bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of two neutral oral contrast agents in CT enterography
Authors: Wong Jessica , Roger Mark , Moore Helen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIntroductionThis study compares the performance of two neutral oral contrast agents in CT enterography (CTE). Mannitol 2.5%, an oral osmotic agent, is compared with psyllium fibre (Metamucil). Both these agents are commonly used, but to our knowledge, they have not been compared in CTE.MethodsCTE data were collected from 25 consecutive studies for both mannitol and psyllium fibre between 2011 and 2013. All images were reviewed by two radiologists and one registrar blinded to the oral contrast used. Each quadrant was assessed for maximum distension, proportion of bowel loops distended, presence of inhomogeneous content and bowel wall visibility. Overall subjective quality and whether the contrast agent reached the caecum were also assessed. Patients were invited to answer a questionnaire regarding tolerability of the preparations.ResultsWall visibility was rated good in 100% of the mannitol studies, compared with 71% of the psyllium fibre studies, in the right lower quadrant (P = 0.01). No statistically significant difference between groups was observed in either maximal distension or proportion of loops distended in any quadrant. Inhomogeneous material was observed in 12% of the mannitol cases and 86% of the psyllium fibre cases (P < 0.0001). In all mannitol cases, the contrast reached the caecum, compared with 50% of psyllium fibre cases (P < 0.0001), and 36% of the mannitol studies were considered excellent, compared with 20% of the psyllium fibre studies (P = 0.03).ConclusionMannitol achieves studies of better quality and is now the preferred oral contrast for CTE studies at Auckland City Hospital.
Still in the Woods: Gridlock in the IMF and the World Bank Puts Multilateralism at Risk
Authors: Vestergaard Jakob , Wade Robert H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe Western hegemony of the past 200 years is ending as power shifts towards the East and as Western states lose the authority to uphold a rules‐based multilateral order. In the wake of the Great Crash of 2008 the G20 leaders took steps to bolster the multilateral order, including reform of the governance of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank so as to reflect the increasing economic weight of developing countries. The executive boards of both organizations affirmed that the primary criterion for allocating voting shares should be shares of world GDP.We show that the reforms at the IMF and the World Bank have substantially failed to meet their ostensible objectives. First, in both organizations the developed countries gained voting share relative to GDP share between 2009 and 2014. Second, countries continue to vary widely in their share of votes relative to share of world GDP; in both organizations some countries have six times or more the votes relative to GDP of others. Politicians and analysts should give attention to achieving more equitable governance in these important multilateral organizations. At the end of this article we show how this could be done.
Green Shipping: Governing Sustainable Maritime Transport
Authors: Lister Jane 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMaritime shipping is integral to the global economy. Over 80 per cent of traded goods travel by ship. While states and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have stalled in the regulation of the environmental impacts of ocean transit, new private ‘green shipping’ initiatives are emerging. These are supported by powerful corporate actors, in particular the largest container shipping customers – multinational brand retail companies. As debated in the private governance literature, this can be both a global governance opportunity and a worrying trend. This article traces the importance of retail power in influencing the rise of private environmental governance in shipping as a business strategy for market certainty and advantage. In evaluating the implications for the architecture and effectiveness of the regime, the article argues that the well‐established, focal authority of the IMO offers it the potential to orchestrate ‘green shipping’ private initiatives alongside international efforts to spur policy innovation, coordination and state regulatory cooperation. In conclusion, the article offers guidance to the IMO on the importance but also caution in governing private governance to ensure, as Susan Strange appealed for almost four decades ago, the management of maritime shipping in the public interest and not just for private benefit.
Accounting for imperfect detection in Hill numbers for biodiversity studies
Authors: Broms Kristin M. , Hooten Mevin B. , Fitzpatrick Ryan M. 
