bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tau phosphorylation and tau mislocalization mediate soluble Aβ oligomer‐induced AMPA glutamate receptor signaling deficits
Authors: Miller Eric C. , Teravskis Peter J. , Dummer Benjamin W. , Zhao Xiaohui , Huganir Richard L. , Liao Dezhi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn our previous studies, phosphorylation‐dependent tau mislocalization to dendritic spines resulted in early cognitive and synaptic deficits. It is well known that amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers cause synaptic dysfunction by inducing calcineurin‐dependent AMPA receptor (AMPAR) internalization. However, it is unknown whether Aβ‐induced synaptic deficits depend upon tau phosphorylation. It is also unknown whether changes in tau can cause calcineurin‐dependent loss of AMPARs in synapses. Here, we show that tau mislocalizes to dendritic spines in cultured hippocampal neurons from APPSwe Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐transgenic mice and in cultured rat hippocampal neurons treated with soluble Aβ oligomers. Interestingly, Aβ treatment also impairs synaptic function by decreasing the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). The above tau mislocalization and Aβ‐induced synaptic impairment are both diminished by the expression of AP tau, indicating that these events require tau phosphorylation. The phosphatase activity of calcineurin is important for AMPAR internalization via dephosphorylation of GluA1 residue S845. The effects of Aβ oligomers on mEPSCs are blocked by the calcineurin inhibitor FK506. Aβ‐induced loss of AMPARs is diminished in neurons from knock‐in mice expressing S845A mutant GluA1 AMPA glutamate receptor subunits. This finding suggests that changes in phosphorylation state at S845 are involved in this pathogenic cascade. Furthermore, FK506 rescues deficits in surface AMPAR clustering on dendritic spines in neurons cultured from transgenic mice expressing P301L tau proteins. Together, our results support the role of tau and calcineurin as two intermediate signaling molecules between Aβ initiation and eventual synaptic dysfunction early in AD pathogenesis.
Causal evidence supporting functional dissociation of verbal and spatial working memory in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Authors: Fried Peter J. , Rushmore Richard J. , Moss Mark B. , Valero‐Cabré Antoni , Pascual‐Leone Alvaro 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is crucial for monitoring and manipulating information in working memory, but whether such contributions are domain‐specific remains unsettled. Neuroimaging studies have shown bilateral dlPFC activity associated with working memory independent of the stimulus domain, but the causality of this relationship cannot be inferred. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has the potential to test whether the left and right dlPFC contribute equally to verbal and spatial domains; however, this is the first study to investigate the interaction of task domain and hemisphere using offline rTMS to temporarily modulate dlPFC activity. In separate sessions, 20 healthy right‐handed adults received 1 Hz rTMS to the left dlPFC and right dlPFC, plus the vertex as a control site. The working memory performance was assessed pre‐rTMS and post‐rTMS using both verbal‐’letter’ and spatial‐’location’ versions of the 3‐back task. The response times were faster post‐rTMS, independent of the task domain or stimulation condition, indicating the influence of practice or other nonspecific effects. For accuracy, rTMS of the right dlPFC, but not the left dlPFC or vertex, led to a transient dissociation, reducing spatial, but increasing verbal accuracy. A post‐hoc correlation analysis found no relationship between these changes, indicating that the substrates underlying the verbal and spatial domains are functionally independent. Collapsing across time, there was a trend towards a double dissociation, suggesting a potential laterality in the functional organisation of verbal and spatial working memory. At a minimum, these findings provide human evidence for domain‐specific contributions of the dlPFC to working memory and reinforce the potential of rTMS to ameliorate cognition.
Identifying geographic hot spots of reassortment in a multipartite plant virus
Authors: Savory Fiona R. , Varma Varun , Ramakrishnan Uma 
Published: April 2014

AbstractReassortment between different species or strains plays a key role in the evolution of multipartite plant viruses and can have important epidemiological implications. Identifying geographic locations where reassortant lineages are most likely to emerge could be a valuable strategy for informing disease management and surveillance efforts. We developed a predictive framework to identify potential geographic hot spots of reassortment based upon spatially explicit analyses of genome constellation diversity. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we examined spatial variation in the potential for reassortment among Cardamom bushy dwarf virus (CBDV; Nanoviridae, Babuvirus) isolates in Northeast India. Using sequence data corresponding to six discrete genome components for 163 CBDV isolates, a quantitative measure of genome constellation diversity was obtained for locations across the sampling region. Two key areas were identified where viruses with highly distinct genome constellations cocirculate, and these locations were designated as possible geographic hot spots of reassortment, where novel reassortant lineages could emerge. Our study demonstrates that the potential for reassortment can be spatially dependent in multipartite plant viruses and highlights the use of evolutionary analyses to identify locations which could be actively managed to facilitate the prevention of outbreaks involving novel reassortant strains.
