bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simple approach to the identification of trioctahedral smectites by X-ray diffraction
Authors: Christidis G. E. , Koutsopoulou E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA new method for identifying the trioctahedral smectites saponite, stevensite and hectorite is proposed in this study. The method is based on differences in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the three smectites after (a) heating at 500°C for 90 min and (b) glycerol solvation of the Cs-forms of the smectites for 20 h. After heating at 500°C, well below the dehydroxylation temperature of the three smectites, saponite and hectorite re-expand upon ethylene glycol (EG) solvation, whereas stevensite layers remain collapsed. Saponite forms one-layer and hectorite two-layer complexes after Cs-saturation and glycerol solvation. Cs-stevensite displays a gradual increase ind001with increasing solvation time in glycerol vapours and forms two-layer glycerol complexes with prolonged solvation. Except for the individual Mg-smectites, the proposed method may be used to identify compositional heterogeneity that may exist in the smectites. Furthermore, it should be useful in identifying the individual trioctahedral Mg-smectites when present in mixtures, and in detecting interstratified layers of different Mg-trioctahedral smectites. Application of the method revealed that the SYnL-1 laponite (CMS Source Clay Project) is not homogeneous but consists of hectorite, stevensite and possibly mixed-layer hectorite/stevensite layers.
The crystal structure of barikaite
Authors: Makovicky E. , Topa D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractElectron microprobe analysis of barikaite (Topa et al., 2013) indicates the chemical formula Ag2.90Tl0.04Pb9.31As11.26Sb8.12S40.37. Barikaite is monoclinic, with a 8.533(1) Å, b 8.075(1) Å, c 24.828(2) Å, and β 99.077(1)°; unit-cell volume 1689.2 Å3 and the space-group setting is P21/n. This compares well with the unit-cell parameters of rathite Pb10Tl0.9As17.9Sb1.3Ag2S40 from the Lengenbach deposit with the same lattice setting. Barikaite is a member of sartorite homologous series (N = 4). The unit cell of barikaite contains eight cation sites and ten anion sites. Four of the cation sites have mixed occupancies – the split sites As2–Sb2, As3–Sb3, Ag5–As5 and the site Me6 with three cations involved. Two of the lead sites, Pb1 and Pb2, display tricapped trigonal prismatic coordinations and alternate along the 8.53 Å a direction. They form zig-zag walls parallel to (001). There are three distinct [100] columns of alternating cations, As1–(As, Sb)2, Sb4–(As, Sb)3 and (As, Ag)5–(Pb, Sb)6 which together form trapezoidally configured single (013) layers. These layers aggregate into tightly-bonded double layers, separated by lone electron pair micelles. In barikaite, the predominantly As-occupied and Sb-occupied sites are distributed in a chess-board-like scheme.
Tl-bearing sulfosalt from the Lengenbach quarry, Binn Valley, Switzerland: Philrothite, TlAs3S5
Authors: Bindi L. , Nestola F. , Makovicky E. , Guastoni A. , De Battisti L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPhilrothite, ideally TlAs3S5, is a new mineral from the Lengenbach quarry in the Binn Valley, Valais, Switzerland. It occurs as very rare crystals up to 200 mm across on realgar associated with smithite, rutile and sartorite. Philrothite is opaque with a metallic lustre and shows a dark brown streak. It is brittle; the Vickers hardness (VHN25) is 128 kg/mm2(range: 120–137) (Mohs hardness of 3–3½). In reflected light philrothite is moderately bireflectant and weakly pleochroic from dark grey to light grey. Under crossed polars it is anisotropic with grey to bluish rotation tints. Internal reflections are absent. Reflectance percentages for the four COM wavelengths (RminandRmax) are: 26.5, 28.8 (471.1 nm), 25.4, 27.2 (548.3 nm), 24.6, 26.3 (586.6 nm) and 24.0, 25.1 (652.3 nm), respectively.Philrothite is monoclinic, space groupP21/c, witha= 8.013(2),b= 24.829(4),c= 11.762(3) Å,β= 132.84(2)°,V= 1715.9(7) Å3,Z= 8. It represents theN= 4 homologue of the sartorite homologous series. In the crystal structure [R1= 0.098 for 1217 reflections withI> 2σ(I)], Tl assumes tricapped prismatic sites alternating to form columns perpendicular to the b axis. Between the zigzag walls of Tl coordination prisms, coordination pyramids of As(Sb) form diagonally-oriented double layers separated by broader interspaces which house the lone electron pairs of these elements.The eight strongest calculated powder-diffraction lines [din Å(I/I0) (hkl)] are: 12.4145 (52) (020); 3.6768 (100) (61); 3.4535 (45) (131); 3.0150 (46) (53); 2.8941 (52) (81); 2.7685 (76) (230); 2.7642 (77) (34); 2.3239 (52) (092). A mean of five electron microprobe analyses gave Tl 26.28(12), Pb 6.69(8), Ag 2.50(4), Cu 0.04(2), Hg 0.07(2), As 32.50(13), Sb 3.15(3), S 26.35(10), total 97.58 wt.%, corresponding, on the basis of a total of nine atoms, to (Tl0.789Pb0.198)∑=0.987(As2.662Sb0.159Ag0.142Cu0.004Hg0.002)∑=2.969S5.044. The new mineral has been approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association (2013-066) and named for Philippe Roth (b. 1963), geophysicist and well known mineral expert on the Lengenbach minerals for more than 25 years.
Experimental and model studies on comparison of As(III and V) removal from synthetic acid mine drainage by bone char
