bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preconception Care: The Perfect Opportunity for Health Care Providers to Advise Lifestyle Changes for Hypertensive Women
Authors: Bombard Jennifer M. , Robbins Cheryl L. , Dietz Patricia M. , Valderrama Amy L. 
Published: January 2013

Purpose. To provide estimates for prevalence of health care provider advice offered to reproductive-aged women and to assess their association with behavior change. Design. Cross-sectional study using the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Setting. Nineteen states/areas. Subjects. Women aged 18 to 44 years with a self-reported history of hypertension or current antihypertensive medication use (n = 2063). Measures. Self-reported hypertension; sociodemographic and health care access indicators; and provider advice and corresponding self-reported behavior change to improve diet, limit salt intake, exercise, and reduce alcohol use. Analysis. We estimated prevalence and prevalence ratios for receipt of provider advice and action to change habits. We calculated 95% confidence interval (CI) and used χ2 tests to assess associations. Results. Overall, 9.8% of reproductive-aged women had self-reported hypertension; most reported receiving advice to change eating habits (72.9%), reduce salt intake (74.6%), and exercise (82.1%), and most reported making these changes. Only 44.7% reported receiving advice to reduce alcohol intake. Women who received provider advice were more likely to report corresponding behavior change compared to those who did not (prevalence ratios ranged from 1.3 [95% CI, 1.2–1.5, p < .05] for exercise to 1.6 [95% CI, 1.4–1.8, p < .05] for reducing alcohol use. Conclusion. Health care providers should routinely advise hypertensive reproductive-aged women about lifestyle changes to reduce blood pressure and improve pregnancy outcomes.
Amor y Salud (Love and Health): A Preconception Health Campaign for Second-Generation Latinas in Oregon
Authors: Dixon-Gray Lesa A. , Mobley Allison , McFarlane Julie M. , Rosenberg Kenneth D. 
Published: January 2013

Purpose. To develop, and implement, a social marketing campaign to increase preconception health knowledge among second-generation Latinas in Oregon. Design. Social marketing demonstration project. Setting. Latino communities in five Oregon counties. Subjects. Target populations included young Latinas (18–29 years old) born in the United States of immigrant parents in five Oregon counties, and their family members. Intervention. A radionovela, Amor y Salud, was developed that featured a Latina and her fiancé preparing for marriage and family. Social media, Web sites, and culturally relevant print materials promoted the radio campaign. Measures. Process data, social media metrics, Google analytics, online and intercept surveys were collected. Analysis. Basic frequencies and descriptive statistics were used. Results. Twelve episodes were produced in English and Spanish and played on nine radio stations a total of 2098 times. The Facebook page was viewed 11,000 times, and radionovela episodes were played a total of 776 times. Conclusion. Amor y Salud used mixed media—radio, social media, print materials—to encourage Latinas to consider their preconception health. Anecdotally, we heard positive comments from community members and local media regarding the radionovela; however, evaluation challenges prevent us from saying conclusively that knowledge on this topic increased.
Prevention of Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancies among Nonpregnant American Indian Women
Authors: Hanson Jessica D. , Miller Ashley L. , Winberg Austin , Elliott Amy J. 
Published: January 2013

Purpose. The goal of this project was to evaluate an intervention on reducing alcohol-exposed pregnancies with nonpregnant American Indian women, with a focus on risky drinking and ineffective contraception use. Design. This study had a descriptive longitudinal study design, with follow-up every 3 months for 1 year. Setting. Three American Indian tribes in the Northern Plains. Subjects. Participants were 231 nonpregnant American Indian women. Intervention. Participants responded to drinking and contraception questions through the telephone and then received intervention materials via mail. Follow-up telephone surveys occurred at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the baseline call, and participants were again mailed intervention materials. Measures. Alcohol consumption and birth control measurements were modified from the Project CHOICES program. The intervention was based on motivational interviewing constructs. Analysis. Analysis techniques included covariate-adjusted generalized estimating equation methods and Bonferroni correction. Results. All of the alcohol consumption amount responses had significant decreases with each follow-up intervention session; the average change for the range of questions was −26% to–17%. The proportion of those stating they did not use birth control decreased from 29% to 10% during the first 3 months. Conclusions. The intervention was successful in modifying self-reported drinking and contraception behaviors. This project is the only one to date that has focused on preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancies in nonpregnant American Indian women.
The Effectiveness of Bundled Health Messages on Recall
Authors: King Karen Whitehill , Freimuth Vicki , Lee Mina , Johnson-Turbes Corie Ashani 
Published: January 2013

