bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bracing for Rising Challenges in Well Integrity Management
Authors: Gilbert Rayner , Setiawan Toto , Yaakub M Yuzmanizeil , Hui Nicholas Foo 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Well Integrity has become a top most concern in oil and gas industry recently following significant incidents happened that were mostly caused by defective asset integrity. New field development should take into account all aspects of well integrity in full well life cycle. Prudent WI management needs careful and continuous effort to review well conditions and eventually performing assessment of the asset. Proper assessment of the risk exposed to the well eventually will benefit us on safety of people and safeguarding the environment. Basic and effective method in appraising well integrity has been critical to give a safety assurance and minimize the risk of flawless well integrity. At the same time an array of recommended mitigation actions need to be in place as a precaution measure for any possible escalated risk. Combined with the enforcement on company policies and guidelines on safe operating the well, the earlier knowledge of well integrity status will definitely reduce operating cost on well failures rectification or workover. The proactive identification and firs line rectification will eliminate unnecessary subsequent failures that, if it is not being anticipated, will worst the failure causing more costly repair job.
The paper provides the readers the ideas on how the field operator is performing the routine monitoring of well integrity related parameters, assessing the associated risk conceivable, capturing a potential well integrity failure with the quick analysis systematically and eventually generating mitigation plan in line.
Minimizing uncertainties in reservoir monitoring and evaluation with combination Oof Cased hole formation resistivity and Pulsed Neutron Logging in Jasmine field, Gulf of Thailand
Authors: Shi ZhanGuo , Platt Chris , Piyatad T. , Theeranun L. , Suttapan V. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
For a producing field, oil-water contact movement, gas cap expansion/shrinkage and residual oil saturation (thus the sweep efficiency) are key reservoir dynamic properties for resource estimation and proper reservoir management. Jasmine field in the Gulf of Thailand first began oil production in June 2005. Light oil & gas has been produced from multiple high permeability fluvial sandstones of Miocene-Oligocene age. After more than seven years of development and production, reservoir monitoring becomes even more critical in decision making for well recompletion, drilling of new infill wells and overall fluids management.
To understand fluid movement, pulsed neutron logging, including inelastic spectrum (carbon-oxygen ratio, C/O), thermal decay time (Sigma) and cased formation resistivity have been widely employed to evaluate formations through casing. However, each technology has its advantage and limitations. There are three major challenges for formation evaluation through casing in Jasmine field: Formation water is relatively fresh so it is very difficult to distinguish oil from fresh water with pulsed neutron capture (PNC) Sigma.In undertaking hydraulic workover operations, sea water has to be used to kill producing wells before logging, and therefore deep invasion is experienced in perforated zones with high permeability (multi Darcy) sandstone reservoirs. This can result in high uncertainty in oil saturations derived from C/O and partially to cased hole resistivity.In the deeper Oligocene reservoir section, massive shaly sands with low resistivity low contrast (LRLC) pay with high water saturation are present. Fluid typing in such strata is problematic even with open hole resistivity data.
To address these various challenges, a combination of cased hole resistivity and pulsed neutron inelastic spectrum, thermal decay porosity & Sigma data have been employed used to reduce water saturation uncertainty and achieve multiple reservoir monitoring and formation evaluation objectives. Results from several logging campaigns since 2009 demonstrate the advantages of using these technologies in-parallel.
Utilizing case studies, this paper summarizes the technical challenges and reservoir monitoring solutions as applied in the Jasmine field, including: Gas cap dynamics & OWC movementUnproduced perforated zones in commingled completionsUnswept portions of perforated zonesLow resistivity, low contrast shaly sand evaluation through casingReducing uncertainty in saturation estimation on sands killed by sea waterInputs to resource estimation, reservoir simulation and production optimization
A Discussion of the HSE Aspects of Carbon Dioxide Sequestration
Authors: Pawde Chaitanya , Parekh Rathin 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Amidst increasing global warming concerns, carbon dioxide, being a major Greenhouse Gas (GHG), poses a threat to the environment if its amount in the atmosphere increases substantially. In this context, carbon dioxide sequestration has emerged as a key technology pathway to reducing GHG emissions. Sequestration is the long term isolation of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through physical, chemical, biological, or engineered processes. The very nature of the sequestration process involves dealingwith a gas as hazardous as CO2, capable of polluting air, water and land. Hence, health, safety and environment considerations need to be carefully examined at every stage of the sequestration project; right from design to implementation.
