bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of chemotherapy on optic pathway gliomas and their sub‐components: A volumetric MR analysis study
Authors: Shofty Ben , Mauda‐Havakuk Michal , Weizman Lior , Constantini Shlomi , Ben‐Bashat Dafna , Dvir Rina , Pratt Li‐Tal , Joskowicz Leo , Kesler Anat , Yalon Michal , Ravid Lior , Ben‐Sira Liat 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundOptic pathway gliomas (OPG) represent 5% of pediatric brain tumors and compose a major therapeutic dilemma to the treating physicians. While chemotherapy is widely used for these tumors, our ability to predict radiological response is still lacking. In this study, we use volumetric imaging to examine in detail the long‐term effect of chemotherapy on the tumor as well as its various sub‐components.ProcedureThe tumors of 15 patients with OPG, treated with chemotherapy, were longitudinally measured using our novel, previously described volumetric method. Patients were treated with up to five lines of chemotherapy. Sufficient follow‐up imaging data, and patient's numbers, allowed for analysis of two treatment lines. Volumetric measurements of the tumors were segmented into solid‐non‐enhancing, solid‐enhancing, and cystic components. Outcome analysis was done per specific treatment line and for the overall follow‐up period.ResultsAn average reduction of 9.7% (±23%) in the gross‐total‐solid volume (GTSV) was noted following treatment with vincristine and carboplatin. The cystic component grew under therapy by an average of 12.6% (±39%). When measured over the course of the whole study period, the cystic component grew by an average of 35% (±100%) and the GTSV increased by 12% (±35%).ConclusionInitial treatment with vincristine and carboplatin seems to have a minimal initial effect, mostly on the solid components. The cystic component in itself seems to be unaffected by chemotherapy, and contributes to the subsequent growth of the total volume. During the overall treatment period, both solid and cystic components grew regardless of combined treatment methods. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1353–1359. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fundamentals and R&D status of III‐V compound solar cells and materials
Authors: Yamaguchi Masafumi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe III‐V compound multi‐junction solar cells have high efficiency potential of more than 50% due to wide photo response, while limiting efficiencies of single‐junction solar cells are 31‐32%. In order to realize high efficiency III‐V compound multi‐junction (MJ) solar cells, understanding and controlling imperfections (defects) are very important. This paper reviews fundamentals for major losses of III‐V compound materials and solar cells, key issues for super high‐efficiency MJ solar cells and recent R&D status of III‐V compound MJ solar cells. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Depolarization effect in rare‐earth doped Y2O3 films in blue and UV spectral range
Authors: Gasimov Naghi , Mammadov Eldar , Joudrier Anne L. , Babayev Sardar , Mamedova Irada , Andriamiadamanana Christian , Mamedov Nazim , Naghavi Negar , Guillemoles Jean F. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe 200 to 300 nm thick, Er and Er,Yb doped Y2O3 films deposited onto silicon substrate by spin coating have been studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry over the 192‐1680 nm spectral range at room temperature. All samples have been found to be strongly depolarizing in the blue and UV part of the spectrum. Complimentary examination of the sample surfaces, using confocal photoluminescence microscopy has disclosed the non‐uniform distribution of the rare‐earth dopants. The depolarization effects have then been modeled and found to be best reproduced by taking the thickness non‐uniformity as the main source of depolarization. The optical constants of the studied films have been determined after four‐step modeling with sequential decrease of the mean square error. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of CuInS2‐Cu2ZnSnS4 crystals grown from the melt
Authors: Oishi Koichiro , Nakamura Kenta , Yamazaki Makoto , Fukai Shota , Shigeno Takuya , Katagiri Hironori 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCu2(2.00‐x)((2In)y (ZnSn)(1.00‐y))x S4 crystals were grown from the melt. 23 samples with different x and y values were synthesized by heating constituent elementary Cu, In, S and Zn‐Sn alloy at 1,250 °C for 10 hours in each evacuated fused‐quartz ampule. All samples were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction analysis. Two peaks are seen at the 112 diffraction positions in 0.3 ≤ y ≤ 0.9. The FWHM of the 112 diffraction peak broadened in 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 0.7. Lattice constants were obtained by Rietveld method using two tetragonal structure models simultaneously in the refinement. Both a and c obtained as CuInS2 phase changed almost linearly in y ≥ 0.7; therefore the existence of CuInS2 phase solid solution containing Zn and Sn was indicated in this region. The miscibility gap was also suggested as the region of 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 0.7 in our results because of the shape and the broadening of the 112 diffraction peaks. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Extracardiac anomalies in prenatally diagnosed heterotaxy syndrome
