bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ERG and CHD1 heterogeneity in prostate cancer: Use of confocal microscopy in assessment of microscopic foci
Authors: Tereshchenko Irina V. , Zhong Hua , Chekmareva Marina A. , Kane‐Goldsmith Noriko , Santanam Urmila , Petrosky Whitney , Stein Mark N. , Ganesan Shridar , Singer Eric A. , Moore Dirk , Tischfield Jay A. , DiPaola Robert S. 
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUNDBiomarkers predicting tumor response are important to emerging targeted therapeutics. Complimentary methods to assess and understand genetic changes and heterogeneity within only few cancer cells in tissue will be a valuable addition for assessment of tumors such as prostate cancer that often have insufficient tumor for next generation sequencing in a single biopsy core.METHODSUsing confocal microscopy to identify cell‐to‐cell relationships in situ, we studied the most common gene rearrangement in prostate cancer (TMPRSS2 and ERG) and the tumor suppressor CHD1 in 56 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy.RESULTSWild type ERG was found in 22 of 56 patients; ERG copy number was increased in 10/56, and ERG rearrangements confirmed in 24/56 patients. In 24 patients with ERG rearrangements, the mechanisms of rearrangement were heterogeneous, with deletion in 14/24, a split event in 7/24, and both deletions and split events in the same tumor focus in 3/24 patients. Overall, 14/45 (31.1%) of patients had CHD1 deletion, with the majority of patients with CHD1 deletions (13/14) correlating with ERG‐rearrangement negative status (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSThese results demonstrate the ability of confocal microscopy and FISH to identify the cell‐to‐cell differences in common gene fusions such as TMPRSS2–ERG that may arise independently within the same tumor focus. These data support the need to study complimentary approaches to assess genetic changes that may stratify therapy based on predicted sensitivities. Prostate 74:1551–1559, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Atomic Defects in Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Minato Taketoshi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe functionality of solid materials is defined by the type and ordering of the constituent atoms. By introducing defects that perturb the ordered structure, new functionality is created within the solid material. Atomic defects in titanium dioxide, such as oxygen vacancies, atomic hydrogen, and interstitial Ti, typically create new functionality. However, the fundamental physical properties of atomic defects in TiO2 are not fully understood and still remain controversial. In this account, the progress and issues for debate regarding the physical properties, electronic structure, and manipulation mechanisms of atomic defects in TiO2 as well as their interaction with gold nanoclusters are described.
Interfacial Structure of Soft Matter Probed by SFG Spectroscopy
Authors: Ye Shen , Tong Yujin , Ge Aimin , Qiao Lin , Davies Paul B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy, an interface‐specific technique in contrast to, for example, attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, which is only interface sensitive, has been employed to investigate the surface and interface structure of soft matter on a molecular scale. The experimental arrangement required to carry out SFG spectroscopy, with particular reference to soft matter, and the analytical methods developed to interpret the spectra are described. The elucidation of the interfacial structure of soft matter systems is an essential prerequisite in order to understand and eventually control the surface properties of these important functional materials.
Development and evolution of the pharyngeal apparatus
Authors: Frisdal Aude , Trainor Paul A. 
Published: August 2014

The oral or pharyngeal apparatus facilitates the dual functions of respiration and feeding. It develops during embryogenesis from transient structures called pharyngeal arches (PAs), which comprise a reiterated series of outgrowths on the lateral side of the head. The PAs and their segmental arrangement are highly conserved throughout evolution from invertebrate chordates such as amphioxus, through to vertebrate agnathans including avians, squamates, and mammals. The structural organization of the PAs is also highly conserved and involves contributions from each of the three primary endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm germ layers. The endoderm is particularly important for PA formation and segmentation and also plays a critical role in tissue‐specific differentiation. The ectoderm gives rise to neural crest cells (NCC) which provide an additional layer of complexity to PA development and differentiation in vertebrates compared to invertebrate chordates that do not possess NCC. Collectively, the PAs give rise to much of the neurovasculature and musculoskeletal systems in the head and neck. The complexity of development renders the pharyngeal apparatus prone to perturbation and subsequently the pathogenesis of birth defects. Hence it is important to understand the signals and mechanisms that govern the development and evolution of the pharyngeal complex. WIREs Dev Biol 2014, 3:403–418. doi: 10.1002/wdev.147This article is categorized under:

Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan
Vertebrate Organogenesis > Musculoskeletal and Vascular
Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: Regional Development
Cell competition in vertebrate organ size regulation
Authors: Penzo‐Méndez Alfredo I. , Stanger Ben Z. 
Published: August 2014

The study of animal organ size determination has provided evidence of the existence of organ‐intrinsic mechanisms that ‘sense’ and adjust organ growth. Cell competition, a form of cell interaction that equalizes cell population growth, has been proposed to play a role in organ size regulation. Cell competition involves a cell‐context dependent response triggered by perceived differences in cell growth and/or proliferation rates, resulting in apoptosis in growth‐disadvantaged cells and compensatory expansion of the more ‘fit’ cells. The mechanisms that allow cells to compare growth are not yet understood, but a number of genes and pathways have been implicated in cell competition. These include Myc, the members of the Hippo, JAK/STAT and WNT signaling pathways, and the Dlg/Lgl/Scrib and the Crb/Std/PatJ membrane protein complexes. Cell competition was initially characterized in the Drosophila imaginal disc, but several recent studies have shown that cell competition occurs in mouse embryonic stem cells and in the embryonic epiblast, where it plays a role in the regulation of early embryo size. In addition, competition‐like behavior has been described in the adult mouse liver and the hematopoietic stem cell compartment. These data indicate that cell competition plays a more universal role in organ size regulation. In addition, as some authors have suggested that similar types of competitive behavior may operate in during tumorigenesis, there may be additional practical reasons for understanding this fundamental process of intercellular communication. WIREs Dev Biol 2014, 3:419–427. doi: 10.1002/wdev.148This article is categorized under:

Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan
Plant Development > Cell Growth and Differentiation
Comparative Development and Evolution > Organ System Comparisons Between Species
Quantitative Analysis of Aortic Valve Stenosis and Aortic Root Dimensions by Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Patients Scheduled for Transcutaneous Aortic Valve Implantation
Authors: Jánosi Rolf Alexander , Plicht Björn , Kahlert Philipp , Eißmann Mareike , Wendt Daniel , Jakob Heinz , Erbel Raimund , Buck Thomas 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Accurate assessment of the aortic valve area (AVA) and evaluation of the aortic root are important for clinical decision-making in patients being considered for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (RT3D-TEE) provides accurate and reliable quantitative assessment of aortic valve stenosis and the aortic root. We performed two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2D-TTE), real-time 2D transesophageal echocardiography (RT2D-TEE) and RT3D-TEE in 71 consecutive patients referred for TAVI. RT3D-TEE multiplanar reconstruction was used to measure aortic root parameters, including left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) diameter and area, aortic annulus diameter, aortic annulus area, and AVA. RT3D-TEE methods for planimetry and the LVOT-derived continuity equation for the estimation of AVA showed a good correlation. As iatrogenic coronary ostium occlusion is a potentially life-threatening complication, we evaluated the distances from the aortic annulus to the coronary ostia using RT3D-TEE. Based on our findings, we conclude that the geometry of the aortic root and aortic valve can be reliably and feasibly evaluated using RT3D-TEE, which is important for protecting against potential complications of TAVI, such as underestimation of the size of the aortic annulus that can result in aortic regurgitation and dislocation of the valve, or overestimation can lead to annulus rupture.
Acts of emptying promote self‐focus: A perceived resource deficiency perspective
Authors: Levontin Liat , Ein‐Gar Danit , Lee Angela Y. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNo one likes feeling empty. When people feel empty they seek replenishment, which usually takes the form of increased self‐focused behaviors that provide value to the self and decreased other‐focused behaviors that provide value to others. This research demonstrates how exposure to the concept of emptiness by simply performing or observing acts of emptying (vs. filling or control) of a glass vase, coat pockets, a glass jar, or a duffle bag triggers the cognitive metaphor of resource deficiency. The resource deficiency metaphor in turn leads people to engage in self‐focused behaviors such as eating candy or planning a dream vacation and to disengage from other‐focused behaviors such as donating to charities or helping others.
Nonlinear wake amplification by an active medium in a cylindrical waveguide using a modulated trigger bunch
Authors: Toroker Zeev , Voin Miron , Schächter Levi 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Cerenkov wake amplification can be used as an accelerating scheme, in which a trigger bunch of electrons propagating inside a cylindrical waveguide filled with an active medium generates an initial wake field. Due to the multiple reflections inside the waveguide, the wake may be amplified significantly more strongly than when propagating in a boundless medium. Sufficiently far away from the trigger bunch the wake, which travels with the same phase velocity as the bunch, reaches saturation and it can accelerate a second bunch of electrons trailing behind.
For a

$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\mathrm{CO}_{2}$

gas mixture our numerical and analytical calculations indicate that a short saturation length and a high gradient can be achieved with a large waveguide radius filled with a high density of excited atoms and a trigger bunch that travels at a velocity slightly above the Cerenkov velocity. To obtain a stable level of saturated wake that will be suitable for particle acceleration, it is crucial to satisfy the single-mode resonance condition, which requires high accuracy in the waveguide radius and the ratio between the electron phase velocity and the Cerenkov velocity. For single-mode propagation our model indicates that it is feasible to obtain gradients as high as

