bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Willingness to Pay for Offsetting Carbon Programs by Vehicle Owners in Sunsari District, Nepal
Authors: Nepal Lok Raj , Juan Shi 
Published: April 2014

The objective of this study was to assess the willingness to pay (WTP) of vehicle owners for carbon offsetting programs. This study could potentially assist local governmental institutions to take further steps in environmental conservation programs. A contingent valuation method was used. Open-ended questionnaire surveys were conducted with 181 respondents. The results revealed that WTP was dependent on several demographic variables including educational level, occupation, gender, and residential area. However, only occupation and educational level significantly affected the WTP of the respondents. The total WTP was 600 NRs. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10246 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 23-31
Findings on the Chiropteran Status in Rautahat and Sarlahi, Nepal
Authors: Jha Sunny Kumar 
Published: April 2014

Bats are the second most diverse mammals found in earth with around 1250 species in a single Chiropteran order. In Nepal, authentic list of 53 bat species have been prepared so far. This research was conducted in 10 VDCs of Rautahat and Sarlahi with the main objectives being assessing the status, diversity and threats. Key-informant survey, direct observation, roost survey and mist netting were done for assessing the primary data. A total of five species were identified. Deforestation, poaching, destruction of old houses, concrete constructions, use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural and fruit lands, change in the agricultural pattern and deliberate killing were identified as major. People’s attitude was satisfactory, though awareness level was found to be low. Diversity was found to be very high, but the respondents argued that the bats’ frequency was in continuous decrease from past few years. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10253 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 50-54
Market situation of Bio-Briquette in Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Bhujel Krishna Bahadur 
Published: April 2014

This paper analyzes the present market scenario of the bio-briquette in the Kathmandu valley. The bio-briquette has been emerged as alternative biomass energy in the Nepal from one decade. But it does not scale up as per targets due to the lack of the awareness, technologies transfer and markets. There are opportunities to establish and replace fossil fuel through using wastage vegetations as well as economic empowerment of local people. It has found that the market situation of the bio-briquette is initial stage. Now, the supply and demand condition is increased trends and it is available in super market, department store and other outlets in the Kathmandu valley. It uses especially in the cooking, heating for children/older, house and office purposes. It is high potential to establish as alternative biomass energy in Nepal through promoting the sustainable markets. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10254 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 55-62
Study on Carbon Stock of Leasehold Forests of Katakuti VDC, Dolakha District
Authors: Lama Tshering Dolma , Mandal Ram Asheshwar 
Published: April 2014

A study was carried on ten leasehold forests of Katakuti VDC, Dolakha district to estimate the carbon stock. Random sampling was used to collect the biophysical data of trees/ poles, sapling, root and leaf litter, herb and grass. Then, the biomass was calculated using the respective equation and the calculated biomass stock was converted into carbon stock multiplying with 0.47. Similarly, the soil samples were collectewd from different depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm to determine the soil organic carbon. Lastly, all analyzed data were compiled to get total carbon stocks. The result showed that the estimated total carbon stock per ha was found to be highest in Srijana leasehold forest with 125.493 t C/ha. The estimated total carbon stock of 10 leasehold forest was found to be 1439.033 tons. Here, Leasehold forests have been an emerging and successful example in conserving forests in epal. So, it is recommended to extend such studies in other parts of Nepal. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10255 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 63-67
Local People Perception on Biodiversity Change In Lower Mustang
Authors: Paudel Sambhu , Rayamajhi Trishna 
Published: April 2014

Local people response was obtained on biodiversity change in lower Mustang relying on social survey and from various data sources for natural assets. The main focus was centralized on the change in avifaunal and mammalian diversity and the effect of environmental change on agricultural/livestock forest as well as on grazing land. The change was detected on wildlife movement, livestock depredation, forest stock, palatable species and birds. Climate change is the key issue in conserving biodiversity and linking its goal in livelihood. Change in livelihood pattern seems more adverse factor for community development as urbanization is prevalent. Animals and birds solely dependent in the nutshell area are at increasing rate but transition (forest and agriculture) species are decreasing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10256 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 68-74
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) in Nepal: A Review
Authors: Gauli Banu , Upadhyay Suraj 
Published: April 2014

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) in developing countries is a mechanism that allows industrialized countries to offset their emissions by purchasing carbon credits from developing countries, which reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation by avoiding such activities. The Government of Nepal is committed to REDD through reversing deforestation and forest degradation, conservation of existing forest and enhancing forest carbon stocks, while addressing livelihoods concerns at the same time since 2009 and now it has been flourished in the country along with concept of sustainable development of the forest resource of country. Nepal has undergone different stages during this process and has planned certain strategy for the future. The assemblages of the available information on REDD in Nepal is important to over view its holistic prospect, aspect and potentiality in the least developing country like Nepal which holds the greater possibility to be benefited from the REDD. Nepal is now in the process to prepare national REDD strategy by 2013 and there are different On Going REDD -Plus Piloting Initiatives in Nepal. Nepal has greater potentiality of being benefited from REDD though some policy related to it needed to be redefined and clarify. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10257 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 75-83
Nepal’s Pro-poor Leasehold Forestry Program: Processes, Policies, Problems and Ways Forward
Authors: Laudari HK , Kaini T 
Published: April 2014

