bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PENJERAPAN GAS CO HASIL PEMBAKARAN SAMPAH MENGGUNAKAN SORBENT TERMODIFIKASI DALAM REAKTOR FIXED BED
Authors: Mariana Mariana , Mulana Farid , Satriyo Purwana 
Published: February 2015

ADSORPTION OF CO FROM WASTE COMBUSTION USING MODIFIED SORBENT IN A FIXED BED REACTOR. Gases produced by garbage burning consist of dangerous gases such as CO, SO2 and other gases. Technology for reducing dangerous gases from incinerator outlet can be done by using a dry or wet process. The dry process is more economical process because of simple process, easy maintenance and no liquid waste as product. However, the weakness of the dry process is low absorption conversion and low gas removal efficiency. One way to overcome these problems is to use sorbent which has high reactivity. An inexpensive sorbent that commonly used is Ca(OH)2. The aim of this research was to increase the reactivity of Ca(OH)2 sorbent by using diatomaceous earth and compost as a source of silica and biosorbent, respectively. Diatomaceous earth contains CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3 and compost contains bacteria as a biosorbent that can convert CO to CO2 and CH4. The reaction between SiO2 and Ca(OH)2 would form calcium silicate hydrate (CaO.SiO2.2H2O) that has a high porosity and reactivity. The results showed that the reactivity of Ca(OH)2 sorbent increased by addition of diatomaceous earth and compost. The results also showed that the sorption of CO gas increases with increasing of height of sorbent bed and temperature. The highest CO gas sorption was obtained at temperature of 150oC and sorbent bed height of 6 cm using the modified sorbent with Ca(OH)2/DE/compost ratio of 3:1:1. Gas hasil pembakaran sampah terdiri dari gas-gas yang berbahaya seperti CO, SO2 dan lain sebagainya. Teknologi penghilangan gas-gas tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan proses kering maupun proses basah. Penghilangan dengan proses kering lebih ekonomis karena sederhana, mudah pemeliharaan dan tidak menghasilkan limbah cair. Namun demikian, kelemahan proses kering adalah konversi absorpsi rendah dan efisiensi penyisihan gas relatif kecil. Salah satu cara mengatasi masalah tersebut di atas adalah dengan menggunakan sorbent yang mempunyai reaktifitas yang tinggi. Sorbent yang umum digunakan dan murah adalah Ca(OH)2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan reaktifitas sorbent Ca(OH)2 dengan menggunakan tanah diatomeae sebagai sumber silika dan kompos sebagai sumber biosorbent. Tanah diatomea umumnya mengandung CaO, SiO2 dan Al2O3. Reaksi antara SiO2 dengan Ca(OH)2 membentuk kalsium silicate hidrat (CaO.SiO2.2H2O) yang mempunyai porositas dan reaktifitas yang tinggi. Kompos mengandung bakteri sebagai biosorbent yang dapat mengubah gas CO menjadi CO2 dan CH4. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa reaktifitas sorbent Ca(OH)2 meningkat dengan penambahan DE dan kompos. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa penjerapan gas CO meningkat dengan meningkatnya tinggi unggun sorbent dan temperatur. Penjerapan gas CO tertinggi diperoleh pada penggunaan modifikasi sorbent Ca(OH)2/DE/kompos (3:1:1), temperatur 150oC dan tinggi unggun sorbent 6 cm dari variabel yang dilakukan.
