bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Just Do It!”: Carving Out a Space for the Métis in Canadian Federalism
Authors: Dubois Janique , Saunders Kelly 
Published: August 2013

Abstract.Disagreement over how and between whom power should be shared has led to competing conceptions of federalism in Canada. The model of federalism adopted in theConstitution Act 1867divides power between the provinces and the federal government to the exclusion of Aboriginal peoples. However, pre-Confederation documents such as the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and the early treaties suggest that federalism is founded on the coexistence of self-governing nations. This paper presents a case study of how one Aboriginal people, the Métis, are reviving the pre-Confederation vision of federalism founded on mutual recognition by carving out a space for themselves in Canada's political and institutional landscape. We argue that by delivering an expanded array of programs and services to their citizens, creating innovative governance structures, adopting legislation in key areas of Métis interest and fostering economic self-sufficiency, the Métis are reshaping federalism from the bottom up.Résumé.Deux visions antagoniques du fédéralisme canadien existent en raison de conceptions divergentes de la séparation des pouvoirs. Le modèle de fédéralisme adopté par la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 divise les pouvoirs entre les provinces et le gouvernement fédéral, en dépit des peuples autochtones. Or, la Proclamation royale de 1763 et les premiers traités proposent une vision du fédéralisme fondée sur la coexistence de nations autonomes. Cet article présente une étude de cas qui démontre comment un peuple autochtone, les Métis, fait renaitre la vision originale du fédéralisme fondée sur la reconnaissance mutuelle en se taillant une place au sein du paysage politique et institutionnel canadien. Les Métis prennent une approche ascendante pour façonner le fédéralisme canadien à cette image par le biais du développement de programmes et services, la création de structures de gouvernance innovatrices, l'adoption de politiques dans des domaines clés et la poursuite de l'autosuffisance économique.
Distribution and abundance estimates of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) around Lampedusa Island (Sicily Channel, Italy): implications for their management
Authors: Pulcini Marina , Pace Daniela Silvia , La Manna Gabriella , Triossi Francesca , Fortuna Caterina Maria 
Published: August 2013

This paper represents the first quantitative assessment of the distribution and abundance of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting the waters around Lampedusa Island, Italy. Eleven years of photo-identification data, collected from 1996 to 2006 by three different research groups, were brought together, reviewed and analysed to fulfil the following objectives: (i) to obtain baseline information on the abundance and residency of the local bottlenose dolphin putative population; (ii) to review the current Marine Protected Area (MPA) boundaries, especially those referred to waters around Lampedusa Island, with a view to establish a new Special Area of Conservation (SAC); and (iii) to explore the potential and limits of analysing heterogeneous datasets to improve future data collection methods. The most resident dolphins were regularly observed in six specific areas around Lampedusa Island. From a total of 148 photo-identified bottlenose dolphins, 102 were classified as well-marked. The capture histories and the distribution of sightings clearly show a number of dolphins regularly use the study area. Best estimates for the first period within the ‘core study area’ were obtained for 1998 data. The 2005 estimate was significantly larger than the 1998 estimates (z = 2.160;P< 0.05) compared to that of 1998. Implications of our results for the current MPA, for transboundary conservation initiative involving Italy, Malta and Tunisia and for directing future research within and outside the MPA are fully discussed.
Using social marketing concepts to promote the integration of systematic conservation plans in land-use planning in South Africa
Authors: Wilhelm-Rechmann Angelika , Cowling Richard M. , Difford Mark 
Published: August 2013

AbstractLocal land-use planning procedures are increasingly recognized as potentially crucial to ensure off-reserve biodiversity protection. Mainstreaming systematic conservation planning maps in these decision-making procedures has been proposed as a mechanism to achieve this. However, research is lacking on how to convince officials and politicians to change their behaviour and include the maps in their decision-making. Social marketing is a tool commonly used to effect behaviour change in many sectors but its application in conservation is limited. In the formative research phase of a social marketing study we interviewed locally elected politicians in four coastal municipalities in South Africa. We found that conservation and environmental issues play virtually no role in their work; however, they do attribute value to the natural environment. Land-use planning procedures are considered important but dysfunctional and the role of conservation is perceived negatively in their municipalities. Their information-seeking behaviour is clearly localized. We present a marketing analysis of these results and argue for improving the attractiveness of the product: the maps should be more option- than veto-based and should identify locally relevant ecosystem services. Locally significant information should be provided at a time and location convenient for politicians. We conclude that engagement with councillors should be proactive, refer to land-use planning and services from ‘nature’ rather than ‘biodiversity’ and use terminology and information that is locally oriented and meaningful from the politician's perspective. The analysis highlights the usefulness of the marketing approach for conservation.
Coxiella burnetiiseroprevalence and risk factors in sheep farmers and farm residents in The Netherlands
Authors: De LANGE M. M. A. , SCHIMMER B. , VELLEMA P. , HAUTVAST J. L. A. , SCHNEEBERGER P. M. , VAN DUIJNHOVEN Y. T. H. P. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYIn this study,Coxiella burnetiiseroprevalence was assessed for dairy and non-dairy sheep farm residents in The Netherlands for 2009–2010. Risk factors for seropositivity were identified for non-dairy sheep farm residents. Participants completed farm-based and individual questionnaires. In addition, participants were tested for IgG and IgMC. burnetiiantibodies using immunofluorescent assay. Risk factors were identified by univariate, multivariate logistic regression, and multivariate multilevel analyses. In dairy and non-dairy sheep farm residents, seroprevalence was 66·7% and 51·3%, respectively. Significant risk factors were cattle contact, high goat density near the farm, sheep supplied from two provinces, high frequency of refreshing stable bedding, farm started before 1990 and presence of the Blessumer breed. Most risk factors indicate current or past goat and cattle exposure, with limited factors involving sheep. Subtyping human, cattle, goat, and sheepC. burnetiistrains might elucidate their role in the infection risk of sheep farm residents.
Understanding the role of cleaning in the control of Salmonella Typhimurium in grower-finisher pigs: a modelling approach
Authors: GAUTAM R. , LAHODNY G. , BANI-YAGHOUB M. , MORLEY P. S. , IVANEK R. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYSalmonella Typhimurium (STM) infection in pigs represents a considerable food safety concern. This study used mathematical modelling to evaluate the effectiveness of cleaning (faeces removal) as a measure to control STM spread among grower-finisher pigs. A modified Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Susceptible (SIRS) model of STM transmission through a contaminated environment was developed. Infected pigs were divided into three states according to the pathogen level being shed in their faeces. Infection transmission was evaluated using the basic reproduction number (R0) and the prevalence of infectious pigs at slaughter age. Although increased frequency and efficiency of cleaning did reduce the prevalence of STM shedding at the time of slaughter, these efforts alone were not capable of eliminating the infection from the population. The level of STM faecal shedding by infectious pigs strongly influenced the infection spread and prevalence at slaughter. To control STM in pigs, cleaning should be combined with vaccination and/or isolation of high-level shedders.
Application of an integrated outbreak management plan for the control of leptospirosis in dairy cattle herds
Authors: MUGHINI-GRAS L. , BONFANTI L. , NATALE A. , COMIN A. , FERRONATO A. , LA GRECA E. , PATREGNANI T. , LUCCHESE L. , MARANGON S. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYTwo outbreaks ofLeptospira borgpeterseniiserovar Hardjo infection in dairy cattle herds were managed through the application of enhanced biosecurity measures, whole-herd antibiotic treatment and vaccination. Micro-agglutination test antibody titres were determined in paired serum samples at 3 weeks (T1:n = 125, 97% seropositivity, median 800, range 100–12 800) and 24 weeks (T2:n = 110, 88% seropositivity, median 200, range 100–6400) after vaccination and studied in relation to cows' age, herd of origin and sampling time. From T1to T2, vaccine-elicited antibody titres decreased by 84·7% (95% CI 76·2–90·1). Consistent with increasing immunocompetence in calves (aged <12 months) and immunosenescence in adult cows (aged >36 months) associated with ageing, antibody titres correlated positively with calves' age and negatively with adult cows' age. No cow had cultivable, (histo)pathologically detectable and/or PCR-detectable leptospires in urine or kidney samples after treatment and vaccination. Vaccination together with proper biosecurity measures and chemoprophylaxis are an affordable insurance to control bovine leptospirosis.
Attribution of humanSalmonellainfections to animal and food sources in Italy (2002–2010): adaptations of the Dutch and modified Hald source attribution models
Authors: MUGHINI-GRAS L. , BARRUCCI F. , SMID J. H. , GRAZIANI C. , LUZZI I. , RICCI A. , BARCO L. , ROSMINI R. , HAVELAAR A. H. , VAN PELT W. , BUSANI L. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYThe Dutch and modified Hald source attribution models were adapted to ItalianSalmonelladata to attribute human infections caused by the top 30 serotypes between 2002 and 2010 to four putative sources (Gallus gallus, turkeys, pigs, ruminants), at the points of animal reservoir (farm), exposure (food), and both combined. Attribution estimates were thus compared between different models, time periods and sampling points. All models identified pigs as the main source of human salmonellosis in Italy, accounting for 43–60% of infections, followed byG. gallus(18–34%). Attributions to turkeys and ruminants were minor. An increasing temporal trend in attributions to pigs and a decreasing one in those toG. galluswas also observed. Although the outcomes of the two models applied at farm and food levels essentially agree, they can be refined once more information becomes available, providing valuable insights about potential targets along the production chain.
Clam-associated vibriosis, USA, 1988–2010
Authors: SLAYTON R. B. , NEWTON A. E. , DEPAOLA A. , JONES J. L. , MAHON B. E. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYInfections with Vibrio spp. have frequently been associated with consumption of bivalve molluscs, especially oysters, but illness associated with clams has also been well documented. We describe the 2312 domestically acquired foodborne Vibrio infections reported to the Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance system from 1988 to 2010. Clams were associated with at least 4% (93 persons, ‘only clams’) and possibly as many as 24% (556 persons, ‘any clams’) of foodborne cases. Of those who consumed ‘only clams’, 77% of infections were caused by V. parahaemolyticus. Clam-associated illnesses were generally similar to those associated with other seafood consumption. Clams associated with these illnesses were most frequently harvested from the Atlantic coastal states and eaten raw. Our study describes the contribution of clams to the overall burden of foodborne vibriosis and indicates that a comprehensive programme to prevent foodborne vibriosis need to address the risks associated with clams.
Binational outbreak of Guillain–Barré syndrome associated withCampylobacter jejuniinfection, Mexico and USA, 2011
Authors: JACKSON B. R. , ZEGARRA J. ALOMÍA , LÓPEZ-GATELL H. , SEJVAR J. , ARZATE F. , WATERMAN S. , NÚÑEZ A. SÁNCHEZ , LÓPEZ B. , WEISS J. , CRUZ R. QUINTERO , MURRIETA D. Y. LÓPEZ , LUNA-GIERKE R. , HEIMAN K. , VIEIRA A. R. , FITZGERALD C. , KWAN P. , ZÁRATE-BERMÚDEZ M. , TALKINGTON D. , HILL V. R. , MAHON B. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYIn June 2011, a cluster of suspected cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), which can followCampylobacter jejuniinfection, was identified in San Luis Río Colorado (SLRC), Sonora, Mexico and Yuma County, Arizona, USA. An outbreak investigation identified 26 patients (18 from Sonora, eight from Arizona) with onset of GBS 4 May–21 July 2011, exceeding the expected number of cases (n = 1–2). Twenty-one (81%) patients reported antecedent diarrhoea, and 61% of 18 patients tested were seropositive forC. jejuniIgM antibodies. In a case-control study matched on age group, sex, ethnicity, and neighbourhood of residence, all Arizona GBS patients travelled to SLRC during the exposure periodvs.45% of matched controls (matched odds ratio 8·1, 95% confidence interval 1·5–∞). Exposure information and an environmental assessment suggested that GBS cases resulted from a large outbreak ofC. jejuniinfection from inadequately disinfected tap water in SLRC. Binational collaboration was essential in investigating this cross-border GBS outbreak, the first in mainland North America since 1976.
‘Marcel, the dancing-master’: A Note on the Closing Lines of An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
Authors: DE CHAMPS EMMANUELLE 
Published: August 2013

In the ‘Concluding note’ to An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (IPML), added in January 1789 to the original 1780 text, Bentham addresses highly theoretical questions in jurisprudence: ‘What is a law? What are the different parts of a law?’ He then demonstrates that only an imperative theory of legislation can provide adequate answers and provide the means to establish a precise nomenclature of legal phenomena. These broad questions sum up the work conducted in the manuscripts Of the Limits of the Penal Branch of Jurisprudence, which remained at that time unpublished. After such abstract matter, Bentham concludes on a much lighter note:
Leaning on his elbow, in an attitude of profound and solemn meditation, ‘What a multitude of things there are’, (exclaimed the dancing-master Marcel), ‘in a minuet?’ – May we now add? – and in a law.
Patterns of sociodemographic and food practice characteristics in relation to fruit and vegetable consumption in children: results from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (2008–2010)
Authors: Mak Tsz N , Prynne Celia J , Cole Darren , Fitt Emily , Bates Beverley , Stephen Alison M 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveFew studies have considered the combined effects of home-related determinants on children's diet. The present study investigated independent associations between sociodemographic and food practice (SFP) characteristics and fruit and vegetable consumption in UK children and the combined effects of SFP on consumption using pattern analysis.DesignDiet was assessed using 4 d food diaries, SFP were collected using computer-assisted personal interview. Linear regressions were used to test associations; principal component analysis was used to identify patterns of SFP characteristics. Regression of fruit (g/d) and vegetables (g/d) v. component scores of each pattern were performed.SettingUK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (2008–2010).SubjectsChildren aged 1·5–10 years (n 642).ResultsSignificant associations were found between fruit and vegetable consumption and household socio-economic status. Pattern 1, which was positively correlated with household structure characteristics, was associated with increased fruit consumption (P < 0·001). Pattern 2, characterised by positive correlations for socio-economic status, fruit availability and organic food purchase, and negatively correlated with household size and the number of children per household, was associated with higher fruit and vegetable consumption (both P < 0·001). Pattern 3, characterised by high frequency of eating out and eating takeaway, was associated with a lower consumption of both fruit (P < 0·012) and vegetables (P < 0·023).ConclusionsPatterns of SFP determinants may be more informative than individual characteristics in relation to dietary outcomes. Results have public health implications on the healthfulness of meals eaten out of home and in takeaways, as well as the need to reduce diet inequality in larger households with lower socio-economic status.
System of planning and evaluation of school meals
Authors: Rocha Ada , Afonso Cláudia , Santos M Cristina , Morais Cecília , Franchini Bela , Chilro Rui 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a software to plan and evaluate school meals according to the main national and international standards for foods and nutrition.DesignDevelopment of software.SettingPublic schools, Portugal.SubjectsSchool meals for students.ResultsThe System of Planning and Evaluation of School Meals (SPARE) is a software that allows the planning of school meals in an effective and organized way, according to the main national and international standards for food and nutrition. The regular use of this tool enables the evaluation, monitoring and verification towards continuous improvement of the quality of school meals.ConclusionsThe SPARE software aims to promote healthy eating by focusing on the planning and production of safe and adequate meals in the school environment. This software can be adapted to different age groups and to different contexts, attending to specific nutritional and food standards.
Perceived impact and feasibility of strategies to improve access to healthy foods in Washington State, USA
Authors: Johnson Donna B , Quinn Emilee L , Podrabsky Mary , Beckwith-Stanley Nadia , Chan Nadine , Ellings Amy , Kovacs Tricia , Lane Claire 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe present study measured the perceived impact and political and implementation feasibility of state-level policy strategies related to increasing access to healthy foods and limiting unhealthy foods.DesignPotential state-level policy strategies to improve access to healthy foods were identified through a review of evidence-based literature and policy recommendations. Respondents rated the perceived impact and political and implementation feasibility of each policy on a five-point scale using online surveys.SettingWashington State policy process.SubjectsForty-nine content experts (national researchers and subject experts), forty policy experts (state elected officials or their staff, gubernatorial or legislative policy analysts) and forty-five other stakeholders (state-level advocates, programme administrators, food producers).ResultsIn aggregate, respondents rated policy impact and implementation feasibility higher than political feasibility. Policy experts rated policy strategies as less politically feasible compared with content experts (P < 0·02) or other stakeholders (P < 0·001). Eight policy strategies were rated above the median for impact and political and implementation feasibility. These included policies related to nutrition standards in schools and child-care facilities, food distribution systems, urban planning projects, water availability, joint use agreements and breast-feeding supports.ConclusionsAlthough they may be perceived as potentially impactful, some policies will be more difficult to enact than others. Information about the potential feasibility of policies to improve access to healthy foods can be used to focus limited policy process resources on strategies with the highest potential for enactment, implementation and impact.
Atomic Force Microscopy for the Characterisation of the Effects and Treatment of Infectious Parasites
Authors: Eaton P. , Leite J.R.S.A. , Bittencourt C. , Prudêncio M. , Feio M.J. , Zuzarte-Luis V. , Mota M.M. , Santos N.C. , Pereira E. 
Published: August 2013

In this talk the utility of atomic force microscopy (AFM) for research into infectious parasites will be discussed. AFM has grown from relatively recent beginnings to become an extremely powerful technique in the life sciences, coupling high resolution imaging with a range of non-imaging experiments. Importantly, these experiments can be performed in situ, even on individual molecules or on live cells.The two examples discussed relate to the important diseases leishmaniasis and malaria. Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite of the Leishmania genera, and causes approximately 60,000 deaths per year. Despite the high death toll, the disease has been the subject of relatively little research and little treatment is available, probably because the most severe cases are confined to developing nations. The most severe form, visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the species known as Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi). A promising new anti-leishmania drug, DS01 has been recently isolated from amphibian secretions and can kill L. infantum in low concentrations. We were able to culture and prepare for microscopy L. infantum promastigotes for the first time, as well as to study the effects of DS01 on cell morphology and membrane integrity. The results from both AFM and SEM are highly complementary and illustrate the possibility of membrane-focussed activity as well as the possibility of attack on the flagella (figure 1).Malaria is one of the most deadly diseases in the world, killing more than 600,000 people per year, mostly in low-income countries. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites, and the most commonly studied stage is that in which the parasite invades the blood. Prior to blood invasion, the parasites infect hepatocytes in the liver, with formation of a parasitophorous vacuole, where they develop into exoerythrocytic forms and multiply to generate thousands of merozoites, later released into the bloodstream and causing disease. However, infection of liver cells, which is clinically silent, is required for disease progression. We studied infection of liver cells by Plasmodium using combined epifluorescence and atomic force microscopy. We observed significant changes in cell morphology as infection progressed (figure 2). Furthermore we made nanoindentation measurements with the AFM, to determine cellular stiffness. We observed stiffening of the cells after 48 hours of infection compared to uninfected cells. This was a cellular response to the Plasmodium infection, rather than a result of the stiffness of the invading parasites themselves. This stiffening may be caused by reinforcement of cytoskeletal structures, and we believe this may reflect a self-defence mechanism by the cell itself.