bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bronze Age Greece and Libya
Authors: Boardman John 
Published: September 2013

The possibility of relations between Greece, especially Crete, and Libya, in the Bronze Age has been explored by many scholars. The Minoans and Mycenaeans seem to have been no less intrepid seafarers than their successors in the period of Greek colonization, to whom the shores of Cyrenaica soon became familiar. Professor Stucchi has reviewed these matters in (Quaderni di archeologia della Libia v (1967) 19 ff., but he goes further since he believes that he can add the evidence of actual Late Minoan imports to Cyrene, and it is this evidence which I wish to discuss in this article. Through his kindness I was able personally to examine the relevant material.In Roman fill at Cyrene was found a cup fragment which Stucchi has restored as part of a kylix with argonaut decoration and dated to L.M. IIIA 2, by Furumark's classification. My Fig. 1 copies his photograph of the sherd (loc. cit., fig. 1) and Fig. 2 his reconstruction (Ibid., fig. 2). There seem to me some difficulties in this explanation of the fragment. The way the interior is painted over is not normally met in L.H./L.M. IIIA and it is very rare later. The addition of horizontal white stripes (Stucchi notes two on the interior) is, so far as I know, completely irregular. For the exterior, the spiral might be restored as some part of a marine device, but the three dashes above do not really suggest the filling pattern which is restored, nor are they truly comparable with the Minoan foliate pattern.
The Origin of the Minoan Coffin
Authors: Rutkowski Bogdan 
Published: September 2013

At the turn of the nineteenth century there arose an interest in the origin and development of the Minoan larnax. After many years of research it is understandable that we find the views published at that time inadequately furnished with arguments. The scholars of the past investigated only some selected questions, because their studies were prompted by the finding of a single tomb containing larnakes, as when in 1890 the larnakes at Pentamodi and Vasilika Anogeia were discovered, and P. Orsi published a study on the origin of the chest-larnax. Nevertheless in the early stage of these studies no one could imagine that the coffin chest was a shape of short duration and one which was introduced into burial rites rather late. This is of some importance for the study of the origin of the chest-larnax.There is the very interesting problem of the theoretical background of the views expressed at that time, which we shall here pass briefly in review. The opinions published at the time were influenced by a general theory of culture which was rather vaguely accepted by scholars. The three main ideas were as follows (1) the theory of diffusion, (2) the belief in the evolutionary development of society, and (3) a supposition that there existed an interconnection of shape, plan, and to some degree of furnishing between grave and house.
The Façade of the Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae
Authors: Ellis S. E. , Higgins R. A. , Simpson R. Hope 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYA53 (red) from Mycenae is identical with two of the Kyprianon samples (Ky 3 and 4) and differs from two others (Ky 6 and 7) only in the composition of one accessory mineral, viz. the feldspar. These are all typical rosso antico marbles.A51 (grey-green) is not exactly matched either in texture or by accessory minerals with any single sample from Kyprianon, but all its accessories, and approximations to its structural characters, are found among different grey-green (Ky 2, Ky 7) and white (Ky 5W) samples. Further search would probably yield an exact match.The evidence indicates that a source for the Mycenae marbles on the outcrop of the beds exposed in the Kyprianon quarries is highly probable.
A Group of Late Helladic IIIB 2 Pottery from Mycenae
Authors: French Elizabeth 
Published: September 2013

L.H. IIIB 2 has until recently been ill-served in archaeological publication, for two reasons. Firstly it does not seem to have been the custom in this period in mainland Greece to put much pottery in tombs. Secondly at settlement sites the period ended in a vast destruction which was preceded by either evacuation or plundering. This resulted in debris levels containing a mass of sherd material (often of earlier periods) but few restorable pot,s and thus of no interest to early excavators. Until 1966 practically the only L.H. IIIB 2 material of settlement type readily available for comparison was that from Schliemann's excavations at Mycenae illustrated in Mykenische Vasen, and the sherds from the same group in the British Museum Catalogue.The discovery at Tiryns in 1957 of deep and extensive debris of this period (which has now been published in outline) concentrated attention on the period and has enabled some studies of historical importance to be made.
A Euboean Centaur
Authors: Desborough V. R. , Nicholls R. V. , Popham Mervyn 
Published: September 2013

The statuette of a centaur at Plates 8–9 was found during excavations at Lefkandi in Euboea, conducted by the British School at Athens during last summer. Standing 36 centimetres high, it is among the earliest representations of a centaur yet known from the Aegean area, and the largest of terracotta centaurs. Its outstanding interest seemed to the authors to call for a more detailed publication than the normal brief preliminary account of the excavation and its finds.It has an unusual archaeological history, suggesting that it was a valued object before it was eventually buried in a cemetery at Lefkandi. This cemetery, which lies on a small hill called Toumba, overlooking the modern fishing village of Lefkandi, was an unexpected discovery. Trials were made during 1969 in this vicinity in the hope of finding the Submycenaean and Early Protogeometric settlement which went with the nearby cist graves. The virtual absence of remains of this period on the main town site of ‘Xeropolis’ had led to the belief that at this time the inhabitants may have temporarily moved to the Toumba area, a smaller and more easily defensible hill and one with a natural supply of water. However, our trial there found not the settlement we hoped for, but another cemetery.
The Stone Tripods from Plataea
Authors: Pharaklas Nikolaos 
Published: September 2013

Two stone tripods—in fact the only known stone tripods of early times—have for many years been in the Museum of Thebes. They are made of the local poros limestone. Even though they have been exhibited, hitherto they have not been cleaned and are virtually unpublished. Villagers found them by chance in the vicinity of Plataea; in 1899 they were handed over to A. Keramopoulos, who was then conducting excavations at Plataea. Keramopoulos, in the same year, wrote a brief note about them, in which he entirely misunderstood their dating. Karouzos included a paragraph about them in his Guide to the Thebes Museum, accompanied by a photograph of one of them.The first tripod, Thebes 19, is intact (Plates 43, 44a–c; Fig. 1). There are a few breaks on the feet, and in places the surface of the stone has decayed, forming holes of various sizes. The height of the bowl is greater than its width, and its greatest diameter is at the mouth. As for the lip, its outer half is bevelled, its inner half horizontal. The feet are short, plump, and broad; they taper downwards because their inner surfaces, which begin at the bottom of the bowl, splay outwards. The feet are not strictly vertical, but open out slightly towards their base; they reach up to the rim. Their outer surface is slightly curved, roughly following the curve of the lip. There were no handles. The total height is 0·38 m.; the lip has a diameter of 0·31 m. outside, and 0·22 m. inside. The bevelled surface of the lip, the front surfaces of the feet and the upper half of the bowl's outer surface are covered with incised decoration: the motifs consist of zigzags, simple circles, circles with inscribed cross, and concentric circles, almost all with deep holes in the centre.
Another Mycenaean Horse-leader?
Authors: Crouwel J.H. 
Published: September 2013

A fragment of Mycenaean pictorial pottery, unprovenanced and now in Florence, is published. It depicts, partly preserved, a man standing between two (chariot ?) horses. This is the so-called horse-leader motif, illustrated on only one or two other Mycenaean vases but well-known from late Geometric Argive and Attic vase painting.It is suggested that the reappearance of the motif in the 8th cent. B.C. may be explained not as inspired by surviving Mycenaean models but as an independent creation.
Knossos: area of South-west Houses, early Hellenic occupation
Authors: Catling H. W. , Coldstream J. Nicolas , Macdonald Colin F. 
Published: September 2013

In 1992–93 excavations were conducted in central Knossos, among the Minoan houses south-west of the Palace. This article describes the unexpectedly large amount of post-Minoan occupation there, casting new light on the extent to which the Hellenic town encroached upon the allegedly deserted Palace area. One Minoan house, much ruined, proved to have been reoccupied in the tenth century BC and again in the seventh. Nearby, a well-preserved pottery kiln of the early seventh century was discovered, and also a paved road of the fifth century which apparently ran across the ruins of the Minoan houses.The pottery and other finds are presented in fourteen stratified deposits, mainly of the Early Protogeometric, Early Orientalizing, Late Archaic, and Classical periods. These are supplemented by important unpublished pieces from Evans's soundings in the immediate neighbourhood, confirming the extensive seventh-century reoccupation of the site.
Hellenistic and Roman pottery deposits from the ‘Saranda Kolones’ castle site at Paphos
Authors: Megaw A. H. S. , Hayes J. W. 
Published: September 2013

The Crusader castle (now called ‘Saranda Kolones’) on the ancient site of Paphos was built and occupied c. AD 1192–1222. It overlies and partly truncates a series of ancient features (tombs, cisterns, wells, church remains, etc.). The layers associated with these, excavated at various times between 1957 and 1985, contain rich deposits spanning a period from the 4th century BC to the 8th/9th centuries AD.Some 410 pottery items from the pre-Castle phases are presented here, mostly in a series of 16 selected deposits arranged in chronological order. These range from early tomb-groups to stratified well fills and an important destruction deposit of c. AD 650. The final ancient occupation (8th–9th centuries) is marked by the appearance of some lead-glazed wares and some imports from the Umayyad orbit.Individual items of interest from other layers are appended. Some Hellenistic and Roman imports from Phoenicia and elsewhere are here documented in Cyprus for the first time. The later (Medieval) pottery from the site is reserved for publication in the main report on the castle (forthcoming).
Mycenaean Objects in the Sarmas Collection in Patras
Authors: Kontorli-Papadopoulou Litsa 
Published: September 2013

Mr. Theodoros Sarmas has in his possession a collection of objects, among which are a few of Mycenaean date. The origin of these finds is somewhat obscure, although the owner says that they come from the Mycenaean cemeteries of Klauss and Kallithea, near Patras.During recent visits to Patras, I had the opportunity to see and study these Mycenaean finds in detail. Since they belong to a class of Mycenaean material which is of some intrinsic interest it seems appropriate that they should be made more widely known.
Knossos: an Early Greek Tomb on Lower Gypsadhes Hill
Authors: Callaghan P. J. , Coldstream J. N. , Musgrave Jonathan H. 
Published: September 2013

In the summer of 1975 the owner of a small estate on the eastern slopes of Lower Gypsadhes decided to build a private road upslope to a belvedere overlooking the palace area. In the course of grading, several archaeological features were damaged before work was halted by the intervention of the Antiquities Guard. The Ephor of Antiquities at Herakleion then asked the British School to undertake rescue excavations in the area, and the Director of the School requested that I investigate the most important of the damaged constructions, an Iron Age chamber tomb.About half-way along the course of the new road was a large area covered with the shattered remains of Geometric and Orientalizing vessels, but no sign of a tomb remained above ground. Preliminary excavation revealed the cause of this pattern.
The Frescoes from the House of the Frescoes at Knossos: A Reconsideration of their Architectural Context and a New Reconstruction of the Crocus Panel
Authors: Chapin Anne P. , Shaw Maria C. 
Published: September 2013

Discovered in 1923 during excavations led by Duncan Mackenzie, the frescoes were found in a deposit in Space E on the ground floor of the building. Subsequent publication of the Monkeys and Birds Fresco suggested that the composition originally decorated a room on an upper floor of the House of the Frescoes. Shaw's close reading of the original excavation reports written by Mackenzie, however, yields no evidence for an upper storey. Shaw's review of the archaeological evidence and architectural comparanda suggests further that the House of the Frescoes may have been one-storied and that Room H-3 is the most likely candidate for frescoed decoration.Part Two, undertaken primarily by Chapin, publishes a new reconstruction of the Crocus Panel that incorporates 14 previously unpublished fresco fragments in addition to the 14 fragments previously attributed to the composition. Stylistic and iconographic associations confirm the distribution of red-flowered crocuses, undulating bands, and an olive tree, but evidence for the attribution of two agrimia and blue-flowered crocuses remains weak. Detailed stylistic and iconographic analysis places the Crocus Panel within the Neopalatial tradition of wall painting.
A Chariot Sherd from Mycenae
Authors: Crouwel Joost 
Published: September 2013

The potsherd that is published here (Fig. 1 and Plate 30a) comes from Lord William Taylour's excavations in the ‘House with the Idols’ (‘Citadel House’) at Mycenae. It was found on 14 August 1968 in area 2, trench A, level 3. The find-context (given at the time of excavation but not subsequently studied) suggests a terminus ante quem of L.H. IIIC.The piece (Mycenae Excavations no. 59–224) which is at present in the Archaeological Museum, Nauplia (inv. no. 14685), may be described as follows:Sherd from body with start of neck of a large, closed vessel. Ridge on outside, at joint of body and neck. H.0·053 m. W.0·082 m. Th. (at lower edge) 0·007 m. Well levigated pinkish-buff clay, polished buff outside. Paint shaded brown, now rather badly worn off. Surface chipped in places.Solid paint on outside of neck, including ridge at bottom. Below, part of a pictorial composition which consisted of a chariot, to left. All that remains of it are the driver's upper body and head and his hands holding two sets of reins. The driver's garment is drawn in outline and spotted. His neck and head are depicted carefully, also in outline; the top of the head was covered by paint-work subsequently applied to the neck of the vase. The hair is curled at the back and follows the outline of the ear. The eye is marked as a reserved, roughly almond-shaped area which, originally, probably contained a dot for the pupil; it fills the whole facial area between the forehead and hair.
Meteorological factors and El Nino Southern Oscillation are associated with paediatric varicella infections in Hong Kong, 2004–2010
Authors: CHAN J. Y. C. , LIN H. L. , TIAN L. W. 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYVaricella accounts for substantial morbidities and remains a public health issue worldwide, especially in children. Little is known about the effect of meteorological variables on varicella infection risk for children. This study described the epidemiology of paediatric varicella notifications in Hong Kong from 2004 to 2010, and explored the association between paediatric varicella notifications in children aged <18 years and various meteorological factors using a time-stratified case-crossover model, with adjustment of potential confounding factors. The analysis found that daily mean temperature, atmospheric pressure and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) were positively associated with paediatric varicella notifications. We found that an interquartile range (IQR) increase in temperature (8·38°C) at lag 1 day, a 9·50 hPa increase in atmospheric pressure for the current day, and a 21·91 unit increase in SOI for the current day may lead to an increase in daily cases of 5·19% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·90–8·58], 5·77% (95% CI 3·01–8·61), and 4·32% (95% CI 2·98–5·68), respectively. An IQR increase in daily relative humidity (by 11·96%) was associated with a decrease in daily paediatric varicella (−2·79%, 95% CI −3·84 to −1·73). These findings suggest that meteorological factors might be important predictors of paediatric varicella infection in Hong Kong.
Risk factors forClostridium difficileinfection in the community: a case-control study in patients in general practice, Denmark, 2009–2011
Authors: SØES L. M. , HOLT H. M. , BÖTTIGER B. , NIELSEN H. V. , ANDREASEN V. , KEMP M. , OLSEN K. E. P. , ETHELBERG S. , MØLBAK K. 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYTo identify risk factors forClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) in Danish patients consulting general practice with gastrointestinal symptoms, a prospective matched case-control study was performed; cases (N = 259) had positive cultures for toxigenicC. difficileand controls (N = 455) negative cultures. Data were analysed by conditional logistic regression. In patients aged ⩾2 years (138 cases), hospitalization [odds ratio (OR) 8·4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3·1–23], consumption of beef (OR 5·5, 95% CI 2·0–15), phenoxymethylpenicillin (OR 15, 95% CI 2·7–82), dicloxacillin (OR 27, 95% CI 3·6–211), and extended spectrum penicillins (OR 9·2, 95% CI 1·9–45) were associated with CDI. In patients aged <2 years none of these were associated with CDI, but in a subgroup analysis contact with animals was associated with CDI (OR 8·1, 95% CI 1·0–64). This study emphasizes narrow-spectrum penicillins, and suggests beef consumption, as risk factors for CDI in adults, and indicates a different epidemiology of CDI in infants.
Production and perception of a sound change in progress: Tone merging in Hong Kong Cantonese
Authors: Mok Peggy P. K. , Zuo Donghui , Wong Peggy W. Y. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractCantonese has six lexical tones (T), but some tone pairs appear to be merging: T2 [25] vs. T5 [23], T3 [33] vs. T6 [22], and T4 [21] vs. T6 [22]. Twenty-eight merging participants and thirty control participants in Hong Kong were recruited for a perception experiment. Both accuracy rate and reaction time data were collected. Seventeen merging participants also participated in a production experiment. Predictive discriminant analysis of the fundamental frequency data and judgments by native transcribers were used to assess production accuracy. Results show that the merging participants still had six tone categories in production, although their “tone space” was more reduced. Tones with lower type frequency were more prone to change. The merging group was significantly slower in tone perception than the control group was. In illustrating the patterns of the ongoing tone merging process in Cantonese, this study contributes to a better understanding of the forces of sound change in general.
Interaction of social and linguistic constraints on two vowel changes in northern England
Authors: Haddican Bill , Foulkes Paul , Hughes Vincent , Richards Hazel 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis paper focuses on the way that local social indexicality interacts with principles of vowel change. A combination of real and apparent time data from the northern English dialect of York indicate fronting of tense back vowels in thegoatandgooselexical sets, and diphthongization of traditionally monophthongal mid-vowels in thefaceandgoatlexical sets. The latter process of change, a northward diffusion of more prestigious southern forms, has been noted for some other northern English dialects, but has not been described acoustically in published work. We show that these two vowel changes have different social meanings in the community. As is the case in previous studies,goatandgoosefronting is not strongly associated with different speaker groups in the community. Monophthongal realizations offaceandgoat, on the other hand, are strongly associated with the speech of the local community, especially working-class speech. The results align with predictions of Labov's (1994) principle III of vowel change in that they show thatgoosefronting precedesgoatfronting. However, we argue that a full understanding of the trajectories of change requires attention to social indexical properties of these variants as well. In particular, the scarcity of fronted variants of monophthongalgoatis explained as a consequence of local indexing of such forms.
Opposition Views on the Proposed New Association Constitution: A Régime D'Assemblée for the APSA?—or: Wildavsky's Iron Law of Oligarchy
Authors: Rustow Dankwart A. 
Published: September 2013

The Association's membership, assembled at Los Angeles last September, acted wisely in giving itself another year to reflect on the need (if any) for total constitutional revision. A new charter had been prepared in two versions, one by a committee headed by Professor Aaron Wildavsky, and the other by the Association's outgoing Council. So engrossed had each of these bodies been in its labors, and perhaps in the minor differences between the resulting documents, that their first publication, in the summer 1970 issue ofPS, was delayed until just before the Annual Meeting. Nor was either version, as published, accompanied by any rationale or explanation. All anyone had to go by was the bare text of the two proposed charters—which most of us saw for the first time when we picked it up at the entrance of the ballroom of the Los Angeles Hilton, on the way to the session that was to choose between these two alternatives—or thestatus quo ante.Professor Wildavsky still has not supplied the missing rationale for the document that he helped to father; and the 1969–70 Council allowed its term to expire without venturing any public justification of its further emendations. Meanwhile, however, two members of the Constitutional Revision Committee, Professors Hawkinson and Rosenblum, claiming “obviously … to speak only for themselves,” have published one modest argument in favor of the Committee's draft (seePSWinter 1971, pp. 6–18). Above all, the membership has now had time to study the two proposed charters and to compare them to the one under which, with gradual historical accretions and deletions, American political scientists have managed to operate for about seventy years. A close reading of the three texts is likely to make a conservative of even the most impetuous of our colleagues.