bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy Entrepreneurs and the Reorientation of National Security Policy under the G. W. Bush Administration (2001‐04)
Authors: David Charles‐Philippe 
Published: February 2015

How are we to explain U.S. foreign policy—particularly policy making on national security—during the transformative years of the G. W. Bush administration? Who were the actors and what were the factors that produced what were some of the most controversial policies? This article argues that security choices and decisions have been the results of the work and methods of “policy entrepreneurs.” It looks first at theoretical approaches to entrepreneurs and their influence over the formulation of national security policy, and secondly at who those entrepreneurs were and how they achieved their goal of transforming U.S. security policy. Two decisions are discussed: the invasion of Iraq and the legal redefinition of torture by the G. W. Bush administration.Related Articles

Dolan, Chris J. 2008. “.” Politics & Policy 36 (): 542‐585. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00121.x/abstract

Haar, Roberta. 2010. “.” Politics & Policy 38 (): 965‐990. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00265.x/abstract

Clark, John F. 1995. “.” Southeastern Political Review 23 (): 559‐579. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.1995.tb00076.x/abstract
Related MediaFilms and Documentaries

Brolin, Josh. 2009. Lionsgate. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1175491/

Kirk, Michael. 2006. “.” Frontline Documentary. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darkside/

Kirk, Michael. 2005. “.” Frontline Documentary. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/torture/

Jones, Sherry. 2008. “.” Washington Media Associates. http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/torturingdemocracy/info/
Distribution of Subcutaneous Fat and the Relationship with Blood Pressure in Obese Children and Adolescents in Shandong, China
Authors: Zhang Ying‐xiu , Wang Shu‐rong 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe association between elevated blood pressure (BP) and childhood obesity has been documented in several studies. However, the association between BP and body fat distribution in obese children remains poorly understood. We examined the distribution of subcutaneous fat and its association with BP in obese children and adolescents.MethodsData for this study were obtained from a large cross‐sectional survey of school children. A total of 38 873 students (19 485 boys and 19 388 girls) aged 7–17 years participated in this study. Height, weight, BP, subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses (SFT) of all subjects were measured. Obesity was defined by using body mass index (BMI) criteria recommended by the Working Group on Obesity in China. A total of 3 579 obese children and adolescents (2 367 boys and 1 212 girls) were examined.ResultsMost of the obese children and adolescents had high subcutaneous fat. However, a small number of the obese individuals had a lower SFT levels. Obese children and adolescents with high SFT and central distribution had higher BP levels than those with low SFT and peripheral distribution.ConclusionObese children and adolescents assessed by BMI might not necessarily have a high SFT level. The BP level of obese individuals is associated with the level and distribution pattern of SFT. Additional measurement of SFT is better than BMI alone to help identify high BP risks.
Patient perceptions and expectations of an anticoagulation service: a quantitative comparison study of clinic‐based testers and patient self‐testers
Authors: Money Arthur G. , Barnett Julie , Kuljis Jasna , Duffin Debbie 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundGovernment initiatives see the provision of technology‐assisted self‐care as one of the key areas in which there is capacity for improving quality of care whilst reducing costs. However, levels of patient engagement in self‐testing and management (STM) remain low. Little emphasis has been placed on understanding the patients' perspectives of the reasons for this limited engagement. Typically, patient engagement in STM is achieved via the provision of patient education programmes, which aim to enable patients to make the changes necessary to become competent self‐carers. However, placing the onus to change on the individual patient is unrealistic. If levels of patient engagement are to be improved, patient needs and expectations of clinical services must be better understood and service provision must be adapted accordingly.ObjectiveExplore patient perceptions and expectations of clinical service provision and their views of having and making choices about care.MethodsParticipants [N = 191, 103 patient self‐tester managers (PSTMs) and 87 clinic‐based testers (CBTs)] completed the SERVQUAL and ChQ instruments to capture perspectives on service quality and choice, respectively. A comparative statistical analysis explored the similarities and differences between PSTMs' and CBTs' responses.ResultsClinic‐based testers' perceptions of service quality were significantly more positive than PSTMs', as were their expectations of the ‘tangible’ aspects of service delivery. PSTMs' expectations of service quality were significantly higher than their perceptions. PSTMs attributed significantly more value to making choices compared with CBTs.Conclusions and recommendationsTo close the gap between PSTMs expectations and perceptions of service quality and better cater for their choice preferences, service providers may benefit from taking into account the following practice considerations: maintain frequent, timely, personalised and direct interactions with PSTMs; prioritise investment in resources to facilitate patient/practitioner interaction over tangible facilities; ensure that PSTMs are given the opportunity to make choices about their care.
The role of executive functions in bilingual children with reading difficulties
Authors: Jalali‐Moghadam Niloufar , Kormi‐Nouri Reza 
Published: February 2015

