bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental measurements of the SP response to concentration and temperature gradients in sandstones with application to subsurface geophysical monitoring
Authors: Leinov E. , Jackson M. D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractExclusion‐diffusion potentials arising from temperature gradients are widely neglected in self‐potential (SP) surveys, despite the ubiquitous presence of temperature gradients in subsurface settings such as volcanoes and hot springs, geothermal fields, and oil reservoirs during production via water or steam injection. Likewise, with the exception of borehole SP logging, exclusion‐diffusion potentials arising from concentration gradients are also neglected or, at best, it is assumed that the diffusion potential dominates. To better interpret these SP sources requires well‐constrained measurements of the various coupling terms. We report measurements of thermoelectric and electrochemical exclusion‐diffusion potentials across sandstones saturated with NaCl brine and find that electrode effects can dominate the measured voltage. After correcting for these, we find that Hittorf transport numbers are the same within experimental error regardless of whether ion transport occurs in response to temperature or concentration gradients over the range of NaCl concentration investigated that is typical of natural systems. Diffusion potentials dominate only if the pore throat radius is more than approximately 4000 times larger than the diffuse layer thickness. In fine‐grained sandstones with small pore throat diameter, this condition is likely to be met only if the saturating brine is of relatively high salinity; thus, in many cases of interest to earth scientists, exclusion‐diffusion potentials will comprise significant contributions from both ionic diffusion through, and ionic exclusion from, the pore space of the rock. However, in coarse‐grained sandstones, or sandstones saturated with high‐salinity brine, exclusion‐diffusion potentials can be described using end‐member models in which ionic exclusion is neglected. Exclusion‐diffusion potentials in sandstones depend upon pore size and salinity in a complex way: they may be positive, negative, or zero depending upon sandstone rock texture (expressed here by the pore radius r) and salinity.
From Mesoproterozoic magmatism to collisional Cretaceous anatexis: Tectonomagmatic history of the Pelagonian Zone, Greece
Authors: Schenker Filippo Luca , Burg Jean‐Pierre , Kostopoulos Dimitrios , Moulas Evangelos , Larionov Alexander , von Quadt Albrecht 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe magmatic history of the Pelagonian Zone, in northern Greece, is constrained with secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) U‐Pb dating on zircons of various granitoids whose structural positions were defined with respect to the regional main foliation. Ages pertain to four groups: (i) Mesoproterozoic (circa 1430 Ma) crystallization of granites inferred from inherited magmatic zircon cores that have been partially molten during the (ii) Neoproterozoic at circa 685 Ma (metamorphic zircon rims) and subsequently intruded by a Neoproterozoic leucogranite (circa 600 Ma). (iii) Late‐ or post‐Variscan calc‐alkaline granitoids (315–301 Ma) were in turn intruded by a subvolcanic dike at about 280 Ma. In the Early Permian the εNd(t) in magmas decreased from −7.3 to −1.3, hinting to mantle‐derived melts produced during extension. Rifting is further heralded by two acidic and one mafic dike containing Lower‐Middle Triassic zircons (246–242 Ma). (iv) Early Cretaceous anatectic melts at 117 ± 8 Ma formed during regional metamorphism. This age is the first report of in situ anatexis in the Pelagonian Zone. Cretaceous anatexis developed during the Mesozoic collision of Pelagonia with the Eurasian margin. Major‐ and trace‐element geochemistry of amphibolites further attests for the complex pre‐Alpine tectonic history with Neoproterozoic calc‐alkaline and back‐arc geochemical signature and Triassic alkali‐magmatism.