The pro-poor leasehold forestry program has put forth the ultra-poor’s livelihood agenda in the natural resource management regime and tried to liberate the poor from complex poverty trap through manipulating and institutionalizing the local resources. This paper is based on review of published and unpublished documents, direct field observation of leasehold forest user groups and discussion with concerned stakeholders and line agencies working in pro-poor leasehold forestry program. The paper has explicitly tried to dig out the institutional, field level and legal issues, and put forwarded some ways out. The unclear land tenure right and use rights of conserved forest trees have created misunderstanding to the beneficiaries that ultimately pushed the pro-poor leasehold forestry program towards uncertainty. Both technocratic approach and supply-driven implementation of the program have created misunderstanding while deliberating the program, and resulted low participation, weak institution and little internalization at community level. The explicit learning-oriented approach both in policy making and program designing is central to achieve the dual objectives of program: environmental amelioration and poverty reduction. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10258 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 84-95
Green Economy for Sustainable Development in Nepal: Role of Forestry Sector
Authors: Karki Madhav 
Published: April 2014

Although there is no unified view among the policy makers and development experts on what represents and drives a Green Economy and there is also no clarity on what it means for the mountain countries like Nepal, the concept is however, very pertinent in the context of rapid climate change and unsustainable development. There is a general agreement that green economy provides opportunities for developing and forest rich country like Nepal as the fossil fuel-based and import oriented consumerism based economy cannot be successful today and in future. It is likely that green economy could be a good vehicle to reach sustainable mountain development (SMD). However, there is a need to develop specific and strategies and action plans to implement green and low-carbon economic activities. First and foremost, there is a need to develop a national policy and to use green economy to achieve poverty reduction and sustainable development. The economic growth rate has to be sustained while reducing poverty through sound development plans and programmes actively participated and managed by poor and enterprising rural and urban communities and supported by government, non-government and donor agencies. There are numerous challenges in adapting and adopting Green Economy policies in a poor country like Nepal. Capacity and skill development, technology adaptation, transfer, and retrofitting to suit Nepal’s hilly and mountainous terrains, need for huge investment in processing and value addition, and of course adapting to and mitigating against climate change are some of the major challenges. Notwithstanding these constraints, green economic policies and programmes can be means to achieve sustainable development in the mountainous region. There is need to document good case studies for drawing lessons so that future green growth pathway can be charted in a flawless manner and scaling up of the success to create bigger impacts can be achieved. Finally, effective and outcome oriented implementation will require multi-disciplinary planning, interdisciplinary implementation, and effective and participatory monitoring and evaluation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10259 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 96-109
Sawmilling in Sweden: Past, present and future
Authors: Tamrakar Rijan 
Published: April 2014

With 62% of her land covered with forest, Sweden is the world’s second largest combined exporter of paper, pulp and sawn wood products. Modern industrial sawmilling of Sweden started from the mid-19th Century after British import was made liberal, and Norwegian exporters faced short supplies of raw materials and Canadian producers were more expensive. During the same time, Sweden also developed industries and technology making it more competitive. However, after 20th century, sawmilling in Sweden started to adopt ‘integrated forest firm approach’ where many small and locals sawmills were forced out of the business because of numerous war-crises and oil-crises that occurred. In recent decades production and exports from Sweden is in increasing trend. This increasing trend is the result of some specific strategies undertaken by Swedish sawmilling sectors viz. transforming market channel, transforming product value adding strategy and transforming service value adding strategy. Currently, Swedish sawmills can be categorized into nine groups based on their value addition strategy and technology they use. These sawmills face competition from other materials and countries, low efficient transfer of technology and knowledge transfer, presence of small scale sawmilling, and some sawmills are in risk as they lack of product diversification and have specialized production. Future of the sawmilling in Sweden is expected to be growing. However, they have to encourage the use of wood, transfer skill and knowledge, increase the size of the firm, further diversify the products, and also improve technology and mechanization. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10260 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 110-120
Role of Tree Breeding in Timber and Wood Supply in World and India: Status and Outlook
Authors: Thakur Ram Bichari , Schmerbeck Joachim 
Published: April 2014

