bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Levator hematoma at the attachment zone as an early marker for levator ani muscle avulsion
Authors: van Delft K. , Thakar R. , Shobeiri S. Abbas , Sultan A. H. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTObjectivesChildbirth causes overstretching of the levator ani muscle (LAM), predisposing to avulsion. LAM avulsion has not been evaluated early postpartum using endovaginal ultrasound (EVUS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between hematomas and LAM avulsion using EVUS and palpation early and late postpartum.MethodsNulliparous women were studied prospectively at 36 weeks' gestation and within 4 days and 3 months postpartum. Palpation and high‐frequency three‐dimensional EVUS were performed. Two independent investigators reviewed the scans.ResultsNo antenatal LAM avulsions were found (n = 269). 114/199 (57.3%) women seen early postpartum agreed to examination. 27/114 (23.7%) had well delineated, hypoechoic areas consistent with hematomas (100% agreement), 26 following vaginal delivery, one following emergency Cesarean section. In total, 38 hematomas were found (11 bilateral, 16 unilateral). Hematomas away from the attachment zone of the LAM to the pubic bone (n = 22) resolved. Hematomas at the attachment zone (n = 16) manifested as pubococcygeus avulsions 3 months postpartum. In addition to these 16 avulsions, we found another 20 at 3 months postpartum. 13/20 were not scanned early postpartum and in seven no hematomas were seen, but avulsion was seen early postpartum. Overall, LAM avulsion was found in 23/191 (12.0%) women (13 bilateral, 10 unilateral) 3 months postpartum. Hematomas were significantly associated with episiotomy, instrumental delivery and increased hiatal measurements. Palpation was unreliable early postpartum as only seven avulsions were diagnosed.ConclusionHematomas at the site of LAM attachment to the pubic bone always result in avulsion diagnosed 3 months postpartum. However, one third of avulsions are not preceded by a hematoma at the site of LAM attachment to the pubic bone. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Climate modification and climate change debates among Soviet physical geographers, 1940s–1960s
Authors: Oldfield Jonathan D. 
Published: July 2013

This review provides an insight into some of the main themes characterizing the work of Soviet physical geographers concerning climate during the decade following the Second World War. Post‐1945, pressure was placed upon geography via the state and the Academy of Sciences to ensure that its activities were of practical use to the development of the socialist economy and this was particularly evident in the case of work related to climate and climate modification. The review is divided into four main sections. First, it provides an understanding of the range of work carried out by physical geographers with respect to climate and related phenomena in the late 1940s and 1950s. Second, it focuses on the work of geographers and climatologists in relation to the heat and water balance at the earth's surface, which attracted considerable attention within geographical circles as well as more broadly within Soviet science during the 1950s. Third, it reflects upon the way in which Soviet geography utilized its understanding of climate systems in order to participate in national schemes concerned with the modification of the climate and the transformation of nature. Finally, the review highlights the maturing of climate modification debates among geographers and cognate scientists during the late 1950s and early 1960s with the emergence of competing discussions over the potential for human activity to result in both positive and negative consequences for the global climate system. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:513–524. doi: 10.1002/wcc.242This article is categorized under:

Climate, History, Society, Culture > Disciplinary Perspectives
Molecular nature of voltage‐gated calcium channels: structure and species comparison
Authors: Tyson John R. , Snutch Terrance P. 
Published: July 2013

The progression from one to three to 10, and in some instances more, voltage‐gated calcium channels within living organisms during the course of evolution has paralleled the development of complex neuronal and signaling pathway development. Over time, the core structural elements allowing movement of calcium across the cellular membrane in a voltage‐dependent manner have been built upon through the modification of the intra‐ and extracellular regions of the calcium channel protein structure. This has allowed the flow of calcium ions to be coupled to a broad spectrum of signaling and modulatory mechanisms that interact at both the intra‐ and extracellular surfaces. Changes in splice‐variant composition also provide another layer of complexity to the repertoire of possible calcium channels. From next generation sequencing techniques it is becoming clear that much more work remains towards furthering our understanding of the regulation and complexity of splice variation within single channel subtypes. Careful analysis needs to be undertaken within specific target tissues and cell types together with temporal aspects of development and disease pathophysiology in order to confirm that the correct splice‐variant context is considered. Subfamily‐specific calcium channel variations in both vertebrates and invertebrates provide the opportunity to identify both subfamily and organism specific blockers. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2013, 2:181–206. doi: 10.1002/wmts.91Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Lives that introns lead after splicing
Authors: Hesselberth Jay R. 
