bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Section 6. Pyrethroid resistance: field selection in sorghum
Authors: Forrester Neil W. , Cahill Matthew , Bird Lisa J. , Layland Jacquelyn K. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryPyrethroids applied to flowering sorghum, at either the low midge rate or the higher Helicoverpa rate (20 g and 100 g fenvalerate a.i./ha, respectively), caused selective mortality of Helicoverpa armigera larvae and resulted in differential selection for resistance. This finding vindicated the original strategy decision to apply the same temporal restrictions on pyrethroid use for sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola, as those for H. armigera.
Physical activity and sedentary behaviour in European children: the IDEFICS study
Authors: Santaliestra-Pasías Alba Ma , Mouratidou Theodora , Verbestel Vera , Bammann Karin , Molnar Dénes , Sieri Sabina , Siani Alfonso , Veidebaum Toomas , Mårild Staffan , Lissner Lauren , Hadjigeorgiou Charalambos , Reisch Lucia , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Moreno Luis A 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of physical activity and sedentary behaviours in European children, and to evaluate the relationship between media availability in personal space and physical activity in relation to total screen time.DesignData from the baseline IDEFICS (Identification and prevention of dietary- and lifestyle-induced health effects in children and infants) cross-sectional survey. Information on hours of television/digital video disk/video viewing and computer/games-console use (weekday and weekend days), media device availability in personal space, sports club membership, hours of active organized play and commuting (to and from school) were assessed via a self-reported parental questionnaire. Total screen time was defined as the sum of daily media use and subsequently dichotomized into meeting or not meeting the guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics.SettingEight survey centres (Italy, Estonia, Cyprus, Belgium, Sweden, Germany, Hungary and Spain).SubjectsChildren (n 15 330; 51 % males) aged 2–10 years.ResultsPercentage of children engaged in total screen time for >2 h/d was higher on weekend days (52 % v. 20 % on weekdays) and in the older group (71 % in males; 57 % in females), varying by country. Children with a television set in their bedroom were more likely not to meet the screen time recommendations (OR = 1·54; 95 % CI 1·60, 1·74).ConclusionsApproximately a third of the children failed to meet current screen time recommendations. Availability of a television set in personal space increased the risk of excess total screen time. This information could be used to identify potential targets for public health promotion actions of young population groups.
Development and validation of an electronic FFQ to assess food intake in the Slovene population
Authors: Bizjak Mojca , Jenko-Pražnikar Zala , Koroušić Seljak Barbara 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo develop and validate an electronic FFQ that estimates the food and nutrient intakes, especially fat intake, in a healthy, adult population from the coastal (Mediterranean) part of Slovenia.DesignA new electronic FFQ was developed for a survey entitled ‘A multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of obesity’, conducted at the University of Primorska, and validated against a 3 d weighed food record (FR).SettingCoastal region of Slovenia.SubjectsOur study population included eighty-five healthy adults aged 25–49 years, recruited from the local coastal region of Slovenia. Intakes of food groups, macronutrients and energy, estimated by the FR and the FFQ, were compared using correlation coefficients, cross-classification and Bland–Altman plots.ResultsThe mean value of most nutrient intakes tended to be higher in the FFQ compared with the FR, except for carbohydrate, fibre and energy. Regression analysis demonstrated an acceptable agreement between the FFQ and FR. The FFQ was moderately correlated with the FR (0·30–0·54), and most of the correlations increased after energy adjustment and after de-attenuation. Relatively high (more than 70 %) proportions of participants were correctly classified into the same or an adjacent quartile. Bland–Altman analysis confirmed an acceptable level of agreement between the two methods.ConclusionsThe electronic FFQ, developed for a healthy adult Slovene population from the coastal region, was shown to be a valid tool to assess food group and nutrient intakes, especially fat intakes, and to rank individuals by their intakes within gene–nutrient studies.