Tree breeding is an important component of tree improvement which involves the application of genetic principles for the mass production of seedlings with desired traits in order to achieve higher productivity, better adaptability of the environment and vigorous growth rate. It helps in increasing yields and shortened rotations so it has a large potentiality to supply timber and wood demand of the world. Species choice, provenance selection and propagation method are the major aspects of tree breeding. Plus tree selection, progeny testing, provenance test and vegetative propagation have been used since early of civilization and often regarded as conventional tree breeding techniques while seed orchards, clonal propagation, somatic embryogenesis, micro-propagation or in-Vitro propagation, and biotechnology are modern tree breeding techniques. Different countries have been developing tree breeding techniques and achieving maximum benefits from it. Southeast Asia is using Acacia mangium, A. crassicarpa, Gmelina arborea, and Eucalyptus spp.; Populus deltoids, Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus spp. have been using by India; Teak has been vegetative propagated in Thailand; Salix babylonica has been growing in Greece for biomass production. Increasing yield and shortened rotation are the major prospects while loss of genetic diversity, higher production costs and requirement of constant upgrading are the major hindrances of tree breeding. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10266 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 153-163
An Overview of Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla): Its General Biology, Status, Distribution and Conservation Threats in Nepal
Authors: Thapa Prakash 
Published: April 2014

Chinese Pangolin is nocturnal, shy, non-aggressive, solitary, strange and burrowing mammal which has received low scientific attention. Little information is known about its biology, distribution and status. In Nepal it is distributed in many districts and protected areas. The status of this mammal is decreasing in the country but there is no any research regarding its biology, status and distribution. Although, this mammal is protected nationally and internationally, it is facing too much problems due to habitat destruction and illegal trade. This article mainly focuses on the biology, status, distribution and conservation threats of this ecologically beneficial handsome creature. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10267 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 164-170
An Overview of the Status and Conservation Initiatives of Red Panda Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) in Nepal
Authors: Bista Damber , Paudel Rajiv 
Published: April 2014

The existing status of Red Panda Ailurus fulgens in Nepal is poorly known. Current work attempts to put the information on Red Panda status together from Nepal and the conservation initiatives taken so far in the country. Red Panda inhabits eastern Himalayan temperate broadleaved forest with bamboo in the understory with an altitudinal range preference of 2400-3900 m. The Red Panda population in Nepal is about 314 individuals. Although the majority of potential habitat i.e. 62% lies in community managed and national forest, a very few initiatives have been started for the research and conservation of this species outside the protected areas. The Red Panda is protected in Nepal. Forest fire, rotational grazing, slash and burn cultivation, timber and fire wood collection, predation by dogs, natural dying of ringal bamboo species, drought, landslide and lack of awareness are identified as the major conservation threats for Red Panda throughout its habitat within the country. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10268 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 171-181
Lowland Wetlands in Nepal
Authors: KC Jibesh Kumar , Gurung Karma Dolma , Shrestha Puspa Deep 
Published: April 2014

Wetlands are considered to be one of the most threatened of all major natural ecosystems and are claimed to deserve a high priority for conservation and sustainable use. The conservation of wetlands is important because it provides a multitude of benefits i.e. ecological, economic, aesthetic, religious and socio-cultural benefits. This paper attempts to gather information about significance and classification of wetlands on the one hand and current status of lowland wetlands of Nepal and their threats on the other. Wetland dependent communities account for more than 17 % of the country’s population out of which more than 90 % are of Terai origin. As a result, a close interaction takes place between local community and biological resources of the wetlands. It with increase in population causes a number of threats to wetland ecosystem and associated biodiversity. These threats can be broadly categorised as habitat destruction and degradation, loss of ecosystem integrity, and depletion of species abundance and diversity. The importance of wetlands and their threats has been recognized in Nepal and different legislations have been formulated regarding Nepal Wetland Policy 2069 recently. But the policies itself cannot manage the wetlands without its appropriate implementation. Current status of wetlands is decreasing which shows a greater need of review and strong implementation of the existing policies. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10269 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 182-193
L'évolution de la notion d'espace dans un pays nomade du Tiers Monde. L'exemple de la Mauritanie
Authors: Toupet Charles 
Published: April 2014

Abstract.
Dislike for the Ocean and, on the contrary, love for nomadism throughout sahelian pastures were traditional features of Mauritania, the modern national space is, however, progressively organized owing to new requisites : fisheries, mining, and political ties with Maghreb as well as with black states. But modernization would be impossible without making any change.
Les grottes du Gabon nord-oriental : un «Karst» dans l'oxyde de fer et la silice
Authors: Marescaux Georges 
Published: April 2014

