bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced Order Modeling for Power Electronics Applications
Authors: Chen Bing-Chung , Wei Lixiang 
Published: September 2013

In this work, a model order reduction (MOR) technique for system-level modeling for motor drive dynamic system is presented. As the power electronics continues towards higher switching speed, higher packaging density, and power dissipation, it is critical to have a compact electro-thermal model, easily transferred into a micro-processor, to predict the online temperature dynamics, for self-production, especially at low output-speed conditions when the power chip could potentially operate at over temperature conditions.
The compact model generation process starts with electro-thermal modeling with the commercial finite element package to generate full-order system matrices. The corresponding reduced model is then constructed by retrieving the original full-order system matrices then projecting these matrices into a low-order Krylov subspace. This subspace is spanned by orthogonal basis vectors, obtained by an Arnoldi algorithm. The generated compact model is then incorporated into system-level modeling simulator such as Simplorer or Simulink for fast transient and frequencies simulation. It is demonstrated that the reduced order models are at two orders of magnitude smaller than the full model and still preserve the dynamics characteristics and required accuracy for industrial applications. Due to their compact size, the compact models give significantly speed-up and allow product design engineers to accurately predict temperature response of motor drive at product prototype stage, not otherwise obtainable without this technology.
Eastward-Propagating Intraseasonal Oscillation Represented by Chikira–Sugiyama Cumulus Parameterization. Part I: Comparison with Observation and Reanalysis
Authors: Chikira Minoru , Sugiyama Masahiro 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The eastward-propagating intraseasonal oscillation represented by the Chikira–Sugiyama cumulus parameterization in an atmospheric general circulation model is compared with observations and reanalyses. The scheme is characterized by state-dependent entrainment rates that vertically vary affected by the environment. The zonal wavenumber–frequency power spectrum shows a strong signal corresponding to the Madden–Julian oscillation. The eastward-propagating feature of the convective region and accompanying anomalous zonal wind structure is well extracted by the first and second modes of the combined empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) with a reasonable explained variance for the first mode, though the second mode is not sufficiently reproduced. The basic features of the composited anomalous fields including moisture, temperature, and vertical and zonal winds resemble those of the reanalysis in both the free troposphere and surface air. The anomalous free-tropospheric moisture exhibits its westward tilt and the peak moist static energy of the surface air is shifted eastward as in the reanalysis. The anomalous low-level zonal wind changes its direction to the east of the convective center. The model’s outstanding deficiencies include the weak convective activity over the Indian Ocean, weaker westward tilt, and seemingly underestimated shallow convection.
Comparison of Two Convective/Stratiform Precipitation Classification Techniques: Radar Reflectivity Texture versus Drop Size Distribution–Based Approach
