bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal Trends in Incidence and Outcomes of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy in the United States: A Nationwide Population‐Based Study
Authors: Kolte Dhaval , Khera Sahil , Aronow Wilbert S. , Palaniswamy Chandrasekar , Mujib Marjan , Ahn Chul , Jain Diwakar , Gass Alan , Ahmed Ali , Panza Julio A. , Fonarow Gregg C. 
Published: June 2014

Background

The reported incidence of peripartum cardiomyopathy (
PPCM
) in the United States varies widely. Furthermore, limited information is available on the temporal trends in incidence and outcomes of
PPCM
.

Methods and Results

We queried the 2004‐2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample databases to identify all women aged 15 to 54 years with the diagnosis of
PPCM
. Temporal trends in incidence (per 10 000 live births), maternal major adverse events (
MAE
; defined as in‐hospital mortality, cardiac arrest, heart transplant, mechanical circulatory support, acute pulmonary edema, thromboembolism, or implantable cardioverter defibrillator/permanent pacemaker implantation), cardiogenic shock, and mean length of stay were analyzed. From 2004 to 2011, we identified 34 219 women aged 15 to 54 years with
PPCM
. The overall
PPCM
rate was 10.3 per 10 000 (or 1 in 968) live births.
PPCM
incidence increased from 8.5 to 11.8 per 10 000 live births (
P
trend
<0.001) over the past 8 years.
MAE
occurred in 13.5% of patients. There was no temporal change in
MAE
rate, except a small increase in in‐hospital mortality and mechanical circulatory support (
P
trend
<0.05). Cardiogenic shock increased from 1.0% in 2004 to 4.0% in 2011 (
P
trend
<0.001). Mean length of stay decreased during the study period.

Conclusion

From 2004 to 2011, the incidence of
PPCM
has increased in the United States. Maternal
MAE
rates overall have remained unchanged while cardiogenic shock, utilization of mechanical circulatory support, and in‐hospital mortality have increased during the study period. Further study of the mechanisms underlying these adverse trends in the incidence and outcomes of
PPCM
are warranted.
Nobility in the Nicomachean Ethics
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis paper suggests that we understand Aristotle’s notion of nobility (τὸ καλόν) as what is morally praiseworthy, arguing that nobility is not to be understood impartially, that Aristotle is an egoist at the level of justification (though not at the level of motivation), and that he uses the idea of the noble as a bridge between self-interest and moral virtue. Implications for contemporary ethics are discussed.
Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Annobón (Equatorial Guinea)
Authors: Velayos Mauricio , Barberá Patricia , Cabezas Francisco J. , De la Estrella Manuel , Fero Maximiliano , Aedo Carlos 
Published: June 2014

An updated checklist of the vascular plants of Annobón Island (Equatorial Guinea) is presented. Two hundred and ninety-five taxa of Angiosperms in 211 genera and 68 families and 51 species of Pteridophytes in 31 genera and 18 families are listed from Annobón. The most represented families are Leguminosae (38 taxa), Gramineae (29 taxa) and Orchidaceae (28 taxa). In addition bibliographic references have been collated and checked. Thirty-eight species are included based on records from the literature where their distribution ranges suggest they should occur on Annobón. Fifty-four introduced species that have become naturalized are listed. Twenty-four taxa are recorded for the first time, three of which were not previously known for Equatorial Guinea. Peperomia blanda is recorded as a new for West Tropical Africa. At present 23 taxa are known to be endemic to Annobón or to Annobón and the islands of São Tomé or/and Príncipe. The percentage of endemic species is 7.8. The small area of Annobón and the strict application of conservation criteria indicated that every endemic of the island should be considered as threatened under IUCN guidelines. Species conservation assessments were undertaken for 23 taxa using IUCN criteria; 19 of these represent the first assessments for these species. The catalogue includes accepted names, synonyms and voucher specimens.
Mapping Brain Activity During Loss of Situation Awareness
Authors: Catherwood Di , Edgar Graham K. , Nikolla Dritan , Alford Chris , Brookes David , Baker Steven , White Sarah 
Published: June 2014

