bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atmosphere and Ocean Modeling on Grids of Variable Resolution—A 2D Case Study
Authors: Düben Peter D. , Korn Peter 
Published: January 2014

AbstractGrids of variable resolution are of great interest in atmosphere and ocean modeling as they offer a route to higher local resolution and improved solutions. On the other hand there are changes in grid resolution considered to be problematic because of the errors they create between coarse and fine parts of a grid due to reflection and scattering of waves. On complex multidimensional domains these errors resist theoretical investigation and demand numerical experiments. With a low-order hybrid continuous/discontinuous finite-element model of the inviscid and viscous shallow-water equations a numerical study is carried out that investigates the influence of grid refinement on critical features such as wave propagation, turbulent cascades, and the representation of geostrophic balance. The refinement technique the authors use is static h refinement, where additional grid cells are inserted in regions of interest known a priori. The numerical tests include planar and spherical geometry as well as flows with boundaries and are chosen to address the impact of abrupt changes in resolution or the influence of the shape of the transition zone. For the specific finite-element model under investigation, the simulations suggest that grid refinement does not deteriorate geostrophic balance and turbulent cascades and the shape of mesh transition zones appears to be less important than expected. However, the results show that the static local refinement is able to reduce the local error, but not necessarily the global error and convergence properties with resolution are changed. The relatively simple tests already illustrate that grid refinement has to go along with a simultaneous change of the parameterization schemes.
The Impact of Increased Frequency of Rawinsonde Observations on Forecast Skill Investigated with an Observing System Simulation Experiment
Authors: Privé N. C. , Errico R. M. , Tai K.-S. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Most rawinsondes are launched once or twice daily, at 0000 and/or 1200 UTC; only a small number of the total rawinsonde observations are taken at 0600 and 1800 UTC (“off hour” cycle times). In this study, the variations of forecast and analysis quality between cycle times and the potential improvement of skill due to supplemental rawinsonde measurements at 0600 and 1800 UTC are tested in the framework of an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (NASA GMAO) Goddard Earth Observing System Model, version 5 (GEOS-5), is used with the GMAO OSSE setup for an experiment emulating the months of July and August with the 2011 observational network. The OSSE is run with and without supplemental rawinsonde observations at 0600 and 1800 UTC, and the differences in analysis error and forecast skill are quantified. The addition of supplemental rawinsonde observations results in significant improvement of analysis quality in the Northern Hemisphere for both the 0000/1200 and 0600/1800 UTC cycle times, with greater improvement for the off-hour times. Reduction of root-mean-square errors on the order of 1%–3% for wind and temperature is found at the 24- and 48-h forecast times. There is a slight improvement in Northern Hemisphere anomaly correlations at the 120-h forecast time.
Evaluation of a principled approach to vocabulary learning in mainstream classes
Authors: St. John Pip , Vance Maggie 
Published: January 2014

Research indicates that a significant number of children enter primary school with insufficient vocabulary knowledge. This study investigates whether a small group daily word learning programme delivered by the class teacher can improve word learning in young children. Eighteen children, aged five to six years, with English as an additional language or poor language development, attending three schools in an area of social deprivation, participated in the study. Class teachers implemented a principled approach for teaching and learning vocabulary that included the development of word-learning strategies. Vocabulary knowledge was assessed pre- and post-intervention using a non-standardized, study-specific measure that compared taught and untaught vocabulary. Receptive vocabulary was also measured using standardized assessment. Pupil and teacher questionnaires were presented before and after the intervention. There were significant changes in children’s knowledge of both taught and untaught words, with more change in knowledge of taught words. Some children also showed significant change on standardized measurement of vocabulary. Class teachers reported changes in their practice and some children reported using a wider range of strategies to learn words.
Clozapine effects on adenylyl cyclase activity and serotonin type 1A receptors in human brain post-mortem
Authors: Marazziti Donatella , Baroni Stefano , Palego Lionella , Betti Laura , Giannaccini Gino , Castagna Maura , Naccarato Antonio G , Luccachini Antonio , Catena-Dell’Osso Mario , Dell’Osso Liliana 
Published: January 2014

