bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resourcing Children in a Changing Rural Context: Fathering and Farm Succession in Two Generations of Farmers
Authors: Brandth Berit , Overrein Grete 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDespite an abundant amount of international literature on fatherhood and fathering, there has been limited research on men's fathering practices in a rural/agricultural context. This article deals with two generations of farmers in Norway and their practices as fathers of young children, and shows how fathering practices have changed from the 1960s until today. While the older generation fathered in accordance with the expectation that their children would take over the farm and become farmers in the future, the younger generation of fathers practiced childcare more in terms of the contemporary norms of ‘intensive’ parenting. Contemporary farming fathers see it as important to equip children with skills and competences that are generally demanded in late modern society, with changes in the agricultural labour process being identified as influencing this change. Combined with the norms of modern childhood, the ‘new parenting culture’ strongly impacts on fathering practices for farming fathers. The study contributes knowledge to the ways in which family relations play an important role in succession processes in farming
Assessing the Cost-Benefit Effect of a Plasmodium falciparum Drug Resistance Mutation on Parasite Growth
In Vitro
Authors: Fröberg Gabrielle , Ferreira Pedro Eduardo , Mårtensson Andreas , Ali Abdullah , Björkman Anders , Gil José Pedro 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

Plasmodium falciparum
mutations associated with antimalarial resistance may be beneficial for parasites under drug pressure, although they may also cause a fitness cost. We herein present an
in vitro
model showing how this combined effect on parasite growth varies with the drug concentration and suggest a calculated drug-specific cost-benefit index, indicating the possible advantage for mutated parasites. We specifically studied the D-to-Y change at position 1246 encoded by the
pfmdr1
gene (
pfmdr1
D1246Y) in relation to amodiaquine resistance. Susceptibilities to amodiaquine, desethylamodiaquine, and chloroquine, as well as relative fitness, were determined for two modified isogenic
P. falciparum
clones differing only in the
pfmdr1
1246 position. Data were used to create a new comparative graph of relative growth in relation to the drug concentration and to calculate the ratio between the benefit of resistance and the fitness cost. Results were related to an
in vivo
allele selection analysis after amodiaquine or artesunate-amodiaquine treatment.
pfmdr1
1246Y was associated with decreased susceptibility to amodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine but at a growth fitness cost of 11%. Mutated parasites grew less in low drug concentrations due to a predominating fitness cost, but beyond a breakpoint concentration they grew more due to a predominating benefit of increased resistance. The cost-benefit indexes indicated that
pfmdr1
1246Y was most advantageous for amodiaquine-exposed parasites.
In vivo
, a first drug selection of mutant parasites followed by a fitness selection of wild-type parasites supported the
in vitro
data. This cost-benefit model may predict the risk for selection of drug resistance mutations in different malaria transmission settings.
Impaired Early Cytokine Responses at the Site of Infection in a Murine Model of Type 2 Diabetes and Melioidosis Comorbidity
Authors: Hodgson Kelly A. , Govan Brenda L. , Walduck Anna K. , Ketheesan Natkunam , Morris Jodie L. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTBacterial infections are a common and serious complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The prevalence of melioidosis, an emerging tropical infection caused by the Gram-negative bacteriumBurkholderia pseudomallei, is increased in people with T2D. This is the first study to compare murine models of T2D and melioidosis. Susceptibility and disease progression following infection withB. pseudomalleiwere compared in our diet-induced polygenic mouse model and a leptin receptor-deficient monogenic model of T2D. The metabolic profile of mice with diet-induced diabetes, including body weight, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance, and baseline levels of inflammation, closely resembled that of clinical T2D. Following subcutaneous infection withB. pseudomallei, bacterial loads at 24 and 72 h postinfection in the blood, spleen, liver, lungs, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) at the site of infection were compared in parallel with the expression of inflammatory cytokines and tissue histology. As early as 24 h postinfection, the expression of inflammatory (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and IL-6) and TH1 (IL-12 and gamma interferon [IFN-γ]) cytokines was impaired in diabetic mice compared to nondiabetic littermates. Early differences in cytokine expression were associated with excessive infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in diabetic mice compared to nondiabetic littermates. This was accompanied by bacteremia, hematogenous dissemination of bacteria to the lungs, and uncontrolled bacterial growth in the spleens of diabetic mice by 72 h postinfection. The findings from our novel model of T2D and melioidosis comorbidity support the role of impaired early immune pathways in the increased susceptibility of individuals with T2D to bacterial infections.
Paeoniflorin protects myocardial cell from doxorubicin-induced apoptosis through inhibition of NADPH oxidase
Authors: Li Jian-Zhe , Yu Shu-Yi , Wu Jian-Hua , Shao Qing-Rui , Dong Xiao-Min 
Published: December 2012

Increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced myocardial cell apoptosis, and paeoniflorin (PEF) has been shown to exert an antioxidant effect. The aim of the present study was to explore the protective effect of PEF on DOX-induced myocardial cell apoptosis and the underlying mechanisms. In cultured H9c2 cells, different concentrations (1, 10, or 100 μmol/L) of PEF was added for 2 h prior to exposure to DOX (5 μmol/L) for 24 h. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by hoechst 33342 staining, and caspase-3 expression and activity. The mRNA and protein expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2 and NOX4 was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Intracellular ROS and NOX activity were measured by assay kit. The results showed that DOX significantly increased myocardial cell apoptosis, increased caspase-3 expression and activity concomitantly with enhanced ROS production, and increased NOX2, NOX4 mRNA and protein expression, and NOX activity. These effects were remarkably inhibited by pretreatment of PEF. Our results suggested that PEF has a protective effect against DOX-induced myocardial cell apoptosis through a mechanism involving a decrease in ROS production by inhibition of NOX2, NOX4 expression, and NOX activity.
Twentieth-Century Global-Mean Sea Level Rise: Is the Whole Greater than the Sum of the Parts?
Authors: Gregory J. M. , White N. J. , Church J. A. , Bierkens M. F. P. , Box J. E. , van den Broeke M. R. , Cogley J. G. , Fettweis X. , Hanna E. , Huybrechts P. , Konikow L. F. , Leclercq P. W. , Marzeion B. , Oerlemans J. , Tamisiea M. E. , Wada Y. , Wake L. M. , van de Wal R. S. W. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Confidence in projections of global-mean sea level rise (GMSLR) depends on an ability to account for GMSLR during the twentieth century. There are contributions from ocean thermal expansion, mass loss from glaciers and ice sheets, groundwater extraction, and reservoir impoundment. Progress has been made toward solving the “enigma” of twentieth-century GMSLR, which is that the observed GMSLR has previously been found to exceed the sum of estimated contributions, especially for the earlier decades. The authors propose the following: thermal expansion simulated by climate models may previously have been underestimated because of their not including volcanic forcing in their control state; the rate of glacier mass loss was larger than previously estimated and was not smaller in the first half than in the second half of the century; the Greenland ice sheet could have made a positive contribution throughout the century; and groundwater depletion and reservoir impoundment, which are of opposite sign, may have been approximately equal in magnitude. It is possible to reconstruct the time series of GMSLR from the quantified contributions, apart from a constant residual term, which is small enough to be explained as a long-term contribution from the Antarctic ice sheet. The reconstructions account for the observation that the rate of GMSLR was not much larger during the last 50 years than during the twentieth century as a whole, despite the increasing anthropogenic forcing. Semiempirical methods for projecting GMSLR depend on the existence of a relationship between global climate change and the rate of GMSLR, but the implication of the authors' closure of the budget is that such a relationship is weak or absent during the twentieth century.
Greenhouse Gas Policy Influences Climate via Direct Effects of Land-Use Change
Authors: Jones Andrew D. , Collins William D. , Edmonds James , Torn Margaret S. , Janetos Anthony , Calvin Katherine V. , Thomson Allison , Chini Louise P. , Mao Jiafu , Shi Xiaoying , Thornton Peter , Hurtt George C. , Wise Marshall 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Proposed climate mitigation measures do not account for direct biophysical climate impacts of land-use change (LUC), nor do the stabilization targets modeled for phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) representative concentration pathways (RCPs). To examine the significance of such effects on global and regional patterns of climate change, a baseline and an alternative scenario of future anthropogenic activity are simulated within the Integrated Earth System Model, which couples the Global Change Assessment Model, Global Land-Use Model, and Community Earth System Model. The alternative scenario has high biofuel utilization and approximately 50% less global forest cover than the baseline, standard RCP4.5 scenario. Both scenarios stabilize radiative forcing from atmospheric constituents at 4.5 W m−2 by 2100. Thus, differences between their climate predictions quantify the biophysical effects of LUC. Offline radiative transfer and land model simulations are also utilized to identify forcing and feedback mechanisms driving the coupled response. Boreal deforestation is found to strongly influence climate because of increased albedo coupled with a regional-scale water vapor feedback. Globally, the alternative scenario yields a twenty-first-century warming trend that is 0.5°C cooler than baseline, driven by a 1 W m−2 mean decrease in radiative forcing that is distributed unevenly around the globe. Some regions are cooler in the alternative scenario than in 2005. These results demonstrate that neither climate change nor actual radiative forcing is uniquely related to atmospheric forcing targets such as those found in the RCPs but rather depend on particulars of the socioeconomic pathways followed to meet each target.
Association between hyperuricemia, prediabetes, and prehypertension in the Croatian adult population - a cross-sectional study
Authors: Vučak Jasna , Katić Milica , Bielen Ivan , Vrdoljak Davorka , Lalić Dragica Ivezić , Kranjčević Ksenija , Marković Biserka Bergman 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Background
The association between hyperuricemia, hypertension, and diabetes has been proved to have strong association with the risk for cardiovascular diseases, but it is not clear whether hyperuricemia is related to the early stages of hypertension and diabetes. Therefore, in this study we investigated the association between hyperuricemia, prediabetes, and prehypertension in Croatian adults, as well as that between purine-rich diet and hyperuricemia, prediabetes, or prehypertension.

Methods
A stratified random representative sample of 64 general practitioners (GP) was selected. Each GP systematically chose participants aged ≥ 40 year (up to 55 subjects) . Recruitment occurred between May and September 2008. The medical history, anthropometric, and laboratory measures were obtained for each participant.

Results
59 physicians agreed to participate and recruited 2485 subjects (response rate 77%; average age (± standard deviation) 59.2 ±10.6; 61.9% women. In bivariate analysis we found a positive association between hyperuricemia and prediabetes (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.09–2.53), but not for prehypertension (OR 1.68, 95% CI 0.76–3.72). After controlling for known confounders for cardiovascular disease (age, gender, body mass index, alcohol intake, diet, physical activity, waist to hip ratio, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, and triglycerides), in multivariate analysis HU ceased to be an independent predictor(OR 1.33, CI 0.98–1.82, p = 0.069) for PreDM. An association between purine-rich food and hyperuricemia was found (p<0.001) and also for prediabetes (p=0.002), but not for prehypertension (p=0.41). The prevalence of hyperuricemia was 10.7% (15.4% male, 7.8% female), 32.5% for prediabetes (35.4% male, 30.8% female), and 26.6% for prehypertension (27.2% male, 26.2% female).

Conclusion
Hyperuricemia seems to be associated with prediabetes but not with prehypertension. Both, hyperuricemia and prediabetes were associated with purine-rich food and patients need to be advised on appropriate diet.

Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN31857696
Data-driven subtypes of major depressive disorder: a systematic review
Authors: van Loo Hanna M , de Jonge Peter , Romeijn Jan-Willem , Kessler Ronald C , Schoevers Robert A 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Background
According to current classification systems, patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) may have very different combinations of symptoms. This symptomatic diversity hinders the progress of research into the causal mechanisms and treatment allocation. Theoretically founded subtypes of depression such as atypical, psychotic, and melancholic depression have limited clinical applicability. Data-driven analyses of symptom dimensions or subtypes of depression are scarce. In this systematic review, we examine the evidence for the existence of data-driven symptomatic subtypes of depression.

Methods
We undertook a systematic literature search of MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase in May 2012. We included studies analyzing the depression criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) of adults with MDD in latent variable analyses.

Results
In total, 1176 articles were retrieved, of which 20 satisfied the inclusion criteria. These reports described a total of 34 latent variable analyses: 6 confirmatory factor analyses, 6 exploratory factor analyses, 12 principal component analyses, and 10 latent class analyses. The latent class techniques distinguished 2 to 5 classes, which mainly reflected subgroups with different overall severity: 62 of 71 significant differences on symptom level were congruent with a latent class solution reflecting severity. The latent class techniques did not consistently identify specific symptom clusters. Latent factor techniques mostly found a factor explaining the variance in the symptoms depressed mood and interest loss (11 of 13 analyses), often complemented by psychomotor retardation or fatigue (8 of 11 analyses). However, differences in found factors and classes were substantial.

Conclusions
The studies performed to date do not provide conclusive evidence for the existence of depressive symptom dimensions or symptomatic subtypes. The wide diversity of identified factors and classes might result either from the absence of patterns to be found, or from the theoretical and modeling choices preceding analysis.
Prognostic Implications of the Seventh Edition of the International Union Against Cancer Classification for Patients With Gastric Cancer: The Western Experience of Patients Treated in a Single-Center European Institution
Authors: Reim Daniel , Loos Martin , Vogl Fabian , Novotny Alexander , Schuster Tibor , Langer Rupert , Becker Karen , Höfler Heinz , Siveke Jens , Bassermann Florian , Friess Helmut , Schuhmacher Christoph 
Published: December 2012

PurposeValidity of the seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer (AJCC/UICC) staging systems for gastric cancer has been evaluated in several studies, mostly in Asian patient populations. Only few data are available on the prognostic implications of the new classification system on a Western population. Therefore, we investigated its prognostic ability based on a German patient cohort.Patients and MethodsData from a single-center cohort of 1,767 consecutive patients surgically treated for gastric cancer were classified according to the seventh edition and were compared using the previous TNM/UICC classification. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed for all TNM stages and UICC stages in a comparative manner. Additional survival receiver operating characteristic analyses and bootstrap-based goodness-of-fit comparisons via Bayesian information criterion (BIC) were performed to assess and compare prognostic performance of the competing classification systems.ResultsWe identified the UICC pT/pN stages according to the seventh edition of the AJCC/UICC guidelines as well as resection status, age, Lauren histotype, lymph-node ratio, and tumor grade as independent prognostic factors in gastric cancer, which is consistent with data from previous Asian studies. Overall survival rates according to the new edition were significantly different for each individual's pT, pN, and UICC stage. However, BIC analysis revealed that, owing to higher complexity, the new staging system might not significantly alter predictability for overall survival compared with the old system within the analyzed cohort from a statistical point of view.ConclusionThe seventh edition of the AJCC/UICC classification was found to be valid with distinctive prognosis for each stage. However, the AJCC/UICC classification has become more complex without improving predictability for overall survival in a Western population. Therefore, simplification with better predictability of overall survival of patients with gastric cancer should be considered when revising the seventh edition.
Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis, Import, and Assembly
Authors: Fox Thomas D 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The mitochondrion is arguably the most complex organelle in the budding yeast cell cytoplasm. It is essential for viability as well as respiratory growth. Its innermost aqueous compartment, the matrix, is bounded by the highly structured inner membrane, which in turn is bounded by the intermembrane space and the outer membrane. Approximately 1000 proteins are present in these organelles, of which eight major constituents are coded and synthesized in the matrix. The import of mitochondrial proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm, and their direction to the correct soluble compartments, correct membranes, and correct membrane surfaces/topologies, involves multiple pathways and macromolecular machines. The targeting of some, but not all, cytoplasmically synthesized mitochondrial proteins begins with translation of messenger RNAs localized to the organelle. Most proteins then pass through the translocase of the outer membrane to the intermembrane space, where divergent pathways sort them to the outer membrane, inner membrane, and matrix or trap them in the intermembrane space. Roughly 25% of mitochondrial proteins participate in maintenance or expression of the organellar genome at the inner surface of the inner membrane, providing 7 membrane proteins whose synthesis nucleates the assembly of three respiratory complexes.
Correlation of Care Process Measures With Childhood Asthma Exacerbations
Authors: Vernacchio Louis , Trudell Emily K. , Muto Jennifer M. 
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVE:
We sought to define processes of pediatric asthma care identifiable through administrative data that correlate with asthma exacerbations for use in quality improvement.

METHODS:
Commercially insured children aged 5 to 17 years from the Pediatric Physicians’ Organization at Children’s, an independent practice association affiliated with Boston Children’s Hospital, with persistent asthma in 2008, 2009, or 2010 were identified. The correlations of various process measures with asthma exacerbations, defined as hospitalizations or emergency department visits for asthma or outpatient visits for asthma with an oral steroid prescription, were analyzed by using logistic regression.

RESULTS:
Significant correlations were found between filling 0 vs ≥1 controller medications in all years (relative risk [RR] 3.35, 2.11, and 2.71 in 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively) although only 4% of subjects overall filled no controller medications. The asthma medication ratio (controller prescriptions divided by total asthma prescriptions) was also associated with exacerbations, with the lowest 2 quartiles having a lower risk compared with the highest in all years (RR 2.27, 2.45, and 2.39 for the lowest; RR 2.10, 2.02, and 2.65 for the second quartile in 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:
Filling 0 vs ≥1 controllers and the asthma medication ratio correlated with asthma exacerbations. Although both might serve as quality improvement metrics for pediatric asthma, we favor the asthma medication ratio because it applies to a broader range of children with asthma and better reflects the recommended clinical approach for children with persistent asthma.
Trends and Socioeconomic Correlates of Adolescent Physical Fighting in 30 Countries
Authors: Pickett William , Molcho Michal , Elgar Frank J. , Brooks Fiona , de Looze Margaretha , Rathmann Katharina , ter Bogt Tom F.M. , Nic Gabhainn Saoirse , Sigmundová Dagmar , Gaspar de Matos Margarida , Craig Wendy , Walsh Sophie D. , Harel-Fisch Yossi , Currie Candace 
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:No recent international studies provide evidence about its prevalence, trends, or social determinants of physical fighting in adolescents. We studied cross-national epidemiologic trends over time in the occurrence of frequent physical fighting, demographic variations in reported trends, and national wealth and income inequality as correlates.METHODS:Cross-sectional surveys were administered in school settings in 2002, 2006, and 2010. Participants (N = 493874) included eligible and consenting students aged 11, 13, and 15 years in sampled schools from 30 mainly European and North American countries. Individual measures included engagement in frequent physical fighting, age, gender, participation in multiple risk behaviors, victimization by bullying, and family affluence. Contextual measures included national income inequality, absolute wealth and homicide rates. Temporal measure was survey cycle (year).RESULTS:Frequent physical fighting declined over time in 19 (63%) of 30 countries (from descriptive then multiple Poisson regression analyses). Contextual measures of absolute wealth (relative risk 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.93–0.99 per 1 SD increase in gross domestic product per capita) but not income inequality (relative risk 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.98–1.05 per 1 SD increase) related to lower levels of engagement in fighting. Other risk factors identified were male gender, younger age (11 years), multiple risk behaviors, victimization by bullying, and national homicide rates.CONCLUSIONS:Between 2002 and 2010, adolescent physical fighting declined in most countries. Specific groups of adolescents require targeted violence reduction programs. Possible determinants responsible for the observed declines are discussed.