bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A modification of the FRAD model for personal names in non-Roman languages
Authors: Kimura Maiko 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to propose a modification of the Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD) model to accommodate names in non-Roman languages with diverse writing systems.Design/methodology/approach– The model modifies and clarifies the attributes and relationships regarding non-Roman languages of the current FRAD model, based on the definitions of transliteration, transcription, and Romanization in ISO 5127:2001. The modified model overcomes the problems inherent in the current FRAD model when handling writing systems in non-Roman languages.Findings– The proposed model clearly shows the hierarchy of Controlled Access Points (CAPs). CAPs are either based directly on names or derived from other CAPs. For name or person identification, a CAP and its derivations should be treated as a set. The proposed model also resolves ambiguity in the definition of the word transliteration in the current FRAD model.Originality/value– By establishing new relationships and amending the attributes of the FRAD model, the proposed model better expresses personal names in non-Roman languages as well as names in western languages. It also organizes complex writing systems of non-Roman languages. The proposed model could lead to an improved format for authority data and will facilitate international sharing of data.
Understanding the costing decisions behind terror attacks – an analytical study
Authors: Balasubramaniyan V. 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to study the various theories related to low cost terrorist attacks and factors which act as the key determinants to the costing decision. This research is an endeavour to bring about the factors influencing costing decisions of low cost and high cost terror attacks.Design/methodology/approach– Methodology adopted is a descriptive one which conducts a content analysis on existing theories, based on materials derived from primary as well secondary source data.Findings– This paper argues that the terminology of “low cost terrorism” is ambiguous. This paper states that the nature of attack and the type of attack play an important part in determining the funding levels of terror operations. The decision to taper or increase the cost is more of a “choice” in larger groups but a matter of “compulsion” in smaller groups.Practical implications– In the process, it attempts to enlighten the counter terrorism community on the need to target the criminal fund raising mechanisms of homegrown groups which act as the main funding resource for low cost terror attacks. It also attempts to enlighten the concerned institutions, to increase physical security measures instead of attempting to sever the funding for this low cost terror attacks which is akin to looking for a needle in a haystack.Originality/value– The key findings of this research lies in its originality of presentation of facts in a systematic fashion.
Effectiveness of US anti-money laundering regulations and HSBC case study
Authors: Huang Jimmy Yicheng 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to provide a macro analysis of the USA’s anti-money laundering (AML) legislation. In examining the context and consequences of these regulations, a general determination can be made on the effectiveness of the current US AML legislation. The major AML regulations in the USA are covered under the Bank Secrecy Act, USA Patriot Act and the Office of Foreign Assets Control. It is difficult to determine what constitutes as implementation and maintenance of effective AML Compliance Programs because US federal AML requirements remain largely dynamic. This paper will provide some context to why certain major AML regulations were established as well as the reasoning behind their implementation. This paper will then attempt to determine the effectiveness of current AML regulations, particularly on the banking sector, by looking at several cases of alleged failure to maintain effective AML Compliance Programs. An examination will be conducted on HSBC’s $1.9 billion settlement in 2012 to the US government, as HSBC failed to establish a reasonable AML program according to the US Department of Justice press releases.

Design/methodology/approach
– A brief description of major US AML regulations pertaining to the 2012 HSBC case is first made. Also, a look into the frequency of suspicious activity report (SAR) filings as well as initiated money laundering investigations is made. The paper critically analyzes the Financial Action Task Force (FATF)’s evaluation of US AML regulations.

Findings
– It is evident that the FATF held an accurate evaluation of US AML regulations being both very comprehensive and severely enforced. The main criticism is with the implementation of these regulations driving adverse economic and social effects. Financial institutions fear being charged with not having a proper AML program; this causes banks to be more inclined to inflate SARs as well as engage in financial exclusion. It is difficult to prevent these adverse effects, as they directly result from having strict and comprehensive AML legislation, which is necessary to prevent and detect money being laundered.

Practical implications
– A determination as to whether US AML regulations need strengthening or is too strict in that it causes adverse effects.

Originality/value
– A macro analysis of America’s AML legislation is severely needed. Many papers on the issue lack a thorough description of the large-scale socio-economic effects of the AML programs of American financial institutions.
Shell companies, Latvian-type correspondent banking, money laundering and illicit financial flows from Russia and the former Soviet Union
Authors: Stack Graham 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The paper aims to examine the role played by international shell companies in Latvian-type correspondent banking, who creates the shell companies according to what criteria and the resulting money laundering operations for financial flows from Russia and the former Soviet Union.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper draws on journalist and non-governmental organisations investigations, financial intelligence unit reports, interviews with participants, whistleblower reports and public domain databases to research financial activities shrouded in secrecy with connections to corruption and organised crime.

Findings
– Latvian-type correspondent banking generates for its clients from the former Soviet Union anonymous shell companies en masse across diverse onshore and offshore jurisdictions. The shell companies are vehicles for moving white, grey and black funds from Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet countries through international correspondent banking relations to offshore savings accounts and business suppliers. The creation and administration of the shell companies is handled by para-bank “business introducer” structures that dilute customer documentation.

Research limitations/implications
– This paper does not address the specifics of Latvia’s domestic anti-money laundering (AML) legislation and enforcement thereof.

Practical implications
– Attempts to eradicate shell companies in individual jurisdictions, for instance, by introducing registers of beneficial ownership of companies, may merely displace the phenomenon to other jurisdictions, and thus treat the symptom not the disease.

Originality/value
– This is the first scholarly study of mass use of international shell companies by Latvian-type banking in connection with financial flows from Russia, Ukraine and the former Soviet Union.
Tropical to subpolar gradient in phospholipid composition suggests adaptive tuning of biological membrane function in drosophilids
Authors: Slotsbo Stine , Sørensen Jesper G. , Holmstrup Martin , Kostal Vladimir , Kellermann Vanessa , Overgaard Johannes 
Published: September 2015

Summary

Variation in thermal tolerance among ectotherms has often been associated with a set of structural modifications in their cell membrane that modify the membrane's physical properties to secure appropriate fluidity at different temperatures. These adaptive mechanisms have been found in some insects, including some Drosophila species, but adaptation in phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition has never been examined comprehensively in a large multispecies approach that includes appropriate phylogenetic analysis.

Drosophila species are found in tropical, subtropical and temperate environments and display considerable interspecific variation in thermal tolerance. Here, we measured the PLFA composition of 55 Drosophila species that have previously been characterized for their critical thermal minima (CTmin) which represents a powerful correlate of drosophilids' distribution across thermal clines. All species were reared under common garden conditions, and interspecific variance in CTmin could therefore be related to the metrics of membrane PLFA composition without confounding effects of acclimation or rearing. We hypothesized that cold‐adapted species would have PLFA's with (i) shorter chain length; (ii) higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acid; (iii) higher degree of unsaturation and (iv) lower mean melting point than warm‐adapted species.

Following phylogenetic correction, the data support a highly significant correlation between cold tolerance and both the proportion of unsaturated fatty acid and the degree of unsaturation. Accordingly, we also found a highly significant negative correlation with the estimated mean melting point of PLFAs. Although there was no significant correlation between PLFA length and cold tolerance, the phylogenetically corrected model found PLFA parameters to explain >20% of the variation in cold tolerance when PLFA melting point and length were included. However, further functional assays are still needed to establish how these differences in chemical composition translate into functional differences of cells at low temperature.

The tropical to subpolar gradient in PLFA composition found in this study suggests adaptive tuning of biological membrane function. It is noteworthy that a single measure such as PLFA composition explains more than 20% of the interspecific variance in cold tolerance. Even though PLFA composition is only one of several important physiological characteristics that relate to interspecific differences in cold tolerance, modification of membrane composition is likely an important adaptive trait in insects and perhaps invertebrates in general.
Mapping basement structures in the northwestern offshore of Abu Dhabi from high‐resolution aeromagnetic data
Authors: Salem Ahmed , Ali Mohammed Y. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a case study of mapping basement structures in the northwestern offshore of Abu Dhabi using high‐resolution aeromagnetic data. Lineament analysis was carried out on the derivatives of the reduced‐to‐the‐pole magnetic data, along with supporting information from published geologic data. The lineament analysis suggests three well‐defined basement trends in the north–south, northeast–southwest, and northwest–southeast directions. The reduced‐to‐the‐pole magnetic data reveal high positive magnetic anomalies hypothesized to be related to intra‐basement bodies in the deep seated Arabian Shield. Depth to basement was estimated using spectral analysis and Source Parameter Imaging techniques. The spectral analysis suggests that the intruded basement blocks are at the same average depth level (around 8.5 km). The estimated Source Parameter Imaging depths from gridded reduced‐to‐the‐pole data are ranged between 4 km and 12 km with a large depth variation within small distances. These estimated depths prevent a reliable interpretation of the nature of the basement relief. However, low‐pass filtering of the horizontal local wavenumber data across two profiles shows that the basement terrain is characterized by a basin‐like structure trending in the northeast–southwest direction with a maximum depth of 10 km. Two‐dimensional forward magnetic modelling across the two profiles suggests that the high positive magnetic anomalies over the basin could be produced by intrusion of mafic igneous rocks with high susceptibility values (0.008 to 0.016 SI.
REVIEW: Ants as tools in sustainable agriculture
Authors: Offenberg Joachim 
Published: September 2015

Summary

With an expanding human population placing increasing pressure on the environment, agriculture needs sustainable production that can match conventional methods. Integrated pest management (IPM) is more sustainable, but not necessarily as efficient as conventional non‐sustainable measures.

