bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age and race differences in racial stereotype awareness and endorsement
Authors: Copping Kristine E. , Kurtz‐Costes Beth , Rowley Stephanie J. , Wood Dana 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAge and race differences in race stereotype awareness and endorsement were examined in 382 Black and White fourth, sixth, and eighth graders. Youths reported their own beliefs and their perceptions of adults' beliefs about racial differences in ability in two domains: academics and sports. Children's own endorsement of race stereotypes was highly correlated with their perceptions of adults' race stereotypes. Blacks reported stronger traditional sports stereotypes than Whites, and 4th‐ and 6th‐grade Blacks reported roughly egalitarian academic stereotypes. At every grade level, Whites reported academic stereotypes that favored Whites, and 6th‐ and 8th‐grade Whites reported sports stereotypes that favored Blacks. Results support the tenets of status theory and have implications for identity development and achievement motivation in adolescents.
Responsibility judgments and responses to people living with AIDS in China: testing an attributional perspective
Authors: Zhang Aiqing , Rivkin Inna , An Na 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWith one in five individuals in the world living in China, there is an urgent need for HIV prevention and understanding HIV/AIDS stigma in China. This study applies an attributional analysis to Chinese students' responses to AIDS, examining effects of attributions of causal controllability for HIV infection on reactions to people living with HIV/AIDS. Students (n = 309) read one of two scenarios describing an AIDS patient and manipulating controllability of AIDS onset. Controllability of AIDS onset contributed to responsibility judgments, less positive affect, and lower desires to personally interact with the patient. Responsibility judgments predicted interaction wishes directly and indirectly through positive affect. Results provide support for Weiner's interpersonal attributional model. Implications for responses to AIDS in China are discussed.
Whole body application of a potent topical corticosteroid for bullous pemphigoid
Authors: Terra J.B. , Potze W.J.B. , Jonkman M.F. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundCurrent standard of treatment of bullous pemphigoid (BP) is systemic oral corticosteroids (CS). However, significant iatrogenic morbidity and mortality is reported. Studies have shown that topical potent CS is safer than oral prednisolone in BP.ObjectivesTo examine the local and systemic efficacy and adverse effects of whole body clobetasol propionate cream application in patients with mild or severe BP.MethodsOpen, clinical records‐based retrospective analysis of a series of mild (n = 40) and severe (n = 34) BP patients, treated with ranging doses (20–40 g/day) clobetasol propionate cream. For assessing systemic effects, we observed in selected cases eosinophil count and morning urine cortisol level.ResultsPatients with mild BP achieved in 90.0% disease control and in severe BP in 73.5%. Complete remission was achieved in mild BP in 64.1% (35.9% off therapy and 28.2% on therapy) vs. 41.2% in severe BP (5.9% off therapy and 35.3% on therapy). Local adverse effects were mainly skin atrophy (14.9%) and purpura (5.4%). Systemic adverse effects were rare (n = 3) and consisted of deep vein thrombosis, hypertrichosis and adrenocortical insufficiency. Systemic effect was witnessed by immediate drop of eosinophil count, and decrease in the morning urine cortisol in selected cases.ConclusionsTopical whole body application of clobetasol propionate cream as monotherapy can be effective and safe in the induction phase of treatment in mild BP and severe BP. When relapse occurs adjuvant systemic medication is mandatory. Potent CS works locally and systemically against BP, at the price of significant local and less significant systemic adverse effects.
Clinical Experience of Modified Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging Protocol for Lesion Detection in Transient Global Amnesia: An 8‐Year Large‐Scale Clinical Study
Authors: Kim Jungeun , Kwon Yooseok , Yang Youngsoon , Jang Il Mi , Chang YoungHee , Park Young Ho , Jang Jae Won , Kim Jae Hyoung , Kim SangYun 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe detection rate of typical transient global amnesia (TGA) lesions on diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) can be improved, up to 85% with optimal DWI parameters and imaging time. There is limited evidence that these findings are similar to those observed in large‐scale consecutive patients with TGA in clinical practice.METHODSPatients with clinically diagnosed TGA underwent magnetic resonance imaging studies, consecutively, with three sets of DWI parameters (standard clinical DWI protocols, the TGA DWI protocol I and the TGA DWI protocol II) in which the resolution, slice thickness, and the time interval between symptom onset of DWI were varied over an 8‐year period.RESULTSTGA lesion detection rates were up to 88% with a modified TGA DWI protocol. The lesion detection rate was the highest using TGA DWI protocol I, with b = 3,000 s/mm2, a slice thickness of 3 mm, and performed on the third day after symptom onset, and TGA DWI protocol II, with b = 2,000 s/mm2 and a slice thickness of 2 mm.CONCLUSIONSA modified TGA DWI protocols for detecting TGA lesions are useful in large‐scale clinical practice for confirming the diagnosis of TGA patients with clinical findings.
Medical management of paediatric burn injuries: Best practice part 2
Authors: D'Cruz Rachel , Martin Hugh CO , Holland Andrew JA 
Published: April 2013

