bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constellations and named stars
Authors: Evans James 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Several constellations are mentioned by Homer and Hesiod, including Orion, Boötes, and the Bear (Ursa Major), which is also called the Wagon. A few conspicuous stars are mentioned: Arcturus, Sirius, and the Pleiades. These names therefore go back to the beginning of Greek literature. The constellations of the Babylonian zodiac were borrowed, probably in the fifth century
BCE
, with minor modifications. For example, where the Babylonians had the Bull of Heaven and the Great Twins, the Greeks placed our Taurus and Gemini. However, our Aries (the ram) corresponds to the Babylonians' “Hired Laborer.” The Babylonians originally called Libra the “Claws” of the scorpion and counted it as a distinct part of a double constellation. In the Hellenistic period, Greek astronomers first called this constellation “Claws” and later “Balance,” a name that also had Babylonian roots.
Exploration
Authors: Romm James 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Led by the Ionians dwelling in Asia Minor, the Greeks, beginning in the seventh century
BCE
, undertook a systematic investigation of the lands and peoples around them. Their researches and theories gradually filled out a picture of the
oikoumene
, the “inhabited earth” made up of Africa, Asia and Europe, that was handed down to the Romans and through them to the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
Gynecology
Authors: Schubert Charlotte 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe gynecological texts of the Corpus Hippocraticum (De muliebribus, De mulierum affectibus, De natura muliebri, De natura pueri, De sterilibus[=De muliebribus III], andDe superfetatione) partially belong to the first half of the fifth century and thus are to be counted among the oldest prose texts of Greek antiquity in general.
Hippocrates of Kos
Authors: Schubert Charlotte 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHippocrates (born ca. 460BCEin Kos, died ca. 370 Larissa, Thessaly) is considered by many today (and especially by modern physicians) to be the founder of occidental medical science, a rank he was already assigned in antiquity. However, this standard portrayal of this most famous physician is the product of a tradition that only began many years after Hippocrates' death.
Martianus Capella
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria L. E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMartianus Capella was a poet, influenced by Neoplatonism, who probably came from Roman Africa (CARTHAGE) and wrote his masterpiece,De Nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii(Willis 1983) in the early fifth centuryCE, likely before 439, although the dating of Martianus is difficult.
Numbers, Mesopotamian
Authors: Seal Theodora 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

One must distinguish the abstract concept of number from the use of a symbol representing the counted item. In Mesopotamia, the use of counting symbols, in the form of stone tokens, is attested in the seventh millennium
BCE
, well before the use of writing. By the time writing appears in Uruk at the end of the fourth millennium, approximately a dozen different numerical systems were in use.
Pliny theElder (GaiusPliniusSecundus)
Authors: Isager Jacob 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPliny the Elder (23 or 24–79CE) is known for his monumentalNatural History(Naturalis Historia), the earliest encyclopedia surviving from antiquity. His nephew, Pliny the Younger, set him a lasting memorial in a letter vividly describing the Elder Pliny's heroic death during the eruption of Vesuvius (Ep. 6.16).
Rufus of Ephesos
Authors: Langslow David 
Published: December 2012

AbstractRufus of Ephesos was a physician and medical author, fl. under Trajan (r. 98–117CE); one of the few of his predecessors admired by Galen, and perhaps second only to Galen among the doyens of medicine in the Roman Empire; influential in the east to the end of antiquity and throughout the Middle Ages, especially among the Arabs.
Autochthony
Authors: Walter Uwe 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

In Greek myths of origin,

(etymologically probably “to possess the land since time immemorial,” only secondarily: “sprang from the land itself”) in the narrow sense of the word signified a person neither begotten nor born by parents, but “earthborn” (

), such as Erichthonios in Athens or the Spartoi (“sown‐men”), who, as completed warriors, sprung from the dragon's teeth sown by Kadmos (Kühr 2006: 109–12).
Furniture, Greece and Rome
Authors: Mols Stephan T. A. M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Traditionally handbooks on Greek and Roman interiors state that ancient houses were sparsely furnished, with only the most necessary items. This assumption is highly influenced by the nineteenth century, as in that age most ideas about ancient domestic culture, including interior decoration, were formed. Aristocratic houses in nineteenth century Europe were anything but sparsely furnished, especially compared to what was known about Classical antiquity. After posing this assumption, the handbooks list the items of furniture used in antiquity, based on sources of very diverse origin, mostly departing from depictions of furniture in Greek and Roman art. These are labeled with names used for furniture in ancient literature and sometimes epigraphical material.
