bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Female directors and IPO underpricing in the US
Authors: Reutzel Christopher R. , Belsito Carrie A. 
Published: February 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this study is to explore how initial public offering (IPO) investors view female presence on boards of directors in the USA.Design/methodology/approach– This study utilizes hierarchical regression and analyzes data collected from firms undertaking their IPO’s in the USA during 1997 and 2007.Findings– The findings of this study suggest that US IPO investors react negatively to female presence on the board of directors. However, this negative effect has weakened post-Sarbanes-Oxley Act.Research limitations/implications– The results of this study may not generalize to other settings.Practical implications– Gender bias against females in the boardroom exists but appears to be weaker post-Sarbanes-Oxley.Social implications– One hurdle to greater female representation in entrepreneurial ventures in the USA may be weakening as a result of greater awareness of female director contributions to board functioning.Originality/value– First, the study represents one of the few attempts to examine the influence of female directors on organizational outcomes in IPO firms. Second, this study represents one of the first studies to consider the influence of director gender on IPO performance. Finally, this study extends extant research by examining investor reactions to female board presence. The results of this study suggest that bias against females in the boardroom may exist but appears to be weakening post-Sarbanes-Oxley. This finding indicates increasing awareness of female director contributions to board functioning on the part of IPO investors.
Finnish student teachers’ critical conceptions of entrepreneurship education
Authors: Rönkkö Marja-Leena , Lepistö Jaana 
Published: February 2015

Purpose
– The aim of this paper is to reveal and investigate differences in how Finnish student teachers understand entrepreneurship education and how critical they are of it. The research question is: what kind of critical understanding do student teachers reveal in their conception of entrepreneurship education?

Design/methodology/approach
– A qualitative research approach termed content analysis was used to investigate student teacher’s conceptions. The data were collected from essays written by 257 student teachers at the University of Turku’s, Rauma teacher education department during 2010-2012.

Findings
– The conception of entrepreneurship education is, in many ways, related to how much one already knows about entrepreneurship education or how one reacts to it. It seems that most student teachers’ conceptions of entrepreneurship are positive, but even those in favour of it, in principle, do not necessarily want to see entrepreneurship education included in the basic education curriculum. Nevertheless, they think that enterprising pedagogy is useful and that the way of thinking about teaching is inspiring. They also feel that both teacher education and basic education benefit from some kind of entrepreneurship component, but do not take entrepreneurship education for granted. On the basis of this study, it is proposed that teacher education should incorporate more teaching that supports critical thinking in all study modules.

Originality/value
– The findings of this study illustrate that there is much more to do in teacher education and its curricula. Teaching situations and learning situations are always social situations and both learners and teachers have a vital role to play.
REVIEW: Can habitat selection predict abundance?
Authors: Boyce Mark S. , Johnson Chris J. , Merrill Evelyn H. , Nielsen Scott E. , Solberg Erling J. , van Moorter Bram 
Published: February 2015

Summary

Habitats have substantial influence on the distribution and abundance of animals. Animals’ selective movement yields their habitat use. Animals generally are more abundant in habitats that are selected most strongly.

Models of habitat selection can be used to distribute animals on the landscape or their distribution can be modelled based on data of habitat use, occupancy, intensity of use or counts of animals. When the population is at carrying capacity or in an ideal‐free distribution, habitat selection and related metrics of habitat use can be used to estimate abundance.

If the population is not at equilibrium, models have the flexibility to incorporate density into models of habitat selection; but abundance might be influenced by factors influencing fitness that are not directly related to habitat thereby compromising the use of habitat‐based models for predicting population size.

Scale and domain of the sampling frame, both in time and space, are crucial considerations limiting application of these models. Ultimately, identifying reliable models for predicting abundance from habitat data requires an understanding of the mechanisms underlying population regulation and limitation.
Sign‐Supported English: is it effective at teaching vocabulary to young children with English as an Additional Language?
Authors: Marshall Chloë R. , Hobsbaum Angela 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundChildren who are learning English as an Additional Language (EAL) may start school with smaller vocabularies than their monolingual peers. Given the links between vocabulary and academic achievement, it is important to evaluate interventions that are designed to support vocabulary learning in this group of children.AimsTo evaluate an intervention, namely Sign‐Supported English (SSE), which uses conventionalized manual gestures alongside spoken words to support the learning of English vocabulary by children with EAL. Specifically, the paper investigates whether SSE has a positive impact on Reception class children's vocabulary development over and above English‐only input, as measured over a 6‐month period.Methods & ProceduresA total of 104 children aged 4–5 years were recruited from two neighbouring schools in a borough of Outer London. A subset of 66 had EAL. In one school, the teachers used SSE, and in the other school they did not. Pupils in each school were tested at two time points (the beginning of terms 1 and 3) using three different assessments of vocabulary. Classroom‐based observations of the teachers’ and pupils’ manual communication were also carried out.Outcomes & ResultsResults of the vocabulary assessments revealed that using SSE had no effect on how well children with EAL learnt English vocabulary: EAL pupils from the SSE school did not learn more words than EAL pupils at the comparison school. SSE was used in almost half of the teachers’ observations in the SSE school, while spontaneous gestures were used with similar frequency by teachers in the comparison school.Conclusions & ImplicationsThere are alternative explanations for the results. The first is that the use of signs alongside spoken English does not help EAL children of this age to learn words. Alternatively, SSE does have an effect, but we were unable to detect it because (1) teachers in the comparison school used very rich natural gesture and/or (2) teachers in the SSE school did not know enough BSL and this inhibited their use of spontaneous gesture. Explanations (1) and (2) might mean that the potential benefits of spontaneous gesture in the input to the children in the comparison school matched any potential benefits of SSE. We suggest that studying early years professionals’ spontaneous use of gesture, and how their gesture supports the language learning of all children in their class, would be fruitful areas of research for the future.
Is Inequality Increasing?
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn academic economics, inequality has received little attention in recent decades, although popular concerns about the super‐rich have grown. The World Top Incomes Database provides evidence of the rise of the super‐rich in many countries since 1980. Thomas Piketty has publicised the new data, predicting increases in inequality due to the return to capital exceeding the rate of economic growth and advocating policies to counter such increases by high taxes on the income and wealth of the super‐rich. This article asks why inequality has been a neglected topic, assesses empirical contributions and Piketty's model and discusses implications for evidence‐based policies.
Measuring Income Inequality in Australia
Authors: Wilkins Roger 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article surveys the Australian data sources suited to the study of income inequality. Strengths and weaknesses of the data sources are discussed and a brief overview of inequality trends is presented. While there are several suitable data sources, each source has limitations for the purposes of ascertaining both the level of inequality at a point in time and trends in inequality over time. Drawing together the collective findings of the alternative data sources in part addresses the limitations of individual data sources, but there nonetheless remain significant sources of uncertainty about inequality levels and trends in Australia.
Inequality and Its Socioeconomic Impacts
Authors: Whiteford Peter 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article assesses trends in income inequality and household income levels in Australia since the 1980s, as well as the different causal factors associated with these trends in different periods. Selected socioeconomic outcomes—health, crime and punishment—are discussed and the article argues that trends in these outcomes appear more likely to be related to trends in these causal factors, rather than changes in income inequality, per se.
The levator ani muscle during pregnancy and major levator ani muscle defects diagnosed postpartum: a three‐ and four‐dimensional transperineal ultrasound study
Authors: Siafarikas F , Stær‐Jensen J , Hilde G , Bø K , Ellström Engh M 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate associations between levator hiatus area and levator ani muscle function during pregnancy and major levator ani muscle defects postpartum.DesignObservational prospective cohort study.SettingUniversity hospital, Norway.SampleA cohort of 234 nulliparous women at 21 and 37 weeks of gestation, and at 6 weeks postpartum.MethodsUltrasound measurements of the levator hiatus at rest, during pelvic floor muscle contraction, and during the Valsalva manoeuvre were taken at 21 and 37 weeks of gestation. Levator ani muscle function was estimated as the percentage changes in levator ani muscle length from rest to contraction, and the level of muscle stretch during the Valsalva manoeuvre. Major levator ani muscle defects were diagnosed at 6 weeks postpartum using tomographic ultrasound imaging.Main outcome measuresAssociations between ultrasound measurements antepartum and major levator ani muscle defects postpartum.ResultsWomen with major levator ani muscle defects postpartum had significantly smaller levator hiatus area at rest and during the Valsalva manoeuvre at mid‐pregnancy (mean difference 1.03 cm2, 95% CI 0.31–1.76; 2.92 cm2, 95% CI 1.77–4.07), and at 37 weeks of gestation (mean difference 1.47 cm2, 95% CI 0.62–2.32; 2.84 cm2, 95% CI 0.88–4.80), than women without such defects. They also had significantly less shortening of the levator ani muscle during contraction at 37 weeks of gestation.ConclusionsSmaller levator hiatus area at rest and during the Valsalva manoeuvre at mid and late pregnancy, and less shortening of the levator ani muscle during contraction at 37 weeks of gestation, are associated with major levator ani muscle defects postpartum.
A Physical Match of a Metallic Chip Found on a Bolt Cutters’ Blade
Authors: Finkelstein Nir , Volkov Nikolai , Novoselsky Yehuda , Tsach Tsadok 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBolt cutters are known as devices which are used for cutting hard objects and rigid materials such as padlocks and bars. They are commonly used in instances of forced entries. In this case study, a bolt cutter was found in the car of two suspects in a grocery burglary. This study indicates how the presence of a small metallic chip found on a suspected bolt cutter can prove that the tool was used in the crime scene. During the initial examination, a metallic chip from the cut shackle padlock was found stuck to one of the bolt cutters’ blades. By comparing the metallic chip's microscopic edge and the breaking (fracture) line of the padlock's shackle, a full physical match was noticed. We wish to report here how residue, even the smallest, can be used to link burglary tools to a crime scene with a high level of certainty.
Morphology versus DNA barcoding: two sides of the same coin. A case study of Ceutorhynchus erysimi and C. contractus identification
Authors: Stepanović Svetlana , Kosovac Andrea , Krstić Oliver , Jović Jelena , Toševski Ivo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractGenotyping of 2 well‐known weevil species from the genus Ceutorhynchus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) distributed in west Palearctic, C. erysimi and C. contractus, revealed phenotype versus genotype inconsistencies in a set of 56 specimens (25 C. erysimi and 31 C. contractus) collected from 25 locations in Serbia and Montenegro. An analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI), widely used as a barcoding region, and a nuclear gene, elongation factor‐1α (EF‐1α), revealed stable genetic divergence among these species. The average uncorrected pairwise distances for the COI and EF‐1α genes were 3.8%, and 1.3%, respectively, indicating 2 genetically well‐segregated species. However, the genetic data were not congruent with the phenotypic characteristics of the studied specimens. In the first place, C. erysimi genotypes were attached to specimens with phenotypic characteristics of C. contractus. Species‐specific PCR‐RFLP assays for the barcoding gene COI were applied for the molecular identification of 101 additional specimens of both morphospecies (33 C. erysimi and 68 C. contractus) and were found to confirm this incongruity. The discrepancy between the genetic and morphological data raises the question of the accuracy of using a barcoding approach, as it may result in misleading conclusions about the taxonomic position of the studied organism. Additionally, the typological species concept shows considerable weakness when genetic data are not supported with phenotypic characteristics as in case of asymmetric introgression, which may cause certain problems, especially in applied studies such as biological control programs in which the biological properties of the studied organisms are the main focus.
Molecular turnover, the H3.3 dilemma and organismal aging (hypothesis)
Authors: Saade Evelyne , Pirozhkova Iryna , Aimbetov Rakhan , Lipinski Marc , Ogryzko Vasily 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThe H3.3 histone variant has been a subject of increasing interest in the field of chromatin studies due to its two distinguishing features. First, its incorporation into chromatin is replication independent unlike the replication‐coupled deposition of its canonical counterparts H3.1/2. Second, H3.3 has been consistently associated with an active state of chromatin. In accordance, this histone variant should be expected to be causally involved in the regulation of gene expression, or more generally, its incorporation should have downstream consequences for the structure and function of chromatin. This, however, leads to an apparent paradox: In cells that slowly replicate in the organism, H3.3 will accumulate with time, opening the way to aberrant effects on heterochromatin. Here, we review the indications that H3.3 is expected both to be incorporated in the heterochromatin of slowly replicating cells and to retain its functional downstream effects. Implications for organismal aging are discussed.
Financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy: a single‐arm intervention study assessing cessation and gaming