Published: October 2014

Summary

Hill numbers unify biodiversity metrics by combining several into one expression. For example, species richness, Shannon's diversity index and the Gini–Simpson index are a few of the most used diversity measures, and they can be expressed as Hill numbers. Traditionally, Hill numbers have been calculated from relative abundance data, but the expression has been modified to use incidence data as well. We demonstrate an approach for estimating Hill numbers using an occupancy modelling framework that accounts for imperfect detection.

We alter the Hill numbers formula to use occupancy probabilities as opposed to the incidence probabilities that have been used previously and to calculate its summations from the modelled species richness. After introducing the occupancy‐based Hill numbers, we demonstrate the differences between them and the incidence‐based Hill numbers previously used through a simulation study and two applications.

In the simulation study and the two examples using real data, the occupancy‐based Hill numbers were larger than the incidence‐based Hill numbers, although species richness was estimated similarly using both methods.

The occupancy‐based Hill number estimators are always at their asymptotic values (i.e. as if an infinite number of samples have been taken for the study region), therefore making it easy to compare biodiversity between different assemblages. In addition, the Hill numbers are computed as derived quantities within a Bayesian hierarchical model, allowing for straightforward inference.
Split diversity in constrained conservation prioritization using integer linear programming
Authors: Chernomor Olga , Minh Bui Quang , Forest Félix , Klaere Steffen , Ingram Travis , Henzinger Monika , von Haeseler Arndt 
Published: October 2014

SummaryPhylogenetic diversity (PD) is a measure of biodiversity based on the evolutionary history of species. Here, we discuss several optimization problems related to the use ofPD, and the more general measure split diversity (SD), in conservation prioritization.Depending on the conservation goal and the information available about species, one can construct optimization routines that incorporate various conservation constraints. We demonstrate how this information can be used to select sets of species for conservation action. Specifically, we discuss the use of species' geographic distributions, the choice of candidates under economic pressure, and the use of predator–prey interactions between the species in a community to define viability constraints.Despite such optimization problems falling into the area ofNPhard problems, it is possible to solve them in a reasonable amount of time using integer programming. We apply integer linear programming to a variety of models for conservation prioritization that incorporate theSDmeasure.We exemplarily show the results for two data sets: the Cape region of South Africa and a Caribbean coral reef community. Finally, we provide user‐friendly software athttp://www.cibiv.at/software/pda.
Antibacterial activity of fluoride compounds and herbal toothpastes on Streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study
Authors: Randall JP , Seow WK , Walsh LJ 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundStreptococcus mutans is an important bacterial species implicated in dental caries. This laboratory study compared the antimicrobial activity of a number of fluoride containing and herbal dentifrices and their components against S. mutans.MethodsAn agar diffusion method was used with Mueller–Hinton agar. Wells were filled with either 10 commercial fluoride or 6 herbal dentifrices, or with solutions of various fluoride compounds, sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium benzoate, chlorhexidine digluconate or triclosan. Diameters of zones of bacterial growth inhibition surrounding the wells were measured using a micrometer.ResultsSignificant differences were found for growth inhibition between the 10 fluoridated dentifrices (p < 0.0001), with Colgate Total having the greatest effect. There was not a direct correlation with fluoride type or fluoride concentration. The antibacterial activities of the 6 herbal toothpastes varied, with Herbal Fresh being the strongest. Sodium lauryl sulphate showed strong antimicrobial activity against S. mutans at the levels used in dentifrices.ConclusionsAntimicrobial activity of commercial dentifrices against S. mutans may be exerted by components other than fluoride. Ingredients such as triclosan and sodium lauryl sulphate have larger antimicrobial effects than fluorides in this model.
