bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AlfRoss on the Concept of a Legal Right
Authors: Spaak Torben 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this article, I discussAlfRoss's claim that the concept of a legal right is best understood as a technical tool of presentation, which ties together a disjunction of operative facts and a conjunction of legal consequences, and that rights statements render the content of a number of legal norms in a convenient manner. I argue that whileRoss's analysis is appealing, it is problematic in at least three respects. I also argue, however, that despite these difficulties Ross's analysis deserves our continued attention, because the fundamental idea—that the concept of a legal right must be understood functionally—is sound.
Dutch ('t) schijnt and german scheint(')s: on the grammaticalization of evidential particles
Authors: Van Bogaert Julie , Leuschner Torsten 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper presents a contrastive study of on the one hand('t) schijnt(‘it seems’), a form of the Dutch verb of appearanceschijnen(‘seem’), and on the other hand, a similar use of the German cognatescheinen, viz.scheint(')s(lit. ‘seems it’). On the basis of corpus data, using a mainly qualitative methodology, we argue that these forms ofschijnenandscheinenhave grammaticalized into evidential particles. We demonstrate that('t) schijntandscheint(')sevolved via distinct grammaticalization paths, the former via the path outlined by matrix‐clause hypothesis and the latter via that of the parataxis hypothesis, and that('t) schijnthas reached a higher degree of grammaticalization thanscheint(')s.
Time to initiation of multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis treatment and its relation with outcome in a high incidence district in Lima, Peru
Authors: Otero L. , De Orbegoso A. , Navarro A. F. , Ríos J. , Párraga T. , Gotuzzo E. , Seas C. , Van der Stuyft P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the time from diagnosis to start of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) treatment in Lima, Peru.MethodsWe studied new smear‐positive TB adults that were started on MDR TB treatment or that were switched to it between June 2008 and December 2011.ResultsTime from the first positive smear to MDR‐TB treatment was >30 days in 35% (13/37) of patients. Among the 27% (24/88) of patients that switched to MDR‐TB treatment, time from the last dose of a drug‐susceptible regimen was >30 days.ConclusionStart of and switching to MDR TB treatment is still delayed.
Getting the basic rights – the role of water, sanitation and hygiene in maternal and reproductive health: a conceptual framework
Authors: Campbell Oona M. R. , Benova Lenka , Gon Giorgia , Afsana Kaosar , Cumming Oliver 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo explore linkages between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and maternal and perinatal health via a conceptual approach and a scoping review.MethodsWe developed a conceptual framework iteratively, amalgamating three literature‐based lenses. We then searched literature and identified risk factors potentially linked to maternal and perinatal health. We conducted a systematic scoping review for all chemical and biological WASH risk factors identified using text and MeSH terms, limiting results to systematic reviews or meta‐analyses. The remaining 10 complex behavioural associations were not reviewed systematically.ResultsThe main ways poor WASH could lead to adverse outcomes are via two non‐exclusive categories: 1. ‘In‐water’ associations: (a) Inorganic contaminants, and (b) ‘water‐system’ related infections, (c) ‘water‐based’ infections, and (d) ‘water borne’ infections. 2. ‘Behaviour’ associations: (e) Behaviours leading to water‐washed infections, (f) Water‐related insect‐vector infections, and (g‐i) Behaviours leading to non‐infectious diseases/conditions. We added a gender inequality and a life course lens to the above framework to identify whether WASH affected health of mothers in particular, and acted beyond the immediate effects. This framework led us to identifying 77 risk mechanisms (67 chemical or biological factors and 10 complex behavioural factors) linking WASH to maternal and perinatal health outcomes.ConclusionWASH affects the risk of adverse maternal and perinatal health outcomes; these exposures are multiple and overlapping and may be distant from the immediate health outcome. Much of the evidence is weak, based on observational studies and anecdotal evidence, with relatively few systematic reviews. New systematic reviews are required to assess the quality of existing evidence more rigorously, and primary research is required to investigate the magnitude of effects of particular WASH exposures on specific maternal and perinatal outcomes. Whilst major gaps exist, the evidence strongly suggests that poor WASH influences maternal and reproductive health outcomes to the extent that it should be considered in global and national strategies.
Risk factors for Chagas disease among pregnant women in El Salvador
Authors: Sasagawa Emi , Aiga Hirotsugu , Corado Edith Y. , Cuyuch Blanca L. , Hernández Marta A. , Guevara Ana V. , Romero José E. , Ramos Hector M. , Cedillos Rafael A. , Misago Chizuru , Kita Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the seroprevalence of Chagas disease among pregnant women and estimate the risk factors for Chagas disease during pregnancies.MethodsCommunity‐based serological tests on Trypanosoma cruzi and structured interviews on socio‐demographic and socio‐economic status were conducted with pregnant women registered at three health centres in Sonsonate province, El Salvador.ResultsOf 797 pregnant women participating in the study, 29 (3.6%) were infected with Chagas disease. None had clinical symptoms. The results of bivariate analyses showed the significant association between seropositivity and maternal age ≥35 years, anaemia, illiteracy, having no formal school education and having knowledge on Chagas disease (P < 0.05). The results of multivariate analysis indicate that age ≥35 years and anaemia were significantly associated with being infected with Chagas disease among pregnant women (OR = 3.541 and 5.197, respectively).ConclusionWe recommend that the national Chagas disease control programme be better coordinated with the national maternal and child health programme to introduce blood screening for T. cruzi during antenatal visits. If financial constraint allows systematic blood screening to be only partially implemented, resources should be focused on pregnant women ≥35 years and women who have anaemia.
The joint effects of water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease: a multicountry analysis of the Demographic and Health Surveys
