bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New composite nitrite‐free and low‐nitrite meat‐curing systems using natural colorants
Authors: Eskandari Mohammad H. , Hosseinpour Sara , Mesbahi GholamReza , Shekarforoush Shahram 
Published: August 2013

AbstractNitrite‐free and low‐nitrite meat‐curing systems were developed to eliminate or reduce nitrite in frankfurter‐type sausages. Different composite meat‐curing mixtures were formulated using cochineal and paprika as natural colorants, sodium hypophosphite (SHP) as antimicrobial agent, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as antioxidant and sodium nitrite. The treatment, which contained 0.015% cochineal, most closely resembled the 120 ppm NaNO2 in its ability to create cured‐meat color. BHA was found to be a strong antioxidant at the 30 ppm level in cooked sausages during refrigerated storage for 5 weeks. All treatments containing 40 ppm sodium nitrite were successful in replicating sensory attributes of frankfurter samples. Our findings support the use of SHP as possible antibotulinal agent in nitrite‐free meat‐curing systems.
Platelet a disintegrin and metallopeptidase 10 expression correlates with clock drawing test scores in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Manzine Patrícia Regina , Barham Elizabeth Joan , Vale Francisco Assis Carvalho , Selistre‐de‐Araújo Heloisa Sobreiro , Pavarini Sofia Cristina Iost , Cominetti Márcia Regina 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveEarlier studies have demonstrated that a disintegrin and metallopeptidase 10 (ADAM10) levels are reduced in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients compared with healthy subjects. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether platelet ADAM10 levels correlates with the clock drawing test (CDT) scores, which is a simple and a reliable measure of visuospatial ability and executive function in AD patients.MethodsThirty elderly patients with probable AD and 25 healthy patients forming the control group, matched by age, gender, and educational level, were evaluated. Platelet proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and ADAM10 was identified by western blotting. The Spearman's correlation coefficient between ADAM10 and CDT was obtained for each group. The areas under the curves were used to compare the receiver operating characteristic curves.ResultsThe CDT scores and platelet ADAM10 expression were significantly different between patients with AD and controls and also along the disease's progression. In AD patients, there was a positive correlation between ADAM10 expression and CDT scores. Among non‐AD subjects, no correlation was found. The combination of ADAM10 and CDT was significantly better to confirm the AD diagnosis than the AUCs of ADAM10 and CDT separately.ConclusionsThe association of blood‐based biomarkers, such as ADAM10, and cognitive tests may be helpful for a more reliable AD diagnosis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inflammatory responses and morphological changes of radiofrequency‐induced rat sciatic nerve fibres
Authors: Choi S. , Choi H.J. , Cheong Y. , Chung S.H. , Park H.K. , Lim Y.J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundRecently, the pulsed radiofrequency (PRF, pulsed fashion) procedure was introduced for neuropathic pain management. Since PRF‐induced lesions do not need high temperature compared with conventional continuous RF (CRF)‐induced lesions, there is no significant loss of sensory fibres after application.MethodsThe progressive changes in the expression of eight representative inflammatory cytokines – glial fibrillary acidic protein, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin‐6, cyclooxygenase‐II, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor‐κB, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α – as well as the morphological changes in extracellular matrices by Masson's trichrome and Verhoeff–van Gieson staining and atomic force microscopy were assessed for normal (control), sham (no RF current), PRF and CRF (positive control) rats. The RF procedure used in this study was similar to the methods used in human clinical trials.ResultsAll proposed inflammatory proteins showed up‐regulation after RF thermal treatments. Specifically, PRF‐treated rats showed recovery of up‐regulated inflammatory cytokines on day 30 after application, while CRF rats showed significant up‐regulation that persisted until day 30. The control and sham groups showed normal unmyelinated axon and collagen structures. PRF‐induced lesions showed less fibre destruction than CRF‐induced lesions. PRF‐induced lesions also showed mild axonal damage and little swelling of the mitochondria. CRF‐induced lesions showed ultrastructural changes of sciatic nerve fibres that were irreversible.ConclusionsPRF‐induced pain relief may be due to temporary blockage of nerve signals through the nerve pathway responsible for reversible neuronal depression. However, CRF‐induced pain relief may be due to permanent blockage of nerve signals through other nerve pathways. Therefore, CRF could be applied to chronic inflammatory models used to study the mechanism of neuropathic pain.
