bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytosolic re-localization and optimization of valine synthesis and catabolism enables increased isobutanol production with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Brat Dawid , Weber Christian , Lorenzen Wolfram , Bode Helge B , Boles Eckhard 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
The branched chain alcohol isobutanol exhibits superior physicochemical properties as an alternative biofuel. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae naturally produces low amounts of isobutanol as a by-product during fermentations, resulting from the catabolism of valine. As S. cerevisiae is widely used in industrial applications and can easily be modified by genetic engineering, this microorganism is a promising host for the fermentative production of higher amounts of isobutanol.

Results
Isobutanol production could be improved by re-locating the valine biosynthesis enzymes Ilv2, Ilv5 and Ilv3 from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytosol. To prevent the import of the three enzymes into yeast mitochondria, N-terminally shortened Ilv2, Ilv5 and Ilv3 versions were constructed lacking their mitochondrial targeting sequences. SDS-PAGE and immunofluorescence analyses confirmed expression and re-localization of the truncated enzymes. Growth tests or enzyme assays confirmed enzymatic activities. Isobutanol production was only increased in the absence of valine and the simultaneous blockage of the mitochondrial valine synthesis pathway. Isobutanol production could be even more enhanced after adapting the codon usage of the truncated valine biosynthesis genes to the codon usage of highly expressed glycolytic genes. Finally, a suitable ketoisovalerate decarboxylase, Aro10, and alcohol dehydrogenase, Adh2, were selected and overexpressed. The highest isobutanol titer was 0.63 g/L at a yield of nearly 15 mg per g glucose.

Conclusion
A cytosolic isobutanol production pathway was successfully established in yeast by re-localization and optimization of mitochondrial valine synthesis enzymes together with overexpression of Aro10 decarboxylase and Adh2 alcohol dehydrogenase. Driving forces were generated by blocking competition with the mitochondrial valine pathway and by omitting valine from the fermentation medium. Additional deletion of pyruvate decarboxylase genes and engineering of co-factor imbalances should lead to even higher isobutanol production.
Is there a sex difference in palm print ridge density?
Authors: Kanchan Tanuj , Krishan Kewal , Aparna K R , Shyamsundar S 
Published: September 2012

Background Analysis of fingerprints and palm prints at the crime scene is vital to identify the suspect and establish a crime. Dermatoglyphics can even be valuable in identification of a dismembered hand during medicolegal investigations to establish the identity of an individual in cases of mass disasters/mass homicides. Methods The present research studies the variation in ridge density in different areas of the palm prints among men and women. The four prominent areas were analysed on the palm prints that included central prominent part of the thenar eminence (P1), hypothenar region; inner to the proximal axial triradius (P2), medial mount; proximal to the triradius of the second digit (P3) and lateral mount; proximal to the triradius of the fifth digit (P4). Results The mean palm print ridge density was significantly higher among women than men in all the designated areas in both hands except for the P3 area in the right hand. Statistically significant differences were observed in the palm print ridge density between the different palm areas in men and women in right and left hands. No significant right-left differences were observed in the palm print ridge density in any of the four areas of palm prints among men. In women, right-left differences were observed only in the P3 and P4 areas of palm prints. Conclusions This preliminary study indicates that though the palm print ridge density is a sexually dimorphic variable, its utility for estimation of sex in forensic identification may be limited owing to significant overlapping of values.
Sexual assault in prepubertal girls: ‘It is normal to be normal’ – or is it? Evidence of vaginal penetration in prepubertal girls
Authors: Hariton Theodore N 
Published: September 2012

Study objective The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term effects of penile vaginal penetration in prepubertal girls. The specific emphasis is on whether there would be visible identifiable medical evidence of penetration on examinations done months or years after the event. Literature review The medical literature regarding this subject was reviewed specifically for defendable evidence supporting a statement that there would be no findings as well as those that suggested that there would be visible evidence of trauma. Specific definitions of sexual assault, visible anatomic change from trauma, and sexual penetration are established for clarity. The effect of the lack of estrogen on the genital tissue of prepubertal girls is reviewed in relationship to the potential effects of trauma. The average diameters of the hymenal opening in this age group and the diameter of the erect male penis were reviewed. Conclusion The result of the study both from review of the medical literature and an understanding of the anatomy and histology of the unestrogenized genitalia of the prepubertal girl makes it clear that if there has been forceful penile penetration of the hymen there will be both a history of pain and bleeding and healed evidence of this forceful penetration.
Underlying deep venous abnormalities in patients with unilateral chronic venous disease
Authors: Gaweesh A S , Kayed M H , Gaweesh T Y , Shalhoub J , Davies A H , Khamis H M 
Published: September 2012

