bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of the Effectiveness of Nano Pumpkin Peel Extract as an Antioxidant
Authors: Mohsen Zahraa Ali , Abas Wedad Fadhil 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The current study aimed to prepare a nano-extract from pumpkin peels and study its antioxidant effectiveness. The methanolic extract of pumpkin peels loaded with nanoparticles was prepared using the ionic gel method, and was characterized using techniques represented by an ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), in addition to To X-ray scattering (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The results of the diagnosis of nanoparticles by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the nanoparticles are spherical in shape and are of a nanometer size. The size of the particles of the Cu/Cs-NPs nanocomposite ranges in diameter from (53.04-78.05) nanometers and has a relatively homogeneous morphology. Five of the compounds were also identified. Phenolics (Galic acid, Apigenin, kaempferol, Quercetin, Rutin) by matching them with the detention time of standard compounds. The methanolic extract of pumpkin peels gave the highest value of total phenolic content, reaching 84.16 mg/g at a concentration of 50 mg/ml, while the content of total phenols in the Cu/Cs-NPs nanocomposite decreased, compared to the methanolic extract, where the highest value of total phenolics reached 12.21. mg/g at a concentration of 30 mg/ml. In addition, the results of the antioxidant activity in removing free radicals showed that the Cu/Cs-NPs nanocomposite was excelled by average of 59.34% at a concentration of 3 mg/ml over the methanolic extract by average of 92.68% at a concentration of 50 mg/ml.
Study of the Factors Affecting the Import Demand for Table Eggs in Iraq for the Period (2003-2022)
Authors: Muhammad Nagham Rahman , Ibrahim Firas Arhim , Jbara Osamah Kadhim 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The research aimed to conduct an economic and econometric analysis of table egg imports by analyzing some of the variables that affect the imported quantities of table eggs during the research period, where the import of table eggs constituted a large proportion after the year 2003. The research concluded that the demand for imports of table eggs was affected. Positively, the gross domestic product has increased, which has increased significantly in recent years as a result of the rise in global oil prices and because of the lack of controls that limit imports or regulate their work. The results also showed that the increase in relative prices was offset by a relative decrease in the demand for imports of table eggs in the long term, which indicates the flexibility of demand for the imported commodity, where the change in the relative prices of table eggs led to a decrease in imports by a greater percentage due to the presence of local alternatives to table eggs, such as cheese. Milk, etc. Also, the significance of the effect of foreign exchange reserves was not proven and it was negative as it reflected the inverse relationship with imports of table eggs.
Predicting the Food Gap and the Amount of Self-Sufficiency for the Barley Crop in Iraq for the Period (2024-2035)
Authors: Nouri Hani Hatem , Gasim O. A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this research, the food gap and the self-sufficiency rates of the barley crop were studied. The ARIMA grain model and the self-sufficiency rate of the barley crop were used during the period 1990-2022, and the best model was chosen based on the results obtained by this method. This period is divided into two periods, and it can be noted that the first period (1991-2003) was a period in which the economic blockade had a major impact, represented by the war that had an impact on the agricultural sector. As for the second period (2003-2022), which is considered one of the most difficult stages that the country went through due to the security conditions, the opening of imports, the lack of protection for farms, etc., the Box Jenkins time series method and ARIMA models were used to predict the variables of the food gap and self-sufficiency in the barley crop during the years (2024-2035), extracts the autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation results for the time series, determines the ARIMA model ranking, and chooses the best model. The study showed that the best model for the self-sufficiency variable is ARIMA (5,0,1) and the best model for the food gap variable is ARIMA (8,0,8). The research concluded that Iraq suffers from a deficit, and in order to reduce the deficit, achieve self-sufficiency, and narrow the productivity gap, the study recommended following appropriate agricultural policies, increasing the area for barley cultivation, using high-yield seeds, and importing modern irrigation equipment (supplementary irrigation) in the central and southern regions. To address the lack of rain and receding water in the summer season, use highly efficient (triple) fertilizers to meet the needs and requirements of production factors. Emphasis on modern agriculture through agricultural programs will lead to a significant increase in yields, helping to increase self-sufficiency and reduce the food gap.
