bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validação de instrumento quantitativo sobre consumo de exclusividade em uma tribo urbana em Porto Alegre
Authors: Lübeck Rafael Mendes , Santini Fernando De Oliveira , Sampaio Cláudio Hoffmann , Leonhardt Bruna Castaman 
Published: June 2015

This paper presents a study for revalidation and adjustment of an instrument for data collection on uniqueness through consumption – CNFU (Consumer Need for Uniqueness)– applied to the Brazilian context within a group of people who use bicycles not only as a means of transportation (like a car) but as a symbolic means to represent their individuality, distinction and nonconformity with the “automobile society”. These individuals are part of an urban tribe that grows concurrently to both the increased number of cars in major cities and the consequent traffic problems in the urban space. The data collection occurred through the application of 230 questionnaires via Facebook,as well as during public gatherings of cyclists in Porto Alegre, and 199 out of these questionnaires were considered valid. Data analysis was performed using factor analysis, which reduced the number of variables of the original model, generating a data collection instrument adjusted to the studied reality.
Quantitative measurement of high intensity focused ultrasound pressure field by optical phase contrast method applying non-continuous phase unwrapping algorithm
Authors: Syahid Mohd , Oyama Seiji , Yasuda Jun , Yoshizawa Shin , Umemura Shin-ichiro 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
A fast and accurate ultrasound pressure field measurement is necessary for the progress of ultrasound application in medicine. In general, a hydrophone is used to measure the ultrasound field, which takes a long measurement time and might disturb the ultrasound field. Hence, we proposed a new method categorized in an optical method called Phase Contrast method to overcome the drawback in the hydrophone method. The proposed method makes use of the spatial DC spectrum formed in the focal plane to measure the modulated optical phase induced by ultrasound propagation in water. In this study, we take into account the decreased intensity of the DC spectrum at high ultrasound intensity to increase the measurement accuracy of the modulated optical phase. Then, we apply a non-continuous phase unwrapping algorithm to unwrap the modulated optical phase at high ultrasound intensity. From, the unwrapped result, we evaluate the quantitativeness of the proposed method.
Prediction of solute transport in a heterogeneous aquifer utilizing hydraulic conductivity and specific storage tomograms
Authors: Jiménez S. , Brauchler R. , Hu R. , Hu L. , Schmidt S. , Ptak T. , Bayer P. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA sequential procedure of hydraulic tomographical inversion is applied to characterize at high resolution the spatial heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity and specific storage at the field test site Stegemühle, Germany. The shallow aquifer at this site is examined by five short‐term multilevel pumping tests with 30 pumping‐observation pairs between two wells. Utilizing travel time diagnostics of the recorded pressure response curves, fast eikonal‐based inversion is shown to deliver insight into the sedimentary structures. Thus, the structural information from the generated travel time tomogram is exploited to constrain full calibration of the pressure response curves. Based on lateral extrapolation from the measured inter‐well profile, a three‐dimensional reconstruction of the aquifer is obtained. It is demonstrated that calibration of spatially variable specific storage in addition to hydraulic conductivity can improve the fitting of the model while the structural features are only slightly changed. At the field site, two tracer tests with uranine and sodium‐naphthionate were also performed and their concentrations were monitored for 2 months. The measured tracer breakthrough curves are employed for independent validation of the hydraulic tomographical reconstruction. It is demonstrated that major features of the observed solute transport can be reproduced, and structures relevant for macrodispersive tracer spreading could be resolved. However, for the mildly heterogeneous aquifer, the tracer breakthrough curves can also be approximated by a simplified homogeneous model with higher dispersivity. Therefore, improved validation results that capture specific characteristics of the breakthrough curves would require additional hydraulic measurements.
