bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EHSM: a conceptual ecohydrological model for daily streamflow simulation
Authors: Viola F. , Pumo D. , Noto L. V. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA parsimonious conceptual lumped model is here presented with the aim of simulating daily streamflow in semi‐arid areas. The model, processing daily rainfall and reference evapotranspiration at basin scale, reproduces surface and subsurface runoff, soil moisture dynamics, and actual evapotranspiration fluxes. The key elements of this numerical model are the soil bucket, where rainfall, evapotranspiration, and leakage drive soil moisture dynamics, and two linear reservoirs working in parallel with different characteristic response times. The surface reservoir, able to simulate the fast response of the basin, is fed by rain falling on impervious area and by runoff generated with excess of saturation mechanism, whereas the deep reservoir, which simulates the slow response, is fed by instantaneous leakage pulses coming from the soil bucket. Seven model parameters, which summarize soil, vegetation, and hydrological catchment properties, are assessed on a Sicilian basin, first using simple basic ecohydrological knowledge and then Monte Carlo simulations as well.The proposed model provides reliable estimate of daily runoff, accurate reproduction of flow duration curve, and physically consistent traces of soil moisture and evapotranspiration fluxes. Model performances are comparable in the two cases of calibrated and ecohydrologically driven parameters, emphasizing how basic descriptors are able to provide runoff estimation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental exposure assessment of engineered nanoparticles: Why REACH needs adjustment
Authors: Meesters Johannes AJ , Veltman Karin , Hendriks A Jan , van de Meent Dik 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) possess novel properties making them attractive for application in a wide spectrum of fields. These novel properties are not accounted for in the environmental risk assessment methods that the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) proposes in their guidance on environmental exposure estimation, although ENMs are already applied in a variety of consumer and industrial products. It is thus necessary to evaluate the guidance document REACH provides on environmental exposure estimation on its applicability to ENMs. This is most urgently the case for engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), as the novel properties are most often only applicable to them. The environmental fate of ENPs was reviewed and compared to the environmental fate of chemicals according to the REACH guidance. Major deviations between the fate of ENPs and predicted fate by REACH were found. They were related to at least 1 of 3 major assumptions made in REACH guidance: 1) in REACH, environmental alteration processes are all thought of as removal processes, whereas alterations of ENPs in the environment may greatly affect their properties, environmental effects, and behavior, 2) in REACH, chemicals are supposed to dissolve instantaneously and completely on release into the environment, whereas ENPs should be treated as nondissolved nanosized solids, and 3) in REACH, partitioning of dissolved chemicals to solid particles in air, water, and soil is estimated with thermodynamic equilibrium coefficients, but in the case of ENPs thermodynamic equilibrium between “dispersed” and “attached” states is generally not expected. The environmental exposure assessment of REACH therefore needs adjustment to cover the specific environmental fate of ENPs. Incorporation of the specific environmental fate processes of ENPs into the environmental risk assessment framework of REACH requires a pragmatic approach. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:e15–e26. © 2013 SETAC
Structure of the zooplankton communities in macrophytes stand of a Neotropical floodplain (the Paraná River, Brazil)
Authors: Colares Maria Alice Mendes , Bonecker Cláudia Costa , Simões Nadson Ressyé , Alves Geziele Mucio , Lansac‐Tôha Fábio Amodêo 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study evaluated the structure of the invertebrate community in plankton of the littoral region of three backwaters of the Upper Paraná River floodplain close to macrophyte stands during different hydrological periods. Samplings were conducted using vertical hauls with a plankton net (68 μm). A total of 81 rotifer taxa and 78 microcrustacean taxa were identified. Both rotifer and microcrustaceans presented higher richness and abundance during the high water period. On the other hand, the highest species diversity for both groups was observed in the low water period. The dissimilarities in composition between sampling sites within each backwater were greater in the high water period. However, the results for beta diversity highlighted a higher dissimilarity of composition and abundance between backwaters in the low water period. The results suggested a stronger temporal influence on the attributes of rotifer and microcrustacean communities, thus stressing the preponderance of the flood pulse in these environments.
