bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Less Developed Countries, Tourism Investments and Local Economic Development
Authors: Andergassen Rainer , Candela Guido 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper analyzes the forward linkages of a multinational's investment in a resort that kicks off tourism activity in a less developed country. We show that, under quite natural assumptions, overnight stays are increasing in the number of differentiated tourism‐related goods and services. These goods and services, if supplied by the local community, represent forward linkages of FDI in tourism. We investigate the multinational's incentives to promote, reduce or eliminate these forward linkages and the effectiveness of some policy instruments available to a local government to leverage on the presence of FDI and to stimulate domestic entrepreneurship.
Economic Freedom and Economic Performance in Latin America: A Panel Data Analysis
Authors: Alexandrakis Constantine , Livanis Grigorios 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper performs panel regressions of output per worker, capital intensity, human capital, and total factor productivity in Latin America on measures of economic freedom in five policy areas. Results show that a smaller government raises output per worker in Latin America but not in the OECD. Stronger property rights and a tighter monetary policy also raise output per worker, but greater freedom to trade internationally does not, despite doing so in the OECD. Deregulation lowers output per worker in both Latin America and the OECD. Finally, a tighter monetary policy raises total factor productivity (TFP) but reduces capital intensity in Latin America, while deregulation raises capital intensity but lowers TFP in both sets of countries.
How Large Is the Cost of Business Cycles in Developing Countries?
Authors: Kodama Masahiro 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis study measures the cost of business cycles in developing countries. The business‐cycle component of consumption is extracted by employing a detrending filter adjusted for the length of a subject country's business cycles, rather than a standard detrending filter, and the cost of business cycles using the extracted component is extracted. Estimated costs in developing countries based on the adjusted filter are found to be significantly different from those based on the standard filter. Hence, in measuring the costs of business cycles in developing countries, we should be careful about the choice of a detrending filter. The results also indicate the following findings: 1) in developing countries, there is probably more room to improve the cost of non‐business‐cycle fluctuations than that of business‐cycle fluctuations, and 2) the cost of business cycles is not strikingly large, even when it is estimated from a model strongly disfavoring business cycles.
A Theory of Exchange Rates and the Term Structure of Interest Rates
Authors: Lim Hyoung‐Seok , Ogaki Masao 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper defines the concepts of indirect and direct risk premium effects and analyzes their properties in an exchange rate model. In the model, these effects are endogenously determined in a rational expectations equilibrium. For the effect of an interest rate shock, they have the opposite signs and the indirect risk premium effect can dominate the direct risk premium effect under reasonable parameters. This means that domestic short‐term bonds and foreign bonds are complements in the model even though domestic long‐term bonds and foreign bonds are substitutes. This model, focusing on the indirect risk premium effect and on the term structure of interest rates, can be combined with a small sample bias approach to explain stylized facts about the forward premium anomaly, which is found for short‐term interest rates, but not for long‐term interest rates.
Congestion and Optimal Immigration Policy
Authors: Chao Chi‐Chur , Hazari Bharat R. , Laffargue Jean‐Pierre 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper presents a model to explain the stylized fact that many countries have a low ratio of migrants in their population while some countries have a high ratio of migrants. Immigration improves the income of the domestic residents, but migrants also increase the congestion of public services. If migrants are unskilled and therefore pay low taxes, and the government does not limit access to these services, then the welfare of the domestic residents decreases with the number of migrants. Visa auctions can lower the cost of immigration control and substitute legal migrants for illegal migrants. If the government decides to limit the access of migrants to public services, immigration control becomes unnecessary and the optimal number of migrants can be very large.
Disfavored Nations: Anti‐Dumping at the WTO
Authors: Hartigan James C. , Vandenbussche Hylke 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe proliferation of Anti‐Dumping actions may be explained by the Most Favored Nation rule of safeguards, the advantages of unilateral retaliatory measures as an alternative to formal dispute resolution, and the exercising of discipline in a risk‐sharing agreement. Use of unilateralism is attractive to developing members that are constrained by legal capacity. The expression of the Anti‐Dumping Agreement appears to be a hybrid of rules and standards. However, a lack of interpretive guidance from the WTO and the opportunities for discretion in the implementation of rules render them standards in a shroud of rules. This is due to the presence of large proxy spaces, or the domestic investigative authority being substantially the arbiter of satisfaction with the agreement.
Corruption, Bureaucracy and Firm Productivity in Africa
Authors: Faruq Hasan , Webb Michael , Yi David 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper estimates the impact of corruption and poor bureaucratic quality on firm productivity for a unique dataset with firm‐specific data of more than 900 firms over 12 years for Ghana, Kenya and Tanzania. We first discuss why poor bureaucratic quality and, especially, corruption are expected to have negative impacts on firm productivity. We then employ Data Envelopment Analysis to estimate firm productivity and pooled OLS and Tobit regression analysis to estimate the effects of corruption and bureaucratic quality on firm productivity. We find that less productive firms are more likely to engage in corrupt activities; both poor bureaucratic quality and corruption reduce firm productivity; and corruption has a greater negative impact on productivity.
Differential Geometric Least Angle Regression: A Differential Geometric Approach to Sparse Generalized Linear Models
Authors: Augugliaro Luigi , Mineo Angelo M. , Wit Ernst C. 
Published: January 2013

SummarySparsity is an essential feature of many contemporary data problems. Remote sensing, various forms of automated screening and other high throughput measurement devices collect a large amount of information, typically about few independent statistical subjects or units. In certain cases it is reasonable to assume that the underlying process generating the data is itself sparse, in the sense that only a few of the measured variables are involved in the process. We propose an explicit method of monotonically decreasing sparsity for outcomes that can be modelled by an exponential family. In our approach we generalize the equiangular condition in a generalized linear model. Although the geometry involves the Fisher information in a way that is not obvious in the simple regression setting, the equiangular condition turns out to be equivalent with an intuitive condition imposed on the Rao score test statistics. In certain special cases the method can be tweaked to obtain L1-penalized generalized linear model solution paths, but the method itself defines sparsity more directly. Although the computation of the solution paths is not trivial, the method compares favourably with other path following algorithms.
Secular changes in colony‐forms and bryozoan carbonate sediments through geological history
Authors: Taylor Paul D. , James Noel P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEver since their first radiation in the Ordovician, bryozoans have contributed significantly to carbonate sedimentation. Most of the numerous colony‐forms developed by bryozoans have evolved repeatedly in different taxonomic groups and vary in their sediment‐producing potential. There are nine basic bryozoan colony‐forms: encrusting, dome‐shaped, palmate, foliose, fenestrate, robust branching, delicate branching, articulated and free‐living. The proportion of these morphotypes in bryozoan faunas period by period is shown to change significantly through the Phanerozoic. Notable patterns include: (i) steady increase in the number and proportion of encrusting species through time, interrupted by a transient drop in the Late Palaeozoic; (ii) post‐Triassic decrease in robust branching colonies; (iii) rise in the proportion of fenestrate colonies through the Palaeozoic, followed by their absence in the Triassic and Jurassic, rarity in the Cretaceous and reappearance in smaller proportions in the Cenozoic; and (iv) scarcity of articulated colonies and absence of free‐living colonies until the Cretaceous. Most Palaeozoic bryozoan sediments come from two architecturally distinct groups of colonies: (i) domal, delicate branching, robust branching and palmate; and (ii) fenestrate. The former generate coarse particles both as sediment and components of stromatoporoid‐coral reefs in the Early and mid Palaeozoic, whereas the delicate lacy fans of the latter create both prolific coarse sediment and form the cores of Late Palaeozoic deep‐water, sub‐photic biogenic mounds. Nearly all post‐Palaeozoic bryozoan sediments comprise cyclostomes and cheilostomes with many of the same growth forms but with the addition of free‐living colonies and significant numbers of articulated colonies. The latter produced sand and mud‐sized bryozoan sediment via disarticulation for the first time. In contrast to the Palaeozoic, post‐Palaeozoic bryozoans generated sediment varying more widely across the grain‐size spectrum, from mud to sand to gravel. This article highlights the need to consider evolutionary changes in carbonate‐producing organisms when interpreting facies changes through time.
IMF‐Supported Programmes: Stimulating Capital to Non‐defaulting Countries
Authors: van der Veer Koen J. M. , de Jong Eelke 
Published: January 2013

AbstractInternational Monetary Fund (IMF)‐supported programmes catalyse private capital to non‐defaulting countries. We find the IMF to be effective in stimulating private capital flows to middle‐income countries that participate in a Fund programme, but do not restructure their debt. IMF‐supported programmes help non‐defaulting countries to signal their willingness to reform and repay debts, thereby catalysing private capital. This signalling role appears to be more important for Fund catalysis, than the size of IMF lending.
Chinese Electronics Export; Taiwanese Contract Manufacturing – The Win–Win Outcome along the Evolving Global Value Chain
Authors: Tung An‐Chi , Wan Henry 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe ascent of China as the world’s top exporter is unusual in its rapidity andhigh–tech content, with a major portion in ‘process trade’ by Chinese classification,forming part of the evolving global value chain. With chronology andeconomic analysis applied to notions in frequent business usage, but not economicsliterature, this study shows the global value chain arose from the microelectronicrevolution known as ‘Moore’s Law’, evolved under the time‐tomarketimperative, and caused widespread outsourcing in America and Europe,with final stage production mostly in China, by Taiwanese contract manufacturers.The insight gained may help to assess future trends.
Input‐specific learning rules at excitatory synapses onto hippocampal parvalbumin‐expressing interneurons
Authors: Le Roux Nicolas , Cabezas Carolina , Böhm Urs Lucas , Poncer Jean Christophe 
Published: January 2013

