bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing a two‐sided intervention to facilitate shared decision‐making in haemophilia: decision boxes for clinicians and patient decision aids for patients
Authors: Athale A. , Giguere A. , Barbara A. , Krassova S. , Iorio A. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundPeople with haemophilia face many treatment decisions, which are largely informed by evidence from observational studies. Without evidence‐based ‘best’ treatment options, patient preferences play a large role in decisions regarding therapy. The shared decision‐making (SDM) process allows patients and health care providers to make decisions collaboratively based on available evidence, and patient preferences. Decision tools can help the SDM process. The objective of this project was to develop two‐sided decision tools, decision boxes for physicians and patient decision aids for patients, to facilitate SDM for treatment decisions in haemophilia. Methods. Development of the decision tools comprised three phases: topic selection, prototype development and usability testing with targeted end‐users. Topics were selected using a Delphi survey. Tool prototypes were based on a previously validated framework and were informed by systematic literature reviews. Patients, through focus groups, and physicians, through interviews, reviewed the prototypes iteratively for comprehensibility and usability. Results. The chosen topics were: (i) prophylactic treatment: when to start and dosing, (ii) choosing factor source and (iii) immunotolerance induction: when to start and dosing. Intended end users (both health care providers and haemophilia patients and caregivers) were engaged in the development process. Overall perception of the decision tools was positive, and the purpose of using the tools was well received. Conclusions. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing decision tools for haemophilia treatment decisions. It also provides anecdotal evidence of positive perceptions of such tools. Future directions include assessment of the tools’ practical value and impact on clinical practice.
THE “THEORETICAL REVOLUTION” IN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY: FROM THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL IDEAS TO THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL LANGUAGES
Authors: PALTI ELÍAS JOSÉ 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThis article intends to clarify what distinguishes the so‐called new “politico‐intellectual history” from the old “history of political ideas.” What differentiates the two has not been fully perceived even by some of the authors who initiated this transformation. One fundamental reason for this is that the transformation has not been a consistent process deriving from one single source, but is rather the result of converging developments emanating from three different sources (the Cambridge School, the German school of conceptual history or Begriffsgeschichte, and French politico‐conceptual history). This article proposes that the development of a new theoretical horizon that effectively leads us beyond the frameworks of the old history of political ideas demands that we overcome the insularity of these traditions and combine their respective contributions. The result of this combination is an approach to politico‐intellectual history that is not completely coincident with any of the three schools. What I will call a history of political languages entails a specific perspective on the temporality of discourses; this involves a view of why the meaning of concepts changes over time, and is the source of the contingency that stains political languages.
GENEALOGY, PROBLEMATIZATION, AND NORMATIVITY IN MICHEL FOUCAULT
Authors: May Todd 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTColin Koopman's excellent Genealogy as Critique argues that Michel Foucault's genealogies—and, in fact, his archaeologies—should be read as historical accounts of the emergence of particular “problematizations.” The idea of a problematization, which Foucault introduces late in his career, has two sides. First, there is the idea that the situation whose emergence a genealogy traces is problematic in the sense of being fraught or dangerous. Second, by tracing the genealogy, Foucault problematizes the situation itself, showing how it calls for attention. Koopman argues that Foucault's genealogies are not themselves normative, but they instead outline situations or practices in a way that allows for normative investigation and political intervention. What is required, then, are normative approaches that complement Foucault's genealogies. Koopman argues that Foucault's own late discussions of self‐transformation are inadequate to fully accomplish the task; they need to be complemented by recourse to Deweyan reconstruction or Habermasian normative reflection. However, and in turn, such reflection cannot be had on an absolutist ground but rather must be seen as historically contingent, universalizing rather than universalist in Koopman's vocabulary. I argue that there are several reasons to think that the strong separation between genealogy and normative posited by Koopman may be too strict. Foucault's rhetoric, his choice of certain problematizations, and Koopman's own commitments to problematizations as requiring attention all seem to point toward a more intimate, although admittedly implicit, relation between genealogy and normative positions in Foucault's work.
