bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humus balances of different farm production systems in main production areas in Austria
Authors: Kasper Martina , Freyer Bernhard , Hülsbergen Kurt‐Jürgen , Schmid Harald , Friedel Jürgen Kurt 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe importance of the soil humus content is indisputable. Soil humus plays an important role in preserving soil fertility and exerts great influence on plant production and yield potential. However, proofing that management‐related changes in the stock of soil organic matter (SOM) have taken place against the background of spatial and temporal variation is a difficult task. In most cases, sampling over a long period of time is needed to verify these changes. Alternatively, potential changes in the SOM stock can be estimated using humus balancing models, which help to identify the need for humus reproduction on a farm. In general, a humus balance is the difference between the humus demand of cultivated crops and humus supply through crops and organic fertilizers. In this study, the ‘Dynamic Humus Unit Method' within the modelling program REPRO was applied to calculate the humus balance for 29 model‐farms that are representative of most of the agricultural production in Austria. Each model‐farm represents a specific production type (PT) and farming system in a defined region or main production area (MPA). This approach gives an overview of the humus balances at a large scale and allows a general trend in Austria to be estimated. Besides differing between conventional and organic farming systems, specific site conditions can also be selected in the model. The constructed model‐farms belong to different PTs such as “forage production”, “cash crops”, “refinement”, and “permanent crops”. The PT “permanent crops” refers to the cultivation of wine. The cropping system of each PT was analyzed in detail, while livestock keeping was considered only when applicable. Positive humus balances were found for all PTs except for permanent crops. The results ranged from –122 to 890 kg C ha−1 y−1. Regions and farm structure, e.g., forage production compared to cash crop, were found to have a greater influence than the kind of farming system (i.e., organic vs. conventional farming). Comparing the different PTs, forage production had the highest positive humus balances (219 to 890 kg C ha−1 y−1), followed by cash crop (24 to 239 kg C ha−1 y−1), refinement (–64 to 402 kg C ha−1 y−1) and permanent crops (–122 to –38 kg C ha−1 y−1). Regarding the farming system, organic farming led to more humus accumulation than conventional farming due to a higher share of fodder legumes and catch crops and more diverse crop rotations. The results were within the range of available empirical data on SOM change, and it was therefore concluded that the results are reasonable. In general, humus reproduction can be regarded as sufficient for agricultural production.
Combined effects of phosphorus nutrition and elevated carbon dioxide concentration on chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, and nutrient efficiency of cotton
Authors: Singh Shardendu K. , Reddy Vangimalla R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTo examine the combined effects of phosphorus (P) nutrition and CO2 on photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence (CF), and nutrient utilization and uptake, two controlled‐environment experiments were conducted using 0.01, 0.05 and 0.20 mM external phosphate each at ambient and elevated CO2 (aCO2: 400 and eCO2: 800 µmol mol−1, respectively). The CF parameters were affected more by P nutrition than by CO2 treatment. Photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) was due to increased minimal CF (Fo′) and decreased maximal CF (Fm′), and efficiency of energy harvesting (Fv′/Fm′). In addition, reduced electron transport rate (ETR), the quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) and CO2 assimilation ($ \Phi _{\rm CO_2} $), and overall photochemical quenching in the P‐deficient leaves led to reduction in the efficiency of energy transfer to the PSII reaction center. Stimulation in the ΦPSII/$ \Phi _{\rm CO_2} $ and photorespiration (ETR/Pnet) was found under P deficiency, whereas the opposite was the case under CO2 enrichment. On average, photosynthetic rate (Pnet) and stomatal conductance declined by 50–53% at 0.05 mM P and by 70–72% at 0.01 mM P as compared to the 0.20 mM P treatment. However, P deficiency, especially at eCO2, tended to increase the intrinsic water‐use efficiency. In the P‐deficient plants, the decline in the P and N utilization efficiency (up to 91%) of biomass production was mainly associated with greater reduction in the biomass relative to the tissue P concentration as the P supply was reduced. However, it was significantly stimulated by eCO2 especially at higher P supply. The CO2 × P interaction was observed for some parameters such as Fo′, Fm′, P utilization efficiencies of photosynthesis and biomass production that might be attributed to the irresponsiveness of these parameters to eCO2 under low P treatment. Thus, P deficiency limited the beneficial effect of eCO2. A close relationship between total biomass and photosynthesis with the P and N utilization or uptake efficiencies was found. The P utilization efficiency of Pnet appeared to be stable across a range of leaf P concentrations, whereas the N‐utilization efficiency markedly increased with leaf P and differed between CO2 levels. An apparent effect of both the treatments (P and CO2) on N‐uptake and utilization efficiency also indicated the alteration in N acquisition and assimilation in cotton plants.
