bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Opening of Vinylcyclopropane‐1,1‐dicarboxylates by Boronic Acids under Ligandless Palladium Catalysis in Neat Water.
Authors: Yin JieXiang , Hyland Christopher J. T. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe reaction proceeds with remarkable regioselectivities: while unsubstituted vinylcyclopropane dicarboxylates (I) give predominantly the linear products, aryl substituted substrates (VIII) give the branched products.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc‐Catalyzed Alkyne Oxidation/C—H Functionalization: Highly Site‐Selective Synthesis of Versatile Isoquinolones and β‐Carbolines.
Authors: Li Long , Zhou Bo , Wang Yong‐Heng , Shu Chao , Pan Yi‐Fei , Lu Xin , Ye Long‐Wu 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe method is generally suitable for both intramolecular and intermolecular C—H‐functionalization and X—H insertion reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Arylpyridopyrimidinones, 6‐Aryluracils, and Tri‐ and Tetrasubstituted Conjugated Alkenes via Pd‐Catalyzed Enolic C—O Bond Activation—Arylation.
Authors: Guchhait Sankar K. , Priyadarshani Garima 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAn efficient Pd‐catalyzed arylation process of enol‐tosylates derived from 1,3‐diones or barbituric acid with boronic acids is developed to allow the synthesis of the title compounds in generally good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: The Remarkable Catalytic Activity of Ultra‐Small Free‐CeO2 Nanoparticles in Selective Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation Reactions in Water at Room Temperature.
Authors: Banerjee Subhash 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA simple and efficient protocol for selective bis‐Michael addition and mono‐allylation of active methylene compounds is presented using ultra‐small (size ≈5 nm) uncapped cerium oxide nanoparticles as a reusable catalyst in water.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Free Copper‐Catalyzed Negishi Coupling of Alkyl‐, Aryl‐, and Alkynylzinc Reagents with Heteroaryl Iodides.
Authors: Thapa Surendra , Kafle Arjun , Gurung Santosh K. , Montoya Adam , Riedel Patrick , Giri Ramesh 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCross‐coupled products of hetaryl iodides with primary, secondary, and tertiary alkylzinc reagents are obtained without β‐hydride elimination and rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Regiodivergent Hydroesterification of Aryl Olefins with Phenyl Formate.
Authors: Ren Wenlong , Chang Wenju , Wang Yang , Li Jingfu , Shi Yian 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDependent on the choice of ligand, either linear or branched phenyl arylpropanoates are selectively obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Controlled Product Selectivity in Gold‐Catalyzed Double Cycloisomerization of 1,11‐Dien‐3,9‐diyne Benzoates.
Authors: Rao Weidong , Susanti Dewi , Ayers Benjamin James , Chan Philip Wai Hong 
Published: October 2015