Published: July 2013

After transcription of a eukaryotic pre‐mRNA, its introns are removed by the spliceosome, joining exons for translation. The intron products of splicing have long been considered ‘junk’ and destined only for destruction. But because they are large in size and under weak selection constraints, many introns have been evolutionarily repurposed to serve roles after splicing. Some spliced introns are precursors for further processing of other encoded RNAs such as small nucleolar RNAs, microRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs. Other intron products have long half‐lives and can be exported to the cytoplasm, suggesting that they have roles in translation. Some viruses encode introns that accumulate after splicing and play important but mysterious roles in viral latency. Turnover of most lariat‐introns is initiated by cleavage of their internal 2′‐5′ phosphodiester bonds by a unique debranching endonuclease, and the linear products are further degraded by exoribonucleases. However, several introns appear to evade this turnover pathway and the determinants of their stability are largely unknown. Whereas many stable intron products were discovered serendipitously, new experimental and computational tools will enable their direct identification and study. Finally, the origins and mechanisms of mobility of eukaryotic introns are mysterious, and mechanistic studies of the intron life cycle may yield new insights into how they arose and became widespread. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:677–691. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1187This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms
RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
Mallard survival and nesting ecology in the Lower Great Lakes Region, New York
Authors: Kaminski Matthew R. , Baldassarre Guy A. , Davis J. Brian , Wengert Eric R. , Kaminski Richard M. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTEcology of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) breeding in the Lower Great Lakes Region of the United States has not been investigated as comprehensively as mid‐continent populations of this species. We studied mallard breeding ecology in the Cowaselon Creek Watershed Area in New York during 2003–2004. Daily and 100‐day breeding season survival of female mallards (n = 41) was 0.997 and 0.782, respectively, and was positively influenced by female age and body mass at time of capture. Eight radiomarked female mallards were killed by either mammalian or avian predators. Earliest and latest nest initiation dates were 14 April and 24 May 2003–2004, respectively, and females initiated nests in wetlands 10 days earlier than in uplands. Overall, average clutch size was 9.4 ± 0.32 eggs (SE), and probability of reproductive success of females was 0.27, with nest success in wetlands and uplands of 0.71 and 0.42, respectively. Daily and 35‐day nest success was 0.968 and 0.326, respectively. We found an estimated 70% of all initiated nests prior to clutch destruction or hatch; thus, our estimates of nesting and re‐nesting effort may be biased low. Survival of breeding females and nest success were comparable or exceeded parameter estimates from other regions of the mallard breeding range. We suggest that wetland and upland habitats are both important to nesting mallards in New York and elsewhere in the Lower Great Lakes Region. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Topological Properties of Chemical Bonds from Static and Dynamic Electron Densities
Authors: Jagannatha Prathapa Siriyara , Held Jeanette , van Smaalen Sander 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDynamic and static electron densities (EDs) based on the independent spherical atom model (IAM) and multipole (MP) models of crambin were successfully computed, holding no series‐termination effects. The densities are compared to EDs of small biological molecules at diverse temperatures. It is outlined that proteins exhibit an intrinsic flexibility, present as frozen disorder at 100 K, in contrast to small molecules. The flexibility of the proteins is reflected by atomic displacement parameters (B‐factors), which are considerably larger than for small molecules at 298 K. Thus, an optimal deconvolution of deformation density and thermal motion is not guaranteed, which prevents a free refinement of MP parameters but allows an application of transferable, fixed MP parameters. The analysis of the topological properties, such as the density at bond critical points (BCPs) and the Laplacian, reveals systematic differences between static and dynamic EDs. Zero‐point‐vibrations, yet present in dynamic EDs at low temperature, affect but marginally the EDs of small molecules. The zero‐point‐vibrations cause a smearing of the ED, which becomes more pronounced with increasing temperature. Topological properties, primarily the Laplacian, of covalent bonds appear to be more sensitive to effects by temperature and the polarity of the bonds. However, dynamic EDs at ca. 20 K based on MP models provide a good characterization of chemical bonding. Both the density at BCPs and the Laplacian of hydrogen bonds constitute similar values from static and dynamic EDs for all studied temperatures. Deformation densities demonstrate the necessity of the employment of MP parameters in order to comprise the nature of covalent bonds. The character of hydrogen bonds can be roughly pictured by IAM, whereas MP parameters are recommended for a classification of hydrogen bonds beyond a solely interpretation of topological properties.
Minimal lepton flavour structures lead to non-maximal 2-3 mixing
Authors: Frigerio Michele , Villanova del Moral Albert 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPresent data prefer a large but non-maximal 2 − 3 mixing in the lepton sector. We argue that this value, in connection with sinθ13 ≃ 0.15, is the generic outcome of minimal flavour structures. We present a few different incarnations of this statement, in terms of lepton mass matrices depending on a small number of parameters, that can be justified by discrete flavour symmetries. We also propose a general procedure to study the correlation betweenθ23, the absolute scale and ordering of the neutrino masses, and the leptonic CP-violating phases.
Spontaneous Rectus Sheath Hematomas: When to Restart Anticoagulation?
Authors: Kunkala Meghana R. , Kehl Jack , Zielinski Martin D. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to obtain data regarding the timing of anticoagulation resumption in patients with spontaneous rectus sheath hematomas (RSH).Patients and methodsThe study is based on review of patients receiving anticoagulation medication who were diagnosed with a spontaneous RSH (traumatic and iatrogenic excluded) between 14 July 1997 and 17 March 2012.ResultsThere were 156 patients (37 % male; aged 73 ± 13 years) with an average body mass index of 29 ± 7 (procedure group 28 ± 6). Anticoagulants included coumadin (64 %), intravenous heparin (21 %), aspirin (8 %), and others (7 %). An intervention was needed in 29 (19 %) of the patients (5 % operative; 16 % embolization). Sixty‐two percent of patients had their anticoagulation restarted during their hospitalization, with a median re‐initiation time of 4 days after RSH diagnosis (range 2–8 days). Timing of anticoagulant resumption did not differ regardless of the need for intervention (3 vs. 4 days). The complication rate was 19 % (42 % in the procedure group, none specific to the procedure), with the most common being acute renal failure (n = 8; 5 %), death (n = 8; 5 %), and thrombotic events (n = 5; 3 %). After resumption of anticoagulation, two patients suffered enlargement of their RSH, both 2 days after resumption.ConclusionsIntervention to control hemorrhage was unnecessary in the majority of patients with RSH. In those with resumption of anticoagulation, the majority of patients were safely restarted by day 4. Even though complications secondary to anticoagulation were few, thrombotic complications outnumbered bleeding complications, suggesting that anticoagulation was withheld for too long after RSH diagnosis.
Lower Reoperation Rate for Recurrence after Mesh versus Sutured Elective Repair in Small Umbilical and Epigastric Hernias. A Nationwide Register Study
Authors: Christoffersen M. W. , Helgstrand F. , Rosenberg J. , Kehlet H. , Bisgaard T. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundRepair for a small (≤2 cm) umbilical and epigastric hernia is a minor surgical procedure. The most common surgical repair techniques are a sutured repair or a repair with mesh reinforcement. However, the optimal repair technique with regard to risk of reoperation for recurrence is not well documented. The aim of the present study was in a nationwide setup to investigate the reoperation rate for recurrence after small open umbilical and epigastric hernia repairs using either sutured or mesh repair.
Materials and methodsThis was a prospective cohort study based on intraoperative registrations from the Danish Ventral Hernia Database (DVHD) of patients undergoing elective open mesh and sutured repair for small (≤2 cm) umbilical and epigastric hernias. Patients were included during a 4‐year study period. A complete follow‐up was obtained by combining intraoperative data from the DVHD with data from the Danish National Patient Register. The cumulative reoperation rates were obtained using cumulative incidence plot and compared with the log rank test.Results and conclusionsIn total, 4,786 small (≤2 cm) elective open umbilical and epigastric hernia repairs were included. Age was median 48 years (range 18–95 years). Follow‐up was 21 months (range 0–47 months). The cumulated reoperation rates for recurrence were 2.2 % for mesh reinforcement and 5.6 % for sutured repair (P = 0.001). The overall cumulated reoperation rate for sutured and mesh repairs was 4.8 %. In conclusion, reoperation rate for recurrence for small umbilical and epigastric hernias was significantly lower after mesh repair compared with sutured repair. Mesh reinforcement should be routine in even small umbilical or epigastric hernias to lower the risk of reoperation for recurrence avoid recurrence.
Development of ship sinking frequency model over Subsea Pipeline for Madura Strait using AIS data
Authors: Mulyadi Yeyes , Kobayashi Eiichi , Wakabayashi Nobukazu , Pitana Trika , Wahyudi  
Published: July 2013

Abstract
It is important to study the risk posed by heavy shipping traffic to a subsea pipeline located near an industrial port area. In this context, it is essential to estimate the accident frequency in an attempt to eliminate subjectivity in the analysis process. This study proposes a model for estimating the ship sinking frequency over the subsea pipeline in the Madura Strait area. The Madura Strait is one of the busiest shipping lanes in Indonesia. Many ships pass through the fairway in the strait, and many industrial ports have been built in this area. The proposed model is developed based on Fujii’s Model, and it uses Automatic Identification System (AIS) data as a ship traffic survey. Ship sinking accidents are considered based on ship–ship collisions over the critical subsea pipeline area. The ship–ship collision locations around the subsea pipeline and the ship traffic distribution models are estimated using AIS data. The causation probability Pc is determined based on a synthetics approach using a Bayesian network modified from Det Norske Veritas’ and Hänninen’s models. The causation probability is estimated by considering factors such as human performance, weather, technical problems, and support. The proposed model is validated by comparing its result with actual accident records for the Madura Strait area. The ratio value of 0.33 is considered to be reasonably agreement (ratio value ≥0.2).
Community-Wide Job Loss and Teenage Fertility: Evidence From North Carolina
Authors: Ananat Elizabeth Oltmans , Gassman-Pines Anna , Gibson-Davis Christina 
Published: July 2013

AbstractUsing North Carolina data for the period 1990–2010, we estimate the effects of economic downturns on the birthrates of 15- to 19-year-olds, using county-level business closings and layoffs as a plausibly exogenous source of variation in the strength of the local economy. We find little effect of job losses on the white teen birthrate. For black teens, however, job losses to 1 % of the working-age population decrease the birthrate by around 2 %. Birth declines start five months after the job loss and then last for more than one year. Linking the timing of job losses and conceptions suggests that black teen births decline because of increased terminations and perhaps also because of changes in prepregnancy behaviors. National data on risk behaviors also provide evidence that black teens reduce sexual activity and increase contraception use in response to job losses. Job losses seven to nine months after conception do not affect teen birthrates, indicating that teens do not anticipate job losses and lending confidence that job losses are “shocks” that can be viewed as quasi-experimental variation. We also find evidence that relatively advantaged black teens disproportionately abort after job losses, implying that the average child born to a black teen in the wake of job loss is relatively more disadvantaged.
Topology-induced effect in biomimetic propulsive wakes
Authors: Raspa V. , Godoy-Diana R. , Thiria B. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIt is known that the wake pattern observed in a cross-section behind swimming or flying animals is typically characterized by the presence of periodical vortex shedding. However, depending on species, propulsive wakes can differ according to the spatial ordering of the main vortex structures. We conducted a very precise experiment to analyse the role of the topology of the wake in the generation of propulsion by comparing two prototypical cases in a quasi-two-dimensional view. One configuration is jellyfish-like, with symmetric shedding of vortex pairs, and the other is fish-like, with alternating shedding of counter-rotating vortices. Self-propulsion is achieved by the flapping motion of two identical pitching rigid foils, separated by a distance$d$. By keeping the momentum input unchanged, we compared both symmetric and asymmetric flapping modes. For the entire explored range of parameters, the symmetric jellyfish-like mode has shown to produce more thrust than the fish-like asymmetrical one. We show here that this difference is due to a pressure effect related to the ability of each wake to produce or not, strong fluctuations of transversal velocities in the near-wake region.
Origin and evolution of the Italian subterranean termiteReticulitermes lucifugus(Blattodea, Termitoidae, Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Luchetti A. , Scicchitano V. , Mantovani B. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe Holarctic genusReticulitermesshows seven species within the Mediterranean Basin. While phylogeny and systematics at continental level has been deeply investigated, a few studies concentrated on local ranges. To gain a clearer picture of the diversity and evolution of the Italian speciesReticulitermes lucifugus, we analyzed the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II (COII) gene marker in newly collected colonies across the Peninsula. Data were gathered with allR. lucifugussequences available from previous studies; COII sequences of the closely related Iberian taxa were also added to the data set. Maximum-likelihood, median-joining and statistical parsimony network elaborations on the resulting 119 colonies all agreed in indicating that: (i) the Sardo-Corsican subspeciesR. lucifugus corsicus, strictly related to Southern Italian populations (including the Sicilian ones), is phylogenetically closer to the IberianReticulitermes grassei; and (ii)R. lucifugus lucifuguspeninsular populations are structured into three clusters. The phylogenetic relationships and the biogeography of extant taxa suggest a scenario in whichR. lucifugusancestors colonized the Italian region through the Sardo-Corsican microplate during its Oligocene-Miocene anticlockwise rotation. Moreover, well after the colonization took place, northward range expansion might have produced the presently observed genetic diversity, as inferred from haplotype and nucleotide diversity estimates. On the whole, this study highlights the evolution of ItalianReticulitermestaxa and supports the importance of a wide taxon sampling especially when dealing with organisms easily dispersed by human activities.
Corporate Pension Plans as Takeover Deterrents
Authors: Cocco João F. , Volpin Paolo F. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe use UK data to show that firms that sponsor a defined-benefit pension plan are less likely to be targeted in an acquisition and, conditional on an attempted takeover, they are less likely to be acquired. Our explanation is that the uncertainty in the value of pension liabilities is a source of risk for acquirers of the firm's shares, which works as a takeover deterrent. In support of this explanation we find that these same firms are more likely to use cash when acquiring other firms, and that the announcement of a cash acquisition is associated with positive announcement effects.