bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standardized testing with chlorhexidine in perioperative allergy – a large single‐centre evaluation
Authors: Opstrup M. S. , Malling H.‐J. , Krøigaard M. , Mosbech H. , Skov P. S. , Poulsen L. K. , Garvey L. H. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundPerioperative allergic reactions to chlorhexidine are often severe and easily overlooked. Although rare, the prevalence remains unknown. Correct diagnosis is crucial, but no validated provocation model exists, and other diagnostic tests have never been evaluated. The aims were to estimate (i) the prevalence of chlorhexidine allergy in perioperative allergy and (ii) the specificity and sensitivity for diagnostic tests for chlorhexidine allergy.MethodsWe included all patients investigated for suspected perioperative allergic reactions in the Danish Anaesthesia Allergy Centre during 2004–2012. The following tests were performed: specificIgE(Immunocap®;PhadiaAB,Sweden), histamine release test (HR) (RefLabApS,Denmark), skin prick test (SPT) and intradermal test (IDT). Positivity criteria were as follows: specificIgE >0.35 kUA/l;HRclass 1–12;SPTmean wheal diameter ≥3 mm;IDTmean wheal diameter ≥ twice the diameter of negative control. Chlorhexidine allergy waspost hocdefined as a relevant clinical reaction to chlorhexidine combined with two or more positive tests. Based on this definition, sensitivity and specificity were estimated for each test.ResultsIn total, 22 of 228 patients (9.6%) met the definition of allergy to chlorhexidine. Estimated sensitivity and specificity were as follows: specificIgE(sensitivity 100% and specificity 97%),HR(sensitivity 55% and specificity 99%),SPT(sensitivity 95% and specificity 97%) andIDT(sensitivity 68% and specificity 100%).ConclusionsIn patients investigated for suspected perioperative allergic reactions, 9.6% were diagnosed with allergy to chlorhexidine. Using our definition of chlorhexidine allergy, the highest combined estimated sensitivity and specificity was found for specific IgE andSPT.
Number, causes and destinations of horses leaving theAustralianThoroughbred andStandardbred racing industries
Authors: Thomson PC , Hayek AR , Jones B , Evans DL , McGreevy PD 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveSignificant proportions of horses leave theAustralianThoroughbred andStandardbred racing industries, which has ramifications for both the economic sustainability and the public perception of racing. The aim of this study was to quantify potential horse wastage, describe the destinations of exiting horses and identify risk factors for horses going to these destinations.MethodsQuestionnaires were sent to 1258 selected Thoroughbred and 981 Standardbred trainers, with response rates of 30% and 32%, respectively. The survey investigated the role of various risk factors for wastage, including horse age, sex and number of years in training. The destination of departing horses was also examined in relation to these risk factors.ResultsTotal horse exit rates for the 2002–03 official race year were 39.7% and 38.7% for the Thoroughbred and Standardbred racing industries, respectively. Reasons for leaving included ‘poor performance/slow’ (36.5% Thoroughbreds, 35.2% Standardbreds), ‘illness/injury’ (31.0%, 27.1%), ‘to breed’ (9.4%, 10.1%), ‘unsuitable temperament/behaviour’ (6.4%, 6.4%) and ‘other’ (16.8%, 21.2%). Statistically significant (P < 0.001) risk factors influencing the destinations of both Thoroughbred and Standardbred racing horses included whether the trainer owned the horses, sex, age and reasons for leaving. In addition, some factors were specific to one breed or the other.ConclusionsImproved behaviour training and early identification of the causes of poor performance could assist in reducing wastage.
Gross morphology and topographical relationships of the hyobranchial apparatus and laryngeal cartilages in the ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Soley John T. , Tivane Catarina , Crole Martina R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe ostrich hyobranchial apparatus consists of the centrally positioned paraglossalia and basiurohyale and paired caudo‐lateral elements (horns), each consisting of the ceratobranchiale and epibranchiale. The paraglossalia lie within the tongue parenchyma and consist of paired, flat, caudo‐laterally directed cartilages joined rostrally. The basiurohyale forms a single dorso‐ventrally flattened unit composed of an octagonal‐shaped body from which extend rostral (the rostral process) and caudal (the urohyale) projections. The laryngeal skeleton consists of cricoid, procricoid and paired arytenoid cartilages. The large ring‐shaped cricoid cartilage displays a body and paired wings which articulate with each other and with the procricoid. The blunt, ossified, rostral projection of the cricoid and the scalloped nature of the arytenoid cartilages are unique to the ostrich. The procricoid is a single structure which links the paired arytenoids and wings of the cricoid. The hyobranchial apparatus is firmly attached to the tongue parenchyma and to the larynx and proximal trachea. In contrast to previous reports in this species, the horns of the hyobranchial apparatus are not related to the skull. Ossification of the body of the basihyale, the ceratobranchials and the rostral process and body of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx lends stability to these structures.
