bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Spatial Variation on the Macronutrient Availability in the Soil of the Al-Rifai District, Dhi-Qar Province
Authors: Al-Badiri Rasoul Tuma , Jubier Amal Radhi , Oleiwi Mohammed Sallal 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This research was conducted in the southern Iraqi district of Al-Rifai, Dhi Qar Province. Ten pedons were identified in the Al-Rifai District, which is situated in the northern region of Dhi Qar Province and is 63 kilometres from the centre of Nasiriyah. Its longitude ranges from 46°11′10.21″ to 46°21′45.98″ and its latitude is from 31°44′38.835″ to 31°46′ 9.889″. Of these pedons, eight contain wheat and barley crops, fodder crops, and palm trees. Two pedons contain abandoned, uncultivated soils. The results were acquired after the locations of the pedons were detected and their locations were determined using a GPS positioning programme. For laboratory analysis, samples collected from each site were deposited in containers, numbered, and transported to the laboratory. Based on the findings, the pedons grown with wheat, specifically pedon P6, exhibited the highest values of available nitrogen in soil (26.90 mg kg−1). The uncultivated pedons, denoted as pedons P9 and P10, contained the maximum concentrations of available phosphorus in the soil at 20.18 and 19.60 mg kg−1, respectively. In contrast, pedons P8 and P7 contained the lowest concentrations at 16.17 and 15.26 mg kg−1, respectively. Pedons P9 and P10, which correspond to the uncultivated pedons, contained the lowest value of available phosphorus in the soil. Conversely, pedon P8, which represented the uncultivated pedons, contained the highest value of available potassium in the soil, amounting to 185.18 mg kg−1. P9 and P10 exhibit the least amount of available potassium in the soil, measuring 162.61 and 159.81 mg kg−1, respectively.
Evaluation of the Biological and Chemical Properties of Compost Prepared from Different Plants Sources Taken from the University of Tikrit
Authors: Mahdi Altai Salahaldeen Hammadi , Yousif Hiba Mohammed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A laboratory experiment was conducted in the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources - College of Agriculture - University of Tikrit, for the (2019-2020), to evaluate the biological and chemical properties of compost prepared from different plants sources and to compare the stages of decomposition aerobic and anaerobic, and on two parts of thin leaves plants (Imperata Cylindrica and Cynodon dactylon). And the second section is broadleaves plants (Sorghum halepense and Diplotaxis cespitosa) to which the bacteria Pseudomonas spp., and Bacillus spp. were added, and the biological, chemical, and physical properties were studied for the purpose of evaluating it as an organic fertilizer, as the experiment included four treatments: control (without inoculation) analyzed with two types of bacteria, aerobic (Pseudomonas spp.) and anaerobic (Bacillus spp.) bacterial inoculation treatment. The results showed PH values for the treatments (6.12, 5.88, 6.92, 5.18), respectively, and Ec values (2.12, 1.88, 2.87, 3.18) mmohs/cm, respectively. Also, some elements were analyzed, calcium and magnesium. The percentages of calcium in the extract of thin-leaves plants were (41, 57, 5.22, 5.14) mEq/L, respectively, and (43, 53, 5.94, 5.82) mEq/L, respectively, in broad-leaves plants, as well as the percentages of magnesium in the extract of thin-leaves plants (24, 39, 4.2, 4.6) mEq/L, and (17, 38, 4.94, 5.12) mEq/L, respectively, in the broad-leaves plants. Also, the bacteria were counted by the method of dilutions, as the treatment of the bacterial inoculum (Pseudomonas spp.) by aerobic lysis showed superiority in the number of bacteria, and this treatment also gave the best results in terms of the elements that were analyzed. The results also showed that the inoculated treatments were superior in increasing the proportions and readiness of some elements compared to the control treatment.
