bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Forensic Soil Analysis of New Jersey State Parks Using a Combination of Simple Techniques with Multivariate Statistics,
Authors: Bonetti Jennifer , Quarino Lawrence 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis study has shown that the combination of simple techniques with the use of multivariate statistics offers the potential for the comparative analysis of soil samples. Five samples were obtained from each of twelve state parks acrossNewJersey in both the summer and fall seasons. Each sample was examined using particle‐size distribution, pHanalysis in both water and 1 M CaCl2, and a loss on ignition technique. Data from each of the techniques were combined, and principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) were used for multivariate data transformation. Samples from different locations could be visually differentiated from one another using these multivariate plots. Hold‐one‐out cross‐validation analysis showed error rates as low as 3.33%. Ten blind study samples were analyzed resulting in no misclassifications usingMahalanobis distance calculations and visual examinations of multivariate plots. Seasonal variation was minimal between corresponding samples, suggesting potential success in forensic applications.
Improving Sex Estimation from Crania Using a Novel Three‐dimensional Quantitative Method,,
Authors: Abdel Fatah Emam E. , Shirley Natalie R. , Jantz Richard L. , Mahfouz Mohamed R. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis study utilizes an innovative 3D approach to discover metric variables that obtain the highest classification rates for sex estimation from the cranium. Models were constructed from 222 cranialCTscans of U.S. Whites from the Bass Donated Collection. These models were used to create a statistical bone atlas that captures the primary shape variation in the skull and facilitates rapid computer‐automated analyses. The bone atlas showed that important size‐related sex variables are bizygomatic breadth, maximum cranial length, cranial base length, and mastoid height. Shape‐related variables capture sex differences in the projection of the glabellar region, inclination of the frontal, and cranial base flexion. In addition, vault thickness is highly dimorphic, with females having on average thicker vaults in the frontal region, and males having thicker vaults in the occipital region. Cross‐validated linear discriminant analysis obtained >95% accuracy (97.5% with 11 variables and 95.5% with eight variables).
Fatal Caffeine Intoxication: A Series of Eight Cases from 1999 to 2009
Authors: Banerjee Priya , Ali Zabiullah , Levine Barry , Fowler David R. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCaffeine, 1,3,7‐trimethylxanthine, is the most widely consumed legal stimulant. The most potent form is over the counter oral tablets. The estimated average daily adult caffeine consumption is 300 mg. Rarely, serious toxicities such as seizure and cardiac arrhythmias have caused death. Caffeine concentrations of 80 mg/L are considered lethal. Cases investigated over 10 years by the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner for the State of Maryland (OCME) whose cause of death was solely or in combination due to caffeine intoxication were reviewed. A total of eight adult cases were identified consisting of two suicides and six undetermined manners. The average postmortem caffeine concentration was 140.4 mg/L. This is the largest case series reported to date of lethal caffeine intoxication. Large doses of prescription medications and/or over the counter medications were abused. No overdoses were from consumption of caffeine‐containing foods. Comprehensive postmortem toxicological testing should test for caffeine to capture these rare deaths.
Distribution of Venlafaxine, O‐desmethylvenlafaxine, and O‐desmethylvenlafaxine to Venlafaxine Ratio in Postmortem Human Brain Tissue
Authors: Murrell Meredith D. , Cruz Dianne A. , Javors Martin A. , Thompson Peter M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractVenlafaxine (VEN) and its metabolite O‐desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) inhibit reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. This study examines whether VEN is differentially distributed in postmortem brain and examines relationships between brain and femoral blood concentrations from donors prescribed VEN for treatment of depression. Using high‐pressure liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detection, VEN and ODV concentrations were measured in temporal, occipital, and cerebellar cortex of six postmortem brains. The ODV/VEN ratio was calculated as a relative measure of drug metabolism within each region where higher ratios indicated a greater conversion of VEN to ODV. Compared to the other regions examined, the cerebellum showed decreased VEN (p = 0.056), ODV (p = 0.006), and ODV/VEN (p = 0.027) ratios. In parts per million, VEN was higher in temporal and occipital cortex, but not cerebellum, as compared to femoral blood concentration. These observations suggest that VEN and ODV are differentially distributed in the brain, and metabolism of VEN to ODV may vary across brain regions.
