bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multidisciplinary approach in the immediate replantation of a maxillary central incisor - A six and a half year follow-up
Authors: Xavier Cristina Braga , Vogt Beatriz Farias , Faria Giselle Daer , Reinhardt Leandro Calcagno , Hosni Elaini Sickert , Martos Josué 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis report proposes a discussion of the various peculiarities of a tooth 21 replantation in a 9-year-old patient and describes different treatment facets and a 6-year follow-up of the case. The splint was maintained for a 3-month period. After a 1½ year therapy with calcium hydroxide to control inflammatory resorption, the final canal obturation was performed 18 months after trauma with mineral trioxide aggregate. Two years after replantation, the orthodontic treatment had been initiated and 5 years after avulsion, whitening of tooth 21 was also done. Clinical and radiographic follow-up at regular intervals revealed that the treated tooth was still functional, showing normal mobility, resorption stabilization, and normal appearance of the bone tissue and lamina dura, testifying the treatment has been so far successful. The possibility of submitting avulsed teeth to other dental treatments once, there is close professional monitoring by controlling the risks and benefits of each therapy, as well as the patient′s cooperation, extra-oral time, and storage media for transport to the dentist among other details is emphasized.
Elonis v. United States: The Doctrine of True Threats: Protecting Our Ever-Shrinking First Amendment Rights in the New Era of Communication
Authors: Roark Mary Margaret 
Published: August 2015

The First Amendment protects one of our most precious rights as citizens of the United States—the freedom of speech. Such protection has withstood the test of time, even safeguarding speech that much of the population would find distasteful. There is one form of speech which cannot be protected: the true threat. However, the definition of what constitutes a "true threat" has expanded since its inception. In the new era of communication—where most users post first and edit later—the First Amendment protection we once possessed has been eroded as more and more speech is considered proscribable as a "true threat." In order to adequately protect both the public at large and our individual right to free speech, courts should analyze a speaker’s subjective intent before labeling speech a "true threat." Though many courts have adopted an objective, reasonable listener test, the U.S. Supreme Court now has the opportunity, in deciding Elonis v. United States, to take a monumental step in protecting the First Amendment right to free speech. By holding that the speaker’s subjective intent to threaten is necessary for a true threat conviction, the Court will restore the broad protection afforded by the First Amendment and repair years of erosion caused by an objective approach.
TRACI Assessment of Transportation Manufacturing Nexus in the U.S.: A Supply Chain-linked Cradle-to-Gate LCA
Authors: Egilmez Gokhan , Park Yong 
Published: August 2015

<p class="emsd0505"><span lang="EN-GB">Sustainable transportation is an inevitable component of sustainable development intitiatives for mitigating the climate change impacts and stabilizing the rising carbon emissions thus global temperature. In this context, comprehensive analysis of the environmental impact of transportation can play a critical role towards quantifying the midpoint environmental and human health related impacts associated with the transportation activities triggered by manufacturing sectors. This study traces the life cycle impact of the U.S. transportation and manufacturing sectors’ nexus using Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemicals and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) in the context of the Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA) framework considering the following midpoint impact categories: ‘global warming’, ‘particulate matter’, ‘eutrophication’, ‘acidification’, and ‘smog air’. Both direct (onsite) and indirect (supply chain) industries’ relationships with transportation industry are considered as the main scope. Results indicated that top ten contributor manufacturing sectors accounted for over 55% total environmental impacts on each impact category. Additionally, based on the decomposition analysis, food manufacturing sector was found to be the major contributor to smog air with an approximate share of 21% in the entire supply chain. Automobile related manufacturing sectors also have significant impact on all five life cycle impact categories that the environmental impact of transportation is higher than on-site (direct) impact. Overall decomposition analysis of 53 manufacturing sector indicated that the environmental impact of transportation has severe effects on ‘smog air’, ‘eutrophication’ and ‘acidification’ with a share of 16.4%, 10.5%, and 6.0%, respectively. When we consider the average percentage share of transportation related environmental impact on the entire supply chain, U.S manufacturing sectors have a negative impact with a share of 18.8% of ‘smog air’, 16.8% for ‘eutrophication’, and 8.1% for ‘acidification’. </span></p>
VI. Law, Custom, and Medieval Judges
Authors: Henderson Duane 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The paper studies the practice of judging marital separation cases in the ecclesiastical court of Freising in the second half of the fifteenth century. The first chapter outlines the legal position for separating marriages from bed and board as practiced in the later Middle Ages, locating the practice between canon law, the communis opinio of legal scholars and regional traditions. Using the extensive documentation of the act books of the court in Freising, the paper then systematically analyses separation processes and judgement patterns under two judges. The results reveal a number of similarities, but also distinct differences between the way the two judges treated separation cases, indicating the importance of the role of the individual judge as a variable between the ius commune and regional legal traditions.
