bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoreceptor replacement therapy: Challenges presented by the diseased recipient retinal environment
Authors: PEARSON RACHAEL A. , HIPPERT CLAIRE , GRACA ANNA B. , BARBER AMANDA C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractVision loss caused by the death of photoreceptors is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the developed world. Rapid advances in stem cell biology and techniques in cell transplantation have made photoreceptor replacement by transplantation a very plausible therapeutic strategy. These advances include the demonstration of restoration of vision following photoreceptor transplantation and the generation of transplantable populations of donor cells from stem cells. In this review, we present a brief overview of the recent progress in photoreceptor transplantation. We then consider in more detail some of the challenges presented by the degenerating retinal environment that must play host to these transplanted cells, how these may influence transplanted photoreceptor cell integration and survival, and some of the progress in developing strategies to circumnavigate these issues.
Nongovernmental International Human Rights Organizations: The Case of Hong Kong
Authors: Lam Wai-man 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis article examines the contributions of nongovernmental international human rights organizations (NGIHRO) in promoting a broad sense of human rights in hybrid regimes using the cases of Amnesty International Hong Kong (AIHK), Green Peace Hong Kong (GPHK), and Oxfam Hong Kong (OHK). It contends that NGIHROs have made significant contributions to public education and fund-raising in Hong Kong. However, with regard to the human rights conditions, it is erroneous to consider Hong Kong as part of the developed world. Together with other probable political considerations, doing so may have led to gaps in the organizations’ roles and functions as advocates for human rights in Hong Kong. In the final analysis, this article uses the political protests in Hong Kong to illustrate the importance of addressing the implications of demands for preserving the local identity and alternative lifestyles in the broader understanding of human rights.
Unsettling Lessons: Teaching Indigenous Politics and Settler Colonialism in Political Science
Authors: Wadsworth Nancy D. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIndigenous politics and history are central to and, indeed, intertwined with the history and politics of many if not most contemporary nations, yet the topics of indigenous politics and settler colonialism are rarely taught in undergraduate political science programs. This article outlines the pedagogical utility of an undergraduate course focused on indigenous history and politics, approached through a comparative race politics framework. The course on which this article is based compares state power and indigenous rights in the United States, Australia, and Latin America in historical context, but many variations are possible. The article first reviews the context for developing the course, the challenges related to teaching the subject, and my primary teaching objectives. It then outlines three pedagogical strategies applicable in other course frameworks and discusses positive learning outcomes I have observed as I refine this teaching area.
Protected areas and economic welfare: an impact evaluation of national parks on local workers' wages in Costa Rica
Authors: Robalino Juan , Villalobos Laura 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe number of protected areas around the world has significantly increased. However, the effects of this policy on the wellbeing of local households are still under debate. Using pre-treatment characteristics and household surveys with highly disaggregated geographic reference, we explore how national parks affect the wages of local workers in Costa Rica. We use matching techniques to control for the endogenous location of parks. We find that parks' effects on wages are, on average, positive and significant, but the magnitudes vary. Wages close to parks are higher for local workers living near tourist entrances. However, there is no robust evidence of positive effects for those close to parks but far away from tourist entrances. With our individual-level data, we also show that the positive effects on local households might not be as large as suggested by previous studies that use aggregated level data containing both local and immigrant households.
WEIGHTED SOLVABILITY FOR PARABOLIC EQUATIONS WITH PARTIALLY BMO COEFFICIENTS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Authors: TANG LIN 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe consider the weighted$L_p$solvability for divergence and nondivergence form parabolic equations with partially bounded mean oscillation (BMO) coefficients and certain positive potentials. As an application, global regularity in Morrey spaces for divergence form parabolic operators with partially BMO coefficients on a bounded domain is established.
Indication for the Assessment of Driver Fitness after Problematic Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Reimann Caroline , Schubert Wolfgang , Berg Michael , Meer Elke van der 
Published: June 2014

Objectives: The present review of literature examines the relationship of alcohol consumption and fitness to drive. The legal limit (1,6 ‰) for establishing fitness to drive by means of a medical-psychological assessment (MPA) in Germany is analyzed on the background of published empirical research to present recommendations for the improvement of the current legal situation and administrative practice. Methods: 103 published articles have been analysed (inclusion criteria: completeness, comprehensibility, and experimental manipulation of the blood alcohol concentration [BAC]). The number of alcohol-induced impairments is to be shown in a quantitative analysis. The qualitative analyses of the studies will reveal the impaired areas of psychological and medical functioning. Results: It appears that 97 % of the documented impairments occur at a maximum BAC of 1,1 ‰. Numerous skills are impaired by low doses of alcohol (e. g. attention, memory, perception). Conclusion: Alcohol-induced impairments arise at a BAC far below 1.6 ‰, which marks the legal limit for a medical-psychological assessment (MPA) after drunk driving in Germany. The BAC limit in the current ordinance for assigning a medical-psychological fitness assessment cannot be confirmed on the basis of research findings. A reduction of this BAC limit to 1,1 ‰ is proposed.
