bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
T Cell–B Cell Thymic Cross-Talk: Maintenance and Function of Thymic B Cells Requires Cognate CD40–CD40 Ligand Interaction
Authors: Fujihara Chiharu , Williams Joy A. , Watanabe Masashi , Jeon Hyein , Sharrow Susan O. , Hodes Richard J. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Thymic development requires bidirectional interaction or cross-talk between developing T cells and thymic stromal cells, a relationship that has been best characterized for the interaction between thymocytes and thymic epithelial cells. We have characterized in this article the requirement for similar cross-talk in the maintenance and function of thymic B cells, another population that plays a role in selection of developing thymic T cells. We found that maintenance of thymic B cells is strongly dependent on the presence of mature single-positive thymocytes and on the interactions of these T cells with specific Ag ligand. Maintenance of thymic B cell number is strongly dependent on B cell–autonomous expression of CD40, but not MHC class II, indicating that direct engagement of CD40 on thymic B cells is necessary to support their maintenance and proliferation. Thymic B cells can mediate negative selection of superantigen-specific, self-reactive, single-positive thymocytes, and we show that CD40 expression on B cells is critical for this negative selection. Cross-talk with thymic T cells is thus required to support the thymic B cell population through a pathway that requires cell-autonomous expression of CD40, and that reciprocally functions in negative selection of autoreactive T cells.
Cutting Edge: Failure of Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cell Recruitment to the Kidney during Systemic Candidiasis
Authors: Drummond Rebecca A. , Wallace Carol , Reid Delyth M. , Way Sing Sing , Kaplan Daniel H. , Brown Gordon D. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Candida albicans is the leading cause of systemic candidiasis, a fungal disease associated with high mortality and poor treatment options. The kidney is the target organ during infection and whose control is largely dependent on innate immunity, because lymphocytes appear redundant for protection. In this article, we show that this apparent redundancy stems from a failure of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells to migrate into infected kidneys. In contrast, Ag-specific CD8+ T cells are recruited normally. Using Ag-loaded immunoliposomes to artificially reverse this defective migration, we show that recruited Ag-specific CD4+ T cells polarize toward a Th17 phenotype in the kidney and are protective during fungal infection. Therefore, our data explain the redundancy of CD4+ T cells for defense against systemic infection with C. albicans and have important implications for our understanding of antifungal immunity and the control of renal infections.
Effect of Calcination Temperature on Surface Morphology and Photocatalytic Activity in TiO2 Thin Film Prepared by Spin Coating Technique
Authors: Mothi Krishna Krishna , Soumya G. , Sugunan S. 
Published: October 2014

TiO2 thin films were deposited on glass substrate using Sol-Gel derived precursor by Spin Coating technique at different calcination temperatures. Structural identity of the prepared films was con- firmed by powder X-ray diffraction measurements. Morphology of the films was monitored using Atomic force microscopy and it was observed that calcination temperature of 400 °C favored TiO2 nano- fibers. Photocatalytic activity of the films was checked by observing the degradation of herbicide Atrazine in UV region and the percentage of degradation was analyzed by HPLC method. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Could giant basin‐forming impacts have killed Martian dynamo?
Authors: Kuang W. , Jiang W. , Roberts J. , Frey H. V. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe observed strong remanent crustal magnetization at the surface of Mars suggests an active dynamo in the past and ceased to exist around early to middle Noachian era, estimated by examining remagnetization strengths in extant and buried impact basins. We investigate whether the Martian dynamo could have been killed by these large basin‐forming impacts, via numerical simulation of subcritical dynamos with impact‐induced thermal heterogeneity across the core‐mantle boundary. We find that subcritical dynamos are prone to the impacts centered on locations within 30° of the equator but can easily survive those at higher latitudes. Our results further suggest that magnetic timing places a strong constraint on postimpact polar reorientation, e.g., a minimum 16° polar reorientation is needed if Utopia is the dynamo killer.
Global carbon assimilation system using a local ensemble Kalman filter with multiple ecosystem models
Authors: Zhang Shupeng , Yi Xue , Zheng Xiaogu , Chen Zhuoqi , Dan Bo , Zhang Xuanze 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this paper, a global carbon assimilation system (GCAS) is developed for optimizing the global land surface carbon flux at 1° resolution using multiple ecosystem models. In GCAS, three ecosystem models, Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator, Carnegie‐Ames‐Stanford Approach, and Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange, produce the prior fluxes, and an atmospheric transport model, Model for OZone And Related chemical Tracers, is used to calculate atmospheric CO2 concentrations resulting from these prior fluxes. A local ensemble Kalman filter is developed to assimilate atmospheric CO2 data observed at 92 stations to optimize the carbon flux for six land regions, and the Bayesian model averaging method is implemented in GCAS to calculate the weighted average of the optimized fluxes based on individual ecosystem models. The weights for the models are found according to the closeness of their forecasted CO2 concentration to observation. Results of this study show that the model weights vary in time and space, allowing for an optimum utilization of different strengths of different ecosystem models. It is also demonstrated that spatial localization is an effective technique to avoid spurious optimization results for regions that are not well constrained by the atmospheric data. Based on the multimodel optimized flux from GCAS, we found that the average global terrestrial carbon sink over the 2002–2008 period is 2.97 ± 1.1 PgC yr−1, and the sinks are 0.88 ± 0.52, 0.27 ± 0.33, 0.67 ± 0.39, 0.90 ± 0.68, 0.21 ± 0.31, and 0.04 ± 0.08 PgC yr−1 for the North America, South America, Africa, Eurasia, Tropical Asia, and Australia, respectively. This multimodel GCAS can be used to improve global carbon cycle estimation.
Plasmonic Acceleration of a Photochemical Replicator
Authors: Thapaliya Ek Raj , Captain Burjor , Raymo Françisco M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe photoinduced decarbonylation of an α‐diketone adduct generates 2,6‐dimethoxyanthracene in the ground state. The photochemical product can also absorb the incoming photons and transfer its excitation energy to another molecule of the reactant to establish an autocatalytic loop. In the presence of silver nanoparticles, the efficiency of energy transfer increases significantly with a concomitant acceleration of the autocatalytic transformation. In principle, this mechanism to establish kinetic amplification can be extended to any photoactivatable fluorophore, if reactant and product can be engineered to satisfy the spectral requirements necessary for energy transfer. Furthermore, the resulting photochemical replicators can be exploited to monitor the influence of metallic nanostructures on photochemical reactions with convenient fluorescence measurements. In turn, the associated plasmonic effects offer the opportunity to accelerate autocatalysis with nanoscale resolution.
Cytoprotective Alginate/Polydopamine Core/Shell Microcapsules in Microbial Encapsulation
Authors: Kim Beom Jin , Park Taegyun , Moon Hee Chul , Park So‐Young , Hong Daewha , Ko Eun Hyea , Kim Ji Yup , Hong Jong Wook , Han Sang Woo , Kim Yang‐Gyun , Choi Insung S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractChemical encapsulation of microbes in threedimensional polymeric microcapsules promises various applications, such as cell therapy and biosensors, and provides a basic platform for studying microbial communications. However, the cytoprotection of microbes in the microcapsules against external aggressors has been a major challenge in the field of microbial microencapsulation, because ionotropic hydrogels widely used for microencapsulation swell uncontrollably, and are physicochemically labile. Herein, we developed a simple polydopamine coating for obtaining cytoprotective capability of the alginate capsule that encapsulated Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The resulting alginate/ polydopamine core/shell capsule was mechanically tough, prevented gel swelling and cell leakage, and increased resistance against enzymatic attack and UV‐C irradiation. We believe that this multifunctional core/shell structure will provide a practical tool for manipulating microorganisms inside the microcapsules.