Effects of Ploughing Techniques on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity and Infiltration Rate
Authors: Al-Jburi Ahmed H. H. , Mahmood Haider F. , Subhi Kussay Ahmed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study was performed on saturated hydraulic conductivity (SHC) and infiltration rate in the silty clay soil by means of two ploughing methods, moldboard and disk. The experimental treatments employed moldboard and disk plowing, three different plowing speeds: 3 km/h, 5 km/h and 8 km/h. Properties analyzed of the soil included bulk density, total porosity, penetration resistance, hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to obtain evidence for differences that might exist between these treatments. The speed differences between moldboard plowing techniques were significant (F = 11.983, p = 0.003) as were the ones in bulk density and total porosity at each (F value for moldboard = 11.983, p = 0.003). But there were no significant differences in penetration resistance (F = 17.805, p = 0.001), hydraulic conductivity (F = 0.384, p = 0.544) or infiltration rate (F = 0.87, p = 30.824132) among plowing speeds for these statistics. By the same token, meaningful differences in any of the parameters studied were not found: among three different speeds with disk plowing techniques bulk density and total porosity (F = 1.561, p = 0.242); penetration resistance (F = 0.413, p = 0.669); hydraulic conductivity (F = 0.503, p = 0.614); infiltration rate (F=0.087, P=0.918) Speeds significantly affect the bulk density and total porosity in mouldboard ploughing technique, but no important difference is shown for disk ploughing at all observed soil properties. One important thing about extended research For the study of the relationships between soil properties and the rate of infiltration is how important the technique, speed and other factors may weigh in that conversion. Different conditions still require different applications of research methods on these types of questions so I recommend more work to be done here with new institutions.
3D electromagnetic simulation of the coupling characteristics and double-stub Ferrite tuners impedance matching for EAST ICRH four-strap antenna
Authors: ZHOU 周 Hua 华 , DU 杜 Dan 丹 , YANG 杨 Zhongshi 钟时 , SAITO K. , YANG 杨 Qingxi 庆喜 , ZHANG 张 Wei 伟 , NIU 牛 Guojian 国鉴 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A program developed with COMSOL software integrates EAST four-strap antenna coupling with the double-stub Ferrite tuners (FT) impedance matching, obtaining physical quantities crucial for predicting the overall performance of the ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) antenna and matching system. These quantities encompass S-matrix, port complex impedance, reflection coefficients, electric field and voltage distribution, and optimal matching settings. In this study, we explore the relationship between S-matrix, reflection coefficients, port complex impedance, and frequency. Then, we analyze the impact of Faraday screens placement position and transparency, the distance from the Faraday screen (FS) to the current straps (CS), the relative distance between ports, and the characteristic impedance of the transmission line on the coupling characteristic impedance of the EAST ICRH system. Finally, we simulate the electric field distribution and voltage distribution of the EAST ICRH system for plasma heating with double-stub FT impedance matching. Using optimized parameters, the coupling power of the ICRH system can be approximately doubled. The results present herein may offer guidance for the design of high-power, long-pulse operation ICRH antenna systems.
Modeling of ion cyclotron resonance frequency heating of proton-boron plasmas in EHL-2 spherical tokamak
Authors: WU 伍 Xianshu 先树 , LI 李 Jingchun 景春 , DONG 董 Jiaqi 家齐 , SHI 石 Yuejiang 跃江 , LIU 刘 Guoqing 国卿 , LIU 刘 Yong 永 , LONG 龙 Zhiqiang 志强 , ZHANG 张 Buqing 布卿 , (袁宝山) Baoshan YUAN , PENG 彭 Y. K. Martin 元凯 , (刘敏胜) Minsheng LIU 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) stands out as a widely utilized and cost-effective auxiliary method for plasma heating, bearing significant importance in achieving high-performance discharges in p-11B plasmas. In light of the specific context of p-11B plasma in the EHL-2 device, we conducted a comprehensive scan of the fundamental physical parameters of the antenna using the full-wave simulation program TORIC. Our preliminary result indicated that for p-11B plasma, optimal ion heating parameters include a frequency of 40 MHz, with a high toroidal mode number like

to heat the majority H ions. In addition, we discussed the impact of concentration of minority ion species on ion cyclotron resonance heating when 11B serves as the heavy minority species. The significant difference in charge-to-mass ratio between boron and hydrogen ions results in a considerable distance between the hybrid resonance layer and the tow inverted cyclotron resonance layer, necessitating a quite low boron ion concentration to achieve effective minority heating. We also considered another method of direct heating of hydrogen ions in the presence of boron ion minority. It is found that at appropriate boron ion concentrations (

), the position of the hybrid resonance layer approaches that of the hydrogen ion cyclotron resonance layer, thereby altering the polarization at this position and significantly enhancing hydrogen ion fundamental absorption.
