bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Childhood Deaths in Turkey Due to Yellow Phosphorus in Firecrackers
Authors: Yilmaz Riza , Yilmaz Eyyüp , Ozdemir Veli , Can Muhammet , Pakis Isil , Piskin Ibrahim E. , Dokgoz Halis , Ozer Erdal , Numanoglu Kemal V. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractYellow phosphorus (YP) is a powerful protoplasmic poison used in the manufacturing of matches, pest poisons, firecrackers, firework cracker, lights for watches, military ammunition, and agriculture fertilizer. YP is extremely flammable and toxic and easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we examined childhood deaths from 1997 to 2012 resulting from the ingestion of firecrackers. The patients ranged from 2 to 15 years of age and were admitted to the hospital with a variety of symptoms. Those that presented with nausea, vomiting, and hypotension rapidly deteriorated and entered a coma. An autopsy was performed in all but one of the 16 cases reviewed. Macroscopically, the livers had a yellowish discoloration with petechial bleeding. Histopathologic examination revealed acute toxic hepatitis. In conclusion, these firecrackers are found in corner shops throughout Turkey, may cause death in children with little warning, and should be banned to prevent further deaths.
DNA barcoding of freshwater ichthyoplankton in the Neotropics as a tool for ecological monitoring
Authors: Frantine‐Silva W. , Sofia S. H. , Orsi M. L. , Almeida F. S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractQuantifying and classifying ichthyoplankton is one of the most effective ways of monitoring the recruitment process in fishes. However, correctly identifying the fish based on morphological characters is extremely difficult, especially in the early stages of development. We examined ichthyoplankton from tributaries and reservoirs along the middle stretch of the Paranapanema River, one of the areas most impacted by hydroelectric projects in the Neotropics. Matching DNA sequences of the COI gene (628–648 bp) allowed us to identify 99.25% of 536 samples of eggs (293) and larvae (243) subjected to BOLD‐IDS similarity analysis with a species‐level threshold of 1.3%. The results revealed 37 species in 27 genera, 15 families and four orders, some 23.8% of documented fish species in the Paranapanema River. Molecular identification meant that we could include data from egg samples that accounted for about 30% of the species richness observed. The results in this study confirm the efficacy of DNA barcoding in identifying Neotropical ichthyoplankton and show how the data produced provide valuable information for preparing plans for conserving and managing inland waters.
The Impact of Focusing a Program to Prevent Heavier Drinking on a Pre‐existing Phenotype, the Low Level of Response to Alcohol
Authors: Schuckit Marc A. , Smith Tom L. , Kalmijn Jelger , Skidmore Jessica , Clausen Peyton , Shafir Alexandra , Saunders Gretchen , Bystritsky Hannah , Fromme Kim 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundHeavy drinking is common during transitions from high school to college. Optimal programs for diminishing risks for high alcohol consumption often tailor the approach to the specific needs of students. This study describes the results of an Internet‐based prevention protocol that tailors the information to the risk associated with a pre‐existing phenotype, the Low level of Response (Low LR) to alcohol.MethodsUsing stratified random assignment, 454 freshmen with Low and High LR values were assigned to 2 education groups (LR‐based where all examples were given the context of the Low LR model of heavy drinking or a State Of The Art (SOTA) Group where the same lessons were taught but without an emphasis on LR) or a no‐intervention Control Group. Individuals in the 2 education groups viewed 50‐minute online videos once per week for 4 weeks. Changes in drinking patterns were assessed at Baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks using a 2 (LR status) by 3 (education group) by 3 (time points) analysis of variance, with additional tests for ethnicity and sex.ResultsLow LR participants tended to decrease their usual (p < 0.06) and maximum (p < 0.05) drinks per occasion most prominently when assigned to the LR‐based protocol, while those with High LRs improved more in the SOTA Group. The most robust differences were seen when controlling for ethnicity. The effect sizes were small to medium.ConclusionsThese results support the advantages of carrying out prevention via the Internet and in tailoring the approach to a pre‐existing phenotype.
