bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hospitalizations and emergency room visits for adolescents and young adults with muscular dystrophy living in South Carolina
Authors: Mann Joshua R. , Royer Julie A. , Mcdermott Suzanne , Hardin James W. , Ozturk Orgul , Street Natalie 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Transitioning from adolescence to adulthood can be problematic for individuals with rare disabilities such as muscular dystrophy (MD). Methods: We identified a cohort of 220 individuals with MD and 440 matched comparison individuals and measured emergency room (ER) and inpatient (IP) encounters for the years 2000 through 2010, using all‐payer hospital discharge uniform billing data. We compared ER and IP use rates for people with and without MD, and for 15–19‐year‐olds with MD to 20–24‐year‐olds with MD. Results: ER and IP use rates were significantly higher among individuals with MD than the comparison group. In addition, ER and IP use rates were significantly higher in the 20–24‐year age group than in the 15–19‐year group. Conclusions: Additional research is needed to determine whether increased ER and IP use in young adults is attributable to difficulties in healthcare transition versus increased disease severity. Muscle Nerve 52: 714–721, 2015
CUL4B: a novel epigenetic driver in Wnt/β‐catenin‐dependent hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Mok Myth T.S. , Cheng Alfred S.L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEmerging evidence indicates that Cullin 4B (CUL4B), a major component of ubiquitin ligase complexes, is over‐expressed in diverse cancer types with pro‐tumourigenic effects. In this issue of the Journal of Pathology, Yuan and colleagues [6] elucidated the oncogenic activity of CUL4B in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and delineated its role in driving Wnt/β‐catenin signalling. In addition to the stabilization of β‐catenin protein against proteasomal degradation, CUL4B also acts in concert with enhancer of Zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) to concordantly silence multiple Wnt inhibitors. These findings provide significant mechanistic insights into the epigenetic activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway in HCC and shed light on the functional importance of ubiquitination in this intricate regulatory system. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ UHVEM irradiation study of intrinsic point defect behavior in Si nanowire structures
Authors: Vanhellemont J. , Anada S. , Nagase T. , Yasuda H. , Bender H. , Rooyackers R. , Vandooren A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSi nanowire‐based Tunnel‐Field Effect Transistor (TFET) characteristics are intensively studied as function of nanowire diameter and doping. A significant reduction of B diffusion with decreasing nanowire diameter is e.g. observed and attributed to reduced transient enhanced diffusion close to the nanowire surface caused by the recombination and out‐diffusion of excess self‐interstitials. In an Ultra High Voltage Electron Microscope (UHVEM), the formation of self‐interstitial clusters can be studied in situ while varying e‐beam flux, irradiation temperature, impurity concentration and capping layers surrounding the nanowires.Results are presented on {113}‐defect formation in Si nanowires with diameters between 40 and 500 nm. The Si nanowires are embedded in SiO2 and are etched into an epitaxial Si stack on a heavily As doped Si substrate. The top layer of the epitaxial stack is in situ B doped or B implanted. In situ UHVEM studies are performed on focused ion beam prepared cross‐section samples, irradiating with different fluxes of 2 MeV electrons between room temperature and 375 °C. A strong dependence of {113}‐defect formation on nanowire radius and doping is observed. The observations are compared with simulations based on quasi‐chemical reaction rate theory. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Boron doped cubic silicon probed by high resolution X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Ulyanenkova Tatjana , Myronov Maksym , Ulyanenkov Alex 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHighly boron doped epitaxial silicon, with boron concentrations well above 1x1020 cm‐3, is of great interest for applications in large variety of electronic and photonic devices where it is used as a low resistivity contact. The Bragg peak position of a homogeneous solid solution epitaxial film is directly related to the solid solution concentration, film strain and, consequently residual stress. The peak shape contains information about defects present in an epilayer.Here we report structural experiments performed at room temperature and atmospheric pressure on a set of boron doped Si thin epilayers grown on a Si(001) substrate. We analyzed the BSi epilayers using high resolution X‐ray rocking curve, reflectivity measurements and high resolution reciprocal space mapping (HR‐RSM). The measurements were carried out by Rigaku SmartLab diffractometer. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Moderne Vakuumelektronik
Authors: Knapp Wolfram 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDie Vakuumelektronik ist etwa 140 Jahre alt. Die Wirkungsweise von vakuumelektronischen Komponenten und Geräten beruht auf der Bewegung von Elektronen und Ionen im Vakuum und in verdünnten Gasen unter dem Einfluss von elektrischen, magnetischen und elektromagnetischen Feldern. Die klassische Radioröhre hat nur in extravaganten Röhrenverstärkern für Musikliebhaber überlebt. Heute konzentrieren sich die Forschungsaktivitäten auf unentbehrliche Spezialröhren, insbesondere Wanderfeldröhren, Gyrotrons, Klystrons, Röntgenröhren, Vakuumdruckmessröhren. Neuartige Feldemitter‐Kathoden ermöglichen zudem die Miniaturisierung und neue Anwendungen in der modernen Vakuumelektronik. Der ITG‐Fachausschuss 8.6 ist ein kompetenter Ansprechpartner für vakuumelektronische Probleme und organisiert alle zwei Jahre einen Workshop in Bad Honnef.
Vakuumkomponenten für UHV und XHV aus Aluminium
Authors: Bergner Ute , Wolfgramm Stephan , Gottschall Sophie , Flämmich Michael 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDie mechanische Festigkeit von 6000er Al‐Legierungen ist ausreichend, um stabile CF‐Schneidkanten herzustellen. Wichtig ist dabei, dass im Verarbeitungsprozess und in der Anwendung die Materialhöchsttemperaturen zum Erhalt der notwendigen mechanischen Festigkeit nicht überschritten werden. Die Eignung dieser Aluminiumlegierungen für den Einsatz im UHV und XHV ist in Messreihen zur Schneidkantengeometrie nachgewiesen worden.
Feeding Duodenostomy Decreases the Incidence of Mechanical Obstruction After Radical Esophageal Cancer Surgery
Authors: Oya Hisaharu , Koike Masahiko , Iwata Naoki , Kobayashi Daisuke , Torii Koji , Niwa Yukiko , Kanda Mitsuro , Tanaka Chie , Yamada Suguru , Fujii Tsutomu , Nakayama Goro , Sugimoto Hiroyuki , Nomoto Shuji , Fujiwara Michitaka , Kodera Yasuhiro 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundNutritional support influences the outcome of gastroenterological surgery, and enteral nutrition effectively mitigates postoperative complications in highly invasive surgery such as resection of esophageal cancer. However, feeding via jejunostomy can cause complications including mechanical obstruction, which could be life threatening. From 2009, we began enteral feeding via duodenostomy to reduce the likelihood of complications. In this study, we compared duodenostomy with the conventional jejunostomy feeding, mainly looking at the catheter‐related complications.MethodsThe database records of 378 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent radical esophagectomy with retrosternal or posterior mediastinal gastric tube reconstruction in our department from January 1998 to December 2012 were examined. Of the 378 patients, 111 underwent feeding via duodenostomy (FD) and 267 underwent feeding via jejunostomy (FJ), and their records were reviewed for the following catheter‐related complications: site infection, dislodgement, peritonitis, and mechanical obstruction.ResultsMechanical obstruction occurred in 12 patients in the FJ group but none in the FD group (4.5 % vs. 0 %, P = 0.023). Of the 12 cases, 7 (58.3 %) required surgery of which 2 had bowel resection due to strangulated mechanical obstruction. Catheter site infection was seen in 14 cases in the FJ group, of which 2 (14.2 %) had peritonitis following catheter dislocation, while only one case of site infection was seen in the FD group (5.2 % vs. 0.9 %, P = 0.078).ConclusionsFeeding via duodenectomy could be the procedure of choice since neither mechanical obstruction nor relaparotomy was seen during enteral feeding through this technique.