A CRAVING FOR CRITICAL HISTORY
Authors: Kuukkanen Jouni‐Matti 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTRoger Cooter is concerned about the survival of historiography under the pressures of neoliberal economics and the entertainment industry. His and Claudia Stein's book is a welcome call for “critical history,” which is aware of own fundamental intellectual categories. Cooter emphasizes the importance of self‐reflection and political contextualization of all knowledge‐production. However, although reflection is undoubtedly a virtue, it is not clear whether historiography is under such a severe threat. It is also necessary to ask where the limits of contextualization lie. It is doubtful whether a fully localized and contextualized study removed of all “presentist” categories and language is possible. In addition, one should avoid combining antirealism about natural sciences in the name of anti‐Whiggism with realism about historical knowledge in attempts to provide contextualized accounts of the past. What is needed above all is the hermeneutical dialogue between the language of past agents and the language of present actors.
DEBATING MODERNITY AS SECULAR RELIGION: HANS KELSEN'S FUTILE EXCHANGE WITH ERIC VOEGELIN
Authors: Thomassen Bjørn 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThis article reviews Hans Kelsen's mysterious and recently published last book, contextualizing it with reference to the little known dialogue between Kelsen and Eric Voegelin. The confrontation between Kelsen and Voegelin, two of the most illustrious émigré scholars who found a new home in America, is important to revisit because it touches upon several axes of debate of crucial importance to postwar intellectual history: the religion–secularity debate, the positivist–antipositivist debates, and the controversy that also led to the famous Voegelin–Arendt debate: how to read the horrors of totalitarianism into a historical trajectory of modernity. Although the Kelsen–Voegelin exchange ended in failure and bitterness, its substance goes to the heart of modern intellectual history.
Electron cryo‐microscopy of vitrified bulk biological specimens: ideal and real structures of water—lipid phases
Authors: ERK I. , MICHEL M. , LEPAULT J. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryLipid‐water mixtures were studied by X‐ray cryodiffraction in order to assess the structural changes during freezing. We show that the water of aqueous lipid phases, in the concentration range of 10–30% (water weight/total weight), is vitrified by high‐pressure freezing. Vitrified lipid phases can be cryo‐sectioned and imaged by electron cryomicroscopy. Both the ideal or average and the real or local structures of the lipid mixtures can be studied at a resolution better than 2 nm. While the average structure of the lipid phases is in good agreement with that determined by X‐ray diffraction, the local structure reveals features that might play an important role in the function of biological membranes such as in endo‐ and exocytosis.
Morphological studies of pseudowollastonite for biomedical application
Authors: DE AZA P. N. , LUKLINSKA Z. B. , ANSEAU M. , GUITIAN F. , DE AZA S. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryPseudowollastonite ceramic (psW) composed of CaO·SiO2 was found to be bioactive in a simulated body fluid environment. The chemical reaction initiated at the material surface resulted in hydroxyapatite (HA)formation. These bone‐bonding properties are essential for securing the necessary physico‐chemical integration of the material with living bone. Materials behaving in this way can be considered for potential biomedical application as bone tissue substitute for a natural bone repair or replacement as implant.A mechanism of hydroxyapatite formation on pseudowollastonite ceramics surface was investigated during exposure to a simulated body fluid (SBF) for a period of 3 weeks. Morphology and structure of the surface product and its original substrate was examined by thin‐film X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. HA crystals were found to form on an amorphous silica intermediate layer. (100) lattice planes of HA were resolved and identified.Concentration of ions in the SBF and pH of the SBF were monitored throughout the exposure. Additional pH measurements were made at the interface of psW with SBF. The HA formation occurred when there was a sudden increase of pH from 7·25 to 10·5 at the interface of psW with SBF as a result of ionic exchange between 2H+ and Ca2+ within the psW network. This ionic exchange transformed the psW crystals into an amorphous silica phase. The appropriate pH and the ion concentrations were essential for partial dissolution of the amorphous silica phase and subsequent precipitation of a Ca‐P rich phase which then transformed to HA.
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Misuse Prevention and Cessation Programming for Alternative High School Youth: A Review
Authors: Sussman Steve , Arriaza Bridget , Grigsby Timothy J. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDRelative to youth in regular high schools, alternative high school (AHS) youth are at high risk for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) misuse. Prevention and cessation efforts are needed for this population.METHODSA systematic, exhaustive literature search was completed to identify ATOD misuse prevention and cessation research studies with AHS youth.RESULTSFor the AHS population, 23 ATOD misuse prevention or cessation program evaluations were located. This review indicated that successful efforts have focused on instruction in motivation enhancement, life coping skills, and decision making.CONCLUSIONSAlcohol, tobacco, and other drug misuse prevention and cessation programming for AHSs is effective, delivered in the classroom or as a school‐based clinic. There is little evidence, though, that this programming is effective when delivered through other modalities such as via computer or bridging beyond the school setting. More research and application of evidence‐based programming are recommended for youth in AHS settings.
Contribution of Organized and Nonorganized Activity to Children's Motor Skills and Fitness
Authors: Hardy Louise L. , O'Hara Blythe J. , Rogers Kris , St George Alexis , Bauman Adrian 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDTo examine the associations between children's organized physical activity (OPA), nonorganized physical activity (NOPA), and health‐related outcomes (fundamental movement skill [FMS] fitness).METHODSCross‐sectional survey of children aged 10‐16 years (N = 4273). Organized physical activity and NOPA were assessed by self‐report, FMS by process‐orientated criteria, and fitness by 20‐m shuttle run test.RESULTSBoys spent 97.5 minutes and girls 86.6 minutes in daily physical activity with the majority spent in OPA (boys, 56.3%; girls 60.5%). Organized physical activity increased with grade, whereas NOPA decreased. Organized physical activity and NOPA were associated with fitness, and OPA was consistently associated with FMS competency. Boys' fitness was associated with OPA and NOPA (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04, 1.94; AOR 1.26, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.54, respectively), FMS competency (side gallop leap, kick) with OPA and catch, and over‐arm throw with both OPA and NOPA. Girls' fitness (AOR 2.62, 95% CI: 1.88, 3.66) and FMS competency were consistently associated with OPA.CONCLUSIONSBoth OPA and NOPA are important contributors to children's physical activity; however, for girls, OPA was more strongly associated with fitness and FMS competency. Our findings support the importance of providing children with opportunities to engage in daily OPA. School physical education programs are an ideal delivery vehicle for OPA and need to be central to education policy.
Association of Being Bullied in School With Suicide Ideation and Planning Among Rural Middle School Adolescents
Authors: Bhatta Madhav P. , Shakya Sunita , Jefferis Eric 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThis study examined the association of ever being bullied in school with suicide ideation (ever thinking about killing oneself) and ever seriously making a plan to kill oneself (suicide planning) among rural middle school adolescents.METHODSUsing the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Middle School Youth Risk Behavior Survey instrument, 2 cross‐sectional surveys were conducted among middle school adolescents (N = 1082) in a rural Appalachian county in Ohio in 2009 and 2012. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed the relationship of ever being bullied in school with suicide ideation and planning.RESULTSOverall, a total of 468 participants (43.1%) reported ever being bullied in school, and 22.3% and 13.2% of the adolescents surveyed reported suicide ideation and planning, respectively. In the multivariable analyses, ever being bullied in school was significantly associated with both suicide ideation (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7‐3.5) and planning (OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.6‐3.8).CONCLUSIONSThe results show a strong association between being bullied in school and suicide ideation and planning among rural middle school adolescents. Prevention of bullying in school as early as in middle school should be a strategy for reducing suicide ideation and planning among adolescents.
Patterns of morphological variation of the vertebral column in dolphins
Authors: Viglino M. , Flores D. A. , Ercoli M. D. , Álvarez A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCetaceans swim by the alternate action of their epiaxial and hypaxial muscles and their propulsive movements are confined to the vertical plane. Changes in the shape and mechanical properties of vertebrae strongly affect their function during oscillatory swimming. The first objective of this study was to provide a quantitative characterization of vertebral morphology in representatives of the Delphinidae and Pontoporiidae families. A novel morphometric approach was applied, using nine vertebral measurements and three indices. The second objective was to assess the relationship between morphology and both habitat and size through regression analyses. The phylogenetic structure of the distribution of characters was also explored by estimating phylogenetic signal. No relationship was found between morphology and habitat or size, but vertebral measurements and indices showed a significant phylogenetic signal. Morphological profiles indicated that coastal and oceanic delphinid species had a conservative regionalization of the vertebral column. All delphinid species showed discoidal centra morphology, while Pontoporia blainvillei presented a spool‐shaped morphology. Differences in vertebral morphology and inferred muscular architecture between P. blainvillei and delphinids could indicate distinct dynamics of vertebral movement during swimming. However, other complex and specific functional relationships and life‐history traits may also be influencing vertebral morphology. The detailed study of the complex evolutionary history of lineages could bring to light other clarifying dimensions for understanding morphological evolution in odontocetes.
Denoised and texture enhanced MVCT to improve soft tissue conspicuity
Authors: Sheng Ke , Gou Shuiping , Wu Jiaolong , Qi Sharon X. 
Published: October 2014

Purpose:MVCT images have been used in TomoTherapy treatment to align patients based on bony anatomies but its usefulness for soft tissue registration, delineation, and adaptive radiation therapy is limited due to insignificant photoelectric interaction components and the presence of noise resulting from low detector quantum efficiency of megavoltage x‐rays. Algebraic reconstruction with sparsity regularizers as well as local denoising methods has not significantly improved the soft tissue conspicuity. The authors aim to utilize a nonlocal means denoising method and texture enhancement to recover the soft tissue information in MVCT (DeTECT).Methods:A block matching 3D (BM3D) algorithm was adapted to reduce the noise while keeping the texture information of the MVCT images. Following imaging denoising, a saliency map was created to further enhance visual conspicuity of low contrast structures. In this study, BM3D and saliency maps were applied to MVCT images of a CT imaging quality phantom, a head and neck, and four prostate patients. Following these steps, the contrast‐to‐noise ratios (CNRs) were quantified.Results:By applying BM3D denoising and saliency map, postprocessed MVCT images show remarkable improvements in imaging contrast without compromising resolution. For the head and neck patient, the difficult‐to‐see lymph nodes and vein in the carotid space in the original MVCT image became conspicuous in DeTECT. For the prostate patients, the ambiguous boundary between the bladder and the prostate in the original MVCT was clarified. The CNRs of phantom low contrast inserts were improved from 1.48 and 3.8 to 13.67 and 16.17, respectively. The CNRs of two regions‐of‐interest were improved from 1.5 and 3.17 to 3.14 and 15.76, respectively, for the head and neck patient. DeTECT also increased the CNR of prostate from 0.13 to 1.46 for the four prostate patients. The results are substantially better than a local denoising method using anisotropic diffusion.Conclusions:The authors showed that it is feasible to extract more soft tissue contrast information from the noisy MVCT images using a nonlocal means 3D block matching method in combination with saliency maps, revealing information that was originally unperceivable to human observers.
A 2D ion chamber array audit of wedged and asymmetric fields in an inhomogeneous lung phantom
Authors: Lye Jessica , Kenny John , Lehmann Joerg , Dunn Leon , Kron Tomas , Alves Andrew , Cole Andrew , Williams Ivan 
Published: October 2014

Purpose:The Australian Clinical Dosimetry Service (ACDS) has implemented a new method of a nonreference condition Level II type dosimetric audit of radiotherapy services to increase measurement accuracy and patient safety within Australia. The aim of this work is to describe the methodology, tolerances, and outcomes from the new audit.Methods:The ACDS Level II audit measures the dose delivered in 2D planes using an ionization chamber based array positioned at multiple depths. Measurements are made in rectilinear homogeneous and inhomogeneous phantoms composed of slabs of solid water and lung. Computer generated computed tomography data sets of the rectilinear phantoms are supplied to the facility prior to audit for planning of a range of cases including reference fields, asymmetric fields, and wedged fields. The audit assesses 3D planning with 6 MV photons with a static (zero degree) gantry. Scoring is performed using local dose differences between the planned and measured dose within 80% of the field width. The overall audit result is determined by the maximum dose difference over all scoring points, cases, and planes. Pass (Optimal Level) is defined as maximum dose difference ≤3.3%, Pass (Action Level) is ≤5.0%, and Fail (Out of Tolerance) is >5.0%.Results:At close of 2013, the ACDS had performed 24 Level II audits. 63% of the audits passed, 33% failed, and the remaining audit was not assessable. Of the 15 audits that passed, 3 were at Pass (Action Level). The high fail rate is largely due to a systemic issue with modeling asymmetric 60° wedges which caused a delivered overdose of 5%–8%.Conclusions:The ACDS has implemented a nonreference condition Level II type audit, based on ion chamber 2D array measurements in an inhomogeneous slab phantom. The powerful diagnostic ability of this audit has allowed the ACDS to rigorously test the treatment planning systems implemented in Australian radiotherapy facilities. Recommendations from audits have led to facilities modifying clinical practice and changing planning protocols.
Task‐based optimization of dedicated breast CT via Hotelling observer metrics
Authors: Sanchez Adrian A. , Sidky Emil Y. , Pan Xiaochuan 
Published: October 2014

Purpose:The purpose of this work is to develop and demonstrate a set of practical metrics for CT systems optimization. These metrics, based on the Hotelling observer (HO) figure of merit, are task‐based. The authors therefore take the specific example of optimizing a dedicated breast CT system, including the reconstruction algorithm, for two relevant tasks, signal detection and Rayleigh discrimination.Methods:A dedicated breast CT system is simulated using specifications in the literature from an existing prototype. The authors optimize configuration and image reconstruction algorithm parameters for two tasks: the detection of simulated microcalcifications and the discrimination of two adjacent, high‐contrast signals, known as the Rayleigh discrimination task. The effects on task performance of breast diameter, signal location, image grid size, projection view number, and reconstruction filter were all investigated. Two HO metrics were evaluated: the percentage of correct decisions in a two‐alternative forced choice experiment (equivalent to area under the ROC curve or AUC), and the HO efficiency, defined as the squared ratio of HO signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) in the reconstructed image to HO SNR in the projection data.Results:The ease and efficiency of the HO metric computation allows a rapid high‐resolution survey of many system parameters. Optimization of a range of system parameters using the HO results in images that subjectively appear optimal for the tasks investigated. Further, the results of assessment through the HO reproduce closely many existing results in the literature regarding the impact of parameter selection on image quality.Conclusions:This study demonstrates the utility of a task‐based approach to system design, evaluation, and optimization. The methodology presented is equally applicable to determining the impact of a wide range of factors, including patient parameters, system and acquisition design, and the reconstruction algorithm. The results demonstrate the versatility of the proposed HO formalism by not only generating a set of parameters that are optimal for a given task but also by qualitatively reproducing many existing results from the breast CT literature. Meanwhile, the implementation of the proposed methodology is straightforward and entirely simulation‐based. This is an attractive feature for many system optimization problems, where the goal is to analyze the individual system components such as the image reconstruction algorithm. Final assessment of the system as a whole should be based also on real data studies.