bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex discrimination and roostmate recognition by olfactory cues in the African bats, Mops condylurus and Chaerephon pumilus (Chiroptera: Molossidae)
Authors: Bouchard Sylvie 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe ability of two species of African insectivorous bats (Angola free‐tailed Mops condylurus and little free‐tailed Chaerephon pumilus) to distinguish between males and females and roostmates from strangers in scent‐choice experiments was tested. Both sexes of M. condylurus and male C. pumilus discriminated between sexes based on odours collected from the interaural and muzzle glandular areas, whereas female C. pumilus did not show any preference in either trials. Female M. condylurus from intermediate sized colonies (c. 200–600 individuals) distinguished female roostmates from strangers. There is some indication that roostmate recognition may vary inversely with the colony size of the test‐subject suggesting that recognition is individually based, but further studies are necessary to determine if this is so. Histological work revealed that the interaural and muzzle area contain sebaceous glands and that the quantity of the glandular tissue is sexually dimorphic in both species for the interaural area, with males having more tissue, but not for the muzzle area. The presence of osmetrichia using SEM was also observed in the interaural area of both sexes of M. condylurus and in male C. pumilus. Their presence and association with sebaceous glands, as well as the results of the scent‐choice experiments are indirect evidences of use of chemical signals, possibly pheromones, by these bats.
Positioning at the hub: does it matter on which side of the web orb‐web spiders sit?
Authors: Herberstein M. E. , Heiling A. M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTwo orb‐web spider species, one diurnal and one nocturnal, were studied and shown to be highly flexible in their behaviour. Flexibility is discussed in relation to improving capture success and avoiding predation. Although earlier studies have revealed that spiders modify web design and web orientation according to light and wind direction, here we show that orb‐web spiders can further respond to light and wind direction by choosing a side of the web to reside on. The diurnal species, Argiope keyserlingi, tended to orient its dorsal side into vegetation gaps and towards light, whereas the nocturnal species, Larinioides sclopetarius, tended to expose its dorsal side into the oncoming wind. While orientation on the web had little affect on prey capture success, in A. keyserlingi, orientation into vegetation gaps may reduce attacks by praying mantids which approach the spiders by walking along the vegetation surrounding the web. In contrast, exposing the dorsal side into the wind may increase stability on the web for L. sclopetarius, preventing the spiders from being dislodged from the webs by strong gusty wind.
Editorial
Authors: Leivant Daniel , Constable Bob 
Published: July 2002

This issue of the Journal of Functional Programming is dedicated to work presented at

the Workshop on Implicit Computational Complexity in Programming Languages,

affiliated with the 1998 meeting of the International Conference on Functional

Programming in Baltimore.Several machine-independent approaches to computational complexity have been

developed in recent years; they establish a correspondence linking computational

complexity to conceptual and structural measures of complexity of declarative

programs and of formulas, proofs and models of formal theories. Examples include

descriptive complexity of finite models, restrictions on induction in arithmetic and

related first order theories, complexity of set-existence principles in higher order

logic, and specifications in linear logic. We refer to these approaches collectively as

Implicit Computational Complexity. This line of research provides a framework for

a streamlined incorporation of computational complexity into areas such as formal

methods in software development, programming language theory, and database

theory.A fruitful thread in implicit computational complexity is based on exploring the

computational complexity consequences of introducing various syntactic control

mechanisms in functional programming, including restrictions (akin to static typing)

on scoping, data re-use (via linear modalities), and iteration (via ramification of

data). These forms of control, separately and in combination, can certify bounds

on the time and space resources used by programs. In fact, all results in this area

establish that each restriction considered yields precisely a major computational

complexity class. The complexity classes thus obtained range from very restricted

ones, such as NC and Alternating logarithmic time, through the central classes Poly-Time and Poly-Space, to broad classes such as the Elementary and the Primitive

Recursive functions.Considerable effort has been invested in recent years to relax as much as possible

the structural restrictions considered, allowing for more exible programming and

proof styles, while still guaranteeing the same resource bounds. Notably, more

exible control forms have been developed for certifying that functional programs

execute in Poly-Time.The 1998 workshop covered both the theoretical foundations of the field and steps

toward using its results in various implemented systems, for example in controlling

the computational complexity of programs extracted from constructive proofs. The

five papers included in this issue nicely represent this dual concern of theory and

practice. As they are going to print, we should note that the field of Implicit

Computational Complexity continues to thrive: successful workshops dedicated to

it were affiliated with both the LICS'99 and LICS'00 conferences. Special issues, of

Information and Computation dedicated to the former, and of Theoretical Computer

Science to the latter, are in preparation.
Financial innovation and the golden ages of international banking: 1890–1931 and 1958–81
Authors: BATTILOSSI STEFANO 
Published: July 2002

Stefano Battilossi, Financial innovation and the golden ages of international banking:
1890–1931 and 1958–81Throughout the twentieth century, the internationalisation of banking was both a factor for, and an ensuing aspect of, rising globalisation. During the period 1890–1931, commercial banks of industrialised countries promoted organisational and process innovations that successfully challenged the dominance of merchant banks in international financial intermediation. International banking re-emerged from interwar nationalistic retrenchment during the late 1950s,
when banks exploited regulatory asymmetries to foster the emergence of Eurocurrency markets. Eurobanks provided not only global liquidity redistribution but also portfolio transformation services to corporate and sovereign customers. Financial innovations related to Eurobanking mark a secular discontinuity as they proved to be vehicles of a banking revolution, based on competition, deregulation and wholesale-market funding.
An intercomparison of results from three trajectory models
Authors: Stohl A , Haimberger L , Scheele M P , Wernli H 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThree three‐dimensional trajectory models (LAGRANTO, TRAJKS and FLEXTRA), all driven with analysis wind fields from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts, are intercompared. The comparison has three parts: first, a case study of strong ascent in a warm conveyor belt is performed; second, a large set of back trajectories from the tropopause region over Europe and the mid‐latitude Atlantic Ocean is investigated; third, a set of low‐level trajectories is compared. The intercomparison shows that all three models have been implemented correctly. The degree of model accordance depends on the interpolation methods used. Deviations between the results from a single model using different interpolation schemes are of the same magnitude as the deviations of different models. If all models use linear spatial interpolation, their respective trajectories closely agree with each other, with deviations of 2% or less for the average distance between the starting and the ending positions in the free atmosphere after 48 h. Close to the surface, where the differences in the model formulations are largest, average horizontal position deviations may be up to 10%. Compared with other sources of errors, such as inaccuracies in the wind fields or insufficient temporal and spatial resolution of the data set, these differences are much smaller. Non‐linear spatial interpolation leads to stronger vertical motions than linear interpolation and, in the case study, enhanced the quality of the results. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Extratropical cyclones – a forecaster's perspective
Authors: Young Martin V 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDespite considerable improvements in numerical models in recent years, weather events associated with extratropical cyclones continue to present forecasters with a challenge. For most cyclogenesis events model forecasts display, at the least, subtle errors in track and intensity of the system. Occasionally, errors can be significant –a depression can deepen suddenly and unexpectedly, with major implications for wind strength as well as other weather elements. Many of the weather events within extratropical cyclones are essentially mesoscale and, on occasions, a single cyclone can be associated with several simultaneous ‘severe’ events such as gales, heavy rain, snow and thunderstorms. This paper describes how the forecaster can add value to numerical model products by using information from a wide variety of sources such as satellite and radar imagery, as well as by monitoring hourly surface observations. Examples are shown in which the forecaster has to make adjustments to model predictions, reconcile conflicting model guidance, and add the all‐important mesoscale detail. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Time for a Unified System of Mutation Description and Reporting: A Review of Locus-Specific Mutation Databases
Authors: Claustres Mireille , Horaitis Ourania , Vanevski Marijana , Cotton Richard G.H. 
Published: July 2002

Mutation databases of human genes are assuming an increasing importance in all areas of health care. In addition, more and more experts in the mutations and diseases of particular genes are curating published and unpublished mutations in locus-specific databases (LSDB). These databases contain such extensive information that they have become known as knowledge bases. We analyzed these databases and their content between June 21, 2001, and July 18, 2001. We were able to access 94 independent websites devoted to the documentation of mutation containing 262 LSDBs for study. We analyzed one LSDB from each of these websites (i.e., 94 LSDBs) for the presence or absence of 80 content criteria, as generally each gene in a multigene website documented the same criteria. No criterion studied gave unanimous agreement in every database. Twenty-two genes were represented by more than one LSDB. The number of mutations recorded, excluding p53, was 23,822 with 1518 polymorphisms. Fifty-four percent of the LSDBs studied were easy to use and 11% hard to follow; 73% of the databases were displayed through HTML. Three databases were found that were given a high score for ease of use and wealth of content. Thus, the study provided a strong case for uniformity of data to make the content maximally useful. In this direction, a hypothetical content for an ideal LSDB was derived. We also derived a community structure that would enhance the chances of mutation capture rather than being left unpublished in a patient's report. We hope the interested community and granting bodies will assist in achieving the vision of a public system that collects and displays all variants discovered.[Supplemental material available online at http://www.genome.org]
Functional Properties and Regulatory Complexity of a MinimalRBCS Light-Responsive Unit Activated by Phytochrome, Cryptochrome, and Plastid Signals
Authors: Martı́nez-Hernández Aı́da , López-Ochoa Luisa , Argüello-Astorga Gerardo , Herrera-Estrella Luis 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Light-inducible promoters are able to respond to a wide spectrum of light through multiple photoreceptor systems. Several cis-acting elements have been identified as components of light-responsive promoter elements; however, none of these regulatory elements by itself appears to be sufficient to confer light responsiveness; rather, the combination of at least two elements seems to be required. Using phylogenetic structural analysis, we have identified conserved DNA modular arrays (CMAs) associated with light-responsive promoter regions that have been conserved throughout the evolutionary radiation of angiosperms. Here, we report the functional characterization of CMA5, a native 52-bp fragment of theNicotiana plumbaginifolia rbcS 8B promoter, which contains an I- and a G-box cis-element. CMA5 behaves as a light-responsive minimal unit capable of activating a heterologous minimal promoter in a phytochrome-, cryptochrome-, and plastid-dependent manner. We also show that CMA5 light induction requires HY5 and that downstream negative regulators COP (constitutive photomorphogenic)/DET (de-etiolated) regulate its activity. Our results show that the simplest light-responsive promoter element from photosynthesis-associated genes described to date is the common target for different signals involved in light regulation. The possible mechanism involved in light-transcriptional regulation and tissue specificity of combinatorial elements units is discussed.
Expression, Activation, and Biochemical Properties of a Novel Arabidopsis Protein Kinase
Authors: Gong Deming , Gong Zhizhong , Guo Yan , Zhu Jian-Kang 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAn Arabidopsis SOS2 (salt overly sensitive 2)-like protein kinase gene, PKS6, was expressed in leaves, stems, and siliques, but not detectable in roots of adult plants; its expression in young seedlings was up-regulated by abscisic acid. To determine the biochemical properties of the PKS6 protein, we expressed the PKS6 coding sequence as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The bacterially expressed glutathione S-transferase-PKS6 fusion protein was inactive in substrate phosphorylation. We have constructed constitutively active forms of PKS6 by either a deletion of its putative auto-inhibitory FISL motif (i.e. PKS6ΔF) or a substitution of threonine-178 with aspartic acid within the putative activation loop. We found that PKS6ΔF exhibited a strong preference for Mn2+ over Mg2+ as a divalent cation cofactor for kinase activity. PKS6ΔF displayed substrate specificity against three different peptide substrates and had an optimal pH of approximately 7.5 and temperature optimum of 30°C. The apparentK m values for ATP and the preferred peptide substrate p3 of PKS6ΔF were determined to be 1.7 and 28.5 μm, respectively. These results provide significant insights into the regulation and biochemical properties of the protein kinase PKS6. In addition, the constitutively active, gain-of-function kinase mutants will be invaluable for future determination of the in planta function of PKS6.
Evidence Supporting a Role of Jasmonic Acid in Arabidopsis Leaf Senescence
Authors: He Yuehui , Fukushige Hirotada , Hildebrand David F. , Gan Susheng 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In this work, the role of jasmonic acid (JA) in leaf senescence is examined. Exogenous application of JA caused premature senescence in attached and detached leaves in wild-type Arabidopsis but failed to induce precocious senescence of JA-insensitive mutantcoi1 plants, suggesting that the JA-signaling pathway is required for JA to promote leaf senescence. JA levels in senescing leaves are 4-fold higher than in non-senescing ones. Concurrent with the increase in JA level in senescing leaves, genes encoding the enzymes that catalyze most of the reactions of the JA biosynthetic pathway are differentially activated during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis, except for allene oxide synthase, which is constitutively and highly expressed throughout leaf development. Arabidopsis lipoxygenase 1 (cytoplasmic) expression is greatly increased but lipoxygenase 2 (plastidial) expression is sharply reduced during leaf senescence. Similarly,AOC1 (allene oxide cyclase 1),AOC2, and AOC3 are all up-regulated, whereas AOC4 is down-regulated with the progression of leaf senescence. The transcript levels of 12-oxo-PDA reductase 1 and 12-oxo-PDA reductase 3 also increase in senescing leaves, as does PED1 (encoding a 3-keto-acyl-thiolase for β-oxidation). This represents the first report, to our knowledge, of an increase in JA levels and expression of oxylipin genes during leaf senescence, and indicates that JA may play a role in the senescence program.
Protection by Isoprene against Singlet Oxygen in Leaves
Authors: Affek Hagit P. , Yakir Dan 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) protection against effects of singlet oxygen was investigated in Myrtus communisand Rhamnus alaternus. In M. communis, singlet oxygen produced in the leaves by Rose Bengal (RB) led to a 65% decrease in net assimilation rates within 3 h, whereas isoprene emission rates showed either a 30% decrease at ambient CO2concentrations or a 70% increase under high CO2. In both cases, these changes led to an increase in calculated internal isoprene concentrations. The isoprene protection effect was directly demonstrated by fumigation of young (non-emitting) leaves, treated with RB or bromoxynil (simulating photoinhibition). There was 42% and 29% reduction in the damage to net assimilation compared with non-fumigated leaves for RB or bromoxynil, respectively. In R. alaternus, similar effects of RB on net assimilation were observed, and additional fluorescence measurements showed a significantly smaller decrease inF v/F m in isoprene-fumigated young leaves treated with RB (from 0.78 to 0.52), compared with non-fumigated leaves (from 0.77 to 0.27). The internal isoprene concentrations used in this study and possible rate of1O2 production in leaves indicate that the protective effects observed should be beneficial also under natural conditions.
Functional Expression of the Extraplastidial Arabidopsis thaliana Oleate Desaturase Gene (FAD2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Covello P. S. , Reed D. W. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The functional expression in yeast of the Arabidopsis thaliana FAD2 gene, encoding the extraplastidial oleate desaturase (1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine [delta]12-desaturase) is reported. Dienoic fatty acids constituted up to 11% (w/w) of the total fatty acids in transformed Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells and were confirmed to be linoleic acid and [delta]9,[delta]12-hexadecadienoic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
A Class IV Chitinase Is Highly Expressed in Grape Berries during Ripening
Authors: Robinson S. P. , Jacobs A. K. , Dry I. B. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Chitinase activity increased markedly at the onset of ripening in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries and continued to increase throughout the sugar accumulation phase of berry development. In contrast, β-1,3-glucanase activity was not detected in grape berries at any stage of development. Two closely related chitinase cDNAs (VvChi4A and VvChi4B) were cloned from grapes. Sequence and Southern analysis indicate that these two clones may represent alleles of the same gene. The predicted proteins are acidic and have a signal peptide followed by a cysteine-rich, chitin-binding domain and a catalytic region. An analysis of their sequences indicates that they are class IV chitinases. The deduced protein sequence of VvChi4A has a high level of identity with the 32- and 28-kD chitinases present as haze proteins in wine. Expression of VvChi4 was high in berries and low in flowers but was not detected in leaves, roots, or seeds. No expression was detected in berries 2 to 8 weeks postflowering, but expression was high 12 to 16 weeks postflowering, which coincided with sugar accumulation and an increase in chitinase activity. Constitutive expression of VvChi4 appears to be fruit-specific and induced at high levels in grapes during ripening.
Induction of 12-Oxo-Phytodienoic Acid in Wounded Plants and Elicited Plant Cell Cultures
Authors: Parchmann S. , Gundlach H. , Mueller M. J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) is rapidly biosynthesized from α--linolenic acid in plants upon contact with pathogens or wounding, and triggers gene activation, leading to the synthesis of defensive secondary metabolites and proteins. Despite the recent finding that its precursor, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (PDA), is a more powerful inducer of gene activation, interest has focused so far almost exclusively on JA. A validated negative chemical ionization-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method has been developed that allows the simultaneous quantification of endogenous 12-oxo-PDA and JA in plant tissues. In six out of eight plant species tested maximal levels of 12-oxo-PDA exceeded peak levels of JA by approximately 3- to 5-fold after elicitation with a yeast cell wall preparation or when plants were wounded. These experiments support the hypothesis that 12-oxo-PDA acts as the predominant jasmonate signal in most plants, whereas JA remains an active metabolite of its precursor. Furthermore, JA but not 12-oxo-PDA was shown to be secreted into the medium from cultured plant cells, suggesting that JA may also act as an intercellular signal.
Light-Regulated Transcription of Genes Encoding Peridinin Chlorophyll a Proteins and the Major Intrinsic Light-Harvesting Complex Proteins in the DinoflagellateAmphidinium carterae Hulburt (Dinophycae)1
Authors: ten Lohuis Michael R. , Miller David J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In the dinoflagellateAmphidinium carterae, photoadaptation involves changes in the transcription of genes encoding both of the major classes of light-harvesting proteins, the peridinin chlorophyll aproteins (PCPs) and the majora/c-containing intrinsic light-harvesting proteins (LHCs). PCP and LHC transcript levels were increased up to 86- and 6-fold higher, respectively, under low-light conditions relative to cells grown at high illumination. These increases in transcript abundance were accompanied by decreases in the extent of methylation of CpG and CpNpG motifs within or near PCP- and LHC-coding regions. Cytosine methylation levels in A. carterae are therefore nonstatic and may vary with environmental conditions in a manner suggestive of involvement in the regulation of gene expression. However, chemically induced undermethylation was insufficient in activating transcription, because treatment with two methylation inhibitors had no effect on PCP mRNA or protein levels. Regulation of gene activity through changes in DNA methylation has traditionally been assumed to be restricted to higher eukaryotes (deuterostomes and green plants); however, the atypically large genomes of dinoflagellates may have generated the requirement for systems of this type in a relatively “primitive” organism. Dinoflagellates may therefore provide a unique perspective on the evolution of eukaryotic DNA-methylation systems.