bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coordination Chemistry of Polynitriles, I. Syntheses and Crystal Structures of [Ag(PCC)(DMF)], [Ni(DMF)6](PCC)2 and [Co(DMF)6](PCC)2 (PCC = [C5(CN)5]-, DMF = N,N-Dimethylformamide) [1]
Authors: Sünkel Karlheinz , Reimann Dietmar 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Recrystallization of silver pentacyanocyclopentadienide Ag[C5(CN)5] from N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) gives the polymeric 1:1 complex [Ag{C5(CN)5}(DMF)] (1). The Ag+ cation is coordinated by three N atoms of three different [C5(CN)5]- anions and two O atoms of two DMF molecules. Each [C5(CN)5]- is coordinated via three neighboring CN groups to three different Ag+ ions, while each DMF molecule bridges two Ag+ ions via its O atom. Treatment of NiCl2 6H2O, CoCl2 6H2O or ZnCl2 with Ag[C5(CN)5] in DMF gives the DMF complexes [M(DMF)6][C5(CN)5]2 (M=Ni, 2; Co, 3; Zn, 4). The complexes 2 and 3 were characterized by X-ray diffraction and show octahedral [M(DMF)6]2+ cations with O-coordinated DMF molecules. The [C5(CN)5]- anions show ideal pentagonal symmetry
Novel Tin(IV) Complexes with the Hybrid Guanidine Ligand DMEGqu
Authors: Jesser Anton , Vieira Ines dos Santos , Herres-Pawlis Sonja 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Novel Sn(IV) complexes with the guanidine-quinoline hybrid ligand DMEGqu are reported. With SnCl4, SnBr4, Me2SnCl2, Me2SnBr2, and the 3,5-di-tert-butyl-catecholate coligand complexes with different donor sets were synthesized. Four of these tin compounds have been modelled by density functional theory. Additionally, a tetranuclear Sn(IV) oxocluster with a novel structure motif, a distorted hetero-adamantane with bridging oxido and hydroxido ligands, is presented
Nucleophilic Reactivities of Schiff Bases
Authors: Maji Biplab , Mayr Herbert 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The nucleophile-specific parameters N and sN, as defined by the linear free energy relationship log k = sN(N+E) (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 9500 - 9512), were determined for five imines 1a-e by studying the kinetics of their reactions with benzhydrylium ions in dichloromethane solution at 20 °C. These parameters allowed us to include representative Schiff bases into our comprehensive nucleophilicity scale and compare their reactivities with those of other N-nucleophiles
Concise Review: Immunological Properties of Ocular Surface and Importance of Limbal Stem Cells for Transplantation
Authors: Shaharuddin Bakiah , Ahmad Sajjad , Meeson Annette , Ali Simi 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCornea transplantation has been considered to be different from other solid organ transplantation because of the assumed immune-privileged state of the anterior chamber of the eye. Three major lines of thought regarding the molecular mechanisms of immune privilege in the eye are as follows: (a) anatomical, cellular, and molecular barriers in the eye; (b) anterior chamber-associated immune deviation; and (c) immunosuppressive microenvironment in the eye. However, cornea transplants suffer allograft rejection when breached by vascularization. In recent developments, cellular corneal transplantation from cultivated limbal epithelial cells has shown impressive advances as a future therapy. The limbal stem cell niche contains stem cells that promote proliferation and migration and have immunosuppressive mechanisms to protect them from immunological reactions. Limbal stem cells are also noted to display an enhanced expression of genes for the antiapoptotic proteins, a property that is imperative for the survival of transplanted tissues. Further investigation of the molecular mechanisms regulating the immune regulation of limbal stem cells is relevant in the clinical setting to promote the survival of whole corneal and limbal stem cell transplantation.
Plastic Fantastic: Schwann Cells and Repair of the Peripheral Nervous System
Authors: Kim Haesun A. , Mindos Thomas , Parkinson David B. 
