bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental evidence that feral cats cause local extirpation of small mammals in Australia's tropical savannas
Authors: Frank Anke S. K. , Johnson Chris N. , Potts Joanne M. , Fisher Alaric , Lawes Michael J. , Woinarski John C. Z. , Tuft Katherine , Radford Ian J. , Gordon Iain J. , Collis Mary‐Anne , Legge Sarah 
Published: August 2014

Summary

Small mammal species are declining across northern Australia. Predation by feral cats Felis sylvestris catus is one hypothesised cause. Most evidence of cat impacts on native prey comes from islands, where cat densities are often high, but cats typically occur at low densities on mainland Australia.

We conducted a field experiment to measure the effect of predation by low‐density cat populations on the demography of a native small mammal. We established two 12·5‐ha enclosures in tropical savanna in the Northern Territory. Each enclosure was divided in half, with cats allowed access to one half but not the other. We introduced about 20 individuals of a native rodent, Rattus villosissimus, into each of the four compartments (two enclosures × two predator‐access treatments). We monitored rat demography by mark‐recapture analysis and radiotracking, and predator incursions by camera surveillance and track and scat searches.

Rat populations persisted over the duration of the study (18 months) in the predator‐proof treatment, where we detected no predator incursions, but declined to extinction in both predator‐accessible compartments. In one case, cat incursions were frequently detected and the rat population was rapidly extirpated (<3 months); in the other, cat incursions were infrequent, and the population declined more gradually (c. 16 months) due to low recruitment. We detected no incursions by dingoes Canis dingo, the other mammalian predator in the area.

Synthesis and applications. This is the first study to provide direct evidence that cats are capable of extirpating small mammals in a continental setting, in spite of their low population densities. This finding supports the hypothesis that predation by feral cats is contributing to declines of small mammals in northern Australia. The conservation management of native small mammals in northern Australia may require intensive control of cat populations, including large cat‐free enclosures.
Growth and carbon relations of temperate deciduous tree species at their upper elevation range limit
Authors: Lenz Armando , Vitasse Yann , Hoch Günter , Körner Christian 
Published: August 2014

SummaryTemperature is one of the most important drivers of range limits in plants. Here, we aimed at disentangling the direct effect of low temperature and the indirect temperature effect via the length of the growing season on radial growth and carbon resources of deciduous temperate tree species at their high‐elevation limit in the Swiss Alps.Trees of eight species were cored along three elevational gradients of ca. 1000 m up to the specific high‐elevation range limit. We correlated basal area increment (BAI) with mean temperature during the growing season and length of the growing season, derived from a thermal time model. Stem sapwood of cored trees was analysed for non‐structural carbohydrate concentrations.The frequency of negative event years (exceptionally narrow tree rings) did not significantly increase with elevation except forFagus sylvatica. Late season non‐structural carbohydrate concentrations remained at a high level across elevations in all species, suggesting that trees are not carbon‐limited at their high‐elevation limit.AnnualBAIshowed no significant change over a wide range of elevations, before it gradually decreased over the last few hundred (300–500) metres below the range limit, with an abrupt decrease in few species at the range limit. AnnualBAIcorrelated with the mean temperature during the growing season in the uppermost 400 m of elevation. The length of the growing season had only a significant effect onBAIat warm mean temperatures during the growing season (i.e. at lower elevation or during warmest summers).Synthesis. While temperature has a strong effect on wood formation, the length of the growing season is negligible for stem growth at high elevation due to the low rate of wood formation at low temperature and the over‐proportional increase of growth with warmer temperatures. We ruled out a direct growth limitation by low temperature as the limiting factor of the upper distribution limits and rather suggest that the formation of range limits (not necessary the rate of growth) is set by a minimum requirement of warmth and season length to fully mature key tissues such as seeds, shoots or winter hardy buds.
