bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on reasons of dropout of EPI vaccination in selected slum area of Dhaka city, Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Latifur , Biswas Haridas , Hossain Tofazzel , Khan Abdul Mazid , Khan Ishaq Ali 
Published: June 2013

This cross sectional study carried out at a selected slum in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. The objective of the study was to examine the reasons of dropout of EPI vaccination among the children of slum areas. Mothers having children 11-23 months with history of EPI dropout were included in the study. A total of 128 mothers were interviewed. Out of 128 respondents 32.8% were in the age of 26-30 yrs; 96.9% were married, 65.7% were housewife, 62.5% had 4-6 members in the family, 50.78% had primary education & rest 10.15% had secondary level education. Approximately 53.1% of the husbands of the respondents were day laborers, and 57.8% of the family had a monthly income in range of Tk. 2001-3000. Out of 128 dropout children, 31.2% were in the age group 11-13 moths and 28.2% were in the age group 20 months and above. During the interview, respondents were able to show the EPI Card of their children. The main reasons for dropping out were a lack of awareness to complete the vaccination schedule (25%), and illness of child (21.9%). The other reasons were fear of reaction (9.4%) and business of the mother (9.4%). There is a need to intensify efforts to increase access for immunization, strengthen surveillance and promote health education to reduce the dropouts in slum areas.South East Asia J Public Health | Jan-June 2012 | Vol 2 Issue 1 | 64-67 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v2i1.15268
Le Havre, l'axe Paris-Seine et les routes maritimes mondiales
Authors: Frémont Antoine 
Published: June 2013

Le port du Havre est en perte de vitesse face à Anvers ou Rotterdam : pour des raisons économiques (dynamisme allemand) et géographiques difficiles à modifier à court terme, mais aussi du fait de choix stratégiques sur lesquels on peut influer, pour mieux insérer la France dans les échanges mondiaux en transformant le rapport entre les terres intérieures et l’ouverture au grand large.
Tanger Med : un pari sur l'avenir du détroit de Gibraltar
Authors: Daoud Zakya 
Published: June 2013

Projet monumental visant à accaparer, avec Algésiras, le trafic maritime dans le détroit de Gibraltar, Tanger Med veut se mettre au niveau des plus grands ports internationaux. Mais la construction de digues, la mise en place de zones franches, le déplacement du trafic bouleversent la région. Comment l’avancée économique que représente Tanger Med peut-elle s’accorder avec un immobilisme politique ?
Les mécanismes de la mobilisation latino à San Diego (Californie) lors des élections générales de 2012
Authors: Bonnet Émilie 
Published: June 2013

Plus encore que lors des précédentes élections générales étatsuniennes, celles de 2012 furent marquées par la participation notoire des Latinos. La croissance démographique exponentielle du groupe suffit à en faire un enjeu politique majeur. Cela étant, le nouvel intérêt induit par cette seule donnée pour la communauté, aux échelles nationale et internationale, ne peut en masquer une autre, d’importance égale quoique moins visible. Il s’agit de l’implication des électeurs militants à l’échelle locale et des mécanismes spécifiques mis en place à cette échelle. Les élections générales correspondent à un scrutin multiple durant lequel les enjeux locaux surpassent parfois, et de manière considérable, le débat présidentiel. À San Diego, la période qui a entouré l’élection fut l’occasion de mobiliser et d’organiser la communauté latino, appréhendée dans son ensemble, sur des enjeux particulièrement variés. Variables d’une échelle à l’autre, les ressorts de la mobilisation politique de la communauté latino sont plus complexes qu’il n’y paraît.
