bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RESPONSE STYLES ON THE MMPI: COMPARISON OF CLINICAL AND NORMAL SAMPLES1
Authors: Jackson Douglas N. , Messick Samuel 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn an effort to appraise the degree to which response consistencies on the MMPI are attributable in widely differing populations to the general stylistic dimensions of acquiescence and desirability on the one hand, and to particular content consistencies on the other, two studies on two diverse samples were performed. By applying factor analysis to correlations among MMPI clinical and validity scales scored separately for “true” and “false” items, along with five specially constructed reference scales, to measure tendencies to endorse items at varying levels of desirability, relatively precise estimates of the proportion of variance attributable to response style and to content were obtained. The two samples employed–hospitalized neuropsychiatric patients and college students–yielded results consistent with those obtained from a previous study of prison inmates, in that the dominant role of acquiescence and desirability response styles was. emphasized. In all three samples two very large factors appeared, identifiable as acquiescence and desirability. On the average, approximately three‐quarters of the common variance and over half of the total variance was attributable to the two stylistic dimensions, involving in the hospital sample a somewhat larger and in the college sample a somewhat smaller proportion of the variance as compared with the previous prison sample. All MMPI sub‐scales employed in these three analyses elicited substantial response style effects. Furthermore, in each of the three analyses the factor loadings of the scales on the acquiescence and desirability dimensions arrayed the scale vectors in a circular pattern, suggesting that acquiescence is differentially elicited by items at varying levels of desirability.In addition, several quite small factors were obtained in each of the analyses, some attributed to item overlap and some to consistent content responses. Four factors in the hospital sample and three in the college sample were identified tentatively in terms of item content. Three factors more or less common to the two groups were interpreted respectively as: (1) endorsement of items reflecting anxiety symptoms; (2) naive test‐taking defensiveness; and (3) social brashness and impulsivity. One factor, appearing only in the hospital sample, was identified as reflecting somatic complaints.The massive response style effects on the MMPI, while contributing to convergent validity in grossly separating normals from mental patients, are interpreted as reducing the possibilities for discriminant validity, as in the differential diagnosis of psychopathological syndromes. Where the latter is important, experimental controls aimed at sharply reducing response biases are recommended.
A STUDY OF LARGE SCORE CHANGES ON THE SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST
Authors: Jacobs Paul I. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTCandidates who take the SAT more than once seldom receive exactly the same scores each time. This study was concerned with reasons for “large” score changes from a candidate's junior to senior years. A large score change was defined as an increase of 125 or more points or a decrease of 75 or more points in either SAT‐V or SAT‐M.Sixty candidates showing large score changes on the SAT were asked about these changes in interviews. From their responses, the candidates were placed in six categories. The three largest of these were (a) the candidates who explained their score change in terms of relatively specific subject matter preparation, e.g., “I didn't take math as a senior,” (b) those who explained their score changes in terms of “organismic” variables, e.g., health or motivation, and (c) those who could offer no explanation for their changes. Total test scores, in conjunction with the interview data, allowed for some consistency checks on the information provided by the candidates.A further analysis was made of the popularity of the correct and of the incorrect alternatives each candidate chose and the number of items omitted. These measures, which were related to total test score, yielded an additional check on the interview information provided by the candidates and also suggested a mechanism behind some of the increases in SAT‐V. The results were in agreement with Davis and Fifer's finding that the particular wrong alternatives a candidate chooses may provide useful information.
PROBABILITY LEARNING: LEFT‐RIGHT VARIABLES AND RESPONSE LATENCY123
Authors: Gerjuoy Irma R. , Gerjuoy Herbert , Mathias Richard 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis study was concerned with whether percent‐choice data in probability learning may include subclasses with different choice proportions. Percent choice of the positive alternative was significantly greater, even at asymptote, when the positive alternative was on the right. Choice latency was also recorded; there was a significant tendency to respond more rapidly when an asymmetrically located reinforcement signal was on the right or when it was on the side opposite the positive alternative. The percent‐choice data did not show corresponding significant effects. These findings suggest that percent‐choice measures may pool a variety of different ways of responding that are differentially affected by experimental variables.
SOME GENERALIZATIONS OF A THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MENTAL TEST SCORES
Authors: Keats John A. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe negative hypergeometric distribution may be generalized to provide distributions involving 3, 4 or more parameters. It is shown that, in the case of the binomial error model, such distributions correspond to quadratic, cubic, etc., regressions of true scores on raw scores. Explicit formulas are given for the bivariate moments required to fit these regressions and so estimate the parameters of the generalized hypergeometric distribution. Equations are also developed for fitting the 3 and 4 parameter distributions directly, i.e, without reference to the model, and the method for generalizing these is indicated. The methods developed are applied to objective test data with satisfactory results.
AESTHETIC PREFERENCE FOR ABSTRACT DESIGNS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR PERCEIVED COMPLEXITY
Authors: Fritzky Ferdinand J. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis investigation focussed on two basic questions:

What relationship exists between aesthetic preference and the perceived complexity of a set of abstract designs?
To what extent do subjects agree or disagree with regard to the judgments in question?
In light of some of the methodological ambiguities which were evident in reviewing earlier studies directed at similar problems, a new approach seemed to be called for. Accordingly, a shift in emphasis from the art objects to the individual observers was made, and a new set of stimulus materials was constructed especially to suit the purposes of the study. Whereas in earlier experiments the subject's aesthetic preferences were related to some external measure of complexity, the method here was to obtain both judgments from each subject.Since it is possible to collect the appropriate data via a wide variety of procedures, it was also of interest to know what differences might obtain between the two experimental methods which are most frequently used for relative judgments. Two separate experiments, one using a paired comparison design and the other using a rank order design, were carried out where the main bodies of results consisted of rank‐difference correlations between the orders of aesthetic preference and perceived complexity.The distribution of correlations which emerged strongly supported the hypothesis that people can be classified basically into either of two groups, one which prefers complexity and one which dislikes complexity. This held true for both experimental procedures. In the paired comparison experiment, the correlations between aesthetic preferences and complexity judgments were between +.39 and +.94 for 23 subjects, and between ‐.44 and ‐.92 for 19 subjects. In the rank order experiment, the positive correlations ranged from +.26 to +.85 for 23 subjects, and the negative correlations were from ‐.29 to ‐.94 for 21 subjects.The discussion centered upon two major issues: (a) the role of complexity as a general variable in aesthetic theory; (b) a consideration of how the individual differences which emerged in this study might be interpreted within the general context of perception, personality, and aesthetics. In addition, a number of suggestions were made regarding future research studies.
GROUP DECISION‐MAKING UNDER RISK OF AVERSIVE CONSEQUENCES1
Authors: Bem Daryl J. , Wallach Michael A. , Kogan Nathan 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTWith the emphasis placed upon possible aversive consequences of risk taking (actual physical pain coupled with monetary loss), group consensus achieved through discussion was displaced in the risky direction relative to the average of the group members' prior individual decisions. Subsequent private decisions also exhibited this shift toward greater risk taking. These results were explained in terms of a process of responsibility diffusion. This interpretation was further reinforced by the findings observed for other experimental conditions, which effectively ruled out the alternative possibilities that greater risk taking ensued from its social desirability in a male sample or derived from affillative propensities in a context where group members expect to experience aversive consequences in the company of like‐minded others.
COLLEGES' USE AND EVALUATION OF THE CEEB WRITING SAMPLE1
Authors: Ekstrom Ruth B. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA sample of 23 colleges that have required the CEEB Writing Sample was visited. Of the 20 colleges using the Writing Sample for admissions, 11 read for a general impression and 9 assigned grades. The qualities looked for most often were: (1) organization, (2) indication of ability to think, (3) spelling, and (4) grammar. In responding to a check list, clarity of expression, organization, correct grammar, logic of reasoning, and evidence of mature thought were selected as most important. Experimental studies carried out by some of the colleges showed that the Writing Sample had low reliability and validity as an admissions criteria. Colleges using the Writing Sample for placement in English courses usually use it for selecting advanced students or for selecting students needing remedial work in composition. If a centrally graded theme were to be offered as a part of the ECT, the Writing Sample could probably be abandoned without too much discontent among CEEB member colleges. Neither the enthusiasm for nor the effectiveness of the Writing Sample is very great.
FACULTY PERCEPTIONS OF STUDENTS
Authors: Davis Junius A. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA previous study in this series was devoted to the definition, using the diagonal method of factoring, of student desirability separate and apart from academic performance. Variables employed consisted of ratings of students by faculty on 80 traits, as well as high school and college grade averages and SAT scores.In the present study, the same data and similar methods were employed to determine the nature of desirability separate and apart from the rater's perception of the student's academic performance (rather than his actual performance).The results tend to show an absorption in the faculty perception of performance of much of the variance previously associated with dependability, intellectual ability and values, motivation, self‐sufficiency/creativity, and maturity in defining desirability apart from academic performance. The results tend, however, to verify or accentuate the contribution of other traits, notably ethicality, likableness, open‐mindedness, and altruism. It does appear that desirability is highly related to perception of academic performance, and that other areas normally expected to make an honest contribution to performance (e.g., dependability, intellectual ability and values, motivation, and self‐sufficiency/creativity) are perceived by the faculty to do so. Finally, there is remaining reliable variance in SAT and actual grades, as well as in such previously established areas as conformity and extraversion, which is related neither to perception of performance nor desirability.
RIGOROUSLY AND NONRIGOROUSLY PARALLEL TEST FORMS*
Authors: Lord Frederic M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTWhen several test forms are used interchangeably, they will not in practice, despite all efforts, be rigorously parallel. A definition of the standard error of measurement appropriate for this type of situation can be provided; however, it must be different from the definition in classical test theory. Appropriate formulas for the standard error of measurement and for other related quantities under both definitions are derived and compared; also sample statistics for estimating these quantities.
THREE EXPRESSIONS OF THE NEED FOR VARIETY1
Authors: Maddi Salvatore R. , Propst Barbara Scott , Feldinger Irwin 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to measure three rationally distinct forms of the need for variety as expressed in thematic apperception, and to obtain the relatic ships among them and between each of them and other variables with which the should or should not be correlated. Sixty‐two male subjects were tested fox all variables. The relationships among the three fantasy measures–novelty of productions, curiosity, and desire for novelty–were consistent with assuming that they represent different forms of the need for variety. In addition, novelty of productions correlated positively with complexity and internal exploration, and negatively with external exploration. Curiosity correlated positively with external exploration and n achievement, and negatively with nonverbal productivity. Evidence for discriminant validity was also obtained.
CATEGORY WIDTH MD QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE1
Authors: Messick Samuel , Kogan Nathan 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn an effort to clarify the reported correlation between breadth of categorization and quantitative aptitude, the Pettigrew category‐width task was administered along with three specially‐constructed quantitative aptitude tests—one having a multiple‐choice format with widely‐spaced alternatives, one a multiple‐choice format with narrowly‐spaced alternatives, and one a free‐response format. Preference for broad category widths was only marginally related to the free‐response quantitative test, but was substantially related to the form with widely‐spaced alternatives. The negligible correlation between category‐width preferences and the narrowly‐spaced quantitative form suggests that the narrow spacing penalizes the broad categorizer by disrupting the “approximation” strategy he may tend to employ on a multiple‐choice quantitative test.
SOME STRUCTURED SELF‐REPORT CORRELATES OF FANTASY MEASURES OF THE NEED FOR VARIETY1
Authors: Maddi Salvatore R. , Andrews Susan L. , Honey Richard D. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis study investigated further the possibility that the tendencies to produce novelty, have curiosity, and desire novelty are three distinct forms of the need for variety. Fantasy (thematic apperception) measures of these tendencies were obtained, along with some variables measured by the structured self‐report method, on 87 male subjects. The fantasy measures showed considerable independence of each other. The correlations between fantasy and self‐report measures confirmed expectation by suggesting that people high in novelty of productions or curiosity are similar in valuing and striving for variety, and in having high characteristic levels of activation. Contrary to expectations, the fantasy measure of desire for novelty did not share this similarity. This one of the three fantasy measures also showed the lowest internal consistency.
ON BAYESIAN LOGICAL PROBABILITY
Authors: Novick Melvin R. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn a recent paper (Edwards, Lindman, and Savage, 1963), psychologists have been urged to adopt a Bayesian personal probability approach to statistical inference. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that a Bayesian logical probability approach may be superior to the personal probability approach. The concepts of frequency, personal and logical probability are defined and the characteristics and advantages of Bayesian approaches are discussed. It is shown that a theory of personal probability is dependent upon utility or preference theory. The problem of Bayes postulate is described and it is shown that an explication of the concept of logical probability is dependent upon the solution of this problem. Some work of Novick and Hall directed toward the solution of this problem is discussed. Finally, an attempt is made to integrate the concepts of personal and frequency probability within the framework of the theory of logical probability.
ASSOCIATION TEST ANTONYM‐RESPONSE SET1
Authors: Wynne Ronald D. , Gerjuoy Herbert , Schiffman Harold 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTNormal Ss were given 54 Kent‐Rosanoff‐list words in one of three different orders, with one of two different instructions, and with one of two different test formats. Instructions to give the responses that most people give increased nonantonym‐popular response frequencies, particularly when a multiple‐choice format was used instead of an open‐ended format. When words that frequently elicit antonyms were presented early or were rectangularly distributed through the list, more popular‐antonym responses were elicited than when such words were generally late in the list. It was suggested that antonym set reduces conceptual effort.
