bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kritischer Inklusivismus
Authors: Hermanni Friedrich 
Published: June 2013

Zusammenfassung
In seinen Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Religion plädiert Hegel für einen kritischen Inklusivismus, der die Religionen am Begriff der Religion misst, der ihnen zugrunde liegt. Nach Hegel sind die beiden Seiten der Religion, das religiöse Bewusstsein und Gott als Inhalt dieses Bewusstseins, untrennbar miteinander verknüpft. Der Begriff der Religion kann daher auf zwei Wegen entwickelt werden, entweder im Ausgang vom religiösen Bewusstsein oder im Ausgang von seinem Inhalt. Ab 1827 beschreitet Hegel konsequent den zweiten Weg, weil dadurch das Missverständnis vermieden wird, dass Gott durch anderes bedingt ist und daher die Stellung eines bloßen Resultats hat. Auf beiden Wegen zeigt sich, dass Religion das vorstellende Bewusstsein ist, das der absolute Geist durch Vermittlung des menschlichen Geistes von sich selbst hat. Aus diesem Begriff der Religion folgt, dass Religion sich nur durch unterschiedliche Religionen realisieren kann. Die Religionen bilden die Etappen einer Geschichte, die durch den Begriff der Religion strukturiert ist und in welcher der absolute Geist ein zunehmend adäquates Bewusstsein von sich selbst gewinnt. Der Übergang von einer Religion zur nächsten ergibt sich durch den Widerspruch zwischen der beschränkten Vorstellung von Gott, über die eine Religion verfügt, und dem Begriff der Religion, der in ihren anderen Vorstellungen zur Geltung kommt. Hegels Annahme einer universalen Religionsgeschichte, die aus seinem Religionsbegriff folgt, ist mit den heutigen Erkenntnissen über die Chronologie und die Genealogie der Religionen vereinbar, wenn zwei Ebenen unterschieden werden: die einheitliche Geschichte des religiösen Bewusstseins, die geographisch multipel realisiert ist, und die bestimmten Religionen, die regionale Unterbrechungen dieser Geschichte bilden.
Modification of the mechanical and chemical properties of dental enamel using Er laser radiation with sub-ablative energy density
Authors: Belikov Andrey V. , Skrypnik Alexei V. , Shatilova Ksenia V. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractLasers can be successfully used for the modification of biological tissues. In dentistry, an increase in strength and the chemical properties of enamel with a laser in order to prevent tooth decay appears to be quite promising. We investigated microhardness and acid resistance of human tooth enamelEnamel of the tooth crown was investigatedThe measured microhardness of intact enamel of human tooth crown wasIn this paper it was found that sub-ablative YLF:Er laser radiation modifies the intact enamel in such a way that the enamel microhardness increases and can exceed the intact enamel microhardness by 20%. Laser-treated enamel can resist abrasive impact during a time equivalent to 3 years of standard dental hygiene. Laser-treated enamel can resist an external aggressive medium containing 37.5% phosphoric acid significantly longer than intact enamel. The observed improvement in the mechanical and chemical properties of the enamel can be explained by a significant reduction in enamel porosity after laser radiation impact.
Study on copolymers synthesized from 2,3-epoxypropyl-3-(2-furyl) acrylate – styrene and their glass fiber reinforced composites
Authors: Patel Rakesh B. , Tarpada Umesh P. , Raval Dipak K. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
3-(2-Furyl) acrylic acid (FAA) and 2,3-epoxypropyl-3-(2-furyl) acrylate (EPFA) were synthesized. EPFA was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) spectroscopy. Copolymerization of prepared EPFA was carried out with styrene as the comonomer, by varying the mole ratio of EPFA:styrene at different reaction times, using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator at 80°C in toluene. FAA, EPFA and copolymers were characterized by FTIR and 1HNMR spectroscopy, as well as viscosity, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and epoxy equivalent weight (EEW). Various thermal and kinetics parameters were determined and interpreted in light of the nature of the curing agent, by using two different curing systems, namely, chlorosulfonic acid (ClSO3H) at 120°C and maleic anhydride/triethanolamine (MAn/TEA) at 160°C. Mechanical and electrical properties, as well as chemical resistance of the selected glass fiber reinforced composites, were determined according to the ASTM method and discussed in light of copolymer composites.
Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase, the enzyme downstream of tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent alkylglycerol monooxygenase
Authors: Keller Markus A. , Watschinger Katrin , Golderer Georg , Werner-Felmayer Gabriele , Werner Ernst R. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent degradation of ether lipids by alkylglycerol monooxygenase (AGMO) produces fatty aldehydes, which are toxic to cells. Therefore, it is of great physiological importance that these harmful compounds are converted into their corresponding, less toxic fatty acids by fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH). Dysfunction of this enzyme causes Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. This severe inherited disorder is accompanied by symptoms such as ichthyosis, mental retardation and spasticity. Surprisingly, fatty alcohols and not fatty aldehydes were found to accumulate in fibroblasts of Sjögren-Larsson syndrome patients, suggesting that there can be wide-ranging alterations in the lipid composition of patient cells. In particular, this has to be considered when searching for possible treatment options for patients suffering from Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. For example, inhibition of fatty aldehyde producing ether lipid degradation would have multiple implications on ether lipid- and fatty alcohol-mediated signalling pathways.
Development of a high-efficiency and long-life 500W class H-Darrieus-type vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) system using skin-spar-foam sandwich composite structure
Authors: Kong Changduk , Lee Haseung 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Since the focus on the energy crisis and environmental issues due to excessive fossil fuel consumption, wind power has been considered as an important renewable energy source. Recently, several megawatt-class large-scale wind turbine systems have been developed in some countries. Even though the large-scale wind turbine can effectively produce electrical power, the small-scale wind turbine has been continuously developed due to some advantages; for instance, it can be easily built at a low cost without any limitation of location, i.e., even in the city. In case of small-scale wind turbines, the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is used in the city despite having a lower efficiency than the horizontal axis wind turbine. Furthermore, most small-scale wind turbine systems have been designed at the rated wind speed of around 12 m/s. This aim of this work is to design a high-efficiency 500W class composite VAWT blade that is applicable to relatively low-speed regions. With regard to the aerodynamic design of the blade, parametric studies are carried out to decide an optimal aerodynamic configuration. The aerodynamic efficiency and performance of the designed VAWT is confirmed by computational fluid dynamics analysis. The structural design is performed by the load case study, initial sizing using the netting rule and the rule of mixture, structural analysis using finite element method (FEM), fatigue life estimation and structural test. The prototype blade is manufactured by hand lay-up and the matched die molding. The experimental structural test results are compared with the FEM analysis results. Finally, to evaluate the prototype VAWT including designed blades, the performance test is performed using a truck to simulate various ranges of wind speeds and some measuring equipment. According to the performance evaluation result, the estimated performance agrees well with the experimental test results in all operating ranges.
Panasonic’s Thin Film Silicon Technologies for Advanced Photovoltaics
Authors: Terakawa Akira , Murayama Hiroko , Naruse Yohko , Katayama Hirotaka , Sekimoto Takeyuki , Yata Shigeo , Matsumoto Mitsuhiro , Yoshida Isao , Hishida Mitsuoki , Aya Youichiro , Iseki Masahiro , Taguchi Mikio , Tanaka Makoto 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTWe have fabricated high-efficiency a-Si/µc-Si tandem solar cells and modules with a very high µc-Si deposition rate using Localized Plasma Confinement CVD to give very high-rate deposition (>2.0 nm/s) of device-grade µc-Si layers. For further progress in productive plasma-CVD techniques, we have studied plasma phenomena by combining newly developed plasma simulation and plasma diagnosis techniques that reveal the importance of non-emissive atomic hydrogen. We also have proposed a model of defective µc-Si formation on highly textured substrates in which the atomic H in plasma is assumed to play an important role. We are also developing a non-vacuum deposition technique that we term “Liquid Si Printing.” A new record conversion efficiency for HIT solar cells of 24.7% has been achieved using a very thin c-Si wafer (Thickness: 98 µm, Area: 102 cm2).
