bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probiotics in Milk as Functional Food: Characterization and Nutraceutical Properties of Extracted Phenolics and Peptides from Fermented Skimmed Milk Inoculated with Royal Jelly
Authors: Alu'datt Muhammad H. , Rababah Taha , Obaidat Mohammad M. , Ereifej Khalil , Alhamad Mohammad N. , Mhaidat Nizar , Andrade Juan E. , Johargy Ayman , Ayadi Wafa 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis study evaluated the biological properties of milk fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus with and without several amounts of royal jelly including: total viable count, pH, titratable acidity, antioxidant activity and inhibitory activities of angiotensin 1‐converting enzyme (ACE), α‐amylase, and growth of colorectal (SW480) and skin (MV3) cancer cell lines. The bound phenolic extract after acid hydrolysis had better biological properties. The antioxidant activities increased after 4 h of fermentation time in skimmed milk fortified with royal jelly. Contents of aromatic compounds decreased along fermentation time in skimmed milk with royal jelly. The in vitro inhibitory activities against skin and colorectal cancer growth of fermented skimmed milk were not dependent on fermentation time and concentration of royal jelly. Results revealed the accumulation of hydrolytic bioactive peptides with inhibitory activity of ACE at 24 h.Practical ApplicationsInoculated skimmed milk with different ratios of royal jelly has potential application to manage chronic human diseases including hyperglycemia (type 2 diabetes), hypertension, and breast and skin cancers.
Comparison of Oxygen‐ and Nitrogen‐Enriched Atmospheres on the Growth of Listeria Monocytogenes Inoculated on Poultry Breast Fillets
Authors: Herbert Ulrike , Kreyenschmidt Judith 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe growth behavior of Listeria monocytogenes in the presence of typical spoilage microorganisms on poultry breast fillets (Pseudomonas spp., Brochothrix thermosphacta, Enterobacteriaceae, Lactobacillus spp., total viable count) was investigated. The aim of the study was to compare the growth of L. monocytogenes under oxygen‐ and nitrogen‐enriched atmospheres and to figure out possible interactions between L. monocytogenes and typical spoilage microorganisms on skinless poultry breast fillets. Therefore, the natural meat surface was inoculated with L. monocytogenes and packed under two commonly used gas atmospheres (70% O2/30% CO2 and 70% N2/30% CO2). The atmosphere was monitored over the storage period and typical sensory attributes (color, odor, texture, drip loss and general appearance) were evaluated. The results show that the storage under 70% N2/30% CO2 favored the growth of L. monocytogenes in comparison with the 70% O2/30% CO2. Under nitrogen, L. monocytogenes reached a maximal bacterial count of 5.7 (log10 cfu/g) after approximately 500 h of storage, but no specific microorganism could be identified responsible for the favored growth. The growth of L. monocytogenes was suppressed in the oxygen‐enriched atmosphere, whereas B. thermosphacta dominated the spoilage flora. The results indicate that the combination of high oxygen with carbon dioxide and possible interactions with the spoilage background flora cause a delay of the L. monocytogenes growth under 70% O2/30% CO2.Practical ApplicationsFresh poultry meat has become an increasingly popular food during the last 10 years due to its beneficial nutritional composition. From the microbiological point of view, raw poultry meat is sensitive for microbial growth because of its physical and chemical properties. In this context, the prediction of the growth of foodborne pathogenic bacteria e.g., Listeria monocytogenes is of vital importance to ensure a safe poultry production. Therefore, packaging under modified atmosphere conditions is widely established to improve the quality, shelf life as well as safety aspects. Taking into account that the growth of L. monocytogenes is also influenced by the natural spoilage flora of poultry reflects that interactions between the microorganisms have to be considered while packaging poultry filets under modified atmosphere conditions. The present study shows how two commonly used gas mixtures for poultry influence the outgrowth of L. monocytogenes in the presence of the natural background flora.
In Vitro Removal of T‐2 Toxin by Yeasts
Authors: Zou Zhongyi , Sun Jianli , Huang Fei , Feng Zhi , Li Minji , Shi Ruiting , Ding Junxia , Li Hongjun 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFive yeast strains were tested for their ability to remove T‐2 toxin from yeast extract peptone dextrose medium. The ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1221 (SC1221) was the strongest among five strains, and 36.50 ± 1.40% of T‐2 toxin was removed after incubation at 30C for 96 h. The mode of removal was physical binding rather than biotransformation. The total amount of T‐2 toxin released from viable Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1221 cell–toxin complexes was 37.39 ± 0.48% of total bound T‐2 toxin, respectively, after three times of washing with phosphate buffered saline, which was 8.17 ± 0.75% after incubation with simulated gastric fluid at 37C for 4 h, and which was 13.22 ± 0.61% after incubation with simulated intestinal fluid at 37C for 4 h, respectively.Practical ApplicationsT‐2 toxin is the most toxic trichothecene, which is commonly found in cereal grains, animal feed and human food produced from contaminated grains. The best solution for decontamination should be detoxification by microorganisms, giving a possibility for removal of mycotoxins under mild conditions, without using harmful chemicals and significant losses in nutritive value and palatability of decontaminated food and feed. Yeasts have immense potential as tools in tackling the problem of mycotoxins in cereal‐based foods and in animal feeds. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of food‐grade yeast strains on the removal of T‐2 toxin in vitro. Results of this study indicated that the strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1221 (SC1221) has a strong ability to remove T‐2 toxin. Therefore, this strain could be potentially applied in food and feed industry for detoxification of T‐2 toxin.
