bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A method to describe the pharyngeal airway
Authors: Woodson B. Tucker 
Published: October 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo describe and to assess reproducibility of a method to model the lumen of the pharyngeal airway using anatomic structures.Study DesignSingle‐center, institutional review board‐approved retrospective case series.MethodsMultiple structural landmarks (hard palate, palatal aponeurosis, genu, velum, and lateral wall; pharyngeal and vallecular tongue base; and epiglottis) were used as reference points to score the associated airway. These characteristics were then combined to create a luminal model of the pharyngeal airway. Retrospective assessment by two independent observers of 117 sedated endoscopies from a convenience sample (81% male, aged 51.4 years; apnea hypopnea index 38.5 events/hr) was performed.ResultsScoring of individual landmarks demonstrated a good or better agreement (kappa of 0.42–0.79). Agreement on whether the airway was constricted/obstructed was very high (kappa > 0.77). Based on differences in airway measures at different levels, multiple patterns of luminal shape and narrowing were observed. The upper pharyngeal lumen was classified into different shapes based on findings at different levels of the soft palate (oblique, 52%; intermediate, 23%; vertical, 25%). Similarly, the lower pharynx was classified into three shapes based on the structure of the tongue.ConclusionMultiple pharyngeal luminal configurations describing airway phenotypes can be described using landmarks identifiable on endoscopy.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 125:1233–1238, 2015
Weight and height in children newly diagnosed with cancer
Authors: Brinksma Aeltsje , Roodbol Petrie F. , Sulkers Esther , Hooimeijer H. Louise , Sauer Pieter J.J. , van Sonderen Eric , de Bont Eveline S.J.M. , Tissing Wim J.E. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundAlthough weight loss and lack of linear growth occur in children with cancer, growth history is not included in research that aims to determine nutritional status in children newly diagnosed with cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to determine weight loss and lack of linear growth in this patient group.ProcedureWeight and height were recorded in 95 children (ages 1.5–10 years) at diagnosis and compared with data predicted from growth curves. Age, gender, type of malignancy, extent of disease, and prior weight and height were tested for their potential relation to differences between actual and predicted data.ResultsThe incidence of undernutrition, based on z‐scores for weight‐for‐age (WFA), height‐for‐age (HFA), and weight‐for‐height (WFH), was 2%, 4%, and 7%, respectively. Actual z‐scores were lower than predicted z‐scores. Differences between actual and predicted z‐scores of <−0.5 standard deviation score (SDS) in WFA, HFA, or WFH were found in 25%, 23%, and 29% of the children, respectively. Children with advanced cancer had the highest risk of significant weight loss (<−0.5 SDS in WFA) (ORWFA = 3.45, P = 0.012) prior to diagnosis. Differences were unrelated to type of malignancy, age, gender, and weight and height prior to diagnosis.ConclusionsAt diagnosis, approximately 25% of the children showed a significant reduction in z‐scores for weight‐for‐age, height‐for‐age, and weight‐for‐height. This reduction may indicate a deteriorated nutritional status. Therefore, assessment of growth history should be standard of care to ensure appropriate nutritional interventions and should be included in research that aims to evaluate nutritional status in children newly diagnosed with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:269–273. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of high nitrile content polyimides as dielectric films for electrical energy storage
Authors: Wang David H. , Kurish Brian A. , Treufeld Imre , Zhu Lei , Tan Loon‐Seng 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThree new isomeric diamines containing three, oxy‐linked benzonitriles (3BCN), one of which is asymmetric (meta, para, or m, p), are synthesized in a 3‐step sequence. Polycondensation of these diamines and four common dianhydrides (6FDA, OPDA, BTDA, and PMDA) in N,N‐dimethylacetamide via poly(amic acid) precursors and thermal curing at temperatures up to 300 °C lead to three series of tough, creasable polyimide (PI) films (tensile moduli = 1.63 − 2.86 GPa). Among these PIs, two PMDA‐based PIs possess relatively high crystallinity and two OPDA‐based PIs, low crystallinity, whereas all 6FDA‐ and BTDA‐based PIs, and m,m‐3BCN‐OPDA‐PI are amorphous, readily soluble in common polar aprotic solvents. Thermally stable and having high Tg (216 − 341 °C), these PIs lose 5% weight around 493–503 °C in air and 463–492 °C in nitrogen. Dielectric properties have been evaluated by broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) and electric displacement‐electric‐field (D‐E) loop measurements. D‐E loop results show an increase in high temperature permittivity (at 190 °C/1 kHz) from 2.9 (for parent PI CP2 with no nitrile group) to as high as 4.9 for these PIs, while keeping their dielectric loss relatively low. Thus, an increase in dipole moment density by the presence of three neighboring CN per repeat unit can increase the overall permittivity, which could be further enhanced by sub‐Tg mobility of para‐phenylene linkages (BDS results). Published 2014. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 422–436
