bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroimaging biomarkers and CSF sTREM2 levels in Alzheimer’s disease: a longitudinal study
Authors: Nabizadeh Fardin , Seyedmirzaei Homa , Karami Shaghayegh 
Published: July 2024

AbstractUnderstanding the exact pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the involvement of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) related microglia activation is crucial for the development of clinical trials targeting microglia activation at different stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Given the contradictory findings in the literature, it is imperative to investigate the longitudinal alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) levels as a marker for microglia activation, and its potential association with AD biomarkers, in order to address the current knowledge gap. In this study, we aimed to assess the longitudinal changes in CSF sTREM2 levels within the framework of the A/T/N classification system for AD biomarkers and to explore potential associations with AD pathological features, including the presence of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau aggregates. The baseline and longitudinal (any available follow-up visit) CSF sTREM2 levels and processed tau-PET and Aβ-PET data of 1001 subjects were recruited from the ADNI database. The participants were classified into four groups based on the A/T/N framework: A+ /TN+ , A+ /TN− , A− /TN+ , and A− /TN− . Linear regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between CSF sTREM2 with cognitive performance, tau and Aβ-PET adjusting for age, gender, education, and APOE ε4 status. Based on our analysis there was a significant difference in baseline and rate of change of CSF sTREM2 between ATN groups. While there was no association between baseline CSF sTREM2 and cognitive performance (ADNI-mem), we found that the rate of change of CSF sTREM2 is significantly associated with cognitive performance in the entire cohort but not the ATN groups. We found that the baseline CSF sTREM2 is significantly associated with baseline tau-PET and Aβ-PET rate of change only in the A+ /TN+ group. A significant association was found between the rate of change of CSF sTREM2 and the tau- and Aβ-PET rate of change only in the A+ /TN− group. Our study suggests that the TREM2-related microglia activation and their relations with AD markers and cognitive performance vary the in presence or absence of Aβ and tau pathology. Furthermore, our findings revealed that a faster increase in the level of CSF sTREM2 might attenuate future Aβ plaque formation and tau aggregate accumulation only in the presence of Aβ pathology.
The impact of intellectual property demonstration policies on carbon emission efficiency
Authors: Yao Lu , Li Aoyu , Wang Shuhua 
Published: July 2024

AbstractConfronted with the concurrent challenges of economic advancement and environmental management, this study explores whether implementing Intellectual Property Demonstration Policies (IPDP) can be a covert force in enhancing carbon emission efficiency. Utilizing panel data from 280 prefecture-level cities in China over the period 2007–2019, we employ a quasi-natural experimental design, incorporating multiple-period difference-in-differences models, mediation effect models, and spatial Durbin difference-in-differences models to assess the impacts of IPDP on carbon emission efficiency, its mechanisms of action, and its spatial spillover effects. The regression results of the multi-period difference-in-differences model reveal a statistically significant enhancement in carbon emission efficiency due to IPDP, with an impact coefficient of 0.044. Through heterogeneity tests, it is observed that the influence of IPDP on carbon emission efficiency varies based on regional characteristics, carbon emission levels, and the extent of marketization. The mediation effect model demonstrates that IPDP enhances carbon emission efficiency by fostering green technological innovation and facilitating the transformation of industrial structures. Furthermore, the spatial Durbin difference-in-differences model illustrates that IPDP positively influences the carbon emission efficiency of neighboring regions, indicating favorable spatial spillover effects. Notably, the indirect effect coefficients in the geographical distance matrix, economic distance matrix, and economic-geographical nested matrix are calculated as 0.673, 0.250, and 0.386, respectively. These findings offer compelling theoretical and empirical support for strengthening the intellectual property framework to optimize its environmental impact.
EDTP enhances and protects the fluorescent signal of GFP in cleared and expanded tissues
Authors: Feng Ruili , Xie Jiongfang , Gao Liang 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAdvanced 3D high-resolution imaging techniques are essential for investigating biological challenges, such as neural circuit analysis and tumor microenvironment in intact tissues. However, the fluorescence signal emitted by endogenous fluorescent proteins in cleared or expanded biological samples gradually diminishes with repeated irradiation and prolonged imaging, compromising its ability to accurately depict the underlying scientific problem. We have developed a strategy to preserve fluorescence in cleared and expanded tissue samples during prolonged high-resolution three-dimensional imaging. We evaluated various compounds at different concentrations to determine their ability to enhance fluorescence intensity and resistance to photobleaching while maintaining the structural integrity of the tissue. Specifically, we investigated the impact of EDTP utilization on GFP, as it has been observed to significantly improve fluorescence intensity, resistance to photobleaching, and maintain fluorescence during extended room temperature storage. This breakthrough will facilitate extended hydrophilic and hydrogel-based clearing and expansion methods for achieving long-term high-resolution 3D imaging of cleared biological tissues by effectively safeguarding fluorescent proteins within the tissue.
Synthesis of fluorinated curcumin derivatives for detecting amyloid plaques by 19F-MRI
Authors: Micocci Sebastiano , Stefania Rachele , Garello Francesca , Fasoglio Umberto , Hawala Ivan , Tei Lorenzo , Geninatti Crich Simonetta , Digilio Giuseppe 
Published: July 2024

