bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of the Negative Shortwave Cloud Feedback in Middle to High Latitudes
Authors: Ceppi Paulo , Hartmann Dennis L. , Webb Mark J. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Increases in cloud optical depth and liquid water path (LWP) are robust features of global warming model simulations in high latitudes, yielding a negative shortwave cloud feedback, but the mechanisms are still uncertain. Here the importance of microphysical processes for the negative optical depth feedback is assessed by perturbing temperature in the microphysics schemes of two aquaplanet models, both of which have separate prognostic equations for liquid water and ice. It is found that most of the LWP increase with warming is caused by a suppression of ice microphysical processes in mixed-phase clouds, resulting in reduced conversion efficiencies of liquid water to ice and precipitation. Perturbing the temperature-dependent phase partitioning of convective condensate also yields a small LWP increase. Together, the perturbations in large-scale microphysics and convective condensate partitioning explain more than two-thirds of the LWP response relative to a reference case with increased SSTs, and capture all of the vertical structure of the liquid water response. In support of these findings, a very robust positive relationship between monthly mean LWP and temperature in CMIP5 models and observations is shown to exist in mixed-phase cloud regions only. In models, the historical LWP sensitivity to temperature is a good predictor of the forced global warming response poleward of about 45°, although models appear to overestimate the LWP response to warming compared to observations. The results indicate that in climate models, the suppression of ice-phase microphysical processes that deplete cloud liquid water is a key driver of the LWP increase with warming and of the associated negative shortwave cloud feedback.
The Spatiotemporal Structure of Diabatic Processes Governing the Evolution of Subantarctic Mode Water in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Cerovečki Ivana , Mazloff Matthew R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA coupled ice–ocean eddy-permitting Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE) for 2008–10 is used to describe and quantify the processes forming and destroying water in the Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) density range (σθ = 26.7–27.2 kg m−3). All the terms in the temperature and salinity equations have been diagnosed to obtain a three-dimensional and time-varying volume budget for individual isopycnal layers. This study finds that air–sea buoyancy fluxes, diapycnal mixing, advection, and storage are all important to the SAMW volume budget. The formation and destruction of water in the SAMW density range occurs over a large latitude range because of the seasonal migration of the outcrop window. The strongest formation is by wintertime surface ocean heat loss occurring equatorward of the Subantarctic Front. Spring and summertime formation occur in the polar gyres through the freshening of water with σθ > 27.2 kg m−3, with an important contribution from sea ice melt. Further buoyancy gain by heating is accomplished only after these waters have already been transformed into the SAMW density range. The spatially integrated and time-averaged SAMW formation rate in the ocean surface layer is 7.9 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) by air–sea buoyancy fluxes and 8.8 Sv by diapycnal mixing, and it is balanced by advective export into the interior ocean. Maps show that these average rates are the result of highly variable processes with strong cancellation in both space and time, revealing the complexity of water mass transformation in the three-dimensional Southern Ocean overturning circulation.
Exertional dyspnoea and cortical oxygenation in patients with COPD
Authors: Higashimoto Yuji , Honda Noritsugu , Yamagata Toshiyuki , Sano Akiko , Nishiyama Osamu , Sano Hiroyuki , Iwanaga Takashi , Kume Hiroaki , Chiba Yasutaka , Fukuda Kanji , Tohda Yuji 
Published: October 2015

This study was designed to investigate the association of perceived dyspnoea intensity with cortical oxygenation and cortical activation during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and exertional hypoxaemia.Low-intensity exercise was performed at a constant work rate by patients with COPD and exertional hypoxaemia (n=11) or no hypoxaemia (n=16), and in control participants (n=11). Cortical oxyhaemoglobin (oxy-Hb) and deoxyhaemoglobin (deoxy-Hb) concentrations were measured by multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy. Increased deoxy-Hb is assumed to reflect impaired oxygenation, whereas decreased deoxy-Hb signifies cortical activation.Exercise decreased cortical deoxy-Hb in control and nonhypoxaemic patients. Deoxy-Hb was increased in hypoxaemic patients and oxygen supplementation improved cortical oxygenation. Decreased deoxy-Hb in the pre-motor cortex (PMA) was significantly correlated with exertional dyspnoea in control participants and patients with COPD without hypoxaemia. In contrast, increased cortical deoxy-Hb concentration was correlated with dyspnoea in patients with COPD and hypoxaemia. With the administration of oxygen supplementation, exertional dyspnoea was correlated with decreased deoxy-Hb in the PMA of COPD patients with hypoxaemia.During exercise, cortical oxygenation was impaired in patients with COPD and hypoxaemia compared with control and nonhypoxaemic patients; this difference was ameliorated with oxygen supplementation. Exertional dyspnoea was related to activation of the pre-motor cortex in COPD patients.