Published: July 2013

Summary
Repair in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) depends upon the plasticity of the myelinating cells, Schwann cells, and their ability to dedifferentiate, direct axonal regrowth, remyelinate, and allow functional recovery. The ability of such an exquisitely specialized myelinating cell to revert to an immature dedifferentiated cell that can direct repair is remarkable, making Schwann cells one of the very few regenerative cell types in our bodies. However, the idea that the PNS always repairs after injury, in contrast to the central nervous system, is not true. Repair in patients after nerve trauma can be incredibly variable, depending on the site and type of injury, and only a relatively small number of axons may fully regrow and reinnervate their targets. Recent research has shown that it is an active process that drives Schwann cells back to an immature state after injury and that this requires activity of the p38 and extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases, as well as the transcription factor cJun. Analysis of the events after peripheral nerve transection has shown how signaling from nerve fibroblasts forms Schwann cells into cords in the newly generated nerve bridge, via Sox2 induction, to allow the regenerating axons to cross the gap. Understanding these pathways and identifying additional mechanisms involved in these processes raises the possibility of both boosting repair after PNS trauma and even, possibly, blocking the inappropriate demyelination seen in some disorders of the peripheral nervous system.
RNA Isolation from Mammalian Samples
Authors: Liu Ximeng , Harada Shuko 
Published: July 2013

AbstractRNA can be extracted from cultured cells, peripheral blood, bone marrow, plasma, serum, body fluids, and fresh or frozen tissues. RNA can also be extracted from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissues. Methods for RNA extraction can be divided into three groups: phenol/chloroform extraction, silica spin‐column absorption, and isopycnic gradient centrifugation. Two different RNA isolation procedures are described in this unit. The first basic protocol describes a one‐step isolation involving monophasic lysis with guanidine isothiocyanate and phenol followed by chloroform extraction. The second basic protocol describes a silica‐column separation method for RNA isolation. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 103:4.16.1–4.16.16. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Engineering Customized TALE Nucleases (TALENs) and TALE Transcription Factors by Fast Ligation‐Based Automatable Solid‐Phase High‐Throughput (FLASH) Assembly
Authors: Reyon Deepak , Maeder Morgan L. , Khayter Cyd , Tsai Shengdar Q. , Foley Jonathan E. , Sander Jeffry D. , Joung J. Keith 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCustomized DNA‐binding domains made using transcription activator‐like effector (TALE) repeats are rapidly growing in importance as widely applicable research tools. TALE nucleases (TALENs), composed of an engineered array of TALE repeats fused to the FokI nuclease domain, have been used successfully for directed genome editing in various organisms and cell types. TALE transcription factors (TALE‐TFs), consisting of engineered TALE repeat arrays linked to a transcriptional regulatory domain, have been used to up‐ or downregulate expression of endogenous genes in human cells and plants. This unit describes a detailed protocol for the recently described fast ligation‐based automatable solid‐phase high‐throughput (FLASH) assembly method. FLASH enables automated high‐throughput construction of engineered TALE repeats using an automated liquid handling robot or manually using a multichannel pipet. Using the automated approach, a single researcher can construct up to 96 DNA fragments encoding TALE repeat arrays of various lengths in a single day, and then clone these to construct sequence‐verified TALEN or TALE‐TF expression plasmids in a week or less. Plasmids required for FLASH are available by request from the Joung lab (http://eGenome.org). This unit also describes improvements to the Zinc Finger and TALE Targeter (ZiFiT Targeter) web server (http://ZiFiT.partners.org) that facilitate the design and construction of FLASH TALE repeat arrays in high throughput. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 103:12.16.1–12.16.18. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Field Studies Target 2012 Haida Gwaii Earthquake
Authors: James Thomas , Rogers Garry , Cassidy John , Dragert Herb , Hyndman Roy , Leonard Lucinda , Nykolaishen Lisa , Riedel Michael , Schmidt Michael , Wang Kelin 
Published: July 2013

At 8:04 P.M. Pacific daylight time (PDT) on 27 October 2012 (03:04 universal time (UT), 28 October), Canada's second largest instrumentally recorded earthquake rocked Haida Gwaii (formerly Queen Charlotte Islands) and the mainland coast of British Columbia. The M 7.7 event off the west coast of Moresby Island caused a tsunami with local runup of more than 7 meters and amplitudes up to 0.8 meter on tide gauges 4000 kilometers away in Hawaii. Shaking was felt as far away as the Yukon, Alberta, Washington, and Montana, up to 1500 kilometers away. Little damage was caused, as the immediate region is an uninhabited National Park Reserve. The closest point of the rupture zone, as defined by aftershocks (Figures 1a and 1c), was 50 kilometers from the nearest community, Queen Charlotte, where damage was confined to a few chimneys and slumped roads.
