bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is addiction a myth? Donald Davidson’s solution to the problem of akrasia says not*
Authors: Heather Nick , Segal Gabriel 
Published: June 2015

Heather, N., & Segal, G. (2015). Is addiction a myth? Donald Davidson’s solution to the problem of akrasia says not*. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 77-83. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.195An obvious problem for the concept of addiction is its portrayal as involving involuntary behavior in the face of the addict’s intentional actions. This has led some writers to call addiction a myth and to describe the self-labeling of persons as addicts as an illustration of causal attribution. We argue that this position is seriously mistaken. We propose that it is possible to construct a meaningful concept of addiction without assuming it involves completely involuntary behavior and to do so within the language of agents engaging in intentional action. One way of doing so arises from the work of Donald Davidson (1917-2003), particularly his essay "How is weakness of the will possible?" (Davidson, 1969). Davidson proposes a solution to the classic philosophical problem (called the problem of akrasia or incontinence) of how it is logically possible for someone to perform an action against her better judgement, and his solution is relevant to an understanding of addiction (i.e., addiction is a class of akratic action). Thus, Davidson’s solution to this philosophical problem is also an answer to the question of how it is possible to understand addiction without assuming it entails completely involuntary behavior. At the same time, Davidson’s conclusion at the end of his essay—that the akrates cannot give a reason for preferring incontinent over continent action—suggests what addicts mean when they say they feel compelled to behave the way they do.
Addiction: A highly successful, essentially contested concept
Authors: Borch Anita , Rantala Varpu 
Published: June 2015

Borch, A., & Rantala, V. (2015). Addiction: A highly successful, essentially contested concept. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 1-4. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.200Within two or three decades an increasing use of the concept of addiction has been observed in the media, in expert discourses, in popular culture, and in everyday talk. The concept does not only cover traditional substance use but also a growing range of behaviors like gambling, internet use, sex, eating, work, and shopping. One important reason behind the concept’s “use value” lies most likely in the fact that it can be adapted to so many different situations of contemporary life. The concept also integrates everyday talk with medical and scientific discourse (Room, Hellman, & Stenius, this issue; Valverde, 1998). The scientific sector is supposed to produce the most reliable, transparent, objective, and impersonal knowledge (Warshal, 2010), and as such the concept holds the credibility label of being “made by science.”
Large‐eddy simulation of three mixed‐phase cloud events during ISDAC: Conditions for persistent heterogeneous ice formation
Authors: Savre J. , Ekman A. M. L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA Classical‐Nucleation‐Theory‐based parameterization for heterogenous ice nucleation, including explicit dependencies of the nucleation rates on the number concentration, size, and composition of the ambient aerosol population, is implemented in a cloud‐scale, large‐eddy simulation model and evaluated against Arctic mixed‐phase cloud events observed during Indirect and Semi‐Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC). An important feature of the parameterization is that the ice nucleation efficiency of each considered aerosol type is described using a contact angle distribution which evolves with time so that the model accounts for the inhibition of ice nucleation as the most efficient ice‐forming particles are nucleated and scavenged. The model gives a reasonable representation of first‐order (ice water paths) and second‐order (ice crystal size distributions) ice microphysical properties. The production of new ice crystals in the upper part of the cloud, essential to guarantee sustained mixed‐phase conditions, is found to be controlled mostly by the competition between radiative cooling (resulting in more aerosol particles becoming efficient ice nuclei as the temperature decreases), cloud‐top entrainment (entraining fresh particles into the cloud), and nucleation scavenging of the ice+forming aerosol particles. The relative contribution of each process is mostly determined by the cloud‐top temperature and the entrainment rates. Accounting for the evolution of the contact angle probability density function with time seems to be essential to capture the persistence of in‐cloud ice production without having to, for example, increase the free tropospheric aerosol concentration. Although limited to only three cases and despite important limitations of the parameterization (e.g., the present version only considers dust and black carbon as potential ice nuclei), the results suggest that modeling the time evolution of the ice nuclei population ability to form ice is required to accurately model Arctic mixed‐phase cloud processes.