Dating of Inkpad Seals Using the Extraction Rate Method: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Li Biao , Bai Feng , Mu Huayan , Bao Ren 
Published: February 2014

AbstractInkpad seals are often placed on important documents, and determining the date when a seal was affixed can be important to assess the authenticity of a document. In this study, three different brands of inkpads and four different types of paper were used to make diachronic samples of the seals. A double‐solvent extraction method was employed to date the inkpad seals by comparing extraction rates with inks of known age. Cyclohexane was selected as a weak solvent, and chlorobenzene was selected as a strong solvent. After testing, curves were created to show the relationship between the extraction percentage of ink and the date of the seals. The experimental results showed that the extraction rate method was applicable for the relative dating of inkpad seals in some cases where the seal was placed on the document within 6 months.
Quantifying the Temperature of Maggot Masses and its Relationship to Decomposition
Authors: Heaton Vivienne , Moffatt Colin , Simmons Tal 
Published: February 2014

AbstractNumerous Calliphoridae species have been observed to form larval aggregations during the feeding stage of development, resulting in localized increases in temperature. This study investigates the relationship between maggot numbers in a mass and heat generation. Single‐species aggregations (Lucilia sericata) of various sizes (50–2500 individuals) were reared in the laboratory at a constant ambient temperature of 22°C. Internal mass temperatures were recorded every 5 min throughout the feeding stage of development. Results showed that mass temperatures increased with mass numbers (p‐value < 0.001), ranging from 2.5 to 14°C above ambient. A minimum mass size of 1200 produced overall temperatures that were significantly warmer than ambient, diverging away from 22°C after c. 26 h. These results indicate that the microclimate of a mass has the potential to differ significantly from ambient, which may be influencing larval development rates and should therefore be factored into mPMI estimates to increase accuracy.
Progress Toward the Determination of Correct Classification Rates in Fire Debris Analysis II: Utilizing Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA)
Authors: Waddell Erin E. , Williams Mary R. , Sigman Michael E. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA multistep classification scheme was used to detect and classify ignitable liquid residues in fire debris into the classes defined by the ASTM E1618‐10 standard method. The total ion spectra (TIS) of the samples were classified by soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) with cross‐validation and tested on fire debris. For detection of ignitable liquid residue, the true‐positive rate was 94.2% for cross‐validation and 79.1% for fire debris, with false‐positive rates of 5.1% and 8.9%, respectively. Evaluation of SIMCA classifications for fire debris relative to a reviewer's examination led to an increase in the true‐positive rate to 95.1%; however, the false‐positive rate also increased to 15.0%. The correct classification rates for assigning ignitable liquid residues into ASTM E1618‐10 classes were generally in the range of 80–90%, with the exception of gasoline samples, which were incorrectly classified as aromatic solvents following evaporative weathering in fire debris.
Mental Capacity in Patients Involuntarily or Voluntarily Receiving Psychiatric Treatment for an Acute Mental Disorder
Authors: Mandarelli Gabriele , Tarsitani Lorenzo , Parmigiani Giovanna , Polselli Gian M. , Frati Paola , Biondi Massimo , Ferracuti Stefano 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDespite the growing amount of data, much information is needed on patients' mental capacity to consent to psychiatric treatment for acute mental disorders. The present study was undertaken to compare differences in capacity to consent to psychiatric treatment in patients treated voluntarily and involuntarily and to investigate the role of psychiatric symptoms, competency, and cognitive functioning in determining voluntariness of hospital admission. Involuntary patients were interviewed with theMacArthurCompetenceAssessmentTool forTreatment (MacCAT‐T), the 24‐itemBriefPsychiatricRatingScale (BPRS), theMiniMentalStateExamination (MMSE) and theRaven'sColoredProgressiveMatrices, and their data were compared with those for age‐ and sex‐matched voluntary patients. Involuntary patients performed worse in allMacCAT‐Tsubscales. Capacity to consent to treatment varied widely within each group. Overall, involuntary patients have worse consent‐related mental capacity than those treated voluntarily, despite capacity to consent to treatment showing a significant variability in both groups.
