bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Particulate Matter and Antioxidant Dietary Intake on Blood Pressure
Authors: Schulz Amy J. , Mentz Graciela B. , Sampson Natalie R. , Dvonch J. Timothy , Reyes Angela G. , Izumi Betty 
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We assessed 2 pathways through which dietary antioxidants may counter adverse effects of exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5) on blood pressure (BP): main (compensatory) and modifying (protective) models. Methods. We used 2002 to 2003 data from the Detroit Healthy Environments Partnership community survey conducted with a multiethnic sample of adults (n = 347) in low- to moderate-income, predominantly Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black neighborhoods in Detroit, Michigan. We used generalized estimating equations to test the effects of ambient exposure to PM2.5 and dietary antioxidant intake on BP, with adjustment for multiple confounders. Results. Dietary antioxidant intake was inversely associated with systolic BP (b = −0.5; P < .05) and pulse pressure (b  = −0.6; P < .05) in neighborhoods closest to major sources of air pollutants. Adverse effects of PM2.5 remained significant after accounting for antioxidant intakes. Exploratory analyses suggested potential modifying effects of antioxidant intake on associations between ambient PM2.5 exposure and BP. Conclusions. Interventions to improve access to antioxidant-rich foods in polluted urban areas may be protective of cardiovascular health. However, efforts to reduce PM2.5 exposure remain critical for cardiovascular health promotion.
Comprehensive Adolescent Health Programs That Include Sexual and Reproductive Health Services: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kågesten Anna , Parekh Jenita , Tunçalp Özge , Turke Shani , Blum Robert William 
Published: October 2014

We systematically reviewed peer-reviewed and gray literature on comprehensive adolescent health (CAH) programs (1998–2013), including sexual and reproductive health services. We screened 36 119 records and extracted articles using predefined criteria. We synthesized data into descriptive characteristics and assessed quality by evidence level. We extracted data on 46 programs, of which 19 were defined as comprehensive. Ten met all inclusion criteria. Most were US based; others were implemented in Egypt, Ethiopia, and Mexico. Three programs displayed rigorous evidence; 5 had strong and 2 had modest evidence. Those with rigorous or strong evidence directly or indirectly influenced adolescent sexual and reproductive health. The long-term impact of many CAH programs cannot be proven because of insufficient evaluations. Evaluation approaches that take into account the complex operating conditions of many programs are needed to better understand mechanisms behind program effects.
Classifying Local Health Departments on the Basis of the Constellation of Services They Provide
Authors: Bekemeier Betty , Pantazis Athena , Dunbar Matthew D. , Herting Jerald R. 
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We explored service variation among local health departments (LHDs) nationally to allow systematic characterization of LHDs by patterns in the constellation of services they deliver. Methods. We conducted latent class analysis by using categorical variables derived from LHD service data collected in 2008 for the National Profile of Local Health Departments Survey and before service changes resulting from the national financial crisis. Results. A 3-class solution produced the best fit for this data set of 2294 LHDs. The 3 configurations of LHD services depicted an interrelated set of narrow or limited service provision (limited), a comprehensive (core) set of key services provided, and a third class of core and expanded services (core plus), which often included rare services. The classes demonstrated high geographic variability and were weakly associated with expenditure quintile and urban or rural location. Conclusions. This empirically derived view of how LHDs organize their array of services is a unique approach to categorizing LHDs, providing an important tool for research and a gauge to monitor how changes in LHD service patterns occur.
Auditor Independence in Fact: Research, Regulatory, and Practice Implications Drawn from Experimental and Archival Research
Authors: Church Bryan K. , Jenkins J. Gregory , McCracken Susan A. , Roush Pamela B. , Stanley Jonathan D. 
Published: October 2014

SYNOPSIS
Notwithstanding various safeguards intended to enhance auditor independence in fact, regulators including the PCAOB have continued to express concerns that auditors, at times, are failing to maintain an appropriate level of independence. In this paper, we provide an analysis of selected academic studies related to auditor independence to offer readers a foundation on which to evaluate the substantial body of research in the area and to understand the mixed findings reported in experimental and archival studies. We discuss issues surrounding the research designs and methods used in prior work, highlighting challenges that face researchers. Subsequently, we take stock of what we have learned from our analysis and consider the research, regulatory, and practice implications of our conclusions. We also offer avenues for future research and highlight specific issues that warrant further investigation.