Children's utilization of emotion expectancies in moral decision‐making
Authors: Hertz Steven G. , Krettenauer Tobias 
Published: June 2014

This study investigated the relevance of emotion expectancies for children's moral decision‐making. The sample included 131 participants from three different grade levels (M = 8.39 years, SD = 2.45, range 4.58–12.42). Participants were presented a set of scenarios that described various emotional outcomes of (im)moral actions and asked to decide what they would do if they were in the protagonists' shoes. Overall, it was found that the anticipation of moral emotions predicted an increased likelihood of moral choices in antisocial and prosocial contexts. In younger children, anticipated moral emotions predicted moral choice for prosocial actions, but not for antisocial actions. Older children showed evidence for the utilization of anticipated emotions in both prosocial and antisocial behaviours. Moreover, for older children, the decision to act prosocially was less likely in the presence of non‐moral emotions. Findings suggest that the impact of emotion expectancies on children's moral decision‐making increases with age. Contrary to happy victimizer research, the study does not support the notion that young children use moral emotion expectancies for moral decision‐making in the context of antisocial actions.
Characterization of ibrutinib‐sensitive and ‐resistant mantle lymphoma cells
Authors: Ma Jiao , Lu Pin , Guo Ailin , Cheng Shuhua , Zong Hongliang , Martin Peter , Coleman Morton , Wang Y. Lynn 
Published: June 2014

SummaryIbrutinib inhibits Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), a key component of early B‐cell receptor (BCR) signalling pathways. A multicentre phase 2 trial of ibrutinib in patients with relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) demonstrated a remarkable response rate. However, approximately one‐third of patients have primary resistance to the drug while other patients appear to lose response and develop secondary resistance. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying ibrutinib sensitivity is of paramount importance. In this study, we investigated cell lines and primary MCL cells that display differential sensitivity to ibrutinib. We found that the primary cells display a higher BTK activity than normal B cells and MCL cells show differential sensitivity to BTK inhibition. Genetic knockdown of BTK inhibits the growth, survival and proliferation of ibrutinib‐sensitive but not resistant MCL cell lines, suggesting that ibrutinib acts through BTK to produce its anti‐tumour activities. Interestingly, inhibition of ERK1/2 and AKT, but not BTK phosphorylation per se, correlates well with cellular response to BTK inhibition in cell lines as well as in primary tumours. Our study suggests that, to prevent primary resistance or to overcome secondary resistance to BTK inhibition, a combinatory strategy that targets multiple components or multiple pathways may represent the most effective approach.
Laparoendoscopic single‐site (LESS) robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) reduces postoperative wound pain without a rise in complication rates
Authors: Shin Tae Young , Lim Sey Kiat , Komninos Christos , Kim Dong Wook , Han Woong Kyu , Hong Sung Jun , Jung Byung Ha , Rha Koon Ho 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo compare long‐term functional outcomes and pain scale scores of patients who underwent laparoendoscopic single‐site (LESS)‐ robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) to those who underwent conventional RAPN (C‐RAPN), as LESS surgery is increasingly being adopted by urologists worldwide to reduce morbidities and scarring associated with surgical interventions.Patients and MethodsIn all, 167 consecutive patients who had RAPN were identified from our Institutional Review Board‐approved computerised database between October 2006 to July 2012. Patients were stratified into two groups: 80 patients who underwent C‐RAPN and 79 who underwent LESS‐RAPN.ResultsThe LESS‐RAPN group had a longer warm ischaemia time [WIT, mean (sd) 26.5 (10.5) vs 19.8 (13.1) min; P = 0.001] and total operation time [TOT, mean (sd) 210.3 (83.4) vs 183.1 (76.1) min; P = 0.033] when compared with the C‐RAPN group. While, the LESS‐RAPN group and C‐RAPN group were not significantly different for the number of patients with negative surgical margins [77 (96.2%) vs 73 (91.4%); P = 0.194), absolute change in postoperative renal function [mean (sd) −6.5 (16.7)% vs −7.6 (16.7)%; P = 0.738) and postoperative complications rate [12 (15.0%) vs 10 (12.6%); P = 0.279). Furthermore, the LESS‐RAPN group had lower visual analogue pain scale (VAPS) scores at discharge [mean (sd) 2.1 (1.3) vs 1.7 (1.0); P = 0.048].ConclusionsDespite a significantly longer WIT and TOT, the functional outcomes of LESS‐RAPN were comparable to those of C‐RAPN for tumours of similar mean sizes and complexities, without any detriments in oncological and complications outcomes. On discharge, patients who underwent LESS‐RAPN also reported lower pain levels as one of the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. With the development of instrumentation specifically designed for single‐site surgery, LESS could be more easily conducted in patients who are interested in improved quality of life outcomes.
