bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Chiral Resolution, and Absolute Configuration of C2‐Symmetric, Chiral 9,9′‐Spirobifluorenes
Authors: Stobe Caroline , Seto Ryota , Schneider Andreas , Lützen Arne 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRacemic 2,2′‐, 2,2′,7,7′‐, and 2,2′,3,3′‐substituted 9,9′‐spirobifluorenes were synthesised and successfully resolved by HPLC on a Chiralpak IA stationary phase on both analytical and semipreparative scales. Their absolute configurations were determined by comparison of their specific optical rotations with literature data or by comparison of retention times with independently prepared enantiopure material. These compounds are versatile C2‐symmetric building blocks for the formation of more sophisticated cleft‐like, chiral molecular architectures.
Highly Stereoselective Nucleophilic Addition of Difluoromethyl‐2‐pyridyl Sulfone to Sugar Lactones and Efficient Synthesis of Fluorinated 2‐Ketoses
Authors: Liu Xiao , Yin Qiang , Yin Jian , Chen Guohua , Wang Xin , You Qi‐Dong , Chen Yue‐Lei , Xiong Bing , Shen Jingkang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNucleophilic addition of difluoromethyl‐2‐pyridyl sulfone to sugar lactones proceeded with good yield and excellent stereoselectivity. The hitherto unknown direct addition intermediates are stable and capable of useful conversions: Formal elimination of the anomeric hydroxy and sulfonyl groups yielded a 1‐deoxy‐1‐difluoromethylene mannopyranose derivative. Directly from sugar lactones, by nucleophilic addition and subsequent one‐pot reduction with allylmagnesium chloride, unprecedented fluorinated 2‐ketose analogues were prepared efficiently.
A Base‐Mediated Mild Sulfenylation of Indoles and Pyrrole with α‐Acylthiones
Authors: Viglianisi Caterina , Marcantoni Enrico , Carapacchi Vanessa , Menichetti Stefano , Marsili Laura 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA new procedure for the sulfenylation of indoles and pyrroles based on an aromatic substitution with α‐acylthiones used as electrophiles is described. The sulfenylating species were obtained, under very mild reaction conditions, from N‐thiophthalimides, using a weak base (pyridine or triethylamine) as promoter. The overall yields obtained are comparable with those obtained by other known sulfenylation protocols, which typically require harsher reaction conditions and/or metal‐containing Lewis acids as promoters.
Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties and Norms for the Portuguese Population
Authors: Machado Paulo P. P. , Martins Carla , Vaz Ana R. , Conceição Eva , Bastos Ana Pinto , Gonçalves Sónia 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe first aim of the current study was to establish general population norms for the Portuguese version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) in a large community sample of female adolescents and young women, as well, for a diverse Eating Disorder (ED) clinical sample, and for women with obesity without an ED. A second aim of the study was to assess the discriminant validity of the EDE‐Q and providing cut‐off scores for the total scale and subscales.MethodA sample of female adolescents and young women (N = 4091) from the general population, 416 women who met diagnostic criteria for an ED and 138 women seeking obesity treatment completed the EDE‐Q.ResultsNorms for the EDE‐Q global subscale were provided. Within the community sample, norms were provided for both high school and college samples. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the EDE‐Q total score accurately discriminate between participants with and without an ED. Current norm contributes to the clinical utility of the EDE‐Q, providing both a cut‐off score and reliable change index. Results showed that the EDE‐Q is a reliable instrument, but the theorized four subscales structure was not supported by an explorative factor analysis.ConclusionResults will help both researchers and clinicians interpreting the EDE‐Q scores and to establish comparison with data produced in different countries. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
User Requirement Analysis for an Online Collaboration Tool for Senior Industrial Engineering Design Course
Authors: Nanda Gaurav , Lehto Mark R. , Nof Shimon Y. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMany undergraduate industrial engineering programs offer a capstone senior design course that gives students an opportunity to apply the knowledge gained through their coursework to real‐world projects. In this article, we present the results of a user requirements analysis of online collaboration tools containing Web 2.0 features for teaching such courses. A structured focus group analysis was conducted in which subjects evaluated several Web 2.0 features implemented using HUBzero in a prototype online collaboration tool. Our subjects included undergraduate students, faculty members, teaching assistants, and company representatives who had recently participated in an industrial engineering senior design course. On the basis of the responses of the 40 subjects, we identified desirable features for online collaboration tools to be used when teaching capstone senior design courses. A follow‐up supplementary survey of 108 students currently enrolled in an industrial engineering senior design course offered at Purdue University revealed results consistent with the findings of the focus group study. Features found to be particularly important components of such a collaboration tool included file sharing, the ability to form user groups, provision of online comments and feedback, easy organization of content, and communication methods for remote collaboration. The usability of the tool was also rated as being very important.