Playing at Soldiers: British Loyalism and Juvenile Identities during the Napoleonic Wars
Authors: Gleadle Kathryn 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis article focuses on British children's play as a medium through which to examine the construction of loyalist identities during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. The display of juvenile patriotic identities was a significant feature of the neighbourhood political cultures formed in response to the invasion threat. Turning the spotlight on the ‘cultural presence of children’ demonstrates the extent to which the young were not simply passive recipients of socialisation processes, but could be significant agents in the constitution and reproduction of cultures themselves.
Non‐verbal communication in meetings of psychiatrists and patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Lavelle M. , Dimic S. , Wildgrube C. , McCabe R. , Priebe S. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveRecent evidence found that patients with schizophrenia display non‐verbal behaviour designed to avoid social engagement during the opening moments of their meetings with psychiatrists. This study aimed to replicate, and build on, this finding, assessing the non‐verbal behaviour of patients and psychiatrists during meetings, exploring changes over time and its association with patients' symptoms and the quality of the therapeutic relationship.Method40‐videotaped routine out‐patient consultations, involving patients with schizophrenia, were analysed. Non‐verbal behaviour of patients and psychiatrists was assessed during three fixed, 2‐min intervals using a modified Ethological Coding System for Interviews. Symptoms, satisfaction with communication and the quality of the therapeutic relationship were also measured.ResultsOver time, patients' non‐verbal behaviour remained stable, whilst psychiatrists' flight behaviour decreased. Patients formed two groups based on their non‐verbal profiles, one group (n = 25) displaying pro‐social behaviour, inviting interaction and a second (n = 15) displaying flight behaviour, avoiding interaction. Psychiatrists interacting with pro‐social patients displayed more pro‐social behaviours (P < 0.001). Patients' pro‐social profile was associated reduced symptom severity (P < 0.05), greater satisfaction with communication (P < 0.001) and positive therapeutic relationships (P < 0.05).ConclusionPatients' non‐verbal behaviour during routine psychiatric consultations remains unchanged, and is linked to both their psychiatrist's non‐verbal behaviour and the quality of the therapeutic relationship.
High‐dose alcohol intoxication differentially modulates cognitive subprocesses involved in response inhibition
Authors: Stock Ann‐Kathrin , Schulz Tom , Lenhardt Martin , Blaszkewicz Meinolf , Beste Christian 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAside from well‐known physiological effects, high‐dose alcohol intoxication (a.k.a. binge drinking) can lead to aversive social and legal consequences because response inhibition is usually compromised under the influence of alcohol. Although the behavioral aspects of this phenomenon were reported on extensively, the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms mediating this disinhibition are unclear. To close this gap, we used both behavioral and neurophysiological measures (event‐related potentials, ERPs) to investigate which subprocesses of response inhibition are altered under the influence of high‐dose alcohol intoxication. Using a within‐subject design, we asked young healthy participants (n = 27) to complete a GO/NOGO task once sober and once intoxicated (approximately 1.2‰). During intoxication, high‐dose alcohol effects were highest in a condition where the participants could not rely on automated stimulus–response mapping processes during response inhibition. In this context, the NOGO‐P3 (ERP), that likely depends on dopaminergic signaling within mesocorticolimbic pathways and is thought to reflect motor inhibition and/or the evaluation of inhibitory processes, was altered in the intoxicated state. In contrast to this, the N2 component, which largely depends on nigrostriatal dopamine pathways and is thought to reflect inhibition on a pre‐motor level, was not altered. Based on these results, we demonstrate that alcohol‐induced changes of dopaminergic neurotransmission do not exert a global effect on response inhibition. Instead, changes are highly subprocess‐specific and seem to mainly target mesocorticolimbic pathways that contribute to motor inhibition and the evaluation of such.
