bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting subclinical synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis and correlation of imaging findings with interleukin‐18 levels
Authors: Chew Li‐Ching , Chandra Mohan P. , Chan Lai Peng , Fong Kok Yong , Thumboo Julian 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimWe studied the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting subclinical inflammation in patients with asymptomatic RA and tested the hypothesis of interleukin (IL)‐18 as a marker of disease activity.MethodsThirteen RA patients with Disease Activity Score of 28 joints (DAS28) < 2.6 were evaluated. The patients underwent clinical evaluation, laboratory tests and MRI assessment. Imaging of bilateral hands and wrists was performed using validated acquisition and scoring techniques. Serum IL‐18 levels were concurrently measured.ResultsMRI assessments showed that 92.3% and 76.9% of patients had synovitis and bone marrow edema, respectively, despite being in clinical remission. Eight out of 12 patients (66.7%) had erosions on MRI which were not visualised on plain radiographs. Of all the 182 joints studied for synovitis on MRI, only one had clinical evidence of joint swelling. Comparison of the total sum scores of synovitis between the right and left hand and wrist joints of individual patients showed a significant difference between the two sides. Measurements of IL‐18 indicated that a large proportion (54%) of the patients had undetectable or very low levels of the cytokine.ConclusionMRI is more sensitive in detecting erosions compared with X‐rays, and is superior in its ability to detect subclinical inflammation in RA patients. Despite being in clinical remission, a large majority of patients had imaging‐detected synovitis and bone marrow edema. Our study highlights the usefulness of MRI for the accurate evaluation of disease activity. In the utility of MRI, it may be important to assess bilateral hands and wrists, instead of limiting to the dominant side.
Pseudoporphyria following self‐medication with chlorophyll
Authors: Rossi Enrico , Borchard Kate , Cole Judith Mary 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTwo cases of pseudoporphyria are described in which the clinical features of porphyria cutanea tarda occurred in the absence of abnormalities in porphyrin metabolism. Both patients presented with skin fragility and bullae on the dorsal aspect of the hands. The patients consumed a commercial liquid chlorophyll drink in which we detected fluorescent compounds with characteristics typical of previously described chlorophyll derived photosensitisers.
Association of androgen‐deprivation therapy with excess cardiac‐specific mortality in men with prostate cancer
Authors: Ziehr David R. , Chen Ming‐Hui , Zhang Danjie , Braccioforte Michelle H. , Moran Brian J. , Mahal Brandon A. , Hyatt Andrew S. , Basaria Shehzad S. , Beard Clair J. , Beckman Joshua A. , Choueiri Toni K. , D'Amico Anthony V. , Hoffman Karen E. , Hu Jim C. , Martin Neil E. , Sweeney Christopher J. , Trinh Quoc‐Dien , Nguyen Paul L. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesTo determine if androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) is associated with excess cardiac‐specific mortality (CSM) in men with prostate cancer and no cardiovascular comorbidity, coronary artery disease risk factors, or congestive heart failure (CHF) or past myocardial infarction (MI).Patients and MethodsIn all, 5077 men (median age 69.5 years) withcT1c‐T3N0M0prostate cancer were treated with brachytherapy with or without neoadjuvantADT(median duration 4 months) between 1997 and 2006. Fine and Gray competing risks analysis evaluated the association ofADTwithCSM, adjusting for age, year of brachytherapy, andADTtreatment propensity score among men in groups defined by cardiac comorbidity.ResultsAfter a median follow‐up of 4.8 years, no association was detected betweenADTandCSMin men with no cardiac risk factors (1.08% at 5 years forADTvs 1.27% at 5 years for noADT, adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.39–1.78;P= 0.64;n= 2653) or in men with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or hypercholesterolaemia (2.09% vs 1.97%,AHR1.33; 95%CI0.70–2.53;P= 0.39;n= 2168). However,ADTwas associated with significantly increasedCSMin men withCHForMI(AHR3.28; 95%CI1.01–10.64;P= 0.048;n= 256). In this subgroup, the 5‐year cumulative incidence ofCSMwas 7.01% (95%CI2.82–13.82%) forADTvs 2.01% (95%CI0.38–6.45%) for noADT.ConclusionADTwas associated with a 5% absolute excess risk ofCSMat 5 years in men withCHFor priorMI, suggesting that administeringADTto 20 men in this potentially vulnerable subgroup could result in one cardiac death.
Foetal exposure to maternal depression predicts cortisol responses in infants: findings from rural South India
Authors: Fernandes M. , Stein A. , Srinivasan K. , Menezes G. , Ramchandani P. G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundMaternal depression during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of adverse child outcomes. One potential mechanism is the influence of antenatal depression on the foetal hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. This can be observed as disturbances in baseline cortisol secretion during childhood. The influence of antenatal depression on infant cortisol reactivity to a stressor may provide further insight into this association. In addition, the dose–response relationship between foetal exposure to antenatal depression and infant cortisol reactivity is unclear.MethodsA consecutive sample of 133 pregnant women in their third trimester was recruited from an antenatal clinic in Karnataka, South India. Women were assessed for depression before and after birth on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Kessler 10 Scale. Salivary cortisol response to immunization was measured in 58 infants at 2 months of age. We aimed (i) to investigate the association between antenatal depression and infant cortisol reactivity to immunization and (ii) to explore whether the relationship is dose‐dependent.ResultsExposure to antenatal depression independently predicted elevated infant cortisol responses to immunization (β = 0.53, P = 0.04). The association was found to be U‐shaped, for antenatal depression measured on the EPDS, with the infants exposed to the highest and lowest levels of maternal antenatal EPDS scores during intra‐uterine life showing elevated cortisol responses to immunization (R2 = 0.20, P = 0.02). Infants exposed to moderate levels of maternal antenatal depression showed the lowest cortisol response to immunization.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the association between antenatal depression and infant cortisol reactivity is dose‐dependent and U‐shaped, implying that infants exposed to both low and high levels of maternal depression showed greater reactivity. The study provides the first evidence of such an association from a low‐income setting.
Experimental evaluation of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss predation on longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae
Authors: Turek Kelly C. , Pegg Mark A. , Pope Kevin L. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractLaboratory and in‐stream enclosure experiments were used to determine whether rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss influence survival of longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae. In the laboratory, adult rainbow trout preyed on longnose dace in 42% of trials and juvenile rainbow trout did not prey on longnose dace during the first 6 h after rainbow trout introduction. Survival of longnose dace did not differ in the presence of adult rainbow trout previously exposed to active prey and those not previously exposed to active prey ( = 0.28, P = 0.60). In field enclosures, the number of longnose dace decreased at a faster rate in the presence of rainbow trout relative to controls within the first 72 h, but did not differ between moderate and high densities of rainbow trout (F2,258.9 = 3.73, P = 0.03). Additionally, longnose dace were found in 7% of rainbow trout stomachs after 72 h in enclosures. Rainbow trout acclimated to the stream for longer periods had a greater initial influence on the number of longnose dace remaining in enclosures relative to those acclimated for shorter periods regardless of rainbow trout density treatment (F4,148.5 = 2.50, P = 0.04). More research is needed to determine how predation rates will change in natural environments, under differing amounts of habitat and food resources and in the context of whole assemblages. However, if rainbow trout are introduced into the habitat of longnose dace, some predation on longnose dace is expected, even when rainbow trout have no previous experience with active prey.
Haemangiosarcoma in the horse
Authors: Taintor J. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryNeoplasms arising from vascular endothelial cells include benign haemangioma and malignant haemangiosarcoma, both of which are rare in the horse. Haemangiosarcoma can arise as a solitary mass, typically involving the eye or skin, or as disseminated tumours throughout multiple organs. There is no sex, breed or age predilection but most cases are found in middle aged horses. Clinical presentations of haemangiosarcoma in the horse include the presence of a visible mass or reflect dysfunction of the organ involved, thus making it difficult to differentiate from other neoplasms.Ante mortemdiagnosis through clinicopathological findings, cytological findings of body cavity effusions or fine needle aspirates are often unrewarding. Biopsy or mass submission for histopathological examination may aid in diagnosis of haemangiosarcoma. A majority of cases are diagnosedpost mortem; however, if the mass is poorly differentiated additional diagnostics such as immunohistochemical staining may be needed. Unfortunately, treatment of haemangiosarcoma is often unrewarding and limited based on the location of the mass and the aggressive nature of this neoplasm.
The cross‐sectional area changes in digital flexor tendons and suspensory ligament in foals by ultrasonographic examination
Authors: Korosue K. , Endo Y. , Murase H. , Ishimaru M. , Nambo Y. , Sato F. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyFlexural deformities are common conditions of growing horses and are suggested to have a relationship with the contraction of musculotendinous units. However, limited studies have documented the changes in each tendon and ligament in the metacarpal region with age.ObjectivesTo investigate the changes in the cross‐sectional area (CSA) of each tendon and ligament in the metacarpal region with age by ultrasonographic examination.Study designLongitudinal study of foals from Day 1 to age 24 months.MethodsThe CSA of the superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament was measured by ultrasonographic examination at monthly intervals from Day 1 to age 24 months in 7 Thoroughbred foals.ResultsChanges in superficial digital flexor CSA in all regions were larger than those of other structures from 10 months to 15 months. The suspensory ligament CSA was significantly larger than those of other structures on Day 1 in both the region of suspensory origin (RSO) and region of suspensory body (RSBO). This condition continued until 2 months in the RSO and until 5 months in the RSBO. The changes in deep digital flexor CSA were larger than those of other structures from 2 to 5 months in both the RSO and RSBO.ConclusionsThe rate of change in each structure varies with age. Thus, the functional adaptation with age that takes place may differ among structures because the primary function of each structure differs.
A review of fracture toughness transferability with constraint and stress gradient
Authors: Pluvinage G. , Capelle J. , Hadj Méliani M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn this review paper, only constraint and stress gradient approaches to transferability of fracture toughness are examined. The different constraint parameters are defined and discussed, and one example is given in each case. Factors that influence the constraint are studied. Special attention is given to the actual trends to use the plastic constraint in the material failure master curve and the material transition temperature master curve. The paper also deals on the influence of T stress on the crack path and out‐of‐plane constraint and on the influence of thickness on fracture toughness. The uses of plasticity with gradient and the relative stress gradient in local fracture approaches are also examined.
Identification of promoter polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 CYP6AY1 linked with insecticide resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Pang R. , Li Y. , Dong Y. , Liang Z. , Zhang Y. , Zhang W. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractImidacloprid resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, is primarily the result of the over‐expression of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Here, a field‐collected strain of N. lugens was shown to be highly resistant to both imidacloprid and buprofezin. Insecticide exposure and quantitative real‐time PCR revealed that its resistance was mainly associated with a cytochrome P450 gene, CYP6AY1. CYP6AY1 is known to metabolize imidacloprid but its effect on buprofezin is unclear. In the 5′‐untranslated region of CYP6AY1, a novel alternative splicing was detected. After a 1990‐bp promoter region was cloned, its basal luciferase activity was assessed. Furthermore, genotyping studies identified 12 variations in the promoter region that discriminated between the field‐collected and control strain. Finally, survival bioassays revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism and an insertion‐deletion polymorphism linked to buprofezin and imidacloprid resistance. Mutagenesis of these sites enhanced the promoter activity of CYP6AY1. These results suggest that promoter polymorphisms may affect P450‐mediated multiple insecticide resistance of pests.
Real Exchange Rate Persistence in US Dollar PPP Systems
Authors: Crowder William J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPersistent deviations of exchange rates from equilibrium values may lead to inefficient resource allocations internationally. Such persistence is well documented and represents a challenge for policy makers. If the source of the persistent deviations is real then effective policy interventions are limited. However, effective policy responses are possible when deviations are caused by nominal or market‐structure shocks. The appropriate policy response depends on the cause of the disequilibrium. In this study I use a structural vector autoregression to identify the shocks responsible for purchasing power parity (PPP) deviations for 12 US dollar exchange rates. I find that aggregate demand shocks are not the primary cause of PPP deviations. Real shocks and foreign exchange shocks are much more important. Foreign exchange shocks dominate exchange rate behaviour. This suggests a policy response with greater focus on the foreign exchange market and the degree to which persistent PPP deviations represent compensation for risk‐bearing or a form of micro‐structure inefficiency.
Transcriptionist saturation: knowing too much about sensitive health and social data
Authors: Wilkes Lesley , Cummings Joanne , Haigh Carol 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimThe paper describes and interprets the experiences of transcriptionists employed to translate recorded auditory research, medical, court data into text and specifically when the research is sensitive and the audio source material may be traumatic to hear.BackgroundThis study highlights the ongoing need for transcriptionists to be recognized in the ethics process as a potentially vulnerable group who need greater support and debriefing when transcribing sensitive health and social data.DesignQualitative research.MethodsTelephone interviews were conducted with 12 transcriptionists in Australia and New Zealand during 2012, who had transcribed sensitive material and reported issues with transcribing certain topics. Accuracy and confidentiality were paramount in this work.FindingsSeven participants reported negative emotional and physical effects from transcribing sensitive material On the other hand six participants found the work enjoyable.ConclusionThe majority of the transcriptionists did not receive any debriefing after transcribing sensitive material. The participants developed their own strategies to deal with the effects of transcribing sensitive materials such as online support groups, relaxation activities and unofficial debriefing with friends and family.
Nurses' choice of clinical field in early career
Authors: Abrahamsen Bente 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo investigate how undergraduate nursing students' perceived professional qualifications and job values relate to their choice of clinical field after graduation, particularly about employment in care of older people and psychiatric fields.BackgroundIn the light of greater demand for highly qualified nurses, it is important to understand how professional qualifications and job values relate to career choices.DesignA quantitative longitudinal study of 290 undergraduate nursing students based on a questionnaire survey and register data.MethodsData were analysed by multinomial logistic regression analyses. The questionnaire was distributed to all undergraduate nursing students during the final semester of study at two university colleges in Norway (N = 411) to collect the students' perceived professional qualifications and job values (2001). Register data on clinical fields after graduation (2002–2006) were merged into the survey data in 2008 (Statistics Norway).ResultsThe tendency among undergraduate nursing students to choose care of older people rather than general hospital care after graduation increases as their score on altruism decreases, but is not correlated with their score on theoretical knowledge. The tendency to choose psychiatric fields rather than general hospital care increases with an increasing score on perceived practical skills and decreases with an increasing score on perceived theoretical knowledge.ConclusionThe choice of clinical field after graduation correlates with undergraduate nursing students' perceived professional qualifications and job values.
