bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relation Between BglII Polymorphism in 3β‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Gene and Adipose Tissue Distribution in Humans
Authors: Vohl Marie‐Claude , Dionne France T. , Pérusse Louis , Dériaz Olivier , Chagnon Monique , Bouchard Claude 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the association between a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) at the 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase locus and adipose tissue distribution pheno‐types. A total of 132 unrelated individuals from the Quebec Family Study were followed prospectively for an average period of 11.3 years. The BglII polymorphism in exon 4 of the 3β‐HSD gene was detected by PCR. Body mass, body fat, and regional fat distribution indicators were adjusted for age and age2 within each gender. Associations were assessed in unrelated adults with ANOVA across three genotypes. No association was found for the indicators of body mass, body fat, and regional distribution of adipose tissue measured in 1992. In women, the changes (difference between data collected in 1992 and at entry) in the sum of six skinfolds (p=0.04), abdominal skinfold (p=0.01), and abdominal skinfold adjusted (p=0.03) for the sum of six skinfolds at entry were related to the BglII polymorphism at the 3β‐HSD locus. These relations were not found in men, but they gained less body mass and body fat over the 11.3‐year period. This suggests that sequence variation at the 3β‐HSD locus or in neighboring genes on chromosome 1 may contribute to individual differences in body fat content and adipose tissue distribution in adult women, particularly in abdominal adipose tissue deposition as they grow older and gain body fat.
Child and Parent Psychological Problems Influence Child Weight Control
Authors: Epstein Leonard H. , Wisniewski Lucene , Weng Richard 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis study used path analytic methods to assess the influence of child psychopathology measured using the Child Behavior Checklist and parent psychiatric symptoms measured using the Cornell Medical Index on changes in child percent overweight in obese 8‐ to 11‐year‐old children over 2 years (6 months of treatment, 18 months of follow‐up) provided family‐based behavioral intervention. Path analysis for the 0–6 month change showed the influence of mother and father psychiatric symptoms and child age on child anxiety/depression scores that in turn influenced child percent overweight change during treatment, accounting for 41 % of the shared variance. The path analysis for follow‐up change showed mother and father psychiatric symptoms influenced child social problems at the first stage, and child social problems influenced child percent overweight change, accounting for 68.5% of the shared variance. These results provide the first demonstration that both parent and child problems may influence the short‐ and long‐term success of obese children who participate in family‐based behavioral treatment programs.
Intra‐Abdominal Adipose Tissue Values Associated With Risk of Possessing Elevated Blood Lipids and Blood Pressure
Authors: Hunter Gary R. , Snyder Scott W. , Kekes‐Szabo Tamas , Nicholson Christal , Berland Lincoln 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCentral fat distribution and more recently intra abdominal adipose tissue (IAF) have been associated with elevated cardiovascular risk factors (CRF). Despite increased interest in use of IAF for screening for CRF, interpretation of risk found in a specific IAF is difficult since regressions for estimating CRF from IAF have not been published. The purpose of this paper is to report IAF values that are likely to be associated with elevated CRF. One hundred forty‐six healthy male subjects 30–71 years were evaluated for IAF and subcutaneous fat (computed tomography scan at 4th lumbar vertebra), height, body weight, % fat, various anthropometric measures, blood cholesterol (CHOL), HDL cholesterol (HDL), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Receiver‐Operating‐Characteristic curves (ROC) were used to develop IAF cutpoints associated with elevation of at least one established CRF criteria (CHOL=200, HDL=<35, SBP=140, DBP=90). A sensitivity/(1‐ specificity) curve estab lished the value of using IAF cutpoints for detecting elevated CRF. Likelihood ratios were used to identify optimal cutpoints. Two cutpoints were identified, 131 cm2 with a relatively high Lpos ratio and 71 cm2with a relatively low Lneg. False positives associated with 131 cm2 were 14% for one or more elevated CRF. False negatives associated with 71 cm2 were 9% for one or more elevated CRF, 4% for two or more CRF, and 0% for three or more elevated CRF. This study clearly indicates that IAF above 131 cm2is related to elevated CRF and IAF below 71 cm2 is associated with reduced cardiovascular risk.