To explore the joint effect of reading difficulties (RD) and bilingualism on executive functions, 190 children of four groups of 9–12 year‐olds (41 bilinguals with RD, 45 monolinguals with RD, 45 bilinguals without RD, and 59 monolinguals without RD) were examined on the Concentration game, Tower of Hanoi, and Stroop as measures of executive functioning tapping into inhibitory/attentional control, working memory and planning ability. The most prominent finding was that in terms of RD, the speed of performances decreased dramatically. This general decrease was more pronounced for bilingual children with RD than for their monolingual counterparts. In conclusion, the findings suggest that while bilinguals gain more from executive functions in normal reading, they lose in terms of RD. Such an outcome confirms that executive functions are essential components of both reading and bilingualism, which depending on whether reading conditions are normal or difficult will produce cognitive advantages or disadvantages. Further, it is argued that dissimilarity between the Farsi and Swedish languages may complicate handling of such a situation.
Challenges to delivery of isoniazid preventive therapy in a cohort of children exposed to tuberculosis in Timor‐Leste
Authors: Hall Charlotte , Sukijthamapan P. , dos Santos R. , Nourse C. , Murphy D. , Gibbons M. , Francis J. R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the number and geographic location of children aged <5 years exposed to sputum smear‐positive tuberculosis (TB) in Timor‐Leste, to determine the proportion evaluated for isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) and to review the programmatic challenges present in delivering IPT to this cohort.MethodsA total of 256 consecutive sputum smear‐positive TB index cases diagnosed at Bairo Pite Clinic between August 2013 and July 2014 were interviewed about places of residence and household contacts <5 years of age in the 3 months preceding diagnosis. Attendance of these contacts for screening and the outcome of screening were recorded prospectively.ResultsThe majority (225 of 256, 88%) of index cases resided in Dili, but 73 of 225 (32%) of these also had a second address outside the capital. A total of 255 contacts were identified; 172 of 255 (67%) of whom lived in Dili district and 83 of 255 (33%) of whom resided in remote districts. Only 66 of 255 (26%) contacts attended for evaluation for IPT, of whom 46 of 255 (18%) started IPT and nine of 255 (3.5%) were diagnosed with TB. Attendance was significantly less likely when the index case was not the parent of the child contact.ConclusionsSputum smear‐positive pulmonary TB cases frequently result in household exposure of children <5 years in Timor‐Leste, and provision of IPT is suboptimal. Contacts are located in diverse and distant locations. Further studies to delineate access barriers to IPT and review programmatic models that will facilitate IPT scale up in Timor‐Leste are needed.
Effect of substance P on recovery from laser‐induced retinal degeneration
Authors: Hong Hyun Sook , Kim Suna , Nam Seungwoo , Um Jihyun , Kim Yeong Hoon , Son Youngsook 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTRetinal degeneration is caused by neovascularization and persistent inflammation in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid, and causes serious eye disease including age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Thus, inhibiting inflammation and neovascularization may be a primary approach to protect the retina from degeneration. The purpose of this study was to determine whether substance P (SP), which can suppress inflammation and mobilize stem cells, can protect the RPE from degeneration. The effect of SP was evaluated by analyzing systemic inflammation, cell survival, and neovascularization within the argon laser‐injured retina of mice. At 1 week postinjury, the SP‐treated group had lower tumor necrosis factor‐alpha and higher interleukin‐10 serum concentrations, and a more intact retinal structure compared to the vehicle‐treated group. In mice administered SP repeatedly for 4 weeks, the retinal structure appeared normal and showed sparse neovascularization, whereas the vehicle‐treated group showed severe retinal destruction and dense neovascularization. Moreover, the efficacy of SP was identical to that of mesenchymal stem cells that were transplanted into the vitreous after retinal injury. This study highlights the potential for the endogenous neuropeptide SP as a treatment for retinal damage to prevent conditions such as AMD.
The Effects of Adverse Pressure Gradients on Momentum and Thermal Structures in Transitional Boundary Layers: Part 2 — Fluctuation Quantities
Authors: Mislevy Scott P. , Wang Ting 
Published: February 2015

