bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insights from the evaluation of a provincial healthy eating strategy in Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Sim S Meaghan , Kirk Sara FL 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectiveHealthy Eating Nova Scotia represents the first provincial comprehensive healthy eating strategy in Canada and a strategy that is framed within a population-health model. Five years after strategy launch, our objective was to evaluate Healthy Eating Nova Scotia to determine perceptions of strategy implementation and strategy outputs. The focus of the current paper is on the findings of this evaluation.DesignWe conducted an evaluation of the strategy through three activities that included a document review, survey of key stakeholders and in-depth interviews with key strategy informants. The findings from each of the activities were integrated to determine what has worked well with strategy implementation, what could be improved and what outputs have resulted.SettingThe evaluation was conducted in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.ParticipantsParticipants for this evaluation included survey respondents (n 120) and key informants (n 16). A total of 156 documents were also reviewed.ResultsSignificant investments have been made towards inter-sectoral partnerships and resourcing that has provided the necessary leadership and momentum for the strategy. Policy development has been leveraged through the strategy primarily in the health and education sectors and is perceived as a visible success. Clarity of human resource roles and funding within the context of a provincial strategy may be beneficial for continued strategy implementation, as is expansion of policy development.ConclusionsKnown to be the first evaluation of its kind, these findings and related considerations will be of interest to policy makers developing and implementing similar strategies in their own jurisdictions.
‘Yo lo vi’. Goya witnessing the disasters of war: an appeal to the sentiment of humanity
Authors: Bouvier Paul 
Published: September 2012

Editor's NoteThe humanitarian mission maintains its ultimate objective of preventing and alleviating human suffering in situations of extreme crisis. In a different vein from the main subject of this edition- the future of humanitarian action – and using the power of images, Paul Bouvier, ICRC Senior Medical Advisor, brings us back exactly two centuries, to the ‘Peninsular War’ between French, Spanish and British, among the fiercest of the Napoleonic Wars.The artist Francisco de Goya produced a series of etched plates known as The Disasters of War, which offered a hitherto uncommon view of war. By showing the horror and devastation of armed violence, the resulting dehumanization, and the distress and suffering of the victims, he denounced the consequences of war and famine and the ensuing political repression. Goya's lucid, compassionate, yet uncompromising depictions of war and its consequences are not only unique but also highly relevant today. His work is also an outcry and a plea for acts of humanity in the turmoil of armed violence, and anticipates the initiative that Henry Dunant would be prompted to take sixty years later, in Solferino. In a way, Goya announced Dunant.Walking us through a selection of Goya's sketches, Paul Bouvier looks at victims, perpetrators, and eye-witnesses, and discusses how these images relate to the contemporary experience of humanitarian workers faced with the extreme violence of war. The author decrypts Goya’s sketches and relates them to the essence of humanitarian action as a response to human suffering.
Storage Rot of Dragon Fruit Caused by Gilbertella persicaria
Authors: Guo L. W. , Wu Y. X. , Mao Z. C. , Ho H. H. , He Y. Q. 
