bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unequal Redundancy in Maizeknotted1 homeoboxGenes
Authors: Bolduc Nathalie , Tyers Randall G. , Freeling Michael , Hake Sarah 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe knotted1 (kn1) homeobox (knox) gene family was first identified through gain-of-function dominant mutants in maize (Zea mays). Class I knox members are expressed in meristems but excluded from leaves. In maize, a loss-of-function phenotype has only been characterized for kn1. To assess the function of another knox member, we characterized a loss-of-function mutation of rough sheath1 (rs1). rs1-mum1 has no phenotype alone but exacerbates several aspects of the kn1 phenotype. In permissive backgrounds in which kn1 mutants grow to maturity, loss of a single copy of rs1 enhances the tassel branch reduction phenotype, while loss of both copies results in limited shoots. In less introgressed lines, double mutants can grow to maturity but are shorter. Using a KNOX antibody, we demonstrate that RS1 binds in vivo to some of the KN1 target genes, which could partially explain why KN1 binds many genes but modulates few. Our results demonstrate an unequal redundancy between knox genes, with a role for rs1 only revealed in the complete absence of kn1.
A test for community saturation along the Himalayan bird diversity gradient, based on within‐species geographical variation
Authors: Ghosh‐Harihar Mousumi , Price Trevor D. 
Published: November 2013

Summary

The idea that ecological communities are unsaturated is central to many explanations for regional gradients in species diversity.

We describe a test for differing degrees of saturation across a regional diversity gradient, based on within‐species geographical variation in ecological attributes. If communities in species‐poor regions are less saturated than communities in species‐rich regions, species that straddle both regions should have broader niches in species‐poor regions, exploiting resources that are consumed by other species in species‐rich regions.

We studied 10 species of Old World leaf warblers that range across the Himalayas. Elevational range and feeding method showed niche contractions in the species‐poor north‐west Himalayas with respect to the species‐rich south‐east Himalayas, whereas prey size did not vary geographically. Niche contractions are contrary to the expectation of character release in depauperate environments, as has been shown, for example in mainland‐island comparisons.

We show that arthropod abundances are likely a limiting resource, and that niche contractions are consistent with measurements of a narrowing of resource availability.

Results suggest that north‐western warbler communities are at least as saturated as the south‐east and that lower resource diversity drives reduced species numbers.
Serum Creatinine and Albumin Decline Predict the Contraction of Nosocomial Aspiration Pneumonia in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Minakuchi Hitoshi , Wakino Shu , Hayashi Koichi , Inamoto Hajime , Itoh Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAspiration pneumonia (AP) is prevalent in older adults and the hemodialysis (HD) population has been getting older. Therefore, it is speculated that increasing number of HD patients would suffer from AP. However, the clinical aspects of AP in HD patients have not been elucidated. Consecutive HD patients with nosocomial AP hospitalized in our university hospital from April 2007 to December 2008 were recruited. Their clinical characteristics, risk factors for contraction, and the fatality of AP and treatment options were described. Nineteen out of 356 hospitalized HD patients had AP and 8 out of 19 AP patients died, indicating the incidence rate and fatality rate were 5.34% and 42.1%, respectively. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the risk factors for contracting AP included age, body mass index, serum creatinine levels (Cre) and the monthly decline rate of Cre. It also revealed that serum albumin (Alb) and basal total cholesterol levels, the decline rate of Alb and Cre levels, and the duration of AP were independent risk factors for fatality. Survivors were most often treated with tube feeding. Both contraction rate and fatality of nosocomial AP were high among HD patients. Both the malnutrition as well as the decline rate for nutrition and muscle volume indicated by falls in Alb and Cre, respectively, had clinical relevance in AP. Maintaining nutritional state by tube feeding and muscle volume seems to be the mainstay for the prevention and the treatment of AP in HD patients.
spads 1.0: a toolbox to perform spatial analyses on DNA sequence data sets
Authors: Dellicour Simon , Mardulyn Patrick 
Published: November 2013