$\mathrm{GV\ m}^{-1}$

in a waveguide length of cm.
The heritability of alcohol use disorders: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies
Authors: Verhulst B. , Neale M. C. , Kendler K. S. 
Published: August 2014

Background.To clarify the role of genetic and environmental risk factors in alcohol use disorders (AUDs), we performed a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies and explored the impact of sex, assessment method (interview v. hospital/population records), and study design (twin v. adoption study) on heritability estimates.Method.The literature was searched for all unique twin and adoption studies of AUD and identified 12 twin and five adoption studies. The data were then reconstructed and analyzed using ordinal data full information maximum likelihood in the OpenMx program. Heterogeneity was tested with likelihood ratio tests by equating the parameters across studies.Results.There was no evidence for heterogeneity by study design, sex or assessment method. The best-fit estimate of the heritability of AUD was 0.49 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43–0.53], and the proportion of shared environmental variance was 0.10 (95% CI 0.03–0.16). Estimates of unique environmental proportions of variance differed significantly across studies.Conclusions.AUD is approximately 50% heritable. The multiple genetically informative studies of this syndrome have produced consistent results that support the validity of this heritability estimate, especially given the different potential methodological weaknesses of twin and adoption designs, and of assessments of AUD based on personal interviews v. official records. We also found evidence for modest shared environmental effects suggesting that environmental factors also contribute to the familial aggregation of AUDs.
Time as a structuring condition behind new intimate relationships in later life
Authors: BILDTGÅRD TORBJÖRN , ÖBERG PETER 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTAlthough mobility in and out of intimate relationships has become more common in later life, it has been a neglected issue in social gerontology. In this article, we ask what characterises the formation of new intimate relationships in later life, and whether there are any specific conditions that separate these from relationships in earlier stages of the lifecourse. On the basis of qualitative interviews with 28 persons aged 63–91 who have established a new intimate heterosexual relationship after the age of 60 or who are dating singles, we argue that time constitutes such a central structuring condition. We discuss and theorise two aspects of time – post-(re)productive free time and remaining time – which have an important formative power on new late-in-life relationships. We argue that together these aspects form a central existential structure of ageing in many Western societies – the paradoxical condition of having lots of available free time but little time left in life – which, besides influencing new late-in-life relationships, might also be relevant to other aspects of and choices in later life.
Proton activation history on the Vulcan high-intensity petawatt laser facility
Authors: Clarke R.J. , Dorkings S. , Heathcote R. , Markey K. , Neely D. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractHigh-intensity lasers are an effective source for the acceleration of high-energy particles. Using different interaction configurations, such facilities can be optimized for the acceleration of electrons, protons, heavy ions, high-energy photons, or neutrons. The shielding of these facilities to ensure the safety of personnel has always been a critical requirement and is a fundamental step within the design phase. The knowledge of radiation source terms through both experiments and modelling is now well understood and for the most part can be dealt with through the use of shielding and specialized beam dumps. Unlike most other particle accelerators most high-power laser facilities are still accessed by personnel post shot with little or no remote handling capabilities. As a result, the secondary activation and control of components that lie around the interaction is of great importance to safety. In this paper, we present a 10 year history of activation data on the Vulcan petawatt facility and discuss the primary sources of activation and the potential impact on future laser facilities.
Electron-positron pair production observed from laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(-1)
Authors: Olofson Frans , Holmlid Leif 
Published: August 2014

