bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum Krebs von den Lungen‐6 level as a diagnostic biomarker for interstitial lung disease in Chinese patients
Authors: Hu Yang , Wang Liu‐Sheng , Jin Yue‐Ping , Du Shan‐Shan , Du Yu‐Kui , He Xian , Weng Dong , Zhou Ying , Li Qiu‐Hong , Shen Li , Zhang Fen , Su Yi‐Liang , Sun Xiao‐Li , Ding Jing‐Jing , Zhang Wen‐Hui , Cai Hou‐Rong , Dai Hua‐Ping , Dai Jing‐Hong , Li Hui‐Ping 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic and prognostic values of serum KL‐6 levels in Chinese patients with interstitial lung disease (ILDs).MethodsA total of 1084 subjects including 373 cases of ILDs, 584 cases of non‐ILD pulmonary diseases, and 127 healthy individuals were recruited from three clinical centers in China between January 2011 and December 2013. A total of 106 patients undergoing treatments for ILDs in Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital between January 2011 and December 2013 were enrolled. Baseline and posttreatment serum KL‐6 levels were determined.ResultsSerum KL‐6 levels in patients with ILDs were significantly higher than those in patients with non‐ILD pulmonary diseases or in healthy individuals (1492.09 ± 2230.08 U/mL vs 258.67 ± 268.73 U/mL or 178.73 ± 71.17 U/mL, all P < 0.05). At the cut‐off value of 500 U/mL, the sensitivity and specificity of serum KL‐6 as a diagnostic marker for ILDs was 77.75% and 94.51%, respectively. The Kappa value was 0.743 (P < 0.001). The area below the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.922 with a 95% Confidence interval of 0.904–0.941 (P < 0.001). The posttreatment serum KL‐6 levels significantly reduced in patients with improved ILDs, whereas markedly increased in patients with exacerbated ILDs (All P < 0.05).ConclusionsSerum KL‐6 levels might be a promising diagnostic biomarker for ILDs in Chinese patients. The prognostic value of serum KL‐6 levels for ILDs remains to be verified by large‐scaled studies.
Missional Congregations in Civil Society: An Imagination for God's World
Authors: Dreier Mary Sue Dehmlow 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article provides glimpses of the emerging missional church within the civil society arena from the perspective of congregational case studies. Civil society studies offer five potential community contributions that provide congregations expanded possibilities for discerning and fulfilling their missional vocations in their communities. Framed within trinitarian missional theology, these create a meaningful framework for congregations to expand their imaginations and strengthen their public participation with God's mission in today's world.
The Option for Life
Authors: Jorgenson Kiara 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn today's Anthropocene, the reality of our growing global population, with its requirement of and strain upon the natural world, and our grave projected ecological outlook pose new challenges for Christian ethicists. How can both people and the earth flourish? Discussed within the context of theological and secular reflections on natural law, this article proposes one answer to such a question through a recasting of the human right to nature by way of a deep and wide understanding of vocation. Using Luther as a prototype who demonstrates the innate value of all life forms and offers an innovative working concept of vocation, it is here shown how an emphasis on vocation, when extended ecologically, can promote the option of life for all.
Temporal change in vegetation productivity in grain production landscapes: linking landscape complexity with pest and natural enemy communities
Authors: MACFADYEN SARINA , KRAMER ELIZABETH A. , PARRY HAZEL R. , SCHELLHORN NANCY A. 
