bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Nitrogen for Extended Reach in Coiled Tubing Operations
Authors: Fiazudeen Mohamed 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In the oil industry, there is always a need to go deeper and cheaper. Coiled tubing's greatest advantage is being able to operate without a rig, cutting costs and time by a great extent. To this day, coiled tubing has been used for many well services like cementing, stimulation, cleanouts, drilling, production, perforation etc. As this technology gains fame and takes the place of the jointed string, the need for its versatility also increases. Coiled tubing is highly used in horizontal wells for its flexibility. Unfortunately, due to its small size, there are higher chances of tubing getting locked up in the process of intervention. To extend its reach, a number of tools and techniques like friction reducers, tapering tubing, tractors etc. have been invented and been used. However, these tools and techniques can only be used on a case by case basis.
This paper introduces buoyancy reduction, one other technique to extend the reach of coiled tubing in horizontal wells. The concept behind this technique is to reduce the net weight of the tubing by creating a buoyancy effect. This is done by pumping a very light fluid into the tubing while intervention to create a large difference in the densities of the annular and the tubular fluids. The higher density of the annular fluid creates a buoyancy effect on the tubing and thus reduces the drag against the well floor. Moreover, the low density fluid also increases the rigidity of the tubing and makes it follow a transverse wave pattern, similar to that of a free flowing garden hose. Both the lower weight and the transversal wave motion of the tubing help it to wriggle its way into the well. In this case, simulations showed an extended reach of 23%.
Each well may need a different technique for extended reach. As per the requirement of the case, a combination of these technologies can be used to reach the planned measured depth. Buoyancy reduction is one other technology that is available for use that is easily implementable at minimal added cost.
A Novel Simulation Model Review Process
Authors: Palke M. R. , Palmer B. A. , Rietz D. C. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Throughout the upstream petroleum industry, reservoir simulation models have become the standard tool used to make a myriad of decisions regarding the development and operation of oil and gas assets including decisions regarding investments and reserves estimates.
Given the variety of decisions that rely on this technology, petroleum engineers are frequently required to opine on how well an unfamiliar model might fit a particular purpose, and how accurate it might be for that purpose. Generally speaking, engineers must go through some sort of review of the model before any opinion of fit and accuracy can be developed.
The authors have written or contributed to several papers that began to address the process for performing such simulation model reviews for various purposes (see Palke and Rietz 2001, and Rietz and Usmani 2005). This paper attempts to advance this work by presenting a systematic and quantitative methodology for performing these reviews, as well as discussing why such reviews are necessary and some of the potential pitfalls encountered while reviewing simulation models.
Martin Linge Extended Well Test: a Key Acquisition for the Field Development Decision
Authors: Boutaud de la Combe Jean-Luc , Kvinnsland Steinar , Marmier Remy , Morante-Gout Jenny 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The Martin Linge field was discovered in the 1970's but never developed due to a number of uncertainties. The complex structural settings of the Brent reservoirs was the main issue: transmissibility through the numerous faults has a direct impact on the number and type of development wells required for an appropriate drainage of the field, hence on the economy of the project
In 2009/2010 Total drilled an innovative appraisal well to de-risk this challenging development. The primary objective was to evaluate the dynamic connectivity through faults on the Upper Brent level of Martin Linge East with an Extended Well Test (EWT)
A program for the EWT (6 months duration), was defined and implemented in order to ensure conclusive results for the development strategy.
The well design included an innovative completion system with acoustic wireless down-hole gauges and a communication system to transfer the pressure data up to sub-sea well-head and then to shore via a communication link. This made it possible to obtain extended pressure build-up data after the rig had left. The test targeted the uppermost Brent reservoir of Balta only.
Analytical models were used to evaluate the investigated volume. This volume turned out to be significantly greater than the Balta reservoir accumulation, proving that the faults allow communication not only laterally but also vertically with the underlying Upper Brent Tarbert reservoir.
Due to the structural complexity of the field and the large investigation, the Eclipse reservoir model was also used to match the EWT data with the earth model. The EWT simulations in this model highlight the high lateral and vertical connectivity through major faults
Thanks to the EWT results, a marginal field was successfully turned into a robust development project
Study of the Effect of Different Factors on Nanoparticle-Stablized CO2 Foam for Mobility Control
Authors: Mo Di , Yu Jianjia , Liu Ning , Lee Robert 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This paper describes a s eries of nanoparticle-stabilized CO2-foam flow experiments performed at reservoir conditions of 20°C and 1200 psig. The generation of CO2 foam was observed in an online sapphire tube. Pressure drop across the core was measured to estimate the fluid mobility and foam resistance factor. Results from the experiments show that stable CO2 foam was generated when CO2 and nanosilica dispersion flowed through a core sample. CO2 foam can be generated with the nanosilica concentration as low as 100 ppm. With the increase of nanosilica concentration, foam mobility decreased and the foam resistance factor increased. It was also observed that the foam mobility decreased with increasing foam quality from 20% to 60% and then increased as the foam quality increased from 60% to 80%. The effects of flow rate on foam mobility indicated that CO2 foam mobility decreased with the flow rate increasing from 60ml/h to 160ml/h.