The dependence of the crystalline volume fraction on the crystallite size for hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon based solar cells
Authors: Schmidt K. J. , Lin Y. , Beaudoin M. , Xia G. , O'Leary S. K. , Yue G. , Yan B. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTWe have performed an analysis on three hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) based solar cells. In order to determine the impact that impurities play in shaping the material properties, the XRD and Raman spectra corresponding to all three samples were measured. The XRD results, which displayed a number of crystalline silicon-based peaks, were used in order to approximate the mean crystallite sizes through Scherrer's equation. Through a peak decomposition process, the Raman results were used to estimate the corresponding crystalline volume fraction. It was noted that small crystallite sizes appear to favor larger crystalline volume fractions. This dependence seems to be related to the oxygen impurity concentration level within the intrinsic nc-Si:H layers.
A Chemical Inhibitor-Infused, High-Strength Proppant Additive for Reservoir Flow Assurance against Scale Deposition in Wells with High Intervention Costs
Authors: Gupta D. V. , Shen Dong , Szymczak Stephen J. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
If only oil and gas wells produced problem free, then flow assurance strategies would become unnecessary. The reality is that problems such as inorganic and organic deposition in the formation, the near wellbore, and the tubulars complicate and add expense to the completion and production processes. In 2005, a technology was introduced by which chemical inhibitors were adsorbed onto a proppant-like substrate and placed in the formation during hydraulic fracture. Since then more than 15,000 wells have been fractured using this solid chemical technology. Upon production of hydrocarbon or water, the requisite inhibitor is released into the fluid stream to inhibit the deposition of contaminants such as scale, paraffin or asphaltenes. However, the strength of the solid substrate limits the amount of material added and the closure pressure applied. This paper discusses a new material that demonstrates no conductivity loss when added at up to 20% by weight to high-strength (bauxite) proppant and up to 16,000 psi closure stress. Furthermore, it maintains chemical adsorptivity similar to the earlier material. For deepwater wells, which are traditionally gravel-packed or frac-packed, the new material can provide multi-year inhibitor life to delay or eliminate future interventions. This represents a significant savings on projected expenditures as well as an ongoing flow assurance program that protects against scale deposition from the formation to the surface.
A Fracturing Driven Approach: Main Challenges and Lessons in Developing a Tight Gas Reservoir in Argentina
Authors: Schnaidler Gabriel , Medina Hernán Villada , Alric Facundo , Goiran Pierre-Olivier 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Total E&P is currently operating a tight gas field in Argentina, consisting of a low permeability and heterogeneous sandstone under hydrostatic pressure regime.
The field is mainly developed with casing-cemented horizontal multi-frac wells at 1700 m TVD and 3000 m MD and vertical wells targeting the same depth.
Numerous technical drawbacks were faced at the beginning of field development, threatening the chances of producing commercial rates and eventually locking a projected campaign. As a result, innovative solutions in terms of stimulation and reservoir evaluation techniques had to be deployed in order to achieve sustained productivity.
After performing more than 200 fracture treatments in 10 multi-frac horizontals plus 50 vertical wells, several key lessons were capitalized in the field of;
Fracture design, including proppant selection and the application of ultra light weight proppants A new approach in permeability assessment allowing completion optimization of horizontal wells Horizontal drain vertical placement in a thick reservoir
One relevant step in the process was, in addition, learning to manage reservoir free water production by introducing the appropriate artificial lift techniques.
This paper summarizes the main challenges, milestones and lessons captured in the completion and productivity domain that finally enabled a cost effective field development.
A Porosity-Fill Sealant for Water and Gas Shutoff: Case Histories and Lessons Learned after more than 1,000 Well Interventions
Authors: Vasquez Julio , Curtice Richard 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
A wide variety of mechanical and chemical technologies have been implemented for controlling unwanted fluid production in hydrocarbon-producing wells. This paper presents the field implementation of a porosity-fill sealant (PFS) system for water and gas shutoff applications. Proper diagnostics and candidate selection process is the key to a high success ratio with this type of treatment. Case histories are presented along with lessons learned from more than 1,000 treatments highlighting the diagnostic stage.
The PFS system is based on a copolymer of acrylamide and t-butyl acrylate (PAtBA) crosslinked with polyethyleneimine (PEI). The PFS system is placed into the formation as a low-viscosity solution that eventually actives at a predicted time to form a three-dimensional (3D) gel structure. The crosslinked gel provides a total shutoff of pore spaces and channels, thus limiting undesired water or gas flow. The PFS is not a selective treatment; thus, zonal isolation might be required. The working temperature range of this system is 40 to 400°F. This system has been successfully tested to withstand a differential pressure of at least 2,600 psi and is resistant to acid, CO2, and H2S environments. The following parameters are discussed: (1) PFS performance testing, (2) design considerations, and (3) case histories.
To date, more than 1,000 treatments have been performed with the PFS system worldwide to address conformance problems, such as water coning/cresting, high-permeability streaks, gravel-pack isolation, fracture shutoff, and/or casing-leak repair. Because of the capability of the PFS system to withstand high-pressure environments, workover operations have been successfully performed in previously treated wells, including acid stimulation, sand control, and frac-pack treatments, among others. Case histories are presented for different types of water production mechanisms and different wellbore completions and reservoir conditions where the PFS system was successfully implemented.
Performance and Formation Damage Assessment of a Novel, Thermally Stable Solids-Free Fluid Loss Gel
Authors: Gamage Pubudu , Deville Jay P. , Shumway Bill 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The leakage of reservoir fluids into a wellbore during perforation, workover, or other completion operations is a substantial concern, especially in high temperature wells where existing fluids utilized to mitigate reservoir fluid influx offer poor performance. To maintain the hydrostatic integrity of the wellbore during these operations, a thermally-stable, solids-free fluid loss pill has been developed.
The pill is composed of synthetic polymers and cross-linkers in monovalent high-density brine. Under ambient pressure and temperature conditions, the pill flows as a viscous liquid and remains fluid for over six months. Upon exposure to elevated temperatures (200°F to 375°F), the pill cross-links to form a robust gel that can act as an appropriately-weighted, low fluid loss pill. This pill can temporarily seal the reservoir, enabling well control during completion operations.
Gelled samples of the fluid loss pill have maintained integrity for up to three weeks under HTHP conditions in laboratory testing with minimal signs of collapse. Fluid loss tests at different temperatures were conducted to assess the fluid loss performance. Gel could be easily removed without a breaker by the formation pressure of the reservoir upon well completion due to the solids-free nature and lower lift-off pressures required for this particular gel. However, depending on the specific requirements for a formation, this gel could be readily destroyed with high temperature oxidative breaker systems. In such circumstances, the timing of gel removal could be completely controlled by the timing of the breaker addition.
The gel was also evaluated for any formation damage issues if used in a high temperature gas reservoir by using regain permeability experiments with Berea sandstone cores. Necessary precautions were taken to eliminate the permeability impairment effects caused by the change in water saturation of the tested core.
Average fluid loss in the core flooding test over 3 days at 320 °F was about 50 ml. Restoration of the Berea core permeability after the treatment exceeded 95% of the initial permeability with low lift-off pressures observed. This paper presents full laboratory data on the fluid loss performance and regain permeability of a novel thermally-stable, solids-free fluid loss gel.
Fines Migration in Fractured Wells: Integrating Modeling, Field and Laboratory Data
Authors: Marquez M. , Williams W. , Knobles M. , Bedrikovetsky P. , You Z. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Production and drawdown data from ten subsea deepwater fractured wells have been modeled using an analytical model for unsteady state flow with fines migration. The simulation results and the field data indicated a good match within five percent. A sensitivity study conducted on initial concentration of fines, flow rate, maximum fines mobilization velocity, fines distribution, formation damage and filtration coefficients confirmed that the model matching parameters are within values commonly reported in the literature. This paper describes the methodology used to integrate the modeling predictions with field and laboratory data to identify probable causes for increasing skins and declining productivity index (PI) values observed in some of the wells under investigation. It discusses the results of an experiment designed to simultaneously assess the effects of pressure depletion and compaction on fines production and permeability using a triaxial stress apparatus. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first time an experiment of this nature is reported in the literature. The good match between the modeling and the field data, further validated with laboratory experiments, allows for discussion of long term predictions on well productivity impacting current reservoir management strategies and field development plans.
Modeling Formation Damage and Completion Geometry in an Old Well Enables Better Planning for New Wells - Gyda Development Case Study
Authors: Byrne M. , Rojas E. , Holst V. B. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Gyda is a mature oil development in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. The first production wells were drilled more than twenty years ago. This study focuses on wells drilled in the porer reservoir quality areas of the Gyda reservoir. Some recent production wells have significantly underperformed relative to equivalent initial wells. In particular, a sidetrack to an early successful well, had very poor performance on initial start-up.
The geometry of the original well and the sidetrack were simulated, together with various assumptions and sensitivities to formation damage. In the original well an attempted hydraulic fracture had been assumed to have failed. This assumption was challenged in the model.
The model demonstrated that the original well must have included a successful hydraulic fracture in order to flow at the historical rates recorded. In addition for the sidetrack, that contained no fracture, there were indications that the perforation tunnels may not have fully cleaned up and that whilst the well performance may recover somewhat with time, a significant change in completion would be required in order to match the performance of the original well.
The model constructed included the completion geometry and formation damage and has enabled evaluation of old wells and more importantly, design of new wells in this mature reservoir development.
Residue-Free Fracturing Fluid Provides Superior Cleanup and Exceptional Proppant Transport
Authors: Schultheiss Nathan , Fontenelle Lucas , Welton Thomas 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Currently, guar-based fluid systems are the preferred choice for hydraulic fracturing operations, primarily because the fluid formulations can be widely varied depending on reservoir conditions and operational needs. However, fluids prepared with guar are inherently dirty and contain water-insoluble residues, which can significantly reduce the permeability of the proppant pack when flowing back and producing the well. This can result in a possible reduction in overall hydrocarbon production. Herein, a new, residue-free, hydraulic fracturing fluid system has been developed that provides excellent performance during the fracturing process and includes superior cleanup characteristics.
The "res-free" fluid is a premium fracturing fluid with comparable, or improved, properties compared to a typical guar/borate crosslinked system. First, because the fluid does not generate insoluble residue on breaking, excellent regained conductivity and core permeability can be achieved, which has been demonstrated both in laboratory testing and in the field by measuring well productivity. Second, the fluid is robust, allowing for precise viscosity and breaker control. Third, the fluid is salt tolerant and is usable up to temperatures of 275°F. Finally, it is capable of providing excellent proppant-carrying characteristics. The proppant-transport characteristics of this fluid are comparable to other fluids in use, as measured by a slurry viscometer. This paper highlights regained conductivity and core permeability, rheological performance, and proppant-transport characteristics of the new fluid and provides comparative guar-based fluid data. This new, residue-free fluid is applicable to fracturing a wide variety of reservoirs, including unconventional reservoirs, and has been used successfully in over 180 wells (&gt;2,250 stages/zones) at temperatures up to 300°F bottomhole static temperature (BHST). Future papers will present case studies of jobs and will provide production and well performance results.