Obstacles to Extension Communication from the Point of View of Agricultural Employees in Salah Al-Din Governorate / 1
Authors: Younis Latifa Saad , Jassim Mahmoud Hadis 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The research aimed to identify the size of the obstacles to extension communication from the point of view of agricultural employees in Salah al-Din Governorate, as well as to identify the variation in the respondents’ point of view in determining the size of the obstacles to extension communication according to personal factors, which are (job service, participation in extension activities, orientation towards extension work). A questionnaire form was prepared consisting of two sections. The first section included some independent factors related to employees, while the second section included (54) statements, each of which represents a communication obstacle in the field of extension work. The research community included all agricultural employees in the Salah al-Din Governorate Agriculture Directorate and its affiliated agricultural divisions. A simple random sample of (50%) was selected from the agricultural divisions, bringing the number of divisions included in the final research procedures to (13) agricultural divisions that include (230) employees. A percentage (50%) of the employees of each division was selected, so that the number of respondents became (103) after excluding the employees of the Tomato Agriculture Division, who numbered (31) as a survey sample. The results showed that the size of the obstacles to guidance communication from the point of view of employees in Salah al-Din Governorate is average and tends to rise. It also showed that there is a discrepancy in the views of the respondents regarding the size of the obstacles to guidance communication according to some of the personal factors of the respondents. The researchers concluded that there are major communication obstacles facing agricultural employees when assigned to implement extension activities in the research area. The researchers recommend working to provide the necessary capabilities for the work of employees by the Salah al-Din Governorate Agriculture Directorate, providing the necessary capabilities to carry out their extension activities, and involving new employees with employees who have experience in implementing extension activities in order to give them experience when assigned to extension duties.
Economics of Marketing the Yellow Corn Crop in Kirkuk Governorate for the 2022 Production Season
Authors: Talha Reham Salah , Rahim Firas Ibrahim 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The yellow corn crop is considered important from a nutritional and health standpoint for humans due to its high nutritional value because it occupies an important position in the national economy. It is necessary to study this crop from a marketing standpoint and to study the most important marketing routes for the crop. The aim of the research is to determine marketing costs and marketing margin, measure marketing efficiency, and study the factors. The impact of this crop was chosen, and a random sample of (75) farmers who produced yellow corn in Kirkuk Governorate was selected, and information was collected using a questionnaire form for farmers. The production costs for the crop amounted to (155,027) dinars/ton, while the marketing costs for the yellow corn crop were about (28,000) dinars/ton, and the profit per ton for the crop was about (101,973) dinars/ton, which is an encouraging percentage for the farmer to continue the process of producing the crop using modern methods and methods in agriculture. The researcher recommended adopting a number of agricultural policies that support yellow corn farmers instead From a single policy to help farmers achieve a standard of living suitable for them and to protect them from changes in production, prices and climate conditions, which encourages farmers to expand the production of yellow maize.
Standard Economic Study for Analyzing the Production Costs of Wheat and Yellow Corn Crops in Iraq for the Period (2017-2021)
Authors: Frahan Alaa K. , Bandar Sarah A. , Abdi El-Kareem Nahed T. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Studying production costs is significant for any productive facility. Costs represent the total payments that are paid as prices of production factors services during a certain period. They are of the determining factors that influence any productive process for they affect the donum productivity, alternative uses of production elements, and net profit. The research problem is the increase production costs of main grain crops in Iraq, notably wheat and yellow corn, which in turn decreases their rate of return. The cause of this increase is the inefficiency of using agricultural resources. This study uses descriptive and quantitive statistical analysis methods including averages, percentages, and standard figures in order to evaluate the impact of each of cost factors individually. The research aims at studying the development of area, production, Donum productivity, and changes in production costs of wheat and yellow corn in Iraq between 2017-2021. It also aims at studying the relation between productive resources costs and the increase in the Donum production costs for each crop individually in order to find out the influence of each cost item on this increase. The statistical analysis of the period from 2017 to 2021 reveals that the Donum productivity costs generally went upward with an increase of approximately 140,000 and 268,000 Iraqi dinars for wheat and yellow corn respectively. This increase represents 46 % and 54% of the total production costs in the base year (2017). This increase mainly resulted from the increase of labor wages, seeds and fertilizers prices, and irrigation costs for wheat and from the increase of labor wages, seeds prices, and petty cash for yellow corn.
Studying the Relationship Between some Spectral Evidence and the Nutritional Elements of Citrus Orchards in Baqubah
Authors: Khaled Khalil Saadon , Bahjat Khalaf Ahmed , Rahem Bader Basem 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted in three citrus or chord sites (Buhirz, Al-Huwaider, Khan al-Lawalwa) in Baqubah, Diyala, Iraq. The aim of this study to find out the type of relationship between each of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)with nutritional elements. Two sites (Al-Huwaider, Khan al-Lawalwa) were merged to be one site because of the adjacent borders of them Satellite imagery from the (Landsat 8) satellite was captured on 3/7/2022, including the study sites. The study sites were then extracted from the satellite imagery using the ARCgis pro software, and the sample locations were determined, maps were drawn, and spectral evidence values (NDVI, SAVI) were extracted for the purpose of completing the study. Laboratory analyses were conducted on citrus plant leaves taken from the study sites, and the major elements (NPK) were measured. The results show that the determination coefficient (R2) was hash between each of NDVI and SAVI, and nutrients concentration roles, using graphical points in Excel. It was concluded that the determination coefficient for the relationship between the spectral indices and nutrient concentrations is also high, indicating a correlation between the indices and nutrient levels in citrus tree leaves. From these results, it is possible to predict any point in the study sites where there is a deficiency of these nutrients.
