bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Mesoscale Topography on Tropical Cyclone Tracks: Further Examination of the Channeling Effect
Authors: Wu Chun-Chieh , Li Tsung-Han , Huang Yi-Hsuan 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Observations have documented typhoons experiencing pronounced track deflection before making landfall in Taiwan. In this study, idealized full-physics model experiments are conducted to assess the orographic influence on tropical cyclone (TC) track. An intense and westward-moving TC is simulated to approach the bell-shaped terrain imitating the Taiwan topography. Sensitivity numerical experiments are carried out to evaluate the topographic effect under different flow regimes and parameters, such as TC intensity, terrain height, and incident angle of the TC movement toward the topography. All the presented simulated storms experience southward track deflection prior to landfall. Different from the mechanism related to the channeling-effect-induced low-level northerly jet as suggested in previous studies, this study indicates the leading role of the northerly asymmetric flow in the midtroposphere in causing the southward deflection of the simulated TC tracks. The midtropospheric northerly asymmetric flow forms as a result of the wind speeds restrained east of the storm center and winds enhanced/maintained west of the storm center. In all, this study highlights a new mechanism that contributes to the terrain-induced southward track deflection in addition to the traditional channeling effect.
Onset of the Rainy Seasons in the Eastern Indochina Peninsula
Authors: Nguyen-Le Dzung , Matsumoto Jun , Ngo-Duc Thanh 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The onset dates of rainy season over the eastern Indochina Peninsula (8.5°–23.5°N, 100°–110°E) are objectively determined for individual years from 1958 to 2007 using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. On average, the onset of the summer rainy season (SRS) determined by EOF1 is 6 May, with a standard deviation of 13 days. The autumn rainy season (ARS) indicated by EOF2 has a mean onset and standard deviation of 16 September and 12 days, respectively. The SRS onset is characterized by the evolution of summer monsoon westerlies and the northward propagation of strong convection from the equatorial region. Conversely, the withdrawal of the summer monsoon over northeastern Indochina in late summer–early autumn favors the ARS onset. Both onsets are strongly associated with intraseasonal oscillation on 30–60- and 10–20-day time scales.
Examination of the precursory signals associated with the early/late onsets of both SRS and ARS implies that ENSO has a significant impact on their year-to-year variations. In La Niña years, the subsequent SRS tends to have early onsets. Simultaneously, the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) weakens and retreats eastward earlier. In contrast, advanced ARS onset generally occurs during an El Niño–developing autumn with weakened equatorial easterlies and suppressed convection over the central Indian Ocean from the preceding summer, as evident in weakened Walker circulation. However, robust precursory signals in SST are observed only from midsummer (July–August). An earlier ARS onset is also associated with the development of an anomalous Philippine Sea anticyclone and a westward-extended WPSH from midsummer. However, no coherent correlation is found between the late onset and La Niña.
Feline hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Parker Valerie J , Gilor Chen , Chew Dennis J 
Published: April 2015

Practical relevance: Hyperparathyroidism exists in primary and secondary forms. Primary hyperparathyroidism has typically been considered a disease that uncommonly affects cats, but this condition is more prevalent than previous diagnoses would suggest. Secondary hyperparathyroidism may be caused by either nutritional influences (ie, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism) or chronic kidney disease (ie, renal secondary hyperparathyroidism). Tertiary hyperparathyroidism has yet to be documented in veterinary medicine, but it is possible that this condition occurs in some cats following longstanding renal secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clinical challenges: Diagnosis of this group of calcium metabolic disorders presents a number of challenges for the clinician. For example, clinical signs can be non-specific and, especially in the case of primary hyperparathyroidism, there is often a low index of suspicion for the disease; careful sample handling is required for testing of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and ionized calcium levels; and there is currently no feline-specific assay for PTH, which has implications for test sensitivity and interpretation of results. Aims: This article briefly outlines PTH and calcium physiology by way of introduction to a review of PTH measurement and interpretation. Various forms of feline hyperparathyroidism are then described, encompassing diagnosis and treatment options.
Hybrid Si nanocones/PEDOT:PSS solar cell
Authors: Wang Hao , Wang Jianxiong , Rusli ᅟ 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Periodic silicon nanocones (SiNCs) with different periodicities are fabricated by dry etching of a Si substrate patterned using monolayer polystyrene (PS) nanospheres as a mask. Hybrid Si/PEDOT:PSS solar cells based on the SiNCs are then fabricated and characterized in terms of their optical, electrical, and photovoltaic properties. The optical properties of the SiNCs are also investigated using theoretical simulation based on the finite element method. The SiNCs reveal excellent light trapping ability as compared to a planar Si substrate. It is found that the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the hybrid cells decreases with increasing periodicity of the SiNCs. The highest PCE of 7.1% is achieved for the SiNC hybrid cell with a 400-nm periodicity, due to the strong light trapping near the peak of the solar spectrum and better current collection efficiency.