I. Maior pars – Mehrheitsdenken in der römischen Rechtskultur
Authors: Ernst Wolfgang 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Maior pars - The concept of majority in Roman legal culture. The term maior pars is a cornerstone of majority-concepts in the western legal tradition. Relying on D. 50,17,160 (Ulp. 76 ed.) and D. 50,1,19 (Scaev. 1 quaest.), medieval writers, and in fact scholarship ever since, has ‘explained’ the Roman majority rule as the working of a fictio iuris: the will of the majority is taken to be the will of all. A full survey of the Roman sources dealing with maior pars challenges this view. For the Romans, being in a majority as such did not come with any power over the minority. Rather, controlling powers like the praetor’s imperium were exercised by giving preference to the views of the majority over that of the minority. There are no traces of attempts to legitimize this kind of ‘majority preference’ (as distinguished from ‘majority rule’). Further philosophical legitimization is not in fact warranted, since the only alternative would be to give preference to the views of the minority over those of the minority. Neither D. 50,17,160 nor D. 50,1,19 or any of the innumerable uses of maior pars supports the notion of a fictio iuris equating the will of the majority with the will of all. An idea of representation, however, can be traced back to the 3rd ct. communal curiae, albeit with a different emphasis: A sufficient number of decuriones assembled to make up the quorum were acknowledged to validly act as the curia.
II. ὅσα τις εἶχεν – ταῦτα ἔχειν: Eine rechtsvergleichende Studie zur Proklamation des Athener archon (eponymos)
Authors: Scheibelreiter Philipp 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
ὅσα τις εἶχεν - ταῦτα ἔχειν: A comparative legal study of the proclamation of the Athenian archon (eponymos): According to Athenaion Politeia 56, 2, one of the first official acts of the archon (eponymos) was his proclamation that „whatever any one possessed before he entered into office, that he shall possess and hold (ἔχειν καὶ κρατεῖν) until the end of his term“. By comparing the wording of this kerygma with that of the uti possidetis-clause used in international treaties of the 5th/4th century BC, but also the wording of the Roman interdictum uti possidetis, it is this study’s intention to shown that the kerygma can be interpreted as the archon’s proclamation of protection of possession.
III. Ad legem Glitiam
Authors: Buongiorno Pierangelo 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ad legem Glitiam. An enigmatic lex publica, the fasti of the years 21 and 22 AD and the form of the cognitory querela inofficiosi testamenti in the 1st century AD. The research investigates the contents of the enigmatic lex Glitia, whose comment Gaius discussed in a liber singularis of which only a fragment survives (in D. 5,2,4). In this regard, after the examination of this Gaian text and of its placement in the title 5,2 of the Digest, the author discusses: the prosopography of the gens Glitia of Falerii Novi, the consular fasti of the first Tiberian age (and therefore the date of the lex Glitia), and finally the elusive evidence relating to judicial bodies dealing out justice extra ordinem with regard to testamenta inofficiosa (eg. the septemviral college). It is concluded that the lex Glitia (21 or 22 AD) would probably have given an initial regulation to the cognitory querela with a structure which, however, is not known in detail.
