bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lotus bioinspired superhydrophobic, self‐cleaning surfaces from hierarchically assembled templates
Authors: Ho Audrey Yoke Yee , Luong Van Emma , Lim Chee Tiong , Natarajan Sriram , Elmouelhi Noha , Low Hong Yee , Vyakarnam Murty , Cooper Kevin , Rodriguez Isabel 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe super hydrophobic, self‐cleaning properties of natural species derive from the fine hierarchical topography evolved on their surfaces. Hierarchical architectures which are function‐mimetic of the lotus leaf are here described and created from multi‐scale hierarchical assembled templates. The first level of hierarchy was a micromachined dome structure template and the second level of hierarchy was added by layering a thin nanoporous membrane such as porous anodized alumina or an ion track etch membrane. The assembled templates were nanoimprinted by a single step process on thermoplastic films. The wetting angle of the surfaces reached a value of 160° and the self‐cleaning behavior was observed. The superhydrophobic behavior remained over 1 year after fabrication, which demonstrates the stability of these polymeric self‐cleaning topographies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. Part B. Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 603–609
A comprehensive resequence‐analysis of 250 kb region of 8q24.21 in men of African ancestry
Authors: Chung Charles C. , Hsing Ann W. , Yeboah Edward , Biritwum Richard , Tettey Yao , Adjei Andrew , Cook Michael B. , De Marzo Angelo , Netto George , Tay Evelyn , Boland Joseph F. , Yeager Meredith , Chanock Stephen J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDGenome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified that a ∼1 M region centromeric to the MYC oncogene on chromosome 8q24.21 harbors at least five independent loci associated with prostate cancer risk and additional loci associated with cancers of breast, colon, bladder, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Because GWAS identify genetic markers that may be indirectly associated with disease, fine‐mapping based on sequence analysis provides important insights into patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and is critical in defining the optimal variants to nominate for biological follow‐up.METHODSTo catalog variation in individuals of African ancestry, we resequenced a region (250 kb; chr8:128,050,768–128,300,801, hg19) containing several prostate cancer susceptibility loci as well as a locus associated with CLL. Our samples included 78 individuals from Ghana and 47 of African‐Americans from Johns Hopkins University.RESULTSAfter quality control metrics were applied to next‐generation sequence data, 1,838 SNPs were identified. Of these, 285 were novel and not yet reported in any public database. Using genotypes derived from sequencing, we refined the LD and recombination hotspots within the region and determined a set of tag SNPs to be used in future fine‐mapping studies. Based on LD, we annotated putative risk loci and their surrogates using ENCODE data, which should help guide laboratory studies.CONCLUSIONSIn comparison to the 1000 Genome Project data, we have identified additional variants that could be important in establishing priorities for future functional work designed to explain the biological basis of associations between SNPs and both prostate cancer and CLL. Prostate 74:579–589, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Top–down fabrication and characterization of axial and radial III‐nitride nanowire LEDs
Authors: Wang George T. , Li Qiming , Wierer Jonathan J. , Koleske Daniel D. , Figiel Jeffrey J. 
Published: February 2014

Complex axial and radial type III‐nitride InGaN/GaN nanowire LEDs are realized using a recently developed top–down fabrication approach which enables high quality GaN‐based nanowires with independently controlled height, pitch, and diameter. In this paper, we report on the fabrication, structural characterization, and luminescence of these two different structures and discuss their relative merits, weaknesses, and prospects in the context of the field. Axial (left) and radial (right) nanowire LEDs fabricated by a two‐step top–down method.
Mesoscale organization and structure of orographic precipitation producing flash floods in the Lago Maggiore region
Authors: Panziera L. , James C. N. , Germann U. 
