bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Joint Experimental and Computational Search for Authentic Nano‐electrocatalytic Effects: Electrooxidation of Nitrite and L‐Ascorbate on Gold Nanoparticle‐Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Wang Ying , Ward Kristopher R. , Laborda Eduardo , Salter Chris , Crossley Alison , Jacobs Robert M. J. , Compton Richard G. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe investigation of electrocatalytic nanoeffects is tackled via joint electrochemical measurements and computational simulations. The cyclic voltammetry of electrodes modified with metal nanoparticles is modeled considering the kinetics of the electrochemical process on the bulk materials of the different regions of the electrode, that is, the substrate (glassy carbon) and the nanoparticles (gold). Comparison of experimental and theoretical results enables the detection of changes in the electrode kinetics at the nanoscale due to structural and/or electronic effects. This approach is applied to the experimental assessment of electrocatalytic effects by gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in the electrooxidation of nitrite and L‐ascorbate. Glassy carbon electrode is modified with Au NPs via seed‐mediated growth method. Divergence between the kinetics of these processes on gold macroelectrodes and gold nanoparticles is examined. Whereas claimed catalytic effects are not observed in the electrooxidation of nitrite, electrocatalytic nanoeffects are verified in the case of L‐ascorbate. This is probably due to that the electron transfer process follows an adsorptive mechanism. The combination of simulation with experiments is commended as a general strategy of authentification, or not, of nanoelectrocatalytic effects.
Artificial Spores: Cytocompatible Encapsulation of Individual Living Cells within Thin, Tough Artificial Shells
Authors: Yang Sung Ho , Hong Daewha , Lee Juno , Ko Eun Hyea , Choi Insung S. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractCells are encapsulated individually within thin and tough shells in a cytocompatible way, by mimicking the structure of bacterial endospores that survive under hostile conditions. The 3D ‘cell‐in‐shell’ structures—coined as ‘artificial spores'—enable modulation and control over cellular metabolism, such as control of cell division, resistance to external stresses, and surface‐functionalizability, providing a useful platform for applications, including cell‐based sensors, cell therapy, regenerative medicine, as well as for fundamental studies on cellular metabolism at the single‐cell level and cell‐to‐cell communications. This Concept focuses on chemical approaches to single‐cell encapsulation with artificial shells for creating artificial spores, including cross‐linked layer‐by‐layer assembly, bioinspired mineralization, and mussel‐inspired polymerization. The current status and future prospects of this emerging field are also discussed.
The incidence of inherited porphyrias in Europe
Authors: Elder George , Harper Pauline , Badminton Michael , Sandberg Sverre , Deybach Jean‐Charles 
Published: October 2012

AbstractRetrospective estimates of the prevalence of porphyrias have been reported but there has been no large scale prospective study of their incidence. The European Porphyria Network collected information prospectively over a 3 year period about the number of newly diagnosed symptomatic patients with an inherited porphyria (335 patients from 11 countries). Prevalence was calculated from the incidence and mean disease duration. The incidence of hepato‐cellular carcinoma (HCC) in acute hepatic porphyria and the prevalence of patients with recurrent acute attacks of porphyria were also investigated. The incidence of symptomatic acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) was similar in all countries (0.13 per million per year; 95 % CI: 0.10 – 0.14) except Sweden (0.51; 95 % CI: 0.28–0.86). The incidence ratio for symptomatic AIP: variegate porphyria: hereditary coproporphyria was 1.00:0.62: 0.15. The prevalence of AIP (5.4 per million; 95 % CI: 4.5–6.3) was about half that previously reported. The prevalence of erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) was less uniform between countries and, in some countries, exceeded previous estimates. Fourteen new cases of HCC (11 from Sweden) were reported in patients with acute porphyria. Sixty seven patients (3 VP; 64 AIP: 53 females, 11 males) with recurrent attacks of acute porphyria were identified. The estimated percentage of patients with AIP that will develop recurrent acute attacks was 3–5 %. In conclusion, the prevalence of symptomatic acute porphyria may be decreasing, possibly due to improved management, whereas the prevalence of EPP may be increasing due to improved diagnosis and its greater recognition as a cause of photosensitivity.
