bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Low‐Pay No‐Pay Cycle: Are There Systematic Differences across Demographic Groups?
Authors: Fok Yin King , Scutella Rosanna , Wilkins Roger 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe investigate transitions between unemployment, low‐paid employment and higher‐paid employment using dynamic panel data methods applied to household panel data. We find state dependence in both unemployment and low‐paid employment and evidence of a low‐pay no‐pay cycle. However, we also find significant differences in effects across population subgroups. Typically, the young and better‐educated face lower penalties from unemployment and low‐paid employment. Further, low‐paid employment is preferable to unemployment for women regardless of their demographic characteristics, but for men who have only completed secondary schooling, low‐paid employment actually decreases the chances of entering higher‐paid employment by more than does unemployment.
Treating Class II malocclusion in children. Vertical skeletal effects of high‐pull or low‐pull headgear during comprehensive orthodontic treatment and retention
Authors: Antonarakis G. S. , Kiliaridis S. 
Published: December 2014

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate, in Class II malocclusion children, vertical skeletal changes occurring with high‐ and low‐pull headgear during non‐extraction comprehensive orthodontic treatment, and retention.Setting and sample populationTwo groups of thirty Class II malocclusion children (mean age 10.8 years) who had undergone non‐extraction comprehensive orthodontic treatment with either high‐ or low‐pull headgear and fixed appliances.Material and MethodsRetrospective longitudinal study, where pre‐treatment, post‐treatment and at least 2 year post‐retention lateral cephalometric radiographs were analyzed. Comparisons were made concerning changes during treatment and retention in high‐ or low‐pull headgear‐treated children. Correlation analyses were carried out investigating changes in vertical cephalometric parameters and pre‐treatment vertical facial pattern or type of headgear used.ResultsDuring treatment, sagittal relationships improved in all children and remained stable during retention. Vertically, in both high‐ and low‐pull headgear groups, the intermaxillary angle as well as the maxillary and mandibular plane angles did not show statistically significant changes during treatment or retention, and large variation was seen between patients. When pooling the whole patient sample, change in the vertical facial pattern was independent of the pre‐treatment vertical facial pattern or type of headgear used.ConclusionWhen treating Class II malocclusion children non‐extraction with high‐ or low‐pull headgear and fixed appliances, changes in vertical skeletal relationships demonstrate wide variation, both during treatment and retention. Dentoalveolar changes brought about by these appliancesmay not be able to make a predictable difference in vertical skeletal patterns of growing patients.
Quantitative corneal anatomy: evaluation of the effect of diabetes duration on the endothelial cell density and corneal thickness
Authors: Calvo‐Maroto Ana M. , Cerviño Alejandro , Perez‐Cambrodí Rafael J. , García‐Lázaro Santiago , Sanchis‐Gimeno Juan A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the differences in endothelial cell density (ECD) and central corneal thickness (CCT) between type II diabetic patients and age‐matched healthy controls, and determine the impact of time from diagnosis.MethodsThis is a comparative study of 77 eyes of type II diabetic patients (33 males, 44 females) and 80 eyes of healthy subjects (42 males, and 38 females) whose ages ranged from 38 to 56 years. CCT, ECD, HbA1c levels, and Goldmann tonometry were measured.ResultsThe CCT was significantly higher and the ECD significantly lower in long‐term diabetic patients (10 years + since diagnosis) when compared with short‐term diabetic patients (<1 year since diagnosis) and controls (both p < 0.001). No significant differences in CCT (p = 0.30) and ECD (p = 0.31) were found between control groups. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant effect of the diabetes duration in CCT and ECD. In diabetic patients, a two‐way analysis of variance showed that CCT was significantly different for a 7.5% HbA1c cut‐off value, and ECD for both 7.0% and 7.5% HbA1c cut‐off values.ConclusionType II diabetes causes a significant alteration in corneal structure and function in the long term. Our study seems to confirm the effect of diabetes duration and poor glycaemic control on CCT and ECD changes.
