bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of rural slaughterhouse waste as an organic fertilizer for pot cultivation of solanaceous vegetables in India
Authors: Roy Malancha , Karmakar Sukalpa , Debsarcar Anupam , Sen Pradip K , Mukherjee Joydeep 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Background
The lack of electricity and water supply in rural abattoirs in developing nations prevents the adoption of waste-processing technologies practiced in economically advanced countries. This research attempts to recycle waste blood and rumen digesta generated in rural slaughterhouses as organic fertilizer, thus promoting sustainable agriculture.

Results
The values of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, concentrations of oil, grease, total suspended solids, total solids, and total phosphorus characterized blood and rumen digesta as highly polluting wastes. Waste blood and rumen digesta were mixed in 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 ratios and dried to obtain ‘bovine-blood-rumen-digesta-mixture’ (BBRDM). The efficacy of the organic fertilizer was compared with diammonium phosphate (DAP) in a pot cultivation of tomato, chili, and brinjal. Five grams of BBRDM (N/P/K = 30.36:1:5.75)/kilogram of soil applied at the second and sixth weeks produced earlier fruiting by 2 weeks and yielded (in terms of total fruit weight) higher by 130% for tomato, by 259% for chili, and by 273% for brinjal in BBRDM (3:1)-cultivated plants compared to DAP. BBRDM-applied soils showed higher C, N, and P concentrations than DAP. High-nitrogen-containing BBRDM mineralized rapidly, and nitrogen and phosphorus were available within 6 days of drying. Although high nitrogen concentration caused toxicity when applied at the time of planting to young plants, BBRDM enhanced the yield and productivity when applied to mature plants after 15 days of plantation. Higher numbers of Azotobacter, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, fungi, and amount of chlorophyll were isolated from soils treated with BBRDM than with DAP. Carbohydrate, protein, and fat contents of the vegetables were comparable to DAP-grown vegetables.

Conclusions
Highly polluting abattoir wastes could be gainfully utilized, promoting a healthy environment around rural slaughterhouses. The application of BBRDM to crops of marginal returns is an attractive proposal.
Modulation of environmental light alters reception and production of visual signals in Nile tilapia
Authors: Hornsby Mark A. W. , Sabbah Shai , Robertson R. Meldrum , Hawryshyn Craig W. 
Published: April 2013

SummarySignal reception and production form the basis of animal visual communication, and are largely constrained by environmental light. However, the role of environmental light in producing variation in either signal reception or production has not been fully investigated. To chart the effect of environmental light on visual sensitivity and body colouration throughout ontogeny, we measured spectral sensitivity, lens transmission, and body pattern reflectance from juvenile and adult Nile tilapia held under two environmental light treatments. Spectral sensitivity in juveniles reared under a broad-spectrum light treatment and a red-shifted light treatment differed mostly at short wavelengths, where the irradiance of the two light treatments differed the most. In contrast, adults held under the same two light treatments did not differ in spectral sensitivity. Lens transmission in both juveniles and adults did not differ significantly between environmental light treatments, indicating that differences in spectral sensitivity of juveniles originated in the retina. Juveniles and adults held under the two environmental light treatments differed in spectral reflectance, and adults transferred to a third, white light treatment differed in spectral reflectance from their counterparts held under the two original treatments. These results demonstrate that environmental light plays a crucial role in shaping signal reception in juveniles and signal production throughout ontogeny, reinforcing the notion that environmental light has the capacity to influence animal communication, and suggesting that the characteristics of environmental light should be considered in models of ecological speciation.
Physiological adaptations to reproduction II. Mitochondrial adjustments in livers of lactating mice
Authors: Pichaud Nicolas , Garratt Michael , Ballard J. William O. , Brooks Robert C. 
Published: April 2013

Summary
Reproduction imposes significant costs and is characterized by an increased energy demand. As a consequence, individuals adjust their cellular structure and function to this physiological constraint. Because mitochondria are central to energy production, changes in their functional properties are likely to occur during reproduction. Such changes could cause adjustments in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and consequently in oxidative stress levels. In this study, we investigated several mechanisms involved in energy production, including mitochondrial respiration at different steps of the electron transport system (ETS) and related the results to citrate synthase activity in the liver of non-reproductive and reproductive (two and eight pups) female house mice at peak lactation. Whereas we did not find differences between females having different litter sizes, liver mitochondria of reproductive females showed lower ETS activity and an increase in mitochondrial density when compared to the non-reproductive females. Although it is possible that these changes were due to combined processes involved in reproduction and not to the relative investment in lactation, we propose that the mitochondrial adjustment in liver might help to spare substrates and therefore energy for milk production in the mammary gland. Moreover, our results suggest that these changes lead to an increase in ROS production that subsequently up-regulates antioxidant defences activity and decreases oxidative stress.
The hydrodynamics of contact of a marine larvaBugula neritinawith a cylinder
Authors: Zilman Gregory , Novak Julia , Liberzon Alex , Perkol-Finkel Shimrit , Benayahu Yehuda 
Published: April 2013

SummaryMarine larvae are often considered as drifters that collide with larval collectors as passive particles. The trajectories of Bugula neritina larvae and of polystyrene beads were recorded in the velocity field of a vertical cylinder. The experiments illustrated that the trajectories of larvae and of beads may differ markedly. By considering a larva as a self-propelled mechanical microswimmer, a mathematical model of its motion in the two- dimensional velocity field of a long cylinder was formulated. Simulated larval trajectories were compared with experimental observations. We calculated the ratio η of the probability of contact of a microswimmer with a cylinder to the probability of contact of a passive particle with the cylinder. We found that depending on the ratio S of the swimming velocity of the microswimmer to the velocity of the ambient current, the probability of contact of a microswimmer with a collector may be orders of magnitude larger than the probability of contact of a passive particle with the cylinder: for S~0.01, η ~1; for S~0.1, η~10; and for S~1, η~100.
Regioselective N-Methylation of 6-Chloroindolo[3,2-c]quinolines and Their Amination Reactivity at the C-6 Position
Authors: Wang Ning , Imai Kento , Pang Cui-Qing , Wang Ming-qi , Yonezawa Mizuho , Zhang Yu , Nokami Junzo , Inokuchi Tsutomu 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The treatment of 6-chloroindolo[3,2-c]quinoline 6 with NaH–MeI led to methylation at N-11, forming 8, while the reaction of 6 with MeI with heating gave the corresponding 5-methylated quinolinium salt whose SNAr with water smoothly proceeded to form 5-methylindolo[3,2-c]quinolin-6-one 3b. The amination reactivity at the C-6 was assigned in the order of 6 &gt; 11-methylated 8.
Thromboseprophylaxe in der bariatrischen Chirurgie
Authors: Karcz K. , Utzolino S. 
Published: April 2013

ZusammenfassungPatienten der bariatrischen Chirurgie sind eine Hochrisikogruppe für venöse Thromboembo-lien. Die aktuellen Leitlinien der AWMF (Deutschland), NICE (Großbritannien) und der ACCP (USA) werden vorgestellt, und es erfolgt eine Diskussion der Literatur zum Thema. Frühmobilisation und physikalische Methoden sind die Basismaßnahmen zur Thromboseprophylaxe für alle Patienten. Zusätzlich ist in der Regel eine medikamentöse Prophylaxe indiziert. Mittel der Wahl sind heute niedermolekulare Heparine. Evidenz-basierte Dosisempfehlungen für bariatrische Patienten liegen nicht vor. Wir empfehlen eine viertel therapeutische Dosis von niedermolekularen Heparinen ohne Gewichts-Obergrenze einmal täglich s.c. Der Beginn soll am Tag vor der OP sein. Alternative ist Fondaparinux in einer Fixdosis von 1 x 2,5 mg s.c. Gegen das Thrombose- muss individuell das Blutungsrisiko abgewogen werden.
Fasting Serum Lipid and Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate as Important Metabolites for Detecting Isolated Postchallenge Diabetes: Serum Metabolomics via Ultra-High-Performance LC-MS
Authors: Liu Liyan , Wang Maoqing , Yang Xue , Bi Mingxin , Na Lixin , Niu Yucun , Li Ying , Sun Changhao 
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND
Isolated postchallenge diabetes (IPD), a subtype of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) defined as 2-h postprandial plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (≥11.1 mmol/L) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) &lt;108 mg/dL (&lt;6.0 mmol/L), is often overlooked during screening for diabetes on the basis of FPG concentrations. A key challenge is early identification of IPD by the use of fasting serum, which is critical for large-scale diabetes screening.

