bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Performance of Ankle Arthroscopy with and without Traction
Authors: Lozano-Calderón Santiago A. , Samocha Yigal , McWilliam James 
Published: October 2012

Background: Ankle arthroscopy has evolved as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Traditionally, it is performed with traction because of the tight ankle joint space. Original traction techniques were invasive but have progressed to the commonly used noninvasive modalities. Recent reports have suggested traction may be unnecessary. The purpose of this study was to compare prospectively ankle arthroscopy with and without traction in terms of ease of visualization of anatomic structures according to the Ferkel's ankle arthroscopy criteria. Methods: Under Institutional Review Board approval, 103 patients received ankle arthroscopies, first with noninvasive traction and subsequently without traction. An independent observer scored each arthroscopy based on the 21-point Ferkel's criteria. For each structure adequately visualized, one point was given. Inadequate visualization was defined as excessive force or as visible cartilage scuffing. The maximum possible score was 21 points and the lowest was zero. Fifty-five females and 48 males, average age 35 (range, 16 to 71) years, participated in the study. Results: Noninvasive traction facilitated visualization of all structures of the anterior ankle in more than 90% of cases except for the anterior compartment and lateral gutters, which were better visualized without traction with the ankle in dorsiflexion. No difference was seen when visualizing the talus. Traction arthroscopy performed better when evaluating the central and posterior ankle. The mean score difference was statistically significant, 11.2 versus 18.5 points, favoring noninvasive traction arthroscopy. The complication rate was 4%. Conclusion: Noninvasive traction facilitated complete ankle arthroscopy. Dorsiflexion improved visualization of the anterior compartment and lateral ankle gutter. The authors recommend noninvasive traction when performing ankle arthroscopy. Level of Evidence: II, Diagnostic, Prospective Study
Small β2-Glycoprotein I Peptides Protect from Intestinal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Pope Michael R. , Bukovnik Urska , Tomich John M. , Fleming Sherry D. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Intestinal ischemic events, which are followed by reperfusion, induce significant tissue damage and frequently result in multiple organ failure, with &gt;70% mortality. Upon reperfusion, excessive inflammation leads to exacerbated tissue damage. Previous studies indicated that binding of the serum protein, β2-glycoprotein I, to the endothelium initiates a cascade of inflammatory molecules that is required for damage. We hypothesized that peptides derived from the binding domain (domain V) of β2-glycoprotein I would attenuate ischemia/reperfusion-induced damage and inflammation in a therapeutic manner. Using a mouse model of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion, we administered peptides either prior to ischemia or at clinically relevant time points during reperfusion and evaluated intestinal tissue damage and inflammation after 2 h of reperfusion. We demonstrate that multiple peptides attenuate injury and inflammation in a dose-dependent manner and, perhaps more significantly, are efficacious when administered up to 30 min after the onset of reperfusion. In addition, an all D-amino acid retro-inverso peptide was biologically active. Thus, the β2-glycoprotein I-derived peptides attenuate injury and inflammation when administered in a therapeutic manner in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Tumor-Infiltrating γδ T Lymphocytes Predict Clinical Outcome in Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Ma Chunling , Zhang Qunyuan , Ye Jian , Wang Fang , Zhang Yanping , Wevers Eric , Schwartz Theresa , Hunborg Pamela , Varvares Mark A. , Hoft Daniel F. , Hsueh Eddy C. , Peng Guangyong 
Published: October 2012

AbstractUnderstanding and dissecting the role of different subsets of regulatory tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the immunopathogenesis of individual cancer is a challenge for anti-tumor immunotherapy. High levels of γδ regulatory T cells have been discovered in breast TILs. However, the clinical relevance of these intratumoral γδ T cells is unknown. In this study, γδ T cell populations were analyzed by performing immunohistochemical staining in primary breast cancer tissues from patients with different stages of cancer progression. Retrospective multivariate analyses of the correlations between γδ T cell levels and other prognostic factors and clinical outcomes were completed. We found that γδ T cell infiltration and accumulation in breast tumor sites was a general feature in breast cancer patients. Intratumoral γδ T cell numbers were positively correlated with advanced tumor stages, HER2 expression status, and high lymph node metastasis but inversely correlated with relapse-free survival and overall survival of breast cancer patients. Multivariate and univariate analyses of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells and other prognostic factors further suggested that intratumoral γδ T cells represented the most significant independent prognostic factor for assessing severity of breast cancer compared with the other known factors. Intratumoral γδ T cells were positively correlated with FOXP3+ cells and CD4+ T cells but negatively correlated with CD8+ T cells in breast cancer tissues. These findings suggest that intratumoral γδ T cells may serve as a valuable and independent prognostic biomarker, as well as a potential therapeutic target for human breast cancer.
