bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multispectral Imaging
Authors: Miyake Yoichi , Bochko Vladimir A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMultispectral imaging is one of the hottest topics in the field of color science and technology. The XYZ, RGB, and CMY values based on the additive or subtractive color mixture have been used for recording and display of imaging systems for a long time. Those values, however, depend on the spectral characteristics of imaging devices and the spectral power distribution of the illumination. Therefore, it is required to record and reproduce the reflectance spectra of an object for true device‐independent color reproduction and the accurate recording and display of the scene. In this chapter, the fundamentals and theory of multispectral imaging for highly accurate color recording and reproduction of the object are described. Some applications of multispectral imaging are also considered for digital archives and medical imaging.
Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCOS)
Authors: Chen Cheng‐Huan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLCOS stands for the devices in which liquid crystal is used as the material for light modulation, and the electronics for controlling the switch of liquid crystal is made on silicon substrate as integrated circuit, mostly implemented as complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) backplane. It is a kind of electrically addressed spatially light modulator (EASLM) and, in most of its applications, serves as the source of image content. This chapter starts from the basic structure of LCOS device, followed by the overview and working concept of its application system to image display based on the classification on different ways of light modulation (amplitude and phase modulations) and different styles of image presentation and viewing (projection and direct view).
Introduction to Organic Light‐Emitting Diode (OLED)
Authors: Liu Jun , Chen Chin‐Ti , Chen Chin H. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTremendous progress has been made in the development of organic light‐emitting diode OLED science and technology. Active matrix OLED with its superb overall display image quality, response time, viewing angle, contrast ratio, power efficiency, lightweight, and thin and flexible form factor is positioned to become a viable and successful commercial technology and one of the next mainstream displays in the marketplace. In addition, differing from LED, white OLED lighting has many advantages in that it is an area/surface, thin/lightweight luminaire capable of delivering uniform, warm (almost sun‐like) illumination without noise/glare nor much heat dissipation problem. But, most of all, future OLED lighting can also be transparent and flexible – a feature that is unrivaled by any other competing solid‐state lighting technology.This chapter attempts to provide the reader with as complete a story as possible covering the past, present, and future trends of technology and product development of OLED. It is organized into six sections that include (i) introduction; (ii) OLED basics; (iii) materials; (iv) devices; (v) applications; (vi) summary and Outlook, in addition to an extensive list of relevant references in the end for further information and study.
Field Emission Displays (FEDs) and Surface‐Conduction Electron‐Emitter Displays (SEDs)
Authors: Cole Matthew T. , Nakamoto Masayuki , Milne William I. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn electron emission display is a flat panel analog of the traditional cathode ray tube. Electron emission displays consist of densex–ymatrices of sharp submicrometer tips that liberate electrons at room temperature when exposed to high electric fields. Each tip has a corresponding red, green, or blue phosphor adjacent to it, and it is this that forms the pixels and consequent image. Electron emission displays combine the deep‐black and high dynamic range of thermionic emission cathode ray tubes with the packaging, operation, and fabrication benefits of flat panel display technologies. This chapter provides a review of the research and commercial activities carried out in the field of electron emission displays, with particular reference to field emission displays, over the past 50 or so years while also describing the relatively recent work on surface‐conduction electron‐emitter displays, which exploit the performance enhancements of the more common vertical field emitter and combine them with facile planar fabrication.
Basics of Tone Reproduction
Authors: Gooran Sasan , Yang Li 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWithout any doubt, print has been one of the most important technological inventions for delivering information in the last few centuries. Books, magazines, news papers, and so on have been printed for different purposes such as distributing knowledge and news and commercializing products. Appropriate reproduction of color and shade tones in an image has always been the core of the printing technology because the printing devices are restricted to a few color inks, whereas the original image may consist of millions of colors and shades. In this chapter, the basics of the tone reproduction are explored. Fundamental concepts and technologies such as screen frequency, print resolution, screen angle and Moiré pattern, and dot gain are described and illustrated. The relationship between the visual acuity of human visual system and the screen resolution is discussed, explaining why a continuous tone can be represented by halftone dots. Dot gain is briefly described and illustrated in this chapter. Finally, color reproduction and different forms of color halftoning are discussed.