Purpose. This study is an initial step in determining the effectiveness of bundling preconception messages on short-term recall in a health communication intervention. Design. A six-cell quasi-experiment with control was employed. Setting. Mall intercept interviews were conducted in three southern cities. Intervention. Six professionally developed brochures with preconception health messages. Subjects. 687 women who were between 18 and 36 years old and who reported that they planned to be pregnant within the next 5 years Measures. Aided and unaided message recall. Analysis. Analysis of variance, pair-wise t-tests. Results. The results suggest ways to combine health messages in an attempt to maximize the resources that individual programs have for communication. Conclusion. Combining messages, up to four, should be considered.
Preventive and Reproductive Health Services for Women: The Role of California's Family Planning Waiver
Authors: Adams E. Kathleen , Kenney Genevieve M. , Galactionova Katya 
Published: January 2013

Purpose. Examine effects of a Medicaid family planning waiver on the receipt of reproductive health care and pregnancy. Design. The present study uses a quasiexperimental design using data from the California Women's Health Survey and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for exposure and comparison groups, before and after California's Planning Access Care and Treatment waiver. Setting. The setting was California and comparison states. Subjects. The study included women who were ages 18 to 44 years and below 200% of the federal poverty level (FPL), who are eligible for services under the waiver. Measures. The study measured self-reported pregnancy and receipt of routine checkup, clinical breast exam, Pap test, Chlamydia screening, and discussion of birth control with provider in the past year. Analysis. The study analyzes outcomes for exposure and comparison groups using probit regression models based on data both within California and in states without waivers. Results. Estimates from the California Women's Health Survey analysis indicate that among parents 100% to 200% of the FPL, the waiver led to an 8–percentage point increase in the receipt of a routine checkup and a 12–percentage point increase (p = .03) in discussion of birth control. There was an estimated 3–percentage point decline (p = .05) in current pregnancies among nulliparous women. Multistate analysis using the BRFSS confirmed positive effects on routine checkups (p < .01). Conclusions. The waiver appears to have led to a reduction in pregnancy rates and increased receipt of reproductive health care, particularly routine checkups.
Change in Women's Knowledge of General and Personal Preconception Health Risks following Targeted Brief Counseling in Publicly Funded Primary Care Settings
Authors: Dunlop Anne L. , Logue Kristi M. , Thorne Castalia , Badal Hannah J. 
Published: January 2013

Purpose. To explore knowledge of general and personal preconception health risks among women in publicly funded clinics and whether brief counseling can improve knowledge. Design. Interventional cohort study. Setting. Five publicly funded primary care clinics. Subjects. Two cohorts of low-income, nonpregnant African-American and Hispanic women of reproductive age (300 in each cohort). Intervention. Targeted brief counseling based upon risks identified via preconception health risk assessment. Measures. Correct responses on test of women's knowledge of general and personal preconception health risks pre-encounter vs. 3 to 6 months postencounter. Analysis. McNemar's test to compare proportion of women in each cohort who correctly answer questions of preconception health knowledge pre-encounter vs. 3 to 6 months postencounter. Results. Women in the intervention cohort experienced a significant increase in knowledge related to preconception health from baseline to 3 to 6 months postencounter, including recognition of the importance of folic acid supplementation, seeking medical care for chronic conditions, and review of medication in the preconception period that was not observed for the comparison cohort. Among women with chronic medical conditions, those in the intervention cohort significantly increased their knowledge that the condition could lead to problems in pregnancy (+43%) relative to the lesser improvement in knowledge observed for those in the comparison cohort (+4%) (p < .05). Conclusions. Women's knowledge of general and personal preconception health risks improved following screening and brief counseling in publicly funded primary care clinics.
The Impact of Social Disadvantage on Preconception Health, Illness, and Well-Being: An Intersectional Analysis
Authors: Hogan Vijaya K. , Culhane Jennifer F. , Crews Kara Ja'Nice , Mwaria Cheryl B. , Rowley Diane L. , Levenstein Lisa , Mullings Leith Patricia 
Published: January 2013

Purpose. To understand how social and structural contexts shape individual risk, vulnerability, and interconception health-related behaviors of African-American women. Approach or Design. A longitudinal ethnographic study was conducted. Setting. The study was conducted in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Participants. The sample included 19 African-American women who were participants in the intervention group of a randomized clinical trial of interconceptional care. Method. Data were collected through interaction with participants over a period of 6 to 12 months. Participant observation, structured and unstructured interviews, and Photovoice were used to obtain data; grounded theory was used for analysis. The analysis was guided by intersectional theory. Results. Social disadvantage influenced health and health care–seeking behaviors of African-American women, and the disadvantage centered on the experience of racism. The authors identify seven experiences grounded in the interactions among the forces of racism, class, gender, and history that may influence women's participation in and the effectiveness of preconception and interconception health care. Conclusion. African-American women's health and wellness behaviors are influenced by an experience of racism structurally embedded and made more virulent by its intersection with class, gender, and history. These intersecting forces create what may be a unique exposure that contributes significantly to the proximal determinants of health inequities for African-American women. Health promotion approaches that focus on the individual as the locus of intervention must concomitantly unravel and address the intertwining structural forces that shape individual circumstance in order to improve women's interconceptional health and to reduce disparities.
Couples' Notions about Preconception Health: Implications for Framing Social Marketing Plans
Authors: Lewis Megan A. , Mitchell Elizabeth W. , Levis Denise M. , Isenberg Karen , Kish-Doto Julia 
Published: January 2013

