bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grade inflation effects of capacity expansion in higher education: a longitudinal study in undergraduate teacher education programs from 2003 to 2022
Authors: Ciftci S. Koza , Karadag Engin 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis study examined the change in the rate of graduates with high honors (>3.50) in teacher training programs and the factors affecting grade inflation and graduation GPAs over a 20-year period. In the study, the weighted grade point average of 173,232 student-teachers who had graduated from 32 teacher training institutions between 2003 and 2022 was analyzed using the random effects estimator, ANOVA, t test, and ANCOVA. The findings suggest that their grade point averages increased from 2.83 to 3.34 within this period. The highest-grade averages were found in 2012, when the number of teacher training institutions was expanded; as well as in 2021–2022, during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the gender of the students, their university admission scores, the teaching field, the establishment year of the program, and the ratio of students per faculty member were found to be important determinants of graduation GPAs. Based on our results, it can be argued that the rapid growth of teacher training programs in Türkiye has caused a decrease in quality, which has triggered an increase in grade averages. One of the most important findings supporting this idea is that programs with lower university admission scores have more students graduating with honors.
On lattice hexagonal crystallization for non-monotone potentials
Authors: Luo Senping , Wei Juncheng 
Published: July 2024

We prove that for α ≥ 1, among 2d unit density lattices, minL∑P∈L(|P|2−β)e−πα|P|2 is achieved at hexagonal lattice for β≤12πα and does not exist for β&gt;12πα. Here the hexagonal lattice with unit density can be expressed by Λ1=132[Z(1,0)⊕Z(12,32)]. This leads to two applications as follows. (1) Assume that α ≥ 1. Then, among 2d unit density lattices, minL∑P∈L|P|2e−πα|P|2 is achieved at hexagonal lattice. (2) Assume that β &gt; α ≥ 1. Then minz∈Hθ(α;z)−bθ(β;z) is achieved at z=eiπ3 (corresponding to hexagonal lattice) for b≤βα and does not exist for b&gt;βα. Here θ(α; z) is the two-dimensional Theta function.
Modeling interactions between rubidium atom and magnetometer cell wall molecules
Authors: David Grégoire , Wibowo-Teale Andrew M. , Rogers David M. 
Published: July 2024

Magnetometer cell wall coat molecules play an important role in preserving the lifetime of pumped alkali metal atoms for use in magnetometers that are capable of measuring very small magnetic fields. The goal of this study is to help rationalize the design of the cell coat molecules. Rubidium-87 is studied in terms of its interaction with three template cell coat molecules: ethane, ethene, and methyltrichlorosilane (MeTS). Ab initio electronic structure methods are applied to investigate the effect that the coat molecules have on the 2S ground state and 2P excited state of 87Rb. We find that, from the ab initio results, the three template molecules have differing effects, with MeTS having the largest effect on the ground state and ethane or ethene having the largest effect on the non-degenerate excited states.
Multi-delay coherence imaging spectroscopy optimized for ion temperature measurements in the divertor plasma of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator
Authors: Kriete David M. , Perseo Valeria , Gradic Dorothea , Ennis David A. , König Ralf , Maurer David A. ,   W7-X Team
Published: July 2024

A new coherence imaging spectroscopy (CIS) diagnostic optimized to measure the C2+ impurity ion temperature Ti spatial distribution in the divertor plasma of the W7-X stellarator is designed, tested, and validated. Using CIS to obtain Ti in the edge of magnetically confined plasmas has historically been challenging because Doppler broadening and Zeeman splitting have comparable effects on the shape of spectral emission lines. To distinguish between these two mechanisms, a novel approach to birefringent crystal design is employed to minimize the diagnostic’s sensitivity to Zeeman splitting. The recently developed pixelated multi-delay CIS approach is also used to obtain four times as much spectral information as traditional CIS approaches. The Ti-optimized CIS diagnostic is validated in a long-pulse W7-X plasma by comparison with a high-resolution spectrometer whose sightlines overlap with the CIS field of view. The CIS and spectrometer Ti profiles have the same shape and agree to within 10% on average and 25% in the worst case. Images of the Ti distribution near the divertor show toroidally elongated bands aligned with the magnetic field, with Ti ranging between 10 and 40 eV.
Performant automatic differentiation of local coupled cluster theories: Response properties and ab initio molecular dynamics
Authors: Zhang Xing , Li Chenghan , Ye Hong-Zhou , Berkelbach Timothy C. , Chan Garnet Kin-Lic 
Published: July 2024