Authors: Liu Jing , Huang Xi , Liu Juan , Wang Weiqing , Zhang Wei , Dong Faqing 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAcid mine drainage (AMD) commonly contains elevated concentrations of As(III) and/or As(V) due to oxidation of arsenic-containing sulfides. Bone char has been used as a low-cost filling material for passive treatment. The breakthrough curves of As(III) and As(V) were studied in column experiments conducted at different flow rates, adsorption cycle times, and with different coexisting cations and anions to compare their transport behaviours. The experimental data were fitted by the Convection- Diffusion Equation (CDE) and Thomas model with the aim of obtaining retardation factors of As(III) and As(V) and their maximum adsorption capacities, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities of As(III) and As(V) are 0.214 and 0.335 mg/g, respectively. Coexisting Mn2+and Al3+ions can shorten the equilibrium time of As(V) adsorption from 25 h to 8 h, but they have little effect on As(III). The retardation factors of As(III) and As(V) calculated by the CDE model decrease with adsorption cycles from 37 to 20 and 51 to 32, respectively. The Mn2+and Al3+ions could enhance retention ability with adsorption cycle time, especially Mn2+for As(V). Secondary adsorption phenomena were observed only in breakthrough curves of As(V) in the presence of Mn2+and Al3+. The competitive influences of coexisting arsenic species is As(V) > As(III). Regeneration experiments using distilled water and NaOH solution were completed to quantify the degree of desorption of both As(III) and As(V). The results show that As(V) adsorbed on bone char has better desorption performance than As(III), and the average degrees of desorption of As(III) and As(V) for three desorption experiments are 75% and 31%, respectively.
Phase equilibria in NaAlSiO4–KAlSiO4–SiO2–H2O at 100 MPa pressure: equilibrium leucite composition and the enigma of primary analcime in blairmorites revisited
Authors: Henderson C. M. B. , Hamilton D. L. , Waters J. P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractExperiments in the system NaAlSiO4(Ne)−KAlSiO4(Ks)−SiO2(Qz)−H2O at 100 MPa show that the maximum content of NaAlSi2O6in leucite is ∼4 wt.% and that analcime is close to the stoichiometric composition (NaAlSi2O6.H2O). Analcime forms metastably on quenching the higher-temperature experiments; it is secondary after leucite in experiments quenched from 780°C, while from 850°C it forms by alteration of leucite, and by devitrification of water-saturated glass. Both processes involve reaction with Na-rich aqueous fluids. Stable analcime forms at 500°C, well below the solidus, and cannot form as phenocrysts in shallow volcanic systems. New data for natural analcime macrocrysts in blairmorites are presented for the Crowsnest volcanics, Alberta, Canada. Other researchers have suggested that primary analcime occurs as yellow-brown, glassy, analcime phenocrysts. Our microprobe analyses show that such primary analcime is close to stoichiometric, with very low K2O (<0.1 wt.%), minor Fe2O3(0.5−0.8 wt.%) and CaO (∼0.5 wt.%). An extrapolation of published experimental data for Ne−Ks−Qz at >500 MPa PH2O, where Anl + melt coexist, suggests that at >800 MPa two invariant points are present: (1) a reaction point involving Kf + Ab + Anl + melt + vapour; and (2) a eutectic with Kf + Anl + Ne + melt + vapour. We suggest that the nepheline-free equilibrium mineral assemblage for Crowsnest samples is controlled by reaction point (1). In contrast, blairmorites from Lupata Gorge, Mozambique, form at eutectic (2), consistent with the presence of nepheline phenocrysts. Our conclusions, based on high-vs. low-pressure experiments, confirm the suggestion made by other authors, that Crowsnest volcanic rocks must have been erupted explosively to preserve glassy analcime phenocrysts during very rapid, upward transport from deep in the crust (H2O pressures ≫500 MPa). Only rare examples survived the deuteric and hydrothermal alteration that occurred during and after eruption.
Oskarssonite, AlF3, a new fumarolic mineral from Eldfell volcano, Heimaey, Iceland
Authors: Jacobsen M. J. , Balić -Žunić T. , Mitolo D. , Katerinopoulou A. , Garavelli A. , Jakobsson S. P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe new mineral oskarssonite (IMA2012-088), with ideal formula AlF3, was found in August 2009 at the surface of fumaroles on the Eldfell volcano, Heimaey Island, Iceland (GPS coordinates 63°25′58.9″N 20°14′50.3″W). It occurs as sub-micron-sized crystals forming a white powder in association with anhydrite, bassanite, gypsum, jarosite, anatase, hematite, opal, ralstonite, jakobssonite and meniaylovite. Chemical analyses by energy-dispersive spectrometry with a scanning electronmicroscope produced the following mean elemental composition: Al, 31.70; F, 58.41; O, 9.22; total 99.33 wt.%. The empirical chemical formula is AlF2.6(OH)0.5 which suggests partial substitution of F by OH. Oskarssonite is rhombohedral, space group Rc, with ah = 4.9817(4) Å, c = 12.387(1) Å, Vuc = 266.23(5) Å3, Z = 6. The five strongest lines in the powder diffraction diagram [d in Å(I) (hkl)] are as follows: 3.54 (100) (012), 2.131 (13) (113), 1.771 (20) (024), 1.59 (15) (116), 1.574 (10) (122). Rietveld refinement confirms the identity of oskarssonite with the synthetic rhombohedral form of AlF3. Its structure can be described as a rhombohedral deformation of the idealized cubic perovskitetype octahedral framework of corner-sharing AlF6 groups. Oskarssonite appears in the surface part of the fumaroles where fluorides are abundant. At greater depths (below 10 cm) sulfates dominate among the fumarolic minerals. In accordance with its occurrence, we surmise that oskarssonite forms in the later stages of the fumarolic activity in an environment poor in alkalies and Mg. Ralstonite (NaxMgxAl1−xF3(H2O)y), which, unlike oskarssonite, contains Na and Mg as important constituents, dominated in the first-formed fumaroles, but now, 41 years after the eruption of Eldfell, is only a minor phase. The new mineral is named after the Icelandic volcanologist Niels Oskarsson.
The genomic landscape of mantle cell lymphoma is related to the epigenetically determined chromatin state of normal B cells
Authors: Zhang Jenny , Jima Dereje , Moffitt Andrea B. , Liu Qingquan , Czader Magdalena , Hsi Eric D. , Fedoriw Yuri , Dunphy Cherie H. , Richards Kristy L. , Gill Javed I. , Sun Zhen , Love Cassandra , Scotland Paula , Lock Eric , Levy Shawn , Hsu David S. , Dunson David , Dave Sandeep S. 
Published: March 2014

