bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of Rollover Occupant Injury Mitigation Using Dynamic Testing To Evaluate Alternative Protection Systems
Authors: Bozzini S. , Jimenez J. , Friedman D. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Since the onset of automotive safety awareness over 60 years ago the only rollover protection solution to be widely acknowledged and used in the E & P Industry has been the traditional internal roll cage. These traditional roll cages have become out-of-date and in recent testing are shown to be ineffective at the A-Pillar and windshield header.
An all-encompassing study of rollover accidents has shown that this old technology is not the best way to mitigate injury. Understanding "Real World" rollover crashes and how injuries occur is instrumental in pinpointing the key areas of the vehicle’s roof structure that require improvement. Our study included over 500 "Real World" rollover crash investigations and over 300 rollover crash tests performed with innovative dynamic testing using the Jordan Rollover System (JRS).
Over the past decade automobile manufacturers have improved roof strength and added computer controlled driver assistance measures to avoid crashes. Still, the need exists for a majority of the common SUV’s, Ute’s, Vans, and buses to use an aftermarket solution. This study illuminates the deficiencies in internal and other ROPS enabling HSE Managers to make more informed decisions when choosing a system. The goal of ROPS today should be to protect occupants without interfering with OEM safety systems.
Our investigation shows that rollovers producing serious to fatal injuries are characterized by a vehicle crash that includes rolling with forward pitch. In this circumstance, injury occurs when; vehicles roof strength is low, the geometry of the vehicle is poor including a large major radius, the structure of the roof is open section and/or the windshield header is weak. These crash characteristics show the importance of reinforcement at the A-Pillar and forward roof header. Traditional roll cages do not protect this area of the vehicle as shown in the new testing included in this paper.
The E & P Industry is spending millions of dollars annually on occupant protection systems that are not offering the best protection for their workforce. New technologies in current vehicles and research advances in the design and approach to protection systems can reduce overall costs without sacrificing protection.
Obesity in the Oil and Gas Industry Population
Authors: França A. M. , Frigotto G. , Celly J. J. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Excess weight has reached epidemic proportions globally, with more than 1 billion adults either overweight or obese. The health implications of being overweight are numerous. Studies show that the risk of death increases by 20% to 40% among overweight people and that being overweight reduces life expectancy by up to nine years (and by three years for those overweight at age 40).
A study was conducted by an oilfield services company with operations in Brazil regarding the negative trend in the progressive increase of body mass index (BMI) among its employees. A random group of 1,000 employees in that country whose certificates of occupational health (known in Brazil as ASOs) had been evaluated over the last three years was analyzed.
The study results show an increase in the number of overweight employees and support the conclusion that more emphasis needs to be placed on the obesity issue by occupational health experts through addressing it during the periodic physical examinations for employees and building employee awareness on the issue.
The study showed that overweight employees develop a higher rate of metabolic syndrome conditions (such as hypertension and diabetes) than individuals in the normal weight range. Obesity results in poor health and reduced quality of life for the individual as well as lost work time. Being even slightly overweight can lead to even more serious health conditions.
On the basis of the findings, the paper discusses the importance of periodic occupational medical check-ups and why they should be conducted for all employees. Occupational health experts can then better evaluate employees and help them prevent the consequences associated with being overweight.
The year-round health and education initiatives that the company has established are also discussed. Implemented to inspire employees to stay in shape through healthy eating habits and exercise, these initiatives help contributing to a healthier and more productive workforce.
The Challenges for the Treatment of Drilling Fluid Wastes Generated by E&P Industry in Brazil
Authors: Santos G. B. , Veloso J. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The activity of oil and gas exploitation in Brazil demands a significant infrastructure for provision of goods and services in order to support these activities. Most of Brazilian gas and oil reservoirs are concentrated in offshore sedimentary basins, mainly in ultra-deep waters, which increases the degree of risks involved in the drilling operations, necessitating the use of drilling fluids in order to maintain the integrity of the formation drilled, thus minimizing these related operational risks.
Drilling fluids are products formulated of a combination of different chemical compounds using water or oil as the main dispersant media or a synthetic specific dispersant media. The final fluid composition will depend on the characteristics and behavior of the reservoir to be drilled. The main purpose of the drilling fluids is transportation of the cuttings to the surface, sub surface pressure control and well stabilization. After use the drilling fluids and cuttings are treated on the offshore facility in order to evaluate the disposal possibilities, whether they can be discharged at sea or should be sent onshore to receive the appropriate treatment. In the environmental sphere the aspects due to the drilling fluids use, treatment and disposal are regulated by IBAMA (Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources), which defines standards for discharge to the sea, parameters to be evaluated, tests to be carried out before and after use, and criteria for their disposal (overboard or onshore) depending on analysis results.
This study aims to describe the process adopted for treatment of drilling fluids in offshore drilling units, the requirements for discharging them to the sea, the onshore logistics for treatment and disposal, the forms of treatment currently available in Brazil, and additionally suggesting the adoption of new technologies that enable the recovery of the constituents of the drilling fluids with the aim of reusing them in further industrial processes.
Validation of a Biological Monitoring Design in Highly Diverse Tropical Forests
Authors: Caro K. , Enriquez E. , Juscamayta E. , Oyague E. , Cabrera J. , Chung C. , Ahumada C. , Watson A. , Videla C. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Biological monitoring programs provide data and information for decision making and to ensure the resources protection. However, in tropical ecosystems that are home to most of the planet's biodiversity these programs need to be improved in design and implementation.
As part of the Environmental Management Plan "Environmental Impact Assessment for the 2D-3D Seismic Program and drilling of 22 exploratory wells in Kinteroni, Mapi and Mashira – Block 57" (Peru), we develop a Biological Monitoring Plan to keep track of potential biological changes (temporal and spatial scale) caused by the project activities to identify the need for corrective actions or to define new measures for unforeseen impacts. Temporarily, the activities of the monitoring plan depend on the stages of the project (construction, operation and closure), meanwhile they correspond spatially to factors that may cause effects on the flora and fauna.
Block 57 is located in the Amazon rain forest of southern Peru; this is an ecosystem with limited information. Seeking a scheme to support exploration activities, It has been designed a systematic biological monitoring program, based on a gradient of disturbance caused by the clarification of an area. This design is intended to identify the variables that are most sensitive to the effect of exploration activities in forests with similar features and comparable seasons.
The design is being implemented in exploratory platforms of Block 57 located in the buffer zones of the Ashaninka and Machiguenga Communal Reserves and Otishi National Park, covering the three stages of the drilling process, and evaluating spatially flora and arthropods to smaller scale (≤ 150 m from the edge of the deforested area) and birds, small mammals and reptiles at the mesoscale (≤ 600 m from the edge of the deforested area), in the area around the cleared area.
The information generated, besides determining the parameters used to assess the level of impacts on local wildlife generated during the drilling, helps to evaluate the effectiveness of appropriate sampling methodologies and optimizes logistics; looking forward to replicate this design in other tropical ecosystems.
Mini-Review Article – Current Opinion on Salivary Biomarkers as a Measurement for Stress and Fatigue
Authors: Yi Ting Chun , Moochhala Shabbir 
Published: June 2013

