bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DISSOLVED- AND PARTICULATE-PHASE HYDROCARBONS IN INTERSTITIAL WATER FROM PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND INTERTIDAL BEACHES CONTAINING BURIED OIL THIRTEEN YEARS AFTER THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL
Authors: Payne James R. , Driskell William B. , Lindeberg Mandy R. , Fournier Wyatt , Larsen Marie L. , Short Jeffrey W. , Rice Stanley D. , Janka David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Buried oil residues in selected beaches that were heavily contaminated by the 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) continue to leach oil-contaminated suspended particulate material (SPM) and dissolved-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) into interstitial- and near-shore waters. Both are bioavailable forms of hydrocarbons that can be absorbed or consumed. On selected intertidal beaches in Prince William Sound (PWS) during June 2002, nearshore- and interstitial-water samples were collected during outgoing tides, first from a water depth of 10–15 cm above undisturbed sediments at water's edge and then from pits dug just above the waterline. At the time of collection, all samples were vacuum-filtered through 0.7-µm pore-size, glass-fiber filters using a Portable Large Volume Water Sampling System (PLVWSS) to separate dissolved- and oil-contaminated SPM fractions for detailed hydrocarbon analyses and fingerprinting.
From intertidal pits at oil-impacted sites, interstitial water and SPM displayed strong oil signatures and elevated (albeit variable) PAH and n-alkane levels compared to the trivial non-petrogenic signatures seen at the reference sites. The dissolved-phase samples at the oil-impacted sites were typically characterized by water-soluble, lower-molecular-weight PAH, while the SPM/oil-phase contained the relatively-insoluble, higher-molecular-weight PAH and n-alkanes. Water's-edge samples (collected before any pits were excavated) typically showed a diluted- and degraded-compositional signature traceable to the interstitial water from higher tide levels. Interstitial-water dissolved-phase concentrations (average 1,200 ng/L.; 76–4,600 ng/L vs. 18–27 ng/L for reference sites) were above those reported to cause impacts to herring and salmon eggs (&lt;1,000 ng/L; Rice et al., 2001). At reference sites, the water's edge samples matched the interstitial water with very low, non-petrogenic signatures. A recent diesel spill at a nearby site showed dissolved-phase patterns similar to those at the current EVOS sites.
BENEFITS AND USE OF OPERATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY SYSTEMS FOR DRIFT FORECASTS
Authors: Daniel P. , Dandin Ph. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The use of products delivered from operational oceanography systems to oil spill drift applications is investigated. The evaluation is conducted with the French operational oil spill drift forecast system MOTHY and three operational oceanography systems, MERCATOR (MERCATOR-OCEAN, France), FOAM (MetOffice, UK) and MFS (INGV, Italy).
The present work focuses on evaluating the effects of introducing large scale currents in the MOTHY system. This effect is investigated in the Bay of Biscay and in the Western part of the Mediterranean Sea. Preliminary results are most encouraging.
EVALUATION OF THE RESPONSE BY SPECIALISED FOREIGN VESSELS TO THE RELEASE OF OIL FROM PRESTIGE
Authors: Wadsworth Tim 
Published: January 2013

Following the spill of oil from PRESTIGE, Spain and Portugal called for resources to assist in the response. Over the following month, a major fleet was assembled with sixteen vessels from eight nations. Although a significant volume of oil was subsequently collected at sea the vessels experienced varying degrees of success.
This paper looks at the operations of each vessel and considers the reasons for their different performance. Consideration is given to the behaviour and spread of the oil and how this affected operations. The capabilities of the vessels to recover oil in Atlantic waters and to store and subsequently discharge this oil are considered. The containment and recovery systems used are analysed to determine their suitability in the circumstances. The command and control of the fleet by the authorities is discussed. The paper concludes by comparing the effectiveness of this fleet of specialised vessels with that of the fleet of fishing vessels which contributed to the overall volume of oil collected at sea.