AbstractStructurally complex tricyclic bridged heptenones or hexenones are prepared with high to excellent chemoselectivity by fine‐tuning of the steric properties of the biphenylphosphine ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation Catalyzed by a Planar‐Chiral Cyclopentadienyl Ruthenium Complex.
Authors: Kanbayashi Naoya , Hosoda Kazuki , Kato Masanori , Takii Koichiro , Okamura Taka‐aki , Onitsuka Kiyotaka 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe mild reaction conditions result in the formation of chiral diketones having two vicinal stereocenters.
ChemInform Abstract: Selectfluor‐Mediated Simultaneous Cleavage of C—O and C—C Bonds in α,β‐Epoxy Ketones under Transition‐Metal‐Free Conditions: A Route to 1,2‐Diketones.
Authors: Wang Heng , Ren Shaobo , Zhang Jian , Zhang Wei , Liu Yunkui 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA transition‐metal‐free, Selectfluor‐mediated reaction of aroyloxiranes gives 1,2‐diketones in moderate to good yields under oxidative conditions involving a ring‐opening/benzoyl rearrangement/C—C cleavage sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Quaternary Amino Acids by Alkylation of Deprotonated α‐Aminonitriles.
Authors: Netz Isabelle , Kucukdisli Murat , Opatz Till 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAn α‐alkylation of deprotonated α‐amino nitriles, prepared from chiral phenyldioxanamine (I) by Strecker reaction, leads to α‐quaternary arylglycines with high optical purity after hydrolysis and oxidative cleavage of the chiral auxiliary.
ChemInform Abstract: A Pd(II)/Mg‐La Mixed Oxide Catalyst for Cyanation of Aryl C—H Bonds and Tandem Suzuki—Cyanation Reactions.
Authors: Kishore Ramineni , Yadav Jagjit , Venu Boosa , Venugopal Akula , Lakshmi Kantam M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA simple and efficient method for the regioselective cyanation of aromatic C—H bonds is presented using a reusable Pd(II)/Mg‐La catalyst in the presence of NH4HCO3 and dimethyl sulfoxide as the ‐CN source.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heteroaryl Sulfonamides from Organozinc Reagents and 2,4,6‐Trichlorophenyl Chlorosulfate.
Authors: Colombe James R. , DeBergh J. Robb , Buchwald Stephen L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAryl‐ and heteroarylzinc reagents react with 2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl chlorosulfate (TCPC) to afford sulfonyl chlorides which are in situ converted to the corresponding sulfonamides by rapid reaction with various amines.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Synthesis of Indanones Through NbCl5‐Induced Friedel—Crafts Reaction.
Authors: da Silva Barbosa Jader , da Silva Gil Valdo Jose , Constantino Mauricio Gomes 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis facile protocol allows the synthesis of indanones through Friedel—Crafts reaction of dimethylacrylic acid with toluene and xylenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Octahydrophenanthrene Derivatives with Mild Cascade Reactions of Isochromenylium Tetrafluoroborates and Bifunctional Styrenes.
Authors: Mo Lei , Wu Lin‐Lin , Wang Shaozhong , Yao Zhu‐Jun 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe title compounds are obtained as single diastereomers under mild and catalyst‐free reaction conditions involving a cascade process of [4+2]‐cyclization and subsequent intramolecular nucleophilic addition.
ChemInform Abstract: Viability of a [2 + 2 + 1] Hetero‐Pauson—Khand Cycloaddition Strategy Toward Securinega Alkaloids: Synthesis of the BCD‐Ring Core of Securinine and Related Alkaloids.
Authors: Chirkin Egor , Michel Sylvie , Poree Francois‐Hugues 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA strategy starting from 4‐hydroxy‐L‐proline to the key intermediate ((S)‐I) is outlined.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐/Silver‐Mediated Arylation of C(sp2)—H Bonds with 2‐Thiophenecarboxylic Acids.
Authors: Zhao Sheng , Liu Yue‐Jin , Yan Sheng‐Yi , Chen Fa‐Jie , Zhang Zhuo‐Zhuo , Shi Bing‐Feng 
Published: October 2015

AbstractUsing the newly developed bidentate directing group obtained from (pyridin‐2‐yl)isopropyl amine (PIP‐amine), the arylation of (hetero)aryl C—H bonds proceeds via a hypothetical cascade protodecarboxylation/dehydrogenative coupling sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Route for the Synthesis of 4‐Arylacetamido‐2‐aminothiazoles and Their Biological Evaluation.
Authors: Madhura V. , Revankar Hrishikesh M. , Kulkarni Manohar V. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn vitro antimicrobial evaluation of the synthesized compounds (III) indicate their specificity against Gram‐positive species.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Thiadiazoles and Triazoles from 4‐Chloro‐3,5‐dimethylphenol and Their in vitro Antibacterial Screening.
Authors: Takate S. J. , Karale B. K. , Salve S. P. , Kale D. V. , Ghodechor G. S. , Zaware B. H. , Jadhav S. S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNew compounds (IIa) and (IIb) exhibit promising antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhii, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Formation of Tertiary and Quaternary Allylic C—N Bonds via Allylation of Tetrazoles.
Authors: Xu Kun , Raimondi Wilfried , Bury Timm , Breit Bernhard 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe scalable method represents the first coupling of aryl tetrazoles with mono and 1,1‐disubstituted allenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation of 7‐Azaindoles and Alkynes via Double C—H Activation.
Authors: Li Shuai‐Shuai , Wang Cheng‐Qi , Lin Hui , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Dong Lin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAnnulated 7‐azaindole derivatives are obtained via rhodium(III)‐catalyzed N‐directed ortho C—H activation and subsequent roll‐over C—H activation of the heterocyclic ring.
ChemInform Abstract: Electroreductive Coupling of 1,3‐Dimethyluracils with Aromatic Ketones: Synthesis of 6‐Substituted 1,3‐Dimethyluracils.
Authors: Kise Naoki , Miyamoto Hiroyuki , Hamada Yusuke , Sakurai Toshihiko 
Published: October 2015

AbstractElectroreductive coupling of uracils (I) and (VI) with benzophenones or alkylphenylketones in the presence of TmsCl provides 6‐substituted uracils.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Fungicidal Activity of Novel 2‐Aryl‐3‐(1,3,4‐thiadiazolyl)‐6(8)‐methyl‐1,3‐benzoxazines.
Authors: Tang Zi‐long , Xia Zan‐wen , Chang Shu‐hong , Wang Zhao‐xu 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAmong the tested compounds, derivative (IIIc) shows up to 98% fungicidal activity against S.
ChemInform Abstract: Divergent Functionalization of Indoles with Acryloyl Silanes via Rhodium‐Catalyzed C—H Activation.
Authors: Lu Ping , Feng Chao , Loh Teck‐Peng 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDepending on Rh catalyst and conditions either regioselective alkylation or alkenylation at 2‐position of indoles and pyrroles is achieved.
ChemInform Abstract: Topochemical Mechanoactivated Phosphonylethynylation of Pyrroles with Chloroethynylphosphonates on Solid Al2O3 or K2CO3 Media.
Authors: Gotsko Maxim D. , Sobenina Lyubov' N. , Tomilin Denis N. , Ushakov Igor' A. , Dogadina Albina V. , Trofimov Boris A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe phosphonylethynylation of pyrroles is achieved by grinding the substrates and Al2O3 intensively for 5 ‐ 10 minutes followed by standing of the reaction mixture under air.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereogenic Phosphorus‐Induced Diastereoselective Formation of Chiral Carbon During Nucleophilic Addition of Chiral H—P Species to Aldehydes or Ketones.
Authors: Zhang He , Sun Yong‐Ming , Yao Lan , Ji Si‐Yu , Zhao Chang‐Qiu , Han Li‐Biao 
Published: October 2015

AbstractP,C‐stereogenic α‐hydroxyl phosphinates or phosphine oxides are synthesized in stability‐controlled diastereoselective reactions catalyzed by bases in up to <99:1 diastereomeric ratio.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Hydroxy and α‐Oxo Selenoamides: Synthesis via Nucleophilic Selenocarbamoylation of Carbonyl Compounds and Characterization.
Authors: Murai Toshiaki , Mizutani Tomohiko , Ebihara Masahiro , Maruyama Toshifumi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNo details are given for preparation of the α‐oxo derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Polyoxygenated Cyclohexene (I) and a New Megastigmane Glycoside (II) from Uvaria grandiflora.
Authors: Ito Takuya , et al.  
Published: October 2015

AbstractCompound (I) shows significant cytotoxicity against LU‐1 and SK‐Mel‐2 cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Spithioneines A and B, Two New Bohemamine Derivatives Possessing Ergothioneine Moiety from a Marine‐Derived Streptomyces spinoverrucosus.
Authors: Fu Peng , MacMillan John B. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe title compounds are rare natural products incorporating the amino acid ergothioneine as pyrrolizidine substituent.
ChemInform Abstract: Flavones and Triterpenes from the Leaves of Vitex peduncularis.
Authors: Rudrapaul Prasenjit , Gruner Margit , Knoelker Hans‐Joachim , Dinda Biswanath 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe new flavone (I) is isolated from the leaves of Vitex peduncularis, together with four known triterpenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Anastatins A and B.
Authors: Pan Guojun , Ma Yantao , Yang Ke , Zhao Xia , Yang Hui , Yao Qingwei , Lu Kui , Zhu Tao , Yu Peng 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTwo novel flavones anastatins A (I) and B (II) are prepared from commercially available phloroglucinol in eight steps with 9% and 10% overall yield, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Piperazine Scaffold: A Remarkable Tool in Generation of Diverse Pharmacological Agents
Authors: Shaquiquzzaman Mohammad , Verma Garima , Marella Akranth , Akhter Mymoona , Akhtar Wasim , Khan Mohemmed Faraz , Tasneem Sharba , Alam Mohammad Mumtaz 
Published: October 2015

AbstractReview: 314 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Hydrogen‐Transfer Annulations: Access to Heterocyclic Scaffolds
Authors: Nandakumar Avanashiappan , Midya Siba Prasad , Landge Vinod Gokulkrishna , Balaraman Ekambaram 
Published: October 2015

AbstractReview: [47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Alkylidene‐3,1‐benzoxathiin‐4‐ones by the Pummerer Type Reaction
Authors: Yamanaka Masaki , Shimada Shigeru , Ando Wataru , Konakahara Takeo , Sakai Norio , Shimizu Masao 
Published: October 2015

AbstractReview: 3 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Utility of 2‐Cyano‐N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)acetamide in Heterocyclic Synthesis
Authors: Gouda Moustafa Ahmed , Sabah Meshal Abdulrahim , Aljuhani Waled Khaled , El‐Gahani Ahmed Saleh , Abd El‐Karem El‐Enazi Snad , Al Enizi Salem Atalleh , Al‐Balawi Majed Musallam 
Published: October 2015