Published: September 2012

In October 2011, a new disease of dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) was discovered in a fruit market in Yuanjiang, Yunnan Province, China. Small, light brown, water-soaked spots appeared initially and then coalesced, extending to the entire fruit in 6 days. Hyaline hyphae and light brown sporangia were observed over the entire surface of the infected fruit. On potato sucrose agar (PSA) the fungus produced a white, appressed colony that covered a 9-cm diameter petri dish in less than 5 days at 25°C. The sporangiophores were hyaline, light brown to grayish, 44.71 to 143.14 (average = 85.10) μm long, and arose directly from the non-septate substrate hyphae. The sporangia were spherical, single, and terminal and yellow-brown to brown when young turning to dark brown or black at maturity. Both the sporangiophores and sporangia were covered with calcium oxalate crystals. When mounted in a drop of water, the sporangium immediately broke longitudinally into two halves, releasing the spores and exposing a large pyriform columella at the tip of the sporangiophore. The spores were mostly globose to ellipsoid, aseptate, and 5.15 (3.71 to 7.86) × 6.30 (4.08 to 9.19) μm (n = 300). Two to three slender, hyaline appendages were attached to the ends of the spores. The cardinal growth temperatures of the pathogen were 10, 30, and 40°C and it grew faster in the dark than under 12-h alternating light-dark cycles. The fungus was identified as Gilbertella persicaria (1). To confirm the identification, the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear rDNA of one isolate was amplified using the fungal primers ITS1 and ITS4. The nucleotide sequence (Accession No. JQ951601) showed 98% homology with G. persicaria in GenBank (HM999958). Pathogenicity tests were carried out on two species of dragon fruit, H. costaricensis and H. undatus, by placing a 6-mm diameter young mycelial PSA agar disc on the surface of an asymptomatic fruit, either unwounded or wounded with a sterile needle. As the control, a plain PSA disc was used. Each inoculated fruit was placed in a moist chamber and incubated at 25°C. Three fruits were used per treatment and the experiment was repeated twice. The fruits rotted in 2 to 3 days, and the disease was especially serious on wounded fruits and on H. costaricensis. The fungus was reisolated from infected fruits. The controls did not show any disease symptoms. Inoculation studies were also made on other fruits but rot was produced only on peach, pear, and wounded tomato. To our knowledge, this is the first record of dragon fruit rot caused by G. persicaria. The fungus had been reported in China but caused no diseases (2). In India, it caused fruit rot of pear, tomato, and peach (3). To minimize the disease, dragon fruit should be stored at low temperature and in uncovered containers. References: (1) G. L. Benny. Mycologia 83:150, 1991. (2) J. Y. Cheng and H. Y. Mei. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10:105, 1965. (3) M. D. Mehrotra. Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 29:151, 1966.
HapX-Mediated Iron Homeostasis Is Essential for Rhizosphere Competence and Virulence of the Soilborne Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: López-Berges Manuel S. , Capilla Javier , Turrà David , Schafferer Lukas , Matthijs Sandra , Jöchl Christoph , Cornelis Pierre , Guarro Josep , Haas Hubertus , Di Pietro Antonio 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Soilborne fungal pathogens cause devastating yield losses and are highly persistent and difficult to control. During the infection process, these organisms must cope with limited availability of iron. Here we show that the bZIP protein HapX functions as a key regulator of iron homeostasis and virulence in the vascular wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Deletion of hapX does not affect iron uptake but causes derepression of genes involved in iron-consuming pathways, leading to impaired growth under iron-depleted conditions. F. oxysporum strains lacking HapX are reduced in their capacity to invade and kill tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants and immunodepressed mice. The virulence defect of ΔhapX on tomato plants is exacerbated by coinoculation of roots with a biocontrol strain of Pseudomonas putida, but not with a siderophore-deficient mutant, indicating that HapX contributes to iron competition of F. oxysporum in the tomato rhizosphere. These results establish a conserved role for HapX-mediated iron homeostasis in fungal infection of plants and mammals.
Methylation of ELOVL2 gene as a new epigenetic marker of age
Authors: Garagnani Paolo , Bacalini Maria G. , Pirazzini Chiara , Gori Davide , Giuliani Cristina , Mari Daniela , Di Blasio Anna M. , Gentilini Davide , Vitale Giovanni , Collino Sebastiano , Rezzi Serge , Castellani Gastone , Capri Miriam , Salvioli Stefano , Franceschi Claudio 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThe discovery of biomarkers able to predict biological age of individuals is a crucial goal in aging research. Recently, researchers' attention has turn toward epigenetic markers of aging. Using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip on whole blood DNA from a small cohort of 64 subjects of different ages, we identified 3 regions, the CpG islands of ELOVL2, FHL2, and PENK genes, whose methylation level strongly correlates with age. These results were confirmed by the Sequenom's EpiTYPER assay on a larger cohort of 501 subjects from 9 to 99 years, including 7 cord blood samples. Among the 3 genes, ELOVL2 shows a progressive increase in methylation that begins since the very first stage of life (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.92) and appears to be a very promising biomarker of aging.
Review article: is non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease a spectrum, or are steatosis and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis distinct conditions?
