bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ERβ1 represses basal-like breast cancer epithelial to mesenchymal transition by destabilizing EGFR
Authors: Thomas Christoforos , Rajapaksa Gayani , Nikolos Fotis , Hao Ruixin , Katchy Anne , McCollum Catherine W , Bondesson Maria , Quinlan Phil , Thompson Alastair , Krishnamurthy Savitri , Esteva Francisco J , Gustafsson Jan-Åke 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Introduction
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with the basal-like breast cancer phenotypes. Sixty percent of basal-like cancers have been shown to express wild-type estrogen receptor beta (ERβ1). However, it is still unclear whether the ERβ expression is related to EMT, invasion and metastasis in breast cancer. In the present study, we examined whether ERβ1 through regulating EMT can influence invasion and metastasis in basal-like cancers.

Methods
Basal-like breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T), in which ERβ1 was either overexpressed or down-regulated were analyzed for their ability to migrate and invade (wound-healing assay, matrigel-coated Transwell assay) as well as for the expression of EMT markers and components of the EGFR pathway (immunoblotting, RT-PCR). Co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitylation assays were employed to examine whether ERβ1 alters epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein degradation and the interaction between EGFR and the ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl. The metastatic potential of the ERβ1-expressing MDA-MB-231 cells was evaluated in vivo in a zebrafish xenotransplantation model and the correlation between ERβ1 and E-cadherin expression was examined in 208 clinical breast cancer specimens by immunohistochemistry.

Results
Here we show that ERβ1 inhibits EMT and invasion in basal-like breast cancer cells when they grow either in vitro or in vivo in zebrafish. The inhibition of EMT correlates with an ERβ1-mediated up-regulation of miR-200a/b/429 and the subsequent repression of ZEB1 and SIP1, which results in increased expression of E-cadherin. The positive correlation of ERβ1 and E-cadherin expression was additionally observed in breast tumor samples. Down-regulation of the basal marker EGFR through stabilization of the ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl complexes and subsequent ubiquitylation and degradation of the activated receptor is involved in the ERβ1-mediated repression of EMT and induction of EGFR signaling abolished the ability of ERβ1 to sustain the epithelial phenotype.

Conclusions
Taken together, the results of our study strengthen the association of ERβ1 with the regulation of EMT and propose the receptor as a potential crucial marker in predicting metastasis in breast cancer.
Mechanical and energetic scaling relationships of running gait through ontogeny in the ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Smith Nicola C. , Wilson Alan M. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryAbstract It is unclear whether small animals with their high stride frequency and crouched posture or large animals with more tendinous limbs are more reliant on storage and return of elastic energy during locomotion. The ostrich has a limb structure that appears to be adapted for high speed running with long tendons and short muscle fibres. Here we investigate biomechanics of ostrich gait through growth and, with consideration of anatomical data, identify scaling relationships with increasing body size, relating to forces acting on the musculoskeletal structures, effective mechanical advantage (EMA) and mechanical work. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected through growth from running ostriches. Joint moments scaled in a similar way to the pelvic limb segments as a result of consistent posture through growth, such that EMA was independent of body mass. Since no postural change was observed, relative loads applied to musculoskeletal tissues would be predicted to increase during growth, with greater muscle, and hence tendon, load allowing increased potential for elastic energy storage with increasing size. Mass specific mechanical work per unit distance was independent of body mass, resulting in a small but significant increase in the contribution of elastic energy storage to locomotor economy in larger ostriches.
Multivariate analysis of behavioural response experiments in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Authors: Dunlop Rebecca A. , Noad Michael J. , Cato Douglas H. , Kniest Eric , Miller Patrick , Smith Joshua N. , Stokes M. Dale 
Published: November 2012

