bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance criteria for combined uncertainty budget in the implementation of metrological traceability
Authors: Braga Federica , Infusino Ilenia , Panteghini Mauro 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe measurement uncertainty budget should combine the uncertainty of higher order references, the uncertainty of commercial system calibration, the system imprecision and individual laboratory performance in terms of variability. Here we recommend that no more than one third of the total uncertainty budget, established by appropriate analytical performance specifications, is consumed by the uncertainty of references and approximately 50% of the total budget consumed by the manufacturer’s calibration and value transfer protocol. The remaining 50% should be available for the commercial system imprecision (including the batch to batch variation of the reagents) and individual laboratory performance in order to fulfil the uncertainty goal. For commercial systems to work properly, in vitro diagnostics (IVD) manufacturers will need to take more responsibility and ensure the traceability of the combination of platform, reagents, calibrators and control materials for system alignment verification that only as such (as a whole) are certified (“CE marked”) by the manufacturer itself in terms of traceability to the selected reference measurement system. Particularly, IVD manufacturers should report the combined (expanded) uncertainty associated with their calibrators when used in conjunction with other components of their analytical system (platform and reagents). This is more than what they are currently providing as traceability and uncertainty information.
Developing law students’ communicative-linguistic competence: Analysis of eight Spanish legal textbooks from a sociopragmatic perspective
Authors: Ramos Joseba Ezeiza 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article presents a study carried out on eight Spanish legal textbooks in order to draw up an inventory of educational resources available to support the development of law students’ communicative competence, taking into account the law degree curricula at Spanish universities (Ezeiza Ramos forthcoming a, forthcoming b). The analysis was carried out by using a sociopragmatic approach to teaching language with specific purposes (Bhatia 2002a, 2002b, 2004, 2008, 2010), which postulates that the acquisition of specialist communicative competence requires a tactical space in which obtaining discursive knowledge in its double (social and textual) dimension and learning about the subject itself are combined, thus taking into account the nature of relevant professional practice itself. Applied in the legal sciences area, this perspective takes the form of a pedagogical model based on three main axes (Candlin & Bhatia 1998, quoted in Bhatia et al. 2004): a) practice contexts; b) text genres; and c) strategic skills. From this starting point, I analysed: a) the learning and language use contexts offered in the textbooks studied; b) the text genres which educational materials are based on; and c) the dimensions of competence development (
Nigerian University Lecturers as Symbolic Icons
Authors: Ekundayo Steve Bode O. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This paper undertakes a semiotic analysis of Nigerian university lecturers and situates them as symbolic icons of socio-educational paradox and irony. It is based on interviews, secondary materials, the Internet and historical study, i.e. observation and recording of socio-educational events and attitudes of Nigerians and lecturers from the late 1980s to 2013. The paper shows that the Nigerian English coinage ‘Mr. Lecturer’ invokes several images in the minds of Nigerians: lecturers as purveyors of knowledge, habitual striking workers, sexual harassers, facilitators/manipulators of admissions, victimizers of students, makers and beneficiaries of easy money, promotions and other luxuries. The fact that these assumptions and beliefs are not always true and applicable in all cases presents lecturers as workers with mistaken identities. It is proposed that the Nigerian government at various levels, lecturers and all Nigerians should change their attitudes to university education and conditions of service, teaching and learning in Nigerian universities.