Waist:height ratio: a superior index in estimating cardiovascular risks in Turkish adults
Authors: Meseri Reci , Ucku Reyhan , Unal Belgin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the best anthropometric measurement among waist: height ratio (WHtR), BMI, waist:hip ratio (WHR) and waist circumference (WC) associated with high CHD risk in adults and to define the optimal cut-off point for WHtR.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional study.SettingBalcova, Izmir, Turkey.SubjectsIndividuals (n 10 878) who participated in the baseline survey of the Heart of Balcova Project. For each participant, 10-year coronary event risk (Framingham risk score) was calculated using data on age, sex, smoking status, blood pressure, serum lipids and diabetes status. Participants who had risk higher than 10 % were defined as ‘medium or high risk’.ResultsAmong the participants, 67·7 % were female, 38·2 % were obese, 24·5 % had high blood pressure, 9·2 % had diabetes, 1·5 % had undiagnosed diabetes (≥126 mg/dl), 22·0 % had high total cholesterol and 45·9 % had low HDL-cholesterol. According to Framingham risk score, 32·7 % of them had a risk score higher than 10 %. Those who had medium or high risk had significantly higher mean BMI, WHtR, WHR and WC compared with those at low risk. According to receiver-operating characteristic curves, WHtR was the best and BMI was the worst indicator of CHD risk for both sexes. For both men and women, 0·55 was the optimal cut-off point for WHtR for CHD risk.ConclusionsBMI should not be used alone for evaluating obesity when estimating cardiometabolic risks. WHtR was found to be a successful measurement for determining cardiovascular risks. A cut-off point of ‘0·5’ can be used for categorizing WHtR in order to target people at high CHD risk for preventive actions.
Characteristics of fast-food/takeaway-food and restaurant/café-food consumers among New Zealand adults
Authors: Smith Claire , Gray Andrew Robert , Fleming Elizabeth Ann , Parnell Winsome Ruth 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate: (i) the percentage of the New Zealand (NZ) population reporting fast food/takeaway food and restaurant/café food per day; (ii) examine demographic factors associated with their use; (iii) quantify their contribution to energy intake; and (iv) describe the specific types of foods reported from both sources.DesignTwenty-four hour diet recalls from the cross-sectional 2008/09 NZ Adult Nutrition Survey were used to identify fast-food and restaurant-food consumers.SettingNZ households.SubjectsAdults aged 15 years and older (n4721).ResultsOverall 28 % reported consuming at least one fast food and 14 % a restaurant food within the 24 h diet recall. Fast-food consumption was not associated with level of education or an area-based measure of socio-economic status, but a higher education was positively associated with restaurant-food consumption. Individual factors such as ethnicity, household size, age, sex and marital status were found to be important influences on the use of fast food and restaurant food. Fast-food consumption was more prevalent among participants living in urban areas, young adults (19–30 years) and Māori compared with NZ European and Others. The most frequently reported fast foods were bread-based dishes, potatoes (including fries) and non-alcoholic beverages.ConclusionsGiven the high reported consumption of fast food by young adults, health promotion initiatives both to improve the nutritional quality of fast-food menus and to encourage healthier food choices would likely make a large impact on the overall diet quality of this group.
Osmium Tetroxide Labeling of (Poly)Methyl Methacrylate Corrosion Casts for Enhancement of Micro-CT Microvascular Imaging
Authors: Mondy William L. , Casteleyn Christophe , Loo Denis V. , Raja Muthkrishna , Singleton Christopher , Jacot Jeffrey G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn order to enhance micro-computer tomography (micro-CT) imaging of corrosion casts of fine vasculature, metals can be added to the casting resin before perfusion. However, perfused metals lead to vasoconstriction or vessel damage resulting in nonphysiologic vascular casts. A novel method for coating methyl methacrylate vascular casts with osmium tetroxide has been developed in order to increase micro-CT contrast without affecting the vascular structure. This technique was verified using corrosion casts of the lung vasculature of New Zealand white rabbits. Osmium tetroxide coating of methyl methacrylate vascular corrosion casts resulted in an increase in overall sample contrast that translated into an increase in the resolution of the vasculature. This method can therefore lead to increased resolution in the characterization of fine vascular structures.