Summary
The behavioural response study (BRS) is an experimental design used by field biologists to determine the function and /or behavioural effects of conspecific, heterospecific or anthropogenic stimuli. When carrying out these studies in marine mammals it is difficult to make basic observations and achieve sufficient samples sizes due to the high cost and logistical difficulties. Rarely are other factors such as social context or the physical environment considered in the analysis because of these difficulties. This paper presents results of a BRS carried out in humpback whales to test the response of groups to one recording of conspecific social sounds and an artificially-generated tone stimulus. Experiments were carried out in September/October 2004 and 2008 during the humpback whale southward migration along the east coast of Australia. In total, 13 ‘tone’ experiments, 15 ‘social sound’ experiments (using one recording of social sounds) and three silent controls were carried out over two years. Results (using a mixed model statistical analysis) suggested that humpback whales responded differently to both stimuli, measured by changes in course travelled and dive behaviour. Although the response to ‘tones’ was consistent, in that groups moved offshore and surfaced more often (suggesting an aversion to the stimulus), the response to ‘social sounds’ was highly variable and dependent upon the composition of the social group. The change in course and dive behaviour in response to ‘tones’ was found to be related to proximity to the source, the received signal level and signal-to-noise ratio SNR. This study demonstrates the complexity of behavioural responses by a marine mammal to acoustic stimuli, the need to replicate stimuli to generate a sufficient sample size, and to measure as many other factors as possible culminating in a multivariate analysis in order to tease out complex interactions.
Effect of fluid viscosity on the liquid-feeding flow phenomena of a female mosquito
Authors: Kim Bo Heum , Ha Hojin , Seo Eun Seok , Lee Sang Joon 
Published: November 2012

SummaryLiquid-sucking phenomena by the two-pump system of a female mosquito have been investigated experimentally to understand the feeding mechanism. In most previous experimental studies on liquid-feeding insects, the net increase of mass was divided by the feeding time and fluid density to evaluate the intake rate. However, this weighting method is not so precise for mosquitoes, because they are too lightweight to measure the gain of mass accurately. In this study, the intake rate of female mosquitoes feeding various sucrose solutions was estimated using a micro particle image velocimetry technique. As the sucrose concentration increases from 1% to 50%, the intake rate decreases from 17.3 nl/s to 5.8 nl/s. Furthermore, the temporal volume variations of the two-pump chambers were estimated based on the velocity and acceleration information of the flow at the center of food canal of the proboscis. One pumping period is divided into four elementary phases, which are related to the different operational modes of the two pumps. According to the hypothetical model established in this study, the phase shift (α) between the two-pump chambers increases from 14 ms to 28 ms and the percentage of reversal flow to forward flow in a pumping period decreases 7.6% to 1.7% with increasing viscosity. The developed analytic methodology is helpful to the study of an insect’s feeding mechanism.
Iodine accumulation in sea urchin larvae is dependent on peroxide
Authors: Miller Ashley E. M. , Heyland Andreas 
Published: November 2012

Summary
Iodine has many important biological functions and its concentrations vary with environment. Recent research has provided novel insights into iodine uptake mechanisms in marine bacteria and kelp through hydrogen peroxide dependent diffusion (PDD). This mechanism is distinct from sodium dependent mechanisms known from vertebrates. In vertebrates, iodine accumulates in the thyroid gland by the action of the apical iodide transporter (AIT) and the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). Neither of these proteins has, thus far, been identified outside of the chordates and PDD (as an iodine uptake mechanism) has never been studied in animals. Using 125I as a marker for total iodine influx, we tested iodine uptake via sodium dependent transport versus PDD in embryos and larvae of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. We found that iodine uptake in S. purpuratus is largely independent of NIS/AIT. Instead we found that uptake is dependent on the presence and production of hydrogen peroxide indicating that sea urchin larvae use PDD as a mechanism for iodine acquisition. Our data, for the first time, provide conclusive evidence for this mechanism in an animal. Furthermore, our data strongly suggest that sodium dependent iodine uptake via active transporter proteins is a synapomorphy of chordates.
Lion (Panthera leo) and caracal (Caracal caracal) type IIx single muscle fibre force and power exceed that of trained humans
Authors: Kohn Tertius A. , Noakes Timothy D. 
Published: November 2012