Model Choice Using the Deviance Information Criterion for Latent Conditional Individual-Level Models of Infectious Disease Spread
Authors: Deeth Lorna E. , Deardon Rob , Gillis Daniel J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIndividual-level models (ILMs) are a class of complex, statistical models that are often fitted within a Bayesian framework, and which can be suitable for modeling infectious disease spread. The deviance information criterion (DIC) is a model comparison tool that is appropriate for complex, Bayesian models, and since its development a number of variants have been proposed, including those for its application to missing data models. Here, we assessed five variants of the DIC and their application to ILMs, in particular a class of infectious disease models known as latent conditional LC-ILMs, which depend on a potentially unknown latent grouping variable for each individual in the population. The effectiveness of the traditionally defined DIC was compared to alternative DIC definitions through a simulation study, to assess which is most applicable for this class of models. Epidemic data was generated under an LC-ILM, to which both a spatial ILM (SILM) and the LC-ILM were fitted. Each variant of the DIC was then calculated for every fitted model, and the DIC values obtained for the LC-ILM were compared to those from the SILM. The results of the simulation study indicate that the DIC can be effective for model comparison within complex Bayesian models; however, the degree to which it is effective is dependent upon the variant of the DIC used and the amount of available information on the latent grouping variable.
Synthesis and crystal structure of a new 2D supramolecular Cd(II) complex with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone ligand
Authors: Zhang Li-Ping , Deng Shu-E , Wang Xue-Dong 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA new Cd(II) complex, [Cd(PMBP)
Myśl społeczna Hugo Cháveza
Authors: Barcik Krzysztof 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRAKTZmarły 5 marca 2013 roku prezydent Wenezueli Hugo Chávez pozostawił po sobie autorską myśl polityczną – boliwarianizm, której realizacja w stopniu znaczącym odmieniła kształt społeczeństwa wenezuelskiego. Wszystkie zmiany społeczne w epoce Cháveza przeprowadzane były w duchu socjalizmu, któremu prezydent Wenezueli usiłował nadać własną, autorską interpretację. Całość zabiegów administracji centralnej posiadała głębokie uzasadnienie ideologiczne, toteż stanowi doskonałe pole do zbadania wpływu realizacji konkretnej doktryny politycznej na życie poszczególnych obywateli.Badania wskazują zarówno na pozytywne, jak i negatywne aspekty realizacji polityki społecznej w duchu chavizmu. Z jednej strony, w efekcie przemian, najbiedniejszym autentycznie zaczęło żyć się lepiej. Z drugiej jednak strony Wenezuela w 2014 roku znalazła się w głębokiej recesji − w kraju szalała inflacja, w sklepach brakowało podstawowych dóbr.
Edukacja społeczno-moralna młodzieży a nauczanie etyki
Authors: Steć Małgorzata 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRAKTArtykuł jest próbą wykazania, że w ramach przedmiotu etyka kreowane są w największym stopniu pozytywne doświadczenia edukacyjne, mające wpływ na rozwój społeczno-moralny młodzieży. Podczas lekcji etyki, prowadzonych we właściwym paradygmacie (progresywizm, podejście poznawczo-rozwojowe, idea mentoringu), kształtowane są cechy, postawy i kompetencje młodzieży przekładające się na osobowy rozwój. Wśród umiejętności i cech kształtowanych podczas lekcji etyki wyróżnić można: świadomość własnej tożsamości, umiejętność budowania relacji dialogicznej, kompetencję komunikacyjną, myślenie krytyczne oraz odwagę wyboru zgodnych z „Ja” wartości moralnych. Otwartość postawy nauczyciela etyki, który przyjmuje rolę mentora, a więc przewodnika i doradcy osobistego, może przełożyć się na poprawę jakości wychowania do wartości w polskich szkołach.
Modern management of dental decay in children and adolescents - a review
Authors: Muntean Alexandrina , Mesaros Anca Stefania , Festila Dana , Mesaros Michaela 
Published: April 2015

Health is a right that requires responsible individual actions. Oral health corresponds to an important part of general health, even if for a large majority of people healthy teeth are equal with beautiful teeth. For children and adolescents ”having an attractive smile” is synonymous with social acceptance and success. Dental decay has a high incidence in children in our country and progress in decay prevention, diagnosis and treatment is not reflected in children and adolescents’ oral health. It is established by studies conducted by dentists and psychologists that dental decay can affect the quality of life by engendering specific eating behaviors, particular ways of speech or smile and unfortunately pain.The aim of this article is to emphasize the modern approach of dental decay in line with principles of non-invasive strategies. An important element to be considered - prophylactic methods - must be included in every treatment plan, in order to control individual caries risk. The time invested in prevention during childhood represents a real benefit for the future adult’s oral health. Many a dental problems can be avoided if dental decay management relies on the link between medical science and every day practice.
