bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase contrast without phase plates and phase rings—optical solutions for improved imaging of phase structures
Authors: Piper Timm , Piper Jörg 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTUsing the optical methods described, phase specimens can be observed with a modified light microscope in enhanced clarity, purified from typical artifacts which are apparent in standard phase contrast illumination. In particular, haloing and shade‐off are absent, lateral and vertical resolution are maximized and the image quality remains constant even in problematic preparations which cannot be well examined in normal phase contrast, such as specimens beyond a critical thickness or covered by obliquely situated cover slips. The background brightness and thus the range of contrast can be continuously modulated and specimens can be illuminated in concentric‐peripheral, axial or paraxial light. Additional contrast effects can be achieved by spectral color separation. Normal glass or mirror lenses can be used; they do not need to be fitted with a phase plate or a phase ring. The methods described should be of general interest for all disciplines using phase microscopy. Microsc. Res. Tech., 76:1050–1056, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tridimensional quantitative porosity characterization of three set calcium silicate‐based repair cements for endodontic use
Authors: De Souza Erika Thuanne Gonçalves , Nunes Tameirão Michele Dias , Roter Juliana Marins , De Assis Joaquim Teixeira , De Almeida Neves Aline , De‐Deus Gustavo André 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe aim of the this study was to quantitatively evaluate in three‐dimensional (3D), the porosity degree of three improved silicate‐based endodontic repair cements (iRoot BP Plus®, Biodentine®, and Ceramicrete) compared to a gold‐standard calcium silicate bioactive cement (Pro Root® MTA). From each tested cement, four samples were prepared by a single operator following the manufacturer's instructions in terms of proportion, time, and mixing method, using cylindrical plastic split‐ring moulds. The moulds were lubricated and the mixed cements were inserted with the aid of a cement spatula. The samples were scanned using a compact micro‐CT device (Skyscan 1174, Bruker micro‐CT, Kontich, Belgium) and the projection images were reconstructed into cross‐sectional slices (NRecon v.1.6.9, Bruker micro‐CT). From the stack of images, 3D models were rendered and the porosity parameters of each tested material were obtained after threshold definition by comparison with standard porosity values of Biodentine®. No statistically significant differences in the porosity parameters among the different materials were seen. Regarding total porosity, iRoot BP Plus® showed a higher percentage of total porosity (9.58%), followed by Biodentine® (7.09%), Pro Root® MTA (6.63%), and Ceramicrete (5.91%). Regarding closed porosity, Biodentine® presented a slight increase in these numbers compared to the other sealers. No significant difference in porosity between iRoot BP Plus®, Biodentine®, and Ceramicrete were seen. In addition, no significant difference in porosity between the new calcium silicate‐containing repair cements and the gold‐standard MTA were found. Microsc. Res. Tech., 76:1093–1098, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid postseismic strength recovery of Pingxi fault gouge from the Longmenshan fault system: Experiments and implications for the mechanisms of high‐velocity weakening of faults
Authors: Yao Lu , Shimamoto Toshihiko , Ma Shengli , Han Raehee , Mizoguchi Kazuo 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSlide‐hold‐slide tests were conducted on gray blackish gouge (GBG) and yellowish gouge (YG) from Pingxi fault zone to see how rapidly the strength of Longmenshan fault recovers after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Twenty dry runs were made at a normal stress of 0.8 MPa, at a seismic slip rate of 1.4 m/s, and with hold time th ranging 0.3–105 s. Results exhibit very rapid healing by more than 0.4 in friction coefficient μ in less than 5–10 s, followed by gradual healing in proportion to log(th). Healing rates, (increase in μ)/(log (th)), during rapid and slow healing are 0.188 and 0.015 for GBG and 0.154 and 0.016 for YG, respectively. The average temperature in the outer half of a 5 µm thick slip zone decreases from 260–300°C to 110–170°C in 5–10 s, and hence, temperature drop appears to be correlated with the rapid healing. Previously reported rapid healing at subseismic slip rates (85–90 mm/s) begins to occur in 10–300 s after the stop of sliding, and this cannot be explained by the cooling of gouge. The difference in healing between subseismic slip rates (delayed and rapid healing) and seismic slip rates (immediate and rapid healing) suggests that the dominant weakening mechanism shifts from tribochemical processes at subseismic slip rates to frictional heating at seismic slip rates. Slip‐zone structures are too complex and variable from run to run to reveal microscopic mechanisms for the strength recovery. Rapid healing following seismic slip can be a cause for reduced aftershocks along major coseismic faults.
Marine ice formation in a suture zone on the Larsen C Ice Shelf and its influence on ice shelf dynamics
Authors: Jansen Daniela , Luckman Adrian , Kulessa Bernd , Holland Paul R. , King Edward C. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAntarctic ice shelves are fed primarily by the glaciers flowing into them. Downstream of promontories separating these glaciers, supercooled water can rise and freeze into suture zones, leading to the accretion of marine ice. Marine ice bodies have been found in several Antarctic ice shelves, but little is known about their detailed geometry, rate of accretion, or influence on ice dynamics. In this study, we investigate marine ice in a suture zone downstream of the Joerg Peninsula in the southern part of the Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula. We present ground penetrating radar data from which we infer the base of the meteoric ice and, in combination with GPS data and assuming hydrostatic equilibrium, estimate marine ice thickness within a suture zone. We show that the Joerg Peninsula suture zone contains marine ice layer, which is increasing in thickness along flow from ~140 m to 180 m over 20 km, implying an average basal accretion rate of ~0.5 m a−1 in our study area. We examined the impact of this inferred marine ice on ice shelf dynamics by modeling the suture zone within an ice flow model. The results, which replicate observed surface velocities and strain rates, show that the warmer and thus softer ice of the suture zone serves to channel shear deformation. This enables decoupling of neighboring flow units with different flow velocities, while maintaining the structural integrity of the ice shelf.
Development of the skull of the Hawksbill Seaturtle, Eretmochelys imbricata
Authors: Sheil Christopher A. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe embryonic development of the cranium of the Hawksbill Seaturtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is described on the basis of cleared and double‐stained specimens. Illustrations and descriptions of the chondrocranium at Stage 25 form the basis of comparison with similar data for the Loggerhead Seaturtle, Caretta caretta. Morphological changes through prehatching ontogeny are described for all dermal and endochondral elements of the skull and jaws, and the sequence of appearance and ossification of these elements are compared with similar data for Chelonia mydas, Natator depressa, and Dermochelys coriacea. Comparisons among suggest that a possible remnant of the dorsal edge of the orbital cartilage remains and represents a portion of the posterior orbital cartilage in C. caretta, representing a novel pattern of development for the posterior orbital cartilage for this species. Anatomy of cartilages of the orbitotemporal region are described for E. imbricata and C. caretta. J. Morphol. 274:1124–1142, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pulsed light inactivation of naturally occurring moulds on wheat grain
Authors: Aron Maftei Nicoleta , Ramos‐Villarroel Ana Y , Nicolau Anca I , Martín‐Belloso Olga , Soliva‐Fortuny Robert 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDPulsed light (PL) is emerging as a non‐thermal technology with excellent prospects for the decontamination of foods and food contact surfaces. Its application for mould inactivation on cereal grains would allow a reduction of storage losses as well as the prevention of mycotoxin contamination at a post‐harvest level. The potential of PL for the decontamination of naturally occurring moulds on wheat