bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transient renal enlargement in pediatric hematopoietic cell transplant recipients
Authors: Chapman Teresa , Bodmer Nicholas , Benkeser David C. , Hingorani Sangeeta R. , Parisi Marguerite T. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAge‐dependent renal length tables are routinely used when interpreting pediatric ultrasound. Standard renal length tables may not be accurate for HCT patients due to treatment effects on kidney size. The purpose of this study was to determine whether renal size changes from expected lengths based on age after HCT in the absence of other markers of renal disease. Four hundred and fifty renal measurements were made on 101 patients who underwent HCT between 2006 and 2010. Renal length was measured at 1–90 days pre‐HCT and at 0–30, 31–90, 91–180, and 181+ days post‐HCT. Values were compared with normal renal length tables. Average post‐HCT renal lengths were greater than established normative renal length data within every age group. Age‐adjusted average renal lengths measured at 0–30 and 31–90 days post‐transplantation were significantly larger than pre‐HCT renal lengths, with relative increases of 6.9% (4.5, 9.4; p < 0.001) and 3.9% (1.4, 6.4; p = 0.003), respectively. Average renal length did not differ significantly after 90 days post‐transplantation. HCT patients may have larger kidneys in the absence of renal disease. Awareness of the potential phenomenon of transient renal enlargement following HCT can prevent misdiagnosis and eliminate unnecessary diagnostic evaluations, interventions, anxiety, resource allocation, and financial costs.
Do Home Visiting Services Received During Pregnancy Improve Birth Outcomes? Findings from Virginia PRAMS 2007–2008
Authors: Shah Monisha K. , Austin Kristin R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectivesReducing poor birth outcomes are national and state priorities. At the national level participation in home visiting services has gained momentum with the recent appropriation of federal funds for states to implement evidence‐based maternal and child health home visiting programs. The effects of having a home visit are unknown at the state level.Design and SampleUsing cross‐sectional data from 2007 to 2008 Virginia Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System (PRAMS), maternal and infant outcomes were examined. Women who had a home visit during pregnancy were assigned into the home visiting (HV) participation group and those who did not were assigned to the HV Comparison group and used for the analysis.MeasuresBivariate analyses, Rao‐Scott chi square tests, and multivariate logistic regression measured and quantified the association between HV participation and outcomes.ResultsThe HV Participation group were 87.5% less likely to have a low birth weight infant (0.13, 95% CI: 0.020, 0.78), 4.5 times more likely to initiate breastfeeding (aOR: 4.5, 95% CI: 1.05, 19.54), and 39 times more likely to use contraceptives postpartum (aOR: 38.55, 95% CI: 3.14, 473.21).ConclusionsReceiving home visiting services during pregnancy increased breastfeeding initiation and postpartum contraceptive use while reducing the risk of low birth weight.
Regulation of epinasty induced by 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in pea and Arabidopsis plants
Authors: Pazmiño D. M. , Rodríguez‐Serrano M. , Sanz M. , Romero‐Puertas M. C. , Sandalio L. M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe herbicide 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) causes uncontrolled cell division and malformed growth in plants, giving rise to leaf epinasty and stem curvature. In this study, mechanisms involved in the regulation of leaf epinasty induced by 2,4‐D were studied using different chemicals involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (diphenyleniodonium, butylated hydroxyanisole, EDTA, allopurinol), calcium channels (LaCl3), protein phosphorylation (cantharidin, wortmannin) and ethylene emission/perception (aminoethoxyvinyl glycine, AgNO3). The effect of these compounds on the epinasty induced by 2,4‐D was analysed in shoots and leaf strips from pea plants. For further insight into the effect of 2,4‐D, studies were also made in Arabidopsis mutants deficient in ROS production (rbohD, rbohF, xdh), ethylene (ein 3‐1, ctr 1‐1, etr 1‐1), abscisic acid (aba 3.1), and jasmonic acid (coi 1.1, jar 1.1, opr 3) pathways. The results suggest that ROS production, mainly ·OH, is essential in the development of epinasty triggered by 2,4‐D. Epinasty was also found to be regulated by Ca2+, protein phosphorylation and ethylene, although all these factors act downstream of ROS production. The use of Arabidopsis mutants appears to indicate that abscisic and jasmonic acid are not involved in regulating epinasty, although they could be involved in other symptoms induced by 2,4‐D.
