bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peak Hops
Authors: Pilcher Jeffrey M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The craft beer movement has often been narrated as a revolution against the blandness of corporate beer, but craft beer was itself a commodity. Moreover, the supposed American origins of craft beer belie the globalized nature of the product. The American homebrewers who founded early craft breweries followed English and Belgian styles and relied on homebrew kits pioneered for English markets. Craft narratives depicted mad scientists brewing with junkyard surplus, but breweries utilized surplus capacity from regional brewers. The lifestyle journalist Michael Jackson created an imagined community by narrating the complex flavors possible in beers using the language of wine connoisseurship. Thus, supply chains, professional organizations, technical infrastructure, and knowledge networks were thoroughly globalized. The flavor profile of craft beer evolved from sweet Belgian and British ales to bitter India Pale Ales to sour Belgian ales. Despite the possibilities for inclusivity, the craft movement remained masculine and white.
What Is Choice?
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The word “choice” has two quite different meanings, and the difference is important to free will theory. One meaning is the availability of alternative options in the situation; the other is the inner process of making a decision among different options. Recent experimental findings suggest people are much better than even our closest animal relatives at comprehending that a situation contains multiple possible outcomes. In that sense, the human mind is freer than the animal mind. To humans, the future in particular is understood as a “matrix of maybe,” that is, an organized set of alternative options that may or may not come true, and each of which typically leads to further sets of alternative possibilities. Crucially, human free will does not so much create multiple alternative possibilities as capitalize on them. The physical environment contains some alternative possibilities but a complex society with culture has far, far more.
From Climate Change to Colonialism
Authors: Matthes Erich Hatala 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the question from what should we save things is best answered not by a list of particular kinds of changes, but by changes on terms that we cannot accept. The chapter explores a range of different sources of change and explains how the terms on which those changes are experienced shapes the meaning of the change and points toward how it ought to be managed. It discusses how narrative, related to both the source of change and our response to it, influences the valence of change, and explores how our cares and attachments can both constrain and shape our agency. Particular attention is paid to change created by colonialism and armed conflict.
What Mental Health Really Means
Authors: Stea Jonathan N. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows evidence-based mental health care solutions to readers. It describes the concepts and science behind various ways to improve mental health with self-management strategies (e.g., exercise, nutrition, sleep hygiene, cultivating social connection). It also gives readers a tour through the treatment of mental health concerns with various psychotherapy modalities, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and psychodynamic therapy, among others, as well as psychiatric medications. Readers learn about how scientists determine the effectiveness of treatments, as well as the limitations of their knowledge and scientific methods. The helpful ingredients common to all talk therapies (e.g., having a strong relationship with a therapist) are also illustrated. The undertone of the chapter illuminates how the mental health professions—such as clinical psychology and psychiatry—are distinguished from alternative medicine and armchair psychologists like Andrew Tate by virtue of their allegiance to the spirit of science.
Asking “why me?” and second-guessing God
Authors: Klitzman Robert L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Patients commonly struggle to fit serious disease into their prior life story. They yearn for coherence and meaning and, like the Biblical Job, often ask, “Why me?” This statement can reflect anger and depression, and can also represent several different questions: (1) Why am I singled out? (why me vs. someone else); (2) What did I do to cause this, and what if I had acted differently? (3) Is this punishment? and (4) Does this fate reflect some kind of order, rather than mere randomness? Many patients wonder if they somehow deserve bad outcomes, and sometimes feel that they do, related to guilt, anger, and fear, even if recognizing, intellectually, that such emotions are unhelpful. Physical explanations of illness (e.g., genetics) often don’t feel fully satisfying. Psychotherapy can potentially ease but not necessarily eliminate these ponderings, and not everyone can afford it. Countless patients and families struggle in ways with which chaplains can assist.
“Doctor, do you believe in God?”
Authors: Klitzman Robert L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Medicine and religion both help combat the terror of death, but the two have had a long, complex marriage. Medicine today focuses on scientific facts. Religion and spirituality are subjective but nonetheless influence doctors and patients, both directly and indirectly—including in how they make medical decisions. This chapter examines how patients often want to discuss religion and spirituality with their physicians, but most doctors rarely, if ever, broach these realms. Almost always, patients are the ones who initiate these conversations, and physicians frequently change the topic, partly due to inadequate training, especially, regarding beliefs much different from their own. Doctors also face increasing pressures and have less time for such conversations. This reticence, however, can significantly impede communication and relationships with patients. Though avoided by physicians, these topics commonly preoccupy and vex patients and families. Doctors should be prepared to acknowledge and respond to such patient concerns, but often do not do so.
Assimilation
Authors: Bassiouni Mahmoud 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the argument of assimilation, according to which Islamic legal sources do not pose a barrier to the acceptance of human rights. It distinguishes five methodological approaches (textual, evolutionary, intentional, hermeneutical, and pragmatic) and illustrates the ways in which they deal with the issues of apostasy, gender rights, and penal sanctions. By examining these different approaches, the chapter aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of how proponents of assimilation reconcile the Islamic tradition with contemporary human rights standards. It highlights the shortcomings and advantages of each method and offers a nuanced perspective on their effectiveness in addressing existing tensions.
Summary and Outlook
Authors: Bassiouni Mahmoud 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a summary and perspective of the Islamic human rights discourse and identifies two of its most fundamental flaws. The first is its failure to come up with an autonomous and theoretically coherent conception of human rights. It argues that most Muslim understandings of human rights do not primarily emerge from an analytic engagement with their own tradition, but rather evolve out of colonial and postcolonial narratives of justification. The second flaw concerns its inability to justify human rights on a universally acceptable basis: if human rights are to be respected only because faith makes it an obligation, then those persons who have a different belief or none at all will have no compulsory reason to respect human rights. Current Islamic justifications are therefore incapable of obligating all human beings to respect human rights equally.
A Critical Review
Authors: Bassiouni Mahmoud 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter follows the reconstruction of the classical maqāṣid theory with a critical review. It revolves around the question of whether the basic necessities that have been identified by classical Islamic jurists meet the postulated requirements of necessity, universality, and empirical observability. By analyzing the various justifications, the chapter concludes that the classical theory of Islamic legal purposes requires a revision for both theological and philosophical reasons in order to live up to its own requirements. Additionally, the chapter delves into the internal coherence of the theory and scrutinizes the logical consistency and applicability of the identified necessities within the classical framework.
Human Rights as Institutions for the Protection of Human Needs
Authors: Bassiouni Mahmoud 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter conceptualizes human rights as institutions for the protection of human needs. It takes up the central ideas and methodologies of the theory of Islamic legal purposes and applies them to the theory of human rights in order to (a) explicate the moral relevance of human rights, (b) indicate how the content of human rights can be determined, and (c) analyze the relationship of and interdependence between different categories of human rights. By critically engaging the ideas of James Nickel, Thomas Pogge, and Henry Shue, it defends and develops a three-tier conception of human rights analogous to the three-tier conception of Islamic legal goods that was presented in Part III.
Overfitting and Degrees of Freedom
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Overfitting is a well-recognized pathology in the natural and social sciences, whereby profligacy with degrees of freedom in models allows for a close fit to current data but poor predictions about future data. Standardly, this pathology is avoided by parsimony with degrees of freedom: in effect, keeping models simple even at the cost of a rougher fit to data, since the data may turn out to be erroneous. The chapter argues that overfitting is rife in contemporary philosophy, because many philosophers make no attempt to limit degrees of freedom and do not prioritize simplicity. It discusses overfitting in four areas: philosophical analysis; formal semantics; non-classical logics; philosophical model-building. The problem is urgent because much of the data to which philosophical theories are in effect fitted, such as verdicts on hypothetical cases, is the output of heuristics and so is likely to include errors.
After the First Flood
Authors: Conca Ken 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the response of county government to the fatal flash-flood disaster that hit Ellicott City, a historic mill town in central Maryland, in July 2016. The flood prompted county government to launch a process to develop a “watershed resilience master plan,” combining flood resilience, historic preservation, and economic reinvigoration. The chapter traces the process of plan development up to a subsequent flood episode in May 2018, with particular attention to the efforts to deploy expert knowledge and the strategy of public engagement. It identifies latent tensions around these themes that would develop into open conflict after the second flood.
New Lives for Old Towns
Authors: Conca Ken 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter builds on lessons from the flooding in Ellicott City, a historic mill town in central Maryland that recently suffered two fatal flash flood disasters within 22 months. It suggests steps other small towns and communities can take to prepare for the challenging dialogue around flood resilience. Eight themes are stressed: (1) embrace your socioecological history; (2) build capacity for conflict resolution; (3) learn collaboratively; (4) keep outside-the-box solutions alive; (5) talk practically and accessibly about climate change; (6) rethink participation; (7) see beyond the boundaries of “public” and “private”; and (8) become an activist. For each lesson, examples from the work of organizations and communities are cited.
Multiple testing
Authors: Neuhäuser Markus , Ruxton Graeme D. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Multiplicity of statistical inference often arises in applications. This chapter presents and discusses methods for dealing with multiple testing. Alternatives to the simple but conservative Bonferroni correction are especially useful when dealing with small data sets when very small p-values are hard to obtain. The alternative methods introduced in this chapter include the Bonferroni-Holm method, hierarchical hypothesis testing, gatekeeping procedures, and closed testing procedures. Furthermore, a composite endpoint is discussed as an alternative to a multiple testing procedure. The family-wise error rate and the false discovery rate are considered. Simultaneous confidence intervals are also presented. R code is given.
Introduction
Authors: Tse Peter Ulric 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the interrelation between indeterministic naturalism and libertarian free will. It explains that a coherent libertarian account of free will requires giving an account of causation that is consistent with natural successions of patterns of energy in space-time. Cybernetic or error-correcting negative-feedback loops relative to an internal reference signal are a key aspect of causation generally absent from non-living natural systems and from discussions of free will. The chapter elaborates on the link between cybernetic causation and criterial causation.
Learning to Praise
Authors: Gianferrari Filippo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 argues that Dante conceived his first experimental work, the Vita nova, as a “vernacular reader” tailored to the growing Florentine lay readership. To engineer this unprecedented literary artifact in the vernacular, the poet drew on the sources of his own education: the Latin readers that were parsed and memorized in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Florentine schools. In particular, as the chapter shows, the Vita nova closely reworks two school texts found in these anthologies, Henry of Settimello’s Elegia and Prosper of Aquitaine’s Liber epigrammatum. Henry’s poem represented a significant precedent for Dante’s experiment in the Vita nova because of its didactic model of elegiac poetry engaged in the reception of Boethius’s Consolatio. Prosper’s Liber, instead, featured a prosimetrum that treated core Christian teachings that aare also central to the Vita nova. Dante’s first significant literary achievement, therefore, was already informed by a pervasive didacticism.
Parties and the Party System in Turkey
Authors: Baykan Toygar Sinan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Turkey made a transition to competitive party politics in the mid-20th century. However, after decades of multi-party experience, Turkey’s political regime is far from meeting liberal democratic standards. Under the rule of Erdoğan’s AKP, Turkey is today classified as a hybrid regime that is more authoritarian than ever. This chapter problematizes the complex relationships between the military, parties, and society as the source of Turkey’s perpetual democratic problems. It argues that, until the rise of the AKP, Turkey’s democratic deficiency was the result of a system of ‘double tutelage’ over society consisting of military–bureaucratic and civilian legs based on political parties tightly controlled by elites sitting atop powerful patronage networks. While the role of the military gradually declined with the AKP’s rise in the 2000s, this surprisingly did not contribute to democratic consolidation. Rather, the country descended into a spiral of further autocratization. Without a counterbalance, the authoritarian potential of the parties of Turkey blossomed, especially through the transformation of the AKP into a nationwide clientelistic machine. Thus, Turkey’s parties and their linkages with state and society seem more part of a sophisticated authoritarian control mechanism over society than instruments serving democratic politics. However, the parties are still powerful organizations able to keep a meaningful game of competitive politics alive, despite the lack of a liberal institutional framework. Therefore, more than stiff party competition, democratization in Turkey requires the empowerment of non-partisan political institutions in the service of democratic consolidation.
A Global South Perspective on Labour Rights and Supply Chains for a Post-Growth World
Authors: Deva Surya , Anand Pushkar 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The current economic growth model relies heavily on the supply chains in the Global South. Despite creating economic opportunities, these supply chains are problematic as they contribute to the exploitation of the intersectional vulnerabilities of the workers, leading to the violation of their labour rights and other human rights. As the post-growth ideas take root in the Global North, this chapter explores how the existing post-growth theories have addressed the issues of economic globalization and supply chains in the Global South. Against this backdrop, the chapter critiques the current state of labour rights within supply chains from a Global South perspective. Building on this critique, it develops an alternative vision of the labour rights and supply chains that is responsive to the needs and aspirations of the Global South, based on the model of differentiated degrowth.
