bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Transformation of Cellobiose to Formic Acid and Levulinic Acid over Ionic‐Liquid‐based Polyoxometalate Hybrids
Authors: Li Kaixin , Bai Linlu , Amaniampong Prince Nana , Jia Xinli , Lee Jong‐Min , Yang Yanhui 
Published: August 2014

AbstractCurrently, levulinic acid (LA) and formic acid (FA) are considered as important carbohydrates for the production of value‐added chemicals. Their direct production from biomass will open up a new opportunity for the transformation of biomass resource to valuable chemicals. In this study, one‐pot transformation of cellobiose into LA and FA was demonstrated, using a series of multiple‐functional ionic liquid‐based polyoxometalate (IL‐POM) hybrids as catalytic materials. These IL‐POMs not only markedly promoted the production of valuable chemicals including LA, FA and monosaccharides with high selectivities, but also provided great convenience of the recovery and the reuse of the catalytic materials in an environmentally friendly manner. Cellobiose conversion of 100 %, LA selectivity of 46.3 %, and FA selectivity of 26.1 % were obtained at 423 K and 3 MPa for 3 h in presence of oxygen. A detailed catalytic mechanism for the one‐pot transformation of cellobiose was also presented.
Ecofriendly Porphyrin Synthesis by using Water under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Henriques César A. , Pinto Sara M. A. , Aquino Gilberto L. B. , Pineiro M. , Calvete Mário J. F. , Pereira Mariette M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWater, under microwave irradiation and at a temperature of 473 K, reaches pressures above 16 bar, being capable to act as catalyst, without the use of organic solvents and oxidants, formeso‐substituted porphyrin synthesis. Sustainability of the reaction is proved by E Factor=35 and EcoScale value of 50.5, the highest so far obtained for porphyrin synthesis. Methodology’s wide versatility is clearly demonstrated by the good yields obtained for both aryl and alkyl substituted porphyrins. These reaction conditions represent a huge development, not only by using very high concentrations, minimizing organic solvent usage, but also by eradicating toxic expensive solvents and oxidants.
Characterizing genetic variation of adrenergic signalling pathways in Takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy exomes
Authors: Goodloe Adele H. , Evans Jared M. , Middha Sumit , Prasad Abhiram , Olson Timothy M. 
Published: August 2014

AimsExome sequencing was used to genotype comprehensively a Takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy (TC) cohort, enabling investigation of a vast 486 gene network for adrenergic signalling.Methods and resultsTwenty‐eight TC subjects, including a mother–daughter pair and five recurrent cases, underwent whole‐exome sequencing. Frequencies of 17 common, functional adrenergic polymorphisms were statistically similar to those of population controls. Filtering for rare, predicted‐deleterious, catecholamine/adrenergic signalling variants revealed heterozygosity in 55 genes in TC cases and 59 genes in healthy controls. Overall allele burden was similar and did not discriminate clinical variables among TC subjects, but gene identities were largely cohort specific, and TC cases were enriched for variants within functional domains (68% vs. 48%, P = 0.031). Two‐thirds of TC cases carried more than one filtered adrenergic pathway variant, and 11 genes harboured a variant in ≥2 cases. The mother–daughter pair shared missense variants in highly conserved functional domains of ADH5, CACNG1, EPHA4, and PRKCA. An adrenergic pathway‐independent analysis of the cohort exposed no common gene for TC.ConclusionsOverall, these data support genetic heterogeneity in TC susceptibility and a likely polygenic basis, conferring a cumulative effect on adrenergic pathway dysregulation in a subset of individual subjects. Study of larger cohorts and non‐coding regulatory regions is warranted to define genetic risk factors for TC further.
T cells targeting a neuronal paraneoplastic antigen mediate tumor rejection and trigger CNS autoimmunity with humoral activation
Authors: Blachère Nathalie E. , Orange Dana E. , Santomasso Bianca D. , Doerner Jessica , Foo Patricia K. , Herre Margaret , Fak John , Monette Sébastien , Gantman Emily C. , Frank Mayu O. , Darnell Robert B. 
