bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heuristic aspect of the lateral root initiation index: A case study of the role of nitric oxide in root branching
Authors: Lira‐Ruan Verónica , Mendivil Selene Napsucialy , Dubrovsky Joseph G. 
Published: October 2013

• Premise of the study: Lateral root (LR) initiation (LRI) is a central process in root branching. Based on LR and/or LR primordium densities, it has been shown that nitric oxide (NO) promotes LRI. However, because NO inhibits primary root growth, we hypothesized that NO may have an opposite effect if the analysis is performed on a cellular basis. Using a previously proposed parameter, the LRI index (which measures how many LRI events take place along a root portion equivalent to the length of a single file of 100 cortical cells of average length), we addressed this hypothesis and illustrate here that the LRI index provides a researcher with a tool to uncover hidden but important information about root initiation.• Methods and Results: Arabidopsis thaliana roots were treated with an NO donor (sodium nitroprusside [SNP]) and/or an NO scavenger (2‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide [cPTIO]). LRI was analyzed separately in the root portions formed before and during the treatment. In the latter, SNP caused root growth inhibition and an increase in the LR density accompanied by a decrease in LRI index, indicating overall inhibitory outcome of the NO donor on branching. The inhibitory effect of SNP was reversed by cPTIO, showing the NO‐specific action of SNP on LRI.• Conclusions: Analysis of the LRI index permits the discovery of otherwise unknown modes of action of a substance on the root system formation. NO has a dual action on root branching, slightly promoting it in the root portion formed before the treatment and strongly inhibiting it in the root portion formed during the treatment.
L’évolution de l’offre des professionnels du risque mondialisé
Authors: O’Reilly Conor 
Published: September 2013

Cet article traite de l’industrie des consultants en sécurité transnationale et de ses prestations de service spécialisées en sécurité dans les régions hostiles du monde. Pour les professionnels du risque mondialisé, un continuum se dégage depuis les débuts de leurs collaborations avec les assureurs spécialisés dans les enlèvements et demandes de rançon en Amérique latine, jusqu’aux synergies plus contemporaines établies avec les fournisseurs internationaux d’assistance médicale d’urgence. Puisant dans un savoir-faire en sécurité très étendu et diversifié ― acquis depuis des décennies dans de nombreux environnements difficiles ― ces gardiens de la mobilité internationale assurent, améliorent et, si nécessaire, rétablissent la circulation des clients qui s’aventurent dans les « zones malfamées du monde ». Leurs solutions haut de gamme en matière de sécurité favorisent principalement l’hypermobilité des privilégiés, mais produisent aussi des externalités négatives par leur capacité à aggraver les inégalités sur les plans social et sécuritaire.
Les « Bauxiteurs » 1936-1943
Authors: Guillon Jean-Marie 
Published: September 2013

Les « bauxiteurs », ce sont les exploitants des carrières et mines de bauxite dont l’essentiel de la production se situe dans le sud de la France et surtout dans le Var. Peu homogènes en dépit de leur petit nombre, ces exploitants, contrôlés par de grandes compagnies internationales, ont attendu le Front populaire pour s’organiser en syndicat. Ce sont les débats au sein du syndicat que ce texte étudie. La période 1940-1944 met cette organisation à rude épreuve puisque la bauxite – produit hautement stratégique – est l’objet d’une partie de bras de fer entre les intérêts allemands et les Français. En arrière-fond, tout au long de la période, pèse l’influence déterminante d’Alais, Froges et Camargue (AFC) – Pechiney – qui contrôle le marché français de l’aluminium et dont la mainmise sur la bauxite va s’affirmer ouvertement au sortir de la guerre. Né de circonstances qui impliquaient une solidarité relative, le syndicat des « bauxiteurs » se défait dans le contexte de l’Occupation, alors que l’avenir de la production se joue, de fait, ailleurs.
