bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Are We So Afraid of? How Early Attention Shapes Our Most Common Fears
Authors: LoBue Vanessa 
Published: December 2012

AbstractFear is one of our most salient emotions, and one that is shared among humans and nonhumans alike. Traditional and modern views of how we acquire fear suggest that it is learned through conditioning or observation. However, an interesting aspect of human fears is that they are not all created equal—some fears are more likely to be experienced than others. In this article, I discuss some recent developmental research that sheds new light on why we are more likely to experience certain fears over others, and how attention and learning might work together to produce some of our most common fears and anxieties.
Survival of Double‐Crown‐Retained Dentures Either Tooth‐Implant or Solely Implant‐Supported: An 8‐Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Schwarz Stefanie , Bernhart Gunda , Hassel Alexander Jochen , Rammelsberg Peter 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPurposeTo compare survival and incidence of complications for solely implant‐supported double‐crown‐retained dentures (DCRDs) and combined tooth‐implant‐supported DCRDs for restoration of a complete jaw.Materials and MethodsPatients were consecutively admitted to treatment at the Department of Prosthodontics, University of Heidelberg, during a time period from 2003 to 2011. Schedule and unscheduled visits were recorded on standardized documentation forms. Age, gender, location of implants, number of abutment teeth, jaw, and antagonist were assessed as possible factors affecting the number of complications per patient.ResultsFifty‐five patients with 66 DCRDs on 209 implants and 102 teeth were included. Of these, 30 dentures on 129 implants were solely implant‐supported whereas the other 36 were combined tooth–implant‐supported. During an observation period of up to 8.3 years (mean 3.4 years; SD 1.9) superstructure survival was 93.3% for the solely implant‐supported DCRDs and 100% for the combined tooth–implant‐supported DCRDs. Survival without major complications was 86.7% and 83.3%, respectively. Gender and location of both superstructure and implants were statistically associated with a greater number of complications.ConclusionWithin the limitations of this exploratory retrospective study, not only solely implant‐supported DCRDs but also superstructures combining remaining teeth and implants within DCRDs might be a reliable treatment option for elderly patients. Prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm this, however.
Evaluation of “All‐on‐Four” Concept and Alternative Designs with 3D Finite Element Analysis Method
Authors: Özdemir Doğan Derya , Polat Nilufer Tulin , Polat Serkan , Şeker Emre , Gül Esma Başak 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPurposeThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the forces on the implant and supporting alveolar ridge in “all on four” concept and alternative designs using finite element analysis.Materials and MethodsDifferent treatment alternatives with various implant designs were performed in an edentulous mandible. In Design 1, implants were placed according to “All‐on‐Four” concept; Design 2, two long (13 mm long, 4 mm diameter) and two short (7 mm long, 4 mm diameter) implants; Design 3, four long and two short implants; and Design 4, two long and four short implants were placed vertically. A force of 100 N for each tooth, a total of 300 N load was applied. Finite element analysis was used to evaluate and compare the different designs.ResultsThe stress concentration within the cortical bone was significantly higher than the trabecular bone around the neck of the implants. The maximum stress values were located around the cortical bone of the distal implant for all designs. The reduction in the number of implants did not diminish the success of the design.ConclusionsIn the presence of vertically resorbed posterior mandibula, although the “all on four” concept is a feasible approach clinically, short implants had decreased the amount of force transmitted to the supporting bone.
A Research Mentor Training Curriculum for Clinical and Translational Researchers
Authors: Pfund Christine , House Stephanie , Spencer Kimberly , Asquith Pamela , Carney Paula , Masters Kristyn S. , McGee Richard , Shanedling Janet , Vecchiarelli Stephanie , Fleming Michael 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPurposeTo design and evaluate a research mentor training curriculum for clinical and translational researchers. The resulting 8‐hour curriculum was implemented as part of a national mentor training trial.MethodThe mentor training curriculum was implemented with 144 mentors at 16 academic institutions. Facilitators of the curriculum participated in a train‐the‐trainer workshop to ensure uniform delivery. The data used for this report were collected from participants during the training sessions through reflective writing, and following the last training session via confidential survey with a 94% response rate.ResultsA total of 88% of respondents reported high levels of satisfaction with the training experience, and 90% noted they would recommend the training to a colleague. Participants also reported significant learning gains across six mentoring competencies as well as specific impacts of the training on their mentoring practice.ConclusionsThe data suggest the described research mentor training curriculum is an effective means of engaging research mentors to reflect upon and improve their research mentoring practices. The training resulted in high satisfaction, self‐reported skill gains as well as behavioral changes of clinical and translational research mentors. Given success across 16 diverse sites, this training may serve as a national model. Clin Trans Sci 2013; Volume 6: 26–33
Components of metabolic syndrome and 5‐year change in insulin clearance – the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study
Authors: Lee C. C. , Lorenzo C. , Haffner S. M. , Wagenknecht L. E. , Goodarzi M. O. , Stefanovski D. , Norris J. M. , Rewers M. J. , Hanley A. J. 
Published: December 2012

AimsCross‐sectional evidence indicates that abdominal adiposity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and glycaemia are associated with reduced metabolic clearance rate of insulin (MCRI). Little is known about the progression of MCRI and whether components of metabolic syndrome are associated with the change in MCRI. In this study, we examined the association between components of metabolic syndrome and the 5‐year change of MCRI.MethodsAt baseline and 5‐year follow‐up, we measured fasting plasma triglycerides (TG), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, blood pressure (BP), waist circumference (WC) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) in 784 non‐diabetic participants in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. MCRI, insulin sensitivity (SI) and acute insulin response (AIR) were determined from frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests.ResultsWe observed a 29% decline of MCRI at follow‐up. TG, systolic BP and WC at baseline were inversely associated with a decline of MCRI regression models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol consumption, energy expenditure, family history of diabetes, BMI, SI and AIR [β = −0.057 (95% confidence interval, CI: −0.11, −0.0084) for TG, β = −0.0019 (95% CI: −0.0035, −0.00023) for systolic BP and β = −0.0084 (95% CI: −0.013, −0.0039) for WC; all p < 0.05]. Higher HDL cholesterol at baseline was associated with an increase in MCRI [multivariable‐adjusted β = 0.0029 (95% CI: 0.0010, 0.0048), p = 0.002]. FBG at baseline was not associated with MCRI at follow‐up [multivariable‐adjusted β = 0.0014 (95% CI: −0.0026, 0.0029)].ConclusionsMCRI declined progressively over 5 years in a non‐diabetic cohort. Components of metabolic syndrome at baseline were associated with a significant change in MCRI.
Lesion of medial prefrontal dopamine terminals abolishes habituation of accumbens shell dopamine responsiveness to taste stimuli
Authors: Bimpisidis Zisis , De Luca Maria Antonietta , Pisanu Augusta , Di Chiara Gaetano 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTaste stimuli increase extracellular dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). This effect shows single‐trial habituation in NAc shell but not in core or in mPFC. Morphine sensitization abolishes habituation of DA responsiveness in NAc shell but induces it in mPFC. These observations support the hypothesis of an inhibitory influence of mPFC DA on NAc DA. To test this hypothesis, we used in vivo microdialysis to investigate the effect of mPFC 6‐hydroxy‐dopamine (6‐OHDA) lesions on the NAc DA responsiveness to taste stimuli. 6‐OHDA was infused bilaterally in the mPFC of rats implanted with guide cannulae. After 1 week, rats were implanted with an intraoral catheter, microdialysis probes were inserted into the guide cannulae, and dialysate DA was monitored in NAc shell/core after intraoral chocolate. 6‐OHDA infusion reduced tissue DA in the mPFC by 75%. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry showed that lesions were confined to the mPFC. mPFC 6‐OHDA lesion did not affect the NAc shell DA responsiveness to chocolate in naive rats but abolished habituation in rats pre‐exposed to the taste. In the NAc core, mPFC lesion potentiated, delayed and prolonged the stimulatory DA response to taste but failed to affect DA in pre‐exposed rats. Behavioural taste reactions and motor activity were not affected. The results indicate a top‐down control of NAc DA by mPFC and a reciprocal relationship between DA transmission in these two areas. Moreover, habituation of DA responsiveness in the NAc shell is dependent upon an intact DA input to the mPFC.
Rasmussen encephalitis: Incidence and course under randomized therapy with tacrolimus or intravenous immunoglobulins
Authors: Bien Christian G. , Tiemeier Henning , Sassen Robert , Kuczaty Stefan , Urbach Horst , von Lehe Marec , Becker Albert J. , Bast Thomas , Herkenrath Peter , Karenfort Michael , Kruse Bernd , Kurlemann Gerhard , Rona Sabine , Schubert‐Bast Susanne , Vieker Silvia , Vlaho Stefan , Wilken Bernd , Elger Christian E. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryPurpose:  Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) leads to progressive tissue and function loss of one brain hemisphere and often intractable epilepsy. This is the first randomized prospective treatment trial in RE.Methods:  Germany‐wide, patients with suspected recent‐onset RE were recruited and if eligible randomized to tacrolimus or intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs). A loss of motor function or hemispheric volume by ≥15% (in patients >12 years at disease onset: ≥8%) led to study exit. Untreated patients served as a historical control group.Key Findings:  Over 6.3 years, 21 patients with recent‐onset RE were identified. Sixteen were randomized to tacrolimus (n = 9) or IVIG (n = 7). Immunotreated patients had a longer “survival” than the historical controls. Neither treatment was more efficacious than the other. Two tacrolimus patients experienced serious adverse events. No immunotreated but several untreated patients developed intractable epilepsy. No patient with refractory epilepsy became treatment‐responsive under immunotherapy.Significance:  The countrywide incidence rate of diagnosed RE is estimated as 2.4 cases/107 people ≤ age 18/year. Treatment with tacrolimus or IVIG may slow down tissue and function loss and prevent development of intractable epilepsy. However, immunotherapy may “arrest” patients in a dilemma state of pharmacoresistant epilepsy but too good function to be offered functional hemispherectomy. These compounds may therefore contribute to the therapeutic armamentarium for RE patients without difficult‐to‐treat epilepsies.
Recognition of Young in A Colonially Nesting Bird
Authors: Strickler Stephanie A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractParents ought to restrict costly parental care to their genetic offspring and, particularly when the risk of misdirecting care is high, parent‐offspring recognition may evolve. I tested whether adult cave swallows, which nest in dense colonies and feed fledglings in mixed‐family groups, discriminate against unrelated young, using temporary chick transfers at two nestling ages and a cross‐fostering experiment. Temporary chick transfers indicated that parents bias feedings toward their own offspring near fledging (18 d) but not at about halfway through the nesting period (10 d). I also examined how parents learn to identify their offspring by cross‐fostering young 3 d after hatching and testing parental response 2 wks later. Adults did not favor their own offspring over unrelated nestlings when both were unfamiliar to the focal parents. However, when parents encountered two of their own offspring, one of which was reared by foster parents, they preferentially fed the familiar nestling. By recognizing young, cave swallow parents reduce some risks of misdirected parental investment (mobile fledglings) but not others (extra‐pair young and intraspecific brood parasitism).
A Comparison of the Sensory Development of Wolves (Canis lupus lupus) and Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)
Authors: Lord Kathryn 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLittle is known about the development of the sensory systems of wolves. The timing of sensory development in wolves is usually extrapolated from studies on dogs, since they are members of the same species. However, early developmental differences between these two subspecies have already been identified. For example, wolves tend to approach and investigate objects in their environment 2 wk before dogs. These changes in developmental timing may play an important role in the behavioral differences between adult wolves and dogs. The purpose of this study is to compare the development of the sensory systems in wolves and dogs.Responses of seven wolf pups and 43 dog pups to familiar and novel olfactory, auditory, and visual stimuli were tested weekly from 2–7 wk of age. Eleven wolf pups were also observed for orientation towards auditory and visual stimuli during 2‐h sessions, 5 d a week, from 2–8 wk of age. These observations were supplemented by the daily records of caretakers.The results suggest that wolves and dogs both develop olfaction by 2 wk, audition by 4 wk, and vision by 6 wk on average, despite the 2‐wk shift in their ability to explore. This means that when wolves begin to explore at 2 wk, they are blind and deaf, and must rely primarily on their sense of smell. Thus, there is a significant alteration of how these subspecies experience their environment during the critical period of socialization. These findings lead to an alternative explanation for the difference in dogs' and wolves' abilities to form interspecies social attachments, such as those with humans.
Generalization of Mimics Imperfect in Colour Patterns: The Point of View of Wild Avian Predators
Authors: Veselý Petr , Luhanová Dana , Prášková Michaela , Fuchs Roman 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCurrent research of imperfect mimicry brings ambiguous results. Experiments simulating more natural conditions rather than laboratory experiments show lower willingness of avian predators to attack less perfect mimics. We decided to simulate a natural situation by testing responses of wild‐caught adult avian predators (Great tit – Parus major) to variously perfect mimics of the red firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus), which were in previous studies shown to elicit avoidance in Great tits. Presented mimics were perfect in all traits (firebug with its own colour pattern), imperfect in colour pattern (firebug with modified colour pattern), perfect in colour pattern, but imperfect in other visual traits (cockroach with firebug colour pattern), and imperfect in colour pattern as well as in other visual traits (cockroach with modified colour patterns). Modification of the pattern focused on the rounded spots on firebug's hemielytra, which is a conspicuous trait within the pattern. The pattern modification had no influence on the number of birds attacking the prey; nevertheless, birds spent more time observing the cockroaches that displayed the perfect firebug colour pattern than in the case of any other prey. Moreover, firebugs that displayed the perfect firebug colour pattern were observed for the shortest time (equal to that of the model – unmodified firebug). Cockroaches were attacked more often than firebugs, which suggest that birds were able to use additional visual cues (shape of legs and antennae) in prey recognition. Given these result, we conclude that differences in morphological traits characteristic for used prey taxa (true bugs, cockroaches) seem to be more important in the prey's protection than its colour pattern.
Geographic Factors Affecting the Presence of Transhipment Services in Regional Maritime Container Markets
Authors: Russo Francesco , Musolino Giuseppe 
Published: December 2012

The presence of transhipment services in a region has previously been analyzed relative to ports and shippers with no consideration to the geographical factors of the sea basin serving the region. We hypothesize that attributes related to basin morphology also should be considered, as the processes involved in the maritime container freight market are comparable to processes in other transport markets. We show that transhipment services are relevant in those regions with closed sea basins. This article addresses the following issues: the traditional analytic methods used to determine, directly or indirectly, the presence of transhipment services; the role of transhipment in some geographic regions by estimating the rate of transhipment relative to throughput for each region; and the estimation of a statistical model that can determine the presence of transhipment by means of aggregate variables related to the morphology of a sea basin serving each region and to the socioeconomic characteristics of the region served.La presencia de servicios de transbordo en una región ha sido analizada en relación a los puertos y cargadores, sin considerar los factores geográficos de las cuencas marítimas al servicio de una región. Nuestra hipótesis es que los atributos relacionados a la morfología de las cuencas también deberían tomarse en cuenta, ya que los procesos involucrados en el mercado de contenedores de carga marítima son comparables a los procesos de otros mercados de transporte. Mostramos que los servicios de transbordo son relevantes en aquellas regiones con cuencas marítimas cerradas. El presente artículo aborda los siguientes temas: los métodos analíticos tradicionales generalmente usados para determinar, directa o indirectamente, la presencia de servicios de transbordo; el rol del transbordo en algunas regiones geográficas, a partir de la estimación de las tasas de transbordo relativas a su rendimiento (throughput) en cada región; y la estimación de un modelo estadístico que pueda determinar la presencia de transbordo a partir de variables agregadas relacionadas a la morfología de la cuenca marítima al servicio de cada región, y a las características socioeconómicas de cada región.区域海运转运服务的分析已经将港口和航运商纳入研究范畴，但忽视了区域海洋盆地地理因素的影响。由于参与海运集装箱货运市场的过程与其他运输市场的过程具有可比性，因而本文认为和海盆形态有关的属性也应考虑在内。研究结果显示，转运服务与那些靠近海盆的区域具有相关性。本文将重点对以下问题进行阐述：过去经常用来直接或间接判断转运服务的传统分析方法；通过估计一个地区相对于自身吞吐量的转运率来判断部分地理区域在转运服务中的角色；通过区域海盆形态和社会经济属性相关的综合变量，构建能够判别转运服务的统计模型.
