bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunization with Apical Membrane Antigen 1 Confers Sterile Infection-Blocking Immunity against Plasmodium Sporozoite Challenge in a Rodent Model
Authors: Schussek Sophie , Trieu Angela , Apte Simon H. , Sidney John , Sette Alessandro , Doolan Denise L. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTApical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) is a leading blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate. Consistent with a key role in erythrocytic invasion, AMA-1-specific antibodies have been implicated in AMA-1-induced protective immunity. AMA-1 is also expressed in sporozoites and in mature liver schizonts where it may be a target of protective cell-mediated immunity. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that immunization with AMA-1 can induce sterile infection-blocking immunity againstPlasmodiumsporozoite challenge in 80% of immunized mice. Significantly higher levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)/interleukin-2 (IL-2)/tumor necrosis factor (TNF) multifunctional T cells were noted in immunized mice than in control mice. We also report the first identification of minimal CD8+and CD4+T cell epitopes onPlasmodium yoeliiAMA-1. These data establish AMA-1 as a target of both preerythrocytic- and erythrocytic-stage protective immune responses and validate vaccine approaches designed to induce both cellular and humoral immunity.
Sequestration and Scavenging of Iron in Infection
Authors: Parrow Nermi L. , Fleming Robert E. , Minnick Michael F. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe proliferative capability of many invasive pathogens is limited by the bioavailability of iron. Pathogens have thus developed strategies to obtain iron from their host organisms. In turn, host defense strategies have evolved to sequester iron from invasive pathogens. This review explores the mechanisms employed by bacterial pathogens to gain access to host iron sources, the role of iron in bacterial virulence, and iron-related genes required for the establishment or maintenance of infection. Host defenses to limit iron availability for bacterial growth during the acute-phase response and the consequences of iron overload conditions on susceptibility to bacterial infection are also examined. The evidence summarized herein demonstrates the importance of iron bioavailability in influencing the risk of infection and the ability of the host to clear the pathogen.
LL-37 Opsonizes and Inhibits Biofilm Formation of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans at Subbactericidal Concentrations
Authors: Sol Asaf , Ginesin Ofir , Chaushu Stella , Karra Laila , Coppenhagen-Glazer Shunit , Ginsburg Isaac , Bachrach Gilad 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Host defense peptides are immediate responders of the innate immunity that express antimicrobial, immunoregulatory, and wound-healing activities. Neutrophils are a major source for oral host defense peptides, and phagocytosis by neutrophils is a major mechanism for bacterial clearance in the gingival tissue. Dysfunction of or reduction in the numbers of neutrophils or deficiency in the LL-37 host defense peptide was each previously linked with proliferation of oral
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
which resulted in an aggressive periodontal disease. Surprisingly,
A. actinomycetemcomitans
shows resistance to high concentrations of LL-37. In this study, we demonstrated that submicrocidal concentrations of LL-37 inhibit biofilm formation by
A. actinomycetemcomitans
and act as opsonins and agglutinins that greatly enhance its clearance by neutrophils and macrophages. Improved uptake of
A. actinomycetemcomitans
by neutrophils was mediated by their opsonization with LL-37. Enhanced phagocytosis and killing of
A. actinomycetemcomitans
by murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells were dependent on their preagglutination by LL-37. Although
A. actinomycetemcomitans
is resistant to the bactericidal effect of LL-37, our results offer a rationale for the epidemiological association between LL-37 deficiency and the expansion of oral
A. actinomycetemcomitans
and indicate a possible therapeutic use of cationic peptides for host defense.
Interwoven Biology of the Tsetse Holobiont
Authors: Snyder Anna K. , Rio Rita V. M. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Microbial symbionts can be instrumental to the evolutionary success of their hosts. Here, we discuss medically significant tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae), a group comprised of over 30 species, and their use as a valuable model system to study the evolution of the holobiont (i.e., the host and associated microbes). We first describe the tsetse microbiota, which, despite its simplicity, harbors a diverse range of associations. The maternally transmitted microbes consistently include two
Gammaproteobacteria
, the obligate mutualists
Wigglesworthia
spp. and the commensal
Sodalis glossinidius
, along with the parasitic
Alphaproteobacteria Wolbachia
. These associations differ in their establishment times, making them unique and distinct from previously characterized symbioses, where multiple microbial partners have associated with their host for a significant portion of its evolution. We then expand into discussing the functional roles and intracommunity dynamics within this holobiont, which enhances our understanding of tsetse biology to encompass the vital functions and interactions of the microbial community. Potential disturbances influencing the tsetse microbiome, including salivary gland hypertrophy virus and trypanosome infections, are highlighted. While previous studies have described evolutionary consequences of host association for symbionts, the initial steps facilitating their incorporation into a holobiont and integration of partner biology have only begun to be explored. Research on the tsetse holobiont will contribute to the understanding of how microbial metabolic integration and interdependency initially may develop within hosts, elucidating mechanisms driving adaptations leading to cooperation and coresidence within the microbial community. Lastly, increased knowledge of the tsetse holobiont may also contribute to generating novel African trypanosomiasis disease control strategies.
