bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AS THE CENTENARY APPROACHES: THE REGENERATION OF FIRST WORLD WAR HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: JONES HEATHER 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis historiographical review explores the impact of new interdisciplinary, comparative, and cultural approaches to studying the First World War upon the historiography, as the centenary of the conflict approaches in 2014. It assesses to what extent these approaches have led to new consensus regarding five key established historiographical questions: why did war break out; why did the Allies win; were the generals to blame for the high casualty rates; how did men endure trench warfare; and to what extent did civilian society accept and endorse the war effort? It also examines how these historiographical approaches have led to the emergence of new themes – in particular, military occupation, radicalization, race, and the wartime body – in the war's historiography. Ultimately, it concludes that how the war is understood has undergone radical revision since the 1990s as a result of these changes.
Parsing pictures: on analyzing the content of images in science
Authors: Meynell Letitia 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this paper I tackle the question of what basic form an analytical method for articulating and ultimately assessing visual representations should take. I start from the assumption that scientific images, being less prone to interpretive complication than artworks, are ideal objects from which to engage this question. I then assess a recent application of Nelson Goodman's aesthetics to the project of parsing scientific images, Laura Perini's ‘The truth in pictures’. I argue that, although her project is an important one, her Goodmanian conventionalism produces a method of analysis that is incapable of adequately parsing a certain class of pictures and her focus on truth is unnecessary. This speaks against the promise of Goodman's analytical strategy for elucidating visual content and reasoning in the sciences and elsewhere. As an alternative, I develop John Willats’ analytical method and compare it to Perini's through engaging three of her examples—a chemical diagram, a graph and an electron micrograph. Ultimately, a space remains open for a mixed system where Willats’ account provides pictorial analysis and the Goodman–Perini approach parses visual languages.
Risk factors associated with the presence and severity of food insecurity in rural Honduras
Authors: Ben-Davies Maureen E , Kinlaw Alan , Estrada del Campo Yaniré , Bentley Margaret E , Siega-Riz Anna Maria 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo identify factors associated with the presence and severity of food insecurity among a sample of Honduran caregivers of young children.DesignCross-sectional study in which the dependent variable, household food insecurity, was measured using a fourteen-item questionnaire developed and validated in a population of similar cultural context. A predictive modelling strategy used backwards elimination in logistic regression and multinomial logit regression models to compute odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals for food insecurity.SettingRural Honduras in the department of Intibucá, between March and April 2009.SubjectsTwo-hundred and ninety-eight Honduran caregivers of children aged 6–18 months.ResultsNinety-three per cent of households were classified as having some degree of food insecurity (mild, moderate or severe). After controlling for caregiver age and marital status, compared with caregivers with more than primary-school education, those with less than primary-school education had 3·47 (95 % CI 1·34, 8·99) times the odds of severe food insecurity and 2·29 (95 % CI 1·00, 5·25) times the odds of moderate food insecurity. Our results also found that child anthropometric status was not associated with the presence or severity of food insecurity.ConclusionsThese results show that among the sociodemographic factors assessed, food insecurity in rural Honduras is associated with maternal education. Understanding key factors associated with food insecurity that are unique to Honduras can inform the design of interventions to effectively mitigate the negative impact of food insecurity on children.
Human endonuclease V is a ribonuclease specific for inosine-containing RNA
