bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE “ONE PLAN” PROJECT: GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY WORKING TO SIMPLIFY FACILITY EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING
Authors: Staves Jim , Taylor Jim 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The current approach to preparedness for oil and hazardous materials spills in the United States is a maze of federal, state, and local programs that often overlap. The National Response Team (NRT), in cooperation with the Region 6 Response Team (RRT), has developed a contingency plan format that simplifies existing federal regulatory requirements into a single integrated contingency plan (ICP). This format, which was developed by a working group chaired by the EPA Region 6, with representatives from government, industry, labor, and environmental groups, can be used as a model for cooperative projects involving the public and private sectors. The purpose of the ICP is to simplify emergency response plans at facilities. A facility using the ICP format would benefit from the reduced costs of maintaining and updating plans and from the simplified training for responders. Use of the ICP format should also reduce confusion about which plan to use during a response and should improve coordination between facilities and state and federal response agencies.
UTILIZATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN AN OHIO RIVER SPILLS DETECTION SYSTEM
Authors: McSayles Jonathan A. , Caputa Isabel E. , Tennant Peter A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Organics Detection System (ODS) is a spill detection network cooperatively operated by the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO), 11 water utilities, and 3 industries at strategic locations along the Ohio, Allegheny, Monongahela, and Kanawha rivers. The ODS uses purge and trap gas chromatography to analyze for 20 volatile organic compounds (US EPA, 1986).
Since its inception in 1977, the network has undergone several advancements in its ability to monitor, analyze, and detect volatile organic compounds in the Ohio River. The present instrumentation used in the network was purchased from 1986 through 1990. The network's capabilities have progressed to the monitoring of raw intake water 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and processing raw data with computers.
The most noticeable advance has been in the use of computers to manipulate chromatograms, generate final reports, and transfer information. Additionally, computers and modems have enhanced communication between ORSANCO and ODS locations by accelerating the dissemination of information to downstream water users, allowing the observation of chromatograms and general troubleshooting.
New technology under consideration includes the ability to remotely control a gas Chromatograph, incorporate automated check samples, and control alarm settings and the notification of such alarms. The ideal system would run independently until one of two conditions occurred—a compound exceeded the alarm threshold, or there was an instrument malfunction.
RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE MEDIA DURING THE BUFFALO 292 OIL SPILL
Authors: DeLong Gregory N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1996 the tank barge Buffalo 292 suffered a catastrophic structural failure, spilling nearly 5000 barrels of heavy fuel oil into Galveston Bay. The oil severely impacted Galveston Island and Bolivar Peninsula and was blown out to sea, threatening hundreds of miles of shoreline in the Gulf of Mexico. The cleanup following the spill was reported on a national news level. The response efforts received fair, accurate, and favorable news coverage as the result of an aggressive and well-managed public information system. This favorable coverage was due in part to public relations contingency planning and media relationships developed during the planning process.
WILDLIFE RESPONSE IN A REMOTE ALASKAN SPILL: TESTING A CENTRALIZED SYSTEM
Authors: Clumpner Curt 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1991 the International Bird Rescue Research Center, Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, and Alaska Clean Seas teamed up to design and implement a wildlife response system that could work successfully in a state with an area of nearly 600,000 square miles, more than 6000 miles of coastline, and hundreds of islands. In a state that is spread over more than 15 degrees of latitude and 45 degrees of longitude, the system would need to work in all sorts of weather and at all times of the year in three major climatic zones (marine coastal, subarctic, and arctic). It was decided that the best way to maximize resources and coverage was to design a system with a centralized oiled wildlife rehabilitation center in Anchorage: the Alaska Wildlife Response Center. This would allow one to use resources that would otherwise be unavailable in a timely fashion in many of the areas at greatest risk for an oil spill. It would also maximize cost effectiveness by minimizing the amount of equipment and personnel that would have to be moved and supported in remote areas of the state. A centralized system would, however, potentially require that the affected wildlife be transported long distances to be rehabilitated. In February 1996, a spill off the north coast of St. Paul Island in the Bering Sea provided the first real test of this system. It required the capture, stabilization, and transport of nearly 200 oiled birds under quite difficult and typical Alaska conditions. This paper will discuss the problems and solutions encountered in mounting a wildlife response to an oil spill in a remote area with inclement weather conditions and few local resources. It will focus on what makes responding in Alaska different from responding in most other parts of the United States, and on what was done differently in this response to make it a success. This paper will show how a system based on a centralized facility can work successfully, as was evidenced by the high percentage of released wildlife, when it involves teamwork among all organizations, agencies, and individuals involved.
