bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrical resistivity tomography monitoring studies at Balçova (Turkey) geothermal site
Authors: Drahor Mahmut G. , Berge Meriç A. , Bakak Özde , Öztürk Caner 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThis investigation examines the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) monitoring performed at geothermal sites. It includes two phases of time‐lapse ERT studies of the shallow geothermal liquid transportation that results from the circulation of injected and re‐injected liquids: synthetic modelling and field surveys. The synthetic modelling stage indicated that the injection process in the horizontal layered environment could cause temporal variations. The field investigation was performed between March 2010 and February 2011 at the Balçova geothermal site, Izmir‐Turkey, which has supplied in‐house heating since the 1990s. The time‐lapse ERT investigations were performed on a shallow aquifer system near two boreholes used as injection and re‐injection. In this study, the percentage changes in the synthetic models were determined and compared to the observed inverted time‐lapse monitoring data. We propose that time‐lapse inversion results are more reliable than the standard inversion approximation. However, the resistivity artefacts were significant, and were dependent on the selection of the comparison model and the inversion parameters. Also the selection of the initial model was shown to be the most important step in constraining the later temporal datasets. During the monitoring period, we observed very substantial decreases in the resistivity of time‐lapse results. We conclude that these observed decreases are a result of subsurface temperature or salinity changes associated with the hydrothermal system and fault zone. As a result, this study indicates that time‐lapse studies could be important in the characterisation of the subsurface changes that are connected with geothermal operations and climatic fluctuations.
Vitamin D Receptor and Jak–STAT Signaling Crosstalk Results in Calcitriol-Mediated Increase of Hepatocellular Response to IFN-α
Authors: Lange Christian M. , Gouttenoire Jérôme , Duong François H. T. , Morikawa Kenichi , Heim Markus H. , Moradpour Darius 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Recent clinical research suggests a role for vitamin D in the response to IFN-α–based therapy of chronic hepatitis C. Therefore, we aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Huh-7.5 cells harboring subgenomic hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicons or infected with cell culture–derived HCV were exposed to bioactive 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) with or without IFN-α. In these experiments, calcitriol alone had no effect on the HCV life cycle. However, calcitriol enhanced the inhibitory effect of IFN-α on HCV replication. This effect was based on a calcitriol-mediated increase of IFN-α–induced gene expression. Further mechanistic studies revealed a constitutive inhibitory interaction between the inactive vitamin D receptor (VDR) and Stat1, which was released upon stimulation with calcitriol and IFN-α. As a consequence, IFN-α–induced binding of phosphorylated Stat1 to its DNA target sequences was enhanced by calcitriol. Importantly, and in line with these observations, silencing of the VDR resulted in an enhanced hepatocellular response to IFN-α. Our findings identify the VDR as a novel suppressor of IFN-α–induced signaling through the Jak–STAT pathway.
KLF13 Cooperates with c-Maf To Regulate IL-4 Expression in CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Kwon Seok Joo , Crespo-Barreto Juan , Zhang Wei , Wang Tianhong , Kim Dong Seok , Krensky Alan , Clayberger Carol 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Kruppel-like factor (KLF) 13 is a transcription factor that positively regulates expression of the chemokine RANTES 3–5 d after activation of T cells. In this study, we document a key role for KLF13 in the expression of IL-4 in CD4+ T cells. Gene expression analysis in activated T cells from Klf13−/− mice showed that IL-4, along with other Th2 cytokine genes, was downregulated when compared with cells from wild-type mice. The decreased levels of IL-4 were not associated with changes in expression of the Th2-inducing transcription factors GATA3 or c-Maf. Additional analysis revealed that KLF13 directly binds to IL-4 promoter regions and synergizes with c-Maf to positively regulate IL-4 expression. These results indicate that KLF13 is a positive regulator for differentiation of Th2 cells, as part of the transcriptional machinery that regulates IL-4 production in Th2 cells.
Comparison of nutritional status of rural and urban school students receiving midday meals in schools of Bengaluru, India
Authors: Shalini CN , Murthy NS , Shalini S , Dinesh R , Shivaraj NS , Suryanarayana SP 
Published: May 2014

Background:
The objective of the study was to assess the impact of the mid day meal program by assessing the nutritional status of school students aged 5-15 years receiving midday meals in rural schools and compare them with those in urban schools in Bengaluru, India.

Materials and Methods:
This cross sectional study involved a sample of 4378 students from government and aided schools. Weight and height were measured and compared with “means” and “percentiles” of expected standards as endorsed by the Indian Association of Pediatrics. Regression coefficients were also estimated to assess the rate of growth.

Results:
In all age groups and in both sexes, the observed mean weight and height were below the expected standards. The study findings showed that 13.8% and 13.1% of the studied students were underweight and stunted, respectively (below the third percentile for weight and height for age). A higher proportion of rural students were below the third percentile for both weight and height compared with urban students (weight: 16.3% and 11.5%; height: 17.0% and 10.0%; P < 0.05 for both weight and height). Only 2.4% and 3.1% were above 97 th percentile for weight and height. The rate of growth of height for weight showed a declining trend with increasing age in all the groups.

Discussion:
The authors believe that the magnitude of the burden of undernourished students as seen in this study would have been much greater in the absence of the midday meal program.

Conclusion:
Greater involvement of the private sector to assist the government would help augment nutrition in children and indirectly impact school performance, attendance and literacy.
Reference values for peak expiratory flow in Indian adult population using a European Union scale peak flow meter
Authors: Kodgule RR , Singh V , Dhar R , Saicharan BG , Madas SJ , Gogtay JA , Salvi SS , Koul PA 
Published: May 2014

Background:
Reference values of peak expiratory flow (PEF) in Indian adults have to date been derived locally, using an old (Wright) scale peak flow meter. There are thus no reliable reference values for PEF for Indians and this formed the aim of the study.

Materials and Methods:
A European Union (EU) scale peak flow meter (PFM) was used for the study. A respiratory health and demographic questionnaire was administered to 1000 male and female adults from randomly selected locations in the country in this multi centric study. The locations represented different geographic, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Patients were stratified according to height and age. The PEF values were measured using the Breathometer™ (Cipla Ltd., India) with EU scale. Reference equations were derived from multiple regression analysis.

Results:
A total of 3608 participants were excluded. In 80% of the remaining 6138 healthy adults (M: 3720; F: 2418), the predicted regression equations were derived. Gender, age, and height were the significant determinants of PEF. The equations in L/minute are: Females: PEF = -1.454 (Age) + 2.368 (Height) Males: PEF = -1.807 (Age) + 3.206 (Height). The derived equation was validated by comparing the predicted PEF values with the measured values in the remaining sample of 20% (Mean ΔPEF: M = 1.85 L/minute, CI = -2.76, 6.47; F = 1.64, CI = -2.89, 6.18). An Indian adult with average height and age was found to have approximately 30% lower PEF compared to the corresponding European adult using the Nunn and Gregg equation.

Conclusion:
We derived reference values of PEF for Indian adults using a validated EU scale peak flow meter.
Correlation between measures of hypoglycemia and glycemic improvement in sulfonylurea treated patients with type 2 diabetes in India
Authors: Kalra S , Deepak MC , Narang P , Singh V , Maheshwari A 
Published: May 2014

Background:
This study aimed to assess correlation between measures of hypoglycemia and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with sulfonylureas.

Materials and Methods:
T2DM patients being initiated on a sulfonylurea (SU) on background of a failing oral antihyperglycemic regimen were followed up for 12 weeks. (HbA1c) was measured at baseline and end of follow-up. Hypoglycemia was assessed using Stanford Hypoglycemia Questionnaire at week 12.

Results:
Of the total 1069 patients enrolled, 950 were considered evaluable. A weak negative correlation was observed between end of follow-up HbA1c values and hypoglycemia score, using both linear regression analysis (correlation coefficient -0.12; P = 0.0002) and negative binomial regression (β slope -0.09; P = 0.0010). A similar correlation was also observed between change in HbA1c from baseline and hypoglycemia score (β slope -0.07; P = 0.0048). Mean HbA1c reduction was lowest (0.65 ± 2.27%) in patients not reporting any hypoglycemia and highest (1.28 ± 2.40%) in patients with hypoglycemia score greater than median of 2 (P = 0.0031). There was no correlation between hypoglycemia frequency and end of follow-up HbA1c values (P = 0.4111).

Conclusion:
With addition of SU on a background of a failing oral anti-hyperglycemic regimen, the extent of glycemic control correlates directly with measures of patient reported hypoglycemia.
Intended intramuscular gluteal injections
Authors: Dayananda L , Belaval VV , Raina A , Chandana R 
Published: May 2014

Context:
In patients with obesity, intramuscular injections may be deposited subcutaneously due to an increase in gluteal fat. We aimed to use abdominal CT done in our institute for gluteal fat thickness to test our hypothesis.

Materials and Methods:
After IRB approval, CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis of the past 6 months were analyzed. The thickness of gluteal region subcutaneous fat was measured in a standardized manner.

Results:
Out of 700 CT scans, studied, 476 were males and 224 were females. The average gluteal fat thickness was 2.34 cm +/- 1 cm. The average fat thickness in males was 1.98 cm +/- 0.98 cm whereas in females was 3.0 cm +/- 1.2 cm. Subcutaneous granulomas were seen in 17 cases and one injection granuloma in the intramuscular plane.

Conclusion:
A significant number of female patients had increased gluteal fat thickness beyond the reach of routinely used needles. The medications in these patients will thus be unintentionally injected to subcutaneous plane, possibly altering the pharmacokinetics.
Understanding your student
Authors: Prithishkumar IJ , Michael SA 
Published: May 2014

Background:
Students have different preferences in the assimilation and processing of information. The VARK learning style model introduced by Fleming includes a questionnaire that identifies a person's sensory modality preference in learning. This model classifies students into four different learning modes; visual (V), aural (A), read/write (R), and kinesthetic (K).

Materials and Methods:
The 16-point multiple choice VARK questionnaire version 7.1 was distributed to first year undergraduate medical students after obtaining permission for use.

Results:
Seventy-nine students (86.8%) were multimodal in their learning preference, and 12 students (13.8%) were unimodal. The highest unimodal preference was K-7.7%. Surprisingly, there were no visual unimodal learners. The commonest learning preference was the bimodal category, of which the highest percentage was seen in the AK (33%) and AR (16.5%) category. The most common trimodal preference was ARK (8.9%). The total individual scores in each category were V-371, A-588, R/W-432, and K-581; auditory and kinesthetic being the highest preference. Visual mode had the lowest overall score. There was no significant difference in preference between the sexes.

Conclusion:
Students possess a wide diversity in learning preferences. This necessitates teachers to effectively deliver according to the needs of the student. Multiple modalities of information presentation are necessary to keep the attention and motivation of our students requiring a shift from the traditional large-group teacher-centric lecture method to an interactive, student-centric multimodal approach.
Evanescent eosinophilic gastritis in recurrent Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Nasa Mukesh , Patel Jignesh , Choksey Ajay , Patel Bhumit , Phadke Aniruddha , Sawant Prabha 
Published: May 2014

AbstractEosinophilic gastroenteritis is characterized histologically by eosinophilic infiltration of the gut wall and clinically manifests by gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. A high index of suspicion is required for the early diagnosis of this uncommon disease in patients who have concomitant GI symptoms and peripheral eosinophilia. This unusual case who initially had duodenal ulcer with duodenal stenosis, responded to Helicobacter pylori treatment and dilatation. He was symptom free for 2 years. Subsequently, developed evanescent eosinophilic gastritis and recurrent H. pylori infection with refractory prepyloric ulceration, but no duodenal stenosis. Eosinophilic gastritis and H. pylori infection initially responded to treatment, but subsequently the patient developed nonhealing prepyloric ulcer and refractory H. pylori infection and had persistent symptoms; all these necessitated surgical intervention consisting of antrectomy with gastrojejunostomy.
Clinical Reasoning Used by Occupational Therapists to Determine the Nature of Spiritual Occupations in Relation to Psychiatric Pathology
Authors: Hess Ka Yan , Ramugondo Elelwani 
Published: May 2014

