bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photodynamic Diagnosis Using 5‐Aminolevulinic Acid in 41 Biopsies for Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
Authors: Yamamoto Tetsuya , Ishikawa Eiichi , Miki Shunichiro , Sakamoto Noriaki , Zaboronok Alexander , Matsuda Masahide , Akutsu Hiroyoshi , Nakai Kei , Tsuruta Wataro , Matsumura Akira 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe evaluated the feasibility of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA)‐mediated photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) in the biopsy for primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). 5‐ALA (20 mg kg−1) was administered orally 4 hours preoperatively. Forty‐one biopsies obtained under PDD in 47 consecutive biopsies (46 patients) that were finally pathologically diagnosed as PCNSL were evaluated. Positive fluorescence was observed in 34 of those 41 biopsies (82.9%). An intraoperative pathological diagnosis (IOD) of suspected PCNSL was made in 21 of the biopsies with positive fluorescence (61.8%). However, the eight IODs in the remaining 13 biopsies (23.5%) were not correct (atypical cell, 4; high‐grade glioma, 1; gliosis, 1; unremarkable, 2). In those 8 biopsies, PCNSL was confirmed by the final pathological diagnosis. There was no difference in the mean Mib‐1 labeling index between the biopsies with positive fluorescence (86.5%) and those without positive fluorescence (90.0%). IOD was not performed in 6 biopsies; however, 5 of those biopsies (83.3%) showed positive fluorescence and were finally pathologically diagnosed as PCNSL. Use of PDD in biopsies for patients with suspected PCNSL is a reliable way of obtaining specimens of adequate quality for the final pathological diagnosis and may lead to improved diagnostic yield in the biopsy of PCNSL.
Thermal Effects and Structural Changes of Photosynthetic Reaction Centers Characterized by Wide Frequency Band Hydrophone: Effects of Carotenoids and Terbutryn
Authors: Nagy László , Kiss Vladimir , Brumfeld Vlad , Osvay Károly , Börzsönyi Ádám , Magyar Melinda , Szabó Tibor , Dorogi Márta , Malkin Shmuel 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPhotothermal characteristics and light‐induced structural (volume) changes of carotenoid‐containing and noncontaining photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) were investigated by wide frequency band hydrophone. We found that the presence of carotenoid either does not play considerable role in the light‐induced conformational movements, or these rearrangements are too slow for inducing a photoacoustic (PA) signal. The kinetic component with a few tens of microseconds, exhibited by the carotenoid‐less RCs, appears to be similar to that of triplet state lifetimes, identified by other methods. The binding of terbutryn to the acceptor side is shown to affect the dynamics of the RC. Our results do not confirm large displacements or volume changes induced by the charge movements and by the charge relaxation processes in the RCs in few hundreds of microseconds time scale that accompanies the electron transfer between the primary and secondary electron acceptor quinones.
Rethinking the Concepts of Fluence (UV Dose) and Fluence Rate: The Importance of Photon‐based Units – A Systemic Review
Authors: Bolton James R. , Mayor‐Smith Ian , Linden Karl G. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAfter a critical review of the fundamental equations describing photobiological and photochemical processes occurring in a medium exposed to a quasi‐collimated monochromatic UV light beam, the analysis in this review is extended to analogous processes driven by polychromatic UV light, such as that emitted by medium pressure mercury‐vapor arc lamps. The analysis is based on the Second Law of Photochemistry, namely that all photochemical events must be independent, and the rate of such events must be proportional to the rate of photon absorption. A consistent application of the Second Law of Photochemistry leads to a concept change; hence it is proposed herein to use photon fluence and photon fluence rate, rather than fluence (UV dose) and fluence rate, respectively, in the analysis and interpretation of photobiological and photochemical processes. As a consequence, many equations that have been used in the past must be revised, and some experimental information (e.g. action spectra) needs to be re‐analyzed.
Food–Nonfood Discrimination in Ancestral Vertebrates: Gamete Cannibalism and the Origin of the Adaptive Immune System
Authors: Corcos D. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAdaptive immunity is a complex system that appeared twice in vertebrates (in gnathostomes and in jawless fish) although it is not required for invertebrate defence. The adaptive immune system is tightly associated with self–non‐self discrimination, and it is now clear that this interplay is not limited to the prevention of autoreactivity. Micro‐organisms are usually considered for their pathogenicity or symbiotic ability, but, for most small metazoans, they mainly constitute food. Vertebrates are characterized by feeding by predation on larger preys, when compared to their ancestors who were filter feeders and ate micro‐organisms. Predation gives a strong selective advantage, not only due to the availability of new food resources but also by the ability to eliminate competitors for environmental resources (intraguild predation (IGP)). Unlike size‐structured IGP, intraspecific predation of juveniles, zygotes or gametes can be detrimental for species fitness in some circumstances. The ability of individuals to recognize highly polymorphic molecules on the surface of gametes present in the plankton and so distinguish self versus non‐self gametes might have constituted a strong selective advantage in intraspecific competition. Here, I propose the theory that the capacity to rearrange receptors has been selected in ancestral vertebrates as a consequence of this strong need for discriminating between hetero‐cannibalism versus filial cannibalism. This evolutionary origin sheds light on presently unexplained features of the immune system, including the existence of regulatory T cells and of non‐pathogenic natural autoimmunity.
Nationalism in a Russian Multicultural Region*
Authors: Oskolova T. , Cherepanov M. , Shisheliakina A. 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveThis article describes the functional mechanisms and evolution of ethnic nationalism in the Tyumen provincial Russian region at the turn of 21st century. The study focuses on analysis of changes in social policies and characteristics of ethno‐political movements that claim to represent the Russian and Tatar ethnic groups.MethodsAnalytical instruments applied in this research are the concepts of constructivism and Bourdieu's genetic structuralism. The empirical base for this research includes political documents from regional public authorities, public organizations and public figures of the region, press materials, interviews with ethnic leaders, focus groups with representatives of youth organizations, observations made at public events, and photographic materials of graffiti in the cities of the Tyumen Region.Results and ConclusionsWe suggest that the main elements of these movements are, on the one hand, associations included in official public institutions that legitimize policy of public authorities and, on the other hand, a few associations seeking to meet the hierarchic social interests of the regional population from the standpoint of an ethnic division of society.
Lateral extrusion along the Altyn Tagh Fault, Qilian Shan (NE Tibet): insight from a 3D crustal budget
Authors: Cheng Feng , Jolivet Marc , Dupont‐Nivet Guillaume , Wang Lin , Yu Xiangjiang , Guo Zhaojie 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe lithospheric strike‐slip Altyn Tagh Fault has accommodated hundreds of kilometres of displacement between the Qaidam and Tarim blocks since its Eocene reactivation. However, the way the deformation is accommodated in the Qilian Shan and further east remains uncertain. Based on 360 km of north‐eastward migration of the relatively rigid Qaidam block along the Altyn Tagh Fault and 3D isovolumetric balancing of the crustal deformation within the Altyn Tagh Fault–Qilian Shan system, we demonstrate that 250 ± 28 km (43.8–49.4%) of N20E directed crustal shortening and an additional ~250–370 km of eastward motion of the Qilian Shan crust must be accounted for by strike‐slip faulting in the Qilian Shan and crustal thickening in the Qinling area, as well as by extension in the adjoining North China block graben systems.
For the deep biosphere, the present is not always the key to the past: what we can learn from the geological record
Authors: Meister Patrick 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMicrobial life below the Earth's surface (the deep biosphere) has probably varied significantly since the Archaean. Reconstructing changes in deep biosphere activity over geological timescales is necessary to understand its role in biogeochemical cycling. Even for the last few million years, such changes are often not captured by studying the distribution of present activity. However, several studies using samples from scientific drilling have revealed mineralogical, geochemical, isotopic and fossil organic molecule imprints in the sedimentary record that document rather different past deep biosphere conditions. Changing deep biosphere conditions can also be simulated using geochemical models. While some processes occurring in the past can be understood by comparing them with the present deep biosphere, others lack any modern analogue – they are defined as non‐actualistic. A non‐actualistic consideration of the deep biosphere is therefore essential for a better understanding of how Earth and life co‐evolved through time.
Mechanical Evaluation of Locking, Nonlocking, and Hybrid Plating Constructs Using a Locking Compression Plate in a Canine Synthetic Bone Model
Authors: Rowe‐Guthrie Kathleen M. , Markel Mark D. , Bleedorn Jason A. 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the mechanical properties of locking screw placement in hybrid plating in comparison to all‐locked and all nonlocked constructs.Study DesignCompletely randomized design. Forty‐eight synthetic bone cylinders (4th generation composite Sawbones®) across 6 construct types (n = 8 each).MethodsAn 8‐hole 3.5 mm LCP was placed across a 2 mm cylinder gap to mimic an unstable fracture model. The plates were secured with all locking screws, all nonlocking screws, or a combination of locking screws and nonlocking screws in the hybrid constructs. Constructs were cyclically tested nondestructively in 4‐point bending, axial compression, and torsion, and then tested to failure in torsion. The stiffness and strength of each construct were calculated and compared across construct types.ResultsConstructs with a locking screw located adjacent to the fracture gap were stiffer in bending and stronger in torsion to failure than constructs without an adjacent locking screw. Hybrid and nonlocking screw constructs more frequently failed by catastrophic breakage of the bone cylinder, compared to all locking screw constructs that failed by plastic deformation of the plate.ConclusionsMechanical testing of synthetic bone model constructs shows that hybrid constructs are at least as stiff and strong as entirely nonlocked constructs, and with some screw configurations, are not statistically different from entirely locked constructs.
Sup35p in Its Soluble and Prion States Is Packaged inside Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Kabani Mehdi , Melki Ronald 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

The yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
harbors several prions that constitute powerful models to investigate the mechanisms of epigenetic structural inheritance. [
PSI
+
] is undoubtedly the best-known yeast prion and results from the conversion of the translation termination factor Sup35p into self-perpetuating protein aggregates. Structurally different conformers of Sup35p aggregates can lead to [
PSI
+
] strains with weak or strong prion phenotypes. Yeast prions are faithfully transmitted from mother to daughter cells during cell division, upon cytoplasmic mixing during mating, or when Sup35p fibrils made in test tubes are introduced into spheroplasts. Virtually all living cells in the three domains of life,
Bacteria
,
Archaea
, and
Eukarya
, secrete small membrane vesicles in the extracellular space. These extracellular vesicles (EV) have gained increasing interest as vehicles for the intercellular transfer of signaling molecules, nucleic acids, and pathogenic factors, as well as prion-like protein aggregates associated with neurodegenerative diseases. To begin to explore the question of whether EV could represent a natural mean for yeast prion transmission from cell to cell, we purified these extracellular vesicles and assessed whether they contained Sup35p. Here, we show that Sup35p is secreted within EV released in the extracellular medium of yeast cultures. We demonstrate that Sup35p within EV isolated from strong and weak [
PSI
+
] cells is in an infectious prion conformation. Among the possible implications of our work is the possibility of previously unsuspected EV-mediated horizontal cell-to-cell transfer of fungal prions.

IMPORTANCE
Most living cells in the three domains of life,
Bacteria
,
Archaea
, and
Eukarya
, secrete small membrane vesicles in the extracellular space. These extracellular vesicles (EV) were long viewed as “trash cans” by which cells disposed of unwanted macromolecules. EV gained renewed interest as their roles as vehicles for the cell-to-cell transfer of nucleic acids, signaling molecules, and pathogenic factors were recently uncovered. Of particular interest is their proposed role in the prion-like propagation of toxic protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases. Yeasts naturally harbor prion proteins that are excellent models to investigate the mechanisms of formation, propagation, and elimination of self-perpetuating protein aggregates. Here we show for the first time that a yeast prion is secreted within EV in its infectious aggregated state. A major implication of our work is the possibility of EV-mediated horizontal spread of fungal prions.
Scaling behavior of circular colliders dominated by synchrotron radiation
Authors: Talman Richard 
Published: August 2015

The scaling formulas in this paper — many of which involve approximation — apply primarily to electron colliders like CEPC or FCC-ee. The more abstract “radiation dominated” phrase in the title is intended to encourage use of the formulas — though admittedly less precisely — to proton colliders like SPPC, for which synchrotron radiation begins to dominate the design in spite of the large proton mass. Optimizing a facility having an electron–positron Higgs factory, followed decades later by a p, p collider in the same tunnel, is a formidable task. The CEPC design study constitutes an initial “constrained parameter” collider design. Here the constrained parameters include tunnel circumference, cell lengths, phase advance per cell, etc. This approach is valuable, if the constrained parameters are self-consistent and close to optimal. Jumping directly to detailed design makes it possible to develop reliable, objective cost estimates on a rapid time scale. A scaling law formulation is intended to contribute to a “ground-up” stage in the design of future circular colliders. In this more abstract approach, scaling formulas can be used to investigate ways in which the design can be better optimized. Equally important, by solving the lattice matching equations in closed form, as contrasted with running computer programs such as MAD, one can obtain better intuition concerning the fundamental parametric dependencies. The ground-up approach is made especially appropriate by the seemingly impossible task of simultaneous optimization of tunnel circumference for both electrons and protons. The fact that both colliders will be radiation dominated actually simplifies the simultaneous optimization task. All GeV scale electron accelerators are “synchrotron radiation dominated”, meaning that all beam distributions evolve within a fraction of a second to an equilibrium state in which “heating” due to radiation fluctuations is canceled by the “cooling” in RF cavities that restore the lost energy. To the contrary, until now, the large proton to electron mass ratio has caused synchrotron radiation to be negligible in proton accelerators. The LHC beam energy has still been low enough that synchrotron radiation has little effect on beam dynamics; but the thermodynamic penalty in cooling the superconducting magnets has still made it essential for the radiated power not to be dissipated at liquid helium temperatures. Achieving this has been a significant challenge. For the next generation p, p collider this will be even more true. Furthermore, the radiation will effect beam distributions on time scales measured in minutes, for example causing the beams to be flattened, wider than they are high. In this regime scaling relations previously valid only for electrons will be applicable also to protons.
Zariski topology on lattice modules
Authors: Ballal Sachin , Kharat Vilas 
Published: August 2015

Let [Formula: see text] be a lattice module over a [Formula: see text]-lattice [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] be the set of all prime elements in lattice modules [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we study the generalization of the Zariski topology of multiplicative lattices [N. K. Thakare, C. S. Manjarekar and S. Maeda, Abstract spectral theory II: Minimal characters and minimal spectrums of multiplicative lattices, Acta Sci. Math. 52 (1988) 53–67; N. K. Thakare and C. S. Manjarekar, Abstract spectral theory: Multiplicative lattices in which every character is contained in a unique maximal character, in Algebra and Its Applications (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1984), pp. 265–276.] to lattice modules. Also we investigate the interplay between the topological properties of [Formula: see text] and algebraic properties of [Formula: see text].
Absolute Effect of Prostate Cancer Screening: Balance of Benefits and Harms by Center within the European Randomized Study of Prostate Cancer Screening
Authors: Auvinen Anssi , Moss Sue M. , Tammela Teuvo L.J. , Taari Kimmo , Roobol Monique J. , Schröder Fritz H. , Bangma Chris H. , Carlsson Sigrid , Aus Gunnar , Zappa Marco , Puliti Donella , Denis Louis J. , Nelen Vera , Kwiatkowski Maciej , Randazzo Marco , Paez Alvaro , Lujan Marcos , Hugosson Jonas 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Purpose: The balance of benefits and harms in prostate cancer screening has not been sufficiently characterized. We related indicators of mortality reduction and overdetection by center within the European Randomized Study of Prostate Cancer Screening (ERSPC).
Experimental Design: We analyzed the absolute mortality reduction expressed as number needed to invite (NNI = 1/absolute risk reduction; indicating how many men had to be randomized to screening arm to avert a prostate cancer death) for screening and the absolute excess of prostate cancer detection as number needed for overdetection (NNO = 1/absolute excess incidence; indicating the number of men invited per additional prostate cancer case), and compared their relationship across the seven ERSPC centers.
Results: Both absolute mortality reduction (NNI) and absolute overdetection (NNO) varied widely between the centers: NNI, 200–7,000 and NNO, 16–69. Extent of overdiagnosis and mortality reduction was closely associated [correlation coefficient, r = 0.76; weighted linear regression coefficient, β = 33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 5–62; R2 = 0.72]. For an averted prostate cancer death at 13 years of follow-up, 12 to 36 excess cases had to be detected in various centers.
Conclusions: The differences between the ERSPC centers likely reflect variations in prostate cancer incidence and mortality, as well as in screening protocol and performance. The strong interrelation between the benefits and harms suggests that efforts to maximize the mortality effect are bound to increase overdiagnosis and might be improved by focusing on high-risk populations. The optimal balance between screening intensity and risk of overdiagnosis remains unclear. Clin Cancer Res; 22(1); 243–9. ©2015 AACR.
Thirty-Day Outcome of a Multicenter Registry Study of Stenting for Symptomatic Intracranial Artery Stenosis in China
Authors: Miao Zhongrong , Zhang Yong , Shuai Jie , Jiang Changchun , Zhu Qiyi , Chen Kangning , Liu Li , Li Baomin , Shi Xiangqun , Gao Lianbo , Liu Yajie , Wang Feng , Li Yongli , Liu Tieyan , Zheng Hongbo , Wang Yilong , Wang Yongjun 
Published: August 2015

Background and Purpose—
Although recent trials have suggested that stenting is worse than medical therapy for patients with severe symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis, it is not clear whether this conclusion applies to a subset of patients with hypoperfusion symptoms. To justify for a new trial in China, we performed a multicenter prospective registry study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of endovascular stenting within 30 days for patients with severe symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis.

Methods—
Patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis caused by 70% to 99% stenosis combined with poor collaterals were enrolled. The patients were treated either with balloon-mounted stent or with balloon predilation plus self-expanding stent as determined by the operators following a guideline. The primary outcome within 30 days is stroke, transient ischemic attack, and death after stenting. The secondary outcome is successful revascularization. The baseline characteristics and outcomes of the 2 treatment groups were compared.

Results—
From September 2013 to January 2015, among 354 consecutive patients, 300 patients (aged 58.3±9.78 years) were recruited, including 159 patients treated with balloon-mounted stent and 141 patients with balloon plus self-expanding stent. The 30-day rate of stroke, transient ischemic attack, and death was 4.3%. Successful revascularization was 97.3%. Patients treated with balloon-mounted stent were older, less likely to have middle cerebral artery lesions, more likely to have vertebral artery lesions, more likely to have Mori A lesions, less likely to have Mori C lesions, and likely to have lower degree of residual stenosis than patients treated with balloon plus self-expanding stent.

Conclusions—
The short-term safety and efficacy of endovascular stenting for patients with severe symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis in China is acceptable. Balloon-mounted stent may have lower degree of residual stenosis than self-expanding stent.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01968122.
Evaluation of the Lidar–Radar Cloud Ice Water Content Retrievals Using Collocated in Situ Measurements
Authors: Khanal Sujan , Wang Zhien 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRemote sensing and in situ measurements made during the Colorado Airborne Multiphase Cloud Study, 2010–2011 (CAMPS) with instruments aboard the University of Wyoming King Air aircraft are used to evaluate lidar–radar-retrieved cloud ice water content (IWC). The collocated remote sensing and in situ measurements provide a unique dataset for evaluation studies. Near-flight-level IWC retrieval is compared with an in situ probe: the Colorado closed-path tunable diode laser hygrometer (CLH). Statistical analysis showed that the mean radar–lidar IWC is within 26% of the mean in situ measurements for pure ice clouds and within 9% for liquid-topped mixed-phase clouds. Considering their different measurement techniques and different sample volumes, the comparison shows a statistically good agreement and is close to the measurement uncertainty of the CLH, which is around 20%. It is shown that ice cloud microphysics including ice crystal shape and orientation has a significant impact on IWC retrievals. These results indicate that the vertical profile of the retrieved lidar–radar IWC can be reliably combined with the flight-level measurements made by the in situ probes to provide a more complete picture of the cloud microphysics.