Novel curcumin derivatives with a higher number of 19F nuclei which exhibited high binding affinity to Aβ oligomers for diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease by 19F-MRI.
The Relationship Between Auditory and Cognitive Processing Abilities in Children With Specific Learning Disorders
Authors: Jain Saransh , Kothari Siddharth , V. S. Rohith , H. S. Harshan Kumar , Jain Chandni 
Published: July 2024

Purpose:
Specific learning disorder (SLD) refers to a pattern of learning difficulties characterized by problems with reading, writing, or mathematics that are not solely due to intellectual disabilities, sensory deficits, or other neurological or medical conditions. It is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the processing and organizing of information. Auditory and cognitive processing is affected in most children with SLD, although to a varying degree. However, it is still unclear whether there exists any relationship between auditory and cognitive processing disorders in children with SLD.

Method:
We tested 1,259 children, of whom 77 were diagnosed as SLD and 30 age- and gender-matched typically developing (TD) children were selected. Auditory processing abilities were assessed for auditory discrimination, pattern perception, closure, temporal processing, binaural integration, and separation using standardized tests and procedures. Cognitive processing was measured using working memory, short-term memory, and attention tasks.

Results:

The test data of the TD children were taken as the norm. Based on the normative range, children with SLD were divided into those with auditory processing disorder (APD;
n
= 31) and those without APD (
n
= 46). A regression model highlighted a robust positive relationship between APD and cognitive processing, particularly pronounced in SLD with APD children. The results are discussed, supporting the information-processing theory of learning disability and highlighting a complex loop between auditory and cognitive deficits in children with SLD.

Conclusions:
The findings underscore the critical role of both auditory and cognitive abilities in children with SLD. Tailoring the intervention to break the loop is recommended, which may improve learning abilities more effectively.
The story of SN 2021aatd: A peculiar 1987A-like supernova with an early-phase luminosity excess
Authors: Szalai T. , Könyves-Tóth R. , Nagy A. P. , Hiramatsu D. , Arcavi I. , Bostroem A. , Howell D. A. , Farah J. , McCully C. , Newsome M. , Padilla Gonzalez E. , Pellegrino C. , Terreran G. , Berger E. , Blanchard P. , Gomez S. , Székely P. , Bánhidi D. , Bíró I. B. , Csányi I. , Pál A. , Rho J. , Vinkó J. 
Published: July 2024

Context. There is a growing number of peculiar events that cannot be assigned to any of the main classes. SN 1987A and a handful of similar objects, thought to be explosive outcomes of blue supergiant stars, is one of them: while their spectra closely resemble those of H-rich (IIP) SNe, their light curve (LC) evolution is very different.
Aims. Here we present the detailed photometric and spectroscopic analysis of SN 2021aatd, a peculiar Type II explosion. While its early-time evolution resembles that of the slowly evolving double-peaked SN 2020faa (although at a lower luminosity scale), after ∼40 days its LC shape becomes similar to that of SN 1987A-like explosions.
Methods. In addition to comparing LCs, color curves, and spectra of SN 2021aatd to those of SNe 2020faa, 1987A, and other objects, we compared the observed spectra with our own SYN++ models and with the outputs of published radiative transfer models. We also carried out a detailed modeling of the pseudo-bolometric LCs of SNe 2021aatd and 1987A with a self-developed semi-analytical code, assuming a two-component ejecta (core + shell), and involving the rotational energy of a newborn magnetar in addition to radioactive decay.
Results. We find that the photometric and the spectroscopic evolution of SN 2021aatd can be well described with the explosion of a ∼15 M⊙ blue supergiant star. Nevertheless, SN 2021aatd shows higher temperatures and weaker Na I D and Ba II 6142 Å lines than SN 1987A, which is instead reminiscent of IIP-like atmospheres. With the applied two-component ejecta model (accounting for decay and magnetar energy), we can successfully describe the bolometric LC of SN 2021aatd, including the first ∼40-day phase showing an excess compared to 87A-like SNe, but being strikingly similar to that of the long-lived SN 2020faa. Nevertheless, finding a unified model that also explains the LCs of more luminous events (e.g., SN 2020faa) is still a matter of debate.
Direct detectability of tidally heated exomoons by photometric orbital modulation
Authors: Kleisioti E. , Dirkx D. , Tan X. , Kenworthy M. A. 
Published: July 2024

