bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Schizophrenia is a dirty word’: service users' experiences of receiving a diagnosis of schizophrenia
Authors: Howe Lorna , Tickle Anna , Brown Ian 
Published: August 2014

Aims and methodTo explore service users' experiences of receiving a diagnosis of schizophrenia and the stigma associated with the diagnostic label. Seven participants were interviewed about their perceptions of these experiences. Interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.ResultsFive superordinate themes resulted from the analysis: (1) avoidance of the diagnosis of schizophrenia; (2) stigma and diagnostic labels; (3) lack of understanding of schizophrenia; (4) managing stigma to maintain normality; (5) being ‘schizophrenic’. These, together with their subthemes, highlighted avoidance of the term schizophrenia by participants and use of alternative terms by professionals, which limited opportunities for understanding the label and challenging associated stigma. Participants strived to maintain normality despite potential stigma.Clinical implicationsThere is a need to address the process of giving a diagnosis as a phenomenon of consequence within its own terms. Implications relate to how professionals deliver and discuss the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
The College reply to Francis misses the big question: a commentary on OP92
Authors: Cox John , Gray Alison 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe College has recently published an occasional paper in response to the Francis inquiry into the care at Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust. We consider that it overlooks one key question implicit in the inquiry's recommendations: ‘Is the business model of care fit for purpose?’ We question whether the business model in its present form is appropriate for the delivery of healthcare. We suggest there is a need for greater conceptual clarity with regard to the nature of compassionate care and the meaning of person-centred medicine. We recommend that a broader moral and ethical framework is considered not only for psychiatry, but for all healthcare provision which would transcend specialty and Royal College boundaries.
Efficiency Analysis of Cournot Competition in Service Industries with Congestion
Authors: Perakis Georgia , Sun Wei 
Published: August 2014

We consider Cournot competition in the presence of congestion effects. Our model consists of several service providers with differentiated services, each competing for users who are sensitive to both price and congestion. We distinguish two types of congestion effects, depending on whether spillover costs exist, that is, where one service provider's congestion cost increases with the other providers' output level. We quantify the efficiency of an unregulated oligopoly with respect to the optimal social welfare with tight upper and lower bounds. We show that, when there is no spillover, the welfare loss in an unregulated oligopoly is limited to 25% of the social optimum, even in the presence of highly convex costs. On the other hand, when spillover cost is present, there does not exist a constant lower bound on the efficiency of an unregulated oligopoly, even with affine cost. We show that the efficiency depends on the relative magnitude between the marginal spillover cost and the marginal benefit to consumers. This paper was accepted by Christian Terwiesch, operations management.
Functional outcome and quality of life after the surgical treatment for diffuse-type giant-cell tumour around the knee
Authors: van der Heijden L. , Mastboom M. J. L. , Dijkstra P. D. S. , van de Sande M. A. J. 
Published: August 2014