Published: June 2015

1. Strategies to enhance the ecosystem service of pest control in agricultural landscapes often rely on manipulating the structure of the landscape to reduce pest population build‐up or facilitate natural enemy activity. For highly mobile and polyphagous invertebrate pest species the agricultural landscape represents a continually changing mosaic of resources and habitats that at certain points in time may be conducive to high population productivity and therefore pest outbreaks. Deciding which features of the landscape we need to measure and monitor to understand this process is the first step in developing intervention strategies. Previous studies have focused on static measures of landscape composition and have generally ignored landscape configuration and change across time.2. In this study we sampled invertebrate pests and predatory natural enemies repeatedly over two years from crop, pasture and semi‐natural habitats (up to 36 sites per landscape) in multiple agricultural landscapes (14km diameter circles) across Australia's grain production regions. The temporal pattern in vegetation productivity was quantified (using remote‐sensed Normalized Differential Vegetation Index) at the landscape‐scale and related to the pest and natural enemy density data.3. Metrics derived from the vegetation show variation across time and highlight transition points in the landscape that might represent important shifts in resources for higher trophic levels. The landscape metrics that were related to pest density were different in each landscape, but generally characterized connectivity of vegetation classes (more than configuration or composition). How connected or dis‐aggregated vegetation productivity classes were appears important for pest dynamics in these landscapes.
A stable, genetically determined colour dimorphism in the dung beetle Aphodius depressus: patterns and mechanisms
Authors: KUUSIJÄRVI ANNIINA , HARDWICK BESS , LUOTO MISKA , ROSLIN TOMAS 
Published: June 2015

1. Melanism – the occurrence of dark morphs – in insects has been attributed to differences in, among other things, thermoregulation and immune defence. Dark individuals are hypothesised to perform better in colder areas, and to exhibit stronger melanin‐based immune defence.2. In the present study, the geographical distribution of two colour morphs in Aphodius depressus (Kugelann), its climatic correlates, and temporal stability was described. Underlying mechanisms were then targeted through experiments: the inheritance of colour through controlled crosses, heating rates by thermal imaging, physiological tolerance by critical thermal limits, and immune efficiency by melanisation of implants.3. In A. depressus, colour appears inherited by simple Mendelian principles, with red dominating over black. The frequency of two colour morphs forms a large‐scale cline. In the South West of Finland, all individuals are black, whereas, in the North East, most are red. This pattern has remained constant over 13 years (1996–2008).4. The geographical pattern was not attributable to thermoregulation: black morphs were more abundant in warmer rather than colder parts of the country. In experiments, we found no differences in the heating rate of the two morphs, or in their upper temperature maxima. Neither did the morphs differ in their response to artificial objects inserted in their haemolymph.5. Overall, colour variation in A. depressus occurs as a stable, genetically determined dimorphism, governed by Mendelian inheritance. Yet, no support for prevailing theory of factors sustaining melanism was found. The reasons for colour polymorphism in insects may thus be complex, and should be sought on a case‐by‐case basis.
Feeding ecology and prey resource partitioning of lenok (Brachymystax lenok) and Baikal grayling (Thymallus arcticus baicalensis) in the Eg and Uur rivers, Mongolia
Authors: Olson Kirk W. , Jensen Olaf P. , Hrabik Thomas R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBaikal grayling (Thymallus arcticus baicalensis) and lenok (Brachymystax lenok) are two salmonids which co‐occur in lakes and rivers of the Selenga River and Lake Baikal drainage in northern Mongolia and Siberia. Populations of both species have declined due to habitat loss and overfishing. Previous studies have established that diets of both species are comprised of aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, but none have examined how prey resources are partitioned between the species. We explored resource partitioning between these species using information from stomach content analysis and stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen. Stomach content data were also compared to invertebrate prey availability estimated from drift and benthic samples. Stomach content analysis indicated that lenok were benthic specialists, while Baikal grayling exhibited a more generalised and surface‐oriented diet, preying upon both terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates. In addition, drifting invertebrate prey availability was positively related to diet overlap based on stomach content analysis, suggesting that competition was involved in the prey resource partitioning we observed. Our analysis of assimilated diet using stable isotopes was generally consistent with stomach contents, indicating that prey partitioning was sustained over a period of several months, but also revealed a greater importance of fish prey to lenok diets. This study provides a baseline description of prey utilisation and prey resource partitioning between lenok and Baikal grayling, which may be used to guide management and future research of these threatened species.