Guest‐friendship (hospitium)
Authors: Wilker Julia 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGuest‐friendship forms a prominent and consistent feature of all periods of Classical antiquity and is reflected in all genres of ancient literature. The Greekxenia(xeinie), or Latinhospitium, provided the basis of relations between individuals from different places and/or states. As a form of ritualized friendship, it also constituted an element fundamental for trade connections and the formation of interstate relations.
Kinship
Authors: Wilgaux Jérôme 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA traditional and commonplace definition is given by theNotes and Queries on Anthropology(1951: 75): “Kinship is a relationship actually or putatively traced through parent–child or sibling relations, and recognized for social purposes.” Beginning in the late 1950s, however, the so‐called “nature of kinship” debate (with contributions by Gellner, Needham, Barnes, Beattie, and others) shows that the relation between the biological facts themselves and their recognition for social purposes is not as straightforward as it might seem.
Marriage, Greece and Rome
Authors: Sánchez‐Moreno Ellart Carlos 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn Archaic Greece, marriage was mainly an institution to relate a father‐in‐law (or whoever had thekyrieiaover the woman) and a son‐in‐law around political and social alliances (Hom.Il. 9.144;Od. 1.228; 2.196; 4.5), and this feature endured throughout the history of Greek law.
Phratry
Authors: Smith Christopher 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPhratries first appear in Homer (e.g.,Il.9.63; 2.362). The obvious etymology withphrater(“brother”) encouraged a belief that the phratries were originally genuine brotherhoods, and given the connection in Homer with organizing the army, this led to reconstructions which dwelt on familial bands. In fact, they seem more likely to have represented fictional kinship groups, and subsequently maintained an involvement in, and relationship to, issues of citizenship and inheritance.
Retirement
Authors: Parkin Tim 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn his final years, before dying at the age of 81 or thereabouts, Plato envisaged that in his ideal state the guardians of the law, thenomophylakes, would have to retire at 70 years of age (Laws6.755a). Such a compulsory retirement was imaginary; in reality, enforced compulsion was practically unheard of in antiquity. Men in high office tended to serve until they died. In classical Athens, citizen males in their sixtieth year served as public arbitrators (diaitetai): this might be seen as a rite of passage but certainly did not mark the end of citizen rights and duties. Indeed, the age of sixty years was in Sparta theminimumage to serve on thegerousia, and that office lasted until death (Aristotle for one noted the potential negative aspects of such protracted service,Politics2.1270b). In Rome, senators also served for life, though avoluntaryretirement age of sixty or sixty‐five was apparently introduced in the first centuryCE. Outside of the political arena too, compulsory retirement, or indeed almost any concept of retirement, was all but nonexistent.
Anatomical votives
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: December 2012

AbstractVotive offerings include depictions of body parts placed under the protection of a deity. Most extant anatomical votives are made in stone, terracotta, wood, bronze, and ivory (painting, relief, sculpture); temple inventories reveal that some were also made in materials that did not survive – such as wax, gold, and silver – that were melted down.
Adad (Haddu)
Authors: Masetti‐Rouault Maria Grazia 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The storm god, who was called Adad in Akkadian, Iškur in Sumerian, Haddu or Adda in West Semitic dialects, Teššub in Hurrian, and Tarhunza in Hittite, was prominent in almost all the cultures and religions of the ancient Near East. In later Syrian tradition, Adad/Haddu was sometimes identified as the son of Dagan, also an important god of agriculture and weather. His role in official and national pantheons transcends the simple representation of the powers of tempest, wind, rain, lightning, and thunder, from which his name probably derives.
Arsaces
Authors: Wiesehöfer Joseph 
Published: December 2012

AbstractArsaces I (ruled ca. 247–217BCE), whom Roman sources disparagingly call a “man of obscure origins” (Just. 41.4.6; Amm. 23.6.2), was a Parnian chieftain who became the founder of the Arsacid Dynasty and the first king of the Parthian Empire.
Ilkum
Authors: Reculeau Hervé 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Derived from the Akkadian root 'LK “to go,” hence “to follow, serve,”
ilku(m)
denotes a service (performed by either the beneficiary or a substitute) owed to the royal authority in exchange for an allotment of land. By extension, it also refers to that plot of land, and a sum paid in lieu of the service. The Akkadian word
ilku(m)
is attested in the second and first millennia
BCE
, but its Sumerian counterparts
Giš
D U S U and Š U K U are already attested in the third millennium
BCE
.
Limmum
Authors: Veenhof Klaas R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe wordlimmumwas the title of an Assyrian office that is attested from the early twentieth centuryBCEto the end of the Assyrian Empire in 612BCE. Originally thelimmumwas chosen by lot (using inscribed dice) from the main lineages of the population ofASHUR, and each holder of the office served for one year.
Melammu
Authors: Pongratz‐Leisten Beate 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Akkadian termmelammu(derived from Sumerian M E ‐ L E M4) broadly signifies “radiance, awe‐inspiring sheen,” but has been subject to multiple interpretations (Oppenheim 1943; Cassin 1968; Winter 1994; Ataç 2007); in the dictionaries melammu is interpreted as synonymous with terms used for luminosity or splendor.
Mesha of Moab
Authors: Smelik Klaas A. D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMesha, son of Kemosh‐yat(ti), was a Moabite king who led a successful revolt against the kingdom of Israel in the ninth centuryBCE. Probably both Mesha and his father had been chiefs of the Dibon tribe before assuming kingship over the whole of Moab.
Solomon
Authors: Cline Eric H. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Solomon, the son of David and Bathsheba, ruled the united kingdoms of Israel and Judah during the mid‐tenth century
BCE
. He is known to us only from the Hebrew Bible, for no extra‐biblical evidence has yet been found to confirm his existence. However, there seems no reason to doubt that he existed, although the extent of his realm and the significance of Jerusalem during his lifetime remain a matter of debate.
Expression of Nerve Growth Factor and its Receptor in Distracted Tibial Nerve after Limb Lengthening
Authors: Shao Heng , Shu Hengsheng , Wang Chunmei , Yuan Wu , Li Yunsheng 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDespite many experimental and clinical studies conducted on distraction osteogenesis (DO) in the past decade, changes in the surrounding tissues that occur after the procedure remains poorly understood. To study the biochemical changes of recovery in nerve tissues upon DO‐induced nerve injury, we prepared a rabbit model of tibia lengthening to observe the expression pattern of nerve growth factor (NGF) and low‐affinity NGF receptor (p75NGFR) in the distracted tibial nerve. The distracted tibial nerve was harvested at various time points during the consolidation period of new bone formation and immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression of NGF and p75NGFR. The expression levels of NGF and p75NGFR were found to be different at various times after DO. The changes in expression of these two cellular factors show similar tendencies with significantly elevated expression in Schwann cells at 7 and 14 days after distraction, but low or undetectable levels of expression at 0, 28, and 56 days. These results suggest that NGF and p75NGFR may play important roles in the adaptive process of the distracted nerve. NGF and p75NGFR are autocrine growth factors present in the distracted nerve during the early consolidation period. NGF interacts with p75NGFR to promote damage repair and reconstruction of nerves. Together, this study furthers the understanding of the relative mechanisms of nerve repair, as well as provides a further basis for the clinical application of neurotrophins. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High concordance of EGFR mutation status between histologic and corresponding cytologic specimens of lung adenocarcinomas
Authors: Sun Ping‐Li , Jin Yan , Kim Hyojin , Lee Choon‐Taek , Jheon Sanghoon , Chung Jin‐Haeng 
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUNDActivating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) are associated significantly with responsiveness to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The objective of this study was to investigate the suitability of cytologic specimens for assessing EGFR mutations in lung adenocarcinomas.METHODSSixty paired histologic and cytologic specimens of lung adenocarcinoma were collected. Exons 18 through 21 of the EGFR gene were amplified using polymerase chain reaction, and the mutation status of each sample was analyzed by pyrosequencing. A comparison of EGFR mutation status between histologic specimens and cytologic specimens was performed.RESULTSThe overall EGFR mutation concordance rate between histologic specimens and corresponding cytologic specimens was 91.7%. No significant difference was observed in the concordance rate between cytologic specimens from primary lesions and specimens from metastatic lesions (P = .63). The following parameters were correlated with the most reliable EGFR mutation results using the pyrosequencing method (100% concordance with the corresponding histologic specimens) in cytologic samples: a DNA concentration >25 ng/μL, content of >30 tumor cells, or a tumor percentage >30%.CONCLUSIONSIn this study, routinely prepared cytologic specimens were reliable sources for assessing EGFR mutation status. The authors concluded that cytologic specimens from metastatic lesions and primary tumors are suitable for the successful assessment of EGFR mutation status. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:311–9. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis of Tellurasila Cycles Containing an Annelated Dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12) Unit: Structure of a 1,4‐Ditellura‐2,3‐disilacyclohexane Derivative
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , Klimkina Elena V. , Milius Wolfgang 
Published: December 2012

AbstractInsertion of tellurium into C–Li bonds of dilithiated 1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12) gave 1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborano(12)‐1,2‐ditellurolate [(1,2‐C2B10H10)Te2Li2](Et2O) which, after reaction with 1,2‐dichlorotetramethyldisilane, afforded a six‐membered heterocycle containing the Te–Si–Si–Te unit with an annelated carborane moiety, characterized by multinuclear magnetic resonance and X‐ray structural analysis. As a byproduct, a five‐membered ring containing a Si–Si–Te unit was formed, which was obtained as a major product, using conditions favouring partial insertion of tellurium into C–Li bonds. Treatment of [(1,2‐C2B10H10)Te2Li2](Et2O) with dichlorodimethylsilane led to a five‐membered heterocycle as a major product containing a Te–Te–Si unit. Various decomposition/hydrolysis/oxidation products could be identified by multinuclear magnetic resonance, among them most notably 1,2‐di(hydrotelluro)‐1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12).
Fused‐Silica Capillary Dropping Mercury Electrode for Electrocapillary Measurements
Authors: Součková J. , Skopalová J. , Švecová H. , Barták P. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA homemade fused‐silica capillary dropping mercury electrode was used for the investigation of the adsorption behavior of a complex system by electrocapillary measurements. A mixture of soybean phospholipids, known as asolectin, was used for this purpose. The proposed setup with a fused‐silica capillary electrode enables to observe aggregation and adsorption of asolectin aggregates at the mercury electrode surface and to determine the concentrations corresponding to the formation of asolectin micelles (critical micelle concentration, CMC) and liposomes (critical liposome concentration, CLC). Values of CMC (196.2–39.0 mg L−1) and CLC (1360–350 mg L−1) were obtained from the dependence of drop time on the logarithm of asolectin concentration in phosphate buffer pH 7.0 within a concentration range from 1 to 50 mmol L−1.
Preparation of Ag‐Nanoparticles/Ionic‐Liquid Modified Screen‐Printed Electrode and Its Application in the Determination of Metronidazole
Authors: Sadeghi Susan , Hemmati Masoud , Garmroodi Aziz 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA new homemade disposable screen‐printed carbon electrode consisting of graphite and cellulose acetate printing ink modified with the ionic liquid 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([OMIM][PF6]) and Ag nanoparticles for electrochemical determination of Metronidazole (MTZ) is introduced. The electroanalytical performance of the modified screen‐printed electrode for reduction of MTZ based on differential pulse voltammetry was intensively evaluated. The response of the developed electrode exhibited well bimodal linear behavior in the MTZ concentration range between 3.1–310 µM and 310–1300 µM with a detection limit of 0.4 µM. The developed electrode was applied to the determination of MTZ in pharmaceutical and human urine samples.
Countercation Effect on Reactivity ofo‐(Fluorodimethylsilyl)phenyl Anion
Authors: Kawachi Atsushi , Teranishi Takuya , Deguchi Takuma , Yamamoto Yohsuke 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThe countercation effect on the reactivity of ambiphilico‐(fluorodimethylsilyl)phenyl anion was investigated by replacing Li in1with Cu (4and5), Mg (6), and Zn (7). The reactivity of the aryl metal species was estimated by the yields of dimerized product3, which were monitored by GC. X‐ray crystallographic analysis, DFT calculations, and AIM analysis of bis(aryl)zinc7were performed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 24:53–57, 2013; View this article online atwileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21062
Exploration of effects of emodin in selected cancer cell lines: enhanced growth inhibition by ascorbic acid and regulation of LRP1 and AR under hypoxia‐like conditions
Authors: Masaldan Shashank , Iyer Vidhya V. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThis study explores the link between the antiproliferative activity of emodin through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various cancer cell lines and the expression of the androgen receptor (AR) in the prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP (androgen‐sensitive) and PC‐3 (androgen‐refractory), as well as the pro‐metastatic low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1 (LRP1) in the above prostate cancer cells and the nonprostate cell lines A549 (lung), HCT‐15 (colon) and MG‐63 (bone) under normoxic and hypoxia‐like conditions. Among all cell lines, emodin showed most growth inhibition in LNCaP, followed by A549. The mechanism of cytotoxicity of emodin was postulated to be the widely reported ROS generation, based on the observations of poor in vitro radical‐scavenging activity and increased growth inhibition of emodin by ascorbic acid (AA) pre‐treatment owing to the additive effects of ROS generation by emodin and pro‐oxidant effects of AA. Emodin downregulated AR in LNCaP under normoxic and hypoxia‐like conditions (simulated by CoCl2) and LRP1 under normoxia. Emodin upregulated LRP1 in other cell lines, except HCT‐15, under normoxic, and even more markedly under hypoxia‐like conditions. The downregulation of AR in LNCaP and upregulation of LRP1 in all cell lines, except HCT‐15, under hypoxia‐like conditions along with growth inhibition by emodin, suggests that emodin may be a useful therapeutic option against androgen‐sensitive prostate cancer and other such LRP1‐expressing cancers to attempt the targeting of the elevated LRP1 levels to allow the uptake of emodin and/or any other accompanying therapeutic agents by LRP1. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A valence bond model for aqueous Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions in the AMOEBA polarizable force field
Authors: Xiang Jin Yu , Ponder Jay W. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA general molecular mechanics (MM) model for treating aqueous Cu2+and Zn2+ions was developed based on valence bond (VB) theory and incorporated into the atomic multipole optimized energetics for biomolecular applications (AMOEBA) polarizable force field. Parameters were obtained by fitting MM energies to that computed byab initiomethods for gas‐phase tetra‐ and hexa‐aqua metal complexes. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the proposed AMOEBA‐VB model were performed for each transition metal ion in aqueous solution, and solvent coordination was evaluated. Results show that the AMOEBA‐VB model generates the correct square‐planar geometry for gas‐phase tetra‐aqua Cu2+complex and improves the accuracy of MM model energetics for a number of ligation geometries when compared to quantum mechanical (QM) computations. On the other hand, both AMOEBA and AMOEBA‐VB generate results for Zn2+–water complexes in good agreement with QM calculations. Analyses of the MD trajectories revealed a six‐coordination first solvation shell for both Cu2+and Zn2+ions in aqueous solution, with ligation geometries falling in the range reported by previous studies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An analytical approach for computing Franck‐Condon integrals of harmonic oscillators with arbitrary dimensions
Authors: Chang Jia‐Lin , Huang Cyong‐Huei , Chen Sue‐Chang , Yin Tsung‐Hao , Chen Yi‐Tsung 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe have developed an analytical approach for computing Franck‐Condon integrals (FCIs) of harmonic oscillators (HOs) with arbitrary dimensions in which the mode‐mixing Duschinsky effect is taken into account. A general formula of FCIs of HOs was obtained and was applied to study the photoelectron spectroscopy of vinyl alcohol and ovalene (C32H14). The equilibrium geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies and normal modes of vinyl alcohol, ovalene, and their cations were computed at the B3LYP/aug‐cc‐pVTZ or the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level, from which Franck‐Condon factors were calculated and photoelectron spectra were simulated. The adiabatic ionization energies of vinyl alcohol were also computed by extrapolating the CCSD(T) energies to the complete basis set limit with aug‐cc‐pVXZ (X = D, T, Q, 5). The simulated photoelectron spectra of both vinyl alcohol and ovalene are in agreement with the experiments. The computed adiabatic ionization energies of syn‐ and anti‐vinyl alcohol are in consistent with the experiment within 0.008 eV and 0.014 eV, respectively. We show, for the first time, that the analytical approach of computing FCIs is also efficient and promising for the studies of vibronic spectra of macrosystems. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.