Does amplitude‐integrated electroencephalogram background pattern correlate with cerebral injury in neonates with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy?
Authors: Padden Beth , Scheer Ianina , Brotschi Barbara , Wohlrab Gabriele , Latal Beatrice , Bernet Vera 
Published: August 2014

AimsTo determine the correlation between amplitude‐integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) background pattern and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in infants with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) and to examine whether the correlation changes with therapeutic hypothermia.MethodsWe included 38 term‐born infants with HIE of whom 17 were cooled. All were continuously monitored with aEEG. Background pattern was scored at the beginning and the end of the recording. Cerebral MRI was obtained on median day 5 (2–11 days). Abnormalities were classified using a predefined scoring system for basal ganglia, watershed and overall injury, and then grouped into mild‐moderate and severe.ResultsAbnormal aEEG background pattern correlated with more severe cerebral injury on MRI in the non‐cooled infants (P < 0.01). In addition, cooled infants had less severe cerebral injury than non‐cooled infants, in particular on T2‐weighted images (watershed P = 0.04 and total injury score = 0.07).ConclusionsAbnormal aEEG background pattern is predictive of abnormal MRI, but therapeutic hypothermia seems to reduce this association. Thus, when cooling is applied in a clinical setting, the predictive value of aEEG may be limited.
Compression force on the upper jaw during neonatal intubation: Mannequin study
Authors: Doreswamy Srinivasa Murthy , Almannaei Khaled , Fusch Chris , Shivananda Sandesh 
Published: August 2014

AimNeonatal intubation is a technically challenging procedure, and pressure‐related injuries to surrounding structures have been reported. The primary objective of this study was to determine the pressure exerted on the upper jaw during tracheal intubation using a neonatal mannequin.MethodMultidisciplinary care providers working at a neonatal intensive care unit were requested to intubate a neonatal mannequin using the standard laryngoscope and 3.0‐mm (internal diameter) endotracheal tube. Compression force exerted was measured by using pressure‐sensitive film taped on the upper jaw before every intubation attempt. Pressure, area under pressure and time taken to intubate were compared between the different types of health‐care professionals.ResultsThirty care providers intubated the mannequin three times each. Pressure impressions were observed on the developer film after every intubation attempt (n = 90). The mean pressure exerted during intubation across all health‐care providers was 568 kPa (SD 78). The mean area placed under pressure was 142 mm2 (SD 45), and the mean time taken for intubation was 14.7 s (SD 4.3). There was no difference in pressure exerted on the upper jaw between frequent and less frequent intubators. It was found that pressure greater than 400 kPa was inadvertently applied on the upper jaw during neonatal intubation, far exceeding the 250 kPa shown to cause tissue injury in animal models.ConclusionThe upper jaw is exposed to a significant compression force during intubation. Although such exposure is brief, it has the potential to cause tissue injury. Contact of the laryngoscope blade with the upper jaw occurred in all intubation attempts with the currently used design of laryngoscope.
Next of kin next door – philopatry and socio‐genetic population structure in wild boar
Authors: Podgórski T. , Scandura M. , Jędrzejewska B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDispersal patterns can have vital consequences for the transfer of genes in a population, thus shaping its genetic make‐up and structure. Genetic relationships between individuals can, in turn, affect their social behaviour and the emergent social organization of the population. Using combination of behavioural and genetic data from the wild boarSus scrofapopulation inBiałowieżaPrimevalForest (easternPoland), we evaluated the socio‐genetic structure of wild boar groups, the spatial genetic structure of the population and dispersal patterns. We found that wild boar post‐weaning movements were largely spatially limited to the vicinity of maternal range, with female boars showing a tendency to settle in the direct neighbourhood of the kin and male boars dispersing further away from the natal area. Consequently, such dispersal patterns were reflected in the kin‐based social organization and the spatial genetic structure of the population, which was manifested at a spatial scale corresponding to the size of a few home ranges (<5 km). A negative relationship between geographic distance and genetic relatedness, which was particularly strong in female boars, indicated a presence of local kin clusters dominated by female boars and the importance of female philopatry in shaping the structure of wild boar population. This was confirmed by the genetic profile and composition of social groups. This study showed the role dispersal decisions can play in the emergence of the kin‐based and matrilineal social system of wild boars.