Dopamine modulation of rod pathway signaling by suppression of GABAC feedback to rod‐driven depolarizing bipolar cells
Authors: Smith Benjamin J. , Côté Patrice D. , Tremblay François 
Published: June 2015

AbstractReducing signal gain in the highly sensitive rod pathway prevents saturation as background light levels increase, allowing the dark‐adapted retina to encode stimuli over a range of background luminances. Dopamine release is increased during light adaptation and is generally accepted to suppress rod signaling in light‐adapted retinas. However, recent research has suggested that dopamine, acting through D1 receptors, could additionally produce a sensitization of the rod pathway in dim light conditions via gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) type C receptors. Here, we evaluated the overall activity of the depolarizing bipolar cell (DBC) population in vivo to ensure the integrity of long‐distance network interactions by quantifying the b‐wave of the electroretinogram in mice. We showed that dopamine, acting through D1 receptors, reduced the amplitude and sensitivity of rod‐driven DBCs during light adaptation by suppressing GABA type A receptor‐mediated serial inhibition onto rod DBC GABA type C receptors. Block of D1 receptors did not suppress rod‐driven DBC sensitivity when GABAA‐mediated serial inhibition was blocked by gabazine, suggesting that the reduction in rod‐driven DBC sensitivity in the absence of D1 receptors was due to disinhibition of serial inhibitory GABAergic circuitry rather than a direct facilitatory effect on GABA release onto rod‐driven DBC GABA type C receptors. Finally, the large population of GABAergic A17 wide‐field amacrine cells known to maintain reciprocal inhibition with rod DBCs could be excluded from the proposed disinhibitory circuit after treatment with 5,7‐dihydroxytryptamine.
Personality and Affinities Play a Key Role in the Organisation of Collective Movements in a Group of Domestic Horses
Authors: Briard Léa , Dorn Camille , Petit Odile 
Published: June 2015

AbstractUnderstanding how groups of individuals with different motives come to daily decisions about the exploitation of their environment is a key question in animal behaviour. While interindividual differences are often seen only as a threat to group cohesion, growing evidence shows that they may to some extent facilitate effective collective action. Recent studies suggest that personality differences influence how individuals are attracted to conspecifics and affect their behaviour as an initiator or a follower. However, most of the existing studies are limited to a few taxa, mainly social fish and arthropods. Horses are social herbivores that live in long‐lasting groups and show identifiable personality differences between individuals. We studied a group of 38 individuals living in a 30‐ha hilly pasture. Over 200 h, we sought to identify how far individual differences such as personality and affinity distribution affect the dynamic of their collective movements. First, we report that individuals distribute their relationships according to similar personality and hierarchical rank. This is the first study that demonstrates a positive assortment between unrelated individuals according to personality in a mammal species. Second, we measured individual propensity to initiate and found that bold individuals initiated more often than shy individuals. However, their success in terms of number of followers and joining duration did not depend on their individual characteristics. Moreover, joining process is influenced by social network, with preferred partners following each other and bolder individuals being located more often at the front of the movement. Our results illustrate the importance of taking into account interindividual behavioural differences in studies of social behaviours.
Rapid method for low cycle fatigue properties: thickness effect on the fatigue crack initiation life of welded joints
Authors: Raujol‐Veillé J. , Thévenet D. , Doudard C. , Calloch S. , Minnebo H. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWelded assemblies are commonly used in the shipbuilding industry. Because of the combination of stress concentration and cyclic loading, welded joints could be a critical area for fatigue damage. Thus, knowing stress and strain histories at the critical points of the structure is necessary, particularly when a confined plasticity occurs, to determine the fatigue life of welded assemblies. To avoid time‐consuming nonlinear finite element analyses (FEA), simplified estimation methods of the elastic–plastic strain/stress can be used. In a previous work, an approach to estimate stress state at critical points was developed and employed in the case of double‐notched specimens. The present paper focuses on welded joints in order to validate this strategy with the aim to estimate the fatigue crack initiation life of T‐joints. To go further, a parametric approach has been adopted to take into account the local geometries of welded joints and to determine the constraint operator without any FEA. The results predicted by this approach are compared with experimental fatigue results.