Ligand- and Stage-Dependent Divergent Functions of BMP Signaling in the Differentiation of Embryonic Skeletogenic Progenitors In Vitro
Authors: Lorda-Diez Carlos I , Montero Juan A , Choe Senyon , Garcia-Porrero Juan A , Hurle Juan M 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are key molecules in the differentiation of skeletal tissues. We have investigated whether differentiation of limb embryonic mesodermal progenitors into different connective tissue lineages depends on specific stimulation of distinct BMP ligands or on the differential response of target cells to a common BMP stimulus. We show that Bmp2,4,5,7 and Gdf5 exhibit differential expression domains during the formation of tendons, cartilages, and joint tissues in digit development, but their respective effects on digit progenitors cell cultures cannot sustain the divergent differentiation of these cells into tendons, joints, and cartilage. However, the influence of BMPs differs based on the culture length. Early cultures respond to any of the BMPs by inducing chondrogenic factors and inhibiting fibrogenic and osteogenic markers. Later, a second phase of the culture occurs when BMPs attenuate their prochondrogenic influence and promote the fibrogenic marker Scleraxis. At advanced culture stages, BMPs inhibit prochondrogenic and profibrogenic markers and promote osteogenic markers. The switch from the prochondrogenic to the profibrogenic response appears critically dependent on the basal expression of Noggin. Thus, the differential regulation of Scleraxis at these stages was abrogated by treatments with a BMP-analogous compound (AB204) that escapes NOGGIN antagonism. Gene regulation experiments in absence of protein synthesis during the first period of culture indicate that BMPs activate at the same time master chondrogenic and fibrogenic genes together with cofactors responsible for driving the signaling cascade toward chondrogenesis or fibrogenesis. Gene-silencing experiments indicate that Id2 is one of the factors limiting the profibrogenic influence of BMPs. We propose that connective tissues are dynamic structures composed of cartilage, fibrous tissue, and bone that form in successive steps from the differentiation of common progenitors. This sequential differentiation is regulated by BMPs through a process that is dependent on the basal expression of BMP cofactors or signaling modulators. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Atypical Femoral Fractures: Transverse Morphology at Lateral Cortex Is a Critical Feature
Authors: Ng Alvin C , Png Meng Ai , Mohan P Chandra , Koh Joyce SB , Howe Tet Sen 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

In 2010, the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) task force defined major and minor features to assist in the case finding and reporting of atypical femoral fractures (AFFs). One major feature that was proposed was a “transverse or short oblique configuration.” Our primary aim was to compare the conventional overall fracture morphology (OFM) with its associated angle (OFMA) and our proposed lateral cortical fracture angle (LCFA) in the assessment of fracture configuration in suspected AFFs and non-AFFs. The radiographs of 79 patients with AFFs and 39 patients with non-AFFs were each analyzed by two blinded reviewers to obtain the OFM, OFMA, and LCFA. Using the overall fracture morphology to assess the suspected AFFs resulted in discordance between reviewers in 18 cases (22.8%), of which 5 (6.3%) were discordant between short oblique (&gt;30° to 60°) and long oblique (&gt;60° to 90°) configurations, therefore affecting their classifications as AFFs. By assessing only the critical component within the lateral cortex, all the suspected AFFs fell well within the classification as transverse fractures with a mean LCFA of 4.8° (range 0.3 to 18.0, SD = 4.23). The inter-reader variability was also lower for LCFA versus OFMA (4.1° versus 6.9°, p = 0.001) when used to assess AFFs. Fracture angles were significantly different in AFFs versus non-AFFs regardless of whether the OFMA or LCFA methodology was employed, but the greater difference associated with LCFA suggests its greater discriminating power. When LCFA was used in conjunction with 0° to 30° as the criteria for transverse morphology, all the AFFs and non-AFFs were correctly classified. By using a standardized and precise method in measuring the fracture angle, specifically using only the component of the lateral cortex and limiting to truly transverse fractures, ie, between 0° and 30°, the LCFA is a robust and accurate method to assess the fracture morphology in suspected AFFs. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Search for the Slichter modes based on a new method: Optimal sequence estimation
Authors: Ding Hao , Shen Wen‐Bin 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe inner core translational mode (1S1), known as the Slichter triplet, can provide important information particularly on the Earth's inner core and its dynamics. A time domain spectral analysis method, the optimal sequence estimation (OSE), is devised and applied to search for the Slichter modes. Applications of the OSE and the multistation experiment (MSE) technique for detection of the singlets of 3S1 and 2S1 show that both OSE and MSE can isolate their singlets, but OSE provides a higher signal‐to‐noise ratio. OSE also can completely isolate the modes 0S2 and 1S2. Using two superconducting gravimeter data sets from nine Global Geodynamic Project stations before and after the 2004 Sumatra earthquake, we search for the possible Slichter triplet via OSE and provide a simple validation using the product spectrum. We set two preliminary criteria in order to identify possible signals; results show three signals as candidates for the Slichter triplet, more likely in the data after the 2004 Sumatra earthquake. While choosing the most reasonable criteria needs further studies, we emphasize here the effectiveness of the OSE in searching for the Slichter modes rather than claiming actual detections.
Frictional properties of shale reservoir rocks
Authors: Kohli Arjun H. , Zoback Mark D. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe performed laboratory friction experiments on shale samples from three hydrocarbon reservoirs to assess compositional controls on fault slip behavior accompanying hydraulic stimulation. The samples span a range of clay and total organic content from ~10 to 60% by weight and demonstrate fine‐scale heterogeneity within each reservoir. Friction measurements demonstrate strong dependence of strength and rate‐state constitutive properties on shale composition. Shale samples with clay and organic content above ~30% by weight show coefficient of friction ~0.4 and consistently velocity‐strengthening behavior, while those below this threshold show increased strength and velocity‐weakening behavior. This transition in frictional strength and stability suggests a change in the shale grain packing framework from rigid clast supported to clay mineral and organic matter supported. Measurements of gouge dilatancy further support these relationships, showing a negative correlation with clay and organic content. Critical slip evolution distance exhibits similar dependence on composition, implying common micromechanical mechanisms for the observed transition in frictional behavior. We performed microstructural characterization of the experimental samples and observe changes in the gouge load‐bearing framework and shear localization features consistent with these mechanical data. While these results can be applied generally to infer slip stability on faults in clay‐bearing sedimentary rock, we employ the experimental data to place constraints on microearthquake magnitudes and the occurrence of slow shear slip on preexisting faults during hydraulic stimulation in shale reservoirs.