Authors: Fuller James A. , Westphal Joslyn A. , Kenney Brooke , Eisenberg Joseph N. S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo assess whether the joint effects of water and sanitation infrastructure, are acting antagonistically (redundant services preventing the same cases of diarrhoeal disease), independently, or synergistically; and to assess how these effects vary by country and over time.MethodsWe used data from 217 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 74 countries between 1986 and 2013. We used modified Poisson regression to assess the impact of water and sanitation infrastructure on the prevalence of diarrhoea among children under 5.ResultsThe impact of water and sanitation varied across surveys, and adjusting for socio‐economic status drove these estimates towards the null. Sanitation had a greater effect than water infrastructure when all 217 surveys were pooled; however, the impact of sanitation diminished over time. Based on survey data from the past 10 years, we saw no evidence for benefits in improving drinking water or sanitation alone, but we estimated a 6% reduction of both combined (prevalence ratio = 0.94, 95% confidence limit 0.91–0.98).ConclusionsWater and sanitation interventions should be combined to maximise the number of cases of diarrhoeal disease prevented in children under 5. Further research should identify the sources of variability seen between countries and across time. These national surveys likely include substantial measurement error in the categorisation of water and sanitation, making it difficult to interpret the roles of other pathways.
Recent Trends in the Serologic Diagnosis of Syphilis
Authors: Morshed Muhammad G. , Singh Ameeta E. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTComplexities in the diagnosis of syphilis continue to challenge clinicians. While direct tests (e.g., microscopy or PCR) are helpful in early syphilis, the mainstay of diagnosis remains serologic tests. The traditional algorithm using a nontreponemal test (NTT) followed by a treponemal test (TT) remains the standard in many parts of the world. More recently, the ability to automate the TT has led to the increasingly widespread use of reverse algorithms using treponemal enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Rapid, point-of-care TTs are in widespread use in developing countries because of low cost, ease of use, and reasonable performance. However, none of the current diagnostic algorithms are able to distinguish current from previously treated infections. In addition, the reversal of traditional syphilis algorithms has led to uncertainty in the clinical management of patients. The interpretation of syphilis tests is further complicated by the lack of a reliable gold standard for syphilis diagnostics, and the newer tests can result in false-positive reactions similar to those seen with older tests. Little progress has been made in the area of serologic diagnostics for congenital syphilis, which requires assessment of maternal treatment and serologic response as well as clinical and laboratory investigation of the neonate for appropriate management. The diagnosis of neurosyphilis continues to require the collection of cerebrospinal fluid for a combination of NTT and TT, and, while newer treponemal EIAs look promising, more studies are needed to confirm their utility. This article reviews current tests and discusses current controversies in syphilis diagnosis, with a focus on serologic tests.
Complete Genome Sequence of an H9N2 Influenza Virus Lethal to Chickens
Authors: Zhang Yi , Guo Xuejing , Qi Juan , Liu Linlin , Wang Jingjing , Xu Shouzhen , Wang Jianlin , Yin Yanbo 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT
An H9N2 virus lethal to chickens was isolated from an acutely ill chicken flock in 2012. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that this virus was phylogenetically related to the Y280 lineage. Sequence analysis showed 1 amino acid deletion in HA1 and 3 amino acid deletions in the NA stalk region.
Complete Genome Sequence of the First Isolate of Genotype C Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 in Japan
Authors: Konishi Misako , Ohkura Takashi , Shimizu Madoka , Akiyama Masanori , Kameyama Ken-ichiro , Takeuchi Kaoru 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT
Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) isolates are classified into three genotypes (BPIV3a to -c). Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the BPIV3c isolate for the first time in Japan. Our results indicate that new primer sets will be required to detect all genotypes of BPIV3 strains.
Kingella kingae KK247, an Atypical Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Clone A Strain
Authors: Rouli Laetitia , Robert Catherine , Raoult Didier , Yagupsky Pablo 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Kingella kingae
strain KK247 was isolated from an adult Israeli patient with endocarditis. It belongs to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clone A, has a 2,113,021-bp genome, a 15,507-bp plasmid that carries genes encoding β-lactamases, and possesses 45 transposases, compared to the 5 detected in other
K. kingae
strains.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Thalassotalea
sp. Strain ND16A Isolated from Eastern Mediterranean Sea Water Collected from a Depth of 1,055 Meters
Authors: Stelling Savannah C. , Techtmann Stephen M. , Utturkar Sagar M. , Alshibli Noor K. , Brown Steven D. , Hazen Terry C. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Thalassotalea
sp. strain ND16A belongs to the family
Colwelliaceae
and was isolated from eastern Mediterranean Sea water at a depth of 1,055 m. Members of
Colwelliaceae
are ubiquitous marine heterotrophs. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Thalassotalea
sp. strain ND16A, a member of the newly described genus
Thalassotalea
.
A New Type of Toxin A-Negative, Toxin B-Positive Clostridium difficile Strain Lacking a Complete
tcdA
Gene
Authors: Janezic Sandra , Marín Mercedes , Martín Adoración , Rupnik Maja 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Toxins A and B are the main virulence factors of
Clostridium difficile
and are the targets for molecular diagnostic tests. Here, we describe a new toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive, binary toxin CDT (
Clostridium difficile
transferase)-negative (A
−
B
+
CDT
−
) toxinotype
(XXXII) characterized by a variant type of pathogenicity locus (PaLoc) without
tcdA
and with atypical organization of the PaLoc integration site.
Molecular Epidemiological Characterization of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli from an Outpatient Urology Clinic in Rural Japan
Authors: Umene Yasuyo D. , Wong Lisa K. , Satoh Tomoya , Yamane Kunikazu , Matsui Mari , Riley Lee W. , Arakawa Yoshichika , Suzuki Satowa 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

In the remote Japanese community of Saku, a rural town in the Nagano Prefecture, a large proportion of outpatient urinary tract infections was caused by well-recognized globally dispersed clonal lineages of uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(UPEC). However, most of these strains were drug susceptible, suggesting that factors other than selection pressure account for the clonal spread of drug-susceptible UPEC.
SAMD9 Is an Innate Antiviral Host Factor with Stress Response Properties That Can Be Antagonized by Poxviruses
Authors: Liu Jia , McFadden Grant 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT
We show that SAMD9 is an innate host antiviral stress response element that participates in the formation of antiviral granules. Poxviruses, myxoma virus and vaccinia virus specifically, utilize a virus-encoded host range factor(s), such as a member of the C7L superfamily, to antagonize SAMD9 to prevent granule formation in a eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)-independent manner. When SAMD9 is stimulated due to failure of the viral antagonism during infection, the resulting antiviral granules exhibit properties different from those of the canonical stress granules.
Hepatitis B Virus Core Protein Sensitizes Hepatocytes to Tumor Necrosis Factor-Induced Apoptosis by Suppression of the Phosphorylation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 7
Authors: Jia Baosen , Guo Minggao , Li Gaiyun , Yu Demin , Zhang Xinxin , Lan Ke , Deng Qiang 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTHepatitis B, which caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, remains a major health threat worldwide. Hepatic injury and regeneration from chronic inflammation are the main driving factors of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B. Proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) has been implicated as a major inducer of liver cell death during viral hepatitis. Here, we report that in hepatoma cell lines and in primary mouse and human hepatocytes, expression of hepatitis B virus core (HBc) protein made cells susceptible to TNF-α-induced apoptosis. We found by tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry that receptor of activated protein kinase C 1 (RACK1) interacted with HBc. RACK1 was recently reported as a scaffold protein that facilitates the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) by its upstream activators. Our study showed that HBc abrogated the interaction between MKK7 and RACK1 by competitively binding to RACK1, thereby downregulating TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of MKK7 and the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In line with this finding, specific knockdown of MKK7 increased the sensitivity of hepatocytes to TNF-α-induced apoptosis, while overexpression of RACK1 counteracted the proapoptotic activity of HBc. Capsid particle formation was not obligatory for HBc proapoptotic activity, as analyzed using an assembly-defective HBc mutant. In conclusion, the expression of HBc sensitized hepatocytes to TNF-α-induced apoptosis by disrupting the interaction between MKK7 and RACK1. Our study is thus the first indication of the pathogenic effects of HBc in liver injury during hepatitis B.IMPORTANCEOur study revealed a previously unappreciated role of HBc in TNF-α-mediated apoptosis. The proapoptotic activity of HBc is important for understanding hepatitis B pathogenesis. In particular, HBV variants associated with severe hepatitis may upregulate apoptosis of hepatocytes through enhanced HBc expression. Our study also found that MKK7 is centrally involved in TNF-α-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and revealed a multifaceted role for JNK signaling in this process.
The 6-year trajectory of non-traumatic knee symptoms (including patellofemoral pain) in adolescents and young adults in general practice: a study of clinical predictors
Authors: Kastelein M , Luijsterburg P A J , Heintjes E M , van Middelkoop M , Verhaar J A N , Koes B W , Bierma-Zeinstra S M A 
Published: November 2014