PENGARUH KATALIS Co DAN Fe TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK CARBON NANOTUBES DARI GAS ASETILENA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PROSES CATALYTIC CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION (CCVD)
Authors: Kusworo Tutuk Djoko , Yusufina Desmile , Atyaforsa Atyaforsa 
Published: February 2015

EFFECT OF Co AND Fe ON CARBON NANOTUBES CHARACTERISTICS FROM ACETYLENE USING CATALYTIC CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION (CCVD) PROCESS. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) is one of the most well known nano-technology applications which the most of attracting the attention of researchers, because it has more advantages than other materials. The application of the CNT has extended into various aspects, such as electronics, materials, biology and chemistry. This research uses a system of Catalytic Chemical Vapour Deposition (CCVD), which aims to determine the influence of Co and Fe as a catalyst and zeolite 4A as a support catalyst with acetylene gas (C2H2) as carbon source in the synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs). In this experiment, used the ratio of acetylene gas and flow rate of N2 gas is 1:1 by weight of the catalyst Co/Zeolite and Fe/Zeolite amounted to 0.5 grams at the operating temperature of 700oC for 20 minutes. N2 gas serves to minimize the occurrence of oxidation reaction (explosion) when operating. From analysis result by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows the CNTs formed a type of MWNT with different of diameter size and product weight, depending on the size of the active component concentration on the catalyst. The larger of active components produced CNTs with larger diameter, whereas product weight syntheses result smaller. Use of the catalyst Fe/Zeolite produce CNTs with a diameter larger than the catalyst Co/Zeolite. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) merupakan salah satu aplikasi nanoteknologi yang paling terkenal dan banyak menarik perhatian para peneliti, karena memiliki beberapa kelebihan daripada material lainnya. Aplikasi dari CNT telah merambah ke berbagai aspek, seperti bidang elektronika, material, biologi dan kimia. Penelitian ini menggunakan sistem Catalytic Chemical Vapour Deposition (CCVD) yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi Cobalt (Co) dan Ferrum (Fe) sebagai katalis dan zeolit tipe 4A sebagai penyangga katalis dengan gas asetilen (C2H2) sebagai sumber karbon dalam sintesis carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Pada penelitian ini digunakan perbandingan laju alir gas asetilen dan gas N2 yaitu 1:1 dengan berat katalis Co/Zeolit dan Fe/Zeolit masing-masing sebesar 0,5 gram pada suhu operasi 700 oC selama 20 menit. Dari hasil analisa Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) menunjukkan CNTs yang dihasilkan pada penelitian ini memiliki tipe Multi Walled Nano Tube (MWNT) dengan ukuran diameter dan berat produk yang berbeda, tergantung dari besarnya konsentrasi komponen aktif pada katalis. Semakin besar konsentrasi komponen aktif akan dihasilkan CNTs dengan diameter yang semakin besar, sedangkan berat produk semakin kecil. Penggunaan katalis Fe/Zeolit dengan kalsinasi akan menghasilkan CNTs dengan diameter yang lebih besar daripada katalis Co/Zeolit.
PALM KERNEL OIL SOLUBITY EXAMINATION AND ITS MODELING IN EXTRACTION PROCESS USING SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Setianto Wahyu Bahari , Atmaji Priyo , Anggoro Didi Dwi 
Published: February 2015

Application of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) to vegetable oil extraction became an attractive technique due to its high solubility, short extraction time and simple purification. The method is considered as earth friendly technology due to the absence of chemical usage. Solubility of solute-SC-CO2 is an important data for application of the SC-CO2 extraction. In this work, the equilibrium solubility of the palm kernel oil (PKO) in SC-CO2 has been examined using extraction curve analysis. The examinations were performed at temperature and pressure ranges of 323.15 K to 353.15 K and 20.7 to 34.5 MPa respectively. It was obtained that the experimental solubility were from 0.0160 to 0.0503 g oil/g CO2 depend on the extraction condition. The experimental solubility data was well correlated with a solvent density based model with absolute percent deviation of 0.96. PENENTUAN KELARUTAN MINYAK INTI KELAPA SAWIT DAN PEMODELAN EKSTRAKSI DENGAN KARBON DIOKSIDA SUPERKRITIK. Sehubungan dengan kelarutan yang tinggi, waktu ekstraksi yang pendek dan pemurnian hasil yang mudah, aplikasi karbon dioksida superkritis (SC-CO2) pada ekstraksi minyak nabati menjadi sebuah teknik ekstraksi yang menarik. Karena tanpa penggunaan bahan kimia, metode ekstraksi ini dianggap sebagai teknologi yang ramah lingkungan. Kelarutan zat terlarut pada SC-CO2 merupakan data yang penting dalam aplikasi SC-CO2 pada proses ekstraksi. Pada penelitian ini, kelarutan kesetimbangan dari minyak biji sawit (PKO) dalam SC-CO2 telah diuji dengan mengunakan analisa kurva proses ekstraksi. Pengujian kelarutan tersebut dilakukan pada rentang suhu 323,15 K sampai 353,15 K dan rentang tekanan 20,7 MPa sampai 34,5 MPa. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa kelarutan kesetimbangan hasil percobaan PKO pada SC-CO2 adalah 0.0160 g minyak/g CO2 sampai 0,0503 g minyak/g CO2 tergantung pada kondisi ekstraksi. Data kelarutan kesetimbangan hasil percobaan telah dikorelasaikan dengan baik menggunakan sebuah model kelarutan yang didasarkan pada densiti pelarut. Pemodelan tersebut mempunyai persen deviasi mutlak 0,96.
