bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HOW TO LIST A NEW PRODUCT ON THE NATIONAL OIL AND HAZARDOUS POLLUTION, SUBPART J PRODUCT SCHEDULE
Authors: DeHaven Leigh , Tirrell Rebecca 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In light of the recently updated U.S. Coast Guard Regulation for Vessel Response Plans, which include requirements for vessel dispersant response capabilities and with the recent expansion of many U.S. Coastal Dispersant ?reauthorization Zones, it is important that both alternative oil spill chemical countermeasure product manufacturers and oil spill responders have an understanding of the National Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution, Subpart J Product Schedule (NCP Product Schedule). The NCP Product Schedule lists alternative chemical countermeasures which may be used in oil spills in the United States if authorized by a Federal On-Scene Coordinator with consultation from the Regional Response Team including local Trustees. The product types currently listed on the NCP Product Schedule include dispersants, surface washing agents, bioremediation agents and miscellaneous oil spill control agents. Sorbents are also defined in the NCP Product Schedule, but they may or may not be required to be listed on the NCP Product Schedule depending upon their composition. The unauthorized use of oil spill chemical countermeasure products listed on the NCP Product Schedule on an on water oil spill is a violation of the Clean Water Act. In addition, the use of chemical products that are not listed on the NCP Product Schedule on oil spills on waters of the United States is also a violation of the Clean Water Act.
Before a chemical countermeasure product is used during an oil spill in waters of the United States, new products must meet the data requirements stated in Subpart J of the NCP Product Schedule regulation (40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 300.900). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maintains and updates the NCP Product Schedule. The EPA reviews the required data packages for new products and regularly updates the NCP Product Schedule and Technical Notebook on the NCP Product Schedule website (www.epa.gov/emergencies). This paper and poster will outline the steps to list a new product and provide background information on the NCP Product Schedule.
BUSINESS CONTROLS TO ENSURE RESPONSE READINESS - MEASUREMENT FOR SUCCESS
Authors: Linderman Ken R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Alaska Clean Seas has developed and implemented a business management control system. We gathered data from the information-based systems currently in place, identify what type of information is critical to our response business, assessed the risk, and ensure control activities are in place to help us better run and manage our response organization.
The goal is effective response readiness management. Business controls need to be clearly understood to relate to response readiness performance and compliance needs to be fully integrated with the organization culture, structure and business processes.
The challenge is to ensure the response readiness controls are communicated, understood, followed, monitored, revised, and reported as required.
In order to stay on target you need to create a game plan that is transparent to the entire staff. ACS has designed a Response Readiness “Scorecard” to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories:Accurate response equipment inventoryReliable preventative maintenance of response equipmentStaff Response Readiness - Call-Out DrillsLessons Learned follow upPersonnel Response Readiness - Compliance trainingContractor Response ReadinessResponse Readiness Reports
The ACS Response Readiness Scorecard includes the following elements:Key ObjectiveDescriptionKey Performance IndicatorTarget Performance
Getting employees to accept and feel ownership in a business control system is essential. Time was spent explaining why response readiness controls are being put into place.
The Oil Spill Response Industry is dynamic and constantly faces new challenges and opportunities. Having developed response readiness controls, along with performing risk assessments, ACS certainly has a better handle on the question “Are we ready”?
“Measure the critical few, not the trivial many”
ROLES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL UNIT: SUCCESS AND THE ATHOS I SPILL RESPONSE1
Authors: Levine Ed , Ott Gary 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On November 26, 2004, the tanker Athos I struck several submerged objects, resulting in the release of an estimated 264,000 gallons of Bachaquero Venezuelan crude oil into the Delaware River near West Deptford, New Jersey. The magnitude of the potential impacts from this release prompted the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) to stand up an incident Command System (ICS) to manage response activities.
As part of this Incident Command structure, the Planning Section implemented an Environmental Unit (EU). The EU Leader is responsible for assessing the environmental conditions or impacts related to an incident and develop strategies to minimize those impacts. The NOAA Scientific Support Coordinator (SSC) was requested by the Federal On-Scene Coordinator to fill the position of EU Leader.
The response lasted almost one year. Throughout the event the EU was an essential component of the response management structure, capable of building up or scaling down as the workload demanded. Multiple federal, state, and local government personnel, as well as contractors staffed the EU and tackled the complex and often first-time issues as they were presented. Three factors critical to the successful response, and in which the EU played key rolls were: 1) change and adaptation in organizational structure during the response, 2) scientific and technological support for Decision Makers, and 3) effective use of information management tools that demonstrate organizational competence. This paper highlights those three factor, describes the scientific and technological issues the EU dealt with, and how the EU helped to achieve organizational success.
BUSINESS PRINCIPLES FOR INCIDENT COMMANDERS: WHAT THEY DIDN'T TEACH YOU IN ICS
Authors: Dix Mark 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Successful companies interpret the business landscape they operate in, adapt to changes in that environment and acquire the resources necessary to produce sufficient agility so they can continue to be learning organizations and prosper. Response efforts can resemble overnight conglomerate corporate structures with diverging or disparate missions, lack coherent strategy amongst units, or mismatch organizational structure to their position in the lifecycle of their business. The National Incident Management System (NIMS) Incident Command System (ICS) adopted by many Federal agencies for use in response management promotes many sound business practices but needs to equip senior management (incident commanders) with the tools necessary to create, run and disassemble their businesses effectively. What does the steward of a small, sometimes multi-million dollar business need to know to shepherd their organization through a business “lifecycle”? Key small business principles for efficient management of a short duration organization ought to reside in the ICS-400 curriculum. A starter assortment of “things they didn't teach you in ICS” is presented.
DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS TESTING ON VISCOUS, U.S. OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF CRUDE OILS AND WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIONS AT OHMSETT
Authors: Belore Randy , Lewis Alun , Guarino Alan , Mullin Joe 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Two separate projects were funded by the US Minerals Management Service to study the dispersibility of viscous crude oils and water-in-oil emulsions. The objective of the first study was to determine the viscosity limit for the effectiveness of chemical dispersants applied to viscous US Outer Continental Shelf crude oils of varied origin. The objective of the second study was to determine the effectiveness of chemical dispersants when applied to water-in-oil emulsions and to determine if similar viscosity limits exist for successful dispersion of emulsions as for non-emulsified crude oils.
In both programs, preliminary tests were completed in the small-scale wave tank at SL Ross. Full-scale tests were completed at The National Oil Spill Response Test Facility (Ohmsett) in Leonardo, New Jersey in April 2005 (viscous oils) and December 2005 (emulsions).
In the emulsion dispersion program, tests were conducted with both Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527 dispersants. Only Corexit 9500 was used in the viscous oil dispersion testing.
In the viscous oil test program, the effectiveness of the dispersant was influenced by both oil type (viscosity) and to a lesser extent by DOR. In general, the oils with viscosities lower than 6,500 cP were dispersible to a significant degree, whereas the oils with viscosities of 33,000 cP and greater were not. Oils between 6,500 and 33,000 cP were not available for testing to identify dispersant effectiveness between these two viscosities.
ENSURING THE MOST APPROPRIATE OIL SPILL TREATMENT PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE – A REVIEW OF TOXICITY TESTING AND APPROVAL ISSUES IN THE UK
Authors: Kirby Mark F. , Devoy Bryony , Law Robin J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill treatment products in the UK are a key option in response scenarios. It is recognised that their appropriate usage can significantly reduce net environmental impact. However, the approval process for products in the UK is strictly regulated and all must undergo an approval process before they can be used in UK marine waters. This requires the product to pass both efficacy and toxicity assessments. The toxicity assessment comprises a ‘Sea and ‘Rocky Shore’ test and is primarily based on a toxicity comparison between mechanically dispersed oil (untreated) and oil under the same conditions but treated with the product. The premise being that the addition of product should not significantly increase the toxicity of the oil alone.
The current toxicity and efficiency testing protocols have been in place for 30 years and the last review of the scheme took place in 1993. The UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) are the regulatory body and have launched another review of the scheme during 2007 to establish whether the process continues to provide the most appropriate means of ensuring that safe and effective products are available to UK responders.
The review will take the form of a wide ranging public consultation. Particular issues that are being considered include; the continued requirement for products to pass both toxicity assessments; the need to test dispersants as a type 2 (water-diluted) or type 3 (neat) separately; the need to approve products for specific use against different oil types, especially heavier fuel and weathered oils; the need to take into account the fact that many modern dispersants are effective at lower product:oil ratios than used in the current test process; the performance of products under different conditions of salinity and/or temperature; the need for specific test development for other product types (e.g. surface cleaners) or to make the process more efficient (e.g. combined efficacy and toxicity test).
The UK Government wishes to ensure that responders have the option of selecting the best product for tackling each oil spill scenario providing that environmental protection is not compromised. It is intended that the outcome of the review will be to facilitate this even more so than at present. This paper will describe the background to the issues being considered in the review, why they may be significant and will give a preliminary overview of initial conclusions.
RECOVERY OF OIL TRAPPED IN SHIP-WRECKS: THE DIFIS CONCEPT
Authors: Cozijn J.L. , Andritsos F. , Konstantinopoulos P.A. , Charatsis K. J. , Derdas C. , Mazarakos D. , Kostopoulos V. , Hoornstra D. , Pena A. Arnedo , Candini L. , Ametler S. , Fidani A. , Castex A. , Delauze M. , Drogou J. F. , Lívèque J. P. , Davies P. , Montandon C. , Geffard F. , Pecot F. , Estrada V. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A method for the prompt and cost-effective intervention and remediation of tanker wrecks dealing with eventual leaks and recovering the fuel trapped in their tanks, even at considerable depths, is described. The method is of general applicability as long as the trapped pollutant does not dissolve and is of lower density than sea water. It relies on gravity to channel the flow of spilt fuel towards the surface. Instead of channeling the flow directly to the surface, the fuel-water mix is directed to a buffer reservoir/separator some 30–50 m below the sea surface so as not to be affected by rough weather. This is achieved by means of a light, quickly deployable flexible structure that should stay in place until all the tanks of the wreck are emptied and the pollution threat eliminated. The buffer reservoir, into which the spilt fuel is channelled, is provided with standard equipment through which shuttle vessels, weather permitting, can recover the fuel rapidly, using standard off-shore equipment and procedures.
VEGETATION RESPONSE AND SEDIMENT POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON ATTENUATION IN A CAREXMARSH IN HOWE SOUND, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA FOLLOWING A SPILL OF BUNKER C Fuel Oil
Authors: Challenger Greg , Sergy Gary , Graham Andy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A spill of Bunker C fuel oil in Howe Sound, British Columbia, Canada in August 2006 affected approximately 10.5 acres (4.2 hectares) of marsh habitat unique to the Pacific Northwest. A cleanup approach to reduce impacts from response actions was balanced with a desire to remove all residual oil. Cleanup techniques that were used include flushing, cutting, raking, passive sorbent collection, natural recovery, and manual excavation (sediment removal). Evaluation of the habitat response relative to oiling conditions and treatments was undertaken by examining vegetation indices in treatment and control areas and temporal changes in sediment concentrations of poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). One year post-spill results suggest that the amount or degree of oiling on the dominant vegetation, Carex lyngbyei and ?leocharis palustris, had little or no apparent effect, or was insignificant in comparison to the impact of the treatment. Vegetation cutting alone had no positive or negative effect on vegetation recovery indices. Treatments which were aggressive in physically disturbing the sediments and root systems of the marsh (heavy trampling, heavy scraping, excavation and/or excessive trampling) retarded vegetation recovery in oiled and unoiled habitats and prolonged oil persistence in comparison to non aggressive treatment, vegetation cutting alone or natural recovery. Mechanical damage was the best predictor of ?AH persistence.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF TAPIS CRUDE OIL AND DISPERSED CRUDE OIL ON SUBTIDAL ZOSTERA CAPRICORNI
Authors: Wilson K. G. , Ralph P. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill mitigation managers need to know the effects of chemical dispersants on subtidal seagrass in order to determine the least net environmental impact of their actions. The decision-making process for chemical dispersant use in Australia, known as Net Environmental Benefit Analysis, is compromised in near shore areas due to a lack of information on dispersed oil impacts on subtidal seagrasses. This study aimed to determine the toxic effects of crude oil, dispersed and non-dispersed, on subtidal seagrass and to quantify the exposure amount.
Zostera capricorni plants were exposed to a range of concentrations of different oil and dispersant combinations in the field. ?hotosynthetic health was measured using Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) fluorometry and chlorophyll pigment analysis. Oil concentration was calculated in relative oil units using Ultraviolet Fluoresence (UVF) spectrophotometry.
Limited photo synthetic impact was detected in Z. capricorni exposed to the water soluble fraction of the non-dispersed Tapis crude oil treatments. No significant photo synthetic impact was evident in the dispersed Tapis crude oil treatment even though the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration in these treatments was higher than in the non-dispersed Tapis crude oil treatments. Plants from both treatments recovered following replenishment from the surrounding seawater. A substantial reduction of the total petroleum hydrocarbons within the mesoscosms over the 10 hour exposure period was evident and would likely suggest a rapid loss of the toxic mixture to the sediments rather than assimilation by the seagrass.