Continuous Auditing and Monitoring in Practice: Lessons from Metcash's Business Assurance Group
Authors: Hardy Catherine Anne , Laslett Glen 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Advances in information technologies, multiple and diverse risks, complex and changing regulatory environments, antifraud measures, budget constraints, and the volume, velocity, and variety of data being created have renewed attention in continuous auditing (CA) and continuous monitoring (CM). Notwithstanding the growing interest, there is currently limited guidance and empirical evidence available about the practicalities of implementing CA and CM and the differences (or not) between them. In this paper, we describe a case study of how CA and CM has been interpreted and implemented at Metcash, a wholesale distribution and marketing company in Australia. The results for this organization so far are notable: over 100 automated tests performed daily, a fully integrated exception management system, advancement from data to predictive analytics, and the use of visualization technologies for enhancing reporting. However, this outcome has not been without challenges. Our aim in presenting this case is to assist senior audit and business executives with assessing the viability of adopting CA and CM by reflecting on the implementation at Metcash and to offer lessons from this organization's experiences for theory and practice.
Diabetes Numeracy and Blood Glucose Control: Association With Type of Diabetes and Source of Care
Authors: Zaugg Stephanie D. , Dogbey Godwin , Collins Karen , Reynolds Sharon , Batista Carter , Brannan Grace , Shubrook Jay H. 
Published: October 2014

IN BRIEF
Limited diabetes numeracy may be an important factor affecting diabetes care and treatment adherence. This study assessed the relationship between the Diabetes Numeracy Test (DNT-15 score) and patient and treatment variables. Patients who had type 1 diabetes and those who received care from specialty centers had higher levels of numeracy, but this did not translate into improved glucose control.
Efficacy and Safety of Saxagliptin as Add-On Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Neumiller Joshua J. 
Published: October 2014

IN BRIEF
Combination therapy for type 2 diabetes using agents with complementary mechanisms of action may improve glycemic control to a greater extent than monotherapy and allow the use of lower doses of antihyperglycemic medications. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, including saxagliptin, are recommended as add-on therapy to metformin and as part of two- or three-drug combinations in patients not meeting individualized glycemic goals with metformin alone or as part of a dual-therapy regimen. This article reviews the efficacy and safety of saxagliptin as an add-on therapy to metformin, glyburide, a thiazolidinedione, or insulin (with or without metformin) and as a component of triple therapy with metformin and a sulfonylurea.
Mapping Human Induced Landscape Changes in Israel Between the end of the 19Th Century and the Beginning of the 21Th Century
Authors: Schaffer Gad , Levin Noam 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This paper examines changes in Israel's landscape by comparing two time periods, 1881 and 2011. For this purpose we compared land cover derived from the Palestine Exploration Fund historical map to a present land cover map that was compiled from 38 different present-day GIS layers. The research aims were (1) to quantitatively examine what were the changes in Israel's landscape between 1881 and 2011; (2) to identify and explain spatial patterns in these landscape changes. Landscape transformation was categorized into five classes: 'residual bare' (no change in natural vegetation, mostly in desert areas); 'residual' (i.e. remnant; no change in natural vegetation class); 'transformed' (changes between different natural vegetation areas); 'replaced' (area which became managed); 'removed' (no or minimal natural vegetation). We found that only 21% of the area retained similar landscape classes as in the past, with the largest changes taking place in ecoregions that were favorable for developing agriculture - Jezreel Valley and the Sharon Plain. Two physical factors had a strong effect on the type of change in the landscape: (1) most of the agricultural areas and human settlements were found in areas ranging between 400-600 mm/year (2) natural land cover features were more common in areas with steeper slopes. We found that the majority of protected areas, 54.6%, are comprised of remnant vegetation classes (i.e. residual transformation class) however more than half of protected areas are located in desert areas and are thus biased in their representation of land cover classes.