Dam removal
Authors: Wildman Laura 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
In the northeastern United States, we have been removing dams for almost as long as we have been building them, yet many communities involved in current decisions to repair, replace, or remove a dam are not aware of this. This paper highlights some of the stories that have been recorded regarding the history of decision points for dams, including the colorful history of the Billerica Dam in Massachusetts, which has been removed and rebuilt numerous times and is now under consideration for removal for at least the sixth time in its 300 yr history.
By understanding that dam removal is just one of the potential dam safety decisions that needs to be analyzed over the life cycle of a dam, and that dams are man-made structures with finite life spans, we can deconstruct the notion of dam removal as a radical concept. Dam removal is just one of many dam safety options that may be discussed over the course of a dam’s history. It is most commonly implemented when a dam no longer serves any economic purpose that justifies the expense of maintaining the dam structure.
In the past, dams have been removed for many of the same reasons that we remove dams today; however, the procedures currently required to remove a dam are far more complex and highly regulated. This has led to increased documentation of dam removal efforts and now allows us to compare and categorize dam removal projects, such that the lessons learned from these projects can be incorporated into a more informed decision-making process in the future.
Sediment management at small dam removal sites
Authors: MacBroom James G. , Schiff Roy 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The removal of obsolete and unsafe dams for safety, environmental, or economic purposes frequently involves the exploration of sediments trapped within the impoundment and the subsequent assessment of sediment management needs and techniques. Sediment management planning requires a thorough understanding of the watershed’s surficial geology, topography, land cover, land use, and hydrology. The behavior of sediments is influenced by their age, consolidation, and stratigraphy. All watersheds have a history that helps forecast sediment loads, quality, gradation, and stratigraphy. Impounded sediment deposits may include coarse deltas and foreset slopes, fine or coarse bottom deposits, cohesive or organic matter, and wedge deposits immediately behind the dam. Some watersheds have anthropogenic pollutants from agricultural activities, mining, industries, or urban runoff.
The volume and rate of sediment release during and after small dam removal can be limited by active management plans to reduce potential downstream impacts. Management strategies include natural erosion, phased breaches and drawdowns, natural revegetation of sediment surfaces, pre-excavation of an upstream channel, hazardous waste removal or containment, flow bypass plans, and sediment dredging.
Using airborne remote-sensing imagery to assess flow releases from a dam in order to maximize renaturalization of a regulated gravel-bed river
Authors: Lorang M.S. , Hauer F.R. , Whited D.C. , Matson P.L. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Gravel-bed river floodplains are dynamic landscapes that support a high level of ecosystem biocomplexity and biodiversity in large part because of the continual physical turnover of habitat. We evaluated the potential of a gravel-bed river to do geomorphic work on a series of floodplains below a dam by linking airborne hyperspectral imagery with corresponding groundtruth measures of flow velocity, water depth, floodplain surface topography, and vegetative cover. These data were analyzed in a geographic information system to map the spatial distribution of potential stream power over a range of discharge regimes. Nodes of flow separation at specific discharges that co-occurred with zones of high stream power were used as a metric to determine potential geomorphic threshold levels and location of channel avulsions. In order to address discharge duration as a factor affecting geomorphic change on the study floodplains, we established the relationship between discharge and total cumulative power applied to a single key floodplain and then used that relationship to examine historical discharge records and changes in flow release in terms of total cumulative power. We used the assumption that similar levels of total cumulative stream power, above a minimum geomorphic threshold, would produce similar levels of geomorphic work as a higher-magnitude, short-duration flood event. These results form the basis of an objective approach to evaluating flow releases needed from dams to maintain the dynamic structure and ecological function of gravel-bed river flood-plains. Moreover, the methodologies presented herein lend themselves to quantitative investigation of potential geomorphic changes related to complete dam removal and return of normalized flow of water and materials through the river system.
Effects of multiple small stock-pond dams in a coastal watershed in central California
Authors: Florsheim J.L. , Chin A. , Nichols A. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Small dams are often situated on low-order tributaries that drain grazed hill-slopes in dry regions of the western United States. In this paper, we use remote-sensing techniques in a case study to explore the effects of multiple small stock-pond dams on tributaries to Chileno Creek, a coastal watershed in central California. Dam density, or number of dams per drainage area, is 0.76 dams per km2, with most of the tributaries containing one or more dams. The total eroding channel length downstream of dams is ∼11% greater than total eroding length upstream. The relatively high density of the small stock-pond dams leads to cumulative effects that elevate the magnitude of (1) increased downstream erosion and (2) fragmentation of longitudinal connectivity between tributary headwaters and the main channel. The total headwater area producing sediment blocked by small dams equals 30% of the Chileno watershed. From these data, we infer that reduced sediment load due to the presence of the dams slows downstream riparian recovery. Results of the Chileno Creek case study emphasize that basin-scale management approaches and restoration strategies to restore connectivity are imperative in watersheds with high dam density. Uncertainty related to the biophysical effects of small dams and their removal may be investigated through analysis of baseline and long-term monitoring data, and adaptive assessment and management.
The shortcomings of “passive” urban river restoration after low-head dam removal, Ottawa River (northwestern Ohio, USA)
Authors: Evans J.E. , Harris N. , Webb L.D. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The concept of “passive” river restoration after dam removal is to allow the river to restore itself, within constraints such as localized bank erosion defense where infrastructure or property boundaries are at risk. This restoration strategy encounters difficulties in an urban environment where virtually the entire stream corridor is spatially constrained, and stream-bank protection is widely required. This raises the question of the meaning of river restoration in urbanized settings. In such cases, the sedimentary record can document paleohydrologic or paleogeomorphic evolution of the river system to better understand long-term response to the removal of the dam. Secor Dam was a low-head weir on the Ottawa River flowing through the City of Toledo, Ohio, and its outlying suburbs. The dam was constructed in 1928 and removed in 2007 to enhance aquatic ecosystems, improve water quality, and avoid liability concerns. Predam removal feasibility studies predicted the hydrological and sedimentological responses for the dam removal and determined that reservoir sediments were not significantly contaminated. Postdam removal studies included trenching, sediment coring, geochronology, and surveying. The buried, pre-1928 channel was located and showed that watershed urbanization resulted in channel armoring. Incision in the former reservoir exhumed a woody peat layer that was subsequently shown to be a presettlement hydromorphic paleosol currently buried beneath 1.7 m of legacy sediments, mostly deposited since ca. 1959. Today, the river flows through an incised channel between fill terraces composed of legacy sediments. Additional coring and survey work documented that the channel lateral migration rates averaged 0.32 m/yr over the past ∼80 yr, and that the meander wavelength is increasing in response to dam removal. Using sediment budget concepts, significant channel bank erosion and lateral channel migration should be expected until this river system reworks and removes accumulated legacy sediments currently in floodplain storage. In this dam removal project, “active” restoration practices, such as riparian wetland restoration, would have been more in accord with scientific understandings. That did not happen in this case because of disagreements among different constituencies and because of limitations of funding mechanisms.
The rise and fall of Mid-Atlantic streams
Authors: Merritts Dorothy , Walter Robert , Rahnis Michael , Cox Scott , Hartranft Jeffrey , Scheid Chris , Potter Noel , Jenschke Matthew , Reed Austin , Matuszewski Derek , Kratz Laura , Manion Lauren , Shilling Andrea , Datin Katherine 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
For safety and environmental reasons, removal of aging dams is an increasingly common practice, but it also can lead to channel incision, bank erosion, and increased sediment loads downstream. The morphological and sedimentological effects of dam removal are not well understood, and few studies have tracked a reservoir for more than a year or two after dam breaching. Breaching and removal of obsolete milldams over the last century have caused widespread channel entrenchment and stream bank erosion in the Mid-Atlantic region, even along un-urbanized, forested stream reaches. We document here that rates of stream bank erosion in breached millponds remain relatively high for at least several decades after dam breaching. Cohesive, fine-grained banks remain near vertical and retreat laterally across the coarse-grained pre- reservoir substrate, leading to an increased channel width-to-depth ratio for high-stage flow in the stream corridor with time. Bank erosion rates in breached reservoirs decelerate with time, similar to recent observations of sediment flushing after the Marmot Dam removal in Oregon. Whereas mass movement plays an important role in bank failure, particularly immediately after dam breaching, we find that freeze-thaw processes play a major role in bank retreat during winter months for decades after dam removal. The implication of these findings is that this newly recognized source of sediment stored behind breached historic dams is sufficient to account for much of the high loads of fine-grained sediment carried in suspension in Mid-Atlantic Piedmont streams and contributed to the Chesapeake Bay.
