bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drogues : comment changer de politique ?
Authors: Demangel Dominique 
Published: July 2013

Au niveau mondial, la lutte contre la drogue est un échec : la stratégie répressive a montré ses limites. Il est donc nécessaire de réorienter les politiques nationales en faveur de la prévention des risques, d’un accompagnement des usagers sur le plan sanitaire et social, afin de combattre non seulement le trafic de drogue mais également ses conséquences sur les personnes.
Masculinité et relations de genre dans la société secrète abakuá
Authors: Morel Géraldine 
Published: July 2013

La société secrète abakuá fait partie intégrante de l’univers religieux afro-cubain. Toutefois, son mode de fonctionnement ainsi que son système de recrutement « au mérite » s’inscrivent aux antipodes de la logique religieuse commune aux autres modalités de culte présentes sur l’île et reposant sur un échange de bons procédés entre hommes et dieux (transe, sacrifice, divination). En effet, être abakuá implique avant tout une construction de genre spécifique fondée sur une masculinité de type « machiste ». Cet article propose une analyse de l’engagement abakuá sous l’angle du genre en s’intéressant aux modalités d’affirmation de cette identité masculine centrale dans le culte, ainsi qu’aux représentations et aux interactions qui la sous-tendent. Le machisme en tant que système de pouvoir est légitimé au niveau mythologique, rituel et social, et la construction de la masculinité qui en découle repose sur une comparaison tant avec les femmes, exclues rituellement mais omniprésentes socialement, qu’avec les hommes homosexuels, véritable miroir antagonique des caïds du milieu populaire havanais.
Copresentation of Antigen and Ligands of Siglec-G Induces B Cell Tolerance Independent of CD22
Authors: Pfrengle Fabian , Macauley Matthew S. , Kawasaki Norihito , Paulson James C. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Differentiation of self from nonself is indispensable for maintaining B cell tolerance in peripheral tissues. CD22 and Siglec-G (sialic acid–binding Ig-like lectin G) are two inhibitory coreceptors of the BCR that are implicated in maintenance of tolerance to self Ags. Enforced ligation of CD22 and the BCR by a nanoparticle displaying both Ag and CD22 ligands induces a tolerogenic circuit resulting in apoptosis of the Ag-reactive B cell. Whether Siglec-G also has this property has not been investigated in large part owing to the lack of a selective Siglec-G ligand. In this article, we report the development of a selective high-affinity ligand for Siglec-G and its application as a chemical tool to investigate the tolerogenic potential of Siglec-G. We find that liposomal nanoparticles decorated with Ag and Siglec-G ligand inhibit BCR signaling in both B1 and B2 B cells compared with liposomes displaying Ag alone. Not only is inhibition of B cell activation observed by ligating the BCR with Siglec-G, but robust tolerance toward T-independent and T-dependent Ags is also induced in mice. The ability of Siglec-G to inhibit B cell activation equally in both B1 and B2 subsets is consistent with our observation that Siglec-G is expressed at a relatively constant level throughout numerous B cell subsets. These results suggest that Siglec-G may contribute to maintenance of B cell tolerance toward self Ags in various B cell compartments.
A Tribute to Andrzej Przewoźnik on the Seventieth Anniversary of the Discovery of the Katyń Crime
Authors: Cienciała Anna M. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Based on the book: Andrzej Przewoźnik and, Jolanta Adamska, Katyń. Zbrodnia, Prawda, Pamiƙć [Katyń. Crime, Truth, Memory]; Preface by Jerzy Buzek, Introduction by Jolanta Adamska (Warsaw: Świat Książki, 2010), 672 pp. incl. index, illustrations. ISBN 978-83-247-1; Nr 7823. Andrzej Przewoźnik (1963-2010) accomplished more in his short life than most individuals. A historian, he devoted himself to memorializing the Katyń massacre, on Stalin’s orders in the spring of 1940, of thousands of Polish officers, policemen and civilians held in special camps and NKVD prisons. His book on Katyń, reviewed here, is the most detailed account so far of the antecedents, the crime, its investigation, and his role in the exhumations, negotiations for war cemeteries and their construction. He died near Katyń, with ninety-five others, in the crash of the Polish presidential plane at Smolensk on April 10, 2010. He has memorial tablets in several Polish towns; this review article is a memorial to him in English.
