bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adding heat to the live-high train-low altitude model: a practical insight from professional football
Authors: Buchheit M , Racinais S , Bilsborough J , Hocking J , Mendez-Villanueva A , Bourdon P C , Voss S , Livingston S , Christian R , Périard J , Cordy J , Coutts A J 
Published: November 2013

ObjectivesTo examine with a parallel group study design the performance and physiological responses to a 14-day off-season ‘live high-train low in the heat’ training camp in elite football players.MethodsSeventeen professional Australian Rules Football players participated in outdoor football-specific skills (32±1°C, 11.5 h) and indoor strength (23±1°C, 9.3 h) sessions and slept (12 nights) and cycled indoors (4.3 h) in either normal air (NORM, n=8) or normobaric hypoxia (14±1 h/day, FiO215.2–14.3%, corresponding to a simulated altitude of 2500–3000 m, hypoxic (HYP), n=9). They completed the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 2 (Yo-YoIR2) in temperate conditions (23±1°C, normal air) precamp (Pre) and postcamp (Post). Plasma volume (PV) and haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) were measured at similar times and 4 weeks postcamp (4WPost). Sweat sodium concentration ((Na+)sweat) was measured Pre and Post during a heat-response test (44°C).ResultsBoth groups showed very large improvements in Yo-YoIR2 at Post (+44%; 90% CL 38, 50), with no between-group differences in the changes (−1%; −9, 9). Postcamp, large changes in PV (+5.6%; −1.8, 5.6) and (Na+)sweat(−29%; −37, −19) were observed in both groups, while Hbmassonly moderately increased in HYP (+2.6%; 0.5, 4.5). At 4WPost, there was a likely slightly greater increase in Hbmass(+4.6%; 0.0, 9.3) and PV (+6%; −5, 18, unclear) in HYP than in NORM.ConclusionsThe combination of heat and hypoxic exposure during sleep/training might offer a promising ‘conditioning cocktail’ in team sports.
A retrospective cohort study of mode of delivery among public and private patients in an integrated maternity hospital setting
Authors: Murphy Deirdre J , Fahey Tom 
Published: November 2013

ObjectiveTo examine the associations between mode of delivery and public versus privately funded obstetric care within the same hospital setting.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingUrban maternity hospital in Ireland.PopulationA total of 30 053 women with singleton pregnancies who delivered between 2008 and 2011.MethodsThe study population was divided into those who booked for obstetric care within the public (n=24 574) or private clinics (n=5479). Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between operative delivery and type of care, adjusting for potential confounding factors.Main outcome measuresCaesarean section (scheduled or emergency), operative vaginal delivery (vacuum or forceps), indication for caesarean section as classified by the operator.ResultsCompared with public patients, private patients were more likely to be delivered by caesarean section (34.4% vs 22.5%, OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.70 to 1.93) or operative vaginal delivery (20.1% vs 16.5%, OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.19 to 1.38). The greatest disparity was for scheduled caesarean sections; differences persisted for nulliparous and parous women after controlling for medical and social differences between the groups (nulliparous 11.9% vs 4.6%, adjusted (adj) OR 1.82; 95% CI 1.49 to 2.24 and parous 26% vs 12.2%, adj OR 2.08; 95% CI 1.86 to 2.32). Scheduled repeat caesarean section accounted for most of the disparity among parous patients. Maternal request per se was an uncommonly reported indication for caesarean section (35 in each group, p<0.000).ConclusionsPrivately funded obstetric care is associated with higher rates of operative deliveries that are not fully accounted for by medical or obstetric risk differences.
Integration of Literature with Heterogeneous Information for Genes Correlation Scoring
Authors: Abate Francesco , Acquaviva Andrea , Ficarra Elisa , Macii Enrico 
Published: November 2013

Determining the correlation between biomedical terms is a powerful instrument to help scientist research activity, both to understand experimental results and to design new ones. In particular, a great potential comes from the integration of the many heterogeneous information sources currently available on the Web.
In this article we focus on the correlation between genes and biological processes. In this context, we present a methodology for integrating information from biomedical literature with other heterogeneous types of structured information. In particular, the information sources integrated in this work are PubMed abstracts, pathway databases, and NCI thesaurus definitions. The integration is performed at the semantic analysis level using a customized approach we developed to modulate the impact of the different sources on the correlation score.
We report the results of a study concerning the impact of the information integration on the correlation score and of the user-level parameters we introduced to modulate the impact of pathway data or NCI definitions with respect to biomedical literature information, depending on the context of the search. To evaluate the methodology, we performed correlation measures on six biological processes and nine genes by comparing the results with and without the integration of pathways and NCI definitions.
Set-based pre-processing for points-to analysis
Authors: Smaragdakis Yannis , Balatsouras George , Kastrinis George 
Published: November 2013

We present set-based pre-analysis: a virtually universal optimization technique for flow-insensitive points-to analysis. Points-to analysis computes a static abstraction of how object values flow through a program's variables. Set-based pre-analysis relies on the observation that much of this reasoning can take place at the set level rather than the value level. Computing constraints at the set level results in significant optimization opportunities: we can rewrite the input program into a simplified form with the same essential points-to properties. This rewrite results in removing both local variables and instructions, thus simplifying the subsequent value-based points-to computation. Effectively, set-based pre-analysis puts the program in a normal form optimized for points-to analysis.
Compared to other techniques for off-line optimization of points-to analyses in the literature, the new elements of our approach are the ability to eliminate statements, and not just variables, as well as its modularity: set-based pre-analysis can be performed on the input just once, e.g., allowing the pre-optimization of libraries that are subsequently reused many times and for different analyses. In experiments with Java programs, set-based pre-analysis eliminates 30% of the program's local variables and 30% or more of computed context-sensitive points-to facts, over a wide set of benchmarks and analyses, resulting in a ~20% average speedup (max: 110%, median: 18%).
Taking off the gloves with reference counting Immix
Authors: Shahriyar Rifat , Blackburn Stephen Michael , Yang Xi , McKinley Kathryn S. 
Published: November 2013

Despite some clear advantages and recent advances, reference counting remains a poor cousin to high-performance tracing garbage collectors. The advantages of reference counting include a) immediacy of reclamation, b) incrementality, and c) local scope of its operations. After decades of languishing with hopelessly bad performance, recent work narrowed the gap between reference counting and the fastest tracing collectors to within 10%. Though a major advance, this gap remains a substantial barrier to adoption in performance-conscious application domains.
Our work identifies heap organization as the principal source of the remaining performance gap. We present the design, implementation, and analysis of a new collector, RC Immix, that replaces reference counting's traditional free-list heap organization with the line and block heap structure introduced by the Immix collector. The key innovations of RC Immix are 1) to combine traditional reference counts with per-line live object counts to identify reusable memory and 2) to eliminate fragmentation by integrating copying with reference counting of new objects and with backup tracing cycle collection. In RC Immix, reference counting offers efficient collection and the line and block heap organization delivers excellent mutator locality and efficient allocation. With these advances, RC Immix closes the 10% performance gap, matching the performance of a highly tuned production generational collector. By removing the performance barrier, this work transforms reference counting into a serious alternative for meeting high performance objectives for garbage collected languages.
Mtac
Authors: Ziliani Beta , Dreyer Derek , Krishnaswami Neelakantan R. , Nanevski Aleksandar , Vafeiadis Viktor 
Published: November 2013

Effective support for custom proof automation is essential for large scale interactive proof development. However, existing languages for automation via *tactics* either (a) provide no way to specify the behavior of tactics within the base logic of the accompanying theorem prover, or (b) rely on advanced type-theoretic machinery that is not easily integrated into established theorem provers.
We present Mtac, a lightweight but powerful extension to Coq that supports dependently-typed tactic programming. Mtac tactics have access to all the features of ordinary Coq programming, as well as a new set of typed tactical primitives. We avoid the need to touch the trusted kernel typechecker of Coq by encapsulating uses of these new tactical primitives in a *monad*, and instrumenting Coq so that it executes monadic tactics during type inference.
Higher-order functional reactive programming without spacetime leaks
Authors: Krishnaswami Neelakantan R. 
Published: November 2013

Functional reactive programming (FRP) is an elegant approach to declaratively specify reactive systems. However, the powerful abstractions of FRP have historically made it difficult to predict and control the resource usage of programs written in this style.
In this paper, we give a new language for higher-order reactive programming. Our language generalizes and simplifies prior type systems for reactive programming, by supporting the use of streams of streams, first-class functions, and higher-order operations. We also support many temporal operations beyond streams, such as terminatable streams, events, and even resumptions with first-class schedulers. Furthermore, our language supports an efficient implementation strategy permitting us to eagerly deallocate old values and statically rule out spacetime leaks, a notorious source of inefficiency in reactive programs. Furthermore, these memory guarantees are achieved without the use of a complex substructural type discipline.
We also show that our implementation strategy of eager deallocation is safe, by showing the soundness of our type system with a novel step-indexed Kripke logical relation.
Exploiting vector instructions with generalized stream fusion
Authors: Mainland Geoffrey , Leshchinskiy Roman , Peyton Jones Simon 
Published: November 2013