Authors: Ierfino Diana , Mantzari Eleni , Hirst Julie , Jones Tina , Aveyard Paul , Marteau Theresa M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimsFinancial incentives were the single most effective intervention for smoking cessation in pregnancy in a recent Cochrane Review, but based on a few small trials in the United States using only 7‐day point prevalence measures of cessation. This study estimates (a) prolonged cessation in an unselected population of English pregnant smokers who are offered financial incentives for quitting and (b) ‘gaming’, i.e. false reporting of smoking status to enter the scheme or gain an incentive.DesignSingle‐arm intervention studySettingAntenatal clinic and communityParticipantsA total of 239 pregnant smokers enrolled into the financial incentive scheme, attending for maternity care at one hospital in an area of high deprivation in England over a 42‐week period.MeasurementsSmoking cessation at delivery and 6 months postpartum, assessed using salivary cotinine; gaming assessed using urinary and salivary cotinine at enrolment, 28 and 36 weeks gestation, and 2 days and 6 months postpartum.FindingsThirty‐nine per cent (239 of 615) of smokers were enrolled into the scheme, 60% (143 of 239) of whom made a quit attempt. Of those enrolled, 20% [48 of 239; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 14.9%, 25.1%] were quit at delivery and 10% (25 of 239; 95% CI = 6.2%, 13.8%) at 6 months postpartum. There was no evidence that women gamed to enter the scheme, but evidence that 4% (10 of 239) of those enrolled gamed on one or more occasions to gain vouchers.ConclusionsEnrolment on an incentive scheme in an unselected English cohort of pregnant smokers was associated with prolonged cessation rates comparable to those reported in US trials. Rates of gaming were arguably insufficiently high to invalidate the use of such schemes.
Diversity of germination strategies and seed dormancy in herbaceous species of campo rupestre grasslands
Authors: Le Stradic Soizig , Silveira Fernando A. O. , Buisson Elise , Cazelles Kévin , Carvalho Vanessa , Fernandes G. Wilson 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe effects of fire on the vegetation vary across continents. However, in Neotropical fire‐prone grasslands, the relationship between fire and seed germination is still poorly understood, while their regeneration, especially after strong anthropogenic disturbance, is challenging for their conservation. In the present study, we assessed diversity of germination strategies in 15 dominant herbaceous species from Neotropical altitudinal grasslands (locally known as campos rupestres). We exposed seeds to several fire‐related treatments. We also compared germination between regularly and post‐fire fruiting species. Finally, we investigated the diversity of dormancy classes aiming at better understanding the biogeography and phylogeny of seed dormancy. Germination strategies varied among families. Velloziaceae and Xyridaceae produced non‐dormant, fast‐germinating seeds. Cyperaceae and Poaceae showed an extremely low or null germination due to a high proportion of unviable or embryo‐less seeds. The seeds of campo rupestre grasslands are fire resistant, but there is no evidence that fire triggers germination in this fire‐prone ecosystem. Although heat and charred wood did not promote germination, smoke enhanced germination in one grass species and decreased the mean germination time and improved synchrony in Xyridaceae and Velloziaceae. Fire had a positive effect on post‐fire regeneration by stimulating fruit set in some Cyperaceae and Poaceae species. These species produced faster germinating seeds with higher germination percentage and synchrony compared to regularly fruiting Cyperaceae and Poaceae species. This strategy of dispersion and regeneration seems to be an alternative to the production of seeds with germination triggered by fire. Physiological dormancy is reported for the first time in several clades of Neotropical plants. Our data help advance the knowledge on the role of fire in the regeneration of Neotropical grasslands.
Capabilities of a mobile extracorporeal membrane oxygenation service for severe respiratory failure delivered by intensive care specialists
Authors: Sherren P. B. , Shepherd S. J. , Glover G. W. , Meadows C. I. S. , Langrish C. , Ioannou N. , Wyncoll D. , Daly K. , Gooby N. , Agnew N. , Barrett N. A. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryWe conducted a single‐centre observational study of retrievals for severe respiratory failure over 12 months. Our intensivist‐delivered retrieval service has mobile extracorporeal membrane oxygenation capabilities. Sixty patients were analysed: 34 (57%) were female and the mean (SD) age was 44.1 (13.6) years. The mean (SD) PaO2/FIO2 ratio at referral was 10.2 (4.1) kPa and median (IQR [range]) Murray score was 3.25 (3.0–3.5 [1.5–4.0]). Forty‐eight patients (80%) required veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at the referring centre. There were no cannulation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation‐related complications. The median (IQR [range]) retrieval distance was 47.2 (14.9–77.0 [2.3–342.0]) miles. There were no major adverse events during retrieval. Thirty‐seven patients (77%) who received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survived to discharge from the intensive care unit and 36 patients (75%) were alive after six months. Senior intensivist‐initiated and delivered mobile extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is safe and associated with a high incidence of survival.
Prevalence of Huntington's disease gene CAG trinucleotide repeat alleles in patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Ramos Eliana Marisa , Gillis Tammy , Mysore Jayalakshmi S , Lee Jong‐Min , Alonso Isabel , Gusella James F , Smoller Jordan W , Sklar Pamela , MacDonald Marcy E , Perlis Roy H 
Published: February 2015

ObjectivesHuntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms that are caused by huntingtin gene (HTT) CAG trinucleotide repeat alleles of 36 or more units. A greater than expected prevalence of incompletely penetrant HTT CAG repeat alleles observed among individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder raises the possibility that another mood disorder, bipolar disorder, could likewise be associated with Huntington's disease.MethodsWe assessed the distribution of HTT CAG repeat alleles in a cohort of individuals with bipolar disorder. HTT CAG allele sizes from 2,229 Caucasian individuals diagnosed with DSM‐IV bipolar disorder were compared to allele sizes in 1,828 control individuals from multiple cohorts.ResultsWe found that HTT CAG repeat alleles > 35 units were observed in only one of 4,458 chromosomes from individuals with bipolar disorder, compared to three of 3,656 chromosomes from control subjects.ConclusionsThese findings do not support an association between bipolar disorder and Huntington's disease.