bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethnic Gloss
Authors: Trimble Joseph E. , Bhadra Madhura 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
An ethnic gloss is an overgeneralization or simplistic categorical label used to refer to ethnocultural groups such as American Indians, Asian Americans, Hispanics, African Americans, and other nationalistic or indigenous groups where unique cultural and ethnic differences found among group members are ignored. An ethnic gloss presents the illusion of homogeneity where none exists, and therefore may be a superficial, almost vacuous, categorization that provides little or no information on the existence of numerous subgroups characterized by distinct lifeways and thoughtways. It is a sorting device that has little to do with the richness and cultural variation within ethnocultural groups that also guides a group member's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Furthermore, use of a broad ethnic gloss to describe an ethnocultural group can generate biased and flawed scientific research outcomes, and may promote stereotypes. Such sweeping references to ethnocultural groups are gross misrepresentations, and use of an ethnic gloss can violate scientific tenets concerning external validity, the ability to generalize findings across subgroups within an ethnic category, and erode any likelihood of an accurate and efficient replication of research results. This entry provides examples of the use of ethnic gloss, and recommendations for more adequate identification and sampling of research participants from diverse ethnocultural groups.
Ethnicity
Authors: Marcelo Ana Kamille , Huynh Que‐Lam 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Ethnicity is commonly used to distinguish differences in cultural values, beliefs, and traditions among groups from different geographical and/or national origins who may also differ in phenotypic features. The values, beliefs, and traditions that define ethnicity are passed between generations and create unique characteristics of that ethnic group, setting it apart from other groups. The environment shared by ethnic group members, the society that governs it, and the group members themselves affect the way these values, beliefs, and traditions develop and change over time.
Ethnolinguistics
Authors: Lamberghini‐West Alicia 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEthnolinguistics, or cultural linguistics, refers to the intermingling of ethnology and linguistics, and is a discipline which studies the relation between language and culture, especially how different cultural groups perceive, interpret, and put reality into words. This scientific field of study involves the branch of anthropology calledethnology, which investigates the social aspects of cultural groups, comparing and drawing distinctions between them; andlinguistics, the scientific discipline that studies language – the systematic study of any language that focuses on its structure (e.g., units, rules that command the association of units).
Evidence‐Based Psychotherapy
Authors: Tanaka‐Matsumi Junko 
Published: October 2013

AbstractQuestions regarding efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy have generated empirical research since the publication of call for scientific research on psychotherapy effectiveness. Recent reviews of research findings clearly indicate that psychotherapy is effective and that approximately 75% of those who enter psychotherapy benefit from it. Earlier, pioneered a culturally oriented definition of psychotherapy as a procedure that is sociocultural in its ends and interpersonal in its means practiced within an explicit and implicit cultural context.
Face‐Negotiation Conflict Theory
Authors: Ting‐Toomey Stella 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe root of the face‐negotiation (FN) conflict theory was influenced anthropological essay “The Chinese Concept of ‘Face’, ” sociological article “On Face‐Work,” and Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson's linguistics monograph “Politeness.” The face‐negotiation conflict theory, developed by Stella Ting‐Toomey in the human communication studies discipline, explains the culture‐based, individual‐based, and situational‐based factors that shape communicators’ tendencies in approaching conflicts. It is viewed as a cross‐cultural conflict communication theory due to its focus on a comparative analysis of how members of individualistic and collectivistic cultural systems handle diverse conflict situations.
Filipino Psychology (
Sikolohiyang Pilipino
)
Authors: Yacat Jay 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Filipino psychology (
sikolohiyang Pilipino
in Filipino) is the scientific study of psychology derived from the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of the Filipinos. Virgilio G. Enriquez, considered the father of
sikolohiyang Pilipino
, identified the following as the subject matter of this formal indigenous psychology:
kamalayan
or consciousness, which includes both emotive and cognitive experience;
ulirat
or awareness of one's immediate surroundings;
isip
, which refers to knowledge and understanding;
diwa
, which includes habits and behavior;
kalooban
or emotions or feelings; and
kaluluwa
or psyche, which translates to soul of a people.
Foreign Language Acquisition
Authors: Ju. Chebotareva Elena 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Among the problems of intercultural communication the issues of
foreign (second) language acquisition
(FLA/SLA) have a special place. People frequently encounter problems in intercultural communication caused by a lack of linguistic resources or communication skills suitable for interacting with speakers of foreign languages. Modern methods of foreign language teaching consider their major goal the formation of intercultural competence.
