bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The southern North Sea and the human occupation of northwest Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Peeters J.H.M. , Momber G. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper discusses the significance of the southern North Sea for research on the human occupation of northwest Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Recent insight into the survival of post-LGM land surfaces and palaeolandscape structures points to the potential preservation of Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic sites in this area. Finds of well-preserved materials (including artefacts of bone, antler and wood, as well as human remains) from various zones along the Dutch and British coasts corroborate this idea, whilst underwater excavations of eroding sites at Bouldnor Cliff (UK) and Maasvlakte-Rotterdam (NL) underpin the possibilities of gaining further insight into human behaviour in the context of submerging landscapes. Although the significance of the southern North Sea with regard to the Mesolithic is gradually exposed, there is still a lot to learn. The terrestrial archaeological records from both sides of the present-day North Sea yield indisputable evidence for hunter-gatherer presence from at least 13,000 BP. Successions of Magdalenian/Creswellian/Hamburgian, Federmesser Gruppen and Ahrensburgian people (re)colonised the northwest European plain, interrupted by short-lived cold spells. Although it is expected that the southern North Sea must have been inhabited, and maybe even more intensively than the present-day dry land, archaeological evidence is still missing. Despite the presence of vast amounts of mammalian remains and the availability of many radiocarbon-dated bones, there is a striking lack of material post-dating the LGM and pre-dating the Holocene, whilst remains dated to the early Upper Palaeolithic show no evidence of human interference. At this stage, it is probable that taphonomic factors and research biases are responsible for this picture. This marks a sharp contrast with the early Holocene record, where numerous Mesolithic artefacts, as well as human remains, provide evidence for human occupation of the area. Materials are exposed on the sea floor, evidencing gradual erosion of early Holocene land surfaces. Although the number of sites is increasing, little is known yet about how the submerged record can be connected to the terrestrial record. Indeed, the central question here is how the submerged Mesolithic record compares to, or differs from, the terrestrial record. In order to answer this question, targeted archaeological research is needed, along with an understanding of taphonomic processes and increased insight into landscape dynamics. From a northwest European perspective, the present state of knowledge about the submerged post-LGM prehistoric archaeology of the southern North Sea demonstrates its huge research potential.
Non-destructive discrimination of conventional and glyphosate-resistant soybean seeds and their hybrid descendants using multispectral imaging and chemometric methods
Authors: LIU C. , LIU W. , LU X. , CHEN W. , CHEN F. , YANG J. , ZHENG L. 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYSoybean is an important oil- and protein-producing crop and over the last few decades soybean genetic transformation has made rapid strides. The probability of occurrence of transgene flow should be assessed, although the discrimination of conventional and transgenic soybean seeds and their hybrid descendants is difficult in fields. The feasibility of non-destructive discrimination of conventional and glyphosate-resistant soybean seeds and their hybrid descendants was examined by a multispectral imaging system combined with chemometric methods. Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), least squares-support vector machines (LS-SVM) and back propagation neural network (BPNN) methods were applied to classify soybean seeds. The current results demonstrated that clear differences among conventional and glyphosate-resistant soybean seeds and their hybrid descendants could be easily visualized and an excellent classification (98% with BPNN model) could be achieved. It was concluded that multispectral imaging together with chemometric methods would be a promising technique to identify transgenic soybean seeds with high efficiency.
Comparing the effectiveness of nasal dilator strips: does race play a role?
Authors: Kam A W , Pratt E , Harvey R J 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackground:Nasal dilator strips are thought to widen and stiffen the anterior nasal cavity, and thus improve symptoms of nasal obstruction. It is postulated that anthropomorphic differences in external nasal proportions between races may influence the effectiveness of such dilator strips.Methods:Caucasian and Asian subjects were compared. Nasal peak inspiratory flow, nasal airway resistance, minimum cross-sectional area and visual analogue scale measurements of nasal obstruction were recorded at baseline and following the application of two different dilator strips.Results:Nine Caucasian and six Asian subjects were recruited (n = 15). There was a significant difference between races in terms of nasal peak inspiratory flow improvements following nasal strip application (mean of 29.4 litres per minute in Caucasiansvs14.6 litres per minute in Asians;p = 0.04). Only Caucasians experienced a significant decrease in nasal airway resistance (median of 0.12 Pa/cm3/s;p < 0.01).Conclusion:Nasal peak inspiratory flow, minimum cross-sectional area and visual analogue scale values improved from baseline with strip application in both populations. Only Caucasians experienced significant nasal airway resistance improvement with strip application. Both cohorts experienced nasal peak inspiratory flow improvement, with Caucasians experiencing a significantly larger improvement.
Networks of violence and becoming: youth and the politics of patronage in Nigeria's oil-rich Delta
Authors: Iwilade Akin 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThis article argues that access to clientelistic networks is central to the ability of youth to engage in violent activities in Nigeria's oil-rich Delta. Even though the literature has demonstrated that the contradictions of oil wealth and economic neglect provide the backdrop for conflict in the region, the actual channels through which it becomes possible to activate incentives for violence have not been properly addressed. It also points out that a fixation on the narrative of resistance has undermined our ability to engage with other critical variables such as social codes of masculinity, survival and ‘becoming’ which play very central roles in animating violent networks in the region. Drawing evidence from interview data, the article uses the lived experiences of ‘ex-militants’ to highlight these points as well as to raise questions about the applications of neopatrimonial theory to governance projects in African states.
Systematics, functional morphology and distribution of a bivalve (Apachecorbula muriatica gen. et sp. nov.) from the rim of the ‘Valdivia Deep’ brine pool in the Red Sea
Authors: Oliver P. Graham , Vestheim Hege , Antunes André , Kaartvedt Stein 
Published: November 2014

