bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Key Physical Parameters Governing Frictional Dissipation in a Precipitating Atmosphere
Authors: Makarieva A. M. , Gorshkov V. G. , Nefiodov A. V. , Sheil D. , Nobre A. D. , Bunyard P. , Li B.-L. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Precipitation generates small-scale turbulent air flows—the energy of which ultimately dissipates to heat. The power of this process has previously been estimated to be around 2–4 W m−2 in the tropics: a value comparable in magnitude to the dynamic power of global atmospheric circulation. Here it is suggested that the true value is approximately half the value of this previous estimate. The result reflects a revised evaluation of the mean precipitation pathlength HP. The dependence of HP on surface temperature, relative humidity, temperature lapse rate, and degree of condensation in the ascending air were investigated. These analyses indicate that the degree of condensation, defined as the relative change of the saturated water vapor mixing ratio in the region of condensation, is a major factor determining HP. From this theory the authors develop an estimate indicating that the mean large-scale rate of frictional dissipation associated with total precipitation in the tropics lies between 1 and 2 W m−2 and show empirical evidence in support of this estimate. Under terrestrial conditions frictional dissipation is found to constitute a minor fraction of the dynamic power of condensation-induced atmospheric circulation, which is estimated to be at least 2.5 times larger. However, because HP increases with increasing surface temperature Ts, the rate of frictional dissipation would exceed the power of condensation-induced dynamics, and thus block major circulation, at Ts ≳ 320 K in a moist adiabatic atmosphere.
Seasonal and Long-Term Coupling between Wintertime Storm Tracks and Sea Surface Temperature in the North Pacific
Authors: Gan Bolan , Wu Lixin 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
In this study, a lagged maximum covariance analysis (MCA) of the wintertime storm-track and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies derived from the reanalysis datasets shows significant seasonal and long-term relationships between storm tracks and SST variations in the North Pacific. At seasonal time scales, it is found that the midlatitude warm (cold) SST anomalies in the preceding fall, which are expected to change the tropospheric baroclinicity, can significantly reduce (enhance) the storm-track activities in early winter. The storm-track response pattern, however, is in sharp contrast to the forcing pattern, with warm (cold) SST anomalies in the western–central North Pacific corresponding to a poleward (equatorward) shift of storm tracks. At interannual-to-decadal time scales, it is found that the wintertime SST and storm-track anomalies are mutually reinforced up to 3 yr, which is characterized by PDO-like SST anomalies with warming in the western–central domain coupled with basin-scale positive storm-track anomalies extending along 50°N.
Statistics of Drop Size Distribution Parameters and Rain Rates for Stratiform and Convective Precipitation during the North Australian Wet Season
Authors: Penide Guillaume , Kumar Vickal V. , Protat Alain , May Peter T. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
C-band polarimetric radar measurements spanning two wet seasons are used to study the effects of the large-scale environment on the statistical properties of stratiform and convective rainfall around Darwin, Australia. The rainfall physical properties presented herein are the reflectivity fields, daily rainfall accumulations and raining area, rain rates, and drop size distribution (DSD) parameters (median volume diameter and “normalized” intercept parameter). Each of these properties is then analyzed according to five different atmospheric regimes and further separated into stratiform or convective rain categories following a DSD-based approach. The regimes, objectively identified by radiosonde thermodynamic and wind measurements, represent typical wet-season atmospheric conditions: the active monsoon regime, the “break” periods, the “buildup” regime, the trade wind regime, and a mixture of inactive/break periods. The large-scale context is found to strongly modulate rainfall and cloud microphysical properties. For example, during the active monsoon regime, the daily rain accumulation is higher than in the other regimes, while this regime is associated with the lowest rain rates. Precipitation in this active monsoon regime is found to be widespread and mainly composed of small particles in high concentration compared to the other regimes. Vertical profiles of reflectivity and DSD parameters suggest that warm rain processes are dominant during this regime. In contrast, rainfall properties in the drier regimes (trade wind/buildup regimes) are mostly of continental origin, with rain rates higher than in the moister regimes. In these drier regimes, precipitation is mainly formed of large raindrops in relatively low concentration due to a larger contribution of the ice microphysical processes on the rainfall formation.
A Double Fourier Series (DFS) Dynamical Core in a Global Atmospheric Model with Full Physics
Authors: Park Hoon , Hong Song-You , Cheong Hyeong-Bin , Koo Myung-Seo 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This study describes an application of the double Fourier series (DFS) spectral method developed by Cheong as an alternative dynamical option in a model system that was ported into the Global/Regional Integrated Model System (GRIMs). A message passing interface (MPI) for a massive parallel-processor cluster computer devised for the DFS dynamical core is also presented. The new dynamical core with full physics was evaluated against a conventional spherical harmonics (SPH) dynamical core in terms of short-range forecast capability for a heavy rainfall event and seasonal simulation framework. Comparison of the two dynamical cores demonstrates that the new DFS dynamical core exhibits performance comparable to the SPH in terms of simulated climatology accuracy and the forecast of a heavy rainfall event. Most importantly, the DFS algorithm guarantees improved computational efficiency in the cluster computer as the model resolution increases, which is consistent with theoretical values computed from a dry primitive equation model framework. The current study shows that, at higher resolutions, the DFS approach can be a competitive dynamical core because the DFS algorithm provides the advantages of both the spectral method for high numerical accuracy and the gridpoint method for high performance computing in the aspect of computational cost.
Factors Influencing Skill Improvements in the ECMWF Forecasting System
Authors: Magnusson Linus , Källén Erland 
Published: March 2013