Key Points
We identified novel recurrently mutated genes, including WHSC1, RB1, POT1, and SMARCA4, through exome sequencing of 56 cases of MCL. Genetic mutations defining MCL and Burkitt lymphoma were associated with the epigenetically defined chromatin state of their respective B cells of origin.
High success rate of repeat colonoscopy with standard endoscopes in patients referred for prior incomplete colonoscopy
Authors: Gawron Andrew J , Veerappan Annapoorani , Keswani Rajesh N 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
In patients with incomplete colonoscopy, cecal intubation is sometimes unsuccessful due to a redundant or tortuous colon. Repeat colonoscopy may be successful with the use of alternate endoscopes or careful attention to technique but limited outcomes data is available. The aim of this study was to describe the technique, success rate and outcomes of consecutive patients referred for previous incomplete colonoscopy.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective chart review of incomplete colonoscopy procedures in patients age 18-90 at an academic teaching hospital referred to an endoscopist specializing in difficult colonoscopy.

Results
Cecal intubation was successful in 96 of 100 repeat colonoscopies and 83 procedures were completed with a standard endoscope (adult, pediatric, or gastroscope). The adenoma detection rate was 28% for successful repeat colonoscopies; a majority of these patients had no adenomas identified on incomplete exam. In 69.4% of cases, an endoscope was used to successfully complete colonoscopy that was not used in the incomplete colonoscopy. The median insertion time was significantly less for the complete colonoscopy (10.6 min) compared to the incomplete colonoscopy (18.8 min, P = 0.004).

