bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Atmospheric Cloud Radiative Effects on the Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation
Authors: Li Ying , Thompson David W. J. , Bony Sandrine 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The influence of clouds on the large-scale atmospheric circulation is examined in numerical simulations from an atmospheric general circulation model run with and without atmospheric cloud radiative effects (ACRE). In the extratropics of both hemispheres, the primary impacts of ACRE on the circulation include 1) increases in the meridional temperature gradient and decreases in static stability in the midlatitude upper troposphere, 2) strengthening of the midlatitude jet, 3) increases in extratropical eddy kinetic energy by up to 30%, and 4) increases in precipitation at middle latitudes but decreases at subtropical latitudes. In the tropics, the primary impacts of ACRE include 1) eastward wind anomalies in the tropical upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) and 2) reductions in tropical precipitation. The impacts of ACRE on the atmospheric circulation are interpreted in the context of a series of dynamical and physical processes. The changes in the extratropical circulation and precipitation are consistent with the influence of ACRE on the baroclinicity and eddy fluxes of momentum in the extratropical upper troposphere, the changes in the zonal wind in the UTLS with the influence of ACRE on the amplitude of the equatorial planetary waves, and the changes in the tropical precipitation with the energetic constraints on the tropical troposphere. The results make clear that ACRE have a pronounced influence on the atmospheric circulation not only at tropical latitudes, but at extratropical latitudes as well. They highlight the critical importance of correctly simulating ACRE in global climate models.
Instability and Mixing of Zonal Jets along an Idealized Continental Shelf Break
Authors: Stern Alon , Nadeau Louis-Philippe , Holland David 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe interaction between an Antarctic Circumpolar Current–like channel flow and a continental shelf break is considered using eddy-permitting simulations of a quasigeostrophic and a primitive equation model. The experimental setup is motivated by the continental shelf of the West Antarctic Peninsula. Numerical experiments are performed to study how the width and slope of an idealized continental shelf topography affect the characteristics of the flow. The main focus is on the regime where the shelfbreak width is slightly greater than the eddy scale. In this regime, a strong baroclinic jet develops on the shelf break because of the locally stabilizing effect of the topographic slope. The velocity of this jet is set at first order by the gradient of the background barotropic geostrophic contours, which is dominated by the slope of the topography. At statistical equilibrium, an aperiodic cycle is observed. Initially, over a long stable period, an upper-layer jet develops over the shelf break. Once the vertical shear reaches the critical condition for baroclinic instability, the jet becomes unstable and drifts away from the shelf break. The cross-shelf mixing is intrinsically linked with the jet drifting, as most of the meridional flux occurs during this instability period. Investigation of the zonal momentum budget reveals that a strong Reynolds stress divergence inversion across the jet is associated with a drifting event, accelerating one flank of the jet and decelerating the other. The hypothesis that jet drifting may be due to one flank of the jet being more baroclinically unstable than the other is tested using topographic profiles with variable curvatures.
Airway and Respiration Parameters Improve Following Vocal Fold Medialization
Authors: Asik M. Burak , Karasimav Ozlem , Birkent Hakan , Merati Albert L. , Gerek Mustafa , Yildiz Yavuz 
Published: June 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis: Laryngeal medialization procedures such as injection laryngoplasty (IL) and thyroplasty type 1 (TT1) are standard techniques for the treatment of glottic insufficiency related to unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). These procedures reliably improve the voice and may also improve swallowing function. Despite the association of laryngeal paralysis with airway regulation, there is little published on the effect of UVFP and its surgical treatment on respiration. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the aerodynamic outcomes of UVFP patients before and after vocal fold medialization, either by IL or TT1. Methods: Consecutive patients with dysphonia due to UVFP were included in this prospective study between 2012 and 2014. Nineteen patients were investigated (5 females, 14 males) with a mean age of 37.05 ± 17.8 years. Eight patients were treated by IL while 11 patients received TT1. The patients were subjected to Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) and Borg dyspnea scales, maximum phonation time (MPT) measurement, spirometry, and cycle ergometry, pre- and postoperatively at 2 months. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in MPT from 5.5 ± 3 seconds to 11.2 ± 4.9 seconds postoperatively ( P < .001). The MMRC and Borg dyspnea scales also showed significant improvement postoperatively ( P < .001, P = .006, respectively). The change in spirometric parameters (peak expiratory flow, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and peak inspiratory flow) were nonsignificant, while there was a significant improvement in cycle ergometry test postoperatively ( P = .018). Conclusion: Laryngeal medialization procedures such as IL and TT1 improve UVFP patients’ respiration-related quality of life and aerodynamic performance with no significant changes in spirometry.
Demonstrating the Effect of the Built Environment on Staff Health-Related Quality of Life in Ambulatory Care Environments
Authors: Wingler Deborah , Hector Richard 
Published: June 2015

