bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Prospective Controlled Trial of an Electronic Hand Hygiene Reminder System
Authors: Ellison Richard T. , Barysauskas Constance M. , Rundensteiner Elke A. , Wang Di , Barton Bruce 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Background.  The use of electronic hand hygiene reminder systems has been proposed as an approach to improve hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers, although information on efficacy is limited. We prospectively assessed whether hand hygiene activities among healthcare workers could be increased using an electronic hand hygiene monitoring and reminder system.
Methods.  A prospective controlled clinical trial was conducted in 2 medical intensive care units (ICUs) at an academic medical center with comparable patient populations, healthcare staff, and physical layout. Hand hygiene activity was monitored concurrently in both ICUs, and the reminder system was installed in the test ICU. The reminder system was tested during 3 administered phases including: room entry/exit chimes, display of real-time hand hygiene activity, and a combination of the 2.
Results.  In the test ICU, the mean number of hand hygiene events increased from 1538 per day at baseline to 1911 per day (24% increase) with the use of a combination of room entry/exit chimes, real-time displays of hand hygiene activity, and manager reports (P &lt; .001); in addition, the ratio of hand hygiene to room entry/exit events also increased from 26.1% to 36.6% (40% increase, P &lt; .001). The performance returned to baseline (1473 hand hygiene events per day) during the follow-up phase. There was no significant change in hand hygiene activity in the control ICU during the course of the trial.
Conclusions.  In an ICU setting, an electronic hand hygiene reminder system that provided real-time feedback on overall unit-wide hand hygiene performance significantly increased hand hygiene activity.
Designing and Interpreting Limiting Dilution Assays: General Principles and Applications to the Latent Reservoir for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1
Authors: Rosenbloom Daniel I. S. , Elliott Oliver , Hill Alison L. , Henrich Timothy J. , Siliciano Janet M. , Siliciano Robert F. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Limiting dilution assays are widely used in infectious disease research. These assays are crucial for current human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 cure research in particular. In this study, we offer new tools to help investigators design and analyze dilution assays based on their specific research needs. Limiting dilution assays are commonly used to measure the extent of infection, and in the context of HIV they represent an essential tool for studying latency and potential curative strategies. Yet standard assay designs may not discern whether an intervention reduces an already miniscule latent infection. This review addresses challenges arising in this setting and in the general use of dilution assays. We illustrate the major statistical method for estimating frequency of infectious units from assay results, and we offer an online tool for computing this estimate. We recommend a procedure for customizing assay design to achieve desired sensitivity and precision goals, subject to experimental constraints. We consider experiments in which no viral outgrowth is observed and explain how using alternatives to viral outgrowth may make measurement of HIV latency more efficient. Finally, we discuss how biological complications, such as probabilistic growth of small infections, alter interpretations of experimental results.
Integrating Antiretroviral Strategies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention: Post- and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Early Treatment
Authors: Grant Robert M. , Smith Dawn K. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Best practices for integrating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and antiretroviral interventions for prevention and treatment are suggested based on research evidence and existing normative guidance. The goal is to provide high-impact prevention services during periods of substantial risk. Antiretroviral medications are recommended for postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and treatment of HIV infection. We reviewed research evidence and current normative guidelines to identify best practices for integrating these high-impact prevention strategies. More sensitive HIV tests used for screening enable earlier diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection, more appropriate counseling, and help limit drug resistance. A fully suppressive PEP regimen should be initiated based on exposure history or physical findings when sensitive diagnostic testing is delayed or not available and antibody tests are negative. Transitions from PEP to PrEP are often warranted because HIV exposure events may continue to occur. This algorithmic approach to integrating PEP, PrEP, and early treatment decisions may increase the uptake of these interventions by a greater number and diversity of knowledgeable healthcare providers.
The unique effects of general and specific support in health care technology
Authors: Perrigino Matthew B. , Dunford Benjamin B. 
Published: August 2015

Background:
The principle of compatibility suggests that specific attitudes should target specific behaviors. The attitude–behavior relationship is contingent upon the consistency between the two.

