bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A longitudinal study on cardiac effects of deconditioning and physical reconditioning using the anterior cruciate ligament injury as a model
Authors: Steding‐Ehrenborg Katarina , Hedén Bo , Herbertsson Pär , Arheden Håkan 
Published: April 2013

SummaryBackgroundStudies of cardiovascular deconditioning are primarily carried out after experimental bed rest. No previous study has followed the cardiovascular effects of decreased and resumed physical activity in athletes after acute physical injury and convalescence. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury causes a significantly decreased activity level over a long period, making it an ideal model for studying effects of deconditioning and reconditioning. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate how cardiac dimensions and maximal exercise capacity change after an ACL‐injury.MethodSeventeen athletes (5 women) were included. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was performed within 5 days of the injury (CMR1), before endurance training was resumed (CMR2) and 6 months after the second scan (CMR3). Maximal exercise testing was performed on the same day as CMR2 and 3.ResultsThe deconditioning phase between CMR1 and CMR2 was 59 ± 28 days. Total heart volume (THV) decreased with −3·1 ± 6·7%, P = 0·056. Between CMR2 and 3 (reconditioning), THV increased significantly (2·5 ± 4·6%, P<0·05). Left and right ventricular EDV decreased during deconditioning (−3·0 ± 5·6% and −4·7 ± 6·6%) and increased during reconditioning (1·7 ± 3·9% and 2·6 ± 6·2%) however not statistically significant. Left ventricular mass (LVM) remained unchanged. VO2 peak (mlmin−1kg−1) increased significantly during the reconditioning phase (6·1 ± 5·3%, P<0·001).ConclusionPhysiological cardiac adaptation to deconditioning and reconditioning caused by severe knee injury with maintained normal daily living during convalescence was smaller than previously shown in bed rest studies. Total heart volume and VO2 peak were significantly affected by reconditioning whilst LVEDV, RVEDV and LVM remained unchanged over the study period.
EFNS review on the role of muscle biopsy in the investigation of myalgia
Authors: Kyriakides T. , Angelini C. , Schaefer J. , Mongini T. , Siciliano G. , Sacconi S. , Joseph J. , Burgunder J. M. , Bindoff L. A. , Vissing J. , de Visser M. , Hilton‐Jones D. 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundMyalgia, defined as any pain perceived in muscle, is very common in the general population and a frequent cause for referral to neurologists, rheumatologists and internists in general. It is however only rarely due to primary muscle disease and often referred from ligaments, joints, bones, the peripheral and central nervous system. A muscle biopsy should only be performed if this is likely to be diagnostically useful. At present no ‘guidelines’ exist.MethodsAn EFNS panel of muscle specialists was set to review relevant studies from PubMed dating as far back as 1/1/1990. Only Class IV studies were available and therefore the recommendations arrived at are ‘best practice recommendations’ based on information harvested from the literature search and expert opinion.ResultsMuscle cramps should be recognized while drugs, infections, metabolic/ endocrinological and rheumatological causes of myalgia should be identified from the history and examination and pertinent laboratory tests. A muscle biopsy is more likely to be diagnostically useful if myalgia is exertional and if one or more of the following apply: i) there is myoglobinuria, (ii) there is a second wind phenomenon, (iii) there is muscle weakness, (iv) there is muscle hypertrophy /atrophy, (v) there is hyperCKemia (>2–3× normal), and (vi) there is a myopathic EMG.ConclusionsPatients presenting with myalgia can be recommended to have a biopsy based on careful history and examination and on simple laboratory screening.
Proximity to agriculture is correlated with pesticide tolerance: evidence for the evolution of amphibian resistance to modern pesticides
Authors: Cothran Rickey D. , Brown Jenise M. , Relyea Rick A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAnthropogenic environmental change is a powerful and ubiquitous evolutionary force, so it is critical that we determine the extent to which organisms can evolve in response to anthropogenic environmental change and whether these evolutionary responses have associated costs. This issue is particularly relevant for species of conservation concern including many amphibians, which are experiencing global declines from many causes including widespread exposure to agrochemicals. We used a laboratory toxicity experiment to assess variation in sensitivity to two pesticides among wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) populations and a mesocosm experiment to ascertain whether resistance to pesticides is associated with decreased performance when animals experience competition and fear of predation. We discovered that wood frog populations closer to agriculture were more resistant to a common insecticide (chlorpyrifos), but not to a common herbicide (Roundup). We also found no evidence that this resistance carried a performance cost when facing competition and the fear of predation. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that organophosphate insecticide (the most commonly applied class of insecticides in the world) resistance increases with agricultural land use in an amphibian, which is consistent with an evolutionary response to agrochemicals.
Temperature variation makes ectotherms more sensitive to climate change
Authors: Paaijmans Krijn P. , Heinig Rebecca L. , Seliga Rebecca A. , Blanford Justine I. , Blanford Simon , Murdock Courtney C. , Thomas Matthew B. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractEctotherms are considered to be particularly vulnerable to climate warming. Descriptions of habitat temperatures and predicted changes in climate usually consider mean monthly, seasonal or annual conditions. Ectotherms, however, do not simply experience mean conditions, but are exposed to daily fluctuations in habitat temperatures. Here, we highlight how temperature fluctuation can generate ‘realized’ thermal reaction (fitness) norms that differ from the ‘fundamental’ norms derived under standard constant temperatures. Using a mosquito as a model organism, we find that temperature fluctuation reduces rate processes such as development under warm conditions, increases processes under cool conditions, and reduces both the optimum and the critical maximum temperature. Generalizing these effects for a range of terrestrial insects reveals that prevailing daily fluctuations in temperature should alter the sensitivity of species to climate warming by reducing ‘thermal safety margins’. Such effects of daily temperature dynamics have generally been ignored in the climate change literature.
Reaction‐Bonded Boron Carbide/Magnesium–Silicon Composites
Authors: Cafri Matan , Malka Alon , Dilman Helen , Dariel Moshe P. , Frage Nahum 
Published: April 2013

Reaction‐bonded boron carbide was manufactured by infiltrating porous boron carbide preforms at 1273 K with a Mg‐Si eutectic alloy. The resulting composite material consists, in addition to the original B4C, of SiC, Mg2Si, and a Mg‐rich complex boride/carbide Mgx(Al,Si)y(B,C)z phase. The composites display high hardness (1700 HV), Young's modulus (356 MPa) and a moderate bending strength (230 MPa). The ballistic efficiency (of about 6.7), as determined by the depth of penetration method, is much higher than that of alumina and similar to that of silicon‐infiltrated reaction‐bonded composites.
Effects of nutrient content claims, sports celebrity endorsements and premium offers on pre‐adolescent children's food preferences: experimental research
Authors: Dixon H. , Scully M. , Niven P. , Kelly B. , Chapman K. , Donovan R. , Martin J. , Baur L. A. , Crawford D. , Wakefield M. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject
Food marketing has come under scrutiny for its likely contribution to promoting unhealthy eating and obesity in children.
There is limited published evidence regarding the effects of food packaging promotions on children.
Nutrient content claims and sports celebrity endorsements on food packs influence adults to prefer energy‐dense and nutrient‐poor (EDNP) products bearing such promotions, especially among the majority who do not read the nutrition information panel.
What this study adds
This study experimentally tested pre‐adolescent children's responses to three common food marketing techniques: nutrient content claims, sports celebrity endorsements and premium offers.
On‐pack nutrient content claims made pre‐adolescents more likely to choose EDNP products and increased perceptions of their nutrient content.
Sports celebrity endorsements made pre‐adolescent boys more likely to choose EDNP products.
