bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WEATHERING AND DISPERSION OF NAPHTHENIC, ASPHALTENIC, AND WAXY CRUDE OILS
Authors: Strøm-Kristiansen Tove , Lewis Alun , Daling Per S. , Hokstad Jorunn Nerbø , Singsaas Ivar 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The chemical composition and physical properties of a crude oil determine the behavior of the oil and the way its properties will change when the oil is spilled at sea. Reliable knowledge of the oil's behavior will enable the most effective countermeasure techniques to be used in a spill situation.
A diverse range of crude oils is coming into production in the North Sea. The weathering behavior and chemical dispersibility of three very different crude oils—Troll (naphthenic), Balder (asphaltenic), and Nome (waxy)—have recently been thoroughly investigated through bench- and meso-scale experiments. The naphthenic crude oil was also exposed to full-scale studies in the North Sea.
This study shows that emulsion formation, the viscosity of emulsion, and the potential for dispersing emulsions by dispersant treatment may vary greatly for the different crude oils. It would be impossible to predict these differences with existing oil-weathering models based on fresh oil properties alone. Especially for abnormal (e.g., highly asphaltenic, waxy) crude oils, the weathering and dispersibility behavior can be revealed only by experimental work. The findings have important implications for effective oil spill response planning, particularly for estimating the most appropriate “window of opportunity” and for optimizing a dispersant application strategy for crude oils.
STANDARD DISPERSANT OPERATIONS UNDER THE INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM1
Authors: Hanzalik Lt. James E. , Hereth Capt. Larry L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Dispersants have now become a viable and preapproved response tool in the Gulf of Mexico; however, there are currently no standard procedures or terminology for an actual dispersant operation under the incident command system. A dispersant model for an actual dispersant operation has been developed by the authors with the assistance of a large industry group. This model, which can apply to all types of dispersant operations, describes responsibilities and on-scene coordination of persons involved in a dispersant operation. Specifically, the model clearly identifies the various positions and responsibilities for such an operation. Benefits of the model include better coordination, improved communications, and reduced conflict between industry and government agencies; these benefits result in quicker response times, which are critical to dispersant operations.
IS IMMEDIATE RESTORATION IN RIPARIAN HABITATS NECESSARY?
Authors: Chamberlain D. W. , Anderson Barrett 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake caused crude oil releases at several sites, including the Santa Clara River and another riparian area near Lake Castaic, California. As a result of the spills and subsequent cleanup activities, habitat restoration was required. Natural climatic events and natural recovery at the spill site significantly affected restoration efforts. Quantitative and qualitative data on assisted and natural recovery in riparian systems suggest that natural restoration can be substantial and that assisted restoration may not always be as successful as desired.
EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF BIOSURFACTANTS AS AGENTS OF OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Lepo Joe Eugene , Hancock M. Patricia , Zuleger Candy L. , Roupp-Edwards Katharine , Reilly Tim , Fritz David E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Biosurfactants play an important role in facilitating the natural biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. In order to characterize the biosurfactant-producing potential of environments at risk of anthropogenic oil contamination, we collected a number of distinct marine bacteria that emulsified crude oil from relatively pristine and from polluted areas. The bacteria belonged to diverse taxonomic groups and varied widely in oil-emulsifying capability, surface tension reduction of culture media, and hydrophobicity. We used laboratory assays that directly evaluated biosurfactant preparations from these and other strains for use as cleaning agents for oiled surfaces. The subjects of the study were the oil emulsification capabilities and the surface-active characteristics of the biosurfactants, which were compared to those of selected synthetic surfactants. We also examined the ability of different biosurfactants and synthetic surfactants to wash oil from porcelain tiles. To assess the efficacy of biosurfactants as enhancers of oil biodegradation, we applied preparations of biosurfactants along with our standard mix of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in either shake-flask experiments or in sandy-beach microcosms. In general, surfactants of either class (biosurfactants or synthetic surfactants) performed similarly in all of these experiments. Although some biosurfactants show merit as cleaning agents, the current production technology may not make their use cost-effective.