In this work, we introduce a differentiable implementation of the local natural orbital coupled cluster (LNO-CC) method within the automatic differentiation framework of the PySCFAD package. The implementation is comprehensively tuned for enhanced performance, which enables the calculation of first-order static response properties on medium-sized molecular systems using coupled cluster theory with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)]. We evaluate the accuracy of our method by benchmarking it against the canonical CCSD(T) reference for nuclear gradients, dipole moments, and geometry optimizations. In addition, we demonstrate the possibility of property calculations for chemically interesting systems through the computation of bond orders and Mössbauer spectroscopy parameters for a [NiFe]-hydrogenase active site model, along with the simulation of infrared spectra via ab initio LNO-CC molecular dynamics for a protonated water hexamer.
Permittivity measurement of high-frequency substrate based on the double-sided parallel-strip line resonator method
Authors: Shen Ronghua , Gao Chong , Chen Nan , Zhu Hui , Zhou Yang , Yu Chengyong , Li En , Zhang Yunpeng 
Published: July 2024

With the development of 5G technology, the accurate measurement of the complex permittivity of a printed circuit board (PCB) in the wide frequency range is crucial for the design of high-frequency circuits. In this paper, a microwave measurement device and method based on the double-sided parallel-strip line (DSPSL) resonator have been developed to measure the complex permittivity of typical PCBs in the vertical direction. The device includes the DSPSL resonator, the DSPSL coupling probe, a pressure monitor, a Farran C4209 vector network analyzer (100 K to 9 GHz), and a FEV-10-PR-0006 frequency multiplier (75–110 GHz). Based on transmission line theory, the physical model of the DSPSL resonator was established, and the relative permittivity and loss angle tangent value of the dielectric substrate were calculated using conformal transformation. To excite the resonator, the DSPSL coupling probe with a good transmission effect was designed, which consists of DSPSL microstrip line (MSL) transition structure and an MSL-WR10 rectangular waveguide converter. To reduce the air gap between the sample and the metal guide band and dielectric support block, and to improve test accuracy, a mechanical pressure device is added to the top of the DSPSL resonator. Based on the DSPSL resonator, we have used the device to test four typical PCBs, namely, polytetrafluoroethylene, Rogers RT/duroid®5880, Rogers RO3006®, and Rogers RO3010®. The results show that the maximum error of the relative permittivity is less than 3.05%, and the maximum error of the loss angle tangent is less than 1.27 × 10−4.
Complex dynamics of partially freezable confined water revealed by combined experimental and computational studies
Authors: Steinrücken Elisa , Weigler Max , Kloth Sebastian , Vogel Michael 
Published: July 2024

We investigate water dynamics in mesoporous silica across partial crystallization by combining broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS). Exploiting the fact that not only BDS but also NMR field-cycling relaxometry and stimulated-echo experiments provide access to dynamical susceptibilities in broad frequency and temperature ranges, we study both the fully liquid state above the melting point Tm and the dynamics of coexisting water and ice phases below this temperature. It is found that partial crystallization leads to a change in the temperature dependence of rotational correlation times τ, which occurs in addition to previously reported dynamical crossovers of confined water and depends on the pore diameter. Furthermore, we observe that dynamical susceptibilities of water are strongly asymmetric in the fully liquid state, whereas they are much broader and nearly symmetric in the partially frozen state. Finally, water in the nonfreezable interfacial layer below Tm does not exhibit a much debated dynamical crossover at ∼220 K. We argue that its dynamics is governed by a static energy landscape, which results from the interaction with the bordering silica and ice surfaces and features a Gaussian-like barrier distribution. Consistently, our MDS analysis of the motional mechanism reveals a hopping motion of water in thin interfacial layers. The rotational correlation times of the confined ice phases follow Arrhenius laws. While the values of τ depend on the pore diameter, freezable water in various types of confinements and mixtures shows similar activation energies of Ea ≈ 0.43 eV.
A highly sensitive modified triple split ring metamaterial-based sensor for blood sample detection based on dielectric property alteration
Authors: Al Mahfazur Rahman Abdullah , Islam Mohammad Tariqul , Kirawanich Phumin , Bais Badariah , Alsaif Haitham , Maash Abdulwadoud A. , Hoque Ahasanul , Moniruzzaman Md. , Islam Md. Shabiul , Soliman Mohamed S. 
Published: July 2024