We retrospectively reviewed 30 patients with a diffuse-type giant-cell tumour (Dt-GCT) (previously known as pigmented villonodular synovitis) around the knee in order to assess the influence of the type of surgery on the functional outcome and quality of life (QOL). Between 1980 and 2001, 15 of these tumours had been treated primarily at our tertiary referral centre and 15 had been referred from elsewhere with recurrent lesions.The mean follow-up was 64 months (24 to 393). Functional outcome and QOL were assessed with range of movement and the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society (MSTS) score, the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS) and the SF-36 questionnaire. There was recurrence in four of 14 patients treated initially by open synovectomy. Local control was achieved after a second operation in 13 of 14 (93%). Recurrence occurred in 15 of 16 patients treated initially by arthroscopic synovectomy. These patients underwent a mean of 1.8 arthroscopies (one to eight) before open synovectomy. This achieved local control in 8 of 15 (53%) after the first synovectomy and in 12 of 15 (80%) after two. The functional outcome and QOL of patients who had undergone primary arthroscopic synovectomy and its attendant subsequent surgical procedures were compared with those who had had a primary open synovectomy using the following measures: range of movement (114º versus 127º; p = 0.03); KOOS (48 versus 71; p = 0.003); MSTS (19 versus 24; p = 0.02); TESS (75 versus 86; p = 0.03); and SF-36 (62 versus 80; p = 0.01).Those who had undergone open synovectomy needed fewer subsequent operations. Most patients who had been referred with a recurrence had undergone an initial arthroscopic synovectomy followed by multiple further synovectomies. At the final follow-up of eight years (2 to 32), these patients had impaired function and QOL compared with those who had undergone open synovectomy initially.We conclude that the natural history of Dt-GCT in patients who are treated by arthroscopic synovectomy has an unfavourable outcome, and that primary open synovectomy should be undertaken to prevent recurrence or residual disease.Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:1111–18.
Predictors of failure for cephalomedullary nailing of proximal femoral fractures
Authors: Kashigar A. , Vincent A. , Gunton M. J. , Backstein D. , Safir O. , Kuzyk P. R. T. 
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this study was to identify factors that predict implant cut-out after cephalomedullary nailing of intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric hip fractures, and to test the significance of calcar referenced tip-apex distance (CalTAD) as a predictor for cut-out.We retrospectively reviewed 170 consecutive fractures that had undergone cephalomedullary nailing. Of these, 77 met the inclusion criteria of a non-pathological fracture with a minimum of 80 days radiological follow-up (mean 408 days; 81 days to 4.9 years). The overall cut-out rate was 13% (10/77).The significant parameters in the univariate analysis were tip-apex distance (TAD) (p < 0.001), CalTAD (p = 0.001), cervical angle difference (p = 0.004), and lag screw placement in the anteroposterior (AP) view (Parker’s ratio index) (p = 0.003). Non-significant parameters were age (p = 0.325), gender (p = 1.000), fracture side (p = 0.507), fracture type (AO classification) (p = 0.381), Singh Osteoporosis Index (p = 0.575), lag screw placement in the lateral view (p = 0.123), and reduction quality (modified Baumgaertner’s method) (p = 0.575). In the multivariate analysis, CalTAD was the only significant measurement (p = 0.001). CalTAD had almost perfect inter-observer reliability (interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.901).Our data provide the first reported clinical evidence that CalTAD is a predictor of cut-out. The finding of CalTAD as the only significant parameter in the multivariate analysis, along with the univariate significance of Parker’s ratio index in the AP view, suggest that inferior placement of the lag screw is preferable to reduce the rate of cut-out.Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:1029–34.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the topical administration of tranexamic acid in total hip and knee replacement
Authors: Alshryda S. , Sukeik M. , Sarda P. , Blenkinsopp J. , Haddad F. S. , Mason J. M. 
Published: August 2014

Intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to be effective in reducing blood loss and the need for transfusion after joint replacement. Recently, there has been interest in applying it topically before the closure of surgical wounds. This has the advantages of ease of application, maximum concentration at the site of bleeding, minimising its systemic absorption and, consequently, concerns about possible side-effects. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis which included 14 randomised controlled trials (11 in knee replacement, two in hip replacement and one in both) which investigated the effect of topical TXA on blood loss and rates of transfusion. Topical TXA significantly reduced the rate of blood transfusion (total knee replacement: risk ratio (RR) 4.51; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.02 to 6.72; p < 0.001 (nine trials, I2 = 0%); total hip replacement: RR 2.56; 95% CI: 1.32 to 4.97, p = 0.004 (one trial)). The rate of thromboembolic events with topical TXA were similar to those found with a placebo. Indirect comparison of placebo-controlled trials of topical and intravenous TXA indicates that topical administration is superior to the intravenous route. In conclusion, topical TXA is an effective and safe method of reducing the need for blood transfusion after total knee and hip replacement. Further research is required to find its optimum dose for topical use. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:1005–15.
Ethical standards for orthopaedic surgeons
Authors: Benson M. , Boehler N. , Szendroi M. , Zagra L. , Puget† J. 
Published: August 2014

