bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biocidal effects of aqueous extract of the roots of Anacyclus pyrethrum (Asteraceae) on Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera : Bruchidae)
Authors: Khannouchi Samira , Elhilali Fatima , Zair Touriya 
Published: September 2013

Â In Morocco, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera : Bruchidae) causes very important damage on the seeds of stocked Leguminosae ; its control is carried out exclusively by synthetic insecticides which are harmful for both Man and Environment. Pesticides based on plants constitute an alternative solution in the synthetic insecticides. Many studies have focused on improving forms of using plants that enhance and leverage their insecticidal activity (alcoholic and aqueous extracts, essential oils, etc..). In this study, we sought to evaluate the potentialities of the aqueous extract of the roots of Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) (Asteraceae) against adults, eggs and the emerging of C. maculatus. The tests were carried out on seeds of Cicer arietinum (L.) (Leguminosae) in the temperature of 28.0 Â± 2.0Â°C, photoperiod 12/12 and relating humidity from 70 to 75%.The results obtained showed that the aqueous extract of A. pyrethrum has an interesting insecticide effect against the adults of C. maculatus. It reduced longevity, fecundity, fertility, success rate and it increases the number of non-fertile eggs of these insects, especially for the high doses. This indicates that a durable protection and at low cost against this beetle is possible by using the aqueous extract of A. pyrethrum, which can represent an interesting alternative solution to chemical insecticides.
Use of kitchen steel wool as oxygen absorber improves storage retention of beta-carotene in solar-dried vegetables
Authors: Nyambaka Hudson , Nderitu James , Nawiri Mildred , Murungi Jane 
Published: September 2013