Survival rates and complication types for single implants provided at the Melbourne Dental School
Authors: Guo Q , Lalji R , Le AV , Judge RB , Bailey D , Thomson W , Escobar K 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundSingle implants and implant‐supported single crowns (ISSCs) have become popular treatment modalities for single tooth replacement. Studies have identified high implant survival rates, but also many complications. The aim of this five‐year retrospective study was to assess the survival rates, complication types and occurrences for single implants and ISSCs at the Melbourne Dental School (MDS) in Victoria, Australia.MethodsA search of the Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne (RDHM) database was conducted for data on all implant treatment and reported complications during the period between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2009. Complications were categorized into surgical, biological and restorative types.ResultsA total of 622 implant fixtures and 444 ISSCs were inserted into 406 patients. Seventeen implants failed during the mean follow‐up time of 2.18 years, yielding a 2.7% failure rate and an estimated one‐ and five‐year survival rate of 98.8% and 93.9%, respectively. The cumulative surgical, biological and restorative complication incidences were 11.9%, 17.6% and 14.1%, respectively.ConclusionsThis study confirmed that single tooth replacement using implant therapy within a teaching environment had a high survival rate. However, complications frequently occurred. This article only provides a descriptive analysis. Correlation analysis between variables would provide greater insight into the causes of complications.
Esthetics of Flapless Single‐Tooth Implants in the Anterior Maxilla Using Guided Surgery: Association of Three‐Dimensional Accuracy and Pink Esthetic Score
Authors: Fürhauser Rudolf , Mailath‐Pokorny Georg , Haas Robert , Busenlechner Dieter , Watzek Georg , Pommer Bernhard 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundFlapless implant placement using surgical templates may guarantee predictable and esthetic results provided that preplanned implant positions are transfered precisely into surgical reality.PurposeThe study aims to investigate the effect of three‐dimensional accuracy in guided implant surgery on the esthetic outcome of single‐tooth implants in the anterior maxilla.Materials and MethodsSingle‐tooth implants for delayed replacement of upper incisors were inserted in 27 patients using stereolithographic templates. Superimposition of postoperative cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans allowed assessment of positional inaccuracy at the implant shoulder and apex, as well as angular deviation. Objective evaluation of implant esthetics was performed after a mean follow‐up of 2.3 years using the Pink Esthetic Score (PES).ResultsMean deviation between planned and actual implant position was 0.84 mm at the implant shoulder and significantly correlated to average PES of 12 (p = .031). Inaccuracy toward the buccal side was most frequent (70%). Deviations ≥ 0.8 mm resulted in significantly worse implant esthetics (median PES: 9.5, interquartile range [IQR]: 8–11) compared with more accurate implant positions (median PES: 13, IQR: 12–13, p = .039).ConclusionPositional inaccuracy is low in guided implant surgery, but may however significantly compromise implant esthetics in the anterior maxilla.
Nasal Floor Elevation for Implant Treatment in the Atrophic Premaxilla: A Within‐Patient Comparative Study
Authors: Garcia‐Denche Jesus Torres , Abbushi Abdullah , Hernández Gonzalo , Fernández‐Tresguerres Isabel , Lopez‐Cabarcos Enrique , Tamimi Faleh 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundThere is a lack of evidence regarding success of implants placed in atrophic premaxilla using the nasal floor elevation technique.PurposeThis study aimed to compare implants placed in augmented bone in the anterior maxilla using the nasal floor elevation technique with implants placed in the maxillary sinus region using the sinus lift technique.Materials and MethodsA within‐patient controlled clinical trial was performed on 14 patients receiving 78 implants. The implants were assigned to one of two study groups on the basis of implant location. A total of 37 implants were placed in the nasal fossa region (NF group), and 41 implants were placed in the maxillary sinus region (MS group). Patients were followed up for 4.5 ± 2.2 years, with comparable follow‐up times for implants in NF and MS groups (4.7 ± 2.1 and 4.9 ± 2.1 years, respectively; p > .05). Treatment outcomes were assessed and statistically analyzed.ResultsImplant success rate was 89.2% in the NF group and 95.0% in the MS group, with no statistically significant difference between them (p > .05). No nasal or sinus membrane perforation or other complications were reported within the follow‐up period. Significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of residual bone height, augmented bone height, and implant diameter.ConclusionsNasal floor elevation is an effective and safe procedure that can be used for implant placement in atrophic premaxilla with success rates that are comparable to those of implants placed in the maxillary sinus.