Language Use in the Foreign Language Classroom
Authors: Thompson Gregory L. , Harrison Katie 
Published: April 2014

AbstractStudents' first and target language are often used by both teachers and students during instruction in the foreign language classroom (Levine, 2011). In this study, the frequency of and reasons for students' and teachers' use of English or Spanish were analyzed using video recordings of 40 class sessions taught by eight randomly selected Spanish 102 teachers and by eight randomly selected Spanish 202 teachers. All of the videos were transcribed, and a word count was made to determine the overall use of Spanish and English by the students and teachers. The relationship between the number of code‐switches by teachers and students and the overall use of Spanish and English in the classroom were analyzed. Finally, the code‐switches between languages were categorized and counted to determine if students or teachers initiated the switch and under what circumstances, as well as the influence of code‐switching on the interlocutor's subsequent language choice. The results indicate that teacher‐initiated code‐switches had the most influence on students' subsequent language choice and that teachers code‐switched more often, even though students used a higher overall percentage of the first language. In addition, there was a strong positive relationship between the number of code‐switches and the overall use of Spanish and English during instruction.
Focused Instruction in Spanish Syllabification
Authors: Kilpatrick Cynthia D. , Pierce Lori McLain 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIt is well established that learners transfer sounds from their first to their second language when speaking (see Major, 2008, and references therein). Recent work also indicates that learners may transfer their perception of sounds from the first to the second language. In some cases, errors in production and perception are explicitly corrected due to problems with miscommunication. On the other hand, when such errors do not lead to direct misunderstandings, the errors may be left uncorrected, which may lead to fossilization. This article examines a salient characteristic of English‐accented Spanish: putting two adjacent vowels in hiatus rather than producing them as a diphthong. Data show that a simple treatment based on direct negative evidence of syllabification can significantly improve learners' knowledge of these Spanish sound sequences.
A meta‐analysis on pyrogenic organic matter induced priming effect
Authors: Maestrini Bernardo , Nannipieri Paolo , Abiven Samuel 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) is considered an important soil carbon (C) sink. However, there are evidences that its addition to soil may induce a priming effect (PE) thus influencing its C abatement potential. The direction, the size and the mechanisms responsible for PyOM induced PE are far from being understood. We collected approximately 650 data points from 18 studies to analyse the characteristics of the PE induced by PyOM. The database was divided between the PE induced on the native soil organic matter and on fresh organic matter. Most of the studies were short‐term incubation therefore the projections of findings on the long term may be critical. Our findings indicate that over 1 year PyOM induces an average positive PE of 0.3 mg C g−1 soil on native soil organic matter and a PE of approximately the same size but opposite direction on fresh organic matter. We studied the correlation of PE with several properties of soil, of the added PyOM, and time after PyOM addition. We found that PyOM primes positively the native soil organic matter in the first 20 days while negative PE appears in a later stage. Negative PE was correlated with the soil C content. PyOM characterized by a low C content induced a higher positive PE on native soil organic carbon. No correlation was found between the factors record in our database and the PE induced on the fresh organic matter. We reviewed the mechanisms proposed in literature to explain PE and discussed them based on findings from our meta‐analysis. We believe that the presence of a labile fraction in PyOM may trigger the activity of soil microorganisms on the short term and therefore induce a positive PE, while on the long term PyOM may induce a negative PE by promoting physical protection mechanisms.
The Graphic Transcript: Poaching Comic Book Grammar for Inscribing the Visual, Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Action
Authors: Laurier Eric 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA brief review is presented of existing forms of transcription of talk that incorporate visual, spatial and temporal elements. The most common forms use text and a line‐by‐line‐based system, and conversation analytic transcripts have been successful in making a number of other features of talk visible. The desire of geographers to draw upon video recordings and time‐lapse photography has lead to time‐series images being used to bring those visual materials into documents. The graphic transcript is proposed as an alternative form of transcription that hybridises the qualities and evidentiary criteria of the transcript with the representational conventions of the comic strip. The comic strip itself has recently been undergoing a period of experimentation and hybridisation with other forms. The graphic transcript brings together familiar comic strip features such as panels, guttering, speech bubbles and captions with the transcript's criteria of providing an evidentiary record of earlier events that is available for re‐inspection and re‐interpretation by other analysts.
