bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk‐based Approach to Designing and Reviewing Pipeline Stream Crossings to Minimize Impacts to Aquatic Habitats and Species
Authors: Castro J. M. , MacDonald A. , Lynch E. , Thorne C. R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractExtensive new pipeline systems proposed to transport natural gas and oil throughout North America will potentially result in thousands of new stream crossings. The watercourses encountered at these crossings will range from small, ephemeral headwater streams to large, perennial mainstem rivers; from dynamic gravel‐bed streams to stable bedrock channels; and from steep, source reaches to low gradient, response reaches. Based on past experience at pipeline crossings, the potential for both short and long‐term negative impacts on aquatic habitat and species is substantial. In assessing potential hazards to aquatic habitat and species, the diverse physiography and ecology of the stream affected, combined with the number and range of new pipelines proposed, pose significant challenges for project developers charged with collecting, stratifying, evaluating, analysing, interpreting, and presenting stream crossing data in formats that are accessible, usable and useful. It is equally challenging for project reviewers to detect, distill and summarize potential project impacts and then identify reasonable options for their avoidance, minimization, and mitigation. To address these concerns, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, in conjunction with Ruby Pipeline, LLC, developed a pipeline crossing framework and risk analysis approach to stratify potential aquatic impacts, based on both stream characteristics and project types. In this approach, pipeline crossings are ranked in terms of relative short and long‐term risk to aquatic habitat and are then analysed, designed, and monitored in ways appropriate to their risk. This approach allows project developers and reviewers to focus resources and monitoring on the crossings that present the highest risks to aquatic habitat and species, while expediting design and construction, and minimizing the monitoring of low‐risk crossings. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Strategic alliances and interfirm knowledge transfer
Authors: Mowery David C. , Oxley Joanne E. , Silverman Brian S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper examines interfirm knowledge transfers within strategic alliances. Using a new measure of changes in alliance partners' technological capabilities, based on the citation patterns of their patent portfolios, we analyze changes in the extent to which partner firms' technological resources ‘overlap’ as a result of alliance participation. This measure allows us to test hypotheses from the literature on interfirm knowledge transfer in alliances, with interesting results: we find support for some elements of this ‘received wisdom’—equity arrangements promote greater knowledge transfer, and ‘absorptive capacity’ helps explain the extent of technological capability transfer, at least in some alliances. But the results also suggest limits to the ‘capabilities acquisition’ view of strategic alliances. Consistent with the argument that alliance activity can promote increased specialization, we find that the capabilities of partner firms become more divergent in a substantial subset of alliances.
Toward a knowledge‐based theory of the firm
Authors: Grant Robert M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractGiven assumptions about the characteristics of knowledge and the knowledge requirements of production, the firm is conceptualized as an institution for integrating knowledge. The primary contribution of the paper is in exploring the coordination mechanisms through which firms integrate the specialist knowledge of their members. In contrast to earlier literature, knowledge is viewed as residing within the individual, and the primary role of the organization is knowledge application rather than knowledge creation. The resulting theory has implications for the basis of organizational capability, the principles of organization design (in particular, the analysis of hierarchy and the distribution of decision‐making authority), and the determinants of the horizontal and vertical boundaries of the firm. More generally, the knowledge‐based approach sheds new light upon current organizational innovations and trends and has far‐reaching implications for management practice.
Generic knowledge strategies in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Bierly Paul , Chakrabarti Alok 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to identify groups of firms with similar generic knowledge strategies, determine how these strategies change over time, and compare profit margins of the groups. Knowledge strategies of 21 U.S. pharmaceutical firms are analyzed from 1977 to 1991. Cluster analysis is used to group firms over different time periods based on: (a) balance between internal and external learning, (b) preference for radical or incremental learning, (c) learning speed, and (d) breadth of knowledge base. Our findings indicate that there are four generic knowledge strategy groups: ‘Explorers’, ‘Exploiters’, ‘Loners’, and ‘Innovators’. Most firms remain in the same knowledge group over time. The firms in the ‘Innovator’ and ‘Explorer’ groups tend to be more profitable than the firms in the ‘Exploiter’ and ‘Loner’ groups.
