bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complex Societies in the Southern Maya Lowlands
Authors: Chase Arlen F. , Chase Diane Z. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews archaeological evidence on the development of Maya civilization in the southern lowlands. The evolution of sociopolitical complexity in the southern Maya lowlands is much discussed but as yet is incompletely resolved. Considerations are hampered by the fact that most early archaeological materials lie deeply buried beneath later human construction activity, making it difficult to locate remains that are directly relevant to questions bearing on the rise of complexity. Even should such remains be located, the overlying constructions usually make a real exposure of the earlier materials difficult. Nevertheless, sufficient evidence exists to posit a trajectory of complexity developing from Preclassic villages to Early Classic states to Late Classic attempts at creating hegemonic empires.
The Late Classic to Postclassic Transition among the Maya of Northern Yucatán
Authors: Ringle William M. , Bey George J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews archaeological evidence of the Late Classic and Postclassic Mayan cultures in northern Yucatán. It suggests that one way of understanding the connections between Chichén Itzá, Mayapán, and Uxmal, as well as the exaggerated territories claimed for each, is to see them as regional Tollans, active in legitimizing the rulers and high elites of a wide network of client communities. As with Tula, the Feathered Serpent served as the paramount political symbol, but active political control may have been exerted over a fairly limited area, with only indirect influence beyond that. Later mention of these three as constituting the “League of Mayapán” may have resulted from the historical conflation of three sites similar in kind, though of different periods. If true, this may explain the presence of foreign influence (mostly imitated) as the local emulation and expression of a political ideology based in western Mesoamerica.
Current Views on Power, Economics, and Subsistence in Ancient Western Mexico
Authors: Beekman Christopher S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFar western Mexico has occupied an ambiguous position within Mesoamerican research, as the region both displays continuity with Mesoamerican culture and provides informative differences. This article demonstrates that the area has been an integral part of the societal networks that criss-cross Mesoamerica through four major transitions over the Pre-Columbian period. It discusses the origins of agricultural and maritime adaptations (7000–2000 bc), the independent emergence of inequalities (2000–300 bc), politics and power sharing among lineages (300 bc–500/600 ad), and Epiclassic reorganization and the Postclassic expansion of trade networks (500/600–1520 ad).
Searching Out Prehispanic Landscapes in Mesoamerica by Means of Aerial Reconnaissance
Authors: Siemens Alfred H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAerial imagery in its various forms is prime material for the location and contextualization of ancient remains; it also contributes to an ample appreciation of the significance of landscape. It has been used in the investigation of many long-occupied Mesoamerican places, but not always systematically or explicitly. This article outline procedures and constraints in the search for evidence of ancient landscapes in Mesoamerica by means of light plane reconnaissance at 1,000 to 3,000 feet above the surface by using the visible segment of the electromagnetic spectrum for the production of oblique photographs. Aerial photo reconnaissance along these lines complements controlled vertical air photography and remote sensing; it facilitates exploration, it can initiate or contextualize investigations, and it can suggest hypotheses.
Sources and Sourcin
Authors: Bishop Ronald L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractArchaeologists require information about the production and distribution of artifacts to understand better the complexity of human interactions. Frequently carried out as an investigation of trade and exchange, these studies attempt to form groups of compositionally similar artifacts. These groups are then attributed to variously defined “sources” of the materials from which they were made as a step in determining the direction of movement from the area of extraction to the location of artifact recovery. The majority of sourcing studies rests heavily upon precise chemical data obtained by instrumental analysis. This article comments briefly on some of the more popular techniques being applied and then discusses sourcing considerations.
Crafting and Manufacturing in Mesoamerica
Authors: Wells E. Christian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractProduction systems have long been an important subject of archaeological research in Mesoamerica. Studying how and why people formed particular groups and how those groups allocated labor and resources helps us to identify the social, economic, cultural, political, and even cosmological constraints and pressures that motivate people to make things. Driven, in part, by object-hungry museum directors in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, early excavations in Mesoamerica often focused almost exclusively on recovering and analyzing only the most exquisite and intricately fashioned goods—“luxury items” or “prestige goods.” But by the mid-twentieth century, the zeal to acquire and study luxury items was matched by comparable efforts to collect and consider quotidian or utilitarian materials, which revealed a great deal of detail about the daily lives of ancient Mesoamericans. Recent work on both kinds of goods has made important contributions to understanding how production is organized and for what ends. This article provides a selective and critical review of this literature, summarizing important findings and suggesting future directions.