Utility of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and white blood cells alone and in combination for the prediction of clinical outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Zhydkov Andriy , Christ-Crain Mirjam , Thomann Robert , Hoess Claus , Henzen Christoph , Zimmerli Werner , Mueller Beat , Schuetz Philipp , for the ProHOSP Study Group  
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe added value of biomarkers, such as procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cells (WBC), as adjuncts to clinical risk scores for predicting the outcome of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is in question. We investigated the prognostic accuracy of initial and follow-up levels of inflammatory biomarkers in predicting death and adverse clinical outcomes in a large and well-defined cohort of CAP patients.We measured PCT, CRP and WBC on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 and followed the patients over 30 days. We applied multivariate regression models and area under the curve (AUC) to investigate associations between these biomarkers, the clinical risk score CURB-65, and clinical outcomes [i.e., death and intensive care unit (ICU) admission].Of 925 patients with CAP, 50 patients died and 118 patients had an adverse clinical outcome. None of the initial biomarker levels significantly improved the CURB-65 score for mortality prediction. Follow-up biomarker levels showed significant independent association with mortality at days 3, 5, and 7 and with improvements in AUC. Initial PCT and CRP levels were independent prognostic predictors of adverse clinical outcome, and levels of all biomarkers during the course of disease provided additional prognostic information.This study provides robust insights into the added prognostic value of inflammatory markers in CAP. Procalcitonin, CRP, and to a lesser degree WBC provided some prognostic information on CAP outcomes, particularly when considering their kinetics at days 5 and 7 and when looking at adverse clinical outcomes instead of mortality alone.
Neue Anforderungen aus der Normung und Akkreditierung nach ISO/DIS 15189:2011 – Der State of the Art-Ansatz für Qualität und Kompetenz in medizinischen Laboratorien/New requirements from standardization and accreditation – the state of the art concept for quality and competence in medical laboratories
Authors: Spitzenberger Folker , Weidemann Gerhard 
Published: February 2015

ZusammenfassungDer neue ISO-Normentwurf ISO/DIS 15189:2011 „Medizinische Laboratorien – Besondere Anforderungen an die Qualität und Kompetenz“ stellt deutlich erweiterte Anforderungen an das Qualitätsmanagementsystem in medizinischen Laboratorien. Die Änderungen lassen sich dabei in drei Kategorien differenzieren: redaktionelle, strukturelle und inhaltliche Änderungen. Die wesentlichen Aspekte der auch im Rahmen der Akkreditierung anzuwendenden Norm betreffen inhaltlich sowohl novellierte Anforderungen an das Management als auch technische Anforderungen. Im Mittelpunkt der Dokumentation des Qualitätsmanagementsystems stehen neben dem QM-Handbuch zukünftig mehr als 20 „dokumentierte Verfahren“, die obligatorisch zu erstellen sind. Hinsichtlich der Beauftragung von Fremdlaboratorien als Unterauftragnehmer fordert der Normentwurf durch eindeutige Kennzeichnungspflichten eine deutlich erhöhte Transparenz für Patienten und Einsender. Konzepte wie Risikomanagement und erweiterte Reviewaktivitäten werden neu eingeführt. Im Rahmen der technischen Anforderungen liegt der Schwerpunkt auf einer Konkretisierung der Kriterien bezüglich der Verifizierung/Validierung von Untersuchungsverfahren und der Sicherstellung der Qualität der Untersuchungsergebnisse. Die zukünftige Norm fordert – entsprechend dem definitionsgemäß reflektierten Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik – die Einhaltung von definierten Qualitätskriterien bei der Befundvalidation und im Rahmen des Informationsmanagements eines Laboratoriums. Im regulatorischen Kontext ist der neue Normentwurf in die anstehende Revision des europäischen Medizinprodukterechts eingebunden, die auch In-vitro-Diagnostika einschließt und national im Medizinproduktegesetz umgesetzt wird.
Spielen CRP-Spiegel neben IL-6 und PCT noch eine Rolle für Patienten auf Intensivstationen?/Are circulating levels of CRP compared to IL-6 and PCT still relevant in intensive care unit patients?