Safety issues relating to biosurfactants were addressed by examining their toxicity and their biodegradability (and thus persistence in the environment) relative to selected synthetic surfactants. Standard toxicology bioassays were used: (1) the mysid, 7-day chronic estimator, and (2) the inland silverside 7-day chronic estimator. The biodegradability of biosurfactants and synthetic surfactants was compared by measuring the increased biochemical oxygen demand generated by the surfactants in raw seawater. Some biosurfactants were indeed highly biodegradable; however, we found no tight association of biodegradability to either class of surfactants. These results suggest that the environmental safety of surfactants is best evaluated on the basis of toxicity and degradability data for specific cases.
INTERNATIONAL REGIME FOR COMPENSATION FOR POLLUTION FROM TANKERS
Authors: Jacobsson Mans 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Compensation for oil spills from laden tankers has so far been governed by two international conventions adopted under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization: the 1969 Civil Liability Convention and the 1971 Fund Convention. Ninety-six states are parties to the 1969 Civil Liability Convention, and 70 states are parties to the 1971 Fund Convention. The United States is not party to either of these conventions.
In 1992, two protocols were adopted amending the 1969 Civil Liability Convention and the 1971 Fund Convention. The conventions as amended by the 1992 protocols (the 1992 conventions), which entered into force on May 30, 1996, give better economic protection to victims of oil pollution damage caused by oil spills from tankers than the conventions in their original versions.
Under the 1992 conventions, the available compensation amounts per incident (including the sum actually paid by the shipowner and his or her insurer) have been increased from US$87 million to approximately US$196 million.
The 1971 Fund Convention set up an intergovernmental organization, the 1971 Fund, to administer the compensation system. The new system of compensation established under the 1992 Fund Convention is administered by a separate legal entity: the 1992 Fund. The two funds share a secretariat.
BIOAUGMENTATION AND BIOSTIMULATION: A PARADOX BETWEEN LABORATORY AND FIELD RESULTS
Authors: Lee Kenneth , Tremblay Gilles H. , Gauthier Johanne , Cobanli Susan E. , Griffin Michael 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In both shaker-flask and mesocosm-scale experiments, a commercial oleophilic bioremediation agent containing biostimulation (nutrients) and bioaugmentation (bacterial inocula) properties was more effective in enhancing oil biodegradation rates than that of no treatment and/or periodic inorganic nutrient addition. However, similar results were not obtained from a subsequent 129-day field trial conducted in a sand beach environment. In this case, periodic additions of inorganic nutrients, with and without the commercial bioremediation agent, enhanced the number of heterotrophic bacteria and microbial respiration rates within the oiled sediments. The commercial product appeared to elevate the number of oil-degrading bacteria within the oiled sediment between days 17 and 89. However, the addition of inorganic nutrients alone, on a periodic basis, was the most effective means of enhancing the extent of oil biodegradation within the residual oil and of reducing sediment toxicity. By retaining residual oil and altering the physical and chemical characteristics of the treated sediment, the oleophilic product suppressed both the rate and extent of oil loss by tidal activity and biodegradation. This is not to say that the use of the product was ineffective in protecting the environment or was detrimental to it; the product does enhance natural biodegradation rates, and it limits the transport of beached oil to more sensitive areas. This study clearly illustrates the complexity associated with the selection of bioremediation agents, the need for improved experimental protocols for evaluating the performance and toxicity of bioremediation agents, and the potential of nutrient enrichment as a bioremediation strategy.
FIELD-TESTING BIOREMEDIATION TREATING AGENTS: LESSONS FROM AN EXPERIMENTAL SHORELINE OIL SPILL
Authors: Mearns Alan J. , Venosa Albert D. , Lee Kenneth , Salazar Michael 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A 14-week, large-scale field study in Delaware demonstrated that, on a moderately exposed sandy beach, nutrients, not oil-degrading microorganisms, were the primary factors limiting biodegradation. The results are reviewed in the context of lessons and guidelines for a full-scale bioremediation response.
