bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal labyrinths of eastern Eurasian Pleistocene humans
Authors: Wu Xiu-Jie , Crevecoeur Isabelle , Liu Wu , Xing Song , Trinkaus Erik 
Published: July 2014

Significance
The assessment of the paleobiology and morphological affinities of the Neandertals and other Late Pleistocene archaic humans is central to resolving issues regarding the emergence and establishment of modern human morphology and diversity. One feature, which has been used as a distinctive Neandertal feature in this context, is the apparently derived shape of their temporal labyrinths (especially semicircular canals). Analysis of East Asian labyrinths documents the “Neandertal” pattern in the Xujiayao 15 temporal bone, although none of the Xujiayao human remains exhibits other distinctly Neandertal features. It therefore raises questions regarding possible biological correlates of labyrinthine morphology, distinctive Neandertal features, and the nature of late archaic human variation across Eurasia.
Food, Justice, and Land
Authors: Borras Saturnino M. , Franco Jennifer C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The politics of food is intertwined with land politics, whether we talk about plantation workers, indigenous peoples, or pastoralists and their desire to own or control land. Questions on food politics are centered on what is to be produced, where, how much and how, by whom, and with what patterns of distribution and consumption. Answers to these questions inevitably raise issues of politics, power, and social justice. This chapter examines the link between land and food and its implications for social justice. It begins with a discussion of the contemporary global land rush in relation to pro-poor land policy, with particular emphasis on land reform. It then looks at the move away from conventional land reform in development policy thinking as part of the neoliberal resurgence. It also considers the contemporary interest in land and land policies in the context of development, along with key themes in pro-poor land policy such as protection or transfer of land-based wealth in favor of the poor, transfer of land-based political power, the sensitivity of such a policy to gender and ethnic groups, and its contribution to increasing land and labor productivity.
The Politics of Memory
Authors: Maurantonio Nicole 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This chapter considers the definitional and disciplinary politics surrounding the study of memory, exploring the various sites of memory study that have emerged within the field of communication. Specifically, this chapter reviews sites of memory and commemoration, ranging from places such as museums, monuments, and memorials, to textual forms, including journalism and consumer culture. Within each context, this chapter examines the ways in which these sites have interpreted and reinterpreted traumatic pasts bearing great consequence for national identity. It concludes with a discussion of the challenges set forth by new media for scholars engaging in studies of the politics of memory and identifies areas worthy of future research.
Youth and Crime in Sweden
Authors: Shannon David , Bäckman Olof , Estrada Felipe , Nilsson Anders 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis chapter describes trends in crime among Swedish youth on the basis of both official statistics and alternative indicators, noting a decline over time both in the general level of youth involvement in crime and in the size of the gender gap, particularly in official statistics. The system of reactions to youth crime in Sweden is described, together with central reforms implemented over the past 15 years and trends in sanctioning practice since the mid-1990s. Returning to the issue of the declining gender gap, the chapter concludes by presenting new data on both justice system sanctions and childhood resources and by discussing what these data might contribute to our understanding and interpretation of the declining sex differences in officially recorded crime.
Tourism, Leisure, and Crime
Authors: Barclay Elaine , Mawby Rob I. , Jones Carol 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTourism has become a leading sector of the worldwide economy; nighttime leisure activities claim an increasingly large sector of commercial areas. Cities once organized around industry have become centers of sport, recreation, and leisure. Researchers in areas of hospitality management have pointed to “the tourism cycle” in explaining trends in crime: As particular places rise and fall as tourist destinations, they attract particular kinds of criminality and victimization. In this chapter, the relationship between tourism, leisure, and crime is examined in light of new crime risks evolving within a rapidly changing tourism environment—risks that have implications for crime prevention for governments, criminal justice systems, the tourism industry, and individual travelers.
Campus Crime
Authors: Sloan John J. , Fisher Bonnie S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAlthough crime on college and university campuses in the United States has existed since their founding and despite available data, unanswered questions remain about the scope and nature of the problem. Notwithstanding these knowledge gaps, beginning in the late 1980s and the 1990s campus crime was “discovered” by the media and various interest groups, whose claims about the problem spurred efforts by policy makers, the courts, and postsecondary administrators to address it. The effects of their efforts, however, have not been well documented, as most have never been evaluated. Ultimately the picture that emerges from 30 years of available research is that college campuses are neither immune to the problem of crime and violence, nor are they hot beds of murder, mayhem, and vice as commonly depicted by the media.