Summary
This study investigated for the first time maximum force production, shortening velocity (Vmax) and power output in permeabilised single muscle fibres at 12 ˚C from lion (Panthera leo) and caracal (Caracal caracal), and compared the values to that of single fibres from human cyclists. Additionally, the use and validation of previously frozen tissue for contractile experiments is reported. Only type IIx muscle fibres were identified in the caracal sample, whereas type IIx and only two type I fibres in the lion sample. Only pure type I and IIa, and hybrid type IIax fibres were identified in the human samples, but no pure type IIx fibres. Nevertheless, compared to all the human fibre types, the lion and caracal fibres were smaller (P &lt; 0.01) in cross-sectional area (in µm2: human: 6194 ± 230, lion: 3008 ± 151, caracal: 2583 ± 221). On average, the felid type IIx fibres produced significantly greater force (191 – 211 kN·m-2) and ~3x more power (29.0 – 30.3 kN·m-2·FL·s-1) than the human IIax fibres (100 – 150 kN·m-2, 4 – 11 kN·m-2·FL·s-1). Vmax values of the lion type IIx fibres were also higher than human type IIax fibres. The findings suggest that the same fibre type may differ substantially between species and potential explanations are discussed.
Jumping mechanisms of treehopper insects (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Membracidae)
Authors: Burrows Malcolm 
Published: November 2012

SummaryThe kinematics and jumping performance of treehoppers (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Membracidae) were analysed from high speed images. The 8 species analysed had an 11 fold range of body mass (3.8 mg to 41 mg) and a 2 fold range of body lengths (4.1 to 8.4 mm). Body shape was dominated by a prothoracic helmet that projected dorsally and posteriorly over the body, and in some species forwards to form a protruding horn. Jumping was propelled by rapid depression of the trochantera of the hind legs. The hind legs were only 30 – 60 % longer than the front and middle legs, and 47 – 94% the length of the body in different species. They were slung beneath the body and moved together in the same plane. In preparation for a jump, the hind legs were initially levated and rotated forwards so that the femora were pressed into indentations of the coxae. The tibiae were flexed about the femora and the tarsi were placed on the ground directly beneath the lateral edges of the abdomen. Movements of the front and middle legs adjusted the angle of the body relative to the ground, but for most treehoppers this angle was small so that the body was almost parallel to the ground. The rapid depression of the hind legs accelerated the body to take-off in 1.2 ms in the lighter treehoppers and 3.7 ms in the heavier ones. Take-off velocities of 2.1 – 2.7 m s-1 were achieved and were not correlated with body mass. In the best jumps, these performances involved accelerations of 560 – 2450 m s-2 (g forces of 47- 250), an energy expenditure of 13.5 – 101 µJ, a power output of 12 – 32 mW and exerted a force or 9.5 – 29 mN. The power output per mass of muscle far exceeds the maximum active contractile limit of normal muscle. Such requirements indicate that treehoppers must be using a power amplification mechanism in a catapult-like action. Some jumps were preceded by flapping movements of the wings, but the propulsive movements of the hind legs were critical in achieving take-off.
Observation of 47,49Ti NMR Spectra of TiCl4/MgCl2 Catalysts under an Ultrahigh Magnetic Field
Authors: Ohashi Ryutaro , Saito Masayoshi , Fujita Takashi , Nakai Toshihito , Utsumi Hiroaki , Deguchi Kenzo , Tansho Masataka , Shimizu Tadashi 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
A series of TiCl4/MgCl2 catalysts prepared with various milling times were investigated by 47,49Ti MAS NMR spectroscopy with an ultrahigh magnetic field of 21.8 T. Notable spectral features were observed: with the increase of milling times, the resonance lines shifted toward the high field, and they were broadened.
Nickel-catalyzed Decarbonylative Polymerization of 5-Alkynylphthalimides: A New Methodology for the Preparation of Polyheterocycles
Authors: Takeuchi Makoto , Kurahashi Takuya , Matsubara Seijiro 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed decarbonylative cycloaddition was developed, in which 5-alkynylphthalimides reacted to afford a new type of polyisoquinolone. It was demonstrated for the first time that decarbonylative cycloaddition can be an elementary process of polycondensation for the preparation of heterocyclic polymers.
Unique Adsorption Behavior of Antimicrobial Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide hydrochloride) onto Solid-supported Lipid Films
Authors: Date Takaaki , Matsuoka Yosuke , Sakamoto Nobuyuki , Serizawa Takeshi 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Adsorptions of antimicrobial poly(hexamethylenebiguanide hydrochloride) (PHMB) onto solid-supported lipid films composed of representative glycerophospholipids were analyzed by using surface plasmon resonance measurements. PHMB preferentially adsorbed onto negatively charged lipid films rather than zwitterionic lipid films. The adsorption amounts were drastically increased above the threshold PHMB concentration, which might be correlated with its antimicrobial effect.
Peroxidase-like Enzymes Designed from Cytochrome b5 Exhibit Enhanced Hydrolysis Activity
Authors: Lin Ying-Wu , You Xiao-Xing , Chen Lie-Song , Wu Yi-Mou 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Rationally designed peroxidase-like enzymes, H39Q Cyt b5 and H39S Cyt b5, were found to exhibit enhanced hydrolysis activity by catalyzing the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate, providing new information and ideas for the rational design of functional metalloproteins.
Variability of interface pressure produced by ready-to-wear compression stockings
Authors: Lurie F , Kistner R 
Published: November 2012

Purpose To assess the variability of interface pressure and changes in this pressure over one month time interval under ready-to-use compression stockings. Methods Fifteen healthy volunteers with a broad range of sizes and shapes of the calves were included in final analysis. Each volunteer sequentially used six pairs of stockings daily for one month each. The six pair set consisted of stockings of three compression classes (class 1: 20–30 mmHg, class 2: 30–40 mmHg and class 3: 40–50 mmHg), made of two materials with different stiffnesses. Interface pressure measurements were performed at Bl point using SIGaT® tester (Ganzoni-Sigvaris, St Gallen, Switzerland). Interface pressure was measured in supine and standing positions, and during performing 10 tiptoes. Pressure measurements were performed twice (in the morning and after using stockings for eight hours) on the first day of using each pair of stockings, and repeated on the 30th day. Results At the time of the first use the interface pressure was within the range specified by the manufacturer for 160 out of 180 individual stockings. Twenty stockings (11.1%) produced interface pressure which was 5 mmHg or more outside the range of specified compression class. In 16 of these cases it was only one of the pair of stockings from the same box that produced lower than specified pressure. The pressure under stockings did not change significantly during the day. After one month the interface pressure under the class 1 stockings decreased on average by 1.4 ± 4.3 mmHg ( P = 0.013). Class 2 and 3 stockings showed minimal pressure changes which were not statistically significant. Conclusions In vivo measurements of interface pressure should be a requirement for clinical studies of compression stockings, and may be reasonable for ensuring appropriate pressure level in clinical practice.
Model Comparisons of Competing Risk and Recurrent Events for Graft Failure in Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: Holme Ingar , Fellström Bengt C. , Jardine Alan G. , Hartmann Anders , Holdaas Hallvard 
Published: November 2012

Summary

Background and objectives
Risk factor analysis of long-term graft survival in kidney transplant recipients is usually based on Cox regression models of time to first occurrence of doubling of serum creatinine or graft loss (DSCGL). However, death is a competing cause of failure, and censoring patients who die could bias estimates. We therefore compared estimates of time to first event versus estimates that included death as a competing risk and recurrent events.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
A Cox regression analysis of 1997–2002 data from the Assessment of Lescol in Renal Transplant (ALERT) trial population identified an eight-factor risk model, by analyzing time to first occurrence of DSCGL. The same factors were re-analyzed, allowing for death as competing. The probability of survival free of DSCGL was estimated; and two recurrent models (marginal and conditional) were used for time to events.

Results
Creatinine, systolic BP, and HLA-DR mismatches lost 33%–46% of their strength of association with DSCGL when death was included as a competing risk. Small changes were observed if recurrent events were analyzed in the marginal model.

Conclusion
The relationship between serum creatinine and DSCGL was attenuated when death was considered as a competing risk; inclusion of recurrent events had little effect. These findings have important implications for analysis and trial design in populations at high mortality risk.
Transitioning to IFRS in Australian Classrooms: Impact on Teaching Approaches
Authors: Jackling Beverley , de Lange Paul A. , Natoli Riccardo 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT:
This paper outlines the impact that transition to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) had in Australia with reference to the teaching approaches across university accounting classrooms. The discussion begins with a short history of past rules governing accounting in Australia, followed by a review of the transition to IFRS in Australia. An assessment of the ways in which the Australian accounting academic community incorporated the adoption of IFRS into their curriculum is also provided. The review suggests that despite an initial period of foreboding from accounting educators, the transition to IFRS involved minimal changes in teaching approaches. We argue that there were missed opportunities to revise the curriculum, particularly at the introductory level, by adopting a framework-based teaching approach in line with the principles-based IFRS. The paper concludes with some observations about lessons learned from the Australian experience as a guide for accounting faculty in other parts of the world who are about to embark on the transition to IFRS.
On a question of A. Schinzel: Omega estimates for a special type of arithmetic functions
Authors: Kühleitner Manfred , Nowak Werner 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe paper deals with lower bounds for the remainder term in asymptotics for a certain class of arithmetic functions. Typically, these are generated by a Dirichlet series of the form ζ 2(s)ζ(2s−1)ζ M(2s)H(s), where M is an arbitrary integer and H(s) has an Euler product which converges absolutely for R s > σ0, with some fixed σ0 < 1/2.
Paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with dendritic cell neoplasm and Castleman’s disease: report of a new case and review of the literature
Authors: Roca Bernardino , Pitarch Gerard , Soler Francisco , Penades Maria , Resino Elena , Roca Manuel 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
We report on a patient with longstanding multicentric Castleman’s disease, hyaline-vascular type, who developed a follicular dendritic cell sarcoma, and finally presented a fatal paraneoplastic pemphigus. We review all four cases of such a triple association described in the literature so far.
Automatic diagnosis of primary headaches by machine learning methods
Authors: Krawczyk Bartosz , Simić Dragan , Simić Svetlana , Woźniak Michał 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Primary headaches are common disease of the modern society and it has high negative impact on the productivity and the life quality of the affected person. Unfortunately, the precise diagnosis of the headache type is hard and usually imprecise, thus methods of headache diagnosis are still the focus of intense research. The paper introduces the problem of the primary headache diagnosis and presents its current taxonomy. The considered problem is simplified into the three class classification task which is solved using advanced machine learning techniques. Experiments, carried out on the large dataset collected by authors, confirmed that computer decision support systems can achieve high recognition accuracy and therefore be a useful tool in an everyday physician practice. This is the starting point for the future research on automation of the primary headache diagnosis.
An efficient method for the preparation of benzyl γ-ketohexanoates
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad , Baloch Imam , Baloch Musa 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTwenty acid chlorides, 4-(mono/di-benzyloxy)-4-ketobutanoyl chlorides (Ia–XXa) were synthesised by the reaction of monoesters of succinic acid with thionyl chloride. The product thus obtained (4-benzyloxy-4-ketobutanoyl chlorides) was treated with diethylcadmium to convert it into the corresponding keto-esters (Ib–XXb), the mono/di-benzyl-γ-ketohexanoates, with a good yield. All the compounds thus prepared were characterised by physical, spectroscopic (UV-VIS, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR), and mass measurements techniques.