bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wind dispersal of Puccinia psidii urediniospores and progress of eucalypt rust
Authors: Zauza E. A. V. , Lana V. M. , Maffia L. A. , Araujo M. M. F. C. , Alfenas R. F. , Silva F. F. , Alfenas A. C. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryTo identify and implement Puccinia psidii control strategies, it is essential to understand the role of environmental factors on rust‐disease development and spread among eucalypt (Eucalyptus spp.) plantations. In this study, we evaluated the wind dispersal of P. psidii urediniospores and the progress of eucalypt rust in a field trial in Brazil. Urediniospores of P. psidii were trapped in a Burkard® spore trap from July 2004 to June 2005. To evaluate the progress of eucalypt rust, plots were established in March 2002 using a clonal hedge scheme. The incidence of both branches and leaves with rust was assessed weekly from February 2003 to October 2005. Disease progress was studied using time‐series analysis. Urediniospores were trapped on 77% of the days sampled. The highest average urediniospore concentration was detected from July to November, and most of the urediniospores (58%) were trapped at night. Urediniospore concentration was negatively correlated with rainfall, light intensity, minimum, average and maximum temperatures and wind speed, whereas urediniospore concentration was positively correlated with leaf‐wetness duration and relative humidity. From December 2004 to June 2005, average urediniospore concentration was 0.22 spores m−3 air h−1 and had no correlation with meteorological data. The highest average urediniospore concentration was associated with a combination of low average temperature, low light intensity, low wind speed, high relative humidity and high leaf wetness, which reflect conditions observed at night. The disease incidence was positively correlated with the urediniospores trapped at 12 days prior to disease assessment. According to the models obtained by the time series, a seasonal yearly effect was found on rust progress. Using our models, we were also able to forecast disease incidence up to 3 months after the last field assessment.
Multiple Facets of Exploratory Behavior in House Crickets (Acheta domesticus): Split Personalities or Simply Different Behaviors?
Authors: Dochtermann Ned A. , Nelson Andrew B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBehavioral ecologists are increasingly interested in patterns of repeatable variation in behaviors. The study of this variation, under the label ‘animal personality’, frequently makes assumptions both in regards to what the ecological significance of particular behavioral responses might be and whether different methodologies in fact test the same behavior. Here, using house crickets (Acheta domesticus), we tested whether stereotypical approaches to quantifying repeatable variation in exploratory behavior measured the same behaviors. We found that house cricket exploratory behavior was highly repeatable in two populations (repeatability: 0.37–0.51). However, exploratory behavior across two different testing methods was not strongly correlated (r = −0.17 to 0.14). This suggests that either different behaviors or distinct components of exploratory behavior were being measured. Our results also support recent criticisms that care needs to be taken in describing personality traits.
Museum DNA reveals the demographic history of the endangered Seychelles warbler
Authors: Spurgin Lewis G. , Wright David J. , van der Velde Marco , Collar Nigel J. , Komdeur Jan , Burke Terry , Richardson David S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe importance of evolutionary conservation – how understanding evolutionary forces can help guide conservation decisions – is widely recognized. However, the historical demography of many endangered species is unknown, despite the fact that this can have important implications for contemporary ecological processes and for extinction risk. Here, we reconstruct the population history of the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis) – an ecological model species. By the 1960s, this species was on the brink of extinction, but its previous history is unknown. We used DNA samples from contemporary and museum specimens spanning 140 years to reconstruct bottleneck history. We found a 25% reduction in genetic diversity between museum and contemporary populations, and strong genetic structure. Simulations indicate that the Seychelles warbler was bottlenecked from a large population, with an ancestral Ne of several thousands falling to <50 within the last century. Such a rapid decline, due to anthropogenic factors, has important implications for extinction risk in the Seychelles warbler, and our results will inform conservation practices. Reconstructing the population history of this species also allows us to better understand patterns of genetic diversity, inbreeding and promiscuity in the contemporary populations. Our approaches can be applied across species to test ecological hypotheses and inform conservation.