Published: February 2014

This article investigates the mesoscale precipitation mechanisms affecting the severest flood events observed from 2005 to 2012 in the Maggia River, located in the Lago Maggiore region on the southern side of the European Alps. High‐resolution volumetric radar data are used to describe the horizontal and vertical structure of precipitation, while sounding data depict the airflow conditions.The events causing the nine highest peak discharge rates in the river in the last eight years are characterized by the presence of convection, which is generally absent in the storms that produced lower peak flow rates. During major floods, convective cells repeatedly propagate over the watershed over time. At large temporal scales, precipitation patterns assume the form of an elongated band of precipitation. The main reason for the formation of the band is the different direction of the low‐level and upper‐level flow in relation to the orientation of the Alpine orography. When pre‐frontal, moist and conditionally unstable air over the Po Valley is advected towards the Alpine chain by a southsoutheasterly low‐level jet, convection develops over the slopes west of Lago Maggiore where the low‐level flow is perpendicular to the terrain orientation. Convective cells are then transported towards the northeast by the upper‐level southwesterly steering flow, reaching maturity over the Maggia watershed. This mesoscale process can trigger and maintain moist convection for a long time over the same region. Statistical analyses show that the strength and stability of the upstream flow at low levels (<1.5 km) determine to what extent precipitation will be convective.A comparison with the Mesoscale Alpine Program Intensive Observing Period (MAP IOP) precipitation cases shows that MAP IOP 2b and 3 are representative of the type of event that produces the biggest floods in the Lago Maggiore area.
A note on the tails of the GO‐GARCH process
Authors: Muriel Nelson 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe possibility of modeling heavy tails using generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models has been rigorously established in the univariate case, and the consequences that this heavy tailedness has on the distributional limits of the sample autocovariance function are well known. In the multivariate case, however, the results have not as yet been provided, and the asymptotic properties of the autocovariance function are not fully understood. In this note, we focus on the generalized orthogonal GARCH (GO‐GARCH) model, a multivariate specification that has recently received some attention in the literature. We first show that marginal heavy tailedness is a simple consequence of the definition of the process and argue that all tail indexes should be equal. Next, we show that the finite‐dimensional distributions of the GO‐GARCH model possess some of the properties known to hold for univariate GARCH and comment on some implications of this fact, which are of practical import. Specifically, we show that the sample autocovariance function may either have a random limit or converge rather slowly to its population counterpart depending on how heavy the tails of the process are. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Aloe vera affects changes induced in pulmonary tissue of mice caused by cigarette smoke inhalation
Authors: Koul Ashwani , Bala Shashi , Yasmeen  , Arora Neha 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis study was undertaken to determine the influence of Aloe vera (AV) on changes induced in pulmonary tissue of cigarette smoke (CS) inhaling mice. CS inhalation for 4 weeks caused pulmonary damage as evident by histoarchitectural alterations and enhanced serum and tissue lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities. CS inhalation also led to increased mucin production as revealed by mucicarmine and Alcian Blue‐Periodic Acid Schiff (AB‐PAS) staining. Studies on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) of CS exposed animals revealed structural changes in phospholipids and increase in surface tension when compared with control counterparts. These changes were accompanied by enhanced nitric oxide (NO) levels, citrulline levels, peroxidative damage, and differential modulation of antioxidant defense system. AV administration (seven weeks, 500 mg/kg b.w. daily) to CS inhaling mice led to modulation of CS induced pulmonary changes as revealed by lesser degree of histoarchitectural alterations, lesser mucin production, decreased NO levels, citrulline levels, peroxidative damage, and serum LDH activity. AV treatment to CS inhaling mice was associated with varying response to antioxidant defense system, however balf of CS + AV treated animals did not exhibit appreciable changes when compared with that of CS exposed animals. These observations suggest that AV has the potential to modulate CS induced changes in the pulmonary tissue which could have implications in management of CS associated pulmonary diseases, however, further investigations are required to explore its complete mechanism of action. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 999–1013, 2015.