Abstractspads 1.0 (for ‘Spatial and Population Analysis of DNA Sequences’) is a population genetic toolbox for characterizing genetic variability within and among populations from DNA sequences. In view of the drastic increase in genetic information available through sequencing methods, spads was specifically designed to deal with multilocus data sets of DNA sequences. It computes several summary statistics from populations or groups of populations, performs input file conversions for other population genetic programs and implements locus‐by‐locus and multilocus versions of two clustering algorithms to study the genetic structure of populations. The toolbox also includes two Matlab and r functions, Gdispal and Gdivpal, to display differentiation and diversity patterns across landscapes. These functions aim to generate interpolating surfaces based on multilocus distance and diversity indices. In the case of multiple loci, such surfaces can represent a useful alternative to multiple pie charts maps traditionally used in phylogeography to represent the spatial distribution of genetic diversity. These coloured surfaces can also be used to compare different data sets or different diversity and/or distance measures estimated on the same data set.
Development of a Nasonia vitripennis outbred laboratory population for genetic analysis
Authors: van de Zande Louis , Ferber Steven , de Haan Ammerins , Beukeboom Leo W. , van Heerwaarden Joost , Pannebakker Bart A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe parasitoid wasp genus Nasonia has rapidly become a genetic model system for developmental and evolutionary biology. The release of its genome sequence led to the development of high‐resolution genomic tools, for both interspecific and intraspecific research, which has resulted in great advances in understanding Nasonia biology. To further advance the utility of Nasonia vitripennis as a genetic model system and to be able to fully exploit the advantages of its fully sequenced and annotated genome, we developed a genetically variable and well‐characterized experimental population. In this study, we describe the establishment of the genetically diverse HVRx laboratory population from strains collected from the field in the Netherlands. We established a maintenance method that retains genetic variation over generations of culturing in the laboratory. As a characterization of its genetic composition, we provide data on the standing genetic variation and estimate the effective population size (Ne) by microsatellite analysis. A genome‐wide description of polymorphism is provided through pooled resequencing, which yielded 417 331 high‐quality SNPs spanning all five Nasonia chromosomes. The HVRx population and its characterization are freely available as a community resource for investigators seeking to elucidate the genetic basis of complex trait variation using the Nasonia model system.
Identification of Swedish mosquitoes based on molecular barcoding of the COI gene and SNP analysis
Authors: Engdahl Cecilia , Larsson Pär , Näslund Jonas , Bravo Mayra , Evander Magnus , Lundström Jan O. , Ahlm Clas , Bucht Göran 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMosquito‐borne infectious diseases are emerging in many regions of the world. Consequently, surveillance of mosquitoes and concomitant infectious agents is of great importance for prediction and prevention of mosquito‐borne infectious diseases. Currently, morphological identification of mosquitoes is the traditional procedure. However, sequencing of specified genes or standard genomic regions, DNA barcoding, has recently been suggested as a global standard for identification and classification of many different species. Our aim was to develop a genetic method to identify mosquitoes and to study their relationship. Mosquitoes were captured at collection sites in northern Sweden and identified morphologically before the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences of 14 of the most common mosquito species were determined. The sequences obtained were then used for phylogenetic placement, for validation and benchmarking of phenetic classifications and finally to develop a hierarchical PCR‐based typing scheme based on single nucleotide polymorphism sites (SNPs) to enable rapid genetic identification, circumventing the need for morphological characterization. The results showed that exact phylogenetic relationships between mosquito taxa were preserved at shorter evolutionary distances, but at deeper levels, they could not be inferred with confidence using COI gene sequence data alone. Fourteen of the most common mosquito species in Sweden were identified by the SNP/PCR‐based typing scheme, demonstrating that genetic typing using SNPs of the COI gene is a useful method for identification of mosquitoes with potential for worldwide application.
Into the Void: International Law and the Protection of Animal Welfare