Comparing vertical profiles of natural tracers in the Williston Basin to estimate the onset of deep aquifer activation
Authors: Hendry M. Jim , Harrington Glenn A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractComparing high‐resolution depth profiles of different naturally occurring environmental tracers in aquitards should yield consistent and perhaps complementary information about solute transport mechanisms and the timing of major hydrogeological and climatological events. This study evaluated whether deep, continuous profiles of aquitard pore water chloride concentration could provide further insight into the paleohydrology of the Williston Basin, Canada, than possible using high‐resolution depth profiles of stable H/O isotopes of water (δ18O, δ2H). Pore water samples were obtained from extracts of cores taken over 392 m of the thick Cretaceous shale aquitard. Water samples were also collected from wells installed in the underlying regional sandy aquifer (Mannville Group; 93 m thick) and from seepage inflows into potash mine shafts (to 825 m below ground). Numerical modeling of the 1‐D vertical Cl− profile supported diffusion dominated solute transport in the shales. The modeling also showed a similar time frame for development of the Cl− profile prior to activation of the aquifer as determined from the δ18O profile (20–25 Ma); however, it provided a significantly longer and potentially better‐constrained time frame for evolution of the profile during the activation phase of the aquifer (0.5–1 Ma). The dominant paleoevent reflected in present‐day profiles of both tracers is the introduction of glaciogenic meteoric water to the Mannville aquifer underlying the shale during the Pleistocene. The source area of this water remains to be determined.
Tectonic Articulation: Making Engineering Logics Speak
Authors: Schumacher Patrik 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAs much of the responsibility of a building's physical design and fabrication has increasingly shifted to engineers, spatial communication has remained the sole and significant preserve of architects. Patrik Schumacher, Partner at Zaha Hadid Architects (ZHA), explains how tectonic articulation through architectural design – the selection and employment of technically engineered forms and details – enables the legible enunciation of a building's forms in a manner that has the potential to give it social meaning and expression.
Future Details of UNStudio Architectures: An Interview with Ben van Berkel
Authors: Garcia Mark 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn the mid 1990s, Ben van Berkel of UNStudio brought the world's attention to the plight of the architectural detail, calling for it to be redefined. Some 20 years later, guest‐editor Mark Garcia caught up with van Berkel in London and at his studio in Amsterdam, in order to explore with him fully his interest in the detail over time in both his built work and design research. As Van Berkel seeks out the production of ‘a more intense architecture’ through the development of advanced computational and organisational techniques, where does it leave the detail and non‐detail? Can a good detail still save a building?
The Post‐Epistemological Details of Oceanic Ontologies
Authors: Armstrong Rachel 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe convergence of advanced technologies such as nanotechnology, biotechnology, information and cognitive (NBIC) technologies is opening up the possibilities of working in architecture with lifelike systems and detailing dynamic matter. Here Rachel Armstrong, a co‐director of the Advanced Virtual and Technological Architectural Research (AVATAR) group at the University of Greenwich, London, explores the potentials and limits of these emerging ‘Oceanic Ontologies’.
The Gold Mine: A Ludic Architecture
Authors: Clear Nic 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAs an educator and architect, Nic Clear is renowned for his passion for film and science fiction; he teaches a unit in film and animation at the University of Greenwich, London, where he is Head of the Department of Architecture and Landscape. Here, in a recent speculative project, the Gold Mine, he weaves together a science fiction‐like narrative that is heightened by its attention to visual and narrative detail.
Genetic diversity inPuertoRico and its implications for the peopling of theIsland and theWestIndies
Authors: Vilar Miguel G. , Melendez Carlalynne , Sanders Akiva B. , Walia Akshay , Gaieski Jill B. , Owings Amanda C. , Schurr Theodore G. ,   The Genographic Consortium
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTPuerto Rico and the surrounding islands rest on the eastern fringe of the Caribbean's Greater Antilles, located less than 100 miles northwest of the Lesser Antilles. Puerto Ricans are genetic descendants of pre‐Columbian peoples, as well as peoples of European and African descent through 500 years of migration to the island. To infer these patterns of pre‐Columbian and historic peopling of the Caribbean, we characterized genetic diversity in 326 individuals from the southeastern region of Puerto Rico and the island municipality of Vieques. We sequenced the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region of all of the samples and the complete mitogenomes of 12 of them to infer their putative place of origin. In addition, we genotyped 121 male samples for 25 Y‐chromosome single nucleotide polymorphism and 17 STR loci. Approximately 60% of the participants had indigenous mtDNA haplotypes (mostly from haplogroups A2 and C1), while 25% had African and 15% European haplotypes. Three A2 sublineages were unique to the Greater Antilles, one of which was similar to Mesoamerican types, while C1b haplogroups showed links to South America, suggesting that people reached the island from the two distinct continental source areas. However, none of the male participants had indigenous Y‐chromosomes, with 85% of them instead being European/Mediterranean and 15% sub‐Saharan African in origin. West Eurasian Y‐chromosome short tandem repeat haplotypes were quite diverse and showed similarities to those observed in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. These results attest to the distinct, yet equally complex, pasts for the male and female ancestors of modern day Puerto Ricans. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:352–368, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasmon‐Induced Ammonia Synthesis through Nitrogen Photofixation with Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Oshikiri Tomoya , Ueno Kosei , Misawa Hiroaki 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe have successfully developed a plasmon‐induced technique for ammonia synthesis that responds to visible light through a strontium titanate (SrTiO3) photoelectrode loaded with gold (Au) nanoparticles. The photoelectrochemical reaction cell was divided into two chambers to separate the oxidized (anodic side) and reduced (cathodic side) products. To promote NH3 formation, a chemical bias was applied by regulating the pH value of these compartments, and ethanol was added to the anodic chamber as a sacrificial donor. The quantity of NH3 formed at the ruthenium surface, which was used as a co‐catalyst for SrTiO3, increases linearly as a function of time under irradiation with visible light at wavelengths longer than 550 nm. The NH3 formation action spectrum approximately corresponds to the plasmon resonance spectrum. We deduced that plasmon‐induced charge separation at the Au/SrTiO3 interface promotes oxidation at the anodic chamber and subsequent nitrogen reduction on the cathodic side.
Image‐Contrast Technology Based on the Electrochemiluminescence of Porous Silicon and Its Application in Fingerprint Visualization
Authors: Tan Jie , Xu Linru , Li Tong , Su Bin , Wu Jianmin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of porous silicon (pSi) has attracted great interest for its potential application in display technology and chemical sensors. In this study, we found that pSi with a different surface chemistry displayed an apparently different dynamic ECL process. An image‐contrast technology was established on the basis of the intrinsic mechanism of the ECL dynamic process. As a proof of principle, the visualization of latent fingerprints (LFPs) and in situ detection of TNT in fingerprints was demonstrated by using the ECL‐based image‐contrast technology.
A Supramolecular Sorting Hat: Stereocontrol in Metal–Ligand Self‐Assembly by Complementary Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Young Michael C. , Holloway Lauren R. , Johnson Amber M. , Hooley Richard J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA combination of self‐complementary hydrogen bonding and metal–ligand interactions allows stereocontrol in the self‐assembly of prochiral ligand scaffolds. A unique, non‐tetrahedral M4L6 structure is observed upon multicomponent self‐assembly of 2,7‐diaminofluorenol with 2‐formylpyridine and Fe(ClO4)2. The stereochemical outcome of the assembly is controlled by self‐complementary hydrogen bonding between both individual ligands and a suitably sized counterion as template. This hydrogen‐bonding‐mediated stereoselective metal–ligand assembly allows the controlled formation of nonsymmetric discrete cage structures from previously unexploited ligand scaffolds.
Water Encapsulation by Nanomicelles
Authors: León Iker , Millán Judith , Cocinero Emilio J. , Lesarri Alberto , Fernández José A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractReported is the hydration of nanomicelles in the gas‐phase using spectroscopic methods and quantum chemical calculations. A fine‐tuning of the experimental conditions allowed formation of a propofol trimer and tetramer with a water molecule and to determine the structure of the aggregates. Their electronic and IR spectra were obtained using mass‐resolved laser spectroscopy, together with the number of conformational isomers for each stoichiometry. Interpretation of the spectra in the light of high‐level calculations allowed determination of the cluster’s structure and demonstration that the trimer of propofol with a water molecule forms cyclic hydrogen‐bond networks but, on the other hand, the tetramer is big enough to encapsulate the water molecule inside its hydrophilic core. Furthermore, these hydrated nanomicelles present an unusually high binding energy, thus reflecting their high stability and their capability to trap water inside.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Functionalized Difluoromethyl Bromides and Chlorides with Aryl Boronic Acids: A General Method for Difluoroalkylated Arenes
Authors: Xiao Yu‐Lan , Guo Wen‐Hao , He Guo‐Zhen , Pan Qiang , Zhang Xingang 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTransition‐metal‐catalyzed difluoroalkylation of aromatics remains challenging despite the importance of difluoroalkylated arenes in medicinal chemistry. Herein, the first successful example of nickel‐catalyzed difluoroalkylation of aryl boronic acids is described. The reaction allows access to a variety of functionalized difluoromethyl bromides and chlorides, and paves the way to highly cost‐efficient synthesis of a wide range of difluoroalkylated arenes. The notable features of this protocol are its high generality, excellent functional‐group compatibility, low‐cost nickel‐catalyst, and practicality for gram‐scale production, thus providing a facile method for applications in drug discovery and development.