Introduction: In this exploratory study, the clinical reasoning process followed by occupational therapists in determining whether their clients' spiritual occupations were health promoting or manifestations of a psychiatric illness is described. There has been limited investigation in this regard in existing literature. Method: A qualitative multiple case study design was used. Five occupational therapists working in different mental health care settings were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Review of relevant documents and field-notes also provided important data sources. Findings: Three themes emerged from thematic analysis, namely ‘Clinical Reasoning: complex, dynamic and multi-layered’; ‘Multiple resources: people as key’; and ‘Rewarding and challenging experience’. ‘Underground practice’ emerged as a strategy that helped participants to navigate around contextual barriers in order to ensure client-centredness when addressing spiritual occupational needs within a mental healthcare setting. Conclusion: Spiritual occupational engagements should be examined in conjunction with individual clients' own process of meaning-making, implications for health to the client and others within the healthcare setting, and by taking the broader occupational narrative of the person, as well as relevant cultural norms and expectations, into consideration.
MM-MTA for Direct Pulp Capping: A Histologic Comparison with ProRoot MTA in Rat Molars
Authors: Naaman Alfred , Khalil Issam Tanios , Sarkis Tony 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

Aim
To compare the histomorphological response of rat dental pulps capped with MM-MTA and ProRoot MTA at 1, 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively.

Materials and methods
Direct pulp capping with MM-MTA and ProRoot MTA, overlaid with light-cured composite resin, was performed on right and left maxillary first molars of 20 Wistar rats. Animals were killed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively. Biopsy samples were stained and viewed by light microscopy to determine dentin bridge formation. Data were statistically evaluated with the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05).

Results
Absence of dentin bridge formation at 1 week, partial dentin bridge formation at 2 weeks and complete dentin bridge formation at 4 weeks are observed with MM-MTA and ProRoot MTA. The results showed no statistically significant difference between both materials at 4 weeks.

Conclusion
Both materials produced similar responses in the pulp when used for pulp capping in intact, caries-free molars of rats.

How to cite this article
Khalil IT, Sarkis T, Naaman A. MM-MTA for Direct Pulp Capping: A Histologic Comparison with ProRoot MTA in Rat Molars. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(6):1019- 1023.
An Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Self-Etch Adhesive on Pre-etched Enamel: An in vitro Study
Authors: Mujeeb Abdul , Rao Bhadra , Reddy Satti Narayana , Mehta Kanchan , Saritha G 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

Aim
To determine the shear bond strength of self-etch adhesive G-bond on pre-etched enamel.

Materials and methods
Thirty caries free human mandibular premolars extracted for orthodontic purpose were used for the study. Occlusal surfaces of all the teeth were flattened with diamond bur and a silicon carbide paper was used for surface smoothening. The thirty samples were randomly grouped into three groups. Three different etch systems were used for the composite build up: group 1 (G-bond self-etch adhesive system), group 2 (G-bond) and group 3 (Adper single bond). Light cured was applied for 10 seconds with a LED unit for composite buildup on the occlusal surface of each tooth with 8 millimeters (mm) in diameter and 3 mm in thickness. The specimens in each group were tested in shear mode using a knife-edge testing apparatus in a universal testing machine across head speed of 1 mm/ minute. Shear bond strength values in Mpa were calculated from the peak load at failure divided by the specimen surface area. The mean shear bond strength of all the groups were calculated and statistical analysis was carried out using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

Results
The mean bond strength of group 1 is 15.5 Mpa, group 2 is 19.5 Mpa and group 3 is 20.1 Mpa. Statistical analysis was carried out between the groups using one-way ANOVA. Group 1 showed statistically significant lower bond strength when compared to groups 2 and 3. No statistical significant difference between groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
Self-etch adhesive G-bond showed increase in shear bond strength on pre-etched enamel.

How to cite this article
Rao B, Reddy SN, Mujeeb A, Mehta K, Saritha G. An Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Self-Etch Adhesive on Pre-etched Enamel: An In vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(6):1036-1038.
Direct Measurement of Stain Retention in Third Molars
Authors: Kwon So Ran , Kurti R Steven , Boghossian Berj Der 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

Aim
To directly determine the mass of dye retained in teeth following exposure to aqueous solutions of Rhodamine B and to correlate tooth color modifications.