grain was investigated in this study.RESULTSTreatments of up to 40 flashes of a fluence of 0.4 J cm−2 per pulse were applied to both sides of the grain, with an overall energy release ranging from 6.4 to 51.2 J g−1. The most powerful treatment applied to wheat in this study (51.2 J g−1) resulted in a mould reduction of approximately 4 log cycles on samples displaying an initial mould contamination level of 2.2 × 105 CFU g−1. At the same time, the seed germination percentage was only slightly affected. For PL treatments causing an inactivation of 3–4 log cycles, only 14–15% of the germination power of the wheat seeds was lost.CONCLUSIONThe PL treatments attained greater microbial reductions for higher treatment times and lower initial mould loads. The absence of the UV portion of the radiation spectrum was found to significantly reduce the treatment effectiveness. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel Methylaluminoxane‐Activated Neodymium Isopropoxide Catalysts for 1,3‐Butadiene Polymerization and 1,3‐Butadiene/Isoprene Copolymerization
Authors: Hu Yanming , Dong Weimin , Masuda Toshio 
Published: July 2013

The homo‐ and copolymerizations of 1,3‐butadiene and isoprene are examined by using neodymium isopropoxide [Nd(Oi‐Pr)3] as a catalyst, in combination with a methylaluminoxane (MAO) cocatalyst. In the homopolymerization of 1,3‐butadiene, the binary Nd(Oi‐Pr)3/MAO catalyst works quite effectively, to afford polymers with high molecular weight ( ≈ 105 g mol‐1), narrow molecular‐weight distribution (MWD) (/ = 1.4–1.6), and cis‐1,4‐rich structure (87–96%). Ternary catalysts that further contain chlorine sources enhance both catalytic activity and cis‐1,4 selectivity. In the copolymerization of 1,3‐butadiene and isoprene, the copolymers feature high , unimodal gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC) profiles, and narrow MWD. Most importantly, the ternary Nd(Oi‐Pr)3/MAO/t‐BuCl catalyst affords a copolymer with high cis‐1,4 content in both monomer units (>95%).
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The anatomical basis of dystonia: Current view using neuroimaging
Authors: Lehéricy Stéphane , Tijssen Marina A.J. , Vidailhet Marie , Kaji Ryuji , Meunier Sabine 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThis review will consider the knowledge that neuroimaging studies have provided to the understanding of the anatomy of dystonia. Major advances have occurred in the use of neuroimaging for dystonia in the past 2 decades. At present, the most developed imaging approaches include whole‐brain or region‐specific studies of structural or diffusion changes, functional imaging using fMRI or positron emission tomography (PET), and metabolic imaging using fluorodeoxyglucose PET. These techniques have provided evidence that regions other than the basal ganglia are involved in dystonia. In particular, there is increasing evidence that primary dystonia can be viewed as a circuit disorder, involving the basal ganglia‐thalamo‐cortical and cerebello‐thalamo‐cortical pathways. This suggests that a better understanding of the dysfunction in each region in the network and their interactions are important topics to address. Current views of interpretation of imaging data as cause or consequence of dystonia, and the postmortem correlates of imaging data are presented. The application of imaging as a tool to monitor therapy and its use as an outcome measure will be discussed. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Genetics of dystonia: What's known? What's new? What's next?
Authors: Lohmann Katja , Klein Christine 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTAlthough all forms of dystonia share the core clinical features of involuntary dystonic dyskinesia, there is not only marked phenotypic but also etiologic heterogeneity. Isolated dystonia can be caused by mutations in TOR1A (DYT1), TUBB4 (DYT4), THAP1 (DYT6), CIZ1 (DYT23), ANO3 (DYT24), and GNAL (DYT25). Combined dystonias (with parkinsonism or myoclonus) are further subdivided into persistent (TAF1 [DYT3], GCHI [DYT5], SGCE [DYT11], ATP1A3 [DYT12]), PRKRA (DYT16), and paroxysmal (MR‐1 [DYT8], PRRT2 [DYT10], SLC2A1 [DYT18]. With the advent of next‐generation sequencing, an unprecedented number of new dystonia genes have recently been described, including 4 in the past 12 months. Despite the need for independent confirmation, these recent findings raise 2 important questions regarding (1) the role of genetics in dystonia overall and (2) the role of different molecular mechanisms in dystonia pathogenesis. The genetic contribution to dystonia represents a continuum ranging from genetic susceptibility factors of small effect to causative genes with markedly reduced penetrance to those with full penetrance. Equally diverse and complex are the pathways and neuronal function(s) putatively involved in dystonia pathogenesis including dopamine signaling, intracellular transport, cytoskeletal dynamics, transcriptional regulation, cell‐cycle control, ion channel function, energy metabolism, signal transduction, and detoxification mechanisms. In the next decade of dystonia research, we expect to see the discovery of additional dystonia genes and susceptibility factors. In this context, it will be of great interest to explore whether the diverse cellular functions of the known dystonia proteins may be linked to shared pathways and thus complete the complex puzzle of dystonia pathogenesis. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Emerging common molecular pathways for primary dystonia
Authors: LeDoux Mark S. , Dauer William T. , Warner Thomas T. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe dystonias are a group of hyperkinetic movement disorders whose principal cause is neuron dysfunction at 1 or more interconnected nodes of the motor system. The study of genes and proteins that cause familial dystonia provides critical information about the cellular pathways involved in this dysfunction, which disrupts the motor pathways at the systems level. In recent years study of the increasing number of DYT genes has implicated a number of cell functions that appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of dystonia. A review of the literature published in English‐language publications available on PubMed relating to the genetics and cellular pathology of dystonia was performed. Numerous potential pathogenetic mechanisms have been identified. We describe those that fall into 3 emerging thematic groups: cell‐cycle and transcriptional regulation in the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope function, and control of synaptic function. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
What's new in surgical treatment for dystonia?
Authors: Moro Elena , Gross Robert E. , Krauss Joachim K. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTIt is now established that pallidal deep brain stimulation (DBS) is effective in the treatment of generalized and segmental primary dystonia, although there is still insufficient evidence to support its benefit in focal and secondary dystonia. Because several studies have demonstrated that pallidal DBS improves quality of life (QoL), reduced QoL and disability that are nonresponsive to medical treatment are probably the main factors guiding the decision to consider surgery. Some studies have indicated that young patients with primary dystonia who have shorter disease duration and less severe dystonia are likely to have the best outcome from DBS. Therefore, surgery should not be delayed when disability and QoL are impaired to the extent that justifies the surgical risk. A case‐by‐case approach is recommended in patients who have secondary dystonia. The globus pallidus internus is considered the best target for dystonia. There are still not enough data about the effectiveness of thalamic, subthalamic nucleus, and premotor cortex stimulation. Targeting with multiple electrodes and intra‐individual comparisons of outcomes may help determine which target would be more beneficial. With regard to the role of lesions, pallidotomy for dystonia is still performed in several countries and can play a role in selected patients. New technologies are already available to improve the stimulation programming for DBS patients and to increase battery longevity. In the near future, it is possible that we will be able to shape stimulation settings according to disease type and symptoms. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Dystonia rating scales: Critique and recommendations
Authors: Albanese Alberto , Sorbo Francesca Del , Comella Cynthia , Jinnah H. A. , Mink Jonathan W. , Post Bart , Vidailhet Marie , Volkmann Jens , Warner Thomas T. , Leentjens Albert F.G. , Martinez‐Martin Pablo , Stebbins Glenn T. , Goetz Christopher G. , Schrag Anette 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTMany rating scales have been applied to the evaluation of dystonia, but only few have been assessed for clinimetric properties. The Movement Disorders Society commissioned this task force to critique existing dystonia rating scales and place them in the clinical and clinimetric context. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify rating scales that have either been validated or used in dystonia. Thirty‐six potential scales were identified. Eight were excluded because they did not meet review criteria, leaving 28 scales that were critiqued and rated by the task force. Seven scales were found to meet criteria to be “recommended”: the Blepharospasm Disability Index is recommended for rating blepharospasm; the Cervical Dystonia Impact Scale and the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale for rating cervical dystonia; the Craniocervical Dystonia Questionnaire for blepharospasm and cervical dystonia; the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) and the Vocal Performance Questionnaire (VPQ) for laryngeal dystonia; and the Fahn‐Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale for rating generalized dystonia. Two “recommended” scales (VHI and VPQ) are generic scales validated on few patients with laryngeal dystonia, whereas the others are disease‐specific scales. Twelve scales met criteria for “suggested” and 7 scales met criteria for “listed.” All the scales are individually reviewed in the online information. The task force recommends 5 specific dystonia scales and suggests to further validate 2 recommended generic voice‐disorder scales in dystonia. Existing scales for oromandibular, arm, and task‐specific dystonia should be refined and fully assessed. Scales should be developed for body regions for which no scales are available, such as lower limbs and trunk. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Engineering animal models of dystonia
Authors: Oleas Janneth , Yokoi Fumiaki , DeAndrade Mark P. , Pisani Antonio , Li Yuqing 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTDystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by abnormal involuntary movements that are prolonged and often cause twisting and turning. Several genetically modified worms, fruit flies, and rodents have been generated as models of genetic dystonias, in particular DYT1, DYT11, and DYT12 dystonias. Although these models do not show overt dystonic symptoms, the rodent models exhibit motor deficits in specialized behavioral tasks, such as the rotarod and beam‐walking tests. For example, in a rodent model of DYT12 dystonia, which is generally stress triggered, motor deficits are observed only after the animal is stressed. Moreover, in a rodent model of DYT1 dystonia, the motor and electrophysiological deficits can be rescued by trihexyphenidyl, a common anticholinergic medication used to treat dystonic symptoms in human patients. Biochemically, the DYT1 and DYT11 animal models also share some similarities to patients, such as a reduction in striatal D2 dopamine receptor and binding activities. In addition, conditional knockout mouse models for DYT1 and DYT11 dystonia demonstrate that loss of the causal dystonia‐related proteins in the striatum leads to motor deficits. Interestingly, loss of the DYT1 dystonia causal protein in Purkinje cells shows an improvement in motor performance, suggesting that gene therapy targeting of the cerebellum or intervention in its downstream pathways may be useful. Finally, recent studies using DYT1 dystonia worm and mouse models led to a potential novel therapeutic agent, which is currently undergoing clinical trials. These results indicate that genetic animal models are powerful tools to elucidate the pathophysiology and to further develop new therapeutics for dystonia. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Comparative biology of sperm factors and fertilization‐induced calcium signals across the animal kingdom
Authors: Kashir Junaid , Deguchi Ryusaku , Jones Celine , Coward Kevin , Stricker Stephen A. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYFertilization causes mature oocytes or eggs to increase their concentrations of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) in all animals that have been examined, and such Ca2+ elevations, in turn, provide key activating signals that are required for non‐parthenogenetic development. Several lines of evidence indicate that the Ca2+ transients produced during fertilization in mammals and other taxa are triggered by soluble factors that sperm deliver into oocytes after gamete fusion. Thus, for a broad‐based analysis of Ca2+ dynamics during fertilization in animals, this article begins by summarizing data on soluble sperm factors in non‐mammalian species, and subsequently reviews various topics related to a sperm‐specific phospholipase C, called PLCζ, which is believed to be the predominant activator of mammalian oocytes. After characterizing initiation processes that involve sperm factors or alternative triggering mechanisms, the spatiotemporal patterns of Ca2+ signals in fertilized oocytes or eggs are compared in a taxon‐by‐taxon manner, and broadly classified as either a single major transient or a series of repetitive oscillations. Both solitary and oscillatory types of fertilization‐induced Ca2+ signals are typically propagated as global waves that depend on Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum in response to increased concentrations of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3). Thus, for taxa where relevant data are available, upstream pathways that elevate intraoocytic IP3 levels during fertilization are described, while other less‐common modes of producing Ca2+ transients are also examined. In addition, the importance of fertilization‐induced Ca2+ signals for activating development is underscored by noting some major downstream effects of these signals in various animals. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 80: 787–815, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.