bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemicals on plant surfaces as a heretofore unrecognized, but ecologically informative, class for investigations into plant defence
Authors: LoPresti Eric F. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTPlants produce and utilize a great diversity of chemicals for a variety of physiological and ecological purposes. Many of these chemicals defend plants against herbivores, pathogens and competitors. The location of these chemicals varies within the plant, some are located entirely within plant tissues, others exist in the air‐ (or water‐) space around plants, and still others are secreted onto plant surfaces as exudates. I argue herein that the location of a given defensive chemical has profound implications for its ecological function; specifically, I focus on the characteristics of chemical defences secreted onto plant surfaces. Drawing from a broad literature encompassing ecology, evolution, taxonomy and physiology, I found that these external chemical defences (ECDs) are common and widespread in plants and algae; hundreds of examples have been detailed, yet they are not delineated as a separate class from internal chemical defences (ICDs). I propose a novel typology for ECDs and, using existing literature, explore the ecological consequences of the hypothesized unique characteristics of ECDs. The axis of total or proportional investment in ECDs versus ICDs should be considered as one axis of investment by a plant, in the same way as quantitative versus qualitative chemical defences or induced versus constitutive defences is considered. The ease of manipulating ECDs in many plant systems presents a powerful tool to help test plant defence theory (e.g. optimal defence). The framework outlined here integrates various disciplines of botany and ecology and suggests a need for further examinations of exudates in a variety of contexts, as well as recognition of the effects of within‐plant localization of defences.
A 1‐Year Clinical and Radiographic Study on Hydrophilic Dental Implants Placed with and without Bone Augmentation Procedures
Authors: Zumstein Thomas , Sennerby Lars 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPurposeThe aim of the present 1‐year clinical and radiographic study was to evaluate a hydrophilic dental implant when used in everyday cases in one clinic. The purpose was also to compare augmented with nonaugmented sites.Materials and MethodsThe study group consisted of 50 consecutive patients treated with 159 dental implants (Proactive, Neoss Ltd, Harrogate, UK) in both mandibles and maxillae. Ninety‐two implants were placed with adjunct bone augmentation procedures, whereas 40 implants were placed in augmented maxillary sinus sites. A two‐stage procedure was used for 84 implants and a one‐stage procedure for 47 implants. Twenty‐eight implants were immediately loaded. Implant stability was measured with resonance frequency analysis (RFA) at placement and at prosthesis delivery. The patients were scheduled for checkups after 6 and 12 months in function with clinical and radiographic examinations. Marginal bone level measurements were performed in baseline and follow‐up intraoral radiographs.ResultsTwo implant failures in two patients were experienced after 1 year of loading, giving a survival rate of 98.7%. One implant in nonaugmented sites and one implant in conjunction with an augmentation procedure (sinus lift), giving a survival rate of 98.5% and 98.9% for healed and augmented sites, respectively (NS). RFA measurements showed 70.2 ± 9.5 ISQ at placement and 76.5 ± 5.9 ISQ (p ≤ 0.001) after a mean healing time of 5.6 ± 1.6 months. The marginal bone loss amounted to 0.7 ± 0.7 mm after 1 year of loading. Frequency distribution showed bone gain or less than 1 mm bone loss for the majority of implants (69.3%), whereas 25.7% showed 1.1 to 2 mm, 5.0% more than 2 mm and no implants more than 3 mm of bone loss.ConclusionsThe use of Neoss Proactive implants for prosthetic rehabilitation of consecutive patients resulted in predictable clinical and radiographic outcomes after 1 year of loading with no differences between augmented and nonaugmented sites.
Longitudinal response of membrane thickness and ostium patency following sinus floor elevation: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Guo Zheng‐Ze , Liu Yi , Qin Lei , Song Ying‐Liang , Xie Chao , Li De‐Hua 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the influence of sinus floor elevation (SFE) on sinus physiology, including Schneiderian membrane thickness (MT) and ostium patency, using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and methodsBased on pre‐established selection criteria, 53 patients in combination with 53 sinuses were referred for SFE with a lateral approach using deproteinized bone mineral. CBCT was performed prior to, immediately after surgery and before staged implant placement. The Schneiderian MT of the elevated region, ostium patency, and other clinical data was evaluated.ResultsThe two‐stage sinus augmentation technique was applied in 33 males and 20 females. Four membrane perforations were observed during the surgical procedure. The Schneiderian membrane exhibited significant swelling immediately after augmentation (P < 0.0001), but this difference disappeared after a mean healing period of 7.51 months. The corresponding changes were also observed for ostium patency with a tendency of transient obstruction after surgery. Sinuses with flat mucosal thickening or pseudocysts did not present a liability of perforation compared to the normal cases, and the augmentation procedure was not likely to deteriorate the pathology of mucosal thickening or pseudocysts.ConclusionsThe results show that SFE with a lateral approach has no significant influence on MT and ostium patency after the healing period except for postoperative transient swelling and obstruction. Thickened membranes and antral pseudocysts in a small size might not be contraindications to SFE from the standpoint of the surgical impact on the Schneiderian membrane.
Exploring women's responses to online media coverage of weight loss surgery
Authors: Champion C. , Glenn N. , Berry T. , Spence J. C. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to understand the reactions of women to online news articles about weight loss surgery and related reader comments. Focus groups were conducted; open‐ended questions were asked to elicit responses to existing online news media content related to weight loss surgery. The participants described the online articles as predominantly supportive of weight loss surgery and in response they expressed a desire to see more critical content, including different and competing perspectives. Participants felt the online comments represented extreme perspectives and were predominately negative. These were therefore not viewed as helpful or informative. Nevertheless, readers viewed comments as a form of entertainment. Because of the aggressive and anonymous nature of reader comments in response to online news stories, the participants did not feel comfortable leaving comments themselves on the news sites. Findings highlight the importance of gathering readers' perspectives in response to interactive media content and, in particular, health information.
Psychosocial presentation of revisional LAGB patients: a qualitative study
Authors: Janse Van Vuuren M. , Strodl E. , White K. M. , Lockie P. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryThis qualitative study offers insight into the experiences, expectations, perceptions and beliefs that may lead to laparoscopic adjustable gastric band patients' failure to achieve expected weight loss and seek revisional bariatric surgery. The 23 participants from two sites were interviewed and data were analysed from a grounded theory methodology in order to build a causal model. Analysis of participants' reports identified ‘unrealistic expectations of the LAGB’ as the core category. Additionally, the restriction of the band had a negative impact on participants' social interactions, leading to feelings of deprivation and, thus, to a desire for reward from food choices and consequently an increase of consumption of high‐calorie‐dense foods. These foods were chosen because of their specific texture or ability to provide reward. The resulting increase in weight or failure to achieve excess weight loss, led to feelings of shame and loneliness and emotional eating resulting in increased the consumption of rewarding foods. Thus, identifying unrealistic expectations of laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) and emotional eating behaviours are important in those who are present initially for primary bariatric and revisional bariatric surgery, as they may contribute specifically to these patients' weight regain and consequent failure to achieve excess weight loss.
Appendicular lean mass and site‐specific muscle loss in the extremities correlate with dynamic strength
Authors: Thiebaud Robert S. , Loenneke Jeremy P. , Abe Takashi , Fahs Christopher A. , Rossow Lindy M. , Kim Daeyeol , Beck Travis W. , Bemben Debra A. , Larson Rebecca D. , Bemben Michael G. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryBackgroundPrevious studies have reported the non‐homogenous loss of muscle mass (site‐specific muscle loss) with ageing, but this relationship to the loss of strength is not totally understood.PurposeTo investigate the relationship between maximal dynamic strength and site‐specific muscle mass of the thigh and upper arm.MethodsThirty‐five recreationally active men were separated into young‐aged (YG, 20–39 years, n = 12), middle‐aged (MG, 40–59 years, n = 13) and old‐aged groups (OG, 60–75 years, n = 10). One‐repetition maximum strength (1‐RM; leg press, chest press, knee flexion, lat pull‐down, and knee extension), muscle thickness (MTH, anterior and posterior thigh and upper arm) and appendicular lean mass (aLM) index were obtained from participants. Site‐specific thigh MTH ratio was determined by dividing anterior thigh MTH (50% of thigh length) by posterior thigh MTH (50% of thigh length).ResultsaLM index was not significantly different between age groups, but a significantly smaller site‐specific MTH thigh ratio was found in the OG. Collapsed across age groups both site‐specific thigh MTH ratio and aLM index were significantly correlated with leg press, knee extension and knee flexion1‐RM strength (r = 0·390–0·699), but not with knee extension: knee flexion (KE:KF) 1‐RM strength ratios (r = 0·037–0·081). Separated by age groups only aLM index was correlated with KE:KF 1‐RM ratio for the OG (r = 0·780).ConclusionsSite‐specific thigh MTH ratio may be an important assessment tool in older individuals as it is different among age groups and is significantly related to dynamic maximal strength. However, maximal dynamic strength ratios appear to be less sensitive to differences in site‐specific MTH ratios.
Longitudinal dose and type of immunosuppression in a national cohort of Australian liver, heart, and lung transplant recipients, 1984–2006
Authors: Na Renhua , Laaksonen Maarit A. , Grulich Andrew E. , Webster Angela C. , Meagher Nicola S. , McCaughan Geoffrey W. , Keogh Anne M. , Vajdic Claire M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractUnconfounded comparative data on the type and dose of immunosuppressive agents among solid organ transplant recipients are sparse, as are data on longitudinal immunosuppressive therapy since transplantation. We addressed this issue in a population‐based cohort of Australian liver (n = 1895), heart (n = 1220), and lung (n = 1059) transplant recipients, 1984–2006. Data on immunosuppressive therapy were retrospectively collected at discharge, three months, and one, five, 10, and 15 yr after first transplant. We computed unadjusted and adjusted estimates for the association between the type and dose of immunosuppressive therapy and organ type. After adjustment for confounders, use of induction antibody and maintenance corticosteroids was more common in heart and lung compared to liver recipients (p < 0.001), and antibody therapy for rejection more common in liver recipients (p < 0.001). Liver recipients were more likely to receive calcineurin inhibitor monotherapy, with or without corticosteroids, compared to heart and lung recipients (p < 0.001). Liver recipients consistently received lower doses of azathioprine than heart and lung recipients (p < 0.001). These differences in immunosuppression may partly explain variations in immunosuppression‐related morbidity by transplanted organ, for example, malignancy risk. Longitudinal changes in the type and the dose of immunosuppressive therapy over time since transplantation also demonstrate the need for time‐dependent data in observational research.
Multiple Comorbidities and Interest in Research Participation Among Clients of a Nonprofit Food Distribution Site
Authors: Higashi Robin T. , Craddock Lee Simon J. , Leonard Tammy , Cuate Erica L. , Cole Jay , Pruitt Sandi L. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundPersons accessing food from nonprofit distribution sites face numerous challenges and typically have significant unmet health needs. However, given limited and intermittent healthcare system engagement, this vulnerable population is underrepresented in clinical research. We sought to better understand the health needs of a nonclinical population to inform future research and interventions.Methods: Focus groups were conducted in English (n = 4) and Spanish (n = 4) with clients of Crossroads Community Services (CCS), the largest distributor of North Texas Food Bank. Discussions probed participants’ health status, healthcare utilization, understanding and utilization of mammography, and attitudes toward participation in research.ResultsParticipants included 42 CCS clients, primarily Hispanic or African American women. Participants reported multiple comorbid conditions among household members, yet utilization of health services was often limited by cost. The majority expressed interest in participating in research to communicate their health concerns and obtain emotional support.ConclusionCCS clients represent a high‐need, under‐reached population willing to engage in health‐related research that affords them opportunity to connect with peers in group settings and obtain information to improve management of daily life challenges. The Community Assistance Research (CARe) Initiative, a community–academic collaboration, establishes a much‐needed opportunity for ongoing clinical research and intervention among this underserved population.
Bimodal emotion congruency is critical to preverbal infants’ abstract rule learning
Authors: Tsui Angeline Sin Mei , Ma Yuen Ki , Ho Anna , Chow Hiu Mei , Tseng Chia‐huei 
Published: August 2015

AbstractExtracting general rules from specific examples is important, as we must face the same challenge displayed in various formats. Previous studies have found that bimodal presentation of grammar‐like rules (e.g. ABA) enhanced 5‐month‐olds’ capacity to acquire a rule that infants failed to learn when the rule was presented with visual presentation of the shapes alone (circle‐triangle‐circle) or auditory presentation of the syllables (la‐ba‐la) alone. However, the mechanisms and constraints for this bimodal learning facilitation are still unknown. In this study, we used audio‐visual relation congruency between bimodal stimulation to disentangle possible facilitation sources. We exposed 8‐ to 10‐month‐old infants to an AAB sequence consisting of visual faces with affective expressions and/or auditory voices conveying emotions. Our results showed that infants were able to distinguish the learned AAB rule from other novel rules under bimodal stimulation when the affects in audio and visual stimuli were congruently paired (Experiments 1A and 2A). Infants failed to acquire the same rule when audio‐visual stimuli were incongruently matched (Experiment 2B) and when only the visual (Experiment 1B) or the audio (Experiment 1C) stimuli were presented. Our results highlight that bimodal facilitation in infant rule learning is not only dependent on better statistical probability and redundant sensory information, but also the relational congruency of audio‐visual information.A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=KYTyjH1k9RQ
NEURAPRO‐E study protocol: a multicentre randomized controlled trial of omega‐3 fatty acids and cognitive‐behavioural case management for patients at ultra high risk of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
Authors: Markulev Connie , McGorry Patrick D. , Nelson Barnaby , Yuen Hok Pan , Schaefer Miriam , Yung Alison R. , Thompson Andrew , Berger Gregor , Mossaheb Nilufar , Schlögelhofer Monika , Smesny Stefan , de Haan Lieuwe , Riecher‐Rössler Anita , Nordentoft Merete , Chen Eric Yu Hai , Verma Swapna , Hickie Ian , Amminger G. Paul 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimRecent research has indicated that preventative intervention is likely to benefit patients ‘at‐risk’ for psychosis, both in terms of symptom reduction and delay or prevention of onset of threshold psychotic disorder. The strong preliminary results for the effectiveness of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), coupled with the falling transition rate in ultra high‐risk (UHR) samples, mean that further study of such benign, potentially neuroprotective interventions is clinically and ethically required. Employing a multicentre approach, enabling a large sample size, this study will provide important information with regard to the use of omega‐3 PUFAs in the UHR group.MethodsThis trial is a 6‐month, double‐blind, randomized placebo‐controlled trial of 1.4 g day−1 omega‐3 PUFAs in UHR patients aged between 13 and 40 years. The primary hypothesis is that UHR patients receiving omega‐3 PUFAs plus cognitive‐behavioural case management (CBCM) will be less likely to transition to psychosis over a 6‐month period compared to treatment with placebo plus CBCM. Secondary outcomes will examine symptomatic and functional changes, as well as examine if candidate risk factors predict response to omega‐3 PUFA treatment in the UHR group.ConclusionThis is the protocol of the NeuraproE study. Utilizing a large sample, results from this study will be important in informing indicated prevention strategies for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, which may be the strongest avenue for reducing the burden, stigmatization, disability and economic consequences of these disorders.
Differences in omega‐3 and omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption in people at ultra‐high risk of psychosis, first‐episode schizophrenia, and in healthy controls
Authors: Pawełczyk Tomasz , Trafalska Elżbieta , Pawełczyk Agnieszka , Kotlicka‐Antczak Magdalena 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimSupplementation with omega‐3 PUFA showed efficacy in reducing the risk of transition into psychosis in UHR individuals. It is uncertain whether dietary patterns can be partly responsible for n‐3 deficiencies observed in susceptible participants before the diagnosis of schizophrenia.The study was designed to assess differences in omega‐3 and omega‐6 PUFA consumption in healthy controls (HC), UHR participants and FES patients as well as to verify the hypothesis that dietary changes in PUFA consumption are present before active psychosis develops, that is, in UHR individuals.MethodsDietary habits during the previous year were assessed in 34 patients at UHR of psychosis, 33 patients diagnosed with FES and 33 HC participants using a validated Food‐Frequency Questionnaire and the Polish Food Composition Tables.ResultsSignificant differences in omega‐3 and omega‐6 PUFA intake were observed between study groups. UHR and FES groups reported significantly higher consumption of omega‐6 PUFA in comparison with HC. FES patients also reported a higher consumption of alpha‐linolenic acid (omega‐3) in comparison with HC. No significant differences were seen in consumption of long‐chain marine PUFA.ConclusionsDifferences in omega‐6 and omega‐3 PUFA consumption exist before development of psychotic symptoms, fulfilling the criteria of schizophrenia.
On the relation between self‐reported cognitive fatigue and the posterior hypothalamic−brainstem network
Authors: Hanken K. , Manousi A. , Klein J. , Kastrup A. , Eling P. , Hildebrandt H. 
Published: August 2015

Background and PurposeVarious causes have been suggested for multiple sclerosis (MS) related fatigue. Hypothalamus‐brainstem fibres play a role in sleep−wake regulation and in hypothalamic deactivation during inflammatory states. Hence, they may play a role for experiencing fatigue by changing bottom‐up hypothalamic activation.MethodsMultiple sclerosis patients with and without self‐reported cognitive fatigue and healthy controls were analysed with respect to the integrity of hypothalamus−brainstem fibres using diffusion‐tensor imaging based tractography, focusing on the anterior, medial and posterior hypothalamic areas, controlling for clinical impairment and excluding participants with depressive mood.ResultsMultiple sclerosis patients without self‐reported cognitive fatigue showed increased axial and radial diffusivity levels specifically for fibres connecting the right posterior hypothalamus with the right locus coeruleus, but not for the medial hypothalamus and the corpus callosum. Moreover, there were no differences between MS patients with and without fatigue in brain atrophy and lesion load, which could explain our results.ConclusionMultiple sclerosis patients not experiencing fatigue show increased axial and radial diffusivity for fibres connecting the posterior hypothalamus and the brainstem, which might prevent bottom‐up activation of the posterior hypothalamus and therefore downregulation of structures responsible for wakefulness and exploratory states of mind.
No Inbreeding Avoidance by Female Burying Beetles Regardless of Whether They Encounter Males Simultaneously or Sequentially
Authors: Mattey Sarah N. , Smiseth Per T. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractInbreeding avoidance reduces the probability that an individual will mate with a related partner, thereby lowering the risk that it produces inbred offspring suffering from inbreeding depression. Inbreeding avoidance can occur through several mechanisms, including active mate choice, polyandry and sex‐biased dispersal. Here, we focus on the role of active mate choice as a mechanism for inbreeding avoidance. Recent evidence suggests that the experimental design used in mate choice experiments (i.e. simultaneous versus sequential choice) can have a strong impact on the strength of the reported mating preferences. In this study, we examine whether similar effects of experimental design also apply in the context of inbreeding avoidance. To this end, we designed two experiments on the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides that matched two different contexts under which females encounter potential mates in the wild; that is, when females encounter males simultaneously and sequentially. We found that females were as likely to mate with related and unrelated males regardless of whether they encountered male partners simultaneously or sequentially. Thus, our study provides no evidence for inbreeding avoidance in this species, and suggests that the number of mates present did not influence the degree of inbreeding avoidance. We discuss potential explanations for the lack of inbreeding avoidance through mate choice, including lack of mechanisms for recognizing close relatives, low costs and/or low risks of inbreeding and the presence of other inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, such as sex‐biased dispersal and polyandry coupled with post‐copulatory mate choice.