This research paper demonstrates a metamaterial (MTM) based sensing technique to detect various blood samples by analyzing their dielectric properties. The performance of this MTM-based sensor is evaluated with the help of mimicked human blood samples that closely resemble the dielectric properties of actual human blood samples. Moreover, the ISM band frequency of 2.4 GHz is chosen as one of the reference resonance frequencies due to its various industrial and medical applications. The resonating patch is developed on the FR-4 substrate with a dimension of 10 × 20 mm2 that provides sharp reference resonances of 2.4 and 4.72 GHz for the spectra of the transmission coefficient with a good quality factor (Q-factor). The MTM sensor can detect the mimicked blood samples with a maximum frequency deviation of up to 650 MHz at 2.4 GHz and up to 850 MHz at 4.72 GHz, with maximum sensitivity of 0.917 and 0.707, respectively. The measured results using the prototype of the sensor support the simulation result with good agreement, indicating high sensing capability. Due to its high sensitivity, figure of merit (FoM), and frequency shifting with dielectric property changes in blood samples, the developed MTM-based sensor can be implemented effectively for quick sensing of infected blood samples and biomedical applications.
Unveiling unconventional CH4–Xe compounds and their thermodynamic properties at extreme conditions
Authors: Zhang Pan , Ding Yuelong , Cui Wenwen , Hao Jian , Shi Jingming , Li Yinwei 
Published: July 2024

Inert gases (e.g., He and Xe) can exhibit chemical activity at high pressure, reacting with other substances to form compounds of unexpected chemical stoichiometry. This work combines first-principles calculations and crystal structure predictions to propose four unexpected stable compounds of CH4Xe3, (CH4)2Xe, (CH4)3Xe, and (CH4)3Xe2 at pressure ranges from 2 to 100 GPa. All structures are composed of isolated Xe atoms and CH4 molecules except for (CH4)3Xe2, which comprises a polymerization product, C3H8, and hydrogen molecules. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations indicate that pressure plays a very important role in the different temperature driving state transitions of CH4–Xe compounds. At lower pressures, the compounds follow the state transition of solid–plastic–fluid phases with increasing temperature, while at higher pressures, the stronger Xe–C interaction induces the emergence of a superionic state for CH4Xe3 and (CH4)3Xe2 as temperature increases. These results not only expand the family of CH4–Xe compounds, they also contribute to models of the structures and evolution of planetary interiors.
Metabolic adaptation to lactation of dairy cows in two contrasting facilities involving partial confinement plus grazing or total confinement
Authors: Mendina G. R. , Damián J. P. , Meikle A. , Méndez M. N. , Chilibroste P. , Adrien M. L. 
Published: July 2024