“HOW CLEAN IS CLEAN” – PROPOSED METHOD FOR DETERMINING ENDPOINTS AND EVALUATING RESULTS OF OIL SPILL CLEAN UP OPERATIONS
Authors: Fejes Jonas , Lindgren Charlotte , Arbjörk Christina 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Determining endpoint in clean up operations after oil spill is considered a necessary action to appoint appropriate methods, equipment and levels of clean up. Today international standards to assist decision making in these questions are not commonly spread. In this article a first step for developing guidelines for determining endpoints is presented. The proposed method considers four parameters; quantity of oil, type of oil, ecological sensitivity and time of year. In different combinations the parameters give criteria for when clean up should be ended as further actions might cause more harms than benefits. The method focuses on environmental aspects and therefore mainly ecological effects are considered.
THE GULF WAR OIL SPILL TWELVE YEARS LATER: CONSEQUENCES OF ECO-TERRORISM
Authors: Michel Jacqueline , Hayes Miles O. , Getter Charles D. , Cotsapas Linos 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The intentional release of an estimated 11 million barrels of oil during the 1991 Gulf War was the largest oil spill in history. An assessment of the physical, chemical, and ecological impacts of this spill shows that, 12 years later, oil residues and habitat modifications continue to have toxic effects on intertidal communities. As of 2003, there are an estimated 8 million cubic meters of oiled sediment remaining along the 803 km of impacted shoreline in Saudi Arabia. Of this volume, 45% occurs in muddy tidal flats and 23% in salt marshes and mangroves. Much of the oil in these sheltered habitats occurs as oiled crab burrows, with liquid oil remaining in the burrows to depths that exceed 50 cm. These habitats show the lowest degree of ecological recovery since the spill, with 87% of the upper intertidal zones of mangroves and marshes and 71 % of muddy tidal flats having reduced species richness and a disturbed community structure. Those habitats exposed to the greatest amount of wave activity contain the smallest amount of residual oil; however, on outer sand beaches, the oil is commonly buried to depths exceeding 1 m. The factors that affect the ecological recovery of the intertidal habitats include: 1) The chemical toxicity of the oil residues; 2) the physical toxicity of heavy and hardened oil residues; 3) other physical barriers that affect seed germination of plants, settlement of larvae, and burrowing; 4) limited sources for recruitment of biota; 5) reduced hydrological functioning of tidal channels. This study shows the importance of oil removal as the first phase of habitat recovery. It also indicates the potential for large-scale damage by blatant acts of eco-terrorism.
Emergency Response Planning Exercises For Oil Spills Caused By Natural Hazards
Authors: Yoshioka Gary , Coder Ellinor , Jun Allen 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Emergency response exercises are designed to evaluate the operational readiness of responders to act consistently with plans, policies, and procedures. The design and execution of an exercise includes scenario development, exercise control and simulation, documentation, critiques, and after-action reports. Representatives of government agencies and private parties participate in exercises intended to ensure the successful implementation of oil spill response plans and contingency plans.
Exercise scenarios for oil spills associated with a natural hazard highlight unique problems, because natural hazards can cause spills in a number of different ways. For example, earthquakes, landslides, lightning strikes, tornados, hurricanes and other storms can affect vessels, pipelines, drilling platforms, and storage tanks. In addition, the cause of many large spills from vessels is often reported as “grounding” or “collision,” but frequently a contributing cause of these accidents is severe weather.
This paper discusses the exercise objectives and special considerations for responding to oil spills caused by different types of natural hazards. Natural hazards present emergency planners with a variety of warning times, from little or no warning to days and weeks. Natural hazards have the potential to cause spills over a wide area, so coordination among several jurisdictions is particularly important. Some discharges may be even greater than an expected “worst case” spill, because an earthquake or flood can rupture multiple tanks and damage secondary containment structures. In addition, the conditions created by natural hazards can delay and hinder response efforts.
EL PROCESO DE PLANIFICACIÓN DE LA AUTORIDAD DEL CANAL DE PANAMÁY SUS RESULTADOS EN LA PREPARACIÓN PARA DERRAMES DE HIDROCARBUROS
Authors: Urho Gonzal P. 
Published: January 2013

RESUMEN
Por el Canal de Panamá, diariamente transitan barcos de todo el mundo. Alrededor de 13 a 14 mil buques, con todo tipo de carga, lo utilizan cada año. De hecho, estas actividades comerciales representan aproximadamente el 5% del transporte mundial. La Autoridad del Canal de Panamá (ACP) administra esta vía, y acorde con las mejores medidas de preparación y respuesta a emergencias, cuenta con un plan integral de contingencias para escenarios con efectos adversos. El plan incluye un componente operacional, un componente estratégico y un componente de información. También, utiliza el Sistema de Comando de Incidentes (SCé) como estructura organizativa del recurso humano y el modelo de Planificación “P” como método de trabajo proactivo para pasar de una respuesta táctica a estratégica. El SCIpermite organizar al personal de respuesta con una terminología común, una jerarquía y funciones claras y una estructura modular y flexible. De esta manera, se ajusta a las necesidades de un incidente en vez de intentar ajustar el incidente o personal de respuesta a estructuras organizativas que obedecen a operaciones u organigramas normales de las empresas o instituciones con diferentes modelos y terminologías. La Planificación “P” facilita el proceso para que el SCI fije los objetivos de la respuesta y elabore acciones concretas para mitigar todos los aspectos contraproducentes de un incidente, no sólo los asuntos tícticos. Durante el proceso de planificación de contingencias, se reconoció la necesidad de aumentar las capacidades de respuesta a derrames de hidrocarburos. Por consiguiente, la ACP presentó a sus clientes un programa conocido como el Plan de Manejo de Emergencias de Contaminación por Hidrocarburos en el Canal de Panamí (PCSOPEP) que entró en vigencia el 1 de enero de 2005, luego de amplias consultas y modificaciones con la comunidad marítima internacional. La ejecución exitosa del PCSOPEP involucró varias etapas. Se requirió la actualización del Reglamento para la Navegación en Aguas del Canal de Panamí, estableciendo la responsabilidad del buque ante derrames y la presentación de un plan específico para el canal como requisito de trínsito, la fijación de tarifas para cubrir los costos de mantener la disponibilidad de personal y equipo para dar respuesta a estos incidentes y la designación de la ACP como ente que brinda la disponibilidad y el servicio de respuesta y limpieza en caso de derrames. La ejecución de estas directrices requirió el desarrollo de estrategias, la confección de proyectos de inversión y el aumento de la cantidad de empleados con capacitación en derrames de hidrocarburos. Inicialmente, las estrategias de respuesta se enfocaron en la remoción mecínica, pero el programa consideró la evaluación e incorporación de medidas alternas como protocolos de respuesta a ser desarrollados al nivel de un plan nacional de contingencias.
M/V TONG CHENG: SAFE ASSURANCE, SAFE HAVEN, SAFE RESULTS
Authors: Moore K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On January 12, 2007 the MIV TONG CHENG, a 485 ft. Chinese flag break bulk vessel loaded with cargo and 130,000 gallons of oil, en route to the Panama Canal, notified Coast Guard Sector Honolulu that it had suffered damage to its #2 cargo hold and the hold was full of seawater. Located 700 miles from the nearest port (Honolulu), the vessel'S pumps were unable to keep up with the flooding, and with 26 personnel on board, the vessel advised it was diverting to Honolulu for emergency repairs. As the vessel proceeded toward Honolulu, its decreasing speed, the presence of two additional cargo ships in escort and the discovery of an oil sheen trailing the vessel raised significant concerns over the threat this posed to Hawaii. At stake in allowing the vessel a safe haven were the pristine shorelines of the Hawaiian Islands and potential crippling of the port'S vital lifeline to commercial marine traffic, its only source of sustenance. A myriad of issues had to be addressed as the vessel made preparations to come into Honolulu Harbor and a multi-agency, international Unified Command was established. The Unified Command, using the Incident Command System, managed the various contingencies from search and rescue of the crew if the ship were lost, to the potential discharge of 130,000 gallons of fuel. A risk-based decision process was employed to weigh the off-shore response challenges against the near-shore risks while taking into account the remoteness and sensitive marine environment of the Hawaiian Islands.
This paper provides insight into the dynamic and complex response and the incident management teams decisions regarding allowing this vessel in distress to enter a critical and environmentally sensitive port. The vessel was successfully repaired and allowed to depart Hawaii. This case is a classic example of proper decision making and risk balancing for a critical safe refuge request.
THE IPIECA OIL SPILL WORKING GROUP 20:20 VISION REFLECTIONS AND PROJECTIONS ON OUR 20TH ANNIVERSARY
Authors: Bennett Bernie , Osikilo Yvette 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) Oil Spill Working Group (OSWG) is celebrating its 20th anniversary.
Its mission has been, through education, training and awareness initiatives, to enhance the state of preparedness and response to marine oil spill incidents in priority coastal locations around the world. Its programme is carried out in close cooperation with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and operates within the context of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC), 1990.
The OSWG is made up of oil spill managers and specialists from IPIECA member companies and associations, supported by invited representatives from other organisations in the oil spill response community.
It aims to ensure that the full range of industry interests is adequately reflected in its work programme. Coordination between these industry-based organisations and the IMO remains an essential ingredient in the success of the OSWG programme
This paper reviews the main activities and achievements of the IPIECA OSWG over the last 20 years and attempt to illustrate and measure the impact of its work on global oil spill preparedness.
We then hypothesize as to how the work of the IPIECA OSWG might develop over the next 20 years, which could serve as future strategic/planning guidance.
CLEAN NIGERIA ASSOCIATES LIMITED: DEVELOPMENT, CHALLENGES AND FUTURE OF AN AFRICAN OIL SPILL CO-OPERATIVE
Authors: Nnubia Chibuzor 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Clean Nigeria Associates Limited (CNA) was established in 1981 by oil companies operating in Nigeria as a non-profit second tier oil spill response organization. The primary objective was to provide a pool resource of oil spill response equipment, fast and effective second tier oil spill response capabilities, and expertise to aid members of the association in combating oil spills as a back up to any such capability kept by individual members.
CNA Oil Spill Response equipment and materials are currently stocked in Nigeria in two main bases (Onne and Warri) and two satellite bases (Kaduna and Eket) in Nigeria. The main bases became effectively active in 1985 when most of the equipments were purchased for CNA by Halliburton Nigeria Limited who was then the procurement and operating contractor.
The CNA stockpiles seven general types of oil spill response equipment/materials as follows:1. Fast Response Vessels and Flat Bottom Boats2. Offshore and inland Containment Booms3. Skimmers and Pumps4. Dispersant Spraying System5. Sorbents6. Vehicles7. Communication Equipment
Currently, CNA has three outsourced contracts - operations, warehousing and vehicle leasing. Also, upgrade activities are in progress to position CNA to play its role as enshrined in the newly established Nigerian National Oil Spill Contingency Plan.
This paper describes the history, development, challenges and future of CNA the first oil spill co-operative in Africa and its role in the rapidly changing Nigerian energy scene. It will also examine the method in which it functions as well as oil spills to which it has responded.
WHERE RESPONSE MEETS NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT (NRDA)
Authors: Lehto Jason 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During oil spill incidents, NRDA and response activities may co-occur. This paper discusses those occurrences, focusing on ephemeral data collection and emergency restoration. Current laws provide some guidance for how these activities may be coordinated. The Field Operations Guide (FOG) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) state that it is the responsibility of the Incident Commander (IC) to notify natural resource trustees of the incident and to coordinate NRDA representative's activities through the Liaison Officer. The FOG and NCP also state that it is the responsibility of the trustees to conduct their NRDA preassessment activities without hindering the response. The overlap between NRDA and response may be further complicated because many trustees may work within the environmental unit or the wildlife recovery unit for the response and also have the responsibility to work on NRDA. They may work in the Incident Command System advising the IC on response issues while also trying to initiate a damage assessment.
