bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tongue resting pressure of the tongue anchorage pad in different body positions: a pilot study
Authors: Zeng J. , Xu K. , Gao X. , Xu T. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryWe designed a modified transpalatal arch (tongue anchorage pad, TAP) to help control the vertical dimension. This study aimed to evaluate its efficiency by measuring the tongue resting pressure at different anteroposterior positions of the TAP in the upright and supine positions and to investigate the effect of changes in body position. Our study recruited 17 volunteers with individual normal occlusion (4 males, 13 females, age 22–33 years). An individualised TAP was designed for each subject. With a miniature sensor (FSS1500NS) installed in the device, we measured the pressure at the level of the distal second premolar (PM2), the first molar (M1) and the second molar (M2) in both the upright and supine positions. Nonparametric analysis was applied with the level of significance set at 0·05. In the upright position, tongue pressures obtained at PM2, M1 and M2 were 183·94, 130·81 and 113·07 Pa, respectively, with the maximum value detected at PM2 (P = 0·001). While in the supine position, pressures of 187·03, 156·87 and 201·69 Pa were detected at the same sites, with significantly higher values for M1 (P = 0·002) and M2 (P = 0·004). Tongue resting pressure decreases from the anterior aspect to the posterior aspect in the upright position. In the supine position, the pressure is consistent across the midline with pressure enhancement at M1 and M2. As many questions remain about this appliance and appropriate intruding force, further clinical and basic studies are required prior to its clinical implementation.
An evaluation of salt screening methodologies
Authors: Fernández Casares Ana , Nap W Mieke , Ten Figás Glòria , Huizenga Pieter , Groot Richard , Hoffmann Marcel 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Objectives
In this study, the advantages and disadvantages of three salt screening methodologies have been explored, and recommendations are put forward as to when each method is most appropriate.

Methods
Three salt screening methodologies have been investigated: the in-situ salt screen, the saturated solution or rational screen approach, and the cooling-evaporative or high-throughput method. Two Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) with significant differences in aqueous solubility have been chosen for this study, namely aripiprazole and desvenlafaxine (see Figure 1).

Key findings
The in-situ salt formation screen appears to be a good method for early stage salt selection based on aqueous solubility, although this approach does not work for all APIs, as demonstrated in the comparison between aripiprazole and desvenlafaxine. The saturated solution method or rational approach demonstrated a valuable overview of the different salts that can be formed in an efficient and cost-effective manner. The cooling-evaporative screening method involved a complete examination of salt formation, including indication of polymorphism of the salts produced.

Conclusions
The three salt formation approaches are methods that deliver crystalline salts. The choice of salt screen approach depends on the physical properties of the drug substance, development stage and objective of the screen.
Associations between children's intelligence and academic achievement: the role of sleep
Authors: Erath Stephen A. , Tu Kelly M. , Buckhalt Joseph A. , El‐Sheikh Mona 
Published: February 2015