Virtual Tool Mark Generation for Efficient Striation Analysis,
Authors: Ekstrand Laura , Zhang Song , Grieve Taylor , Chumbley L. Scott , Kreiser M. James 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis study introduces a tool mark analysis approach based upon 3D scans of screwdriver tip and marked plate surfaces at the micrometer scale from an optical microscope. An open‐source 3D graphics software package is utilized to simulate the marking process as the projection of the tip's geometry in the direction of tool travel. The edge of this projection becomes a virtual tool mark that is compared to cross‐sections of the marked plate geometry using the statistical likelihood algorithm introduced by Chumbley et al. In a study with both sides of six screwdriver tips and 34 corresponding marks, the method distinguished known matches from known nonmatches with zero false‐positive matches and two false‐negative matches. For matches, it could predict the correct marking angle within ±5–10°. Individual comparisons could be made in seconds on a desktop computer, suggesting that the method could save time for examiners.
Death Due to Isolated Jejunal Tear Following Blunt Abdominal Trauma
Authors: Hugar Basappa S. , Yajaman Girishchandra P. , Kainoor Sunilkumar , Shetty Akshith Raj S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSmall intestinal injury following blunt abdominal trauma has been widely reported. Isolated jejunal tear which is caused by blunt abdominal trauma is rare and is most often seen in road traffic accidents. Here, we report a case of isolated jejunal tear in a 24‐year‐old male truck driver. He was admitted to a tertiary care hospital in a South Indian Metropolitan city with complaints of acute abdominal pain and tiredness following alleged accidental blunt trauma sustained to abdomen due to steering wheel impact. An isolated jejunal tear and adjacent mesenteric contusion and tear were missed by the treating physician even after preliminary investigations, and thus, the conservative management was instituted. The condition deteriorated gradually, and he succumbed to death. The autopsy revealed transverse tear of jejunum almost involving whole of its circumference on the antimesenteric border and peritonitis. Proper use of radio‐diagnostic techniques and timely undertaken explorative laparotomy would have saved the life.
Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis to assess crossover interference and homozygosity in gynogenetic diploid Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai)
Authors: Nie H.‐T. , Li Q. , Kong L.‐F. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryRecombination analysis in gynogenetic diploids is a powerful tool for assessing the degree of inbreeding, investigating crossover events and understanding chiasma interference during meiosis. To estimate the marker–centromere recombination rate, the inheritance pattern of 654 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers was examined in the 72‐h veliger larvae of two meiogynogenetic diploid families in the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). The second‐division segregation frequency (y) of the AFLP loci ranged from 0.00 to 0.96, with 23.9% of loci showing y‐values higher than 0.67, evidencing the existence of interference. The average recombination frequency across the 654 AFLP loci was 0.45, allowing estimation of the fixation index of 0.55, indicating that meiotic gynogenesis could provide an effective means of rapid inbreeding in the Pacific abalone. The AFLP loci have a small proportion (4.4%) of y‐values greater than 0.90, suggesting that a relatively low or intermediate degree of chiasma interference occurred in the abalone chromosomes. The information obtained in this study will enhance our understanding of the abalone genome and will be useful for genetic studies in the species.