Stream fusion is a powerful technique for automatically transforming high-level sequence-processing functions into efficient implementations. It has been used to great effect in Haskell libraries for manipulating byte arrays, Unicode text, and unboxed vectors. However, some operations, like vector append, still do not perform well within the standard stream fusion framework. Others, like SIMD computation using the SSE and AVX instructions available on modern x86 chips, do not seem to fit in the framework at all.
In this paper we introduce generalized stream fusion, which solves these issues. The key insight is to bundle together multiple stream representations, each tuned for a particular class of stream consumer. We also describe a stream representation suited for efficient computation with SSE instructions. Our ideas are implemented in modified versions of the GHC compiler and vector library. Benchmarks show that high-level Haskell code written using our compiler and libraries can produce code that is faster than both compiler- and hand-vectorized C.
Fun with semirings
Authors: Dolan Stephen 
Published: November 2013

Describing a problem using classical linear algebra is a very well-known problem-solving technique. If your question can be formulated as a question about real or complex matrices, then the answer can often be found by standard techniques.
It's less well-known that very similar techniques still apply where instead of real or complex numbers we have a closed semiring, which is a structure with some analogue of addition and multiplication that need not support subtraction or division.
We define a typeclass in Haskell for describing closed semirings, and implement a few functions for manipulating matrices and polynomials over them. We then show how these functions can be used to calculate transitive closures, find shortest or longest or widest paths in a graph, analyse the data flow of imperative programs, optimally pack knapsacks, and perform discrete event simulations, all by just providing an appropriate underlying closed semiring.
Investigation of Global and Regional Myocardial Mechanics With 3-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography and Relations to Hypertrophy and Fibrosis in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Urbano-Moral Jose Angel , Rowin Ethan J. , Maron Martin S. , Crean Andrew , Pandian Natesa G. 
Published: November 2013

Background—
In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), heterogeneous myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis are responsible for abnormalities of left ventricular (LV) function. We aimed to characterize LV global and regional myocardial mechanics in HCM, according to segmental hypertrophy and fibrosis.

Methods and Results—

Fifty-nine patients with HCM underwent standard echocardiography, 3-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE); all 3 tests were <24 hours apart. Longitudinal, circumferential, and area strains were investigated according to the extent of LGE (no LGE, LGE<10%, and LGE≥10%), segmental thickness (≥15 versus <15 mm), and segmental LGE (LGE versus non-LGE). Attenuated global longitudinal strain showed association with extent of hypertrophy (indexed LV mass,
r
=0.32,
P
=0.01; maximum LV wall thickness,
r
=0.34,
P
=0.009; number of segments ≥15 mm,
r
=0.44,
P
<0.001), whereas enhanced global circumferential strain was correlated to LV global functional parameters (indexed end-systolic volume,
r
=0.47,
P
<0.001; ejection fraction,
r
=−0.75,
P
<0.001). Parameters of global myocardial mechanics showed no association with the extent of LGE; in contrast, the extent of LGE was associated with the extent of hypertrophy. All 3 deformation parameters were attenuated both in segments ≥15 mm in thickness and in those with LGE; adjusted analysis demonstrated that segmental presence of LGE was associated with additional attenuation in myocardial deformation.

