the mainstem increased with depth and fit well to Rouse models for sediment sorting by grain size. Coupling these profiles with Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler discharge data, we estimate a large decrease in POC flux (from 540 to 370 kg per second) between the rising and falling stages of the Amazon River mainstem. The C/N ratio and stable and radiocarbon signatures of bulk POC are less variable within the cross‐section at Óbidos and suggest that riverine POC in the Amazon River is predominantly soil‐derived. However, smaller shifts in these compositional metrics with depth, including leaf wax n‐alkanes and fatty acids, are consistent with the perspective that deeper and larger particles carry fresher, less degraded organic matter sources (i.e., vegetation debris) through the mainstem. Overall, our cross‐sectional surveys at Óbidos highlight the importance of depth‐specific sampling for estimating riverine export fluxes. At the same time, they imply that this approach to sampling is perhaps less essential with respect to characterizing the composition of POC sources exported by the river.
Testing Mantle Convection Simulations With Paleobiology and Other Stratigraphic Observations: Examples From Western North America
Authors: Fernandes Victoria M. , Roberts Gareth G. , Richards Fred 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMantle convection plays a fundamental role in driving evolution of oceanic and continental lithosphere. In turn it impacts a broad suite of processes operating at or close to Earth's surface including landscape evolution, glacio‐eustasy, magmatism, and climate. A variety of theoretical approaches now exist to simulate mantle convection. Outputs from such simulations are being used to parameterize models of landscape evolution and basin formation. However, the substantial body of existing simulations has generated a variety of conflicting views on the history of dynamic topography, its evolution and key parameters for modeling mantle flow. The focus of this study is on developing strategies to use large‐scale quantitative stratigraphic observations to assess model predictions and identify simulation parameters that generate realistic predictions of Earth surface evolution. Spot measurements of uplift or subsidence provide useful target observations for models of dynamic topography, but finding areas where tectonics have not also influenced vertical motions is challenging. To address this issue, we use large inventories of stratigraphic data from across North America with contextual geophysical and geodetic data to constrain the regional uplift and subsidence history. We demonstrate that a suite of typical geodynamic simulations struggle to match the amplitude, polarity and timing of observed vertical motions. Building on recent seismological advances, we then explore strategies for understanding patterns of continental uplift and subsidence that incorporate (and test) predicted evolution of the lithosphere, asthenosphere and deep mantle. Our results demonstrate the importance of contributions from the uppermost mantle in driving vertical motions of continental interiors.
Implementation and Exploration of Parameterizations of Large‐Scale Dynamics in NCAR's Single Column Atmosphere Model SCAM6
Authors: Cohen S. , Sobel A. , Biasutti M. , Wang S. , Simpson I. , Gettelman A. , Hu I. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractA single column model with parameterized large‐scale (LS) dynamics is used to better understand the response of steady‐state tropical precipitation to relative sea surface temperature under various representations of radiation, convection, and circulation. The large‐scale dynamics are parametrized via the weak temperature gradient (WTG), damped gravity wave (DGW), and spectral weak temperature gradient (Spectral WTG) method in NCAR's Single Column Atmosphere Model (SCAM6). Radiative cooling is either specified or interactive, and the convective parameterization is run using two different values of a parameter that controls the degree of convective inhibition. Results are interpreted in the context of the Global Atmospheric System Studies ‐Weak Temperature Gradient (GASS‐WTG) Intercomparison project. Using the same parameter settings and simulation configuration as in the GASS‐WTG Intercomparison project, SCAM6 under the WTG and DGW methods produces erratic results, suggestive of numerical instability. However, when key parameters are changed to weaken the large‐scale circulation's damping of tropospheric temperature variations, SCAM6 performs comparably to single column models in the GASS‐WTG Intercomparison project. The Spectral WTG method is less sensitive to changes in convection and radiation than are the other two methods, performing qualitatively similarly across all configurations considered. Under all three methods, circulation strength, represented in 1D by grid‐scale vertical velocity, is decreased when barriers to convection are reduced. This effect is most extreme under specified radiative cooling, and is shown to come from increased static stability in the column's reference radiative‐convective equilibrium profile. This argument can be extended to interactive radiation cases as well, though perhaps less conclusively.
Sources and Chemical Weathering Implications of Strontium and Hydrochemistry in an Inland Alpine Permafrost Basin
Authors: Zhou Huiling , Li Zongxing , Zhang Baijuan , Du Fa , Xue Jian 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe hydrochemical characteristics of river water are influenced by a multitude of factors, reflecting the surrounding geographical environment. The Shaliu River, located in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP), serves as a typical inland alpine permafrost watershed. In this study, we compiled data on dissolved strontium (Sr) concentration, 87Sr/86Sr isotopic, and hydrochemical profiles from the Shaliu River during the ablation period (May–October). Additionally, we gathered information on the Sr concentration and 87Sr/86Sr in the sediment of the river. The pattern of spatial heterogeneity in observed strontium (Sr) compositions can largely be attributed to lithological characteristics encountered at different locations along the river. The chemical components of Sr in the waters are derived from a combination of carbonate and silicate materials, with carbonates contributing between 69% and 81% and silicates contributing 19%–31%. The annual dissolved Sr flux is estimated to be 132 t/a. In addition to the influence of lithology and weathering processes, we propose that freeze‐thaw cycles within the permafrost layer may significantly affect the chemical mass flux in alpine permafrost watersheds because they generate substantial amounts of loose and easily erodible materials. Climate warming may further intensify the weathering processes in these watersheds, potentially leading to an increase in the Sr flux. This study is crucial for developing a comprehensive understanding of the geochemical composition of dissolved solutes in alpine permafrost regions, as well as for identifying the factors that regulate river water chemistry.
Accelerating Seafloor Uplift of Submarine Caldera Near Sofugan Volcano, Japan, Resolved by Distant Tsunami Recordings
Authors: Kubota Tatsuya , Sandanbata Osamu , Saito Tatsuhiko , Matsuzawa Takanori 
Published: June 2024