The Place of Transformative Learning in the Building of Learning Cities in Africa
Authors: Biao Idowu 
Published: July 2013

This article argues that the learning city concept, which is an international initiative devoted to the promotion of sustainable, healthy, green and economically viable cities by the means of lifelong learning, is currently operational in Europe, the Americas, Australia and Asia but absent in Africa. The main point made by the article is that the introduction of learning city projects into Africa will succeed only if this continent's historical, cultural and epistemological realities are relied upon in the selection of an entry methodology. That methodology is here identified as ‘transformative learning’. Transformative learning is a process of learning that begins human transformation from within and moves outwardly. It is recommended as an appropriate methodology for introducing the learning city concept into Africa because an inner transformation that would enable Africans to reconcile their two concepts of city (ancient and modern) is required for the successful take-off of learning city projects in Africa. Although transformative learning counts a number of perspectives, the conscientisation and afrocentric perspectives are here specifically recommended for use because they embody the icons and strategies that may prove effective in introducing the learning city concept into Africa.
Building a Live Cell Microscope: What You Need and How to Do It
Authors: Watkins Simon C. , St. Croix Claudette M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn this post‐genomic era, the predominant focus of biomedical research has moved towards elucidating the functionality of molecules at the cellular and subcellular level in integrated living systems. As such, biologic imaging has moved beyond the collection of static “snapshots” of the cellular state to the real‐time visualization of cellular and molecular behavior in three‐dimensional (3D) space. Live‐cell imaging techniques can be used to assess protein abundance, as well as determine the functional role(s) and interactions of multiple unique molecules concurrently within the cellular environment, and determine the effects of these molecules on cell development, organization, and fate over extended periods of time. Such studies require advanced systems that allow multiparametric analysis of cells while maintaining their functional viability. This unit will focus on the design and implementation of modern live‐cell imaging systems. We will examine the principle problems facing live‐cell microscopists including: focus drift, cell viability, photo‐toxicity, and data acquisition, and suggest appropriate solutions to these issues. Our goal in this unit is to provide individual scientists with the information required to implement live‐cell imaging solutions within their own laboratories. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 65:2.21.1‐2.21.10. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Kinetic Viability Assays Using DRAQ7 Probe
Authors: Wlodkowic Donald , Akagi Jin , Dobrucki Jurek , Errington Rachel , Smith Paul J , Takeda Kazuo , Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCell death within cell populations is a stochastic process where cell‐to‐cell variation in temporal progression through the various stages of cell death arises from asynchrony of subtle fluctuations in the signaling pathways. Most cell death assays rely on detection of the specific marker of cell demise at the end‐point of cell culturing. Such an approach cannot account for the asynchrony and the stochastic nature of cell response to the death‐inducing signal. There is a need therefore for rapid and high‐throughput bioassays capable of continuously tracking viability of individual cells from the time of encountering a stress signal up to final stages of their demise. In this context, a new anthracycline derivative, DRAQ7, is gaining increasing interest as an easy‐to‐use marker capable of long‐term monitoring of cell death in real‐time. This novel probe neither penetrates the plasma membrane of living cells nor does it affect the cells' susceptibility to the death‐inducing agents. However, when the membrane integrity is compromised, DRAQ7 enters cells undergoing demise and binds readily to nuclear DNA to report cell death. Here, we provide three sets of protocols for viability assays using DRAQ7 probe. The first protocol describes the innovative use of single‐color DRAQ7 real‐time assay to dynamically track cell viability. The second protocol outlines a simplified end‐point DRAQ7 staining approach. The final protocol highlights the real‐time and multiparametric apoptosis assay utilizing DRAQ7 dye concurrently with tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM), the mitochondrial trans‐membrane electrochemical potential (ΔΨm) sensing probe. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 65:9.41.1‐9.41.8. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cytometry in Malaria—A Practical Replacement for Microscopy?
Authors: Shapiro Howard M. , Apte Simon H. , Chojnowski Grace M. , Hänscheid Thomas , Rebelo Maria , Grimberg Brian T. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMalaria, caused by protozoan Plasmodium parasites, kills ∼800,000 people each year. Exact figures are uncertain because presumptive diagnoses are often made without identifying parasites in patients' blood either by microscopy, using Giemsa's century‐old stain, or by simpler tests that are ultimately dependent on microscopy for quality control. Microscopy itself relies on trained observers' ability to detect subtle morphological features of parasitized red blood cells, only a few of which may be present on a slide. Quantitative and objective flow cytometric measurements of cellular constituents such as DNA, RNA, and the malaria pigment hemozoin are now useful in research in malaria biology and pharmacology, and can provide more reliable identification of parasite species and developmental stages and better detection of low‐density parasitemia than could microscopy. The same measurements can now be implemented in much smaller, simpler, cheaper imaging cytometers, potentially providing a more accurate and precise diagnostic modality. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 65:11.20.1‐11.20.23. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Processing, Properties, and Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Layer Silicates: A Review
Authors: Alateyah A. I. , Dhakal H. N. , Zhang Z. Y. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe nanocomposites are materials, which involve fillers in the nanometer scale, yielding substantial improvements. Polymer‐layered silicate nanocomposites have received much attention during the past decade and have great interest both in the academic field and in industry, since they often give more attractive improvement to material properties than both micro‐ and macrocomposite materials. This extensive review presents recent studies in polymer nanocomposites based on layered silicate. The background, morphology, preparations, and properties of these materials are discussed. The review covers and discusses various modern methods and equipments in the preparation of nanocomposites, deeply focusing on the morphology of nanocomposites and its effects on the overall properties. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21368; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21368
Association of BDNF gene polymorphisms with schizophrenia and clinical symptoms in a Chinese population
Authors: Li Wenjun , Zhou Na , Yu Qiong , Li Xiaokun , Yu Yaqin , Sun Shilong , Kou Changgui , Chen Da Chun , Xiu Mei Hong , Kosten Thomas R , Zhang Xiang Yang 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe neurodevelopmental hypothesis is well established in schizophrenia. Accumulating evidence has shown that BDNF may be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the potential association of BDNF gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to schizophrenia and with the psychopathological symptoms in patients with schizophrenia in a Han Chinese population. Three polymorphisms (rs6265, rs12273539, and rs10835210) of the BDNF gene were analyzed in a case‐control study of 709 Han Chinese individuals (375 patients and 334 controls). The patients' psychopathology was assessed using the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). We found no significant differences in the genotype and allele distributions of all three polymorphisms between the patient and control groups; however, we found a trend toward to significant overall difference in the estimated haplotype frequencies, with more frequent haplotype ATC of rs6265‐rs12273539‐rs10835210 in the schizophrenic patients than in controls (P = 0.027). The quantitative trait analysis by the UNPHASED program showed significant associations between the rs6265 (A)‐rs12273539 (C)‐rs10835210 (A) haplotype and negative symptom scores from the PANSS (x2 = 5.79, P = 0.016). Our findings suggest that the BDNF gene polymorphisms may play a small effect on susceptibility to schizophrenia, but may contribute to the negative symptoms of the disease. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of a poly(vinyl alcohol)/tetraethoxysilane ultrafiltration membrane by a sol–gel method
Authors: Yuan Haikuan , Ren Jie , Cheng Liang , Shen Lian 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTUsing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with highly hydrophilic properties as membrane material and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as an additive, we prepared PVA/tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with good antifouling properties by a sol–gel method. The PVA/TEOS UF membranes were characterized by X‐ray diffraction patterns, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and static contact angle of measurement of water. The hybridization of TEOS to PVA for preparing the PVA/TEOS UF membranes achieved the required permeation performance and good antifouling behaviors. The morphology and permeation performance of the PVA/TEOS membranes varied with the different TEOS loadings and PEG contents. The pure water fluxes (JW) increased and the rejections (Rs) decreased with increasing TEOS loading and PEG content. The PVA/TEOS UF membrane with a PVA/TEOS/PEG/H2O composition mass ratio of 10/3/4/83 in the dope solution had a JW of 66.5 L m−2 h−1 and an R of 60.3% when we filtered it with 300 ppm of bovine serum albumin aqueous solution at an operational pressure difference of 0.1 MPa. In addition, the filtration and backwashing experiment proved that the PVA/TEOS membranes possessed good long‐term antifouling abilities. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4066–4074, 2013
Prediction of the gas solubility in polymers by a radial basis function neural network based on chaotic self‐adaptive particle swarm optimization and a clustering method
Authors: Li Mengshan , Huang Xingyuan , Liu Hesheng , Liu Bingxiang , Wu Yan 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA novel model based on a radial basis function neural network (RBF NN), chaos theory, self‐adaptive particle swarm optimization (PSO), and a clustering method is proposed to predict the gas solubility in polymers; this model is hereafter called CSPSO‐C RBF NN. To develop the CSPSO‐C RBF NN, the conventional PSO was modified with chaos theory and a self‐adaptive inertia weight factor to overcome its premature convergence problem. The classical k‐means clustering method was used to tune the hidden centers and radial basis function spreads, and the modified PSO algorithm was used to optimize the RBF NN connection weights. Then, the CSPSO‐C RBF NN was used to investigate the solubility of N2 in polystyrene (PS) and CO2 in PS, polypropylene, poly(butylene succinate), and poly(butylene succinate‐co‐adipate). The results obtained in this study indicate that the CSPSO‐C RBF NN was an effective method for predicting the gas solubility in polymers. In addition, compared with conventional RBF NN and PSO neural network, the CSPSO‐C RBF NN showed better performance. The values of the average relative deviation, squared correlation coefficient, and standard deviation were 0.1282, 0.9970, and 0.0115, respectively. The statistical data demonstrated that the CSPSO‐C RBF NN had excellent prediction capabilities with a high accuracy and a good correlation between the predicted values and the experimental data. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3825–3832, 2013
Meritocracy, deficit thinking and the invisibility of the system: Discourses on educational success and failure
Authors: Clycq Noel , Ward Nouwen M. A. , Vandenbroucke Anneloes 
Published: July 2013

Socio‐ethnic stratification and segregation processes present in Flemish society are reflected in the everyday school environment. Pupils with a different socio‐ethnic background than the dominant majority and middle class seem to be confronted with a lot of difficulties in this school system. The dominant meritocratic discourse frequently applies a deficit thinking perspective to frame educational success and failure, focusing on deficiencies originating outside of the school. In this paper we analyse newly collected survey data (N = 11,015 pupils) and a large amount of qualitative data (from pupils, parents, teachers, principals) to answer our two main research questions: (i) how is educational success/failure defined, and (ii) how is educational success/failure explained? The factor analyses as well as the qualitative analyses illustrate how the idea of meritocracy relates to individualistic features such as effort, merit and competence. However, the findings also reveal that this individualistic approach goes hand‐in‐hand with a focus on the family environment and ‘culture’ which seems to limit individual agency to a large extent. In these discourses, pupils, parents and even teachers are presented as being largely determined by their direct social environment with almost no regard for social inequalities within the educational system. The paper ends with a discussion on how processes of victimization and the denial of systemic bias, influence educational trajectories and proposes a different approach to multiculturalism and the appreciation of cultural background and specific family resources as positive elements in these trajectories.
Power‐law hereditariness of hierarchical fractal bones
Authors: Deseri Luca , Paola Mario Di , Zingales Massimiliano , Pollaci Pietro 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYIn this paper, the authors introduce a hierarchic fractal model to describe bone hereditariness. Indeed, experimental data of stress relaxation or creep functions obtained by compressive/tensile tests have been proved to be fit by power law with real exponent 0 ⩽ β ⩽1. The rheological behavior of the material has therefore been obtained, using the Boltzmann–Volterra superposition principle, in terms of real order integrals and derivatives (fractional‐order calculus). It is shown that the power laws describing creep/relaxation of bone tissue may be obtained by introducing a fractal description of bone cross‐section, and the Hausdorff dimension of the fractal geometry is then related to the exponent of the power law. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A secure cost‐effective migration of enterprise applications to the cloud
Authors: Huang Daochao , Yi Li , Song Fei , Yang Dong , Zhang Hongke 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYCloud computing is rapidly expanding as an alternative service deployment platform today. This brings forth many new challenges in migrating enterprise applications into cloud. To enable enterprises to benefit from migration while achieving cost‐efficiency and keeping sensitive user data confidential against untrusted servers, planning which servers to migrate to the cloud and which to be hosted on‐premise is a key problem. This problem has been traditionally approached through the formulation and resolution of large optimization problems requiring global knowledge. Such approaches are not suitable for large‐scale and dynamic enterprise network migrations.In this paper, the problem of determining the optimal migrated components set of an enterprise application is revisited and addressed in a way that is both scalable and deals inherently with network dynamicity. In particular, application migration, which enables service components to move between local data center toward more communication cost‐effective cloud, is based on local information. The migration policies proposed in this work are analytically shown to be capable of moving an enterprise application between local data center and remote cloud in a way that the cost of service provision is reduced. Experimental results show the efficiency, applicability, and easy adaptability of the presented approach.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient algorithms for scheduling multiple bulk data transfers in inter‐datacenter networks
Authors: Su Sen , Wang Yiwen , Jiang Sujuan , Shuang Kai , Xu Peng 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYBulk data transfers, such as backups and propagation of bulky updates, account for a large portion of the inter‐datacenter traffic. These bulk transfers consume massive bandwidth and further increase the operational cost of datacenters. The advent of store‐and‐forward transfer mode offers the opportunity for cloud provider companies to transfer bulk data by utilizing dynamic leftover bandwidth resources. In this paper, we study the multiple bulk data transfers scheduling problem in inter‐datacenter networks with dynamic link capacities. To improve the network utilization while guaranteeing fairness among requests, we employ the max–min fairness and aim at computing the lexicographically maximized solution. Leveraging the time‐expanded technique, the problem in dynamic networks is formulated as a static multi‐flow model. Then, we devise an optimal algorithm to solve it simultaneously from routing assignments and bandwidth allocation. To further reduce the computational cost, we propose to select an appropriate number of disjoint paths for each request. Extensive simulations are conducted on a real datacenter topology and prove that (i) benefiting from max–min fairness, the network utilization is significantly improved while honoring each individual performance; (ii) a small number of disjoint paths per request are sufficient to obtain the near optimal allocation within practical execution time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visible‐Light‐Driven Photoredox Catalysis in the Construction of Carbocyclic and Heterocyclic Ring Systems
Authors: Xuan Jun , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Chen Jia‐Rong , Xiao Wen‐Jing 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCarbocyclic and heterocyclic ring systems are important structural architectures in many bioactive natural products, as well as in a variety of fine chemicals. The utilization of visible‐light photocatalytic strategies to construct these ring systems has received considerable attention in the past few years. This microreview presents a brief summary of the use of visible‐light photoredox catalytic strategies for the synthesis of carbocyclic and heterocyclic targets.