bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Novel Lithium Salts containing Pentafluorophenylamido-based Anions and Investigation of their Thermal and Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Huber Benedikt , Linder Thomas , Hormann Kristof , Frömling Till , Sundermeyer Jörg , Roling Bernhard 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Three novel lithium salts, lithium bis(pentafluorophenyl)amide LiN(Pfp)2, lithium pentafluorphenyl(trifluormethylsulfonyl)imide LiN(Pfp)(Tf) and lithium pentafluorphenyl(nonafluorbutylsulfonyl)imide LiN(Pfp)(Nf) were synthesized and characterized with respect to their thermal and electrochemical properties. LiN(Pfp)2 decomposes at 108 ºC, whereas Li-N(Pfp)(Tf) and Li-N(Pfp)(Nf) show a much higher thermal stability of 307 ºC and 316 ºC, respectively. The ionic conductivity at 100 ºC measured by means of impedance spectroscopy decreases in the order LiN(Pfp)(Tf) > LiN(Tf)2
> LiN(Pfp)(Nf). Both, the activation energy and entropy for ion conduction in the new salts are lower than in LiN(Tf)2 (LiTFSI), most likely due to the lower symmetry of the new anions. The electrochemical stability and ionic conductivity of LiN(Pfp)(Tf) and LiN(Pfp)(Nf) solutions (0.1 mol/l) in ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (1:3 w/w) are slightly lower than those of the LiTFSI solution, but still sufficient for application in lithium ion batteries. The high thermal stability of the novel salts and their stability towards hydrolysis makes them attractive candidates for overcoming the drawbacks of LiPF6-based electrolytes at elevated temperatures.
Double Responsive Hydrogels based on Tertiary Amine Methacrylate Star Block Copolymers
Authors: Schmalz Alexander , Schmalz Holger , Müller Axel H. E. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Double hydrophilic stimuli-responsive star block copolymers with poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMA) inner blocks and poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDEA) outer blocks were synthesized using ATRP. Different multifunctional initiators based on sugar scaffolds were employed in a core-first approach with sequential polymerization of both blocks yielding stars with 4 and 6 arms, respectively, and varying length of the PDEA outer block. The star block copolymers show pH- and temperature-responsive aggregation as revealed by dynamic light scattering and turbidimetry. The impact of pH, PDEA block length and arm number on the gelation behavior was investigated by tube inversion and rheology.
Solubilisation of Oils of Different Polarity in Aqueous Solutions of Pluronic Triblock Copolymers
Authors: Liu Hsin-Yi , Prévost Sylvain , Gradzielski Michael 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The micellisation behaviour of Pluronic F108 was studied as a function of the addition of various more or less polar additives, such as hexanol, geraniol, toluene, methyl heptanoate, polyproylene oxide (PPO), and nitropropane. It is observed that the critical micellisation temperature (CMT) is substantially reduced upon the solubilisation of most of the additives (but not for methyl heptanoate and PPO) and at the same time the concomitant enthalpy of micellisation becomes larger. Both changes in CMT and enthalpy of micellisation are linear with respect to the concentration of additive. The pronouncedness of this effect is related to the polarity of the additive (as characterised for instance by its water solubility) and for instance similar effects are achieved for much smaller amounts of geraniol compared to hexanol. The structural evolution of the Pluronic solutions upon addition of the additives was also followed by SANS experiments and show that relatively small amounts of added solubilisate can have a very pronounced effect on the extent of the micellisation and size of the aggregates formed, i.e., effectively lowering the CMT by rendering the amphiphilic system more hydrophobic and especially the medium chain alcohols show pronounced synergism.
Terminology inaccuracies in the interpretation of imaging results in detection of cervical lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid cancer
Authors: Mulla Mubashir , Schulte Klaus-Martin 
Published: September 2012

Cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) are the most common site of metastases in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Ultrasound scan (US) is the most commonly used imaging modality in the evaluation of CLNs in PTC. Computerised tomography (CT) and 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18FDG PET–CT) are used less commonly. It is widely believed that the above imaging techniques should guide the surgical approach to the patient with PTC.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of imaging studies from the literature assessing the usefulness for the detection of metastatic CLNs in PTC. We evaluated the author's interpretation of their numeric findings specifically with regard to ‘sensitivity’ and ‘negative predictive value’ (NPV) by comparing their use against standard definitions of these terms in probabilistic statistics.ResultsA total of 16 studies used probabilistic terms to describe the value of US for the detection of LN metastases. Only 6 (37.5%) calculated sensitivity and NPV correctly. For CT, out of the eight studies, only 1 (12.5%) used correct terms to describe analytical results. One study looked at magnetic resonance imaging, while three assessed 18FDG PET–CT, none of which provided correct calculations for sensitivity and NPV.ConclusionImaging provides high specificity for the detection of cervical metastases of PTC. However, sensitivity and NPV are low. The majority of studies reporting on a high sensitivity have not used key terms according to standard definitions of probabilistic statistics. Against common opinion, there is no current evidence that failure to find LN metastases on ultrasound or cross-sectional imaging can be used to guide surgical decision making.
Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Work Productivity in Primary Care Practice and a Comparison with Other Common Diseases: The Cross-sectional Study to Evaluate Work Productivity in Allergic Rhinitis Compared with Other Common Diseases (CAPRI) Study
Authors: Caballer Belén de la Hoz , Rodríguez Mercedes , Fraj Juan , Cerecedo Inmaculada , Antolín-Amérigo Darío , Colas Carlos 
Published: September 2012

Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a highly prevalent allergic disease and also counts among the 10 most frequent reasons for medical consultation. Its impact on quality of life (QoL) and work productivity has been established but comparisons with other diseases are rare in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of AR in health-related QoL (HRQoL) and work productivity in primary care patients, compared with other prevalent diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM) type II, and symptomatic depression. Methods Six hundred sixteen patients were included in a multicenter cross-sectional observational study. A generic HRQoL questionnaire, 36-item Short Form, and a specific questionnaire, “Work Productivity and Activity Impairment” were handed out to measure QoL and work productivity impact of the diseases. To assess clinical severity with a comparable scale between diseases Clinical Global Impression (CGI) had been used. Results Symptomatic depression was found to produce the greatest impairment on work productivity with a decrease of 59.5%, with significant differences compared with AR, hypertension, and DM type II (p < 0.05). Symptomatic depression was found to produce the highest negative impact on daily activities with a statistically significant reduction of 59.4% (p < 0.05) compared with AR (26.6% decrease), hypertension (8.8% decrease), and DM (16.7% decrease) patients. Differences between AR and DM or hypertension were also significant (p < 0.05). Restriction on daily activities for AR was 27.8%, which is significantly higher (p < 0.05) than hypertension (19.8% decrease) but not DM (25.7% decrease). Depression had the highest impairment on daily activities (59.4%), compared with the remaining three groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion AR impairs work productivity in a greater magnitude than hypertension and DM type II.
Peripheral Blood and Tissue T Regulatory Cells in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Sharma Shilpy , Watanabe So , Sivam Anita , Wang JiangHong , Neuwirth Samantha J. , Perez Rosanne I. , De Tineo Marcella , Baroody Fuad M. , Naclerio Robert M. , Pinto Jayant M. 
Published: September 2012

Background The pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has not been fully elucidated. Increased inflammatory cell infiltration and decreased numbers and/or impaired function of T regulatory cells (Tregs) have been reported. This study aimed to determine the role of Tregs in CRS in peripheral blood (PB) and sinus tissue. Methods Sinus tissue was obtained from 16 CRS subjects and 5 controls. PB from additional 16 CRS subjects and total 20 controls was obtained. Immunohistochemical analysis (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and Treg [CD4+-FoxP3+ and CD25+-FoxP3+] cells) of sinus tissue was performed. Percentage of PB Tregs (CD4+-CD25+-FoxP3+ cells) was analyzed by flow cytometry. Spontaneous and phytohemagglutin (PHA)-induce lease of cytokines (IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, interferon gamma, transforming growth factor [TGF] beta1, and TNF-alpha) from PB mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was determined. Results PB flow cytometric analysis revealed a lower percentage of Tregs in subjects with CRS compared with healthy controls (p = 0.0003). Although no differences in the PB Treg counts were observed between the CRS subjects with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) and without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP), immunohistochemical analysis performed on sinus tissue revealed a higher proportion of Tregs in CRSwNP subjects compared with CRSsNP (p < 0.05). Additionally, we failed to detect any Tregs from control sphenoid sinus tissue. Lower levels regulatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β1) and higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) were found from PBMCs from CRS subjects compared with controls (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our findings suggest that CRS subjects exhibit a decreased percentage of PB Tregs compared with normal controls. PBMCs from CRS subjects show a more proinflammatory and less regulatory phenotype.
Ultrasonographic Monitoring of New Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Implant Thickness after Augmentation Rhinoplasty
Authors: Jung Yong Gi , Kim Kyoung Hwi , Dhong Hun-Jong 
Published: September 2012

