bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mathematical modeling for improved greenhouse gas balances, agro‐ecosystems, and policy development: lessons from the Australian experience
Authors: Moore Andrew D. , Eckard Richard J. , Thorburn Peter J. , Grace Peter R. , Wang Enli , Chen Deli 
Published: August 2014

If the land sector is to make significant contributions to mitigating anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in coming decades, it must do so while concurrently expanding production of food and fiber. In our view, mathematical modeling will be required to provide scientific guidance to meet this challenge. In order to be useful in GHG mitigation policy measures, models must simultaneously meet scientific, software engineering, and human capacity requirements. They can be used to understand GHG fluxes, to evaluate proposed GHG mitigation actions, and to predict and monitor the effects of specific actions; the latter applications require a change in mindset that has parallels with the shift from research modeling to decision support. We compare and contrast 6 agro‐ecosystem models (FullCAM, DayCent, DNDC, APSIM, WNMM, and AgMod), chosen because they are used in Australian agriculture and forestry. Underlying structural similarities in the representations of carbon flows though plants and soils in these models are complemented by a diverse range of emphases and approaches to the subprocesses within the agro‐ecosystem. None of these agro‐ecosystem models handles all land sector GHG fluxes, and considerable model‐based uncertainty exists for soil C fluxes and enteric methane emissions. The models also show diverse approaches to the initialisation of model simulations, software implementation, distribution, licensing, and software quality assurance; each of these will differentially affect their usefulness for policy‐driven GHG mitigation prediction and monitoring. Specific requirements imposed on the use of models by Australian mitigation policy settings are discussed, and areas for further scientific development of agro‐ecosystem models for use in GHG mitigation policy are proposed. WIREs Clim Change 2014, 5:735–752. doi: 10.1002/wcc.304This article is categorized under:

Integrated Assessment of Climate Change > Applications of Integrated Assessment to Climate Change
The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior
Prognostic Value of the Number and Size of Venous Invasions in pT3 Colorectal Cancer: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Shinto Eiji , Tsuda Hitoshi , Ueno Hideki , Shimazaki Hideyuki , Yamamoto Junji , Hase Kazuo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundAlthough venous invasion is reportedly a clinically useful prognostic marker for colorectal cancer, suitable grading criteria have not been established.ObjectiveThis prospective observational study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the number and size of venous invasions in patients with pT3 colorectal cancer.MethodsWe recruited 139 consecutive patients with pT3 colorectal carcinomas resected between October 2001 and August 2003. We used slides of whole‐tissue sections stained with Elastica van Gieson. Venous invasion was classified according to the number of veins with carcinoma infiltration per slide with most venous invasions (V‐number classification): V(n)‐low 0–3 and V(n)‐high ≥4. Additionally, the findings were classified according to the maximal size of veins containing carcinoma infiltration (V‐size classification): V(s)‐low <1 mm and V(s)‐high ≥1 mm. The grades of venous invasions were evaluated just after surgery.ResultsThe 5‐year survival rate of V(n)‐low and V(n)‐high were 89.9 and 59.1 %, respectively (p < 0.0001). Comparisons between overall survival curves revealed that V‐number classification (but not V‐size classification) had a significant prognostic value in patients with pT3 cancer, especially in stage II patients (98.2 and 64.2 %, respectively; p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed distant metastasis, age, and V‐number classification (hazard ratio 3.1; p = 0.0071) as independent prognostic indicators.ConclusionsV‐number classification may be a useful prognostic system when evaluating and sub‐grouping patients with pT3 colorectal cancer.
Mutations in hereditary phosphoglucomutase 1 deficiency map to key regions of enzyme structure and function
Authors: Beamer Lesa J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRecent studies have identified phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1) deficiency as an inherited metabolic disorder in humans. PGM1 deficiency is classified as both a muscle glycogenosis (type XIV) and a congenital disorder of glycosylation of types I and II. Affected patients show multiple disease phenotypes, reflecting the central role of the enzyme in glucose homeostasis, where it catalyzes the interconversion of glucose 1‐phosphate and glucose 6‐phosphate. The influence of PGM1 deficiency on protein glycosylation patterns is also widespread #Affecting both biosynthesis and processing of glycans and their precursors. To date, 21 different mutations involved in PGM1 deficiency have been identified, including 13 missense mutations resulting in single amino acid changes. Growing clinical interest in PGM1 deficiency prompts a review of the molecular context of these mutations in the three‐dimensional structure of the protein. Here the known crystal structure of PGM from rabbit (97 % sequence identity to human) is used to analyze the mutations associated with disease and find that many map to regions with clear significance to enzyme function. In particular, amino acids in and around the active site cleft are frequently involved, including regions responsible for catalysis, binding of the metal ion required for activity, and interactions with the phosphosugar substrate. Several of the known mutations, however, are distant from the active site and appear to manifest their effects indirectly. An understanding of how the different mutations that cause PGM1 deficiency affect enzyme structure and function is foundational to providing clinical prognosis and the development of effective treatment strategies.
Inhibition of Endothelial Lipase Activity by Sphingomyelin in the Lipoproteins
Authors: Yang Peng , Belikova Natalia A. , Billheimer Jeff , Rader Daniel J. , Hill John S. , Subbaiah Papasani V. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEndothelial lipase (EL) is a major determinant of plasma HDL concentration, its activity being inversely proportional to HDL levels. Although it is known that it preferentially acts on HDL compared to LDL and VLDL, the basis for this specificity is not known. Here we tested the hypothesis that sphingomyelin, a major phospholipid in lipoproteins is a physiological inhibitor of EL, and that the preference of the enzyme for HDL may be due to low sphingomyelin/phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) ratio in HDL, compared to other lipoproteins. Using recombinant human EL, we showed that sphingomyelin inhibits the hydrolysis of PtdCho in the liposomes in a concentration‐dependent manner. While the enzyme showed lower hydrolysis of LDL PtdCho, compared to HDL PtdCho, this difference disappeared after the degradation of lipoprotein sphingomyelin by bacterial sphingomyelinase. Analysis of molecular species of PtdCho hydrolyzed by EL in the lipoproteins showed that the enzyme preferentially hydrolyzed PtdCho containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as 22:6, 20:5, 20:4 at the sn‐2 position, generating the corresponding PUFA‐lyso PtdCho. This specificity for PUFA‐PtdCho species was not observed after depletion of sphingomyelin by sphingomyelinase. These results show that sphingomyelin not only plays a role in regulating EL activity, but also influences its specificity towards PtdCho species.
Mixing Phase Behavior of 1,3‐Dipalmitoyl‐2‐Oleoyl‐sn‐Glycerol (POP) and 1,2‐Dipalmitoyl‐3‐Oleoyl‐rac‐Glycerol (PPO) in n‐Dodecane Solution
Authors: Ikeda‐Naito Eriko , Hondoh Hironori , Ueno Satoru , Sato Kiyotaka 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe examined the mixing phase behavior of 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycerol (POP) and 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐3‐oleoyl‐rac‐glycerol (PPO) in organic solutions containing n‐dodecane (C12) as a solvent to confirm whether the molecular compound (MC) crystals of POP/PPO are formed as metastable and most stable forms in the dilute solution by using DSC and synchrotron radiation X‐ray diffraction. The POP/PPO mixtures were prepared at different concentration ratios of POP and PPO with a 10 % increment in two solutions having weight concentration ratios of (POP+PPO):C12 of 50:50 (50 % solution) and 20:80 (20 % solution). We found that MC crystals formed at a ratio of POP/PPO = 50/50 having the melting point of 23.1 and 20.6 °C in 50 and 20 % solution systems in stable states of incubated samples, respectively. The metastable (β′) and stable (β) forms of MC of POP/PPO = 50/50 having a double‐chain‐length structure were confirmed in kinetic behavior and thermodynamically stable states attained after long time incubation, in contrast to the triple‐chain‐length structure of stable forms of POP (β) and PPO (β′). In addition, we observed the formation of MC crystals of POP/PPO in diluted solutions having n‐dodecane concentrations up to 98 % and conclude that molecular interactions between POP and PPO molecules to form MC crystals are not altered by solvent molecules in diluted solutions.
Formoterol in the treatment of experimental cancer cachexia: effects on heart function
Authors: Toledo Míriam , Springer Jochen , Busquets Sílvia , Tschirner Anika , López-Soriano Francisco J. , Anker Stefan D. , Argilés Josep M. 
Published: August 2014

Background and aimsFormoterol is a highly potent β2‐adrenoceptor‐selective agonist, which is a muscle growth promoter in many animal species, resulting in skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Previous studies carried out in our laboratory have shown that formoterol treatment in tumour‐bearing animals resulted in an amelioration of muscle loss through different mechanisms that include muscle apoptosis and proteolysis.MethodsThe study presented involved rats bearing the Yoshida AH‐130 ascites tumour model—which induces a high degree of cachexia—treated with the beta‐2 agonist formoterol (0.3 mg/kg BW).ResultsThe administration of formoterol to cachectic tumour‐bearing rats resulted in a significant reduction of muscle weight loss. The treatment also increased lean body mass and body water. The treatment, however, did not influence heart weight, which was much decreased as a result of tumour burden. Untreated tumour‐bearing rats showed important changes in parameters related with heart function:, left ventricle (LV) ejection fraction, fractional shortening, LV diameter and volume (diastolic) and LV stroke volume, LV mass and posterior wall thickness (PWT) (both systolic and diastolic). The administration of formoterol affected LV diameter and volume, LV stroke volume and LV mass.ConclusionsThe results suggest that formoterol treatment, in addition to reducing muscle wasting, does not negatively alter heart function—in fact, some cardiac parameters are improved—in animals affected by cancer cachexia.
Does privatisation drive innovation? Business model innovation through stakeholder viewpoints: the case of Sydney Airport 10 years post-privatisation
Authors: Bowyer Dorothea , Chapman Ross L. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBroad economic and social reform, rapid technological change and increasing global competition have meant that organisations must consider all aspects of their business model in order to successfully create and capture ongoing customer value. In this study it is proposed that business model innovation must always consider and incorporate the symbiotic and interdependent relationship that stakeholders have with an organisation. One particular aspect of economic reform, privatisation, has become an important driver of economic growth in many economies, particularly when linked with the rapid growth of air travel. Privatisation of an airport can generate a radical change in the overall business model for the airport owner and the various stakeholders involved in the operation of the airport. Sydney Airport has restructured its overarching business model to meet the demands of stakeholders. Using feedback from key stakeholders, this research examines the generally accepted view that airport privatisation leads to an improvement in airport performance. Chesbrough's Business Model Framework provides a lens to assist the analysis of Sydney Airport operations before and after privatisation, and provides valuable insights into the impact of privatisation on business model innovation.
Board independence and firm performance in Southern Europe: A contextual and contingency approach
Authors: García-Ramos Rebeca , García-Olalla Myriam 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis study analyses whether or not the effect of board independence on a firm's strategic performance is moderated by family involvement in ownership and control. Moderation of the board's size and the independent director ratio are tested under quadratic specifications. The effect of CEO duality with family involvement on long-term sales growth is also measured. The empirical analysis is conducted in the Southern European context using a sample of publicly traded firms that have concentrated ownership structures. The main findings indicate that when nonlinearities are considered, family involvement moderates the relationship between the independent director ratio and firm performance. The optimal proportion of independent directors is lower in family businesses than in non-family ones. However, the results fail to support nonlinearities for board size. We find positive linear relationships between both board size and CEO duality with firm performance, which are not moderated by family involvement.
Different strokes: IPO risk factors, investor valuation, and firm survival
Authors: Mousa Fariss-terry , Bierly Paul E. , Wales William J 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAs a firm prepares for initial public offering, the Securities and Exchange Commission mandates that top managers must record risks to their firms’ survival or performance in the prospectus. More specifically we propose that external risk factors (market risks, legal risks, and government regulations risks) have a more negative effect on investor optimism and initial public offering valuation, while internal risk factors (management risks, operational risks, technical risks) have a more negative effect on post-initial public offering long-term firm survival. This study illustrates a major gap between risk factors that investors initially focus on and the true determinants of long-term success.
Dawes Review 4: Spiral Structures in Disc Galaxies
Authors: Dobbs Clare , Baba Junichi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe majority of astrophysics involves the study of spiral galaxies, and stars and planets within them, but how spiral arms in galaxies form and evolve is still a fundamental problem. Major progress in this field was made primarily in the 1960s, and early 1970s, but since then there has been no comprehensive update on the state of the field. In this review, we discuss the progress in theory, and in particular numerical calculations, which unlike in the 1960s and 1970s, are now commonplace, as well as recent observational developments. We set out the current status for different scenarios for spiral arm formation, the nature of the spiral arms they induce, and the consequences for gas dynamics and star formation in different types of spiral galaxies. We argue that, with the possible exception of barred galaxies, spiral arms are transient, recurrent and initiated by swing amplified instabilities in the disc. We suppose that unbarredm= 2 spiral patterns are induced by tidal interactions, and slowly wind up over time. However the mechanism for generating spiral structure does not appear to have significant consequences for star formation in galaxies.
REMARKS ON VALUE SHARING OF CERTAIN DIFFERENTIAL POLYNOMIALS OF MEROMORPHIC FUNCTIONS
Authors: LI XIAO-MIN , YI HONG-XUN 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe use Zalcman’s lemma to study a uniqueness question for meromorphic functions where certain associated nonlinear differential polynomials share a nonzero value. The results in this paper extend Theorem 1 in Yang and Hua [‘Uniqueness and value-sharing of meromorphic functions’, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Math. 22 (1997), 395–406] and Theorem 1 in Fang [‘Uniqueness and value sharing of entire functions’, Comput. Math. Appl. 44 (2002), 823–831]. Our reasoning in this paper also corrects a defect in the reasoning in the proof of Theorem 4 in Bhoosnurmath and Dyavanal [‘Uniqueness and value sharing of meromorphic functions’, Comput. Math. Appl. 53 (2007), 1191–1205].
HOUSEHOLD NUCLEATION, DEPENDENCY AND CHILD HEALTH OUTCOMES IN GHANA
Authors: ANNIM SAMUEL KOBINA , AWUSABO-ASARE KOFI , AMO-ADJEI JOSHUA 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThis study uses three key anthropometric measures of nutritional status among children (stunting, wasting and underweight) to explore the dual effects of household composition and dependency on nutritional outcomes of under-five children in Ghana. The objective is to examine changes in household living arrangements of under-five children to explore the interaction of dependency and nucleation on child health outcomes. The concept of nucleation refers to the changing structure and composition of household living arrangements, from highly extended with its associated socioeconomic system of production and reproduction, social behaviour and values, towards single-family households – especially the nuclear family, containing a husband and wife and their children alone. A negative relationship between levels of dependency, as measured by the number of children in the household, and child health outcomes is premised on the grounds that high dependency depletes resources, both tangible and intangible, to the disadvantage of young children. Data were drawn from the last four rounds of the Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys (GDHSs), from 1993 to 2008, for the first objective – to explore changes in household composition. For the second objective, the study used data from the 2008 GDHS. The results show that, over time, households in Ghana have been changing towards nucleation. The main finding is that in households with the same number of dependent children, in nucleated households children under age 5 have better health outcomes compared with children under age 5 in non-nucleated households. The results also indicate that the effect of dependency on child health outcomes is mediated by household nucleation and wealth status and that, as such, high levels of dependency do not necessarily translate into negative health outcomes for children under age 5, based on anthropometric measures.
Does pterygopalatine canal injection with local anaesthetic and adrenaline decrease bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery?
Authors: Valdes C J , Al Badaai Y , Bogado M , Samaha M 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjective:To determine the effect of pterygopalatine fossa injection with xylocaine and adrenaline on: surgical field bleeding and blood loss during functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis, and the duration of the procedure.Methods:A prospective, single-blinded, controlled trial was performed in a tertiary care academic centre. A total of 45 patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis, whose disease was symmetrical based on computed tomography grading, were included. A unilateral pterygopalatine fossa injection with 1 per cent xylocaine and 1:100 000 adrenaline was performed after the induction of anaesthesia. The contralateral side served as the control. The operating surgeon, who was blinded to the injected side, assessed the surgical field using a validated six-item grading system. Blood loss, blood pressure, heart rate and end-tidal carbon dioxide were recorded every 15 minutes for each side separately, and duration of surgery was noted.Results:There was no statistically significant difference in the surgical field grade between the injected and non-injected sides (p = 0.161). There were no differences in blood loss or duration of surgery.Conclusion:Pterygopalatine fossa injection prior to functional endoscopic sinus surgery did not decrease intra-operative surgical field bleeding, blood loss or duration of surgery.
The politics of inclusion: Changing patterns in the governance of international security
Authors: POULIOT VINCENT , THÉRIEN JEAN-PHILIPPE 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe debate on the reform of the Security Council can be conceptualised as the most recent episode in the evolution of World Governing Councils (WGCs), that is, the highest-level intergovernmental bodies charged with regulating the international use of violence. Building on a historical comparison of key formative and transformative moments – 1815, 1919, 1945, and post-Cold War – we argue that the modern evolution of WGCs is characterised by increasing inclusiveness. More specifically, we show that the number of participants involved in deliberations has constantly risen; that legitimating principles have gradually tilted in favour of ‘input legitimacy’; that the constitutive rules and procedures have steadily gained in transparency; and that the WGCs themselves have comprised an expanding membership with a decreasing number of veto points. At the theoretical level, these converging trends can be explained by the existence of a ‘ratchet effect’ whereby new norms and practices of inclusion accumulate over time. However concrete and long lasting, the democratic gains registered in the process must be cast in terms of historically specific politics and struggles rather than in terms of lofty ideals promoted by altruistic norm entrepreneurs.
Late-Stalinist ideological campaigns and the rupture of jazz: ‘jazz-talk’ in the Soviet Estonian cultural newspaperSirp ja Vasar
Authors: Reimann Heli 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper on Soviet Estonian jazz explores the dynamics of the processes which temporarily extinguished jazz from the public arena during late-Stalinism. This microhistory inflected study draws on the conception of ‘rupture’ through a close reading of the way jazz was constructed in the official narratives of the Estonian cultural newspaperSirp ja Vasar.Jazz in Estonia experienced no rupture during the first postwar years, but then the three successive Stalinist campaigns, each with gradually decreasing tolerance towards jazz, led finally to the temporary public disappearance of the music in 1950. The strategies enforced in the late 1940s, such as anti-jazz orchestra reform, dance reforms that banned the foxtrot and the other modern dances, and the eradication of the word jazz from public discourse, all served to silence the ‘formalistic’ musical form by framing it with negative connotations and by shaping the taste of the masses according to Soviet ideological paradigms.