bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Resistance to Soybean Aphids in Early Germplasm
Authors: Liu Guangyang , Xing Han , Diao Yanling , Yang Xuefeng , Sun Dan , Wang Qiang , Qi Ning , Lin Hong 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) causes agricultural losses worldwide. Identifying sources of soybean resistance to the soybean aphid is a key strategy in preventing crop damage caused by this pest. Three hundred accessions of cultivated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and two hundred accessions of wild soybean (G. soja) originally from northeastern China were evaluated in 2011 and 2012. The objectives of this study were to identify sources and types of resistance to the soybean aphid in early‐maturing soybean germplasm. First, two preliminary choice tests were performed. Accessions that had been identified as aphid resistant in the two choice tests were simultaneously re‐evaluated in a pot choice test, pot no‐choice test, and field no‐choice test to determine the type of resistance. The results of all tests showed that 4 of the 500 accessions were resistant to the soybean aphid. The results of a confirmation test indicated that the logarithmic value and the damage index 25 d after inoculation of accessions ZDD0326, ZDD0219, ZYD00022, and ZYD00033 were significantly (P < 0.05) different from those of susceptible checks in the pot choice test. Accessions ZDD0219, ZYD00022, and ZYD00033 had significantly lower logarithmic values and significantly lower damage index (DI) values than the susceptible checks in the pot and field no‐choice tests (P < 0.05). Evidence indicated that ZDD0219, ZYD00022, and ZYD00033 have antibiotic resistance, and ZDD0326 has antixenosis resistance.
Evaluation of a Modified Hybrid‐Maize Model Incorporating a Newly Developed Module of Plastic Film Mulching
Authors: Hou Peng , Cui Zhenling , Bu Lingduo , Yang Haishun , Zhang Fusuo , Li Shaokun 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTUnderstanding maize (Zea mays L.) growth, development, and production under plastic film mulching is useful to improve crop management strategies and increase grain yield in areas with limited water and low temperatures. A new plastic film mulching module for the Hybrid‐Maize model was developed to simulate maize development and grain yield. This paper evaluates the performance of the new model at Changwu experimental station, northwest China, and at the 852 farm and Qixing farm in northeast China, compared with the original Hybrid‐Maize model. Compared with measured data, the root mean square error (RMSE) and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) values for leaf area index (LAI) were 1.0 and 29% for the original model and 0.72 and 20% for the modified model, respectively. The RMSE and NRMSE values for the aboveground dry matter simulated by the original model were 2674 kg ha−1 and 24% compared with 1552 kg ha−1 and 14% by the new model. The RMSE and NRMSE values for the grain dry matter were 495 kg ha−1 and 5.5% by the original model and 441 kg ha−1 and 4.9% by the modified model. The RMSE and NRMSE values for the LAI and aboveground and grain dry matter were all lower for the modified model, indicating improved simulations. With the modified model, simulated aboveground dry matter and LAI increased >14 and 30%, respectively, compared with the original model. However, the modified model overestimated LAI and aboveground dry matter in the maize vegetative stage.
Genomewide Selection of Parental Inbreds: Classes of Loci and Virtual Biparental Populations
Authors: Bernardo Rex 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTHaving information on the distribution of progeny in a biparental cross—before the cross is made—would be helpful. My objectives were (i) to determine if genomewide markers can be used to accurately predict genotypic values at different classes of loci between two parents (P1 and P2) and (ii) to propose and analyze the use of virtual populations for choosing parents in inbred development. Prior estimates of genomewide marker effects (28,626 single nucleotide polymorphism loci) for silking date and kernel protein among 284 maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds were used. Four classes of loci were determined by which parents had the favorable allele: both P1 and P2; P1 only; P2 only; and neither parent. Simulations indicated that when genomewide predictions for the trait as a whole were accurate, predictions of genotypic value at each class of loci were also accurate. The maize data, however, indicated limited practical value of the classes of loci in choosing P1 and P2. Virtual populations of 1000 doubled haploids were simulated for each of 45 P1 × P2 crosses to predict the population mean, variance (VDH), and mean of the best 10% of doubled haploids (U0.10). The predicted mean, predicted VDH, and predicted U0.10 for silking date and protein concentration behaved as expected from quantitative genetics theory and were consistent with the genetic backgrounds of the maize inbreds. The usefulness of virtual populations for choosing parents needs to be validated either by empirical experiments or by their routine use in a breeding program.
Environment, Harvest Regimen, and Ontogeny Change Lespedeza cuneata Condensed Tannin and Nitrogen
