bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A rightward shift of the distribution of fasting and post‐load glucose in northern Sweden between 1990 and 2009 and its predictors. Data from the Northern Sweden MONICA study
Authors: Lilja M. , Eliasson M. , Eriksson M. , Söderberg S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimsMost Swedish studies show stable diabetes prevalence despite increasing obesity, but glucose levels may shift upwards below the diagnostic threshold for diabetes. Our aim was to explore trends in glucose distribution in northern Sweden; whether these trends were uniformly distributed throughout the spectrum of glucose concentrations; and to relate trends to traditional risk factors and the obesity‐related adipokine leptin.MethodsThe project consisted of four cross‐sectional surveys between 1990 and 2009, with 7069 participants aged 25–64 years. The overall participation rate was 74.4%. Trend analyses of glucose concentrations along the entire distribution and linear regression in relation to survey years and risk markers were used.ResultsFasting and post‐load glucose increased in women (both P < 0.001) and post‐load glucose in men (P = 0.004). The increase was seen in most deciles of glucose concentrations. The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance doubled in women to 14.5% and tripled in men to 10.1% (both P = 0.004). The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose rose in women from 4.5 to 7.7% (P < 0.001). The prevalence of diabetes was unchanged—6.4% in 2009. In men, leptin, together with traditional risk factors, explained 7.8 and 10.8% of the variance in fasting (P = 0.008) and post‐load (P < 0.001) glucose, respectively.ConclusionsIncreasing fasting and post‐load glucose concentrations were seen in most deciles of the glucose distribution, indicating a shift in the entire population. Leptin was significantly associated with fasting and post‐load glucose in men.
Enhanced carbohydrate craving in patients with poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Yu J. H. , Shin M. S. , Kim D. J. , Lee J. R. , Yoon S.‐Y. , Kim S. G. , Koh E. H. , Lee W. J. , Park J.‐Y. , Kim M.‐S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimsAlthough hyperphagia is a common manifestation of diabetes mellitus, data on food craving in patients with diabetes are limited. This study compared food craving in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and a control group without diabetes.MethodsA total of 210 subjects (105 with Type 2 diabetes and 105 age‐, sex‐ and BMI‐matched control subjects) participated in two food craving surveys. The surveys were as follows: the General Food Cravings Questionnaire—Trait, which assesses the general trait of food craving; and the Food Cravings Questionnaire—State, which assesses the state of food craving or current desire for high‐carbohydrate or high‐fat foods in response to pictures of food. Follow‐up Food Cravings Questionnaire—State surveys were administered approximately 3 months later to the subjects with diabetes. Survey results were analysed to assess relationships between food craving and glycaemic control.ResultsThe General Food Cravings Questionnaire—Trait scores in the group with Type 2 diabetes and the control group were not significantly different. The group with Type 2 diabetes had higher carbohydrate craving scores, but lower fat craving scores, than the control group. Carbohydrate craving scores in subjects with diabetes were positively correlated with HbA1c. In follow‐up surveys, carbohydrate craving scores declined in patients with improved glycaemic control.ConclusionsThe surveys showed that patients with Type 2 diabetes had higher carbohydrate cravings and lower fat cravings than the age‐, sex‐ and BMI‐matched control group. Carbohydrate craving in patients with diabetes was associated with poor glycaemic control.