Development of Rechargeable Lithium-Bromine Batteries with Lithium Ion Conducting Solid Electrolyte
Authors: Takemoto Koshin , Yamada Hirotoshi 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTElectrochemical performances of a prototype Lithium-Bromine battery (LBB) employing a solid electrolyte was investigated. It showed the discharge capacity of c.a. 147 mAh/(g-LiBr) for the first cycle, which decreased with repeating charge/discharge cycles. The capacity fading was mainly due to increase of the interfacial resistance between an aqueous active material solution and a solid electrolyte. From the results of symmetric cells and structural analysis of the surface of the solid electrolyte immersed in Br2 solutions, it was suggested that a Li+-depletion layer was formed on the surface of the solid electrolyte by contact with bromine.
Chiral Ligand-Protected Bimetallic Nanoclusters: How does the Metal Core Configuration Influence the Nanocluster’s Chiroptical Responses?
Authors: Yao Hiroshi 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTWe here present electronic structures and chiroptical responses of gold-based bimetallic nanoclusters protected by chiral thiolate ligand, glutathione (GSH), and compare them with those of monometallic counterparts. The nanoclusters examined are AuPd and AuAg bimetallic systems. The effect of Pd or Ag doping on the chiroptical responses of optically active Au nanoclusters as well as the importance of the bimetallic core configurations are discussed. Briefly, we find that GS-protected AuPd or AuAg nanoclusters exhibit quite different Cotton effects from those of the monometallic nanoclusters in metal-based electronic transition regions. In the AuPd system, all bimetallic nanoclusters exhibit featureless absorption profiles, but their circular dichroism (CD) signals are structured, offering a greater advantage in detecting a foreign atom doping in the nanocluster system. In the AuAg system, the nanocluster compounds exhibit relatively weaker CD responses than those of the corresponding Au compounds. This CD decrease can be explained in terms of the increased geometrical isomers that are formed by statistical distribution of Ag heteroatoms in the nanocluster, since an increased number of possible configurations gives an average in the CD response with positive and negative bands of different optical isomers.
The Discovery of Diamonds in Siberia and Other Northern Regions: Explorational, Historical, and Personal Notes
Authors: Strnad Jiří (George) 
Published: April 2015

Only four known diamond locations are near and north of the Arctic Circle. What is believed to be the oldest diamond find in this region was made in the gravels of the Pasvik River on the U.S.S.R.-Finland-Norway border. This was followed by the discovery of the northern fields of the Yakutian diamondiferous province in the U.S.S.R. Somerset Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and southwestern Greenland conclude this short list.
Geographically close to the Arctic but south of the Arctic Circle are the diamond locations on the shore of the Beloye More or White Sea and in the Timan Range (U.S.S.R.), western and eastern Alaska (U.S.A.), and in the Mackenzie Mountains (Canada). Farther south and partly in the Subarctic are locations in the Ural Mountains and Yakutia (U.S.S.R.), as well as in Labrador and Saskatchewan (Canada).
While the discoveries in Canada and Greenland belong to our times, the history of the others is hidden in ancient records. For the Yakutian fields, which are of major economic importance and among the world leaders in the production of gem quality diamonds, an ancient reference dating back to 1375 is presented here for the first time.