The Transcription Factor T-bet Regulates Parasitemia and Promotes Pathogenesis duringPlasmodium bergheiANKA Murine Malaria
Authors: Oakley Miranda S. , Sahu Bikash R. , Lotspeich-Cole Leda , Solanki Nehal R. , Majam Victoria , Pham Phuong Thao , Banerjee Rajdeep , Kozakai Yukiko , Derrick Steven C. , Kumar Sanjai , Morris Sheldon L. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) is an immunologic process, mediated in part by Th1 CD4+ T cells. However, the role of the Th1 CD4+ T cell differentiation program on the ability to control parasitemia and susceptibility to ECM disease during blood stage malaria has never been assessed directly. Using the Plasmodium berghei ANKA murine model of ECM and mice deficient for the transcription factor T-bet (the master regulator of Th1 cells) on the susceptible C57BL/6 background, we demonstrate that although T-bet plays a role in the regulation of parasite burden, it also promotes the pathogenesis of ECM. T-bet−deficient (Tbx21−/−) mice had higher parasitemia than wild type controls did during the ECM phase of disease (17.7 ± 3.1% versus 10.9 ± 1.5%). In addition, although 100% (10/10) of wild type mice developed ECM by day 9 after infection, only 30% (3/10) of Tbx21−/− mice succumbed to disease during the cerebral phase of infection. Resistance to ECM in Tbx21−/− mice was associated with diminished numbers of IFN-γ–producing CD4+ T cells in the spleen and a lower accumulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the brain. An augmented Th2 immune response characterized by enhanced production of activated GATA-3+ CD4+ T cells and elevated levels of the eotaxin, MCP-1, and G-CSF cytokines was observed in the absence of T-bet. Our results suggest that in virulent malarias, immune modulation or therapy resulting in an early shift toward a Th2 response may help to ameliorate the most severe consequences of malaria immunopathogenesis and the prospect of host survival.
Increased Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 Signaling Promotes Age-Related Decline in CD4 T Cell Signaling and Function
Authors: Perkey Eric , Fingar Diane , Miller Richard A. , Garcia Gonzalo G. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
CD4 T cell function declines significantly during aging. Although the mammalian target of rapamycin (TOR) has been implicated in aging, the roles of the TOR complexes (TORC1, TORC2) in the functional declines of CD4 T cells remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that aging increases TORC2 signaling in murine CD4 T cells, a change blocked by long-term exposure to rapamycin, suggesting that functional defects may be the result of enhanced TORC2 function. Using overexpression of Rheb to activate TORC1 and Rictor plus Sin1 to augment TORC2 in naive CD4 T cells from young mice, we demonstrated that increased TORC2, but not TORC1, signaling results in aging-associated biochemical changes. Furthermore, elevated TORC2 signaling in naive CD4 T cells from young mice leads to in vivo functional declines. The data presented in this article suggest a novel model in which aging increases TORC2 signaling and leads to CD4 T cell defects in old mice.
Syndecan-1, a Cell Surface Proteoglycan, Negatively Regulates Initial Leukocyte Recruitment to the Brain across the Choroid Plexus in Murine Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Zhang Xueli , Wu Chuan , Song Jian , Götte Martin , Sorokin Lydia 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan, syndecan-1, has been reported to be a negative regulator of various inflammatory processes, but its precise mode of action is poorly defined. In this study, we use the murine model of the 35–55 peptide of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein–induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a T lymphocyte–mediated inflammation where the steps in disease development and recovery are well characterized, to decipher how syndecan-1 impacts on the inflammatory reaction. Syndecan-1 knockout (Sdc-1−/−) mice show enhanced disease severity and impaired recovery. The use of bone marrow chimeric mice reveals that both an immune cell and a CNS-resident source of syndecan-1 contribute to this phenotype. Epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, where initial CCL20-induced leukocyte recruitment to the brain occurs, are identified as the predominant site of syndecan-1 expression. Syndecan-1 is lost from this site during the course of EAE by shedding into the cerebrospinal fluid, which correlates with loss of epithelial cell surface–bound CCL20 and is associated with the upregulation of IL-6 expression. In Sdc-1−/− mice, early leukocyte recruitment via the choroid plexus is enhanced, and IL-6 is elevated, which collectively results in higher numbers of the disease inducing Th17 cells in the CNS, thereby contributing to enhanced disease severity. Furthermore, Sdc-1−/− mice have intrinsically elevated plasma cell numbers and higher myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein–specific Ab levels during EAE, which we propose contributes to impaired recovery. Our data identify the choroid plexus epithelium as a novel source of IL-6 in EAE and demonstrate that its expression negatively correlates with syndecan-1 expression at this site.