Enhanced computed tomography after partial nephrectomy in early postoperative period to detect asymptomatic renal artery pseudoaneurysm
Authors: Takagi Toshio , Kondo Tsunenori , Tajima Tsuyoshi , Campbell Steven C , Tanabe Kazunari 
Published: April 2014

ObjectivesWe systematically examined the incidence and potential implications of renal artery pseudoaneurysm occurring after partial nephrectomy detected by computed tomography screening in the early postoperative period.MethodsBetween January and December 2012, 117 patients underwent enhanced screening computed tomography on the fourth postoperative day after partial nephrectomy to evaluate for renal artery pseudoaneurysm. The size of the renal artery pseudoaneurysm and follow‐up imaging were utilized to decide on pre‐emptive angioembolization. Patient characteristics, tumor specifics and surgical data were analyzed.ResultsA total of 17 of 117 patients (15%) were found to have renal artery pseudoaneurysm on early postoperative computed tomography. Renal artery pseudoaneurysm occurred in nine of 73 open partial nephrectomy patients (12.3%) and eight of 44 laparoscopic partial nephrectomy patients (18.2%). One early patient experienced a postoperative bleed on postoperative day 9 after diagnosis of a 3.5‐mm diameter renal artery pseudoaneurysm on postoperative day 3, and this patient was successfully managed with angioembolization. There were no other postoperative bleeding episodes. Rapid growth of a renal artery pseudoaneurysm was observed in a second patient who was treated with pre‐emptive angioembolization. Five patients were diagnosed with small renal artery pseudoaneurysm (2–4 mm) on postoperative day 4 and observed with follow‐up imaging showing resolution of the renal artery pseudoaneurysm. Another 10 patients were diagnosed with larger renal artery pseudoaneurysm (≥4 mm) and were managed with pre‐emptive angioembolization.ConclusionsEarly postoperative computed tomography screening is able to detect modest rates of asymptomatic renal artery pseudoaneurysm. The rate of postoperative bleed remained low with a policy of selective angioembolization. Renal artery pseudoaneurysm size and interval enlargement might indicate the risk of rupture. Further studies are required to assess the potential role of pre‐emptive angioembolization.
Shaping the repertoire of tumor‐infiltrating effector and regulatory T cells
Authors: Savage Peter A. , Leventhal Daniel S. , Malchow Sven 
Published: April 2014

SummaryMany tumors express antigens that can be specifically or selectively recognized by T lymphocytes, suggesting that T‐cell‐mediated immunity may be harnessed for the immunotherapy of cancer. However, since tumors originate from normal cells and evolve within the context of self‐tissues, the immune mechanisms that prevent the autoimmune attack of normal tissues function in parallel to restrict anti‐tumor immunity. In particular, the purging of autoreactive T cells and the development of immune‐suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) are thought to be major barriers impeding anti‐tumor immune responses. Here, we discuss current understanding regarding the antigens recognized by tumor‐infiltrating T‐cell populations, the mechanisms that shape the repertoire of these cells, and the role of the transcription factor autoimmune regulator (Aire) in these processes. Further elucidation of these principles is likely to be critical for optimizing emerging cancer immunotherapies, and for the rational design of novel therapies exhibiting robust anti‐tumor activity with limited toxicity.
Genetic and epigenetic basis of Treg cell development and function: from a FoxP3‐centered view to an epigenome‐defined view of natural Treg cells
Authors: Morikawa Hiromasa , Sakaguchi Shimon 
Published: April 2014

SummaryNaturally occurring regulatory T (nTreg) cells, which specifically express the transcription factor Forkhead box protein P3 (FoxP3), are indispensable for the maintenance of immunological self‐tolerance and homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that developing nTreg cells in the thymus acquire a Treg‐specific and stable hypomethylation pattern in a limited number of genes, which encode key molecules including FoxP3, essential for Treg cell function. This epigenetic change is acquired via T‐cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, beginning prior to FoxP3 expression. The Treg‐specific DNA hypomethylated regions generally act as gene enhancers in steady state nTreg cells, contributing to the stable expression of Treg function‐associated key genes including Ctla4, Il2ra, and Ikzf4 in addition to Foxp3. Upon TCR stimulation of mature nTreg cells, FoxP3 strongly represses many genes including Il2, contributing to Treg suppressive activity. Thus, the Treg‐specific epigenome alteration can determine the heritable Treg‐specific gene network including Foxp3 regulation. Considering physiological presence of non‐suppressive FoxP3+ T cells in the immune system and loss of FoxP3 in Treg cells under certain immunological conditions, functional nTreg cells can be more accurately defined as a T‐cell subpopulation possessing the Treg‐type epigenome, rather than FoxP3+ T cells. This epigenome‐based definition of Treg cells would enable better understanding of functional stability, plasticity, and heterogeneity of Treg cells.
Skin‐to‐skin contact: multicultural perspectives on birth fluids and birth ‘dirt’
Authors: Finigan V. , Long T. 