James Hutton's Edinburgh: The Historical, Social, and Political Background
Authors: McIntyre Donald 
Published: April 2015

James Hutton (1726-1797) was born and bred in Edinburgh. Having decided to be a farmer, he went to Norfolk aged twenty-four to learn new methods of husbandry. From that base, he travelled widely and developed an interest in geology. In 1767 he left his Berwickshire farm and returned to Edinburgh, where he became a valued member of the remarkable group of men who founded the Royal Society of Edinburgh and made the city an unrivalled intellectual centre of the age.Edinburgh was a capital without the distractions of king and parliament. When the Industrial Revolution began, many disciplines were already represented by men of world-renown who knew each other—many, indeed, were related. There were still no boundaries between narrowly defined disciplines; there was shared interest in all knowledge.Geological structure had constricted Edinburgh's growth, keeping the compact Old Town on its ancient defensive ridge. The North Bridge, completed soon after Hutton's return to Edinburgh, made possible the planned New Town, in dramatic architectural and intellectual contrast to the mediaeval city. The beauty and interest of Edinburgh's scenery is the result of an active geological past. Consequently, in a small and accessible space, rocks of different character are exposed in a natural geological laboratory.James Hutton did not live in an ivory tower. War, rebellion, and revolution, both political and industrial, all had their influence. In a turbulent world, a decade of peace (1783-1793) was another factor making possible Hutton's great contribution to modern geology.
The Wissahickon Controversy: Florence Bascom vs. Her Students
Authors: Arnold Lois 
Published: April 2015

In the history of science there have been many cases where former students have broken with their mentor, often in the process of establishing their own ideas and pursuits. The resulting ambivalence and conflict can be likened to that which occurs in a family when offspring separate from parents and establish their own identities. However, there are relatively few instances in the history of science when this process has taken place in a context in which both mentor and students were women. Such was the case with Florence Bascom and her protégées at Bryn Mawr College, Anna Jonas (Stose) and Eleanora Bliss (Knopf).
The controversy began over the relative age of the Wissahickon schist/gneiss, which was referred to the Ordovician in a paper on the Piedmont district of Pennsylvania published by Bascom in 1905. Jonas and Bliss became involved following the publication in 1916 of their joint doctoral dissertation on the relation of the Wissahickon to other formations in the Doe Run-Avondale region of Pennsylvania. In subsequent papers that came out in the 1920s, they sought to establish the existence of a pre-Cambrian "Glenarm series," including the Wissahickon, and introduced the concept of the Martic overthrust. This hypothesized fault was eventually extended by them and George Stose northward to New Jersey and southward to Alabama; the argument, which peaked in the 1930s, eventually extended to everyone concerned with Appalachian geology.
The Reaction in Continental Europe to Wegener's Theory of Continental Drift
Authors: Carozzi Albert 
Published: April 2015

The reaction in Germany indicates that in spite of World War I, the geological community was very much alive. Opinions ranged from violent and emotional rejections by prominent scientists, who saw their previously published theories challenged, to active acceptance of an exciting new concept to be tested in the various fields of geology.
The French reaction, delayed by the death of many geologists during the war, and hampered by the language barrier, remained provincial and chauvinistic. Only lofty and skeptical comments were presented against what was considered an amateurish theory by a geophysicist. In reality, nobody in France, with the exception of Philibert Russo and Boris Choubert, was at the time involved in any orogenic theory or prepared to accept the challenge. The idea of continental bridges prevailed.
In Switzerland, after the introduction of Wegener's ideas by Emile Argand during the war, and in spite of strong anti-German feelings, the concept was accepted quickly and enthusiastically as the best framework for solving critical problems of Alpine tectonics. Several famous Austrian geologists had published orogenic theories for the Alps based on the contraction the-ory and rejected Wegener's mobilism, but later, under the influence of Swiss geologists, they showed partial acceptance.
Belgian geologists rejected Wegener's theory because they considered the beautiful symmetry of the present surface of the Earth incompatible with the assumed breaking-up of an original continental mass. Italian geologists, with a few exceptions, rejected Wegener's "aberration" while Spain, unaffected by the war, had a positive attitude which was facilitated by an early translation and a receptive academic audience. Dutch geologists, deeply involved with the Indonesian archipelago, accepted widespread mobilism with enthusiasm since it provided a spectacular answer to their problems. The Scandinavians, supportive but unable to interpret Precambrian geology with Wegener's theory, concentrated their efforts on astronomical and geodetic studies of present-day drift in the Arctic region.