Abstract Burns remain a leading cause of injury in the paediatric population in Australia despite efforts in prevention. Advances in surgical management include novel debridement methods and blood conserving techniques. Patients with severe burns (>20%) remain significantly more complex to manage as a result of extensive alterations in metabolic processes. There appears increasing evidence to support the use of pharmacological modulators of the hyper‐metabolic state in these patients. The management of a child with burns involves acute, subacute and long‐term planning. This holistic approach seems optimally co‐ordinated by a Burns Unit in which each discipline required to provide care to these children in order to achieve optimal outcomes is represented.
Inoculum Density Relationships for Infection of Some Eastern US Forest Species by Phytophthora ramorum
Authors: Tooley Paul W. , Browning Marsha , Leighty Robert M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractOur objectives were to establish inoculum density relationships between P. ramorum and selected hosts using detached leaf and whole‐plant inoculations. Young plants and detached leaves of Quercus prinus (Chestnut oak), Q. rubra (Northern red oak), Acer rubrum (red maple), Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel) and Rhododendron ‘Cunningham's White’ were dip‐inoculated with varying numbers of P. ramorum sporangia, and the total number of diseased and healthy leaves recorded following incubation at 20°C and 100% relative humidity. Calibration threshold estimates for obtaining 50% infected leaves based on linear analysis ranged from 36 to 750 sporangia/ml for the five hosts. Half‐life (LD50) estimates (the number of spores for which the per cent of diseased leaves reaches 50% of its total) from asymptotic regression analysis ranged from 94 to 319 sporangia/ml. Statistically significant differences (P = 0.0076) were observed among hosts in per cent infection in response to increased inoculum density. Inoculum threshold estimates based on studies with detached leaves were comparable to those obtained using whole plants. The results provide estimates of inoculum levels necessary to cause disease on these five P. ramorum hosts and will be useful in disease prediction and for development of pest risk assessments.
Burnout among therapists working with persons with autism after the 2009 earthquake in L'Aquila, Italy: a longitudinal comparative study
Authors: Valenti M. , La Malfa G , Tomassini A. , Masedu F. , Tiberti S. , Sorge G. 
Published: April 2013

