bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Common Heritage of Mankind and the Sub-Saharan African Native Land Tenure System: A “Clash of Cultures” in the Interpretation of Concepts in International Law?
Authors: Egede Edwin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe deep seabed beyond national jurisdiction and the seabed's resources have been declared the common heritage of mankind. There are however divergent views on exactly what the common heritage of mankind is. Does it connote joint management or common ownership of this spatial area? This article argues that culture is one of the relevant factors to be considered in understanding the interpretation given to the common heritage of mankind by sub-Saharan African states and that the role of culture cannot be ignored in appreciating how states interpret concepts in international law.
Postinflammatory medial meatal fibrosis: early and late surgical outcomes
Authors: Ghani A , Smith M C F 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObjectives:To evaluate the primary and long-term surgical outcomes of patients with postinflammatory medial meatal fibrosis.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted of 14 ears (in 12 patients) with postinflammatory medial meatal fibrosis managed surgically. Outcome measures were primary (i.e. less than six months) and long-term (i.e. greater than five years) closure of the air–bone gap, and the incidence of otorrhoea and restenosis.Results:At primary review, the mean air–bone gap ± standard deviation had decreased from 29.9 ± 11.6 dB to 12 ± 8.4 dB (p < 0.0006). Seven (50 per cent) ears had closure of the air–bone gap to within 10 dB. However, for the 9 ears receiving long-term review, the mean air–bone gap ± standard deviation increased to 19.3 ± 15.2 dB; there was no significant difference between this result and pre-operative values (p = 0.06). Of the 9 long-term review ears, 3 (33 per cent) showed closure of the air–bone gap to within 10 dB. Recurrent otorrhoea was the most common complication, occurring in 5 of the 9 long-term review ears (56 per cent); in addition, 3 (33 per cent) of these 9 ears developed restenosis.Conclusion:Over time, the success of surgery for postinflammatory medial meatal fibrosis diminishes. This was demonstrated in the present study by progressive post-operative hearing decline and a high prevalence of otorrhoea and restenosis.
Not so soft? Delayed release reduces long-term survival in a passerine reintroduction
Authors: Richardson Kate , Castro Isabel C. , Brunton Dianne H. , Armstrong Doug P. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractReintroduction success depends in part on the release strategy used. Benefits are attributed to particular release strategies but few studies have tested these assumptions. We examined the effect of delayed release (a form of so-called soft release) on the survival of a threatened passerine, the New Zealand hihi Notiomystis cincta, for up to 7 months after translocation. Birds were captured at the source site and then held in captivity for disease screening. They were then taken to the release site, where 30 were released immediately and 28 were held for a further 2–4 days in an on-site aviary. Twenty-four birds were fitted with radio-transmitters. A 1,300 ha area around the release site was searched fortnightly, and survival was analysed using a multi-state model that accounted for the effect of transmitters on detection probability. Our results indicated that delayed release had a negative effect on long-term survival, but no effect was apparent in the first 6 weeks. Survival probability from 6 weeks to 7 months post-release was 0.77 ± SE 0.20 for immediate-release birds and 0.04 ± SE 0.06 for delayed-release birds. Our results suggest that there is a misconception about the benefits of delayed-release strategies during translocation of wild animals. Studies that have demonstrated a benefit of delayed release in other bird species used captive-bred individuals, and we suggest that wild individuals perceive captivity differently. We recommend that biological context is considered before delayed release is used in translocations.
THE ‘TROPICAL DOMINIONS’: THE APPEAL OF DOMINION STATUS IN THE DECOLONISATION OF INDIA, PAKISTAN AND CEYLON
Authors: Kumarasingham Harshan 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe paper examines the reasons that India, Pakistan and Ceylon chose to become Dominions within the Commonwealth instead of becoming republics on independence as many expected. Each of these South Asian states had different motives that compelled them to take on a form of government more associated in areas where the British had settled in significant numbers. The ‘Tropical Dominions’ differed from the settler cases and tested this vague British concept. The British and South Asians had to compromise their wishes in order to satisfy their wants. India is characterised here as the ‘Expedient Dominion’, Pakistan the ‘Siege Dominion’ and Ceylon the ‘Imitation Dominion’. This paper focuses on the years immediately prior to independence to understand the various objectives of the South Asian elites that negotiated with the British for their sovereignty and how they varied from each other and from the Dominion ideal.
Mainland Greece (Prehistoric)
Authors: Smith David 
Published: November 2013

