bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards Sustainable Community Development: A Case Study of SPDC Community Transformation and Development Index (SCOTDI)
Authors: Ite Uwem , Osayande Nedo , Onaolapo Bolarinwa 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Many business organisations face the challenge of determining the success or failure of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, particularly with respect to the impacts and effect on community development and corporate-community relations. Indeed, this can be partly attributed to the fact that CSR as a discipline lacks a well-developed and elaborate methodology to measure, capture and report its impact. Yet, a business case and justification for continued support for CSR initiatives requires at a minimum, some evidence that demonstrates the return on corporate social Investment for both the company and its external stakeholders. The limited nature of such available evidence has meant that the debate over the relationship between CSR and development in the Niger Delta remains contested, and the policy challenge confronting community relations managers, remains poorly understood. This paper seeks to address the gaps in knowledge by examining the SPDC Community Transformation and Development Index (SCOTDI) launched in 2013. SCOTDI represents an innovative effort to systematically integrate and adapt a number of international standards into a composite index to assess, rank and recognised the performance and development outcomes of SPDC's Global Memorandum of Understanding (GMoU) with its host communities. The model provides a means for assessing the extent to which GMoUs are able to contribute to community development, provides an incentive for positive inter-cluster competition, thus ensuring their long–term sustainability, and facilitating the effective and efficient allocation of scare resources for community development.
Book Reviews
Authors: Alexander Doris , Wachal Robert , Fuegi John , Ferguson John , Brie Germaine , Watson Barbara , Murphy Daniel , Mikhail  
Published: August 2015

J. Russell Reaver, An O'Neill Concordance, reviewed by Doris Alexander The Discording Of Eugene O'Neill: A Companion Piece, reviewed by Robert S. Wachal Werner Hecht ed., Brecht-Dialog 1968: Politik Auf Dem Theater,, reviewed by John Fuegi Doris E. Abramson, Negro Playwrights In The American Theatre 1925—1959, reviewed by John Ferguson Bettina Knapp, Antonin Artaud, Man Of Vision, reviewed by Germaine Brie Louis Crompton, Shaw The Dramatist, reviewed by Barbara Bellow Watson R. J. Minney, Recollections Of George Bernard Shaw: The Private Life Of The Public Man-Revealed By Those Who Knew Him Best,, reviewed by Daniel J. Murphy John A. Mills, Language And Laughter: Comic Diction In The Plays Of Bernard Shaw, reviewed by E. H. Mikhail
Practice type effects on head impact in collegiate football
Authors: Reynolds Bryson B. , Patrie James , Henry Erich J. , Goodkin Howard P. , Broshek Donna K. , Wintermark Max , Druzgal T. Jason 
Published: August 2015

OBJECT
This study directly compares the number and severity of subconcussive head impacts sustained during helmet-only practices, shell practices, full-pad practices, and competitive games in a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I-A football team. The goal of the study was to determine whether subconcussive head impact in collegiate athletes varies with practice type, which is currently unregulated by the NCAA.

METHODS
Over an entire season, a cohort of 20 collegiate football players wore impact-sensing mastoid patches that measured the linear and rotational acceleration of all head impacts during a total of 890 athletic exposures. Data were analyzed to compare the number of head impacts, head impact burden, and average impact severity during helmet-only, shell, and full-pad practices, and games.

RESULTS
Helmet-only, shell, and full-pad practices and games all significantly differed from each other (p ≤ 0.05) in the mean number of impacts for each event, with the number of impacts being greatest for games, then full-pad practices, then shell practices, and then helmet-only practices. The cumulative distributions for both linear and rotational acceleration differed between all event types (p < 0.01), with the acceleration distribution being similarly greatest for games, then full-pad practices, then shell practices, and then helmet-only practices. For both linear and rotational acceleration, helmet-only practices had a lower average impact severity when compared with other event types (p < 0.001). However, the average impact severity did not differ between any comparisons of shell and full-pad practices, and games.