Published: April 2014

AimTo explore the experiences of women from three population groups of immediate skin‐to‐skin contact (SSC) with their newborn babies.MethodA mixed methods approach was adopted in a phenomenological study to elicit the experiences of English, Pakistani and Bangladeshi women. Audiotaped diaries, semi‐structured interviews, photographs and video recordings were employed. Concept mapping was central to data analysis.ResultsThis paper reports novel findings that women contextualized and accepted secretions and bodily fluids from birth. This contradicts the beliefs of midwives that Asian women find bodily secretions abhorrent and culturally unacceptable. All participants reported positive experiences of SSC despite varying degrees of soiling from birth fluids.LimitationsThe study was conducted in a single setting, and participants may not have been representative of others in their cultural groups. Third‐party translation may have added an unsought layer of interpretation. The imposition of cultural expectations by peers in the recruitment process excluded some potential participants.ConclusionStereotypical assumptions about cultural background often characterize professional responses. When this stereotyping was put aside, women of all three cultures, whether breastfeeding or bottle‐feeding, were able to enjoy SSC with their babies.Implications for Nursing and Health PolicyThe findings suggest that changes will be needed in professional practice to be more open to women's expressed preferences, in local policy to ensure that choices are made clear and are available, and in national strategic direction to ensure widespread adoption of positive practices for opportunities to increase breastfeeding, promote parent–child bonding and support patient choice to be realized.
Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in selected countries
Authors: Bruggmann P. , Berg T. , Øvrehus A. L. H. , Moreno C. , Brandão Mello C. E. , Roudot‐Thoraval F. , Marinho R. T. , Sherman M. , Ryder S. D. , Sperl J. , Akarca U. , Balık İ. , Bihl F. , Bilodeau M. , Blasco A. J. , Buti M. , Calinas F. , Calleja J. L. , Cheinquer H. , Christensen P. B. , Clausen M. , Coelho H. S. M. , Cornberg M. , Cramp M. E. , Dore G. J. , Doss W. , Duberg A. S. , El‐Sayed M. H. , Ergör G. , Esmat G. , Estes C. , Falconer K. , Félix J. , Ferraz M. L. G. , Ferreira P. R. , Frankova S. , García‐Samaniego J. , Gerstoft J. , Giria J. A. , Gonçales F. L. , Gower E. , Gschwantler M. , Guimarães Pessôa M. , Hézode C. , Hofer H. , Husa P. , Idilman R. , Kåberg M. , Kaita K. D. E. , Kautz A. , Kaymakoglu S. , Krajden M. , Krarup H. , Laleman W. , Lavanchy D. , Lázaro P. , Marotta P. , Mauss S. , Mendes Correa M. C. , Müllhaupt B. , Myers R. P. , Negro F. , Nemecek V. , Örmeci N. , Parkes J. , Peltekian K. M. , Ramji A. , Razavi H. , Reis N. , Roberts S. K. , Rosenberg W. M. , Sarmento‐Castro R. , Sarrazin C. , Semela D. , Shiha G. E. , Sievert W. , Stärkel P. , Stauber R. E. , Thompson A. J. , Urbanek P. , van Thiel I. , Van Vlierberghe H. , Vandijck D. , Vogel W. , Waked I. , Wedemeyer H. , Weis N. , Wiegand J. , Yosry A. , Zekry A. , Van Damme P. , Aleman S. , Hindman S. J. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryChronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading indicator for liver disease. New treatment options are becoming available, and there is a need to characterize the epidemiology and disease burden of HCV. Data for prevalence, viremia, genotype, diagnosis and treatment were obtained through literature searches and expert consensus for 16 countries. For some countries, data from centralized registries were used to estimate diagnosis and treatment rates. Data for the number of liver transplants and the proportion attributable to HCV were obtained from centralized databases. Viremic prevalence estimates varied widely between countries, ranging from 0.3% in Austria, England and Germany to 8.5% in Egypt. The largest viremic populations were in Egypt, with 6 358 000 cases in 2008 and Brazil with 2 106 000 cases in 2007. The age distribution of cases differed between countries. In most countries, prevalence rates were higher among males, reflecting higher rates of injection drug use. Diagnosis, treatment and transplant levels also differed considerably between countries. Reliable estimates characterizing HCV‐infected populations are critical for addressing HCV‐related morbidity and mortality. There is a need to quantify the burden of chronic HCV infection at the national level.
How Do Policies Affect the Exit Rate out of Unemployment? Disentangling Job Creation from Labour Market Frictions
Authors: Murtin Fabrice , de Serres Alain 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper assesses the effects of labour market policies on the unemployment outflow rate while disentangling two channels, namely labour market tightness and employer–employee matching efficiency. Using a sample of 11 OECD countries over the period 1985–2007, we treat the endogeneity of market tightness with business cycle shocks and the tax wedge as instruments. We find that the replacement rate of unemployment benefits, Active Labour Market Policies as well as the tax wedge in countries with poorly representative unions, have a significant, robust, and large impact on market tightness. Employment protection has a negative but small impact on matching efficiency. Overall, policy effects appear to be mostly channeled through market tightness and job creation.