bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multitasking Behaviors of Osteopathic Medical Students
Authors: Shah Ankit V. , Mullens Dustin J. , Van Duyn Lindsey J. , Januchowski Ronald P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractContext:To the authors' knowledge, few studies have investigated the relationship between electronic media multitasking by undergraduate and graduate students during lecture and their academic performance, and reports that have looked into this behavior have neglected to investigate factors that may influence students' multitasking during lecture.Objective:To determine the extent to which medical students multitask during lecture; the types of multitasking; the frequency of multitasking and factors that influence frequency; and the correlation between multitasking and knowledge acquisition as assessed by a postlecture quiz.Methods:A 1-page survey assessing students' multitasking behavior was administered to 125 second-year students at Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine and collected at the onset of a standard 50-minute lecture. On completion of the 50-minute lecture, an unannounced 10-question multiple-choice quiz was given to assess knowledge acquisition during those lectures. On a separate date, after a standard 50-minute lecture, a second quiz was administered.Results:The 1-page survey revealed that 98% of students check e-mail, 81% use social media, and 74% study for another class. Students spent the most time studying for another class (23 minutes) followed by using social media (13 minutes) and checking e-mail (7 minutes). The most influential factors behind multitasking were examination schedule (91%), lecturer (90%), and the number of lectures in the day (65%). The mean score for quiz 1 (the day after an examination) was 75%, and the mean score for quiz 2 (the day before an examination) was 60%.Conclusion:Multitasking during lecture is prominent among medical students, and examination schedule is the most influential factor. Although a robust drop in mean score on a lecture-based, unannounced quiz was identified 1 day before a scheduled examination, the effect from multitasking on this process remains unclear.
Rainfall‐aerosol relationships explained by wet scavenging and humidity
Authors: Grandey Benjamin S. , Gururaj Anisha , Stier Philip , Wagner Till M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRelationships between precipitation rate and aerosol optical depth, the extinction of light by aerosol in an atmospheric column, have been observed in satellite‐retrieved data. What are the reasons for these precipitation‐aerosol relationships? We investigate relationships between convective precipitation rate (Rconv) and aerosol optical depth (τtot) using the ECHAM5‐HAM aerosol‐climate model. We show that negative Rconv‐τtot relationships arise due to wet scavenging of aerosol. The apparent lack of negative Rconv‐τtot relationships in satellite‐retrieved data is likely because the satellite data do not sample wet scavenging events. When convective wet scavenging is excluded in the model, we find positive Rconv‐τtot relationships in regions where convective precipitation is the dominant form of model precipitation. The spatial distribution of these relationships is in good agreement with satellite‐based results. We further demonstrate that a substantial component of these positive relationships arises due to covariation with large‐scale relative humidity. Although the interpretation of precipitation‐aerosol relationships remains a challenging question, we suggest that progress can be made through a synergy between observations and models.
Some evidence for health‐related marriage selection
Authors: Lipowicz Anna 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesMarried people live longer and are healthier than unmarried people. This can be explained in terms of marriage protection and marriage selection. The aim of the present study was to examine the direct effect of marriage selection on health status.MethodsData were collected from the archives of the Lower Silesian Medical Center (DOLMED) in Wrocław, Poland. The sample consisted of 2,265 adult (never married or currently married) men. Subjects were assigned to categories for selected variables, including age, level of education, military category upon conscription, height, hearing acuity, and visual acuity. Military category, objective data gathered upon military conscription at age 18, was used to assess initial health status. To identify any relationships between marital status and health status, generalized linear models with binomially distributed dependent variable were used.ResultsThe never‐married subjects were more likely to have been assigned to lower military categories, which indicates that their health status at age 18 was inferior to those conscripts who would later marry. Hearing acuity and visual acuity were generally worse in never‐married subjects than in married subjects. Never‐married subjects were also more likely to be short and less likely to be tall.ConclusionsThe results provide evidence for direct health‐related marriage selection in men between 25 and 60 years of age. Poor health status reduces the likelihood of marriage. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:747–752, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of age on DNA concentration from whole saliva: Implications for the standard isolation method
Authors: Gassó Patricia , Pagerols Mireia , Flamarique Itziar , Castro‐Fornieles Josefina , Rodriguez Natalia , Mas Sergi , Curran Sarah , Aitchison Katherine , Santosh Paramala , Lafuente Amalia ,   The Stop Consortium