CONCLUSIONS
Helmet-only, shell, and full-pad practices, and games result in distinct head impact profiles per event, with each succeeding event type receiving more impacts than the one before. Both the number of head impacts and cumulative impact burden during practice are categorically less than in games. In practice events, the number and cumulative burden of head impacts per event increases with the amount of equipment worn. The average severity of individual impacts is relatively consistent across event types, with the exception of helmet-only practices. The number of hits experienced during each event type is the main driver of event type differences in impact burden per athletic exposure, rather than the average severity of impacts that occur during the event. These findings suggest that regulation of practice equipment could be a fair and effective way to substantially reduce subconcussive head impact in thousands of collegiate football players.
mTOR Inhibition Per Se Induces Nuclear Localization of FOXP3 and Conversion of Invariant NKT (iNKT) Cells into Immunosuppressive Regulatory iNKT Cells
Authors: Huijts Charlotte M. , Schneiders Famke L. , Garcia-Vallejo Juan J. , Verheul Henk M. , de Gruijl Tanja D. , van der Vliet Hans J. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
CD1d-restricted activation of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells results in the abundant production of various types of cytokines and the subsequent modulation of immune responses. This has been shown to be relevant in several clinical disorders, including cancer, autoimmunity, and graft tolerance. Although it is well known that the suppressive function of regulatory T cells is critically dependent on the FOXP3 gene, FOXP3 can also be expressed by conventional human T cells upon activation, indicating the lack of specificity of FOXP3 as a marker for suppressive cells. In this study, we report that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin and IL-10, but not TGF-β, can induce FOXP3 expression in iNKT cell lines. Importantly, however, FOXP3+ iNKT cells only acquired suppressive abilities when cultured in the presence of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Suppression of responder T cell proliferation by FOXP3+ iNKT cells was found to be cell contact–dependent and was accompanied by a reduced capacity of iNKT cells to secrete IFN-γ. Notably, imaging flow cytometry analysis demonstrated predominant nuclear localization of FOXP3 in suppressive FOXP3+ iNKT cells, whereas nonsuppressive FOXP3+ iNKT cells showed a predominance of cytoplasmically localized FOXP3. In conclusion, whereas IL-10 can enhance FOXP3 expression in iNKT cells, mTOR inhibition is solely required for promoting nuclear localization of FOXP3 and the induction of suppressive FOXP3+ iNKT cells.
Store-Operated Ca2+ Release-Activated Ca2+ Channels Regulate PAR2-Activated Ca2+ Signaling and Cytokine Production in Airway Epithelial Cells
Authors: Jairaman Amit , Yamashita Megumi , Schleimer Robert P. , Prakriya Murali 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The G-protein–coupled protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and auto-immune disorders. In airway epithelial cells (AECs), stimulation of PAR2 by allergens and proteases triggers the release of a host of inflammatory mediators to regulate bronchomotor tone and immune cell recruitment. Activation of PAR2 turns on several cell signaling pathways of which the mobilization of cytosolic Ca2+ is likely a critical but poorly understood event. In this study, we show that Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels encoded by stromal interaction molecule 1 and Orai1 are a major route of Ca2+ entry in primary human AECs and drive the Ca2+ elevations seen in response to PAR2 activation. Activation of CRAC channels induces the production of several key inflammatory mediators from AECs including thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-6, and PGE2, in part through stimulation of gene expression via nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Furthermore, PAR2 stimulation induces the production of many key inflammatory mediators including PGE2, IL-6, IL-8, and GM-CSF in a CRAC channel–dependent manner. These findings indicate that CRAC channels are the primary mechanism for Ca2+ influx in AECs and a vital checkpoint for the induction of PAR2-induced proinflammatory cytokines.
Cartilage Repair Using Composites of Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel in a Minipig Model
Authors: Ha Chul-Won , Park Yong-Beom , Chung Jun-Young , Park Yong-Geun 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

