bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate change and animal diseases: making the case for adaptation
Authors: Cáceres Sigfrido Burgos 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe exponential expansion of the human population has led to overexploitation of resources and overproduction of items that have caused a series of potentially devastating effects, including ocean acidification, ozone depletion, biodiversity loss, the spread of invasive flora and fauna and climatic changes – along with the emergence of new diseases in animals and humans. Climate change occurs as a result of imbalances between incoming and outgoing radiation in the atmosphere. This process generates heat. As concentrations of atmospheric gases reach record levels, global temperatures are expected to increase significantly. The hydrologic cycle will be altered, since warmer air can retain more moisture than cooler air. This means that some geographic areas will have more rainfall, whereas others have more drought and severe weather. The potential consequences of significant and permanent climatic changes are altered patterns of diseases in animal and human populations, including the emergence of new disease syndromes and changes in the prevalence of existing diseases. A wider geographic distribution of known vectors and the recruitment of new strains to the vector pool could result in infections spreading to more and potentially new species of hosts. If these predictions turn out to be accurate, there will be a need for policymakers to consider alternatives, such as adaptation. This review explores the linkages between climate change and animal diseases, and examines interrelated issues that arise from altered biological dynamics. Its aim is to consider various risks and vulnerabilities and to make the case for policies favoring adaptation.
Birds and bornaviruses
Authors: Payne Susan L. , Delnatte Pauline , Guo Jianhua , Heatley J. Jill , Tizard Ian , Smith Dale A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn 2008, avian bornaviruses (ABV) were identified as the cause of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is a significant condition of captive parrots first identified in the late 1970s. ABV infection has subsequently been shown to be widespread in wild waterfowl across the United States and Canada where the virus infects 10–20% of some populations of ducks, geese and swans. In most cases birds appear to be healthy and unaffected by the presence of the virus; however, infection can also result in severe non-suppurative encephalitis and lesions similar to those seen in parrots with PDD. ABVs are genetically diverse with seven identified genotypes in parrots and one in canaries. A unique goose genotype (ABV-CG) predominates in waterfowl in Canada and the northern United States. ABV appears to be endemic in North American waterfowl, in comparison to what appears to be an emerging disease in parrots. It is not known whether ABV can spread between waterfowl and parrots. The discovery of ABV infection in North American waterfowl suggests that European waterfowl should be evaluated for the presence of ABV, and also as a possible reservoir species for Borna disease virus (BDV), a related neurotropic virus affecting horses and sheep in central Europe. Although investigations have suggested that BDV is likely derived from a wildlife reservoir, for which the shrew and water vole are currently prime candidates, we suggest that the existence of other mammalian and avian reservoirs should not be discounted.
Hybrid bounds for automorphic forms on ellipsoids over number fields
Authors: Blomer Valentin , Michel Philippe 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe prove upper bounds for Hecke–Laplace eigenfunctions on certain Riemannian manifolds $X$ of arithmetic type, uniformly in the eigenvalue and the volume of the manifold. The manifolds under consideration are $d$-fold products of $2$-spheres or $3$-spheres, realized as adelic quotients of quaternion algebras over totally real number fields. In the volume aspect we prove a (‘Weyl-type’) saving of $\mathrm{vol} \hspace{0.167em} (X)^{- 1/ 6+ \varepsilon } $.
Soil properties in organic olive orchards following different weed management in a rolling landscape of Andalusia, Spain
Authors: Soriano María-Auxiliadora , Álvarez Sonia , Landa Blanca B. , Gómez José A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis study evaluated the most significant physical, chemical and biological soil properties from a group of organic olive farms located in a typical olive-growing area of Andalusia, Spain, after 5 or more years since the shift from conventional to organic farming, and compared soils with those in nearby undisturbed (U) natural areas. Two soil management systems implemented in these organic olive farms to control weeds, tillage (T), characterized by non-inverting-shallow tillage in spring, and mechanical mowing (M), were compared and evaluated against the U areas. Organic olive orchards showed similar productivity (average fruit yield of 3130 kg ha−1 yr−1) as the conventional, rain-fed olive groves in the same area, with no significant differences due to soil management systems. Soil properties in the olive orchards (i.e. texture, pH, organic carbon (C), organic nitrogen (N), C:N ratio, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable potassium) were in the suitable range for olive farming in both soil managements, although organic C and N, saturated hydraulic conductivity and available water-holding capacity (AWC) of the soil were lower than in the U areas. A principal component analysis (PCA) for soil properties in topsoil (0–10 cm depth) distinguished the T from M olive orchards and U areas, and determined organic C and N as the most significant soil properties to characterize them. Average values of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks for the surface layer (0–10 cm depth) were 18.6, 59.3 and 67.8 Mg ha−1, for T and M soil management systems and U areas, respectively. This indicates that the sustainability of organic olive orchards could be significantly improved by shifting to M soil management to decrease soil erosion and depletion of SOC.
SOME REMARKS ON SUPPLEMENTATION PRINCIPLES IN THE ABSENCE OF ANTISYMMETRY
Authors: OBOJSKA LIDIA 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn response to the paper by Cotnoir and Bacon published in RSL 2/2012, we would like to add some remarks regarding supplementation principles. It is known that in a classical mereology, the Strong Supplementation Principle (SSP) together with antisymmetry enforces the Weak Supplementation Principle (WSP). Instead, in the nonwellfounded mereology, the failure of extensionality causes the failure of antisymmetry (Cotnoir, 2010), hence the investigated model is also nonantisymmetric. Cotnoir supposes that the failure of antisymmetry implies the failure of (WSP) when (PP1) is applied, however gives no explicit argument, which we would like to supply in this paper. Additionally, when (PP2) is applied, (SSP) implies (WSP), hence the failure of antisymmetry does not necessarily imply the failure of (WSP).
Eastern Religions and Attitude toward Direct Democracy in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Wen-Chun 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWhile direct democracy is a practical form of self-determination in the political process, the value system stemming from a given country's social and cultural factors has been argued to be critical in shaping citizens' preferences for a political institution. This article investigates the relationship between religion and the attitude toward direct democracy for the case of Taiwan, an East Asian country where most people are affiliated with Buddhism, Taoism, and folk religions. Unlike Western countries dominated by Judeo-Christianity, some arguments indicate that value systems emphasizing collectivities, social cohesion, and obedience to authorities in East Asian countries are inconsistent with the fundamental value of democratic norms based on individual rights and self-determination. If this is the case, then social and cultural factors are incompatible to democratic development in East Asian societies. Nevertheless, this argument has not been adequately supported by empirical studies. By using data from the Taiwan Social Change Survey 2004, the findings from this study suggest that affiliations with Buddhism, Taoism, and folk religions are positively associated with the agreement of using a referendum in political decision making. The ideological orientation stemming from these Eastern religions plays an important role in enhancing democratic values and the positive attitudes toward referendum.
Faith-based Organizations and Welfare State Retrenchment in Sweden: Substitute or Complement?
Authors: Fridolfsson Charlotte , Elander Ingemar 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLocal governments in Europe are facing difficulties in meeting citizens' demands for welfare provision. This opens new opportunities for profit as well as non-profit providers of social welfare. Faith-based organizations (FBOs) are one type of non-governmental organizations addressed by governments to complement or replace parts of public welfare provision. This article gives some examples of FBOs in action as providers of welfare in a European context, with a particular focus on Sweden. Following the introduction, the second part locates the phenomenon of FBOs within the scholarly debate about secularism/post-secularism as related to multi-level governance. The third part gives an overview of potential roles of FBOs in welfare provision combating poverty and social exclusion, illustrated by a few examples from European contexts. Focus in the fourth part is upon the role of FBO engagement in Sweden as developing after World War II. It is concluded that no system is all encompassing in catering to those who suffer from poverty and social exclusion. There will always be a need for the competence and avant-garde role potentially provided by FBOs. However, due to historical circumstances FBOs in Sweden have been, and still are, complementary rather than an outright alternative to public welfare provision.