The neurotoxicity of 5-S-cysteinyldopamine is mediated by the early activation of ERK1/2 followed by the subsequent activation of ASK1/JNK1/2 pro-apoptotic signalling
Authors: Vauzour David , Pinto John T. , Cooper Arthur J. L. , Spencer Jeremy P. E. 
Published: June 2014

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the progressive and selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. It has been postulated that endogenously formed CysDA (5-S-cysteinyldopamine) and its metabolites may be, in part, responsible for this selective neuronal loss, although the mechanisms by which they contribute to such neurotoxicity are not understood. Exposure of neurons in culture to CysDA caused cell injury, apparent 12–48 h post-exposure. A portion of the neuronal death induced by CysDA was preceded by a rapid uptake and intracellular oxidation of CysDA, leading to an acute and transient activation of ERK2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 2) and caspase 8. The oxidation of CysDA also induced the activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 via its de-phosphorylation at Ser967, the phosphorylation of JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and c-Jun (Ser73) as well as the activation of p38, caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 7 and caspase 9. Concurrently, the inhibition of complex I by the dihydrobenzothiazine DHBT-1 [7-(2-aminoethyl)-3,4-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid], formed from the intracellular oxidation of CysDA, induces complex I inhibition and the subsequent release of cytochrome c which further potentiates pro-apoptotic mechanisms. Our data suggest a novel comprehensive mechanism for CysDA that may hold relevance for the selective neuronal loss observed in Parkinson's disease.
The inverse agonist propranolol confers no corticosteroid-sparing activity in mild-to-moderate persistent asthma
Authors: Anderson William J. , Short Philip M. , Williamson Peter A. , Manoharan Arvind , Lipworth Brian J. 
Published: June 2014

The murine asthma model shows that switching off airway β2 receptors with an inverse agonist may confer anti-inflammatory effects as well as corticosteroid-sparing activity. We have assessed for any corticosteroid-sparing effects of propranolol, an inverse agonist, added to low-dose inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) compared with higher dose ICS. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial in mild-to-moderate persistent asthmatic patients was performed. After a run-in (2 weeks) on hydrofluoroalkane-beclometasone dipropionate (HFA-BDP) at 100 μg/day (HFA-BDP100), patients received randomized treatments (4 weeks) with propranolol at 80 mg/day plus HFA-BDP at 100 μg/day compared with placebo plus HFA-BDP at 400 μg/day (HFA-BDP400). Propranolol was up-titrated to 80 mg/day over the initial 2 weeks. Tiotropium was co-administered until 5 days before each histamine challenge (the primary outcome). Sixteen patients completed the study [mean age, 38 years; forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), 86.4%; histamine provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20), 1.39 mg/ml; ICS dose, 406 μg/day]. Histamine PC20 was unchanged by adding propranolol to HFA-BDP100 compared with baseline (HFA-BDP100) {0.17 doubling dilution (dd) difference [95% confidence interval (CI): −0.58 to 0.92]}, but there was a significant improvement with HFA-BDP400 compared with both baseline [1.05 dd (95% CI: 0.43–1.66); P=0.02], and propranolol+HFA-BDP100 [0.88 dd (95% CI: 0.45–1.30); P=0.006]. Significant improvements were also observed with HFA-BDP400 for exhaled nitric oxide, blood eosinophils, serum eosinophilic cationic protein and asthma quality-of-life questionnaire symptoms compared with propranolol+HFA-BDP100. Salbutamol recovery post-challenge was partially blunted by propranolol (median prolongation 5 min; P=0.002). Domiciliary evening FEV1 also fell with propranolol+HFA-BDP100 [mean reduction from baseline 0.22 litres (95% CI: 0.10–0.34); P=0.012], whereas Asthma Control Questionnaire remained unchanged. In conclusion, the inverse agonist propranolol produced no improvements when given with low-dose ICS, whereas further significant improvements in airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation were demonstrated with higher dose ICS. Thus, propranolol does not confer corticosteroid-sparing activity in persistent asthma.
Link layer protocol analysis of future 10 Gb/s infrared links
Authors: Yiannopoulos Konstantinos , Boucouvalas Anthony C. 