Global burden of HIV/AIDS in 2004 resulting from alcohol attributable non-adherence to medication regimes
Authors: Shield Kevin David , Shuper Paul A , Gmel Gerrit , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: October 2013

Shield, K. D., Shuper, P. A., Gmel, G. & Rehm, J. (2013). Global burden of HIV/AIDS in 2004 resulting from non-adherence to medication regimes and alcohol-attributable non-adherence to medication regimes. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 2(1), 19-44. doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.52 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.52)Aims: Using novel methodology, this article aims to quantify the number of HIV/AIDS-related deaths and the potential years of life lost (PYLL) in 2004 resulting from non-adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART) and non-adherence to ART due to alcohol consumption.Design: HIV/AIDS-related deaths and PYLL attributable to non-adherence to ART and attributable specifically to non-adherence due to alcohol consumption were calculated using attributable fractions. These fractions were based on new risk modeling methodology, which combines estimates of the mortality of those people currently adhering to ART, the mortality attributable to non-adherence to ART, and the proportion of those people not adhering to ART because of alcohol consumption.Measurements: Data on alcohol indicators were obtained from the Comparative Risk Assessment study, data on deaths and PYLL were obtained from the World Health Organization, and ART indicators were obtained from UNAIDS.Findings: In 2004, for people 15 years of age and older, 67,000 (95% CI: 62,000–72,000) deaths and 1,608,000 (95% CI: 1,491,000–1,725,000) PYLL were caused by non-adherence to ART, of which 8,000 (95% CI: 3,000–13,000) HIV/AIDS-related deaths and 187,000 (95% CI: 70,000–304,000) HIV/AIDS-related PYLL were attributable to alcohol consumption.Conclusions: As the burden of disease for HIV/AIDS-related deaths attributable to non-adherence to ART and attributable to alcohol consumption is non-trivial, additional research is required to examine the effectiveness of different interventions aimed at reducing alcohol consumption among people with HIV/AIDS and at increasing adherence to ART among both drinkers and non- drinkers.
Leveraging Habits to Improve Adherence to Gout Medications: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Crum Katherine L. , Choudhry Niteesh K. , Fontanet Constance , Sears Ellen S. , Hanken Kaitlin , Lauffenburger Julie C. , Mastrorilli Julianna , Oduol Theresa , Vine Seanna , Bhatkhande Gauri , Oran Rebecca , Robertson Ted , Wood Wendy , Feldman Candace H. 
Published: July 2024

ObjectiveThis study investigates patients’ medication‐taking routines and the feasibility of harnessing habit formation through context cues and rewards to improve medication adherence.MethodsSemistructured qualitative interviews with patients with gout from an urban health care system were conducted to explore typical medication‐taking behavior, experiences using electronic pill bottles, barriers to adherence, existing context cues, and potential cues and rewards for habit‐forming behavior. Medication‐taking patterns were recorded for six weeks using electronic pill bottles before interviews to inform discussion. Transcribed interviews were analyzed to generate themes using codes developed by the study team, with representative quotations selected as illustrations.ResultsWe conducted interviews with 15 individuals (mean age 60.6 [SD 20.3] years, three women [20%], and nine White patients [60%]). Pill bottle–recorded adherence to urate‐lowering therapy (ULT) was high (mean 0.91 [SD 0.10]), and one patient was experiencing an active gout flare. Five key themes emerged: (1) reasons for nonadherence, (2) internal and external motivations for adherence, (3) structured routines around taking medications, (4) rewards for good medication adherence, and (5) the role of pill cap technology in medication‐taking.ConclusionThe importance of a predictable, structured routine in which participants could incorporate their medication‐taking behavior emerged as a key factor that promoted consistent adherence. Further, identifying context cues and reminders seemed to promote incorporation of medication‐taking into routines. Therefore, habit‐based interventions that use context cues to establish routines around medication‐taking may be a feasible strategy to improve adherence in patients with chronic conditions such as gout.