Authors: Gottschalk I. , Stressig R. , Ritgen J. , Herberg U. , Breuer J. , Vorndamme A. , Strizek B. , Willruth A. , Geipel A. , Gembruch U. , Berg C. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo assess the incidence and impact of extracardiac anomalies on the prognosis of fetuses with heterotaxy syndrome.MethodsAll fetuses diagnosed with heterotaxy syndrome by three experienced examiners over a period of 14 years (1999–2013) were reviewed retrospectively.ResultsIn total, 165 fetuses with heterotaxy syndrome were diagnosed in the study period. One hundred and fifty (90.9%) had cardiac defects; extracardiac anomalies that did not involve the spleen were present in 26/165 (15.8%) cases. Of the total study cohort, termination of pregnancy was performed in 49 (29.7%) cases, intrauterine death occurred in 11 (6.7%), postnatal death occurred in 38 (23.0%) and 67 (40.6%) were alive at the latest follow‐up, resulting in a total perinatal and pediatric mortality of 59.4%. Among the 105 liveborn neonates, 15 (14.3%) had extracardiac anomalies with significant impact on the postnatal course: one neonate died following repair of an encephalocele, six had successful treatment for various types of intestinal malrotation and/or atresia and one underwent hiatal hernia repair; the remaining seven had biliary atresia, of which five died and the two survivors are awaiting liver transplantation. The status of the spleen was assessed in 93/105 liveborn children and was found to be abnormal in 84/93 (90.3%). There were three cases of lethal sepsis, all associated with asplenia. Of the 38 postnatal deaths, 29 (76.3%) had a cardiac cause, seven (18.4%) had an extracardiac cause and in two (5.2%) the reason was uncertain.ConclusionsAlthough the leading causes of death in fetuses and children with heterotaxy syndrome are cardiac, a small subset of fetuses have extracardiac anomalies with significant impact on outcome. These anomalies often escape prenatal detection, and therefore neonates at risk should be monitored for bowel obstruction, biliary atresia and immune dysfunction in order to allow timely intervention through a multidisciplinary approach. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Graphene‐based nanomaterials as molecular imaging agents
Authors: Garg Bhaskar , Sung Chu‐Hsun , Ling Yong‐Chien 
Published: April 2015

Molecular imaging (MI) is a noninvasive, real‐time visualization of biochemical events at the cellular and molecular level within tissues, living cells, and/or intact objects that can be advantageously applied in the areas of diagnostics, therapeutics, drug discovery, and development in understanding the nanoscale reactions including enzymatic conversions and protein–protein interactions. Consequently, over the years, great advancement has been made in the development of a variety of MI agents such as peptides, aptamers, antibodies, and various nanomaterials (NMs) including single‐walled carbon nanotubes. Recently, graphene, a material popularized by Geim & Novoselov, has ignited considerable research efforts to rationally design and execute a wide range of graphene‐based NMs making them an attractive platform for developing highly sensitive MI agents. Owing to their exceptional physicochemical and biological properties combined with desirable surface engineering, graphene‐based NMs offer stable and tunable visible emission, small hydrodynamic size, low toxicity, and high biocompatibility and thus have been explored for in vitro and in vivo imaging applications as a promising alternative of traditional imaging agents. This review begins by describing the intrinsic properties of graphene and the key MI modalities. After which, we provide an overview on the recent advances in the design and development as well as physicochemical properties of the different classes of graphene‐based NMs (graphene‐dye conjugates, graphene‐antibody conjugates, graphene‐nanoparticle composites, and graphene quantum dots) being used as MI agents for potential applications including theranostics. Finally, the major challenges and future directions in the field will be discussed. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2015, 7:737–758. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1342This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice Regarding Genetic Testing and Genetic Counselors in Jordan: A Population‐Based Survey
