bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small RNA sequencing identifies miRNA roles in ovule and fibre development
Authors: Xie Fuliang , Jones Don C. , Wang Qinglian , Sun Runrun , Zhang Baohong 
Published: January 2015

SummaryMicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to be differentially expressed during cotton fibre development. However, which specific miRNAs and how they are involved in fibre development is unclear. Here, using deep sequencing, 65 conserved miRNA families were identified and 32 families were differentially expressed between leaf and ovule. At least 40 miRNAs were either leaf or ovule specific, whereas 62 miRNAs were shared in both leaf and ovule. qRT‐PCR confirmed these miRNAs were differentially expressed during fibre early development. A total of 820 genes were potentially targeted by the identified miRNAs, whose functions are involved in a series of biological processes including fibre development, metabolism and signal transduction. Many predicted miRNA‐target pairs were subsequently validated by degradome sequencing analysis. GO and KEGG analyses showed that the identified miRNAs and their targets were classified to 1027 GO terms including 568 biological processes, 324 molecular functions and 135 cellular components and were enriched to 78 KEGG pathways. At least seven unique miRNAs participate in trichome regulatory interaction network. Eleven trans‐acting siRNA (tasiRNA) candidate genes were also identified in cotton. One has never been found in other plant species and two of them were derived from MYB and ARF, both of which play important roles in cotton fibre development. Sixteen genes were predicted to be tasiRNA targets, including sucrose synthase and MYB2. Together, this study discovered new miRNAs in cotton and offered evidences that miRNAs play important roles in cotton ovule/fibre development. The identification of tasiRNA genes and their targets broadens our understanding of the complicated regulatory mechanism of miRNAs in cotton.
Molecular loci associated with seed isoflavone content may underlie resistance to soybean pod borer (Leguminivora glycinivorella)
Authors: Zhao Guiyun , Jiang Zhenfeng , Li Dongmei , Han Yingpeng , Hu Haibo , Wu Lin , Wang Yan , Gao Yuan , Teng Weili , Li Yongguang , Zeng Guoliang , Meng Fanli , Li Wenbin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSoybean pod borer (SPB) (Leguminivora glycinivorella (Mats.) Obraztsov) causes severe loss of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seed yield and quality in some regions of the world, especially in north‐eastern China, Japan and Russia. Isoflavones in soybean seed play a crucial role in plant resistance to diseases and pests. The aim of this study was to find whether SPB resistance QTL are associated with soybean seed isoflavone content. A cross was made between ‘Zhongdou 27’ (higher isoflavone content) and ‘Jiunong 20’ (lower isoflavone content). One hundred and twelve F5:10 recombinant inbred lines were derived through single‐seed descent. A plastic‐net cabinet was used to cover the plants in early August, and thirty SPB moths per square metre were put in to infest the soybean green pods. The results indicated that the percentage of seeds damaged by SPB was positively correlated with glycitein content (GC), whereas it was negatively correlated with genistein (GT), daidzein (DZ) and total isoflavone content (TI). Four QTL underlying SPB damage to seeds were identified and the phenotypic variation for SPB resistance explained by the four QTL ranged from 2% to 14% on chromosomes Gm7, 10, 13 and 17. Moreover, eleven QTL underlying isoflavone content were identified, and ten of them were encompassed within the same four marker intervals as the SPB QTL (BARC‐Satt208‐Sat292, Satt144‐Sat074, Satt540‐Sat244 and Satt345‐Satt592). These QTL could be useful in marker‐assisted selection for breeding soybean cultivars with both SPB resistance and high seed isoflavone content.
Comparison of root and foliar applications of potassium silicate in potentiating post‐infection defences of melon against powdery mildew
Authors: Dallagnol L. J. , Rodrigues F. A. , Pascholati S. F. , Fortunato A. A. , Camargo L. E. A. 
Published: January 2015

The application of silicon to the roots or leaves reduces the severity of powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) in melon but the latter treatment is less effective. This study compared key biochemical defence responses of melon triggered by P. xanthii after root or foliar treatment with potassium silicate (PS). Treatments consisted of pathogen‐inoculated or mock‐inoculated plants supplied with PS via roots or foliarly, as well as a non‐treated control. The activity of defence enzymes and the concentration of phenolic compounds, lignin and malondialdehyde were determined from leaf samples at different time points after inoculation. Pathogen‐inoculated plants irrigated with PS showed both an accumulation of silicon and primed defence responses in leaves that were not observed in pathogen‐inoculated plants either sprayed with PS or not treated. These responses included the anticipated activity of peroxidase and accumulation of soluble phenols, the activation of chitinase and repression of catalase, and the stronger activation of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and β‐1,3‐glucanase. Moreover, the lignin concentration increased in response to inoculation, whereas the malondialdehyde concentration decreased. For the foliar treatment, however, only an increase in lignin deposition was observed compared with the control plants. The results show that silicon strongly plays an active role in modulating the defence responses of melon against P. xanthii when supplied to the roots as opposed to the foliage.
Effect of host and non‐host crops on Plasmodiophora brassicae resting spore concentrations and clubroot of canola
Authors: Hwang S. F. , Ahmed H. U. , Zhou Q. , Turnbull G. D. , Strelkov S. E. , Gossen B. D. , Peng G. 
Published: January 2015

Plasmodiophora brassicae, causal agent of clubroot of crucifers, poses a serious threat to Canadian canola production. The effects of fallow (F) periods and bait crops (clubroot‐susceptible canola (B) and perennial ryegrass (R)) on clubroot severity and P. brassicae resting spore populations were evaluated in five sequences: R–B, B–R, R–F, B–F and F–F. Both host and non‐host bait crops reduced clubroot severity in a subsequent crop of a susceptible canola cultivar compared with fallow. Resting spore and P. brassicae DNA concentrations decreased in all treatments, but were lowest for the R–B and B–R bait crop sequences. In addition, two studies were conducted in mini‐plots under field conditions to assess the effect of rotation of susceptible or resistant canola cultivars on clubroot severity and P. brassicae resting spore populations. One study included three crops of susceptible canola compared with a 2‐year break of oat–pea, barley–pea, wheat–wheat or fallow–fallow. The other study assessed three crops of resistant canola, two crops of resistant canola with a 1‐year break, one crop of resistant canola and a 2‐year break, and a 3‐year break with barley followed by a susceptible canola. The rotations that included non‐host crops of barley, pea or oat reduced clubroot severity and resting spore concentrations, and increased yield, compared with continuous cropping of either resistant or susceptible canola. Growing of a susceptible canola cultivar contributed 23–250‐fold greater gall mass compared with resistant cultivars.
Variation in growth rates and aggressiveness of naturally occurring self‐fertile and self‐sterile isolates of the wilt pathogen Ceratocystis albifundus
Authors: Lee D. H. , Roux J. , Wingfield B. D. , Wingfield M. J. 
Published: January 2015

Ceratocystis albifundus is the most important fungal pathogen of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) grown in plantations in southern and eastern Africa. It is a homothallic fungus but also undergoes unidirectional mating type switching. As a result, the ascospore progeny can be either self‐fertile or self‐sterile. The only apparent difference between these mating types is the deletion of the MAT1‐2‐1 gene in self‐sterile isolates. There is some evidence suggesting that self‐sterile isolates grow more slowly than self‐fertile isolates, but this has not been tested rigorously. The aim of this study was to determine whether self‐sterile isolates are less fit by examining growth rate, relative germination rate and pathogenicity. Five self‐sterile isolates were generated from each of five self‐fertile isolates of C. albifundus and these 30 isolates were compared. The results showed that the self‐sterile isolates grew consistently slower and were less pathogenic than the self‐fertile isolates. The germination ratio of self‐fertile to self‐sterile isolates from single ascospores collected from the ascomata of five self‐fertile isolates was on average 7:3. This could be a consequence of the self‐sterile isolates having a lower germination rate. This observation, and the lower growth and pathogenicity levels, suggests that self‐sterile isolates are not likely to compete effectively in nature, raising intriguing questions regarding their role and value to C. albifundus and other fungi having a similar mating system.