Construct Validity of the Pediatric Rome III Criteria
Authors: Saps Miguel , Nichols‐Vinueza Diana X. , Mintjens Stijn , Pusatcioglu Cenk K. , Velasco‐Benítez Carlos A. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common. The diagnosis of FGIDs is based on the Rome criteria, a symptom‐based diagnostic classification established by expert consensus. There is little evidence of validity for the pediatric Rome III criteria. The construct validity of the criteria, an overarching term that incorporates other forms of validity, has never been assessed. We assessed the construct validity of the Rome III criteria.Methods:Children from 2 schools in Colombia completed the Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms at baseline and weekly questionnaires of somatic symptoms and disability for 8 weeks (presence and intensity of gastrointestinal symptoms, nongastrointestinal symptoms, impact on daily activities). A total of 255 children completed at least 6 weekly surveys (2041 surveys).Results:At baseline, 27.8% children were diagnosed as having an FGID. Prevalence of nausea (Δ 7.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.46–11.14), constipation (Δ 4.39%, 95% CI 1.79–6.99), diarrhea (Δ 6.69%, 95% CI 3.25–10.13), headache (Δ 7.4%, 95% CI 3.51–11.09), chest pain (Δ 9.04%, 95% CI 5.20–12.88), and limb pain (Δ 4.07%, 95% CI 1.76–6.37) and intensity of nausea (Δ 0.23, 95% CI 0.127–0.333), diarrhea (Δ 0.30, 95% CI 0.211–0.389), abdominal pain (Δ 0.18, 95% CI 0.069–0.291), headache (Δ 0.17, 95% CI 0.091–0.249), and limb pain (Δ 0.30, 95% CI 0.084–0.516) were higher in children with FGIDs (P < 0.001). Children with FGIDs had greater interference with daily activities (P < 0.001).Conclusions:Children with a Rome III diagnosis had significantly more gastrointestinal and nongastrointestinal complaints, and greater intensity of symptoms and disability than children without an FGID diagnosis. The study suggests that the Rome III pediatric criteria have adequate construct validity.
Recurrent alternative splicing isoform switches in tumor samples provide novel signatures of cancer
Authors: Sebestyén Endre , Zawisza Michał , Eyras Eduardo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCancer genomics has been instrumental to determine the genetic alterations that are predictive of various tumor conditions. However, the majority of these alterations occur at low frequencies, motivating the need to expand the catalogue of cancer signatures. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing alterations, which bear major importance for the understanding of cancer, have not been exhaustively studied yet in the context of recent cancer genome projects. In this article we analyze RNA sequencing data for more than 4000 samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project, including paired normal samples, to detect recurrent alternative splicing isoform switches in 9 different cancer types. We first investigate whether alternative splicing isoform changes are predictive of tumors by applying a rank-based algorithm based on the reversal of the relative expression of transcript isoforms. We find that consistent alternative splicing isoform changes can separate with high accuracy tumor and normal samples, as well as some cancer subtypes. We then searched for those changes that occur in the most abundant isoform, i.e isoform switches, and are therefore more likely to have a functional impact. In total we detected 244 isoform switches, which are associated to functional pathways that are frequently altered in cancer and also separate tumor and normal samples accurately. We further assessed whether these isoform changes are associated to somatic mutations. Surprisingly, only a few cases appear to have association, including the putative tumor suppressor FBLN2 and the tumor driver MYH11, which show association of an isoform switch to mutations and indels on the alternatively spliced exon. However, the number of observed mutations is in general not sufficient to explain the frequency of the found isoform switches, suggesting that recurrent isoform switching in cancer is mostly independent of somatic mutations. In summary, we present an effective approach to detect novel alternative splicing signatures that are predictive of tumors. Moreover, the same methodology has led to uncover recurrent isoform switches in tumors, which may provide novel prognostic and therapeutic targets.Software and data are available at:https://bitbucket.org/regulatorygenomicsupf/iso-ktspandhttp://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1061917
Pulmonary Embolism Workup in Five Steps
Authors: Smith Clay B. 
Published: July 2014

A workup for pulmonary embolism (PE) is complex, with multiple clinical decision rules to remember. A proper diagnostic workup can safely rule out PE without the use of computed tomography, which is both expensive and exposes patients to radiation and intravenous contrast. However, once PE has been diagnosed, it is important to risk stratify patients according to severity to both treat and disposition them correctly. PQRsTU is a simple, easy‐to‐remember mnemonic for the workup of PE that considers five phases: PERC phase (PE rule‐out criteria), Quantify gestalt phase (to determine proper use of D‐dimer or direct to imaging), Risk stratification phase (once PE has been diagnosed), Treatment phase, and Unit or floor (patient disposition). This structured method for evaluating PE will help clinicians develop a systematic, evidence‐based approach to this complex and potentially lethal disease.Video is available at https://vimeo.com/91406117Password: perls
Stability of phenotypes defined by physiological variables and biomarkers in adults with asthma
Authors: Kupczyk M. , Dahlén B. , Sterk P. J. , Nizankowska‐Mogilnicka E. , Papi A. , Bel E. H. , Chanez P. , Howarth P. H. , Holgate S. T. , Brusselle G. , Siafakas N. M. , Gjomarkaj M. , Dahlén S.‐E. ,   the BIOAIR investigators
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundAlthough asthma is characterized by variable airways obstruction, most studies of asthma phenotypes are cross‐sectional. The stability of phenotypes defined either by biomarkers or by physiological variables was assessed by repeated measures over 1 year in the Pan‐European BIOAIR cohort of adult asthmatics.MethodsA total of 169 patients, 93 with severe asthma (SA) and 76 with mild‐to‐moderate asthma (MA), were examined at six or more visits during 1 year. Asthma phenotype clusters were defined by physiological variables (lung function, reversibility and age of onset of the disease) or by biomarkers (eosinophils and neutrophils in induced sputum).ResultsAfter 1 year of follow‐up, the allocation to clusters was changed in 23.6% of all asthma patients when defined by physiological phenotypes and, remarkably, in 42.3% of the patients when stratified according to sputum cellularity (P = 0.034). In the SA cohort, 30% and 48.6% of the patients changed allocation according to physiological and biomarker clustering, respectively. Variability of phenotypes was not influenced by change in oral or inhaled corticosteroid dose, nor by the number of exacerbations. Lower stability of single and repeated measure was found for all evaluated biomarkers (eosinophils, neutrophils and FeNO) in contrast to good stability of physiological variables (FEV1), quality of life and asthma control.ConclusionPhenotypes determined by biomarkers are less stable than those defined by physiological variables, especially in severe asthmatics. The data also imply that definition of asthma phenotypes is improved by repeated measures to account for fluctuations in lung function, biomarkers and asthma control.
Genetic analysis of twinning rate and milk yield using a threshold‐linear model in Japanese Holsteins
Authors: Masuda Yutaka , Baba Toshimi , Suzuki Mitsuyoshi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and breeding values for the twinning rate of the first three parities (T1, T2 and T3) and 305‐day milk yield in first lactation (MY), using a four‐trait threshold‐linear animal model in Japanese Holsteins. Data contained 1 323 946 cows calving between 1990 and 2007. Twinning was treated as a binary character: ‘single’ or ‘twin or more’. Reported T1, T2 and T3 were 0.70%, 2.87%, and 3.73%, respectively. Individual 305‐day milk yield was computed using a multiple trait prediction for cows with at least eight test‐day records. (Co)variance components were estimated via Gibbs sampling for randomly sampled subsets. Posterior means of heritabilities for T1, T2 and T3 were 0.11, 0.16 and 0.14, respectively. Genetic correlations between parities were 0.92 or greater. Genetic correlations of MY with twinning rate were not ‘significant’ (i.e. their 95% highest probability density intervals contained zeros). Multiple births at different parities were considered as the same genetic trait. The average evaluations of T1 (T2) for sires born before 1991 was 0.48% (2.25%) compared with a mean of 0.76% (3.37%) for sires born after 1992. A recent increase in the reported twinning rate reflects the positive genetic trend for sires in Japanese Holsteins.
Prognostic features in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of major salivary glands with emphasis on tumour histologic grading
Authors: Katabi Nora , Ghossein Ronald , Ali Safina , Dogan Snjezana , Klimstra David , Ganly Ian 
Published: July 2014

AimsTo compare the different grading systems of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and identify the most reliable and objective histopathologic features predictive of outcome.Methods and resultsSeventy‐two cases diagnosed as MEC were subjected to a meticulous histopathologic re‐review. 20 of 72 (28%) cases were originally misdiagnosed as MEC including 16 as high grade (HG). Among the 52 confirmed MEC, median follow up (FU) was 59 months. Mitosis (≥4/10 High Power Fields), necrosis, pleomorphism, focal keratinization, desmoplasia, and lymph node metastasis were associated with adverse disease specific survival (DSS) and recurrence free survival (RFS) (P < 0.002). In all grading systems, low and intermediate grade had similar DSS and RFS but much better outcome than HG (P < 0.007). All patients with tumour harboring low mitotic rate and no necrosis did not recur except for one patient with a positive margin. All cases with high mitotic rate and necrosis died or recurred.ConclusionsThe majority of previously diagnosed HG MEC cases are misclassified. There is no difference in outcome between low and intermediate grade in all grading schemes. Consideration should be given to stratify MEC based on relatively objective criteria such as mitosis and necrosis.
Suffering and transition strategies in adult patients attending a chronic pain management programme
Authors: Furnes Bodil , Natvig Gerd Karin , Dysvik Elin 
Published: July 2014

Aims and objectivesTo develop a deeper understanding of suffering and useful transition strategies in patients after participation in a chronic pain management programme.BackgroundChronic pain is a complex, multifaceted, individual experience. Limitations in patients' ability to perform their usual activities, as well as social isolation, are frequently reported. This condition may include a state of suffering that leads to challenges with transitions, for which support, guidance and achievement of useful strategies are needed.DesignQualitative study with a descriptive and explorative design from a phenomenological perspective.MethodsA phenomenological–hermeneutic approach was used to analyse interviews with 12 participants in a group‐based cognitive–behavioural therapy management programme.ResultsSuffering from chronic pain means handling difficult thoughts and feelings. Expression of these thoughts and feelings through group support and therapeutic writing alleviates suffering. In addition, new perspectives through active involvement in the cognitive–behavioural therapy programme indicate a transition towards adaptation to the chronic pain situation.ConclusionQualitative analysis of participation in a cognitive–behavioural therapy programme deepens our understanding of both patient suffering and helpful transition strategies towards adaptation. Group participation in the programme appeared to be useful in improving patients' ability to handle challenging experiences with transitions. It is essential that the patients play an active role in adaptive transitions by developing new perspectives and insight.Relevance to clinical practiceIt is an important activity for nurses or other healthcare workers to assist in the transition process so that the patient can take an active role to achieve alleviation. Focus on transition conditions seems to be helpful because it considers the factors that might facilitate successful transitions towards optimal adaptation.
Effect of Intracoronary Nitroprusside in Preventing No Reflow Phenomenon during Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: ZHAO SHIJIE , QI GUOXIAN , TIAN WEN , CHEN LING , SUN YUJIAO 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundAdjunctive therapy with intracoronary nitroprusside (NTP) in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) had controversial benefits in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of intracoronary NTP on no reflow phenomenon (NR) and clinical outcomes in STEMI patients undergoing PPCI.MethodsWe searched the following databases without language or time limitation in January 2014: PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, ISI Web of Science, and CNKI. Trials compared the effect of intracoronary NTP with control group (placebo or no NTP treatment) on NR in STEMI patients undergoing PPCI enrolled for analyzing.ResultsA total of 7 trials involving 781 patients were included into this meta‐analysis. Intracoronary NTP significantly reduced the incidence of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade (TFG) ≤2 (RR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.30–0.73, P = 0.001); the corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC) (WMD: −5.28, 95% CI: −6.79 to 3.78, P = 0.000) increased the events of myocardial blush grade (MBG) ≥2 (RR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01–1.24, P = 0.038), and reduced the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (RR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.27–0.70, P = 0.001). Although the events of the complete ST segment resolution (STR) did not reach statistical significance, there was a trend indicating improvement in the intracoronary NTP group (RR: 1.143, 95% CI: 0.97–1.34, P = 0.101).ConclusionsIntracoronary NTP can significantly reduce the incidence of angiographic NR during PPCI, as well as the incidence of MACE. It seems to be a promising adjunctive therapy for NR during PPCI. (J Interven Cardiol 2014;27:356–364)
Local and temporal variations in near‐shore macrobenthic communities associated with submarine groundwater discharges
Authors: Encarnação  João , Leitão Francisco , Range Pedro , Piló David , Chícharo Maria Alexandra , Chícharo Luís 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe influence of submarine groundwater discharges (SGD) on the dynamics of coastal ecosystems is receiving increasing scientific attention, although our knowledge of this issue still remains insufficient. Understanding the ecological response of coastal ecosystems to SGD dynamics is important in order to evaluate and predict changes in coastal communities. The aim of the present study was to characterize the effect of groundwater discharge on subtidal soft‐bottom macrofaunal assemblages in the south coast of Portugal (Algarve) at different times of the year and under different discharge regimes. Sediment macrofauna was sampled twice per season in spring and summer 2011 in two locations: one under influence of SGD (Olhos de Água) and one not under that influence (Arrifes). The results showed that differences in community structure between locations occurred mainly during spring, when the magnitude of groundwater discharge was higher. Several individual taxa were strongly associated with the SGD, particularly during spring: the polychaete families Magelonidae and Oweniidae; the isopod Cyathura carinata; and the bivalves Tellimya ferruginosa and Tellina fabula. Some of these taxa are already considered indicators of SGD, whereas others merit further investigation. The average similarity among samples was consistently larger in the location with SGD and the average similarity between the two locations was generally higher during spring, indicating that SGD promote stability in macrobenthic communities across time and space. SGD were also associated with higher values of Chlorophyll a (Chl a), fine sediments and total abundance of organisms (particularly suspension feeders). This suggests that differences between locations are associated with SGD and mediated by nutrient fluxes and sediment transport, or their interaction.