AbstractDuring the past 30 years the skill in ECMWF numerical forecasts has steadily improved. There are three major contributing factors: 1) improvements in the forecast model, 2) improvements in the data assimilation, and 3) the increased number of available observations. In this study the authors are investigating the relative contribution from these three components by using the simple error growth model introduced in a previous study by Lorenz and extended in another study by Dalcher and Kalnay, together with the results from the ECMWF Re-Analysis Interim (ERA-Interim) forecasts where the improvement is only due to an increased number of observations. The authors are also applying the growth model on “lagged” forecast differences in order to investigate the usefulness of the forecast jumpiness as a diagnostic tool for improvements in the forecasts. The main finding is that the main contribution to the reduced forecast error comes from significant initial condition error reductions between 1996 and 2001 together with continuous model improvements. The changes in the available observations contributed to a lesser degree, but the authors note that all the ERA-Interim forecasts are from the satellite era and here the focus is on the midtroposphere in the extratropics. Regarding the jumpiness in the forecasts, this is mainly a function of the error in the initial conditions and is therefore an insufficient tool to investigate improvements in the full forecasting system.
Missionaries and Revolutionaries: Moravian Perceptions of United States Foreign Policy in Nicaragua, 1926–1933
Authors: Adams Anna 
Published: March 2013

German Moravian missionaries came to Nicaragua's east coast in 1849. They built churches, schools, and hospitals for the native Miskitu, Sumu, and Rama Indians. Their teachings stressed a Christian communal life, frugality, and the importance of work. In 1917 the headquarters of the mission moved to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Today most Miskitu Indians are Moravian. Some scholars have blamed the present conflict between Nicaragua's Sandinista government and the east coast Indians on traditional Moravian pro-American political bias. Yet documents in the Moravian Church Archives clearly show that during the period when Sandino was active fighting the U.S. presence in Nicaragua (1926–1933) the American missionaries in Nicaragua were hardly sympathetic with U.S. political goals which often conflicted with the mission's evangelical work.
African Response to Christianity: A Case Study of the Agikuyu of Central Kenya
Authors: Ethe Kamuyu-Wa-Kang 
Published: March 2013

This article explores the religious, cultural, and political dynamics of the Agikuyu response to Christianity from 1900–1950. The article is divided into five sections. In the first section the author briefly traces the theological ideas which prevailed in Europe in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and how these ideas led to the rise of the Evangelical Missionary Movement. The second section deals with the initial contact made by Europeans and missionaries with the Agikuyu. The third section explores the nature of the Agikuyu religion and culture and the missionary response to that religion and culture. The fourth section discusses the Agikuyu response to missionary reaction to their beliefs and practices with particular reference to the Agikuyu initiation rite which was central to their belief system. The Agikuyu response led to the development of independent churches and schools. These churches and schools were later utilized to politicize the African masses on the evils of missionary Christianity and colonialism. In the fifth section the author briefly analyzes the three groups which emerged out of this Christian response. He concludes that the Karing'a group can be considered as a good case study of how churches in Africa can develop a new theology which encompasses African ontological understanding of God, man, and the universe.
The Lifelong Learning Link: Twelve Reasons for Continuous Education for Missionaries
Authors: Brewer Monroe 
Published: March 2013

By planning for growth on all levels—personal, cultural, and organizational—missionaries can help correct errors of the past; can learn better; can more creatively interact with life situations; can be more flexible, relevant, and stimulating in their ministries; can have lives more fully integrated and balanced; can potentially have fewer and less serious problems and not stagnate in their missionary ruts; and can be a blessing to everyone else and God too. This article presents the case for a commitment to “continuous education” by proposing four philosophical and eight practical reasons for missionaries to expand their ministries through lifelong learning.
The Earliest Christian Communities in Southeast and Northeast Asia: An Outline of the Evidence Available in Seven Countries before A.D. 1500
Authors: England John C. 
Published: March 2013

