bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solitary magnetic perturbations at the ELM onset
Authors: Wenninger R.P. , Zohm H. , Boom J.E. , Burckhart A. , Dunne M.G. , Dux R. , Eich T. , Fischer R. , Fuchs C. , Garcia-Munoz M. , Igochine V. , Hölzl M. , N.C. Luhmann , Lunt T. , Maraschek M. , Müller H.W. , Park H.K. , Schneider P.A. , Sommer F. , Suttrop W. , Viezzer E. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Tokamak H-mode plasmas frequently exhibit edge-localized modes (ELMs). ELMs allow maintaining sufficient plasma purity and thus enable stationary H-mode. On the other hand in a future device ELMs may cause divertor power flux densities far in excess of tolerable material limits. The size of the energy loss per ELM is determined by saturation effects in the non-linear phase of the ELM, which at present is hardly understood. ASDEX Upgrade is now equipped with a set of fast sampling diagnostics, which is well suited to investigate the chain of events around the ELM crash with appropriate temporal resolution (⩽10 µs).
Solitary magnetic perturbations (SMPs) are identified as dominant features in the radial magnetic fluctuations below 100 kHz. They are typically observed close (±100 µs) to the onset of pedestal erosion. SMPs are field aligned structures rotating in the electron diamagnetic drift direction with perpendicular velocities of about 10 km s−1. A comparison of perpendicular velocities suggests that the perturbation evoking SMPs is located at or inside the separatrix. Analysis of very pronounced examples showed that the number of peaks per toroidal turn is 1 or 2, which is clearly lower than the corresponding numbers in linear stability calculations. In combination with strong peaking of the magnetic signals this results in a solitary appearance resembling modes like palm tree modes, edge snakes or outer modes. This behaviour has been quantified as solitariness and correlated with main plasma parameters.
SMPs may be considered as a signature of the non-linear ELM phase originating at the separatrix or further inside. Thus they provide a handle to investigate the transition from linear to non-linear ELM phase. By comparison with data from gas puff imaging processes in the non-linear phase at or inside the separatrix and in the scrape-off layer (SOL) can be correlated. A connection between the passing of an SMP and the onset of radial filament propagation has been found. Eventually the findings related to SMPs may contribute to a future quantitative understanding of the non-linear ELM evolution.
Electron density evolution after L–H transitions and the L–H/H–L cycle in ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Willensdorfer M. , Wolfrum E. , Scarabosio A. , Aumayr F. , Fischer R. , Kurzan B. , McDermott R.M. , Mlynek A. , Nold B. , Rathgeber S.K. , Rohde V. , Ryter F. , Sauter P. , Viezzer E. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The development of the electron density profile and its dependences after the L–H transition have been investigated. Only electron cyclotron resonance heated H-modes have been analysed to exclude core particle fuelling. While the density gradient in the edge transport barrier increases significantly after the L–H transition, the pedestal top temperature rises continuously with the applied heating power and shows no pronounced change at the transition. The H-mode density saturates at a level which correlates with the neutral gas density in the divertor prior to the L–H transition. Although the density build-up varies with the available deuterium inventory, the initial increase in the edge density gradient is similar. This has been observed independent of the L-mode plasma collisionality (ν
* ≈ 2.8–5.5). The analysis of electron density and temperature profiles reveals that L–H and H–L transitions occur at similar pedestal top pressures, but the pedestal top densities are always higher at the time of the H–L back transition.
Buffering Capacity Explains Signal Variation in Symbiotic Calcium Oscillations
Authors: Granqvist Emma , Wysham Derin , Hazledine Saul , Kozlowski Wojciech , Sun Jongho , Charpentier Myriam , Martins Teresa Vaz , Haleux Pauline , Tsaneva-Atanasova Krasimira , Downie J. Allan , Oldroyd Giles E.D. , Morris Richard J. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Legumes form symbioses with rhizobial bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that aid plant nutrition. A critical component in the establishment of these symbioses is nuclear-localized calcium (Ca2+) oscillations. Different components on the nuclear envelope have been identified as being required for the generation of the Ca2+ oscillations. Among these an ion channel, Doesn't Make Infections1, is preferentially localized on the inner nuclear envelope and a Ca2+ ATPase is localized on both the inner and outer nuclear envelopes. Doesn't Make Infections1 is conserved across plants and has a weak but broad similarity to bacterial potassium channels. A possible role for this cation channel could be hyperpolarization of the nuclear envelope to counterbalance the charge caused by the influx of Ca2+ into the nucleus. Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ pumps are needed for the release and reuptake of Ca2+ from the internal store, which is hypothesized to be the nuclear envelope lumen and endoplasmic reticulum, but the release mechanism of Ca2+ remains to be identified and characterized. Here, we develop a mathematical model based on these components to describe the observed symbiotic Ca2+ oscillations. This model can recapitulate Ca2+ oscillations, and with the inclusion of Ca2+-binding proteins it offers a simple explanation for several previously unexplained phenomena. These include long periods of frequency variation, changes in spike shape, and the initiation and termination of oscillations. The model also predicts that an increase in buffering capacity in the nucleoplasm would cause a period of rapid oscillations. This phenomenon was observed experimentally by adding more of the inducing signal.
Organ Sales: Exploitative at Any Price?
Authors: Lawlor Rob 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTIn many cases, claims that a transaction is exploitative will focus on the details of the transaction, such as the price paid or conditions. For example, in a claim that a worker is exploited, the grounds for the claim are usually that the pay is not sufficient or the working conditions too dangerous. In some cases, however, the claim that a transaction is exploitative is not seen to rely on these finer details. Many, for example, claim that organ sales would be exploitative, in a way that doesn't seem to depend on the details. This article considers, but ultimately rejects, a number of arguments which could be used to defend this sort of claim.
Species loss of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in the Czech Republic during the 20th century
Authors: BOJKOVÁ JINDŘIŠKA , KOMPRDOVÁ KLÁRA , SOLDÁN TOMÁŠ , ZAHRÁDKOVÁ SVĚTLANA 
Published: October 2012

Summary1. Rapid expansion and intensification of anthropogenic activities in the 20th century has caused profound changes in freshwater assemblages. Unfortunately, knowledge of the extent and causes of species loss (SL) is limited due to the lack of reliable historical data. An unusual data set allows us to compare changes in the most sensitive of aquatic insect orders, the Plecoptera, at some 170 locations in the Czech Republic between two time periods, 1955–1960 and 2006–2010. Historical data (1890–1911) on assemblages of six lowland rivers allow us to infer even earlier changes.2. Regional stonefly diversity decreased in the first half of the 20th century. Streams at lower altitudes lost a substantial number of species, which were never recovered. In the second half of the century, large‐scale anthropogenic pressure caused SL in all habitats, leading to a dissimilarity of contemporary and previous assemblages. The greatest changes were found at sites affected by organic pollution and a mixture of organic pollution and channelisation or impoundment. Colonisation of new habitats was observed in only three of the 80 species evaluated.3. Species of moderate habitat specialisation and tolerance to organic pollution were most likely to be lost. Those with narrow specialisations in protected habitats were present in both historical and contemporary collections.4. Contemporary assemblages are the consequence of more than a 100 years of anthropogenic impacts. In particular, streams at lower altitude and draining intensively exploited landscapes host a mere fragment of the original species complement. Most stonefly species are less frequently present than before, although their assemblages remain almost intact in near‐natural mountain streams. Our analyses demonstrate dramatic restriction of species ranges and, in some cases, apparent changes in altitudinal preference throughout the area.
A cassette system for systematic cryostorage of low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy stubs
Authors: Lawton D. M. , Oswald W. B. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYA system is described for the storage of cylindrical (10 × 3.5 mm) stubs for low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy. The system facilitates rapid retrieval of mounted specimens, maximizes the capacity of the low‐temperature (liquid nitrogen) specimen store, locates each stub exactly in a protected well, and eliminates the possibility of specimen damage from conventional hazards during transport between the storage facility and microscope.
Automated microdensitometry of nucleolar organizer regions using microspectrophoto‐microscopy
Authors: Zhang C. Z. , Young W. G. , Basford K. E. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYNucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are major sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis, providing an index of transcriptional activity and possibly determining the malignant status of cells. Difficulties lie in quantifying them. This study reports a methodology to assist in the standardization of the assessment of interphase NORs. Regenerating hepatocytes, which have increased rRNA synthesis, were chosen as a model to test automated microdensitometry for silver‐stained NORs. Quantification employed a microspectrophoto‐microscope as a microdensitometer. Significant differences in silver‐stained NORs in hepatocytes were recorded among treatment/fixative groups. As the quantitative method avoids subjective observer error and thus improves the accuracy of measurement, it would potentially have routine application to diagnostic pathology.
Seventy‐two total knee arthroplasties performed in patients with haemophilia using continuous infusion
Authors: Chevalier Y. , Dargaud Y. , Lienhart A. , Chamouard V. , Negrier C. 
Published: October 2012

Background and Objectives  Total knee replacement (TKR) is the treatment of choice in case of end‐stage knee arthropathy, the main complication of haemophilia. We report here a retrospective evaluation of 72 total knee replacement in 51 haemophilia A and B patients using continuous infusion of factor concentrates (CIFC).Materials and Methods  Patients were evaluated on the basis of the following efficacy and safety criteria: range of motion, surgery‐related blood loss by three different methods, factor consumption and occurrence of short and long term complications.Results  Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a removal‐free survival of TKRs of 88.4% 10 years after surgery. Most patients were satisfied with their prosthesis and described pain relief and improved mobility and better quality of life after surgery. The long term follow‐up showed a mean range of motion at 86° with a flexion deformity of 4°. The blood loss differed significantly according to the method used for measurement. No life‐threatening bleeding occurred. Twenty six haematomas (36.1%) and 2 haemarthroses (2.7%) occurred in 38.8% of cases during the first three postoperative weeks, with no significant impact on the orthopaedic outcome. The average factor consumption during hospitalization was 79 IU/kg/day for patients with haemophilia A and 99 IU/kg/day for patients with haemophilia B. Infections occurred in 4.1% of patients. One patient with severe haemophilia A developed an inhibitor.Conclusions  The multidisciplinary approach and the homogeneous management of our large cohort allowed the achievement of excellent functional results. Our results confirmed previously reported data on the safety and efficacy of CIFC in situations requiring intensive factor replacement, such as TKR surgery.
Benign intraocular teratoid medulloepithelioma causing glaucoma in an 11‐year‐old Arabian mare
Authors: Leiva Marta , Felici Fiorenza , Carvalho Andrea , Ramis Antonio , Peña Teresa 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCase description: An 11‐year‐old Arabian mare was presented for investigation of a visible, pale‐colored intraocular mass in the right eye.Clinical findings: An intraocular mass was detected clinically and ultrasonographically as originating from the superior temporal quadrant of the ciliary body and iris and causing secondary glaucoma. The echodense mass was occupying the majority of the vitreous chamber and extended into the anterior chamber. The left eye appeared normal.Treatment and Outcome: Enucleation was recommended for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. No adjuvant treatment was given. Histopathological examination demonstrated a benign intraocular teratoid medulloepithelioma located at the ciliary body. Immunohistochemical studies showed that neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin, S‐100 protein, neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), and nestin and negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Electron microscopy revealed abundant cellular matrix and blood vessels surrounding tumor cells, which had indented, round to oval nuclei. There were also apoptotic bodies and cells containing melanosomes of variable shape and size. Eight years later, the horse has had no recurrence and maintains normal vision in the left eye.Clinical relevance: This is the first report of a benign teratoid intraocular medulloepithelioma in an adult horse and the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characterization of a teratoid medulloepithelioma in this species.
Approximate Bias Compensation for Rendering Scenes with Heterogeneous Participating Media
Authors: Engelhardt Thomas , Novák Jan , Schmidt Thorsten‐W. , Dachsbacher Carsten 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this paper we present a novel method for high‐quality rendering of scenes with participating media. Our technique is based on instant radiosity, which is used to approximate indirect illumination between surfaces by gathering light from a set of virtual point lights (VPLs). It has been shown that this principle can be applied to participating media as well, so that the combined single scattering contribution of VPLs within the medium yields full multiple scattering. As in the surface case, VPL methods for participating media are prone to singularities, which appear as bright “splotches” in the image. These artifacts are usually countered by clamping the VPLs' contribution, but this leads to energy loss within the short‐distance light transport. Bias compensation recovers the missing energy, but previous approaches are prohibitively costly. We investigate VPL‐based methods for rendering scenes with participating media, and propose a novel and efficient approximate bias compensation technique. We evaluate our technique using various test scenes, showing it to be visually indistinguishable from ground truth.
Scalable Programmable Motion Effects on GPUs
Authors: Huang Xuezhen , Hou Qiming , Ren Zhong , Zhou Kun 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe present an efficient and scalable system that enables programmable motion effects on GPUs. Our system is based on the framework proposed by Schmid et al. [SSBG10] that extends the concept of a surface shader to that of a programmable motion effect. While capable of expressing a variety of motion depiction styles, the execution of motion effect programs requires global knowledge about all portions of an object's surface that passes in front of a pixel during an arbitrarily long period of time, resulting in extremely high memory usage and significantly restricting the degree of parallelism of typical GPU rendering algorithms that parallelize computations over pixels in each frame of animations. To address this problem, we design our system to process multiple frames of a pixel in parallel. This new parallelization approach enables better utilization of GPU memory and also makes it possible to design an efficient out‐of‐core algorithm required in rendering real‐world animations. We also develop an analytical visibility algorithm to resolve depth conflicts of objects, reducing the required temporal resampling rate and further exposing parallelism. Experiments show that we are able to handle very large scenes and improve runtime performance up to an order of magnitude.
Long‐Term Care and the Housing Market
Authors: Bell David , Rutherford Alasdair 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis study examines the combined effects of population ageing and changes in long‐term care policy on the housing market. Those needing care prefer to receive it at home rather than in institutional settings. Public authorities prefer to provide care in residential settings, which are generally lower cost than institutional care. The trend away from institutional provision towards care at home is endorsed by national governments and by the OECD. Nevertheless, as the number requiring care increases, this policy shift will maintain the level of housing demand above what it would otherwise be. It will also have distributional consequences with individuals less likely to reduce their housing equity to pay for institutional care, which in turn will increase the value of their bequests. Empirical analysis using the UK Family Resources Survey and the British Household Panel Survey shows that household formation effects involving those requiring long‐term care are relatively weak and unlikely to significantly offset the effects of this policy shift on the housing market and on the distribution of wealth.
Through Solidarity to “Fluidarity”: Understanding Difference and Developing Change Agency Through Narrative Reflection
Authors: Maruggi Matthew 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis paper examines the development of the concept of solidarity as expressing a sense of shared humanity, while detailing critiques of its current use, especially when it implies a privileged center setting the agenda for the sake of marginalized others. My research demonstrates how solidarity can be modified when encountering difference, and how it might be better conceptualized as “fluidarity,” an attitude and practice that embraces the complexity of engaging the other in pluralized and ever‐changing struggles. This engagement with otherness, an explicit part of an undergraduate theological ethics course with an embedded service‐learning component, is pedagogically facilitated by a threefold reflection process required of students: critical reflection on their own narratives, reflection on the narratives encountered in their service‐learning, and reflection on the lives of spiritually grounded agents of social change. Case studies of four undergraduate students demonstrate the ways in which this pedagogical strategy contributes to the development of solidarity and moves students' understanding towards fluidarity. In the end, the students gained a sense of spiritually grounded change agency, combining spiritual development with growth in critical consciousness.
Beyond 3×1: Linking Sending and Receiving Societies in the Development Process
Authors: Hazán Miryam 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this paper, I explore the possibilities of linking and expanding existing sending and receiving countries' initiatives that mobilize immigrants to participate in the development process of their countries of origin in such a way as to advance two main goals of such initiatives: (1) to multiply their developmental impact in sending regions; and (2) to help increase the social and political capital of immigrants and immigrant associations, so as to facilitate both their role in the development of their countries of origin and also their integration in their host societies. In the paper, I will study the Mexican 3×1 programme and Spain's co‐development model and explore the ways in which programmes such as these could be ideally linked and implemented, in diverse contexts, in a way that is advantageous to both sending and receiving societies. The paper is based on research conducted over the past 9 years with Mexican immigrant associations in the United States; on interviews with Mexican government officials in Mexico and the United States; and on interviews conducted in 2008 and 2009 in Spain.
Identification of Novel Genes Involved in Migraine
Authors: Lafrenière Ronald G. , Rouleau Guy A. 
Published: October 2012

Background.— Migraine is a common form of headache affecting about 12% of the population. Genetic studies in the rare form of familial hemiplegic migraine have identified mutations in 3 genes (CACNA1A, ATP1A2, and SCN1A) encoding proteins involved in ion homeostasis and suggesting that other such genes may be involved in the more common forms of migraine.Objectives.— To test this proposition, the coding regions of 150 brain‐expressed genes involved in ion homeostasis (ion channels, transporters, exchangers, and accessory subunits) were systematically screened to identify DNA variants in a group of 110 migraine probands and 250 control samples.Methods.— DNA variants were analyzed using a number of complementary in silico approaches.Results.— Several genes encoding potassium channels, including KCNK18, KCNG4, and KCNAB3, were identified as potentially linked to migraine. In situ hybridization studies of the mouse Kcnk18 ortholog show that it is developmentally expressed in the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia, further supporting the involvement of this gene in migraine pathogenesis.Conclusions.— Our study is the first to link variations in these K+ channel genes to migraine, thus expanding on the view of migraine as a channelopathy and providing potential molecular targets for further study and therapeutic applications.
Molecular Control of Male Reproductive Development and Pollen Fertility in RiceF
Authors: Guo Jing‐Xin , Liu Yao‐Guang 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAnther development and male fertility are essential biological processes for flowering plants and are important for crop seed production. Genetic manipulation of male fertility/sterility is critical for crop hybrid breeding. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) male sterility phenotypes, including genic male sterility, hybrid male sterility, and cytoplasmic male sterility, are generally caused by mutations of fertility‐related genes, by incompatible interactions between divergent allelic or non‐allelic genes, or by genetic incompatibilities between cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes. Here, we review the recent advances in the molecular basis of anther development and male fertility‐sterility conversion in specific genetic backgrounds, and the interactions with certain environmental factors. The highlighted findings in this review have significant implications in both basic studies and rice genetic improvement.
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[ Yao‐Guang Liu (Corresponding author)]
Jacob Bercovitch: Understanding Hands Across the Divide
Authors: Druckman Daniel , Lutmar Carmela 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this article we provide an overview of the research contributions made by Jacob Bercovitch to the field of international mediation. These contributions include both descriptive findings about the use of mediation and factors that correlate with the successful practice of mediation. Interestingly, three‐quarters of the attempts to mediate international conflicts either fail or result in partial settlements. Bercovitch's work informs mediators about ways to improve their practice. The article concludes with personal reflections about the person and our relationship with him.