Investigation of known estimated glomerular filtration rate loci in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Deshmukh H. A. , Palmer C. N. A. , Morris A. D. , Colhoun H. M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimsTo replicate the association of genetic variants with estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albuminuria, which has been found in recent genome‐wide studies in patients with Type 2 diabetes.MethodsWe evaluated 16 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms for estimated GFR in 3028 patients with Type 2 diabetes sampled from clinics across Tayside, Scotland, UK, who were included in the Genetics of Diabetes Audit and Research Tayside (GoDARTs) study. These single nucleotide polymorphisms were tested for their association with estimated GFR at entry to the study, with albuminuria, and with time to stage 3B chronic kidney disease (estimated GFR<45 ml/min/1.73 m2). We also stratified the effects on estimated GFR in patients with (n = 2096) and without albuminuria (n = 613).Resultsrs1260326 in GCKR (β=1.30, P = 3.23E‐03), rs17319721 in SHROOM3 (β = −1.28, P‐value = 3.18E‐03) and rs12917707 in UMOD (β = 2.0, P‐value = 8.84E‐04) were significantly associated with baseline estimated GFR. Analysis of effects on estimated GFR, stratified by albuminuria status, showed that in those without albuminuria (normoalbuminura; n = 613), UMOD had a significantly stronger effect on estimated GFR (βnormo = 4.03 ± 1.23 vs βalbuminuria = 1.72 ± 0.76, P = 0.002) compared with those with albuminuria, while GCKR (βnormo = 0.45 ± 0.89 vs βalbuminuria = 1.12 ± 0.55, P = 0.08) and SHROOM3 (βnormo = −0.07 ± 0.89 vs βalbuminuria = −1.43 ± 0.53, P = 0.003) had a stronger effect on estimated GFR in those with albuminuria. UMOD was also associated with a lower rate of transition to stage 3B chronic kidney disease (hazard ratio = 0.83[0.70, 0.99], P = 0.03).ConclusionThe genetic variants that regulate estimated GFR in the general population tend to have similar effects in patients with Type 2 diabetes and in this latter population, it is important to adjust for albuminuria status while investigating the genetic determinants of renal function.
Validation of the German Diabetes Risk Score within a population‐based representative cohort
Authors: Hartwig S. , Kuss O. , Tiller D. , Greiser K. H. , Schulze M. B. , Dierkes J. , Werdan K. , Haerting J. , Kluttig A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimTo validate the German Diabetes Risk Score within the population‐based cohort of the Cardiovascular Disease – Living and Ageing in Halle (CARLA) study.MethodsThe sample included 582 women and 719 men, aged 45–83 years, who did not have diabetes at baseline. The individual risk of every participant was calculated using the German Diabetes Risk Score, which was modified for 4 years of follow‐up. Predicted probabilities and observed outcomes were compared using Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit tests and receiver–operator characteristic analyses. Changes in prediction power were investigated by expanding the German Diabetes Risk Score to include metabolic variables and by subgroup analyses.ResultsWe found 58 cases of incident diabetes. The median 4‐year probability of developing diabetes based on the German Diabetes Risk Score was 6.5%. The observed and predicted probabilities of developing diabetes were similar, although estimation was imprecise owing to the small number of cases, and the Hosmer–Lemeshow test returned a poor correlation (chi‐squared = 55.3; P = 5.8*10‐12). The area under the receiver–operator characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.70 (95% CI 0.64–0.77), and after excluding participants ≥66 years old, the AUC increased to 0.77 (95% CI 0.70–0.84). Consideration of glycaemic diagnostic variables, in addition to self‐reported diabetes, reduced the AUC to 0.65 (95% CI 0.58–0.71). A new model that included the German Diabetes Risk Score and blood glucose concentration (AUC 0.81; 95% CI 0.76–0.86) or HbA1c concentration (AUC 0.84; 95% CI 0.80–0.91) was found to peform better.ConclusionsApplication of the German Diabetes Risk Score in the CARLA cohort did not reproduce the findings in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Potsdam study, which may be explained by cohort differences and model overfit in the latter; however, a high score does provide an indication of increased risk of diabetes.
Examining Critical Junctures in Macroeconomic Policy in Nondemocratic States:Algeria andJordan in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Hogan John , Cavatorta Francesco 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe article uses the critical junctures framework in examining changes in macroeconomic policy inAlgeria andJordan during the late 1980s to determine if these policy changes constituted critical junctures. Both cases are significantly different from those studied previously using the framework, as neither state was a liberal democracy. The absence of democracy, and as a consequence of accountability, is a factor with which the critical junctures framework has not previously had to contend. This study will also enable us determine if the framework is sufficiently robust to be applied to the examination of macroeconomic policy changes in nondemocratic states. The findings show that in both countries political liberalization did not follow upon economic liberalization, giving lie to the often expressed assumption that economic liberalization and democratization go hand in hand. Instead, as the ruling elites in both countries sought to revive their economies, while maintaining their own positions in society, economic policy reforms required a gesture toward democratization but little else.