Aggregate Human Health Risk Assessment from Dust of Daily Life in the Urban Environment of Beijing
Authors: Xu L.Y. , Shu X. 
Published: January 2014

Because of the high emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the environment by the increasing number of vehicles in Beijing and the absorption of these PAHs onto particulates, the performance of a preliminary health risk assessment of the aggregate exposure to PAHs of urban citizens in daily life is very important. Urban dust can be used to examine the aggregation of atmospheric particulates from local pollution sources over a long time period and the direct exposure of the urban human population. The environment's correlative with clothing, dining, residing, and traveling in urban daily life was assessed using exposure‐receptor‐oriented analysis. The multipathway exposure model was used to simulate the lifetime exposure of a female citizen to PAHs in dust. All of the PAH concentrations in dust for each behavior and its correlative environment in Beijing were acceptable because all of the carcinogenic risks of PAHs in the dust were approximately 1.0 × 10–6. The dominant induced carcinogenic risks in the dust were Benzo(a)pyrene and Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene. The main carcinogenic risk routes for humans were dermal contact and oral intake, which contributed on average 99.78% of the risk. Indoor risk is especially important, as the decoration and height within the building were important impact factors for carcinogenic risk induced by indoor PAHs. For people living in an urban area, a healthy lifestyle includes less decoration per room, living on a low floor, wearing a respirator, and reducing exposed skin area when traveling.
Aeolian sediment transport and deposition in a modern high‐latitude glacial marine environment
Authors: Chewings Jane M. , Atkins Cliff B. , Dunbar Gavin B. , Golledge Nicholas R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAeolian sand and dust in polar regions are transported offshore over sea ice and released to the ocean during summer melt. This process has long been considered an important contributor to polar sea floor sedimentation and as a source of bioavailable iron that triggers vast phytoplankton blooms. Reported here are aeolian sediment dispersal patterns and accumulation rates varying between 0·2 g m−2 yr−1 and 55 g m−2 yr−1 over 3000 km2 of sea ice in McMurdo Sound, south‐west Ross Sea, adjacent to the largest ice free area in Antarctica. Sediment distribution and the abundance of southern McMurdo Volcanic Group‐derived glass, show that most sediment originates from the McMurdo Ice Shelf and nearby coastal outcrops. Almost no sediment is derived from the extensive ice free areas of the McMurdo Dry Valleys due to winnowed surficial layers shielding sand‐sized and silt‐sized material from wind erosion and because of the imposing topographic barrier of the north‐south aligned piedmont glaciers. Southerly winds of intermediate strength (ca 20 m sec−1) are primarily responsible for transporting sediment northwards and offshore. The results presented here indicate that sand‐sized sediment does not travel more than ca 5 km offshore, but very‐fine sand and silt grains can travel >100 km from source. For sites >10 km from the coast, the mass accumulation rate is relatively uniform (1·14 ± 0·57 g m−2 yr−1), three orders of magnitude above estimated global atmospheric dust values for the region. This uniformity represents a sea floor sedimentation rate of only 0·2 cm kyr−1, well below the rates of >9 cm kyr−1 reported for biogenic‐dominated sedimentation measured over much of the Ross Sea. These results show that, even for this region of high‐windblown sediment flux, aeolian processes are only a minor contributor to sea floor sedimentation, excepting areas proximal to coastal sources.
