bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modellgestützte NIR-Materialfeuchtemessung mittels
Multidetektoranordnung
Authors: Hoof Christian , Wetzlar Dietmar , Henning Bernd 
Published: December 2013

Zusammenfassung
Zur berührungslosen Materialfeuchtebestimmung wird unter anderem die
Infrarotreflexionsmessung genutzt. Diese nichtinvasive und schnelle Methode
ist geeignet sowohl zur Bestimmung der Feuchte von Schüttgütern als
auch zur Charakterisierung von Trocknungsprozessen von Lacken. Die
reflektierte Strahlung ist dabei abhängig von Absorption und Streuung in
der Beschichtung sowie von den temporären und lokalen
Reflexionseigenschaften des Messobjektes. In dieser Untersuchung ist ein
experimenteller Aufbau zur simultanen Messung der gerichteten und der diffus
reflektierten Strahlungsanteile realisiert.
Schwingungen in Mikrostrukturen
3D-Laservibrometer-Mikroskop mit nur einem
Messstrahl
Authors: Winter Marcus , Steger Heinrich , Giesen Moritz , Dräbenstedt Alexander , Kowarsch Robert , Ochs Wanja , Rembe Christian 
Published: December 2013

Zusammenfassung
Wir stellen ein neues Messmikroskop vor, welches die Erfassung
von dreidimensionalen Schwingungsparametern mikroskopischer
Objekte in Echtzeit ermöglicht. Das Messsystem besteht aus einem
einzigen, integrierten Messkopf, der den von einem mikroskopischen
Messobjekt in drei Raumrichtungen gestreuten Laserstrahl
analysiert und daraus die dreidimensionale Objektbewegung
bestimmt. Die Messpunktgröße ist hierbei kleiner als 4 µm, wobei
optisches Übersprechen zwischen den drei Analyserichtungen
vermieden wird, da es nur einen Messlaserstrahl gibt.
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopic Investigation of Surface Adsorption of CMP Slurry Additives on Abrasive Particles
Authors: Wayman Ashley E. , Turner Daniel K. , Rawat Ashwani , Carver Colin T. , Moinpour Mansour , Remsen Edward E. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTAdditive-abrasive interactions in chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) slurries are investigated using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The FCS technique provides quantitative determinations of the interaction between additives and abrasive particles by characterizing the competitive adsorption of the additive and a fluorescent probe molecule by an abrasive particle. Adsorption of the CMP additives glycine and benzotriazole (BTA) on precipitated and sol-gel colloidal silica abrasives are characterized. Significant differences in the fluorescent probe’s adsorption to the different silica abrasives in the presence of the additives suggest surface chemistry differences between the different types of silica. Extensions of the analysis of FCS data are proposed for improving the quantitative determination of the competitive adsorption of fluorescent probe dyes and CMP additives on abrasive particles.
Sharp Needles: Fabrication of Tungsten Nanotips by AC Electrochemical Etching and Laser Enhanced Etching for Nanoprobing on Interconnects of Advanced Technology Nodes.
Authors: Dawood M. K. , Mai Z.H. , Ng T. H. , Tan H. , Tan P.K. , Lam J. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTSharper nanotips are required for application in nanoprobing systems due to a shrinking contact size with each new transistor technology node. We describe a two-step etching process to fabricate W nanotips with controllable tip dimensions. The first process is an optimized AC electrochemical etching in KOH to fabricate nanotips with a radius of curvature (ROC) down to 90 nm. This was followed by a secondary nanotip sharpening process by laser irradiation in KOH. High aspect ratio nanotips with ROC close to 20 nm were obtained. Finally we demonstrate the application of the fabricated nanotips for nanoprobing on advanced technology SRAM devices.
Nonvolatile Resistive Memory Switching in Amorphous LaGdO3 Thin Films
Authors: Misra P. , Pavunny S. P. , Katiyar R. S. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTNonvolatile unipolar resistive switching properties of the amorphous LaGdO3 thin films deposited by pulsed laser deposition have been studied. Reliable and repeatable switching of the resistance of LaGdO3 film was obtained between low and high resistance states with nearly constant resistance ratio ∼ 106 and non-overlapping switching voltages in the range of ∼0.6-0.75 V and 2.5-4 V respectively. The switching between low and high resistance states was attributed to the formation and rupture of conductive filaments using temperature dependent resistance measurements. The current conduction mechanisms of the LaGdO3 film in low and high resistance states were found to follow the Ohmic behavior and Poole-Frenkel emission respectively. The resistance of low and high resistance states of the film remained nearly constant for up to ∼ 104 seconds indicating good retention. The observed resistive switching characteristics of LaGdO3 thin films are promising for futuristic nonvolatile memories.
The Effect of Temperature in a thin Si Nanowire Transistor, with a Single Donor in the Channel, using Dissipative Physics
Authors: Martinez Antonio , Kalna Karol , Aldegunde Manuel 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTDissipative quantum transport simulations using the Non-Equilibrium Green Function Formalism have been carried out to obtain a transfer characteristic of a Si gate-all-around (GAA) nanowire transistor. A donor-type impurity has been located close to the source/channel interface, creating a resonant level. The existence and energy of the resonant level depends on the value of the gate bias. The dependence of the current reduction due to phonon scattering as a function of the gate bias, has a minimum due to the resonant level. The simulations at different temperatures have shown a decline in the sub-threshold slope at high temperature and an improvement at low temperature. Finally, the sub-threshold slope approximate follows the standard linear temperature dependence.
Accurate models for the current-voltage characteristics of vertically compressed piezo-semiconductive quasi-1D NWs
Authors: Araneo Rodolfo , Lovat Giampiero , Falconi Christian , Notargiacomo Andrea , Rinaldi Antonio 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTWe investigate the electrical transport in quasi-1D piezo-semiconductive NWs under purely vertical compressive or tensile strains. For simplicity, we exclusively consider the additional band bending originated by the piezoelectric charges assumed to be distributed, with a constant volumic density, within a maximum distance δpiezo 003F from the metal-to-NW junction. Our calculations demonstrate that the carrier concentration, the energy conduction band profile and the I-V characteristics significantly depend on δpiezo 003F . We therefore propose that I-V measurements can allow to obtain information on δpiezo 003F in strained piezo-semiconductors.
Piezoelectricity in Monolayers and Bilayers of Inorganic Two-Dimensional Crystals
Authors: Duerloo Karel-Alexander N. , Ong Mitchell T. , Reed Evan J. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe symmetry properties of many inorganic two-dimensional monolayer crystals make them piezoelectric, whereas their three-dimensional parent crystals are not. The emergence of piezoelectricity in the single-layer limit points toward intriguing electromechanical effects and applications in the single- or few-layer regime. We use density functional theory to calculate the piezoelectric coefficients of BN, MoS2, MoSe2, MoTe2, WS2, WSe2 and WTe2. These coefficients are found to be comparable to, and in some cases greater than those of commonly used wurtzite piezoelectrics. The centrosymmetry of a BN bilayer prevents a piezoelectric effect for this structure. However, by developing an elastic model, we find that the bilayer exhibits an unusual electromechanical coupling to the curvature, similar to that of a bimorph. A BN bilayer is found to amplify the constituent monolayers’ in-plane piezoelectric displacements by factors on the order of 103-104 into out-of plane deflections.
Piezo-semiconductive quasi-1D conical NWs for high performance nanodevices
Authors: Araneo Rodolfo , Lovat Giampiero , Notargiacomo Andrea , Rinaldi Antonio 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTConical nanowires appear to be very versatile nanostructures for fabricating high performance piezoelectric nanodevices, for possible applications in the fields of mechanical sensing, piezotronics or piezo-photo-tronics. The results discussed in the present work are aimed at providing useful guidelines for the design of such devices.