METHODS
We applied a nontargeted metabolomic approach using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole TOF–mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) to analyze serum samples from 51 patients with IPD, 52 with newly diagnosed T2DM, and 49 healthy individuals. We processed metabolite profiles by multivariate analysis to identify potential metabolites, which were further confirmed by tandem MS (MS/MS). We also used GC-MS and ELISA methods to detect potentially important metabolites. A number of independent samples were selected to validate the identified candidates.

RESULTS
We selected 15 metabolites with a view to distinguishing patients with IPD, whereas 11 were identified with an authentic standard. The selected metabolites included linoleic acid, oleic acid, phospholipids, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S). In IPD samples, significantly higher linoleic and oleic acid (P &lt; 0.001) and lower DHEA-S (P &lt; 0.001) concentrations were observed, compared with controls. The area under the curve from a combination of linoleic acid, oleic acid, and DHEA-S in the validation study was 0.849 for the IPD group.

CONCLUSIONS
The current study provides useful information to bridge the gaps in our understanding of the metabolic alterations associated with IPD and might facilitate the characterization of patients with IPD by the use of fasting serum.
Crystal structure of aqua-bis(2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl-κN)-acetato-κO) cobalt(II), [Co(C5H5O2N2S)2(H2O)], C10H12CoN4O5S2
Authors: Zhang Mei-Li , Cui Hua-Li , Chen Xiao-Li , Lv Lei 
Published: April 2013

Abstract C10H12CoN4O5S2, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 11.776(2) Å, b = 9.432(2) Å, c = 12.546(3) Å, β = 92.58(3)°, V = 1392.1 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0830, wRref(F2) = 0.2193, T = 293 K.
Using citizen scientists to measure an ecosystem service nationwide
Authors: Kaartinen Riikka , Hardwick Bess , Roslin Tomas 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe decomposition of dung constitutes an ecosystem service of massive proportions. Previous studies addressing how it depends on individual invertebrate taxa have been focused on small spatial scales, neglecting the impact of large‐scale factors like climate. Here, we use the concept of “citizen science” to quantify taxon‐specific contributions to dung decomposition at the level of a nation. Young people across Finland manipulated the decomposer communities of cow pats, then measured changes in pat mass over the grazing season. In southern Finland most (90%) of the cattle dung hitting pastures decomposed in just two months, whereas 1100 km to the north the corresponding fraction was smaller (74%). Of the total invertebrate‐caused decomposition (13% of dung pat mass, independent of latitude), large tunneling dor beetles in the genusGeotrupesaccount for 61%, hence removing dung twice as fast as do smaller dung‐dwelling beetles and earthworms. Overall, this paper illustrates how ecologists may direct citizen scientists to implement massive ecological experiments. Compared to an approach based purely on professional scientists, we saved three‐quarters of the costs. Ultimately, citizen science may offer a key tool for testing current ecological theories at relevant spatial scales—and for disseminating these theories in the process.
Stability Analysis of Upland Cotton in Texas
Authors: Ng E.‐H. , Jernigan K. , Smith W. , Hequet E. , Dever J. , Hague S. , Ibrahim A. M. H. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTCotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a high value cash crop for the southern United States with an annual production of over 3.2 million t. For breeders to fully maximize yield potential and to improve fiber properties of new cotton cultivars, it is important to use representative test locations to evaluate genotype × environment (G×E) effects and trait repeatability. In this study, G×E analysis was performed on 31 upland cotton genotypes developed by the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Cotton Improvement Lab along with three commercial check cultivars. Seven distinct test locations across Texas representing major cotton growing regions were selected for the 2‐yr study. All experimental plots were managed with standard field practices and were machine harvested to determine yield. Hand‐harvested boll samples were ginned on a 10‐saw laboratory gin and high volume instrument (HVI) fiber properties determined. Yield and lint percent along with HVI fiber bundle strength (strength) and upper‐half mean length (UHML) were analyzed. Optimum test locations were identified for lint yield, lint percent, strength, and UHML. Combined correlation analysis of all traits indicated a high association between fiber yield and lint percent but highly negative association of yield traits and UHML. Repeatability of UHML and strength were 0.85 and 0.75, respectively, across all test locations in Texas over 2 yr suggesting a large genotypic component governing those traits.
Jhumpa Lahiri's Feminist Cosmopolitics and the Transnational Beauty Assemblage
Authors: Reddy Vanita 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This essay examines Indian American writer Jhumpa Lahiri's literary engagements with cosmopolitan Indian beauty and style in her short stories “Sexy” and “Interpreter of Maladies” (2003). It situates these engagements as part of a transnational beauty assemblage, a heterogeneous set of transnational cultural flows of Indian beauty and fashion, first in order to map the transnational dimensions of Indian fashion and beauty, which have remained under-explored within existing feminist scholarship on cultural economies of Indian fashion and beauty. Second, the essay shifts focus away from this scholarship's ideological critiques of the Indian fashion and beauty industries and thus away from concerns with shifting standards of beauty (what beauty is), and toward a mapping of beauty as an affective force (what beauty does). Specifically, I examine how Lahiri's stories infuse Indian female beauty with affective capacities that reassemble the semantic messages of exoticism, commodification, gendered nationalism, and transnational mobility that underwrite Indian female beauty's attachments to an elite cosmopolitanism at the end of the twentieth century. In Lahiri's stories, beauty operates as a deeply, if unevenly, socializing force within moments of cross-cultural and interracial encounter, generating affects such as estrangement, identification, and desire, which open onto articulations of citizenship and belonging. The essay further argues that Lahiri's attachments of Indian female beauty's affects to experiences of citizenship and belonging can be understood as part of her feminist, cosmopolitical literary project: Lahiri mobilizes Indian feminine beauty's affects in order to illuminate and critique late-capitalist globalization, migration, and travel as they shape narratives of citizenship and belonging.
Gender, Religious Agency, and the Subject of Al-Huda International
Authors: Shaikh Khanum 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The focus of this paper is Al-Huda International, a Pakistan-based Sunni Muslim women's organization working to bring about social reform through women's religious education. Created and led by urban, upper-class Pakistani women, Al-Huda approaches religious interpretation and praxis in a way that challenges that of the male ulema (religious scholars) who have historically exercised a monopoly over the production and dissemination of religious knowledge in Pakistan. Al-Huda advances a model of piety that casts women as moral-religious actors anchored in, but not confined to, their domestic roles and invested in building religiously educated families and communities. The group has gained unprecedented popularity among urban Pakistani women, influencing the ways that women practice and participate in religious discourse in everyday life. Due precisely to its influence, the group has become a subject of intense scrutiny from different segments of society. In 2005 the founder of the organization, Dr. Farhat Hashmi, moved to Mississauga, Ontario, Canada to establish a branch of Al-Huda for diasporic Muslim women. In the months that followed, staunch critiques from self-identified progressive Canadian Muslim activists began to emerge and circulate, critiques that represent Hashmi's model of Muslim womanhood as detrimental and potentially dangerous to Canadian values. Employing a transnational feminist framework, I examine how the subject of Al-Huda and her presumed relation to the domestic is configured and reconfigured in narratives of the Pakistani ulema and narratives of prominent progressive Muslim activists in Canada. My analysis of these narratives reveals the anxieties that surface and crystallize around the figure of the Al-Huda woman when analyzed against the hegemonies of nation, class, race, gender, and religion in two very different national contexts, Pakistan and Canada.
Bone flap explantation, steroid use, and rates of infection in patients with epilepsy undergoing craniotomy for implantation of subdural electrodes
Authors: Hersh Eliza H. , Virk Michael S. , Shao Huibo , Tsiouris A. John , Bonci Gregory A. , Schwartz Theodore H. 
Published: April 2013

Object
Subdural implantation of electrodes is commonly performed to localize an epileptic focus. Whether to temporarily explant the bone plate and whether to treat patients with perioperative steroid agents is unclear. The authors' aim was to evaluate the utility and risk of bone plate explantation and perioperative steroid use.

Methods
The authors reviewed the records of all patients who underwent unilateral craniotomy for electrode implantation performed between November 2001 and June 2011 at their institution. Patients were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (n = 24), bone explanted, no perioperative steroid use; Group 2 (n = 42), bone left in place, no perioperative steroid use; Group 3 (n = 25), bone left in place, steroid agents administered perioperatively. Complications, mass effect, and seizure rates were examined by means of statistical analysis.

Results
Of 324 cranial epilepsy surgeries, 91 were unilateral subdural electrode implants that met our inclusion criteria. A total of 11 infections were reported, and there was a significantly higher rate of infection when the bone was explanted (8 cases [33.3%]) than when the bone was left in place (3 cases [4.5%], p < 0.01). Leaving the bone in place also increased the rate of asymptomatic subdural hematomas and frequency of seizures, although there was no increase in midline shift, severity of headache, or rate of emergency reoperation. The use of steroid agents did not appear to have an effect on any of the outcome measures.

Conclusions
Temporary bone flap explantation during craniotomy for implantation of subdural electrodes can result in high rates of infection, possibly due to the frequent change of hands in transferring the bone to the bone bank. Leaving the bone in place may increase the frequency of seizures and appearance of asymptomatic subdural hematomas but does not increase the rate of complications. These results may be institution dependent.
Are readmission rates on a neurosurgical service indicators of quality of care?
Authors: Shah Manish N. , Stoev Ivan T. , Sanford Dominic E. , Gao Feng , Santiago Paul , Jaques David P. , Dacey Ralph G. 
Published: April 2013

Object
The goal of this study was to examine the reasons for early readmissions within 30 days of discharge to a major academic neurosurgical service.

Methods
A database of readmissions within 30 days of discharge between April 2009 and September 2010 was retrospectively reviewed. Clinical and administrative variables associated with readmission were examined, including age, sex, race, days between discharge and readmission, and insurance type. The readmissions were then assigned independently by 2 neurosurgeons into 1 of 3 categories: scheduled, adverse event, and unrelated. The adverse event readmissions were further subcategorized into patients readmitted although best practices were followed, those readmitted due to progression of their underlying disease, and those readmitted for preventable causes. These variables were compared descriptively.

Results
A total of 348 patients with 407 readmissions were identified, comprising 11.5% of the total 3552 admissions. The median age of readmitted patients was 55 years (range 16–96 years) and patients older than 65 years totaled 31%. There were 216 readmissions (53% of 407) for management of an adverse event that was classified as either preventable (149 patients; 37%) or unpreventable (67 patients; 16%). There were 113 patients (28%) who met readmission criteria but who were having an electively scheduled neurosurgical procedure. Progression of disease (48 patients; 12%) and treatment unrelated to primary admission (30 patients; 7%) were additional causes for readmission. There was no significant difference in the proportion of early readmissions by payer status when comparing privately insured patients and those with public or no insurance (p = 0.09).

Conclusions
The majority of early readmissions within 30 days of discharge to the neurosurgical service were not preventable. Many of these readmissions were for adverse events that occurred even though best practices were followed, or for progression of the natural history of the neurosurgical disease requiring expected but unpredictably timed subsequent treatment. Judicious care often requires readmission to prevent further morbidity or death in neurosurgical patients, and penalties for readmission will not change these patient care obligations.