bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health Care Workers’ Suggestions for Improving HIV‐Related Maternal Care in South Africa: “Listen to Us”
Authors: Taylor Lauren C. , Fair Cynthia D. , Nikodem Cheryl 
Published: September 2013

IntroductionSouth Africa has the highest rate of individuals infected with HIV in the world. Women in particular are at increased risk for HIV infection and typically receive care from nurses and midwives who are on the front lines of health care policy and program implementation. The primary objective of this study was to compile and analyze suggestions generated by health care professionals on how to improve HIV‐related maternal care in South Africa. This information can then be used to inform the direction of future programs across the country and beyond.MethodsTwo hundred forty‐nine nurses, midwives, and nursing students enrolled in a South African university completed surveys as part of this qualitative cross‐sectional study. Responses were transcribed and coded by independent researchers who met frequently to discuss and come to consensus on emerging themes.ResultsFour primary strategies to improve HIV‐related maternal care emerged from the data. These women's health professionals suggested improving education, increasing grassroots‐level participation by government officials, improving resources, and developing strategies aimed at decreasing the risk of secondary transmission of HIV.DiscussionNurses and midwives are frontline health care professionals who are in unique positions to offer feedback on how HIV‐related maternal care can be improved. The identified strategies should be integrated into future programs, and human rights implications must be examined.
Pitfalls in Susceptibility‐Weighted Imaging of the Pediatric Brain
Authors: Bosemani Thangamadhan , Verschuuren Sylvia I. , Poretti Andrea , Huisman Thierry A.G.M. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTSusceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI) is a recently developed high resolution 3‐dimensional gradient‐echo pulse sequence that accentuates the magnetic susceptibility of blood, calcium, and nonheme iron. The clinical applications of SWI in pediatric neuroimaging have significantly expanded recently. Potential pitfalls related to blood oxygenation, blood flow, magnetic field strength, and misinterpretation of localization as well as possible mimickers may be misleading and affect the correct interpretation of SWI images. Familiarity with these potential diagnostic pitfalls is important to prevent misdiagnosis and will further enhance the ability of SWI in becoming a robust and reliable technique.
CLUSTER POLICIES AND FIRM SELECTION: EVIDENCE FROM FRANCE
Authors: Fontagné Lionel , Koenig Pamina , Mayneris Florian , Poncet Sandra 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTWe shed light on the selection of beneficiaries from the French competitiveness cluster policy, launched in 2005 and extended to 2012. We disentangle the selection and self‐selection effects, as emphasized in the theoretical literature on regional and industrial policy. Our main conclusion is that winners were (self‐)selected at both steps of the procedure, and that this holds for the three cluster types: “worldwide,” “potentially worldwide,” and “national clusters.” We thus provide a methodology which allows to contrast the effective outcomes of the selection process and the official objectives of cluster policies in terms of targeting, helping in their econometric evaluation.
Factors influencing the uptake of orthodontic treatment
Authors: Badran Serene A. , Al‐Khateeb Susan 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the factors that may influence orthodontic treatment uptake such as socioeconomic class (SEC), type of funding, and gender.MethodsThe sample comprised 550 adolescents (232 men, 318 women) aged 13‐17 years. Demographic data and questions concerning treatment experience, satisfaction with dental appearance, self‐perceived need, dental attendance pattern, and presence of a health insurance were collected by means of a questionnaire. SEC was established by using an index developed for Jordanians. Normative treatment need was assessed by using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. Chi‐squared test and logistic regression analysis were used for the statistical analyses.ResultsTreatment uptake was significantly less in the low SEC group (5.2 percent) than the other SEC groups. Women were more frequently treated than men as were those subjects who possessed a health insurance and who regularly attended a dentist.The odds of not receiving orthodontic treatment were significantly higher in the lowest SEC group (odds ratio = 26, P < 0.001). Gender, health insurance, and dental attendance pattern were significant variables in predicting treatment uptake but to a lesser extent than SEC.ConclusionsLow SEC had a strong predictive effect on treatment uptake; socioeconomically deprived individuals were less likely to undergo orthodontic treatment.
Breast Cancer Development in Transsexual Subjects Receiving Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment
Authors: Gooren Louis J. , van Trotsenburg Michael A.A. , Giltay Erik J. , van Diest Paul J. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Transsexual people receive cross-sex hormones as part of their treatment, potentially inducing hormone-sensitive malignancies.

Aim
To examine the occurrence of breast cancer in a large cohort of Dutch male and female transsexual persons, also evaluating whether the epidemiology accords with the natal sex or the new sex.

Main Outcome Measure
Number of people with breast cancer between 1975 and 2011.

