bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving estimations of GHG emissions and removals from land use change and forests in Brazil
Authors: Zimbres Barbara , Shimbo Julia , Lenti Felipe , Brandão Amintas , Souza Edriano , Azevedo Tasso , Alencar Ane 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Brazil ranks fifth in greenhouse gas emissions globally due to land use change. As a signatory to the Paris Agreement, Brazil must periodically report its GHG emissions as well as present mitigation targets set in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). The SEEG Brazil Initiative (Greenhouse Gas Emission and Removal Estimating System) generates independent estimates of GHG emissions and removals since 2013, and in 2020, the estimation method for the land use change sector has been improved. This study aimed to (1) present these methodological advancements, including the spatial allocation of annual emissions and removals due to land use change (LUC) in Brazil at a 30 m spatial scale, and (2) explore the emission and removal patterns observed in Brazil from 1990 to 2019. The method presented here is built upon—but improves—the approach used by Brazil’s official National Inventories to estimate GHG emissions and removals. The improvements presented here include exploring emissions to the municipality level and using an annual updated time series of land use and land cover maps. Estimated greenhouse gas emissions from the LUC sector ranged from 687 Mt of CO2e in 2011 to a peak of 2150 Mt of CO2e in 2003. In 2010, removals nearly offset gross emissions in the sector, with a net emission of 116 Mt of CO2e. The trend observed in recent years was an increase in emissions, decreasing Brazil’s likelihood of meeting its NDC targets. Emission profiles vary across the country, but in every biome, the conversion of primary native vegetation is the predominant transition type. If Brazil managed to curb deforestation, the total GHG emissions from the land use change sector would decrease by 96%, mitigating around 44% of total emissions.
Tribology of Mg-B4C nanocomposites fabricated following powder metallurgy route
Authors: Hazra Samrat , Chattopadhyay Subhajit , Chakravarty Soumyabrata , kumar Mandal Nirmal 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this experimental work, magnesium nanocomposite reinforced with various percentage of boron carbide (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% by volume) is fabricated using conventional powder metallurgy technique. Characterisation and wear test of the fabricated composite have been performed using scanning electron microscopy, tribology test monitor respectively. It is observed that addition of B4C increases the hardness and wear resistance linearly. Addition of 2% B4C produces the hardness of the nanocomposites as high as 57.93 ± 4.9 Hv. Furthermore, the nanocomposites displayed improved wear resistance and lower friction coefficient compared to the base magnesium. The influence of sliding speed on these properties has been systematically presented. The paper provides an in-depth exploration of wear mechanisms through a meticulous analysis of SEM micrographs of worn surfaces. This work offers valuable insights into the microstructural characteristics and tribological behaviour of Mg-B4C nanocomposites. These findings underscore the potential application of Mg-B4C nanocomposites in the development of lightweight wear-resistant materials. The impact of incorporating minute amounts of nano-sized boron carbide into Mg, on its behaviour under small loads and repeated scratching has been investigated in this study. Moreover, introspection of the wear mechanisms and the effectiveness of the powder metallurgy technique in fabricating composite materials is presented.
Utilizing deep learning via computer vision for agricultural production quality control: jackfruit growth stage identification
Authors: Krishnan Sreedeep , Karuppasamypandiyan M , Chandran Ranjeesh R , Devaraj D 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), a tropical fruit renowned for its diverse culinary uses, necessitates identifying the optimal growth stage to ensure superior flavor and texture. This research investigates employing deep learning techniques, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), for accurately detecting jackfruit growth stages. Despite the challenge posed by the nuanced visual differences among fruits at various maturity stages, a meticulously curated dataset of labeled jackfruit images was developed in collaboration with experts, utilizing the BBCH scale. This dataset facilitated training and evaluation. A modified version of the Places 365 GoogLeNet CNN model was proposed for classifying four distinct growth stages of jackfruit, compared with a state-of-the-art CNN model. The trained models demonstrated varying levels of accuracy in classification. Furthermore, the proposed CNN model was trained and tested using original and augmented images, achieving an impressive overall validation accuracy of 90%. These results underscore the efficacy of deep learning in automating the detection of growth stages, offering promising implications for quality control and decision-making in jackfruit production and distribution.
