bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional seismic anisotropy in the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Taiwan area revealed by passive source tomography
Authors: Koulakov Ivan , Jakovlev Andrey , Wu Yih‐Min , Dobretsov Nikolay L. , El Khrepy Sami , Al‐Arifi Nassir 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe present a 3‐D anisotropic seismic model of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Taiwan region based on the tomographic inversion of traveltime data from regional earthquakes. In the crust beneath eastern Taiwan, we observe coast‐parallel anisotropy that perfectly delineates the major geological structures. In westernmost Taiwan, we distinguish a crustal block corresponding to the Peikang High at the margin of the Eurasian Plate, where coast‐perpendicular anisotropy within a high‐velocity anomaly is observed. In the uppermost mantle, the direction of anisotropy beneath central Taiwan turns perpendicular to the coast, which may indicate eastward underthrusting of the Peikang Block that was induced by collisional processes. To the NE of Taiwan, the anisotropy forms circular patterns coinciding with the shape of the Ryukyu arc, which may reflect the distribution of the deformations and fractures in the accretion and arc complex.
Spatial variations of shear wave anisotropy near the San Jacinto Fault Zone in Southern California
Authors: Li Zefeng , Peng Zhigang , Ben‐Zion Yehuda , Vernon Frank L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe examine crustal anisotropy at several scales along and across the San Jacinto Fault Zone (SJFZ) by systematically measuring shear wave splitting (SWS) parameters. The analyzed data are recorded by 86 stations during 2012–2014, including five linear dense arrays crossing the SJFZ at different locations and other autonomous stations within 15 km from the main fault trace. Shear phase arrivals and SWS parameters (fast directions and delay times) are obtained with automated methods. The measurement quality is then assessed using multiple criteria, resulting in 23,000 high‐quality measurements. We find clear contrast of fast directions between the SW and NE sides of the SJFZ. Stations on the SW side have fast directions consistent overall with the maximum horizontal compression direction (SHmax), while stations on the NE side show mixed patterns likely reflecting lithological/topographic variations combined with fault zone damage. The fast directions in the Anza gap section with relatively simple fault geometry agree with the inferred SHmax, and the delay times at an array within that section are smaller than those observed at other across‐fault arrays. These indications of less pronounced damage zone in the Anza section compared to other segments of the SJFZ are correlated generally with geometrical properties of the surface traces. Significant variations of fast directions on several across‐fault arrays, with station spacing on the orders of a few tens of meters, suggest that shallow fault structures and near‐surface layers play an important role in controlling the SWS parameters.
Ethical Considerations When Altering Digital Images
Authors: Gallagher Sean R. , Neuman Joseph 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe ubiquitous use of digital imaging has greatly simplified and accelerated life science research. However, the ease of manipulating digital images also presents serious ethical issues. This unit presents guidelines and cautions describing best practices for use, analysis, and presentation of digital image data. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A study update of mortality in workers at a phosphate fertilizer production facility
Authors: Yiin James H. , Daniels Robert D. , Kubale Travis L. , Dunn Kevin L. , Stayner Leslie T. 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the mortality experience among 3,199 workers employed 1951–1976 at a phosphate fertilizer production plant in central Florida with follow‐up through 2011.MethodsCause‐specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for the full cohort were calculated with the U.S. population as referent. Lung cancer and leukemia risks were further analyzed using conditional logistic regression.ResultsThe mortality due to all‐causes (SMR = 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.13, observed deaths [n] = 1,473), all‐cancers (SMR = 1.16, 95%CI 1.06–1.28, n = 431), and a priori outcomes of interests including lung cancer (SMR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.13–1.53, n = 168) and leukemia (SMR = 1.74, 95%CI = 1.11–2.62, n = 23) were statistically significantly elevated. Regression modeling on employment duration or estimated radiation scores did not show exposure–response relation with lung cancer or leukemia mortality.ConclusionSMR results showed increased lung cancer and leukemia mortality in a full cohort of the phosphate fertilizer production facility. There was, however, no exposure–response relation observed among cases and matched controls. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:12–22, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Destruction and Construction: Application of Dearomatization Strategy in Aromatic Carbon–Nitrogen Bond Functionalization
Authors: Wang Shuo‐En , Wang Linfei , He Qiuqin , Fan Renhua 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe formation of carbon–carbon bonds through the functionalization of aromatic carbon–nitrogen bonds is a highly attractive synthetic strategy in the synthesis of aromatic molecules. In this paper, we report a novel aromatic carbon–nitrogen bond functionalization reaction by using a simple dearomatization strategy. Through this process para‐substituted anilines serve as a potential aryl source in the construction of a range of functionalized aromatic molecules, such as quaternary carbon centers, α‐keto esters, and aldehydes.
Impact toughness, viscoelastic behavior, and morphology of polypropylene–jute–viscose hybrid composites
Authors: Ranganathan Nalini , Oksman Kristiina , Nayak Sanjay K. , Sain Mohini 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTIn this investigation, we studied the impact toughness and viscoelastic behavior of polypropylene (PP)–jute composites. In this study, we used viscose fiber as an impact modifier and maleated PP as a compatibilizer. The toughness of the composites was studied with conventional Charpy and instrumental falling‐weight impact tests. The composites’ viscoelastic properties were studied with dynamic mechanical analysis. The results show that the incorporation of viscose fibers improved the impact strength and toughness to 134 and 65% compared to those of the PP–jute composites. The tan δ peak amplitude also increased with the addition of the impact modifier and indicated a greater degree of molecular mobility. The thermal stability of the composites was evaluated with thermogravimetric analysis. The addition of 2 wt % maleated polypropylene (MAPP) to the impact‐modified composite improved the impact strength and toughness to 144 and 93%, respectively. The fiber–matrix morphology of the fracture surface and the Fourier transform infrared spectra were also studied to ascertain the existence of the type of interfacial bonds. Microstructural analysis showed the retention of viscose fibers in the composites compared to the more separated jute fibers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42981.
Effect of nucleating agents on the crystallization behavior and heat resistance of poly(l‐lactide)
Authors: Zhang Xiuqin , Meng Lingyan , Li Gen , Liang Ningning , Zhang Jing , Zhu Zhiguo , Wang Rui 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTPoly (l‐lactide) (PLLA) blends with various nucleators were prepared by melt processing. The effect of different nucleators on the crystallization behavior and heat resistance as well as thermomechanical properties of PLLA was studied systematically by differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, heat deflection temperature tester, and dynamic mechanical analysis. It was found that poly(d‐lactide), talcum powder (Talc), a multiamide compound (TMC‐328, abbreviated as TMC) can significantly improve the crystallization rate and crystallinity of PLLA, thus improving thermal–resistant property. The heat deflection temperature of nucleated PLLA can be as high as 150°C. The storage modulus of nucleated PLLA is higher than that of PLLA at the temperature above Tg of PLLA. Compared with other nucleating agents, TMC was much more efficient at enhancing the crystallization of PLLA and the PLLA containing TMC showed the best heat resistance. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42999.
Experimental and simulation studies on focused ultrasound triggered drug delivery
Authors: Jin Zhen , Choi Yongjin , Ko Seong Young , Park Jong‐Oh , Park Sukho 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTo improve drug delivery efficiency in cancer therapy, many researchers have recently concentrated on drug delivery systems that use anticancer drug loaded micro‐ or nanoparticles. In addition, induction methods, such as ultrasound, magnetic field, and infrared light, have been considered as active induction methods for drug delivery. Among these, focused ultrasound has been regarded as a promising candidate for the active induction method of drug delivery system because it can penetrate a deep site in soft tissue, and its energy can be focused on the targeted lesion. In this research, we employed focused ultrasound as an active induction method. For an anticancer drug loaded microparticles, we fabricated poly‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid docetaxel (PLGA‐DTX) nanoparticle encapsulated alginate microbeads using the single‐emulsion technique and the aeration method. To select the appropriate operating parameter for the focused ultrasound, we measured the pressure and temperature induced by the focused ultrasound at the focal area using a needle‐type hydrophone and a digital thermal detector, respectively. Additionally, we conducted a simulation of focused ultrasound using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3a. The experimental measurement results were compared with the simulation results. In addition, the drug release rates of the PLGA‐DTX‐encapsulated alginate microbeads induced by the focused ultrasound were tested. Through these experiments, we determined that the appropriate focused ultrasound parameter was peak pressure of 1 MPa, 10 cycle/burst, and burst period of 20 μSec. Finally, we performed the cell cytotoxicity and drug uptake test with focused ultrasound induction and found that the antitumor effect and drug uptake efficiency were significantly enhanced by the focused ultrasound induction. Thus, we confirmed that focused ultrasound can be an effective induction method for an anticancer drug delivery system.
Simulationsmethoden im textilen Leichtbau – Die Entwicklung seit 1972 und aktueller Stand
Authors: Bletzinger Kai‐Uwe 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDieser Beitrag ist dem im März 2015 verstorbenen Frei Otto gewidmet. Der Artikel ist Teil einer dreigliedrigen Reihe, die das Wirken von Frei Otto im historischen Kontext verankert und die seine Bedeutung für aktuelle und zukünftige Forschungen und Entwicklungen aufzeigt.
Industrial systems biology and its impact on synthetic biology of yeast cell factories
Authors: Fletcher Eugene , Krivoruchko Anastasia , Nielsen Jens 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTEngineering industrial cell factories to effectively yield a desired product while dealing with industrially relevant stresses is usually the most challenging step in the development of industrial production of chemicals using microbial fermentation processes. Using synthetic biology tools, microbial cell factories such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be engineered to express synthetic pathways for the production of fuels, biopharmaceuticals, fragrances, and food flavors. However, directing fluxes through these synthetic pathways towards the desired product can be demanding due to complex regulation or poor gene expression. Systems biology, which applies computational tools and mathematical modeling to understand complex biological networks, can be used to guide synthetic biology design. Here, we present our perspective on how systems biology can impact synthetic biology towards the goal of developing improved yeast cell factories. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1164–1170. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synchronous neuroendocrine tumor and non‐small‐cell lung cancer in neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Hsu Andrew , Han Samuel 
Published: November 2015

Key Clinical MessageNeurofibromatosis type 1 is a common cancer predisposing condition. Tumors, particularly gastrointestinal tumors, are commonly associated with NF1 but are not widely known. In addition, the relationship between lung cancer and neurofibromatosis has been controversial until recently with the discovery of oncogenes such as p53.
Local Electrochemical Measurements in Bipolar Experiments for Corrosion Studies
Authors: Pébère Nadine , Vivier Vincent 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this work, the local potential and local current were measured with paired Ag/AgCl reference microelectrodes during the corrosion of a 304L stainless‐steel (304L SS) sample in bipolar experiments. During a single experiment, it was possible to investigate both the anodic and cathodic domains corresponding to the corrosion of the stainless steel. From these local measurements in non‐contact mode, the current/potential curve was obtained, revealing the different reactivities of the 304L SS sample, over a large potential range. The polarisation curve was similar to that usually obtained in a classical three‐electrode configuration.
Anodes for Carbon‐Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Zhou Wei , Jiao Yong , Li Si‐Dian , Shao Zongping 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been considered as one of the most promising technologies for high‐efficiency electrical energy generation using a variety of fuels, including hydrogen, natural gas, biogas, carbon monoxide, liquid hydrocarbons and solid carbon. Carbon‐fueled SOFCs (CF‐SOFCs) potentially have the highest volume power density because solid carbon has a fuel energy density of 23.95 kWh L−1, which is approximately 10 times higher than that of liquid hydrogen. However, the reactivity and fluid mobility of carbon is significantly lower than those of gaseous fuels; thus, CF‐SOFCs will be kinetically limited at the anode. Herein, we review the development of anodes in CF‐SOFCs from the perspective of material compositions and microstructures. Challenges and research trends based on the fundamental understanding of the materials science and engineering for anode development in CF‐SOFCs are discussed.
Stability of a Cs‐promoted Co‐Mo/Al2O3 catalyst during synthesis gas conversion
Authors: Ardakani Shahrzad Jooya , Alyani Mina , Smith Kevin J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe stability of a Cs‐promoted Co‐Mo/Al2O3 catalyst, prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and operated under typical higher alcohol synthesis conditions, (280 °C, 8.2 MPa, GHSV 8524 h−1, H2:CO ratio 1) for up to 100 h time‐on‐stream (TOS), is reported. The major cause of catalyst deactivation is shown to be due to carbonaceous deposits. The effect of adding H2O (0.047 and 0.094 mol/mol (4.7 and 9.4 mol %)), NH3 (375–150 0× 10−6 mol/mol (375–1500 ppmv)) and H2S (5 × 10−6 and 10×10−6 mol/mol (5 and 10 ppmv)) to the feed synthesis gas is also reported. Both the catalyst activity and the alcohol product selectivity are reduced in the presence of feed gas impurities, with H2O addition significantly increasing selectivity to CO2 and coke deposition. The impact of NH3 is reversible, whereas catalyst deactivation is only partially reversible in the case of H2O. H2S completely and irreversibly deactivates the catalyst.
Intracortical connections are altered after long‐standing deprivation of dorsal column inputs in the hand region of area 3b in squirrel monkeys
Authors: Liao Chia‐Chi , Reed Jamie L. , Kaas Jon H. , Qi Hui‐Xin 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTA complete unilateral lesion of the dorsal column somatosensory pathway in the upper cervical spinal cord deactivates neurons in the hand region in contralateral somatosensory cortex (areas 3b and 1). Over weeks to months of recovery, parts of the hand region become reactivated by touch on the hand or face. To determine whether changes in cortical connections potentially contribute to this reactivation, we injected tracers into electrophysiologically identified locations in cortex of area 3b representing the reactivated hand and normally activated face in adult squirrel monkeys. Our results indicated that even when only partially reactivated, most of the expected connections of area 3b remained intact. These intact connections include the majority of intrinsic connections within area 3b; feedback connections from area 1, secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), parietal ventral area (PV), and other cortical areas; and thalamic inputs from the ventroposterior lateral nucleus (VPL). In addition, tracer injections in the reactivated hand region of area 3b labeled more neurons in the face and shoulder regions of area 3b than in normal monkeys, and injections in the face region of area 3b labeled more neurons in the hand region. Unexpectedly, the intrinsic connections within area 3b hand cortex were more widespread after incomplete dorsal column lesions (DCLs) than after a complete DCL. Although these additional connections were limited, these changes in connections may contribute to the reactivation process after injuries. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1494–1526, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The α1, α2, α3, and γ2 subunits of GABAA receptors show characteristic spatial and temporal expression patterns in rhombencephalic structures during normal human brain development
Authors: Stojanovic Tamara , Capo Ivan , Aronica Eleonora , Adle‐Biassette Homa , Höger Harald , Sieghart Werner , Kovacs Gabor G. , Milenkovic Ivan 
Published: October 2015

Abstractγ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in adult mammalian brain, mediating its actions chiefly via a pentameric chloride ion channel, the GABAA receptor. Nineteen different subunits (α1‐6, β1‐3, γ1‐3, δ, ε, π, θ, ρ1‐3) can give rise to multiple receptor subtypes that are the site of action of many clinically important drugs. In the developing brain, however, GABAA receptors mediate excitatory actions due to an increased chloride concentration within neurons and seem to control cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, synapse maturation, and cell death. Little is known about the distribution of single subunits in the human brain. Here we describe developmental changes in the immunohistochemical distribution of four subunits (α1, α2, α3, and γ2) in the human rhombencephalon. The γ2 was the most abundant subunit in all rhombencephalic structures during development and in adults, whereas α subunits showed a structure‐ and age‐characteristic distribution. The α1 was expressed prenatally in the molecular and Purkinje cell layer, but only postnatally in the granule cell layer and the dentate nucleus. Expression was completely absent in the inferior olivary nucleus. The α2 gradually increased during development, showing some layer specificity in the cerebellar cortex. The α3‐immunoreactivity in the cerebellar cortex was relatively weak, but it was abundantly observed in different cell populations in the subcortical cerebellar structures. Structure‐ and age‐characteristic colocalization between subunits during development suggests differences in GABAA receptor composition. Interestingly, subunit expression in several instances differed between human and rodent brain, underlining the importance of immunohistochemical studies in humans. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1805–1824, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adaptive demand‐aware work‐stealing in multi‐programmed multi‐core architectures
Authors: Chen Quan , Zheng Long , Guo Minyi 
Published: October 2015

SummaryModern multi‐core computers often execute multiple programs concurrently, but traditional work‐stealing schedulers assume that only a single program executes at a time. If multiple work‐stealing programs run on a multi‐core computer concurrently, the performance of these co‐located programs is poor and unbalanced due to the interference among their workers. To relieve this problem, this paper proposes demand‐aware work‐stealing (DWS) for a single work‐stealing program. If multiple programs that adopt DWS run simultaneously on a multi‐core system, the computation resources are evenly allocated to the co‐located programs at the beginning. At runtime, if a program does not need all its allocated cores, it donates its free cores. Otherwise, if a program needs more cores, it steals the free cores donated by its co‐located programs. In addition, each program that adopts DWS dynamically puts its workers to sleep and wakes them up according to the number of its queued tasks. Experimental results show that DWS can improve the co‐located programs' performance up to 42.6% and can also balance the performance of the co‐located programs compared with traditional work‐stealing. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A single‐switch cascaded high step‐up voltage converter with 95% maximum efficiency for renewable energy systems
Authors: Wu Yu‐En , Huang Kuo‐Chan 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThis paper proposes a novel nonisolated single‐switch cascaded high step‐up converter. The converter consists of coupled inductors, a clamp circuit, and cascaded capacitors to achieve high step‐up voltage output. Only one switch is used in the proposed converter; the switch can reduce cost efficiently and simplify the control of the proposed converter. The converter also possesses an energy‐recycle mechanism for recycling the spike energy of a leakage inductor. In addition, a clamp circuit is used to reduce voltage‐stress across the switch, and a cascaded design is used to reduce voltage‐stress across diodes and output capacitor. Thus, the proposed converter can select a low‐voltage stress switch for reducing circuit loss and improving the efficiency of the converter. Finally, in this study, a 400‐W nonisolated cascaded high step‐up converter was implemented, of which the input and output voltages are 48 and 400 V, respectively. A microcontroller dsPIC30F4011 was used to control the converter and verify system effects and feasibility. The maximum efficiency of the proposed converter is 95% and the efficiency under a full load is 93%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.