bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Composite Resin to Enamel under Various Saliva Contaminated Conditions: An in vitro Study
Authors: Khalikar Smita , Kale Anita , Kamra Abhay , Kale Yogesh 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT
To produce good adhesion between composite resin and etched enamel surface, it is necessary to form a microscopi- cally intimate contact between them. Contaminants, like saliva, may interfere with such bonding. Salivary contamination may reduce the bond strength between composite resin and the enamel by 40 to 60%. Recent studies have suggested that only rewashing and drying of the etched and saliva contaminated enamel surface is sufficient in restoring bond strength to the normal ideal condition.

Purpose
To evaluate the effect of saliva contamination on the shear bond strength of composite resin to enamel by using different parameters.

Materials and methods
The highest mean shear bond strength of composite resin was obtained on the uncontami- nated enamel surface, and the lowest mean shear bond strength was obtained on the saliva contaminated moist enamel surface.

Results
The mean shear bond strength of composite resin to saliva contaminated, washed and air-dried enamel surface was less than the mean shear bond strength to the dry enamel surface.

Conclusion
This suggests that only rewashing of the saliva contaminated enamel surface is not enough in achieving bond strength equal to that of the uncontaminated enamel surface.

How to cite this article
Kale A, Kamra A, Kale Y, Khalikar S. An Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Composite Resin to Enamel under Various Saliva Contaminated Conditions: An in vitro Study. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2014;4(4):101-104.
Correlation between Combined Width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth, Interpupillary Distance and Intercommissural Width in a Group of Indian People
Authors: Deogade Suryakant Chhagan , Mantri Sneha S , Saxena Sudhanshu , Daryani Hemasha 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Purpose
The objective was to evaluate the correlation between the width of distal surface of canine (CWC), interpupillary distance (DMP) and intercommissural width (DCM) in a group of central Indian people.

Materials and methods
A total of 540 central Indian subjects (277 males and 263 females) aged 19 to 30 years were selected. DMP and DCM were measured on subject's face using digital vernier caliper [Mitutoyo (UK) Ltd.] with precision of 0.01 mm. Irreversible hydrocolloid impression of the upper arch was taken, and a cast was poured with dental stone. The CWC measurements were done on these casts with the help of a dental floss fixed between the distoproximal contacts of upper canines using a dental tape. Spearman's correlation test was used to determine the correlation between the three variables studied.

Results
The results revealed that the correlation between CWC-DMP was 0.015 and CWC-DCM was 0.031. The correlation showed negative values when compared between the sexes. Also, the proportions were calculated: DMP/CWC and DCM/CWC for the whole sample and for the sexes found no statistical significance (p > 0.05).

Conclusion
The results of this study suggest that the examined interpupillary distance and intercommissural width cannot be considered reliable guidelines in the selection of artificial upper frontal teeth. However, they may be used as a useful additional factor combined with other methods for objective teeth selection in complete denture therapy.

How to cite this article
Deogade SC, Mantri SS, Saxena S, Daryani H. Correlation between Combined Width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth, Interpupillary Distance and Intercommissural Width in a Group of Indian People. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2014;4(4):105-111.
A Comprehensive Prosthodontic Management of Subtotal Maxillectomy
Authors: Sundar Manoj Kumar , Kumar GP Surendra , Lakhanpal Shruti 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Patient
A 21-year-old female patient was diagnosed with intraosseous mucoepidermoid carcinoma on the left side of maxilla, which was planned for subtotal maxillectomy involving the left maxillary sinus.

Discussion
Prosthodontic rehabilitation of patients with maxillectomy is a challenge as it involves restoring speech, deglutition, mastication and respiration. This clinical report describes a comprehensive prosthodontic management of a young girl treated for a subtotal maxillectomy due to intraosseous mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The prosthodontic manage- ment that was carried out right from the surgical obturator to a definitive prosthesis with a two-piece closed hollow bulb, magnet-retained obturator shows the ease and simplicity in the management of a case with subtotal maxillectomy.

Conclusion
Subtotal maxillectomy defects represent a complex challenge for the maxillofacial prosthodontist. The comprehensive technique described in this clinical report can be employed in any similar case.

How to cite this article
Sundar MK, Kumar GPS, Lakhanpal S. A Comprehensive Prosthodontic Management of Subtotal Maxillectomy. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2014;4(4):120-126.
“Cleat Chasers”: College Football Players Talk about Women and Sex
Authors: Finkelstein Marni , Baghurst Timothy , Shavers Tommy 
Published: June 2015

<p align="left">The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the ways that the high social status gained through sports participation, and the competitive pressures surrounding hypermasculinity and male bonding influenced the behavior and attitudes of college football players in their sexual relationships with women. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 male college-football athletes at a Southeastern NCAA football bowl subdivision university. Findings indicate that the college football players feel a sense of sexual power over women, which fuels their sense of entitlement to do what they want with women, and get what they want from women. Many of them viewed women as sex objects, and discussed how common it was for them to have multiple women as sexual partners. Their reference to women as “cleat chasers”, “hunters”, and “gold diggers” further suggests that they may be adhering to a traditional masculine script in which they believe that women use their sexuality as a resource to help them gain status and financial stability. </p>
Modeled and observed equatorial thermospheric winds and temperatures
Authors: Chartier Alex T. , Makela Jonathan J. , Liu Hanli , Bust Gary S. , Noto John 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThermospheric winds and temperatures must be correctly specified to understand the impacts of lower atmosphere processes on the upper atmosphere and to measure the global effects of high‐latitude magnetospheric processes. Fabry‐Perot interferometers can estimate these parameters by measuring the characteristic 630.0 nm emission that is produced at around 250 km altitude. These sophisticated instruments exist at only a few locations globally, so models are often employed to provide wind and temperature estimates elsewhere. This study is composed of two parts. First, observing system simulation experiments estimate the accuracy of Fabry‐Perot interferometer observations using the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) and the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model eXtended (WACCM‐X). Atmospheric observational error sources are found to be very small across two test periods (September 2000 and September 2010) and using two different “truth” models. The largest magnitude wind observation error is found to be 16.9 m/s, root‐mean‐square errors are 2.3 m/s, and the bias is 0.9 m/s. The largest‐magnitude temperature observation error is found to be 63.7 K, root‐mean‐square errors over the test period are 6.7 K, and the bias is 2.8 K. Modeled redline emission altitudes vary by over 100 km, far more than was expected. Second, several models (TIEGCM, WACCM‐X, the Horizontal Wind Model, and the Mass Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter model) are assessed using interferometer winds and temperatures from Cariri and Cajazeiras, Brazil, as ground truth. In the best cases, the models reproduce wind variability without systematic biases but show no ability to predict instantaneous values, although temperatures are modeled more accurately.
Variability of tsunami inundation footprints considering stochastic scenarios based on a single rupture model: Application to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake
Authors: Goda Katsuichiro , Yasuda Tomohiro , Mori Nobuhito , Mai P. Martin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe sensitivity and variability of spatial tsunami inundation footprints in coastal cities and towns due to a megathrust subduction earthquake in the Tohoku region of Japan are investigated by considering different fault geometry and slip distributions. Stochastic tsunami scenarios are generated based on the spectral analysis and synthesis method with regards to an inverted source model. To assess spatial inundation processes accurately, tsunami modeling is conducted using bathymetry and elevation data with 50 m grid resolutions. Using the developed methodology for assessing variability of tsunami hazard estimates, stochastic inundation depth maps can be generated for local coastal communities. These maps are important for improving disaster preparedness by understanding the consequences of different situations/conditions, and by communicating uncertainty associated with hazard predictions. The analysis indicates that the sensitivity of inundation areas to the geometrical parameters (i.e., top‐edge depth, strike, and dip) depends on the tsunami source characteristics and the site location, and is therefore complex and highly nonlinear. The variability assessment of inundation footprints indicates significant influence of slip distributions. In particular, topographical features of the region, such as ria coast and near‐shore plain, have major influence on the tsunami inundation footprints.
Timing and structure of Mega‐SACZ events during Heinrich Stadial 1
Authors: Stríkis Nicolás M. , Chiessi Cristiano M. , Cruz Francisco W. , Vuille Mathias , Cheng Hai , de Souza Barreto Eline A. , Mollenhauer Gesine , Kasten Sabine , Karmann Ivo , Edwards R. Lawrence , Bernal Juan Pablo , Sales Hamilton dos Reis 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA substantial strengthening of the South American monsoon system (SAMS) during Heinrich Stadials (HS) points toward decreased cross‐equatorial heat transport as the main driver of monsoonal hydroclimate variability at millennial time scales. In order to better constrain the exact timing and internal structure of HS1 over tropical South America, we assessed two precisely dated speleothem records from central‐eastern and northeastern Brazil in combination with two marine records of terrestrial organic and inorganic matter input into the western equatorial Atlantic. During HS1, we recognize at least two events of widespread intensification of the SAMS across the entire region influenced by the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) at 16.11–14.69 kyr B.P. and 18.1–16.66 kyr B.P. (labeled as HS1a and HS1c, respectively), separated by a dry excursion from 16.66 to 16.11 kyr B.P. (HS1b). In view of the spatial structure of precipitation anomalies, the widespread increase of monsoon precipitation over the SACZ domain was termed “Mega‐SACZ.”
The isotopic composition of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and fossil groundwater
Authors: Ferguson Grant , Jasechko Scott 
Published: June 2015

AbstractStable isotopes have been used to study large‐scale changes in hydrology during the Pleistocene epoch. Many of these efforts have required an estimate of the δ18O value of runoff generated by melting ice sheets. There is no consensus on representative values. Here we examine δ18O values from fossil groundwater samples and isotope‐enabled general circulation models (GCMs) to better understand the isotopic composition of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS). Groundwater δ18O values ranged from −12.5 to −25.3‰ and tended to increase southward. The δ18O precipitation values predicted by GCMs follow a similar trend but increase more steeply southward. The difference in groundwater and GCM output can be explained by invoking movement of glacial ice and meltwater, along with mixing within groundwater systems. Most groundwater δ18O values are higher than an average LIS δ18O value of −25.4 ± 2.5‰ calculated based on estimated ice sheet volumes and sea level data.
Food security and sustainable resource management
Authors: McLaughlin Dennis , Kinzelbach Wolfgang 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe projected growth in global food demand until mid‐century will challenge our ability to continue recent increases in crop yield and will have a significant impact on natural resources. The water and land requirements of current agriculture are significantly less than global reserves but local shortages are common and have serious impacts on food security. Recent increases in global trade have mitigated some of the effects of spatial and temporal variability. However, trade has a limited impact on low‐income populations who remain dependent on subsistence agriculture and local resources. Potential adverse environmental impacts of increased agricultural production include unsustainable depletion of water and soil resources, major changes in the global nitrogen and phosphorous cycles, human health problems related to excessive nutrient and pesticide use, and loss of habitats that contribute to agricultural productivity. Some typical case studies from China illustrate the connections between the need for increased food production and environmental stress. Sustainable options for decreasing food demand and for increasing production include reduction of food losses on both the producer and consumer ends, elimination of unsustainable practices such as prolonged groundwater overdraft, closing of yield gaps with controlled expansions of fertilizer application, increases in crop yield and pest resistance through advances in biotechnology, and moderate expansion of rain fed and irrigated cropland. Calculations based on reasonable assumptions suggest that such measures could meet the food needs of an increasing global population while protecting the environment.
Storage selection functions: A coherent framework for quantifying how catchments store and release water and solutes
Authors: Rinaldo Andrea , Benettin Paolo , Harman Ciaran J. , Hrachowitz Markus , McGuire Kevin J. , van der Velde Ype , Bertuzzo Enrico , Botter Gianluca 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe discuss a recent theoretical approach combining catchment‐scale flow and transport processes into a unified framework. The approach is designed to characterize the hydrochemistry of hydrologic systems and to meet the challenges posed by empirical evidence. StorAge Selection functions (SAS) are defined to represent the way catchment storage supplies the outflows with water of different ages, thus regulating the chemical composition of out‐fluxes. Biogeochemical processes are also reflected in the evolving residence time distribution and thus in age‐selection. Here we make the case for the routine use of SAS functions and look forward to areas where further research is needed.
Self‐nucleation–induced nonisothermal crystallization of nylon 6 from the melt
Authors: Li Huizhen , Guo Ran , Liu Yuhai , Liu Shaoxuan , Proniewicz Edyta , Proniewicz Leonard M. , Zhao Ying , Xu Yizhuang , Wu Jinguang 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe effect of thermal treatment over a wide range of temperature (130–280°C) on the crystallization behavior of nylon 6 was studied by using DSC, FTIR, and polarized light microscope equipped with a hot stage. The crystallization and the subsequent melting behavior of the nylon 6 samples treated at different temperatures (Ts) were classified into four types. When Ts was higher than 236°C or lower than 213°C, the crystallization behavior of nylon 6 was insensitive to the variation of Ts. When Ts was in the range of 213–235°C, the crystallization behavior was sensitive to the change of Ts. The polarized light microscopic experiments have demonstrated that a large amount of tiny ordered nylon 6 segments/cluster persisted when nylon 6 film are heated to 231°C. Consequently, the fastest crystallization speed was observed. As Ts was between 214 and 223°C, both the Tm and the ΔHm were higher than those of the nylon 6 samples treated at other temperature. The polarized light microscopic investigations have also demonstrated that molten nylon 6 crystallizes by using the un‐molten nylon 6 crystals as nucleation center at 220°C. Crystallization at higher temperature produces nylon 6 with thicker crystalline lamella. The above results are helpful for rational design of thermal treatment procedure to obtain nylon 6 with different crystalline features. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42413.
Preparation and properties of acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber–graphene nanocomposites
Authors: Mensah Bismark , Kumar Dinesh , Lim Dong‐Kwon , Kim Seung Gyeom , Jeong Byeong‐Heon , Nah Changwoon 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by sonication‐induced exfoliation from graphite oxide, which was produced by oxidation from graphite flakes with a modified Hummer's method. The GO was then treated by hydrazine to obtain reduced graphene oxide (rGO). On the basis of the characterization results, the GO was successfully reduced to rGO. Acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR)–GO and NBR–rGO composites were prepared via a solution‐mixing method, and their various physical properties were investigated. The NBR–rGO nanocomposite demonstrated a higher curing efficiency and a change in torque compared to the gum and NBR–GO compounds. This agreed well with the crosslinking density measured by swelling. The results manifested in the high hardness (Shore A) and high tensile modulus of the NBR–rGO compounds. For instance, the tensile modulus at a 0.1‐phr rGO loading greatly increased above 83, 114, and 116% at strain levels of 50, 100, and 200%, respectively, compared to the 0.1‐phr GO loaded sample. The observed enhancement was highly attributed to a homogeneous dispersion of rGO within the NBR matrix; this was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. However, in view of the high ultimate tensile strength, the NBR–GO compounds exhibited an advantage; this was presumably due to strong hydrogen bonding or polar–polar interactions between the NBR and GO sheets. This interfacial interaction between GO and NBR was supported by the marginal increase in the glass‐transition temperatures of the NBR compounds containing fillers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42457.
Fabrication of co‐continuous poly(ε‐caprolactone)/polyglycolide blend scaffolds for tissue engineering
Authors: Allaf Rula M. , Rivero Iris V. , Ivanov Ilia N. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe apparent inability of a single biomaterial to meet all the requirements for tissue engineering scaffolds has led to continual research in novel engineered biomaterials. One method to provide new materials and fine‐tune their properties is via mixing materials. In this study, a biodegradable powder blend of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), polyglycolide (PGA), and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was prepared and three‐dimensional interconnected porous PCL/PGA scaffolds were fabricated by combining cryomilling and compression molding/polymer leaching techniques. The resultant porous scaffolds exhibited co‐continuous morphologies with ∼50% porosity. Mean pore sizes of 24 and 56 μm were achieved by varying milling time. The scaffolds displayed high mechanical properties and water uptake, in addition to a remarkably fast degradation rate. The results demonstrate the potential of this fabrication approach to obtain PCL/PGA blend scaffolds with interconnected porosity. In general, these results provide significant insight into an approach that will lead to the development of new composites and blends in scaffold manufacturing. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42471.
Modification and extrusion coating of polylactic acid films
Authors: Cheng Hsiu‐Yu , Yang Yin‐Ju , Li Shu‐Chen , Hong Jian‐Yi , Jang Guang‐Way 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTPolyethylene (PE) extrusion coating on paper substrates are the traditional packing material for coffee cups and take‐out food containers. It is difficult to recycle the PE/paper laminates and the thin polymer films remain in landfills after the decomposition of their paper substrates. Disposal of plastic materials is causing serious effects on our environment and wildlife. Demand for compostable or biodegradable plastic packaging products is increasing because of consumer pressure and legislation. Biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) is regarded as one of the most promising biopolymers with a large market potential, but its applications are limited by poor thermal stability, mechanical properties and processibility. We utilize modified gelatin as additives to improve PLA's performance without compromizing the biomass origin and compostable properties of the material. Extrusion coating, or extrusion casting, of polylactic acid (PLA) films onto paper substrates to form PLA/paper laminates was achieved by modification of the polymer with a plant or animal gelatin. Various paper substrates with thin PLA coatings were prepared using a conventional extrusion coating equipment for the fabrication of take‐out food containers and coffee cups. Melt rheology of PLA and adhesion of the resulting thin film were greatly improved in the presence of a small amount of gelatin in the polymer matrices. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42472.
Silver‐nanoparticle‐Incorporated composite nanofibers for potential wound‐dressing applications
Authors: Dubey Poornima , Bhushan Bharat , Sachdev Abhay , Matai Ishita , Uday Kumar S. , Gopinath P. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to develop stable and porous poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)–polycaprolactone blended and silver nanoparticle (Ag NP) incorporated composite nanofiber scaffolds as antibacterial wound dressings. A facile approach for the in situ synthesis of Ag NPs was explored. In this synthesis method, N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) was used as a solvent; it also acted as reducing agent for Ag NP formation. The stabilization of Ag NPs in the fibers was accomplished by PEO, which in turn acted as a reducing agent along with DMF. The successful synthesis of crystalline Ag NPs was confirmed by various characterization techniques. Thermogravimetric analysis, wettability, and surface roughness analysis of the nanofibers were done to examine the suitability of the scaffold for wound dressing. The as‐synthesized composite nanofibers possessed good roughness, wettability, and antibacterial potential against recombinant green fluorescent proteins expressing antibiotic‐resistant Escherichia coli. Thus, the nanofiber scaffold fabricated by this approach could serve as an ideal wound dressing. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42473.