The absence of the prehistoric Peloponnese and central Greece from last year's new format Archaeology in Greece has provided a slightly larger volume of data for this year's report than might otherwise have been expected, although the ongoing financial difficulties faced by Greece and the recent uncertainty over the status of the Archaeological Service itself continue to have a substantial impact on archaeological research and its dissemination through traditional channels; a problem which e-publication and webcasting is going some way toward addressing. In light of this, the decennial volume of the former Ministry of Culture and Tourism (www.yppo.gr/0/anaskafes), the appearance of which was noted in last year's AG, represents a welcome summary of excavation undertaken by the service between 2000 and 2010 to add to the newly-published volume of ADelt covering the Peloponnese. Some of this work has previously been reported in AG, although this is certainly not true of all.Several other publications have appeared since 2011 which offer new data or new perspectives on the prehistory of the Greek mainland, several of which are discussed below. Of particular note are two volumes which will go some considerable way toward furthering our understanding of the Early Bronze Age in southern Greece: Daniel Pullen's The Early Bronze Age Village on Tsoungiza Hill (2011) and Elizabeth Banks' The Architecture, Settlement and Stratigraphy of Lerna IV (2013), the companion piece to Jeremy Rutter's 1995 volume detailing the pottery from the Early Helladic III settlement. Banks' volume, unfortunately, has appeared too late to be properly incorporated into this year's AG.
Crete (Prehistoric)
Authors: Bennet John 
Published: November 2013

Publications of fieldwork continue to appear slowly, but the latest volume of ADelt for Crete, covering the years 2001–2004, appeared in print in summer 2012 (ADelt 56–59 [2001–2004] B5). Inevitably, given the years covered, some of the activity summarized in this volume has already been noted in AG and brief notices of some appears in the decadal summary of the activities of all the prehistoric and Classical ephorias (www.yppo.gr/0/anaskafes; AR 58 [2011–2012] 58). Emphasis here is on those activities not already noted in AG or those where significant new information appears in the new volume of ADelt. The second meeting on Archaeological Work on Crete (AWiC2), alluded to last year (AR 58 [2011–2012] 58), has been published and can be read online through the University of Crete's Library (http://elocus.lib.uoc.gr/dlib/d/0/5/metadata-dlib-1368695830-557833-31681.tkl#). A third meeting is scheduled for December 2013 and will hopefully be made accessible with equally commendable promptness. The proceedings of the Tenth International Cretological Congress held in Chania in 2006 (see AR 53 [2006–2007] 96) are still to appear in print, although e-offprints of individual contributions continue to circulate. New material in this year's entry is therefore drawn primarily from ADelt 56–59 (2001–2004) B5 and AWiC2.The past year has seen a number of significant publications on prehistoric Crete, including the proceedings of several conferences. The publication by the BSA of Intermezzo: Intermediacy and Regeneration in Middle Minoan III Palatial Crete (Macdonald and Knappett [2013]), containing papers presented at a workshop held in 2008, complements volumes noted last year (AR 58 [2011–2012] 58) on Late Minoan IB ceramics (Brogan and Hallager [2011]) and on the Prepalatial and Protopalatial periods (Early Minoan to Middle Minoan II) (Schoep et al. [2011]).
Archaic Sanctuaries of the Cyclades: Research of the Last Decade
Authors: Ainian Alexander Mazarakis 
Published: November 2013

In recent years much progress has been made in the study of the sanctuaries of the Cyclades, both in the field, with new excavations, as well as in restoration projects, and also towards their publication.A research project entitled Sanctuaries and Cults in the Cyclades was approved as part of a research grant attached to the Chaire Internationale Blaise Pascal for 2012/2013 awarded to me by the French state and the Regional Council of Ile-de-France. The project started in October 2012, in collaboration with the University of Paris 1 (Franis Prost) and the École pratique des hautes études (François de Polignac), and is still in progress. I have been assisted by Jean-Sébastien Gros, who designed the related website and database, Yannis Kalliontzis, who is responsible for the compilation of the written sources associated with the cults in the Cyclades (mostly the inscriptions referring to cult and cult places) and Olga Kaklamani who is responsible for compiling the basic bibliography and catalogues of cult places. The chronological scope of the project is restricted to the Geometric and Archaic periods, though the developments of the Classical era are largely taken into account. The Hellenistic and Roman periods have not been included in the compilation of the archaeological data, with the exception of late inscriptions which could refer to possible earlier cults. An interactive website and online database are in preparation and will be launched soon, hosted by the server of the Department of History, Archaeology and Social Anthropology of the University of Thessaly.
Evacuating Damaged and Destroyed Buildings on 9/11: Behavioral and Structural Barriers
Authors: Groeger Justina L. , Stellman Steven D. , Kravitt Alexandra , Brackbill Robert M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIntroductionEvacuation of the World Trade Center (WTC) twin towers and surrounding buildings damaged in the September 11, 2001 attacks provides a unique opportunity to study factors that affect emergency evacuation of high rise buildings.ProblemThe goal of this study is to understand the extent to which structural and behavioral barriers and limitations of personal mobility affected evacuation by occupants of affected buildings on September 11, 2001.MethodsThis analysis included 5,023 civilian, adult enrollees within the World Trade Center Health Registry who evacuated the two World Trade Center towers and over 30 other Lower Manhattan buildings that were damaged or destroyed on September 11, 2001. Multinomial logistic regression was used to predict total evacuation time (<30 to ≤60 minutes, >1 hour to <2 hours relative to ≤30 minutes) in relation to number of infrastructure barriers and number of behavioral barriers, adjusted for demographic and other factors.ResultsA higher percentage of evacuees reported encountering at least one behavioral barrier (84.9%) than reported at least one infrastructure barrier (51.9%). This pattern was consistent in all buildings except WTC 1, the first building attacked, where >90% of evacuees reported encountering both types of barriers. Smoke and poor lighting were the most frequently-reported structural barriers. Extreme crowding, lack of communication with officials, and being surrounded by panicked crowds were the most frequently-reported behavioral barriers. Multivariate analyses showed evacuation time to be independently associated with the number of each type of barrier as well as gender (longer times for women), but not with the floor from which evacuation began. After adjustment, personal mobility impairment was not associated with increased evacuation time.ConclusionBecause most high-rise buildings have unique designs, infrastructure factors tend to be less predictable than behavioral factors, but both need to be considered in developing emergency evacuation plans in order to decrease evacuation time and, consequently, risk of injury and death during an emergency evacuation.GroegerJL, StellmanSD, KravittA, BrackbillRM. Evacuating damaged and destroyed buildings on 9/11: behavioral and structural barriers. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(6):1-11.
China's provincial industrial pollution: the role of technical efficiency, pollution levy and pollution quantity control
Authors: Jin Yanhong , Lin Liguo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractUsing China's provincial economic and pollution data from 1992 to 2008, we employ data envelope analysis and econometric analyses to explicitly estimate technical efficiency and examine the role of technical efficiency, pollution control instruments (pollution levy and pollution quantity control) and prices of production inputs on pollution intensity. We find that an increase of labor wage and a decrease of capital cost are associated with an improvement in technical efficiency. The levy rates of air pollution improve technical efficiency but pollution quantity control targets have no statistically significant effect on technical efficiency. On the other hand, technical efficiency, the effective levy rates, pollution quantity control targets and capital cost have a negative effect but wage has a positive effect on pollution intensity. The importance of production input prices in pollution intensity and technical efficiency suggests alternative channels for industrial pollution control as well as cautions for the unintended consequence on the environment if any policy changes are made relating to labor and capital costs.
Bt cotton, damage control and optimal levels of pesticide use in Pakistan
Authors: Kouser Shahzad , Qaim Matin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe use farm survey data and a damage control framework to analyze impacts of Bt cotton on yields and pesticide use in Pakistan. We also derive optimal levels of pesticide use with and without Bt, taking into account health and environmental externalities. This has not been done previously in the literature. Conventional cotton growers suffer from significant insect crop damage; they underuse pesticides from a profit-maximizing perspective. Yet, the picture is reversed when externalities are also considered. The social optimum of pesticide use is much lower than the private optimum, and both optima are lower with Bt than without this technology. Bt controls pest damage more effectively. Hence, yields on Bt farms are about 20 per cent higher in spite of lower pesticide use. Large pest damage is a typical phenomenon in developing countries. In such situations, Bt can contribute to productivity growth, while reducing pesticide applications and associated negative externalities.
Free Legal and Official Information on the Web: is it Time to Stop Google-Bashing?
Authors: Hunter Ian 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIs Google a substitute for using known, authoritative websites for cases, legislation and other official information? Ian Hunter writes about the test searches that he carried out on Google and discusses the results he noted. In this exercise, consideration is given to whether the websites retrieved are authoritative and also attention is paid to Google's ranking of results.
Erratum: Significant CO2 fixation by small prymnesiophytes in the subtropical and tropical northeast Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Jardillier Ludwig , Zubkov Mikhail V , Pearman John , Scanlan David J 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Correction to: The ISME Journal (2010) 4, 1180–1192; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2010.36 Since the publication of this article the authors have noticed that the units for the biomass-specific rates of CO2 fixation are incorrect (for example, in Table 2 and Figure 4). The units for biomass-specific rates of CO2 fixation should be gC gC-1 h-1 throughout the manuscript.
Composite media mixing Bragg and local resonances for highly attenuating and broad bandgaps
Authors: Kaina Nadège , Fink Mathias , Lerosey Geoffroy 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this article, we investigate composite media which present both a local resonance and a periodic structure. We numerically and experimentally consider the case of a very academic and simplified system that is a quasi-one dimensional split ring resonator medium. We modify its periodicity to shift the position of the Bragg bandgap relative to the local resonance one. We observe that for a well-chosen lattice constant, the local resonance frequency matches the Bragg frequency thus opening a single bandgap which is at the same time very wide and strongly attenuating. We explain this interesting phenomenon by the dispersive nature of the unit cell of the medium, using an analogy with the concept of white light cavities. Our results provide new ways to design wide and efficient bandgap materials.
A fully defined and scalable 3D culture system for human pluripotent stem cell expansion and differentiation
Authors: Lei Yuguo , Schaffer David V. 
Published: November 2013

Significance
Human pluripotent stem cells can be cultured in vitro and differentiated into presumably all cell types of the human body, and they therefore represent highly promising cell sources for biomedical applications such as cell therapies, tissue engineering, and drug discovery. These applications require large numbers of high-quality cells, and we report an efficient, defined, scalable, and good manufacturing practice-compatible 3D system for the production of human pluripotent stem cells and their progeny. The ease of use and flexible scalability of this system makes it suitable for numerous applications from the laboratory toward the clinic.
Rationally designed inhibitor targeting antigen-trimming aminopeptidases enhances antigen presentation and cytotoxic T-cell responses
Authors: Zervoudi Efthalia , Saridakis Emmanuel , Birtley James R. , Seregin Sergey S. , Reeves Emma , Kokkala Paraskevi , Aldhamen Yasser A. , Amalfitano Andrea , Mavridis Irene M. , James Edward , Georgiadis Dimitris , Stratikos Efstratios 
Published: November 2013

Significance
The human immune system fights disease by eradicating sick cells after first recognizing that they are infected or cancerous. This is achieved by specialized cells that detect on the surface of other cells small molecules called antigenic peptides. Pathogens and cancer can evade the immune system by stopping the generation of antigenic peptides. We designed, synthesized and evaluated artificial small molecules that can effectively block a group of enzymes that are key for the production or destruction of antigenic peptides. We show that these compounds can enhance the generation of antigenic peptides in cells and enhance the immune system reaction toward cancer. Inhibitors of this kind may provide a new approach to coax the immune system into recognizing and eliminating cancer cells.
Estimating functional connectivity in an electrically coupled interneuron network
Authors: Alcami Pepe , Marty Alain 
Published: November 2013

Significance
Certain classes of central neurons, notably interneurons, are linked together by electrical synapses made by gap junctions, which play an important role in network function. Modeling electrically coupled interneuron networks has been limited by a lack of knowledge of the number of cells directly connected to a reference neuron and of the extent of charge redistribution in the network. We show that capacitive currents can be used to derive such information. We illustrate this method, using the network formed by cerebellar molecular layer interneurons. We establish a quantitative model of the network, and we estimate the influence of gap junctions on network excitability. The method may be generally applicable to sparsely electrically coupled networks, particularly if they are planar.
Oxytocic plant cyclotides as templates for peptide G protein-coupled receptor ligand design
Authors: Koehbach Johannes , O’Brien Margaret , Muttenthaler Markus , Miazzo Marion , Akcan Muharrem , Elliott Alysha G. , Daly Norelle L. , Harvey Peta J. , Arrowsmith Sarah , Gunasekera Sunithi , Smith Terry J. , Wray Susan , Göransson Ulf , Dawson Philip E. , Craik David J. , Freissmuth Michael , Gruber Christian W. 
Published: November 2013

Significance
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are promising drug targets: >30% of the currently marketed drugs elicit their actions by binding to these transmembrane receptors. However, only ∼10% of all GPCRs are targeted by approved drugs. Resorting to plant-derived compounds catalogued by ethnopharmacological analyses may increase this repertoire. We provide a proof of concept by analyzing the uterotonic action of an herbal remedy used in traditional African medicine. We identified cyclic peptides, investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying their uterotonic activity, and report an oxytocic plant peptide that modulates the human oxytocin/vasopressin receptors. This naturally occurring peptide served as a template for the design of an oxytocin-like nonapeptide with enhanced receptor selectivity, highlighting the potential of cyclotides for the discovery of peptide-based GPCR ligands.
Greenland ice sheet motion insensitive to exceptional meltwater forcing
Authors: Tedstone Andrew J. , Nienow Peter W. , Sole Andrew J. , Mair Douglas W. F. , Cowton Thomas R. , Bartholomew Ian D. , King Matt A. 
Published: November 2013

Significance
During summer, meltwater generated on the Greenland ice sheet surface accesses the ice sheet bed, lubricating basal motion and resulting in periods of faster ice flow. However, the net impact of varying meltwater volumes upon seasonal and annual ice flow, and thus sea level rise, remains unclear. In 2012, despite record ice sheet runoff, including two extreme melt events, ice at a land-terminating margin flowed more slowly than in the average melt year of 2009, due principally to slower winter flow following faster summer flow. Our findings suggest that annual motion of land-terminating margins of the ice sheet, and thus the projected dynamic contribution of these margins to sea level rise, is insensitive to melt volumes commensurate with temperature projections for 2100.
Distribution of directional change as a signature of complex dynamics
Authors: Burov Stanislav , Tabei S. M. Ali , Huynh Toan , Murrell Michael P. , Philipson Louis H. , Rice Stuart A. , Gardel Margaret L. , Scherer Norbert F. , Dinner Aaron R. 
Published: November 2013

Significance
Since Einstein’s seminal work in 1905, the main means of characterizing stochastic processes has been the mean square displacement (MSD). However, this order parameter fails to capture many features of dynamics at the forefront of science today, ranging from glassy relaxation to active transport in biological cells. Although there have been several studies seeking to go beyond the MSD, such studies have not made full use of the information available in individual trajectories in two (or more) dimensions, as are now commonly obtained in particle tracking experiments. Here, we introduce an approach that quantifies directional properties of complex motions and discover striking correlations in a number of condensed phase systems.