bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of ethnicity, gender and age on the amount and composition of residual skin surface components derived from sebum, sweat and epidermal lipids
Authors: Shetage Satyajit S. , Traynor Matthew J. , Brown Marc B. , Raji Mahad , Graham‐Kalio Diepiriye , Chilcott Robert P. 
Published: July 2013

Background/purposeThe superficial layer on the skin surface, known as the acid mantle, comprises a mixture of sebum, sweat, corneocyte debris and constituents of natural moisturizing factor. Thus, the phrase ‘residual skin surface components’ (RSSC) is an appropriate term for the mixture of substances recovered from the skin surface. There is no general agreement about the effects of ethnicity, gender and age on RSSC. The aim of this human volunteer study was to evaluate RSSC in relation to ethnicity, gender and age. A suitable acquisition medium for RSSC collection was identified and samples of RSSC were subsequently analysed using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and gravimetry.MethodsA total of 315 volunteers participated in the study from a range of self‐declared ethnic backgrounds. Six acquisition media were compared to determine the most suitable media for RSSC collection. The effect of age, gender and ethnicity on RSSC collection was evaluated by gravimetric analysis while GC‐MS was used to determine the composition of RSSC.ResultsOf the six candidate materials assessed, cigarette paper provided the most practical and reproducible sample acquisition medium. There was no significant difference in the amount of RSSC collected when based on gender and ethnicity and no significant correlation between RSSC recovery and age. Up to 49 compounds were detected from human RSSC when analysed by GC‐MS.ConclusionsThe results of the present study suggest that RSSC can be effectively collected using cigarette paper and analysed by GC‐MS. Ethnicity, gender and age had no significant impact on the quantity of RSSC recovered from the skin surface.
LOV‐domain photoreceptor, encoded in a genomic island, attenuates the virulence of Pseudomonas syringae in light‐exposed Arabidopsis leaves
Authors: Moriconi Victoria , Sellaro Romina , Ayub Nicolás , Soto Gabriela , Rugnone Matías , Shah Rashmi , P. Pathak Gopal , Gärtner Wolfgang , Casal Jorge J. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryIn Arabidopsis thaliana, light signals modulate the defences against bacteria. Here we show that light perceived by the LOV domain‐regulated two‐component system (Pst–Lov) of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) modulates virulence against A. thaliana. Bioinformatic analysis and the existence of an episomal circular intermediate indicate that the locus encoding Pst–Lov is present in an active genomic island acquired by horizontal transfer. Strains mutated at Pst–Lov showed enhanced growth on minimal medium and in leaves of A. thaliana exposed to light, but not in leaves incubated in darkness or buried in the soil. Pst–Lov repressed the expression of principal and alternative sigma factor genes and their downstream targets linked to bacterial growth, virulence and quorum sensing, in a strictly light‐dependent manner. We propose that the function of Pst–Lov is to distinguish between soil (dark) and leaf (light) environments, attenuating the damage caused to host tissues while releasing growth out of the host. Therefore, in addition to its direct actions via photosynthesis and plant sensory receptors, light may affect plants indirectly via the sensory receptors of bacterial pathogens.
Targeted expression of SbMATE in the root distal transition zone is responsible for sorghum aluminum resistance
Authors: Sivaguru Mayandi , Liu Jiping , Kochian Leon V. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryAluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the major limiting factors for crop production on acid soils that comprise significant portions of the world's lands. Aluminum resistance in the cereal crop Sorghum bicolor is mainly achieved by Al‐activated root apical citrate exudation, which is mediated by the plasma membrane localized citrate efflux transporter encoded by SbMATE. Here we precisely localize tissue‐ and cell‐specific Al toxicity responses as well as SbMATE gene and protein expression in root tips of an Al‐resistant near‐isogenic line (NIL). We found that Al induced the greatest cell damage and generation of reactive oxygen species specifically in the root distal transition zone (DTZ), a region 1–3 mm behind the root tip where transition from cell division to cell elongation occurs. These findings indicate that the root DTZ is the primary region of root Al stress. Furthermore, Al‐induced SbMATE gene and protein expression were specifically localized to the epidermal and outer cortical cell layers of the DTZ in the Al‐resistant NIL, and the process was precisely coincident with the time course of Al induction of SbMATE expression and the onset of the recovery of roots from Al‐induced damage. These findings show that SbMATE gene and protein expression are induced when and where the root cells experience the greatest Al stress. Hence, Al‐resistant sorghum plants have evolved an effective strategy to precisely localize root citrate exudation to the specific site of greatest Al‐induced root damage, which minimizes plant carbon loss while maximizing protection of the root cells most susceptible to Al damage.
Factors affecting umbilical cord blood stem cell suitability for transplantation in an in utero collection program
Authors: Keersmaekers Christine L. , Mason Brian A. , Keersmaekers Jan , Ponzini Matthew , Mlynarek Ryan A. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundThe greatest limiting factor in the use of umbilical cord blood (UCB) for transplantations is the number of stem cells available in any given collected unit. This study examines maternal, neonatal, and obstetric factors that influence the suitability for banking and transplantation of UCB units collected in utero.Study Design and MethodsThis study examined 7839 UCB units collected in utero at two hospitals from August 1, 2008, to August 31, 2011. The variables were collected from cord blood records, patient charts, delivery records, and data processed by StemCyte, Inc. (Covina, CA), our parent bank. The mean total nucleated cell (TNC) count between units selected for transplant and those banked but not selected for transplant were also compared.ResultsOf the 11 variables evaluated, six had a significant influence on the acceptable banking TNC count of at least 90 × 107. Of these, cord blood volume was the best predictor. The other variables that were predictors of the acceptable TNC count of significance were gestational age, infant race, parity, birthweight, and infant sex. The minimal bankable TNC count for banking is considerably lower than the mean TNC count of units actually selected for transplantation.ConclusionMaternal, neonatal, and obstetric factors can all influence the acceptability of a cord blood unit collected in utero for banking. Furthermore, units with high TNC counts are more likely to be selected for banking. Identifying these variables in potential donors can likely increase the number of adequate collections.
Three‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy alone or in combination with surgery for treatment of canine intracranial meningiomas
Authors: Keyerleber M. A. , McEntee M. C. , Farrelly J. , Thompson M. S. , Scrivani P. V. , Dewey C. W. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractTreatment protocols, treatment planning methods and tumour types in studies evaluating radiotherapy for canine brain tumours have been varied. This case series retrospectively evaluated the outcome of definitive, three‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D‐CRT) as either a sole modality or as an adjuvant to surgery in 31 dogs diagnosed with meningioma by histopathology (n = 10) or cross‐sectional imaging of the head (n = 21, assessed independently by two board certified radiologists). Prescribed dose ranged from 45 to 54 Gy in 2.5 to 3 Gy fractions. Median overall survival was 577 days (interquartile range = 272–829 days; range = 30–1942 days) when all deaths were considered and 906 days (interquartile range = 336–912 days; range = 101–1942 days) when only dogs dying due to meningioma were considered. No significant difference in survival time was detected for the defined clinical or imaging findings or between treatment with radiotherapy alone versus adjuvant radiotherapy, suggesting that3D‐CRTmay be a viable alternative to surgery.
Whole‐genome comparison of meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC22 SCCmecIV from people and their in‐contact pets
Authors: Loeffler Anette , McCarthy Alex , Lloyd David H. , Musilová Eva , Pfeiffer Dirk U. , Lindsay Jodi A. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundMeticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections remain important medical and veterinary challenges. The MRSA isolated from dogs and cats typically belong to dominant hospital‐associated clones, in the UK mostly EMRSA‐15 (CC22 SCCmecIV), suggesting original human‐to‐animal transmission. Nevertheless, little is known about host‐specific genetic variation within the same S. aureus lineage.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo identify host‐specific variation amongst MRSA CC22 SCCmecIV by comparing isolates from pets with those from in‐contact humans using whole‐genome microarray.MethodsSix pairs of MRSA CC22 SCCmecIV from human carriers (owners and veterinary staff) and their respective infected in‐contact pets were compared using a 62‐strain whole‐genome S. aureus microarray (SAM‐62). The presence of putative host‐specific genes was subsequently determined in a larger number of human (n = 47) and pet isolates (n = 93) by PCR screening.ResultsVariation in mobile genetic elements (MGEs) occurred frequently and appeared largely independent of host and in‐contact pair. A plasmid (SAP078A) encoding heavy‐metal resistance genes (arsR, arsA, cadA, cadC, mco and copB) was found in three of six human and none of six animal isolates. However, only two of four resistance genes were associated with human hosts (P = 0.015 for arsA and cadA).Conclusions and clinical importanceThe variation found amongst MGEs highlights that genetic adaptation in MRSA continues. However, host‐specific MGEs were not detected, which supports the hypothesis that pets may not be natural hosts of MRSA CC22 and emphasizes that rigorous hygiene measures are critical to prevent contamination and infection of dogs and cats. The host specificity of individual heavy‐metal resistance genes warrants further investigation into different selection pressures in humans and animals.
Variability of hormetic dose responses of the antiauxin PCIB on Lactuca sativa in a plant bioassay
Authors: Belz R G , Piepho H P 
Published: July 2013

SummarySome herbicidal agents that damage plants at high doses stimulate their growth at low doses. This phenomenon of hormesis constitutes an alternative possible use of herbicidal agents that is, however, compromised by the apparent variability of the phenomenon. However, studies demonstrating and quantifying this apparent variability are lacking. The auxin‐inhibitor PCIB [2‐(p‐chlorophenoxy)‐2‐methylpropionic acid] was therefore investigated to determine whether interassay variability of stimulatory effects exceeds those of inhibitory effects and which hormetic quantity is most variable. Reparameterisation of the dose–response model used to estimate the hormetic dose range allowed including this feature as an explicit parameter. In bioassays with lettuce and root length as response variable, the variability of PCIB effects was evaluated in 33 complete dose–response assays. In a meta‐analysis, the occurrence of PCIB hormesis proved highly reproducible. However, the variability of effects was dose‐dependent and increased with decreasing dose. The response before the maximum stimulatory response and the absolute magnitude of hormesis proved most variable. Comparing the frequency distribution of effective doses demonstrated there was a risk of a previously hormetic dose causing a loss of hormesis or inhibitory effects in a subsequent experiment. Therefore, selecting a hormetic dose that will induce hormesis under any circumstances will be a major challenge.
First quantification of alpha‐Gal epitope in current glutaraldehyde‐fixed heart valve bioprostheses
Authors: Naso Filippo , Gandaglia Alessandro , Bottio Tomaso , Tarzia Vincenzo , Nottle Mark B. , d'Apice Anthony J. F. , Cowan Peter J. , Cozzi Emmanuele , Galli Cesare , Lagutina Irina , Lazzari Giovanna , Iop Laura , Spina Michele , Gerosa Gino 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundGlutaraldehyde fixation does not guarantee complete tissue biocompatibility in current clinical bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs). Particularly, circulating anti‐αGal human antibodies increase significantly from just 10 days after a BHV implantation. The inactivation of such epitope should be mandatory to meet the requirements for a perspectively safe clinical application; nevertheless, its quantitative assessment in commercially available BHVs has never been carried out.MethodsIn this investigation, seven different models of BHVs were tested. The number of epitopes was determined with reference to a standard αGal source by an ELISA test. The presence of xenoantigen was subsequently confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis. Porcine tissue, knockout for the αGal epitopes, was used as negative control.ResultsEpic™ valve was the only model among those tested, in which the αGal antigen appeared to be completely shielded. Composite Trifecta™ valve exhibited conflicting results: cusps of bovine pericardial tissue were devoid of reactive αGal epitopes, while the stent cover strip of porcine pericardium still maintained 30% of active antigens originally present in native tissue. All other tested BHVs express an αGal amount not significantly different from that exhibited by porcine Mosaic® valve (5.2 ± 0.6 × 1010 each 10 mg of tissue).ConclusionsFor the first time, the quantitative evaluation of the αGal epitope in heart valve bioprostheses, already in clinical practice for about 40 yrs, was finally determined. Such quantification might provide indications of biocompatibility relevant for the selection of bioprosthetic devices and an increase in the confidence of the patient. It might become a major quality control tool in the production and redirection of future investigation in the quest for αGal‐free long‐lasting substitutes.
Modeling Mechanical Behavior of Materials Processed by Accumulative Roll Bonding
Authors: Milner Justin L. , Bunget Cristina J. , Kurfess Thomas R. , Hammond Vincent H. 
Published: July 2013

Nanostructured materials are a relatively new class of materials that exhibit high strength and toughness, thus improving performance and capabilities of products, with potential applications to automotive, aerospace and defense industries. Among the severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods currently used for achieving nanoscale structure of a material, accumulative roll bonding (ARB) is the most favorable method to produce grain refinement for continuous production of metallic sheets at a bulk scale. ARB is a deformation technique where metallic sheets are repeatedly prepared, stacked and rolled together, usually to a reduction of 50% in thickness.
The main objective of this paper is to create a model that relates the process parameters and number of ARB cycles to the mechanical properties of the resultant material. The model established in this study can be a useful tool in designing the process and establishing the number of cycles needed in order to achieve the desired properties. Accumulative roll bonding experiments of various materials are analyzed and the resultant materials strength, at the corresponding ARB cycles, is modeled with good agreement.
Modeling the Electroplastic Effect During Electrically-Assisted Forming of 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: Salandro Wesley A. , Bunget Cristina , Mears Laine 
Published: July 2013

Over the last decade, the Electrically-Assisted Manufacturing (EAM) technique, where electricity is applied to a metal during deformation, has been experimentally proven to increase the workability of many lightweight alloys which are highly desirable to the automotive industry. Recent research by the authors has led to ways of accounting for the formability increases due to the applied electricity, by way of an Electroplastic Effect Coefficient (EEC), and by utilizing this coefficient, simple EAM forming tests can ultimately be modeled.
This work provides insight into the authors’ EAM modeling methodology and how it differs from previous EAM modeling attempts. Additionally, from the Electrically-Assisted Forming (EAF) experiments, two methods of accounting for the electroplastic effect will be discussed and compared. Ultimately, these methods will be integrated into the thermo-mechanical model to predict compressive stress-strain profiles for electrically-assisted forming tests under various current densities and die speeds. Finally, the efficiency of applying electricity to the deformation process will be discussed.
Thermal Modeling of Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing Process: Powder Sintering Effects
Authors: Shen Ninggang , Chou Kevin 
Published: July 2013

In recently developed Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies, high-energy sources have been used to fabricate metallic parts, in a layer by layer fashion, by sintering and/or melting metal powders. In particular, Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM) utilizes a high-energy electron beam to melt and fuse metal powders to build solid parts. EBAM is one of a few AM technologies capable of making full-density metallic parts and has dramatically extended their applications. Heat transport is the center of the process physics in EBAM, involving a high-intensity, localized moving heat source and rapid self-cooling, and is critically correlated to the part quality and process efficiency.
In this study, a finite element model was developed to simulate the transient heat transfer in a part during EBAM subject to a moving heat source with a Gaussian volumetric distribution. The developed model was first examined against literature data. The model was then used to evaluate the powder porosity and the beam size effects on the high temperature penetration volume (melt pool size). The major findings include the following. (1) For the powder layer case, the melt pool size is larger with a higher maximum temperature compared to a solid layer, indicating the importance of considering powders for the model accuracy. (2) With the increase of the porosity, temperatures are higher in the melt pool and the molten pool sizes increase in the depth, but decrease along the beam moving direction. Furthermore, both the heating and cooling rates are higher for a lower porosity level. (3) A larger electron-beam diameter will reduce the maximum temperature in the melt pool and temperature gradients could be much smaller, giving a lower cooling rate. However, for the tested electron beam-power level, the beam diameter around 0.4 mm could be an adequate choice.
Machining Process Power Monitoring: Bayesian Update of Machining Power Model
Authors: Mehta Parikshit , Kuttolamadom Mathew , Mears Laine 
Published: July 2013

Monitoring the CNC machine tool power provides valuable information that aids condition based maintenance, machine efficiency and machining process monitoring. Cutting force in machining process is an interesting variable to measure from monitoring and control point of view. Although the direct methods of measuring the cutting force exist, prohibitive costs do not allow deployment in industrial environment. In the indirect methods of measuring force, measuring the spindle motor current to estimate the cutting power and consequently the cutting force is popular.
This work discusses the calibration of spindle current based torque sensor for the estimation of the cutting force in turning operation. The work undertakes handling uncertainty in measurement of the cutting torque measurement. Considering the steady state value, the cutting torque is represented as a polynomial function of the speed and measured power. Though the identification of the unknown coefficients can be done based on the offline tests, in current work, the Bayesian update of coefficients is proposed. This method allows online learning of these coefficients. The cutting torque value based on the model has some variability due to variation in the coefficients and unmodeled dynamics. The iterative learning happens in three stages, namely — Prior belief, likelihood function establishment and update in prior belief with observed data producing posterior belief. The establishment of the priors is done through some offline tests. The likelihood function accounts for noise in the measurement of torque. And finally, Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations help sampling from unknown posterior distribution. This scheme has ability to sample from any distribution. A single update cycle shows high reduction in the variability of the torque. Experimental data is produced to verify the effectiveness of method; the Bayesian update scheme outperforms least-square polynomial fit method consistently for different cutting speeds and cutting load values.
Tribological Investigation of Deep-Drawing Processes Using Servo Presses
Authors: Groche Peter , Möller Norman 
Published: July 2013

Deep-drawing is one of the most important processes for the economic production of sheet metal parts, especially for high quantities. The forming forces during the process are a limiting factor for the producible shapes. A particular importance is associated with the tribology, because the percentage of friction forces on the total forces is relatively high. The friction between sheet metal and tool is influenced by several factors, such as surface characteristics of the work piece and the tool, lubrication conditions and process parameters, like the contact pressure and the sliding speed. Controlling these parameters will expand the process window for deep-drawing. Lately, servo presses provide the possibility of controlling the process speed in dependency of the process progress. The subject of this paper is the tribological investigation of deep-drawing processes. The friction coefficient decreases with an increasing sliding speed. Investigating this correlation and utilizing it for the application with modern servo technology for industrial use is the main objective of the presented research works.
First of all the dependency of the friction coefficient on the sliding speed is investigated by the use of the strip drawing tests, which allows the control of every parameter independently. The dependencies are implemented in a FEM-simulation, evaluating the potential for real deep-drawing processes. Deep-drawing experiments are then used to validate the results of the simulation with a speed-dependent friction coefficient as well as for the verification of the force reduction due to the influencing of process speed. In the end, the numerical simulated results in comparisons to the experimental measured results are discussed.