AbstractOn 8 October 2023 UTC, significant tsunamis were observed around Japan without any major tsunamigenic earthquake, associated with a series of 14 successive minor earthquakes (mb = 4.5–5.4) near Sofugan in the Izu‐Bonin Islands. To examine the cause of this tsunami, we estimated the horizontal locations of the tsunami source and temporal history of the seafloor displacement, using the tsunami data recorded by the ocean‐bottom pressure gauges >∼600 km away. Our results showed the main tsunami source was an uplift located at a caldera‐like bathymetric feature near Sofugan, suggesting the involvement of caldera activity in the tsunami generation. The total seafloor uplift was estimated as ∼4 m, and the uplift amount of each event gradually increased over time, reflecting an accelerating occurrence of volcanic unrest of the submarine caldera within only a few hours.
Dissolved Nitrous Oxide and Hydroxylamine in the Northern South China Sea in Summer
Authors: Zhang L. , Yao F. , Ji Q. , Ma X. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas and a strong ozone‐depleting substance. Ocean is an important natural source of atmospheric N2O, which has attracted increasing attention recently as to understand the biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen in marine systems. Nitrification is one of the major N2O production pathways during which N2O is produced as a side product and hydroxylamine (NH2OH) is produced as an obligate intermediate. However, few studies have reported the NH2OH variability in natural seawater and its relationship between N2O remains ambiguous. In summer 2022, spatial distribution and influencing factors of N2O and NH2OH in the northern South China Sea (SCS) were investigated. Dissolved N2O varied from 5.79 to 34.80 nmol L−1 in water column and generally increased with water depth above 800 m. N2O was correlated with dissolved oxygen and nitrate, inferring that N2O was mainly produced via nitrification. NH2OH varied from below detection limit to 3.91 nmol L−1. The adoption of multiple standard additions can largely reduce the bias in NH2OH measurement. Structural equation modeling showed that NH2OH has a potential effect favoring excessive N2O. Surface N2O saturation ranged between 102% and 278%, indicating that the northern SCS was a net source of atmospheric N2O in summer.
Ketamine reduces the neural distinction between self- and other-produced affective touch: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study
Authors: Kaldewaij Reinoud , Salamone Paula C. , Enmalm Adam , Östman Lars , Pietrzak Michal , Karlsson Hanna , Löfberg Andreas , Gauffin Emelie , Samuelsson Martin , Gustavson Sarah , Capusan Andrea J. , Olausson Håkan , Heilig Markus , Boehme Rebecca 
Published: June 2024

