bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Report on the 4th Workshop on Context-awareness in Retrieval and Recommendation (CaRR 2014)
Authors: Said Alan , De Luca Ernesto W. , Quercia Daniele 
Published: January 2015

Context-aware information is widely available in various ways and is becoming more and more important for enhancing retrieval performance and recommendation results. The current main issue to cope with is not only recommending or retrieving the most relevant items and content, but defining them ad hoc. Other relevant issues include personalizing and adapting the information and the way it is displayed to the user's current situation and interests.
The workshop on Context-awareness in Retrieval and Recommendation is a forum for research on context-awareness in information retrieval, recommender systems and human computer interaction. The fourth iteration of the workshop was organized in conjunction to the 36th European Conference on Information Retrieval in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
An experimental survey of energy management across the stack
Authors: Kambadur Melanie , Kim Martha A. 
Published: January 2015

Modern demand for energy-efficient computation has spurred research at all levels of the stack, from devices to microarchitecture, operating systems, compilers, and languages. Unfortunately, this breadth has resulted in a disjointed space, with technologies at different levels of the system stack rarely compared, let alone coordinated.
This work begins to remedy the problem, conducting an experimental survey of the present state of energy management across the stack. Focusing on settings that are exposed to software, we measure the total energy, average power, and execution time of 41 benchmark applications in 220 configurations, across a total of 200,000 program executions.
Some of the more important findings of the survey include that effective parallelization and compiler optimizations have the potential to save far more energy than Linux's frequency tuning algorithms; that certain non-complementary energy strategies can undercut each other's savings by half when combined; and that while the power impacts of most strategies remain constant across applications, the runtime impacts vary, resulting in inconsistent energy impacts.
Foundations of path-dependent types
Authors: Amin Nada , Rompf Tiark , Odersky Martin 
Published: January 2015

A scalable programming language is one in which the same concepts can describe small as well as large parts. Towards this goal, Scala unifies concepts from object and module systems. An essential ingredient of this unification is the concept of objects with type members, which can be referenced through path-dependent types. Unfortunately, path-dependent types are not well-understood, and have been a roadblock in grounding the Scala type system on firm theory.
We study several calculi for path-dependent types. We present DOT which captures the essence - DOT stands for Dependent Object Types. We explore the design space bottom-up, teasing apart inherent from accidental complexities, while fully mechanizing our models at each step. Even in this simple setting, many interesting patterns arise from the interaction of structural and nominal features.
Whereas our simple calculus enjoys many desirable and intuitive properties, we demonstrate that the theory gets much more complicated once we add another Scala feature, type refinement, or extend the subtyping relation to a lattice. We discuss possible remedies and trade-offs in modeling type systems for Scala-like languages.
Static analysis for independent app developers
Authors: Brutschy Lucas , Ferrara Pietro , Müller Peter 
Published: January 2015

Mobile app markets have lowered the barrier to market entry for software producers. As a consequence, an increasing number of independent app developers offer their products, and recent platforms such as the MIT App Inventor and Microsoft's TouchDevelop enable even lay programmers to develop apps and distribute them in app markets.
A major challenge in this distribution model is to ensure the quality of apps. Besides the usual sources of software errors, mobile apps are susceptible to errors caused by the non-determinism of an event-based execution model, a volatile environment, diverse hardware, and others. Many of these errors are difficult to detect during testing, especially for independent app developers, who are not supported by test teams and elaborate test infrastructures.
To address this problem, we propose a static program analysis that captures the specifics of mobile apps and is efficient enough to provide feedback during the development process. Experiments involving 51,456 published TouchDevelop scripts show that our analysis analyzes 98% of the scripts in under a minute, and five seconds on average. Manual inspection of the analysis results for a selection of all scripts shows that most of the alarms are real errors.
The relationship between serum potassium, potassium variability and in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients and a before-after analysis on the impact of computer-assisted potassium control
Authors: Hessels Lara , Hoekstra Miriam , Mijzen Lisa J , Vogelzang Mathijs , Dieperink Wim , Lansink Annemieke Oude , Nijsten Maarten W 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Introduction
The relationship between potassium regulation and outcome is not known. Our first aim in the present study was to determine the relationship between potassium level and variability in (ICU) stay and outcome. The second aim was to evaluate the impact of a computer-assisted potassium regulation protocol.