SummarySleep problems (long wake episodes, low sleep efficiency) were examined as moderators of the relation between children's intelligence and academic achievement. The sample was comprised of 280 children (55% boys; 63% European Americans, 37% African Americans; mean age = 10.40 years, SD = 0.65). Sleep was assessed during seven consecutive nights of actigraphy. Children's performance on standardized tests of intelligence (Brief Intellectual Ability index of the Woodcock–Johnson III) and academic achievement (Alabama Reading and Math Test) were obtained. Age, sex, ethnicity, income‐to‐needs ratio, single parent status, standardized body mass index, chronic illness and pubertal development were controlled in analyses. Higher intelligence was strongly associated with higher academic achievement across a wide range of sleep quality. However, the association between intelligence and academic achievement was slightly attenuated among children with more long wake episodes or lower sleep efficiency compared with children with higher‐quality sleep.
Impact of skin capsular distance on the performance of controlled attenuation parameter in patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: Shen Feng , Zheng Rui‐Dan , Shi Jun‐Ping , Mi Yu‐Qiang , Chen Guo‐Feng , Hu Xiqi , Liu Yong‐Gang , Wang Xiao‐Ying , Pan Qin , Chen Guang‐Yu , Chen Jian‐Neng , Xu Liang , Zhang Rui‐Nan , Xu Lei‐Ming , Fan Jian‐Gao 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsControlled attenuation parameter (CAP) is a non‐invasive method for evaluating hepatic steatosis. However, larger skin capsular distance (SCD) can affect the accuracy. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of SCD on the diagnostic performance of CAP and liver stiffness measurement (LSM).MethodsOf 101 patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and 280 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who underwent liver biopsy were prospectively recruited. CAP, LSM and SCD were performed using FibroScan with M probe. The areas under receiver operating characteristics curves (AUROCs) were calculated to determine the diagnostic efficacy. The optimal thresholds were defined by the maximum Youden index.ResultsSCD (B 30.34, P < 0.001) and hepatic steatosis (B 23.04, P < 0.001) were independently associated with CAP by multivariate analysis. The AUROCs were slightly higher for SCD <25 mm compared to those for SCD ≥25 mm for steatosis ≥5% (0.88 vs. 0.81), >33% (0.90 vs. 0.85) and >66% (0.84 vs. 0.72). For SCD <25 mm, the optimal CAP cut‐offs for differentiating steatosis ≥5%, >33% and >66% were 255.0 dB/m, 283.5 dB/m and 293.5 dB/m. However, cut‐offs were elevated by approximately 60–70 dB/m for SCD ≥25 mm. When stratified by fibrosis grade, LSM was significantly affected by SCD ≥25 mm for advanced fibrosis (≥F3) in NAFLD, but not in CHB.ConclusionCAP is a promising tool for detecting and quantifying hepatic steatosis. SCD ≥25 mm may cause overestimation of steatosis. Similarly, SCD ≥25 mm affects the detection of advanced fibrosis by LSM in NAFLD patients.
Adding multiple micronutrient powders to a homestead food production programme yields marginally significant benefit on anaemia reduction among young children inNepal
Authors: Osei Akoto K. , Pandey Pooja , Spiro David , Adhikari Debendra , Haselow Nancy , De Morais Caroline , Davis Dale 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAnaemia affects 46% of preschool‐aged children inNepal. A cluster‐randomised study was conducted in ruralNepal to test whether providing micronutrient powders (MNP) in addition to enhanced homestead food production (EHFP) programme, consisting of home gardens, poultry and nutrition education, could lead to a higher reduction in anaemia compared with providing onlyEHFP. This sub‐study enrolled 335 children aged 6–9 months into one of three groups: (1)EHFP + MNP; (2)EHFP; or (3) control. TheEHFP + MNPgroup received 60 sachets ofMNPfor flexible consumption at the start and 6 months later for a total supplementation period of 11 months. TheMNPcontained 15 micronutrients including iron (10 mg encapsulated ferrous fumarate). Haemoglobin and anthropometry were measured at baseline and post‐MNPsupplementation. Mean ± SEhaemoglobin concentration increased significantly in all groups, with a slightly higher but non‐significant increase in theEHFP + MNPandEHFPcompared with control (difference‐in‐differences: 4.1 g L−1forEHFP + MNPvs. control; 3.6 g L−1forEHFPvs. control; 0.5 g L−1forEHFP + MNPvs.EHFP). Anaemia decreased at a slightly higher magnitude in theEHFP + MNP[51.5 percentage points (PP)] than theEHFP(48.6PP) and control (39.6PP), with adjusted odds ratios (95%CI) at post‐supplementation of 0.52 (0.25–1.12) forEHFP + MNPand 0.69 (0.35–1.36) forEHFP, compared with control. There was no impact on child growth. CombiningEHFPandMNPprogrammes yielded a marginally significant reduction in anaemia among children.
Differential proteomic responses of selectively bred and wild‐type Sydney rock oyster populations exposed to elevated CO2
Authors: Thompson E. L. , O'Connor W. , Parker L. , Ross P. , Raftos D. A 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPrevious work suggests that larvae from Sydney rock oysters that have been selectively bred for fast growth and disease resistance are more resilient to the impacts of ocean acidification than nonselected, wild‐type oysters. In this study, we used proteomics to investigate the molecular differences between oyster populations in adult Sydney rock oysters and to identify whether these form the basis for observations seen in larvae. Adult oysters from a selective breeding line (B2) and nonselected wild types (WT) were exposed for 4 weeks to elevated pCO2 (856 μatm) before their proteomes were compared to those of oysters held under ambient conditions (375 μatm pCO2). Exposure to elevated pCO2 resulted in substantial changes in the proteomes of oysters from both the selectively bred and wild‐type populations. When biological functions were assigned, these differential proteins fell into five broad, potentially interrelated categories of subcellular functions, in both oyster populations. These functional categories were energy production, cellular stress responses, the cytoskeleton, protein synthesis and cell signalling. In the wild‐type population, proteins were predominantly upregulated. However, unexpectedly, these cellular systems were downregulated in the selectively bred oyster population, indicating cellular dysfunction. We argue that this reflects a trade‐off, whereby an adaptive capacity for enhanced mitochondrial energy production in the selectively bred population may help to protect larvae from the effects of elevated CO2, whilst being deleterious to adult oysters.
Apparent vector‐mediated parent‐to‐offspring transmission in an avian malaria‐like parasite
Authors: Chakarov Nayden , Linke Burkhard , Boerner Martina , Goesmann Alexander , Krüger Oliver , Hoffman Joseph I. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractParasite transmission strategies strongly impact host–parasite co‐evolution and virulence. However, studies of vector‐borne parasites such as avian malaria have neglected the potential effects of host relatedness on the exchange of parasites. To test whether extended parental care in the presence of vectors increases the probability of transmission from parents to offspring, we used high‐throughput sequencing to develop microsatellites for malaria‐like Leucocytozoon parasites of a wild raptor population. We show that host siblings carry genetically more similar parasites than unrelated chicks both within and across years. Moreover, chicks of mothers of the same plumage morph carried more similar parasites than nestlings whose mothers were of different morphs, consistent with matrilineal transmission of morph‐specific parasite strains. Ours is the first evidence of an association between host relatedness and parasite genetic similarity, consistent with vector‐mediated parent‐to‐offspring transmission. The conditions for such ‘quasi‐vertical’ transmission may be common and could suppress the evolution of pathogen virulence.
The geographic distribution and ecological preferences of theAmerican dog tick,Dermacentor variabilis(Say), in theU.S.A.
Authors: JAMES A. M. , BURDETT C. , MCCOOL M. J. , FOX A. , RIGGS P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEquine piroplasmosis (EP), caused by two parasitic organisms,Theileria equiandBabesia caballi, is a tick‐borne disease of recent concern in horses in theU.S.A.Outbreaks ofEPhave been detected inFlorida,Missouri,Kansas andTexas. In 2009,EPtransmission inTexas occurred through the adults of two tick species,Amblyomma mixtum[formerly known asAmblyomma cajennense(Fabricius, 1787)]Koch (Ixodida:Ixodidae) andDermacentor variabilis(Say) (Ixodida:Ixodidae), theAmerican dog tick (ADT). In this study, we developed a continent‐scale map for the distribution of theEPvector speciesD. variabilis, using a presence‐only modelling approach to assess the habitat preferences of this tick. We used identification records from our tick geodatabase of locations in which the presence of theADThad been noted. The potential distribution of theADTin theU.S.A.was estimated from environmental factors using the maximum entropy approach based on localities in which there is a high probability of occurrence according to habitat suitability. Elevation and temperature were found to be biologically significant environmental variables influencing the presence of this tick species. Properly designed and constructed probability surfaces using maximum entropy offer one useful approach to the mapping of distribution ranges of tick species based on suitable habitat in theU.S.A.
Peer Effects: Evidence from Secondary School Transition in England
Authors: Gibbons Stephen , Telhaj Shqiponja 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe estimate the effect of peers' prior achievement on student progress in secondary school, using administrative data on four cohorts of students in England. Students leaving primary for secondary school experience a big change in their peer group and these changes vary randomly from cohort to cohort. We exploit this variation to identify the effect of new peers on student achievement. We show that peer quality on entry to secondary school has a significant effect on students' subsequent achievement at age 14. The effect sizes are relatively small and are linked to peers' family background and early age achievements.
Pre‐treatment social anxiety severity moderates the impact of mindfulness‐based stress reduction and aerobic exercise
Authors: Jazaieri Hooria , Lee Ihno A. , Goldin Philippe R. , Gross James J. 
Published: February 2015

We examined whether social anxiety severity at pre‐treatment would moderate the impact of mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) or aerobic exercise (AE) for generalized social anxiety disorder. MBSR and AE produced equivalent reductions in weekly social anxiety symptoms. Improvements were moderated by pre‐treatment social anxiety severity.Practitioner points

Mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) and aerobic exercise (AE) are effective in reducing symptoms of social anxiety.

Pre‐treatment social anxiety severity can be used to inform treatment recommendations.

Both MBSR and AE produced equivalent reductions in weekly levels of social anxiety symptoms.

MBSR appears to be most effective for patients with lower pre‐treatment social anxiety symptom severity.

AE appears to be most effective for patients with higher pre‐treatment social anxiety symptom severity.
Assessment of Food Intake, Obesity, and Health Risk among the Homeless in Rhode Island
Authors: Martins Diane C. , Gorman Kathleen S. , Miller Robin J. , Murphy Leah , Sor Sekboppa , Martins Jonah C. , Vecchiarelli Maria L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the nutritional status, incidence of food insecurity, and health risk among the homeless population in Rhode Island.Design and SampleThis correlational study utilized a convenience sample of 319 homeless adults from Rhode Island's largest service agency for the homeless. Information on use of services such as access to emergency foods, shelters, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) was requested.MeasuresFood security was measured by the six‐item subset of the USDA Food Security Core Module. Anthropometric measures included height, weight, and waist circumference. A 24‐hr dietary recall was collected to determine the food intake for a subset of participants who agreed to supply this information (n = 197).ConclusionAverage dietary recall data indicated insufficient intake of vegetables, fruit, dairy, and meats/beans. It also indicated excessive intake of fats. Of the 313 participants, 29.4% were overweight and 39% were obese. Over 94% of the participants were food insecure, with 64% of this subset experiencing hunger. Fifty‐five percent of the participants were currently receiving SNAP benefits. The majority of the sample was found to be food insecure with hunger.
Electronic and Vibrational Dynamics of Hollow Au Nanocages Embedded in Cu2O Shells
Authors: Szymanski Paul , Mahmoud Mahmoud A. , O'Neil Daniel , Garlyyev Batyr , El‐Sayed Mostafa A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe have synthesized hollow Au nanocages embedded within thick porous shells of cuprous oxide (Cu2O). The shell causes a significant redshift of the localized surface plasmon resonance of Au into the near‐IR. Electron–phonon coupling in the Au nanocage is 3–6 times faster in the core–shell structure due to the higher thermal conductivity of Cu2O compared to water. Coherent phonon oscillations within the Au lattice are characterized by a breathing mode of the entire structure for both bare and core–shell nanocages, an assignment made through the use of structural mechanics simulations. The experimental frequencies are obtained through simulations by selectively applying a force to the shell of the core–shell structure. We interpret this as rapid thermal expansion of the gold leading to a mechanical force that acts on the shell.
Human Hair as a Natural Sun Protection Agent: A Quantitative Study
Authors: de Gálvez María Victoria , Aguilera José , Bernabó Jean‐Luc , Sánchez‐Roldán Cristina , Herrera‐Ceballos Enrique 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe rising incidence of skin cancers attributable to excessive sun exposure has become a major health concern worldwide. While numerous studies have analyzed the sun protective effect of sunscreens, clothing and antioxidants, none to date have measured the photoprotective effect of hair, despite clinical evidence that individuals with balding or thinning hair are at greater risk of skin lesions that can progress to cancer, hence the recommendation to use hats or umbrellas. We analyzed the level of protection offered by hair according to hair density, thickness and color using the spectral transmittance and corrected for relative erythema effectiveness. Our results show that hair provides a barrier against both UVB and UVA radiation which is significantly increased with respect to the hair density, thickness and the presence of melanins. This is the first study to quantify sun protection factor offered by hair, namely hair ultraviolet protection factor (HUPF). We believe that hair should be recognized as an important natural sun barrier in the prevention of UV‐induced skin cancers.
Improved Spectral Coverage and Fluorescence Quenching in Donor–acceptor Systems Involving Indolo[3‐2‐b]carbazole and Boron‐dipyrromethene or Diketopyrrolopyrrole
Authors: Khetubol Adis , Van Snick Sven , Clark Melissa L. , Fron Eduard , Coutiño‐González Eduardo , Cloet Arvid , Kennes Koen , Firdaus Yuliar , Vlasselaer Maarten , Leen Volker , Dehaen Wim , Van der Auweraer Mark 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA novel π‐conjugated triad and a polymer incorporating indolo[3,2‐b]‐carbazole (ICZ) and 4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) were synthesized via a Sonogashira coupling. Compared to the parent BODIPY the absorption and fluorescence spectrum were for both compounds broader and redshifted. The redshift of the fluorescence and the decrease of the fluorescence quantum yield and decay time upon increasing solvent polarity were attributed to the formation of a partial charge‐transfer state. Upon excitation in the ICZ absorption band the ICZ fluorescence was quenched in both compounds mainly due to energy transfer to the BODIPY moiety. In a similar ICZ–π–DPP polymer (where DPP is diketopyrrolopyrrole), a smaller redshift of the absorption and fluorescence spectra compared to the parent DPP was observed. A less efficient quenching of the ICZ fluorescence in the ICZ–π–DPP polymer could be related to the unfavorable orientation of the transition dipoles of ICZ and DPP. The rate constant for energy transfer was for all compounds an order of magnitude smaller than predicted by Förster theory. While in a solid film of the triad a further redshift of the absorption maximum of nearly 100 nm was observed, no such shift was observed for the ICZ–π–BODIPY polymer.
Effects of lead contamination on the clonal propagative ability of Phragmites australis (common reed) grown in wet and dry environments
Authors: Zhang N. , Zhang J. W. , Yang Y. H. , Li X. Y. , Lin J. X. , Li Z. L. , Cheng L. Y. , Wang J. F. , Mu C. S. , Wang A. X. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractClonal propagation is important for the survival and maintenance of the common reed Phragmites australis. Pot culture experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of lead (Pb) concentration (0, 500, 1500, 3000, 4500 mg·kg−1) and water stress on the clonal reproductive ability of this species. The Pb concentration found in plant organs, in decreasing order, was roots >shoots >rhizomes. There was a negative relationship between the growth of clonal propagative modules (excluding axillary shoot buds) and Pb concentrations, which caused a decrease in biomass, rhizome growth and number of axillary and apical rhizome buds. Daughter axillary shoots exhibited a tolerance strategy, with no significant change in their number; the axillary and apical rhizome buds, daughter apical rhizome shoots and rhizomes exhibited compensatory growth during the late stage of Pb (excluding 4500 mg·kg−1) treatment in a wet environment. Pb applications above 500 mg·kg−1 reduced these parameters significantly in the drought treatment, except for the number of axillary shoot buds, which did not change. Our results indicate that clonal propagative resistance to Pb contamination can occur via tolerance strategies, compensatory growth and a Pb allocation strategy, enabling these reeds to maintain population stability in wet environments. However, clonal modular growth and reproductive ability were inhibited significantly by the interaction between drought and Pb, which would cause a decline in P. australis populations in a dry environment. Lead concentrations of 4500 and 500 mg·kg−1 in soils might meet or exceed the Pb tolerance threshold of clonally propagated reeds in wet and dry environments, respectively.
From dusk till dawn: nocturnal and diurnal pollination in the epiphyteTillandsia heterophylla(Bromeliaceae)
Authors: Aguilar‐Rodríguez P. A. , Krömer T. , García‐Franco J. G. , MacSwiney G. M. C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn order to compare the effectiveness of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators, we studied the reproductive biology and pollinators ofTillandsia heterophyllaE. Morren, an epiphytic tank bromeliad endemic to southeastern Mexico. Since anthesis inT. heterophyllais predominantly nocturnal but lasts until the following day, we hypothesised that this bromeliad would receive visits from both diurnal and nocturnal visitors, but that nocturnal visitors would be the most effective pollinators, since they arrive first to the receptive flower, and that bats would be the most frequent nocturnal visitors, given the characteristics of the nectar. Flowering ofT. heterophyllabegan in May and lasted until July. The species is fully self‐compatible, with an anthesis that lasts forca. 15–16 h. Mean volume of nectar produced per flower was 82.21 μl, with a mean sugar concentration of 6.33%. The highest volume and concentration of nectar were found at 20:00 h, with a subsequent decline in both to almost zero over the following 12‐h period.T. heterophyllahas a generalist pollination system, since at least four different morphospecies of visitors pollinate its flowers: bats, moths, hummingbirds and bees. Most of the pollinating visits corresponded to bats and took place in the early evening, when stigma receptivity had already begun; making bats the probable pollinator on most occasions. However, diurnal pollinators may be important as a ‘fail‐safe’ system by which to guarantee the pollination ofT. heterophylla.