A Tag‐Based Approach for Learning Ergonomic Concepts
Authors: Tsai Li Chen , Tang Kuo Hao , Hwang Sheue Ling 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe rapid advance of web technologies has enabled people to get a tremendous amount of information by clicking browser hyperlinks or typing query‐terms (keywords) into search engines. Users are no longer limited to specialized databases; an isolated search can lead to exploration, learning, and sharing. Collaborative information networks, such as Delicious, CiteULike, and others, can support information searching and self‐learning. In the context of ergonomics, we hypothesized that tags chosen by experts would facilitate knowledge acquisition, understanding, and self‐learning. These tags act as “learning cues”; they are intrinsic to the subject matter but extrinsic to the experts who apply them. Before the main experiment, a prior test collected tags applied to articles by experts and novices. The main experiment compared the effects of expert tagging with the effects of novice tagging on the self‐learning behavior of novices. It was intended to discover whether tag‐mediated conceptualization could help novices spontaneously formalize original ergonomics concepts. The result revealed that tags chosen by experts reflected better understanding of the content, and that expert tags significantly helped self‐learning of the structure of the ergonomic knowledge. The present article presents the results and discusses the implications of this research.
Study of water cloud model vegetation descriptors in estimating soil moisture in Solani catchment
Authors: Kumar Kamal , Suryanarayana Rao Hari Prasad , Arora M. K. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWater cloud model (WCM) relates the backscatter coefficient (σo) with soil moisture. The backscatter coefficient includes the backscatter coefficient due to vegetation (σoveg), and the backscatter coefficient due to soil (σosoil). The σoveg of WCM depends upon vegetation characteristics. The present study is aimed to investigate the effect of different vegetation descriptors in estimating soil moisture from WCM. The study is carried out in Solani River catchment of India. Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) images of three dates were acquired for the study. The field data, volumetric soil moisture from the upper 0–10 cm soil layer, soil texture, soil surface roughness, leaf area index (LAI), leaf water area index, normalized plant water content and average plant height corresponding to satellite pass dates were collected. Genetic algorithm optimization technique is used to estimate the WCM vegetation parameters. The use of LAI as vegetation descriptor results in minimum root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.77 dB between WCM computed backscatter and Envisat ASAR observed backscatter. Also, use of LAI in WCM as vegetation descriptor results in the least RMSE of 4.19%, between estimated and observed soil moisture for the first field campaign, whereas it was 5.64% for the last field campaign which was undertaken after 35 days of first campaign. It is concluded that LAI can be treated as the best vegetation descriptor in studies retrieving soil moisture and backscatter from microwave remote sensing data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DISTRACTION EFFECTS IN TASKS OF VARYING DIFFICULTY: METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN MEASURING DEVELOPMENT OF DISTRACTIBILITY
Authors: Hale Gordon , Flaugher Jan 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe effects of distraction on 5‐ and 8‐year‐old children's performance on a short‐term memory task were examined. Tasks at three levels of difficulty were employed to determine whether a floor effect could account for the lack of an age difference reported in an earlier study. A floor effect does not appear to be a key factor; performance was well above chance under all conditions here, yet the absolute amount of performance decrement was roughly equal for the two age levels regardless of task difficulty. Also at issue here is whether proportional change might be a more appropriate index of distraction effects than absolute performance decrement. The relevance of the present data to this issue is discussed. The children adapted somewhat to the presence of distraction as shown in greater per‐formance impairment for the first trial under distraction than for remaining trials. The degree of adaptation was roughly comparable for the two age groups.
INFANTS' GREETING PATTERNS TO STRANGERS
Authors: Haviland Jeannette M. , Lewis Michael 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTNaive observers coded facial behaviors (eye direction, eye openness, and mouth) of 40 infants from videotapes of the infant's face and upper torso as the infants watched the approach of a stranger. Patterns of facial movement show that the infants are interested, their eyes remain forward, are slightly wide or normal and the mouth is relaxed. This pattern occurs significantly more often than any other. Indications of fear (mouth contracted or corners down, gaze aversion, eyes very wide) and joy (eyes a bit wide, mouth corners up, looking ahead) were blended with interest, but did not occur in isolation. No age differences were found in this analysis. Sex differences were found in patterns of eye openness. The results were contrasted with previous findings of infant “fear” and were compared to adult reactions in similar stranger approach situations.
RELATIONS OF DIVERGENT THINKING AND INTELLIGENCE TEST SCORES WITH SOCIAL AND NONSOCIAL MAKE‐BELIEVE PLAY OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Johnson James E. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTTest estimates of intelligence and divergent thinking are compared with observations of social and nonsocial make‐believe play in a sample of 63 socially and economically disadvantaged preschool children. Controlling for the effects of age, indices of cognitive ability correlated positively and significantly with social make‐believe play but not with solitary make‐believe play. Uses Task performance scored for fanciful uses, but not for common uses, related to social fantasy play. Results suggest that social interaction is an important component in the relationship of fantasy play to cognitive development. A component of divergent thinking related to metaphorical or fantasy production appears to be a useful predictor of the propensity for sociodramatic play.
STUDENT RATINGS OF INSTRUCTION AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO STUDENT LEARNING
Authors: Centra John A. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTStudent ratings of instruction were correlated with examination performance in 72 sections of seven courses. In two of the courses, students had been randomly assigned to sections. The pattern of correlations across the courses indicated that the global ratings of teacher effectiveness and of the value of the course to students were most highly related to mean exam performance (12 out of 24 product‐moment and partial correlations were .58 or above). Ratings of course objectives and organization, and of the quality of lectures were also fairly well correlated with achievement. Ratings of other aspects of instruction, such as the teacher‐student relationship or the difficulty/workload of the course, were not highly related to achievement scores.
WHEN “RELIABILITY” FAILS, MUST A MEASURE BE DISCARDED?—THE CASE OF KINESTHETIC AFTEREFFECT
Authors: Baker A. Harvey , Mishara Brian L. , Parker Laurence , Kostin Irene W. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTCritics of Kinesthetic Aftereffect (KAE) recommend abandoning it as a personality measure largely because of poor test‐retest reliability. Although no test can be valid if lacking true reliability, to discard a measure because of poor retest reliability is an oversimplification of validation procedures. This pitfall is exemplified here by a reexamination of KAE.KAE scores involve measures before (pretest) and after (test) aftereffect induction. Internal analysis of a KAE study showed: differential bias is present; its locus is the second session pretest; its form makes second‐session pretest scores functionally more similar to first‐ and second‐session test scores and functionally more dissimilar to first‐session pretest scores. Given this second session bias, the retest correlation tells us nothing about the true reliability of a one‐session KAE score. However, if a measure possesses external validity, it must to some degree show true reliability. Based upon a literature review of one‐session KAE validity studies, we conclude that one session KAE scores are valid and hence show true reliability. KAE remains a promising personality measure.
SPATIO‐TEMPORAL INTEGRATION IN READING TACHISTOSCOPICALLY PRESENTED WORDS
Authors: Hurtig Richard R. , Reinvang Ivar 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIt has been suggested that there is a visual encoding of a verbal stimulus which outlasts the duration of the icon. An attempt is made to determine what the characteristics of such an encoded representation are. The present experiment attempts to demonstrate that spatio‐temporal information is utilized in the encoding processes necessary for word recognition. The letters of words are presented over successive tachistoscopic exposures which subjects are instructed to either integrate in terms of the temporal order of input or in terms of the spatial location. The central finding indicates that word recognition latencies are significantly elevated by the existence of an interpretation of the stimulus resulting from integration of the uninstructed form. The findings offer a demonstration of a stable memory matrix capable of representing alphabetic characters in terms of identity as well as spatial locus and temporal order of input.
THE USE OF PERIODIC FUNCTIONS TO MEASURE THE DIFFICULTY OF APTITUDE TEST ITEMS*
Authors: Levine Michael V. , Saxe David H. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTTwo different procedures were used to measure the difficulties of some Scholastic Aptitude Test items: a new distribution‐free procedure that uses periodic functions and LOGIST, a well‐developed optimization procedure that fits a logistic model. Despite the fact that the two procedures used different data in very different ways, they obtained virtually the same numbers.
COGNITIVE STYLE EFFECTS ON SEX STATUS IN STUDENT WORK GROUPS1
Authors: Lockheed Marlaine E. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe observed greater activity, influence and task orientation of males in mixed‐sex work groups is analyzed as an educational problem, having particular relevance for coeducational schooling. Following Berger, Cohen and Zelditch, this investigator analyzed greater male power and prestige as a consequence of the activation of the diffuse status characteristic “sex” under specific task conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine whether activation of a diffuse status characteristic would systematically vary according to the perceptual or cognitive style of group members. Four person mixed‐sex groups of adolescents, homogeneous as to cognitive style, were videotaped while engaged in a group decision‐making task.Videotapes were coded for individual rates of activity and influence; group members were asked to rate other group members on who had the “best ideas,” and who did the most to “guide and direct” the group, and to identify the overall leader.It was found that field‐dependent groups displayed male dominant interaction, while field independent groups displayed equal status interaction. Males were significantly more likely than females to be identified as leaders by their peers in all group types. Behavioral data show that the activation of the diffuse status characteristic “sex” was a function of individual differences in sensitivity to environmental cues, while self report data reflect a bias toward perceiving males as group leaders.