The cartilage regeneration potential of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) with a hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel composite has shown remarkable results in rat and rabbit models. The purpose of the present study was to confirm the consistent regenerative potential in a pig model using three different cell lines. A full-thickness chondral injury was intentionally created in the trochlear groove of each knee in 6 minipigs. Three weeks later, an osteochondral defect, 5 mm wide by 10 mm deep, was created, followed by an 8-mm-wide and 5-mm-deep reaming. A mixture (1.5 ml) of hUCB-MSCs (0.5 × 107 cells per milliliter) and 4% HA hydrogel composite was then transplanted into the defect on the right knee. Each cell line was used in two minipigs. The osteochondral defect created in the same manner on the left knee was untreated to act as the control. At 12 weeks postoperatively, the pigs were sacrificed, and the degree of subsequent cartilage regeneration was evaluated by gross and histological analysis. The transplanted knee resulted in superior and more complete hyaline cartilage regeneration compared with the control knee. The cellular characteristics (e.g., cellular proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation capacity) of the hUCB-MSCs influenced the degree of cartilage regeneration potential. This evidence of consistent cartilage regeneration using composites of hUCB-MSCs and HA hydrogel in a large animal model could be a stepping stone to a human clinical trial in the future.

Significance
To date, several studies have investigated the chondrogenic potential of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs); however, the preclinical studies are still limited in numbers with various results. In parallel, in the past several years, the cartilage regeneration potential of hUCB-MSCs with a hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel composite have been investigated and remarkable results in rat and rabbit models have been attained. (These experimental results are currently in preparation for publication.) Before applying the cartilage regeneration technique in a human clinical trial, it seemed necessary to confirm the consistent result in a larger animal model. At 12 weeks postoperatively, the minipigs were sacrificed, and the degree of subsequent cartilage regeneration was evaluated by gross and histological analysis. The transplanted knee resulted in superior and more complete hyaline cartilage regeneration compared with the control knee. This evidence of consistent cartilage regeneration with composites of hUCB-MSCs and HA hydrogel in a large animal model could be a stepping stone to a human clinical trial in the future.
Imagining the unknown - Responsible creativity for a better tomorrow
Authors: Lutnæs Eva 
Published: August 2015

This paper explores the scientific discourse on creativity in the field of design education, drawing upon 165 papers presented at the DRS//CUMULUS Oslo 2013 conference. The re­view shows creativity to be a key concept in the scientific discourse and identifies five story­lines that conceptualise creativity as a generic human capacity for which the field of design education eagerly claims responsibility. In the scientific discourse, the fostering of creativity is a leading motive when articulating reasons for design to gain terrain in general education. A multifaceted repertoire of strategies to solve design problems can drive new ideas or arte­facts that contribute to both environmental protection and degradation, human aid or human-made disasters. I discuss how to frame the relevant educational content of creativity as part of a general education that empowers citizens to promote sustainability and meet global chal­lenges ahead.
The Global Studio - Incorporating Peer-Learning into the Design Curriculum
Authors: Ghassan Aysar , Bohemia Erik 
Published: August 2015