No added value of interferon-γ release to a prediction model for childhood tuberculosis
Authors: Togun Toyin O. , Egere Uzochukwu , Gomez Marie P. , Sillah Abdou K. , Daramy Mohammed , Tientcheu Leopold D. , S. Sutherland Jayne , Hill Philip C. , Kampmann Beate 
Published: October 2015

The predictive value of a combination of clinical and radiological features with interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) for diagnosis of active tuberculosis (TB) disease among TB-exposed children is unknown.150 symptomatic HIV-negative children (aged 3 months to 14 years), prospectively recruited through active contact tracing, were included. Backward stepwise logistic regression and bootstrapping techniques were used for the development and internal validation of a clinical prediction model for active TB disease. Model discrimination and incremental value of a positive IGRA test were assessed by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).35 (23%) children were diagnosed with active TB disease and started on treatment and 115 (77%) had other respiratory tract infections. A final parsimonious clinical model, comprising age <5 years (adjusted (a)OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.0–11.5) and lymphadenopathy on clinical examination (aOR 4.9, 95% CI 1.8–13.0) discriminated active TB disease from other disease with an AUC of 0.70 (95% CI 0.61–0.80). A positive IGRA result did not improve the discriminatory ability of the clinical model (c-statistic 0.72versus0.70; p=0.644).A clinical algorithm, including age <5 years and lymphadenopathy classified 70% of active TB disease among symptomatic TB-exposed children. IGRA does not add any discriminatory value to this prediction model.
Career Prospects and Effort Incentives: Evidence from Professional Soccer
Authors: Miklós-Thal Jeanine , Ullrich Hannes 
Published: October 2015

It is difficult to test the prediction that future career prospects create implicit effort incentives because researchers cannot randomly “assign” career prospects to economic agents. To overcome this challenge, we use data from professional soccer, where employees of the same club face different external career opportunities depending on their nationality. We test whether the career prospect of being selected to a Euro Cup national team affects players’ pre-cup performances, using nationals of countries that did not participate in the Euro Cup as a control group. We find that the Euro Cup career prospect has positive effects on the performances of players with intermediate chances of being selected to their national team, but negative effects on the performances of players whose selection is very probable. Our findings have implications for the incentive effects of within-firm promotions and of external career opportunities. This paper was accepted by John List, behavioral economics.
Comparing the effectiveness of intranasal fentanyl spray with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in breakthrough pain
Authors: Shellard Sarah E , Ram Felix SF 
Published: October 2015

Background: Breakthrough cancer pain (BTCP) is complex and severe, affecting quality of life and increasing hospitalisation. BTCP has a rapid onset that requires fast acting medication with minimal side effects. Aim: This article compares the effectiveness of intranasal fentanyl spray (INFS) and oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) and their alleviation of BTCP within 10 minutes of administration. Method: The article considers pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies demonstrating the efficacy of the route of administration, time-based effects of pain relief as well as patient preference. Conclusion: The data collected indicates that INFS is more effective than OTFC for BTCP.
