bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors of United States Youth
Authors: Bassett David R. , John Dinesh , Conger Scott A. , Fitzhugh Eugene C. , Coe Dawn P. 
Published: October 2014

Background:Increases in childhood and adolescent obesity are a growing concern in the United States (U.S.), and in most countries throughout the world. Declines in physical activity are often postulated to have contributed to the rise in obesity rates during the past 40 years.Methods:We searched for studies of trends in physical activity and sedentary behaviors of U.S. youth, using nontraditional data sources. Literature searches were conducted for active commuting, physical education, high-school sports, and outdoor play. In addition, trends in sedentary behaviors were examined.Results:Data from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) and other national surveys, as well as longitudinal studies in the transportation, education, electronic media, and recreation sectors showed evidence of changes in several indicators. Active commuting, high school physical education, and outdoor play (in 3- to 12-year-olds) declined over time, while sports participation in high school girls increased from 1971 to 2012. In addition, electronic entertainment and computer use increased during the first decade of the 21st century.Conclusions:Technological and societal changes have impacted the types of physical activities performed by U.S. youth. These data are helpful in understanding the factors associated with the rise in obesity, and in proposing potential solutions.
Walk, Bicycle, and Transit Trips of Transit-Dependent and Choice Riders in the 2009 United States National Household Travel Survey
Authors: Lachapelle Ugo 
Published: October 2014

Background:Previous research has shown that public transit use may be associated with active transportation. Access to a car may influence active transportation of transit riders.Methods:Using the 2009 United States National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), transit users ≥ 16 years old (n = 25,550) were categorized according to driver status and number of cars and drivers in the household. This typology ranged from choice transit riders (ie, “fully motorized drivers”) to transit-dependent riders (ie, “unmotorized nondriver”). Transit trips, walking trips, and bicycling trips of transit users are estimated in negative binomial models against the car availability typology.Results:Sixteen percent of participants took transit in the past month; most (86%) lived in car-owning households. As income increased, car availability also increased. Transit user groups with lower car availability were generally more likely than fully motorized drivers to take more public transit, walking, and bicycle trips. Transit riders have varying levels of vehicle access; their use of combinations of alternative modes of transportation fluctuates accordingly. Transit-dependent individuals without cars or sharing cars used active transportation more frequently than car owners.Conclusion:Policies to reduce vehicle ownership in households may enable increases in the use of alternative modes of transportation for transit users, even when cars are still owned.
Some Properties of Multiplicative Hv-Rings of Polynomials over Multiplicative Hyperrings
Authors: Dasgupta Utpal 
Published: October 2014

The set of all polynomials Rx, over a multiplicative hyperring R, +, ·, form a commutative group with respect to the component-wise addition (+) of the polynomials. For polynomials f, g in Rx, f*g is a set of polynomials whose k+1th components k∈N∪0 are chosen from the set ∑i+j=kai·bj, where ai and bj are the i+1th and the j+1th components of f and g, respectively. A multiplicative hyperring is polynomially structured if the hyperstructure Rx, +, * is a multiplicative Hv-ring. The purpose of the paper is to study the properties of the multiplicative Hv-ring Rx, +, *, corresponding to those of a polynomially structured multiplicative hyperring R.
Challenges in Quantifying Changes in the Global Water Cycle
Authors: Hegerl Gabriele C. , Black Emily , Allan Richard P. , Ingram William J. , Polson Debbie , Trenberth Kevin E. , Chadwick Robin S. , Arkin Phillip A. , Sarojini Beena Balan , Becker Andreas , Dai Aiguo , Durack Paul J. , Easterling David , Fowler Hayley J. , Kendon Elizabeth J. , Huffman George J. , Liu Chunlei , Marsh Robert , New Mark , Osborn Timothy J. , Skliris Nikolaos , Stott Peter A. , Vidale Pier-Luigi , Wijffels Susan E. , Wilcox Laura J. , Willett Kate M. , Zhang Xuebin 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Understanding observed changes to the global water cycle is key to predicting future climate changes and their impacts. While many datasets document crucial variables such as precipitation, ocean salinity, runoff, and humidity, most are uncertain for determining long-term changes. In situ networks provide long time series over land, but are sparse in many regions, particularly the tropics. Satellite and reanalysis datasets provide global coverage, but their long-term stability is lacking. However, comparisons of changes among related variables can give insights into the robustness of observed changes. For example, ocean salinity, interpreted with an understanding of ocean processes, can help cross-validate precipitation. Observational evidence for human influences on the water cycle is emerging, but uncertainties resulting from internal variability and observational errors are too large to determine whether the observed and simulated changes are consistent. Improvements to the in situ and satellite observing networks that monitor the changing water cycle are required, yet continued data coverage is threatened by funding reductions. Uncertainty both in the role of anthropogenic aerosols and because of the large climate variability presently limits confidence in attribution of observed changes.
Autoimmunity, hypogammaglobulinemia, lymphoproliferation, and mycobacterial disease in patients with activating mutations in STAT3
Authors: Haapaniemi Emma M. , Kaustio Meri , Rajala Hanna L. M. , van Adrichem Arjan J. , Kainulainen Leena , Glumoff Virpi , Doffinger Rainer , Kuusanmäki Heikki , Heiskanen-Kosma Tarja , Trotta Luca , Chiang Samuel , Kulmala Petri , Eldfors Samuli , Katainen Riku , Siitonen Sanna , Karjalainen-Lindsberg Marja-Liisa , Kovanen Panu E. , Otonkoski Timo , Porkka Kimmo , Heiskanen Kaarina , Hänninen Arno , Bryceson Yenan T. , Uusitalo-Seppälä Raija , Saarela Janna , Seppänen Mikko , Mustjoki Satu , Kere Juha 
Published: October 2014

Key Points
Germline activating STAT3 mutations were detected in 3 patients with autoimmunity, hypogammaglobulinemia, and mycobacterial disease. T-cell lymphoproliferation, deficiency of regulatory and helper 17 T cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and eosinophils were common.
Obesity is associated with residual leukemia following induction therapy for childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Orgel Etan , Tucci Jonathan , Alhushki Waseem , Malvar Jemily , Sposto Richard , Fu Cecilia H. , Freyer David R. , Abdel-Azim Hisham , Mittelman Steven D. 
Published: October 2014

Key Points
Obesity is associated with increased risk for persistent minimal residual disease after induction therapy for pediatric BP-ALL.
MSEA: detection and quantification of mutation hotspots through mutation set enrichment analysis
Authors: Jia Peilin , Wang Quan , Chen Qingxia , Hutchinson Katherine E , Pao William , Zhao Zhongming 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMany cancer genes form mutation hotspots that disrupt their functional domains or active sites, leading to gain- or loss-of-function. We propose a mutation set enrichment analysis (MSEA) implemented by two novel methods, MSEA-clust and MSEA-domain, to predict cancer genes based on mutation hotspot patterns. MSEA methods are evaluated by both simulated and real cancer data. We find approximately 51% of the eligible known cancer genes form detectable mutation hotspots. Application of MSEA in eight cancers reveals a total of 82 genes with mutation hotspots, including well-studied cancer genes, known cancer genes re-found in new cancer types, and novel cancer genes.
Dual roles for immune metagenes in breast cancer prognosis and therapy prediction
Authors: Alistar Angela , Chou Jeff W , Nagalla Srikanth , Black Michael A , D’Agostino Ralph , Miller Lance D 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Background
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer leads to considerable variability in clinical responses, with only 10 to 20% of cases achieving complete pathologic responses (pCR). Biological and clinical factors that determine the extent of pCR are incompletely understood. Mounting evidence indicates that the patient's immune system contributes to tumor regression and can be modulated by therapies. The cell types most frequently observed with this association are effector tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), such as cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells and B cells. We and others have shown that the relative abundance of TILs in breast cancer can be quantified by intratumoral transcript levels of coordinately expressed, immune cell-specific genes. Through expression microarray analysis, we recently discovered three immune gene signatures, or metagenes, that appear to reflect the relative abundance of distinct tumor-infiltrating leukocyte populations. The B/P (B cell/plasma cell), T/NK (T cell/natural killer cell) and M/D (monocyte/dendritic cell) immune metagenes were significantly associated with distant metastasis-free survival of patients with highly proliferative cancer of the basal-like, HER2-enriched and luminal B intrinsic subtypes.