Purpose:
This aim of this study was to examine the strength of relationships involving general versus specific support perceptions and attitudes regarding smart pump technology in hospitals. Specifically, we hypothesized that organizational support perceptions would be more strongly related to general positive work attitudes than it would to smart pump satisfaction. We also hypothesized that smart pump-specific support would be more strongly related to smart pump satisfaction than it would to general positive work attitudes.

Methodology:
Data were collected in a cross-sectional field study via online surveys at two large, public hospital systems in the Midwestern United States, one in Iowa (n = 311 nurses) and one in Wisconsin (n = 346 nurses). Because nurses in one system had more experience with smart pump technology than nurses in the other system, analyses were run separately to compare results across the two sites.

Findings:
Consistent with the principle of compatibility, hierarchical regression revealed across both sites that smart pump support had a stronger relationship with smart pump satisfaction whereas general organizational support perceptions had a stronger relationship with general positive work attitudes. In addition, moderation effects were present in one sample where high levels of the noncompatible support (e.g., smart pump-specific support on positive workplace attitudes) buffered low levels of compatible support.

Practice Implications:
Our findings highlight the contextual importance of support in regard to the growing technological transformations that health care systems currently experience. When specific forms of support are provided for specific technologies, end-users will generally respond more favorably compared to when general support is the only available resource.
Balancing cognitive diversity and mutual understanding in multidisciplinary teams
Authors: Mitchell Rebecca , Boyle Brendan , O’Brien Rachael , Malik Ashish , Tian Karen , Parker Vicki , Giles Michelle , Joyce Pauline , Chiang Vico 
Published: August 2015

Background:
Interprofessional health care teams are increasingly utilized in health care organizations. Although there is support for their capacity to solve complex problems, there is also evidence that such teams are not always successful. In an effort to understand the capacity of interprofessional teams to innovate successfully, we investigate the role of cognitive diversity to establish whether and how knowledge differences lead to innovation.

Purposes:
The aim of this study was to construct and investigate a model of team innovation predicted by cognitive diversity. In addition to investigating the direct impact of cognitive diversity in interprofessional health care teams, we develop a model incorporating mediated and moderated effects. In this study, we explore the role of debate as a mediating factor capable of explaining the impact of cognitive diversity on innovation. We further propose that the link between cognitive diversity and innovation through debate is contingent upon trans-specialist knowledge, knowledge shared by health care professionals, spanning specialist divides and enabling mutual understanding.

Methodology:
The hypotheses were investigated using a cross-sectional, correlational design. Survey data received from 75 interprofessional teams employed in an acute care setting, representing a 36% response rate, were used to investigate our model.

Findings:
Analysis supports a significant relationship between cognitive diversity and debate, which is stronger when teams rate highly for trans-specialist knowledge. Results also support a positive relationship between debate and innovation and our full moderated mediated pathway.

Practice Implications:
A range of strategies are indicated by our results to increase innovation in interprofessional teams. In particular, interventions such as interprofessional education and training, which have been shown to facilitate the development of shared language and meaning, are recommended by our findings.
Vitamin A Palmitate and Carbomer Gel Protects the Conjunctiva of Patients With Long-term Prostaglandin Analogs Application
Authors: Cui Xinhan , Xiang Jun , Zhu Wenqing , Wei Anji , Le Qihua , Xu Jianjiang , Zhou Xiaodong 
Published: August 2015

Purpose:
To investigate the protective effects of vitamin A palmitate and carbomer gel on the morphology of conjunctival epithelium and density of goblet cells (GCs) in patients on long-term prostaglandin analogs (PGAs) application.

Methods:
In this prospective cohort study, 23 primary open-angle glaucoma patients and 7 normal-tension glaucoma patients prescribed PGAs for >1 year were enrolled into 3 identical clinical trials and randomized into 3 groups (10 per group). Patients were treated twice daily with vitamin A palmitate eye gel 0.1%, or carbomer eye gel 0.2%, or no additional application of these 2 drugs. Ocular surface disease index questionnaires, Schirmer 1 test without anesthesia, tear break-up time test, and GCs density assessment by in vivo confocal microscopy and conjunctival impression cytology analysis were performed at baseline and at months 1, 3, and 6 of the study.