SET SCORES AND FORCED‐CHOICE TESTS1,2
Authors: Hofstee Willem K. B. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTForced‐choice adjective checklists of heterogeneous content, together with an intelligence test and personality questionnaire scales, were administered to samples of 448 Dutch naval and 815 army recruits. Ratings of these subjects by superiors were obtained at the end of the basic military training period. The forced‐choice tests, scored for unpopular responses, correlated significantly with the ratings in both samples; the same was true for the intelligence measure, but not for the questionnaire scales. It was concluded that desirability sets, which influence forced‐choice test response, are related to nontest behavior; and it was suggested that the forced‐choice format may derive its relative effectiveness from its sensitivity to such tendencies.
HIGH SCHOOL ATTRITION
Authors: Stice Glen , Ekstrom Ruth B. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to describe the high school dropout with regard to his educational, vocational, and sociological charactersitics. Data were collected from a stratified sample of 97 public high schools having 9699 tenth‐grade pupils. Two years later a follow‐up was made to determine which pupils had completed high school. Dropouts were characterized by: (1) poor achievement in school, (2) having no plans for post‐high school education, (3) low academic aptitude, (4) having a father who is not a high school graduate and who holds a job requiring little skill or training, (5) enrollment in a non‐academic curriculum, and (6) living in the South or in a large city.
THE ROLES OF INFORMATION, DISCUSSION, AND CONSENSUS IN GROUP RISK TAKING1
Authors: Wallach Michael A. , Kogan Nathan 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTWhat situational elements can account for the enhanced risk taking typical of group relative to individual decision making? The three elements investigated were: provision of information about the risk‐taking levels favored by peers, with the implication of judgmental comparison; group discussion, with the affective involvement it can generate; and achievement of consensus, with its possible centering of commitment upon the group. The subjects were 360 undergraduates, 180 of each sex, randomly assigned within sex to one of three experimental conditions, all involving five‐person groups. The group members in the respective conditions reached decisions concerning matters of risk through discussion to a consensus, through achievement of consensus without discussion, or through discussion without the requirement of consensus. For both male and female groups, discussion with or without consensus produced substantial shifts toward greater risk taking, while consensus without discussion yielded an averaging effect. Hence, the occurrence of group discussion is both necessary and sufficient for generating the risky—shift effect.
A STRONG TRUE‐SCORE THEORY, WITH APPLICATIONS*
Authors: Lord Frederic M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA “strong” mathematical model for the relation between observed scores and true scores is developed. This model can be used
To estimate the frequency distribution of observed scores that will result when a given test is lengthened.
To equate true scores on two tests by the equipercentile method.
To estimate the frequencies in the scatterplot between two parallel (nonparallel) tests of the same psychological trait, using only the information in a (the) marginal distribution(s).
To estimate the frequency distribution of a test for a group that has taken only a short form of the test (this is useful for obtaining norms).
To estimate the effects of selecting individuals on a fallible measure.
To effect matching of groups with respect to true score when only a fallible measure is available.
To investigate whether two tests really measure the same psychological function when they have a nonlinear relationship.
To describe and evaluate the properties of a specific test considered as a measuring instrument.The model has been tested empirically, using it to estimate bivariate distributions from univariate distributions, with good results, as checked by chi‐square tests.
JUDGMENTS OF VARIABILITY IN TWO RESPONSE MODES1
Authors: Myers Albert E. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTSs played a shuffleboard bowling game in which the variability of their performance was manipulated by E. Two response modes were used to assess the Ss' sensitivity to differences in variability: recall of individual scores and verbal report of “consistency.” The data supported the hypotheses that statistical tests are more sensitive to differences in variability than are the responses of Ss and that most of the individual elements in a naturally occurring distribution of variances would appear indistinguishable with respect to variability.
EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL SEPARATION OF GROUP MEMBERS UPON GROUP RISK TAKING1
Authors: Kogan Nathan , Wallach Michael A. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTDoes the risky‐shift effect observed in decision‐making groups depend upon the face‐to‐face visual component of social interaction? The study directed to this question employed a sample of 96 undergraduate males. They were constituted as five‐person groups, but each group member occupied a separate booth which precluded visual contact between the participants. All communications took place over an intercom system connecting the five booths. All subjects first made individual decisions on a 12‐item Choice Dilemmas measure of risk‐taking dispositions. Then subjects were requested to discuss each of the 12 decision situations—with a consensus requirement in half the groups and without a consensus requirement in the other half. In the former case, risk‐taking scores were available for both consensus and postconsensus judgments; in the latter, risk taking was assessed from postdiscussion individual decisions. For both experimental conditions, significant risky shifts were obtained from initial individual decisions to subsequent group decisions and/or group‐influenced individual decisions. Results were highly consistent with those previously obtained in face‐to‐face discussion groups. We concluded, therefore, that the visual component of communication is not a necessary condition for the diffusion of responsibility presumed to underlie the risky‐shift phenomenon in small groups. Rather, the vocal component is sufficient to produce the risky‐shift effect.