Signal Regulatory Protein α Expression in Systemic Vasculitis
Authors: Banerjee Shubhasree , Rose Eileen , Panicker Sandip , Dugan John , Khalidi Nader , Koening Curry L. , Langford Carol A. , Monach Paul A. , Pagnoux Christian , McAlear Carol A. , Merkel Peter A. ,   for the Vasculitis Clinical Research Consortium
Published: July 2024

ObjectiveSignal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) is found primarily on myeloid cells, including macrophages and neutrophils; binds to CD47; and regulates phagocytosis, antigen presentation, cellular fusion, cell proliferation, and migration. Therefore, SIRPα may be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including systemic vasculitis. This study aimed to assess SIRPα expression in tissue samples from patients with vasculitis.MethodsImmunohistochemical staining for SIRPα was performed on temporal artery (TA), kidney, and lung biopsy samples from patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA), patients with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), and patients without vasculitis. A score of SIRPα+ expression was calculated, derived from the percentages of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells and neutrophils with different staining intensities in affected tissues.ResultsA total of 46 samples from patients with different vasculitides (GCA, MPA, and GPA) were included in the study. Tissue samples included TA samples from 15 patients with GCA; kidney samples from 11 and 9 patients with GPA and MPA, respectively; and lung samples from 11 patients with GPA. Most tissue samples from patients with active vasculitis (15 of 15 TA samples, 17 of 20 kidney samples, and 9 of 11 lung samples) showed SIRPα staining. SIRPα staining intensity was less in kidney samples compared to TA and lung samples.ConclusionThis study demonstrates high‐level expression of SIRPα in macrophages and monocytes in affected tissue in systemic vasculitis. These findings provide a foundation for further studies exploring the role of the SIRPα–CD47 pathway in the pathogenesis of systemic vasculitis and the potential for the blockade of SIRPα and/or the depletion of SIRPα+ cells as treatment of systemic vasculitis.
Composite‐observer‐based asynchronous control for hidden Markov nonlinear systems with disturbances
Authors: Cheng Weidi , He Shuping , Wang Hai , Sun Changyin 
Published: July 2024

SummaryIn this article, an asynchronous adaptive tracking control approach is presented for a type of hidden Markov jump nonlinear systems with external disturbances. In this joint jump process model, hidden Markov model signifies the dynamics of the actual system, whereas the signal emits from the detector symbolizes the transmitted information. This leads to the phenomenon of asynchronization between the modes of the system and that of the controller. Accordingly, an asynchronous observer is developed by using the mode information from the detector to develop an asynchronous control approach. The observer contains a disturbance estimation part, to compensate the unknown external inputs. Utilizing the backstepping scheme, a strict‐feedback asynchronous tracking controller is formulated, guaranteeing that all signals within the closed‐loop system are semi‐globally uniformly ultimately bounded in probability. Finally, the validity of the presented methodology is illustrated by means of a simulation example.
Integrating the Stimuli‐Responsiveness of Microparticles via Matrix Embedding for Smart Soft Materials with Customized Switchable Properties
Authors: Liu Mingzhu , Jin Binjie , Liu Mingjie 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSmart soft materials are the focus of extensive research efforts due to their potential applications in various fields. Inspired by nature, embedding smart micro‐inclusions in a soft substrate provides a feasible strategy to integrate the smartness of individual microparticles for creating smart materials at the macroscale, broadening the capabilities and applications of smart soft materials. This strategy decouples the design of intelligence and substrate materials, leading to a broader design space for both the smartness and the mechanical properties of the composites. In this Perspective, recent advances in creating smart soft materials using smart microparticles are summarized. The methods developed to construct composites of microparticles in a soft matrix are first introduced, followed by detailed discussions on the material compositions, stimuli and responsiveness, and properties of individual microparticles and the composite systems. Various applications based on advanced functionalities and capabilities that are enabled by those smart soft materials are highlighted. This study also points out research directions to further advance unconventional smart soft materials following this bioinspired approach.
12‐Ah‐Level Li‐Ion Pouch Cells Enabling Fast Charging at Temperatures between −20 and 50 °C
Authors: Wang Lei , Yu Fu‐Da , Que Lan‐Fang , Zhang Xiang‐Gong , Xie Ke‐Yu 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAchieving fast‐charging capabilities in Li‐ion batteries (LIBs)—charging 80% of the battery capacity within 15 minutes—while maintaining an acceptable cycle life remains challenging due to various polarizations occurring at elevated charge rates. Such a goal is more tough at subzero, as temperature reduction slows the kinetics process including electrolyte mass transport and electrode charge transfer, substantially increasing the risk of lithium plating. Herein, it is found that adding LiFSI to a LiPF6 carbonate‐based electrolyte alters the Li+ solvation structure, endowing the dual‐salt electrolyte with a higher Li+ diffusion coefficient and lower desolvation energy. Benefit from the smaller structural change and the formation of a robust, conductive solid electrolyte interphase, the 12Ah‐pouch cells based on LiNi0.52Co0.2Mn0.28O2 cathodes and graphite anodes demonstrate fast‐charging capabilities and stable cycling performance across a wide temperature range of −20 to 50 ℃: charging 89% and 93% of pouch cell capacity within 4 minutes at 25 and 50 ℃ and 82% within 15 minutes at −20 ℃, maintaining capacity retention of 94% after 2000 cycles at 8C at 0 ℃ and 89% after 350 cycles at −20 ℃ at 4C. This work might offer new insights into enhancing the fast‐charging capabilities of LIBs under extreme conditions.
