bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVIEW: On the Front Line: frontal zones as priority at‐sea conservation areas for mobile marine vertebrates
Authors: Scales Kylie L. , Miller Peter I. , Hawkes Lucy A. , Ingram Simon N. , Sims David W. , Votier Stephen C. 
Published: September 2014

Summary

Identifying priority areas for marine vertebrate conservation is complex because species of conservation concern are highly mobile, inhabit dynamic habitats and are difficult to monitor.

Many marine vertebrates are known to associate with oceanographic fronts – physical interfaces at the transition between water masses – for foraging and migration, making them important candidate sites for conservation. Here, we review associations between marine vertebrates and fronts and how they vary with scale, regional oceanography and foraging ecology.

Accessibility, spatiotemporal predictability and relative productivity of front‐associated foraging habitats are key aspects of their ecological importance. Predictable mesoscale (10s–100s km) regions of persistent frontal activity (‘frontal zones’) are particularly significant.

Frontal zones are hotspots of overlap between critical habitat and spatially explicit anthropogenic threats, such as the concentration of fisheries activity. As such, they represent tractable conservation units, in which to target measures for threat mitigation.

Front mapping via Earth observation (EO) remote sensing facilitates identification and monitoring of these hotspots of vulnerability. Seasonal or climatological products can locate biophysical hotspots, while near‐real‐time front mapping augments the suite of tools supporting spatially dynamic ocean management.

Synthesis and applications. Frontal zones are ecologically important for mobile marine vertebrates. We surmise that relative accessibility, predictability and productivity are key biophysical characteristics of ecologically significant frontal zones in contrasting oceanographic regions. Persistent frontal zones are potential priority conservation areas for multiple marine vertebrate taxa and are easily identifiable through front mapping via EO remote sensing. These insights are useful for marine spatial planning and marine biodiversity conservation, both within Exclusive Economic Zones and in the open oceans.
Retrospective study of metachronous lung metastases from primary hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Chok Kenneth S. H. , Yau Thomas C. C. , Cheung Tan To , Poon Ronnie T. P. , Lo Chung Mau 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundThis study investigates whether there has been any survival improvement for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with resectable and unresectable lung metastases over time.MethodsThe data of 280 hepatocellular carcinoma patients who developed metachronous lung metastases after hepatectomy with curative intent were analysed. Overall survival was compared in patients with resectable and unresectable lung metastases and in different periods (Era I: 1989–1995, Era II: 1996–2010).ResultsThe median overall survival of patients with unresectable and resectable diseases was 7.46 and 40.36 months, respectively (P < 0.0001). In Era I, the median overall survival of patients with unresectable and resectable diseases was 5.59 and 43.15 months, respectively (P < 0.0001). The corresponding figures in Era II were 8.38 and 32.90 months (P < 0.0001). The overall survival of patients with resectable disease did not differ significantly in the two eras but there was a significant improvement in survival of patients with unresectable disease in Era II. Their 1‐year, 3‐year and 5‐year survival rates in Era I versus Era II were 11.1% versus 38.4%, 5.6% versus 9.1% and 2.8% versus 3.5%, respectively (P = 0.041). The corresponding figures for their counterparts in the resectable group were 90% versus 85.8%, 80% versus 45.9% and 40% versus 29.5%, respectively (P = 0.443).ConclusionsPatients with resectable lung metastases had better overall survival than those with unresectable lung metastases. Notably, patients with unresectable lung metastases had significant improvement in survival over the years.
Acts of Desertion: Abandonment and Renouncement at the Sonoran Borderzone
Authors: Squire Vicki 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWhat are ‘acts of desertion’, how do they feature in contemporary border struggles, and what might an emphasis on such acts bring to the analysis of the politics of mobility? This article seeks to address these questions in the context of the Sonoran borderzone, which crosses Mexico and the US. It develops an analysis that sheds light on contemporary border struggles in terms that acknowledge both the intensity of security practices as well as the significance of migratory acts, without pre‐fixing the relation between the two. The analysis shows how ‘acts of desertion’ involve differentiated dynamics of abandonment and renouncement, which demand appreciation of the ambiguities of contemporary border struggles. As acts that variously involve a dynamics of refusal, the article argues that acts of desertion challenge the limits of liberal citizenship, without wholly transcending its limitations.
1 Diversity, Resiliency, and IHOPE‐Maya: Using the Past to Inform the Present
Authors: Chase Arlen F. , Scarborough Vernon 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTHow can the past inform the present? Archaeologists working though IHOPE‐Maya seek to address this question by using archaeological data and ecological reconstructions to explore human–nature couplings. Maya archaeologists are revitalizing and contemporizing the field to focus on issues relevant today: the socio‐natural boundary and the coupled human–nature dynamic. The ancient Maya occupied a diverse range of tropical environments that permits a comparative exploration of past permutations in adaptive responses and may also be instructive concerning issues of overexploitation. The variety of places that the Maya occupied afforded diverse opportunities and constraints. By providing access to long‐term historical interactions between peoples and their landscapes, archaeology is uniquely qualified to define, examine, and interpret topics like sustainability, resilience, and vulnerability that are as equally significant to the past as they are to the present. Because Maya archaeology is well positioned to analyze ancient variability in political structures and cultural adaptations that can be related to differential societal success and decline, the discipline can contribute to broader, more current, debates concerning climate change, population limits, urban forms, landscape modifications, and stability. The research being undertaken by IHOPE‐Maya hopes to serve as a catalyst for transforming the field.
5 Ancient Climate and Archaeology: Uxmal, Chichén Itzá, and Their Collapse at the End of the Terminal Classic Period
Authors: Cobos Rafael , de Anda Alanís Guillermo , Moll Roberto García 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTArchaeological data and evidence of climatic change are used to suggest that the collapse of Uxmal and Chichén Itzá in the Northern Maya Lowlands was the result of long and recurrent drought episodes in the eleventh century. Although environmental evidence indicates that drought episodes might have begun in the ninth century, they gradually increased in frequency through the eleventh century and generated devastating effects on the late Terminal Classic period civilization. Evidence of recurrent drought episodes in the Northern lowlands is reported from the Holtún Cenote at Chichén Itzá. This cenote (sinkhole) shows two moments of the climatic change that affected Northern Yucatán. First, it corroborates the existence of extreme dry environmental conditions during the Terminal Classic period dated between the ninth and eleventh centuries. Second, after C.E. 1100, the water level rose inside the Holtún Cenote when environmental conditions turned wetter at the beginning of the Postclassic period.
Differences in multiple‐target visual search performance between non‐professional and professional searchers due to decision‐making criteria
Authors: Biggs Adam T. , Mitroff Stephen R. 
Published: September 2014