Résumé.
Le socle précambrien aplani du Nord-Est du Gabon est dominé par plusieurs petits massifs de quartzites ferrugineux, très riches en hématite. Dans ces reliefs, s'est développé un véritable réseau « karstique » avec grottes, couloirs, chambres latérales, circulation souterraine. Ces grottes sont habitées par un très grand nombre de chauves-souris qui servent de support à la vie d'autres espèces (oiseaux, insectes, vers,...). De telles formes sont étonnantes dans des roches aussi peu solubles que la silice et l'oxyde de fer. Il faut l'expliquer par les possibilités de circulation d'eau dans les quartzites diaclasés, par une résistance à l'érosion subaérienne permettant le maintien de volumes rocheux importants et par la longue durée laissée à la dissolution pour agir, la zone équatoriale semble un domaine favorable à la formation de « karsts » en roches peu solubles. Mais, les chauves-souris, par la fourniture d'une masse considérable de guano, ont contribué au départ en solution de l'oxyde de fer.
Le rôle des villes moyennes en Côte-d'Ivoire
Authors: Cotten A.M. 
Published: April 2014

Résumé.
II y a environ soixante agglomérations de plus de 4.000 habitants en Côte-d'Ivoire. Les plus importantes et les plus dynamiques sont situées « sur » le cacao et le café, donc en zone forestière. Elles ne peuvent pas, même Bouaké, rivaliser avec Abidjan, mais beaucoup ont un rôle de relais administratif et commercial.
Les alizés
Authors: Leroux M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract.
We ought to distinguish between trade wind I, directed along the meridians, rather cold, and trade wind II, which blows from other directions, rather warm ; the maritime trade wind, bred by dynamics and warmth, and the continental one, exclusively generated by warmth ; the maritime trade wind modified by continents, and the continental sort modified by ocean. Thus trade winds are not means of uniformization for tropical climates.
Un Karst du domaine tropical sec : le plateau de l'Ankarana
Authors: Rossi Georges 
Published: April 2014

Résumé.
Le karst de l'Ankarana, situé dans l'extrême Nord de Madagascar, est très original par son modelé de pinacles (tsingy, en malgache), et par l'étendue de son réseau souterrain.
L'étude de son évolution montre qu'après avoir connu un relief de Kuppenkarst, développé dans des calcaires crayeux du Bathonien, le dégagement progressif dû à des mouvements tectoniques d'une série sous-jacente de calcaires cristallins a donné naissance au relief de tsingy.
La fossilisation des bordures du karst par des basaltes quaternaires et par des cônes stromboliens permet de donner des précisions sur la vitesse d'évolution des formes.
Une rapide description des conditions climatiques et biogéographiques complète l'étude de ce karst du domaine tropical sec.
Comptabilité générationnelle appliquée à la France : quelques facteurs d'instabilité des résultats
Authors: Bonnet Carole 
Published: April 2014

Using generational accounting for France : Some factors of result instability.
Use of generational accounting methodology for France indicates the existence of a generational imbalance. Continuation of current fiscal and social policies would lead to a net payment by future generations that was larger than that of current generations. However, this paper indicates how the size of this imbalance is sensitive to the various assumptions adopted. The imbalance varies by a factor of 1 to 4 depending on the individualisation of the various taxes and social security contributions, treatment of debt interest, apportionment of education spending, recognition of public-sector investment, measurement of government wealth, and changes in tax profiles and transfers by age.
La baisse de la protection douanière dans l'Uruguay Round : le cas de l'agriculture dans l'Union européenne, au Canada et aux États-Unis
Authors: Bureau Jean-Christophe , Chahed Youssef , Salvatici Luca 
Published: April 2014

Uruguay Round reductions in tariff protection : The case of agriculture in the European Union, Canada and the United States.
At the conclusion of the Uruguay Round the measure that was expected to have the most tangible impact was the clause relating to market access, requiring the signatory nations to convert non-tariff barriers into tariffs and achieve an overall average tariff reduction of 36% by the year 2000 in agri-food sector. However, it has not produced the anticipated results owing to certain technical provisions that have diminished its effect. Its actual impact on trade and welfare has been assessed by means of indicators (Trade Restrictiveness Index, or TRI, and Mercantilistic TRI) taking account of the distribution of tariff reductions made by the European Union, the United States and Canada.
Salaires et taux de chômage local
Authors: Gianella Christian 
Published: April 2014

Wages and Local Unemployment Rates.
The purpose of this article is to examine how the formation of wages is influenced by the situation of the local labour market. Wedo this by estimating the wage curve. This highlights a negative and convex relation between someone's real wage and the unemployment rate in his employment catchment area. Although in line with the conclusions of Blanchflower and Oswald (1994), the correlation is weaker in France than in other countries, fluctuating between 0.02 and 0.05 (depending on the chosen specifications). Lastly, cross-sectional estimates reveal elasticities that are significantly higher than average but decrease over time, which may signal a structural change in wage relations or an increase in wage mobility.