bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ice Detection and Avoidance
Authors: Arvidson Rhonda , Jones Stan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An extensive risk assessment of oil transportation in Prince William Sound, Alaska was finalized in 1996 that identified drifting icebergs, from Columbia Glacier, as one of the most significant oil spill risks remaining to be addressed. The Prince William Sound Regional Citizens’ Advisory Council (PWS RCAC) was a major participant in this risk analysis. As part of the groundwork for the ice detection project, PWS RCAC has also sponsered extensive studies of Columbia Glacier calving and drift patterns, iceberg size and distribution. A collaborative project, called the ice detection project, was developed by a multi stakeholder working group and provides an opportunity for an immediate and long-term solution using existing technology. One objective of the project is to verify the efficiency, effectiveness and reliability of existing radar technologies to provide mariners and the United States Coast Guard with real time information regarding ice conditions. A secondary objective is to promote the research and development through field testing of new and emerging technologies to determine the possible enhancement of conventional radar. In addition to PWS RCAC, stakeholders responsible for spearheading this project are: Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Oil Spill Recovery Institute, United States Coast Guard, Prince William Sound Community College and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Each of the seven participants brings expertise and backing from the stakeholder they represent. The site chosen for the ice detection radar project is Reef Island (illustration 1), located adjacent to Bligh Reef, Prince William Sound. This location is ideal because of its proximity to Columbia Glacier, the source of the icebergs, as well as providing an unobstructed view of the shipping lanes. A fifty foot tower was installed at the site during the fall of 2001 and a conventional radar system is currently being configured for installation. The expectation is that the system will be up and running by July of 2002, giving real time information on ice in the tanker lanes to mariners in Prince William Sound. A second field test of an UHF radar prototype is planned for the summer of 2002. Field testing and ground truthing of the radar system is scheduled for the next five years.
The Development of Technology in Response to Changing Legislation1
Authors: Moore Nick 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As environmental control and awareness increases globally, it is becoming progressively more important to be able to use existing oil pollution response technology in the most cost effective manner. In 1999 the Department of Trade and Industry, who govern offshore operations in the United Kingdom Continental Shelf, set some prescriptive guidelines regarding response capabilities. These guidelines set mandatory response times, to include surveillance and achievable oil quantity combat rates. The operators affected by these guidelines turned to their respective tier 2 and 3 response service providers and it became obvious that these guidelines were not achievable at that time. This poster will provide a case study of how two large oil spill response organisations joined forces to provide their customers with a solution to a potential “operation halting” problem. This solution involved the utilisation of current response equipment and the development of new equipment and operating procedures.
Security and the Law in the Wake of September 11, 2001
Authors: Waldron Jonathan K. , Grasso Jeanne M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Everything has changed since the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001. With more than 360 ports and 3,700 terminals handling passengers and cargo, the U.S. government quickly realized that the maritime industry was vulnerable and that the apparent gaping hole in our national security must be fixed. Numerous initiatives, including legislative, regulatory, and ad hoc actions, are being implemented to ensure the maritime industry is ready in case it is the “next target.” Concomitant with these efforts, come changes in existing standards and liabilities, including reduced rights and enhanced enforcement. This paper discusses the maritime-related implications of the emerging security regime in the United States post-September 11 including: (1) new and proposed legislation affecting vessel and facility owners and operators, (2) how increased security inspections may be used to enhance enforcement efforts, and (3) how the terrorist attacks have “raised the bar” with regard to owner and operator liability. Pollution preparedness and liability implications are also explored, including changes in liability and response actions resulting from a terrorist attack. Lastly, recommendations on appropriate preventive measures are provided.
The Aftermath of the Intertanko Decision - How Far can the States Go in Regulating the Maritime Industry
Authors: Grasso Jeanne M. , Waldron Jonathan K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since the enactment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (“OPA 90”) more than 10 years ago, many states took aggressive action regulating the marine industry. States, sometimes stepping well beyond their bounds, enacted comprehensive oil pollution laws that imposed additional liability, as well as prevention and response planning requirements, beyond those contained in OPA 90. Washington State was clearly the most aggressive when it implemented its Best Achievable Protection (BAP) regulations in the early 1990s. The International Association of Independent Tanker Owners (Intertanko) challenged the BAP regulations, and the Supreme Court sided with Intertanko and reaffirmed that states may not regulate vessel construction, design, operation, and manning. States, however, have not given up the gauntlet and continue to aggressively regulate the marine industry by expanding their regulation beyond tank vessels to include passenger vessels, cargo vessels, and tugs/barges. This paper will review newly enacted laws and regulations, including financial responsibility, response/contingency plans, drills and exercises, ballast water, vessel inspection programs, and implications associated with discharges from cruise vessels. The paper will conclude by identifying potential trends for the future.