Ionospheric variation during pulsating aurora
Authors: Hosokawa K. , Ogawa Y. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe have statistically analyzed data from the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) UHF/VHF radars in Tromsø (69.60°N, 19.20°E), Norway, to reveal how the occurrence of pulsating auroras (PsAs) modifies the electron density profile in the ionosphere. By checking five winter seasons' (2007–2012) observations of all‐sky aurora cameras of the National Institute of Polar Research in Tromsø, we have extracted 21 cases of PsA. During these PsA events, either the UHF or VHF radar of EISCAT was operative and the electron density profiles were obtained along the field‐aligned or vertical direction near the zenith. From these electron density measurements, we calculated hmE (E region peak height) and NmE (E region peak density), which are proxies for the energy and flux of the precipitating PsA electrons, respectively. Then, we examined how these two parameters changed during the evolution of 21 PsA events in a statistical fashion. The results can be summarized as follows: (1) hmE is lower (the energy of precipitation electrons is higher) during the periods of PsA than that in the surrounding interval; (2) when NmE is higher (flux of PsA electrons is larger), hmE tends to be lower (precipitation is harder); (3) hmE is lower and NmE is larger in the later magnetic local time; and (4) when the AE index during the preceding substorm is larger, hmE is lower and NmE is larger. These tendencies are discussed in terms of the characteristics of particles and plasma waves in the source of PsA in the magnetosphere. In addition to the statistics of the EISCAT data, we carried out several detailed case studies, in which the altitude profiles of the electron density were derived by separating the On and Off phases of PsA. This allows us to estimate the true altitude profiles of the PsA ionization, which can be used for estimating the characteristic energy of the PsA electrons and better understanding the wave‐particle interaction process in the magnetosphere.
MonteCarlo Studies, Empirical Response Surfaces in
Authors: Power Simon 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article examines the role of empirical response surfaces in succinctly summarizing the results of Monte Carlo studies and providing a simple means of predicting the outcome of Monte Carlo experiments that were not explicitly included in a particular study. It includes a simple illustrative example and discusses recent applications in the case of unit‐root and cointegration test statistics with nonstandard distributions.
Impact of Inflation and Interest on Aggregate Claims
Authors: Garrido José , Léveillé Ghislain 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Inflation can have a significant impact on insured losses. Insurance companies recognize this effect on their aggregate claims when setting premiums and reserves.
Interest earned by insurance companies on their reserves can, to some extent, offset the effect of inflation on claims. This article looks at the combined effect of these economical variables, inflation and interest, on the distribution of aggregate claims.
Life Insurance Mathematics
Authors: Norberg Ragnar 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The subject matter and methodology of modern life insurance mathematics are surveyed. Standard insurance products with payments depending only on life history events are described and analyzed in the commonly used Markov chain model under the assumption of deterministic interest rates. The actuarial equivalence principle for determining premiums and reserves is motivated by risk diversification in large portfolios. Differential equations for reserves and other conditional expected values are obtained and proclaimed basic constructive and computational tools. The traditional method for managing nondiversifiable risk arising from changes in, for example, mortality rates and interest rates is outlined; premiums are calculated under prudent assumptions and systematic surpluses thus created are repaid as bonus. An alternative way of managing nondiversifiable risk is to link the contractual payments to the development of mortality, interest, and possibly other demographic or economic indexes. Examples of the so‐called index‐linked products are given, and premiums and reserves are determined by combined use of classical actuarial principles and principles of pricing and hedging from financial mathematics. Transfer of nondiversifiable risk to the financial markets through creation of tradable insurance derivatives is outlined as an idea. Methods for estimation of mortality and other vital rates are fetched from modern statistical life history analysis and therefore only briefly described. Finally, martingale techniques are presented and their applications are discussed.