The Hidden Side of Zero Tolerance Policies: The African American Perspective
Authors: Bell Charles 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSeveral papers have documented the disproportionate representation of African Americans in school discipline and incarceration settings as a result of zero tolerance policies. In 2009, a federal study of the Chicago Public School system found African American boys represented 23 percent of the school age population, 44 percent of students who were suspended, and 61 percent of students who were expelled within the 2007 school year. Twenty years after the implementation of the Anti‐Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988, studies show African Americans comprised a startling 74 percent of those incarcerated for drug offenses despite being only 15 percent of America's drug users. Despite overwhelming evidence that suggests African Americans are adversely affected by zero tolerance policies, African American perceptions of zero tolerance policies remain relatively hidden in the literature. The current review seeks to explore a seemingly bidirectional process that involves how zero tolerance impacts African Americans and how African Americans perceive zero tolerance policies.
Neuroscience and Education – an Incompatible Relationship
Authors: Sehgal Cuthbert Alka 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTo date, there has been little opposition to the growing influence of cognitive neuroscience in education from the education profession itself. However there is growing criticism from the fields of psychology and philosophy. This paper aims to summarize the central arguments found in literature critical of the claims made by cognitive neuroscientists who advocate its potential to improve education. The paper is organized around three sections which draw together assessments from psychology, philosophy and sociology of education. The first, “Brain, Mind and Culture,” lays out the general argument against neuro‐education and evaluates two common assumptions made by advocates of neuro‐education: that there is a causal relationship between brain and mind and that learning is a central tenet of education. The second section, “Promises and Problems,” critically considers an example of neuro‐educational research and then goes on to discuss how neuro‐education has detrimental consequences for two necessary conditions of liberal subject‐based education; disciplinarity and pedagogic authority. The final section, “Discourses of Risk, Vulnerability and Optimal Outcomes,” considers wider sociological literature to locate neuro‐education within its contemporary cultural context. The paper concludes with a summary of the main philosophical and moral objections to neuro‐education.
Explaining Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration Policy: A Review of the Theoretical Literature
Authors: Berg Justin Allen 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn the research literature on immigration attitudes, there are a number of theories that explain why individuals hold positive or negative opinions of certain immigrant groups and immigration policies. In this review of the literature, the theories are summarized into five categories: personal and social identity, self and group interest, cultural values and beliefs, social interaction, and multilevel theories. The majority of the theories offer explanations that favor one causal direction, focus on social psychology or the social structural environment, and assume that effects are additive rather than interactive. It is argued in this review that scholars would benefit by using multilevel theories, such as group position theory and intersectionality, in order to extend their explanatory reach past the theoretical standards and, in doing so, be able to better examine some understudied but important questions, such as why individuals often hold pro‐ and anti‐immigrant opinions simultaneously. Multilevel theories have the potential to offer a nuanced understanding of immigration attitudes.
Happiness Research: A Review of Critiques
Authors: Frawley Ashley 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn the short decades since the introduction of positive psychology instigated broader interdisciplinary research, interest in happiness has been growing in academia, the media and public policy. Numerous critiques of these developments have been forwarded from a variety of theoretical and disciplinary traditions. This article discusses three such criticisms: the culture‐bound and normative character of happiness, ‘bad science’ and scientism, and diminished subjectivity and individualisation. It is argued that criticism, particularly internal criticism, evidences the maturity of the field. However, the depth of some critiques may also indicate that interest in happiness is bound with broader cultural preoccupations and is likely to be superseded.
