bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of X-ray detection by single-walled carbon nanotube enriched flexible polymer composite
Authors: Han Heetak , Lee Sanggeun , Seo Jungmok , Mahata Chandreswar , Cho Sung Hwan , Han A-Reum , Hong Keun-Sung , Park Joon-Ho , Soh Myung-Jin , Park Cheolmin , Lee Taeyoon 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Although organic-based direct conversion X-ray detectors have been developed, their photocurrent generation efficiency has been limited by recombination of excitons due to the intrinsically poor electrical properties of organic materials. In this report, we fabricated a polymer-based flexible X-ray detector and enhanced the X-ray detection sensitivity using a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) enriched polymer composite. When this SWNT enriched polymer composite was used as the active layer of an X-ray detector, it efficiently separated charges at the interface between the SWNTs and polymer, preventing recombination of X-ray-induced excitons. This increased the photocurrent generation efficiency, as measured from current-voltage characteristics. Therefore, X-ray-induced photocurrent and X-ray detection sensitivity were enhanced as the concentration of SWNTs in the composite was increased. However, this benefit was counterbalanced by the slow and unstable time-dependent response at high SWNT concentrations, arising from reduced Schottky barrier heights between the active layer and electrodes. At high SWNT concentration, the dark current also increased due to the reduced Schottky barrier height, leading to decrease the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the device. Experimental results indicated that 0.005 wt.% SWNT in the composite was the optimum composition for practical X-ray detector operation because it showed enhanced performance in both sensitivity and SNR. In mechanical flexibility tests, the device exhibited a stable response up to a bending radius of 0.5 cm, and the device had no noticeable change in diode current after 1,000 bending cycles.

PACS code

8.67.Sc
CD8+ CD122+ PD-1− effector cells promote the development of diabetes in NOD mice
Authors: Arndt Bo¨rge , Witkowski Lukas , Ellwart Joachim , Seissler Jochen 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIt is well established that CD4 and CD8 T cells are required for the initiation of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. However, different subsets of CD4 or CD8 cells may play different roles in the initiation of insulitis. In this study, we evaluated the role of the previously described CD8+ CD122+ in this process. We found that prediabetic NOD mice have an almost 50% reduction of CD8+ CD122+ T cells in their secondary lymphoid organs compared with BL/6 or Balb/c mouse strains. This reduction is explained by the lack of the regulatory CD8+ CD122+ PD-1+ cell population in the NOD mice, as we found that all CD8+ CD122+ T cells from prediabetic NOD mice lack PD-1 expression and regulatory function. Depletion of CD8+ CD122+ PD-1− cells through injection of anti-CD122 mAb in prediabetic female NOD mice reduced the infiltration of mononuclear cells into the Langerhans islets and delayed the onset and decreased the incidence of overt diabetes. In addition, we found that transfer of highly purified and activated CD8+ CD122+ PD-1− cells, together with diabetogenic splenocytes from NOD donors to NOD SCID recipients, accelerates the diabetes development in these mice. Together, these results demonstrate that CD8+ CD122+ PD-1− T cells from NOD mice are effector cells that are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes.
Complement protein C1q bound to apoptotic cells suppresses human macrophage and dendritic cell-mediated Th17 and Th1 T cell subset proliferation
Authors: Clarke Elizabeth V , Weist Brian M , Walsh Craig M , Tenner Andrea J 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
A complete genetic deficiency of the complement protein C1q results in SLE with nearly 100% penetrance in humans, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for this association have not yet been fully determined. C1q opsonizes ACs for enhanced ingestion by phagocytes, such as Mφ and iDCs, avoiding the extracellular release of inflammatory DAMPs upon loss of the membrane integrity of the dying cell. We previously showed that human monocyte-derived Mφ and DCs ingesting autologous, C1q-bound LALs (C1q-polarized Mφ and C1q-polarized DCs), enhance the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reduce proinflammatory cytokines relative to Mφ or DC ingesting LAL alone. Here, we show that C1q-polarized Mφ have elevated PD-L1 and PD-L2 and suppressed surface CD40, and C1q-polarized DCs have higher surface PD-L2 and less CD86 relative to Mφ or DC ingesting LAL alone, respectively. In an MLR, C1q-polarized Mφ reduced allogeneic and autologous Th17 and Th1 subset proliferation and demonstrated a trend toward increased Treg proliferation relative to Mφ ingesting LAL alone. Moreover, relative to DC ingesting AC in the absence of C1q, C1q-polarized DCs decreased autologous Th17 and Th1 proliferation. These data demonstrate that a functional consequence of C1q-polarized Mφ and DC is the regulation of Teff activation, thereby “sculpting” the adaptive immune system to avoid autoimmunity, while clearing dying cells. It is noteworthy that these studies identify novel target pathways for therapeutic intervention in SLE and other autoimmune diseases.
