bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Euro-Gott im starken Plural? Einige Fragestellungen für eine europäische Religionsgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Graf Friedrich Wilhelm 
Published: February 2015

Euro-God as a Beneficent Plurality? Some approaches for a history of European religion in the 20th century Since the 1980s, general historians in the German-speaking parts of Europe have begun intensively to research the history of religion in the contemporary era. Earlier concepts such as «dechristianisation» and «secularisation» have been replaced by a new receptiveness for the formative influence of the manifold interpretations of the world and the search for life's meaning in this modern world. Astonishingly enough, this new approach to the history of religion has not led to debates about methodology. Approaches have been developed leading to a better understanding of the transformation in religion as it is affected by the specific modernity of 20th century Europe. How can historians describe the great flexibility of the symbolic languages of religion and the interplay of adaptability and formative power of religious institutions? Is there a specific pan-European development of deinstitutionalisation of religion? What role do the history of theological ideas and the theological disciplines in the history of 20th century religion play? How may the role of the Churches as the traditionally most important religious megainstitutions in European society be described? Which analytical means promise especially enlightening insights?
Die Allgemeine Wehrpflicht in Russland: Zwischen militärischem Anspruch und zivilen Interessen
Authors: Benecke Werner 
Published: February 2015

Universal Conscription in Tsarist Russia: Between Military Demands and Civil Interests Universal conscription was introduced in Russia in 1874 and completed the »Great Reforms» which had been started in 1861. After controversial debates war minister Dmitrij Alekseevič Miljutin wanted conscription to have as little effects as possible on civil life in the world's largest country, in order to prevent social unrest. A system of exemptions was applied to recruits considered to be indispensable in civil life. Any education obtained before mustering automatically reduced the duration of military service. In general, the conscription law made no exemptions for recruits of non-Russian or non-Orthodox origin. The principle of moving soldiers far away from their home towns and the ratio of 75% Russians and 25% non-Russians in the composition of military units were intended to respond to the army's multiethnic character. However, Jewish recruits suffered from systematic discrimination. Although Russia's imperial status was primarily based on its military power, universal conscription never included more than 30% of the annual number of potential recruits. Despite Miljutin's reform attempts, the fatal belief in the power of the seemingly inexhaustible human resources overshadowed all necessary reforms until the end of the Tsarist regime.
How International Organisations Compete: Occupational Safety and Health at the ILO, a Diplomacy of Expertise
Authors: Cayet Thomas , Rosental Paul-André , Thébaud-Sorger Marie 
Published: February 2015

How International Organisations Compete: Occupational Safety and Health at the ILO, a Diplomacy of Expertise During the twentieth century the domain of industrial medicine and industrial diseases has been a scene of crucial struggles at the transnational level. Based on the cases of silicosis and pneumoconiosises the article examines the role of international institutions in this process (ILO, LoN, WHO, ECSC). As the relationships between Luigi Carozzi, Albert Thomas and Ludwik Rajchman show, their interactions mix cooperation and concurrence and consequently have an impact on the internal structure. Changes in the action models are the result and the taking into account of immission loads and a global work environment as well as the relations between industrial hygiene and industrial security, is partially to be considered as a result of this game in which diplomacy and expert knowledge, but also the pressure of employers, trade unions and erudite associations and societies come into operation. The concept of health at work leads us to consider the European Union as the inheritor of these dynamics which were conceived to articulate social protection and health protection with the free play of market forces.
Internationale Expertennetzwerke und nationale Sozialstaatsgeschichte: Versicherung der Silikose in Deutschland und der Schweiz (1900–1945)
Authors: Lengwiler Martin 
Published: February 2015

International Networks of Expertise and National History of the Welfare State: The Insurance of Silicosis in Germany and Switzerland (1900–1945) The article examines the role of international expert networks for the history of national welfare states. It focuses, as an exemplary case, on the insurance of silicosis, a severe industrial disease most common among miners and metal workers, comparing Switzerland and Germany. Both countries accepted silicosis as an industrial disease, to be insured as an occupational illness by the national institutions for accident insurance, only comparably late in the 1920s, long after countries like Britain and South Africa. The article argues that the process of recognising silicosis as a case to be insured under national accident insurance schemes was not triggered through bilateral learning processes (for example contacts between Swiss and British institutions) but rather by an alliance of national, international and transnational actors. In particular, international organisations like the International Labour Office (ILO) and transnational networks like the International trade union of stone workers were crucial for the recognition process. The article highlights the main factors for granting silicosis the status of an occupational illness; it also examines the early years of the insurance regime in which the influence of the ILO and international trade unions gradually vanished.
The Difficulty in the Recognition of Musculoskeletal Disorders between Transnational Medical Specialists, National Authorities and Social Players
Authors: Hatzfeld Nicolas 
Published: February 2015