Characterization of the Chemical Composition Distribution of Poly(n‐butyl acrylate‐stat‐acrylic acid)s
Authors: Maier Helena , Malz Frank , Radke Wolfgang 
Published: October 2014

A size exclusion chromatography (SEC)‐gradient method is developed allowing poly(n‐butyl acrylate‐stat‐acrylic acid)s to be separated with respect to content of acrylic acid over the ­complete composition range. After setting up the chromatographic method, samples that, according to the amounts of charged monomers, are expected to have identical chemical composition are compared. The chromatograms reveal differences in elution volume, which, by 1H NMR spectroscopy, can be partially traced back to differences in polymer composition. In addition, samples of similar compositions prepared in ­different solvents exhibit differences in chemical composition distribution.
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Impacts of surface sulfurization on Cu(In1−x,Gax)Se2 thin‐film solar cells
Authors: Kobayashi Taizo , Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Jehl Li Kao Zacharie , Sugimoto Hiroki , Kato Takuya , Hakuma Hideki , Nakada Tokio 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this work, the impacts of surface sulfurization of high‐quality Cu(In1−x,Gax)Se2 (CIGS) thin films deposited by three‐stage process on the film properties and the cell performance were investigated. The CIGS thin films were sulfurized at 550 °C for 30 min using H2S gas. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that sulfur atoms diffused into the CIGS surface layer and that the valence band minimum was lowered by the film sulfurization. The open circuit voltage (Voc) drastically increased from 0.590 to 0.674 V as a result of the sulfurization process. Temperature‐dependent current–voltage and capacitance–frequency measurements also revealed that interface recombination was drastically decreased by the lowering of the defect's activation energy level at the vicinity of the buffer/CIGS interface after the sulfurization. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of doped and undoped nanoporous carbon for heavy metal removal from aqueous solution
Authors: Ghiloufi Imed , El Mir Lassaad 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNanoporous composites based on pyrogallol and formaldehyde (PF) reached by metallic nickel nanoparticles have been prepared using sol‐gel method to obtain PF/Ni adsorbent materials. The obtained samples were subjected of heat treatment under inert atmosphere at different pyrolysis temperatures during two hours. The X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD) shows that PF sample were composed by amorphous material while PF/Ni XRD spectra exhibited the presence of metal nickel characteristic lines. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images indicate that PF sample was formed by homogenous material, and metallic nickel nanoparticles sized around 30 nm were dispersed in the PF/Ni nanocomposite. These materials were used to study the effect of pyrolysis temperatures on the uptake of Cr, Ni, Cd and Co from aqueous solution. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic resonance in ion‐beam synthesized Fe3Si films (computer simulation)
Authors: Balakirev N. A. , Zhikharev V. A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHigh dose Fe+ ion implantation into Si assisted by an external magnetic field parallel to silicon surface results in the formation of thin granular film with pronounced uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in the film plane. It was suggested that the anisotropy is caused by the growth of elongated clusters of magnetic silicide Fe3Si. In the present work, the features of magnetic resonance spectra for two‐dimensional array of elongated clusters are numerically studied. Absorption spectra reveal anisotropy when observed in the magnetic field lying in the film plane. In magnetic field perpendicular to the film the dipole‐dipole interaction between the clusters results in a bimodal resonance signal at low level of the film filling. The dipolar field distribution over the (400x400) lattice for several values of the lattice filling is computer simulated. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of 2.5 MeV proton irradiation on the critical parameters of composite HTS tapes
Authors: Antonova Landysh , Demikhov Timofey , Troitskii Alexey , Didyk Alexander , Kobzev Alexander , Yurasov Alexander , Samoilenkov Sergey , Mikhailova Galina 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this paper we study the radiation resistance of high temperature superconductor (HTS) tapes based on GdBCO produced by SuperOx‐Japan Company to proton irradiation with an energy of 2.5 MeV in the fluence range from 6.1×1014 p/cm2 to 1×1017 p/cm2. The dependences of critical parameters on radiation fluencies were investigated. Strong influence of radiation on critical current is revealed at T=77 K in the self‐field of the sample. The change of the critical temperature dependence is not so significant. The critical current increase after proton irradiation was not revealed at the experiment conditions (at T = 77 K).The Van de Graaff accelerator in Dubna was used for the iradiation. Measurements of Tc and Ic of the samples were carried out by the DC resistive method. A radiation resistance threshold Φ = 6×1015 p/cm2 was determined. This means that the critical current does not drop by more than 20% of the initial value. The current decreases by more than an order of magnitude at Φ = 6×1016 p/cm2 and 77 K without external magnetic field. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bear farms in Lao PDR expand illegally and fail to conserve wild bears
Authors: Livingstone Emily , Shepherd Chris R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBear farms, established for the extraction of bile from live bears, have unknown effects on the conservation of bears in Asia. Whilst some major bile producing countries have tightened legislation on this practice, traders have responded by establishing bile extraction facilities in countries with weaker legislation. We conducted a survey of all known facilities in Lao PDR through direct observation or examination of governmental and non-governmental records, and documented the birth and rapid growth of this industry since the first farm was established in 2000. We also obtained trading values for gall bladders from wild bears in Lao PDR from literature, databases and direct observation. The number of farmed bears tripled from 2008 to 2012. In 2012 121 Asiatic black bearsUrsus thibetanusand one sun bearHelarctos malayanuswere kept on 11 commercial facilities. Evidence suggests that all bears were wild caught domestically or illegally imported internationally, in violation of national and international law. Moreover, some bile from these farms was being illegally exported internationally. Farmed bile availability has apparently not diminished the demand for wild bile, as the market value has increased dramatically since 2000. We suggest that bear farming in Lao PDR may be increasing the incentive to poach wild bears.
Measuring Teachers’ Knowledge of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: the MAE-TDAH Questionnaire
Authors: Soroa Marian , Balluerka Nekane , Gorostiaga Arantxa 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe lack of methodological rigor is frequent in most of instruments developed to assess the knowledge of teachers regarding Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire, namely Questionnaire for the evaluation of teachers’ knowledge of ADHD (MAE-TDAH), for measuring the level of knowledge about ADHD of infant and primary school teachers. A random sample of 526 teachers from 57 schools in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country and Navarre was used for the analysis of the psychometric properties of the instrument. The participant teachers age range was between 22 and 65 (M= 42.59;SD= 10.89), and there were both generalist and specialized teachers. The measure showed a 4 factor structure (Etiology of ADHD, Symptoms/Diagnosis of ADHD, General information about ADHD and Treatment of ADHD) with adequate internal consistency (Omega values ranged between .83 and .91) and temporal stability indices (Spearman’s Rho correlation values ranged between .62 and .79). Furthermore, evidence of convergent and external validity was obtained. Results suggest that the MAE-TDAH is a valid and reliable measure when it comes to evaluating teachers’ level of knowledge of ADHD.
On the absence of intrahelical DNA dynamics on the μs to ms timescale
Authors: Galindo-Murillo Rodrigo , Roe Daniel R. , Cheatham Thomas E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDNA helices display a rich tapestry of motion on both short (<100 ns) and long (>1 ms) timescales. However, with the exception of mismatched or damaged DNA, experimental measures indicate that motions in the 1 μs to 1 ms range are effectively absent, which is often attributed to difficulties in measuring motions in this time range. We hypothesized that these motions have not been measured because there is effectively no motion on this timescale, as this provides a means to distinguish faithful Watson–Crick base-paired DNA from damaged DNA. The absence of motion on this timescale would present a ‘static’ DNA sequence-specific structure that matches the encounter timescales of proteins, thereby facilitating recognition. Here we report long-timescale (~10–44 μs) molecular dynamics simulations of a B-DNA duplex structure that addresses this hypothesis using both an ‘Anton’ machine and large ensembles of AMBER GPU simulations.