Osros: Will they be There for Inland Environments?
Authors: Bradley Dee , Crickard Mike , Oskins Carl , Bradley John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil Spill Removal Organizations (OSROs) provide a necessary service to companies who produce, refine and transport (pipeline and road) oil and refined products and need to be prepared for the Worst Case Oil Spill Response Scenario. Those companies in coastal and near shore areas have virtually all of the classified OSROs to pick from, but such is not the case for oil companies located in the western areas of the United States. This paper looks at this dilemma through the experiences of one potential OSRO opting to target this inland operating area. Issues such as boom size; skimmer applications and ancillary equipment differences; different approaches to river, lake and stream spill response strategies; and the location of Captain of the Ports (COTPs) and Alternate City Classifications (ACCs) present unique challenges to providing inland OSRO support to companies who need it.
Implementation and Maintenance of a Risk Based Dynamic Oil Spill Response Regime with an Internet and GIS Interface for the Norwegian Shelf
Authors: Rødal Jon , Engen Frode , Jørgensen Kåre L. , Skeie Geir M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 2001, the Norwegian Clean Seas Association For Operating Companies (NOFO) completed a three year R&D-program for development of a dynamic, risk based oil spill response regime for the entire Norwegian continental shelf, including coastal areas and the shoreline. A central element of the new regime is an oil spill contingency planning system, where all relevant information are made fully available on the Internet. The web based Oil Spill Contingency Planning System (OSCPS) has proved to be an important and useful result of the project, and the responses from authorities as well as stakeholders have been positive. The system contains guidelines and standards that have been adopted by the industry, resulting in standardized and comparable site specific analyses. In addition to the information available on the Internet, a suite of Geographical Information System (GIS) tools have been developed and made available for all NOFO member companies. These tools have proved useful in analyses, training and desktop exercises. This paper provides an overview and highlights of our new OSCPS and Geographical Information System (GIS) tools, presenting examples of use and lessons learned. The paper also presents the responses from authorities and stakeholders to this open and transparent approach.
Dispersant Effectiveness on Heavy Fuel Oil and Crude Oil in New Zealand
Authors: Stevens Leigh , Roberts Julian 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The New Zealand (NZ) Maritime Safety Authority (MSA) recently identified seven crude oils and nine IFO-380 heavy fuel oils used or transported in NZ waters that had a high relative risk of being spilt. To determine the relative effectiveness of dispersants stocked by the MSA (Corexit 9527, Slickgone LTSW, Gamlen OSD LT, and Tergo R40) on the oils, effectiveness was tested using the Warren Spring Laboratory (WSL) LR 448 protocol. All testing was on fresh (unweathered) oil at 15°C, at a dispersant to oil ratio (DOR) of 1:25. Effective dispersion was considered to be equivalent to a WSL test result of ≥15%, as proposed in the work of Lunel & Davies (1996). Overall, the seven crude oils tested could be dispersed with MSA stocked dispersants; Corexit 9527 and Slickgone LTSW dispersing the greatest volume of oil, while Gamlen OSD LT and Tergo R40 were effective on the widest range of oils. For the nine IFO-380 heavy fuel oils, dispersant effectiveness was generally lower than for crude oils, and two oils could not be dispersed. Corexit 9527 was the most effective dispersant and worked on the widest range of fuel oils. Slickgone LTSW, Gamlen OSD LT, and Tergo R40 were less effective and worked on a smaller range of fuel oils. To assess whether other dispersants not currently stocked by the MSA offered a significantly improved capacity, two high performance products (Corexit 9500 and Slickgone EW) were tested on the same oils, and across a range of temperatures and DORs. Laboratory results showed that Corexit 9500 and Slickgone EW were significantly more effective on both the crude oils and the IFO-380 heavy fuel oils than existing MSA dispersant stocks. While the results of this study provide a good indication of the relative effectiveness of different dispersants, they do not indicate absolute levels of effectiveness, and field experiments are needed to define how laboratory effectiveness translates to effectiveness in the field.