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesAdequate quantity and quality of the DNA isolated from saliva samples are crucial for ensuring successful genotyping rates in genetic studies. However, there is little information about these issues when saliva samples are collected from children. The objectives of this study were to assess whether there are differences in DNA quality or quantity isolated from saliva samples of children at different ages and adolescents compared to adults and, if so, to establish a modified protocol to improve and standardize DNA isolation from saliva samples of children.MethodsSaliva samples were collected with Oragene DNA Sample Collection Kit from 41 healthy subjects including children of different ages, adolescents, and adults. Quantity and quality of isolated DNA were determined spectrophotometrically.ResultsDNA concentration and age were positively correlated (r = 0.676, P < 0.001). A high percentage of samples from children below 12 years yielded DNA concentrations <100 ng/µL and DNA quality a260/a280 ratios of <1.8. Modifying the standard DNA isolation method raised DNA quantity and quality in these critical samples.ConclusionsAge determines, at least in part, the high variability observed in the concentration of DNA isolated from saliva samples. This fact should be taken into account for a better standardization of the DNA isolation to ensure DNA banking in large‐scale genetic studies involving children. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:859–862, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developing estimates of frequency and intensity of exposure to three types of metalworking fluids in a population‐based case–control study of bladder cancer
Authors: Friesen Melissa C. , Park Dong‐Uk , Colt Joanne S. , Baris Dalsu , Schwenn Molly , Karagas Margaret R. , Armenti Karla R. , Johnson Alison , Silverman Debra T. , Stewart Patricia A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundA systematic, transparent, and data‐driven approach was developed to estimate frequency and intensity of exposure to straight, soluble, and synthetic/semi‐synthetic metalworking fluids (MWFs) within a case–control study of bladder cancer in New England.MethodsWe assessed frequency using individual‐level information from job‐specific questionnaires wherever possible, then derived and applied job group‐level patterns to likely exposed jobs with less information. Intensity estimates were calculated using a statistical model developed from measurements and determinants extracted from the published literature.ResultsFor jobs with probabilities of exposure ≥0.5, median frequencies were 8–10 hr/week, depending on MWF type. Median intensities for these jobs were 2.5, 2.1, and 1.0 mg/m3 for soluble, straight, and synthetic/semi‐synthetic MWFs, respectively.ConclusionsCompared to case‐by‐case assessment, these data‐driven decision rules are transparent and reproducible and may result in less biased estimates. These rules can also aid future exposure assessments of MWFs in population‐based studies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:915–927, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Two‐Photon Probe for Near‐Membrane Zinc Ions
Authors: Rathore Kailash , Lim Chang Su , Lee Young , Park Hee Jung , Cho Bong Rae 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA two‐photon probe for near‐membrane zinc ions that can be excited by 800 nm femtosecond laser pulses and emit at 500 nm is reported. The probe can be easily loaded into cells and tissue slices to visualize near‐membrane zinc ions in live cells and tissues for a long period of time through the use of two‐photon microscopy.
Sinonasal eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis: A systematic review
Authors: Fang Christina H. , Mady Leila J. , Mirani Neena M. , Baredes Soly , Eloy Jean Anderson 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundEosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis (EAF) is a benign rare lesion of the upper respiratory mucosa. EAF most commonly presents with an obstructive nasal mass. Due to the rarity of EAF, case reports and case studies have predominated the literature. This systematic review discusses the demographics, clinical presentation, associated findings, management, and outcomes of this uncommon entity.MethodsThe PubMed database was searched for all articles describing patients diagnosed with sinonasal EAF. Additional cases were examined from the bibliographies of selected articles. Demographics, clinical presentation, associated findings, radiography, management, and outcome were analyzed.ResultsFifty‐two cases were included from 34 articles, including 1 case from our institution. The most common presenting symptom was nasal obstruction (78.8%). Fourteen patients (26.9%) had a previous history of nasal surgery or trauma. Surgical resection alone was the most commonly used primary treatment approach (50.0%), resulting in the greatest proportion of disease‐free patients (55.6%) over a median follow‐up period of 36 months. A combination of surgery and corticosteroids was the second‐most‐common treatment modality, used in 28.8% of cases. Of the 40 cases reporting patient outcomes, 100% of patients were alive at follow‐up independent of treatment modality.ConclusionTo date, this review contains the largest number of patients with sinonasal EAF. Aggressive surgical resection alone constitutes the most common treatment modality and may be most effective at eradicating disease.
Spielt die Zeolithkatalyse in Bioraffinerien der Zukunft eine ähnlich große Rolle wie in der Erdölraffination?