AbstractA coherent sense of self is crucial for social functioning and mental health. The N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist ketamine induces short-term dissociative experiences and has therefore been used to model an altered state of self-perception. This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study investigated the mechanisms for ketamine’s effects on the bodily sense of self in the context of affective touch. Thirty healthy participants (15 females/15 males, age 19–39) received intravenous ketamine or placebo while performing self-touch and receiving touch by someone else during functional MRI – a previously established neural measure of tactile self-other-differentiation. Afterwards, tactile detection thresholds during self- and other-touch were assessed, as well as dissociative states, interoceptive awareness, and social touch attitudes. Compared to placebo, ketamine administration elicited dissociation and reduced neural activity associated with self-other-differentiation in the right temporoparietal cortex, which was most pronounced during other-touch. This reduction correlated with ketamine-induced reductions in interoceptive awareness. The temporoparietal cortex showed higher connectivity to somatosensory cortex and insula during other- compared to self-touch. This difference was augmented by ketamine, and correlated with dissociation strength for somatosensory cortex. These results demonstrate that disrupting the self-experience through ketamine administration affects neural activity associated with self-other-differentiation in a region involved in touch perception and social cognition, especially with regard to social touch by someone else. This process may be driven by ketamine-induced effects on top-down signaling, rendering the processing of predictable self-generated and unpredictable other-generated touch more similar. These findings provide further evidence for the intricate relationship of the bodily self with the tactile sense.
Biliary atresia: insights into mechanisms using a toxic model of the disease including Wnt and Hippo signaling pathways and microtubules
Authors: Fried Sophia , Har-Zahav Adi , Hamudi Yara , Mahameed Sarah , Mansur Rasha , Dotan Miri , Cozacov Tal , Shamir Raanan , Wells Rebecca G. , Waisbourd-Zinman Orith 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Mechanisms underlying bile duct injury in biliary atresia (BA) remain unclear and mechanisms of bile duct repair are unknown. This study aimed to explore the roles of microtubule instability and Wnt and Hippo signaling pathways in a biliatresone-induced BA model.

Methods
Using primary murine neonatal cholangiocytes in both 2D and 3D cultures, and ex-vivo extra hepatic bile ducts (EHBD) which also has peri-cholangiocyte area, we analyzed injury and recovery processes. Injury was induced by the toxin biliatresone and recovery was induced by toxin wash-out.

Results
Microtubule stabilizer paclitaxel prevented biliatresone-induced injury, both to cholangiocytes as well as reduced periductal αSMA stain, this process is mediated by decreased glutathione levels. RhoU and Wnt11 (Wnt signaling) and Pard6g and Amotl1 (Hippo signaling) are involved in both injury and recovery processes, with the latter acting upstream to Wnt signaling.

Conclusions
Early stages of biliatresone-induced EHBD injury in cholangiocytes and periductal structures are reversible. Wnt and Hippo signaling pathways play crucial roles in injury and recovery, providing insights into BA injury mechanisms and potential recovery avenues.

Impact

Microtubule stabilization prevents cholangiocyte injury and lumen obstruction in a toxic model of biliary atresia (biliatresone induced).