Criticality of Seven Specialty Metals
Authors: Panousi Stefania , Harper E. M. , Nuss Philip , Eckelman Matthew J. , Hakimian Ali , Graedel T. E. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryEvaluating metal criticality is a topic that addresses future metals supply and that has inspired research in corporations, academic institutions, and governments. In this article, we apply a comprehensive criticality methodology to seven specialty metals—scandium (Sc), strontium (Sr), antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), mercury (Hg), thallium (Tl), and bismuth (Bi)—at the national and global levels for 2008. The results are presented along with uncertainty estimates in a three‐dimensional “criticality space” comprised of supply risk (SR), vulnerability to supply restriction (VSR), and environmental implications (EI) axes. The SR score is the highest for antimony over the medium term (i.e., 5 to 10 years), followed very closely by bismuth and thallium; for the long term (i.e., a few decades), the highest SR is for thallium, followed very closely by antimony. Strontium and barium, followed very closely by mercury, have the lowest SR over the medium term, and mercury has the lowest SR over the long term. Mercury has the highest EI score. For VSR, thallium is the most vulnerable at both the national level (for the United States) and global level, followed by strontium at both levels. In general, specialty metals are found to possess a unique mix of sparse data, toxicity concerns (in some cases), and inadequate or nonexistent substitutes for a number of specialized uses, a situation that would seem to demand increased effort in acquiring the information needed to characterize specialty metal criticality with more rigor and transparency than is currently possible.
High doses of caffeine reduce in vivo osteogenic activity in prepubertal rats
Authors: Shin Jiwon , Choi Yuri , Kim Jisook , Yu A‐Ram , Shin Ji‐Soo , Choi Yun‐Young , Roh Jaesook 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCaffeine adversely affects endochondral ossification during fetal skeletal growth, and results in increased incidence of delayed and abnormal fetal skeletal development. Chronic caffeine intake also decreases growth hormone secretion. Thus, it is conceivable that caffeine may disrupt bone growth during the peripubertal period. This study aimed to investigate the impact of high‐caffeine consumption on bone growth throughout puberty. A total of 51 male rats (21 days old) were divided randomly into three groups: a control group and two groups fed caffeine via gavage with 120 and 180 mg kg−1 day−1 for 4 weeks. After death, the final length and weight of leg bones were measured, and the tibia processed for histomorphometric analysis. Caffeine caused a significant decrease in body mass gain. This was accompanied with proportional decreases in lean body mass and body fat. In addition, bone mass and osteogenic activity in vivo were assessed using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and 18F‐NaF positron emission tomography. The results showed significant decreases of bone mass and in vivo osteogenic activity in the caffeine‐fed groups. Rats fed with caffeine showed a significantly shorter and lighter tibia and femur and the vertebral column compared with controls. In addition, caffeine does not increase the width of the growth plates (GPs), it slows the rate at which the GP closes due to a slower rate of growth. These results demonstrated that caffeine altered osteogenic activity, leading to delayed peripubertal longitudinal bone growth and maturation. Given that osteogenic cells undergo dynamic changes in metabolic activity and that the pubertal growth spurt is mainly stimulated by growth hormone/insulin‐like growth factor‐1 and sex steroids during pubertal development, caffeine could suppress ossification by interfering with both physiological changes in hormonal secretion and osteogenic activity during this critical period. Further study will be needed to investigate the cellular/molecular mechanism by which caffeine affects osteogenesis using in vitro experimental models.
COPING IN YOUNG PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Authors: Muhammad Shahid , Milford David V. , Carson Amanda , Young Harry , Martin Colin R. 
Published: June 2015

SUMMARYBackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible disease with physiological, psychological and psychosocial challenges, especially for young people.ObjectivesThe objective of this phenomenological study was to identify coping strategies in two groups of young people aged 12–18 years. In one group, the young people were healthy and in the other group, the young people had stage 4–5 CKD.DesignYoung people with CKD (stages 4–5) (n = 7) (mean age = 11.5 yrs.) and young healthy people (n = 7) (mean age = 14 yrs.) were recruited from a Children's Hospital and Youth Club respectively, and were invited to take part in one face‐to‐face, semi‐structured interview.FindingsData analysis showed 11 different coping themes.ConclusionIt can be concluded from the interviews that young healthy people and those with CKD alike, utilise a range of coping strategies. The themes derived can prompt researchers to potentially develop a coping measure for a young CKD population. However, a longitudinal study would help to recognise coping strategies young people adopt over time and provide a pathway for the development of a formal coping framework.
