bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legal and social implications of sexual services other than prostitution: Prawne i społeczne konsekwencje usług seksualnych innych niż prostytucja
Authors: Łukasz Wieczorek  , Zbigniew Lasocik  
Published: July 2024

The article is based on research carried out as part of the international research project ‘Demand for Sexual Exploitation in Europe (DESIRE)’, covering Croatia, the Netherlands, Poland, and Sweden. The project, financed by the European Commission, was implemented in 2017–2018. The purpose of this publication is to discuss one of the aspects of this research, namely, the functioning of various forms of sexual services other than prostitution. In this context we focussed our study on such phenomena as erotic massage, phone sex, peep shows, or ‘sponsorship’. The starting point of our considerations is the question of whether some forms of satisfying someone’s sexual needs can lead to the exploitation of those who do it. That is why we first present a detailed description of all these phenomena, while in the description we take into account the similarities and differences between the discussed forms and typical prostitution. As one of the goals of the DESIRE project was to establish the relationship between legal regulations and the scale of the sex industry, we analyse the legal and sociopolitical aspects of providing sexual services other than prostitution in the four countries mentioned above. The selection of these four countries is not accidental, because they represent four models of regulating the provision of sexual services that currently function in Europe: from full penalisation (Croatia) to full legalisation (the Netherlands). On the other hand, we looked at these alternative forms of commercial sex from the perspective of human trafficking. Answering the key question of this article, we attempted to indicate the situations and elements of sexual services other than prostitution in which the persons providing them may be exposed to sexual abuse or trafficking.
Arthroscopy-Assisted Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Internal Fixation for Medial Malleolus Fracture
Authors: Zhao Zhe , Fu Guo , Liu Jianquan , Li Yongsheng , Chen Xiaoqiang , Wang Guanghui , Cheng Xiangyu , Yin Jianwen , Li Jiabei , Deng Zhiqin , Wang Manyi , Li Wencui 
Published: July 2024

Background: Arthroscopy-assisted closed reduction and percutaneous internal fixation is a minimally invasive technique for medial malleolus fracture treatment. The purpose of the study was to assess the quality and functional outcomes of this technique.
Methods: Seventy-eight patients with combined medial malleolus fractures were treated with arthroscopy-assisted closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation technique. The surgical procedure was described in detail; the clinical efficacy of this method was evaluated in terms of time of operation, postoperative complications, and fracture healing time; and functional outcomes were analyzed.
Results: All of the patients were followed up for a minimum of 12 months without complications of the medial malleolus wound, and all of the medial malleolus fractures healed within 6 to 8 weeks. At the last follow-up, the visual analog scale scores ranged from 0 to 3 and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle and hindfoot function scores ranged from 75 to 95.
Conclusions: Arthroscopy-assisted closed reduction and percutaneous internal fixation makes the treatment of medial malleolus fractures less invasive compared with traditional surgical methods and allows simultaneous exploration and management of the articular surface.
A simple approach to the evaluation of the actual water renewal time of natural stratified lakes
Authors: Pilotti Marco , Simoncelli Stefano , Valerio Giulia 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn natural lakes, where thermal stratification hinders complete mixing, the theoretical value T0 of the water renewal time provides a low‐order approximation to the time T37 when 37% of the original water is still present within the lake; this time could be operatively regarded as the actual value of the water renewal time. In this paper, we present a simple nonparametric model to estimate the age distribution of water within stratified natural lakes, taking into account fundamental aspects of its mass exchange and thermal evolution. This distribution provides a straightforward way to compute T37. The model is presented as a system of ordinary differential equations along with a MATLAB script for its numerical solution, so that it can be easily applied to lakes where a minimum of limnological data are available, without the need of extensive meteorological data set and modeling expertise that an hydrodynamic model would require to the same purpose. The case of a deep oligomictic Italian prealpine lake (Lake Iseo) is considered: after a positive comparison with the results obtained using a 1‐D lake hydrodynamic model, the reiterated application to the available time series allows to approximate the water age probability distribution. This distribution is used to compute the actual value of the water renewal time, that resulted T37 = 1.6T0.
Decadal surface water quality trends under variable climate, land use, and hydrogeochemical setting in Iowa, USA
Authors: Green Christopher T. , Bekins Barbara A. , Kalkhoff Stephen J. , Hirsch Robert M. , Liao Lixia , Barnes Kimberlee K. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUnderstanding how nitrogen fluxes respond to changes in agriculture and climate is important for improving water quality. In the midwestern United States, expansion of corn cropping for ethanol production led to increasing N application rates in the 2000s during a period of extreme variability of annual precipitation. To examine the effects of these changes, surface water quality was analyzed in 10 major Iowa Rivers. Several decades of concentration and flow data were analyzed with a statistical method that provides internally consistent estimates of the concentration history and reveals flow‐normalized trends that are independent of year‐to‐year streamflow variations. Flow‐normalized concentrations of nitrate+nitrite‐N decreased from 2000 to 2012 in all basins. To evaluate effects of annual discharge and N loading on these trends, multiple conceptual models were developed and calibrated to flow‐weighted annual concentrations. The recent declining concentration trends can be attributed to both very high and very low discharge in the 2000s and to the long (e.g., 8 year) subsurface residence times in some basins. Dilution of N and depletion of stored N occurs in years with high discharge. Reduced N transport and increased N storage occurs in low‐discharge years. Central Iowa basins showed the greatest reduction in flow‐normalized concentrations, likely because of smaller storage volumes and shorter residence times. Effects of land‐use changes on the water quality of major Iowa Rivers may not be noticeable for years or decades in peripheral basins of Iowa, and may be obscured in the central basins where extreme flows strongly affect annual concentration trends.
Who's the Best? A Relativistic View of Expertise
Authors: Weiss David J. , Shanteau James 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe dictionary and the expert performance approach view an expert as one who, after sufficient training and experience in a domain, can perform the requisite tasks above a threshold level. In contrast, we argue for a performance‐based approach that implies expertise is a continuum; the experts are the best performers. Most tasks in which expertise can be demonstrated have an underlying core of judgment, including domains in which the tasks call for judgment to be overlain with performance, prediction, or instruction. To evaluate judgment, we employ the metaphor of the judge as a measuring instrument. Like an instrument, expert judgment according to the performance‐based approach has three key properties: discrimination, consistency, and validity. Validity requires ground truth and is usually difficult to establish; but the other two properties are readily observable, and they are combined in the Cochran–Weiss–Shanteau index. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and clustered cardiometabolic risk in 10‐ to 12‐year‐old school children: The REACH Y6 study
Authors: Boddy Lynne M. , Murphy Marie H. , Cunningham Conor , Breslin Gavin , Foweather Lawrence , Gobbi Rebecca , Graves Lee E.F. , Hopkins Nicola D. , Auth Marcus K.H. , Stratton Gareth 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives(1) Investigate whether clustered cardiometabolic risk score, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), sedentary time (ST), and body mass index Z‐scores (BMI Z‐scores), differed between participants that met and did not achieve ≥60 min of daily moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA). (2) Compare clustered cardiometabolic risk score, BMI Z‐score, ST, and MVPA by CRF status.MethodsOne hundred and one (n = 45 boys) 10‐ to 12‐year‐old participants took part in this cross‐sectional study, conducted in Liverpool (Summer 2010) and Ulster (Spring 2011) UK. Assessments of blood markers, stature, sitting stature, body mass, waist circumference, flow mediated dilation (FMD), and resting blood pressure (BP) were completed. CRF (VO2 peak) was estimated using an individually calibrated treadmill protocol. Habitual MVPA and ST were assessed using an individually calibrated accelerometer protocol. Clustered cardiometabolic risk scores were calculated using blood markers, FMD (%), BP and anthropometric measures. Participants were classified as active (≥60 min MVPA) or inactive and as fit or unfit. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to investigate differences in cardiometabolic risk, BMI Z‐score, CRF, and ST by activity status. MANCOVA was also completed to assess differences in cardiometabolic risk, MVPA, ST, and BMI Z‐score by fitness status.ResultsInactive children exhibited significantly higher clustered cardiometabolic risk scores and ST, and lower CRF than active children. Unfit participants exhibited significantly higher clustered cardiometabolic risk scores, BMI Z‐scores and ST and lower MVPA in comparison to fit participants.ConclusionsThis study highlights the importance of children achieving 60 min MVPA daily and provides further evidence surrounding the importance of CRF for health. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:446–451, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Site‐Selective Synthesis of Janus‐type Metal‐Organic Framework Composites