Image scanning microscopy reconstruction by autocorrelation inversion
Authors: Ancora Daniele , Zunino Alessandro , Vicidomini Giuseppe , Crevenna Alvaro H 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) stands out as one of the most widely used microscopy techniques thanks to its three-dimensional imaging capability and its sub-diffraction spatial resolution, achieved through the closure of a pinhole in front of a single-element detector. However, the pinhole also rejects useful photons, and beating the diffraction limit comes at the price of irremediably compromising the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the data. Image scanning microscopy (ISM) emerged as the rational evolution of CLSM, exploiting a small array detector in place of the pinhole and the single-element detector. Each sensitive element is small enough to achieve sub-diffraction resolution through the confocal effect, but the size of the whole detector is large enough to guarantee excellent collection efficiency and SNR. However, the raw data produced by an ISM setup consists of a 4D dataset, which can be seen as a set of confocal-like images. Thus, fusing the dataset into a single super-resolved image requires a dedicated reconstruction algorithm. Conventional methods are multi-image deconvolution, which requires prior knowledge of the system point spread functions (PSFs), or adaptive pixel reassignment (APR), which is effective only on a limited range of experimental conditions. In this work, we describe and validate a novel concept for ISM image reconstruction based on autocorrelation inversion. We leverage unique properties of the autocorrelation to discard low-frequency components and maximize the resolution of the reconstructed image without any assumption on the image or any knowledge of the PSF. Our results push the quality of the ISM reconstruction beyond the level provided by APR and open new perspectives for multi-dimensional image processing.
Topological THz on-chip valley–spin converter
Authors: Ren Yudong , Li Xinrui , Han Ning , Zhang Li , Zhao Rui , Chen Qiaolu , Hu Yuze , Tong Mingyu , Han Song , Yang Yihao 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Topological photonics offers a powerful platform for next-generation nanophotonic chips, capitalizing on their remarkable resilience to disorder and defects. Among the two-dimensional (2D) photonic topological insulators, valley-Hall (VH) and pseudo-spin-Hall (PSH) topological insulators have emerged as the most practical designs, as they do not require breaking time-reversal symmetry. These photonic topological insulators support robust edge states, demonstrating promising potential for a wide range of applications, from on-chip communication to optical computing and sensing. However, the conversion between distinct topological phases (VH and PSH) in terahertz (THz) band has not been achieved. Here we experimentally demonstrate a THz on-chip spin–valley converter through adiabatic evolution in 2D parameter space without closing the bulk bandgap. By leveraging the adiabatic phase transition, we confirm the high-efficiency conversion between two valley states in a valley–spin–valley converter. In addition, we verify the robustness of THz PSH topological energy transport through sharply twisted corners. Our findings not only advance the understanding of topological phases in photonics but also hold promise for the development of innovative photonic devices with enhanced performance and functionality.
Wavefront shaping simulations with augmented partial factorization
Authors: Lin Ho-Chun , Wang Zeyu , Hsu Chia Wei 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Wavefront shaping can tailor multipath interference to control multiple scattering of waves in complex optical systems. However, full-wave simulations that capture multiple scattering are computationally demanding given the large system size and the large number of input channels. Recently, an ‘augmented partial factorization’ (APF) method was proposed to significantly speed-up such full-wave simulations. In this tutorial, we illustrate how to perform wavefront shaping simulations with the APF method using the open-source frequency-domain electromagnetic scattering solver MESTI. We present the foundational concepts and then walk through four examples: computing the scattering matrix of a slab with random permittivities, open high-transmission channels through disorder, focusing inside disorder with phase conjugation, and reflection matrix computation in a spatial focused-beam basis. The goal is to lower the barrier for researchers to use simulations to explore the rich phenomena enabled by wavefront shaping.
Simulation of the tensile behaviour of biaxial knitted fabrics produced based on rib structure using a macro constitutive model
Authors: Abghary Mohammad Javad , Jafari Nedoushan Reza , Hasani Hossein , Yu Woong-Ryeol 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study presents a macro-scale constitutive model to simulate the tensile behaviour of biaxial weft knitted fabrics produced based on a 1 × 1 rib structure. Fabrics were produced using polyester yarns as stitch yarns and nylon yarns as straight yarns in a modern flat knitting machine. Stress–strain curves of 1 × 1 rib structure and corresponding biaxial knitted fabric were measured in three different directions (course, wale and 45 degrees) on a tensile tester. Based on extracted results, a constitutive equation was proposed for macro modelling of biaxial knitted fabrics. The stiffness matrix of the biaxial knitted fabrics was assumed to be a combination of the stiffness matrix of 1 × 1 rib and reinforcement yarns. A UMAT subroutine was provided to implement the constitutive behaviour in Abaqus software. To evaluate the accuracy of the proposed model, fabric tensile behaviour in 22.5° and 67.5° directions were simulated and compared with experimental results. The results showed that the macro model can successfully predict the tensile behaviour of the biaxial weft knitted fabric in different directions.
Modeling of hydropower plant in islanded mode for different operating conditions
Authors: Mishra Sachin , Sudabattula Suresh Kumar , Dharavat Nagaraju , Sharma Naveen Kumar , Jadoun Vinay Kumar 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Most countries have access to abundant water resources through rivers and canals. Utilizing this renewable resource, electricity can be generated in an environmentally friendly manner without causing pollution. In rapidly developing countries like India with the abundance of natural resources and diversities, the development of Hydropower is gaining in importance to meet the country’s demand. This work discusses the different operating conditions that may occur in real time of the standalone hydro power generation system. In this work, various operating conditions are considered in terms of faults and disturbances that occur on the load side. These effects of faults and disturbances may be caused in the generating side. It takes into consideration some major events from the load side i.e. small disturbance, load addition, load rejection, large disturbance. In this work, the above-mentioned objectives are achieved by creating a model of a hydro power plant in MATLAB Simulink and keeping its operating environment same, simulate different scenarios related to load side, and study its effect on the generator and generating system. This is achieved by changing the load side for different conditions like introducing a small fault into the system, changing the load on a larger scale, etc The conditions that are introduced are simulated in a period of 10 s time frame. The reaction of the generating side from these conditions is recorded and plotted on parameters that can show the effect directly on the generator.
Dual-band dual-truncated R-slot loaded monopole patch antenna using a single-layer bandstop FSS reflector for gain enhancement
Authors: Yende Mohamed Njianga , Mbinack Clement , Singh Ghanshyam , Ayissi Eyebe Guy , Mbida Joseph Mebara 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
New reflector structure (RS) based on ultra-wide stopband single-layer frequency selective structure (FSS) for mid-band sub-6 GHz 5G applications is designed. The proposed RS is arranged into array of 7 × 7-unit cell of FSS elements for antenna gain and front-to-back ratio enhancement. The single antenna element of volume 30 × 20 × 1.6 (in mm3) consists of a dual-quarter-circular truncated edge-fed rectangular slot (R-slot) loaded rectangular patch (R-patch) antenna with degraded ground structure (DGS) to operate at 3.6 GHz mid-band sub-6 GHz 5G and 5.8 GHz WBAN band. The proposed unit cell FSS element, the RS of volume 55.5 × 55.5 × 13.2 (in mm3) and the associated antenna are designed on lossy thin FR-4 substrate material and investigated numerically using commercial computer simulation technology microwave studio (CST-MS) software. The studied dual-structure based RS made with array of single-layer FSS and monopole R-patch antenna is fabricated and measured. The measured impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 48.28% (3.06–4.85 GHz) and 86.20% (5–10 GHz), peak gain of 5.36 and 7.45 dBi, radiation efficiency of 67.11% and 80.16%, and front-to-back ratio of 12.23 dB and 22.84 dB are achieved at the resonant frequencies 3.5 and 5.8 GHz respectively. The FSS reflector associated with the dual-band monopole R-patch antenna performances are in good agreement with the portable wireless applications requirements.
Health vulnerability mapping for drought: a case study in a predominantly rural, agricultural state
Authors: Jalalzadeh Fard Babak , Puvvula Jagadeesh , Smith Kelly , Hayes Michael , Lookadoo Rachel , Mahmood Rezaul , Medcalf Sharon , Rowe Clinton , Durr Martha , Bell Jesse E 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Drought is considered among the most devastating climate hazards impacting civilizations, including human health, throughout history. It causes cumulative damages based on the five generally categorized meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, socioeconomic, and ecological droughts. Reducing damages at the local, regional, and global levels requires a better understanding of human (health) vulnerability to drought. While there are different studies to distinguish and measure vulnerabilities for the five aforementioned conditions, there is minimal effort to identify vulnerabilities to health impacts from drought. Our study aims to develop an analysis of vulnerability for Nebraska based on the established health effects associated with drought. We considered vulnerability as the interaction between exposure to drought and different sensitivity measures for a timespan, including the highest drought levels in the 21st century. To calculate the total sensitivities, we extracted ten initial variables and applied two well-known methods of dimensionality reduction and (Weighted) Additive Overlays of percentile-ranked values. The result showed the inadequacy of the former method for our study. We also grouped the sensitivity variables into socioeconomic, environmental, and water-related intervention categories and developed related intensity maps showing different spatial patterns. We calculated the drought exposure levels by adding the intensity, duration, and frequency of drought over the study period (2012–2016) and developed total vulnerability maps to determine the ten most vulnerable counties, of which nine are rural. The resulting three intervention category maps can help related experts find priority areas within Nebraska, and the final vulnerability maps can help distinguish the areas of concern for general state-wide planning. While the results and some sensitivity variables are unique to Nebraska, the provided framework and the inclusion of two different methods can guide other regions in similar studies.
A Theory of Moral Fictionalism
Authors: Joyce Richard 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Having accepted moral error theory, moral fictionalists claim that we nevertheless should retain our moral discourse but stripped it of erroneous ontological commitments, which can be achieved by adopting a nondoxastic and nonassertoric stance toward moral judgments. This chapter defends an ambitious version of moral fictionalism. One of the principal uses of moral judgments is to function as “conversation-stoppers”: considerations that brook no further discussion and require no further justification. But how could a moral judgment continue to serve this function if it is no longer believed? The answer models moral fictionalism on Coleridge’s notion of the “suspension of disbelief” and on Mill’s solution to the paradox of happiness. Nondoxastic acceptance allows for a degree of flexibility and recalibration of one’s moral commitments in a way that belief does not, and thus the former attitude is a practically better one to adopt toward conversation-stoppers than the latter.
Not out of Egypt
Authors: Baum Robert M 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Written sources and was a region of sustained cultural exchange with Egyptian kingdoms to the north. Northeast African societies were linked to Egypt by trade, while providing the influence of local deities and ritual objects. This chapter relies heavily on historical linguistic analysis of the Bantu migrations in Equatorial and East Africa, which provides evidence of changing concepts of supreme beings, ancestors and rites of initiation. Analysis of burial practices provide the main evidence for North Africa. In West Africa the ancient domestication of African varieties expanded populations in the river valleys and the ritual practices associated with rice farming. Rock art provides the richest sources for the Sahara and southern Africa.
Beyond the Nile Basin
Authors: Baum Robert M 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the long last millennium before the Common Era, in those areas beyond the Nile valley. In North Africa, it examines the sustained interaction among Amazigh (Berbers), Carthaginians, Libyans, and Greeks, each of whom influenced the others. For the Sahara and West Africa, the chapter examines the impact of ironworking, rice cultivation, urbanization, and long-distance trade on the religious life of the region. In Equatorial Africa, new linguistic developments suggest changing views of supreme beings, territorial spirits, and ancestors. In East Africa, the chapter examines the spread of male circumcision initiations and nonsurgical forms of female initiation, as well as the growing importance of blacksmith cults around Lake Victoria.