bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Habitat‐mediated carry‐over effects lead to context‐dependent outcomes of species interactions
Authors: Van Allen Benjamin G. , Rudolf Volker H. W. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryWhen individuals disperse, their performance in newly colonized habitats can be influenced by the conditions they experienced in the past, leading to environmental carry‐over effects. While carry‐over effects are ubiquitous in animal and plant systems, their impact on species interactions and coexistence are largely ignored in traditional coexistence theory.Here we used a combination of modelling and experiments with two competing species to examine when and how such environmental carry‐over effects influence community dynamics and competitive exclusions.We found that variation in the natal habitat quality of colonizing individuals created carry‐over effects which altered competitive coefficients, fecundity and mortality rates, and extinction probabilities of both species. As a consequence, the dynamics of competitive exclusion within and across habitat types was contingent on the natal habitat of colonizing individuals, indicating that spatial carry‐over effects can fundamentally alter the dynamics and outcome of interspecific competition.Interestingly, carry‐over effects persistently influenced dynamics in systems with interspecific competition for the entire duration of the experiment while carry‐over effects were transient and only influenced initial dynamics in single‐species populations. Thus carry‐over effects can be enhanced by species interactions, suggesting that their long‐term effects may often not be accurately predicted by single‐species studies.Given that carry‐over effects are ubiquitous in heterogeneous landscapes, our results provide a novel mechanism that could help explain variation in the structure of natural communities.
Genetic variation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor gene is associated with alcohol use disorders identification test scores and smoking
Authors: Suchankova Petra , Nilsson Staffan , von der Pahlen Bettina , Santtila Pekka , Sandnabba Kenneth , Johansson Ada , Jern Patrick , Engel Jörgen A. , Jerlhag Elisabet 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe multifaceted gut‐brain peptide ghrelin and its receptor (GHSR‐1a) are implicated in mechanisms regulating not only the energy balance but also the reward circuitry. In our pre‐clinical models, we have shown that ghrelin increases whereas GHSR‐1a antagonists decrease alcohol consumption and the motivation to consume alcohol in rodents. Moreover, ghrelin signaling is required for the rewarding properties of addictive drugs including alcohol and nicotine in rodents. Given the hereditary component underlying addictive behaviors and disorders, we sought to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the pre‐proghrelin gene (GHRL) and GHSR‐1a gene (GHSR) are associated with alcohol use, measured by the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) and smoking. Two SNPs located in GHRL, rs4684677 (Gln90Leu) and rs696217 (Leu72Met), and one in GHSR, rs2948694, were genotyped in a subset (n = 4161) of a Finnish population‐based cohort, the Genetics of Sexuality and Aggression project. The effect of these SNPs on AUDIT scores and smoking was investigated using linear and logistic regressions, respectively. We found that the minor allele of the rs2948694 SNP was nominally associated with higher AUDIT scores (P = 0.0204, recessive model) and smoking (P = 0.0002, dominant model). Furthermore, post hoc analyses showed that this risk allele was also associated with increased likelihood of having high level of alcohol problems as determined by AUDIT scores ≥ 16 (P = 0.0043, recessive model). These convergent findings lend further support for the hypothesized involvement of ghrelin signaling in addictive disorders.
The Relational Geographies of Policing and Security
Authors: Yarwood Richard , Paasche Till 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis paper considers the roles of policing and security in the geographies of everyday public and semi‐public space. We contend that while security is concerned with territory, policing relates to place. We consider the relationship between security and territory before examining the relationship between policing and place. In the final section, we argue that a relational view of space is needed to understand how practices of policing and security shape space and, in turn, the lives of people using it.
Evaluation of mycophenolate mofetil or tacrolimus in children with steroid sensitive but frequently relapsing or steroid‐dependent nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Mao Jianhua , Chen Junyi , Fu Haidong , Shen Huijun , Zhu Xiujuan , Liu Aimin , Shu Qiang , Du Lizhong 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimApproximately 30–40% of children with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome have frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome (FRNS) or steroid‐dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS). Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and tacrolimus (TAC) are often alternative treatment choices for these patients.MethodsA single‐center prospective study was conducted to compare the efficacy of MMF or TAC in reducing relapses and maintaining remission in children with FRNS or SDNS. Of the 72 recruited patients, either MMF (20∼30 mg/kg/d, n = 34) or TAC (0.05∼0.15 mg/kg/d, n = 38) was administered for 12 months.ResultsThe mean 6‐month relapse rates decreased from 2.56 episodes before therapy to 0.76 episodes in the first 6 months after therapy (c2 = 44.362, p < 0.001) and 0.67 in the next 6 months (c2 = 37.817, p < 0.001) in the MMF group. In the TAC group, the mean 6‐month relapse rates decreased from 2.39 episodes before therapy to 0.41 episodes in the first 6 months after therapy (c2 = 62.242, p < 0.001) and 0.42 in next 6 months (c2 = 67.482, p < 0.001). No significant difference in the relapse rate was found between the groups (before therapy, c2 = 0.902, p = 0.637; first 6 months, c2 = 5.358, p = 0.147; second 6 months, c2 = 4.089, p = 0.252). And there was also no significant difference in cumulative sustained remission and the incidence of adverse events between two groups.ConclusionsIn combination with low‐dose steroids, MMF or TAC presented similar efficacy in maintaining remission in children with FRNS/SDNS in the present study. Therapy with MMF or TAC is a promising strategy with a moderate risk of side effects in children who are steroid sensitive but have FRNS/SDNS.
Genetic manipulation of cardiac ageing
Authors: Cannon Leah , Bodmer Rolf 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAgeing in humans is associated with a significant increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. We still do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning this correlation. However, a number of insights into which genes control cardiac ageing have come from studying hearts of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. The fly's simple heart tube has similar molecular structure and basic physiology to the human heart. Also, both fly and human hearts experience significant age‐related morphological and functional decline. Studies on the fly heart have highlighted the involvement of key nutrient sensing, ion channel and sarcomeric genes in cardiac ageing. Many of these genes have also been implicated in ageing of the mammalian heart. Genes that increase oxidative stress, or are linked to cardiac hypertrophy or neurodegenerative diseases in mammals also affect cardiac ageing in the fruit fly. Moreover, fly studies have demonstrated the potential of exercise and statins to treat age‐related cardiac disease. These results show the value of Drosophila as a model to discover the genetic causes of human cardiac ageing.
Validation of the Space for Accommodating Wheeled Mobility Devices on Accessible Passenger Rail Cars
Authors: Hunter-Zaworski Kate , Berthelsdorf Friederich , Shurland Melissa 
Published: June 2015

The overall project objectives included the development of accessibility specifications for the single and bi-level cars that can be used by the rail manufacturing industry to produce vehicles for HSR passenger rail. The specific objective included developing “virtual” models of space to accommodate wheeled mobility devices without sacrificing revenue seating. The “virtual” models developed permit both calibration and validation of the recommendations that were submitted to the PRIIA accessibility working group. The working group requested that prior to acceptance of the recommendations that they be validated and calibrated. The use of “virtual” validation tools and models permitted the development, validation and calibration of different spatial configurations and different types of wheeled mobility devices prior to full scale testing. The design wheeled mobility device was a power base. Unoccupied larger scooters were also evaluated for stowage with the assumption that scooter users would transfer to regular train seats.
This project extends the work undertaken in the development of the draft specifications for the Accessibility Working Group. The draft specifications incorporate the increase in the size of both the wheeled mobility devices and occupants as a reflection of the changes in population demographics. The validation work has used the Acela cars to serve as base models for the 2-D and 3-D renderings. These designs are optimized, validated, and calibrated with manikins that represent the 5th and 95th percentile populations on large wheeled mobility devices including; sport manual wheelchairs, power wheelchairs and four wheeled scooters that meet the 30 inch wide by 54 inch long footprint. The large scooter that meets the 30 inch by 54 inch long footprint does not fit inside the accessible restrooms and also compromises seating space in the coach. The powerbase and manual wheelchairs work the current Acela trainsets.
Heavy Haul Coal Car Wheel Load Environment: Rolling Contact Fatigue Investigation
Authors: Cakdi Sabri , Cummings Scott , Punwani John 
Published: June 2015