The Relative Net Health Benefit of Liver Resection, Ablation, and Transplantation for Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Spolverato Gaya , Vitale Alessandro , Ejaz Aslam , Kim Yuhree , Maithel Shishir K. , Cosgrove David P. , Pawlik Timothy M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundThere
are no conclusive cost‐effectiveness studies measuring the efficacy of salvage LT after liver resection (LR) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and compensated cirrhosis. The aim of the present study is to compare liver transplantation (LT) versus locoregional therapy plus salvage LT (to treat tumor recurrence) in patients with early HCC and compensated cirrhosis.MethodsReference case: 55‐year old male with HCC within Milan criteria and Child‐Pugh A cirrhosis. The analysis was performed in two geographical cost settings: USA and Italy. Survival benefit measured in quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs), costs (C) in US$, incremental cost‐effectiveness, willingness to pay, and net health benefit (NHB).ResultsIn the base‐case analysis, NHB of LT vs. LR and RFA was −1.7 and −1.3 years for single tumor ≤3 cm, −1.2 and −0.7 for single nodules measuring 3.1–5 cm and −0.7 and −0.7 for multi‐nodular tumor ≤3 cm in Italy. In USA, NHB of LT versus LR and RFA were −1.2 and −0.8 years for single tumor ≤3 cm, −0.9 and −0.5 for single nodules measuring 3.1–5 cm, and −0.5 and −0.4 for multi‐nodular tumor ≤ 3 cm. On the Monte Carlo simulation, only young patients with multi‐nodular HCC and short waiting list time had a positive NHB. Salvage LT proved to be an ineffective cost strategy after RFA or LR.ConclusionIn patients with HCC within Milan criteria and Child‐Pugh A cirrhosis, LR and RFA were more cost‐effective than LT. Salvage LT was not cost‐effective.
Acute Appendicitis in the Public and Private Sectors in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Yang Estin , Cook Colin , Kahn Delawir 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundSouth Africa has a low incidence of acute appendicitis, but poor outcomes. However, South African studies on appendicitis focus solely on public hospitals, neglecting those who utilize private facilities. This study aims to compare appendicitis characteristics and outcomes in public and private hospitals in South Africa.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted among two public and three private hospitals in the Cape Town metropole, from September 2013 to March 2014. Hospital records, operative notes, and histology results were reviewed for patients undergoing appendectomy for acute appendicitis. Patients were interviewed during their hospitalization and followed up at monthly intervals until normal function was attained.ResultsA total of 134 patients were enrolled, with 73 in the public and 61 in the private sector. Education and employment were higher among private sector patients. Public sector patients had a higher rupture rate (30.6 vs 13.2 %, p = 0.023). Times to presentation were not statistically different between the two cohorts. Public sector patients had longer hospital stays (5.3 vs 2.9 days, p = 0.036) and longer return to work times (23.0 vs 12.1 days, p < 0.0001). Although complication rates were similar, complications in public hospitals were more severe.ConclusionsPublic sector patients in South Africa with appendicitis have higher rupture rates, worse complications, longer hospital stays, and longer recoveries than private sector patients. Patients with perforation had longer delays in presentation than patients without perforation.
Definition and Classification of Intraoperative Complications (CLASSIC): Delphi Study and Pilot Evaluation
Authors: Rosenthal Rachel , Hoffmann Henry , Clavien Pierre‐Alain , Bucher Heiner C. , Dell‐Kuster Salome 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundStandardized reporting of intraoperative adverse events is important to enhance transparency. To the best of our knowledge, there is no validated definition and classification of intraoperative complications.MethodsWe conducted a two‐round Delphi study to develop a definition and classification of intraoperative complications. Experts were contacted by email and sent a link to the online questionnaire. In a pilot study, two independent raters applied the definition and classification in a sample of 60 surgical interventions of low, intermediate, and high complexity and evaluated practicability. Interrater agreement of the classification was determined (raw categorical agreement, weighted kappa, and intraclass correlation).ResultsIn the Delphi study, 40 of 52 experts (77 % return rate) from 14 countries took part in each round. The Delphi study resulted in a comprehensive definition of intraoperative complications as any deviation from the ideal intraoperative course occurring between skin incision and skin closure. The classification foresees four grades depending on the need for treatment (no need, grade I; need for treatment, grade II) and the severity of the complication (life‐threatening/permanent disability, grade III; death, grade IV). The pilot study showed good practicability (6 on a 7‐point scale) and a high raw agreement of 87 %, a weighted kappa of 0.83 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.73–0.94] and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.83 (95 % CI 0.73–0.90).ConclusionsWhile the Delphi process enabled to develop definitions and classification of intraoperative complications by severity, further research including a multicentre international full‐scale validation needs to be conducted with the ultimate goal to contribute to standardized reporting in surgical practice and research.
Evaluation of the Safety and Feasibility of Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy in Clinical Stage I Gastric Cancer Patients
Authors: Ichikawa Daisuke , Komatsu Shuhei , Kubota Takeshi , Okamoto Kazuma , Konishi Hirotaka , Shiozaki Atsushi , Fujiwara Hitoshi , Otsuji Eigo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundThis retrospective study was designed to assess the feasibility of laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG) in clinical stage I gastric cancer patients, and validate the appropriateness of the widespread adoption of LTG for experienced open surgeons.MethodsEighty‐eight patients with clinical stage I gastric cancer underwent LTG in our hospitals (n = 55) and affiliated hospitals (n = 33). Esophagojejunostomy was performed intracoporeally using a circular stapler with an incision in the left upper abdomen. We investigated the patients’ clinicopathologic factor, and evaluated the effect of hospital volume on short‐term outcomes.ResultsFixed insertion of the anvil head was successfully achieved in all patients (lift‐up method in 58 patients and transoral method in 28 patients), although 2 patients were converted to open surgery. The approach using a circular stapler through a small incision from the upper left quadrant of the abdomen facilitated a good laparoscopic visual field for the plane of the esophagojejunostomy. Fourteen patients developed Clavien–Dindo classification grade II or more postoperative complications, and the overall operative morbidity rate was 15.9 %. No anastomotic leakage was encountered in this series. No significant difference was observed in clinical outcomes between patients in the high‐ and low‐volume hospital groups.ConclusionsLaparoscopic total gastrectomy can be performed safely on clinical stage I gastric cancer patients by surgeons with sufficient experience in open gastrectomy and therefore represents a feasible procedure that is not clinically impacted by hospital volume.
Production of drug metabolites by immobilised Cunninghamella elegans: from screening to scale up
Authors: Quinn Laura , Dempsey Rita , Casey Eoin , Kane Ayla , Murphy Cormac D 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Cunninghamella elegans is a fungus that has been used extensively as a microbial model of mammalian drug metabolism, whilst its potential as a biocatalyst for the preparative production of human drug metabolites has been often proposed, little effort has been made to enable this. Here, we describe a workflow for the application of C. elegans for the production of drug metabolites, starting from well-plate screening assays leading to the preparative production of drug metabolites using fungus immobilised either in alginate or as a biofilm. Using 12- and 96-well plates, the simultaneous screening of several drug biotransformations was achieved. To scale up the biotransformation, both modes of immobilisation enabled semi-continuous production of hydroxylated drug metabolites through repeated addition of drug and rejuvenation of the fungus. It was possible to improve the productivity in the biofilm culture for the production of 4′-hydroxydiclofenac from 1 mg/l h to over 4 mg/l h by reducing the incubation time for biotransformation and the number of rejuvenation steps.
Respecting Autonomous Decision Making Among Filipinos: A Re‐emphasis in Genetic Counseling
Authors: Cura Jonathan Diego 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFamily cohesiveness provides a unique cultural influence in the observance and expression of autonomy in terms of Filipino patients’ decision making. With genetic counseling yet in its dawning practice in the Philippines, healthcare professionals (i.e., geneticists, practitioners) practicing genetic counseling and students in the pioneering genetic counseling program face the challenge of how to provide culturally appropriate measures in respecting Filipinos’ autonomy. There is much deliberation with respect to identifying autonomous decision making among Filipino patients as counselees in genetic counseling. Cultural values influence how autonomy and bioethical principles are upheld. In a culturally‐appropriate manner of identifying who makes health care and genetic counseling decisions, the sole focus on an individualistic perspective may be too western‐based and may render genetic counseling less effective. The uniquely important cultural feature of family cohesiveness necessitates its incorporation into the practice of genetic counseling in the Philippines.
