bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Fatty Acid Desaturation on Spontaneous Acyl Migration in 2‐Monoacylglycerols
Authors: Compton David L. , Laszlo Joseph A. , Appell Michael , Vermillion Karl E. , Evans Kervin O. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe effect of desaturation from the C9 to the C15 carbon of 2‐monoacylglycerol (2‐MAG) fatty acids on spontaneous acyl migration is described. Three 2‐MAG species, 2‐monooleoylglycerol (C18:1 cis‐Δ9), 2‐monolinoleoylglycerol (C18:2 cis‐Δ9,12), and 2‐monolinolenoylglycerol (C18:3 cis‐Δ9,12,15) were synthesized by lipase‐catalyzed ethanolysis of their respective triacylglycerols and isolated in >60 % yield and at 2‐MAG purities of >95 % relative to 1‐monoacylglycerol (1‐MAG). 1H‐NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the spontaneous acyl migration of the 2‐MAG species over a temperature range from 20 to 80 °C. The relative energies of activation calculated from the Arrhenius relationships of the 2‐MAG acyl migration rate constants were 73.3, 68.0, and 72.9 kJ mol−1 for the three 2‐MAG species, respectively. Density functional calculations performed using the B3LYP functional at the 6‐31+G* basis set on the three ketal ring intermediate of the three 2‐MAG species followed a similar trend with a lack of relative energetic preference associated with the degree of desaturation. The kinetically determined relative activation energies were approximately twofold higher than the theoretical relative Gibbs free energies of the intermediates, suggesting that other factors influence acyl migration. In general, increasing desaturation after the C9 carbon of 2‐MAG fatty acids had no appreciable effect on acyl migration rates.
Synthesis and Characterization of Carbamate‐Linked Cationic Lipids with Hydroxyethyl Group
Authors: Qiao Weihong , Zheng Zhibo , Qu Wenhui , Zhang Shumin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA series of cationic lipids with a carbamate linkage and a hydroxyethyl head group were designed and synthesized for gene delivery. All of the products were characterized by 1H NMR and MS. Cationic liposomes were prepared using the cationic lipid and the liposome states were studied by TEM and Nano Particle Size and Potential Analyzer. Liposomes were approximately spherical structures, the mean diameter was about 150 nm, the zeta‐potential was about 40 mV.
Fatty and Volatile Oils of the Gypsywort Lycopus europaeus L. and the Gaussian‐Like Distribution of its Wax Alkanes
Authors: Radulović Niko , Denić Marija , Stojanović‐Radić Zorica , Skropeta Danielle 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe detailed analyses of the volatile essential oil and lipid profiles of the aerial parts from the blooming and fruit‐forming stages of both ripe and unripe fruit of Lycopus europaeus (Lamiaceae) are presented. Both of these profiles are distinguished by components with a restricted occurrence in the Plant Kingdom. These rare compounds include (E)‐hotrienol in the volatiles, numerous unusual fatty acids (such as very long chain, odd‐numbered and branched‐chain) in the bound lipids and a high amount of iso‐ and anteiso‐alkanes in the epicuticular waxes. Furthermore, a Gaussian‐like distribution of the relative amounts of the epicuticular wax alkanes was observed. These normal distributions could be interpreted as the end result of the work of elongase enzyme systems where the Gaussian parameter μ should match the length of the “ideal” fatty acid biosynthesised and σ would represent the error of this enzyme system. These curve parameters were shown to have a close relationship with ACL and CPI values usually utilised to describe the natural distribution of wax alkanes. The screening of L. europaeus essential oil for its in vitro antimicrobial activity showed that this oil possesses selectivity towards two gram‐negative strains, E. coli and K. pneumoniae.
From muscle wasting to sarcopenia and myopenia: update 2012
Authors: von Haehling Stephan , Morley John E. , Anker Stefan D. 
Published: November 2012

Human muscle undergoes constant changes. After about age 50, muscle mass decreases at an annual rate of 1–2 %. Muscle strength declines by 1.5 % between ages 50 and 60 and by 3 % thereafter. The reasons for these changes include denervation of motor units and a net conversion of fast type II muscle fibers into slow type I fibers with resulting loss in muscle power necessary for activities of daily living. In addition, lipids are deposited in the muscle, but these changes do not usually lead to a loss in body weight. Once muscle mass in elderly subjects falls below 2 standard deviations of the mean of a young control cohort and the gait speed falls below 0.8 m/s, a clinical diagnosis of sarcopenia can be reached. Assessment of muscle strength using tests such as the short physical performance battery test, the timed get‐up‐and‐go test, or the stair climb power test may also be helpful in establishing the diagnosis. Serum markers may be useful when sarcopenia presence is suspected and may prompt further investigations. Indeed, sarcopenia is one of the four main reasons for loss of muscle mass. On average, it is estimated that 5–13 % of elderly people aged 60–70 years are affected by sarcopenia. The numbers increase to 11–50 % for those aged 80 or above. Sarcopenia may lead to frailty, but not all patients with sarcopenia are frail—sarcopenia is about twice as common as frailty. Several studies have shown that the risk of falls is significantly elevated in subjects with reduced muscle strength. Treatment of sarcopenia remains challenging, but promising results have been obtained using progressive resistance training, testosterone, estrogens, growth hormone, vitamin D, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors. Interesting nutritional interventions include high‐caloric nutritional supplements and essential amino acids that support muscle fiber synthesis.
