bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations and modeling of the braking effect of forests on small and medium avalanches
Authors: Feistl Thomas , Bebi Peter , Teich Michaela , Bühler Yves , Christen Marc , Thuro Kurosch , Bartelt Perry 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA long-standing problem in avalanche science is to understand how forests stop avalanches. In this paper we quantify the effect of forests on small and medium avalanches, crucial for road and skirun safety. We performed field studies on seven avalanches where trees affected the runout. We gathered information concerning the release zone location and dimension, deposition patterns and heights, runout distance and forest structure. In these studies the trees were not destroyed, but acted as rigid obstacles. Wedge-like depositions formed behind (1) individual tree stems, (2) dense tree groups and (3) young trees with low-lying branches. Using the observations as a guide, we developed a one-parameter function to extract momentum corresponding to the stopped mass from the avalanche. The function was implemented in a depth-averaged avalanche dynamics model and used to predict the observed runout distances and mean deposition heights for the seven case studies. The approach differs from existing forest interaction models, which modify avalanche friction to account for tree breakage and debris entrainment. Our results underscore the importance of forests in mitigating the danger from small-to-medium avalanches.
Characteristics of the last five surges of Lowell Glacier, Yukon, Canada, since 1948
Authors: Bevington Alexandre , Copland Luke 
Published: January 2014

AbstractField observations, aerial photographs and satellite images are used to reconstruct the past surges of Lowell Glacier, Yukon, Canada, since 1948 based on the timing of terminus advances. A total of five surges occurred over this time, each with a duration of ~1–2 years. The time between successive surges ranged from 12 to 20 years, and appears to have been shortening over time. The relatively short advance and quiescent phases of Lowell Glacier, together with rapid increases in velocity during surges, suggest that the surging is controlled by a hydrological switch. The 2009–10 surge saw ablation area velocities increase by up to two orders of magnitude from quiescent velocities, and the terminus increase in area by 5.1 km2 and in length by up to 2.85 km. This change in area was the smallest since 1948, and follows the trend of decreasing surge extents over time. This decrease is likely driven by a strongly negative surface mass balance of Lowell Glacier since at least the 1970s, and means that the current town site of Haines Junction is very unlikely to be flooded by damming caused by any future advances of the glacier under the current climate regime.
Consommer la musique à l’ère du numérique : vers une analyse des environnements sonores
Authors: Nowak Raphaël 
Published: January 2014

Cette note de recherche porte sur l’analyse qualitative de la consommation musicale à l’ère du numérique. À travers l’examen des interactions entre les individus et la musique, j’argue que les analyses « écologiques » et « constructivistes » sont trop restreintes, en ce qu’elles ne tiennent pas compte de l’éclectisme grandissant des pratiques technologiques. En effet, les modes de consommation hétérogènes remettent la matérialité des supports d’écoute au centre des questions de réception de la musique. En conséquence, il convient d’introduire la matérialité des objets afin de comprendre les modes de consommation contemporains ainsi que les affects musicaux.
Defining a Therapeutic Program for Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis Patients with Unknown Etiology
Authors: Neri Vincenzo , Lapolla Francesco , Di Lascia Alessandra , Giambavicchio Libero Luca 
Published: January 2014

Aim To define a therapeutic program for mild-moderate acute pancreatitis (AP), often recurrent, which at the end of the diagnostic process remains of undefined etiology. Material and Methods In the period 2011-2012, we observed 64 cases of AP: 52 mild-moderate, 12 severe; biliary 39, biliary in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis 5, unexplained recurrent 20. The clinical and instrumental evaluation of the 20 cases of unexplained AP showed 6 patients with biliary sludge, 4 microlithiasis, 4 sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, and 6 cases that remained undefined. Results Among 20 patients with recurrent, unexplained AP at initial etiological assessment, we performed 10 video laparo cholecystectomies (VLCs), 2 open cholecystectomies and 4 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography/endoscopic sphincterotomies (ERCP/ES) in patients who had undergone previous cholecystectomy; 4 patients refused surgery. Among these 20 patients, 6 had AP that remained unexplained after second-level imaging investigations. For these patients, 4 VLCs and 2 ERCP/ES were performed. Follow-up after six months was negative for further recurrence. Conclusion The recurrence of unexplained acute pancreatitis could be treated with empirical cholecystectomy and/or ERCP/ES in cases of previous cholecystectomy.
Research Impact: A United Kingdom Occupational Therapy Research Foundation Perspective
Authors: Sainty Mandy 
Published: January 2014

Introduction: The United Kingdom Occupational Therapy Research Foundation provides profession-specific funding for research, but what is its impact? An exploratory study was undertaken to gather intelligence on the impact of completed projects. Method: Eleven grant holders were invited to complete a research impact assessment form based on the multidimensional Becker Medical Library Model. Four domains of impact were included: research outputs and advancement of knowledge, clinical implementation, community and public benefit, and economic benefit. Results: Eight impact assessment forms were returned (73%); these reflected grants awarded across the four funding streams, although there were no returns from grant holders receiving over £50,000. Clearly evident was that most researchers were seeking publication in a range of journals, and disseminating findings at conferences. Other notable impacts included the extent to which participants were using findings in educational activities; the apparent importance of the collaborative partnerships in terms of the clinical application of findings post project; the active engagement of practitioners and service users; and the opportunities arising for follow-on funding or projects. Conclusion: Capturing research impact is complex, but vital. The project provided a strong argument to adopt a prospective approach to impact reporting throughout, and beyond, the life of a grant.
The Effectiveness of Local Authority Social Services' Occupational Therapy for Older People in Great Britain: A Critical Literature Review
Authors: Boniface Gail , Mason Margot , MacIntyre Jacqueline , Synan Christine , Riley Jill 
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Older people are the main users of adult social care services in Great Britain. Evidence suggests that occupational therapists employed by local authorities are providing interventions that promote and maintain older people's independence, and decrease dependency on other services. However, such evidence is disparate in nature and lacks synthesis. Method: This literature review systematically selected, critically appraised, and thematically synthesized the post 2000 published and unpublished evidence on the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for older people in social care services. Findings: Identified themes established: the localized nature of social care services for older people; organizational and policy impacts on services, and factors influencing effectiveness and cost effectiveness. Although occupational therapists are increasingly involved in rehabilitation and reablement, there is a continuing focus on equipment and adaptations provision. A high level of service user satisfaction was identified, once timely occupational therapy services were received. Conclusion: Overall, occupational therapy in social care is perceived as effective in improving quality of life for older people and their carers, and cost effective in making savings for other social and healthcare services. However, the complex nature of social care services makes it difficult to disaggregate the effectiveness of occupational therapy from other services.
Motor Abilities and Coping in Children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Ruckser-Scherb Renate , Roth Roswith , Lothaller Harald , Endler Christian 
Published: January 2014

Introduction: This study was conducted in order to identify differences in motor abilities and coping in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. The study also discusses the relationship between coping and motor abilities. Method: A cross-sectional design with two independent groups was chosen to identify the differences. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children — second edition (Henderson et al 2007) was used to assess motor skills. Coping was evaluated with the Coping Inventory observation form (Adaptive Behaviour Index) (Zeitlin 1985). Results: Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed significant differences between the motor abilities and coping efforts of children with and without developmental coordination disorder. Calculations using Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a significant correlation between coping and motor competences. In the overall model, boys and children with lower coping efforts were found more likely to be participants in the group with development coordination disorder. Conclusion: Children with coordination problems differ from typically developing children in their motor and coping abilities when rated by their parents. This highlights the importance of paying attention to the coping strategies and resources of children with developmental coordination disorder during therapy.
Development and Assessment of a Web-Based Clinical Quality Improvement Curriculum
Authors: Yanamadala Mamata , Hawley Jeffrey , Sloane Richard , Bae Jonathan , Heflin Mitchell T. , Buhr Gwendolen T. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
Understanding quality improvement (QI) is an important skill for physicians, yet educational interventions focused on teaching QI to residents are relatively rare. Web-based training may be an effective teaching tool in time-limited and expertise-limited settings.

Intervention
We developed a web-based curriculum in QI and evaluated its effectiveness.

Methods
During the 2011–2012 academic year, we enrolled 53 first-year internal medicine residents to complete the online training. Residents were provided an average of 6 hours of protected time during a 1-month geriatrics rotation to sequentially complete 8 online modules on QI. A pre-post design was used to measure changes in knowledge of the QI principles and self-assessed competence in the objectives of the course.

Results
Of the residents, 72% percent (37 of 51) completed all of the modules and pretests and posttests. Immediate pre-post knowledge improved from 6 to 8.5 for a total score of 15 (P &lt; .001) and pre-post self-assessed competence in QI principles on paired t test analysis improved from 1.7 to 2.7 on a scale of 5 for residents who completed all of the components of the course.

Conclusions
Web-based training of QI in this study was comparable to other existing non–web-based curricula in improving learner confidence and knowledge in QI principles. Web-based training can be an efficient and effective mode of content delivery.
Lightning injury in a desert
Authors: Shaikh Nissar , Ummunnisa Firdous , Mahomed Muneer , el-Tamimi Noora 
Published: January 2014

Thunderstorms and lightning are uncommon in the Arabian Gulf. Lightning is a giant spark of electricity in the atmosphere or between atmosphere and ground. Most frequently fatalities after the lightning injury are due to direct lightning strike and cardiorespiratory arrest. It is essential that acute care physicians as well as paramedical personnel are aware of lightning injury and its management. This is a case of a field worker who was struck by lightning while working, which led to a cardiorespiratory arrest.
A young male was brought to the emergency room with a history of having been struck by lightning while he was at work in the desert on a roadside project in a thunderstorm. The lightning injury was witnessed by his colleagues and they started immediate basic life support when they found him unconscious without a pulse. He was intubated, ventilated and started on vasopressors in the nearest primary health centre. He was then transferred to an intensive care unit. He was weaned off vasopressors and ventilation by day four and was extubated then transferred to the ward and subsequently discharged home.
Awareness of the danger posed by lightning injury is essential. Early life support is important for better outcome of lightning induced cardiorespiratory arrest.
Active tectonics in Quito, Ecuador, assessed by geomorphological studies, GPS data, and crustal seismicity
Authors: Alvarado A. , Audin L. , Nocquet J. M. , Lagreulet S. , Segovia M. , Font Y. , Lamarque G. , Yepes H. , Mothes P. , Rolandone F. , Jarrín P. , Quidelleur X. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Quito Fault System (QFS) extends over 60 km along the Interandean Depression in northern Ecuador. Multidisciplinary studies support an interpretation in which two major contemporaneous fault systems affect Quaternary volcanoclastic deposits. Hanging paleovalleys and disruption of drainage networks attest to ongoing crustal deformation and uplift in this region, further confirmed by 15 years of GPS measurements and seismicity. The resulting new kinematic model emphasizes the role of the N‐S segmented, en echelon eastward migrating Quito Fault System (QFS). Northeast of this major tectonic feature, the strike‐slip Guayllabamba Fault System (GFS) aids the eastward transfer of the regional strain toward Colombia. These two tectonic fault systems are active, and the local focal mechanisms are consistent with the direction of relative GPS velocities and the regional stress tensor. Among active features, inherited N‐S direction sutures appear to play a role in confining the active deformation in the Interandean Depression. The most frontal of the Quito faults formed at the tip of a blind thrust, dipping 40°W, is most probably connected at depth to inactive suture to the west. A new GPS data set indicates active shortening rates for Quito blind thrust of up to 4 mm/yr, which decreases northward along the fold system as it connects to the strike‐slip Guayllabamba Fault System. The proximity of these structures to the densely populated Quito region highlights the need for additional tectonic studies in these regions of Ecuador to generate further hazard assessments.
Estimating impacts of lichens and bryophytes on global biogeochemical cycles
Authors: Porada Philipp , Weber Bettina , Elbert Wolfgang , Pöschl Ulrich , Kleidon Axel 
Published: January 2014

AbstractLichens and bryophytes may significantly affect global biogeochemical cycles by fixation of nitrogen and biotic enhancement of surface weathering rates. Most of the studies suggesting these effects, however, are either conceptual or rely on upscaling of regional estimates to obtain global numbers. Here we use a different method, based on estimates of net carbon uptake, to quantify the impacts of lichens and bryophytes on biogeochemical cycles at the global scale. We focus on three processes, namely, nitrogen fixation, phosphorus uptake, and chemical weathering. Our estimates have the form of potential rates, which means that we quantify the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus needed by the organisms to build up biomass, also accounting for resorption and leaching of nutrients. Subsequently, we use potential phosphorus uptake on bare ground to estimate chemical weathering by the organisms, assuming that they release weathering agents to obtain phosphorus. The predicted requirement for nitrogen ranges from 3.5 to 34 Tgyr−1 and for phosphorus it ranges from 0.46 to 4.6 Tgyr−1. Estimates of chemical weathering are between 0.058 and 1.1 km3 yr−1 of rock. These values seem to have a realistic order of magnitude, and they support the notion that lichens and bryophytes have the potential to play an important role for biogeochemical cycles.
Variations of monsoon rainfall: A simple unified index
Authors: Nguyen Dang‐Quang , Renwick James , McGregor James 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA new objective approach is proposed to identify the seasonal cycle of rainfall for major monsoon regions of the globe. Mean sea level pressure and low‐level zonal wind are combined to establish a standardized monsoon index. The index is able to determine the timing of the summer monsoon rainy season across all major monsoon regions in Asia‐Australia, Africa, and the Americas. A detailed application of the index in detecting the monsoon onset‐withdrawal phases is demonstrated for the Vietnam‐South China Sea region. A significant advantage of the index is that it can be used both for studies of monsoon rainfall variability and for monsoon predictability at seasonal time scales.
A theory of the MJO horizontal scale
Authors: Yang Da , Ingersoll Andrew P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHere we ask, what controls the horizontal scale of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation, i.e., what controls its zonal wave number k? We present a new one‐dimensional (1D) β‐plane model that successfully simulates the MJO with the same governing mechanism as the 2D shallow water model of Yang and Ingersoll (2013). Convection is parameterized as a short‐duration localized mass source that is triggered when the layer thickness falls below a critical value. Radiation is parameterized as a steady uniform mass sink. Both models tend toward a statistically steady state—a state of radiative‐convective equilibrium, not just on a global scale but also on the scale of each MJO event. This gives k ~ (Sc/c)1/2, where Sc is the spatial‐temporal frequency of convection events and c is the Kelvin wave speed. We offer this scaling as a prediction of how the MJO would respond to climate change.
Effect of glass on the frictional behavior of basalts at seismic slip rates
Authors: Violay M. , Di Toro G. , Gibert B. , Nielsen S. , Spagnuolo E. , Del Gaudio P. , Azais P. , Scarlato P. G. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe performed 31 friction experiments on glassy basalts (GB) and glass‐free basalts (GFB) at slip rates up to 6.5 m s−1 and normal stress up to 40 MPa (seismic conditions). Frictional weakening was associated to bulk frictional melting and lubrication. The weakening distance (Dw) was about 3 times shorter in GB than in GFB, but the steady state friction was systematically higher in GB than in GFB. The shorter Dw in GB may be explained by the thermal softening occurring at the glass transition temperature (Tg ~500°C), which is lower than the bulk melting temperature (Tm ~1250°C) of GFB. Postexperiment microanalyses suggest that the larger crystal fraction measured in GB melts results in the higher steady state friction value compared to the GFB melts. The effect of interstitial glass is to facilitate frictional instability and rupture propagation in GB with respect to GFB.
Rapid changes in the seasonal sea level cycle along the US Gulf coast from the late 20th century
Authors: Wahl Thomas , Calafat Francisco M. , Luther Mark E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTemporal variations of the seasonal sea level harmonics throughout the 20th and early 21st century along the United States Gulf coast are investigated. A significant amplification of the annual sea level cycle from the 1990s onward is found, with both lower winter and higher summer sea levels in the eastern Gulf. Ancillary data are used to build a set of multiple regression models to explore the mechanisms driving the decadal variability and recent increase in the annual cycle. The results suggest that changes in the air surface temperature toward warmer summers and colder winters and changes in mean sea level pressure explain most of the amplitude increase. The changes in the seasonal sea level cycle are shown to have almost doubled the risk of hurricane induced flooding associated with sea level rise since the 1990s for the eastern and north‐eastern Gulf of Mexico coastlines.
Shallow, old, and hydrologically insignificant fault zones in the Appalachian orogen
Authors: Malgrange Juliette , Gleeson Tom 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe permeability of fault zones impacts diverse geological processes such as hydrocarbon migration, hydrothermal fluid circulation, and regional groundwater flow, yet how fault zones affect groundwater flow at a regional scale (1–10 km) is highly uncertain. The objective of this work is to determine whether faults affect regional patterns of groundwater flow, by using radioactive radon and chloride to quantify groundwater discharge to lakes underlain by faults and not underlain by faults. We sampled lakes overlying the Paleozoic Appalachian fold and thrust belt in the Eastern Townships in Québec, and compared our results to a previous study in a crystalline watershed in the Canadian Shield. The field data was analyzed with an analytical geochemical mixing model. The uncertainties of model parameters were assessed in a sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulation, and the difference between lakes tested with statistical analysis. While the model results indicate non‐negligible groundwater discharge for most of the lakes in the Paleozoic orogen, the difference between the groundwater discharge rate into the lakes located on faults and the other lakes is not statistically significant. However, the groundwater discharge rate to lakes in the Paleozoic orogeny is significantly higher than lakes that overlay crystalline bedrock, which is consistent with independent estimates of permeability. The rate of groundwater discharge is not significantly enhanced or diminished around the thrust fault zones, suggesting that in a regional scale, permeability of fault zones is not significantly different from the bedrock permeability at shallow depth in this old, tectonically‐ inactive orogen.
Volcanic tremor masks its seismogenic source: Results from a study of noneruptive tremor recorded at Mount St. Helens, Washington
Authors: Denlinger Roger P. , Moran Seth C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOn 2 October 2004, a significant noneruptive tremor episode occurred during the buildup to the 2004–2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens (Washington). This episode was remarkable both because no explosion followed, and because seismicity abruptly stopped following the episode. This sequence motivated us to consider a model for volcanic tremor that does not involve energetic gas release from magma but does involve movement of conduit magma through extension on its way toward the surface. We found that the tremor signal was composed entirely of Love and Rayleigh waves and that its spectral bandwidth increased and decreased with signal amplitude, with broader bandwidth signals containing both higher and lower frequencies. Our modeling results demonstrate that the forces giving rise to this tremor were largely normal to conduit walls, generating hybrid head waves along conduit walls that are coupled to internally reflected waves. Together these form a crucial part of conduit resonance, giving tremor wavefields that are largely a function of waveguide geometry and velocity. We find that the mechanism of tremor generation fundamentally masks the nature of the seismogenic source giving rise to resonance. Thus multiple models can be invoked to explain volcanic tremor, requiring that information from other sources (such as visual observations, geodesy, geology, and gas geochemistry) be used to constrain source models. With concurrent GPS and field data supporting rapid rise of magma, we infer that tremor resulted from drag of nearly solid magma along rough conduit walls as magma was forced toward the surface.