Measurement of Agreement
Authors: Shoukri Mohamed M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article reviews some well‐known indices of agreement, the conceptual and statistical issues related to their estimation, and their interpretation for both categorical and interval scale measurements. Particular measures of agreement that are discussed include kappa, a measure of category distinguishability, measure for agreement with nominal responses, monotonic agreement, and agreement measures for 2 × 2 tables. Agreement of multiple raters for the same subject is also discussed, together with the use of unanimity and majority rules. Software to carry out these calculations is also mentioned.Since the publication of the first review, several books (Dunn, G. (2004); Broemeling, L. D. (2009).Bayesian Methods for Measures of Agreement, Chapman & Hall/CRC Biostatistics Series, Boca Raton, FL; Gwet, K. L.Handbook of Inter‐rater Reliability, 3rd Edition, Advanced Analytics, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD; Shoukri, M. M. (2010).Measures of Interobserver Agreement and Reliability, 2nd Edition, Chapman & Hall/CRC Biostatistics Series, Boca Raton, FL; Von Eye, A. and Mun, E. Y. (2004).Analyzing Rater Agreement: Manifest Variable Methods Hardcover. ISBN‐13: 978–08058496771 ISBN‐10:080584967X Edition: Har/Cdr.) have been published, which is an indication that the topic is of interest to applied statisticians, clinicians, and other practitioners.
Multivariate Survival Analysis
Authors: Dabrowska Dorota M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMultivariate survival analysis deals with methods designed for the study of correlated failure time observations taken on a single individual or a group of individuals. Examples of applications include epidemiologic studies on the familial tendency in chronic disease incidence, follow‐up studies of recurrent diseases, litter‐matched carcinogenicity experiments on animals, or clinical trials on paired human organs. We give an overview of common approaches to nonparametric estimation of survival function in the presence of censoring and truncation, testing dependencies, and semiparametric regression modeling.
Data Mining
Authors: Hand David J. , Adams Niall M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractData mining is the discovery of structures and patterns in large and complex data sets. There are two aspects to data mining: model building and pattern detection. Model building in data mining is very similar to statistical modeling, although new problems arise because of the large sizes of the data sets and the fact that data mining is often secondary data analysis. Pattern detection seeks anomalies or small local structures in data, with the vast mass of the data being irrelevant. Indeed, one view of many large‐scale data mining activities is that they primarily constitute filtering and data reduction. Although some subdisciplines of statistics have examined special cases of this problem, the bulk of the work on pattern detection to date has been computational, with an emphasis on algorithms.
Fuzzy Cluster Analysis
Authors: Manton Kenneth G. , Lowrimore Gene 
Published: June 2015

AbstractUsually in cluster analysis, an object is a member of one and only one cluster, a property described as “crisp” membership. Fuzzy cluster analysis allows an object to have partial membership in more than one cluster. This is different from the situation where the membership is actually crisp and each case has a probability of belonging to a particular cluster. Selecting a good membership function is important to the success of the fuzzy clustering methods. The Grade of Membership model – which has a long history of usage in other contexts – is proposed as a straightforward way of performing fuzzy cluster analysis. The Grade of Membership model is illustrated by an example involving gene expression data.
LASSO, the
Authors: Knight Keith 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) is a method of estimation in linear regression (and related) models that combines shrinkage estimation achieved in ridge regression with model selection where some (or all) parameter estimates are set to zero. The LASSO is capable of producing a “sparse” estimate of the parameter and can be used effectively even when the number of parameters exceeds the number of observations. LASSO estimates can be computed very efficiently using a number of methods, including coordinate descent methods. A number of generalizations of the LASSO have been proposed, including the fused LASSO, the group LASSO, and the adaptive LASSO.
Effect of carbon black and nanoclay on mechanical and thermal properties of ABS–PANI/ABS–PPy blends
Authors: Debnath Narayan , Panwar Vinay , Bag Souvik , Saha Mitali , Pal Kaushik 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTAcrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)–polyaniline (PANI) and ABS–polypyrrole (PPy) blends exhibit poor mechanical and thermal properties due to their weak interfacial adhesion and inhomogeneous mixing. The properties have been improved by addition of carbon black (CB) and nanoclay (NC). Composites are prepared by mixing CB and NC with ABS–PANI and ABS–PPY blends. The morphology and crystalline characteristics are studied using field emission scanning electron spectroscopy (FESEM) and X‐ray diffraction, respectively. In addition, all the composites have been analyzed for their mechanical and thermal performance. The tensile strength of ABS–PANI has been increased by 7.18% and 65.83% with addition of CB and a combination of CB–NC, respectively. FESEM images are found supportive with these trends and show homogeneous dispersion of CB in the polymer matrix, assisted by NC. Dynamic mechanical analysis results also show slight improvement of glass transition temperature (Tg) with addition of fillers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42577.
Interactions Between Amino Acid–Defined Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Variants and Smoking in Seropositive Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kim Kwangwoo , Jiang Xia , Cui Jing , Lu Bing , Costenbader Karen H. , Sparks Jeffrey A. , Bang So‐Young , Lee Hye‐Soon , Okada Yukinori , Raychaudhuri Soumya , Alfredsson Lars , Bae Sang‐Cheol , Klareskog Lars , Karlson Elizabeth W. 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveTo define the interaction between cigarette smoking and HLA polymorphisms in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), in the context of a recently identified amino acid–based HLA model for RA susceptibility.MethodsWe imputed Immunochip data on HLA amino acids and classical alleles from 3 case–control studies (the Swedish Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis [EIRA] study [1,654 cases and 1,934 controls], the Nurses' Health Study [NHS] [229 cases and 360 controls], and the Korean RA Cohort Study [1,390 cases and 735 controls]). We examined the interaction effects of heavy smoking (>10 pack‐years) and the genetic risk score (GRS) of multiple RA‐associated amino acid positions (positions 11, 13, 71, and 74 in HLA–DRβ1, position 9 in HLA–B, and position 9 in HLA–DPβ1), as well as the interaction effects of heavy smoking and the GRS of HLA–DRβ1 4–amino acid haplotypes (assessed via attributable proportion due to interaction [AP] using the additive interaction model).ResultsHeavy smoking and all investigated HLA amino acid positions and haplotypes were associated with RA susceptibility in the 3 populations. In the interaction analysis, we found a significant deviation from the expected additive joint effect between heavy smoking and the HLA–DRβ1 4–amino acid haplotype (AP 0.416, 0.467, and 0.796, in the EIRA, NHS, and Korean studies, respectively). We further identified the key interacting variants as being located at HLA–DRβ1 amino acid positions 11 and 13 but not at any of the other RA risk–associated amino acid positions. For residues in positions 11 and 13, there were similar patterns between RA risk effects and interaction effects.ConclusionOur findings of significant gene–environment interaction effects indicate that a physical interaction between citrullinated autoantigens produced by smoking and HLA–DR molecules is characterized by the HLA–DRβ1 4–amino acid haplotype, primarily by positions 11 and 13.
