bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A path model of smoking behaviour among senior high school students in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Yi-Chun , Huang Hui-Wen , Cheng Chung-Ping , Hsieh Hsin-Chin , Huang Chih-Ling 
Published: January 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the ways in which social smoking expectations mediate the relationship between adolescent smoking behaviour and the smoking behaviour of family and peers. Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional survey. Setting: Taiwan, Republic of China. Method: The participants were 921 senior high school students who completed a questionnaire to measure smoking status, family and peer smoking and social smoking expectations. The survey was conducted from November to December in 2009. Structural equation modelling was performed to test a mediation model. Analysis was performed using PRELIS 2 and LISREL 8.7 software. Results: After adjusting for students’ gender, age and school type, it is clear that social expectations mediate the relationship between sibling smoking, peer smoking and adolescent smoking. The path coefficients of sibling and peer smoking on social expectations in the mediator model were moderate, β = .15–.41, p < .05, but the coefficient of social expectations on adolescent smoking was strong, β = .95, p < .001. The total indirect effects between exogenous latent variables and adolescent smoking were .54, indicating a strong association that, in this model, is explained by the mediation of social expectations. Conclusion: Determining the mechanisms that influence adolescent smoking is of scientific interest because knowledge of these mechanisms is a prerequisite for the development of recommendations aimed at prevention. With this knowledge, health professionals can develop smoking-prevention policies and education programmes based on reducing the mediating effect of social smoking expectations on the relationship of family smoking and peer smoking with adolescent smoking.
Sudden cardiac death with stress and restraint: The association with sudden adult death syndrome, cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease
Authors: Krexi Lydia , Georgiou Roxani , Krexi Dimitra , Sheppard Mary N 
Published: January 2015

Objective The aim of this study was to report on sudden cardiac death (SCD) during or immediately after a stressful event in a predominately young cohort. Methods This study used retrospective non-case-controlled analysis. A total of 110 cases of SCD in relation to a stressful event such as altercation (45%), physical restraint (31%) in police custody (10%), exams/school/job stress (7.27%), receiving bad news (4%), or a car accident without injuries (2.73%) were retrospectively investigated. The majority of the subjects experiencing SCD were male (80.91%). The mean age was 36 ± 16 years (range 5–82 years). Twenty-three cases (20.91%) were psychiatric patients on antipsychotic medication. Results Fifty-three per cent of cases died with a negative autopsy and a morphologically normal heart, indicating sudden adult death which is linked to cardiac channelopathies predisposing to stress-induced SCD. Cardiomyopathy was found in 16 (14.5%) patients and coronary artery pathology in 19 (17%) patients, with atherosclerosis predominating in older patients. Conclusions This study highlights SCD during psychological stress, mostly in young males where the sudden death occurred in the absence of structural heart disease. This may reflect the proarrhythmic potential of high catecholamines on the structurally normal heart in those genetically predisposed because of cardiac channelopathy. Structural cardiomyopathies and coronary artery disease also feature prominently. Cases of SCD associated with altercation and restraint receive mass media attention especially when police/other governmental bodies are involved. This study highlights the rare but important risk of SCD associated with psychological stress and restraint in morphologically normal hearts and the importance of an expert cardiac opinion where prolonged criminal investigations and medico-legal issues often ensue.
Getting on with the rest of your life following stroke: a randomized trial of a complex intervention aimed at enhancing life participation post stroke
Authors: Mayo Nancy E , Anderson Sharon , Barclay Ruth , Cameron Jill I , Desrosiers Johanne , Eng Janice J , Huijbregts Maria , Kagan Aura , MacKay-Lyons Marilyn , Moriello Carolina , Richards Carol L , Salbach Nancy M , Scott Susan C , Teasell Robert , Bayley Mark 
Published: January 2015