Calculating the Environmental Drought Index using the De Martonne Equation for the Rainy Months in Iraq
Authors: Maan Haidar , Al-Taai Osama T. , Halos Saadiyah H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
drought is considered one of the most important problems that still facing humanity despite the great scientific progress, arid and semi-arid form about a third of the land area, and no serious effort has been recorded to change this percentage. This study aims to calculate the drought index by using the De Martonne equation and determine the nature of the climate for the rainy months in ten selected meteorological stations in Iraq (Dohuk, Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Mosul, Baghdad, Rutba, Karbala, Najaf, Nasiriyah, Basra) by using the data of (Temperature, Precipitation) for the period (1980-2022) also, this study aims to show the relationship between the drought index and the amount of precipitation fall and the temperature by calculating the correlation coefficient and to get simple linear regression equations by using sigma plot program. The results showed that the climate change between (extremely-humid, very-humid) during (January, February, and March) and (Mediterranean, semi-arid, very-humid) in (April) And it varies between (arid, semi-arid) in (May, and October) in the northern stations (Dohuk, Mosul, Erbil, Sulaymaniyah), and the climate varies just between (arid, semi-arid) in all rainy months in (Baghdad, Rutba, Karbala, Najaf, Nasiriyah, Basra) stations. The result also showed there was a strong linear correlation between drought index and precipitation Where the correlation coefficient values were recorded between (0.934-0.974), While the correlation coefficient relationship was strong inverse linear correlation where the correlation coefficient values were recorded between ((-0.940) - (-0.996)) in study stations.
Biological Treatment of Agricultural Waste Water Using a Lemna minor L. and Ceratophyllum demersum L. Plant in Dujail City
Authors: Abdel Wahab Farouk Fouad , Khalil Rana Ibrahim 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study’s objective was to treat and repurpose some physical and chemical water contaminants for use in agriculture. It also included the analysis and assessment of certain pollutants compatible with heavy metals. The implementation of the phytoremediation method to treat agricultural waste water was the subject of the study. The purpose of this research is to find out whether Ceratophyllum demersum and Lemna minor.L can be used to remediate water that has been used for farming. For irrigation or other purposes, the research took place in the months of September, October, and November 2023 AD. We looked at and tested a few pollutants, including pH. The study found a noticeable divergence in the measured values of many heavy metals, including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrates (NO3), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), and lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). Research into the feasibility of using C. demersum and L. minor plants to purify agricultural effluent is the primary objective of this project. For irrigation or other purposes, the research took place in the months of September, October, and November 2023 AD. We looked at and tested a few pollutants, including pH. It was shown from the results that the pH values tended to be basic despite the treatment, as they ranged between 7.7-7.8. In terms of treatment techniques, the plant treatment produced the greatest reductions in biological oxygen requirement (BOD5) values. Following treatment, its concentration dropped from 10.4 mg/L to 1.28 and 2.72 mg/L, with removal rates for the solids of both plants being 87.69% and 73.85%, respectively. When compared to the agricultural waste water, total dissolved substances (TDS) clearly indicated a considerable difference. as their concentrations decreased from 1522 mg/L to 844 and 1064 mg/L, with removal rates reaching 44.55% and 30.09%, respectively, for both plants after treatment. Plant nutrients represented by nitrates (NO3) were also recorded. A significant decrease using plant treatment, where the nitrate values after treatment reached 0.65 and 0.37 mg/L, with removal rates of 82.89% and 90.26%, respectively, for both plants. Regarding heavy metals, plant treatment had a high role in removing lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) with high rates of removal efficiency, as lead recorded a value of 0.98 mg/L in the agricultural waste water before treatment, and it became 0 and 0.04 mg/L with removal efficiency. 100% and 95.92%, respectively, for both plants. As for cadmium metal, the plant treatment recorded complete removal of it, reaching 0 and 0 mg/L, with a removal efficiency of 100% and 100%, respectively, for both plants, after its percentage in the agricultural waste water was 0.073 mg/L before treatment.
Anti-Microbial Activity of Aspergillus terreus Bioactive Compounds Extract
Authors: Abbood Zinah Ameer , Abdul Sada Saja Adel , Al-Shammari Rana Hadi H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Microorganisms that possess antimicrobial properties opened up new possibilities in the fight against microbes, A very effective microorganism in combating pathogenic microbes is the Aspergillus terreus. All species of Aspergillus do not have appropriate and similar antimicrobial effects, and it is important to identify and isolate species with antimicrobial effects. In this research, moldy citrus fruits were sampled and Aspergillus was isolated and identified from them. 3 species of Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus niger isolate 1 and Aspergillus niger isolate 2 were isolated. After that, the crude metabolites of these molds were prepared in the liquid culture medium of Sabro dextrose broth in the shaker incubator. Finally, the effect of these metabolites on Staph. saprophyta, Staph. aureus, Strep. Pyrogen, E. coli, and Candida sp. were done on this bacterium through well diffusion by determining the diameter of the growth inhibition halo of each of these metabolites, and then MIC and MBC were calculated. Findings: The average MIC of Aspergillus terreus metabolite on Staphylococcus
aureus was calculated to be 208.33 μl/ml and its average MBC on this bacterium was 416.66 μl/ml. The average MIC of Aspergillus niger metabolite on Staphylococcus
aureus was calculated to be 166.66 μl/ml and its average MBC was determined to be 333.33 μl/ml. with 150, 165, and 180 microliters of Aspergillus niger metabolite, the average diameter of growth inhibition halo was 8, 8, and 8.33 mm, respectively. Aspergillus produces different effects in preventing the growth of microorganisms. Also used was GC-mass analysis to detect some of the bioactive compounds in ethanol excerpts and primary statements that used four excerpts of A. terreus. The most important active composites were detected in 20 different compounds with antimicrobial and antifungal conditioning. Bioactive composites such as Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, Heptadecanoic acid, (E) Octadec-9-enoic acid ethyl, Tetradecanoic acid, Pentadecanoic acid, and Ethyl 9- hexadecenoic.
The Level of Environmental Conservation from the Point of View of Agricultural Employees in the Upper Euphrates Region - Anbar Governorate / Iraq
Authors: Hamed Ammar Abdullah , Abdullah Ahmed Saker 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study sought to assess the degree of environmental conservation as perceived by agricultural workers in the Upper Euphrates region - Anbar Governorate, and to establish any relationship between the level of environmental preservation as perceived by these workers and their personal and communication characteristics. The study sample consisted of agricultural workers in the Upper Euphrates Basin region, specifically in the Anbar Governorate. A representative sample was chosen using a proportional method, resulting in a total of 97 employees who participated in the research procedures. The findings indicated that the overall knowledge level of agricultural employees was moderate and inclined towards being low. Furthermore, a noteworthy correlation was observed between the knowledge level of agricultural employees and several independent factors, including age, academic attainment, participation in training courses, specialization, years of service, sources of information acquisition, and inclination towards environmental preservation. The researchers suggested that the Agricultural Extension Service should carry out extension activities, specifically training courses, focused on environmental pollution prevention. This is aimed at enhancing the employees’ knowledge in this area.
Enhance Tight Oil Reservoir Recovery Based on Co2-Water Flooding as Environmentally Friendly Method: Case Study
Authors: Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Jassam Safiyya A. , Abed Adnan Ajam , Al-Muntaser Ameen A. , Jasim Dheyaa J. , Mohammed Adamu Usman 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In most cases, a tight oil reservoir is characterized by a high capillary pressure, a complex interaction between oil and water, and the absence of a consistent Oil-Water Contact (OWC) or pressure distribution. It is possible that the incorporation of carbon dioxide would be significant due to the fact that it has the capability of reducing the viscosity of crude oil following the injection of CO2 and increasing the sweep efficiency in porous media. Waterflood recovery, on the other hand, has emerged as the preeminent form of oil recovery due to a number of technological and economic factors. This approach is responsible for the vast majority of the oil that is produced around the world. Some of the potential challenges that may be ascribed to water injection include fluid incompatibility, reservoir heterogeneity, early breakthrough through thief zones, permeability deterioration caused by particles in suspension, and clay swelling. These are only some of the potential hurdles. The development of the Sa’di reservoir in the Halfaya oilfield was investigated in this study. The assumption that the reservoir is comprised of four wells provided the basis for the investigation. The Sa’di-B reservoir research has as its major purpose the prediction of future reservoir performance depending on a variety of production scenarios, as well as the selection of the reservoir development strategy that is both the most efficient and the most environmentally friendly. As a consequence of the findings, oil production starts to gradually decrease after five years of production, which is accompanied by an increase in water cut. This is because the reservoir is a type of tight reservoir, and the OWC starts to climb over its normal level. In order to solve this issue, it is recommended that the perforation locations be moved away from OWC. As a result, it is possible to reach the conclusion that the method of increasing crude oil production through the use of carbon dioxide flooding and water re-injection is among the most environmentally benign approaches.