Data collection during a response is critical for managing the incident as well as performing a thorough damage assessment. Although the types of data collected to aid the response may be similar to those used in damage assessment, often the scale and level of detail may be quite different. Even with these differences, synergies in ephemeral data collection may exist.
Emergency restoration activities do sometimes occur before the response has concluded. The Oil Pollution Act regulations state that emergency restoration may occur if the action is needed to avoid the loss of natural resources, or to prevent any continuing danger to natural resources. If the trustees determine that emergency restoration is needed, they are required to consult with the IC prior to taking any such action. As an example, this paper will discuss emergency restoration actions undertaken during the Whatcom creek, WA gasoline spill to reduce the impact to migrating salmon.
DISCOUNTING, RISK, AND UNCERTAINTY IN NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENTS
Authors: Hampton Steve , Zafonte Matthew 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Restoration-based scaling methods, such as Habitat or Resource Equivalency Analysis (HEA or REA), quantify lost resource services from an injury and gained resource services from a restoration project into the future. In many cases, the injury and/or the restoration project are projected to last several decades or even into perpetuity. Following economic theory and federal guidelines, resources provided (or lost) in the future are discounted at some specified rate, usually 3%. This paper reviews the role and significance of discounting in restoration scaling. We review time preference, inter generational concerns, risk, and uncertainty as rationales for discounting, and examine various discounting formulations (e.g. constant and hyperbolic). We present several quantitative examples in a restoration-scaling context regarding different discounting approaches. We conclude that, while the specification of the discount rate can have a large effect on restoration scaling calculations with long time horizons, incorporation of risk and uncertainty of restoration project benefits over time can overwhelm the effect of alternative specifications of time preference.
THE M/V SELENDANG AYUOIL SPILL SUBSISTENCE SEAFOOD SAMPLING PROGRAM AND PUBLIC HEALTH EVALUATION PROCESS
Authors: Mauseth Gary S. , Svarny-Livingston Sharon , Arnold Scott M. , Erickson Gerald M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On December 8, 2004, the M/V Selendang AYU, a bulk freighter, ran aground on the western shoreline of Unalaska Island, Alaska, spilling an estimated 339,538 gallons of intermediate fuel oil and 14,680 gallons of marine diesel. A primary concern arising from this incident was the potential contamination of traditional subsistence seafood resources consumed by tribal members and others on Unalaska Island. The process of addressing this concern consisted of the following components: 1) formation of a subsistence seafood ‘core’ or management team that included representatives of the local tribe, native corporation, federal and state agencies, and the responsible party; 2) formation of an advisory team representing technical specialists from non-governmental organizations (NGOs), academia, and subsistence users; 3) identification of important subsistence seafood resources, including intertidal mussels, sea urchins, chitons, salmon, cod and sea lions; 4) a consumption survey of major subsistence seafood users from Unalaska Island; 5) the collection of 56 samples in 2005 and 9 in 2006 by teams that included representatives of the core and advisory teams; 6) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) analysis and organoleptic and paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) testing of the collected samples; 7) a risk-based public health evaluation of the analytical results of collected samples by the State of Alaska Division of Public Health; and 8) communication of the results to the public.
In the core spill area (Skan and Makushin Bays), only one subsistence sample contained PAHs exceeding risk-based screening criteria. This was a mussel sample collected in April 2005 prior to clean-up actions. No samples collected in 2006 exceeded public health screening criteria. In the main subsistence area (Unalaska Bay), only one chiton sample collected in June 2005 exceeded risk-based public health screening criteria. However, it was determined that the elevated PAH concentrations were not derived from the Selendang AYU. Subsequent samples collected from the same location could not confirm elevated PAHs. Overall, PAHs were not present at levels of health concern, but two samples contained
PSP toxin above regulatory guidelines. Due to PSP concerns, the State of Alaska has an on-going advisory against the consumption of locally harvested shellfish that pre-dates the spill.