ObjectivesTo assess pre‐adolescent children's responses to common child‐oriented front‐of‐pack food promotions.MethodsBetween‐subjects, web‐based experiment with four front‐of‐pack promotion conditions on energy‐dense and nutrient‐poor (EDNP) foods: no promotion [control]; nutrient content claims; sports celebrity endorsements (male athletes) and premium offers. Participants were 1302 grade 5 and 6 children (mean age 11 years) from Melbourne, Australia. Participants chose their preferred product from a randomly assigned EDNP food pack and comparable healthier food pack then completed detailed product ratings. Child‐oriented pack designs with colourful, cartooned graphics, fonts and promotions were used.ResultsCompared to the control condition, children were more likely to choose EDNP products featuring nutrient content claims (both genders) and sports celebrity endorsements (boys only). Perceptions of nutritional content were enhanced by nutrient content claims. Effects of promotions on some product ratings (but not choice) were negated when children referred to the nutrition information panel. Premium offers did not enhance children's product ratings or choice.ConclusionsNutrient content claims and sports celebrity endorsements influence pre‐adolescent children's preferences towards EDNP food products displaying them. Policy interventions to reduce the impact of unhealthy food marketing to children should limit the use of these promotions.
Nursing, sexual health and youth with disabilities: a critical ethnography
Authors: McCabe Janet , Holmes Dave 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimTo explore the experiences of nurses providing sexual health care to adolescents with physical and/or developmental disabilities, with attention to the institutional and social discourses that shape these interactions.BackgroundPrevious research has shown that nurses demonstrate a lack of attention to the impact of illness or disability on sexual health. However, in their therapeutic relationship with patients and families, nurses are in an ideal position to promote sexual health.DesignA critical ethnography study was conducted in an urban paediatric rehabilitative facility.MethodField work occurred over 4 months (2008–2009) and data collection included interviews (n = 9), key informant discussions, collection of documentary evidence and observation of the institutional setting.FindingsFour themes were identified (institutional space, professional interactions, engaging with sexuality, nursing experience), which revealed that nurse–patient interactions about sexual health were affected by a complex network of discourses. These encounters were shaped by practical discourses, such as time and space and by more complex discourses, such as professional relationships, normalization and asexuality.ConclusionNurses occupy and strive to maintain, the role of a caring agent. However, aspects of the clinical, institutional and broader social environments may undermine their ability to promote sexual health. In nurses' efforts to maintain therapeutic relationships with clients, sexual health is often medicalised to legitimize it as an appropriate topic of discussion with patients and families. Facilities serving youth with disabilities should take steps to address barriers to the delivery of sexual health promotion and several solutions are proposed.
Stigmatization of individuals with sexually transmitted infections: effects of illness and observer characteristics
Authors: Foster Lyndsay R. , Byers E. Sandra 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThere has been little experimental research examining characteristics that contribute to the stigmatization of individuals with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) other than HIV. We examined 3 illness characteristics (STI type, control over transmission, target gender) and 3 observer characteristics (sexual attitudes, sexual experience, observer gender) characteristics. Undergraduates (N = 207) read 1 of 8 vignettes and provided ratings of enacted stigma, felt stigma, and attributions of blame. As predicted, ratings of blame and stigmatization were significantly greater by individuals with more conservative attitudes and in the conditions in which the target had more behavioral control and contracted herpes. We found little evidence for a sexual double standard. Implications for the development and maintenance of illness‐related stigmas are discussed.
A review of the evidence for pathogenic mechanisms that may link periodontitis and diabetes
Authors: Taylor John J. , Preshaw Philip M. , Lalla Evanthia 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimsTo review the evidence for the molecular and cellular processes that may potentially link periodontal disease and diabetes. The pathogenic roles of cytokines and metabolic molecules (e.g. glucose, lipids) are explored and the role of periodontal bacteria is also addressed. Paradigms for bidirectional relationships between periodontitis and diabetes are discussed and opportunities for elaborating these models are considered.MethodsDatabase searches were performed using MeSH terms, keywords, and title words. Studies were evaluated and summarized in a narrative review.ResultsPeriodontal microbiota appears unaltered by diabetes and there is little evidence that it may influence glycaemic control. Small‐scale clinical studies and experiments in animal models suggest that IL‐1β, TNF‐α, IL‐6, OPG and RANKL may mediate periodontitis in diabetes. The AGE‐RAGE axis is likely an important pathway of tissue destruction and impaired repair in diabetes‐associated periodontitis. A role for locally activated pro‐inflammatory factors in the periodontium, which subsequently impact on diabetes, remains speculative.ConclusionThere is substantial information on potential mechanistic pathways which support a close association between diabetes and periodontitis, but there is a real need for longitudinal clinical studies using larger patient groups, integrated with studies of animal models and cells/tissues in vitro.