Objective: The objective was to map brain activity during early intervals in loss of situation awareness (SA) to examine any co-activity in visual and high-order regions, reflecting grounds for top-down influences on Level 1 SA. Background: Behavioral and neuroscience evidence indicates that high-order brain areas can engage before perception is complete. Inappropriate top-down messages may distort perception during loss of SA. Evidence of co-activity of perceptual and high-order regions would not confirm such influence but may reflect a basis for it. Method: SA and bias were measured using Quantitative Analysis of Situation Awareness and brain activity recorded with 128-channel EEG (electroencephalography) during loss of SA. One task (15 participants) required identification of a target pattern, and another task (10 participants) identification of “threat” in urban scenes. In both, the target was changed without warning, enforcing loss of SA. Key regions of brain activity were identified using source localization with standardized low-resolution electrical tomography (sLORETA) 150 to 160 ms post–stimulus onset in both tasks and also 100 to 110 ms in the second task. Results: In both tasks, there was significant loss of SA and bias shift ( p ≤ .02), associated at both 150- and 100-ms intervals with co-activity of visual regions and prefrontal, anterior cingulate and parietal regions linked to cognition under uncertainty. Conclusion: There was early co-activity in high-order and visual perception regions that may provide a basis for top-down influence on perception. Application: Co-activity in high- and low-order brain regions may explain either beneficial or disruptive top-down influence on perception affecting Level 1 SA in real-world operations.
Social Attachment and Juvenile Attitudes toward the Police in China
Authors: Zhang Hongwei , Zhao Ruohui , Zhao Jihong Solomon , Ren Ling 
Published: June 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the correlates of juvenile attitudes toward the police in the Chinese setting. It borrows from the prevailing criminological wisdom developed in the West and Confucian philosophical doctrines to shed light on how attachment to social institutions helps explain variation in juvenile sentiments of the police. Method: The data were collected from a sample of 2,679 high school students in a southwestern Chinese city. A second-order latent variable labeled social attachment is constructed and comprised of three lower order factors representing family attachment, neighborhood attachment, and school attachment. Traditional demographic background, victimization, and contact with the police variables commonly used in U.S. studies are included in the analysis. Structural equation modeling is employed to test hypothesized relationships among explanatory variables and juvenile attitudes toward the police. Results: The findings suggest that the higher order factor social attachment is the most robust predictor of juvenile evaluations of the police in China. Other commonly used demographic, socioeconomic, and police contact factors show limited utility. Conclusion: The findings lend support to propositions derived from the Western criminological theories and the eastern philosophical doctrine to a major extent. Both confirmations of expected findings and noteworthy surprises are discussed.
Contemporary Changes with the Use of Facial Nerve Monitoring in Chronic Ear Surgery
Authors: Hu Jinwei , Fleck Terry R. , Xu Jane , Hsu Jeffrey V. , Xu Helen X. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveThere is a growing trend for the routine use of the facial nerve monitor (FNM) in chronic ear surgery. We aimed to examine current patterns in the use of FNMs in chronic ear surgery.Study DesignDescriptive design (survey).SettingAcademic health center.MethodsA 10‐question survey was designed to identify level of training, scope of practice, specific otologic surgeries where monitoring was most used, and the opinion of respondents regarding the use of FNMs as standard of care for chronic and/or middle ear surgery. A randomized list of 2000 board‐certified members of the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery was generated. One thousand subjects received a mailed survey with a self‐addressed return envelope and 1000 subjects received an emailed survey through Surveymonkey.com.ResultsThere were 359 (36%) surveys returned by mail and 258 (26%) surveys returned electronically. Forty‐three percent of respondents were in private practice, and 31% were fellowship trained in otology/neurotology. Sixty‐five percent used a FNM in their training and 95% had regular access to a FNM. Revision mastoid surgery, cholesteatoma, canal wall down mastoidectomy, and facial recess approach were the settings where a FNM was most used. Forty‐nine percent of respondents felt that a FNM should be used as the standard of care in chronic ear surgery; this represents an increase from 32% in a similar study done approximately 10 years ago.ConclusionThere is a growing trend for routine facial nerve monitoring in the setting of chronic ear surgery.
When the mandatory second opinion fails to approve compulsory treatment
Authors: Lenagh-Glue Jessie , Glue Paul , Dawson John 
Published: June 2014

Objectives: To examine situations in which compulsory treatment was not approved by the second opinion required under New Zealand’s Mental Health Act. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative analysis of 11 index cases where full approval of treatment was not given and of 33 matched controls. Results: The reasons for non-approval of treatment were diverse. Following non-approval, intensive consultation occurred, reflecting significant disagreement between clinicians. The process of resolution included discharge from the Act, patients consenting to treatment and alternative treatment plans. Compared with controls, index cases had significantly lower rates of being mentally well in the community over the subsequent year. Conclusions: Non-approval marks a group of patients with very poor clinical outcome. Explicit processes are needed to manage non-approval of compulsory treatment plans.
Medical Risks and Benefits of Newborn Male Circumcision in the United States
Authors: Matar Lea , Zhu Julia , Chen Robert T. , Gust Deborah A. 
Published: June 2014

Introduction: In 2012, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) published recommendations that physicians should discuss with parents the benefits and risks of newborn male circumcision. Our objective was to assess physicians’ perspectives of newborn male circumcision. Methods: A self-administered, cross-sectional electronic survey of US physicians was conducted in 2008 (N = 1500). Results: Approximately one-third (33.2%) of the respondents reported that their current perspective was that the medical benefits outweigh the risks associated with newborn male circumcision and less than one-third (31.1%) reported they would recommend the procedure when counseling parents. Conclusions: In 2008, only about one-third of the physicians surveyed thought that the benefits of male circumcision outweighed the risks and recommended it to parents of newborn sons. These attitudes may be relevant to the declining circumcision rates in the United States. Repeat surveys may be useful, given the new AAP and ACOG recommendations.
Clinical Implications of Changing Parameters on an Elliptical Trainer
Authors: Kaplan Yonatan , Nyska Meir , Palmanovich Ezequiel , Shanker Rebecca 
Published: June 2014

Background: Specific weightbearing instructions continue to be a part of routine orthopaedic clinical practice on an injured or postoperative extremity. Researchers and clinicians have struggled to define the best weightbearing strategies to maximize clinical outcomes. Purpose: To investigate the average percentage body weight (APBW) values, weightbearing distribution percentages (WBDP), and cadence values on the entire foot, hindfoot, and forefoot during changing resistance and incline on an elliptical trainer, as well as to suggest clinical implications. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: An original research study was performed consisting of 30 asymptomatic subjects (mean age, 29.54 ± 12.64 years; range, 21-69 years). The protocol included 3 consecutive tests of changing resistance and incline within a speed range of 70 to 95 steps/min. The SmartStep weightbearing gait analysis system was utilized to measure the values. Results: The APBW values for the entire foot ranged between 70% and 81%, the hindfoot values were between 27% and 57%, and the forefoot values between 42% and 70%. With regard to WBDP, the forefoot remained planted on the pedal (stance phase) 2 to 3 times more as compared with the hindfoot raise in the swing phase. Conclusion: The study findings highlight the fact that elliptical training significantly reduces weightbearing in the hindfoot, forefoot, and entire foot even at higher levels of resistance and incline. Clinical Relevance: Weightbearing on the hindfoot consistently displayed the lowest weightbearing values. Orthopaedic surgeons, now equipped with accurate weightbearing data, may recommend using the elliptical trainer as a weightbearing exercise early on following certain bony or soft tissue pathologies and lower limb surgical procedures.
Mitochondrial DNA copy number and future risk of B-cell lymphoma in a nested case-control study in the prospective EPIC cohort
Authors: Hosnijeh Fatemeh Saberi , Lan Qing , Rothman Nathaniel , San Liu Chin , Cheng Wen-Ling , Nieters Alexandra , Guldberg Per , Tjønneland Anne , Campa Daniele , Martino Alessandro , Boeing Heiner , Trichopoulou Antonia , Lagiou Pagona , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Krogh Vittorio , Tumino Rosario , Panico Salvatore , Masala Giovanna , Weiderpass Elisabete , Huerta Castaño José María , Ardanaz Eva , Sala Núria , Dorronsoro Miren , Quirós J. Ramón , Sánchez María-José , Melin Beatrice , Johansson Ann Sofie , Malm Johan , Borgquist Signe , Peeters Petra H. , Bueno-de-Mesquita H. Bas , Wareham Nick , Khaw Kay-Tee , Travis Ruth C. , Brennan Paul , Siddiq Afshan , Riboli Elio , Vineis Paolo , Vermeulen Roel 
Published: June 2014

Key Points
This study strengthens the previous observation of elevated mitochondrial DNA copy number and future risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
A motif in LILRB2 critical for Angptl2 binding and activation
Authors: Deng Mi , Lu Zhigang , Zheng Junke , Wan Xuan , Chen Xiaoli , Hirayasu Kouyuki , Sun Hanzi , Lam Yeeling , Chen Liping , Wang Qihui , Song Chun , Huang Niu , Gao George F. , Jiang Youxing , Arase Hisashi , Zhang Cheng Cheng 
Published: June 2014

Key Points
A motif in the immunoglobulin domains of LILRB2 is critical to the multimerized Angptl2 binding and signaling activation. Immobilized anti-LILRB2 supports ex vivo expansion of human cord blood HSCs.
Global and blow-up solutions for quasilinear parabolic equations with a gradient term and nonlinear boundary flux
Authors: Li Changjun , Sun Lu , Fang Zhong Bo 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This work is concerned with positive classical solutions for a quasilinear parabolic equation with a gradient term and nonlinear boundary flux. We find sufficient conditions for the existence of global and blow-up solutions. Moreover, an upper bound for the ‘blow-up time’, an upper estimate of the ‘blow-up rate’ and an upper estimate of the global solution are given. Finally, some application examples are presented.

MSC:35R45, 35K65, 34A12.
Pentoxifylline decreases glycemia levels and TNF-alpha, iNOS and COX-2 expressions in diabetic rat pancreas
Authors: Garcia Francisca Adilfa O , Pinto Sofia F , Cavalcante Andrezza F , Lucetti Lívia T , Menezes Silvana MS , Felipe Cícero Francisco B , Alves Ana Paula NN , Brito Gerly Anne C , Cerqueira Gilberto S , Viana Glauce SB 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Pentoxifylline (PTX), a methyl xanthine derivative, is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory and renoprotective effects in diabetic patients, among other properties. We studied PTX actions and mechanisms in reducing blood biochemical parameters, in diabetic rats. For diabetes induction, alloxan was intravenously administered to male Wistar rats. One group was left untreated and the other ones treated with PTX (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg), glibenclamide or metformin, as references. Forty-eight hours later and after 1-week to 3-month treatments, blood was collected for determination of glycemia, triglycerides, cholesterol, transaminases, fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin. Afterwards, the animals were euthanized and pancreas, liver and kidney processed for histological analyses and immunohistochemistry assays for TNF-alpha, iNOS and COX-2. The results showed that PTX decreased glycemia and also triglyceride levels, starting 1 week after treatments, as compared to the same group before treatments. Glycemia values were brought towards normality, after 1-month treatment. PTX hypoglycemic effects were potentiated by glibenclamide but not by metformin. It also decreased fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin. Some histological and immunohistochemical alterations for TNF-alpha, iNOS and COX-2 in the diabetic pancreas were also reversed by PTX. We conclude that PTX acts similarly to glibenclamide, and its hypoglycemic actions are, partly, a consequence of ATP-sensitive K+ channels inhibition. In addition, by its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, PTX may be a therapeutic alternative for the treatment of diabetes and its complications.
Low production of reactive oxygen species in granulocytes is associated with organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Bengtsson Anders A , Pettersson Åsa , Wichert Stina , Gullstrand Birgitta , Hansson Markus , Hellmark Thomas , Johansson Åsa CM 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are main effector cells in the acute immune response. While the specific role of PMN in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and autoimmunity is still unclear, their importance in chronic inflammation is gaining more attention. Here we investigate aspects of function, bone marrow release and activation of PMN in patients with SLE.