Molecular relaxation by reverse diffusion with time step prediction
Authors: Kahouli Khaled , Hessmann Stefaan Simon Pierre , Müller Klaus-Robert , Nakajima Shinichi , Gugler Stefan , Gebauer Niklas Wolf Andreas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Molecular relaxation, finding the equilibrium state of a non-equilibrium structure, is an essential component of computational chemistry to understand reactivity. Classical force field (FF) methods often rely on insufficient local energy minimization, while neural network FF models require large labeled datasets encompassing both equilibrium and non-equilibrium structures. As a remedy, we propose MoreRed, molecular relaxation by reverse diffusion, a conceptually novel and purely statistical approach where non-equilibrium structures are treated as noisy instances of their corresponding equilibrium states. To enable the denoising of arbitrarily noisy inputs via a generative diffusion model, we further introduce a novel diffusion time step predictor. Notably, MoreRed learns a simpler pseudo potential energy surface (PES) instead of the complex physical PES. It is trained on a significantly smaller, and thus computationally cheaper, dataset consisting of solely unlabeled equilibrium structures, avoiding the computation of non-equilibrium structures altogether. We compare MoreRed to classical FFs, equivariant neural network FFs trained on a large dataset of equilibrium and non-equilibrium data, as well as a semi-empirical tight-binding model. To assess this quantitatively, we evaluate the root-mean-square deviation between the found equilibrium structures and the reference equilibrium structures as well as their energies.
Design, synthesis and anti-oxidant activities of novel 1,2,3,4-tetrazine, 1,2,3-triazoles and coumarin derivatives and their nanoparticular encapsulation
Authors: Eyilcim Oznur , Belmen Burcu , Coksu Irem , Acar Serap , Yolacan Cigdem , Gunkara Omer Tahir 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds are currently used for a number of pharmaceutical and agricultural applications because they have biological activities such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antituberculosis, anticancer, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant. 1,2,3,4-Tetrazines and 1,2,3-triazoles are examples of high-nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. Coumarins, on the other hand, are lactones that form a group of oxygenated heterocyclic compounds found in plants. In this article, two analogs of 1,2,3,4-tetrazine, two analogs of 1,2,3-triazole and five analogs of coumarin were designed and synthesized. Their chemical structures were characterized by detecting their FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR (APT) spectra. The antioxidant activities of all synthesized molecules were compared at a fixed concentration (0.25 mg ml−1) using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Molecules 9c and 9e, which showed the highest antioxidant activity, were loaded into PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid) nanoparticles using the oil in water (o/w) single emulsion solvent evaporation method as a model study. Synthesized nanoparticles characterized for particle size, zeta potential, functional groups, morphology, and release properties. Particle size and zeta potential of 9c/NP were determined as 216.1 ± 8.944 nm and −14.1 ± 2.40 mV, respectively. The particle size and zeta potential for 9e/NP were measured as 222.0 ± 12.490 nm and −12.4 ± 1.42 mV respectively. The study results obtained on model nanoparticle systems with elucidated physicochemical properties may have the potential to provide a promising basis for oxidative stress-related diseases in the future.
Optical investigations of coherence and relaxation dynamics of a thulium-doped yttrium gallium garnet crystal at sub-kelvin temperatures for optical quantum memory
Authors: Das Antariksha , Falamarzi Askarani Mohsen , Davidson Jacob H , Sinclair Neil , Slater Joshua A , Marzban Sara , Oblak Daniel , Thiel Charles W , Cone Rufus L , Tittel Wolfgang 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Rare-earth ion-doped crystals are of great interest for quantum memories, a central component in future quantum repeaters. To assess the promise of 1