Defining Recovery and Detecting when IT Occurs
Authors: Parker Keith R. , Maki Alan W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
We define recovery of a biological resource as occurring when the injured resource reaches the state it would have been, had the impact not occurred. The recovery process, and natural spatial and temporal variation affect the abundance of an injured resource and will confound to either delay or accelerate detection of recovery. The effects of natural variation can be reduced by sampling design and statistical analyses, both of which remove potentially confounding influences of temporal and spatial variation. Reference areas are useful when they respond in the same way as the impacted areas to changes in climate and anthropogenic influences. Historical data and time series data collected after the impact event are useful for detecting recovery and for assessing ecological assumptions implied in statistical analyses. Corroborative evidence from co-occurring studies of toxicity and chemistry, and supplementary data on regional changes in climate and abundance can be useful for assessing recovery. Examples from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill show that full recovery of oiled shorelines and seabirds occurred in the early 1990s.
Trends in Criminal Enforcement in the Marine Industry: More Targets and Expanding Theories of Liability
Authors: Grasso Jeanne M. , Waldron Jonathan K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Owners and operators of vessels, shoreside personnel, facility managers, and corporate officers, among others, have become prime targets of environmental crimes prosecutors. With respect to the marine business, the trend began in the mid-1990s with tankers, continued with cruise ships and cargo ships, and now includes fishing vessels and tugs/barges. Shoreside facilities and pipelines are in the crosshairs as well, with increased environmental enforcement actions being filed. Prosecutors rely on theories of liability beyond those contained in environmental statutes, such as false statements and obstruction of justice, and now include regulatory violations as a basis for criminal prosecution; e.g., deficiencies in reporting and record keeping requirements. Despite numerous criminal prosecutions over the last ten years for bypassing oil-water separators on vessels or otherwise discharging oily bilge water into the ocean, such prosecutions continue at an alarming rate. Far too few companies seem to be learning from the mistakes of others. With federal and state authorities aggressively targeting environmental crimes, companies must take a hard look at their corporate compliance policies to minimize chances of being targeted for criminal prosecution. This paper will identify trends in criminal enforcement in the marine and marine-related industries and make recommendations on how companies can protect themselves and at the same time be prepared for criminal investigations.
TRANGUCH GASOLINE SITE CASE HISTORY
Authors: Jarvela Stephen , Boyd Kevin , Gadinski Robert 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A team, consisting of the United States Environmental Protection Agency; Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection; Pennsylvania Department of Health; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; United States Coast Guard and United States Army Corps of Engineers, has completed major steps to provide a safe and healthy environment for the residents of Laurel Gardens, Hazleton, PA. What started as a simple underground gasoline leak took on more serious dimensions when gasoline vapors were found in nearby homes. The investigation and mitigation expanded to include over 400 properties. The remediation consists of a ground water treatment system and a soil vapor extraction system. This paper and its presenters look at the critical aspects of this case as the investigation went from subsurface soil and ground water contamination impacting surface water to the contamination of indoor air. It examines the impact of preferential pathways that include sanitary and storm sewers as well as a 19th century abandoned coal mine. In addition to the technical aspects, this examination looks at the public health and community issues that have surrounded this case.
The SS Jacob Luckenbach: Integration of NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Trust Issues into the Response1
Authors: Symons Lisa , Parker-Hall Heather A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since at least 1992, state and federal trustees have struggled to deal with episodic “mystery” spills that have impacted thousands of seabirds and compromised hundreds of miles of California coastline. In November 2001, another of these mystery events spurred the United States Coast Guard (USCG), state, and federal trustees to initiate a cooperative response and investigation. As impacts from the same oil type continued into January, it soon became evident that this oil most probably stemmed from a submerged source and not transient vessels. By February 2002, a source was identified for this and many of the previous mystery spills —the 1953 wreck of the cargo ship SS Jacob Luckenbach, fully fuelled and laden with materials for the Korean War effort. The vessel now sits in 176 feet of water, 17 miles off San Francisco Bay in the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. The Luckenbach itself is an historic resource, protected by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) 16 U.S.C.470 et seq and the National Marine Sanctuary Act (NMSA) 16 U.S.C. 1431 et seq. as amended by Public Law 106–513. The wreck rests in one of the most biologically productive regions of California, home to countless sensitive resources including several listed species, and is within a series of marine protected areas. The Unified Command (UC) comprised of USCG, California Department of Fish and Game's Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) and other state and federal agencies, were faced with an unusual set of challenges. First, finding accurate historical information about the vessel and its cargo, determining liability, and coordinating salvage and recovery operations complicated by both historical and ecological trustee issues during the Sanctuary's most biologically active and sensitive season. NOAA's National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) played a particularly strong role in this response. Linked closely to the UC through NOAA's Scientific Support Coordinator, NMSP provided invaluable support in determining possible sources - engaged knowledgeable local divers in the process, located key historical documentation about the wreck, tracked down original owners and hull insurers, and assisted in the coordination of input from all trustees. Closely integrated coordination was a key factor in preparing for and determining the outcome of this response.