Incarceration and health outcomes in HIV‐infected patients: The impact of substance use, primary care engagement, and antiretroviral adherence
Authors: Wang Emily A. , McGinnis Kathleen A. , Long Jessica B. , Akgün Kathleen M. , Edelman E. Jennifer , Rimland David , Wang Karen H. , Justice Amy C. , Fiellin David A. 
Published: February 2015

Background and ObjectivesOne in seven HIV‐infected individuals is incarcerated each year. We used data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) to explore the relationship between incarceration and HIV disease outcomes and evaluate potential mediators of this relationship.MethodsHIV disease outcomes included: low CD4 counts (<200 cells/mL), detectable viral RNA loads (>500 copies/mL), and the VACS Index score. We performed a mediation analysis among 1,591 HIV‐infected patients to examine whether unhealthy alcohol use, drug use, primary care engagement, or antiretroviral adherence mediated observed associations.ResultsAmong 1,591 HIV‐infected patients, 47% reported having a history of incarceration. In multivariate analyses, a history of incarceration was associated with a higher VACS Index score (β 2.47, 95% CI 0.52–4.43). Mediation analysis revealed that recent drug use attenuated the association by 22% (β 1.93, 95% CI −0.06, 3.91) while other proposed mediators did not.Conclusions and Scientific SignificanceImproving access to drug treatment when incarcerated and upon release may be an important target to improving the health of HIV‐infected individuals with a history of incarceration. (Am J Addict 2015;24:178–184)
Penthrox alone versus Penthrox plus periprostatic infiltration of local analgesia for analgesia in transrectal ultrasound‐guided prostate biopsy
Authors: Huang Sean , Pepdjonovic Lana , Konstantatos Alex , Frydenberg Mark , Grummet Jeremy 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this study was to compare pain intensity in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)‐guided biopsy of the prostate with Penthrox alone compared with Penthrox plus periprostatic infiltration of local analgesia (PILA).MethodSeventy‐two subjects participated in this study after receiving appropriate education. Forty‐two patients self‐administered inhaled Penthrox (3 mL methoxyflurane) alone for analgesia (Group A), followed by 30 patients who self‐administered Penthrox and received PILA with 5 mL of 2% lignocaine. All subjects had TRUS biopsy performed. Immediately after the procedure, patients were asked to rate their pain intensity using a numerical verbal rating scale from 0 to 10.ResultsBaseline characteristics of the two groups were similar. Patients in Group B reported significantly lower post TRUS biopsy median pain intensity of 2 (1–3) compared with Group A subjects who reported a median post TRUS biopsy pain intensity of 3 (2–5) (P = 0.014). A total of 72 men underwent TRUS‐guided biopsy. All patients indicated they would be happy to have another TRUS‐guided prostate biopsy in the future.ConclusionOur study shows that Penthrox plus PILA shows promise as an efficacious and easily tolerated analgesic technique for outpatient TRUS biopsy, keeping resource use to a minimum. Planning for a multi‐centre, double‐blind randomized control trial comparing Penthrox plus PILA with PILA alone is presently underway.
Why Procreative Preferences May be Moral – And Why it May not Matter if They Aren't
Authors: Saunders Ben 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThere has been much argument over whether procreative selection is obligatory or wrong. Rebecca Bennett has recently challenged the assumption that procreative choices are properly moral choices, arguing that these views express mere preferences. This article challenges Bennett's view on two fronts. First, I argue that the Non‐Identity Problem does not show that there cannot be harmless wrongs – though this would require us to abandon the intuitively attractive ‘person‐affecting principle’, that may be a lesser cost than abandoning some more firmly‐held intuition. But, even if we accept Bennett's claim that these choices are not moral, that does not show them to be mere personal preferences. I argue that there is a class of non‐moral ‘categorical preferences’ that have much the same implications as moral preferences. If a moral preference for able‐bodied children is problematic (as Bennett claims), then so is a non‐moral categorical preference. Thus, showing that these preferences are not moral does not show that they are not problematic, since they may still be categorical.
Reviewing Literature in Bioethics Research: Increasing Rigour in Non‐Systematic Reviews
Authors: McDougall Rosalind 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe recent interest in systematic review methods in bioethics has highlighted the need for greater transparency in all literature review processes undertaken in bioethics projects. In this article, I articulate features of a good bioethics literature review that does not aim to be systematic, but rather to capture and analyse the key ideas relevant to a research question. I call this a critical interpretive literature review. I begin by sketching and comparing three different types of literature review conducted in bioethics scholarship. Then, drawing on Dixon‐Wood's concept of critical interpretive synthesis, I put forward six features of a good critical interpretive literature review in bioethics: answering a research question, capturing the key ideas relevant to the research question, analysing the literature as a whole, generating theory, not excluding papers based on rigid quality assessment criteria, and reporting the search strategy.
The dynamic behavior of the early dental caries lesion in caries‐active adults and implications
Authors: Brown John P. , Amaechi Bennett T. , Bader James D. , Shugars Daniel , Vollmer William M. , Chen Chuhe , Gilbert Gregg H. , Esterberg Elisabeth J. ,   the X‐ACT Collaborative Research Group
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the full range of behavior of the visible, noncavitated, early caries lesion in caries‐active adults with substantial fluoride exposure, and to consider implications.MethodsThe data were from the Xylitol for Adult Caries Trial (X‐ACT) collected annually for 33 months using condensed ICDAS caries threshold criteria. Individual tooth surfaces having a noncavitated caries lesion were included, and the patterns of transition to each subsequent annual clinical examination to sound, noncavitated or cavitated, filled or crowned were determined. The resulting sets of patterns for an individual tooth surface, looking forward from its first appearance as a noncavitated lesion, were combined into one of four behavior profiles classified as reversing, stable, oscillating, or continuously progressing, or were excluded if not part of the caries continuum. The distributions of profile types were assessed using the Rao–Scott chi‐square test, which adjusts for clustering of tooth surfaces within teeth.ResultsInter‐ and intra‐examiner kappa scores demonstrated acceptable calibration at baseline and annually. 8084 tooth surfaces from 543 subjects were included. The distribution of profile types differed significantly between coronal and root surfaces. Overall, two‐thirds of all coronal noncavitated lesions were first seen at baseline, half reversed, over a fifth were stable, 15% oscillated, and only 8.3% progressed to cavitation, filled, or crowned in 33 months or less (6.3% consistently Progressed plus 2.0% inconsistently, a subset of oscillating, which oscillated before progressing to cavitation). Approximal, smooth, and occlusal coronal surfaces each were significantly different in their individual distributions of profile types. Xylitol showed no significant and consistent effect on this distribution by tooth surface type. This was in keeping with the X‐ACT's lack of effect of xylitol at the noncavitated plus cavitated lesion thresholds combined.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated the full dynamic range of early caries lesion behavior. The great majority were not progressive, and few (8.3%) became cavitated over 33 months in caries‐active adults using fluorides. Important caries management implications favoring recorded longitudinal monitoring, prevention of active risks, and minimal restoration only after direct visual determination of cavitation are discussed.
Use of the theoretical domains framework to further understanding of what influences application of fluoride varnish to children's teeth: a national survey of general dental practitioners in Scotland
Authors: Gnich Wendy , Bonetti Debbie , Sherriff Andrea , Sharma Shilpi , Conway David I. , Macpherson Lorna M. D. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectivesDespite recent improvements in the oral health of Scotland's population, the persistence of childhood dental caries underscores a need to reduce the disease burden experienced by children living in Scotland. Application of fluoride varnish (FV) to children's teeth provides an evidence‐based approach to achieving this goal. Despite policy, health service targets and professional recommendations supporting application, not all children receive FV in line with guidance. The objective of this study was to use the theoretical domains framework (TDF) to further an understanding of what may influence fluoride varnish application (FVA) in General Dental Practice in Scotland.MethodsA postal questionnaire assessing current behaviour (frequency of FVA) and theoretical domains (TDs) was sent to all General Dental Practitioners (GDPs) in Scotland. Correlations and linear regression models were used to examine the association between FVA and the TDs.ResultsOne thousand and ninety (53.6%) eligible GDPs responded. Respondents reported applying FV more frequently to increased risk and younger children (aged 2–5 years). Higher scores in eight TDs (Knowledge, Social/professional role and identity, Beliefs about consequences, Motivation and goals, Environmental context and resources, Social influences, Emotion and Behavioural regulation) were associated with greater frequency of FVA. Four beliefs in particular appear to be driving GDPs' decision to apply FV (recognizing that FVA is a guideline recommended behaviour (Knowledge), that FVA is perceived as an important part of the GDPs' professional role (Professional role/identity), that FV is something parents want for their children (Social influences) and that FV is something GDPs really wanted to do (Emotion).ConclusionsThe findings of this study support the use of the TDF as a tool to understand GDPs application of FV and suggest that a multifaceted intervention, targeting dental professionals and families, and more specifically those domains and items associated with FVA may have the greatest likelihood of influencing the evidence‐based behaviour.
Alveolar ridge dimensional changes following ridge preservation procedure with novel devices: Part 1 – CBCT linear analysis in non‐human primate model
Authors: Min Seiko , Liu Yi , Tang Jianxia , Xie Yilin , Xiong Jimin , You Hyung‐Keun , Zadeh Homayoun H. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimThis study sought to investigate dimensional changes to the alveolar bone following extraction and application of novel devices used for obturation of socket orifice (socket cap) and space maintenance in sockets with facial dehiscence (socket cage).Material and methodsSix Macaca fascicularis had six teeth each removed according to the following intervention groups (groups A–C intact alveolar bone; D–E facial dehiscence): negative control (A); socket obturated with cap (B); filled with anorganic bovine bone mineral (ABBM) + socket cap (C); dehiscence negative control (D); socket cap + socket cage (E); ABBM + socket cap + socket cage (F). Serial CBCT scans at preoperatively, 6 and 12 weeks following intervention were compared to quantify linear alveolar bone alterations.ResultsWithout therapeutic intervention, intact sockets exhibited significant reduction in width at the crestal 2 mm of the ridge crest within 6 weeks. Compared with the negative control sites which lost up to 52% of crestal bone width, sites treated with socket cap + ABBM lost at most 4% of bone width at the crestal 2 mm. Similar results were seen in the dehiscence groups, with the combination of socket cap + socket cage + ABBM maintaining the greatest socket width and height dimensions.ConclusionsResults from the current non‐human primate study suggest that the socket cap and socket cage devices, when used in conjunction with xenograft proved effective in minimizing post‐extraction socket width loss and height seen in both intact sockets and sockets with facial dehiscence defects.
Motor behavior during the first chewing cycle in subjects with fixed tooth‐ or implant‐supported prostheses
Authors: Grigoriadis Joannis , Trulsson Mats , Svensson Krister G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectivesAppropriate sensory information from periodontal mechanoreceptors (PMRs) is important for optimizing the positioning of food and adjustment of force vectors during precision biting. This study was designed to describe motor behavior during the first cycle of a natural chewing task and to evaluate the role of such sensory input in this behavior.Material and methodsWhile 10 subjects with natural dentition, 11 with bimaxillary fixed tooth‐supported prostheses (TSP) and 10 with bimaxillary fixed implant‐supported prostheses (ISP) (mean age 69 [range 61–83]) chewed a total of five hazelnuts, their vertical and lateral jaw movements were recorded. Data obtained during the first chewing cycle of each hazelnut were analyzed.ResultsThe amplitude of vertical and lateral mandibular movement and duration of jaw opening did not differ between the groups, indicating similar behavior during this part of the chewing cycle. However, only 30% of the subjects in the natural dentate group, but 82% of those in the TSP and 70% in the ISP group exhibited slippage of the hazelnut during jaw closure in at least one of five trials. The TSP and ISP groups also exhibited more irregular and narrower patterns of motion (total lateral/vertical movement = 0.15 and 0.19, respectively, compared to 0.27 for the natural group).ConclusionsSubjects with fixed tooth‐ or implant‐supported prostheses in both jaws show altered behavior, including inadequate control of the hazelnut, during the first chewing cycle. We propose that these differences are due to impairment or absence of sensory signaling from PMRs in these individuals.
