bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple growth of garnet, sillimanite/kyanite and monazite during amphibolite facies metamorphism: implications for theP–T–tand tectonic evolution of the western Altai Range, Mongolia
Authors: Nakano N. , Osanai Y. , Owada M. , Satish‐Kumar M. , Adachi T. , Jargalan S. , Yoshimoto A. , Syeryekhan K. , Boldbaatar CH. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFour amphibolite facies pelitic gneisses from the western Mongolian Altai Range exhibit multistage aluminosilicate formation and various chemical‐zoning patterns in garnet. Two of them contain kyanite in the matrix and sillimanite inclusions in garnet, and the others have kyanite inclusions in garnet with sillimanite or kyanite in the matrix. The Ca‐zoning patterns of the garnet are different in each rock type. U–Th–Pb monazite geochronology revealed that all rock units experienced ac. 360 Ma event, and three of them were also affected by ac. 260 Ma event. The variations in the microstructures and garnet‐zoning profiles are caused by the differences in the (i) whole‐rock chemistry, (ii) pressure conditions during garnet growth atc. 360 Ma and (iii) equilibrium temperatures atc. 260 Ma. The garnet with sillimanite inclusions records an increase in pressure at low‐P(~5.2–7.2 kbar) and moderate temperature conditions (~620–660 °C) atc. 360 Ma. The garnet with kyanite inclusions in the other rock types was also formed during an increase in pressure but at higher pressure conditions (~7.0–8.9 kbar at ~600–640 °C). The detrital zircon provenance of all the rock types is similar and is consistent with that from the sedimentary rocks in the Altai Range, suggesting that the provenance of all the rock types was a surrounding accretionary wedge. One possible scenario for the different thermal gradient is Devonian ridge subduction beneath the Altai Range, as proposed by several researchers. The subducting ridge could have supplied heat to the accretionary wedge and elevated the geotherm atc. 360 Ma. The differences in the thermal gradients that resulted in varying progradeP–Tpaths might be due to variations in the thermal regimes in the upper plate that were generated by the subducting ridge. Thec. 260 Ma event is characterized by a relatively high‐T/Pgradient (~25 °C km−1) and may be due to collision‐related granitic activity and re‐equilibrium at middle crustal depths, which caused the variations in the aluminosilicates in the matrix between the rock units.
Local sample thickness determination via scanning transmission electron microscopy defocus series
Authors: BEYER A. , STRAUBINGER R. , BELZ J. , VOLZ K. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe usable aperture sizes in (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) have significantly increased in the past decade due to the introduction of aberration correction. In parallel with the consequent increase of convergence angle the depth of focus has decreased severely and optical sectioning in the STEM became feasible. Here we apply STEM defocus series to derive the local sample thickness of a TEM sample. To this end experimental as well as simulated defocus series of thin Si foils were acquired. The systematic blurring of high resolution high angle annular dark field images is quantified by evaluating the standard deviation of the image intensity for each image of a defocus series. The derived dependencies exhibit a pronounced maximum at the optimum defocus and drop to a background value for higher or lower values. The full width half maximum (FWHM) of the curve is equal to the sample thickness above a minimum thickness given by the size of the used aperture and the chromatic aberration of the microscope. The thicknesses obtained from experimental defocus series applying the proposed method are in good agreement with the values derived from other established methods. The key advantages of this method compared to others are its high spatial resolution and that it does not involve any time consuming simulations.
Phosphorus detection in vitrified bacteria by cryo‐STEM annular dark‐field analysis
Authors: WOLF SHARON GRAYER , REZ PETER , ELBAUM MICHAEL 
Published: July 2015

SummaryBacterial cells often contain dense granules. Among these, polyphosphate bodies (PPBs) store inorganic phosphate for a variety of essential functions. Identification of PPBs has until now been accomplished by analytical methods that required drying or chemically fixing the cells. These methods entail large electron doses that are incompatible with low‐dose imaging of cryogenic specimens. We show here that Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) of fully hydrated, intact, vitrified bacteria provides a simple means for mapping of phosphorus‐containing dense granules based on quantitative sensitivity of the electron scattering to atomic number. A coarse resolution of the scattering angles distinguishes phosphorus from the abundant lighter atoms: carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. The theoretical basis is similar to Z contrast of materials science. EDX provides a positive identification of phosphorus, but importantly, the method need not involve a more severe electron dose than that required for imaging. The approach should prove useful in general for mapping of heavy elements in cryopreserved specimens when the element identity is known from the biological context.
