bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial coordination of foot contacts in unrestrained climbing insects
Authors: Theunissen Leslie M. , Vikram Subhashree , Dürr Volker 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAnimals that live in a spatially complex environment such as the canopy of a tree, constantly need to find reliable foothold in three-dimensional (3D) space. In multi-legged animals, spatial coordination among legs is thought to improve efficiency of finding foothold by avoiding searching-movements in trailing legs. In stick insects, a "targeting mechanism" has been described that guides foot-placement of hind and middle legs according to the position of their leading ipsilateral leg. So far, this mechanism was shown for standing and tethered walking animals on horizontal surfaces. Here, we investigate the efficiency of this mechanism in spatial limb coordination of unrestrained climbing animals. For this, we recorded whole-body kinematics of freely climbing stick insects and analyzed foot placement in 3D space. We found that touch-down positions of adjacent legs were highly correlated in all three spatial dimensions, revealing 3D coordinate transfer among legs. Furthermore, targeting precision depended on the position of the leading leg. A second objective was to test the importance of sensory information transfer between legs. For this, we ablated a proprioceptive hair field signaling the levation of the leg. After ablation, the operated leg swung higher and performed unexpected searching-movements. Furthermore, targeting of the ipsilateral trailing leg was less precise in antero-posterior and in dorso-ventral directions. Our results reveal that the targeting mechanism is used by unrestrained climbing stick insects in 3D space and that information from the trochanteral hair field is used in ipsilateral spatial coordination among legs.
Large B-Cell Lymphomas Poor in B Cells and Rich in PD-1+ T Cells Can Mimic T-Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Ohgami Robert S. , Zhao Shuchun , Natkunam Yasodha 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Objectives:
To characterize the clinicopathologic features of cases of large B-cell lymphomas, poor in B cells and densely rich in programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)+ reactive T cells, which can mimic T-cell lymphomas.

Methods:
A single-institute retrospective review of cases between 2010 and 2013 was performed.

Results:
Of 178 cases of large B-cell lymphomas, eight cases of large B-cell lymphomas poor in B cells and diffusely rich in sheets of PD-1+ T cells were identified. These cases either were initially misdiagnosed as a T-cell lymphoma or substantiated a broader differential diagnosis including a T-cell lymphoma. Five cases were T-cell histiocyte–rich large B-cell lymphomas, and three cases were diagnosed as large B-cell lymphomas rich in T cells. In three of these cases, a subset of the PD-1+ T cells showed either morphologic nuclear atypia or atypical expression of T-cell antigens on flow cytometry and/or immunohistochemistry.

Conclusions:
Large B-cell lymphomas poor in B cells and rich in T cells can have diffuse sheets of reactive PD-1+ T cells, some with atypical morphologic and immunophenotypic features mimicking a T-cell lymphoma. Careful assessment of the immunoarchitecture and background inflammatory and stromal cells can prevent erroneous diagnoses in such cases.
Wavelength-modulated heterodyne grating shearing interferometry for precise displacement measurement
Authors: Hsieh Hung-Lin , Lee Ju-Yi , Chung Yu-Che 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A wavelength-modulated heterodyne grating shearing interferometry using a birefringent crystal is proposed for two-dimensional displacement measurement. There is a difference in the optical path lengths of the p- and s- polarizations of the light beam in the birefringent crystal because of the double refraction caused by the birefringence. By passing through the unequal-path-length optical configuration, the wavelength-modulated light beam is converted into a heterodyne light beam having two frequencies. The modulated heterodyne light beam is further combined with grating-shearing interferometry based on the quasi-common-optical-path (QCOP) design concept. According to the working principle and the Jones calculation, the displacement information of a moving grating can be obtained by means of the optical phase variation resulting from the grating. Theoretical analysis shows that the measurement sensitivity of the proposed method is about 0.134°/nm. The experimental results indicate that the resolution is about 10 nm for the centimetric-level measurement range.
The XJC-correspondence
Authors: Pirio Luc , Russo Francesco 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
For any

n
≥
3

${n\geq 3}$

, we prove that there are equivalences between

•
irreducible n-dimensional non-degenerate complex projective varieties

𝑿
⊂

ℙ

2
⁢
n

+
1

${{\boldsymbol{X}}\subset\mathbb{P}^{2n+1}}$

different from rational normal scrolls and 3-covered by cubic curves, up to projective equivalence,

•

n-dimensional complex Jordan algebras

𝑱

${{\boldsymbol{J}}}$

of rank 3, up to isotopy,

•
quadro-quadric Cremona transformations

𝑪
:

ℙ

n
-
1

⇢

ℙ

n
-
1

${{\boldsymbol{C}}:\mathbb{P}^{n-1}\dashrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n-1}}$

of the complex projective space of dimension

n
-
1

${n-1}$

, up to linear equivalence.