High Integrity SiO2/Al2O3 Gate Stack for Normally-off GaN MOSFET
Authors: Kambayashi Hiroshi , Nomura Takehiko , Ueda Hirokazu , Harada Katsushige , Morozumi Yuichiro , Hasebe Kazuhide , Teramoto Akinobu , Sugawa Shigetoshi , Ohmi Tadahiro 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTHigh integrity SiO2/Al2O3 gate stack has been demonstrated for GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistors. The SiO2 film formed on GaN by the microwave-excited plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MW-PECVD) exhibits good properties compared that by the LP (Low Pressure)-CVD. Then, by incorporating the advantages of both of SiO2 with a high insulating and Al2O3 with good interface characteristics, the SiO2/Al2O3 gate stack structure has been employed in GaN MOS devices. The structure shows a low interface state density between gate insulator and GaN, a high breakdown field, and a large charge-to-breakdown by applying 3-nm Al2O3. The SiO2/Al2O3 gate stack has also been applied to AlGaN/GaN hybrid MOS heterojunction field-effect transistor (HFET) and the HFET shows excellent properties with the threshold voltage of 4.2 V and the maximum field-effect mobility of 192 cm2/Vs.
Accurate analysis of the piezopotential and the stored energies in laterally bent piezo-semiconductive NWs
Authors: Araneo Rodolfo , Lovat Giampiero , Falconi Christian , Notargiacomo Andrea , Rinaldi Antonio 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTHere we study the piezopotential, the carrier concentration, and the stored energies in laterally bent piezo-semiconductive NWs with total-bottom contact. Moreover, we give reasons for the well-known existence of two regions where the piezopotential has an opposite sign in comparison with the rest of the NW. Finally, we provide an upper limit to the static mechanicalto-electrical conversion efficiency by computing the ratio between the total stored electrostatic energy and the total (mechanical and electrostatic) stored energy. Our results can provide guidelines for designing devices based on laterally bent piezoelectric NWs.
Electronic transport properties of atomic scale graphene/metal side contact
Authors: Ma Bo , Wen Yanwei , Liu Xiao , Shan Bin 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe transport properties of the atomic scale side contact between different metals (Au, Ag, Pt, Cu, Ni, Pd) and graphene with open zigzag ends have been studied from first-principles electron transport calculations. According to the contact configurations, we find the weakly interacting metals (Au, Ag, Pt and Cu) can form chemical bonds at the open graphene’s atomic edges, while the strongly interacting ones form chemical bonds in the whole contact region. Comparing with the case of end contact which could effectively decrease the contact resistance, the atomic scale side contact shows better transport properties than the end contact. And the graphene/metal side contact with hydrogen terminated graphene edge show obviously large resistance than the ones with open graphene edge, which signifies the importance of the termination of graphene edge in graphene/metal contact.
Internal Structure of Diamond Nanocrystals by Modeling and PDF Analysis
Authors: Stelmakh S. , Palosz W. , Gierlotka S. , Skrobas K. , Palosz B. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe structure of nanocrystalline diamond was approximated by spherical nanograins assuming that the grain core with a perfect crystal lattice is surrounded by a sequence of shells with (essentially) identical atomic architecture but with altered density. We call such a model a nanocrystal with density modulated waves. To examine the effect of density modulation present in nanograins, we built atomistic models of nanodiamond grains and compared the average values of inter-atomic distances calculated for the grains with density waves to those calculated for grains with the perfect, diamond crystal lattice. We show that the atomic structure of nanodiamond can be best described by a model where, between the inner core and the surface layer, three density waves with intermittent compressive and tensile strains exist. The sequence of the density waves is preserved in all examined nanodiamond samples without regard to chemical treatment and vacuum annealing (at up to 1200°C).
Enhanced Measurements of Displacements and Strains in Quasiperiodic Nanostructures
Authors: Wielgus Maciej , Koguciuk Daniel , Sunderland Zofia , Patorski Krzysztof , Piotrowska Anna 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTDisplacements and strains can be calculated from the microscopic image of a quasiperiodic structure by the analysis of its spectral content, consisting of a discrete set of peaks (Bragg spots in the case of the crystal structure). Typically one would choose certain peak and evaluate the displacements by investigating its neighborhood. However, there is a large amount of redundancy in such an image, as similar measurement can be performed by choosing a different Bragg spot. We demonstrate an approach which in a systematic manner employs information from multiple Bragg spots for the displacement evaluation. This has a positive influence on the quality and robustness of the measurements.
Shifts in Intended and Unintended Pregnancies in the United States, 2001–2008
Authors: Finer Lawrence B. , Zolna Mia R. 
