bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The experience of providing end-of-life care to a relative with advanced dementia: An integrative literature review
Authors: Peacock Shelley C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe number of people with dementia is growing at an alarming rate. An abundance of research over the past two decades has examined the complex aspects of caring for a relative with dementia. However, far less research has been conducted specific to the experiences of family caregivers providing end-of-life care, which is perplexing, as dementia is a terminal illness. This article presents what is known and highlights the gaps in the literature relevant to the experiences of family caregivers of persons with dementia at the end of life. A thorough search of the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and PubMed databases from 1960 to 2011 was conducted. Ten studies were identified that specifically addressed the experience of family caregivers providing end-of-life care to a relative with advanced dementia. Common themes of these studies included: 1) the experience of grief, 2) guilt and burden with decision making, 3) how symptoms of depression may or may not be resolved with death of the care receiver, 4) how caregivers respond to the end-stage of dementia, and 5) expressed needs of family caregivers. It is evident from this literature review that much remains to be done to conceptualize the experience of end-of-life caregiving in dementia.
Nitrogen fertility in semiarid dryland wheat production is challenging for beginning organic farmers
Authors: Lyon Drew J. , Hergert Gary W. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractOrganic farming systems use green and animal manures to supply nitrogen (N) to their fields for crop production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of green manure and composted cattle manure on the subsequent winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) crop in a semiarid environment. Dry pea (Pisum sativumL.) was seeded in early April and terminated at first flower in late June. Composted cattle manure was applied at 0, 11.2 or 22.5 Mg ha−1just prior to pea termination. Winter wheat was planted in mid September following the green manure or tilled summer fallow. No positive wheat response to green manure or composted cattle manure was observed in any of the 3 years of the study. In 2 of the 3 years, wheat yields and grain test weight were reduced following green manure. Green manure reduced grain yields compared with summer fallow by 220 and 1190 kg ha−1in 2009 and 2010, respectively. This may partially be explained by 40 and 47 mm less soil water at wheat planting following peas compared with tilled summer fallow in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Also, in 2008 and 2009, soil nitrate level averaged 45 kg ha−1higher for black fallow compared with green manure fallow when no compost was added. Organic growers in the semiarid Central Great Plains will be challenged to supply N fertility to their winter wheat crop in a rapid and consistent manner as a result of the inherently variable precipitation. Growers may need to allow several years to pass before seeing the benefits of fertility practices in their winter wheat cropping systems.
ON FORMALIZING CAUSATION BASED ON CONSTANT CONJUNCTION THEORY
Authors: LIU HU , WEN XUEFENG 
Published: October 2012

AbstractConstant conjunction theory of causation had been the dominant theory in philosophy for a long time and regained attention recently. This paper gives a logical framework of causation based on the theory. The basic idea is that causal statements are empirical, and are derived from our past experience by observing constant conjunction between objects. The logic is defined on linear time structures. A causal statement is evaluated at time points, such that its value depends on what has been in the past. We first give a semantics that contains basic conditions that, we think, must hold for a concept of causation, on which we define the minimal causal logic. Then we discuss its possible extensions for various concepts of causation. Complete deductive systems are given.
Long‐term heat exchanges over a Mediterranean lagoon
Authors: Bouin Marie‐Noëlle , Caniaux Guy , Traullé Olivier , Legain Dominique , Le Moigne Patrick 
Published: October 2012

Heat exchanges between a medium‐sized Mediterranean lagoon and the atmosphere are investigated at various time scales using long‐term observations including 9 months of eddy covariance measurements. Turbulent heat fluxes are assessed using both eddy covariance and aerodynamic methods with a relative accuracy estimated at 15%. At time scales ranging from the diurnal to the seasonal cycle, heat exchanges appear to be dominated by evaporation, and most of the heat release of the lagoon occurs on time scales between 2 and 20 days. Seasonal variations are mainly due to the effects of net radiation and air temperature, while daily and short‐term fluctuations of the sensible heat flux are influenced by air temperature and wind. In the short term, low relative humidity is more efficient than high wind speeds to produce strong peaks of evaporation (latent heat flux more than 350 W m−2). Episodes of Tramontane, a regional orography‐induced wind, are shown to be responsible for 84% of the cooling of the lagoon surface (for cooling of more than 0.5°C) and for 70% of the heat loss due to evaporation. Short‐term heat transfers between the lagoon and the atmosphere are largely punctuated by the two regional winds. The Tramontane generates pulses of evaporation lasting 1 to 4 days, while Marin episodes result in very low or negative latent heat fluxes and negative sensible heat fluxes corresponding to heat transfer from the atmosphere to the lagoon.
How do vegetation bands form in dry lands? Insights from numerical modeling and field studies in southern Nevada, USA
Authors: Pelletier Jon D. , DeLong Stephen B. , Orem Caitlin A. , Becerra Patricio , Compton Kathleen , Gressett Katrina , Lyons‐Baral John , McGuire Luke A. , Molaro Jamie L. , Spinler Joshua C. 
Published: October 2012

Vegetation bands are periodic bands of vegetation, separated by interband spaces devoid of vegetation, oriented parallel to the topographic contour in some gently sloping arid to semiarid environments. Models of vegetation band formation attribute their formation to positive feedbacks among vegetation density, soil porosity/permeability, and infiltration rates. Here we present an alternative model based on field measurements at our study sites in southern Nevada. In this model, interband spaces between vegetation bands form because topographic mounds beneath vegetation bands detain water upslope from vegetation bands, leading to hydrologic and sedimentologic conditions that inhibit the survival of plants in interband spaces. We used terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to create high‐resolution (∼10 cm2/pixel) raster data sets of bare‐earth topography and canopy height for four study sites. Analyses of the TLS data, in addition to measurements of soil shear strength and particle size, document the potential for detention in interband spaces and a near‐inverse proportionality between band spacing and regional slope. We describe a cellular automaton model (herein called model 1) for vegetation band formation that includes just two user‐defined parameters and that generates vegetation bands similar to those at our field sites, including the inverse proportionality between spacing and regional slope. A second model (model 2) accurately predicts the width of vegetation bands in terms of the number and spacing of plants and the geometry of individual plant mounds. We also present a GIS‐based analysis that predicts where bands occur within a region based on topographic and hydroclimatic controls.
Protease-catalysed Direct Asymmetric Mannich Reaction in Organic Solvent
Authors: Xue Yang , Li Ling-Po , He Yan-Hong , Guan Zhi 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe reported the first enzyme-catalysed, direct, three-component asymmetric Mannich reaction using protease type XIV from Streptomyces griseus (SGP) in acetonitrile. Yields of up to 92% with enantioselectivities of up to 88% e.e. and diastereoselectivities of up to 92:8 (syn:anti) were achieved under the optimised conditions. This enzyme's catalytic promiscuity expands the application of this biocatalyst and provides a potential alternative method for asymmetric Mannich reactions.
Incidence, Secular Trends, and Outcomes of Prosthetic Joint Infection: A Population-Based Study, Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1969–2007
Authors: Tsaras Geoffrey , Osmon Douglas R. , Mabry Tad , Lahr Brian , Sauveur Jennifer St. , Yawn Barbara , Kurland Robert , Berbari Elie F. 
Published: October 2012

Context.The epidemiology of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) in a population-based cohort has not been studied in the United States.Objectives.To provide an accurate assessment of the true incidence, secular trends, clinical manifestations, microbiology, and treatment outcomes of PJI in a population-based cohort.Design.Historical cohort study.Setting.Olmsted County, Minnesota.Participants.Residents who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) between January 1, 1969, and December 31, 2007.Methods.Incidence rates and trends in PJI were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test, as were treatment outcomes among PJI case patients.Results.A total of 7,375 THAs or TKAs were implanted in residents of Olmsted County during the study period. Seventy-five discrete joints in 70 individuals developed PJI, during a mean ± SD follow-up of 6.8 ± 6.1 years. The cumulative incidence of PJI was 0.5%, 0.8%, and 1.4% after 1, 5, and 10 years after arthroplasty, respectively. Overall, the rate of survival free of clinical failure after treatment of PJI was 76.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 64.3–85.2) and 65.2% (95% CI, 33.1–76.2) at 3 and 5 years, respectively. The incidence and treatment outcomes did not significantly differ by decade of implantation, patient age at implantation, gender, or joint location.Conclusions.The incidence of PJI is relatively low in a population-based cohort and is a function of age of the prosthesis. Incidence trends and outcomes have not significantly changed over the past 40 years.
Experimental investigation of formation time in single-gap pseudospark discharge
Authors: Hu Jing , Rovey Joshua L 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Experiment results on the formation of pseudospark discharge in single-gap device are presented. The formation process is investigated by capacitive probes and shows two phases: a slow ignition phase and a fast current increasing phase. The ignition of the discharge is found to be synchronous with a high speed ionization wave propagating from cathode to anode. Transition to the high current phase is initiated when the ionization front reaches the anode side. The experimental results on four different gap widths are presented under different pressures. The characteristic time of the ignition phase of the discharge is decreased with increasing pressure in all four gap widths. The mean velocity of the observed ionization front varies from 5.4 × 10 to 1.7 × 103 cm µs−1 under the investigated pressures. In four gap widths, the velocity of the ionization front can be fitted by one given curve as an exponential decline function of E/P.
High-power piezoelectric characteristics of manganese-modified BiScO3–PbTiO3 high-temperature piezoelectric ceramics
Authors: Chen Jianguo , Hu Zhongqiang , Shi Huaduo , Li Meiya , Dong Shuxiang 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Hard piezoelectric ceramics of manganese (Mn)-modified 0.36BiScO3–0.64PbTiO3 (0.36BS–0.64PTM) with a high Curie temperature were prepared using the traditional solid-state reaction method. The effects of different concentrations of Mn on the structure, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the 0.36BS–0.64PTM ceramics were investigated. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the 0.36BS–0.64PTM ceramics showed a single perovskite structure with tetragonal symmetry and the c/a ratio decreased slightly with increasing Mn content. The grain sizes of the 0.36BS–0.64PTM ceramics were enlarged by Mn addition, and their distributions were uniform. The dielectric loss tan δ decreased clearly with the increase in Mn content, and the mechanical quality factor Q
m and vibration velocity v
0 were improved significantly at the same time. The Curie temperature T
c, the planar electromechanical coupling factor k
p, dielectric loss tan δ, mechanical quality factor Q
m and vibration velocity v
0 of the 0.36BS–0.64PTM ceramics with 3 mol% Mn were about 431 °C, 0.57, 0.007, 134 and 1.05 m s−1, respectively. The maximum vibration velocity v
0 of the 0.36BS–0.64PTM ceramics is much superior to those of PZT (0.4 m s−1) ceramics and PZT–PZM (0.72 m s−1). These results indicated that the 0.36BS–0.64PTM ceramics are promising candidates for high-temperature and high-power piezoelectric applications.
Root internalization, transport and in‐planta survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Newport in sweet basil
Authors: Gorbatsevich Elena , Sela (Saldinger) Shlomo , Pinto Riky , Bernstein Nirit 
Published: October 2012

SummaryIt is now acknowledged that food‐borne pathogens present in the irrigation water or soil can become associated with crop plants in the field, penetrate internal plant tissues via the root, translocate and survive inside plants. Only little information is available concerning interaction between enteric pathogens and plants. The present study evaluated the potential for contamination of the aromatic plant, sweet basil during cultivation, by Salmonella enterica serovar Newport. Root internalization was plant‐age‐dependent, with the highest susceptibility occurring at the beginning of the rapid growth phase of the root. Higher incidence of internalization was detected in vegetative than reproductive plant organs, pointing at bacterial transport in the transpiration stream. Internalized Salmonella survived only < 30 h in the phyllosphere. In contrast, survival of Salmonella on the leaf surface was much pronounced (at least 8 days), and the initial decay rate was lower at the abaxial (lower) compared with the adaxial (upper) side of the leaf. Although the experiments were conducted with high concentration of Salmonella unlikely to happen in the field, internalization occurred at a low frequency and in‐planta survival was limited to less than 30 h. These findings imply that leaf surface contamination, rather than root internalization, may pose higher risk for human infection following consumption of contaminated basil.
Casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate: a remineralizing agent of enamel
Authors: Gurunathan D , Somasundaram S , Kumar SA 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe pathogenesis of enamel caries involves a succession of demineralization and remineralization activities. The net effect can result in lesion consolidation when the redeposited minerals improve the resistance of the surface to the extent that the usual level of cariogenic activity cannot cause mineral dissolution. Since it has been established that the caries process is a continuum, albeit one that is interrupted numerous times daily, it is therefore possible to intervene at any stage with a therapeutic product or an intervention methodology. Incorporation of remineralizing treatments into routine dental care programmes will have a strong impact on the public health aspects of caries control. A recent advancement in the phenomenon of remineralization is the casein phosphopeptides. These casein phosphopeptides localize the amorphous calcium phosphate and are proved to be anticariogenic. This review discusses the mechanism of remineralization by casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate and its incorporation into various products.
Downregulation of the Expression of Mitochondrial Electron Transport Complex Genes in Autism Brains
Authors: Anitha Ayyappan , Nakamura Kazuhiko , Thanseem Ismail , Matsuzaki Hideo , Miyachi Taishi , Tsujii Masatsugu , Iwata Yasuhide , Suzuki Katsuaki , Sugiyama Toshiro , Mori Norio 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMitochondrial dysfunction (MtD) and abnormal brain bioenergetics have been implicated in autism, suggesting possible candidate genes in the electron transport chain (ETC). We compared the expression of 84 ETC genes in the post‐mortem brains of autism patients and controls. Brain tissues from the anterior cingulate gyrus, motor cortex, and thalamus of autism patients (n = 8) and controls (n = 10) were obtained from Autism Tissue Program, USA. Quantitative real‐time PCR arrays were used to quantify gene expression. We observed reduced expression of several ETC genes in autism brains compared to controls. Eleven genes of Complex I, five genes each of Complex III and Complex IV, and seven genes of Complex V showed brain region‐specific reduced expression in autism. ATP5A1 (Complex V), ATP5G3 (Complex V) and NDUFA5 (Complex I) showed consistently reduced expression in all the brain regions of autism patients. Upon silencing ATP5A1, the expression of mitogen‐activated protein kinase 13 (MAPK13), a p38 MAPK responsive to stress stimuli, was upregulated in HEK 293 cells. This could have been induced by oxidative stress due to impaired ATP synthesis. We report new candidate genes involved in abnormal brain bioenergetics in autism, supporting the hypothesis that mitochondria, critical for neurodevelopment, may play a role in autism.