The Difficulty in the Recognition of Musculoskeletal Disorders between Transnational Medical Specialists, National Authorities and Social Players The history of periarticular pathologies contains a transnational dimension and harkens back to the labour movements and their socio-political claims. But it was difficult to prove the existence of a causal relationship between work and pathologies. Therefore, many states avoided for a long time to recognize Musculoskeletal Disorders as illnesses for which compensations can be paid. The first part of this article contextualizes the history of the recognition of musculoskeletal illnesses and the first steps on the road to a common European economic policy in the 1960s. At this time, the European Economic Community (EEC) placed health at work on its agenda and invited the member states to elaborate new common regulations, including musculoskeletal disorders among the problems to be dealt with. The second part examines the 1980s and 1990s, a period during which the majority of industrial countries saw a spectacular rise in the incidence of periarticular workrelated illnesses. At this moment, inter- and transnational experts, researchers and trade unionists were in the spotlight. While national states only hesitantly hand over health care political sovereignty rights, transnational dynamics claim the recognition of work-related health problems.
Gazing at Ruins: German Defeat as Visual Experience
Authors: Hoffmann Stefan-Ludwig 
Published: February 2015

Gazing at Ruins: German Defeat as Visual Experience This essay explores documentary photography and, by way of comparison, diarywriting as the most common social practices for registering experiences of German defeat in 1945. Berlin witnessed one of the last gruesome battles of the war in Europe and the only one – with the exceptions of Stalingrad and Warsaw – where a major city became a battle-field. Soviet and German troops suffered more than 240.000 casualties in the space of only three weeks. More German civilians died during these last weeks of the war than during the entire bombing campaign against the city. The shattered capital of the Nazi empire was a war trophy for the Allies and subsequently became the social laboratory for the post-war international order. By moving beyond an exploration of visual propaganda, the main claim is that visual experiences in the wake of war constituted distinctive ways of making sense of defeat, destruction, and desolation. Finally, the paper will investigate how different modes of the photographic gaze at ruins shaped the «politics of pity» in the early cold-war years.
Memory in Pieces: The Symbolism of the Ruin in Warsaw after 1944
Authors: Crowley David 
Published: February 2015

Memory in Pieces: The Symbolism of the Ruin in Warsaw after 1944 In this essay I explore the political symbolism of the ruin in the Polish capital from 1944 to the present. The question of what a war ruin might represent was deeply problematic for the communist authorities, not least because fragments of buildings and streets could be used to remember prohibited and unsanctioned aspects of Warsaw's history. Viewed in this light, the reconstruction of the historic fabric of the city, most notably in the case of the Royal Castle in the 1970s, can be interpreted as an attempt to fix and ultimately to narrow the meanings attached to places in the popular imagination. Reconstruction could be a kind of forgetting. At much the same time, the anti-communist opposition was drawn to the ruin as a powerful symbol of conflict with illegitimate authority. Today, ruins feature highly in the veins of retrospection which run through political culture in Poland. The Left and Right enter into conflict over the fate of the few lingering ruins in the city, symbolic conflicts over ownership of the past. Ruins, it seems, are deeply desired, even acquiring a kind of perverse glamour.
Different but the Same or the Same but Different? Public Memory of the Second World War in Post-Soviet Lviv
Authors: Amar Tarik Cyril 
Published: February 2015