Long‐term functional outcomes after artificial urinary sphincter implantation in men with stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Léon Priscilla , Chartier‐Kastler Emmanuel , Rouprêt Morgan , Ambrogi Vanina , Mozer Pierre , Phé Véronique 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate long‐term functional outcomes of artificial urinary sphincters (AUSs) and to determine how many men required explantation because of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) caused by sphincter deficiency after prostate surgery.Patients and MethodsMen who had undergone placement of an AUS (American Medical Systems AMS 800®) between 1984 and 1992 to relieve SUI caused by sphincter deficiency after prostate surgery were included. Continence, defined as no need for pads, was assessed at the end of the follow‐up. Kaplan–Meier survival curves estimated the survival rate of the device without needing explantation or revision.ResultsIn all, 57 consecutive patients were included with a median (interquartile range, IQR) age of 69 (64–72) years. The median (IQR) duration of follow‐up was 15 (8.25–19.75) years. At the end of follow‐up, 25 patients (43.8%) still had their primary AUS. The AUS was explanted in nine men because of erosion (seven) and infection (two). Survival rates, without AUS explantation, were 87%, 87%, 80%, and 80% at 5, 10, 15, and 20 years, respectively. Survival rates, without AUS revision, were 59%, 28%, 15%, and 5% at 5, 10, 15, and 20 years, respectively. At the end of the follow‐up, in intention‐to‐treat analysis, 77.2% of patients were continent.ConclusionIn the long term (>10 years) the AMS 800 can offer a high rate of continence to men with SUI caused by sphincter deficiency, with a tolerable rate of explantation and revision.
The impact of robotic surgery on the surgical management of prostate cancer in the USA
Authors: Chang Steven L. , Kibel Adam S. , Brooks James D. , Chung Benjamin I. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo describe the surgeon characteristics associated with robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) adoption and determine the possible impact of this adoption on practice patterns and cost.Patients and MethodsA retrospective cohort study with a weighted sample size of 489 369 men who underwent non‐RARP (i.e., open or laparoscopic RP) or RARP in the USA from 2003 to 2010 was performed. We evaluated predictors for RARP adoption, defined as performing >50% of annual RP using the robotic approach. Additionally, we identified the resulting changes in prostate cancer surgery practice patterns and expenditures.ResultsFrom 2003 to 2010, RARP adoption increased from 0.7% to 42% of surgeons performing RP. High‐volume surgeons, defined as performing >24 RPs annually, had statically significantly higher odds of adopting RARP throughout the study period. From 2005 to 2007, adoption was more common among surgeons at teaching (odds ratio [OR] 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7–3.4), intermediate‐ (200–399 beds; OR 5.96, 95% CI 1.3–26.5) and large‐sized hospitals (≥400 beds; OR 6.1, 95% CI 1.4–25.8); after 2007, adoption was more common among surgeons at urban hospitals (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.7–6.4). RARP adoption was generally associated with increased RP volume, greatest for high‐volume surgeons and least for low‐volume surgeons (<5 RPs annually). The annual number of surgeons performing RP decreased from about 10 000 to 8200, with the proportion of cases performed by high‐volume surgeons increasing from 10% to 45%. RARP was more costly, disproportionally contributing to the 40% increase in annual prostate cancer surgery expenditures. RARP costs generally decreased plateauing at slightly over $10 000, while non‐RARP costs increased to nearly $9000 by the end of the study.ConclusionThere was widespread RARP adoption in the USA between 2003 and 2010, particularly among high‐volume surgeons. The diffusion of RARP was associated with a centralisation of care and an increased economic burden for prostate cancer surgery.