Effect of hypolipidemic treatment on emerging risk factors in mixed dyslipidemia: a randomized pilot trial
Authors: Kei Anastazia , Liberopoulos Evangelos , Tellis Kostantinos , Rizzo Manfredi , Elisaf Moses , Tselepis Alexandros 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe effects of different hypolipidemic treatment strategies on emerging atherosclerosis risk factors remain unknown.Materials and methodsThis is a prespecified analysis of a prospective, randomized, open‐label, blinded end point (PROBE) study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01010516). Patients (n = 100) with mixed dyslipidaemia on a standard statin dose who had not achieved lipid targets were randomized to switch to the highest dose of rosuvastatin (40 mg/day) or to add‐on‐statin extended release nicotinic acid (ER‐NA)/laropiprant (LRPT) or to add‐on‐statin micronized fenofibrate for a total of 3 months.ResultsFollowing 3 months of treatment, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size increased equally in all groups. Similarly, all treatments were associated with comparable small dense LDL cholesterol reduction. Apolipoprotein B levels decreased by 15%, 7% and 4% in the rosuvastatin, add‐on ER‐NA/LRPT and add‐on fenofibrate group, respectively (P < 0·01 for all compared with baseline, P < 0·01 for all comparisons between groups). Only add‐on ER‐NA/LRPT was associated with lipoprotein (a) reduction (26%, P < 0·01 compared with baseline). Rosuvastatin monotherapy and add‐on ER‐NA/LRPT groups were associated with 56% and 24% reduction in high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein levels (hsCRP), respectively (P < 0·01 compared with baseline), while add‐on fenofibrate was not associated with changes in hsCRP concentration. Lipoprotein‐associated phospholipase A2 (Lp‐PLA2) activity decreased similarly in both rosuvastatin and add‐on fenofibrate groups, while add‐on ER‐NA/LRPT was associated with a more pronounced Lp‐PLA2 activity reduction. ER‐NA/LRPT was associated with more side effects compared with rosuvastatin and add‐on fenofibrate.ConclusionsAdd‐on ER‐NA/LRPT followed by switch to the highest dose rosuvastatin were associated with more pronounced beneficial modifications in emerging cardiovascular risk factors compared with add‐on fenofibrate in patients with mixed dyslipidaemia.
Aberrant microRNA expression in multiple myeloma
Authors: Dimopoulos Konstantinos , Gimsing Peter , Grønbæk Kirsten 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is a devastating disease with a complex biology, and in spite of improved survivability by novel treatment strategies over the last decade, MM is still incurable by current therapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non‐coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at a post‐transcriptional level. More than half of all protein coding genes are estimated to be controlled by miRNAs, and their expression is frequently deregulated in many diseases, including cancer. Recent studies have reported aberrant miRNA expression patterns in MM, and the function of individual miRNAs in MM has been investigated in detail in cell culture and animal models. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of miRNAs in MM pathogenesis and discuss their potential as prognostic biomarkers and targets for treatment.
Attitudinal Analyses of Toleration and Respect and the Problem of Institutional Applicability
Authors: Lægaard Sune 
Published: April 2013

AbstractToleration and respect are types of relations between different agents. The standard analyses of toleration and respect are attitudinal; toleration and respect require subjects to have appropriate types of attitudes towards the objects of toleration or respect. The paper investigates whether states can sensibly be described as tolerant or respectful in ways theoretically relevantly similar to the standard analyses. This is a descriptive question about the applicability of concepts rather than a normative question about whether, when and why states should be tolerant or respectful. The problem of institutional application is that institutions in general and the state in particular arguably cannot have attitudes of the required kind. This problem is distinct from, and broader than, well‐known problems about whether political toleration is normatively legitimate. To make sense of political toleration or respect, the paper proposes that the analysis of institutional toleration and respect should not be solely agent‐centred (as in attitudinal analyses) or patient‐centred (as in explanations of the good of toleration or respect in terms of the effects of being tolerated or respected). The analysis should also include features about the relation itself. We can describe institutions as tolerant or respectful in a sense relevantly similar to the standard analyses if we focus on the public features of the relation between institutions and citizens or groups, without ascribing attitudes in the problematic sense.
