bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Diabetic Retinopathy: II. Retinopathy and Nephropathy in Spontaneous Canine Diabetes
Authors: Patz Arnall , Berkow Joseph W , Maumenee A E , Cox James 
Published: December 2014

Retinal and renal observations on dogs with spontaneous diabetes mellitus are presented. Retinal vessels were prepared by the trypsin digestion, flat retinal technic and examined by light microscopy. Kidneys were examined by light and electron microscopy. Nondiabetic dogs of comparable ages served as controls.
Retinal vessels in some diabetic subjects showed mural pericyte degeneration with “ghost” formation and zones of focal acellularity surrounded by aneurysms or hypercellular capillary shunts. These changes were indistinguishable from those observed in human diabetic retinas prepared by the same technic. Kidneys of the diabetic dogs showed a significantly greater incidence and severity of diffuse glomerulosclerosis and thickening of the basement membrane of the peripheral glomerular capillary loops than was found in the controls. Nodular glomerular lesions of Kimmelstiel and Wilson were not observed.
Cataracts were noted in all diabetic animals with diabetes known to be six months in duration or longer but were rare in the controls.
The pancreas was either described grossly by the contributing veterinarian or submitted for histologic examination in eight of the diabetic dogs. Five of these suggested possible pancreatitis and their diabetes may be secondary to pancreatic disease. The remaining three dogs with no evidence of pancreatitis are considered as primary (possibly hereditary) diabetes mellitus. Retinopathy and prominent diffuse glomerulosclerosis occurred in diabetic dogs with and without evidence of pancreatitis.
Effect of Adrenal Steroids on Glucose Kinetics in Normal and Diabetic Dogs
Authors: Ninomiya Rikuo , Forbath Nicholas F , Hetenyi Geza 
Published: December 2014

The rates of endogenous glucose production, utilization, the amount of the intermixing glucose (“pool”) and the apparent distribution space were measured in conscious, trained normal and depancreatized dogs by the method of successive measured injections of tracer. During the intravenous infusion of hydrocortisone or methylprednisolone both the rates of glucose production and utilization fell in normal dogs. Since the same effect was obtained during the infusion of hydrocortisone in depancreatized dogs this effect of adrenal steroids does not seem to be due to an extra release of insulin.
In normal dogs, daily injections of 4 mg. per kilogram of methylprednisolone for one week significantly increased the rates of glucose production and utilization and also the amount of intermixing glucose and the apparent glucose space, without any significant change in the concentration of glucose in the blood plasma. Prolongation of methylprednisolone treatment for a second week caused a further increase in all four parameters again with no change in plasma glucose level. The intravenous infusion of glucose was found to diminish the rate of endogenous glucose production to the same degree before as after one week of methylprednisolone treatment. In diabetic dogs deprived of insulin, two daily injections of methylprednisolone increased the rate of glucose production and the plasma concentration but not the apparent distribution space of glucose. These experiments indicate that in dogs the homeostasis of plasma glucose level is maintained in spite of markedly increased gluconeo genesis if pancreatic function is unimpaired.
Effect of Anaerobiosis and Cell Poisons on Glucose Uptake of Hemidiaphragms and Epididymal Fat Pads in Vitro
Authors: Short A L , Wright F E , Whitney J E 
Published: December 2014

An attempt has been made to repeat the observations that anaerobiosis, 2:4-DNP, and the sodium salts of cyanide, arsenite, arsenate, and salicylate all stimulate the glucose uptake of hemidiaphragms in vitro in a way that has been postulated to be analogous to the action of insulin. The glucose uptakes of hemidiaphragms and fat pads have been measured in bicarbonate and phosphate buffers. In no case did anaerobiosis stimulate glucose uptake. Anaerobiosis reduced but did not abolish the effect of insulin.
The effects of the cell poisons were diverse and appeared to be related to both the tissue used and the medium employed. The sodium salts of cyanide, arsenite, and arsenate stimulated the glucose uptake of hemidiaphragms in bicarbonate buffer, whereas, only arsenate was effective in phosphate buffer. When fat pads were incubated in bicarbonate buffer, arsenate and cyanide increased glucose uptake; in phosphate buffer only arsenate was effective. In addition, 2:4-DNP markedly inhibited the glucose uptake of hemidiaphragms in both bicarbonate and phosphate buffers but was without effect on the fat pads. Most of the cell poisons reduced or abolished the effect of added insulin.
These results are discussed with relation to the theory that insulin acts to divert energy away from a process that restricts the entry of glucose into the cell under basal conditions.
Schmidt's Syndrome (Thyroid and Adrenal Insufficiency) and Coexistent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Solomon Neil , Carpenter Charles C J , Bennett Ivan L , Harvey A McGehee 
Published: December 2014

The world literature covering the coincidence of Addison's disease and either diabetes mellitus and/or thyroid aberration has been reviewed.
In addition, ten new patients, eight with idiopathic and two with tuberculous Addison's disease, thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus were studied.
Five of the eight patients with idiopathic Addison's disease showed significant titers ofantiadrenal antibody and six of these eight showed significant titers of thyroid antibodies. However, neither of the two patients with tuberculous Addison's disease showed evidence of antiadrenal antibody, but one exhibited thyroid antibodies.
Patients with idiopathic rather than tuberculous Addison's disease showed a higher coincidence of diabetes mellitus and/or thyroid dysfunction.
Differentiation into Two Types by Measurement of Serum Insulin-like Activity in Vitro
Authors: Steinke Jurgen , Soeldner J Stuart 
Published: December 2014

In eleven insulin sensitive and in six insulin resistant diabetic patients, insulin-like activity was measured in unmodified serum and in the corresponding acid ethanol extract shown to be free of insulin antibodies. Whereas most of the insulin responsive and four insulin resistant diabetic patients exhibited a similar ratio of insulin-like activity of serum to the respective serum extract, two patients with insulin resistance exhibited a more than one-hundredfold increase in this ratio.
Of the factors analyzed, i.e., length of insulin treatment, daily insulin dose, maximum serum insulin binding capacity, serum ILA and serum extract ILA, only insulin binding capacity and serum extract ILA exhibited a positive correlation in both the insulin responsive and insulin resistant patients.
Action of Testosterone on the Mammary Glands of Alloxan-diabetic Rats
Authors: Ahrén Kurt , Angervall Lennart , Arvill Anders 
Published: December 2014

Mammary gland development was studied in castrated, alloxan-diabetic rats injected with testosterone. After twentyone days of daily injections with 0.5 mg. testosterone propionate, the mammary glands of the diabetic rats showed extensive lobule-alveolar development which was even more pronounced than in nondiabetic controls injected withthe same dose of testosterone. This result shows that a normal secretion of insulin is not a prerequisite for lobule-alveolar development in the rat mammary gland. The more extensive lobule-alveolar development in the diabetic rats can be explained by a higher production of adrenal steroids in these rats.
From the result of the present investigation and our previous study on alloxan-diabetic rats injected with ovarian hormones it seems likely that there is inadequate production of prolactin in alloxan-diabetic rats.
Modification of Response to the Triamcinolone Glucose Tolerance Test by Treatment with Oral Hypoglycemic Agents Victoriano
Authors: Navarrete Victoriano N , Torres Isabel H , Ayala Luis Castelazo , Alger Carlos R , Flores Homero V 
Published: December 2014

(a) From 67 to 87 per cent of the abnormal triamcinolone glucose tolerance curves are improved after treatment with small doses of hypoglycemic drugs.
(b) As the weight reducing diet normalized only 6.6 per cent of the abnormal triamcinolone curves, it is possible to conclude that weight reduction alone is not enough to normalize this test.
(c) The incidence of obstetrical complications (macrosomias, miscarriages, stillbirths, habitual abortion, and congenital malformations) in women with an abnormal triamcinolone test decreases remarkably or disappears after normalization of this test.
Glucose Dynamics in Normal Subjects and Diabetic Patients before and after a Glucose Load
Authors: Forbath Nicholas , Hetenyi Geza 
Published: December 2014

