bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanostructured Electrocatalysts for All‐Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Park Minjoon , Ryu Jaechan , Cho Jaephil 
Published: April 2015

AbstractVanadium redox reactions have been considered as a key factor affecting the energy efficiency of the all‐vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). This redox reaction determines the reaction kinetics of whole cells. However, poor kinetic reversibility and catalytic activity towards the V2+/V3+ and VO2+/VO2+ redox couples on the commonly used carbon substrate limit broader applications of VRFBs. Consequently, modified carbon substrates have been extensively investigated to improve vanadium redox reactions. In this Focus Review, recent progress on metal‐ and carbon‐based nanomaterials as an electrocatalyst for VRFBs is discussed in detail, without the intention to provide a comprehensive review on the whole components of the system. Instead, the focus is mainly placed on the redox chemistry of vanadium ions at a surface of various metals, different dimensional carbons, nitrogen‐doped carbon nanostructures, and metal–carbon composites.
Comparative organochlorine accumulation in two ecologically similar shark species (Carcharodon carcharias and Carcharhinus obscurus) with divergent uptake based on different life history
Authors: Beaudry Marina C. , Hussey Nigel E. , McMeans Bailey C. , McLeod Anne M. , Wintner Sabine P. , Cliff Geremy , Dudley Sheldon F. J. , Fisk Aaron T. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Trophic position and body mass are traits commonly used to predict organochlorine burdens. Sharks, however, have a variety of feeding and life history strategies and metabolize lipid uniquely. Because of this diversity, and the lipid-association of organochlorines, the dynamics of organochlorine accumulation in sharks may be predicted ineffectively by stable isotope-derived trophic position and body mass, as is typical for other taxa. The present study compared ontogenetic organochlorine profiles in the dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus) and white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), which differ in metabolic thermoregulation and trophic position throughout their ontogeny. Although greater organochlorine concentrations were observed in the larger bodied and higher trophic position white shark (e.g., p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene: 20.2 ± 2.7 ng/g vs 9.3 ± 2.2 ng/g in the dusky shark), slopes of growth-dilution corrected concentrations with age were equal to those of the dusky shark. Similar ontogenetic trophic position increases in both species, less frequent white shark seal predation than previously assumed, or inaccurate species-specific growth parameters are possible explanations. Inshore habitat use (indicated by δ13C values) and mass were important predictors in white and dusky sharks, respectively, of both overall compound profiles and select organochlorine concentrations. The present study clarified understanding of trophic position and body mass as reliable predictors of interspecific organochlorine accumulation in sharks, whereas regional endothermy and diet shifting were shown to have less impact on overall rates of accumulation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2051–2060. © 2015 SETAC
Defining the Dynamic Conformational Networks of Cross‐β Peptide Assembly
Authors: Smith Jillian E. , Liang Chen , Tseng Michael , Li Noel , Li Sha , Mowles Allisandra K. , Mehta Anil K. , Lynn David G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractStructurally defined cross‐β assemblies have allowed for the development of basis sets for isotope‐edited infrared spectra to follow progressive assembly over time. These basis sets, composed of a minimal number of individual spectra, are sufficient to identify the populations of polymorphs evolving throughout the assembly process. This approach provides, for the first time, the spectral assignment and relative distribution of paracrystalline intermediates formed from the intermolecular molten globule phase where nucleation occurs. Using the basis sets, we can now follow how subtle changes in assembly energetics impact the accessible polymorphs along the assembly pathway. Here, simple methylation of the Gln22 side chain of the nucleating core of the Dutch mutant of the Aβ of Alzheimer’s disease, Aβ(16‐22)E22Q, dramatically increases the distribution of sampled polymorphs and slows progression to the final thermodynamic assembly. These data establish that amyloid cross‐β structures can assemble through a dynamic conformational phylogeny. This fluid context‐dependent network, so accessible to simple peptides, may provide the basis for the conformational selection and evolution of the complex supramolecular assemblies implicated in the many protein misfolding and prion diseases.
Evaluation of iron and zinc bioavailability of beans targeted for biofortification using in vitro and in vivo models and their effect on the nutritional status of preschool children
Authors: Vaz‐Tostes Maria das Graças , Verediano Thaisa Agrizzi , de Mejia Elvira Gonzalez , Brunoro Costa Neuza Maria 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDBiofortified beans have been produced with higher nutrient concentrations. The objective was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo iron and zinc bioavailability of common beans Pontal (PO), targeted for biofortification, compared with conventional Perola (PE) and their effects on the iron and zinc nutritional status of preschool children.RESULTSIn Caco‐2 cells, PO and PE beans did not show differences in ferritin (PO, 13.1 ± 1.4; PE, 13.6 ± 1.4 ng mg−1 protein) or zinc uptake (PO, 15.9 ± 1.5; PE, 15.5 ± 3.5 µmol mg−1 protein). In the rat, PO and PE beans presented high iron bioavailability (PO, 109.6 ± 29.5; PE, 110.7 ± 13.9%). In preschool children, no changes were observed in iron and zinc nutritional status comparing before and after PO consumption (ferritin, 41.2 ± 23.2 and 28.9 ± 40.4 µg L−1; hemoglobin, 13.7 ± 2.2 and 13.1 ± 3.2 g dL−1; plasma zinc, 119.2 ± 24.5 and 133.9 ± 57.7 µg dL−1; erythrocyte zinc, 53.5 ± 13.8 and 59.4 ± 17.1 µg g−1 hemoglobin).CONCLUSIONIron and zinc bioavailability in PO and PE beans was not statistically different using either cell culture, animal or human models. Efforts should focus on increasing mineral bioavailability of beans targeted for biofortification. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Efficacy and safety of creatine supplementation in juvenile dermatomyositis: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover trial
Authors: Solis Marina Yazigi , Hayashi Ana Paula , Artioli Guilherme Giannini , Roschel Hamilton , Sapienza Marcelo Tatit , Otaduy Maria Concepción , De Sã Pinto Ana Lucia , Silva Clovis Artur , Sallum Adriana Maluf Elias , Pereira Rosa Maria R. , Gualano Bruno 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTIntroduction: It has been suggested that creatine supplementation is safe and effective for treating idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, but no pediatric study has been conducted to date. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of creatine supplementation in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) patients. Methods: In this study, JDM patients received placebo or creatine supplementation (0.1 g/kg/day) in a randomized, crossover, double‐blind design. Subjects were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. The primary outcome was muscle function. Secondary outcomes included body composition, aerobic conditioning, health‐related quality of life, and muscle phosphocreatine (PCr) content. Safety was assessed by laboratory parameters and kidney function measurements. Results: Creatine supplementation did not affect muscle function, intramuscular PCr content, or any other secondary outcome. Kidney function was not affected, and no side effects were reported. Conclusions: Twelve weeks of creatine supplementation in JDM patients were well‐tolerated and free of adverse effects, but treatment did not affect muscle function, intramuscular PCr, or any other parameter. Muscle Nerve 53: 58–66, 2016
Toward an objective measure of functional disability in dysferlinopathy
Authors: Woudt Lisanne , Di Capua Gabriella A. , Krahn Martin , Castiglioni Claudia , Hughes Ricardo , Campero Mario , Trangulao Alejandra , González‐Hormazábal Patricio , Godoy‐Herrera Raúl , Lévy Nicolas , Urtizberea Jon Andoni , Jara Lilian , Bevilacqua Jorge A. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTIntroductionUnderstanding the natural history of dysferlinopathy is essential to design and quantify novel therapeutic protocols. Our aim in this study was to assess, clinically and functionally, a cohort of patients with dysferlinopathy, using validated scales.MethodsThirty‐one patients with genetically confirmed dysferlinopathy were assessed using the motor function measure (MFM), Modified Rankin Scale (MRS), Muscle Research Council (MRC) scale, serum creatine kinase (CK) assessment, baseline spirometry data, and echocardiographic and electrophysiologic studies.ResultsMFM and MRC scores showed a significant negative correlation with disease duration and inverse correlation with MRS, but not with onset age, clinical phenotype, or CK levels. Percent forced vital capacity (%FVC) correlated negatively with disease duration and onset age. Eight known pathogenic mutations were identified recurrently, 4 of which accounted for 79% of the total.ConclusionsThe results suggest that MFM is a reliable outcome measure that may be useful for longitudinal follow‐up in dysferlinopathy. Recurrent mutations suggest a founder effect in the Chilean population. Muscle Nerve 53: 49–57, 2016
Fine structural analysis, formation of interfacial particle films, and accurate estimation of orientation in polyguanamine derivatives with a high refractive index
Authors: Fujimori Atsuhiro , Miura Shuntaro , Kikkawa Takahiro , Shibasaki Yuji 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTPrecise analyses of the molecular arrangement of three‐dimensional crystals, two‐dimensional molecular films, and interfacial particle layers of polyguanamine derivatives with a high refractive index have been performed. The high refractive index of the polyguanamine derivatives is not due to the chemical structure of the molecule, but is based on the packing of molecular chains or the refraction of transmitted light due to the difference in electron density between the crystalline and amorphous regions. A highly crystalline polymer has been produced by polycondensation of guanamine derivatives bearing a triazine ring and phenyl rings. The packing models of molecular chains in the three‐dimensional crystal have been determined using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction measurements and reciprocal lattice analysis. Highly hydrophobic polyguanamine derivatives undergo a transition from monolayer to single particle layer at the air/water interface. The π‐conjugated molecular plane in the two‐dimensional films is densely stacked. Multiparticle layers are formed with a highly ordered layered structure. Polymer nanoparticles are formed by the integration of units of the collapsed polymer monolayer folded along the height direction. Since this folding occurs within the amorphous region, formation of fine particles with a high refractive index and their integrated films with densely packed π‐conjugated planes is feasible. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 999–1009
Optical properties and electronic energy‐band structure of Cu2ZnSnS4
Authors: Ozaki Shunji , Hoshina Keiji , Usami Yuji 
Published: April 2015

AbstractOptical properties of the quaternary Cu2ZnSnS4 semiconductor have been studied by optical absorption, photoluminescence, photoreflectance, and thermoreflectance measurements. Optical absorption measurements suggest that Cu2ZnSnS4 is a direct‐gap semiconductor having the band gap of ∼1.46 eV at 11 K. The photoreflectance and thermoreflectance spectra reveal distinct structures at energies of the critical points in the Brillouin zone. By performing the band‐structure calculation, these critical points are successfully assigned to specific points in the Brillouin zone. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
RF magnetron sputtering deposition of amorphous Zn–Sn–O thin films as a buffer layer for CIS solar cells
Authors: Chang Shao‐Wei , Ishikawa Kaoru , Sugiyama Mutsumi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAmorphous Zn–Sn–O (α‐ZTO) layers were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering to provide an alternative n‐type buffer layer for CuInSe2 solar cells. Electrical properties, such as the carrier density, mobility, and resistivity were adjusted by controlling the Sn/(Sn+Zn) ratio of the α‐ZTO layer and by regulating the oxygen partial pressure during sputtering. Valence band discontinuities of α‐ZTO/CuInSe2 were determined using photoelectron yield spectroscopy. The band discontinuity at the interface has “spikes” in the conduction band offset. Further, the short circuit current of a CIGS solar cell that uses an α‐ZTO layer was marginally higher compared to one that used a CdS layer. These results represent a step toward developing a safer, cheaper solar cell with higher performance by using an α‐ZTO film instead of a traditional CdS film. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improvement of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cell efficiency by surface treatment
Authors: Furuta Kento , Sakai Noriyuki , Kato Takuya , Sugimoto Hiroki , Kurokawa Yasuyoshi , Yamada Akira 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSurface treatments for the purpose of contamination elimination and surface passivation were performed to as‐deposited CZTSSe thin films before CdS buffer layer deposition. It was found that HCl etching treatment removes contaminations such as sulfide and oxide on CZTSSe surface and helps enhancement of thiourea treatment carried out after HCl etching. Thiourea treatment drastically improves solar cell characteristics, especially FF and JSC, and it would have the effect of surface passivation, although surface sulfuration does not occur. The improvement of characteristics seems to be due to improvement of the film quality and increase in the width of a depletion layer. As a result, conversion efficiency of CZTSSe solar cells was improved from 6.3% to 10.3% with sequential treatment of HCl etching and thiourea treatment. 10.5% was achieved by air anneal after fabrication with both treatments.
Combined PCSK9 and APOE Polymorphisms are Genetic Risk Factors Associated with Elevated Plasma Lipid Levels in a Thai Population
Authors: Jeenduang Nutjaree , Porntadavity Sureerut , Wanmasae Smith 
Published: April 2015

AbstractProprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) play a key role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. We aimed to investigate the effects of PCSK9 (R46L, I474V, and E670G) and APOE polymorphisms on lipid levels in a Southern Thai population. A total of 495 participants (307 urban, 188 rural) were recruited for the study. Anthropometric and biochemical variables were evaluated. PCSK9 and APOE polymorphisms were analyzed using PCR–RFLP. The 46L urban male carriers had significantly higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and fasting blood sugar compared with non‐carriers. In contrast, the 46L urban female carriers had significantly lower total cholesterol (TC) and LDL‐C levels compared with non‐carriers. The 474V rural female carriers had significantly lower HDL‐C levels than non‐carriers. The 670G urban female carriers showed significantly higher TC and LDL‐C levels compared with non‐carriers. APOE4 carriers had increased TC and LDL‐C levels relative to APOE3 carriers in the urban males. APOE2 carriers had decreased TC and/or LDL‐C levels compared with APOE3 carriers in urban males and females. A significant trend of increased TC and LDL‐C levels was observed in non‐APOE4‐PCSK9 670EE carriers to APOE4‐PCSK9 670EG carriers in urban subjects. In summary, R46L, I474V, and E670G may be genetic risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in urban males, rural females, and urban females, respectively. In contrast, R46L had a favorable lipid profiles that may protect against CVD in urban females. The combination of PCSK9 E670G and APOE polymorphisms may represent an independent factor for the determination of lipid levels.
Comprehensive Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Different Types of Vegetable Oils
Authors: Vyviurska Olga , Jánošková Nikoleta , Jakubík Tibor , Špánik Ivan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractComprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC‐TOFMS) was applied for detailed characterization of fatty acid profile of 8 vegetable oils. Due to enhanced selectivity and sensitivity characteristics, the GC×GC method yielded more reliable quantification results compared to one dimensional gas chromatography, especially for medium‐chain fatty acids and odd‐carbon number fatty acids, which are present only at trace level. All problematic positional counterparts of unsaturated fatty acids (e.g. C21:0–C20:3 ω6, C20:3ω3–C20:4 ω6 and C20:5 ω3–C22:0), which commonly coeluted in the case of 1D gas chromatography, were baseline resolved. The specific compounds were found for particular vegetable oils, such as γ‐linolenic acid for hempseed oil, heneicosylic acid and tricosylic acid for olive pomace oil, and nervonic acid for mustard oil.
Wholesome milk and strong meat: Peter Canisius’s catechisms and the conversion of Protestant Britain
Authors: Walsham Alexandra 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article examines the vernacular translations of the famous catechisms prepared by the Dutch Jesuit Peter Canisius which circulated in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Britain. The various editions and adaptations of Canisius produced for English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish readers are texts in which anti-Protestant identity formation converges with the task of basic indoctrination. These include Laurence Vaux’s popular catechism of 1567, the traditionalist character of which is reassessed. Shedding light on the reception and domestication of the literature of the European Counter Reformation, these books illustrate how catechesis was revived and harnessed as a clerical tool for cultivating polemical resistance and as a device for inculcating saving knowledge and redeeming piety in those young in faith as well as in years. Recusant clergy, seminary priests and Jesuits tackled the task of restoring England to its traditional allegiance to Rome as if they were planting the faith in a pagan land and they utilised the same techniques and strategies as their colleagues in the newly discovered world. A study of Canisius’s catechisms highlights the fluid boundary between conversion and reconciliation in contemporary minds; illuminates the intertwining of the histories of evangelical mission and confessionalisation in the context of the British Isles; and helps to reintegrate minority Catholic communities back into our picture of the global movement for religious outreach and renewal.
Hegel’s modal argument against Spinozism. An interpretation of the chapter ‘Actuality’ in theScience of Logic
Authors: Knappik Franz 
Published: April 2015

AbstractI propose a new reading of Hegel’s discussion of modality in the ‘Actuality’ chapter of theScience of Logic. On this reading, the main purpose of the chapter is a critical engagement with Spinoza’s modal metaphysics. Hegel first reconstructs a rationalist line of thought — corresponding to the cosmological argument for the existence of God — that ultimately leads to Spinozist necessitarianism. He then presents a reductio argument against necessitarianism, contending that as a consequence of necessitarianism, no adequate explanatory accounts of facts about finite reality can be given.
Evaluation of competition between a native and an invasive hornet species: do seasonal phenologies overlap?
Authors: Monceau K. , Maher N. , Bonnard O. , Thiéry D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractOne common dogma in ecology is based on the competitive exclusion principle. Hence, competition is often considered to be one of the primary determinants of the structure and functioning of ecosystems. In this paper, we investigate how the nativeVespa crabroand the recently introducedVespa velutinashow some degree of niche differentiation that potentially minimizes their interspecific competition, the two dimensions investigated here being seasonal activity patterns and preferences for food. These two species share common characteristics: they are closely related, live in the same areas, belong to the same guild (predators), exploit the same kind of food sources, and exhibit a similar annual life cycle. Considering all these similarities, interspecific competition may occur if the two species exhibit identical seasonal phenologies. Our data show that their seasonal phenologies overlap to some extent probably due to biological constraints common to Vespinae. The shifts in time observed here allow the hornet species to not directly compete for food sources at the same time. It does not however exclude indirect competition, especially in a ‘first-come, first-served’ fashion.
Scaling the Commanding Heights: The colonial conglomerates and the changing political economy of French Indochina
Authors: SASGES GERARD 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBy the late 1800s the colonial state's increasing capacity to regulate, finance, and tax had begun to open up new opportunities for locally based French enterprises in Indochina. Chinese syndicates that had previously dominated the economy found themselves deprived of existing revenue streams and denied access to new ones. The result was an ‘Indochinese moment’ when a handful of colonial conglomerates used profits from state contracts, monopolies, and subsidies as a base for growth and diversification after 1900. Yet scaling the commanding heights of the economy was not easy, and was only achieved thanks to sustained and powerful state intervention. Moreover, one of the effects of the economic crisis after 1928 was the end of this Indochinese moment and a shift in initiative to a new partnership that linked an increasingly technocratic state with the financiers and experts of the Bank of Indochina. This article investigates this complex interaction of state power, technology, and capital flows with local Chinese, French, and indigenous Indochinese actors, using one particular conglomerate, the Fontaine group, as a case study to shed light on the mechanisms that linked an interventionist state to capitalist enterprise and ultimately to the remaking of the Indochinese economy.
Artists and Engineers
Authors: Mellor D. H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractI dispute a widespread contrast between the sciences and the humanities that undervalues the latter compared to the former. This contrast assumes that science is more valuable than the humanities because it is more useful, an assumption I reject on the grounds that (a) science is not more useful than the humanities and (b) the value of usefulness, being instrumental, depends on the non-instrumental value of what it's usefulness for. I conclude that science is not made more valuable than the humanities either by its instrumental or by its non-instrumental value.