The effects of adverse pressure gradients on the thermal and momentum characteristics of a heated transitional boundary layer were investigated with free-stream turbulence ranging from 0.3 to 0.6%. Boundary layer measurements were conducted for two constant K cases, K1=−0.51 × 10−6 and K2=−1.05 × 10−6.
The fluctuation quantities, u′, v′, t′, the Reynolds shear stress (uv¯), and the Reynolds heat fluxes (vt¯ and ut¯) were measured. In general, u′/U∞, v′/U∞, and vt¯ have higher values across the boundary layer for the adverse pressure-gradient cases than they do for the baseline case (K=0). The development of v′ for the adverse pressure gradients was more actively involved than that of the baseline. In the early transition region, the Reynolds shear stress distribution for the K2 case showed a near-wall region of high-turbulent shear generated at Y+=7. At stations farther downstream, this near-wall shear reduced in magnitude, while a second region of high-turbulent shear developed at Y+=70. For the baseline case, however, the maximum turbulent shear in the transition region was generated at Y+=70, and no near-wall high-shear region was seen. Stronger adverse pressure gradients appear to produce more uniform and higher t′ in the near-wall region (Y,+<20) in both transitional and turbulent boundary layers.
The instantaneous velocity signals did not show any clear turbulent/non-turbulent demarcations in the transition region. Increasingly stronger adverse pressure gradients seemed to produce large non-turbulent unsteadiness (or instability waves) at a similar magnitude as the turbulent fluctuations such that the production of turbulent spots was obscured. The turbulent spots could not be identified visually or through conventional conditional-sampling schemes. In addition, the streamwise evolution of eddy viscosity, turbulent thermal diffusivity, and Prt are also presented.
A New Analogy Function for the Naphthalene Sublimation Technique to Measure Heat Transfer Coefficients on Turbine Airfoils
Authors: Häring M. , Weigand B. 
Published: February 2015

The naphthalene sublimation technique is based on the analogy between mass and heat transfer. This analogy is only fully valid for incompressible flow and if the Prandtl and Schmidt number are equal. In the present investigation the energy- and mass transfer equations were solved simultaneously to establish an analogy function which allows the calculation of the Nusselt number from the Sherwood number in function of the Mach, the Prandtl and the Schmidt number.
For a laminar flow this new analogy function is based on similarity solutions of the conservation equations for high Mach number flows. Also a numerical investigation was conducted to study the influence of the pressure gradient and the Soret effect as well as varying fluid properties. For a turbulent flow, a flat plate solution was established for Pr=1. Energy and mass transfer equations were additionally solved for a two dimensional duct flow to study the influence of the Prandtl number on the analogy function independently.
The resulting analytical and numerical solutions are shown for various pressure gradients, Prandtl and Mach numbers. In addition, approximations for the analogy function are derived. The influence of the present theory on heat transfer measurements on a turbine airfoil is shown. The theory is validated against experimental results in Häring et. al. (1995) showing a good agreement between the heat transfer coefficients calculated with the new analogy function and measurements of actual heat transfer.
Cooling Flow Prediction for Fully Impingement Cooled Gas Turbine Blades
Authors: Consonni Stefano 
Published: February 2015