Â Vitamin A deficiency remains a major health concern in developing countries whereas the season availability of vegetables could provide for vitamin A. Dehydration is widely used to preserve dark green leafy vegetables (DGLV) but storage in normal atmosphere condition losses beta-carotene by oxidation, therefore requiring use of an oxygen absorber. The study examined use of kitchen steel wool as an oxygen absorber in reducing the loss of beta-carotene content in three indigenous DGLVs that were solar dried and stored for a period of 168 days in four different packing conditions. Fresh vegetables contained between 781.94 to 1047.42 Î¼g/g dry matter (DM) beta-carotene, reducing significantly (p=0.01) to between 653.63 to 712.99 Î¼g/g DM after dehydration. Steel wool oxygen absorber significantly improved (p = 0.02) beta-carotene retention, recording a loss of 19.5 to 37.6% compared to 47 to 72% in normal conditions. Storage of DGLVs under kitchen steel wool oxygen absorber preserves vegetables and retains high levels of beta-carotene.
A Locus in Drosophila sechellia Affecting Tolerance of a Host Plant Toxin
Authors: Hungate Eric A , Earley Eric J , Boussy Ian A , Turissini David A , Ting Chau-Ti , Moran Jennifer R , Wu Mao-Lien , Wu Chung-I , Jones Corbin D 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Many insects feed on only one or a few types of host. These host specialists often evolve a preference for chemical cues emanating from their host and develop mechanisms for circumventing their host’s defenses. Adaptations like these are central to evolutionary biology, yet our understanding of their genetics remains incomplete. Drosophila sechellia, an emerging model for the genetics of host specialization, is an island endemic that has adapted to chemical toxins present in the fruit of its host plant, Morinda citrifolia. Its sibling species, D. simulans, and many other Drosophila species do not tolerate these toxins and avoid the fruit. Earlier work found a region with a strong effect on tolerance to the major toxin, octanoic acid, on chromosome arm 3R. Using a novel assay, we narrowed this region to a small span near the centromere containing 18 genes, including three odorant binding proteins. It has been hypothesized that the evolution of host specialization is facilitated by genetic linkage between alleles contributing to host preference and alleles contributing to host usage, such as tolerance to secondary compounds. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the effect of this tolerance locus on host preference behavior. Our data were inconsistent with the linkage hypothesis, as flies bearing this tolerance region showed no increase in preference for media containing M. citrifolia toxins, which D. sechellia prefers. Thus, in contrast to some models for host preference, preference and tolerance are not tightly linked at this locus nor is increased tolerance per se sufficient to change preference. Our data are consistent with the previously proposed model that the evolution of D. sechellia as a M. citrifolia specialist occurred through a stepwise loss of aversion and gain of tolerance to M. citrifolia’s toxins.
Genetic Studies of Spectrin in the Larval Fat Body ofDrosophila melanogaster: Evidence for a Novel Lipid Uptake Apparatus
Authors: Diaconeasa Bianca , Mazock G Harper , Mahowald Anthony P , Dubreuil Ronald R 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSpectrin cytoskeleton defects produce a host of phenotypes affecting the plasma membrane, cell polarity, and secretory membrane traffic. However, many of the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unexplained by prevailing models. Here we used the larval fat body of Drosophila melanogaster as a genetic model system to further elucidate mechanisms of αβ-spectrin function. The results provide unexpected new insights into spectrin function as well as mechanisms of dietary fat uptake and storage. We show that loss of α- or β-spectrin in the fat body eliminated a population of small cortical lipid droplets and altered plasma membrane architecture, but did not affect viability of the organism. We present a novel model in which αβ-spectrin directly couples lipid uptake at the plasma membrane to lipid droplet growth in the cytoplasm. In contrast, strong overexpression of β-spectrin caused fat body atrophy and larval lethality. Overexpression of β-spectrin also perturbed transport of dietary fat from the midgut to the fat body. This hypermorphic phenotype appears to be the result of blocking secretion of the lipid carrier lipophorin from fat cells. However, this midgut phenotype was never seen with spectrin loss of function, suggesting that spectrin is not normally required for lipophorin secretion or function. The β-spectrin hypermorphic phenotype was ameliorated by co-overexpression of α-spectrin. Based on the overexpression results here, we propose that β-spectrin family members may be prone to hypermorphic effects (including effects on secretion) if their activity is not properly regulated.
Early Colony Establishment in Neurospora crassa Requires a MAP Kinase Regulatory Network
Authors: Leeder Abigail C , Jonkers Wilfried , Li Jingyi , Glass N Louise 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Vegetative fusion is essential for the development of an interconnected colony in many filamentous fungi. In the ascomycete fungus Neurospora crassa, vegetative fusion occurs between germinated conidia (germlings) via specialized structures termed “conidial anastomosis tubes” (CATs) and between hyphae within a mature colony. In N. crassa, both CAT and hyphal fusion are under the regulation of a conserved MAP kinase cascade (NRC1, MEK2, and MAK2). Here we show that the predicted downstream target of the MAK2 kinase pathway, a Ste12-like transcription factor known as PP1, regulates elements required for CAT and hyphal fusion. The PP1 regulatory network was revealed by expression profiling of wild type and the Δpp-1 mutant during conidial germination and colony establishment. To identify targets required for cell fusion more specifically, expression-profiling differences were assessed via inhibition of MAK2 kinase activity during chemotropic interactions and cell fusion. These approaches led to the identification of new targets of the cell fusion pathway that, when mutated, showed alterations in chemotropic signaling and cell fusion. In particular, conidial germlings carrying a deletion of NCU04732 (Δham-11) failed to show chemotropic interactions and cell fusion. However, signaling (as shown by oscillation of MAK2 and SO to CAT tips), chemotropism, and cell fusion were restored in Δham-11 germlings when matched with wild-type partner germlings. These data reveal novel insights into the complex process of self-signaling, germling fusion, and colony establishment in filamentous fungi.
Treatment Outcomes of Infants With Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Treated With Synbiotics
Authors: Dilli Dilek , Aydin Banu , Zenciroğlu Ayşegül , Özyazıcı Elif , Beken Serdar , Okumuş Nurullah 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVES:
The goal was to investigate the effect of orally administered synbiotics on outcome of infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD).