Uncertainties experienced by family members when one parent is dying
Authors: Stephenson Pam Shockey , Sheehan Denice , Hansen Dana , Mayo M Murray 
Published: October 2015

Purpose: This research examined uncertainty as a salient theme for families in which a parent was dying while receiving hospice care. Methods: Interviews were conducted with 61 participants from 26 families in the parent study to explore the strategies used by adolescents with a parent in a hospice. Second interviews were conducted with 15 original participants after the death of their parent. Conventional content analysis was used to analyse data. Results: Uncertainty was a prevalent and salient theme in the participants' stories revealing patterns about the causes, barriers, effects and strategies used to manage uncertainty. Conclusion: Uncertainties associated with the end of life can be problematic for some people, requiring attention by health professionals.
Power of Inaction or Ability to Learn in Action within a Political Process? Comments on “The Power of Inaction” by Cornelia Woll
Authors: Moutot Philippe 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
How to best describe and assess the result of a bailout process? The author argues that the power of inaction of banks while relevant, as argued by Cornelia Woll in her book, is not sufficient to characterize the result of a bailout process. As such result should encompass financial stability and business cycle considerations, the power of inaction of banks needs to be viewed in combination with the ability of authorities to learn in action and the quality of the legal and political process that accompanies such learning.
Diagnostic values of CD64, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in ventilator-associated pneumonia in adult trauma patients: a pilot study
Authors: Habib Sara F. , Mukhtar Ahmed M. , Abdelreheem Hossam M. , Khorshied Mervat M. , El sayed Riham , Hafez Mohamed H. , Gouda Heba M. , Ghaith Doaa M. , Hasanin Ahmed Mohamed , Eladawy Akram S. , Ali Mai A. , Fouad Ahmed Z. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackground:Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most common nosocomial infections; however, its diagnosis remains difficult to establish in the critical care setting. We investigated the potential role of neutrophil CD64 (nCD64) expression as an early marker for the diagnosis of VAP.Methods:Forty-nine consecutive patients with clinically suspected VAP were prospectively included in a single-center study. The levels of nCD64, C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum procalcitonin (PCT) were analyzed for diagnostic evaluation at the time of intubation (baseline), at day 0 (time of diagnosis), and at day 3. The receiver operating characteristic curves were analyzed to identify the ideal cutoff values.Results:VAP was confirmed in 36 of 49 cases. In patients with and without VAP, the median levels (interquartile range, IQR) of nCD64 did not differ either at baseline [2.4 (IQR, 1.8–3.1) and 2.6 (IQR, 2.3–3.2), respectively; p=0.3] or at day 0 [2 (IQR, 2.5–3.0) and 2.6 (IQR, 2.4–2.9), respectively; p=0.8]. CRP showed the largest area under the curve (AUC) at day 3. The optimum cutoff value for CRP according to the maximum Youden index was 133 mg/dL. This cutoff value had 69% sensitivity and 76% specificity for predicting VAP; the AUC was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.59–0.85). The nCD64 and PCT values could not discriminate between the VAP and non-VAP groups either at day 0 or day 3.Conclusions:The results of this pilot study suggest that neutrophil CD64 measurement has a poor role in facilitating the diagnosis of VAP and thus may not be practically recommended to guide the administration of antibiotics when VAP is suspected.
The influence of the phosphorothioate diester bond on the DNA oxidation process
Authors: Karwowski Boleslaw T. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This study describes the influence of the phosphorothioate internucleotide bond on the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) oxidation process. The interaction of an ultraviolet radiation (UVA) with a targeted double-stranded (ds) oligonucleotide, in which one strand contains an antraquinone (AQ) moiety on the 5’-end, may lead to a hole migration process through the double helix. In the end, the migration of theformed radical cation terminates in a suitable place. Usually, this is a guanine-rich sequence. In another experiment, phosphorothioate internucleotide bonds were detected in the bacterial genome as a natural modification. In this study, a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) autoradiogram analysis of irradiated ds-DNA showed that the oxidation reaction was not inhibited by an isolated guanine. Instead, irrespective of the absence or presence of a phosphorothioate bond, the termination of the ds-DNA oxidation process was predominantly observed on the thymine moieties. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that in the discussed case, a hole migration by a hopping mechanism is in competition with an oxidation reaction with a superoxide radical anion. Alternatively, the radical cation migration process is sequence-dependent due to its different ionization potentials. Therefore, the presence of a phosphorothioate internucleotide bond did not change the stability of ds-DNA under UVA irradiation conditions.
Ultrasound-assisted treatment of chitin: evaluation of physicochemical characteristics and dye removal potential
Authors: Dotto Guilherme Luiz , dos Santos Juliana Machado Nascimento , de Moura Jaqueline Motta , de Almeida Pinto Luiz Antonio 
Published: October 2015

AbstractChitin was ultrasonically treated to improve its dye adsorption characteristics. The effects of ultrasound cycle and amplitude on the chitin Sauter diameter (DSauter), deacetylation degree (DD), crystallinity index (CI) and specific surface area (SBET) were evaluated. The untreated and treated chitin samples were applied to remove Methylene Blue (MB) and Ponceau 4R (P4R) dyes from aqueous solutions. Chitin DSauter decreased from 625 to 250 μm after the ultrasonic treatment. Chitin DD was not influenced by the ultrasound treatment, remaining in the range of 42.3–45.8%. For all ultrasonic conditions, the chitin CI values decreased from 86.3% (untreated chitin) to 70.0%. The specific surface area (SBET) increased from 2.2 to 38.5 m2 g-1. After ultrasonic treatment, the dye removal percentage increased from 53.2 to 74.3% for MB and from 3.3 to 20.2% for P4R, at initial dye concentration of 50 mg l-1. Treated chitin can be used seven times maintaining the same performance. The ultrasound-assisted treatment is an alternative to improve the chitin dye adsorption characteristics.
Parametric study on the capability of three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D-FEA) of compressive behaviour of Douglas fir
Authors: Hong Jung-Pyo , Lee Jun-Jae , Yeo Hwanmyeong , Kim Chul-Ki , Pang Sung-Jun , Oh Jung-Kwon 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This study is aiming at the simulation of wood compression (C) at a macroscopic level by means of a three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D-FEA) of solid wood and evaluation of the capability and limitations of this approach. C-Tests were carried out on Douglas fir according to ASTM D 143. The specimens included the 25×25×100 mm3 cuboid bars for longitudinal (L), radial (R) and tangential (T) directions and the conventional 50×50×150 mm3 blocks for the perpendicular to grain (⊥) direction. Two sets of wood parameters were developed and the 3D-FEA was implemented for the two types of specimens. The 3D-FEA worked successfully provided that the stress state coming from the total wood C was uniform. However, in case of the dominance of local compressive behaviour such as bearing, crushing and fibre shear, a microscopic-level modelling technique is needed for correction of the material parameters. More details on the limitations and difficulties of 3D-FE implementation for wood were discussed.
The Suppression of the Natural Convection in the Directional Solidification Processing of Superalloy by the Introduction of the Traveling Magnetic Field: 2D and 3D Simulation
Authors: Qin Ling , Shen Jun , Fu Hengzhi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this work, 2D and 3D, time-dependent flow simulations with relevance to the melt motion during directional solidification of superalloy under a traveling magnetic field (TMF) are presented. Numerical results indicate that the velocity at the front of solidification interface increases rapidly in the area-changeable transition region under the no TMF. However, the downward TMF is able to either stabilize or destabilize the flow in this transition region, which is determined by the effects of the strength of the magnetic field. Under the weak downward TMF, the natural convection is suppressed and the interface always maintains flat in the process of directional solidification, providing favorable conditions for the growth of crystal. Flow is deeply destabilizing with the increase of magnetic field intensity. Finally, in terms of thermal field, flow field and interface shape, their 2D and 3D simulation results are also compared respectively.
