bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Different Design Preparations on the Flexural and Fracture Strength of Fiber‐Reinforced Composite Fixed Partial Dentures: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Kumar Gulshan , Jain Veena , Pandey R. K. , Gadwal Manju 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPurposeTo determine and compare the flexural and fracture strength of three‐unit fiber‐reinforced composite (FRC) fixed partial dentures (FPDs) using three abutment design preparations.Material and MethodsThe flexural and fracture strength of three‐unit FRC FPDs were evaluated using three design preparations of the abutments (conventional full crown [group A], box‐shaped [group B], and tub‐shaped [group C]). Thirty three‐unit FRC FPDs were fabricated (10 specimens per group) for the replacement of missing mandibular first molars and were adhesively luted to extracted human teeth. The flexural and fracture strength were determined using a universal testing machine with a steel loading pin of 20 mm diameter with a 3‐mm‐diameter hardened circular tip. Each specimen was evaluated under SEM to determine mode of failure.ResultsMean fracture strength for group A was 820.00 ± 56.51 N, group B was 536.94 ± 65.62 N, and group C was 501.24 ± 66.71 N. The highest mean flexural strength was found in group A (68.33 ± 4.71 MPa), followed by group B (44.74 ± 5.46 MPa) and lowest in group C (41.77 ± 5.56 MPa). The SEM evaluation showed partial or complete debonding of veneering composite from fiber framework, leaving intact fiber frameworks in all the specimens.ConclusionFull‐coverage design had significantly higher flexural and fracture strengths than box and tub‐shaped designs. Since both values were noted to be in the order of masticatory stresses, the full coverage design is a good alternative for the replacement of missing molar teeth; however, the framework veneering composite interface was the weakest phase of FRC FPDs, thus indicating that further improvement in veneering composite or fiber framework is needed to improve the compatibility of veneering composite with that of fiber framework for long‐term clinical implications.
Recent Work in Moral Anthropology
Authors: Heim Maria , Monius Anne 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis special focus issue brings to theJournal of Religious Ethicsfresh considerations of moral anthropology as practiced by four emergent voices within the field. Each of these essays, in varying ways, seeks not only to advance an understanding of ethics in a particular time, place, and context, but to draw our attention to shared aspects of the human condition: its discontinuities and fractures, its practices of perception and attention, its interplays of emotion, intuition, and reason, and its thoroughly intersubjective nature. To learn something ofThaiBuddhist life‐worlds, contemporaryRussian modes of being, or the experience of immorality in today's China, each essay argues in turn, is to gain new insight into ourselves.
Temporalization and Ethical Action
Authors: Zigon Jarrett 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis essay attempts to reconceptualize temporality as it relates to ethics, by interrupting dominant anthropological notions of time—most particularly the temporal coherence of narrative unity—which are homogeneous and empty. Eschewing the more commonly understood notion of anthropology as ethnographic thick description, this essay is a practice of anthropological hermeneutics by which I take a cue from my Muscovite interlocutors to disrupt dominant anthropological conceptions of temporal unity within which action is considered to take place, and in so doing, reveal temporalization as the process by which ethical action becomes possible.
Comparative Religious Ethics Among the Ruins
Authors: Lee Jung 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis is a response to the recent essay by Elizabeth M. Bucar and Aaron Stalnaker on “Comparative Religious Ethics as a Field of Study.” I clarify my earlier positions on method and virtue in comparative religious ethics and try to respond to some of the issues that Bucar and Stalnaker raise in regard to my arguments specifically and the field more generally. I argue that while we need not measure the practical impact of scholarly work in comparative religious ethics purely in terms of political or social action, I nevertheless worry that defining the goals of comparative inquiry in terms of the production of bewilderment, intellectual vertigo, or skeptical questions can lead to impressionistic or therapeutic methodological norms. In a similar vein, I refine my earlier position on externalism that acknowledges the impossibility of a purely externalist approach but also notes the desirability of coming to understand others “in their own terms” prior to engaging in the process of transmutation. I also question Bucar and Stalnaker's pessimism about the potential of producing “rigorously convincing ethical theory from the lived experience of regular folk,” suggesting that perhaps we are working with different conceptions of the sociology of knowledge. Finally, I consider whether we are currently in the midst of an epistemological crisis and conclude with some reflections on the rationality of the craft of comparative religious ethics.