CLEANUP OF THE ABANDONED BUNKER BARGES1
Authors: Bock LTJG Edward L. , McCarthy Dennis J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An estimated 1300 abandoned vessels are decaying on U.S. waterways. An unknown number of these vessels contain oil or hazardous substances and pose a substantial threat of discharge into the environment. Historically, the Coast Guard has responded to environmentally harmful oil and hazardous material spills from abandoned vessels after they occur, sometimes spending millions of unrecoverable dollars in cleanup and disposal costs. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended gives the Coast Guard jurisdiction to mitigate a “substantial threat of discharge” of oil or hazardous substances into the water. Responding to a substantial threat of discharge prevents environmental damage, reduces the number of medium or major spills, and costs substantially less than large shoreline or open water cleanups. Recently, Coast Guard Marine Safety Office (MSO) Hampton Roads initiated the first federal removal action in response to a substantial threat posed by abandoned barges; the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund was used to remove 691,000 gallons of oily waste and to clean and render gas-free the abandoned tank barges Bunker Delaware, Bunker 1000, and VTL-1.
PERSISTENCE OF OIL IN BEACH SAND FOLLOWING A CATASTROPHIC RELEASE OF NO. 2 FUEL OIL
Authors: Mulhare Michael J. , Therrien Paula-Jean 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Contamination of beach sand from two large releases of no. 2 fuel oil was found to persist for years in intertidal sand and for months in sand at the storm high tide line. This information on the unexpected persistence of this light, volatile fuel oil in the beach environment is invaluable in determining whether active remediation or natural attenuation is appropriate for the restoration of a contaminated beach.
The major receptors of the impact of this contamination are a driving force in deciding what remedial approach should be taken. The two releases reported had different receptors. The major impact from the World Prodigy spill was to a public bathing beach. The oil contamination was of primary importance to residents of the town of Jamestown. Active remediation was conducted to restore an important socioeconomic resource. The major impact from the North Cape spill was to a beach in a wildlife refuge that is a protected nesting area for the threatened bird species, the piping plover. Active remediation was not conducted because of concern over disturbing the plover habitat, but would have been conducted had this been a public bathing beach.
RECOVERY OF TARMATS USING COMMERCIAL SHRIMPING BOATS DURING THE BUFFALO 292 SPILL
Authors: Clark Tricia , Stong Beatrice , Benson Ben 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
One of the greatest challenges facing responders to a recent intermediate fuel oil (IFO 380) spill was the recovery of tar mats and patties from the surface waters of the Gulf of Mexico before they could impact the barrier islands of Texas. When the marine barge Buffalo 292 spilled approximately 3000 barrels of IFO 380 in heavy weather conditions in Galveston Bay in March 1996, it is estimated that more than half of the spilled IFO 380 was swept out into the Gulf of Mexico by high northerly winds. There was great success in tracking the oil as it moved around the Gulf and eventually formed into large tar mats and patties. The overall weathered condition of the IFO 380 soon made use of conventional offshore skimmers ineffective, so responders began looking at ways to effectively recover the tar mats and patties before they could impact the barrier island beaches of Texas during the busy spring break season. Since commercial shrimping vessels could tow a net and were designed for slow operating speeds, it was decided to try using these vessels to recover the tar mats and patties. By modifying traditional nets and using a spotter aircraft to move the shrimping vessels to the greatest concentration of tar mats and patties, participants made the operation a success.
ORIMULSION®
Authors: Sommerville Matthew , Lunel Tim , Bailey Nick , Oland Dave , Miles Chris , Gunter Paul A. , Waldhoff Thomas 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The name Orimulsion has been increasingly heard around the world as power stations and industry look to the new cheaper fuels that are becoming available through the use of modern extraction techniques. As Orimulsion use increases, worldwide interest in the product and in how to respond to a spillage has increased. Bitumenes Orinoco and its affiliates have spent many thousands of pounds and dollars in researching the fate and cleanup strategies for Orimulsion, but until now information has only slowly been disseminated. This paper draws together information from 8 years of research to present the state of our knowledge about this product. It discusses the fate of spilled Orimulsion, its behavior in various environments, and the methods, equipment, and techniques that are applicable to Orimulsion. The fate of an Orimulsion spill, like that of any other spill, is governed by the location and the prevailing conditions. The effects of salinity, dilution, mixing energy, turbulence, and the scale of the spill are crucial in determining the outcome. The technologies to deal with Orimulsion spills are equally important; tests to date show that the majority of cases require no more than the careful selection and use of existing systems. Orimulsion presents a number of new considerations and challenges, and in many cases new solutions have been developed.