How does knowledge flow? Interfirm patterns in the semiconductor industry
Authors: Appleyard Melissa M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAlthough knowledge spillovers between firms play a critical role in the evolution of technology, we know little about such spillovers. How does knowledge flow across company boundaries? How do industry characteristics and national institutions shape knowledge diffusion? To what extent do companies direct knowledge flows? This study seeks answers to these questions by examining knowledge sharing patterns in the semiconductor industry. The research shows that public sources of technical data play a larger role in knowledge diffusion in Japan than in the United States and in semiconductors relative to steel. By understanding the mechanisms and determinants of knowledge flows, company managers and public policy makers can influence knowledge diffusion more effectively.
Seismic design solutions for connections to tubular members
Authors: Elghazouli Ahmed Y. , Packer Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA review of seismic design solutions for connections is presented in this paper, with particular focus on methods that are already “pre‐approved” or “acceptable to code” for use by engineers in steel‐framed structures using hollow sections. This review is intended to illustrate the limited options currently available to structural engineers. The survey mainly covers European and North American design solutions, but the latter are also heavily influenced by Japanese practice. The scope includes both braced frame connections (utilizing hollow sections for the bracing members at least) and unbraced frame connections (utilizing hollow section columns), the latter including both rigid and semi‐rigid beam‐to‐hollow section column connections. Dissipative and non‐dissipative connection types are considered where appropriate. Emphasis is placed on connection configurations and concepts rather than detailed design information, but references to other sources are given for further details. Areas in which there is a paucity of established design guidance are noted, and the review concludes with recommendations for further research and development regarding specific types of connections to hollow sections subjected to seismic loading.
Radical proposals for hotspot stress design
Authors: Marshall Peter , Thang Vul 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDrafts of the AISC guide for hotspot stress contained several radical technical proposals that could benefit from exposure and peer review before publication in the design guide. These are:– S‐N slope of –1/3.6 with no transition knee,– notch stress size effect based on mesh density, and– thickness‐dependent strain limits for TxT meshing.These proposals are presented here along with their supporting data.
Management of fatigue and anaemia in men treated with androgen deprivation therapy
Authors: Rodriguez‐Vida Alejo , Chowdhury Subhra , Chowdhury Simon 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this series, the authors present cases of men being treated with androgen deprivation therapy, and highlight their management to prevent and treat associated toxicities. This sixth and final article will consider the management of fatigue and anaemia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons
Illness from abroad: presentation and diagnosis of tropical diseases
Authors: Brightman Christopher 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWith an increase in international travel and the number of people visiting exotic places, most GPs are likely to see at least one case of a tropical disease in their career. Dr Brightman considers the questions to ask when taking the history, before discussing the more common presentations of tropical diseases and which laboratory investigations are of value in their diagnosis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons.
Current status of choline‐PET and prostate cancer
Authors: Taylor Benjamin P. , Kirby Roger , Hughes Simon , Chowdhury Simon , Payne Heather , Cook Gary J.R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe authors outline the role of the functional imaging technique choline‐positron emission tomography in the diagnosis, staging and treatment response assessment of patients with prostate cancer. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons.
Supporting the ‘second victim’ after a medical error
Authors: Kirby Roger 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe consequences of a medical error are likely to provoke feelings of guilt and intense emotional distress in the ‘second victim’ – the clinician. Roger Kirby outlines some strategies to help the doctor cope and explains how colleagues can provide support by sharing the experience in a constructive and analytical way. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons.
Characterization of the Phase Mixture Comprising Sodium Hafnate and Hafnia
Authors: Näfe Helfried , Karpukhina Natalia , Gautam Devendraprakash , Näfe Gregor 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSolid state electrochemical and XRD studies reveal that the phase relation between Na2HfO3 and HfO2 in the temperature region below about 600 °C is governed by the existence of a third phase disregarded so far, i.e. non‐stoichiometric Na‐modified cubic HfO2, which is intermediate in terms of the sodium oxide chemical potential.
Biomarkers for Dysplastic Barrett’s: Ready for Prime Time?