Conclusions—
Both hypertrophy and fibrosis contribute to regional impairment of myocardial shortening in HCM. The extent of hypertrophy is the primary factor altering global myocardial mechanics. Circumferential myocardial shortening seems to be directly involved in preservation of LV systolic performance in HCM.
Introduction to Ronald Kay's “On photography
Time split in two”
Authors: de la Torre Osvaldo 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The text presented here constitutes the first time that Ronald Kay's work has been rendered and published in English translation. A fundamental figure within Chile's art scene during its recent dictatorial period (1973–1990), Kay's written, pedagogic, and editorial contributions were instrumental in shaping the sophisticated and insurgent discourse of the artists working under the rubric now known as the neovanguardia. The first chapter of Ronald Kay's Del Espacio de Acá (1980), “On photography Time split in two” lays out, in a style and rhetoric that are both lyrical and rigorous, Kay's theorization of the photographic phenomenon as a miniature geological event.
The Dutch Euthanasia Act: Recent Legal Developments
Authors: Legemaate Johan , Bolt Ineke 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The Dutch Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide Act [Wet toetsing levensbeëindiging op verzoek en hulp bij zelfdoding (Wtl)] came into force in 2002. Its aim is to increase the degree of due care exercised by physicians when terminating a patient’s life and to provide a legal framework within which physicians account for their actions in such cases. On the basis of the second evaluation of the Act, published in December 2012, this article provides an overview of the most recent legal developments regarding the Dutch Euthanasia Act. Special attention is given to patients with dementia, psychiatric patients and patient who are “weary of life”.
Mesoscale Gravity Waves in Moist Baroclinic Jet–Front Systems
Authors: Wei Junhong , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
A series of cloud-permitting simulations with the Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF) are performed to study the characteristics and source mechanisms of mesoscale gravity waves in moist baroclinic jet–front systems with varying degrees of convective instability. These idealized experiments are initialized with the same baroclinic jet but with different initial moisture content, which produce different life cycles of moist baroclinic waves, to investigate the relative roles of moist processes and baroclinicity in the generation and propagation of mesoscale gravity waves. The dry experiment with no moisture or convection simulates gravity waves that are consistent with past modeling studies. An experiment with a small amount of moisture produces similar baroclinic life cycles to the dry experiment but with the introduction of weak convective instability. Subsequent initiation of convection, although weak, may considerably amplify the gravity waves that are propagating away from the upper-level jet exit region crossing the ridge to the jet entrance region. The weak convection also generates a new wave mode of shorter-scale wave packets that are believed to interact with, strengthen, and modify the dry gravity wave modes. Further increase of the moisture content (up to 5 times) leads to strong convective instability and vigorous moist convection. Besides a faster-growing moist baroclinic wave, the convectively generated gravity waves emerge much earlier, are more prevalent, and are larger in amplitude; they are fully coupled with, and hardly separable from, the dry gravity wave modes under the complex background moist baroclinic waves.
Projected Tasman Sea Extremes in Sea Surface Temperature through the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Oliver Eric C. J. , Wotherspoon Simon J. , Chamberlain Matthew A. , Holbrook Neil J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOcean climate extremes have received little treatment in the literature, aside from coastal sea level and temperatures affecting coral bleaching. Further, it is notable that extremes (e.g., temperature and precipitation) are typically not well represented in global climate models. Here, the authors improve dynamically downscaled ocean climate model estimates of sea surface temperature (SST) extremes in the Tasman Sea off southeastern Australia using satellite remotely sensed observed extreme SSTs and the simulated marine climate of the 1990s. This is achieved using a Bayesian hierarchical model in which the parameters of an extreme value distribution are modeled by linear regression onto the key marine climate variables (e.g., mean SST, SST variance, etc.). The authors then apply this fitted model, essentially a form of bias correction, to the marine climate projections for the 2060s under an A1B emissions scenario. They show that the extreme SSTs are projected to increase in the Tasman Sea in a nonuniform way. The 50-yr return period extreme SSTs are projected to increase by up to 2°C over the entire domain and by up to 4°C in a hotspot located in the central western portion of the Tasman Sea, centered at a latitude ~500 km farther south than the projected change in mean SST. The authors show that there is a greater than 50% chance that annual maximum SSTs will increase by at least 2°C in this hotspot and that this change is significantly different than that which might be expected because of random chance in an unchanged climate.
Sensitivity of Precipitation Phase over the Swiss Alps to Different Meteorological Variables
Authors: Froidurot S. , Zin I. , Hingray B. , Gautheron A. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
In most meteorological or hydrological models, the distinction between snow and rain is based only on a given air temperature. However, other factors such as air moisture can be used to better distinguish between the two phases. In this study, a number of models using different combinations of meteorological variables are tested to determine their pertinence for the discrimination of precipitation phases. Spatial robustness is also evaluated. Thirty years (1981–2010) of Swiss meteorological data are used, consisting of radio soundings from Payerne as well as present weather observations and surface measurements (mean hourly surface air temperature, mean hourly relative humidity, and hourly precipitation) from 14 stations, including Payerne. It appeared that, unlike surface variables, variables derived from the atmospheric profiles (e.g., the vertical temperature gradient) hardly improve the discrimination of precipitation phase at ground level. Among all tested variables, surface air temperature and relative humidity show the greatest explanatory power. The statistical model using these two variables and calibrated for the case study region provides good spatial robustness over the region. Its parameters appear to confirm those defined in the model presented by Koistinen and Saltikoff.
Geostrophic Circulation in the Tropical North Pacific Ocean Based on Argo Profiles
Authors: Yuan Dongliang , Zhang Zhichun , Chu Peter C. , Dewar William K. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Absolute geostrophic currents in the North Pacific Ocean are calculated from the newly gridded Argo profiling float data using the P-vector method for the period of 2004–11. The zonal geostrophic currents based on the Argo profile data are found to be stronger than those based on the traditional World Ocean Atlas 2009 (WOA09) data. A westward mean geostrophic flow underneath the North Equatorial Countercurrent is identified using the Argo data, which is evidenced by sporadic direct current measurements and geostrophic calculations in history. This current originates east of the date line and transports more than 4 × 106 m3 s−1 of water westward in the subsurface northwestern tropical Pacific Ocean. The authors name this current the North Equatorial Subsurface Current. The transport in the geostrophic currents is compared with the Sverdrup theory and found to differ significantly in several locations. Analyses have shown that errors of wind stress estimation cannot account for all of the differences. The largest differences are found in the area immediately north and south of the bifurcation latitude of the North Equatorial Current west of the date line and in the recirculation area of the Kuroshio and its extension, where nonlinear activities are vigorous. It is, therefore, suggested that the linear dynamics of the Sverdrup theory is deficient in explaining the geostrophic transport of the tropical northwestern Pacific Ocean.