bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation characteristics of terahertz waveguide‐fed circularly polarised antipodal exponentially tapered slot antenna
Authors: Lu Hongda , Lv Xin , Liu Yong 
Published: July 2014

A terahertz (THz) waveguide‐fed circularly polarised (CP) antipodal exponentially tapered slot antenna (AETSA) is designed, fabricated and measured. This antenna is fed by a WR2.2 rectangular waveguide. The integrated AETSA is fabricated by deep reactive‐ion etching on silicon wafers, gold‐sputtering and gold–gold thermo‐compression bonding. Optimised exponential curves are introduced to the profiles of tapered slots to realise the CP performance. The measured radiation patterns at 490 GHz show beamwidths of 42° and 39° in the 0°‐plane and 90°‐plane, with low sidelobes. Furthermore, the measured axial ratios (ARs) from 480 to 500 GHz are lower than 2 dB. The THz waveguide‐fed CP AETSA has potential to be applied in compact THz imaging, detection and communication systems.
Efficient sign identification engines for integers represented in RNS extended 3‐moduli set {2n− 1, 2n+k, 2n + 1}
Authors: Sousa L. , Martins P. 
Published: July 2014

Sign detection is a widely used operation, namely in digital fixed‐point signal processing, but hard to perform in residue number systems (RNSs). Presented is an effective method for performing RNS sign identification in the comprehensive extended 3‐moduli set {2n − 1, 2n + k, 2n + 1}, which covers from the traditional 3‐moduli set, for k = 0, up to the set whose binary channel width is 2n (k = n). The proposed method is applied to design an efficient hardware architecture for sign detection that not only takes advantage of the arithmetic units available in the RNS, but also imposes a small overhead, both in terms of cost and performance. Experimental results for a 65 nm CMOS technology show that the proposed architecture supersedes the related state‐of‐the‐art, requiring < 40% of circuit area, reducing the imposed delay by about 25%, and the power consumption by 30%.
Surface expression of the hRSV nucleoprotein impairs immunological synapse formation with T cells
Authors: Céspedes Pablo F. , Bueno Susan M. , Ramírez Bruno A. , Gomez Roberto S. , Riquelme Sebastián A. , Palavecino Christian E. , Mackern-Oberti Juan Pablo , Mora Jorge E. , Depoil David , Sacristán Catarina , Cammer Michael , Creneguy Alison , Nguyen Tuan H. , Riedel Claudia A. , Dustin Michael L. , Kalergis Alexis M. 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceHuman respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children worldwide. The induction of poor T-cell immunological memory causes a high susceptibility to reinfections, which contributes to hRSV spread. Previously, we showed that hRSV inhibits T-cell activation by impairing the assembly of the dendritic cell (DC)−T-cell immunological synapse (IS). Here, we show that the nucleoprotein (N) of hRSV—a canonical cytosolic protein—is expressed on the surface of infected DCs. Further, using the supported-lipid-bilayer system (that mimics the DC/ antigen-presenting cells-membrane composition), we observed that the hRSV N interfered with pMHC−T-cell receptor interactions and inhibited IS assembly. We conclude that hRSV N may therefore be instrumental in impairing the host immune response during infection with this virus.
Geometric Sobolev-like embedding using high-dimensional Menger-like curvature
Authors: Kolasiński Sławomir 
Published: July 2014

We study a modified version of Lerman-Whitehouse Menger-like curvature defined for

(
m
+
2
)

(m+2)

points in an

n
n

-dimensional Euclidean space. For

1
≤
l
≤
m
+
2

1 \le l \le m+2

and an

m
m

-dimensional set

Σ
⊂

R
n

\Sigma \subset R^n

, we also introduce global versions of this discrete curvature by taking the supremum with respect to

(
m
+
2
−
l
)

(m+2-l)

points on

Σ
\Sigma

. We then define geometric curvature energies by integrating one of the global Menger-like curvatures, raised to a certain power

p
p

, over all

l
l

-tuples of points on

Σ
\Sigma

. Next, we prove that if

Σ
\Sigma

is compact and

m
m

-Ahlfors regular and if

p
p

is greater than the dimension of the set of all

l
l

-tuples of points on

Σ
\Sigma

(i.e.

p
>
m
l

p > ml

), then the P. Jones’

β
\beta

-numbers of

Σ
\Sigma

must decay as

r

τ

r^{\tau }

with

r
→
0

r \to 0

for some

τ
∈
(
0
,
1
)

\tau \in (0,1)

. If

Σ
\Sigma

is an immersed

C
1

C^1

manifold or a bilipschitz image of such a set then, it follows that it is Reifenberg flat with vanishing constant; hence (by a theorem of David, Kenig and Toro) an embedded

C

1
,
τ

C^{1,\tau }

manifold. We also define a wide class of other sets for which this assertion is true. After that, we bootstrap the exponent

τ
\tau

to

α
=
1
−
m
l

/

p

\alpha = 1 - ml/p

, which is optimal due to our theorem with S. Blatt [Adv. Math., 2012]. This gives an analogue of the Morrey-Sobolev embedding theorem

W

2
,
p

(

R

m
l

)
⊆

C

1
,
α

(

R

m
l

)

W^{2,p}(\mathbb {R}^{ml}) \subseteq C^{1,\alpha }(\mathbb {R}^{ml})

but, more importantly, we also obtain a qualitative control over the local graph representations of

Σ
\Sigma

only in terms of the energy.
Protein Ingestion to Stimulate Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Requires Greater Relative Protein Intakes in Healthy Older Versus Younger Men
Authors: Moore Daniel R. , Churchward-Venne Tyler A. , Witard Oliver , Breen Leigh , Burd Nicholas A. , Tipton Kevin D. , Phillips Stuart M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground.Adequate protein ingestion-mediated stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) is required to maintain skeletal muscle mass. It is currently unknown what per meal protein intake is required to maximally stimulate the response in older men and whether it differs from that of younger men.Methods.We retrospectively analyzed data from our laboratories that measured MPS in healthy older (~71 years) and younger (~22 years) men by primed constant infusion of l-ring-[13C6]phenylalanine after ingestion of varying amounts (0–40 g) of high-quality dietary protein as a single bolus and normalized to body mass and, where available, lean body mass (LBM).Results.There was no difference (p = .53) in basal MPS rates between older (0.027±0.04%/h; means ± 95% CI) and young (0.028 ± 0.03%/h) men. Biphase linear regression and breakpoint analysis revealed the slope of first line segment was lower (p &lt; .05) in older men and that MPS reached a plateau after ingestion of 0.40 ± 0.19 and 0.24 ± 0.06 g/kg body mass (p= .055) and 0.60 ± 0.29 and 0.25 ± 0.13 g/kg lean body mass (p &lt; .01) in older and younger men, respectively.Conclusions.This is the first report of the relative (to body weight) protein ingested dose response of MPS in younger and older men. Our data suggest that healthy older men are less sensitive to low protein intakes and require a greater relative protein intake, in a single meal, than young men to maximally stimulate postprandial rates of MPS. These results should be considered when developing nutritional solutions to maximize MPS for the maintenance or enhancement of muscle mass with advancing age.
A-to-I editing in the miRNA seed region regulates target mRNA selection and silencing efficiency
Authors: Kume Hideaki , Hino Kimihiro , Galipon Josephine , Ui-Tei Kumiko 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) is a post-transcriptional modification which results in a discrepancy between genomic DNA and the transcribed RNA sequence, thus contributing to the diversity of the transcriptome. Inosine preferentially base pairs with cytidine, meaning that A-to-I modifications in the mRNA sequences may be observed as A-to-G substitutions by the protein-coding machinery. Genome-wide studies have revealed that the majority of editing events occur in non-coding RNA sequences, but little is known about their functional meaning. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of target mRNAs with complementarities to their seed region. Here, we confirm that A-to-I editing in the miRNA seed duplex globally reassigns their target mRNAs in vivo, and reveal that miRNA containing inosine in the seed region exhibits a different degree of silencing efficiency compared to the corresponding miRNA with guanosine at the same position. The difference in base-pairing stability, deduced by melting temperature measurements, between seed-target duplexes containing either C:G or I:C pairs may account for the observed silencing efficiency. These findings unequivocally show that C:G and I:C pairs are biologically different in terms of gene expression regulation by miRNAs.
Antiviral Effects of Cyclosporin A in Neonatal Mice With Rotavirus‐Induced Diarrhea
Authors: Shen Zigang , Tian Zhiqiang , He Haiyang , Zhang Ji , Li Jintao , Wu Yuzhang 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:Because rotavirus gastroenteritis is associated with high morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries, it is necessary to develop antirotavirus drugs for the treatment of rotavirus infection. Previous studies have demonstrated that cyclosporin A (CsA) has antiviral properties against rotavirus. Its effect has not yet been evaluated against rotavirus diarrheal disease. The aim of this study was to assess the anti‐rotavirus efficacy of CsA in neonatal mice after induction of rotavirus diarrhea.Methods:Suckling mice were inoculated with murine rotavirus. On the onset of diarrhea, mice were given different concentrations of CsA. To evaluate the effects of CsA on reduction of rotavirus diarrhea, diarrhea score, fecal virus shedding, and pathological lesion change in the small intestine, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels in the small intestine and spleen of mice were measured for type I interferon (IFN‐α and IFN‐β), inflammation‐related cytokines (interleukin [IL]‐8, IL‐10, IFN‐γ, and tumor necrosis factor‐α), and inflammatory signaling pathways (p38, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, activator protein‐1, and nuclear factor‐kappa B).Results:Among virus‐inoculated and CsA‐treated groups, a dose of 5 mg · kg−1 · day−1 of CsA inhibited diarrhea and improved fecal virus shedding and intestinal lesion changes. IFN‐β mRNA expression was significantly increased in rotavirus‐induced diarrhea mice treated with 5 mg · kg−1 · day−1 of CsA, whereas the mRNA expression levels of inflammation‐related cytokines (IL‐8, IL‐10, IFN‐γ, and tumor necrosis factor‐α) and inflammatory signaling pathways (p38, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, activator protein‐1, and nuclear factor‐kappa B) were markedly decreased. Antiviral effects of CsA were dose dependent.Conclusions:CsA can inhibit rotavirus infection in neonatal mice through its antiviral properties. The mechanism for this may be through CsA suppression of inflammation by viral inhibition in animal models.
Poretools: a toolkit for analyzing nanopore sequence data
Authors: Loman Nicholas J. , Quinlan Aaron R. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTMotivationNanopore sequencing may be the next disruptive technology in genomics. Nanopore sequencing has many attractive properties including the ability to detect single DNA molecules without prior amplification, the lack of reliance on expensive optical components, and the ability to sequence very long fragments. The MinION from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) is the first nanopore sequencer to be commercialised and is now available to early-access users. The MinION™ is a USB-connected, portable nanopore sequencer which permits real-time analysis of streaming event data. A cloud-based service is available to translate events into nucleotide base calls. However, software support to deal with such data is limited, and the community lacks a standardized toolkit for the analysis of nanopore datasets.ResultsWe introduceporetools, a flexible toolkit for manipulating and exploring datasets generated by nanopore sequencing devices from MinION for the purposes of quality control and downstream analysis.Poretoolsoperates directly on the native FAST5 (a variant of the HDF5 standard) file format produced by ONT and provides a wealth of format conversion utilities and data exploration and visualization tools.Availability and implementationPoretools is open source software and is written in Python as both a suite of command line utilities and a Python application programming interface. Source code and user documentation are freely available in Github athttps://github.com/arq5x/poretoolsSupplementary informationAn IPython notebook demonstrating the use and functionality ofporetoolsin greater detail is available from the Github repository.
Butter: High-precision genomic alignment of small RNA-seq data
Authors: Axtell Michael J. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTEukaryotes produce large numbers of small non-coding RNAs that act as specificity determinants for various gene-regulatory complexes. These include microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and Piwi-associated RNAs (piRNAs). These RNAs can be discovered, annotated, and quantified using small RNA-seq, a variant RNA-seq method based on highly parallel sequencing. Alignment to a reference genome is a critical step in analysis of small RNA-seq data. Because of their small size (20-30 nts depending on the organism and sub-type) and tendency to originate from multi-gene families or repetitive regions, reads that align equally well to more than one genomic location are very common. Typical methods to deal with multi-mapped small RNA-seq reads sacrifice either precision or sensitivity. The tool ‘butter’ balances precision and sensitivity by placing multi-mapped reads using an iterative approach, where the decision between possible locations is dictated by the local densities of more confidently aligned reads. Butter displays superior performance relative to other small RNA-seq aligners. Treatment of multi-mapped small RNA-seq reads has substantial impacts on downstream analyses, including quantification ofMIRNAparalogs, and discovery of endogenous siRNA loci. Butter is freely available under a GNU general public license.
The Wal-Mart affair – where implausible deniability is the coin of the realm
Authors: Sethi Prakash 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– In the past more than three years, Wal-Mart has been embroiled in incidents of public scandals. In part, they pertain to Wal-Mart’s global strategy of growth and expansion, where the company’s senior managers have been implicated in using illegal bribery and corruption to secure business and to conceal this information from regulatory authorities. Another issue, albeit longer running, has been the incidents of fire and resulting deaths and injuries of hundreds of people, most notably in Bangladesh, but also in other countries where low-skill, low-wage manufacturing predominates, and where foreign multinationals have been accused of condoning and profiting from sweatshop-like exploitation of workers.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors use Wal-Mart as a microcosm of corporate conduct which provides a prism through which to examine the exploitation of negative externalities, i.e. engaging in illegal and unethical behavior by using their bargaining power and market control these companies, pressure host countries to condone environmental degradation, violation of country laws in terms of wages, working conditions and operating in sweatshop-like conditions to maximize their profits at the expense of other factors of production, i.e. labor and resources.