Hyperphosphorylation of microfilament‐associated proteins is involved in microcystin‐LR‐induced toxicity in HL7702 cells
Authors: Zeng Jing , Tu Wei‐wei , Lazar Lissy , Chen Dong‐ni , Zhao Jin‐shun , Xu Jin 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTMicrocystin‐LR (MC‐LR) has been regarded as a hepatotoxin, which can cause cytoskeletal reorganization, especially of the actin filaments. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, whether MC‐LR could induce microfilaments disruption was verified in the normal human liver cell line HL7702; and then the transcription, translation, and phosphorylation levels of major microfilament‐associated proteins were measured; finally, the underlying mechanisms was investigated. After treatment with MC‐LR, the actin filaments lost their characteristic filamentous organization in the cells, demonstrating increased actin depolymerization. The mRNA and protein levels of ezrin, vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), actin‐related protein2/3, and cofilin remained unchanged. However, the phosphorylation levels of ezrin and VASP were increased, when treated with 10 μM MC‐LR. Moreover, P38 and ERK1/2 were involved in MC‐LR‐induced hyperphosphorylation of microfilament‐associated proteins. In summary, this study demonstrates that MC‐LR can cause disruption of actin filaments in HL7702 cells due to MC‐LR‐induced mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway activation and hyperphosphorylation of different types of microfilament‐associated proteins. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 981–988, 2015.
From environmental to climate justice: climate change and the discourse of environmental justice
Authors: Schlosberg David , Collins Lisette B. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEnvironmental justice is a major movement and organizing discourse in the environmental politics arena, and both the movement and the idea have had a large influence on the way that climate justice has been conceptualized. While most discussions of climate justice in the academic literature focus on ideal conceptions and normative arguments of justice theory, or on the pragmatic policy of the more elite environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), a distinct discourse has developed out of the grassroots. In these movement articulations of climate justice, the concerns and principles of environmental justice are clear and consistent. Here, climate justice focuses on local impacts and experience, inequitable vulnerabilities, the importance of community voice, and demands for community sovereignty and functioning. This review traces the discourse of environmental justice from its development, through the range of principles and demands of grassroots climate justice movements, to more recent articulations of ideas for just adaptation to climate change.This article is categorized under:

Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Climate Change and Global Justice
Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Climate Science and Social Movements
Characterizing the response of a wind turbine model under complex inflow conditions
Authors: Howard K. B. , Hu J. S. , Chamorro L. P. , Guala M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA horizontal axis wind turbine model was tested in a closed‐circuit wind tunnel under various inflow conditions. Separate experiments placed the test turbine (i) in the wake of a three‐dimensional, sinusoidal hill, (ii) in the wake of another turbine and (iii) in the turbulent boundary layer, as a reference case. Simultaneous high‐frequency measurements of the turbine output voltage, rotor angular velocity along with streamwise and wall normal velocity components were collected at various locations through the turbine's miniature direct‐current (DC) generator, a high‐resolution laser tachometer and cross‐wire anemometer, respectively. Validation trials were conducted first in order to characterize the test turbine's output and response to the baseline turbulent boundary layer. Analysis was performed by comparing the cross‐wire anemometry measurements of the incoming flow with the turbine voltage output to investigate the unsteady rotor kinematics under different flow perturbations. Using spectral, auto‐correlation and cross‐correlation methods, it was found that the flow structures developing downwind of the hill leave a stronger signature on the fluctuations and spectrum of the rotor angular velocity, as compared with those flow structures filtered or deflected by placing a turbine upwind. In summary, we show that the effects on downwind turbines of complex terrain and multi‐turbine arrangements are consistent with the induced modifications by the hill or turbine on the large scale structures in the incoming flow. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wildlife strikes with military rotary‐wing aircraft during flight operations within the United States
Authors: Washburn Brian E. , Cisar Paul J. , DEvault Travis L. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTWildlife–aircraft collisions (wildlife strikes) with civilian and military aircraft pose notable risks and economic losses. The 4 military services within the U.S. Department of Defense maintain records regarding wildlife strikes with military aircraft. Although rotary‐wing aircraft operations comprise important mission components within all 4 military services, no assessment of wildlife strikes to military rotary‐wing aircraft has been conducted. The objectives of this project were to 1) conduct a comprehensive analysis of data available from all military services regarding wildlife strikes with rotary‐wing aircraft, and 2) provide recommendations to reduce the frequency and negative impacts of these strikes. We acquired all available wildlife strike records and parsed our database to include only wildlife strikes to military rotary‐wing aircraft occurring within the contiguous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, or within near‐shore areas along the coasts. We assessed the effects of year, month, time of day, event location (i.e., on‐ or off‐airfield), and wildlife group involved on the frequency of wildlife strikes with rotary‐wing aircraft. The frequency of wildlife strikes was highest during autumn (Sept–Nov; 41.6% of all strikes) and lowest during winter (Dec–Feb; 10.4%). Wildlife strikes occurred most often when aircraft were traveling en route (38.3%) or were engaged in terrain flight (28.9%). Raptors and vultures were commonly associated with wildlife strikes that caused damage to aircraft. Wildlife strikes to military rotary‐wing aircraft during flight operations within the United States are both costly (averaging US$12,184–$337,281/strike event among the military services) and deadly (2 pilots were killed). Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Community Engagement as a Process and an Outcome of Developing Culturally Grounded Health Communication Interventions: An Example from the DECIDE Project
Authors: Palmer-Wackerly Angela L. , Krok Jessica L. , Dailey Phokeng M. , Kight Linda , Krieger Janice L. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCommunity engagement is a process often used in developing effective health communication interventions, especially in traditionally underserved cultural contexts. While the potentially positive outcomes of community engagement are well established, the communication processes that result in engagement with cultural groups are less apparent. The focus on the outcomes of engagement at the expense of describing how engagement occurs makes it difficult for methods to be improved upon and replicated by future studies. The purpose of the current manuscript is to illustrate the process of achieving community engagement through the development of a culturally grounded health communication intervention. We offer practical suggestions for implementing community engagement principles, as well as the benefits and challenges inherent in this approach to research. Key points are illustrated using examples from the DECIDE Project, a culturally grounded intervention for improving communication about clinical trials in the medically underserved Appalachian region.
ALK5 inhibition blocks TGFβ‐induced CCN1 expression in human foreskin fibroblasts
Authors: Thompson Katherine , Murphy‐Marshman Hannah , Leask Andrew 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe potent profibrotic cytokine TGFβ induces connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) is induced in fibroblasts in a fashion sensitive to SB‐431542, a specific pharmacological inhibitor of TGFβ type I receptor (ALK5). In several cell types, TGFβ induces CCN1 but suppresses CCN3, which opposes CCN1/CCN2 activities. However, whether SB‐431542 alters TGFβ‐induced CCN1 or CCN3 in human foreskin fibroblasts in unclear. Here we show that TGFβ induces CCN1 but suppresses CCN3 expression in human foreskin fibroblasts in a SB‐431542‐sensitive fashion. These results emphasize that CCN1/CCN2 and CCN3 are reciprocally regulated and support the notion that blocking ALK5 or addition of CCN3 may be useful anti‐fibrotic approaches.
Spatio-temporal Variation in Radon Concentration in Groundwater with Respect to Rock Types: A Case Study from Chitradurga District, Karnataka
Authors: Ravikumar P. , Davis Deljo , Mathew Sharika , Somashekar R. K. , Prakash K. L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract:
An attempt was made in the present study to delineate how the radon concentrations vary with respect to different geological formations and to evaluate annual effective dose exposure due to ingestion of radon. A total of 60 groundwater samples were collected from layered sequential aquifers in Chitradurga district having major rock types such as Bababudan Group, Charnockite, Chitradurga Group, Closepet granite, migmatites and granodiorite – tonalitic gneisses and Sargur Schist complex during pre-monsoon and post-season of the year 2011. Radon measurement was made using Durridge RAD-7 radon-in-air monitor, connected to RAD H2O accessory with closed loop aeration concept. In the present study, the radon activity ranged from 0 to 186.6 Bq/L and 0 to 150.6 Bq/L during pre- and post-monsoon seasons of the year 2011, with 56.67 % (17 samples) of samples during both the seasons exceeding the EPA’s MCL value of 11.1 Bq/L. The annual mean radon activity in the groundwater was higher in the area having Chitradurga rock group formations (78.1 Bq/L) followed by Sargur-Satyamangalam schist complex group (56.8 bq/L), migmatites and granodiorite – tonalitic Gneisses group (56.3 Bq/L), Closepet granite (42.7 Bq/L), Charnonkite (29.1 Bq/L) and Bababudan Group (22.2 Bq/L). It is inferred that radon concentration found to depend on the tectonic structure, geology of the area and on the presence of uranium minerals in these rocks. The annual effective dose resulting from radon in groundwater in the Chitradurga district were significantly lower than UNSCEAR and WHO recommended limit of 1 mSv/y.
U-rich Pyrochlore from Sevathur Carbonatites, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Viladkar Shrinivas G. , Bismayer U. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract:
In Sevathur pyrochlore occurs mainly in rauhaugite. All analysed pyrochlore grains are rich in UO2. Majority of pyrochlores show alteration to various degrees and maximum alteration is noticed in ones collected from the weathered soil around carbonatite outcrops. There is significant leaching of Ca and Na leading to A-site vacancy and gain in Ba (5 to 7%) and Sr. UO2 content, though show variation is present in all analysed grains. Elements like U and Th can be incorporated in mineral structures showing alpha and beta radiation. This may initiate a process of metamictization. It is reasonable to assume that these pyrochlore grains are metamict.
First Record of Metazoan Eggs and Embryos from Early Cambrian Chert Member of Deo ka Tibba Formation, Tal Group, Uttarakhand Lesser Himalaya
Authors: Mathur V. K. , Shome Sabyasachi , Nath Shambhu , Babu R. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract:
The phosphatized globular to sub-oval metazoan eggs with distinctively ornamented covering and phosphatized polar lobe forming embryos are recorded for the first time from the black phosphatic chert lenticles and bands of early Cambrian Chert Member of Deo ka Tibba Formation, Tal Group, Uttarakhand Lesser Himalaya. Similar metazoan eggs have been recorded earlier from early Cambrian rocks of Shaanxi Province, China, northwestern Canada, Australia, Mongolia, Siberia and Kazakhstan. These eggs are found in association with Small Shelly Fossils (SSF) and may belong to them. However, polar lobe forming embryos have been earlier recorded from Neoproterozoic rocks of southwestern China only. Similar embryos are common in modern molluscs and bilaterians.
ASSESSING AVAILABLE SOIL SULPHUR FROM PHOSPHOGYPSUM APPLICATIONS IN A NO-TILL CROPPING SYSTEM
Authors: CHURKA BLUM SUSANA , GARBUIO FERNANDO JOSÉ , JORIS HÉLIO ANTÔNIO WOOD , CAIRES EDUARDO FÁVERO 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYThe complex dynamics of the sulphur (S) cycle has prompted several questions concerning its bioavailability and evaluation by different extraction methods, and few studies under field conditions have been performed to elucidate available S on Brazilian soils under no-till (NT) cropping systems. A field experiment examined the effects of phosphogypsum (PG) applications on nutrient uptake and availability of S to maize and wheat crops under an NT system aiming to establish critic levels of S on an Oxisol (clay, kaolinitic, Rhodic Hapludox) in Parana state, Brazil. PG at the rates of 0, 3, 6 and 9 t ha−1was applied on the surface of the plots in 1998 upon conversion from pasture to an NT cropping system, and in 2004 subplots received either 0 or 6 t ha−1of PG on the surface. Effects of PG applications on nutrient uptake and available soil SO4-S to the maize and wheat crops were evaluated in 2004–2005. Increasing the surface-applied PG rate in 1998 increased Mg uptake by maize, and N, K, Ca and Mg uptake by wheat plants. Reapplication of PG in 2004 increased the uptake of N and P by maize, and the uptake of N, K, Ca and Mg by wheat plants. The PG rates surface-applied in 1998 have resulted in a long-term residual effect on soil by increasing SO4-S in surface and subsoil layers 6.5 and 7.5 years after application, affecting aboveground biomass, S uptake and S content in the leaves of the wheat crop. The reapplication of PG in 2004 increased maize S uptake, S content in leaves and grains and S exported by maize harvest, and increased wheat aboveground biomass, S uptake and S content in leaves. These effects were due to increasing available soil SO4-S from different depths extracted by 0.5 M ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) along with 0.25 M acetic acid (HOAc) and 0.01 M calcium phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2). Both extractants were very similar in their ability to assess available soil S in these crops, and the 0–0.20-m layer is shown to be adequate for evaluating the concentration of available SO4-S in maize and wheat cultivated under NT.