Hormone Receptors and Age Distribution in Breast Cancer Patients at a University Hospital in Northern Egypt
Authors: Hussein Osama , Mosbah Mahmoud , Farouk Omar , Farag Kamel , El-Saed Aiman , Arafa Mohammad , Abdallah Ahmed 
Published: June 2013

IntroductionBreast cancer is the most common cancer among Egyptian women. The disease is often advanced at diagnosis. Since molecular profiling is not feasible in routine practice, we sought to examine the association of age distribution with hormone receptor profile, disease stage and outcome among Egyptian women.Patients and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of breast cancer patients treated at Mansoura University Cancer Center in the Nile Delta from 2006 through 2011. Age groups were examined in relation to hormone receptors status and tumor clinicopathological criteria. Additionally, the effect of receptor status on disease relapse and disease-free survival was examined with logistic regression and Kaplan–Meier analysis.ResultsA total of 263 patients were included in the current analysis. About 66.9% (n = 176) of patients were hormone receptor positive, 14.1% (n = 37) were Her2/neu positive, and 19.0% (n = 50) were triple negative. Median age of the patients was 52 years and was equal across all receptor status types. Triple negative status correlated with increased risk of disease relapse (odds ratio = 1.8, P = 0.03) and with shortened disease-free survival (hazards ratio = 2.6, P < 0.01).ConclusionThe age distribution and receptor status pattern in the Nile Delta region does not explain the aggressive behavior of the disease. The age of the patients at diagnosis is older than patients in earlier studies from Egypt emphasizing the importance of implementing mammographic screening programs.
Developing High-Fidelity Hepatotoxicity Models From Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Medine Claire N. , Lucendo-Villarin Baltasar , Storck Christopher , Wang Faye , Szkolnicka Dagmara , Khan Ferdous , Pernagallo Salvatore , Black James R. , Marriage Howard M. , Ross James A. , Bradley Mark , Iredale John P. , Flint Oliver , Hay David C. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Faithfully recapitulating human physiology “in a dish” from a renewable source remains a holy grail for medicine and pharma. Many procedures have been described that, to a limited extent, exhibit human tissue-specific function in vitro. In particular, incomplete cellular differentiation and/or the loss of cell phenotype postdifferentiation play a major part in this void. We have developed an interdisciplinary approach to address this problem, using skill sets in cell biology, materials chemistry, and pharmacology. Pluripotent stem cells were differentiated to hepatocytes before being replated onto a synthetic surface. Our approach yielded metabolically active hepatocyte populations that displayed stable function for more than 2 weeks in vitro. Although metabolic activity was an important indication of cell utility, the accurate prediction of cellular toxicity in response to specific pharmacological compounds represented our goal. Therefore, detailed analysis of hepatocellular toxicity was performed in response to a custom-built and well-defined compound set and compared with primary human hepatocytes. Importantly, stem cell-derived hepatocytes displayed equivalence to primary human material. Moreover, we demonstrated that our approach was capable of modeling metabolic differences observed in the population. In conclusion, we report that pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes will model toxicity predictably and in a manner comparable to current gold standard assays, representing a major advance in the field.
Pluripotent Stem Cells in Translation: A Food and Drug Administration-National Institutes of Health Collaboration
Authors: Kleitman Naomi , Rao Mahendra S. , Owens David F. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and the stem cell research community have collaborated on a series of workshops that address moving pluripotent stem cell therapies into the clinic. The first two workshops in the series focused on preclinical science, and a third, future workshop will focus on clinical trials. This summary addresses major points from both of the recent preclinically focused meetings. When entering into a therapeutics developmental program based on pluripotent cells, investigators must make decisions at the very early stages that will have major ramifications during later phases of development. Presentations and discussions from both invited participants and FDA staff described the need to characterize and document the quality, variability, and suitability of the cells and commercial reagents used at every translational stage. This requires consideration of future regulatory requirements, ranging from donor eligibility of the original source material to the late-stage manufacturing protocols. Federal, industrial, and academic participants agreed that planning backward is the best way to anticipate what evidence will be needed to justify human testing of novel therapeutics and to eliminate wasted efforts.