Multi-Scale Correlative Microscopy Investigation of Both Structure and Chemistry of Deformation Twin Bundles in Fe–Mn–C Steel
Authors: Marceau Ross K.W. , Gutierrez-Urrutia Ivan , Herbig Michael , Moore Katie L. , Lozano-Perez Sergio , Raabe Dierk 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA multi-scale investigation of twin bundles in Fe–22Mn–0.6C (wt%) twinning-induced plasticity steel after tensile deformation has been carried out by truly correlative means; using electron channelling contrast imaging combined with electron backscatter diffraction, high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and atom probe tomography on the exact same region of interest in the sample. It was revealed that there was no significant segregation of Mn or C to the twin boundary interfaces.
Unfolding for CHR programs
Authors: GABBRIELLI MAURIZIO , MEO MARIA CHIARA , TACCHELLA PAOLO , WIKLICKY HERBERT 
Published: October 2013

AbstractProgram transformation is an appealing technique which allows to improve run-time efficiency, space-consumption, and more generally to optimize a given program. Essentially, it consists of a sequence of syntactic program manipulations which preserves some kind of semantic equivalence. Unfolding is one of the basic operations used by most program transformation systems and consists of the replacement of a procedure call by its definition. While there is a large body of literature on the transformation and unfolding of sequential programs, very few papers have addressed this issue for concurrent languages. This paper defines an unfolding system for Constraint Handling Rules programs. We define an unfolding rule, show its correctness and discuss some conditions that can be used to delete an unfolded rule while preserving the program meaning. We also prove that, under some suitable conditions, confluence and termination are preserved by the above transformation.
Factors affecting crop diversity in farmers' fields in Nepal
Authors: Pandey Sushil 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA study was conducted on the spatial dimension of crop diversity in Jutpani Village Development Committee (VDC) in central Nepal. Many crop diversity studies focus only on home gardens, but this study aimed to investigate the crop diversity among different production systems, and the factors affecting variations in the crop diversity on a household level. A survey of inter-household variation in cultivated crop diversity in different land-use types among 134 households indicates that 96 different types of annual crops, perennial crops and fruit trees are cultivated. Individual farms cultivated an average of 26 different crops, with this number ranging from 11 to 45. Crops were used as food by the households and, based on their adaptive characters, they were grown either in home gardens or in upland, Tandikhet and lowland. Research showed that home gardens have the highest crop diversity (a total of 78 different crops grown) compared to upland, Tandikhet and lowland. Statistical analysis to understand the factors affecting the variation in crop diversity in the household level showed that the total number of crops grown (crop diversity) on a farm is significantly higher (P<0.001) in the Indo-Aryan ethnic group compared to the Tibeto-Burman group. Farmers with three different production domains maintained higher (P<0.001) crop diversity compared to having only one or two production domains. Poor farmers with small land holdings were associated with higher crop diversity (P<0.001) compared to rich farmers with large land holdings. Therefore, planning for agrobiodiversity management should focus on the production systems, and social and economic settings within the farming community.
Integrated Solid/Nanoporous Copper/Oxide Hybrid Bulk Electrodes for High-performance Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Hou Chao , Lang Xing-You , Han Gao-Feng , Li Ying-Qi , Zhao Lei , Wen Zi , Zhu Yong-Fu , Zhao Ming , Li Jian-Chen , Lian Jian-She , Jiang Qing 
Published: October 2013

AbstractNanoarchitectured electroactive materials can boost rates of Li insertion/extraction, showing genuine potential to increase power output of Li-ion batteries. However, electrodes assembled with low-dimensional nanostructured transition metal oxides by conventional approach suffer from dramatic reductions in energy capacities owing to sluggish ion and electron transport kinetics. Here we report that flexible bulk electrodes, made of three-dimensional bicontinuous nanoporous Cu/MnO2 hybrid and seamlessly integrated with Cu solid current collector, substantially optimizes Li storage behavior of the constituent MnO2. As a result of the unique integration of solid/nanoporous hybrid architecture that simultaneously enhances the electron transport of MnO2, facilitates fast ion diffusion and accommodates large volume changes on Li insertion/extraction of MnO2, the supported MnO2 exhibits a stable capacity of as high as ~1100 mA h g−1 for 1000 cycles and ultrahigh charge/discharge rates. It makes the environmentally friendly and low-cost electrode as a promising anode for high-performance Li-ion battery applications.
Macrophages lift off surface-bound bacteria using a filopodium-lamellipodium hook-and-shovel mechanism
Authors: Möller Jens , Lühmann Tessa , Chabria Mamta , Hall Heike , Vogel Viola 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTo clear pathogens from host tissues or biomaterial surfaces, phagocytes have to break the adhesive bacteria-substrate interactions. Here we analysed the mechanobiological process that enables macrophages to lift-off and phagocytose surface-bound Escherichia coli (E. coli). In this opsonin-independent process, macrophage filopodia hold on to the E. coli fimbriae long enough to induce a local protrusion of a lamellipodium. Specific contacts between the macrophage and E. coli are formed via the glycoprotein CD48 on filopodia and the adhesin FimH on type 1 fimbriae (hook). We show that bacterial detachment from surfaces occurrs after a lamellipodium has protruded underneath the bacterium (shovel), thereby breaking the multiple bacterium-surface interactions. After lift-off, the bacterium is engulfed by a phagocytic cup. Force activated catch bonds enable the long-term survival of the filopodium-fimbrium interactions while soluble mannose inhibitors and CD48 antibodies suppress the contact formation and thereby inhibit subsequent E. coli phagocytosis.
Ultrafast optical control using the Kerr nonlinearity in hydrogenated amorphous silicon microcylindrical resonators
Authors: Vukovic N. , Healy N. , Suhailin F. H. , Mehta P. , Day T. D. , Badding J. V. , Peacock A. C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMicroresonators are ideal systems for probing nonlinear phenomena at low thresholds due to their small mode volumes and high quality (Q) factors. As such, they have found use both for fundamental studies of light-matter interactions as well as for applications in areas ranging from telecommunications to medicine. In particular, semiconductor-based resonators with large Kerr nonlinearities have great potential for high speed, low power all-optical processing. Here we present experiments to characterize the size of the Kerr induced resonance wavelength shifting in a hydrogenated amorphous silicon resonator and demonstrate its potential for ultrafast all-optical modulation and switching. Large wavelength shifts are observed for low pump powers due to the high nonlinearity of the amorphous silicon material and the strong mode confinement in the microcylindrical resonator. The threshold energy for switching is less than a picojoule, representing a significant step towards advantageous low power silicon-based photonic technologies.
Both High Reliability and Giant Electrocaloric Strength in BaTiO3 Ceramics
Authors: Bai Yang , Han Xi , Zheng Xiu-Cheng , Qiao Lijie 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBaTiO3 has a giant electrocaloric strength, |ΔT|/|ΔE|, because of a large latent heat and a sharp phase transition. The electrocaloric strength of a new single crystal, as giant as 0.48 K·cm/kV, is twice larger than the previous best result, but it remarkably decreased to 0.18 K·cm/kV after several times of thermal cycles accompanied by alternating electric fields, because the field-induced phase transition and domain switching resulted in numerous defects such as microcracks. The ceramics prepared from nano-sized powders showed a high electrocaloric strength of 0.14 K·cm/kV, comparable to the single crystals experienced electrocaloric cycles, because of its unique microstructure after proper sintering process. Moreover, its properties did not change under the combined effects of thermal cycles and alternating electric fields, i.e. it has both large electrocaloric effect and good reliability, which are desirable for practical applications.
Minimal mechanistic model of siRNA-dependent target RNA slicing by recombinant human Argonaute 2 protein
Authors: Deerberg Andrea , Willkomm Sarah , Restle Tobias 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Argonaute (Ago) proteins are the key component of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and mediate RNA interference (RNAi) in association with small RNAs. Although overall the mechanism of RNAi is well understood, many molecular details of this complex process are not. The implementation of pre-steady-state kinetic techniques enabled us to develop a comprehensive minimal mechanistic model for human Ago 2 (hAgo2)-mediated target RNA binding and cleavage, dissecting binary as well as ternary complex formation and target RNA cleavage into individual substeps. The model presented provides in-depth insights into the complicated interplay of hAgo2 with small RNAs and corresponding target molecules, which in combination with available X-ray structures will eventually lead to better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of RNAi.
Expanded therapeutic potential in activity space of next-generation 5-nitroimidazole antimicrobials with broad structural diversity
Authors: Miyamoto Yukiko , Kalisiak Jarosław , Korthals Keith , Lauwaet Tineke , Cheung Dae Young , Lozano Ricardo , Cobo Eduardo R. , Upcroft Peter , Upcroft Jacqueline A. , Berg Douglas E. , Gillin Frances D. , Fokin Valery V. , Sharpless K. Barry , Eckmann Lars 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Drugs against disease-causing microbes are among the major achievements of modern medicine, but many microbes show a tenacious ability to develop resistance, so they are no longer killed by available drugs. We show here for an important class of these drugs, represented by the common drug metronidazole, that broad modifications of the basic drug structure can improve drug activities against several clinically important microbes and unexpectedly overcome different forms of resistance. Several of these new drugs cure infections in animal models and are safe in initial toxicity evaluations. These findings provide reasons to develop this class of drugs as human medicines in the ongoing fight against disease-causing microbes.
Excitable human dynamics driven by extrinsic events in massive communities
Authors: Mathiesen Joachim , Angheluta Luiza , Ahlgren Peter T. H. , Jensen Mogens H. 
Published: October 2013

SignificanceOnline social networks have over the last decade influenced the way people interact. Data from Twitter allow for a detailed study of the activity in online massive communities. By studying the frequency by which international brands appear on Twitter and the trade of financial securities on financial markets, we find a characteristic bursty behavior of the activity levels of Twitter users and market participants. We explain the bursty behavior by a simple model of the large-scale human behavior and quantify the correlations in the activity levels. The statistical similarity of the two social systems is an indication that the complex process underlying individual decision-making might not be very different for Twitter users and participants in financial markets.
Direct observation of structurally encoded metal discrimination and ether bond formation in a heterodinuclear metalloprotein
Authors: Griese Julia J. , Roos Katarina , Cox Nicholas , Shafaat Hannah S. , Branca Rui M. M. , Lehtiö Janne , Gräslund Astrid , Lubitz Wolfgang , Siegbahn Per E. M. , Högbom Martin 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Metallocofactors enable enzymes to catalyze difficult reactions that would otherwise not be possible, such as the reduction of oxygen. Nature utilizes a number of different metals, and it is crucial that proteins bind the correct metals to execute their function. Nonetheless, the principles that govern metal specificity in proteins remain poorly understood. Here we use an enzyme that forms a heterodinuclear Mn/Fe cofactor with the same protein ligands in both metal-coordinating positions to study how proteins can differentiate between two such similar metals. We show that the protein is intrinsically capable of site-specific metal discrimination. Surprisingly, specificity is achieved in a stepwise process involving not only fundamental affinity differences, but also chemical maturation upon reaction with molecular oxygen.
Milk oligosaccharide sialyl(α2,3)lactose activates intestinal CD11c
+
cells through TLR4
Authors: Kurakevich Ekaterina , Hennet Thierry , Hausmann Martin , Rogler Gerhard , Borsig Lubor 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Breast milk provides all nutrients required for the growth and development of the newborn child. In addition to energy source, milk contains other biomolecules, such as oligosaccharides, which contribute to the intestinal colonization through microbiota and development of mucosal immunity. This study shows that specific milk oligosaccharides stimulate intestinal immune responses through binding and activation of dendritic cells. We demonstrate that the milk oligosaccharide sialyl(α2,3)lactose is directly recognized by dendritic cells, resulting in a proinflammatory stimulation. This finding provides evidence that oligosaccharides from dietary sources indeed modulate mucosal immunity.