Conclusions
Repeat colonoscopy has a high success rate and identified a significant number of new adenomas. Use of all available endoscopes should be considered prior to procedure termination in patients with a tortuous colon. Repeat colonoscopy can often be accomplished using a standard endoscope and is not attributed to increased endoscope insertion time.
Relationship between child survival and malaria transmission: an analysis of the malaria transmission intensity and mortality burden across Africa (MTIMBA) project data in Rufiji demographic surveillance system, Tanzania
Authors: Rumisha Susan F , Smith Thomas A , Masanja Honorati , Abdulla Salim , Vounatsou Penelope 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
The precise nature of the relationship between malaria mortality and levels of transmission is unclear. Due to methodological limitations, earlier efforts to assess the linkage have lead to inconclusive results. The malaria transmission intensity and mortality burden across Africa (MTIMBA) project initiated by the INDEPTH Network collected longitudinally entomological data within a number of sites in sub-Saharan Africa to study this relationship. This work linked the MTIMBA entomology database with the routinely collected vital events within the Rufiji Demographic Surveillance System to analyse the transmission-mortality relation in the region.

Methods
Bayesian Bernoulli spatio-temporal Cox proportional hazards models with village clustering, adjusted for age and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), were fitted to assess the relation between mortality and malaria transmission measured by entomology inoculation rate (EIR). EIR was predicted at household locations using transmission models and it was incorporated in the model as a covariate with measure of uncertainty. Effects of covariates estimated by the model are reported as hazard ratios (HR) with 95% Bayesian confidence interval (BCI) and spatial and temporal parameters are presented.

Results
Separate analysis was carried out for neonates, infants and children 1–4 years of age. No significant relation between all-cause mortality and intensity of malaria transmission was indicated at any age in childhood. However, a strong age effect was shown. Comparing effects of ITN and EIR on mortality at different age categories, a decrease in protective efficacy of ITN was observed (i.e. neonates: HR = 0.65; 95% BCI:0.39-1.05; infants: HR = 0.72; 95% BCI:0.48-1.07; children 1–4 years: HR = 0.88; 95% BCI:0.62-1.23) and reduction on the effect of malaria transmission exposure was detected (i.e. neonates: HR = 1.15; 95% BCI:0.95-1.36; infants: HR = 1.13; 95% BCI:0.98-1.25; children 1–4 years: HR = 1.04; 95% BCI:0.89-1.18). A very strong spatial correlation was also observed.

Conclusion
These results imply that assessing the malaria transmission-mortality relation involves more than the knowledge on the performance of interventions and control measures. This relation depends on the levels of malaria endemicity and transmission intensity, which varies significantly between different settings. Thus, sub-regions analyses are necessary to validate and assess reproducibility of findings.
Clinical characteristics of second primary cancer in colorectal cancer patients: the impact of colorectal cancer or other second cancer occurring first
Authors: Sun Li-Chu , Tai Yi-Yun , Liao Su-Mien , Lin Tang-Yu , Shih Ying-Ling , Chang Se-Fen , Huang Ching-Wen , Chan Hon-Man , Huang Che-Jen , Wang Jaw-Yuan 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
Due to improvements in early detection, treatment, and supportive care, the number of colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors is increasing; therefore, careful attention should always be paid to the second primary cancer (SPC) in treating these CRC patients. The present study attempts to determine the correlation and clinical aspects of CRC to other cancers in patients suffering from SPC involving CRC.

Methods
From January 2002 and June 2010, 1,679 cancer cases, CRC was accompanied by SPC in 89 patients (5.3%), including 16 (18%) synchronous and 73 (82%) metachronous SPC patients. These patients were subsequently classified into two groups: the first group had CRC diagnosed first as CRC first (CRCF); and the second group had another type of cancer diagnosed before the diagnosis of CRC as other cancer first (OCF). Of these 73 patients, 22 (30.1%) were in the group of CRCF, whereas 51 (69.9%) were in the group of OCF. Patients’ clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcomes were analyzed and compared between the two groups.