Variations in Permafrost Temperature and Stability of Alpine Meadows in the Source Area of the Datong River, Northeastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, China
Authors: Li Jing , Sheng Yu , Chen Ji , Wu Jichun , Wang Shengting 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTZonal alpine meadow is widespread in the source area of the Datong River, northeastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, China, and can be divided into typical meadow and swamp meadow, according to variations in the soil moisture content. A total of 56 measurements of the mean annual ground temperature (MAGT) revealed a significant difference in the MAGT of the two vegetation types. The measured MAGT varied from ‐2.8 to 0.46°C in the swamp meadow, and from ‐0.6 to 2.5°C in the typical meadow. Measurements of 0°C were found at approximately 3710 m asl and 3660 m asl in the typical meadow and swamp meadow, respectively. Using the measured MAGT and calculated topo‐climatic parameters as dependent and independent variables, two statistical models of MAGT were constructed for each vegetation type. The calculated results were classified into different zones and types to determine the permafrost stability in different vegetated areas. Semi‐stable permafrost (‐3.0°C <MAGT ≤ ‐1.5°C) and transitory permafrost (‐1.5°C <MAGT ≤ ‐0.5°C) were the two predominant permafrost types in the swamp meadow, whereas unstable permafrost (‐0.5°C <MAGT ≤ +0.5°C) and seasonally frozen ground (MAGT >0.5°C) were the two main types in the typical meadow. The differences in permafrost temperatures and stability between the two vegetation types can be explained by the local environmental characteristics, including vegetation cover and soil water content. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of HMX‐Based Nanocomposites
Authors: Patel Rajen B. , Stepanov Victor , Swaszek Sean , Surapaneni Ashok , Qiu Hongwei 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAdvanced munition systems require explosives which are more insensitive, powerful, and reactive. For this reason, nano‐crystalline explosives present an attractive alternative to conventional energetics. In this study, formulations consisting of 95 % octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) and 5 % polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) were prepared with mean crystal sizes ranging from 300 nm to 2 μm. The process to create these materials used a combination of mechanical particle size reduction and spray drying, which has the advantages of direct control of crystal size and morphology as well as the elimination of ripening of crystals (which occurs during slurry coating of nanomaterials). The basic physical characteristics of these formulations were determined using a variety of techniques, including scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Compressive stress‐strain tests on pressed pellets revealed that the mechanical properties of the compositions improved with decreasing crystal size, consistent with Hall‐Petch mechanics. The 300 nm HMX/PVOH composition demonstrated a 99 % and 129 % greater strength and stiffness, respectively, than the composition with 2 μm HMX. The formulations were subjected to the Small Scale Gap Test, revealing a significant reduction in shock sensitivity with decreasing crystal size. The formulation containing 300 nm HMX registered a shock initiation pressure 1.6 GPa above that of the formulation with 2 μm HMX, a 44 % improvement in sensitivity. These results serve to highlight the relevance of structure‐property relationships in explosive compositions, and particularly elucidate the substantial benefits of reducing the high explosive crystal size to nano‐scale dimensions.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion of non-typhoidal Salmonella cases that develop chronic sequelae
Authors: KEITHLIN J. , SARGEANT J. M. , THOMAS M. K. , FAZIL A. 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYThe objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the proportion of cases of non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) that develop chronic sequelae, and to investigate factors associated with heterogeneity. Articles published in English prior to July 2011 were identified by searching PubMed, Agricola, CabDirect, and Food Safety and Technology Abstracts. Observational studies reporting the number of NTS cases that developed reactive arthritis (ReA), Reiter's syndrome (RS), haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), Miller–Fisher syndrome (MFS) were included. Meta-analysis was performed using random effects and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 value. Meta-regression was used to explore the influence of study-level variables on heterogeneity. A total of 32 studies were identified; 25 reported on ReA, five reported on RS, seven reported on IBS, two reported on IBD, two reported on GBS, one reported on MFS, and two reported on HUS. There was insufficient data in the literature to calculate a pooled estimate for RS, HUS, IBD, GBS, or MFS. The pooled estimate of the proportion of cases of NTS that developed ReA and IBS had substantive heterogeneity, limiting the applicability of a single estimate. Thus, these estimates should be interpreted with caution and reasons for the high heterogeneity should be further explored.
Parotid metastasis from carcinoma urinary bladder treated with CyberKnife-based stereotactic body radiotherapy: case report and review of literature
Authors: Kataria Tejinder , Bisht Shyam S , Gupta Deepak , Abhishek Ashu , Hb Govardhan , Goyal Shikha , Basu Trinanjan , Kumar Vikash 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMetastases to the parotid region are relatively infrequent and originate primarily from head and neck cancer. Metastases of an infraclavicular origin are uncommon. Moreover, metastasis from the carcinoma of urinary bladder (CUB) to any part of the head and neck, including parotid gland, is rare. Surgery and chemotherapy are usually offered. We report a case of solitary parotid metastasis from CUB, who was successfully treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) using CyberKnife. SBRT is a safe alternative in cases unwilling/unfit for surgery.
Dual‐polarised cavity‐backed annular slot antenna of compact structure
Authors: Li Weiwen , Chen X.J. , Zhang B. , Zhou J.H. , You B.Q. 
Published: October 2014

A unidirectional dual‐polarised antenna is presented, by applying a cavity‐backed annular slot and two mutually perpendicular microstrip feed lines. To improve the isolation between two ports of the designed antenna, a pair of conductor strips is introduced at the opposite side of the feed lines and a metal cylinder into the cavity centre. Aimed at 2.4 GHz wireless local area network systems, a prototype antenna has been fabricated based on the FR4 substrate. The measured results show that an isolation value of over 33 dB can be attained and the co‐polarised level is 30 dB larger than the cross‐polarised in the main radiation direction. In addition to compact structure, the operating band with about 5 dBi antenna gain indicates the proposed antenna is suitable for indoor multiple‐input–multiple‐output (MIMO) base station systems.
Protease-based synthetic sensing and signal amplification
Authors: Stein Viktor , Alexandrov Kirill 
Published: October 2014

Significance
Synthetic biology envisages the creation of custom-based signaling by means of modular plug-and-play. This concept has primarily been realized in the construction of synthetic gene circuits. However, all real-time events in biology are processed by protein-based sensing and signal transducing systems; yet, the systematic bottom-up design of protein-based signaling systems remains elusive to date. Here we report a strategy for construction of modular protein switches based on artificially autoinhibited proteases whose activity can be modulated by specific proteolysis, ligand binding, or protein–protein interactions. We demonstrate that such protease-based ligand receptors or signal transducers can be assembled into different types of integrated signal sensing and amplification circuits that, in principle, can be connected to any biological process.
Building carbon–carbon bonds using a biocatalytic methanol condensation cycle
Authors: Bogorad Igor W. , Chen Chang-Ting , Theisen Matthew K. , Wu Tung-Yun , Schlenz Alicia R. , Lam Albert T. , Liao James C. 
Published: October 2014

Significance
With the recent discoveries of large reserves of natural gas, the efficient utilization of one-carbon compounds for chemical synthesis would reduce the raw material cost for the petroleum-based chemical industry. Methanol is produced industrially from methane and is a feedstock chemical for the synthesis of higher carbon compounds. However, current chemical synthesis of higher carbon compounds from methanol requires high temperature and pressure. Natural biological pathways for methanol utilization are carbon and ATP inefficient. Here we constructed a synthetic biocatalytic pathway that allows the efficient conversion of methanol to higher-chain alcohols or other higher carbon compounds without carbon loss or ATP expenditure. The high carbon efficiency and favorable operating conditions are attractive for industrial applications.
Documentation of Unusual, Fall Spawning by Coastal Cutthroat Trout in the Elwha River System, Washington
Authors: McMillan John R. , R. Pess George , McHenry Michael L. , Moses Raymond , Quinn Thomas P. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe timing of breeding is a key trait, reflecting selective forces acting on the adults and offspring in the population, contributing to reproductive isolation, and affecting the population's success during rapid environmental change. Salmon and trout populations vary greatly in the peak and range of breeding dates, and timing is a defining trait for salmonid populations. This study reports the occurrence and details of spawning by Coastal Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii in Indian Creek in the Elwha River, Washington, in October and November. This is unusually early in the season for this characteristically spring‐spawning species and is much earlier than conspecifics elsewhere in the river system and the region. We hypothesize that the stream's low gradient and lake‐dampened hydrologic regime reduced the depth of gravel scouring in the fall, and thus permitted the evolution of such an early breeding date by these small‐bodied (ca. 20–35 cm) fish. The exclusion of otherwise sympatric, fall‐spawning Coho Salmon O. kisutch for the past century from the habitat by Elwha Dam may also have contributed to this adaptation, and the recolonization by the larger and later‐spawning Coho Salmon may have affected the Coastal Cutthroat Trout through redd disturbance.Received April 24, 2014; accepted August 27, 2014
The Road Through College
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines a variety of aspects of emerging adults’ college experiences. The first part of the chapter describes the rise in participation in “tertiary education” over the past century and the economic basis for it. Next comes a look at how emerging adults chart their course through college, including choosing a major from among many options. This section also contains a look at emerging adults who succeed in college and those who flounder, and some reasons for the differences. Then there is a critical look at the American system of allowing such widespread access to higher education, and a comparison to the European system, looking at the pros and cons of each. The second half of the chapter turns to what undergraduates have to say about their college experiences, for better and worse. The chapter closes with a critical look at two possible future trends, MOOCs, and gap years.
