bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of fire retardants based on N and P and poly(sodium silicate-aluminum dihydrogen phosphate) (PSADP) and testing the flame-retardant properties of PSADP impregnated poplar wood
Authors: Zhang Xiaoteng , Mu Jun , Chu Demiao , Zhao Yang 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The development of fire retardants (FRs) is an approximative process of optimization. In this context, a novel water-soluble formulation with poly(sodium silicate-aluminum dihydrogen phosphate) (PSADP) has been developed, aiming at reduced hygroscopicity and enhanced leaching resistance of poplar wood in combination with nitrogen-phosphorus (NP) FR (FRNP). After treatment of wood with FRNP and PSADP in vacuum, the following data of the samples were determined: rate of hydroscopicity, leaching resistance, heat release rate (HRR), total HR (THR), effective combustion heat, mass loss, and concentration of flue gas. FR distribution in the wood’s inner surface was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). Results show that PSADP and FRNP have favorable synergistic effects on moisture resistance and flame retardance. Smoke density (SD) of NP and PSADP treated samples shows a significant reduction relative to that of NP. NP-PSADP treated samples form more char with carbon layers of higher density. At the same time, FRNP-PSADP is evenly distributed over the inner wood surfaces and penetrates the cell cavities of the poplar wood.
Computational Fluid Dynamics-Based Hydrodynamics Studies in Packed Bed Columns: Current Status and Future Directions
Authors: Malang Jameson , Kumar Perumal , Saptoro Agus 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
A careful review of the literature reveals that extensive research has been done on the hydrodynamics in packed bed columns using turbulence models. It can be noted that the choice of turbulence model is influenced by the number of phases, type of fluid, Reynolds number range and the type of packing. Thus, comparison of turbulence models for the selection of a suitable model assumes great importance for the better prediction of flow pattern. This is due to the fact that poor prediction of the flow pattern can lead to a limited heat and mass transfer model as the rate of transfer processes in packed bed is governed by the hydrodynamics of the packed bed. The aim of this paper is to give a review of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based hydrodynamics studies of packed bed columns with the primary interest of studying pressure drop and drag coefficient in packed beds. From the literature survey in Science Direct database, more than 48,000 papers related to packed bed columns have been published with more than 3,000 papers focused on the hydrodynamic studies of the bed to date. Unfortunately, there are only a few studies reported on the hydrodynamics of packed columns under supercritical fluid condition. Therefore, it is imperative that the future work has to focus on the hydrodynamics of supercritical packed column and particularly on the selection of suitable turbulence model.
Transesterification of Degummed Jatropha curcas Oil Using Tri-potassium Phosphate as Base Catalyst
Authors: Satyanarayana Murthy Y. V. V. , Resapu Rajeswara R. , Satyanarayana M. R. S. , Jogi Ramakrishna 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Jatropha curcas oil and methanol are transesterified using potassium triphosphate as base catalyst. The effects of methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, stirring speed, catalyst concentration, solubility and its reusability on the yield of biodiesel are investigated. The base catalyst tri-potassium phosphate (K3PO4) is found to be highly suitable for oils having less than 1.5% free fatty acids (FFA). Highest biodiesel yield (approximately 92%) is acquired under optimum conditions of 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 2% catalyst at 70°C reaction temperature at a stirring speed of 650 rpm. The chemical activity of K3PO4 is found to be similar to that of base catalyst potassium hydroxide (KOH) and the catalyst solubility in biodiesel as determined by atomic absorption spectra is only 4.81 ppm. It has been found that K3PO4 is highly hygroscopic and its reusability drastically decreases upon further usage and it can be reused only in wetted condition for three continuous usages with drastic reduction in catalytic strength. The biodiesel samples prepared were tested for several physicochemical properties and compared with the values of European biodiesel standards. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), also referred to as jatropha methyl esters (JME) in this paper, have been analyzed by gas chromatography and thermogravimetric analysis.
Dying with dementia: most frequent symptoms. A review of the literature / Sterben mit Demenz: die häufigsten Symptome. Eine Literaturübersicht
Authors: Koppitz Andrea , Waldboth Veronika , Dreizler Jutta , Imhof Lorenz 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Sensing, observing and interpreting the symptoms of persons suffering from dementia is very challenging. The difficulties lie in their restricted capacity to communicate and irregular transitions from a chronic-stable to an acute-critical condition both in the course of their symptoms and in the slow but continuous process of deterioration.
The aim of this integrative literature review was to identify the symptoms dementia patients present in the final twelve months of their lives and to identify instruments for symptom assessment. To this end, a comprehensive literature search within the electronic databases Medline® (PubMed), Cinahl® (EBSCO), PsycINFO® (OVID) and Cochrane Library for systematic reviews® and for clinical trials® in both German and English was performed including publications from January 2000 to July 2012.
Six symptoms were identified as frequent and common in the end-of-life phase of people with dementia: respiratory distress, pain, mood swings, restricted mobility, restricted food and fluid intake and behavioural and psychosocial symptoms. Knowledge of atypical symptom manifestation requires critical reflection about perceptions and observations, interpretation of these observations, development of assumptions and location within the context of everyday life in the meaning of clinical reasoning.
“Amaphi ama-subjects eniwa-enjoy-ayo esikolweni?”: Code-switching and language practices among bilingual learners in the Eastern Cape
Authors: Ron Simango Silvester 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe speech behaviour in which at least two distinct languages are used in the same conversation (code-switching) is a pervasive feature found in the language produced by fluent bilinguals, particularly when the speakers engage in informal conversation. The multilingual context of South Africa ensures that code-switching is not only a common phenomenon, but that it is probably the most natural speech pattern for presenting multiple identities of self. This study explored the language practices of isiXhosa learners at different stages of an English-medium grade school to determine (a) the stage at which code-switching between isiXhosa and English emerges as a feature of informal speech and (b) the extent to which increased competence in English affects the nature of code-switching which may in turn serve as an indicator of language shift from isiXhosa to English. The study revealed that as early as the Foundation Phase code-switching seems to be a prominent feature of informal speech in certain contexts. More importantly the study revealed that, contrary to expectations, increased competence in English does not necessarily lead to language shift from isiXhosa to English, but rather it leads to more integrated usage of both English and isiXhosa.
Investigating literacy narratives among ethno-linguistically diverse South African students
Authors: Carstens Adelia 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article reports on a study of pre-service teachers’ literacy narratives in a South African institution of higher learning. Literacy self-narratives of 57 students were collected and analysed for categories and themes under narrator and sponsor identities through the use of AtlasTi software. The results of the study show the role of historical, cultural and political contexts in shaping literacy identities of student teachers. The results also show huge disparities of literacy experiences among different racial and gender groupings, which highlight social and educational opportunities. Using New literacies and Multiliteracies frameworks, I consider how these literacy challenges may be transformed to facilitate a just and equitable society. Particular implications of the students’ constructions of literacy identities are considered at the end of the article.
Chemical Composition and Amounts of Mineral Elements in Honeybee-Collected Pollen in Relation to Botanical Origin
Authors: Taha El-Kazafy Abdou 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This study was conducted at the apiary of the Agricultural and Veterinary Training and Research Station, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. The purpose was to study the relationship between the botanical origin and chemical composition of bee-collected pollen. The amount of mineral elements present in bee-collected pollen was also studied. The composition of pollen loads showed the maximum contents of dry matter, ash, glucose, fructose, magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and manganese (Mn) for the date palm; the maximum contents of protein, calcium (Ca), and zinc (Zn) for alfalfa; the maximum contents of fiber, and copper (Cu) for the sunflower; the maximum contents of the lipids and iron (Fe) for summer squash; and the maximum contents of sodium (Na), and potassium (K) for rape. Calcium was found to be correlated in a significantly (p<0.01) positive way with K, Na, Mg, P, Mn, and Zn. Copper, though, was correlated in a significantly (p<0.01) negative way with Ca, Mg, P, Mn, and Zn. The high levels of protein, ash, glucose, and fructose, and low lipid content found in bee-pollen from the date palm and from alfalfa, mean that pollen from the date palm and from alfalfa make an excellent food supplement. It was concluded, that the chemical composition of beecollected pollen can be correlated with the plant species from which pollen was collected.
The Effects of Pollen Protein Content on Colony Development of the Bumblebee, Bombus Terrestris L.
Authors: Baloglu Güney Hikmet , Gurel Fehmi 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The effects of pollen protein content on the colony development of Bombus terrestris were investigated by feeding queens and queenright colonies with four different pollen diets. We used three kinds of commercially available pure pollen (Cistus spp. 11.9%, Papaver somniferum 21.4%, and Sinapis arvensis 21.8% crude protein). We also used a mixture which was made up of equal weights of these pure pollens (18.4 % crude protein). All queens and colonies were fed with sugar syrup and pollen diets ad libitum (28 ± 1 ℃, 65 ± 5% RH). Until there were 50 workers reached, colonies fed with the Cistus pollen diet (167.4 ± 28.9 g) consumed significantly more pollen than colonies fed with the Papaver pollen diet (140.7 ± 15.7 g), the mixed pollen diet (136.2 ± 20.1 g) or colonies fed with the Sinapis pollen diet (132.4 ± 22.6 g). The date when there were 50 workers reached was approximately one week later in the colonies fed with the Cistus, and colonies fed with the Papaver diet than in the colonies fed with the Sinapis diet, and for colonies fed with the mixed pollen diets. Considering 8 tested criteria, the best performances were observed using the Sinapis, and using the mixed pollen diets. The lowest performances were observed using the Cistus pollen diet. Results showed that pollen sources play an important role in commercial bumblebee rearing. Results also showed that the polyfloral pollen diets are more suitable for mass rearing of bumblebees than the unifloral pollen diets.
Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Properties of Aqueous Ethanol Extracts from Monofloral Bee Pollen
Authors: Zhang Hongcheng , Wang Xue , Wang Kai , Li Chunyang 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Bee pollen has been used for many years in traditional medicine and supplementary nutrients. Bee pollen is mainly composed of nutrients and bioactive substances which might act as potential antioxidants and tyrosinase inhibitors. In this study, 14 species of monofloral bee pollen from China were collected to analyse their antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory properties. Our results revealed that virtually all the bee pollen samples possessed powerful antioxidant or tyrosinase inhibitory activities. These properties varied greatly depending on the fl oral species and extraction solvents. To extract phenolics of various species of bee pollen, the most effective solvent may be a solvent which is a 75 wt. % ethanol/water. Extracts of wuweizi, rape, phellodendron, apricot, and dandelion pollen had stronger antioxidant activities; on the other hand, those of apricot, camellia, and sunflower presented excellent tyrosinase inhibitory activities. In addition, we may have found a novel discovery: that apricot pollen exhibits both powerful antioxidant and strong tyrosinase inhibitory activities.
The Valuation of a Patent through the Real Options Approach: A Tutorial
Authors: Iazzolino Gianpaolo , Migliano Giuseppe 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe importance of knowledge and other intangible activities for the success of an enterprise have been broadly recognized over the last few years. In this paper a tutorial is illustrated on the valuation of a patent through the real options approach (ROA), since the use of the discounted cash flow (DCF) methods, such as the net present value (NPV), seems to show issues when evaluating opportunities, such as the ones offered by intangible activities. The logic underlying ROA is tightly based on financial options and, in this sense, uncertainty can be seen as an opportunity, and not necessarily as a threat and its effect on the value of an activity can become positive. The patent analysed (registered in 2009) is a patent by the Alfa Group (this is not the real name of the firm but is used here for privacy reasons), which is a worldwide leader in the production of Getters, metallic elements that, through a chemical absorption process, keep the devices in which they are embedded in vacuum status. Such equipment is used in lightning systems, monitor screens, flat screen TVs, etc. In this tutorial, an ROA has been developed in order to demonstrate how the value of intangible assets can be estimated by using an Italian case study that can be useful for further studies and uses.
The distribution of quadratic residues and non-residues in the Goldwasser–Micali type of cryptosystem. II
Authors: Justus Benjamin 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
We provide three statistical laws concerning the limit distribution of quadratic residues and quadratic non-residues in

ℤ
/
N
ℤ

${\mathbb {Z}/N\mathbb {Z}}$

, where

N
=
p
q

${{N= pq}}$

is
an RSA modulus used in the Goldwasser–Micali cryptosystem.
Conservation-dissipation formalism of irreversible thermodynamics
Authors: Zhu Yi , Hong Liu , Yang Zaibao , Yong Wen-An 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
We propose a conservation-dissipation formalism (CDF) for coarse-grained descriptions of irreversible processes. This formalism is based on a stability criterion for non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The criterion ensures that non-equilibrium states tend to equilibrium in long time. As a systematic methodology, CDF provides a feasible procedure in choosing non-equilibrium state variables and determining their evolution equations. The equations derived in CDF have a unified elegant form. They are globally hyperbolic, allow a convenient definition of weak solutions, and are amenable to existing numerics. More importantly, CDF is a genuinely nonlinear formalism and works for systems far away from equilibrium. With this formalism, we formulate novel thermodynamics theories for heat conduction in rigid bodies and non-isothermal compressible Maxwell fluid flows as two typical examples. In these examples, the non-equilibrium variables are exactly the conjugate variables of the heat fluxes or stress tensors.
The new theory generalizes Cattaneo's law or Maxwell's law in a regularized and nonlinear fashion.
Anti-Müllerian hormone in children: a ten-year prospective longitudinal study (EarlyBird 39)
Authors: Jeffery Alison , Streeter Adam J. , Hosking Joanne , Wilkin Terence J. , Nelson Scott M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAnti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is produced by Sertoli cells of the testes and granulosa cells of the ovary. There are limited prospective longitudinal data assessing AMH concentrations throughout childhood in both sexes.This study aimed to examine AMH throughout childhood with particular reference to the relationship of AMH to pubertal development in both sexes.This is a prospective longitudinal non-intervention cohort study with annual sampling for participants aged 5–14 years.Community cohort study.A total of 307 healthy children (170 boys) recruited at 5 years from randomly selected schools in Plymouth, UK, participated in this study. Data sets are complete in 76% of the children at 14 years of age.Annual measures of serum AMH, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), Tanner stage (TS).Boys: AMH was stable from 5 to 7 years, increased slightly from 8 to 10 years, then declined at TS2. This decline was preceded by rising FSH and the appearance of LH. AMH correlated inversely with gonadotrophic hormones during puberty. Girls: AMH increased slightly between 6 and 10 years, peaking during the final prepubertal year before returning to near baseline levels at TS3. Inverse correlations between AMH and FSH were apparent during the prepubertal years.Our longitudinal data clarified the development of individual AMH levels over a 10-year period. We described modest late prepubertal peaks in both boys and girls, and confirmed the pubertal decline in boys. The inverse association of AMH with gonadotrophins in young females supports its role as a marker of ovarian function, while the precise role for AMH in relation to testicular function in young males remains unclear.
Evaluation of the relationship between serum adropin levels and blood pressure in obese children
Authors: Altincik Ayça , Sayin Oya 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of obesity and related cardiovascular comorbodities is increasing rapidly. Adipokines play a major role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related inflammation and hypertension.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum adropin levels in obese children and to determine the relationship between adropin levels and blood pressure (BP) in the pediatric age group.

Methods: Forty obese children (mean age: 12.5±2.5 years; male/female ratio: 18/22) and 15 healthy controls (mean age: 15±3.14 years; male/female ratio: 5/15) were included in the study. Serum adropin levels, and a number of laboratory and clinical variables were compared. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed on obese subjects. Relationship between adropin levels and BP variables was examined.

Results: Serum adropin levels were significantly lower in obese subjects than in healthy controls (193.56±94 vs. 289±187 pg/mL, p=0.03). Adropin levels were correlated negatively with body mass index z-score (r=−0.56; p=0.034). There was no correlation between serum adropin levels and laboratory variables in obese subjects. Five of the patients (12.5%) were nondipper, and nine of the patients (22.5%) had hypertension. There was no significant correlation between serum adropin levels and BP variables.

Conclusion: Serum adropin levels were significantly lower in obese children; however, there was no correlation between serum adropin levels and BP variables. Further studies are needed to determine the role of adipokines on BP.
Properties of k-beta function
with several variables
Authors: Rehman Abdur , Mubeen Shahid , Safdar Rabia , Sadiq Naeem 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
In this paper, we discuss some properties of beta function of several variables which are the extension
of beta function of two variables. We define k-beta function of several variables and derive some properties of this
function which are the extension of k-beta function of two variables, recently defined by Diaz and Pariguan [4].
Also, we extend the formula Γk(2z) proved by Kokologiannaki [5] via properties of k-beta function.
Kinetics of reductive stripping of Np(VI) by acetohydroxamic acid from 30%TBP/kerosene to nitrate medium using a high-speed
stirred cell
Authors: Li Chuanbo , Yan Taihong , Zuo Chen , Zheng Weifang 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The kinetics of reductive stripping of Np(VI) by Acetohydroxamic Acid from 30%TBP/kerosene was investigated using
a high-speed stirred cell designed by ourselves. The phase separator for sampling was simple and powerful. The interfacial areas of
different stirring speeds were determined by microphotograph method at 21 ℃ before the experiments. The effects of
the different parameters as well as temperature were investigated systemically. The results showed that, at 21 ℃ the
rate equation is − d[Np(VI)]/dt = k(S/V)[Np(VI)]0.78[AHA]0.46[HNO3]−0.20 − k′(S/V)[Np(V)]2.87, where k = (8.7 ± 0.7) × 10−7 (mol/L)
–0.04m s
–1,
k′ = 1.1 ± 0.2 (mol/L)
–2.87 m s
–1, as c[HNO3] <= 1.0 mol/L,
− d[Np(VI)]/dt = k(S/V)[Np(VI)]0.78[AHA]0.46[HNO3]−1.42 − k′(S/V)[Np(V)]2.87, where k = (3.2 ± 0.3) × 10−7 (mol/L)1.18 m s
–1, k′ = 1.1 ± 0.2(mol/L)
–2.87 m s
–1 as c[HNO3] >= 1.0 mol/L, and S is the interfacial area, V the organic
phase volume. The reductive stripping process is controlled by chemical reactions (kinetics regime) taking place at the interface. The
apparent activation energy is 13.5 ± 0.2 kJ/mol.
CSI: a nonparametric Bayesian approach to network inference from multiple perturbed time series gene expression data
Authors: Penfold Christopher A. , Shifaz Ahmed , Brown Paul E. , Nicholson Ann , Wild David L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHere we introduce the causal structure identification (CSI) package, a Gaussian process based approach to inferring gene regulatory networks (GRNs) from multiple time series data. The standard CSI approach infers a single GRN via joint learning from multiple time series datasets; the hierarchical approach (HCSI) infers a separate GRN for each dataset, albeit with the networks constrained to favor similar structures, allowing for the identification of context specific networks. The software is implemented in MATLAB and includes a graphical user interface (GUI) for user friendly inference. Finally the GUI can be connected to high performance computer clusters to facilitate analysis of large genomic datasets.
La atenuación de los actos asertivos: diferencias entre hombres y mujeres Mitigating devices of assertive acts: differences between men and women
Authors: Flores Salgado Elizabeth , Ramírez Cabrera Gaspar 
Published: June 2015

Resumen
El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es analizar la atenuación en los actos asertivos en entrevistas sociolingüísticas a fin de entender cómo se construye la imagen de afiliación en la cultura mexicana. En este trabajo la imagen de afiliación se define como el deseo de ser aceptado por un grupo. Nos interesa determinar si la realización de estos actos asertivos son amenazas eventuales a la imagen social de los informantes y si tienen una función atenuadora. El corpus que se analizó consistió en segmentos seleccionados de 12 entrevistas, 6 de hombres y 6 de mujeres, del corpus oral “El habla de Monterrey–PRESEEA” (Rodríguez Alfano, 2012) correspondientes a informantes entre 35 y 54 años que concluyeron sus estudios de licenciatura. El análisis de este corpus oral muestra aspectos importantes, a saber, nos presenta que existen similitudes y diferencias entre los dos grupos pues tanto hombres como mujeres utilizaron la justificación para atenuar su punto de vista. En cuanto a diferencias, las mujeres emplearon más estrategias de atenuación que los hombres. Por otra parte, el análisis de los datos sugiere que la atenuación, como categoría pragmática, contribuye a caracterizar la imagen de afiliación de nuestros informantes.