bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinematic modeling of fault slip rates using new geodetic velocities from a transect across the Pacific‐North America plate boundary through the San Bernardino Mountains, California
Authors: McGill Sally F. , Spinler Joshua C. , McGill John D. , Bennett Richard A. , Floyd Michael A. , Fryxell Joan E. , Funning Gareth J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCampaign GPS data collected from 2002 to 2014 result in 41 new site velocities from the San Bernardino Mountains and vicinity. We combined these velocities with 93 continuous GPS velocities and 216 published velocities to obtain a velocity profile across the Pacific‐North America plate boundary through the San Bernardino Mountains. We modeled the plate boundary‐parallel, horizontal deformation with 5–14 parallel and one obliquely oriented screw dislocations within an elastic half‐space. Our rate for the San Bernardino strand of the San Andreas Fault (6.5 ± 3.6 mm/yr) is consistent with recently published latest Quaternary rates at the 95% confidence level and is slower than our rate for the San Jacinto Fault (14.1 ± 2.9 mm/yr). Our modeled rate for all faults of the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ) combined (15.7 ± 2.9 mm/yr) is faster than the summed latest Quaternary rates for these faults, even when an estimate of permanent, off‐fault deformation is included. The rate discrepancy is concentrated on faults near the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes; the geodetic and geologic rates agree within uncertainties for other faults within the ECSZ. Coupled with the observation that postearthquake deformation is faster than the pre‐1992 deformation, this suggests that the ECSZ geodetic‐geologic rate discrepancy is directly related to the timing and location of these earthquakes and is likely the result of viscoelastic deformation in the mantle that varies over the timescale of an earthquake cycle, rather than a redistribution of plate boundary slip at a timescale of multiple earthquake cycles or longer.
The influence of misrepresenting the nocturnal boundary layer on idealized daytime convection in large‐eddy simulation
Authors: van Stratum Bart J. H. , Stevens Bjorn 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe influence of poorly resolving mixing processes in the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) on the development of the convective boundary layer the following day is studied using large‐eddy simulation (LES). Guided by measurement data from meteorological sites in Cabauw (Netherlands) and Hamburg (Germany), the typical summertime NBL conditions for Western Europe are characterized, and used to design idealized (absence of moisture and large‐scale forcings) numerical experiments of the diel cycle. Using the UCLA‐LES code with a traditional Smagorinsky‐Lilly subgrid model and a simplified land‐surface scheme, a sensitivity study to grid spacing is performed. At horizontal grid spacings ranging from 3.125 m in which we are capable of resolving most turbulence in the cases of interest to grid a spacing of 100 m which is clearly insufficient to resolve the NBL, the ability of LES to represent the NBL and the influence of NBL biases on the subsequent daytime development of the convective boundary layer are examined. Although the low‐resolution experiments produce substantial biases in the NBL, the influence on daytime convection is shown to be small, with biases in the afternoon boundary layer depth and temperature of approximately 100 m and 0.5 K, which partially cancel each other in terms of the mixed‐layer top relative humidity.
Familial cortical dysplasia type IIA caused by a germline mutation in DEPDC5
Authors: Scerri Thomas , Riseley Jessica R. , Gillies Greta , Pope Kate , Burgess Rosemary , Mandelstam Simone A. , Dibbens Leanne , Chow Chung W. , Maixner Wirginia , Harvey Anthony Simon , Jackson Graeme D. , Amor David J. , Delatycki Martin B. , Crino Peter B. , Berkovic Samuel F. , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Bahlo Melanie , Lockhart Paul J. , Leventer Richard J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWhole‐exome sequencing of two brothers with drug‐resistant, early‐onset, focal epilepsy secondary to extensive type IIA focal cortical dysplasia identified a paternally inherited, nonsense variant of DEPDC5 (c.C1663T, p.Arg555*). This variant has previously been reported to cause familial focal epilepsy with variable foci in patients with normal brain imaging. Immunostaining of resected brain tissue from both brothers demonstrated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. This report shows the histopathological features of cortical dysplasia associated with a DEPDC5 mutation, confirms mTOR dysregulation in the malformed tissue and expands the spectrum of neurological manifestations of DEPDC5 mutations to include severe phenotypes with large areas of cortical malformation.
Failure pressures of three rhinologic dural repairs in a porcine ex vivo model
Authors: Lin Ryan P. , Weitzel Erik Kent , Chen Philip G. , McMains Kevin Christopher , Majors Jacob , Bunegin Leonid 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundThe objective of this work was to determine the failure pressures of 3 commonly performed repair techniques of 5‐mm dural defects in a controlled setting.MethodsThis was a pig dura ex vivo study. A testing apparatus was fabricated to study failure pressures of 3 different repairs in a porcine model. Five‐millimeter (5‐mm) dural defects were created and plugged with autologous mucosa/Tisseel (MT) (Baxter International Inc.), fat graft (FG), and bath plug (BP) techniques. Saline solution was infused at 30 mL/hour to apply unidirectional pressure to the repair until failure occurred. Five dural repairs were performed for each arm of the trial, for a total of 15 trials.ResultsThe mean failure pressure of the MT repair was 4.3 ± 1.9 cmH2O, of the FG repair was 10.9 ± 4.2 cmH2O, and of the BP repair was 20.7 ± 2.2 cmH2O. Differences among mean failure pressures were statistically significant.ConclusionThe BP repair showed significantly higher tolerances for pressure than the other 2 repairs. The BP repair was the only technique that withstood adult physiologic supine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Regiospecific Dimerization of Aromatic Acids: Two Direct CH Bond Activations in Water
Authors: Gong Hang , Zeng Huiying , Zhou Feng , Li Chao‐Jun 
Published: March 2015

Abstract2,2′‐Diaryl acids are key building blocks for some of the most important and high‐performance polymers such as polyesters and polyamides (imides), as well as structural motifs of MOFs (metal–organic frameworks) and biological compounds. In this study, a direct, regiospecific and practical dimerization of simple aromatic acids to generate 2,2′‐diaryl acids has been discovered, which proceeds through two rhodium‐catalyzed CH activations in water. This reaction can be easily scaled up to gram level by using only 0.4–0.6 mol % of the rhodium catalyst. As a proof‐of‐concept, the natural product ellagic acid was synthesized in two steps by this method.
Bioactive Glasses—Structure and Properties
Authors: Brauer Delia S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBioactive glasses were the first synthetic materials to show bonding to bone, and they are successfully used for bone regeneration. They can degrade in the body at a rate matching that of bone formation, and through a combination of apatite crystallization on their surface and ion release they stimulate bone cell proliferation, which results in the formation of new bone. Despite their excellent properties and although they have been in clinical use for nearly thirty years, their current range of clinical applications is still small. Latest research focuses on developing new compositions to address clinical needs, including glasses for treating osteoporosis, with antibacterial properties, or for the sintering of scaffolds with improved mechanical stability. This Review discusses how the glass structure controls the properties, and shows how a structure‐based design may pave the way towards new bioactive glass implants for bone regeneration.
η3‐Allyl Coordination at Tin(II)—Reactivity towards Alkynes and Benzonitrile
Authors: Krebs Kilian M. , Wiederkehr Jessica , Schneider Julia , Schubert Hartmut , Eichele Klaus , Wesemann Lars 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe herein report the synthesis and characterization of a terphenyl‐substituted SnII allyl compound featuring an η3 coordination mode in solution and in the solid state. Two examples for the interesting reactivity of the allyl SnII molecule are presented: Reactions with terminal alkynes result in the formation of tricyclic compounds by CC bond formation and the dimerization of two Sn moieties whereas the reaction with benzonitrile leads to a sixteen‐membered ring system through CH activation.
Thermal hydrolysis of poly(l‐lactic acid) films and cytotoxicity of water‐soluble degradation products
Authors: Xu Guoguang , Liu Xiao , Lin Yanqun , He Guoshan , Wang Wanjuan , Xiong Wen , Luo Haiying , Liu Zhong , Zhao Jianhao 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, the thermal hydrolysis of the poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) films was investigated for its potential use as a food‐packaging ecomaterial. The surface morphology, mass loss, molecular weight, thermal properties, and medium pH were routinely investigated; meanwhile, in particular, the composition and cytotoxicity of the water‐soluble degradation products were studied. The changes in the mass loss and molecular weight revealed a random chain‐scission mechanism. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis implied that the hydrolysis preferentially took place in the amorphous region. The medium pH decreased with time because of the accumulation of acid water‐soluble products in the medium. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis proved that these products were composed of 1–13 lactic acid units, in which the content of l‐lactic acid increased with time and reached 9.71 mmol/L after hydrolysis for 84 days. The in vitro cell culture indicated that the water‐soluble degradation products from the PLLA films had no cytotoxicity to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42064.
Identification and characterization of in vitro and in vivo metabolites of steroidal alkaloid veratramine
Authors: Lyu Chunming , Zhou Wenbin , Zhang Yufeng , Zhang Shen , Kou Fang , Wei Hai , Zhang Ning , Zuo Zhong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractVeratramine, a steroidal alkaloid originating from Veratrum nigrum L., has demonstrated distinct anti‐tumor and anti‐hypertension effects, however, its metabolism has rarely been explored. The objective of the current study was to provide a comprehensive investigation of its metabolic pathways. The in vitro metabolic profiles of veratramine were evaluated by incubating it with liver microsomes and cytosols. The in vivo metabolic profiles in plasma, bile, urine and feces were monitored by UPLC‐MS/MS after oral (20 mg/kg) and i.v. (50 µg/kg) administration in rats. Meanwhile, related P450s inhibitors and recombinant P450s and SULTs were used to identify the isozymes responsible for its metabolism. Eleven metabolites of veratramine, including seven hydroxylated, two sulfated and two glucuronidated metabolites, were characterized. Unlike most alkaloids, the major reactive sites of veratramine were on ring A and B instead of on the amine moiety. CYP2D6 was the major isozyme mediating hydroxylation, and substrate inhibition was observed with a Vmax, Ki and Clint of 2.05 ± 0.53 nmol/min/mg, 33.08 ± 10.13 µ m and 13.58 ± 1.27 µL/min/mg. SULT2A1, with Km, Vmax and Clint values of 19.37 ± 0.87 µ m, 1.51 ± 0.02 nmol/min/mg and 78.19 ± 8.57 µL/min/mg, was identified as the major isozyme contributing to its sulfation. In conclusion, CYP2D6 and SULT2A1 mediating hydroxylation and sulfation were identified as the major biotransformation for veratramine. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When Does Framing Influence Preferences, Risk Perceptions, and Risk Attitudes? The Explicated Valence Account
Authors: Tombu Michael , Mandel David R. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWhen faced with an expected loss and a choice between a sure option and a risky option, the gain–loss framing of the problem has been shown to influence option preference. According to prospect theory, this framing effect is the result of contradictory attitudes about risks involving gains and losses. This article develops and tests an alternative explicated valence account (EVA), which proposes that preference reversals are caused by differences in the explicated outcome valences of the options under consideration. EVA can account for previous findings where framing effects are observed, eliminated, or even reversed. In two experiments, EVA successfully predicted when framing effects were observed, eliminated, and reversed. The findings also showed that although framing influenced risk perception, it did not influence risk attitudes. Copyright © 2015 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Journal of Behavioral Decision Making © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An aqueous fluorescent probe for Hg2+ detection with high selectivity and sensitivity
Authors: Fang Qian , Liu Qian , Song Xiangzhi , Kang Jian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn aqueous fluorescent probe, 1, was developed for the rapid detection of Hg2+ with high sensitivity and excellent selectivity. Upon the addition of Hg2+ in pure aqueous media, the Hg2+‐mediated hydrolysis of vinyl ether and subsequent cyclization reactions converted probe 1 into the corresponding iminocoumarin dye, which is strongly fluorescent when excited. The application of this probe for the detection of intracellular Hg2+ was successfully demonstrated in living cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physicochemical properties of polymers: An important system to overcome the cell barriers in gene transfection
Authors: Namvar Ali , Bolhassani Azam , Khairkhah Niloofardokht , Motevalli Fatemeh 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTDelivery of the macromolecules including DNA, miRNA, and antisense oligonucleotides is typically mediated by carriers due to the large size and negative charge. Different physical (e.g., gene gun or electroporation), and chemical (e.g., cationic polymer or lipid) vectors have been already used to improve the efficiency of gene transfer. Polymer‐based DNA delivery systems have attracted special interest, in particular via intravenous injection with many intra‐ and extracellular barriers. The recent progress has shown that stimuli‐responsive polymers entitled as multifunctional nucleic acid vehicles can act to target specific cells. These nonviral carriers are classified by the type of stimulus including reduction potential, pH, and temperature. Generally, the physicochemical characterization of DNA‐polymer complexes is critical to enhance the transfection potency via protection of DNA from nuclease digestion, endosomal escape, and nuclear localization. The successful clinical applications will depend on an exact insight of barriers in gene delivery and development of carriers overcoming these barriers. Consequently, improvement of novel cationic polymers with low toxicity and effective for biomedical use has attracted a great attention in gene therapy. This article summarizes the main physicochemical and biological properties of polyplexes describing their gene transfection behavior, in vitro and in vivo. In this line, the relative efficiencies of various cationic polymers are compared. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 363–375, 2015.
Randomized clinical trial of defaecatory function after anterior resection for rectal cancer with high versus low ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery
Authors: Matsuda K , Hotta T , Takifuji K , Yokoyama S , Oku Y , Watanabe T , Mitani Y , Ieda J , Mizumoto Y , Yamaue H 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Background
Defaecatory function is often poor after anterior resection. Denervation of the neorectum following high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) is a possible cause of impaired defaecatory function. The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to clarify whether the level of ligation of the IMA in patients with rectal cancer affects defaecatory function.

Methods
Between 2008 and 2011, patients who underwent anterior resection for rectal cancer were randomized to receive either high or low ligation of the IMA. The primary endpoint was to demonstrate the superiority of low ligation in terms of defaecatory function.

Results
One hundred patients were enrolled in the study; 51 were randomized to high ligation of the IMA and 49 to low ligation. There were no differences between the groups in terms of clinical data, except tumour stage, which was more advanced in the high-ligation group (P = 0·046). Nor were there any differences in defaecatory function, self-assessment of defaecation, Faecal Incontinence Quality of Life scale or continence score between groups at 3 months and 1 year. The number of harvested lymph nodes was similar. The rate of symptomatic anastomotic leakage was 16 per cent in the high-ligation group and 10 per cent in the low-ligation group (P = 0·415).

Conclusion
The level of ligation of the IMA in patients with rectal cancer did not affect defaecatory function or the incidence of postoperative complications. Registration number: NCT00701012 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Immobilization of Phenylalanine Ammonia‐Lyase on Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Stereoselective Biotransformations in Batch and Continuous‐Flow Modes
Authors: Bartha‐Vári Judith H. , Toşa Monica I. , Irimie Florin‐Dan , Weiser Diána , Boros Zoltán , Vértessy Beáta G. , Paizs Csaba , Poppe László 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCarboxylated single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SwCNTCOOH) were used as a support for the covalent immobilization of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) from parsley by two different methods. The nanostructured biocatalysts (SwCNTCOOH‐PALI and SwCNTCOOH‐PALII) with low diffusional limitation were tested in the batch‐mode kinetic resolution of racemic 2‐amino‐3‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)propanoic acid (1) to yield a mixture of (R)‐1 and (E)‐3‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)acrylic acid (2) and in ammonia addition to 2 to yield enantiopure (S)‐1. SwCNTCOOH‐PALII was a stable biocatalyst (>90 % of the original activity remained after six cycles with 1 and after three cycles in 6 M NH3 with 2). The study of ammonia addition to 2 in a continuous‐flow microreactor filled with SwCNTCOOH‐PALII (2 M NH3, pH 10.0, 15 bar) between 30–80 °C indicated no significant loss of activity over 72 h up to 60 °C. SwCNTCOOH‐PALII in the continuous‐flow system at 30 °C was more productive (specific reaction rate, rflow=2.39 μmol min−1 g−1) than in the batch reaction (rbatch=1.34 μmol min−1 g−1).
Catalytic Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols using Recoverable IAPNO α‐Hydrogen Nitroxyl Radicals
Authors: Bar Sukanta , Kumar Jayprakash N. , Amar Michal , Toledo Hila , Batrice Rami J. , Szpilman Alex M. 
Published: March 2015

Abstractα‐Hydrogen‐substituted nitroxyl radicals are of considerable interest as catalysts for oxidation and polymerization, but are usually inherently unstable. We report herein the catalytic activity of a new family of stable iso‐azaphenalene (IAPNO) α‐hydrogen nitroxyl radicals in the copper/bipyridine/N‐methylimidazole co‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of alcohols. The nitroxyl radical Mes/TIPSO‐IAPNO (TIPSO=triisopropyloxy, IAPNO=isoazaphenalene N‐oxyl) displays higher activity than TEMPO in the oxidation of benzylic and allylic alcohols. Alkyl, benzyl, allyl, and propargyl alcohols are oxidized with yields up to 96 %. The readily prepared nitroxyl catalysts are recovered in 75–90 % yield after purification of the reaction mixture and are recycled.