Authors: Boenisch Sylvia , Fae Peter , Drexel Heinz , Walli Autar K. , Fraunberger Peter 
Published: February 2015

Zusammenfassung
In der Diagnostik von Infektionen und inflammatorischen Prozessen ist das C-reaktive Protein (CRP) einer der meistverwendeten Parameter, unter anderem aufgrund der geringen Kosten und der schnellen Verfügbarkeit. Im Zuge der letzten Jahre gewannen jedoch andere Entzündungsparameter, wie zum Beispiel das Interleukin 6 (IL-6) oder Procalcitonin (PCT), zunehmend an Bedeutung. Obwohl diese Parameter im klinischen Alltag noch nicht überall etabliert sind, besitzen sie doch wesentliche Vorteile in der Diagnostik und im Verlaufsmonitoring von entzündlichen Erkrankungen. Beispielsweise ist die Erkennung entzündlicher Komplikationen auf Intensivstationen durch erhöhte IL-6 Spiegel 24 bis 48 Stunden vor einer Erhöhung des CRP möglich. Die deutliche Überlegenheit von PCT gegenüber CRP in der Diagnostik von bakteriellen Infektionen und Sepsis begründet sich in der höheren Spezifität des PCT für bakterielle Infektionen. Der PCT-Verlauf ermöglicht daher eine bessere Beurteilung des Therapieerfolges und Krankheitsverlaufs des Patienten und liefert Hinweise auf eine gegebenenfalls erforderliche Therapieumstellung. Daraus ergibt sich die Frage, ob die Messung des CRP-Spiegels durch IL-6 und/oder PCT ersetzt werden kann. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit wird die derzeitige Bedeutung von CRP im Verhältnis zu den neueren Entzündungsparametern in der Diagnostik von bakteriellen Infektionen, im therapeutischen Monitoring und in seiner Aussagekraft bezüglich der Prognose des Patienten auf Intensivstationen dargestellt.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of antifungal agents1)
Authors: Heinz Werner J. , Klinker Hartwig 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
New antifungal compounds, advanced diagnostic tools, early initiation of antifungal therapy, and the option of combination therapy have improved the treatment of fungal diseases. Despite this progress, invasive yeast and mould infections are still associated with a high rate of mortality, especially for patients with severe immunosuppression. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can both help to avoid toxic effects and improve the efficacy of antifungal agents. For flucytosine and some azoles, a TDM guided therapy is already recommended in current guidelines. Actual knowledge about different antifungal agents varies, and the options and indications for the determination of drug concentrations are likewise different for each compound. Intra- and interindividual variability of concentrations and their association with outcome and adverse events are the most important factors. They determine whether therapeutic drug monitoring may provide an option to improve therapy, which is the case for some, but not all, antifungal agents.
Labordiagnostik Katecholamin-produzierender Tumoren
Authors: Lattke Peter , Peitzsch Mirko , Därr Roland , Siegert Gabriele , Eisenhofer Graeme 
Published: February 2015

Zusammenfassung:
Phäochromozytome, Paragangliome und Neuroblastome sind seltene neuroendokrine Tumoren, die durch eine erhöhte Katecholaminproduktion charakterisiert sind. Die Katecholamine werden noch in den Tumorzellen zu Metanephrinen O-methyliert. Diese Tatsache erklärt die hohe diagnostische Sensitivität und Spezifität der Katecholaminmetabolite zur Diagnostik von Phäochromozytomen und Paragangliomen. Altersangepasste Referenzwerte von Normetanephrin, dem O-methylierten Metabolit von Noradrenalin, erhöhen hierbei noch die diagnostische Spezifität. Gemessen an der höheren diagnostischen Sensitivität sind die auf Flüssigkeitschromatographie beruhenden Methoden, Metanephrine im Patientenplasma zu messen, immunologischen Verfahren überlegen. Für das Neuroblastom-Screening bleibt die Messung der Tumormarker Vanillinmandelsäure und Homovanillinsäure der am häufigsten benutzte Test, obwohl sie eine eingeschränkte diagnostische Sensitivität haben. Für die Diagnose solcher pädiatrischen Tumoren ist die Suche nach neuen, verbesserten Biomarkern notwendig.