In summary, the reaction in Continental Europe was extremely diversified and dominated by an association of strong post World War I politics, the language barrier, the stifling of academic authority, passions of individuals, and regionalism of geology.
Achievement in Isolation: A.W. Howitt, Pioneering Investigator of Metamorphism in Australia
Authors: Vallance T. 
Published: April 2015

The earliest coherent observations of metamorphic phenomena in Australia were made by a policemagistrate, stationed in a remote part of Victoria and largely self-taught in geology. In a series of reports and papers issued between 1875 and 1892 that magistrate, Alfred William Howitt, recorded details of metamorphic progressions found in the mountains of eastern Victoria - from folded Palaeozoic strata to crystalline schists and gneisses, and of different sorts of granitic bodies in the regional metamorphic association.Howitt worked at a time when the metamorphic status of crystalline schists was far from generally accepted in Europe and America; some still regarded them as portions of unchanged Primitive crust. Like George Barrow in Scotland - whose work in some ways he anticipated, Howitt, however, through the influence of Lyell's writings, began as a believer in metamorphism. But whereas Barrow is respected for innovative contributions to metamorphic thought and method, Howitt's isolation in Australia kept his work little known. In fact, as recent studies show, Howitt was investigating a regional metamorphism different in style from that of Barrow. Howitt not only pioneered metamorphic petrology in Australia, he really began the study of what is now termed low-pressure regional metamorphism.This paper seeks to set Howitt's metamorphic investigations in the contexts of his career and the then condition of his chosen subject. The principal influences on his approaches to petrography and metamorphism are seen to be German in origin. Howitt may have had no formal training in science but as a boy he lived in Germany for some years and learned the language. It was to be a most useful acquisition.
"Geologic Time" As Calculated By C. D. Walcott
Authors: Yochelson Ellis 
Published: April 2015

In 1893, Walcott contributed to the debate on the length of geologic time. He approached the problem by calculating average thickness of the Paleozoic rock column in the west and dividing by rates of erosion and by rates of deposition to arrive at a time interval. Although he concentrated on the Cordilleran area, Walcott produced a general paleogeographic scheme for the Paleozoic of North America. He was quite clear in differentiating between chemical and mechanical deposits, and devoted most of his attention to the Paleozoic carbonates.
Walcott chose western North America as the source for data, in part because of the long sections and in part because of the large amount of limestone relative to sandstone and shale. Throughout the discussion he included pertinent comments on such subjects as size of source areas and relative speed of deposition; he was familiar with many of the issues that occupy present-day sedimentologists. After considering various aspects of the issue, Walcott estimated 17,500,000 years for the duration of the Paleozoic. Walcott also derived a Paleozoic: Mesozoic: Cenozoic ratio of 12: 5: 2, the same ratio obtained today from radiometric dates. He estimated that the Algonkian was as long as Paleozoic and guessed 10,000,000 years for the duration of the Archean.
The greatest flaws in his chain of logic were assumption of an erosion rate of 1 foot in 200 years and assumption that deposition of limestone was more or less continuous. Had he chosen 1 foot per 3,000 years, one of his other two calculations, he would have been close to present-day age figures. Perhaps it was the episodic, rather than the average, nature of sedimentation that was the pitfall. Nevertheless, Walcott's estimates of thicknesses of western Paleozoic rocks and his resulting calculations were the most detailed made on erosion/sedimentation rates to indicate the length of geologic time.
His study was published in three journals, plus other outlets, and it may have been the most widely distributed paper of the decade. It was little cited, perhaps because within several years the debate on age shifted to use of ocean salinity as a potentially more precise calender. That approach in turn ultimately succumbed to the new concept of radiometric dating.