Axial displacements in external and internal implant‐abutment connection
Authors: Lee Ji‐Hye , Kim Dae‐Gon , Park Chan‐Jin , Cho Lee‐Ra 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the axial displacement of the abutments during clinical procedures by the tightening torque and cyclic loading.Materials and methodsTwo different implant‐abutment connection systems were used (external butt joint connection [EXT]; internal tapered conical connection [INT]). The master casts with two implant replicas, angulated 10° from each other, were fabricated for each implant connection system. Four types of impression copings were assembled and tightened with the corresponding implants (hex transfer impression coping, non‐hex transfer impression coping, hex pick‐up impression coping, non‐hex pick‐up impression coping). Resin splinted abutments and final prosthesis were assembled. The axial displacement was measured from the length of each assembly, which was evaluated repeatedly, after 30 Ncm torque tightening. After 250 N cyclic loading of final prosthesis for 1,000,000 cycles, additional axial displacement was recorded. The mean axial displacement was statistically analyzed (repeated measured ANOVA).ResultsThere was more axial displacement in the INT group than that of the EXT group in impression copings, resin splinted abutments, and final prosthesis. Less axial displacement was found at 1‐piece non‐hex transfer type impression coping than other type of impression copings in the INT group. There was more axial displacement at the final prosthesis than resin splinted abutments in the INT and the EXT groups. After 250 N cyclic loading of final prosthesis, the INT group showed more axial displacement than that of the EXT group.ConclusionInternal tapered conical connection demonstrated a varying amount of axial displacement with tightening torque and cyclic loading.
Thulium laser vaporesection versus standard transurethral resection of the prostate: A randomized trial with transpulmonary thermodilution hemodynamic monitoring
Authors: Yan Hao , Ou Tong‐Wen , Chen Liang , Wang Qi , Lan Fei , Shen Peng , Li Jin , Xu Jian‐Jun 
Published: October 2012

ObjectivesTo characterize the hemodynamics comparing thulium laser vaporesection of the prostate with traditional transurethral resection of the prostate.MethodsA total of 80 consecutive patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia were randomly assigned into the thulium laser vaporesection of the prostate group or transurethral resection of the prostate group. Transpulmonary thermodilution hemodynamic monitoring was used before and 1 h after surgery to assess patient hemodynamics. Acute complications and treatment efficiency were evaluated after surgery.ResultsThere were no statistical differences in age, prostate volume, anticoagulants and International Prostate Symptom Score between the two groups. The postoperative Stroke Volume Index was significantly higher in the thulium laser vaporesection of the prostate group (P = 0.007). The extravascular lung water and intrathoracic blood volume indices differed significantly pre‐ and postoperatively, and were similar in both groups. Decreases in serum sodium and hemoglobin concentrations after surgery were lower in the thulium laser vaporesection of the prostate group (P < 0.01). Acute complications, and improvements in International Prostate Symptom Score and maximum urinary flow rates, were similar in both groups.ConclusionsTranspulmonary thermodilution hemodynamic monitoring provides additional safety measures during surgical procedures. Thulium laser vaporesection of the prostate is associated with fewer hemodynamic changes and provides similar efficacy to transurethral resection of the prostate. Thus, it can be considered a safe and effective procedure.
Nervous network for lower urinary tract function
Authors: Birder Lori A 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTraditionally, sensory signaling in the urinary bladder has been largely attributed to direct activation of bladder afferents. There is substantive evidence that sensory systems can be influenced by non‐neuronal cells, such as the urothelium, which are able to respond to various types of stimuli that can include physiological, psychological and disease‐related factors. The corresponding release of chemical mediators (through activation of a number of receptors/ion channels) can initiate signaling mechanisms between and within urothelial cells, as well as other cell types within the bladder wall including bladder nerves. However, the mechanisms underlying how various cell types in the bladder wall respond to normal filling and emptying, and are challenged by a variety of stressors (physical and chemical) are still not well understood. Alterations or defects in signaling mechanisms are likely to contribute to the pathophysiology of bladder disease with symptoms including urinary urgency, increased voiding frequency and pain. This review will discuss some of the components involved in control of lower urinary tract function, with an emphasis on the sensor and transducer roles of the urothelium.