bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibitors of the Fibrinolytic Enzyme System in Renal Disease
Authors: Bennett N. B. , Ogston D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Levels of serum inhibitor of plasminogen activation, anti-plasmin and plasminogen activator were measured in normal subjects and patients with active glomerulonephritis and chronic renal failure.
2. Patients with active glomerulonephritis all had grossly elevated levels of serum inhibitor of plasminogen activation and significant elevation of anti-plasmin. The majority of activator levels lay at the lower end of the normal range.
3. Patients with chronic renal failure had significantly elevated levels of serum inhibitor of plasminogen activation and anti-plasmin, but the changes were less marked than in those with active glomerulonephritis. Activator levels were consistently reduced.
4. The marked inhibition of fibrinolysis in active glomerulonephritis may be a factor in the persistence of glomerular fibrin and ultimately in perpetuation of renal damage. The changes in the fibrinolytic system in chronic renal failure may determine the development of the serosal exudates characteristic of that condition.
The Effect of Hypoglycaemia on Oral Glucose Tolerance in Normal Subjects and Patients with Pituitary and Adrenal Disorders
Authors: Oakley N. W. , Jacobs H. S. , Turner R. C. , Williams J. , Dos C. , Aquino S. , Nabarro J. D. N. 
Published: August 2015

1. Hypoglycaemia induces glucose intolerance in normal subjects—the ‘Somogyi effect’–and may be responsible for some instances of ‘brittle diabetes’. This effect may be mediated through the growth hormone response to hypoglycaemia, but other possible hormonal mechanisms have not been excluded.
2. Paired 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests have been carried out 2 h after both (a) i.v. saline (control day) and (b) i.v. insulin (test day) in four normal subjects and twenty-seven patients with pituitary and adrenal under- and over-activity. Plasma glucose, insulin, Cortisol and growth hormone have been estimated at half-hourly intervals during the 4 h of each study.
3. A significant Somogyi effect is usually seen only when there is a growth hormone response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia; hypopituitary subjects do not show the effect.
4. There is a correlation between the extent of the Somogyi effect and the growth hormone response to insulin, using a simple derived index to represent each function (P &lt; 0·05).
5. Insulin secretion in normal subjects tends to be higher on the test than the control day, making inhibition of insulin release an unlikely primary mechanism.
6. The presence or absence of a Somogyi effect could not be related to insulin-induced changes in plasma Cortisol values.
7. Examination of individual cases supports the view that, while growth hormone may be mainly reponsible for the Somogyi effect, yet it is sometimes difficult to explain the effect without invoking other endocrine mechanisms.
Effort and the Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1)
Authors: Kemm J. R. , Kamburoff P. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. The relationship between volumes expired and the maximum intrathoracic pressures developed within the first second of expiration was examined in a group of healthy subjects and patients with airways obstruction who exhaled with varying degrees of effort.
2. The body plethysmographic method was used to ensure that expirations started from total lung capacity.
3. Three different types of volume-effort curves could be distinguished: Type I; in this the volume expired increased with greater effort. Type II; after a phase in which the volume expired increased with effort, a plateau was reached after which increasing effort made no difference to the volume expired. Type III; this resembles Type II except that instead of a plateau being established at maximum expired volume, increasing effort resulted in diminishing expired volume. Correction for the degree of compression of the intrathoracic gas failed to account for this phenomenon. Type III curves were found in healthy subjects as well as in patients.
4. In most cases the maximum Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s (FEV1) was not found to coincide with the maximum oesophageal pressure (Poes), nor was there a significant difference between the mean and the maximum FEV1 produced with an effort greater than 75% of maximum.
5. Blowing ‘half as hard’ is an unnatural procedure; all subjects tend to blow nearly as hard as possible or very gently. In the latter case, the resulting FEV1 tracing is easily recognizable as technically unsatisfactory.
6. We conclude that for practical purposes, measurements of FEV1 depend for their reliability upon ensuring that they are started from full inspiration; insistence upon maximum effort is less important because FEV1 is independent of effort for the greater part of the effort range.
The Physical Properties of Sebum in Acne Vulgaris
Authors: Burton J. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Methods are described for the collection of scalp sebum, and for the determination of the density, viscosity, surface tension, and freezing-point of sebum samples from individual subjects.
2. Data are presented from ten acne patients and seven normal subjects, of whom three previously had acne. No significant difference was demonstrated between the sebum from acne patients and controls. The sebum viscosity increased with fall in temperature, but sebum did not solidify at physiological skin temperatures, and it is concluded that sebum viscosity is unlikely to be important in the pathogenesis of acne.
3. There was no relationship between sebum excretion rate and viscosity in individual subjects and sebum viscosity is unlikely to play a major role in the normal regulation of sebum production.
The Hypocalcaemic Effect of Intravenous Phosphate Administration
Authors: Stamp T. C. B. 
Published: August 2015

1. Sodium phosphate was infused intravenously over approximately 2½ h and produced a mean linear rise in plasma phosphorus levels of 9·1 mg/100 ml. Twenty-one infusions were performed in twelve control subjects and thirty-eight were carried out in thirty-two patients with disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
2. The fall in plasma calcium under these conditions was related to:
a. The initial height of plasma calcium. b. The rate of rise of plasma phosphorus. c. The initial level of plasma phosphorus and the theoretical renal phosphorus threshold. d. The presence of metabolic bone disease.
The fall in plasma calcium levels per mg rise in plasma phosphorus was greater in patients with hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, Paget's disease and certain other rarer conditions than in the control group or in patients with hypoparathyroidism, whose plasma calcium levels changed least of all.
3. It was concluded that pre-existing increased bone resorption or osteoblastic activity may determine the degree of hypocalcaemia which occurs under these conditions.
4. Phosphate was also infused at a constant rate over 10 h in five tests on five patients with moderately severe hypercalcaemia (plasma calcium 14·0–17·3 mg/100 ml). Plasma calcium levels fell steadily, and small or negligible changes were seen in serial determinations of glomerular filtration, urine protein and cell excretion rate.
Urinary Excretion of Nitrogen from 15N-Labelled Amino Acids in the Malnourished and Recovered Child I. Glycine and Lysine
Authors: Read W. W. C. , McLaren D. S. , Tchalian Marie 
Published: August 2015

1. Glycine and lysine with the α-amino nitrogen labelled with 15N were fed to marasmic and recovered infants. The excretion of total 15N and labelled urea in the urine was followed for 72 h.
2. Excretion of 15N was lower in marasmic than in recovered infants for both amino acids. This was mainly due to a smaller amount of [15N]urea excreted by the marasmic infants.
3. [15N]Lysine was retained to a greater extent than [15N]glycine in marasmus and after recovery. This difference was more marked in marasmus. 15N in urea excreted by marasmic subjects after feeding with [15N]lysine was less than 5% of the total isotope administered.
4. The results suggest that requirements of marasmic infants for individual amino acids may differ considerably from those of the healthy infant.
Metabolism of Autologous 131I-Labelled IgG in Patients after Renal Homotransplantation
Authors: Wells J. Vivian , Jeremy D. 
Published: August 2015

1. The metabolism of autologous 131I-labelled IgG was studied in five patients after renal homotransplantation. Two patients had received grafts from related living donors and three from cadavers and all grafts were functioning. All five patients were on immunosuppressive therapy with prednisone and azathioprine. No episodes of rejection occurred during the study.
2. One patient had serum concentrations of IgG and IgA and IgM below normal; one had isolated IgM deficiency; one had isolated IgA deficiency; and two had increased serum IgM concentrations.
3. Plasma volume and distribution ratio were normal in all five patients; the plasma IgG pool was normal in four and significantly decreased in one. Fractional turnover rate was normal in four and increased in one; the plasma half life was normal in three and shortened in two.
4. The IgG synthesis rate was normal in two, at the lower limit of the normal range in two and decreased in one. There was no obvious correlation with the age of the patient, the dosage of prednisone or azathioprine, the incidence of infection, the survival and function of the graft or serum immunoglobulin concentrations.
Long-Term Therapy of Diabetes Insipidus with Oral Benzothiadiazine and Phthalimidine Diuretics
Authors: Lant A. F. , Wilson G. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The antidiuretic effects of oral therapy with benzothiadiazine and phthalimidine diuretics have been studied in seven patients with diabetes insipidus of pituitary origin.
2. The immediate and chronic phases of diuretic-induced antidiuresis differ in their characteristics. Immediate antidiuresis is closely related both to the saluretic action of the diuretics and to the level of fluid turnover prevailing before their administration. By contrast, the findings in four patients maintained on polythiazide or clorexolone for at least 4 years show that antidiuresis persists at a time when saluretic effects have ceased and there is no longer any detectable disturbance in body sodium metabolism. A change in mechanism of antidiuresis appears to occur with the passage of time.
3. There is a parallelism between the characteristics of the chronic antidiuretic and antihypertensive actions of diuretics. The mechanism of both effects remains obscure.
4. Despite uncertainty as to mechanism, diuretic therapy offers a reliable means of treating diabetes insipidus on a long-term basis. The only complication encountered was symptomless hypokalaemia which developed despite regular use of supplemental oral potassium. Combined administration of triamterene or amiloride with either polythiazide or clorexolone has been used with success as an alternative regime.
Renin and Aldosterone in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Kotchen T. A. , Mulrow P. J. , Morrow L. B. , Shutkin P. M. , Marieb N. 
Published: August 2015

1. The renin-aldosterone system was studied in seventy-one selected hypertensive patients. Nine (13%) were diagnosed as having primary aldosteronism. Of the twenty-three patients who presented with a history of unprovoked hypokalaemia, the incidence of primary aldosteronism was 40%.
2. Renin and aldosterone responses to the combined stimuli of a low sodium diet and the upright posture were suppressed in patients with essential hypertension. There was no evidence that the suppression was due to abnormal adrenal function, sympathetic neuropathy, or the level of the blood pressure. The mechanism of the suppressed plasma renin activity response and its significance in the pathogenesis of hypertension are unknown.
Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin and Iron Uptake in Erythropoietic Protoporphyria
Authors: Clark K. G. A. , Nicholson D. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. Erythrocytes from patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (E.P.P.) were incubated with radioactive iron, washed and centrifuged. Serial layers were removed from the packed cell columns. The radioactivity and protoporphyrin content of each layer was measured. Blood and marrow aspirates were examined by fluorescence microscopy.
2. The youngest erythrocytes were most fluorescent and contained most protoporphyrin. The amounts present in the cells of different layers progressively decreased from top to bottom of the packed cell column. It is concluded that the protoporphyrin content decreases during the life of the erythrocytes, probably by a process of elution.
3. Although little 59Fe entering the erythrocytes is incorporated into haem, a relationship was observed between iron uptake and protoporphyrin content, which may not be entirely due to aging. This may reflect a mutual dependence of both variables on haem feed-back control.
4. Fluorescence of normoblasts was not detected, indicating that the chief accumulation of porphyrin occurs soon after loss of the nucleus. A hypothesis is suggested to explain these findings.
On the Mechanism of Hyperkalaemia Due to Hyperosmotic Expansion with Saline or Mannitol
Authors: Makoff D. L. , Da Silva J. A. , Rosenbaum B. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. To investigate the mechanism of the hyperkalaemia that results from hyperosmotic infusions of saline or mannitol, nephrectomized dogs received hyperosmotic infusions of sodium chloride or mannitol with various amounts of sodium bicarbonate. Pa,co2 was held constant. Body spaces and mean whole-body intracellular hydrogen ion activity [H+]i were measured with tritiated water, Na36Cl, and [14C]5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO).
2. The extracellular hydrogen ion activity after infusion varied, but all animals developed intracellular alkalosis ([H+]i-35 nmol/l, SEM±5, P&lt;0.001). There was no net movement of Na+ across cell membranes. There was a significant negative correlation between the changes in extracellular hydrogen ion and that in extracellular potassium concentrations. A greater apparent cellular penetration of HCO3− resulted in less net loss of K+ from cells (r = 0.69, P &lt; 0.01).
3. The results suggest that the hyperkalaemia secondary to hyperosmolar infusion of saline or mannitol is not due to extracellular acidosis, but cellular dehydration, altered cell metabolism or altered cell-membrane function may contribute to the leak of K+ from cells in these circumstances.
A Reinvestigation of Methylguanidine Concentrations in Sera from Normal and Uraemic Subjects
Authors: Baker L. R. I. , Marshall R. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. A cation-exchange-chromatographic method for the determination of methylguanidine in serum is described.
2. In ten normal subjects, the mean serum methylguanidine concentration was 0.055 (SE 0.019) mg/100 ml and in ten uraemic patients it was 0.175 (SE 0.038) mg/100 ml. This difference is significant (P &lt; 0.02).
3. Recent claims that methylguanidine is present in uraemic serum in much higher concentrations are shown to be due to artifactual conversion of creatinine when methods involving charcoal chromatography are employed.
4. The results of intoxication experiments, in which blood concentrations of methylguanidine similar to those found by charcoal-chromatographic methods have been reproduced, must be interpreted with caution.
Effect of Arterial Co2 Pressure on the Response of Cerebral and Hind-Limb Blood Flow and Metabolism to Isoprenaline Infusion in the Dog
Authors: Xanalatos C. , James I. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Cerebral blood flow, oxygen and glucose consumption, hind-limb blood flow and oxygen consumption, blood pressure and heart rate were measured in seven ventilated dogs.
2. Inhalation of 5% CO2 caused a significant increase in cerebral blood flow and a significant decrease in cerebral glucose utilization.
3. Isoprenaline infusion (0·4 μg kg−1 min−1) caused a rise in cerebral blood flow, oxygen and glucose consumption. There was also an increase in peripheral blood flow and in most instances an increase in peripheral oxygen utilization.
4. The inhalation of 5% CO2 during isoprenaline infusion abolished the increase in cerebral blood flow, in cerebral glucose consumption and heart rate. Cerebral oxygen consumption was significantly decreased to below control values. Once the administration of 5% CO2 was discontinued an increase in peripheral oxygen consumption became apparent.
5. The possible therapeutic implications of these findings are outlined.
Intracellular Buffering in the Dog at Varying CO2 Tensions
Authors: Gamble J. L. , Zuromskis P. J. , Bettice J. A. , Ginsberg R. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of varying the Pco2 on the buffering of mineral acid has been investigated. HCl (6 mmol/kg) was infused into anaesthetized-paralysed dogs maintained on a respirator and changes in Pco2 (between 20 and 60 mmHg) were arranged by varying the stroke volume.
2. No significant interaction between buffering of respiratory and metabolic events was discerned. Variations in Pco2 did not alter the efficiency of the buffering of the HCl. The presence or absence of metabolic acidosis did not alter the magnitude of the effect of acute respiratory change on the concentration of extracellular bicarbonate. This response remained between 1·0 and 1·3 mmol/l for changes of 10 mmHg in the Pco2.
3. The buffering of HCl achieved outside the blood and extracellular fluids did not correlate with measured changes in extracellular pH or with predicted changes in intracellular pH. This buffering appears to be associated with changes in the H+ ion concentration gradient across the cell membranes.
Iron-Deficiency Anaemia: Its Effect on Transfer Factor for the Lung (Diffusing Capacity) and Ventilation and Cardiac Frequency during Sub-Maximal Exercise
Authors: Cotes J. E. , Dabbs J. M. , Elwood P. C. , Hall A. M. , McDonald A. , Saunders M. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Measurements of transfer factor and sub-maximal exercise ventilation and cardiac frequency have been made on twenty women with iron-deficiency anaemia (Hb 8–9 g/100 ml) before and after ‘treatment’ with iron or placebo tablets and on control subjects.
2. The exercise ventilation, cardiac frequency and oxygen uptake were independent of haemoglobin concentration but the transfer factor was lower in the test than in control subjects and was increased by iron but not by placebo treatment. The results support the validity of the reaction-rate data for carbon monoxide with oxyhaemoglobin of Roughton & Forster (1957) despite evidence to the contrary from other studies.
3. In interpretation of sub-maximal exercise ventilation and cardiac frequency in iron-deficiency anaemia no allowance need be made for variation in haemoglobin concentration in the range 8–15 g/100 ml. For transfer factor a correction should be made by using a variant of the relationship of Roughton & Forster (1957).
Multistage Treadmill Walking Performance and Associated Cardiorespiratory Responses of Middle-Aged Men
Authors: Adams W. C. , McHenry M. M. , Bernauer E. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Eighty apparently healthy sedentary males, aged 31–69 years, undertook a multistage treadmill walking test that was terminated at maximum tolerable effort.
2. An electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressures and respiratory metabolism measures were taken at rest, during the walk and for 15 min post-exercise. The mean values for four age groups of twenty subjects each were analysed statistically.
3. A near rectilinear decrease in walk-time and maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2max.) (ml min−1 kg−1) with advancing age was observed. A difference in V̇o2max. of 26·5% between the oldest and youngest groups was decreased to 17·7% when expressed in ml min−1 kg−1 of lean body weight (LBW). Heart rate (HR) and pulmonary ventilation (V̇e) at maximum tolerable effort also declined with age.
4. There were no age-related differences in V̇e and HR during submaximal work, whereas significant differences in V̇o2 were observed only during early stages.
5. It was concluded that the decline in maximum performance with age was not due to differences in the efficiency of aerobic energy utilization but to factors limiting energy production.
6. Prediction of walk-time utilizing anthropometric, resting and submaximal work, measurements proved unsatisfactory. Although an r value of −0·69 between age and walk-time was obtained, V̇o2max. and walk-time yielded an r or 0·93, thus indicating that chronological age alone was not adequate to assess work capacity.
A New Method for Assessing States of Acute Acidaemia in Man
Authors: Stoker J. B. , Kappagoda C. T. , Grimshaw V. A. , Linden R. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. CO2 titration curves in vivo were determined at various degrees of acute non-respiratory acidaemia in man.
2. The slope of the CO2 titration curve was found to increase as the severity of the acute non-respiratory acidaemia increased.
3. A simple scheme based on the CO2 titration curves in vivo has been proposed for the assessment of acute acidaemia in man.
The Ventilatory Response to CO2 after Administration of Frusemide in Normal Man
Authors: Iff H. W. , Flenley D. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. We have determined the ventilatory response to CO2 inhaled in 30% oxygen (balance nitrogen) in eight normal subjects (1) before and during 4 days of 80 mg of oral frusemide daily and (2) within 55–75 min of 80 mg of frusemide orally.
2. Over 4 days the drug decreased serum potassium concentrations, but increased end tidal (and arterial) Pco2 and serum bicarbonate, thus inducing a mild metabolic alkalosis with an appropriate but small shift in CO2 response to the right without a significant change in the slope of the response. The CO2 response was unaltered by oral frusemide 55–75 min earlier.
3. This slight rise in Pco2 during 4 days of frusemide therapy contrasts with the absence of rise in Pco2 after treatment with thiazide diuretics, as reported by others.
4. We discuss possible implications of these results for the selection of an appropriate diuretic in patients with CO2 retention at various phases of their illness.
Plasma Disappearance and Cerebral Effects of Chlorpromazine in Cirrhosis
Authors: Maxwell J. D. , Carrella M. , Parkes J. D. , Williams R. , Mould G. P. , Curry S. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The plasma disappearance and cerebral effects of chlorpromazine were studied in twenty-four patients with compensated cirrhosis and in matched controls using a sensitive gas-liquid chromatography (g.l.c) technique to measure chlorpromazine. Plasma disappearance followed a double-exponential decay curve. No difference could be detected between cirrhotic and control groups, even when the effect of prior treatment with inducing drugs was considered, and only minor differences were observed when the elimination rate constants (kel) were calculated.
2. Chlorpromazine caused drowsiness in all subjects, together with slowing of EEG activity. The slowest activity, which was accompanied by impaired cerebration, occurred in those patients with a past history of encephalopathy in whom the value for the pretreatment skew mean-dominant-frequency was abnormally low.
3. The susceptibility of some patients with cirrhosis to chlorpromazine is probably due to increased sensitivity of cerebral neurones, rather than impaired hepatic drug metabolism.
Faecal Sodium/Potassium Ratio and Aldosteronism in Experimental Hypertension in the Rat
Authors: Swales J. D. , Thurston H. , Queiroz F. P. , Tange J. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Renal artery constriction and sham operation produced a temporary fall in the faecal sodium/potassium (Na/K) ratio of rats. When contralateral nephrectomy had been performed, the ratio rose to normal with the development of hypertension. With an intact opposite kidney the ratio remained low, but was elevated by spironolactone. With or without contralateral nephrectomy, the ratio was normal in chronically hypertensive animals (&gt;28 days).
2. Balance studies showed sodium depletion in hypertensive rats with a normal kidney in situ. It is suggested that this stimulates aldosterone secretion and the faecal electrolyte changes.