bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of paediatric frequent presenters to an Australian emergency medicine network
Authors: Markham Donna , Graudins Andis 
Published: June 2013

AimThe study aims to describe the characteristics of paediatric emergency department (ED) patients defined as frequent presenters (FP) presenting to an Australian ED health service and compare these with a cohort of non‐frequent presenters (NFP).MethodA retrospective chart review utilising an electronic emergency medicine patient medical record database was performed on paediatric patients (18 years or younger) presenting to Monash Health EDs from March 2009 to March 2010. NFPs were defined as patients presenting five or less times and FPs as presenting eight or more times in the study period. Characteristics of both groups were described and compared.ResultsDuring the 12‐month study period, there were 130 paediatric FP patients with 839 admissions and 34 262 paediatric NFP patients with 46 043 admissions. FPs to the ED were more likely to be female, utilise the ambulance service to arrive at the hospital and more likely to be admitted to hospital. In particular, FPs were more likely to require admission for a mental health‐related problem. They were also more likely to have a discharge diagnosis related to oncology, neurology, respiratory, endocrinology and psychiatric complaints, compared with NFP who were more likely to present with a diagnosis related to injury or trauma.ConclusionsPaediatric FPs are a vulnerable population with complex multidisciplinary care needs. A holistic approach towards their needs is essential to understanding the reasons for their higher frequency of attendance. By considering all the elements of the child's well‐being, the child and family need support to assist in integration with other non‐ED service providers. By focusing on wellness and self‐management, there is a potential to reduce the reliance on acute emergency care for ongoing chronic health problems.
Alkaloids as a source of potential anticholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Konrath Eduardo Luis , Passos Carolina dos Santos , Klein-Júnior Luiz Carlos , Henriques Amélia T 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Objectives
The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the key enzyme in the breakdown of acetylcholine, is currently the main pharmacological strategy available for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this sense, many alkaloids isolated from natural sources, such as physostigmine, have been long recognized as acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors. Since the approval of galantamine for the treatment of AD patients, the search for new anticholinesterase alkaloids has escalated, leading to promising candidates such as huperzine A. This review aims to summarize recent advances in current knowledge on alkaloids as AChE and BChE inhibitors, highlighting structure–activity relationship (SAR) and docking studies.

Key findings
Natural alkaloids belonging to the steroidal/triterpenoidal, quinolizidine, isoquinoline and indole classes, mainly distributed within Buxaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Lycopodiaceae, are considered important sources of alkaloids with anti-enzymatic properties. Investigations into the possible SARs for some active compounds are based on molecular modelling studies, predicting the mode of interaction of the molecules with amino acid residues in the active site of the enzymes. Following this view, an increasing interest in achieving more potent and effective analogues makes alkaloids good chemical templates for the development of new cholinesterase inhibitors.

Summary
The anticholinesterase activity of alkaloids, together with their structural diversity and physicochemical properties, makes them good candidate agents for the treatment of AD.
Beyond the bounds of the dogmatic image of thought: the development of critical, creative thinking in the mental health professions
Authors: Roberts M. 
Published: June 2013

Accessible summary
Reflections upon what it might mean to think, and about what inherited presuppositions or images might influence what thinking is thought to consist of, are not readily considered in the mental health care literature.
However, the work of the 20th century French philosopher Gilles Deleuze and, in particular, his account of ‘the dogmatic image of thought’ can be employed to illustrate how such considerations can be of relevance to the theoretical and practical concerns of mental health professionals.
In doing so, Deleuze's work can be understood as seeking to sensitize mental health professionals to the dangers of unreflectively adopting a restrictive notion of what it means to think, as well as an exhortation to develop critical, creative thinking in the mental health professions that moves beyond the bounds of the traditional, dogmatic image of thought.
AbstractConsiderations about what it might mean to think, and about what inherited presuppositions determine what thinking is thought to consist of, are not readily reflected upon in the mental health care literature. However, this paper will propose that such considerations are of relevance to, and possess important implications for, the mental health professions, and it will do so within the context of the work of the 20th century philosopher Gilles Deleuze. In particular, the paper will provide an accessible exposition of what Deleuze refers to as the ‘dogmatic image of thought’, along with an examination of his suggestion that this traditional image, and its associated presuppositions, not only determine what is considered to be the ostensible ‘nature’ of thought, but also delineate what the activity of thinking ought to be concerned with. Moreover, it will be argued that Deleuze's exposition and critique of the image of thought can be understood as seeking to sensitize mental health professionals to the dangers of unreflectively perpetuating a restrictive notion of what it means to think, as well as being an exhortation to develop critical, creative thinking in the mental health professions that moves beyond the bounds of that traditional, dogmatic image of thought.