Railway wheels and rails do not achieve full wear life expectancy due to the combination of wear, plastic deformation, and surface, subsurface, and deep subsurface cracks. Sixty-seven percent of wheel replacement and maintenance in North America is associated with tread damage [1].
Spalling and shelling are the two major types of wheel tread damage observed in railroad operations. Spalling and slid flat defects occur due to skidded or sliding wheels caused by, in general, unreleased brakes. Tread shelling (surface or shallow subsurface fatigue) occurs due to cyclic normal and traction loads that can generate rolling contact fatigue (RCF). Shelling comprises about half of tread damage related wheel replacement and maintenance. The annual problem size associated with wheel tread RCF is estimated to be in the tens of millions of dollars. The total cost includes maintenance, replacement, train delays and fuel consumption.
To study the conditions under which RCF damage accumulates, a 36-ton axle load aluminum body coal car was instrumented with a high accuracy instrumented wheelset (IWS), an unmanned data acquisition (UDAC) system, and a GPS receiver. This railcar was sent to coal service between a coal mine and power plant, and traveled approximately 1,300 miles in the fully loaded condition on each trip. Longitudinal, lateral, and vertical wheel-rail forces were recorded continuously during four loaded trips over the same route using the same railcar and instrumentation. The first two trips were conducted with non-steering 3-piece trucks and the last two trips were conducted with passive steering M-976 compliant trucks to allow comparison of the wheel load environment and RCF accumulation between the truck types. RCF initiation predictions were made using “Shakedown Theory” [2]. Conducting two trips with each set of trucks allowed for analysis of the effects of imbalance speed conditions (cant deficiency or excess cant) at some curves on which the operating speeds varied significantly between trips.
Technical Note: Improvements in geant4 energy‐loss model and the effect on low‐energy electron transport in liquid water
Authors: Kyriakou I. , Incerti S. , Francis Z. 
Published: June 2015

Purpose:The geant4‐DNA physics models are upgraded by a more accurate set of electron cross sections for ionization and excitation in liquid water. The impact of the new developments on low‐energy electron transport simulations by the geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit is examined for improving its performance in dosimetry applications at the subcellular and nanometer level.Methods:The authors provide an algorithm for an improved implementation of the Emfietzoglou model dielectric response function of liquid water used in the geant4‐DNA existing model. The algorithm redistributes the imaginary part of the dielectric function to ensure a physically motivated behavior at the binding energies, while retaining all the advantages of the original formulation, e.g., the analytic properties and the fulfillment of the f‐sum‐rule. In addition, refinements in the exchange and perturbation corrections to the Born approximation used in the geant4‐DNA existing model are also made.Results:The new ionization and excitation cross sections are significantly different from those of the geant4‐DNA existing model. In particular, excitations are strongly enhanced relative to ionizations, resulting in higher W‐values and less diffusive dose‐point‐kernels at sub‐keV electron energies.Conclusions:An improved energy‐loss model for the excitation and ionization of liquid water by low‐energy electrons has been implemented in geant4‐DNA. The suspiciously low W‐values and the unphysical long tail in the dose‐point‐kernel have been corrected owing to a different partitioning of the dielectric function.
ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ ВНУТРІШНЬОУТРОБНОГО СТАНУ У ВАГІТНИХ З ПРЕЕКЛАМПСІЄЮ У ВАГІТНИХ
Authors: Іванов І. І. , Стефанович А. А. 
Published: June 2015

На сьогодні у сучасному акушерстві гостро обговорюється питання прогнозування стану дітей, народжених від матерів, які перенесли під час вагітності прееклампсію різного ступеня тяжкості. <br />Проведено дослідження сурфактант-асоційованих ліпідів та модифікованого альбуміну в амніотичній рідині у вагітних в 3 триместрі вагітності. Встановлено, що між вмістом сурфактант-асоційованих ліпідів та кількістю модифікованого альбуміну існує прямий кореляційний зв'язок, що підтверджує клінічні показники внутрішньоутробного стану плода при прееклампсії різного ступеня тяжкості.<br /><br />
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПАРЕНХІМАТОЗНО-СТРОМАЛЬНИХ ВЗАЄМОВІДНОСИН У МОРФОГЕНЕЗІ ОРГАНІВ ВИДІЛЬНОЇ І ДИХАЛЬНОЇ СИСТЕМ
Authors: Грабовський О. М. , Колесова Н. А. , Масіцька О. О. , Литвиненко В. І. , Сухарєва Н. М. 
Published: June 2015

<p>Вивчено особливості формування епітеліомезенхімної взаємодії в пренатальному морфогенезі нирок і легень плодів білих щурів 14-го, 18-го і 20-го дня розвитку. Встановлено, що для перебігу морфогенетичних процесів в органі, у якому епітелій паренхіми і строма походять із різних зародкових листків, необхідна тісна контактна взаємодія клітинних шарів. У випадку органів, у яких клітини епітелію паренхіми і строми походять із одного зародкового листка, такий тісний контакт не є абсолютно обов’язковим.</p> <p> </p>
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ГІСТОТОПОГРАФІЇ ФУКОЗОКОН’ЮГАТІЇ В НОРМАЛЬНОМУ ЕМБРІОГЕНЕЗІ ПЕРВИННОЇ І ОСТАТОЧНОЇ НИРКИ
Authors: Жарков С. В. , Шаповалова Е. Ю. , Харченко С. В. 
Published: June 2015

<p>Вивчено 114 зародків людини у віці від 21 доби до 12 тижнів внутрішньоутробного розвитку на стадіях послідовно від раннього періоду нервового жолобка до початку дефінітивного плодового періоду. Альфа-L-фукозокон’югати виявляли шляхом обробки серійних зрізів лектином золотого дощу анагіролистного, кон’югованого з перексидазою хріну.Закладка мезонефронів первинно нирки супроводжується помірним накопиченням глікополімерів з кінцевим нередукувальними залишками альфа-L-фукози. Регрес мезонефронів пов’язаний з редукцією фукозокон’югатів в типових місцях локалізації. В остаточній нирці закладка нефронів перших чотирьох генерацій супроводжується аналогічною експресією рецепторів лектину золотого дощу анагіролистного . На 10-й та 11-й тижні виявлено зниження концентрації LABA-позитивних макромолекул описано гістотопографії, що свідчить про регрес нефронів перших двох генерацій кінцево нирки.</p>
Effect of Lower On-Treatment Systolic Blood Pressure on the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Okin Peter M. , Hille Darcy A. , Larstorp Anne Cecilie K. , Wachtell Kristian , Kjeldsen Sverre E. , Dahlöf Björn , Devereux Richard B. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract—
There is a well-established association between hypertension and atrial fibrillation (AF); indeed, even upper normal systolic blood pressures (SBP) are long-term predictors of incident AF. These findings suggest that more aggressive BP control may reduce the risk of new AF. However, whether lower achieved SBP is associated with a lower incidence of AF remains unclear. The risk of new-onset AF was examined in relation to last in-treatment SBP before AF diagnosis or last in-study measurement in the absence of new AF in 8831 hypertensive patients with ECG left ventricular hypertrophy with no history of AF, in sinus rhythm on their baseline ECG, randomly assigned to losartan- or atenolol-based treatment. Patients with in-treatment SBP ≤130 mm Hg (lowest quintile at last measurement) and SBP between 131 and 141 mm Hg were compared with patients with in-treatment SBP ≥142 mm Hg (median SBP at last measurement). During follow-up of 4.6±1.1 years, new-onset AF was diagnosed in 701 patients (7.9%). In multivariate Cox analyses, compared with in-treatment SBP ≥142 mm Hg, in-treatment SBP ≤130 mm Hg entered as a time-varying covariate was associated with a 40% lower risk (95% confidence interval, 18%–55%) and in-treatment SBP of 131 to 141 mm Hg with a 24% lower risk (95% confidence interval, 7%–38%) of new AF. Thus, achieved SBP ≤130 mm Hg is associated with a lower risk of new-onset AF in hypertensive patients with ECG left ventricular hypertrophy. Further study is needed to determine whether targeting hypertensive patients without AF to lower SBP goals can reduce the burden of new AF in this high-risk population.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00338260.
Teoria polityczna Thomasa Hobbesa a teologia reformowana
Authors: Chmielewska Lucyna 
Published: June 2015