Authors: Morita Yoko , Shibutani Toshihiro , Nakanishi Nozomi , Nishikura Kazuko , Iwai Shigenori , Kuraoka Isao 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDeamination of DNA bases can create missense mutations predisposing humans to cancer and also interfere with other basic molecular genetic processes; this deamination generates deoxyinosine from deoxyadenosine. In Escherichia coli, the highly conserved endonuclease V is involved in alternative excision repair that removes deoxyinosine from DNA. However, its exact activities and roles in humans are unknown. Here we characterize the FLJ35220 protein, the human homologue of E. coli endonuclease V, hEndoV as a ribonuclease specific for inosine-containing RNA. hEndoV preferentially binds to RNA and efficiently hydrolyses the second phosphodiester bond located 3′ to the inosine in unpaired inosine-containing ssRNA regions in dsRNA. It localizes to the cytoplasm in cells. The ribonuclease activity is promoted by Tudor staphylococcal nuclease and detected on inosine-containing dsRNA created by the action of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA. These results demonstrate that hEndoV controls the fate of inosine-containing RNA in humans.
Youth Labour Market Integration Across Europe
Authors: de Lange Marloes , Gesthuizen Maurice , Wolbers Maarten H.J. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
Young people in Europe face great difficulties nowadays when entering the labour market. Unemployment and temporary employment are high among youth, although considerable differences exist between European countries. In this article, we study to what extent cyclical, structural, and institutional factors explain cross-national variation in youth labour market integration. In addition, we examine educational differences in the impact of these macro-characteristics. To answer these questions, we use data on young people from 29 countries who were interviewed in the European Social Survey of 2002, 2004, 2006, or 2008 and left day-time education in the period 1992–2008. Both unemployment and temporary employment are regarded as a lack of labour market integration, compared to the situation of permanent employment. The empirical results first of all show that high unemployment hinders young people to smoothly integrate into the labour market. In addition, economic globalisation positively affects youth labour market integration. We also demonstrate that young people experience less difficulties with labour market integration as the educational system is more vocationally specific. Intermediate and higher educated particularly profit from the positive effect of the vocational specificity of the educational system. Finally, as the employment protection legislation of incumbent workers is stricter, young people experience more difficulties with labour market integration, especially higher educated youth.
Peak flow as a predictor of cause-specific mortality in China: results from a 15-year prospective study of ∼170 000 men
Authors: Smith Margaret , Zhou Maigeng , Wang Lijun , Peto Richard , Yang Gonghuan , Chen Zhengming 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Background Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) is inversely associated with mortality in Western populations, but few studies have assessed the associations of peak expiratory flow (PEF) with subsequent cause-specific mortality, or have used populations in developing countries, including China, for such assessments.
Methods A prospective cohort study followed ∼170 000 Chinese men ranging in age from 40–69 years at baseline (1990–1991) for 15 years. In the study, height-adjusted PEF (h-PEF), which was uncorrelated with height, was calculated by dividing PEF by height. Hazard ratios (HR) for cause-specific mortality and h-PEF, adjusted for age, area of residence, smoking, and education, were calculated through Cox regression analyses.
Results Of the original study population, 7068 men died from respiratory causes (non-neoplastic) and 22 490 died from other causes (including 1591 from lung cancer, 5469 from other cancers, and 10 460 from cardiovascular disease) before reaching the age of 85 years. Respiratory mortality was strongly and inversely associated with h-PEF. For h-PEF ≥ 250 L/min, the association was log-linear, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.29 (95% CI: 1.25–1.34) per 100 L/min reduction in h-PEF. The association was stronger but not log-linear for lower values of h-PEF. Mortality from combined other causes was also inversely associated with h-PEF, and the association was log-linear for all values of h-PEF, declining with follow-up, with HRs per 100 L/min reduction in h-PEF of 1.13 (1.10–1.15), 1.08 (1.06–1.11), and 1.06 (1.03–1.08) in three consecutive 5-year follow-up periods. Specifically, lower values of h-PEF were associated with higher mortality from cardiovascular disease and lung cancer, but not from other cancers.
Conclusions A lower value of h-PEF was associated with increased mortality from respiratory and other causes, including lung cancer and cardiovascular disease, but its associations with the other causes of death declined across the follow-up period.
Chemical defensive symbioses in the marine environment
Authors: Lopanik Nicole B. 
Published: August 2013

Summary

Marine organisms are a prolific source of natural products, many of which have become the target of pharmacological investigations. As well as being bioactive, these compounds can play an important role in the survival of the organisms and potentially affect community structure. Sessile invertebrates such as sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans and tunicates, in particular, are an especially rich source of ecologically relevant compounds. These organisms are typically soft‐bodied and unable to escape predators, and as such, they rely on chemical defence for their persistence. These invertebrates are also frequently hosts for microbial symbionts.

Marine microbes are a prolific source of bioactive natural products, many of which can be allelopathic and prevent the growth of pathogens. For sessile marine invertebrates, which often have both bioactive natural products and microbial symbionts, it is logical to hypothesize that microbial symbionts may produce the secondary metabolites.

While symbionts are often thought to be responsible for producing bioactive natural products that play a role in host defence, relatively few studies have experimentally demonstrated that symbiont‐produced compounds defend the hosts. One reason for this is the difficulty of manipulating the host–symbiont relationship, which is often obligate for one or both partners. Given the importance of natural products to marine invertebrates for defence, the prevalence of symbiosis in the marine environment and the diverse metabolic capabilities of micro‐organisms, symbiont‐mediated host chemical defence may be more prevalent than currently understood.

In this review, I document evidence supporting chemical defensive symbioses in marine organisms, discuss commonalities and differences among the diverse relationships, and provide future research directions. Epibiont‐produced defensive compounds would seem to result in the most efficient manner of protection, as the compounds are most accessible to the predators. By contrast, endosymbiont‐produced compounds may need to be transported to exposed tissues. Elucidating mechanisms to transport symbiont‐produced defensive compounds within the host will provide greater insight into the breadth and complexity of host–symbiont interactions. Another important unexplored issue is how the hosts are able to tolerate symbiont‐produced metabolites that are often eucaryotic cell effectors. A greater understanding of defensive symbiosis will result from detailed studies of the co‐evolution of predator, host and symbiont, and if or how predators can influence the production of defensive metabolites.
Genetic vs. non‐genetic responses of leaf morphology and growth to elevation in temperate tree species
Authors: Vitasse Yann , Lenz Armando , Kollas Chris , Randin Christophe F. , Hoch Günter , Körner Christian 
Published: August 2013

SummaryAt high elevation, temperate trees generally exhibit adaptive genetic differentiation in their morphological and physiological traits. On account of this directional selection, we hypothesized that tree populations growing near their upper cold elevational limits exhibit lower phenotypic plasticity of growth and leaf morphological traits in response to temperature changes than populations growing at lower elevations.Seedlings of six common deciduous tree species originating from low and high elevations were transplanted into eight common gardens along two elevational gradients in the Swiss Alps. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the genetic differentiation in growth and leaf morphology between populations from low and high elevations and to quantify the phenotypic plasticity of these traits to temperature changes.In contrast to growth that decreased with increasing elevation, leaf mass per area (LMA) showed no significant change with elevation of common garden, except for a decrease inLaburnum alpinumfor both low‐ and high‐elevation provenances. Interestingly, leaf density was found to decrease with elevation of the gardens for all species. Genetic differentiation between low‐ and high‐elevation populations was found in both leaf morphology and growth: high‐elevation populations tended to have slower growth rate than low‐elevation populations, while no consistent trend was found forLMAacross species. Interestingly, forAcer pseudoplatanusandFraxinus excelsiorhigh‐elevation populations exhibited a lower phenotypic plasticity of growth in response to temperature compared to lower populations, whereas no interactions between the elevation of a provenance and the elevation of the garden was detected for the four other species.Hence, during young life stages, the expected increase in tree growth in future warmer climates might be lower in populations living in the coldest part of the species distribution range in temperate species such asAcer pseudoplatanusandFraxinus excelsior, but similar in other tree species, disregarding other environmental changes.
Facilitating early activities of daily living retraining to prevent functional decline in older adults
Authors: Shearer Tania , Guthrie Sarah 
Published: August 2013