Authors: Muir James P. , Terrill Thomas H. , Kamisetti Nagender Rao , Bow J. Randal 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTCondensed tannins (CT) from sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont de Courset) G. Don], a hardy and widely adapted forage legume, have potential for methane emission suppression, rumen protein bypass, gastrointestinal nematode suppression, and pest fly suppression in ruminants. Nitrogen (N) from this herbaceous legume can also be an important component of crude protein in ruminant diets. The concentrations and yields of CT and N, however, have not been studied across a wide range of environments, harvest regimens, or plant maturities. Our results from Texas and Georgia indicate that CT concentrations increased with rainfall, decreased with maturity, and were highly dependent on harvest regimen (P ≤ 0.05). Condensed tannin concentrations ranged (P ≤ 0.05) from 32.7 to 106.1 g CT kg−1 dry matter (DM) and CT DM yields from 274 to 771 kg ha−1 yr−1. Nitrogen concentrations ranged (P ≤ 0.05) from 14.6 to 28.4 g kg−1 DM and N DM yields from 46 to 231 kg ha−1 yr−1. If pellets or hay of sericea lespedeza are to be commercialized specifically for their CT and N content, analysis and labeling will be beneficial because of this variability.
Elevated CO2 and Temperature Affect Composition and in vitro Degradability of Timothy Roots
Authors: Bertrand Annick , Piva Angela , Tremblay Gaëtan F. , Bélanger Gilles , Castonguay Yves , Seguin Philippe 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTClimate change is expected to affect the growth and metabolism of both aboveground and belowground parts of most crop species including timothy (Phleum pratense L.), a major forage grass species in northern regions. Our objective was to assess the effects of predicted increases in CO2 concentration and temperature on root chemical composition and degradability of timothy grown under contrasted N fertilization. Timothy was grown in growth chambers under either 400 or 600 µmol mol−1 of CO2 at day and night temperatures of either 22 and 10°C or 25 and 15°C and was fertilized with 0, 60, or 120 kg N ha−1. Root degradability was characterized using two in vitro enzymatic methods: in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and enzyme‐released glucose from cell walls (CW), while root composition was determined for N and C concentrations and enzyme‐released hemicellulose and pectin concentrations. Increasing temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration generally decreased N concentration and increased the C/N ratio and decreased root degradability assessed by the two enzymatic methods under all three N rates. When both factors were considered together, root N concentration was 13% lower and the C/N ratio was 19% greater under predicted future conditions than under current conditions at first harvest. Both enzymatic approaches showed that root degradability was lower under elevated CO2 and temperature compared with current conditions with an estimated average reduction of 6.3% with the IVTD method and 15.5% with the enzyme‐released glucose method. Predicted future conditions of elevated CO2 and temperature decreased timothy root degradability across a wide range of N fertilization compared with current conditions and this could increase its potential for soil C sequestration.
Stability of Soybean Aphid Resistance in Soybean Across Different Temperatures
Authors: Chirumamilla Anitha , Hill Curtis B. , Hartman Glen L. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is the most important insect pest posing a threat to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grain production in the United States. Soybean cultivars with resistance are currently being deployed to aid in management of the pest. Temperature has been reported to influence the expression of host plant resistance against crop pests. The objective of this study was to determine if temperatures, 14, 21, and 28°C, altered resistance expression in four aphid‐resistant soybean genotypes, LD05‐16611 (with the Rag1 resistance gene), PI 200538 (Rag2), PI 567541B (rag1c, rag4), and PI 567597C (antixenosis) compared to a susceptible soybean genotype (Williams 82) when challenged with soybean aphid. A replicated no‐choice experiment was conducted and aphid populations of the three soybean aphid biotypes, 1, 2, and 3, were enumerated 14 d after inoculating the five soybean genotypes. Significant interactions were found in the analysis of the effects of temperature, soybean genotype, and aphid biotype on aphid populations. Responses between soybean genotypes and aphid biotypes were consistent with previous reports with the exception of PI 567541B, which had lower resistance against aphid biotype 1 than found in an earlier study. At 14°C, there was limited aphid population growth on all soybean genotypes, including Williams 82. At 21 and 28°C, resistance expression was stable in LD05‐16611 (Rag1), PI 567541B (rag1c, rag4), and PI 567597C (antixenosis), relative to susceptible Williams 82; however, resistance expressed in PI 200538 (Rag2) was significantly stronger at 28°C than at 21°C, as indicated by differences in aphid population size that were found. Results of this study indicated that soybean aphid virulence variability had a stronger influence on the effectiveness of soybean aphid resistance than did temperature, and that the aphid resistance tested in this study would remain stable or be stronger in temperatures ranging between 21 and 28°C.
Deficits of hand coordination and laterality of carotid endarterectomy
Authors: Heyer Eric J. , Mallon Kaitlin A. , Mergeche Joanna L. , Stern Yaakov , Connolly E. Sander 
Published: October 2014