Being predatory and organized as superorganisms, ants possess traits making them suitable agents in IPM. Recent works on weaver ants Oecophylla spp. showcase ants as highly efficient pest controllers. A synthesis shows that weaver ants can reduce pest numbers and their damage and increase yields in multiple crops. Their efficiency is comparable to chemical pesticides or higher, while at lower costs. They provide a rare example of documented efficient conservation biological control.

Weaver ants share beneficial traits with almost 13 000 other ant species and are unlikely to be unique in their properties as control agents. A synthesis of applied work on other ant species illustrates potentials for control of arthropod pests, weeds and plant diseases in orchards, forestry and arable crops.

Synthesis and applications. By showing that ant biocontrol can match synthetic pesticides in a wide setting of agricultural systems, this review emphasizes the potential of managing ants to achieve sustainable pest management solutions. The synthesis suggests future directions and may catalyse a research agenda on the utilization of ants, not only against arthropod pests, but also against weeds and plant diseases. Lastly, it may stimulate implementation of already proven ant‐based integrated pest management techniques.
Systematic site selection for multispecies monitoring networks
Authors: Carvalho Silvia B. , Gonçalves João , Guisan Antoine , Honrado João P. 
Published: September 2015

Summary

The importance of monitoring biodiversity to detect and understand changes throughout time and to inform management is increasingly recognized. Monitoring schemes should be globally unified, spatially integrated across scales, long term, and cost‐efficient.

We propose a framework to design optimized multispecies‐targeted monitoring networks over large areas. The method builds upon previous developments on systematic conservation planning in terms of optimizing resource allocation in space, and comprises seven steps: (a) determine which questions will be addressed, (b) define species to be monitored, (c) compile occurrence data for all defined species, (d) predict the overall distribution of each species, (e) collect relevant environmental data and identify homogeneous strata, (f) set targets for the minimum number of monitoring sites per species and/or stratum and (g) identify optimal monitoring sites.

We tested whether the monitoring networks designed with our framework have increased performance when compared to networks obtained with simple‐random or stratified‐random sampling by using a set of different indicators. To that end, we designed monitoring networks using optimized and non‐optimized sampling schemes, applied to a case study in Portugal, where the goal was to design a monitoring network for amphibians and reptiles, to complement the one currently established in Spain.

Results allowed us to conclude that monitoring networks designed with our method tend to outperform the non‐optimized ones, in terms of higher species diversity (i.e. higher number of species and equity across monitoring sites), higher representation of environmental strata, and particularly higher coverage of rare species, with less survey effort.

Synthesis and applications. We developed a framework to allocate monitoring sites for multiple species at broad scales using predictive models and optimization algorithms currently applied in systematic conservation planning. This framework presents field survey cost‐efficiency advantages when compared to other standard sampling designs and can significantly contribute to improving the design of monitoring schemes. Thus, we recommend its application to design new multispecies monitoring networks or to extend existing ones.
Strategies for a successful plant invasion: the reproduction of Phragmites australis in north‐eastern North America
Authors: Albert Arnaud , Brisson Jacques , Belzile François , Turgeon Julie , Lavoie Claude 
Published: September 2015

Summary

Knowing the relative contribution of vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction to the dispersal and establishment of exotic plants is crucial for devising efficient control strategies. This is particularly true for the common reed (Phragmites australis), one of the most invasive species in North America.

For the first time, we combined in situ field observations and genetic evidence, based on two genotyping techniques, that is microsatellite markers (SSR) and genotyping by sequencing (GBS), to determine the propagation strategies of this invader at its northern distribution limit in North America and especially in roadside ditches.

Field observations revealed that, in a region where the common reed is already abundant, both seeds and plant fragments contributed to the establishment of new populations. Newly established individuals originated mostly (84%) from seeds rather than fragments, but a larger proportion of individuals originating from fragments survived the second year compared to seedlings.