Neuropsychologic assessment in collaborative Parkinson's disease research: A proposal from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Morris K. Udall Centers of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research at the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Washington
Authors: Watson G. Stennis , Cholerton Brenna A. , Gross Rachel G. , Weintraub Daniel , Zabetian Cyrus P. , Trojanowski John Q. , Montine Thomas J. , Siderowf Andrew , Leverenz James B. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractCognitive impairment (CI) and behavioral disturbances can be the earliest symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), ultimately afflict the vast majority of PD patients, and increase caregiver burden. Our two Morris K. Udall Centers of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research were supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) in an effort to recommend a comprehensive yet practical approach to cognitive and behavioral assessment to further collaborative research. We recommend a stepwise approach with two levels of standardized evaluation to establish a common battery, as well as an alternative testing recommendation for severely impaired subjects, and review supplemental tests that may be useful in specific research settings. Our flexible approach may be applied to studies with varying emphasis on cognition and behavior, does not place undue burden on participants or resources, and has a high degree of compatibility with existing test batteries to promote collaboration.
MAIZE GRAIN YIELD RESPONSE TO THE DISTANCE NITROGEN IS PLACED AWAY FROM THE ROW
Authors: RUTTO E. , VOSSENKEMPER J. P. , KELLY J. , CHIM B. K. , RAUN W. R. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYCorrect placement of side dress nitrogen (N) fertilizer could increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and maize yield production. Field studies were established to evaluate application of midseason (V8 to V10), variable liquid urea ammonia nitrate (28%), N rates (0, 45, 90 and 134 kg N ha−1) and different application distances (0, 10, 20 and 30 cm) away from the maize row on grain yield and NUE at Haskell and Hennessey in 2009, Efaw in 2010 and Lake Carl Blackwell, Oklahoma in 2009 and 2010. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used throughout the study. Results indicated that maize grain yield in sites with adequate rainfall increased significantly (p < 0.05) with N rate, and poor N response was recorded in sites with low rainfall. Across sites and seasons, varying side dress N application distance away from the maize row did not significantly (p < 0.05) influence maize grain yield and NUE even with no prep-plant applied. Environments with adequate rainfall distribution had better maize grain yields when high side dress N rates (90 and 134 kg N ha−1) were applied 0 to 10 cm, and a higher NUE when 45 kg N ha−1 was applied 0 to 20 cm away from the maize row. For low N rates (45 kg N ha−1), increased maize grain yield and NUE were achieved when side dress N was applied 0 to 20 cm away from the maize row at locations with low rainfall distribution. Across sites and seasons, increasing side dress N to 134 kg N ha−1 contributed to a general decline in mean NUE to as low as 4%, 35%, 10%, 51% at Hennessey, Efaw, LCB (2009) and LCB (2010) respectively.
Age, Hf isotope and trace element signatures of detrital zircons in the Mesoproterozoic Eriksfjord sandstone, southern Greenland: are detrital zircons reliable guides to sedimentary provenance and timing of deposition?
Authors: ANDERSEN TOM 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe Gardar Rift in southern Greenland developed within Palaeoproterozoic rocks of the Ketilidian orogen, near its boundary with the Archaean craton. The Eriksfjord Formation was deposited atc. 1.3 Ga on a basement ofc. 1.8 Ga Julianehåb I-type granite. Detrital zircons from the lower sandstone units shows a range of ages and εHfcompatible with proto sources within the Archaean craton and the Nagssugtoquidian mobile belt north and east of the craton; zircons that can be attributed to juvenile Ketilidian sources are less abundant. This suggests a predominance of distant sources, probably by recycling of older and no longer preserved cover strata. A significant fraction ofc. 1300 Ma zircons have εHfbetween 0 and −38. Rather than originating from a hitherto unknown igneous body within the Gardar Rift, these are interpreted as Palaeoproterozoic to late Archaean zircons that have lost radiogenic lead during diagenesis and post-depositional thermal alteration related to Gardar magmatism. Although the sediments originate from sources within Greenland, the age and initial Hf isotope distribution of Palaeoproterozoic and Archaean zircons mimics that of granitoids from the Fennoscandian Shield. This may reflect parallel evolution and possible long-range exchange of detritus in Proterozoic supercontinent settings. The lesson to be learned is that detrital zircon age data should not be used to constrain the age of sedimentary deposition unless the post-depositional history is well understood, and that recycling of old sediments, long-range transport and parallel evolution of different continents make detrital zircons unreliable indicators of provenance.