METHODS:
A prospective, blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of synbiotics on outcome of infants with CCHD. The infants with CCHD were assigned randomly to 2 groups. Infants in the study group were given synbiotic (Bifidobacterium lactis plus inulin) added to breast milk or mixed feeding until discharge or death. Infants in the placebo group were fed with breast milk or mixed feeding. The outcome measurements were nosocomial sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC; Bell stage ≥2), length of NICU stay, and death.

RESULTS:
A total of 100 infants were enrolled in the trial: 50 in each arm. There were 9 cases of culture-proven sepsis (18%) in the placebo group and 2 cases (4%) in the synbiotic group (P = .03). Length of NICU stay did not differ between the groups (26 [14–36] vs 32 days [20–44], P = .07]. There were 5 cases of NEC (10%) in the placebo group and none in the synbiotic group (P = .03). The incidence of death was lower in synbiotic group (5 [10%] of 50 vs 14 [28.0%] of 50, respectively; P = .04).

CONCLUSIONS:
Synbiotics administered enterally to infants with CCHD might reduce the incidence of nosocomial sepsis, NEC, and death.
Early Detection of Recurrent Disease by FDG-PET/CT Leads to Management Changes in Patients With Squamous Cell Cancer of the Head and Neck
Authors: Kostakoglu Lale , Fardanesh Reza , Posner Marshall , Som Peter , Rao Srikar , Park Eunice , Doucette John , Stein Evan G. , Gupta Vishal , Misiukiewicz Krzysztof , Genden Eric 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Objective.
The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of surveillance high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and physical examination/endoscopy (PE/E) with the efficacy of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/HRCT for the detection of relapse in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) after primary treatment.

Methods.
This is a retrospective analysis of contemporaneously performed FDG-PET/HRCT, neck HRCT, and PE/E in 99 curatively treated patients with HNSCC during post-therapy surveillance to compare performance test characteristics in the detection of early recurrence or second primary cancer.

Results.
Relapse occurred in 19 of 99 patients (20%) during a median follow-up of 21 months (range: 9–52 months). Median time to first PET/HRCT was 3.5 months. The median time to radiological recurrence was 6 months (range: 2.3–32 months). FDG-PET/HRCT detected more disease recurrences or second primary cancers and did so earlier than HRCT or PE/E. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for detecting locoregional and distant recurrence or second primary cancer were 100%, 87.3%, 56.5%, and 100%, respectively, for PET/HRCT versus 61.5%, 94.9%, 66.7%, and 93.8%, respectively, for HRCT versus 23.1%, 98.7%, 75%, and 88.6%, respectively, for PE/E. In 19 patients with true positive PET/HRCT findings, a significant change in the management of disease occurred, prompting either salvage or systemic therapy. Of the 14 curatively treated patients, 11 were alive with without disease at a median follow-up of 31.5 months.

Conclusion.
FDG-PET/HRCT has a high sensitivity in the early detection of relapse or second primary cancer in patients with HNSCC, with significant management implications. Given improvements in therapy and changes in HNSCC biology, appropriate modifications in current post-therapy surveillance may be required to determine effective salvage or definitive therapies.
Aiming for a Better Understanding and Management of Cancer-Related Fatigue
Authors: Neefjes Elisabeth C.W. , van der Vorst Maurice J.D.L. , Blauwhoff-Buskermolen Susanne , Verheul Henk M.W. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a serious symptom of patients with cancer and deteriorates their daily quality of life. Whereas fatigue is a common problem in the general population, with a prevalence of about 30%, up to 99% of patients with cancer have fatigue of more intense severity. CRF is directly related to the biology of cancer, but it can also be caused by anticancer treatment. We reviewed current evidence about the potential pathophysiological mechanisms causing CRF. Clinical methods to determine the presence and severity of CRF and potential treatment options to reduce CRF will be discussed. After reading this review, the reader will have knowledge of the current understanding of CRF and will be able to give evidence-based advice to patients with CRF.
PTEN Germline Mutations in Patients Initially Tested for Other Hereditary Cancer Syndromes: Would Use of Risk Assessment Tools Reduce Genetic Testing?
Authors: Mester Jessica L. , Moore Rebekah A. , Eng Charis 
Published: September 2013

Learning Objectives
Cite the risk assessment tools available for several hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes. Describe ways in which use of these risk assessment tools can lead to cost savings and decreased time to correct diagnosis. Explain the impact of correct genetic diagnosis on the patient's medical management and on predictive testing for family members.
Effects of Sulfonylureas on Tumor Growth: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Pasello Giulia , Urso Loredana , Conte Pierfranco , Favaretto Adolfo 
Published: September 2013

Learning Objectives
Describe possible opposite effects on tumor growth of different 2nd generation sulfonylureas and diarylsulfonylureas. Review preclinical and clinical studies investigating anticancer activity of different sulfonylureas and diarylsulfonylureas.
What is REDD+ Additionality in Community Managed Forest for Nepal?
Authors: Karky Bhaskar Singh , Vaidya Rachita , Karki Seema , Tulachan Bikul 
Published: September 2013

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is a policy currently under consideration by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This study carries out a Nepal-specific research to understand REDD+ policy’s potential role in carbon sequestration, by identifying the economic and preferential rationales that drive deforestation and degradation in community managed forests. The study explores four different land use options, making use of both community based survey and field data used to generate net present value (NPV). Both techniques give consistent results that, in the current economic situation, farmers prefer using land for livelihood purposes rather than solely for community forest management. This has a very strong implication for policymakers. First, the results imply that conversion and degradation are inevitable, thus placing community forest in imminent threat and making this risk reduction additionality in REDD+ terms. Furthermore, it shows that, to combat the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, policies such as REDD+ need to provide enough financial incentives that will incur the opportunity costs and direct farmers towards the efficient use of community managed forest. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v11i2.8620 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.11(2) 2013 37-45
Évolution de la ségrégation socio-spatiale en milieu urbain. Le cas de l'aire urbaine de Nantes
Authors: Madoré François 
Published: September 2013

L’objet de cet article est de proposer une méthode d’analyse de l’évolution de la ségrégation sociospatiale en milieu urbain, à partir du cas de l’aire urbaine de Nantes, entre 1990 et 2008. Cette évolution est rarement mesurée, alors que le discours dominant repose le plus souvent sur l’inéluctabilité d’une aggravation de la ségrégation. Or, l’analyse révèle une déconcentration résidentielle généralisée et un recul des antinomies socio-résidentielles, sous l’effet notamment de la forte progression des cadres là où ils étaient sous-représentés, en particulier dans le périurbain.
Pre-existing Tolerance Shapes the Outcome of Mucosal Allergen Sensitization in a Murine Model of Asthma
Authors: Chapman Timothy J. , Emo Jason A. , Knowlden Sara A. , Rezaee Fariba , Georas Steve N. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Recent published studies have highlighted the complexity of the immune response to allergens, and the various asthma phenotypes that arise as a result. Although the interplay of regulatory and effector immune cells responding to allergen would seem to dictate the nature of the asthmatic response, little is known regarding how tolerance versus reactivity to allergen occurs in the lung. The vast majority of mouse models study allergen encounter in naive animals, and therefore exclude the possibility that previous encounters with allergen may influence future sensitization. To address this, we studied sensitization to the model allergen OVA in mice in the context of pre-existing tolerance to OVA. Allergen sensitization by either systemic administration of OVA with aluminum hydroxide or mucosal administration of OVA with low-dose LPS was suppressed in tolerized animals. However, higher doses of LPS induced a mixed Th2 and Th17 response to OVA in both naive and tolerized mice. Of interest, tolerized mice had more pronounced Th17-type inflammation than did naive mice receiving the same sensitization, suggesting pre-existing tolerance altered the inflammatory phenotype. These data show that a pre-existing tolerogenic immune response to allergen can affect subsequent sensitization in the lung. These findings have potential significance for understanding late-onset disease in individuals with severe asthma.
Inflammasome-Mediated Secretion of IL-1β in Human Monocytes through TLR2 Activation; Modulation by Dietary Fatty Acids
Authors: Snodgrass Ryan G. , Huang Shurong , Choi Il-Whan , Rutledge John C. , Hwang Daniel H. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Many studies have shown that TLR4- and TLR2-deficient mice are protected from high-fat diet–induced inflammation and insulin resistance, suggesting that saturated fatty acids derived from the high-fat diet activate TLR-mediated proinflammatory signaling pathways and induce insulin resistance. However, evidence that palmitic acid, the major dietary saturated fatty acid, can directly activate TLR has not been demonstrated. In this article, we present multiple lines of evidence showing that palmitic acid directly activates TLR2, a major TLR expressed on human monocytes, by inducing heterodimerization with TLR1 in an NADPH oxidase–dependent manner. Dimerization of TLR2 with TLR1 was inhibited by the n-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid. Activation of TLR2 by palmitic acid leads to expression of pro–IL-1β that is cleaved by caspase-1, which is constitutively present in monocytes, to release mature IL-1β. Our results reveal mechanistic insight about how palmitic acid activates TLR2, upregulates NALP3 expression, and induces inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production in human monocytes, which can trigger enhanced inflammation in peripheral tissues, and suggest that these processes are dynamically modulated by the types of dietary fat we consume.
Interruption of Dendritic Cell–Mediated TIM-4 Signaling Induces Regulatory T Cells and Promotes Skin Allograft Survival
Authors: Yeung Melissa Y. , McGrath Martina M. , Nakayama Masafumi , Shimizu Tetsunosuke , Boenisch Olaf , Magee Ciara N. , Abdoli Rozita , Akiba Hisaya , Ueno Takuya , Turka Laurence A. , Najafian Nader 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the central architects of the immune response, inducing inflammatory or tolerogenic immunity, dependent on their activation status. As such, DCs are highly attractive therapeutic targets and may hold the potential to control detrimental immune responses. TIM-4, expressed on APCs, has complex functions in vivo, acting both as a costimulatory molecule and a phosphatidylserine receptor. The effect of TIM-4 costimulation on T cell activation remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that Ab blockade of DC-expressed TIM-4 leads to increased induction of induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) from naive CD4+ T cells, both in vitro and in vivo. iTreg induction occurs through suppression of IL-4/STAT6/Gata3–induced Th2 differentiation. In addition, blockade of TIM-4 on previously activated DCs still leads to increased iTreg induction. iTregs induced under TIM-4 blockade have equivalent potency to control and, upon adoptive transfer, significantly prolong skin allograft survival in vivo. In RAG−/− recipients of skin allografts adoptively transferred with CD4+ T cells, we show that TIM-4 blockade in vivo is associated with a 3-fold prolongation in allograft survival. Furthermore, in this mouse model of skin transplantation, increased induction of allospecific iTregs and a reduction in T effector responses were observed, with decreased Th1 and Th2 responses. This enhanced allograft survival and protolerogenic skewing of the alloresponse is critically dependent on conversion of naive CD4+ to Tregs in vivo. Collectively, these studies identify blockade of DC-expressed TIM-4 as a novel strategy that holds the capacity to induce regulatory immunity in vivo.
Cutting Edge: NK Cell Licensing Modulates Adhesion to Target Cells
Authors: Thomas L. Michael , Peterson Mary E. , Long Eric O. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Binding of NK cell inhibitory receptors to MHC class I (MHC-I) confers increased responsiveness to NK cells by a process known as NK cell licensing/education. Reduced MHC-I expression or a lack of inhibitory receptors for MHC-I results in diminished NK cell responsiveness. In this study, we evaluated the effect of human and mouse NK cell licensing on early stages of natural cytotoxicity. Unlicensed NK cells did not form as many stable conjugates with target cells. The reduction of NK cell conjugation to target cells was not attributed to altered β2 integrin LFA-1 properties but was instead due to reduced inside-out signaling to LFA-1 by activating receptors. For those unlicensed NK cells that did form conjugates, LFA-1–dependent granule polarization was similar to that in licensed NK cells. Thus, licensing controls signals as proximal as inside-out signaling by activating receptors but not integrin outside-in signaling for granule polarization.