Authors: Ahram Mamoun , Soubani Majd , Abu Salem Lana , Saker Haneen , Ahmad Muayyad 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGenetic testing has a potential in the prevention of genetic diseases, particularly in communities with high rates of consanguineous marriage. Therefore, knowledge, practice, and attitudes of the public in Jordan regarding genetic testing were investigated. Individuals (N = 3,196) were questioned about the concepts of genetic testing and genetic counselors, if they underwent any genetic tests, the type of test, the method of consenting to the test, as well as their level of satisfaction with the privacy of the genetic testing service. The likelihood of pursuing predictive genetic testing for cancer was also investigated. Although almost 70 % of respondents knew the term “genetic testing,” only 18 % had undergone genetic testing, primarily the mandatory premarital test. In addition, there was a lack of general knowledge about genetic counselors. Many of those who had genetic testing (45 %) indicated they did not go through a consent process, and a lack of consent was significantly related to dissatisfaction with the privacy of the service. Approximately 55 % of respondents indicated they would potentially pursue predictive genetic testing for cancer. Going for routine health checkups was not significantly correlated with either actual or potential uptake of genetic testing, suggesting health care providers do not play an influential role in patients’ testing decisions. Our results show a gap between the knowledge and uptake of genetic testing and may help to guide the design of effective strategies to initiate successful genetic counseling and testing services.
CORAL: model for no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL)
Authors: Toropov Andrey A. , Toropova Alla P. , Pizzo Fabiola , Lombardo Anna , Gadaleta Domenico , Benfenati Emilio 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The in vivo repeated dose toxicity (RDT) test is intended to provide information on the possible risk caused by repeated exposure to a substance over a limited period of time. The measure of the RDT is the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) that is the dose at which no effects are observed, i.e., this endpoint indicates the safety level for a substance. The need to replace in vivo tests, as required by some European Regulations (registration, evaluation authorization and restriction of chemicals) is leading to the searching for reliable alternative methods such as quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR). Considering the complexity of the RDT endpoint, for which data quality is limited and depends anyway on the study design, the development of QSAR for this endpoint is an attractive task. Starting from a dataset of 140 organic compounds with NOAEL values related to oral short term toxicity in rats, we developed a QSAR model based on optimal descriptors calculated with simplified molecular input-line entry systems and the graph of atomic orbitals by the Monte Carlo method, using CORAL software. Three different splits into the training, calibration, and validation sets are studied. The mechanistic interpretation of these models in terms of molecular fragment with positive or negative contributions to the endpoint is discussed. The probabilistic definition for the domain of applicability is suggested.
Use of extramural ambulatory care curricula in postgraduate medical training
Authors: Talwalkar Jaideep S. , Satcher D’Juanna , Turner Teri L. , Sisson Stephen D. , Fenick Ada M. 
Published: April 2015

Introduction Extramural curricula developed for the purpose of sharing with other institutions have been designed to improve education on important topics in ambulatory care. We sought to assess the usage rates of these curricula among paediatric, internal medicine, and combined medicine-paediatrics residency programmes in the United States.
Methods Surveys on aspects of trainee continuity clinic were sent to paediatric and medicine-paediatrics programme directors in 2012. Surveys contained an item asking respondents about their use of extramural ambulatory care curricula. Since no similar recent data were available for internal medicine, and to verify the accuracy of the paediatric survey data, we queried the editors of four widely used curricula for subscription information. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated.
Results Responses from paediatric programmes indicated that 48 of 111 (43 %) were using an extramural curriculum, compared with 39 of 60 (65 %) medicine-paediatrics programmes (p = 0.007). Editor query revealed a collective subscription rate of internal medicine programmes (300 of 402, 75 %), which was greater than the subscription rate of paediatric programmes (90 of 201, 45 %) (p < 0.001).
Discussion Training programmes in paediatrics, internal medicine, and combined medicine-paediatrics utilize extramural curricula to guide education in ambulatory care, but internal medicine and medicine-paediatrics programmes employ these curricula at greater rates than paediatric programmes.
Robust BRCA1‐like classification of copy number profiles of samples repeated across different datasets and platforms
Authors: Schouten Philip C. , Grigoriadis Anita , Kuilman Thomas , Mirza Hasan , Watkins Johnathan A. , Cooke Saskia A. , van Dyk Ewald , Severson Tesa M. , Rueda Oscar M. , Hoogstraat Marlous , Verhagen Caroline V.M. , Natrajan Rachael , Chin Suet-Feung , Lips Esther H. , Kruizinga Janneke , Velds Arno , Nieuwland Marja , Kerkhoven Ron M. , Krijgsman Oscar , Vens Conchita , Peeper Daniel , Nederlof Petra M. , Caldas Carlos , Tutt Andrew N. , Wessels Lodewyk F. , Linn Sabine C. 
Published: April 2015

Breast cancers with BRCA1 germline mutation have a characteristic DNA copy number (CN) pattern. We developed a test that assigns CN profiles to be ‘BRCA1‐like’ or ‘non‐BRCA1‐like’, which refers to resembling a BRCA1‐mutated tumor or resembling a tumor without a BRCA1 mutation, respectively. Approximately one third of the BRCA1‐like breast cancers have a BRCA1 mutation, one third has hypermethylation of the BRCA1 promoter and one third has an unknown reason for being BRCA1‐like. This classification is indicative of patients' response to high dose alkylating and platinum containing chemotherapy regimens, which targets the inability of BRCA1 deficient cells to repair DNA double strand breaks. We investigated whether this classification can be reliably obtained with next generation sequencing and copy number platforms other than the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) on which it was originally developed.We investigated samples from 230 breast cancer patients for which a CN profile had been generated on two to five platforms, comprising low coverage CN sequencing, CN extraction from targeted sequencing panels (CopywriteR), Affymetrix SNP6.0, 135K/720K oligonucleotide aCGH, Affymetrix Oncoscan FFPE (MIP) technology, 3K BAC and 32K BAC aCGH. Pairwise comparison of genomic position‐mapped profiles from the original aCGH platform and other platforms revealed concordance. For most cases, biological differences between samples exceeded the differences between platforms within one sample. We observed the same classification across different platforms in over 80% of the patients and kappa values of at least 0.36. Differential classification could be attributed to CN profiles that were not strongly associated to one class. In conclusion, we have shown that the genomic regions that define our BRCA1‐like classifier are robustly measured by different CN profiling technologies, providing the possibility to retro‐ and prospectively investigate BRCA1‐like classification across a wide range of CN platforms.
Plasma membrane gp96 enhances invasion and metastatic potential of liver cancer via regulation of uPAR
Authors: Hou Junwei , Li Xin , Li Changfei , Sun Lu , Zhao Yulai , Zhao Jingmin , Meng Songdong 
Published: April 2015

Targeted therapy is currently under intensive investigation due to the resistance of liver cancer to cytotoxic chemotherapies. Dissecting the molecular events that drive the progression of liver cancer and defining specific targets are urgently needed to develop efficient tailored therapies. Cell membrane gp96 (mgp96) has been implicated in tumor growth and malignancy. Here, we explored the functional and clinical relevance of mgp96 in liver cancer. We found that elevated mgp96 abundance was associated with tumor metastasis and recurrence in patients with primary liver tumors. Decreased KDELR1 levels in hepatoma cells contribute to cell membrane translocation of the normally ER‐resident gp96. Urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) was identified as a mgp96 client protein, and mgp96 stabilized uPAR protein. Our clinical results proved that elevated mgp96 abundance is positively correlated with uPAR expression levels in liver tumors. We further provided evidence that targeting mgp96 with siRNA or a specific mAb that blocked the mgp96‐uPAR interaction led to inhibited cell growth, survival, and invasion in vitro, as well as the suppression of liver tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. mgp96 promotes liver cancer progression through increasing the protein stability and signaling of uPAR, and may be a new promising target for suppressing uPAR‐mediated tumor growth and metastasis in liver cancer.
High-frequency forcing of a turbulent axisymmetric wake
Authors: Oxlade Anthony R. , Morrison Jonathan F. , Qubain Ala , Rigas Georgios 
Published: April 2015

A high-frequency periodic jet, issuing immediately below the point of separation, is used to force the turbulent wake of a bluff axisymmetric body, its axis aligned with the free stream. It is shown that the base pressure may be varied more or less at will: at forcing frequencies several times that of the shear layer frequency, the time-averaged area-weighted base pressure increases by as much as 35 %. An investigation of the effects of forcing is made using random and phase-locked two-component particle image velocimetry (PIV), and modal decomposition of pressure fluctuations on the base of the model. The forcing does not target specific local or global wake instabilities: rather, the high-frequency jet creates a row of closely spaced vortex rings, immediately adjacent to which are regions of large shear on each side. These shear layers are associated with large dissipation and inhibit the entrainment of fluid. The resulting pressure recovery is proportional to the strength of the vortices and is accompanied by a broadband suppression of base pressure fluctuations associated with all modes. The optimum forcing frequency, at which amplification of the shear layer mode approaches unity gain, is roughly five times the shear layer frequency.
Forsaking their ‘own flesh and blood’? Ulster unionism, Scotland and home rule, 1886–1914
Authors: Dunn Peter 
Published: April 2015

Writing to a ‘Friend in Scotland’, in 1888, the Rev. Hugh Hanna declared: ‘it is the duty of Christian people in these lands to do the best they can for all parts of the United Kingdom’. Having explained why Irish Protestants were opposed to home rule, he then asked how anysection of Scotch Presbyterians should support that policy, and array itself in antagoism to their kinsmen in Ireland? Is it possible that political partisanship can dominate all the considerations of a common lineage and a common faith, and that any part of Scotland would forsake its own flesh and blood to promote the policy and restore the power of a fallen leader ...?
Comparative analyses of speech and language converge on birds
Authors: Beckers Gabriël J. L. , Berwick Robert C. , Bolhuis Johan J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractUnlike nonhuman primates, thousands of bird species have articulatory capabilities that equal or surpass those of humans, and they develop their vocalizations through vocal imitation in a way that is very similar to how human infants learn to speak. An understanding of how speech mechanisms have evolved is therefore unlikely to yield key insights into how the human brain is special.
Authors and Rappers: Italian Hip Hop and the Shifting Boundaries of Canzone d’Autore
Authors: SANTORO MARCO , SOLAROLI MARCO 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBy offering a historical reconstruction of the process of contextualisation of hip hop culture in Italy over the last fifteen years, the article assesses the current status of canzone d’autore and its changing configuration under the impact of rap music. From a theoretical point of view, the conceptual framework combines the sociological definition of ‘field of cultural production’ elaborated by Pierre Bourdieu with the related literature on social and symbolic boundaries. From a methodological point of view, the analysis is based on the data collected by Club Tenco (a cultural organisation which plays an institutional role within the field of canzone d’autore) as well as on a series of qualitative interviews carried out with a number of Italian rappers and cantautori. Special attention is paid to a very few crucial figures that can be considered paradigmatic examples in the dynamic process of boundary-making of the two cultural (sub-)fields of Italian rap and canzone d’autore.
Producing beef for an identified market
Authors: Jobst D. , Williams R. G. 
Published: April 2015

The beef programme set up by Dalgety Meat Ltd is a positive link between producer and consumer. It started 10 years ago when it became clear that it was necessary for Dalgety to establish a link with beef breeding and production if the company was to provide its retail clients with regular supplies of quality meat. To achieve this link, Dalgety Meat Ltd developed beef producer groups.Calves destined for beef originate either from dairy or beef herds and there are many different routes through life, making it very difficult to maintain contact with the product from conception to consumer. Also, an individual producer fattening, say, 50 to 100 head, supplying a wholesaler requiring 50,100 or 200 thousand cattle per year can not, individually, make any impact in terms of producing beef for an identified market. However, a group of producers with an output of several thousand fat cattle opens up a different possibility.