Georgas, James Demetrios
Authors: Keith Kenneth D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
James Georgas received the B.S. (1956) and M.S. (1957) from Purdue University, and the Ph.D. in psychology from Loyola University of Chicago (1964). From 1964 to 1969 he was chairman of the psychology department at Pierce College and director of the test development program at the Athenian Institute of Anthropos, both in Athens, Greece. Following two years in Chicago, Georgas returned to Athens, serving on the psychology faculty of Deree‐Pierce College from 1971 to 1981, and then professor of social psychology at the University of Athens, 1981 to 2002, where he is currently professor emeritus. Throughout his career, Georgas has focused his research on the relation between culture and psychological phenomena.
Globalization
Authors: Menon Usha 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Globalization is generally defined as both a speeding up and an intensification in the interconnectedness between peoples and regions. It involves, therefore, an escalation in the rate at which people, goods, capital, images and ideologies travel across national and cultural boundaries. Several observers view the globalization occurring today as an irresistible and overwhelming force that is fundamentally re‐ordering the human experience of space and time. Thus, the social theorist talked of “time‐space compression” to describe the ways in which advances in modern technology and electronic communications have resulted in time annihilating space, such that people, irrespective of their geographical locations, can share experiences and participate in events at the same instant in time. However, we must remember that in all the hype that surrounds globalization, there remain parts of the world – and this applies to Africa more than anywhere else – that are excluded from global networks; these places are the “black holes” of today's globalized world.
Gratitude
Authors: Naito Takashi 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Historically, gratitude has played an important role in major religious thought, including that of Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. For example, we find “gratitude to God” in the Bible and in the Koran. In Buddhism, gratitude is important because it indicates the understanding that all people and other beings in the world live interdependently, which is a central doctrine.
Grief Therapy Across Cultures
Authors: Vazquez Carmen Inoa 
Published: October 2013

AbstractGrief therapy (as distinct from grief counseling) is the application of specific techniques that focus on helping grieving persons identify and resolve conflicts with separation that interfere with resolution of abnormal or complicated grief reactions that continue unresolved through time. Grief counseling, on the other hand, uses focused techniques that facilitate the process of normal or uncomplicated grieving, alleviate suffering, and help the griever to move on to adjustment within a reasonable amount of time.
Guthrie, George M
Authors: Keith Kenneth D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
George M. Guthrie was born in Paris, Ontario in Canada on September 3, 1924. Following graduation from the University of Western Ontario in 1946, he went on to complete the Ph.D. in clinical psychology in 1949 at the University of Minnesota, where Paul Meehl was his supervisor. He then became a member of the psychology faculty at Pennsylvania State University, where he remained until he retired and became professor emeritus in 1988.
Hall, Edward T
Authors: Miller Richard L. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Edward T. Hall was born in Webster Grove, Missouri in 1914, but grew up in the American Southwest. As a young man in the 1930s, Hall worked on the Navajo and Hopi reservations, building roads and dams with Native American construction crews. In 1942, he earned a Ph.D. in anthropology at Columbia University. The foundation for his lifelong research on cultural influences on space perception was laid during World War II when he served in the U.S. Army in Europe and the Philippines as an officer with an African American regiment. During the 1950s he worked for the Foreign Service Institute teaching intercultural communications skills to foreign service personnel. At this time, Hall developed the concept of “high context” and “low context” cultures. Hall held academic positions at the University of Denver, Bennington College, Harvard Business School, the Illinois Institute of Technology, and Northwestern University.
Heine, Steven J
Authors: Keith Kenneth D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Steven J. Heine (b. 1966) completed work for the B.A. in psychology with a minor in Japanese at the University of Alberta in 1989. He subsequently spent two years teaching English in a school in an isolated Japanese town where he was the first foreign worker. His experience in Japan convinced Heine that much of the mainstream psychology he had learned as a student in Canada did not generalize to the Japanese people. This experience led to an interest in the cultural foundations of psychology – a subject he studied at the University of British Columbia upon his return to Canada in 1991.
Heterostereotypes
Authors: Pastor Silvia C. , Fuentes Milton A. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Heterostereotype refers to a group's perception of another group's members’ traits, characteristics, or values with a tendency to define others as rigid ethnic characterizations and strong generalizations about group membership. Different national or cultural assumptions can be described as either simple or projected. A simple heterostereotype asserts egocentric statements making claims regarding another group (i.e., “
We think they are
…”). On the other hand, projected heterostereotypes are centered in emotional assumptions of another group's self‐perception or identity (i.e., “
We believe that they think they are
…”). Heterostereotypes suggest more about one's identity than about the stranger, even more than the autostereotype, while the autostereotype, or a group's views about the traits or characteristics of its own members, is more differentiated than the heterostereotype, with dominating positive attributes.