Black and White Females' Perceptions of Ideal Body Size and Social Norms
Authors: Kernper Karen A. , Sargent Roger G. , Drane J. Wanzer , Valois Robert E , Hussey James R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDifferent cultural norms and standards for appropriate female body size might contribute to the disparity in obesity rates between black and white adult females (46.0% and 24.6% respectively). The purpose of this study was to measure adolescents' perceptions of ideal size and social norms regarding female body size as well as adolescents' perceptions of significant others' evaluation and expectations of the adolescents' body size.Subjects included 437 adolescent girls (247 white and 190 black) aged 13 to 19 (x=44.9, SD=.979) from six randomly selected public schools. The subjects, heights and weights were measured. Responses to a body image questionnaire and a series of nine female body drawings (arranged ordinally, 1 to 9, from thinnest to heaviest) were analyzed using the General Linear Model and Logistic Regression.The female body size considered ideal by black females was significantly larger than the size selected as ideal by white females (x= 3.47 and x= 3.13 respectively, p< 0.001). Black females were two times more likely than white females to describe themselves as thinner than other girls their age (O.R. = 2.01, 95% C.I.1.34, 3.01) and seven times as likely to say that they were not overweight (O.R. = 7.08, 95% C.I. 3.72, 13.45). White females wanted to be a smaller size than they currently were and felt encouraged by significant others to lose weight or reduce their size. Black females did not indicate as great a desire as whites to be smaller and they tended to feel that their size was considered satisfactory by significant others. Only subjects from the low SES group perceived that significant others wanted them to gain weight.The differences between black and white subjects' beliefs and perceptions about body size norms may explain, in part, why heavier body weights persist in some cultural groups.
Body Compartment and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Distribution ‐ Risk Factor Patterns in Obese Subjects
Authors: Sjöström C. David , Håkangård A. Camilla , Lissner Lauren , Sjöström Lars 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether upper body obesity and/or visceral obesity are related to cardiovascular risk factors among severely obese subjects, phenomena that have previously been reported in more heterogeneous body weight distri ‐buttons.2450 severely obese men and women aged 37 to 59 years, with a body mass index of 39 ± 4.5 kg/m2 (mean ± SD) were examined cross‐sectionally. Eight cardiovascular risk factors were studied in relation. to the following body composition indicators: four trunk and three limb circumferences, along with weight, height and sagittal trunk diameter. From the latter three measurements lean body mass (LBM, i.e., the non‐adipose tissue mass) and the masses of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue were estimated by using sex‐specific prediction equations previously calibrated by computed tomography.Two risk factor patterns could be distinguished: 1. One body compartment‐ risk factor pattern in which the subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) mass and, in particular, the visceral AT mass were positively related to most risk factors while the lean body mass was negatively related to some risk factors. 2. One subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution‐ risk factor pattern in which the neck circumference was positively and the thigh circumference negatively related to several risk factors.It is concluded that lean body mass (LBM), visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue masses as well as neck and thigh circumferences, used as indices of subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution, are independently related to cardiovascular risk factors in severely obese men and women.
History of Intentional and Unintentional Weight Loss in a Population‐Based Sample of Women Aged 55 to 69 Years
Authors: French Simone A. , Jejfery Robert W. , Folsom Aaron R. , Williamson David F. , Byers Tim 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFRENCH, SIMONE A, ROBERT W JEFFERY, AARON R FOLSOM, DAVID F WILLIAMSON AND TIM BYERS. History of intentional and unintentional weight loss in a population‐based sample of women aged 55 to 69 years.Obes Res. 1995;3:163–170.Although both overweight and body weight fluctuation are related to chronic disease risk, little is known about the history of and reasons for body weight change in the general population. This paper reports the incidence of intentional and unintentional weight loss episodes during adulthood in a population‐based sample of 26, 261 women aged 55 to 69 years. Intentional weight loss episodes of each of four amounts (5–9, 10–19, 20–49, 50+ lbs.) and unintentional weight loss episodes of 20 or more lbs. were recalled for each of three age periods (18–39, 40–54, 55+ years). At least one intentional weight loss episode of 5 or more lbs. was reported by 69% of women, 46% reported at least one intentional weight loss episode of 10 or more lbs, and 25% reported at least one intentional weight loss episode 20 or more lbs. At least one unintentional weight loss episode of 20 or more lbs. was reported by 29% of the women. Reasons for weight losses of 20 or more lbs. were also recalled. Women who had intentionally lost 20 or more lbs. were more likely to report weight losses due to low‐calorie diets, exercise and weight loss groups, while women who had unintentionally lost 20 or more lbs. were more likely to report weight losses due to depression or stress. These findings question the common assumption that weight losses in adult women are primarily intentional and emphasize the need to distinguish the reasons for weight loss in studies examining the relationship between body weight changes and health outcomes.
Identification of Biochemical Defects in Pancreatic Islets of fa/fa Rats: A Developmental Study
Authors: Kibenge Molly T. , Chan Catherine B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractKIBENGE, MOLLY T AND CATHERINE B CHAN. Identification of biochemical defects in pancreatic islets of fa/fa rats: a developmental study. Obes Res. 1995;3:171–178.Adult obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats hypersecrete insulin in response to glucose and other secretagogues. Functional changes in islet ot2‐adrenoceptors (8) and glycolytic regulation (9) have been reported. In this study, the development of these biochemical lesions in islets isolated from suckling (3 week old) and weanling (5 week old) lean and fa/fa rats was investigated and compared to results in adult animals. Glucose (15 mM)‐induced insulin secretion was inhibited by mannoheptulose (MH) in lean (n=8) but not fa/fa (n=10) adult rats, indicating loss of sensitivity of glucokinase to competitive inhibition. Sensitivity to MH was somewhat reduced in the islets of 3‐ and 5‐week‐old fa/fa (n=7 and 12) compared to lean (n=15 and 9) rats, requiring 30–100 fold higher concentrations to achieve significant inhibition. At 3 weeks of age fa/fa rats did not differ from lean controls in either islet insulin content or body weight, but both parameters were increased in fa/fa rats by 5 weeks. The presence of altered α2‐adrenoceptor function in fa/fa rats could not be confirmed in this study. Unlike the previous report, prazosin did not antagonize α2‐agonist mediated inhibition of insulin secretion. The presence of defective regulation of the glycolytic pathway by mannoheptulose in suckling and weanling rats may contribute to development of hyperinsulinemia in fa/fa rats.
Comparison of Obese NIDDM and Nondiabetic Women: Short‐ and Long‐Term Weight Loss
Authors: Guare John C. , Wing Rena R. , Grant Aedamar 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPrevious research suggests that overweight patients with diabetes lose less weight than non diabetics. We compared the response of obese women with NIDDM to non diabetic controls, matched for age and weight, to a behavior weight loss program. Forty‐three overweight women (20 NIDDM, 23 non diabetic) participated in the study. NIDDM and non diabetic subjects were treated together and received the same 16‐week behavioral weight loss program. Dependent measures included weight, 3‐day food records, physical activity, fasting plasma glucose, and questionnaires assessing eating behavior and depressive symptomatology. Weight loss of NIDDM and non diabetic subjects at posttreatment was comparable (‐7.4 ± 5.3 kg vs. −6.4 ± 3.8 kg, respectively). Changes in caloric intake, eating behavior, exercise and depressive symptomatology were also similar between the two groups. However, during the 1‐year follow‐up period, NIDDM subjects regained 5.4 ± 6.1 kg compared to 1.0 ± 6.7 kg for nondiabetics (p=.058). These data indicate that NIDDM subjects can lose as much weight as their nondiabetic peers during active treatment Once treatment terminated, however, NIDDM subjects demonstrated poor weight loss maintenance. Thus the added motivation that comes from having diabetes and seeing improvements in glycemic control with weight loss were not sufficient to improve long term weight loss in diabetic subjects. A continuous care model of weight control may be particularly necessary for overweight patients with type II diabetes.