EU Work–Family Policies—Challenging Parental Roles or Reinforcing Gendered Stereotypes?
Authors: Weldon‐Johns Michelle 
Published: April 2013

AbstractShared parenting is premised on both working parents having the right to care. However, the work–family conflict at the EU level has traditionally focused on working mothers. This was reinforced in Hofmann v Barmer Ersatzkasse [1986] 1 CMLR 242 and Commission v Italy [1984] 3 CMLR 169, and in the enactment and application of the Parental Leave Directive 96/34/EC. In both instances, fathers' role in childcare has been secondary, at best, to that of mothers. The question of shared parenting, and enabling all working parents to care, underpins proposals to amend the Pregnant Workers Directive 92/85/EEC and the revised Parental Leave Directive 2010/18/EU. This article examines the development of EU work–family policies with reference to Fineman's notion of family care, and the right to care for all working parents. It considers whether a more defined role for fathers is beginning to emerge or maternal care is further entrenched.
Brittle failure of inclined key‐hole notches in isostatic graphite under in‐plane mixed mode loading
Authors: Lazzarin P. , Berto F. , Ayatollahi M. R. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTIn the present contribution, the fracture behaviour of specimens made of isostatic graphite and weakened by inclined key‐hole notches is investigated. Different loading mixities are considered varying the inclination angle of the notch with respect to the direction of the applied load.The new data permit to enlarge the scarce number of results available in the literature for the same material under prevalent in‐plane shear loading.A criterion based on local energy is used for the fracture assessment to summarise all the data in a single scatter band independent of the notch geometry and mode mixity. The local energy‐based criterion allows to predict with sound accuracy the critical loads of the specimens independent of the mode mixity from pure mode I to prevalent mode II. A final synthesis is reported in the paper, summarising the new data together with previous results on the same material from U‐notched specimens subjected to mode I + II loading.
Mycoplasma genitalium in male urethritis: Diagnosis and treatment in Japan
Authors: Hamasuna Ryoichi 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMale urethritis is a common disease for urologists, with the most common pathogens being, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. When the tests fail to detect these pathogens, the presented urethritis is called non‐chlamydial non‐gonococcal urethritis. Mycoplasma genitalium is one of the pathogens for non‐chlamydial non‐gonococcal urethritis. The test for detecting M. genitalium, which is commercially available in Japan, is not accepted by the Japanese insurance system now. The detection rate of M. genitalium from patients with non‐gonococcal urethritis is 10–20% in Japan. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for M. genitalium showed that macrolide has the strongest activity and the minimum inhibitory concentrations of tetracyclines were not substantially lower. Some kinds of fluoroquinolones, such as sitafloxacin and moxifloxacin, have stronger activities against M. genitalium. For non‐gonococcal urethritis, macrolides and tetracycline are recommended in some guidelines. In clinical studies, tetracyclines are less effective against M. genitalium than azithromycin, and azithromycin regimens including 1 g stat or 2 g stat are now recommended for urethritis with M. genitalium. However, macrolide‐resistant M. genitalium strains have recently emerged and are spreading worldwide. This macrolide‐resistance is closely related to mutations on the 23S rRNA gene. Sitafloxacin and moxifloxacin have shown good efficacies for M. genitalium in some clinical studies. If the azithromycin regimens fail, we must consider the use of fluoroquinolones, such as sitafloxacin, in Japan. The most important issues include the acceptance of M. genitalium examinations by the national insurance system and the individual treatment of C. trachomatis and M. genitalium in the not‐too‐distant future.
Explaining Urban Migration from Mexico City to the USA: Social Networks and Territorial Attachments
Authors: Mendoza Cristóbal 
Published: April 2013

AbstractUsing a representative survey on a municipality in Mexico City, the article explores the relevance of both social networks and place attachments for US migration. By comparing households with and without migrants, the logistic regression models show that social networks make emigration more selective with respect “education”, but less selective regarding “sex” and “marital status”. These results shed new light on the mechanism through which social networks operate in urban settings. Even if a municipality that is very homogeneous in terms of poverty and employment opportunities, variations on the socio‐demographic profile of the would‐be emigrants to the USA are found depending on the household′s social networks. As for territorial variables, the general impression is one of placelessness, apart from attachment to the municipality, but here again social networks act as an intervening variable.
Whither and Whence Hong Kong Migration Studies?
Authors: Bailey Adrian J. , Alex Lau K. L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractOn 1 July 2012, Hong Kong (HK) celebrated the 15th Anniversary of its change of sovereignty to the People's Republic of China (PRC). During this period, migration has diversified greatly. Various new visa categories have been created. People from Mainland China and the rest of the world come to HK for work and settlement and HK people have gone to Mainland and overseas to study and work. To appreciate and better plan the growing diversity of migration to, from, and through HK, this article benchmarks the current legal categorizations of migration and calls for the development of a coherent theoretical approach that can better harmonize research and policy. We believe a transdisciplinary view can help generate the range of evidence needed to plan for diversity, and that this is best coordinated through a new HK Migration Observatory.
Successful coil embolization for life‐threatening hemorrhage in childhood leukemia induction therapy
Authors: Hayakawa Jun , Ueda Takahiro , Fujiwara Yusuke , Ozaki Yusuke , Wakita Satoshi , Maeda Miho , Fukunaga Yoshitaka 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAn 11‐year‐old boy was experienced severe life‐threatening hemorrhage from a branch of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) after acute lymphoblastic leukemia induction therapy. The patient had a history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), diagnosed at 3 years of age. Subsequent to discontinuing his psychotropic medication, the patient’s mental status deteriorated and treatment with midazolam for 3 weeks was necessary to allow the completion of the leukemia induction regimen. On day 51, although there was no indication of thrombocytopenia or a coagulation disorder, the patient began to hemorrhage suddenly from anal with resulting hypovolemic shock, and large‐volume blood transfusion was initiated. Although upper and lower endoscopy failed to determine the location of the hemorrhage, angiography enabled us to determine that it was a branch of the SMA (the middle colic artery #6), and selective arterial embolization was used to arrest the bleeding. There could have been underlying causes, such as, a probable malformation or aneurysm in that area, although there was no indication before or after the event. This is a rare case of arterial hemorrhage from a branch of the SMA that occurred in a pediatric patient idiopathically during the induction therapy of leukemia.
Girl with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis and bronchiectasis: Case report
Authors: Nadeem Montasser , Oni Oluwole A , Ryan Martin , Puri Prem , Coghlan David , Greally Peter 
Published: April 2013

AbstractXanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare chronic inflammatory disorder of the kidney. Infiltration to lung and liver can occur. We present a rare complication of locally invasive XGP extending beyond the diaphragm to the lung to cause bronchiectasis in an adolescent girl with chronic productive cough, weight loss and no urinary symptoms. The patient underwent open left radical nephrectomy, where it was noted that the left kidney lay very high with significant perinephric inflammation and was densely adherent to the diaphragm and partially adherent to the spleen. XGP was confirmed on histology.
Subcutaneous fat necrosis after selective head cooling in an infant
Authors: Kuboi Toru , Kusaka Takashi , Okazaki Kaoru , Kaku Uiko , Kakinuma Ryota , Kondo Masatoshi , Nishida Akira 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy in neonates causes irreversible damage to tissue and organs and results in multiple organ failure and poor outcome. Therapeutic hypothermia is the most effective therapy in neonates with hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy. We report here a case of subcutaneous fat necrosis (SCFN) after therapeutic hypothermia by selective head cooling. Selective head cooling was provided for 72 h after birth. SCFN developed on the patient's cheeks and back at the age of 21 days. Thus, SCFN may be caused by selective head cooling, similarly to whole‐body cooling.