bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tolerant Anti-Insulin B Cells Are Effective APCs
Authors: Kendall Peggy L. , Case James B. , Sullivan Allison M. , Holderness Jeff S. , Wells K. Sam , Liu Edwin , Thomas James W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Autoreactive B lymphocytes that are not culled by central tolerance in the bone marrow frequently enter the peripheral repertoire in a state of functional impairment, termed anergy. These cells are recognized as a liability for autoimmunity, but their contribution to disease is not well understood. Insulin-specific 125Tg B cells support T cell–mediated type 1 diabetes in NOD mice, despite being anergic to B cell mitogens and T cell–dependent immunization. Using this model, the potential of anergic, autoreactive B cells to present Ag and activate T cells was investigated. The data show that 1) insulin is captured and rapidly internalized by 125Tg BCRs, 2) these Ag-exposed B cells are competent to activate both experienced and naive CD4+ T cells, 3) anergic 125Tg B cells are more efficient than naive B cells at activating T cells when Ag is limiting, and 4) 125Tg B cells are competent to generate low-affinity insulin B chain epitopes necessary for activation of diabetogenic anti-insulin BDC12-4.1 T cells, indicating the pathological relevance of anergic B cells in type 1 diabetes. Thus, phenotypically tolerant B cells that are retained in the repertoire may promote autoimmunity by driving activation and expansion of autoaggressive T cells via Ag presentation.
Cytotoxic NKG2C+ CD4 T Cells Target Oligodendrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Zaguia Fatma , Saikali Philippe , Ludwin Samuel , Newcombe Jia , Beauseigle Diane , McCrea Ellie , Duquette Pierre , Prat Alexandre , Antel Jack P. , Arbour Nathalie 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The mechanisms whereby immune cells infiltrating the CNS in multiple sclerosis patients contribute to tissue injury remain to be defined. CD4 T cells are key players of this inflammatory response. Myelin-specific CD4 T cells expressing CD56, a surrogate marker of NK cells, were shown to be cytotoxic to human oligodendrocytes. Our aim was to identify NK-associated molecules expressed by human CD4 T cells that confer this oligodendrocyte-directed cytotoxicity. We observed that myelin-reactive CD4 T cell lines, as well as short-term PHA-activated CD4 T cells, can express NKG2C, the activating receptor interacting with HLA-E, a nonclassical MHC class I molecule. These cells coexpress CD56 and NKG2D, have elevated levels of cytotoxic molecules FasL, granzyme B, and perforin compared with their NKG2C-negative counterparts, and mediate significant in vitro cytotoxicity toward human oligodendrocytes, which upregulated HLA-E upon inflammatory cytokine treatment. A significantly elevated proportion of ex vivo peripheral blood CD4 T cells, but not CD8 T cells or NK cells, from multiple sclerosis patients express NKG2C compared with controls. In addition, immunohistochemical analyses showed that multiple sclerosis brain tissues display HLA-E+ oligodendrocytes and NKG2C+ CD4 T cells. Our results implicate a novel mechanism through which infiltrating CD4 T cells contribute to tissue injury in multiple sclerosis.
Local control of extra-abdominal desmoid tumors: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wood Thomas J. , Quinn Kathleen M. , Farrokhyar Forough , Deheshi Ben , Corbett Tom , Ghert Michelle A. 
Published: February 2013

The local control of desmoid tumors constitutes a continuing treatment dilemma due to its high recurrence rates. The purpose of this systematic review was to critically examine the current treatment of these rare tumors and to specifically evaluate the local failure and response rates of surgery, radiation and systemic therapy. We comprehensively searched the literature for relevant studies across Cinahl, Embase, Medline and the Cochrane databases. Articles were categorized as surgery, radiation, surgery + radiation and systemic therapy (including cytotoxic and non cytotoxic). Methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Pooled odd ratios (OR) for comparative studies and weighted proportions with 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. Thirty-five articles were included in the final analysis. Weighted mean local failure rates were 22% [95% CI (16–28%)], 35% [95% CI (26–44%)] and 28% [95% CI (18–39%)] for radiation alone, surgery alone and surgery + radiation respectively. In the analysis of comparative studies, surgery and radiation in combination had lower local failure rates than radiation alone [OR 0.7 (0.4, 1.2)] and surgery alone [OR 0.7 (0.4, 1.0)]. Weighted mean stable disease rates were 91% [95% CI (85–96%)] and 52% [95% CI (38–65%)] for non cytotoxic and cytotoxic chemotherapy respectively. The current evidence suggests that surgery alone has a consistently high rate of local recurrence in managing extra-abdominal desmoid tumors. Radiation therapy in combination with surgery improves local control rates. However, the limited data on systemic therapy for this rare tumor suggests the benefit of using both cytotoxic and non cytotoxic chemotherapy to achieve stable disease.