The deep brine pools of the Red Sea comprise extreme, inhospitable habitats yet house microbial communities that potentially may fuel adjacent fauna. We here describe a novel bivalve from a deep-sea (1525 m) brine pool in the Red Sea, where conditions of high salinity, lowered pH, partial anoxia and high temperatures are prevalent. Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) footage showed that the bivalves were present in a narrow (20 cm) band along the rim of the brine pool, suggesting that it is not only tolerant of such extreme conditions but is also limited to them. The bivalve is a member of the Corbulidae and named Apachecorbula muriatica gen. et sp. nov. The shell is atypical of the family in being modioliform and thin. The semi-infaunal habit is seen in ROV images and reflected in the anatomy by the lack of siphons. The ctenidia are large and typical of a suspension feeding bivalve, but the absence of ‘guard cilia’ and the greatly reduced labial palps suggest that it is non-selective as a response to low food availability. It is proposed that the low body mass observed is a consequence of the extreme habitat and low food availability. It is postulated that the observed morphology of Apachecorbula is a result of paedomorphosis driven by the effects of the extreme environment on growth but is in part mitigated by the absence of high predation pressures.
Inventory change (1990s–2010s) in the marine flora of Sanya Bay (Hainan Island, China)
Authors: Titlyanov Eduard A. , Titlyanova Tamara V. , Belous Oksana S. , Kalita Tatyana L. 
Published: November 2014

Sanya Bay lies at the southern part of Hainan Island, 18°15′N 109°28′E. The seawater in the bay has been catastrophically polluted during the past two decades with urban sewage from the rapidly developing Sanya City. The marine flora research in Sanya Bay was started at the beginning of the 1930s and the most detailed studies were performed by two German-Chinese expeditions in 1990 (October–December) and in 1992 (March–April). In April, October, November and December 2008–2010 the marine flora of Sanya Bay was studied by the authors at three localities: Luhuitou Peninsula, Xiaodong Hai and Dadong Hai. Marine algae were sampled in the intertidal and upper subtidal zones (to 4–5 m depth). The list of species (including varieties and forms) of the marine algae for Sanya Bay sampled during the period from 2008 to 2010 is compared with those collected at the same localities in 1990/1992. Comparative analysis of the floristic composition of the marine red, brown and green algae (found during different time periods) revealed that considerable changes have taken place between 1990/1992 and 2008–2010 at Sanya Bay. There was an increase in filamentous, tubular and fine blade-like green and red algae (mainly epiphytes with a high surface to volume ratio) and a displacement of upright-growing fleshy, foliose and other large green, brown and red algae with a low surface to volume ratio. It is assumed that the changes reflect mainly increased pollution by urban sewage and mariculture pond wastes and probably by coral bleaching events of 1998.
Tilting at wildlife: reconsidering human–wildlife conflict
Authors: Redpath Stephen Mark , Bhatia Saloni , Young Juliette 
Published: November 2014