Published: December 2013

Objectives. We monitored trends in pregnancy by intendedness and outcomes of unintended pregnancies nationally and for key subgroups between 2001 and 2008. Methods. Data on pregnancy intentions from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) and a nationally representative survey of abortion patients were combined with counts of births (from the National Center for Health Statistics), counts of abortions (from a census of abortion providers), estimates of miscarriages (from the NSFG), and population denominators from the US Census Bureau to obtain pregnancy rates by intendedness. Results. In 2008, 51% of pregnancies in the United States were unintended, and the unintended pregnancy rate was 54 per 1000 women ages 15 to 44 years. Between 2001 and 2008, intended pregnancies decreased and unintended pregnancies increased, a shift previously unobserved. Large disparities in unintended pregnancy by relationship status, income, and education increased; the percentage of unintended pregnancies ending in abortion decreased; and the rate of unintended pregnancies ending in birth increased, reaching 27 per 1000 women. Conclusions. Reducing unintended pregnancy likely requires addressing fundamental socioeconomic inequities, as well as increasing contraceptive use and the uptake of highly effective methods.
Gestational Weight Gain and Risk of Infant Death in the United States
Authors: Davis Regina R. , Hofferth Sandra L. , Shenassa Edmond D. 
Published: December 2013

Objectives. We examined the association of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) with risk of death during infancy using the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM’s) Pregnancy Weight Gain Guidelines. Methods. We obtained maternal and infant data for 2004–2008 from 159 244 women with a singleton, full-term, live birth in the 41 states that participated in phase 5 of the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. We fit logistic regression models to estimate the association between prepregnancy BMI, GWG, and risk of death during infancy, controlling for confounders. Results. Only 34% of women gained the IOM-recommended amount of weight during pregnancy. Infants born to underweight, normal-weight, and overweight women with inadequate GWG had odds of mortality during infancy that were 6.18, 1.47, and 2.11 times higher, respectively, than those of infants born to women with adequate GWG. Infants born to obese women with excessive weight gain had a 49% decreased likelihood of mortality. Conclusions. A significant association exists between inadequate GWG and infant death that weakens with increasing prepregnancy BMI; weight gain beyond the recommended amount appears to be protective against infant mortality.
Association of Maternal and Community Factors With Enrollment in Home Visiting Among At-Risk, First-Time Mothers
Authors: Goyal Neera K. , Hall Eric S. , Jones David E. , Meinzen-Derr Jareen K. , Short Jodie A. , Ammerman Robert T. , Van Ginkel Judith B. 
Published: December 2013

Objectives. We identified individual and contextual factors associated with referral and enrollment in home visiting among at-risk, first-time mothers. Methods. We retrospectively studied referral and enrollment in a regional home visiting program from 2007 to 2009 in Hamilton County, Ohio. Using linked vital statistics and census tract data, we obtained individual and community measures on first-time mothers meeting eligibility criteria for home visiting (low income, unmarried, or age < 18 years). Generalized linear modeling was performed to determine factors associated with relative risk (RR) of (1) referral to home visiting among eligible mothers and (2) enrollment after referral. Results. Of 8187 first-time mothers eligible for home visiting, 2775 were referred and 1543 were enrolled. Among referred women, high school completion (RR = 1.10) and any college (RR = 1.17) compared with no high school completion were associated with increased enrollment, and enrollment was less likely for those living in communities with higher socioeconomic deprivation (RR = 0.71; P < .05). Conclusions. Barriers to enrollment in home visiting persisted at multiple ecological levels. Ongoing evaluation of enrollment in at-risk populations is critical as home visiting programs are implemented and expanded.
Trends in Maternal Morbidity Before and During Pregnancy in California
Authors: Fridman Moshe , Korst Lisa M. , Chow Jessica , Lawton Elizabeth , Mitchell Connie , Gregory Kimberly D. 