Understanding genetic variation in in vivo tolerance to artesunate: implications for treatment efficacy and resistance monitoring
Authors: Pollitt Laura C. , Sim Derek , Salathé Rahel , Read Andrew F. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractArtemisinin‐based drugs are the front‐line weapon in the treatment of human malaria cases, but there is concern that recent reports of slow clearing infections may signal developing resistance to treatment. In the absence of molecular markers for resistance, current efforts to monitor drug efficacy are based on the rate at which parasites are cleared from infections. However, some knowledge of the standing variation in parasite susceptibility is needed to identify a meaningful increase in infection half‐life. Here, we show that five previously unexposed genotypes of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi differ substantially in their in vivo response to treatment. Slower clearance rates were not linked to parasite virulence or growth rate, going against the suggestion that drug treatment will drive the evolution of virulence in this system. The level of variation observed here in a relatively small number of genotypes suggests existing ‘resistant’ parasites could be present in the population and therefore, increased parasite clearance rates could represent selection on pre‐existing variation rather than de novo resistance events. This has implications for resistance monitoring as susceptibility may depend on evolved traits unrelated to drug exposure.
The Undergraduate Spanish Major Curriculum: Realities and Faculty Perceptions
Authors: Hertel Tammy Jandrey , Dings Abby 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis article presents the quantitative and qualitative results of a nationwide survey of Spanish department faculty on the components of their undergraduate Spanish major curriculum and their perceptions of these components, as well as their perceptions of recent Modern Language Association (MLA) reports (2007, 2009) and the reports' influence on curricular change in their programs. Results indicate that, while institutions required and offered a wide variety of courses, literature courses composed the core of the curriculum. Faculty perceptions regarding the importance of particular courses varied, but courses that were more frequently offered and required, such as Advanced Language, Culture/Civilization, and Introduction to Literature, were rated the most highly, while courses that have not traditionally been part of the major, such as Spanish for the Professions, Translation, and less frequently taught linguistics courses, were rated among the lowest. Many faculty were familiar with the MLA reports, and many departments had recently made curricular changes, some of which were influenced by the reports' recommendations. Implications are discussed, including the need for professional development and graduate student education.
Relationship between oral bacteria count and pneumonia onset in elderly nursing home residents
Authors: Kikutani Takeshi , Tamura Fumiyo , Tashiro Haruki , Yoshida Mitsuyoshi , Konishi Kiyoshi , Hamada Ryo 
Published: August 2014

AimOral bacteria, which are a source of infection for aspiration pneumonia, were examined in frail older adults with the aim of establishing a standard bacteria count that indicates the risk of pneumonia onset in this group.MethodsA survey of bacteria count in the saliva using a simple instrument for measurement of the number of oral bacteria, along with factors including swallowing function and nutritional status, was carried out in 691 elderly individuals requiring care (137 men; mean age 82.6 ± 8.3 years; 554 women; mean age 88.0 ± 7.1 years; total mean age 86.7 ± 7.8 years) at 16 nursing homes in Japan. All participants gave their consent for inclusion in the present study. During a 6‐month follow‐up period, participants who developed pneumonia were identified, and relationships between the factors measured at the start of the period and pneumonia onset were examined.ResultsDuring the 6‐month follow‐up period, 33 participants (4.8%; 5 men, 28 women; mean age 88.3 ± 7.4 years) developed pneumonia. Pneumonia onset was significantly associated with reduced activities of daily living, swallowing dysfunction and undernourishment. Logistic regression analysis identified a saliva bacteria count of 108.5 colony‐forming units/mL as an independent explanatory factor for pneumonia onset (P = 0.012, RR = 3.759).ConclusionsOral bacteria count of 108.5 colony‐forming units/mL saliva in an elderly person requiring care was identified as a risk factor for pneumonia onset. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 417–421.
In‐situ hybridization‐based quantification of hTR: a possible biomarker in malignant melanoma
Authors: Vagner Josephine , Steiniche Torben , Stougaard Magnus 
Published: August 2014

AimsTelomerase is reactivated in most cancers and there is accumulating evidence that this is a driver event in malignant melanoma (MM). Thus, our aim was to evaluate if in‐situ hybridization (ISH)‐based quantification of telomerase RNA (hTR) could be used to distinguish MM from naevi, and if there was a correlation with the Breslow thickness.Results and methodsWe created a tissue microarray (TMA) from formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissue samples from 17 MM and 23 naevi, performed ISH targeting hTR, and quantified the signals. We found a more than eightfold greater number of hTR signals per nucleus in the MM samples compared to the naevi, and a positive correlation (P = 0.0381) between the number of hTR signals per nucleus and the Breslow thickness.ConclusionQuantification of hTR ISH signals clearly distinguish MM from naevi (P < 0.0001) and the number of signals per nucleus correlates with the Breslow thickness, suggesting that hTR might be a valuable biomarker in MM. Furthermore, as ISH‐based detection requires the presence of both hTR and telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), it might be an indicator of active telomerase and thus have future relevance as a predictive biomarker for anti‐telomerase treatment.
Atypical umbilical naevi: histopathological analysis of 20 cases
Authors: Arps David P , Fullen Douglas R , Chan May P 
Published: August 2014

AimsMelanocytic naevi on the umbilicus have been described as a form of flexural naevi, with the most common feature being a ‘nested and dyshesive pattern’. We have encountered a distinct group of umbilical naevi with more significant atypia and prominent fibrosis, not reported previously. This study aimed to characterize these naevi more clearly.Methods and resultsEighty‐one umbilical naevi from 2000 to 2013 were reviewed retrospectively, 20 cases of which showed lamellar fibrosis and atypia and were designated as atypical umbilical naevi (AUN). Lamellar fibrosis in AUN was extensive and frequently entrapped dermal melanocytes, resulting in low‐grade cytological atypia (74% of cases) and impaired maturation (47%) of the dermal component. Other common features included bridging (95%), shoulder architecture (94%), lentiginous growth (85%) and high‐grade junctional cytological atypia (85%). ‘Nested and dyshesive pattern’ was observed in only 20% of AUN. Ki‐67 immunostaining performed on 12 AUN revealed a consistently low proliferation index of <1%. All AUN in this series lacked junctional confluence, florid pagetoid spread and dermal mitoses.ConclusionA subset of special site naevi in the umbilical region demonstrate characteristic lamellar fibrosis, architectural disorder and cytological atypia. Familiarity with these site‐related atypical features would avoid overdiagnosis of melanoma.
Dielectric Properties and Applications of Low‐Loss (1−x)(Mg0.95Ni0.05)2TiO4‐xSrTiO3 Ceramic System at Microwave Frequency
Authors: Shen Chun‐Hsu , Pan Chung‐Long 
Published: August 2014

The microwave dielectric properties of conventional solid‐state route prepared (1−x)(Mg0.95Ni0.05)2TiO4–xSrTiO3 ceramic system have been investigated. A two‐phase system was confirmed by the X‐ray diffraction patterns. (Mg0.95Ni0.05)TiO3 was also detected as a second phase in the system. The microwave dielectric properties are strongly related to the density and the morphology of the specimens. The presence of the second phase, however, would cause no significant variation in the dielectric properties of the specimen because it possesses similar properties compared with that of the main phase (Mg0.95Ni0.05)2TiO4. Specimen using 0.93(Mg0.95Ni0.05)2TiO4–0.07SrTiO3 leads to a good combination of microwave dielectric properties with an εr of 24.88, a Q×f of 98,400 (at 9.8 GHz) and a τf value of 1.43 ppm/°C. It is proposed as a candidate dielectric for applications in GPS patch antennas, 3G and 4G passive components. Moreover, an open stub band‐pass filter with central frequency of 2.4 GHz was also designed and fabricated employing the proposed dielectric to study its performance. It also showed a substantial reduction in both insertion loss and size in comparison with other dielectrics FR4 and alumina.