Variations of the lithospheric strength and elastic thickness in North America
Authors: Tesauro Magdala , Kaban Mikhail K. , Mooney Walter D. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe evaluate the effect of temperature variations on strength and effective elastic thickness (Te) of the lithosphere of the North American (NA) continent. To this purpose, we use two thermal models that are corrected for compositional variations and anelasticity effects in the upper mantle. These thermal models are obtained from a joint inversion of gravity data and two recent seismic tomography models (NA07 and SL2013sv). The crustal rheology was defined using NACr14, the most recent NA crustal model. This model specifies seismic velocities and thickness for a three‐layer model of the crystalline crust. Strength in the lithosphere and in the crust has similar distributions, indicating that local geotherms play a dominant role in determining strength rather than crustal composition. A pronounced contrast is present in strength between cratonic and off‐cratonic regions. Lithospheric strength in the off‐cratonic regions is prevalently localized within the crust and Te shows low values (<20 km), while the inner part of the cratons is characterized by a strong lithosphere with large Te (>150 km). In contrast to previous results, our models indicate that Phanerozoic regions located close to the edge of the cratons, as the Appalachians, are characterized by low strength. We also find that locally weak zones exist within the cratons (e.g., beneath the intracratonic Illinois Basin and Midcontinent rift). Seismic tomography models NA07 and SL2013sv differ mainly in some peripheral parts of the cratons, as the Proterozoic Canadian Platform, the Grenville, and the western part of the Yavapai‐Mazatzal province, where the integrated strength for the model NA07 is 10 times larger than in model SL2013sv due to a temperature difference (>200°C) in the uppermost mantle. The differences in Te between the two models are less pronounced. In both models, Proterozoic regions reactivated by Meso‐Cenozoic tectonics (e.g., Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi Embayment) are characterized by a weak lithosphere due to the absence of the mechanically strong part of the mantle lithospheric layer. Intraplate earthquakes are distributed along the edges of the cratons, demonstrating that tectonic stress accumulates there, while the cores of the cratons remain undeformed. In both models, intraplate earthquakes occur in weak lithosphere (∼0.5 × 1013 Pa s, Te ∼ 15 km) or near the edges of strong cratonic blocks, characterized by pronounced contrasts of strength and Te.
Climate and agricultural land use change impacts on streamflow in the upper midwestern United States
Authors: Gupta Satish C. , Kessler Andrew C. , Brown Melinda K. , Zvomuya Francis 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIncreased streamflow and its associated impacts on water quality have frequently been linked to changes in land use and land cover (LULC) such as tile drainage, cultivation of prairies, and increased adoption of soybeans (Glycine max) in modern day cropping systems. This study evaluated the relative importance of changes in precipitation and LULC on streamflow in 29 Hydrologic Unit Code 008 watersheds in the upper midwestern United States. The evaluation was done by statistically testing the changes in slope and intercept of the relationships between ln(annual streamflow) versus annual precipitation for the periods prior to 1975 (prechange period) and after 1976 (postchange period). A significant shift either in slope or intercept of these relationships was assumed to be an indication of LULC changes whereas a lack of significant shift suggested a single relationship driven by precipitation. All 29 watersheds showed no statistical difference in slope or intercept of the relationships between the two periods. However, a simpler model that kept the slope constant for the two periods showed a slight upward shift in the intercept value for 10 watersheds in the postchange period. A comparison of 5 year moving averages also revealed that the increased streamflows in the postchange period are mainly due to an increase in precipitation. Minimal or the lack of LULC change impact on streamflow results from comparable evapotranspiration in the two time periods. We also show how incorrect assumptions in previously published studies minimized precipitation change impacts and heightened the LULC change impacts on streamflows.