Effects of insulin changes on quality of life and glycemic control in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: The insulin‐changing study intending to gain patients' insights into insulin treatment with patient‐reported health outcomes in actual clinical treatments (INSIGHTs) study
Authors: Ishii Hitoshi , Terauchi Yasuo , Jinnouchi Hideaki , Taketsuna Masanori , Takeuchi Masakazu , Imaoka Takeshi 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAims/IntroductionOur primary objective was to assess changes in quality of life (QOL) associated with changes in insulin regimen in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Secondary objectives were to assess the reasons for and patterns of changes in insulin regimen, and the effects on glycemic control.Materials and MethodsThis 12‐week, observational study included patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 625) who planned to change insulin regimen (type of insulin, injection device and/or number of injections). The primary outcome measure was a change from baseline in QOL assessed by the Insulin Therapy‐Related (ITR) QOL questionnaire. The secondary outcome measures included change from baseline in plasma glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, the reasons for and pattern of insulin regimen change, and change from baseline in QOL assessed by Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ).ResultsQOL did not worsen during the study. Improvements were seen in the ITR‐QOL ‘daily activities’ subscale score (baseline: 12.7 ± 2.3; week 12: 12.9 ± 2.3; P = 0.038, n = 568) and the DTSQ ‘perceived frequency of hyperglycemia’ subscale score (baseline: 3.4 ± 1.6; week 12: 3.0 ± 1.7; P < 0.001, n = 573). Glycemic control improved, as evidenced by decreased plasma HbA1c levels (baseline: 8.21 ± 1.47%; week 12: 7.85 ± 1.31%; P < 0.001, n = 606).ConclusionsIt was suggested that insulin regimen changes might improve glycemic control in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without worsening QOL. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (no. NCT01055808).
Effect of Processing Variables on the Oil Uptake, Textural Properties and Cooking Quality of Instant Fried Noodles
Authors: Gulia Neelam , Khatkar Bhupendar Singh 
Published: April 2013

AbstractFive processing variables comprising mixing time, dough sheet thickness, steaming time, frying temperature and frying time were investigated to determine their effect on oil uptake, cooking quality, textural properties and overall acceptability of instant fried noodles using response surface methodology. Models capable of predicting the quality of instant noodles were derived. Processing variables were found to play a decisive role in determining noodle quality. Higher mixing time was found associated with improved cooked weight but was not much desirable for noodle preparation in laboratory as it resulted in crumblier dough leading to higher oil uptake along with an increase in cooking loss. Thinner noodles contributed to higher overall acceptability and a lower cooking time though increased oil uptake in noodles. For best noodle quality, the optimized values were 4.0 min, 1.2 mm, 6.4 min, 142C, 2.0 min for processing variables mixing time, dough sheet thickness, steaming time, frying temperature and frying time, respectively.Practical ApplicationsInstant noodle is the most enjoyed product not only inChina,Japan,Korea andIndonesia but in developing countries also. Preparation of instant noodles involves many steps, which have been investigated for their effect on the quality and acceptability of the product. Process variables have been found to be associated with the oil uptake, cooking, as well as textural quality, which are the important parameters determining the quality of instant fried noodles. The research implications may be utilized both by industry personnel as well as researchers to monitor the process steps accordingly and attain a better product.