Methanotrophic bacteria in oilsands tailings ponds of northern Alberta
Authors: Saidi-Mehrabad Alireza , He Zhiguo , Tamas Ivica , Sharp Christine E , Brady Allyson L , Rochman Fauziah F , Bodrossy Levente , Abell Guy C J , Penner Tara , Dong Xiaoli , Sensen Christoph W , Dunfield Peter F 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
We investigated methanotrophic bacteria in slightly alkaline surface water (pH 7.4–8.7) of oilsands tailings ponds in Fort McMurray, Canada. These large lakes (up to 10 km2) contain water, silt, clay and residual hydrocarbons that are not recovered in oilsands mining. They are primarily anoxic and produce methane but have an aerobic surface layer. Aerobic methane oxidation was measured in the surface water at rates up to 152 nmol CH4 ml−1 water d−1. Microbial diversity was investigated via pyrotag sequencing of amplified 16S rRNA genes, as well as by analysis of methanotroph-specific pmoA genes using both pyrosequencing and microarray analysis. The predominantly detected methanotroph in surface waters at all sampling times was an uncultured species related to the gammaproteobacterial genus Methylocaldum, although a few other methanotrophs were also detected, including Methylomonas spp. Active species were identified via 13CH4 stable isotope probing (SIP) of DNA, combined with pyrotag sequencing and shotgun metagenomic sequencing of heavy 13C-DNA. The SIP-PCR results demonstrated that the Methylocaldum and Methylomonas spp. actively consumed methane in fresh tailings pond water. Metagenomic analysis of DNA from the heavy SIP fraction verified the PCR-based results and identified additional pmoA genes not detected via PCR. The metagenome indicated that the overall methylotrophic community possessed known pathways for formaldehyde oxidation, carbon fixation and detoxification of nitrogenous compounds but appeared to possess only particulate methane monooxygenase not soluble methane monooxygenase.
Biogeography of bacterial communities exposed to progressive long-term environmental change
Authors: Logares Ramiro , Lindström Eva S , Langenheder Silke , Logue Jürg B , Paterson Harriet , Laybourn-Parry Johanna , Rengefors Karin , Tranvik Lars , Bertilsson Stefan 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The response of microbial communities to long-term environmental change is poorly understood. Here, we study bacterioplankton communities in a unique system of coastal Antarctic lakes that were exposed to progressive long-term environmental change, using 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rDNA gene (V3–V4 regions). At the time of formation, most of the studied lakes harbored marine-coastal microbial communities, as they were connected to the sea. During the past 20 000 years, most lakes isolated from the sea, and subsequently they experienced a gradual, but strong, salinity change that eventually developed into a gradient ranging from freshwater (salinity 0) to hypersaline (salinity 100). Our results indicated that present bacterioplankton community composition was strongly correlated with salinity and weakly correlated with geographical distance between lakes. A few abundant taxa were shared between some lakes and coastal marine communities. Nevertheless, lakes contained a large number of taxa that were not detected in the adjacent sea. Abundant and rare taxa within saline communities presented similar biogeography, suggesting that these groups have comparable environmental sensitivity. Habitat specialists and generalists were detected among abundant and rare taxa, with specialists being relatively more abundant at the extremes of the salinity gradient. Altogether, progressive long-term salinity change appears to have promoted the diversification of bacterioplankton communities by modifying the composition of ancestral communities and by allowing the establishment of new taxa.