The history of Eastern Christianity in central, south, and east Asia prior to A.D. 1500 is rich and extensive, yet has been largely ignored. Material evidence now available from southeast and northeast Asia shows that Christian communities were present in seven countries for different periods between the sixth and fifteenth centuries. Often termed “Nestorian,” or “Jacobite,” these communities have left a diversity of remains—epigraphical, architectural, sculptural, documentary—which testify to their presence, as far northeast as Japan and southeast as far as Indonesia. The glimpses of Christian churches in medieval Asia afforded by the evidence from these and other regions of Asia offer alternatives to Westernized patterns of mission, and question many assumptions concerning the history and character of Christian presence in the region.
Transcending Tribalism: De-parochialization in Missionary Orientation
Authors: Larson Donald N. 
Published: March 2013

We all grow up in groups which exert increasing influence on us, and as we grow up, we become more and more “tribal” without realizing it. The tribalism which often develops is all too often a millstone around missionary necks, alienating them from the very people they hope to influence, and making it difficult to first learn from those they hope to teach. Learning to identify, describe, and evaluate one's tribal experience, an exercise in de-parochialization, should become a central organizing principle in exit (pre-field) orientation. A five-stage program for transcending tribalism is developed.
Images of Church and Mission in African Independent Churches
Authors: Thomas Norman E. 
Published: March 2013

African independent/indigenous churches (AICs) are integral to the mainstream of Christianity, rather than an aberration. This article is an analysis of the images of church and mission of AICs of the pentecostal/prophet-healing type—many of which provide a renewed emphasis on apostolic church images. Six images of the church are described with illustrative cases: the church as Mt. Zion, the church as the place where the Spirit dwells, the church as diverse gifts but one Spirit, the church as a place of power to protect and heal, the church as a disciplined community, and the church as the deliverer from poverty. Four images of mission follow: experiencing the Spirit's power, commissioning all believers for mission, healing, and restoring God's creation.
Disabled Children Who Need Permanence: Barriers to Placement
Authors: Cousins Jennifer 
Published: March 2013

Disabled children wait longer than other children for permanent new families and some never achieve a family for life. Jennifer Cousins explores the barriers that make disabled children's pathway to a family so problematic. It is argued that only with this knowledge can the necessary changes be made on behalf of this vulnerable group of young people. Over several months during 2003 and 2004, BAAF's Opening Doors Disability Project ran a series of workshops across England to explore this complex subject with practitioners and carers. This paper includes the many ideas that emanated from these workshops, plus research material and the author's own views. Problems and barriers emerged in the recruitment, assessment and support of families; in the profiling and placing of children; at management level in the training and development of staff; in departmental structures and in diminished resources. All pervasive is the negativity and discrimination which affects people with impairments. It is argued that everyone engaged in children's services and family placement has a responsibility to promote the interests of disabled children by tackling the barriers identified here. In so doing, the placement chances for all children will be enhanced.
A European Survey of the Number and Characteristics of Children Less than Three Years Old in Residential Care at Risk of Harm
Authors: Browne Kevin 
Published: March 2013

Research evidence increasingly suggests that young children in residential care without parents are at risk of harm in terms of attachment disorder, developmental delay and normal brain development. This damage caused by early privation of parenting has been shown to have long-term consequences. Kevin Browne and colleagues* report on a survey of 33 European countries that was conducted to identify the number and characteristics of children aged less than three years placed in residential care without their parents for more than three months during the year ending 31 December 2003. Ministries of Health in Europe were asked for official data. For the 31 countries who responded it was estimated that 23,099 children (11.2 per 10,000) aged less than three years were living in institutions. There was great variation between countries for the proportion of young children in institutions and family foster care. Although residential care was shown to cost on average three times as much as foster care, 33 per cent of countries had more young children in institutions than fostered. Those countries with lower GDP and health expenditure had larger proportions of young children in institutions associated mainly with abandonment, disability and medical problems. Only four per cent of children were biological orphans with deceased parents. It is recommended that no child less than three years should be placed in residential care without a parent. Even when high-quality institutions are used as an emergency measure, research has suggested that a child should be moved into family foster care as soon as possible.
Addressing the Mental Health Needs of Looked after Children Who Move Placement Frequently
Authors: Beck Alison 
Published: March 2013

