bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Salted Silica”: Sol‐Gel Chemistry of Silica under Hypersaline Conditions
Authors: Nisticò Roberto , Magnacca Giuliana , Antonietti Markus , Fechler Nina 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn a facile one‐step approach, high surface area mesoporous silica powders are synthesized using ordinary salts for pore and morphology control during the sol‐gel process. Applying tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a reference system, the addition of high salt loads such as NaCl and ZnCl2 results in highly increased surface areas of up to 750 m2 g–1, predominantly in the mesopore range Besides the surface area, the pore volume and the pore size can be controlled by the salt amount as well as the salt nature, reaching values of 1.1 cm3 g–1 and 14 nm, respectively. Compared to standard processes, the herein presented synthesis is extremely simple: it only comprises the dissolution of TEOS and the respective salt in 1 M HCl, followed by solvent evaporation, salt removal through simple washing with water and drying. This way, no special equipment is required, no organic templates are to be employed, and the overall approach is highly efficient and sustainable.
In situ pH management for microbial culture in shake flasks and its application to increase plasmid yield
Authors: Sanil Reenu , Maralingannavar Vishwanathgouda , Gadgil Mugdha 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Shake flasks are widely used to culture microorganisms, but they do not allow for pH control without additional infrastructure. In the presence of a carbon source like glucose, culture pH typically decreases due to overflow metabolism and can limit the growth of microorganisms in shake flasks. In this study, we demonstrate the use of magnesium hydroxide-loaded pH managing hydrogels (m-pHmH) for in situ base release to counter the decrease in culture pH in shake flasks using Escherichia coli as a model organism, in both complex and mineral salts medium. Base release from m-pHmH is shown to increase with decreasing pH (22-fold increase in release rate from pH 8 to 5), thus providing feedback from culture pH. The addition of m-pHmH resulted in better pH maintenance and higher biomass yields of E. coli K12 in media containing glucose as a carbon source. The use of m-pHmH with additional buffer resulted in pH being maintained above 6.9 while pH decreases below 5 without m-pHmH. We demonstrate one application of such in situ pH management to increase the volumetric plasmid yield from E. coli in shake flask culture. In situ glucose release through a hydrogel to mimic fed-batch culture along with the addition of m-pHmH resulted in a 395 % increase in volumetric plasmid yield to 38 μg/ml in shake flask culture.
Understanding the Relationships Among HIV/AIDS‐Related Stigma, Health Service Utilization, and HIV Prevalence and Incidence in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Multi‐level Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Williams Leslie D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHIV‐positive individuals often face community‐wide discrimination or public shame and humiliation as a result of their HIV‐status. In Sub‐Saharan Africa, high HIV incidence coupled with unique cultural contexts make HIV‐positive individuals particularly likely to experience this kind of HIV/AIDS‐related (HAR) stigma. To date, there is a relatively small amount of high‐quality empirical literature specific to HAR stigma in this context, supporting the notion that a better understanding of this phenomenon is needed to inform potential interventions. This paper provides a thorough review of the literature specific to HAR stigma in Sub‐Saharan Africa, finding (a) qualitative support for the existence of important relationships between HAR stigma and health service utilization and barriers; (b) a need for more quantitative study of stigma and its relationships both to health service utilization and to HIV outcomes directly; and (c) a disconnect between methodological techniques used in this context‐specific literature and well‐known theories about stigma as a general phenomenon. This paper then draws from its empirical literature review, as well as from well‐known theoretical frameworks from multiple disciplines, to propose a theoretical framework for the ecological and multilevel relationships among HAR stigma, health service utilization, and HIV outcomes in this context.