Objective: To determine the impact of the built environment on staff health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a federally qualified health center (FQHC). Background: Staff within FQHCs face many challenges that can significantly impact their HRQoL. Design features directed toward reducing stress have been shown to improve staff health outcomes in acute care environments. However, minimal literature exists linking design features to health outcomes within FQHCs. Method: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted involving three FQHCs that contain varying levels of enhancements to their interior features. A total of 75 staff across the sites participated in the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) survey, measuring satisfaction and perceived productivity. Measurements for staff HRQoL were captured using the quality of well-being (QWB) scale, which was administered to 10 staff at each site. Standard regression diagnostics were used to examine fit and find influential observations. Results: QWB scores were normally distributed, and a dose–response relationship was found between QWB scores and level of enhancements. As the categories of satisfaction and perceived productivity increased, the average QWB score increased. Regression models showed overall statistical significance and predicted between a quarter to a half of the change in QWB scores. Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that the more enhancements included in the interior features of a FQHC, the greater the returns to staff HRQoL. Findings also suggest that staff with a lower QWB appreciate enhancements more. Design strategies associated with improved staff well-being should be evaluated in terms of the amount of HRQoL they contribute.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Xia-yu-xue decoction (XYXD) reduces carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis through inhibition hepatic stellate cell activation by targeting NF-κB and TGF-β1 signaling pathways
Authors: Liu Cheng , Yuan Xia , Tao Le , Cheng Zhuoan , Dai Xiuqin , Sheng Xia , Xue Dongying 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Background
Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is activated mainly by endotoxin and transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) in chronic liver injury, consequently, can be important therapeutic targets. Xia-yu-xue decoction (XYXD), a classical recipe used in China to treat liver fibrosis, and has been revealed to inhibit hepatic fibrosis in animal models, the mechanism of action of XYXD remains elusive. In the present study, we evaluated whether XYXD reduced endotoxin and pro-fibrogenic pathways induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TGF-β1 in HSCs.

Methods
The in vivo effect of XYXD on fibrosis progression was assessed in mice model induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), The in vitro effect of XYXD on mice GFP-Col-HSC cells was evaluated using LPS and TGF-β1 stimulation.

Results
XYXD treatment reduced CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and decreased hepatic hydroxyproline (Hyp) content, the mRNA levels of smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and Col 1(α1) in fibrotic liver. XYXD suppressed nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation induced by LPS and TGF-β1 assessed by using NF-κB-luciferase reporter. The expression of NF-κB target genes, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) induced by LPS was suppressed after XYXD treatment. The expression of TGF-β1 targets genes, Col1(α1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP1) induced by TGF-β1 was inhibit after XYXD treatment.

Conclusion
XYXD treatment attenuates liver fibrosis by inhibiting HSC activation via inhibition of NF-κB and TGF-β1 signaling pathway, thereby blocking the synthesis of Col1 (α1) and TIMP-1. These findings from present study suggest that XYXD may be a therapeutic decoction for liver fibrosis in which NF-κB and TGF-β1 are thought to take part.
Abdominal Fat Distribution and Cardiovascular Risk in Men and Women With Different Levels of Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Scheuer Stine H. , Færch Kristine , Philipsen Annelotte , Jørgensen Marit E. , Johansen Nanna B. , Carstensen Bendix , Witte Daniel R. , Andersen Ingelise , Lauritzen Torsten , Andersen Gregers S. 
Published: June 2015

Context:Regional fat distribution rather than overall obesity has been recognized as important to understanding the link between obesity and cardiovascular disease.Objective:We examined the associations of abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) with cardiovascular risk factors in a Caucasian population of men and women with normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes, or screen-detected diabetes.Design, Setting, and Participants:The study was based on cross-sectional analysis of data from 1412 adults age 45–80 years. VAT and SAT were assessed by ultrasound. The associations of VAT and SAT with blood pressure and lipids were examined by linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, glucose tolerance status (GTS), medication use, and body mass index. Effect modification by GTS and sex was examined, and stratified analyses performed.Results:Independent of SAT and overall obesity, VAT was associated with higher triglyceride and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in both men and women and additionally associated with higher total cholesterol in men. SAT was independently associated with higher total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in both sexes, and SAT was additionally associated with higher triglyceride and lower HDL cholesterol levels in women and with higher blood pressure in participants with diabetes.Conclusion:Both abdominal VAT and SAT are independent of overall obesity associated with cardiovascular risk in a population of men and women at low to high risk of diabetes or with screen-detected diabetes.
Recent Changes in the Clinical Outcome of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma With Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis
Authors: Jeon Min Ji , Kim Won Gu , Choi Yun Mi , Kwon Hyemi , Song Dong Eun , Lee Yu-Mi , Sung Tae-Yon , Yoon Jong Ho , Hong Suck Joon , Baek Jung Hwan , Lee Jeong Hyun , Ryu Jin-Sook , Kim Tae Yong , Shong Young Kee , Chung Ki-Wook , Kim Won Bae 
Published: June 2015

Context:
The prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) with cervical lymph node (LN) metastasis has changed with increased detection of subclinical metastatic LNs. The number and size of metastatic LNs were proposed as new prognostic factors in PTC with cervical LN metastasis (N1).

Objective:
The objective of the study was to evaluate changes in N1 PTC characteristics and clinical outcome over time and to confirm the prognostic value of the number and size of metastatic LNs.

Design and Patients:
This study included 1815 N1 PTC patients diagnosed between 1997 and 2011. Patients were classified into three risk groups according to the number and size of metastatic LNs: very low risk, five or fewer and 0.2 cm or less; low risk, five or fewer and 0.2 cm or greater; and high risk, more than five.

Main Outcome Measures:
Response to initial therapy and disease-free survival (DFS) was measured.

Results:
Metastatic LNs became smaller, and the ratio of metastatic LNs, which represents the extent of LN involvement and the completeness of surgery, decreased significantly over time. The proportion of patients with excellent response significantly increased from 33% to 67% over time (P &lt; .001). These improvements were more evident in the low- and high-risk groups than in the very low-risk group. The DFS 5 years after initial surgery was also significantly increased from 73% to 91% over time (P &lt; .001). The new LN classification was strongly associated with outcome. Patients in the very low-risk group had longer DFS than those in the low- and high-risk groups during the study period.

Conclusions:
The clinical outcome of N1 PTC has significantly changed over time with the earlier detection of thyroid cancers with less extensive LN involvement. More complete surgical neck dissection also might be responsible for these changes. The number and size of metastatic LNs are important prognostic factors of recurrence in N1 PTC.
Faith Ringgold’s Die: The Riot and Its Reception
Authors: Monahan Anne 
Published: June 2015

The year 1967 was a transitional moment for the rehabilitation of activist art and the formation of black identity. It was likewise significant for Faith Ringgold, who was preparing the solo exhibition that would introduce her to the New York art world. That summer, after riots devastated Detroit and Newark, NJ, she painted Die expressly for the show. The wall-size canvas depicts an interracial cast of clean-cut antagonists trying to kill one another.
Although the painting represented the kind of large-scale, politically motivated figuration that had been out of favor since the 1940s, it earned favorable attention from key art journals. I argue that its warm reception indexes the painting’s ability to speak differently to different constituencies, from mainstream and African American modernists to the activists in the Black Arts and peace movements then beginning to make waves. The painting’s multivocal potential encompassed an iconography that reads as either warning against or wishing for social unrest and a format that inserts the large-scale figuration of public murals into the more rarified space of the commercial art gallery.
As a microhistory focused on Die’s production and reception, this study aims to illuminate how racial politics influenced a politics of style in this volatile moment. To do so, it situates Die in relation to a mounting attention to protest, violence, social realism, and black aesthetics, especially as they crystallized in writer Amiri Baraka’s engagement with the Newark riot and in gallery director Robert Newman’s facilitation of Ringgold’s shift to large-scale imagery.
Una óptica igualitaria: Autorretratos, construcción del ser, y encuentro homosocial en una plantación bananera en Honduras
Authors: Coleman Kevin 
Published: June 2015

<p>En una imagen inédita de la década de 1930, aparece el fotógrafo Rafael Platero Paz abrazando a un estadounidense blanco cerca de un río en El Progreso, Honduras. Ambos hombres se muestran completamente desnudos y cubriendo sus genitales únicamente con una hojas. Ambos miran directamente a la cámara.</p><p>Este trabajo examina los autorretratos de Platero Paz que hemos encontrado en un archivo visual compuesto por fotos de campesinos y bananeros, de imágenes de nuevas madres y de comerciantes locales. Invocando la feonomenología de la mirada de Jean-Paul Sartre, propongo que en sus autorretratos tradicionales, Platero Paz posó para otro eventual. . Ahí estaba él, esperando el reconocimiento y la aprobación del Otro. Y en la medida en que el Otro fue postulado como el observador ideal de estos retratos, Platero Paz declaraba: “Yo soy el Otro”. En contraste, en la foto del Jardín del Edén Platero Paz incorpora al Otro en su paisaje y declara “Yo soy nosotros”, estableciendo una relación homosocial, sino homoerótica, una relación sujeto-sujeto en el espacio hipermasculino de una plantación bananera.</p>
Agricultural Productivity and Child Mortality: The Impact of the Green Revolution
Authors: Rosegrant Mark W. , Evenson Robert E. , Msangi Siwa , Sulser Timothy B. 
Published: June 2015

“This paper is dedicated to the memory of Robert E. Evenson. Bob was a great teacher and advisor to hundreds of students at Yale and in the Philippines, many of whom have gone on to highly successful careers. Bob was a leading scholar in research related to agri—cultural research, economic development, and education.”Many papers have examined the impact of the Green Revolution and the international agricultural research centers on agricultural productivity and the rates of return to agricultural research investment. Here we extend this analysis to look at the impact on food security and human welfare as measured by child mortality. In this paper, we conduct two counterfactual simulations for the 30‐year period 1970–2000—the first holding 1970 crop genetic improvements constant and the second presuming the International Agricultural Research Center (IARC) system had not been built. Our results show that Green Revolution technologies and the IARC system significantly reduced child mortality. The counterfactual analysis demonstrates the importance of the Green Revolution in generating not only sustained improvements in crop productivity growth through the 1970s and 1980s, but also the powerful indirect effects on human welfare as measured by child mortality.
Does the spatial arrangement of urban landscape matter? examples of urban warming and cooling in phoenix and las vegas
Authors: Myint Soe Win , Zheng Baojuan , Talen Emily , Fan Chao , Kaplan Shai , Middel Ariane , Smith Martin , Huang Huei-ping , Brazel Anthony 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

This study examines the impact of spatial landscape configuration (e.g., clustered, dispersed) on land‐surface temperatures (LST) over Phoenix, Arizona, and Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. We classified detailed land‐cover types via object‐based image analysis (OBIA) using Geoeye‐1 at 3‐m resolution (Las Vegas) and QuickBird at 2.4‐m resolution (Phoenix). Spatial autocorrelation (local Moran's
I
) was then used to test for spatial dependence and to determine how clustered or dispersed points were arranged. Next, we used Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data acquired over Phoenix (daytime on 10 June and nighttime on 17 October 2011) and Las Vegas (daytime on 6 July and nighttime on 27 August 2005) to examine day‐ and nighttime LST with regard to the spatial arrangement of anthropogenic and vegetation features. Local Moran's
I
values of each land‐cover type were spatially correlated to surface temperature. The spatial configuration of grass and trees shows strong negative correlations with LST, implying that clustered vegetation lowers surface temperatures more effectively. In contrast, clustered spatial arrangements of anthropogenic land‐cover types, especially impervious surfaces and open soil, elevate LST. These findings suggest that city planners and managers should, where possible, incorporate clustered grass and trees to disperse unmanaged soil and paved surfaces, and fill open unmanaged soil with vegetation. Our findings are in line with national efforts to augment and strengthen green infrastructure, complete streets, parking management, and transit‐oriented development practices, and reduce sprawling, unwalkable housing development.
Quantifying human well‐being for sustainability research and policy
Authors: Yang Wu , Mckinnon Madeleine C. , Turner Will R. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
To address human dependence on natural resources and anthropogenic impacts on ecosystem health, understanding and management of the linkages between nature and human well‐being (HWB) are urgently needed. One fundamental barrier is the lack of quantitative indicators and models that integrate HWB with direct and indirect drivers of change in natural resources. While primary surveys provide the most valid HWB measures, extensive new data collection is often costly, especially for large‐scale studies. Therefore, it is vital to develop methods and indices based on existing data (e.g., census data, survey data) for real‐world application. To address this, we propose a new method of using structural equation modeling to construct robust, spatially explicit HWB indices from existing data and demonstrate its validity and usefulness in Cambodia. Our method is scale‐free and applicable to different frameworks and data sources and thus supports relatively easy replication in many other contexts. Further application and refinement could improve understanding of human–nature interactions, move toward robust theory development, and guide natural resource management decisions.
Bacterial community involved in the nitrogen cycle in a down-flow sponge-based trickling filter treating UASB effluent
Authors: Mac Conell E. F. A. , Almeida P. G. S. , Martins K. E. L. , Araújo J. C. , Chernicharo C. A. L. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The bacterial community composition of a down-flow sponge-based trickling filter treating upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) effluent was investigated by pyrosequencing. Bacterial community composition considerably changed along the reactor and over the operational period. The dominant phyla detected were Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Planctomycetes. The abundance of denitrifiers decreased from the top to the bottom and it was consistent with the organic matter concentration gradients. At lower loadings (organic and nitrogen loading rates), the abundance of anammox bacteria was higher than that of the ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in the upper portion of the reactor, suggesting that aerobic and anaerobic ammonium oxidation occurred. Nitrification occurred in all the compartments, while anammox bacteria prominently appeared even in the presence of high organic carbon to ammonia ratios (around 1.0–2.0 gCOD gN−1). The results suggest that denitrifiers, nitrifiers, and anammox bacteria coexisted in the reactor; thus, different metabolic pathways were involved in ammonium removal in the post-UASB reactor sponge-based.