The microbiological and sustainability effects of washing anaesthesia breathing circuits less frequently
Authors: McGain F. , Algie C. M. , O'Toole J. , Lim T. F. , Mohebbi M. , Story D. A. , Leder K. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryIn the presence of single‐use airway filters, we quantified anaesthetic circuit aerobic microbial contamination rates when changed every 24 h, 48 h and 7 days. Microbiological samples were taken from the interior of 305 anaesthetic breathing circuits over a 15‐month period (3197 operations). There was no significant difference in the proportion of contaminated circuits when changed every 24 h (57/105 (54%, 95% CI 45–64%)) compared with 48 h (43/100 (43%, 95% CI 33–53%, p = 0.12)) and up to 7 days (46/100 (46%, 95% CI 36–56%, p = 0.26)). Median bacterial counts were not increased at 48 h or 7 days provided circuits were routinely emptied of condensate. Annual savings for one hospital (six operating theatres) were $AU 5219 (£3079, €3654, $US 4846) and a 57% decrease in anaesthesia circuit steriliser loads associated with a yearly saving of 2760 kWh of electricity and 48 000 l of water. Our findings suggest that extended circuit use from 24 h up to 7 days does not significantly increase bacterial contamination, and is associated with labour, energy, water and financial savings.
Interpreting the developmental dance of the megakaryocyte: a review of the cellular and molecular processes mediating platelet formation
Authors: Machlus Kellie R. , Thon Jonathan N. , Italiano Joseph E. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryPlatelets are essential for haemostasis, and thrombocytopenia (platelet counts <150 × 109/l) is a major clinical problem encountered across a number of conditions, including immune thrombocytopenic purpura, myelodysplastic syndromes, chemotherapy, aplastic anaemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection, complications during pregnancy and delivery, and surgery. Circulating blood platelets are specialized cells that function to prevent bleeding and minimize blood vessel injury. Platelets circulate in their quiescent form, and upon stimulation, activate to release their granule contents and spread on the affected tissue to create a physical barrier that prevents blood loss. The current model of platelet formation states that large progenitor cells in the bone marrow, called megakaryocytes, release platelets by extending long, branching processes, designated proplatelets, into sinusoidal blood vessels. This review will focus on different factors that impact megakaryocyte development, proplatelet formation and platelet release. It will highlight recent studies on thrombopoeitin‐dependent megakaryocyte maturation, endomitosis and granule formation, cytoskeletal contributions to proplatelet formation, the role of apoptosis, and terminal platelet formation and release.
Thrombopoietin from beginning to end
Authors: Hitchcock Ian S. , Kaushansky Kenneth 
Published: February 2014

SummaryIn the two decades since its cloning, thrombopoietin (TPO) has emerged not only as a critical haematopoietic cytokine, but also serves as a great example of bench‐to‐bedside research. Thrombopoietin, produced by the liver, is the primary regulator of megakaryocyte progenitor expansion and differentiation. Additionally, as TPO is vital for the maintenance of haematopoietic stem cells, it can truly be described as a pan‐haematopoietic cytokine. Since recombinant TPO became available, the molecular mechanisms of TPO function have been the subject of extensive research. Via its receptor, c‐Mpl (also termed MPL), TPO activates a wide array of downstream signalling pathways, promoting cellular survival and proliferation. Due to its central, non‐redundant role in haematopoiesis, alterations of both the hormone and its receptor contribute to human disease; congenital and acquired states of thrombocytosis and thrombocytopenia and aplastic anaemia as a result from dysregulated TPO expression or functional alterations of c‐Mpl. With TPO mimetics now in clinical use, the story of this haematopoietic cytokine represents a great success for biomedical research.
Movement Patterns of a Native and Non‐native Frugivore in Hawaii and Implications for Seed Dispersal
Authors: Wu Joanna X. , Delparte Donna M. , Hart Patrick J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAvian frugivores historically played important roles as seed dispersers across the Hawaiian Islands, but presently, the ‘Ōma‘o (Myadestes obscurus) is the only extant native frugivore in the wild on the Island of Hawaii. During recent decades, the introduced generalist Japanese White‐eye (Zosterops japonicus) has become the most common bird in Hawaii. The movements of avian frugivores largely dictate how far seeds get dispersed and into what kinds of microhabitats. This study compares the movement patterns and diet of the ‘Ōma‘o to the Japanese White‐eye to understand how a native differs from a non‐native frugivore in the type and distances of seeds dispersed. Radiotelemetry was conducted on nine ‘Ōma‘o and nine Japanese White‐eyes in a system of natural forest fragments (kīpuka) created by lava flows. Japanese White‐eyes disperse seeds approximately twice as far as ‘Ōma‘o; during the time of gut passage, ‘Ōma‘o move a mean distance of 98.1 m, and Japanese White‐eyes move 170.1–194.8 m. However, the ‘Ōma‘o disperses the seeds of at least seven different native fruit species compared with two dispersed by Japanese White‐eyes. Japanese White‐eyes were found to disperse seeds smaller than 1.5 mm, whereas the ‘Ōma‘o dispersed seeds up to 6 mm in diameter. Despite their ecological differences, both birds distribute certain seeds within and among kīpuka and likely facilitate primary succession of fruiting plants in the young lava matrix. However, this study suggests that if the ‘Ōma‘o were extirpated, a smaller‐bodied generalist cannot entirely substitute for the ecological role played by the native frugivore.
