bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying block structure in the Pacific Northwest, USA
Authors: Savage J. C. , Wells R. E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe have identified block structure in the Pacific Northwest (west of 116°W between 38°N and 49°N) by clustering GPS stations so that the same Euler vector approximates the velocity of each station in a cluster. Given the total number k of clusters desired, the clustering procedure finds the best assignment of stations to clusters. Clustering is calculated for k = 2–14. In geographic space, cluster boundaries that remain relatively stable as k is increased are tentatively identified as block boundaries. That identification is reinforced if the cluster boundary coincides with a geologic feature. Boundaries identified in Northern California and Nevada are the Central Nevada Seismic Belt, the west side of the Northern Walker Lane Belt, and the Bartlett Springs Fault. Three blocks cover all of Oregon and Washington. The principal block boundary there extends west‐northwest along the Brothers Fault Zone, then north and northwest along the eastern boundary of Siletzia, the accreted oceanic basement of the forearc. East of this boundary is the Intermountain block; its eastern boundary undefined. A cluster boundary at Cape Blanco subdivides the forearc along the faulted southern margin of Siletzia. South of Cape Blanco, the Klamath Mountains‐Basin and Range block, extends east to the Central Nevada Seismic Belt and south to the Sierra Nevada‐Great Valley block. The Siletzia block, north of Cape Blanco, coincides almost exactly with the accreted Siletz terrane. The cluster boundary in the eastern Olympic Peninsula may mark permanent shortening of Siletzia against the Intermountain block.
Convective self‐aggregation feedbacks in near‐global cloud‐resolving simulations of an aquaplanet
Authors: Bretherton Christopher S. , Khairoutdinov Marat F. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPositive feedbacks between precipitable water, reduced radiative cooling and enhanced surface fluxes promote convective self‐aggregation in limited‐area cloud‐resolving model (CRM) simulations over uniform sea‐surface temperature (SST). Near‐global aquaplanet simulations with 4 km horizontal grid spacing and no cumulus or boundary layer parameterization are used to test the importance of these feedbacks to realistically organized tropical convection. A 20,480 × 10,240 km equatorially centered channel with latitudinally varying SST is used. Realistic midlatitude and tropical cloud structures develop. The natural zonal variability of humidity and convection are studied in a 30 day control simulation. The temporal growth of a small white‐noise humidity perturbation and intrinsic predictability implications are explored. Atmospheric column budgets of moist‐static energy (MSE) quantify its covariation with precipitation, surface heat flux, and radiative energy loss. Zonal Fourier analysis partitions these budgets by length scale. Radiative feedbacks on MSE natural variability and perturbation growth are found to be positive, broadly similar across scales, and comparable to limited‐area CRMs, capable of e‐folding a column MSE perturbation in 6–14 days. Surface fluxes are highest in synoptic‐scale dry intrusions, inhibiting aggregation by damping tropical MSE perturbations. Sub‐4‐day MSE variations are due mainly to advection. Both tropics and midlatitudes have large‐scale intrinsic predictability horizons of 15–30 days. An identical simulation but with 20 km grid spacing has more mesoscale variability and low cloud.
Links between eastern equatorial Pacific stratification and atmospheric CO2 rise during the last deglaciation
Authors: Bova Samantha C. , Herbert Timothy , Rosenthal Yair , Kalansky Julie , Altabet Mark , Chazen Caitlin , Mojarro Angel , Zech Jana 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIt is difficult to untangle the mixed influences of high‐ and low‐latitude climate forcing in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP). Here we test the hypothesis that the Southern Ocean drove change in the EEP via subsurface intermediate waters during the last deglaciation. We use the δ18O signature of benthic foraminifera to reconstruct water density changes during the last 25 kyr at three intermediate water depths (370 m, 600 m, and 1000 m) in the EEP. Carbonate δ18O records a combined signature of temperature and salinity and is therefore more closely related to density than temperature or salinity alone. We find that benthic foraminiferal δ18O values decreased first in the subsurface, simultaneously with rising temperatures over Antarctica, and propagated up to the surface within ~3 kyr. The early subsurface response initiated a rapid decrease in density stratification over the upper water column as indicated by reduced δ18O gradients between surface and intermediate depths. Stratification of the upper water column remained low through the termination, with stratification minima reached during Heinrich Stadial 1 and the Younger Dryas (YD), synchronous with the two‐part deglacial rise in atmospheric CO2. Centennial‐scale shifts toward heavier δ18O signatures at 370 and 600 m during the YD indicate short‐lived shifts in the Subantarctic Mode Water/Antarctic Intermediate Water boundary to shallower intermediate depths. We suggest that decreased density gradients during the deglaciation accelerated vertical mixing across the EEP, and potentially the entire South Pacific subtropical gyre, which enhanced CO2 delivery from depth to the surface ocean and atmosphere.
Black phosphorus saturable absorber for ultrafast mode‐locked pulse laser via evanescent field interaction
Authors: Park Kichul , Lee Junsu , Lee Young Tack , Choi Won‐Kook , Lee Ju Han , Song Yong‐Won 
Published: October 2015

Black phosphorus, or BP, has found a lot of applications in recent years including photonics. The most recent studies have shown that the material has an excellent optical nonlinearity useful in many areas, one of which is in saturable absorption for passive mode‐locking. A direct interaction scheme for mode‐locking, however, has a potential to optically cause permanent damage to the already delicate material. Evanescent field interaction scheme has already been proven to be a useful method to prevent such danger for other 2‐dimensional nanomaterials. In this report, we have utilized the evanescent field interaction to demonstrate that the optical nonlinear characteristics of BP is sufficiently strong to use in such an indirect interaction method. The successful demonstration of the passive mode‐locking operation has generated pulses with the pulse duration, repetition rate, and time bandwidth product of 2.18 ps, 15.59 MHz, and 0.336, respectively.
Preparation of a poly(vinyl chloride) ultrafiltration membrane through the combination of thermally induced phase separation and non‐solvent‐induced phase separation
Authors: Jin Tian‐Tian , Zhao Zhi‐Ping , Chen Kang‐Cheng 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTTo regulate the polymer–diluent interaction and control the viscosity of the casting solution, diphenyl ketone (DPK) and a N,N‐dimethylacetamide/N,N‐dimethylformamide mixture were selected as a combined diluent. Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) utlrafiltration membranes, which had sufficient mechanical properties for their practical applications because of their bicontinuous spongy structure, were prepared by a combined process of thermally induced phase separation and non‐solvent‐induced phase separation. The phase‐separation mechanism was analyzed. In an air bath, the cast nascent solution immediately transformed into a transparent gel, and liquid–liquid phase separation was induced by a sudden drop in the temperature before crystallization. An ice–water bath was used to coagulate the membrane. The effects of the DPK and PVC concentrations on the membrane structures and performances were mainly investigated. The results show that an increase in the DPK content made the membrane pores change from fingerlike to spongy. Fully spongy pores formed, and the pores size decreased with increasing PVC concentration. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42953.
Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose‐based sponges loaded self‐microemulsifying curcumin: Preparation, characterization, and in vivo oral absorption studies
Authors: Petchsomrit Arpa , Sermkaew Namfa , Wiwattanapatapee Ruedeekorn 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTNovel hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC)‐based sponges containing self‐microemulsifying curcumin (SME‐Cur) were prepared by a freeze drying method using different grades of HPMC (E5 LV, E15 LV, E50 LV, A15 LV, and A4C). The physical properties and drug release from these carriers were characterized and compared among the different formulations. The mean pore size values of the sponges from image analysis ranged from 43.36 ± 4.54 to 123.22 ± 8.19 nm. An increase in the concentration or viscosity of the HPMC, resulted in denser sponges and a slower drug release. The average microemulsion droplet size from the optimal sponge formulation was 34.80 ± 0.1 nm, and the curcumin was almost completely released within 120 min. The AUC after oral administration of the liquid and solid SME‐Cur were 7‐ and 5‐fold greater than that of the curcumin powder in the rabbit, respectively. The results demonstrated that the HPMC‐based sponges loaded with SME‐Cur could be efficiently used to enhance the oral bioavailability and might be useful as they could be administered at a lower dose compared to normal curcumin powder. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42966.
Enhancement of physical and optical performances of polycarbonate‐based diffusers for direct‐lit LED backlight unit by incorporation of nanoclay platelets
Authors: Kim Hyo Jin , Kim Seong Woo 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTUsing twin‐extrusion compounding followed by compression molding processes, polycarbonate/clay nanocomposite optical diffusers with highly intercalated and exfoliated nanostructure could be prepared for application in direct‐lit LED backlight unit. The incorporation of nanoclay platelets with an appropriate level of content substantially improved thermal resistance, as well as thermo‐mechanical, and mechanical flexural properties. The optical property of luminance uniformity with respect to both location and viewing angle was also enhanced by the load of nanoclay platelets along with silicone bead, probably due to efficient scattering and diffusion action of the nanoclay. However, excess loading of nanoclay had insignificant effect on the improvement of properties for the nanocomposite diffusers. In addition, the presence of nanoclay platelets in the PC matrix effectively suppressed the moisture absorption rate, suggesting the feasibility of avoiding the warpage phenomena of the optical diffuser during use. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42973.
Photocurrent generation by dye‐sensitized solar cells using natural pigments
Authors: Armendáriz‐Mireles Eddie Nahúm , Rocha‐Rangel Enrique , Caballero‐Rico Frida , Ramírez‐de‐León José Alberto , Vázquez Manuel 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe development of photovoltaic panels has improved the conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy. This paper deals with the electrical and thermal characteristics (voltage, current, and temperature) of photovoltaic solar cells sensitized with natural pigments (dye‐sensitized solar cell, DSSC) based on a titanium dioxide semiconductor. Several natural pigments (blackberry, beets, eggplant skin, spinach, flame tree flower, papaya leaf, and grass extracts) were evaluated to determine their sensitizing effect on titanium dioxide. The results showed the great potential of natural pigments for use in solar cells. The best results were obtained with the blackberry pigment, reaching a value of 7.1 mA current, open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.72 V in 2 cm2, and fill factor (ff) of 0.51 in the DSSC. This performance is well above than that currently offers by actual cells.
Modeling of macromolecular proteins in prophenoloxidase cascade through experimental and computational approaches
Authors: Sivakamavalli Jeyachandran , Selvaraj Chandrabose , Singh Sanjeev Kumar , Vaseeharan Baskaralingam 
Published: October 2015

AbstractProphenoloxidase (ProPO) cascade is a principal defense system in crustaceans, which consists of a variety of pattern recognition proteins (lipopolysaccharide and β‐glucan‐binding protein [β‐GBP], β‐GBP, and β‐glucan recognition protein), proteases (serine protease), and protease inhibitors (α2‐macroglobulin and pacifastin) to regulate the protection mechanism in crustaceans. In the prophneoloxidase pathway, the protein–protein interactions (PPIs) and other immune‐related analyses still have not been reported. Moreover, the structural features of ProPO cascade proteins have not yet been reported, hence we constructed the three‐dimensional structural features for all ProPO pathway proteins. Their PPIs were studied through an in silico approach. Laminarin has been identified as a triggering activator and it showed energetic binding with homology modeled β‐GBP and activated the β‐GBP, followed by the protein–protein complex formation leading to phenoloxidase synthesis. These findings provided a novel view of the ProPO mechanism and enhanced our knowledge of the innate immune system in crustaceans via computation. In conclusion, we propose a combined experimental and computational approach to analyze the mechanism of ProPO cascade proteins.
Quantification and pharmacokinetics of crizotinib in rats by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Qiu Feng , Gu Yanan , Wang Tingting , Gao Yingying , Li Xiao , Gao Xiangyu , Cheng Shan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCrizotinib is a small molecule inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and can be used to treat ALK‐positive nonsmall‐cell lung cancer. A rapid and simple high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of crizotinib in rat plasma using a chemical synthetic compound buspirone as the internal standard (IS). The plasma samples were pretreated by a simple protein precipitation with methanol–acetonitrile (1:1, v/v). Chromatographic separation was successfully achieved on an Agilent Zorbax XDB C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 3.5 µm). The gradient elution system was composed of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and 0.1% formic acid in methanol solution. The flow rate was set at 0.50 mL/min. The multiple reaction monitoring was based on the transitions of m/z = 450.3 → 177.1 for crizotinib and 386.2 → 122.2 for buspirone (IS). The assay was successfully validated to demonstrate the selectivity, matrix effect, linearity, lower limit of quantification, accuracy, precision, recovery and stability according to the international guidelines. The lower limit of quantification was 1.00 ng/mL in 50 μL of rat plasma. This LC‐MS/MS assay was successfully applied to the quantification and pharmacokinetic study of crizotinib in rats after intravenous and oral administration of crizotinib. The oral absolute bioavailability of crizotinib in rats was 68.6 ± 9.63%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatio‐temporal distribution of brain activity associated with audio‐visually congruent and incongruent speech and the McGurk Effect
Authors: Pratt Hillel , Bleich Naomi , Mittelman Nomi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntroductionSpatio‐temporal distributions of cortical activity to audio‐visual presentations of meaningless vowel‐consonant‐vowels and the effects of audio‐visual congruence/incongruence, with emphasis on the McGurk effect, were studied. The McGurk effect occurs when a clearly audible syllable with one consonant, is presented simultaneously with a visual presentation of a face articulating a syllable with a different consonant and the resulting percept is a syllable with a consonant other than the auditorily presented one.MethodsTwenty subjects listened to pairs of audio‐visually congruent or incongruent utterances and indicated whether pair members were the same or not. Source current densities of event‐related potentials to the first utterance in the pair were estimated and effects of stimulus–response combinations, brain area, hemisphere, and clarity of visual articulation were assessed.ResultsAuditory cortex, superior parietal cortex, and middle temporal cortex were the most consistently involved areas across experimental conditions. Early (<200 msec) processing of the consonant was overall prominent in the left hemisphere, except right hemisphere prominence in superior parietal cortex and secondary visual cortex. Clarity of visual articulation impacted activity in secondary visual cortex and Wernicke's area. McGurk perception was associated with decreased activity in primary and secondary auditory cortices and Wernicke's area before 100 msec, increased activity around 100 msec which decreased again around 180 msec. Activity in Broca's area was unaffected by McGurk perception and was only increased to congruent audio‐visual stimuli 30–70 msec following consonant onset.ConclusionsThe results suggest left hemisphere prominence in the effects of stimulus and response conditions on eight brain areas involved in dynamically distributed parallel processing of audio‐visual integration. Initially (30–70 msec) subcortical contributions to auditory cortex, superior parietal cortex, and middle temporal cortex occur. During 100–140 msec, peristriate visual influences and Wernicke's area join in the processing. Resolution of incongruent audio‐visual inputs is then attempted, and if successful, McGurk perception occurs and cortical activity in left hemisphere further increases between 170 and 260 msec.
ChemInform Abstract: Aldehyde as a Traceless Directing Group for Rh(III)‐Catalyzed C—H Activation: A Facile Access to Diverse Indolo[1,2‐a]quinolines.
Authors: Liu Xingyan , Li Xiaoyu , Liu Hu , Guo Qiang , Lan Jingbo , Wang Ruilin , You Jingsong 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe transformation of N‐aryl indolyl aldehydes with symmetric 1,2‐diaryl or 1,2‐dialkylalkynes proceeds regioselectively and tolerates multiple functional groups including chloro, cyano, and methoxy carbonyl groups.
Do career satisfaction and support mediate the effects of justice on organizational citizenship behaviour and counterproductive work behaviour?
