bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contribution of early language development to children's emotional and behavioural functioning at 6 years: an analysis of data from the Children in Focus sample from the ALSPAC birth cohort
Authors: Clegg Judy , Law James , Rush Robert , Peters Tim J. , Roulstone Susan 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundAn association between children's early language development and their emotional and behavioural functioning is reported in the literature. The nature of the association remains unclear and it has not been established if such an association is found in a population‐based cohort in addition to clinical populations.MethodsThis study examines the reported association between language development and emotional and behavioural functioning in a population‐based cohort. Data from 1,314 children in the Children in Focus (CiF) sample from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) were analysed. Regression models identified the extent to which early language ability at 2 years of age and later language ability at 4 years of age is associated with emotional and behavioural functioning at 6 years while accounting for biological and social risk and adjusting for age and performance intelligence (PIQ).ResultsA series of univariable and multivariable analyses identified a strong influence of biological risk, social risk and early and later language ability to emotional and behavioural functioning. Interestingly, social risk dropped out of the multivariate analyses when age and PIQ were controlled for. Early expressive vocabulary at 2 years and receptive language at 4 years made a strong contribution to emotional and behavioural functioning at 6 years in addition to biological risk. The final model accounted for 11.6% of the variance in emotional and behavioural functioning at 6 years.ConclusionsThe study identified that early language ability at 2 years, specifically expressive vocabulary and later receptive language at 4 years both made a moderate, but important contribution to emotional and behavioural functioning at 6 years of age. Although children's language development is important in understanding children's emotional and behavioural functioning, the study shows that it is one of many developmental factors involved.
Interactive effects of early and recent exposure to stressful contexts on cortisol reactivity in middle childhood
Authors: Jaffee Sara R. , McFarquhar Tara , Stevens Suzanne , Ouellet‐Morin Isabelle , Melhuish Edward , Belsky Jay 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundGiven mixed findings as to whether stressful experiences and relationships are associated with increases or decreases in children's cortisol reactivity, we tested whether a child's developmental history of risk exposure explained variation in cortisol reactivity to an experimentally induced task. We also tested whether the relationship between cortisol reactivity and children's internalizing and externalizing problems varied as a function of their developmental history of stressful experiences and relationships.MethodParticipants included 400 children (M = 9.99 years, SD = 0.74 years) from the Children's Experiences and Development Study. Early risk exposure was measured by children's experiences of harsh, nonresponsive parenting at 3 years. Recent risk exposure was measured by children's exposure to traumatic events in the past year. Children's cortisol reactivity was measured in response to a social provocation task and parents and teachers described children's internalizing and externalizing problems.ResultsThe effect of recent exposure to traumatic events was partially dependent upon a child's early experiences of harsh, nonresponsive parenting: the more traumatic events children had recently experienced, the greater their cortisol reactivity if they had experienced lower (but not higher) levels of harsh, nonresponsive parenting at age 3. The lowest levels of cortisol reactivity were observed among children who had experienced the most traumatic events in the past year and higher (vs. lower) levels of harsh, nonresponsive parenting in early childhood. Among youth who experienced harsh, nonresponsive parent–child relationships in early childhood and later traumatic events, lower levels of cortisol reactivity were associated with higher levels of internalizing and externalizing problems.ConclusionsHypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity to psychological stressors and the relationship between HPA axis reactivity and children's internalizing and externalizing problems vary as a function of a child's developmental history of exposure to stressful relationships and experiences.
Comparison of the impairment of family quality of life assessed by disease‐specific and dermatology‐specific instruments in children with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Chernyshov P.V. , Kaliuzhna L.D. , Reznikova A.A. , Basra M.K.A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundQuality of life (QoL) of family members of patients with chronic skin diseases is often impaired. Disease‐specific family QoL instruments for most of the skin conditions are not available. Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (FDLQI) is a dermatology‐specific family QoL instrument that has been used in few studies to assess the impact of skin diseases on family members of mixed adult and children patient population. However, its use in families of exclusively paediatric patients with skin conditions needs further investigation.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the results of two family QoL instruments; the disease‐specific Dermatitis Family Impact (DFI) questionnaire and the dermatology‐specific FDLQI.MethodThe original UK English version of the FDLQI was translated into Ukrainian using the standard translation guidelines. Parents of 30 children with AD were asked to complete the Ukrainian versions of the FDLQI and the DFI questionnaires. Disease severity was estimated using the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD).ResultsMean FDLQI score was 11.8 (±5.8; range = 0–30) and the mean DFI score was 10.7 (±5.6; range = 0–30). Mean SCORAD was 40.6 (±11.3; range = 0–103). Both questionnaires showed good internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.83 for both. The FDLQI showed high correlation with the DFI (r = 0.68, P < 0.0001). Items of each questionnaire having similar themes also demonstrated high correlation.ConclusionFamily Dermatology Life Quality Index may be effectively used by parents of children as it can be used by family members of adult dermatology patients. Although, in some clinical and research situations, disease‐specific measures could be replaced by the dermatology‐specific measures, in most situations combining the disease‐specific and dermatology‐specific measures would be the most suitable approach to gain comprehensive insight into the impact of a dermatological condition on family members.
Evidence, regulation and ‘rational’ prescribing: the case of gabapentin for neuropathic pain
Authors: Ghinea Narcyz , Lipworth Wendy , Kerridge Ian 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesIn 2004, the pharmaceutical company Warner–Lambert paid US $430 million to resolve criminal and civil legal liability for aggressive off‐label marketing of gabapentin. Perhaps surprisingly, however, regulatory and legal concerns regarding the marketing of gabapentin has not significantly impacted upon the attitude of doctors towards using gabapentin for neuropathic pain. In this paper, we attempt to understand the reasons for this discrepancy between clinical practice and regulatory/legal concerns through an analysis of published discussions about gabapentin prescribing.MethodsWe performed a qualitative empirical analysis of the published clinical debate surrounding the use of gabapentin for the management of neuropathic pain.ResultsThe ongoing use of gabapentin for neuropathic pain was primarily driven by the perception that it was a safe, non‐addictive drug with few drug interactions, by possible similarities between the physiology of chronic pain and other neurological conditions, by the well‐established clinical precedent of using antiepileptic drugs in pain management, and by the lack of alternative options available in the market. Emerging evidence of lack of effectiveness and controversies about the integrity of the scientific record appeared to be of relatively little importance to practising clinicians.ConclusionsThose who want to promote ‘rational’ prescribing need to recognize that prescribing is driven by many factors other than epidemiological data and regulatory indications and that even intensely negative publicity about medicines may not penetrate clinical reasoning. This suggests that a range of measures may be needed to ‘incentivize’ rational prescribing and to promote research integrity. Regulators must be more sensitive to the contextual issues that are relevant to clinical practice when evaluating drugs for approval and developing guidelines.
Enhancing Esthetics with a Fixed Prosthesis Utilizing an Innovative Pontic Design and Periodontal Plastic Surgery
Authors: Korman Robert P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDuring the past two decades, significant advancements with the integration of periodontal plastic surgery into esthetic restorative dental procedures have received increased attention. While ovate pontics have traditionally been used as a restorative design following augmentation procedures to enhance esthetics, an alternate E‐pontic design aims to predictably support and maintain the gingival architecture between a single missing anterior tooth adjacent to a natural tooth or an implant that is in harmony with the lip line and face. In addition, the E‐pontic design promotes the gingival facial tissue to coronally migrate over the pontic, creating a gingival sulcus. This article describes an innovative new technique and a pontic design that predictably will develop, support, and maintain the gingival architecture to provide a long‐term esthetic and functional outcome.Clinical SignificanceOver the past 14 years, it has been the author's observation that the E‐pontic design and conservative surgical technique, when properly performed, will develop, support, and maintain the gingival architecture more predictably than any other pontic design observed. When the goal of tooth replacement is to achieve the optimal esthetic and functional outcome, the utilization of the E‐pontic design for a fixed partial denture involving either natural teeth or implants is recommended.
Color Stability and Polymerization Behavior of Direct Esthetic Restorations
Authors: Oliveira Dayane Carvalho Ramos Salles de , Souza‐Júnior Eduardo José , Prieto Lúcia Trazzi , Coppini Erick Kamiya , Maia Rodrigo Rocha , Paulillo Luís Alexandre Maffei Sartini 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe current study evaluated the effect of accelerated artificial aging (AAA) on the color stability (CS) and degree of conversion (DC) of nanofilled and nanohybrid resin composites associated to different adhesive systems in direct esthetic restorations.Material and MethodsEighty bovine incisors were used to obtained dentin blocks (4 × 4 × 1 mm). The restorative systems were bonded to the blocks and photoactivated according to the manufacturer's instructions. Three adhesive systems were used: Adper Scotchbond Multi‐Purpose (conventional of three steps), Tetric N‐Bond (conventional of two steps) and ClearFill SE Bond (self‐etching). Also, two composites were used: Filtek Z350 XT (nanofilled) and IPS Empress Direct (nanohybrid). The restorations were made using a silicone mold placed on top of the prepared dentin blocks (N = 10). CS was measured after 300 hours of AAA by means of ultraviolet light using a spectrophotometer and CIE L*a*b* parameters on the top surface of the composite and at the bonded interface. The DC was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (N = 10). Data were analyzed using two‐way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α = 0.05).ResultsThe adhesive systems had no significant influence on the color stability (ΔE) of either the restoration surface (α = 0.90) or the bonded interface (α = 0.78). However, composite influenced the color as measured by ΔE and isolated coordinates (α < 0.001). The nanohybrid composite showed increased DC values (67%) compared with the nanofilled (61%) with statistically significant differences (α < 0.001).ConclusionsThe adhesive system did not affect the final color of direct esthetic restorations. The nanohybrid composite demonstrated a higher DC and increased color stability after AAA compared to the nanofilled composite.Clinical SignificanceThe long‐term color stability of composite restorations is a critical aspect of esthetic restorative procedures. Optimal Polymerization behavior of resin composite as indicated by the degree of conversion also influence on the color stability after artificial aging of composite restorations.
First Report of Myrothecium roridum Causing Leaf Spot on Anthurium andraeanum in China
Authors: Ben Hai‐Yan , Zhao Yan‐Jie , Chai A‐Li , Shi Yan‐Xia , Xie Xue‐Wen , Li Bao‐Ju 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA new severe disease on Anthurium andraeanum Lind. was observed in the summer of 2011 in Beijing, China. The fungus was isolated from symptomatic leaves, and its pathogenicity was confirmed. Based on the morphological characteristics and molecular analysis, the pathogen was identified as Myrothecium roridum Tode ex Fr. This is the first report of M. roridum causing leaf spot on A. andraeanum in China.
Self‐reported racism and experience of toothache among pregnant Aboriginal Australians: the role of perceived stress, sense of control, and social support
Authors: Ben Jehonathan , Paradies Yin , Priest Naomi , Parker Eleanor Jane , Roberts‐Thomson Kaye F. , Lawrence Herenia P. , Broughton John , Jamieson Lisa M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectivesWe hypothesized that the psychosocial factors perceived stress and sense of personal control mediated the relationship between self‐reported racism and experience of toothache. We hypothesized that social support moderated this relationship.MethodsData from 365 pregnant Aboriginal Australian women were used to evaluate experience of toothache, socio‐demographic factors, psychosocial factors, general health, risk behaviors, and self‐reported racism exposure. Hierarchical logistic regression models estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CIs) for experience of toothache. Perceived stress and sense of personal control were examined as mediators of the association between self‐reported racism and experience of toothache. Social support was examined as a moderator.ResultsSelf‐reported racism persisted as a risk indicator for experience of toothache (OR 1.99, 95 percent CI 1.07‐3.72) after controlling for age, level of education, and difficulty paying a $100 dental bill. The relationship between self‐reported racism and experience of toothache was mediated by sense of control. The direct effect of self‐reported racism on experience of toothache became only marginally significant, and the indirect effect was significant (β coefficient = 0.04, bias‐corrected 95 percent CI 0.004‐0.105, 21.2 percent of effect mediated). Stress was insignificant as a mediator. Social support was insignificant as a moderator.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that high levels of self‐reported racism were associated with experience of toothache and that sense of control, but not perceived stress, mediated the association between self‐reported racism and experience of toothache among this sample of pregnant Aboriginal Australian women. Social support did not moderate the association between self‐reported racism and experience of toothache.
CUFA algorithm: assessment of liver fibrosis using routine laboratory data
Authors: Shehab H. , Elattar I. , Elbaz T. , Mohey M. , Esmat G. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryStaging of liver fibrosis is an integral part of the management of HCV. Liver biopsy is hampered by its invasiveness and possibility of sampling error. Current noninvasive methods are disadvantaged by their cost and complexity. In this study, we aimed at developing a noninvasive method for the staging of liver fibrosis based only on routine laboratory tests and clinical data. Basic clinical and laboratory data and liver biopsies were collected from 994 patients presenting for the evaluation of HCV. Logistic regression was used to create a model predictive of fibrosis stages. A sequential test was then developed by combining our new model with APRI. In the training set (497) a model was created by logistic regression for the prediction of significant fibrosis (≥F2), it included platelets, AST and age (PLASA). The areas under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 0.753, 66.8, 71.4, 69.8, 68.4, respectively, while in the validation set (497), they were 0.777, 66.7, 72.8, 68.6 and 71, respectively. These were the best performance indicators when compared to APRI, FIB‐4, King's score, platelets, fibrosis index, age–platelet index and Lok index in the same set of patients. A sequential test was then developed including APRI followed by PLASA [Cairo University Fibrosis Assessment (CUFA) algorithm], this allowed saving 20% and 34% of liver biopsies for patients being tested for significant fibrosis and cirrhosis, respectively. In conclusion, the CUFA algorithms at no cost allow saving a significant proportion of patients from performing a liver biopsy or a more complex costly test. These algorithms could be used as the first step in the assessment of liver fibrosis before embarking on the more costly advanced serum markers, Fibroscan or liver biopsy.
ISO‐Based Assessment of Accuracy and Precision of Glucose Meters in Dogs
Authors: Brito‐Casillas Y. , Figueirinhas P. , Wiebe J.C. , López‐Ríos L. , Pérez‐Barreto D. , Melián C. , Wägner A.M. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundPortable blood glucose meters (PBGMs) allow easy glucose measurements. As animal‐specific PBGMs are not available everywhere, those for humans are widely used.ObjectivesTo assess the accuracy and precision of 9 PBGMs in canine whole blood (WB) and plasma, based on the ISO 15197:2013.AnimalsFifty‐nine client‐owned dogs attending the Veterinary Teaching Hospital.MethodsAnalytical evaluation of 100 blood samples was performed for accuracy and 23 for precision (glucose 29–579 mg/dL) following ISO recommendations. A PBGM was considered accurate if 95% of the measurements were within ±15 mg/dL from the reference when glucose was <100 mg/dL and within ±15% when it was ≥100 mg/dL, and if 99% of them were within zones A and B in error grid analysis (EG). A hexokinase‐based analyzer was used as reference. Ninety samples were assessed for hematocrit interferences.ResultsAccuracy requirements were not fulfilled by any PBGM in WB (74% of measurements within the limits for the most accurate) and by 1 only in plasma. However, the EG analysis in WB was passed by 6 PBGM and by all in plasma. The most accurate were also the most precise, with coefficients of variation <5% in WB and <3% in plasma. Hematocrit correlated with bias against the reference method in 4 PBGM (r = −0.243 − [−0.371]; P < .021).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThis disparity among PBGM suggests that meters approved for humans need to be evaluated before use in other species.
Fire and simulated herbivory have antagonistic effects on resistance of savanna grasslands to alien shrub invasion
Authors: te Beest Mariska , Mpandza Nokukhanya J. , Olff Han 
Published: July 2014

AbstractQuestionResistance of the native community has been identified as an important factor limiting invasion success and invader impact. However, to what extent resistance interacts with disturbance to control invasion success remains unclear. We studied the interaction between biotic resistance, fire and small‐scale disturbances mimicking those of large mammalian herbivores (hoof action and grazing) on invasion success of the alien shrub Chromolaena odorata.LocationHluhluwe‐iMfolozi Park, South Africa.MethodsWe performed a seedling transplant experiment in a savanna grassland. We manipulated the grass layer by clipping (grazing), created small‐scale soil disturbances (hoof action) and transplanted seedlings under native tree canopies to assess potential nursing effects. Subsequently, we burned half of our plots. We assessed the effect of fire and small‐scale disturbances on seedling growth, survival and biomass allocation.ResultsSeedling survival of C. odorata was 26% in undisturbed savanna grassland, reducing to 5% post‐fire. Small‐scale disturbances increased seedling biomass and survival and modified biomass allocation, whereas fire greatly reduced seedling survival. Root allocation increased in response to grass clipping, while stem allocation decreased. Tree shading increased seedling survival in the absence of fire, but greatly reduced post‐fire survival.ConclusionsGrass communities in savannas exert a high level of biotic resistance to C. odorata invasion. However, small‐scale disturbances, mimicking those of large mammalian herbivores, can facilitate the invasion of C. odorata in savanna grassland both directly, by creating micro‐sites for establishment, and indirectly, by reducing the negative effect of fire. Thus, small‐scale disturbances may aid the long‐term persistence of woody species invading grass‐dominated systems.
Entrenched Autocracy or New Democracy: Which Is Better for Business?
Authors: Nur‐tegin Kanybek 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe recent downfall of autocracies worldwide, most notably in the Middle East, raises the question: Do the new, more democratic regimes hold a promise of creating a better economic and business environment? To answer this question, I analyze a new large‐scale firm‐level dataset for the post‐regime‐change time horizon of up to 20 years. The main finding is that during the post‐revolution time period the business environment is likely to worsen under the new politically unstable regimes that replace stable autocracies.
Absence from Work of the Self‐Employed: A Comparison with Paid Employees
Authors: Lechmann Daniel S. J. , Schnabel Claus 
Published: July 2014

SummaryUsing a large representative data set for Germany, this study contrasts absenteeism of self‐employed individuals and paid employees by estimating hurdle models. We find that absence from work is clearly less prevalent among the self‐employed than among paid employees. Only to a small extent, this difference can be traced back to differences in health status and job satisfaction. Furthermore, the gap in absenteeism does not seem to be driven by different behaviour in case of sickness as we find no clear difference in the prevalence of presenteeism between the two groups. We suspect that different behaviour in case of healthiness plays a role, highlighting potential shirking and moral hazard problems in paid employment.
Entertainment and Crime
Authors: Munyo Ignacio 
Published: July 2014

SummaryIn this paper I explore the effects of entertainment on aggregate crime rates. I track hourly crime data to analyze the behavior of offenses in a time window around football games played by the national team, in a country were football is the most popular entertainment. I find that total offenses decrease 13 percent during highly relevant games, an effect that comes exclusively from property crime. The decrease in property crime during the game is partially compensated by an increase in non‐property crime in the aftermath of these games.