A set of novel modifications to improve algorithms from the A* family applied in mobile robotics
Authors: do Nascimento Tiago Pereira , Costa Pedro , Costa Paulo G. , Moreira António Paulo , Conceição André Gustavo Scolari 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This paper presents a set of novel modifications that can be applied to any grid-based path planning algorithm from the A* family used in mobile robotics. Five modifications are presented regarding the way the robot sees an obstacle and its target to plan the robot’s path. The modifications make it possible for the robot to get to the target faster than traditional algorithms, as well as to avoid obstacles that move as fast as (or even faster than) the robot. Some simulations were made using a crowded and highly dynamic environment with twelve randomly moving obstacles. In these first simulations, a middle sized 5DPO robot was used. Also, real experiments were made with a small-sized version of a 5DPO robot to validate the algorithm’s effectiveness. In all simulations and real robot experiments the objects are considered to be moving at a constant speed. Finally, we present an overall discussion and conclusion of this paper.
Radiological Outcome of Patients with Splay Foot following First and Fifth Metatarsal Osteotomies Performed Simultaneously on the Same Foot
Authors: Hadi Mohammed , Walker Carolina , Fahad Attar , Sheriff Raheel , Gulam Attar 
Published: October 2012

Introduction There have been many operations documented for the treatment of hallux valgus and fifth metatarsal bunionette deformities in patients with splay foot carried out separately, with variable success rates. Our aim was to assess the radiological outcome following combined chevron osteotomy of the first and reverse chevron osteotomy of the fifth metatarsal in symptomatic patients with splay foot. To our knowledge, this procedure has not been described in the literature. Methods Nine symptomatic patients (12 feet) were included in the study. The preoperative and postoperative angles were assessed on weight-bearing radiographs for statistical significance using non-parametric paired t tests. Results The postoperative hallux valgus angles, intermetatarsal angles, first and fifth metatarsal head widths, and maximum distance between the first and fifth metatarsal heads decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusion The results suggest a very good radiological outcome in symptomatic patients following simultaneous first and fifth metatarsal osteotomies. All the angles measured postoperatively, except the distal metatarsal articular angle, showed a statistically significant reduction.
Interprofessionalität als Schlüssel zum Erfolg
Authors: Ewers Michael 
Published: October 2012

Einleitung
Gesundheitsprofessionen, die in interprofessionellen Teams gleichberechtigt komplementäre und ineinandergreifende Leistungen erbringen, gelten international als Schlüssel zum Erfolg einer patienten- und ergebnisorientierten Gesundheitsversorgung. In Deutschland behindern jedoch noch immer politische Forderungen nach Subordination unter die Medizin, hierarchische Muster der Zusammenarbeit und fehlende Initiativen für eine interprofessionelle Ausbildung die Erreichung dieses Ziels.
Fördermittel – der Weg von den Steuereinnahmen ins Förderprojekt
Authors: Kaffler Thomas 
Published: October 2012

Einleitung
Der folgende Artikel gibt einen Überblick zum Haushaltsaufstellungsverfahren, einen Ausblick auf das im Jahr 2013 zu erwartende Budget für Gesundheitsthemen/Lebenswissenschaftliche Grundlagenforschung und einen Einblick in den Ablauf der Projektförderung des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF).
Entwicklung der Beschäftigungsstrukturen in Pflegeberufen
Authors: Simon Michael 
Published: October 2012

Einleitung
Der Beitrag stellt die Entwicklung der Beschäftigungsstrukturen in Pflegeberufen für die Jahre 1999 bis 2009 vor. Die Analyse basiert auf den Ergebnissen einer Zusammenführung der Daten relevanter amtlicher Teilstatistiken des Gesundheitswesens.
