bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Erste zielgerichtete Therapie bei Ovarialkarzinom für BRCA1/2-Mutationsträgerinnen zugelassen
Authors: Schmutzler Rita Katharina , Meindl Alfons 
Published: July 2015

Zusammenfassung
Olaparib (Lynparza™) ist ein Poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP)-Inhibitor, der zur Behandlung von soliden Tumoren oral eingenommen wird. Die primäre Indikation, für die Olaparib durch die EMA im Dezember 2014 zugelassen wurde, ist das platin-sensitive, seröse Ovarialkarzinomrezidiv, G3 mit einer Keimbahn- oder somatischen Mutation in den Genen BRCA1 oder BRCA2. Um beide Arten der Mutation zu identifizieren, wird deshalb eine initiale Untersuchung der Tumor-DNA, die aus Paraffingewebe isoliert werden muss, diskutiert. Diese in der Indikationsstellung zur Therapie begründete Verlagerung des Nachweises von Mutationen aus Blut-DNA in Tumor-DNA bringt sowohl technische wie auch gesundheitsökonomische und -rechtliche Herausforderungen mit sich: Die Sensitivität des Mutationsnachweises ist in der Tumor-DNA (derzeit noch?) geringer. Der Anteil somatischer Varianten mit unklarer Bedeutung (variant of unknown significance, VUS) ist vermutlich hoch und die meisten der im Tumormaterial nachweisbaren Mutationen stellen Keimbahnmutationen dar. Aus Letzterem ergibt sich ferner die Frage, wie der Schutz vor Benachteiligung und die Sicherstellung des informationellen Selbstbestimmungsrechts der Patientinnen angesichts der unklaren bzw. fehlenden Abbildung dieses Sachverhaltes im Gendiagnostikgesetz gewährleistet werden kann.
Aus unserer Sicht lassen sich die vielfältigen und dringlichen Fragestellungen, einhergehend mit einer Lynparza-Indikationsstellung, nur durch eine qualitätskontrollierte sektorenübergreifende Zusammenarbeit im Rahmen einer begleitenden systematischen Verlaufsstudie zur Erfassung der genetischen, histopathologischen und klinischen Verlaufsdaten beantworten.
Beyond work-hour restrictions: a qualitative study of residents’ subjective workload
Authors: Nishigori Hiroshi , Deshpande Gautam A. , Obara Haruo , Takahashi Osamu , Busari Jamiu , Dornan Tim 
Published: July 2015

Introduction Following the introduction of work-hour restrictions, residents’ workload has become an important theme in postgraduate training. The efficacy of restrictions on workload, however, remains controversial, as most research has only examined objective workload. The purpose of this study was to explore the less clearly understood component of subjective workload and, in particular, the factors that influenced residents’ subjective workload.
Method This study was conducted in Japan at three community teaching hospitals. We recruited a convenience sample of 31 junior residents in seven focus groups at the three sites. Audio-recorded and transcribed data were read iteratively and analyzed thematically, identifying, analyzing and reporting themes within the data and developing an interpretive synthesis of the topic.
Results Seven factors influenced residents’ subjective workload: (1) interaction within the professional community, (2) feedback from patients, (3) being in control, (4) professional development, (5) private life, (6) interest and (7) protected free time.
Discussion and conclusion Our findings indicate that residents who have good interaction with colleagues and patients, are competent enough to control their work, experience personal development through working, have greater interest in their work, and have fulfilling private lives will have the least subjective workload.
Cracks in bursting soap films
Authors: Bico J. 
Published: July 2015

The rupture of soap films is traditionally described by a law accounting for a balance between momentum and surface tension forces, derived independently by Taylor and Culick in the 1960s. This law is highly relevant to the dynamics of thin liquid films of jets when viscous effects are negligible. However, the minute amounts of surfactant molecules present in soap films play a major role in interfacial rheology, and may result in complex behaviour. Petit et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 774, 2015, R3) challenge standard thin film dynamics via intriguing experiments conducted with highly elastic surfactants. Unexpected structures reminiscent of faults are observed.
