bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deposit‐free Cutting of Polycarbonate
Authors: Holl Kai , Seidel Eva , Seul Thomas 
Published: September 2015

AbstractUntil now, it has not been possible to cut polycarbonate free from visible deposits using laser radiation. Through a smart process control it has been possible to produce cut edges which show no visible deposits or degraded material. The polymer, its additives, the process parameters and the process equipment determine the quality. Only their correct combination leads to good results.
Process Monitoring at Laser Welding of Thermoplastics
Authors: Schmailzl Anton , Steger Sebastian , Hierl Stefan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA pyrometer, integrated into a 3D‐scanner, offers the possibility to measure the weld seam temperature at quasi‐simultaneous laser transmission welding. Experimental studies have shown that gaps located in the joining zone can be identified by a temperature rise even at a high scanning velocity. This enables the implementation of algorithms for observation and control strategies.
Patterns and controls of reef‐scale production of dissolved organic carbon by giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera
Authors: Reed Daniel C. , Carlson Craig A. , Halewood Elisa R. , Nelson J. Clinton , Harrer Shannon L. , Rassweiler Andrew , Miller Robert J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe investigated the patterns and controls of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) production by the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) using data from short‐term in situ incubations of entire blades and portions of stipes. These data were incorporated into an empirical model of reef‐scale net primary production (NPP) at Mohawk Reef in southern California, U.S.A. for an 8‐yr period. Rates of DOC release of incubated blades varied unpredictably with time of year, but were significantly related to the irradiance at the sea surface during the incubations. The growth stage, C/N ratio, and epiphyte load of the blades and the temperature of the ocean during the incubations had no discernable effect on rates of DOC release. Blades produced on average 2–3 times more DOC than stipes, and stipes and blades produced on average 30% and 80% more DOC respectively during the day compared to the night. Modeled DOC NPP at the reef scale was on average highest in summer and spring (∼0.5 g C m−2 d−1) and lowest in winter and autumn (∼0.31 g C m−2 d−1), but it varied greatly among years for any given season as large oscillations in standing biomass led to corresponding fluctuations in reef‐scale DOC NPP. The fraction of NPP released as DOC was highly variable when examined at the monthly time scale, but became much more stable at seasonal and annual time scales averaging 14% of total NPP.
Fundamental limits on the losses of phase and amplitude optical actuators
Authors: Zanotto Simone , Morichetti Francesco , Melloni Andrea 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAmplitude and phase are the basic properties of all wave phenomena; as far as optical waves are concerned, the ability to act on these variables is at the root of a wealth of switching devices. To quantify the performance of an optical switching device, an essential aspect is to determine the tradeoff between the insertion loss and the amplitude or phase modulation depth. Here it is shown that every optical switching device is subject to such a tradeoff, intrinsically connected to the dielectric response of the materials employed inside the switching element itself. This limit finds its roots in fundamental physics, as it directly derives from Maxwell's equations for linear dielectrics, and is hence applicable to a wide class of optical components. Furthermore, a result is that concepts such as filtering, resonance, and critical coupling could be of advantage in approaching the limit.
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Delayed‐onset Friedreich's ataxia revisited
Authors: Lecocq Claire , Charles Perrine , Azulay Jean‐Philippe , Meissner Wassilios , Rai Myriam , N'Guyen Karine , Péréon Yann , Fabre Nelly , Robin Elsa , Courtois Sylvie , Guyant‐Maréchal Lucie , Zagnoli Fabien , Rudolf Gabrielle , Renaud Mathilde , Sévin‐Allouet Mathieu , Lesne Fabien , Alaerts Nick , Goizet Cyril , Calvas Patrick , Eusebio Alexandre , Guissart Claire , Derkinderen Pascal , Tison Francois , Brice Alexis , Koenig Michel , Pandolfo Massimo , Tranchant Christine , Dürr Alexandra , Anheim Mathieu 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundFriedreich's ataxia usually occurs before the age of 25. Rare variants have been described, such as late‐onset Friedreich's ataxia and very‐late‐onset Friedreich's ataxia, occurring after 25 and 40 years, respectively. We describe the clinical, functional, and molecular findings from a large series of late‐onset Friedreich's ataxia and very‐late‐onset Friedreich's ataxia and compare them with typical‐onset Friedreich's ataxia.MethodsPhenotypic and genotypic comparison of 44 late‐onset Friedreich's ataxia, 30 very late‐onset Friedreich's ataxia, and 180 typical Friedreich's ataxia was undertaken.ResultsDelayed‐onset Friedreich's ataxia (late‐onset Friedreich's ataxia and very‐late‐onset Friedreich's ataxia) had less frequently dysarthria, abolished tendon reflexes, extensor plantar reflexes, weakness, amyotrophy, ganglionopathy, cerebellar atrophy, scoliosis, and cardiomyopathy than typical‐onset Friedreich's ataxia, along with less severe functional disability and shorter GAA expansion on the smaller allele (P < 0.001). Delayed‐onset Friedreich's ataxia had lower scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia and spinocerebellar degeneration functional scores and longer disease duration before wheelchair confinement (P < 0.001). Both GAA expansions were negatively correlated to age at disease onset (P < 0.001), but the smaller GAA expansion accounted for 62.9% of age at onset variation and the larger GAA expansion for 15.6%. In this comparative study of late‐onset Friedreich's ataxia and very‐late‐onset Friedreich's ataxia, no differences between these phenotypes were demonstrated.ConclusionTypical‐ and delayed‐onset Friedreich's ataxia are different and Friedreich's ataxia is heterogeneous. Late‐onset Friedreich's ataxia and very‐late‐onset Friedreich's ataxia appear to belong to the same clinical and molecular continuum and should be considered together as “delayed‐onset Friedreich's ataxia.” As the most frequently inherited ataxia, Friedreich's ataxia should be considered facing compatible pictures, including atypical phenotypes (spastic ataxia, retained reflexes, lack of dysarthria, and lack of extraneurological signs), delayed disease onset (even after 60 years of age), and/or slow disease progression.
An in vitro gastrulation model recapitulates the morphogenetic impact of pharmacological inhibitors of developmental signaling pathways
Authors: Li Aileen S. W. , Marikawa Yusuke 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYCertain chemical agents act as teratogens, causing birth defects and fetal deaths when pregnant women are exposed to them. The establishment of in vitro models that recapitulate crucial embryonic events is therefore vital to facilitate screening of potential teratogens. Previously, we created a three‐dimensional culture method for mouse P19C5 embryonal carcinoma stem cells that, when cultured as embryoid bodies, display elongation morphogenesis resembling gastrulation, which is the critical event resulting in the germ layers and major body axes. Determination of how well this in vitro morphogenesis represents in vivo gastrulation is essential to assess its applicability as well as to identify limitations of the model for detecting teratogenic agents. Here, we investigated the morphological and molecular characteristics of P19C5 morphogenesis using pharmacological agents that are known to cause abnormal patterning in the embryo in vivo by inhibiting major developmental signaling—e.g., involving Wnt, Nodal, Bone morphogenic protein (Bmp), Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf), Retinoic acid, Notch, and Hedgehog pathways. Inhibitors of Wnt, Nodal, Bmp, Fgf, and Retinoic acid signaling caused distinct changes in P19C5 morphogenesis that were quantifiable using morphometric parameters. These five inhibitors, plus the Notch inhibitor, also altered temporal expression profiles of developmental regulator genes in a manner consistent with the in vivo roles of the corresponding signaling pathways. In contrast, the Hedgehog inhibitor did not have any impact on the process, suggesting an absence of active Hedgehog signaling in these embryoid bodies. These results indicate that the P19C5 in vitro gastrulation model is a promising tool to screen for teratogenic agents that interfere with many of the key developmental signals. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 1015–1036, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RF peak power reduction in CAIPIRINHA excitation by interslice phase optimization
Authors: Sbrizzi Alessandro , Poser Benedikt A. , Tse Desmond H. Y. , Hoogduin Hans , Luijten Peter R. , van den Berg Cornelis A. T. 
Published: September 2015

The purpose of this work was to show that the overall peak power of RF pulses for CAIPIRINHA excitation can be substantially reduced by applying interslice phase relaxation. The optimal phases are scan dependent and can be quickly calculated by the proposed method.The multi‐band RF pulse design is implemented as the minimization of a linear objective function with quadratic constraints. The interslice phase is considered to be a variable for optimization. In the case of a phase cycling scheme (CAIPIRINHA), the peak power is considered over all pulses.The computation time (about 1 s) is compatible with online RF pulse design. It is shown that the optimal interslice phases depend on the CAIPIRINHA scheme used and that RF peak power is reduced when the CAIPIRINHA phase cycling is taken into account in the optimization.The proposed method is extremely fast and results in RF pulses with low peak power for CAIPIRINHA excitation. The MATLAB implementation is given in the appendix; it allows for online determination of scan‐dependent phase parameters. Furthermore, the method can be easily extended to pTx shimming systems in the context of multi‐slice excitations, and this possibility is included in the software. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetically engineered mouse models for studying inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Mizoguchi Atsushi , Takeuchi Takahito , Himuro Hidetomo , Okada Toshiyuki , Mizoguchi Emiko 
Published: September 2015

AbstractInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory condition that is mediated by very complex mechanisms controlled by genetic, immune, and environmental factors. More than 74 kinds of genetically engineered mouse strains have been established since 1993 for studying IBD. Although mouse models cannot fully reflect human IBD, they have provided significant contributions for not only understanding the mechanism, but also developing new therapeutic means for IBD. Indeed, 20 kinds of genetically engineered mouse models carry the susceptibility genes identified in human IBD, and the functions of some other IBD susceptibility genes have also been dissected out using mouse models. Cutting‐edge technologies such as cell‐specific and inducible knockout systems, which were recently employed to mouse IBD models, have further enhanced the ability of investigators to provide important and unexpected rationales for developing new therapeutic strategies for IBD. In this review article, we briefly introduce 74 kinds of genetically engineered mouse models that spontaneously develop intestinal inflammation. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Animal modelling for inherited central vision loss
Authors: Kostic Corinne , Arsenijevic Yvan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDisease‐causing variants of a large number of genes trigger inherited retinal degeneration leading to photoreceptor loss. Because cones are essential for daylight and central vision such as reading, mobility, and face recognition, this review focuses on a variety of animal models for cone diseases. The pertinence of using these models to reveal genotype/phenotype correlations and to evaluate new therapeutic strategies is discussed. Interestingly, several large animal models recapitulate human diseases and can serve as a strong base from which to study the biology of disease and to assess the scale‐up of new therapies. Examples of innovative approaches will be presented such as lentiviral‐based transgenesis in pigs and adeno‐associated virus (AAV)‐gene transfer into the monkey eye to investigate the neural circuitry plasticity of the visual system. The models reported herein permit the exploration of common mechanisms that exist between different species and the identification and highlighting of pathways that may be specific to primates, including humans. © 2015 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Static anti‐windup design for a class of Markovian jump systems with partial information on transition rates
Authors: Wei Yunliang , Zheng Wei Xing , Xu Shengyuan 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThis paper investigates the problem of static anti‐windup design for uncertain continuous‐time Markovian jump systems with partially unknown transition rates in the face of actuator saturation. The underlying system is subject to time‐varying and norm‐bounded parameter uncertainties in both the state and input matrices. It is assumed that a set of stabilizing dynamic output‐feedback controllers have been designed for the system in the absence of control saturation. The objective is to design anti‐windup compensation gains for the given controllers such that the system can still be stabilized, irrespective of whether actuator saturation appears or not. To obtain a maximum estimation of the domain of attraction of the resulting closed‐loop system, a convex optimization problem in the linear matrix inequality framework is formulated. Furthermore, the results are extended to the cases of the systems with completely known transition rates and with completely unknown transition rates. Finally, the usefulness of the developed method is demonstrated through simulation examples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hire, Fire, or Train: Innovation and Human Capital Responses to Recessions
Authors: Knudsen Eirik Sjåholm , Lien Lasse B. 
Published: September 2015

Research summaryWe examine how firms' relative emphasis on exploration and exploitation influence their human capital responses to recessions. We hypothesize and find that the higher the focus on exploration, the more firms invest in training, the more likely they are to hire, and the more likely they are to lay off employees during a recession. Finally, we also find that exploration‐oriented firms are more likely to combine the accumulation of human capital through training, with both hiring and firing. This indicates that firms focusing on exploration more actively pursue the opportunities created by increased labor market imperfections during recessions. These results contribute to the literature by highlighting how recessions affect firms' flow of human capital investments, and subsequently stocks, depending on their strategic orientations.Managerial summaryWe examine how firms' strategic orientations influence how they respond to recessions in terms of their human capital. We find that the higher the strategic focus on exploration of new opportunities, the more firms invest in training, the more likely they are to hire, and the more likely they are to lay off employees during a recession. The opposite is the case for firms with a higher focus on exploiting existing (cost) advantages. Finally, we find that exploration‐oriented firms are more likely to combine the three human capital responses. In sum, our findings indicate that firms emphasizing innovation and exploration of new opportunities more actively pursue the opportunities created in labor markets during recessions.
Srebp-1 Interacts with c-Myc to Enhance Somatic Cell Reprogramming
Authors: Wu Yi , Chen Keshi , Liu Xiyin , Huang Lili , Zhao Danyun , Li Linpeng , Gao Mi , Pei Duanqing , Wang Chenguang , Liu Xingguo 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Somatic cell reprogramming is accompanied by changes in lipid metabolism. While attempting to dissect the molecular mechanisms of the lipid metabolic switch during reprogramming, we found that overexpression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (Srebp-1), a transcriptional factor required for lipid homeostasis, enhances reprogramming efficiency, while knockdown or pharmaceutical inhibition of Srebp-1 is inhibitory. Srebp-1 overexpression blocks the formation of partially reprogrammed cells, and functions in the early phase of reprogramming. Furthermore, Srebp-1 functions in nucleus and depends on its transcriptional activity but not its ability to bind the E-box motif and regulation of canonical targets. Mechanistically, Srebp-1 interacts with c-Myc, facilitates its binding to downstream pluripotent targets, strengthens the function of c-Myc in enhancing other Yamanaka factors' binding, and thereby promotes the expression of pluripotent genes. These results elucidate a novel role for Srebp-1 in somatic cell reprogramming and provide insights into understanding the metabolic switch during reprogramming.
Video Highlight: https://youtu.be/DfC5vz8q-ts
Abrogation of Age-Induced MicroRNA-195 Rejuvenates the Senescent Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Reactivating Telomerase
Authors: Okada Motoi , Kim Ha Won , Matsu-ura Kaoru , Wang Yi-Gang , Xu Meifeng , Ashraf Muhammad 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Previously, we reported that a novel subpopulation of young mesenchymal stem cells (YMSCs) existed in old bone marrow, which possessed high antiaging properties as well as excellent efficacy for cardiac repair. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators in post-transcriptional gene expression programs, and however, it is unknown whether miRNAs directly control stem cell senescence. Here we present the first evidence that miR-195 overexpressed in old MSCs (OMSCs) induces stem cell senescence deteriorating their regenerative ability by directly deactivating telomerase reverse transcriptase (Tert), and abrogation of miR-195 can reverse stem cell aging. MiRNAs profiling analysis in YMSCs and OMSCs by microarray showed that miR-140, miR-146a/b, and miR-195 were significantly upregulated in OMSCs, which led us to hypothesize that these are age-induced miRNAs involved in stem cell senescence. Of these miRNAs, we found miR-195 directly targeted 3′-untranslated region of Tert gene by computational target prediction analysis and luciferase assay, and knockdown of miR-195 significantly increased Tert expression in OMSCs. Strikingly, miR-195 inhibition significantly induced telomere relengthening in OMSCs along with reduced expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase. Moreover, silencing miR-195 in OMSCs by transfection of miR-195 inhibitor significantly restored antiaging factors expression including Tert and Sirt1 as well as phosphorylation of Akt and FOXO1. Notably, abrogation of miR-195 markedly restored proliferative abilities in OMSCs. Transplantation of OMSCs with knocked out miR-195 reduced infarction size and improved LV function. In conclusion, rejuvenation of aged stem cells by miR-195 inhibition would be a promising autologous therapeutic strategy for cardiac repair in the elderly patients.
IONA test for first‐trimester detection of trisomies 21, 18 and 13
Authors: Poon L. C. , Dumidrascu‐Diris D. , Francisco C. , Fantasia I. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo assess the potential performance of screening for fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13 by cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) analysis of maternal blood using the IONA® test.MethodsThis was a nested case–control study of cfDNA analysis of maternal plasma using the IONA test. Samples were obtained at 11–13 weeks' gestation, before chorionic villus sampling, from 201 euploid pregnancies, 35 with trisomy 21, four with trisomy 18 and two with trisomy 13. Laboratory personnel were blinded to the fetal karyotype.ResultsProbability scores for trisomies 21, 18 and 13 were given for 241/242 samples analyzed. No probability score was provided for one (0.5%) euploid pregnancy because of low fetal fraction. In all 35 cases of trisomy 21 the probability score for trisomy 21 was > 95% and the scores for trisomies 18 and 13 were ≤ 0.0001%. In all four cases of trisomy 18, the probability score for trisomy 18 was > 77% and the scores for trisomies 21 and 13 were ≤ 0.0001%. In the two cases of trisomy 13, the probability score for trisomy 13 was > 59% and the scores for trisomies 21 and 18 were ≤ 0.0001%. In the 200 euploid pregnancies with a test result, the probability score was < 0.08% for trisomy 21, < 0.001% for trisomy 18 and < 0.002% for trisomy 13. Therefore, the IONA test detected 100% of all three trisomies, with a false‐positive rate of 0%.ConclusionThe IONA test successfully differentiated all cases of trisomies 21, 18 and 13 from euploid pregnancies. © 2015 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Governance traps in climate change politics: re‐framing the debate in terms of responsibilities and rights
Authors: Newell Peter , Bulkeley Harriet , Turner Karen , Shaw Christopher , Caney Simon , Shove Elizabeth , Pidgeon Nicholas 
Published: September 2015

There is a strong sense of malaise surrounding climate politics today. This has been created at least in part by factors such as the chasm between the scale of action required and the adequacy of current political commitments, stalemate in global negotiations, the low price of carbon, and a growing sense of indifference among the publics of some developed countries about the threat posed by climate change. Within the policy community these issues are generally treated as different problems each to be overcome on their own terms. Yet, we argue, suggested solutions to these problems hold much in common—namely a focus on identifying agency, whether the capacity of institutions to act or the behavior of individuals. What is often missing from such accounts of climate politics is a recognition that the problems of how agency is attributed, what we might term governance traps, are structural in nature. Governing climate change therefore requires that we study the conditions through which these challenges arise and which in turn serve to frame agency in particular ways. We suggest that examining the ways in which notions of responsibilities and rights are currently being framed within climate politics provides one way into these dynamics. This opens up the critical questions that need to be addressed ahead of the critical Conference of the Parties meeting in Paris in November 2015. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:535–540. doi: 10.1002/wcc.356This article is categorized under:

Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance