bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of 2‐Weeks Continuous Increase in Retrograde Shear Stress on Brachial Artery Vasomotor Function in Young and Older Men
Authors: Thijssen Dick H. J. , Schreuder Tim H. A. , Newcomer Sean W. , Laughlin M. Harold , Hopman Maria T. E. , Green Daniel J. 
Published: September 2015

Background

Although acute elevation in retrograde shear rate (
SR
) impairs endothelial function, no previous study has explored the effect of prolonged elevation of retrograde
SR
on conduit artery vascular function. We examined the effect of 2‐weeks elevation of retrograde
SR
on brachial artery endothelial function in young and in older men.

Methods and Results

Thirteen healthy young (23±2 years) and 13 older men (61±5 years) were instructed to continuously wear a compression sleeve around the right forearm to chronically (2 weeks) elevate brachial artery retrograde
SR
in 1 arm. We assessed
SR
, diameter, and flow‐mediated dilation in both the sleeve and contralateral control arms at baseline and after 30 minutes and 2 weeks of continuous sleeve application. The sleeve intervention increased retrograde
SR
after 30 minutes and 2 weeks in both young and older men (
P
=0.03 and 0.001, respectively). In young men, brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation % was lower after 30 minutes and 2 weeks (
P
=0.004), while resting artery diameter was reduced after 2 weeks (
P
=0.005). The contralateral arm showed no change in retrograde
SR
or flow‐mediated dilation % (
P
=0.32 and 0.26, respectively), but a decrease in diameter (
P=
0.035). In older men, flow‐mediated dilation % and diameter did not change in either arm (all
P
>0.05).

Conclusions

Thirty‐minute elevation in retrograde
SR
in young men caused impaired endothelial function, while 2‐week exposure to elevated levels of retrograde
SR
was associated with a comparable decrease in endothelial function. Interestingly, these vascular changes were not present in older men, suggesting age‐related vascular changes to elevation in retrograde
SR
.
Cloning of a serine protease gene from the nematophagous fungus Esteya vermicola and expressed activity of the recombinant enzyme against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Authors: Wang Xuan , Guan Tinglong , Zhang Long , Li Hongmei 
Published: September 2015

A serine protease geneEvspwas cloned from the nematophagous fungusEsteya vermicolawith strong virulence againstBursaphelenchus xylophilus. The full-length cDNA ofEvspcontains 2280 nucleotides with a 1656 bp ORF encoding a protein with 551 amino acids. The genomicEvspincludes two exons (396 bp and 1260 bp) separated by an intron (207 bp). There is only one copy ofEvspgene in the fungal genome. The deduced amino acids sequences ofEvspshowed highly homology with the catalytic domains in subtilisin serine proteases. Phylogenetic analyses based on the protein sequences revealed thatE. vermicolais separated from nematode-trapping fungi but close to other nematophagous and entomopathogenic fungi. The recombinant serine protease rEvsp was induced inEscherichia coliwith expression vector pET28a(+). The tests of protease and nematicidal activities for the purified and refolded rEvsp indicated it is possibly involved in the fungal infection process againstB. xylophilus.
Effects of seed-gall nematode, Anguina tritici, on bread wheat grain characteristics and yields in Turkey
Authors: Tulek Adnan , Kepenekci Ilker , Cifticigil Tugba Hilal , Ozturk Irfan , Akin Kemal , Seidi Melis , Yildirim Mustafa , Dababat Abdelfattah A. 
Published: September 2015

The effects of Anguina tritici on wheat yields and agronomic components were investigated at Thrace Agricultural Research Institute, Turkey, during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Evaluations during 2013 focused on the wheat cv. Pehlivan, which is widely cultivated in Turkey. In this cultivar, A. tritici led to a grain infection in infected spikes of 0-100%, with an average of 61.8%. In 2014, yield losses caused by A. tritici were investigated in four wheat cvs, Pehlivan, Selimiye, Gelibolu and Kate-A. Results indicated that there were significant yield losses averaging 55% in plots infested with A. tritici (average yields = 3.74 t ha−1), as compared to control plots (average yields = 8.38 t ha−1). Yield losses in the four wheat cvs Kate-A, Pehlivan, Selimiye and Gelibolu were estimated as 51.3, 53.2, 56.6 and 59.6%, respectively, with seed infection levels by A. tritici of 21.4, 20.9, 24.4 and 18.3%, respectively.
Contribution of Increased Agulhas Leakage to Tropical Atlantic Warming
Authors: Lübbecke Joke F. , Durgadoo Jonathan V. , Biastoch Arne 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The upper tropical Atlantic Ocean has markedly warmed since the 1960s. It has been shown that this warming was not due to local heat fluxes and that the trade winds that drive the coastal and equatorial upwelling have intensified rather than weakened. Remote forcing might thus have played an important role. Here, model experiments are used to investigate the contribution from an increased inflow of warm Indian Ocean water through Agulhas leakage. A high-resolution hindcast experiment with interannually varying forcing for the time period 1948–2007, in which Agulhas leakage increases by about 45% from the 1960s to the early 2000s, reproduces the observed warming trend. To tease out the role of Agulhas leakage, a sensitivity experiment designed to only increase Agulhas leakage is used. Compared to a control simulation, it shows a pronounced warming in the upper tropical Atlantic Ocean. A Lagrangian trajectory analysis confirms that a significant portion of Agulhas leakage water reaches the upper 300 m of the tropical Atlantic Ocean within two decades and that the tropical Atlantic warming in the sensitivity experiment is mainly due to water of Agulhas origin. Therefore, it is suggested that the increased trade winds since the 1960s favor upwelling of warmer subsurface waters, which in part originate from the Agulhas, leading to higher SSTs in the tropics.
EnKF and Hybrid Gain Ensemble Data Assimilation. Part I: EnKF Implementation
Authors: Hamrud Mats , Bonavita Massimo , Isaksen Lars 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The desire to do detailed comparisons between variational and more scalable ensemble-based data assimilation systems in a semioperational environment has led to the development of a state-of-the-art EnKF system at ECMWF. A broad description of the ECMWF EnKF is given in this paper, focusing on highlighting differences compared to standard EnKF practice. In particular, a discussion of the novel algorithm used to control imbalances between the mass and wind fields in the EnKF analysis is given. The scalability and computational properties of the EnKF are reviewed and the implementation choices adopted at ECMWF described. The sensitivity of the ECMWF EnKF to ensemble size, horizontal resolution, and representation of model errors is also discussed. A comparison with 4DVar will be found in Part II of this two-part study.
Proximity Soundings of Severe and Nonsevere Thunderstorms in Central Europe
Authors: Púčik Tomáš , Groenemeijer Pieter , Rýva David , Kolář Miroslav 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The environments of severe and nonsevere thunderstorms were analyzed using 16 421 proximity soundings from December 2007 to December 2013 taken at 32 central European stations. The soundings were assigned severity categories for the following hazards: hail, wind, tornado, and rain. For each of the soundings, parameters were calculated representing the instability, vertical wind profile, and moisture of the environment. The probability of the various hazards as a function of CAPE and 0–6-km bulk shear (DLS) is quite different for each of the hazards. Large hail is most likely for high CAPE and high DLS, a regime that also supports severe wind events. A second severe wind regime exists for low CAPE and very high DLS. These events are mostly cold season events. Storms with significant tornadoes occur with much higher DLS than storms with weak or no tornadoes, but with similar CAPE. The 0–1-km bulk shear (LLS) does not discriminate better than DLS between weak and significant tornadoes. Heavy rain events occur across a wide range of DLS, but with CAPE above the median for nonsevere thunderstorms and are most likely when both absolute humidity in the boundary layer and relative humidity in the low- to midtroposphere are high. LCL height does not discriminate well between the intensity categories of tornadoes, but higher LCL heights were associated with a higher probability of severe hail. Storm relative helicity shows similar results to DLS, but with more overlap among intensity categories.
Assisting the bereaved: A systematic review of the evidence for grief counselling
Authors: Waller Amy , Turon Heidi , Mansfield Elise , Clark Katherine , Hobden Bree , Sanson-Fisher Rob 
Published: September 2015