Authors: Yilmaz Y. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryBackgroundNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently conceptualised as a clinical spectrum that results from a ‘multiple‐hit’ process which begins with simple steatosis and subsequently renders the hepatocytes susceptible to a variety of insults. Ultimately, more serious liver injuries like non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis may develop. Although the metabolic syndrome is considered the crucial player in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, recent studies have highlighted novel pathophysiological mechanisms in this clinical entity.AimTo discuss the pathophysiology of NAFLD based on the hypothesis that simple steatosis and NASH are discrete entities rather than two points on a spectrum.MethodsA literature search was conducted in August 2012 on PubMed, Ovid Embase, Ovid Medline and Scopus using the following search terms: steatosis, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis, pathophysiology, fatty liver, natural history and genetics.ResultsSimple steatosis and NASH appear as two distinct pathophysiological entities and progression from pure fatty liver to NASH appears to be so rare as to warrant publication. The possible pathogenetic pathways specifically related to NASH are highlighted.ConclusionsAlthough simple steatosis and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis are currently viewed as two histological subtypes of the unique spectrum of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, the two conditions are likely distinct not only from a histological but also from a pathophysiological standpoint. Efforts to distinguish simple steatosis from non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis using non‐invasive modalities should be informed by the current pathophysiology of these two clinical entities.
Wheezing and asthma are independent risk factors for increased sickle cell disease morbidity
Authors: Glassberg Jeffrey A. , Chow Annie , Wisnivesky Juan , Hoffman Ronald , DeBaun Michael R. , Richardson Lynne D. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryTo assess the associations between a doctor diagnosis of asthma and wheezing (independent of a diagnosis of asthma) with sickle cell disease (SCD) morbidity, we conducted a retrospective review of Emergency Department (ED) visits to the Mount Sinai Medical Center for SCD between 1 January 2007 and 1 January 2011. Outcomes were ED visits for pain and acute chest syndrome. The cohort included 262 individuals, median age 23·8 years, (range: 6 months to 67·5 years). At least one episode of wheezing recorded on a physical examination was present in 18·7% (49 of 262). Asthma and wheezing did not overlap completely, 53·1% of patients with wheezing did not carry a diagnosis of asthma. Wheezing was associated with a 118% increase in ED visits for pain (95% confidence interval [CI]: 56–205%) and a 158% increase in ED visits for acute chest syndrome (95% CI: 11–498%). A diagnosis of asthma was associated with a 44% increase in ED utilization for pain (95% CI: 2–104%) and no increase in ED utilization for acute chest syndrome (rate ratio 1·00, 95%CI 0·41–2·47). In conclusion, asthma and wheezing are independent risk factors for increased painful episodes in individuals with SCD. Only wheezing was associated with more acute chest syndrome.
Resonance Frequency Analysis Assessment of Implants Placed with a Simultaneous or a Delayed Approach in Grafted and Nongrafted Sinus Sites: A 12‐Month Clinical Study
Authors: Di Lallo Sergio , Ricci Laura , Orecchioni Stefano , Piattelli Adriano , Iezzi Giovanna , Perrotti Vittoria 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundImplant stability is one of the key factors for a successful osseointegration. At present, several techniques are available to regenerate bone tissue, but it is not clear whether implants placed in grafted bone are as stable as implants in native bone over time.PurposeThe aim of the present study was to compare, by means of resonance frequency analysis (RFA), the stability of implants placed in sinus‐grafted and ‐nongrafted sites during 12‐month follow‐up.MethodsTwenty‐five patients received a total of 38 implants. Nineteen implants were placed in maxillary native bone (group A) and 19 implants following maxillary sinus floor augmentation using anorganic bovine bone and autogenous bone (group B) in a 50:50 ratio. Group B was divided into groups B1 and B2 depending on the timing of implant insertion, that is, B1 simultaneously and B2 6 months after sinus lift. The implants were inserted according to a two‐stage procedure. RFA values were collected at baseline, 6 and 12 months after implant placement.ResultsBetween the tested groups, no statistically significant difference was found in RFA values of implants placed in sinus‐grafted and ‐nongrafted sites after the surgery as well as at 6 and 12 months, while a significant difference was recorded in group B1 (p = .0297) when RFA values were compared over time.ConclusionsThe results of the present study suggest that regenerated bone can offer good stability for dental implants.