On the Formation of a Protic Ionic Liquid in Nature
Authors: Chen Li , Mullen Genevieve E. , Le Roch Myriam , Cassity Cody G. , Gouault Nicolas , Fadamiro Henry Y. , Barletta Robert E. , O'Brien Richard A. , Sykora Richard E. , Stenson Alexandra C. , West Kevin N. , Horne Howard E. , Hendrich Jeffrey M. , Xiang Kang Rui , Davis James H. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe practical utility of ionic liquids (ILs) makes the absence (heretofore) of reported examples from nature quite puzzling, given the facility with which nature produces many other types of exotic but utilitarian substances. In that vein, we report here the identification and characterization of a naturally occurring protic IL. It can be formed during confrontations between the ants S. invicta and N. fulva. After being sprayed with alkaloid‐based S. invicta venom, N. fulva detoxifies by grooming with its own venom, formic acid. The mixture is a viscous liquid manifestly different from either of the constituents. Further, we find that the change results as a consequence of formic acid protonation of the N centers of the S. invicta venom alkaloids. The resulting mixed‐cation ammonium formate milieu has properties consistent with its classification as a protic IL.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Highly Substituted Polyheteroaromatic Compounds by Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Multiple CH Activation and Annulation
Authors: Jayakumar Jayachandran , Parthasarathy Kanniyappan , Chen Yi‐Hsiang , Lee Tai‐Hua , Chuang Shih‐Ching , Cheng Chien‐Hong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA new method for the synthesis of highly substituted naphthyridine‐based polyheteroaromatic compounds in high yields proceeds through rhodium(III)‐catalyzed multiple CH bond cleavage and CC and CN bond formation in a one‐pot process. Such highly substituted polyheteroaromatic compounds have attracted much attention because of their unique π‐conjugation, which make them suitable materials for organic semiconductors and luminescent materials. Furthermore, a possible mechanism, which involves multiple chelation‐assisted ortho CH activation, alkyne insertion, and reductive elimination, is proposed for this transformation.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(2,5‐didecyl‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene), poly(2,5‐didecyloxy‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene), and their alternating copolymer
Authors: Young Crystal A. , Saowsupa Sairoong , Hammack Audrey , Tangonan Andrew A. , Anuragudom Piched , Jia Huiping , Jamison Andrew C. , Panichphant Sukon , Gnade Bruce E. , Lee T. Randall 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe preparation of dialkyl‐substituted poly(2,5‐didecyl‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene) (PDDPV) by the Horner‐Emmons polycondensation is described. Its performance in an organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) device architecture is compared with devices prepared from the analogous dialkoxy‐substituted poly(2,5‐didecyloxy‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene) (PDOPV) and the corresponding alkyl‐alkoxy‐substituted alternating copolymer. Additionally, the structure, stability, electrochemical, and optical properties of the PPVs were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, NMR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, UV‐Visible spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41162.
Two Trihydrazine‐Bridged Cobalt(II) Chain Compounds Exhibiting Antiferromagnetic Ordering and Single‐Chain Magnetic Behavior
Authors: Jia Li‐Hui , Wang Yan‐Jun , Gao Chen , Ding Mei , Jia Jun‐Hua , Wang Bing‐Wu , Gao Song 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTwo new trihydrazine bridged CoII chain compounds have been synthesized and magnetically characterized. The two compounds are both composed of [Co(N2H4)3]2+ chains. One exhibits antiferromagnetic ordering behavior while the other behaves as a single‐chain magnet (SCM) at low temperature.
Beneficial effects of environmental enrichment and food entrainment in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease
Authors: Skillings Elizabeth A. , Wood Nigel I. , Morton A. Jennifer 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn addition to their cognitive and motor deficits, R6/2 mice show a progressive disintegration in circadian rhythms that mirrors the problems associated with sleep‐wake disturbances experienced by patients with Huntington's disease (HD). It has been shown previously that motor and cognitive performance, as well as survival, can be improved in transgenic mouse models of HD through the provision of environmental enrichment.MethodsWe compared the effect of two different overnight entrainment paradigms presented either separately or in combination. The first was environmental enrichment, the second was temporal food‐entrainment. Environmental enrichment was provided in the dark period (the natural active period for mice) in the form of access to a Perspex playground containing running wheels, tunnels, climbing frame, ropes and chew blocks. Food entrainment was imposed by allowing access to food only during the dark period. We assessed a number of different aspects of function in the mice, measuring general health (by SHIRPA testing, body temperature and body weight measurements), cognitive performance in the touchscreen and locomotor behavior in the open field.ResultsThere were no significant differences in cognitive performance between groups on different schedules. Environmental enrichment delayed the onset of general health deterioration, while food entrainment slowed the loss of body weight, aided the maintenance of body temperature and improved locomotor behavior. Effects were limited however, and in combination had deleterious effects on survival.ConclusionsOur results support previous studies showing that environmental enrichment can be beneficial and might be used to enhance the quality of life of HD patients. However, improvements are selective and ‘enrichment’ per se is likely to only be useful as an adjunct to a more direct therapy.
Synthesis and Biochemical Characterization of Tricyclothymidine Triphosphate (tc‐TTP)
Authors: Hollenstein Marcel , Leumann Christian J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTricyclo‐DNA (tc‐DNA) is a conformationally restricted oligonucleotide analogue that exhibits promising properties as a robust antisense agent. Here we report on the synthesis and biochemical characterization of tc‐TTP, the triphosphate of a tc‐DNA nucleoside containing the base thymine. Tc‐TTP turned out to be a substrate for the Vent (exo−) DNA polymerase, a polymerase that allows for multiple incorporations of tc‐T nucleotides under primer extension reaction conditions. However, the substrate acceptance is rather low, as also observed for other sugar‐modified analogues. Tc‐TTP and tc‐nucleotide‐containing templates do not sustain enzymatic polymerization under physiological conditions; this indicates that tc‐DNA‐based antisense agents will not enter natural metabolic pathways that lead to long‐term toxicity.
Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate suppresses the lipid deposition through the apoptosis during differentiation in bovine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Jeong Jin Young , Suresh Sekar , Jang Mi , Park Mi Na , Gobianand Kuppannan , You Seungkwon , Yeon Sung‐Heom , Lee Hyun‐Jeong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEpigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major component of tea, has known effects on obesity, fatty liver, and obesity‐related cancer. We explored the effects of EGCG on the differentiation of bovine mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs, which are multipotent) in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Differentiating BMSCs were exposed to various concentrations of EGCG (0, 10, 50, 100, and 200 µM) for 2, 4, and 6 days. BMSCs were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)/high‐glucose medium with adipogenic inducers for 6 days, and the expression levels of various genes involved in adipogenesis were measured using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. We assessed apoptosis by flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) staining of control and EGCG‐exposed cells. We found that EGCG significantly suppressed fat deposition and cell viability (P < 0.05). The mRNA and protein levels of various adipogenic factors were measured. Expression of the genes encoding peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARG), CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein alpha (CEBPA), fatty acid‐binding protein 4 (FABP4), and stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) were diminished by EGCG during adipogenic differentiation (P < 0.05). We also found that EGCG lowered the expression levels of the adipogenic proteins encoded by these genes (P < 0.05). EGCG induced apoptosis during adipogenic differentiation (P < 0.05). Thus, exposure to EGCG potentially inhibits adipogenesis by triggering apoptosis; the data suggest that EGCG inhibits adipogenic differentiation in BMSCs.