Eutanasie as vrywillige keuse deur persone met demensie, met verwysing na die praktyk in Nederland – ’n voorlopige teologies-etiese beoordeling
Authors: Rheeder Adriaan L. 
Published: October 2012

Vanaf die 1970s blyk dit dat eutanasie op aanvraag in Nederland toegepas word. In 2002 word die praktyk van eutanasie op versoek gewettig. Wanneer daar aan sekere sorgvuldigheidsvereistes voldoen word, word eutanasie as wettig beskou. Eutanasie op versoek word die meeste op terminale kankerpasiënte uitgevoer. Vanaf 2004 is die neiging om eutanasie op versoek van pasiënte met vroeë demensie uit te voer. Verskeie persone het ook ’n lewende testament opgestel waarin eutanasie versoek word indien demensie sou ontwikkel. Die doel van hierdie artikel is ’n voorlopige beoordeling van hierdie praktyk in die lig van die gereformeerde etiek. Uit die studie wil dit voorkom asof die praktyk van eutanasie aan pasiënte met demensie in die algemeen nie aanvaarbaar is nie. Hierdie artikel beredeneer voorlopig dat die Skrif nie vreemd staan teenoor die moontlikheid van ’n uitsondering onder bepaalde omstandighede nie. Life to the bitter end: Euthanasia as voluntary choice by persons with dementia, with reference to the practice in the Netherlands – a preliminary theological-ethical evaluation. Euthanasia on request has been applied since the 1970s in the Netherlands. In 2002, the practice of euthanasia on request was legalised. When there is certainty that ‘rules of due care’ are satisfied, euthanasia is regarded as legal. Most euthanasia on request is executed on terminal cancer patients. From about 2004 the trend is found that euthanasia on request is performed to patients with early dementia. Several persons also have a living will in which euthanasia is requested if dementia develops. The purpose of this article is to preliminary judge this practice in the light of the reformed ethics. From this study it would appear that the practice of euthanasia to patients with dementia in general are not acceptable. This article argues provisionally that Scripture is not strange to the possibility of an exception under certain circumstances.
Influence of Age on Prognosis of Young Patients with Uveal Melanoma: A Matched Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Kaliki Swathi , Shields Carol L. , Mashayekhi Arman , Ganesh Anuradha , Furuta Minoru , Shields Jerry A. 
Published: October 2012

Purpose. To determine the influence of patient age on life prognosis in patients with uveal melanoma. Design. Matched retrospective cohort study of 122 patients in each age category (young [≤20 years], mid-adults [21–60 years], older adults [>60 years]). Results. Kaplan-Meier estimates of tumor-related metastasis at 3, 5, and 10 years were 1%, 8%, and 8% in young; 8%, 11%, and 26% in mid-adults; and 13%, 16%, and 24% in older adults. After exclusion of iris melanoma, Kaplan-Meier estimates of tumor-related metastasis at 3, 5, and 10 years were 2%, 11%, and 18% in young; 9%, 14%, and 21% in mid-adults; and 9%, 34%, and 33% in older adults. Risk factors for metastasis based on multivariate analysis included increasing age in young (p=0.05, hazard ratio [HR] 1.33), male gender in mid-adults (p=0.046, HR 4.23), and larger tumor basal diameter in mid-adults (p=0.002, HR 1.37) and older adults (p=0.001, HR 1.30). After adjusting for tumor diameter, the metastatic rate was lower in young patients compared to mid-adults (0=0.042, HR 3.00) and older adults (p=0.007, HR 4.20). Conclusions. Younger patient age at the time of diagnosis of uveal melanoma is associated with lower rate of metastasis compared to mid-adults and older adults.
The Debate Over Eating Meat
Authors: Sapontzis Steve F. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
During the past four decades, four questions have shaped the debate over eating meat: (1) What hurts the most? (2) Are animal lovers nature haters? (3) Are vegetarians bigots? (4) Do animals have rights? The following conclusions are advocated: (1) Where general welfare is the issue, numbers count, and they will always count against a small minority profiting by repeatedly exploiting the majority. However, how most effectively to respond to this injustice is not obvious. (2) Despite disagreements about the relationship between biology and morals, vegetarians and environmentalists agree that factory farming is immoral because of what it does either to suffering animals or to the natural order. (3) Whether humans using animals for food can be a respectful relation-especially when we humans make all the decisions-is the real question here. So far, this extension of fairness beyond our own species is one for which we have shown little capacity. (4) Whether or not animals have "rights," morally concerned Westerners should not partake of factory-farmed products and should work for the abolition of such farms.