AbstractLaser-induced fusion in ultra-dense deuterium D(-1) is reported in several studies from our group, using ns- and ps-pulsed lasers. The ejection of ultra-dense hydrogen particles with thermal distributions and energy up to 20 MeV u−1was studied previously by time-of-flight measurements. The investigations of the new processes continue now by studying the interaction of these particles with metal surfaces. In the present experiments, such particles penetrate in two steps through 1 mm of metal and reach three levels of collectors at distances up to 1 m. Only the fastest particles penetrate and move to the next level. The thermal time-of-flight distributions together with tests with strong magnetic fields exclude electrons as the particles observed. The sign of the signals to the metal collectors depends on the bias (negative bias gives positive signal and conversely) while the time variations of the signals for positive and negative bias are similar. The rapid variation of the signals indicates electrons and positrons ejectedfromthe collectors, thus lepton-pair production. An increase in bias up to ± 400 V increases the peak signal up to 1 A with no observed limiting. A thick metal plate removes slow particles and most gamma photons. The number of lepton-pairs produced is > 4 × 1012sr−1in the forward direction per laser shot.
Evaluation of tools used to measure calcium and/or dairy consumption in adults
Authors: Magarey Anthea , Baulderstone Lauren , Yaxley Alison , Markow Kylie , Miller Michelle 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo identify and critique tools for the assessment of Ca and/or dairy intake in adults, in order to ascertain the most accurate and reliable tools available.DesignA systematic review of the literature was conducted using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles reporting on originally developed tools or testing the reliability or validity of existing tools that measure Ca and/or dairy intake in adults were included. Author-defined criteria for reporting reliability and validity properties were applied.SettingStudies conducted in Western countries.SubjectsAdults.ResultsThirty papers, utilising thirty-six tools assessing intake of dairy, Ca or both, were identified. Reliability testing was conducted on only two dairy and five Ca tools, with results indicating that only one dairy and two Ca tools were reliable. Validity testing was conducted for all but four Ca-only tools. There was high reliance in validity testing on lower-order tests such as correlation and failure to differentiate between statistical and clinically meaningful differences. Results of the validity testing suggest one dairy and five Ca tools are valid. Thus one tool was considered both reliable and valid for the assessment of dairy intake and only two tools proved reliable and valid for the assessment of Ca intake.ConclusionsWhile several tools are reliable and valid, their application across adult populations is limited by the populations in which they were tested. These results indicate a need for tools that assess Ca and/or dairy intake in adults to be rigorously tested for reliability and validity.
Prediction of gestational weight gain – a biopsychosocial model
Authors: Heery Emily , Kelleher Cecily C , Wall Patrick G , McAuliffe Fionnuala M 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the influence of health behaviours and psychological well-being on gestational weight gain using a biopsychosocial model.DesignA prospective cohort study of pregnant women consecutively recruited at their first antenatal care visit. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on health behaviours and psychological well-being in early pregnancy. Linear regression and logistic regression were used to identify predictors of total weight gain in kilograms and weight gain outside the current Institute of Medicine recommendations, respectively.SettingA maternity hospital in the Republic of Ireland.SubjectsData on 799 women were analysed.ResultsPre-pregnant BMI ≥30·0 kg/m2, short stature, parity >0, decreased food intake and absence of health insurance predicted lower absolute gestational weight gain, while foreign nationality, consumption of takeaway meals more than once weekly and increased food intake predicted higher absolute gestational weight gain. Overweight and obesity, foreign nationality, increased food intake and height >170 cm were risk factors for excessive weight gain, while antenatal depression was protective against excessive weight gain. Notably, physical activity measures were not related to the gestational weight gain outcomes. Pre-pregnancy overweight and increased food intake were the strongest predictors of excessive gestational weight gain.ConclusionsNone of the psychological well-being measures examined, with the exception of antenatal depression, was associated with any of the weight gain outcomes. The behavioural predictors of gestational weight gain were increased food intake and takeaway consumption. Public health promotions should target pre-pregnancy BMI and pregnancy-associated change in food intake.
TEM and HRTEM Characterization of TiAl Diffusion Bonds Using Ni/Al Nanolayers
Authors: Simões Sónia , Viana Filomena , Ramos Ana S. , Vieira Maria T. , Vieira Manuel F. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDiffusion bonding of TiAl alloys can be enhanced by the use of reactive nanolayer thin films as interlayers. Using these interlayers, it is possible to reduce the conventional bonding conditions (temperature, time, and pressure) and obtain sound and reliable joints. The microstructural characterization of the diffusion bond interfaces is a fundamental step toward understanding and identifying the bonding mechanisms and relating them to the strength of the joints. The interface of TiAl samples joined using Ni/Al nanolayers was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Microstructural characterization of the bond revealed that the interfaces consist of several thin layers of different composition and grain size (nanometric and micrometric). The bonding temperature (800, 900, or 1,000°C) determines the grain size and thickness of the layers present at the interface. Phase identification by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy combined with fast Fourier transform and electron energy-loss spectroscopy analyses reveals the presence of several intermetallic compounds: AlTiNi, NiAl, and Al2TiNi. For bonds produced at 800 and 900°C, nanometric grains of Ti were detected at the center of the interface.
What is the public appetite for healthy eating policies? Evidence from a cross-European survey
Authors: Mazzocchi Mario , Cagnone Silvia , Bech-Larsen Tino , Niedźwiedzka Barbara , Saba Anna , Shankar Bhavani , Verbeke Wim , Traill W Bruce 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWorld Health Organization estimates that obesity accounts for 2–8% of health care costs in different parts of Europe, and highlights a key role for national policymaking in curbing the epidemic. A variety of healthy-eating policy instruments are available, ranging from more paternalistic policies to those less intrusive. Our aim is to measure and explain the level of public support for different types of healthy eating policy in Europe, based on data from a probabilistic sample of 3003 respondents in five European countries. We find that the main drivers of policy support are attitudinal factors, especially attribution of obesity to excessive availability of unhealthy foods, while socio-demographic characteristics and political preferences have little explanatory power. A high level of support for healthy eating policy does not translate into acceptance of higher taxes to fund them, however.