bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil preparation methods promoting ectomycorrhizal colonization and American chestnut Castanea dentata establishment in coal mine restoration
Authors: Bauman Jenise M. , Keiffer Carolyn H. , Hiremath Shiv , McCarthy Brian C. 
Published: April 2013

Summary

The objective of this research was to evaluate soil subsurface methods that may aid in seedling establishment and encourage root colonization from a diverse group of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi during restoration projects.

American chestnut Castanea dentata Marsh. Borkh. and backcrossed chestnuts seedlings were planted on a reclaimed coal mine site in central Ohio, USA. Roots from chestnut seedlings planted in the plots that were cross‐ripped, plowed and disked, or a combination of treatments were sampled for ECM fungi and compared with control plots. The presence and identification of native ECM were determined by fungal DNA sequencing of the internal‐transcribed (ITS) region.

After two growing seasons, mechanical soil treatments resulted in seedlings with significantly more ECM species when compared to seedlings grown in the control plots (P < 0·0001). A nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination followed by a permutational manova confirmed significant dissimilarities in community composition between the control and mechanically treated plots (F = 0·24, P = 0·015).

Ectomycorrhizal root colonization was significantly higher on the chestnut seedlings sampled from the mechanically treated plots when compared to the control plots (F = 10·63, P < 0·0001). Differences did not exist among the three mechanical treatments. There was also a significant increase in above‐ground seedling growth in the plots that were treated with a surface soil method (F = 15·72, P < 0·0001). It is not clear whether ECM activity was the driver of plant growth; regardless, both are strong indicators of healthy tree establishment.