Do Children Lose and Maintain Weight Easier Than Adults: A Comparison of Child and Parent Weight Changes From Six Months to Ten Years
Authors: Epstein Leonard H. , Valoski Alice M. , Kalarchian Melissa A. , McCurley James 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRecent research has shown weight maintenance for obese preadolescent children over 60 and 120 month intervals, while studies on adults consistently show they fail to maintain weight loss. This paper is designed to examine differences in percent overweight changes at 6, 60 and 120 months in obese parents and children from 113 families who participated in randomized controlled outcome studies evaluating family‐based behavioral treatment. Analyses showed children had significantly greater changes in percent overweight than their parents at each time point. Chi‐Square and Logistic Regression analyses showed children were more likely than their parents at each time point to have percent overweight decreases greater than 20%, with over 20% of the children and less than 1% of the parents showing changes this large. The implications of these results for weight control are discussed. These results suggest there may be differences in the efficacy of treating obesity in children versus adults.
Relation of the White Blood Cell Count to Obesity and Insulin Resistance: Effect of Race and Gender
Authors: Pratley Richard E. , Wilson Charlton , Bogardus Clifton 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPRATLEY, RICHARD E, CHARLTON WILSON AND CLIFTON BOGARDUS. Relation of the white blood cell count to obesity and insulin resistance: effect of race and gender. Obes Res.Recent reports suggest that the white blood cell (WBC) count is related to plasma insulin concentrations and insulin resistance in healthy individuals. The present study examines whether these relations are independent of obesity and the pattern of body fat distribution and tests whether race and gender affect these relations. WBC counts, insulin responses to a 75 gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glucose disposal during a two‐step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp were measured in 300 men and women (149 Pima Indians, 100 whites, and 51 blacks) with a wide range of obesity. WBC counts were lower in blacks than Pima Indians or whites and tended to be higher in women than men. The subgroups were comparable in age and body weight, but percent body fat and plasma insulin concentrations were higher and glucose disposal during the glucose clamp was lower in Pima Indians than in blacks or whites. In the group as a whole, the WBC count correlated with obesity (body mass index and percent body fat), the waist to thigh ratio (an index of the pattern of body fat distribution), and plasma insulin concentrations and was negatively related to age and glucose disposal during the clamp. In multiple regression analyses, only age, race and obesity were significantly associated with the WBC count. When the analyses were restricted to Pima men, in whom correlations between the WBC count and the metabolic variables appeared the strongest, the WBC count remained significantly associated with plasma insulin concentrations, but not glucose disposal, after controlling for age and obesity. The results of this study indicate that age, race, and obesity are significantly associated with the WBC count in healthy individuals. Plasma insulin concentrations, but not insulin resistance per se, may also be weakly associated with the WBC count, but this may be population specific.
Molecular Biology of Serotonin Receptors
Authors: Baez Melvyn , Kursar Jonathan D. , Helton Lisa A. , Wainscott David B. , Nelson David L.G. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOver the last several years the use of molecular cloning technology has revealed a vast diversity among serotonin (5‐HT)receptors, where by what was previously thought to be a family of three pharmacologically defined classes of 5‐HT receptors is actually composed of seven distinct subfamilies designated 5‐HT1–7. The 5‐HT1, 5‐HT2, and 5‐HT5 subfamilies currently consist of five, three and two subtypes respectively while the 5‐HT3,5‐HT4, 5‐HT6, and 5‐HT7 “subfamilies” have at present one subtype each. Fourteen separate genes encode 13 receptors which fall in the superfamily of G protein‐coupled receptors and one ligand‐gated ion channel receptor. Our lab has contributed to the elucidation of this subtype diversity by cloning the cDNAs from both rat and human encoding the 5‐HT2B receptor. This receptor subtype is equally homologous (approximately 70%) to the 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT2C receptors when amino acids comprising the transmembrane domains are compared and is clearly the third member of the 5‐HT2 subfamily. The 5‐HT2B receptor has been shown to couple to phosphoinositide hydrolysis as do the other two members of this subfamily when expressed in AV12‐664 cells. Limited pharmacological analyses indicated that both rat and human 5‐HT2B receptors are similar but distinguishable. With one tantalizing exception, the mRNAs for these receptors appear to be similarly distributed within rat and human. The 5‐HT2B receptor mRNA is not found in rat brain, whereas in human brain it has been identified in multiple regions. This later finding suggests that the 5‐HT2B receptor may be serving a unique CNS function in man that is absent in rat.
