bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Moist Static Energy and Budget between the GCM-Simulated Madden–Julian Oscillation and Observations over the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific
Authors: Wu Xiaoqing , Deng Liping 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The moist static energy (MSE) anomalies and MSE budget associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) simulated in the Iowa State University General Circulation Model (ISUGCM) over the Indian and Pacific Oceans are compared with observations. Different phase relationships between MJO 850-hPa zonal wind, precipitation, and surface latent heat flux are simulated over the Indian Ocean and western Pacific, which are greatly influenced by the convection closure, trigger conditions, and convective momentum transport (CMT). The moist static energy builds up from the lower troposphere 15–20 days before the peak of MJO precipitation, and reaches the maximum in the middle troposphere (500–600 hPa) near the peak of MJO precipitation. The gradual lower-tropospheric heating and moistening and the upward transport of moist static energy are important aspects of MJO events, which are documented in observational studies but poorly simulated in most GCMs. The trigger conditions for deep convection, obtained from the year-long cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations, contribute to the striking difference between ISUGCM simulations with the original and modified convection schemes and play the major role in the improved MJO simulation in ISUGCM. Additionally, the budget analysis with the ISUGCM simulations shows the increase in MJO MSE is in phase with the horizontal advection of MSE over the western Pacific, while out of phase with the horizontal advection of MSE over the Indian Ocean. However, the NCEP analysis shows that the tendency of MJO MSE is in phase with the horizontal advection of MSE over both oceans.
Impact of Convective Organization on the Response of Tropical Precipitation Extremes to Warming
Authors: Muller Caroline 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In this study the response of tropical precipitation extremes to warming in organized convection is examined using a cloud-resolving model. Vertical shear is imposed to organize the convection into squall lines. Earlier studies show that in disorganized convection, the fractional increase of precipitation extremes is similar to that of surface water vapor, which is substantially smaller than the increase in column water vapor. It has been suggested that organized convection could lead to stronger amplifications.
Regardless of the strength of the shear, amplifications of precipitation extremes in the cloud-resolving simulations are comparable to those of surface water vapor and are substantially less than increases in column water vapor. The results without shear and with critical shear, for which the squall lines are perpendicular to the shear, are surprisingly similar with a fractional rate of increase of precipitation extremes slightly smaller than that of surface water vapor. Interestingly, the dependence on shear is nonmonotonic, and stronger supercritical shear yields larger rates, close to or slightly larger than surface humidity.
A scaling is used to evaluate the thermodynamic and dynamic contributions to precipitation extreme changes. To first order, they are dominated by the thermodynamic component, which has the same magnitude for all shears, close to the change in surface water vapor. The dynamic contribution plays a secondary role and tends to weaken extremes without shear and with critical shear, while it strengthens extremes with supercritical shear. These different dynamic contributions for different shears are due to different responses of convective mass fluxes in individual updrafts to warming.
Changepoint Detection in Climate Time Series with Long-Term Trends
Authors: Gallagher Colin , Lund Robert , Robbins Michael 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Climate time series often have artificial shifts induced by instrumentation changes, station relocations, observer changes, etc. Climate time series also often exhibit long-term trends. Much of the recent literature has focused on identifying the structural breakpoint time(s) of climate time series—the so-called changepoint problem. Unfortunately, application of rudimentary mean-shift changepoint tests to scenarios with trends often leads to the erroneous conclusion that a mean shift occurred near the series' center. This paper examines this problem in detail, constructing some simple homogeneity tests for series with trends. The asymptotic distribution of the proposed statistic is derived; en route, an attempt is made to unify the asymptotic properties of the changepoint methods used in today's climate literature. The tests presented here are linked to the ubiquitous t test. Application is made to two temperature records: 1) the continental United States record and 2) a local record from Jacksonville, Illinois.