Base Models for Color Halftone Reproduction
Authors: Hersch Roger D. , Hébert Mathieu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOne of the main challenges for the characterization of printing systems consists, for a given substrate, in establishing the relationship between surface coverages of the selected set of inks and the spectral reflectances of the printed ink halftones. Knowledge of the spectral reflectances of print halftones enables deducing their colors. Models enabling the prediction of spectral reflectances as a function of surface coverages of the inks are helpful in characterizing printers and in creating printer profiles. The presented base models for color halftone reproduction are either surface models such as the Yule–Nielsen‐modified spectral Neugebauer model or physically inspired models accounting for the interaction of light, inks, and substrate such as the Clapper–Yule model. As a complement to reflectance prediction models, we introduce ink spreading models that account for the interaction between superposed ink halftones and the substrate. They help understanding and modeling the dot gain phenomena present in most printing systems. Finally, we compare the prediction accuracies of the different models for different printing technologies, paper types, and screen frequencies.
Physical Content Distribution Versus Delivery from the Cloud
Authors: Coughlin Thomas M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis article explores the characteristics and trends of the major storage devices used in consumer electronics as well as content delivery (see Compression and Storage File Formats). It then explores digital content trends in terms of both storage capacity and bandwidth as a function of resolution and depth (such as stereoscopic content or artificial reality). These trends include the influence and potential uses of user‐generated content (UGC) as well as the interaction of commercial content and UGC and the impact that this has on content delivery solutions. The future of physical content delivery in terms of distribution media type is explored (see Blue‐Ray versus Internet Movies). Finally, projections of the overall use of physical distribution media versus electronic distribution media as a function of resolution and image depth as well as evolving consumer expectations of products and services are discussed.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition Initiated by Zinc Oxide Semiconductor Nanoparticles
Authors: Yetiskin Ozde , Dadashi‐Silab Sajjad , Khan Sher Bahadar , Asiri Abdullah Mohamed , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA visible‐light‐induced protocol for copper(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition is reported. With the aid of semiconductor zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as a heterogeneous photocatalyst, a copper(I) catalyst is formed. A variety of azide and alkyne components have been examined and the system tolerates different substrates in the click reaction well.
Direct Catalytic Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Ketone Aldol Reactions of Isocyanoacetates
Authors: de la Campa Raquel , Ortín Irene , Dixon Darren J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA catalytic asymmetric aldol addition/cyclization reaction of unactivated ketones with isocyanoacetate pronucleophiles has been developed. A quinine‐derived aminophosphine precatalyst and silver oxide were found to be an effective binary catalyst system and promoted the reaction to afford chiral oxazolines possessing a fully substituted stereocenter with good diastereoselectivities and excellent enantioselectivities.
Biology‐Oriented Synthesis of a Withanolide‐Inspired Compound Collection Reveals Novel Modulators of Hedgehog Signaling
Authors: Švenda Jakub , Sheremet Michael , Kremer Lea , Maier Lukáš , Bauer Jonathan O. , Strohmann Carsten , Ziegler Slava , Kumar Kamal , Waldmann Herbert 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBiology‐oriented synthesis employs the structural information encoded in complex natural products to guide the synthesis of compound collections enriched in bioactivity. The trans‐hydrindane dehydro‐δ‐lactone motif defines the characteristic scaffold of the steroid‐like withanolides, a plant‐derived natural product class with a diverse pattern of bioactivity. A withanolide‐inspired compound collection was synthesized by making use of three key intermediates that contain this characteristic framework derivatized with different reactive functional groups. Biological evaluation of the compound collection in cell‐based assays that monitored biological signal‐transduction processes revealed a novel class of Hedgehog signaling inhibitors that target the protein Smoothened.
FeII Spin‐Crossover Phenomenon in the Pentadecanuclear {Fe9[Re(CN)8]6} Spherical Cluster
Authors: Chorazy Szymon , Podgajny Robert , Nakabayashi Koji , Stanek Jan , Rams Michał , Sieklucka Barbara , Ohkoshi Shin‐ichi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe self‐assembly of iron(II) ions with rare octacyanidorhenate(V) metalloligands in a methanolic solution results in the formation of a nanometric pentadecanuclear {FeII9[ReV(CN)8]6(MeOH)24}⋅10 MeOH (1) molecule with a six‐capped body‐centered cubic topology. The cluster demonstrates a thermally‐induced spin‐crossover phase transition at T1/2=195 K which occurs selectively for a single FeII ion embedded in the center of a cluster core.
Separation of p‐Divinylbenzene by Selective Room‐Temperature Adsorption Inside Mg‐CUK‐1 Prepared by Aqueous Microwave Synthesis
Authors: Saccoccia Beau , Bohnsack Alisha M. , Waggoner Nolan W. , Cho Kyung Ho , Lee Ji Sun , Hong Do‐Young , Lynch Vincent M. , Chang Jong‐San , Humphrey Simon M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA new MgII‐based version of the porous coordination polymer CUK‐1 with one‐dimensional pore structure was prepared by microwave synthesis in water. Mg‐CUK‐1 is moisture‐stable, thermally stable up to 500 °C, and shows unusual reversible soft‐crystal behavior: dehydrated single crystals of the material selectively adsorb a range of organic molecules at ambient temperature and pressure. Both polar and apolar aromatic compounds, including pyridine, benzene, p‐xylene, and p‐divinylbenzene (p‐DVB), are all readily adsorbed, while other isomers from complex mixtures of xylenes or DVBs are selectively excluded. The solvent‐loaded structures have been studied by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Time‐dependent liquid sorption experiments using commercially available DVB demonstrate a high and rapid selective adsorption of p‐DVB and exclusion of m‐DVB and ethylvinylbenzene isomers.
Alternating Copolymerization by Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization and Subsequent Orthogonal Functionalization
Authors: Tesch Matthias , Hepperle Johannes A. M. , Klaasen Henning , Letzel Matthias , Studer Armido 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA novel method for the preparation of functionalized alternating copolymers is presented. Nitroxide‐mediated polymerization of hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate with 7‐octenyl vinyl ether provides the corresponding alternating polymer, which can be chemically modified using two orthogonal polymer‐analogous reactions. A thiol–ene click reaction followed by amidation provides dual‐functionalized alternating copolymers. The potential of this method is illustrated by the preparation of a small library (15 examples) of functionalized alternating copolymers.
Computational fluid dynamics simulation and parametric study of coal gasification in a circulating fluidized bed reactor
Authors: Zhang Yawen , Lei Fulin , Xiao Yunhan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA computational fluid dynamics model based on the Eulerian–Eulerian multiphase framework was implemented to simulate the coal gasification processes in a circulating fluidized bed gasifier. The standard k–ε turbulence model is used for gas phase, and the solid phases are modeled with kinetic theory of granular flow. A lumped chemical reaction model was compiled based on the chemical percolation devolatilization model and the METC Gasifier Advanced Simulation gasification model. The user‐defined functions are developed to calculate rates of chemical reactions and to recirculate solids from the riser exit to the solid recycle inlet. Sensitivity analysis was performed on char–steam gasification reaction to choose an appropriate kinetic rate in this study. The calculated gas composition out of the riser was first compared with experimental data; then, the flow fields such as solid volume fraction, solid velocity, and species profiles were analyzed, indicating that the model gave reasonable predictions. Furthermore, the effects of the operating temperature, the steam/coal ratio, and the air/coal ratio on the exiting gas composition were numerically studied, and the predicted trends vs these parameters are reasonable and consistent with the findings in the literature, which shows the applicability of the Eulerian multiphase model to simulate coal gasification processes in circulating fluidized bed gasifiers. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Passive Restriction of Blood Flow and Counter‐Current Heat Exchange Via Lingual Retia in the Tongue of a Neonatal Gray Whale Eschrichtius robustus (Cetacea, Mysticeti)