Background/aimOlder people admitted to acute hospitals are at risk of functional decline. There is limited research into strategies that reduce such risks. The aim of this study was to investigate whether individualised activities of daily living retraining programmes improve functional outcomes, influence the choice of discharge destinations and reduce length of stay for older people in acute care.MethodsA pilot non‐randomised controlled study (pre‐test/post‐test) with block allocation to control and intervention groups was undertaken in an acute geriatric unit at a large teaching hospital. The study was conducted over a six‐month period in two consecutive blocks. The intervention group received activities of daily living retraining three times per week for up to one hour per session. The control group received standard, mainly assessment‐based occupational therapy services. The Modified Barthel Index was used to measure functional status on admission and discharge.ResultsAt discharge, there was no statistical difference in the change of total Modified Barthel Index score between control and intervention groups. Of the 10 items scored on the Modified Barthel Index, ambulation and chair/bed transfers approached significance (P = 0.0603 and P = 0.0547 respectively). No evidence was found for a difference in length of stay between intervention and control groups (mean length of stay 15.2 vs. 11.7 days respectively, P = 0.19). Raw data suggested that retraining programmes may reduce the level of care patients required on discharge.ConclusionsTrends from this study indicate that functional retraining programmes could be effective in preventing functional decline. Further research is needed to reach more definite conclusions.
Home as a hybrid centre of medication practice
Authors: Dew Kevin , Chamberlain Kerry , Hodgetts Darrin , Norris Pauline , Radley Alan , Gabe Jonathan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article presents research that explores how medications are understood and used by people in everyday life. An intensive process of data collection from 55 households was used in this research, which included photo‐elicitation and diary‐elicitation interviews. It is argued that households are at the very centre of complex networks of therapeutic advice and practice and can usefully be seen as hybrid centres of medication practice, where a plethora of available medications is assimilated and different forms of knowledge and expertise are made sense of. Dominant therapeutic frameworks are tactically manipulated in households in order for medication practices to align with the understandings, resources and practicalities of households. Understanding the home as a centre of medication practice decentralises the role of health advisors (whether mainstream or alternative) in wellness practices.
Prediction of Sweetness by Multilinear Regression Analysis and Support Vector Machine
Authors: Zhong Min , Chong Yang , Nie Xianglei , Yan Aixia , Yuan Qipeng 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe sweetness of a compound is of large interest for the food additive industry. In this work, 2 quantitative models were built to predict the logSw (the logarithm of sweetness) of 320 unique compounds with a molecular weight from 132 to 1287 and a sweetness from 22 to 22500000. The whole dataset was randomly split into a training set including 214 compounds and a test set including 106 compounds, represented by 12 selected molecular descriptors. Then, logSw was predicted using a multilinear regression (MLR) analysis and a support vector machine (SVM). For the test set, the correlation coefficients of 0.87 and 0.88 were obtained by MLR and SVM, respectively. The descriptors found in our quantitative structure–activity relationship models are prone to a structural interpretation and support the AH/B System model proposed by Shallenberger and Acree.
Significance of XRCC1 Codon399 polymorphisms in Chinese patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiation therapy
Authors: Zhai Xiao‐Ming , Hu Qun‐Chao , Gu Ke , Wang Jian‐Ping , Zhang Jun‐Ning , Wu Yi‐Wei 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimLittle is known about the relationship between XRCC1 Codon399 polymorphisms and radiotherapy (RT) outcomes in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We aimed to investigate whether XRCC1 Codon399 polymorphisms were correlated to treatment efficacy and normal tissue toxicity in Chinese patients with locally advanced NPC after RT.MethodsSixty eligible patients with NPC stage III–IVa were recruited. Patients received definitive RT, 66–76 Gy. One cycle neoadjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel and cisplatin regimen was used before RT, two or three cycles for concurrent chemo‐RT followed by two to four cycles adjuvant chemotherapy with the same regimen. Before the treatment, XRCC1 Codon399 polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction based ligase detection reaction methods.ResultsSix of 60 NPC patients were homozygous for XRCC1 Codon399 Gln/Gln and 35% were heterozygous. The expressions of genotypes were unrelated to gender, age, clinical stage, T stage or N stage. Codon399 Gln/Gln allele correlated with a higher medium‐term tumor regression ratio after RT for primary nasopharyngeal neoplasm and metastatic lymph nodes (>80% vs 40–60%, P < 0.01). Compared with other two genotypes, patients with XRCC1 Codon399 Gln/Gln allele were more likely to obtain complete remission of tumor (100% vs 76 and 67%, P > 0.05). No correlation between XRCC1 Codon399 polymorphisms and acute or late radiation‐induced injury of normal tissues was observed.ConclusionsThe XRCC1 Codon399 Gln/Gln allele may be associated with better tumor regression, and is suggested as a promising predictive factor for outcome for locally advanced NPC. Further study with larger samples and long‐time follow‐up is needed for accurate assessment.
Familial transmission of parental mood disorders: unipolar and bipolar disorders in offspring
Authors: Oquendo Maria A , Ellis Steven P , Chesin Megan S , Birmaher Boris , Zelazny Jamie , Tin Adrienne , Melhem Nadine , Burke Ainsley K , Kolko David , Greenhill Laurence , Stanley Barbara , Brodsky Beth S , Mann J John , Brent David A 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesOffspring of depressed parents are at increased risk for psychiatric disorders. Although bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are both found in the same families, it is not clear whether transmission to offspring of BD or MDD tends to occur from parents with the same mood disorder subtype. Our primary hypothesis was that the offspring of parents with BD would be at increased risk for BD and other comorbid disorders common to BD, such as anxiety and substance use, relative to the offspring of parents with MDD. The offspring of parents with BD versus those with MDD were also hypothesized to be at greater risk for externalizing disorders (i.e., conduct disorder, attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, or antisocial personality disorder).MethodsParents (n = 320) with mood disorders and their offspring (n = 679) were studied. Adult offspring were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis I Disorders to establish the presence of psychopathology. Offspring aged 10–18 years were assessed using the School Aged Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Present and Lifetime version, and parents of children under the age of ten completed the Child Behavioral Checklist. Data were examined using Cox proportional hazard regression.ResultsThere was no difference in hazard of mood disorders in the offspring of parents with BD as compared to the offspring of parents with MDD. However, a number of other parent and offspring characteristics increased the risk of mood, anxiety, externalizing, and substance use disorders in the offspring, including self‐reported childhood abuse in the parent or offspring, offspring impulsive aggression, and the age at onset of parental mood disorder.ConclusionsMood disorders are highly familial, a finding that appears independent of whether the parent's condition is unipolar or bipolar, suggesting considerable overlap in the heritability of MDD and BD. Although parental characteristics had a limited influence on the risk of offspring psychopathology, reported childhood adversity, be it in the parent or child, is a harbinger of negative outcomes. These risk factors extend previous findings, and are consistent with diathesis–stress conceptualizations.