Authors: Yadnum Sudarat , Roche Jérome , Lebraud Eric , Négrier Philippe , Garrigue Patrick , Bradshaw Darren , Warakulwit Chompunuch , Limtrakul Jumras , Kuhn Alexander 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHerein, bipolar electrochemistry is applied in a straightforward way to the site‐selective in situ synthesis of metal–organic framework (MOF) structures, which have attracted tremendous interest in recent years because of their significant application potential, ranging from sensing to gas storage and catalysis. The novelty of the presented work is that the deposit can be intentionally confined to a defined area of a substrate without using masks or templates. The intrinsic site‐selectivity of bipolar electrochemistry makes it a method of choice to generate, in a highly controlled way, hybrid particles that may have different functionalities combined on the same particle. The wireless nature of electrodeposition allows the potential for mass production of such Janus‐type objects.
Dual Platinum and Pyrrolidine Catalysis in the Direct Alkylation of Allylic Alcohols: Selective Synthesis of Monoallylation Products
Authors: Shibuya Ryozo , Lin Lu , Nakahara Yasuhito , Mashima Kazushi , Ohshima Takashi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA dual platinum‐ and pyrrolidine‐catalyzed direct allylic alkylation of allylic alcohols with various active methylene compounds to produce products with high monoallylation selectivity was developed. The use of pyrrolidine and acetic acid was essential, not only for preventing undesirable side reactions, but also for obtaining high monoallylation selectivity.
Preparation and testing of Nafion/titanium dioxide nanocomposite membrane electrode assembly by ultrasonic coating technique
Authors: Devrim Yilser 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTMembrane electrode assemblies with Nafion/nanosize titanium dioxide (TiO2) composite membranes were manufactured with a novel ultrasonic‐spray technique (UST) and tested in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The structures of the membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis. The composite membranes gained good thermal resistance with insertion of TiO2. The SEM and XRD techniques have proved the uniform and homogeneous distribution of TiO2 and the consequent enhancement of crystalline character of these membranes. The existence of nanometer size TiO2 has improved the thermal resistance, water uptake, and proton conductivity of composite membranes. Gas diffusion electrodes were fabricated by UST. Catalyst loading was 0.4 (mg Pt) cm−2 for both anode and cathode sides. The membranes were tested in a single cell with a 5 cm2 active area operating at the temperature range of 70°C to 110°C and in humidified under 50% relative humidity (RH) conditions. Single PEMFC tests performed at different operating temperatures indicated that Nafion/TiO2 composite membrane is more stable and also performed better than Nafion membranes. The results show that Nafion/TiO2 is a promising membrane material for possible use in PEMFC at higher temperature. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40541.
Effects of different polymerization protocols on the degree of conversion of two dual‐cured core buildup composites polymerized by light‐emitting diode and halogen light‐curing units
Authors: Karakis Duygu , Yildirim‐Bicer Arzu Zeynep , Erol Ozlem , Dogan Arife 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe aim of study was to investigate the effects of various curing protocols with quartz–tungsten halogen (QTH) or light‐emitting diode (LED) light‐curing units on the degree of conversion (% DC) of two dual‐cured core buildup resin composites. Two dual‐cured core buildup resin composites, Clearfil Dc Core Automix (CLF) and Grandio Core Dc (GR), were selected. Specimens were exposed to the polymerization protocols as follows: there was immediate photoactivation or photoactivation delayed by 2 or 5 min by a QTH or LED source, and one group was allowed to chemically polymerize and served as a control (n = 6). The % DC of the specimens was determined with attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The GR samples polymerized with QTH for the 5‐min‐delayed photoactivation had higher % DC values than those self‐cured, and the Clearfil Dc Core Automix (CLF) samples with immediate or delayed curing protocols with halogen yielded higher % DC values than the samples that were chemically polymerized. The comparison of the two resin composites polymerized with halogen showed a higher % DC for CLF than for GR in the 2‐min‐delayed photoactivation. On the other hand, when they were cured with LED, the % DC values of GR significantly increased after the 2‐min‐delayed photoactivation. In light of the results, it might be stated that CLF polymerized with QTH, could be the better option. GR provided adequate chemical polymerization; therefore, it might be useful in areas in which light curing is not possible. Clinicians should consider the polymerization characteristics of dual‐cured resin composites. The use of different composites may require the modification of the application procedures recommended by the manufacturer. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40560.