Who Withdraws Shareholder Proposals and Does It Matter? An Analysis of Sponsor Identity and Pay Practices
Authors: Bauer Rob , Moers Frank , Viehs Michael 
Published: February 2015

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueWe study more than 12,000 shareholder proposals that were filed to S&P1500 companies from 1997 to 2009, and investigate the determinants of proposal withdrawal by the sponsoring shareholder. We also study the effectiveness of withdrawn proposals as a corporate governance device.Research Findings/InsightsWe find that proposals filed by influential investors are more likely to be withdrawn than proposals filed by private investors. Our empirical results show that institutional ownership (in particular by long‐term, passively investing institutions) is positively related to the likelihood of a proposal's withdrawal if the sponsoring shareholder is an institutional investor. We also document a negative relation between CEO ownership and the likelihood of withdrawal. This effect is most pronounced for corporate governance proposals. We also show that withdrawn proposals on executive compensation change subsequent corporate pay practices.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur paper provides the first comprehensive evidence on withdrawn shareholder proposals. We show that withdrawn proposals are a strong and important category of proposals because managers proactively prevent them from being put to a vote. Hence, our results imply that researchers should also account for withdrawn shareholder proposals when making inferences about the effectiveness of proxy proposals.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOur empirical evidence points to the importance of withdrawn shareholder proposals as a governance mechanism. Managers try to protect their own power and reputation by preventing filed shareholder proposals from being put to a vote during the annual general meeting: They enter into private negotiations with the sponsors of the proposals to accomplish a withdrawal.
Prioritising Healthcare Workers for Ebola Treatment: Treating Those at Greatest Risk to Confer Greatest Benefit
Authors: Satalkar Priya , Elger Bernice E. , Shaw David M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe Ebola epidemic in Western Africa has highlighted issues related to weak health systems, the politics of drug and vaccine development and the need for transparent and ethical criteria for use of scarce local and global resources during public health emergency. In this paper we explore two key themes. First, we argue that independent of any use of experimental drugs or vaccine interventions, simultaneous implementation of proven public health principles, community engagement and culturally sensitive communication are critical as these measures represent the most cost‐effective and fair utilization of available resources. Second, we attempt to clarify the ethical issues related to use of scarce experimental drugs or vaccines and explore in detail the most critical ethical question related to Ebola drug or vaccine distribution in the current outbreak: who among those infected or at risk should be prioritized to receive any new experimental drugs or vaccines? We conclude that healthcare workers should be prioritised for these experimental interventions, for a variety of reasons.
Effectiveness of a web‐based child protection training programme designed for dental practitioners in Saudi Arabia: a pre‐ and post‐test study
Authors: Al‐Dabaan R. , Asimakopoulou K. , Newton J. T. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimSafeguarding children is an integral part of dental training and practice. The purpose of this research was to evaluate a web‐based training program in child protection on dental practitioners' knowledge and practice in Saudi Arabia. In addition, participants' views of the course were also assessed.MethodPre‐, immediately post‐training, and one month post‐training knowledge and self reported behaviour were assessed following completion of an online training course in child protection by 82 dental practitioners working in Saudi Arabia.ResultsEighty‐two participants completed the whole training package and 62 completed the one month post‐training survey. A significant increase in knowledge was found immediately after taking part in the child protection training program in comparison to baseline knowledge (P < 0.001). The course was highly rated by those who completed it. At one month following the training program, 21% have or intend to adopt a child protection policy in their practice, 29% identified a staff member to lead on child protection since completing the program, almost all participants have been aware of child abuse and neglect (CAN) signs in their daily practice and 27.4% have made a report of a suspected case of CAN in the last month since the training.ConclusionThe web‐based training program in child protection was appraised positively and was effective in increasing knowledge and changing attitudes towards safeguarding children.