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (MEGIS) DEVELOPMENT FOR JAPAN
Authors: Morita Ichiro , Sasagawa Akio , Oka Kenji , Maxwell Garrey 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A response management system for accidents, such as oil well blowouts and oil spills at sea, is being developed by the Safety and Environment Center for Petroleum Development (SEC) under the supervision of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) of Japan. The 5-year program, which is designed to minimize environmental damage in the event of an oil spill, commenced in 1992. The system, known as the Marine Environmental Geographic Information System (MEGIS), consists of five subsystems: (1) detection and monitoring, (2) oil and pollution spill trajectory prediction by computer simulation, (3) contingency planning for response and cleanup operations, (4) a communication and information network of all responsible agencies and participants, and (5) a geographic information system.
INTEGRATING SCAT DATA AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS TO SUPPORT SHORELINE CLEANUP OPERATIONS
Authors: Lamarche Alain , Owens Edward H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An analysis of the work performed by the various teams involved in shoreline cleanup operations has been applied to the design of an approach for the integration of data collected by the SCAT process with electronic maps produced by geographical information system (GIS) technology. This has led to the implementation of a PC-based system that incorporates a database of SCAT information, a knowledge base on oil behavior and shoreline cleanup, and a GIS. The system provides support to data collection using the SCAT approach for field teams and to map-based data analysis for planners and managers.
In the course of this work, a set of the maps that are considered the most useful for summarizing information about shoreline conditions was designed and evaluated. This evaluation initially involved consultation with individuals experienced in shoreline cleanup. The applicability of the map representation for decision making was further tested during spill drills.
SCAT surveys generate a large volume of data that need to be captured and integrated. There is a risk that this large amount of information might overwhelm decision makers involved in the management of shoreline cleanup operations.
The paper describes the various modifications that were made to the SHORECLEAN software package to provide some solutions to these problems. These include providing specialized SCAT data entry forms, automating the links between a SCAT database and a GIS, and producing map representations that provide clear, useful, and nonmisleading information for decision makers.
SEA EMPRESS: AN EXERCISE IN REALITY
Authors: Salt David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since OSRL was established in 1985, one of the key objectives of the organization has been to try and build relationships with member companies’ response teams to ensure that when the time comes to work together in a spill situation a team approach to the problem is possible.
Since 1985, the Texaco Response Team has trained and exercised with OSRL annually, forging strong relationships and an understanding of the roles to be adopted in an incident. In the same time period, OSRL has been involved in the devlopment and testing of the Texaco Pembroke contingency plan and the planning and execution of response exercises in the Milford Haven area. The system was tested in 1995 following the grounding of the Borga in the entrance to Milford Haven. Fortunately no oil was spilled on this occasion, but the teams worked together and the logistics of a response in Wales were exercised.
The real test came on February 15, 1996, with the grounding of the Sea Empress. Would all the preparation make a difference in the response? The case study shows the benefit of good contingency planning by the facility and integration of the response teams in a real-life situation, which may make the difference between success or failure.
ASSESSING FACILITY-SPECIFIC RISK: A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Smith Donald P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
It's been six years since the passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Most facilities and regulatory agencies are just now beginning to reflect upon their initial efforts to develop and review facility response plans. The plan reviews and inspections conducted to date within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region VI area have identified some common deficiencies. The most prominent and common are the facilities’ planning efforts relative to risk. OPA 90 required facilities to assess spill events under adverse weather conditions. Unfortunately, most plans were prepared with the intent to meet a regulatory deadline and not necessarily to properly reflect specific risk. This paper will seek to identify the varying risks posed to each facility within Region VI. The following is a list of adverse weather conditions and phenomena that will be examined throughout the region and applied to specific categories of facilities: fire, lightning, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, hail and severe storms, rainfall, drought, floods, temperature extremes, soil corrosivity, and groundwater protection. After the review is completed, facilities will be grouped by their specific hazard and their most probable risk.
A TWO-PHASE RIVERINE SPILL MODEL
Authors: Hibbs David E. , Chen Yih-Farn , Gulliver John S. , Voller Vaughan R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a riverine spill model that computes the concentration of oil components in both the oil phase and the water phase by mathematically simulating the processes that affect the fate of the spilled oil. Processes simulated by the model include evaporation from the slick, dissolution of the slick into the water, volatilization from the water, and longitudinal dispersion in the river. The model also computes the location and size of the slick as it drifts downstream and spreads across the water surface. The model is versatile yet relatively simple and easy to use. The model requires minimum information on the river and oil, and it can be applied whenever the assumption of a laterally well-mixed river is acceptable. Most applications can be solved in several minutes on a 486-based personal computer. Sample applications show that the concentration of a compound in the water phase is strongly linked to its concentration in the oil phase and to its aqueous solubility. Concentrations in the water phase were also found to be most sensitive to variations in the dissolution rate. Concentrations were much less sensitive to variations in the volatilization rate, slick evaporation rate, and longitudinal dispersion.
INTERVENTION: IS IT THE ANSWER?
Authors: Noble John M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Intervention during a casualty response can be defined as interference by an authority imposing or trying to impose its will upon responders, notably salvors. This paper seeks to differentiate between intervention imposed with statutory authority (official) and unofficial intervention, where an authority seeks to influence operations without actually using statutory powers. The acknowledged reduction in available salvage capability has resulted in a number of states taking specific action to ensure that tugs are available at high-risk locations. The stationing of tugs is perhaps the most conspicuous type of intervention.
The paper examines circumstances where authorities impose their will on salvors without actually invoking any statutory power, relying on “voluntary” compliance. It is suggested that salvors might seek to clarify the status of any intervention before complying and that responders, including salvors, might then know where they stand, especially when an action required by an authority has exposed salvors to recourse action by ship and cargo owners.
In addressing the question “Is it the answer?” the paper concludes that the apparent reluctance by authority to use available intervention power, but rather to rely on salvors acceding to an implied preferred course of action voluntarily (unofficial intervention), means that intervention alone is not the answer. Salvors, as responders, must know who is in charge. Two recommendations are tabled.
INTERNATIONAL PLANNING AS LOCALIZED PLANNING
Authors: Christenson Chris , Bart Helen 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Canada-United States Joint Inland Pollution Contingency Plan was signed on July 25, 1994, by the minister of the Department of the Environment for Canada and the administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. As stated in the letter of promulgation, the document provides for cooperative measures for dealing with accidental and unauthorized releases of pollutants that may cause damage to the environment and that may constitute a threat to the public health, property, or welfare along the shared inland boundary of the two nations.
The plan divided the international boundary into five regional planning areas and mandated regional annexes that define the jurisdiction, roles, and response procedures of the regulatory and support agencies within each planning area.
In our work on this project it is being made clear again and again that responders on both sides of our countries’ land border do not want to have their efforts hampered by what in an emergency could be arbitrary borders. We are committed to ensuring that the regulatory agencies in both countries are truly supportive of the on-scene responders, and that these annexes will only serve to enhance this support.
ALL-WEATHER, ALL-TERRAIN EMERGENCY RESPONSE PREPAREDNESS
Authors: (Ian) Lambton J. W. , Cavanaugh Romilly J. K. , Eng. P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the comprehensive emergency preparedness program of one pipeline company that operates in diverse environmental conditions. It touches on aspects such as inland mobile equipment units, including boats, and the advances that have been made in helicopter deployment of emergency response resources. Featured is a summary of a 1996 training exercise where a test medium was recovered from under river ice in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. The exercise, which was conducted in—35°C (—31°F) conditions, tested improvements made to winter containment and recovery equipment and ice response techniques.
The pipeline crosses beneath 440 streams, rivers, and lakes, and approximately 60% of the right-of-way parallels waterways to an extent where a spill could impact them. A release could adversely affect a considerable variety of wildlife and habitats as well as the communities that use these waterways for their water supplies.
The company has many spill prevention strategies integrated into its operation and maintenance activities. In addition, an ongoing comprehensive education program and extensive outfitting and upgrading of spill response equipment were deemed necessary to ensure quality stewardship of the resources within its operating area. The paper describes these initiatives, which were instituted in 1989 and continue to this day.
SHOULD THE LIMITS OF LIABILITY BE CHANGED?1
Authors: Hartley D. S. , Beckerman Barbara G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Coast Guard commissioned an evaluation of the appropriateness of adjusting the current limits of liability for oil spills from transportation-related onshore facilities, based on the requirements of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Extensive data collection and analysis revealed that the type and quality of the data needed to support recommendations for setting limits of liability for oil spills from specific categories of facilities were either not available or not reliable. Therefore, no recommendation can be made regarding a change in the limits of liability. Further, the lack of accessible data cripples decision making in the entire subject of oil spills. Recommendations are made regarding the data acquisition process and the systems needed to support it.