Salivary biomarkers have been increasingly popular in stress research as saliva is easily produced and collection
is non-invasive and not limited by geographical distance or lack of infrastructure. Several salivary biomarkers have
been utilized in stress research, for instance, salivary cortisol, salivary amylase and salivary immunoglobulin A. Despite
being sensitive to changes in fatigue, they have limitations such as inter-individual variability, and interactions with other
constituents that may confound the results. Recently, Hyperion Biotechnology has developed the Fatigue Biomarker Index
(FBI), which is a measurement of the changes in concentration of salivary peptides with fatigue. The FBI has been shown
to be an accurate and objective biomarker of fatigue, and has huge potential for use in various fields and industries.
This article will review some of the previous and current salivary biomarkers of stress, as well as critically appraise the
new salivary peptide test in terms of its accuracy, application and access.
Total Mortality by Elevated Transferrin Saturation in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Ellervik Christina , Andersen Henrik Ullits , Tybjærg-Hansen Anne , Frandsen Merete , Birgens Henrik , Nordestgaard Børge G. , Mandrup-Poulsen Thomas 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE
It is not known to what extent iron overload predicts prognosis in patients with diabetes after diagnosis or whether iron overload is a risk factor independent of the HFE genotype. We investigated total and cause-specific mortality according to increased transferrin saturation (≥50 vs. &lt;50%), whether mortality is driven by the HFE genotype, and whether early measurement of transferrin saturation helps to predict mortality outcome.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Cohort 1 included patients with late-onset type 1 diabetes (n = 716) with a cross-sectional measurement of transferrin saturation and HFE genotype. Cohort 2 included consecutively recruited patients with any diabetes (n = 6,120), transferrin saturation measurement at referral, and HFE genotype if transferrin saturation was above 50%.

RESULTS
In cohort 1, the hazard ratio for total mortality was 2.3 (95% CI 1.3–3.9; P = 0.002) and for cause-specific mortality by neoplasms was 5.8 (2.4–14; P = 0.00007) in patients with transferrin saturation ≥50 vs. &lt;50%. Excluding genotypes C282Y/C282Y and C282Y/H63D gave similar results. The hazard ratio for total mortality was 4.0 (1.2–13; P = 0.01) and for cause-specific mortality by neoplasms was 13 (3.6–49; P = 0.0001) in patients with C282Y/C282Y versus wild type. In cohort 2, total mortality was not different in patients with transferrin saturation ≥50 vs. &lt;50%. In patients with late-onset type 1 diabetes and transferrin saturation ≥50%, the hazard ratio for total mortality was 0.4 (0.2–0.9; P = 0.03) in cohort 2 versus cohort 1.

CONCLUSIONS
Increased transferrin saturation and HFE genotype C282Y/C282Y predict total mortality in patients with late-onset type 1 diabetes, and increased transferrin saturation after diagnosis is an independent risk factor. Early measurement of transferrin saturation in these patients leading to early intervention improves life expectancy.
Clinical and Economic Benefits Associated With the Achievement of Both HbA1c and LDL Cholesterol Goals in Veterans With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Shi Lizheng , Ye Xin , Lu Mei , Wu Eric Q. , Sharma Hari , Thomason Darren , Fonseca Vivian A. 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE
This study compared the clinical and economic benefits associated with dual-goal achievement, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) &lt;7% (53 mmol/mol) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) &lt;100 mg/dL, with achievement of only the LDL-C goal or only the HbA1c goal in veterans with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This retrospective cohort analysis evaluated electronic medical records (Veterans Integrated Service Network 16) in adult T2DM patients with two or more measurements of LDL-C and HbA1c between 1 January 2004 and 30 June 2010 (N = 75,646). Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare microvascular and cardiovascular outcomes by goal achievement status; generalized linear regression models were used to assess diabetes-related resource utilization (hospitalization days and number of outpatient visits) and medical service costs.

RESULTS
Relative to achievement of only the LDL-C goal, dual-goal achievement was associated with lower risk of microvascular complications (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.79), acute coronary syndrome (0.88), percutaneous coronary intervention (0.78), and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) (0.74); it was also associated with fewer hospitalization days (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 0.93) and outpatient visits (0.88), as well as lower diabetes-related annual medical costs (−$130.89). Compared with achievement of only the HbA1c goal, dual-goal achievement was associated with lower risk of the composite cardiovascular-related end point (aHR 0.87) and CABG (aHR 0.62), as well as fewer outpatient visits (aIRR 0.98).

CONCLUSIONS
Achieving both HbA1c and LDL-C goals in diabetes care is associated with additional clinical and economic benefits, as compared with the achievement of either goal alone.
Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Induction of Apoptotic Proteins in Pulp Fibroblasts
Authors: Batarseh G , Windsor LJ , Labban NY , Liu Y , Gregson K 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARY

Objective
Monomers such as triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) can leach from dental composites. TEGDMA-induced apoptosis in human pulp has been reported. However, the apoptotic (pro or anti) proteins involved in this process remain unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine which apoptotic proteins are enhanced or suppressed during TEGDMA-induced apoptosis.

Materials and Methods
Human pulp fibroblasts (HPFs) were incubated with different TEGDMA concentrations (0.125-1.0 mM) and cytotoxicity was determined. TEGDMA was shown to be cell cytotoxic at concentrations of 0.50 mM and higher. The highest concentration with no significant cytotoxicity was then incubated (0.25 mM TEGDMA) with the HPFs. Cell lysates were then prepared and the protein concentrations determined. Human Apoptosis Array kits were utilized to detect the relative levels of 43 apoptotic proteins.

Results
HPFs exposed to TEGDMA showed significant increases in multiple pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bid, Bim, Caspase 3, Caspase 8, and Cytochrome c at 24 hours. Some anti-apoptotic proteins were also altered.

Conclusions
The results indicated that TEGDMA activates both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.
Administration of Ascorbic Acid to Prevent Bleaching-induced Tooth Sensitivity: A Randomized Triple-blind Clinical Trial
Authors: de Paula EA , Kossatz S , Fernandes D , Loguercio AD , Reis A 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYThis study evaluated the effect of ascorbic acid, 500 mg every eight hours, on bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity. A triple-blind, parallel design, and placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial was conducted on 39 adults. The pills (placebo or ascorbic acid) were administered three times per day for 48 hours; the first dose was given one hour prior to each bleaching session. Two bleaching sessions with 35% hydrogen peroxide gel were performed with a one-week interval. Tooth sensitivity was recorded up to 48 hours after bleaching. The color evaluation was performed before and 30 days after bleaching. The absolute risk and intensity of tooth sensitivity were evaluated by Fisher exact and Mann-Whitney U-tests, respectively. Color changes were evaluated by unpaired t-test (α=0.05). There were no significant differences in the absolute risk and intensity of tooth sensitivity and color change between the groups. Both groups showed a similar risk of tooth sensitivity (p&gt;0.05). The perioperative use of an antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid (500 mg, three times daily) perorally, was not able to prevent bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity or reduce its intensity.
Effect of Pre-reacted Glass-ionomer Filler Extraction Solution on Demineralization of Bovine Enamel
Authors: Asano K , Kawamoto R , Iino M , Fruichi T , Nojiri K , Takamizawa T , Miyazaki M 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine the effect of pre-reacted glass-ionomer (PRG) filler extraction solution on the demineralization of bovine enamel by measuring changes in the ultrasound transmission velocity.