Published: December 2013

Objectives. We examined trends in maternal comorbidities in California. Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 1 551 017 California births using state-linked vital statistics and hospital discharge cohort data for 1999, 2002, and 2005. We used International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes to identify the following conditions, some of which were preexisting: maternal hypertension, diabetes, asthma, thyroid disorders, obesity, mental health conditions, substance abuse, and tobacco use. We estimated prevalence rates with hierarchical logistic regression models, adjusting for demographic shifts, and also examined racial/ethnic disparities. Results. The prevalence of these comorbidities increased over time for hospital admissions associated with childbirth, suggesting that pregnant women are getting sicker. Racial/ethnic disparities were also significant. In 2005, maternal hypertension affected more than 10% of all births to non-Hispanic Black mothers; maternal diabetes affected nearly 10% of births to Asian/Pacific Islander mothers (10% and 43% increases, respectively, since 1999). Chronic hypertension, diabetes, obesity, mental health conditions, and tobacco use among Native American women showed the largest increases. Conclusions. The prevalence of maternal comorbidities before and during pregnancy has risen substantially in California and demonstrates racial/ethnic disparity independent of demographic shifts.
Association of Prenatal Participation in a Public Health Nutrition Program With Healthy Infant Weight Gain
Authors: Edmunds Lynn S. , Sekhobo Jackson P. , Dennison Barbara A. , Chiasson Mary Ann , Stratton Howard H. , Davison Kirsten K. 
Published: December 2013

Objectives. We tested the hypothesis that early enrollment in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) is associated with a reduced risk of rapid infant weight gain (RIWG). Methods. We used a longitudinal cohort of mother–infant pairs (n = 157 590) enrolled in WIC in New York State from 2008 to 2009 and estimated the odds of RIWG, defined as a 12-month change in weight-for-age z score of more than .67, comparing infants of mothers enrolled during the first, second, or third trimester of pregnancy with those who delayed enrollment until the postpartum period. Results. After adjusting for potential confounders, the odds of RIWG (odds ratio [OR] = 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.74, 0.79) were significantly lower for infants of women enrolling during the first trimester versus postpartum. Birth weight-for-gestational-age z score (OR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.32, 0.33) attenuated the estimate of prenatal versus postpartum enrollment (OR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.88, 0.95; first-trimester enrollees). Conclusions. The results demonstrate that prenatal WIC participation is associated with reduced risk of RIWG between birth and age 1 year. Improved birth weight for gestational age may be the mechanism through which early prenatal WIC enrollment protects against RIWG.
The Effect of Fair Value versus Historical Cost Reporting Model on Analyst Forecast Accuracy
Authors: Liang Lihong , Riedl Edward J. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper examines how the reporting model for a firm's operating assets affects analyst forecast accuracy. We contrast U.K. and U.S. investment property firms having real estate as their primary operating asset, exploiting that U.K. (U.S.) firms report these assets at fair value (historical cost). We assess the accuracy of a balance-sheet-based forecast (net asset value, or NAV) and an income-statement-based forecast (earnings per share, or EPS). We predict and find higher NAV forecast accuracy for U.K. relative to U.S. firms, consistent with the fair value reporting model revealing private information that is incorporated into analysts' balance sheet forecasts. We find this difference is attenuated when the fair value and historical cost models are more likely to converge: during recessionary periods. Finally, we predict and find lower EPS forecast accuracy for U.K. firms when reporting under the full fair value model of IFRS, in which unrealized fair value gains and losses are included in net income. This is consistent with the full fair value model increasing the difficulty of forecasting net income through the inclusion of non-serially correlated elements such as these gains/losses. Information content analyses provide further support for these inferences. Overall, the results indicate that the fair value reporting model enhances analysts' ability to forecast the balance sheet, but the full fair value model reduces their ability to forecast net income.
Hall effect on MHD flow and heat transfer of nanofluids over a stretching wedge in the presence of velocity slip and Joule heating
Authors: Su Xiaohong , Zheng Liancun 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This paper deals with the boundary layer flow and heat transfer of nanofluids over a stretching wedge with velocity-slip boundary conditions. In this analysis, Hall effect and Joule heating are taken into consideration. Four different types of water-base nanofluids containing copper (Cu), silver (Ag), alumina (Al2O3), and titania (TiO2) nanoparticles are analyzed. The partial differential equations governing the flow and temperature fields are converted into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using a similarity transformation. The resulting similarity equations are then solved by using the shooting technique along with the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The effects of types of nanoparticles, the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the magnetic parameter, the Hall parameter, the wedge angle parameter, and the velocityslip parameter on the velocity and temperature fields are discussed and presented graphically, respectively.