Marginal masticatory mucosa dimensional changes in immediate post‐extractive implants: a 2 year prospective cohort study
Authors: Ramaglia Luca , Sbordone Carolina , Saviano Raffaele , Martuscelli Ranieri , Sbordone Ludovico 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe present two‐year prospective cohort study was undertaken to evaluate marginal masticatory mucosa dimensional changes around immediate post‐extractive implants positioned transgingivally with a non‐submerged healing screw.Material and methodsTwenty‐one immediate post‐extractive implants from 21 patients were enrolled, peri‐implant gap was filled with bovine bone mineral, and soft tissue was allowed to heal around a non‐submerged healing screw. Post‐extractive socket dimension was recorded. Intraoperative (T0) vertical distances: bone margin level (BML) from the bone margin to the implant platform and mucosal margin height (MMH) from marginal mucosa to implant platform were taken; MMH measurement was repeated 4 months later (T4). Horizontal mucosal level (HML): from customized stent to marginal mucosa at 0, 4, 12, and 24 months postoperatively (T0, T4, T12, T24) and vertical mucosal level (VML): from the stent to marginal mucosa at T4, T12, T24 were registered.ResultsOne implant failed at 3 weeks; in the remaining 20 cases the MMH, coronally positioned with respect to the BML ≅2 mm at T0, showed a statistically significant vertical contraction of the mucosa at T4. Other vertical mucosal measurements (VML) did not show further changes over time. HML measures showed a, statistically significant, shrinkage of the mucosa on the transverse plane between T0/T12 and T0/T24 and between T4/T12 and T4/T24.ConclusionsImmediate post‐extractive implant inserted transgingivally with a non‐submerged healing screw and internal peri‐implant gap filled with bovine bone mineral may favor an early and stable peri‐implant soft tissue healing over 2 years.
The population distribution of the sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) and SAD/height ratio among Finnish adults
Authors: Kahn H. S. , Rissanen H. , Bullard K. M. , Knekt P. 
Published: October 2014

SummarySagittal abdominal diameter (SAD; ‘abdominal height’ measured in supine position) may improve upon conventional anthropometry for predicting incident cardiometabolic diseases. However, the SAD is used infrequently by practitioners and epidemiologists. A representative survey of Finnish adults in 2000–2001 collected body measurements including SAD (by sliding‐beam calliper) using standardized protocols. Sampled non‐pregnant adults (ages 30+ years; 79% participation) provided 6123 SAD measurements from 80 health centre districts. Through stratified, complex survey design, these data represented 2.86 million adults at ages 30+ years. SAD ranged from 13.5 to 38.0 cm, with a population mean (standard error) of 21.7 (0.05) cm and median (interquartile range) of 21.0 (19.1–23.4). Median SAD was higher at ages 50+ years compared with ages 30–49 both for men (22.4 [20.5–24.6] vs. 20.8 [19.3–22.7]) and women (21.7 [19.6–23.9] vs. 19.4 [17.8–21.4]). The SAD/height ratio was similar (0.118) for both sexes at 30–39 years, rising more steeply with age for women than men. Attaining only a basic education, compared with a high level, was associated with increased mean (95% confidence interval) SADs for men (22.6 [22.3–22.8] vs. 22.0 [21.7–22.2]) and women (21.8 [21.5–22.0] vs. 20.6 [20.4–20.8]). Finland's early experience with nationally representative SAD measurements provides normative reference values and physiological insights useful for investigations of cardiometabolic risk.