These three equivalences form what we call the

𝑋𝐽𝐶

${\mathit{XJC}}$

-correspondence.
We also provide some applications to the classification of particular
types of varieties in the class defined above and of quadro-quadric Cremona transformations.
Lactide synthesis optimization: investigation of the temperature, catalyst and pressure effects
Authors: Ehsani Morteza , Khodabakhshi Khosrow , Asgari Mohammad 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe most applicable method to produce polylactic acid (PLA) is via ring opening polymerization of lactide, which involves three steps: polycondensation of low-molecular-weight PLA (LMW PLA), depolymerization or dimerization of a prepolymer into a cyclic dimer of lactic acid (lactide) and ring opening polymerization of lactide to achieve high-molecular-weight PLA. This work aimed to optimize the reaction conditions of lactide synthesis. Reactions at different temperatures and pressures were carried out in the presence of tin (II) oxide, tin (II) chloride, tin (II) octate, antimony trioxide, sulfuric acid and no catalyst in a semi-batch reactor. Different analytical techniques such as gas chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy have been used to evaluate the LMW PLA properties, rate of lactide synthesis and racemization. Results showed that the highest rate of conversion occurred in the presence of tin (II) chloride and octate. Synthesis rate increased with the increase in reaction temperature and the decrease in pressure. Increasing temperature also resulted in higher amounts of optical and chemical impurities in the crude lactide.
Electrospun PMMA/AB nanofiber composites for hydrogen storage applications
Authors: Alipour Javad , Shoushtari Ahmad Mousavi , Kaflou Ali 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this work, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/ammonia borane (AB) nanofiber composites were fabricated and the synergetic nanoconfinement effect of nanofibers on dehydrogenation temperature and the removal of unwanted by-products of AB (NH3 BH3) were studied. The results of the dehydrogenation of PMMA/AB samples showed an exothermic reaction temperature of 112°C, which is significantly lower than that of pure AB (120°C). Furthermore, the interaction between AB molecules and PMMA nanofiber structures decreased the enthalpy of exothermic decomposition, from -21.00 to -10.66 kJ/mol H2, suggesting that this type of AB nanofiber composite can provide a convenient reversible hydrogen storage material. Based on the thermogravimetric analysis curves, the use of PMMA to support AB in composite structures resulted in a decrease in AB weight loss from 60.00 to 11.10 wt.% which, in turn, could vigorously reduce the emission of by-product impurities. Based on the obtained results, the strategy of supporting AB in nanofiber structures can be presented as a practical solution to maintain lower operational temperatures and to reduce undesirable volatile products in the dehydrogenation process of AB.
Study of the relationship in pregnant women between hepatitis B markers and a placenta positive for hepatitis B surface antigen
Authors: Wei Junni , Xue Shulian , Zhang Junfeng , Wang Suping , Wang Bo 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Aims: A placenta with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the main reasons for transplacental transmission during pregnancy. This study aims to explore the factors influencing the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the placenta and the synergistic effect of these factors.

Methods: A total of 155 placentae and blood specimens were collected from HBsAg-positive mothers and their newborns. HBsAg in placenta was detected using the immunohistochemistry method. HBV serum markers were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods.

Results: The results showed that hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive, or HBV DNA positive status, is significantly associated with an HBsAg-positive placenta. A synergistic effect was present. The hazard ratio for a HBsAg-positive placenta in mothers with HBeAg and HBV DNA was 1.97 times higher than the sum of the independent relative risk of each separate effect (synergy index, S=1.97). There was a statistically significant association between HBsAg in newborns and HBsAg in placenta, and the risk of newborns with HBsAg was greater (odds ratio values 3.33 and 5.31, respectively) when placental cells close to the fetal side were HBsAg positive.

Conclusions: Being positive for HBeAg and/or HBV DNA are significant risk factors for HBsAg in the placenta. HBsAg can pass through the placenta via cellular transfer, possibly contributing to transplacental transmission.
Novel application of three-dimensional HDlive imaging in prenatal diagnosis from the first trimester
Authors: Pooh Ritsuko Kimata , Kurjak Asim 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Recent development of three-dimensional (3D) high definition (HD) ultrasound has resulted in remarkable progress in visualization of early embryos and fetuses in sonoembryology. The new technology of HDlive assesses both structural and functional developments in the first trimester with greater reliably than two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound. The ability to visualize not only fetal face, hands, fingers, feet, and toes, but also amniotic membranes, is better with volumetric ultrasound than 2D ultrasound. In this article, detailed and comprehensive structures of normal and abnormal fetuses depicted by 3D HDlive are presented, including various faces of Down’s syndrome and holoprosencephaly, as well as low-set ear and finger/toe abnormalities from the first trimester. Three-dimensional HDlive further “humanizes” the fetus, enables detailed observation of the fetal face in the first trimester as shown in this article, and reveals that a small fetus is not more a fetus but a “person” from the first trimester. There has been an immense acceleration in understanding of early human development. The anatomy and physiology of embryonic development is a field where medicine exerts greatest impact on early pregnancy at present, and it opens fascinating aspects of embryonic differentiation. Clinical assessment of those stages of growth relies heavily on 3D/four-dimensional (4D) HDlive, one of the most promising forms of noninvasive diagnostics and embryological phenomena, once matters for textbooks are now routinely recorded with outstanding clarity. New advances deserve the adjective “breathtaking”, including 4D parallel study of the structural and functional early human development.
The “Domestication Syndrome” in Mammals: A Unified Explanation Based on Neural Crest Cell Behavior and Genetics
Authors: Wilkins Adam S , Wrangham Richard W , Fitch W Tecumseh 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Charles Darwin, while trying to devise a general theory of heredity from the observations of animal and plant breeders, discovered that domesticated mammals possess a distinctive and unusual suite of heritable traits not seen in their wild progenitors. Some of these traits also appear in domesticated birds and fish. The origin of Darwin’s “domestication syndrome” has remained a conundrum for more than 140 years. Most explanations focus on particular traits, while neglecting others, or on the possible selective factors involved in domestication rather than the underlying developmental and genetic causes of these traits. Here, we propose that the domestication syndrome results predominantly from mild neural crest cell deficits during embryonic development. Most of the modified traits, both morphological and physiological, can be readily explained as direct consequences of such deficiencies, while other traits are explicable as indirect consequences. We first show how the hypothesis can account for the multiple, apparently unrelated traits of the syndrome and then explore its genetic dimensions and predictions, reviewing the available genetic evidence. The article concludes with a brief discussion of some genetic and developmental questions raised by the idea, along with specific predictions and experimental tests.
Low-Dose Otelixizumab Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibody DEFEND-1 Study: Results of the Randomized Phase III Study in Recent-Onset Human Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Aronson Ronnie , Gottlieb Peter A. , Christiansen Jens S. , Donner Thomas W. , Bosi Emanuele , Bode Bruce W. , Pozzilli Paolo ,   the DEFEND Investigator Group
Published: July 2014

OBJECTIVE
Previous studies demonstrated that the anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody otelixizumab, administered at a total dose of 48–64 mg, can slow the loss of C-peptide in recent-onset type 1 diabetes patients, with frequent reactivation of Epstein Barr virus (EBV). The DEFEND-1 (Durable Response Therapy Evaluation for Early or New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes) trial was designed to test whether a lower dose of otelixizumab could preserve C-peptide secretion in new-onset type 1 diabetes patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was performed in sites in the U.S., Canada, and Europe. Two hundred eighty-one patients were randomized to treatment with 3.1 mg otelixizumab administered over 8 days or placebo. The primary end point of the study was the change in C-peptide area under the curve (AUC) from a 2-h mixed-meal tolerance test at month 12.

RESULTS
The change in 2-h C-peptide AUC was not different between placebo-treated patients and otelixizumab-treated patients (−0.20 vs. −0.22 nmol/L, P = 0.81). Secondary end points, including HbA1c, glucose variability, and insulin dose, were also not statistically different between the two groups. More patients in the otelixizumab group than in the placebo group experienced adverse events, mostly grade 1 or grade 2. There was no EBV reactivation (viral load &gt;10,000 copies/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells) in the otelixizumab group, in contrast with previously published studies at higher doses of otelixizumab.

CONCLUSIONS
Otelixizumab was well tolerated in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes at a total dose of 3.1 mg, but did not achieve preservation of levels of C-peptide or other markers of metabolic control.
Cultures of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Without Clinical Signs of Infection Do Not Predict Outcomes
Authors: Gardner Sue E. , Haleem Ambar , Jao Ying-Ling , Hillis Stephen L. , Femino John E. , Phisitkul Phinit , Heilmann Kristopher P. , Lehman Shannon M. , Franciscus Carrie L. 
Published: July 2014

OBJECTIVEWe examined associations between ulcer bioburden and ulcer outcomes in neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) that lacked clinical signs of infection.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThree dimensions of bioburden (i.e., microbial load, microbial diversity, and the presence of likely pathogens) were measured at baseline using swab cultures obtained by Levine’s technique. Subjects were assessed every 2 weeks for 26 weeks to determine the rate of healing and development of infection-related complications. Foot ulcers were off-loaded using total-contact casts and routinely debrided. To establish associations between bioburden and rate of healing, Cox proportional hazards and least squares regression were used after adjusting for ulcer depth, surface area, and duration.RESULTSA total of 77 subjects completed the study. Sixty-five (84.4%) had ulcers that healed during follow-up; weeks-to-closure ranged from 2 to 26 (median 4.0). Mean (± SD) percent reduction in surface area/week was 25.0% (± 23.33). Five (6.5%) of the DFUs developed an infection-related complication. None of the bioburden dimensions (i.e., microbial load, microbial diversity, or presence of likely pathogens) was significantly associated with weeks-to-closure or percent reduction in surface area per week. Weeks-to-closure was best predicted by ulcer duration, depth, and surface area (c-statistic = 0.75).CONCLUSIONSCulturing DFUs that showed no clinical signs of infection had no predictive value for outcomes of DFUs managed with total-contact casts and routine debridement. These findings support recommendations of the Infectious Disease Society of America that culturing and antibiotics should be avoided in treating DFUs that show no clinical signs of infection.
Speculative Cultural Constructs of the Human Condition in John Fowles’s Mantissa
Authors: Tóth Tibor 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In Mantissa, Miles Green is deprived of his identity, and his Muse(s) attempt to help him reforget it through different (sub)cultural impersonations. This privately coded novel presents the process, which results in what could be termed a culturally determined variant of the postmodern human condition. My paper discusses some aspects of the way in which John Fowles reformulates his interpretations of the postmodern human condition, while demonstrating the capacity of art in general and of the novel in particular to adjust its rhetoric, narrative and technical solutions to the expectations generated by this extremely complex and difficult task.
Humanisation of the Subject in David Foster Wallace’s Fiction: From Postmodernism, Avant Pop to New Sensicerity? (Tri-Stan: I Sold Sissee Nar to Ecko, 1999)
Authors: Kušnír Jaroslav 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
David Foster Wallace’s fiction is often considered to be an expression of the new American fiction emerging in the late 1980s, the authors of which expressed a certain distance from the dehumanised and linguistically constructed subject of postmodern fiction, and which depicted individuals influenced by mass media, pop culture and technology in technologically advanced American society. David Foster Wallace’s short story Tri-Stan: I Sold Sissee Nar to Ecko (1999), however, was also included in the Avant-Pop Anthology (Larry McCaffery, L., eds. After Yesterday’s Crash: The Avant-Pop Anthology. London, New York: Penguin, 1995). Some other critics (Adam Kelly, for example) consider him to be an author who expresses New Sincerity in his depiction of reality, which is a tendency in fiction trying to depict human experience and emotions through the use of language and which does not emphasise the human subject and experience to be a product of the interplay of signifiers as understood by Deconstruction criticism and many postmodern authors. This paper will analyse David Foster Wallace’s use of narrative strategies that are connected with postmodern narrative techniques and, at the same time, the way they express a distance from them through a depiction of human experience as interactive communication between human subjects. In addition, the paper will analyse the poetics of the new sincerity as part of contemporary postpostmodern sensibility. That is why I use the term sensicerity to express a combination of the new sensibility and sincerity.
Automatic Enhancement of the Reference Set for Multi-Criteria Sorting in The Frame of Theseus Method
Authors: Fernandez Eduardo , Navarro Jorge , Salomon Eduardo 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Some recent works have established the importance of handling abundant reference information in multi-criteria sorting problems. More valid information allows a better characterization of the agent’s assignment policy, which can lead to an improved decision support. However, sometimes information for enhancing the reference set may be not available, or may be too expensive. This paper explores an automatic mode of enhancing the reference set in the framework of the THESEUS multi-criteria sorting method. Some performance measures are defined in order to test results of the enhancement. Several theoretical arguments and practical experiments are provided here, supporting a basic advantage of the automatic enhancement: a reduction of the vagueness measure that improves the THESEUS accuracy, without additional efforts from the decision agent. The experiments suggest that the errors coming from inadequate automatic assignments can be kept at a manageable level.
On the pregnance of bodily movement and geometrical objects: A post-constructivist account of the origin of mathematical knowledge
Authors: Roth Wolff-Michael 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Traditional (e.g., constructivist) accounts of knowledge ground its origin in the intentional construction on the part of the learner. Such accounts are blind to the fact that learners, by the fact that they do not know the knowledge to be learned, cannot orient toward it as an object to be constructed. In this study, I provide a phenomenological account of the naissance (birth) of knowledge, two words that both have their etymological origin in the same, homonymic Proto-Indo-European syllable ĝen-, ĝenә-, ĝnē-, ĝnō-. Accordingly, the things of the world and the bodily movements they shape, following Merleau-Ponty (1964), are pregnant with new knowledge that cannot foresee itself, and that no existing knowledge can anticipate. I draw on a study of learning in a second-grade mathematics classroom, where children (6-7 years) learned geometry by classifying and modeling 3-dimensional objects. The data clearly show that the children did not foresee, and therefore did not intentionally construct, the knowledge that emerged from the movements of their hands, arms, and bodies that comply with the forms of things. Implications are drawn for classroom instruction