Sourceless Neutron-Gamma Density SNGD: A Radioisotope-Free Bulk Density Measurement: Physics Principles, Environmental Effects, and Applications
Authors: Evans Mike , Allioli Frangoise , Cretoiu Valentin , Haranger Fabien , Laporte Nicolas , Mauborgne Marie-Laure , Nicoletti Luisa , Reichel Nicole , Stoller Christian , Tarrius Mathieu , Griffiths Roger 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
For many years there has been a need to find an alternative to the radioisotope-based gamma-gamma density (GGD) measurement. The traditional GGD measurement uses the scattering of 662-keV gamma rays from a 137Cs radioisotopic source to determine formation density. A statistically precise measurement requires a 40-GBq or higher source strength and such a logging source, with a 30.17-year half-life, may pose health, security, and environmental risks.
Pulsed-neutron generators have been used in the industry for several decades in wireline tools and more recently in logging-while-drilling tools. These generators produce 14-MeV neutrons, many of which interact with the nuclei in the formation through inelastic collisions. These inelastic interactions are typically followed by the emission of a variety of high- energy gamma rays. Similar to the case of the GGD measurement, the transport and attenuation of these gamma rays is a strong function of the formation density. However, the gamma-ray source is now distributed over a volume within the formation, where gamma rays have been induced by neutron interactions and the source can no longer be considered to be a point as in the case of a radioisotopic source. In addition, the extent of the induced source region depends on the transport of the fast neutrons from the source to the point of gamma-ray production.
Even though the physics is more complex, it is possible to measure the formation density if the fast neutron transport is taken into account when deriving the density answer. This paper reviews the physics underlying the sourceless neutron-gamma density (SNGD) measurement, explains the various facets of the algorithm used for its computation and details the different environmental effects that may influence the measurement.
The successful application of the method is shown in several log examples.
Use of Brown-Field Experimental Design Methods for Post-Processing Conventional History Match Results
Authors: King Gregory R. , Jones Matthew , Tankersley Terrell , Flodin Eric , Jenkins Steve , Zhumagulova Akmaral , Eaton Wanda , Bateman Phil , Laidlaw Chris , Fitzmorris Robert , Ma Xialin , Dagistanova Kymbat 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Brown-field Experimental Design (ED) was successfully applied to a super-giant oilfield to generate probabilistic (P10, P50, and P90) models to define the range of field performance and to mitigate the non-uniqueness in reservoir simulation. A recent trend in reservoir simulation has been to apply probabilistic modeling, such as, brown-field ED to develop multiple (P10, P50, and P90) models. Unfortunately, these probabilistic models are also non-unique because multiple input combinations can be used to generate the probabilistic responses observed during ED.
The non-uniqueness of the probabilistic models may impact their usefulness in certain circumstances. For example, if these models are used to develop short-term signposts for long-term reservoir behavior, then the models may be influenced by the selection of reservoir data (e.g., a P10 model with one combination of input may have a different short-term "signature" than an alternate P10 model despite giving comparable P10 recovery). Also, the degree of success of a downside-mitigation (or upside-capture) strategy, and its ranking with other such strategies may be influenced by the input chosen to develop the models.
For the super-giant Tengiz oilfield, brown-field ED was applied to a conventional history match with the primary objective of creating probabilistic models. Additionally, we developed tools to design multiple deterministic models with specific physical interpretations. With these deterministic models we can identify the signatures for specific reservoir phenomenon, such as, minimum/maximum OOIP, minimum/maximum compartmentalization, minimum/maximum reservoir energy, etc. All models built with these tools yield acceptable visual and quantitative history matches.
In this paper we discuss how brown-field ED was used to post-process a conventional history match. We present a case study for the use of brown-field ED methods and illustrate the proposed approach to mitigate the non-unique nature of reservoir simulation. While the impact non-uniqueness can be mitigated, we also recognized that it can never be completely eliminated.