Brivaracetam Disposition in Mild to Severe Hepatic Impairment
Authors: Stockis Armel , Sargentini‐Maier Maria Laura , Horsmans Yves 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBrivaracetam is a high‐affinity synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) ligand in clinical development for epilepsy. This open‐label, single‐dose study evaluated brivaracetam disposition in participants with different degrees of hepatic impairment versus matched healthy controls. Twenty‐six participants (38–72 years; 19 males and 7 females) with hepatic impairment classified by Child‐Pugh score (mild, n = 6; moderate, n = 7; severe, n = 7) or normal hepatic function (n = 6) received a single oral dose of 100 mg brivaracetam. The pharmacokinetics of brivaracetam and its three main metabolites (acid, hydroxy, hydroxyacid) were determined and correlated with impairment severity. Dynamic liver function tests correlated with hepatic impairment severity. The plasma half‐life of brivaracetam was 9.8, 14.2, 16.4, and 17.4 hours and the area under the plasma concentration‐time curve was 29.7, 44.6, 46.7, and 47.1 µg h/mL in healthy controls and participants with mild, moderate, and severe liver impairment, respectively. Production of the acid metabolite was increased and the hydroxylated metabolites were decreased in participants with hepatic impairment versus healthy controls. Exposure to brivaracetam increased by 50–60% in patients with hepatic impairment, irrespective of severity. The relative importance of biotransformation pathways was altered; cytochrome P450 (CYP)‐dependent hydroxylation decreased; CYP‐independent acid metabolite formation increased concomitantly.
A hydroquinone sensor based on a new nanocrystals modified electrode
Authors: Zou Jing , Ma Jinai , Zhang Yuanxiao , Huang Lei , Wan Qijin 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDCuS nanocrystals with excellent properties are widely applied as semiconductor materials, but little work has been done on their application to electrochemical analysis. This paper reports on a very straightforward method to synthesize pure hexagonal phase CuS nanocrystals with an average diameter of 20 nm by a solvothermal method. A glassy carbon electrode was modified by drop casting the suspension of CuS nanocrystals and chitosan onto its surface. The new electrochemical sensor was developed for the determination of hydroquinone.RESULTSThe crystallization, morphology and composition of as‐prepared CuS nanocrystals were characterized by XRD, SEM, Raman and EDS, respectively. The electrochemical oxidation behavior of hydroquinone at a CuS nanocrystals/chitosan/glassy carbon electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The electrode exhibited a wide linear dynamic range between 4.5 µmol L−1 and 4.5 mmol L−1 hydroquinone, and a detection limit of 1.5 µmol L−1.CONCLUSIONSThe electrode was successfully applied to the determination of hydroquinone in real water samples with satisfactory accuracy and precision. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
A climatology of tropical congestus using CloudSat
Authors: Wall Christina , Liu Chuntao , Zipser Edward 
Published: May 2013

AbstractCumulus congestus clouds have long been identified as an important part of the spectrum of convective clouds in the tropics. These clouds—which range in size from growing cumulus to slightly smaller than a cumulonimbus—make important contributions to precipitation and latent heat fluxes in the tropics. Past studies have used numerical simulations and satellite observations to examine these clouds globally, although definitions of congestus vary between studies. In this study, congestus in the tropics are identified using contiguous cloud area with cloud tops between 5 and 8 km from 5 years of CloudSat reflectivity data. Alternatively, congestus clouds are defined by contiguous cloud areas with infrared brightness temperature ranging from 273 to 260 K and radar‐detected surface rainfall from 14 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data. Due to the resolution of CloudSat, the congestus identified using this method represent groups of congestus clouds rather than individual turrets. The regional, seasonal variations of the population of congestus are presented globally. Congestus clouds are found most frequently over the Amazon. There is a strong diurnal variation of congestus clouds over land with a peak in the early afternoon shown by TRMM. General differences are found between the properties of congestus over land and those over ocean, especially the shapes of groups of congestus over land and ocean. Ocean congestus clusters are more bell shaped, while land congestus clusters tend to have flatter sides and larger area above the freezing level. These differences have important implications in the proper representation of congestus in numerical models.