TIDE-DRIVEN NUTRIENT TRANSPORT IN A BEACH MESOCOSM IN THE ABSENCE OF WAVES
Authors: Boufadel Michel C. , Suidan Makram T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper investigates nutrient transport in a beach mesocosm operating under tidal action in the absence of waves. Numerical modeling results were compared to experimental data obtained from a tracer study on a mesocosm simulating a sand beach. Sodium chloride solution (simulating nutrient addition) was applied on the surface of the beach and was monitored at five locations in a 6.30-m length of sand plume. Both the numerical results and the experimental data agreed with findings from previously published data, where it was observed that the tracer plume moves downward and seaward and that the water table inside the beach is mostly above seawater level. Good agreement occurred between simulated water levels and observed levels; however, a mediocre fit was achieved between the simulated and the observed tracer concentrations because local variations existed in the saturated hydraulic conductivity, whereas the numerical model assumed a homogeneous domain. Implications of the results for bioremediation are discussed.
OIL SPILL RESPONSE RESEARCH: A GOOD INVESTMENT?1
Authors: Danenberger Elmer P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Nation's commitment to oil-spill response research can be measured by comparing research expenditures with response planning and oil spill costs. Total response planning and preparedness costs are estimated at $295 million to $440 million per year. Total costs for an oil spill can be as high as $570 per gallon, with spills such as the Valdez spill costing an estimated $6 billion. These costs vastly exceed the estimated 1996 industry and government research expenditures of $1 million and $5 million, respectively. Other significant national costs could possibly be reduced by improving spill response capabilities. Sustained research funding accompanied by careful planning and coordination could substantially reduce the national costs associated with oil spills and increase the benefits of response planning programs.
TERRORISM AND OIL SPILLS: WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW AND HOW WE SHOULD RESPOND1
Authors: de Bettencourt Michael 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An act of terrorism resulting in an oil spill triggers a unique set of response considerations that bring diverse agencies together under crisis conditions. To manage such incidents effectively, a systematic approach is needed to standardize incident response, command, and control methods and to better define the planning process for these demanding scenarios. The National Interagency Incident Management System-Incident Command System (NIIMS-ICS) is the common denominator that has been adopted by the United States Coast Guard for oil spill response. This paper highlights recommendations to adopt the NIIMS-ICS nationally for combined law enforcement and environmental response incidents to ensure efficient and effective response methods.
RECOVERY OF LAPIO FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER1
Authors: Weems LT Laura H. , Byron LCDR Ilene , Ogé David W. , O'Brien Jim , Lanier Roger 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The increased demand and marine transportation of low-API oil (LAPIO), a group V fuel oil, has posed new problems for pollution responders. Group V oils have a specific gravity greater than 1 or an API gravity less than 10, and when spilled into the marine environment do not remain on the surface of the water. On October 11, 1995, more than 4600 barrels of LAPIO were discharged into the lower Mississippi River at mile 126, Above Head of Passes. Through creative engineering techniques nearly 50% of the oil was recovered from the bottom of the river. This paper covers the summary of events, the problems encountered, and the federal on-scene coordinator's recommendations for future group V oil spill response.
RESPONSE TO THE APOLLO SEA OIL SPILL, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Moldan Anton 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On June 22, 1994, reports were received that some badly oiled penguins had come ashore at a seabird breeding colony on Dassen Island, northwest of Cape Town. An on-site inspection the following morning revealed that a few hundred birds had been oiled and that oil was present at various locations around the island. This was the first indication that a major oil spill had occurred. There had been no forewarning; it was only discovered 7 days after the fact that a bulk carrier, the Apollo Sea, had sailed with a full load of iron ore from Saldanha Bay and 4 hours later had suffered a catastrophic fracture and had sunk in storm conditions off the Cape coast. All 36 crew members were lost, and 2400 tons of heavy fuel oil were spilled into the sea. No report had been received by the authorities that this casualty had occurred. The spillage of this oil resulted in the most complex and costly cleanup operation in South Africa to date.