High genetic diversity among marsh and roadside common reed stands indicated the prime role of sexual reproduction for dispersal. The vast majority of genotypes were found in only one stand; such high genetic variability can only be explained by sexual reproduction. Half the surveyed stands comprised a single clone, suggesting that local expansion mainly occurred vegetatively. As the small proportion of SSR genotypes initially thought to be common between distant stands proved to be distinct (as revealed by GBS data), it is likely that all the stands examined were initially founded by genetically distinct individuals.

Synthesis. Our study suggests that long‐distance dispersal by seeds is important for the common reed, in marshes and roadsides, while both seeds and plant fragments contribute to short‐distance dispersal along roads, at least in regions where the species is already abundant. The success of this invader in North America seems to be attributable to a reproduction strategy combining the advantages of sexuality with those of vegetative propagation. Moreover, this study shows that the GBS approach strongly reduces uncertainties associated with the use of a limited number of markers. This approach is especially valuable for ecologists dealing with an ever‐increasing number of invaders, of which few have identified microsatellite markers.
Quantifying direct vs. indirect effects of nectar robbers on male and female components of plant fitness
Authors: Irwin Rebecca E. , Howell Paige , Galen Candace 
Published: September 2015

SummaryPlants interact simultaneously with both mutualists and antagonists. While webs of plant–animal interactions in natural systems can be highly complex, most interactions can be simplified into those that are either direct (mediated through pairwise interactions) or indirect (mediated through third‐party species). Mechanistic studies of the direct and indirect pathways by which foliar herbivores affect plants have been well explored; however, mechanistic explorations of how floral herbivores, such as nectar robbers, affect total plant fitness via direct vs. indirect pathways have received less attention.The goal of this study was to assess the importance of direct vs. pollinator‐mediated indirect effects of a floral antagonist on female and male components of plant fitness. We focused on the hummingbird‐pollinated plant scarlet gilia,Ipomopsis aggregata, which is nectar‐robbed by the bumblebeeBombus occidentalis. Prior studies have found evidence for pollinator‐mediated indirect effects of robbing on female and male components ofI. aggregatafitness, but the mechanisms by which these indirect effects occur, and experimental evidence supporting or refuting direct effects of robbing, have been lacking.We found no evidence for direct effects of robbing on plant fitness. Robbers did not act as pollinators ofI. aggregatanor did they directly affect seed production by making nectar‐robber holes or removing nectar in hand‐pollinated flowers. Moreover, robbing had no direct effect on pollen production per flower or the ability of pollen from robbed flowers to sire seeds in hand pollinations.However, nectar robbing had indirect effects on plant reproduction mediated through per‐visit pollinator effectiveness at depositing pollen in robbed vs. unrobbed flowers. A simple model of a plant‐robber‐pollinator system suggested that robbing effects in general may occur through more indirect mechanisms when nectar removal by robbers is high relative to nectar replenishment, and that compensation for robbing is then more profitable through the production of additional flowers.Synthesis. Our results highlight the importance of indirect effects in mediating the fitness consequences of species interactions.
Poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase 1 inhibition protects against age‐dependent endothelial dysfunction
Authors: Zhang Guang‐hao , Chao Min , Hui Long‐hua , Xu Dong Ling , Cai We‐li , Zheng Jie , Gao Min , Zhang Ming‐xiang , Wang Juan , Lu Qing‐hua 
Published: September 2015

SummaryAge‐related endothelial dysfunction is closely associated with the local production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within and in the vicinity of the vascular endothelium. Oxidant‐induced DNA damage can activate the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP‐1), leading to endothelial dysfunction in various pathophysiological conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the role of PARP‐1 in age‐dependent changes in endothelial cell function and its underlying mechanism. Wild‐type (WT) and PARP‐1−/− mice were divided into young (2 months) and old (12 months) groups. Isolated aortic rings were suspended to record isometric tension to assess endothelial function. Nitric oxide (NO) production and content in plasma were detected by spectrophotometry. Superoxide ( production was detected by dihydroethidium. Expression of PARP‐1, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and arginase‐2 (Arg2) was assessed by western blot analysis. Endothelium‐dependent relaxation in response to acetylcholine was lost in old WT, but not PARP‐1−/−, mice. Endothelium‐independent vasodilation was not impaired in aging mice. Production of was greater in aging WT mice than young or aging PARP‐1−/− mice. eNOS expression was not affected by aging in WT or PARP‐1−/− mice, but p‐eNOS expression decreased and iNOS and Arg2 levels were upregulated only in aging WT mice. In conclusion, PARP‐1 inhibition may protect against age‐dependent endothelial dysfunction, potentially by regulating NO bioavailability via iNOS. Inhibition of PARP‐1 may help in vascular aging prevention.