bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodegradation of Alcohol Ethoxylates by Bacterial Consortium from Industrial Wastewater
Authors: Nowicka Dorota , Budnik Irena , Zembrzuska Joanna 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIndustrial waste water, can contain pollutions such as inorganic water-insoluble substances (in particular sewage from electroplating). In nature, the microorganisms play a special role in maintaining life on earth. The decomposition of organic compounds into simple minerals is the main link in the circulation of biogenic elements, especially carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and other. The aim of the study was to evaluate the biodegradability of a model nonionic surfactant and identification of metabolites generated in the process of biodegradation using microbial consortium originating from electroplating wastewater. Tested model nonionic surfactant C12E10 is a mixture of polydisperse homologues of C12Ex, C14Ex and C16Ex series. Alcohol ethoxylates were isolated by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using chloroform. Aliquot of the extract was evaporated and reconstituted in the mobile phase for further LC-MS analysis.
The Effect of Electrolytes on the Interaction of C. I. Reactive Orange 16-Tetradecyltrimethylammonium Bromide
Authors: Akbaş Halide , Taner Tanzer 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate the interaction of a cationic surfactant tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB) on the electronic absorption spectra of azo dye Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) and to observe the effects of the kind and concentration of electrolytes on these interactions by means of UV-Vis spectroscopy in submicellar and micellar concentration range at a certain temperature (303 K). TTAB affects the electronic absorption spectra of dye solution that is dye-surfactant interaction results into formation of complex and therefore, a decrease in maximum absorption spectra (1.577 at 494 nm). The electrolyte anions cause an increase on the absorbance of TTAB–RO16 ion-pair complex in the following order: Br– > Cl– > SO42– > NO3– > CN– and also for cations; Na+ > K+ > NH4+ > Mg2+. The increase or decrease on absorption spectra of RO16-TTAB solution depends on concentration range of the electrolyte added.
Study of Surface Active Characteristics of Developed Detergent for Fur Treatment
Authors: Lutfullina Gulnaz Gusmanovna , Abdullin Ildar Shaukatovich , Bujanova Anna Gennadievna 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The physicochemical and colloid-chemical characteristics of a developed detergent were studied. Due to synergism of surfactants of different nature the wetting and emulsifying ability as Well as the detergency of the developed detergent are very high.
Washing Wool with Surfactants and a Non-toxic Solvent Microemulsion: Influence of Water Hardness
Authors: Carrión-Fité Francisco J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In this work, detersive power (soil removal) was studied after washing a soiled wool fabric with addition of a non-toxic solvent microemulsion to conventional washing detergent formulations with the aim of improving the performance of the conventional washing. The non-toxic solvent used was dimethyl sulfoxide micro-dispersed with an amphoteric surfactant as emulsifier. The fabric was washed with biodegradable non-ionic surfactants such as an alcohol ethoxylate (AE) with 7 m E. O. and an alkyl polyglucoside with 1.4 glucoside groups (APG). The fabric used was EMPA 107 wool (soiled with standard impurities). The non-ionic surfactants were used separately and in mixture in varying proportions for the washes. Given the large amount of impurities in the wool fabric, sodium carbonate and sodium chloride were used to attain a suitable pH to avoid damaging the wool. The fabric was washed at low temperature with water of different hardness (20 °hf, 30 °hf and 40 °hf). In addition, the sequestering agent DTPMP was used to obtain an improvement of detersive power at the hardness of 40 °hf.
Stabilization of Foam Produced by Sodium Lauryl Sulphate with Mannosylerythritol Lipids Synthesized on Soybean Oil and Sucrose byPseudozyma antarctica(ATCC 32657)
Authors: Bhangale Akash , Patil Sachin , Wadekar Sushant , Kale Sandeep , Lali Arvind , Bhowmick Diptinarayan , Pratap Amit 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBiosurfactants are gaining importance due their large potential for industrial applications and their eco-friendly nature. The properties of biosurfactants can vary with their structure which is dependent upon strain, cultivation conditions and carbon source. A mannosylerythritol lipid (MEL) is one of the simplest biosurfactants with a well-defined structure produced by Pseudozyma antarctica (ATCC 32657). The study includes the surfactant properties of MEL produced on soybean oil with sucrose as substrate. MEL showed surface activity at very low concentrations. The various properties were explained on the basis of the structural similarity between MEL and Gemini surfactant. The performance properties of SLS like foaming, emulsification and wetting were improved when SLS was partially substituted (5–20 %) by MEL. Based on the study, MEL can be used in various cosmetic products like shaving creams, skin creams and lotions, where MEL will not only enhance foaming property but also provide moisturizing and healing properties on skin.
Predicting Critical Micelle Concentration Values of Non-Ionic Surfactants by Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Astray Gonzalo , Iglesias-Otero Manuel A. , Moldes Oscar A. , Mejuto Juan C. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Critical Micelle Concentration is a fundamental property on studying behaviour of surfactants. In general terms it depends on temperature, pressure and on the existence and concentration of other surface-active substances and electrolytes. In this work it is presented a model based on Artificial Neural Networks to obtain predictive values of Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of some non-ionic surfactants. ANN model works using topological descriptors of the molecules involved together with already known CMC values and provides predictive values for new cases. It is proposed a specific architecture for ANN consisting of an input layer with seven neurons, one intermediate layer with fourteen neurons and one neuron in the output layer. This ANN model seems to be a good method for forecast CMC.
Research the Oil Displacing Performance of Dodecyl Polyoxyethylene Ether Sulfonates at Difficult Conditions
Authors: Chen Lifeng , Zhang Xingkai 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This paper evaluated the oil displacing performance of novel surfactants called dodecyl polyoxyethylene ethers sulfonates (AESO) at high-temperature, high-salinity and low-permeability reservoir conditions. We found that AESO-9 and AESO-12 with better thermal stability could create ultra-low interfacial tension (IFT) at high-temperature and high-salinity conditions, and the IFT was largely independent of both temperature and salinity. Compared to AES-12, temperature and salinity had much less effect on the emulsification property of AESO-12. The dynamic equilibrium adsorption capacity of AESO-12 was only 0.09 mg/g sand at 90 °C. The incremental recovery by only using AESO-12 could attain 8.81 % at difficult conditions. When the core permeability decreased to 2.67 × 10−3 μm2, the incremental recovery by using the composite oil displacement agents based on AESO-12 could still attain 10.98 % at the temperature of 90 °C and the salinity of 60 g/L. In brief, AESO-12 exhibits excellent oil-displacement capacity at high-temperature, high-salinity and low-permeability reservoir conditions.
Properties of Binary Surfactant System of Alkyl Polyglycosides and α-Sulphonated Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
Authors: Kang Peng , Xu Hujun , Song Chunli 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Surface tension, fluorescence, zeta potential, dynamic light scattering and viscosity measurements have been used to investigate the properties of binary surfactant system of alkyl polyglycosides (APG) and α-sulphonated fatty acid methyl ester (MES). Through surface tension measurements, critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the mixture for different mixing mole fractions is determined and the values are all lower than those of pure constituent surfactants. Ideal CMC, molecule interaction parameters β and B have been calculated, and all these parameters indicate nonideal behavior and attractive interactions between the surfactant molecules. The micelle aggregation numbers (Nagg
) and the zeta potential (ζ) values of the binary surfactant system fall between those of constituent surfactants. The hydrodynamic radius (Rh
) of mixed micelle first increases and then decreases with the addition of MES. All these results show that nonionic surfactants facilitate the formation of larger micelles. The viscosities (η) of the mixtures are all lower than those of the pure component surfactants and with the addition of sodium chloride, the viscosity of mixture first increases rapidly and then decreases.
Synthesis and Properties of Monododecyl Diphenyl Methane Disulfonate
Authors: Xing Feng-Mei , Liu Xiao-Chen , Niu Jin-Ping , Wang Xiao-Yu 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A gemini surfactant with asymmetric molecular structure, monododecyl diphenyl methane disulfonate surfactant (MDDMDS), was synthesized by Friedel-Crafts reaction of dodecanol with diphenyl methane in the presence of active bleach clay, followed by sulfonation with liquid sulfur trioxide. The surface activity, salinity and hardness tolerance, wettability alteration and spontaneous emulsification of this asymmetric gemini surfactant were investigated. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) was 9.1 × 10−5 mol · L−1, the surface tension (γcmc) was 38.4 mN · m−1. Sodium chloride tolerance and calcium chloride tolerance reached 20.55 wt.% and 17.01 wt.%, respectively. This surfactant altered the wettability of the PTFE-film surface from oil-wet to less oil-wet or intermediate wet and show preferable property of emulsifying the crude oil.
The Wettability Alteration Behavior of Cationic Gemini Surfactants on Oil-aged Mica Mineral Surfaces
Authors: Zhang Rui , Zhou Jinwei , Peng Lin , Qin Ni , Ye Zhongbin 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The wettability of oil reservoir rock will affect the oil recovery efficiency by reducing the capillary force. A Gemini cationic surfactant containing double dodecyl chains and two quaternary ammonium headgroups was synthetized and used as a new wetting alteration agent. This paper focuses on the wettability alteration of Gemini cationic surfactants on oil-aged mica mineral surface. The results of contact angle data show that Gemini cationic surfactant have great wettability to alter oil-aged mica surfaces to mid-wetting even weakly water-wet. The adsorption morphology by atomic force microscopy shows that the degree of wettability alteration is mainly dependent on the coverage areas of surfactant molecules. Gemini surfactant formed monolayer on oil-aged mica surface and the monolayer has the trend to from a compact film with increasing concentration. Compared with the single chain surfactant, Gemini surfactant has stronger ability to alter oil-aged surfaces. Considering the flooding experiment in lab results, this Gemini surfactant might be a good choice to be used in chemical flooding.
How Effective are Alternative Ways of Laundry Washing?
Authors: Kruschwitz Anke , Augsburg Aline , Stamminger Rainer 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Laundry washing consumes resources. It is therefore a clear task for everyone, especially the industry and the consumer, to try to reduce the amount of resources needed as much as possible. Many possibilities and alternatives to the classical cleaning process using a washing machine and a readily formulated detergent are in discussion and are offered to the consumer. Task of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of some of these alternative methods to see whether the task to save resources can be accomplished by them. This is done by carrying out washing performance tests in a common household washing machine using stain monitors and stain strips as indicators for the washing effect in a 30°C and 60°C cotton program and comparing those alternatives (soap nuts, soapwort, two kind of wash-balls) with the use of regular detergent and washing with pure water. As result it is shown, that none of the investigated alternative cleaning methods does deliver any washing effect better than the result achieved with pure water, besides for soapwort that also included other surfactants. Interesting to note that on most stains the use of just 50% of the detergent delivers already a cleaning performance not much lower as 100% of detergent does provide.
Effect of Cationic Surfactant on the Oxidation of Galactose by N-Bromophthalimide in the Presence of Acidic Medium: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study
Authors: Biswas Supriya , Deshpande Samta , Verma Santosh K. , Nayak Savita 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The effect of cationic surfactant on the oxidation of galactose by N-bromophthalimide in the presence of acidic medium at 308 K has been studied. The order of reaction with respect to [Gal], [oxidant], and [H+] were found to be fractional, first, and negative fractional order, respectively. The effects of KCl, KBr, phthalimide and mercuric acetate have also been studied and summarized. The rate of reaction decreased with an increase in dielectric constant of the medium. The effect of cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) has been studied. CPC retards the rate of reaction. Thermodynamic and activation parameters have been evaluated.
Water-Dilutable Biocompatible Microemulsion Systems: Design and Characterisation
Authors: Djekic Ljiljana , Cirkovic Violeta , Heleta Mirjana , Krajisnik Danina , Primorac Marija 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The present study describes a screening approach in design of microemulsion preconcentrates (self-microemulsifying systems) comprising: PEG-8 caprylic/capric glycerides (Labrasol®) (surfactant), PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil (Cremophor® RH40) (cosurfactant) (at surfactant-to-cosurfactant mass ratios 9:1, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7 and 1:9), and 10% w/w or 20% w/w of medium-chain triglycerides or olive oil (oil). The self-microemulsifying ability of the prepared surfactant/cosurfactant/oil mixtures in water and 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.2), was evaluated by droplet size and zeta potential analysis and cross-polarized light microscopy. The formation of microemulsions was observed only in the presence of medium-chain triglycerides at surfactant-to-cosurfactant ratios 7:3 and 5:5 (in the mixtures containing 10% w/w of the oil phase) and 3:7 and 1:9 (when 20% w/w of the same oil was used). The obtained results provide new implications for development of microemulsion preconcentrates suitable as delivery systems for food and pharmaceutical applications.
Coal – Mycobacterium phlei Interaction and its Effect on Coal Cleaning
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Mohamed A. , El-Midany Ayman A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The adsorption of micro-organisms can be used in separation of valuable minerals from their gangue minerals. The coal is one of the important sources of energy. Most of the coal deposits are low rank coals that contain sulfur compounds and mineral matters which release harmful and toxic gases while burning of coal. In the current study, the interaction of Mycobacterium phlei (M. phlei) with coal was characterized with several techniques such as zeta potential, adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms and Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR). In addition, the M. phlei was tested for sulfur and ash removal from coal. The results of surface characterization indicated that the optimum pH was 2–4 where the M. phlei is physically adsorbed to coal particles due to slight electrostatic interactions as well as the hydrophobic interaction. The M. phlei increases the coal separation selectivity from its associated impurities and reduces the total sulfur and ash to 0.9%and 2.1%, respectively.
Oligomerization of Glycerol on Layered Sodium Silicate Catalysts
Authors: Zhang Tong , Gu Hongkuan , Li Jinping , Dong Jinxiang 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to describe an efficient, easily separable and environmentally friendly glycerin oligomerization catalyst. We explored the catalytic effect of five different layered sodium silicate materials on the oligomerization reaction of glycerol and compared them with Na2CO3. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the product composition. The following reactivity order was observed: δ-Na2Si2O5≈β-Na2Si2O5≈α-Na2Si2O5 > Kanemite > Na-magadiite. δ-Na2Si2O5 showed good selectivity for diglycerol and triglycerol. It was found that 2 wt.% δ-Na2Si2O5 and 5 h at 260°C was the optimal set of reaction conditions. Under these conditions, 71.7% conversion of glycerol was achieved, with selectivity for diglycerol and triglycerol of 83.8%. The results reveal that δ-Na2Si2O5 is an effective catalyst for controlling the degree of polymerization of glycerol.
Bohrer für den Nanometerbereich
Authors: Österle Werner 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Highlights der FIB-Technology aus einer Vortragsreihe an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) zusammengefasst. Sie bilden den aktuellen Stand der Technik der FIB-Methodik und Gerätetechnik ab. Hintergrund und Motivation war, dass die BAM-Abteilung V „Werkstofftechnik der Konstruktionswerkstoffe“ im Jahr 2002 eine FIB-Anlage installierte und damit eine der ersten Stellen in Deutschland ist, die diese Technik auf Fragestellungen des allgemeinen Maschinenbaus anwenden.
Quality improvement of elastomers
Authors: Grellmann Wolfgang , Reincke Katrin 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Instrumented notched tensile-impact testing (NTI test) makes possible a comprehensive toughness characterization for very thin and/or flexible materials also by using fracture mechanical methods. Through instrumentation of the pendulum device, load–extension diagrams can be recorded which allow a description of deformation and fracture behaviour in a wide-ranging way. The aim of this contribution is to show details of this still relatively unusual test method “instrumented notched tensile-impact testing”. Therefore, information is given on suitable specimens, performance of the test and its analysis. Furthermore, some examples of application are shown.
Failure of a dampening pin
Authors: Neidel Andreas , Riesenbeck Susanne , Ullrich Thomas , Völker Jörg 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
As revealed by an inspection of hot gas path components, a dampening pin for the stage 4 moving blades of an industrial gas turbine for power plant applications brake in the summer of 2003. The failure mode of the fractured pin was high cycle fatigue. The root cause of the failure was probably a combination of the dynamic service load and an increased notch effect caused by an increased surface roughness of the pin. In the case of the notch-sensitive material Udimet 720, this was detrimental to the fatigue limit. The measured surface roughness of the failed part was out of specification and traceable to the use of non-OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) components. High temperature corrosion did not seem to have played a significant role in the failure mechanism.
Internationale Normungsarbeit
Authors: Wehrstedt Alois 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
In diesem Beitrag werden einleitend die Schwerpunkte der weltweiten Normungsarbeit erläutert und ihre Ergebnisse in Zahlen angegeben. Die neuesten Entwicklungen in der Normung auf dem Gebiet der Werkstoffprüfung sind für folgende Gebiete vorgestellt: Mechanisch-technologische Prüfverfahren (Härteprüfung, Zugversuch, Kerbschlagbiegeversuch), Prüfung und Kalibrierung von Werkstoffprüfmaschinen und Prüfbescheinigungen nach DIN EN 10204. Des Weiteren sind die aktuellen Informationen über die Sitzungen der entsprechenden internationalen Normungsgremien enthalten.