Occurrence of Tephra / Volcanic Tuff in the Tertiary Sediments of Himachal Himalaya from Tileli Area, Mandi District, H.P.: Implication for Stratigraphy and Uranium Mineralization
Authors: Pandey Pradeep , Chabbra Jyotsana , Joshi G. B. , Parihar P. S. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract:
Presence of Early Tertiary pyroclastic material (tephra) has been documented petrographically, for the first time, in the Mandi-Bilaspur Sector from Tileli area, Dharamsala basin of Himachal Pradesh. The tephra is reported from the red shale, identified as tuffaceous siltstone belonging to lower Dharamsala Formation that lies above the uraniferous sandstone body and occurs as thin layers of over 300m along the strike, close to the contact of lower and upper Dharamsala formations. The tuffaceous material shows crude but preferred orientation of minerals like biotite, muscovite, chlorite, clay, hematite and specularite. Various features indicating presence of tephra are, glass shards altered to clay but retaining ‘U’ shaped outline, spindle-shaped hematite with preferred orientation, spherical to sub-spherical clay and altered Feoxide rich balls, clay groundmass with flow pattern, flaky minerals in association with clast depicting asymmetrical ramp structure. A zone of approximately 300 m length containing tuffaceous material has been established at Tileli overlying the uraniferous sandstone body.
Identification of tephra at Tileli has significant implications as it enabled in demarcating the boundary between the upper and lower Dharamsala formations in central part of the basin in Bilaspur-Mandi Sector of HP Himalaya and also in guiding the uranium exploration programme in the lower Dharamsala Formation.
Morphology and Textures of Komatiite Flows of J.C. Pura Schist Belt, Dharwar Craton
Authors: Prabhakar B. C. , Namratha R. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract:
Study of komatiites for their structures and textures in cratonic blocks could provide more insights into the early Archaean volcanism, mantle processes and associated metallogeny. Jayachamarajapura (J.C.Pura) belt in Western Dharwar craton is a komatiitc milieu, where outcrop features display several flow characteristics and sub-volcanic emplacement features typical of well known komatiitic areas of the world. In spite of deformation, metamorphism and alterations the komatiites still preserve many of the primary cooling structures, which stand testimony for their extrusive volcanic nature. Distinct features like pillows, flow-top polyhedral joints, ocelli, vesicular, flow-top breccia and cumulate segregations and crude layering are observed. However, massive, undifferentiated nature of komatiitic flows is more predominant. Because of serpentinisation, carbonitization and chloritization, the original mineralogy and textures are obliterated and scantily preserved. Still, these observed features provide vital clues to imply the formation of komatiite sequences in a submarine to subaerial conditions when episodic pulses of komatiite lava piled up (about 3.35 Ga ago) to form the ultramafic milieu of J.C.Pura belt.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Disability in U.S. Adults
Authors: Schüssler‐Fiorenza Rose Sophia Miryam , Xie Dawei , Stineman Margaret 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo assess relationships between adverse childhood experiences and self‐reported disabilities in adult life.DesignCross‐sectional, random‐digit‐dialed, state‐population‐based survey (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System).SettingFourteen states and the District of Columbia.ParticipantsNoninstitutionalized adults ages ≥18 years surveyed in 2009 and/or in 2010 (n = 81,184).MethodsThe Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) Module asks about abuse (physical, sexual, emotional), family dysfunction (exposures to domestic violence, living with mentally ill, substance abusing, or incarcerated family member(s), and/or parental separation and/or divorce) that occurred before age 18 years. The ACE score sums affirmed ACE categories (range, 0‐8). We controlled for demographic characteristics (age, race, education, income, and marital status) and self‐reported physical health conditions (stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes, coronary heart disease, asthma). Five states asked participants about mental health conditions (anxiety, depression). A subset analysis of participants in these states evaluated the effect of adjusting for these conditions.Main Outcome MeasurementsThe primary outcome was disability (self‐reported activity limitation and/or assistive device use).ResultsMore than half of participants (57%) reported at least 1 adverse childhood experience category, and 23.2% reported disability. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of disability increased in a graded fashion from odds ratio 1.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.2‐1.4) among those who experienced 1 adverse experience to odds ratio 5.8 (95% confidence interval, 4.6‐7.5) among those with 7‐8 adverse experiences compared with those with no such experiences when adjusting for demographic factors. The relationship between adverse experiences and disability remained strong after adjusting for physical and mental health conditions.ConclusionsThere is a strong graded relationship between childhood exposure to abuse and household dysfunction and self‐reported disability in adulthood, even after adjusting for potentially mediating health conditions. Greater clinician, researcher, and policymaker awareness of the impact of childhood adversity on disability is crucial to help those affected by childhood adversity lead more functional lives.
