bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An analysis of Turkey's accession to the European Union
Authors: Özgüzer Gül Ertan , Pensieroso Luca 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe build a two‐country dynamic general equilibrium model to study whether European citizens would benefit from the eventual accession of Turkey to the European Union (EU). The results of the simulations show that Turkey's accession is welfare enhancing for Europeans, provided that Turkish total factor productivity (TFP) increases sufficiently after enlargement. In the benchmark model with no capital mobility, the Europeans are better off if the Turkish TFP increase bridges more than 21% of the initial TFP gap between Turkey and the EU. This figure increases to 33% when capital mobility is introduced.
Migrant smuggling when exploitation is private information
Authors: Tamura Yuji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis study contributes to the small theoretical literature on human smuggling by assuming for the first time asymmetric information in analysis. The assumption raises the possibility of an adverse selection equilibrium where only exploitative smugglers are employed at a low fee even though migrants are willing to pay non‐exploitative smugglers a high fee. More important, I find that improved inland apprehension of migrants may increase the incidence of migrant exploitation while failing to decrease smuggling attempts. Furthermore, improved border apprehension of migrants and smugglers may not affect the market at all.
Visibility Silhouettes for Semi‐Analytic Spherical Integration
Authors: Nowrouzezahrai Derek , Baran Ilya , Mitchell Kenny , Jarosz Wojciech 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAt each shade point, the spherical visibility function encodes occlusion from surrounding geometry, in all directions. Computing this function is difficult and point‐sampling approaches, such as ray‐tracing or hardware shadow mapping, are traditionally used to efficiently approximate it. We propose a semi‐analytic solution to the problem where the spherical silhouette of the visibility is computed using a search over a 4D dual mesh of the scene. Once computed, we are able to semi‐analytically integrate visibility‐masked spherical functions along the visibility silhouette, instead of over the entire hemisphere. In this way, we avoid the artefacts that arise from using point‐sampling strategies to integrate visibility, a function with unbounded frequency content. We demonstrate our approach on several applications, including direct illumination from realistic lighting and computation of pre‐computed radiance transfer data. Additionally, we present a new frequency‐space method for exactly computing all‐frequency shadows on diffuse surfaces. Our results match ground truth computed using importance‐sampled stratified Monte Carlo ray‐tracing, with comparable performance on scenes with low‐to‐moderate geometric complexity.
Coupling physical exercise with dietary glucose supplement for treating cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: a theoretical model and future directions
Authors: Li Yuet‐Keung , Hui Christy Lai‐Ming , Lee Edwin Ho‐Ming , Chang Wing‐Chung , Chan Sherry Kit‐Wa , Leung Chung‐Ming , Chen Eric Yu‐Hai 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimsMetabolic dysregulation may disrupt the complex neuroprotective mechanisms essential for brain health. Recent studies have pointed out the possible aetiological role of metabolic dysregulation in the onset of schizophrenia and the associated cognitive impairment. In this paper, we aimed to generate a theoretical model of how a combination of physical exercise and dietary glucose supplement may help to alleviate cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.MethodsLiterature on metabolic dysregulation, especially insulin resistance, in relation to the onset of schizophrenia and the associated cognitive impairment is reviewed. The cognitive enhancement effects of physical exercise and dietary glucose supplement are then summarised. Finally, we propose a theoretical model based on the concerted effects of physical exercise and glucose supplement.ResultsIn general, the joint action of physical exercise and dietary glucose supplement could up‐regulate glucose and insulin transport into the brain, as well as augmenting the release of insulin growth factor‐1 and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor. Physical exercise and glucose supplement could enhance energy supply and neuroplasticity in brain, subsequently leading to potential cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia. However, glucose supplement is not suitable for patients with abnormal metabolic profile.ConclusionsThe combination of physical exercise and glucose supplement has potential therapeutic values in treating cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Further research is necessary to investigate the optimal patterns of exercise and doses of glucose for treating cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.
Dreaming and its Discontents: U.S. Cultural Models in the Theater of Dreams
Authors: Mageo Jeannette 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDrawing together research in cognitive anthropology and psychology, this article argues that REM dreamers enlist metaphors associated with a cultural model in waking life to stage scenes that represent their recent and past problems with the model—be these ones of mastery or with the adequacy of the model for addressing life circumstances. These scenes provide a space where dreamers discover how and why a model is working badly and where they practice and experiment in order to move on to a new stage—both by better mastering models and by better adapting them. Dreamers’ difficulty with one model often involves problems with others. Dreams disclose these linkages. I develop this argument through ethnographic, life history, and dream data collected from U.S. undergraduates at a northwestern university. The models described herein, then, are regional but are also common in U.S. mainstream, middle‐class culture more broadly, particularly among young people.