Chemistry of Pyruvate Enolates: anti‐Selective Direct Aldol Reactions of Pyruvate Ester with Sugar Aldehydes Promoted by a Dinuclear Zinc Catalyst
Authors: Molenda Marta A. , Baś Sebastian , El‐Sepelgy Osama , Stefaniak Matylda , Mlynarski Jacek 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA chiral dinuclear zinc complex can effectively catalyse the direct aldol reactions of pyruvic acid ester with various chiral sugar aldehydes, thus functionally mimicking the pyruvate‐dependent type II aldolases. Application of sterically hindered aryl esters allows for the elusive aldol reaction of the pyruvate donor with controlled anti‐selectivity en route to the short and efficient synthesis of 3‐deoxy‐2‐ulosonic acids. Pyruvic acid ester is here used as a chemical equivalent of phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) in imitation of the synthetic principle used in nature. The presented biomimetic methodologies use enol formation for the highly efficient and flexible formation of various C6–C9 ulosonic acids. Particularly, efficient and concise syntheses of 3‐deoxy‐D‐erythro‐hex‐2‐ulosonic acid (KDG, overall 50% yield), 3‐deoxy‐D‐ribo‐hept‐2‐ulosonic acid (DRH, overall 53% yield) and 3‐deoxy‐D‐glycero‐D‐talo‐non‐2‐ulosonic acid (4‐epi‐KDN, overall 78% yield) are described. This direct efficient application of pyruvic esters does not require additional demasking steps and thus surpassess previously methodologies utilising masked pyruvic synthons such 2‐acetylthiazole and pyruvic aldehyde dimethyl acetal.magnified image
Metal‐Free Oxidative Decarbonylative Coupling of Aliphatic Aldehydes with Azaarenes: Successful Minisci‐Type Alkylation of Various Heterocycles
Authors: Tang Ren‐Jin , Kang Lei , Yang Luo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA metal‐free oxidative decarbonylative coupling of aliphatic aldehydes with various electron‐deficient heterocycles has been developed. This reaction is supposed to be realized via a Minisci‐type mechanism, based on the substrate scope, regioselectivity and radical trapping experiments. The ready availability of aliphatic aldehydes, metal‐free conditions and broad substrate scope should make this method attractive for the late‐stage alkylation of bioactive heterocycles.magnified image
Edge magnetotransport in graphene: A combined analytical and numerical study
Authors: Stegmann Thomas , Lorke Axel 
Published: June 2015

The current flow along the boundary of graphene stripes in a perpendicular magnetic field is studied theoretically by the nonequilibrium Green's function method. In the case of specular reflections at the boundary, the Hall resistance shows equidistant peaks, which are due to classical cyclotron motion. When the strength of the magnetic field is increased, anomalous resistance oscillations are observed, similar to those found in a nonrelativistic 2D electron gas [New. J. Phys. 15:113047 (2013)]. Using a simplified model, which allows to solve the Dirac equation analytically, the oscillations are explained by the interference between the occupied edge states causing beatings in the Hall resistance. A rule of thumb is given for the experimental observability. Furthermore, the local current flow in graphene is affected significantly by the boundary geometry. A finite edge current flows on armchair edges, while the current on zigzag edges vanishes completely. The quantum Hall staircase can be observed in the case of diffusive boundary scattering. The number of spatially separated edge channels in the local current equals the number of occupied Landau levels. The edge channels in the local density of states are smeared out but can be made visible if only a subset of the carbon atoms is taken into account.
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Chain‐Growth Click Polymerization of AB2 Monomers for the Formation of Hyperbranched Polymers with Low Polydispersities in a One‐Pot Process
Authors: Shi Yi , Graff Robert W. , Cao Xiaosong , Wang Xiaofeng , Gao Haifeng 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHyperbranched polymers are important soft nanomaterials but robust synthetic methods with which the polymer structures can be easily controlled have rarely been reported. For the first time, we present a one‐pot one‐batch synthesis of polytriazole‐based hyperbranched polymers with both low polydispersity and a high degree of branching (DB) using a copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) polymerization. The use of a trifunctional AB2 monomer that contains one alkyne and two azide groups ensures that all Cu catalysts are bound to polytriazole polymers at low monomer conversion. Subsequent CuAAC polymerization displayed the features of a “living” chain‐growth mechanism with a linear increase in molecular weight with conversion and clean chain extension for repeated monomer additions. Furthermore, the triazole group in a linear (L) monomer unit complexed CuI, which catalyzed a faster reaction of the second azide group to quickly convert the L unit into a dendritic unit, producing hyperbranched polymers with DB=0.83.
Selective Photooxidation of a Mustard‐Gas Simulant Catalyzed by a Porphyrinic Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Liu Yangyang , Howarth Ashlee J. , Hupp Joseph T. , Farha Omar K. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe photooxidation of a mustard‐gas simulant, 2‐chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), is studied using a porphyrin‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) catalyst. At room temperature and neutral pH value, singlet oxygen is generated by PCN‐222/MOF‐545 using an inexpensive and commercially available light‐emitting diode. The singlet oxygen produced by PCN‐222/MOF‐545 selectively oxidizes CEES to the comparatively nontoxic product 2‐chloroethyl ethyl sulfoxide (CEESO) without formation of the highly toxic sulfone product. In comparison to current methods, which utilize hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent, this is a more realistic, convenient, and effective method for mustard‐gas detoxification.