Hexafunctional poly(propylene glycol) based hydrogels for the removal of heavy metal ions
Authors: Zheng Sudan , Shin Jin Young , Song Song Yi , Yu Seong Jae , Suh Hongsuk , Kim Il 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTTwo types of degradable poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) hydrogels that are suitable for the absorption of heavy metals have been presented. The PPG‐O‐P(O)Cl2 fragments obtained by treating hexafunctional PPG with phosphorous oxychloride (POCl3) react with 1,3‐propanediamine (PDA; Gel‐1) or PDA together with 1,2‐ethanedithiol (Gel‐2), to yield cross‐linked and water‐swellable hydrogels in a one‐pot method. This protocol for the fabrication of PPG hydrogels exhibits promising advantages over prior methods including a short reaction time, mass‐production, easy separation, and high yield. A series of heavy metal ions were employed to test the adsorptive properties of the hydrogels. Gel‐2 shows better adsorption capacity than Gel‐1 for all the metal ions and the metal ions adsorption efficiency of the two types of hydrogels is in the order of Fe(III) > Pb(II) > Cd(II) > Zn(II) > Cu(II) > Ni(II) > Co(II) > Hg(II). The amounts of metal ions adsorbed increases with metal ion concentration and hydrogel dosage, but decreases with temperature. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40610.
Extending Metal‐to‐Polyoxometalate Charge Transfer Lifetimes: The Effect of Heterometal Location
Authors: Glass Elliot N. , Fielden John , Kaledin Alexey L. , Musaev Djamaladdin G. , Lian Tianquan , Hill Craig L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn an effort to develop robust molecular sensitizers for solar fuel production, the electronic structure and photodynamics of transition‐metal‐substituted polyoxometalates (POMs), a novel class of compound in this context, was examined. Experimental and computational techniques including femtosecond (fs) transient absorption spectroscopy have been used to study the cobalt‐containing Keggin POMs, [CoIIW12O40]6− (1 a), [CoIIIW12O40]5− (2 a), [SiCoII(H2O)W11O39]6− (3 a), and [SiCoIII(H2O)W11O39]5− (4 a), finding the longest lived charge transfer excited state so far observed in a POM and elucidating the electronic structures and excited‐state dynamics of these compounds at an unprecedented level. All species exhibit a bi‐exponential decay in which early dynamic processes with time constants in the fs domain yield longer lived excited states which decay with time constants in the ps to ns domain. The initially formed states of 1 a and 3 a are considered to result from metal‐to‐polyoxometalate charge transfer (MPCT) from CoII to W, while the longer‐lived excited state of 1 a is tentatively assigned to a localized intermediate MPCT state. The excited state formed by the tetrahedral cobalt(II) centered heteropolyanion (1 a) is far longer‐lived (τ=420 ps in H2O; τ=1700 ps in MeCN) than that of 3 a (τ=1.3 ps), in which the single CoII atom is located in a pseudo‐octahedral addendum site. Short‐lived states are observed for the two CoIII‐containing heteropolyanions 2 a (τ=4.4 ps) and 4 a (τ=6.3 ps) and assigned solely to O→CoIII charge transfer. The dramatically extended lifetime for 1 a versus 3 a is ascribed to a structural change permitted by the coordinatively flexible central site, weak orbital overlap of the central Co with the polytungstate framework, and putative transient valence trapping of the excited electron on a single W atom, a phenomenon not noted previously in POMs.