Determinants of hemodialysis‐induced segmental wall motion abnormalities
Authors: Dubin Ruth F. , Beatty Alexis L. , Teerlink John R. , Schiller Nelson B. , Bolger Ann F. , Alokozai Dean , Peralta Carmen A. , Johansen Kirsten L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPatients who demonstrate worsening of cardiac wall motion (WM) during hemodialysis have higher 1‐year mortality. We sought to identify risk factors for dialysis‐induced WM abnormalities. Additionally, we examined the effects of hemodialysis on other parameters of cardiac function. Forty patients underwent echocardiography directly before dialysis and during the last hour of dialysis (79 dialysis sessions). Candidate predictors for intradialytic worsening of WM included age, a history of heart failure (HF) or coronary artery disease, changes in blood pressure or heart rate, high sensitivity cardiac troponin T and N‐terminal brain natriuretic peptide. Among 40 patients, WM worsened segmentally in eight patients (20%), worsened globally in one patient (3%), and improved segmentally in four patients (10%). Diastolic function worsened in 44% of patients, and left ventricular ejection fraction was largely unchanged during dialysis. The case of globally worsened WM occurred in the setting of intradialytic hypertension in a patient without HF. Surprisingly, history of coronary artery disease, hemodynamics, and serologic factors were not associated with worsened segmental WM during dialysis. After adjustment for history of coronary artery disease and other cardiac risk factors, patients with a history of HF had a threefold higher risk of worsening segmental WM during dialysis (RR 3.1, 95% CI [1.1, 9], p = 0.04). In conclusion, patients with a history of clinical HF were at higher risk of intradialytic worsening of segmental WM. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism of this association and whether cardioprotective medications could ameliorate this adverse cardiac effect of hemodialysis.
Effect of the infectious dose and the presence of hepatitis C virus core gene on mouse intrahepatic CD8 T cells
Authors: Horiuchi Yutaka , Takagi Akira , Kobayashi Nobuharu , Moriya Osamu , Nagai Toshinori , Moriya Kyoji , Tsutsumi Takeya , Koike Kazuhiro , Akatsuka Toshitaka 
Published: November 2013

AimChronic hepatitis C viral (HCV) infections often result in ineffective CD8 T‐cell responses due to functional exhaustion of HCV‐specific T cells. However, how persisting HCV impacts CD8 T‐cell effector functions remains largely unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the infectious dose and the presence of HCV core gene.MethodsWe compared responses of intrahepatic CD8 T cells during infection of wild‐type or HCV core transgenic (Tg) mice with various infectious doses of HCV‐NS3‐expressing recombinant adenovirus (Ad‐HCV‐NS3).ResultsUsing major histocompatibility complex class I tetramer and intracellular interferon (IFN)‐γ staining method to track HCV‐NS3‐specific CD8 T cells, we found that a significant expansion of HCV‐NS3‐specific CD8 T cells was restricted to a very narrow dosage range. IFN‐γ production by intrahepatic CD8 T cells in HCV core Tg mice was suppressed as compared with wild‐type mice. Higher levels of expression of regulatory molecules, Tim‐3 and PD‐1, by intrahepatic CD8 T cells and PD‐L1 by intrahepatic antigen‐presenting cells were observed in HCV core Tg mice following Ad‐HCV‐NS3 infection, and the expression increased dependent on infectious dose. Furthermore, we found a significant inverse correlation between the percentages of IFN‐γ‐producing cells and expression of regulatory molecules in antigen‐specific intrahepatic CD8 T cells.ConclusionHigh infectious dose and the presence of HCV core gene were strongly involved in ineffective CD8 T‐cell responses. We consider that HCV core Tg mouse infected with high infectious dose of Ad‐HCV‐NS3 is useful as a chronic infection model in the development of immunotherapy for chronic hepatitis C.
Quality indicators for initial licensure and discipline in nursing laws in South Korea and North Carolina
Authors: Kim K.K. , Kjervik D.K. , Foster B. 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundThe Korean regulatory framework of nursing licensure reflects that of the USA, but its content differs in some of the powers related to quality assurance.AimThis article compares regulatory quality indicators and describes core standards in nursing regulations that are related to both initial licensure and discipline for three groups: the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, the North Carolina and the South of Korea.MethodsA descriptive, comparative law design is used to examine the differences and similarities in the quality indicators and core standards found in three documents: the National Council of State Boards of Nursing Model Act, the North Carolina Nursing Practice Act and the Korean Medical Service Act for registered nurses.ResultsThe findings indicate that ten quality indicators and two standards appear in study objects. Although most of the quality indicators are common to all documents, some differences are found in terms of the scope of criminal background checks and the range of grounds for disciplinary action.LimitationsThese findings cannot be generalized in the USA because although the North Carolina nursing act was selected as an example of US nursing laws, nursing laws differ somewhat across states.ConclusionsThis comparative study shows a clear opportunity to develop indicators that acknowledge the important areas of competence and good moral character and how they can improve patient safety in Korea.Implications for nursing and health policyThis study provides recommendations for Korean nursing legislative redesign and pointers for other jurisdictions to consider.
SEM–EDX analysis of brushing abrasion of chitosan and propolis based toothpastes on sound and artificial carious primary enamel surfaces
Authors: Ozalp Serife , Tulunoglu Ozlem 
Published: November 2013

PurposeThe objective of this study was to assess the brushing abrasion effects of toothpastes containing chitosan and propolis on sound and demineralized primary tooth enamel.MethodsPairs of enamel specimens were prepared from human extracted primary teeth, embedded in epoxy resin and polished. An artificial subsurface lesion was created in one specimen from each pair. All samples were divided into four groups (Chitodent, Aagaard propolis, Elmex, and Control) and brushed with slurry of toothpastes and artificial saliva in a brushing machine. The brushing abrasion depths were evaluated using computer‐guided optical profilometry.ResultsNo significant differences existed in terms of brushing depths between artificial carious enamel and brushed sound enamel specimens (P > 0.05). The abrasion values of the sound enamel samples brushed with Aagaard propolis and control samples were significantly lower than the Elmex group (P < 0.05). The lowest brushing abrasion values of demineralized enamel specimens were observed in the Chitodent group (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe tested toothpastes exhibited similar effects in terms of brushing abrasion on both sound and artificially demineralized enamel. Based on mean values without statistical significance, the lowest brushing abrasion values in the demineralized brushed enamel samples were detected in the Chitodent group.
Colicine Typing of Shigella sonnei
Authors: Naito Tatsuro , Kono Michitaka , Fujise Naota , Yakushiji Yoshiko , Aoki Yoshio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe colicine typing method of Shigella sonnei is described with experimental evidence supporting it as well as the manner of selection of eight indicator strains. The disparity of principle between this method and that of Abbott and Shannon's method is (1) selection of the indicators only from wild strains existing in this country, (2) employment of heart infusion broth for colicine production, (3) performance of the typing within 48 hours, and (4) determination of types and subtypes of test‐strains by combining their colicinogenic activity against the indicators and their sensitivity to colicines produced by the indicators. A modification of the method is advocated which requires three days to extract colicine by cultivation and one day for sensitivity tests and which uses peptone as the sole nutriment in media. The efficiency of the technique of Abbott and Shannon, McGeachie and McCormick, and the authors' two methods was compared using the selected indicators. Only the technique of McGeachie and McCormick showed some discrepancies.
Studies on Habu Snake Venom
Authors: Kurashige Satonori , Hara Yoshihiko , Kawakami Masaya , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIt has been found that there are two factors responsible for myolysis in Habu snake venom; heat‐labile and heat‐stable myolytic factors. As reported previously, the former is a proteinase contained in Habu venom. In this article purification and chemical properties of the heat‐stable myolytic factor are presented. Using the method of fractionation with ammonium sulfate and with column chromatography, a heat‐stable myolytic factor was obtained ultracentrifugally in a homogeneous state. This factor caused severe myolysis with the aid of both Mg++ ion and phospholipase A. It has been found that heat‐stable myolytic factor has no activities such as those of proteinase, esterase or ribonuclease. The relationship between the heat‐stable myolytic factor and phospholipase A in myolytic activity is discussed.
Studies on Two Colonial Types of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae with Special Reference to the Bottle Culture Method
Authors: Fujikura Takao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA bottle culture method is described which favours the colony formation of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. The Kitakata strain formed two morphological types of colonies when grown in rubber‐stoppered 200 ml‐square bottle cultures. One was compact and small (C type), while the other diffuse and large (D type). The C and D type sub‐strains showed the following differences: The C type leptospirae were longer in body length, but less virulent for suckling mice, young hamsters, guinea pigs, or young rabbits. The C type leptospirae lost 90% of the colony forming units (CFU) after being heated at 45 C for 20 minutes. On the other hand, the D type leptospirae were shorter in body length, virulent in those animals examined and resistant to heating. No serological differences were observed between these two types of sub‐strains by agglutination test and in agglutinin absorption test.
On the Inhibitory Effect Induced by Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Phaseolus vulgaris Plants
Authors: Yoshizaki Toshimichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAn increase in the inhibitory effect against infection by TMV was found in the juices extracted from the primary leaves of French beans previously inoculated with active TMV or ultraviolet‐inactivated TMV as compared with that of the control leaves. No difference in the induced inhibitory effect was observed between active and ultraviolet‐inactivated preparations of the necrotic and ordinary strain of TMV, however, the interfering activity of active TMV was greater than that of ultraviolet‐inactivated TMV when boh strains were inoculated simultaneously on the leaves of French beans. These phenomena were not produced by TMV inactivated by heating at 100 C for 10 min. Further, it was ascertained that there was an increase in the inhibitory effect found in the juices from the uninoculated apical or basal parts and petioles of inoculated leaves when the other parts of the leaves were inoculated previously with TMV. Similarly, the induced inhibitory effect was found in the plumules produced at the base of the TMV‐inoculated leaves.
Differentiation of Bacteroides from Sphaerophorus and Fusobacterium
Authors: Suzuki Shoichiro , Ushijima Tsutomu , Ichinose Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper is concerned with new findings in the comparative study of the genera, Bacteroides, Sphaerophorus and Fusobacterium. Victoria blue 4R and barbiturates were found to be effective in differentiating the genera by their discriminative inhibition of the growth. A new character, glutamic acid decarboxylation, was found in Bacteroides but neither in Sphaerophorus nor in Fusobacterium. The procedure for this test was presented. In the classification of newly isolated fecal strains this test and other differential features were compared. An improved method for the threonine deamination test was reported. The use of these characters and tests would be a step in the improvement of the present incomplete classification of gram‐negative anaerobic non‐sporulating rods.
Mycobacterium chitae: a New Species
Authors: Tsukamura Michio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA new species of Mycobacterium was described. Four strains of rapidly growing and non‐pathogenic mycobacteria were isolated from soil by chicken passage, and were found to form one cluster by numerical classification based on similarity value. They were named Mycobacterium chitae (sp. nov.) and are deposited in the American Type Culture Collection (holotype; ATCC 19627).
Biochemical and Immunochemical Studies of Fungi
Authors: Sakaguchi Osamu , Suzuki Sigeo , Suzuki Masuko , Sunayama Hiroyoshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTCrude mannans extracted from Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by autoclaving yeast cells in citrate buffer (pH 7.0) according to Peat's method, were fractionated repeatedly by column chromatography on DEAE‐Sephadex, acetate form, yielding neutral and acidic mannans. The former fraction showed a single peak by boundary electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal analysis, while the latter contained small amounts of phosphorus and protein. Using purified mannans as controls, various serological experiments were carried out with mannan antigens extracted from C. albicans with 45% phenol water and with 3% NaOH. No remarkable differences were observed in the antigenic activity of 4 mannan antigens from C. albicans, and the purified mannan exhibited very high antigenic activity. It was found that the mannan of S. cerevisiae was antigenically less specific than that of C. albicans mannan. The difference in serological specificity between mannans of both species may reflect not only differences in mannopyranose linkages but differences in the structure of the macromolecules.
Drug Resistance of Staphylococci
Authors: Sawai Tetsuo , Hashimoto Hajime , Mitsuhashi Susumu , Yamagishi Saburo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTOn the basis of resistance patterns to penicillins, strains of Staphylococcus aureus highly resistant to penicillin‐G which were isolated from clinical sources, could be classified into 2 groups, A‐1 and A‐2. Group A‐2 is a minor group which accounts for about 10% of these strains and exhibits lower degree of resistance to penicillin‐G and phenethicillin than that exhibited by group A‐1 strains. However, there was no marked difference between both groups in inducible production of penicillinase. The genetic determinants for penicillinase synthesis in strains of both groups were transduced into a recipient and the characteristics of the determinants were compared with each other under identical conditions. The results suggested that the genetic determinants for penicillinase synthesis in groups A‐1 and A‐2 strains differed from each other in both the structural gene for penicillinase production and the regulatory gene for the formation of the repressor.
Mode of Synergism between Colistin and Sulfisomezole in Inhibiting the Growth of Proteus Organism
Authors: Onozawa Yozo , Kumagai Katsuo , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWhen either colistin at 1,000 μg/ml or sulfisomezole at 125 μg/ml was used separately, growth of a strain of Proteus mirabilis was not inhibited. However, when 1 μg/ml of colistin and 25 μg/ml of sulfisomezole were used together in agar media, growth was inhibited. The synergistic action of colistin and sulfisomezole was also demonstrated in broth culture, when a smaller inoculum such as 106 cells/ml was used. The lethal and lytic effect of this synergism parallels the characteristic effect of colistin towards colistin‐sensitive gram‐negative organisms. When the mode of this synergistic action was analyzed by adding each compound in sequence to a growing culture of Proteus, it was found that growth of organism for about 4 generations in the presence of sulfisomezole was a prerequisite for revealing the lethal and lytic effects of colistin. In cultures where these two compounds were present at the beginning of incubation, the synergistic effect was abolished by the addition of p‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA) at an early stage of incubation, but not at a late stage. Methionine, serine, and betaine, when used together, had the same effect as PABA. An insufficiency of the three compounds induced by sulfisomezole, was considered to afford the receptor site of colistin to Proteus.