Background Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) is currently one of the most popular implant materials for rhinoplasty. Surgiform (Surgiform Technology, Ltd., Lugoff, SC) is a recently introduced ePTFE material with physical characteristics that are slightly different from Gore-Tex (W.L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, AZ). Changes in Surgiform thickness after rhinoplasty are not well documented. Methods This prospective study enrolled 16 patients (12 male and 4 female patients) who underwent primary augmentation rhinoplasty with Surgiform. High-resolution ultrasonography was used to measure implant thickness after a mean follow-up period of 14.7 months (range, 8–21 months). Results Surgiform implants were easily and clearly demarcated from surrounding tissue. The mean thickness of inserted implants was 2.37 ± 0.80 mm at the rhinion and 3.12 ± 1.26 mm at the supratip. The follow-up thickness was 2.35 ± 0.77 mm at the rhinion and 3.09 ± 1.23 mm at the supratip. Implant thickness did not decrease significantly at the rhinion (p = 0.112) or the supratip (p = 0.165). Conclusion Ultrasonographic monitoring indicated that Surgiform e-PTFE does not shrink significantly over time.
The Creation and Verification of Cranial Models Using Three-dimensional Rapid Prototyping Technology in Field of Transnasal Sphenoid Endoscopy
Authors: Waran Vicknes , Menon Roshni , Pancharatnam Devaraj , Rathinam Alwin Kumar , Balakrishnan Yuwaraj Kumar , Tung Tan Su , Raman Rajagopalan , Prepageran Narayanan , Chandran Hari , Rahman Zainal Ariff Abdul 
Published: September 2012

Background Surgical navigation systems have been used increasingly in guiding complex ear, nose, and throat surgery. Although these are helpful, they are only beneficial intraoperatively; thus, the novice surgeon will not have the preoperative training or exposure that can be vital in complex procedures. In addition, there is a lack of reliable models to give surgeons hands-on training in performing such procedures. Methods A technique using an industrial rapid prototyping process by three-dimensional (3D) printing was developed, from which accurate spatial models of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses (sphenoid sinus in particular), and intrasellar/pituitary pathology were produced, according to the parameters of an individual patient. Image-guided surgical (IGS) techniques on two different platforms were used during endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery to test and validate the anatomical accuracy of the sinus models by comparing the models with radiological images of the patient on IGS. Results It was possible to register, validate, and navigate accurately on these models using commonly available navigation stations, matching accurately the anatomy of the model to the IGS images. Conclusion These 3D models can be reliably used for teaching/training and preoperative planning purposes.
A quantitative approach to nucleophilic organocatalysis
Authors: Mayr Herbert , Lakhdar Sami , Maji Biplab , Ofial Armin R 
Published: September 2012