Discrete linear local eigenmodes in a separating laminar boundary layer
Authors: Marxen Olaf , Lang Matthias , Rist Ulrich 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe evolution of two- and three-dimensional small-amplitude disturbances in the laminar part of a laminar separation bubble is investigated in detail. We apply a combination of local linear stability theory, results from different experimental measurement campaigns and direct numerical simulations to identify two different discrete eigenmodes in the laminar part of the bubble. A stable eigenmode, the outer mode, governs unsteady oscillations in the upstream part of the bubble. However, this perturbation is quickly overtaken by an unstable eigenmode, the inner mode, which eventually leads to transition of the detached shear layer. Such a behaviour is observed due to an acceleration region with a favourable pressure gradient preceding the adverse-pressure-gradient region. The flow is stable in the acceleration region, in which the outer mode is only moderately damped, while the inner mode is strongly damped. At the onset of instability for the unstable eigenmode upstream of separation, both viscous Tollmien–Schlichting and inviscid Kelvin–Helmholtz instability mechanisms contribute to amplification, while deeper inside the bubble only the inviscid mechanism is active. If the explicit forcing is moved to a region downstream of the favourable pressure gradient, only the unstable eigenmode appears. The same behaviour is found for two-dimensional and weakly oblique waves.
The structure of the absolutely unstable regions in the near field of low-density jets
Authors: Coenen Wilfried , Sevilla Alejandro 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe viscous spatiotemporal stability properties of low-density laminar round jets emerging from circular nozzles or tubes are investigated numerically providing, for the first time, a separate treatment of the two particular cases typically studied in experiments: a hot gas jet discharging into a quiescent cold ambient of the same species, and an isothermal jet consisting of a mixture of two gases with different molecular weight, discharging into a stagnant ambient of the heavier species. To that end, use is made of a realistic representation for the base velocity and density profiles based on boundary-layer theory, with account taken of the effect of variable transport properties. Our results show significant quantitative differences with respect to previous parametric studies, and reveal that hot jets are generically more unstable than light jets, in the sense that they have larger associated critical density ratios for values of the Reynolds number and momentum thickness typically used in experiments. In addition, for several values of the jet-to-ambient density ratio, $S$, the downstream evolution of the local stability properties of the jet is computed as a function of the two main control parameters governing the jet, namely the Reynolds number, $\mathit{Re}$, and the momentum thickness of the initial velocity profile, ${\theta }_{0} / D$. It is shown that, for a given value of $S$, the $(\mathit{Re}, {\theta }_{0} / D)$ parameter plane can be divided in three regions. In the first region, defined by low values of $\mathit{Re}$ or very thick shear layers, the flow is locally convectively unstable everywhere. In the second region, with moderately large values of $\mathit{Re}$ and thin shear layers, the jet exhibits a localized pocket of absolute instability, away from boundaries. Finally, in the third region, that prevails in most of the $(\mathit{Re}, {\theta }_{0} / D)$ parameter plane, the absolutely unstable domain is bounded by the jet outlet. All the experiments available in the literature are shown to lie in the latter region, and the global transition observed in experiments is demonstrated to take place when the absolutely unstable domain becomes sufficiently large. The marginal frequency of the resulting global self-excited oscillations is shown to be fairly well described by the absolute frequency evaluated at the jet outlet, in agreement with the numerical results obtained by Lesshafft et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 554, 2006, pp. 393–409) for synthetic jets.
804 Tastes: Evidence on Preferences, Randomness, and Value from Double-Blind Wine Tastings
Authors: Bodington Jeffrey C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractResults for a total of 804 double-blind tastes by experienced tasters during nine tasting events are reported. T-test results reject the hypothesis that flight-position bias affects results. The distribution of ranks for a wine is a mixture distribution, and tests concerning the variance of that mixture distribution do not isolate the variance due to the randomness mixture component alone. T-statistics for the mean ranks of high- and low-ranking wines are over several standard deviations from a random expectation. T-tests show that the statistical significance of the difference between wine ranks is positively related to the difference in their mean ranks. At a 95% level of significance, the difference in ranks between the first- and second-place wines appears to be significant in 33% of tastings. At 95%, the difference in ranks between the first- and last-place wines appears to be significant in 100% of tastings. Monte Carlo simulation shows that much of those differences could be illusory and due to ranking procedures that lead to Type I errors. While the mean correlation coefficient between price per bottle and mean preference is a weakly positive 0.23, this may not indicate an inefficient market. (JEL Classifications: A10, C00, C12, D12)
A NOTE ON THE SEMILOCAL CONVERGENCE OF CHEBYSHEV’S METHOD
Authors: DILONÉ MANUEL A. , GARCÍA-OLIVO MARTÍN , GUTIÉRREZ JOSÉ M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this paper we develop a Kantorovich-like theory for Chebyshev’s method, a well-known iterative method for solving nonlinear equations in Banach spaces. We improve the results obtained previously by considering Chebyshev’s method as an element of a family of iterative processes.
CONSTRUCTION OF NORMAL NUMBERS USING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LARGEST PRIME FACTOR
Authors: DE KONINCK JEAN-MARIE , KÁTAI IMRE 
Published: October 2012

AbstractGiven an integer $q\ge 2$, a $q$-normal number is an irrational number $\eta $ such that any preassigned sequence of $\ell $ digits occurs in the $q$-ary expansion of $\eta $ at the expected frequency, namely $1/q^\ell $. In a recent paper we constructed a large family of normal numbers, showing in particular that, if $P(n)$ stands for the largest prime factor of $n$, then the number $0.P(2)P(3)P(4)\ldots ,$ the concatenation of the numbers $P(2), P(3), P(4), \ldots ,$ each represented in base $q$, is a $q$-normal number, thereby answering in the affirmative a question raised by Igor Shparlinski. We also showed that $0.P(2+1)P(3+1)P(5+1) \ldots P(p+1)\ldots ,$ where $p$ runs through the sequence of primes, is a $q$-normal number. Here, we show that, given any fixed integer $k\ge 2$, the numbers $0.P_k(2)P_k(3)P_k(4)\ldots $ and $0. P_k(2+1)P_k(3+1)P_k(5+1) \ldots P_k(p+1)\ldots ,$ where $P_k(n)$ stands for the $k{\rm th}$ largest prime factor of $n$, are $q$-normal numbers. These results are part of more general statements.
Introduction: British nuclear culture
Authors: HOGG JONATHAN , LAUCHT CHRISTOPH 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn the extended introduction to this special issue on British nuclear culture, the guest editors outline the main historiographical and conceptual contours of British nuclear scholarship, and explore whether we can begin to define ‘British nuclear culture’ before introducing the contributors to this special issue, whose work we have organized into three broad areas. The first part is devoted to three articles that offer explicit and extended attempts to reconceptualize British nuclear culture, illuminating the complex links between nuclear science, the state and the individual citizen. The second part of this issue is devoted to three articles that concentrate on aspects of the history of nuclear science – focusing particularly on intellectuals, nuclear scientists and enthusiasts – alongside analysis of the popularization of nuclear science as well as the relationship between the state and nuclear science and its practitioners. In the third part, four articles examine the diverse ways in which ‘official’ narratives of the atomic age can be questioned, disrupted or enhanced by analysing the significance of journalistic, anti-nuclear and fictional narratives to the development of nuclear culture in Britain.
In vitrofermentation of commercial α-gluco-oligosaccharide by faecal microbiota from lean and obese human subjects
Authors: Sarbini Shahrul R. , Kolida Sofia , Gibson Glenn R. , Rastall Robert A. 
Published: November 2012

The fermentation selectivity of a commercial source of α-gluco-oligosaccharides (BioEcolians; Solabia) was investigatedin vitro. Fermentation by faecal bacteria from four lean and four obese healthy adults was determined in anaerobic, pH-controlled faecal batch cultures. Inulin was used as a positive prebiotic control. Samples were obtained at 0, 10, 24 and 36 h for bacterial enumeration by fluorescentin situhybridisation and SCFA analyses. Gas production during fermentation was investigated in non-pH-controlled batch cultures. α-Gluco-oligosaccharides significantly increased theBifidobacteriumsp. population compared with the control. Other bacterial groups enumerated were unaffected with the exception of an increase in theBacteroides–Prevotellagroup and a decrease inFaecalibacterium prausnitziion both α-gluco-oligosaccharides and inulin compared with baseline. An increase in acetate and propionate was seen on both substrates. The fermentation of α-gluco-oligosaccharides produced less total gas at a more gradual rate of production than inulin. Generally, substrates fermented with the obese microbiota produced similar results to the lean fermentation regarding bacteriology and metabolic activity. No significant difference at baseline (0 h) was detected between the lean and obese individuals in any of the faecal bacterial groups studied.
