bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating snow models with varying process representations for hydrological applications
Authors: Magnusson Jan , Wever Nander , Essery Richard , Helbig Nora , Winstral Adam , Jonas Tobias 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMuch effort has been invested in developing snow models over several decades, resulting in a wide variety of empirical and physically based snow models. For the most part, these models are built on similar principles. The greatest differences are found in how each model parameterizes individual processes (e.g., surface albedo and snow compaction). Parameterization choices naturally span a wide range of complexities. In this study, we evaluate the performance of different snow model parameterizations for hydrological applications using an existing multimodel energy‐balance framework and data from two well‐instrumented alpine sites with seasonal snow cover. We also include two temperature‐index snow models and an intensive, physically based multilayer snow model in our analyses. Our results show that snow mass observations provide useful information for evaluating the ability of a model to predict snowpack runoff, whereas snow depth data alone are not. For snow mass and runoff, the energy‐balance models appear transferable between our two study sites, a behavior which is not observed for snow surface temperature predictions due to site‐specificity of turbulent heat transfer formulations. Errors in the input and validation data, rather than model formulation, seem to be the greatest factor affecting model performance. The three model types provide similar ability to reproduce daily observed snowpack runoff when appropriate model structures are chosen. Model complexity was not a determinant for predicting daily snowpack mass and runoff reliably. Our study shows the usefulness of the multimodel framework for identifying appropriate models under given constraints such as data availability, properties of interest and computational cost.
Global sensitivity analysis of the radiative transfer model
Authors: Neelam Maheshwari , Mohanty Binayak P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWith the recently launched Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, it is very important to have a complete understanding of the radiative transfer model for better soil moisture retrievals and to direct future research and field campaigns in areas of necessity. Because natural systems show great variability and complexity with respect to soil, land cover, topography, precipitation, there exist large uncertainties and heterogeneities in model input factors. In this paper, we explore the possibility of using global sensitivity analysis (GSA) technique to study the influence of heterogeneity and uncertainties in model inputs on zero order radiative transfer (ZRT) model and to quantify interactions between parameters. GSA technique is based on decomposition of variance and can handle nonlinear and nonmonotonic functions. We direct our analyses toward growing agricultural fields of corn and soybean in two different regions, Iowa, USA (SMEX02) and Winnipeg, Canada (SMAPVEX12). We noticed that, there exists a spatio‐temporal variation in parameter interactions under different soil moisture and vegetation conditions. Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) behaves more non‐linearly in SMEX02 and linearly in SMAPVEX12, with average parameter interactions of 14% in SMEX02 and 5% in SMAPVEX12. Also, parameter interactions increased with vegetation water content (VWC) and roughness conditions. Interestingly, soil moisture shows an exponentially decreasing sensitivity function whereas parameters such as root mean square height (RMS height) and vegetation water content show increasing sensitivity with 0.05 v/v increase in soil moisture range. Overall, considering the SMAPVEX12 fields to be water rich environment (due to higher observed SM) and SMEX02 fields to be energy rich environment (due to lower SM and wide ranges of TSURF), our results indicate that first order as well as interactions between the parameters change with water and energy rich environments.
Regioselective Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling of N‐Heterocycles toward Functionalized Quinolines, Phenanthrolines, and Indoles
Authors: Talwar Dinesh , Gonzalez‐de‐Castro Angela , Li Ho Yin , Xiao Jianliang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA new strategy has been developed for the oxidant‐ and base‐free dehydrogenative coupling of N‐heterocycles at mild conditions. Under the action of an iridium catalyst, N‐heterocycles undergo multiple sp3 CH activation steps, generating a nucleophilic enamine that reacts in situ with various electrophiles to give highly functionalized products. The dehydrogenative coupling can be cascaded with Friedel–Crafts addition, resulting in a double functionalization of the N‐heterocycles.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Reductive Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage Reaction on a Curved Pyridylcorannulene Skeleton
Authors: Tashiro Shohei , Yamada Mihoko , Shionoya Mitsuhiko 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe cleavage of CC bonds in π‐conjugated systems is an important method for controlling their shape and coplanarity. An efficient way for the cleavage of an aromatic CC bond in a typical buckybowl corannulene skeleton is reported. The reaction of 2‐pyridylcorannulene with a catalytic amount of IrCl3⋅n H2O in ethylene glycol at 250 °C resulted in a structural transformation from the curved corannulene skeleton to a strain‐free flat benzo[ghi]fluoranthene skeleton through a site‐selective CC cleavage reaction. This cleavage reaction was found to be driven by both the coordination of the 2‐pyridyl substituent to iridium and the relief of strain in the curved corannulene skeleton. This finding should facilitate the design of carbon nanomaterials based on CC bond cleavage reactions.