Objective: To enhance participation post stroke through a structured, community-based program. Design: A controlled trial with random allocation to immediate or four-month delayed entry. Setting: Eleven community sites in seven Canadian cities. Subjects: Community dwelling persons within five years of stroke onset, cognitively intact, able to toilet independently. Interventions: Evidence-based program delivered in three 12-week sessions including exercise and project-based activities, done as individuals and in groups. Main measures: Hours spent per week in meaningful activities outside of the home and Reintegration to Normal Living Index; Stroke-Specific Geriatric Depression Scale, Apathy Scale, gait speed, EuroQuol EQ-5D, and Preference-Based Stroke Index. All measures were transformed to a scale from 0 to 100. Assessments prior to randomization, after the first session at three months, six months, 12 months, and 15 months. Results: A total of 186 persons were randomized. The between-group analysis showed no disadvantage to waiting and so groups were combined and a within-person analysis was carried out at three time points. There were statistically significant increases in all study outcomes on average over all persons. Over 45% of people met or exceeded the pre-specified target of a three hour per week increase in meaningful activity and this most often took a full year of intervention to achieve. Greatest gains were in satisfaction with community integration (mean 4.78; 95% CI: 2.01 to 7.55) and stroke-specific health-related quality of life (mean 4.14; 95% CI: 2.31 to 5.97). Conclusions: Community-based programs targeting participation are feasible and effective, but stroke survivors require time to achieve meaningful gains.
In vivo evaluation of bioactive PMMA-based bone cement with unchanged mechanical properties in a load-bearing model on rabbits
Authors: Fottner Andreas , Nies Berthold , Kitanovic Denis , Steinbrück Arnd , Hausdorf Jörg , Mayer-Wagner Susanne , Pohl Ulrich , Jansson Volkmar 
Published: January 2015

Polymethylmethacrylate-based bone cements are widely used for fixation of joint replacements. To improve the long-term outcome, bioactive bone cements are aspired to advance the bone–cement interface. This study evaluated the in vivo properties of a new polymethylmethacrylate-based bioactive bone cement with addition of amphiphilic phosphorylated 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate. Previous in vitro studies confirmed bioactive properties in cell culture, as well as unchanged mechanical properties are tests according to ISO 5833:2002. Three different variations of the cement (polymethylmethacrylate + phosphorylated 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate, polymethylmethacrylate + phosphorylated 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate + CaCl2 and polymethylmethacrylate + phosphorylated 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate + CaCl2 + Na2CO3) were compared to conventional polymethylmethacrylate cement. To evaluate the properties under load-bearing conditions, a spacer prosthesis was implanted into the femoral diaphysis of 24 rabbits. Additionally, a cement plug was installed into the proximal tibia. After three months, polished sections with Giemsa surface staining were prepared. The bioactivity was determined using the bone affinity index. The sections showed a good osseointegration of the bioactive bone cement without cement cracks under load-bearing conditions. Regarding the bone affinity index, the bioactive bone cement revealed a significantly higher value in the proximal tibia (25.9–37.7%) and around the spacer prosthesis (36.8–58.9%) compared to the conventional polymethylmethacrylate cement (12.8–17.0%). The results confirm the in vivo bioactivity of this bone cement. The absence of cement cracks indicates a sufficient mechanical stability to fix prostheses with this bioactive cement, but for a final assessment long-term tests are necessary.
An Empirical Test of the Theory of Gamified Learning
Authors: Landers Richard N. , Landers Amy K. 
Published: January 2015