Aims(1) To assess the 1-year and 6-year courses of non-traumatic knee symptoms in adolescents and young adults presenting in general practice. (2) To identify prognostic factors for persistent knee symptoms at 1-year follow-up.MethodsAdolescents and young adults (12–35 years; n=172) with non-traumatic knee symptoms were included in the cohort study by their general practitioner (GP) and followed for 6 years. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify prognostic factors for persistent knee symptoms at 1-year follow-up and the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) was calculated.ResultsPersistent knee symptoms in patients receiving a GP diagnosis of unspecified knee symptoms were reported by 41% of the patients at 1-year follow-up and by 19% of the available patients at 6-year follow-up. Patients receiving a GP diagnosis of patellofemoral pain syndrome had the worse prognosis, with 40% reporting persistent knee symptoms at 6-year follow-up.Prognostic factors associated with persistent knee symptoms at 1-year follow-up were BMI >25, low/middle education level, bilateral symptoms and self-reported absence of crepitus of the knee (AUC 0.80) for patients receiving a GP diagnosis of unspecified knee symptoms. For patients receiving a GP diagnosis of patellofemoral pain syndrome, prognostic factors were low/middle education level, poor health, having bilateral symptoms and self-report of a swollen knee (AUC 0.76).ConclusionsThe prognosis of non-traumatic knee symptoms in adolescents and young adults in general practice is not as good as was previously assumed. Several prognostic factors collected at baseline were associated with persistent knee symptoms at follow-up. However, the results should be replicated in another larger study.
Clinicobiochemical prediction of biopsy-proven cases of severe hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection
Authors: Jin Young-Joo , Shim Ju Hyun , Kim Gi Ae , Yu Eunsil , Kim Kang Mo , Lim Young-Suk , Lee Han Chu 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate clinicobiochemical factors predicting severe hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.SettingTertiary institution.Participants859 treatment-naïve Korean patients with HCV who underwent liver biopsy. Severe fibrosis was defined as fibrosis stage ≥3 based on the METAVIR system.Primary outcome measuresClinicobiochemical factors predicting severe hepatic fibrosis.ResultsThe median serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was 68 IU/L and body mass index (BMI) was 24.2 kg/m2. Severe fibrosis was observed in 326 (39.7%) of the 859 patients. The frequencies of severe fibrosis were 0%, 37.8%, 41.9% and 42% in patients with serum ALT concentrations (IU/L) of ≤20, 20–30, 30–40 and >40 (p<0.01), respectively, and 10.7%, 19.8%, 30.5%, 39.2% and 55.6% in patients <30, 30–40, 40–50, 50–60 and ≥60 years old, respectively (p<0.01). Categorised age in years (50–60 (OR 4.26, p=0.03) and ≥60 (OR 7.53, p<0.01) compared with <30), categorised ALT level in IU/L (20–30 (OR 16.76, p<0.01), 30–40 (OR 20.02, p<0.01) and >40 (OR 21.49, p<0.01) compared with ≤20) and BMI >27.5 kg/m2(OR 1.65, p=0.03) were independently related to severe fibrosis in patients with chronic HCV. The severe fibrosis rate was 60.6% in patients aged ≥50 years with ALT >20 IU/L and BMI >27.5 kg/m2.ConclusionsMore advanced age (≥50 years), obesity and serum ALT>20 IU/L are associated with severe fibrosis in patients with chronic HCV. Anti-HCV therapy may be considered for these patients without histological confirmation, regardless of HCV genotype. A wait-and-see policy may be justified for patients with serum ALT ≤20 IU/L.
Management of Vascular Risk Factors in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial (CREST)
Authors: Meschia James F. , Voeks Jenifer H. , Leimgruber Pierre P. , Mantese Vito A. , Timaran Carlos H. , Chiu David , Demaerschalk Bart M. , Howard Virginia J. , Hughes Susan E. , Longbottom Mary , Howard Annie Green , Brott Thomas G. 
Published: November 2014