Oxygen‐Sensing Methods in Biomedicine from the Macroscale to the Microscale
Authors: Roussakis Emmanuel , Li Zongxi , Nichols Alexander J. , Evans Conor L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOxygen monitoring has been a topic of exhaustive study given its central role in the biochemistry of life. The ability to quantify the physiological distribution and real‐time dynamics of oxygen from sub‐cellular to macroscopic levels is required to fully understand the mechanisms associated with both normal physiology and disease states. This Review will present the most significant recent advances in the development of oxygen‐sensing materials and techniques, including polarographic, nuclear medicine, magnetic resonance, and optical approaches, that can be applied specifically for the real‐time monitoring of oxygen dynamics in cellular and tissue environments. As some of the most exciting recent advances in synthetic methods and biomedical applications have been in the field of optical oxygen sensors, a major focus will be on the development of these toolkits.
Hydrogen Production from a Methanol–Water Solution Catalyzed by an Anionic Iridium Complex Bearing a Functional Bipyridonate Ligand under Weakly Basic Conditions
Authors: Fujita Ken‐ichi , Kawahara Ryoko , Aikawa Takuya , Yamaguchi Ryohei 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAn efficient catalytic system for the production of hydrogen from a methanol–water solution has been developed using a new anionic iridium complex bearing a functional bipyridonate ligand as a catalyst. This system can be operated under mild conditions [weakly basic solution (0.046 mol L−1 NaOH) below 100 °C] without the use of an additional organic solvent. Long‐term continuous hydrogen production from a methanol–water solution catalyzed by the anionic iridium complex was also achieved.
Self‐Replenishable Anti‐Waxing Organogel Materials
Authors: Yao Xi , Wu Shuwang , Chen Lie , Ju Jie , Gu Zhandong , Liu Mingjie , Wang Jianjun , Jiang Lei 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSolid deposition, such as the formation of ice on outdoor facilities, the deposition of scale in water reservoirs, the sedimentation of fat, oil, and grease (FOG) in sewer systems, and the precipitation of wax in petroleum pipelines, cause a serious waste of resources and irreversible environmental pollution. Inspired by fish and pitcher plants, we present a self‐replenishable organogel material which shows ultra‐low adhesion to solidified paraffin wax and crude oil by absorption of low‐molar‐mass oil from its crude‐oil environment. Adhesion of wax on the organogel surface was over 500 times lower than adhesion to conventional material surfaces and the wax was found to slide off under the force of gravity. This design concept of a gel with decreased adhesion to wax and oil can be extended to deal with other solid deposition problems.
Patterning of conducting layers on breathable substrates using laser engraving for gas sensors
Authors: Kolodziejczyk Bartlomiej , Winther‐Jensen Orawan , Pereira Brooke A. , Nair Santhosh S. , Winther‐Jensen Bjorn 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTMost of the techniques used for micro and nano‐patterning currently are of high quality and reproducibility, but they require expensive equipment and involve many time‐consuming steps to achieve the desired results. We herein report a patterning method of conducting layers on breathable substrates using a fast, simple, and mask‐less laser engraving technique. A resolution in the range of 30 μm has been successfully achieved in this report. The method is fast and the pattern can be easily changed or redesigned within a few minutes. The patterning time for a 25 cm2 sample is approximately 3 minutes. In comparison, patterning a sample of the same size using photolithography requires up to 4 hours. In this manuscript, we describe the laser patterning process, how to improve the patterning resolution, the calibration steps involved as well as an application for organic electrochemical transistors as gas sensors for detecting oxygen or sulphur dioxide. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42359.
Remazol‐Catalyzed Hydroperoxyarylation of Styrenes
Authors: Chen Ying‐Ho , Lee Ming , Lin Yi‐Zhen , Leow Dasheng 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA mild photocatalytic hydroperoxyarylation of styrenes has been developed, in which a novel photocatalyst, remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR), is employed at low catalytic loading (1 mol %). The operationally easy procedure uses air as the dioxygen source. Simple mono‐substituted styrenes react with aryl hydrazines in moderate‐to‐good yields. RBBR is proposed to act as a photosensitizer for the generation of singlet oxygen.