Professional visual searches, such as those conducted by airport security personnel, often demand highly accurate performance. As many factors can hinder accuracy, it is critical to understand the potential influences. Here, we examined how explicit decision‐making criteria might affect multiple‐target search performance. Non‐professional searchers (college undergraduates) and professional searchers (airport security officers) classified trials as ‘safe’ or ‘dangerous’, in one of two conditions. Those in the ‘one = dangerous’ condition classified trials as dangerous if they found one or two targets, and those in the ‘one = safe’ condition only classified trials as dangerous if they found two targets. The data suggest an important role of context that may be mediated by experience; non‐professional searchers were more likely to miss a second target in the one = dangerous condition (i.e., when finding a second found target did not change the classification), whereas professional searchers were more likely to miss a second in the one = safe condition.
Perioperative use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs might impair dental implant osseointegration
Authors: Winnett Brent , Tenenbaum Howard C. , Ganss Ben , Jokstad Asbjørn 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo appraise whether adverse biological events following oral implant placement may be associated with perioperative use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).MethodsAll patients treated in a university faculty postgraduate dental clinic between 1979 and 2012 that had experienced a failing and surgically removed dental implant (292 implants in 168 patients) were contacted to solicit additional information about their present dental and medical status and frequency of current and past use of NSAIDs. Potential associations between perioperative NSAIDs use and the occurrence of adverse biological events were explored by the use of 2 × 2 tables and two‐tailed Fisher's exact tests.ResultsOne hundred and four patients with initially 468 implants had experienced 238 implant failures, of which 197 were due to failing osseointegration (42%). Sixty of the participants, initially with 273 implants, had used NSAIDs perioperatively and experienced 44% implant failures, versus 38% in the non‐NSAID cohort. The NSAID cohort experienced 3.2 times more cases of radiographic bone loss greater than 30% of the vertical height of their remaining implants and 1.9 times more cases of cluster failures, defined as failure of 50% or more of the implant(s) placed.ConclusionsNotwithstanding that a retrospective study design is open to potential bias, the current data indicate that dental implant osseointegration may be affected negatively by an inhibitory effect of NSAIDs on bone healing in vulnerable patients. Future and better clinical studies than the current should be designed to appraise more precisely the potential effects of NSAIDs on implant osseointegration in study populations that are not limited by stringent medical inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Locations of acantholysis in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus
Authors: Ohata Chika , Ishii Norito , Furumura Minao 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundAcantholysis in pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) occurs predominantly in the suprabasal area and the granular layer, respectively. However, acantholysis can occasionally be observed in unusual locations.MethodsWe retrospectively studied the acantholysis locations in 35 PV and 27 PF cases, and analyzed them using the index value of Desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and Dsg3 by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, clinical data, and inflammatory cells. We also analyzed the relationship between clinical subtype and various parameters.ResultsIn PV, acantholysis was noted in the suprabasal area in 3 cases, in the lower half of the epidermis in 19 cases, and throughout the epidermis in 13 cases. In PF, acantholysis was observed in the granular layer in 6 cases, in the upper half of the epidermis in 14 cases, and throughout the epidermis in 7 cases. Mean index value of Dsg1 in PV patients with acantholysis throughout the epidermis was 2‐fold higher than other PV patients. Neutrophils tended to infiltrate the dermis and epidermis more in PF than in PV.ConclusionsHigher Dsg1 index values seem to correlate with acantholysis in the upper part of the epidermis in PV. Neutrophils may play some role in unusual acantholysis locations in PF.
Geometric factors influencing the diet of vertebrate predators in marine and terrestrial environments
Authors: Carbone Chris , Codron Daryl , Scofield Conrad , Clauss Marcus , Bielby Jon 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPredator–prey relationships are vital to ecosystem function and there is a need for greater predictive understanding of these interactions. We develop a geometric foraging model predicting minimum prey size scaling in marine and terrestrial vertebrate predators taking into account habitat dimensionality and biological traits. Our model predicts positive predator–prey size relationships on land but negative relationships in the sea. To test the model, we compiled data on diets of 794 predators (mammals, snakes, sharks and rays). Consistent with predictions, both terrestrial endotherm and ectotherm predators have significantly positive predator–prey size relationships. Marine predators, however, exhibit greater variation. Some of the largest predators specialise on small invertebrates while others are large vertebrate specialists. Prey–predator mass ratios were generally higher for ectothermic than endothermic predators, although dietary patterns were similar. Model‐based simulations of predator–prey relationships were consistent with observed relationships, suggesting that our approach provides insights into both trends and diversity in predator–prey interactions.
Influence of detomidine on atrial fibrillation cycle length measured by intracardiac electrogram recording and by colour tissue Doppler imaging in horses
Authors: Decloedt A. , de Clercq D. , van der Vekens N. , Verheyen T. , Ven S. , van Loon G. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyShortening of atrial fibrillation cycle length (AFCL) is a marker of atrial electrical remodelling due to atrial fibrillation (AF).ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of administration of detomidine on AFCL measured invasively from an intra‐atrial electrogram (AFCLEGM) and noninvasively by tissue Doppler imaging (AFCLTDI). We hypothesised that detomidine would have no effect on AFCL but would improve the ease of TDI measurements and facilitate noninvasive AFCL determination.Study designProspective clinical study.MethodsMeasurements were performed before and after i.v. administration of 7.5 μg/kg bwt detomidine in 33 episodes of AF in 32 horses (582 ± 64 kg bwt, 10 ± 3 years old) referred for electrical cardioversion. The AFCLEGM was measured from a right atrial intracardiac electrogram. The AFCLTDI was measured from atrial colour tissue velocity curves in 5 atrial wall regions. Mean AFCLEGM and AFCLTDI without and with sedation were compared using a repeated‐measures linear mixed model with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons and calculation of the Bland–Altman mean bias and limits of agreement between AFCLEGM and AFCLTDI.ResultsThe mean AFCL was significantly increased after sedation, but this increase was very small (mean difference +4 ms). For AFCLTDI measurements, sedation significantly improved the quality of the atrial myocardial velocity curves and the number of AF cycles that could be measured per cardiac cycle. The Bland–Altman bias between AFCLEGM without sedation and AFCLTDI with sedation ranged from ‐18 to +15 ms depending on wall region. Bland–Altman limits of agreement were similar between AFCLEGM without sedation and AFCLTDI without and with sedation. Therefore, noninvasive AFCLTDI measurements with sedation can be used to estimate the atrial fibrillatory rate.ConclusionsSedation facilitates noninvasive AFCL measurements but causes a slight increase in AFCL. Noninvasive AFCL measurements can be used as an indicator of atrial electrical remodelling, to study AF pathophysiology and to investigate the effect of anti‐arrhythmic drugs.
Longitudinal changes in infant body composition: association with childhood obesity
Authors: Koontz M. B. , Gunzler D. D. , Presley L. , Catalano P. M. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryBackgroundRapid weight gain in infancy has been established as a risk factor for the development of later obesity.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the role of changes in infant body composition (assessed via total body electrical conductivity) on the development of overweight/obesity in mid‐childhood.MethodsFifty‐three term infants were evaluated at birth, three times during infancy and in mid‐childhood. Logistic regression was used to determine associations between rates of total weight gain, fat mass gain and lean mass gain during infancy and later overweight/obesity (defined as body mass index [BMI] ≥85th percentile), adjusted for birth weight and parent education.ResultsAt follow‐up (age 9.0 ± 1.8 years), 30% were overweight/obese. More rapid total weight gain from 0 to 4 months was associated with twofold odds (odds ratio [OR] 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–3.74, P = 0.04) of overweight/obesity in mid‐childhood. From 0 to 8 months, more rapid weight gain was associated with nearly fivefold odds (OR 4.76, 95% CI 1.05–21.5, P = 0.04), and more rapid fat mass gain was associated with eightfold odds (OR 8.03, 95% CI 1.11–58.2, P = 0.04) of later overweight/obesity.ConclusionThis exploratory study suggests that rapid weight gain, especially fat mass gain, in earlier infancy predisposes to mid‐childhood overweight/obesity.
One‐Part Geopolymers Based on Thermally Treated Red Mud/NaOH Blends
Authors: Ke Xinyuan , Bernal Susan A. , Ye Nan , Provis John L. , Yang Jiakuan 
Published: September 2014

In this study, one‐part “just add water” geopolymer binders are synthesized through the alkali‐thermal activation of the red mud which is relatively rich in both alumina and calcium. Calcination of the red mud with sodium hydroxide pellets at 800°C leads to decomposition of the original silicate and aluminosilicate phases present in the red mud, which promotes the formation of new compounds with hydraulic character, including a partially ordered peralkaline aluminosilicate phase and the calcium‐rich phases C3A and α‐C2S. The hydration of the “one‐part geopolymer” leads to the formation of zeolites and a disordered binder gel as the main reaction products, and the consequent development of compressive strengths of up to 10 MPa after 7 d of curing. These results demonstrate that red mud is an effective precursor to produce one‐part geopolymer binders, via thermal and alkali‐activation processes.
Evolution of Microstructure and Intergranular Glass Chemistry in Plastically Deformed Nanocrystalline Si3N4 Ceramics
Authors: Wananuruksawong Raayaa , Shinoda Yutaka , Akatsu Takashi , Wakai Fumihiro 
Published: September 2014

Nanograined Si3N4 ceramics with Y2O3–Al2O3–MgO as sintering additive exhibited superplastic elongation of >300% at 1923 K with an initial strain rate of 5 × 10−4 s−1. Flow stress was less than 4 MPa up to elongation of 130%. In the later stage of deformation, the flow stress increased with strain due to the grain growth and the alignment of elongated grains. The volume fraction of glassy phase significantly reduced due to vaporization of glassy phase. The chemical analysis by TEM/EDS revealed that the chemical composition of the near Si3N4 grain surface was different from that of the interior of the glass pocket at multigrain junctions due to absorption of additive cations on the Si3N4 grain. The chemistry of intergranular glassy phase changed significantly in the later stage of deformation accompanying the microstructural evolution. It is suggested that the flow stress, which depends on the viscosity of intergranular glassy phase, varies with the change in glass chemistry during deformation.
Effects of maternal sensitivity on low birth weight children's academic achievement: a test of differential susceptibility versus diathesis stress
Authors: Jaekel Julia , Pluess Michael , Belsky Jay , Wolke Dieter 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundDifferential Susceptibility Theory (DST) postulates that some children are more affected – for better and for worse – by developmental experiences, including parenting, than others. Low birth weight (LBW, 1,500–2,499 g) may not only be a predictor for neurodevelopmental impairment but also a marker for prenatally programmed susceptibility. The aim was to test if effects of sensitive parenting on LBW and very LBW (VLBW, <1,500 g) versus normal birth weight (NBW, ≥2,500 g) children's academic achievement are best explained by a differential susceptibility versus diathesis‐stress model of person‐X‐environment interaction.MethodsNine hundred and twenty‐two children ranging from 600 g to 5,140 g birth weight were studied as part of a prospective, geographically defined, longitudinal investigation of neonatal at‐risk children in South Germany (Bavarian Longitudinal Study). Sensitive parenting during a structured mother–child interaction task was observed and rated at age 6 years. Academic achievement was assessed with standardized mathematic, reading, and spelling/writing tests at age 8 years.ResultsMaternal sensitivity positively predicted the academic achievement of both LBW (n = 283) and VLBW (n = 202) children. Confirmatory‐comparative and model‐fitting analysis (testing LBW vs. NBW and VLBW vs. NBW) indicated that LBW and VLBW children were more susceptible than NBW to the adverse effects of low‐sensitive, but not beneficial effects of high‐sensitive parenting.ConclusionsFindings proved more consistent with the diathesis stress than differential‐susceptibility model of person‐X‐environment interaction: LBW and VLBW children's exposure to positive parenting predicted catch‐up to their NBW peers, whereas exposure to negative parenting predicted much poorer functioning.