Published: August 2014

Paraneoplastic neurologic diseases (PND) involving immune responses directed toward intracellular antigens are poorly understood. Here, we examine immunity to the PND antigen Nova2, which is expressed exclusively in central nervous system (CNS) neurons. We hypothesized that ectopic expression of neuronal antigen in the periphery could incite PND. In our C57BL/6 mouse model, CNS antigen expression limits antigen‐specific CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell expansion. Chimera experiments demonstrate that this tolerance is mediated by antigen expression in nonhematopoietic cells. CNS antigen expression does not limit tumor rejection by adoptively transferred transgenic T cells but does limit the generation of a memory population that can be expanded upon secondary challenge in vivo. Despite mediating cancer rejection, adoptively transferred transgenic T cells do not lead to paraneoplastic neuronal targeting. Preliminary experiments suggest an additional requirement for humoral activation to induce CNS autoimmunity. This work provides evidence that the requirements for cancer immunity and neuronal autoimmunity are uncoupled. Since humoral immunity was not required for tumor rejection, B‐cell targeting therapy, such as rituximab, may be a rational treatment option for PND that does not hamper tumor immunity.
A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE INFORMATION AND ARITHMETIC ITEMS OF THE WAIS1,2
Authors: Saunders D. R. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTFactor analysis is applied to a matrix of item intercorrelations based on the WAIS Information and Arithmetic subtests, using a sample of college‐oriented males. Six factors are found and speculatively interpreted as follows:I: General Information: This factor is best measured by information items that are non‐specific in response requirement, and “historical” in their content. Scores on this factor may assess “mental capacity” in adults.II: Contemporary Affairs: This factor is best measured by information items that have not necessarily been true for a long time, including the geographical items from the WAIS.III: Cultural Knowledge: This factor is measured by information items of specific literary or religious interest, or which are normally acquired through reading.IV: Scientific Generalizations: While this factor is well measured by appropriate information items, it is also involved in the performance of relatively complex mental arithmetic problems to which formulae can be applied, or which require a sequence of elementary operations.V: Numerical Information: This factor may be directly measured by specific, role‐appropriate information items, but is also involved in WAIS arithmetic items requiring the “conversion of units.”VI: Numerical Operations: This well‐known factor depends on facility in the manipulation of familiar symbols according to simple rules, and may assess a form of “ideational discipline.”The Information subtest of the WAIS appears to depend primarily on Factors I, II, and III, with some items highly loaded on Factors IV and V. The Information subtest of the WB‐I is similar except for the notable absence of Factor IV. The Arithmetic subtests of both the WB‐I and the WAIS appear to depend primarily on Factor VI, with most items also loaded on Factor V, and most difficult items also loaded on Factor IV. Scholastic aptitude appears to be a composite of Factors III, V, and VI.
DIGIT SPAN AND ALPHA FREQUENCY: A CROSS‐VALIDATION
Authors: Saunders D. R. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTEvidence is adduced supporting two propositions involving the relation of individual Wechsler subtest scores to “normal level.” (1) Brain‐damaged subjects perform on Digit Symbol at least 2 WTS points below their apparent normal level. (2) A positive relation exists between the difference score, Digit Span minus normal level, and the frequency of the occipital EEG for non‐brain‐damaged subjects.
TECHNIQUES OF TESTING SIMILARITY BETWEEN PROFILES
Authors: Abdel‐Aty S. H. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper is a critical survey of methods for analyzing the similarity between profiles. Among the measures of similarity examined are intraclass correlation, Cattell's rp, Cronbach and Gleser's distance measure, analysis of variance, Hotelling's T2, discriminant function, and Mahalanobis' D. An evaluation is made of each, some illustrative examples are given, and the relationships among several of them are presented.
REPLICATION OF A STUDY OF DIFFERENTIAL PREDICTABILITY
Authors: Frederiksen Norman , Gilbert Arthur C. F. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe concept “differential predictability” refers to the idea that people may vary in the extent to which their behavior is predictable by some predictor measure. A previous study showed that freshman engineering grades of students classified as “noncompulsive” were more predictable by Strong Vocational Interest Blank scores than were the grades of “compulsive” students. Two rough indicators of compulsiveness were used: (1) tendency to resemble accountants on the Accountant scale of the Vocational Interest Blank and (2) being above the regression line of reading speed score on vocabulary score for the Cooperative English Test C2: Reading Comprehension.The study was replicated, using freshman students in the School of Engineering at Princeton. The finding that noncompulsive students are more predictable than compulsive students, as judged by correlations between interest blank scores and freshman average grade, seems to hold only for the occupational keys most logically related to engineering (Mathematician, Physicist, Engineer, and Chemist) when the groups are defined on the basis of reading speed relative to vocabulary.
A FACTOR TEST OF A MEMORY MODEL
Authors: Ross John 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA theory of memory is used to provide a classification of a set of memory tests used by H. P. Kelley in a factor analysis of memory ability. The memory tests in Kelley's unrotated factor matrix were rotated orthogonally, by the patterned quartimax method, to a pattern defined by this theoretical classification. The results of the rotation fitted very nicely with the theoretical classification.
