bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid prototyping in the intervertebral implant design process
Authors: Domanski Janusz , Skalski Konstanty , Grygoruk Roman , Mróz Adrian 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present the methodology of a design process of new lumbar intervertebral disc implants with specific emphasis on the use of rapid prototyping technologies. The verification of functionality of artificial intervertebral discs is also given. The paper describes the attempt and preliminary research to evaluate the properties of the intervertebral disc implant prototypes manufactured with the use of different rapid prototyping technologies, i.e. FDM – fused deposition modelling, 3DP – 3D printing and SLM – selective laser melting.

Design/methodology/approach
– Based on the computed tomography (CT) scan data, the anatomical parameters of lumbar spine bone tissue were achieved, which were the bases for the design-manufacture process carried out with the use of computer-aided designing/computer-aided engineering/computer-aided manufacturing systems. In the intervertebral disc implant design process, three RP technologies: FDM, 3DP and SLM were used for solving problems related to the reconstruction of geometry and functionality of the disc. Some preliminary tests such as measurement of roughness and structural analyses of material of prototypes made by different prototyping technologies were performed.

Findings
– This paper allowed the authors to elaborate and patent two new intervertebral disc implants. Because the implant designs are parametrical ones with relation to lumbar bone tissue properties measured on CT scans, they can be also made for individual patients. We also compared some of the properties of intervertebral implants prototypes made with the use of FDM, 3DP and SLM technologies.

Originality/value
– The paper presents the new intervertebral disc implants and their manufacturing by rapid prototyping. The methodology of designing intervertebral disc implant is shown. Some features of the methodology make it useful for preoperative planning of intervertebral disc surgery, as well.
Conceptual design of three-dimensional scaffolds of powder-based materials for bone tissue engineering applications
Authors: Vasireddi Ramakrishna , Basu Bikramjit 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possibility to construct tissue-engineered bone repair scaffolds with pore size distributions using rapid prototyping techniques.Design/methodology/approach– The fabrication of porous scaffolds with complex porous architectures represents a major challenge in tissue engineering and the design aspects to mimic complex pore shape as well as spatial distribution of pore sizes of natural hard tissue remain unexplored. In this context, this work aims to evaluate the three-dimensional printing process to study its potential for scaffold fabrication as well as some innovative design of homogeneously porous or gradient porous scaffolds is described and such design has wider implication in the field of bone tissue engineering.Findings– The present work discusses biomedically relevant various design strategies with spatial/radial gradient in pore sizes as well as with different pore sizes and with different pore geometries.Originality/value– One of the important implications of the proposed novel design scheme would be the development of porous bioactive/biodegradable composites with gradient pore size, porosity, composition and with spatially distributed biochemical stimuli so that stem cells loaded into scaffolds would develop into complex tissues such as those at the bone–cartilage interface.
Health Benefits of Punicic Acid: A Review
Authors: Aruna P. , Venkataramanamma D. , Singh Alok Kumar , Singh R.P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPunicic acid (PA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (18:3 n‐5), which is classified as a conjugated linolenic acid. PA is also referred as a "super CLnA" whose effect is even more potent than that of an ordinary CLnA. It is found mainly in the seeds of pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum) and Trichoxanthes kirilowii and some other minor sources. It possesses a wide array of biological properties including antidiabetic, antiobesity, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic activity against various forms of cancer. In spite of this, PA has not been explored as a nutraceutical or as an ingredient of food products which can be aimed at specific consumer target groups. This review details the various health‐beneficial properties of PA and explores the possibilities of its utilization as an active ingredient in various food products.
Species richness of sawfly–host plant associations at higher taxonomic levels
Authors: Isaka Yuichi , Sato Toshiyuki 
Published: October 2015

AbstractInsect–plant interactions are important to understanding the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for most of the diverse plant‐feeding insects. We aggregated data on sawfly–host plant associations and other resource associations from existing sources to address the following questions: (i) Is there a general correlation between host diversity and sawfly species richness? (ii) Is the pattern of host plant use consistent across sawfly lineages? and (iii) Is there a phylogenetically significant shift in species richness among sawflies? Our analysis comprised 8567 sawfly species, including 2087 species with host plant and other records. In total, there were 2126 records of host usage for sawflies, the overwhelming majority of which were sawflies using angiosperms as resources. Rosales are used by most of the species in sawfly families or subfamilies. We found that there was a strong correlation between the number of host plant orders and the species richness of sawfly families and subfamilies. To examine the points at which sawflies have experienced significant shifts in species richness, we compared sister taxon species richness. Several positive and negative shifts in species richness among sawflies were related to their range of host plant usage and specialized niche, respectively. In general, we found that most of the sawfly families and subfamilies used several orders as host plants, but mainly core eudicots, although some families or subfamilies were specialized on pteridophytes or gymnosperms.