Authors: White Steven 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAnimal welfare is not currently regulated by a single, comprehensive international law instrument. This article considers prevailing frameworks in international law that address animal welfare in some way, but by themselves do not meet the hallmarks of an effective global protection regime, including comprehensiveness and enforceability. Emerging frameworks that might fill the gap in global animal welfare protection include a universal declaration on animal welfare, the entrenchment of World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) animal health standards and an international convention for the protection of animal welfare. While the prospects of any of these models succeeding in the short term are uncertain at best, the challenge now is to think carefully about what legal form an international framework for animal protection might take.
BRICS and the Privileging of Informality in Global Governance
Authors: Cooper Andrew F. , Farooq Asif B. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe staging of the Fifth BRICS summit on 26–27 March 2013 consolidated the impression of nuanced club dynamics. Despite considerable differences in strategic perspectives, the BRICS members have been successful in amplifying converging interests while avoiding friction from disagreement by downplaying issues on which there is geopolitical divergence and policy competition. Their ‘agency’ of cooperation within BRICS is founded on an informal and loose operational style, which has facilitated organizational maintenance. The approach of accenting institutional flexibility is demonstrated by content analysis of BRICS declarations, interviews and media releases, which reveal how the membership of this forum have given greater attention to areas in which they share common interests, and made progress working towards them, while refraining from addressing issues in which there are serious underlying tensions.
Expanding Global Justice: The Case for the International Protection of Animals
Authors: Horta Oscar 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article examines and rejects the view that nonhuman animals cannot be recipients of justice, and argues that the main reasons in favor of universal human rights and global justice also apply in the case of the international protection of the interests of nonhuman animals. In any plausible theory of wellbeing, sentience matters; mere species membership or the place where an animal is born does not. This does not merely entail that regulations of the use of animals aimed at reducing their suffering should be implemented. It actually supports the end of such use, as well as other positive steps to provide help and to promote what is good not only for domesticated animals, but also for those living in the wild. Another reason to bring the protection of animals' interests into the international arena is that it is at this level that numerous animal exploitation industries enjoy the protection of different agreements and institutions. It does not follow from this that changing international law should be animal advocates' first priority, but it does follow that they should conduct their work internationally and not limit it to their own countries.
The Great Global Poverty Debate: Is Something Missing?
Authors: Chandhoke Neera 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOver the last two decades, academics (based largely in the west) and activists have invested a great deal of energy in global poverty. This article asks: why should people not be poor? Surprisingly, this question elicits a number of answers. The pragmatically inclined can suggest that the existence of a large number of poor people poses a direct threat to the social and political order. Humanitarians are likely to argue that poverty breeds unfortunate consequences, which demoralises human beings, and violates our best‐held convictions that no one should be compelled to live below the threshold of decency. The response of normative theorists might be that society is complicit in the creation and recreation of poverty. Then society is obliged to remedy the wrongs that it has visited upon the heads of the poor. This constitutes a basic code of remedial justice. These responses can form the axis of separate and distinct arguments on the reasons why people should not be poor. In this article, I argue that there is more to the question.
Overcoming the Epistemic Injustice of Colonialism
Authors: Bhargava Rajeev 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this article I consider the epistemic injustice of colonialism. I define epistemic injustice as a form of cultural injustice that occurs when the concepts and categories by which a people understand themselves and their world is replaced or adversely affected by the concepts and categories of the colonizers. A deep problem today for the sufferers of epistemic injustice is that western categories both have an undeniable universal potential and they are fully intermingled with the specificity of western practices; worse, they bear a deep imprint of western domination and hegemony. I thus argue that we can neither ignore western ideas nor fully show how they can be rescued from the pernicious effects of their own imperial imprint.
Identifying Core NANDA‐I Nursing Diagnoses, NIC Interventions, NOC Outcomes, and NNN Linkages for Heart Failure
Authors: Park Hyejin 
Published: November 2013

