bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Globalization, postcolonial Englishes, and the English language press in Kenya, Singapore, and Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: CANAN HÄNSEL EVA , DEUBER DAGMAR 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes online English‐language newspapers from the former British colonies of Kenya, Singapore, and Trinidad and Tobago with respect to Americanisms in spelling and vocabulary. The guiding question is whether the degree of Americanization can be related to the different degrees to which these countries participate in globalization. It is shown that the influence of American English is least pronounced in Kenya and most in Trinidad and Tobago, with Singapore in between, and that globalization is indeed a factor, but that other factors including official language attitudes play a role as well. The role of international news agencies in disseminating Americanisms is also considered and is found to be prominent mainly in the case of Singapore.
Advanced Dublin English in Irish radio advertising
Authors: O'SULLIVAN JOAN 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTIn the late 1990s, Ireland's increased prosperity and elevated international position created a need among ‘socially‐mobile’ speakers in the capital, Dublin, for a less local and more sophisticated form of Irish English. This sparked the development of a new form of pronunciation which differentiated and distanced itself from local Dublin speech forms. This form has spread at a rapid pace, not only in Dublin, but throughout southern Ireland and has been given the term new pronunciation (Hickey 2004b:48), and more recently, advanced Dublin English (Hickey 2012). Since this new pronunciation form is seen by Hickey (2005) as indisputably the most important case of language change in contemporary Ireland, the extent to which it is reflected in and exploited in the Irish advertising context demands attention. This paper outlines research into the extent and functions of advanced Dublin English in Irish advertising through a quantitative and qualitative analysis of a corpus of 160 radio advertisements from a prominent Irish radio station. Following Lee (1992), Sussex's (1989) categorisation of the Action (associated with dialogic interaction in particular contexts) and comment (associated with slogan or voice of authority) components of the ads are employed.
The use of Singlish in the teaching of Islam
Authors: CHEW PHYLLIS GHIM‐LIAN 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTSinglish is used in many ways in the Islamic classroom in Singapore. Singlish softens the effect of introducing English instead of Malay and Arabic as the medium of instruction, helps the teacher to evoke camaraderie and fellowship, and is a means of scaffolding. It can be used to signal a change of footing, to attend to latecomers in a less threatening way, to humanize, to solicit students’ contribution, and to negotiate task instructions; in brief to generate a warmer, friendlier atmosphere all round. The data for this paper is organized under four themes: the use of I (international) and L (local) Englishes, the use of L Englishes together with L Malay, the simultaneous use of both L and I forms of English, Malay and Arabic; and last but not least, the style‐switching between I and L Malay, an activity which parallels the style‐switching observed between I and L English.
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption With Risk of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Stackelberg Otto , Björck Martin , Larsson Susanna C. , Orsini Nicola , Wolk Alicja 
Published: August 2013

Background—
Dietary factors affecting the risk of developing abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) are scarcely investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of fruit and vegetable consumption with the risk to develop AAA.

Methods and Results—
The prospective Cohort of Swedish Men and the Swedish Mammography Cohort, consisting of 44 317 men and 36 09 women, 46 to 84 years of age at the start of the 13-year follow-up (1998–2010), were used. Fruit and vegetable consumption was assessed at baseline with a 96-item food-frequency questionnaire. By linkage to the Swedish Inpatient Register and the Swedish Vascular Registry (Swedvasc), 1086 primary cases of AAA (222 ruptured) were identified. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Those in the highest quartile of fruit consumption (>2.0 servings/d), in comparison with those in the lowest quartile (<0.7 servings/d), had a 25% (95% CI, 9%–38%) lower risk of AAA, and a 43% (95% CI, 11%–64%) lower risk of ruptured AAA, specifically. Consumption of 2 fruits per day was associated with 31% (95% CI, 11%–47%) lower risk of nonruptured AAA, and 39% (95% CI, 1%–63%) lower risk of ruptured AAA, in comparison with no consumption of fruit. No association was observed between vegetable consumption and AAA risk.

Conclusions—
We observed an inverse association between consumption of fruit, but not vegetables, and the risk of AAA, with a more pronounced association with ruptured AAA.
Discovery of the South African fauna of Allophrys Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Tersicochinae)
Authors: KHALAIM A. I. 
Published: August 2013

Eight species of the genus Allophrys Förster are found to occur in South Africa: A. astafurovae sp. nov., A. broadi sp. nov., A. calculator sp. nov., A. dictator sp. nov., A. excavator sp. nov., A. granulata sp. nov., A. scitula sp. nov. and A. tractor sp. nov. All these species have body length 2.5–3.4 mm and fore wing length 1.7–2.3 mm, and along with members of the genus Aneuclis Förster are the smallest Afrotropical tersilochines. An identification key to eight South African species of Allophrys is provided.
A Formal Analysis of the Feedback Concept in Climate Models. Part I: Exclusive and Inclusive Feedback Analyses*
Authors: Lahellec Alain , Dufresne Jean-Louis 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Climate sensitivity and feedback are key concepts if the complex behavior of climate response to perturbation is to be interpreted in a simple way. They have also become an essential tool for comparing global circulation models and assessing the reason for the spread in their results. The authors introduce a formal basic model to analyze the practical methods used to infer climate feedbacks and sensitivity from GCMs. The tangent linear model is used first to critically review the standard methods of feedback analyses that have been used in the GCM community for 40 years now. This leads the authors to distinguish between exclusive feedback analyses as in the partial radiative perturbation approach and inclusive analyses as in the “feedback suppression” methods. This review explains the hypotheses needed to apply these methods with confidence. Attention is paid to the more recent regression technique applied to the abrupt 2×CO2 experiment. A numerical evaluation of it is given, related to the Lyapunov analysis of the dynamical feature of the regression. It is applied to the Planck response, determined in its most strict definition within the GCM. In this approach, the Planck feedback becomes a dynamical feedback among others and, as such, also has a fast response differing from its steady-state profile.
A New Method to Estimate Three-Dimensional Residual-Mean Circulation in the Middle Atmosphere and Its Application to Gravity Wave–Resolving General Circulation Model Data
Authors: Sato Kaoru , Kinoshita Takenari , Okamoto Kota 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
A new method is proposed to estimate three-dimensional (3D) material circulation driven by waves based on recently derived formulas by Kinoshita and Sato that are applicable to both Rossby waves and gravity waves. The residual-mean flow is divided into three, that is, balanced flow, unbalanced flow, and Stokes drift. The latter two are wave-induced components estimated from momentum flux divergence and heat flux divergence, respectively. The unbalanced mean flow is equivalent to the zonal-mean flow in the two-dimensional (2D) transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) system. Although these formulas were derived using the “time mean,” the underlying assumption is the separation of spatial or temporal scales between the mean and wave fields. Thus, the formulas can be used for both transient and stationary waves. Considering that the average is inherently needed to remove an oscillatory component of unaveraged quadratic functions, the 3D wave activity flux and wave-induced residual-mean flow are estimated by an extended Hilbert transform. In this case, the scale of mean flow corresponds to the whole scale of the wave packet. Using simulation data from a gravity wave–resolving general circulation model, the 3D structure of the residual-mean circulation in the stratosphere and mesosphere is examined for January and July. The zonal-mean field of the estimated 3D circulation is consistent with the 2D circulation in the TEM system. An important result is that the residual-mean circulation is not zonally uniform in both the stratosphere and mesosphere. This is likely caused by longitudinally dependent wave sources and propagation characteristics. The contribution of planetary waves and gravity waves to these residual-mean flows is discussed.
The Role of GPS Precipitable Water Vapor and Atmosphere Stability Index in the Statistically Based Rainfall Estimation Using MTSAT Data
Authors: Yuga Suseno Dwi Prabowo , Yamada Tomohito J. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
A rainfall estimation method was developed based on the statistical relationships between cloud-top temperature and rainfall rates acquired by both the 10.8-μm channel of the Multi-Functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) series and the Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS) C-band radar, respectively. The method focused on cumulonimbus (Cb) clouds and was developed in the period of June–September 2010 and 2011 over the landmass of Japan and its surrounding area. Total precipitable water vapor (PWV) and atmospheric vertical instability were considered to represent the atmospheric environmental conditions during the development of statistical models. Validations were performed by comparing the estimated values with the observed rainfall derived from the AMeDAS rain gauge network and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 rainfall estimation product. The results demonstrated that the models that considered the combination of total PWV and atmospheric vertical instability were relatively more sensitive to heavy rainfall than were the models that considered no atmospheric environmental conditions. The use of such combined information indicated a reasonable improvement, especially in terms of the correlation between estimated and observed rainfall. Intercomparison results with the TRMM 3B42 confirmed that MTSAT-based rainfall estimations made by considering atmospheric environmental conditions were more accurate for estimating rainfall generated by Cb cloud.
Polarimetric Radar Observations of Biological Scatterers in Hurricanes Irene (2011) and Sandy (2012)
Authors: Van Den Broeke Matthew S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBiological scatterers, consisting of birds and insects, may become trapped near the circulation center of tropical cyclones, particularly if a well-developed eyewall is present. These scatterers may be observed using weather radar, where they may appear to the radar operator as areas of light precipitation. Polarimetric radar characteristics of these scatterers, informed by additional observations of known bioscatter, include a combination of very high differential reflectivity (3–7.9 dB) and very low copolar correlation coefficient (0.3–0.8). Polarimetric radar observations of bioscatter are presented for Hurricane Irene (2011) and Hurricane Sandy (2012). In these storms, the bioscatter signature first appeared at the 0.5° elevation angle at a distance of 100–120 km from the radar. The signature appeared on successively higher tilts as the circulation center neared the radar, and its areal coverage in constant altitude plan position indicator (CAPPI) slices was primarily governed by the distribution of convection in the eye and by the timing of landfall. The highest altitude at which the signature appears may represent the inversion level within certain tropical cyclone eyes. For Hurricane Irene, inland observations of oceanic bird species support biological transport. Knowledge of the bioscatter signature has value to meteorologists monitoring tropical cyclones within the range of a polarimetric radar, possible value for estimating inversion height changes within the eyes of well-structured tropical cyclones, and value to biologists who wish to estimate the magnitude of biological transport in tropical cyclones.
An Updated Climatology of Tropical Cyclone Impacts on the Southwestern United States
Authors: Wood Kimberly M. , Ritchie Elizabeth A. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
A dataset of 167 eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones (TCs) is investigated for potential impacts in the southwestern United States over the period 1989–2009 and evaluated in the context of a 30-yr climatology. The statistically significant patterns from empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis demonstrate the prevalence of a midlatitude trough pattern when TC-related rainfall occurs in the southwestern United States. Conversely, the presence of a strong subtropical ridge tends to prevent such events from occurring and limits TC-related rainfall to Mexico. These statistically significant patterns correspond well with previous work. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation phenomenon is shown to have some effect on eastern North Pacific TC impacts on the southwestern United States, as shifts in the general circulation can subsequently influence which regions receive rainfall from TCs or their remnants. The Pacific decadal oscillation may have a greater influence during the period of study as evidenced by EOF analysis of sea surface temperature anomalies.
Long-term health-related quality of life evaluated more than 20 years after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for thalassemia
Authors: La Nasa Giorgio , Caocci Giovanni , Efficace Fabio , Dessì Carlo , Vacca Adriana , Piras Eugenia , Sanna Marco , Marcias Michela , Littera Roberto , Carcassi Carlo , Lucarelli Guido 
Published: August 2013

Key Points
HRQoL and lifestyles of patients transplanted more than 20 years ago for thalassemia are similar to those of the general population. Data on HRQoL in the long term provide both physicians and patients with a more complete picture of the advantages and potential risks of HSCT.
Genetic basis of qualitative and quantitative resistance to powdery mildew in wheat: from consensus regions to candidate genes
Authors: Marone Daniela , Russo Maria A , Laidò Giovanni , De Vita Pasquale , Papa Roberto , Blanco Antonio , Gadaleta Agata , Rubiales Diego , Mastrangelo Anna M 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundPowdery mildew (Blumeria graminisf. sp.tritici) is one of the most damaging diseases of wheat. The objective of this study was to identify the wheat genomic regions that are involved in the control of powdery mildew resistance through a quantitative trait loci (QTL) meta-analysis approach. This meta-analysis allows the use of collected QTL data from different published studies to obtain consensus QTL across different genetic backgrounds, thus providing a better definition of the regions responsible for the trait, and the possibility to obtain molecular markers that will be suitable for marker-assisted selection.ResultsFive QTL for resistance to powdery mildew were identified under field conditions in the durum-wheat segregating population Creso × Pedroso. An integrated map was developed for the projection of resistance genes/ alleles and the QTL from the present study and the literature, and to investigate their distribution in the wheat genome. Molecular markers that correspond to candidate genes for plant responses to pathogens were also projected onto the map, particularly considering NBS-LRR and receptor-like protein kinases. More than 80 independent QTL and 51 resistance genes from 62 different mapping populations were projected onto the consensus map using the Biomercator statistical software. Twenty-four MQTL that comprised 2–6 initial QTL that had widely varying confidence intervals were found on 15 chromosomes. The co-location of the resistance QTL and genes was investigated. Moreover, from analysis of the sequences of DArT markers, 28 DArT clones mapped on wheat chromosomes have been shown to be associated with the NBS-LRR genes and positioned in the same regions as the MQTL for powdery mildew resistance.ConclusionsThe results from the present study provide a detailed analysis of the genetic basis of resistance to powdery mildew in wheat. The study of the Creso × Pedroso durum-wheat population has revealed some QTL that had not been previously identified. Furthermore, the analysis of the co-localization of resistance loci and functional markers provides a large list of candidate genes and opens up a new perspective for the fine mapping and isolation of resistance genes, and for the marker-assisted improvement of resistance in wheat.
Fine mapping of V(D)J recombinase mediated rearrangements in human lymphoid malignancies
Authors: Halper-Stromberg Eitan , Steranka Jared , Giraldo-Castillo Nicolas , Fuller Timothy , Desiderio Stephen , Burns Kathleen H 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundLymphocytes achieve diversity in antigen recognition in part by rearranging genomic DNA at loci encoding antibodies and cell surface receptors. The process, termed V(D)J recombination, juxtaposes modular coding sequences for antigen binding. Erroneous recombination events causing chromosomal translocations are recognized causes of lymphoid malignancies. Here we show a hybridization based method for sequence enrichment can be used to efficiently and selectively capture genomic DNA adjacent to V(D)J recombination breakpoints for massively parallel sequencing. The approach obviates the need for PCR amplification of recombined sequences.ResultsUsing tailored informatics analyses to resolve alignment and assembly issues in these repetitive regions, we were able to detect numerous recombination events across a panel of cancer cell lines and primary lymphoid tumors, and an EBV transformed lymphoblast line. With reassembly, breakpoints could be defined to single base pair resolution. The observed events consist of canonical V(D)J or V-J rearrangements, non-canonical rearrangements, and putatively oncogenic reciprocal chromosome translocations. We validated non-canonical and chromosome translocation junctions by PCR and Sanger sequencing. The translocations involved theMYCandBCL-2loci, and activation of these was consistent with histopathologic features of the respective B-cell tumors. We also show an impressive prevalence of novel erroneous V-V recombination events at sites not incorporated with other downstream coding segments.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the ability of next generation sequencing to describe human V(D)J recombinase activity and provide a scalable means to chronicle off-target, unexpressed, and non-amplifiable recombinations occurring in the development of lymphoid cancers.
Timing of operation for poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zhang Qiao , Ma Lu , Liu Yi , He Min , Sun Hong , Wang Xiang , Fang Yuan , Hui Xu-hui , You Chao 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Background
Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a common and dangerous disease with an unfavorable prognosis. Patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage (Hunt & Hess Grades 4–5) are unconscious on admission. Because of the high mortality and disability rate associated with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage, it is often treated conservatively. Timing of surgery for poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is still controversial, therefore this study aims to identify the optimal time to operate on patients admitted in poor clinical condition.

Methods/design
Ninety-nine patients meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned into three treatment groups. The early surgery group received operation within 3 days after onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage (day of SAH = day 1); the intermediate surgery group received operation from days 4 to 7, and surgery was performed on the late surgery group after day 7. Follow-up was performed 1, 3, and 6 months after aneurysm clipping. Primary indicators of outcome included the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale and the Modified Rankin Scale, while secondary indicators of outcome were assessed using the Barthel Index and mortality.

Discussion
This is the first prospective, single-center, observer-blinded, randomized controlled trial to elucidate optimal timing for surgery in poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. The results of this study will be used to direct decisions of surgical intervention in poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage, thus improving clinical outcomes for patients.

Trial registration
Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR-TRC-12002917
Deltoid muscle shape analysis with magnetic resonance imaging in patients with chronic rotator cuff tears
Authors: Meyer Dominik C , Rahm Stefan , Farshad Mazda , Lajtai Georg , Wieser Karl 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundIt seems appropriate to assume, that for a full and strong global shoulder function a normally innervated and active deltoid muscle is indispensable. We set out to analyse the size and shape of the deltoid muscle on MR-arthrographies, and analyse its influence on shoulder function and its adaption (i.e. atrophy) for reduced shoulder function.MethodsThe fatty infiltration (Goutallier stages), atrophy (tangent sign) and selective myotendinous retraction of the rotator cuff, as well as the thickness and the area of seven anatomically defined segments of the deltoid muscle were measured on MR-arthrographies and correlated with shoulder function (i.e. active abduction). Included were 116 patients, suffering of a rotator cuff tear with shoulder mobility ranging from pseudoparalysis to free mobility. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the distribution of the data before either Spearman or Pearson correlation and a multiple regression was applied to reveal the correlations.ResultsOur developed method for measuring deltoid area and thickness showed to be reproducible with excellent interobserver correlations (r = 0.814–0.982).The analysis of influencing factors on active abduction revealed a weak influence of the amount of SSP tendon (r = −0.25; p < 0.01) and muscle retraction (r = −0.27; p < 0.01) as well as the stage of fatty muscle infiltration (GFDI: r = −0.36; p < 0.01). Unexpectedly however, we were unable to detect a relation of the deltoid muscle shape with the degree of active glenohumeral abduction. Furthermore, long-standing rotator cuff tears did not appear to influence the deltoid shape, i.e. did not lead to muscle atrophy.ConclusionsOur data support that in chronic rotator cuff tears, there seems to be no disadvantage to exhausting conservative treatment and to delay implantation of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, as the shape of deltoid muscle seems only to be influenced by natural aging, but to be independent of reduced shoulder motion.