Levels of Toxocara infections in dogs and cats from urban Vietnam together with associated risk factors for transmission
Authors: Anh N. Thi Lan , Thuy D. Thi Thu , Hoan D. Huu , Hop N. Thi , Dung D. Trung 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe aims of the present study were to assess the prevalence of Toxocara infection in household cats and dogs, together with the presence of anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies in humans and the level of egg contamination in soil and vegetable samples from the local environment. Prevalence values of 47.8% of 253 cats and 37.7% of 284 dogs were recorded, together with 35.8% of eggs in soil samples, 25.0% in garden vegetables and in 56.3% of 16 dog-hair samples. The risk of the infection was higher for dogs and cats in households with egg-contaminated soil compared to those without evidence of soil contamination. The high prevalence of dog and cat Toxocara infection and their indiscriminate defecation behaviour contribute to a significant risk of transmission to humans as 58.7% of human blood samples were seropositive for Toxocara. Anthelmintic treatment of dogs and cats, plus educating household members, must be emphasized in any prevention programme in Vietnam.
Conflict Transformation through Prior Consultation? Lessons from Peru
Authors: SCHILLING-VACAFLOR ALMUT , FLEMMER RICCARDA 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article analyses the background to and the content of the Peruvian prior consultation law – the only one enacted in Latin America to date – and its regulating decree. In contrast to the widespread conception that prior consultation is a means for preventing and resolving conflict, it argues that this new legislation will not help to transform conflicts as long as the normative framework itself is contested and the preconditions for participatory governance are not in place. Establishing these preconditions would result in state institutions capable of justly balancing the diverse interests at stake; measures that reduce power asymmetries within consultations; and joint decision-making processes with binding agreements.
The Shifting Origins of International Law
Authors: DE LA RASILLA DEL MORAL IGNACIO 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBoth state-centrism and Eurocentrism are under challenge in international law today. This article argues that this double challenge is mirrored back into the study of the history of international law. It examines the effects of the rise of positivism as a method of norm-identification and the role of methodological nationalism upon the study of the history of international law in the modern foundational period of international law. It extends this by examining how this bequeathed a double exclusionary bias regarding time and space to the study of the history of international law as well as a reiterative focus on a series of canonical events and authors to the exclusion of others such as those related to the Islamic history of international law. It then analyses why this state of historiographical affairs is changing, highlighting intra-disciplinary developments within the field of the history of international law and the effects that the ‘international turn in the writing of history’ is having on the writing of a new history of international law for a global age. It concludes with a reflection on some of the tasks ahead, providing a series of historiographical signposts for the history of international law as a field of new research.
Was There Something Missing in the Decolonization Process in Africa?: The Territorial Dimension
Authors: HÉBIÉ MAMADOU 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFive decades after the wave of independence of the 1960s, have all African territories been decolonized in accordance with international law? On the basis of the General Assembly and state practice, this study argues that only the continuing possession of African territories by colonial powers is contrary to the obligation to decolonize under international law. Thus, colonialism is still persisting in Africa with regard to the Glorious Islands, Mayotte, the Chagos, Ceuta and Melilla, the islands Alhucemas, Chafarinas, Leïla, and Peñon de Vélez de la Gomera. These territories belong respectively to Madagascar, the Comoros Islands, Mauritius, and Morocco. However, the obligation to decolonize under international law, which is premised on the existence of a colonial possession, does not provide any legal basis to claims directed against independent African states. Besides, the maintenance of boundaries existing upon the achievement of African countries to independence is not a case of enduring colonialism.
Expropriation in Transition: Evolving Chinese Investment Treaty Practices in Local and Global Contexts
Authors: WEI SHEN 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe doctrine and case law on expropriation in international investment law is an unsettled area due to a variety of factors such as the diversity of interests between capital importing and exporting states, the divergence in legal, economic, and cultural concepts of property rights, and, more importantly, the regulatory role of the state in cross-border investment activities. Although China has been an active ‘treaty-maker’ in the universe of international investment arbitration, evidenced by its nearly 130 bilateral investment treaties (BITs), the notion of expropriation in these BITs is in a state of flux. This article scrutinizes the expropriation clauses in China's BITs, in particular, the Peru–China BIT and the Peru–China free trade agreement, by reference to the final award ofTza Yap Shumv.The Republic of Peru, the first Chinese BIT arbitration case. This article attempts, in a comparative context, to understand the underlying rationale for China's evolving stance on expropriation.
Duress: From Nuremberg to the International Criminal Court, Finding the Balance Between Justification and Excuse
Authors: JOYCE MARCUS 
Published: July 2015

AbstractArticle 31(1)(d)1of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC Statute) presents an important opportunity to reconsider the defence of duress in cases of unlawful killing. While the case ofErdemovićhas done much to substantiate the existence of the defence of duress at international law it appears to have curtailed the doctrine by interpreting it with reference to a strict form of proportionality characteristic of duress as justification. On the other hand, duress as excuse requires some measure of proportionality. This article will contend that the hybrid approach of Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMTs), defined duress and the moral choice test primarily by reference toculpa in causa, not resorting to duress, and a ‘softer’ proportionality and in doing so, provided a more flexible and workable model for duress. Article 31(1)(d) of the ICC Statute, although an interesting attempt to find the balance between duress as excuse and justification, is a missed opportunity to redefine the defence in international criminal law. An alternative test for duress, with reference to the principles that emerged from the jurisprudence of the NMTs, is required in order to find the correct balance between duress as excuse and justification.
Appraisal-Based and Flexible Approaches to External Precedent in International Criminal Law
Authors: ZAMMIT BORDA ALDO 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article focuses on the approaches of international criminal judges to using external precedent, distinguishing between the appraisal-based and flexible approaches. On the one hand, the appraisal-based approach refers to uses of external judicial decisions which are preceded by an express legal appraisal. On the other hand, the flexible approach denotes a less stringent use of such decisions. It finds that, in a number of cases, international criminal judges have adopted a flexible approach to decisions and have assimilated them within the legal framework of the referring court or tribunal without the necessary adjustment. This may have important implications for the principle of legality and the fairness of the proceedings. The paper indicates that the adoption of either the appraisal-based or flexible approaches to external judicial decisions is not necessarily linked to the specific legal backgrounds of the judges involved, and different judges hailing from varying legal backgrounds have shifted between these approaches in different cases. This suggests that there is need for greater rigour in the judicial methodology for using external judicial decisions and, in particular, the importance of the appraisal-based approach to using such decisions, to ensure their the congruence with the legal framework of the referring court or tribunal.
Health advisor facilitated mouth care regime for patients with head and neck cancers undergoing intensity-modulated radiotherapy
Authors: Stringer J. , Knowles R. , Finchett C. , Mackereth P. , Mannan J. , Slevin N. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimTo develop a regime of care for patients with head and neck cancers undergoing intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), with the support of a health advisor (HA) and temporary access to the mouth care product Caphosol™.Materials and methodsA HA was temporarily employed to assess, monitor and refer patients as appropriate and ensure patients received and utilised supplies of Caphosol™. A retrospective audit was undertaken to provide a gap analysis of current service. The data were used to develop a pro forma for documenting assessments and monitoring lifestyle factors for IMRT patients. Assessments referrals and compliance, plus hospital admissions owing to treatment-related issues, were documented during the baseline audit and the temporary HA service and provision of Caphosol™.ResultsThe presence of a HA facilitated 100% compliance with appropriate assessments, referrals and adherence to treatment. The data suggests that the additional provision of Caphosol™ may have reduced levels of mucositis and associated pain.ConclusionIt is recommended that a HA role be established within radiotherapy departments to facilitate lifestyle assessments, referrals and compliance with positive behaviour changes (e.g., stopping smoking). The use of Caphosol™ as a routine part of mouth care regime for IMRT patients also warrants further investigation.
Dieback of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) plant tissues caused by the brown cocoa mirid Sahlbergella singularis Haglund (Hemiptera: Miridae) and associated pathogenic fungi
Authors: Anikwe Joseph Chuks , Otuonye Henry Azuka 
Published: July 2015

The brown cocoa mirid,Sahlbergella singularisis the most important insect pest of cocoa for field damage has been classified into three categories that include blast, stagheadedness and mirid pocket. The mirid attack predisposes the cocoa plant to secondary infection by opportunistic pathogenic fungi. This study evaluated the dieback conditions associated with mirid damage due to associated fungi from lesions on pods, twigs and pin punctures. The relationship betweenPhytophthorablack pod infection and mirid infestation in the field was also established. The results indicated that dieback progression from the mirid lesions (8.5 mm) was significantly different (P&lt; 0.05) from that of pin punctures (7.8 mm).Lasiodiplodia theobromaehad the highest proportion of isolates from pods (33%), twigs (47%), and pin punctures (38%).Fusarium decemcellulare(Albonectria rigidiuscula) accounted for 27.8% and 31.6% from pods and twigs; however, it was not recovered from pin punctures. Other isolated pathogens wereAspergillusspecies andRhizoctoniaspecies. There was a significantly strong positive correlation coefficient of 0.74 between the mirid population and the black pod disease infection in the field. The major fruit-bearing season of cocoa witnessed an increase in mirid infestation and blackpod infection. The effect of mirid–pathogenic fungi-associated damage could be ameliorated through effective crop husbandry practices to ensure that cocoa plant tissues are not unduly exposed to biological and mechanical injuries.
Transnational Environmental Law and Grass-Root Initiatives: The Case of the Latin American Water Tribunal
Authors: Olmos Giupponi Belén 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article analyzes the role played by the Latin American Water Tribunal (Tribunal Latinoamericano del Agua – TRAGUA) (LAWT) in the resolution of environmental disputes over water resources. Since its inception in 1998, the LAWT has emerged as a non-governmental body with a multidisciplinary composition and a mandate based on both formal and informal sources of law, which holds public hearings in order to address water-related complaints. This article explores whether (and the ways in which) the LAWT is contributing to the resolution of environmental disputes concerning water resources. The main underlying thesis is that, whereas the traditional model for interstate dispute settlement offers only limited possibilities of redress to non-state actors (mainly individuals and groups), the LAWT provides them with the opportunity to present their demands before an environmental justice forum.
The geometric phase controls ultracold chemistry
Authors: Kendrick B. K. , Hazra Jisha , Balakrishnan N. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe geometric phase is shown to control the outcome of an ultracold chemical reaction. The control is a direct consequence of the sign change on the interference term between two scattering pathways (direct and looping), which contribute to the reactive collision process in the presence of a conical intersection (point of degeneracy between two Born–Oppenheimer electronic potential energy surfaces). The unique properties of the ultracold energy regime lead to an effective quantization of the scattering phase shift enabling maximum constructive or destructive interference between the two pathways. By taking the O+OH→H+O2 reaction as an illustrative example, it is shown that inclusion of the geometric phase modifies ultracold reaction rates by nearly two orders of magnitude. Interesting experimental control possibilities include the application of external electric and magnetic fields that might be used to exploit the geometric phase effect reported here and experimentally switch on or off the reactivity.
The GINA asthma strategy report: what’s new for primary care?
Authors: Reddel Helen K , Levy Mark L ,   on behalf of the Global Initiative for Asthma Scientific Committee and Dissemination and Implementation Committee
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) was established in 1993 by the World Health Organization and National Heart Lung and Blood Institute to develop a global strategy for managing and preventing asthma. GINA reports, now funded independently through the sale of GINA products, have provided the foundation for many national guidelines. They are prepared by international experts from primary, secondary and tertiary care, and are annually updated following a review of evidence. In 2014, a major revision of the GINA report was published, that took into account advances in evidence not only about asthma and its treatment, but also about how to improve implementation of evidence-based recommendations in clinical practice. This paper summarises key changes relevant to primary care in the new GINA report. A noticeable difference is the report’s radically different approach, now clinically-focussed, with multiple practical tools and flow charts to improve its utility for busy frontline clinicians. Key changes in recommendations include a new, diagnosis-centred definition of asthma; more detail about how to assess current symptom control and future risk; a comprehensive approach to tailoring treatment for individual patients; expanded indications for commencing inhaled corticosteroids; new recommendations for written asthma action plans; a new chapter on diagnosis and initial treatment of patients with asthma–COPD overlap syndrome; and a revised approach to diagnosing asthma in preschool children. The 2014 GINA report (further updated in 2015) moved away from a ‘textbook’ approach to provide clinicians with up-to-date evidence about strategies to control symptoms and minimise asthma risk, in a practical, practice-centred format.
Mixed Linear Model Approaches of Association Mapping for Complex Traits Based on Omics Variants
Authors: Zhang Fu-Tao , Zhu Zhi-Hong , Tong Xiao-Ran , Zhu Zhi-Xiang , Qi Ting , Zhu Jun 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPrecise prediction for genetic architecture of complex traits is impeded by the limited understanding on genetic effects of complex traits, especially on gene-by-gene (GxG) and gene-by-environment (GxE) interaction. In the past decades, an explosion of high throughput technologies enables omics studies at multiple levels (such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics). The analyses of large omics data, especially two-loci interaction analysis, are very time intensive. Integrating the diverse omics data and environmental effects in the analyses also remain challenges. We proposed mixed linear model approaches using GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) computation to simultaneously dissect various genetic effects. Analyses can be performed for estimating genetic main effects, GxG epistasis effects and GxE environment interaction effects on large-scale omics data for complex traits and for estimating heritability of specific genetic effects. Both mouse data analyses and Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that genetic effects and environment interaction effects could be unbiasedly estimated with high statistical power by using the proposed approaches.
Teleportation of a Toffoli gate among distant solid-state qubits with quantum dots embedded in optical microcavities
Authors: Hu Shi , Cui Wen-Xue , Wang Dong-Yang , Bai Cheng-Hua , Guo Qi , Wang Hong-Fu , Zhu Ai-Dong , Zhang Shou 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTeleportation of unitary operations can be viewed as a quantum remote control. The remote realization of robust multiqubit logic gates among distant long-lived qubit registers is a key challenge for quantum computation and quantum information processing. Here we propose a simple and deterministic scheme for teleportation of a Toffoli gate among three spatially separated electron spin qubits in optical microcavities by using local linear optical operations, an auxiliary electron spin, two circularly-polarized entangled photon pairs, photon measurements and classical communication. We assess the feasibility of the scheme and show that the scheme can be achieved with high average fidelity under the current technology. The scheme opens promising perspectives for constructing long-distance quantum communication and quantum computation networks with solid-state qubits.
Green tea extract decreases starch digestion and absorption from a test meal in humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study
Authors: Lochocka Klaudia , Bajerska Joanna , Glapa Aleksandra , Fidler-Witon Ewa , Nowak Jan K. , Szczapa Tomasz , Grebowiec Philip , Lisowska Aleksandra , Walkowiak Jaroslaw 
Published: July 2015

AbstractGreen tea is known worldwide for its beneficial effects on human health. However, objective data evaluating this influence in humans is scarce. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of green tea extract (GTE) on starch digestion and absorption. The study comprised of 28 healthy volunteers, aged 19 to 28 years. In all subjects, a starch 13C breath test was performed twice. Subjects randomly ingested naturally 13C-abundant cornflakes during the GTE test (GTE 4 g) or placebo test. The cumulative percentage dose recovery (CPDR) was significantly lower for the GTE test than for the placebo test (median [interquartile range]: 11.4% [5.5–15.5] vs. 16.1% [12.7–19.5]; p = 0.003). Likewise, CPDR expressed per hour was considerably lower in each point of the measurement. In conclusion, a single dose of green tea extract taken with a test meal decreases starch digestion and absorption.