THE EFFECTS OF ACADEMIC DEPARTMENTS ON STUDENT LEARNING
Authors: Hartnett Rodney T. , Centra John A. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe question of educational effects in higher education is reexamined by studying the effects of academic departments (rather than entire colleges) and employing as criterion measures achievement tests appropriate for the individual departments. Two separate samples of institutions and two separate criterion measures were used. The criterion measures for one sample of departments in four disciplines at small colleges were the Field Tests of the ETS Undergraduate Program. The criterion measures for another sample of departments in six disciplines at larger institutions were the Advanced Tests of the Graduate Record Examinations. Analyses of both sets of data revealed considerable between‐departments variation in educational effectiveness within the same institution, thus suggesting that educational effects research of this kind is more reasonable at the department rather than the overall college level. Analysis of the characteristics of the departments failed to identify any features consistently associated with indices of effectiveness.
Transcription Alteration of Immunologic Parameters and Histopathological Damage in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Caused by Paraquat
Authors: Ma Junguo , Li Xiaoyu 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe toxic effects of paraquat (PQ) on the transcription of immunoglobulin M (IgM), complement C3 (C3), and lysozyme (LYZ) and the histopathological alteration of the liver, kidney, and spleen of common carp were evaluated by subacute exposure to 1.596 or 3.192 mg/L of PQ for 7 days. The results demonstrated that PQ exposure altered the transcription of IgM, C3, and LYZ. For example, IgM and C3 expression was generally downregulated, but LYZ was either down‐ or upregulated, suggesting that PQ may disturb the function of the fish immune system. The results of the histopathological examination revealed that the liver, kidney, and spleen of PQ‐treated fish were injured. These injuries included cellular swelling, intracytoplasmic vacuolization, nucleus distortion, and pycnosis in the liver and spleen, and vacuolization of the renal parenchyma and intumescence of the renal tubule in the kidney. This finding indicates that PQ causes toxicity in common carp.
Rapamycin Plays a Neuroprotective Effect after Spinal Cord Injury via Anti‐Inflammatory Effects
Authors: Song Yu , Xue Hui , Liu Ting‐ting , Liu Jia‐mei , Chen Dong 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTWhether rapamycin has neuroprotective effects in spinal cord injury remains controversial. The present study shows that rapamycin protects neurons from death after spinal cord injury by inhibiting the secondary inflammatory response. The effects of rapamycin were tested using a myeloperoxidase assay, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The experimental results showed that after spinal cord injury, rapamycin reduced the numbers of activated microglia and neutrophils in the damage zone, lowered the expression levels of TNF‐α and IL‐1β, reduced the apoptotic cells, and increased the survival of neurons. The above data proved that rapamycin diminishes inflammatory cell activation and proliferation, downregulates the expression of inflammatory factors, reduces the microenvironmental damage effects on neurons in the acute injury phase, and thus promotes the survival of neurons. Therefore, we believe that rapamycin has neuroprotective effects in spinal cord injury.
A Note on the Construction of Orthogonal Latin Hypercube Designs
Authors: Dey Aloke , Sarkar Deepayan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractLatin hypercube designs have been found very useful for designing computer experiments. In recent years, several methods of constructing orthogonal Latin hypercube designs have been proposed in the literature. In this article, we report some more results on the construction of orthogonal Latin hypercubes which result in several new designs.
Experimental and in silico investigation of population heterogeneity in continuous Sachharomyces cerevisiae scale‐down fermentation in a two‐compartment setup
Authors: Heins Anna‐Lena , Lencastre Fernandes Rita , Gernaey Krist V. , Lantz Anna Eliasson 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn large‐scale bioreactors, microbes often encounter fluctuating conditions of nutrient and oxygen supply, resulting in different microbial behavior at the different scales. The underlying reason is spatial heterogeneity, caused by limited mixing capabilities at production scale. Consequently, scale‐up of processes is challenging and there is a need for laboratory‐scale reactor setups that can mimic large‐scale conditions to enhance the understanding of how fluctuating environmental conditions affect microbial physiology.RESULTSA two‐compartment, scale‐down setup, consisting of two interconnected stirred tank reactors was used in combination with mathematical modeling, to mimic large‐scale continuous cultivations. One reactor represents the feeding zone with high glucose concentration and low oxygen, whereas the other one represents the remaining reactor volume. An earlier developed population balance model coupled to an unstructured model was used to describe the development of bulk concentrations and cell size distributions at varying dilution rate, glucose feed concentration as well as recirculation times between the two compartments. The concentration profiles of biomass and glucose were successfully validated experimentally. Single cell properties of two fluorescent reporter strains that were applied for deeper investigation of cell robustness characteristics and ethanol growth distributions were quantified compartment‐wise revealing differences in cell population distributions related to environmental conditions and also compared with the one‐compartment, conventional chemostat.CONCLUSIONResults underline the utility for the proposed combined approach as well as the use of continuous scale‐down reactors for process investigations as insights concerning single‐cell characteristics of the process are revealed, which are normally hidden. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry