bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atlantic Salmon Type I IFN Subtypes Show Differences in Antiviral Activity and Cell-Dependent Expression: Evidence for High IFNb/IFNc–Producing Cells in Fish Lymphoid Tissues
Authors: Svingerud Tina , Solstad Terese , Sun Baojian , Nyrud May Liss J. , Kileng Øyvind , Greiner-Tollersrud Linn , Robertsen Børre 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This work reveals distinct roles of the two-cysteine–containing type I IFNs, IFNa and IFNd, and the four-cysteine–containing IFNb and IFNc in antiviral immunity of Atlantic salmon. IFNa and IFNc showed similar antiviral activities and ability to induce antiviral genes, IFNb was less active, and IFNd showed no activity. Expression of IFNs was compared by treatment of cells or fish with the dsRNA polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], which induces IFNs via the viral RNA receptors MDA5 and TLR3/TLR22 and with the imidazoquinoline R848, which induces IFNs via TLR7. Poly(I:C) strongly induced IFNa in cell lines, whereas the other IFNs showed little response, indicating that IFNa is the main IFN subtype induced through the RIG-I/MDA5 pathway. In contrast, IFNb and IFNc are the main IFNs induced through the TLR7 pathway because R848 induced high transcript levels of IFNb and IFNc and low transcript levels of IFNa in the head kidney and spleen. IFNd was constitutively expressed in cells and organs but showed no response to poly(I:C) or R848. Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies showed that poly(I:C) induced IFNa and IFNc in a variety of cells in the head kidney, spleen, gills, liver, and heart, whereas R848 induced coexpression of IFNb and IFNc in distinct cells in head kidney and spleen. These cells are likely to be specialized high IFN producers because they were few in numbers despite high IFNb/IFNc transcript levels in the same organs. High IFN expression in response to TLR7 ligation is a feature shared by mammalian plasmacytoid dendritic cells.
What makes theological education "theological"? A South African story on the integrity of theological education
Authors: Robinson P.J. , Smit D.J. 
Published: November 2012

What makes theological education "theological"? A South Mrican story on the iniegrity of theological education David Tracy claims that the contemporary emergence of a sociological imagination is as crucial for theological self-consciousness as the earlier rise of historical consciousness among theologians. The authors are of the opinion that the rapid and fundamental social changes in South African society over the past few years have accelerated this "emergence of a sociological imagination" amongst Sout~ African theologians. In three sections, they point to three clusters of questions that have therefore become increasingly important, namely questions related to the growing awareness of the crucial role of social location or context, questions arising from a growing acknowledgement of public responsibility, and questions concerning the integrity of theological education, i e the question on what makes theological education "theological".
Book Reviews
Authors: Office Editorial 
Published: November 2012

Claus Westermann (Translated by S S Schatzmann) The Gospel of John. In the light of the Old Testament. Hendrickson Publishers 1998: Peabody, Massachusetts. Price unknown, 106 pp. Jerry Connery-Hoggatt, Speaking of God. Reading and Preaching the Word of God. Hendrickson Publishers: Peabody, Massachusetts 1995. X en 277 pp. Prys onbekend. A König, Vernuwe ofverdwyn, Lux Verbi 1998, 116 pp. Prys R49-00. John C H Laughlin, Archaeology and the Bible, Routledge, London & New York, 2000. K Koch, & M Rosel, (eds), Polyglottensynopse zum Buch Daniel, Neukirchener Verlag, Neukirchen 2000,322 pp. I Nell, Ons ware ID is Jesus. 'n Bybelstudie vir groepe en individue oor die woordprente in Jesus se "Ek is "-uitsprake. Wellington: Lux Verbi BM 2000, 64 pp. Prys: onbekend. J Cilliers, Die genade van gehoorsaamheid. Hoe evangelies is die etiese preke wat ons in Suid-Afrika hoor? Wellington: Lux VerbLBM 2000, 177 pp. Prys: onbekend. Yusufu Turaki, Christianity and African Gods. A method in theology. Potchefstroom: IRS 1999.348 pp. Prys: R60-00 Ronald J Allen, Patterns of Preaching. A Sermon Sampler. Chalice Press 1998, 252pp.
Digoeuvre van Cas Vos: die beliggaming van ‘n lewensvreugdespel
Authors: Buscop J 
Published: November 2012

Since 1999 Cas Vos has produced three books of poetry; Vuurtong (1999), Gode van Papier (2001) and Enkeldiep (2003). These works are all written from the perspective of a particular Weltanschauung or Zeitgeist which may be defined as La joie de vivre. Joy of life manifests itself on a number of levels, including the Greek, pneuma, psuche and soma. La joie de vivre is also a crucial dimension of the gameplay that is love. Vos writes and lives love as a gift of God and identifies three stages of love, the Greek, eros, phileo and agape love. Whilst the joy of life has many sides, Vos also indicates the opposite manifestations of joie de vivre in pain, sickness, loss and death. Vos is a new inspiration in Afrikaans literature and has created an idiolectic voice which, in his own words, can be summarized as the coitus between different language signs.
The “book of life” (Psalm 69:29) - a question of life or death?
Authors: Groenewald A 
Published: November 2012

The image “book of life” is mentioned expressis verbis in Psalm 69:29a. The supplicant appeals to God to erase his enemies from the “book of life”. The aim of this paper is to elaborate on this image. Quite varied notions can be distinguished in this regard: firstly, the idea of the lists of the citizenry and secondly, the image of the heavenly book. Furthermore, three types of “heavenly books” can be distinguished, namely (1) the book of fate; (2) the book of works; and (3) the book of life. The conclusion is drawn that “life” here implies “life” under the protection of God which is sustained by his righteousness (69:28). The supplicant’s enemies will be excluded from this privilege when God erases them from the “book of life”. This reference to life is primarily a reference to ordinary earthly life.
Konkrete uitdagings vir die kerk vandag
Authors: Kritzinger J J 
Published: November 2012

In a recent publication No Quick Fixes a number of knowledgeable people dealt with some contemporary challenges to the church in its mission in the South African context. In this article the reader is introduced to these, but the focus is on those aspects of the challenge which arise from the two main influences in the spiritual sphere: on the one hand the overwhelming secularising influence of the modern western worldview, and on the other hand the increasing emphasis on the return to the values of traditional Africa, as formulated in the movement for the African Renaissance.
Die hiërargiese funksionering van God, mans en vroue in die brief aan die Efesiërs
Authors: Nortj L 
Published: November 2012

Since the fourth century before the Christian era has the household been considered as the most basic unit of society. Furthermore, this micro cosmos is reflecting the pyramidal structure of the whole society (meso cosmos) and even the universe (macro cosmos). In this article I point out how the author of the letter to the Ephesians uses this idea to portray the hierarchical functioning of God the Father of fathers in the universe. The Christian community is portrayed as a reflection of this hierarchy and therefore the household should also reflect this order. The best way of maintaining the power in society, namely the Christian community, is to make sure that the head of the household, namely the man/father/boss holds to his rightful place as head of his wife and household. The author advices women to submit to their husbands and therefore they should meet the cultural requirements of the public order rather than to live up to the Christian principles of faith.
Om oor God te praat: ’n Kritiese oorsig van gesprekke onder Afrikaanssprekende Christene van die gereformeerde tradisie (1998–2003)
Authors: Spangenberg I J J 
Published: November 2012

The book Die vreemde God en sy mense (The enigmatic God and his people) — published in 1998 — marks the beginning of a new debate about God amongst Afrikaans-speaking people of the reformed tradition. The fall of the National Party government and the end of the Apartheid policy in 1994 forced theologians to reflect on the authority of the Bible; the issue of creation, the Big Bang and evolution; the relationship between Christianity and other religions; the historical Jesus research and the possibility of a new reformation. Afrikaans-speaking people suddenly became part of the global village and could not ignore these issues anymore. Four tendencies in the debates are identified: (1) clinging to the credos of the reformed tradition and adhering to the master narrative of Western Christianity; (2) looking at the credos as cultural and time-conditioned ones but trying to integrate the theories of the Big Bang and evolution with the master narrative of Christianity, (3) breaking away from the master narrative of Western Christianity and creating a new tradition; (4) abandoning the Christian tradition altogether and exploring another religious tradition, especially Buddhism.
“The Messianic Dimensions of Kingship in Deuteronomy 17:14-20 as fulfilled by Jesus in Matthew”
Authors: Branch Robin 
Published: November 2012

This article examines a brief statement made by Patrick D Miller in his commentary on Deuteronomy, namely that scholars quite likely have missed the most important Old Testament passage relating to the kind of kingship Jesus manifested in his earthly ministry.Deuteronomy 17:14-20 gives a job description for an upcoming, earthly king; it carries messianic dimensions. Christian scholars, however, primarily have pointed to Isaiah and the messianic passages of the royal psalms to provide indication from the Old Testament that Jesus indeed fulfilled the promises therein of the promised king and the Messiah. Reading like a modern “Position Available” advertisement, the qualifications for kingship in Deuteronomy begin by saying the coming king must be God’s choice, an Israelite and not a foreigner; frugal, not prone to displays of wealth and military might; and careful to keep his heart faithful to the Lord. Furthermore, a king’s first duty is to write for himself a copy of the law and to read it throughout his life. The kind of kingship Jesus displayed during his ministry indeed exemplified his personal knowledge and careful following of the law, his total obedience to the law, his reverence for the law, and his humility before his disciples—all qualifications for earthly kingship “advertised” in the pericope. The Gospel of Matthew resonates with passages showing that Jesus answered the advertisement, met the job description, and fulfilled the qualifications for kingship outlined prophetically by Moses in Deuteronomy.
The land as a Leitmotiv in the book of Amos
Authors: Snyman S D 
Published: November 2012

The hypothesis argued is that the theme of the land serves as a leitmotiv in the book of Amos. The focus of this investigation will be on the occurrence of the words normally used in connection with the land, that is eretz (Jra) and adamā (hmda), in the book of Amos. The land is promised and granted (2:9-10; 3:2,9) to the people to live in and enjoy the produce the land yields but their stay in the land is not unconditional. Unfortunately, only a small part of the population shared in the wealth of the land. People that also ought to have shared in the bounty of the land, were exploited only to make the rich even richer and the poor even poorer. Consequently, the land would turn against the people living in and of it (1:2; 4:4-12;8:4, 8-9, 11). Ultimately the land would be lost in exile (3:11, 15; 4:1-3; 7:10-17). At the end of the book it is foreseen that the land will once again be restored to the people (9:11-15). In light of the importance of the land in the book and the looming threat of a coming exile due to the conditions in the land, it is suggested that the reference to the earthquake in 1:2 may take on an additional metaphorical meaning. The reference to the earthquake is perhaps a premonition of what may be expected: turmoil and upheaval in the land and even expulsion from the land instead of peace and stability. Mentioning the earthquake right at the beginning may be a subtle reminder that the land is at stake in the prophecies that will follow in the rest of the book.
Prejudice, homophobia and the Christian faith community
Authors: Dreyer Y 
Published: November 2012

The aim of the article is to illustrate that prejudice differs fundamentally from legitimate presuppositions that come into play when people interpret the Bible or reflect theologically on contemporary issues such as homosexuality. It is argued that prejudice leads to the theologically untenable phenomenon of homophobia. Though the rejection of prejudicial attitudes does not mean that “anything goes”, it is a theological necessity to expose harmful attitudes and behaviours regarding sexuality. To this end the article investigates the labels “homosexual”, “gay” and “queer” that, on the one hand, express and perpetuate homophobia and on the other hand represent a search for authentic identity on the part of sexual minorities. The article reflects on the effect of underlying social identity theories on homophobia. Such theories include nominialism with its focus on “sameness” and essentialism that focuses on “difference”, as well as primordialism with its emphasis on the immutability of social identity formation and constructionism that highlights change.
An exegetical-theological consideration of the hardening of the Jewish religious leaders’ hearts in Mark 3:1-6
Authors: Lee Sug-Ho 
Published: November 2012

The goal of this article is to look at the literary-theological function of the Jewish religious leaders hardening in Mark 3:1-6. In this text, the concept of “hardness of heart” is used in order to indicate their continued unbelief and rejection. The hardening may also be signaling their presumed end, namely divine judgment (cf. 12:1-2). Although Jesus proclaims the arrival of the kingdom in his authoritative teaching and miracles, the Jewish religious leaders refuse to Jesus’ message, as Pharaoh, whose heart is hardened, refuses to obey God’ s commend. Just as his hardening and rejection allows the plagues to be multiplied as a great judgment (Ex. 7:3) and the catastrophe at the sea (Ex. 14:4, 8, 14), the Jewish religious leaders’ unbelieving rejection by their hardening will allow God’ s judgment. Thus, with regard to the Jewish religious leaders, the concept of “hardness of heart” identifies their unbelief and hostility. It is not simply innocent incomprehension, but an intended rejection.
The ethic of the free: A walk according to the Spirit! A perspective from Galatians
Authors: Loubser GMH 
Published: November 2012

The article argues that Galatians does not distinguish between soteriological and ethical freedom. Freedom encompasses the believer in Christ’ s entire salvation. However , he not only possesses freedom in Christ, but has to equally live it fully as a vocation. In as much as law has no salvational role in his life, it also has no ethical roll. The believer receives the Spirit by faith in Christ. The Spirit who quickens new life in him, orientating him to Christ, also guides and enables him to do God’ s will according to Christ’ s faithfulness. The latter is illustrated in His giving of Himself in loving service, even unto a cross, and so doing the will of our God and Father. The believer also glorifies God by doing his will in the loving and serving faithfulness of Christ, by the guidance of the Spirit. Thus, the believer’ s ethic of freedom is fully christological-pneumatological and anomistic without being libertinistic at all. Believers should not fear their God-given freedom by reverting to any form of law observance, but rather celebrate it by trustingly and freely walking in step with the Spirit
Notes on the foundation of the Federal Theological Seminary of Southern Africa (Fedsem)
Authors: Duncan G A 
Published: November 2012

The Federal Theological Seminary of Southern Africa was established in a changing and fluid situation in 1960s South Africa both politically and ecclesiastically. Its foundation can be attributed to the influence of these national and church influences. Politically, the changing context in the educational world in particular and ecclesiastically, a growing tendency towards ecumenism both nationally and internationally contributed to the need for an independent institution which would train ministers for the mainline churches in a deteriorating political context. In addition, there was a strong view that the influence of the Holy Spirit was operative in the political context which ‘forced the church to be the church’.
African spirituality that shapes the concept of Ubuntu
Authors: Masango MJS 
Published: November 2012

Nolan(1982:7) shares an interesting concept of spirituality. He says: “The Spiritual life is the whole of one’s life insofar as it is motivated and determined by the Holy Spirit, the spirit of Jesus”. This kind of spirituality shapes persons in such a way that they grow into the concept of Ubuntu (humanness). In other words, an integrated spirituality is a spirituality in which who we are, and what we do are intimately related. The process of an African spiritualist is also developed within the village. Mbiti reminds us that: “It takes a whole village to raise a child” (Mbiti 1977:23). In short, relationship is part of development of African spirituality. This article further explores on how elders within the village become leaders, and towards the end of their life journey, they becomes teachers and good ancestors, especially to younger generation. It is important to note that those who are good (while iving) and are able to pass their knowledge and wisdom to others become good ancestors when they die...
Focal Salvage Therapy for Locally Recurrent Prostate Cancer: A Review
Authors: Cerruto Maria Angela , D'Elia Carolina , Artibani Walter 
Published: November 2012

Objectives To evaluate the current status of focal therapy as the salvage treatment option for patients with recurrent prostate cancer after established therapy (radiation, surgery) failure for localized tumor. Methods A MedLine search using specified search terms was done on December 23, 2011. This research rendered 346 papers related to High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), 644 papers related to cryosurgery, 180 related to photodynamic therapy and 3 articles related to radio frequency ablation. Very few of these papers presented original outcome data and are included in the present review. Results No controlled trial was available for analysis. Conclusions Salvage HIFU in patients with local recurrence of prostate cancer after radical EBRT indicate is a reasonable treatment option, but better patient selection criteria are needed. It is a promising treatment option for local recurrence after radiation therapy, with morbidity comparable with other forms of salvage treatment. The side effects are not negligible but comparable with other forms of salvage treatment. Photodynamic therapy is a new option that could be suitable for organ-confined PC recurrence after radiotherapy, but the data are very few.
Changes in hospitalizations due to opportunistic infections, chronic conditions and other causes among HIV patients (1989–2011). A study in a HIV unit
Authors: Redondo Sanchez C , Poza Cisneros G , Galera Peñaranda C , Ruiz C , Hernandez A , Cascales A , Rodriguez F , Oliva J 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundReduction in mortality and morbidity in HIV patients due to the introduction of HAART have resulted in changes in patterns of hospital admissions.ObjectiveTo examine trends of HIV patients hospital admissions.Design and methodSerial cross‐sectional analysis of HIV‐hospitalized patients from 1989 to 2011 in an HIV Care Unit. Each hospitalization was classified as major categories: opportunistic infections, other infections, drug‐related admissions, chronic hepatopathy, AIDS and non‐AIDS‐related tumours and chronic medical conditions (COPD, diabetes) and as specific diagnosis: tuberculosis, PCP, CMV, bacterial pneumonia and others. We considered 4 periods of time: pre‐HAART, 1989–1996; early HAART, 1997–2001; intermediate HAART, 2002–2006; and present HAART, 2007–2011.ResultsWe evaluated 2588 admissions. 20.7% of patients were unaware of HIV infection before first admission; this proportion did not change along the time (p=0.27). No previous outpatient follow‐up was seen in 34.9% of patients. There were differences in diagnosis, mortality, age and mean inpatient stay time (Table 1) between the analyzed periods of time.

OI
HIV tumours
Non‐HIV tumours
Chronic diseases
Mortality
Mean age
Mean hospital stay
Pneumonia
Resp infect
TBC
CMV
PCP
PML

Pre‐HAART 682 adm.
51.7%*
5.1%*
0.8%*
3.2%*
10.1%*
36.1*
23.9*
12.1%*
14.1%*
14.1%
15%*
9.5%*
5.1%

Early HAART 632 adm.
34.5%
4%
2.2%
9%
4.6%
38.4
17.2*
21.1%
19.9%
11.7%
5%
8.2%
4.1%

Intermediate HAART 613 adm.
31.4%*
2.4%
2.8%
7.7%
4.4%
39.6
15.7
25.6%*
23.2%
11.4%
1.7%*
3.4%*
3%

Present HAART 661 adm.
21.8%*
0.8%*
4.1%*
15.9%*
3.8%*
42.9*
14.2
29.8%*
29.2%*
10.9%
1.9%*
4.2%*
2.2%

p<0.05

Conclusions(i) HAART and older age have changed the pattern of hospital admissions with a decrease of OI‐related admissions and an increase of chronic diseases and non‐AIDS‐related tumours and with a decrease in mortality and length of inpatient stay. (ii) Proportion of patients with unknown HIV serostatus before admission has not changed along the time. (iii) Pneumonia, respiratory tract infection and tuberculosis were the more common causes of admission.