Complex anisotropy beneath the Peruvian flat slab from frequency‐dependent, multiple‐phase shear wave splitting analysis
Authors: Eakin Caroline M. , Long Maureen D. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFlat or shallow subduction is a relatively widespread global occurrence, but the dynamics remain poorly understood. In particular, the interaction between flat slabs and the surrounding mantle flow has yet to be studied in detail. Here we present measurements of seismic anisotropy to investigate mantle flow beneath the Peruvian flat‐slab segment, the largest present‐day region of flat subduction. We conduct a detailed shear wave splitting analysis at a long‐running seismic station (NNA) located near Lima, Peru. We present measurements of apparent splitting parameters (fast direction φ and delay time δt) for SKS, ScS, and local S phases from 80 events. We observe well‐defined frequency dependence and backazimuthal variability, indicating the likely presence of complex anisotropy. Forward modeling the observations with two or three layers of anisotropy reveals a likely layer with a trench‐normal fast direction underlying a layer with a more trench‐oblique (to trench‐subparallel) fast direction. In order to further constrain the anisotropic geometry, we analyzed the source‐side splitting from events originating within the slab measured at distant stations. Beneath the flat‐slab segment, we found trench‐normal fast splitting directions in the subslab mantle, while within the dipping portion of the slab further to the east, likely trench‐subparallel anisotropy within the slab itself. This subslab pattern contradicts observations from elsewhere in South America for “normal” (i.e., more steeply dipping) slab conditions. It is similar, however, to inferences from other shallowly dipping subduction zones around the world. While there is an apparent link between slab dip and the surrounding mantle flow, at least beneath Peru, the precise nature of the relationship remains to be clarified.
Influence of preheating on antioxidant activity of the water extract from black soybean and color and sensory properties of black soybean decoction
Authors: Hsu Cheng‐Kuang , Lin Wei‐Hsuan , Yang Huai‐Wen 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDOur previous study indicated that black soybean (BS) tea (BST) made from preheated BS showed a significant protective effect against CCl4‐induced liver damage in Sprague Dawley rats due to BS's antioxidant activity. In this study, we investigated three different preheating methods on the antioxidant activity of water extract from BS (WBS) (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), as well as on the color and sensory properties of BST.RESULTSWBS baked at 130 °C for 5 min showed high total phenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents among three preheating methods, as well as high DPPH radical‐scavenging activity, ferrous ion chelating ability and reducing power. BST baked at 130 °C for 5 min had higher polyphenol oxidase activity and L*, a* and b* values but lower peroxidase activity then BST made from unheated BS. Sensory evaluation indicated that BST made from baked BS produced better aroma and flavor than the tea made from unheated BS or a commercial preheated BS.CONCLUSIONAn appropriate preheating process improved the amount of extractable antioxidant and the antioxidant activity in WBS. BST baked at 130 °C for 5 min had good flavor properties, as well as high amount of antioxidant. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
A study of optimal viewing distance in a parallax barrier 3D display
Authors: Huang Kuo‐Chung , Chou Yi‐Heng , Lin Lang‐chin , Lin Hoang Yan , Chen Fu‐Hao , Liao Ching‐Chiu , Chen Yi‐Han , Lee Kuen , Hsu Wan‐Hsuan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe optimal viewing distance was proposed as a parameter for designing a parallax barrier 3D display. It can be designed based on simple geometric method and by considering the pitches of image display pixels and parallax barrier, or even including the aperture ratios of the image display pixels and parallax barrier. It can be analyzed by using ray tracing method. By considering the optical refraction index of the cover glass, the angular behavior of the system becomes more realistic; however, the geometric method is difficult to be used. We propose a revised method for estimating the view distance and angular behavior. In this paper, we have demonstrated a designated eye position (DEP) for each view and shown that multiple DEPs make a circular curve around the center of the display. We prove the new concept by comparing the optical ray tracing calculations and optical measurement.
A Quantitative Structure–Reactivity Assessment of Phenols by Investigation of Rapid Iodination Kinetics Using Hydrodynamic Voltammetry: Applicability of the Hammett Equation in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Borkar Vitthal T. , Bonde Shantaram L. , Dangat Vijay T. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTHalogenations of aromatic substrates in aqueous medium are essentially electrophilic substitutions proceeding at rates concomitant with the nature of the substrates and substituent motifs. Kinetics as an investigatory tool for the quantitative assessment of the structure–reactivity correlation in these reactions for a diverse range of substrates has rarely been reported, presumably due to the rapidity of these reactions in aqueous medium. We have used hydrodynamic voltammetry to investigate the rapid kinetics of uncatalyzed iodination of phenol and eight substituted phenols by iodine monochloride at constant pH in aqueous medium. The Arrhenius plots for these reactions yield comprehensive kinetic and thermodynamic data. The quantitative structure–reactivity correlation stemming from the regio‐ and stereospecificity of the substituent motifs on the substrates has been examined through the Hammett plot, which shows a negative slope of 1.87. The magnitudes of the rate constants, energies of activation, frequency factors, and entropy change obtained for the nine fast reactions reported, reflect the relative ease of the reaction dynamics in quantitative terms thereby ascertaining the relative reactivities of the phenols studied herein.