Methods
The specimens were prepared by cutting bovine teeth into enamel blocks. The specimens were immersed in buffered lactic acid solution for 10 minutes twice a day, and then stored in artificial saliva. Other specimens were stored in PRG filler extraction solution for 10 minutes, followed by 10-minute immersion in the buffered lactic acid solution twice a day. The propagation time of longitudinal ultrasonic waves was measured by a pulser receiver. Six specimens were used for each condition, and analyses of variance followed by Tukey tests (α=0.05) were done.

Results
No changes in sonic velocity were found for specimens stored in the PRG filler extraction solution, indicating that the PRG extraction solution had an effect on inhibiting the demineralization of bovine enamel.

Conclusions
The results obtained with the use of an ultrasound measurement technique suggested that PRG filler extraction solution has the ability to prevent demineralization of enamel.
Effect of underwater treadmill exercise on postural sway in horses with experimentally induced carpal joint osteoarthritis
Authors: King Melissa R. , Haussler Kevin K. , Kawcak Christopher E. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Reiser II Raoul F. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effect of underwater treadmill exercise on static postural sway in horses with experimentally induced carpal joint osteoarthritis under various stance conditions.
Animals—16 horses.
Procedures—On day 0, osteoarthritis was induced arthroscopically in 1 randomly selected middle carpal joint of each horse. Beginning on day 15, horses were assigned to either underwater or overground (without water) treadmill exercise at the same speed, frequency, and duration. Two serial force platforms were used to collect postural sway data from each horse on study days −7, 14, 42, and 70. Horses were made to stand stationary on the force platforms under 3 stance conditions: normal square stance, base-narrow placement of the thoracic limbs, and removal of visual cues (blindfolded) during a normal square stance. The mean of 3 consecutive, 10-second trials in each condition was calculated and used for analysis.
Results—Displacement of the center of pressure differed significantly depending on the stance condition. Among horses exercised on the underwater treadmill, postural stability in both the base-narrow and blindfolded stance conditions improved, compared with findings for horses exercised on the overground treadmill. Horses exercised on the overground treadmill were only successful at maintaining a stable center of pressure during the normal square stance position.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Variations in stance position had profound effects on the mechanics of standing balance in horses with experimentally induced carpal joint osteoarthritis. Underwater treadmill exercise significantly improved the horses’ postural stability, which is fundamental in providing evidence-based support for equine aquatic exercise.
Modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress in canine chondrocytes
Authors: Dycus David L. , Au Angela Y. , Grzanna Mark W. , Wardlaw Jennifer L. , Frondoza Carmelita G. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether oxidative stress could be induced in canine chondrocytes in vitro.
Sample—Chondrocytes obtained from healthy adult mixed-breed dogs.
Procedures—Harvested chondrocytes were maintained at 37°C with 5% CO2 for 24 hours. To assess induction of oxidative stress, 2 stimuli were used: hydrogen peroxide and a combination of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). To determine the effect of hydrogen peroxide, a set of chondrocyte-seeded plates was incubated with control medium alone or hydrogen peroxide (100, 200, or 300μM) for 24 hours. For inhibition of oxidative stress, cells were incubated for 24 hours with N-acetylcysteine (NAC; 10mM) before exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Another set of chondrocyte-seeded plates was incubated with control medium alone or with IL-1β (10 ng/mL) and TNF-α (1 ng/mL) for 24 hours. Supernatants were obtained for measurement of prostaglandin E2 production, and cell lysates were used for measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced-glutathione (GSH) concentration.
Results—Chondrocytes responded to the oxidative stressor hydrogen peroxide with a decrease in SOD activity and GSH concentration. Exposure to the antioxidant NAC caused an increase in SOD activity in hydrogen peroxide–stressed chondrocytes to a degree comparable with that in chondrocytes not exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Similarly, NAC exposure induced significant increases in GSH concentration. Activation with IL-1β and TNF-α also led to a decrease in SOD activity and increase in prostaglandin E2 production.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Canine chondrocytes responded to the oxidative stress caused by exposure to hydrogen peroxide and cytokines. Exposure to oxidative stress inducers could result in perturbation of chondrocyte and cartilage homeostasis and could contribute to the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Use of antioxidants, on the other hand, may be helpful in the treatment of arthritic dogs.