Setting the stage
Authors: Drewski Daniel , Gerhards Jürgen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Even though admitting refugees is considered a humanitarian duty and encoded in international refugee law, countries vary considerably in their willingness to admit refugees. In Chapter 1, we outline the research question and our main argument. We argue that to understand why national governments and political parties within countries differ in their openness to receiving refugees, we have to analyze how they frame national identity and refugee characteristics. Our book contributes to the literature in several ways. In contrast to theories that suggest a cross-national convergence of refugee policies and discourse, we highlight the national context and emphasize framing as mediating the impact of objective variables (for example, “ethnic similarity” between host society and refugees) on refugee policy. Finally, we argue that within-country differences between political parties do not always follow a cleavage between “cosmopolitans” and “communitarians,” as suggested by the literature, but also reflect other cleavage structures.
Conceptual framework
Authors: Drewski Daniel , Gerhards Jürgen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Admitting refugees implies opening the boundaries of a nation’s “imagined community” and sharing resources with those who claim to need protection. In Chapter 2, we outline our theoretical framework. We argue that a country’s refugee policy and the differences between political parties within countries can be better understood by analyzing how they frame national identity (who are “we”?) and the refugees (who are “they”?). We distinguish six ways to frame the “we” and the refugees: in economic, cultural, moral, legal, security, and international terms. In filling these frames, politicians are constrained by “cultural repertories,” that is, a shared set of ideologies and narratives specific to a country’s political culture. Finally, we draw on the theory of cleavage structures to explain differences between political parties within countries. We argue that conflicts over admitting refugees do not necessarily reflect a universal cleavage between “cosmopolitans” and “communitarians,” as the contemporary literature suggests.
Defending national sovereignty and cultural homogeneity
Authors: Drewski Daniel , Gerhards Jürgen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Poland’s right-wing populist Law and Justice Party (PiS) (in government between 2015 and 2023) rejected participation in the refugee relocation mechanism proposed by the EU and refused to admit Syrian refugees. Chapter 6 shows that the Polish government’s response was embedded in an attempted defense of national sovereignty and Christian identity. Its policy was based on an understanding of Poland as a culturally homogenous Christian nation, unable to assimilate refugees of Muslim background, complemented by an understanding of Poland as an underdog nation whose sovereignty is threatened by the EU. The main opposition party contested this framing by portraying Poland as a country with a forgotten multicultural history and a pro-European vocation. At the same time, however, both the government and the opposition signaled their readiness to receive refugees from neighboring Ukraine (a promise Poland delivered in 2022 following the Russian invasion) because Poland shares cultural ties and a common enemy (i.e., Russia) with them.
Recognition as a Legal Act
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 conceptualises recognition as an act that is both legal and political and can produce effects under international and domestic law. Recognition demonstrates that its author is cognisant of the emergence of new legal fats and accepts their implications under the law. The binding power of recognition ultimately lies in the principle of good faith. Recognition usually takes the form of a unilateral act or declaration, although it may also be contained in a bilateral or multilateral treaty. This chapter also considers the notion of collective recognition that some scholarship has identified, notably in relation to UN practice, as well as implied or implicit recognition. Regarding the latter, the chapter reflects on several situations that are usually taken to entail implied recognition.
The Legal Personality of States
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Following the discussion in the previous chapter, which focused on material statehood, Chapter 6 considers the notion of legal statehood. The essential components of this notion of statehood are the rights and duties incumbent upon all States simply by virtue of their statehood. In this regard, it cannot be conceptually separated from notions of legal personality or sovereignty. Although the meaning of sovereignty in law varies according to the context, in the context of diplomatic recognition—which often entails a recognition of sovereignty—it is synonymous with legal statehood itself. This chapter provides an overview of the evolution of thought on sovereignty and legal statehood and conceptualises the latter by bringing together its diverse elements in customary international law.
Fundamental postulates and definitions
Authors: Limmer David T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we first build the theory of equilibrium statistical mechanics formally, through postulates, definitions and mathematical inference, in an effort to understand properties of sys-tems at rest, and their emergent thermodynamics. Later, we will generalize the theory to confront systems’ motion, employing principles of stochastic thermodynamics, and making connections to hydrodynamics. Of primary concern in this theory is the use of the mathematics of probability, as the tremendous numbers of atoms in any macro- scopic object lend themselves naturally to a statistical description. As a consequence, the primary objective is to first deduce the likelihood of a specific arrangement of atoms. The organization of likelihoods of molecular arrangements is encoded in a probability distribution. The establishment of this probability distribution is our first goal.