Early-season predation on aphids by winter-active spiders in apple orchards revealed by diagnostic PCR
Authors: Boreau de Roincé C. , Lavigne C. , Mandrin J.-F. , Rollard C. , Symondson W.O.C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAphids are major pests in apple orchards, debilitating the crop and spreading disease. We investigated whether early-season predation by canopy spiders may be effectively controlling aphid numbers in three organic orchards. For this purpose, we monitored the aphid population dynamics from the winter eggs to colony stages and compared this to spider abundances and rates of predation on aphids detected by diagnostic polymerase chain reaction. For the latter, we applied existing general aphid primers. We found that spiders ate colony fundatrices and that aphid numbers were negatively related to spider abundance. Spiders were the main active predators within the orchards when the first colony fundatrices were present, indicating their importance in the early control of aphid populations.
Eruptive history of Neapolitan volcanoes: constraints from 40Ar–39Ar dating
Authors: SCARPATI CLAUDIO , PERROTTA ANNAMARIA , LEPORE SIMONE , CALVERT ANDREW 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe city of Naples can be considered part of the Campi Flegrei volcanic field, and deposits within the urban area record many autochthonous pre- to post-caldera eruptions. Age measurements were carried out using 40Ar–39Ar dating techniques on samples from small monogenetic vents and more widely distributed tephra layers. The 40Ar–39Ar ages on feldspar phenocrysts yielded ages of c. 16 ka and 22 ka for events older than the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff caldera-forming eruption (15 ka), and ages of c. 40 ka, 53 ka and 78 ka for events older than the Campanian Ignimbrite caldera-forming eruption (39 ka). The oldest age obtained is 18 ka older than previous dates for pyroclastic deposits cropping out along the northern rim of Campi Flegrei. The results of this study allow us to divide the Campi Flegrei volcanic history into four main, geochronologically distinct eruptive cycles. A new period, the Paleoflegrei, occurred before 74–78 ka and has been proposed to better discriminate the ancient volcanism in the volcanic field. The eruptive history of Campi Flegrei extends possibly further back than this, but the products of previous eruptions are difficult to date owing to the lack of fresh juvenile clasts. These new geochronological data, together with recently published ages related to young volcanic edifices located in the city of Naples (Nisida volcano, 3.9 ka) testify to persistent activity over a period of at least 80 ka, with an average eruption recurrence interval of ~555 years within and adjacent to this densely populated city.
Relationships between physiological traits and productivity of sugarcane in response to water deficit
Authors: DE A. SILVA M. , JIFON J. L. , DA SILVA J. A. G. , DOS SANTOS C. M. , SHARMA V. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYThe relationships between physiological variables and sugarcane productivity under water deficit conditions were investigated in field studies during 2005 and 2006 in Weslaco, Texas, USA. A total of 78 genotypes and two commercial varieties were studied, one of which was drought-tolerant (TCP93-4245) and the other drought-sensitive (TCP87-3388). All genotypes were subjected to two irrigation regimes: a control well-watered treatment (wet) and a moderate water-deficit stress (dry) treatment for a period of 90 days. Maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), estimated chlorophyll content (SPAD index), leaf temperature (LT), leaf relative water content (RWC) and productivity were measured. The productivity of all genotypes was, on average, affected negatively; however, certain genotypes did not suffer significant reduction. Under water deficit, the productivity of the genotypes was positively and significantly correlated with Fv/Fm, SPAD index and RWC, while LT had a negative correlation. These findings suggest that genotypes exhibiting traits of high RWC values, high chlorophyll contents and high photosynthetic radiation use efficiency under low moisture availability should be targeted for selection and variety development in programmes aimed at improving sugarcane for drought prone environments.
Corporate Governance, Finance, and the Real Sector
Authors: Fulghieri Paolo , Suominen Matti 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe present a theory of the linkages between corporate governance, corporate finance, and the real sector of an economy. Using a structural model of industry equilibrium with endogenous entry, we show that poor corporate governance leads to low levels of competition, and to firms with high insider ownership and leverage. In contrast, good corporate governance promotes the adoption of more efficient technologies and development of sectors more exposed to moral hazard. We use our model to study equity market liberalization, and we show that liberalizations facilitate entry and adoption of more productive technologies, especially in countries with good corporate governance.