In ‘tutor-led’ design education, lecturers reside at the centre of teaching & learning activi­ties. We argue that tutor-led design education does not prepare graduates sufficiently for working in highly complex professional capacities. We outline an alternative learning envi­­ron­ment named the Global Studio in which lecturers are more ‘distant’ in pedagogical activities. This ‘distance’ opens up learning spaces which expose students to complex project situations in preparation for professional working life. Global Studio projects are ‘student-led’ and contain explicit opportunities for peer tutoring to ensue. Feedback indicates that learners benefitted from engaging in peer tutoring. However, many students struggled with making important decisions when operating outside of the tutor-led learning environment. To maximise their benefit, we argue that student-led projects featuring peer-tutoring should be scaffolded throughout design programmes to provide students with a sufficient level of expo­sure to this mode of learning. Image by artist Malcom Jones. http://www.malcomjones.com/index.htm
The multiple fates of sinking particles in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Collins James R. , Edwards Bethanie R. , Thamatrakoln Kimberlee , Ossolinski Justin E. , DiTullio Giacomo R. , Bidle Kay D. , Doney Scott C. , Van Mooy Benjamin A. S. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe direct respiration of sinking organic matter by attached bacteria is often invoked as the dominant sink for settling particles in the mesopelagic ocean. However, other processes, such as enzymatic solubilization and mechanical disaggregation, also contribute to particle flux attenuation by transferring organic matter to the water column. Here we use observations from the North Atlantic Ocean, coupled to sensitivity analyses of a simple model, to assess the relative importance of particle‐attached microbial respiration compared to the other processes that can degrade sinking particles. The observed carbon fluxes, bacterial production rates, and respiration by water column and particle‐attached microbial communities each spanned more than an order of magnitude. Rates of substrate‐specific respiration on sinking particle material ranged from 0.007 ± 0.003 to 0.173 ± 0.105 day−1. A comparison of these substrate‐specific respiration rates with model results suggested sinking particle material was transferred to the water column by various biological and mechanical processes nearly 3.5 times as fast as it was directly respired. This finding, coupled with strong metabolic demand imposed by measurements of water column respiration (729.3 ± 266.0 mg C m−2 d−1, on average, over the 50 to 150 m depth interval), suggested a large fraction of the organic matter evolved from sinking particles ultimately met its fate through subsequent remineralization in the water column. At three sites, we also measured very low bacterial growth efficiencies and large discrepancies between depth‐integrated mesopelagic respiration and carbon inputs.
An intensified seasonal transition in the Central U.S. that enhances summer drought
Authors: Wang S.‐Y. Simon , Santanello Joseph , Wang Hailan , Barandiaran Daniel , Pinker Rachel T. , Schubert Siegfried , Gillies Robert R. , Oglesby Robert , Hilburn Kyle , Kilic Ayse , Houser Paul 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn the long term, precipitation in the Central U.S. decreases by 25% during the seasonal transition from June to July. This precipitation decrease has intensified since 1979 and such intensification could have enhanced spring drought occurrences in the Central U.S., in which conditions quickly evolve from being abnormally dry to exceptionally dry. Various atmospheric and land reanalysis data sets were analyzed to examine the trend in the June–July seasonal transition. The intensified deficit in precipitation is accompanied by increased downward shortwave radiation flux, tropospheric subsidence, enhanced evaporative fraction, and elevated planetary boundary layer height, all of which can lead to surface drying. The change in tropospheric circulation was characterized by an anomalous ridge over the western U.S. and a trough on either side—a pattern known to suppress rainfall in the Central U.S. This trending pattern shows similarity with the progression of the 2012 record drought.
Chemical and Pb isotope composition of phenocrysts from bentonites constrains the chronostratigraphy around the Cretaceous‐Paleogene boundary in the Hell Creek region, Montana
