bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: The New Convenient Synthesis of Novel γ‐Alkylidenebutenolides from 6‐Aminopenicillanic Acid.
Authors: Yu Bin , Zhang En , Fang Yuan , Sun Xiao‐nan , Ren Jing‐li , Yu De‐quan , Liu Hong‐min 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe methanolysis of azetidinone‐fused oxazoline (II) affords dipeptide (IV), which is readily converted into novel butenolide (V) and its 5‐substituted derivatives (VII)/(VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Mixed Organotin(IV) Chalcogenides: From Molecules to Sn—S—Se Semiconducting Thin Films Deposited by Spin‐Coating.
Authors: Wagner Tomas , et al. et al. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSpin‐coating deposition of compound (IIIa) as a single‐source precursor provides amorphous Sn—S—Se semiconducting thin films.
Fluorine Substitution Effects on Flexibility and Tunneling Pathways: The Rotational Spectrum of 2‐Fluorobenzylamine
Authors: Calabrese Camilla , Maris Assimo , Evangelisti Luca , Caminati Walther , Melandri Sonia 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe effect of ring fluorination on the structural and dynamical properties of the flexible model molecule 2‐fluorobenzylamine has been studied by rotational spectroscopy in free‐jet expansion and quantum chemical methods. The complete potential energy surface originating from the flexibility of the aminic side chain has been calculated at the B3LYP/6‐311++G** level of theory and the stable geometries were also characterized with MP2/6‐311++G**. The rotational spectra show the presence of two of the predicted four stable conformers: the global minimum (I), in which the side chain’s dihedral angle with the phenyl plane is almost perpendicular, is stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the fluorine atom and one hydrogen of the aminic group; and a second conformer II (EII−EI≈5 kJ mol−1) in which the dihedral angle is smaller and the amino group points towards the aromatic ortho hydrogen atom. This conformation is characterized by a tunneling motion between two equivalent positions of the amino group with respect to the phenyl plane, which splits the rotational transition. The ortho fluorination increases, with respect to benzylamine, the tunneling splitting of this motion by four orders of magnitude. The motion is analyzed with a one‐dimensional flexible model, which allows estimation of the energy barrier for the transition state as approximately 8.0 kJ mol−1.
Water‐Soluble Palladium Click Chelating Complex: An Efficient and Reusable Precatalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura and Hiyama Reactions in Water
Authors: Kong Fanzhen , Zhou Chunshan , Wang Jinyun , Yu Zhangyu , Wang Ruihu 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA water‐soluble ionic palladium(II) nitrogen‐containing chelating complex, [palladium(II) 1‐(4‐N,N′,N′′‐trimethylbutylammonium)‐4‐(2‐pyridyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole dichloride] chloride (3), was prepared through the click reaction of 1‐chloro‐4‐bromobutane, sodium azide, and 2‐ethynylpyridine, followed by the quarternization of Me3N and subsequent reaction with [Pd(cod)Cl2] (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene). The catalytic performances of complex 3 were preliminarily evaluated through Suzuki–Miyaura and Hiyama cross‐coupling reactions of aryl bromides; excellent catalytic activity in water was observed. TEM analysis revealed that small palladium nanoparticles (NPs) with a narrow size distribution were formed after the catalytic reaction. The NPs were stabilized by the synergetic effect of coordination and electrostatic interactions from the ionic, bidentate, nitrogen‐containing ligand; no palladium black was detected after the aqueous solution of palladium NPs was stored in air for months. The use of 3 as a precursor in the formation of palladium NPs was further explored by using NaBH4 and hydrogen as reductive reagents. The resulting NPs displayed different sizes, surface properties, and catalytic performances in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction in water.