%

Tm3+-doped yttrium gallium garnet (Tm:YGG), we report measurements of optical coherence and energy-level lifetimes of its 3H

6

↔

3

H4 transition at a temperature of around 500 mK and various magnetic fields. Using spectral hole burning (SHB), we find hyperfine ground-level (Zeeman level) lifetimes of several minutes at magnetic fields of less than 1000 G. We also measure coherence time exceeding one millisecond using two-pulse photon echoes. Three-pulse photon echo and SHB measurements reveal that due to spectral diffusion, the effective coherence time reduces to a few µs over a timescale of around two hundred seconds. Finally, temporal and frequency-multiplexed storage of optical pulses using the atomic frequency comb protocol is demonstrated. Our results suggest Tm:YGG to be promising for multiplexed photonic quantum memory for quantum repeaters.
The Nature and Origins of Anti-Intellectualism
Authors: Motta Matthew 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 proposes a novel, unified, and group-centric theory for understanding the causes and consequences of anti-intellectualism. It begins by describing anti-intellectualism as an affective (feeling-based) and group-centric (us versus them) phenomenon. It then introduces a novel theoretical model that identifies several socio-political determinants of anti-intellectualism (e.g., partisan identity) and considers how Americans’ knowledge and interest in scientific topics might inspire change in anti-intellectual attitudes over time. Importantly, Chapter 2 revives Hofstadter’s often-overlooked prediction positing a dynamic (bidirectional) relationship between opposition to experts’ policy influence and anti-intellectualism. The chapter concludes by pushing back on the idea that partisan polarization in anti-intellectual attitude endorsement began in the 1980s and either (1) has grown steadily over time or (2) arose in response to the Reagan and (W.) Bush presidencies. Instead, the Tea Party movement’s strategic efforts to denigrate experts are primarily responsible for contemporary partisan polarization of anti-intellectual attitudes.
Origin Story Part I: Explaining Between-Person Differences in Anti-Intellectual Attitude Endorsement
Authors: Motta Matthew 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 offers an initial test of the theoretical predictions outlined in Chapter 2 by assessing the determinants of differences in anti-intellectualism between people. Across dozens of surveys spanning several decades, the chapter shows that Republicans, political conservatives, people who prefer a smaller role for government in everyday life, and highly religious people tend to be more likely to hold anti-intellectual attitudes. Critically, and contrary to previous work suggesting that anti-intellectual attitude endorsement has either steadily polarized along partisan lines since the 1980s or has grown in response to the anti-science policies of Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush, Chapter 5 shows that partisan polarization was uncommon prior to the 2010 Tea Party midterm elections. The chapter further substantiates the movement’s polarizing influence by showing that Tea Party–identifying Republicans were more likely than all other Republicans to endorse anti-intellectual sentiments throughout the Obama presidency.
Cerebral microbleeds in patients with COVID-19: is there an inevitable connection?
Authors: Wang Yuchang , Hu Yuetao , Zhao Ruichen , Wang Qi , Xu Jiarui , Yuan Jiangyuan , Dong Shiying , Liu Mingqi , Wu Chenrui , Jiang Rongcai 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical interplay between systemic infections and neurological complications, notably cerebral microbleeds. This comprehensive review meticulously aggregates and analyses current evidence on cerebral microbleeds’ prevalence, pathophysiological underpinnings and clinical implications within COVID-19 cohorts. Our findings reveal a pronounced correlation between cerebral microbleeds and increased severity of COVID-19, emphasizing the role of direct viral effects, inflammatory responses and coagulation disturbances. The documented association between cerebral microbleeds and elevated risks of morbidity and mortality necessitates enhanced neurological surveillance in managing COVID-19 patients. Although variability in study methodologies presents challenges, the cumulative evidence substantiates cerebral microbleeds as a critical illness manifestation rather than mere coincidence. This review calls for harmonization in research methodologies to refine our understanding and guide targeted interventions. Prioritizing the detection and study of neurological outcomes, such as cerebral microbleeds, is imperative for bolstering pandemic response strategies and mitigating the long-term neurological impact on survivors.
Dealing with an uncertain future: a survey study on what patients with chronic kidney disease actually want to know
Authors: Milders Jet , Ramspek Chava L , Meuleman Yvette , Bos Willem Jan W , Michels Wieneke M , Konijn Wanda S , Dekker Friedo W , van Diepen Merel 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Background
Prognostic uncertainty is a recurring theme among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We developed a survey to explore whether CKD patients want to know more about their future, and if so, which topics they prioritize. In addition, we explored differences between several subgroups.

