bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laser ablation based bioimaging with simultaneous elemental and molecular mass spectrometry: towards spatially resolved speciation analysis
Authors: Herdering Christina , Wehe Christoph A. , Reifschneider Olga , Raj Indra , Ciarimboli Giuliano , Diebold Kurt , Becker Christoph , Sperling Michael , Karst Uwe 
Published: October 2013

RATIONALEBiological functions of metals are not only specified by the element itself, but also by its chemical form and by its organ, cell and subcellular location. The developed laser ablation based setup enables spatially resolved analysis with simultaneous elemental and molecular mass spectrometry (MS) and promises therefore localization, identification and quantification of metal or heteroelement‐containing species in biological samples such as tissue sections.METHODSA UV laser ablation (LA) system is hyphenated in parallel both with an elemental and a molecular mass spectrometer via flow splitted transfer lines to simultaneously obtain data from both of the mass spectrometers. Elemental MS was performed using inductively coupled plasma (ICP)‐MS, whereas atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)‐MS with an orbitrap mass analyzer was utilized for molecular MS.RESULTSSimultaneous elemental and molecular MS imaging with high lateral resolution down to 25 µm was presented for the staining agents eosin Y and haematoxylin as well as for the chemotherapy drug cisplatin in thin tissue sections. For molecular MS, target compounds were identified by their exact masses and by characteristic fragment ions.CONCLUSIONSThe first simultaneous elemental and molecular MS imaging approach based on laser ablation sampling was introduced for spatially resolved speciation analysis. The combination of the advantages of LA‐ICP‐MS such as low detection limits and high spatial resolution with information on the chemical identity promises not only localization of metals, but also identification of metal species in biological samples. Therefore, this novel technique opens up new possibilities to address complex challenges in life science research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric analysis of folic acid, vancomycin and Triton® X‐100 on variously functionalized carbon nanotubes
Authors: Cegłowski Michał , Jasiecki Szymon , Schroeder Grzegorz 
Published: October 2013

RATIONALECarbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been ascertained to constitute versatile assisting matrices for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric analysis of different molecules. The functionalization thereof can lead to obtaining laser desorption/ionization assisting surfaces that would allow the detection of molecules at lower concentration and produce spectra with a better signal‐to‐noise ratio.METHODSPristine, ‐OH and ‐COOH functionalized multi‐walled CNTs were obtained from commercial suppliers. Gallic or sinapinic acid was attached covalently to the CNT surfaces by forming an ester bond. Folic acid, vancomycin and Triton® X‐100 were used as analytes to examine properties of these new assisting surfaces. Mass spectrometry analysis was conducted on a matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight (MALDIQTOF) mass spectrometer.RESULTSThe functionalization of CNTs was confirmed with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The obtained mass spectra revealed that all the assisting surfaces are capable of transferring energy to the analytes; moreover, the presence of carboxyl groups in the structures of CNTs highly enhances their ionization properties. Nevertheless, the presence of sinapinic acid on CNT surfaces does not increase their properties to absorb pulse laser energy.CONCLUSIONSThe presented assisting surfaces are effective in LDI mass analysis of folic acid, vancomycin and Triton® X‐100. The appropriate functionalization of CNTs can lead to the production of assisting surfaces that can become highly effective in the ionization of particular types of analytes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid detection and quantification of apolipoprotein L1 genetic variants and total levels in plasma by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhou Haihong , Hoek Maarten , Yi Pan , Rohm Rory J. , Mahsut Ablatt , Brown Patricia , Saunders Jason , Chmielowski Rebecca A. , Ren Ning , Shuster Dan , Southwick Katie , Ayanoglu Gulesi , Gorman Dan , Laface Drake , Santino Salvatore , Conway James , Liu Zhong , Cully Doris , Cleary Michele , Roddy Thomas P. , Blom Daniel 
Published: October 2013

RATIONALEHuman genetics studies in African Americans have shown a strong correlation between polymorphisms in the ApoL1 gene and chronic kidney disease (CKD). To gain further insight into the etiology of ApoL1‐associated kidney diseases, the determination of circulating levels of both wild type as well as ApoL1 variants could be of significant use. To date, antibodies that discriminate between all three ApoL1variant forms (wild type, G1 and G2) are not available. We aimed to develop a rapid method for detecting and quantifying ApoL1 variants and total levels in plasma.METHODSUltra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in multiple‐reaction monitoring acquisition mode was used to quantify ApoL1.RESULTSWe demonstrated that it is feasible to detect and quantify ApoL1 variants (wild type, G1 and G2), and total ApoL1 concentrations in plasma. ApoL1 genotypes determined by LC/MS agreed perfectly with the traditional method DNA sequencing for 74 human subjects. The method exhibited at least three orders of linearity with a lower limit of quantification of 10 nM. Moreover, the method can readily be multiplexed for the quantification of a panel of protein markers in a single sample.CONCLUSIONSThe method reported herein obviates the need to perform DNA genotyping of ApoL1 variants, which is of significant value in cases where stored samples are unsuitable for DNA analysis. More importantly, the method could potentially be of use in the early identification of individuals at risk of developing CKD, and for the stratification of patients for treatment with future ApoL1‐modifying therapies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Determination of Bile Leakage in Complex Hepatectomy Based on the Guidelines of the International Study Group of Liver Surgery
Authors: Taguchi Yoshiro , Ebata Tomoki , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Igami Tsuyoshi , Sugawara Gen , Kokuryo Toshio , Wakai Kenji , Nagino Masato 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS) has defined bile leakage as a drain fluid‐to‐serum total bilirubin concentration (TBC) ratio (the bilirubin ratio) ≥3.0. The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical significance of this definition, and to outline characteristics of bile leakage in complex hepatectomy.
MethodsThe TBCs of the serum and drain fluid were measured on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, and 7 in 241 patients who had undergone hepatobiliary resection. The validation of the bilirubin ratio and predictors of bile leakage were retrospectively assessed.ResultsGrade A, B, or C bile leakage was found in 23 (9.5 %), 66 (27.4 %), and 0 patients, respectively. The median duration of drainage was 27 days in grade B bile leakage. The sensitivity and specificity of the bilirubin ratio for detecting grade B bile leakage were 59 and 87 %, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of the drain fluid TBC on POD 3 had the highest predictive value: 68 % sensitivity and 76 % specificity for a drain fluid TBC of 3.7 mg/dL. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that operative time, left trisectionectomy, bilirubin ratio, and TBC of the drain fluid on POD 3 were independent predictors of grade B bile leakage.ConclusionsIn complex hepatectomy, bile leakage develops most frequently after left trisectionectomy and often results in a refractory clinical course. The ISGLS biochemical definition is valid, and a combination of bilirubin ratio and drain fluid TBC may enhance risk prediction for grade B bile leakage.
The ALPPS Procedure: A Surgical Option for Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Major Vascular Invasion
Authors: Vennarecci Giovanni , Laurenzi Andrea , Santoro Roberto , Colasanti Marco , Lepiane Pasquale , Ettorre Giuseppe Maria 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tends to have a particular invasiveness toward the portal vein (PV) branches and hepatic veins. This situation can hamper major surgical resection with a risk of postoperative liver failure due to the small future liver remnant (FLR) in cirrhotic livers. These patients are then usually directed to palliative treatments with poor results. The associating liver partition and PV ligation (PVL) in staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) strategy is one of the main surgical innovations in recent years in the field of liver surgical oncology. The ALPPS approach could allow surgical resection in patients with HCC and associated major vascular invasion.MethodsAmong 1,143 liver resection performed in our center, the ALPPS approach was employed in order to induce rapid hypertrophy of the left FLR in patients with HCC and associated major vascular invasion. This strategy consists of combining the in situ splitting of the liver along the main portal scissura or on the right side of the falciform ligament and PVL in a strategy of staged hepatectomy.ResultsIn our experience the ALPPS approach allowed us to achieve a sufficient FLR in two cases of HCC with major vascular invasion, in which the classic two‐stage strategy could not be applied. In both cases the patients could undergo major hepatectomies without mortality.ConclusionsThis novel strategy could expand the number of patients undergoing major liver resections that were previously considered non‐resectable because of the risk of liver decompensation for an insufficient FLR.