The method of successive measured injections of tracer using uniformly labeled C-14-glucose as tracer was applied to determine the pool size, apparent distribution space and the rates of endogenous glucose production and utilization in the fasting state and at twenty to 110 minutes after the intravenous injection of a 0.3 gm./kg. glucose load in six nondiabetic and sixteen diabetic subjects.
The amount of intermixing glucose (“pool”) and the endogenous glucose production in the fasting state were higher in diabetics than in normals. The rate of glucose production decreased after the intravenous injection of the glucose in normals and nonketotic diabetics, but not in three out of four ketotic diabetics.
The average rate of glucose utilization in the fasting state was found to be slightly higher in diabetics than in normals, but it increased to a lesser extent following the injection of glucose. This smaller increase and larger glucose pool are the main causes of decreased glucose tolerance in diabetics.
The exponential slope of the concentration of glucose in the plasma after an intravenous injection of glucose (usually referred to as ‘K’) was not found to be correlated significantly with the rate of glucose utilization.
Plasma Insulin Responses to Glucose and Tolbutamide of Normal Weight and Obese Diabetic and Nondiabetic Subjects
Authors: Perley Michael , Kipnis David M 
Published: December 2014

Plasma insulin responses to oral glucose (100 gm.) and intravenous tolbutamide (1.0 gm.) before and after dexamethasone were determined in normal, obese nondiabetic, normal-weight diabetic and obese diabetic subjects. Fasting plasma insulin levels were significantly higher in obese nondiabetic and obese diabetic subjects than in normalweight nondiabetic and diabetic individuals. Total plasma insulin response to oral glucose in obese nondiabetics was threefold greater, in obese diabetic 2.2-fold greater, and in normal-weight diabetics 1.7-fold greater than that observed in normal individuals. When the plasma insulin responses of obese diabetic and nondiabetic subjects were measured at comparable blood sugar levellN insulin secretion was demonstrated to be significantly impaired in the diabetic group. The initial plasma insulin response (i.e., thirty-minute level) to glucose of diabetic subjects is markedly impaired when compared to normal-weight and obese nondiabetic individuals. Total plasma insulin response to intravenous tolbutamide was fourfold greater in obese nondiabetic and obese diabetic subjects than in normal-weight nondiabetic and diabetic individuals. Following dexamethasone (2 mg. q.i.d. × 2), plasma insulin response to intravenous tolbutamide was increased fivefold in normal subjects, threefold in obese nondiabetics, 1.6-fold in obese diabetics and twofold in nonobese diabetics.
The results of these studies indicate that obesity is associated with a hypersecretory insulin response to both tolbutamide and glucose. The presence of overt diabetes melitus indicates an impairment in insulin response in both obese and nonobese individuals when compared to their appropriate nondiabetic controls. Dexamethasone provokes a marked compensatory insulin response in nondiabetics and makes more apparent the impaired secretory capacity of diabetic subjects. Maturity-onset diabetes in nonobaese individuals appears to be a consequence primarily of insulin deficiency. In obese diabetic individuals, however, even though secretory capacity may be significantly greater than observed in nonobese diabetics, impaired carbohydrate tolerance develops because insulin antagonism associated with obesity per se.
Diabetes and Anterior Pituitary Insufficiency: Final Course and Postmortem Study of a Diabetic Patient with Sheehan's Syndrome
Authors: Poulsen J E 
Published: December 2014

The final course and postmortem of a patient with diabetes and anterior pituitary insufficiency are presented. The preliminary report of this case with recovery from retinopathy was published in 1953.
The retinopathy had not reappeared when the patient died in uremia in 1960. From 1951, substitution treatment with cortisone and thyroid was given.
The postmortem was typical for anterior pituitary insufficiency due to postpartum pituitary necrosis (Sheehan's syndrome). The anterior pituitary was mainly substituted by fibrous tissue and the adrenal cortices were atrophic.
Microscopic examination of the eyes did not show obvious signs of diabetic retinopathy after thirty-six years of diabetes and fifteen years after retinal hemorrhages and the onset of pituitary insufficiency. The results of postmortem examination of other organs did not differ from the usual findings in cases of juvenile diabetes dying in uremia.
The advisability of hypophysectomy for the palliation of diabetic retinopathy is discussed, and it is suggested that a closer examination of the influence of growth hormone on retinal metabolism and vascular function may be of interest.
Perhaps the recently demonstrated unmyelinated fibers in the optic nerve coming from the pituitary stalk will be shown to have an influence on the vascular regulation of the retina, and on the pathogenesis of retinopathy; if so, these fibers may explain why only the retinopathy and not the other late manifestations of diabetes seem to benefit from ablation of pituitary function.
A Survey for Unknown Diabetics in a Mental Hospital: I. Men under Age Fifty
Authors: Waitzkin Leo 
Published: December 2014

A 100-gm., two-hour, oral glucose tolerance test was given to an institutional group of 359 mentally ill men under age fifty without known diabetes. The test was selectively repeated. In 11.7 per cent of the group, results were interpreted, in association with other data, as being consistent with previously unknown, unsuspected diabetes. It occurred more frequently among the older, the overweight and those with diabetic relatives, resembling the prevalence of known diabetes in the general population. The relatively high incidence of previously unknown diabetes that was discovered in the group is ascribed to their age range, commonness of overweight and the method of study.
Further investigation is required to determine if prolonged phenothiazine therapy may be a contributory diabetogenic influence.
The Duration of Unrecognized Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Anderson T W 
Published: December 2014

If the age specific prevalence rates for known and unrecognized diabetics are known, deduction can be made of the rates at which cases are moving in and out of these categories and, therefore, the average time spent in each category. For example, if between the age of forty and fifty the number of known diabetics in a population increased from 300 to 600, then the increase (300 over ten years) indicates that previously unrecognized diabetics have become recognized at an average rate of thirty per year. Similarly, if the number of unrecognized diabetics has in-creased from 400 to 900, the unrecognized group has been increasing at an average rate of fifty per year. If the rate at which death has been removing persons from each group is known, it is possible to form a theoretical model and calculate approximately how long a person is likely lo remain in the unrecognized category.
When the calculations are carried through, it appears that the average length of time spent in the unrecognized category is of the order of ten to twelve years. Unfortunately, some of the steps in the calculations are based on unknown factors, and in assuming arbitrary values for these factors, there will be some error introduced into the final estimate. Since the method of calculation may be of interest and value, however, the argument will be presented in detail.
When a new case of diabetes mellitus is diagnosed, it is not known how long the disease has been present. In this paper an attempt is made to deduce from epidemiological data the average length of time between development of impaired carbohydrate tolerance and diagnosis.
Histological and Autoradiographic Studies of the Islets of Mice Injected with Insulin Antibody
Authors: Logothetopoulos J , Bell E G 
Published: December 2014

Young adult male mice were injected intraperitoneally twice daily with the globulin fraction of anti-insulin sera. Control mice received injections of the same fraction from guinea pigs immunized with Freund's adjuvant only. Blood glucose levels in the mice injected with insulin antibodies were continuously maintained over 250 mg. per 100 ml.
Mice were killed before and at 1, 3, 6, 10 and 15 days after the injections started. Thymidine-H-3 was injected subcutaneously two hours before killing. The following observations were made:
(1) Beta cells quickly lost their granules and remained degranulated throughout the period of injections of insulin antibodies. Swelling of the Golgi complex and other histological evidence of increased cellular activity were present. Neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes accumulated around the islets in the mice injected with antibody.
(2) In the control mice the number of labeled beta cell nuclei (radioactive index) ranged from seven to twenty-five per 3,000 nuclei of beta cells. Labeled beta cells were scattered throughout the islets. Alpha cells showed a lower radioactive index, one to three per 1,000 nuclei.
In the mice injected with antibody the radioactive index was within the normal range on the first day, reached a peak in mice killed on the third day and subsequently progressively declined in spite of the sustained hyperglycemia.
Observations on Small Blood Vessels of Skin in the Normal and in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Friederici H H R , Randolph Tucker W , Schwartz Theodore B 
Published: December 2014

To obtain data on the relative incidence of changes in the basement membrane of small peripheral blood vessels in diabetic and nondiabetic patients, a “blind” study of skin biopsies was undertaken. Parallel to a thorough clinical and laboratory work-up, punch biopsies of skin were obtained under local block anesthesia. A number of morphological features were analyzed by light and electron microscopy and graded on a semiquantitative scale, and the basement membrane was measured with calipers. The tabulated data were then correlated with clinical information. The following conclusions may be drawn:
(a) “Capillaries” of the dorsal skin of the finger revealed a more complex structure than that seen in capillaries of muscle or loose connective tissue. This increased complexity was mainly due to incomplete reduplication of the endothelial cell wall by long abluminal cytoplasmic extensions.
(b) The fine structure of the basement membrane as well as its thickness revealed very large variations, having one of the following appearances:
(1) Homogeneous or finely fibrillar, and thin
(2) Homogeneous or finely fibrillar, and thick
(3) Finely fibrillar and lamellated
(4) Containing inclusions.
(c) Careful, unbiased evaluation of “capillaries” of control patients without family or own history or chemical evidence of diabetes and who can reasonably be classified as normal, and of diabetic patients, leads to results permitting no distinction between the two groups. No differences could be seen regarding the number of endothelial and/or pericytic cells per “capillary,” state of vascular contraction or dilatation, cytologic detail, or type or width of the basement membrane between normal controls and diabetic patients.
(d) The reasons for the variations in basement membrane thickness and appearance and in cellular structure are not known, but diabetes can probably be excluded as a specific etiologic factor.
(e) The results of this investigation again underline the importance of “blind” studies with adequate controls, especially where subjective evaluation cannot be excluded.
(f) It may be advisable to conduct similar blind studies on other capillary territories to assess in an unequivocal manner the relationship between the appearance of the endothelium and the basement membrane and specific diseases.
Lack of Influence of Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia on Alimentary Hyperglycemia
Authors: Chester Edward M , Travis Randall H , Mackenzie Malcolm S 
Published: December 2014

Studies were designed to determine the effect, in diabetic patients, of insulin induced hypoglycemia upon alimentary hyperglycemia. The following results were obtained.
1. In a four-hour study, as a control day, each of four patients was given his usual insulin one hour before the oral administration of 100 gm. of glucose. On another occasion, under identical conditions, hypoglycemia was produced during the hour preceding glucose administration, by intravenous administration of Crystalline Insulin. There was no greater impairment of glucose tolerance during the subsequent three hours than noted in the control study.
2. In ten patients, maintained on constant diets for three consecutive days, blood sugars were determined at frequent intervals from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. each day. Each patient, if insulin dependent, received his usual dose before breakfast on all three days. On the second day the administration of additional subcutaneous Crystalline Insulin produced hypoglycemia during the forenoon. No carbohydrate supplementation was given and generally the hypoglycemia was corrected only by lunch given at the usual time. The postprandial blood sugar elevations for the balance of that day and throughout the third day were no greater than those of the first or control day.
3. In one patient six identical studies were performed. In each instance 25 gm. of glucose was given by mouth at 7 a.m. on each of three consecutive days. Blood sugars were measured at two-hour intervals from 8 a.m. to 12 noon. On day two hypoglycemia was produced by the administration of 15-25 U. Crystalline Insulin after the 8 a.m. blood specimen was drawn. Although mean blood sugars were statistically significantly higher on day three than on day one at 8 a.m. and 12 noon, the quantitative measurement of urine sugar showed no increase over that of the control day on either the day of hypoglycemia or the following day.
These data do not support the concept, in patients with diabetes mellitus, that hypoglycemia is followed by further impairment of glucose tolerance.