Biomass management targets and the conservation and economic benefits of marine reserves
Authors: Yamazaki Satoshi , Grafton Quentin R , Kompas Tom , Jennings Sarah 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe establishment of no‐take marine reserves has been increasingly promoted as a key measure to achieve conservation and sustainability goals in fisheries. Regardless of the wide range of benefits cited, the effectiveness of reserve establishment depends critically on fisheries management outside the reserves. We construct a bioeconomic model of a fishery that allows for the establishment of a no‐take marine reserve and evaluate how the choice of the off‐reserve management target influences the effectiveness of reserve establishment. We evaluate two biomass targets: (i) BMSY or the biomass that produces the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and (ii) BMEY or the biomass that maximizes the net present value of the returns to fishing. The parameterized model shows that, for a wide range of scenarios, the fishery will be better off in terms of both conservation and economic objectives when the no‐take reserve is established in conjunction with the BMEY target rather than with the BMSY target. Model results further show that the opportunity cost of securing additional fish biomass, in both deterministic and stochastic environments, is lower when the reserve size is increased under the BMEY target. This finding is important because marine reserves have been established as a key measure to restore depleted fish stocks, and the results suggest that this objective can be achieved with lower economic costs in a BMEY managed fishery.
Taste ability in hospitalised older people compared with healthy, age‐matched controls
Authors: Solemdal Kirsten , Sandvik Leiv , Willumsen Tiril , Mowe Morten 
Published: September 2012

ObjectiveTo investigate whether taste ability is reduced in acutely hospitalised older people compared with healthy, age‐matched, non‐ hospitalised controls.BackgroundProper gustatory function in older people is important for quality of life and enjoyment of food. Impaired taste may contribute to weight loss in elderly.Material and MethodsCross‐ sectional study. The participants comprised two groups with age ≥ 70 years. Older people hospitalised for acute disease, home‐living prior to hospital admission and with adequate cognitive function (n = 174 with mean age = 84 years). The controls (n = 63, mean age 82 years) were home‐living, and healthy by their own judgement. Whole mouth gustatory function was assessed with taste strips impregnated with sweet, sour, bitter and salty taste solutions in four different concentrations each. Correct identifications were summarized, and maximum total score was 16.ResultsTotal taste score was reduced in the hospitalised group compared with the control group (p = 0.035). The difference was mainly due to reduced ability to detect sour and bitter taste qualities (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003).ConclusionAcutely hospitalised older people had significantly reduced taste ability compared with non‐hospitalised controls. Sour and bitter taste qualities were mostly affected. Hospital staff should pay attention to these findings when preparing food for hospitalised older people.
Underexpression of hepatocyte nuclear factor‐1β in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Wang Chung‐Chieh , Mao Tsui‐Lien , Yang Wan‐Ching , Jeng Yung‐Ming 
Published: September 2012

AimsChromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) is an uncommon malignant renal neoplasm with a generally indolent clinical behaviour. Previous studies revealed biallelic inactivation of the hepatocyte nuclear factor‐1β (HNF1β) gene in several patients with ChRCC. The aims of this study were to determine HNF1β expression in renal neoplasms and the potential of HNF1β as a diagnostic marker for ChRCC.Methods and resultsWe performed immunohistochemical staining of 79 samples taken from patients with primary renal neoplasm [19 renal oncocytomas, 18 ChRCCs, 24 clear cell renal cell carcinomas (CCRCCs), and 18 papillary renal cell carcinomas]. HNF1β was underexpressed in 16 of 18 cases of ChRCC (88.9%). By contrast, HNF1β expression was preserved in the majority of renal oncocytoma (94.7%, 18/19) and CCRCC (95.8%, 23/24) cases. The combined use of HNF1β and cytokeratin 7 (CK7) further increased the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity; the profile of HNF1β positivity and CK7 negativity was not visible in any ChRCC sample, but was common in both renal oncocytoma (94.7%, 18/19) and CCRCC (91.7%, 22/24) samples.ConclusionsThe results suggest that a lack of HNF1β expression might play an important role in the pathogenesis of ChRCC, and may serve as a good diagnostic marker for this neoplasm.
Enhanced efficacy and sensory properties of an anti‐dandruff shampoo containing zinc pyrithione and climbazole
Authors: Turner G. A. , Matheson J. R. , Li G.‐Z. , Fei X.‐Q. , Zhu D. , Baines F. L. 