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to identify the core nursing diagnoses, interventions, outcomes, and linkages using standardized nursing terminologies for patients with heart failure (HF).MethodsFor this study a retrospective descriptive design was used. The frequently used NANDA‐I, NIC, NOC, and NNN linkages were identified through 272 inpatient records of patients discharged with HF in a midwestern community.FindingsThe findings indicate that the top 10 NANDA‐I, NIC, and NOC accounted for more than 50% of nursing diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes. The most frequently used top 10 NNN linkages were identified for patients with HF.Conclusion and Practice ImplicationsThe identified core NANDA‐I, NIC, NOC, and NNN linkages for HF from this study provide scope of practice of nurses working in HF clinics.
A randomised controlled trial comparing the GlideScope® and the Macintosh laryngoscope for double‐lumen endobronchial intubation
Authors: Russell T. , Slinger P. , Roscoe A. , McRae K. , Van Rensburg A. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryDouble‐lumen endobronchial tubes are the most common method of achieving lung isolation and one‐lung ventilation during thoracic anaesthesia and surgery. We compared the clinical performance of the Macintosh laryngoscope and the GlideScope® during endobronchial intubation with a double‐lumen tube. Seventy patients with no predictors for difficult laryngoscopy were allocated randomly to the Macintosh laryngoscope or GlideScope. The time taken for endobronchial intubation with the Macintosh laryngoscope was significantly shorter compared with that taken for the GlideScope, median (IQR [range]) 33 (22–52 [11–438]) s vs 70 (39–129 [21–242]) s, respectively, p = 0.0013. There was no statistical difference in the rate of success at the first attempt (91% vs 83%, respectively). On a numerical rating scale (scored from 0 to 10), the 30 anaesthetists who took part in the study rated endobronchial intubation overall as easier using the Macintosh compared with the GlideScope, 2 (1–3 [0–8]) vs 3 (2–6 [0–10]), respectively, p = 0.003. Postoperative voice changes were also less common in the Macintosh group (8 (22%) vs 17 (58%), p = 0.045). Anaesthetists found the GlideScope more difficult to use than the Macintosh laryngoscope and endobronchial intubation took longer; therefore, we cannot recommend its routine use with double‐lumen tubes in patients who are predicted to have a normal airway.
A laboratory study of the effects of processing blood through a cell salvage device and leucocyte depletion filter on levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and bradykinin
Authors: Choi E. S. , Ahn W. S. , Lee J. M. , Jeon J. K. , Kim H. C. , Lim Y. J. , Sim J. Y. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryWe investigated changes in concentrations of interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, tumour necrosis factor‐α and bradykinin in blood during passage through a cell salvage device and a leucocyte depletion filter, with or without application of subatmospheric pressure across the filter. Blood samples from 19 healthy women undergoing scheduled caesarean section showed concentrations of cytokines and bradykinin in blood filtered under gravity flow that were equal to or significantly lower than those of pre‐operative venous blood samples. They were also significantly lower than that in postoperative orthopaedic shed blood, which is commonly reinfused after orthopaedic surgery. A minority of samples taken from blood that had been filtered using subatmospheric pressure showed raised interleukin‐6 concentrations. We suggest that use of a leucocyte depletion filter for cell‐salvaged blood with gravity flow is likely to be safe with regard to concentrations of cytokines and bradykinin. However, this may not hold true for the filter used with subatmospheric pressure. If transfusion of salvaged blood using a leucocyte depletion filter seems to induce hypotension, elevation of interleukin‐6 should be suspected.
Risk factors for conversion from unipolar psychotic depression to bipolar disorder
Authors: Østergaard Søren Dinesen , Straszek Sune , Petrides Georgios , Skadhede Søren , Jensen Signe Olrik Wallenstein , Munk‐Jørgensen Povl , Nielsen Jimmi 
Published: November 2013

ObjectivesPatients with unipolar psychotic depression (PD) are at high risk of developing bipolar disorder (BD). This conversion has important implications for the choice of treatment. This study, therefore, aimed to identify risk factors associated with diagnostic conversion from PD to BD.MethodsWe conducted a population‐based, historical prospective cohort study by merging data from Danish registers. Patients assigned an ICD‐10 diagnosis of PD between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2007 were identified in the Danish Central Psychiatric Research Register and were followed until the development of BD, death, loss to follow‐up, or 31 December 2007. Potential risk factors for conversion to BD, also defined through various Danish registers, were tested in multiple logistic regression analyses with risk expressed as adjusted odds ratios (AOR).ResultsWe identified 8,588 patients with PD, of whom 609 (7.1%) developed BD during follow‐up. The following characteristics were significantly associated with diagnostic conversion from PD to BD: early onset of PD [AOR = 0.99 (per year of increasing age), p = 0.044], recurrent depression [AOR = 1.02 (per episode), p = 0.036], living alone (AOR = 1.29, p = 0.007), receiving a disability pension (AOR = 1.55, p < 0.001), and the highest educational level being a technical education (AOR = 1.55, p < 0.001), short‐cycle higher education (AOR = 2.65, p < 0.001), or medium‐cycle higher education (AOR = 1.75, p < 0.001).ConclusionsDiagnostic conversion to BD was prevalent among patients with PD. The following characteristics were significantly associated with this conversion: early onset of PD, recurrent depression, living alone, receiving a disability pension, and the highest educational level being a technical education, short‐cycle higher education, or medium‐cycle higher education.
Temperature Changes in Cortical Bone after Implant Site Preparation Using a Single Bur versus Multiple Drilling Steps: An In Vitro Investigation
Authors: Gehrke Sergio Alexandre , Bettach Raphaél , Taschieri Silvio , Boukhris Gilles , Corbella Stefano , Del Fabbro Massimo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe study aims to test the hypothesis of no differences in temperature variation by using a single bur for implant site preparation as compared with conventional drilling sequence using multiple burs with incremental diameter.Materials and MethodsSynthetic blocks of bone (type I density) were used for drilling procedures.Three Groups Were EvaluatedGroup 1 and Group 2 – drilling with three consecutive burs for a 4.1 mm cylindrical implant and for a 4.3 mm conical implant, respectively; Group 3 – drilling with a single bur for a 4.2 mm conical implant. For each group, 20 drilling procedures were performed without irrigation and 20 with external irrigation. The temperature in the cortical bone during osteotomy for implant site preparation was measured through a thermocouple.ResultsThe mean temperatures and standard deviations for the drilling without irrigation were: 25.5 ± 1.24°C for Group 1; 28.1 ± 1.76°C for Group 2; 26.5 ± 1.79°C for Group 3. Considering the drilling with irrigation, the mean values and standard deviations were: 20.4 ± 1.17°C for Group 1; 22.2 ± 1.38°C for Group 2; 20.2 ± 0.83°C for Group 3. Groups 1 and 3 yielded similar results, while Group 2 displayed significantly higher temperature increase than the other two groups.ConclusionsThe single bur drilling protocol did not produce greater bone heating than the conventional protocol and may be considered a safe procedure.
Balancing the costs of carbon gain and water transport: testing a new theoretical framework for plant functional ecology
Authors: Prentice I. Colin , Dong Ning , Gleason Sean M. , Maire Vincent , Wright Ian J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA novel framework is presented for the analysis of ecophysiological field measurements and modelling. The hypothesis ‘leaves minimise the summed unit costs of transpiration and carboxylation’ predicts leaf‐internal/ambient CO2 ratios (ci/ca) and slopes of maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) or leaf nitrogen (Narea) vs. stomatal conductance. Analysis of data on woody species from contrasting climates (cold‐hot, dry‐wet) yielded steeper slopes and lower mean ci/ca ratios at the dry or cold sites than at the wet or hot sites. High atmospheric vapour pressure deficit implies low ci/ca in dry climates. High water viscosity (more costly transport) and low photorespiration (less costly photosynthesis) imply low ci/ca in cold climates. Observed site‐mean ci/ca shifts are predicted quantitatively for temperature contrasts (by photorespiration plus viscosity effects) and approximately for aridity contrasts. The theory explains the dependency of ci/ca ratios on temperature and vapour pressure deficit, and observed relationships of leaf δ13C and Narea to aridity.