Biological Actions of Drugs Affecting Serotonin and Eating
Authors: Garattini Silvio 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe present status of knowledge on drugs affecting food intake and presumably acting via a serotoninergic mechanism is reviewed.The mechanism of action of these drugs is analyzed at the neurochemical level. All the drugs, to various extents, inhibit the uptake of serotonin (5HT), increase the release of 5HT and decrease brain levels of 5HT and 5HIAA. However, the underlying mechanisms are not identical as exemplified by comparisons made with d‐fenfluramine, d‐norfenfluramine, fluoxetine, sertraline and paroxetine.An analysis of the role of 5HT in the inhibition of food intake reveals that only d‐fenfluramine is inhibited by antiserotonin agents. The role of the different 5HT receptor‐subtypes in this antagonism is discussed. More selective 5HT antagonists are needed to establish which 5HT receptor(s) controls food intake.
Adrenergic Receptors and Fat Cells: Differential Recruitment by Physiological Amines and Homologous Regulation
Authors: Lafontan Max , Bousquet‐Melou Alain , Galitzky Jean , Barbe Pierre , Carpéné Christian , Langin Dominique , Berlan Michel , Valet Philippe , Castan Isabelle , Bouloumié Anne , Saulnier‐Blache Jean‐Sébastien 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe control of fat cell lipolysis by the catecholamines involves at least four different adrenoceptor subtypes; three β (β1‐, β2‐, and β3‐ARs) and one α2‐adrenoceptor(α2‐AR). The physiological importance of the β‐ and α2A‐ARs varies according to the species, the sex, the age, the anatomical location of fat deposits and the degree of obesity in humans and animals. The physiological amines operate through differential recruitment of these sites on the basis of their relative affinities. This point has been assessed by in vitro studies and has partly been confirmed in in vivo experiments using selected a/β‐AR antagonists and in situ microdialysis. The affinity of the β3‐AR for catecholamines is less than that of the classical β1‐ and β2‐ARs in the various species investigated. Conversely, it is the α2‐AR which exhibit the highest affinity for the physiological amines in all fat cells. The relative order of affinity of the various fat cell ARs for the physiological amines defined in binding studies and in vitro ass ays is α2 > β1 > β2 > β3 for norepinephrine and α2 >β2 > β1> β3 for epinephrine. When considering differential β‐AR recruitment by catecholamines, it is the β1‐AR which is always activated at the lowest norepinephrine levels, whatever the species, while the activation of the β3‐AR requires higher norepinephrine levels. In addition to the differential recruitment, differential regulation by hormones could also occur for each fat cell AR subtype. The α2‐and β3‐ARs are less prone to desensitization and down‐regulation by comparison with the β1‐ and β2‐AR.
Dehydroepiandrosterone and Body Fat
Authors: Clore John N. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA‐S) is the most abundant circulating adrenal steroid in man, yet its physiologic role and that of its parent compound DHEA are unknown. Age‐related decreases in DHEA in association with increases in obesity, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis are well known. Recent investigations in lower mammals (which do not secrete DHEA) have suggested that DHEA (or its metabolites) may function as an antiobesity agent in these models of obesity independent of food intake. Proposed mechanisms for the decrease in fat mass and lower weight gain when DHEA is given orally include increases in futile cycling and peroxisomal β‐oxidation and decreases in de novo lipogenesis. Alterations in the availability of reducing equivalents for lipid synthesis do not appear to explain this decrease. Changes in pancreatic insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity may also be responsible for some of these effects.Studies in humans have failed to demonstrate a beneficial effect of DHEA on body composition or energy expenditure at either pharmacologic or physiologic replacement doses for 1–3 months. Administration of DHEA to men or women has also not been shown to alter insulin sensitivity as measured by the minimal model or the euglycemic clamp technique. The effect of DHEA on peroxisomal β‐oxidation and de novo lipogenesis is not known. We conclude that a significant role for DHEA in the pharmacologic treatment of human obesity is unlikely.