VALIDATION AND USE OF SPILL IMPACT MODELING FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Authors: French Deborah P. , Rines Henry M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
SIMAP (Spill Impact Model Application Package) is Applied Science Associates’ spill impact model system. The system is designed to simulate the fates and effects of spilled oils and fuels, to allow for an evaluation of the effectiveness of spill response activities, and to evaluate the probabilities of trajectories and resulting impacts. The physical fates and biological effects models in SIMAP are based on those in the CERCLA type A model for natural resource damage assessments (NRDAs), documented in French et al. (1996a). SIMAP may be used for real-time spill simulation, contingency planning, and natural resource damage and ecological risk assessments.
The physical fates and biological effects models in SIMAP and the NRDA type A model were validated using data from 27 oil spills. The success of a model simulation depends on both the algorithms and the accuracy of the input data. The results of the validation, described herein, verify the model algorithms. The most important input data in determining accuracy of results are winds, currents, and biological abundances of the most affected species. Thus the model system, when applied with accurate environmental and biological data inputs, can quantitatively and objectively estimate the impacts of oil spills into aquatic systems.
NORTH CAPE OIL SPILL NRDA PROCESS UNDER OPA 1990
Authors: Csulak Frank , Helton Douglas , Manen Carol-Ann , Meade Norman , Matera Marguerite 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On January 19, 1996, the tank borge North Cape and the tug Scandia grounded on Moonstone Beach in southern Rhode Island, spilling 828,000 gallons of no. 2 heating oil into Block Island Sound. Just 2 weeks prior to the grounding, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) had published the final natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) rule for the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA). The North Cape oil spill became the first opportunity to implement the new NRDA rules. One of the key provisions of the NRDA rule is the requirement that trustees must invite the responsible parties (RP) to participate in a cooperative assessment of damages. If the trustees and the RP can agree to perform the initial phases of an assessment cooperatively, the chances of achieving a fair settlement and avoiding protracted litigation are expected to be enhanced. The cooperative approach should also reduce overall transaction costs, facilitate settlement, and result in a more rapid implementation of restoration projects. This paper presents an overview of the cooperative natural resource damage assessment process being undertaken by the trustees and the RPs following the North Cape oil spill and highlights some of the lessons learned in conducting a cooperative assessment.
RESPONSE INFORMATION FLOW MANAGEMENT: CONSIDERATIONS FOR PLANNING AND TRAINING
Authors: Hall Christopher , Murphy John , Benggio LCDR Bradford 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Spill responses are information-intensive events. The Incident Command System (ICS) does not adequately address the concepts and techniques of response information management, particularly the internal information flow used to manage the response. Automated systems based on Incident Command System forms do not provide the solution. Response information management procedures must be planned. Both internal and external information needs must be identified so that resources can be allocated to ensure effective information flow.
Personnel at all levels in a response need to understand the concept of proactive, aggressive information management. This paper reviews lessons learned from spill exercises and actual spill responses over the past 5 years. It also discusses considerations for improving the flow of information within the ICS. It recommends specific training and planning guidelines for gathering, displaying, and distributing response information.
MARINE OIL SPILL RESPONSE OPTIONS: THE MANUAL
Authors: Robertson Scott B. , Steen Alexis , Pavia Robert , Skewes LCDR David , Walker Ann Hayward 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When planning response activities for an oil spill, decision makers must react to a wide range of circumstances. Decisions will vary depending on the type of petroleum product spilled and the nature of the impacted habitat. Response decisions will be based on tradeoffs dealing with the environmental consequences of the spilled oil and the response method selected, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of the method. A new manual, Marine Oil Spill Response Options for Minimizing Environmental Impacts, is being jointly produced by industry and government to facilitate decision making for both prespill planning and incident response. Guidance will be provided through matrix tables indicating the relative environmental consequences of the different response options used for various categories of oil in open water and shoreline habitats. This paper describes the contents of the new manual.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITIES’ HANDLING OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY'S OIL POLLUTION PREPAREDNESS IN NORWAY
Authors: Natvig Kirsti 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The first oil field off the coast of Norway initiated production in the early 1970s. Today 33 oil fields are being exploited by the petroleum industry. A further 8 sites are under development, and promising exploration activity is taking place in new areas. Some of these areas are particularly sensitive from an environmental point of view. Since the Bravo blowout in 1977 there has been no major accident involving an oil spill. Overall experience from supervision indicates that petroleum activities are carried out within adequate safety limits. According to the legislative framework for supervision of oil pollution in the petroleum activity, conditions are to be specified by the authorities prior to every exploration and production activity. The design of the recovery system is to be specified by the operator, based on the dimensions of the oil spill. The stipulation is that all production installations can be reached within given response periods, depending on the location of the installation in relation to environmentally sensitive resources. The Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT) is responsible for the national oil spill contingency plan. The petroleum industry shall ensure that its contingency plans are tailored to the actual environmental risk. The environmental authorities have been working on the development of a model to define which regions are to be classified as particularly sensitive. This has led to the implementation of legislation that is of interest to both the industry and the authorities.
NATIONAL PREPAREDNESS FOR RESPONSE EXERCISE PROGRAM (PREP): IMPROVING AREA CONTINGENCY PLANS1
Authors: Kurgan W. Michael , Cashman Dennis 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The primary goal of the National Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP) is the enhancement of the overall preparedness of the nation to respond to oil spills. A specific objective of the program is improvement of area contingency plans (ACPs). This paper assesses whether the PREP program and its impact through the evaluation process has resulted in improvements to ACPs.
Six 1995 government-led area exercise evaluation reports were analyzed. Each report was produced by a report development team with representation from the industry and state, local, and federal governments. Additionally, the Incident Specific Preparedness Review report of the response to the Houston area San Jacinto River oil spill in October 1994 was reviewed. Conclusions based on the analysis of these reports are as follows: PREP area exercises have been effective in providing substantial feedback to AC? holders by identifying numerous areas for improvement; PREP area exercises have been effective in making changes to ACPs; and PREP area exercises are effective in producing an evaluation report rich in observations, lessons learned, and recommended actions that are shared worldwide through the Internet in the PREP Lessons Learned System.
BURNING OF OILED LOUISIANA COASTAL MARSH: FIELD EVALUATION
Authors: DeLaune R. D. , Lindau C. W. , Devai I. , Henry C. B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Burning was evaluated as a method of remediating oiled Louisiana Spartina alterniflora salt marsh. A short-term reduction in plant biomass was observed; however, 1 year after burning, plant biomass was the same as in control plots. A comparison of the normal alkane profile in the soil residue following oiling to preburn oil showed a loss of more volatile hydrocarbons. Similar patterns were observed for aromatic hydrocarbons. More than half the aromatic hydrocarbons detected in the plume were derived from unburned hydrocarbons. Carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide were the main sulfur gases found in the smoke plume.
CRIMINAL PENALTIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL VIOLATIONS: CAN THE ISM CODE HELP?
Authors: Geiger Susan B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The maritime industry is “on the top of the list” of the Justice Department for criminal enforcement efforts relating to violations of environmental laws. Many companies in the industry have already paid million dollar fines for violations. Some company officials and vessel officers are already in jail; others are awaiting trial. If undertaken correctly, implementation of the ISM Code may help vessel owners avoid or mitigate criminal penalties for environmental violations.