Intestinal permeability in children with recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms
Authors: Barreto Mario , Evangelisti Melania , Principessa Luigi , Simmaco Maurizio , Negro Valentina , Lionetto Luana , Campisano Martina , Villa Maria Pia 
Published: June 2015

AimIncreased intestinal permeability has been reported in asthmatic subjects as well as in patients with gastrointestinal disease, thus suggesting the involvement of all the mucosal immune system. We aimed to assess intestinal permeability according to recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms in children with asthma and children with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs).MethodsIn 108 outpatients aged 3–14 years (45 asthmatic, 63 with FGIDs), we measured the urinary lactulose/mannitol (L/M) ratio, performed allergy skin prick tests and administered questionnaires for recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms starting from at least 2 months which persisted over the previous 4 weeks. L/M ratios were compared with previously reported normal values yielded by our chromatographic method (liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry).ResultsHigh L/M ratios (>0.030) were less frequent in asthmatic children than in children with FGIDs (9/45: 20% vs. 41/63: 65%, P < 0.001). High L/M ratios were associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in 8/9 asthmatic (P < 0.05) and 39/41 subjects with FGIDs (P < 0.005). L/M ratios were not associated with respiratory symptoms or atopy. In a regression model, a high L/M was predicted by low height, absence of asthma and presence of gastrointestinal symptoms (r = 0.72, P < 0.001).ConclusionsIncreased intestinal permeability is associated with recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms rather than with recurrent respiratory symptoms in both asthmatic children and those with FGIDs. Our findings do not support the hypothesis of mucosal intestinal damage following an inflammatory stimulus in the respiratory mucosa.
Prospective surveillance of hospitalisations associated with varicella in New Zealand children
Authors: Wen Sophie Chien‐Hui , Best Emma , Walls Tony , Dickson Nigel , McCay Hamish , Wilson Elizabeth 
Published: June 2015

AimVaricella is a vaccine‐preventable disease not notifiable in New Zealand (NZ), and varicella vaccine is not funded in the National Immunisation Schedule (NIS). Hospitalisations can occur because of bacterial secondary infection and other complications, which can result in long‐term sequelae. Varicella may not be acknowledged in discharge coding when complications occur weeks after infection. Using the New Zealand Paediatric Surveillance Unit (NZPSU), the aim of this study was to document the hospitalisation burden of this disease.MethodsCases (0–14years) of varicella and post‐varicella complications requiring hospitalisation, including stroke syndromes where varicella occurred in the preceding 6 months, were notified to NZPSU between 1 November 2011 and 31 October 2013. Herpes zoster cases were excluded. Questionnaires were used to capture demographics, clinical features, management and short‐term outcomes.ResultsOne hundred seventy‐eight notifications were received and 144 were confirmed cases. Overall incidence was 8.3/100 000 children per year. Fifty‐two per cent were women with a median age of 2.4 years. Māori and Pacific Island (PI) children accounted for 74% of hospitalisations, with incidence rate ratios compared with European children of 2.8 and 3.9, respectively (P < 0.01). Complications included: infection (75%), respiratory (11%), neurological (11%), electrolyte disturbance (6%) and haemorrhagic varicella (4%). Nine per cent were immunocompromised. Median duration of hospital admission was 4 days with 9% requiring intensive care admission. There were no reported deaths; however, 19% had ongoing problems at discharge.ConclusionVaricella has more associated morbidity than commonly perceived in immunocompetent children. Māori and PI children are more likely to have complications. This surveillance gives support for inclusion of universal varicella vaccine in the NZ NIS.
Shakespeare's Living Law: Theatrical, Lyrical, and Legal Practice
Authors: Strain Virginia Lee 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article examines the state of Shakespeare and Law studies in its early twenty‐first century incarnation. Departing from the long tradition of attending to the law's thematic resonance in Shakespeare's plays in order to extrapolate ahistorical ethical questions, critical work of the last decade has instead meticulously contextualized the literary texts in relation to an early modern legal culture that was a significant source of common experiences and accessible modes of analyzing experience. After an introduction to the scope of the field, the article zooms in on several key studies that explore the role of law in the development of Shakespeare's lyric and drama: I highlight works on the neglected topic of legal language in the Sonnets and on legal culture's contribution to dramatic narrative and mimetic innovation. I examine these projects in some detail in order to showcase critical methods that attend to the technicalities of both literary and legal language, concepts, forms, practices, and contexts with exceptional precision. I thereby situate the reader within a field that is rapidly coalescing by means of genuinely transformative contributions to Shakespeare studies and early modern legal history.
Shakespeare and Animal Studies
Authors: Raber Karen 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article examines the evolution of criticism that focuses on the representation of animals in Shakespeare. While animals have always been a topic of interest to Shakespeare critics, recent decades have seen the emergence of a coherent body of theoretically informed work that investigates the cultural, material, and ideological work that animals perform. Shakespeare's plays and poems have become the ground from which challenges to the human‐animal divide, Cartesian mind‐body dualism, and other powerful manifestations of “the anthropological machine” can be successfully mounted. The article considers debates within the field and takes account of new directions in the scholarship, arguing that continued and reciprocal engagement between Shakespeare criticism and animal studies enlivens both.
Sociolinguistic Variation and Language Contact
Authors: Ravindranath Maya 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn a world where most individuals speak more than one language and most languages are in contact with other languages, the study of language in its social context must take into account language contact. Two central questions in the study of language contact and change are (1) whether social or linguistic factors are primary in predicting the outcomes of contact; and (2) whether change in the context of contact is a foregone conclusion. Quantitative studies of sociolinguistic variation provide an effective means of observing change in progress, but the majority of such studies have focused on monolingual speakers/communities. This article gives a brief summary of the study of language contact in variationist sociolinguistics before turning to a discussion of the types of data and approaches best suited to answering the question of how and when contact causes change in multilingual communities. Recognizing that the description of a multilingual community involves more social parameters and more inter‐individual variation than a monolingual one, this article focuses on a core list of social factors to consider in studies of variation and change in multilingual communities, organized so that possible intersections may also be considered.
White Hip‐hoppers
Authors: Cutler Cecelia 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAdolescence is a time when many young people begin experimenting with and ‘trying on’ different identities. This process manifests itself in the linguistic choices that they make as they try to signal alignments with particular ethnic groups, subcultures, or lifestyles. The phenomenon of European American or ‘White’ youth who style their speech using features of African American English (AAE) and Hip Hop Nation Language (HHNL) to project their orientation to Hip Hop culture illustrates how this process may involve crossing ethnolinguistic boundaries.This article reviews the dynamics of this phenomenon, how it intersects with sociolinguistic theories of style, and the implications of incorporating discussions about language variation, AAE, and Hip Hop in urban, ethnic minority schools.
Hong Kong English: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Perspectives
Authors: Sung Chit Cheung Matthew 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHong Kong English (HKE) has been the subject of a growing body of research over the last few decades. This article presents an overview of research into HKE from both linguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. The first section reviews the linguistic features of HKE at phonological, grammatical and lexical levels as documented in the literature. In the second section of the article, the development of HKE as a ‘new’ variety of English is discussed from a sociolinguistic viewpoint, with a view to addressing the question of in which phase HKE is currently situated according to Schneider's (2007) Dynamic Model of evolution for New Englishes. A review of the literature suggests that HKE displays a number of phonological, grammatical and lexical features which makes HKE distinguishable from other varieties of English, with the majority of these features attributable to the influence of Cantonese, the first language of the majority of HKE speakers. With reference to Schneider's model, the article suggests that HKE can be situated in phase 3 and is considered an ‘emergent’ variety with its norms still in the process of developing. While there are signs of increasing awareness of HKE as a distinct variety in the local community, ambivalent attitudes towards the acceptability of HKE as the linguistic norm still exist. It remains to be seen whether HKE will eventually reach phase 4 and become an autonomous variety of English in the near future. This review ends by suggesting several further research directions with respect to the study of HKE.
DYNAMICS OF SEDIMENTATION AND USE OF GENETIC ALGORITHMS FOR ESTIMATING SEDIMENT YIELDS IN A RIVER: A CRITICAL REVIEW
Authors: JAIYEOLA ADESOJI T. , BWAPWA JOSEPH K. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe presence of sediments in a river is one of the major factors that characterize the river. The presence of sediment in any water resource is detrimental to its design purpose and it scratches any structure such as bridge foundations, conduit pipes, and turbine blades it comes into contact with while in motion and this leads to their eventual failure under load. The correct estimation of sediment yield transported by a river is indispensable in water resources engineering as sediment affects its hydraulic structure. The use of mathematical modeling algorithms such as genetic algorithms (GA) has proved to be very accurate in predicting sediment load in a river. The analogy behind GA is that genes in DNA functions are manipulated in specific ways through specific transcription operations. Therefore, applying the same logical operators to selected parameters relevant to sediment loads in rivers leads to mathematical prediction of the sediment load. This review article discusses the dynamic of sedimentation and analyses the use of GA as a hydrological model for accurately predicting sediment yield in a river, its potentials and shortcomings while recommending its modification.