The Domestication of Stone in Mesoamerica
Authors: Clark John 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Mesoamericans mastered stone and made cutting, killing, and pounding tools capable of accomplishing all the tasks performed by hard metals in other preindustrial civilizations. The general evolution of stone use conforms to the worldwide progression from paleolithic technologies of chipped flint and quartzite implements to neolithic technologies of ground and polished tools. This technological shift corresponded to the invention of new tool types (axes, adzes) made of different kinds of stone not easily or effectively worked by simple fracture, so the new stone-working techniques effectively expanded the universe of useful rocks and their availability. This article discusses Mesoamerican stone technologies covering unmodified stone, chipped stone, ground stone, polished stone, and burned stone.
Ceramic Technology and Production
Authors: Rice Prudence M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses Mesoamerican ceramic technology and production. Some of the most beautiful art objects of the ancient Western Hemisphere were created by Mesoamerican potters. Meticulously painted in multiple colors (“polychrome”), sometimes with delicately rendered, lifelike human figures, this pottery was nonetheless produced by simple technologies. Prehispanic Mesoamerican ceramics are best described as terra cotta or earthenware: generally low-fired and porous, unvitrified, and unglazed. Potters formed vessels without the use of a wheel and fired them, for the most part, in the absence of formal kiln structures.
Mesoamerican Metallurgical Technology and Production
Authors: Maldonado Blanca 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article attempts to link multiple lines of evidence to produce as complete a picture as possible of the chaîne opératoire of prehispanic metal production in Mesoamerica. It discusses the development of mining and metallurgy, mineral resources and mining, the prehispanic copper-smelting process, and alloy technology and the fabrication of artifacts. The technological choices made throughout metallurgical production reflect economic and environmental factors, dimensions of the social sphere, and the values and ideologies embedded in the culture in which they are made. Metal production involved social groups of various sizes. Producers also interacted with those who acquired and used their products (i.e., elite patrons). The nature of these interrelationships may have also varied over time and place.
Class and Ethnicity in Ancient Mesoamerica
Authors: Brumfiel Elizabeth M. , Robin Cynthia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses notions of class and ethnicity in ancient Mesoamerica. Class differences in Mesoamerica were papered over by the inclusion of individuals of varying social statuses within corporate groups that constituted the basic building blocks of native society. Lockhart (1992) describes these groups as “a series of relatively equal, relatively separate and self-contained constituent parts of the whole.” Subgroups included both the noble houses (teccalli) and commoner groups ( calpulli, or tlaxilacalli). Ethnicity was another form of identity that cross-cut class lines. It can be defined as social identity based upon the presumption of shared history and common cultural inheritance.
Mesoamerican States and Empires
Authors: Feinman Gary M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the rise and historical dynamics of Mesoamerican states, the economic underpinnings of Mesoamerican states, and Mesoamerican statecraft and its diversity. Prehispanic Mesoamerican states were far from uniform over time and space, varying in both size and degree of political centralization. Whether (and how) the corpus of ancient Mesoamerican polities stands out from the preindustrial states in other global regions remains to be determined. Yet the macroregion's somewhat limited technological toolkit may have underpinned Mesoamerica's generally and comparatively small polity sizes as well as the development of sophisticated socioeconomic and ideological mechanisms that fostered interpersonal integration and collective action as opposed to strictly autocratic means of wielding power.
Sacred Places and Sacred Landscapes
Authors: Reese-Taylor Kathryn 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses sacred places and landscapes within Mesoamerica. Sacred places and landscapes are created and evolve through human acts. While these places may reflect the cosmological organizing principles of society, they are not merely cosmograms but dynamic, complex landscapes created as settings for the reenactments of mytho-historical narratives. Narrative structure unifies the sacred places within broader landscapes and reinforces the social memory of the acts performed in them. Sacred places and landscapes are also spatially liminal. Just as events in stories happen in a time before time, and are then reenacted in the present, sacred places coexist with prosaic places: a sacred place can be a plaza that both serves as the location of a market within a bustling city at one time and, at another time, is the location of the watery underworld. Finally, like creation and migration narratives, sacred landscapes are religious and philosophical touchstones, as well as powerful sociopolitical statements.