Artificial pores attract barley roots and can reduce artifacts of pot experiments
Authors: Pfeifer Johannes , Kirchgessner Norbert , Walter Achim 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSoil compaction is a severe agricultural problem. It is characterized by an increased resistance to root penetration and by a decreased amount of porosity in the soil. Until today it is not clear whether crop roots are able to actively detect remaining pores in compacted soil. Moreover, little is known about the capability of roots to leave pores again if the mechanical resistance of the bulk soil allows so. The aim of this study was to investigate the root growth response of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Ascona) in different configurations of a compacted loamy soil containing pores. The three‐dimensional configurations of the root systems from three well watered and fertilized treatments were analyzed with X‐ray computed tomography. All soil‐filled cylindrical plastic pots (diameter: 60 mm, height: 210 mm) contained loose topsoil but differed in subsoil structure. In treatment ‘Loose' [L] the pots were entirely filled with loose soil. Treatment ‘Lower part compacted' [C] contained compacted soil in the lower part of the pots. Likewise, treatment ‘Pores' [P] contained compacted soil in the lower part too, but here 16 artificial pores (1 mm diameter) were generated in the central part of the compacted subsoil zone. Comparison of the two treatments with compacted soil [C] and [P] showed that the roots were able to detect pores. However, the roots frequently grew across the pores or left the pores again after having grown into them, leading to a significantly higher fraction of roots exploring the compacted soil in the treatment with pores compared to the treatment without pores. These findings are useful for designing controlled experiments in pots of limited size that can mimic root growth in relatively complex soil structures which are more similar to field situations than usual pot experiments.
Dopamine‐Based Coatings and Hydrogels: Toward Substitution‐Related Structure–Property Relationships
Authors: Cui Jiaxi , Iturri Jagoba , Paez Julieta , Shafiq Zahid , Serrano Cristina , d'Ischia Marco , del Campo Aránzazu 
Published: October 2014

The influence of 6‐chloro and 6‐nitro substituents on the thickness, homogeneity, and general properties of coatings produced by controlled oxidative polymerization of dopamine and its β‐hydroxy derivative, norepinephrine, is investigated. Substitution at the catecholamine 6‐position affects the deposition kinetics due to modification of the oxidation potential of the catechol groups. Increasing the hydroxyl group acidity results likewise in changes in pH response and water uptake. A similar trend with pH is also observed in covalently crosslinked catechol‐functionalized PEG‐hydrogels, while an opposite behavior is measured in metal crosslinked films. These results pave the way toward the definition of structure–property relationships based on dopamine substitution effects in polycatecholamine layers and derived polymers.
image
Simple Synthesis of P(Cbz‐alt‐TBT) and PCDTBT by Combining Direct Arylation with Suzuki Polycondensation of Heteroaryl Chlorides
Authors: Lombeck Florian , Matsidik Rukiya , Komber Hartmut , Sommer Michael 
Published: October 2014

Direct arylation (DA) of 2‐chlorothiophene and 2‐chloro‐3‐hexylthiophene with 4,7‐dibromo‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole is used to synthesize 4,7‐bis(5‐chloro‐2‐thienyl)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (TBTCl2) and 4,7‐bis(5‐chloro‐4‐hexyl‐2‐thienyl)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (DH‐TBTCl2) in one step. Suitable conditions of the Suzuki polycondensations (SPC) of TBTCl2 and DH‐TBTCl2 with the carbazole comonomer CbzPBE2 are established, furnishing PCDTBT and P(Cbz‐alt‐TBT) with high molecular weight and yield. Compared with control samples made from the corresponding dibromides, high‐temperature NMR and UV–vis spectroscopy indicate similar properties for PCDTBT but an increased content of Cbz–Cbz homocouplings for P(Cbz‐alt‐TBT).
image
Free flap monitoring using an implantable anastomotic venous flow coupler: Analysis of 119 consecutive abdominal‐based free flaps for breast reconstruction
Authors: Kempton Steve J. , Poore Samuel O. , Chen Jenny T. , Afifi Ahmed M. 