Results:
Both vitamin A palmitate and carbomer gel led to a significant improvement in ocular surface disease index questionnaires score and prevented the gradual decline in tear break-up time. Vitamin A palmitate significantly increased the GC density after treatment. The GC density assessed by in vivo confocal microscopy positively correlated with that measured by conjunctival impression cytology.

Conclusions:
Vitamin A palmitate and carbomer eye gel can effectively relieve dry eye symptom caused by long-term application of PGAs by increasing the GCs density and thereby reducing the toxicity to the conjunctiva. Vitamin A palmitate and carbomer eye gel may be valuable alternatives for glaucoma patients who prescribed long-term PGAs.
Why Patients With Glaucoma Lose Vision: The Patient Perspective
Authors: Newman-Casey Paula A. , Shtein Roni M. , Coleman Anne L. , Herndon Leon , Lee Paul P. 
Published: August 2015

Purpose:
To explore why glaucoma patients believe that glaucoma continues to cause vision loss despite the availability of effective treatment.

Methods:
Nine focus groups were conducted in 3 geographically and ethnically diverse areas of the United States (Los Angeles, CA; Rochester, MN; Durham, NC) that included 56 participants, 31 with poor vision and 25 with good vision. Content analysis was used to identify important themes. Semiquantitative analysis was used to measure the frequency of each theme.

Results:
A total of 474 relevant comments were made in the 9 focus groups. Focus groups elicited 305 comments about barriers to glaucoma management including issues with adherence (30%), the doctor-patient relationship (21%), knowledge about glaucoma (19%), personal support systems (19%), and barriers to health care delivery such as cost and insurance (11%). A total of 101 comments were made regarding feelings about glaucoma and 58 comments were made regarding beliefs about disease and treatment.

Conclusions:
These focus groups brought up many issues surrounding barriers to glaucoma treatment, perceived susceptibility to glaucoma, perceived benefits to treatment, and the emotional response to living with glaucoma. There is a need to create a more comprehensive chronic disease management approach for patients with glaucoma to address both the concrete and emotional issues identified in these focus group discussions.
Haemorrhagic enteritis in newborn calves associated with Clostridium perfringens and colostrum delivery
Authors: Valgaeren Bonnie R. , Pardon Bart , Verherstraeten Stefanie , Goossens Evy , Timbermont Leen , Haesebrouck Freddy , Ducatelle Richard , Van Immerseel Filip , Deprez Piet 
Published: August 2015

Introduction:
This report describes 13 cases of fatal haemorrhagic enteritis in newborn calves.

Case presentation:

Clostridium perfringens type A was isolated both from the intestinal contents of seven calves and from three visibly worn and soiled bucket teats and stomach tubes used for colostrum administration. After replacement of the colostrum delivery device and introduction of hygienic measures, no new cases appeared on any of the farms.

Conclusion:
The results suggested that contamination of colostrum with C. perfringens caused these cases of neonatal haemorrhagic enteritis.
Revisiting employee fraud: gender, investigation outcomes and offender motivation
Authors: Bonny Paul , Goode Sigi , Lacey David 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to present the findings of a study examining fraud in the workplace setting, principally in the Australasian context. Although prior research into occupational fraud is conceptually rich, there is a lack of empirical evidence of this important but elusive problem.

Design/methodology/approach
– Based on investigative data from 14 participating firms, the paper provides insights into the gender breakdowns and stated motivations of offenders. The paper also provides evidence of the number of investigations, interviews and reports to law enforcement in these firms.

Findings
– The study finds that genders are evenly balanced for most firms, with females significantly outnumbering males in banking firms. Self-imposed financial hardship was the most popular motivator. Of the number of admissions to wrongdoing, only half were subsequently reported to law enforcement.

Research limitations/implications
– Particularly complex or advanced types of occupational fraud may go unreported or undetected: as a result, the figures presented in this study may be incomplete. Reported figures are based largely on historical data provided by respondents, and the authors are unable to report accurate details of the respondent firms. This makes it difficult to determine the frequency of offending against the background population.

Practical implications
– Investigators should continue to look for changes in the life circumstances of their staff. Such changes will give an indication of instances of staff living beyond their means and the sudden financial pressures that can compel occupational fraud. Instead of trying to supervise staff to an impractical degree, managers and proprietors would be well advised to be alert to the kind of pressures that their staff might experience.

Social implications
– Social control and detection measures are likely to be easier to implement and less invasive than technical controls. The study provides additional pressure to update traditional conceptualisations of the male white collar offender. While male offenders were responsible for larger losses per case, females were more numerous in the summary offence data.

Originality/value
– Gaining insights into the problem of employee fraud and white collar crime is difficult. The authors’ contribution in this paper is to provide empirical insights into the makeup of white collar offenders, including insights on gender.
The issue of enforcement in Chinese corporate governance
Authors: Lam Charles KN , Goo S.H. 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to discuss two important aspects of enforcement of ethical standards: indirect enforcement, that is the Confucian approach, and common law enforcement. In the context of Confucianism, one must adopt the ethical teachings in a moderate or “middle” way. We should not be too attached to the liberal interpretation of the Confucian texts but must have the wisdom to apply the concepts case-by-case. The issue then is if there are no legal consequences or punishment, then how we can ensure that someone will continue to comply with the standards.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors analyze the Confucian texts in relation to the enforcement of the ethical standards. The authors investigate the Entity Maximization and Sustainability Model by referring to the exit option, the voice option, the influence exerted on the board of directors, the sending of the Confucian representatives to sit on the board of directors, the oppression remedy and statutory derivative actions. The authors adopt a comparative study approach and argue that the Confucian enforcement of ethics can fill in the gap where common law rules of procedure cannot reach in the context of Chinese corporate governance system.

Findings
– By referring to the Confucian teaching, there are several ways to encourage the superior to follow the ethical standards, namely, education, fear of punishment by society, peer pressure, intrinsic value, continuing education and codification of Confucian value/moral standards. In addition, there are several enforcement options based on the Entity Maximization and Sustainability Model, which is highly relevant to the enforcement model of Confucianism.

Originality/value
– It is the first of its kind in strengthening the enforcement of Chinese business ethics by adopting the Confucian approach and common law approach. The two are not mutually exclusive but complementary with each other to bring the enforcement of Chinese business ethics to the next level.
A routine activity perspective on online victimisation
Authors: Reyns Bradford W. 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to test a comprehensive routine activity framework on three types of online victimization. Prior research has utilized routine activity theory to explain varied online forms of victimization, but most have focused on its person-based forms. The present study, therefore, expands upon this research to examine the effects of online exposure, online target suitability and online guardianship upon phishing, hacking and malware infection victimization.

Design/methodology/approach
– Secondary data from the 23rd Cycle of the Canadian GSS were used to address the study’s research questions using binary logistic regression analyses.

Findings
– Particular online behaviors were consistently and positively related to all three types of online victimization, including booking/making reservations, social networking and having one’s information posted online. Other online routines exhibited unique effects on online victimization risk.

Originality/value
– In support of the theory, the results suggest that online exposure and target suitability increase risks for phishing, hacking and malware victimization. Online guardianship was also positively related to victimization, a finding that runs counter to theoretical expectations.
Failure of the Dodd-Frank Act
Authors: Nwogugu Michael I.C. 
Published: August 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to explain the weaknesses and inconsistencies inherent in the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 (USA).Design/methodology/approach– The approach is entirely theoretical and multi-disciplinary (and relies on some third-party empirical research), and it consists of a literature review, critique and the development of theories which are applicable across countries.Findings– The Dodd-Frank Act is inefficient and inadequate as a response to the global financial crisis. The Dodd-Frank Act has not resulted in significant economic growth and has increased transaction costs and compliance costs for both government agencies and financial services companies.Originality/value– The author developed the theories introduced in the paper.
General theory, gender-specific theory, and white-collar crime
Authors: Holtfreter Kristy 
Published: August 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of gender in white-collar crime. Directions for future research testing general and gender-specific theories are provided.Design/methodology/approach– Prior research is reviewed and critiques of general and gender-specific explanations for offending in the workplace context are advanced.Findings– Gender-specific explanations in other offending contexts (e.g. violent crime) appear to be less applicable to the understanding of white-collar crime, a finding that lends support to general theory.Practical implications– This paper provides an outline for future research testing criminological theory in organizational settings.Originality/value– This paper represents a unique attempt to apply general and gender-specific theories to a variety of financial crimes in the context of organizations.