Single‐Arm Pilot Study to Determine the Effectiveness of the Support Power of Underwear in Elevating the Bladder Neck and Reducing Symptoms of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women
Authors: NINOMIYA Sanae , SAITO Izumi , MASAKI Kiyoko , ENDO Yoshihiro , MORIKAWA Shigehiro , OKAYAMA Hisayo 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesTo verify the effectiveness of support power of underwear (the shaper) to elevate bladder neck and to reduce symptoms of stress urinary incontinence (SUI).MethodsThis was a single‐arm pilot study conducted in Japan by using the shaper (SLIM‐up‐Pants with Style Science, Wacoal Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). The bladder neck position in a sitting posture was recorded using an open‐configuration magnetic resonance system and then compared between parous women with SUI, without and with the shaper. Women wore the shaper during the daytime for 12 weeks, followed by one week during which they did not wear the shaper. The symptoms of urinary incontinence (UI) were assessed based on the 1‐h pad test, the Japanese version of the International Consultation Incontinence Questionnaire‐Short Form, and the incontinence diary.ResultsForty‐five Japanese women with SUI, aged between 27 and 65 years, were included. When the shaper was worn, the bladder neck was found to be significantly elevated by 11.5 mm (median; P < 0.05/6 = 0.008). After 12 weeks, all symptoms of UI decreased significantly (P < 0.05/3 = 0.016), and the bladder neck was further elevated by 4.7 mm (median; P < 0.001) even when not wearing the shaper. In addition, after one week of not wearing the shaper, the bladder neck position remained elevated and symptoms of UI did not recur immediately.ConclusionThe shaper was considered to be effective in elevating the bladder neck and reducing symptoms of UI.
Sympatric occurrence of Culex pipiens (Diptera, Culicidae) biotypes pipiens, molestus and their hybrids in Portugal, Western Europe: feeding patterns and habitat determinants
Authors: OSÓRIO H. C. , ZÉ‐ZÉ L. , AMARO F. , NUNES A. , ALVES M. J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractCulex (Culex) pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) has two recognized biotypes, pipiens and molestus, which differ in physiology and behaviour; this difference may influence vectorial capacity for West Nile virus (WNV). Our goal was first to determine the presence of Cx. pipiens populations in 31 locations in Portugal and to subsequently analyse their host‐feeding preferences and habitat determinants. Molecular identification of Cx. pipiens forms and their hybrids was performed in 97 females; bloodmeal sources were identified in 59 engorged specimens. Overall, 61.9% of specimens were identified as Cx. pipiens f. pipiens, 20.6% as Cx. pipiens f. molestus, and 17.5% as hybrid forms. Culex pipiens f. pipiens fed preferentially on birds, and Cx. pipiens f. molestus on humans. Hybrid forms fed mostly on birds, but human bloodmeals were common. With reference to habitat, Cx. pipiens f. pipiens and hybrid forms were positively correlated with peri‐urban habitats. Our results confirm the sympatric presence of different Cx. pipiens biotypes in 14 of the 31 locations studied. Peri‐urban areas were a common habitat of all biotypes and may represent zones of hybridization. The feeding preferences and sympatric distribution of the Cx. pipiens biotypes observed in Portugal favour the epizootic circulation of WNV and the occurrence of disease outbreaks of WNV.
Myopic aberrations: impact of centroiding noise inHartmannShack wavefront sensing
Authors: Akondi Vyas , Vohnsen Brian 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPurposeThe presence of photon noise and readout noise can lead to centroiding errors in aHartmannShack wavefront sensor (HS) and hence limit the accuracy of wavefront reconstruction. The aim of this paper is to compare, viaMonteCarlo simulations, the accuracy of various centroiding methods in detecting noisy focal spot patterns of theHSwhile sensing ocular aberrations of myopic eyes.MethodsMyopic ocular aberrations were randomly simulated by using the modal statistics obtained from the measurements of 41 myopic subjects.HSspot patterns were simulated using a fast Fourier method where photon noise and readout noise were added using appropriate statistics. Adopting five different centroiding techniques: (1) centre of gravity, (2) weighted centre of gravity, (3) intensity weighted centroiding, (4) iteratively weighted centre of gravity and (5) matched filter based centroiding along with a zonal based wavefront sensing approach; the wavefronts were estimated and compared, by calculating the root mean square (RMS) wavefront error, with the initially simulated wavefront. The magnitude of readout noise was varied in terms of the maximum number of photons and electrons per subaperture per frame. TheRMSerror was calculated for each of the centroiding algorithms.ResultsFor higher magnitude of readout noise and lesser number of photons per subaperture per frame (n), matched filter, iteratively weighted centre of gravity and intensity weighted centroiding outperform centre of gravity and weighted centre of gravity methods, for an appropriately chosen focal length and subaperture pitch. The plots ofRMSerror as a function of ‘n’ show that for lower amplitude of readout noise, computationally efficient centre of gravity and intensity weighted centroiding methods can be safely adopted to obtain high enough reconstruction accuracy. Also, even at greater readout noise levels, for a large enough ‘n’, intensity weighted centroiding is enough to sense the aberrations with high accuracy. It is shown that the wavefront sensing accuracy depends on the size of the spots and bit resolution of the camera.ConclusionFive different centroid detection methods used in aHSin the presence of photon noise and readout noise were analysed in the context of sensing ocular aberrations of myopic subjects and identify cases under which each of these methods is appropriate.