ENSO and Short-Term Variability of the South Equatorial Current Entering the Coral Sea
Authors: Kessler William S. , Cravatte Sophie 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Historical section data extending to 1985 are used to estimate the interannual variability of transport entering the Coral Sea between New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands. Typical magnitudes of this variability are ±5–8 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) in the 0–400-m layer relative to 400 m, and ±8–12 Sv in the 0–2000-m layer relative to 2000 m, on a mean of close to −30 Sv (relative to 2000 m). Transport increases a few months after an El Niño event and decreases following a La Niña. Interannual transport variability is well simulated by a reduced-gravity long Rossby wave model. Vigorous westward-propagating mesoscale eddies can yield substantial aliasing on individual ship or glider surveys. Since transport variability is surface intensified and well correlated with satellite-derived surface geostrophic currents, a simple index of South Equatorial Current transport based on satellite altimetry is developed.
The Canadian Seasonal to Interannual Prediction System. Part I: Models and Initialization
Authors: Merryfield William J. , Lee Woo-Sung , Boer George J. , Kharin Viatcheslav V. , Scinocca John F. , Flato Gregory M. , Ajayamohan R. S. , Fyfe John C. , Tang Youmin , Polavarapu Saroja 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The Canadian Seasonal to Interannual Prediction System (CanSIPS) became operational at Environment Canada's Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) in December 2011, replacing CMC's previous two-tier system. CanSIPS is a two-model forecasting system that combines ensemble forecasts from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis (CCCma) Coupled Climate Model, versions 3 and 4 (CanCM3 and CanCM4, respectively). Mean climate as well as climate trends and variability in these models are evaluated in freely running historical simulations. Initial conditions for CanSIPS forecasts are obtained from an ensemble of coupled assimilation runs. These runs assimilate gridded atmospheric analyses by means of a procedure that resembles the incremental analysis update technique, but introduces only a fraction of the analysis increment in order that differences between ensemble members reflect the magnitude of observational uncertainties. The land surface is initialized through its response to the assimilative meteorology, whereas sea ice concentration and sea surface temperature are relaxed toward gridded observational values. The subsurface ocean is initialized through surface forcing provided by the assimilation run, together with an offline variational assimilation of gridded observational temperatures followed by an adjustment of the salinity field to preserve static stability. The performance of CanSIPS historical forecasts initialized every month over the period 1981–2010 is documented in a companion paper. The CanCM4 model and the initialization procedures developed for CanSIPS have been employed as well for decadal forecasts, including those contributing to phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project.
Diagnosis and Dynamics of Forecast Error Growth
Authors: Davies Huw C. , Didone Marco 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Consideration is given to the diagnosis and dynamics of synoptic and subsynoptic forecast error from a potential vorticity (PV) perspective. A depiction of the extratropical “forecast minus analysis” PV pattern on a cross-tropopause isentropic surface serves to illustrate characteristic features of the PV-error field, and these features relate both to the instigation, development, and breaking of Rossby waves at the tropopause, and to surface cyclones and anticyclones. An outline is provided of a three-component diagnostic approach for studying PV forecast error. The approach exploits the quintessential PV concepts of quasi conservation, inversion, and attribution, and its essence is illustrated qualitatively by reference to one particular synoptic sequence over the North Atlantic. It also provides a framework for assessing the dynamics of possible mechanisms for generating realized PV-error features. The approach offers a conceptually attractive and diagnostically useful method of analyzing, assessing, and understanding the dynamics of forecast error growth.
Atlantic Hurricane Database Uncertainty and Presentation of a New Database Format
Authors: Landsea Christopher W. , Franklin James L. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
“Best tracks” are National Hurricane Center (NHC) poststorm analyses of the intensity, central pressure, position, and size of Atlantic and eastern North Pacific basin tropical and subtropical cyclones. This paper estimates the uncertainty (average error) for Atlantic basin best track parameters through a survey of the NHC Hurricane Specialists who maintain and update the Atlantic hurricane database. A comparison is then made with a survey conducted over a decade ago to qualitatively assess changes in the uncertainties. Finally, the implications of the uncertainty estimates for NHC analysis and forecast products as well as for the prediction goals of the Hurricane Forecast Improvement Program are discussed.
Individual Differences in Multitasking Ability and Adaptability
Authors: Morgan Brent , D’Mello Sidney , Abbott Robert , Radvansky Gabriel , Haass Michael , Tamplin Andrea 
Published: January 2013

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the cognitive factors that predictability and adaptability during multitasking with a flight simulator. Background: Multitasking has become increasingly prevalent as most professions require individuals to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. Considerable research has been undertaken to identify the characteristics of people (i.e., individual differences) that predict multitasking ability. Although working memory is a reliable predictor of general multitasking ability (i.e., performance in normal conditions), there is the question of whether different cognitive faculties are needed to rapidly respond to changing task demands ( adaptability). Method: Participants first completed a battery of cognitive individual differences tests followed by multitasking sessions with a flight simulator. After a baseline condition, difficulty of the flight simulator was incrementally increased via four experimental manipulations, and performance metrics were collected to assess multitasking ability and adaptability. Results: Scholastic aptitude and working memory predicted general multitasking ability (i.e., performance at baseline difficulty), but spatial manipulation (in conjunction with working memory) was a major predictor of adaptability (performance in difficult conditions after accounting for baseline performance). Conclusion: Multitasking ability and adaptability may be overlapping but separate constructs that draw on overlapping (but not identical) sets of cognitive abilities. Application: The results of this study are applicable to practitioners and researchers in human factors to assess multitasking performance in real-world contexts and with realistic task constraints. We also present a framework for conceptualizing multitasking adaptability on the basis of five adaptability profiles derived from performance on tasks with consistent versus increased difficulty.
Ageing effect on morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of impact modified LDPE/PP blends from virgin and recycled materials
Authors: Borovanska Irena , Krastev Rumen , Benavente Rosario , Pradas Manuel Monleón , Lluch Ana Vallés , Samichkov Vasil , Iliev Mario 
Published: January 2013

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the influence of ageing on the morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of virgin and two types of recycled (from technological and postconsumer wastes) modified polyolefin blends. Immiscible blends of virgin low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) in weight ratio 1:1 were modified with the ethylene–propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber impact modifier. The efficiency of modification was investigated as a function of modifier content in the range from 7 to 15 wt%. The blends were prepared by extrusion using a corotating twin screw extruder Brabender DSE35/17D at melt temperature in the range from 150 to 200°C and a screw speed of 20 rpm. Compression-molded samples were subjected to natural and accelerated ageing and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mechanical testing. The experiments show that the ageing process deteriorates the mechanical properties of the PP/LDPE blends, and this is more clearly expressed in the blends of virgin material. The results show that the presence of the EPDM modifier delays the process of ageing in PP/LDPE blends. The DSC and SEM investigations confirm the structural changes in the examined compositions.
Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis With Platelet-Rich Plasma, Glucocorticoid, or Saline
Authors: Krogh Thøger Persson , Fredberg Ulrich , Stengaard-Pedersen Kristian , Christensen Robin , Jensen Pia , Ellingsen Torkell 
Published: January 2013

Background: Lateral epicondylitis (LE) is a common musculoskeletal disorder for which an effective treatment strategy remains unknown. Purpose: To examine whether a single injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is more effective than placebo (saline) or glucocorticoid in reducing pain in adults with LE after 3 months. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: A total of 60 patients with chronic LE were randomized (1:1:1) to receive either a blinded injection of PRP, saline, or glucocorticoid. The primary end point was a change in pain using the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) questionnaire at 3 months. Secondary outcomes were ultrasonographic changes in tendon thickness and color Doppler activity. Results: Pain reduction at 3 months (primary end point) was observed in all 3 groups, with no statistically significant difference between the groups; mean differences were the following: glucocorticoid versus saline: −3.8 (95% CI, −9.9 to 2.4); PRP versus saline: −2.7 (95% CI, −8.8 to 3.5); and glucocorticoid versus PRP: −1.1 (95% CI, −7.2 to 5.0). At 1 month, however, glucocorticoid reduced pain more effectively than did both saline and PRP; mean differences were the following: glucocorticoid versus saline: −8.1 (95% CI, −14.3 to −1.9); and glucocorticoid versus PRP: −9.3 (95% CI, −15.4 to −3.2). Among the secondary outcomes, at 3 months, glucocorticoid was more effective than PRP and saline in reducing color Doppler activity and tendon thickness. For color Doppler activity, mean differences were the following: glucocorticoid versus PRP: −2.6 (95% CI, −3.1 to −2.2); and glucocorticoid versus saline: −2.0 (95% CI, −2.5 to −1.6). For tendon thickness, mean differences were the following: glucocorticoid versus PRP: −0.5 (95% CI, −0.8 to −0.2); and glucocorticoid versus saline: −0.8 (95% CI, −1.2 to −0.5). Conclusion: Neither injection of PRP nor glucocorticoid was superior to saline with regard to pain reduction in LE at the primary end point at 3 months. However, injection of glucocorticoid had a short-term pain-reducing effect at 1 month in contrast to the other therapies. Injection of glucocorticoid in LE reduces both color Doppler activity and tendon thickness compared with PRP and saline.
Improving the Validity of Activity of Daily Living Dependency Risk Assessment
Authors: Clark Daniel O. , Stump Timothy E. , Tu Wanzhu , Miller Douglas K. 
Published: January 2013

Objectives: Efforts to prevent activity of daily living (ADL) dependency may be improved through models that assess older adults’ dependency risk. We evaluated whether cognition and gait speed measures improve the predictive validity of interview-based models. Method: Participants were 8,095 self-respondents in the 2006 Health and Retirement Survey who were aged 65 years or over and independent in five ADLs. Incident ADL dependency was determined from the 2008 interview. Models were developed using random 2/3rd cohorts and validated in the remaining 1/3rd. Results: Compared to a c-statistic of 0.79 in the best interview model, the model including cognitive measures had c-statistics of 0.82 and 0.80 while the best fitting gait speed model had c-statistics of 0.83 and 0.79 in the development and validation cohorts, respectively. Conclusion: Two relatively brief models, one that requires an in-person assessment and one that does not, had excellent validity for predicting incident ADL dependency but did not significantly improve the predictive validity of the best fitting interview-based models.
Utility of aquaporin-4 antibody assay in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders
Authors: Kim Sung-Min , Waters Patrick , Woodhall Mark , Kim Jee-Young , Kim Jee-Eun , Yang Ji Won , Kim Jun-Soon , Sung Jung-Joon , Park Kyung Seok , Lee Kwang-Woo 
Published: January 2013

Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the utility of aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-Ab) in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). Methods: The clinical and radiological characteristics of 78 patients with NMOSD and 22 with multiple sclerosis (MS), who were tested for AQP4-Ab by a cell-based assay, were assessed. Results: The mean time interval between symptom onset and development of optic neuritis and myelitis was 39.9 months in neuromyelitis optica (NMO). About 40% of patients with limited NMO would have fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for MS in the absence of the antibody assay results. In patients with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, positive AQP4-Ab assay results were associated with the poor response to acute steroid treatment and asymptomatic visual evoked potential abnormality. Presence of either painful tonic spasm associated with myelitis or severe disability at onset had high specificity and relatively high sensitivity in differentiating NMOSD with AQP4-Ab from MS. Conclusions: The AQP4-Ab assay can facilitate the early diagnosis of NMO and prevent limited NMO from being misdiagnosed as MS. It can predict the poor response to first-line acute-phase treatment and probably detect the subclinical optic nerve involvement in subgroups of NMOSD. Lastly, it will contribute to the upcoming revision of the current diagnostic criteria for NMO.
Load-dependent dysfunction of the putamen during attentional processing in patients with clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Tortorella C , Romano R , Direnzo V , Taurisano P , Zoccolella S , Iaffaldano P , Fazio L , Viterbo R , Popolizio T , Blasi G , Bertolino A , Trojano M 
Published: January 2013

Background: Load-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) abnormalities of brain activity during performance of attention tasks have been described in definite multiple sclerosis (MS). No data are available in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) suggestive of MS. Objectives: The objective of this research is to evaluate in CIS patients the fMRI pattern of brain activation during an attention task and to explore the effect of increasing task load demand on neurofunctional modifications. Methods: Twenty-seven untreated CIS patients and 32 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent fMRI while performing the Variable Attentional Control (VAC) task, a cognitive paradigm requiring increasing levels of attentional control processing. Random-effects models were used for statistical analyses of fMRI data. Results: CIS patients had reduced accuracy and greater reaction time at the VAC task compared with HCs ( p=0.007). On blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD)-fMRI, CIS patients had greater activity in the right parietal cortex ( p=0.0004) compared with HCs. Furthermore, CIS patients had greater activity at the lower ( p=0.05) and reduced activity at the greater ( p=0.04) level of attentional control demand in the left putamen, compared with HCs. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the failure of attentional control processing in CIS. The load-related fMRI dysfunction of the putamen supports the role of basal ganglia in the failure of attention observed at the earliest stage of MS.
Comparison of the Effect of Medical Assistants Versus Certified Athletic Trainers on Patient Volumes and Revenue Generation in a Sports Medicine Practice
Authors: Pecha Forrest Q. , Xerogeanes John W. , Karas Spero G. , Himes Megan E. , Mines Brandon A. 
Published: January 2013

Background: Research has shown increases in efficiency and productivity by using physician extenders (PEs) in medical practices. Certified athletic trainers (ATCs) that work as PEs in primary care sports medicine and orthopaedic practices improve clinic efficiency. Hypothesis: When compared with a medical assistant (MA), the use of an ATC as a PE in a primary care sports medicine practice will result in an increase in patient volume, charges, and collections. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: For 12 months, patient encounters, charges, and collections were obtained for the practices of 2 primary care sports medicine physicians. Each physician was assisted by an ATC for 6 months and by an MA for 6 months. Eighty full clinic days were examined for each physician. Results: Statistically significant increases were found in all measured parameters for the ATC compared with the MA. Patient encounters increased 18% to 22% per day, and collections increased by 10% to 60% per day. Conclusion: ATCs can optimize orthopaedic sports medicine practice by increasing patient encounters, charges, and collections. Clinical Relevance: Orthopaedic practices can be more efficient by using ATCs or MAs as PEs.
Risk Modifiers for Concussion and Prolonged Recovery
Authors: Scopaz Kristen A. , Hatzenbuehler John R. 
Published: January 2013

Context: Currently, no consensus exists for grading the severity of concussions. Identification of risk factors that may affect concussion risk and the likelihood of prolonged recovery can be of value to providers who manage concussion. Evidence Acquisition: Relevant studies were identified through MEDLINE (1996-2011) using the keywords concussion, postconcussive syndrome, and risk or risk factor. Targeted searches for specific risk factors were conducted with additional keywords, such as gender and migraine. Manual review of reference lists was also performed to identify pertinent literature. Results: For risk factors of concussion, history of prior concussion and female sex have the most supporting evidence. Sports with consistently high risk for sustaining a concussion include football, men’s ice hockey, and women’s soccer. Younger athletes appear to be more susceptible to concussion, but data are limited and inconsistent. Protective equipment does not definitively alter concussion risk, though it protects against other injuries. Symptoms such as long headaches, migraines, amnesia, and multiple symptoms appear to be associated with prolonged recovery. Younger age may also increase the risk of prolonged concussion. Conclusion: High-quality evidence for risk modifiers in concussion remains sparse. Prior concussion, collision sports, female sex, and women’s soccer are the strongest known risk factors. Evidence for most other factors is inconclusive.