Background: Supporting people after bereavement is a priority area for many health services. Investment in bereavement care must be supported by a rigorous evidence-base. Aim: To examine the (1) relative proportion of descriptive, measurement and intervention research in grief counselling and (2) quality and effectiveness of intervention studies. Design: Systematic review of studies published in the area of grief counselling. Data sources: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and PsycINFO databases were searched for studies published between 2000 and 2013. Eligible papers were categorised into descriptive, measurement, review, commentaries and intervention studies. Intervention studies were assessed against the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care methodological criteria, and papers meeting criteria were assessed for quality. The impact of interventions on grief, psychological morbidity and quality of life was examined. Results: A total of 126 data-based papers, including 47 descriptive, 3 measurement and 76 grief counselling intervention studies were included. Only 59% ( n = 45) of intervention studies met Effective Practice and Organisation of Care design criteria. Overall, study quality was poor, with the majority of interventions showing a risk of bias in several key areas. The three studies that met all criteria showed mixed effectiveness. Conclusion: Grief counselling interventions require a strong rationale for design, and a systematic approach to development and evaluation. Descriptive research efforts should inform this process, focusing on homogeneity in sample, identification of risk factors for complicated grief and the impact of extraneous factors on intervention effects. Interventions should include comparisons to usual care, as well as replication to confirm positive findings.
Feeding Mode of Australian Infants in the First 12 Months of Life
Authors: Magarey Anthea , Kavian Foorough , Scott Jane A. , Markow Kylie , Daniels Lynne 
Published: September 2015

Background: In 2011, Australia published a set of 6 population-level indicators assessing breastfeeding, formula use, and the introduction of soft/semisolid/solid foods. Objectives: This study aimed to report the feeding practices of Australian infants against these indicators and determine the predictors of early breastfeeding cessation and introduction of solids. Methods: Mother–infant dyads (N = 1470) were recruited postnatally in 2 Australian capital cities and regional areas of 1 state between February 2008 and March 2009. Demographic and feeding intention data were collected by self-completed questionnaire at infant birth, with feeding practices (current feeding mode, age of breastfeeding cessation, age of formula and/or solids introduction) reported when the infant was between 4 and 7 months of age, and around 13 months of age. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of breastfeeding cessation and solids introduction. Results: Although initiation of breastfeeding was almost universal (93.3%), less than half of the infants were breastfed to 6 months (41.7%) and 33.3% were receiving solids by 4 months. Women who were socially disadvantaged, younger, less educated, unpartnered, primiparous, and/or overweight were most likely to have ceased breastfeeding before 6 months of age, and younger and/or less educated women were most likely to have introduced solid food by 4 months of age. Not producing adequate milk was the most common reason provided for cessation of breastfeeding. Conclusion: The feeding behaviors of Australian infants in the first 12 months fall well short of recommendations. Women need anticipatory guidance as to the indicators of breastfeeding success and the tendency of women to doubt the adequacy of their breast milk supply warrants further investigation.
Aeroservoelastic modeling and analysis of a six-DOF hypersonic flight vehicle
Authors: Zong Qun , You Ming , Zeng Fanlin , Dou Liqian 
Published: September 2015

By using light-weighted material in hypersonic flight vehicle, the vehicle body can be easily deformed. The mutual couplings in aerodynamics, flexible structure and control system will result in aeroservoelasticity problem. Based on the six-DOF geometry of a hypersonic flight vehicle, this paper uses assumed modes method, Shock-Expansion theory and Piston theory to develop the structural elastic model and the aerodynamic model, with actuator incorporated, the open-loop aeroservoelastic model of a six-DOF HFV is established. In open-loop analysis, the response of the elastic coordinates to the tail rudder deflection and the frequency characteristic of the transfer function of the tail rudder deflection to the first elastic coordinate are studied. A high gain feedback controller is designed for the aeroservoelastic model, and closed-loop analysis is conducted based on this model. The simulations show the influence of the elastic motion on the aerodynamic forces and moments.
Abnormal Patella Height Based on Insall-Salvati Ratio and its Correlation with Patellar Cartilage Lesions: An Extremity-Dedicated Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis of 1703 Chinese Cases
Authors: Lu W. , Yang J. , Chen S. , Zhu Y. , Zhu C. 
Published: September 2015