This paper offers a summary of the ethical guide for the European orthopaedic community; the full report will be published in the EFORT Journal. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:1130–2.
A conformational switch in collybistin determines the differentiation of inhibitory postsynapses
Authors: Soykan Tolga , Schneeberger Daniela , Tria Giancarlo , Buechner Claudia , Bader Nicole , Svergun Dmitri , Tessmer Ingrid , Poulopoulos Alexandros , Papadopoulos Theofilos , Varoqueaux Frédérique , Schindelin Hermann , Brose Nils 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe formation of neuronal synapses and the dynamic regulation of their efficacy depend on the assembly of the postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor apparatus. Receptor recruitment to inhibitory GABAergic and glycinergic synapses is controlled by the scaffold protein gephyrin and the adaptor protein collybistin. We derived new insights into the structure of collybistin and used these to design biochemical, cell biological, and genetic analyses of collybistin function. Our data define a collybistin‐based protein interaction network that controls the gephyrin content of inhibitory postsynapses. Within this network, collybistin can adopt open/active and closed/inactive conformations to act as a switchable adaptor that links gephyrin to plasma membrane phosphoinositides. This function of collybistin is regulated by binding of the adhesion protein neuroligin‐2, which stabilizes the open/active conformation of collybistin at the postsynaptic plasma membrane by competing with an intramolecular interaction in collybistin that favors the closed/inactive conformation. By linking trans‐synaptic neuroligin‐dependent adhesion and phosphoinositide signaling with gephyrin recruitment, the collybistin‐based regulatory switch mechanism represents an integrating regulatory node in the formation and function of inhibitory postsynapses.
A Genome-Wide Map of Mitochondrial DNA Recombination in Yeast
Authors: Fritsch Emilie S , Chabbert Christophe D , Klaus Bernd , Steinmetz Lars M 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn eukaryotic cells, the production of cellular energy requires close interplay between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The mitochondrial genome is essential in that it encodes several genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Each cell contains several mitochondrial genome copies and mitochondrial DNA recombination is a widespread process occurring in plants, fungi, protists, and invertebrates. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proved to be an excellent model to dissect mitochondrial biology. Several studies have focused on DNA recombination in this organelle, yet mostly relied on reporter genes or artificial systems. However, no complete mitochondrial recombination map has been released for any eukaryote so far. In the present work, we sequenced pools of diploids originating from a cross between two different S. cerevisiae strains to detect recombination events. This strategy allowed us to generate the first genome-wide map of recombination for yeast mitochondrial DNA. We demonstrated that recombination events are enriched in specific hotspots preferentially localized in non-protein-coding regions. Additionally, comparison of the recombination profiles of two different crosses showed that the genetic background affects hotspot localization and recombination rates. Finally, to gain insights into the mechanisms involved in mitochondrial recombination, we assessed the impact of individual depletion of four genes previously associated with this process. Deletion of NTG1 and MGT1 did not substantially influence the recombination landscape, alluding to the potential presence of additional regulatory factors. Our findings also revealed the loss of large mitochondrial DNA regions in the absence of MHR1, suggesting a pivotal role for Mhr1 in mitochondrial genome maintenance during mating. This study provides a comprehensive overview of mitochondrial DNA recombination in yeast and thus paves the way for future mechanistic studies of mitochondrial recombination and genome maintenance.
Swift Heavy Ion-Induced Decomposition and Phase Transformation in Nanocrystalline SnO2
Authors: Cusick Alex B. , Lang Maik , Zhang Fuxiang , Zhang Jiaming , Trautmann Christina , Ewing Rodney C. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA chemical decomposition and related phase transformation have been observed in 2.2 GeV 197Au irradiated SnO2 nanopowder. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the transformation from tetragonal SnO2 (P42/mnm) into tetragonal SnO (P4/nmm). Rietveld refinement of the XRD data determined the structures and proportion of these phases up to a fluence of 2.4×1013 ions/cm2. The initially intense diffraction maxima corresponding to SnO2 gradually decrease in intensity with an increase in fluence. At a fluence of approximately 3.9×1012 ions/cm2, diffraction maxima corresponding to SnO become clearly evident and increase in intensity as fluence increases. Both Raman and TEM analyses confirm the transformation from tetragonal SnO2 to SnO. The XRD refinement results are consistent with a multiple-impact model of transformation, confirmed by TEM as no single tracks were observed. Previous swift heavy ion irradiations of SnO2 have led only to changes in grain size, degrees of crystallinity, and the formation of “holes”. The inconsistency in results is discussed in depth. The proposed mechanism for the currently observed transformation is the interrelation of defect accumulation and thermal-spike mechanisms. The formation of SnO, apparent O loss from the transformation regions, and associated Sn reduction are discussed in terms of thermodynamic, kinetic, and thermal-spike model considerations.
Prediction Model of Deflections in PET Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams
Authors: Baldenebro-Lopez F. J. , Castorena-Gonzalez J. H. , Baldenebro-Lopez J. A. , Velazquez-Dimas J.I. , Ledezma-Sillas J. E. , Martinez-Sanchez R. , Herrera-Ramirez J. M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe increasing use of polymeric reinforcements in concrete structures requires either the development of a new design theory or the adaptation of current designs considering the engineering properties of this type of materials. In this work a method for calculating the deflections of reinforced concrete elements is proposed, which can be used in predicting the flexural behavior of longitudinally reinforced concrete with PET strips in amounts up to 1%. The model theory assumes that concrete has a tensile load capacity different to zero, characterized by a uniaxial tensile stress-strain diagram. A series of tests were conducted to corroborate the validity of the suggested method, showing that the theory also correctly predicts the creep deformation post-cracking. The deflection results of reinforced concrete with recycled PET strips are presented. The tests are carried out by a simple beam with center-point loading, using three different amounts of reinforcement and comparing the experimental results with the theoretical results of the proposed model.
Heterosis and Reciprocal‐cross Effects in Tetraploid Switchgrass
Authors: Casler Michael D. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTSwitchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a candidate for cellulosic bioenergy feedstock development in many parts of North America. Because production costs are generally considered too high for economic and sustainable production of switchgrass biomass, breeding for increased biomass yield is a viable and desirable research objective. The objective of this study was to estimate heterosis and reciprocal‐cross effects in three types of switchgrass crosses: upland × upland (U×U), lowland × lowland (L×L), and upland × lowland (L×U) hybrids. A total of 62 hybrids and two parental populations were evaluated for 2 yr at two Wisconsin locations. Mid‐parent heterosis for biomass yield was observed in only four L×L hybrids and no L×U hybrids, suggesting that it is not a universal phenomenon between upland and lowland ecotypes. Reciprocal effects were more important than heterosis effects, as most hybrids were similar in performance to their maternal parent population. Flowering time was a strong driver of biomass yield, accounting for 67% of the variation among hybrids in biomass yield and increasing biomass yield by 0.47 Mg ha−1 for each day delay in flowering time.
Le bassin transfrontalier
Authors: Ghiotti Stéphane 
Published: August 2014

This article presents a critical analysis and a historical perspective on the transboundary river basin concept. It focuses on two key moments based on an analysis of the publications on the topic on the web of science database. The first one illustrates the emergence of the concept in the early 1990s and its place in the literature which emphasizes the internationalization of the water management process. In order to demonstrate this phenomenon, the article follows an itinerary among several scientific disciplines from hard sciences (hydrology, ecology) and soft sciences (law, political sciences). The second part of the article is devoted to explaining how the territory of transboundary basins is a social and political construct that illustrates profound changes in the development of international river basins and the influence of international donors, and finally promotes the model of integrated water resources management (IWRM) at the international level. Spanish
Este artículo presenta un análisis crítico del concepto de cuenca transfronteriza (transboundary river basin) usando una perspectiva histórica. Gracias al desarrollo de un análisis cuantitativo realizado a publicaciones que abordan esta temática, disponibles en el portal Web of Science, el texto determina dos conclusiones principales. En primer lugar, a través de un análisis crítico sobre la literatura referente al proceso de internacionalización de la gestión del agua, el artículo encuentra que la emergencia del concepto tuvo su origen a principio de los años noventa. En un segundo lugar, el artículo explica el territorio de la cuenca transfronteriza como una construcción social y política mostrando así los cambios profundos en la valorización de los ríos y de las cuencas internacionales, la influencia de los organismos e instituciones y, en esta escala, la promoción del modelo de la Gestión Integrada de los Recursos Hídricos (GIRH).. French
L'article présente une analyse critique et une mise en perspective historique du concept de bassin versant transfrontalier (transboundary river basin). Il se propose de privilégier deux moments clés en s'appuyant sur une analyse quantitative des publications concernant cette thématique sur le site Web of science. Le premier temps illustre l'émergence du concept au début des années 1990 ainsi que sa place dans la littérature pour témoigner du processus d'internationalisation de la gestion de l'eau. Pour ce faire, l'article retrace son itinéraire et sa circulation entre diverses disciplines scientifiques relevant à la fois des sciences dites dures (hydrologie, écologie) et des sciences humaines et sociales (droit, sciences politique). La seconde partie se consacre à expliquer en quoi le territoire du bassin transfrontalier est une construction sociale et politique illustrant à la fois les profonds changements dans la mise en valeur des cours d'eau et des bassins, l'influence des organismes et des institutions internation aux, et enfin la promotion à cette échelle du modèle de la Gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (GIRE).
The indications and timing for operative management of spinal epidural abscess: literature review and treatment algorithm
Authors: Tuchman Alexander , Pham Martin , Hsieh Patrick C. 
Published: August 2014

Object
Delayed or inappropriate treatment of spinal epidural abscess (SEA) can lead to serious morbidity or death. It is a rare event with significant variation in its causes, anatomical locations, and rate of progression. Traditionally the treatment of choice has involved emergency surgical evacuation and a prolonged course of antibiotics tailored to the offending pathogen. Recent publications have advocated antibiotic treatment without surgical decompression in select patient populations. Clearly defining those patients who can be safely treated in this manner remains in evolution. The authors review the current literature concerning the treatment and outcome of SEA to make recommendations concerning what population can be safely triaged to nonoperative management and the optimal timing of surgery.

Methods
A PubMed database search was performed using a combination of search terms and Medical Subject Headings, to identify clinical studies reporting on the treatment and outcome of SEA.

Results
The literature review revealed 28 original case series containing at least 30 patients and reporting on treatment and outcome. All cohorts were deemed Class III evidence, and in all but two the data were obtained retrospectively. Based on the conclusions of these studies along with selected smaller studies and review articles, the authors present an evidence-based algorithm for selecting patients who may be safe candidates for nonoperative management.

Conclusions
Patients who are unable to undergo an operation, have a complete spinal cord injury more than 48 hours with low clinical or radiographic concern for an ascending lesion, or who are neurologically stable and lack risk factors for failure of medical management may be initially treated with antibiotics alone and close clinical monitoring. If initial medical management is to be undertaken the patient should be made aware that delayed neurological deterioration may not fully resolve even after prompt surgical treatment. Patients deemed good surgical candidates should receive their operation as soon as possible because the rate of clinical deterioration with SEA is notoriously unpredictable. Although patients tend to recover from neurological deficits after treatment of SEA, the time point when a neurological injury becomes irreversible is unknown, supporting emergency surgery in those patients with acute findings.