Authors: Penide Guillaume , Protat Alain , Kumar Vickal V. , May Peter T. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractC-band polarimetric radar measurements spanning two wet seasons are used to perform a critical evaluation of two algorithms for the classification of stratiform and convective precipitation. The first approach is based on the horizontal texture of the radar reflectivity field (two classes: stratiform, convective), and the second approach is based on the properties of the drop size distribution (DSD) parameters as derived from a set of polarimetric variables (three classes: stratiform, mixed, convective). To investigate how well those two methods compare quantitatively, probability density functions of reflectivity, rain rate, 5-dBZ echo top height, and DSD parameters (namely, the median volume diameter and the “generalized” intercept parameter) are built. The study found that while the two methods agree well on the identification of stratiform precipitation, large differences are obtained for convective rainfall. The texture-based approach seems to classify too many points as being of convective nature compared to the DSD-based method. Among the points that are classified as convective by the texture-based approach, 25% correspond to low concentration of relatively small particles associated with rain rates below 10 mm h−1. This large proportion of unrealistically low convective rain rates is not produced by the DSD-based approach, which only classifies 4% of the convective points with rain rates below 10 mm h−1. These points were found to be mainly isolated points embedded within stratiform precipitation and associated with low cloud-top height, suggesting a misclassification of the texture-based approach. Thus, to improve the statistics of the convective class, three modified equations of the peakedness criterion used in the radar-based algorithm are proposed to decrease the number of misclassified points.
Eddy Seeding in the Labrador Sea: A Submerged Autonomous Launch Platform Application
Authors: Furey Heather H. , Femke de Jong M. , Valdes James R. , Bower Amy S. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Two submerged autonomous launch platforms (SALPs) were deployed at 500-m depth on a deep-water mooring in the northeastern Labrador Sea from 2007 to 2009 to automatically release profiling floats into passing warm-core anticyclonic Irminger Rings (IRs). The objective was to investigate the rings’ vertical structure and evolution as they drifted from their formation site near the western coast of Greenland to the area of deep convection in the south-central part of the basin. Mechanically and electronically, the SALP worked well: 10 out of 11 floats were successfully released from the mooring over 2 years. However, getting floats trapped in eddy cores using a preprogrammed release algorithm based on temperature and pressure (a proxy for current speed) measured by the SALPs met with limited success mainly because 1) the floats settled at a park pressure that was initially too deep, below the volume of water trapped in the eddy core; 2) the eddies translated past the mooring much more quickly than anticipated; and 3) there is a seasonal cycle in both background and eddy core temperature that was not known a priori and therefore not accounted for in the release algorithm. The other mooring instruments (100–3000 m) revealed that 12 anticyclones passed by the mooring in the 2-yr monitoring period. Using this independent information, the authors assessed and improved the release algorithm, still based on ocean conditions measured at one depth, and found that much better performance could have been achieved with an algorithm that allowed for faster eddy translation rates and the seasonal temperature cycle.
The Massachusetts Blood Pressure Study, Part 4. Modest Sodium Supplementation and Blood Pressure Change in Boarding School Girls
Authors: Tuthill Robert W. , Calabrese Edward J. 
Published: September 2013

Based upon the results of the earlier work, a sodium supplement study was designed and carried out at a private boarding school. Two hundred and sixteen 9th-12th grade girls were randomly assigned to one of three groups while continuing to eat their regular meals at the dining commons. All participating students took two capsules, under supervision, both mid-morning and subsequent to the evening meal. One group received placebos at both times, one group received 2 G of salt in the morning and a placebo in the evening, and the final group received a placebo in the morning and 2 G of salt in the evening. One week of baseline data and eight weeks of follow-up data were collected twice weekly for BP, pulse, 24-hour urine specimen, and stress of daily events. Repeated measures analysis of variance failed to detect a significant difference in change in systolic and diastolic BP between groups. Extensive analysis of other variables did not uncover any negative confounding or interaction. Drop out rates were very low and compliance rates very high. The urinalysis clearly demonstrated that the Na excretion in the two supplement groups was similar and significantly elevated over the placebo group, thus documenting the high Na supplement compliance rates.
Acute Responses To Phosgene Inhalation and Selected Corrective Measures (Including Surfactant)
Authors: Mautone Alan J. , Katz Zvi , Scarpelli Emile M. 
Published: September 2013

We exposed 22 mongrel dogs to 94 ppm phosgene for 20 min from a non-rebreathing system. We expressed exposure to phosgene as ppm.I ·min.kg1, i.e., the amount of gas containing a known phosgene concentration that was actually inhaled per min standardized to body weight, the "exposure index" (EI). In contrast, the conventional expression of exposure, i.e., ppm·min, fails to take volume inhaled (VI) and body weight into account. Five dogs received no intervention and served as controls. Fourteen dogs received basic therapy of oral cortisone (40 mg/kg) and NaHCO3 (3 mEq/kg) plus 100% O 2 (FiO2 = 1.0)for 30 min after the exposure period. These animals were further divided according to the following selected additional therapies, which were started 30 min after exposure: (1) Theophylline, 5 mg/kg iv for 20 min followed by 1 mg/kg/hr for 70 min (n = 5). Three dogs of this group were given a trial of 5 cm H20 expiratory resistance during the period of basic therapy. Because of the untoward response, expiratory resistance was discontinued and not used in other experiments. (2) PGE2-hi, [1 μg/kg/min] iv for 90 min (n = 3). (3) PGE1-lo, [0.04 μg/kg/min]iv for 90 min (n = 3). (4) Atropine, 0.5 mg/kg iv at 30 and 50 min after exposure (n = 3). Three dogs [group 5] received oral cortisone and NaHCO3 plus inhaled supplementary surfactant, 2.7 mg/min ultrasonically nebulized (FiO2 = 0.5; phosphate buffer), for 30 min after exposure. All treated dogs, groups [1] through [4] and the surfactant group [5], received cortisone (40 mg/kg/hr iv), NaHC03 to correct base deficit, and O2 to correct hypoxemia from 30 min to 120 min after exposure. Because of its clearly beneficial effect in group [1], theophylline was also given to all other treatment groups during this period. At the end of the study, all lungs were excised, examined and prepared for light microscopy. We found that EI, which varied among subjects because of spontaneous variations ofI during exposure, correlated significantly with the changes in base deficit induced by phosgene inhalation. We also found that the change in minute ventilation, Δ I·kg-1, correlated significantly with changes in lung compliance, peak flow and base deficit. Evaluation of the various therapeutic modalities revealed the following: Immediate therapy with 02 is vital and and FiO2 of 0.4 to 0.5 is sufficient. NaHCO3 iv corrects base deficit and should be given as soon as possible. Theophylline improves cardiovascular function but has little effect on expiratory flow. Supplemental surfactant improves compliance and seems to minimize the alveolar response to phosgene. There was no apparent acute benefit from oral cortisone and NaHC03. Expiratory resistance is contraindicated and PGE1-hi is not recommended. We found no evidence that either PGE1-lo or atropine produced any effect.
In Vivo Studies On the Mechanism of Di(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate Carcinogenesis
Authors: Popp James A. , Garvey Linda K. , Cattley Russell C. 
Published: September 2013

In a study sponsored by the National Toxicology Program, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) fed in the diet at 1.2% significantly increased the incidence of female rats with hepatocellular carcinomas. Extensive evaluation of DEHP for carcinogenicity has yielded negative results. The present investigations were designed to elucidate the mechanism of DEHP hepatocarcinogenesis under the conditions of the original bioassay. Short-term studies designed to evaluate the promoting capability of DEHP, when administered after initiation, were negative when livers of female Fischer-344 rats were evaluated using multiple histochemical stains to identify foci of cellular alteration. Two different protocols were used to evaluate the initiating potential of DEHP in the liver using histochemically defined foci as the endpoint. In both experiments the results were negative. Chronic exposure to DEHP at 1.2% in the diet for 2 years resulted in elevation of hepatic peroxisomal enzymes while DNA replication, an indication of cell proliferation, was not affected in hepatocytes. The number of foci was not elevated in the DEHP group compared to the controls, even though a low incidence of rats with liver tumors occurred in the treated group. The results of this series, as well as other published results, suggest that DEHP and other peroxisomal proliferating chemicals have unique effects on the development of hepatic neoplasms. The absence of altered foci after chronic administration or in initiation-promotion protocols distinguishes DEHP and perhaps other peroxisomal proliferating chemicals from both classic liver carcinogens and promoters.
Scientific Trends in Risk Assessment Research
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth L. 
Published: September 2013

The use of risk assessment approaches to evaluate the effects of toxic chemicals had its primary origin in 1976 when the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) adopted the first federal guidelines to commit a major regulatory agency to risk assessment approaches for the evaluation of suspect carcinogens. The accom panying policy statement also adopted a risk management policy, which acknowledged that the agency would accept risk in making public health policy decisions; in essence, this represented a pri mary departure from the zero-risk goal that had dominated the first half of the environmental movement of the '70s. The approach adopted in 1976 was based on the experience of risk assessment approaches used for assessing low-dose-radiation effects on human health. To be certain that no public health risk be underestimated, particularly in light of the prior zero-risk goal, the practice of risk assessment for the first decade relied heavily on extremely protec tive assumptions in all aspects of the assessment process. For example, these assumptions included ranking the weight-of- evidence according to results in all related studies without regard for distinctions of tumor end point relevance to humans and the possibility that low-dose effects at environmental exposures might not be the same as high-dose effects. For low-dose-response charac terization, the practice has been to characterize a plausible upper bound on risk by the use of a low-dose linear non-threshold dose- response curve. Exposure assessment likewise relied on maximum plausible assumptions to characterize exposure. More recently, more attention is being paid to developing accurate scientific data bases that advance almost every aspect of the risk assessment pro cess in the direction of more accurate risk characterization. This paper will discuss the recent trends in weight-of-evidence characterization, dose-response modeling, and exposure assessment and will compare the outcomes of these refined assessments to those evaluations that have relied on the earlier, conservative approaches. In essence, if the practices of the first decade for estab lishing plausible upper bounds on the risk were accurate, improved scientific data by and large should be expected to lower the overall theoretical risk. Indeed, this is the case when recent risk assessment research is applied but there are examples to the contrary. This paper represents a survey of recent trends and applications.
Evaluating Comparative Potencies: Developing Approaches To Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures
Authors: Schoeny Rita S. , Margosches Elizabeth 
Published: September 2013

The U. S. EPA must provide guidance as to health risk assessment of mixtures from a variety of sources such as wastewaters, hazard ous waste sites and air particulates. One approach to risk assess ment of mixtures is to add up risk assessments for individual components identified as part of the mixture, after considering the potential for interaction among those components. This provides an index of hazard potential but not a quantitative estimate. When data on mixture components are incomplete, but these components are isomers or congeners of a well-studied chemical, another technique—use of toxic equivalency factors—can be applied. This approach has been proposed for estimating risk associated with chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans. A third approach, that of relative or comparative potency, is based on the assumption that for similar but not necessarily definable complex mixtures, a mea sure of relative potency based on data from in vitro tests can be correlated in a constant fashion with relative potency from an in vivo bioassay. The degree of confidence in the appropriateness of a relative po tency method rests upon the way potency is measured and the validity of underlying assumptions (the degree to which these assumptions can be tested). One class of assumptions involves cho ice of the model or procedure for deriving the quantitative risk estimates. A second set of assumptions deals with mechanism of action, and whether such considerations add bias or, in fact, refine the relative potency judgment. The choice of short-term tests appropriate for use in establishing the potency relationships is also a factor to be considered. This paper presents examples of pro posed uses of relative potency in risk assessment and outlines some areas for further study.
Dangerous and Cancer-Causing Properties of Products and Chemicals in the Oil Refining and Petrochemical Industry - Part II: Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Developmental Toxicity of 1,3-Butadiene
Authors: Mehlman M.A. , Legator M.S. 
Published: September 2013

1,3-butadiene (BD) is present in synthetic rubber and motor fuels (gasoline). BD is shown to cause lymphocytic lymphomas, heart hemangiosarcomas, lung alveolar bronchiolar cancers, forestomach-squamous cell cancers, harderian gland neoplasms, preputial gland adenoma or carcinoma, liver-hepatocellular cancers, mammary gland acinar cell carcinomas, ovary-glanulosa cell carcinoma, brain cancers, pancreas adenoma and carcinoma, testis-Leydig cell tumors, thyroid follicular adenoma and carcinoma, and zymbal gland carcinoma in rodents and to date no exposure level has been established at which this chemical does not cause cancers. In humans BD causes increase in lymphomas, leukemias, and other cancers of hematopoietic systems and organs. BD is also a potent alkylating agent, directly toxic to developing embryos and damages progeny after parental exposure.
An Integrated Exposure/ Pharmacokinetic Based Approach to the Assessment of Complex Exposures
Authors: Derosa C.T. , Choudhury H. , Peirano W.B. 
Published: September 2013

A problem in evaluating the hazard represented by an environ mental toxicant is that exposures can occur via multiple media such as water, land, and air. Lead is one of the toxicants of con cern that has been associated with adverse effects on heme me tabolism, serum vitamin D levels, and the mental and physical development of infants and children exposed at very low envi ronmental levels. Effects of lead on development are particularly disturbing in that the consequences of early delays or deficits in physical or mental development may have long-term conse quences over the lifetime of affected individuals. Experimental and epidemiologic studies have indicated that blood lead levels in the range of 10-15 μ g/ dl , or possibly lower, are likely to produce subclinical toxicity. Since a discernible threshold has not been demonstrated, it is prudent to preclude development of a Reference Dose (RfD) for lead. As an alter nate, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (U. S. EPA) has developed the uptake/biokinetic lead model that provides a means for evaluating the relative contribution of various media to establishing blood lead levels in children. This approach will allow for the identification of site- and situation-specific abate ment strategies based on projected blood lead levels in vulnera ble human populations exposed to lead in air, diet, water, soil/ dust, and paint; thus making it possible to evaluate regulatory decisions concerning each medium on blood levels and potential health effects.
Lung Burden of a Glass Fiber By Inhalation
Authors: Tanaka Isamu , Akiyama Takashi , Kido Masamitsu 
Published: September 2013

Pulmonary deposition and clearance of deposited particles from lungs are very important factors in order to induce pneumoconioses. In this paper, five Wistar male rats were exposed to glass fiber particles( mass median aerodynamic diameter(MMAD), 2.8 μm) for 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. The average expo sure concentration was controlled by a continuous fluidized bed with a screw feeder and an overflow pipe at 0.79 mg/m during the exposure period. The fibrous particles concentra tions in the exposure chamber were monitored by a light scat tering method and showed to be constant during the exposure. The rats were sacrificed at 24 hours after the termina tion of the exposure and then the wet lung weight and the silica concentration in the lungs were measured. The lungs were treated for low temperature ashing (ca. 150 °C) by a plasma asher. After ashing, these samples were melted with sodium carbonate in platinum pot for the measurement of the silica content by the absorption spectrophptometry. The maximum content of SiO2 was 45 μg in the exposed rats and 20 μg in the control, The deposited amount of SiO2 by the exposure to glass fiber was 25 μg. The apparent deposition fraction defined as the deposited amount in the lungs to the amount of the inhaled glass fiber during the exposure was 6.8 %. There was no significant difference of the apparent deposi tion fraction at same MMAD between glass fiber in this study and non-fibrous particles.
Effects on Neurobehavioral Performance of Chronic Exposure to Chemically Contaminated Well Water
Authors: Kilbum Kaye H. , Warshaw Raphael H. 
Published: September 2013

Occupational exposure lo trichloroethylene (TCE) and other solvents impairs neurobehavioral performance. Use of well water contaminated with TCE and solvents has been associated with excessive symptoms, cancers, birth defects and impaired blink reflex. We extended these observations by measuring the neurophysiological (NPH) and neuropsychological (NPS) status of subjects who used water contaminated with 6 to 500 ppb of TCE for 1 to 25 years. The 170 well-water exposed subjects who resided in southwest Tucson, Arizona overlying the Santa Cruz River aquifer, were compared to 68 referent subjects for NPH and NPS tests. Also, 113 histology technicians (HT) were referents for blink reflex latency only. Affective status was assayed by a Profile of Mood States (POMS). Exposed subjects were statistically significantly impaired when compared to referents for NPH tests. These impairments included sway speed with eyes open and closed, blink reflex latency (R-1), eye closure speed, and two choice visual reaction time. NPS status was statistically significant impaired for Culture Fair (intelligence) scores, recall of stories, visual recall, digit span, block design, recognition of fingertip numbers, grooved pegboard and Trail making A and B. POMS scores were elevated. Prolonged residential exposure to well-water containing TCE at lower levels than occupational exposures, but without time away from exposure for metabolism and excretion of toxins, was associated with neurobehavioral impairment.