bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Wins and Who Loses in the Provincial Courts of Appeal? A Statistical Analysis, 1920–1990
Authors: McCormick Peter 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGiven the visibility and obvious importance of judicial power in the age of the Charter, it is important to develop the conceptual vocabulary for desribing and assessing this power. One such concept that has been applied to the study of appeal courts in the United States and Great Britain is “party capability”, a theory which suggests that different types of litigant will enjoy different levels of success as both appellant and respondent. Using a data base derived from the reported decisions of the provincial courts of appeal for the second and seventh year of each decade since the 1920s, this article applies party capability theory to the performance of the highest courts of the ten provinces; comparisons are attempted across regions and across time periods, as well as with the findings of similar studies of American and British courts.
Socialist Legality and Legal Culture in Shanghai: A Survey ofGetihu
Authors: Potter Pitman B. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of attitudes among independent business operators (getihu)in Shanghai toward basic tenets of legal reform in the People's Republic of China. Based on a survey questionnaire administered during the summer of 1993 with the assistance of the Law Institute of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, this paper suggests that the getihu are generally receptive to official norms about equality, justice, and private law relations. Despite having doubts about the efficacy of these norms, the getihuseem motivated by factors of disenfranchisement to accept them as useful in their struggle to get ahead. This suggests that the linkage between legal reform and economic development in China is not automatic, but will depend on the particular conditions of legal and economic actors. This has implications generally for the importance of local conditions in causal links between forms of private law and economic development.
Private Troubles, Private Solutions: Poverty Among Divorced Women and the Politics of Support Enforcement and Child Custody Determination
Authors: Pulkingham Jane 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this paper, recent feminist analyses of the feminization of poverty thesis and proposals for a particular kind of child custody determination—the primary caregiver presumption—will be examined. The question of women's subordination in the context of child custody outcomes is of fundamental importance to the issue of financial support for raising children, and women's economic position in general. Yet the complexity and dialectical nature of this relationship is not fully appreciated in most analyses. As a result, recent progress in the area of family law reform may inadvertently entrench traditional assumptions about the role of women and men, perpetuating the myth of the male breadwinner, family-wage model.
Constructing Lesbian and Gay Rights
Authors: Sanders Douglas 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLesbian and gay rights are argued as rights to privacy, rights to protection from violence, rights to equality as individuals, rights to equality as family units, rights of minorities or as part of a larger framework of the recognition of sexual diversity within the society. In the last decades Canadian law has recognized equality claims, first through the reform of antidiscrimination laws and later through the interpretation of the equality provisions in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.The major current issue, important because it involves lesbian and gay visibility, is the recognition of same-sex couples for the range of rights, obligations and benefits connected with marriage or heterosexual cohabitation. Recognition is occurring throughad hocreforms, often in response to litigation or to decisions of human rights tribunals.
LaConvention contre la torture, le Comité contre la torture et le traitement des personnes psychiatrisées
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: July 2014