Isolation and Characterization of Precise Dye/Dendrimer Ratios
Authors: Dougherty Casey A. , Furgal Joseph C. , van Dongen Mallory A. , Goodson Theodore , Banaszak Holl Mark M. , Manono Janet , DiMaggio Stassi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFluorescent dyes are commonly conjugated to nanomaterials for imaging applications using stochastic synthesis conditions that result in a Poisson distribution of dye/particle ratios and therefore a broad range of photophysical and biodistribution properties. We report the isolation and characterization of generation 5 poly(amidoamine) (G5 PAMAM) dendrimer samples containing 1, 2, 3, and 4 fluorescein (FC) or 6‐carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester (TAMRA) dyes per polymer particle. For the fluorescein case, this was achieved by stochastically functionalizing dendrimer with a cyclooctyne “click” ligand, separation into sample containing precisely defined “click” ligand/particle ratios using reverse‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC), followed by reaction with excess azide‐functionalized fluorescein dye. For the TAMRA samples, stochastically functionalized dendrimer was directly separated into precise dye/particle ratios using RP‐HPLC. These materials were characterized using 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy, RP‐HPLC, UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, lifetime measurements, and MALDI.
Heteronuclear NMR Spectroscopy as a Surface‐Selective Technique: A Unique Look at the Hydroxyl Groups of γ‐Alumina.
Authors: Taoufik Mostafa , Szeto Kai C. , Merle Nicolas , Rosal Iker Del , Maron Laurent , Trébosc Julien , Tricot Grégory , Gauvin Régis M. , Delevoye Laurent 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe surface hydroxyl groups of γ‐alumina dehydroxylated at 500 °C were studied by a combination of one‐ and two‐dimensional homo‐ and heteronuclear 1H and 27Al NMR spectroscopy at high magnetic field. In particular, by harnessing 1H–27Al dipolar interactions, a high selectivity was achieved in unveiling the topology of the alumina surface. The terminal versus bridging character of the hydroxyl groups observed in the 1H magic‐angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectrum was demonstrated thanks to 1H–27Al RESPDOR (resonance‐echo saturation‐pulse double‐resonance). In a further step the hydroxyl groups were assigned to their aluminium neighbours thanks to a {1H}‐27Al dipolar heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation (D‐HMQC), which was used to establish a first coordination map. Then, in combination with 1H–1H double quantum (DQ) MAS, these elements helped to reveal intimate structural features of the surface hydroxyls. Finally, the nature of a peculiar reactive hydroxyl group was demonstrated following this methodology in the case of CO2 reactivity with alumina.
ChemInform Abstract: Surfactant‐Free Synthesis, Luminescent Properties, and Drug‐Release Properties of LaF3 and LaCO3F Hollow Microspheres.
Authors: Lv Ruichan , Gai Shili , Dai Yunlu , He Fei , Niu Na , Yang Piaoping 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUniform LaF3 and LaCO3F hollow microspheres are prepared by a surfactant‐free route employing La(OH)CO3 colloidal microspheres as a sacrificial template and NaBF4 as the F source.
Closing Aubry Sets II
Authors: Figalli A. , Rifford L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractGiven a Tonelli Hamiltonian H:T*M → ℝ of class Ck, with k ≥ 4, we prove the following results: (1) Assume there is a critical viscosity subsolution that is of class Ck + 1 in an open neighborhood of a positive orbit of a recurrent point of the projected Aubry set. Then there exists a potential V : M → ℝ of class Ck−1, small in the C2 topology, for which the Aubry set of the new Hamiltonian H + V is either an equilibrium point or a periodic orbit. (2) For every ɛ > 0 there exists a potential V : M → ℝ of class Ck−2, with for which the Aubry set of the new Hamiltonian H + V is either an equilibrium point or a periodic orbit. The latter result solves in the affirmative the Mañé density conjecture in the C1 topology. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.