Recovery of intrinsic fluorescence from single‐point interstitial measurements for quantification of doxorubicin concentration
Authors: Baran Timothy M. , Foster Thomas H. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveWe developed a method for the recovery of intrinsic fluorescence from single‐point measurements in highly scattering and absorbing samples without a priori knowledge of the sample optical properties. The goal of the study was to demonstrate accurate recovery of fluorophore concentration in samples with widely varying background optical properties, while simultaneously recovering the optical properties.Materials and MethodsTissue‐simulating phantoms containing doxorubicin, MnTPPS, and Intralipid‐20% were created, and fluorescence measurements were performed using a single isotropic probe. The resulting spectra were analyzed using a forward‐adjoint fluorescence model in order to recover the fluorophore concentration and background optical properties.ResultsWe demonstrated recovery of doxorubicin concentration with a mean error of 11.8%. The concentration of the background absorber was recovered with an average error of 23.2% and the scattering spectrum was recovered with a mean error of 19.8%.ConclusionThis method will allow for the determination of local concentrations of fluorescent drugs, such as doxorubicin, from minimally invasive fluorescence measurements. This is particularly interesting in the context of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) treatment of liver cancer. Lasers Surg. Med. 45:542–550, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low‐level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) for treatment of hair loss
Authors: Avci Pinar , Gupta Gaurav K. , Clark Jason , Wikonkal Norbert , Hamblin Michael R. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveAlopecia is a common disorder affecting more than half of the population worldwide. Androgenetic alopecia, the most common type, affects 50% of males over the age of 40 and 75% of females over 65. Only two drugs have been approved so far (minoxidil and finasteride) and hair transplant is the other treatment alternative. This review surveys the evidence for low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) applied to the scalp as a treatment for hair loss and discusses possible mechanisms of actions.Methods and MaterialsSearches of PubMed and Google Scholar were carried out using keywords alopecia, hair loss, LLLT, photobiomodulation.ResultsStudies have shown that LLLT stimulated hair growth in mice subjected to chemotherapy‐induced alopecia and also in alopecia areata. Controlled clinical trials demonstrated that LLLT stimulated hair growth in both men and women. Among various mechanisms, the main mechanism is hypothesized to be stimulation of epidermal stem cells in the hair follicle bulge and shifting the follicles into anagen phase.ConclusionLLLT for hair growth in both men and women appears to be both safe and effective. The optimum wavelength, coherence and dosimetric parameters remain to be determined. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:144–151, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fabrication of Self‐Healable Hydrogels through Sol–Gel Transition in Metallo‐supramolecular Aqueous Solution by Aeration
Authors: Asoh Taka‐Aki , Yoshitake Haruka , Takano Yota , Kikuchi Akihiko 
Published: August 2013

A sol–gel transition and the self‐healing of the resultant hydrogels are achieved utilizing a metallo‐supramolecule composed of terpyridine‐terminated low‐molecular‐weight three‐armed poly(ethylene glycol) (trisPEGtpy450) in water at ambient temperature. The gelation of trisPEGtpy450 with cobalt ions occurs by aerobic oxidation (mild conditions), and therefore the solution can be moulded into any shape hydrogel. The solation of the cured hydrogels occurs spontaneously upon the addition of the reductant, and the solution is then re‐gelled by exposure to air due to the consumption of the reductant. Both a sol–gel transition by aeration and self‐healing of the resultant hydrogels without any stimuli are observed when replacing some of the cobalt ions with nickel ions.
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