Ethanol Development in Tissues of Spoiling Whole Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)
Authors: Himelbloom Brian H. , Oliveira Alexandra C.M. , Chantarachoti Jiraporn , Crapo Charles A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWhole pink salmon, undergoing 4 days of spoilage in elevated temperature (10C) seawater, were dissected to determine ethanol content and changes in the aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria flora. Intestinal tract, viscera, coagulated blood, reproductive organs, skin and muscle were analyzed daily for ethanol content using headspace gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The intestinal tract contained 32 ppm ethanol initially, increased eightfold on day 1 and reached 314 ppm on day 3. Most other tissues had ethanol concentrations of <100 ppm. Log aerobic plate counts (APC) were determined only for pink salmon skin and belly cavities, and the flora identified. The APC, which include the enumeration of facultatively anaerobic bacteria, were poorly correlated with ethanol production in pink salmon because the APC were low (∼2 log) for the belly cavity where ethanol concentrations were high. Although the APC were higher (∼5 log) in skin, ethanol concentrations were 3–10 times lower for skin than for the intestinal tract. We suggest aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria may not be the primary source of ethanol in spoiling pink salmon.Practical ApplicationsEthanol is recommended as an indicator of preprocessed fish spoilage before canning. In a previous pink salmon spoilage study, which monitored ethanol incidence in the canned product, we demonstrated that ethanol levels were low when whole pink salmon spoiled on ice (1C) in contrast to higher levels for fish stored in temperature‐abused (14C) seawater. The present study established that during whole pink salmon spoilage, the ethanol concentration of different tissues varies widely, and the intestinal tract had significantly higher (P < 0.05) ethanol levels than all other tissues studied. Our findings indicate the need to determine the mechanism of formation of ethanol in fish tissues during bacterial spoilage.
A high‐fibre bean‐rich diet versus a low‐carbohydrate diet for obesity
Authors: Tonstad S. , Malik N. , Haddad E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundHigh‐fibre and low‐carbohydrate diets may enhance satiety and promote weight loss. We compared a diet rich in beans aiming to increase dietary fibre and promote weight loss with a low‐carbohydrate diet in a randomised controlled trial to assess effect and tolerability of the high‐fibre bean‐rich diet.Methods and resultsOne hundred and seventy‐three women and men, with a mean body mass index of approximately 36 kg m−2 (one‐fifth with diabetes type 2) were randomised to a high‐fibre bean‐rich diet that achieved mean (SD) fibre intakes of 35.5 (18.6) g day−1 for women and 42.5 (30.3) g day−1 for men, or a low‐carbohydrate diet. Both diets were induced gradually over 4 weeks and included a 3‐day feeding phase. Among 123 (71.1%) completers at 16 weeks, mean (SD) weight loss was 4.1 (4.0) kg in the high‐fibre versus 5.2 (4.5) kg in the low‐carbohydrate group [difference, 1.1 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −2.6 to −0.5; P = 0.2], with results similar to the intent‐to‐treat population. Low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol levels decreased with the high‐fibre diet (difference in LDL‐cholesterol versus low‐carbohydrate diet, 0.2 mmol L−1, 95% CI = 0.01–0.44 mmol L−1; P = 0.045), as did total cholesterol (P = 0.038), whereas changes in other lipids and glucose did not differ. After 52 weeks, the low‐carbohydrate (n = 24) group tended to retain weight loss better than the high‐fibre group (P = 0.06), although total cholesterol remained lower with the bean‐rich diet (P = 0.049).ConclusionsA high‐fibre bean‐rich diet was as effective as a low‐carbohydrate diet for weight loss, although only the bean‐rich diet lowered atherogenic lipids.
Relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire to assess nutrient intake in pregnant women
Authors: McGowan C. A. , Curran S. , McAuliffe F. M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundTo date, there are no food frequency questionnaires that have been validated to assess nutrient intakes in pregnant women in Ireland. The present study aimed to assess the relative validity of a self‐administered food frequency questionnaire during pregnancy.MethodsThe food frequency questionnaire was administered once during pregnancy between 12 and 34 weeks. Participants also completed a 3‐day food diary during each trimester of pregnancy (reference method) and intakes from both the food frequency questionnaire and the mean of the 3‐day food diaries were compared in a sample of 130 participants from the control arm of an intervention study.ResultsEnergy‐adjusted Pearson's correlation coefficients ranged from 0.24 (riboflavin) to 0.59 (magnesium) and were all statistically significant (P < 0.05). The food frequency questionnaire tended to report higher energy and nutrient intakes compared to the food diaries. On average, 74% of participants were classified into the same ± 1 quartile and 7% into opposing quartiles by the two methods.ConclusionsOverall, our food frequency questionnaire showed good relative validity. We conclude that a single administration of a food frequency questionnaire is a valid tool for ranking women in accordance with their nutrient intakes during pregnancy.