Effects of donor/recipient human leukocyte antigen mismatch on human cytomegalovirus replication following liver transplantation
Authors: Aldridge R.W. , Mattes F.M. , Rolando N. , Rolles K. , Smith C. , Shirling G. , Atkinson C. , Burroughs A.K. , Milne R.S.B. , Emery V.C. , Griffiths P.D. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundNatural immunity against cytomegalovirus (CMV) can control virus replication after solid organ transplantation; however, it is not known which components of the adaptive immune system mediate this protection. We investigated whether this protection requires human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching between donor and recipient by exploiting the fact that, unlike transplantation of other solid organs, liver transplantation does not require HLA matching, but some donor and recipient pairs may nevertheless be matched by chance.MethodsTo further investigate this immune control, we determined whether chance HLA matching between donor (D) and recipient (R) in liver transplants affected a range of viral replication parameters.ResultsIn total, 274 liver transplant recipients were stratified according to matches at the HLA A, HLA B, and HLA DR loci. The incidence of CMV viremia, kinetics of replication, and peak viral load were similar between the HLA matched and mismatched patients in the D+/R+ and D−/R+ transplant groups. D+/R− transplants with 1 or 2 mismatches at the HLA DR locus had a higher incidence of CMV viremia >3000 genomes/mL blood compared to patients matched at this locus (78% vs. 17%; P = 0.01). Evidence was seen that matching at the HLA A locus had a small effect on peak viral loads in D+/R− patients, with median peak loads of 3540 and 14,706 genomes/mL in the 0 and combined (1 and 2) mismatch groups, respectively (P = 0.03).ConclusionOverall, our data indicate that, in the setting of liver transplantation, prevention of CMV infection and control of CMV replication by adaptive immunity is minimally influenced by HLA matching of the donor and recipient. Our data raise questions about immune control of CMV in the liver and also about the cells in which the virus is amplified to give rise to CMV viremia.
In vivo Toll‐like receptor 5 (TLR5) imaging with radiolabeled anti‐TLR5 monoclonal antibody in rapamycin‐treated mouse allogeneic skin transplantation model
Authors: Sun H. , Zhan Y. , Liang T. , Zhang C. , Song J. , Han J. , Hou G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundIn organ transplantation, increasing evidence, both in experimental and human studies, indicates that Toll‐like receptor (TLR) activation is involved in the innate immune recognition of allograft. TLR5, the only protein recognition receptor of TLRs, is indicated potentially to be the immune regulation target. This study was designed to determine whether TLR5 could be a biomarker for in vivo allograft visualization, after immunosuppressant rapamycin treatment, using radiolabeled sodium iodide (131I)‐anti‐TLR5 monoclonal antibody (mAb).MethodsBALB/c mice were transplanted with C57BL/6 skin, with/without rapamycin treatment (the rapamycin‐treated group and the phosphate buffered saline [PBS]‐rejection group, respectively). In vivo dynamic whole‐body phosphor‐autoradiography and ex vivo biodistribution studies were conducted after 131I‐anti‐TLR5 mAb injection.ResultsDynamic phosphor‐autoradiography imaging showed clear graft localization from 12 h onward. At 72 h after injection, graft uptake quantified from images was higher for the rapamycin‐treated group (26,448 ± 904 digital light units [DLU]/mm2), compared with the PBS‐treated allo‐rejection group (9176 ± 576 DLU/mm2). Treatment with anti‐TLR5 mAb inhibited graft uptake. Organ biodistribution study reflected the same tendency, and 131I‐anti‐TLR5 mAb uptake reached a maximum of 12.05 ± 1.86 %ID/g (percent injected dose per gram) at 1 h, and graft‐to‐native skin ratio reached 8.10 ± 0.10 %ID/g at 72 h after injection in rapamycin‐treated grafts.ConclusionRadiolabeled anti‐TLR5 mAb showed higher uptake in allo‐treated grafts compared with allo‐rejection grafts, which was proved by non‐invasive dynamic phosphor‐autoradiography imaging, and invasive ex vivo biodistribution. Radiolabeled anti‐TLR5 mAb is a new tracer for non‐invasive in vivo imaging of TLR5 in rapamycin‐treated allograft.
Mistaken identity: Legionella micdadei appearing as acid‐fast bacilli on lung biopsy of a hematopoietic stem cell transplant patient
Authors: Waldron P.R. , Martin B.A. , Ho D.Y. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLegionella micdadei is a potential cause of invasive lung infections in immunocompromised hosts. On biopsy specimens, it can appear as an acid‐fast bacillus (AFB) and can be mistaken for a member of genus Mycobacterium. As Legionella requires selective media to grow in culture, and the commonly used, commercially available urine antigen test for Legionella only detects Legionella pneumophila serogroup‐1, but not L. micdadei, it is important to consider this organism in the differential diagnosis for AFB in immunocompromised hosts. We report a case of L. micdadei infection, which was initially treated empirically for non‐tuberculous mycobacteria based on AFB staining of biopsy tissue before the final diagnosis was made.