Quitting Without Reporting Having Tried: Findings From a National Survey
Authors: Brown Jamie , Vangeli Eleni , Fidler Jennifer A. , Raupach Tobias , West Robert 
Published: January 2014

Background: It is assumed that smokers rarely quit without ‘attempting’ to do so but the assumption does not appear to have been adequately tested. This study assessed the prevalence of reporting having stopped without reporting a quit attempt and the reasons given for this discrepancy.Methods: Data were collected from ex-smokers who said they had quit within the last 12 months during nationally representative household surveys conducted monthly between 2006–12.Results: Of the 1,892 ex-smokers who said that they had quit within the last 12 months, 13.9% (95%CI = 12.4%–15.5%) reported having made no serious quit attempts in that period. In a sub-group of 24 smokers who were asked why they had reported stopping without also reporting an attempt, nine cited inconsistency over timing; three reported stopping without attempting to do so; four did not consider it an ‘attempt’ because they had succeeded; and six had not ruled out the occasional cigarette in the future.Conclusions: A substantial minority of people who report having stopped in the past year may fail to report a corresponding quit attempt. However, quitting smoking without considering that one has tried appears to be rare. Instead, the most common reason for the discrepancy is inconsistent reporting of the timing of quit attempts.
HUMOUR, SATIRE, AND SEXUALITY IN THE CULTURE OF EARLY CHARTISM
Authors: SCRIVEN TOM 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTHistories of Chartism have tended to emphasize the hegemony of respectability within the movement, and with histories of the popular press have seen the 1830s as a decisive break with older radical traditions of sexual libertarianism, bawdy political culture, and a satirical, sometimes obscene print culture. However, the basis of this position is a partial reading of the evidence. Work on London Chartists has emphasized their moralistic politics and publications at the expense of their rich populist and satirical press and the clear survival of piracy and romantic literature well into the Chartist period. The neglect of an important early leader, Henry Vincent, has meant the bawdy, sensual, and sometimes scatological letters he sent to his cousin in London have been overlooked as a source on the moral life of the Chartist generation. This article will address this by studying Vincent's letters in the context of London's populist press, particularly the work of his friends John Cleave and Henry Hetherington. Vincent's humour and attitude towards sexuality clearly reflect a broader tendency in London radicalism, while his own efforts as a newspaper editor in Bath indicate that acerbic humour was an important aspect not just of Chartism's political critique, but of its appeal to the provincial working class.
Conventional PCR for molecular diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis
Authors: SITTA R. B. , MALTA F. M. , PINHO J. R. , CHIEFFI P. P. , GRYSCHEK R. C. B. , PAULA F. M. 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYStrongyloidiasis is frequently asymptomatic and diagnosis of latent infection is difficult due to limitations of current parasitological and serological methods. This study aimed to verify the use of conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for molecular diagnosis ofStrongyloides stercoralisinfection. Fresh stool samples were obtained from 103 individuals: 33S. stercoralispositive, 30 positive for other parasites and 40 negative for parasitological methods. These samples were examined by the Lutz, Rugai and agar plate culture methods and conventional PCR assay. Two sets of primers (S. stercoralisspecies-specific and genus-specific sets), located in the 18S ribosomal RNA gene, were used for PCR. Of the 33 samples positive forS. stercoralisby parasitological methods, 28 (84·8%) were also detected by PCR assay using species-specific primers and 26 (78·8%) using genus-specific primers. Among the stool samples negative by parasitological methods, seven (17·5%) were positive by PCR using species-specific primers and two (5·0%) using genus-specific primers. In conclusion, the conventional PCR assay described in this study using a species-specific primer pair provided a molecular method forS. stercoralisdiagnosis in human stool samples.
Vaccine against scabies: necessity and possibility
Authors: LIU XIAOSONG , WALTON SHELLEY , MOUNSEY KATE 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYScabies is an infectious disease that is endemic in poorly resourced communities, and also common in industrialized countries. Although the disease, which is caused by infestation ofSarcoptes scabiei, is generally mild, the need for a vaccine againstS. scabieiis proposed. The immunological mechanisms that controlS. scabieiinfection are discussed and the current status of scabies vaccine development reviewed. Future directions for scabies vaccine development are also addressed.
Patronage and Revolution: Edmund Burke'sReflections on the Revolution in Franceand His Theory of Legislative Corruption
Authors: Selinger William 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEdmund Burke'sReflections on the Revolution in Franceis most famous and controversial for Burke's opposition to the philosophy behind the Revolution. This essay examines Burke's more practical criticisms of the French National Assembly which pervade the pamphlet, and shows their connection to his earlier arguments about corruption in the House of Commons. Burke's insight into the future course of the French Revolution is based in his distinctive approach to thinking about the pathologies of legislative assemblies, which he initially developed in the House of Commons, and later applied to the French National Assembly.
NSA Management Directive #424: Secrecy and Privacy in the Aftermath of Edward Snowden
Authors: Lucas George R. 
Published: January 2014

Whatever else one might say concerning the legality, morality, and prudence of his actions, Edward Snowden, the former U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) contractor, is right about the notion of publicity and informed consent, which together constitute the hallmark of democratic public policy. In order to be morally justifiable, any strategy or policy involving the body politic must be one to which it would voluntarily assent when fully informed about it. This, in essence, was Snowden's argument for leaking, in June 2013, the documents that revealed the massive NSA surveillance program:So long as there's broad support amongst a people, it can be argued there's a level of legitimacy even to the most invasive and morally wrong program, as it was an informed and willing decision. . . . However, programs that are implemented in secret, out of public oversight, lack that legitimacy, and that's a problem. It also represents a dangerous normalization of “governing in the dark,” where decisions with enormous public impact occur without any public input.
9500 Nights of Mid-Infrared Observations of SN 1987A: the birth of the remnant
Authors: Bouchet Patrice , Danziger John 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe one-in-a-life-time event Supernova SN 1987A, the brightest supernova seen since Kepler's in 1604, has given us a unique opportunity to study the mechanics of a supernova explosion and now to witness the birth of a supernova remnant. A violent encounter is underway between the fastest-moving debris and the circumstellar ring: shocks excite “hotspots”. ATCA/ANTF, Gemini, VLT, HST, Spitzer, Chandra, and recently ALMA observations have been so far organized to help understanding the several emission mechanisms at work. In the mid-infrared SN 1987A has transformed from a SN with the bulk of its radiation from the ejecta to a SNR whose emission is dominated by the interaction of the blast wave with the surrounding interstellar medium, a process in which kinetic energy is converted into radiative energy. Currently this remnant emission is dominated by material in or near the inner equatorial ring (ER). We give here a brief history of our mid-infrared observations, and present our last data obtained with the SPITZER infrared satellite and the ESO VLT and Gemini telescopes: we show how together with Chandra observations, they contribute to the understanding of this fascinating object. We argue also that our imaging observations suggest that warm dust is still present in the ejecta, and we dispute the presence of huge amount of very cold dust in it, as it has been claimed on the basis of data obtained with the HERSCHELl satellite.
Core Collapse Supernova Models and Nucleosynthesis
Authors: Nomoto Ken'ichi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAfter the Big Bang, production of heavy elements in the early Universe takes place in the first stars and their supernova explosions. The nature of the first supernovae, however, has not been well understood. The signature of nucleosynthesis yields of the first supernovae can be seen in the elemental abundance patterns observed in extremely metal-poor stars. Interestingly, those abundance patterns show some peculiarities relative to the solar abundance pattern, which should provide important clues to understanding the nature of early generations of supernovae. We review the recent results of the nucleosynthesis yields of massive stars. We examine how those yields are affected by some hydrodynamical effects during the supernova explosions, namely, explosion energies from those of hypernovae to faint supernovae, mixing and fallback of processed materials, asphericity, etc. Those parameters in the supernova nucleosynthesis models are constrained from observational data of supernovae and metal-poor stars.
Recent developments in supernova research with VLBI
Authors: Bartel Norbert , Bietenholz Michael F. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractVery long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations during the last 30 years have resolved many supernovae and provided detailed measurements of the expansion velocity and deceleration. Such measurements are useful for estimating the radial density profiles of both the ejecta and the circumstellar medium left over from the progenitor. VLBI measurements are also the most direct way of confirming the relativistic expansion velocities thought to occur in supernovae associated with gamma-ray bursts. Well-resolved images of a few supernovae have been obtained, and the interaction of the ejecta as it expands into the circumstellar medium could be monitored in detail. We discuss recent results, for SN 1979C, SN 1986J, and SN 1993J, and note that updated movies of the latter two of the supernovae from soon after the explosion to the present are available from the first author's personal website.
Light Curve Modeling of Superluminous Supernovae
Authors: Moriya Takashi , Blinnikov Sergei I. , Tominaga Nozomu , Yoshida Naoki , Tanaka Masaomi , Maeda Keiichi , Nomoto Ken'ichi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOrigins of superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) discovered by recent SN surveys are still not known well. One idea to explain the huge luminosity is the collision of dense CSM and SN ejecta. If SN ejecta is surrounded by dense CSM, the kinetic energy of SN ejecta is efficiently converted to radiation energy, making them very bright. To see how well this idea works quantitatively, we performed numerical simulations of collisions of SN ejecta and dense CSM by using one-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics code STELLA and obtained light curves (LCs) resulting from the collision. First, we show the results of our LC modeling of SLSN 2006gy. We find that physical parameters of dense CSM estimated by using the idea of shock breakout in dense CSM (e.g., Chevalier & Irwin 2011, Moriya & Tominaga 2012) can explain the LC properties of SN 2006gy well. The dense CSM's radius is about 1016 cm and its mass about 15 M⊙. It should be ejected within a few decades before the explosion of the progenitor. We also discuss how LCs change with different CSM and SN ejecta properties and origins of the diversity of H-rich SLSNe. This can potentially be a probe to see diversities in mass-loss properties of the progenitors. Finally, we also discuss a possible signature of SN ejecta-CSM interaction which can be found in H-poor SLSN.
Supernova interaction with dense mass loss
Authors: Chevalier Roger A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSupernovae of Type IIn (narrow line) appear to be explosions that had strong mass loss before the event, so that the optical luminosity is powered by the circumstellar interaction. If the mass loss region has an optical depth >c/vs, where vs is the shock velocity, the shock breakout occurs in the mass loss region and a significant fraction of the explosion energy can be radiated. The emission from the superluminous SN 2006gy and the normal luminosity SN 2011ht can plausibly be attributed to shock breakout in a wind, with SN 2011ht being a low energy event. Superluminous supernovae of Type I may derive their luminosity from interaction with a mass loss region of limited extent. However, the distinctive temperature increase to maximum luminosity has not been clearly observed in Type I events. Suggested mechanisms for the strong mass loss include pulsational pair instability, gravity-waves generated by instabilities in late burning phases, and binary effects.
Circumstellar interaction in Type IIn supernovae
Authors: Chandra Poonam , Chevalier Roger A. , Chugai Nikolai , Soderberg Alicia M. , Fransson Claes 
Published: January 2014

AbstractType IIn supernovae have bright optical emission and high bolometric luminosities. Due to their high mass loss, their are expected to have dense circumstellar interaction, thus produce bright radio and X-ray emission. We aim to carry out systematic study to understand their circumstellar interaction, mass loss properties. Here, I provide specific examples of two Type IIn supernovae, 2006jd and 2010jl.