Adenosine stimulates angiogenesis by up-regulating production of thrombospondin-1 by macrophages
Authors: Ernens Isabelle , Bousquenaud Me´lanie , Lenoir Be´ne´dicte , Devaux Yvan , Wagner Daniel R 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Increase of blood capillary density at the interface between normal and ischemic tissue after acute MI reduces infarct size and improves cardiac function. Cardiac injury triggers the production of the matricellular component TSP-1, but its role in angiogenesis is not clear, as both anti- and proangiogenic properties have been reported. It is unknown whether TSP-1 is modulated by other factors released during cardiac injury. Among these, Ado is a well-known promoter of angiogenesis. This study determined whether Ado modulates TSP-1 expression and the implication on angiogenesis. Ado dose dependently increased the production of TSP-1 by human macrophages. With the use of agonists and antagonists of AdoRs, coupled to RNA interference, we observed that this effect is mediated via A2AR and A2BR. The Ado effect was reproduced by cholera toxin (Gs protein activator) and forskolin (adenylate cyclase activator) and blocked by the PKA inhibitor H89. Conditioned medium from Ado-treated macrophages stimulated microvessel outgrowth from aortic ring explants by 400%, and induced vessel formation in matrigel plugs. Microvessel outgrowth and vessel formation were blocked completely by addition of anti-TSP-1 antibodies to conditioned medium. Chronic administration of Ado to rats after MI maintained long-term expression of TSP-1 in the infarct border zone, and this was associated with enhanced border-zone vascularization. Ado up-regulates TSP-1 production by macrophages, resulting in stimulation of angiogenesis. The mechanism involves A2AR and A2BR and is mediated through the cAMP/PKA pathway. This information may be important when designing Ado-based therapies of angiogenesis.
Tfap2a-dependent changes in facial morphology result in clefting that can be ameliorated by a reduction inFgf8gene dosage
Authors: Green Rebecca M. , Feng Weiguo , Phang Tzulip , Fish Jennifer L. , Li Hong , Spritz Richard A. , Marcucio Ralph S. , Hooper Joan , Jamniczky Heather , Hallgrímsson Benedikt , Williams Trevor 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFailure of facial prominence fusion causes cleft lip and palate (CL/P), a common human birth defect. Currently there are two major hypotheses to explain cleft occurrence. The first holds that the epithelium at these locations is somehow defective for fusion while the second is that the prominences are dysplastic and unable to appose and fuse. Here, using geometric morphometrics, we analyzed facial outgrowth and shape change over time in a novel mouse model exhibiting fully penetrant bilateral CL/P. This robust model is based upon mutations in Tfap2a, the gene encoding transcription factor AP-2α, which has been implicated in both syndromic and non-syndromic human CL/P. Our findings indicate that aberrant morphology and subsequent misalignment of the facial prominences underlies the inability of the mutant prominences to fuse. Exencephaly also occurs in some of the Tfap2a mutants and we observe additional morphometric differences that indicate an influence of neural tube closure defects on facial shape. Molecular analysis of the CL/P model indicates that Fgf signaling is misregulated in the face, and that reducing Fgf8 gene dosage can attenuate the clefting pathology by generating compensatory changes. Further, mutations in either Tfap2a or Fgf8 increase variance in facial shape, but the combination of these mutations restores variance to normal levels. The alterations in variance provide a potential mechanistic link between clefting and the evolution and diversity of facial morphology. Overall, our findings suggest that CL/P can result from small gene expression changes that alter the shape of the facial prominences and uncouple their coordinated morphogenesis, which is necessary for normal fusion.