Animals Made Americans Human: Sentient Creatures and the Creation of Early America’s Moral Sensibility
Authors: Smith Bill Leon 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This article analyzes the first animal cruelty conviction in the United States. Members of America’s founding generation worked to enhance awareness of animal cruelty, while drawing out its ethical implications and linking them to the nation’s birth struggles. They then took action to alter how animals were viewed in the inchoate American legal system. Perhaps the solution to contemporary animal cruelty lies in reexamining our past. A conviction for animal cruelty was unprecedented in 18th-century America. A revolution of thought regarding animals needed to occur. Dusting off centuries-old documents may reveal how we can have a revolution of thought today.
“Endemic Aliens”: Grey-Headed Flying-Foxes at the Melbourne Royal Botanic Gardens
Authors: Perry Dan 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In 1980 grey-headed flying-foxes, a species now listed as "vulnerable to extinction," made camp at the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne (RBGM). In May 2000 the RBGM started to kill bats. The killing was halted when Humane Society International (HSI) filed for the bats’ protection under federal and state conservation laws. Over the next 13 months, conservationists, garden officials and scientists, politicians, animal activists, and others all played a part in a chain of events that demonstrates the tangled web of scientific involvement in politics and how different views within the scientific community may lead to conflicting positions on conservation strategies.
Les stratégies d’intervention sociopolitique favorables à l’action collective
Authors: Comeau Yvan 
Published: October 2012

Cet article rend compte d’une démarche empirique ayant pour objectif d’identifier des principes stratégiques d’intervention en faveur de l’action collective revendicative. La recension des écrits met en évidence deux besoins de connaissances : 1. la désignation des stratégies en intervention sociopolitique appuyée par des considérations théoriques et empiriques; 2. les influences que le contexte de la lutte impose sur le choix de ces stratégies. La réalisation de 27 monographies sur des luttes sociales permet d’identifier des stratégies et des phénomènes qui amènent les acteurs à réaliser des plans qui ne sont pas toujours prévus au point de départ. Pour conclure, l’auteur retient de ses observations certains principes permettant à tout intervenant de devenir un peu plus stratège.
La dimension « tacite » des connaissances expérientielles individuelles : une mise en perspective théorique et méthodologique
Authors: Rix-Lièvre Géraldine , Lièvre Pascal 
Published: October 2012

La question des connaissances « tacites » fait débat en management des connaissances notamment sur la possibilité de les transformer en un savoir explicite. De nombreux travaux en économie et en gestion attestent que l’enjeu est considérable. Nous nous focalisons strictement sur les connaissances individuelles. Nous prolongeons les travaux de Polanyi, en substituant la notion de « connaissance en acte » au sens de Piaget à celle de « connaissance tacite ». La dimension « tacite » en est l’une des caractéristiques, révélatrice d’un niveau de conscience spécifique : le pré-réfléchi. Des outils radicalement distincts de l’entretien sociologique permettent d’approcher cette connaissance non conscientisée de l’expliciter et de la formaliser.
Thickness‐Dependent Structure–Property Relationships in Strained (110) SrRuO3 Thin Films
Authors: Kan Daisuke , Aso Ryotaro , Kurata Hiroki , Shimakawa Yuichi 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThickness‐dependent structure–property relationships in strained SrRuO3 thin films on GdScO3 (GSO) substrates are reported. The film is found to have epitaxially stabilized crystal structures that vary with the film thickness. Below 16 nm, the √2apc × √2apc × 2apc monoclinic structure is stabilized while above 16 nm the film has the apc × 2apc × apc tetragonal structure. The thickness‐dependent structural changes are ascribed to the substrate‐induced modification in the RuO6 octahedral rotation pattern, which highlights the significance of the octahedral rotations for the epitaxial strain accommodation in the coherently‐grown films. Close relationships between the structural and physical properties of the films are also found. The monoclinic film has the uniaxial magnetic easy axis 45° away from the [110]GSO direction while the tetragonal film has the one that lies along the in‐plane [1–10]GSO direction. The results demonstrate that the octahedral rotations in the strained perovskite oxide thin films are a key factor for determining their structure phases and physical properties.
PEGylated Peptide Based Reductive Polycations as Efficient Nonviral Gene Vectors
Authors: Yang Juan , Wang Hui‐Yuan , Yi Wen‐Jie , Gong Yu‐Hui , Zhou Xiang , Zhuo Ren‐Xi , Zhang Xian‐Zheng 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTo overcome the critical barriers in gene delivery, a series of reducible polycations (RPCs) based on low molecular weight (LMW) peptides, i.e. PolyHK6H, PolyHK6H‐mPEG1, PolyHK6H‐mPEG2, and PolyHK6H‐mPEG3, with different poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) contents, are synthesized and evaluated as nonviral gene vectors. All the RPCs exhibit lower cytotoxicity compared with 25 kDa polyethyleneimine (PEI) and PEGylated PEI (PEI‐mPEG: PEI‐mPEG1, PEI‐mPEG2, and PEI‐mPEG3). PolyHK6H‐mPEG1 and PolyHK6H‐mPEG2 can bind and condense plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (pDNA) efficiently with a particle size of about 200 nm. Moreover, they display much higher transfection efficiency than that of 25 kDa PEI especially in serum‐supplemented medium. Moreover, PolyHK6H‐mPEG1 has equal transfection efficiency with PEI‐mPEG1 which is optimal in the PEI‐mPEG, but PolyHK6H‐mPEG1 exhibits significantly lower cytotoxicity than PEI‐mPEG1. This is attributed to the fact that inter‐peptide disulfide bonds can increase the stability of RPCs/pDNA complexes in extracellular environment and thereafter cleave in cytoplasm to facilitate the release of pDNA in intracellular environment. The PEGylated RPCs demonstrate here improved intracellular gene transfer performance and will have great potential applications in vivo.
Purified Graphene Oxide Dispersions Lack In Vitro Cytotoxicity and In Vivo Pathogenicity
Authors: Ali‐Boucetta Hanene , Bitounis Dimitrios , Raveendran‐Nair Rahul , Servant Ania , Van den Bossche Jeroen , Kostarelos Kostas 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPrompted by the excitement from the description of single layer graphene, increased attention for potential applications in the biomedical field has been recently placed on graphene oxide (GO). Determination of the opportunities and limitations that GO offers in biomedicine are particularly prone to inaccuracies due to wide variability in the preparation methodologies of GO material in different laboratories, that results in significant variation in the purity of the material and the yield of the oxidation reactions, primarily the Hummers method used. Herein, the fabrication of highly pure, colloidally stable, and evenly dispersed GO in physiologically‐relevant aqueous buffers in comparison to conventional GO is investigated. The purified GO material is thoroughly characterized by a battery of techniques, and is shown to consist of single layer GO sheets of lateral dimensions below 500 nm. The cytotoxic impact of the GO in vitro and its inflammation profile in vivo is investigated. The purified GO prepared and characterized here does not induce significant cytotoxic responses in vitro, or inflammation and granuloma formation in vivo following intraperitoneal injection. This is one of the initial steps towards determination of the safety risks associated with GO material that may be interacting with living tissue.
Influence of Organic Solvents on Enzymatic Asymmetric Carboligations
Authors: Gerhards Tina , Mackfeld Ursula , Bocola Marco , von Lieres Eric , Wiechert Wolfgang , Pohl Martina , Rother Dörte 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe asymmetric mixed carboligation of aldehydes with thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)‐dependent enzymes is an excellent example where activity as well as changes in chemo‐ and stereoselectivity can be followed sensitively. To elucidate the influence of organic additives in enzymatic carboligation reactions of mixed 2‐hydroxy ketones, we present a comparative study of six ThDP‐dependent enzymes in 13 water‐miscible organic solvents under equivalent reaction conditions. The influence of the additives on the stereoselectivity is most pronounced and follows a general trend. If the enzyme stereoselectivity in aqueous buffer is already >99.9% ee, none of the solvents reduces this high selectivity. In contrast, both stereoselectivity and chemoselectivity are strongly influenced if the enzyme is rather unselective in aqueous buffer. For the S‐selective enzyme with the largest active site, we were able to prove a general correlation of the solvent‐excluded volume of the additives with the effect on selectivity changes: the smaller the organic solvent molecule, the higher the impact of this additive. Further, a correlation to log P of the additives on selectivity was detected if two additives have almost the same solvent‐excluded volume. The observed results are discussed in terms of structural, biochemical and energetic effects. This work demonstrates the potential of medium engineering as a powerful additional tool for varying enzyme selectivity and thus engineering the product range of biotransformations. It further demonstrates that the use of cosolvents should be carefully planned, as the solvents may compete with the substrate(s) for binding sites in the enzyme active site.Abbreviations: ApPDC: pyruvate decarboxylase from Acetobacter pasteurianus; DCM: dichloromethane; DIPE: diisopropyl ether; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; ee: enantiomeric excess; EtOAc: ethyl acetate; EtOH: ethanol; GC: gas chromatography; HPLC: high‐performance liquid chromatography; HPP: 2‐hydroxy‐1‐phenylpropan‐1‐one; iProp: isopropyl alcohol; LlKdcA: branched‐chain keto acid decarboxylase from Lactococcus lactis; MIBK: methyl isobutyl ketone; MTBE: methyl tert‐butyl ether; MTHF: 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran; PAC: 1‐hydroxy‐1‐phenylpropan‐2‐one; PfBAL: benzaldehyde lyase from Pseudomonas fluorescens; PpBFD: benzoylformate decarboxylase from Pseudomonas putida; rpd: relative product distribution; TCM: trichloromethane; THF; tetrahydrofuran
Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Alkylphosphonates from H‐Phosphonates and N‐Tosylhydrazones
Authors: Miao Wenjun , Gao Yuzhen , Li Xueqin , Gao Yuxing , Tang Guo , Zhao Yufen 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA new catalytic system for the alkylation of H‐phosphonates and diphenylphosphine oxide with N‐tosylhydrazones has been developed. In the presence of copper(I) iodide and base, H‐phosphonates react with N‐tosylhydrazones to afford the corresponding coupled alkylphosphonates in good to excellent yields without any ligands. Alkylphosphonates can also be prepared in a one‐pot process directly from carbonyl compounds without the isolation of tosylhydrazone intermediates.
Catalytic and Structural Studies of Hoveyda–Grubbs Type Pre‐Catalysts Bearing Modified Ether Ligands
Authors: Guidone Stefano , Blondiaux Enguerrand , Samojłowicz Cezary , Gułajski Łukasz , Kędziorek Mariusz , Malińska Maura , Pazio Aleksandra , Woźniak Krzysztof , Grela Karol , Doppiu Angelino , Cazin Catherine S. J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCatalytic and crystallographic studies of Hoveyda–Grubbs type pre‐catalysts M51TM and M52TM were performed. These two new instruments in the olefin metathesis catalyst toolbox were shown to be active at ambient temperature and at low loading, leading to clean formation of ring‐closing, ring‐closing enyne and cross metathesis products.
CSF1R mutations identified in three families with autosomal dominantly inherited leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Mitsui Jun , Matsukawa Takashi , Ishiura Hiroyuki , Higasa Koichiro , Yoshimura Jun , Saito Taro L. , Ahsan Budrul , Takahashi Yuji , Goto Jun , Iwata Atsushi , Niimi Yuki , Riku Yuuichi , Goto Yoji , Mano Kazuo , Yoshida Mari , Morishita Shinichi , Tsuji Shoji 
Published: October 2012

AbstractGenetic and phenotypic heterogeneities are considerably high in adult‐onset leukoencephalopathy, in which comprehensive mutational analyses of the candidate genes by conventional methods are too laborious. We applied exome sequencing to conduct a comprehensive mutational analysis of genes for autosomal dominant leukoencephalopathies. Genomic DNA samples from four patients of three families with autosomal dominantly inherited adult‐onset leukodystrophy were subjected to exome sequencing. On the basis of the results, 21 patients with adult‐onset sporadic leukodystrophy and one patient with pathologically proven HDLS were additionally screened for CSF1R mutations. Exome sequencing identified heterozygous CSF1R mutations (p.I794T and p.R777W) in two families. I794T has recently been reported as a causative mutation for hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS), and R777W is a novel mutation. Although mutational analysis of CSF1R in 21 sporadic cases revealed no mutations, another novel CSF1R mutation, p.C653Y, was identified in one patient with autopsy‐proven HDSL. These variants were located in the PTK domain where the causative mutations cluster. Functional prediction of the mutant CSF1R as well as cross‐species conservation of the affected amino acids supports the notion that these variants are pathogenic for HDLS. Exome sequencing is useful for a comprehensive mutational analysis of causative genes for hereditary leukoencephalopathies, and CSF1R should be considered a candidate gene for patients with autosomal dominant leukoencephalopathies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.