Synthesis of DNL‐6 with a High Concentration of Si (4 Al) Environments and its Application in CO2 Separation
Authors: Su Xiong , Tian Peng , Fan Dong , Xia Qinghua , Yang Yue , Xu Shutao , Zhang Lin , Zhang Ying , Wang Dehua , Liu Zhongmin 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe synthesis of DNL‐6 with a high concentration of Si (4 Al) environments [Si/(Si+Al+P)=0.182 mol, denoted as M‐DNL‐6] is demonstrated. This represents the highest reported concentration of such environments in silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) molecular sieves. Adsorption studies show that the high Si (4 Al) content in M‐DNL‐6, with an increased number of Brønsted acid sites in the framework, greatly promotes the adsorption of CO2. M‐DNL‐6 exhibits a large CO2 uptake capacity of up to 6.18 mmol g−1 at 273 K and 101 kPa, and demonstrates high ratios of CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separation. From breakthrough and cycling experiments, M‐DNL‐6 demonstrates the ability to completely separate CO2 from CH4 or N2 with a dynamic capacity of approximately 8.0 wt % before breakthrough. Importantly, the adsorbed CO2 is easily released from the adsorbent through a simple gas purging operation at room temperature to regain 95 % of the original adsorption capacity. These results suggest that M‐DNL‐6 can be used as a potential adsorbent for CO2 capture in pressure swing adsorption processes.
The Role of Technology in Policy Dynamics: The Case of Desalination in Israel
Authors: Teschner Naama , Garb Yaakov , Paavola Jouni 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThis article examines the relationship between technology and policy change, focusing on shifts in Israel's water regime as a case example. Technologies, especially systems of large‐scale infrastructures, have offered an explanation for the stability and stagnation of policy regimes in what has been termed “lock‐in” and path dependency. Our paper focuses on the reverse phenomenon: on how technology or change in it can induce policy change. Israeli decision‐makers have recently embraced desalination technology as a substitute for natural resources, because earlier policies, characterized by a strategy of environmental brinkmanship, have resulted in degradation of natural sources and risk future supply. This analysis is based on extensive document analysis and in‐depth interviews. We suggest that technological breakthroughs that rendered desalination economically feasible also undermined long‐lasting hydro‐ideological support for agriculture, introduced new ideas about water abundance and engendered policy change. Desalination contributed to these shifts because it allowed the displacement of environmental externalities, economic costs and hard political choices to other policy sectors and levels of governance as well as reallocating them between political actors, bureaucrats and professionals. It is important to make displacements like these more visible in order to emphasize more comprehensive and longer‐term problem solving rather than problem avoidance or postponement. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Preparation of chitosan‐graft‐(β‐cyclodextrin) based sol‐gel stationary phase for open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Lü Haixia , Li Qingyin , Yu Xiaowei , Yi Jiaojiao , Xie Zenghong 
Published: April 2013

A novel open‐tubular CEC column coated with chitosan‐graft‐(β‐CD) (CDCS) was prepared using sol‐gel technique. In the sol‐gel approach, owing to the 3D network of sol‐gel and the strong chemical bond between the stationary phase and the surface of capillary columns, good chromatographic characteristics and unique selectivity in separating isomers were shown. The column efficiencies of 55 000∼163 000 plates/m for the isomeric xanthopterin and phenoxy acid herbicides using the sol‐gel‐derived CDCS columns were achieved. Good stabilities were demonstrated that the RSD values for the retention time of thiourea and isoxanthopterin were 1.3 and 1.4% (run to run, n = 5), 1.6 and 2.0% (day to day, n = 3), 2.9 and 3.1% (column to column, n = 3), respectively. The sol‐gel‐coated CDCS columns have shown improved separations of isomeric xanthopterin in comparison with CDCS‐bonded capillary column.
SU‐8/Pyrex microchip electrophoresis with integrated electrochemical detection for class‐selective electrochemical index determination of phenolic compounds in complex samples
Authors: Castañeda Raquel , Vilela Diana , González María Cristina , Mendoza Sandra , Escarpa Alberto 
Published: April 2013

A SU‐8/Pyrex single‐channel microchip integrating three 100 μm Pt electrodes (MCE‐ED) for class‐selective electrochemical index determination (CSEID) of phenolic acids and flavonoids in complex extracts of Tagetes lucida (Tl), Mentha piperita (Mp), Cymbopogon citratus (Cc), Calendula officinalis (Co), and Cynara scolymus (Cs) is proposed. Under strategic conditions controlled by a MES buffer (pH 5.0; 25 mM) and accordingly to the antioxidant acid‐base properties, the simultaneous measurement of total acids and flavonoids indexes was achieved in less than 100 s with excellent analytical performance. The reliability of MCE‐ED approach was demonstrated toward the high agreement between the total phenolic content obtained using microchip approach with those obtained by the well‐established HPLC‐DAD; revealing both identical order regarding the total phenolic content in the target samples. In addition, further comparison of MCE‐ED with the traditional Folin‐Ciocalteu antioxidant capacity assay, showed that MCE‐ED approach could become a class‐selective antioxidant capacity assay revealing that the sample antioxidant capacity was decreasing as Tl > Mp > Cs > Cc > Co according to their endogenous polyphenol content. These results suggested that the microchip approach is not only a reliable method for fast assessment of class‐selective antioxidants constituting a very good alternative to the long analysis times and the using of toxic solvents required in HPLC but a novel truly antioxidant capacity assay. This excellent analytical performance is connected with the key‐features of the “ready‐to‐use” system employed in this work such as portability, full integration of electrochemical detection, easy‐operation, and potential MCE‐ED disposability.
Seasonal emaciation causes tissue redistribution and an increased potential for toxicity of lipophilic pollutants in farmed arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)
Authors: Helgason Lisa B. , Wolkers Hans , Fuglei Eva , Ahlstrøm Øystein , Muir Derek , Jørgensen Even H. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Many Arctic animals carry high body burdens of organochlorine contaminants (OCs) as a result of long-range transport of persistent pollutants. It has been shown that seasonal mobilization of body fat in these species results in increased blood concentration of OCs. The authors investigated OC assimilation, tissue distribution, and biotransformation in farmed Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) continuously fed a diet containing contaminated minke whale blubber or lard (control) from 8 wk of age in August 2003, until sampling when they were at their fattest (in November 2004) and leanest (in June 2005). Markedly higher tissue (liver, adrenals, brain, and blood) OC levels were found in June than in November despite low exposure to OCs during emaciation, suggesting that OCs had been redistributed from adipose tissues to vital organs. There were no differences in the activities of hepatic biotransforming enzymes between exposed fat and control fat foxes, except for 16α-hydroxylation, which was higher in exposed fat foxes. In emaciated foxes, ethoxyresorufin activity was higher in exposed than in control foxes, indicating an enhanced potential for toxicity of OCs with emaciation. Lower activities of 6β- and 2β-hydroxylation were found in lean than in fat foxes, irrespective of OC treatment. The results show that emaciation increase the toxic potential of accumulated OCs and emphasize that body adiposity must be considered when time-trend analyses, risk assessments, and effect studies are designed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1784–1792. © 2013 SETAC
Options on Troubled Stock
Authors: Câmara António , Popova Ivilina , Simkins Betty 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis study uses equilibrium arguments to derive closed‐form solutions for the price of European call and put options written on an individual stock when shareholders might lose all their claims on the firm. The stock price accounts for both a random probability of bankruptcy and a random probability of remaining a going concern. With a random probability of bankruptcy, shareholders lose all their claims in the firm. With a random probability of remaining a going concern, the stock price is lognormal as in the Black–Scholes model. The bankruptcy probability is correlated with aggregated wealth if the bankruptcy risk is systematic. The model is consistent with a bankruptcy probability negatively correlated with the firm's stock price. If the bankruptcy probability of a given firm increases then its stock price decreases which leads to the value of the call options written on that stock to decrease. This result is not obtainable under Merton's (1976) ruin model where the stock price and the bankruptcy probability are independent. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:637–657, 2014
Ontario Initiative Points to Renewal of Electricity Distribution Worldwide
Authors: McFadden David 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe central importance of electricity distribution is often overlooked as attention is focused on the promise of shale gas generation; the renaissance of nuclear power; or the growth of wind, solar, and other forms of renewable generation. However, the efficient, reliable, and cost‐effective distribution of electricity is vital to any society's economic prosperity and standard of living.
Renewable Energy—Finance: Financing US Renewable Energy Projects in a Post‐Subsidy World
Authors: Sinaiko Daniel 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe federal renewable energy production tax credit (PTC) was created in 1992 when Congress enacted the Energy Policy Act of 1992. The creation of the PTC for renewable energy generating projects signaled the birth of the modern renewable energy industry in the United States. In the years since its birth, the industry has grown in fits and starts, seeing the creation of the investment tax credit (ITC) in 2005 and no less than six extensions of the PTC.
End‐Users—Finance: Efficiency Financing That Provides Greatest Benefits
Authors: Benda George 
Published: April 2013

AbstractStrong interest in reducing the energy component in building operation costs combined with challenges in availability of capital for improvements continues to drive demand for a variety of third‐party and off‐balance‐sheet financing methodologies for project implementation. There is no single right answer when it comes to financing. The key, always, is to pick the right arrangements for your building ownership.
Technology: Net‐Zero Buildings and Distributed Generation Forcing New Business Models
Authors: Skinner R. Kenneth 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) recently published a report with an intriguing title—“Net Energy Metering, Zero Net Energy, and the Distributed Energy Resource Future: Adapting Electric Utility Business Models For The 21st Century.” Apart from the subject matter, the intriguing connection is the linking of net energy metering, zero net energy, and distributed energy with twenty‐first century business models. The report is intended to evaluate the potential implications for the utility and its customers of a future business environment characterized by high levels of customer energy efficiency, zero‐net‐energy buildings, and distributed generation (DG) by utility customers.
Validity of bioelectrical impedance analysis to assess fat‐free mass in patients with head and neck cancer: An exploratory study
Authors: Jager–Wittenaar Harriët , Dijkstra Pieter U. , Earthman Carrie P. , Krijnen Wim P. , Langendijk Johannes A. , van der Laan Bernard F.A.M. , Pruim Jan , Roodenburg Jan L.N. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT: BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to validate bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using the Geneva equation for fat‐free mass (FFM) in patients with head and neck cancer.MethodsIn 24 patients with head and neck cancer, agreement between BIA (FFMBIA) and dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (FFMDXA) 1 week before (T0), 1 month (T1), and 4 months (T2) after cancer treatment was analyzed.ResultsFFMBIA did not differ from FFMDXA (mean difference 0.71 ± 1.9, 0.30 ± 1.9, and 0.02 ± 2.1 kg) at any time point. Only at T0, mean FFM correlated to the difference between FFMDXA and FFMBIA (r = 0.48; p = .017). Limits of agreement were 3.8, 3.7, and 4.1 kg, respectively. Concordance Correlation Coefficients were 0.98 at all time points.ConclusionBIA may be used to assess FFM with reasonable validity based on mean‐level comparisons, but differences between BIA and DXA may vary by about 4 kg in an individual patient. These results require confirmation in a larger sample of patients with head and neck cancer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 585–591, 2014
Pharyngocutaneous fistula after salvage laryngectomy: Impact of interval between radiotherapy and surgery, and performance of bilateral neck dissection
Authors: Basheeth Naveed , O'Leary Gerard , Sheahan Patrick 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundPharyngocutaneous fistula is a serious complication of total laryngectomy. The purpose of this study was to examine predisposing factors at our institution.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of 94 consecutive patients undergoing total laryngectomy. Cases with hypopharyngeal primary tumors or undergoing extended hypopharyngeal resection with flap augmentation of the pharynx were excluded.ResultsSeventy‐four cases met inclusion criteria. A total of 25.7% patients developed a pharyngocutaneous fistula. The fistula rate was higher after salvage laryngectomy than after primary surgery (34.0% vs 11.1%; p = .05). Among salvage laryngectomies, performance of laryngectomy within 1 year of completion of radiotherapy (p = .006) and performance of concomitant bilateral neck dissection (p = .02) were significant risk factors for development of a fistula. Radiation dose, addition of chemotherapy, use of pectoralis major myofascial flap, preoperative tracheostomy, primary puncture, primary tumor subsite, and initial T classification were not significant.ConclusionInterval between completion of radiotherapy and surgery is significantly associated with pharyngocutaneous fistula after salvage total laryngectomy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 580–584, 2014
The groundwater recharge regime of some slightly metamorphosed neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks: an application of natural environmental tracers
Authors: Yidana Sandow Mark , Koffie Eric 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIsotope data of precipitation and groundwater in parts of the Voltaian Basin in Northern Ghana were used to explain the groundwater recharge regime in the area. Groundwater recharge is an important parameter in the development of a decision support system for the management and efficient utilization of groundwater resources in the area. It is therefore important to establish the processes and sources of groundwater recharge. δ18O and δ2H data for local precipitation suggest enrichment relative to the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) and indicate that precipitation takes place at a relative humidity less than 100%. The groundwater data plot on an evaporation line with a slope of 5, suggesting a high degree of evaporative enrichment of the precipitation in the process of vertical infiltration and percolation through the unsaturated zone into the saturated zone. This finding is consistent with the observation of high evapotranspiration rates in the area and ties in with the fact that significant clay fraction in the unsaturated zone limits vertical percolation and thus exposes the percolating rainwater to the effects of high temperatures and low humidities resulting in high evapotranspiration rates. Groundwater recharge estimates from the chloride mass balance, CMB, method suggest recharge in the range of 1.8–32% of the annual average precipitation in the form of rainfall. The highest rates are associated with areas where open wells encourage significant amount of groundwater recharge from precipitation in the area. In the northern parts of the study area, groundwater recharge is lower than 12%. The recharge so computed through the application of the CMB methodology takes on a spatial distribution akin to the converse of the spatial pattern of both δ18O and δ2H in the area. As such, the locations of the highest recharge are associated with the most depleted values of the two isotopes. This observation is consistent with the assertion that low vertical hydraulic conductivities slow down vertical percolation of precipitation down to the groundwater water. The percolating precipitation water thus gets enriched in the heavier isotopes through high evapotranspiration rates. At the same time, the amount of water that finally reaches the water table is considerably reduced. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical coherence tomography for advanced screening in the primary care office
Authors: Shelton Ryan L. , Jung Woonggyu , Sayegh Samir I. , McCormick Daniel T. , Kim Jeehyun , Boppart Stephen A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractOptical coherence tomography (OCT) has long been used as a diagnostic tool in the field of ophthalmology. The ability to observe microstructural changes in the tissues of the eye has proved very effective in diagnosing ocular disease. However, this technology has yet to be introduced into the primary care office, where indications of disease are first encountered. We have developed a portable, handheld imaging probe for use in the primary care setting and evaluated its tissue site accessibility, ability to observe diseased tissue, and screening capabilities in in vivo human patients, particularly for pathologies related to the eye, ear and skin. Various stages of diabetic retinopathy were investigated using the handheld probe and early‐stage diabetic retinopathy was flagged as abnormal from the OCT images. At such early stages of disease, it is difficult to observe abnormalities with the limited tools that are currently available to primary care physicians. These results indicate that OCT shows promise to transform from being a diagnostic technology in the medical and surgical specialities to a screening technology in the primary care office and at the front‐line of healthcare. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)