Methods
The following PMN functions and subsets were evaluated using flow cytometry; (a) production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after ex vivo stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or Escherichia coli (E. coli); (b) capacity to phagocytose antibody-coated necrotic cell material; (c) PMN recently released from bone marrow, defined as percentage of CD10−D16low in peripheral blood, and (d) PMN activation markers; CD11b, CD62L and C5aR.

Results
SLE patients (n = 92) showed lower ROS production compared with healthy controls (n = 38) after activation ex vivo. The ROS production was not associated with corticosteroid dose or other immunotherapies. PMA induced ROS production was significantly reduced in patients with severe disease. In contrast, neither ROS levels after E. coli activation, nor the capacity to phagocytose were associated with disease severity. This suggests that decreased ROS production after PMA activation is a sign of changed PMN behaviour rather than generally impaired functions. The CD10−CD16low phenotype constitute 2% of PMN in peripheral blood of SLE patients compared with 6.4% in controls, indicating a decreased release of PMN from the bone marrow in SLE. A decreased expression of C5aR on PMN was observed in SLE patients, pointing towards in vivo activation.

Conclusions
Our results indicate that PMN from SLE patients have altered function, are partly activated and are released abnormally from bone marrow. The association between low ROS formation in PMN and disease severity is consistent with findings in other autoimmune diseases and might be considered as a risk factor.
A genomic analysis of mouse models of breast cancer reveals molecular features ofmouse models and relationships to human breast cancer
Authors: Hollern Daniel P , Andrechek Eran R 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Genomic variability limits the efficacy of breast cancer therapy. To simplify thestudy of the molecular complexity of breast cancer, researchers have used mousemammary tumor models. However, the degree to which mouse models model human breastcancer and are reflective of the human heterogeneity has yet to be demonstratedwith gene expression studies on a large scale.

Methods
To this end, we have built a database consisting of 1,172 mouse mammary tumorsamples from 26 different major oncogenic mouse mammary tumor models.

Results
In this dataset we identified heterogeneity within mouse models and noted asurprising amount of interrelatedness between models, despite differences in thetumor initiating oncogene. Making comparisons between models, we identifieddifferentially expressed genes with alteration correlating with initiating eventsin each model. Using annotation tools, we identified transcription factors with ahigh likelihood of activity within these models. Gene signatures predictedactivation of major cell signaling pathways in each model, predictions thatcorrelated with previous genetic studies. Finally, we noted relationships betweenmouse models and human breast cancer at both the level of gene expression andpredicted signal pathway activity. Importantly, we identified individual mousemodels that recapitulate human breast cancer heterogeneity at the level of geneexpression.

Conclusions
This work underscores the importance of fully characterizing mouse tumor biologyat molecular, histological and genomic levels before a valid comparison to humanbreast cancer may be drawn and provides an important bioinformatic resource.
Brain–kidney crosstalk
Authors: Nongnuch Arkom , Panorchan Kwanpeemai , Davenport Andrew 
Published: June 2014

AbstractEncephalopathy and altered higher mental functions are common clinical complications of acute kidney injury. Although sepsis is a major triggering factor, acute kidney injury predisposes to confusion by causing generalised inflammation, leading to increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier, exacerbated by hyperosmolarity and metabolic acidosis due to the retention of products of nitrogen metabolism potentially resulting in increased brain water content. Downregulation of cell membrane transporters predisposes to alterations in neurotransmitter secretion and uptake, coupled with drug accumulation increasing the risk of encephalopathy. On the other hand, acute brain injury can induce a variety of changes in renal function ranging from altered function and electrolyte imbalances to inflammatory changes in brain death kidney donors.