Recruitment and retention of participants for an international type 1 diabetes prevention trial: A coordinators’ perspective
Authors: Franciscus Margaret , Nucci Anita , Bradley Brenda , Suomalainen Heli , Greenberg Ellen , Laforte Diane , Kleemola Paivi , Hyytinen Mila , Salonen Marja , Martin Mary Jean , Catte Daniel , Catteau Jacki ,   The TRIGR Investigators, Mandrup-Poulsen T , Arjas E , Läärä E , Lernmark Å , Schmidt B , Krischer JP , Åkerblom HK , Hyytinen M , Knip M , Koski K , Koski M , Pajakkala E , Salonen M , Cuthbertson D , Krischer JP , Shanker L , Bradley B , Dosch H-M , Dupré J , Fraser W , Lawson M , Mahon JL , Sermer M , Taback SP , Becker D , Franciscus M , Nucci A , Palmer J , Pekkala M , Virtanen SM , Catteau J , Howard N , Crock P , Craig M , Clarson CL , Bere L , Thompson D , Metzger D , Marshall C , Kwan J , Stephure DK , Pacaud D , Schwarz W , Girgis R , Thompson M , Taback SP , Catte D , Lawson ML , Daneman D , Sermer M , Martin M-J , Morin V , Frenette L , Ferland S , Sanderson S , Heath K , Huot C , Gonthier M , Thibeault M , Legault L , Laforte D , Cummings EA , Scott K , Bridger T , Crummell C , Houlden R , Breen A , Carson G , Kelly S , Sankaran K , Penner M , White RA , King N , Popkin J , Robson L , Al Taji E , Aldhoon I , Mendlova P , Vavrinec J , Vosahlo J , Brazdova L , Venhacova J , Venhacova P , Cipra A , Tomsikova Z , Krckova P , Gogelova P , Einberg Ü , Riikjärv M-A , Ormisson A , Tillmann V , Kleemola P , Parkkola A , Suomalainen H , Järvenpää A-L , Hämälainen A-M , Haavisto H , Tenhola S , Lautala P , Salonen P , Aspholm S , Siljander H , Holm C , Ylitalo S , Lounamaa R , Nuuja A , Talvitie T , Lindström K , Huopio H , Pensola J , Veijola R , Tapanainen P , Alar A , Korpela P , Käär M-L , Mustila T , Virransalo R , Nykänen P , Aschemeier B , Danne T , Kordonouri O , Krikovszky D , Madácsy L , Khazrai YM , Maddaloni E , Pozzilli P , Mannu C , Songini M , de Beaufort C , Schierloh U , Bruining J , Bisschoff M , Basiak A , Wasikowa R , Ciechanowska M , Deja G , Jarosz-Chobot P , Szadkowska A , Cypryk K , Zawodniak-Szalapska M , Castano L , Gonzalez Frutos T , Oyarzabal M , Serrano-Ríos M , Martínez-Larrad MT , Hawkins FG , Rodriguez Arnau D , Ludvigsson J , Smolinska Konefal M , Hanas R , Lindblad B , Nilsson N-Ö , Fors H , Nordwall M , Lindh A , Edenwall H , Aman J , Johansson C , Gadient M , Schoenle E , Daftary A , Franciscus M , Gilmour C , Palmer J , Taculad R , Tanner-Blasiar M , White N , Devaskar U , Horowitz H , Rogers L , Colon R , Frazer T , Torres J , Goland R , Greenberg E , Nelson M , Schachner H , Softness B , Ilonen J , Trucco M , Nichol L , Savilahti E , Härkönen T , Vaarala O , Luopajärvi K 
Published: November 2013

Background The Trial to Reduce Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) is the first multicenter international type 1 diabetes (T1D) prevention trial to be undertaken. A unique feature of TRIGR has been recruitment of eligible pregnant women and enrollment of newborns for long-term follow-up assessments. Purpose Our purpose is to summarize the recruitment and retention strategies used to conduct TRIGR from the perspective of the study coordinators. Methods TRIGR was designed to test whether weaning to formula containing hydrolyzed versus intact cow’s milk protein would be efficacious in decreasing risk for development of T1D-associated autoantibodies and T1D among infants identified to be at increased risk for T1D based on their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) profile and family history. Multiple strategies tailored to local issues were required to enroll and follow the target number of infants. Results This study was conducted in the United States, Canada, Australia, and 12 countries in Europe. Of the 5606 mothers registered worldwide, 5000 of their infants were randomized. Of these, 2159 were HLA eligible and enrolled in the 8-month intervention and 10-year follow-up phases of this study. The TRIGR study met the accrual goal after 4.7 years of recruitment, 2.7 years longer than projected initially. Challenges included difficulty in finding fathers with T1D, a higher than expected rate of premature delivery among T1D mothers, and implementation of new privacy regulations mid-trial. The majority of participants were recruited from primary care antenatal clinics located near the study centers and from a general hospital or pediatric center that was affiliated with a TRIGR Study center. Internet and magazine advertisements were found to be useful for recruitment of families. Alternative follow-up strategies are offered to families who wish to reduce or discontinue participation. Limitations Our experience is limited to a single international multicenter trial. Conclusions TRIGR coordinators played key roles in the recruitment and intervention periods and continue to be instrumental in retaining families and children during the 10-year follow-up period for each child.