Authors: Jawahar I. M. , Stone Thomas H. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFollowing Lavelle, Rupp, and Brockner's () target similarity framework, we propose that perceptions of support and career satisfaction mediate the influence of justice perceptions on citizenship and counterproductive performance. Structural equation modelling results from 356 employees supporting partial mediation. Collectively, the model explained 19% of the variance in perceptions of organizational support, 44% in perceived supervisor support, 33% in career satisfaction, 35% in citizenship performance directed toward the supervisor, 42% in citizenship performance directed toward the organization, 49% in job/task conscientiousness citizenship performance, 9% in counterproductive performance toward the supervisor, and 20% of the variance in counterproductive performance directed toward the organization. We argue that distributive, procedural, informational, and interpersonal dimensions of organizational justice follow different pathways and variously influence organizational outcomes. We discuss the implications of the results for the target similarity framework and more generally for human resources management. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental study of an inert isothermal air carbon dioxide jet with and without a second phase
Authors: Payne Graham , Matovic Miodrag 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe jet flow fields reported on in this paper were created by an unconventional gun head intended for polymer powder flame deposition. These flow fields are discussed in earlier papers by Payne et al. This paper reports on how the air or CO2 used in place of propane with this gun head mixed inertly with an isothermal coax­ial air jet. Flow visualization with a sheet of laser light described by Payne et al. showed that the jets, air or CO2, emanating from the propane nozzles were rapidly entrained in the coaxial air jet regardless of the presence or absence of a particle stream from the central nozzle. A gas analyzer measured the gas composition in the flow field downstream of the entrainment volume. The time‐averaged CO2 concentration on the nominal centreline of the jet was constant or nearly so. In contrast, the variation in CO2 concentration increased dramatically with the radius at which the gas was sampled, up to a radius of ∼1.5 cm at a distance of 10 cm from the nozzle, after which this fluctuation decreased to 0 at the edges of the flow field. The magnitude of these fluctuations also decreased with the axial distance changing from 10 to 30 cm. Again, the presence or absence of a particle stream from the central jet nozzle had very little effect on the amount of CO2 measured. The irregular entrainment of CO2 caused the variations in the CO2 measured in the flow field.
Convergence in Law of the Maximum of the Two‐Dimensional Discrete Gaussian Free Field
Authors: Bramson Maury , Ding Jian , Zeitouni Ofer 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe consider the discrete two‐dimensional Gaussian free field on a box of side length $N$, with Dirichlet boundary data, and prove the convergence of the law of the centered maximum of the field.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Afirma GEC and thyroid lesions: An institutional experience
Authors: Celik Betul , Whetsell Chantel R. , Nassar Aziza 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundThyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is used to assess appropriate management of nodular thyroid lesions safely, but Bethesda category III (atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance) and category IV (follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm) lesions are problematic. This study aimed to evaluate the Afirma Gene Expression Classifier (GEC) results for lesions in those categories.MethodsMedical records of patients with thyroid FNA and GEC results were obtained from archived material. Results were compared to thyroidectomy histologic diagnoses.ResultsAmong 66 patients with FNA results (47 women and 19 men aged 26–89 years [mean, 59.4 years]), surgical reports were available for 38. Afirma GEC results were “nondiagnostic” for 10 of 66 (15.2%), “benign” for 22 (33.3%), and “suspicious” for 34 (51.5%). Surgical diagnosis was available for 38 of 66 patients (57.6%); GEC results for 6 (15.8%) of these were “nondiagnostic,” 27 (71.0%) were “suspicious,” and 5 (13.2%) were “benign.” One of 6 (16.7%) samples with “nondiagnostic” results, 1 of 5 (20%) with “benign” results, and 15 of 27 (55.6%) with “suspicious” results were malignant on histology. Papillary carcinoma was the most common tumor type (15 of 38; 39.5%).ConclusionsAfirma GEC results minimize the number of unnecessary operations. Afirma GEC testing may be reserved for FNAs with a category III diagnosis on follow‐up cytologic examination. We recommend a conservative approach for “suspicious” Afirma GEC results if Hürthle cells are seen with FNA. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:966–970. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.