Background The theory of gamified learning provides a theoretical framework to test the impact of gamification efforts upon learner behaviors and attitudes, as well as the effect of these behavioral and attitudinal changes on learning. It does so by providing mediating and moderating processes linking specific game elements to learning outcomes. Aim This article links specific game elements common to leaderboards (conflict/challenge, rules/goals, and assessment) with a focal learner behavior, time-on-task, by exploring educational research on competition and psychological research on goal-setting theory. Method The mediating process of the theory of gamified learning is tested experimentally by assigning learners completing an online wiki-based project to a gamified version with a leaderboard or to a control version without a leaderboard. Leaderboard achievement was not tied to course grades. Results Random assignment to leaderboards supported a causal effect. Students with leaderboards interacted with their project 29.61 more times, on average, than those in a control condition. Bootstrapping was used to support the mediation of the effect of gamification on academic achievement by this amount of time. Conclusion The mediating process of the theory of gamified instruction is supported. Leaderboards can be used to improve course performance under certain circumstances.
Retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection by an angiotensin II blocker in an ex vivo retinal explant model
Authors: White Andrew JR , Heller Janosch P , Leung Johahn , Tassoni Alessia , Martin Keith R 
Published: January 2015

Purpose: An ex vivo organotypic retinal explant model was developed to examine retinal survival mechanisms relevant to glaucoma mediated by the renin angiotensin system in the rodent eye. Methods: Eyes from adult Sprague Dawley rats were enucleated immediately post-mortem and used to make four retinal explants per eye. Explants were treated either with irbesartan (10 µM), vehicle or angiotensin II (2 μM) for four days. Retinal ganglion cell density was estimated by βIII tubulin immunohistochemistry. Live imaging of superoxide formation with dihydroethidium (DHE) was performed. Protein expression was determined by Western blotting, and mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR. Results: Irbesartan (10 µM) almost doubled ganglion cell survival after four days. Angiotensin II (2 µM) reduced cell survival by 40%. Sholl analysis suggested that irbesartan improved ganglion cell dendritic arborisation compared to control and angiotensin II reduced it. Angiotensin-treated explants showed an intense DHE fluorescence not seen in irbesartan-treated explants. Analysis of protein and mRNA expression determined that the angiotensin II receptor At1R was implicated in modulation of the NADPH-dependent pathway of superoxide generation. Conclusion: Angiotensin II blockers protect retinal ganglion cells in this model and may be worth further investigation as a neuroprotective treatment in models of eye disease.
Evaluation of sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBECD) accumulation and voriconazole pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy
Authors: Kiser Tyree H , Fish Douglas N , Aquilante Christina L , Rower Joseph E , Wempe Michael F , MacLaren Robert , Teitelbaum Isaac 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Intravenous (IV) voriconazole is not recommended in patients with creatinine clearance <50 ml/min to avoid potentially toxic accumulation of sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBECD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of SBECD, voriconazole, and voriconazole N-oxide in critically ill patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and to determine if CRRT removes SBECD sufficiently to allow for the use of IV voriconazole without significant risk of SBECD accumulation.

Methods
This prospective, open-label pharmacokinetic study enrolled patients >18 years old receiving IV voriconazole for a known or suspected invasive fungal infection while undergoing CRRT. Serial blood and effluent samples were collected on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and every 3 to 5 days thereafter. SBECD, voriconazole, and voriconazole N-oxide plasma and effluent concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenetic analyses were conducted.

Results
Ten patients (mean ± standard deviation (SD)) 53 ± 11 years old, 50% male, 81 ± 14 kg, with Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores of 31.5 ± 3.8 were evaluated. All patients underwent continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) with a median predilution replacement fluid rate of 36 (interquartile range (IQR) 32 to 37) ml/kg/hr and total ultrafiltration rate of 38 (IQR 34 to 39) ml/kg/hr. Mean ± SD voriconazole and SBECD dosages administered were 8.1 ± 2.1 mg/kg/day and 129 ± 33 mg/kg/day, respectively. Voriconazole plasma trough concentrations were >1 mg/L in all patients with CVVH accounting for only 15% of the total body clearance. CVVH accounted for 86% of the total body clearance of SBECD with the majority of the dose being recovered in the effluent. Minimal increases in dose normalized SBECD area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 hours (AUC0-12) (4,484 ± 4,368 to 4,553 ± 2,880 mg*hr/L; P = 0.97) were observed after study day 1.

Conclusions
CVVH effectively removed SBECD at a rate similar to the ultrafiltration rate. Voriconazole clearance by CVVH was not clinically significant. Standard dosages of IV voriconazole can be utilized in patients undergoing CVVH without significant risk of SBECD accumulation.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01101386. Registered 6 April 2010.
Simplified lung ultrasound protocol shows excellent prediction of extravascular lung water in ventilated intensive care patients
Authors: Enghard Philipp , Rademacher Sibylle , Nee Jens , Hasper Dietrich , Engert Ulrike , Jörres Achim , Kruse Jan M 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Ultrasound of the lung and quantification of B lines was recently introduced as a novel tool to detect overhydration. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate a four-region protocol of lung ultrasound to determine the pulmonary fluid status in ventilated patients in the intensive care unit.

Methods
Fifty patients underwent both lung ultrasound and transpulmonary thermodilution measurement with the PiCCO system. An ultrasound score based on number of single and confluent B lines per intercostal space was used to quantify pulmonary overhydration. To check for reproducibility, two different intensivists who were blinded as to the ultrasound pictures reassessed and classified them using the same scoring system. The results were compared with those obtained using other methods of evaluating hydration status, including extravascular lung water index (EVLWI) and intrathoracic blood volume index calculated with data from transpulmonary thermodilution measurements. Moreover, chest radiographs were assessed regarding signs of pulmonary overhydration and categorized based on a numeric rating scale.

Results
Lung water assessment by ultrasound using a simplified protocol showed excellent correlation with EVLWI over a broad range of lung hydration grades and ventilator settings. Correlation of chest radiography and EVLWI was less accurate. No correlation whatsoever was found with central venous pressure measurement.

Conclusion
Lung ultrasound is a useful, non-invasive tool in predicting hydration status in mechanically ventilated patients. The four-region protocol that we used is time-saving, correlates well with transpulmonary thermodilution measurements and performs markedly better than chest radiography.
Point accuracy and reliability of an interstitial continuous glucose-monitoring device in critically ill patients: a prospective study
Authors: van Hooijdonk Roosmarijn TM , Leopold Jan Hendrik , Winters Tineke , Binnekade Jan M , Juffermans Nicole P , Horn Janneke , Fischer Johan C , van Dongen-Lases Edmée C , Schultz Marcus J 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Introduction
There is a need for continuous glucose monitoring in critically ill patients. The objective of this trial was to determine the point accuracy and reliability of a device designed for continuous monitoring of interstitial glucose levels in intensive care unit patients.

Methods
We evaluated point accuracy by comparing device readings with glucose measurements in arterial blood by using blood gas analyzers. Analytical and clinical accuracy was expressed in Bland-Altman plots, glucose prediction errors, and Clarke error grids. We used a linear mixed model to determine which factors affect the point accuracy. In addition, we determined the reliability, including duration of device start-up and calibration, skips in data acquisition, and premature disconnections of sensors.

Results
We included 50 patients in whom we used 105 sensors. Five patients from whom we could not collect the predefined minimum number of four consecutive comparative blood draws were excluded from the point accuracy analysis. Therefore, we had 929 comparative samples from 100 sensors in 45 patients (11 (7 to 28) samples per patient) during 4,639 hours (46 (27 to 134) hours per patient and 46 (21 to 69) hours per sensor) for the accuracy analysis. Point accuracy did not meet the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14971 standard for insulin dosing accuracy but did improve with increasing numbers of calibrations and was better in patients who did not have a history of diabetes. Out of 105 sensors, 60 were removed prematurely for a variety of reasons. The device start-up time was 49 (43 to 58) minutes. The number of skips in data acquisition was low, resulting in availability of real-time data during 95% (89% to 98%) of the connection time per sensor.

Conclusions
The point accuracy of a device designed for continuous real-time monitoring of interstitial glucose levels was relatively low in critically ill patients. The device had few downtimes, but one third of the sensors were removed prematurely because of unresolved sensor- or device-related problems.

Trial registration
Netherlands Trial Registry number: NTR3827. Registered 30 January 2013.
Comprehensive miRNA sequence analysis reveals survival differences in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients
Authors: Lim Emilia L , Trinh Diane L , Scott David W , Chu Andy , Krzywinski Martin , Zhao Yongjun , Robertson A Gordon , Mungall Andrew J , Schein Jacqueline , Boyle Merrill , Mottok Anja , Ennishi Daisuke , Johnson Nathalie A , Steidl Christian , Connors Joseph M , Morin Ryan D , Gascoyne Randy D , Marra Marco A 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Background
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive disease, with 30% to 40% of patients failing to be cured with available primary therapy. microRNAs (miRNAs) are RNA molecules that attenuate expression of their mRNA targets. To characterize the DLBCL miRNome, we sequenced miRNAs from 92 DLBCL and 15 benign centroblast fresh frozen samples and from 140 DLBCL formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples for validation.

Results
We identify known and candidate novel miRNAs, 25 of which are associated with survival independently of cell-of-origin and International Prognostic Index scores, which are established indicators of outcome. Of these 25 miRNAs, six miRNAs are significantly associated with survival in our validation cohort. Abundant expression of miR-28-5p, miR-214-5p, miR-339-3p, and miR-5586-5p is associated with superior outcome, while abundant expression of miR-324-5p and NOVELM00203M is associated with inferior outcome. Comparison of DLBCL miRNA-seq expression profiles with those from other cancer types identifies miRNAs that were more abundant in B-cell contexts. Unsupervised clustering of miRNAs identifies two clusters of patients that have distinct differences in their outcomes. Our integrative miRNA and mRNA expression analyses reveal that miRNAs increased in abundance in DLBCL appear to regulate the expression of genes involved in metabolism, cell cycle, and protein modification. Additionally, these miRNAs, including one candidate novel miRNA, miR-10393-3p, appear to target chromatin modification genes that are frequent targets of somatic mutation in non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

Conclusions
Our comprehensive sequence analysis of the DLBCL miRNome identifies candidate novel miRNAs and miRNAs associated with survival, reinforces results from previous mutational analyses, and reveals regulatory networks of significance for lymphomagenesis.
Pancancer analysis of DNA methylation-driven genes using MethylMix
Authors: Gevaert Olivier , Tibshirani Robert , Plevritis Sylvia K 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAberrant DNA methylation is an important mechanism that contributes to oncogenesis. Yet, few algorithms exist that exploit this vast dataset to identify hypo- and hypermethylated genes in cancer. We developed a novel computational algorithm called MethylMix to identify differentially methylated genes that are also predictive of transcription. We apply MethylMix to 12 individual cancer sites, and additionally combine all cancer sites in a pancancer analysis. We discover pancancer hypo- and hypermethylated genes and identify novel methylation-driven subgroups with clinical implications. MethylMix analysis on combined cancer sites reveals 10 pancancer clusters reflecting new similarities across malignantly transformed tissues.
TET proteins and the control of cytosine demethylation in cancer
Authors: Scourzic Laurianne , Mouly Enguerran , Bernard Olivier A 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe discovery that ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins are α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases involved in the conversion of 5-methylcytosines (5-mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxycytosine has revealed new pathways in the cytosine methylation and demethylation process. The description of inactivating mutations in TET2 suggests that cellular transformation is in part caused by the deregulation of this 5-mC conversion. The direct and indirect deregulation of methylation control through mutations in DNA methyltransferase and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes, respectively, along with the importance of cytosine methylation in the control of normal and malignant cellular differentiation have provided a conceptual framework for understanding the early steps in cancer development. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the cytosine methylation cycle and its implication in cellular transformation, with an emphasis on TET enzymes and 5-hmC. Ongoing clinical trials targeting the activity of mutated IDH enzymes provide a proof of principle that DNA methylation is targetable, and will trigger further therapeutic applications aimed at controlling both early and late stages of cancer development.