The effect of exercise intensity on coincidence anticipation performance at different stimulus speeds
Authors: Duncan Michael , Smith Mike , Lyons Mark 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of exercise intensity on coincidence anticipation timing [CAT] performance at different stimulus speeds. Fourteen young adults (11 males and 3 females) volunteered to participate in the study following ethical approval. After familiarisation, coincidence anticipation was measured using the Bassin Anticipation Timer under three conditions: rest, moderate‐intensity and high‐intensity exercise with stimulus speeds of 3, 5 and 8 mph, set using an incremental running protocol until the participants reached a steady state of 70% and 90% of heart rate reserve (HRR), respectively. Results indicated a significant exercise intensity×stimulus speed interaction (p=0.0001) for absolute error (AE). There were no significant differences in AE across exercise intensities at a stimulus speed of 3 mph (p>0.05). AE was poorer during high‐intensity exercise (90% HRR) compared to rest (p=0.022), and moderate‐intensity (70% HRR) exercise (all, p=0.004 or better) at 5 and 8 mph. Variable error (VE) was similar across exercise intensities at stimulus speeds of both 3 and 5 mph (p>0.05). At a stimulus speed of 8 mph, VE was significantly poorer during high‐intensity exercise compared to rest (p=0.006) and moderate‐intensity exercise (p=0.008). There were no significant differences for constant error (p>0.05) across exercise intensities or stimulus speeds. High‐intensity exercise is associated with poorer CAT performance. However, stimulus speed plays a key role within this association where faster stimulus speeds were associated with a more marked decrease in coincidence anticipation performance.
Redistributive Taxation in the Roy Model*
Authors: Rothschild Casey , Scheuer Florian 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
We consider optimal redistribution in a model where individuals can self-select into one of several possible sectors based on heterogeneity in a multidimensional skill vector. We first show that when the government does not observe the sectoral choice or underlying skills of its citizens, the constrained Pareto frontier can be implemented with a single nonlinear income tax. We then characterize this optimal tax schedule. If sectoral inputs are complements, a many-sector model with self-selection leads to optimal income taxes that are less progressive than the corresponding taxes in a standard single-sector model under natural conditions. However, they are more progressive than in canonical multisector economies with discrete types and without occupational choice or overlapping sectoral wage distributions.
Advances in exploiting preferred orientation in the structure analysis of polycrystalline materials
Authors: Grässlin Jürgen , McCusker Lynne B. , Baerlocher Christian , Gozzo Fabia , Schmitt Bernd , Lutterotti Luca 
Published: December 2012

In an attempt to overcome the reflection overlap problem, which is the primary hindrance to structure determination from powder diffraction data, an experimental approach that exploits preferred orientation was developed some years ago. Now both the experimental setup and the data analysis procedure have been optimized, with the result that the quality of the extracted reflection intensities has been improved significantly and the synchrotron beamtime required for the data collection reduced. The one-dimensional Si microstrip detector Mythen II on the Materials Science beamline at the Swiss Light Source and new features in the data analysis softwareMAUD[Lutterotti, Matthies & Wenk (1999).IUCr Commission on Powder Diffraction Newsletter, No. 21, pp. 14–15] have made these improvements possible. The main changes in the experimental setup are (1) using an optimized set of sample orientations, (2) placing the detector such that both positive and negative 2θ angles are measured simultaneously, and (3) introducing an additional sample tilt angle, to measure data that cannot be accessed otherwise. On the data analysis side, the programMAUDis now used for both the determination of the orientation of the crystallites and the intensity extraction. The evaluation of data obtained from a textured zirconium phosphate pyridinium sample shows a significant improvement in the reliability of the structure factor amplitudes derived from overlapping reflections.
A similarity study of content‐based image retrieval system for breast cancer using decision tree
Authors: Cho Hyun‐chong , Hadjiiski Lubomir , Sahiner Berkman , Chan Heang‐Ping , Helvie Mark , Paramagul Chintana , Nees Alexis V. 
