bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microdialysis Sampling Coupled to Microchip Electrophoresis with Integrated Amperometric Detection on an All‐Glass Substrate
Authors: Scott David E. , Grigsby Ryan J. , Lunte Susan M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe development of an all‐glass separation‐based sensor using microdialysis coupled to microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection is described. The system includes a flow‐gated interface to inject discrete sample plugs from the microdialysis perfusate into the microchip electrophoresis system. Electrochemical detection was accomplished with a platinum electrode in an in‐channel configuration using a wireless electrically isolated potentiostat. To facilitate bonding around the in‐channel electrode, a fabrication process was employed that produced a working and a reference electrode flush with the glass surface. Both normal and reversed polarity separations were performed with this sensor. The system was evaluated in vitro for the continuous monitoring of the production of hydrogen peroxide from the reaction of glucose oxidase with glucose. Microdialysis experiments were performed using a BASi loop probe with an overall lag time of approximately five minutes and a rise time of less than 60 seconds.
Three‐Dimensional Imaging of Surface Chemical Processes in Catalysis Using High‐Resolution Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Sarkadi‐Pribóczki Eva , Valastyan Ivan , Molnar Jozsef 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe positron emission tomography (PET) technique is a well‐known method in nuclear medicine for molecular imaging of biochemical functions in the human body, but it can also be applied to molecular imaging of the chemical processes on the surfaces of heterogeneous catalysts. Dynamic studies of adsorption, desorption, and realignment of 11C positron‐emitter‐labeled compounds can be performed. In the work reported herein, a small PET scanner with approximately 1.3 mm spatial resolution, originally dedicated for small‐animal studies, is applied to image the location and quantitative distribution of [11C]methanol in a catalyst bed of approximately 8 cm3 volume in three dimensions. The PET imaging technique in combination with radio‐gas chromatographic analysis was also used to study different strengths of chemical bonds during catalytic processes on fresh and used Linde A‐type zeolites as catalysts. The PET technique has been highly developed in the last few years with higher resolution and sensitivity and improved image reconstruction algorithms. The commercial human and small‐animal PET scanners have great potential for imaging of well‐functioning, poorly functioning, or partially covered catalyst surfaces in academic and industrial research for the development of catalysts. High‐resolution PET scanning is a great catalysis imaging technique because of both axial and radial imaging of the catalyst bed; therefore, the distribution of radioactive compounds is analyzable in the total catalyst volume.
Ammoniation–Dehydration of Fatty Acids into Nitriles: Heterogeneous or Homogeneous Catalysis?
Authors: Mekki‐Berrada Adrien , Bennici Simona , Gillet Jean‐Philippe , Couturier Jean‐Luc , Dubois Jean‐Luc , Auroux Aline 
Published: June 2013

AbstractFatty nitriles have lately become of interest in the framework of biofuels and for the valorization of the oil part of biomass to form fine chemicals or polymers. The production of long‐chain fatty nitriles by the direct reaction of acids with NH3 has not been extensively studied, although several catalysts have been developed and published as patents. The characterization of this reaction with and without catalyst is, to the best of our knowledge, performed for the first time in this study. Several catalysts with various acid–base features were tested, and the best catalysts at 250 °C (Zn‐ and In‐based catalysts) were further studied. Catalytically active forms and models are proposed for the Zn‐ and In‐based catalysts, and the kinetic parameters for the amide to nitrile reaction are evaluated.
1,3,2‐Benzodiazaboroles with 1,3‐Pentafluorophenyl and Tetrafluoropyridyl Substituents as Building Blocks in Luminescent Compounds
Authors: Weber Lothar , Halama Johannes , Böhling Lena , Brockhinke Andreas , Chrostowska Anna , Darrigan Clovis , Dargelos Alain , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Neumann Beate 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe reaction of N‐4′‐trimethylsilylphenyl‐3,6‐di‐tert‐butylcarbazole (3) or N‐5′‐trimethylsilylthien‐2′‐yl‐3,6‐di‐tert‐butylcarbazole (4) with boron tribromide and subsequently with triphenylphosphane afforded the dibromoborylphenylcarbazole–phosphane adduct 5 or its thiophene derivative 6 as colorless solids. These adducts were converted into the new benzodiazaborole derivatives 7 and 8 by treatment with N,N′‐bis(pentafluorophenyl)‐o‐phenylenediamine (1) and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine in hot toluene (52 or 45 % yield). The analogous compounds 9 and 10 were obtained by condensing precursors 5 and 6 with bis(N,N′‐2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoropyrid‐4‐yl)‐o‐phenylenediamine (2) in the presence of the piperidine derivative in 35 and 16 % yield. Compounds 7–10 were characterized by NMR spectroscopy (1H, 11B, 13C, 19F) and mass spectrometry. The molecular structure of 8 was elucidated by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The borylated systems show intense blue luminescence upon UV irradiation.