Methods
A survey was constructed and tested in collaboration with the Dutch Kidney Patients Association. The survey consisted of three parts: (i) demographics, (ii) considerations about the future, and (iii) prognostic information. The survey was distributed among CKD patients (all stages) through patient associations and via healthcare professionals in two Dutch hospitals. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results. All results were stratified by population, sex, and age.

Results
A total of 163 patients (45 CKD, 26 dialysis, and 92 kidney transplantation) participated in the survey. The mean age was 63.9 (SD 12.0) and 48.5% was male. Most patients think about their future with CKD occasionally (56.4%) or often (35.0%). Nearly half of the patients (49.7%) discuss the future with their nephrologist, some (19.6%) do not but would like to, and 20 (15.3%) prefer not to. Most patients (73.6%) want more prognostic information, regardless of it being positive or negative. Key topics to receive prognostic information about were laboratory values, symptoms, and physical well-being. Dialysis patients prioritized mental over physical well-being. CKD patients without kidney replacement therapy (KRT) indicated thinking about, and discussing their future more regularly than KRT patients.

Conclusions
Patients with CKD contemplate their future regularly and express interest in receiving prognostic information on a variety of topics. One in five patients currently do not discuss their future with CKD with their nephrologist, despite wanting to do so. These findings underline the need to tailor prognostic information provision to patients’ preferences, advocating more attention to this subject both in research and clinical practice.
Improving the controllability robustness of complex temporal networks against intelligent attacks
Authors: Zhang Qian , Arebi Peyman 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The main goal of controllability network methods on complex temporal networks is to control all nodes with the minimum number of control nodes. Real-world complex temporal networks are faced with many errors and attacks that cause the network structure to be changed in some way so that the controllability processes are disturbed and after that, the controllability robustness of the network decreases. One of the most important attacks on complex temporal networks is intelligent attacks. In this paper, the types of intelligent attacks and their destructive effects on the controllability of complex temporal networks have been investigated. In order to increase the controllability robustness of the network against intelligent attacks, a novel graph model and strategies have been proposed on complex dynamic graph by adding new control nodes or adding new links to the network so that the network is protected against intelligent attacks. The results of simulation and comparing them with conventional methods demonstrate that the proposed node addition strategy has performed better than other methods and the improvement rate in terms of execution time is 60%. On the other hand, the proposed immunization strategy by adding links has kept the network controllable with a smaller number of links (38%) and less execution time (52%) compared to other methods.
Extra domain A-containing fibronectin in pulmonary hypertension and treatment effects of a function-blocking antibody
Authors: Singerer Isabell , Tempel Laura , Gruen Katja , Heiß Judith , Gutte Clara , Matasci Mattia , Schrepper Andrea , Bauer Reinhard , Berndt Alexander , Jung Christian , Schulze P Christian , Neri Dario , Franz Marcus 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Aims
Pulmonary vascular and right ventricular (RV) remodelling processes are important for development and progression of pulmonary hypertension (PH). The current study analysed the functional role of the extra domain A-containing fibronectin (ED-A+ Fn) for the development of PH by comparing ED-A+ Fn knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice as well as the effects of an antibody-based therapeutic approach in a model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH, which will be validated in a model of Sugen 5416/hypoxia-induced PH.