Family Contexts: Parental Experiences of Discrimination and Child Mental Health
Authors: Tran Alisia G. T. T. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractResearch on the mental health correlates of discrimination traditionally has been intra‐individual, focusing exclusively on the individual directly experiencing discrimination. A small number of studies have begun to consider the links between parental experiences of discrimination and child mental health, but little is known about potential underlying mechanisms. The present study tested the independent mediating effects of parent mental health and household socioeconomic status on the associations between parental experiences of discrimination (past‐year perceived discrimination and perceptions of being unaccepted culturally) and child mental health (internalizing and externalizing symptoms) using a bootstrapping analytic approach. Data were drawn from racial/ethnic minority (n = 383) and White (n = 574) samples surveyed in an urban Midwestern county. For all measures of discrimination and child mental health, findings supported an association between parental experiences of discrimination and child mental health. Whereas parent mental health served as a significant mediator in all analyses, socioeconomic status did not. Mediation findings held for both the White and racial/ethnic minority samples. Results suggest that parental experiences of discrimination and mental health may contribute to child mental health concerns, thus highlighting the role of family contexts in shaping child development.
Comparison of Biodegradation of Nonylphenol Propoxylates with Usage of Two Different Sources of Activated Sludge
Authors: Zgoła‐Grześkowiak Agnieszka , Grześkowiak Tomasz , Szymański Andrzej 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAerobic biodegradation behaviour of nonylphenol propoxylates was investigated in two tests with different sewage sludge as inocula. The samples containing target compounds were pre‐concentrated using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and analysed with the use of high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Both primary biodegradation and formation of different biodegradation by‐products were studied. Primary biodegradation of nonylphenol propoxylates was relatively slow and reached only about 70 % in over 70 days from the start of the tests. The biodegradation by‐products from both oxidative and non‐oxidative pathways were found. In the non‐oxidative route, shortening of the propoxy chain was observed. In the oxidative pathway carboxylic acids and ketones were identified. The biodegradation by‐products identified with the use of mass spectrometric detection also persisted for many days.
Performance, carcass characteristics and economic benefits of total replacement of inorganic minerals by organic forms in growing pig diets
Authors: Taylor-Pickard J. A. , Nollet L. , Geers R. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryA trial was conducted using 134 pigs from weaning (21 kg) to finishing (105 kg) fed wheat-soy based commercial feeds formulated with either inorganic minerals or lower levels of organic (chelated) forms. Pigs fed the organic mineral diet has significantly higher (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) compared to those receiving the inorganic control diet between day 31 and 64 of the trial period. The pigs receiving the organic minerals yielded 2 kg extra carcass weight, higher slaughter efficiency (P < 0.05) and greater ham width (P < 0.05). Economic benefits resulted for the organic mineral diets, due to improved performance and reduced mineral inclusion.
The influence of two lucerne-based forage feeds, FiberProtect® and FiberEdge® on Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in horses
Authors: Stowers N.L. , Waldron L.A. , Pryor I.D. , Hill S.R. , O'Brien J. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryEquine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) is extremely prevalent in both racing and non-racing horse populations. The exact aetiology of EGUS is unclear but many stress related risk factors have been implicated including the feeding of grain-based diets. Current treatment techniques often necessitate drug therapy which, when added to feed costs, can be expensive and may have a detrimental effect on digestion due to the mode of action of these therapies. The following experiment set out to investigate if feeding fermented, forage-based feeds (Modified Bio-Fermentation (MBF) lucerne feeds treated with Xanotyde®, registered as FiberProtect®and FiberEdge®; Fiber Fresh Feeds Ltd, Reporoa, New Zealand), could assist in the healing and prevention of ulceration. Nine adult horses with demonstrable and sustained gastric ulceration (diagnosed by gastric endoscopy), were used in a two part study. The first 42 d healing phase investigated the impact of feeding FiberProtect®(FPT) or FiberEdge®(FED) on established gastric ulcers. After 14 d on these diets 44% (4/9) of horses had no ulceration or hyperaemia (inflammation) (EGUC grade 0) and all horses were ulcer free (EGUC grade 0) at d 42. A significant (P < 0.01) relationship was determined between length of time fed and disappearance of ulcers (R2 = 0.9004; DF = 2). The prevention phase utilised the same horses, ulcer-free at d 42, and fed them a grain-based high energy racing diet alongside FPT at 40% and 60% of the total diet (DM basis). The horses were monitored for a further 28 d (d 42 – d 70), and only three showed a recurrence of ulceration throughout this period. At d 70, eight out of nine horses were ulcer free (EGUC grade 0). The findings suggest that FPT and FED can be used to heal and prevent gastric ulceration, and that FPT can be fed alongside a high grain diet to prevent recurrence of gastric ulcers.