Purpose. To understand couples' notions of preconception health (PCH) and to inform the development of social marketing plans focused on PCH. Approach/Design. We used a social marketing perspective to understand how couples considered PCH as a product, its potential price, how it should be promoted, and in what type of places it should be promoted. These variables are typically referred to as the four social marketing P's. Setting. Telephone interviews with couples recruited from a national database. Participants. A total of 58 couples (116 individuals) were segmented by five couple segments based on pregnancy planning intention and current parental status in which the wife or partner was 18 to 44 years of age. The five segments were combined into three categories: couples who were planning pregnancies, couples who were not planning pregnancies, or couples who were recent parents (interconception). Method. Couple-based structured interviews lasting approximately 45 to 60 minutes were conducted via telephone. Questions inquired about couples' experience with PCH and the four social marketing P's. Results. Commonalities existed across the four social marketing P's for the different couple segments. Notable couple-related themes that emerged included the importance of couple communication, support, and relationship quality. PCH was more relevant for couples planning a pregnancy, but nonplanning couples understood the benefits of PCH and related behaviors. Conclusion. Couples may be an important target audience when considering social marketing approaches for PCH. Many couples perceived the relevance of the issue to important aspects of their lives, such as health, family, and their relationships.
Consumers' Perceptions of Preconception Health
Authors: Squiers Linda , Mitchell Elizabeth W. , Levis Denise M. , Lynch Molly , Dolina Suzanne , Margolis Marjorie , Scales Monica , Kish-Doto Julia 
Published: January 2013

Purpose. To inform the development of a preconception health (PCH) social marketing plan, we conducted qualitative research with prospective consumers. Approach. We present formative findings based on the four Ps of social marketing: product, price, promotion, and place. Setting. We conducted focus groups with 10 groups of women in Atlanta, Georgia, in fall 2010. Participants. We classified women aged 18 to 44 into five groups based on their pregnancy plans, and then further segmented the groups based on socioeconomic status for a total of 10 groups. Method. The focus group guide was designed to elicit participants' responses about the product, price, promotion, and placement of PCH. We used NVivo 9 software to analyze focus group data. Results. Women planning a pregnancy in the future had different perspectives on PCH as a product than women not planning a pregnancy. Barriers to PCH included lack of social support, addiction, and lack of awareness about PCH. Participants preferred to think of PCH behaviors as “promoting” a healthy baby rather than preventing an unhealthy birth outcome. Many women in the focus groups preferred to hear PCH messages from a health care provider, among other channels. Conclusion. The results from this research will inform the development of a social marketing plan for PCH and the development of concepts that will be tested with consumers to determine their viability for use in a national campaign.
Effect of different growing substrates on the plant water relations and marketable fruit yield greenhouse-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Authors: Borowski Edward , Nurzyński Józef 
Published: January 2013

In the period 2009-2011, a study was conducted in a greenhouse, using fertigation, to determine water relations and fruit yield of tomato grown in different substrates. Tomato plants were grown on rockwool slabs, 15 dm<sup>3</sup> in volume, and on slabs of the same volume made of the following straw chaff: rape straw; rape straw + peat (3:1); rape straw + pine bark (3:1); triticale straw; triticale straw + peat (3:1); triticale straw + pine bark (3:1). 2 tomato plants were grown on each slab, leaving 22 fruit clusters on each plant during the period from February to October. The obtained results showed that water potential, stomatal conductance, transpiration, water saturation deficit, and leaf free proline content in tomato grown on rockwool and on rape or triticale straw chaff substrates did not differ statistically significantly. Also, no significant differences were found in marketable tomato fruit yield and dry matter content in tomato fruits. Peat or pine bark addition to rape or triticale straw substrates had no significant effect on the change in their commercially useful traits. In the opinion of the present authors, substrates made of rape or triticale straw alone, and even more so with the addition of peat or bark, are not inferior in any way to commonly used rockwool.
Hydrology Measurements
Authors: Rasmussen Todd C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHydrology is the study of the occurrence, movement, and quality of water in the environment, including both surfaces and subsurface systems. The present Chapter summarizes hydrologic measurements in natural systems. The goal of gathering these measurements are to develop a quantitative understanding of the hydrologic system being investigated. This understanding‐with relevant data‐can then be used to design, predict, and manage purposes. A simplified conceptual model of hydrologic system represents water storage elements and exchanges between elements. Important insight has been gained into the understanding of various phases such as precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface flow, groundwater, soil water and their measurement using ground‐ and satellite‐based systems. It has been found that there is a need for water to sustain human and ecosystem health drive efforts to measure and understand water quality behavior in all aspects of hydrology. Further broad view of water quality focuses on the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of water resources.
Luminescent Method for Pressure Measurement
Authors: Khalil Gamal E. , Crafton Jim W. , Fonov Sergey D. , Sellers Marvin , Dabiri Dana 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPressure‐sensitive paint (PSP) is an image‐based technology that provides a convenient method for continuous and nonintrusive global mapping of pressure distributions on aerodynamic surfaces. Its development offers a feasible alternative to pressure measurements obtained from point‐to‐point instruments such as pressure taps or pressure transducers, which were often costly to utilize and intrusive to the flow being studied. The paints are composed of pressure‐sensitive dye, which is made of an oxygen‐sensitive luminescent dye, that is incorporated into an oxygen‐permeable polymer binder and dissolved in a volatile solvent to form a paint that can be easily applied to surfaces using a spray can or airbrush. The emitted intensity of the pressure‐sensitive paint is quenched by collisions with oxygen molecules; the intensity of the emitted light is inversely proportional to the pressure at the surface. The measurement is accomplished by applying the paint to the surface of interest and illuminating the surface with blue or UV light to excite the dye. The surface is imaged through a filter that isolates the excitation light from the pressure‐sensitive luminescence of the paint. Each pixel on the camera then acts as a nonintrusive pressure tap, and therefore, continuous distributions of the pressure on the painted surface are acquired. Standard pressure paints can be used for mean measurements with response times of about 1 Hz, and fast response systems can be used for high frequency measurements, with a bandwidth of over 100 kHz.The use of PSP is becoming more common in large transonic tunnels, with production systems in use in several facilities such as AEDC, ARA, DLR, ADD, JAXA, and AVIC. These measurements have been conducted using both binary and lifetime‐based systems. While PSP has proven effective in transonic tunnels, PSP measurements in large low‐speed tunnels have proven particularly challenging. A significant reason for this difficulty is that in low‐speed tunnels the dynamic pressures are small (∼1 kPa at 40 m/s), and therefore, the dynamic range of the signal to be detected in a low‐speed tunnel is often 1% or less. Recent advances in cameras, illumination sources, and paint technology have extended the operating range of PSP systems to as low as 40 m/s. This chapter will cover in detail the following: principles and theoretical treatment of pressure‐sensitive paints, pressure‐sensitive dyes, polymers, measurement methods, and practical implementations of PSP to a wide series of wind tunnel applications.
Flow Measurement
Authors: Fontaine Arnold A. , Manning Keefe B. , Deutsch Steven 
Published: January 2013

AbstractInterest in understanding fluid flows, and attempts to measure flow‐related phenomenon has had a long history in the scientific and medical communities. The name “flow measurement” is a broad term that can encompass the measurement of many different flow‐related parameters. It has been noticed that flow measurement techniques have advanced significantly in capability, versatility, and in many ways, complexity. The study characterizes measurement techniques as invasive or noninvasive, and direct or indirect. This Chapter primarily focuses on the measurement of those parameters that are most often desired in a biomedical/bioengineering application, volume flow rate, and velocity. It has been found that in both the clinical environment and the laboratory environment, the measurements of the volume flow rate of a fluid as a function of time can be an important parameter and can be measured by electromagnetic flow meters and ultrasound techniques. Various techniques such as thermal anemometry, Doppler ultrasound and MR flow mapping particle image velocimetry and particle tracking velocimetry have been discussed comprehensively to measure fluid velocity or wall shear.
Industrial Energy Efficiency
Authors: Gopalakrishnan B. , Gupta D. P. , Mardikar, Y. , Chaudhari S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe present Chapter focuses on industrial energy efficiency and how it is helpful in protecting our environment in terms of reduction in emissions. Environmentally conscious manufacturing has made significant gains on account of improvements in energy efficiency. The study finds that industrial energy efficiency is necessary for several reasons. The energy efficiency reduce operating costs and hence lead to manufacturing industry becoming globally competitive and contribute to increase profitability and growth. Nonetheless, energy efficiency reduces the consumption of fossil fuels, hence playing a role in controlling the cost of energy to have a positive impact on every facet of the society. It has been found that the programs of the U.S. DOE' EERE and Industrial Technologies Program have gone a long way in helping industry and hence the nation to become energy efficient through a myriad of programs.