Identification of long noncoding RNAs dysregulated in the midbrain of human cocaine abusers
Authors: Bannon Michael J. , Savonen Candace L. , Jia Hui , Dachet Fabien , Halter Steven D. , Schmidt Carl J. , Lipovich Leonard , Kapatos Gregory 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMaintenance of the drug‐addicted state is thought to involve changes in gene expression in different neuronal cell types and neural circuits. Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in particular mediate numerous responses to drugs of abuse. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate CNS gene expression through a variety of mechanisms, but next to nothing is known about their role in drug abuse. The proportion of lncRNAs that are primate‐specific provides a strong rationale for their study in human drug abusers. In this study, we determined a profile of dysregulated putative lncRNAs through the analysis of postmortem human midbrain specimens from chronic cocaine abusers and well‐matched control subjects (n = 11 in each group) using a custom lncRNA microarray. A dataset comprising 32 well‐annotated lncRNAs with independent evidence of brain expression and robust differential expression in cocaine abusers is presented. For a subset of these lncRNAs, differential expression was validated by quantitative real‐time PCR and cellular localization determined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Examples of lncRNAs exhibiting DA cell‐specific expression, different subcellular distributions, and covariance of expression with known cocaine‐regulated protein‐coding genes were identified. These findings implicate lncRNAs in the cellular responses of human DA neurons to chronic cocaine abuse.
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Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate the expression of protein‐coding genes, but little is known about their potential role in drug abuse. In this study, we identified lncRNAs differentially expressed in human cocaine abusers' midbrains. One up‐regulated antisense lncRNA, tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 3‐interacting protein 2‐antisense 1 (TRAF3IP2‐AS1), was found predominantly in the nucleus of human dopamine (DA) neurons, whereas the related TRAF3IP2 protein‐coding transcript was distributed throughout these cells. The abundances of these transcripts were significantly correlated (left) suggesting that TRAF3IP2‐AS1 may regulate TRAF3IP2 gene expression, perhaps through local chromatin changes at this locus (right).
Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) in comparison with stimulated emission depletion (STED) and other imaging methods
Authors: Tam Johnny , Merino David 
Published: July 2015

AbstractStochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy are two super‐resolution optical microscopy approaches that have rapidly gained popularity in recent years. Both modalities offer super‐resolution imaging capabilities with the potential for imaging in multiple colors, three‐dimensions, and the possibility to image in live cells. In this review, we focus on the specific advantages and disadvantages of each technique in the context of each other. STORM has been reported to achieve higher spatial resolution when compared to STED, but a lengthy acquisition may be required. STED utilizes relatively higher laser intensities, but is able to generate a super‐resolution image immediately after acquisition without the need for any additional data processing. Ultimately, the choice between STORM and STED will depend not only on the specific application, but also on the users' ability to understand and optimize the various parameters ranging from sample preparation to image acquisition, which determine the quality of the final image.
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Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) and stimulated emission depletion (STED) are two super‐resolution microscopy approaches that have rapidly gained popularity in recent years. STORM is based on the precise localization of a large number of individual molecules that together form a super‐resolved image (bottom), whereas STED is based on the scanning of two super‐imposed light sources which together allow for a super‐resolved spot on the sample to be imaged (top). We discuss the specific advantages and disadvantages of each technique and explain the various parameters that affect image quality, which should be taken into consideration when planning experiments.
Environmental correlates of phenotypic variation: do variable tidal regimes influence morphology in intertidal seaweeds?
Authors: Mueller Rebecca , Fischer Andrew M. , Bolch Christopher J. S. , Wright Jeffrey T. 
Published: July 2015

Seaweed morphology is often shaped by the hydrodynamic environment. However, exposure to air at low tide represents an additional factor potentially affecting the morphology of intertidal species. Here, we examined the relationships between the morphology of Hormosira banksii, an important intertidal habitat‐forming seaweed in southern Australia, and environmental factors across multiple spatial scales around the island of Tasmania, Australia. Tasmania is surrounded by a diverse coastline with differences in wave exposure, tidal parameters, and temperature. We sampled Hormosira from four regions (100s km apart), three sites (10s km apart) within each region, and two zones (meters apart; eulittoral and sublittoral) at each site, and measured multiple morphological variables to test for differences in morphology at those different spatial scales. Thirteen environmental variables reflecting wave exposure, tidal conditions, and temperature for each site were generated to assess the relationship between Hormosira morphology and environmental variation. Morphology varied at all spatial scales examined. Most notably, north coast individuals had a distinct morphology, generally having smaller vesicles and shorter fronds, compared to other regions. Tidal conditions were the main environmental factors separating north coast sites from other sites and tidal regime was identified as the best predictor of morphological differences between regions. In contrast to other studies, we found little evidence that wave exposure was associated with morphological variation. Overall, our study emphasizes the role of tidal conditions, associated with emersion stress during low tide, in affecting the morphology of intertidal seaweeds.
Economic Development and the Effectiveness of Foreign Aid: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Edwards Sebastian 
Published: July 2015

SummaryIn this paper I discuss the effectiveness of foreign aid from a historical perspective. I show that foreign aid is a relatively new concept in economics, and I emphasize the role of exchange rate policies in the foreign aid controversies of the 1970s through 1990s. I show that in the early 1980s there were major changes in views regarding aid and agriculture. I emphasize the role of “ownership” of aid programs by the recipient countries as a way of increasing effectiveness. I argue that there is little hope of making progress in these debates if the economics profession continues to rely, almost exclusively, on cross section regressions. In order to move forward, these analyses need to be supplemented by in depth case studies that follow a country's history for many decades.
Happy Moves? Assessing the Link between Life Satisfaction and Emigration Intentions
Authors: Ivlevs Artjoms 
Published: July 2015

SummaryIt has been shown that higher levels of subjective well‐being lead to greater work productivity, better physical health and enhanced social skills. Because of these positive externalities, policymakers across the world should be interested in attracting and retaining happy and life‐satisfied migrants. This paper studies the link between life satisfaction and one's intentions to move abroad. Using survey data from 35 European and Central Asian countries, I find a U‐shaped association between life satisfaction and emigration intentions: it is the most and the least life‐satisfied people who are the most likely to express intentions to emigrate. This result is found in countries with different levels of economic development and institutional quality. The instrumental variable results suggest that higher levels of life satisfaction have a positive effect on the probability of reporting intentions to migrate. The findings of this paper raise concerns about possible ‘happiness drain’ in migrant‐sending countries.
SMART‐1 end of life shallow regolith impact simulations
Authors: Burchell M. J. , Cole M. J. , Ramkissoon N. K. , Wozniakiewicz P. J. , Price M. C. , Foing B. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe SMART‐1 end‐of‐life impact with the lunar surface was simulated with impacts in a two stage light‐gas gun onto inclined basalt targets with a shallow surface layer of sand. This simulated the probable impact site, where a loose regolith will have overlaid a well consolidated basaltic layer of rock. The impact angles used were at 5° and 10° from the horizontal. The impact speed was ~2 km s−1 and the projectiles were 2.03 mm diameter aluminum spheres. The sand depth was between approximately 0.8 and 1.8 times the projectile diameter, implying a loose lunar surface regolith of similar dimensions to the SMART‐1 spacecraft. A crater in the basement rock itself was only observed in the impact at 10° incidence, and where the depth of loose surface material was less than the projectile diameter, in which case the basement rock also contained a small pit‐like crater. In all cases, the projectile ricocheted away from the impact site at a shallow angle. This implies that at the SMART‐1 impact site the crater will have a complicated structure, with exposed basement rock and some excavated rock displaced nearby, and the main spacecraft body itself will not be present at the main crater.
Rome III functional dyspepsia subdivision in PDS and EPS: recognizing postprandial symptoms reduces overlap
Authors: Carbone F. , Holvoet L. , Tack J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe Rome III consensus proposed to subdivide functional dyspepsia (FD) into two groups: meal‐related dyspepsia or postprandial distress syndrome (PDS), and meal‐unrelated dyspepsia or epigastric pain syndrome (EPS). However, in clinical practice, overlap between both has been reported to be as high as 50%, thereby hampering clinical applicability. Although EPS is referred to as meal‐unrelated dyspepsia, relationship of symptoms to meal ingestion in this category is not formally addressed in the Rome III criteria. The aim of our study was to investigate whether taking into account the relationship of epigastric pain and nausea to meal ingestion may help to improve separation between EPS and PDS.MethodsConsecutive ambulatory tertiary‐care patients with epigastric symptoms filled out Rome III gastro‐duodenal questionnaires with supplementary questions. Those fulfilling Rome III FD criteria and a negative endoscopy were identified and subdivided into ‘pure’ PDS patients (i.e., meeting criteria for PDS without EPS symptoms), ‘pure’ EPS (i.e., meeting criteria for EPS without PDS symptoms), and overlapping PDS‐EPS (i.e., symptoms of both PDS and EPS).Key ResultsOut of 1029 patients coming to endoscopy, 199 patients (73% females, 45.9 ± 1.0 years, BMI: 23.7 ± 0.35) fulfilled Rome III FD diagnostic criteria, and could be subdivided into pure PDS (69% females, 49 ± 2 years, BMI: 24.2 ± 0.61), pure EPS (59% females, 47.4 ± 2 years, BMI: 23.2 ± 0.97) and overlapping PDS‐EPS (64% females, age 43 ± 5 years, BMI: 26 ± 0.46). Compared with pure EPS patients, the overlap PDS‐EPS patients were characterized by a higher occurrence of postprandial epigastric pain (70% vs 31%, p < 0.0001), while the occurrence of epigastric pain in between meals was borderline (48% vs 38%, p = 0.05). In addition, the overlap PDS‐EPS patients reported a higher occurrence of postprandial nausea (23% vs 0%, p < 0.0001), and bloating (79% vs 28%, p = 0.0001). When postprandial epigastric pain and postprandial nausea were considered as PDS symptoms, the ‘adapted’ subdivision identified 48% pure PDS, 16% pure EPS, and 36% overlapping PDS‐EPS patients.Conclusions & InferencesEPS and PDS symptoms frequently coexist in FD patients, with postprandial symptoms substantially contributing to the overlap. A more rigorous linking of postprandially occurring symptoms to PDS, regardless of their qualitative nature, may improve the separation between PDS and EPS.
Widespread flower color convergence in Solanaceae via alternate biochemical pathways
Authors: Ng Julienne , Smith Stacey D. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryPhenotypic convergence is rampant throughout the tree of life. While recent studies have made significant progress in ascertaining the proximate mechanisms underlying convergent phenotypes, less is known about the frequency and predictability with which convergent phenotypes arise via the same or multiple pathways at the macroevolutionary scale.We investigated the proximate causes and evolutionary patterns of red flower color in the tomato family, Solanaceae, using large‐scale data mining and new sequence data to reconstruct a megaphylogeny of 1341 species. We then combined spectral and anatomical data to assess how many times red flowers have evolved, the relative contribution of different pathways to independent origins of red, and whether the underlying pathway is predicted by phylogenetic relatedness.We estimated at least 30 relatively recent origins of red flowers using anthocyanins, carotenoids, or a dual production of both pigments, with significant phylogenetic signal in the use of anthocyanins and dual production, indicating that closely related red‐flowered species tend to employ the same mechanism for coloration.Our study is the first to test whether developmental pathways exhibit phylogenetic signal and implies that historical contingency strongly influences the evolution of new phenotypes.
Windows of opportunity for physical activity in the prevention of obesity
Authors: Street S. J. , Wells J. C. K. , Hills A. P. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryTackling increasing rates of obesity is likely to be a defining feature of health care over the next several decades. Adult obesity is a persistent and treatment‐resistant problem. Consequently, an emerging theme in the literature is to commence prevention efforts earlier in the developmental time course. This view is based primarily on epidemiological data demonstrating a link between traits manifesting early during development and increased obesity risk in adulthood. Physical activity is a perennial factor in discussions of obesity prevention. However, the optimal timing and type of physical activity interventions to commence remains unclear. Critical developmental windows of plasticity may afford time‐limited opportunities to shape body composition across the life course; however, physical activity has not been explicitly considered in these discussions. Although animal models suggest that physical activity commenced earlier in development has differential effects on obesity onset compared to physical activity commenced in adulthood, human research is lacking. In this conceptual review, we consider physical activity during critical developmental periods as a way to mitigate obesity risk later in life.
‘On one's own strength’ Healthcare providers’ experience with introducing Marte Meo Counselling in dementia care
Authors: Lykkeslet Else , Gjengedal Eva , Skrondal Torill , Storjord May‐Britt 
Published: July 2015

AimThe aim of the present action research study was to investigate the healthcare providers’ experiences with introducing Marte Meo Counselling (MMC) in a dementia‐specific care unit.BackgroundResearch on the use of MMC shows that healthcare providers saw the patients’ resources and needs more clearly and achieved increased awareness of their own skills.Design and methodAn action‐oriented research including a three‐phase strategy was applied: the mapping phase, the intervention phase and the evaluation phase. During the 5‐month mapping phase, two researchers conducted participant observation of a total of 50 hours. The intervention phase consisted of lectures, clinical supervision in MMC and seven reflection groups and lasted 12 months. In the six‐month evaluation phase, participant observation of a total of 48 hours was conducted. Four focus group interviews took place during the whole study period of 2 years.ResultsThe staff went through a process of change described by the following themes: from challenging behaviour to challenging interaction; from generalised skills to contextualised relational care; and from personal challenges to a professional community.ConclusionsAs a result of MMC, the healthcare providers realised the value of taking into account the patients’ context in dementia care and of being active participants in the patients’ world. The focus changed from regarding challenging behaviour as symptoms of a disorder to being a challenge to interaction.Implications for practiceMarte Meo Counselling should be combined with continuous reflection to improve healthcare providers’ interaction with people who live with dementia. The reflection groups gave the caregivers an opportunity for discussions that would otherwise be impossible in their busy everyday life.