AbstractConflicts between people over wildlife are widespread and damaging to both the wildlife and people involved. Such issues are often termed human–wildlife conflicts. We argue that this term is misleading and may exacerbate the problems and hinder resolution. A review of 100 recent articles on human–wildlife conflicts reveals that 97 were between conservation and other human activities, particularly those associated with livelihoods. We suggest that we should distinguish between human–wildlife impacts and human–human conflicts and be explicit about the different interests involved in conflict. Those representing conservation interests should not only seek technical solutions to deal with the impacts but also consider their role and objectives, and focus on strategies likely to deliver long-term solutions for the benefit of biodiversity and the people involved.
Seniors' narratives of asking (and not asking) for help after a fall: implications for identity
Authors: MILLER PATRICIA A. , SINDING CHRISTINA , GRIFFITH LAUREN E. , SHANNON HARRY S. , RAINA PARMINDER 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTFalls among community-dwelling seniors constitute a major public health concern because of the potential morbidity and mortality associated with the fall. This study examined the informal care networks accessed by Canadian seniors who had visited the Emergency Department as a result of a fall, and considered the implications of the processes of asking for and receiving help on the senior's identity. Four themes were identified. The first was valuing independence. The remaining three themes concerned threats to the participants' identities linked to the need to ask for or receive help from family and friends. They were: becoming indebted, feeling devalued and becoming a burden to others. Seniors were noted to excuse family members from the expectation of helping because of work and family commitments, and illness. Participants described a mutually beneficial relationship with friends wherein both parties valued their independence and provided assistance to the other when needed. Their comments suggested that assistance was viewed as a good to be traded among peers. Our findings indicate that seniors value their independence and may not seek help even when it appears to be available, if asking threatens valued identities. Health and social care practitioners and policy makers responsible for planning and delivery of services should take this into account in order to ensure the best possible care for injured community-dwelling seniors.
Hidden-Markov program algebra with iteration
Authors: MCIVER ANNABELLE , MEINICKE LARISSA , MORGAN CARROLL 
Published: November 2014

We use hidden Markov models to motivate a quantitative compositional semantics for noninterference-based security with iteration, including a refinement- or ‘implements’ relation that compares two programs with respect to their information leakage; and we propose a program algebra for source-level reasoning about such programs, in particular as a means of establishing that an ‘implementation’ program leaks no more than its ‘specification’ program.This joins two themes: we extend our earlier work, having iteration but only qualitative (Morgan 2009), by making it quantitative; and we extend our earlier quantitative work (McIver et al. 2010) by including iteration.We advocate stepwise refinement and source-level program algebra – both as conceptual reasoning tools and as targets for automated assistance. A selection of algebraic laws is given to support this view in the case of quantitative noninterference; and it is demonstrated on a simple iterated password-guessing attack.
Quantifying information flow in cryptographic systems
Authors: BACKES MICHAEL , KÖPF BORIS 
Published: November 2014

We provide a novel definition of quantitative information flow, called transmissible information, that is suitable for reasoning about informational-theoretically secure (or non-cryptographic) systems, as well as about cryptographic systems with their polynomially bounded adversaries, error probabilities, etc. Transmissible information captures deliberate communication between two processes, and it safely over-approximates the quantity of information that a process unintentionally leaks to another process.We show that transmissible information is preserved under universal composability, which constitutes the prevalent cryptographic notion of a secure implementation. This result enables us to lift quantitative bounds of transmissible information from simple ideal functionalities of cryptographic tasks to actual cryptographic systems.We furthermore prove a connection between transmissible information in the unconditional setting and channel capacity, based on the weak converse of Shannon's coding theorem. This connection enables us to compute an upper bound on the transmissible information for a restricted class of protocols, using existing techniques from quantitative information flow.
Non-deterministic structures of computation
Authors: FU YUXI 
Published: November 2014

Divergence and non-determinism play a fundamental role in the theory of computation, and their combined effect on computational equality deserves further study. By looking at the issue from the point of view of both computation and interaction, we are led to a canonical equality for non-deterministic computation, revealing its rich algebraic structure. We study this structure in three ways. First, we construct a complete equational system for finite-state non-deterministic computation. The challenge with such a system is to find an equational alternative to fixpoint inductionà laMilner. We establish a negative result in the form of the non-existence of a finite equational system for the canonical equality of non-deterministic computation to support our approach. We then investigate infinite-state non-deterministic computation in the light of definability and show that every recursively enumerable set is generated by an unobservable process. Finally, we prove that, as far as computation is concerned, the effect produced jointly by divergence and non-determinism is model independent for a large class of process models.We use C-graphs, which are interesting in their own right, as abstract representations of the computational objects throughout the paper.
On the reification of semantic linearity
Authors: GABOARDI MARCO , PAOLINI LUCA , PICCOLO MAURO 
Published: November 2014