Synthesis and applications. This study illustrates that the use of soil subsurface methods increased ectomycorrhizal (ECM) activity and seedling growth. Employing methods that encourage the root colonization by beneficial ECM and promote healthy seedling establishment may aid the long‐term survival of chestnuts in restoration projects. This can be applied to other hardwood seedlings used in reforestation in soils compacted after anthropogenic disturbances.
Operation Market Garden: Strategic Masterstroke or Battle of the Egos?
Authors: Watts Martin 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn September 1944, the allies undertook the largest ever airborne operation, apparently in an effort to capitalize on the German withdrawal from France and Belgium and end the war in the west by encircling the Ruhr. But what really lay behind this most audacious and daring attempt to finish the war in 1944? Inter‐allied rivalry, at the highest levels of military command, and the pursuit of personal ambition, will be discussed to reveal some of the reasons for failure and the post‐war bitterness it engendered.
A Brotherhood ofBritons? Public Schooling,esprit de corpsand Colonial Officials inAfrica,c.1900–1939
Authors: Prior Christopher 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHistorians have tended to suggest that Britain's colonial officials demonstrated anesprit de corps, and that this is testament to the efficacy of public schooling in generating social cohesion. Examining Britain's officials in seven different colonies in sub‐Saharan Africa, this article will argue that differences in working conditions, approaches to work and officials' backgrounds, such as conflicts between officials from ‘military’ and ‘civilian’ backgrounds, all caused deep fragmentations in the colonial services. Most significantly, officials were irreconcilably torn between a need for company as a means of maintaining morale, and a desire for freedom from the constraints of colonial society. Living in insular communities driven by gossip and marked by the need to keep up appearances for fear of ostracism from their peers, officials felt unable to experience an ‘authentic’ Africa and live out the romanticized dreams of individualism that had motivated many to leave for Africa in the first place. This sense of feeling trapped bred resentment towards one's fellow officials. Consequently, public schools were unable to surmount other factors in shaping how officials regarded one other.
Slaughterhouse Blood: An Emerging Source of Bioactive Compounds
Authors: Bah Clara S.F. , Bekhit Alaa El‐Din A. , Carne Alan , McConnell Michelle A. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract Slaughterhouse blood is an inevitable part of the meat production food chain and represents a rich source of protein. The physicochemical characteristics and utilization of animal blood in various food and industrial applications has been well explored. However, in recent years much attention has been paid to the generation of peptides with biological activities from food by‐products including blood. This review examines the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and other bioactive peptides derived from various slaughterhouse animal blood sources. Furthermore, the effect of enzyme choice, degree of hydrolysis, and peptide sequence or size on the potency of these bioactivity is discussed.
Two‐point discrimination in diabetic patients (糖尿病患者的两点辨别力)
Authors: Eryilmaz Mehmet , Koçer Abdulkadir , Kocaman Gülşen , Dikici Süber 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a common cause of polyneuropathy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate two‐point discrimination (TPD) compared with nerve conduction studies in the early stages of DM.MethodsForty‐eight patients with early diagnosed (<5 years) type 2 DM and 17 healthy controls were evaluated. Of the patients with DM, 26 had neuropathic pain and 22 were asymptomatic. TPD and electrophysiological evaluations was obtained for all subjects.ResultsNerve conduction studies in patients showed findings related to both demyelination and axonal damage. Patients with neuropathic pain had higher TPD values on the plantar surface of the foot and both groups of DM patients had higher TPD values on the outer lateral malleolus compared with the control group (P < 0.05). There was a correlation between TPD and axonal damage in patients with neuropathic pain (P < 0.05). In patients without neuropathic pain, there was a correlation between TPD values and distal latencies of motor or sensory nerves (P < 0.05). In the control group, only third digit TPD values were related to the distal motor latency of the median nerve (P < 0.05).ConclusionIn conclusion, the TPD method is a less painful, practical, costeffective, and more easily applicable method that was completed in less timethan nerve conduction studies. Higher TPD values in the lower extremities indicate nerve damage in patients. These findings suggest that increased TPD values can easily determine neuropathy starting in the early stages of diabetes in patients with DM.
The Emergence and Impact of the ‘Complete Drawing Book’ in Mid‐Eighteenth‐Century England
Authors: HSIEH CHIA‐CHUAN 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe emergence of the ‘complete drawing book’ in mid‐eighteenth‐century England was a remarkable phenomenon. Launched by print sellers as a new educational commodity, this particular type of drawing book exhibited both commercial acumen and cultural ambition by presenting a comprehensive programme to satisfy public desire for drawing instruction. It also embodied a subtle process of cultural assimilation and influence. Various kinds of pictorial model were assembled from diverse sources and organised in a way that visualised the ‘hierarchy of genres’. The complete drawing books thus played a role in shaping public perception of what constituted art within that hierarchy.
Hormonal and surgical treatments for endometriosis and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Melin Anna‐Sofia , Lundholm Cecilia , Malki Ninoa , Swahn Marja‐Liisa , Sparèn Pär , Bergqvist Agneta 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectiveWhether hormonal or surgical treatment of endometriosis is associated with risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.DesignNested case–control study.SettingSweden.PopulationAll women with a first‐time discharge diagnosis of endometriosis in 1969–2007 were identified using the National Swedish Patient Register and constituted our study base.MethodsBy linkage to the National Swedish Cancer Register we identified all women diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer at least one year after the endometriosis diagnosis (cases). Two controls per case with no ovarian cancer before the date of cancer diagnosis of the case were randomly selected from the study base and matched for year of birth. Two‐hundred‐and‐twenty cases and 416 controls entered the study. Information on hormonal and surgical treatments and other reproductive factors was extracted from medical records according to pre‐specified protocols. Conditional logistic regression was used for all calculations.Main outcome measuresCrude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all hormonal as well as surgical treatments.ResultsThere was a significant association between one‐sided oophorectomy, as well as for radical extirpation of all visible endometriosis, and ovarian cancer risk in both univariate analyses (crude OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.28–0.62 and OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.25–0.55, respectively) and multivariate analyses (adjusted OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.08–0.46 and OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.12–0.74, respectively).ConclusionsOne‐sided oophorectomy as well as radical extirpation of all visible endometriosis is protective against later development of ovarian cancer.
First Trimester In Utero Exposure to Methylphenidate
Authors: Dideriksen Dorthe , Pottegård Anton , Hallas Jesper , Aagaard Lise , Damkier Per 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMethylphenidate is a centrally acting sympathomimetic used for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents and for narcolepsy in adults. Despite the growing use among adult women, no reliable data on the prevalence of use during pregnancy have been published, and safety during pregnancy has not been established. We systematically reviewed available data on birth outcome after human in utero exposure to methylphenidate. Systematic searches in PubMed/Embase were performed from origin to August 2012, and data from Michigan Medicaid recipients, The Collaborative Perinatal Project and the Swedish Birth Registry were evaluated. Excluding three case reports, a total of 180 children exposed to methylphenidate in utero during first trimester were identified, among whom, four children with major malformations were observed. Methylphenidate exposure during pregnancy does not appear to be associated with a substantially (i.e. more than twofold) increased risk of congenital malformations.
Minimum Wages and Collective Bargaining: What Types of Pay Bargaining Can Foster Positive Pay Equity Outcomes?
Authors: Grimshaw Damian , Bosch Gerhard , Rubery Jill 
Published: April 2013

AbstractUsing data from interviews and collective agreements in five European countries, this article analyses the relationship between collective bargaining and the minimum wage. In a context of changing minimum wage policy and competing government objectives, the findings illuminate how pay bargaining strategies of trade unions and employers shape the pay equity effects of minimum wage policy. Two general forms are identified: direct responses to a changing national minimum wage, and responses to the absence or weakness of a national minimum wage. The article explains how particular intersections of minimum wage policy and collective bargaining, together with country and sector contingencies, shape the form of pay bargaining and pay equity outcomes.
Flexible Work and Immigration in Europe
Authors: Raess Damian , Burgoon Brian 
Published: April 2013

AbstractImmigration has risen substantially in many European economies, with far‐reaching if still uncertain implications for labour markets and industrial relations. This article investigates such implications, focusing on employment flexibility, involving both ‘external flexibility’ (fixed‐term or temporary agency and/or involuntary part‐time work) and ‘internal flexibility’ (overtime and/or balancing‐time accounts). The article identifies reasons why immigration should generally increase the incidence of such flexibility, and why external flexibility should rise more than internal flexibility. The article supports these claims using a dataset of establishments in 16 European countries.
CD4+CD45RA−FoxP3high activated regulatory T cells are functionally impaired and related to residual insulin-secreting capacity in patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Haseda F , Imagawa A , Murase-Mishiba Y , Terasaki J , Hanafusa T 
Published: April 2013

Summary
Accumulating lines of evidence have suggested that regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a central role in T cell-mediated immune response and the development of type 1A and fulminant type 1 diabetes. CD4+forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ T cells are composed of three phenotypically and functionally distinct subpopulations; CD45RA+FoxP3low resting Tregs (r-Tregs), CD45RA−FoxP3high activated Tregs (a-Tregs) and CD45RA−FoxP3low non-suppressive T cells (non-Tregs). We aimed to clarify the frequency of these three subpopulations in CD4+FoxP3+ T cells and the function of a-Tregs with reference to subtypes of type 1 diabetes. We examined 20 patients with type 1A diabetes, 15 patients with fulminant type 1 diabetes, 20 patients with type 2 diabetes and 30 healthy control subjects. A flow cytometric analysis in the peripheral blood was performed for the frequency analysis. The suppressive function of a-Tregs was assessed by their ability to suppress the proliferation of responder cells in a 1/2:1 co-culture. A flow cytometric analysis in the peripheral blood demonstrated that the frequency of a-Tregs was significantly higher in type 1A diabetes, but not in fulminant type 1 diabetes, than the controls. Further, the proportion of a-Tregs among CD4+FoxP3+ T cells was significantly higher in patients with type 1A diabetes with detectable C-peptide but not in patients with type 1A diabetes without it and with fulminant type 1 diabetes. A proliferation suppression assay showed that a-Tregs were functionally impaired both in fulminant type 1 diabetes and in type 1A diabetes. In conclusion, a-Tregs were functionally impaired, related to residual insulin-secreting capacity and may be associated with the development of type 1 diabetes.
Anti‐infective therapy of peri‐implantitis with adjunctive local drug delivery or photodynamic therapy: 12‐month outcomes of a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Bassetti Mario , Schär Dorothee , Wicki Beat , Eick Sigrun , Ramseier Christoph A. , Arweiler Nicole B. , Sculean Anton , Salvi Giovanni E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of the study is to compare the clinical, microbiological and host‐derived effects in the non‐surgical treatment of initial peri‐implantitis with either adjunctive local drug delivery (LDD) or adjunctive photodynamic therapy (PDT) after 12 months.Materials and MethodsForty subjects with initial peri‐implantitis, that is, pocket probing depths (PPD) 4–6 mm with bleeding on probing (BoP) and radiographic bone loss ≤2 mm, were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. All implants were mechanically debrided with titanium curettes and with a glycine‐based powder airpolishing system. Implants in the test group (N = 20) received adjunctive PDT, whereas minocycline microspheres were locally delivered into the peri‐implant pockets of control implants (N = 20). At sites with residual BoP, treatment was repeated after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The primary outcome variable was the change in the number of peri‐implant sites with BoP. Secondary outcome variables included changes in PPD, clinical attachment level (CAL), mucosal recession (REC) and in bacterial counts and crevicular fluid (CF) levels of host‐derived biomarkers.ResultsAfter 12 months, the number of BoP‐positive sites decreased statistically significantly (P < 0.05) from baseline in both groups (PDT: 4.03 ± 1.66–1.74 ± 1.37, LDD: 4.41 ± 1.47–1.55 ± 1.26). A statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease in PPD from baseline was observed at PDT‐treated sites up to 9 months (4.19 ± 0.55 mm to 3.89 ± 0.68 mm) and up to 12 months at LDD‐treated sites (4.39 ± 0.77 mm to 3.83 ± 0.85 mm). Counts of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia decreased statistically significantly (P < 0.05) from baseline to 6 months in the PDT and to 12 months in the LDD group, respectively. CF levels of IL‐1β decreased statistically significantly (P < 0.05) from baseline to 12 months in both groups. No statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between groups after 12 months with respect to clinical, microbiological and host‐derived parameters.ConclusionsNon‐surgical mechanical debridement with adjunctive PDT was equally effective in the reduction of mucosal inflammation as with adjunctive delivery of minocycline microspheres up to 12 months. Adjunctive PDT may represent an alternative approach to LDD in the non‐surgical treatment of initial peri‐implantitis.
Implant treatment choice after extraction of a vertically fractured tooth. A proposal for a clinical classification of bony defects based on a systematic review of literature
Authors: Corbella Stefano , Taschieri Silvio , Samaranayake Lakshman , Tsesis Igor , Nemcovsky Carlos , Del Fabbro Massimo 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to propose a classification for the bone defects resulting after extraction of a vertically fractured tooth and to review the existing literature about the treatment of such kind of defects by means of dental implants in combination with regenerative procedures.Materials and methodsAn electronic search was performed on biomedical databases using a combination of appropriated search terms combined through the use of Boolean operators. All articles concerning the treatment of peri‐implant bone dehiscences and fenestrations through guided bone regeneration (GBR) with at least 6 months follow‐up were eligible. Outcomes data extracted from the selected articles were summarized using descriptive tables. A classification of the bone defects associated with vertical root fracture (VRF) was also proposed.ResultsA total of 33 articles were included in the review. Twenty‐three articles (814 implants) were about bone dehiscence treatment, ten articles presented the treatment of fenestrations, and ten (429 implants) adopted vertical bone augmentation. The percentage of bone filling was variable among different procedures and defect classification. The use of resorbable membrane was associated with better outcomes than the use of non‐resorbable ones.ConclusionsGuided bone regeneration for the management of bone defects in the presence of a VRF of the extracted tooth is a viable treatment option. The assessment of bone defect geometry prior to a tooth extraction could be clinically relevant for evaluating the feasibility and the success of immediate implant placement as well as the need of GBR.
Implant retainers for free‐end removable partial dentures affect mastication and nutrient intake
Authors: Campos Camila Heitor , Gonçalves Thais Marques Simek Vega , Rodrigues Garcia Renata Cunha Matheus 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectivesThis study measured swallowing threshold parameters and nutrient intake in partially dentate subjects rehabilitated by conventional free‐end removable partial dentures (RPD) and by RPD over posterior implant retainers and ball attachments (BA).Materials and methodsEight subjects (two men and six women; mean age 60.1 ± 6.6 years old) received conventional total maxillary dentures and free‐end RPD in the mandible. Two months after denture insertion, swallowing threshold and nutrient intake assessments occurred, which included an evaluation of the number of masticatory cycles and medium particle size (X50) of a silicone test material (Optocal). A 3‐day food diary verified nutrient intake based on a standard Brazilian Food Composition Table. Then, osseointegrated implants were placed bilaterally in the mandibular first molar region, followed by BA, which was fitted in the RPD bases after healing. After 2 months of the RPD over implants and BA use, variables were again assessed. Wilcoxon signed rank tests evaluated the data (P < 0.05).ResultsMasticatory cycles did not differ (P > 0.05); however, subjects showed decreased X50 values at the swallowing moment (P = 0.008) and increased daily energy (P = 0.008), carbohydrate (P = 0.016), protein (P = 0.023), calcium (P = 0.008), fiber (P = 0.016), and iron (P = 0.016) intake with RPD implants and BA inserts. No differences were found in fat consumption (P > 0.05).ConclusionImplants and BA retainers over a free‐end RPD resulted in smaller swallowed median particle size and improved nutrient intake.
Conservation Businesses and Conservation Planning in a Biological Diversity Hotspot
Authors: DI MININ ENRICO , MACMILLAN DOUGLAS CRAIG , GOODMAN PETER STYAN , ESCOTT BOYD , SLOTOW ROB , MOILANEN ATTE 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe allocation of land to biological diversity conservation competes with other land uses and the needs of society for development, food, and extraction of natural resources. Trade‐offs between biological diversity conservation and alternative land uses are unavoidable, given the realities of limited conservation resources and the competing demands of society. We developed a conservation‐planning assessment for the South African province of KwaZulu‐Natal, which forms the central component of the Maputaland–Pondoland–Albany biological diversity hotspot. Our objective was to enhance biological diversity protection while promoting sustainable development and providing spatial guidance in the resolution of potential policy conflicts over priority areas for conservation at risk of transformation. The conservation‐planning assessment combined spatial‐distribution models for 646 conservation features, spatial economic‐return models for 28 alternative land uses, and spatial maps for 4 threats. Nature‐based tourism businesses were competitive with other land uses and could provide revenues of >US$60 million/year to local stakeholders and simultaneously help meeting conservation goals for almost half the conservation features in the planning region. Accounting for opportunity costs substantially decreased conflicts between biological diversity, agricultural use, commercial forestry, and mining. Accounting for economic benefits arising from conservation and reducing potential policy conflicts with alternative plans for development can provide opportunities for successful strategies that combine conservation and sustainable development and facilitate conservation action.Negocios de Conservación y Planificación de la Conservación en un Sitio de Importancia para la Biodiversidad