bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerosol variability, synoptic‐scale processes, and their link to the cloud microphysics over the northeast Pacific during MAGIC
Authors: Painemal David , Minnis Patrick , Nordeen Michele 
Published: May 2015

AbstractShipborne aerosol measurements collected from October 2012 to September 2013 along 36 transects between the port of Los Angeles, California (33.7°N, 118.2°), and Honolulu, Hawaii (21.3°N, 157.8°W), during the Marine ARM GPCI (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX)‐Cloud System Study (GCSS)‐Pacific Cross‐section Intercomparison) Investigation of Clouds campaign are analyzed to determine the circulation patterns that modulate the synoptic and monthly variability of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the boundary layer. Seasonal changes in CCN are evident, with low magnitudes during autumn/winter, and high CCN during spring/summer accompanied with a characteristic westward decrease. CCN monthly evolution is consistent with satellite‐derived cloud droplet number concentration Nd from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. One‐point correlation (r) analysis between the 1000 hPa zonal wind time series over a region between 125°W and 135°W, 35°N and 45°N, and the Nd field yields a negative r (up to −0.55) over a domain that covers a zonal extent of at least 20° from the California shoreline, indicating that Nd decreases when the zonal wind intensifies. The negative r expands southwestward as the zonal wind precedes Nd by up to 3 days, suggesting a transport mechanism from the coast of North America mediated by the California low‐coastal jet, which intensifies in summer when the aerosol concentration and Nd reach a maximum. A first assessment of aerosol‐cloud interaction (ACI) is performed by combining CCN and satellite Nd values from the Fifteenth Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite. The CCN‐Nd correlation is 0.66–0.69, and the ACI metric defined as ACI = ∂ln(Nd)/∂ln(CCN) is high at 0.9, similar to other aircraft‐based studies and substantially greater than those inferred from satellites and climate models.
Reconstruction of precipitation δ18O over the Tibetan Plateau since 1910
Authors: Gao Jing , Shen Samuel S. P. , Yao Tandong , Tafolla Nancy , Risi Camille , He You 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAn accurate representation of the spatiotemporal variation of stable isotopes in precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is critical information for hydrological and ecological applications for the region. This paper reconstructs annual δ18O data with 2.5° × 3.75° latitude‐longitude resolutions over the TP since 1910 using the spectral optimal gridding (SOG) method. The SOG calculates empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) from the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique isotopic version general circulation model over the TP from 1978 to 2007 and regresses the δ18O data of 10 ice cores over TP against the EOF basis functions. The reconstructed data can effectively demonstrate spatiotemporal characteristics of TP precipitation δ18O. The spatial average interannual δ18O anomalies agree well with the time series of Guliya ice core δ18O, implying Guliya δ18O's typical representation of the TP δ18O temporal variation.
Volume Measurement
Authors: Davis Thomas , Zanella Andrew 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis unit describes the common types of volumetric apparatus used in the life science laboratory, their use, and care. When an experimenter needs to prepare solutions at accurate concentrations and quantitatively transfer samples of liquid from one container to another, an array of glassware and plasticware is available for these operations ranging from a microliter to more than a liter in volume. Considerations of temperature, solvent compatibility, and safety also need to be taken into account. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Lee Claudia Y. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFluorescence is an extremely powerful tool in modern biology, physics, and chemistry laboratories. This unit begins with the physics of fluorescence, the biological applications of fluorescence, and the mechanisms behind spectrometers and fluorometers, followed by strategies to choose an appropriate fluorophore according to the instrumentation at hand. The first part of the unit walks the reader through the acquisition of an absorption spectrum and explains how it can be used to measure the degree of labeling on conjugated proteins. The discussion then extends into how to obtain fluorescence emission spectra, which can be utilized as fluorescence indicators for protein detection. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Armstrong Jennifer A. , Schulz Joseph R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAgarose gel electrophoresis, which separates and sizes linear DNA and RNA fragments, is arguably the most basic and essential technique in molecular biology. It is commonly employed for analysis of PCR products, plasmid DNA, and products of restriction enzyme digestion. It is the first step for analysis of specific DNA and RNA fragments by northern and Southern blots. In this unit, we provide both written instructions and photographic images to take the reader from preparing a first agarose gel to analyzing results and determining the size of sample DNA. We include two protocols: agarose gel electrophoresis (commonly used to analyze DNA) and denaturing gel electrophoresis (for analyzing RNA). We have divided each protocol into four basic steps: (1) preparing and pouring the agarose gel; (2) preparing and loading samples; (3) running the agarose gel; and (4) staining the gel using the fluorescent stain ethidium bromide to visualize DNA and RNA. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Neural Crest Cells from Dual SMAD Inhibition
Authors: Fattahi Faranak , Studer Lorenz , Tomishima Mark J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNeural crest (NC) cells are migratory multipotent progenitors that delaminate from the neural tube during embryonic development and give rise to various cell types in different organs. These cells are a transient embryonic cell population and therefore difficult to obtain from primary sources. Deriving NC from human pluripotent stem cells offers an alternative way to provide large‐scale human NC cells for developmental and disease‐related studies. In recent years, the protocols to make these cells have matured, incorporating the efficient conversion of pluripotent stem cells to neural cells through dual SMAD inhibition and early Wnt activation to increase the yield of NC cells. Here, we provide a minor variation to this NC protocol that has been successful for many in our laboratories. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fluorescently Labeled Human Papillomavirus Pseudovirions for Use in Virus Entry Experiments
Authors: Samperio Ventayol Pilar , Schelhaas Mario 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHuman papillomaviruses (HPV) infect skin or mucosal epidermis. The simplistic capsid consists of a major capsid protein L1, a minor capsid protein L2, and a double‐stranded circular DNA of about 8kB in size. The development of HPV‐based vectors [i.e., pseudovirions (PsV)] as tools to study the initial infection has facilitated our understanding of HPV entry. The covalent coupling of fluorescent molecules to these PsV allows following the viruses en route to the nucleus, i.e., the site of replication. In the first section, we describe a facile method to covalently label HPV PsV that retain their infectivity. In this method, fluorophores coupled to a reactive succinimidyl ester are covalently attached to amine residues in the virion in a one‐step chemical reaction. In the second section of this unit, several assays are outlined that use the fluorescently labeled virions for entry studies in live and fixed cells. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rotaviruses: Extraction and Isolation of RNA, Reassortant Strains, and NSP4 Protein
Authors: Yakshe Krystle A. , Franklin Zachary D. , Ball Judith M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRotavirus (RV) contains 11 double‐stranded RNA segments that encode for twelve structural and nonstructural proteins. The separation and isolation of viral RNA is a necessary precursor for many experimental techniques and can be useful for rapid RV RNA typing and sequencing of different rotavirus strains. The segmented genome enables RV to recombine easily. These recombinant viruses are essential for many purposes, including generation of potential vaccine strains. Rotavirus gene 10 expresses the viral enterotoxin, NSP4, which has been the focus of several studies due to the influence of NSP4 on rotavirus replication, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. This unit will describe the isolation and separation of viral RNAs, the production characterization of recombinant RV in culture, and the expression and isolation of NSP4 in mammalian and insect cells. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Development and Application of Sulfur Dioxide Surrogates in Synthetic Organic Chemistry
Authors: Emmett Edward J. , Willis Michael C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSulfur dioxide has a rich and varied chemistry that can be traced back to the early 1900s. Despite the potential utility of sulfur dioxide based reactions, delivering products such as sulfones, sulfonamides and sulfinic acids, the number of examples of these reactions being exploited in synthesis is arguably lower than would be expected. One significant contributing factor to this is undoubtedly the toxic and gaseous nature of SO2. One strategy to overcome this limitation is to employ an equivalent, or surrogate, so that the gaseous reagent is no longer needed. This strategy has proven to be a success, with a number of methods being described. The reactions reported include variants of traditional reactions in which the gaseous reagent has been replaced with a surrogate, and also new transformations for which no gaseous reaction is known. This Focus Review discusses the origin of sulfur dioxide surrogates and then considers their application to synthetic organic chemistry.
Comparative Analysis of the Reactivity of Diazirine‐Based Photoaffinity Probes toward a Carbohydrate‐Binding Protein
Authors: Sakurai Kaori , Yasui Tomoki , Mizuno Sakae 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA set of lactose‐based photoaffinity probes bearing either alkyl diazirine or trifluoromethylphenyl diazirine (TPD) groups were designed and synthesized to directly compare their efficiency in photocrosslinking a carbohydrate‐binding protein. The crosslinking efficiency of the TPD probes was higher than the alkyl diazirine probes when reacted with a single binding protein. However, the alkyl diazirine probe with a small alkyne tag achieved more selective photoaffinity labeling of a binding protein in cell lysate than the corresponding TPD probe.