EVALUATION OF TOLERANCE LIMITS FOR RESTORATION AND PHYTOREMEDIATION WITH SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORAIN CRUDE OIL-CONTAMINATED COASTAL SALT MARSHES
Authors: Lin Qianxin , Mendelssohn Irving A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Information and knowledge about the oil tolerance of native coastal plants are limited, but are essential for restoring and remediating oil impacted habitats. Spartina alterniflora is the dominant native salt marsh plant species along the Northern Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coast; the presence of this species is important to sustain healthy coastal salt marshes. The crude oil tolerance limits of S. alterniflora and its capacity to phytoremediate South Louisiana crude (SLC) oil in marsh sediments were investigated in a greenhouse. Spartina alterniflora was transplanted into marsh sediments contaminated with SLC at concentrations of 0, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640 and 800 mg/g. Plant photo synthetic rate, stem density, shoot height, aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were analyzed periodically during a one-year plant growth cycle to determine the oil tolerance limits of S. alterniflora. Most plant parameters were significantly lower at 320 and 640 mg/g of SLC oil in the soil compared to the control. No plants survived at the 800 mg/g SLC oil dosage. The tolerance limits of Spartina alterniflora were estimated between 320 mg/g and 640 mg/g of SLC oil in the soil. Furthermore, phytoremediation with S. alterniflora enhanced oil degradation; residual concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the phytoremediation treatment with S. alterniflora were significantly lower than those in oiled, unvegetated sediments for both the surface and subsurface soil at the 40 and 160 mg/g oil dosages one year after treatment. The current study shows the promise of using coastal marsh vegetation for restoring crude oil-impacted coastal wetlands and enhancing oil spill cleanup.
COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF TWO OIL TYPES AND TWO DISPERSANTS ON THE GROWTH OF A SEASHORE GRASS, PASPALUM VAGINATUM(SWARTZ)
Authors: Ibemesim Ruth I. , Bamidele Joseph F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The present study consists of assessing the effects of Abura heavy crude petroleum oil (AC) and Oredo light crude petroleum oil (OC) on the survival of Paspalum vaginatum. The effectiveness of two dispersants, Goldcrew and Corexit 9527, in removing oil from P. vaginatum previously sprayed with either Abura of Oredo crude petroleum oil was assessed, the effect of time of dispersant application following crude oil pollution on growth and survival of P. vaginatum was also studied. Plants treated with AC recovered after 8 days while 100% mortality was recorded for plants treated with OC + Corexit 9527 (O24C0 and O48C0). Corexit 9527 was not effective in ameliorating the lethal effects of Oredo crude oil. Although, P. vaginatum recovery was apparent 70 days after AC pollution and after cleaning with Goldcrew (A24GCand A48GC), both treatments resulted in significant (P &lt;0.05) lower biomass and stem density compared to control. It is concluded that plants cleaned with Goldcrew dispersant after 24 h recovered faster than those cleaned after 48 h. Exposure of P. vaginatum to light crude oil or light crude oil + Corexit 9527 is detrimental and can inhibit growth where as it will recover when exposed to heavy crude oil or heavy crude oil + Goldcrew.
NUMERICAL MODELING OF OIL SPILLS IN THE INLAND WATERWAYS OF THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA
Authors: Danchuk S. , Willson C.S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The demand for fossil fuels is driving the rapid expansion of the petroleum industry'S infrastructure. Louisiana'S wetlands are the most industrialized in the world. The oil industry has infiltrated every part of the Lower Mississippi River Delta (LMRD) from the fixed facilities and transport vessels traveling along inland waterways, the pipelines and canals running through the wetlands, and the offshore platforms along the Gulf of Mexico coastline. An oil spill could seriously damage the coastal wetlands that are already rapidly degrading, pollute the water supply, destroy wildlife habitat, and impact other natural economic and social resources. Additionally, proposed coastal restoration initiatives such as freshwater diversions could provide a conduit for spills to travel from the river to open wetland areas. Current inland oil fate and transport models cannot automatically be applied in the deltaic environment because they do not represent the high degree of minerals and fines in suspension, the unique characteristics of the shorelines, or the potential flow into the wetland areas. Thus, a three- dimensional oil fate and transport model was developed to investigate the behavior of oil spilled in the unique environment of the LMRD, assess the vulnerability at specific locations such as freshwater diversions from the river, and provide information for contingency and remediation plans.
Simulations of the hydrodynamics of the LMRD were generated using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Adaptive Hydraulics (ADH) modeling code. The model simulates the physical and chemical processes affecting the fate of a surface oil spill including slick advection and spreading, the vertical transport of dissolved and emulsified parcels, evaporation, dissolution, adsorption, sedimentation, re-suspension and degradation. The model estimates the distribution of oil in the surface slick, water column, sediments and atmosphere. Almost seventy percent of the Mississippi River'S sediment load is comprised of finer materials. The model is unique in using empirical predictions to describe oil'S interactions with fine suspended material and muddy shorelines. Hypothetical spills representative of the type and location of spills commonly occurring in the region were simulated to investigate the sensitivity of the system to the unique parameters. This model was developed to take advantage of the latest advances in computational fluid dynamics and weathering algorithms, while focusing on the complex hydraulics and sediment characteristics local to the Lower Mississippi River Delta.