The impact of low-magnitude high-frequency vibration on fracture healing is profoundly influenced by the oestrogen status in mice
Authors: Wehrle Esther , Liedert Astrid , Heilmann Aline , Wehner Tim , Bindl Ronny , Fischer Lena , Haffner-Luntzer Melanie , Jakob Franz , Schinke Thorsten , Amling Michael , Ignatius Anita 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Fracture healing is impaired in aged and osteoporotic individuals. Because adequate mechanical stimuli are able to increase bone formation, one therapeutical approach to treat poorly healing fractures could be the application of whole-body vibration, including low-magnitude high-frequency vibration (LMHFV). We investigated the effects of LMHFV on fracture healing in aged osteoporotic mice. Female C57BL/6NCrl mice (n=96) were either ovariectomised (OVX) or sham operated (non-OVX) at age 41 weeks. When aged to 49 weeks, all mice received a femur osteotomy that was stabilised using an external fixator. The mice received whole-body vibrations (20 minutes/day) with 0.3 g peak-to-peak acceleration and a frequency of 45 Hz. After 10 and 21 days, the osteotomised femurs and intact bones (contra-lateral femurs, lumbar spine) were evaluated using bending-testing, micro-computed tomography (μCT), histology and gene expression analyses. LMHFV disturbed fracture healing in aged non-OVX mice, with significantly reduced flexural rigidity (-81%) and bone formation (-80%) in the callus. Gene expression analyses demonstrated increased oestrogen receptor β (ERβ, encoded by Esr2) and Sost expression in the callus of the vibrated animals, but decreased β-catenin, suggesting that ERβ might mediate these negative effects through inhibition of osteoanabolic Wnt/β-catenin signalling. In contrast, in OVX mice, LMHFV significantly improved callus properties, with increased flexural rigidity (+1398%) and bone formation (+637%), which could be abolished by subcutaneous oestrogen application (0.025 mg oestrogen administered in a 90-day-release pellet). On a molecular level, we found an upregulation of ERα in the callus of the vibrated OVX mice, whereas ERβ was unaffected, indicating that ERα might mediate the osteoanabolic response. Our results indicate a major role for oestrogen in the mechanostimulation of fracture healing and imply that LMHFV might only be safe and effective in confined target populations.
Exploring how users make sense of virtual worlds using the symbolic interaction theory
Authors: Olasina Gbolahan 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore user experiences in virtual worlds (VWs), patterns of interaction and exchanges of meanings and symbols by using the symbolic interaction theory (SIT) as a theoretical lens. The SIT is built on the assumption that symbolic meaning which users develop and rely upon in the process of social interaction affects the users’ perceptions, in this case of VWs. The study presents an exploratory qualitative analysis of data collected from in-depth interviews and focus group sessions conducted with 25 students from South Africa and Nigeria. The study finds that subjective meanings are given primacy because of the beliefs that people hold about VWs that are crucial, and perhaps not people’s beliefs of what is objectively true of VWs. Users’ adaptation of VWs is thought to be socially constructed through human interpretation of the VW objects and experiences. The results show that user interpretations of each other’s behaviour help to form social bonds that exist in VWs. The results show reflection on social interaction theory and improve current understanding of human behaviour in VWs.
Superfícies em Desconstrução: Uma Arqueologia Crítica das Interfaces da Literatura
Authors: Bettencourt Sandra 
Published: November 2014

Recensão de Lori EMERSON, Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2014, 225 pp. [1ª ed.]. ISBN 978-0-8166-9125-8 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-8830_2-1_14
Pessoas-livros: O Arquivo Bibliográfico de Fernando Pessoa
Authors: Sepúlveda Pedro 
Published: November 2014

Apesar de a obra de Fernando Pessoa estar contida principalmente nos quase 30000 papéis que compõem o arquivo hoje à guarda da Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, é possível demonstrar como este arquivo é composto por materiais de cariz bibliográfico, que o associam ao suporte do livro. Contrariamente a uma ideia corrente de Pessoa como alguém que não escreveu livros e deixou apenas papéis avulsos, esta evidência material mostra que o poeta concebia uma ideia de livro e de conjunto de livros que condicionava o seu modo de escrita. Este artigo tem como propósito contextualizar e precisar as preocupações de Pessoa com a materialidade de um suporte distinto daquele em que se encontra a maior parte da sua obra, analisando diversos testemunhos desta dimensão bibliográfica da sua escrita. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-8830_2-1_3
Past’s Present: Artist’s Books by José Oliveira
Authors: Cardoso Catarina Figueiredo 
Published: November 2014

José Oliveira is a book artist who takes inspiration from the history and evolution of the Western book and of Western writing. His artist’s books take the form of codices, scrolls and leporellos and embody the beliefs, grief and hopes of their author. They ask us about our conceptions of the book and the nature of reading. They are evidences of their author’s resolute rejection of contemporary techniques applied to books. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-8830_2-1_7
Evaluation of a novel noninvasive continuous core temperature measurement system with a zero heat flux sensor using a manikin of the human body
Authors: Brandes Ivo F. , Perl Thorsten , Bauer Martin , Bräuer Anselm 
Published: November 2014

AbstractReliable continuous perioperative core temperature measurement is of major importance. The pulmonary artery catheter is currently the gold standard for measuring core temperature but is invasive and expensive. Using a manikin, we evaluated the new, noninvasive SpotOn™ temperature monitoring system (SOT). With a sensor placed on the lateral forehead, SOT uses zero heat flux technology to noninvasively measure core temperature; and because the forehead is devoid of thermoregulatory arteriovenous shunts, a piece of bone cement served as a model of the frontal bone in this study. Bias, limits of agreements, long-term measurement stability, and the lowest measurable temperature of the device were investigated. Bias and limits of agreement of the temperature data of two SOTs and of the thermistor placed on the manikin’s surface were calculated. Measurements obtained from SOTs were similar to thermistor values. The bias and limits of agreement lay within a predefined clinically acceptable range. Repeat measurements differed only slightly, and stayed stable for hours. Because of its temperature range, the SOT cannot be used to monitor temperatures below 28°C. In conclusion, the new SOT could provide a reliable, less invasive and cheaper alternative for measuring perioperative core temperature in routine clinical practice. Further clinical trials are needed to evaluate these results.
Laser-based 3D cell printing for tissue engineering
Authors: Koch Lothar , Deiwick Andrea , Chichkov Boris 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCurrently, different 3D printing techniques are investigated for printing biomaterials and living cells. An ambitious aim is the printing of fully functional tissue or organs. Furthermore, for manifold applications in biomedical research and in testing of pharmaceuticals or cosmetics, printed tissue could be a new method, partly substituting test animals. Here we describe a laser-based printing technique applied for the arrangement of vital cells in two and three-dimensional patterns and for tissue engineering. First printed tissue, tested in vitro and in vivo, and printing of cell patterns for investigating cell-cell interactions are presented.
A stability result of a Timoshenko system in thermoelasticity of second sound with a delay term in the internal feedback
Authors: Ouchenane Djamel 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we consider a one-dimensional linear thermoelastic system of Timoshenko type with a delay term in the feedback. The heat conduction is given by Cattaneo's law. Under an appropriate assumption between the weight of the delay and the weight of the damping, we prove the well-posedness of the problem. Furthermore, an exponential stability result is shown without the usual assumption on the wave speeds. To achieve our goals, we make use of the semigroup method and the energy method.
Variations on romance themes in the Historia Meriadoci
Authors: Archibald Elizabeth 
Published: November 2014

Abstract:
The little known Latin Arthurian narrative Historia Meriadoci presents many challenges. Was it written in the twelfth century, in which case it is an early example of Arthurian romance, or is it later, in which case it reflects already developed motifs? It uses numerous romance themes – separated family, dispossessed heir, young knight arriving at Arthur’s court – but the protagonist leaves the Arthurian milieu quite early on, and pursues a military career more characteristic of epic on the continent. Arthur is presented in a rather disparaging light, as an unjust ruler (there is considerable emphasis on legal issues). This may reflect Welsh traditions in which he is not always an idealized king. But the story is written in Latin: who was the author, and what was the target audience? Does the fact that it was written in Latin, presumably for a largely clerical audience, explain the lack of interest in love, and in detailed accounts of courtly life, which one might expect to find in a vernacular romance? The author seems to draw on historical accounts of European wars as well as more legendary material. The mixture of romance and epic in this text may be compared with the Latin verse narrative Ruodlieb, produced in Germany in the late eleventh century. The Ruodlieb is much more elaborate in style and in plot, but also draws on a wide range of sources to produce a hybrid narrative which might be aimed at a similar audience, well-educated but ready to enjoy a range of heroic adventures, aware of Arthur but not averse to criticism of him.
Dynamic changes in the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis during growth hormone therapy in children with growth hormone deficiency: a multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Wang Limin , Wang Qian , Li Guimei , Liu Wendong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis after recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy.Subjects included children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD).We conducted a multicenter, retrospective study that assessed 72 GHD patients treated with rhGH during 6 months. Patients were classified into two groups: isolated GHD (IGHD; n=20) and multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies (MPHD; n=52). The HPA axis and other hormones were evaluated at baseline and every 3 months.In the MPHD group, 32 patients had adrenocorticotrophic hormone deficiency and received hydrocortisone before rhGH therapy. In the other 20/52 MPHD patients, the cortisol (COR) level was significantly reduced after rhGH therapy. Moreover, 10 patients showed low COR levels. In the IGHD group, COR levels also decreased, but remained within the normal range.During rhGH therapy, COR levels were reduced, particularly in patients with MPHD. HPA axis should be monitored during rhGH therapy.
Language, employment, and settlement: Temporary meat workers in Australia
Authors: Piller Ingrid , Lising Loy 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAustralia is one of the world’s largest beef exporters. However, meat processing jobs are widely considered undesirable and are increasingly filled with employer-sponsored migrant workers on temporary long-stay visas. Against this background, our paper explores the role of language in the employment and migration trajectories of a group of meat processing workers from the Philippines in a small town in rural Australia. Methodologically, we employ a case study approach combining macro-data from language and migration policy documents and media reports with micro-data from ethnographic fieldwork. We explore the role of language in recruitment, in the workplace, during leisure time, and in gaining permanent residence in Australia. To begin with, language is not a recruitment criterion as the primary visa holder is hired on the basis of a so-called ‘trade test,’ i.e., observed at butchering work in the Philippines by an Australian recruiter. Spouses of the primary visa holder are also issued a temporary visa and are offered unskilled employment in the same plant. Once in Australia, the participants had few opportunities to practice English at work or in the community. In this way, temporary migrants came to Australia with limited English and had limited opportunities to improve their English in the country. However, visa extensions or the conversion of their temporary visa to a permanent residency visa is contingent upon their English language proficiency and only granted if they achieve a score of Level 5 or above on the IELTS (International English Language Testing System). Because of their limited education and limited practice opportunities, this proficiency level was out of the reach of most of our participants. We conclude by arguing that – in a context where
Nucleic acid electrochemical and electromechanical biosensors: a review of techniques and developments
Authors: Rosario Ruben , Mutharasan Raj 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis review comprises the last decade’s development on experimental techniques for electrochemical and electromechanical sensing of nucleic acids, which originate from pathogenic bacteria, parasites, and viruses commonly found in food, water, and medical context. The electrochemical devices that are of primary interest are those that use voltammetry for detecting DNA and RNA-associated electrochemically active molecules at the working electrode. Attograms of nucleic acids have been reported to be detectable with electrochemical sensors in a batch-mode measurement arrangement. The mass-sensing electromechanical devices sense nucleic acids at the femtogram levels in a flow format without a molecular technique for amplifying target strand using polymerase chain reaction. Both underlying physics and methods of various studies are summarized, with discussion on limitations and potentials. We call attention to the need for sensors that not only detect but also confirm detection, as false negatives are not acceptable when one measures pathogenic species.