Findings
– The authors contend that Wal-Mart’s unique business model, which focuses on everyday low price, absolute growth and market share expansion by any means possible and everyday low cost, has led to the company’s enormous success since its founding and has made it one of the world’s largest corporations by revenue. At the same time, this model seriously impedes the company’s ability to improve unit-based profit margins and thus forces it to take short cuts in achieving lateral growth and low-cost production.

Social implications
– The authors also examine in some detail the large gap that exists between Wal-Mart’s pronouncements of the company’s commitment to ethical and socially responsible conduct and its actual business practices. They demonstrate that the company’s communications and claims for ethical conduct are mostly aspirational and fail the test of accuracy, specificity, materiality and verifiability through independent, externally provided integrity assurance.

Originality/value
– Finally, the authors outline a number of measures that would need to be taken by Wal-Mart, industry groups that depend heavily on outsourcing from low-skill, low-wage countries for their products and host country governments and the governments of Western industrialized nations whose corporations and consumers are the primary beneficiaries of the exploitative sweatshops that fatten their companies’ bottom lines and enrich their denizens with ample amounts of inexpensive goods.
The critical role of research in diversity training: how research contributes to an evidence-based approach to diversity training
Authors: Nguyen Steve 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
The purpose of the paper is to outline a diversity training framework in which research literatures and findings in psychology and human resource management (HRM) are used to guide organizations in the delivery of diversity training. The author proposes improvements to the current state of diversity training practices and implementations within organizations through the use and integration of research literature.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper is both a conceptual and a general review paper. It involves the discussion of research on diversity training, as well as diversity and training separately (conceptual), and includes a general analysis of diversity training (review).

Findings
The paper offers a general review about how psychological and HRM research findings can help organizations better implement diversity training. It suggests that successful diversity training involves a three-part approach: follow established psychological theory to guide selection of diversity training initiatives, use a framework for HR diversity management and adopt practical steps to better manage diversity initiatives (paying careful attention to a needs assessment, linking diversity strategy to business results and establishing metrics and evaluating effectiveness).

Practical implications
Diversity training has not been and continues to not be research- or evidence-based. This paper outlines some suggestions for integrating psychological and HRM research findings into the delivery of diversity training. The practical implication is that organizations and stakeholders will use a more evidence-based approach to diversity training.

Originality/value
This paper meets the needs of organizations seeking a more research- and evidence-based approach to diversity training.
Leaving first-line managers to sink or swim will hit your bottom line
Authors: Robertson David 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of the paper is to look at how investing in the skills development of first-line leaders can improve overall business performance. First-line leaders are the largest and arguably the most important group of leaders in any organization; yet recent research shows that they are one of the most neglected in terms of training and development, which is impacting businesses’ bottom line.

Design/methodology/approach
– This study involves literature review and Forum Europe, Middle East and Africa’s own survey data.

Findings
– It is the companies that take the time to invest in developing the essential skills of their first-line leaders that will reap the rewards generated through their ability to create a highly motivated, engaged and results-driven team.

Originality/value
– Focusses on the skills required by first-line leaders, and the five “engagement needs” they must understand in order to motivate the workforce.
Big business for small businesses
Authors: Cole Graham 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.

Design/methodology/approach
– This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.

Findings
– Learning is fundamental to success in any walk of life. Business is no different. Any organization lacking the motivation or capacity to acquire new knowledge will invariably get left behind. The merits of formal learning mechanisms have long been recognized. However, more informal approaches to learning are increasingly playing a major part in the workplace. The flexibility it offers is perhaps a major reason why it now allegedly accounts for up to 90 per cent of learning that takes place.

Practical implications
– The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations.

Originality/value
– The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to digest format.
Higher education for the modern world
Authors: Cole Graham 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.

Design/methodology/approach
– This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.

Findings
– The United Kingdom is rightly proud of its higher education (HE) system. Highly qualified professionals deliver learning programs which aim to transform today’s students into tomorrow’s key personnel within different sectors and industries. Given the obvious talent at their disposal, you would be forgiven for assuming that HE institutions would embrace innovative ways of improving their performance. Not necessarily it would seem. Resistance to change is evident, and new ideas are often met with a lukewarm response. How some establishments react to technology is a perfect example.

Practical implications
– The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations.

Originality/value
– The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to digest format.
Crafting continuing learning and development: a positive design tool for leadership development
Authors: Tkaczyk Bart 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to consider leaders as continuing learning and development (L&D) crafters.

Design/methodology/approach
– To maximize leaders’ “self-awareness” and “learning agility”, this article addresses itself to positive, purposeful and planned self-development by means of continuing L&D crafting.

Findings
– Executing leader’s structured and personalized developmental portfolios produce both personal and organizational gains, as reported by participants in the global “Learning Entrepreneurs” research project.

Practical implications
– The article offers a “designy” tool that executives can use in the workplace and outside.

Social implications
– Apart from the fact that it seems highly practical to employ L&D crafting as a business leadership development method, one can extrapolate this idea, and recommend this technique to leaders outside of business. This may transform institutions at large into learning organizations.

Originality/value
– Rooted in design thinking and positive organizational studies, the article advances a “continuing developmental portfolio” made up of two components: a continuing executive development “Check-in” and “Design”. These together are a mechanism for natural and disciplined learning from opportunistic incidents.