Influence of lock aspect ratio upon the evolution of an axisymmetric intrusion
Authors: Holdsworth Amber M. , Sutherland Bruce R. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThrough theory and numerical simulations in an axisymmetric geometry, we examine evolution of a symmetric intrusion released from a cylindrical lock in stratified fluid as it depends upon the ambient interface thickness, $h$, and the lock aspect ratio ${R}_{c} / H$, in which ${R}_{c} $ is the lock radius and $H$ is the ambient depth. Whereas self-similarity and shallow-water theory predicts that intrusions, once established, should decelerate shortly after release from the lock, we find that the intrusions rapidly accelerate and then enter a constant-speed regime that extend between $2{R}_{c} $ and $5{R}_{c} $ from the gate, depending upon the relative interface thickness ${\delta }_{h} \equiv h/ H$. This result is consistent with previously performed laboratory experiments. Scaling arguments predict that the distance, ${R}_{a} $, over which the lock fluid first accelerates increases linearly with ${R}_{c} $ if ${R}_{c} / H\ll 1$ and ${R}_{a} / H$ approaches a constant for high aspect ratios. Likewise in the constant-speed regime, the speed relative to the rectilinear speed, $U/ {U}_{\infty } $, increases linearly with ${R}_{c} / H$ if the aspect ratio is small and is of order unity if ${R}_{c} / H\gg 1$. Beyond the constant-speed regime, the intrusion front decelerates rapidly, with power-law exponent as large as $0. 7$ if the relative ambient interface thickness, ${\delta }_{h} \lesssim 0. 2$. For intrusions in uniformly stratified fluid (${\delta }_{h} = 1$), the power-law exponent is close to $0. 2$. Except in special cases, the exponents differ significantly from the $1/ 2$ power predicted from self-similarity and the $1/ 3$ power predicted for intrusions from partial-depth lock releases.
Ambiguities in the Tsallis description of non-thermal plasma species
Authors: VERHEEST FRANK 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTsallis q-non-extensive distributions have recently found favor in describing the presence of energetic particles and their influences on several plasma modes, notably electrostatic solitons. Here attention is drawn to ambiguities and subtleties in the superextensive and subextensive ranges in q, which are not always recognized in the literature, particularly in numerical studies.
Eryngial (trans-2-dodecenal), a bioactive compound fromEryngium foetidum: its identification, chemical isolation, characterization and comparison with ivermectinin vitro
Authors: FORBES W. M. , GALLIMORE W. A. , MANSINGH A. , REESE P. B. , ROBINSON R. D. 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYMethanol-water (4:1, v/v) crude extracts (50 mg mL−1) of 25 Jamaican medicinal plants were screenedin vitrofor anthelmintic activity using infective third-stage larvae ofStrongyloides stercoralis. The most effective extract was further chemically scrutinized to isolate and identify the source of the bioactivity, and the efficacy of this compound was compared with ivermectin. Eosin exclusion (0·1 mg mL−1) served as the indicator of mortality in all bioassays. A crude extract ofEryngium foetidum(Apiaceae) was significantly (Probit Analysis,P<0·05) more potent than the other plant extracts, taking 18·9 h to kill 50% (LT50) of the larvae. Further, the petrol extract ofE. foetidumwas significantly more effective (Probit Analysis,P<0·05) at killing the larvae (LT50, 4·7 h) than either its methanol–water or dichloromethane extract. The latter two effected less than 1% larval mortality after 120 h. With bioassay-driven column chromatography of the petrol extract,trans-2-dodecenal (eryngial) was identified and chemically isolated as the main anthelmintic compound inE. foetidum. There was a significant difference between the 24 h LD50values (mm) oftrans-2-dodecenal (0·461) and ivermectin (2·251) but there was none between the 48 h LD50values (mm):trans-2-dodecenal (0·411) and ivermectin (0·499)in vitro.
