bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to Quantitative Methods Especially Relevant for Public Mental Health
Authors: Stuart Elizabeth A. , Leoutsakos Jeannie-Marie S. , Gross Alden L. , Janet Kuramoto S. , Eaton William W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter provides a brief introduction to some of the epidemiologic and statistical methods for and challenges to gathering and analyzing the data that underlie the research presented in this volume and in the field of public mental health as a whole. It focuses on some of the data and methodological complexities particularly common in public mental health research. It explores three fundamental types of questions relevant to public mental health: estimating rates of disorders in a population across people, place, and time; examining risk and protective factors associated with particular disorders; and exploring interventions to prevent disorders or to treat them once they emerge.
Progress Made, but Much More to Be Done
Authors: Leaf Philip J. , Ostrow Laysha , Manderscheid Ronald W. , Shern David L. , Eaton William W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of what can be done in the future to address the prevention and control of mental and behavioral disorders. It begins with a description of what has come before, examining progress and pitfalls. This is followed by a discussion of the evolution needed to bring about Winslow's vision of mental health care as an integral part of the public health. It examines the growing role of such factors as the social determinants of health; attention to the full spectrum of mental health and illness from prevention through recovery across the life span; the importance of resilience in preventing behavioral problems; the still evolving key role of consumers in treatment and recovery; and the policy changes needed to embrace mental health as an intrinsic part of the public health.
2 Minority Rights in Colonial India and the Constituent Assembly
Authors: Bajpai Rochana 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter offers a historical interpretation of the career of group preferential policies from the late nineteenth century through to close of the Constituent Assembly debates. It shows that while group rights in the first half of the twentieth century saw steady expansion, their colonial proportions came to be scaled back eventually. The chapter also argues that the dynamic of containment assumed different degrees and forms in different areas of group rights, with the most far-reaching changes occurring in political representation for religious minorities. While Partition is usually cited to account for attenuation in the rights of religious minorities during constitution-making, this chapter suggests that it does not constitute a sufficient explanation as is commonly believed. Instead, longer-term ideological features of Indian nationalism favoured the containment of differential treatment.
4 From Minority to Backward
Authors: Bajpai Rochana 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThat legislative and employment quotas for religious minorities in India were eventually withdrawn from the constitution and quotas for ‘backward classes’ retained, albeit in a weaker form, is entirely consistent with the normative resources for group-differentiated rights in nationalist discourse. As the deliberations of the Constituent Assembly unfolded, the nationalist vocabulary expanded to become the new legitimating framework of the polity, the language in which all political argument was conducted. During the Constituent Assembly debates, and in part through the process of debating, both the institutional forms of group rights and the discursive frame of the Indian polity came to be realigned: nationalists were able to translate their dominance into hegemony. This is established through an analytical reconstruction of positions in debates over three key institutional mechanisms for group rights: legislative quotas, employment quotas, and cultural and educational rights.
Status
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
It is often difficult and sometimes misleading to separate the legal from the social and economic aspects of personal status in Anglo-Saxon society and indeed in post-Conquest England. For example, notable indicators of status might be how honourable any services owed were and whether services of a less honourable kind had to be performed in person. In addition, aspects of status can overlap with aspects of what might better be referred to as office, most notably in the case of thegnship. Nevertheless, the notion of legal status remains analytically useful, focusing attention on contexts in which status could be of legal consequence, notably jurisdiction, procedure in court, penalties suffered, relationship to movables and land, lordship. This chapter discusses hierarchies of status, men of higher status, men of lesser status, slaves, clergy, and lordship and commendation.
Kings and Law
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates major continuities from the Anglo-Saxon period both in terms of the royal ideology of law and justice and of administrative practice. The preservation of the system of district courts would have crucial importance for the later development of the common law. At the same time, there were innovations, probably including the extensive use of itinerant justices by late in Henry I's reign. In general, the administration of justice continued to be entrusted to some who were appointed to long-standing and continuing offices, such as the shrievalty; to others who were appointed on an ad hoc basis, for example to hear a specific plea; and to others still whose position was somewhere in between, for example Roger of Salisbury in the 1120s and 1130s. At the same time, the king relied not just on those who might be described as royal officials. Rulers recognised the role of lords in dealing with their own men and their own lands.
Movables
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The impact of the Conquest was not nearly so dramatic on the law regarding movables as on that regarding land. Considerable continuities are noted, for example with regard to bequests and to warranty of sales. Transactions concerning movables seem largely to have taken place in the local courts that also survived the Conquest, and which, especially in hundreds and boroughs, felt considerable continuing influence from members of English origin. In addition, the impact of Norman forms of lordship was less significant on movables than on land. This in turn meant that the division of interests in a movable possession was normally less complex than in a piece of land. Such differing complexity would have a continuing effect on the different development of law regarding movables and land.
Forest Laws from Anglo-Saxon England to the Early Thirteenth Century
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
By the second half of the twelfth century, perhaps almost one-third of the realm was considered part of the king's Forest. Forest extended beyond royal demesne and included various types of terrain, not exclusively woodland. Within the royal Forest, the king had exclusive hunting rights over the most desirable beasts, unless he granted specific permission. Likewise, the tenant of land within the Forest needed royal permission or supervision for the taking of wood or the grazing of beasts. Those who committed offences against the laws of the Forests were penalised severely, and the laws of the Forest were seen as having their own particular character.
Courts
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Previous chapters have emphasised that courts were assemblies with many functions. Whilst on occasion they may have dealt with a prevalence of legal matters, these need not have been primarily judicial, but rather, for example, peace-keeping arrangements or witnessing of transactions. The Angevin period, however, saw the appearance of specialised royal law-courts that concentrated to a large extent on litigation. This chapter discusses the king's court, county courts, hundred courts, the sheriff's tourn, lords' courts, ecclesiastical courts, and the transfer of cases between secular courts.
Borough Law
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter shows the significant variety of customs between boroughs, an impression reinforced by an examination of later custumals that might suggest practice in this period. Such variety may be indicative of the type of diversity that existed unrecorded outside boroughs before being reduced by royal control. Such diversity may have co-existed with a greater similarity between borough and other law on matters such as landholding than some previous historians have allowed. There may have been significant continuities through this period. The influential English element in urban populations after 1066 may have encouraged continuity across 1066, for example in matters of landholding and in the use of the wergeld in the context of amercements. The borough law also shows features often associated with the law of a later period. The land market and in some boroughs the weakness of lordship further encouraged the proprietal nature of the rights of the landholder.
Magna Carta and the Common Law
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Earlier chapters considered many issues to which later periods would refer as ‘Constitutional Law’, for example the relationship of king to legislation. Others, such as the composition of the Council, were not discussed in legal terms before the thirteenth century. However, the end of King John's reign saw a crisis in which matters of royal powers and of law and justice came together, raising specific legal and judicial issues as well as the over-arching one of the king's standing in relation to the law. A settlement was sought through the writing down in Magna Carta of solutions that were to have legal force. This chapter discusses criticism of justice under the Angevin kings, the Magna Carta and the law, and common law.
Identity and Authority
Authors: Harvey Karen 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Arguments for a decline in ‘old‐style patriarchy’ rest to some extent on the view that a new individualized self — created partly from new forms of autobiographical writing — emerged during the eighteenth century, militating against the authority of the domestic patriarch. This chapter decouples personal identity from an individualist ‘self’. It examines not the new printed autobiography but men's manuscript writing of both narrative and non‐narrative form. The chapter shows that men's identities were rooted in the domestic. It argues that the house — as a community, a concept and a physical space — was critical to private and public constructions of self‐identity for men as they constructed a ‘family self’. In rooting personal identity in the house and family, individual men accessed authority both within and without the house.
Memory disorders and epilepsy during the nineteenth century
Authors: Berrios German E. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines the study of epilepsy and memory in the nineteenth century. It first considers the difficulty posed for the history of medicine by the changing meanings of currently familiar terms: ‘epilepsy’ and ‘memory’ were understood quite differently from the nineteenth century to the twenty-first century. Medical history cannot, therefore, be expected to trace a simple line of discovery from past to present. Next, the chapter places thinking about epilepsy and memory in the nineteenth century in the context of the creation of ‘alienism’, the forerunner of neurology and psychiatry, the concept of the ‘neuroses’, and the development of new techniques of numerical description and of languages categorizing mental symptoms. Finally, it considers aspects of the study of epilepsy, of memory, and of their interaction in France in the nineteenth century.
Anticonvulsants and memory
Authors: Taylor Joanne , Baker Gus A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
People with epilepsy not only report subjective cognitive complaints, but they also demonstrate poorer performance on objective neuropsychological tests when compared to those without the condition. A number of studies have shown reduced memory and learning, attention, and concentration problems, slower information processing, language deficits, and executive dysfunction. This chapter reviews the evidence in respect of the specific effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on memory functioning. Despite between twenty-five and thirty years documenting the effects of antiepileptic drug medication, no definitive conclusions have been drawn in respect to the impact of individual AEDs on memory functioning. However, there is growing evidence that suggests that many of the newer antiepileptic drugs — used as monotherapy and given at therapeutic ranges — are unlikely to produce significant cognitive problems, although there are some exceptions, for example, topiramate and zonisamide.
The Theory and Practice of Global Economic Governance in the Early Twenty-First Century: The Limits of Multilateralism
Authors: Higgott Richard 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and its aftermath have caused some observers to question whether the international economic institutions developed in the Bretton Woods era are any longer suitable for the challenges they face in the contemporary age: if they are unable to prevent (increasingly recurring) crises or facilitate a more general process of long-term economic collective action problem solving what are they for? This kind of analysis misses the point. For all their apparent failings the need for such institutions is unlikely to disappear in an era characterized by higher levels of economic interdependence. Global economic governance may still be imperfect and, in contrast to the global economy, underdeveloped. But if global governance is to evolve, multilateral economic institutions of one kind or another must be at least one of the key elements of the process. The emergence of the G20 is discussed and its limitations reviewed. The generic challenge is to adapt multilateralism to the dynamics of a world battling to come to terms with changing power balances and emerging policy agendas that do not lend themselves easily to the approaches to collective action problem solving that prevailed in the second half of the twentieth century.
Specificity‐driven Syntactic Derivation
Authors: Lahne Antje 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSpecificity is arguably one of the main basic concepts of morphological theory (Subset Principle). This chapter proposes that the concept of specificity is at work in syntax, too, and it is a much more powerful underlying syntactic principle than previously thought. The chapter shows that syntactic derivations are driven by a specificity principle: an element X is more specific than an element Y iﬀ X has more (matching) features than Y. The new principle yields all relative locality effects excluding the superiority case, as it does not draw on availability of search space, but on competition between potential goals. The specificity principle also accounts for several anti-MLC effects, such as order-preserving movement and anti-superiority effects, previously accounted for by independent, partially overlapping principles. The system works without intervention by closeness. The chapter is programmatic, offers a new perspective on intervention, and aims at renewing discussion about the nature of locality.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Altman Andrew 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides material intended to orient readers, coming as they will from a broad range of academic and non-academic backgrounds. Section I explains what is meant by ‘asymmetric’ armed conflict and how terrorism is connected to such conflict. Section II examines the term, ‘terrorism’, sketching and defending a concept of terrorism that informs the various contributions to this volume. Section III describes the two main approaches to assessing the legality and morality of targeted killing: the law-enforcement and the armed-conflict models. Section IV summarizes each subsequent chapter, drawing contrasts and remarking on similarities among them, and Section V offers some brief concluding thoughts.
Introduction
Authors: Allison Henry E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe Introduction describes the basic structure of the collection and provides a brief summary of the argument of each essay. It notes that the essays are grouped into four parts, which are concerned respectively with Kant's theoretical philosophy, his practical philosophy, with an emphasis on the concept of freedom, the third Critique and its systematic significance, and a variety of topics including Kant's political philosophy, his philosophy of history, and philosophy of religion.
The Singleness of the Categorical Imperative
Authors: Allison Henry E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis essay defends Kant's thesis that there is only a single categorical imperative. This needs a defense because in the Groundwork Kant presents a number of formulations of this imperative (the precise number itself being subject to dispute), which are not obviously equivalent. Its strategy is to show that these formulations result from Kant's attempt to provide a complete construction of the concept of the categorical imperative by linking them with various steps in a progressive account of rational agency. By the complete construction of the concept is understood an account of the necessary and sufficient conditions of the possibility of the categorical imperative. Kant's analysis of rational agency is termed progressive because each step, which is correlated with a distinct formula, adds a fresh dimension to the conception of such agency. The claim is that this makes it possible to view these formulas as extensionally but not intentionally equivalent.