Integration of 4D Seismic Monitoring Results as History Match Indicators for Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Ali Amna , Verdiére Sophie , Brechet Emmanuelle , Corpel Vincent , Agar Elodie , Cailly Frederic , Billon Olivier 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
4D seismic has been utilised on several fields for improved reservoir monitoring and management. There have been ongoing efforts to incorporate 4D seismic interpretation results as standard monitoring parameters and encouraging results have been achieved for the integration of this data for reservoir dynamic analysis. This paper presents new methodologies and applications for the use of 4D seismic monitoring inferences as history match indicators for different dynamic realisations.
Matching the historical performance of a reservoir is a time-consuming task with a non-unique solution and hence the inherent uncertainty questions the credibility of forecasted results. Experimental design workflows take into account the influence of multiple parameters and their inter-dependency to assess the impact of the uncertainties on business decisions. The history match quality of a range of realisations has generally been assessed in terms of water breakthrough times, pressures, production rates, FPWD (formation pressure while drilling) data and other monitoring measurements such as PLT (production logging tool) data. As 4D seismic acquisition is becoming a standard monitoring technology for many fields, efforts have been devoted to obtain increased benefit from this data for the history matching process and it is now being used to assess the history match quality of a range of dynamic realisations and improve the response surface modelling.
The monitoring parameters obtained from 4D seismic are case-specific. A turbidite water-flood field is considered here and the match of the simulated vs. observed flood-fronts from 4D seismic are used as a new parameter amongst others to assess the history match of multiple simulation runs. The flood-fronts are obtained as 3D geobodies from 4D seismic attribute interpretation. The interpretations are validated with geology and analytical integration with dynamic data. This validation process is considered essential for the effective application of this methodology.
These workflows show promising results of including 4D seismic based history match indicators and hence hold potential to facilitate the geological model update loop as well as 4D seismic assisted/automated history matching approaches.
Hydraulic Pumping Units Proving Very Successful in Deliquifying Gas Wells in East Texas
Authors: Babbitt Jess A. , Vincent Kenny 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Fueled by triple-digit oil prices, the unbridled level of activity in the liquids-rich shale plays tends to overshadow issues with base gas production, particularly the continuing struggle to remediate liquid loading and return pressure-depleted wells to production. In recent years, Devon Energy has intensified efforts to maximize base gas production through deliquification of its mature East Texas wells. To that end, the operator has realized tremendous success with artificial lift, which is generating an average 50% rate of return and effectively breathing new life into many of its old and struggling wellbores. More specifically, Devon has focused its efforts on the use of Hydraulic Pumping Units (HPU), which have recorded an amazing track record in deliquifying and returning to production low-rate gas wells that no longer respond to plungers, soap or velocity strings.
This paper describes Devon's experience using HPU to deliquify East Texas wells in reservoirs that vary from very low bottomhole pressure with high permeability to higher pressure with very low permeability and everything in between. The targeted wells range in depth from 5,000 ft to 10,000 ft with wellbores between 2 7/8 to 7 in. diameter. All of these well types have been put on pump and responded very favorably.
The authors will review case histories from several divergent East Texas well types to illustrate the efficiency of pumping units in restoring production to these lower fluid rate wells. The discussion will focus on a newly engineered HPU, which comprises a vertical hydraulic cylinder on the wellhead to reciprocate the rods and pump and offers a number of HSE, operational and economic advantages over conventional pumping units. The specific features that make the HPU a very viable and often preferred alternative to conventional pumping units will be detailed, as will the growing pains and subsequent lessons learned in the East Texas deliquification campaign.
A Method for Improving Chemical Product Risk Profiles as Part of Product Development
Authors: McLean T. , Dalrymple E. , Muellner M. , Garcia-Swofford S. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
A robust chemical product comparative scoring process (CSP) has been developed that facilitates continuous improvement in human and environmental hazard reduction. The method is simple and quick enough to use during development of new products, is adaptable to changing needs and visually communicates the hazard profile improvements of new products.
The CSP is used during product development. Human and environmental hazard profiles of developmental products are compared to current products used for similar purposes. Since the CSP requires little additional time, it allows hazard profiles to be determined during project development and identifies areas of potential improvement to the hazard profile. The CSP uses specified categories of concern for which public databases exist. For substances that have no database information, US EPA computer models are used. Using the CSP method, hazard profiles of formulations may be improved during the development phase of the project and the results are reported in a visual, qualitative, comparative format.
The CSP has been used to improve the human and environmental hazard profiles of several types of chemical products. This paper will outline how the CSP is used for hazard profile improvement as a part of a development project, reducing delays due to testing or reformulating. The unique visual presentation format of the CSP allows hazard profile improvements over existing products to be easily identified by, and communicated to customers and other concerned parties. The CSP yields the most valid comparisons when data is available for the existing and proposed substances. Computer models are effective if used by personnel trained to use them. The process must include communication with (and validation by) regulatory and toxicology specialists.
Universal Breakers with Broad Polymer Specificity for Use in Alkaline, High-Temperature Fracturing Fluids
Authors: Gunawan S. , Armstrong C. D. , Qu Q. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Increased interest in minimizing environmental risk from chemicals has sparked the innovation of new universal breakers for use in high-temperature fracturing fluids. Enzymes have been used for many years in fracturing applications with great success, but their use could be limited due to polymer specificity and thermal stability.
A novel type of breaker system, derived from biological sources and displaying catalytic, polymer degrading activity similar to that of enzymes, was obtained and tested for its ability to reduce the viscosity and molecular weight of polymers used in hydraulic fracturing applications. The universal breakers (UB) are miscible, catalytic, renewable, biodegradable and are not polymer-specific. Additionally, these breakers do not display the thermal denaturation limitations of enzyme breakers, and can thus be used over a much wider temperature range.
Three novel universal breakers were tested for their ability to break the viscosity of various oilfield polymers (guar, carboxymethyl guar, and xanthan) at temperatures of 175, 200, and 225 °F. UB-1 and UB-3 showed rapid catalytic activity at 175, 200, and 225 °F, and reduction in viscosity. UB-2 was more effective at temperatures equal to and greater than 200 °F. Additionally, all UB breakers showed activity against xanthan, with UB-1 and UB-3 being the most effective.
This paper will describe the testing program for the viscosity-reducing ability of three novel universal breakers against both linear and crosslinked high-yield guar, guar, carboxymethyl guar, and xanthan in alkaline and high-temperature conditions. Comparisons of the UB breakers to conventional polymer-specific enzymes and oxidative breaker systems will be discussed. Finally, this paper will include recommendations for field applications, including economic impacts on fracturing fluid systems.
Dynamic Delumping of Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Kuntadi Arif , Whitson Curtis H. , Hoda Mohammad Faizul 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Integrated modeling is becoming a necessary tool in the petroleum industry to manage the value chain of different models. Reservoir models commonly utilize a simple fluid model to reduce computational time. However, the downstream models often require a more detailed EOS fluid model to perform surface-process facility modeling. This paper presents a dynamic delumping method to generate detailed compositional streams from either black-oil or compositional (lumped-EOS) reservoir simulations, performed as a simple post-processing step.
A set of phase-specific, pressure-dependent split factors are used to perform dynamic delumping. The split factors are generated from simulated depletion PVT experiments using a detailed-EOS model. Delumping is performed phase-wise at the well-connection level, for each time step of the reservoir simulator. For gas injection processes, the amount of injection gas is estimated from stream information and, accordingly, removed from the stream before applying the phase-specific pressure- dependent split factors. Different split factor sets are used when the reservoir model has multiple PVT regions.
We have run many reservoir simulation cases using different production mechanisms and reservoir fluids. Compared with detailed-EOS simulations, the proposed method gives near-exact results for depletion, and excellent agreement in gas injection cases. Dynamic delumping also works with complex fluid systems exhibiting large in-situ compositional (GOR) variations. For injection gas cases, improved accuracy is obtained using a tracer option in the reservoir simulator, to better estimate injection-gas quantity. This approach requires negligible cpu compared with detailed-EOS reservoir simulation.
Dynamic delumping is applied as an automated post-processing for any reservoir simulator. The results of our work provide a key technology for integrating subsurface and surface petroleum models, ensuring greater consistency in the complete value chain and enabling engineers to optimize assets, both locally and globally.
An X-Ray CT Study of Multidimensional Imbibition in Dual Porosity Carbonates
Authors: Alshehri Amar J. , Kovscek Anthony R. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Conventional recovery methods (e.g. waterflood) usually recover 50% of the oil in place. This number is even lower in fractured resources where water selectively channels through the fractures towards producers leaving much oil trapped in the matrix. The objective of this work is to investigate the improvement of oil recovery in fractured carbonates at low interfacial tensions (IFT) between oil and aqueous phases while accounting for gravitational effects. Experiments are conducted on cylindrical cores that are surrounded by fractures. The experiments are monitored by an X-ray CT scanner. Images are collected multiple times at each flooding stage to track front movement and quantify local fluid saturation. To achiever our objective, two experiments are needed in two orientations: horizontal (base case) and vertical. This work describes the experimental setup and the base case. In the base case, waterflood then surfactant flood were implemented in a spontaneous imbibition scheme. The waterflood recovered 37% of the original oil in place while the surfactant flood did not recover any oil.