AbstractReview: 34 refs.
Bottom‐Up Synthesis of Supported Thioureas and Their Use in Enantioselective Solvent‐Free Aza‐Henry and Michael Additions
Authors: Andrés José M. , de La Cruz Noelia , Valle María , Pedrosa Rafael 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTwo sets of supported chiral thioureas, which differ in the length of the tether that connects the chiral appendage to the polymer structure and the effective functionalization, have been prepared by copolymerization of styrene, novel styryl thioureas derived from l‐valine, and divinylbenzene. The efficiency of these polymeric thioureas has been tested in two different enantioselective transformations, namely, aza‐Henry and nitro‐Michael reactions, in neat reaction conditions. The obtained results show that it is possible to recycle the thiourea, and they are able to promote the reactions with good enantioselectivity at a low catalyst loading.
Cytologic findings in stratified mucin‐producing intraepithelial lesion of the cervix: A report of 34 cases
Authors: Backhouse Anastasia , Stewart Colin J. R. , Koay Mei Hui E. , Hunter Andrew , Tran Ha , Farrell Louise , Ruba Sukeerat 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundStratified mucin‐producing intraepithelial lesion (SMILE) is an uncommon variant of in situ carcinoma of the cervix. This study aimed to identify the cytologic features of SMILE since these have not been well documented previously.MethodsThe study group comprised 34 consecutive cases of SMILE encountered at a single institution in which a corresponding Papanicolaou smear, taken up to 12 months before histologic diagnosis, was available for review. The presence of associated cervical neoplastic lesions including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), and invasive carcinoma was recorded. The linear extent and distribution of the SMILEs was also noted.ResultsMost Pap smears had been reported to show possible or definite high‐grade CIN although 3 cases reported the presence of a high‐grade glandular abnormality. No case had a prospective cytologic diagnosis of SMILE. Histology revealed concurrent CIN and/or AIS in all cases, and 1 specimen (3%) showed invasive adenocarcinoma. Following smear review, 23 of the 31 cases that included endocervical material showed recurrent cytologic features that appeared consistent with SMILE. These included three dimensional cell clusters with nuclear stratification and crowding, mild nuclear atypia, cytoplasmic vacuoles, mitotic figures, and apoptosis.ConclusionSMILE is almost always associated with additional HPV‐related neoplastic lesions although only one patient (3%) had invasive carcinoma, a lower rate than recorded in other studies. Consistent cytologic features associated with SMILE were identified but these were relatively subtle. However, increased awareness of these features may permit prospective diagnosis and this could influence patient management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:20–25. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of a Postoperative Pain‐Like State on Motivated Behavior in Rats: Effects of Plantar Incision on Progressive‐Ratio Food‐Maintained Responding
Authors: Warner Emily , Krivitsky Rebecca , Cone Katherine , Atherton Phillip , Pitre Travis , Lanpher Janell , Giuvelis Denise , Bergquist Ivy , King Tamara , Bilsky Edward J. , Stevenson Glenn W. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT

Preclinical Research

There has been recent interest in characterizing the effects of pain‐like states on motivated behaviors in order to quantify how pain modulates goal‐directed behavior and the persistence of that behavior. The current set of experiments assessed the effects of an incisional postoperative pain manipulation on food‐maintained responding under a progressive‐ratio (PR) operant schedule. Independent variables included injury state (plantar incision or anesthesia control) and reinforcer type (grain pellet or sugar pellet); dependent variables were tactile sensory thresholds and response breakpoint. Once responding stabilized on the PR schedule, separate groups of rats received a single ventral hind paw incision or anesthesia (control condition). Incision significantly reduced breakpoints in rats responding for grain, but not sugar. In rats responding for sugar, tactile hypersensitivity recovered within 24 hr, indicating a faster recovery of incision‐induced tactile hypersensitivity compared to rats responding for grain, which demonstrated recovery at PD2. The NSAID analgesic, diclofenac (5.6 mg/kg) completely restored incision‐depressed PR operant responding and tactile sensitivity at 3 hr following incision. The PR schedule differentiated between sucrose and grain, suggesting that relative reinforcing efficacy may be an important determinant in detecting pain‐induced changes in motivated behavior. Drug Dev Res 76 : 432–441, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tolerance to apical and leaf damage of Raphanus raphanistrum in different competitive regimes
Authors: Dahlgren Elin , Lehtilä Kari 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTolerance to herbivory is an adaptation that promotes regrowth and maintains fitness in plants after herbivore damage. Here, we hypothesized that the effect of competition on tolerance can be different for different genotypes within a species and we tested how tolerance is affected by competitive regime and damage type. We inflicted apical or leaf damage in siblings of 29 families of an annual plant Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae) grown at high or low competition. There was a negative correlation of family tolerance levels between competition treatments: plant families with high tolerance to apical damage in the low competition treatment had low tolerance to apical damage in the high competition treatment and vice versa. We found no costs of tolerance, in terms of a trade‐off between tolerance to apical and leaf damage or between tolerance and competitive ability, or an allocation cost in terms of reduced fitness of highly tolerant families in the undamaged state. High tolerance bound to a specific competitive regime may entail a cost in terms of low tolerance if competitive regime changes. This could act as a factor maintaining genetic variation for tolerance.
The Discrete AlF52– Fluoroaluminate Anion in the Structure of [Tetraethylammonium]2[AlF5](H2O)2
Authors: Veryasov Gleb , Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Hagiwara Rika 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe first crystallographically defined example of the discrete fluoroaluminate anion (AlF52–) was elucidated by analysis of single crystals of [Et4N]2[AlF5](H2O)2 (Et4N+ = tetraethylammonium) by X‐ray crystallography. Intentional preparation of a compound containing the Al2F93– anion by the reaction of two equivalents of [Et4N][AlF4] with [Me4N]F (Me4N+ = tetramethylammonium) resulted in the formation of [Et4N][Me4N][AlF5] with unreacted [Et4N][AlF4]. Cation exchange between these species in the presence of water furnished [Et4N]2[AlF5](H2O)2 as a precipitate containing the trigonal bipyramidal AlF52– anion. The data from the present study allows supplementing the ligand close packing (LCP) model for the third period of the periodic table. The Raman spectrum of [Et4N]2[AlF5](H2O)2 was analyzed on the basis of quantum chemical calculations.
From a Germylene to an “Inorganic Adamantane”: [{Ge4(μ‐O)2(μ‐OH)4}{W(CO)5}4]·4THF (X = OH, OR, N, C)
Authors: Kitschke Philipp , Mertens Lutz , Rüffer Tobias , Lang Heinrich , Auer Alexander A. , Mehring Michael 
Published: October 2015

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue are the group of Prof. Mehring (TU Chemnitz) and his collaboration partners Prof. Lang (TU Chemnitz) and Prof. Auer (MPI for Chemical Energy Conversion). The cover image shows an inorganic adamantane‐type structure based on a germanium oxido cluster coordinated by W(CO)5. The arrows not only represent the coordination bonds but also point to four edifices in Chemnitz, which are typical for our city with a rich historical and industrial background.
Rhodium‐catalysed cyclisation by addition of unsaturated 1,4‐dicarbonyl compounds to oleic acid methyl ester
Authors: Eschig Steven , Schirp Claudia 
Published: October 2015

The Rh‐catalysis allows the one‐step synthesis of Diels–Alder‐like cycloadducts from mono‐unsaturated fatty acid and 1,4‐dicarbonyl components. In this article we report on the addition of maleic acid‐, fumaric acid‐ and acetylene dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester to oleic acid methyl ester. In previous studies, Rh(OAc)2 showed the highest selectivity of the investigated catalysts towards the 3,6‐disubstituted‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydro‐phthalic acid derivatives (THPA) for the addition of maleic anhydride to oleic acid. Thus, it was also used in this study. The relative configurations of the final products were identified by comparison with the Diels–Alder products, resulting from conjugated linoleic acid methylester (CLAMe) and the mentioned 1,4‐dicarbonyl compounds.Practical applications: The Rh‐catalysis is an appropriate method to synthesise Diels–Alder‐like cycloadducts from mono‐unsaturated fatty acids derivatives and 1,4‐dicarbonyl compounds in a one‐step process. The resulting products are considered to be used as detergents, corrosion inhibitors, plasticiser or new monomeric building blocks, e.g. for polycondensation processes. The obtained polyesters can be used for several applications, e.g. for coatings or adhesives, and lead to new products with promising properties.Diels–Alder‐like cycloadducts can be obtained in a one‐pot reaction from mono‐unsaturated fatty acids and 1,4‐dicarbonyl compounds using Rh‐catalysts. In contrast to common Diels–Alder reactions, a conjugated diene is not mandatory as educt, but will be generated in situ from the mono‐unsaturated fatty acid compound. The configurations of the resulting cyclocadducts are determined by NMR‐measurements.