Although the pharmacological profile of the atypical antipsychotic clozapine has been extensively studied in animal models, little information is available on its effects in the human brain. In particular, much interest is focused on the understanding of clozapine activity on serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission, particularly on 5-HT receptor of type 1A (5-HT1A) that seems to play a pivotal role in the control of the 5-HT system. The present work, therefore, aimed at evaluating the effects of clozapine and its major metabolite, norclozapine, on the modulation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) velocity via 5-HT1A receptors in human post-mortem brain regions, in particular the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and raphe nuclei. Concomitantly, the ability of the two compounds to displace the specific binding of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist [3H]-8-hydroxy-(2-di-N-propylamino) tetralin ([3H]-8-OH-DPAT) was evaluated in the same brain areas. The results showed that both clozapine and norclozapine, although with a 20-fold lower affinity, displaced [3H]8-OH-DPAT binding in all of the brain regions analysed, suggesting their interaction with 5-HT1A receptors. At the same time, clozapine and, to a lesser extent, norclozapine were found to inhibit the forskolin (FK)-stimulated AC system, while decreasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations in the hippocampus only. The receptor characterisation of the clozapine effect on AC observed in the hippocampus by the use of antagonists showed a mixed profile, involving not only the 5-HT1A receptor but also a muscarinic (M) receptor subtype, most likely the M4 one. These findings, while considering all the limitations due to the use of post-mortem tissues, are strongly suggestive of a region-dependent pharmacological action of clozapine in the human brain that may explain its peculiar clinical effects and open up research towards novel targets for future antipsychotic drugs.
Early improvement as a predictor of treatment response and remission in patients with schizophrenia: A pooled, post-hoc analysis from the asenapine development program
Authors: Leucht Stefan , Zhao Jun 
Published: January 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess whether early symptom improvement predicts later treatment outcome in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Data were pooled from intent-to-treat (ITT) populations of three six-week randomized controlled studies with fixed doses of asenapine (ASE; n=470), olanzapine (OLA; n=95), risperidone (RIS; n=56), haloperidol (HAL; n=112), or placebo (PLA; n=275). Early improvement was defined as a 20% reduction of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score at week 2, compared to baseline (primary criterion). Treatment outcome at week 6 was defined as response (PANSS: ≥50% score reduction) or remission (PANSS item score ≤3 on selected items at week 6). Odds ratios (ORs) and predictive performance statistics were calculated. Results: Statistically significant associations between early improvement (at week 2) and treatment outcome (at week 6) were observed for all treatment groups except OLA; as evidenced by increased ORs for response. Analysis of associations between early improvement and remission, as defined by Andreasen et al. (2005), revealed a statistically significant relationship for ASE and PLA-treated patients only. Predictive performance statistics revealed higher negative predictive value (NPV) and sensitivity rates, and comparably lower positive predictive value (PPV) and specificity rates across treatment groups for both response and remission. Conclusion: It is suggested that absence of improvement within two weeks of treatment may predict the unlikely success of subsequent pharmacological intervention.
Comparison of gastric vascular anatomy by monochromatic and polychromatic dual-energy spectral computed tomography imaging
Authors: Wan Yamin , Li Zhizhen , Ji Nina , Gao Jianbo 
Published: January 2014

Objective To evaluate the use of monochromatic and polychromatic dual-energy spectral computed tomography (CT) imaging for preoperative assessment of gastric vascular anatomy. Methods Patients with suspected gastric cancer underwent spectral CT to generate conventional 140 kVp polychromatic and monochromatic images with energy levels ranging from 40 to 140 keV during the late arterial and portal venous phases. Optimal monochromatic images were selected according to the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for the gastric artery. Image quality was subjectively assessed. Display rates of the arteries were recorded. Results The study included 64 patients. Monochromatic images at 53 ± 3 keV provided the optimum CNR. At this energy level, subjective image scores were significantly higher for monochromatic images than polychromatic images. There were no significant differences in the display rates of arteries between polychromatic and optimal monochromatic images. Conclusions Monochromatic images obtained with spectral CT can improve the visualization of gastric arteries.
Postoperative Imaging of Bioabsorbable Anchors in Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Kim Sae Hoon , Oh Joo Han , Lee O-Sung , Lee Hwa-Ryeong , Hargens Alan R. 
Published: January 2014

Background: Bioabsorbable anchors may lead to osteolysis and cyst formation. However, the prevalence of these outcomes is not known for rotator cuff repairs. Purpose: To evaluate cyst formation after placement of bioabsorbable anchors for rotator cuff repairs and to verify whether bioabsorbable anchors degraded as intended and preserved bone stock for possible revision compared with metal anchors. The null hypothesis was that the rate and severity of cyst formation around the anchor are negligible. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Between April 2008 and November 2011, a total of 209 patients (85 men, 124 women) underwent rotator cuff repair with bioabsorbable suture anchors (113 with polylactic acid enantiomers [PLLA] and 96 with poly-D,L-lactide from L-lactide and D-lactide [PLDLA]); the patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation more than 10 months after surgery. The fluid signal around the anchor on T2-weighted MRI scans was graded as follows: grade 0, no fluid around anchor; grade 1, minimal fluid around anchor; grade 2, local fluid around anchor; grade 3, fluid collection around entire length of anchor with cyst diameter less than twice the anchor diameter; and grade 4, cyst diameter larger than grade 3. The integrity of repairs was also evaluated. Results: Cysts were observed in 97 instances (46.4%). There were 41 grade 1 cases (19.6%), 16 grade 2 (7.7%), 22 grade 3 (10.5%), and 18 grade 4 (8.6%). Healing of repaired tendon was observed in 131 patients (62.7%). There was no statistical difference in healing rate between patients with and without cyst formation (66.1% vs 58.8%; P = .276). Altered anchor shape and absorption were not observed in most of the patients. However, in 12 patients (6 with PLLA and 6 with PLDLA anchors), T2-weighted scans showed that the signal intensity of anchors had changed since surgery, which could indicate that absorption had taken place; nonetheless, even in these 12 patients, anchors were clearly visible on T1-weighted scans. Conclusion: Osteolysis and cyst formation are common complications following the use of bioabsorbable anchors in rotator cuff repairs. Considering that adequate absorption of anchors and preservation of bone stock are the reasons for using bioabsorbable anchors, use of these anchors should be reconsidered because of possible interference with revision surgery.
The Origin and Journey of Qawwali
Authors: Bhattacharjee Anuradha , Alam Shadab 
Published: January 2014

This article deals with origin, evolution and the heritage of Sufi music. The objective of this article is to trace the journey of Sufi musical practices and traditions across the world, their forms, and how Sufi music has created a heritage and subculture across the Muslim as well as non-Muslim world carving an identity for itself as liberal or spiritual Islam rather than legal Islam. Philosophic Qur’anic verses, such as ‘Poverty is my pride’, are the bedrock of Sufism and quoted in every manual of Sufi doctrine. Such verses are limitless in their depth, scope and meaning, and the reader/listener may draw as much mystical meaning as s/he has the capacity to understand. The propagation of Sufism started from its origin in Baghdad, Iraq, and spread to Persia, Pakistan, North Africa, Central Asia and Muslim Spain. Sufism has produced a large body of poetry in Arabic, Turkish, Persian, Kurdish, Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi and even Bangla, from which the genre of Sufi music, lyrics and qawwali has emerged. The Sufi poetry has integrated with the local musical culture of the various parts of the world and created a rainbow of variations down the ages. This article draws upon published literature from several languages on the origins of Sufi music, including qawwali, and collates samples of Sufi music from across the world and synthesizes the results.
Pregnancy outcome and follow-up cardiac outcome in women with aortic valve replacement
Authors: Basude Snehalata , Trinder Johanna , Caputo Massimo , Curtis Stephanie L 
Published: January 2014

Objectives To compare the maternal, fetal and cardiac outcomes in women who have undergone aortic valve replacement. Method Retrospective observational study of all women with aortic valve replacement, who underwent a pregnancy (1998–2012). Maternal-, fetal- and valve-related cardiac outcomes were assessed. Results Thirty-two pregnancies in 16 women with aortic valve replacement (nine bioprosthetic, six Ross and 17 mechanical) were evaluated. There were no adverse maternal events in the bioprosthetic and Ross groups but three in the mechanical group. Fetal loss rate was highest in the mechanical valve pregnancies (53%). One woman in the bioprosthetic group needed valve re-operation, and one woman in the mechanical valve group died. There was no difference in the change of Vmax over the follow-up between the valves ( p = 0.25). Conclusions There was no difference in deterioration between aortic valve replacements during and after pregnancy. The highest risk of maternal and fetal complications occurred in the mechanical valve group.
Magnesium sulfate for eclampsia prevention: Quality of care evaluation in a tertiary centre in Québec, Canada
Authors: Girard Pascale , Quirion Alexandre , Bureau Yves-André , Sauvé Nadine 
Published: January 2014

Background The current Canadian guidelines endorse the use of MgSO4 for treatment of eclampsia and for prophylaxis in severe preeclampsia. Our study aimed to audit our institution’s compliance regarding these guidelines. Methods We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate MgSO4 use in: all our cases of eclampsia since 2002, 50 cases of severe preeclampsia, and 50 cases of non-severe preeclampsia. Results Sixty-five cases of preeclampsia were analyzed after initial chart review. A high rate of preeclampsia severity misdiagnosis was observed (35%, 23/65). Only 69% (25/36) of the patients correctly diagnosed with severe preeclampsia received MgSO4; after diagnosis correction, 42% (25/59) of the patients with severe preeclampsia received the medication. Of our eight cases of eclampsia, none of the patients received MgSO4 before the seizure (although three had clear indications). Conclusion Given the importance of prophylactic MgSO4 use in preventing eclampsia, we have implemented informative measures aimed at rapidly achieving complete compliance with the national guidelines.
Searching for the Divine, Handling Mobile Phones
Authors: Lorea Carola Erika 
Published: January 2014

The Bauls of Bengal, a community of low-caste itinerant performers and esoteric practitioners, have received contrasting appreciations in the course of the last two centuries. Initially disregarded as the low tradition of an ‘immoral’, ‘degenerate’, ‘scatological’ sect, Baul songs were revived and promoted by the famous Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. Tagore’s publications on Bauls contributed to the diffusion of their success among intellectuals and the urban élite, in a purified version that romanticised the Bauls’ esoteric aspect to make it socially acceptable. With the growing impact of globalisation and the gentrification of the Bengali countryside, Bauls are now enjoying an increasing patronage by outsiders, middle-class amateurs and folklore tourists in search of an ‘authentic’ indigenous tradition. What is the impact of cultural tourism, commercialisation and the commodification of culture on the oral literature of Bauls? How do Baul composers react to the encounter with the urban milieu? The recent strand of academic literature on Bauls shares a common fear of corruption and contamination by the invasion of modernity and show-business. Questioning this view, textual and contextual evidence shows that Bauls’ lyrics are responding with self-confidence and adaptability: keeping their tenets and literary devices unaltered, contemporary Baul songs are capable of preserving their peculiar identity vis-à-vis the demands of a modern audience. Bauls’ compositions are incorporating objects of contemporary reality, such as mobile phones, metro stations, motorbikes, etc., fitting them into their traditional structures of metaphorical songs that discuss, through the use of an enigmatic jargon known as sandhya-bhasha, their crucial sexo-yogic practices of self-realisation.
Prevention Counseling Practices of HIV Care Providers with Patients New to HIV Medical Care
Authors: Valverde Eduardo , Beer Linda , Johnson Christopher , Blair Janet M. , Mattson Christine L. , Sanders Catherine , Weiser John , Skarbinski Jacek 
Published: January 2014

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of prevention counseling discussions between HIV care providers and their patients who are newly linked to care and to assess factors that facilitate such discussions. Methods: In 2009, a probability sample of HIV care providers in 582 outpatient settings in the United States and Puerto Rico was surveyed regarding provider’s HIV prevention discussions with HIV-infected patients newly linked to HIV medical care. Results: A majority of providers reported consistently discussing HIV transmission risk reduction (76%), sexually transmitted disease risk (66%), and adherence to antiretroviral regimens (87%). Only 35% of providers reported consistently discussing partner counseling services. Conclusion: The proportion of providers engaged in HIV prevention counseling with patients newly linked to HIV care is generally high, but more work is needed to encourage providers to fully participate as partners in prevention, which is central to preventing onward transmission of HIV.
A phase 2 trial of lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed and relapsed/refractory myeloma
Authors: Richardson Paul G. , Xie Wanling , Jagannath Sundar , Jakubowiak Andrzej , Lonial Sagar , Raje Noopur S. , Alsina Melissa , Ghobrial Irene M. , Schlossman Robert L. , Munshi Nikhil C. , Mazumder Amitabha , Vesole David H. , Kaufman Jonathan L. , Colson Kathleen , McKenney Mary , Lunde Laura E. , Feather John , Maglio Michelle E. , Warren Diane , Francis Dixil , Hideshima Teru , Knight Robert , Esseltine Dixie-Lee , Mitsiades Constantine S. , Weller Edie , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: January 2014

Key PointsLenalidomide-bortezomib-dexamethasone resulted in partial response or better in nearly two-thirds of relapsed/refractory myeloma patients. The regimen had substantial activity despite high rates of prior bortezomib/thalidomide and regardless of poor prognostic characteristics.
Blood pressure tables for Chinese adolescents: justification for incorporation of important influencing factors of height, age and sex in the tables
Authors: Jiang Xuejin , Cao Zhongqiang , Shen Lijun , Wu Jing , Li Zhongliang , Gao Jing , Wang Youjie 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundElevated blood pressure (BP) in childhood was a predictor of hypertension in adulthood and contributes to the current epidemic of cardiovascular disease. It is necessary to identify abnormal BP in children and adolescents with accurate BP tables based on several crucial factors. The purpose of this study was to identify the important influencing factors of BP of Chinese adolescents.MethodsBP, height, and body weight were assessed in 32221 normal-weight Chinese adolescents aged 12–17 years. An equal number of 6815 subjects from boys and girls were individually matched by height and age to assess the independent effect of sex on BP; and an equal number of 1422 subjects from each of the age groups (12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 years) were individually matched by sex and height to estimate the independent effect of age on BP. Height of each sex and age was divided into eight height groups - ~5th, ~10th, ~25th, ~50th, ~75th, ~90th, ~95th, and 95th ~ percentiles- and the Spearman’s correlation between height percentiles and BP was used to examine the independent effect of height on BP.ResultsBoys had higher systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) than girls after controlling for age and height. BP increased with age after controlling for sex and height. In each age group, both SBP and DBP increased alongside increasing height in boys and girls.ConclusionsSex, age and height are all independent determinants for BP levels in Chinese adolescents. It is essential to incorporate these three factors for the establishment of the BP reference tables.
Conductive and transparent multilayer films for low-temperature TiO2/Ag/SiO2 electrodes by E-beam evaporation with IAD
Authors: Chiu Po-Kai , Lee Chao-Te , Chiang Donyau , Cho Wen-Hao , Hsiao Chien-Nan , Chen Yi-Yan , Huang Bo-Ming , Yang Jer-Ren 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Conductive and transparent multilayer thin films consisting of three alternating layers (TiO2/Ag/SiO2, TAS) have been fabricated for applications as transparent conducting oxides. Metal oxide and metal layers were prepared by electron-beam evaporation with ion-assisted deposition, and the optical and electrical properties of the resulting films as well as their energy bounding characteristics and microstructures were carefully investigated. The optical properties of the obtained TAS material were compared with those of well-known transparent metal oxide glasses such as ZnO/Ag/ZnO, TiO2/Ag/TiO2, ZnO/Cu/ZnO, and ZnO/Al/ZnO. The weathering resistance of the TAS film was improved by using a protective SiO2 film as the uppermost layer. The transmittance spectra and sheet resistance of the material were carefully measured and analyzed as a function of the layer thickness. By properly adjusting the thickness of the metal and dielectric films, a low sheet resistance of 6.5 ohm/sq and a high average transmittance of over 89% in the 400 to 700 nm wavelength regions were achieved. We found that the Ag layer played a significant role in determining the optical and electrical properties of this film.