Machiavelli and Cesare Borgia: A Reconsideration of Chapter 7 of The Prince
Authors: Najemy John M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis essay questions the seemingly laudatory judgment of Cesare Borgia in The Prince, chapter 7, by highlighting its emphasis on Borgia's dependence on the arms of others, which Machiavelli equates with “fortune.” During their encounters in 1502–1503, Machiavelli became keenly aware of Borgia's dependence on his papal father, on France, and on mercenaries. The praise of the “foundations” Borgia allegedly laid to remedy this dependence (including a fantasized conquest of Tuscany) is not Machiavelli's own assessment but the voice of Borgia's self-dramatizing and self-deceiving exaggerations. Knowing the weakness behind Cesare's bravado, Machiavelli could not have considered him the model of the “new prince,” still less of the “redeemer” invoked in chapter 26. On the contrary, Borgia is the negative model of the new prince who depends on the arms of others, inevitably fails, and blames fortune misconstrued as malicious fate.
Excavations in Melos, 1899: A. The Season's Work
Authors: Mackenzie D. 
Published: October 2013

§ I.—The interest of the excavation at Phylakopi in 1898 reached its climax just at the close of the season with the discovery in a small room in G 2 of the “Fishermen Vase” (lamp-stand), and with the equally interesting find in a house in G 3 of part of a wall-painting of flying fish (B.S.A. 1897–8, pp. 26–7). The south part of this region had to be left unfinished when excavation came to an end last year and it was desirable that, before we proceeded to any other undertaking, this piece of work should be completed.On reference to the plan, it will be seen that the N.E. part of G 3 is taken up with an apparently domestic building containing a room with a square pillar near its east wall. This house was the one in which last year were discovered, in the room with the pillar, the frescofragments with flying fish.
III.—Pottery: Early Pottery From Geraki
Authors: Wace A. J. B. 
Published: October 2013

During the trial excavations carried out on the acropolis of Geraki in 1905 a certain number of fragments of interesting prehistoric pottery were found, as announced in the report published. It was hoped that it might be possible to examine the site again, and to obtain further information about its occupation in early times. This hitherto has not been possible, and therefore there seems no reason why the fragments should not be illustrated, since they seem to be the earliest pottery yet found in Laconia. The fragments found, fall into the following classes:—(A) Monochrome, hand-made ware: the biscuit is grey, and well polished with a brown surface. To this class belong three pieces in Fig. 1 b-d; the first is from a narrow-necked bowl, the second from a jar that had a rim inside its lip to support a lid, and the third (d) is a broad ribbon handle on the lip of a large, open, flat bowl. The fourth fragment (Fig. 1 a) is unpolished, but of the same clay as the other fragments, and is decorated with incised lines.
A French Inscription at Adalia
Authors: Hasluck F. W. 
Published: October 2013

I am enabled this year, by the kindness of my friends M. N. Ferteklis (of Adalia) and Mr. A. M. Woodward, to supplement my account of Frankish remains at Adalia (B.S.A. xv. 270) by the publication of a French inscription discovered and copied by M. Ferteklis and again by Mr. Woodward.The inscription is written on a slab of white marble about 1·20 m. square, in letters about …08 m. high, built into the wall in the back yard of a shop about 100 yards S.E. of the Bazaar gate. A transcription cannot easily be made, as the stone is high up and weathered in the lower part.
Note on the Mystica Vannus Iacchi
Authors: Harrison Jane E. 
Published: October 2013

By the kindness of the Editor of the Annual I am allowed to append to Dr. Schäfer's paper a brief note on two monuments representing likna which came to my knowledge too late for publication in my last article in the Hellenic Journal on the Mystica Vannus lacchi.Dr. Schäfer's paper is naturally to me of great interestand importance. Egypt has yielded what would have been vainly sought for in Greece, namely an actual ancient liknon of precisely the shape so far evidenced only by representations in ancient art and by modern specimens. Mr. Bosanquet wrote to me last year from Berlin to tell me of the existence of such a liknon; and its publication by Dr. Schäfer in Fig. 15 of his paper makes further comment unnecessary.