The key steps in most organocatalytic cyclizations are the reactions of electrophiles with nucleophiles. Their rates can be calculated by the linear free-energy relationship log k(20 °C) = sN(E + N), where electrophiles are characterized by one parameter (E) and nucleophiles are characterized by the solvent-dependent nucleophilicity (N) and sensitivity (sN) parameters.Electrophilicity parameters in the range –10 < E < –5 were determined for iminium ions derived from cinnamaldehyde and common organocatalysts, such as pyrrolidines and imidazolidinones, by studying the rates of their reactions with reference nucleophiles. Iminium activated reactions of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes can, therefore, be expected to proceed with nucleophiles of 2 < N < 14, because such nucleophiles are strong enough to react with iminium ions but weak enough not to react with their precursor aldehydes. With the N parameters of enamines derived from phenylacetaldehyde and MacMillan’s imidazolidinones one can rationalize why only strong electrophiles, such as stabilized carbenium ions (–8 < E < –2) or hexachlorocyclohexadienone (E = –6.75), are suitable electrophiles for enamine activated reactions with imidazolidinones. Several mechanistic controversies concerning iminium and enamine activated reactions could thus be settled by studying the reactivities of independently synthesized intermediates.Kinetic investigations of the reactions of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) with benzhydrylium ions showed that they have similar nucleophilicities to common organocatalysts (e.g., PPh3, DMAP, DABCO) but are much stronger (100–200 kJ mol–1) Lewis bases. While structurally analogous imidazolylidenes and imidazolidinylidenes have comparable nucleophilicities and Lewis basicities, the corresponding deoxy Breslow intermediates differ dramatically in reactivity. The thousand-fold higher nucleophilicity of 2-benzylidene-imidazoline relative to 2-benzylidene-imidazolidine is explained by the gain of aromaticity during electrophilic additions to the imidazoline derivatives. O-Methylated Breslow intermediates are a hundred-fold less nucleophilic than deoxy Breslow intermediates.
The Relationships among Socioeconomic Status, Fruit and Vegetable Intake, and Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Shimotsu Scott T. , Jones-Webb Rhonda J. , Lytle Leslie A. , MacLehose Richard F. , Nelson Toben F. , Forster Jean L. 
Published: September 2012

Purpose. We examined the relationships among fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, and socioeconomic status (SES). We hypothesized that fruit and vegetable consumption would be inversely associated with alcohol consumption and the relationship would differ by SES. Design. A cross-sectional analysis. Setting. Large, urban Midwestern county. Subjects. A unique, racially/ethnically diverse sample of 9959 adults (response rate: 66.3%). Measures. Fruit and vegetable intake was measured using two items that assessed servings per day. Alcohol consumption was measured in terms of volume of alcohol consumed and binge drinking. Individual measures of SES included education and household income. Analysis. Weighted multivariate linear and Poisson regression were used to estimate effects. Results. The relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and alcohol consumption varied by SES. Those with lower household incomes who consumed five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day were less likely to engage in binge drinking relative to those consuming zero to one servings of fruits and vegetables per day (risk ratio = .66; 95% confidence interval: .46, .95). No association was observed for higher–household-income individuals. Conclusion. We observed an inverse relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and alcohol intake in those with lower household incomes but not in those with higher household incomes. Results suggest that the relationship between diet and alcohol consumption may be more relevant in populations with more restricted economic choices. Results are, however, based on cross-sectional data.
« Le Québec a charge d’âmes » : L’Action française de Montréal et les minorités françaises (1917-1928)1
Authors: Bock Michel 
Published: September 2012

En s’appuyant sur l’exemple de la revue mensuelle L’Action française, cet article cherche à circonscrire la place des minorités françaises du Canada dans le nationalisme canadien-français des années 1920, problématique négligée par les historiens. L’auteur démontre que la conception « romantique » qu’avait la revue de la nation canadienne-française faisait des minorités les vestiges ou le prolongement du grand « Empire français d’Amérique », argument qui sera fréquemment utilisé par la rédaction afin de revendiquer le respect de leurs droits scolaires et religieux. Par ailleurs, ce n’est que lorsque considérés en fonction des minorités françaises que quelques-uns des plus importants thèmes du nationalisme canadien-français, comme la mission providentielle du Canada français, trouvent tout leur sens. La nation étant une entité « organique », L’Action française assignait également au Québec un devoir de solidarité nationale envers les minorités aux prises avec les politiquesassimilatrices de la majorité anglo-protestante du pays.
L’histoire urbaine au Québec durant les années 1990 : de nouvelles tendances1 ?
Authors: Poitras Claire 
Published: September 2012