Kant's Antinomy of Teleological Judgment
Authors: Allison Henry E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis essay analyzes the antinomy of the teleological power of judgment between the mechanistic and teleological principles in the third Critique. It focuses on three questions raised by Kant's account: (1) What does Kant understand by the “principle of mechanism”? (2) Given Kant's view that an antinomy consists in an unavoidable conflict between principles of reason, how could he claim that there is the appearance of one pertaining to the teleological power of judgment and that it stems from the confusion of a principle of reflective with one of the determinative power of judgment? (3) How is the reassignment of these principles from the determinative to the reflective power of judgment, which effectively gives them a merely regulative rather than a constitutive status, supposed to resolve the antinomy? By addressing these questions, the essay endeavors to provide a plausible reading of a highly controversial text.
Teleology and History in Kant: The Critical Foundations of Kant's Philosophy of History
Authors: Allison Henry E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe essay examines Kant's thesis that “All natural predispositions of a creature are determined sometime to develop themselves completely and purposively” which is the initial proposition of “The Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Aim.” It explores the connection between this teleological principle, which Kant applies in the remaining propositions of his essay to the history of humankind, and the central ideas of the Critique of the Teleological Power of Judgment; and, in light of this connection, it argues for the controversial thesis that Kant's philosophy of history is fully “critical.” Special attention is given to what has been called the “cunning of nature,” which refers to the way in which humankind is seen as directed against its collective will to the political ends specified in Toward Perpetual Peace. It further notes, however, that Kant alludes in his essay to a trans‐political goal of history, namely, the collective realization of the highest good.
Reason, Revelation, and History in Lessing and Kant
Authors: Allison Henry E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis essay is concerned with the treatment of the relation between reason, revelation, and history in Lessing and Kant. It argues that both challenged the central assumption of the enlightenment that Christianity's claim to be the single true religion is based on the historicity of the Christian revelation and is therefore a question of fact. The essay is divided into three parts. The first explores Lessing's contention that the Christian religion has an “inner truth,” which is independent of its historical foundations, and his attempt in “The Education of the Human Race” to present a developmental view of religion in which Christianity occupies a middle place. The second analyzes Kant's account of Christianity as a pure moral religion, which should ultimately be purified of the historical elements of its belief system. The third part discusses the salient similarities and differences in the religious philosophies of these two thinkers.
Logical Constructions (i): Matter
Authors: Bostock David 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRussell’s so-called ‘logical constructions’ aim to replace an ordinary concept that is in some way puzzling by a more economical substitute. He offers a construction of material objects from sensibilia, which are supposedly just like sense-data except that they also exist unsensed. (The hypothesis of unsensed sensibilia involves several problems.) The basic idea is that the material object should be identified with the class of all the sensibilia that it causes, but in fact Russell has no satisfactory account of which sensibilia come from the same material object. He does offer a general argument that we must be able to answer this question for actual sense-data, but it begs the question by supposing that the answer can be given independently of the theory that there are material objects.
English: The early period
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter is about the early years of English and influences on British soil. The dominant force was Christianity and the loanwords that accompanied it. There was also considerable Latin influence as a result of translations and educational programs. Monastic schools created impetus for standardization of the emerging English language. Several attempts at a late West Saxon koine failed in part because external influences augmented the regional differences.
External linguistic input to English
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSeveral types of contact with multiple languages have left distinct traces on the history of English. This chapter reviews the evidence for and results of contact with Celtic, Scandinavian, French, Latin, and Greek. Although the types of contact differed, Latin and French primarily impacted the English lexicon and provided numerous affixes that entailed revamping of the morphological system. Celtic and Scandinavian also differed in the types of contact but impacted the syntactic structure of English. They differ in that Scandinavian alone contributed numerous lexical items. Greek influence on English was restricted to the lexicon, (limited) derivation, and compounding. Many of the remaining mysteries are also discussed.