Sphero‐cylindrical error for oblique gaze as a function of the position of the centre of rotation of the eye
Authors: Perches Sara , Ares Jorge , Collados Victoria , Palos Fernando 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPurposeNew designs of ophthalmic lenses customised for particular wearing conditions (e.g., vertex distance or wrap tilt angle) have emerged during the last few years. However, there is limited information about the extent of any improvement in visual quality of these products. The aim of this work was to determine whether customisation according to the centre of rotation of the eye (CRE) improves visual quality for oblique gaze in monofocal spherical lenses.MethodsConventional spherical lenses were designed by numerical ray tracing with back vertex powers (BVP) ranging from +8 to −8 dioptres (D) and base curves from 0 to 8 D. The wavefront error at oblique gaze (40°) was computed for each design with CRE positions from 20 to 35 mm. Sphero‐cylindrical (SC) error was calculated using wavefront Zernike coefficients, considering only monochromatic aberrations. Visual acuity in logMAR was estimated following the Raasch empirical regression model.ResultsSC error and visual acuity maps were calculated for each BVP as a function of base curves and CRE in a graded colour scale. From SC error maps maximum spherical and cylindrical errors (MSE and MCE) of 1.49 D and −1.24 D respectively were found for BVP from 0 to −2 D, 2.27 D and −1.90 D for BVP from −2 D to −4 D, 2.59 D and −2.20 D for lenses from −4 D to −6 D and 2.63 D and −2.28 D for lenses from −6 D to −8 D. Concerning positive lenses, we obtained MSE and MCE of 0.37 D and −1.35 D respectively for lenses from 0 D to +2 D, 0.39 D and −2.23 D for lenses from +2 D to +4 D and 0.36 D and −2.73 D for lenses from +4 D to +6 D. Regarding visual acuity maps for 40° oblique gaze, significant loss of visual acuity (>0.30 logMAR, Snellen 6/12, 20/40, decimal 0.50) was found for BVP as low as −2 D. Clinically negligible high order aberration levels (equivalent spherical power <0.25 D) were found for all cases.ConclusionsWe calculated SC error and visual acuity maps as a function of base curves and CRE position for a set of spherical lenses at oblique gaze. These maps could be useful as a clinical guide to select the best base as a function of CRE and BVP for each patient. It was found that negative lenses with low BVP provided high SC error when they were designed with low bases. However, high BVP negative lenses with low SC error were found for medium bases and low CRE or for low bases and high CRE positions. In the case of positive lenses, the dependence of SC error with CRE position was less noticeable. Finally, high order aberrations did not have a significant influence over visual quality.
Is proline accumulation per se correlated with stress tolerance or is proline homeostasis a more critical issue?
Authors: KAVI KISHOR POLAVARAPU B. , SREENIVASULU NESE 
Published: June 2013

AbstractProline has been recognized as a multi‐functional molecule, accumulating in high concentrations in response to a variety of abiotic stresses. It is able to protect cells from damage by acting as both an osmotic agent and a radical scavenger. Proline accumulated during a stress episode is degraded to provide a supply of energy to drive growth once the stress is relieved. Proline homeostasis is important for actively dividing cells as it helps to maintain sustainable growth under long‐term stress. It also underpins the importance of the expansion of the proline sink during the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth and the initiation of seed development. Its role in the reproductive tissue is to stabilize seed set and productivity. Thus, to cope with abiotic stress, it is important to develop strategies to increase the proline sink in the reproductive tissue. We give a holistic account of proline homeostasis, taking into account the regulation of proline synthesis, its catabolism, and intra‐ and intercellular transport, all of which are vital components of growth and development in plants challenged by stress.
Mean platelet volume is decreased during an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Wang Rui‐tao , Li Jia‐Ying , Cao Zhi‐gang , Li Ying 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveAn increased mean platelet volume (MPV) is an early marker of platelet activation. Activated platelets play a role in atherogenesis, inflammation and atherothrombosis. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with cardiovascular disease‐related mortality. The aim of the study is to measure the MPV in patients with stable and exacerbated COPD.MethodsWe investigated the peripheral blood cell count parameters, C‐reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, lung function parameters and arterial blood gas analysis in patients with COPD and in controls. Seventy participants were investigated at admission for an acute exacerbation of COPD and reassessed when stable. Seventy controls were matched for age, gender, body mass index, medication use and smoking.ResultsParticipants with an exacerbation of COPD had lower MPV and higher CRP, white blood cells (WBC) and fibrinogen compared with when in stable phase of COPD and controls. MPV was also lower in patients in stable phase COPD compared with controls. Negative correlations between MPV and CRP, and between MPV and platelet count were present in patients in stable and exacerbation of COPD.ConclusionsThe findings show that COPD patients, during acute exacerbation and in stable phase, have lower MPV compared with healthy controls; the MPV increase once patients have recovered from their exacerbation of COPD.