Authors: Gregson Eleanor M. , Fitzgerald Rebecca C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundThere is need for the application of biomarkers in a clinical setting in order to improve patient care. Current surveillance methods are costly for health care systems and invasive for patients, and subjective methodology leads to frequent misdiagnosis. This review summarises the most advanced recent and relevant literature in the field of biomarker development in the context of Barrett’s esophagus and comments on their potential application. Studies included roughly correlate with Early Detection Research Network phases three and four.Recent findingsA number of individual candidate and panels of biomarkers have been investigated recently. These include: gene‐specific mutations such as loss of heterozygosity, copy number alterations (in particular aneuploidy) methylation panels, altered gene expression, and glycosylation assayed by lectin binding, as well as genetic and clonal diversity measures. Immunostaining for p53 is the only candidate biomarker deemed “ready for prime time.” This has been recommended for use clinically as an adjunct to histological diagnosis of dysplastic Barrett’s esophagus in the 2014 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Barrett’s esophagus.ConclusionsProgress is being made but in many cases further prospective validation studies are required before clinical application can take place. Limitations to furthering these studies include the large patient cohorts required for prospective validation studies, costs associated with studies, and reproducibility of methods across laboratories. Continued research in this area is strongly recommended as, in the long run, biomarker application has the potential to significantly improve patient care.
Conceptualizing Genetic Counseling as Psychotherapy in the Era of Genomic Medicine
Authors: Austin Jehannine , Semaka Alicia , Hadjipavlou George 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDiscussions about genetic contributions to medical illness have become increasingly commonplace. Physicians and other health‐care providers in all quarters of medicine, from oncology to psychiatry, routinely field questions about the genetic basis of the medical conditions they treat. Communication about genetic testing and risk also enter into these conversations, as knowledge about genetics is increasingly expected of all medical specialists. Attendant to this evolving medical landscape is some uncertainty regarding the future of the genetic counseling profession, with the potential for both increases and decreases in demand for genetic counselors being possible outcomes. This emerging uncertainty provides the opportunity to explicitly conceptualize the potentially distinct value and contributions of the genetic counselor over and above education about genetics and risk that may be provided by other health professionals. In this paper we suggest conceptualizing genetic counseling as a highly circumscribed form of psychotherapy in which effective communication of genetic information is a central therapeutic goal. While such an approach is by no means new—in 1979 Seymour Kessler explicitly described genetic counseling as a “kind of psychotherapeutic encounter,” an “interaction with a psychotherapeutic potential”—we expand on his view, and provide research evidence in support of our position. We review available evidence from process and outcome studies showing that genetic counseling is a therapeutic encounter that cannot be reduced to one where the counselor performs a simple “conduit for information” function, without losing effectiveness. We then discuss potential barriers that may have impeded greater uptake of a psychotherapeutic model of practice, and close by discussing implications for practice.
Corticosteroid and Anesthetic Injections for Muscle Strains and Ligament Sprains in the NFL
Authors: Drakos Mark , Birmingham Patrick , Delos Demetris , Barnes Ronnie , Murphy Conor , Weiss Leigh , Warren Russell 
Published: May 2014

Background Administering local anesthetic or corticosteroid injections in professional athletes to allow return to play is common but has traditionally been viewed as suspect and taboo. The skepticism surrounding therapeutic injections stems predominantly from anecdotal experience as opposed to scientific data. Questions/Purposes The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the current use of corticosteroid injections for muscle strains and ligaments sprains in the National Football League to document player's ability to return to play and possible adverse effects. Patients and Methods Athletes from a single National Football League team who received at least one corticosteroid or anesthetic injection for either a muscle strain or ligament sprain during three consecutive seasons were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-seven injections were given over the three seasons. Injections were either performed blindly or by using ultrasound guidance. Results Twice as many defensive players were injected than offensive players. The average number of days of conservative treatment before injection was 6.5 days. All players returned to play after injection. There were no complications from any of the injections. Seventeen (55%) players did not miss a single game, and nine (30%) did not miss a single day. Quadriceps strains were associated with the most missed games (four) and the most missed days (36.5). Proximal hamstring strains were second with an average of three missed games and 28 missed days. Conclusion Corticosteroid injections are a safe and effective therapeutic intervention for treating muscle strains and ligament sprains in order to enable athletes to return to competition earlier.