Methods
We researched the occurrence of breast cancer among transsexual persons 18–80 years with an exposure to cross-sex hormones between 5 to &gt;30 years. Our study included 2,307 male-to-female (MtF) transsexual persons undergoing androgen deprivation and estrogen administration (52,370 person-years of exposure), and 795 female-to-male (FtM) subjects receiving testosterone (15,974 total years of exposure).

Results
Among MtF individuals one case was encountered, as well as a probable but not proven second case. The estimated rate of 4.1 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8–13.0) was lower than expected if these two cases are regarded as female breast cancer, but within expectations if viewed as male breast cancer. In FtM subjects, who were younger and had shorter exposure to cross-sex hormones compared with the MtF group, one breast cancer case occurred. This translated into a rate of 5.9 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI: 0.5–27.4), again lower than expected for female breast cancer but within expected norms for male breast cancer.

Conclusions
The number of people studied and duration of hormone exposure are limited but it would appear that cross-sex hormone administration does not increase the risk of breast cancer development, in either MtF or FtM transsexual individuals. Breast carcinoma incidences in both groups are comparable to male breast cancers. Cross-sex hormone treatment of transsexual subjects does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of malignant breast development.
Productivity Accounting in Vertically (Hyper‐)integrated Terms: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirics
Authors: Garbellini Nadia , Wirkierman Ariel Luis 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe present paper is a methodological contribution introducing a disaggregated physical productivity accounting framework in vertically (hyper‐)integrated terms, establishing a direct correspondence between Supply–Use Tables and Pasinetti's (1973, 1988) theoretical magnitudes. As an empirical application, we computed productivity indicators and indexes of direction of technical change at the subsystem level for the case of Italy during 1999–2007. Our findings suggest that: (a) only 60 per cent of productivity growth accrued to real wages, (b) the degree of mechanization increased, (c) the most dynamic subsystems correspond to consolidated sectors, and (d) technical change has almost always been capital intensity increasing.
Complexities and opportunities in monitoring and evaluating US and global changes by the food industry
Authors: Ng S. W. , Dunford E. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryIn developed nations and increasingly in the rest of the world, a large proportion of people's diets comes from manufactured food sources and food not produced at home. These types of products are constantly changing and have significant nutrition and health implications for the world's population. However, researchers, public health workers and policy makers face major complexities in understanding what these changes are and their relationships to diet and health outcomes. This paper will describe some of the complexities faced in monitoring and evaluating the nutritional composition of food products and what it means for population health. Importantly, no existing food composition database is able to keep up with the continuous reformulation and introductions and removals of packaged foods and food services. The paper will also discuss opportunities to improve and update the monitoring and evaluation of changes made by each of these key sectors of the modern food supply and how these changes can influence the nutrients purchased or consumed across the globe. The focus will be on the United States with some examples from other developed nations and a discussion of implications for low‐ and middle‐income countries.
Mexico attempts to tackle obesity: the process, results, push backs and future challenges
Authors: Barquera S. , Campos I. , Rivera J. A. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryMexico's obesity prevalence is one of the world's highest. In 2006, academics, and federal and state government agencies initiated efforts to design a national policy for obesity prevention. The Ministry of Health (MOH) established an expert panel to develop recommendations on beverage intake for a healthy life in 2008. Subsequently, the MOH, with support from academia, initiated the development of the National Agreement for Healthy Nutrition (ANSA). ANSA was signed by all relevant sectoral actors in 2010 and led to initiatives banning sodas and regulating unhealthy food in schools and the design of other yet to be implemented initiatives, such as a front‐of‐package labeling system. A main challenge of the ANSA has been the lack of harmonization between industry interests and public health objectives and effective accountability and monitoring mechanisms to assess implementation across government sectors. Bold strategies currently under consideration include taxation of sugar‐sweetened beverages, improvement of norms for healthy food in schools, regulation of food and beverage marketing to children and implementation of a national front‐of‐pack labeling system. Strong civil society organizations have embraced the prevention of obesity as their goal and have used evidence from academia to position obesity prevention in the public debate and in the government agenda.
Eliciting a policy response for the rising epidemic of overweight‐obesity in India
Authors: Khandelwal S. , Reddy K. S. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryIndia is experiencing multiple transitions with respect to nutrition patterns, epidemiology and demography. Along with staggering childhood undernutrition, a rapid rise in chronic diseases and their risk factors including overweight‐obesity (O‐O), among all sections of society, is compounding India's health challenges. We present an overview of the O‐O scenario (prevalence, determinants) and profile existing initiatives to address this modifiable risk factor in India. Urgent attention from all sectors, committed resources, policy support and targeted actions are warranted to combat the dual burden of malnutrition. The health systems should be reoriented and strengthened, in addition to enabling actions in other sectors, to address prevention and control of non‐communicable diseases and associated risk factors like O‐O.
Nutrition transition in Bangladesh: is the country ready for this double burden
Authors: Khan Shusmita Hossain , Talukder Shamim Hayder 
Published: September 2013

SummaryMalnutrition has dominated Bangladesh development, encouraged by the Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Programme under the first Sector‐Wide Approach (SWAp) World Health Organization, and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. To date, all the SWAps for health, nutrition and population well‐being have identified malnutrition as a priority. Donors, United Nations organizations and non‐governmental organizations provide extensive support to prevent and tackle malnutrition in the country. The government has delineated an effective policy response to the high prevalence of undernutrition. Bangladesh has a wide range of policies encouraging appropriate infant and young child feeding practices, 6 months of paid maternity leave in the public sector, school meals for vulnerable communities, micronutrient supplementation interventions and more. However, almost all of these efforts address the undernutrition aspect of malnutrition, neglecting the other form of malnutrition – overnutrition. Trend data from national surveys show steady increases in overweight and steady decreases in underweight among women of reproductive age. This paper sheds light on the trend data, showing the transition from under‐ to overnutrition and the double burden of malnutrition among Bangladeshi women of reproductive age. It also discusses the national policy and programme responses to overweight and obesity in Bangladesh among the same population.
Brazilian obesity prevention and control initiatives
Authors: Jaime P. C. , da Silva A. C. F. , Gentil P. C. , Claro R. M. , Monteiro C. A. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryObesity prevalence in the Brazilian adult population is 12.5% among men and 16.9% among women. Obesity control has been a subject of concern in Brazilian health policies since the publication of the National Food and Nutrition Policy in 1999. The initiatives include a comprehensive national intersectorial plan for obesity prevention and control focused on confronting its social and environmental causes, development of a food and nutrition education framework aimed at intersectorial public policies in the food and nutritional security field, promotion and provision of healthy food in school environments (linked to family farming), structuring nutrition actions in primary healthcare in the national healthcare system, promoting community physical activity, food regulation and control, and encouragement of public participation and food control. We conclude that several initiatives have been developed in Brazil to deal with the challenge of implementing an intergovernmental, intersectorial response to reverse the rising overweight and obesity rates. The success of this response will depend on a governance model that promotes joint and integrated action by different sectors and active participation of society to consolidate the actions, places and laws that protect health and promote healthy lifestyles.
New dynamics in global obesity facing low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Popkin B. M. , Slining M. M. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryLevels of overweight and obesity across low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC) have approached levels found in higher‐income countries. This is particularly true in the Middle East and North Africa and in Latin America and the Caribbean. Using nationally representative samples of women aged 19–49, n = 815,609, this paper documents the annualized rate of increase of overweight from the first survey in early 1990 to the last survey in the present millennium. Overweight increases ranged from 0.31% per year to 0.92% per year for Latin America and the Caribbean and for the Middle East and North Africa, respectively. For a sample of eight countries, using quantile regression, we further demonstrate that mean body mass index (BMI) at the 95th percentile has increased significantly across all regions, representing predicted weight increases of 5–10 kg. Furthermore we highlight a major new concern in LMICs, documenting waist circumference increases of 2–4 cm at the same BMI (e.g. 25) over an 18‐year period. In sum, this paper indicates growing potential for increased cardiometabolic problems linked with a large rightward shift in the BMI distribution and increased waist circumference at each BMI level.
Ultra‐processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system
Authors: Monteiro C. A. , Moubarac J.‐C. , Cannon G. , Ng S. W. , Popkin B. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryThe relationship between the global food system and the worldwide rapid increase of obesity and related diseases is not yet well understood. A reason is that the full impact of industrialized food processing on dietary patterns, including the environments of eating and drinking, remains overlooked and underestimated. Many forms of food processing are beneficial. But what is identified and defined here as ultra‐processing, a type of process that has become increasingly dominant, at first in high‐income countries, and now in middle‐income countries, creates attractive, hyper‐palatable, cheap, ready‐to‐consume food products that are characteristically energy‐dense, fatty, sugary or salty and generally obesogenic. In this study, the scale of change in purchase and sales of ultra‐processed products is examined and the context and implications are discussed. Data come from 79 high‐ and middle‐income countries, with special attention to Canada and Brazil. Results show that ultra‐processed products dominate the food supplies of high‐income countries, and that their consumption is now rapidly increasing in middle‐income countries. It is proposed here that the main driving force now shaping the global food system is transnational food manufacturing, retailing and fast food service corporations whose businesses are based on very profitable, heavily promoted ultra‐processed products, many in snack form.
Alopecia and Hypotrichosis as Characteristic Findings in Woodhouse‐Sakati Syndrome: Report of a Family with Mutation in the C2orf37 Gene
Authors: Nanda Arti , Pasternack Sandra M. , Mahmoudi Hassnaa , Ishorst Nina , Grimalt Ramon , Betz Regina C. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWoodhouse‐Sakati syndrome (WSS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by alopecia, hypogonadism, diabetes mellitus, intellectual disability, sensorineural deafness, extrapyramidal signs, and low insulinlike growth factor 1 levels. Inter‐ and intrafamilial phenotypic variability have been reported. Mutations in the C2orf37 gene cause WSS. The present report describes the clinical signs and symptoms of three affected siblings from a consanguineous Bedouin family from Kuwait. Direct sequencing of the C2orf37 gene revealed that the c.436delC (p.Ala147Hisfs*9) mutation was present in a homozygous state in all affected siblings and in a heterozygous state in the parents and a healthy sister. Nine C2orf37 mutations causing WSS have been identified. This family shared the mutation reported earlier in Saudi families and families of Bedouin tribes from Qatar and Israel. No phenotypic or genotypic correlation has been observed. Despite the great phenotypic variability of WSS, hypotrichosis has been observed in all individuals with WSS reported. This condition has not been reported in the dermatologic literature. WSS should be included in the differential diagnosis of syndromic congenital hypotrichosis.
Netherton Syndrome Associated with Growth Hormone Deficiency
Authors: Aydın Banu Küçükemre , Baş Firdevs , Tamay Zeynep , Kılıç Gürkan , Süleyman Ayşe , Bundak Rüveyde , Saka Nurçin , Özkaya Esen , Güler Nermin , Darendeliler Feyza 
Published: September 2013

AbstractNetherton syndrome (NS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by ichthyosiform scaling, hair abnormalities, and variable atopic features. Mutations in the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 5 (SPINK5) gene leading to lymphoepithelial Kazal‐type‐related inhibitor (LEKTI) deficiency cause NS. Growth retardation is a classic feature of NS, but growth hormone (GH) deficiency with subsequent response to GH therapy is not documented in the literature. It is proposed that a lack of inhibition of proteases due to a deficiency of LEKTI in the pituitary gland leads to the overprocessing of human GH in NS. Herein we report three patients with NS who had growth retardation associated with GH deficiency and responded well to GH therapy.
Hemorrhagic Acneiform Lesions in a Teenager as the Initial Presentation of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Authors: Dosal Jacquelyn , Good Erica , Alshaiji Jasem , De Solo Santiago , Ricotti Carlos , Alvarez‐Connelly Elizabeth 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA 19‐year‐old girl presented with hemorrhagic acneiform lesions on the face for several months that was unresponsive to conventional acne treatment. A biopsy revealed a noninfectious suppurative granulomatous dermatitis with hemorrhage, possibly representing a ruptured folliculitis. A second biopsy revealed chronic granulomatous dermal inflammation and hemorrhage with foreign body giant cells non‐infectious by stains. No vasculitis was noted in either biopsy. Later in her course she developed a severe sinusitis and eventually presented with severe fevers, rapid weight loss, sinusitis, and cough. Further workup produced the diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis). She rapidly improved with intravenous steroids and rituximab. To date, acneiform lesions have only been reported in young adult patients and may represent a clinical manifestation of granulomatosis with polyangiitis unique to this age group, as illustrated in our patient.
Effects of dietary inositol with sucrose stimulation on chewing and swallowing motor patterns in larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori
Authors: SASAKI KEN , OOKI YUJI , ENDO YUUKI , ASAOKA KIYOSHI 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe effects of dietary inositol with sucrose stimulation on chewing and swallowing motor patterns in the larvae of Bombyx mori L. are investigated. Feeding activities of the larvae are significantly enhanced by a test diet containing an inositol–sucrose mixture compared with a test diet of sucrose only. Motor patterns of the mandibular closer muscle are accelerated with shorter burst durations and shorter inter‐burst intervals with the test diet of inositol–sucrose compared with sucrose. In terms of swallowing behaviours, inositol–sucrose shortens the duration of drinking. Motor patterns of the cibarial compressor muscle are accelerated with shorter burst durations and shorter inter‐burst intervals with the inositol–sucrose mixture. Peripheral interactions between inositol‐ and sucrose‐sensitive cells in the maxilla are not detected. Thus, such interactions cannot explain the positive effects of inositol on chewing and swallowing. Responses of inositol‐sensitive cells in the epipharyngeal sensillum are not affected by sucrose. These results suggest that dietary inositol can modify chewing and swallowing motor patterns when coupled with sucrose stimuli. These modifications may occur in the central neural networks involved in chewing and swallowing motor patterns but not in peripheral sensory interactions.