Life‐cycle impacts of soybean and algae biodiesel: Case study of US marine vessels
Authors: Tsang Michael , Fox‐Lent Cate , Wallace Sean , Welp Tim , Bates Matthew , Linkov Igor 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe push to find alternatives to fossil fuels has driven research and consumption of biofuels. Recent actions in the United States have placed an emphasis on the use of renewable fuels for improved sustainability of government operations. In 2013, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) measured atmospheric emissions from two navigation vessels consuming three different fuel types and found that biofuels have the potential to lower atmospheric emissions. These fuels have widely different production processes, however, and a full life‐cycle assessment is necessary to provide a complete picture of these biofuels. The goal of this study was to identify whether transitioning navigation vessels to operate on biodiesel would have the potential to lower human health and environmental impacts. This study focuses on the complete life cycle of these fuels in USACE marine vessels by employing a well‐to‐wheels life‐cycle assessment comparing the impacts of a 100% soy‐based biodiesel and an algal‐based biodiesel blend to a conventional diesel. Overall, soybean‐based biodiesel had lower impacts compared to algal‐based biodiesel. Impacts from conventional diesel were generally lower than algal‐based biodiesel, but impacts between conventional diesel and soybean‐based biodiesel were mixed. While greenhouse gas emissions during the use phase were reduced for the biofuels (after considering only the non‐biogenic fraction of carbon emission), a complete look at the life‐cycle resulted in cases where emissions could be greater than conventional diesel. Biodiesel impacts depended greatly on modeling assumptions made in the life‐cycle system boundaries and inventory such as allocation method and assumptions about feedstock growth and harvesting. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Interactive computer for teaching biot poroelasticity modeling in civil engineering
Authors: Zhou Xiang‐Lian , Wang Jian‐Hua 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe utilization of interactive computer to teaching and learning Biot Poroelasticity Modeling is becoming an important aspect of the implementation of a more advanced approach to teaching in Civil Engineering. As part of the learning method, an interactive computer‐based instructional assistance is specifically developed to help students to build, run, and analyze the output from a commercially software‐ COMSOL for Biot poroelasticity equations. The Biot poroelasticity equations and constitutive relation of fluid flow are input as partial differential equations into a customizable finite element software package. Several numerical simulations such as vertical effective stress and pore pressure, are presented to illustrate the validity and usefulness of the fully coupled approach, which is verified in the Biot poroelasticity modeling formulation. The assessment of instructor tools include: homework, term project, small group discussions, which assists to assess the student's degree of understanding for Biot poroelasticity theory. The survey finds that most students feel they could complete the project with minimum supervision, and have a basic understanding of variation of pore pressure as a result of the activity. On the other hand, almost of students feel that the COMSOL software aid helpful and easy to follow. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. 24:5–15, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21662
Die Kerze
Authors: Luerßen Bjoern , Peppler Klaus , Ries Marc , Janek Jürgen , Over Herbert 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn diesem Artikel wurden die wesentlichen physikalisch‐chemischen Prozesse in einer brennenden Kerze diskutiert. Diese umfassen thermodynamische‐, chemisch‐kinetische‐ und Transportprozesse sowie die Quantenchemie und ‐physik. In einer Kerze sind alle vier Aggregatzustände vertreten (fest, flüssig, Gas, Plasma). Die abgestrahlte Wärme der Flamme verflüssigt das feste Wachs um den Docht herum, der dann das flüssige Wachs per Kapillarkraft in das Innere der Flamme transportiert, wo es verdampft und entzündet wird. Ohne weitere Verwirbelung in der Flamme kann Sauerstoff aus der umgebenden Atmosphäre nicht tief in die Flamme eindringen, so dass chemisch reduzierende Bedingungen im Innern der Flamme vorherrschen. Die Wachsmoleküle werden bei ca. 800 °C pyrolisiert, also unter Sauerstoffausschluss in kleine Molekülfragmente zerlegt. Aus diesen Molekülfragmenten werden polyaromatische Ringe aufgebaut. Bei einer Temperatur von 1200 °C werden daraus schließlich die Rußpartikel durch Nukleation gebildet. Die heiße aufsteigende Luft (Konvektion) erzeugt die typische Mandelform der Kerzenflamme.Die Kerzenflamme stellt einen Flussreaktor mit Leuchteffekten dar, bei dem das Wachs mit Sauerstoff nahezu vollständig zu CO2 und Wasser umgesetzt wird. Nur ein sehr geringer Teil der dabei freigesetzten Reaktionswärme (0,5 %) wird in sichtbares Licht umgewandelt, so dass die Kerze als äußerst ineffizientes, dennoch romantisches Leuchtmittel angesehen werden muss.