IX. Die actio in duplum (ἡτοῦ διπλοῦ ἀπαίτησις) bei Sachbeschädigung – Ein Mysterium im byzantinischen Recht
Authors: Jong Hylkje de 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ἡ τοῦ διπλοῦ ἀπαίτησις (the actio in duplum) for wrongful damage - A mystery in Byzantine law. In addition to the actio legis Aquiliae utilis and the actio in factum from classical and justinianic law, for cases of indirectly caused damages, Byzantine law also grants an actio in duplum. In this actio in duplum, unlike the two remedies first mentioned, the fine increases to the twofold. Curiously enough, this doubling does not depend on whether or not the defendant denies the damage. In the Basilica we can find for cases of damage to property, when direct causation is lacking, two different remedies for claiming the double, the actio legis Aquiliae with litiscrescence and the actio in duplum. These remedies originate more or less from two different periods. The first remedy we mainly find in jurists from the sixth century. It was only applied in cases of direct caused damages, in which the defendant denied. The jurists do not yet mention the actio in duplum and substantively follow justinianic law. The second remedy we particularly find in late Byzantine law. In the period between the early and late Byzantine law Basilica remarks of jurists can be found who display a move from the actio legis Aquiliae with litiscrescense unto an independent actio in duplum. Because of contradictions, mistakes and differences of opinions no clear explanation for the development of the actio legis Aquiliae (utilis) and the actio in factum to an actio in duplum can be discovered.
Bemerkungen zu den leges libitinariae
Authors: Nörr Dieter 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Remarks on the leges libitinariae. The article deals with several juridical aspects of the socalled leges libitinariae both from Puteoli and Cumae. It includes only minor hints to problems of criminal law. The focus is on the concepts of (munus) publicum and multa, characteristics of societas publicanorum as to small enterprises, personal responsibility of manceps (redemptor, conductor), jurisdiction in municipalities (recuperatores and iudex unus), appropriate formula (condictio incerti ex lege?), the legal nature of the leges (leges locationis - leges coloniae (municipii)?). To many of our questions, there is more than one possible answer, or even none. This originates not only in the fragmentary state of the leges’ transmission, but first of all, in our lack of knowledge of the historical and juridical background.
Der „Schlag des Schusters“ (D. 19,2,13,4 u. D. 9,2,5,3) aus (rechts-)medizinischer und philologischer Sicht: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Contrecoup-Fraktur
Authors: Witt Mathias 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Cobbler’s Beat (D. 19.2.13.4 and D. 9.2.5.3) From a Forensic and Philological View: A Contribution to the History of the Contrecoup-Fracture. In the Digests, the case of a cobbler is mentioned; as a punishment he hits a clumsy apprentice so hard on the neck with a last that the boy is blinded on one eye. In the following the case is examined from a philological and medical point of view, in which a new explanation of the seemingly quaint mechanism of injury will be suggested.
Wie der weise Accursius für einen Narren gehalten wurde: Die Geschichte eines missverstandenen Scherzes
Authors: Maragno Giorgia 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
How the wise Accursius was taken for a fool: the story of a misunderstood jest. Against the backdrop of the alleged ‚legal transfer‘ from the Greeks to the Romans during the process of drafting the XII Tables, at which Pomponius hints in D. 1,2,2,4, Accursius reports (Gl. constitui) the well-known dialogue in gestures between a wise Greek and a Roman fool. In this story he also seems to make a paradoxical reference to the dogma of Trinity. This passage has been subjected during the centuries to three different approaches: 1) it is a fabula, which Accursius believes to be historia, revealing his total ignorance of ancient history; 2) it is historia not only in Accursius’ opinion, but also for some later scholars, who follow his authority on the matter; 3) Accursius knows it is a fabula, a iocus, a nuga, and he wittingly tells it as such. An accurate analysis of the gloss shows that the third interpretation is the soundest: Accursius was acquainted with the ancient tradition about the embassy to Athens and considered it to be no more than a fabula. He tells this ‚dialogue of mutes‘ with the purpose of stressing the pre-eminence of Roman law over Greek law.