Textural Evidence for the Chromite‐Oversaturated Character of the Melt Involved in Podiform Chromitite Formation
Authors: Payot Betchaida D. , Arai Shoji , Tamayo Rodolfo A. , Yumul Graciano P. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWell‐preserved oval‐shaped dunite clots occur within the exceptionally fresh massive podiform chromitites from the Coto Block of the Zambales Ophiolite Complex, the Philippines. The dunite/chromitite boundary shows an interlocking texture; olivine inclusions in chromites in the podiform chromitites show the same optical extinction with larger adjacent olivines in the dunite clots. This texture was formed by the reaction between chromite‐oversaturated melt and its dunite inclusions. The existence of such type of melt was previously only hypothesized to explain the origin of layered and podiform chromitites but is now confirmed by this discovery.
Adjusting for Group Size Effects in Peer Nomination Data
Authors: Velásquez Ana María , Bukowski William M. , Saldarriaga Lina María 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAdjusting nomination‐based sociometric and peer assessment scores for biases due to variations in group size has been a long‐standing concern for peer relations researchers. The techniques that have been typically used to make these adjustments (e.g., proportion and standardized scores) are known to have fundamental problems that limit their utility. This study introduces a regression‐based procedure that adjusts nomination‐based scores for variations in group size and compares it with the standardization and proportion procedures. Analyses were conducted on sociometric and peer assessment scores of 1594 fourth, fifth, and sixth graders from 63 classrooms. The advantages of the regression‐based procedure over standardization and proportion transformations are outlined. Implications for the accuracy and validity of nomination‐based measures and the research findings based on them are discussed.
GIS Course Planning: A Comparison of Syllabi at US College and Universities
Authors: Wikle Thomas A. , Fagin Todd D. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDespite the enormous growth of college courses dealing with spatial information, curriculum planning involving geographic information science (GIS) courses and programs has received little attention within the GIS literature. As the number and variety of GIS courses expands, so too does the importance of both systematic and inclusive planning and campus‐wide coordination. In this article we explore course planning through an exploration of 312 GIS course syllabi used at US colleges and universities with the goal of characterizing the degree to which learning resources, student evaluation methods, and course topics have become standardized across institution types, academic levels, and disciplines. Our findings reveal a consensus in the use of GIS software across courses but no similar agreement in the use of textbooks. Hands‐on activities were used as evaluation methods in nearly every course in the sample regardless of institution type or academic level. However, quizzes, tests and final exams were used more often in community colleges while papers and projects were used more frequently in four‐year and comprehensive research universities. The frequency of topic categories listed on syllabi was relatively consistent across institutions, academic levels and disciplines with a few topics such as vector analytic operations, data models, and data creation/acquisition/editing included on more than 50% of syllabi.
Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day‐length response
Authors: Hori Kiyosumi , Ogiso‐Tanaka Eri , Matsubara Kazuki , Yamanouchi Utako , Ebana Kaworu , Yano Masahiro 
Published: June 2013

SummaryThe alteration of photoperiod sensitivity has let breeders diversify flowering time in Oryza sativa (rice) and develop cultivars adjusted to a range of growing season periods. Map‐based cloning revealed that the rice flowering‐time quantitative trait locus (QTL) Heading date 16 (Hd16) encodes a casein kinase‐I protein. One non‐synonymous substitution in Hd16 resulted in decreased photoperiod sensitivity in rice, and this substitution occurred naturally in an old rice cultivar. By using near‐isogenic lines with functional or deficient alleles of several rice flowering‐time genes, we observed significant digenetic interactions between Hd16 and four other flowering‐time genes (Ghd7, Hd1, DTH8 and Hd2). In a near‐isogenic line with the weak‐photoperiod‐sensitivity allele of Hd16, transcription levels of Ehd1, Hd3a, and RFT1 increased under long‐day conditions, and transcription levels of Hd3a and RFT1 decreased under short‐day conditions. Expression analysis under continuous light and dark conditions showed that Hd16 was not likely to be associated with circadian clock regulation. Biochemical characterization indicated that the functional Hd16 recombinant protein specifically phosphorylated Ghd7. These results demonstrate that Hd16 acts as an inhibitor in the rice flowering pathway by enhancing the photoperiod response as a result of the phosphorylation of Ghd7.