Methods
Given the histopathological evidence that TIL abundance is predictive of neoadjuvant treatment efficacy, we evaluated the therapy-predictive potential of the prognostic immune metagenes. We hypothesized that pre-chemotherapy immune gene signatures would be significantly predictive of tumor response. In a multi-institutional, meta-cohort analysis of 701 breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, gene expression profiles of tumor biopsies were investigated by logistic regression to determine the existence of therapy-predictive interactions between the immune metagenes, tumor proliferative capacity, and intrinsic subtypes.

Results
By univariate analysis, the B/P, T/NK and M/D metagenes were all significantly and positively associated with favorable pathologic responses. In multivariate analyses, proliferative capacity and intrinsic subtype altered the significance of the immune metagenes in different ways, with the M/D and B/P metagenes achieving the greatest overall significance after adjustment for other variables.

Conclusions
Gene expression signatures of infiltrating immune cells carry both prognostic and therapy-predictive value that is impacted by tumor proliferative capacity and intrinsic subtype. Anti-tumor functions of plasma B cells and myeloid-derived antigen-presenting cells may explain more variability in pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy than previously recognized.
Expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs located in autoimmune disease-associated regions reveal immune cell-type specificity
Authors: Hrdlickova Barbara , Kumar Vinod , Kanduri Kartiek , Zhernakova Daria V , Tripathi Subhash , Karjalainen Juha , Lund Riikka J , Li Yang , Ullah Ubaid , Modderman Rutger , Abdulahad Wayel , Lähdesmäki Harri , Franke Lude , Lahesmaa Riitta , Wijmenga Cisca , Withoff Sebo 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Background
Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of variants associated with a risk for autoimmune and immune-related disorders (AID), our understanding of the disease mechanisms is still limited. In particular, more than 90% of the risk variants lie in non-coding regions, and almost 10% of these map to long non-coding RNA transcripts (lncRNAs). lncRNAs are known to show more cell-type specificity than protein-coding genes.

Methods
We aimed to characterize lncRNAs and protein-coding genes located in loci associated with nine AIDs which have been well-defined by Immunochip analysis and by transcriptome analysis across seven populations of peripheral blood leukocytes (granulocytes, monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, B cells, memory T cells, naive CD4+ and naive CD8+ T cells) and four populations of cord blood-derived T-helper cells (precursor, primary, and polarized (Th1, Th2) T-helper cells).

Results
We show that lncRNAs mapping to loci shared between AID are significantly enriched in immune cell types compared to lncRNAs from the whole genome (α <0.005). We were not able to prioritize single cell types relevant for specific diseases, but we observed five different cell types enriched (α <0.005) in five AID (NK cells for inflammatory bowel disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and psoriasis; memory T and CD8+ T cells in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, primary biliary cirrhosis, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis; Th0 and Th2 cells for inflammatory bowel disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, primary biliary cirrhosis, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis). Furthermore, we show that co-expression analyses of lncRNAs and protein-coding genes can predict the signaling pathways in which these AID-associated lncRNAs are involved.

Conclusions
The observed enrichment of lncRNA transcripts in AID loci implies lncRNAs play an important role in AID etiology and suggests that lncRNA genes should be studied in more detail to interpret GWAS findings correctly. The co-expression results strongly support a model in which the lncRNA and protein-coding genes function together in the same pathways.
Serum Matrix Metalloproteinase‐7 is an independent prognostic biomarker in advanced bladder cancer
Authors: El Demery Mounira , Demirdjian‐Sarkissian Gaiané , Thezenas Simon , Jacot William , Laghzali Yassine , Darbouret Bruno , Culine Stéphane , Rebillard Xavier , Lamy Pierre‐Jean 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundUrine markers have been studied extensively but there is a lack of blood prognostic markers in bladder cancer. MMP‐7 is produced by stromal cells and by tumor cells and is overexpressed in a variety of epithelial and mesenchymal tumors. In this study, we assessed with an immunoassay we developed, the prognostic value of serum MMP‐7 in a series of patients with advanced bladder cancer.MethodsSerum samples were collected from 56 patients with advanced bladder cancer who were treated at the Montpellier Cancer Institute between March 2003 and December 2004. MMP‐7 was quantified in serum samples by using a homogeneous sandwich fluoroimmunoassay we developed based on the time resolved amplified cryptate emission (TRACE) technology.ResultsThe median overall survival of the study population was 2.2 years (95% CI, 1.4 to 3.0) with 1‐ and 5‐year survival rates of 73% (95% CI, 59% to 82%) and 25% (95% CI, 14% to 37%), respectively. High MMP‐7 serum levels were associated with poor survival. Using a cut‐off value of 11.5 ng/mL, the median overall survival was 3.0 years (95% CI, 1.5 to 5.1) for patients with MMP‐7 serum level <11.5 ng/mL and 1.3 years (95% CI, 0.8 to 2.5) for patients with serum level ≥11.5 ng/mL. Multivariate analysis identified high MMP‐7 serum concentration as an independent prognostic factor for survival in patients with advanced bladder cancer (R = 2.1, 95% CI, 1.1 to 4.4).ConclusionsOur results show that the MMP‐7 serum concentration is an independent prognostic factor in patients with locally advanced and or metastatic bladder cancer.
Addition of transversus abdominis plane block to patient controlled analgesia for laparoscopic high anterior resection improves analgesia, reduces opioid requirement and expedites recovery of bowel function
Authors: Ris F , Findlay JM , Hompes R , Rashid A , Warwick J , Cunningham C , Jones O , Crabtree N , Lindsey I 
Published: October 2014

Introduction Opioid sparing in postoperative pain management appears key in colorectal enhanced recovery. Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks offer such an effect. This study aimed to quantify this effect on pain, opioid use and recovery of bowel function after laparoscopic high anterior resection. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of prospective data on 68 patients. Patients received an epidural (n=24), intravenous morphine patient controlled analgesia (PCA, n=22) or TAP blocks plus PCA (n=22) determined by anaesthetist preference. Outcome measures were numerical pain scores (0–3), cumulative intravenous morphine dose and time to recovery of bowel function (passage of flatus or stool). Results There were no differences in patient characteristics, complications or extraction site. The TAP block group had lower pain scores (0.7 vs 1.36, p<0.001) and morphine requirements (8mg vs 15mg, p=0.01) than the group receiving PCA alone at 12 hours and 24 hours. Earlier passage of flatus (2.0 vs 2.7 vs 3.4 days, p=0.002), stool (3.1 vs 4.1 vs 5.5 days, p=0.04) and earlier discharge (4 vs 5 vs 6 days, p=0.02) were also seen. Conclusions Use of TAP blocks was found to reduce pain and morphine use compared with PCA, expedite recovery of bowel function compared with PCA and epidural, and expedite hospital discharge compared with epidural.
Abdominal aortic occlusion and vascular compromise secondary to acute gastric dilatation in a patient with bulimia
Authors: Elsharif M , Doulias T , Aljundi W , Balchandra S 
Published: October 2014

Acute gastric dilation is a rare but recognised complication in patients with bulimia and anorexia following binge episodes owing to decreased bowel motility. We present a rare case of acute gastric dilation secondary to bulimia in an otherwise healthy 18-year-old female patient that resulted in compression and complete occlusion of the abdominal aorta, leading to acute mesenteric and bilateral lower limb ischaemia. This resolved immediately following a laparotomy and gastric decompression. Management of these patients is very challenging owing to the lack of a successful precedent. To our knowledge, such a catastrophic complication has only ever been reported once in the literature and the outcome was fatal. Our case is of additional importance as it offers a successful management strategy for these patients.
The use of shoulder scoring systems and outcome measures in the UK
Authors: Varghese M , Lamb J , Rambani R , Venkateswaran B 
Published: October 2014

Introduction In future, outcomes following shoulder surgery may be subject to public survey. Many outcome measures exist but we do not know whether there is a consensus between shoulder surgeons in the UK. The aim of this study was to survey the preferred outcome measures used by National Health Service (NHS) shoulder surgeons operating in the UK. Methods A total of 350 shoulder surgeons working in NHS hospitals were asked to complete a short written questionnaire regarding their use of scoring systems and outcome measures. Questionnaires were sent and responses were received by post. Results Overall, 217 responses were received (62%). Of the respondents, 171 (79%) use an outcome measure in their shoulder practice while 46 (21%) do not. There were 118 surgeons (69%) who use more than one outcome measure. The Oxford shoulder score was most commonly used by 150 surgeons (69%), followed by the Constant score with 106 (49%), the Oxford shoulder instability score with 82 (38%), and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score with 54 (25%). The less commonly used outcome measures were the SF-36® and SF-12® health questionnaires with 19 (9%), the University of California at Los Angeles activity score with 8 (4%), the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons shoulder assessment form with 8 (4%) and the EQ-5D™ with 10 (3%). Conclusions Validated outcome measures should be adopted by all practising surgeons in all specialties. This will allow better assessment of treatments in addition to assessment of surgical performance in a transparent way.
The role of laparoscopic surgery in the management of a malfunctioning peritoneal catheter
Authors: Alabi A , Dholakia S , Ablorsu E 
Published: October 2014

Introduction Peritoneal catheter malfunction is a common complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). It has a high failure rate with conservative management. Catheter replacement was historically the standard surgical treatment of choice. Nowadays, laparoscopy has been introduced as an alternative surgical modality to rescue the malfunctioning peritoneal catheter and also offers the possibility of replacement if indicated. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of these two surgical modalities. Methods The medical records of consecutive patients who underwent surgical treatment for malfunctioning PD catheters (between January 2010 and April 2013) were analysed. The primary outcome included successful return to adequate PD. The secondary endpoint was length of catheter patency and the cause of catheter failure. Results A total of 32 cases were identified, of which 8 had open catheter replacement and 24 had a laparoscopic intervention. The overall median follow-up duration was 12.5 months. The success rate for laparoscopic surgery in terms of functioning catheter at 12 months was 62.5% but only 37.5% for open surgery. The mean length of catheter patency after laparoscopic intervention was 31.6 months compared with only 13.6 months for the open surgery group. The most common cause of catheter failure diagnosed during laparoscopic intervention was catheter migration (33.0%), followed by omental wrap and catheter blockage by fibrin/blood plug (25.0% each). Open surgery did not have any diagnostic potential. Conclusions Laparoscopy is the treatment of choice for malfunctioning PD. Its proven benefit includes simultaneous identification of the aetiological cause of malfunction together with direct correction of this problem, thereby maximising outcome. It also allows for rapid recommencement of PD and avoidance of haemodialysis, saving cost and resources.
Video assisted thoracoscopic thyroidectomy for retrosternal goitre
Authors: Gupta P , Lau KKW , Rizvi I , Rathinam S , Waller DA 
Published: October 2014

Introduction Thyroidectomy for retrosternal goitre is usually carried out through a cervical incision. Around 4–12% of patients, however, require an extracervical approach, usually by sternotomy. Anatomically, the thyroid extends deep behind the great vessels in the pretracheal fascia. A sternotomy is therefore not only a substantial incision but this anterior approach is also not ideal for exposure. We report the use of video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) instead of a sternotomy or thoracotomy in conjunction with a transverse cervical incision for these patients. Methods A retrospective descriptive study was carried out of seven patients with retrosternal goitre who underwent a VATS thyroidectomy. Results Twenty-one patients with retrosternal goitre were referred to our institution for surgical excision with the anticipation of requiring an extracervical incision. Of these, seven (median age: 68 years, range: 58–73 years) underwent a VATS thyroidectomy. The median operating time was 218 minutes (range: 120–240 minutes). The median diameter of the retrosternal goitre was 70mm (range: 40–145mm). Only one patient required conversion to a manubriotomy to deliver the bulky thyroid and one patient suffered a transient right recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. The median postoperative pain scores for days 0 and 1 were 1 (range: 0–5) and 0 (range: 0–3) respectively. The median length of stay was 5 days (range: 3–7 days). Conclusions The use of VATS in thyroidectomy for retrosternal goitre offers a minimally invasive approach resulting in less morbidity while affording excellent exposure.