Context The increasing intensification of pasture-based systems has subjected the cows to different productive environments, which could affect physiological responses and, consequently, their productive performance. Aims The aim was to determine the effect of contrasting housing facilities (outdoor soil-bedded vs compost-bedded pack barn) used in partial confinement in pasture-based systems, on the metabolic adaptation during early lactation and its impact on productive and reproductive performance of autumn- and spring-calving dairy cows, having as a positive control a zero-grazing confined system in compost barn. Methods Multiparous Holstein dairy cows that calved in autumn (n = 36) and spring (n = 48) were distributed in the following three treatments from calving to 90 days in milk (DIM): outdoor soil-bedded–grazing (OD-GRZ), compost barn–grazing (CB-GRZ), compost barn–total mixed ration (CB-TMR). Milk production, total milksolids (TMS), body condition score, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cholesterol, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and the proportion of cows with corpus luteum were determined in repeated measurements. Key results In both calving seasons, milk production and TMS yields did not differ between OD-GRZ and CB-GRZ, but were greater in CB-TMR (P < 0.0001). In autumn, NEFA and BHB were not affected by treatments, but cholesterol increased faster in CB-TMR (P = 0.0500). In spring, NEFA and cholesterol concentrations were not affected by treatment, but BHB remained greater in OD-GRZ until 90 DIM than in the other treatments. IGF-1 and insulin did not differ between treatments in autumn, but in spring, IGF-1 was greater in CB-TMR (P < 0.0001). The proportion of cows with corpus luteum was not different between pasture-based treatments, but both were greater than CB-TMR up to 40 DIM in autumn (P = 0.0489) and during the entire study in spring CB-TMR (P = 0.0285). Conclusions Although no differences were found among housing facilities in partial confinement, except that in spring OD-GRZ cows had greater BHB concentrations, confined cows prioritised milk production instead of reproductive function, despite presenting better energy indicators than did pasture-based cows. Implications Outdoor housing combined with grazing can increase the risk of greater BHB concentrations, indicative of subclinical ketosis, under heat-stress conditions, when compared with indoor housing. Confined cows increased milk production but had a delay in the resumption of ovarian cyclicity, even having a better energy status than pasture-based cows.
Instabilities and self–organization in spatiotemporal epidemic dynamics driven by nonlinearity and noise
Authors: Singh Aman Kumar , Ramakrishnan Subramanian , Kumar Manish 
Published: July 2024

AbstractTheoretical analysis of epidemic dynamics has attracted significant attention in the aftermath of the COVID–19 pandemic. In this article, we study dynamic instabilities in a spatiotemporal compartmental epidemic model represented by a stochastic system of coupled partial differential equations (SPDE). Saturation effects in infection spread–anchored in physical considerations–lead to strong nonlinearities in the SPDE. Our goal is to study the onset of dynamic, Turing–type instabilities, and the concomitant emergence of steady–state patterns under the interplay between three critical model parameters–the saturation parameter, the noise intensity, and the transmission rate. Employing a second–order perturbation analysis to investigate stability, we uncover both diffusion–driven and noise–induced instabilities and corresponding self–organized distinct patterns of infection spread in the steady state. We also analyze the effects of the saturation parameter and the transmission rate on the instabilities and the pattern formation. In summary, our results indicate that the nuanced interplay between the three parameters considered has a profound effect on the emergence of dynamical instabilities and therefore on pattern formation in the steady state. Moreover, due to the central role played by the Turing phenomenon in pattern formation in a variety of biological dynamic systems, the results are expected to have broader significance beyond epidemic dynamics.
Tradeoffs in the design of RNA thermometers
Authors: Gola Krishan Kumar , Patel Abhilash , Sen Shaunak 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The synthesis of RNA thermometers is aimed at achieving temperature responses with desired thresholds and sensitivities. Although previous works have generated thermometers with a variety of thresholds and sensitivities as well as guidelines for design, possible constraints in the achievable thresholds and sensitivities remain unclear. We addressed this issue using a two-state model and its variants, as well as melt profiles generated from thermodynamic computations. In the two-state model, we found that the threshold was inversely proportional to the sensitivity, in the case of a fixed energy difference between the two states. Notably, this constraint could persist in variations of the two-state model with sequentially unfolding states and branched parallel pathways. Furthermore, the melt profiles generated from a library of thermometers exhibited a similar constraint. These results should inform the design of RNA thermometers as well as other responses that are mediated in a similar fashion.
Spatial integration for firm and load-following wind generation
Authors: López Prol Javier , deLlano-Paz Fernando , Calvo-Silvosa Anxo , Pfenninger Stefan , Staffell Iain 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Wind power has considerable potential to decarbonise electricity systems due to its low cost and wide availability. However, its variability is one factor limiting uptake. We propose a simple analytical framework to optimise the distribution of wind capacity across regions to achieve a maximally firm or load-following profile. We develop a novel dataset of simulated hourly wind capacity factors (CFs) with bias correction for 111 Chinese provinces, European countries and US states spanning ten years (∼10 million observations). This flexible framework allows for near-optimal analysis, integration of demand, and consideration of additional decision criteria without additional modelling. We find that spatial integration of wind resources optimising the distribution of capacities provides significant benefits in terms of higher CF or lower residual load and lower variability at sub-, quasi- and inter-continental levels. We employ the concept of firmness as achieving a reliable and certain generation profile and show that, in the best case, the intercontinental interconnection between China, Europe and the US could restrict wind CFs to within the range of 15%–40% for 99% of the time. Smaller configurations corresponding to existing electricity markets also provide more certain and reliable generation profiles than isolated individual regions.
Other Contemporary Influential Voices
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Nehru’s vision found near unanimous support from the relevant constituencies. Even the rare dissenting voices did not question the core strategy of primacy to heavy industries. At Nehru’s instance, his close associate and a self-taught statistician, P. C. Mahalanobis, prepared the Draft Plan-frame of the second plan, which was extensively discussed and endorsed by a panel of twenty-one leading economists of India, including V. K. R. V. Rao, D. R. Gadgil, K. N. Raj, A. K. Das Gupta, Vakil, and D. T. Lakdawala. Only Shenoy submitted a dissent note questioning the wisdom of the large deficit financing. All foreign economists invited by the government supported the Plan-frame. Milton Friedman, independently sent by the US government, provided a trenchant critique that proved prophetic later but had no salience at the time. Some dissenting voices in the parliament notwithstanding, politicians overwhelmingly endorsed Nehru’s vision, while leading businessmen had already given it a nod through their 1945 Bombay Plan.
Implementation
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Sector-specific production targets by the five-year plans, public-sector production, and licensing-guided private-sector production implemented the industrial policy. Bureaucracy was inevitably the key player in exercising each of these instruments. Without clear priorities at the product level, planners had no choice but to resort to ad hoc decision-making in setting production targets. Translation of these targets into enterprise-level investment allocations, a task left entirely to bureaucrats, was even more arbitrary. The growing industrial base, which increased the number of license applications, and the adoption of strict foreign-exchange control in 1957, led to a progressive slowdown of the decision-making process. The 1960s saw committee after committee appointed to recommend corrective action to speed up decision-making with little actual improvement felt by businesses. Concerns with high prices and super-normal profits also led to the adoption of price and distribution controls on products such as steel and cement, expanding bureaucratic decision-making.
A Liberal Import Regime
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Until early 1920, the British government followed a free trade policy. The door to protection opened in the 1920s, but it remained temporary and modest. It was during the Second World War that the balance of payments difficulties faced by the British led them to adopt Empire-wide exchange control, reinforced by strict import. The war years brought to India import licensing with a full-scale control regime consisting of essentiality and indigenous nonavailability of imports as preconditions. The idea of open general licensing also had its birth during this era. The end of the war witnessed considerable support for liberal import policy. As a member of the sterling area, India remained subject to British exchange control. Nevertheless, India liberalized imports through the expansion of open general licensing and issuing licenses liberally. This was particularly true of the import regime from 1951–52 to 1956–57. This liberalism came to an end in 1957 with a balance-of-payments crisis.
Growth, Industrialization, and Poverty
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter critically examines the economic outcomes during the Nehru era. It argues that the heavy-industry-centered industrialization created a dual economy consisting of a small, highly capital-intensive industrial enclave and a vast swath of unorganized sectors. The bulk of the workforce remained outside the former and was therefore denied the fruits of growth. Poverty saw almost no decline. Simultaneously, the strategy failed to take advantage of the country’s large workforce. Employed in the cottage and small industries, which were denied access to capital, it experienced little growth or skill upgradation. With the heavy industry absorbing a large proportion of scarce resources, education and health were neglected. Within education, the needs of the heavy industry required the creation of engineering and management institutions, which undermined the progress in primary education.