The Contribution of Symbolic Skills to the Development of an Explicit Theory of Mind
Authors: Lillard Angeline S. , Kavanaugh Robert D. 
Published: February 2014

Theorists have speculated about the symbolic underpinnings of theory of mind (ToM), but no study has examined them across the main developmental span of ToM. Here, the onset of symbolic understandings in three domains (pretend play, language, and understanding representations) and ToM was examined. Fifty‐eight children were tested on batteries of tasks four times from ages 2.5 to 5 years. Some significant interrelations among variables were seen at each age level. Canonical correlation analysis found that a subset of the symbolic variables was significantly related to ToM at ages 4 and 5, providing the best evidence to date that ToM is undergirded by a symbolic element that also supports language, pretend play, and representational understanding.
Novel hybrid drilling protocol: evaluation for the implant healing – thermal changes, crestal bone loss, and bone‐to‐implant contact
Authors: Calvo‐Guirado José Luis , Delgado‐Peña Jorge , Maté‐Sánchez Jose E. , Mareque Bueno Javier , Delgado‐Ruiz Rafael Arcesio , Romanos Georgios E. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate a new hybrid drilling protocol, by the analysis of thermal changes in vitro, and their effects in the crestal bone loss and bone‐to‐implant contact in vivo.Materials and MethodsTemperature changes during simulated osteotomies with a hybrid drilling technique (biologic plus simplified) (test) versus an incremental drilling technique (control) were investigated. One hundred and twenty random osteotomies were performed (60 by group) in pig ribs up to 3.75‐mm‐diameter drill to a depth of 10 mm. Thermal changes and time were recorded by paired thermocouples. In a parallel experiment, bilateral mandibular premolars P2, P3, P4, and first molar M1 were extracted from six dogs. After 2‐month healing, implant sites were randomly prepared using either of the drilling techniques. Forty eight implants of 3.75 mm diameter and 10 mm length were inserted. The dogs were euthanized at 30 and 90 days, and crestal bone loss (CBL) and bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) were evaluated.ResultsThe control group showed maximum temperatures of 35.3°C ± 1.8°C, ΔT of 10.4°C, and a mean time of 100 s/procedure; meanwhile, the test group showed maximum temperatures of 36.7°C ± 1.2°C, ΔT of 8.1°C, and a mean time of 240 s/procedure. After 30 days, CBL values for both groups (test: 1.168 ± 0.194 mm; control: 1.181 ± 0.113 mm) and BIC values (test: 43 ± 2.8%; control: 45 ± 1.3%) were similar, without significant differences (P > 0.05). After 90 days, CBL (test: 1.173 ± 0.187 mm; control: 1.205 ± 0.122 mm) and BIC (test: 64 ± 3.3%; control: 64 ± 2.4%) values were similar, without significant differences (P > 0.05). The BIC values were increased at 90 days in both groups compared with the 30‐day period (P < 0.05).ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this study, the new hybrid protocol for the preparation of the implant bed without irrigation, increase the temperature similarly to the incremental conventional protocol, and requires twice the time for the completion of the drilling procedure in vitro. Crestal bone loss and bone‐to‐implant contact in the hybrid drilling protocol are comparable with the conventional drilling protocol and do not affect the osseointegration process in vivo.