Studying while doing time: understanding inmates’ conceptions of learning
Authors: Rosário Pedro , Núñez José Carlos , Pereira Joana , Fuentes Sonia , Gaeta Martha , Cunha Jennifer , Polydoro Soely 
Published: June 2015

Low levels of education and dropping out of school are associated with criminal involvement. The Portuguese prison system, similar to other prison systems (e.g. England), offers prison‐based educational programmes so inmates can complete compulsory education. However, the completion rate of these educational programmes is low, and the dropout rate is high. Deepening our understanding of how inmates conceptualise learning and how they engage in learning will improve the quality of the prison‐based educational services and promote school enrolment. Data from a phenomenographic study of 30 Portuguese inmate students, ranging from 20 to 58 years of age, revealed an understanding of learning focused on the instrumental role of knowledge and its application in the short‐term (e.g. learning how to read) and on integration in the prison system (e.g. learning how to play draughts to fit in the yard). Moreover, a broader understanding of learning that reflected particular forms of learning favoured within the prison context also emerged in the discourse. For example, learning was described as an opportunity to reflect upon their previous offence and behaviours and on the need to avoid violence. Participants also stressed the importance of setting an academic example for their children by engaging actively in learning and the significance of occupying one's time in prison in a positive and beneficial manner. Findings allow a first approach to prison students’ involvement in school learning by listening to the inmates’ opinions and thoughts, and they offer promising suggestions to improve the organisation of prison‐based educational programmes.
Vancomycin and maltodextrin affect structure and activity of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms
Authors: Kiamco Mia Mae , Atci Erhan , Khan Qaiser Farid , Mohamed Abdelrhman , Renslow Ryan S. , Abu‐Lail Nehal , Fransson Boel A. , Call Douglas R. , Beyenal Haluk 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTHyperosmotic agents such as maltodextrin negatively impact bacterial growth through osmotic stress without contributing to drug resistance. We hypothesized that a combination of maltodextrin (osmotic agent) and vancomycin (antibiotic) would be more effective against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms than either alone. To test our hypothesis, S. aureus was grown in a flat plate flow cell reactor. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images were analyzed to quantify changes in biofilm structure. We used dissolved oxygen microelectrodes to quantify how vancomycin and maltodextrin affected the respiration rate and oxygen penetration into the biofilm. We found that treatment with vancomycin or maltodextrin altered biofilm structure. The effect on the structure was significant when they were used simultaneously to treat S. aureus biofilms. In addition, vancomycin treatment increased the oxygen respiration rate, while maltodextrin treatment caused an increase and then a decrease. An increased maltodextrin concentration decreased the diffusivity of the antibiotic. Overall, we conclude that (1) an increased maltodextrin concentration decreases vancomycin diffusion but increases the osmotic effect, leading to the optimum treatment condition, and (2) the combination of vancomycin and maltodextrin is more effective against S. aureus biofilms than either alone. Vancomycin and maltodextrin act together to increase the effectiveness of treatment against S. aureus biofilm growth. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2562–2570. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New 3,4‐Secocycloartane and 3,4‐Secodammarane Triterpenes from the Ecuadorian Plant Coussarea macrophylla
Authors: Gilardoni Gianluca , Chiriboga Ximena , Vita Finzi Paola , Vidari Giovanni 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCoussarea macrophylla (Mart.) Müll.Arg. (Rubiaceae) was collected in Ecuador, and the bark was extracted with AcOEt. Chromatographic separation afforded six novel 3,4‐secocycloartane and 3,4‐secodammarane triterpenes, named macrocoussaric acids A–F, together with the known metabolites secaubryenol and 3,4‐secodammara‐4(28),20,24‐triene‐3,26‐dioic acid. The structures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic data. This is the first report of 3,4‐secocycloartane and 3,4‐secodammarane triterpenes occurring in a Coussarea species. Macrocoussaric acids A and B (2 and 3, resp.) were found to be moderately cytotoxic against five different tumor cell lines.