‘Playing favourites’: Is there bias during patient selection by registrars in an Australian paediatric emergency department?
Authors: Ranaweera Jeevani , Craig Simon 
Published: July 2014

AimOverseas studies have suggested a bias in emergency department patient selection between paediatric and emergency medicine trainees. This study aimed to detect whether a similar bias existed in an Australasian setting. Specifically, we sought to determine whether vocational trainees choose patients based on presenting complaint, triage category or patient age.MethodsA retrospective review of patients attending the Monash Medical Centre Paediatric Emergency Department (PED) was conducted during four consecutive registrar rotations from July 2010 to March 2011. A 2‐week period during the middle of each term was chosen, and data were collected from times when both emergency and paediatric registrars were present in the department.ResultsA total of 1222 patient records were reviewed. Emergency registrars saw 278 patients, and paediatric registrars saw 413 patients. Of those seen by emergency registrars, 62.9% had medical diagnoses, and 37.1% had non‐medical diagnoses; 14.4% were triaged as high acuity, and 85.6% were low acuity. Of those seen by paediatric registrars, 70% had medical diagnoses, and 30% had non‐medical diagnoses, while 15.9% were high acuity, and 84.1% were low acuity. Emergency registrars saw 2.5% neonates, 6.5% adolescents. Paediatric registrars saw 3.6% neonates and 6.1% adolescents. There was no significant difference between paediatric and emergency registrars in selecting patients.ConclusionsBias does not appear to exist in the selection of patients in this Australasian PED. Further study should address the impact of unbiased patient selection on emergency department efficiency and trainee education.
Crystallization and preliminary X‐ray diffraction analysis of eukaryotic α2‐macroglobulin family members modified by methylamine, proteases and glycosidases
Authors: Goulas T. , Garcia‐Ferrer I. , García‐Piqué S. , Sottrup‐Jensen L. , Gomis‐Rüth F.X. 
Published: July 2014

Summaryα2‐Macroglobulin (α2M) has many functions in vertebrate physiology. To understand the basis of such functions, high‐resolution structural models of its conformations and complexes with interacting partners are required. In an attempt to grow crystals that diffract to high or medium resolution, we isolated native human α2M (hα2M) and its counterpart from chicken egg white (ovostatin) from natural sources. We developed specific purification protocols, and modified the purified proteins either by deglycosylation or by conversion to their induced forms. Native proteins yielded macroscopically disordered crystals or crystals only diffracting to very low resolution (>20 Å), respectively. Optimization of native hα2M crystals by varying chemical conditions was unsuccessful, while dehydration of native ovostatin crystals improved diffraction only slightly (10 Å). Moreover, treatment with several glycosidases hindered crystallization. Both proteins formed spherulites that were unsuitable for X‐ray analysis, owing to a reduction of protein stability or an increase in sample heterogeneity. In contrast, transforming the native proteins to their induced forms by reaction either with methylamine or with peptidases (thermolysin and chymotrypsin) rendered well‐shaped crystals routinely diffracting below 7 Å in a reproducible manner.
Identification and characterization of promoters specifically and strongly expressed in maize embryos
Authors: Liu Xiaoqing , Tian Jian , Zhou Xiaojin , Chen Rumei , Wang Lei , Zhang Chunyi , Zhao Jun , Fan Yunliu 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe use of maize seeds as bioreactors has several advantages for the production of recombinant proteins in plant biotechnology, but available embryo‐specific and strong promoters are limited. Here, we describe a genome‐scale microarray‐based approach to identify embryo‐specifically and strongly expressed genes and their promoters in maize. We identified 28 embryo‐preferred and abundantly expressed genes based on our microarray data. These embryo‐preferred genes were further analysed using the UniGene database and by quantitative reverse transcriptase‐PCR leading to the identification of seven genes (Zm.2098, Zm.13387, Zm.66589, Zm.85502, Zm.68129, Zm.3896 and Zm.2941) as embryo‐specific genes with higher expression levels relative to maize globulin‐1. The putative promoters of five embryo‐specific genes (Zm.13387, Zm.66589, Zm.85502, Zm.3896 and Zm.2941) were isolated and all exhibited strong promoter activities when transiently expressed in maize embryos of 20 DAP. The embryo specificity and expression levels of the promoters of four genes (Zm.13387, Zm.85502, Zm.3896 and Zm.2941) were further examined in transgenic maize plants, revealing that they are strong promoters in embryos of all four developmental stages tested compared with reference globulin‐1 promoter. Moreover, Zm.2941 and Zm.3896 promoters are stringently embryo‐specific promoters, while Zm.85502 promoter is basically embryo specific yet wounding inducible in non‐seed tissues, and Zm.13387 promoter is developmentally expressed in both embryo and aleurone with wounding‐induced activity in non‐seed tissues. Our study provides novel embryo‐specific and strong promoters that are suitable for production of high‐level recombinant proteins in maize embryos.
Modulation of amylose content by structure‐based modification of OsGBSS1 activity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Liu Derui , Wang Wei , Cai Xiuling 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe rice Waxy (Wx) gene encodes granule‐bound starch synthase 1 (EC 2.4.1.242), OsGBSS1, which is responsible for amylose synthesis in rice seed endosperm. In this study, we determined the functional contribution of eight amino acids on the activity of OsGBSS1 by introducing site‐directed mutated Wx gene constructs into the wx mutant glutinous rice. The eight amino acid residues are suspected to play roles in OsGBSS1 structure maintenance or function based on homologous enzyme sequence alignment and homology modelling. Both OsGBSS1 activity and amylose content were analysed in homozygous transgenic lines carrying the mutated OsGBSS1 (Wx) genes. Our results indicate that mutations at diverse sites in OsGBSS1 reduces its activity by affecting its starch‐binding capacity, its ADP‐glucose‐binding capability or its protein stability. Our results shed new light on the structural basis of OsGBSS1 activity and the mechanisms of OsGBSS1 activity on amylose synthesis in vivo. This study also demonstrates that it is feasible to finely modulate amylose content in rice grains by modifying the OsGBSS1 activity.
Brain correlates of response inhibition in Internet gaming disorder
Authors: Chen Chiao‐Yun , Huang Mei‐Feng , Yen Ju‐Yu , Chen Cheng‐Sheng , Liu Gin‐Chung , Yen Cheng‐Fang , Ko Chih‐Hung 
Published: July 2014

AimsThe present study aimed to evaluate the brain correlates of response inhibition among subjects with Internet gaming disorder (IGD).MethodsFor this purpose, 15 men with IGD for at least 1 year, and 15 controls with no history of IGD were recruited to perform the Go/Nogo task under functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Prior to scanning, the subjects were assessed using the Chen Internet Addiction Scale and the Barrett Impulsivity Scale.ResultsThe control group exhibited activation of the right supplement motor area (SMA), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and caudate for response inhibition. However, the IGD group had a higher impulsivity and lower activity of the right SMA/pre‐SMA in comparison to the control group.ConclusionsThe results obtained suggest that dysfunctional activation of the SMA for response inhibition is one of the candidate mechanisms of IGD.
Application of iPS cell technology to cancer epigenome study: Uncovering the mechanism of cell status conversion for drug resistance in tumor
Authors: Matsuda Yutaka , Semi Katsunori , Yamada Yasuhiro 
Published: July 2014

Recent studies imply that cancer cells possess the ability to reversibly change their properties between a drug sensitive state and a drug resistant state accompanied by epigenetic changes. This evidence indicates that better understanding of cancer epigenetics is important for efficient cancer therapies. Nevertheless, it had been difficult to deeply examine the epigenetic mechanisms because of lack of the tools to actively modify coordinated epigenetic events. In this stagnant situation, the reprogramming technology established by Yamanaka and coworkers have shed a new light. The novel reprogramming technology has made it possible for researchers to artificially introduce epigenetic remodeling into somatic cells. Accordingly, we might be able to use this technology as a tool to introduce the coordinated epigenetic reorganization.In this review, we introduce the idea of cell state interconversion in cancer cells that is attributable to altered epigenetic regulations. We then depict the epigenetic modifications observed during the process of somatic cell reprogramming and give some examples of the difficulty in cancer cell reprogramming. Finally, we discuss how we can translate this reprogramming refractoriness of cancer cells into uncovering unique epigenetic regulations in cancer cells, which might be applicable eventually to the development of novel cancer therapeutics against drug resistant cancer cells.
Temporal and thermal variations in site‐specific thermoregulatory sudomotor thresholds: Precursor versus discharged sweat production
Authors: Machado‐Moreira Christiano A. , Barry Robert J. , Vosselman Martin J. , Ruest Rafael M. , Taylor Nigel A. S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTemporal and thermal differences between the initiation of precursor, eccrine sweat and its surface discharge were investigated during passive heating. Sudomotor activity was evaluated using electrodermal (precursor) and ventilated sweat capsule measurements (dorsal fingers, dorsal hand, forehead, forearm). Passive heating significantly elevated auditory canal (0.5oC) and mean body temperatures (0.9oC). At each site, the precursor sudomotor thresholds occurred at a lower mean body temperature (P < .05), with an average elevation of 0.35oC (SD 0.04). However, discharged thresholds were delayed until this temperature had risen 0.53oC (SD 0.04), producing significant phase delays across sites (mean: 4.1 min [SD 0.5]; P < .05). It is concluded that precise sudomotor threshold determinations require methods that respond to sweat accumulating within the secretory coil, and not discharged secretions, reinforcing the importance of electrodermal techniques.
How Voters Become Misinformed: An Investigation of the Emergence and Consequences of False Factual Beliefs*
Authors: Reedy Justin , Wells Chris , Gastil John 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesVoters develop not only different opinions about politics but also different sets of empirical beliefs. It is less clear how falsifiable beliefs take hold. In particular, it remains unclear as to whether news and campaign messages, moderated by political knowledge, drive the process, or whether deep‐seated values principally sway voters' acceptance of factual claims. These contrasting views point to a set of testable hypotheses that we use to refine a model of ideologically‐biased empirical belief generation, which we call “knowledge distortion.”MethodsWe conduct an analysis of survey data on three ballot measures in Washington State, testing hypothesized relationships between voters' empirical beliefs about political issues, news and campaign messages, political knowledge, political values, and partisanship, as well as vote choices on the ballot measures.ResultsOur analysis reveals that voters' values and partisanship had the strongest associations with distorted beliefs, which then influenced voting choices. Self‐reported levels of exposure to media and campaign messages played a surprisingly limited role.ConclusionOur findings provide further evidence of politically motivated factual misperceptions on political issues, which have an independent effect on voters' ballot decisions. These misperceptions do not seem to be driven by news media and campaign messages, suggesting that citizens may be generating relevant empirical beliefs based on their underlying political values and ideology.
China's Age Cohorts: Differences in Political Attitudes and Behavior*
Authors: Harmel Robert , Yeh Yao‐Yuan 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveThe main objective of this article is to explore whether age seems to affect political attitudes and behavior in authoritarian China and, if so, whether “generation” seems to matter, in addition to “age” itself, in driving differences among age cohorts.MethodsThe primary analytical method of identifying “perturbations” (Watts, 1999) focuses on determining deviations from what are considered to be established Western democratic “baselines” for various age‐behavior/attitude relationships, drawing upon regime type and “generational differences” as primary factors in explaining the deviations.Results and ConclusionAmong all of the results, the most consistent pattern and conclusion is that of a “One Child” generation that is markedly different from its predecessors, and not just due to youthfulness.
Environmental Concern Over Time: Evidence from the Longitudinal Analysis of a British Cohort Study from 1991 to 2008*
Authors: Melis Gabriella , Elliot Mark , Shryane Nick 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveWe examined whether and how levels of environmental concern (EC) changed over time in the United Kingdom, from 1991 to 2008–2009, as well as how EC relates to socioeconomic characteristics across this same timeframe.MethodsUsing item response theory models on the last three sweeps of the British National Child Development Study 1958, we evaluated a measure of EC. Then, using latent growth curve models (LGCMs) we estimated the pattern of change for EC across time. Finally, theoretically relevant sociodemographic characteristics were introduced as covariates into the LGCM.ResultsWe found a small but significant downfall of the mean level of EC over time, with individual‐level values displaying higher dispersion in 2008–2009 against the previous sweeps of data. We also found that political orientation has significant effects on the outcome and on its changes across time.ConclusionsHypotheses regarding the influence of interest in politics and voting choices on EC are supported. The increasing variance of EC over time warrants further investigation.
Parental reports of behavioural outcome among paediatric leukaemia survivors in Malaysia: a single institution experience
Authors: Hamidah Alias , Sham Marina Mohd , Tamil Azmi M. , Loh C‐Khai , Zarina Latiff A. , Jamal Rahman , Tuti Iryani Mohd Daud , Ratnam Vijayalakshmi C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the behavioural impact of chemotherapy in survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) treated with chemotherapy only and to identify treatment‐related or sociodemography‐related factors that might be associated with behavioural outcome.MethodsWe examined 57 survivors of childhood ALL, who were off treatment for at least 2 years and were in remission, aged 4–18 years, and 221 unrelated healthy controls. The Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) parent report was used either in English or in Bahasa Malaysia (the national language of Malaysia) to assess the behavioural outcome.ResultsChildhood ALL survivors had significantly higher scores on externalising behaviour on the CBCL parent report than did controls. Higher problem scores were found in ALL survivors with single parents on ‘total problems’ (P = 0.03) and subscales ‘withdrawn’ (P = 0.03), ‘social problems’ (P < 0.01) and ‘delinquent behaviour’ (P = 0.03) than in survivors with married parents. Significant associations were seen between a lower education level of the father and the variables representing internalising (withdrawn, anxious/depressed) and externalising (aggressive behaviour). We observed trends on higher scores in all scales in ALL survivors with single parents than in controls with single parents or with fathers with low education level, especially primary education only.ConclusionsMalaysian childhood ALL survivors had a significantly increased risk for externalising behavioural problems, and there was a trend towards increased risk of problems in many other behavioural scales. Understanding the sociocultural dimension of patients’ health is important to be able to design the most appropriate remedy for problem behaviours detected in this multi‐ethnic population.
Repeated High-Intensity-Effort Activity in Elite and Semielite Rugby League Match Play
Authors: Black Georgia M. , Gabbett Tim J. 
Published: July 2014

Purpose:No study has investigated the frequency and nature of repeated high-intensity-effort (RHIE) bouts across elite and semielite rugby league competitions. This study examined RHIE activity in rugby league match play across playing standards.Participants:36 elite and 64 semielite rugby league players.Methods:Global positioning system analysis was completed during 17 elite and 14 semielite matches.Results:The most commonly occurring RHIE bouts involved 2 efforts (2-RHIE) for both elite and semielite players. Only small differences were found in 2-RHIE activity between elite and semielite match play (effect size [ES] ≥0.31 ± 0.15, ≥88%, likely). RHIE bouts were more likely to involve contact as the number of efforts in a bout increased (ES ≥0.40 ± 0.15, 100%, almost certainly). Semielite players performed a greater proportion of 2-contact-effort RHIE bouts than their elite counterparts (68.2% vs 60.6%, ES 0.33 ± 0.15, 92%, likely), while elite players performed a greater proportion of 3-effort bouts (26.9% vs 21.1%, ES 0.31 ± 0.15, 88%, likely). Elite players also had a shorter recovery (1.00−3.99 vs ≥4.00 min) between RHIE bouts (ES ≥1.60 ± 0.71, ≥94%, likely).Conclusion:These findings highlight the RHIE demands of elite and semielite rugby league match play. Elite players are more likely to perform RHIE bouts consisting of 3 efforts and to have a shorter recovery time between bouts. Exposing players to these RHIE demands in training is likely to improve their ability to tolerate the most demanding passages of match play.