Surgical repositioning of a developing maxillary central incisor. A case report
Authors: Spoerri Andreas , Signorelli Caroline , van Waes Hubertus 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundA traumatic injury to the primary dentition can cause damage to the germ of the permanent successor. As a clinical consequence a dilaceration with root deformation, malpositioning and disturbances of eruption can occur. Surgical repositioning of such a dislocated crown of a developing tooth can be a treatment option.Case ReportA four year old patient was referred to our clinic because of a mobile upper primary central incisor and a radiographically visible displaced dental crown. Her history revealed a traumatic dental injury one year ago. Radiologic examination confirmed an inflammatory root resorption on tooth 61 and a dislocation of the developing tooth 21. In order to avoid further displacement due to the inflammation, 61 was extracted at the first appointment. A radiographic image 7 months later showed no improvement in the malposition of tooth 21. Therefore tooth 21 was surgically repositioned into its correct position. Follow‐up over 3 years confirmed a continued root development and a full eruption of 21 in its correct position.ConclusionEarly diagnosis and early treatment of a dislocated permanent tooth germ is essential to allow a favorable outcome. Surgical repositioning can be successful in avoiding later malpositioning of the permanent teeth.
Arthroscopic Assessment of Osteochondrosis of the Medial Humeral Condyle Treated With Debridement and Sliding Humeral Osteotomy
Authors: Quinn Robert , Preston Christopher 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo document the progression of disease after an unloading procedure when combined with arthroscopic debridement to treat osteochondrosis (OC) lesions affecting the medial humeral condyle in juvenile dogs without medial compartment disease.Study DesignRetrospective case series.AnimalsDogs with medial humeral condyle OC (n = 6).MethodsDogs with medial humeral condyle OC (9 elbows) were treated by arthroscopic debridement of the OC lesion and sliding humeral osteotomy (SHO). Outcomes were assessed by radiography (n = 9), 2nd‐look arthroscopy (9) and clinical examination including lameness assessment (9) at 18–28 months after surgery.ResultsSeven elbows had marked progression of pathology affecting the medial compartment, 5 elbows developed subsequent fragmentation of the medial coronoid process of the ulna [FMCP], 2 elbows had fibrocartilaginous infill of the humeral defect without development of coronoid pathology.ConclusionThis limited case series suggests that medial compartment disease develops despite unloading of the medial compartment using a distal diaphyseal SHO in juvenile dogs with OC.
Injection of the Diaphragmatic Crus With Methylene Blue for Coloration of the Canine Thoracic Duct
Authors: Bayer Benjamin J. , Dujowich Mauricio , Krebs Alexander I. , Leeds Timothy G. , Anderson Gregory M. , Merkley David F. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo describe and compare onset and intensity of thoracic duct (TD) coloration after injection of methylene blue into the diaphragmatic crus and mesenteric lymph node.Study DesignExperimental study.AnimalsAdult dogs (n = 18).MethodsMethylene blue (≤0.5 mg/kg 1% solution) was injected into the left (n = 9) or right (n = 9) diaphragmatic crus via right 10th intercostal thoracotomy. TD coloration was graded over 10 minutes. A right paracostal laparotomy was then performed in all dogs, and an equal volume of methylene blue injected into a mesenteric lymph node (n = 18). TD color grading was repeated. Statistical analysis was performed on subject weight, volume of contrast agent injected between left and right crus, and number of successful outcomes between diaphragmatic crus injection and mesenteric lymph node injection.ResultsTD coloration occurred in 6 dogs with left crus injection and 4 dogs with right crus injection with obvious staining present in 2 and 3 dogs, respectively. Successful outcome was noted in all dogs with mesenteric lymph node injection. The number of successful outcomes was significantly greater after mesenteric lymph node injection compared with diaphragmatic crus injection (P < .001).ConclusionsMethylene blue injected into the diaphragmatic crura and mesenteric lymph node was successful in coloring the TD; however, mean thoracic duct color grade and number of successful outcomes were significantly higher after mesenteric injection.
Effect of Alumina on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered Boron Carbide
Authors: Xie Kelvin Y. , Toksoy Muhammet F. , Kuwelkar Kanak , Zhang Binwei , Krogstad Jessica A. , Haber Richard A. , Hemker Kevin J. 
Published: August 2014

Uniform densification of relatively thick (~7 mm) consolidated boron carbide plates at relatively low temperatures (e.g. 1800°C) and low facture toughness are two of the primary challenges for further development of boron carbide applications. This work reports that these two challenges can be overcome simultaneously by adding 5 wt% alumina as a sintering aid. Nearly fully dense (97%), fine grained boron carbide (B4C) samples were produced using spark plasma sintering at 1700°C and above in the B4C‐5 wt% Al2O3 system. The alumina and boron carbide matrix reacted to form an Al5O6BO3 (a mullite‐like phase) during sintering. The Al5O6BO3 phase facilitated uniform densification via liquid phase sintering. This secondary phase is dispersed throughout the intergranular pores, providing obstacles for crack propagation and resulting in tougher boron carbide ceramics.
Beyond competencies: using a capability framework in developing practice standards for advanced practice nursing
Authors: O'Connell Jane , Gardner Glenn , Coyer Fiona 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimThis paper presents a discussion on the application of a capability framework for advanced practice nursing standards/competencies.BackgroundThere is acceptance that competencies are useful and necessary for definition and education of practice‐based professions. Competencies have been described as appropriate for practice in stable environments with familiar problems. Increasingly competencies are being designed for use in the health sector for advanced practice such as the nurse practitioner role. Nurse practitioners work in environments and roles that are dynamic and unpredictable necessitating attributes and skills to practice at advanced and extended levels in both familiar and unfamiliar clinical situations. Capability has been described as the combination of skills, knowledge, values and self‐esteem which enables individuals to manage change, be flexible and move beyond competency.DesignA discussion paper exploring ‘capability’ as a framework for advanced nursing practice standards.Data SourcesData were sourced from electronic databases as described in the background section.Implications for NursingAs advanced practice nursing becomes more established and formalized, novel ways of teaching and assessing the practice of experienced clinicians beyond competency are imperative for the changing context of health services.ConclusionLeading researchers into capability in health care state that traditional education and training in health disciplines concentrates mainly on developing competence. To ensure that healthcare delivery keeps pace with increasing demand and a continuously changing context there is a need to embrace capability as a framework for advanced practice and education.
The Roles of the Q (q) Wave in Lead I and QRS Frontal Axis for Diagnosing Loss of Left Ventricular Capture During Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: CAO YUAN‐YUAN , SU YAN‐GANG , BAI JIN , WANG WEI , WANG JING‐FENG , QIN SHENG‐MEI , GE JUN‐BO 
Published: August 2014

Roles of Q (q) Wave in Lead I and QRS Axis for Diagnosing Loss of LV Capture During CRTIntroductionLoss of left ventricular (LV) capture may lead to deterioration of heart failure in patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Recognition of loss of LV capture in time is important in clinical practice.Methods and ResultsA total of 422 electrocardiograms were acquired and analyzed from 53 CRT patients at 8 different pacing settings (LV only, right ventricle [RV] only, biventricular [BV] pacing with LV preactivation of 60, 40, 20, and 0 milliseconds and RV preactivation of 20 and 40 milliseconds). A modified Ammann algorithm by adding a third step—presence of Q (q, or QS) wave—to the original 2‐step Ammann algorithm and a QRS axis shift method were devised to identify the loss of LV capture. The accuracy of modified Ammann algorithm was significantly higher than that of Ammann algorithm (78.9% vs. 69.1%, P < 0.001). The accuracy of the axis shift method was 66.4%, which was significantly lower than the modified Ammann algorithm (P < 0.001) and similar to the original one (P = 0.412). However, in the ECGs with QRS axis shift, 96.8% were correctly classified. LV preactivation or simultaneous BV activation and LV lead positioned in nonposterior or noninferior wall could elevate the accuracies of the modified Ammann algorithm and the QRS axis shift method.ConclusionsThe accuracy of the modified Ammann algorithm is greatly improved. The QRS axis shift method can help diagnose LV capture. The LV preactivation, or simultaneous BV activation and LV lead positioned in nonposterior or noninferior wall can increase the diagnostic power of the modified Ammann algorithm and QRS axis shift method.