Published: October 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of the venous anastomotic Flow Coupler in monitoring free flaps used for breast reconstruction in a consecutive series of patients.MethodsRetrospective data were collected on patients undergoing free flap breast reconstruction from May 2012 to March 2014. The venous anastomotic Flow Coupler was used in the first 85 flaps and a non‐flow Coupler with clinical and external Doppler monitoring alone in the subsequent 34 flaps. Data collected included patient age, BMI, prior radiation, flap type, intra‐ and postoperative Flow Coupler events, along with rates of flap take back, salvage, and failure. Proportion data were compiled and statistically analyzed.ResultsOne hundred nineteen consecutive abdominal based breast reconstruction free flaps were performed. The overall flap failure rate was 4.2% (4.7% Flow Coupler; 2.9% in non‐flow Coupler; P = 1.0). The Flow Coupler demonstrated 100% sensitivity in the intra‐ and postoperative settings. A positive predictive value of 36% was noted intraoperatively which was significantly higher compared to the non‐flow Coupler group (P = 0.015). Vessel thrombosis occurred in 17.6% of Flow Coupler flaps, which was significantly higher when compared to the non‐flow Coupler (2.9%; P = 0.038).ConclusionsThe Flow Coupler is a sensitive method to confirm patency of a microsurgical anastomosis. However, there is a high false positive rate in both the intraoperative and postoperative settings resulting in frequent intraoperative maneuvers to amend the cause of signal loss. Additionally, the Flow Coupler resulted in significantly more vascular thrombotic events when compared to the non‐flow Coupler. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:337–344, 2015.
Optimal patrol to uncover threats in time when detection is imperfect
Authors: Lin Kyle Y. , Atkinson Michael P. , Glazebrook Kevin D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractConsider a patrol problem, where a patroller traverses a graph through edges to detect potential attacks at nodes. An attack takes a random amount of time to complete. The patroller takes one time unit to move to and inspect an adjacent node, and will detect an ongoing attack with some probability. If an attack completes before it is detected, a cost is incurred. The attack time distribution, the cost due to a successful attack, and the detection probability all depend on the attack node. The patroller seeks a patrol policy that minimizes the expected cost incurred when, and if, an attack eventually happens. We consider two cases. A random attacker chooses where to attack according to predetermined probabilities, while a strategic attacker chooses where to attack to incur the maximal expected cost. In each case, computing the optimal solution, although possible, quickly becomes intractable for problems of practical sizes. Our main contribution is to develop efficient index policies—based on Lagrangian relaxation methodology, and also on approximate dynamic programming—which typically achieve within 1% of optimality with computation time orders of magnitude less than what is required to compute the optimal policy for problems of practical sizes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 61: 557–576, 2014
Real‐time monitoring of thermal processes by reduced‐order modeling
Authors: Aguado José V. , Huerta Antonio , Chinesta Francisco , Cueto Elías 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThis work presents a simple technique for real‐time monitoring of thermal processes. Real‐time simulation‐based control of thermal processes is a big challenge because high‐fidelity numerical simulations are costly and cannot be used, in general, for real‐time decision making. Very often, processes are monitored or controlled with a few measurements at some specific points. Thus, the strategy presented here is centered on fast evaluation of the response only where it is needed. To accomplish this, classical harmonic analysis is combined with recent model reduction techniques. This leads to an advanced harmonic methodology, which solves in real time the transient heat equation at the monitored point.In order to apply the reciprocity principle, harmonic analysis is used in the space‐frequency domain. Then, Proper Generalized Decomposition, a reduced order approach, pre‐computes a transfer function able to produce the output response for a given excitation. This transfer function is computed offline and only once. The response at the monitoring point can be recovered performing a computationally inexpensive post‐processing step. This last step can be performed online for real‐time monitoring of the thermal process. Examples show the applicability of this approach for a wide range of problems ranging from fast temperature evaluation to inverse problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multilayered grouping parallel algorithm for multiple‐level multiscale analyses