Aims. We investigate whether volcanic exomoons can be detected in thermal wavelength light curves due to their phase variability along their orbit. The method we use is based on the photometric signal variability that volcanic features or hotspots would cause in infrared (IR) wavelengths, when they are inhomogeneously distributed on the surface of a tidally heated exomoon (THEM).Methods. We simulated satellites of various sizes around an isolated planet and modeled the system’s variability in two IR wavelengths, taking into account photon shot noise. The moon’s periodic signal as it orbits the planet introduces a peak in the frequency space of the system’s time-variable flux. We investigated the THEM and system properties that would make a moon stand out in the frequency space of its host’s variable flux.Results. The moon’s signal can produce a prominent feature in its host’s flux periodogram at shorter IR wavelengths for hotspots with temperatures similar to the ones seen on the Jovian moon, Io, while the same moon would not be identifiable in longer IR wavelengths. By comparing observations at two different wavelengths, we are able to disentangle the signal of an exomoon with transiting and non-transiting orbital inclinations from the planet’s signal in the frequency domain for system distances up to ~10 pc for Mars-sized exomoons and even further for Earth-sized ones.Conclusions. This method enlarges the parameter space of detectable exomoons around isolated planetary mass objects and directly imaged exoplanets, as it is sensitive to Io- to Earth-sized exomoons with hot volcanic features for a wide range of non-transiting orbital inclinations. Exomoon transits and the detection of outgassed volcanic molecules can subsequently confirm a putative detection.
Isles of regularity in a sea of chaos amid the gravitational three-body problem
Authors: Trani Alessandro Alberto , Leigh Nathan W. C. , Boekholt Tjarda C. N. , Portegies Zwart Simon 
Published: July 2024

Context. The three-body problem (3BP) poses a longstanding challenge in physics and celestial mechanics. Despite the impossibility of obtaining general analytical solutions, statistical theories have been developed based on the ergodic principle. This assumption is justified by chaos, which is expected to fully mix the accessible phase space of the 3BP.
Aims. This study probes the presence of regular (i.e. non-chaotic) trajectories within the 3BP and assesses their impact on statistical escape theories.
Methods. Using three-body simulations performed with the accurate, regularized code TSUNAMI, we established criteria for identifying regular trajectories and analysed their impact on statistical outcomes.
Results. Our analysis reveals that regular trajectories occupy a significant fraction of the phase space, ranging from 28% to 84% depending on the initial setup, and their outcomes defy the predictions of statistical escape theories. The coexistence of regular and chaotic regions at all scales is characterized by a multi-fractal behaviour. Integration errors manifest as numerical chaos, artificially enhancing the mixing of the phase space and affecting the reliability of individual simulations, yet preserving the statistical correctness of an ensemble of realizations.
Conclusions. Our findings underscore the challenges in applying statistical escape theories to astrophysical problems, as they may bias results by excluding the outcome of regular trajectories. This is particularly important in the context of formation scenarios of gravitational wave mergers, where biased estimates of binary eccentricity can significantly impact estimates of coalescence efficiency and detectable eccentricity.
The aspherical explosions of the 03fg-like Type Ia supernovae 2021zny and 2022ilv revealed by polarimetry
Authors: Nagao T. , Maeda K. , Mattila S. , Kuncarayakti H. , Gutiérrez C. P. , Cikota A. 
Published: July 2024

Context. A peculiar subtype of Type Ia supernovae (SNe), 03fg-like (super-Chandrasekhar) SNe, show different observational properties from prototypical Type Ia SNe: they typically have high luminosities at the light-curve peak, low expansion velocities, and strong carbon features. The origin of this class of Type Ia SNe has been actively debated. Recent nebular-phase infrared observations of the 03fg-like Type Ia SN 2022pul using the James Webb Space Telescope revealed large-scale asymmetries in the ejecta and the presence of the strong [Ne II] line at 12.81 μm, suggesting a violent merger of two white dwarfs as its origin.
Aims. Polarimetry is another powerful tool for studying the overall ejecta asymmetries of spatially unresolved SNe. Here, we aim to check the universality of the violent merger scenario as the origin of 03fg-like Type Ia SNe, by studying their explosion geometries using polarimetry.
Methods. In this Letter we present imaging-polarimetric observations of the two 03fg-like Type Ia SNe 2021zny and 2022ilv.
Results. SNe 2021zny and 2022ilv show high intrinsic polarization (∼1%–∼2%), which might be composed of multiple components with different polarization angles. This indicates that they have complex aspherical structures in their ejecta, supporting the violent merger scenario for their origin. Our observations provide the first clear evidence from polarimetry for such aspherical structures.
Shocks in the warm neutral medium
Authors: Godard B. , Pineau des Forêts G. , La Porte J. , Merlin-Weck M. 
Published: July 2024

Aims. Ultraviolet lines of neutral carbon observed in absorption in the local diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) have long revealed that a substantial fraction of the mass of the gas lies at a thermal pressure one to three orders of magnitude above that of the bulk of the ISM. In this paper, we propose that this enigmatic component originates from shocks propagating at intermediate (VS > 30 km s−1) and high velocities (VS ⩾ 100 km s−1) in the warm neutral medium (WNM).
Methods. Shock waves irradiated by the standard interstellar radiation field (ISRF) are modelled using the Paris-Durham shock code designed to follow the dynamical, thermal, and chemical evolutions of shocks with velocities up to 500 km s−1. Each observed line of sight is decomposed into a high-pressure component and a low-pressure component. The column density of carbon at high pressure is confronted with the model predictions to derive the number of shocks along the line of sight and their total dissipation rate.
Results. Phase transition shocks spontaneously lead to the presence of high-pressure gas in the diffuse ISM and are found to naturally produce neutral carbon with excitation conditions and line widths in remarkable agreement with the observations. The amounts of neutral carbon at high pressure detected over a sample of 89 lines of sight imply a dissipation rate of mechanical energy with a median of ~3 × 10−25 erg cm−3 s−1 and a dispersion of about a factor of three. This distribution of the dissipation rate weakly depends on the detailed characteristics of shocks as long as they propagate at velocities between 30 and 200 km s−1 in a medium with a pre-shock density of nH0 ⩾ cm−cm and a transverse magnetic field of B0 ⩽ 3 μG. We not only show that this solution is consistent with a scenario of shocks driven by supernova remnants (SNRs) but also that this scenario is in fact unavoidable. Any line of sight in the observational sample is bound to intercept SNRs, which are mostly distributed in the spiral arms of the Milky Way and expanding in the diffuse ionised and neutral phases of the Galaxy. Surprisingly, the range of dissipation rate derived here, in events that probably drive turbulence in the WNM, is found to be comparable to the distribution of the kinetic energy transfer rate of the turbulent cascade derived from the observations of CO in the cold neutral medium (CNM).
Conclusions. This work reveals a possible direct tracer of the mechanisms by which mechanical energy is injected into the ISM. It also suggests that a still unknown connection exists between the amount of energy dissipated during the injection process in the WNM and that used to feed interstellar turbulence and the turbulent cascade observed in the CNM.
Training Returns Among Informal Workers: Evidence from Urban Sites in Kenya and Tanzania
Authors: Torm Nina 
Published: July 2024

AbstractTraining contributes to economic growth through raising productivity, enabling the use of new technologies and allowing workers to raise earnings through widening their skills base. This paper uses mixed methods to examine individual returns to off-the-job training, on-the-job training and informal training focussing on informal workers in the sectors of construction, micro-trade and transport in urban areas of Kenya and Tanzania. Based on a cross-section, the analysis shows that earnings are 21 pct. higher for workers with off-the-job training compared to being self-taught, whilst the premium for on-the-job or informal training by a family member is 16 pct. The qualitative data provide further insights into the reasons for variations in gains across the different types of training and illuminates the role of informal worker associations in facilitating training access. Formal training should be made affordable and tailored to worker needs so that it becomes a worthwhile investment for informal workers.
High resolution far-infrared synchrotron spectroscopy of 2-furfural conformers: Fundamental and hot bands
Authors: Chawananon Sathapana , Goubet Manuel , Pirali Olivier , Georges Robert , Roucou Anthony , Hadj Said Ikram , Senent María Luisa , Cuisset Arnaud , Asselin Pierre 
Published: July 2024

In the continuity of a previous jet-cooled rovibrational study of trans and cis conformers of 2-furfural in the mid-infrared region (700–1750 cm−1) [Chawananon et al., Molecules 28 (10), 4165 (2023)], the present work investigates the far-infrared spectroscopy of 2-furfural using a long path absorption cell coupled to a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer and synchrotron radiation at the AILES beamline of the SOLEIL synchrotron. Guided by anharmonic calculations, vibrational energy levels and excited-state rotational constants are sufficiently predictive for a complete assignment of all fundamental and combination bands up to 700 cm−1, as well as the rovibrational analysis of 4 (1) low-frequency modes of trans-(cis-)2-furfural. A global rovibrational simulation, including far-infrared rovibrational lines and microwave and millimeter-wave rotational lines assigned in a previous study [Motiyenko et al., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 244, 9 (2007)] provides a reliable set of ground- and excited-state rotational parameters involving ring torsion, bending, and ring puckering modes of 2-furfural. In a second step, a rovibrational analysis of several hot band sequences, mainly involving the lowest frequency ring CHO torsion mode, is carried out. Reliable values of some anharmonic coefficients are obtained experimentally and could serve as a benchmark for validating advanced anharmonic calculations related to these large amplitude motions of flexible molecules.