Quels sont les domaines en émergence en histoire urbaine au Canada et au Québec mis de l’avant par les travaux de recherche publiés dans les périodiques scientifiques depuis 1990 ? À partir d’une synthèse des travaux de recherche portant sur les villes québécoises, nous dégageons les thèmes, les approches et les outils d’analyse qui ont fait l’objet d’une attention soutenue de la part des chercheurs. En quoi les interrogations soulevées par ces derniers se distinguent-elles des questions que posaient les historiens il y a une quinzaine d’années ? D’une manière générale, dans le champ de l’histoire urbaine, les chercheurs ont-ils été influencés par le renouvellement du questionnement relatif à la production de la ville et des milieux urbains dans les autres disciplines ? Parmi les thèmes traités, certains ressortent: le pouvoir local, la place occupée dans la ville par les groupes sociaux en fonction de leur identité (ethnique, sexuelle, sociale), la ville comme lieu d’expression culturelle, les nouvelles formes urbaines et suburbaines.
De la ville idéelle à la ville idéale : l’invention de la place royale à Québec1
Authors: Morisset Lucie K. , Noppen Luc 
Published: September 2012

En 1931, on installait dans la basse-ville de Québec un nouveau monument : curieusement anachronique, le buste de Louis xiv — cadeau du gouvernement français — consacra ce qui, depuis, paraît appartenir à des temps immémoriaux : le nom du lieu, « Place-Royale », et sa vocation de « berceau de la francophonie ».
Or, la place royale en question, bien plus que quelque roi, représentait en fait l’idéal d’une histoire, articulée par une rumeur qu’on attribuait au xviie siècle même, et qui avait jusqu’à modulé, prévenu, voire freiné l’aménagement du lieu. Cet article retrace l’invention de cette ville virtuelle, dont les péripéties sur papier, à partir de l’obscur dessein d’un intendant français, interrogent la distribution des rôles, de l’idéal et du territoire, dans la genèse de l’identité de la ville. L’atterrissage de la représentation qu’on avait forgée ne se fit d’ailleurs pas sans violence : à la conformité de la « place royale sur papier », on finit en effet par sacrifier la basse-ville à un chantier de rénovation urbaine, pour y « restaurer » cet imaginaire tenace d’une intention projetée, par la fin du xxe siècle, sur les origines de la ville…
Morale catholique et genre féminin
Authors: Perreault Isabelle 
Published: September 2012

Depuis le début du dernier siècle au Québec, deux grandes visions de la sexualité se juxtaposent et s’enchevêtrent : les prescriptions morales et religieuses qui maintiennent l’idée de naturalisme dans les pratiques sexuelles (procréation et hétérosexualité), et le développement d’une approche individualiste et plurielle qui prône le plaisir. À partir de ce constat, cet article analyse les discours catholiques sur la sexualité féminine au Québec de 1930 à 1960. Les sources, les manuels de sexualité maritale, offrent les détails et les instructions d’une activité sexuelle comme elle se doit d’être. Les auteurs de ces manuels développent leurs idées sur l’identité sexuelle et genrée de même que sur les pratiques sexuelles spécifiques aux femmes et aux hommes. Les discours alternent du moralisme chrétien à la psychologie individuelle pour justifier l’équilibre conjugal au moment où celui-ci est mis à mal. Alors que physiquement les femmes sont visiblement différentes par leurs facultés de procréation, il semble également important de les distinguer moralement et intellectuellement. Ces différences permettent de réaffirmer et de justifier le rôle sexuel des femmes au sein du couple durant la période étudiée.
Le Devoir et la guerre d’Espagne
Authors: Pomeyrols Catherine 
Published: September 2012

Les différences dans le découpage des champs historiographiques français et québécois autorisent des approches fructueuses, comme veut le montrer cette étude de cas au sujet de la guerre d’Espagne. L’objet de cet article n’est pas d’étudier une fois de plus le contenu des discours mais les usages d’une référence, en l’occurrence ceux que Le Devoir fait de la presse française à cette occasion. Plusieurs procédés d’emprunts et de sélection sont observables, ainsi que des silences et des non-dits ; la presse française d’extrême droite, de droite et catholique est utilisée dans un contexte d’énonciation local, car la guerre d’Espagne sert ici aussi de révélateur.