Linearity is a multi-faceted and ubiquitous notion in the analysis and development of programming language concepts. We study linearity in a denotational perspective by picking out programs that correspond to linear functions between domains.We propose a PCF-like language imposing linear constraints on the use of variable to program only linear functions. To entail a full abstraction result, we introduce some higher-order operators related to exception handling and parallel evaluation. We study several notions of operational equivalence and show them to coincide with our language. Finally, we present a new operational evaluation of the language that provides the base for a real implementation. It exploits the denotational linearity to provide an efficient evaluation semantics SECD-like, that avoids the use of closures.
Water technology in eighteenth-century London: the London Bridge Waterworks
Authors: TOMORY LESLIE 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT:The London Bridge Waterworks (LBWW) was founded in 1581 and lasted until the removal of the bridge in 1822. The waterworks was one of the largest water companies in London during this time. In contrast to the other water companies, its history was closely tied to both the bridge itself, as well as the City of London. Its initial growth was linked to the City's expansion, but was more limited in the eighteenth century because its pipes could not reach the expanding suburbs. This article describes the LBWW mostly at its height around 1745, when its surveyor produced a detailed engineering report of its technology.
Seeing like a cyclist: visibility and mobility in modern Dublin, c. 1930–1980
Authors: HANNA ERIKA 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThis article explores the visibility of the cyclist in Dublin from the 1930s to the 1980s. This visibility is explored in three ways: how the historian can and has apprehended the figure of the cyclist within the city, how the cyclist made him or herself visible within the urban environment and how cyclists were seen within techniques and conventions of urban planning. I suggest that a close examination of the place of the cyclist within the city provides a suggestive tool for understanding the implicit assumptions of urban change at mid-century.
Delayed enhancement imaging in a contemporary patient cohort following correction of tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Preim Uta , Sommer Philipp , Hoffmann Janine , Kehrmann Jana , Lehmkuhl Lukas , Daehnert Ingo , Gutberlet Matthias , Grothoff Matthias 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that myocardial scars after repair of tetralogy of Fallot are related to impaired cardiac function and adverse clinical outcome.MethodsA total of 53 patients were retrospectively analysed after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. The median patient age was 20 years (range 2–48).Cardiac MRI with a 1.5 T magnet included cine sequences to obtain volumes and function, phase-sensitive inversion recovery delayed enhancement imaging to detect myocardial scars, and flow measurements to determine pulmonary regurgitation fraction. In addition, clinical parameters were obtained.ResultsAn overall 83% of patients were in NYHA class I. All patients with the exception of 2 (96%) had pulmonary insufficiency. Mean ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume index were 46% and 128 ml/m2 for the right ventricle and 54% and 82 ml/m2 for the left ventricle, respectively. Excluding enhancement of the septal insertion and prosthetic patches, delayed enhancement was seen in 11/53 cases (21%). Delayed enhancement of the right ventricle was detected in 6/53 patients (11%) and of the left ventricle in 5/53 patients (9%). The patient group with delayed enhancement was significantly older (p=0.003), had later repair (p=0.007), and higher left ventricular myocardial mass index (p=0.009) compared with the group without delayed enhancement.ConclusionsThis study reveals that scarring is common in patients after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot and is associated with older age and late repair. However, there was no difference in right ventricular function, NYHA class, or occurrence of clinically relevant arrhythmias between patients with and those without myocardial scars.
Modeling Metabolic Syndrome and Its Association with Cognition: The Northern Manhattan Study
Authors: Levin Bonnie E. , Llabre Maria M. , Dong Chuanhui , Elkind Mitchell S.V. , Stern Yaakov , Rundek Tatjana , Sacco Ralph L. , Wright Clinton B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of vascular risk factors and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Less is known about the relationship between MetS and cognition. We examined component vascular risk factors of MetS as correlates of different cognitive domains. The Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS) includes 1290 stroke-free participants from a largely Hispanic multi-ethnic urban community. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to model latent variables of MetS, assessed at baseline and an average of 10 years later, at which time participants also underwent a full cognitive battery. The two four-factor models, of the metabolic syndrome (blood pressure, lipid levels, obesity, and fasting glucose) and of cognition (language, executive function, psychomotor, and memory), were each well supported (CFI=0.97 and CFI=0.95, respectively). When the two models were combined, the correlation between metabolic syndrome and cognition was −.31. Among the metabolic syndrome components, only blood pressure uniquely predicted all four cognitive domains. After adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, alcohol, and risk factor treatment variables, blood pressure remained a significant correlate of all domains except memory. In this stroke-free race/ethnically diverse community-based cohort, MetS was associated with cognitive function suggesting that MetS and its components may be important predictors of cognitive outcomes. After adjusting for sociodemographic and vascular risk factors, blood pressure was the strongest correlate of cognitive performance. Findings suggest MetS, and in particular blood pressure, may represent markers of vascular or neurodegenerative damage in aging populations. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–10)