Objectives To report our initial experience using direct multidetector computed tomography venography (MDCT-V) for imaging lower limb deep veins. CT findings in limbs with chronic venous disease (CVD) were compared with contralateral healthy limbs. Methods MDCT-V with bilateral direct pedal injection of contrast was used to image the deep veins in both lower limbs. Eight patients with unilateral lower limb CVD of varying severity (according to the Clinico-Etiological-Anatomical and Pathological classification [CEAP] class 2-6) were studied. Five patients had primary CVD, while three patients had CVD secondary to previous deep vein thrombosis. Results Deep venous obstruction (>50%) or occlusion was identified in all CVD limbs and was not seen in contralateral healthy limbs. These lesions were not only iliac, were not exclusively present in advanced CVD and were independent of the presence or absence of deep venous reflux. Conclusion Morphologically significant lesions could be underlying in patients with clinically significant CVD. Direct MDCT-V provides clear reconstructable cross-sectional images of the whole deep venous tree, including infrainguinal areas, beyond the reach of intravascular ultrasound. Utilization of new venous imaging modalities may uncover previously undiagnosed and potentially treatable venous pathology in patients with CVD.
Quantifying the Added Value of a Diagnostic Test or Marker
Authors: Moons Karel G M , de Groot Joris A H , Linnet Kristian , Reitsma Johannes B , Bossuyt Patrick M M 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn practice, the diagnostic workup usually starts with a patient with particular symptoms or signs, who is suspected of having a particular target disease. In a sequence of steps, an array of diagnostic information is commonly documented. The diagnostic information conveyed by different results from patient history, physical examination, and subsequent testing is to varying extents overlapping and thus mutually dependent. This implies that the diagnostic potential of a test or biomarker is conditional on the information obtained from previous tests. A key question about the accuracy of a diagnostic test/biomarker is whether that test improves the diagnostic workup beyond already available diagnostic test results. This second report in a series of 4 gives an overview of several methods to quantify the added value of a new diagnostic test or biomarker, including the area under the ROC curve, net reclassification improvement, integrated discrimination improvement, predictiveness curve, and decision curve analysis. Each of these methods is illustrated with the use of empirical data. We reiterate that reporting on the relative increase in discrimination and disease classification is relevant to obtain insight into the incremental value of a diagnostic test or biomarker. We also recommend the use of decision-analytic measures to express the accuracy of an entire diagnostic workup in an informative way.
Office-Based Management of Pediatric and Adolescent Concussion
Authors: Master Christina L. , Grady Matthew F. 
Published: September 2012

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Diagnose pediatric and adolescent concussion using directed clinical history and physical examination.

2.
Identify specific associated pre-morbid conditions that increase risk of prolonged concussion recovery.

3.
Implement timely prescription of physical and cognitive rest.

During the past decade, there has been a tremendous amount of research that has provided an increased understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and far-reaching clinical implications of concussion as a form of traumatic brain injury. In addition, there has been a huge surge of interest in and awareness of concussions, in part due to high-profile cases involving professional athletes. These professional athletes, however, are merely the tip of the iceberg. An estimated 144,000 pediatric and adolescent patients are treated in emergency departments nationwide for concussion,
1
and this likely represents a significant underestimate of the actual incidence because many children do not seek emergency treatment for concussion. There are an estimated 3.8 million concussions due to sports annually
2
and the majority of these are in the pediatric and adolescent populations.
Understanding the Burden of Osteoporosis and Use of the World Health Organization FRAX
Authors: Shuler Franklin D. , Conjeski Jacob , Kendall David , Salava Jonathon 
Published: September 2012

Educational Objectives

As a result of reading this article, physicians should be able to:

1.
Identify major patient factors contributing to fractures related to osteoporosis.

2.
Define osteoporosis and osteopenia.

3.
Use the World Health Organization Fracture Risk Assessment Tool.

4.
Improve treatment and postfracture management of osteoporosis.

Fracture prevention is a critical component of managing osteoporosis, which is not longer defined by T-score alone. The internationally validated World Health Organization Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) provides the clinician a state-of-the-art tool for predicting patients at greatest risk for fracture. The FRAX tool takes into account country, bone mineral density of the hip (when available), age, sex, and 8 clinical risk factors to calculate the 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture and the 10-year probability of a hip fracture. From this tool, an absolute fracture risk is generated, aiding clinicians in determining which patients with low bone mass and osteoporosis to treat.
Spontaneous Hemorrhage in an Upper Lumbar Synovial Cyst Causing Subacute Cauda Equina Syndrome
Authors: Machino Masaaki , Yukawa Yasutsugu , Ito Keigo , Kanbara Shunsuke , Kato Fumihiko 
Published: September 2012

Lumbar spine synovial cysts are becoming more frequent, and they are generally associated with degenerative lumbar spinal disease. They are common in lower lumbar lesions but rare in upper lumbar lesions. Several cases of hemorrhage into lower lumbar juxtafacet cysts after trauma or anticoagulation therapy have been reported in the literature. This article describes a case of subacute cauda equina syndrome resulting from spontaneous hemorrhage into an upper lumbar synovial cyst.
A 65-year-old man presented with a 3-month history of intermittent bilateral lumbar pain. One week before, he experienced a sudden exacerbation of lumbar pain and began falling frequently; he also reported weakness and tingling in his lower limbs. A hematic collection associated with a large juxtafacet cyst at L2–L3 was suspected on magnetic resonance imaging. He underwent surgical decompression, and the cyst was resected. Microscopic examination was consistent with the diagnosis of a synovial cyst. Two days postoperatively, he was walking independently.
Although several descriptions exist of hemorrhagic lumbar juxtafacet cysts after trauma or anticoagulant therapy, to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first documented case of hemorrhage in an upper lumbar synovial cyst with no previous traumatic event or medication use. Magnetic resonance imaging was essential in making the preoperative diagnosis. Surgical removal of the cyst was an effective treatment.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: Double-Edged Swords of Innate Immunity
Authors: Kaplan Mariana J. , Radic Marko 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Spectacular images of neutrophils ejecting nuclear chromatin and bactericidal proteins, in response to microbes, were first reported in 2004. As externalized chromatin could entangle bacteria, these structures were named neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Subsequent studies identified microorganisms and sterile conditions that stimulate NETs, as well as additional cell types that release extracellular chromatin. The release of NETs is the most dramatic stage in a cell death process called NETosis. Experimental evidence suggests that NETs participate in pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, with proposed involvement in glomerulonephritis, chronic lung disease, sepsis, and vascular disorders. Exaggerated NETosis or diminished NET clearance likely increases risk of autoreactivity to NET components. The biological significance of NETs is just beginning to be explored. A more complete integration of NETosis within immunology and pathophysiology will require better understanding of NET properties associated with specific disease states and microbial infections. This may lead to the identification of important therapeutic targets.
The Impact of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Adoption on The Accounting Quality of Listed Companies In Kenya
Authors: Outa Erick Rading 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis study seeks to establish if the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Kenya has been associated with higher accounting quality for listed companies. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), in its objectives and preamble, supposes that the beneficial effects from IFRS adoption include transparency, accounting quality and reduced cost of capital. Based on these assumptions, this study applied accounting quality measures; earnings management, timely loss recognition and value relevance to find out whether the adoption of IFRS has led to improvements in accounting quality in companies listed in Kenya. The methodology is based on prior literature definition of metrics of accounting quality mainly earnings management, timely loss recognition and value relevance. The study differs from the previous ones by overcoming difficulties in controlling for confounding factors faced in previous studies which could have led to less reliable results. Three out of the eight metrics indicated that quality had marginally improved while five indicated that it had marginally declined. These mixed outcomes are very much in line with findings in other studies and the study contributes to the debate by explaining why accounting quality outcomes are still not consistent with IFRS promises in spite of improved test conditions. Key words: IFRS; IAS; accounting quality; earnings management; timely loss recognition;
Value of Debridement and Irrigation for the Treatment of Peri-Prosthetic Infections. A Systematic Review
Authors: Romanò Carlo L , Manzi Giovanni , Logoluso Nicola , Romanò Delia 
Published: September 2012

Debridement and irrigation has been proposed as a salvage procedure for early post-operative and late acute haematogenous periprosthetic hip and knee infections, however the effective ability of this procedure to avoid recurrent infection is still debated. In this systematic review of the literature we reviewed full-text papers published from 1970 through 2011, that reported the success rate of infection eradication after debridement and irrigation with prosthesis retention for the treatment of early septic complications (within six weeks from surgery) or late acute haematogenous infections after hip or knee prosthesis. In all, 14 original articles, reporting the results of 710 patients were retrieved. The average success rate has been, respectively, 45.9% and 52% after a single or repeated debridement and irrigation procedures, at a mean follow-up of 53.3 months. The methodological limitations of this study and the heterogeneous material in the reviewed papers notwithstanding, this systematic review shows that debridement and irrigation procedure is associated with a rather poor outcome, even in a population of patients selected on the basis of symptoms’ duration and patients should be adequately informed prior to undergo this salvage procedure.
Application of experimental design for extraction of BHA and BHT from edible vegetable oil and their determination using HPLC
Authors: Hadjmohammadi M.R. , Ehsani M. , Kamel K. , Biparva P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe optimal conditions of liquid–liquid extraction of two synthetic phenolic antioxidants, BHA and BHT were investigated in five Iranian edible vegetable oil samples using the central composite design. Stepwise multiple linear regression method was used for construction of different models based on the experimental data. Optimum conditions for BHA and BHT were achieved using 3 ml of ethanolic solution containing (0.25% v/v) of glacial acetic acid, three extractions and a mixing time of 10 minutes. Analytes were separated using HPLC with a C18column using methanol:water:glacial acetic acid (75:24:1, v/v/v) as the mobile phase. The limit of detections, linear ranges and relative standard deviation (n=7) were 0.04 μg/g−1, 0.5– 200 μg/g−1and 2.6% for BHA and 0.30 μg/g−1, 1.0– 200 μg/g−1and 4.20% for BHT, (r2>0.99), respectively. Amounts of BHA and BHT in analyzed oil samples were in the ranges of 29.8– 54.5 μg/g−1and 0.0– 6.8 μg/g−1respectively.
CSR and the Debate on Business and Human Rights: Bridging the Great Divide
Authors: Wettstein Florian 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT:Human rights have not played an overwhelmingly prominent role in CSR in the past. Similarly, CSR has had relatively little influence on what is now called the “business and human rights debate.” This contribution uncovers some of the reasons for the rather peculiar disconnect between these two debates and, based on it, presents some apparent synergies and complementarities between the two. A closer integration of the two debates, as it argues, would allow for the formulation of an expansive and demanding conception of corporate human rights obligations. Such a conception does not stop with corporate obligations “merely” to respect human rights, but includes an extended focus on proactive company involvement in the protection and realization of human rights. In other words, the integration of the two debates provides the space within which to formulate positive human rights obligations for corporations.
Les colorants textiles sources de contamination de l’eau : CRIBLAGE de la toxicité et des méthodes de traitement
Authors: Mansour Hedi Ben , Boughzala Oualid , Dridi dorra , Barillier Daniel , Chekir-Ghedira Leila , Mosrati Ridha 
Published: September 2012

Les colorants sont largement utilisés dans les imprimeries, les produits alimentaires, cosmétiques et cliniques, mais en particulier dans les industries textiles pour leur stabilité chimique et la facilité de leur synthèse et leur variété de couleurs. Cependant, ces colorants sont à l’origine de la pollution une fois évacués dans l’environnement. La production mondiale des colorants est estimée à plus de 800 000 t•an-1et les colorants azoïques sont majoritaires et représentent 60-70 %. Compte tenu de la composition très hétérogène de ces derniers, leur dégradation conduit souvent à la conception d’une chaîne de traitement physique-chimique et biologique assurant l’élimination des différents polluants par étapes successives. Dés études ont montré que plusieurs colorants azoïques sont toxiques et mutagènes et le traitement biologique de ces colorants semble présenter un intérêt scientifique majeur. Les traitements physico-chimiques communs (adsorption, coagulation/floculation, précipitation etc.) sont couramment utilisés pour les effluents industriels. Malgré leur rapidité, ces méthodes se sont avérées peu efficaces compte tenu des normes exigées sur ces rejets. Le traitement biologique constitue une alternative fiable; en effet, plusieurs microorganismes sont capables de transformer les colorants azoïques en sous-produits incolores. Les bactéries dégradent les colorants azoïques en deux étapes : un clivage de liaison azo, par l’intermédiaire de l’azoréductase, suivi d’une oxydation des amines aromatiques formées lors de la première étape. L’azoréduction constitue alors une étape clé du traitement des effluents chargés de ces colorants.
Existe-t-il une relation entre les modèles pluie-débit au pas de temps pluriannuel ?
Authors: Mouelhi Safouane 
Published: September 2012

Au pas de temps pluriannuel, l’approche par bilan fournit des modèles pluie-débit sous forme de simples formulations mathématiques reliant le débit (Q) à la pluie (P) et l’évapotranspiration potentielle (E), le tout en millimètres par an (mm•an-1). Souvent, il s’agit de la différence entre la quantité de la pluie pluriannuelle et la quantité d’évapotranspiration réelle. Les autres termes du bilan sont supposés négligeables. Pour une meilleure utilisation et compréhension de ce type de modèles, cet article tente de répondre aux questions suivantes : quelles sont les relations entre ces modèles? Quelles sont leurs performances et leurs limites? Comment peut-on améliorer leurs performances? La réponse à ces interrogations a nécessité tout d’abord le choix des modèles les plus répandus à partir de la littérature portant sur l’hydrologie : il s’agit d’expressions employant des formes mathématiques usuelles comme la tangente hyperbolique ou exponentielle. Ensuite, grâce à une analyse adimensionnelle, une forme générale de ces modèles ainsi que leur domaine de définition ont été détectés. En adaptant une méthode de modélisation aux spécificités du pas du temps pluriannuel, et en utilisant un échantillon de données de 407 bassins versants de caractéristiques hydro-climatiques très variées, la performance de ces modèles a été améliorée : soit par affectation d’un paramètre lié à l’évapotranspiration, soit par l’introduction d’une nouvelle variable appelée Indice de Répartition de Pluie (IRP), selon la disponibilité des données.