Soil moisture monitoring in mountain areas by using high‐resolution SAR images: results from a feasibility study
Authors: Pasolli L. , Notarnicola C. , Bertoldi G. , Della Chiesa S. , Niedrist G. , Bruzzone L. , Tappeiner U. , Zebisch M. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThis paper presents the results of a two‐year experiment carried out in mountain areas on soil moisture retrieval from remotely sensed images. In particular, fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) RADARSAT and single polarization ASAR images were used. During acquisitions of SAR over the test area in Alto Adige, Südtirol region, northern Italy, extensive field measurements were carried out to characterize the area in terms of soil moisture variability, vegetation cover and soil properties. The area is equipped with 17 meteorological stations that also provide information on soil moisture on an hourly basis. To deal with the process of soil moisture retrieval from SAR images in this challenging environment, an advanced algorithm based on the support vector regression (SVR) technique and the integration of ancillary data were successfully proposed. The selected method was also combined with an innovative multi‐objective strategy for model selection. The results indicate that the use of polarimetric features such as horizontal‐horizontal polarization (HH) and horizontal‐vertical polarization (HV) channels improves the estimation of SMC in the mountain area investigated, in particular because the HV channel contributes to disentangling the effect of vegetation on the radar signal. The root mean square error (RMSE) indicates accuracy of retrieval for soil moisture values of around 5%, which is well within the requirements for estimating soil moisture from remotely sensed data. This work was carried out with the main aim of demonstrating the feasibility of soil moisture retrieval in mountain areas with high‐resolution images in view of the upcoming Sentinel 1 mission.
Polish Labour Migration to the UK: Data Discrepancies, Migrant Distributions, and Indicators of Entrepreneurial Activity
Authors: Harris Catherine , Moran Dominique , Bryson John R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper contributes to a growing body of work on labour market migration to the UK from the new Member States (NMS) of the European Union, particularly the migration of Polish nationals to the UK, drawing attention to the weaknesses of existing data sets which attempt to quantify these migration flows and in particular to map the geographical distribution of migrants. The analysis of Worker Registration Scheme (WRS) and National Insurance Number (NINo) allocation data demonstrates that NMS migration has focused on urban and rural locales rather than having a predominantly rural or “peripheral” area bias. The paper also argues that the discrepancies between WRS and NINo data potentially reveal a “hidden” geography of self‐employment and entrepreneurial activity among NMS migrants which merits further investigation.
Idealizing Inhabited Wilderness: A Revision to the History of Indigenous Peoples and National Parks
Authors: Rashkow Ezra D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWhereas most histories of national parks and indigenous peoples have largely focused on dispossession of resident populations in the making of uninhabited wilderness areas, this article surveys the problematic history of the idea of preserving human communities today referred to as ‘indigenous’ in parks. In the very first‐ever call for a national park, as well as in frequent proposals for national parks throughout the 19th, 20th, and now the 21st century, protected areas have been envisioned as places of conservation, study, and display not only of endangered species but also of human groups perceived to be endangered. Drawing on cases from the early United States, colonial Africa, Indonesia, and India, as well as on histories of international conservation policies emerging around WWI, the article argues that this alternative conception of what national parks should look like has been pervasive, perennial, and deeply problematic. The problem is not only that indigenous groups have long been perceived as in danger of becoming extinct and therefore paternalistically projected as in need of protection. It is also that these peoples, who have long suffered dehumanizing animal analogies, are envisioned as endangered like wildlife, and in need of protection in parks.
Material Culture and Social History in Early Medieval Western Europe
Authors: Garver Valerie L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHistorians of the early Middle Ages (c. 600–c. 1050) have long used material remains and archeological evidence to learn about that era. Over the last four decades, material culture studies have become a prominent area of historical research, particularly for cultural historians. Recent early medieval studies have followed this trend. In addition, religious and economic studies of the so‐called “Dark Ages” have drawn from material sources. Object‐driven social history has been less popular, but recent work, especially on Francia and Anglo‐Saxon England, demonstrates that such projects offer new findings on a period whose texts rarely address social relations and everyday life directly. Material culture therefore offers rich research possibilities for early medieval social history.