Authors: Ekdale Eric G. , Kienle Sarah S. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTRetia mirabilia play broad roles in cetacean physiology, including thermoregulation during feeding and pressure regulations during diving. Vascular bundles of lingual retia are described within the base of the tongue of a neonatal female gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus). Each rete consists of a central artery surrounded by four to six smaller veins. The retia and constituent vessels decrease in diameter as they extend anteriorly within the hyoglossus muscle from a position anterior to the basihyal cartilage toward the apex of the tongue. The position of the retia embedded in the hyoglossus and the anterior constriction of the vessels differs from reports of similar vascular bundles that were previously identified in gray whales. The retia likely serve as a counter‐current heat exchange system to control body temperature during feeding. Cold blood flowing toward the body center within the periarterial veins would accept heat from warm blood in the central artery flowing toward the anterior end of the tongue. Although thermoregulatory systems have been identified within the mouths of a few mysticete species, the distribution of such vascular structures likely is more widespread among baleen whales than has previously been described. Anat Rec, 298:675–679, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrathin pH‐Sensitive Nanoporous Membranes for Superfast Size‐Selective Separation
Authors: Zhang Qiu Gen , Deng Chao , Liu Rong Rong , Lin Zhen , Li Hong Mei , Zhu Ai Mei , Liu Qing Lin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractStimuli‐responsive nanoporous membranes have attracted increasing interest in various fields due to their abrupt changes of permeation/separation in response to the external environment. Here we report ultrathin pH‐sensitive nanoporous membranes that are easily fabricated by the self‐assembly of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) in a metal hydroxide nanostrand solution. PAA‐adsorbed nanostrands (2.5–5.0 nm) and PAA‐CuII nanogels (2.0–2.5 nm) grow competitively during self‐assembly. The PAA‐adsorbed nanostrands are deposited on a porous support to fabricate ultrathin PAA membranes. The membranes display ultrafast water permeation and good rejection as well as significant pH‐sensitivity. The 28 nm‐thick membrane has a water flux decrease from 3740 to 1350 L m−1 h−1 bar−1 (pH 2.0 to 7.0) with a sharp decrease at pH 5.0. This newly developed pH‐sensitive nanoporous membranes may find a wide range of applications such as controlled release and size‐ and charge‐selective separation.
DNA/HSA interaction and nuclease activity of an iron(III) amphiphilic sulfonated corrole
Authors: Zhang Yang , Wen Jin‐Yan , Mahmood Mian HR , Wang Xiang‐Li , Lv Biao‐Biao , Ying Xiao , Wang Hui , Ji Liang‐Nian , Liu Hai‐Yang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe DNA binding of amphiphilic iron(III) 2,17‐bis(sulfonato)‐5,10,15‐tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole complex (Fe–SC) was studied using spectroscopic methods and viscosity measurements. Its nuclease‐like activity was examined by using pBR322 DNA as a target. The interaction of Fe–SC with human serum albumin (HSA) in vitro was also examined using multispectroscopic techniques. Experimental results revealed that Fe–SC binds to ct‐DNA via an outside binding mode with a binding constant of 1.25 × 104 M–1. This iron corrole also displays good activity during oxidative DNA cleavage by hydrogen peroxide or tert‐butyl hydroperoxide oxidants, and high‐valent (oxo)iron(V,VI) corrole intermediates may play an important role in DNA cleavage. Fe–SC exhibits much stronger binding affinity to site II than site I of HSA, indicating a selective binding tendency to HSA site II. The HSA conformational change induced by Fe–SC was confirmed by UV/Vis and CD spectroscopy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Educational material development model for teaching computer network and system management
Authors: Yalcin Nursel , Altun Yalcin , Kose Utku 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTComputer network and system management education is often structured based on theoretical information and it is not considered effective and efficient due to various reasons such as inadequacy of available materials and hardware. In addition, investors are reluctant to make investments on the provision of educational materials due to relatively high cost specific to this field. However, recent developments in virtualization technologies have led to the emergence of new trends in computer network and system management education. This paper provides information about the use of virtualization technology in computer network education, the utilization of real network devices, and defines a new generation network training platform. The aim of the study is to offer a new model using virtualization technology for network‐based computer education. The topology additionally proposed here involves the use of real hardware instead of virtual ones, which distinguishes it from the similar topologies. This model is expected to guide future network and system managers to develop and use a real network and system management training platform that is far more effective than simulation programs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:621–629, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21636
Tuning Electron Donor–Acceptor Hybrids by Alkali Metal Complexation
Authors: Lederer Marcus , Hahn Uwe , Fernández‐Ariza Javier , Trukhina Olga , Rodríguez‐Morgade M. Salomé , Dammann Claudia , Drewello Thomas , Torres Tomás , Guldi Dirk M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA zinc phthalocyanine endowed with four [18]‐crown‐6 moieties, ZnPcTeCr, has been prepared and self‐assembled with either pyridyl‐functionalized perylenebisimides (PDI‐Py) or fullerenes (C60‐Py) to afford a set of novel electron donor–acceptor hybrids. In the case of ZnPcTeCr, aggregation has been circumvented by the addition of potassium or rubidium ions to lead to the formation of monomers and cofacial dimers, respectively. From fluorescence titration experiments, which gave rise to mutual interactions between the electron donors and the acceptors in the excited state, the association constants of the respective ZnPcTeCr monomers and/or dimers with the corresponding electron acceptors were derived. Complementary transient‐absorption experiments not only corroborated photoinduced electron transfer from ZnPcTeCr to either PDI‐Py or C60‐Py within the electron donor–acceptor hybrids, but also the unexpected photoinduced electron transfer within ZnPcTeCr dimers. In the electron donor–acceptor hybrids, the charge‐separated‐state lifetimes were elucidated to be close to 337 ps and 3.4 ns for the two PDI‐Pys, whereas the longest lifetime for the photoactive system that contains C60‐Py was calculated to be approximately 5.1 ns.
AlIII‐Catalysed Formation of Poly(limonene)carbonate: DFT Analysis of the Origin of Stereoregularity
Authors: Peña Carrodeguas Leticia , González‐Fabra Joan , Castro‐Gómez Fernando , Bo Carles , Kleij Arjan W. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAmino‐triphenolate derived AlIII complexes combined with suitable nucleophiles have been investigated as binary catalysts for the coupling of limonene oxide and carbon dioxide to afford alternating polycarbonates. These catalysts are able to produce stereoregular, perfectly alternating trans‐polymers from cis‐limonene oxide, whereas the pure trans isomer and cis/trans mixture give rise to lower degrees of stereoregularity. The best AlIII catalyst shows the potential to mediate the conversion of both stereoisomers of limonene oxide with high conversion levels of up to 71 % under neat conditions, indicating the high degree of robustness and atom‐efficiency of this catalytic process. Computational studies have revealed unique features of the binary catalyst system, among which is the preferred nucleophilic attack on the quaternary carbon centre in the limonene oxide substrate.
Insights into the Mechanism and Catalysis of Oxime Coupling Chemistry at Physiological pH
Authors: Wang Shujiang , Gurav Deepanjali , Oommen Oommen P. , Varghese Oommen P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe dynamic covalent‐coupling reaction involving α‐effect nucleophiles has revolutionized bioconjugation approaches, due to its ease and high efficiency. Key to its success is the discovery of aniline as a nucleophilic catalyst, which made this reaction feasible under physiological conditions. Aniline however, is not so effective for keto substrates. Here, we investigate the mechanism of aniline activation in the oxime reaction with aldehyde and keto substrates. We also present carboxylates as activating agents that can promote the oxime reaction with both aldehyde and keto substrates at physiological pH. This rate enhancement circumvents the influence of α‐effect by forming H‐bonds with the rate‐limiting intermediate, which drives the reaction to completion. The combination of aniline and carboxylates had a synergistic effect, resulting in a ∼14–31‐fold increase in reaction rate at pD 7.4 with keto substrates. The biocompatibility and efficiency of carboxylate as an activating agent is demonstrated by performing cell‐surface oxime labeling at physiological pH using acetate, which showed promising results that were comparable with aniline.