The Role of Point Defects in the Mechanical Behavior of Doped Ceria Probed by Nanoindentation
Authors: Korobko Roman , Kim Seong K. , Kim Sangtae , Cohen Sidney R. , Wachtel Ellen , Lubomirsky Igor 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe influence of dopant size and oxygen vacancy concentration on the room temperature elastic modulus and creep rate of ceria doped with Pr4+, Pr3+, Lu3+, and Gd3+, is investigated using a nanoindentation technique. Measurements are conducted with both fast (15 mN s−1) and slow (0.15 mN s−1) loading modes, including a load‐hold stage at 150 mN of 8 s and 30 s, respectively. Based on the data obtained using the fast loading mode, it is found that: 1) the dopant size is a primary determinant of the elastic modulus—the larger dopants (Pr3+ and Gd3+) produce lower unrelaxed moduli which are independent of the oxygen vacancy concentration. 2) The rearrangement of point defects is the major source of room temperature creep observed during load‐hold. Pr3+‐ and Gd3+‐doped ceria display the higher creep rates: due to their large size, they repel oxygen vacancies (VO), thereby promoting the formation of O7–CeCe–VO complexes that are capable of low temperature rearrangement. Lower creep rates are observed for Pr4+‐ and Lu3+‐doped ceria: the former has no vacancies and the latter, immobile vacancies. 3) Nanoindentation is a practical technique for identifying materials with labile point defects, which may indicate useful functionality such as high ionic conductivity, large electrostriction, and inelasticity.
Greatly increased numbers of histamine cells in human narcolepsy with cataplexy
Authors: John Joshi , Thannickal Thomas C. , McGregor Ronald , Ramanathan Lalini , Ohtsu Hiroshi , Nishino Seiji , Sakai Noriaki , Yamanaka Akhiro , Stone Carly , Cornford Marcia , Siegel Jerome M. 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveTo determine whether histamine cells are altered in human narcolepsy with cataplexy and in animal models of this disease.MethodsImmunohistochemistry for histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and quantitative microscopy were used to detect histamine cells in human narcoleptics, hypocretin (Hcrt) receptor‐2 mutant dogs, and 3 mouse narcolepsy models: Hcrt (orexin) knockouts, ataxin‐3‐orexin, and doxycycline‐controlled‐diphtheria‐toxin‐A‐orexin.ResultsWe found an average 64% increase in the number of histamine neurons in human narcolepsy with cataplexy, with no overlap between narcoleptics and controls. However, we did not see altered numbers of HDC cells in any of the animal models of narcolepsy.InterpretationChanges in histamine cell numbers are not required for the major symptoms of narcolepsy, because all animal models have these symptoms. The histamine cell changes we saw in humans did not occur in the 4 animal models of Hcrt dysfunction we examined. Therefore, the loss of Hcrt receptor‐2, of the Hcrt peptide, or of Hcrt cells is not sufficient to produce these changes. We speculate that the increased histamine cell numbers we see in human narcolepsy may instead be related to the process causing the human disorder. Although research has focused on possible antigens within the Hcrt cells that might trigger their autoimmune destruction, the present findings suggest that the triggering events of human narcolepsy may involve a proliferation of histamine‐containing cells. We discuss this and other explanations of the difference between human narcoleptics and animal models of narcolepsy, including therapeutic drug use and species differences. Ann Neurol 2013;74:786–793
Graphene/poly(styrene‐b‐isoprene‐b‐styrene) nanocomposite optical actuators
Authors: Ansari Seema , Neelanchery Muralidharan Malamal , Ushus Deepthi 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThis article presents an optomechanical actuator, which is driven by infra red (IR) radiation. The actuator is a nanocomposite‐containing graphene platelets embedded in poly(styrene‐b‐isoprene‐b‐styrene) (SIS) matrix. 0.1 mm thick free‐standing nanocomposite films are fabricated by a simple process of solvent casting. We demonstrate that graphene/SIS nanocomposite contracts on irradiation with IR radiation under strained conditions, whereas expansion behavior was exhibited by them when no prestrain is applied. A maximum photomechanical stress of 28.34 kPa and strain upto 3.1% was obtained for these nanocomposite actuators. We have also studied the mechanical characteristics and thermal degradation of these nanocomposite actuators. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3902–3908, 2013
Hydrothermal Deoxygenation of Graphene Oxide: Chemical and Structural Evolution
Authors: Choudhary Shivani , Mungse Harshal P. , Khatri Om P. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA green and facile approach for the partial deoxygenation of graphene oxide (GO) at moderate temperature (100 °C) and under atmospheric pressure, catalyzed by acidic conditions in water is reported. The chemical and structural changes in GO as a function of hydrothermal time were probed to understand the deoxygenation events. The brown GO dispersion in water was found to gradually turn black over the hydrothermal‐treatment time on account of the increasing graphitic content. FTIR, thermogravimetric (TG), Raman, and XRD analyses revealed that the labile oxygen functionalities are progressively eliminated, thereby partially restoring the π‐conjugated network. This was further corroborated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies based on quantitative analysis of each carbon component associated with the different chemical functionalities. Carbonyl, carboxyl, ether, and phenolic groups were found to be thermally stable, which hinders complete deoxygenation of GO and makes their dispersion in water stable, as monitored by the ζ potential. It is worth noting that deoxygenation events are expedited under acid‐catalyzed hydrothermal treatment relative to thermal deoxygenation in air.
Computational design of RNAs with complex energy landscapes
Authors: Höner zu Siederdissen Christian , Hammer Stefan , Abfalter Ingrid , Hofacker Ivo L. , Flamm Christoph , Stadler Peter F. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTRNA has become an integral building material in synthetic biology. Dominated by their secondary structures, which can be computed efficiently, RNA molecules are amenable not only to in vitro and in vivo selection, but also to rational, computation‐based design. While the inverse folding problem of constructing an RNA sequence with a prescribed ground‐state structure has received considerable attention for nearly two decades, there have been few efforts to design RNAs that can switch between distinct prescribed conformations. We introduce a user‐friendly tool for designing RNA sequences that fold into multiple target structures. The underlying algorithm makes use of a combination of graph coloring and heuristic local optimization to find sequences whose energy landscapes are dominated by the prescribed conformations. A flexible interface allows the specification of a wide range of design goals. We demonstrate that bi‐ and tri‐stable “switches” can be designed easily with moderate computational effort for the vast majority of compatible combinations of desired target structures. RNAdesign is freely available under the GPL‐v3 license. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 99: 1124–1136, 2013.
Revealing structural views of biology
Authors: Goodsell David S. , Burley Stephen K. , Berman Helen M. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe first protein structures were determined in the 1950s. In the decades that followed, development of new methods for sample preparation, crystallization, data collection, and structure analysis yielded tens of thousands of biomolecular structures. This short review highlights some of the major technical advances exemplified with selected structures. © 2013 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 99: 817–824, 2013.