‘Pure Time Preference’: Reply to Lowry and Peterson
Authors: Johansson Jens , Rosenqvist Simon 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA pure time preference is a preference for something to occur at one point in time rather than another, merely because of when it occurs in time. Such preferences are widely regarded as paradigm examples of irrational preferences. However, Rosemary Lowry and Martin Peterson have recently argued that, for instance, a pure time preference to go to the opera tonight rather than next month may be rationally permissible, even if the amounts of intrinsic value realized in both cases are identical. In this reply, we argue that Lowry and Peterson's argument is unsuccessful.
Identification and mapping of a novel Turnip mosaic virus resistance gene TuRBCS01 in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.)
Authors: Li Qiaoyun , Zhang Xiaoliang , Zeng Qiang , Zhang Zhigang , Liu Shuantao , Pei Yuhe , Wang Shufen , Liu Xianxian , Xu Wenling , Fu Weimin , Zhao Zhizhong , Song Xiyun 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe aimed to identify Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) resistance genes in Chinese cabbage by analysing the TuMV resistance of 43 P1 (resistant), 88 P2 (susceptible), 26 F1, 104 B1 (F1 × P1), 108 B2 (F1 × P2) and 509 F2 individuals. All parents and progeny populations were mechanically inoculated with TuMV‐C4. Both F1 and B1 populations showed TuMV resistance. Resistant: susceptible ratios in the B2 and F2 populations were 1 : 1 and 3 : 1, respectively. TuMV resistance in P1 was controlled by a dominant gene, TuRBCS01. Bulked segregation analysis was performed to identify simple sequence repeat or insertion or deletion markers linked to TuRBCS01. Data from 108 B2 individuals with resistant or susceptible phenotypes were analysed using mapmaker/exp 3.0. Polymorphic marker sequences were blast searched on http://brassicadb.org/brad/. TuRBCS01 was found to be linked to eight markers: SAAS_mDN192117a_159 (3.3 cM), SAAS_mDN192117b_196 (4.0 cM), SAAS_mDN192403_148 (13.0 cM), SAAS_mGT084561_233 (6.8 cM), BrID10723 (3.3 cM), mBr4041 (3.3 cM), SAAS_mBr4055_194 (2.6 cM) and mBr4068 (4.0 cM). Further, TuRBCS01 was mapped to a 1.98‐Mb region on chromosome A04 between markers BrID10723 and SAAS_mBr4055_194.
A New Variant of Connective Tissue Nevus with Elastorrhexis and Predilection for the Upper Chest
Authors: Chu Derek H. , Goldbach Hayley , Wanat Karolyn A. , Rubin Adam I. , Yan Albert C. , Treat James R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLocalized changes in cutaneous elastic tissue often manifest with flesh‐colored, hypopigmented, or yellow papules, plaques, and nodules. We present five children with clinically similar cobblestone plaques composed of multiple hypopigmented, nonfollicular, pinpoint papules located unilaterally over the upper chest. All lesions first appeared at birth or during early infancy. No associated extracutaneous abnormalities have been identified. Histopathology was remarkable for many, thick elastic fibers with elastorrhexis. We believe that these cases represent a distinct and unique variant of connective tissue nevi.
Distribution and population dynamics of cryptomonads in aChinese lake with three basins varying in their trophic state
Authors: Xia Shuang , Cheng Yingyin , Zhu Huan , Liu Guoxiang , Hu Zhengyu 
Published: December 2014

SummaryCryptomonads are unicellular algae that are important primary producers in various aquatic ecosystems. However, their ecological importance was often neglected owing to their brittleness. Their population in freshwater was thought to be regulated mainly by grazing pressure, and the effects of lake trophy were less important. In this study, the cryptomonad species in three basins ofLakeDonghu, a shallow lake inChina were identified, and their distribution, seasonal dynamics, and relationships with several environmental factors were investigated. Eight cryptomonads were identified at species level by morphological examination; species belonging to the generaKommaandCryptomonaswere most common. Cryptomonads displayed inconsistent distribution and population dynamics among the three basins of different trophic status. They were the dominant species in the eutrophic basin, while their proportion was lower in the hypertrophic basin and in the mesotrophic basin. The biomass of cryptomonads was highest in the hypertrophic region. As a whole, cryptomonads kept low biomass during winter, while rapid waxing and waning of their population was observed in the other seasons. Cryptomonads species exhibit distinct seasonal trends. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed water temperature and dissolved total nitrogen were the most important factors that affected the composition of the cryptomonads community. Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated that the biomass of cryptomonads was positively correlated withpHvalue, dissolved total nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon. In conclusion, lake trophy is a crucial factor affecting the total cryptomonads population.
The Politics of Local Government Stabilization Funds
Authors: Snow Douglas , Gianakis Gerasimos A. , Haughton Jonathan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe adoption, maintenance, and prudent use of budgetary stabilization funds are fundamental financial management precepts, yet the variables that influence the size of these funds are poorly understood. This article contributes to the stabilization fund literature by examining the extent to which variation in stabilization fund balances across municipalities and over time can be explained by a community's political culture and financial management capacity. The balanced panel research design includes archival data for 239 Massachusetts municipalities for each of 18 fiscal years. Stabilization fund balances are lower in communities with either an anti‐tax or a pro‐spending political culture. Stabilization fund balances are higher in communities that have the financial management capacity to accumulate budget surpluses that can be made available for appropriation to stabilization funds. Communities with the open town meeting form of government also have higher stabilization fund balances.
A Touristic Angle of Vision: Tourist Studies as a Methodological Approach for the Study of Religions
Authors: Bremer Thomas S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractStudying religions through the framework of tourist studies destabilizes conventional notions of ‘religion’ and introduces new questions for historians and other scholars who study religions in the Americas as well as for the academic study of religions more broadly. This essay briefly reviews key themes in regard to religious tourism, then considers some of the methodological and theoretical advantages of employing a touristic approach to the study of religions, and ends by suggesting avenues that show promise for future studies that pair religion and tourism. It includes discussions of religious pilgrimage, religious places and events that attract tourist visitors, and tourist destinations that feature religious themes or are intended to appeal specifically to religious adherents. It also discusses key theoretical works in developing a tourist studies methodological approach for the academic study of religions.
Parallel transmit excitation at 1.5 T based on the minimization of a driving function for device heating
Authors: Gudino N. , Sonmez M. , Yao Z. , Baig T. , Nielles‐Vallespin S. , Faranesh A. Z. , Lederman R. J. , Martens M. , Balaban R. S. , Hansen M. S. , Griswold M. A. 
Published: December 2014

Purpose:To provide a rapid method to reduce the radiofrequency (RF) E‐field coupling and consequent heating in long conductors in an interventional MRI (iMRI) setup.Methods:A driving function for device heating (W) was defined as the integration of the E‐field along the direction of the wire and calculated through a quasistatic approximation. Based on this function, the phases of four independently controlled transmit channels were dynamically changed in a 1.5 T MRI scanner. During the different excitation configurations, the RF induced heating in a nitinol wire immersed in a saline phantom was measured by fiber‐optic temperature sensing. Additionally, a minimization of W as a function of phase and amplitude values of the different channels and constrained by the homogeneity of the RF excitation field (B1) over a region of interest was proposed and its results tested on the benchtop. To analyze the validity of the proposed method, using a model of the array and phantom setup tested in the scanner, RF fields and SAR maps were calculated through finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulations. In addition to phantom experiments, RF induced heating of an active guidewire inserted in a swine was also evaluated.Results:In the phantom experiment, heating at the tip of the device was reduced by 92% when replacing the body coil by an optimized parallel transmit excitation with same nominal flip angle. In the benchtop, up to 90% heating reduction was measured when implementing the constrained minimization algorithm with the additional degree of freedom given by independent amplitude control. The computation of the optimum phase and amplitude values was executed in just 12 s using a standard CPU. The results of the FDTD simulations showed similar trend of the local SAR at the tip of the wire and measured temperature as well as to a quadratic function of W, confirming the validity of the quasistatic approach for the presented problem at 64 MHz. Imaging and heating reduction of the guidewire were successfully performed in vivo with the proposed hardware and phase control.Conclusions:Phantom and in vivo data demonstrated that additional degrees of freedom in a parallel transmission system can be used to control RF induced heating in long conductors. A novel constrained optimization approach to reduce device heating was also presented that can be run in just few seconds and therefore could be added to an iMRI protocol to improve RF safety.
Baseline Concussion Symptom Scores Vary by Method of Collection
Authors: Cripps Andrea E. , Boham Mikaela D. 
Published: December 2014

Context:The vast majority of athletic trainers administer preseason computerized inventories to document the presence of baseline symptoms; however, immediately following a concussion, athletic trainers frequently assess an athlete verbally or using a paper-based concussion symptom scale. The verbal or paper-based results are then compared with the preseason computer results. Little research is available regarding whether the methodology in which these symptoms are collected has an impact on the report given by the athlete.Objective:To determine if baseline self-reported concussion symptom scores varied among collection methods.Design:Crossover study design.Setting:University research laboratory.Participants:Fifty-two healthy subjects (36 males, 16 females; age 20.27 ± 1.36 years; mass 72.68 ± 14.88 kg; height 175.05 ± 8.50 cm).Interventions:All subjects completed, as part of routine preseason baseline testing, the postconcussion scale revised symptom inventory scale in three ways: (1) using a computer, (2) verbally, and (3) on paper.Main Outcome Measures:Descriptive statistics were calculated. One-way ANOVAs were conducted to determine the difference in overall symptom score between the inventory methods and sexes as well. Alpha level was set a priori at .05.Results:Overall, participants reported a significantly higher number of symptoms on computer-based symptom inventories compared with either verbal- (t51 = 3.014, P = .004, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.668 to 3.32) or paper-based inventories (t51 = 3.004, P = .004, 95% CI 0.765 to 3.850). No signifcant differences were found between verbal- and paper-based inventories (t51 = 1.129, P = .264, 95% CI –0.240 to 0.855).Conclusions:Computer-based symptom inventories were significantly different than verbal- or paper-based symptom inventories. Participants may report a higher number of symptoms at baseline when reporting electronically compared with verbal- or paper-based reporting methods. The method in which symptom inventory is obtained may alter the postconcussion diagnosis and warrants further investigation.
Comparison of Diagonal Shoulder Exercises With and Without Visual Trace
Authors: Kim Jwa-jun , Ann So-youn , Park Se-yeon 
Published: December 2014

Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of visual trace on shoulder muscle activation during diagonal pattern of exercises. Sixteen healthy male participants volunteered to participate.Design:Repeated-measure design.Setting:Laboratory setting.Participants:Sixteen physically active male participants volunteered to participate.Intervention:Five muscles of the shoulder were investigated during standing performance of diagonal shoulder exercises with and without visual trace. Two patterns of the diagonal exercises were used: diagonal 1 flexion (D1F) and diagonal 2 fexion (D2F). Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used, with factors being the presence of visual trace and exercise variations.Main Outcome Measure:Electromyography (EMG).Results:The average muscle activity values of the lower trapezius and anterior deltoid were higher with the D2F compared with the D1F (P < .05). The visual trace effect was observed within the serratus anterior, with values significantly greater in exercise with visual trace (P < .05). There was a significant increase of the lower trapezius during the exercise with the visual trace condition compared with the exercise without visual trace, which was only observed during D2F (P < .05).Conclusions:Present results suggest that the D2F exercise pattern is effective for activating lower trapezius and anterior deltoid muscles. The visual trace condition has the additional advantage of activating the scapulothoracic muscle activities depending on the specific pattern of diagonal shoulder exercise.
Interannual Variation of the South Asian High and Its Relation with Indian and East Asian Summer Monsoon Rainfall
Authors: Wei Wei , Zhang Renhe , Wen Min , Kim Baek-Jo , Nam Jae-Cheol 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
A diagnostic analysis reveals that on the interannual time scale the southeast–northwest movement is a dominant feature of the South Asian high (SAH), and it is closely related to the Indian and East Asian summer monsoon rainfall. The southeastward (northwestward) shift of the SAH is closely related to less (more) Indian summer monsoon rainfall and more (less) rainfall in the Yangtze River valley (YRV) over the East Asian summer monsoon region. An anomalous AGCM is utilized to examine the effect of latent heat anomalies associated with the Asian summer monsoon rainfall on the SAH. The negative latent heat anomalies over the northern Indian Subcontinent associated with a weak Indian summer monsoon stimulates an anomalous cyclone to its northwest and an anticyclone to its northeast over the eastern Tibetan Plateau and eastern China in the upper troposphere, which is responsible for the east–west shift of the SAH and more rainfall in the YRV. The positive latent heat release associated with rainfall anomalies in the YRV excites a southward-located anticyclone over eastern China, exerting a feedback effect on the SAH and leading to a southeast–northwest shift of the SAH.
Summertime Moisture Transport to the Southern South American Altiplano: Constraints from In Situ Measurements of Water Vapor Isotopic Composition
Authors: Galewsky Joseph , Samuels-Crow Kimberly 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Austral summer transport of water vapor to the southern South American Altiplano is investigated using in situ measurements of water vapor isotopic composition collected from 1 November 2012 to 10 February 2013 on the Chajnantor Plateau in the Chilean Andes. Onset of the wet season in December was associated with an increase in mixing ratios from an average of 1500 ppmv during the winter dry season to 5400 ppmv in early December. Water vapor isotopes δD and δ18O increased from dry season averages of −235‰ and −31‰, respectively, to wet season averages of −142‰ and −17‰, reaching as high as −70‰ and −17‰, respectively. The highest water vapor δ values were close to those measured in coastal settings, suggesting little condensation during transport to the site. About 5% of the wet season data have δ values that are lower than expected for Rayleigh distillation and are associated with high relative humidity (&gt;75%), easterly winds, and periods of low outgoing longwave radiation over the Altiplano, consistent with moistening by deep convection. The remainder of the data have δ values that are greater than expected for Rayleigh distillation, up to 250‰ above the Rayleigh curve. These data are consistent with mixing between very dry air and moist air from the boundary layer. The data show intraseasonal variability coherently linked to the position of the Bolivian high, with moist air associated with a southward displacement in the Bolivian high. The humidity over the southern Altiplano during the wet season reflects a balance among advective drying, advective moistening with little condensation, and convective moistening.
An Objective Technique for Detecting Large-Scale Tilted Ridges and Troughs and Its Application to an East Asian Cold Event
Authors: Bueh Cholaw , Xie Zuowei 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The present study identified the large-scale tilted ridge and trough (LSTR and LSTT, respectively) axes of the midtropospheric circulation over mid- and high-latitude regions using an objective identification technique that has not previously been applied. In this method, the identification procedure classified contours of 500-hPa height (Z500) fields into three types: the circumpolar wavy contour, the circumpolar contour containing the meridionally overturned (or wave breaking) part, and the locally closed contour. The ridge and trough points were defined on these three types of contours and, subsequently, the ridge or trough axes were identified after connecting successively the nearest ridge or trough points of the neighboring contours under a minimum distance constraint. The performance of the identification method was tested in the daily Z500 fields during 15 November 2011–15 March 2012. The hit rate, false-alarm ratio, and threat score of the method in test reveal that it performs well with a reasonably good skill. An examination of the wave-breaking features during the same period also suggests that the method performs well in the identification of LSTRs and LSTTs for the meridionally overturned parts of the Z500 contours. This objective technique was also applied to an extensive and persistent cold event over East Asia. Results show that the horizontal extent of the Siberian high corresponds well with the zonal extents of the identified LSTR and LSTT. The identification method in the present study might be useful for identifying the key circulation systems associated with extensive and persistent cold air outbreaks during winter.