RésuméLa garantie contre la torture fait partie du «noyau dur» des droits de la personne et il ne peut être opposé de réserve ou de dérogation, même en cas de crise ou de guerre. Le Comité contre la torture, constitué en vertu de la Convention contre la torture et les autres traitements et peines inhumains ou dégradants,a examiné plusieurs aspects des traitements aux personnes psychiatrisées. Dans certains rapports périodiques soumis en vertu de laConvention,les États parties examinent des questions telles les conditions de détention dans les hôpitaux psychiatriques, l'administration de traitements controversés comme les électrothérapies et la psychochirurgie, l'abus de la détention psychiatrique pour des fins politiques et les règles applicables aux personnes souffrant de maladie mentale accusées ou reconnues coupables d'infractions criminelles. Cependant, la place généralement réservée à ces problèmes dans les rapports périodiques et dans les discussions du Comité demeure relativement mineure et plusieurs États parties n'en font aucune mention. Cette situation peut s'expliquer en raison de l'absence de directives précises provenant du Comité quant au contenu et à l'étendue des rapports devant lui être soumis, le défaut d'organisations non-gouvernementales d'aider le Comité dans son travail à cet égard et la faiblesse des pouvoirs d'enquête du Comité.
The Westray Mine Disaster and its Aftermath: The Politics of Causation
Authors: Tucker Eric 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCausation analysis is densely political in at least three ways. First, because causation is crucial to our system of attributing moral, legal and political responsibility, causation arguments are advanced for purely instrumental purposes. They do political work. Second, because any particular occurrence is the outcome of an almost infinite number of antecedent events, “but for” causation analysis produces trivial results. A judgement about causal significance is required and will depend, in part, on the goals of the analysis. The choice of goals is political, but unstated goals and hidden assumptions often exclude consideration of some possible causes as significant. These politics of causation need to be made explicit. Third, the institutional setting in which official determinations of causation are made influence the outcome. Hence, it is necessary to explore these as well. Each of these three dimensions of the politics of causation is explored through an analysis of the 1992 Westray mine disaster which killed 29 miners in Nova Scotia, and the official responses to it. It is argued that if the goal is to protect workers and nothing else, then the political-economic context that promotes the creation of hazardous conditions must be considered a significant cause of harmful occurrences. It is unlikely, however, that any of the official responses to the disaster will take this approach.
Litigating Illiteracy: The Media, the Law, and The People of the State of New York v. Adelbert Ward
Authors: Kemple Thomas M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMaking sense of the problems which illiterate people face in gaining access to justice puts the foundations of both the ethnography of law and the modern justice system itself into question. The essay explores this thesis with reference to the case of an elderly dairy farmer whose arrest for the mercy killing of his ailing brother attracted intense local and national attention. Documents from the trial which deal with the construction and use of evidence, confession, and testimony, along with schematic representations of the personal, community, and media responses to the case as depicted in the award-winning documentary Brother's Keeper (1992), render visible the textual conventions of a litigious society along with its non-literate and even ritual cultural context. The most troubling issue raised by the case involves a crisis in the bureaucratic organization and expert professionalization of modern litigation when it attempts to address the rights and competencies of relatively illiterate people who appear unable to articulate the values and beliefs of any cultural community at all.
Before His Passion Had Time to Cool: The “Unwritten Law of Adulterous Provocation” and Urban Legend
Authors: Miller Jeffrey 
Published: July 2014

Neither can he be thought guilty of a greater Crime [than manslaughter], who finding a Man in Bed with his Wife, or being actually struck by him, or pulled by the Nose, or filliped upon the Forehead, immediately kills him.”It used to be in the United States, that if you came home and found your wife in bed with the postman, it was perfectly okay to get your shotgun and blow the heads off both of them.”Professors of criminal law like to impress their students with the “unwritten law of adulterous provocation.” It is seldom part of the curriculum; usually, it seems to present itself off-the-cuff, a professorial ploy to keep lectures interesting, a juridical curiosity that the students can regale friends and family with over dinner. In some classrooms, the unwritten law is limited to the southern United States or to Texas. In my case, at a southern Ontario law school, the entire U.S.A. (with the possible exception of Alaska and Hawaii) was implicated.My teacher probably had heard the same story in a slightly different language from his own professor of introductory criminal law. Rather than gustily losing their heads, perhaps the lovers were “filled full of lead,” or the husband treated his wife to a summary shotgun divorce.
A Few Hard Cases? Sport, Sadomasochism and Public Policy in the English Courts
Authors: McArdle David 
Published: July 2014

The decision of the House of Lords in R. v. Brown has been well documented as one which has serious repercussions for the civil liberties of homosexuals within the United Kingdom, its most notorious ramification being that one cannot consent to the infliction of injury upon oneself in the course of homosexual sadomasochistic activities. The case continues to arouse strong passions in the gay press and amongst civil liberties groups, and the recent announcement that the European Court of Human Rights is to hear the appeal of the men involved has confirmed that this particular “hard case” will continue to exercise the minds of legal practitioners, academics and others for some years to come.In addition to its implications for sadomasochistic activities, Brown indirectly raises a myriad of other issues. One of these is the question of to what extent the courts should intervene in the case of injuries inflicted during the course of sporting activities. Although the Crown Courts (where the most serious criminal cases of England and Wales are heard) have recently shown an increased willingness to intervene in cases where the injuries inflicted are particularly severe, my preliminary research suggests that the prosecuting authorities are reluctant to bring such cases to court, although they almost certainly would do so if an incident which gave rise to similar injuries had occurred in a nonsporting context.
Law, Representation, and Political Activism: Community-based Practice and the Mobilization of Legal Resources
Authors: Sheldrick Byron 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDiscussions of the relationship between law and political activism have tended to rely on a rigid and unrealistic distinction between legislative and judicial institutional structures. This has led to a failure to consider the structure of professional organizations and the impediments to political activism around legal issues created by the nature of legal expertise. It is argued that the creation of democratic organizational forms, such as those adopted by some community-based legal clinics, holds possibilities for the successful integration of law into the broader political strategies of social groups.
Les codes de déontologie et d'ethique aux confins de l'éthique et du droit
Authors: Legault Georges A. 
Published: July 2014