Laboratory Investigation of Water-Side Scale And Corrosion in the Presence Of High Process-Side Temperatures
Authors: KERST HERMAN 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A laboratory method of testing water-side corrosion and scale deposition in the presence of high process side temperatures has been developed. Two types of specimens are used: (1) a hairpin of ¼ inch seamless steel tubing mounted on a pipe plug and inserted in the circulating water system, and (2) a miniature heat exchanger made of ½ inch seamless tubing and standard pipe parts.
In studies on corrosion rates, and on calcium phosphate scale deposition under conditions of 130 F water temperature and 350–395 F hot-side temperatures, it was shown that corrosion rates may be increased up to 8 times over the rates on immersed coupons at 130 F. A possible method of calculating water-side skin temperatures is indicated.
It was shown that the use of polyphosphate treatments, at residual levels high enough to give corrosion protection, leads to the deposition of calcium phosphate scale. The use of chromate in combination treatments reduces the amount of this scale deposited, and also appears to reduce the amount of carbonate scale. 4.6.1
Effect of Iron, Aluminum and Cadmium Additions On the Performance of Zinc Anodes in Sea Water
Authors: WALDRON L. J. , PETERSON M. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Standard hull-mounting zinc anodes of various chemical compositions were immersed in water at the Norfolk Reserve Fleet site and supplied current continuously to a large steel sea wall for 36 weeks. The current was monitored daily during the initial week and 3–4 times weekly thereafter. At the conclusion of the test, the anodes were cleaned, weighed, and analyzed chemically. Electrochemical efficiencies and current outputs were determined.
Data are presented showing the performance of all anodes with graphical representation of typical specimens. Zinc anodes containing iron up to 0.006 percent and small additions of aluminum (to 0.5 percent) and cadmium (to 0.10 percent) out-performed the high-purity zinc anodes (0.0014 percent iron). There was some evidence that the addition of 0.1 percent aluminum without cadmium improves the performance of high-purity zinc. All anodes containing iron up to a maximum of 0.006 percent and aluminum and cadmium in any proportion within the limits of composition tested performed equally well. Minimum contents of 0.025 percent cadmium and 0.1 percent aluminum were indicated. 5.2.2
Selective Removal of Chromium From Type 304 Stainless Steel By Air-Contaminated Lithium
Authors: SEEBOLD R. E. , BIRKS L. S. , BROOKS E. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosive action of high-purity and air-contaminated lithium on Type 304 stainless steel has been studied in non-isothermal closed systems in which maximum and minimum temperatures were 1500 F and 800 F. Chromium is selectively removed to depths of 10 microns from the surface of stainless steel by air-contaminated lithium at 1500 F and remains dissolved in the lithium where it is soluble to the extent of at least 25 percent. The other steel constituents are mass transferred in their original relative proportions and deposited as strongly magnetic dendrites. The preferential leaching of chromium is proposed as the initial step in the corrosion of stainless steel by aii-contaminated lithium. 6.25
Coupling Shift and Hydrogen Overvoltage In the Protection of Steel by Tin
Authors: KOEHLER E. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Evidence is presented to further substantiate the existence of a “coupling shift” for the tin-steel couple in weak acid media. By virtue of the shift, tin is able to sacrificially protect steel concurrent with a greatly diminished rate of hydrogen evolution. Since an explanation of the phenomenon does not seem possible on the basis of existing corrosion theory, additional experimental evidence was sought to elucidate the mechanism. Polarization curves were determined with automatic equipment, enabling this to be done more rapidly and reproducibly than is usually possible. Results indicate a mechanism in which corrosion rate and corrosion potential are determined entirely on the basis of hydrogen reactions occurring on the metal surface. Coupling shift is associated with an increased hydrogen over-voltage. 5.2.1, 3.6.8
Corrosion of Iron in an H2S-CO2-H2O System
Authors: GRECO EDWARD C. , WRIGHT WILLIAM B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion studies of iron in an H2S-CO2-H2O System were made under static and dynamic conditions. The data indicated that there existed a certain hydrogen sulfide partial pressure, approximately 0.02 psia, above which hydrogen blistering occurred. Similar results with sulfide stress cracking were obtained. The hydrogen sulfide partial pressure at onset of cracking was 0.150 psia. Hydrogen sulfide became the controlling factor at very low partial pressures causing an initial drop in the corrosion rate. Apparently, the type of corrosion film formed controlled the corrosion rate. Changes in these films were observed to take place coincident with changes in corrosion rate and prevalence of hydrogen blisters. The relationship of these phenomena is discussed. 6.2.2, 8.4.3, 3.2.2, 3.5.8
High Temperature Corrosion By Catalytically Formed Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: COUPER A. S. , DRAVNIEKS ANDREW 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Organic sulfur compounds are known to be a major cause of high-temperature corrosion in refining processes. Chromium steels are widely used in such environments. The required chromium content for adequate resistance depends upon the chemical form of sulfur encountered.
Surfaces of corroding metals can act as catalysts in forming hydrogen sulfide, either from hydrogen and sulfur or by decomposition of organic sulfur compounds. Catalytically formed H2S is more corrosive than the same concentration of other H2S and can be corn-batted by adding chromium to the steel. Because corrosion is proportional to the concentration of H2S, a surface concentration of H2S is postulated as proportional to the catalytic activity of the surface.
Laboratory tests on sulfur vapor mixed with hydrogen and on amyl mercaptan mixed with nitrogen or hydrogen indicate that corrosion is proportional to the yield of catalytically formed H2S. Chromium additions to the steel, oxide scales on the metal surfaces, additions of chlorides to the stream, and increased velocity decreased both H2S yields and corrosion, whereas increased temperatures and addition of oxidizing agents caused increases. Further work should be done to develop practical methods to reduce the catalytic activity of corroding steel surfaces, thereby improving corrosion resistance to certain high-temperature streams that contain sulfur compounds.
3.4.2, 4.4.9, 3.5.9, 3.7.2, 8.4.3
Electrochemical Methods for Determining Passivation Properties of Paint Pigments
Authors: ROZENFELD I. L. , RUBINSHTEIN F. I. , YAKUBAVICH S. V. , KUSSKAYA A. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Several rapid methods are available for qualitative testing of the anticorrosion properties of paint coatings. In order to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of the corrosion process under coatings, however, quantitative electrochemical methods have been devised. One such method is based on electrode potential measurements in thin layers of water extracts of paint pigments. Another involves measurement of potential difference between painted and unpainted electrodes.
A method is also described in which capacity measurements are made on an electrical condenser consisting of the coating as the dielectric layer with the metal coated and a constant area metal plate placed over the coating as the outside layers.
Mechanism of Crevice Corrosion
Authors: ROSENFELD I. L. , MARSHAKOV I. K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Failure of structures and of many types of automatic equipment is often due to crevice corrosion. Differential aeration was advanced some time ago as a major cause of such attack. The present investigation was made to demonstrate other factors in the mechanism of crevice corrosion.
Electrochemical methods were used to determine effects and relationships of polarization potentials and corrosion current densities in the main volume of electrolyte (which has free access to the open surface of the metal tested) and in the metal's crevices and clearances. Special laboratory apparatus was used with which crevice corrosion conditions could be simulated and in which “crevice” width was adjustable.
Iron, aluminum and stainless steels were tested in 0.5N NaCl. Iron was also exposed to a mixture of Na2SO4, NaCl and NaNO2, to 8.6N HNO3 and to 0.2N H2SO4. Observations were also made of linear selective type crevice corrosion at the metal-dielectric interface perimeter in acid and of comparative corrosion rates above, at, and below the water line of partly-immersed iron. (In the latter case, a “crevice” is considered to exist near the liquid's meniscus.)
It was concluded that much destruction of metal in clearances is due to peculiar electrochemical behavior which results in acceleration of the anodic metal ionization reaction and deceleration of the cathodic reaction. Insignificant differences in potential between metal on the open surface and that in the crevices initiate operation of corrosion cells.
Linear-selective dissolution of iron in acids, on the phase boundaries of the metal-dielectric-acid system, proceeds according to the crevice corrosion mechanism.
In water-line zone corrosion, the crevice corrosion mechanism is also in evidence, rate depending on whether the electrolyte is neutral, acid or alkaline. In inhibited media, metal potential near the water line becomes negative, due to difficulty of access of inhibitor, so that macrocells are activated.
Initiation of Stress Corrosion Cracking; Migration of Chloride in Oxide Films on Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: BERGEN C. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The mechanism of stress corrosion crack initiation can perhaps be understood by noticing the similarities among the several corrodent-crack susceptible alloy systems. In a number of such systems the specific ion responsible for cracking is relatively large. The corrosion product formed in a corroding medium containing such ions would imbibe them. Under appropriate conditions, due to their size, the larger ions would tend to diffuse to the region of the oxide film under highest tensile stress where local high tensile stress in the base alloy would be reflected. It is postulated that the appropriate conditions for diffusion are present in stress cracking systems and that the migration of the ion to which cracking is ascribed leads to high local concentrations in turn causing a local increase in corrosivity. Where the physical properties of the alloy are such that crack propagation can occur, stress corrosion cracking results.
Tests of the above hypothesis have been conducted with the chloride-austenitic stainless steel system. It was shown that chloride will migrate reversibly under the influence of tensile stress. It was also shown that the presence of nickel will inhibit the migration of chloride up a tensile gradient and the immunity to cracking of high nickel austenitic stainless alloys is attributed to this effect.
Polarization of Iron in H2S-NaHS Buffers
Authors: BOLMER P. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Effects of H2S concentration, pH, and buffer capacity on the hydrogen evolution reaction are reported. Over-all electrode reaction in the presence of H2S is:
The reaction is limited by H2S diffusion and by hydrogen overvoltage. Above the diffusion current, reaction is by decomposition of HS− or H2O.
Expressions are derived for calculating the pH at the electrode surface at, above and below the diffusion current. After correcting for pH changes, Tafel slopes of 115 mv are found in 10−3 M HS− and 55–70 mv for higher concentrations of HS− below the diffusion current.
Solutions of 10−1 and 10−2 M HS− develop protective films. Anodic polarization curves for these solutions show typical active-passive transitions, with very low residual currents in the passive region.
Morphology and Structure of Oxides Grown on Aluminum In Superheated Steam
Authors: HART R. K. , MAURIN J. K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Four methods (light microscopy, electron microscopy, electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction) have been employed to identify and estimate the-products of reaction of pure aluminum with steam; in a few instances gravimetric measurements were also made. At temperatures between 400 and 450 C (752 and 842 F) and intermediate to high pressures aluminum disintegrated to a white powder product within 6 hours. This powder product was a mixture of α- and γ-alumina together with a small amount of aluminum. At higher temperatures and over the whole pressure range only γ-alumina was formed. The morphology of this material was threefold. A thin, highly resistant film rapidly grew to approximately 300 Å and drastically slowed down the reaction process. Outcropping from this film were oxide crystallites between 0.1 and 1.0 micron in size, as well as thin platelets which grew out from the surface as much as 10 microns. After reaction, specimen surfaces were found to contain numerous gas blisters as well as pits of various shapes and sizes. These pits ranged in size from less than 1 micron up to 300 microns and were located at grain boundaries as well as within metal grains.
Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Simulated Boiling Water and Superheat Reactor Enviroments
Authors: PEARL W. L. , WOZADLO G. P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Results are reported for the continuation1 of extensive corrosion testing of carbon steel exposed in a dynamic test loop simulating the various environments found in a nuclear boiling-water-reactor system. Water and steam conditions were based on 20 ppm oxygen and 2.5 ppm hydrogen in the 546 F (285 C) saturated steam, a condition representative of the radiolytic water decomposition in boiling-water reactors. The pH of the high-purity water was neutral with no chemicals added to the water.
Tests were conducted to study the total corrosion and corrosion product released into the system from isothermal and heat-transfer surfaces as a function of operating conditions. Results of the investigation show that: (a) the corrosion of carbon steel in such an environment is characterized by an initially rapid filming period governed by nonlinear kinetics followed by an essentially linear corrosion rate, (b) once the system has been properly brought to the oxygen and hydrogen contents typical of BWR conditions, essentially no iron is lost to the system in further exposure to such conditions. A theory describing the formation of the protective oxide is proposed.
Additional test results are included for carbon steel exposed to superheated steam at temperatures up to 932 F (500 C).
Effect of Cr Content On Pitting Behavior of Fe-Cr Alloys
Authors: STEIGERWALD R. F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Immersion and applied current studies are used to investigate the pitting behavior of binary Fe-Cr alloys formed both by conventional melting techniques and by diffusion of chromium into mild steel (chromizing). Experiments on both sets of materials show that a chromium content of 28–30 percent is critical for elimination of room-temperature pitting corrosion.
It is proposed that chromium acts to improve the pitting resistance of Fe-Cr alloys by stabilizing passivity, thus reducing pit initiation and slowing pit growth.
The relationship between polarization measurements and pitting is discussed. It is shown that in a simple immersion test pitting occurs at potentials quite different from the “critical” potentials predicted by polarization measurements.
Sulfurous Acid Corrosion of Low Carbon Steel at Ordinary Temperatures - I. Its Nature
Authors: McLEOD W. , ROGERS R. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion rate data are presented for low carbon steel in (1) a combination of sulfur dioxide, water vapor and air, and (2) aqueous solutions of sulfurous acid in the absence of air, at ordinary temperature. Information as to the nature of the corrosion products is presented and it is shown that this depends on the place in which the corrosion takes place to an important extent.
Effect of Grain Size on Stress Corrosion of Type 302 Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: BARNWELL V. L , MYERS J. R. , SAXER R. K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Stress-corrosion cracking of Type 302 austenitic stainless steel exposed to boiling 42 w/o MgCl2 was determined to be grain-size dependent Decreased resistance to cracking observed for the larger grain-sized material was associated tentatively with a decreased incubation period. Incubation period was discussed in terms of a dislocation model for crack initiation. Possibility of a grain-size dependency for the propagation period was considered.
Sulfuric Corrosion of Chromel-Alumel Thermocouples
Authors: CREAMER E. L. , ROZALSKY I. , LOCHMANN W. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
An investigation of premature, catastrophic failures of Chromel-Alumel thermocouples in petroleum refinery service disclosed that failures consisted of intergranular fractures of the Alumel wires caused by sulfidic corrosion. This type of failure was observed in the laboratory to occur in the 649–816 C (1200–1500 F) temperature range and in me presence of sulfides. Sulfur was detected by electron microprobe x-ray analysis in grain boundaries and cracks in failed Alumel wires. Intergranular sulfidic attack also was observed in progress by means of hot-stage metallography.
A mechanism for the observed type of attack is proposed: At temperatures in the 649 C (1200 F) range, sulfur diffuses into grain boundaries of Alumel and forms the nickel sulfide, Ni3S2±x and the eutectic, Ni-Ni3S2±x. Liquefaction of the eutectic above 645 C (1193 F) produces grain separations and wire failure. Above 810 C (1490 F), however, Ni3S2±x is unstable, hence, in this range Alumel corrosion is not limited to grain boundaries only and catastrophic failures do not occur.
The proposed corrosion mechanism may be applicable to other corrosion problems involving nickel and high-nickel alloys.