OBJECT
Neurocognitive performance is used to assess multiple cognitive domains, including motor coordination, before and after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Although gross motor strength is impaired with ischemia of large cortical areas or of the internal capsule, the authors hypothesize that patients undergoing CEA demonstrate significant motor deficits of hand coordination contralateral to the operative side, which is more clearly manifest in the nondominant hand than in the dominant hand with ischemia of smaller cortical areas.

METHODS
The neurocognitive performance of 374 patients was evaluated with a battery of neuropsychometric tests. Both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients undergoing CEA were included. The authors evaluated the patients' dominant and nondominant hand performance on the Grooved Pegboard test, a test of hand coordination, to demonstrate their functional laterality. Neurocognitive dysfunction was evaluated as the difference in performance before and after CEA according to group-rate and event-rate analyses. The z scores were generated for all tests using a reference group of patients who were having simple spine surgery. Dominant and nondominant motor coordination functions were evaluated as raw scores and as calculated z scores.

RESULTS
According to event-rate analysis, significantly more patients undergoing CEA of the opposite carotid artery demonstrated nondominant than dominant hand deficits of coordination (41.2% vs 26.4%, respectively, p = 0.02). Similarly, according to group-rate analysis, in patients undergoing CEA of the opposite carotid artery, raw difference scores from the Grooved Pegboard test reflected greater nondominant than dominant hand deficits of coordination (21.0 ± 54.4 vs 9.7 ± 37.0, respectively, p = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS
Patients undergoing CEA of the opposite carotid artery are more likely to demonstrate nondominant than dominant hand deficits of coordination because of greater dexterity in the dominant hand before surgery.
Dorsal midline hemivertebra at the lumbosacral junction: report of 2 cases
Authors: Ansari Shaheryar F. , Rodgers Richard B. , Fulkerson Daniel H. 
Published: October 2014

Congenital scoliosis from laterally located hemivertebrae at the lumbosacral junction has been described previously. However, dorsally located midline hemivertebrae at this location have not been reported. The authors describe the presentation, treatment, and outcomes of 2 patients (1 male and 1 female) with this rare malformation. All clinical and radiographic records were reviewed. Outcomes were recorded using survey instruments (Oswestry Disability Index and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey). Radiographic assessment of bony fusion was performed using CT scanning 1 year after surgery.
Both patients presented with back and leg pain, urinary hesitancy/incontinence, difficulty sitting and lying down, waddling gait, and restriction of movement. Imaging showed a wedge-shaped dorsal deformity that stretched the nerve roots and compressed the canal. Both patients underwent resection of the hemivertebra with posterolateral instrumented fusion from L-2 to the pelvis. The female patient had a low-lying conus and underwent sectioning of the filum terminale. Both patients showed improvement in the ability to sit and lie flat and in bowel and bladder function after surgery. The authors describe their experience with 2 patients with similar, rare congenital bony deformities at the lumbosacral junction. To their knowledge, similar cases have not been previously reported.
Low-molecular-weight, fatty-acid esters as potential low-temperature drilling fluids for ice coring
Authors: Xu Huiwen , Han Lili , Cao Pinlu , Guo Mingyi , Han Junjie , Yu Dahui , Talalay Pavel 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA challenge for future deep-ice coring in central Antarctica is to identify an appropriate inert drilling fluid with no undesirable physical or chemical characteristics. The drilling fluids currently in use (kerosene-based fluids with density-increasing additives, ethanol and n-butyl acetate) are not intelligent choices for the future from safety, environmental and some technological standpoints. Recently proposed drilling fluids based upon ESTISOL™ have high viscosity at low temperatures, which severely limits their application in cold environments. This paper presents our research into the application of low-molecular-weight, fatty-acid esters (FAEs), substances commonly used in the fragrance and flavoring industries. According to available data, selected FAEs are not hazardous to human health. Considering density requirements alone, ethyl butyrate and n-propyl propionate best meet our present needs. The viscosities of these two chemicals are also the lowest among studied FAEs, not exceeding 4 mPas at temperatures down to −60°C. Both compounds are highly volatile, and insoluble in water. Such properties are attractive, but the applicability of FAEs to deep, cold, ice drilling can be evaluated only after field-based, practical experiments in test boreholes.
Career Commitment of Postprofessional Athletic Training Program Graduates
Authors: Bowman Thomas G. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Goodman Ashley 
Published: October 2014

Context
Choosing to pursue an advanced degree in athletic training appears to indicate professional commitment and passion for the profession. Currently, there is a paucity of information regarding why some athletic trainers pursue enrollment in a postprofessional athletic training program (PPATP), indicating commitment to the profession, but later depart for another primary role outside of athletic training.

Objective
To understand why athletic trainers invested in advanced training via a PPATP but then decided to leave the profession.

Design
Qualitative study.

Setting
Online data collection.

Patients or Other Participants
Twelve graduates (8 women [67%], 4 men [33%], age = 31.58 ± 3.06 years) from PPATPs who no longer had primary employment as an athletic trainer.

Data Collection and Analysis
Recruits responded to an e-mail invitation to participate by completing a confidential online questionnaire. We analyzed data using a general inductive approach and secured trustworthiness using multiple-analyst triangulation, peer review, and member checks.

Results
Two higher-order themes emerged regarding the career commitment of former athletic trainers who were PPATP graduates: (1) departure from an athletic training career and (2) partial continuance in athletic training. Two second-order themes emerged from the reasons for departure: (1) decreased recognition of value and (2) work-life imbalance. Finally, we identified 2 third-order themes from the participants' reasons for departure because of a perceived lack of value: (1) low salary and (2) long, inconsistent hours worked.