Materials and methods
Extracted third molars (25) were selected and sectioned at the cementoenamel junction for coronal staining. Pulp tissue was removed and teeth sonicated to remove debris. Teeth were kept in deionized water for 12 hours and subsequently weighed. They were then stained for 4 hours in 5 ml of Rhodamine B dye at two different concentrations. The samples were then subjected to two 8 hours rinses in deionized water. The tooth shade was recorded with a commercially available intraoral spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade Compact, Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) at baseline (T1), after dye immersion (T2), and after water rinsing (T3). A standard absorption curve was then used to calculate the dye mass in the rinse solutions as well as the posttreatment stain solutions. All solution optical absorption curves were recorded using a laboratory research spectrophotometer (Cary 300, Agilent, USA). The mass of dye in each solution was then calculated from the standard curve relating optical absorption to aqueous dye concentration.

Results
An average change in the CIE (a) values of 8.0 ± 0.3 were observed for concentrations of Rhodamine B similar to the optical appearance of wine or other darkly colored juices while an increase of 10× in concentration gave values too high to measure using a standard intraoral spectrophotometer. By measuring the optical absorbance of the staining solutions before and after the staining process, we were able to measure dye retention of 54 ± 26 micrograms per gram of tooth.

Conclusion
While no significant correlation could be found between the amount of stain retention in the dentition and the tooth shade due to the high uncertainties in the spectroscopic measurements, we were able to show that this method should admit such comparisons for future research.

Clinical significance
The development of a reliable chromophore infiltration model may provide standardized and reproducible results in evaluating tooth whitening efficacy.

How to cite this article
Kurtir Jr RS, Boghossian BD, Kwon SR. Direct Measurement of Stain Retention in Third Molars. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(6):1060-1064.
Quantitative Evaluation of Apical Extrusion of Debris and Irrigants using Four Rotary Instrumentation Systems: An in vitro Study
Authors: Ratnakar P , Nagaveni S Aspalli , Balakoti K Reddy , Smita Karan , Satish SV , Aravind T 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

Clinical significance
The apical extrusion of infected debris may have the potential to disrupt the balance between microbial aggression and host defense, resulting in incidents of acute inflammation. During preparation, irrigants and debris, such as bacteria, dentin filings and necrotic tissue may be extruded into the periradicular region leading to periapical inflammation and postoperative flare ups. Using an instrumentation technique that minimizes apical extrusion would be beneficial to both the practitioner and patient.
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the weight of debris and volume of irrigant extruded apically from extracted teeth in vitro after endodontic instrumentation using four different rotary root canal instrumentation systems.

Materials and methods
Four groups of each 20 extracted mandibular premolars were instrumented using one of the four systems: ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland)), Hero-shaper (MicroMega, Besancon, France), RaCe (FKG Dentaire, La-Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) and K3 (SybronEndo, West Collins, CA). Debris and irrigant extruded from the apical foramen during instrumentation were collected in preweighed test tubes. Volume of irrigant extruded was noted. The containers were stored in incubator at 70° for two days to evaporate the moisture. Weight of dry debris was noted.

Statistical analysis
Data was analyzed using Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test at a significance of 0.001.

Results
The results indicated that all of the instrumentation systems tested caused measurable apical extrusion of debris and irrigants. Higher extrusion was observed with Protaper system which was statistically significant with Hero-Shaper, RaCe and K3 systems. There were no statistical differences between Hero-shaper, K3 and RaCe systems (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
All instrumentation techniques apically extruded debris and irrigant. However, Hero-shaper, K3 and RaCe systems produced less extruded debris and irrigant than the Protaper system.

How to cite this article
Nagaveni SA, Balakoti KR, Smita K, Ratnakar P, Satish SV, Aravind T. Quantitative Evaluation of Apical Extrusion of Debris and Irrigants using Four Rotary Instrumentation Systems: A in vitro study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(6):1065-1069.