Enzymatic Analysis of Positional Distribution of Fatty Acids in Solid Fat by 1,3‐Selective Transesterification with Candida antarctica Lipase B
Authors: Watanabe Yomi , Sato Shinichi , Sera Saiko , Sato Chiemi , Yoshinaga Kazuaki , Nagai Toshiharu , Sato Ryota , Iwasaka Hiroaki , Aki Tsunehiro 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA protocol for the analysis of the positional distribution of fatty acids (FA) in solid triacylglycerols (TAG) was developed using sn‐1(3) selective alcoholysis catalyzed by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB). One part by weight of solid fat and ten parts by weight of ethanol (99.5 %) were warmed to liquefy the fat. After adding 0.44 parts by weight of CALB, the mixture was shaken at 50 °C for 10 min then at 30 °C for 2.8 h. The recovery of 2‐MAG after the 3‐h transesterification reaction was ca. 85 % of the maximum theoretical yield (33 mol%), with the loss of 15 % attributable to the acyl migration from sn‐2 to sn‐1(3). The recovery was similar to that of the solvent‐free alcoholysis of structured lipids, 1,3‐dipalmitoyl, 2‐oleoyl glycerol and 1,3‐dioleoyl, 2‐palmitoyl glycerol, conducted at 30 °C for 3 h. In contrast, the acyl migration from sn‐1(3) to sn‐2 was hardly observed. Because the detected acyl migration was only in the direction of sn‐2 to sn‐1(3), and not vice versa, it is proposed to determine the FA composition of the sn‐2 position of TAG by the gas chromatographic analysis of 2‐MAG fraction recovered from the enzymatic reaction mixture, and the FA composition of sn‐1(3) position by a mass balance using the FA composition of TAG and of the sn‐2 position as inputs. The procedure was successfully applied to palm oil and shea butter, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)‐rich single cell oil from Aurantiochytrium sp. KH105 for the first time.
The View Through the Window: Characterizing Participants in a Drive-Through Influenza Vaccination Clinic
Authors: Banks Laura , Vanderjagt Ashley , Crandall Cameron 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe participants in a 2011 drive-through influenza vaccination clinic were described.MethodsThe descriptive, cross-sectional study used a pen-and-paper survey administered during a drive-through vaccination program. A total of 1114 surveys were collected that included demographic information and responses to 3 clinic usage questions; responses were in English or Spanish. The responses were stratified by language and age group, and zip codes reported by the participants were mapped.ResultsThe majority of the participants were women (57%) aged 41 to 64 years old (53%). The participation by people younger than 18 and older than 65 years was relatively low. When compared by language, the surveys completed in Spanish showed a significantly different proportion of age group participation than those completed in English. Many participants (23%) indicated that they likely would not have received a vaccine elsewhere if the clinic were not available. A map of the zip codes showed that the clinic served people from the city and surrounding communities and counties.ConclusionsThe operators of vaccine clinics can use these findings to improve outreach to populations of concern, and encourage multiple venues, both traditional and nontraditional, to maximize immunization coverage in their community (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-4).
A spectral sequence for the homology of a finite algebraic delooping
Authors: Richter Birgit , Ziegenhagen Stephanie 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn the world of chain complexes En-algebras are the analogues of based n-fold loop spaces in the category of topological spaces. Fresse showed that operadic En-homology of an En-algebra computes the homology of an n-fold algebraic delooping. The aim of this paper is to construct two spectral sequences for calculating these homology groups and to treat some concrete classes of examples such as Hochschild cochains, graded polynomial algebras and chains on iterated loop spaces. In characteristic zero we gain an identification of the summands in Pirashvili's Hodge decomposition of higher order Hochschild homology in terms of derived functors of indecomposables of Gerstenhaber algebras and as the homology of exterior and symmetric powers of derived Kähler differentials.
Crossed pulmonary arteries with double aortic arch: a rare association
Authors: Zaqout Mahmoud , Alhallaq Mahmoud Omar , De Wolf Daniel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCrossed pulmonary arteries is a rare, benign congenital anomaly. Both pulmonary arteries cross each other on their course to each respective lung, thus forming a crisscross pattern. We report an infant with crossed pulmonary arteries and a complete vascular ring formed by double aortic arch.
Economic instruments and the efficient recycling of batteries in Delhi and the National Capital Region of India
Authors: Gupt Yamini 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLead acid batteries generate hazardous lead waste with environmental and health implications. The deposit refund system for recycling in Delhi provides a discount to consumers on purchasing new batteries and returning used batteries to retailers for recycling. The retailers determine whether batteries are recycled in an environmentally friendly or unfriendly manner by selling them to manufacturers or to unorganized scrap dealers who then sell to unregistered smelters. This study finds that the economic instrument that brings used batteries into recycling works well. Organized recycling is limited, since retailers prefer selling used batteries to the informal sector because of higher prices, lower storage costs and taxes. In addition, we consider policy instruments like a green tax on batteries with a refund when the manufacturer ensures environment-friendly recycling and fiscal incentives to organized smelters to increase production.