Hey!
Authors: Haviland John B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractZinacantec Family Homesign (Z) is a new sign language emerging spontaneously over the past three decades in a single family in a remote Mayan Indian village. Three deaf siblings, their Tzotzil‐speaking age‐mates, and now their children, who have had contact with no other deaf people, represent the first generation of Z signers. I postulate an augmented grammaticalization path, beginning with the adoption of a Tzotzil cospeech holophrastic gesture—meaning “come!”—into Z, and then its apparent stylization as an attention‐getting sign, followed by grammatical regimentation and pragmatic generalization as an utterance initial change of speaker or turn marker.
Anti‐K formation is not associated with the storage time of transfused red blood cells
Authors: Hogervorst Esther , Middelburg Rutger , Brand Anneke , van de Watering Leo , Schonewille Henk 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundThe formation of red blood cell (RBC) antibodies could be enhanced by the presence of inflammation caused by prolonged RBC storage, as was shown in animal studies. The low occurrence (<10%) of K‐antigen in most populations often enables identification of the K+ RBC unit that triggered anti‐K formation and determination of its storage time. This study aims to quantify the association of anti‐K formation with RBC storage time.Study Design and MethodsK− patients who had not been previously transfused and received at least 1 K+ unit between January 2004 and August 2013 were identified. First, the influence of storage time of the K+ units was assessed as mean, maximum, and minimum storage times within one transfusion interval and at various cutoff points for old versus young blood (14, 18, and 21 days). Second, concomitantly transfused K− units were studied within different periods surrounding the K+ unit(s).ResultsTwenty‐three patients formed anti‐K, while 274 patients did not. The adjusted relative risks of anti‐K formation for mean, maximum, and minimum storage time (days) ranged from 1.01 to 1.03 (95% confidence interval, 0.96‐1.08). When analyzing the association between only “younger” and only “older” K+ units at various cutoff points, no association was found. Similarly, no association was found between storage time of the concomitantly transfused K− units and anti‐K formation.ConclusionWithin the range of storage times used in normal clinical practice in the Netherlands, no association could be found between RBC storage time and anti‐K formation.
The new Scandinavian Donations and Transfusions database (SCANDAT2): a blood safety resource with added versatility
Authors: Edgren Gustaf , Rostgaard Klaus , Vasan Senthil K. , Wikman Agneta , Norda Rut , Pedersen Ole Birger , Erikstrup Christian , Nielsen Kaspar René , Titlestad Kjell , Ullum Henrik , Melbye Mads , Nyrén Olof , Hjalgrim Henrik 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundRisks of transfusion‐transmitted disease are currently at a record low in the developed world. Still, available methods for blood surveillance might not be sufficient to detect transmission of diseases with unknown etiologies or with very long incubation periods.Study Design and MethodsWe have previously created the anonymized Scandinavian Donations and Transfusions (SCANDAT) database, containing data on blood donors, blood transfusions, and transfused patients, with complete follow‐up of donors and patients for a range of health outcomes. Here we describe the re‐creation of SCANDAT with updated, identifiable data. We collected computerized data on blood donations and transfusions from blood banks covering all of Sweden and Denmark. After data cleaning, two structurally identical databases were created and the entire database was linked with nationwide health outcomes registers to attain complete follow‐up for up to 47 years regarding hospital care, cancer, and death.ResultsAfter removal of erroneous records, the database contained 25,523,334 donation records, 21,318,794 transfusion records, and 3,692,653 unique persons with valid identification, presently followed over 40 million person‐years, with possibility for future extension. Data quality is generally high with 96% of all transfusions being traceable to their respective donation(s) and a very high (>97%) concordance with official statistics on annual number of blood donations and transfusions.ConclusionsIt is possible to create a binational, nationwide database with almost 50 years of follow‐up of blood donors and transfused patients for a range of health outcomes. We aim to use this database for further studies of donor health, transfusion‐associated risks, and transfusion‐transmitted disease.