Chiral Lithium Binaphtholate for Enantioselective Michael Addition of Acyclic α‐Alkyl‐β‐Keto Esters to Vinyl Ketones
Authors: Kotani Shunsuke , Moritani Miyuki , Nakajima Makoto 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAsymmetric Michael addition of acyclic α‐alkyl‐β‐keto esters with vinyl ketones catalyzed by a chiral lithium binaphtholate is described. Lithium binaphtholates, prepared from BINOL derivatives and inexpensive LiOH, effectively promoted the transformation of acyclic α‐alkyl‐β‐keto esters in a highly enantioselective manner, affording Michael adducts bearing chiral quaternary carbon centers.
Effectiveness of glatiramer acetate compared to other multiple sclerosis therapies
Authors: Izquierdo Guillermo , García‐Agua Soler Nuria , Rus Macarena , García‐Ruiz Antonio José 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of glatiramer acetate (GA) compared to other multiple sclerosis (MS) therapies in routine clinical practice.Materials and methodsObservational cohort study carried out in MS patients treated with GA (GA cohort) or other MS therapies –switched from GA– (non‐GA cohort). Study data were obtained through review of our MS patient database. The primary endpoint was the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores reached at the end of treatment/last check‐up.ResultsA total of 180 patients were included: GA cohort n = 120, non‐GA cohort n = 60. Patients in the GA cohort showed better EDSS scores at the end of treatment/last check‐up (mean ± SD, 2.8 ± 1.8 vs. 3.9 ± 2.2; P = 0.001) and were 1.65 times more likely to show better EDSS scores compared to the non‐GA cohort (odds ratio, 0.606; 95%CI, 0.436–0.843; P = 0.003). Patients in the GA cohort showed longer mean time to reach EDSS scores of 6 (209.1 [95%CI, 187.6–230.6] vs. 164.3 [95%CI, 137.0–191.6] months; P = 0.004) and slower disability progression (hazard ratio, 0.415 [95%CI, 0.286–0.603]; P < 0.001). The annualized relapse rate was lower in the GA cohort (mean ± SD, 0.5 ± 0.5 vs. 0.8 ± 0.5; P = 0.001) and patients’ quality of life was improved in this study cohort compared to the non‐GA cohort (mean ± SD, 0.7 ± 0.1 vs. 0.6 ± 0.2; P = 0.01).ConclusionsGA may slow down the progression of EDSS scores to a greater extent than other MS therapies, as well as achieving a greater reduction in relapses and a greater improvement in patients’ quality of life. Switching from GA to other MS therapies has not proved to entail a better response to treatment.
Rightward dominance in temporal high‐frequency electrical asymmetry corresponds to higher resting heart rate and lower baroreflex sensitivity in a heterogeneous population
Authors: Tegeler Charles H. , Shaltout Hossam A. , Tegeler Catherine L. , Gerdes Lee , Lee Sung W. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveExplore potential use of a temporal lobe electrical asymmetry score to discriminate between sympathetic and parasympathetic tendencies in autonomic cardiovascular regulation.Methods131 individuals (82 women, mean age 43.1, range 13–83) with diverse clinical conditions completed inventories for depressive (CES‐D or BDI‐II) and insomnia‐related (ISI) symptomatology, and underwent five‐minute recordings of heart rate and blood pressure, allowing calculation of heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), followed by one‐minute, two‐channel, eyes‐closed scalp recordings of brain electrical activity. A temporal lobe high‐frequency (23–36 Hz) electrical asymmetry score was calculated for each subject by subtracting the average amplitude in the left temporal region from amplitude in the right temporal region, and dividing by the lesser of the two.ResultsDepressive and insomnia‐related symptomatology exceeding clinical threshold levels were reported by 48% and 50% of subjects, respectively. Using a cutoff value of 5% or greater to define temporal high‐frequency asymmetry, subjects with leftward compared to rightward asymmetry were more likely to report use of a sedative‐hypnotic medication (42% vs. 22%, P = 0.02). Among subjects with asymmetry of 5% or greater to 30% or greater, those with rightward compared to leftward temporal high‐frequency asymmetry had higher resting heart rate (≥5% asymmetry, 72.3 vs. 63.8, P = 0.004; ≥10%, 71.5 vs. 63.0, P = 0.01; ≥20%, 72.2 vs. 64.2, P = 0.05; ≥30%, 71.4 vs. 64.6, P = 0.05). Subjects with larger degrees of rightward compared to leftward temporal high‐frequency asymmetry had lower baroreflex sensitivity (≥40% asymmetry, 10.6 vs. 16.4, P = 0.03; ≥50% asymmetry, 10.4 vs. 16.7, P = 0.05).ConclusionIn a heterogeneous population, individuals with rightward compared to leftward temporal high‐frequency electrical asymmetry had higher resting heart rate and lower BRS. Two‐channel recording of brain electrical activity from bilateral temporal regions appears to hold promise for further investigation as a means to assess cortical activity associated with autonomic cardiovascular regulation.
Efficient and Flexible Supercapacitors Assembled on Metal Spikes
Authors: Fan Xing , Fan Zongbo , Peng Ming , Cheng Li , Du Jun , Zou Dechun , Tao Changyuan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLavender‐like, lightweight, and flexible supercapacitive electrodes with high specific capacitance have been fabricated for the first time by assembling petal‐like nano‐nickel oxides on nickel spikes that are grown by using a simple non‐templated method. Compared with traditional fiber‐shaped electrodes, the specific capacitance of these electrodes increases six‐fold to 4.47 F cm−2. For a 1 cm‐long spike electrode, the capacitance reaches over 1.4 F, and no evident drop is observed at a bending angle of 180°. Both the mechanical strength and large current discharging property are unexpectedly good. The spike structure makes the apparent mass density of the electrode as light as carbon fiber, and exhibits considerable potential for use in future portable energy‐storage devices.
Insights on the UV/Vis, Fluorescence, and Cyclic Voltammetry Properties and the Molecular Structures of ZnII Tetraphenylporphyrin Complexes with Pseudohalide Axial Azido, Cyanato‐N, Thiocyanato‐N, and Cyanido Ligands
Authors: Denden Zouhour , Ezzayani Khaireddine , Saint‐Aman Eric , Loiseau Frédérique , Najmudin Shabir , Bonifácio Cecilia , Daran Jean‐Claude , Nasri Habib 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe syntheses, spectroscopic and photophysical properties, and molecular structures of azido‐ (1), cyanato‐N‐ (2), thiocyanato‐N‐ (3), and cyanido‐ (4) (meso‐tetraphenylporphyrinato)zinc(II) complexes are reported. These species were prepared by using cryptand‐222 to solubilize the pseudohalide salts in organic solvents. The UV/Vis spectra of these zinc metalloporphyrins are solvent‐dependent and exhibit large redshifted Soret bands compared with those of the [Zn(Porph)L] derivatives in which Porph is a meso‐porphyrinato ligand and L is a monodentate neutral axial ligand. The room‐temperature fluorescence spectra of the zinc complexes 1–4 indicate that the Q bands are not very affected by the nature of the axial ligands, and their positions are very close to those of previously reported (meso‐porphyrinato)zinc complexes. The quantum yields of the S1 → So fluorescence of 1–4 range between 2.8 and 5.5 %, and their fluorescence lifetimes are the same (1.7 ns). Cyclic voltammetry investigations on 1–4 show that the characteristic potentials for the reduction and the two first oxidations of the porphyrin ring are not very affected by the nature of the axial ligand. A third irreversible oxidation of the porphyrin ring is observed. Additional anodic irreversible waves are observed for the thiocyanato‐N (3) and cyanido (4) species. The solid‐state molecular structures of 1–4 are the first examples of zinc porphyrin complexes with anionic ligands. The average equatorial zinc–pyrrole N atom (Zn–Np) distances for 1–4 range between 2.083(1) and 2.117(2) Å and are much longer than those of the related pentacoordinate zinc porphyrin complexes with monodentate neutral ligands. As a consequence, the displacement of the Zn2+ cation from the mean 24‐atom plan of the porphyrin core is significant (ca. 0.5 Å), and the porphyrin core is very distorted. The crystal structures of 1–4 are stabilized by weak intermolecular π interactions, C–H···Cg (Cg are the centroids of some six‐membered phenyl rings and five‐membered pyrrole rings). The molecular structure of 1 is further stabilized by weak intermolecular C–H···N hydrogen bonds between one carbon atom of cryptand‐222 and the terminal nitrogen atom of the azido ligand.
Synthesis of Chiral (Indol‐2‐yl)methanamines and Insight into the Stereochemistry Protecting Effects of the 9‐Phenyl‐9‐fluorenyl Protecting Group
Authors: Lood Christopher S. , Laine Aino E. , Högnäsbacka Antonia , Nieger Martin , Koskinen Ari M. P. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTetrahydro‐β‐carbolines, a privileged structural feature in natural products and pharmaceutically active compounds, has been the cause for considerable research interest, spanning many decades. Herein is reported the synthesis of the structurally closely related compounds denoted as (indol‐2‐yl)methanamines, in 99 % ee using amino acid starting materials, coupled with a 9‐phenyl‐9‐fluorenyl (Pf) protecting group strategy. Furthermore a conformational study of Pf‐protected α‐amino carbonyl compounds were undertaken by means of DFT refined molecular mechanics calculation, X‐ray crystallography measurements and NMR experiments in order to elucidate the stereochemical protecting properties induced by the Pf group.
Efficacy and safety of nicoboxil/nonivamide ointment for the treatment of acute pain in the low back – A randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Gaubitz M. , Schiffer T. , Holm C. , Richter E. , Pisternick‐Ruf W. , Weiser T. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundUntil now, nonivamide/nicoboxil ointment has not been tested in a randomized trial for the treatment of acute non‐specific low back pain.MethodsThis phase III randomized, double‐blind, active‐ and placebo‐controlled, multi‐centre trial investigated efficacy, safety and tolerability of topical nicoboxil 2.5%/nonivamide 0.4% for treatment of acute non‐specific low back pain [primary endpoint: pain intensity (PI) difference between pre‐dose baseline and 8 h after the first application].ResultsPatients (n = 805), 18–74 years of age were treated for up to 4 days with nicoboxil 2.5%/nonivamide 0.4%, nicoboxil 2.5%, nonivamide 0.4% or placebo ointment. Pre‐dose baseline pain intensity (6.6 on a 0‐ to 10‐point numerical rating scale) was reduced by 1.049 points with placebo, by 1.428 points with nicoboxil, by 2.252 points with nonivamide and by 2.410 points with nicoboxil/nonivamide after 8 h (p < 0.0001 for nicoboxil/nonivamide vs. placebo, nicoboxil; p = 0.4171 for nicoboxil/nonivamide vs. nonivamide). At the end of treatment, the combination provided more pronounced PI reduction (3.540 points) compared with nicoboxil (2.371, p < 0.0001), nonivamide (3.074, p = 0.0259) and placebo (1.884, p < 0.0001). Low back mobility scores on Day 1 were better for the combination compared with all other treatments (p < 0.044); on Day 2–4, scores were better than for placebo and nicoboxil (p < 0.003). Patients assessed efficacy of the combination as greater than of the comparators (p ≤ 0.0129). All treatments were tolerated well. No treatment‐related serious adverse events were reported.ConclusionNicoboxil/nonivamide ointment is an effective, well‐tolerated medication for the treatment of acute non‐specific low back pain.
Optically Transparent Electrodes Modified with Sulfide Ion‐Covered CdS Quantum Dots for Sensitive Photoelectrochemical Detection of Sulfhydryl‐Containing Compounds
Authors: Zhang Lin , Hao Yuanqiang , Wang Xiaoying , Long Yunfei , Ramos Angela , Jiang Dianlu , Ma Xiaohua , Lin Qinlu , Zhou Feimeng 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA sensitive and selective photoelectrochemical sensor has been developed. Negatively charged, citrate‐capped CdS quantum dots (QDs) are assembled layer‐by‐layer onto indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes precoated with positively charged poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride). By exposing the modified photoelectrochemical electrodes to a Na2S solution, QDs can be covered with excess S2− ions. The weakly bound S2− ions are easily replaceable with a sulphydryl‐containing analyte, and the photocurrent decrease is proportional to the analyte concentration. The detection limit is 0.4 nM for cysteine with a linear range of 1.0–100.0 nM. The level of cysteine in human serum samples has been quantified.