Authors: Cho In Ho , Porter Keith A. 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYMultiscale analysis technique became a successful remedy to complicated problems in which nonlinear behavior is linked with microscopic damage mechanisms. For efficient parallel multiscale analyses, hierarchical grouping algorithms (e.g., the two‐level ‘coarse‐grained’ method) have been suggested and proved superior over a simple parallelization. Here, we expanded the two‐level algorithm to give rise to a multilayered grouping parallel algorithm suitable for large‐scale multiple‐level multiscale analyses. With practical large‐scale applications, we demonstrated the superior performance of multilayered grouping over the coarse‐grained method. Notably, we show that the unique data transfer rates of the symmetric multiprocessor cluster system can lead to the seemingly ‘super‐linear speedup’ and that there appears to exist the optimal number of subgroups of three‐tiered multiscale analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new optimal linear quadratic observer‐based tracker under input constraint for the unknown system with a direct feed‐through term
Authors: Tsai J. S. H. , Wu C. Y. , Lee C. H. , Guo S. M. , Su T. J. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThis paper develops a new optimal linear quadratic observer‐based tracker with input constraint for the linear unknown system with a direct transmission term from input to measured output. The off‐line observer/Kalman filter identification method is used to determine the linear sampled‐data model with a direct feed‐through term. On the basis of this model, a high‐gain optimal linear quadratic analog observer‐based tracker is proposed, so that it can effectively induce a high quality performance on the state estimation and the trajectory tracking design. Besides, the prediction‐based digital redesign method is utilized to obtain a relatively low‐gain and implementable observer and digital tracker from the theoretically well‐designed high‐gain analog observer and tracker for the linear system with a direct transmission term from input to output. To reduce the magnitude of control input, which is caused by the high‐gain property to fit the requirement of the input constraint, the modified linear quadratic analog tracker is proposed. Thus, the control input can be compressed effectively without losing the original high performance of tracking much. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A prospective observational study of oseltamivir safety and tolerability in infants and young children ≤24 months
Authors: Rath Barbara A. , Blumentals William A. , Miller Mary K. , Starzyk Kathryn , Tetiurka Boguslaw , Wollenhaupt Martina 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPurposeInfants and young children are at elevated risk of influenza‐associated complications, but information on the safety of antiviral therapies is limited in this age group.MethodsIn this prospective open‐label observational safety study, children aged ≤24 months with a clinical diagnosis of influenza in routine practice received either no antiviral treatment (‘unexposed’ group) or oseltamivir treatment or prophylaxis (‘exposed’ group), according to the physician's judgment. Patients were followed up for 30 days after the baseline visit.ResultsAdverse events (AEs) were analysed in 1065 patients; they were reported in 390/711 (54.9%) in the unexposed group, 167/340 (49.1%) patients in the exposed group, and 6/14 prophylaxis patients. Cough and rhinitis were the most common events, reported more often in unexposed children (22.9 and 20.3% respectively) than in exposed children (13.2 and 10.0%; p < 0.001); pyrexia, diarrhoea and vomiting were less common, occurring at similar rates in exposed and unexposed patients. Nasal congestion (3.5%), bronchitis (5.6%) and upper respiratory tract infection (1.5%) were reported more frequently in exposed patients than in unexposed patients (0.7, 2.7 and 0.1% respectively; p < 0.05). In the exposed group, 11.2% of patients (n = 38) experienced 41 AEs considered at least possibly related to oseltamivir, none being assessed as serious. Overall, there were 79 serious AEs in 59 patients. Eleven discontinued treatment because of an AE.ConclusionsOseltamivir has a good tolerability profile in infants and children aged ≤24 months. These findings contributed to the recent FDA approval of oseltamivir for treating infants aged 2–51 weeks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total and isoform‐specific quantitative assessment of circulating fibulin‐1 using selected reaction monitoring MS and time‐resolved immunofluorometry
Authors: Overgaard Martin , Cangemi Claudia , Jensen Martin L. , Argraves William S. , Rasmussen Lars M. 
Published: October 2014

PurposeTargeted proteomics using SRM‐MS combined with stable‐isotope dilution has emerged as a promising quantitative technique for the study of circulating protein biomarkers. The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize robust quantitative assays for the emerging cardiovascular biomarker fibulin‐1 and its circulating isoforms in human plasma.Experimental designWe used bioinformatics analysis to predict total and isoform‐specific tryptic peptides for absolute quantitation using SRM‐MS. Fibulin‐1 was quantitated in plasma by nanoflow‐LC‐SRM‐MS in undepleted plasma and time‐resolved immunofluorometric assay (TRIFMA). Both methods were validated and compared to a commercial ELISA (CircuLex). Molecular size determination was performed under native conditions by SEC analysis coupled to SRM‐MS and TRIFMA.ResultsAbsolute quantitation of total fibulin‐1, isoforms ‐1C, and ‐1D was performed by SRM‐MS. Fibulin‐1C was the most abundant isoform in plasma. Circulating fibulin‐1 isoforms were homo ‐or hetero multimeric complexes (range 318–364 kDa). Good correlation was obtained between SRM‐MS and TRIFMA but not CircuLex.Conclusions and clinical relevanceFor biomarker studies using smaller cohorts, SRM‐MS provides an alternative measure of total and specific fibulin‐1 isoforms in undepleted plasma. For larger cohorts TRIFMA provides a faster platform for fibulin‐1 quantitation in plasma. While the correlation between these methods was acceptable, low correlation was obtained between the commercial CircuLex assay and SRM‐MS or TRIFMA.
Raman spectroscopy on mechanically exfoliated pristine graphene ribbons
Authors: Terrés Bernat , Reichardt Sven , Neumann Christoph , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Stampfer Christoph 
Published: October 2014

We present Raman spectroscopy measurements of non‐etched graphene nanoribbons, with widths ranging from 15 to 160 nm, where the D‐line intensity is strongly dependent on the polarization direction of the incident light. The extracted edge disorder correlation length is approximately one order of magnitude larger than on previously reported graphene ribbons fabricated by reactive ion etching techniques. This suggests a more regular crystallographic orientation of the non‐etched graphene ribbons here presented. We further report on the ribbons width dependence of the line‐width and frequency of the long‐wavelength optical phonon mode (G‐line) and the 2D‐line in the studied graphene ribbons. Scanning force microscope image of graphene ribbons on hexagonal boron nitride and SiO substrates. The scale bar is 1m.
Mohawk Promotes the Tenogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Activation of the TGFβ Signaling Pathway
Authors: Liu Huanhuan , Zhang Can , Zhu Shouan , Lu Ping , Zhu Ting , Gong Xiaonan , Zhang Ziwang , Hu Jiajie , Yin Zi , Heng Boon Chin , Chen Xiao , Wei Ouyang Hong 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The transcription factor Mohawk (Mkx) is expressed in developing tendons and is an important regulator of tenogenic differentiation. However, the exact roles of Mkx in tendinopathy and tendon repair remain unclear. Using gene expression Omnibus datasets and immunofluorescence assays, we found that Mkx expression level was dramatically lower in human tendinopathy tissue and it is activated at specific stages of tendon development. In mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), ectopic Mkx expression strikingly promoted tenogenesis more efficiently than Scleraxis (Scx), a well-known master transcription factor of tendon. Significantly higher levels of tenogenic gene expression and collagen fibril growth were observed with Mkx versus Scx. Interestingly, it was observed that Mkx dramatically upregulated Scx through binding to the Tgfb2 promoter. Additionally, the transplantation of Mkx-expressing-MSC sheets promoted tendon repair in a mouse model of Achilles-tendon defect. Taken together, these data shed light on previously unrecognized roles of Mkx in tendinopathy, tenogenesis, and tendon repair as well as in regulating the TGFβ pathway. Stem Cells 2015;33:443–455