Patient Perspectives on Achieving Treat‐to‐Target Goals: A Critical Examination of Patient‐Reported Outcomes
Authors: Curtis Jeffrey R. , Shan Ying , Harrold Leslie , Zhang Jie , Greenberg Jeffrey D. , Reed George W. 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveTreat‐to‐target (T2T) recommendations suggest that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients should strive for remission or low disease activity (LDA). However, it is unclear whether patients experiencing a good response to biologic agents might experience further improvement in patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) if they subsequently achieve a lower disease activity state, particularly the T2T goals of LDA or remission.MethodsUsing the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America database, we identified RA patients initiating biologic agents. We restricted the analysis to patients with improvement (Clinical Disease Activity Index [CDAI] improvement of ≥10 units) at 3–6 months (baseline visit; n = 1,368) with a followup visit approximately 9 months later (n = 984). Patients in CDAI remission or with a worsened disease activity category were excluded, leaving 562 eligible patients. PROs (global assessment, pain, and fatigue by 0–10 visual analog scales and disability by the modified Health Assessment Questionnaire [M‐HAQ]) were examined at these 2 visits. Mean change in PROs compared achievement of a lower disease activity category versus staying in the same disease activity category, adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsPatients who achieved a lower disease activity category (40% of the eligible cohort, 86% of these achieving LDA or remission) had significantly better improvement in patient pain (−14.9; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] −18.4, −11.6), patient global (−17.5; 95% CI −20.8, −14.3), fatigue (−8.5; 95% CI −15.8, −1.3), and M‐HAQ score (−0.13; 95% CI −0.18, −0.08) compared to patients who stayed in the same disease activity category. However, even for patients improving, fewer than half exceeded the minimum clinically important difference for each PRO.ConclusionAchievement of a lower disease activity disease state, especially T2T goals, was associated with further improvement in PROs, albeit modest in magnitude.
Biomimetic Coatings to Control Cellular Function through Cell Surface Engineering
Authors: Drachuk Irina , Gupta Maneesh K. , Tsukruk Vladimir V. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBiologically inspired materials and structures with tailored biological, physical, and chemical properties provide an indispensable platform to actively modulate and protect cell function in hostile and synthetic environments (e.g., devices or matrices). Herein, recent innovations are discussed in cell surface engineering methods based on bulk hydrogels, microgels, and ultrathin capsules derived from inorganic, polymeric, biomolecular, or nanoparticle materials applicable to various protective and interaction mediating applications. These biomimetic cell coatings can dramatically increase cell viability and stability in a hostile environment and expand their applicability for demanding biomedical, biotechnology, and bioelectronics applications. Some of the most recent studies of traditional inorganic and organic gels, polymeric and biomolecular microgels, and ultrathin conformal soft shells from polymers and proteins are also discussed. Proper selection of chemical composition and assembly conditions has potential to dramatically enhance viability of encapsulated cells by increasing their mechanical stability, masking the cell surface from immunological agents, increasing mechanical stability, and providing chemical resistance to aggressive environments. Some recent examples of such robust and viable protected cells for biotechnology and bioelectronics are presented.
Integrating Multiple Resistive Memory Devices on a Single Carbon Nanotube
Authors: Brunel David , Anghel Costin , Kim Do‐Yoon , Tahir Saïd , Lenfant Stéphane , Filoramo Arianna , Kontos Takis , Vuillaume Dominique , Jourdain Vincent , Derycke Vincent 
Published: June 2013

AbstractNano‐objects would be of great interest for the development of new types of electronic circuits if one could combine their nanometer scale with original functionalities beyond the conventional transistor action. However, the associated circuit architectures will have to handle the increasing variability and defect rate intrinsic to the nanoscale. In this context, there is a very fast growing interest for memory devices, and in particular resistive memory devices, used as building blocks in reconfigurable circuits tolerant to defects and variability. It was recently shown that optically gated carbon nanotube field effect transistors (OG‐CNTFETs) based on large assemblies of nanotubes covered by an organic photoconductive thin film can be operated as programmable resistors and thus used as artificial synapses in circuits with function‐learning capabilities. Here, the potential of such approach is evaluated in terms of scalability by integrating and addressing several individually programmable resistances on a single carbon nanotube. In addition, the charge storage mechanism can be controlled at a length scale smaller than the device length allowing to also program the direction in which the current flows. It thus demonstrates that a single nanotube section can combine all‐in‐one the properties of an analog resistive memory and of a rectifying diode with tunable polarity.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer Metal Complexes and Their Catalytic Activity in Ethylene Oligomerization
Authors: Ahamad Tansir , Alshehri Saad M. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTA new polymeric ligand, 4,7‐dihydroxy‐1,10‐phenanthroline/formaldehyde polymeric ligand [poly‐(DHPF)], was synthesized via the polycondensation of 4,7‐dihydroxy‐1,10‐phenanthroline and formaldehyde in an acidic medium. Polymer metal complexes, poly‐[DHPF‐M(II)Cl2], were subsequently prepared with Co(II) and Ni(II) ions. The synthesized polymers were characterized by elemental and spectral analyses. The polymer metal complexes were evaluated as catalyst precursors for ethylene oligomerization, using methylaluminoxane as an activator. Different Al/M [M = Co(II) and Ni(II)] ratios were investigated at two different ethylene pressures. Poly‐[DHPF‐Co(II)Cl2] (C1) and poly‐([DHPF‐Ni(II)Cl2] (C2) were isolated as blue and green solids, respectively. Complex C2 was found to be a more effective precatalyst than C1 in the presence of a cocatalyst. Thus, C2 exhibited the maximum activity of 1.92 × 106 g mol−1 (Ni) h−1 bar−1 with an Al/Ni ratio of 3000:1 at room temperature, whereas C1 exhibited a maximum activity of 1.87 × 106 g mol−1(Co) h−1 bar−1 with a 5‐atm pressure of ethylene. Upon increasing the Al/Co ratio at 1 atm pressure of ethylene, the catalytic activity of precatalyst increased and the process became more selective for higher oligomers. The catalytic activity and selectivity with 1‐decene using C1 were 3.16 × 105 g mol−1(Co) h−1 bar−1 and 72%, respectively, with 5 atm ethylene and an Al/Co ratio of 300:1. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21350; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21350
Effects of Li3+ and Ni9+ Ion Beams on Polyether Sulfone Polymer
Authors: Ramola R. C. , Semwal Anju , Negi Ambika , Joshi Veena , Singh Fouran 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTHigh‐energy ion beam irradiation of polymer is an effective technique to enhance the optical, structural, and mechanical properties. So polyether sulfone (PES) films were irradiated by lithium ions (energy 45 MeV, charge state 3+) and nickel ions (energy 120 MeV, charge state 9+) with fluence varying from 3 × 1010 to 3 × 1012 ions/cm2. Ion‐induced optical, structural, and surface modifications were studied by ultraviolet‐visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractrometer (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). PES suffers degradation under irradiation. It is observed that the band gap of the polymer decreases with ion fluence. The decrease in the band gap was found to be more in the case of the Ni ion beam as compared to the Li ion beam. The intensity of the infrared bands, characteristics of different chemical functional groups are found to be decreased with swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation. Significant loss of crystallinity was observed at higher fluences. Atomic force microscopy showed that the roughness of the polymer surface increased with increasing fluence © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21360; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21360
Relating Recombination, Density of States, and Device Performance in an Efficient Polymer:Fullerene Organic Solar Cell Blend
Authors: Hawks Steven A. , Deledalle Florent , Yao Jizhong , Rebois Dylan G. , Li Gang , Nelson Jenny , Yang Yang , Kirchartz Thomas , Durrant James R. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe explore the interrelation between density of states, recombination kinetics, and device performance in efficient poly[4,8‐bis‐(2‐ethylhexyloxy)‐benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b']dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl‐alt‐4‐(2‐ethylhexyloxy‐1‐one)thieno[3,4‐b]thiophene‐2,6‐diyl]:[6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PBDTTT‐C:PC71BM) bulk‐heterojunction organic solar cells. We modulate the active‐layer density of states by varying the polymer:fullerene composition over a small range around the ratio that leads to the maximum solar cell efficiency (50–67 wt% PC71BM). Using transient and steady‐state techniques, we find that nongeminate recombination limits the device efficiency and, moreover, that increasing the PC71BM content simultaneously increases the carrier lifetime and drift mobility in contrast to the behavior expected for Langevin recombination. Changes in electronic properties with fullerene content are accompanied by a significant change in the magnitude or energetic separation of the density of localized states. Our comprehensive approach to understanding device performance represents significant progress in understanding what limits these high‐efficiency polymer:fullerene systems.
Plasma‐Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition of Ultrathin Oxide Coatings for Stabilized Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Kim Hyea , Lee Jung Tae , Lee Dong‐Chan , Magasinski Alexandre , Cho Won‐il , Yushin Gleb 
Published: June 2013

AbstractOne of the most challenging problems in the development of lithium–sulfur batteries is polysulfide dissolution, which leads to cell overcharge and low columbic efficiency. Here, we propose the formation of a thin conformal Li‐ion permeable oxide layer on the sulfur‐carbon composite electrode surface by rapid plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) in order to prevent this dissolution, while preserving electrical connectivity within the individual electrode particles. PEALD synthesis offers a fast deposition rate combined with a low operating temperature, which allows sulfur evaporation during deposition to be avoided. After PEALD of a thin layer of aluminium oxide on the surface of electrode composed of large (ca. 10 μm in diameter) S‐infiltrated activated carbon fibers (S‐ACF), significantly enhanced cycle life is observed, with a capacity in excess of 600 mA·h·g−1 after 300 charge–discharge cycles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows a significant amount of redeposited lithium sulfides on the external surface of regular S‐ACF electrodes. However, the PEALD alumina‐coated electrodes show no lithium sulfide deposits on the fiber surface. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) studies of the electrodes’ chemical composition further confirms that PEALD alumina coatings dramatically reduce S dissolution from the cathodes by confining the polysulfides inside the alumina barrier.
Structural and Electrochemical Study of Al2O3 and TiO2 Coated Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 Cathode Material Using ALD
Authors: Zhang Xiaofeng , Belharouak Ilias , Li Li , Lei Yu , Elam Jeffrey W. , Nie Anmin , Chen Xinqi , Yassar Reza S. , Axelbaum Richard L. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractNanolayers of Al2O3 and TiO2 coatings were applied to lithium‐ and manganese‐rich cathode powder Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. The ALD coatings exhibited different surface morphologies; the Al2O3 surface film appeared to be uniform and conformal, while the TiO2 layers appeared as particulates across the material surface. In a Li‐cell, the Al2O3 surface film was stable during repeated charge and discharge, and this improved the cell cycling stability, despite a high surface impedance. The TiO2 layer was found to be more reactive with Li and formed a LixTiO2 interface, which led to a slight increase in cell capacity. However, the repetitive insertion/extraction process for the Li+ ions caused erosion of the surface protective TiO2 film, which led to degradation in cell performance, particularly at high temperature. For cells comprised of the coated Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 and an anode of meso‐carbon‐micro‐beads (MCMB), the cycling stability introduced by ALD was not enough to overcome the electrochemical instability of MCMB graphite. Therefore, protection of the cathode materials by ALD Al2O3 or TiO2 can address some of the capacity fading issues related to the Li‐rich cathode at room temperature.
Selectively Modified Cobyrinic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Proinsias Keith ó , Giedyk Maciej , Banach Łukasz , Rutkowska‐Zbik Dorota , Gryko Dorota 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA method for the synthesis of cobinamide derivatives by aminolysis of cobyrinate (CN)2Cby(III)(OMe)6(c‐lactone) is described. Reactions catalyzed by a benzotriazole/1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) system afford heptaamides in good yields. During aminolysis of heptamethyl cobyrinate hydroxylation occurred at the C8 position. DFT calculations indicate that the CH bond at this position is the weakest and, as such, is the easiest to break. The use of (CN)2Cby(III)(OMe)6(c‐lactone) circumvented the problem, as the hydroxy group is already present at the 8 position and can be easily removed by c‐lactone reformation and subsequent reduction. Moreover, selective functionalization of heptaamides at either the c or meso position was also explored.
Reaktionen an Nucleinsäuretemplaten: mehr Methoden zur Übersetzung Oligonucleotid‐basierter Informationen in neue Funktionen
Authors: Gorska Katarzyna , Winssinger Nicolas 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDie Programmierbarkeit der Oligonucleotid‐Erkennung bietet eine vielversprechende Plattform, um die Anordnung von Reaktanten zu steuern. Sowohl bei der Bandbreite chemischer Umwandlungen als auch beim funktionalen Ergebnis der Reaktion wurden kürzlich erhebliche Fortschritte erzielt. Hier fassen wir diese jüngsten Fortschritte zusammen und erläutern ihre Anwendungen, z. B. die Übersetzung von Oligonucleotid‐Informationen in Funktionsmaterialien und neuartige Architekturen (leitende Polymere, Nanomuster, neuartige Oligonucleotid‐Kreuzungen) oder – mithilfe zellulärer RNA – in fluoreszierende oder bioaktive Moleküle; zur Untersuchung von Sekundärstrukturen oder Oligonucleinsäuren; sowie in ein synthetisches Oligomer.