Beyond utopia and a ‘power‐full’ state: a reply toNuesiri
Authors: Asiyanbi Adeniyi P 
Published: June 2015

Struggles of communities for rights and control over forests continue despite the rhetoric about decentralisation. Nuesiri suggests that a failing of decentralised forest management stems from its pure utopian vision that attracts both loyalty and opposition. I argue that such framing is as novel as it is problematic. A utopian frame unhelpfully purifies. It assumes that the often declared proponents of decentralisation were thoroughly ambitious about ‘creating space for communities’. Explanations suggesting that the state selectively shares its power risk portraying non‐state actors as passively waiting for a ‘power‐full’ state to share power. I show, through an example of anIntegratedConservation andDevelopmentProject inNigeria, how the often declared proponents of decentralisation may not have been as ambitious as a utopian frame suggests. I argue that a failing of decentralised forest management might be precisely that it probably never was a utopia.A reply to Nuesiri (2014)
More tricks with tetramers: a practical guide to staining T cells with peptide–MHC multimers
Authors: Dolton Garry , Tungatt Katie , Lloyd Angharad , Bianchi Valentina , Theaker Sarah M. , Trimby Andrew , Holland Christopher J. , Donia Marco , Godkin Andrew J. , Cole David K. , Thor Straten Per , Peakman Mark , Svane Inge Marie , Sewell Andrew K. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryAnalysis of antigen‐specific T‐cell populations by flow cytometry with peptide–MHC (pMHC) multimers is now commonplace. These reagents allow the tracking and phenotyping of T cells during infection, autoimmunity and cancer, and can be particularly revealing when used for monitoring therapeutic interventions. In 2009, we reviewed a number of ‘tricks’ that could be used to improve this powerful technology. More recent advances have demonstrated the potential benefits of using higher order multimers and of ‘boosting’ staining by inclusion of an antibody against the pMHC multimer. These developments now allow staining of T cells where the interaction between the pMHC and the T‐cell receptor is over 20‐fold weaker (KD > 1 mm) than could previously be achieved. Such improvements are particularly relevant when using pMHC multimers to stain anti‐cancer or autoimmune T‐cell populations, which tend to bear lower affinity T‐cell receptors. Here, we update our previous work to include discussion of newer tricks that can produce substantially brighter staining even when using log‐fold lower concentrations of pMHC multimer. We further provide a practical guide to using pMHC multimers that includes a description of several common pitfalls and how to circumvent them.
Fitness declines towards range limits and local adaptation to climate affect dispersal evolution during climate‐induced range shifts
Authors: Hargreaves A. L. , Bailey S. F. , Laird R. A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDispersal ability will largely determine whether species track their climatic niches during climate change, a process especially important for populations at contracting (low‐latitude/low‐elevation) range limits that otherwise risk extinction. We investigate whether dispersal evolution at contracting range limits is facilitated by two processes that potentially enable edge populations to experience and adjust to the effects of climate deterioration before they cause extinction: (i) climate‐induced fitness declines towards range limits and (ii) local adaptation to a shifting climate gradient. We simulate a species distributed continuously along a temperature gradient using a spatially explicit, individual‐based model. We compare range‐wide dispersal evolution during climate stability vs. directional climate change, with uniform fitness vs. fitness that declines towards range limits (RLs), and for a single climate genotype vs. multiple genotypes locally adapted to temperature. During climate stability, dispersal decreased towards RLs when fitness was uniform, but increased when fitness declined towards RLs, due to highly dispersive genotypes maintaining sink populations at RLs, increased kin selection in smaller populations, and an emergent fitness asymmetry that favoured dispersal in low‐quality habitat. However, this initial dispersal advantage at low‐fitness RLs did not facilitate climate tracking, as it was outweighed by an increased probability of extinction. Locally adapted genotypes benefited from staying close to their climate optima; this selected against dispersal under stable climates but for increased dispersal throughout shifting ranges, compared to cases without local adaptation. Dispersal increased at expanding RLs in most scenarios, but only increased at the range centre and contracting RLs given local adaptation to climate.
The diversification ofHeliconiusbutterflies: what have we learned in 150 years?
Authors: Merrill R. M. , Dasmahapatra K. K. , Davey J. W. , Dell'Aglio D. D. , Hanly J. J. , Huber B. , Jiggins C. D. , Joron M. , Kozak K. M. , Llaurens V. , Martin S. H. , Montgomery S. H. , Morris J. , Nadeau N. J. , Pinharanda A. L. , Rosser N. , Thompson M. J. , Vanjari S. , Wallbank R. W. R. , Yu Q. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractResearch intoHeliconiusbutterflies has made a significant contribution to evolutionary biology. Here, we review our understanding of the diversification of these butterflies, covering recent advances and a vast foundation of earlier work. Whereas no single group of organisms can be sufficient for understanding life's diversity, after years of intensive study, research intoHeliconius has addressed a wide variety of evolutionary questions. We first discuss evidence for widespread gene flow between Heliconiusspecies and what this reveals about the nature of species. We then address the evolution and diversity of warning patterns, both as the target of selection and with respect to their underlying genetic basis. The identification of major genes involved in mimetic shifts, and homology at these loci between distantly related taxa, has revealed a surprising predictability in the genetic basis of evolution. In the final sections, we consider the evolution of warning patterns, andHeliconiusdiversity more generally, within a broader context of ecological and sexual selection. We consider how different traits and modes of selection can interact and influence the evolution of reproductive isolation.
Pollination by sexual deception promotes outcrossing and mate diversity in self‐compatible clonal orchids
Authors: Whitehead M. R. , Linde C. C. , Peakall R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe majority of flowering plants rely on animals as pollen vectors. Thus, plant mating systems and pollen dispersal are strongly influenced by pollinator behaviour. In Australian sexually deceptive orchids pollinated by male thynnine wasps, outcrossing and extensive pollen flow is predicted due to floral deception, which minimizes multiple flower visitations within patches, and the movement of pollinators under mate‐search rather than foraging behaviours. This hypothesis was tested using microsatellite markers to reconstruct and infer paternity in two clonal, self‐compatible orchids. Offspring from naturally pollinated Chiloglottis valida and C. aff. jeanesii were acquired through symbiotic culture of seeds collected over three seasons. In both species, outcrossing was extensive (tm = 0.924–1.00) despite clone sizes up to 11 m wide. The median pollen flow distance based on paternity for both taxa combined was 14.5 m (n = 18, range 0–69 m), being larger than typically found by paternity analyses in other herbaceous plants. Unexpectedly for orchids, some capsules were sired by more than one father, with an average of 1.35 pollen donors per fruit. This is the first genetic confirmation of polyandry in orchid capsules. Further, we report a possible link between multiple paternity and increased seed fitness. Together, these results demonstrate that deceptive pollination by mate‐searching wasps enhances offspring fitness by promoting both outcrossing and within‐fruit paternal diversity.
Estimating sampling error of evolutionary statistics based on genetic covariance matrices using maximum likelihood
Authors: Houle D. , Meyer K. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe explore the estimation of uncertainty in evolutionary parameters using a recently devised approach for resampling entire additive genetic variance–covariance matrices (G). Large‐sample theory shows that maximum‐likelihood estimates (including restricted maximum likelihood, REML) asymptotically have a multivariate normal distribution, with covariance matrix derived from the inverse of the information matrix, and mean equal to the estimated G. This suggests that sampling estimates of G from this distribution can be used to assess the variability of estimates of G, and of functions of G. We refer to this as the REML‐MVN method. This has been implemented in the mixed‐model program WOMBAT. Estimates of sampling variances from REML‐MVN were compared to those from the parametric bootstrap and from a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach (implemented in the R package MCMCglmm). We apply each approach to evolvability statistics previously estimated for a large, 20‐dimensional data set for Drosophila wings. REML‐MVN and MCMC sampling variances are close to those estimated with the parametric bootstrap. Both slightly underestimate the error in the best‐estimated aspects of the G matrix. REML analysis supports the previous conclusion that the G matrix for this population is full rank. REML‐MVN is computationally very efficient, making it an attractive alternative to both data resampling and MCMC approaches to assessing confidence in parameters of evolutionary interest.