Experimental characterization of vegetation uprooting by flow
Authors: Edmaier K. , Crouzy B. , Perona P. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe investigate vegetation uprooting by flow for Avena sativa seedlings with stem‐to‐sediment size ratio close to unity and vanishing obstacle‐induced scouring. By inducing parallel riverbed erosion within an experimental flume, we measure the time‐to‐uprooting in relation to root anchoring and flow drag forces. We link the erosion rate to the uprooting timescales for seedlings with varying mean root length. We show that the process of continuous erosion leading to uprooting resembles that of mechanical fatigue where system collapsing occurs after a given exposure time. By this analogy, we also highlight the nonlinear role of the residual root anchoring versus the flow drag acting on the canopy when uprooting occurs. As a generalization, we propose a framework to extend our results to time‐dependent erosion rates, which typically occur for real river hydrographs. Finally, we discuss how the characteristic timescale of plant uprooting by flow erosion suggests that vegetation survival is conditioned by multiple erosion events and their interarrival time.
Long‐range transport across the Atlantic in summertime does not enhance the hygroscopicity of African mineral dust
Authors: Denjean C. , Caquineau S. , Desboeufs K. , Laurent B. , Maille M. , Quiñones Rosado M. , Vallejo P. , Mayol‐Bracero O. L. , Formenti P. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe present the first direct evidence that the hygroscopic properties of super micron (>1 µm) African dust particles did not change despite undergoing long‐range transport across the Atlantic toward the Caribbean. Concurrent measurements of chemical composition show that most of mineral dust was chemically unprocessed and externally mixed. A minor portion of mineral dust was internally mixed with sulfate and chloride (~13–24% by number) or aggregated with sea‐salt particles (~3–6%). Only dust particles aggregated with sea salt showed significant hygroscopic growth above 75% relative humidity (RH), resulting in a decrease in extinction mass efficiency by up to a factor 2.2. All other dust particles did not take up significant amounts of water when exposed to up to 94% RH. These results demonstrate that the direct radiative effect of African dust in this region remained independent of RH and an external mixing state could be considered for evaluating the climate effects of dust.
Grounding line retreat of Totten Glacier, East Antarctica, 1996 to 2013
Authors: Li Xin , Rignot Eric , Morlighem Mathieu , Mouginot Jeremie , Scheuchl Bernd 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTotten Glacier, East Antarctica, a glacier that holds a 3.9 m sea level change equivalent, has thinned and lost mass for decades. We map its grounding line positions in 1996 and 2013 using differential radar interferometry (InSAR) data and develop precise, high‐resolution topographies of its ice surface and ice draft using NASA Operation IceBridge data, InSAR data, and a mass conservation method. We detect a 1 to 3 km retreat of the grounding line in 17 years. The retreat is asymmetrical along a two‐lobe pattern, where ice is only grounded a few 10 m above sea level, or ice plain, which may unground further with only modest amounts of ice thinning. The pattern of retreat indicates ice thinning of 12 m in 17 years or 0.7±0.1 m/yr at the grounding line on average. Sustained thinning will cause further grounding line retreat but may not be conducive to a marine instability.
On the contribution of plasma sheet bubbles to the storm time ring current
Authors: Yang Jian , Toffoletto Frank R. , Wolf Richard A. , Sazykin Stanislav 
Published: August 2015

AbstractParticle injections occur frequently inside 10 Re during geomagnetic storms. They are commonly associated with bursty bulk flows or plasma sheet bubbles transported from the tail to the inner magnetosphere. Although observations and theoretical arguments have suggested that they may have an important role in storm time dynamics, this assertion has not been addressed quantitatively. In this paper, we investigate which process is dominant for the storm time ring current buildup: large‐scale enhanced convection or localized bubble injections. We use the Rice Convection Model‐Equilibrium (RCM‐E) to model a series of idealized storm main phases. The boundary conditions at 14–15 Re on the nightside are adjusted to randomly inject bubbles to a degree roughly consistent with observed statistical properties. A test particle tracing technique is then used to identify the source of the ring current plasma. We find that the contribution of plasma sheet bubbles to the ring current energy increases from ~20% for weak storms to ~50% for moderate storms and levels off at ~61% for intense storms, while the contribution of trapped particles decreases from ~60% for weak storms to ~30% for moderate and ~21% for intense storms. The contribution of nonbubble plasma sheet flux tubes remains ~20% on average regardless of the storm intensity. Consistent with previous RCM and RCM‐E simulations, our results show that the mechanisms for plasma sheet bubbles enhancing the ring current energy are (1) the deep penetration of bubbles and (2) the bulk plasma pushed ahead of bubbles. Both the bubbles and the plasma pushed ahead typically contain larger distribution functions than those in the inner magnetosphere at quiet times. An integrated effect of those individual bubble injections is the gradual enhancement of the storm time ring current. We also make two predictions testable against observations. First, fluctuations over a time scale of 5–20 min in the plasma distributions and electric field can be seen in the central ring current region for the storm main phase. We find that the plasma pressure and the electric field EY there vary over about 10%–30% and 50%–300% of the background values, respectively. Second, the maximum plasma pressure and magnetic field depression in the central ring current region during the main phase are well correlated with the Dst index.
Scoria cones on Mars: Detailed investigation of morphometry based on high‐resolution digital elevation models
Authors: Brož Petr , Čadek Ondřej , Hauber Ernst , Rossi Angelo Pio 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe analyze the shapes of 28 hypothesized scoria cones in three regions on Mars, i.e., Ulysses and Hydraotes Colles and Coprates Chasma. Using available High‐Resolution Imaging Science Experiment and Context Camera (CTX) digital elevation models, we determine the basic morphometric characteristics of the cones and estimate from ballistic modeling the physical parameters of volcanic eruptions that could have formed them. When compared to terrestrial scoria cones, most of the studied cones show larger volumes (up to 4.2 × 109 m3), larger heights (up to 573 m), and smaller average slopes. The average slopes of the Ulysses, Hydraotes, and Coprates cones range between 7° and 25°, and the maximum slopes only rarely exceed 30°, which suggests only a minor role of scoria redistribution by avalanching. Ballistic analysis indicates that all cones were formed in a similar way, and their shapes are consistent with an ejection velocity about 2 times larger and a particle size about 20 times smaller than on Earth. Our results support the hypothesis that the investigated edifices were formed by low‐energy Strombolian volcanic eruptions and hence are equivalent to terrestrial scoria cones. The cones in Hydraotes Colles and Coprates Chasma are on average smaller and steeper than the cones in Ulysses Colles, which is likely due to the difference in topographic elevation and the associated difference in atmospheric pressure. This study provides the expected morphometric characteristics of Martian scoria cones, which can be used to identify landforms consistent with this type of activity elsewhere on Mars and distinguish them from other conical edifices.
Spatial and temporal variation of dissolved organic matter in the Changjiang: Fluvial transport and flux estimation
Authors: Bao Hongyan , Wu Ying , Zhang Jing 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Changjiang is the most important source of freshwater and dissolved organic matter (DOM) for the East China Sea. However, knowledge regarding the sources, seasonal fluxes, and fluvial transport of terrigenous DOM (tDOM) in the Changjiang is lacking. To fill this knowledge gap, we measured dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved lignin in water samples collected in the middle and lower Changjiang under different hydrological conditions. Additional samples were collected biweekly in the lower Changjiang. Through comparisons with other rivers, we found that the DOC in the Changjiang is mainly from soil organic matter and has a higher fraction of tDOM during flood. Mass balance model results indicate that approximately 33% of the dissolved lignin discharged into the middle and lower Changjiang is removed during its transport to the lower reach during both low‐discharge and flood periods. Based on a comparison of the removal rates under these two contrasting hydrological conditions and considering the lower organic carbon content and fine grain size of the Changjiang's suspended particles, we speculate that the major process for the removal of dissolved lignin is sorption, and potentially flocculation by suspended particles. Changjiang discharges 1.4 ± 0.10 Tg yr−1 and 8.6 ± 0.30 Gg yr−1 DOC and dissolved lignin to the estuary during the period of July 2010 to June 2011, respectively. Seasonal distributions of DOC and dissolved lignin fluxes are controlled by water discharge, which will be affected by future climate change and the Three Gorges Dam.