Methods
We performed a retrospective before-after study including all patients >15 years of age admitted for more than 24 hours to the ICU of our university teaching hospital between 2002 and 2011. Potassium control was fully integrated with computerized glucose control (glucose and potassium regulation program for intensive care patients (GRIP-II)). The potassium metrics that we determined included mean potassium, potassium variability (defined as the standard deviation of all potassium levels) and percentage of ICU time below and above the reference range (3.5 through 5.0 mmol/L). These metrics were determined for the first ICU day (early phase) and the subsequent ICU days (late phase; that is, day 2 to day 7). We also compared potassium metrics and in-hospital mortality before and after GRIP-II was implemented in 2006.

Results
Of all 22,347 ICU admissions, 10,451 (47%) patients were included. A total of 206,987 potassium measurements were performed in these patients. Glucose was regulated by GRIP-II in 4,664 (45%) patients. The overall in-hospital mortality was 22%. There was a U-shaped relationship between the potassium level and in-hospital mortality (P <0.001). Moreover, potassium variability was independently associated with outcome. After implementation of GRIP-II, in the late phase the time below 3.5 mmol/L decreased from 9.2% to 3.9% and the time above 5.0 mmol/L decreased from 6.1% to 5.2%, and potassium variability decreased from 0.31 to 0.26 mmol/L (all P <0.001). The overall decrease in in-hospital mortality from 23.3% before introduction of GRIP-II to 19.9% afterward (P <0.001) was not related to a specific potassium subgroup.

Conclusions
Hypokalemia, hyperkalemia and potassium variability were independently associated with increased mortality. Computerized potassium control clearly resulted in improved potassium metrics.
Diminished adrenal sensitivity to endogenous and exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone in critical illness: a prospective cohort study
Authors: de Jong Margriet FC , Molenaar Nienke , Beishuizen Albertus , Groeneveld AB Johan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Adrenal dysfunction may represent critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI), as evidenced by a diminished cortisol response to exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), but this concept and its clinical significance remain highly controversial. We studied the adrenal response to exogenous ACTH as a function of the endogenous cortisol-to-ACTH ratio, a measure of adrenal sensitivity, and of clinical variables, during critical illness and recovery from the acute phase.

Methods
We prospectively included 59 consecutive septic and nonseptic patients in the intensive care unit with treatment-insensitive hypotension in whom CIRCI was suspected; patients having received etomidate and prolonged corticosteroids were excluded. An ACTH test (250 μg) was performed, followed by a second test after ≥7 days in acute-phase survivors. Serum total and free cortisol, ACTH, and clinical variables were assessed. Patients were divided according to responses (delta, Δ) of cortisol to ACTH at the first and second tests.

Results
Patients with low (<250 nM) Δ cortisol (n = 14 to 17) had higher baseline cortisol and ACTH but lower cortisol/ACTH ratios than patients with a normal Δ cortisol (≥250 nM) in the course of time. A low Δ cortisol in time was associated with more-severe disease, culture-positive sepsis, and prolonged activated prothrombin time. Results for free cortisol were similar.