Hierarchical Linear Modeling
Authors: Vauclair Christin‐Melanie 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) is an extension of linear regression analysis that allows analyzing variance in a dependent variable at multiple hierarchical levels. It is known by various names in the literature, such as multilevel analysis (or multilevel modeling), random coefficient model, mixed‐effects model and covariance components model. It is a statistical regression approach that is used when data have a hierarchical or so‐called nested or clustered structure which means that observations at one level of analysis are nested within observations at another level. In cross‐cultural research, the hierarchical structure consists usually of individuals (referred to as level 1 or individual level) who are nested within a specific country or culture (level 2 or country level), which requires a two‐level analysis. The outcome variable is then measured at the individual level and predictor variables can be used at both the individual and country level. A particular characteristic of multilevel modelling is that it takes into account the error associated with sampling at each level (e.g., individuals and countries) of analysis.
Identity Conflict
Authors: Ward Colleen 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Our current understanding of identity conflict has its roots in theories of psychosocial development and James. Erikson postulated eight stages of ego development, each stage characterized by conflict between two alternatives (e.g., trust versus mistrust, initiative versus guilt). The fifth stage, occurring during adolescence, is defined by the tensions between identity and role confusion. During this period young people ponder questions such as “who am I?” and “how do I fit in?” Those who manage conflict and emerge from this stage with a strong sense of identity are equipped to face adulthood in a mature and confident manner.
Illusions
Authors: Phillips William L. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

An
illusion
occurs when there is a discrepancy between our perception of a stimulus and the true physical properties of that stimulus as they exist in the real world. An example is shown in Figure 1. The “pop‐out” rectangle appears brighter than the rest of the background, though the light reflecting off the page is physically the same intensity. For this reason, the outline of the rectangle is referred to as a
subjective contour
. Illusions may appear in any modality (sense), and researchers have suggested that they are due in some instances to physiology (such as lateral inhibition) and in other instances to over‐emphasis of depth or size cues.
Independent Self‐Construal
Authors: Dean Kristy K. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Self‐construal refers to a person's perception of the self in relation to others. A self‐definition that emphasizes one's personal attributes, including traits (e.g., “I am outgoing”), preferences (“I like surrealist art”), abilities (“I am a good listener”), and feeling states (“I get bored easily”) constitutes an
independent
self‐construal. By constructing an identity based largely on one's constellation of stable, internal characteristics, independent self‐construals encourage perceiving the self as consistent across situations and fundamentally different and separate from others, even relationship partners and ingroup members. In this sense, an independent self‐construal involves thinking about “me” in the singular rather than “we.”
Indigenous Behavioral Health in Eastern Africa
Authors: Mathews Judith R. , Wasanga Christine 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn Africa, the number of traditional healers far outnumbers Western‐trained doctors by as much as 10:1. In fact, it is estimated that 80% of rural health needs in Kenya are met by traditional healers. This is due in part to long‐held traditions in African communities and in part due to the lack of Western‐trained medical practitioners. Given the low physician:patient ratio, it is important for Western‐trained practitioners to understand and collaborate with traditional healers. With the onset of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa, there is even greater utilization of traditional healers. Recognizing this fact, the World Health Organization published a traditional medicine strategy proposing national policies to ensure quality care by traditional healers.
Indigenous Organizations
Authors: Simon Andrew F. , Kayongo‐Mutebi Alice 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Indigenous organizations are those that represent the culture from which they have emerged. Representation comes in multiple forms. They may be structured in a manner that mirrors the culture's hierarchy, strive toward goals characteristic of the culture, or operate according to procedures consistent with cultural norms. A broad view of the social dynamics in and around indigenous organizations is necessary for understanding, as they are inseparably linked to the history and politics of a region.
Information Processing and Culture
Authors: Dyke, Darci Van , Campbell John , Richard Ferraro F. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

When we deal with information, we do so in steps. One way to think of this is to picture the process of acquiring, retaining, and using information as an activity called information processing. Information comes from the outside world into the sensory registers of the human brain. This sensory input is processed by various parts of our brain, and some of the information is integrated and enters into consciousness. We usually refer to this information and our awareness of it as perception. We are not consciously aware of most of the things we perceive, becoming aware of them only if we consciously direct our attention to them. When we do focus our attention on this information, it is temporarily stored in our
working memory
.
Institutional Discrimination
Authors: Goldstein Susan B. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractInstitutional discrimination refers to the formal and informal practices, policies, and laws of organizations that systematically privilege certain groups and disadvantage others. The concept of institutional discrimination is an expansion of the term institutional racism, which was introduced in 1967 by American civil rights activists Stokely Carmichael (a.k.a. Kwame Ture) and Charles V. Hamilton in their book,Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America. Institutional discrimination affects a wide variety of groups, including those based on race and ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, age, disability, national origin, immigrant status, socioeconomic status, and ancestral caste.