PACS: 81.07.-b; 81.16.-c; 88.40.hj
Evolutionary dynamics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus within a healthcare system
Authors: Hsu Li-Yang , Harris Simon R , Chlebowicz Monika A , Lindsay Jodi A , Koh Tse-Hsien , Krishnan Prabha , Tan Thean-Yen , Hon Pei-Yun , Grubb Warren B , Bentley Stephen D , Parkhill Julian , Peacock Sharon J , Holden Matthew TG 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Background
In the past decade, several countries have seen gradual replacement of endemic multi-resistant healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with clones that are more susceptible to antibiotic treatment. One example is Singapore, where MRSA ST239, the dominant clone since molecular profiling of MRSA began in the mid-1980s, has been replaced by ST22 isolates belonging to EMRSA-15, a recently emerged pandemic lineage originating from Europe.

Results
We investigated the population structure of MRSA in Singaporean hospitals spanning three decades, using whole genome sequencing. Applying Bayesian phylogenetic methods we report that prior to the introduction of ST22, the ST239 MRSA population in Singapore originated from multiple introductions from the surrounding region; it was frequently transferred within the healthcare system resulting in a heterogeneous hospital population. Following the introduction of ST22 around the beginning of the millennium, this clone spread rapidly through Singaporean hospitals, supplanting the endemic ST239 population. Coalescent analysis revealed that although the genetic diversity of ST239 initially decreased as ST22 became more dominant, from 2007 onwards the genetic diversity of ST239 began to increase once more, which was not associated with the emergence of a sub-clone of ST239. Comparative genomic analysis of the accessory genome of the extant ST239 population identified that the Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element arose multiple times, thereby introducing genes associated with enhanced skin colonization into this population.

Conclusions
Our results clearly demonstrate that, alongside clinical practice and antibiotic usage, competition between clones also has an important role in driving the evolution of nosocomial pathogen populations.
High yield lactic acid selective oxidation into acetic acid over a Mo-V-Nb mixed oxide catalyst
Authors: Lomate Samadhan , Katryniok Benjamin , Dumeignil Franck , Paul Sébastien 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In this paper, we report for the first time a one-pot reaction enabling total transformation of lactic acid to acetic acid over a Mo-V-Nb mixed oxide catalyst having an optimal atomic ratio 19:5:1. The mechanism of the reaction consists in two parallel ways leading to acetic acid: (i) oxi-dehydrogenation of lactic acid to pyruvic acid followed by decarboxylation and (ii) decarbonylation of lactic acid to acetaldehyde followed by oxidation. In the operating conditions we used, the catalyst is very active (total conversion of lactic acid) and selective towards acetic acid (100% selectivity). A 100% yield into acetic acid is hence obtained.
Chemical characterization and antioxidative activity of four 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaroyl (HMG)-substituted flavonoid glycosides from Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther
Authors: Liu Hsin-Yi , Peng Hsin-Yi , Hsu Shih-Lan , Jong Ting-Ting , Chou Su-Tze 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Background

Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther is a popular traditional Chinese herb and possesses several health benefits. In earlier studies, we demonstrated that G. paraguayense showed no genotoxicity and showed several biological activities. However, the constituents of G. paraguayense have not been studied yet. In this present study, we isolated and identified the constituents of the leaves of G. paraguayense E. Walther.

Results
A total of seven flavonoid compounds were isolated from the methanolic extract of G. paraguayense. The four major compounds isolated were flavonoid glucoside derivatives of quercetin (1, 3) and kampferol (2, 4), each presenting a 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaroyl (HMG) substituent; compounds 3 and 4—the 2´´-acetyl derivatives of 1 and 2, respectively—are novel compounds isolated from nature for the first time. High-performance liquid chromatography for the quantitative analyses of the four major HMG-substituted flavonoid glycosides in G. paraguayense E. Walther were accomplished to acquire the high yields of 1–4 in the methanolic extract (4.8, 5.7, 4.3, and 2.5 mg/g, respectively). Furthermore, the antioxidant activities, including radical-scavenging, reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects of these isolated flavonoids were also evaluated. All seven of the isolated flavonoid compounds possessed antioxdative activity.

Conclusions
In this study of the constituents of the leaves of G. paraguayense E. Walther, we isolated four major components from its methanolic extract and determined their structures to be (acetylated) HMG-substituted flavonol glycosides, which are rare in nature. All seven of the isolated compounds possessed antioxdative activity, and those flavonoid compounds may be responsible for the functional ingredients in G. paraguayense. Further investigation of their bioactivities or pharmacological activities will be continued.
Electron beam effect on biomaterials I: focusing on bone graft materials
Authors: Kim Soung Min , Fan Huan , Cho Yun Ju , Eo Mi Young , Park Ji Hyun , Kim Byung Nam , Lee Byung Cheol , Lee Suk Keun 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Background
To develop biocompatible bony regeneration materials, allogenic, xenogenic and synthetic bones have been irradiated by an electron beam to change the basic structures of their inorganic materials. The optimal electron beam energy and individual dose have not been established for maximizing the bony regeneration capacity in electron beam irradiated bone.

Results

Commercial products consisting of four allogenic bones, six xenogenic bones, and six synthetic bones were used in this study. We used 1.0-MeV and 2.0 MeV linear accelerators (power: 100 KW, pressure; 115 kPa, temperature; -30 to 120°C, sensor sensitivity: 0.1-1.2 mV/kPa, generating power sensitivity: 44.75 mV/kPa, supply voltage: 50.25 V), and a microtrone with different individual irradiation doses such as 60 kGy and 120 kGy. Additional
in vitro
analyses were performed by elementary analysis using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).
In vivo
clinical, radiographic, and micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) with bone marrow density (BMD) analysis was performed in 8- and 16-week-old Spraque-Dawley rats with calvarial defect grafts.

Conclusions
Electron beam irradiation of bony substitutes has four main effects: the cross-linking of biphasic calcium phosphate bony apatite, chain-scissioning, the induction of rheological changes, and microbiological sterilization. These novel results and conclusions are the effects of electron beam irradiation.
Sports cardiology: lessons from the past and perspectives for the future
Authors: Leischik Roman 
Published: April 2015

The possibility of myocardial damage as a result of endurance sport has been known about since ancient times. According to a leg­end, a soldier named Pheidippides (more likely Philippides) dropped dead after run­ning from war-torn Marathon to Athens with the news of victory. Millennia later, we do not know whether he was a soldier or a courier, or whether he really ran the entire 240 km from Athens to Sparta and then back from Marathon to Athens. What is clear however, is that his death went down in history as the first documented exercise-related death and provides a tangible starting-point for the discipline of sport cardiology.Sports cardiology today covers a broad range of areas; from patients with cardiomyopathies, coronary disease and metabolic syndrome through to fitness fans, high-performance athletes and those with physically demanding professions.The following editorial introduces the primary topics for discussion to be included in the F1000Research channel Sports cardiology with the hope that this will evoke open, controversial and broad discourse in the form of reviews and original research papers in this important field.
Abundância e Diversidade de Coleópteros de Solo em Fragmentos de Capoeira ao Entorno da Zona Urbana do Município de Uruará-PA, Brasil.
Authors: Cajaiba Reinaldo Lucas , Da Silva Wully Barreto 
Published: April 2015