Conclusions
Even though the pituitary-adrenal axis is activated after stress during critical illness, diminished adrenal sensitivity to endogenous ACTH predicts a low increase of cortisol to exogenous ACTH, suggesting adrenal dysfunction, irrespective of the stage of disease. The data further suggest a role of disease severity and culture-positive sepsis.
Furosemide versus ethacrynic acid in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ricci Zaccaria , Haiberger Roberta , Pezzella Chiara , Garisto Cristiana , Favia Isabella , Cogo Paola 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIntroductionClinical effects of furosemide (F) and ethacrynic acid (EA) continuous infusion on urine output (UO), fluid balance, and renal, cardiac, respiratory, and metabolic function were compared in infants undergoing surgery for congenital heart diseases.MethodsA prospective randomized double-blinded study was conducted. Patients received 0.2 mg/kg/h (up to 0.8 mg/kg/h) of either F or EA.ResultsIn total, 38 patients were enrolled in the F group, and 36, in the EA group. No adverse reactions were recorded. UO at postoperative day (POD) 0 was significantly higher in the EA group, 6.9 (3.3) ml/kg/h, compared with the F group, 4.6 (2.3) ml/kg/h (P = 0.002) but tended to be similar in the two groups thereafter. Mean administered F dose was 0.33 (0.19) mg/kg/h compared with 0.22 (0.13) mg/kg/h of EA (P < 0.0001). Fluid balance was significantly more negative in the EA group at postoperative day 0: −43 (54) ml/kg/h versus −17 (32) ml/kg/h in the F group (P = 0.01). Serum creatinine, cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels and incidence of acute kidney injury did not show significant differences between groups. Metabolic alkalosis occurred frequently (about 70% of cases) in both groups, but mean bicarbonate level was higher in the EA group: 27.8 (1.5)Min the F group versus 29.1 (2) mMin the EA group (P = 0.006). Mean cardiac index (CI) values were 2.6 (0.1) L/min/m2in the F group compared with 2.98 (0.09) L/min/m2in the EA group (P = 0.0081). Length of mechanical ventilation was shorter in the EA group, 5.5 (8.8) days compared with the F group, 6.7 (5.9) (P = 0.06). Length of Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (PCICU) admission was shorter in the EA group: 14 (19) days compared with 16 (15) in the F group (P = 0.046).ConclusionsIn cardiac surgery infants, EA produced more UO compared with F on POD0. Generally, a smaller EA dose is required to achieve similar UO than F. EA and F were safe in terms of renal function, but EA caused a more-intense metabolic alkalosis. EA patients achieved better CI, and shorter mechanical ventilation and PCICU admission time.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.govNCT01628731. Registered 24 June 2012.
Preload dependence indices to titrate volume expansion during septic shock: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Richard Jean-Christophe , Bayle Frédérique , Bourdin Gael , Leray Véronique , Debord Sophie , Delannoy Bertrand , Stoian Alina Cividjian , Wallet Florent , Yonis Hodane , Guerin Claude 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIntroductionIn septic shock, pulse pressure or cardiac output variation during passive leg raising are preload dependence indices reliable at predicting fluid responsiveness. Therefore, they may help to identify those patients who need intravascular volume expansion, while avoiding unnecessary fluid administration in the other patients. However, whether their use improves septic shock prognosis remains unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical benefits of using preload dependence indices to titrate intravascular fluids during septic shock.MethodsIn a single-center randomized controlled trial, 60 septic shock patients were allocated to preload dependence indices-guided (preload dependence group) or central venous pressure-guided (control group) intravascular volume expansion with 30 patients in each group. The primary end point was time to shock resolution, defined by vasopressor weaning.ResultsThere was no significant difference in time to shock resolution between groups (median (interquartile range) 2.0 (1.2 to 3.1) versus 2.3 (1.4 to 5.6) days in control and preload dependence groups, respectively). The daily amount of fluids administered for intravascular volume expansion was higher in the control than in the preload dependence group (917 (639 to 1,511) versus 383 (211 to 604) mL,P = 0.01), and the same held true for red cell transfusions (178 (82 to 304) versus 103 (0 to 183) mL,P = 0.04). Physiologic variable values did not change over time between groups, except for plasma lactate (time over group interaction,P<0.01). Mortality was not significantly different between groups (23% in the preload dependence group versus 47% in the control group,P = 0.10). Intravascular volume expansion was lower in the preload dependence group for patients with lower simplified acute physiology score II (SAPS II), and the opposite was found for patients in the upper two SAPS II quartiles. The amount of intravascular volume expansion did not change across the quartiles of severity in the control group, but steadily increased with severity in the preload dependence group.ConclusionsIn patients with septic shock, titrating intravascular volume expansion with preload dependence indices did not change time to shock resolution, but resulted in less daily fluids intake, including red blood cells, without worsening patient outcome.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.govNCT01972828. Registered 11 October 2013.
Perinatal depression and psychosis: an update
Authors: Doyle Myles , Carballedo Angela , O'Keane Veronica 
Published: January 2015

SummaryAbout 85% of women experience some type of postpartum mood disturbance. Generally, the symptoms are mild and short-lived, but a minority of women develop depressive illness or sudden psychosis. About half of episodes of apparently postnatal depression start during pregnancy and some seemingly postpartum psychoses start before delivery. Untreated antenatal depression can lead to poor obstetric outcomes, subsequent depression in the mother, and developmental disadvantage and depression later in life in the offspring. In this article we discuss the aetiology of perinatal depression and consider recommended pharmaceutical and psychosocial management of postpartum blues, perinatal depression and postpartum psychosis.
The art of Edvard Munch: a window onto a mind
Authors: Azeem Hina 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe psychological state of an individual affects the way in which they express themselves. Art has long been an outlet for self-expression, and painting is just one art form that individuals use to articulate their ideas and emotions. Edvard Munch (1863–1944) was an influential Norwegian artist who led a tortured life; his greatest artworks reflect the struggles he faced. This piece narrates the story of his life, exploring the ways in which his mental illnesses were related to his art, and how his art evolved as a result of this.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: assessment and treatment
Authors: Hill Peter 
Published: January 2015

SummaryAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous neurobehavioural syndrome, complex in aetiology and presentation. It is characterised by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity of varying combinations and degrees of severity. This article seeks to elucidate the different components of the assessment and diagnosis of ADHD in comparison with various differential diagnoses that must also be considered. Despite its complexities, ADHD can be effectively managed using a comprehensive approach advocated by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). The article discusses the combination of medication, psychoeducation and parental handling that has been shown to be effective in containing the problematic symptoms of ADHD. It also highlights the difficulties that can persist into adulthood and potential strategies to improve prognosis.
Making a medicine out of MDMA
Authors: Sessa Ben , Nutt David 
Published: January 2015

SummaryFrom its first use 3,4,-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been recognised as a drug with therapeutic potential. Research on its clinical utility stopped when it entered the recreational drug scene but has slowly resurrected in the past decade. Currently there is enough evidence for MDMA to be removed from its Schedule 1 status of ‘no medical use’ and moved into Schedule 2 (alongside other misused but useful medicines such as heroin and amphetamine). Such a regulatory move would liberate its use as a medicine for patients experiencing severe mental illnesses such as treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder.
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the preconcentration and spectrophotometric determination of copper(II) in blood serum sample using sodium diethyldithiocarbamate as the complexing agent
Authors: Sabzi Reza Emamali , Mohseni Naimeh , Bahram Morteza , Bari Mahmoud Rezazadeh 
Published: January 2015

Â A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) process based on the complexation reaction of Cu(II) with diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) from aqueous solutions was investigated. The effect of various experimental parameters in the extraction such as, dispersive solvent, extracting solvent, the volume of extraction and disperser solvent, pH of the aqueous solution, ionic strength and extraction time were optimized using one variable at a time method, and the analytical charactristics of the method were obtained. Under the optimum conditions the calibration graph was linear over the range 0.01 to 0.1 Î¼g mL-1 of Cu(II) ion with a correlation coefficient of 0.994. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) was 8.6 Ã— 10-3 Î¼g mL-1. Relative standard deviation (RSD) for 7 replicate determinations of 0.08 Î¼g mL-1 Cu(II) was 3.3%. In this work, the concentration factor of 20 and also the improvement factor of 33 were reached. The interference effect of some anions and cations was also tested. The extraction method has been successfully applied to the determination of copper in human blood serum sample.
Interactions between the transmembrane domains of CD39: identification of interacting residues by yeast selection
Authors: Paavilainen Sari , Guidotti Guido 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Rat CD39, a membrane-bound ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase that hydrolyzes extracellular nucleoside tri- and diphosphates, is anchored to the membrane by two transmembrane domains at the two ends of the molecule. The transmembrane domains are important for enzymatic activity, as mutants lacking one or both of these domains have a fraction of the enzymatic activity of the wild-type CD39. We investigated the interactions between the transmembrane domains by using a strain of yeast that requires surface expression of CD39 for growth. Random mutagenesis of selected amino acid residues in the N-terminal transmembrane domain revealed that the presence of charged amino acids at these positions prevents expression of functional protein. Rescue of the growth of these mutants by complementary mutations on selected residues of the C-terminal transmembrane domain indicates that there is contact between particular faces of the transmembrane domains.
State Sovereignty and Federal Sentencing
Authors: Sady Stephen R. 
Published: January 2015

This article addresses one of the most difficult areas of federal sentencing law: concurrent and consecutive sentences in dual state and federal prosecutions. Prior to the Sentencing Reform Act, the Supreme Court in Ponziset out the norm of full comity and mutual respect for the respective judgments of state and federal courts. In implementing the SRA, the Bureau of Prisons has interpreted statutes to, in effect, assert federal supremacy over state judgments, claiming the authority to execute a sentence as consecutive even where the federal judgment is silent on the issue and the state judgment calls for concurrency. This practice violates the separation of powers and the required comity for state and federal law enforcement authority.
When viewed together, the Supreme Court’s recent decisions in Setserand Bond establish that the Bureau of Prisons must defer to a state court judge’s concurrency decision when the federal judgment is silent on the question. First, Setseremphasized that the concurrent/consecutive decision is a core judicial function, highlighting the separation of powers problems inherent in the Executive Branch both prosecuting a defendant and determining the amount of time the prisoner will serve. Second, in limiting the scope of federal law enforcement pursuant to a treaty, Bondheld that, absent a clear statement from Congress, federal law does not override "the usual constitutional balance of federal and state powers." In the sentencing context, because Congress has not authorized intrusion into state sentencing power, the BOP has no authority to trump a state judgment of concurrency because only the state has the power to say how much, or how little, punishment the defendant should receive for a violation of a state statute. To avoid serious constitutional questions, the courts should construe any of three federal sentencing statutes -- 18 U.S.C. §§ 3584, 3585(b), and 3621(e) -- in a manner that restores the constitutional balance and protects prisoners from over-incarceration.
Can the Wet – State Conductivity of Hydrogels be Improved by Incorporation of Spherical Conducting Nanoparticles?
Authors: Schirmer Katharina , Wright Cody , Warren Holly , Thompson Brianna , Quigley Anita , Kapsa Robert , Wallace Gordon 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTIn nerve and muscle regeneration applications, the incorporation of conducting elements into biocompatible materials has gained interest over the last few years, as it has been shown that electrical stimulation of some regenerating cells has a positive effect on their development. A variety of different materials, ranging from graphene to conducting polymers, have been incorporated into hydrogels and increased conductivities have been reported. However, the majority of conductivity measurements are performed in a dry state, even though material blends are designed for applications in a wet state,in vivoenvironment. The focus of this work is to use polypyrrole nanoparticles to increase the wet–state conductivity of alginate to produce a conducting, easily processable, cell–supporting composite material. Characterization and purification of the conducting polymer nanoparticle dispersions, as well as electrochemical measurements, have been performed to assess conductivity of the nanoparticles and hydrogel composites in the wet state, in order to determine whether filling an ionically conducting hydrogel with electrically conductive nanoparticles will enhance the conductivity. It was determined that the introduction of spherical nanoparticles into alginate gel does not increase, but rather slightly reduces conductivity of the hydrogel in the wet state.