Background and aims: Diagnostic performance of patellar position for patellar cartilage lesions remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the abnormal patella height and its correlation with chondral lesions of the patellofemoral joint in China. Material and methods: A total of 1703 consecutive patients who performed knee joint examination using an extremity-dedicated low-field magnetic resonance imaging were enrolled in this study. Patellar cartilage lesions were diagnosed based on the result of magnetic resonance imaging and clinical data. Patella height was defined as the ratio of patellar tendon length to patellar length according to Insall-Salvati index. Patella alta and infera were defined as tendon length/patellar length >1.2 and <0.8, respectively. Results: The total prevalence of patellar cartilage lesions was 38.0%. The prevalence in females was significantly higher than that in males (46.4% vs 28.8%, p < 0.001). Age notably increased the incidence of patellar cartilage lesions ( p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that tendon length/patellar length ratio was significantly correlated with patellar cartilage lesions (odds ratio = 6.380, p < 0.001). Furthermore, patients with cartilage lesions showed significantly higher rates of patella alta and infera ( p < 0.001). In addition, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that abnormal patella height had statistical significance in diagnosing cartilage lesions ( p < 0.001). However, the area under the curve (0.596; 95% confidence interval: 0.568–0.624) and sensitivity (47.0%) were relatively low, while the specificity was 72.2%. Conclusions: Patients with patellar cartilage lesions have an increased tendon length/patellar length ratio. The abnormal patella height is significantly correlated with chondral lesions and can be used as a potential diagnostic marker.
Injury Rates in Age-Only Versus Age-and-Weight Playing Standard Conditions in American Youth Football
Authors: Kerr Zachary Y. , Marshall Stephen W. , Simon Janet E. , Hayden Ross , Snook Erin M. , Dodge Thomas , Gallo Joseph A. , Valovich McLeod Tamara C. , Mensch James , Murphy Joseph M. , Nittoli Vincent C. , Dompier Thomas P. , Ragan Brian , Yeargin Susan W. , Parsons John T. 
Published: September 2015