Development of a unified clinical trial database for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Neville Jon , Kopko Steve , Broadbent Steve , Avilés Enrique , Stafford Robert , Solinsky Christine M. , Bain Lisa J. , Cisneroz Martin , Romero Klaus , Stephenson Diane ,   Coalition Against Major Diseases
Published: February 2015

AbstractIntroductionData obtained in completed Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials can inform decision making for future trials. Recognizing the importance of sharing these data, the Coalition Against Major Diseases created an Online Data Repository for AD (CODR‐AD) with the aim of supporting accelerated drug development. The aim of this study was to build an open access, standardized database from control arm data collected across many clinical trials.MethodsComprehensive AD‐specific data standards were developed to enable the pooling of data from different sources. Nine member organizations contributed patient‐level data from 24 clinical trials of AD treatments.ResultsCODR‐AD consists of control arm pooled and standardized data from 24 trials currently numbered at 6500 subjects; Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐cognitive subscale 11 is the main outcome and specific covariates are also included.DiscussionCODR‐AD represents a unique integrated standardized clinical trials database available to qualified researchers. The pooling of data across studies facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of disease heterogeneity.
Mapping Medical Disasters: Ebola Makes Old Lessons, New
Authors: Koch Tom 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDisaster medicine is characterized by shortages of everything but patients. There are never enough beds, equipment, personnel, or supplies. In the 2014 Ebola epidemic, another scarcity was maps. The need for maps of the affected areas, and the ways the maps were used, serve to emphasize the way maps have always served in both disaster medicine and public health preparedness. Those lessons are reviewed here in the context of the Ebola epidemic. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;0:1-8)
Impact of Surveillance Technique on Reported Rates of Surgical Site Infection
Authors: Young Heather , Reese Sara M. , Knepper Bryan , Price Connie S. 
Published: February 2015

Surgical site infection (SSI) surveillance methods vary among infection preventionists. An online survey regarding SSI surveillance technique was administered to infection preventionists and linked to superficial and complex colon SSI rates. Higher superficial but not complex SSI rates were reported when more SSI surveillance techniques were used (P <.0001).Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;00(0): 1–3
The instability nature of the Vogel–Escudier flow
Authors: Herrada Miguel A. , Shtern Vladimir N. , Torregrosa M. M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe instability of the steady axisymmetric flow in a sealed elongated cylinder, driven by a rotating end disk, is studied with the help of numerical simulations. It is argued that this instability is of the shear-layer type, being caused by the presence of an inflection point in the radial distribution of axial velocity of the base circulatory flow. The disturbance kinetic energy is localized in both the radial and axial directions, reaching its peak near the rotating disk, where the magnitude of base-flow axial velocity is close to its maximum. The critical Reynolds number, $\mathit{Re}_{cr}$, is found to be nearly $h$-independent for $h>5$; $h$ is the cylinder length-to-radius ratio. It is shown that the sidewall co-rotation suppresses the instability. As the co-rotation increases, the centrifugal instability becomes the most dangerous, i.e. determines $\mathit{Re}_{cr}$. Physical explanations are given for the stabilizing effect of the co-rotation, which is stronger (weaker) for the shear-layer (centrifugal) instability.
Orientation and rotation of inertial disk particles in wall turbulence
Authors: Challabotla Niranjan Reddy , Zhao Lihao , Andersson Helge I. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe translational and rotational dynamics of oblate spheroidal particles suspended in a directly simulated turbulent channel flow have been examined. Inertial disk-like particles exhibited a significant preferential orientation in the plane of the mean shear. The rotational inertia about the symmetry axis of the disk-like particles hampered the spin-up of the flattest particles to match the mean flow vorticity. The influence of the particle shape on the orientation and rotation diminished as the translational inertia increased from Stokes number 1 to 30. An isotropization of both orientation and rotation could be observed in the core region of the channel. The translational motion of the oblate spheroids had a weak dependence on the aspect ratio. We therefore concluded that inertial particles sample nearly the same flow field irrespective of shape. Nevertheless, the orientation and rotation of disk-like particles turned out to be qualitatively different from the dynamics of fibre-like particles.