Oil in the Sea: Changes in the Nature of Sources and Inputs Since 1985
Authors: Walker Dan , Michel Keith , Coleman James C. , Michel Jacqueline 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The (U.S.) National Academy of Sciences’ National Research Council (NRC) has completed the third in a series (spanning three decades) of comprehensive examinations of the inputs, fates, and effects of petroleum in the ocean. This most recent study, entitled Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates and Effects (NRC 2002) indicates that changes in petroleum handling practices and production techniques, as well as the introduction of double-hulled tankers, have reduced the size, frequency, and total volume of marine spills over the last decade. As suggested by earlier studies, natural seeps, land-based run off, and atmospheric deposition from marine and terrestrial sources continue to represent the majority of petroleum input to the marine environment. In addition to world-wide estimates, the report includes estimates of the total inputs to both inshore and offshore waters along 17 zones along North American. New estimates indicate that the overall amount of petroleum released to the marine environment may be lower than earlier thought (1.3 million tonnes per year [2002] versus 3.2 million tonnes per year [1985]). The overall lower estimates reflect more accurate and complete supporting information as well as real reductions attributable to advances in marine transportation and oil and gas production techniques. Spillage from vessels from 1990 to 1999 was less than one-third of the spillage during the prior decade, and, despite increased production, reductions in releases during oil and gas exploration and production have been dramatic as well. Chronic releases during consumption of petroleum, which include urban runoff, polluted rivers, and discharges from commercial and recreational marine vessels, contribute 70 percent of the anthropogenic load to the marine environment, worldwide. These releases can pose significant risks to the sensitive coastal environments where they most often occur. Insights have been made from long-term studies of sites of major spills or polluted harbors, but to a large degree the significance (in terms of environmental damage) of the large inputs from land-based sources or other chronic releases is not known. Recent studies, however, suggest that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), even in low concentrations, can have a deleterious effect on marine biota.
Unusually Sensitive Areas (USAs) for Ecological Resources: Maps and GIS Data for the United States
Authors: Hinkeldey Heidi , Zengel Scott , Inouye Elaine , Sames Christina , Hall Samuel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA), Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) is required to identify areas unusually sensitive to environmental damage in the event of a hazardous liquid pipeline accident. Pipeline segments where a release could impact an USA are subject to additional prevention, mitigation, and response measures than what has previously been implemented by pipeline operators. Ecological USAs have been identified and mapped for the entire United States using data and expertise from many different sources. The final mapping product was completed at Research Planning, Inc, Columbia, South Carolina and was sent to OPS for distribution to the pipeline operators. USAs are selected from a set of candidate resources that include federally threatened and endangered species, imperiled species (generally 20 or fewer known populations world-wide), depleted marine mammals, and high concentration areas for migratory waterbirds. Final USAs include all critically imperiled species (generally 5 or fewer known populations world-wide), multi-species assemblages (three or more overlapping candidate resource types), Ramsar sites (areas designated under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat), Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network (WHSRN) sites, high quality candidate occurrences (condition or viability of a species occurrence as determined by the Natural Heritage Programs) and candidate species that are aquatic dependent or terrestrial with limited home range sizes. RSPA's Geographic Information System (GIS) model integrates state Natural Heritage Program data, Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) data, Ramsar and WHSRN data and maps, hydrography, and species habitat and range classifications assigned by project ecologists. A summary map of all ecological USAs is presented at a nation-wide scale. The map provides specific examples as given by OPS, of regions: Southern, Southwest, Central, Eastern, and Western. States with high concentrations of liquid pipelines are also presented. This project and its results are unique in that they represent one of the first nation-wide compilations of ecological data for the purposes of a standardized pipeline risk assessment.