Thomas Hobbes’ Political Theory and the Reformed Theology
The purpose of this article is to show the relationships of Hobbes’ political philosophy in Leviathan with the Reformed Theology, including the Covenant Theology. It is reasonable to claim that this philosophy was inspired by religious elements of Calvinism. Although Hobbes is classified as contractual thinker, however, in Leviathan he used the concept of covenant, but defined it as a contract. The concept of covenant is strongly associated with a moral sphere. In the political theory of Hobbes the covenant faithfulness is the basis for policy. The secular nature of Hobbes’ theory, in fact, is based on the moral ground.
Principal component analysis of the information structure of British English and Chinese genres
Authors: Ji Meng 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWhat is a textual genre? How do the genres of typologically different languages differ from each other? How systematic differences of the genre systems reveal variations among languages in terms of the information structure? These are fundamental research questions in contrastive linguistics. The central purpose of this paper is to investigate variations between textual genres of British English and Mandarin Chinese by using large-scale language data bases. The corpus analysis shows that textual genres of the two languages are different from each other systematically, which thus sheds new light on the inherent cognitive and cultural differences between the two language and cultural systems.
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior and Substance use Among Adolescents in Slovenian Urban Area / Telesna Aktivnost, Oblike Sedečega Vedenja In Uživanje Psihoaktivnih Snovi Med Mladostniki V Slovenskem Urbanem Okolju
Authors: Lesjak Vesna , Stanojević-Jerković Olivera 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Background. Studies of the relationship between leisure time physical activity, sedentary behaviour and substance use among adolescents report contradictory results. The aim of our study was to examine the association between self-reported leisure time physical activity, sedentary behaviour and alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use among adolescents in Slovenia.
Methods. Subjects consisted of 822 school children aged from 14 to 16 years, living in urban area of Ljubljana and Maribor. The data was collected using the EURO URHIS 2 survey. Logistic regressions were conducted to assess the correlation between the independent variables of physical activity; time spent watching television and using the computer, and each of the five substance use dependent variables.
Results. Frequency of daily smoking was significantly associated with leisure time physical activity, while alcohol and cannabis use were not. Watching TV ≥ 2 hours per day was associated with heavy episodic drinking in the past month, no associations were found for smoking and cannabis use. Using the computer ≥ 2 hours per day was positively associated with daily smoking, drinking alcohol in the past month, heavy episodic drinking in the past month and ever being intoxicated, while cannabis use was not.
Conclusions. These findings suggest that leisure time physical activity is associated with daily cigarette smoking, and leisure time sedentary behaviour is associated with alcohol and tobacco use among adolescents. The results of our study show the need for the formation of suitable preventive measures concerning reduced sitting time as well as leisure time physical activity targeted to adolescents.
Transfer of Activities from Container Material to Sample in Neutron Activation Analysis
Authors: Brune Dag 
Published: June 2015

Summary
This study concerns an estimation of the amounts of the activities originating from polyethylene and quartz containers transferred to container surface due to the recoil effect in the thermal neutron-capture process, thus causing contamination of the sample. The universal range-energy relationship given by LINDHARD and SCHÄRFT has been applied in the calculations. As regards containers with impurities in the p. p. m. region, the amounts of activities transferred owing to this effect were found to be quite negligible. However, when the containers were rinsed with hydrochloric acid, activities were found to be extracted from depths of the order of magnitude 10-3 and 10-4 cm in the polyethylene and the quartz materials respectively which in some cases necessitates corrections.
Turismo sexual: síntoma de la mercantilización de la vida humana
Authors: Forero Medina Nelson Camilo 
Published: June 2015

<p class="p1">El turismo sexual es una problemática que ha sido estudiada desde diferentes disciplinas o perspectivas. No obstante, los estudios existentes carecen en su gran mayoría de una clara definición sobre lo que se entiende por turismo sexual. Así, el primer objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer una posible definición de tal fenómeno. Con base en esta herramienta teórica y partiendo de la hipótesis de que, en las relaciones entre sujetos de diferentes nacionalidades, la principal categoría en juego es la nación, se examina cómo el proceso del turismo sexual entre las/los locales y las/los extranjeros se desarrolla en tres países: Brasil, Cuba y República Dominicana. De acuerdo con los puntos de intersección observables en este fenómeno entre dichos casos, se muestra de qué manera el cuerpo humano se enajena como producto de la mercantilización transnacional complicando el proceso de determinación de la identidad de género por parte de los sujetos. </p>