Research has revealed high levels of mental health need among children who are looked after. The aim of this study, reported by Alison Beck, was to compare the mental health needs of looked after children who move placement frequently with the mental health needs of those who do not and to consider how these differences may be addressed in terms of mental health service planning. Two questionnaires (including the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire — SDQ) were sent to the carers of 747 young people (aged over three years) looked after by one inner-London local authority, to the young people themselves if they were aged over 11 years and to a selected sample of teachers. A third (30 per cent) of young people had a ‘probable’ psychiatric diagnosis using the SDQ. Eleven per cent had moved placement three or more times in the last year and they were three times more likely to have a ‘probable’ psychiatric diagnosis. They were also significantly more likely to report deliberate self-harm in the last six months compared to those who had moved placement less frequently. Although young people who move placement frequently are far more likely to develop psychiatric disturbance than other looked after children, they are much less likely to access mental health services. The barriers to service access and practice implications of these findings are discussed.
Schooling and Looked after Children: Exploring Contexts and Outcomes in Standard Attainment Tests (SATS)
Authors: Davey Dolores , Pithouse Andrew 
Published: March 2013

Dolores Davey and Andrew Pithouse outline the findings from a longitudinal case study which ran from 2002 to 2006 and explored the educational achievement of all the young people looked after (in foster and residential care) in one local authority in South Wales. Among this group were 14 young people at a point one year before taking their Standard Attainment Tests (SATS), which are applied universally in UK schools. They were then followed up to the age at which they could complete any General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exams. Hence, the young people's school history was tracked from the beginning of school Year 9 (sample age 13 years), at the end of which they took their SATS, through to the end of school Year 11 (sample age 15 years), at which point GCSEs are normally taken. This article focuses mainly on the outcome of the SATS and the looked after arrangements of the 14 young people in the year leading to these important tests. The authors' concluding comments refer briefly to their Year 11 outcomes in order to indicate continuities and changes in attainment. The SATs results are presented in a context of school attendance, the type and stability of care placements and education moves. Associations between schooling and separation are explored using an analysis of trajectories and outcomes that reveal how and why some young people clearly achieve while others do not. In doing so, the article seeks to add to studies and policy pronouncements in this field that too often represent looked after children by their collective statistical failure rather than by notable differences in educational outcomes and related circumstances.
A Ghost in My Own Country
Authors: Sjögren Ji Sun 
Published: March 2013

Ji Sun Sjögren was born in Korea and brought up in Belgium, where she was adopted by her Swiss mother and Swedish father at the age of two. The following account, inspired by the experience of visiting her native Korea for the first time, aged 26, is a moving testimony of what it can feel like to be caught between two worlds, despite a loving and largely happy upbringing. Above all she speaks up for the right of every child to know her or his origin and to be the rightful owner of a birth certificate. Ji Sun's account was written with the help of her adoptive father, Eric Sjögren, who is a journalist living in Brussels. Twenty years earlier, he himself had written a ‘misty-eyed, infatuated’ account of the first few years of living with his adopted daughter. It is partly in the light of the huge sympathetic response to that article that he encouraged Ji Sun to tell her own story.
The State's Legitimate Interest: An Open Letter to Matthew Engel
Authors: Stevens Charlotte 
Published: March 2013

In May 1999 the journalist, Matthew Engel, published a feature article in the Weekend section of The Guardian about his personal experience of being assessed as an adoptive parent for a child from Siberia. He described his social worker as friendly, caring and conscientious, but he was highly critical of the law, practice and procedure relating to adoption: This country has turned the adoption of a child into something very close to a crime; the perpetrators are harried, if not actually punished … British adoption practice has become so obsessed with finding the perfect parents that the best has become the enemy of the good. He commended an American agencies' approach to home studies which he suggested resembles more of a chat over coffee and carrot cake. Engel rightly questioned the state's legitimate interest here and raised some very important social issues about the nature of adoption in the natural cycle of parenthood and childhood. We do not know if his views are unique or widespread. The jury has been out for some time on how a good society should respond to the children orphaned by poverty in another nation or how a responsible profession can achieve the right balance between preparation and investigation in adoption work. The following letter by Charlotte Stevens was originally written as a private response to Matthew Engel's article. We publish it here since it highlights many of the core issues and enriches the debate about the role of the state in the lives of the world's most vulnerable children.
The Role of Social Workers in Intercountry Adoption: An Analysis of the Experience of Adopters from Romania
Authors: Beckett Celia , Bredenkamp Diana , Castle Jenny , Groothues Christine ,   English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) study team
Published: March 2013

People who adopted children from Romania between 1990 and 1992 experienced considerable difficulties arranging the adoptions, both in Romania and the UK. It is not known how many more potential adopters were unsuccessful. Based on a study of 148 families adopting 165 children, Celia Beckett, Diana Bredenkamp, Jenny Castle, Christine Groothues and the English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) study team shed light on the difficulties encountered in England and implications of agency and non-agency practice in relation to these adopters. The placements are progressing well, but there is some evidence that those applicants who were approved by specialist local authority social workers have a more sustained sense of the importance for the child of issues concerning their background and identity.