Background: American youth football leagues are typically structured using either age-only (AO) or age-and-weight (AW) playing standard conditions. These playing standard conditions group players by age in the former condition and by a combination of age and weight in the latter condition. However, no study has systematically compared injury risk between these 2 playing standards. Purpose: To compare injury rates between youth tackle football players in the AO and AW playing standard conditions. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Athletic trainers evaluated and recorded injuries at each practice and game during the 2012 and 2013 football seasons. Players (age, 5-14 years) were drawn from 13 recreational leagues across 6 states. The sample included 4092 athlete-seasons (AW, 2065; AO, 2027) from 210 teams (AW, 106; O, 104). Injury rate ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs were used to compare the playing standard conditions. Multivariate Poisson regression was used to estimate RRs adjusted for residual effects of age and clustering by team and league. There were 4 endpoints of interest: (1) any injury, (2) non–time loss (NTL) injuries only, (3) time loss (TL) injuries only, and (4) concussions only. Results: Over 2 seasons, the cohort accumulated 1475 injuries and 142,536 athlete-exposures (AEs). The most common injuries were contusions (34.4%), ligament sprains (16.3%), concussions (9.6%), and muscle strains (7.8%). The overall injury rate for both playing standard conditions combined was 10.3 per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 9.8-10.9). The TL injury, NTL injury, and concussion rates in both playing standard conditions combined were 3.1, 7.2, and 1.0 per 1000 AEs, respectively. In multivariate Poisson regression models controlling for age, team, and league, no differences were found between playing standard conditions in the overall injury rate (RRoverall, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.4-2.6). Rates for the other 3 endpoints were also similar (RRNTL, 1.1 [95% CI, 0.4-3.0]; RRTL, 0.9 [95% CI, 0.4-1.9]; RRconcussion, 0.6 [95% CI, 0.3-1.4]). Conclusion: For the injury endpoints examined in this study, the injury rates were similar in the AO and AW playing standards. Future research should examine other policies, rules, and behavioral factors that may affect injury risk within youth football.
Qualitative and quantitative mineralogical composition of the Rupelian Boom Clay in Belgium
Authors: Zeelmaekers E. , Honty M. , Derkowski A. , Środoń J. , De Craen M. , Vandenberghe N. , Adriaens R. , Ufer K. , Wouters L. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe Boom Clay Formation of early Oligocene age, which occurs underground in northern Belgium, has been studied intensively for decades as a potential host rock for the disposal of nuclear waste. The goal of the present study is to determine a reference composition for the Boom Clay using both literature methods and methods developed during this work. The study was carried out on 20 samples, representative of the lithological variability of the formation. The bulk-rock composition was obtained by X-ray diffraction using a combined full-pattern summation and singlepeak quantification method. Siliciclastics vary from 27 to 72 wt.%, clay minerals with 25–71 wt.% micas, 0–4 wt.% carbonates, 2–4 wt.% accessory minerals (mainly pyrite and anatase) and 0.5–3.5 wt.% organic matter. This bulk-rock composition was validated independently by majorelement chemical analysis. The detailed composition of the clay-sized fraction was determined by modelling of the oriented X-ray diffraction patterns, using a larger sigma star (σ*) value for discrete smectite than for the other clay minerals. The <2 μm clay mineralogy of the Boom Clay is qualitatively homogeneous; it contains 14–25 wt.% illite, 19–39 wt.% smectite, 19–42 wt.% randomly interstratified illite-smectite with about 65% illite layers, 5–12 wt.% kaolinite, 4–17 wt.% randomly interstratified kaolinite-smectite and 2–7 wt.% chloritic minerals (chlorite, “defective” chlorite and interstratified chlorite-smectite). All modelled clay mineral proportions were verified independently using major-element chemistry and cation exchange capacity measurements. Bulkrock and clay mineral analysis results were combined to obtain the overall detailed quantitative composition of the Boom Clay Formation.
Petrological and geochemical characteristics of Mesoproterozoic dyke swarms in the Gardar Province, South Greenland: Evidence for a major sub-continental lithospheric mantle component in the generation of the magmas
Authors: Bartels Alexander , Nielsen Troels F. D. , Lee Seung Ryeol , Upton Brian G. J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe Mesoproterozoic Gardar Province in South Greenland developed in a continental rift-related environment. Several alkaline intrusions and associated dyke swarms were emplaced in Archaean and Ketilidian basement rocks during two main magmatic periods at 1300–1250 Ma and 1180–1140 Ma. The present investigation focuses on mafic dykes from the early magmatic period ('Older Gardar') and the identification of their possible mantle sources.The rocks are typically fine- to coarse-grained dolerites, transitional between tholeiitic and alkaline compositions with a general predominance of Na over K. They crystallized from relatively evolved, mantle-derived melts and commonly show minor degrees of crustal contamination. Selective enrichment of the large ion lithophile elements Cs, Ba and K and the light rare-earth elements when compared to high field-strength elements indicate significant involvement of a sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) component in the generation of the magmas. This component was affected by fluid-dominated supra-subduction zone metasomatism, possibly related to the Ketilidian orogeny ∼500 Ma years prior to the onset of Gardar magmatism. Melt generation in the SCLM is further documented by the inferential presence of amphibole in the source region, negative calculated εNd(i) values (–0.47 to –4.40) and slightly elevated87Sr/86Sr(i) (0.702987 to 0.706472) ratios when compared to bulk silicate earth as well as relatively flat heavy rare-earth element (HREE) patterns ((Gd/Yb)N= 1.4 –1.9) indicating melt generation above the garnet stability field.The dyke rocks investigated show strong geochemical and geochronological similarities to penecontemporaneous mafic dyke swarms in North America and Central Scandinavia and a petrogenetic link is hypothesized. Considering recent plate reconstructions, it is further suggested that magmatism was formed behind a long-lived orogenic belt in response to back-arc basin formation in the time interval between 1290–1235 Ma.