Reorienting the cultural script of teaching: cross cultural analysis of a science lesson
Authors: Reza Sarkar Arani Mohammad , Shibata Yoshiaki , Christine Lee Kim-Eng , Kuno Hiroyuki , Matoba Masami , Lay Lean Fong , Yeo John 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to reveal the cultural script of the teaching of a lower secondary science lesson on the topic “Classification of Non-living Things” in Singapore through the eyes of Japanese and Singaporean researchers and teachers. In particular, the study analyzes the structural content, i.e. organization of learning activities of a lower secondary science lesson of Singapore and the culture of teaching, i.e. views about teaching held as tacit knowledge of science teachers. It focusses on students’ inquiry skills in a participative and problem-driven science lesson in the Singapore classroom.

Design/methodology/approach
– This exploratory study adopts a cultural approach of viewing teaching and learning and compares classroom practice in two countries – Japan and Singapore. Contextually, the cultural differences in beliefs and values define how educators learn about what is “good” teaching.

Findings
– The cultural script of teaching of the science lesson case values the setting of learning tasks that encourage a variety of ideas. It also sets a tone of inquiry-based learning where students are open to questioning, the formulation of ideas and the presentation of solutions. In the science lesson case, the teacher aimed at providing opportunities for students to think for themselves and to engage in group discussion. This study identifies key aspects of the science lesson for revealing the teaching script based on a cross-cultural lesson analysis. Figure 1 summarizes such facets of teacher teaching and student learning in detail as a result of the lesson analysis. Furthermore, it draws attention to recognizing areas of the lesson script which the Japanese team found effective/ineffective as well as identifying the Singaporean team's reflections on feedback from Japanese educators.

Research limitations/implications
– Through this study, the research team raises the following questions. Are there common practices that make for effective learning and if so what are these? From the perspectives of Japanese and Singaporean researchers and educators, what might be the different elements of teaching that will bring about better student learning?

Originality/value
– An important avenue for inquiry in teaching is how to create teaching-learning processes that nurture students’ ability to deal with the unexpected as well as their application skills – competencies that are required of students to function in the twenty-first century. The research team suggests a cross-cultural analysis approach for future research investigating the cultural script of teaching.
The balanced scorecard and the construction of a management control discourse
Authors: Seal Will , Ye Linna 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to synthesise a pragmatic constructivist view of management control and a critical discourse perspective on organizational action. These theories are deployed to build a conceptual framework that can be used to interpret the construction of a management control discourse in specific empirical situations. The framework is deployed to show how, in a particular instance, the balanced scorecard (BSC) can be seen as impacting on organizational action and success/failure.Design/methodology/approach– The paper develops a theoretical framework for management control which is used to interpret a case study of a BSC implementation in a major bank.Findings– The paper reports on a case study of a major bank where the BSC changed actors’ perceptions and actions. Although the bank avoided some of the worst excesses of pre-Credit Crunch delinquency, other problems such as misselling suggest that the BSC’s impact on organizational success/failure was ambiguous. The BSC may have improved organizational coordination but long-standing values based on a bonus culture contributed to long-term commercial problems.Research limitations/implications– With mainstream researchers on the BSC lacking a conceptual basis that explains the communicative impact of the BSC and interpretive researchers focusing on the role of rhetoric in spreading the BSC amongst practitioners, then the conceptual framework in this paper suggests a way of synthesising mainstream and interpretive research on the BSC.Originality/value– The originality of the paper lies in its application of pragmatic constructivism and critical discourse analysis to interpret and explain the impact of the BSC in a particular organizational setting.
Intraoperative gastrojejunoscopy‐assisted fistulojejunostomy for postoperative pancreatic fistula
Authors: Toihata Tasuku , Hashimoto Daisuke , Hayashi Hiromitsu , Chikamoto Akira , Beppu Toru , Baba Hideo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPostoperative pancreatic fistula is a known complication after pancreaticojejunostomy. When an anastomosis collapses completely, two‐stage reconstruction is necessary. Herein, we describe the case of a 70‐year‐old woman who underwent subtotal stomach‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy with pancreaticojejunostomy after she had developed a severe postoperative pancreatic fistula. The pancreaticojejunostomy was divided, and an external pancreatic drainage tube was placed. Four months later, fistulojejunostomy between the pancreas and the stump of the jejunum was performed successfully using intraoperative gastrojejunoscopy.