This paper presents a one-dimensional model to calculate the cooling flow of fully impingement cooled blades. The coolant is assumed to be ejected through a jet array running along the whole blade chord, with crossflow in the blade-to-blade plane from the leading edge toward the trailing edge. The simplicity of this cooling scheme translates to analytic formulations highlighting the peculiarities of impingement and the influence of geometric and fluid-dynamic parameters.
Results show that the coolant flow required to maintain the blade surface under a given maximum temperature varies strongly with the jet-to-jet spacing, while the jet-to-wall gap mainly affects pressure losses. Compared to other types of convection, impingement does not afford reductions of cooling flow nor pressure losses: the basic benefits are the capability to achieve high local heat transfer coefficients and more uniform temperature distributions.
Since the cooling schemes of actual gas turbine blades are substantially more complex — an elaborate combination of convection, impingement and film cooling — the present model cannot be used to predict the cooling flow required by actual engines. Nonetheless, it can give quantitative indications on the potential of impingement and help the selection of impingement array geometry.
Prediction of Vane Surface Film Cooling Effectiveness Using Compressible Navier-Stokes Procedure and k-ε Turbulence Model With Wall Function
Authors: Fukuyama Yoshitaka , Otomo Fumio , Sato Minoru , Kobayashi Yuichi , Matsuzaki Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2015

A numerical prediction has been performed on the film cooling effectiveness and the total pressure loss of the actual turbine vane geometry. The Navier-Stokes code used in this study is an implicit, cell-centered, finite volume code with k-ε turbulence models. The convection term was stabilized by the variable order up-winding scheme. The film cooling injection has been simulated by adding the prescribed flux terms at the vane surface.
The k and ε near wall distribution functions were developed based on the experimental and the DNS results in the literature. The wall functions for k and ε can be used with the selected low Reynolds number version of k-ε turbulence model irrespective of the distance between the wall and the first grid point. This combination would result in lower computational costs, since, near wall grid number can be reduced significantly.
Based on the study, the Navier-Stokes predictions were performed on the actual turbine vane geometry. Also, the comparisons were made with the experimental total pressure loss distribution behind the vane row and the mid-span film-cooling effectiveness distribution for single and double row injection cases.
Development of a Small Mixed-Flow Turbine for Automotive Turbochargers
Authors: Minegishi Hiroaki , Matsushita Hiromi , Sakakida Masaru , Koike Takaaki 
Published: February 2015

In recent years, turbocharging technologies for passenger cars have progressed significantly. However, “Turbo Lag” is still one of the most important problems in turbocharging technologies.
In order to improve response to acceleration, it is effective to reduce the polar moment of inertia of rotating parts. The turbine rotor designed with small diameter, light weight and high specific-speed contributes toward reducing inertia moment of the rotating parts. The further request for the smaller moment of inertia for passenger car applications made it difficult to satisfy the request with a conventional radial turbine rotor. This is why we developed a mixed-flow turbine rotor.
This paper explains the computer analysis we carried out and experimental test data of the mixed-flow turbine for passenger car applications.
Optimum Peak Cycle Pressure for the Intercooled-Supercharged Gas Turbine Engine
Authors: Wang Lin-Shu , Pan Lili 
Published: February 2015

Performance (thermal efficiency and mass specific power) of a simple-cycle gas turbine increases monotonically with peak cycle temperatures, for a given peak cycle temperature, the performance also depends on cycle pressure ratio or peak cycle pressure: maximum performance (both mass specific power and thermal efficiency near their maximum values) is achieved in a narrow range of optimum peak cycle pressures.
A recently proposed intercooled-supercharged cycle gas turbine differs from the conventional intercooled cycle gas turbine in their intercooler placement. This paper studies the performance of the proposed cycle based on a reformulated intercooling-supercharging optimization procedure. The intercooler placement is defined by a new parameter, the intercooling supercharging parameter. In terms of the intercooling supercharging parameter and the peak cycle pressure, a map of performance curves (efficiency versus specific power) is constructed, which discloses a higher performance zone for the proposed cycle. This performance zone is defined by optimal intercooler placement and peak cycle pressures that are considerably higher than the simple-cycle’s optimum peak cycle pressures. At these higher pressures, the intercooled-supercharged-cycle gas turbine can achieve a new level of performance: a 20% to 30% improvement over the simple cycle in thermal efficiency and mass specific power.
Semi–Empirical Correlation of NOx Emissions From Combustion Turbines With Water/Steam Injection
Authors: Newburry Donald M. , Mellor Arthur M. 
Published: February 2015

Inert (water or steam) injection is commonly used to reduce NOx emissions in stationary gas turbine combustors, both lean premixed when oil–fired and conventional. Thus, having an accurate phenomenological model to predict these reductions could be useful in both design and implementation for low emissions. In this work, the semi–empirical characteristic time model (CTM), which has been validated for thermal NOx emissions from conventional, diffusion flame combustors, is modified to account for inert injection effects. Measured NOx data from two heavy–duty, utility combustion turbines operating on natural gas and fuel oil #2, both dry and with water or steam injection, are correlated.
Inert injection is modeled as thermal, and two limiting cases are proposed which successfully bound the measured data. An empirically selected effective inert injection flame temperature was substituted for the stoichiometric flame temperature used to estimate the thermal NO formation rate in the CTM. This procedure correlated all of the measured data from both combustors for both fuels with a standard deviation of 1.02 g NO2/kg fuel. The high standard deviation results from systematic trends in the dry data for one combustor which propagate through the lower NOx values of the inert injection data. Removing these trends empirically improves the combined correlation to a standard deviation of 0.28 g/kg (approximately 3.2 ppmvd at 15% O2).
Semi–Empirical Predictions and Correlations of NOx Emissions From Utility Combustion Turbines
Authors: Newburry Donald M. , Mellor Arthur M. 
Published: February 2015

Semi–empirical equations model the dominant subprocesses involved in pollutant emissions by assigning specific times to the fuel evaporation, chemistry, and turbulent mixing. They then employ linear ratios of these times with model constants established by correlating data from combustors with different geometries, inlet conditions, fuels, and fuel injectors to make a priori predictions.
In this work, thermal NOx emissions from two heavy–duty, dual fuel (natural gas and fuel oil #2) diffusion flame combustors designated A and B operating without inert injection are first predicted, and then correlated using three existing semi–empirical approaches termed the Lefebvre (AHL) model, the Rizk–Mongia (RM) model, and the characteristic time model (CTM). Heterogeneous effects were found to be significant, as fuel droplet evaporation times were required to align the natural gas and fuel oil data. Only the RM model and CTM were employed to study this phenomenon.
The CTM achieved the best overall prediction and correlation, as the data from both combustors fell within one standard deviation of the predicted line. The AHL and RM models were not able to account for the geometries of the two combustors. For Combustor A the CTM parameter correlated the data in a highly linear manner, as expected, but for Combustor B there was significant curvature. Using the CTM this was shown to be a residence time effect.
Local Measurements in a Three Dimensional Jet-Stabilized Model Combustor
Authors: Bauer H. J. , Eigenmann L. , Scherrer B. , Wittig S. 
Published: February 2015

Measurements of velocity, temperature and species concentration in a three dimensional jet-stabilized combustor are presented. The modular design of the combustor permits the use of either gaseous or liquid fuels. For the investigations presented here, fuel oil has been chosen which is atomized by an air-blast atomizer. Access to the reacting flow field for probes as well as for non intrusive optical measurement techniques is provided by several windows along the combustor axis.
Velocity measurements in the mixing zone and even in the primary zone of the combustor are performed by means of a two-component Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDA). Platinum rhodium/platinum thermocouples (PtRh/Pt) specially designed for reduced internal heat losses are used for the investigation of the temperature field. A cranked, water cooled probe is employed in order to detect local species concentrations.
The experimental results reveal detailed information about the characteristics of the reacting flow field. The interaction of fuel atomization and flame stabilization in the primary zone is illustrated by a direct comparison with experimental data of the gaseous fuel case investigated earlier [ 1 ]. The results gained here serve as an excellent database to verify numerical models for the description of liquid spray combustion.