Major risks involved with a sequestration project are the chance of leakage of sequestered CO2 as well as the risk of fracturing subsurface formations wherein CO2 might be injected. These risks should therefore be strictly maintained in the As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) region. Safe gas storage, transport, compression, injection and monitoring facilities need to be designed and reviewed regularly.
The aim of this paper is to review all the current Health Safety & Environment (HSE) practices, risk analyses as well as HAZOP/HAZID studies being conducted and followed for the implementationof sequestration projects worldwide. The binding laws and policies aimed at safe implementation of sequestration projects are also presented. New methodologies that are being employed for the monitoringof sequestered CO2 gas are also discussed along with possible reasons for their success. Also, previous actual CO2 leakages are presented, along with the damages they caused to the ecosphere of the concerned region.
This, being a review paper, the safe practices needed to be implemented for sequestration projectsare highlighted and the state of the art for the same is presented in a consolidated manner.
Developing Information Management Competency for Oil and Gas Operations
Authors: Kozman J. B. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Mubadala Petroleum has a robust and growing exploration and production (E&P) and development program in Southeast Asia, with business unit operations in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. The Information Management (IM) and Human Resource (HR) teams for the region are located in the logistical hub in Singapore, where they have the ability to collaborate on companywide initiatives for the region. With an aggressive five-year growth strategy in place, the organisation is evolving from a set of locally managed country offices to a mature international organisation, requiring standardised and robust HR processes, but at a level that will provide sufficient rigor whilst neither stifling innovation nor introducing delay (Wood Mackenzie, 2013). Mubadala executive management describes this as "learning in the right place and extending" and "moving from an evolved to an engineered process". The goal is to prioritize the establishment of process based on business risk and exposure, and put in place just enough process to efficient. As one of the corporate strategies involves the development of local talent in the countries where the company operates, several recent initiatives have been put in place to insure a career ladder for young professionals in various technical disciplines. The current exploration program relies heavily on large volumes of quality and validated data delivered to petrotechnical end users in a timeframe and format that supports mission critical decisions. Thus the role of IM has been identified as a key pillar of the exploration process, an area of critical risk, and an area where Mubadala can gain a competitive advantage by building on organisational knowledge and decades of exploration experience.
On the Economic Optimization of the Fracturing of Coal Seam Reservoirs
Authors: Marongiu-Porcu Matteo , Ajao Omobola , Dalamarinis Panagiotis , Economides Michael J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The production of natural gas from coal seam reservoirs follows a succession of stages that are well established and understood. Salient components are the execution of hydraulic fractures, dewatering of both native and introduced water, and the subsequent production of what it is almost entirely methane. Most coal seams are of relatively small net pay thickness and in many cases also of low permeability, i.e. 2 md or less. Produced gas comes from a combination of both free gas in the coal porosity and, especially, desorbing gas. Because of large heterogeneities and major differences among coal seam reservoirs, the hydraulic fracturing is rarely uneventful with a large number of issues to be resolved, such as fluid selection or the mass of proppant. Most of these decisions are local and often conclusion cannot be drawn from elsewhere. Frequently, a well is subjected to multiple stages of hydraulic fracture treatments.
Production performance characteristics also vary considerably. The interaction between permeability, natural cleat networks and natural and artificial fractures is often complicated and difficult to predict. This results in different periods of post-treatment de-watering, the volume of water that is produced and the onset of predominant natural gas production.
We have constructed a realistic physical and economic model where the NPV criterion is used to identify successful or potentially uneconomic candidates. We forecast fractured well performance using the Unified Fracture Design (UFD) approach and we account for time of de-watering and the cost of water management. Charged against the net present value of the revenue are the costs of fracturing and well completion.
Five wells with different Langmuir isotherm parameters were considered for the NPV parametric studies. The parametric studies include a range of reservoir permeabilities, porosities, proppant masses, and fracture heights. The results show the window of attractive prospects and delineate the unattractive prospects which can be considerable.
Creation of a National Database from Multiple Legacy Data Sources
Authors: Bougherara Nazim E. , Morsli Sid Ahmed , Sali Said , Khelili Farid , Badache Reda 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
One of the largest oil and gas producers in North Africa has decided to create a national E&P data bank that will hold the country’s entire E&P activity data, including legacy digital and physical heritage. This national data bank is expected to not only archive data, but also provide a wide range of services to internal and external stakeholders, enabling the country to attract potential investors willing to bid based on the shared data. It will also improve the knowledge of the country’s subsurface potential.