Finite-Elemente-Simulation im Vergleich zur Realität
Authors: Richard Hans A. , Sander Manuela , Kullmer Gunter , Fulland Markus 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden spannungsanalytische und bruchmechanische Untersuchungen zum ICE-Radreifenbruch beschrieben. Das Risswachstum beim ICE-Rad begann am Innenrand des Radreifens. Der Riss wuchs zunächst mehr in die Tiefe des Radreifens, um sich später in halbelliptischer Form auszubreiten. Erst als der Radreifenquerschnitt zu etwa 80% durch das Risswachstum geschädigt war, trat der Bruch des Radreifens ein. Die Bruchfläche weist Farbeffekte und Bruchflächenstrukturen auf, die auf ein sehr diskontinuierliches Risswachstum hindeuten. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass sich das Risswachstum mittels Finite-Elemente-Simulationen und experimenteller Untersuchungen erklären lässt.
Schweißen von Reintitanblechen
Authors: Karaaslan Ahmet 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Im Beitrag wird der Aufbau und die Eigenschaften von Laser- und Wolfram-Inertgasschweißverbindungen an kommerziellem Reintitanblech beschrieben. Die Eigenschaftscharakterisierung der Versuchsschweißungen erfolgte mittels Kleinlasthärteprüfung nach Vickers. Die Gefügeuntersuchungen der Schweißverbindungen wurden mit Hilfe des Lichtmikroskops durchgeführt.
Lebensdauervorhersage unter bruchmechanischen Gesichtspunkten
Authors: Sander Manuela , Richard Hans A. 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Im Bereich der Verkehrstechnik kommen neben den klassischen Festigkeitswerten, wie z.B. der Zugfestigkeit oder der Dauerfestigkeit, immer mehr auch die bruchmechanischen Kennwerte ins Blickfeld. Auf Grund geometrischer und fertigungsbedingter Restriktionen bezüglich der Probenentnahme können nicht immer die standardisierten CT-Proben eingesetzt werden. Aus diesem Grund werden zunächst unterschiedliche Sonderbruchmechanikproben vorgestellt. Für die Proben werden im Rahmen dieses Beitrags sowohl die Funktionen der Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren in Abhängigkeit der Risslänge, die mittels der Finite-Elemente-Methode bestimmt wurden, als auch die für die Risslängenmessung mit Hilfe der Gleichstrompotenzialmethode notwendigen Kalibrierkurven aufgezeigt. Die automatische Versuchsdurchführung wird durch das Programm FAMControl sowie die entsprechende Versuchstechnik ermöglicht.
Erfahrungen mit der europäischen Fehlerbewertungsprozedur SINTAP
Authors: Zerbst Uwe 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Im Ergebnis eines europäischen Verbundprojektes wurde 1999 die europäische Fehlerbewertungsprozedur SINTAP (Structural INTegrity Assessment Procedure for European Industry) publiziert [1]. Wesentliche Aspekte der Prozedur wurden in einem Sonderband der Zeitschrift „Engineering Fracture Mechanics“ (Vol. 67, 2000, S. 479–668) und bei verschiedenen Gelegenheiten, z.B. in [2] publiziert. Im deutschsprachigen Raum sei auf die Darstellungen in [3] und [4] sowie, im Kontext der Anwendung auf Schweißverbindungen auf [5] verwiesen. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz sollen die Ergebnisse von Validierungs-Studien vorgestellt werden, die in den letzten Jahren unter Beteiligung des GKSS-Forschungszentrums durchgeführt wurden. Die Ergebnisse geben einen Einblick in das Potenzial der Prozedur zur Bewertung rissbehafteter Strukturen und zeigen deren Genauigkeit bzw. Konservativität auf.
Verhalten von hartstoff-beschichteten und nitrierten Stählen im Wälzkontakt
Authors: Spies Heinz-Joachim , Ludwig Annette , Herrmann Katrin 
Published: December 2013

KurzfassungDie Verfahrenskombination Nitrieren - Hartstoffbeschichten erschließt der Hartstoffbeschichtung neue, bisher nicht zugängliche Einsatzgebiete bei der Eigenschaftsoptimierung von Bauteilen aus niedriglegierten Stählen. Untersucht wurde das Verhalten nitrierter und hartstoff-beschichteter Stähle bei Kontaktermüdung und Gleitverschleiß. Der Einfluss des Aufbaues der Randschicht auf das Verhalten im Wälzkontakt wird erörtert. Die höchste Wälzfestigkeit hatte der mit Cr2N beschichtete Vergütungsstahl 31CrMoV9. Das Gleitverschleißverhalten der nitrierten Stähle wurde durch eine TiN- bzw. Cr2N-Beschichtung erheblich verbessert.