Petrography Applied to Portland-Cement Concrete
Authors: Mielenz Richard C. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The first in this series, this volume contains several engineering geology articles that are still applicable and useful today: Petrography Applied to Portland-Cement Concrete, by Mielenz; Engineering Aspects of Sediment Transport, by Bruun (includes section on Biological Aspects, by Lackey); Photo Analysis and Interpretation in Engineering Geology Investigations, by Mollard; Engineering Geology of Radioactive Waste Disposal, by de Laguna; Engineering Seismology, by Neumann; Sand and Gravel, by Lenhart; Review of USSR Publications in Selected Fields of Engineering Soil Science, by Drashevska; and Stabilization of Rock by Bolting, by Thomas.
Photo Analysis and Interpretation in Engineering-Geology Investigations
Authors: Mollard J. D. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This paper is a review of the techniques and applications of airphoto study with special reference to engineering geology. More than 80 technical publications are cited. Indeed the volume of literature is becoming so large that individual competence can hardly cope with new developments and applications of photo interpretation.
The paper is in two parts. The first part deals with the techniques of airphoto study. Commonly used terms are defined. Working hypotheses are introduced. Techniques of photo analysis and qualifications of a photo analyst are briefly discussed. A section deals with evaluating photo analysis. An example of one procedure followed in photo study is outlined step by step; the study involves selecting a new highway location in northern Canada. The second part of the paper is devoted to applications of photo interpretation in investigations involving engineering-geology considerations.
Sand and Gravel
Authors: Lenhart Walter B. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The author believes there is a place for the geologist in the sand and gravel industry and points out some of the marginal information that a geologist should have in order to meet the needs of the world's largest (tonnage-wise) mining industry. Benificiation of sand and gravel other than conventional washing and screening is rapidly becoming more important owing to depletion and to more exact specification requirements. The reader can get a quick glimpse of a great industry that has grown during the past few decades from a way-side pit to its present status. The problems of the ready-mixed concrete, the asphaltic concrete, and the sand and gravel operator are so closely related that the three industries can often be classed as one. Sources of more detailed information are included.
Engineering Aspects of Sediment Transport Per Bruun Including Section on Biological Aspects
Authors: Lackey J. B. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This paper summarizes engineering aspects in sediment transport based on our present (up to 1960) knowledge. It includes paragraphs on sediment transport in rivers, stable channels in alluvial material, sediment transport on sea shores and its importance in the design of harbor and coastal-protection works and of coastal inlets, and tracing of sediment transport with special reference to the recent development of radioactive tracers.
The section on Biological Aspects covers the principal plant and animal groups that affect sediment transport. Such transport is briefly discussed from the aspect of what organisms aid it, and how, and which ones impede it. Generally only broad aspects of marine transport are mentioned; some of these same factors are present in fresh waters.
A paper of this length dealing with a subject of such wide scope cannot give complete information about details. This shortage is to some degree compensated for by the comprehensive list of references.
Foundations for Heavy Structures
Authors: Ireland Herbert O. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The design and construction of foundations, which are those parts of structures that transfer loads to the underlying ground, is an ancient art; yet, only within the last 45 years has it passed from an empirical stage to a scientific stage which is marked by increasing understanding of the physical laws involved. The development of the relationships between predicted and actual performance has been important, for these relationships are influenced by the characteristics and behavior of the subsoil through application of the principles of soil mechanics. The common types of foundations are footings, rafts, piers, piles, and caissons. The choice of foundation types and structural material to be used depends upon the type of structure, the loads it must carry, the subsurface conditions, and the cost relative to the superstructure. Design of the foundation should be evaluated with respect to such factors as bearing capacity and settlement, possible seasonal volume changes of the subsoil, scour if the soil is subject to running water, and uplift or lateral forces. Improvement of the subsoil may sometimes be achieved by appropriate treatment, such as increasing the density by driving piles or by vibroflotation, promoting rapid consolidation through sand drains, or stabilizing by chemical or thermal means.
Pozzolan
Authors: Mather Bryant 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Pozzolans are finely divided siliceous or siliceous and aluminous materials that are by themselves of little or no cementitious value but that react with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water at ordinary temperatures to form cementitious compounds. They include natural materials such as some types of volcanic tuff, opaline chert, shale, or calcined clay and artificial materials such as precipitated silica and some types of fly ash. Pozzolans are used mainly as admixtures in portland-cement concrete, particularly in massive structures, in proportions ranging from 5 per cent to more than the amount of portland cement. Their use may effect reduction in cost of construction, improve workability, decrease permeability, reduce heat of hydration, increase resistance to sulfate waters, and reduce expansion caused by alkali-aggregate reaction. Concrete made with portland-pozzolan cement generally has lower early strength and takes longer to cure than that made only with portland cement, but under favorable conditions it often has higher ultimate strength.