Mapping site-level microtopography with Real- Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite Systems (RTK GNSS) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry (UAVP)
Authors: Roosevelt Christopher H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMicrotopographic mapping has a long history in archaeology and has gained prominence
recently owing to the proliferation of digital technologies. With such proliferation, it becomes necessary
to compare and contrast different approaches based on a common set of criteria. This article compares the
implementation and efficiency of two methods of mapping microtopography – ground-based Real-Time
Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK GNSS) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry
(UAVP) survey – assessing the pros and cons of each, including those related to data quality. ‘Off-the-shelf’
solutions for methods were used to create the comparative dataset of microtopographic maps of six Middle
and Late Bronze Age sites over the course of four seasons between 2007 and 2013 in the study area of
the Central Lydia Archaeological Survey in western Turkey. Comparison of results demonstrate that the
methods are similar with respect to ease of implementation, cost efficiency, and the (in)significance of data
defects, while, unsurprisingly, UAVP survey can be greater than one order of magnitude more labor efficient
than RTK GNSS survey and over two orders of magnitude more detailed as measured by data density. The
accuracy of both methods is high, within typical error budgets for site-level mapping, and comparable to
other recent digital mapping approaches. Accordingly, the results suggest that, given site suitability, UAVP
is the more labor and cost-efficient method in the long run, with significant data quality benefits.
Fabrication and characterization of compositionally graded Bi1−x
GdxFeO3 thin films
Authors: Chen Chang , Liu Zi , Wang Gui , Feng Xiao 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
An undoped BiFeO3 thin film, Gd doped Bi0.95Gd0.05FeO3 thin film with a constant composition, Gd up-graded doped Bi1−x
GdxFeO3 and Gd down-graded doped Bi1−x
GdxFeO3 thin films were successfully grown on Pt (111)/Ti/SiO2/Si (100) substrates using a sol-gel and spin coating technique. The crystal structure, ferroelectric and dielectric characteristics as well as the leakage currents of these samples were thoroughly investigated. The XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) patterns indicate that all these thin films consist of solely perovskite phase with polycrystalline structure. No other secondary phases have been detected. Clear polarization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis loops of all these thin films demonstrate that the incorporation of Gd3+ into the Bi site of BFO thin film have enhanced the ferroelectric performance of pure BiFeO3 thin film, and the Gd down-graded doped Bi1−x
GdxFeO3 thin film has the best ferroelectric properties. Compared to other thin films, the optimal ferroelectric behavior of the Gd down-graded doped Bi1−x
GdxFeO3 thin film results from its large dielectric constant, low dissipation factor and low leakage current.
Study of structures and properties of ZnO-Sb2O3-P2O5-Na2O glasses
Authors: Qi Yajun , Wang Zhiqiang , Zhai Shangru , Jiang Shuwen , Lin Hai 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The influence of ZnO substitution by 0–12 wt.% Na2O on the properties of ZnO-Sb2O3-P2O5-Na2O glasses has been investigated. The structure and properties of the glasses with the composition of (13.86-x)ZnO-57.93Sb2O3-28.21P2O5−x
Na2O (x = 0–12 wt.%) were characterized by infrared spectra (IR), X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The results of IR indicated an increase in the intensity of symmetric vibrations of P-O-P bond, which was confirmed by the improvement of water durability with the increasing amount of Na2O in the range of 0–10 wt.%. Substitution of 10 wt.% Na2O led to the weight loss of the glass to 5.93 mg/cm−2 after immersion in deionized water at 50 °C for 24 h. The results of XRD showed that the ability of crystallization decreased, indicating the good thermal stability of the glass. The glass containing 8 wt.% Na2O had the best properties in every respect and might be an alternative to lead based glasses for the applications, providing further composition improvement.
Preparation of polyaniline nanostructures doped with different dicarboxylic acids through template-free method
Authors: Sun Chuanyu , Wang Yu 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In this article nanoscaled polyanilines (PANI) were prepared based on template-free method in the presence of dicarboxylic acid dopants (e.g. D-tartaric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid and fumaric acid). The trans-cis isomerization of butenedioic acid played an important role in the formation of nanostructures from the plane-like to nanofibers, and the PANI doped with maleic acid (MA) had larger diameter, higher crystallinity and conductivity than PANI doped with fumaric acid (FA).
Magnetic characterization of nanocrystalline iron samples with different size distributions
Authors: Typek Janusz , Zolnierkiewicz Grzegorz , Pelka Rafal , Kielbasa Karolina , Arabczyk Walerian , Guskos Nikos 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Nanocrystalline iron was obtained by fusing magnetite and promoters. The oxidized form was reduced with hydrogen and passivated (sample P0). The average nanocrystallite size in sample P0 was d(P0) =16 nm and the width of size distribution was σ(P0) = 18 nm. Samples of nanocrystalline iron with narrower diameter ranges and larger and smaller average crystallite sizes were also synthesized. They were: sample P1 (d(P1) = 28 nm, σ(P1) = 5 nm), sample P2 (d(P2) = 22 nm, σ(P1) = 5 nm), sample P3 (d(P3) = 12 nm, σ(P1) = 9 nm). These four samples were studied at room temperature by dc magnetization measurements and ferromagnetic resonance at microwave frequency. Correlations between samples sizes distributions (average size and width of the sizes) and magnetic parameters (effective magnetization, anisotropy field, anisotropy constant, FMR linewidth) were investigated. It was found that the anisotropy field and effective magnetization determined from FMR spectra scale linearly with nanoparticle sizes, while the effective magnetic anisotropy constant determined from the hysteresis loops decreases with nanoparticle size increase.
Voice Disorders in Occupations with Vocal Load in Slovenia / Glasovne Težave V Poklicih Z Glasovno Obremenitvijo V Sloveniji
Authors: Boltežar Lučka , Šereg Bahar Maja 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Aim. The aim of this paper is to compare the prevalence of voice disorders and the risk factors for them in different occupations with a vocal load in Slovenia.
Methods. A meta-analysis of six different Slovenian studies involving teachers, physicians, salespeople, catholic priests, nurses and speech-and-language therapists (SLTs) was performed. In all six studies, similar questions about the prevalence of voice disorders and the causes for them were included.
Results. The comparison of the six studies showed that more than 82% of the 2347 included subjects had voice problems at some time during their career. The teachers were the most affected by voice problems. The prevalent cause of voice problems was the vocal load in teachers and salespeople and respiratory-tract infections in all the other occupational groups. When the occupational groups were compared, it was stated that the teachers had more voice problems and showed less care for their voices than the priests. The physicians had more voice problems and showed better consideration of vocal hygiene rules than the SLTs. The majority of all the included subjects did not receive instructions about voice care during education.
Conclusions. In order to decrease the prevalence of voice disorders in vocal professionals, a screening program is recommended before the beginning of their studies. Regular courses on voice care and proper vocal technique should be obligatory for all professional voice users during their career. The inclusion of dysphonia in the list of occupational diseases should be considered in Slovenia as it is in some European countries.
“No Hostages through These Doors”: Thomas Bartlett Whitaker’s “Hell’s Kitchen” and the Politics of PEN
Authors: Wells Ira 
Published: October 2014

Abstract: PEN International, one of the world’s first human rights organizations, has long defended the free speech of persecuted writers. The PEN Prison Writing Program, however, has a slightly different agenda, which is to help convicted criminals become writers. The PEN Prison Writing Program “believes in the restorative and rehabilitative power of writing” and encourages “the use of the written word as a legitimate form of power.” But what is the nature of the “power” of the written word? And what, moreover, will this power restore and rehabilitate? When PEN proclaims the “power” of the written word, are they honouring an important strand of America’s liberal intellectual heritage? Are they pledging allegiance to a romantic coupling of art and freedom? Are they inadvertently helping to bind prisoners ever more insidiously to the carceral regime? Or are they claiming something that is actually true? This article addresses these questions through a reading of Thomas Bartlett Whitaker’s prize-winning essay “ Hell’s Kitchen ” and finds that the power of Whitaker’s prison writing resides in its capacity to shock readers into a sensory appreciation of the radical strangeness of life lived in a state of civil death.
A Pharmacokinetic/Viral Kinetic Model to Evaluate the Treatment Effectiveness of Danoprevir against Chronic HCV
Authors: Canini Laetitia , Chatterjee Anushree , Guedj Jeremie , Lemenuel-Diot Annabelle , Brennan Barbara , Smith Patrick F , Perelson Alan S 
Published: October 2014

Background Viral kinetic models have proven useful to characterize treatment effectiveness during HCV therapy with interferon (IFN) or with direct-acting antivirals. Methods We use a pharmacokinetic/viral kinetic (PK/VK) model to describe HCV RNA kinetics during treatment with danoprevir, a protease inhibitor. In a Phase I study, danoprevir monotherapy was administered for 14 days in ascending doses ranging from 200 to 600 mg per day to 40 patients of whom 32 were treatment-naive and 8 were non-responders to prior pegylated IFN-α/ribavirin treatment. Results In all patients, a biphasic decline of HCV RNA during therapy was observed. A two-compartment PK model and a VK model that considered treatment effectiveness to vary with the predicted danoprevir concentration inside the second compartment provided a good fit to the viral load data. A time-varying effectiveness model was also used to fit the viral load data. The antiviral effectiveness increased in a dose-dependent manner, with a 14-day time-averaged effectiveness of 0.95 at the lowest dose (100 mg twice daily) and 0.99 at the highest dose (200 mg three times daily). Prior IFN non-responders exhibited a 14-day time-averaged effectiveness of 0.98 (300 mg twice daily). The second phase decline showed two different behaviours, with 30% of patients exhibiting a rapid decline of HCV RNA, comparable to that seen with other protease inhibitors (>0.3 day-1), whereas the viral decline was slower in the other patients. Conclusions Our results are consistent with the modest SVR rates from the INFORM-SVR study where patients were treated with a combination of mericitabine and ritonavir-boosted danoprevir.
Week 144 Resistance Analysis of Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF versus Efavirenz/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF in Antiretroviral-Naive Patients
Authors: White Kirsten L , Kulkarni Rima , McColl Damian J , Rhee Martin S , Szwarcberg Javier , Cheng Andrew K , Miller Michael D 
Published: October 2014

Background Here, the baseline and emergent resistance to elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF) versus efavirenz (EFV)/FTC/TDF in HIV-1-infected antiretroviral-naive adults through 144 weeks from the randomized, ongoing, Phase III study GS-US-236-0102 is described. Methods HIV-1 protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) were sequenced at screening; patients with HIV-1 resistant to EFV, FTC or TDF were excluded. Genotypic/phenotypic analyses were performed at virological failure confirmation and baseline for PR, RT and integrase (IN) for patients with virological failure and for patients with HIV-1 RNA≥400 copies/ml at weeks 48, 96, 144 or early study drug discontinuation. Retrospective, baseline, IN genotyping was conducted for EVG/COBI/FTC/ TDF patients. Results In the EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF group through week 144, HIV-1 from 10 patients (2.9%; 10/348 treated patients) developed primary IN strand transfer inhibitor ( n=9) and/or nucleoside RT inhibitor resistance substitutions ( n=10). The emergence of resistance decreased over time with 8, 2 and 0 patients developing HIV-1 resistance through week 48, post-week 48–96 and post-week 96–144, respectively. Emergent substitutions were E92Q ( n=7), N155H ( n=3), Q148R ( n=1) and T66I ( n=1) in IN, and M184V/I ( n=10) and K65R ( n=4) in RT. All 10 isolates had reduced susceptibility to EVG, FTC or TDF. Virus with EVG phenotypic resistance had cross-resistance to raltegravir. In the EFV/ FTC/TDF group, virus from 14 patients (4.0%; 14/352 treated patients; 4 during weeks 96–144) developed a resistance substitution to EFV ( n=14; K103N: n=13), FTC (M184V/I: n=4) or TDF (K65R: n=3). Conclusions Resistance development to EVG/COBI/FTC/ TDF was infrequent through 144 weeks of therapy and decreased over time, consistent with durable efficacy.