Androgens and cardiovascular risk1)
Authors: Lerchbaum Elisabeth 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Testosterone concentrations in men gradually decrease with age. Whether this reduction in androgen levels is a pathological process or a physiological event remains to be determined. The age-related decrease in testosterone levels is, however, frequently accompanied by adverse health consequences including low bone and muscle mass, increased fat mass, type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome. Moreover, low androgen levels are associated with increased mortality. Testosterone treatment should be performed in men with low androgen levels as well as clinical signs and symptoms of hypogonadism. In premenopausal women, hyperandrogenemia is associated with several cardiovascular risk factors. The most common cause of hyperandrogenemia in women is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS women are affected by hyperandrogenism, infertility and metabolic disturbances, such as insulin resistance, central obesity and dyslipidemia. Androgen levels decrease with menopausal transition in women. Hyperandrogenemia is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women. Whether this hyperandrogenemia results in increased mortality is, however, less clear. Moreover, the impact of androgen supplementation in postmenopausal women with hypoandrogenemia is open.
Green Supply Chain Management of Risk Analysis in the Aerospace Technology Industry
Authors: Chung Kuo-Cheng , Chu Chih-Peng 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
In recent years, environmental regulations were developed and implemented due to an increase in environmental awareness all over the world. Facing this regulatory pressure from the external environment, companies must plan and establish an effective risk assessment mechanism. This study adopts a risk assessment approach failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) to identify the major control points that can help companies build a risk control process. By planning the control procedure of FMEA, companies can be evaluated in a logical framework of processes. Companies can also simultaneously acquire customers' trust and recognition, while maintaining green core competence for sustainable development.
From Texture to Skid Resistance: A Multi-Scale Modeling Approach
Authors: Chen Xianhua 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Real-time measurement of the tire–road friction coefficient is extremely valuable for road-maintenance operations and highway safety management. This paper presents a systematic framework to predict skid resistance of wet pavement with a non-contact method, which could be a potential approach for real-time measurements of pavement friction. The grip potential of pavement is estimated according to the measured pavement texture based on theoretical simulation of the complete hysteresis and partial adhesive effects during tire sliding on wet pavement. Such a method could be potentially used for the purpose of harmonization analysis of skid resistance and potential capability of optimization of pavement surface texture.
Subsurface Condition Evaluation of Asphalt Pavement for Pavement Preservation Treatments
Authors: Ahn Hyungjun , Lee Jusang 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) has developed a guideline for evaluation of subsurface condition, a project-level evaluation for applicability of Indiana pavement preservation treatments (PPT). The developed guideline, using ground penetration radar (GPR) measurements, surface distress, and laboratory tests, determines the pavement subsurface distress severity and its distribution. The guideline also incorporates the newly developed water stripping severity test utilizing the digital image processing. The guideline has hierarchal evaluation system based on the type of data available for the test section. Level 1 is selected if GPR analysis data is available, level 2 is selected if surface distress data is available, and level 3 is used for all other cases. In addition, the subsurface distress distribution analysis tool (DCUAL) provides the locations of the PPT applicable sections. Case studies were conducted to provide aid to better understand the guideline, to present the example evaluation results upon the application of the guideline, and to validate the applicability of guidelines. Three test roads treated with PPTs within two to three years in Indiana were selected, and different evaluation levels were applied to the test roads. Level 1 and level 2 were applied for state road (SR) SR-70, and level 2 and 3 was applied for SR-257 and SR-43, respectively. Level 1 and level 2 analyses in the case study showed a good agreement with the case of the non-uniform subsurface distress distribution. In the process of determining the PPT applicability, pavements with the overall score of 60 or higher were found to be suitable for PPTs for all three levels of analysis and suitable for the Indiana State Roads having average annual daily traffic of less than 9000. Overall, the case study validated that the guideline provides a consistent, rational, and data-driven decision-making process for the applicability of the project-level pavement preservation program.
New Intelligent Controller for Induction Motor Speed Control
Authors: Sasikumar M. , Senthilkumar S. , Balabharathi B. , Praveen M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This paper presents the design and simulation of high-performance brain emotional learning and fuzzy-based intelligent controller (BELFBIC) for three-phase induction motors V/f speed control. BELFBIC is an improved version of a brain emotional learning-based intelligent controller (BELBIC) controller. V/f control is simple and relatively easy to implement. It provides motor performance, which is adequate in most applications. For the first time, BELFBIC is used for space vector pulse width modulation inverter-fed induction motor V/f speed control. A comparative analysis with a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller and BELBIC are also carried out. The simulation is conducted with MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed controller is implemented in hardware, and its performance is shown to be better than either PID or BELBIC.