Crystal Structures and Spectroscopic and Theoretical Properties of Pentacoordinate Nickel(II) Complexes Containing Tris(pyrazolyl)borate and Quinolinate Ligands
Authors: López‐Banet Luisa , Santana M. Dolores , García Gabriel , Piernas M. José , García Luis , Pérez José , Calderón‐Casado Ainhoa , Barandika Gotzone 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA series of quinolinate nickel–tris(pyrazolyl)borate complexes [Ni(Tp*)(N,O‐2,5,7‐R1,R2,R3‐8‐hq)] {Tp* = hydrotris(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)borate, 8‐hq = 8‐hydroxyquinoline} were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods. Single‐crystal X‐ray studies indicate that these complexes exhibit a pentacoordinate arrangement with chelating quinolinate and hydrotris(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)borate ligands. The substituents on the quinolinate generate variations in the absorption and emission wavelengths. Substituents in the 5,7‐positions and a 2‐CN substituent in the quinolinate induce a bathochromic shift with respect to the unsubstituted derivative; however, 2‐Me and 2‐NH2 substituents cause a blueshift. The UV/Vis spectra were investigated by time‐dependent (TD)‐DFT on the basis of the optimized geometries; further calculations were performed to identify the main contributions to the corresponding molecular orbitals. These nickel(II) complexes show emissions between 458 and 561 nm in the solid state. The experimental results in combination with the theoretical approaches led us to propose that the lowest‐energy absorption can be assigned to both ligand‐to‐metal charge‐transfer and intraligand charge‐transfer (ILCT) transitions for the 2‐Me‐ and 2‐NH2‐substituted derivatives. Nevertheless, for the 5,7‐substituted and 2‐CN derivatives the transitions are mainly assigned to ILCT transitions with an admixture of metal orbitals. TD‐DFT calculations indicate that the contribution of the metal to the transitions is one of the essential factors.
Selective Preparation of Isomeric Tetrahydroxypillar[5]arenes and Pillar[3]arene[2]quinones
Authors: Pan Mingguang , Xue Min 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe isomeric tetrahydroxylated pillar[5]arenes were synthesized through partial oxidation of 1,4‐dimethoxypillar[5]arene or 1,4‐dimethoxypillar[4]arene[1]quinone by (NH4)2[Ce(NO3)6] and then reduction by Na2S2O4. The intermediate 1,4‐dimethoxypillar[3]arene[2]quinones have two constitutional isomers. The yield of the 1,3‐isomer 1 can reach 42 %, and was far higher than that of the 1,2‐isomer 2 (formed in trace amounts). The approach provides an efficient way to prepare constitutional‐isomeric selectively functionalized pillar[5]arenes 3 and 4. Furthermore, the host–guest complexation of 3 and 4 with a bis(imidazolium) salt was investigated.
Effect of 3‐O‐Galloyl Substitution on the Electrochemical Oxidation of Quercetin and Silybin Galloyl Esters at Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Zatloukalová Martina , Enache Teodor Adrian , Křen Vladimír , Ulrichová Jitka , Vacek Jan , Oliveira‐Brett Ana Maria 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe galloyl substitution effect on the antioxidant potential of quercetin‐3‐O‐gallate (QG) and silybin‐3‐O‐gallate (SBG), and the oxidation of QG and SBG were studied by cyclic, differential and square‐wave voltammetry using a glassy carbon electrode, and compared with their structural components, quercetin (Q), silybin (SB), gallic acid and gallic acid methyl ester. Their multi‐step pH‐dependent anodic behaviour, first oxidation followed by oxidation of the hydroxyl groups at ring A, is similar to Q and SB. The galloyl substitution significantly improved the antioxidant potential of SB compared to Q, and brought useful knowledge about the antioxidant activity of Q and SB monogalloyl esters.
Limiting Factors for a Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Under Different Flow and Temperature Conditions
Authors: Leone P. , Matencio T. , Garciä M. E. , Domigues Z. R. , Lanzini A. , Santarelli M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe work investigates the performance of an anode supported solid oxide fuel cell under relevant conditions at different flow and temperature settings with the aim to identify performance limiting factors through impedance spectroscopy. Impedance spectroscopy is used to deconvolute impedance spectra of an in‐operating SOFC and identify limiting overpotentials. Those measurements are made under a wide range of flow and temperature conditions. In particular, oxidant flow rate is varied yielding fuel cell operation with 20, 40, 60, 80% oxidant utilization; fuel is instead changed in terms of flow and composition: fuel utilization factors in the range of 20–80% are investigated as well as the dilution with nitrogen. The operating temperature is varied in the range between 650 and 800 °C with steps of 50 °C. Results show that charge and mass transport can lead to a performance limitation according to the selected operating range for the investigated cell design. For the investigated anode‐supported design, a major improvement of performance could arise by reducing ohmic resistances (i.e. employing a thin electrolyte) and by an improvement of the anode geometry aiming at enhancing mass transport. In particular, at low temperature and high fuel utilization, fuel oxidation seems to be a relevant performance limiting factor.
Out‐of‐pocket payments for public healthcare services by selected exempted groups in Serbia during the period of post‐war healthcare reforms
Authors: Arsenijevic Jelena , Pavlova Milena , Groot Wim 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYThis paper focuses on the exemption mechanism that accompanies patient co‐payments for outpatient and inpatient hospital care in Serbia. The objective was to investigate the level and dynamics of out‐of‐pocket payments for this type of services by exempted groups (older than 65 years, younger than 15 years, unemployed, disabled and individuals with low family income) compared with that by other groups. For this purpose, we use empirical household data collected in the Serbian Living Standards Measurement Study carried out in 2002, 2003 and 2007. These years correspond to the start of the recent reforms in the Serbian healthcare sector and 1 and 5 years after the start of the reform.Our results show that people who belong to exempted groups were paying for healthcare in 2002, 2003 and 2007. They report different types of out‐of‐pocket payments for outpatient and inpatient hospital care. Thus, despite the ambition of the Ministry of Health in Serbia to promote equity in healthcare as a leading aim of the reforms, the implementation of the exemption mechanism fails to protect the targeted groups. Future exemption mechanism should be pro‐poor oriented but should also exempt those whose health status requires a frequent healthcare use. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk Factors for Treatment Failure With Antiosteoporosis Medication: The Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW)
Authors: Díez-Pérez Adolfo , Adachi Jonathan D , Adami Silvano , Anderson Frederick A , Boonen Steven , Chapurlat Roland , Compston Juliet E , Cooper Cyrus , Gehlbach Stephen H , Greenspan Susan L , Hooven Frederick H , LaCroix Andrea Z , Nieves Jeri W , Netelenbos J Coen , Pfeilschifter Johannes , Rossini Maurizio , Roux Christian , Saag Kenneth G , Silverman Stuart , Siris Ethel S , Wyman Allison , Rushton-Smith Sophie K , Watts Nelson B ,   for the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW) Investigators
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT

Antiosteoporosis medication (AOM) does not abolish fracture risk, and some individuals experience multiple fractures while on treatment. Therefore, criteria for treatment failure have recently been defined. Using data from the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW), we analyzed risk factors for treatment failure, defined as sustaining two or more fractures while on AOM. GLOW is a prospective, observational cohort study of women aged ≥55 years sampled from primary care practices in 10 countries. Self-administered questionnaires collected data on patient characteristics, fracture risk factors, previous fractures, AOM use, and health status. Data were analyzed from women who used the same class of AOM continuously over 3 survey years and had data available on fracture occurrence. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of treatment failure. Data from 26,918 women were available, of whom 5550 were on AOM. During follow-up, 73 of 5550 women in the AOM group (1.3%) and 123 of 21,368 in the non-AOM group (0.6%) reported occurrence of two or more fractures. The following variables were associated with treatment failure: lower Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) score (physical function and vitality) at baseline, higher Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) score, falls in the past 12 months, selected comorbid conditions, prior fracture, current use of glucocorticoids, need of arms to assist to standing, and unexplained weight loss ≥10 lb (≥4.5 kg). Three variables remained predictive of treatment failure after multivariable analysis: worse SF-36 vitality score (odds ratio [OR] per 10-point increase, 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76–0.95; p = 0.004); two or more falls in the past year (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.34–4.29; p = 0.011), and prior fracture (OR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.81–4.75; p &lt; 0.0001). The C statistic for the model was 0.712. Specific strategies for fracture prevention should therefore be developed for this subgroup of patients. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Femoral and Vertebral Strength Improvements in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis Treated With Denosumab
Authors: Keaveny Tony M , McClung Michael R , Genant Harry K , Zanchetta Jose R , Kendler David , Brown Jacques P , Goemaere Stefan , Recknor Chris , Brandi Maria L , Eastell Richard , Kopperdahl David L , Engelke Klaus , Fuerst Thomas , Radcliffe Hoi-Shen , Libanati Cesar 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT

In the randomized, placebo-controlled FREEDOM study of women aged 60 to 90 years with postmenopausal osteoporosis, treatment with denosumab once every 6 months for 36 months significantly reduced hip and new vertebral fracture risk by 40% and 68%, respectively. To gain further insight into this efficacy, we performed a nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) of hip and spine quantitative computed tomography (QCT) scans to estimate hip and spine strength in a subset of FREEDOM subjects (n = 48 placebo; n = 51 denosumab) at baseline, 12, 24, and 36 months. We found that, compared with baseline, the finite element estimates of hip strength increased from 12 months (5.3%; p &lt; 0.0001) and through 36 months (8.6%; p &lt; 0.0001) in the denosumab group. For the placebo group, hip strength did not change at 12 months and decreased at 36 months (–5.6%; p &lt; 0.0001). Similar changes were observed at the spine: strength increased by 18.2% at 36 months for the denosumab group (p &lt; 0.0001) and decreased by –4.2% for the placebo group (p = 0.002). At 36 months, hip and spine strength increased for the denosumab group compared with the placebo group by 14.3% (p &lt; 0.0001) and 22.4% (p &lt; 0.0001), respectively. Further analysis of the finite element models indicated that strength associated with the trabecular bone was lost at the hip and spine in the placebo group, whereas strength associated with both the trabecular and cortical bone improved in the denosumab group. In conclusion, treatment with denosumab increased hip and spine strength as estimated by FEA of QCT scans compared with both baseline and placebo owing to positive treatment effects in both the trabecular and cortical bone compartments. These findings provide insight into the mechanism by which denosumab reduces fracture risk for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Is There a Family Profile of Addictive Behaviors? Family Functioning in Anorexia Nervosa and Drug Dependence Disorder
Authors: Doba Karyn , Nandrino Jean‐Louis , Dodin Vicent , Antoine Pascal 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to determine whether family profiles differ between patients with anorexia nervosa or drug dependence disorder.Method25 families of patients with anorexia nervosa and 26 families of patients with drug dependence disorder responded to a battery of self‐reports (Interpersonal Dependence Inventory, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales, and Family Questionnaire).ResultsA lack of social self‐confidence was observed in patients with anorexia nervosa or drug dependence disorder and their parents. Family disturbances characterized by low cohesion and emotional reliance on another person were observed in the families of patients with anorexia nervosa or drug dependence disorder.ConclusionsThe present study suggests that there are differing levels of severity of family disturbances among fathers, mothers, and patients in both anorexia nervosa and drug dependence disorder.
Multispacecraft observations of fundamental poloidal waves without ground magnetic signatures
Authors: Takahashi Kazue , Hartinger Michael D. , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Glassmeier Karl‐Heinz , Singer Howard J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPoloidal standing Alfvén waves observed by spacecraft usually have a second harmonic standing wave structure. On very rare occasions, fundamental poloidal waves have been observed in association with giant pulsations observed on the ground. In this paper, we report multisatellite observations of fundamental poloidal waves that did not produce any clearly associated magnetic pulsations on the ground. The waves were observed on 10 November 2008, at ~1830 Universal Time (UT) at THEMIS‐A and THEMIS‐D and at ~2010 UT at THEMIS‐E as these spacecraft passed L ~ 11 and magnetic local time (MLT) ~ 0900. The GOES‐11 geostationary satellite (L ~ 7) also observed poloidal waves at ~1730 UT when it was at ~0900 MLT. The poloidal waves at THEMIS were characterized by narrow‐band oscillations (frequency ~4 mHz) of the ion bulk velocity and magnetic field in the radial direction. We identify the waves at THEMIS to be the fundamental mode on the basis of the wave properties observed slightly south of the magnetic equator: large velocity amplitude, small magnetic field amplitude, and ~90° phase delay of the magnetic field relative to the velocity. The azimuthal wave number is found to be ~70 (if we assume westward propagation) or ~200 (if we assume eastward propagation) from the phase delay between THEMIS‐A and THEMIS‐D. This wave number explains why there were no corresponding magnetic field oscillations on the ground. These observations imply that only a subset of fundamental poloidal waves excited in the magnetosphere is observed on the ground as giant pulsations.
Significant loss of energetic electrons at the heart of the outer radiation belt during weak magnetic storms
Authors: Hwang J. , Lee D.‐Y. , Kim K.‐C. , Shin D.‐K. , Kim J.‐H. , Cho J.‐H. , Park M.‐Y. , Turner D. L. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractFor various reasons, the Earth's outer radiation belt often exhibits dramatic and sudden increases or decreases in the observed particle flux. In this paper, we report three dropout events of energetic electrons observed by multiple spacecraft while traveling across the outer radiation belt. The three events were first identified based on observations of a significant dropout in the >2 MeV electron flux at geosynchronous orbit. Subsequently, for each event, we analyzed the energetic electron data obtained near the magnetic equator by THEMIS spacecraft to determine the responses of the entire outer radiation belt. Our analysis is mainly based on the electron fluxes measured at energies of 52 keV, 203 keV, and 719 keV, and on the phase space densities estimated for the first adiabatic invariant μ values of 100 MeV/G, 200 MeV/G, and 300 MeV/G. The main shared feature among the three events is that while, for the lowest energy, sources from the convection and/or particle injections of plasma sheet electrons dominate over losses, the higher energies exhibit a dramatic dropout effect that penetrates deeply into L ~ 4.5 – 5. In terms of the phase space density, a similar dropout effect is clearly seen for the μ values of 200 MeV/G and 300 MeV/G, while the convection effect and/or injections dominates for μ = 100 MeV/G. What is astonishing about this dropout phenomenon is that the three events are all associated with only very weak magnetic storms with a SYM‐H minimum of ‐40 nT or larger. This implies that a significant loss of electrons deep inside the outer radiation belt can occur even during a very weak magnetic storm. Low‐altitude observations of electrons by NOAA POES satellites indicate no significant atmospheric precipitation due to strong diffusion. Our simulations with various conditions suggest that radial diffusion effect in combination with the magnetopause shadowing are responsible for the observed dropouts to a large extent for all of the three events, although the contribution by the weak atmospheric precipitation that might have been missed by the NOAA POES observations can be non‐negligible.
RETHINKING ACP‐EU RELATIONS AFTER COTONOU: TENSIONS, CONTRADICTIONS, PROSPECTS
Authors: Carbone Maurizio 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis Policy Arena has two main objectives. First, it seeks to unravel how the partnership between the European Union (EU) and the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group has evolved since the adoption of the Cotonou Agreement in 2000, including its 2005 and 2010 reviews and the implementation of its three key pillars (development cooperation, trade and political dialogue). Second, it explores the prospects of EU‐ACP relations in the medium to long term. In particular, it discusses whether the ACP‐EU cooperation framework is still relevant in the light of a number of global changes and, more specifically, whether the ACP configuration is still useful to its members. To address these issues, both the EU and the ACP Group have established two working groups. Within the ACP, voices are critical of the EU‐ACP partnership, but there appears to be more willingness to reform and renew it. Within the EU, the record of the Cotonou Agreement is seen more positively, but there seems to be less willingness to preserve it. The third review of the Cotonou Agreement to be finalised by 2015, and more generally its expiration in 2020, provides an opportunity – to which this Policy Arena seeks to contribute – to rethink the EU‐ACP cooperation model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.