bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-assembly Gold Nanoislands for Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensing
Authors: Lawrence Wu Chi-Man , Ng Siu-Pang 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTLocalized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is a label-free biosensing technique employing plasmonic nanostructures to detect local refractive index change induced by biomolecules in the vicinity of these nanostructures. In analogy to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor in a cuvette, LSPR is resistant to bulk refractive index fluctuation yet remains comparably sensitive for biosensing purpose. LSPR has the advantage over SPR in that the overall system size is smaller, and not affected by normal temperature fluctuations during measurement. However, mass production of a cheap but effective LSPR substrate remains challenging. In this paper, a self-assembly gold nanoisland structure was synthesized on transparent glass substrate by a simple two-step deposition-growth process. The first step involved depositing an ultra thin film of gold with nominal thickness of 5 nm by thermal evaporation at 1× 10-7 torr. Then the gold coated substrate was placed into a high temperature oven and annealed at 450°C for 10 hours. By first observation, the annealed substrate turned from pale green to dark pink. Upon scanning with atomic force microscopy, it was revealed that nanoislands of about 100 nm to 150 nm wide with average height of 60 nm were formed. Optical extinction measurements showed that the absorption peak was about 560 nm with fullwidth-half-maximum of 100 nm, so dark pink color was observed. For the biosensing demonstration, Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Anti-BSA bio-affinity interaction was measured using the self-assembly gold nanoisland LSPR sensor. Anti-BSA was functionalized onto the sensing site and BSA of known concentrations, i.e. 1 ug/ml was injected. The results showed LSPR spectral intensity change of 650 counts at the resonance slope of 634 nm. With standard deviation of spectral intensity fluctuation at 7 counts, the detection limit of BSA was estimated at about 0.5 nM which was comparable with that of LSPR systems with more elaborate nanostructures. The limit of detection of the present system can be further improved by implementing phase measurement and further nanostructure improvement.
Lead-free (Ba,Ca)(Zr,Ti)O3 Based Electrocaloric Devices: Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Suchaneck Gunnar , Gerlach Gerald 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTIn this work, we analyze the requirement to (Ba,Ca)(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films for applications in electrocaloric devices. We demonstrate that large temperature changes are realized mostly independent of the used material by applying sufficient electric fields. Ferroelectrics exhibiting a diffuse phase transition are beneficial for electrocaloric applications, but they change the range of operational temperatures.
Ab initio investigation of the structural and magnetic properties of Ni-Pt-Mn-Ga alloys
Authors: Zagrebin Mikhail A. , Sokolovskiy Vladimir V. , Buchelnikov Vasiliy D. , Entel Peter , Taskaev Sergey V. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTStructural and magnetic properties of Ni2-xPtxMnGa alloys are investigated from first principles calculations with the help of the spin-polarized relativistic Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker and Plane-Wave Self-Consistent Field methods. The atomic chemical disorder at specific site has been implemented using coherent potential approximation. Calculated equilibrium lattice parameters are in a good agreement with experimental data and other theoretical calculations. The composition dependences of the magnetic exchange couplings and the Curie temperature for cubic phase are obtained. Our calculations have shown that an increase content of Pt results to decrease of magnetic interactions between Mn atoms and to change of interaction sign from ferromagnetic type to antiferromagnetic one for composition Ni1.0Pt1.0MnGa. Calculated Curie temperatures are in an agreement with experimental data.
Characterization of nano-crystalline structure of TiO2for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells by Raman spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry
Authors: Mamedov Sergey , Moriyama Takumi , Numata Tomoko , Nabatova-Gabain Nataliya , Yanagida Shozo , Yan Li 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTDye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are attractive alternatives to conventional solid-state photovoltaic devices because of performance, stability, environmental compatibility and cost. In contrast to the conventional systems where the semiconductor assumes both the task of light absorption and charge carrier transport, these two functions are separate in DSSC and, therefore, efficiency is very sensitive to the cell structure/composition. High-efficiency DSCs based on mesoporous nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) electrodes have received considerable research attention in the past decade. Grain size and thickness of the mesoporous TiO2film have shown a dominant effect on the efficiency of the photovoltaic devices.We have investigated screen printed TiO2films deposited on a textured fluorinated SnO2(FTO) glass substrate, using Raman spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Materials were prepared by repeating a same screen-printing procedure once, twice and three times, using TiO2paste with 10nm, 20 nm and 200nm particles sequentially. Raman spectra of PV devices cells taken at different excitation (266 nm, 325 nm, 364 nm, 532 nm, 633 nm, and 1064 nm) as well as pure TiO2oxides are presented. Different excitation wavelengths allow to probe different depth of the sample. It was found that there is strong correlation of the position and the width of E2gmode of anatase at 144 cm-1and size of TiO2particles. The samples show that this peak shifts to the high frequency region and becomes broader for small size particles. The position and broadening of the peak can be described by optical confinement model that depends on the size of nano-crystals. Results showed varying grain sizes as correlated with different TiO2paste applied. Thickness, optical constants and porosity of TiO2films were determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry. In this work, we have demonstrated the use of Raman Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry for non-destructive characterization of nanocrystalline TiO2films for dye-sensitized solar cells.