Intelligence – General, Emotional, Multiple
Authors: Srivastava Ashok K. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIntelligence is a core construct in psychological theory and practice around which a plethora of theoretical and applied work has grown. For more than half of the twentieth century, intelligence was conceptualized largely as ability for abstract cognitive reasoning and problem solving in a relatively decontextualized framework. The predominant psychometric tradition fostered the attempt to quantify mental abilities in terms of a lone “intelligence quotient” (IQ). In recent years, however, the notion of IQ has been questioned for several reasons, such as equivocality, non‐linearity, and unidimensionality. The one‐dimensional nature of intelligence was challenged by the unfolding of research on several related concepts (e.g., wisdom, multiple intelligence, social intelligence, emotional intelligence) which point to diversity in intelligence. Different metaphors (e.g., geographic, computational, biological, epistemological, anthropological, sociological, systems) lead to diverse ways of conceptualizing the acquisition and use of knowledge. Intelligence is now viewed as “the mental abilities necessary for adaptation to, as well as shaping and selection of, any environmental context”. This perspective suggests that intelligence cannot be divorced from the sociocultural milieu within which behavior occurs. Indeed, as early as 1911 Franz Boas argued that basic intelligence may well be the same among all people, but its manifestations vary with the individual's experience.
Internalized Oppression
Authors: Chao Ruth Chu‐Lien , Berger Ben 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Oppression includes two types: external oppression and internalized oppression. External oppression is the unjust exercise of authority and power by one group over another and includes imposing one group's belief system, values, and life ways on another group. Therefore, oppression should be viewed from the perspective of social justice. External oppression refers to a group's use of policy to force another group to accept unjust rules. Yet, external oppression may become internalized oppression when the oppressed group comes to believe and act as if the oppressor's belief system, values, and life ways are reality. Cloaked in normalcy, the internalized oppression may be adopted by racial minority people without their conscious awareness of doing so.
Kağitçibaşi, Çiğdem
Authors: Abi‐Hashem Naji , D'Angelo Kimberly J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractÇiğdem Kağitçibaşi is a leading scholar within the field of cross‐cultural psychology. Her contributions have brought international attention to such disenfranchised groups as impoverished mothers and children and parenting and education in a cross‐cultural context. Her mother was a teacher in Turkey, leading Kağitçibaşi to an interest in education and social issues. Born in 1940 in Istanbul, Turkey, her passion for social commitment began at an early age. Her interest in education was based on the premise of social and societal change within the nation of Turkey. In the course of her education, her academic focus shifted to the field of psychology, with an initial interest in clinical psychology. However, she soon began to believe that the theories, methods, and teachings of psychoanalysis and clinical psychology were not sufficiently rigorous nor relevant for the solution of societal issues. These concerns led her to the field of social psychology. Later in her academic career, she turned her focus to the areas of the cross‐cultural and developmental psychology, which she felt were more socially relevant and open to cultural analysis.
Kitayama, Shinobu
Authors: Keith Kenneth D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Shinobu Kitayama is Robert B. Zajonc Collegiate Professor of Psychology and director of the Center for Culture, Mind, and the Brain at the University of Michigan. A native of Japan, born in Shizuoka in 1957, he attended Kyoto University (B.A. 1979, M.A. 1981) before moving to the United States, where he completed the Ph.D. in social psychology at the University of Michigan (1987). Following five years at the University of Oregon, he returned to Kyoto University, remaining there from 1993 to 2003, when he moved to the University of Michigan.
LeVine, Robert A
Authors: White Jill 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Robert LeVine's first work among the Gusii in Kenya, part of Beatrice and John Whiting's Six Culture study, prepared him for a life of prodigious fieldwork and theory building. He has returned to Kenya multiple times, and that research has been followed by work in Nigeria, Mexico, Nepal, Zambia, and Venezuela. “Bob” LeVine (b. 1932) began his graduate career at the University of Chicago, but left there in 1953 when he found no one to support his interest in psychological anthropology. The Kardiner and Linton seminars at Columbia were ending, and so LeVine chose Harvard University where he studied anthropology under Fred Eggan and psychoanalysis under David M. Schneider.
Lifespan Development
Authors: Padakannaya Prakash 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAccording to most developmental scientists, development can be studied scientifically as a continuous process which begins at conception and continues until death. This field of study, concerned with the lifetime process of development, is known as lifespan development. As a scientific discipline the study of lifespan development includes description, explanation, and prediction of changes as well as stability in physical, psychosocial, and cognitive domains during one's entire life period.