Accessible summary
This study was the first attempt to evaluate burnout occurrence in mental health therapists working in a highly exposed setting, characterized by prolonged exposure to an autism‐related work frame and a post‐earthquake aftermath.
Results strongly suggest that autism therapists exposed to a disruptive earthquake are at higher risk of burnout than caregivers working in typical conditions. In presence of high‐risk exposures, burnout occurs rapidly (1 year) with respect to times to event described in the literature (4 years or later).
Efforts are required to help mental health workers, including psychiatric nurses, to cope with the devastating situation determined by an earthquake. Assuming that return to good work conditions, supervision support, and natural adaptation are plausible determinants in reducing burnout risk, a periodical monitoring of mental health status is recommended in mental health works.
AbstractThe aim of this study was to follow up the occurrence of burnout in therapists of children and adolescents with autism experiencing the 2009 earthquake in L'Aquila, and to discuss implications for burnout prevention after disasters. A longitudinal study was carried out, measuring burnout outcomes according to the Maslach Burnout Inventory in 11 exposed and 53 unexposed therapists. Staff in the exposed group appeared to report significantly higher levels of emotional exhaustion after 1 and 2 years of follow‐up than the unexposed staff. As to lack of personal accomplishment, the exposed groups shows increasingly lower scores with respect to the unexposed group, with personal accomplishment (PA) values falling from 41.0 [standard deviation (SD) 3.7] to 33.4 (SD 4.1) after 2 years, whereas PA values remain stable over time in the unexposed group. As to depersonalization, data show no significant difference between groups. Burnout occurrence is induced by the exceptional stressors related with natural disasters like earthquakes. Efforts are required to help mental health workers, including psychiatric nurses, to cope with the devastating situation determined by an earthquake. A periodical monitoring of mental health status is recommended in mental health works, especially with regard to help with post‐traumatic stress disorder, coping with work and therapeutic relationships, family and social life and economic impact.
Nerve Injury-Induced Protein 1 (Ninjurin-1) is a Novel Therapeutic Target for Cavernous Nerve Injury-Induced Erectile Dysfunction in Mice
Authors: Yin Guo Nan , Kim Woo Jean , Jin HaiRong , Kwon MiHye , Song KangMoon , Choi Min Ji , Park JinMi , Das Nando Dulal , Kwon KiDong , Batbold Dulguun , Kim KyuWon , Ryu JiKan , Suh JunKyu 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer can not only induce cavernous nerve injury (CNI) but also result in structural changes in the cavernous tissues. Nerve injuryinduced protein 1, Ninjurin1 (Ninj1), is known to be involved in neuroinflammatory processes and to be related to vascular regression during the embryonic period.

Aim
The study aims to determine whether and how Ninj1 neutralizing antibody (Ninj1Ab) restores erectile function in mice with CNI.

Methods
Twelveweekold C57BL/6J mice were used and distributed into four groups: sham operation group and CNI groups receiving a single intracavernous injection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) control antibody, lowdose Ninj1Ab (1.0 μg/20 μL), or highdose Ninj1Ab (2.5 μg/20 μL).

Main Outcome Measures
One week after bilateral cavernous nerve crush, erectile function was measured by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve. The penis was harvested for histologic examinations and Western blot analysis.

Results
The cavernous expression of Ninj1 protein was upregulated up to 7 days after CNI and returned to baseline levels thereafter. Local delivery of Ninj1Ab significantly increased penile neuronal nitric oxide synthase and neurofilament contents, induced cavernous endothelial proliferation and phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and decreased endothelial cell apoptosis in the CNI mice by upregulating angiopoietin1 and downregulating angiopoietin2. Highdose Ninj1Ab induced profound restoration of erectile function in the CNI mice (91% of sham control values), whereas lowdose Ninj1Ab elicited partial improvement.

Conclusion
The dual neurotrophic and angiogenic effects of Ninj1 blockade may provide a good opportunity for treating erectile dysfunction resulting from radical prostatectomy.
Physicochemical Interpretation of Acid‐Base Abnormalities in 54 Adult Horses with Acute Severe Colitis and Diarrhea
Authors: Gomez D.E. , Arroyo L.G. , Stämpfli H.R. , Cruz L.E. , Oliver O.J. 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundThe quantitative effect of strong electrolytes,pCO2, and plasma protein concentration in determining plasmapHand bicarbonate concentrations can be demonstrated with the physicochemical approach. Plasma anion gap (AG) and strong ion gap (SIG) are used to assess the presence or absence of unmeasured anions.HypothesesThe physicochemical approach is useful for detection and explanation of acid‐base disorders in horses with colitis.AGandSIGaccurately predict hyperlactatemia in horses with colitis.AnimalsFifty‐four horses with acute colitis and diarrhea.MethodsRetrospective study.Physicochemical variables were calculated for each patient.ROCcurves were generated to analyze sensitivity and specificity ofAGandSIGfor predicting hyperlactatemia.ResultsPhysicochemical interpretation of acid‐base events indicated that strong ion metabolic acidosis was present in 39 (72%) horses. Mixed strong ion acidosis and decreased weak acid (hypoproteinemia) alkalosis was concomitantly present in 17 (30%) patients. The sensitivity and specificity of AG and SIG to predict hyperlactatemia (L‐lactate > 5mEq/L) were 100% (95% CI, 66.4–100;P < .0001) and 84.4% (95% CI, 70.5–93.5P < .0001). Area under the ROC curve for AG and SIG for predicting hyperlactatemia was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.86–0.99) and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.83–0.99), respectively.Conclusion and Clinical relevanceThese results emphasize the importance of strong ions and proteins in the maintenance of the acid‐base equilibria.AGandSIGwere considered good predictors of clinically relevant hyperlactatemia.
Systemic, Renal, and Colonic Effects of Intravenous and Enteral Rehydration in Horses
Authors: Lester G.D. , Merritt A.M. , Kuck H.V. , Burrow J.A. 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundIntravenous (IV) and intragastric (IG) administration of fluid therapy are commonly used in equine practice, but there are limited data on the systemic, renal, and enteric effects.HypothesisIVfluid administration will increase intestinal and fecal hydration in a rate‐dependent manner after hypertonic dehydration, but will be associated with significant urinary water and electrolyte loss. Equivalent volumes ofIGplain water will result in comparatively greater intestinal hydration with less renal loss.AnimalsSix Thoroughbred geldings.MethodsExperimental study. 6 by 6 Latin square design investigating constant rateIVadministration at 50, 100, and 150 mL/kg/d over 24 hours in horses dehydrated by water deprivation. Equivalent volumes ofIGplain water were administered by 4 bolus doses over 24 hours.ResultsWater deprivation resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of fecal water, and increases in serum and urine osmolality.IVfluids administered at 100 and 150 mL/kg/d restored fecal hydration, but increasing the rate from 100 to 150 mL/kg/d did not confer any additional intestinal benefit, but did result in significantly greater urine production and sodium loss. Equivalent 24‐hour volumes of plain water resulted in greater intestinal water and less urine output.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIVpolyionic isotonic fluids can be used to hydrate intestinal contents in situations where enteral fluids are impractical.IVfluids administered at three times maintenance are no more efficacious and might be associated with adverse physiological findings after withdrawal. Bolus dosing ofIGwater can be used to restore intestinal water with minimal adverse effects.
Benign Cephalic Histiocytosis: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Patsatsi Aikaterini , Kyriakou Aikaterini , Sotiriadis Dimitrios 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBenign cephalic histiocytosis (BCH) is a rare type of non‐Langerhans histiocytic disorder, usually presenting with small, yellow‐red or yellow‐brown, asymptomatic papules, located mostly on the head and neck of infants and young children. The histopathologic hallmark of BCH is a well‐circumscribed histiocytic infiltrate in the superficial to mid‐reticular dermis. BCH is a self‐healing disorder, with the eruptions regressing spontaneously in most cases; therefore no treatment is required. We present a case of BCH in a 7‐month‐old boy who was referred to our department with multiple, asymptomatic, yellow‐red papules located on his face, and we review 55 cases published in the English‐language literature in an effort to better describe and understand this unusual entity.
Results of single‐center screening for chronic hepatitis E in children after liver transplantation and report on successful treatment with ribavirin
Authors: Junge Norman , Pischke Sven , Baumann Ulrich , Goldschmidt Imeke , Manns Michael , Wedemeyer Heiner , Pfister Eva‐Doreen 
Published: April 2013

AbstractRNA screening for HEV in 22 liver‐transplanted children with chronic graft hepatitis out of a cohort of 267 liver‐transplanted children detected a single patient with chronic HEV infection. Although this patient remained viremic for 33 months, anti‐HEV‐IgG was not detectable with MP assay but with Wantai assay. We present the first case of successful ribavirin therapy in an immunosuppressed child with chronic HEV infection. In conclusion, chronic HEV infection in immunosuppressed children may not be detectable employing serological assays. Therefore, the most reliably screening method is screening for HEV‐RNA. Chronic HEV infection in children can successfully be treated with ribavirin.
Economic and Environmental Assessment of Remanufacturing Strategies for Product + Service Firms
Authors: Ovchinnikov Anton , Blass Vered , Raz Gal 
Published: April 2013