Pain intensity, temperament traits and social support as determinants of trauma symptoms in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and low‐back pain
Authors: Rzeszutek Marcin , Oniszczenko Włodzimierz , Schier Katarzyna , Biernat‐Kałuża Edyta , Gasik Robert 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimThe main goal of our study was to investigate the relationship between age, duration of pain, pain intensity, temperament traits as postulated by the Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT), social support dimensions and the level of trauma symptoms, as appear in post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of 300 patients suffering from chronic pain in two groups comprised of 150 patients with a clinical diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 150 patients with a clinical diagnosis of low‐back pain (LBP). They were analyzed together as a one group of 300 patients with chronic pain.MethodTemperament was measured with the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory (FCB‐TI). Social support was tested with the Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS). The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS‐11) was used to measure pain intensity. The level of trauma symptoms was assessed with the Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder Factorial Version Inventory (PTSDF).ResultsThe results of our study suggest that the intensity of pain, participants' age, Emotional Reactivity and Sensory Sensitivity as temperament traits, need for support, and actually received social support were related to the level of trauma symptoms. The sum of the squared semi‐partial correlations showed that all six variables (age, pain intensity, Emotional Reactivity, Sensory Sensitivity, need for support and actually received support), account for 20% of the variance of general trauma symptoms level.ConclusionThe importance of temperament traits, social support and trauma symptoms should be taken into an account in psychotherapy accompanying pharmacotherapy for pain.
Out‐of‐hospital paediatric emergencies: a prospective, population‐based study
Authors: Harve H. , Salmi H. , Rahiala E. , Pohjalainen P. , Kuisma M. 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundWe wanted to study the incidence, distribution and characteristics of paediatric out‐of‐hospital emergency care on a population level. This knowledge could ameliorate the design and education of emergency medical services and their personnel.MethodsWe studied all (n = 1863) emergency medical services responses and the patient records for paediatric patients (age 0–16 years) in Helsinki, Finland (population 603,968, paediatric population 92,742) during a 12‐month period (2012). Patient characteristics, diagnoses, time intervals, medical treatments, procedures, vital measurements and outcome of out‐of‐hospital treatment were available for analysis.ResultsThe incidence of emergency medical services ‐treated paediatric out‐of‐hospital emergencies was 3.8/1000 inhabitants and 20/1000 1–16‐year‐old inhabitants. This formed 4.5% of all emergency calls, while children have a threefold share of the population (15%). Falls, dyspnoea, seizures and poisonings account for half of all emergencies. Few patients suffered from a life‐threatening condition or trauma. Cardiac arrest or need for advanced life support measures (e.g. intubation) was rare. After evaluation by the emergency medical services, only half of the patients (56%) needed ambulance transportation to hospital. Only 30 (3.7%) of the non‐transported patients made an unpremeditated visit to the emergency department after the original contact with the emergency medical services. All of them were well upon arrival to the emergency department.ConclusionPaediatric out‐of‐hospital emergencies are infrequent and have specific characteristics differing from the adult population. The design and training of emergency medical services and their personnel should focus on evaluation and management of the most frequent situations.
The movement shortfall in bird conservation: accounting for nomadic, dispersive and irruptive species
Authors: Cottee‐Jones H. E. W. , Matthews T. J. , Whittaker R. J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEfforts to prioritize conservation planning are undermined by several recognized knowledge shortfalls. Here we highlight a further shortfall, which we term the ‘movement shortfall’, in our knowledge of species movements, with particular reference to dispersive, irruptive and nomadic birds. Despite 100 years of ringing effort, the movement characteristics of these species are still poorly known, as the irregularity of their movements and low human population densities in parts of their range impede traditional methods. A lack of understanding of their movements, combined with an inappropriate conservation approach that relies on protected areas and international frameworks, means that the conservation status of these species continues to deteriorate. We call for the application of new tracking technology and outreach initiatives to help formulate innovative conservation approaches that are better suited to species with irregular movement behaviours.
An African mygalomorph lineage in temperate Australia: the trapdoor spider genus Moggridgea (Araneae: Migidae) on Kangaroo Island, South Australia
Authors: Harrison Sophie E , Rix Michael G , Harvey Mark S , Austin Andrew D 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe trapdoor spider genus Moggridgea O. Pickard‐Cambridge, 1875 is widespread across the Afrotropical region, with a further two species recorded from southern Australia. One of these Australian species, M. tingle Main, 1991 from south‐western Australia, has recently been transferred to a separate genus, along with six additional new species. However, consistent with previous research, we find that M. australis Main, 1991 from Kangaroo Island, South Australia, is not congeneric with the south‐western Australian taxa, and appears to be a valid member of the otherwise African genus Moggridgea. This suggests a potential case of trans‐oceanic dispersal, which would be remarkable for a mygalomorph spider. We redescribe this species based on newly collected specimens, and find that Aganippe rainbowi Pulleine, 1919, also from Kangaroo Island, is conspecific with M. australis and is the senior synonym, forming the new combination, M. rainbowi (Pulleine, 1919). We further discuss the ecology and biogeography of the species, and highlight avenues for future research.
Changes in induction methods have not influenced cesarean section rates among women with induced labor
Authors: Dögl Malin , Vanky Eszter , Heimstad Runa 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntroductionInduction of labor has become more common in most countries during the last decade. We have compared methods and routines of labor induction as practiced in Norway in 2003 and 2013, and surveyed practices with regard to induction of labor without a medical indication in 2013.Material and methodsA telephone interview with all delivery units in Norway was conducted in 2003. Data on preferred induction methods, use of prostaglandin, dosages, dose intervals and routes of administration were collected. In 2013, the same questionnaire was used, with additional questions on induction of labor without a medical indication. Data on overall cesarean section and induction rates were obtained from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway.ResultsFrom 2003 to 2013 the induction rate increased by 62% and the cesarean section rate by 6%. The cesarean section rate in women with induced labor remained stable at 17.1 and 17.4%, respectively. In 2003, 31 of 43 hospitals used dinoprostone for cervical ripening and induction. In 2013, 34 of 39 hospitals used misoprostol. A cervical balloon was used in three of 43 hospitals in 2003 compared with 31 of 39 in 2013. All but one hospital induced labor without a strict medical indication in 2013.ConclusionThe preferred methods for induction of labor changed within a decade to the use of misoprostol and cervical balloon. Induction of labor without strict medical indications is widely practiced. The changed induction methods have not influenced the cesarean section rates in women with induced labors.
Intervention decision‐making processes and information preferences of parents of children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Grant N. , Rodger S. , Hoffmann T. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundWhen a child is diagnosed with autism, parents are faced with the task of choosing from many different intervention options. To find information about the options available, parents turn to a number of different sources. This study explores parents' (n = 23) intervention decision‐making processes and information preferences following the diagnosis of ASD for their child.MethodsQualitative thematic analysis of verbatim transcripts from interviews and focus groups involving parents of children with an autism diagnosis was undertaken.ResultsAnalysis of the results revealed that there are concurrent emotional and pragmatic intervention ‘journeys’ undertaken by parents post diagnosis, which encompass the primary themes of: (1) information sources used, (2) parents' information preferences and (3) factors influencing intervention decision making. Parents described a journey from the point of diagnosis that involved seeking information on ASD interventions from multiple sources, with the Internet being the primary source. They were overwhelmed by the sheer volume of information available, and their preferences for information varied according to their stage in the journey post diagnosis. Parents had a ‘trial and error’ approach to choosing ASD interventions, with confidence increasing as they became more familiar with their child's condition, and had opportunities to explore numerous information sources about their child's diagnosis. While confidence increased over time, consideration of the effectiveness or evidence supporting interventions remained largely absent throughout the journey.ConclusionThis study highlights the need for parents of children with ASD to be supported to make informed intervention decisions, particularly with consideration for research evidence.
Developments in the field of allergy in 2014 through the eyes of Clinical and Experimental Allergy
Authors: Hales B. J. , Hizawa N. , Jenmalm M. , Sverremark‐Ekström E. , Wardlaw A. J. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe pathogenesis of asthma continues to be a major topic of interest to our authors with reviews and original papers on the role of viruses, mechanisms of inflammation, biomarkers, and phenotypes of asthma being major topics. A number of papers described new treatments for asthma focusing on blocking the Th2 response reflecting the fact that two decades of work in this area is finally bearing fruit. The pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis is a growing area of interest, but there has been less on the genetics of airways disease than in previous years possibly reflecting the degree of rigour (and therefore a smaller body of work), with which these sorts of studies are now being undertaken. There continues to be a wide range of papers dealing with mechanisms of allergic disease ranging from clinical‐based studies to basic research and the use of in vivo animal models especially mice. As before, mechanisms and new approaches to immunotherapy are common themes. Several were published in the allergens section investigating modification of allergens to increase their effectiveness and reduce the risk of adverse events. Risk factors for allergic disease was a common theme in the epidemiology section and food allergy a common theme in clinical allergy with papers on the development of protocols to induce tolerance and attempts to find biomarkers to distinguish sensitization from allergic disease. This was another exciting year for the editors, and we hope the readers of the journal.
TGFβ signalling pathway regulates angiogenesis by endothelial cells, in an adipose‐derived stromal cell/endothelial cell co‐culture 3D gel model
Authors: Lin Shiyu , Xie Jing , Gong Tao , Shi Sirong , Zhang Tao , Fu Na , Ye Ling , Wang Min , Lin Yunfeng 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the role of the TGFβ signalling pathway in angiogenesis in a three‐dimensional (3D) collagen gel model, with co‐culture between adipose‐derived stromal cells (ASCs) and endothelial cells (ECs).Materials and methodsA 3D collagen gel, implanted with green fluorescent protein‐labelled mouse ASCs and red fluorescent protein‐labelled mouse ECs, was established in vitro. Phenomena of angiogenesis with or without type I TGFβ receptor inhibitor (LY2157299) treatment, were observed 7 days post‐implantation, using confocal laser scanning microscopy. To detect expression of angiogenesis‐related genes, semi‐quantitative PCR and quantitative real‐time PCR were conducted. Zymography was performed to explore secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) after treatment with LY2157299 of 5, 10, 20 to 50 μm concentrations, for 24 h.ResultsAngiogenesis was found to be attenuated in co‐culture gels after ASC and EC treatment with LY2157299. Genes VEGF‐A, VEGF‐B, VE‐ca, FGF‐1, FGF‐2, PDGF, HGF, BMP‐4 were significantly reduced in the presence of LY2157299 in both mono‐cultured and co‐cultured ECs. Furthermore, reduction in co‐cultured ECs was prominent relative to mono‐cultured ECs, while the same results did not occur to ASCs. We further confirmed that gelatinases secreted by ECs were reduced in a dose‐dependent manner, after treatment with LY2157299.ConclusionsThese results indicate that in ASC/EC co‐culture, the TGFβ signalling pathway regulated angiogenesis via EC activity. Co‐cultured ECs were regulated more significantly than mono‐cultured ECs suggesting that inhibition of TGFβRI may regulate paracrine secretion of ASCs to further modulate EC angiogenesis.
Microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor/T‐box factor‐2 axis acts through Cyclin D1 to regulate melanocyte proliferation
Authors: Pan L. , Ma X. , Wen B. , Su Z. , Zheng X. , Liu Y. , Li H. , Chen Y. , Wang J. , Lu F. , Qu J. , Hou L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectivesControl of cell proliferation is critical for accurate cell differentiation and tissue formation, during development and regeneration. Here, we have analysed the role of microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor MITF and its direct target, T‐box factor TBX2, in regulating proliferation of mammalian neural crest‐derived melanocytes.Materials and methodsImmunohistochemistry was used to examine spatial and temporal expression of TBX2 in melanocytes in vivo. RNAi and cell proliferation analysis were used to investigate functional roles of TBX2. Furthermore, quantitative RT‐PCR, western blot analysis and flow cytometry were used to further scrutinize molecular mechanisms underlying TBX2‐dependent cell proliferation.ResultsTBX2 was found to be co‐expressed with MITF in melanocytes of mouse hair follicles. Specific Tbx2 knockdown in primary neural crest cells led to inhibition MITF‐positive melanoblast proliferation. Tbx2 knockdown in melan‐a cells led to reduction in Cyclin D1 expression and G1‐phase cell cycle arrest. TBX2 directly activated Ccnd1 transcription by binding to a specific sequence in the Ccnd1 promoter, and the defect in cell proliferation could be rescued partially by overexpression of Cyclin D1 in Tbx2 knockdown melanocytes.ConclusionsResults suggest that the Mitf‐Tbx2‐Cyclin D1 pathway played an important role in regulation of melanocyte proliferation, and provided novel insights into the complex physiology of melanocytes.
Native Amazonian children forego egalitarianism in merit‐based tasks when they learn to count
Authors: Jara‐Ettinger Julian , Gibson Edward , Kidd Celeste , Piantadosi Steve 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCooperation often results in a final material resource that must be shared, but deciding how to distribute that resource is not straightforward. A distribution could count as fair if all members receive an equal reward (egalitarian distributions), or if each member's reward is proportional to their merit (merit‐based distributions). Here, we propose that the acquisition of numerical concepts influences how we reason about fairness. We explore this possibility in the Tsimane’, a farming‐foraging group who live in the Bolivian rainforest. The Tsimane’ learn to count in the same way children from industrialized countries do, but at a delayed and more variable timeline, allowing us to de‐confound number knowledge from age and years in school. We find that Tsimane’ children who can count produce merit‐based distributions, while children who cannot count produce both merit‐based and egalitarian distributions. Our findings establish that the ability to count – a non‐universal, language‐dependent, cultural invention – can influence social cognition.