Published: June 2014

In this study the authors discuss the performance of the link layer protocol of future 10 Gb/s short‐range infrared links. The authors utilise analytical and simulation results to calculate the protocol efficiency both in a half‐duplex mode of operation, which is currently standardised and a full‐duplex mode that is considered for the future standard. The results show that the half‐duplex protocol will require a significant extension on the window size, and optionally the frame size, in order to provide maximum efficiency for all possible physical layer arrangements. The full‐duplex protocol, on the other hand, requires limited window and frame sizes and therefore has the potential to provide a significant gain in link layer metrics, such as latency and buffering.
Carbohydrate availability and exercise training adaptation: Too much of a good thing?
Authors: Bartlett Jonathan D. , Hawley John A. , Morton James P. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTraditional nutritional approaches to endurance training have typically promoted high carbohydrate (CHO) availability before, during and after training sessions to ensure adequate muscle substrate to meet the demands of high daily training intensities and volumes. However, during the past decade, data from our laboratories and others have demonstrated that deliberately training in conditions of reduced CHO availability can promote training‐induced adaptations of human skeletal muscle (i.e. increased maximal mitochondrial enzyme activities and/or mitochondrial content, increased rates of lipid oxidation and, in some instances, improved exercise capacity). Such data have led to the concept of ‘training low, but competing high’ whereby selected training sessions are completed in conditions of reduced CHO availability (so as to promote training adaptation), but CHO reserves are restored immediately prior to an important competition. The augmented training response observed with training‐low strategies is likely regulated by enhanced activation of key cell signalling kinases (e.g. AMPK, p38MAPK), transcription factors (e.g. p53, PPARδ) and transcriptional co‐activators (e.g. PGC‐1α), such that a co‐ordinated up‐regulation of both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes occurs. Although the optimal practical strategies to train low are not currently known, consuming additional caffeine, protein, and practising CHO mouth‐rinsing before and/or during training may help to rescue the reduced training intensities that typically occur when ‘training low’, in addition to preventing protein breakdown and maintaining optimal immune function. Finally, athletes should practise ‘train‐low’ workouts in conjunction with sessions undertaken with normal or high CHO availability so that their capacity to oxidise CHO is not blunted on race day.
Barriers and opportunities for research in publishing studies
Authors: BAVERSTOCK Alison , STEINITZ Jackie 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper reports findings from an international survey into the research involvement and support of university teaching staff in a relatively new profession‐orientated discipline, publishing studies (PS). It uses these findings to consider barriers and opportunities for academic research both specifically in PS and more broadly in other profession‐orientated disciplines. Greater understanding was felt to be of value as universities internationally are increasingly being pressurized to create close links with the wider economy, produce employable students, and encourage relevant and implementable research. The survey suggests that while there is strong agreement among respondents that it is beneficial for those teaching PS to be research‐active, there was considerable variation in current levels of research activity. Respondents rated their research activity highest in departments with an active research culture and effective research support processes. Lack of time was the main reason cited for reduced or non‐involvement in academic research and while this is a common issue for academics, PS respondents isolated a number of exacerbating factors. Suggestions are offered for addressing identified barriers and pursuing new opportunities for research. The paper argues that as research outputs of academics are increasingly monitored it is important to consider how the full range of disciplines housed within institutions can be accommodated within research support. Overall, the research has a strong relevance for interdisciplinary areas, and other profession‐ and practice‐orientated subjects within universities.
Toward a scalable and sustainable approach to open access publishing and archiving for humanities and social sciences societies: a proposal
Authors: KENNISON Rebecca , NORBERG Lisa 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe proposal we offer here (and in the more extensive ‘white paper’ proposal on which this article is based) tackles head‐on the open access (OA) business models that have proven particularly problematic for implementation of OA in the humanities and social sciences (HSS). Our proposal suggests all tertiary institutions contribute to systemic support of the research process itself, including its entire scholarly output. A bold rethinking of the economics of OA by way of partnerships among scholarly societies and academic libraries funded by an institutional fee structure based on a student‐and‐faculty per‐capita sliding scale, our plan is nevertheless intentionally incremental. Our proposal focuses first on HSS and primarily in the United States, but just as research and scholarship are increasingly global and collaborative, our plan is not bound by discipline or national borders, but can be adopted by all those looking for a more equitable and sustainable OA model.
Articulating Medieval Logic
Authors: Parsons Terence 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMedieval logic consists of theories and practices clustered around a core of rules and axioms; the logic contains widely known principles which can be derived from the core. These are used by Aristotle to prove conversion principles, and reduce some syllogisms to others: Exposition (“existential instantiation”), Expository Syllogism (“existential generalization”) and Reductio. Medieval logicians expand on Aristotle’s notation, and this brings new logical principles, such as quantifier interchanges. Theorists use the flexible word order to Latin to let surface order of expressions determine semantic scope. They also make assumptions about existential import that need dealing with. More important, medieval logic is formulated within a natural language, Latin, so there is no logical form except for grammatical form. We look at what is most distinctive of late medieval logic, the useful theory of modes of personal supposition. We examine special terms used to accommodate sentences containing three or more main quantified phrases. Logicians theorize about the logical behavior of pronouns with antecedents; without such pronouns the system of logic is weak; with them added it is expressively as rich as contemporary predicate logic. Also touched on are tense and modality, and intentional contexts, and artificial signs used to alter scope.
Aristotle’s Proofs of Conversions and Syllogisms
Authors: Parsons Terence 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn Prior Analytics Aristotle proves the conversion principles, using three logical techniques: reductio (indirect derivation), exposition (a kind of existential instantiation: given ‘Some S is a P’, introduce a previously unused name m, and write ‘m is an S’ and ‘m is a P’), and expository syllogism (given ‘m is a P’ and ‘m is an S’ infer ‘Some S is a P’). He assumes four basic forms of syllogism, and uses them together with reductio, exposition, and expository syllogisms to prove the remaining forms. The four basic forms can be proved too, though this was unknown to him or to medieval logicians. Monotonicity properties of the determiners ‘every’, ‘no’, and ‘some’ are explained; Aristotle’s four basic argument forms allow easy proofs of their monotonicity properties. By the 13th century a memorizable verse was developed that encodes Aristotle’s validation of all syllogistic forms from the basic four.
Linguish
Authors: Parsons Terence 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWhen propositions become complex, one must keep track of the grammatical structures that medieval logicians use. The notation “Linguish” is devised. Syntactical rules generate logical forms based on grammatical roles; the roles are supplied by verbs and participles; denoting phrases are allowed into a structure only by filling a specific role. An algorithm that converts logical forms into the surface sentences of Latin that logicians made use of. The logical forms encode only grammatical structure, since there is no logical form in addition to grammatical form in the medieval tradition. Rules of inference are formulated for Linguish logical forms. Using the medieval notions of signification and supposition a modern semantics is developed that agrees with medieval logicians’ judgments about truth conditions of propositions. A notion of validity is defined, and a completeness theorem is proved for the stated rules of inference.
Modes of Personal Supposition
Authors: Parsons Terence 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA mode of supposition is a quantificational status a term has, defined in terms of ascents and descents. ‘Cat’ has determinate supposition in ‘Some cat is grey’ because from that proposition one can descend to ‘This cat is grey or that cat is grey or . . . for all cats’, and from any disjunct one can ascend back to the original proposition. Distributive supposition is a kind of universal status; merely confused supposition is more complex. Modes are caused by logical signs; ‘every’ confers distributive supposition on a term. A variant account by Ockham is discussed. Modes figure in general rules; if a term has determinate supposition it may be replaced by a superior term preserving truth. A refined version of the theory is discussed; this permits a more accurate theory of causes of the modes. The refined modes correspond to kinds of global quantificational import.
The Empty Church
Authors: Craigo-Snell Shannon 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis book offers a novel vision of church through interdisciplinary conversation between performance studies, theater directors, and Christian theologians. Each chapter brings a theater director into dialogue with a theologian, teasing out how the concept of performance enriches hermeneutics, anthropology, and epistemology. The result is a compelling depiction of church as performance of relationship with Jesus Christ, mediated by Scripture, in hope of the Holy Spirit. This description expands church beyond the sanctuary. It also emphasizes the importance of liturgical worship in forming Christians as characters crafted by the texts of the Bible, as these texts are interpreted in community. This formation includes shaping how Christians know in ways that involve the intellect, emotions, body, and will. Through worship, Christians develop a repertoire of whole-personed knowledge, or affections. Christian churches often perform in ways that do serious harm in the world. Yet there are Christian traditions that can actively work against this. Both imaginatively (in liturgical worship) and concretely (in work for justice), Christians step into multiple roles and begin to see the stage from various perspectives. Through liturgical worship, Christians can be formed as people who hope, and therefore as people who live in expectation of the presence and grace of God. This entails a discipline of emptiness that awaits and appreciates the Spirit of God. Church performance should therefore be provisional, ongoing, and open to further inspiration.
Changing Scenes
Authors: Craigo-Snell Shannon 
Published: June 2014

AbstractChapter 4 argues for the vitally alienating role of academic theology through the pairing of theologian Delores Williams and director Bertholt Brecht. Finite and flawed, we resist the role switching that can help our performances be liberating. Often church rehearses us in a singular perspective, such that the intellectual and volitional aspects of our knowing are compromised. Then we need a prophetic voice, a productive alienation, to startle us out of well-worn patterns of belief and practice. We need to see the world made strange, as it was on Calvary when God hung lifeless on the Cross. The prophetic voices of theologians and pastors are needed to critique church performances and the employment of Christian affections. Such voices enact a holy alienation and reengage the intellectual and volitional challenges of Christian faith.