Authors: Ickert Ryan B. , Mulcahy Sean R. , Sprain Courtney J. , Banaszak Jessica F. , Renne Paul R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAn excellent record of environmental and paleobiological change around the Cretaceous‐Paleogene boundary is preserved in the Hell Creek and Fort Union Formations in the western Williston Basin of northeastern Montana. These records are present in fluvial deposits whose lateral discontinuity hampers long‐distance correlation. Geochronology has been focused on bentonite beds that are often present in lignites. To better identify unique bentonites for correlation across the region, the chemical and Pb isotopic composition of feldspar and titanite has been measured on 46 samples. Many of these samples have been dated by 40Ar/39Ar. The combination of chemical and isotopic compositions of phenocrysts has enabled the identification of several unique bentonite beds. In particular, three horizons located at and above the Cretaceous‐Paleogene boundary can now be traced—based on their unique compositions—across the region, clarifying previously ambiguous stratigraphic relationships. Other bentonites show unusual features, such as Pb isotope variations consistent with magma mixing or assimilation, that will make them easy to recognize in future studies. This technique is limited in some cases by more than one bentonite having compositions that cannot be distinguished, or bentonites with abundant xenocrysts. The Pb isotopes are consistent with a derivation from the Bitterroot Batholith, whose age range overlaps that of the tephra. These data provide an improved stratigraphic framework for the Hell Creek region and provide a basis for more focused tephrostratigraphic work, and more generally demonstrate that the combination of mineral chemistry and Pb isotope compositions is an effective technique for tephra correlation.
Partial melting of a Pb‐Sn mushy layer due to heating from above, and implications for regional melting of Earth's directionally solidified inner core
Authors: Yu James , Bergman Michael I. , Huguet Ludovic , Alboussiere Thierry 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSuperimposed on the radial solidification of Earth's inner core may be hemispherical and/or regional patches of melting at the inner‐outer core boundary. Little work has been carried out on partial melting of a dendritic mushy layer due to heating from above. Here we study directional solidification, annealing, and partial melting from above of Pb‐rich Sn alloy ingots. We find that partial melting from above results in convection in the mushy layer, with dense, melted Pb sinking and resolidifying at a lower height, yielding a different density profile than for those ingots that are just directionally solidified, irrespective of annealing. Partial melting from above causes a greater density deeper down and a corresponding steeper density decrease nearer the top. There is also a change in microstructure. These observations may be in accordance with inferences of east‐west and perhaps smaller‐scale variations in seismic properties near the top of the inner core.
Detection of recent regional sea surface temperature warming in the Caribbean and surrounding region
Authors: Glenn Equisha , Comarazamy Daniel , González Jorge E. , Smith Thomas 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe show a sea surface temperature (SST) warming trend for the Caribbean and surrounding region over 1982–2012. Using an optimum interpolated SST product, a 30 year climatological analysis was generated to observe annual, monthly, and seasonal trends. Results show that SSTs are increasing annually for the region. For the two Caribbean rainy seasons, the Early Rainfall Season (ERS) and the Late Rainfall Season (LRS), estimated trends at 0.0161°C yr−1 and 0.0209°C yr−1 were observed, with high statistical significance. Subregional analysis revealed that warming is greatest in the Gulf of Mexico and north of South America during the ERS and LRS. Additionally, LRS averages for 1998–2012 reflect an increase in magnitude and intensity of the Atlantic Warm Pool (AWP) since the 1983–1997 period reflected in the AWP Area Index. Extreme increases/decreases in the time series show potential correlation with El Niño and the Southern Oscillation.
Electrostatic solitary waves observed at Saturn by Cassini inside 10 Rs and near Enceladus
Authors: Pickett J. S. , Kurth W. S. , Gurnett D. A. , Huff R. L. , Faden J. B. , Averkamp T. F. , Píša D. , Jones G. H. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe have analyzed the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science Wideband Receiver (WBR) data specifically looking for the presence of bipolar electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs). Typical examples of these ESWs are provided to show that when they are present, several of them may be detected over a few to several millisecond time span. We carried out an event study of an Enceladus encounter which took place on 9 October 2008. Approximately 30 min prior to and during the crossing of the Enceladus dust plume, several ESWs are observed with amplitudes of about 100 μV/m up to about 140 mV/m, and time durations of several tens of microseconds up to 250 µs. The highest amplitudes (over 10 mV/m) were observed only during the closest approach to Enceladus. We also carried out an ESW survey using the WBR for all years from 2004 to 2008 for distances less than 10 Rs. The survey clearly shows that most of the ESWs are found on the nightside, with a high percentage of them in the range of 4–6 Rs. This location is consistent with the densest part of Saturn's E ring and Enceladus' orbit. These are the first extended survey results of ESWs near Saturn and the first reported ESWs in connection with Enceladus. We discuss possibilities for the generation of these nonlinear ESWs, which involve current, beam, and acoustic, including dust, instabilities.