Published: September 2012

SynopsisDandruff is a common complaint and is suffered by as much as half of the population at some time post puberty. The condition is characterized by the presence of flakes on the scalp and in the hair, and is often accompanied by itch. The most common treatment for dandruff is the use of shampoo formulations that contain fungistatic agents such as zinc pyrithione (ZPT) and octopirox. Whilst most antidandruff shampoos are effective in resolving the symptoms of dandruff these shampoos can often result in hair condition that is less than acceptable to consumers which can lead to a tendency for them to revert to use of a non‐antidandruff shampoo. This can result in a rapid return of dandruff symptoms.The aim of this investigation was to study the impact of using a combination of antidandruff actives and silicones on the resolution of dandruff and to deliver superior sensory properties to the hair. We have demonstrated that shampoo containing the dual active system of ZPT/Climbazole deposits both active agents onto a model skin surface (VitroSkin) and reduces Malassezia furfur regrowth in vitro. Clinical evaluation of the dual active shampoo demonstrated superior efficacy and retained superiority during a regression phase where all subjects reverted to using a non‐antidandruff shampoo. We have also demonstrated that it is possible to deposit silicone materials from antidandruff shampoo uniformly over both virgin and damaged hair fibres that results in smoother hair fibres (as evidenced by reduced dry friction). This combination of antidandruff agents and conditioning silicones delivered from a shampoo provides subjects with superior antidandruff efficacy and desired end sensory benefits ensuring compliance and longer term dandruff removal.
Antimicrobial efficacy of a human β‐defensin‐3 peptide using an Enterococcus faecalis dentine infection model
Authors: Lee J.‐K. , Park Y.‐J. , Kum K.‐Y. , Han S. H. , Chang S.‐W. , Kaufman B. , Jiang J. , Zhu Q. , Safavi K. , Spångberg L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimTo assess the antibacterial efficacy of a human β‐defensin‐3 (HBD3) peptide against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms.MethodologyStandardized human dentine blocks were infected with E. faecalis ATCC 29212 for 3 weeks. Aqueous calcium hydroxide paste (n = 12, CH), a 2% chlorhexidine gel (n = 12, CHX), an HBD3 peptide gel (n = 12) and saline (n = 12) were tested as experimental groups. A mismatched peptide gel group (n = 12, MP) and sterilized but noninoculated block group (n = 12) were included as controls. After 1 week of medication, the dentinal samples at the depth of 200 and 400 μm were collected from medicated canal lumens. Bacterial growth was assessed by spectrophotometric analysis of optical density (OD) after 72 h of incubation. Statistical analysis was performed with repeated‐measures anova and Tukey's post hoc test.ResultsThe HBD3 group was associated with significantly lower OD values (P < 0.05) than the CH or CHX groups at both depths. The CH group did not differ significantly from MP or Saline group at either depth (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the OD values of the inner (200 μm) and outer (400 μm) dentinal samples for any group.ConclusionsThe HBD3 peptide inhibited the growth of E. faecalis biofilms in infected dentine blocks.
Multitoxin evaluation in fermented beverages and cork stoppers by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Scussel Vildes M. , Scholten Jos M. , Rensen Peter M. , Spanjer Martien C. , Giordano Barbara N. E. , Savi Geovana D. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryA total of twenty‐eight mycotoxins were surveyed in wine (red, white and rose), cider (white and rose) and their cork stoppers from eight countries. Toxins of different fungi genera were detected as follows:Alternaria(ATs: alternariol –AOH; alternariol methyl –AME) andPenicillium/Aspergillus(ochratoxinA–OTA; penicillic acid –PAC). Toxins and levels varied with the sample types and country of origin. Wine presented contamination ofOTA,AOHandAME.OTAwas detected in forty‐one wine samples with levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.86 μg L−1, belowEUlegislation.AOHandAMEwere detected in thirty‐three and eight of wines samples, respectively, at levels from 0.2 to 13.3 μg L−1, while no contamination was detected in ciders up to the methodLOQs. Regarding the cork stoppers toxins detected, they wereAOH,AMEandPAC. Corks of red wine from different countries had levels ofOAHandAMEranging from 5.0 to 101.0 and 2.5 to 5 μg g−1, respectively. It is necessary to pay more attention on the corks processing and cork type used in the bottles as, different from the ordinary ones, the ground bark and compressed type did not have toxins detected.