Digital Natives
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Given the abundance of time they devote to their digital diversions, no account of the lives of emerging adults would be complete without attention to their media uses. This chapter begins with an elucidation of their rates of media use and how those rates compare to other age groups, in areas including listening to music, using social media, watching television, texting, and playing electronic games. Then follows an examination of the role that media play in emerging adults’ lives and in their development, particularly their identity development. At the end of the chapter is an exploration of the contentious question of whether all this media use is a positive or negative force in their development. It is concluded that today’s emerging adults integrate their media use into their lives in ways that promote more than undermine their social connectedness and their enjoyment of life.
Automatic prediction of polysaccharide utilization loci in Bacteroidetes species
Authors: Terrapon Nicolas , Lombard Vincent , Gilbert Harry J. , Henrissat Bernard 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Motivation: A bacterial polysaccharide utilization locus (PUL) is a set of physically linked genes that orchestrate the breakdown of a specific glycan. PULs are prevalent in the Bacteroidetes phylum and are key to the digestion of complex carbohydrates, notably by the human gut microbiota. A given Bacteroidetes genome can encode dozens of different PULs whose boundaries and precise gene content are difficult to predict.
Results: Here, we present a fully automated approach for PUL prediction using genomic context and domain annotation alone. By combining the detection of a pair of marker genes with operon prediction using intergenic distances, and queries to the carbohydrate-active enzymes database (www.cazy.org), our predictor achieved above 86% accuracy in two Bacteroides species with extensive experimental PUL characterization.
Availability and implementation: PUL predictions in 67 Bacteroidetes genomes from the human gut microbiota and two additional species, from the canine oral sphere and from the environment, are presented in our database accessible at www.cazy.org/PULDB/index.php.
Contact: bernard.henrissat@afmb.univ-mrs.fr
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Sustainable HRM
Authors: Mariappanadar Sugumar , Kramar Robin 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine sustainable human resource management (HRM) based on the synthesis and simultaneous effects of high-performance work systems (HPWS) on organisational performance and employee harm in five Asia Pacific countries.Design/methodology/approach– Data collected using the CRANET survey instrument was analysed using two canonical correlation analyses.Findings– This study found flexible high-performance work arrangements (FHPWA), such as tele-working and compressed working week could have a negative effect on organisational performance. However, it also found that employee benefits and trade union influence have a moderating effect on the impact of FHPWA resulting in improved organisational profitability and reduction of employee harm.Research limitations/implications– Limitations include the aggregation of the data from the five countries and consequently the neglect of national institutional factors on the impact of HPWS on outcomes. A limited number of factors were used as indicators of HPWS, organisational performance and employee wellbeing/employee harm.Practical implications– This study indicates particular HRM policies considered as part of a HPWS have different impacts on organisational profitability and employee wellbeing. There is a need for further research to determine the impact of particular policies and to also examine the interaction and moderating effects of high-performance work practices and trade unions.Originality/value– This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable HRM by examining the impact of HPWS on organisational performance and employee wellbeing. It is the first time this has been examined in Asian pacific countries.
Computation of the inductance matrix of axisymmetric windings for very fast transients studies in transformers
Authors: Eslamian Morteza , Vahidi Behrooz 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– To study very fast transients in transformers, it is required to compute the inductance matrix of windings at very high frequencies (MHz). The core acts as a flux barrier at very high frequencies, affecting the values of the self and mutual inductances of windings. In the previous work by the authors, analytical methods for computation of the inductance matrix at very high frequencies, using a 2-D planar approximation of the transformer geometry, were presented. The purpose of this paper is to present analytical methods for the same problem in cylindrical coordinates which do not suffer from the previous approximations in geometry.

Design/methodology/approach
– A method based on the Fourier integral transform is described for the calculation of inductance outside the core window. For the region inside the core window, inductance formulas are extracted using the Fourier series analysis.

Findings
– The final expressions are accurate and fast convergent. Comparisons with FEM simulations and previous 2-D planar formula prove the excellent accuracy of the proposed inductance formulas.

Originality/value
– The value of the presented formulas accounts for considering the effect of iron core on inductances in transformer very fast transient analysis.