bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XXVI.—Researches on Chinoline and its Homologues
Authors: Williams C. Greville 
Published: January 2013

Twenty-two years have now elapsed, since Runge first published his remark, able experiments on coal naphtha, and it would, perhaps, be difficult to instance any chemical investigation which has formed the point of departure of a greater number of researches. When we consider the vast quantity of bodies which have, first and last, been obtained from coal-tar, it might appear that little more remained to be done,—that the mine was exhausted,—but so far from this being the case, the discovery of one substance has only served to pave the way for the isolation of others.Among the bodies examined by Runge, there was one which apparently possessed comparatively few features of interest; indeed its very name (the first syllable derived from λευχός was intended to express its supposed inability to produce coloured reactions, a feature which, in the chemistry of the time, militated greatly against its claims to notice. I have used the expression “supposed inability,” because I shall show further on, that this substance is capable, under certain conditions, of affording extremely brilliant colorations. Eventually, Gerhardt, by acting on quinine, cinchonine, and strychnine, with hydrate of potash, obtained the same body. The first chemist who succeeded in procuring any of its compounds in a state of tolerable purity was Hofmann, whose analysis of the platinum salt is very nearly exact. But, at the time of that analysis, he was of opinion that the products obtained from coal and chinoline were essentially different, an opinion which he subsequently retracted. In the mean time, the alkaloid, as obtained from cinchonine was examined by Bromeis and Laurent, their results, however, not elucidating the composition of the basic fluid obtained in the manner alluded to.
XII.—On the Action of the Valves of the Mammalian Heart
Authors: Paton D. Noël 
Published: January 2013

Few subjects are of greater practical importance than the mode of action of the valves of the heart, inasmuch as these structures are so frequently the seat of pathological changes which produce serious disturbances throughout the whole circulatory system.On the general principles of the mode of action of the aortic and pulmonary valves all investigators seem to be agreed. When we turn to the auriculo-ventricular valves we find that, while in some of the best known text-books their action is considered as so thoroughly investigated and completely understood as to merit no discussion, and to require only the briefest description, in others the mechanism is admitted to be imperfectly comprehended, and is described in the most obscure and indefinite manner.
XIII.—A Contribution to the Anatomy of Sutroa
Authors: Beddard Frank E. 
Published: January 2013

Our knowledge of this remarkable genus of freshwater Oligochæta is at present entirely due to Dr Gustav Eisen. Within a year or two of discovering the type species, Sutroa rostrata, Dr Eisen found a second species, evidently referable to the same genus, which has been named Sutroa alpestris. Examples of both of these species have been most kindly forwarded to me by Dr Eisen; and I therefore take the opportunity of offering a few observations upon the structure of the genus, and upon its relations to other Oligochæta, as I am able, in a few matters, to supplement Dr Eisen's papers.The account given by Eisen of Sutroa alpestris is evidently based upon a study of the living worm; it is therefore very full as regards the vascular system, but not quite so detailed where it concerns the generative organs, which are more conveniently studied by the section method. It is more especially to these organs that I desire to again draw attention.
XV.—The Skull and Visceral Skeleton of the Greenland Shark, Læmargus microcephalus
Authors: White Philip J. 
Published: January 2013

Some time ago, at the request of Professor Ewart, I undertook an examination of the skull and visceral skeleton of the Greenland shark, Læmargus microcephalus. This I readily consented to do, not only because no attempt had yet been made to describe these structures in this shark, but because they claim careful consideration in view of the recent work by Professor Ewart on the cranial nerves of Elasmobranchs.In this paper I shall endeavour, without entering into too much detail, to point out some of the more salient features of the skull and visceral skeleton of Læmargus, and to compare them with those of other Elasmobranchs where that seems necessary.I have made preparations of the above-named structures from the heads of several specimens of Læmargus. The sharks from which the heads were taken were of various sizes, the smallest being about six feet in length, and the largest twelve. As might have been expected, the skeletal parts of these heads are very similar to each other, but I have noticed among the few specimens I have examined points of difference, which make me wish I had a larger number of preparations at my disposal, to enable me to decide the more usual conditions.
VII.—On the Mechanical Action of Heat, especially in Gases and Vapours
Authors: Rankine William John Macquorn 
Published: January 2013

The ensuing paper forms part of a series of researches respecting the consequences of an hypothesis called that of Molecular Vortices, the object of which is to deduce the laws of elasticity, and of heat as connected with elasticity, by means of the principles of mechanics, from a physical supposition consistent and connected with the theory which deduces the laws of radiant light and heat from the hypothesis of undulations. Those researches were commenced in 1842, and after having been laid aside for nearly seven years, from the want of experimental data, were resumed in consequence of the appearance of the experiments of M. Regnault on gases and vapours.The investigation which I have now to describe, relates to the mutual conversion of heat and mechanical power by means of the expansion and contraction of gases and vapours.
XII.—The Development of the Müllerian Duct of Amphibians
Authors: Wilson Gregg 
Published: January 2013

Last summer I began an investigation of the Müllerian duct of Amphibians at the suggestion of Professor Wiedersheim, to whom I am indebted for most kind advice during the progress of my work, as well as for all the material that I have made use of in the course of it.I have been able to examine stages in the development of the duct in Rana esculenta, Triton alpestris, Salamandra atra and S. maculosa, Siredon pisciformis (Axolotl), and Desmognathus; but I have paid special attention to Salamandra atra and Axolotl, which have not yet been studied in this connection. The Urodeles are easier to work with than the Anura, owing to the comparatively early formation of the Anlage of the Müllerian duct; and I have found Axolotl to be particularly instructive, as the pronephros and segmental duct persist during the early stages of the formation of the Müllerian duct.I propose in this paper to describe what I have observed in various stages of the development of these two forms, and to compare the results thus arrived at with the appearances described in the published works on the subject.
XVII.—The ς′ of Diophantus
Authors: Thompson D'Arcy Wentworth 
Published: January 2013

The Arithmetical, or, as we should say, Algebraic, Problems of Diophantus involve a single unknown quantity, symbolised by ς′ or ς°′. The number for which this symbol stands is described as πλῆθος μονάδων ἄλογον, and is spoken of as ὁ ἀόριστος ἀριθμός, the undefined number, or simply as ὁ ἀριθμός, the number, par excellence, of the problem in question.By all commentators, with but one exception so far as I know, the ς′ of Diophantus is taken as an abbreviation of ἀριθμός, and I find the same statement made unquestioningly in the standard Palæography of Gardthausen. The mathematicians, while expressing no doubt as to the fact, show, however, in some cases, a clear enough perception of the difficulty of accounting for such an abbreviation, and are not all agreed as to its more precise origin. Nesselmann, Cantor, and most others, treat the ς as the final letter of ἀριθμός: Heath, who devotes many pages to a discussion of the subject, puts forward, as an alternative and preferable hypothesis, a suggestion that the ς may be a corrupt cursive abbreviation of the two first letters αρ of the same word.
XXIV.—On the p-discriminant of a Differential Equation of the First Order, and on Certain Points in the General Theory of Envelopes connected therewith
Authors: Chrystal  
Published: January 2013

The theory of the singular solutions of differential equations of the first order, even in the interesting and suggestive form due to Professor Cayley (Mess. Math., ii., 1872), as given in English text-books, is defective, inasmuch as it gives no indication as to what are normal and what are abnormal phenomena. Moreover, Cayley added an appendix to his theory regarding the circumstances under which a singular solution exists, which is misleading so far as the theory of differential equations is concerned, if not altogether erroneous.The main purpose of the following notes is to throw light on the point last mentioned by means of a number of examples. I have also taken the opportunity to furnish simple demonstrations of several well-known theorems regarding the p-discriminant which do not find a place in the current English text-books.
XXXIV.—On the Total Solar Eclipse of 1851
Authors: Smyth C. Piazzi 
Published: January 2013

Eclipses are still, as they have ever been, very important phenomena for the astronomical observer; partly on account of the crucial test which they afford for the examination of the truth of the theory and calculation of the motions, real and apparent, of the Sun and Moon, partly also for the special opportunities which they furnish of inquiring into some of the arcana of the physical characteristics of those bodies.For the former purpose, a partial eclipse will serve almost as well as a total one; while the continued improvement of the observation of meridian passages is now raising these daily measures fully to the importance of the other occasional phenomena, as a test of the theory. But for inquiry into the physics of the Sun, a perfectly total eclipse of that body is necessary; revelations may then happily be procured, which no observation of any other phenomena at any other time, can hope to afford any suspicion of.
XL.—On the Mechanical Action of Heat
Authors: Rankine William John Macquorn 
Published: January 2013

Section VI.—A Review of the Fundamental Principles of the Mechanical Theory of Heat; with Remarks on the Thermic Phenomena of Currents of Elastic Fluids, as illustrating those Principles.(Article 46.) I have been induced to write this Section, in continuation of a paper on the Mechanical Action of Heat, by the publication (in the Philosophical Magazine for December 1852, Supplementary Number) of a series of experiments by Mr Joule and Professor William Thomson, on the Thermal Effects experienced by Air in rushing through small Apertures. Although those authors express an intention to continue the experiments on a large scale, so as to obtain more precise results; yet the results already obtained are sufficient to constitute the first step towards the experimental determination of that most important function in the theory of the mechanical action of heat, which has received the name of Carnot's Function.
V.—On the Fossil Flora of the Yorkshire Coal Field. (Second Paper.)
Authors: Kidston Robert 
Published: January 2013

Among the specimens from the Yorkshire Coal Field which have been collected by Mr W. Hemingway, Barnsley, and submitted to me for examination at various times, are the remains of several cones which are referable to the genus Sigillariostrobus, Schimper.Notwithstanding the great frequency of the genus Sigillaria in the Coal Measures, and especially in the Middle Coal Measures, examples of their fructification are very rare. This is the more remarkable, as specimens of Sigillaria, showing cone scars, though not common, are occasionally met with. Possibly, however, the apparent rarity of Sigillarian cones is due, in part, to our inability at present to distinguish them in all cases from cones generally placed under the name of Lepidostrobus, which latter genus there is every reason to believe comprises cones that belong to several genera of Lycopods.
X.—The Relations between the Coaxial Minors of a Determinant of the Fourth Order
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: January 2013

1. The existence of relations between the coaxial minors of a determinant was first discovered by MacMahon in 1893. The whole literature of the subject is comprised in three papers, viz.:—MacMahon, Phil. Trans., clxxxv. pp. 111–160.Muir, Phil. Mag., 5th series, xli. pp. 537–541.Nanson, Phil. Mag., 5th series, xliv. pp. 362–367.My present object is to continue the investigation of the relations in question, and more particularly to draw attention to an explicit expression for a determinant of the 4th order in terms of its own coaxial minors. At the outset some fresh considerations regarding determinants in general will be found useful.
XXVI.—Magnetic Shielding in Hollow Iron Cylinders and Superposed Inductions in Iron
Authors: Russell James 
Published: January 2013

§ 1. The shielding effect which exists within hollow iron spheres and cylinders, when placed in a uniform magnetic field, has been previously investigated. Poisson, Stefan, Maxwell, and among others, and more recently, Professors Rücker and Du Bois, have contributed to the subject. Ifand the ratio of n to R be the order 1 to 100, it appears that the following expressions may be taken as sufficiently correct:
XXX.—The Lower Devonian Fishes of Gemünden
Authors: Traquair R. H. 
Published: January 2013

Gemünden is situated in Rhenish Prussia, about eighteen miles to the west and slightly also to the south of Bingen, in the district known as the “Hunsrück,” and the rock in which the fishes to be described in this memoir occur is called the “Hunsrück Slates.”These Hunsrück slates belong to the Lower Devonian of the Rhenish area, and the position assigned to them by German geologists is as follows:—The above table is quoted from Kayser and Lake's Text-book of Comparative Geology, as is also the following brief statement regarding the Hunsrück slates themselves.
XXXII.—Report on Fossil Fishes collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland in the Silurian Rocks of the South of Scotland
Authors: Traquair Ramsay H. 
Published: January 2013

In the autumn of last year (1897), Sir A. Geikie, F.R.S., Director-General of the Geological Survey, kindly placed in my hands for description an important collection of fossil fish-remains from the Silurian rocks of the Lesmahagow district, which had been made by Messrs Macconochie and Tait, collectors to the Survey. I accordingly prepared a brief report on these fishes, which was included by the Director-General in hisSummary of Progressfor that year.The collection was, however, considerably increased by additional work on the part of Mr Tait in the spring of the present year (1898). Many better and more complete specimens were procured, and I was able to define one new genus and species, which had previously been represented only by undeterminable fragments. The results gained by the examination of the entire collection I now propose, with Sir Archibald Geikie's sanction, to lay before this Society in detailed form.
XXIII.—On the Internal Structure of Sigillaria elegans of Brongniart's “Histoire des végétaux fossiles”
Authors: Kidston Robert 
Published: January 2013

Before giving a description of the specimen which forms the subject of this communication, it seems desirable that a brief summary of the literature dealing with the internal structure of Sigillaria, and some general remarks on the classification of the genus, should be given.More for the purpose of convenience than on scientific grounds, the genus Sigillaria is usually divided into four groups. These groups were originally supposed by their founders to be of generic value, but experience has shown that the characters on which they were founded are more or less common to all four divisions, and in some cases the distinctive divisional characters even occur on the same specimen.
XXIV.—On the Structure of the Series of Line- and Band-Spectra
Authors: Halm J. 
Published: January 2013

In a preliminary note read before the Society on July 4, 1904, I drew attention to the fact that a number of line-series, forming a group which includes the first series of Hydrogen, can be represented by an equation of the formwhere v denotes the wave-frequency of any line of the series, v∞ that of the so-called “tail” of the series (m = ∞), and a1, b1 constants depending on the nature of the emitting substance; the frequencies of successive lines being obtained by substituting successive integers for m. We see at once that this equation is a generalisation of Balmek's formula, into which it is transformed by equating b1 to zero. In the same note I also pointed out the existence of another group represented by an equation of the same form, if (m + ½) is substituted for m. As a special case (b1 = 0) this group contains the second Hydrogen series discovered by Professor Pickering in the spectrum of ζ Puppis. Subsequent investigations convinced me, however, that, although a considerable number of line-series may be classified into these two groups, there are numerous instances where the more general formulamust be employed, in which μ represents various fractional numbers.
XXVI.—On a Group of Linear Differential Equations of the 2nd Order, including Professor Chrystal's Seiche-equations
Authors: Halm J. 
Published: January 2013

It is readily seen that the two differential equationswhich play an important rôle in Professor Chrystal's mathematical theory of the Seiches, are special cases of the more general typeWith regard to the first, the Seiche-equation, this becomes at once apparent by writing a= − ½. Equation (2), on the other hand, which we may briefly call the Stokes equation [see Professor Chrystal's paper on “Some further Results in the Mathematical Theory of Seiches,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxv.] will be recognised as a special case (a = + 1) of the equationwhich is transformed into (3) by the substitution .
XXXII.—Calculation of the Periods and Nodes of Lochs Earn and Treig, from the Bathymetric Data of the Scottish Lake Survey
Authors: Chrystal  , Maclagan-Wedderburn Ernest 
Published: January 2013

§ 1. In a paper published in the present volume of the Transactions of the Society (p. 659, 3rd July 1905), one of the authors of this communication has given a Hydrodynamical Theory of Seiches, and deduced formulae with a view to particular applications. The object of the present paper is to give some account of a series of calculations on which we have been occupied for some time, with a view to work out, a priori, from the Bathymetric Data of the Lake Survey, the Seiche Constants for the three seiches of lowest nodality in Lochs Earn and Treig.§ 2. As this is the first time that any attempt has been made to solve completely a problem of the kind, we naturally selected lakes having as simple a configuration as possible. A general idea of the shape of the two lakes, and also of the nature of the data from which we have worked, will be obtained from the 3-in. maps reproduced in figures (3) and (4).
XI.—The Pinna-Trace in the Ferns
Authors: Davie R. C. 
Published: January 2013

The relation of the leaf-trace to the vascular system of the stem in the Ferns has been exhaustively investigated during the past fifteen years by various workers, especially by Gwynne-Vaughan and Boodle in this country and by Jeffrey and his pupils in America. The interpretations of the numerous types of Fern stele and leaf-trace have caused much discussion. And the discovery of a wonderful series of fossil Ferns has not settled the discussion of the evolution of the Filicinean vascular system, but has carried the battle on to another field.The fossils have recently yielded up the structure of their pinna-traces (Kidston, '08; Bertrand, '09; Gordon, '11). Simultaneously an attack has been made on the pinna-traces of living Ferns. Various pinna-traces were described in curious mathematical formulæ, but no comparisons were made of the different types, by Bertrand and Cornaille ('02) in their Étude sur quelques caractéristiques de la structure des Filicinées actuelles.
XIII.—Rocks from Gough Island, South Atlantic (collected by the Scottish National AntarcticExpedition, 1902–1904)
Authors: Campbell Robert 
Published: January 2013

The specimens described in this paper were collected by Dr J. H. Harvey Pirie, B.Sc, M.B., geologist to the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, during a short visit paid to Gough Island on the homeward voyage of the Scotia from the Antarctic seas in 1904. The island is not often visited, and the only previous account of the rocks is by Professor L. V. Pirsson, who described a series of beach pebbles collected by the captain of a whaling vessel. Among those Professor Pirsson noted two varieties of basalt, trachytic tuffs, and a trachytic obsidian carrying olivine, and shown by chemical analysis to be of phonolitoid type.With the exception of a small fragment of limestone, the rocks in the Scotia collection are all igneous. They were obtained in the neighbourhood of the usual landing-place, the mouth of a small glen on the eastward side of the island. They include soda trachytes, trachydolerites, basalts, an essexite, and tuffs.
XV.—Atlantic Sponges collected by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Stephens Jane 
Published: January 2013

The sponges in the following report were collected in the North and South Atlantic during the Scotia's voyages to and from the Antarctic regions in the years 1902–1904.All the sponges in the collection were obtained off the south-west coast of Cape Colony, with the exception of five well-known species which were taken off St Helena, the Cape Verde Islands, and the Princesse Alice Bank. Only one specimen was dredged in deep water, namely, in 350 fathoms off the Princesse Alice Bank, while the remainder were taken between tide-marks to a depth of 30 fathoms.The collection contains thirty-five species, of which fifteen are described as new.To complete the list of sponges obtained by the Scotia in Atlantic waters, mention may be made here of one species which is not contained in this report. This species, Cladorhiza thomsoni, dredged in deep water between Gough Island and the Cape of Good Hope, has been described by Professor Topsent (24 and 25). It was taken at Station 468, 39° 48′ S., 2° 33′ E., depth 2770 fathoms.The five species above referred to, Leucandra crambessa, Aphrocallistes beatrix, Tethya lyncurium, Chondrosia plebeja and Chondrosia reniformis, call for no special remark. They have all been previously obtained in, or fairly near, the areas for which they are here recorded.