Mesoamerican Calendars and Archaeoastronomy
Authors: Aveni Anthony F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews archaeological evidence of Mesoamerican calendars and archaeoastronomy. Most Mesoamerican calendars measure a year as eighteen months, each consisting of twenty days, with an added month of only five unlucky days. To reckon deep time, the Maya created the longest Mesoamerican calendar cycle by multiplying the basic unit of twenty to the fifth order, the exception being the multiplication of the 20-day count by 18 to form a cycle of 360 days, or one tun, which approximated the year; thus, 20 × 360 days = 7,200 days, or one katun, and 20 × 7,200 = one baktun. The Long Count cycle consisted of 13 baktuns, or 5,125.37 years. Dates are carved in prominent positions on hundreds of stelae situated in (likely) publicly accessible locations in open plazas fronting temples. In addition to monumental texts, codices are the other major source of calendric information. Of particular interest among the some three hundred almanacs that make up the Maya codices are those that reveal the extraordinary sophistication of Maya astronomical practice. The Paris Codex, for example, contains a thirteen-constellation zodiac that implies that Maya astronomers tracked the movement of the sun, moon, and planets against the background of the stars.
The Spanish Conquest and the Archaeology of the Colonial and Republican Periods
Authors: Pohl John M.D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe development of historical archaeology as a social science is a relatively recent phenomenon in Mesoamerica. Most published studies have been limited to purely descriptive reports of investigations of salvage projects or the architectural restoration and conservation of churches, the houses of prominent officials, and haciendas. However, a growing number of archaeologists and historians have begun to formulate research designs that move beyond artifact description and architectural restoration to address broader concerns with acculturation, ethnicity, and shifting patterns of socioeconomic stratification. Some of the most innovative multidisciplinary field research has focused on the Mexican highlands in particular.
Introduction: The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly
Authors: Mueller Dennis C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis introductory article briefly describes the essentials of capitalism. It then proceeds to take up its good, bad, and ugly characteristics. Capitalism is at its best when individual self-interest is channeled into the production of goods and services and innovative activity. To undertake the huge risks that surround the innovation process, entrepreneurs must possess great optimism about their ability to make decisions. Although many entrepreneurs fail, the innovations generated by the few who succeed lead to the great advances in wealth associated with the developed, capitalist countries of the world. The seamy side of capitalism is largely the reverse of its attractive side. The desire to create empires, the pursuit of great wealth, and the optimism needed to fuel entrepreneurship and innovation, when channeled into rent seeking, growth through acquisitions, and asset speculation, can undermine the efficiency of a capitalist system.
Property Rights and Capitalism
Authors: Rubin Paul H. , Klumpp Tilman 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores why private property is essential for the working of capitalist economies. It does not attempt to illuminate all aspects of property rights but focuses on the relationship between property rights and capitalism. The article is organized as follows. It begins with a definition of property rights as a bundle of rights, noting the various practical limitations. Then it briefly describes the historical and philosophical development of private property rights. It discusses the functions of property rights in capitalist systems, in particular the creation of wealth by facilitating efficient resource use and development, trade, capital accumulation, and the peaceful resolution of conflict. It discusses the creation of property rights to intellectual resources. Then it takes the reverse perspective examined previously and focuses on the role of capitalism for the creation and continued evolution of property rights.
Private Equity and Public Corporations
Authors: Cao Jerry 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article studies public equity and public corporations. It analyzes reverse leveraged buyouts, which are the initial public offerings (IPOs) of firms that have been previously bought out by professional later-stage private equity investors. It introduces the concept of reverse leveraged buyouts (RLBOs), or the initial public offerings of firms that have previously been bought out by professional later-stage private equity investors. One section provides a review of related literature, while another studies the IPO characteristics of RLBO companies. This article also discusses the monitoring of private equity in RLBO companies and the financial performance of RLBO companies.
The Limits of Private Equity: Evidence from Denmark
Authors: Poulsen Thomas , Thomsen Steen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes Danish evidence on the limitations of private equity, which show that in some cases, the real effects of private equity are not always desirable. It argues that the expropriation of stakeholders—particularly employees that have made firm-specific investments—can be a suboptimal strategy that would result in counterproductive and ultimately value-destroying behavior. It then discusses the investment decision rule and the buyout of Royal Scandinavia, a Danish art industry conglomerate. This article concludes with a summary of several lessons, which serve as propositions for future research and practice.
Risk and Return Characteristics of Listed Private Equity
Authors: Brown Christopher , Kraeussl Roman 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes how the structure of listed private equity (LPE) is different from regular private equity. It notes the risk and return characteristics of listed private equity, and identifies the differences between limited partnership funds (LPFs) and LPEs. The next section considers the major characteristics of listed private equity, along with its advantages, possible shortcomings, and recent development. It also describes the experience of LPEs during the latest financial market recession. This article concludes with a discussion of the issue of private equity performance measurement and the recent liquidity dryout.
The Capital Flow from Institutional Investors to Entrepreneurs
Authors: Groh Alexander 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article deals with the two-stage capital allocation process. It first describes current knowledge from research about institutional investors' criteria when they search promising countries. Next it documents research results on their selection of particular venture capital funds. This is followed by the discussion of the second step of the capital flow, from the venture capital funds to the entrepreneurs. It discusses the literature on venture capitalists' sorting criteria for entrepreneurial ventures and provides concluding remarks.
Syndication of Vc Investments, Governance, and Contract Design
Authors: Sharifzadeh Azin , Walz Uwe 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides a theoretical and empirical analysis of syndication of venture capital (VC) investments, governance, and contract design based on evidence from the European venture capital market. The article is organized as follows. It first explores the potential consequences of different sources of funding on corporate governance, then discusses the approaches of different VC types to corporate governance. It examines the main motives and costs of syndication, and translates this reasoning into the implications of different syndicate structures on corporate governance and contract design. It then describes the data set and the descriptive statistics and considers the potential selection effects of different syndicates of portfolio firms. Finally, it investigates the impact of syndicate structures on contract design.
What Drives the Top Line?: Determinants of Sales Revenue in Private Venture–Backed Firms
Authors: Hand John R. M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article identifies key determinants of sales revenue in private venture-backed firms. Given the intangible-intensive nature of venture-backed key assets (including intellectual capital, scientific discoveries, and technology innovations), it is hypothesized that both financial and nonfinancial factors would explain variation in their revenues. Using a Cobb–Douglas-type model of sales revenue, it finds evidence consistent with this hypothesis. Specifically, it is shown that venture-backed firms' one-year-ahead revenue forecasts are larger, the higher their current revenues; the more rapidly their personnel and granted patents are growing; the more business development, finance, marketing, sales, technical, and other staff they employ; and when they have a formal sales commission plan in place. In contrast, revenue forecasts are lower when firms are in the development and clinical-trials stages of life, but are uncorrelated with the number of administrative employees and the presence of a defined bonus compensation plan.
Regional Impact of Venture Capital
Authors: Samila Sampsa 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article studies whether and when venture capital stimulates regional economies beyond the companies receiving funding. The evidence suggests that venture capital indeed has an impact that goes well beyond the funded companies, increasing entrepreneurship, employment, and payrolls in a region as a whole. The evidence also indicates that the effect varies based on the research intensity, labor laws, and social capital in the region.
Personality and Human Immunity
Authors: Cohen Sheldon , Janicki-Deverts Denise , Crittenden Crista N. , Sneed Rodlescia S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe review evidence on the role of personality traits in immune function including studies of enumerative and functional immune markers and of host resistance to infectious illness. We begin by discussing a series of pathways through which traits may influence immunity: immune-altering behaviors; concomitant activation of physiological systems; aggravation or attenuation of the activating effects of environmental demands or stressors; or selection into environments that alter immunity. We focus on the “Big Five” personality factors—extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness to experience but also address other trait characteristics that do not cleanly fit into the Big Five typology including dispositional optimism, trait positive affect, hostility, and social inhibition. We conclude that the literature on personality and immunity is in its infancy and not developed enough to make any definitive conclusions. We can say that there is evidence of possible associations with immunity across all the traits, with existing data suggesting some reliable associations. We suggest the importance of future works being based in trait-specific theory and outline a number of important methodological concerns.
Motivation
Authors: Aubert Arnaud 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe scientific framework of psychoneuroimmunology was established with the discovery of reciprocal relations between neuroendocrine and immune systems. This bidirectional communication allowed new insights into functions and mechanisms of defensive processes, including the behavioral symptoms of inflammation. The present chapter suggests a motivational analysis of inflammation and related defensive processes. After the description of the fundamental elements concerning the concept of motivation and its relevance for behavioral sciences, the chapter details the characterization of the influence of the immune system on the brain as a motivational system.
Psychoneuroimmunology of Fatigue and Sleep Disturbance: The Role of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines
Authors: Jain Shamini , Bower Julienne , Irwin Michael R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFatigue and sleep disturbance are rampant in today's society and bear significant costs in terms of health-care dollars, productivity, social relationships, and individual quality of life. Fatigue and sleep disturbance often co-occur in relatively healthy populations as well as in several clinical populations. This chapter discusses the psychoneuroimmunological underpinnings of fatigue and sleep disturbance, focusing specifically on the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines as contributors to both fatigue and sleep problems. The chapter provides a basic review of fatigue and sleep, as well as neuro-immune processes underlying these behaviors. Perpetuating factors, treatment approaches, and future research directions are also discussed.