Frontispiz: Temperaturgesteuerte bidirektionale Enantioselektivität eines dynamischen Katalysators für asymmetrische Hydrierungen
Authors: Storch Golo , Trapp Oliver 
Published: March 2015

Asymmetrische KatalyseG. Storch und O. Trapp schildern in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 3650 ff., wie die Enantioselektivität bei der asymmetrischen Hydrierung prochiraler (Z)‐α‐Acetamidocinnamate und α‐substituierter Acrylate von der thermischen Behandlung des Katalysators abhängt.
A Fluorinated Detergent for Membrane‐Protein Applications
Authors: Frotscher Erik , Danielczak Bartholomäus , Vargas Carolyn , Meister Annette , Durand Grégory , Keller Sandro 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSurfactants carrying fluorocarbon chains hold great promise as gentle alternatives to conventional hydrocarbon‐based detergents for the solubilization and handling of integral membrane proteins. However, their inertness towards lipid bilayer membranes has limited the usefulness of fluorinated surfactants in situations where detergent‐like activity is required. We demonstrate that fluorination does not necessarily preclude detergency, as exemplified by a fluorinated octyl maltoside derivative termed F6OM. This nonionic compound readily interacts with and completely solubilizes phospholipid vesicles in a manner reminiscent of conventional detergents without, however, compromising membrane order at subsolubilizing concentrations. Owing to this mild and unusual mode of detergency, F6OM outperforms a lipophobic fluorinated surfactant in chaperoning the functional refolding of an integral membrane enzyme by promoting bilayer insertion in the absence of micelles.
Electrical conductivity enhancement of spin‐coated PEDOT:PSS thin film via dipping method in low concentration aqueous DMSO
Authors: Deetuam Chutimar , Weise Dana , Samthong Chavakorn , Praserthdam Piyasan , Baumann Reinhard R. , Somwangthanaroj Anongnat 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe electrical conductivity of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was enhanced by dipping the thin films prepared by spin coating technique in an aqueous DMSO solution. The low concentration range of DMSO in water between 0–5 vol % was studied in comparison with pure water and pure DMSO. It was found that the electrical conductivity dramatically increased as increasing the concentration of DMSO and reached the constant value of 350 S cm−1 at 2 vol % of aqueous DMSO solution. This could be explained by the conformational change of PEDOT chains from the coil structure to the linear or expanded coil structure as confirmed by Raman spectra. Further, white patches were obviously noticed on the surface of the films dipped in pure DMSO, indicating the phase separation of conductive PEDOT grains and associated PSS. The sulfur element of the dipped film surface was investigated by XPS. The XPS S2p core‐level spectra displayed that the unassociated PSS was considerably removed from the surface of PEDOT:PSS films dipped in pure water and 2 vol % of aqueous DMSO solution, indicating that the presence of water in the solvents is important to prominently promote the washing effect. Finally, UV–Vis spectra revealed the improved transparency of the films probably owing to the decreased film thickness. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42108.
A Water‐Soluble ESIPT Fluorescent Probe with High Quantum Yield and Red Emission for Ratiometric Detection of Inorganic and Organic Palladium
Authors: Gao Tang , Xu Pengfei , Liu Meihui , Bi Anyao , Hu Pengzhi , Ye Bin , Wang Wei , Zeng Wenbin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA novel fluorescent probe with a high quantum yield (0.41), large Stokes shifts (255 nm), and red emission (635 nm) was designed to detect all typical oxidation states of palladium species (0, +2, +4) by palladium‐mediated terminal propargyl ethers cleavage reaction in water solution without any organic media. The probe showed a high selectivity and excellent sensitivity for palladium species, with a detection as low as 57 nM (6.2 μg L−1).
Dependence of ‘critical cloud fraction’ on aerosol composition
Authors: Eswaran K. , Satheesh S. K. , Srinivasan J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractRecent studies, over regions influenced by biomass burning aerosol, have shown that it is possible to define a ‘critical cloud fraction’ (CCF) at which the aerosol direct radiative forcing switch from a cooling to a warming effect. Using 4 years of multi‐satellite data analysis, we show that CCF varies with aerosol composition and changed from 0.28 to 0.13 from postmonsoon to winter as a result of shift from less absorbing to moderately absorbing aerosol. Our results indicate that we can estimate aerosol absorption from space using independently measured top of the atmosphere (TOA) fluxes [Cloud Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization‐Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer‐Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CALIPSO‐MODIS‐CERES)] combined algorithms for example.
Intrinsic colour indices of Be stars obtained from 2MASS photometry
Authors: Wegner W. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper is based on 2MASS photometry (J H Ks magnitudes) of 1172 Be stars. The observed mean intrinsic colours have been derived with aid of two‐colour diagrams for Be stars of luminosity classes Ie‐IIe, IIIe and IVe‐Ve. The obtained results are the first determinations of their intrinsic colours in the astronomical literature. The smoothed infrared colours are compared with those obtained for “normal” B stars. Several two‐colour diagrams and plots of observed and smoothed intrinsic colour versus spectral type of luminosity classes Ie‐IIe, IIIe and IVe‐Ve are presented. Generally the determined infrared intrinsic colours of Be stars (V – J)0, (V – H)0, and (V – Ks)o differ substantially from those of “normal” B stars. It is found that the intrinsic colours of B stars are generally bluer than Be stars of corresponding spectral type and luminosity class. The mean absolute visual magnitude Mv of 528 Be stars for luminosity classes Iae, Ibe‐Iabe, IIe, IIIe and IVe‐Ve is derived from HIPPARCOS parallaxes. The Mv calibration is compared with the existing ones. The Be stars are generally brighter than “normal” B stars of corresponding spectral types. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
CoRoT data reduction by example
Authors: Weingrill J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractData reduction techniques published so far for the CoRoT N2 data product were targeted primarily on the detection of extrasolar planets. Since the whole dataset has been released, specific algorithms are required to process the lightcurves from CoRoT correctly. Though only unflagged datapoints must be chosen for scientific processing, some flags might be reconsidered. The reduction of data along with improving the signal‐to‐noise ratio can be achieved by applying a one dimensional drizzle algorithm. Gaps can be filled by linear interpolated data without harming the frequency spectrum. Magnitudes derived from the CoRoT color channels might be used to derive additional information about the targets. Depending on the needs, various filters in the frequency domain remove either the red noise background or high frequency noise. The autocorrelation function or the least squares periodogram are appropriate methods to identify periodic signals. The methods described here are not strictly limited to CoRoT data but may also be applied on Kepler data or the upcoming PLATO mission. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The refined physical properties of the transiting exoplanetary system WASP‐41
Authors: Vaňko M. , Evans P. , Tan T. G. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe present the first follow‐up study of the transiting system WASP‐41 after its discovery in 2011. The main goal of this paper is to refine the physical parameters of the system and search for possible signs of transit timing variations. The observations used for analysis were taken from the public archive of the Exoplanet Transit Database (ETD). Assuming three different limb darkening laws, we found the best‐fitting model and redetermined parameters of the system. Although system parameters obtained in this study were found to be in good agreement with the discovery study, the planetary radius determined here is notably smaller, namely 1.12+0.06 –0.07 RJup. The Safronov number Θ = 0.071 ± 0.002 and equilibrium temperature Teq = 1271 ± 50 K were also determined. Both values indicate that the planet WASP‐41b belongs to Class I of transiting planets. No significant transit timing variations were detected. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Frühgeschichte des modernen Konstruktionsbetons
Authors: Holzer Stefan M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn Teil 1 der vorliegenden Aufsatzserie wurden die ersten Versuche einer Wiederbelebung der altrömischen Betonbauweise im Hafen‐ und Molenbau bis hin zur Einrichtung der ersten “Fertigteilfabriken” zur Herstellung von riesigen Betonquadern für den Molenbau in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts besprochen. Im zweiten Teil wird die deutlich später einsetzende, aber wesentlich dichtere und intensivere Entwicklung der Verwendung hydraulischer Mörtel und Mörtel‐Stein‐Gemische im Schleusenbau dargestellt. Ausgehend von einer Verwendung als reines Dichtungsmaterial für die umschließenden Konstruktionen der Schleusenkammer konnte sich schließlich ein Einsatz des Betons auch für das Tragwerk der Schleuse etablieren, bis hin zu den ersten, monolithisch unter Wasser in Ortbeton hergestellten, ganz aus Beton bestehenden Schleusen um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Somit lag um 1850 die Technologie des Betons als fast universell einsetzbares Baumaterial vor – wenn auch noch ohne Bewehrung.On the early history of modern concrete – Part II: Canal locks and docksThe first part of the present series of articles was dedicated to the roots of the grand revival of concrete during the early modern construction, from first attempts to apply concrete in harbour engineering up to the well‐organized field factories for the production of precast concrete blocks for the construction of jetties during the first half of the 19th century. The second part discusses the introduction of cast‐in‐place concrete construction in the field of canal locks and docks. Although starting only around 1800, this field proved to develop dynamically thoughout Europe, and contributed significantly to establishing concrete as a standard material also for fields outside hydraulic engineering.
Schluss mit dem Krach
Authors: Ehmann Stefan , Köncke Stephan , Lehmann Lutz 
Published: March 2015

AbstractUm einen sicheren Flugbetrieb gewährleisten zu können, müssen Triebwerkprobeläufe auf einigen Verkehrsflughäfen durchgeführt werden. Da diese Probeläufe vorzugsweise außerhalb des Flugbetriebs, also nachts stattfinden, wäre z. B. ein Nachtflugverbot wirkungslos, wenn die Schallausbreitung während des Laufs ungehindert erfolgte. Aus diesem Grunde werden Schallschutzhallen errichtet, welche die Schallausbreitung behindern. Die Halle am internationalen Flughafen in Zürich bietet Verkehrsflugzeugen bis zur Größe einer Boeing 747‐8 Raum. Bei diesem etwa 25,5 Millionen Euro teuren Bauwerk bestimmt allein die Funktion die Gestaltung. Die entwickelte Schallschutzanlage bietet neben dem Hauptzweck der Reduzierung der Schallemissionen den weiteren großen Vorteil der deutlich erhöhten Verfügbarkeit unabhängig von Witterungseinflüssen.Put an end to the noise – New construction of a noise reduction hangar for traffic airplanes at the airport ZurichFor being able to guarantee a secure air traffic there have to be proceeded engine test runs at many airports. As most of these test runs are taking place outside of flight operations, which means at night, a ban on night flights would be useless if the sound propagation would be realized unhindered during the test. Therefore noise reduction hangars are constructed to impede the sound propagation. The hangar at the international airport Zurich offers place for traffic airplanes up to the size of a Boeing 747‐8. In the case of this approximately 25.5 million Euros expensive construction only the function determines the design. The developed noise reduction installation offers next to the main purpose of reducing the noise emission the other big advantage of significantly increased availability independent of weather conditions.