The impact of a realistic vertical dust distribution on the simulation of the Martian General Circulation
Authors: Guzewich Scott D. , Toigo Anthony D. , Richardson Mark I. , Newman Claire E. , Talaat Elsayed R. , Waugh Darryn W. , McConnochie Timothy H. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractLimb‐scanning observations with the Mars Climate Sounder and Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) have identified discrete layers of enhanced dust opacity well above the boundary layer and a mean vertical structure of dust opacity very different from the expectation of well‐mixed dust in the lowest 1–2 scale heights. To assess the impact of this vertical dust opacity profile on atmospheric properties, we developed a TES limb‐scan observation‐based three‐dimensional and time‐evolving dust climatology for use in forcing general circulation models (GCMs). We use this to force the MarsWRF GCM and compare with simulations that use a well‐mixed (Conrath‐ν) vertical dust profile and Mars Climate Database version 4 (MCD) horizontal distribution dust opacity forcing function. We find that simulated temperatures using the TES‐derived forcing yield a 1.18 standard deviation closer match to TES temperature retrievals than a MarsWRF simulation using MCD forcing. The climatological forcing yields significant changes to many large‐scale features of the simulated atmosphere. Notably the high‐latitude westerly jet speeds are 10–20 m/s higher, polar warming collar temperatures are 20–30 K warmer near northern winter solstice and tilted more strongly poleward, the middle and lower atmospheric meridional circulations are partially decoupled, the migrating diurnal tide exhibits destructive interference and is weakened by 50% outside of equinox, and the southern hemisphere wave number 1 stationary wave is strengthened by up to 4 K (45%). We find the vertical dust distribution is an important factor for Martian lower and middle atmospheric thermal structure and circulation that cannot be neglected in analysis and simulation of the Martian atmosphere.
Insights into spatial sensitivities of ice mass response to environmental change from the SeaRISE ice sheet modeling project II: Greenland
Authors: Nowicki Sophie , Bindschadler Robert A. , Abe‐Ouchi Ayako , Aschwanden Andy , Bueler Ed , Choi Hyeungu , Fastook Jim , Granzow Glen , Greve Ralf , Gutowski Gail , Herzfeld Ute , Jackson Charles , Johnson Jesse , Khroulev Constantine , Larour Eric , Levermann Anders , Lipscomb William H. , Martin Maria A. , Morlighem Mathieu , Parizek Byron R. , Pollard David , Price Stephen F. , Ren Diandong , Rignot Eric , Saito Fuyuki , Sato Tatsuru , Seddik Hakime , Seroussi Helene , Takahashi Kunio , Walker Ryan , Wang Wei Li 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe Sea‐level Response to Ice Sheet Evolution (SeaRISE) effort explores the sensitivity of the current generation of ice sheet models to external forcing to gain insight into the potential future contribution to sea level from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. All participating models simulated the ice sheet response to three types of external forcings: a change in oceanic condition, a warmer atmospheric environment, and enhanced basal lubrication. Here an analysis of the spatial response of the Greenland ice sheet is presented, and the impact of model physics and spin‐up on the projections is explored. Although the modeled responses are not always homogeneous, consistent spatial trends emerge from the ensemble analysis, indicating distinct vulnerabilities of the Greenland ice sheet. There are clear response patterns associated with each forcing, and a similar mass loss at the full ice sheet scale will result in different mass losses at the regional scale, as well as distinct thickness changes over the ice sheet. All forcings lead to an increased mass loss for the coming centuries, with increased basal lubrication and warmer ocean conditions affecting mainly outlet glaciers, while the impacts of atmospheric forcings affect the whole ice sheet.