Since 1950, the country’s E&P legacy data has been traditionally stored by different operators, applying their own processes and technologies. Data therefore resides on different sources—even within the same operator—including databases, interpretation platforms, file systems, magnetic storage, legacy formats, and media (paper, films, etc.). Most of the bulk data (seismic and well logs) were acquired in industry-recognized formats such as SEG-Y and LAS, but many are only available in a physical format not electronically. Transferring legacy data to the newly created structure is obviously challenging, especially when strict standardization (naming conventions, references, and units of measurement) are not common among operating companies. Furthermore, databases have, by nature, proprietary data structures, raising the difficulty of a database-to-database transfer. Digitalization and transcription would also be required for old media types.
This paper discusses tailored strategies to overcome these challenges and the lessons learned while moving the data from disparate sources. The presented strategies include scenarios such as transferring data from digital data sources and physical assets, while monitoring time and budget. Processes for quality filters and aligning data to standards before and after the transfer, recommendations on prioritization criteria to target the most valuable data source, and future plans are also discussed.
Field Testing Experience of Wet Gas and Multiphase Flow Meters Conducted in Wet Gas Condensate Producers
Authors: Rodriguez Ruben Villegas , Al-Asiri Mohammed , Asiri Khalid S. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The paper describes the challenges and uncertainties associated with the accurate flow measurement of gas, oil and water and also the results of a trial test conducted using four multiphase flow meters in wet gas-condensate producers at a wide range of flowing conditions. The measurement of these three phases is very critical for the reservoir monitoring and production diagnostics and obtaining the accurate three-phase data poses a significant challenge for the majority of conventional multiphase flow meters, because of the high-gas volume fraction (95 % and above) nature of the wells.
Multiphase flow meter technology has been successfully used around the world for over 15 years in oil and gas fields with a very low cost comparing with three-phase test separator use. This success encourages all the manufacturers to continue developing meters; to satisfy and meet the production test requirements and the acceptance criteria established by the operator companies.
At the end of 2010, Saudi Aramco conducted a second pilot test to evaluate the four wet gas and multiphase flow meters (WGMPFMs) from various leading manufacturers. The objective of this test was to confirm the accuracy and reliability of these meters for measuring gas, condensate and water flow rates in the wet gas stream. A high pressure test separator was the reference measurement and the test was repeated at several selected gas wells. After almost 4 months, the testing concluded that only a particular type of meter performed better than others and met the minimum Saudi Aramco acceptance criteria in measuring the three-phase flow with acceptable accuracy.
This paper also describes the Saudi Aramco’s experience of field testing the latest WGMPFM’s meters in real production condition, field test methodology, equipment setup and result analysis.
China Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Evaluation and Technical Challenges
Authors: Stevens Scott H. , Moodhe Keith D. , Kuuskraa Vello A. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
China has abundant organic-rich source rock shales which are prospective for commercial shale gas/oil development but still in the early phase of evaluation and testing. We analyzed petroleum source rock data published in nearly 400 Chinese language papers to construct a unique GIS data base of shale geologic and reservoir properties throughout the country. We then conducted a comprehensive assessment of the country’s shale gas and shale oil resource potential. China’s risked technically recoverable resources within high-graded prospective areas are estimated at 1,115 Tcf of shale gas and 32 BBO of shale oil resources (Table 1). Of the dozen onshore sedimentary basins that were assessed, the most prospective are Sichuan, Tarim, Junggar, and Songliao. One of the most intriguing prospects is liquids-rich Permian shale on the structurally simple northwest flank of the Junggar Basin. The Pingdiquan/Lucaogou lacustrine shale is about 250 m thick and 3,500 m deep here. TOC averages 5% and the shale is oil- prone (Ro 0.85%). The area is close to infrastructure. Table 1Estimated Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resources in China
The Sichuan Basin, industry’s primary focus for shale gas, has multiple shale targets but also significant geologic challenges, such as numerous faults (some active), often steep dips, high tectonic stress, slow drilling in hard formations, and high H2S and CO2 in places. Tarim Basin shale targets are mostly too deep (&gt;5 km) apart from uplifts where they may be thin with low TOC. The Songliao Basin has liquids-rich potential in over-pressured and naturally fractured Cretaceous lacustrine shales. However, China’s shale oil deposits tend to be waxy and stored mainly in lacustrine-deposited shales, which may be clay-rich and less "frackable" than the low-clay brittle marine shales productive in North America.
Marginal Field Development: Innovative Rig-Installed Light Weight Structure Platform Using Drilling Jack-Up Rig
Authors: Lai W. Y. , Jabil J. , Razak Z. A. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This paper presents an innovative approach undertaken by a joint venture company of three ASEAN national oil companies in developing a marginal field, offshore Malaysia. This paper focuses on the development strategy, execution and challenges of the project in utilizing a jack up drilling rig to install a Light Weight Structure (LWS) platform.
The LWS platform is part of a Cluster Development Project, which is the second marginal field to be developed by the tripartite alliance in Malaysian waters. In view of the small reserves and sub-surface uncertainties, as well as many other prospective small fields in the block, light weight and relocatable facilities proved to be an attractive solution for early reserves monetization.
Through the development project, the company aims to pioneer marginal field projects in Malaysia by utilising ‘fit-for- purpose’ design facilities supported on the LWS platform that was installed by a jack up drilling rig and connected to a Mobile Offshore Production Unit (MOPU). Additionally, the project was executed as a fast-track project with First Oil achieved ahead of schedule. The offshore installation was completed within three (3) months upon award of the Offshore Installation Contract. This has proved to be an effective execution by a small integrated project management team set-up by the unique tripartite alliance.
A Cost-Effective Method to Enhance Oil Recovery of Water-Flooded Reservoirs: Air-Foam Flooding
Authors: Jiang Youwei , Wang Bojun 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Water-flooding is a widely used recovery method of mature oilfields. In recent years, most of the mature oilfields are already at the medium-high even ultra-high water cut period due to water breakthrough and invalid water circulation. Air foam injection has been optioned as an EOR technique to block high permeability water zones and/or increase sweeping and displacement efficiency. There are medium-high average permeability (1016×10-3μm2) oil bearing formations and ultra high permeability layers or channels after water flooding in Dagang oilfield, Petrochina. After 42 years of water injection, the recovery efficiency achieved was only 37.6%, but average water cut has reached to over 97%. In this study, Laboratory experiments were focused on low-temperature-oxidation (LTO) characteristics of oil samples, selection and evaluation of the foam agent and core foam-flooding. Through isothermal oxidation experiments, the influence of formation sand, formation water, foams, clay mineral, temperature and pressure on LTO reactions is investigated qualitatively. It is also analyzed that the changes of component and properties of crude oil before and after the LTO reaction. Selection and evaluation of basic property of the foam agent on formation condition has been done through the device of high temperature and high pressure foam agent evaluation. After that, some dynamic foam displacement experiments are also performed, including single-tube and parallel tubes displacement experiments of air foam at different water saturations. Experiments prove that during the air foam flooding process, oxygen can be effectively consumed in the formation, and the foam can effectively plug high permeability layers to expand swept volume. A pilot project has been designed according to the study in Dagang oilfield. The issues related to safety and corrosion control during air injection and the project economic assessment were also addressed in this paper.
Reservoir Connectivity Analysis and Its Application in Development of a Highly Compartmentalised and Stacked Reservoir in Malaysia
Authors: Musani N. T. , Anggono H. , Ataei A. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Reservoir connectivity analysis plays an important role in understanding and successful development of compartmentalized and stacked reservoirs. The field compartments are initially defined based on the geological boundaries such as faults, shale layers, and other geological barriers. Well penetrations, fluid contact measurements, and initial pressure distribution surveys will complete the static connectivity of the compartments prior to production data. Reservoir behavior in the production time scale may change the initial understanding of the compartments system. Dynamic connectivity can bring surprises which affect the development plan and may require more investment to manage them. For a brown field development with such a complex structure, it is vital to have a systematic analytical approach in place to integrate the available data which had highlighted the missing gaps for the future development plan and helped to locate the remaining oil in place.
This paper demonstrates the above concept in Baram field; a highly compartmentalized and stacked reservoir located offshore Miri in Sarawak, Malaysia. Based on the available production data and by using reservoir engineering techniques like material balance, reservoir uncertainty analysis and history matching; dynamic reservoir connectivity was defined. Fault seal analysis was evaluated to understand the behavior of the faults during the depletion phase of the field. The estimation of fault’s transmissibility compliments the material balance outcome and was refined in dynamic modeling/ history matching. Geomechanics study of the field proved useful to evaluate the impact of stress change during the future pressure maintenance study as a part of the brown field development plan.