bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influenza A virus infection in zebrafish recapitulates mammalian infection and sensitivity to anti-influenza drug treatment
Authors: Gabor Kristin A. , Goody Michelle F. , Mowel Walter K. , Breitbach Meghan E. , Gratacap Remi L. , Witten P. Eckhard , Kim Carol H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSeasonal influenza virus infections cause annual epidemics and sporadic pandemics. These present a global health concern, resulting in substantial morbidity, mortality and economic burdens. Prevention and treatment of influenza illness is difficult due to the high mutation rate of the virus, the emergence of new virus strains and increasing antiviral resistance. Animal models of influenza infection are crucial to our gaining a better understanding of the pathogenesis of and host response to influenza infection, and for screening antiviral compounds. However, the current animal models used for influenza research are not amenable to visualization of host-pathogen interactions or high-throughput drug screening. The zebrafish is widely recognized as a valuable model system for infectious disease research and therapeutic drug testing. Here, we describe a zebrafish model for human influenza A virus (IAV) infection and show that zebrafish embryos are susceptible to challenge with both influenza A strains APR8 and X-31 (Aichi). Influenza-infected zebrafish show an increase in viral burden and mortality over time. The expression of innate antiviral genes, the gross pathology and the histopathology in infected zebrafish recapitulate clinical symptoms of influenza infections in humans. This is the first time that zebrafish embryos have been infected with a fluorescent IAV in order to visualize infection in a live vertebrate host, revealing a pattern of vascular endothelial infection. Treatment of infected zebrafish with a known anti-influenza compound, Zanamivir, reduced mortality and the expression of a fluorescent viral gene product, demonstrating the validity of this model to screen for potential antiviral drugs. The zebrafish model system has provided invaluable insights into host-pathogen interactions for a range of infectious diseases. Here, we demonstrate a novel use of this species for IAV research. This model has great potential to advance our understanding of influenza infection and the associated host innate immune response.
Contextual modulation of multifunctional central pattern generator
Authors: Ramakrishnan Siddharth , Arnett Bridgette C. , Murphy A. Don 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe multifunctional buccal central pattern generator in snails controlling different oral behaviors has been well characterized. In this work we propose a role for the group of 40 electrotonically coupled buccal A cluster cells as a context dependant switch for the buccal CPG, modulating motor patterns eliciting different oral behaviors. We characterize these cells based on location and morphology and provide evidence for their selective activation under two different stimuli - Listerine perfusion and intestinal nerve stimulation - triggering buccal motor patterns putatively underlying egestion and substrate cleaning. Using paired intracellular recordings of buccal cluster cells and monitor motor neurons of the buccal CPG we show a new role for these electrotonically coupled neurons as a context dependant switch that alters buccal motor patterns depending on input stimuli, thereby eliciting appropriate behavioral responses.
Compound valence is conserved in binary odor mixtures in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Thoma Michael , Hansson Bill S. , Knaden Markus 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Most naturally occurring olfactory signals do not consist of monomolecular odorants but, rather, are mixtures whose composition and concentration ratios vary. While there is ample evidence for the relevance of complex odor blends in ecological interactions and for interactions of chemicals in both peripheral and central neuronal processing, a fine-scale analysis of rules governing the innate behavioral responses of Drosophila melanogaster towards odor mixtures is lacking. In this study we examine whether the innate valence of odors is conserved in binary odor mixtures. We show that binary mixtures of attractants are more attractive than individual mixture constituents. In contrast, mixing attractants with repellents elicits responses which are lower than the responses towards the corresponding attractants. This decrease in attraction is repellent-specific, independent of the identity of the attractant and more stereotyped across individuals than responses towards the repellent alone. Mixtures of repellents are either less attractive than the individual mixture constituents or these mixtures represent an intermediate. Within the limits of our data set, most mixture responses are quantitatively predictable on the basis of constituent responses. In summary, the valence of binary odor mixtures is predictable on the basis of valences of mixture constituents. Our findings will further our understanding of innate behavior towards ecologically relevant odor blends and will serve as a powerful tool for deciphering the olfactory valence code.