Authors: Jacobs Pierre A. , Dusselier Michiel , Sels Bert F. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDer Übergang von der Erdöl‐ zu einer Biomasse‐basierten Kraftstoffökonomie wird neue Strategien zur Umwandlung von Rohstoffen erfordern. Bei einem petrochemischen Raffinationsverfahren werden die Kohlenwasserstoffe der Rohölfraktionen katalytisch zu hochwertigen Kraftstoffen umgesetzt. Besonders gut eignen sich dafür bestimmte Zeolithkatalysatoren. Im Unterschied zum Erdöl weist Biomasse einen hohen Sauerstoffgehalt auf, was Prozesse bei niedrigeren Temperaturen und im wässrigen Medium erfordert. Zeolithkatalysatoren müssen daher in flüssigem heißem Wasser stabil sein. Wie wir in diesem Essay zeigen, ist es mittlerweile möglich, Zeolithe gezielt für die selektive Umwandlung von Biomassefraktionen anzupassen.
Ribose‐Protonated DNA Base Excision Repair: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study
Authors: Sadeghian Keyarash , Flaig Denis , Blank Iris D. , Schneider Sabine , Strasser Ralf , Stathis Dimitrios , Winnacker Malte , Carell Thomas , Ochsenfeld Christian 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLiving organisms protect the genome against external influences by recognizing and repairing damaged DNA. A common source of gene mutation is the oxidized guanine, which undergoes base excision repair through cleavage of the glycosidic bond between the ribose and the nucleobase of the lesion. We unravel the repair mechanism utilized by bacterial glycosylase, MutM, using quantum‐chemical calculations involving more than 1000 atoms of the catalytic site. In contrast to the base‐protonated pathway currently favored in the literature, we show that the initial protonation of the lesion’s ribose paves the way for an almost barrier‐free glycosidic cleavage. The combination of theoretical and experimental data provides further insight into the selectivity and discrimination of MutM’s binding site toward various substrates.
Therapeutic Effect of Human Adipose‐Derived Stromal Cells Cluster in Rat Hind‐Limb Ischemia
Authors: Park In‐Su , Kang Jo A. , Kang Jungmi , Rhie Jong‐Won , Kim Sang‐Heon 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTWe investigated whether transplantation of three‐dimensional cell masses (3DCM) of human adipose‐derived stromal cells (hASCs) cultured on a basic fibroblast growth factor‐immobilized substrate improved hind limb functional recovery by stimulating angiogenesis in an immune‐competent rat ischemic limb model. In vitro experiments confirmed that cells within 3DCMs differentiate toward the endothelial lineage one day after culture in normal medium. The therapeutic effect of 3DCMs was evaluated by transplanting hASCs, phosphate‐buffered saline alone, and the 3DCM into rat ischemic hind limbs. Blood flow was enhanced in the ischemic hind limb in the 3DCM‐injected group compared with the other groups. The ratio of human nuclear antigen (HNA) and hVEGF‐positive cells was significantly higher in the 3DCM‐injected group compared to hASC‐injected group. Human VEGF was observed in most HNA‐positive cells. Many hCD31 and hSMA‐positive cells were observed in vessel‐like structures in the 3DCM‐injected group. The 3DCM transplantation improved cell retention and angiogenic effects compared with ASC transplantation. These findings suggest that transplantation of 3DCMs may be an effective stem cell therapy for hind limb ischemia. Anat Rec, 297:2289–2298, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphometric Study of Phylogenetic and Ecologic Signals in Procyonid (Mammalia: Carnivora) Endocasts
Authors: Ahrens Heather E. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTEndocasts provide a proxy for brain morphology but are rarely incorporated in phylogenetic analyses despite the potential for new suites of characters. The phylogeny of Procyonidae, a carnivoran family with relatively limited taxonomic diversity, is not well resolved because morphological and molecular data yield conflicting topologies. The presence of phylogenetic and ecologic signals in the endocasts of procyonids will be determined using three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics. Endocasts of seven ingroup species and four outgroup species were digitally rendered and 21 landmarks were collected from the endocast surface. Two phylogenetic hypotheses of Procyonidae will be examined using methods testing for phylogenetic signal in morphometric data. In analyses of all taxa, there is significant phylogenetic signal in brain shape for both the morphological and molecular topologies. However, the analyses of ingroup taxa recover a significant phylogenetic signal for the morphological topology only. These results indicate support for the molecular outgroup topology, but not the ingroup topology given the brain shape data. Further examination of brain shape using principal components analysis and wireframe comparisons suggests procyonids possess more developed areas of the brain associated with motor control, spatial perception, and balance relative to the basal musteloid condition. Within Procyonidae, similar patterns of variation are present, and may be associated with increased arboreality in certain taxa. Thus, brain shape derived from endocasts may be used to test for phylogenetic signal and preliminary analyses suggest an association with behavior and ecology. Anat Rec, 297:2318–2330, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reactions with 4‐Bromo‐3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐2‐pyrazolin‐5‐one: New Fused Pyrazole Derivatives
Authors: Abdelhamid Abdou O. , Riad Bahia Y. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNew furo[2,3‐c]pyrazoles and pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazoles were synthesized from 4‐bromo‐3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐2‐pyrazolin‐5‐one and active methylenenitriles, ethyl acetoacetate or phenylhydrazine. The constitutions of the new heterocycles were established by elemental analyses and spectroscopic data.
4‐Phenylthio‐3‐pyrrolcarbonsäureester
Authors: Eiden Fritz , Grusdt Ulrike 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDie Eignung der Dihydro‐dimethoxy‐methylfurancarbonsäureester 4A und B zur Synthese der Titelverbindungen wurde untersucht. Mit Thiophenolen entstehen aminkatalysiert die Additionsprodukte 12a–d, die beim Erhitzen mit Säuren unter Abspalten von Methanol die Furancarbonsäureester 13a. b bzw. 17 bilden und mit Ammoniak bzw. Aminen nach Säurezusatz zu den Pyrrolcarbonsäureestern 20a–e reagieren. Mit 2‐Aminothiophenol setzt sich 4 zu den heterocyclisch anellierten Pyrrol‐ bzw. Pyrrolidinderivaten 15 und 16 um, 20b und e ließen sich zu den Benzothiopyrano‐pyrrolcarbonsäureestern 23a und b kondensieren.
Saponine aus Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)
Authors: Glombitza Karl‐Werner , Kurth Hermann 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAus der Saponinfraktion des Krautes von Anagallis arvensis L. wurden vier Hauptsaponine AS 1, AS 2, AS 6 und AS 7 isoliert. Im sauren Hydrolysat von AS 1 und AS 2 wurde als Aglykon Priverogenin A und im Hydrolysat von AS 6 und AS 7 3β,16α,23,28‐Tetrahydroxyolean‐12‐en nachgewiesen. Als Zucker konnten bei den vier Saponinen übereinstimmend Glucose, Arabinose und Xylose identifiziert werden; ihr Mengenverhältnis wurde bestimmt.
Barbitursäurederivate, 40. Mitt.: Verteilung der Enantiomere von 1‐Diethylaminoethylphenobarbital zwischen Serum, Leber und Gehirn und Metabolismus des Racemats in der Ratte
Authors: Knabe Joachim , Büch Horst P. , Lampen Peter 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUntersuchungen zur Verteilung der Enantiomere von 1‐Diethylaminoethylphenobarbital (1) an Ratten ergaben, daß nach i. v. und i. p. Applikation nicht das stärker wirksame R(–)‐, sondern das schwächer wirksame S(+)1‐Enantiomer gegenüber der Konzentration im Serum bevorzugt im Gehirn angereichert wird. Nach i. p. Applikation war die S(+)1‐Konzentration im Gehirn um 57 % höher als die des R(–)‐Enantiomers. Höhere Konzentration am Wirkort korreliert demnach nicht mit der stärkeren Wirkintensität. Nach i. p. Gabe der 1‐Enantiomere wurde als first pass Metabolit die N‐Monodesethylverbindung 2 isoliert. Nach oraler Gabe von 30 mg racem. 1 wurden im 24 h‐Urin als Hauptmetabolite außer 2 die N‐Bisdesethylverbindung 3 sowie drei weitere Abbauprodukte identifiziert.
Imidlactone, I: N‐(2‐Phenylethyl)‐1,3‐dihydro‐isobenzofuran‐1‐imine
Authors: Meise Werner , Südkamp Brigitte 
Published: July 2014

AbstractN‐(2‐Phenylethyl)‐2‐hydroxymethyl‐benzamide 1 cyclisieren bei Behandlung mit SOCL2 zu den N‐(2‐Phenylethyl)‐1,3‐dihydro‐isobenzofuran‐iminen 5, die spektroskopisch und chemisch charakterisiert werden. Die Imidlactone 5 lassen sich mit NaBH4 zu den N‐(2‐Phenylethyl)‐2‐hydroxymethyl‐benzylaminen 3 reduzieren.
5‐(Ethoxymethylene)thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione Derivatives: Reactions and Biological Activities
Authors: Ead Hamed A. , Abdallah Sanaa O. , Kassab Nazmi A. , Metwalli Nadia H. , Saleh Yosry E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe 5‐(ethoxymethylene)‐4‐thioxothiazolidin‐2‐ones 2a‐c were synthesized and reacted with acrylonitrile, ethyl acrylate. β‐nitrostyrene, N‐phenylmaleimide and malononitrile under different conditions, to yield the cycloaddition products 3–14. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the new products were tested.
Photochemische Reaktivität von 5‐Desazaflaviniumsalzen und 5‐Desazaflavinen – ein Vergleich
Authors: Duchstein Hans‐Jürgen , Fenner Helmut , Bauch Werner 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDie photochemische Reaktivität der Titelverbindungen 3 wurde untersucht und mit 5‐Desazaflavinen verglichen12). Dabei zeigte sich eine deutliche Ähnlichkeit zwischen diesen beiden Reihen, aber die Flavinanalogie ist bei den Verbindungen vom Typ 3a im Gegensatz zu 5‐Desazaflavinen noch weiter abgeschwächt. Sie verhalten sich vielmehr nikotinamidanalog, was auf Grund der Strukturähnlichkeit zu erwarten war.
New Controllability Condition for Siphons in Ws3PR Nets
Authors: Guan Xuanxuan , Wu Wenhui , Wang Shouguang 
Published: July 2014

AbstractExisting policies for deadlock control are mainly based on siphons due to their ability to indicate deadlocks, and can be used as a powerful tool to deal with deadlock situations in flexible manufacturing systems. In order to avoid deadlocks, researchers often add monitors to control siphons. This may result in redundant monitors, unnecessary cost, and restriction of the behavior permissiveness. For example, for a system of sequential systems with shared resources (S4R), the existing deadlock control policies based on max, max′ or max′′‐controlled siphons tend to overly restrict the behavior of a controlled system. To ensure maximal permissive behavior of controlled systems, a new concept of siphon controllability named W‐control is defined and then a sufficient and necessary condition under which a WS3PR is live if all its siphons are W‐controlled. Examples are given to demonstrate them.
Adaptive Terminal ILC for Iteration‐varying Target Points
Authors: Chi Ronghu , Wang Danwei , Lewis Frank L. , Hou Zhongsheng , Jin Shangtai 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTerminal iterative learning control (TILC) has been developed to reduce the error between system output and a fixed desired point at the terminal end of operation interval over iterations. In this work, the desired terminal point is not fixed but allowed to change run‐to‐run among a set of fixed points and a new adaptive terminal iterative learning control scheme is developed to achieve learning objective over iterations. The control signal is updated from the measured terminal value at the end of a run, instead of the whole output trajectory. Although the reference terminal point is iteration‐varying, the new adaptive TILC guarantees that the tracking error converges to zero iteratively. Both rigorous mathematical analysis and simulation results confirm the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Supercritical water gasification of biomass in diamond anvil cells and fluidized beds
Authors: Reddy Sivamohan N. , Ding Ning , Nanda Sonil , Dalai Ajay K. , Kozinski Janusz A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWith the shift in interest towards renewable energy, hydrogen as an alternative gaseous fuel seems to attract much attention. Waste biomass is an ideal option for the synthesis of biofuels due to its abundance and no net CO2 emissions. Hydrogen can be produced through supercritical water gasification of waste biomass. Hydrogen is an attractive energy carrier which can be used as a direct fuel or in fuel cells to generate electricity and in other energy‐producing processes. Gasification of biomass in supercritical water can be performed for hydrogen generation in both batch and continuous modes with/without the application of catalysts. In spite of the progress made in various gasification technologies, diamond anvil cells and fluidized beds as the new‐generation batch and continuous reactors, respectively, are not fully recognized. The current review is focused on understanding the design, application and limitations of these two new reactor configurations to help motivate their wide‐scale utilization. The review also discusses the potential of diamond anvil cells in studying the involved chemical reactions, thermodynamics, and phase behavior of biomass components during gasification. Nonetheless, the caliber of fluidized beds in continuously gasifying biomass for hydrogen production in supercritical water is also documented. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd