bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A mascon approach to assess ice sheet and glacier mass balances and their uncertainties from GRACE data
Authors: Schrama Ernst J. O. , Wouters Bert , Rietbroek Roelof 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to assess the mass changes of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), Ice Sheets over Antarctica, and Land glaciers and Ice Caps with a global mascon method that yields monthly mass variations at 10,242 mascons. Input for this method are level 2 data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) system collected between February 2003 and June 2013 to which a number of corrections are made. With glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) corrections from an ensemble of models based on different ice histories and rheologic Earth model parameters, we find for Greenland a mass loss of −278 ± 19 Gt/yr. Whereas the mass balances for the GrIS appear to be less sensitive to GIA modeling uncertainties, this is not the case with the mass balance of Antarctica. Ice history models for Antarctica were recently improved, and updated historic ice height data sets and GPS time series have been used to generate new GIA models. We investigated the effect of two new GIA models for Antarctica and found −92 ± 26 Gt/yr which is half of what is obtained with ICE‐5G‐based GIA models, where the largest GIA model differences occur on East Antarctica. The mass balance of land glaciers and ice caps currently stands at −162 ± 10 Gt/yr. With the help of new GIA models for Antarctica, we assess the mass contribution to the mean sea level at 1.47 ± 0.09 mm/yr or 532 ± 34Gt/yr which is roughly half of the global sea level rise signal obtained from tide gauges and satellite altimetry.
Extreme swings of the South Pacific Convergence Zone and the different types of El Niño events
Authors: Borlace Simon , Santoso Agus , Cai Wenju , Collins Matt 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThere have been three extreme equatorward swings of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) during the satellite era. These zonal SPCZ (zSPCZ) events coincided with an El Niño of different magnitude and spatial pattern, in which strong anomalous warming reduced the off‐equatorial‐to‐equatorial meridional sea surface temperature (SST) gradient near the dateline, enabling convection to shift equatorward. It is not known, given the short observational record, how and whether different types of El Niño are associated with zSPCZ events. Using perturbed physics ensembles experiments in which SST biases are reduced, we find that zSPCZ events are concurrent with notable eastern Pacific (EP) warming. Central Pacific warming alone is rarely able to produce a swing, even as the climate warms under a CO2 increase scenario. Only El Niño events with strong EP warming can shift the convective zone. Such co‐occurring events are found to increase in frequency under greenhouse warming.
Generation of unusually low frequency plasmaspheric hiss
Authors: Chen Lunjin , Thorne Richard M. , Bortnik Jacob , Li Wen , Horne Richard B. , Reeves G. D. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Spence H. E. , Blake J. B. , Fennell J. F. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIt has been reported from Van Allen Probe observations that plasmaspheric hiss intensification in the outer plasmasphere, associated with a substorm injection on 30 September 2012, occurred with a peak frequency near 100 Hz, well below the typical plasmaspheric hiss frequency range, extending down to ∼20 Hz. We examine this event of unusually low frequency plasmaspheric hiss to understand its generation mechanism. Quantitative analysis is performed by simulating wave raypaths via the HOTRAY ray tracing code with measured plasma density and calculating raypath‐integrated wave gain evaluated using the measured energetic electron distribution. We demonstrate that the growth rate due to substorm‐injected electrons is positive but rather weak, leading to small wave gain (∼10 dB) during a single equatorial crossing. Propagation characteristics aided by the sharp density gradient associated with the plasmapause, however, can enable these low‐frequency waves to undergo cyclic raypaths, which return to the unstable region leading to repeated amplification to yield sufficient net wave gain (>40 dB) to allow waves to grow from the thermal noise.
A top to bottom evaluation of IRI 2007 within the polar cap
Authors: Themens David R. , Jayachandran P. Thayyil , Nicolls Michael J. , MacDougall John W. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMonthly median values of ionospheric peak height (hmF2) and density (NmF2), derived from ionosonde measurements at four Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN) stations situated within the polar cap and Auroral Oval, are used to evaluate the performance of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) 2007 empirical ionospheric model during the recent solar minimum between 2008 and 2010. This analysis demonstrates notable differences between IRI and ionosonde NmF2 diurnal and seasonal behavior over the entire period studied, where good agreement is found during summer periods but otherwise errors in excess of 50% were prevalent, particularly during equinox periods. hmF2 is found to be marginally overestimated during winter and equinox nighttime, while also being underestimated during summer and equinox daytime by in excess of 25%. These errors are shown to be related to significant mismodeling of the M(3000)F2 propagation factor. The ionospheric bottomside thickness parameter (B0) is also evaluated using ionosonde measurements. It is found that both of the IRI's internal B0 models significantly misrepresent both seasonal and diurnal variations in bottomside thickness when compared to ionosonde observations, where errors at times exceed 40%. A comparison is also presented between IRI and Resolute (74.75N, 265.00E) Advanced Modular Incoherent Scatter Radar (AMISR)‐derived topside thickness. It is found in this comparison that the IRI is capable of modeling ionospheric topside thickness exceptionally well during winter and summer periods but fails to represent significant diurnal variability during the equinoxes and seasonal variations.
Facile Synthesis of Phosphaamidines and Phosphaamidinates using Nitrilium Ions as an Imine Synthon
Authors: van Dijk Tom , Burck Sebastian , Rong Mark K. , Rosenthal Amos J. , Nieger Martin , Slootweg J. Chris , Lammertsma Koop 
Published: June 2014

AbstractReadily accessible nitrilium triflates are convenient imine building blocks for the expedient synthesis of a novel class of 1,3‐P,N ligands as demonstrated for the reaction with primary phosphanes. This procedure allows variation of all substituents. X‐ray crystal structures are reported for nitrilium ions, phosphaamidines, and three phosphaamidinate complexes. The lithium phosphaamidinate is N coordinated and its reaction with [AuCl(tht)] (tht=tetrahydrothiophene) gives a unique P‐bridged gold trimer, while a P,N‐bidentate complex results from [{RhCl(cod)}2]. The nitrilium ion methodology allows extension of the 1,3‐P,N motive to bis(imino)phosphanes, which are the neutral phosphorus analogues of the valuable β‐diketiminate ligand.
Design, synthesis, and application of amphoteric macromolecular dyes with controllable solubility
Authors: Yang Jingjing , Tang Bingtao , Zhang Shufen 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTA series of amphoteric macromolecular dyes were designed and synthesized from poly(acrylamide‐co‐vinylamine) oligomer and reactive dyes. The structure of the synthesized dyes was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectra, mass spectra, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy analysis. The solubility of the dyes was also investigated. The results showed that the solubility of the dyes can be controlled by tuning the ratio of amino to sulfonate groups in amphoteric macromolecular dyes. Based on the results of controllable solubility conducted by visible light transmittance measurements, amphoteric macromolecular dyes were used to dye cotton fiber; the fixation of the dye on cotton was more than 95% when crosslinking agent was added. The dyed samples exhibited good fastness to washing and rubbing. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41120.
Influence of the Substitution and Conformation of CH‐Bond‐Based Bis‐Triazole Acceptors in Anion‐Binding Catalysis
Authors: Asmus Sören , Beckendorf Stephan , Zurro Mercedes , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Fröhlich Roland , García Mancheño Olga 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA study on the key parameters involved in the anion‐binding process and catalytic activity of the new family of CH‐bond‐based, anion‐binding bis‐triazole catalysts BisTri was carried out. The effects of substitution at the side arms and the central backbone structure of the catalyst were investigated. Electron‐deficient 3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups at the side arms led to the most strongly bound structures. The evaluation of differently shaped anions showed remarkable binding selectivity of the BisTri derivatives for the chloride anion. Examination of various nucleophiles in a model catalytic alkylation reaction suggested a more complex mechanism than the expected SN1, in which the nucleophiles also participate partially in activation of the electrophile. DFT calculations were performed to investigate the relationship between the catalyst conformation and the binding affinity. Finally, in silico design and identification of a new, more efficient BisTri catalyst was accomplished.
Seed‐Mediated Synthesis of Gold Tetrahedra in High Purity and with Tunable, Well‐Controlled Sizes
Authors: Zheng Yiqun , Liu Wenying , Lv Tian , Luo Ming , Hu Hefei , Lu Ping , Choi Sang‐Il , Zhang Chao , Tao Jing , Zhu Yimei , Li Zhi‐Yuan , Xia Younan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe report a facile synthesis of Au tetrahedra in high purity and with tunable, well‐controlled sizes via seed‐mediated growth. The success of this synthesis relies on the use of single‐crystal, spherical Au nanocrystals as the seeds and manipulation of the reaction kinetics to induce an unsymmetrical growth pattern for the seeds. In particular, the dropwise addition of a precursor solution with a syringe pump, assisted by cetyltrimethylammonium chloride and bromide at appropriate concentrations, was found to be critical to the formation of Au tetrahedra in high purity. Their sizes could be readily tuned in the range of 30–60 nm by simply varying the amount of precursor added to the reaction solution. The current strategy not only enables the synthesis of Au tetrahedra with tunable and controlled sizes but also provides a facile and versatile approach to reducing the symmetry of nanocrystals made of a face‐centered cubic lattice.
A framework for the systematic design of fed‐batch strategies in mammalian cell culture
Authors: Kyriakopoulos Sarantos , Kontoravdi Cleo 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTA methodology to calculate the required amount of amino acids (a.a.) and glucose in feeds for animal cell culture from monitoring their levels in batch experiments is presented herein. Experiments with the designed feeds on an antibody‐producing Chinese hamster ovary cell line resulted in a 3‐fold increase in titer compared to batch culture. Adding 40% more nutrients to the same feed further increases the yield to 3.5 higher than in batch culture. Our results show that above a certain threshold there is no linear correlation between nutrient addition and the integral of viable cell concentration. In addition, although high ammonia levels hinder cell growth, they do not appear to affect specific antibody productivity, while we hypothesize that high extracellular lactate concentration is the cause for the metabolic shift towards lactate consumption for the cell line used. Overall, the performance of the designed feeds is comparable to that of a commercial feed that was tested in parallel. Expanding this approach to more nutrients, as well as changing the ratio of certain amino acids as informed by flux balance analysis, could achieve even higher yields. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 2466–2476. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multilevel correlations in the biological phosphorus removal process: From bacterial enrichment to conductivity‐based metabolic batch tests and polyphosphatase assays
Authors: Weissbrodt David G. , Maillard Julien , Brovelli Alessandro , Chabrelie Alexandre , May Jonathan , Holliger Christof 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTEnhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) from wastewater relies on the preferential selection of active polyphosphate‐accumulating organisms (PAO) in the underlying bacterial community continuum. Efficient management of the bacterial resource requires understanding of population dynamics as well as availability of bioanalytical methods for rapid and regular assessment of relative abundances of active PAOs and their glycogen‐accumulating competitors (GAO). A systems approach was adopted here toward the investigation of multilevel correlations from the EBPR bioprocess to the bacterial community, metabolic, and enzymatic levels. Two anaerobic‐aerobic sequencing‐batch reactors were operated to enrich activated sludge in PAOs and GAOs affiliating with “Candidati Accumulibacter and Competibacter phosphates”, respectively. Bacterial selection was optimized by dynamic control of the organic loading rate and the anaerobic contact time. The distinct core bacteriomes mainly comprised populations related to the classes Betaproteobacteria, Cytophagia, and Chloroflexi in the PAO enrichment and of Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Sphingobacteria in the GAO enrichment. An anaerobic metabolic batch test based on electrical conductivity evolution and a polyphosphatase enzymatic assay were developed for rapid and low‐cost assessment of the active PAO fraction and dephosphatation potential of activated sludge. Linear correlations were obtained between the PAO fraction, biomass specific rate of conductivity increase under anaerobic conditions, and polyphosphate‐hydrolyzing activity of PAO/GAO mixtures. The correlations between PAO/GAO ratios, metabolic activities, and conductivity profiles were confirmed by simulations with a mathematical model developed in the aqueous geochemistry software PHREEQC. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 2421–2435. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computational Library Design for Increasing Haloalkane Dehalogenase Stability
Authors: Floor Robert J. , Wijma Hein J. , Colpa Dana I. , Ramos‐Silva Aline , Jekel Peter A. , Szymański Wiktor , Feringa Ben L. , Marrink Siewert J. , Janssen Dick B. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe explored the use of a computational design framework for the stabilization of the haloalkane dehalogenase LinB. Energy calculations, disulfide bond design, molecular dynamics simulations, and rational inspection of mutant structures predicted many stabilizing mutations. Screening of these in small mutant libraries led to the discovery of seventeen point mutations and one disulfide bond that enhanced thermostability. Mutations located in or contacting flexible regions of the protein had a larger stabilizing effect than mutations outside such regions. The combined introduction of twelve stabilizing mutations resulted in a LinB mutant with a 23 °C increase in apparent melting temperature (Tm,app, 72.5 °C) and an over 200‐fold longer half‐life at 60 °C. The most stable LinB variants also displayed increased compatibility with co‐solvents, thus allowing substrate conversion and kinetic resolution at much higher concentrations than with the wild‐type enzyme.
Practice patterns and clinical outcomes among non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE‐ACS) patients presenting to primary and tertiary hospitals: Insights from the EARLY glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition in NSTE‐ACS (EARLY‐ACS) trial
Authors: Toleva Olga , Westerhout Cynthia M. , Senaratne Manohara P.J. , Bode Christoph , Lindroos Magnus , Sulimov Vitaly A. , Montalescot Gilles , Newby L. Kristin , Giugliano Robert P. , Van de Werf Frans , Armstrong Paul W. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesWe evaluated patients at tertiary [both percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) capable] and primary hospitals in the EARLY‐ACS trial.BackgroundEarly invasive management is recommended for high‐risk non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.MethodsWe evaluated outcomes in 9,204 patients presenting to: tertiary sites, primary sites with transfer to tertiary sites (“transferred”) and those who remained at primary sites (“non‐transfer”).ResultsThere were 348 tertiary (n = 7,455 patients) and 89 primary hospitals [n = 1,749 patients (729 transferred; 1,020 non‐transfer)]. Significant delays occurred in time from symptom onset to angiography (49 hr), PCI (53h), and CABG (178 hr) for transferred patients (P < 0.001). Non‐transfer patients had less 30‐day death/myocardial infarction [9.4% vs. 11.7% (tertiary); adjusted odds ratio (OR): 0.78 (0.62–0.97), P = 0.026]; transferred (14.0%) and tertiary patients were similar [adjusted OR: 1.23 (0.98–1.53), P = 0.074]. Non‐transfer patients had lower 1‐year mortality [4.3% vs. 6.3% (tertiary); adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 0.64 (0.47–0.87), P = 0.005]: there was no difference between transferred and tertiary patients [5.2% vs. 6.3%; adjusted HR: 0.80 (0.58–1.12), P = 0.202]. Despite similar rates of catheterization, GUSTO severe/moderate bleeding within 120 hr was less in non‐transfer [3.1% vs. 6.7% (tertiary); adjusted OR: 0.47 (0.32–0.68), P < 0.001], whereas transferred (6.1%) and tertiary patients were similar [adjusted OR: 0.94 (0.68–1.30), P = 0.693]. There was no difference in non‐CABG bleeding.ConclusionsTimely angiography and revascularization were often not achieved in transferred patients. Non‐transferred patients presenting to primary sites had the lowest event rates and the best long‐term survival. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical‐Free Control of Pests in Wood by Means of Dielectric Heating with Radio Waves and Microwaves
Authors: Hoyer Christian , Pfütze Christian , Plarre Rudy , Trommler Ulf , Steinbach Steffen , Klutzny Kerstin , Holzer Frank , Rabe Carsten , Höhlig Björn , Kopinke Frank‐Dieter , Schmidt Detlef , Roland Ulf 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDie thermische Bekämpfung von Holzschädlingen erfordert wegen der geringen Wärmeleitfähigkeit von Holz lange Behandlungszeiten und kann zur Rissbildung führen. Hier wurde die thermische Behandlung mittels Radio‐ und Mikrowellen untersucht. Die direkte, dielektrische Erwärmung hat den Vorteil einer größeren Homogenität der Aufheizung. Die mit Radiowellen erzielten Temperaturprofile waren homogener als die mit Mikrowellen realisierten. Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die Abtötung nicht auf die direkte Einwirkung von elektromagnetischen Feldern, sondern auf die Temperaturerhöhung zurückzuführen ist.
Glucocerebrosidase Enhancers for Selected Gaucher Disease Genotypes by Modification of α‐1‐C‐Substituted Imino‐D‐xylitols (DIXs) by Click Chemistry
Authors: Serra‐Vinardell Jenny , Díaz Lucía , Casas Josefina , Grinberg Daniel , Vilageliu Lluïsa , Michelakakis Helen , Mavridou Irene , Aerts Johannes M. F. G. , Decroocq Camille , Compain Philippe , Delgado Antonio 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA series of hybrid analogues was designed by combination of the iminoxylitol scaffold of parent 1C9‐DIX with triazolylalkyl side chains. The resulting compounds were considered potential pharmacological chaperones in Gaucher disease. The DIX analogues reported here were synthesized by CuAAC click chemistry from scaffold 1 (α‐1‐C‐propargyl‐1,5‐dideoxy‐1,5‐imino‐D‐xylitol) and screened as imiglucerase inhibitors. A set of selected compounds were tested as β‐glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) enhancers in fibroblasts from Gaucher patients bearing different genotypes. A number of these DIX compounds were revealed as potent GBA1 enhancers in genotypes containing the G202R mutation, particularly compound DIX‐28 (α‐1‐C‐[(1‐(3‐trimethylsilyl)propyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methyl]‐1,5‐dideoxy‐1,5‐imino‐D‐xylitol), bearing the 3‐trimethylsilylpropyl group as a new surrogate of a long alkyl chain, with approximately threefold activity enhancement at 10 nM. Despite their structural similarities with isofagomine and with our previously reported aminocyclitols, the present DIX compounds behaved as non‐competitive inhibitors, with the exception of the mixed‐type inhibitor DIX‐28.
Threshold Dynamics for Networks with Arbitrary Surface Tensions
Authors: Esedoḡ Lu Selim , Otto Felix 
Published: June 2014

We present and study a new algorithm for simulating the N‐phase mean curvature motion for an arbitrary set of (isotropic) surface tensions. The departure point is the threshold dynamics algorithm of Merriman, Bence, and Osher for the two‐phase case.A new energetic interpretation of this algorithm allows us to extend it in a natural way to the case of N phases, for arbitrary surface tensions and arbitrary (isotropic) mobilities. For a large class of surface tensions, the algorithm is shown to be consistent in the sense that at every time step, it decreases an energy functional that is an approximation (in the sense of Gamma convergence) of the interfacial energy. A broad range of numerical tests shows good convergence properties.An important application is the motion of grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials: It is also established that the above‐mentioned large class of surface tensions contains the Read‐Shockley surface tensions, both in the two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional settings.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Customer satisfaction‐aware scheduling for utility maximization on geo‐distributed data centers
Authors: Jing Chao , Zhu Yanmin , Li Minglu 
Published: June 2014

SummaryWith the increasingly growing amount of service requests from the world‐wide customers, the cloud systems are capable of providing services while meeting the customers' satisfaction. Recently, to achieve the better reliability and performance, the cloud systems have been largely depending on the geographically distributed data centers. Nevertheless, the dollar cost of service placement by service providers (SP) differ from the multiple regions. Accordingly, it is crucial to design a request dispatching and resource allocation algorithm to maximize net profit. The existing algorithms are either built upon energy‐efficient schemes alone, or multi‐type requests and customer satisfaction oblivious. They cannot be applied to multi‐type requests and customer satisfaction‐aware algorithm design with the objective of maximizing net profit. This paper proposes an ant‐colony optimization‐based algorithm for maximizing SP's net profit (AMP) on geographically distributed data centers with the consideration of customer satisfaction. First, using model of customer satisfaction, we formulate the utility (or net profit) maximization issue as an optimization problem under the constraints of customer satisfaction and data centers. Second, we analyze the complexity of the optimal requests dispatchment problem and rigidly prove that it is an NP‐complete problem. Third, to evaluate the proposed algorithm, we have conducted the comprehensive simulation and compared with the other state‐of‐the‐art algorithms. Also, we extend our work to consider the data center's power usage effectiveness. It has been shown that AMP maximizes SP net profit by dispatching service requests to the proper data centers and generating the appropriate amount of virtual machines to meet customer satisfaction. Moreover, we also demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach when it accommodates the impacts of dynamically arrived heavy workload, various evaporation rate and consideration of power usage effectiveness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.