A ação humana vem transformando as paisagens florestais em fragmentos isolados de remanescentes, podendo levar muitas espécies à extinção. Desta maneira se faz necessário a realização de estudos para o conhecimento e adequada caracterização da fauna de solo e, por conseguinte sua preservação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar a fauna de coleópteros em um fragmento florestal ao entorno da cidade de Uruará, PA. Para tanto, utilizou-se armadilhas tipo pitfall não iscadas para a coleta. O fragmento foi dividido em quatro transectos, com armadilhas instaladas ao longo da borda (T1), 50 m (T2), 100 m (T3) e 200 m (T4). Foram coletados 196 indivíduos, classificados em sete famílias e 34 espécies/morfoespécies. A família que apresentou a maior abundância foi a Curculionidae representando 56,40% da abundância, tendo o gênero Xyleborus sp. a maior dominância. Através do índice de Diversidade de Shanon, observou-se que a área de borda apresentou a menor diversidade e maior dominância (índice de Berger-Parker). Através da curva de acumulação e dos estimadores de espécies, ficou evidenciado que a área de estudo apresenta uma quantidade superior de espécies ao encontrado no presente estudo, e que pesquisas futuras são necessárias para um melhor acompanhamento das alterações que ocorrem nos fragmentos florestais com a finalidade de propor medidas de menor impacto e preservação dessa biodiversidade.
Abundance and Diversity of Ground Dwelling Beetles (Arthropoda: Insecta) in Fragments of Shrubbery Vegetation (Capoeira) in the Surroundings of the Urban Zone of Uruará City-PA, Brazil

Abstract. Human action has been transforming forest landscapes into isolated fragments, which may lead to the extinction of many species. Therefore, studies should be conducted to provide knowledge and the appropriate characterization of soil fauna, and, consequently, its preservation. This study was aimed to characterize the fauna of beetles in a forest fragment in the surroundings of Uruará city, PA. Unbaited pitfall traps were used for the collection of the beetles. The fragment was divided into four transects, with traps installed along the border (T1), 50 m (T2), 100 m (T3) and 200 m (T4). 196 individuals classified in seven families and 34 species/morphospecies were collected. The most abundant family was the Curculionidae accounting for 56.40% of the abundance, with gender Xyleborus sp. being the most dominant. Measurement with the Shannon Diversity Index for measurement showed lower diversity and greater dominance (Berger-Parker index) in the border area. Using species accumulation curves and estimators it became evident that the study area had a greater number of species than those found in the present study, and that further studies are needed to better monitor changes in forest fragments in order to propose measures to reduce the impact on this biodiversity and preserve it.
Social Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) of the Jaú National Park, Amazonas, Brazil
Authors: Somavilla Alexandre , Andena Sérgio Ricardo , Oliveira Marcio Luiz 
Published: April 2015

Social wasps are common elements in Neotropics, although even elementary data about this taxon in Amazon region is partially unknown. Therefore the purpose of this work was to increase the knowledge of social wasp fauna at Jaú National Park. A total of 494 specimens of Polistinae was collected with active search, malaise trap and light trap. Forty-nine species belonging to fourteen genera were recorded. The richest genera were Polybia (14 species), Agelaia (07), Mischocyttarus (05), Apoica (04), Brachygastra (04) and Protopolybia (04); the remaining genera were represented by less than two species. The Jaccard similarity coefficient showed a higher similarity of the Jaú National Park with Ducke Reserve (Manaus, Amazonas). Four species were collected for the first time in Amazonas state Agelaia flavipennis (Ducke), Polybia affinis Du Buysson, Protopolybia nitida (Ducke) and Protopolybia sedula (de Saussure), only in Jaú National Park, showing the importance of this park for the social wasps preservation in the Amazon region.
Fauna de Vespas Sociais (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) do Parque Nacional do Jaú, Amazonas, Brasil

Resumo. Vespas sociais são elementos comuns na região neotropical, embora até mesmo a coleta de dados elementares sobre este táxon na região amazônica ainda é parcialmente desconhecido. Por isso objetivamos contribuir para o conhecimento sobre a fauna de vespas sociais que ocorrem no Parque Nacional do Jaú. Um total de 494 indivíduos de Polistinae foi coletado através de busca ativa, armadilha Malaise e armadilha luminosa. Quarenta e nove espécies de 14 gêneros foram registradas. Polybia (14 espécies), Agelaia (07), Mischocyttarus (05), Apoica (04), Brachygastra (04) e Protopolybia (04) são os gêneros com o maior número de espécies; os demais gêneros coletados foram representados por apenas duas ou uma espécie. De acordo com o coeficiente de similaridade de Jaccard, a composição de espécies de Parque Nacional do Jaú é semelhante a Reserva Ducke (Manaus, Amazonas). Agelaia flavipennis (Ducke), Polybia affinis Du Buysson, Protopolybia nitida (Ducke) e Protopolybia sedula (de Saussure) são considerados novos registros de ocorrência para o estado do Amazonas e foram coletados, até o momento, apenas no Parque Nacional do Jaú, demonstrando a importância deste parque para a preservação de vespas sociais na região amazônica.
Infestação de Aetalion reticulatum (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Aethalionidae) em Plantas de Euterpe oleracea Martius (Arecaceae) no Estado do Acre
Authors: Santos Rodrigo Souza , Creão-Duarte Antonio José , Lunz Aureny Maria Pereira 
Published: April 2015

O açaizeiro (Euterpe oleracea Martius) é uma palmeira nativa da várzea da região amazônica e pode ser indicada como a espécie de maior valor econômico do gênero. Dos seus frutos é extraída a polpa, largamente consumida, de variadas formas, pela população da região Norte do Brasil. Com a expansão da área plantada, muitos fatores podem comprometer a produção e limitar o cultivo, destacando-se a ocorrência de insetos-praga que causam prejuízos à produção. Este relato configura o primeiro registro de ocorrência da cigarrinha Aetalion reticulatum (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Aethalionidae) em plantas de E. oleracea. A ocorrência deste inseto associado ao açaizeiro, em Rio Branco, Acre, aumenta a lista de hospedeiros desta cigarrinha no Brasil e reforça a necessidade de estudos de dinâmica populacional, levantamento de inimigos naturais, níveis de dano e métodos de controle, a fim de antecipar possíveis surtos populacionais desta praga em plantios comerciais de açaí no Estado.
Infestation of Aetalion reticulatum (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) in Plants of Euterpe oleracea Martius (Arecaceae) in Acre State, Brazil

Abstract. The açai palm (Euterpe oleracea Martius) is a native palm tree from the Amazon region floodplains and may be indicated as the most economically profitable species of this genus. Its fruit pulp is extracted and widely consumed by the population of northern Brazil in several ways. With the expansion of the planted area many factors may affect the production and limit the cultivation, highlighting the occurrence of insect pests that cause losses in production. This report presents the first occurrence of the leafhopper Aetalion reticulatum (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Aethalionidae) in E. oleracea plants. The occurrence of this insect associated with açai palms in Rio Branco, Acre, increases the list of hosts for this leafhopper in Brazil and reinforces the need for studies of population dynamics, survey of natural enemies, levels of damage and control methods in order to anticipate population outbreaks of this pest in commercial plantations of açai palms in the State.
Daytime sleeping behavior observed in a Black-and-white Warbler during spring stopover
Authors: Covino Kristen M , Cooney Breanne 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNocturnally migrating birds experience loss
of sleep during the migratory period especially when
undertaking long, non-stop flights. We report a field
observation of daytime sleeping behavior in a Black-andwhite
Warbler (Mniotilta varia) during spring migration. It
is likely that this individual was compensating from sleep
loss experienced during a trans-Gulf of Mexico flight.
Only a few observations of daytime sleeping behavior
have been reported in free-living migrants and all have
been associated with long-distance flights in relation to
ecological barriers.
The use of phytotherapy in diseases caused by parasitic protozoa
Authors: Derda Monika , Hadaś Edward 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe paper presents an overview of the use of natural therapeutic agents in combating parasitic diseases. Nowadays there is increasing demand for proven plant therapies, which often are found to be more effective than synthetic pharmaceuticals in chronic diseases. In many cases herbal preparations perfectly supplement the conventional treatment and at the same time do not cause side effects. On the pharmaceutical market there are many drugs of plant origin which have been applied in the treatment of parasitic diseases. However, researchers are still looking for new plants, or specific substances isolated from them, which can be used in therapy. In this paper, drugs of plant origin used in the treatment of amoebiasis, giardiasis, malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis and acanthamoebiasis are described.