Geographies of Contemporary Christian Mission(aries)
Authors: Brickell Claire 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis paper draws together emerging literature within Geography, and from across the broader social sciences, around contemporary mission and missionaries. It argues for the importance of recognising mission organisations and missionaries not just as historic relics, but as important, active, and geographically far ranging actors in the modern world. In mapping out the little work that has been conducted, three themes are addressed, missionary geopolitics; mission, welfare and development; and transnational migration, religion and cosmopolitanism. The article highlights the potential contributions that a (re)examination of missionary lives, beliefs and praxis can make to these disparate bodies of literature, and calls for further research in these directions within geographical scholarship.
Effect of drought on biomass allocation in two invasive and two native grass species dominating the mixed‐grass prairie
Authors: Dong X. , Patton J. , Wang G. , Nyren P. , Peterson P. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractControl of exotic plant species invading the native prairie relies on our understanding of the eco‐physiological mechanisms responsible for the spread of these species as they compete with native plants for soil resources. We used a greenhouse pot experiment to study vegetative biomass allocation in response to drought stress in two exotic grass species, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss), and two native species, western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve) and green needlegrass (Stipa viridula Trin.). The experiment was conducted over 3 months in 2010 and again in 2011 in a factorial design of four species and two drought treatments. The proportional data of biomass allocation to shoots, roots, rhizomes and crowns (shoot base) of grass seedlings were analysed by both the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U‐test on the original data and one‐way anova on the arcsine‐transformed data. Our data suggest a clear distinction between the two invasive and two native species in potential competitiveness in soil resource use, with the two exotic species having higher biomass allocation to roots than the two native species and the native species having a higher biomass allocation to crowns than the two exotic species. It is interesting to note that the strongly rhizomatous smooth brome did not produce rhizomes in the first season's growth, regardless of the water stress level. The effect of drought stress on biomass allocation manifested itself more on rhizomes or crowns than on roots or shoots of the four studied grass species, with the effects species‐specific in nature.
Complementary effects of red clover inclusion in ryegrass–white clover swards for grazing and cutting
Authors: Eriksen J. , Askegaard M. , Søegaard K. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIncreasing plant species diversity in grasslands may improve productivity and stability of yields. In a field experiment, we investigated the herbage dry‐matter (DM) yield and crude protein content of two‐species swards of perennial ryegrass–white clover (Lolium perenneL.–Trifolium repensL.) and three‐species swards of ryegrass–white clover with red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.). Five different managements represented cutting, grazing and combinations thereof, with different slurry fertilization treatments in 1‐ to 4‐year‐old swards. The three‐species mixture out‐yielded the two‐species mixture in years 1 and 2. Across all 4 years, yields were 8–10% higher in cut swards. Inclusion of red clover increased the yields of clover across the 4 years by 51% without fertilizer and by 90% when fertilized. Responses to slurry fertilization were similar in both mixtures and were mainly independent of sward age. There was a complementary effect over the season and across managements. Red clover dominated in the first and third cuts; white clover dominated in the second and fourth cuts. Red clover dominated in cut swards and white clover in grazed swards. Future prospects of the inclusion of red clover in sown swards are discussed. These may include higher nitrogen‐use efficiency in ruminants, increased soil fertility and improved sward flexibility to cope with changing managements. The findings also suggest positive yield effects of alternating between cutting and grazing within the season or between years.