Key points
Parvalbumin‐expressing interneurons represent a major source of inhibition of CA1 hippocampal principal cells and influence both spike timing precision and network oscillations.
These interneurons receive both feed‐forward and feedback excitatory inputs which recruit them in the hippocampal network.
In this study, we compared the functional properties of these two inputs and how they may be modified by neuronal activity.
We show that calcium‐permeable AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors are differentially distributed at feed‐forward versus feedback inputs and act as coincidence detectors of opposing modalities.
Our results reveal that the two major excitatory inputs onto CA1 parvalbumin‐expressing interneurons undergo long term plasticity with different frequency regimes of afferent activity, which is likely to influence their function under both normal and pathological conditions.
Abstract  Hippocampal parvalbumin‐expressing interneurons (PV INs) provide fast and reliable GABAergic signalling to principal cells and orchestrate hippocampal ensemble activities. Precise coordination of principal cell activity by PV INs relies in part on the efficacy of excitatory afferents that recruit them in the hippocampal network. Feed‐forward (FF) inputs in particular from Schaffer collaterals influence spike timing precision in CA1 principal cells whereas local feedback (FB) inputs may contribute to pacemaker activities. Although PV INs have been shown to undergo activity‐dependent long term plasticity, how both inputs are modulated during principal cell firing is unknown. Here we show that FF and FB synapses onto PV INs are endowed with distinct postsynaptic glutamate receptors which set opposing long‐term plasticity rules. Inward‐rectifying AMPA receptors (AMPARs) expressed at both FF and FB inputs mediate a form of anti‐Hebbian long term potentiation (LTP), relying on coincident membrane hyperpolarization and synaptic activation. In contrast, FF inputs are largely devoid of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) which are more abundant at FB afferents and confer on them an additional form of LTP with Hebbian properties. Both forms of LTP are expressed with no apparent change in presynaptic function. The specific endowment of FF and FB inputs with distinct coincidence detectors allow them to be differentially tuned upon high frequency afferent activity. Thus, high frequency (>20 Hz) stimulation specifically potentiates FB, but not FF afferents. We propose that these differential, input‐specific learning rules may allow PV INs to adapt to changes in hippocampal activity while preserving their precisely timed, clockwork operation.
Increased activity of pre‐motor network does not change the excitability of motoneurons during protracted scratch initiation
Authors: Guzulaitis Robertas , Alaburda Aidas , Hounsgaard Jorn 
Published: January 2013

Key points
A single cutaneous stimulus of adjusted intensity insufficient for scratch initiation evokes scratch when repeated at subsecond intervals.
The protracted scratch initiation shows that the spinal network is able to store information at subsecond time intervals.
Membrane depolarization and increase in excitability of motoneurons are not necessary for protracted scratch initiation.
The activity of the pre‐motor network increases in a wind‐up manner during protracted scratch initiation.
Abstract  Intrinsic response properties of neurons change during network activity. These changes may reinforce the initiation of particular forms of network activity. If so, the involvement of neurons in particular behaviours in multifunctional networks could be determined by up‐ or down‐regulation of their intrinsic excitability. Here we employed an experimental paradigm of protracted scratch initiation in the integrated carapace–spinal cord preparation of adult turtles (Chrysemys scripta elegans). The protracted initiation of scratch network activity allows us to investigate the excitability of motoneurons and pre‐motor network activity in the time interval from the start of sensory stimulation until the onset of scratch activity. Our results suggest that increased activity in the pre‐motor network facilitates the onset of scratch episodes but does not change the excitability of motoneurons at the onset of scratching.
Per-thread cycle accounting in multicore processors
Authors: Du Bois Kristof , Eyerman Stijn , Eeckhout Lieven 
Published: January 2013

While multicore processors improve overall chip throughput and hardware utilization, resource sharing among the cores leads to unpredictable performance for the individual threads running on a multicore processor. Unpredictable per-thread performance becomes a problem when considered in the context of multicore scheduling: system software assumes that all threads make equal progress, however, this is not what the hardware provides. This may lead to problems at the system level such as missed deadlines, reduced quality-of-service, non-satisfied service-level agreements, unbalanced parallel performance, priority inversion, unpredictable interactive performance, etc.
This article proposes a hardware-efficient per-thread cycle accounting architecture for multicore processors. The counter architecture tracks per-thread progress in a multicore processor, detects how inter-thread interference affects per-thread performance, and predicts the execution time for each thread if run in isolation. The counter architecture captures the effects of additional conflict misses due to cache sharing as well as increased latency for other memory accesses due to resource and bandwidth contention in the memory subsystem. The proposed method accounts for 74.3% of the interference cycles, and estimates per-thread progress within 14.2% on average across a large set of multi-program workloads. Hardware cost is limited to 7.44KB for an 8-core processor, a reduction by almost 10× compared to prior work while being 63.8% more accurate. Making system software progress aware improves fairness by 22.5% on average over progress-agnostic scheduling.
Maxine
Authors: Wimmer Christian , Haupt Michael , Van De Vanter Michael L. , Jordan Mick , Daynès Laurent , Simon Douglas 
Published: January 2013

A highly productive platform accelerates the production of research results. The design of a Virtual Machine (VM) written in the Java™ programming language can be simplified through exploitation of interfaces, type and memory safety, automated memory management (garbage collection), exception handling, and reflection. Moreover, modern Java IDEs offer time-saving features such as refactoring, auto-completion, and code navigation. Finally, Java annotations enable compiler extensions for low-level “systems programming” while retaining IDE compatibility. These techniques collectively make complex system software more “approachable” than has been typical in the past.
The Maxine VM, a metacircular Java VM implementation, has aggressively used these features since its inception. A co-designed companion tool, the Maxine Inspector, offers integrated debugging and visualization of all aspects of the VM's runtime state. The Inspector's implementation exploits advanced Java language features, embodies intimate knowledge of the VM's design, and even reuses a significant amount of VM code directly. These characteristics make Maxine a highly approachable VM research platform and a productive basis for research and teaching.
Improved loop tiling based on the removal of spurious false dependences
Authors: Baghdadi Riyadh , Cohen Albert , Verdoolaege Sven , Trifunović Konrad 
Published: January 2013

To preserve the validity of loop nest transformations and parallelization, data dependences need to be analyzed. Memory dependences come in two varieties: true dependences or false dependences. While true dependences must be satisfied in order to preserve the correct order of computations, false dependences are induced by the reuse of a single memory location to store multiple values. False dependences reduce the degrees of freedom for loop transformations. In particular, loop tiling is severely limited in the presence of these dependences. While array expansion removes all false dependences, the overhead on memory and the detrimental impact on register-level reuse can be catastrophic.
We propose and evaluate a compilation technique to safely ignore a large number of false dependences in order to enable loop nest tiling in the polyhedral model. It is based on the precise characterization of interferences between live range intervals, and it does not incur any scalar or array expansion. Our algorithms have been implemented in the Pluto polyhedral compiler, and evaluated on the PolyBench suite.
A repository for CAD examples
Authors: Wilson David J. , Bradford Russell J. , Davenport James H. 
Published: January 2013

Cylindrical Algebraic Decomposition (CAD, first introduced in [Col75]) of Euclidean space has become an important tool in mathematics and allows for practical quantifier elimination (QE) over the reals. Much research has gone into improving the projection operator (e.g. [McC85]), the use of partial CADs (e.g. [CH91]), or into alternative algorithms (e.g. [CDM+09]).
A problem of fundamentally high complexity (doubly-exponential in the number of variables [DH88]) it can be difficult to judge when a problem will be solved quickly, and easy to write down problems that are computationally infeasible. It can therefore be difficult to test new advances in this field, and even harder to 'experiment' with new ideas.
We have created a unified machine-readable repository of examples to be used when considering CADs. This allows for quick access to a host of examples, pulled from various theoretical questions and applications. As well as enabling more efficient research, the creation of the repository has prompted us to look deeper at certain questions related to CADs. The example bank currently facilitates quick input for Maple and Qepcad implementations of CAD and QE. Whilst CAD and QE procedures exist in other software, they are not directly involved in our research.
Testers
Authors: Bshouty Nader H. 
Published: January 2013

We develop a new notion called tester of a class of multivariate polynomials
M
⊆F[χ
1
,..., χ
n
] that maps the elements
a
ε
A
of an F-algebra
A
to a finite number (the size of the tester) of elements
b
1
, . . . ,
b
t
in a smaller sub-algebra
B
⊂
A
where the property
f
(
a
) ≠
0
is preserved for all
f
ε
M
. I.e., for all
f
ε
M
and
a
ε
A
if
f
(
a
) ≠
0
then
f
(
b
i
) ≠
0
for some
i
.

We use tools from elementary algebra and algebraic function fields to construct testers of almost optimal size in deterministic polynomial time in the size of the tester. We then apply testers to deterministically construct new set of objects with some combinatorial and algebraic properties that can be used to derandomize some algorithms.
We show that those new constructions are almost optimal and for many of them meet the union bound of the problem. Constructions include, d-restriction problems, perfect hash, universal sets, cover-free families, separating hash functions, polynomial restriction problems, black box polynomial identity testing for polynomials and circuits over small fields and hitting sets.