THE STATISTICAL THEORY OF STEPPED‐UP RELIABILITY COEFFICIENTS WHEN A TEST HAS BEEN DIVIDED INTO SEVERAL EQUIVALENT PARTS
Authors: Kristof Walter 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper is a presentation of the statistical sampling theory of stepped‐up reliability coefficients when a test has been divided into any number of equivalent parts. Maximum‐likelihood estimators of the reliability are obtained and shown to be biased. Their sampling distributions are derived and form the basis of the definition of new unbiased estimators with known sampling distributions. These unbiased estimators have a smaller sampling variance than the maximum‐likelihood estimators and are—also because of some other favorable properties—recommended for general use. On the basis of the second central moments of the sampling distribution of the unbiased estimators the gain in precision in estimating reliability connected with further division of a test can be expressed explicitly. The limits of these second central moments and thus the limits of precision of estimation are derived. Finally, statistical small sample tests of the reliability coefficient are outlined. This paper also covers the sampling distribution of Cronbach's coefficient Alpha.
THE EFFECT OF BRIEF SOCIAL DEPRIVATION ON SOCIAL AND NONSOCIAL REINFORCEMENT1
Authors: Dorwart William , Ezerman Robert , Lewis Michael , Rosenhan David 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTForty‐nine first‐grade boys were variously exposed to social deprivation or social satiation, and were subsequently either socially reinforced or non‐socially reinforced. In a probability learning paradigm, only those Ss who had been socially deprived and then socially reinforced matched input or maximized. Results are interpreted in terms of social drive theory. Implications for the development of self‐mediated reinforcement are discussed.
ON PREFERENCE FOR HYPNOSIS AND HYPNOTIZABILITY1
Authors: Rosenhan David L. , Tomkins Silvan S. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTForty‐four male and 44 female coerced volunteers, who either preferred or did not prefer to participate in hypnosis experiments, were compared with regard to (a) scores on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, (b) birth order, and (c) performance on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. Sex‐specific personality differences were obtained between Ss who preferred and did not prefer hypnosis, but these personality differences were not apparently relevant to hypnotizability. However, for females, preference for hypnosis correlated .41 with hypnotizability; for males, no relationship obtained. Some theoretical and methodological implications of these data are discussed.
TRUE SCORE THEORY–THE FOUR‐PARAMETER BETA MODEL WITH BINOMIAL ERRORS*
Authors: Lord Frederic M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA promising model for the relation between true score, ζ, and observed score, x, asserts that the conditional distribution of observed score when true score is fixed is a binomial with parameters ζ and n, where n is the number of items in the test; also that the distribution of ζ in the group tested is a four‐parameter beta distribution. It was found that this model successfully fitted most observed‐score distributions, as judged by a chi‐square test, except for those with more than 100,000 examinees.The model is also capable of predicting the frequencies in the scatterplot between two tests of the same trait, using only the information given by the two marginal frequency distributions. When such predictions were tried out for six different scatterplots, the fits seemed visually good. However, five of six chi‐squares were significant at the 5 percent level.Examination of the discrepancies between observed scatterplots and predicted scatterplots showed a simple pattern. A modification of the model to deal with this is the subject of a separate report.
FACULTY PERCEPTIONS OF STUDENTS
Authors: Davis Junius A. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe major purpose of this study was to determine the structure of characterizations of students by faculty members. What dimensions (or trait patterns) are of concern, or are observable, and appear meaningful?Ratings of students by faculty members on 80 rating scale variables, together with SAT scores and high school and freshman average grades, were obtained; intercorrelations were computed, and the resultant matrix factored and rotated to the normal equamax criterion.Eighteen factors were found, 16 of which were drawn primarily from the rating scale variables. The 18 factors accounted for about 86% of the correlation among the original variables. These factors reveal a relatively complex or multi‐dimensional judgmental framework, with factors devoted to various aspects of intellectual qualities, functional orientation to work, character traits, interpersonal relationships, and intrapersonal adjustment.
RUNNING‐SPEED GOAL GRADIENT WITH MASSED TRAINING12
Authors: Schroeder Stephen R. , Gerjuoy Herbert 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTMassed shuttle training in a 4‐ft. runway was given to 16 rats. The gradients of the logarithms of the time they spent per trial in the start box and in successive 1‐ft. segments of the runway were compared for successive blocks of 10 trials up to 70 trials for all Ss and up to 120 trials for four randomly selected Ss. Running was most rapid in the middle of the runway and speed increased with practice. Near the start box, however, the effect of practice on speed was not as great as elsewhere in the runway; moreover, the Ss' times in the start box were more variable from block to block than they were elsewhere.
THE KINDS OF ITEMS THAT WORK IN AN INTEREST ACTIVITIES INDEX
Authors: French John W. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTOne hundred items, half of the items in the Cooperative Interest Index, which consists of a list of activities familiar to high‐school students, were analyzed against freshman grades in six different subjects, against satisfaction with 11 different major fields, and with regard to their popularity among students majoring in the same 11 fields. Almost all of the items in the scale for a particular field showed themselves to be more popular among majors in that field than among majors in any other field. With grades and with satisfaction, however, the relationships of the items to their corresponding fields as well as the validities for the scales were found to be less good. While the differences are not clear, the grade criteria were usually found to be best predicted by items that pertain to academic learning activities or situations in which younger students are more likely to have participated, while the satisfaction criteria are best predicted by reading activities or activities that suggest professional work in the field.
RELIABILITY OF READING OF THE COLLEGE BOARD ENGLISH COMPOSITION TEST, DECEMBER 19631
Authors: Myers Albert E. , McConville Carolyn B. , Coffman William E. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn December 1963, the College Board English Composition Test included a 20‐minute essay. Approximately 80,000 candidates wrote the examination, and the essays were read by 145 readers during the week following the administration. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of the reading.From the total group of papers, 25 were randomly selected, reproduced by hand, and given to 25 different readers on each of the five days of the reading period. The experimental papers were mixed in with the mass of other essays so that the readers did not know there was a study in process or which papers were the experimental ones.An analysis of variance procedure was used to assess the reliability of the judgments made by the readers. The reader reliability of the sum of two readings (the score used in reporting results) was .577, a figure that was consistent with those obtained in previous experimental investigations and indicated that there was no loss in reliability in moving from experimental reading of fewer than 1,000 papers to operational reading of more than 80,000 papers.Single judgment reliabilities were .41 on the average, but this average was reduced by the very low .26 that was found for readings made on the last day. It was concluded that this drop probably represented an “end effect” in which the readers relaxed their vigilance as they approached the end of the demanding reading period. Other evidence suggested that the readers were making global judgments, as directed.
SOME EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION RESTRAINTS ON PROBLEM‐SOLVING BEHAVIOR1
Authors: McConville Carolyn B. , Hemphill John K. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn most situations, communication among parties involved in a group problem‐solving situation is regarded as desirable if not essential, since each member's intentions can be made known and future actions made predictable. The present experiment tests the hypothesis that communication facilitates the development of structure‐in‐interaction and thus contributes to the effectiveness of the group's problem‐solving activities.The subjects, 120 women, most of whom were college graduates and ranged in age from 20 to 60 years, were divided into 30 groups of four members each. One‐third were designated as Free Communication groups, another third as Limited Communication groups, and the final third as No Communication groups. The task for all groups was identical: to light a “goal square” in a 5 × 5 electrical plugboard in a minimum number of moves. Rules defining permissible moves were imposed to create a mutual task. The Free Communication groups were permitted to send a written message to any (all) of their partners between trials; the Limited Communication groups were required to send a message to each of their partners between trials; the No Communication groups were required to send a message to the experimenter at the end of each trial.Measures relating to task effectiveness showed the No Communication groups to be the most competent, the Free Communication groups next most competent, and the Limited groups least competent. This result was not anticipated. Detailed analysis suggests that under certain conditions group task performance may be hindered rather than facilitated by certain types of communication.
ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR AND INTERESTS
Authors: Maier Milton H. , Anderson Scarvia B. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe Background and Experience Questionnaire (BEQ) was developed to measure orientations of high school students toward either the adolescent or the adult culture. Both the type of behavior (TV viewing, reading, and activities) and the level of probable cognitive demands (high, medium, and low) were included in deriving the scores to measure orientations. Scores were also obtained to measure school interests, plans for the future, amount of study, part‐time work, home background, and certain topics of thoughts and conversations. The BEQ was administered to a nationwide sample of high school seniors. Subsamples of 260 boys and 210 girls were used for a preliminary analysis, and the results in this report are based on these sub‐samples.The high‐level scores were positively correlated with measures of academic aptitude, socioeconomic status, interest in academic school courses, and level of plans for the future. The low‐level scores were either inversely related to or uncorrelated with these measures. The values of the correlations of the medium‐level scores were in between those of the high‐ and low‐level scores. The scores from the same level of probable cognitive demands had positive intercorrelations, whereas the high‐ and low‐level scores had either negative or near zero correlations.Predictions about the relationships between experiences outside of the classroom and measures of intellectual development are derived from an interactionist point of view of cognitive growth. The potential of the BEQ as an educational counseling tool is discussed.