Drug effects on the CVS in conscious rats: separating cardiac output into heart rate and stroke volume using PKPD modelling
Authors: Snelder N , Ploeger B A , Luttringer O , Rigel D F , Fu F , Beil M , Stanski D R , Danhof M 
Published: June 2014

Background and PurposePreviously, a systems pharmacology model was developed characterizing drug effects on the interrelationship between mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR). The present investigation aims to (i) extend the previously developed model by parsing CO into heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) and (ii) evaluate if the mechanism of action (MoA) of new compounds can be elucidated using only HR and MAP measurements.Experimental ApproachCardiovascular effects of eight drugs with diverse MoAs (amiloride, amlodipine, atropine, enalapril, fasudil, hydrochlorothiazide, prazosin and propranolol) were characterized in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats following single administrations of a range of doses. Rats were instrumented with ascending aortic flow probes and aortic catheters/radiotransmitters for continuous recording of MAP, HR and CO throughout the experiments. Data were analysed in conjunction with independent information on the time course of the drug concentration following a mechanism‐based pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic modelling approach.Key ResultsThe extended model, which quantified changes in TPR, HR and SV with negative feedback through MAP, adequately described the cardiovascular effects of the drugs while accounting for circadian variations and handling effects.Conclusions and ImplicationsA systems pharmacology model characterizing the interrelationship between MAP, CO, HR, SV and TPR was obtained in hypertensive and normotensive rats. This extended model can quantify dynamic changes in the CVS and elucidate the MoA for novel compounds, with one site of action, using only HR and MAP measurements. Whether the model can be applied for compounds with a more complex MoA remains to be established.
Interleukin 10 gene promoter polymorphisms in women with early-onset pre-eclampsia
Authors: Sowmya S , Sri Manjari K , Ramaiah A , Sunitha T , Nallari P , Jyothy A , Venkateshwari A 
Published: June 2014

SummaryPre-eclampsia is one of the most serious disorders of human pregnancy and T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 imbalance plays a major role in its aetiology. The Th2 cytokine, interleukin (IL)-10, plays a significant role in the maintenance of pregnancy. The present study is aimed at understanding the role of IL-10 promoter polymorphisms (−1082 G/A; −592 A/C and −819 C/T) and their haplotypes in early-onset pre-eclampsia. A total of 120 patients and an equal number of women with normal pregnancy, from Government Maternity Hospital, Petlaburz, Hyderabad, India, were considered for the present study. A standard amplification refractory mutation system–polymerase chain reaction (ARMS–PCR) was carried out for genotyping followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Appropriate statistical methods were applied to test for the significance of the results. It was found that the IL-10 −819 C allele (P = 0·003) and −592 A (P = 0·005) allele frequencies increased significantly in patients compared to controls. No significant difference was found with regard to −1082 promoter polymorphism. Haplotype analysis of the IL-10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed a significant association with ACC haplotype with a twofold increased risk in patients compared to controls. The frequencies of two common IL-10 haplotypes (GCC and ATA) did not show any significant difference. Further, the diplotype analysis revealed five genotypes: −1082A with −819C (P = 0·0016); −1082G with −819C (P = 0·0018); −819C with −592C (P = 0·001); −1082A with −592C (P = 0·032); and −1082G with −592C (P = 0·005) associated with the disease. These findings support the concept of contribution of IL-10 gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of early-onset pre-eclampsia.
Higher ferritin levels, but not serum iron or transferrin saturation, are associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adult men and women free of genetic haemochromatosis
Authors: Yeap Bu B. , Divitini Mark L. , Gunton Jenny E. , Olynyk John K. , Beilby John P. , McQuillan Brendan , Hung Joseph , Knuiman Matthew W. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryContextIron overload predisposes to diabetes and higher ferritin levels have been associated with diabetes. However, it is unclear whether ferritin reflects differences in iron‐related parameters between diabetic and nondiabetic persons. We examined associations of serum ferritin, iron and transferrin saturation with Type 2 diabetes in adults without genetic predisposition to iron overload.Design, participants and measurementsCross‐sectional analysis of community‐dwelling men and women aged 17–97 years from the Busselton Health Survey, Western Australia. Men and women carrying genotypes associated with haemochromatosis (C282Y/C282Y or C282Y/H63D) were excluded. Serum ferritin, iron and transferrin saturation were assayed.ResultsThere were 1834 men (122 with diabetes, 6·6%) and 2351 women (141 with diabetes, 6%). In men, higher serum ferritin was associated with diabetes after adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol, cardiovascular history, body mass index (BMI), waist, blood pressure, lipids, C‐reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, alanine transaminase (ALT) and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) [odds ratio (OR): 1·29 per 1 unit increase log ferritin, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1·01–1·65, P = 0·043]. In women, higher serum ferritin was associated with diabetes [fully adjusted OR: 1·31 per 1 unit increase log ferritin, 95% CI = 1·04–1·63, P = 0·020; 1·84 for tertile (T) 3 vs T1, 95% CI = 1·09–3·11]. Neither iron levels nor transferrin saturation were associated with diabetes risk in men or women. Higher ferritin was not associated with insulin resistance in nondiabetic adults.ConclusionsIn adults, higher ferritin levels are independently associated with prevalent diabetes while iron and transferrin saturation are not. Ferritin is a robust biomarker for diabetes risk, but further investigation is needed to clarify whether this relationship is mediated via iron metabolism.
EIF2AK4 genetic mutations cause a recessive form of rare and deadly lung disease, pulmonary veno‐occlusive disease
Authors: Aminkeng F. 
Published: June 2014

EIF2AK4 mutations cause pulmonary veno‐occlusive disease, a recessive form of pulmonary hypertension.Eyries et al. (2014)Nature Genetics 46(1):65–69.
Moving Beyond Science to Protect a Mammalian Migration Corridor
Authors: BERGER JOEL , CAIN STEVEN L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAs the discipline of conservation biology evolves and practitioners grow increasingly concerned about how to put results into achievable conservation, it is still unclear the extent to which science drives conservation outcomes, especially across rural landscapes. We addressed this issue by examining the role of science in the protection of a biological corridor. Our focus is on a North American endemic mammal reliant on long distance migration as an adaptive strategy, the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) of the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. The role of science in realizing policy change, while critical as a first step, was surprisingly small relative to the role of other human dimensions. In a case study, we strategically addressed a variety of conservation needs beyond science, first by building a partnership between government and private interests and then by enhancing interest in migratory phenomena across a landscape with divergent political ideologies and economic bases. By developing awareness and even people's pride in the concept of corridor conservation, we achieved local, state, and federal acceptance for protection of a 70 km long, 2 km wide pathway for the longest terrestrial migrant in the contiguous United States. Key steps included conducting and publishing research that defined the migration corridor; fostering a variety of media coverage at local, regional, and national levels; conducting public outreach through stakeholder workshops, meetings, and presentations; and meeting with and gaining the support of elected officials. All these contributed to the eventual policy change that created the first federally protected migration corridor in the United States, which in turn stimulated additional conservation actions. On the basis of our experience, we believe conservation scientists can and should step beyond traditional research roles to assist with on‐the‐ground conservation by engaging in aspects of conservation that involve local communities and public policy.Ir Más Allá de la Ciencia para Proteger un Corredor Migratorio de Mamíferos
Cutaneous histoplasmosis in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Sun N. Z. , Augustine J. J. , Gerstenblith M. R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCutaneous histoplasmosis is a rare entity, although it can be seen in a substantial portion of renal transplant recipients with disseminated disease. The prognosis of disseminated disease is worse than isolated cutaneous involvement, and significant delays in diagnosis are reported. We reviewed reports of cutaneous histoplasmosis with and without dissemination in the setting of renal transplantation to examine incidence, timing of diagnosis, clinical features, and prognosis. Remarkable morphologic variability and the non‐specific appearance of skin findings suggest that tissue culture is required for definitive diagnosis. Cutaneous lesions represent an easily accessible source for early diagnosis.