Advances in SCAL Data Interpretations on Multi-Scale Measurements from Different Carbonate Rock Types in a Giant Oilfield in Abu Dhabi
Authors: Dernaika Moustafa R. , El Din Samy Serag , Kalam Zubair , Hannon Loay 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The evaluation of complex carbonate reservoirs is a challenging task for petrophysicists and reservoir engineers, and a detailed understanding of reservoir heterogeneity and its relation to wettability, fluid distribution and flow properties is still lacking.
In previous publications we investigated the effect of sample sizes on poroperm variations and cementation factors derived from resistivity measurements. Whole cores were essential in capturing representative data in heterogeneous carbonates. In this study the effect of static rock type and sample size (i.e. plugs versus whole cores) was investigated on SCAL data derived from capillary pressure and resistivity index experiments at reservoir temperature and net confining stress. The plugs and whole cores were initially selected according to static rock types comprising lithofacies classification and petrophysical grouping.
The obtained SCAL data from plugs and whole cores in each rock type grouping were studied in light of the initial static rock type. Data variations within the same rock type were detected among the plugs and between the plugs and the whole cores. Those variations were investigated in details to understand the degree of local heterogeneity and its effect on static and dynamic SCAL data. Data variations between the different static rock types were also investigated and assessed on the basis of dynamic imbibition data. Whole cores were generally found to yield different capillary pressure and saturation exponents that may not be possible to derive from average plug data. Those petrophysical variations will have large impact on reservoir rock types and saturation functions for optimum reservoir performance predictions.
Analytical Comparison of Emperical Two Phase IPR Correlations for Horizontal Oil Wells
Authors: Jabbar Muhammad Yousuf , AINuaim Sami 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The concept of an Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) has long been used to predict or estimate the relationship between pressure drop in the reservoir (drawdown) and well flowrates (production). Such relationships are used to monitor and optimize the producing life of a reservoir; and also for design calculations. Engineers often make use of the IPR to understand the deliverability of a reservoir, as well as to identify and resolve problems which may arise from the exploitation of a field.
The IPR concept provides an engineer with the means to determine the performance of a given well by relating inflow (flowrate) to the pressure condition in the well and reservoir at a given time. The most common application of the IPR concept is to consider the effects of different operational conditions on the pressure and flowrate profiles for a given well at conditions other than the initial condition.
Except Harris, the models reviewed in the literature were all following Vogel’s approach for two-phase vertical wells. This study consists of the innovative approach to regress the coefficients of Harrison Exponential equation. Hence a new correlation for the horizontal two phase IPR was proposed to estimate well performance.
The Comparison of the absolute error of the flow rate of available IPR correlations and the proposed correlations was done for statistical analysis. A field case study was also considered in the study and the absolute error calculated for proposed correlation was (0.5468%) which was again the lowest error as compared to the other correlations. The proposed IPR model works as well as the other models at the normal flow condition. It can be used to estimate horizontal well performance conveniently.
New Generation Intelligent Completion System Integrates DownHole Control with Monitoring in Multilateral Wells
Authors: Al-Mohanna Khalid S. , Jacob Suresh , Ma Larry , Shafiq Muhammad 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This paper describes the design, planning, implementation details and field trial testing of a new generation integrated intelligent completion system in a trilateral well in a field in Saudi Arabia. The system consists of a flow control valve with a real time choke position sensor and annulus & tubing pressure/temperature measurements integrated as one compact piece. The integration facilitates faster deployment of the intelligent system while avoiding complexity and disruption risks that are inherent with conventional intelligent completions. Included in the description are equipment, design, installation procedures and best practices.
In the "D" field, the wells are mostly horizontal multilateral oil producers drilled in high Darcy "A" sand and "B" sand reservoirs. In the trial test well; the main challenges were well placement, geo steering to "B" sand, sand quality and thickness variance, drilling successfully through shale sections to TD, installing inflow control devices screens in the laterals, mitigating cross flow due to pressures differences, and water breakthrough deferral.
Saudi Aramco has installed numerous numbers of intelligent completions over the last 8 years. The main drivers for these completions are to balance the drawdown and rates from each lateral, prevent cross flow between laterals and choke back laterals with high water or gas inflow. The increased monitoring capabilities of the system presented in this paper will help in production optimization of the multilateral wells.
This compact integrated intelligent completion system provides: isolation, selective flow control or water shut off for each lateral, real time annulus and tubing P & T monitoring for each lateral, pressure build-up, interference testing between laterals, real time position sensor to confirm choke position, production optimization for each lateral, faster operation time due to fewer positions, enhanced reserve recovery, extended well life, reduced future intervention, and minimal production interruption.
Using variable positions flow control valve, water production can be managed to sustain longer oil production while minimizing water cut from laterals. Monitoring the flowing pressure in real time allows producing the well at optimum rate above the bubble point pressure.
Knowledge and lessons learned from this successful installation have provided an insight into this new generation integrated intelligent completion benefits and paved the road for further deployment for similar applications.
Results from First Campaign of Field Testing of Multiphase Flow Meters Conducted in Saudi Arabian Wet Gas-Condensate Producers
Authors: Rodriguez Ruben Villegas , Leal Jairo A. , Hussain Shahid , Atwi Mohammed , Ruwaished Azmi , Garzon Franciso O. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Proper testing and measuring of a gas-condensate well is essential to ascertain the state of the hydrocarbon system at reservoir conditions and to plan the best production and recovery program for the reservoir. At surface, the volumetric measurement of three phase flow of a wet gas well has been considered challenging. Existing conventional metering devices and ordinary multiphase flow meters (MPFMs) are usually incapable of providing accurate measurement of flow rates in a dominating high gas volume fraction. Portable separators equipped with liquid gauge tanks are still considered accurate, but are bulky and expensive.
This paper discusses the results obtained from tests conducted using multiphase flow meters in wet gas-condensate producers at a wide range of flowing conditions. The meters were installed in conjunction with a regular three-phase test separator, and the objective of the tests was to measure meter accuracy in comparison with the data obtained from the conventional test separator. Obtaining accurate three-phase data in wet gas producers poses a significant challenge for the majority of conventional multiphase flow meters, because of the high-gas volume fraction (95 % and above) nature of the wells. The paper also discusses some lessons learned, challenges and uncertainties associated with accurate flow measurement of a wet gas well encountered throughout the testing, as well as other important observations.
The tests were conducted by Saudi Aramco over a four-month period using two MPFMs (A and B) in five different wells, spread out throughout the Ghawar field.The tests were conducted in wells producing at rates ranging from 10 to 40 MMSCFD, and condensate-gas ratios ranging from 30 to 320 Bbls/MMSCFD. Three tests were conducted in each gas producer, totaling 15 tests. The testing concluded that both meters require technological upgrading to meet the acceptance criteria in measuring the three phase flow with acceptable accuracy.
Outstanding Well Construction Industrialization Bringing Tunu Field Production to New Perspectives
Authors: Oumer S. , Biyanni H. M. , Yudhia D. P. , Putra S. , Wibowo A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The main challenge faced by TOTAL EP INDONESIE in the Mahakam delta is the relentless fight against the mature fields decline. The Oil & Gas industry commonly tackles this issue by implementing an enhanced hydrocarbon recovery plan and by increasing the number of wells brought to production. Tunu is a giant gas field discovered in 1977 and located in the Indonesian Mahakam delta, East Kalimantan. To support the field development and maintain the associated production, more than 850 wells have been drilled and completed for a cumulative gas production over 8.3 Tcf by end of 2012. This was possible thanks to the drastic well construction activity increase led since 2005. The rig units were the primary variable to increase the number of delivered wells. Up to seven rigs were operated in the Mahakam delta while implementing a sharp performance improvement methodology to postpone the production decline. In 2011, the highest number of wells ever delivered in the Mahakam (114 wells) was achieved with 5 rigs continuously in operations highlighting the success associated to the implemented well construction optimization.
Since the early beginning of the drilling operations on Tunu, a tremendous work has been done to reduce the overall well construction duration without jeopardizing the operations safety and the wells productivity. The fundamental concept developed to achieve our target was the "industrialization" of our overall well delivery process, the main leverages being the implementation of innovative well architectures, technology and the optimization of our operations using a statistical approach.
Today, the average well duration on Tunu field is around 15 days when in the early 80’s, 50 days were required to deliver a well! The success of our well construction performance improvement project lays in a tailored innovative methodology and the performance culture implemented within the entire team.
Appraising the Performance of Cyclic Production Scheme Through Reservoir Simulation, a Case Study
Authors: Al-Zahrani Tariq 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Oil wells in mature fields usually produce high water rate exceeding 80% water cut. This in turn will increase capital investment for expansion of water handling facilities. Further, high water production may cause adverse effects on the reservoir performance which can result in production losses due to premature water coning and channeling.
To mitigate this situation, many strategies have been implemented in order to reduce water production, optimize oil production and revive dead wells and one of which is to do cyclic production scheme (CPS). This strategy enhances the sweep efficiency, pressure maintenance and reduces the water handling cost. CPS is an innovative concept to help mature fields to reduce water production and it requires alternatively shutting and flowing wells with high water cut over a predetermined time.
This simulation study assesses the effectiveness and the performance of CPS implemented in a reservoir simulation model of a matured oil field. Simulation runs with several scenarios were conducted to understand and optimize the impact of CPS. The simulation results provided the best cyclic production/shut-in period and showed significant advantages of applying CPS over the regular non-cyclic production in all scenarios. In this study, more than 93 wells have been evaluated and most of these wells showed good overall oil recovery after applying CPS strategy.
Renewable Energy at Kuwait Great Burgan Oil Field
Authors: Nayef Mazin 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Renewable power generation can help countries meet their sustainable development goals through provision of access to clean, secure, reliable and affordable energy. This energy has gone mainstream, accounting for the majority of capacity additions in power generation today. Tens of Giga watts of wind, hydropower and solar photovoltaic capacity are installed worldwide every year in a renewable energy market that is worth more than a hundred billion USD annually. Other renewable power technology markets are also emerging. Recent years have seen dramatic reductions in renewable energy technologies’ costs as a result of R&D and accelerated deployment.
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Member Countries have asked for better, objective cost data for renewable energy technologies. This aims to serve the need and its part of a set of reports on wind, biomass, hydropower, concentrating solar power and solar photovoltaic that address the current costs of these key renewable power technology options. The reports provide valuable insights into the current state of deployment, types of technologies available and their costs and performance. The analysis is based on a range of data sources with the objective of developing a uniform dataset that supports comparison across technologies of different equipment, project and cost of electricity.
In 212 BC, Archimedes is said to have used mirrors for the first time to concentrate the power of the Sun’s rays. In 1615, Salomon De Caux invented a small "solar powered motor" which was the first recorded mechanical application of the Sun’s energy. His device consisted of glass lenses, a supporting frame and an airtight metal vessel containing water and air. It produced a small water jet when the air heated up and expanded during operation. In the 1860s, French mathematician, August Mouchet proposed an idea for solar powered steam engines. In the following two decades, he and his assistant, Abel Pifre, constructed the first solar powered engines and used them for a variety of applications.
During the 1970s, methods of producing electricity via the solar thermal cycle were investigated. The efforts resulted in the further development of the technology and, in 1991, the first commercial power plant with a capacity of 354 MW electricity, based upon the concentrated solar power concept, was built in California, USA. This plant was erected over an area of 7 km2 and feeds about 800 million kWh per year into the grid.
Production Network Modeling Challenges in a Giant Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Al Sayari Saleh Ali , Nuimi Saber Mubarak , Misra Sanjay 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A giant onshore field producing from multilayered undersaturated carbonate reservoir presents many challenges. The field is producing since early seventies supported with peripheral water injection leading to wide variation in reservoir pressure and water cuts. The field has been produced with the help of 6 gathering manifolds. The northern manifold presents additional challenges as this area is affected with asphaltenes deposition problems in production tubing and flow lines. Tubing obstruction due to asphaltenes adversely affects flow basides cause difficulty in lowering pressure gauges resulting into scarcity of pressure survey data. Additionally, some wells are operating on gas lift and a gas injection pilot is located on the western side leading to Gas Oil Ratio (GOR) variations. The horizontal wells completed in the low permeability layer tend to cease production as the water cut reaches &gt;35%. Production allocation, optimization and de-bottlenecking become difficult in such a scenario. It was, therefore, decided to build a production network model as a tool to overcome such problems. This paper presents the process of preparing the production network model. Tuning PVT properties for the field is described with reference to pressure traverse correlations. Well model calibration with paucity of pressure survey data was achieved with good agreement with production history. Production from each well at different choke setting, water cut and reservoir pressure was estimated and compared with field data. Proper tubing size selection would allow stable flow in the tubing even at high water cut differing gas lift implementation for many years. Production network model is a necessary tool for production and reservoir engineers for optimization, de-bottlenecking and potential estimation.