Role of vegetation in shaping Early Pennsylvanian braided rivers: Architecture of the Boss Point Formation, Atlantic Canada
Authors: Ielpi Alessandro , Gibling Martin R. , Bashforth Arden R. , Lally Corinne , Rygel Michael C. , Al‐Silwadi Saif 
Published: January 2014

AbstractVegetation is a major driver of fluvial dynamics in modern rivers, but few facies models incorporate its influence. This article partially fills that gap by documenting the stratigraphy, architecture and palaeobotany of the Lower Pennsylvanian Boss Point Formation of Atlantic Canada, which contains some of the Earth's earliest accumulations of large woody debris. Braided‐fluvial systems occupied channel belts of varied scale within valleys several tens of metres deep and more than 12 km wide, and their deposits predominantly consist of sandy and gravelly bedforms with subordinate accretionary macroforms, high flow‐strength sand sheets and rippled abandonment facies. Discrete accumulations of clastic detritus and woody debris are up to 6 m thick and constitute at least 18% of the in‐channel deposits; they represent lags at the base of large and small channels, fills of minor channels and sandy macroforms that developed in central positions in the upper parts of channel fills. Sandstones with roots and other remnants of in situ vegetation demonstrate that vegetated islands were present, and the abundance of discrete channel fills suggests that the formation represents an anabranching, island‐braided sandbed river, the earliest example documented to date. Although some sphenopsid and lycopsid remains are present, most woody fragments are derived from cordaitalean trees, and the evolution of this group late in the Mississippian is inferred to have exerted a significant influence on fluvial morphodynamic patterns. The formation records a landscape in which active channel belts alternated with well‐drained floodplains colonized by dense, mature forests and local patches of pioneering, disturbance‐tolerant vegetation. Lakes and poorly drained floodplains dominated by carbonate and organic deposition, respectively, were also present. A large supply of woody debris triggered channel blockage and avulsion, and active channel margins and islands within the channel belts were initially colonized by pioneer vegetation and subsequently stabilized by large trees. A similar alternation of stable and unstable conditions is observed in modern braided rivers actively influenced by vegetation.
Doing Family Without Having Kids
Authors: Blackstone Amy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFamilies that do not include children are largely overlooked by family scholars and in popular discourse. Yet this is one of several family forms that has grown in developed nations since the 1970s. As increasingly fewer adults choose to become parents, understanding the families they create, and the consequences of these family forms, will become even more important. Studies of childless adults reveal that they create bonds to fulfill many of the same functions that families with children fulfill. Research on how, and the extent to which, the childless “do” family without kids is reviewed and suggestions for future research are made.
Provision of private, piped water and sewerage connections and directly observed handwashing of mothers in a peri‐urban community of Lima, Peru
Authors: Oswald William E. , Hunter Gabrielle C. , Kramer Michael R. , Leontsini Elli , Cabrera Lilia , Lescano Andres G. , Gilman Robert H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo estimate the association between improved water and sanitation access and handwashing of mothers living in a peri‐urban community of Lima, Peru.MethodsWe observed 27 mothers directly, before and after installation of private, piped water and sewerage connections in the street just outside their housing plots, and measured changes in the proportion of faecal‐hand contamination and hand‐to‐mouth transmission events with handwashing.ResultsAfter provision of water and sewerage connections, mothers were approximately two times more likely to be observed washing their hands within a minute of defecation, compared with when they relied on shared, external water sources and non‐piped excreta disposal (RR = 2.14, 95% CI = 0.99–4.62). With piped water and sewerage available at housing plots, handwashing with or without soap occurred within a minute after 48% (10/21) of defecation events and within 15 min prior to 8% (11/136) of handling food events.ConclusionsHandwashing increased following installation of private, piped water and sewerage connections, but its practice remained infrequent, particularly before food‐related events. Infrastructural interventions should be coupled with efforts to promote hygiene and ensure access to water and soap at multiple on‐plot locations convenient to mothers.
Quantifying filariasis and malaria control activities in relation to lymphatic filariasis elimination: a multiple intervention score map (MISM) for Malawi
Authors: Stanton Michelle C. , Mkwanda Square , Mzilahowa Themba , Bockarie Moses J. , Kelly‐Hope Louise A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo quantify the geographical extent of filariasis and malaria control interventions impacting lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Malawi and to produce a multiple intervention score map (MISM) for prioritising surveillance and intervention strategies.MethodsInterventions included mass drug administration (MDA) for LF and onchocerciasis, and bed nets and indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria. District and subdistrict‐level data were obtained from the Ministry of Health in Malawi, the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and President's Malaria Initiative reports. Single intervention scores were calculated for each variable based on population coverage thresholds, and these were combined in a weighted sum to form a multiple intervention score, which was then used to produce maps, that is MISMs. Districts were further classified into four groups based on the combination of their baseline LF prevalence and multiple intervention score.ResultsThe district‐ and subdistrict‐level MISMs highlighted specific areas that have received high and low coverage of LF‐impacting interventions. High coverage areas included the LF‐onchocerciasis endemic areas in the southern region of the country and areas along the shores of Lake Malawi, where malaria vector control had been prioritised. Three districts with high baseline LF prevalence measures but low coverage of multiple interventions were identified and considered to be most at risk of ongoing transmission or re‐emergence.ConclusionsThese maps and district classifications will be used by LF programme managers to identify and target high‐risk areas that may not have received adequate LF‐impacting interventions to interrupt the transmission of the disease.
Nonmuscle Myosin II Is a Critical Regulator of Clathrin‐Mediated Endocytosis
Authors: Chandrasekar Indra , Goeckeler Zoe M. , Turney Stephen G. , Wang Peter , Wysolmerski Robert B. , Adelstein Robert S. , Bridgman Paul C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractVariable requirements for actin during clathrin‐mediated endocytosis (CME) may be related to regional or cellular differences in membrane tension. To compensate, local regulation of force generation may be needed to facilitate membrane curving and vesicle budding. Force generation is assumed to occur primarily through actin polymerization. Here we examine the role of myosin II using loss of function experiments. Our results indicate that myosin II acts on cortical actin scaffolds primarily in the plane of the plasma membrane (bottom arrow) to generate changes that are critical for enhancing CME progression.
Testing the performance of registered herbicides on the control of Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Asteraceae) in South African grasslands
Authors: Goodall J M , Witkowski E T F 
Published: January 2014

SummaryWe report on the performance of the registered herbicides picloram and metsulfuron‐methyl on the control of Campuloclinium macrocephalum (pompom weed) in grasslands. Herbicide trials in hydric and xeric grasslands were treated for three consecutive years in either summer (February) or autumn (April) and monitored for an additional 3 years after spraying ceased. Uncontrolled factors such as a host‐specific rust, fire and drought were observed from the second year of the study. Metsulfuron‐methyl and picloram did not differ in efficacy according to the timing of applications, but average mortality of marked plants was <80% expected of registered herbicides. Populations of C. macrocephalum in plots were reduced proportionately to the percentage mortality of marked plants. Picloram and metsulfuron‐methyl applied at 252 g a.i. ha−1 and 45 g a.i. ha−1, respectively, were not detectable by gas chromatography in the upper 25 cm of the soil profile during any of the sampling intervals from 0 to 56 days after treatment. Three annual applications of registered herbicide did not reduce C. macrocephalum successfully, and it is estimated that between five (summer) to seven (autumn) annual treatments are required to reduce weed density to <1 plant per plot (25 m2). Future research should focus on rust–herbicide interactions, the role of fire in seedbank management and fire as a treatment that could be integrated with chemical control.
Muscle contraction increases interstitial nitric oxide as predicted by a new model of local blood flow regulation
Authors: Golub Aleksander S. , Song Bjorn K. , Pittman Roland N. 
Published: January 2014

Key points
The metabolic theory of blood flow regulation suggests that, when tissue cells experience a reduction of oxygen supply, they produce metabolic vasodilators, which increase the lumen of arterioles and hence local blood flow.
A century of intensive research has not found a single metabolic vasodilator to account for observed flow changes, therefore current thought is that there are many vasodilators.
We have proposed an alternative hypothesis based on the interaction of two well‐known molecular mechanisms for generation and removal of the intercellular signalling radicals nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide.
The proposed mechanism of regulation predicts a sharp increase in NO concentration in the intercellular space at the onset of muscle contraction.
Experiments with the NO‐sensitive fluorescent indicator DAF‐FM, loaded into the intercellular space, confirmed the rapid response of the NO‐related signal at the beginning of contractions and rapid washout of the indicator after their termination.
AbstractThe prevailing metabolic theory of local blood flow regulation suggests the dilatation of arterioles in response to tissue hypoxia via the emission of multiple metabolic vasodilators by parenchymal cells. We have proposed a mechanism of regulation, built from well‐known components, which assumes that arterioles are normally dilated in metabolically active tissues, due to the emission of NO by the endothelium of microvessels. Regulation of local blood flow aims at preventing an excessive supply of oxygen (O2) and glucose to the tissue and thus provides an adequate supply, in contrast to the metabolic regulation theory which requires permanent hypoxia to generate the metabolic vasodilators. The mediator of the restrictive signal is superoxide anion (O2−) released by membrane NAD(P)H oxidases into the interstitial space, where it neutralizes NO at a diffusion‐limited rate. This model predicts that the onset of muscle contraction will lead to the cessation of O2− production, which will cause an elevation of interstitial NO concentration and an increase in fluorescence of the NO probe DAF‐FM after its conversion to DAF‐T. The time course of DAF‐T fluorescence in contracting muscle is predicted by also considering the washout from the muscle of the interstitially loaded NO indicator. Experiments using pulse fluorimetry confirmed an increase in the interstitial concentration of NO available for reaction with DAF‐FM during bouts of muscle contraction. The sharp increase in interstitial [NO] is consistent with the hypothesis that the termination of the neutralizing superoxide flow into the interstitium is associated with the activation of mitochondria and a reduction of the interstitial oxygen tension. The advantage of the new model is its ability to explain the interaction of metabolic activity and local blood flow through the adequate delivery of glucose and oxygen.
Improvement of the Reliability of Thin-Film Interconnections Based on the Control of the Crystallinity of the Thin Films
Authors: Asai Osamu , Furuya Ryosuke , Fan Chuanhong , Suzuki Ken , Miura Hideo 
Published: January 2014

Electroplated copper thin films have started to be applied to not only interconnections in printed wiring boards, but also thin film interconnections and TSV (Through Silicon Via) in semiconductor devices because of its low electric resistivity and high thermal conductivity. Thus, the electrical reliability of the electroplated copper interconnections was discussed experimentally.
The relationship between the electrical properties and crystallographic quality (crystallinity) of electroplated copper thin-film interconnections was investigated. The crystallinity of the grains and grain boundaries of the interconnections was evaluated on the basis of the image quality (IQ) value obtained by electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The electrical properties of the interconnections vary significantly depending on their crystallinity. The crystallinity also changed drastically as functions of electroplating conditions and the annealing temperature after electroplating.
Although the electro migration (EM) resistance of the annealed interconnection is improved, the stress-induced migration (SM) is activated by a high residual tensile stress after annealing caused by the strong constraint of the shrinkage of the film during recrystallization. To improve its electrical reliability without heat treatment after the electroplating, the effects of the seed layer under the interconnections on the crystallinity of the electroplated film was investigated. As a result, the crystallinity was improved by changing the seed layer from Cu to Ru. In addition, the decrease in current density during electroplating also improves the crystallinity. Therefore, both introducing the Ru seed layer in addition to decreasing the current density during electroplating is effective for developing highly reliable copper interconnections.