Published: December 2012

Purpose:We are developing a decision tree content‐based image retrieval (DTCBIR) CADx system to assist radiologists in characterization of breast masses on ultrasound images.Methods:Three DTCBIR configurations, including decision tree with boosting (DTb), decision tree with full leaf features (DTL), and decision tree with selected leaf features (DTLs) were compared. For DTb, features of a query mass were combined first into a merged feature score and then masses with similar scores were retrieved. For DTL and DTLs, similar masses were retrieved based on the Euclidean distance between feature vectors of the query and those of selected references. For each DTCBIR configuration, we investigated the use of full feature set and subset of features selected by the stepwise linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and simplex optimization method, resulting in six retrieval methods and selected five, DTb‐lda, DTL‐lda, DTb‐full, DTL‐full, and DTLs‐full, for the observer study. Three MQSA radiologists rated similarities between the query mass and computer‐retrieved three most similar masses using nine‐point similarity scale (9 = very similar).Results:For DTb‐lda, DTL‐lda, DTb‐full, DTL‐full, and DTLs‐full, averageAz values were 0.90 ± 0.03, 0.85 ± 0.04, 0.87 ± 0.04, 0.79 ± 0.05, and 0.71 ± 0.06, respectively, and average similarity ratings were 5.00, 5.41, 4.96, 5.33, and 5.13, respectively.Conclusions:The DTL‐lda is a promising DTCBIR CADx configuration which had simple tree structure, good classification performance, and highest similarity rating.
Evaluation of superficial dosimetry between treatment planning system and measurement for several breast cancer treatment techniques
Authors: Akino Yuichi , Das Indra J. , Bartlett Gregory K. , Zhang Hualin , Thompson Elizabeth , Zook Jennifer E. 
Published: December 2012

Purpose:Dosimetric accuracy in radiation treatment of breast cancer is critical for the evaluation of cosmetic outcomes and survival. It is often considered that treatment planning systems (TPS) may not be able to provide accurate dosimetry in the buildup region. This was investigated in various treatment techniques such as tangential wedges, field‐in‐field (FF), electronic compensator (eComp), and intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).Methods:Under Institutional Review Board (IRB) exemption, radiotherapy treatment plans of 111 cases were retrospectively analyzed. The distance between skin surface and 95% isodose line was measured. For measurements, Gafchromic EBT2 films were used on a humanoid unsliced phantom. Multiple layers of variable thickness of superflab bolus were placed on the breast phantom and CT scanned for planning. Treatment plans were generated using four techniques with two different grid sizes (1 × 1 and 2.5 × 2.5 mm2) to provide optimum dose distribution. Films were placed at different depths and exposed with the selected techniques. A calibration curve for dose versus pixel values was also generated on the same day as the phantom measurement was conducted. The DICOM RT image, dose, and plan data were imported to the in‐house software. On axial plane of CT slices, curves were drawn at the position where EBT2 films were placed, and the dose profiles on the lines were acquired. The calculated and measured dose profiles were separated by check points which were marked on the films before irradiation. The segments of calculated profiles were stretched to match their resolutions to that of film dosimetry.Results:On review of treatment plans, the distance between skin and 95% prescribed dose was up to 8 mm for plans of 27 patients. The film measurement revealed that the medial region of phantom surface received a mere 45%–50% of prescribed dose. For wedges, FF, and eComp techniques, region around the nipple received approximately 80% of prescribed dose, although only IMRT showed inhomogeneous dose profile. At deeper depths mainly (6–11 mm depths), film dosimetry showed good agreement with the TPS calculation. In contrast, the measured dose at a 3‐mm depth was higher than TPS calculation by 15%–30% for all techniques. For the tangential and IMRT techniques, 1 × 1 mm2 grid size showed a smaller difference than that with a 2.5 × 2.5 mm2 grid size compared to the measurements.Conclusions:In general, TPS even with advanced algorithms do not provide accurate dosimetry in the buildup region, as verified by EBT2 film for all treatment techniques. For all cases, TPS and measured doses were in agreement from 6 mm in depth but differed at shallower depths. Grid size plays an important role in dose calculation. For accurate dosimetry small grid size should be used where differences are lower between TPS and measurements.