This article provides a data‐driven assessment of economic and environmental aspects of remanufacturing for product + service firms. A critical component of such an assessment is the issue of demand cannibalization. We therefore present an analytical model and a behavioral study which together incorporate demand cannibalization from multiple customer segments across the firm's product line. We then perform a series of numerical simulations with realistic problem parameters obtained from both the literature and discussions with industry executives. Our findings show that remanufacturing frequently aligns firms' economic and environmental goals by increasing profits and decreasing the total environmental impact. We show that in some cases, an introduction of a remanufactured product leads to no changes in the new products' prices (positioning within the product line), implying a positive demand cannibalization and a decrease in the environmental impact; this provides support for a heuristic approach commonly used in practice. Yet in other cases, the firm can increase profits by decreasing the new product's prices and increasing sales—a negative effective cannibalization. With negative cannibalization the firm's total environmental impact often increases due to the growth in new production. However, we illustrate that this growth is nearly always sustainable, as the relative environmental impacts per unit and per dollar rarely increase.
Safety, Sensitivity and “Distant” Epistemic Luck
Authors: Freitag Wolfgang 
Published: April 2013

AbstractProminent instances of anti‐luck epistemology, in particular sensitivity and safety accounts of knowledge, introduce a modal condition on the pertinent belief in terms of closeness or similarity of possible worlds. Very roughly speaking, a belief must continue to be true in close possibilities in order to qualify as knowledge. Such closeness‐accounts derive much support from their (alleged) ability to eliminate standard instances of epistemic luck as they appear in prominent Gettier‐type examples. The article argues that there are new Gettier‐type examples which are grounded in “distant” epistemic luck. It is demonstrated that sensitivity and safety theories cannot handle such examples.
Variation of motivation between weekday and weekend donors and their association with distance from blood donation centres
Authors: Poon C. M. , Lee S. S. , Lee C. K. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryBackgroundMaintenance of an effective pool of regular donors is important for protecting public health. In planning the development of blood donation services, motivation for repeat donation would need to be considered in context of the location of blood donation centres in the community.Study Design and MethodsDonors giving blood in January 2012 were invited to participate in a cross‐sectional study by completing an anonymous online questionnaire. Residence and work/school locations were collected together with demographics and donation histories. Motivated donors were compared with less motivated ones in terms of their timing of blood donation and the spatial relationship with the donor centres.ResultsA total of 3744 questionnaires were completed, representing a response rate of 16·4%. Weekday centre donors were less likely to have returned for blood donation within a year [odds ratio (OR) = 0·79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0·65–0·96] and intend to donate in the following 6 months (OR = 0·69, 95% CI = 0·49–0·97). Living further away from the donor centres gave a higher OR for giving blood during weekdays among motivated centre donors, but such association was absent among less motivated centre donors. Regardless of the level of donors' motivation for blood donation, fewer weekday donations were made if the distance between location of school or workplace and donor centre increased.ConclusionBlood donation behaviour was associated with both the accessibility of donor centres and daily commuting patterns of the residents. Motivated centre donors were making more donations, regardless of the distance.
Some early eighteenth century geological Materia Medica
Authors: Duffin Christopher J. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

The transition from the late seventeenth to the early eighteenth century represented an interesting time in the development of the Materia Medica, with the traditional ‘Galenical’ approach being progressively replaced by the ‘Chymical’ approach, a necessary precursor to modern pharmacology. Four surviving complete and partial Materia Medica cabinets belonging to Sir Hans Sloane, John Vigani, John Addenbrooke and William Heberden form the focus for a consideration of changing practices in the medicinal use of geological materials over this period. The working and teaching cabinets contain both processed and unprocessed specimens of geological simples. Of these, some were waning in popularity (e.g. nephrite jade, Irish slate, pyrite and garnets, jet and cannel coal), others were hardly ever used (e.g. belemnites, echinoid spines, Goa Stone, hematite and aetites), whilst others still continued to be popular, either in raw or processed form (e.g. amber, cinnabar, selenite and
Terra Sigillata
). The collections, considered in the context of contemporary literature, provide a unique insight into this dynamic period in the history of pharmacy.