Background

The Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial (
CREST
) is a multicenter randomized trial of stenting versus endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid disease. This study assesses management of vascular risk factors.

Methods and Results

Management was provided by the patient's physician, with biannual monitoring results collected by the local site. Therapeutic targets were low‐density lipoprotein, cholesterol <100 mg/dL, systolic blood pressure <140 mm Hg, fasting blood glucose <126 mg/dL, and nonsmoking status. Optimal control was defined as achieving all 4 goals concurrently. Generalized estimating equations were used to compare risk factors at baseline with those observed in scheduled follow‐up visits for up to 48 months. In the analysis cohort of 2210, significant improvements in risk‐factor control were observed across risk factors for all follow‐up visits compared with baseline. At 48 months, achievement of the low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol goal improved from 59.1% to 73.6% (
P
<0.001), achievement of the systolic blood pressure goal improved from 51.6% to 65.1% (
P
<0.001), achievement of the glucose goal improved from 74.9% to 80.7% (
P
=0.0101), and nonsmoking improved from 74.4% to 80.9% (
P
<0.0001). The percentage with optimal risk‐factor control also improved significantly, from 16.7% to 36.2% (
P
<0.001), but nearly 2 of 3 study participants did not achieve optimal control during the study.

Conclusions

Site‐based risk‐factor control improved significantly in the first 6 months and over the long term in
CREST
but was often suboptimal. Intensive medical management should be considered for future trials of carotid revascularization.

Clinical Trial Registration
URL: ClinicalTrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00004732.