Methods and results
PH was induced using MCT (PH mice). Sixty-nine mice were divided into the following groups: sham-treated controls (WT: n = 7; KO: n = 7), PH mice without specific treatment (WT: n = 12; KO: n = 10), PH mice treated with a dual endothelin receptor antagonist (macitentan; WT: n = 6; KO: n = 11), WT PH mice treated with the F8 antibody, specifically recognizing ED-A+ Fn, (n = 8), and WT PH mice treated with an antibody of irrelevant antigen specificity (KSF, n = 8). Compared to controls, WT_PH mice showed a significant elevation of the RV systolic pressure (P = 0.04) and RV functional impairment including increased basal RV (P = 0.016) diameter or tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (P = 0.008). In contrast, KO PH did not show such effects compared to controls (P = n.s.). In WT_PH mice treated with F8, haemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters were significantly improved compared to untreated WT_PH mice or those treated with the KSF antibody (P &lt; 0.05). On the microscopic level, KO_PH mice showed significantly less tissue damage compared to the WT_PH mice (P = 0.008). Furthermore, lung tissue damage could significantly be reduced after F8 treatment (P = 0.04). Additionally, these findings could be verified in the Sugen 5416/hypoxia mouse model, in which F8 significantly improved echocardiographic, haemodynamic, and histologic parameters.

Conclusion
ED-A+ Fn is of crucial importance for PH pathogenesis representing a promising therapeutic target in PH. We here show a novel therapeutic approach using antibody-mediated functional blockade of ED-A+ Fn capable of attenuating and partially reversing PH-associated tissue remodelling.
CircARCN1 aggravates atherosclerosis by regulating HuR-mediated USP31 mRNA in macrophages
Authors: Pan Zhicheng , Lv Jialan , Zhao Liding , Xing Kaidi , Ye Runze , Zhang Yuesheng , Chen Siyuan , Yang Peng , Yu Hailong , Lin Yangkai , Li Ruobing , Wang Dongfei , Fang Juan , Dong Yang , Sheng Jianpeng , Wang Xiaolin , Shan Ge , Zhang Shan , Cheng Hongqiang , Xu Qingbo , Guo Xiaogang 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Aims
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are considered important regulators of biological processes, but their impact on atherosclerosis development, a key factor in coronary artery disease (CAD), has not been fully elucidated. We aimed to investigate their potential use in patients with CAD and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

Methods and results
Patients with stable angina (SA) or acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and controls were selected for transcriptomic screening and quantification of circRNAs in blood cells. We stained carotid plaque samples for circRNAs and performed gain- and loss-of-function studies in vitro. Western blots, protein interaction analysis, and molecular approaches were used to perform the mechanistic study. ApoE−/− mouse models were employed in functional studies with adeno-associated virus-mediated genetic intervention. We demonstrated elevated circARCN1 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with SA or ACS, especially in those with ACS. Furthermore, higher circARCN1 levels were associated with a higher risk of developing SA and ACS. We also observed elevated expression of circARCN1 in carotid artery plaques. Further analysis indicated that circARCN1 was mainly expressed in monocytes and macrophages, which was also confirmed in atherosclerotic plaques. Our in vitro studies provided evidence that circARCN1 affected the interaction between HuR and ubiquitin-specific peptidase 31 (USP31) mRNA, resulting in attenuated USP31-mediated NF-κB activation. Interestingly, macrophage accumulation and inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques were markedly decreased when circARCN1 was knocked down with adeno-associated virus in macrophages of ApoE−/− mice, while circARCN1 overexpression in the model exacerbated atherosclerotic lesions.

Conclusions
Our findings provide solid evidence macrophagic-expressed circARCN1 plays a role in atherosclerosis development by regulating HuR-mediated USP31 mRNA stability and NF-κB activation, suggesting that circARCN1 may serve as a factor for atherosclerotic lesion formation.