Early stages of biliatresone-induced injury, affecting both cholangiocytes and periductal structures, are reversible. Both Wnt and Hippo signaling pathways play a crucial role in bile duct injury and recovery, with a noted interplay between the two.

Understanding mechanisms of cholangiocyte recovery is imperative to unveil potential therapeutic avenues.
Extracellular vesicles from type-2 macrophages increase the survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells ex vivo
Authors: Ikhlef Léa , Ratti Nina , Durand Stéphanie , Formento Rémy , Daverat Héloïse , Boutaud Marie , Guillou Clément , Dmytruk Natalya , Gachard Nathalie , Cosette Pascal , Jauberteau Marie-Odile , Gallet Paul-François 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe resistance of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) B-cells to cell death is mainly attributed to interactions within their microenvironment, where they interact with various types of cells. Within this microenvironment, CLL-B-cells produce and bind cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). In the present study, EVs purified from nurse-like cells and M2-polarized THP1 cell (M2-THP1) cultures were added to CLL-B-cells cultures. EVs were rapidly internalized by B-cells, leading to a decrease in apoptosis (P = 0.0162 and 0.0469, respectively) and an increased proliferation (P = 0.0335 and 0.0109). Additionally, they induced an increase in the resistance of CLL-B-cells to Ibrutinib, the Bruton kinase inhibitor in vitro (P = 0.0344). A transcriptomic analysis showed an increase in the expression of anti-apoptotic gene BCL-2 (P = 0.0286) but not MCL-1 and an increase in the expression of proliferation-inducing gene APRIL (P = 0.0286) following treatment with EVs. Meanwhile, an analysis of apoptotic protein markers revealed increased amounts of IGFBP-2 (P = 0.0338), CD40 (P = 0.0338), p53 (P = 0.0219) and BCL-2 (P = 0.0338). Finally, exploration of EVs protein content by mass spectrometry revealed they carry various proteins involved in known oncogenic pathways and the RNAseq analysis of CLL-B-cells treated or not with NLCs EVs show various differentially expressed genes.
IGFBP2/ITGA5 promotes gefitinib resistance via activating STAT3/CXCL1 axis in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Lu Hengxiao , Ai Jiangshan , Zheng Yingying , Zhou Wolong , Zhang Liming , Zhu Jiebo , Zhang Heng , Wang Shaoqiang 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThere is a paucity of comprehensive knowledge pertaining to the underlying mechanisms leading to gefitinib resistance in individuals diagnosed NSCLC harboring EGFR-sensitive mutations who inevitably develop resistance to gefitinib treatment within six months to one year. In our preceding investigations, we have noted a marked upregulation of IGFBP2 in the neoplastic tissues of NSCLC, predominantly in the periphery of the tissue, implying its plausible significance in NSCLC. Consequently, in the current research, we delved into the matter and ascertained the molecular mechanisms that underlie the participation of IGFBP2 in the emergence of gefitinib resistance in NSCLC cells. Firstly, the expression of IGFBP2 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung cancer tissues of 20 NSCLC patients with gefitinib tolerance was found to be significantly higher than that of non-tolerant patients. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that IGFBP2 plays a significant role in the acquisition of gefitinib resistance. Mechanistically, IGFBP2 can activate STAT3 to enhance the transcriptional activity of CXCL1, thereby increasing the intracellular expression level of CXCL1, which contributes to the survival of lung cancer cells in the gefitinib environment. Additionally, we identified ITGA5 as a key player in IGFBP2-mediated gefitinib resistance, but it does not function as a membrane receptor in the process of linking IGFBP2 to intracellular signaling transduction. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the promoting role and mechanism of IGFBP2 in acquired gefitinib resistance caused by non-EGFR secondary mutations, suggesting the potential of IGFBP2 as a biomarker for gefitinib resistance and a potential intervention target.