Favorable Contact During Volunteer Service: Reducing Prejudice Toward Mexicans in the American Southwest
Authors: Ridge Robert D. , Montoya Jared A. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTWe assessed religious volunteers’ intergroup contact, realistic threat perceptions, symbolic threat perceptions, intergroup anxiety, negative stereotypes and prejudice toward Mexicans before and approximately 4–6 months into their volunteer service. Whether assigned to serve Mexicans or European–Americans, all volunteers experienced reduced prejudice toward Mexicans. A multiple mediator model suggests that changes in prejudice resulted from a mediated relationship between quality contact and prejudice. Specifically, intergroup anxiety and negative stereotypes mediated the relationship. The benefits of volunteerism as a means of fostering favorable intergroup contact and reducing threat perceptions and prejudice are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
British Citizenship and the ‘Other’: An Analysis of the Earned Citizenship Discourse
Authors: Andreouli Eleni , Dashtipour Parisa 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an analysis of interviews conducted with citizenship officers in London, working within the field of British naturalisation. We draw from a rhetorical psychology perspective to study the dilemmatic tensions that exist in the participants' discourse about naturalisation applicants who are constructed as ‘good’ and ‘bad’, as both ‘deserving’ and ‘undeserving’ of British citizenship. In line with a rhetorical approach, we argue that these different constructions of the migrant are strategic and are associated with different constructions of Britain as humanitarian and tolerant, on the one hand, and as being under threat by the influx of immigration, on the other hand. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of this ambivalence for processes of inclusion and exclusion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of Personal Networks Associated with Physical and Psychological Quality of Life Among Demobilized Individuals from the Colombian Armed Conflict
Authors: Amar‐Amar José Juan , Abello‐LLanos Raimundo , Madariaga‐Orozco Camilo , Ávila‐Toscano José 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe study identifies relationships between the characteristics of personal networks of demobilized individuals and their quality of life, through the evaluation of a sample of 102 ex‐combatants from a demilitarized zone in Colombia's Caribbean coast. The data was processed using centrality values calculation and statistical analysis through the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results showed moderate levels of nodality, proximity and intermediation degrees regarding small, closed networks with an unsatisfied high demand for support resources. Quality of life showed medium performance levels, with inverse relationships between mental health (p = .009 < .05) and vitality (p = .011 < .05) and intermediation. Positive feedback related significantly to general health (p = .041 < .05), while negative interactions showed inverse relationships to physical functioning (p = .012 < .05), physical role (p = .005), mental health (p = .001 < .05), and emotional role (p = .009 < .05). In conclusion, among the highly cohesive personal networks, there were less observations of social support that fosters increased energy and psychological health, given that access to this support is limited to a small number of members of the personal network. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrodeoxygenation of Guaiacol over Carbon‐Supported Metal Catalysts
Authors: Chang Jie , Danuthai Tanate , Dewiyanti Silvia , Wang Chuan , Borgna Armando 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCatalytic bio‐oil upgrading to produce renewable fuels has attracted increasing attention in response to the decreasing oil reserves and the increased fuel demand worldwide. Herein, the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of guaiacol with carbon‐supported non‐sulfided metal catalysts was investigated. Catalytic tests were performed at 4.0 MPa and temperatures ranging from 623 to 673 K. Both Ru/C and Mo/C catalysts showed promising catalytic performance in HDO. The selectivity to benzene was 69.5 and 83.5 % at 653 K over Ru/C and 10Mo/C catalysts, respectively. Phenol, with a selectivity as high as 76.5 %, was observed mainly on 1Mo/C. However, the reaction pathway over both catalysts is different. Over the Ru/C catalyst, the OCH3 bond was cleaved to form the primary intermediate catechol, whereas only traces of catechol were detected over Mo/C catalysts. In addition, two types of active sites were detected over Mo samples after reduction in H2 at 973 K. Catalytic studies showed that the demethoxylation of guaiacol is performed over residual MoOx sites with high selectivity to phenol whereas the consecutive HDO of phenol is performed over molybdenum carbide species, which is widely available only on the 10Mo/C sample. Different deactivation patterns were also observed over Ru/C and Mo/C catalysts.
Tracing the Route to Ammonia: A Theoretical Study on the Possible Pathways for Dinitrogen Reduction with Tripodal Iron Complexes
Authors: Gogoi Ujjal , Guha Ankur Kanti , Phukan Ashwini K. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe chemistry of nitrogen fixation has been the subject of considerable research with a view to gaining a proper understanding of the mechanistic details. In this article, density functional calculations are performed on all the mechanistic possibilities for dinitrogen reduction mediated by the tripodal iron complexes [(SiPMe3)FeI] ([FeSi]) and [(BPMe3)Fe0] ([FeB]). Dinitrogen addition to the neutral bare complex is found to be thermodynamically more favorable than that to the anionic one. Both symmetric and asymmetric pathways, along with the possible intermediates and transition states, are considered in this study. For both systems, the symmetric path is found to be more likely, although the prospect of the asymmetric path cannot be ignored. Moreover, interconversions between these two pathways are found to be less likely. This study corroborates most experimental observations and provides theoretical insight into the possible existence of some hitherto unknown intermediates such as multiple‐bonded FeN species in a trigonal bipyramidal geometry. Furthermore, in agreement with experimental observations, this study also highlights the possibility of hydrogen and hydrazine evolution during the complete reduction of dinitrogen.