Temburong Bridge, Brunei – Design of two cable stayed bridges
Authors: Carlucci Alberto , Hooton Martin , Salim Hj Mazlan Abd , Yip Sammy , Moneypenny Kelvin , Kite Steve 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Temburong Bridge Project is a 30 km long dual two‐lane highway crossing over the Brunei Bay. It will connect the relatively isolated Brunei district of Temburong to the other three Brunei districts. The main objective of the project is to stimulate economic growth in the Temburong region by connecting it to the country's airport and ports. The alignment crosses two navigation channels resulting in the need for two cable stayed bridges – the Brunei Channel Bridge (145 m main span) and the Eastern Channel Bridge (260 m main span).The design of these cable stayed bridges is one of the first applications of the Eurocode to a fully concrete cable stayed bridge. Both cable stayed bridges draw on strong Islamic architectural influences from the region to form a tower shape that is unique and instantly recognisable.Temburong Brücke, Brunei – Entwurf von zwei SchrägkabelbrückenDie Temburong Brücke ist eine 30 km lange Verbindung über die Brunei Bucht mit zwei Richtungsfahrbahnen mit je zwei Fahrstreifen. Sie wird den relativ isolierten Distrikt Temburong mit den anderen drei Distrikten Bruneis verbinden. Hauptanliegen des Projekts ist die Stimulierung von ökonomischem Wachstum in der Temburong Region, indem sie an den Flughafen und Seehafen des Landes angebunden wird. Die Trassierung erfordert die Überquerung zweier Schiffahrtsrouten. Dies wird mit der Anordnung zweier Schrägkabelbrücken ermöglicht, der Brunei Channel Brücke (145 m Hauptspannweite) und der Eastern Channel Brücke (260 m Hauptspannweite).Die Bemessung der beiden Brücken stellt eine der ersten Anwendungen des Eurocode auf Schrägkabelbrücken mit Betonüberbau dar. Optisch sind die beiden Brücken geprägt von der islamischen Architektur der Umgebung, die Pylonform ist ein besonderes Erkennungsmerkmal der Brücken.
Development and validation of the Self‐Gifting Consumer Behaviour scale
Authors: Mortimer Gary , Bougoure Ursula Sigrid , Fazal‐E‐Hasan Syed 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSelf‐gifting consumer behaviour (SGCB) is on the rise as consumers seek reward and therapeutic benefits from their shopping experiences. SGCB is defined as personally symbolic, self‐communication through special indulgences, which tend to be premeditated and highly context bound. Prior research into the measurement of this growing behavioural phenomenon has been fragmented because of differences in conceptualisation. This research builds upon the prior literature and through a series of qualitative and quantitative studies, develops a valid, multidimensional measure of SGCB that will be useful for future quantitative inquiry into self‐gifting consumption. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bio‐Inspired Passive Drag Reduction Techniques: A Review
Authors: Abdulbari Hayder A. , Mahammed Hassan D. , Hassan Zulkefli B. Y. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIt was believed that fluid flow and the laminar to turbulent transition delay were more easily controlled on smooth surfaces until the discovery of the grooved shark skin surface that changed the whole idea of how smooth the surface should be to have high flow in submerged surfaces. Riblets have gained renewed interest in academic fields of study and in industry due to several advantages in manipulating the turbulence boundary layer. Drag reduction using small, longitudinally grooved surface provides up to 10 % lower energy consumption in several applications. This review provides an overview of the mechanism of drag reduction with riblets, the different geometries and types, and the latest developments in drag reduction riblet technology.
Synthesis of Lignin‐Derived Bisphenols Catalyzed by Lignosulfonic Acid in Water for Polycarbonate Synthesis
Authors: Chen Qin , Huang Wei , Chen Peng , Peng Chang , Xie Haibo , Zhao Zongbao Kent , Sohail Muhammad , Bao Ming 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLignosulfonic acid, a byproduct of the paper industry, was demonstrated to be an efficient and green catalyst in water for the stoichiometric condensation of creosol with formaldehyde to synthesize lignin‐derived renewable bisphenols. The distribution and structures of the products were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy and X‐ray analysis; furthermore, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed. A polycarbonate was prepared from the bisphenol product and characterized as a model application, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that decomposition occurred in a single stage with the maximum rate of degradation at approximately 420 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that the glass transition temperature and melting peak of the polycarbonate were approximately 122 and 314 °C, respectively. The environmentally friendly characteristics of this study are featured by the integrated utilization of a biorenewable feedstock, a green biomacromolecule catalyst, and a green solvent for the preparation of valuable biochemicals and materials.