Drought, disease, defoliation and death: forest pathogens as agents of past vegetation change
Authors: WALLER MARTYN 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThe temperate and boreal forests of Europe and North America have been subject to repeated pathogen (fungal disease and phytophagus insect) outbreaks over the last 100 years. Palaeoecology can, potentially, offer a long‐term perspective on such disturbance episodes, providing information on their triggers, frequency and impact. Mid‐Holocene declines in Tsuga and Ulmus pollen dominate the Quaternary literature on forest pathogens, yet the role of pathogens, and even the presence of pathogenic fungal diseases, during these events has yet to be established. Pathogen‐focused research strategies, informed by the sequence of events documented in modern outbreaks, and undertaken at high temporal resolution using a multi‐proxy approach, are required. It is argued that forest pathogens are likely to have been significant agents of past vegetation change, even in cases where climate change was the primary stress factor. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of volatile compounds and olfactory profile of red minority varietal wines from La Rioja
Authors: Martínez‐Pinilla Olga , Guadalupe Zenaida , Ayestarán Belén , Pérez‐Magariño Silvia , Ortega‐Heras Miriam 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe aim of this work was to study for the first time the volatile compounds and olfactory profile of La Rioja red wines made with the local varieties Vitis vinifera cv. Monastel and Maturana Tinta de Navarrete, using Tempranillo as a reference variety. The impact of vintage on these compounds was also evaluated, and chemometric techniques were applied to achieve a possible differentiation of the wines.RESULTSA clear classification of wines according to grape variety and vintage was obtained. Volatile compounds that differentiated wines by grape variety were varietal aromas whereas vintage was mainly differentiated by compounds formed during the alcoholic fermentation and extracted from wood during the elaboration process in wooden barrels. Sensory analysis also allowed differentiation of wines by grape variety. Tempranillo wines were characterized by liquorice notes, whereas Maturana Tinta de Navarrete wines were the least fruity and showed herbaceous and pepper notes. The sensory profile of Monastel varied between vintages.CONCLUSIONThese minor grape varieties could provide a good alternative to the most widespread variety in La Rioja: Tempranillo. The use of these varieties produced wines with their own personality and different aromatic profile from other wines on the market. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
High‐Brilliance, Fiber‐Coupled, Turn‐Key Diode Laser System
Authors: Neukum Jörg 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBased on an optimized chip design suitable for efficient fiber coupling, socalled tailored mini‐bars, DILAS has introduced a new platform of fiber‐coupled diode laser modules. In the following, we describe the basic ideas of the concept, together with the integration of such fiber‐coupled diode laser modules into a new series of turn‐key diode laser systems.
Xanthohumol ameliorates atherosclerotic plaque formation, hypercholesterolemia, and hepatic steatosis in ApoE‐deficient mice
Authors: Doddapattar Prakash , Radović Branislav , Patankar Jay V. , Obrowsky Sascha , Jandl Katharina , Nusshold Christoph , Kolb Dagmar , Vujić Nemanja , Doshi Lalit , Chandak Prakash G. , Goeritzer Madeleine , Ahammer Helmut , Hoefler Gerald , Sattler Wolfgang , Kratky Dagmar 
Published: May 2013

ScopeXanthohumol (XN), a prenylated antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory chalcone from hops, exhibits positive effects on lipid and glucose metabolism. Based on its favorable biological properties, we investigated whether XN attenuates atherosclerosis in western‐type diet‐fed apolipoprotein‐E‐deficient (ApoE−/−) mice.Methods and resultsXN supplementation markedly reduced plasma cholesterol concentrations, decreased atherosclerotic lesion area, and attenuated plasma concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. Decreased hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol content, activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase, phosphorylation and inactivation of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, and reduced expression levels of mature sterol regulatory element‐binding protein (SREBP)‐2 and SREBP‐1c mRNA indicate reduced lipogenesis in the liver of XN‐fed ApoE−/− mice. Concomitant induction of hepatic mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1a in ApoE−/− mice‐administered XN suggests increased fatty acid beta‐oxidation. Fecal cholesterol concentrations were also markedly increased in XN‐fed ApoE−/− mice compared with mice fed western‐type diet alone.ConclusionThe atheroprotective effects of XN might be attributed to combined beneficial effects on plasma cholesterol and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 concentrations and hepatic lipid metabolism via activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase.
ω‐Hydroxylation of phylloquinone by CYP4F2 is not increased by α‐tocopherol
Authors: Farley Sherry M. , Leonard Scott W. , Taylor Alan W. , Birringer Marc , Edson Katheryne Z. , Rettie Allan E. , Traber Maret G. 
Published: May 2013

ScopeThe objective of this study was to investigate the initial catabolic step of vitamin E and K metabolism, the ω‐hydroxylation by human cytochrome P450 4F2 (CYP4F2).Methods and resultsTocopherol (T) metabolism was compared using rat liver slices incubated with deuterated (d6)‐RRR‐α‐T (d6‐α‐T), racemic 2S‐α‐T (2S, 4′RS, 8′RS α‐T, 2S‐α‐T), or d2‐γ‐T (d2‐γ‐T). Following comparable uptake of each T by liver slices, twice as much 13′‐OH‐T was produced from 2S‐α‐T or d2‐γ‐T (39 ± 15 or 42 ± 5 pmol/g liver, respectively) as from d6‐α‐T (17 ± 2, p < 0.01). Kinetic studies were conducted using insect microsomes expressing human CYP4F2 incubated with d4‐phylloquinone (d4‐PK), d6‐RRR‐α‐T, d3‐SRR‐α‐T, or d2‐γ‐T. CYP4F2 demonstrated similar apparent maximal velocities (Vmax) when either of the α‐Ts were used as substrates, which were less than the apparent d4‐PK Vmax (p < 0.0002), while the CYP4F2 catalytic efficiency toward d4‐PK (15.8 Vmax/Km) was five times greater than for α‐Ts. Vitamin K had no effect on vitamin E catabolism, while vitamin E slightly decreased the d4‐PK Vmax.ConclusionCYP4F2 discriminates between Ts and PK in vitro, but α‐T does not apparently increase PK ω‐hydroxylation by this mechanism.
Multidimensional Assessment of Poverty Alleviation in a Developing Country: A Case Study on Economic Interventions
Authors: Jäger Urs Peter , Rothe Manuel David 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDonors increasingly expect international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) to prove that the organizations' economic development interventions alleviate poverty. Currently, many INGOs search for new methods to meet this demand by focusing on the expectations of donors rather than those of beneficiaries. We analyze the benefit of qualitative, context‐specific methods and ask the question: What can an economic development intervention contribute to poverty alleviation from the perspective of the beneficiaries? In our case study, a negative economic valuation was not automatically a reason to evaluate the economic intervention as a failure. Assessment thus cannot be reduced to economic impacts. Also, qualitative approaches can add beneficiary‐oriented data in a context in which accountability mainly focuses on donors. This beneficiary orientation likely leads to better accountability negotiations with donors. Three hypotheses introduce these results.
Endothelial cell adhesion molecule CD146: implications for its role in the pathogenesis of COPD
Authors: Kratzer Adelheid , Chu Hong Wei , Salys Jonas , Moumen Zakaria , Leberl Maike , Bowler Russ , Cool Carlyne , Zamora Martin , Taraseviciene‐Stewart Laima 
Published: May 2013

AbstractCD146 is an adhesion molecule localized at endothelial cell junctions and facilitates cell–cell interactions. The circulating soluble form (sCD146) lacks both the intracellular and the transmembrane domains. In this study we show that CD146 expression was significantly decreased in the lung tissue of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and also in rats exposed to second‐hand smoke (SHS). Concurrently, levels of sCD146 were increased in both the plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of COPD patients as well as in BALF from rats exposed to SHS. Decreased or abolished CD146 protein expression in rat pulmonary micro‐ and macrovascular endothelial cells was found after treatment with cigarette smoke extract (CSE), proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 18 (IL‐18) or after silencing CD146 expression with siRNA. The decrease in CD146 protein was accompanied by increased endothelial monolayer permeability and enhanced macrophage infiltration in vitro. In CD146 knockout (KO) mice, distinct perivascular oedema was seen and increased numbers of inflammatory cells, along with increased protein levels in BALF. Increased sCD146 was found in BALF and plasma from patients with COPD. The circulating plasma levels of sCD146 correlated positively with the presence of anti‐endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs). sCD146 in combination with AECAs may be useful markers for early detection of COPD. Our study indicates that loss of CD146 function damages pulmonary endothelial integrity. This damage may represent part of the pathophysiological processes that are involved in the basic aetiology of COPD/emphysema. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.