Results
There was a significant difference in the sites of cancers between the two groups: 14 (27.5%) patients in the OCF group had gastric cancer, compared to one (4.5%) patient in the CRCF group (P = 0.026). Although there was no difference of hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) carriers between the OCF and CRCF groups (P = 0.165), there were six (27.3%) CRC patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the CRCF group, which was significantly higher than the two (3.9%) patients in the OCF group (P = 0.003). Furthermore, the cancer-specific survival rate of the CRCF patient group was significantly higher than that of the OCF patient group (P = 0.036).

Conclusions
In this retrospective analysis, gastric cancer patients compared to other secondary cancers were at a higher risk of developing subsequent CRC as SPC; alternatively, patients with CRC were at a higher risk of developing HCC as SPC subsequently, no matter whether patients were HBV or HCV carriers. Therefore, careful attention should always be paid to the possibility of secondary CRC to construct effective surveillance when treating cancer patients.
Distinct transthyretin oxidation isoform profile in spinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Poulsen Keld , Bahl Justyna MC , Simonsen Anja H , Hasselbalch Steen G , Heegaard Niels HH 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
Transthyretin (TTR), an abundant protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), contains a free, oxidation-prone cysteine residue that gives rise to TTR isoforms. These isoforms may reflect conditions in vivo. Since increased oxidative stress has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) it is of interest to characterize CSF-TTR isoform distribution in AD patients and controls. Here, TTR isoforms are profiled directly from CSF by an optimized immunoaffinity-mass spectrometry method in 76 samples from patients with AD (n = 37), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 17)), and normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH, n = 15), as well as healthy controls (HC, n = 7). Fractions of three specific oxidative modifications (S-cysteinylation, S-cysteinylglycinylation, and S-glutathionylation) were quantitated relative to the total TTR protein. Results were correlated with diagnostic information and with levels of CSF AD biomarkers tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid β1-42 peptide.

Results
Preliminary data highlighted the high risk of artifactual TTR modification due to ex vivo oxidation and thus the samples for this study were all collected using strict and uniform guidelines. The results show that TTR is significantly more modified on Cys(10) in the AD and MCI groups than in controls (NPH and HC) (p ≤ 0.0012). Furthermore, the NPH group, while having normal TTR isoform distribution, had significantly decreased amyloid β peptide but normal tau values. No obvious correlations between levels of routine CSF biomarkers for AD and the degree of TTR modification were found.

Conclusions
AD and MCI patients display a significantly higher fraction of oxidatively modified TTR in CSF than the control groups of NPH patients and HC. Quantitation of CSF-TTR isoforms thus may provide diagnostic information in patients with dementia symptoms but this should be explored in larger studies including prospective studies of MCI patients. The development of methods for simple, robust, and reproducible inhibition of in vitro oxidation during CSF sampling and sample handling is highly warranted. In addition to the diagnostic information the possibility of using TTR as a CSF oxymeter is of potential value in studies monitoring disease activity and developing new drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
Facilitators and barriers to adherence to urate-lowering therapy in African-Americans with gout: a qualitative study
Authors: Singh Jasvinder A 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Limited literature exists for qualitative studies of medication adherence in gout, especially in African-Americans. The aim of this study was to examine the facilitators and barriers to adherence to urate-lowering therapy (ULT) in African-Americans with gout.

Methods
In this study, nine nominal groups lasting 1 to 1.5 hours each were conducted in African-Americans with gout, six with low ULT and three with high ULT adherence (medication possession ratios of <0.80 or ≥0.80, respectively). Patients presented, discussed, combined and rank ordered their concerns. A qualitative analysis was performed.

Results
This study included 43 patients with mean age 63.9 years (standard deviation, 9.9), 67% men, who participated in nine nominal groups (seven in men, two in women): African-American men (n = 30); African-American women (n = 13). The main facilitators to ULT adherence (three groups) were the recognition of the need to take ULT regularly to prevent gout flares, prevent pain from becoming chronic/severe and to have less dietary restriction; the lack of side effects from ULT; trust in physicians; and avoiding the need to seek emergent/urgent care for flares. Patients achieved high ULT adherence by organizing their pills using the pillbox and the incorporation of ULT intake into their routine to prevent forgetting. The main barriers to optimal ULT adherence were (six groups): doubts about effectiveness of ULT, concerns about cost and side effects, concomitant medications, forgetfulness, refilling the prescriptions on time, pill size and difficulty in swallowing, competing priorities, patient preference for alternative medicines (that is, cherry juice) and frequent travel.

Conclusions
Identification of facilitators and barriers to high ULT adherence in African-Americans with gout in this study lays the foundation for designing interventions to improve ULT adherence in racial minorities.