Ruthenium Nanoparticles Stabilized in Cross‐Linked Dendrimer Matrices: Hydrogenation of Phenols in Aqueous Media
Authors: Maximov Anton , Zolotukhina Anna , Murzin Vadim , Karakhanov Edward , Rosenberg Edward 
Published: March 2015

AbstractNovel catalysts consisting of ruthenium nanoparticles encapsulated in cross‐linked matrices based on the poly(propylene imine) dendrimers of the 1st and 3rd generations have been synthesized with a narrow particle size distribution (3.8 and 1.0 nm, respectively). The resulting materials showed high activity for the hydrogenation of phenols in aqueous media (specific catalytic activity reached turnover frequencies of 2975 h−1with respect to hydrogen uptake). It has been shown that the use of water as a solvent leads to a 1.5 to 50‐fold increase in the reaction rate depending upon the nature of the substrate. It has been established that unlike the traditional heterogeneous catalysts based on ruthenium, during the hydrogenation of dihydroxybenzenes, the hydrogenation rate decreases in the order: resorcinol>hydroquinone≫catechol. The maximum specific activity for resorcinol was a turnover frequency of 243150 h−1with respect to hydrogen uptake. The catalyst based on the dendrimer of the 3rd generation containing finer particles has significantly inferior activity to the catalyst based on the dendrimer of the 1st generation by virtue of steric factors, as well as the need for prereduction of the ruthenium oxide contained on the surface. These catalysts showed resistance to metal leaching and may be reused several times without loss of activity.
99mTc Radiolabeling and Biological Evaluation of Nanoparticles Functionalized with a Versatile Coating Ligand
Authors: Felber Michael , Bauwens Matthias , Mateos José M. , Imstepf Sebastian , Mottaghy Felix M. , Alberto Roger 
Published: March 2015

AbstractRadiolabeling allows noninvasive imaging by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) for assessing the biodistribution of nanostructures. Herein, the synthesis of a new coating ligand for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and quantum dots (QDs) is reported. This ligand is multifunctional; it combines the metal chelate with conjugating functions to biological vectors. The concept allows the coupling of any targeting function to the chelator; an example for the prostate specific membrane antigen is given. Derivatized NPs can directly be labeled in one step with [99mTc(OH2)3(CO)3]+. AuNPs in particular are highly stable, a prerequisite for in vivo studies excluding misinterpretation of the biodistribution data. AuNPs with differing sizes (7 and 14 nm core diameter) were administered intravenously into nude NMRI mice bearing LNCaP xenografts. MicroSPECT images show for both probes rapid clearance from the blood pool through the hepatobiliary pathway. The 7 nm AuNPs revealed a significantly higher bone uptake than the 14 nm AuNPs. The high affinity towards bone mineral is further confirmed in vitro with hydroxyapatite.
Rolling‐Circle Amplification Detection of Thrombin Using Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy with Core‐Shell Nanoparticle Probe
Authors: Li Xuemei , Wang Linlin , Li Chunxiang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn ultrasensitive surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensor based on rolling‐circle amplification (RCA)‐increased “hot‐spot” was developed for the detection of thrombin. The sensor contains a SERS gold nanoparticle@Raman label@SiO2 core‐shell nanoparticle probe in which the Raman reporter molecules are sandwiched between a gold nanoparticle core and a thin silica shell by a layer‐by‐layer method. Thrombin aptamer sequences were immobilized onto the magnetic beads (MBs) through hybridization with their complementary strand. In the presence of thrombin, the aptamer sequence was released; this allowed the remaining single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) to act as primer and initiate in situ RCA reaction to produce long ssDNAs. Then, a large number of SERS probes were attached on the long ssDNA templates, causing thousands of SERS probes to be involved in each biomolecular recognition event. This SERS method achieved the detection of thrombin in the range from 1.0×10−12 to 1.0×10−8 M and a detection limit of 4.2×10−13 M, and showed good performance in real serum samples.