RésuméComment analyser et comprendre l'importance que prend l'éthique notamment avec la prolifération des codes de déontologie et d'éthique dans notre société? L'auteur nous propose d'analyser ce phénomène social à partir des codes, des discours les légitimant, et de leur application. Cette analyse permet de cerner deux approches en tension dans cette forme de régulation sociale. La première s'inscrit dans la tradition juridique de la sanction des conduites; la seconde propose, malgré le contexte légal de son apparition, une avancée éthique d'actualisation de valeurs partagées. La tension existante entre ces deux modes de régulation sociale de l'activité occupationnelle permet d'éclairer un des aspects de la critique du droit dans la modernité: l'hégémonie du droit sur toute autre forme de régulation sociale.
The Psychosocial Courtroom: Towards a New Theory of Argumentation
Authors: Watson Barbara 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper argues for a psychosocial theory of courtroom argumentation. Its central thesis is the deconstruction of the deceptive shifts of courtroom dynamics between the veneer of logical propriety and the emotional prescription buried below. Selected observations on the androcentric bias of the sciences, on linguistic convention as gendered historical ambition, and on alternatives to the dominant logical mode of reasoning and argumentation constitute Part I. Part II critically analyzes selected cases for courtroom alternatives. In an effort to reclaim non-linguistic discourse, Part III synthesizes the emotional mode of argumentation and reasoning with feminist spheres of relevance and reasonableness. The conclusion: that such a synthesis may combine with the rational to present a model for our legal system
Abused Women and Legal Discourse: The Exclusionary Power of Legal Method
Authors: Beaman-Hall Lori 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTraditional legal method continues to be one of the most unexplored aspects of the gendered nature of legal discourse. In this paper, I outline a number of problems legal method creates in relation to women's experiences, more specifically the ways in which legal method works, as part of legal discourse, to exclude abused women's stories. Expanding the conceptualization of legal method as a process which includes the more mundane and insidious aspects of the daily practice of law, this paper examines aspects of legal method which are often overlooked in feminist legal theory and research. The paper is intended as a beginning point for future discussion and empirical research and as such suggests the possible depth of the exclusionary practices of legal method and the harm suffered by women as a result. I conclude with a discussion of how women can subvert traditional legal method through the formulation of local solutions based on their own experiences.
L'Invisibilité facteur d'exclusion : Les Femmes victimes de lésions professionnelles
Authors: Lippel Katherine , Demers Diane L. 
Published: July 2014

RésuméCet article présente les résultats de trois études démontrant comment une législation qui est en apparence neutre peut avoir des effets discriminatoires. Trois aspects de la législation québécoise en matière d'indemnisation des lésions professionnelles ont été examinés afin de déterminer si leur application aux travailleuses était équitable. La première étude a porté sur l'examen de 179 décisions en appel relatives aux réclamations pour dommages psychiques reliés au stress au travail. Elle conclut que l'accès à l'indemnisation est plus difficile pour les femmes que pour les hommes. Les difficultés ne s'expliquent pas par des différences individuelles. La discrimination est véhiculée à travers l'application par les décideurs de normes floues (stress inusité). La deuxième étude a porté sur l'examen des règles concernant l'indemnisation pour l'incapacité d'effectuer le travail domestique suite à une lésion professionnelle. La disparité des obligations des hommes et des femmes à l'égard du travail domestique avec le caractère inadéquat des programmes de réadaptation sociale ont eu pour effet de sous-indemniser les femmes pour les conséquences économiques réelles de leurs lésions corporelles. La troisième partie présente les conclusions préliminaires d'une étude sur les décisions et les politiques en matière de réadaptation professionnelle des victimes de lésions professionnelles. Elle fournit une illustration de la discrimination systémique découlant de la détermination de l'emploi convenable. L'accès aux programmes de réadaptation dépend en grande partie du salaire gagné au moment de la lésion. Le fait que le travail des femmes est sous-évalué de manière systémique se traduit par un accès limité aux programmes de réadaptation professionnelle qui seraient appropriés pour elles et qui tiendraient compte des conséquences réelles de leur lésion.
Les Séparations de corps dans le district judiciaire de Montréal de 1900 à 1930
Authors: Cliche Marie-Aimée 
Published: July 2014

RésuméÀ l'époque où le divorce par voie judiciaire était impossible au Québec, les couples avaient recours à la séparation de corps. Ce genre de procès augmenta constamment entre 1900 et 1930. Un échantillon de 500 d'entre eux révèle que 83% des demandes de séparation étaient formulées par les épouses qui se plaignaient le plus souvent de mauvais traitements, tandis qu les maris demandeurs accusaient habituellement leur femme d'adultère. La garde des enfants était généralement confiée à la mère. À partir de 1920 environ, les juges acceptent plus facilement d'accorder la séparation pour incompatibilité d'humeur ou absence d'affection, ce qui montre un changement dans les attentes relatives à la vie conjugale.
Le Droit commeterra incognita: Conquérir et construire le pluralisme juridique
Authors: Belley Jean-Guy 
Published: July 2014

RésuméNous avons redécouvert la diversité sociale du droit. Le pluralisme juridique est désormais un paradigme à conquérir contre nos prénotions et nos idéologies du droit, un fait à construire à partir d'une théorisation pluridisciplinaire.
Lesbian Separatism and Legal Positivism
Authors: Davies Margaret 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLegal positivism and lesbian separatism provide very different, yet comparable, approaches to the issue of separation. Legal positivism practices separation as a tool of dominance, while lesbian separatism is based upon the need for identity formation and resistance to dominance. By elaborating upon the justifications advanced for lesbian separatism, this article critiques the separateness defended by legal positivists, and highlights the effects of power and context upon the significance of separation. Thus separatism as a political objective is not rejected or supported, except insofar as it consolidates oppressive practices. However, a critique of the idea that separation is necessarily territorial and pure is also developped, and an alternative vision of separation based upon the work of María Lugones is proposed. It is suggested that a non-oppressive concept of law can only maintain its identity if an alternative understanding of its separateness evolves.
The Mystery of the French Language Ordinances: An Investigation into Official Bilingualism and the Canadian North-West—1870 to 1895
Authors: Aunger Edmund A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn 1877, the North-West constitution was amended to provide for the publication of all statutes, or ordinances, in both English and French. In 1905, this provision was carried over into the newly-created provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan; it was not repealed until 1988, shortly after the Supreme Court's ruling in the Mercure case. At the present time, however, there remains only scant evidence that this constitutional guarantee was ever respected: very few French language ordinances are extant. Were the great majority of the ordinances never printed in French? Or, were they printed in French but then destroyed?This article examines the Canadian North-West's experience with legislative bilingualism from 1870 until 1895, and the circumstances surrounding its rise and subsequent demise. During the early years of territorial government, when responsibility for the publication of the ordinances was vested in a lieutenant-governor appointed by the Canadian government, perfunctory attention was paid to the language guarantees: the French language ordinances were printed, but with a considerable delay, and then they often went undistributed. After 1894, when authority was transferred to an executive committee directly responsible to the legislative assembly, the language guarantees were completely ignored: the French language printings ceased altogether. Minority rights succumbed to majority rule. The North-West experience provides an abject lesson in the failure of a constitution to protect minority language rights, when faced with determined opposition from an unsympathetic majority-controlled government.
Pesticide Reforms and Globalization: Making the Farmers Responsible
Authors: Hall Alan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper examines a regulative shift in Canadian pesticide legislation which directs attention away from the agrichemical companies to individual farmers as the focus for preventing pesticide pollution. There are three parts to the analysis, each of which makes a particular connection between the globalization of agriculture and the development of the new regulative approach and discourse. The shift is first understood as a way in which agribusiness was able to resist environmentalist demands for increased control over the corporate promotion and development of pesticides. The link between the ideologies of globalization and agriculture's strategic responses to the environmentalist pressures are examined. The second part of the analysis looks at the broader restructuring of Canadian agricultural production and market relations to show how the intensification of agriculture within globalization helped to create significant political-economic crises within agriculture. It is argued that the policy and regulative focus on pesticide use practices and pesticide users was partly an effort to deal with these crises and the pressures to accumulate. Finally, the analysis looks at the link between globalization and the strategies and ideologies of the environmental and health movements.
Systematic rule analysis of generative design grammars
Authors: Königseder Corinna , Shea Kristina 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe use of generative design grammars for computational design synthesis has been shown to be successful in many application areas. The development of advanced search and optimization strategies to guide the computational synthesis process is an active research area with great improvements in the last decades. The development of the grammar rules, however, often resembles an art rather than a science. Poor grammars drive the need for problem specific and sophisticated search and optimization algorithms that guide the synthesis process toward valid and optimized designs in a reasonable amount of time. Instead of tuning search algorithms for inferior grammars, this research focuses on designing better grammars to not unnecessarily burden the search process. It presents a grammar rule analysis method to provide a more systematic development process for grammar rules. The goal of the grammar rule analysis method is to improve the quality of the rules and in turn have a major impact on the quality of the designs generated. Four different grammars for automated gearbox synthesis are used as a case study to validate the developed method and show its potential.