Conclusions
Most of our participants intended to stay in the profession when they chose to attend a PPATP. However, during role inductance in either the clinical experience of the PPATP they attended or early in their careers, they began to have thoughts of leaving mainly because of inadequate financial compensation, challenging work schedules, or both.
Goal Orientation and Preparation Process in Online Reverse Auctions:
Authors: Schoenherr Tobias , Mabert Vincent A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWhile online reverse auctions (ORAs) have become a popular tool to conduct business-to-business procurement, academic research and practical guidance are still limited in delineating salient differences to offline procurement, specifically as these pertain to the corporate buyer's goal orientation and preparation process preceding the negotiations. This article focuses on these fundamental dimensions characterizing the strategic sourcing approach, and contrasts their pursuit in ORAs and offline procurement. We consider a multi-item request for quotation (RFQ) and investigate the dimensions of price competitiveness and risk reduction as part of a buyer's goal orientation, and the aspects of information search and extent of analysis as part of the buyer's preparation process. Drawing on tenets from transaction cost economics, complemented with the literature in industrial buyer behavior, we theorize that the goal of price competitiveness is pursued to a greater degree in ORAs, whereas the goal of risk reduction is pursued to a greater degree in offline procurement. Furthermore, we suggest that both information search and extent of analysis are greater in ORAs than in offline procurement. These contentions are tested with data collected from 825 procurement professionals. Various robustness checks and exploratory extensions taking into account contingency factors are conducted. Our primary contributions lie in the provision of a theoretically grounded framework contrasting ORAs to offline procurement along the dimensions of a buyer's goal orientation and preparation process, and the empirical test with a large-scale survey focusing on the unique context of multi-item RFQs. Insights for academic theory and managerial practice are discussed.
Définir et mesurer l’adhésion à la culture des gangs de rue
Authors: Fredette12 Chantal , Guay Jean-Pierre 
Published: October 2014

L’adhésion à la culture des gangs de rue est au nombre des explications de la grande propension au crime des contrevenants associés à ces groupes. Or, peu de personnes se sont penchées spécifiquement sur l’opérationnalisation du concept. Les objectifs de la présente étude sont de définir la culture de gang, de décrire ses composantes et de proposer une mesure de l’adhésion à la culture de gang. D’abord, l’article présente une recension des écrits sur la culture des gangs de rue. Nous proposons une définition et une opérationnalisation du concept de culture de gang. Ensuite, l’article présente le processus de développement d’une mesure de l’adhésion à la culture de gang (MACg). Enfin, l’article fait état des données préliminaires de la MACgqui a été administrée à 204 contrevenants mineurs et adultes. Les résultats des analyses des calculs des coefficients alpha de Cronbach et des corrélations item-total corrigées révèlent la bonne cohérence interne de la MACg. Une mesure de l’adhésion à la culture de gang présente de nombreuses utilités. Elle contribue, d’une part, aux efforts de résolution des problèmes conceptuels et méthodologiques auxquels se heurte l’étude de l’influence des gangs sur les conduites délinquantes. D’autre part, elle peut servir l’amélioration des pratiques d’évaluation des contrevenants identifiés comme membres de gang.
Global albedo change and radiative cooling from anthropogenic land cover change, 1700 to 2005 based on MODIS, land use harmonization, radiative kernels, and reanalysis
Authors: Ghimire Bardan , Williams Christopher A. , Masek Jeffrey , Gao Feng , Wang Zhuosen , Schaaf Crystal , He Tao 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWidespread anthropogenic land cover change over the last five centuries has influenced the global climate system through both biogeochemical and biophysical processes. Models indicate that warming from carbon emissions associated with land cover conversion has been partially offset by cooling from elevated albedo, but considerable uncertainty remains partly because of uncertainty in model treatments of albedo. This study incorporates a new spatially and temporally explicit, land cover specific albedo product derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer with a historical land use data set (Land Use Harmonization product) to provide more precise, observationally derived estimates of albedo impacts from anthropogenic land cover change with a complete range of data set specific uncertainty. The mean annual global albedo increase due to land cover change during 1700–2005 was estimated as 0.00106 ± 0.00008 (mean ± standard deviation), mainly driven by snow exposure due to land cover transitions from natural vegetation to agriculture. This translates to a top‐of‐atmosphere radiative cooling of −0.15 ± 0.1 W m−2 (mean ± standard deviation). Our estimate was in the middle of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report range of −0.05 to −0.25 W m−2 and incorporates variability in albedo within land cover classes.