By Any Means Necessary: Urban Regeneration and the “State of Exception” in Glasgow's Commonwealth Games 2014
Authors: Gray Neil , Porter Libby 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWhen compulsory purchase for urban regeneration is combined with a sporting mega‐event, we have an archetypal example of what Giorgio Agamben called the “state of exception”. Through a study of compulsory purchase orders (CPOs) on the site of the Athletes' Village for Glasgow's 2014 Commonwealth Games, we expose CPOs as a classed tool mobilised to violently displace working class neighbourhoods. In doing so, we show how a fictionalised mantra of “necessity” combines neoliberal growth logics with their obscene underside—a stigmatisation logic that demonises poor urban neighbourhoods. CPOs can be used progressively, for example to abrogate the power of slum landlords for social democratic ends, yet with the increasing urbanisation of capital they more often target marginalised neighbourhoods in the pursuit of land and property valorisation. The growing use of CPOs as an exceptional measure in urbanisation, we argue, requires urgent attention in urban political struggles and policy practice.
Randomised clinical trial: prevention of recurrence of peptic ulcers by rabeprazole in patients taking low‐dose aspirin
Authors: Iwakiri R. , Higuchi K. , Kato M. , Fujishiro M. , Kinoshita Y. , Watanabe T. , Takeuchi T. , Yamauchi M. , Sanomura M. , Nakagawa H. , Sugisaki N. , Okada Y. , Ogawa H. , Arakawa T. , Fujimoto K. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryBackgroundFew studies have evaluated the effects of rabeprazole on low‐dose aspirin (LDA)‐induced gastroduodenal injuries.AimTo conduct a randomised, double‐blind, triple‐dummy, active‐controlled, multicentre trial, named the PLANETARIUM study, to assess the efficacy, dose–response relationship and safety of rabeprazole for peptic ulcer recurrence in Japanese patients on long‐term LDA therapy.MethodsEligible patients had a history of endoscopically confirmed peptic ulcers and were receiving long‐term LDA (81 or 100 mg/day) therapy for cardiovascular or cerebrovascular protection. Subjects were randomly segregated into three groups receiving rabeprazole 10 mg once daily (standard dose in Japan), rabeprazole 5 mg once daily, or teprenone (geranylgeranylacetone; mucosal protective agent commercially available in Japan) 50 mg three times per day as an active control. The primary endpoint was recurrence of peptic ulcers over 24 weeks.ResultsAmong 472 randomised subjects, 452 subjects (n = 151, 150, 151, respectively) constituted the full analysis set. The cumulative recurrence rates of peptic ulcers over 24 weeks in the 10‐ and 5‐mg rabeprazole groups were 1.4% and 2.8%, respectively, both of which were significantly lower than that in the teprenone group (21.7%). The cumulative occurrence rate of bleeding ulcers over 24 weeks in the teprenone group was 4.6%, while bleeding ulcers were not observed in the 10‐ or 5‐mg rabeprazole groups. Rabeprazole was well tolerated at both doses.ConclusionRabeprazole prevents the recurrence of peptic ulcers with no evidence of a major dose–response effect in subjects on low‐dose aspirin therapy.
Targeting PI3‐kinase (PI3K), AKT and mTOR axis in lymphoma
Authors: Blachly James S. , Baiocchi Robert A. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryTargeted therapy represents a transformation in oncology, a field that has relied primarily on non‐selective cytotoxic therapies. Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) is a family of ubiquitous signalling molecules involved in a wide variety of cellular processes and likewise, in a broad selection of human cancers. The discovery that the p110‐δ form of PI3K is differentially expressed in normal and malignant lymphocytes has led to the development of specific inhibitors that are currently in clinical trials for lymphoma. Downstream effectors of PI3K, including v‐akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (AKT; also termed AKT1) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase) (mTOR) are similarly important in lymphoma, and agents targeting these components of the PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR axis are also underway, although at earlier stages of development. In this review we examine the role of PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR in normal and malignant lymphocytes, as well as the preclinical and clinical status of a number of inhibitors of this pathway.
Rice prolamin extract ameliorates acute murine colitis by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B and modulating intestinal apoptosis and cell proliferation
Authors: Chung C-Y , Park Y-L , Kim N , Oh H-H , Myung D-S , Kim J-S , Cho S-B , Lee W-S , Kim H-S , Ahn B-W , Joo Y-E 
Published: August 2014

Summary
We investigated the impact of rice prolamin extract (RPE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling in intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages, and determined the therapeutic efficacy of RPE in acute murine colitis. The effect of RPE on LPS-induced NF-κB signalling and proinflammatory gene expression was evaluated by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), Western blotting, immunofluorescence and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The in-vivo efficacy of RPE was assessed in mice with 3% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Apoptotic and cellular proliferative activities were evaluated by immunostaining with cleaved caspase-3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibodies. RPE inhibited LPS-induced expression of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and LPS-induced NF-κB signalling in intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages. RPE-fed, DSS-exposed mice showed less weight loss, longer colon length and lower histological score compared to control diet-fed, DSS-exposed mice. Immunostaining analysis revealed a significant decrease of cleaved caspase-3 positive cells in RPE-fed, DSS-exposed mice compared to DSS-exposed mice. Also, the number of PCNA-positive cells within intact colonic crypts decreased significantly in RPE-fed, DSS-exposed mice compared to control diet-fed, DSS-exposed mice. DSS-induced NF-κB signalling was inhibited by RPE. RPE ameliorates intestinal inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal apoptosis and cell proliferation in an acute murine colitis.
Survey of training and education of cytotechnologists in Europe
Authors: Anic V. , Eide M. L. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveThis report presents the results of a survey of the training and education of cytotechnologists (CTs) in 15 European countries and suggests guidelines on which future education should be developed.MethodsA questionnaire was sent to 25 countries in 2011: 14 with and 11 without a European Advisory Committee of Cytotechnology (EACC) member or representative. We received responses from 18 countries, among which three were excluded from the survey because they did not have CTs in training.ResultsThe number of fully trained and employed CTs in these 15 European countries varied from 35 to 2600. The level of responsibility for most CTs in 14 of these countries was intermediate (signing out negative and inadequate gynaecological samples), whereas seven also had a minority of CTs at an advanced level (signing out abnormal gynaecological samples). Basic education was equally divided (7/8) between countries requiring a bachelor degree or training in medical technology before entry into cytology training. The training in cytology was given as a separate course/education or a combination of separate courses and in‐house training, but was often confined to gynaecological cytology. It was recognized that CTs should extend their activities with the advent of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and vaccination. The training requirement for CTs was usually decided by the national professional society. Most cytology training programmes were accredited by academic institutions at university level and were recognized nationally in almost all of the countries. For most of the countries, the optimal education in the future should be at university level with a diploma in cytotechnology certified or accredited by the European Federation of Cytology Societies.ConclusionThe survey showed variation in basic education and cytology training, especially with respect to non‐gynaecological cytology, although graduate entry was favoured. The role of CTs is changing and the education and training programmes need to adapt to these changes.
A normal colposcopy examination fails to provide psychological reassurance for women who have had low‐grade abnormal cervical cytology
Authors: Cotton S. C. , Sharp L. , Little J. , Gray N. M. , Walker L. G. , Whynes D. K. , Cruickshank M. E. ,   the TOMBOLA Group
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveWorldwide, each year, large numbers of women are referred for colposcopy following low‐grade abnormal cervical cytology. Many have no visible abnormality on examination. The risk of cervical intra‐epithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 (CIN2/3) in these women is low. It is unknown whether, for women, a normal colposcopy resolves the anxiety which often follows the receipt of an abnormal cytology result. We investigated the prevalence of adverse psychological outcomes over 30 months following a normal colposcopy.MethodsThis cohort study was nested within the UK TOMBOLA randomized controlled trial. Women aged 20–59 years, with recent low‐grade cytology, who had a satisfactory colposcopy examination and normal transformation zone, completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Process Outcome Specific Measure (POSM) at recruitment and during follow‐up (12, 18, 24 and 30 months post‐recruitment). Outcomes included percentages reporting significant anxiety (HADS anxiety subscale score ≥11), significant depression (HADS depression subscale score ≥8) or worries about the result of the next cytology test, cervical cancer, having sex, future fertility and general health at each time point (point prevalence) and during follow‐up (cumulative prevalence).ResultsThe study included 727 women. All psychological measures (except depression) had high prevalence at recruitment, falling substantially by 12 months. During follow‐up, the cumulative prevalence of significant anxiety was 27% and significant depression was 21%. The most frequently reported worry was that the next cytology test would be abnormal (cumulative prevalence of 71%; point prevalence of ≥50% at 12 and 18 months). The cumulative prevalence values of worries about cervical cancer, having sex and future fertility were 33%, 20% and 16%, respectively.ConclusionsFor some women who have low‐grade cytology, a normal colposcopy does not appear to provide psychological reassurance.
Brain hyper‐connectivity and operation‐specific deficits during arithmetic problem solving in children with developmental dyscalculia
Authors: Rosenberg‐Lee Miriam , Ashkenazi Sarit , Chen Tianwen , Young Christina B. , Geary David C. , Menon Vinod 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDevelopmental dyscalculia (DD) is marked by specific deficits in processing numerical and mathematical information despite normal intelligence (IQ) and reading ability. We examined how brain circuits used by young children with DD to solve simple addition and subtraction problems differ from those used by typically developing (TD) children who were matched on age, IQ, reading ability, and working memory. Children with DD were slower and less accurate during problem solving than TD children, and were especially impaired on their ability to solve subtraction problems. Children with DD showed significantly greater activity in multiple parietal, occipito‐temporal and prefrontal cortex regions while solving addition and subtraction problems. Despite poorer performance during subtraction, children with DD showed greater activity in multiple intra‐parietal sulcus (IPS) and superior parietal lobule subdivisions in the dorsal posterior parietal cortex as well as fusiform gyrus in the ventral occipito‐temporal cortex. Critically, effective connectivity analyses revealed hyper‐connectivity, rather than reduced connectivity, between the IPS and multiple brain systems including the lateral fronto‐parietal and default mode networks in children with DD during both addition and subtraction. These findings suggest the IPS and its functional circuits are a major locus of dysfunction during both addition and subtraction problem solving in DD, and that inappropriate task modulation and hyper‐connectivity, rather than under‐engagement and under‐connectivity, are the neural mechanisms underlying problem solving difficulties in children with DD. We discuss our findings in the broader context of multiple levels of analysis and performance issues inherent in neuroimaging studies of typical and atypical development.
The volatile organic compounds of introduced and native dung and carrion and their role in dung beetle foraging behaviour
Authors: STAVERT JAMIE R. , DRAYTON BRADLEY A. , BEGGS JACQUELINE R. , GASKETT ANNE C. 
Published: August 2014

1. The decomposition of biological material produces a plethora of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are implicated in the foraging behaviour of coprophagous and necrophagous insects. Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) have an acute olfactory system used to locate food resources. Accordingly, identification of food resource VOCs potentially used in food location is integral to understanding dung beetle foraging ecology.2. In this study, volatile emissions from dung and carrion of native and introduced animals in New Zealand were analysed using solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Volatile profiles were compared via principal component analyses (PCAs) and cluster solutions based on attractiveness using canonical discriminant analysis (CDA).3. A total of 115 compounds were detected from 21 food types. Statistical analyses showed that dung and carrion volatile profiles clustered according to attractiveness to the dung beetle Saphobius edwardsi, and that different dung types formed distinct clusters and grouped separately from carrion.4. This study suggests that volatile profiles emitted by food resources used by dung beetles are complex, producing distinct odours, which potentially mediate foraging decisions.