Scaling patterns inform ontogenetic transitions away from cleaning in Thalassoma wrasses
Authors: Baliga Vikram , Mehta Rita S. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In fishes, cleaning is a mutualistic behavior wherein a species will remove and consume ectoparasites from other organisms. More than two thirds of cleaner fishes display this behavior predominately as juveniles and discontinue cleaning as adults; such species are here referred to as "facultative cleaners". Whether allometric changes in morphological traits coincide with ontogenetic shifts away from cleaning is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that transitions away from cleaning are associated with scaling patterns in the feeding apparatus of facultative cleaners, and then compared such patterns to those exhibited by non-cleaner congeners. We measured functional traits related to feeding, such as vertical gape distance, premaxillary protrusion distance, and maxillary kinematic transmission coefficient (KT) in each ontogenetic series of 11 Thalassoma wrasses (Labridae). As these fishes predominately capture prey via biting, we modeled bite force using MandibLever (v3.3) to create an ontogenetic trajectory of bite force for each species. Our results indicate that cleaner fishes in Thalassoma, as juveniles, possess jaws with low mobility that exhibit weaker bite forces. Additionally, there was remarkable consistency in the range of body lengths over which we observed significant differences between facultative cleaners and non-cleaners in bite force, vertical gape distance, and premaxillary protrusion distance. Through ontogeny, facultative cleaner fishes exhibit positive allometry for a number of functionally important feeding traits, which possibly obviates the need to continue cleaning.
Forces and mechanical energy fluctuations during diagonal stride roller skiing; running on wheels?
Authors: Kehler Alyse , Hajkova Eliska , Holmberg Han-Christer , Kram Rodger 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Mechanical energy is conserved during terrestrial locomotion in two ways; the inverted pendulum mechanism for walking and the spring-mass mechanism for running. Here, we investigated if diagonal stride cross-country roller skiing (DIA) utilizes similar mechanisms. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that running and DIA would share similar patterns of kinetic energy (KE), gravitational potential energy (GPE) and elastic energy fluctuations as if roller skiing is “running on wheels”. Experienced skiers (N=9) walked, ran and roller skied with DIA at 1.25m/s and 3 m/s on a level dual-belt treadmill that recorded perpendicular and parallel forces. We calculated the KE and GPE of the COM from the force recordings. As expected, the KE and GPE fluctuated with an out-of-phase pattern during walking and an in-phase pattern during running. Unlike walking, during DIA, the KE and GPE fluctuations were in-phase as they are in running. However, during the glide phase, KE was dissipated as frictional heat and could not be stored elastically in the tendons like in running. Elastic energy storage and return epitomize running and thus we reject our hypothesis. Diagonal stride cross-country skiing is a biomechanically unique movement that only superficially resembles walking or running.
Do all frogs swim alike? The effect of ecological specialization on swimming kinematics in frogs
Authors: Robovska-Havelkova Pavla , Aerts Peter , Rocek Zbynek , Prikryl Tomas , Fabre Anne-Claire , Herrel Anthony 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Frog locomotion has attracted wide scientific interest due to the unusual and derived morphology of the frog pelvic girdle and hind limb. Previous authors have suggested that the design of the frog locomotor system evolved towards a specialized jumping morphology early-on in the radiation of the group. However, data on locomotion in frogs are biased towards a few groups and most of the ecological and functional diversity remains unexplored. Here we examine the kinematics of swimming in eight species of frog with different ecologies. We use cineradiography to quantify movements of skeletal elements from the entire appendicular skeleton. Our results show that species with different ecologies do differ in the kinematics of swimming with the speed of limb extension and especially the kinematics of the mid-foot being different. Our results moreover suggest that this is not a phylogenetic effect as species from different clades with similar ecologies converge on the same swimming kinematics. These results suggest that it is important to analyze frog locomotion in a broader ecological and evolutionary context if one is to understand the evolutionary origins of this behavior.
Reductive Acylation of Nitroarenes to Anilides by Sodium Sulfite in Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Ghaffarzadeh Mohammad , Akhavan Pegah 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A facile and efficient reductive acylation of aromatic nitro compounds to corresponding anilides using a sodium sulfite–carboxylic acid system for the first time has been reported. The sodium sulfite reagent provides the colorless reductant in combination with stoichiometric amounts of carboxylic acid and enables the formation of anilides from nitroarenes without any additives in good to excellent yields with high purities and simple work-up. Furthermore, this protocol provides a novel and complementary access to some industrially important chemicals in kilogram scale under mild conditions.
In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopic Observation of Double-wall TiO2 Nanotube Arrays at High Temperature
Authors: Xue Chaorui , Narushima Takashi , Ishida Yohei , Tokunaga Tomoharu , Yonezawa Tetsu 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Double-wall TiO2 nanotube arrays were prepared using an anodization method in a glycerol-containing electrolyte. In situ TEM observation of these samples at high temperature was carried out with and without oxygen injections. With oxygen injection, an improved thermal stability of the nanotubes at high temperature was observed. It may provide more detailed information about the calcination process of TiO2 nanotubes and assist its morphology and structure modulation.
Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles by Vacuum Evaporation on Running Hydrocarbon Solution Containing Nonionic Surfactant in Cylindrical Glass Chamber
Authors: Ienaga Takashi , Nakahara Yoshio , Kimura Keiichi 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This study reports the effective fabrication of monodisperse and spherical silver nanoparticles by vacuum evaporation on running hydrocarbon solution in a cylindrical glass chamber. In this synthesis, a nonionic surfactant, sorbitan monooleate, was added to the reaction medium as the protective agent for the nanoparticles, and the effect of its concentration on the particle size was investigated in detail using transmission electron microscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy.
Dense Core–Mesoporous Outer Layer Scattering Beads for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Lei Lei , Yang Songwang , Gao Qianqian , Xie Junjie , Li Jiaqing , Cao Qipeng , Liu Yan 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A new scattering particle structure, dense core–mesoporous outer layer beads, was designed and synthesized by a one-pot hydrothermal method. Though the particle size was much larger than that of the conventionally used scattering particles, the photovoltaic performance was superior to that of 500-nm rutile particles owing to the large surface area and effective scattering effect.
Youth as a Strategic Reserve of Manpower: Assessing Demographic, Social, Family and Youth Politics of the Russian Federation
Authors: Ловчева  , Lovcheva Marina 
Published: September 2014

Youth outreach should be oriented at facilitating a better and more fulfilling life for the next generation of this country’s citizens and ensuring them to be
morally and physically healthy, professionally competent and respectful of their native country.
Based on assessment and comparisons of certain aspects in demographic, social and family politics of the RF and other countries, it is possible, the author
argues, to draw conclusions concerning the effectiveness of the Russian Federation youth politics and to outline ways to improve it.
Modern Approaches to Developing HR Management Motivational Strategy
Authors: Борисова  , Borisova N. 
Published: September 2014

The paper considers features of personnel motivation within contemporary terms of shifting towards the innovation-driven economy. Innovations are sought-after
in all spheres of human activities, yet to satisfy this acute demand proper arrangements are needed, and above all — to have the organizational staff to
deeply understand the need of and take an interest in innovations. As the subject of research the paper considers innovations-oriented motivational strategy
together with its tools and incentive methods. Modern theory of motivation is discussed in two aspects: as a function of HR management as a stimulus to the
personnel innovative potential/ Revealed are specific features and structure of up-to-date effective motivational systems, theoretic proof is provided for building
algorithms for such systems. Innovations-oriented motivational strategy is highlighted as a basic trend in the development of motivational systems. Thorough
attention is given to considering current personnel motivation systems, which are aimed at revealing and enhancing innovative potential of workers; the author
proposes a methodology on how to arrange personnel innovation-oriented training. Further specifics of corporate training are outlined and recommendations
on how to improve efficiency of personnel appraisal. As the most promising in terms of staff innovation potential development, the author analyses such tools,
as business-trainings, coaching, motivational business projects and business processes. The author’s findings allows to identify the leading trends in HR management
development applicable in the context of developing innovation-driven economy in this country.
Sustainable Economic Development of the Russian Federation and Its Federal Districts
Authors: Басовская  , Basovskaya Elena 
Published: September 2014

The technique for assessing sustainability of regional economic development
based on applying diagnostics of system sustainability failure is used to explore
dynamics of economic development of the Russian Federation and federal
districts. The degree of development sustainability is assessed by dispersion of
economic growth rates. The author’s findings reveal the increasing lack of
sustainability in the development of the Russian economy as for the period of
2011–2013, which means that a new economic crisis may happen. Differences
in the economic development of the federal districts in the period of 2008–2012
are observed. During the 2011–2012 period the Central, Northwest, Southern,
North Caucasus, Volga, Urals and Siberian federal districts showed sustainable
economic development. The economic development of the Far Eastern federal
district showed the lack of sustainability and recessionary production decline.
Feasibility Study for Small Scaling Flywheel-Energy-Storage Systems in Energy Harvesting Systems
Authors: Ertz Gabriel , Twiefel Jens , Krack Malte 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTwo concepts of scaled micro-flywheel-energy-storage systems (FESSs): a flat disk-shaped and a thin ring-shaped (outer diameter equal to height) flywheel rotors were examined in this study, focusing on material selection, energy content, losses due to air friction and motor loss. For the disk-shape micro-FESS, isotropic materials like titanium, aluminum, steel and wolfram are shown to be suitable as a flywheel rotor. Wound fiber reinforced composite plastics (T1000-, T300-carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes “CNTs”) were investigated for the flywheel in a ring shape. It was shown that isotropic materials reach the highest energy densities in the shape of a Laval disk with a rim. A micro-FESS with wolfram flywheel would reach the highest half-time-periods due to its high density, and thus, it is the favored material to design a flat disk-shaped micro-FESS with low standby-losses. Fiber reinforced plastic flywheels in ring shape reach the highest energy densities, from 150 W h/kg (T300) to 2,600 W h/kg (CNT), but display higher standby-losses as well. A scaling of the rotors was done within this study and showed that air friction is influenced by the shape of the examined flywheel rotors and the material. A linear correlation of down scaling and air friction losses was shown. As a motor/generator type, an ironless air coil Halbach array motor was suggested. Motor losses due to eddy currents in the stator coil were estimated. Losses correlated in square with downscaling. FESSs with wolfram and CNT showed the lowest standby-losses due to eddy currents.
Crosstalk between adipose tissue and blood vessels in cardiometabolic syndrome: implication of steroid hormone receptors (MR/GR)
Authors: Even Sarah Elisabeth Louise , Dulak-Lis Maria Gabriela , Touyz Rhian M. , Dinh Cat Aurelie Nguyen 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Crosstalk between adipose tissue and blood vessels is vital to vascular homeostasis and is disturbed in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) refers to the clustering of obesity-related metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, glucose and lipid profile alterations, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear. Adipose tissue associated with the vasculature [known as perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT)] has been shown to produce myriads of adipose tissue-derived substances called adipokines, including hormones, cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which actively participate in the regulation of vascular function and local inflammation by endocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms. As a result, the signaling from PVAT to the vasculature is emerging as a potential therapeutic target for obesity and diabetes-related vascular dysfunction. Accumulating evidence supports a shift in our understanding of the crucial role of elevated plasma levels of aldosterone in obesity, promoting insulin resistance and hypertension. In obesity, aldosterone/mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signaling induces an abnormal secretion of adipokines, ROS production and systemic inflammation, which in turn contribute to impaired insulin signaling, reduced endothelial-mediated vasorelaxation, and associated cardiovascular abnormalities. Thus, aldosterone excess exerts detrimental metabolic and vascular effects that participate to the development of the CMS and its associated cardiovascular abnormalities. In this review, we focus on the physiopathological roles of corticosteroid receptors in the interplay between PVAT and the vasculature, which underlies their potential as key regulators of vascular function.
Mammalian gamete fusion depends on the inhibition of ovastacin by fetuin-B
Authors: Stöcker Walter , Karmilin Konstantin , Hildebrand André , Westphal Hagen , Yiallouros Irene , Weiskirchen Ralf , Dietzel Eileen , Floehr Julia , Jahnen-Dechent Willi 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The zona pellucida, a glycoprotein matrix surrounding the mammalian oocyte, hardens after intrusion of the first spermatozoon, thus protecting the embryo until implantation and preventing multiple fertilizations (polyspermy). Definitive zona hardening is mediated by the metalloprotease ovastacin, which is released from cortical granules of the oocyte upon sperm penetration. However, traces of ovastacin seep from unfertilized eggs to cause zona hardening even in the absence of sperm. These small amounts of protease are inactivated by the plasma protein fetuin-B, thus keeping eggs fertilizable. Once a sperm has penetrated the egg, ovastacin from cortical vesicles overrides fetuin-B and initiates zona hardening.
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Gum Extraction from Wild Sage Seed
Authors: Salehi Fakhreddin , Kashaninejad Mahdi 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Wild sage seed (Salvia macrosiphon) has practical amounts of gum with good functional properties. In this work, extraction of gum from wild sage seed was studied. Effect of pH, temperature and water/seed ratio on the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters and entropy, enthalpy and free energy of extraction were investigated. The maximum gum yield was 12.5% at 55°C for pH=7 and water/seed ratio 40:1. In this study, the experimental data were fitted to a mathematical model of mass transport and constants were obtained. The kinetic of wild sage seed gum extraction was found to be a first-order mass transfer model. Statistical results indicated that the model used in this study will be able to predict the gum extraction from wild sage seed. It is also found that ΔH and ΔS were positive and ΔG was negative indicating that the extraction process was spontaneous, irreversible and endothermic. The ΔH, ΔS and ΔG values were 0.52–14.99 kJ/mol, 6.3–52.2 J/mol K and 0.14–2.44 kJ/mol, respectively.