Modals, tense, and mood
Authors: Macleod Morgan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA lack of consensus has existed regarding the interaction of English modals with categories such as tense, and individual modal forms can vary in the extent to which they make assertions regarding temporal reference. The present work attempts to provide a compositional semantic account of English modals by proposing that these forms may be inflected both for tense and for mood. The crosslinguistic status of inflectional moods such as the subjunctive is examined; it is argued that an inflectional subjunctive exists in Modern English with semantic properties similar to those of comparable forms in older Indo-European languages, and the extent to which linguistic cues would permit learners of English to acquire such a category is discussed. Data on English modals are reviewed in light of the analysis proposed here to determine its compatibility with observed usage. It is suggested that the analysis proposed here has certain advantages over models in which the observed semantic range of English modals is presented in terms of an unprincipled heterogeneity.
Nano-SiCp/Al2014 composites with high strength and good ductility
Authors: Zhang Long-Jiang , Qiu Feng , Wang Jin-Guo , Jiang Qi-Chuan 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
In this study, Al2014 matrix composites reinforced with nano-SiC particles were successfully fabricated by semi-solid stirring combined with hot extrusion. The obtained composites exhibited refined α-Al grains, reasonable nano-SiC particles distribution, good interface bonding, and high dislocation density. The addition of 0.5 vol.% nano-sized SiC particles significantly improved the tensile strengths of the Al2014 alloy without sacrificing the ductility. Compared with the Al2014 alloy, the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and fracture strain of 0.5 vol.% nano-SiCp/Al2014 composites increased from 242 MPa, 460 MPa, and 17.1% to 306 MPa, 532 MPa, and 17.7%, respectively.
Distinct activated cortical areas and volumes in Uygur-Chinese bilinguals
Authors: Jiang Mei , Yang Li-Xia , Jia Lin , Shi Xin , Wang Hong , Wang Lin-yun , Abaydulla Yari , Zhu Li-Na , Jia Wen-Xiao 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate variations in cortical activation in early and late Uygur-Chinese
bilinguals from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Methodology: During a semantic judgment
task with visual stimulation by a single Chinese or Uygur word, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
was performed. The fMRI data regarding activated cortical areas and volumes by both languages were analyzed.
Results: The first language (L1) and second language (L2) activated language-related hemispheric regions,
including the left inferior frontal and parietal cortices, and L1 specifically activated the left middle temporal
gyrus. For both L1 and L2, cortical activation was greater in the left hemisphere, and there was no significant
difference in the lateralization index (LI) between the two languages (p > 0.05). Although the total activated
cortical areas were larger in early than late bilinguals, the activation volumes were not significantly different.
Conclusion: Activated brains areas in early and late fluent bilinguals largely overlapped. However, these areas
were more scattered upon presentation of L2 than L1, and L1 had a more specific pattern of activation than L2.
For both languages, the left hemisphere was dominant. We found that L2 proficiency level rather than age of
acquisition had a greater influence on which brain areas were activated with semantic processing.
Evaluating the Perceived Relational Benefits of Travel Agents on Managing Relationships With National Tourism Organization Abroad Offices: An Empirical Study
Authors: Chin-Tsai Lin , Yeok-How Goay 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Evaluating the perceived relational benefits of travel agents on managing relationships with national tourism organization (NTO) abroad offices is crucial because travel agents are a critical factor for the competitiveness of NTO abroad offices. Firstly, this study used focus group discussions to determine the criteria of perceived relational benefits of travel agents on managing relationships with NTO abroad offices. An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model was then used to evaluate the weights of the criteria. Finally, this study examined and identified the overall global scores of perceived relational benefits of travel agents on different types of NTO abroad offices in Taiwan. The study contributed a theoretical framework and systematic model for evaluating the perceived relational benefits of travel agents on maintaining relationships with NTO abroad offices to enhance competitiveness; the theoretical framework and model are highly applicable for academic and practical use.