Health education policy 1916–1926: venereal disease and the prophylaxis dilemma
Authors: Towers Bridget A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis paper seeks to account for the development of a public health education policy with respect to venereal disease during the period 1916–1926. Two competing pressure groups, the National Council for Combatting Venereal Disease and the Society for the Prevention of Venereal Disease, defended opposing programmes; the one based on moral education (NCCVD) and the other (SPVD) on medical prophylaxis. Many of the interests represented by the groups and the political dimensions that they took, were influenced by factors only very tangentially connected to health education.Any account of the development of policy in this field needs placing in the context of the early history of nineteenth-century anti-vice crusades; the role of the Army Medical Corps during the 1914–18 war; and the bureaucratic protectionism of the Ministry of Health personnel.
Neuropsychological Profiles of Children with Aqueductal Stenosis and Spina Bifida Myelomeningocele
Authors: Hampton Lyla E. , Fletcher Jack M. , Cirino Paul , Blaser Susan , Kramer Larry A. , Dennis Maureen 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe compared neuropsychological profiles in children with shunted hydrocephalus secondary to aqueductal stenosis (AS), a rare form of congenital hydrocephalus, and spina bifida myelomeningocele (SBM), a common form of congenital hydrocephalus. Participants were 180 children with shunted hydrocephalus grouped according to etiology: SBM (n = 151), AS (n = 29), and typically developing (TD; n = 60) individuals. The group with AS performed below the TD group on all tasks except for reading, and their overall performance was higher than the group with SBM, who had the lowest performance in the sample. Both clinical groups significantly differed from the TD group on tasks of spatial function, concept formation, motor function, and memory. Performance of the subgroup of AS children with normal cerebellum status approximated that of the TD group, while those with cerebellar anomalies performed lower than others with AS. Cerebellar abnormalities (present in the whole SBM group and in a subset of the AD group) are associated with more compromise of cognitive as well as motor function. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–10)
Social Cognition and Emotional Assessment (SEA) is a Marker of Medial and Orbital Frontal Functions: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study in Behavioral Variant of Frontotemporal Degeneration
Authors: Bertoux Maxime , Volle Emmanuelle , Funkiewiez Aurélie , de Souza Leonardo Cruz , Leclercq Delphine , Dubois Bruno 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the cerebral correlates of functional deficits that occur in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). A specific neuropsychological battery, the Social cognition & Emotional Assessment (SEA; Funkiewiez et al., 2012), was used to assess impaired social and emotional functions in 20 bvFTD patients who also underwent structural MRI scanning. The SEA subscores of theory of mind, reversal-learning tests, facial emotion identification, and apathy evaluation were entered as covariates in a voxel-based morphometry analysis. The results revealed that the gray matter volume in the rostral part of the medial prefrontal cortex [mPFC, Brodmann area (BA) 10] was associated with scores on the theory of mind subtest, while gray matter volume within the orbitofrontal (OFC) and ventral mPFC (BA 11 and 47) was related to the scores observed in the reversal-learning subtest. Gray matter volume within BA 9 in the mPFC was correlated with scores on the emotion recognition subtest, and the severity of apathetic symptoms in the Apathy scale covaried with gray matter volume in the lateral PFC (BA 44/45). Among these regions, the mPFC and OFC cortices have been shown to be atrophied in the early stages of bvFTD. In addition, SEA and its abbreviated version (mini-SEA) have been demonstrated to be sensitive to early impairments in bvFTD (Bertoux et al., 2012). Taken together, these results suggest a differential involvement of orbital and medial prefrontal subregions in SEA subscores and support the use of the SEA to evaluate the integrity of these regions in the early stages of bvFTD. (JINS, 2012, 18, 972–985)
Measurements of shoaling internal waves and turbulence in an estuary
Authors: Richards Clark , Bourgault Daniel , Galbraith Peter S. , Hay Alex , Kelley Dan E. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe shoaling of horizontally propagating internal waves may represent an important source of mixing and transport in estuaries and coastal seas. Including such effects in numerical models demands improvements in the understanding of several aspects of the energetics, especially those relating to turbulence generation, and observations are needed to build this understanding. To address some of these issues in the estuarine context, we undertook an intensive field program for 10 days in the summer of 2008 in the St. Lawrence Estuary. The sampling involved shore‐based photogrammetry, ship‐based surveys, and an array of moorings in the shoaling region that held both conventional and turbulence‐resolving sensors. The measurements shed light on many aspects of the wave shoaling process. Wave arrivals were generally phase‐locked with the M2 tide, providing hints about far‐field forcing. In the deeper part of the study domain, the waves propagated according to the predictions of linear theory. In intermediate‐depth waters, the waves traversed the field site perpendicularly to isobaths, a pattern that continued as the waves transformed nonlinearly. Acoustic Doppler velocimeters permitted inference of the turbulent energetics, and two main features were studied. First, during a period of shoaling internal waves, turbulence dissipation rates exceeded values associated with tidal shear by an order of magnitude. Second, the evolving spectral signatures associated with a particular wave‐shoaling event suggest that the turbulence is at least partly locally generated. Overall, the results of this study suggest that parameterizations of wave‐induced mixing could employ relatively simple dynamics in deep water, but may have to handle a wide suite of turbulence generation and transport mechanisms in inshore regions.
Estimation of the sunglint radiance field from optical satellite imagery over open ocean: Multidirectional approach and polarization aspects
Authors: Harmel Tristan , Chami Malik 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRadiometric satellite measurements over the ocean are greatly affected by the contribution of the direct sunlight reflected on the ruffled ocean (so‐called sunglint). Sunglint produces radiance that can far exceed the radiance scattered by both the atmosphere and ocean layers. Knowledge of the sunglint radiance is required in many remote sensing applications using radiance and polarization information (e.g., retrieval of aerosol or hydrosol optical properties, sensor calibration). The Cox and Munk model is currently used for estimating sunglint signal, but its accuracy is mainly limited by the mandatory use of wind speed data sets. An algorithm (so‐called polarization‐based atmospheric correction glint) was developed based on the original multidirectional and polarization radiometric measurements of the Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences Coupled with Observations from a Lidar satellite mission. The method enables to accurately estimate the radiance and the polarization terms of the sunglint signal. The strength of the algorithm is to quantify the sunglint radiation using the Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences Coupled with Observations from a Lidar data without any a priori information on the actual sea state A relevant application of the algorithm is proposed to better detect the pixels influenced by clouds provided that ancillary data of wind speed are used.
P‐type calcium ATPase functions as a core regulator of Beauveria bassiana growth, conidiation and responses to multiple stressful stimuli through cross‐talk with signalling networks
Authors: Wang Jie , Zhou Gang , Ying Sheng‐Hua , Feng Ming‐Guang 
Published: November 2012

SummaryP‐type Ca2+‐ATPase (Pmr1) is a core element in calcium‐calcineurin pathway and evidence for its cross‐talk with other signalling pathways in filamentous fungi is of scarcity. Here, we characterized the striking functions of a Golgi Ca2+‐ATPase (Bbpmr1) in Beauveria bassiana (fungal entomopathogen) by multi‐phenotypic and transcriptional analyses under normal and stressful conditions. Bbpmr1 inactivation caused severe defects in nutritional uptake, growth, conidiation and germination under normal conditions, drastic reductions in cell tolerances to oxidative, hyperosmotic, cell wall disturbing and fungicidal stresses and toxic metal ions during colony growth and/or conidial germination, and half loss of the fungal biocontrol potential represented by conidial virulence, thermotolerance and UV‐B resistance. Accompanied with the multi‐phenotypic defects, four important genes associated with asexual development were repressed by ≥ 75% in ΔBbpmr1 versus wild type, and all or most of stress‐responsive genes encoding 14 cascaded proteins in MAPK pathways, two Ras GTPases, two protein kinases, Ssk1‐type response regulator, TOR signalling protein, and many downstream enzymes and proteins were greatly downregulated in ΔBbpmr1 under the chemical stresses. Conclusively, Bbpmr1 regulates positively fundamental aspects on B. bassiana biology and environmental adaptation through wide cross‐talk with cellular signalling networks including MAPK cascades and those upstream or independent of the cascades.
The impacts of burning on Thomson's gazelles', Gazella thomsonii, vigilance in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Eby Stephanie , Ritchie Mark E. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAlterations to habitats that increase the distance at which prey can detect predators can decrease the risk of predation. In grasslands, burning may have this effect for mammalian herbivores by decreasing vegetation height, potentially making burned areas safer habitats. However, few studies have tested the impacts of burning on the perceived predation risk of herbivores. Vigilance can be used as a measure of habitat safety and therefore should be lower in burned areas than unburned areas. We tested the impacts of prescribed burning on vigilance by Thomson's gazelles in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Both individual vigilance, proportion of time an individual spends looking, and group vigilance, proportion of a group looking, of Thomson's gazelles was observed in burned and unburned areas before and after presenting a model cheetah to each group. Surprisingly, both individual and group vigilance was the same in both habitats pre‐ and post‐cheetah addition and removal. This is despite the fact that both vegetation height and biomass were lower in burned areas than unburned areas. Thus, it does not appear that Thomson's gazelles perceive burned areas to be safer habitats than unburned areas.