Visible‐Light Responsive Ionic Columnar Self‐Assemblies Exhibiting Fast Photothermal Energy Conversion at Room‐Temperature
Authors: Gupta Monika , Krishna KM Abhinand , Sony Simran , Dhingra Shallu 
Published: July 2024

AbstractA visible‐light responsive ionic liquid crystalline (LC) system based on gallic ester and tetra‐ortho‐substituted azobenzene is designed and synthesized. All the prepared derivatives exhibit columnar hexagonal mesophases at room temperature either in their pristine form or on cooling from isotropic states. The strategic design of these molecules allows for rapid photoisomerization, which is further aided by the dynamic LC phase. These systems attains photostationary states (PSSs) within 5 min of charging and discharging. The maximum Z conversion on charging in the solid‐state at room‐temperature is ≈80% with a highest temperature rise of 9.1 °C on discharging. This new molecular design enables the efficient working of solar thermal fuels (STFs) even in low sunlight intensity conditions, potentially promoting widespread adoption for mitigating global energy demands.
Surface‐Grafted Biocompatible Polymer Conductors for Stable and Compliant Electrodes for Brain Interfaces
Authors: Blau Rachel , Russman Samantha M. , Qie Yi , Shipley Wade , Lim Allison , Chen Alexander X. , Nyayachavadi Audithya , Ah Louis , Abdal Abdulhameed , Esparza Guillermo L. , Edmunds Samuel J. , Vatsyayan Ritwik , Dunfield Sean P. , Halder Moumita , Jokerst Jesse V. , Fenning David P. , Tao Andrea R. , Dayeh Shadi A. , Lipomi Darren J. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDurable and conductive interfaces that enable chronic and high‐resolution recording of neural activity are essential for understanding and treating neurodegenerative disorders. These chronic implants require long‐term stability and small contact areas. Consequently, they are often coated with a blend of conductive polymers and are crosslinked to enhance durability despite the potentially deleterious effect of crosslinking on the mechanical and electrical properties. Here the grafting of the poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene) scaffold, poly(styrenesulfonate)‐b‐poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate block copolymer brush to gold, in a controlled and tunable manner, by surface‐initiated atom‐transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) is described. This “block‐brush” provides high volumetric capacitance (120 F cm─3), strong adhesion to the metal (4 h ultrasonication), improved surface hydrophilicity, and stability against 10 000 charge–discharge voltage sweeps on a multiarray neural electrode. In addition, the block‐brush film showed 33% improved stability against current pulsing. This approach can open numerous avenues for exploring specialized polymer brushes for bioelectronics research and application.
Plant‐Based Shape Memory Cryogel for Hemorrhage Control
Authors: Deng J. , Zhao Z. , Yeo X.Y. , Yang C. , Yang J. , Ferhan A.R. , Jin B. , Oh C. , Jung S. , Suresh S. , Cho N.‐J. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe escalating global demand for sustainable manufacturing, motivated by concerns over energy conservation and carbon footprints, encounters challenges due to insufficient renewable materials and arduous fabrication procedures to fulfill specific requirements in medical and healthcare systems. Here, biosafe pollen cryogel is engineered as effective hemostats without additional harmful crosslinkers to treat deep noncompressible wounds. A straightforward and low‐energy approach is involved in forming stable macroporous cryogel, benefiting from the unique micro‐hierarchical structures and chemical components of non‐allergenic plant pollen. It is demonstrated that the pollen cryogel exhibits rapid water/blood‐triggered shape‐memory properties within 2 s. Owing to their inherent nano/micro hierarchical structure and abundant chemical functional groups on the pollen surface, the pollen cryogel shows effective hemostatic performance in a mouse liver penetration model, which is easily removed after usage. Overall, the self‐crosslinking pollen cryogel in this work pioneers a framework of potential clinical applications for the first‐hand treatment on deep noncompressible wounds.