Different but the Same or the Same but Different? Public Memory of the Second World War in Post-Soviet Lviv This article addresses the changes of post-Soviet culture of memory of the Second World War in the western Ukrainian city and regional centre of Lviv. Attempts to forge a heroic and innocent memory of Ukrainian nationalism in the Second World War have constituted the single most influential factor shaping the post-Soviet culture of memory. Yet, at the same time, the latter is a complex social phenomenon. This article argues that, despite real continuities, the influence of nationalism in contemporary Lviv cannot be understood as a simple «mirror image» of Soviet myth-making. The article also stresses that outcomes are open and can be dire as well as hopeful. In a bitter paradox, post-Soviet Lviv can turn itself into a substantially open urban society, intentionally producing a closed, intolerant, misleading and narrow-minded past for itself, as it were «from below», in a way that Soviet myths could never have achieved. On the other side, the manner in which nationalism now has to pursue its aims of closure and discursive hegemony may unintentionally help confirm modes of public discourse, which then can also open up alternatives.
Anniversaries and the Public Uses of the Risorgimento in Twentieth-Century Italy
Authors: Baioni Massimo 
Published: February 2015

Anniversaries and the Public Uses of the Risorgimento in Twentieth-Century Italy This article analyses three great anniversaries in twentieth-century Italian history: 1911 and 1961, the fiftieth anniversary and the centenary of unification, and 1932, the fiftieth anniversary of Garibaldi's death. During this half century, Italy experienced major changes, moving from a liberal monarchy to Fascist dictatorship and finally to a democratic republic. In each one of these moments, the relationship with the Risorgimento was an integral part of historical debate, political struggle and public memory. This relationship means that the anniversaries offer us a privileged perspective from which we can explore national myth, the process by which the public use of history can legitimate the present, the conflict over memories and national symbols, and the strategies and languages of patriotic pedagogy.
Mächtige Signale. Informelle Kommunikation und Herrschaft an Stalins Hof, 1927–1940
Authors: Schilling Tadzio 
Published: February 2015

Powerful signs. Informal communication and power at the court of Stalin, 1927–1940 The article examines the relationship between informal communication and domination at the court of Stalin. For this purpose, two types of communicative situations – distance and proximity – are distinguished and analysed with respect to their operating modes and the informal communication's impacts of domination. In both cases, the impacts of domination of the informal communication's mechanisms were based on identical factors. There were complex interactions between the impacts of domination of informal communication and the emergence of Stalin's sole reign. On the one hand, rumours allowed Stalin to subdue his rivals and to keep them at bay; on the other hand, the disciplinary power of informal communication increased to the same extent as Stalin's personal power grew. The chosen approach allows to illustrate key aspects of Stalin's exercise of power and to identify the actors’ scopes as well as the rules that they had to obey. In doing so, the approach serves to illustrate some key aspects of the Stalinist practice of power and demonstrates how actors dispose leeway and under what rules they had to obey.
Julian Huxley and the Continuity of Eugenics in Twentieth-century Britain
Authors: Weindling Paul 
Published: February 2015

Julian Huxley and the Continuity of Eugenics in Twentieth-century Britain The science and ideas of Julian Sorrell Huxley represent not only considerable contributions to evolutionary theory but also to eugenic thought and social planning. Huxley's career history as an international figure was complex. This paper sees Huxley's peripatetic career as linked to ideological agendas of «a new world order». The problems addressed here are, first, the extent of continuities in eugenic commitments from his interwar views and, second, to determine the contours of Huxley's post-Second World War eugenic thinking. Huxley emerges as a crucial bridging figure from what has been referred to as «old eugenics» to a new eugenics based on molecular biology, providing an influential analysis of human evolution and a set of persuasively appealing concepts for both the wider public and scientific elite.
Über Revolutionen
Authors: Leonhard Jörn 
Published: February 2015

On Revolutions Against the background of an inflationary use of «revolution» in modern media the article tries to analyse the reasons behind this continuous interest in the phenomenon. It starts by looking at the relation between revolutionary experiences and the politics of history and its meaning for national self images. The main focus is to identity five epistemological perspectives and conceptions of historical interpretation: cyclical and linear models of time, universalism and particularism, contemporaneity and non-contemporaneity (Ungleichzeitigkeit), causality and contingency, revolution and evolution. Avoiding any normative approach, the idea is to test possible elements for a historical theory of revolution.
Ferienlager gegen die Rebellion. Jumelages und Colonies de vacances im Algerienkrieg (1959–1962)
Authors: Hardt Lucas 
Published: February 2015

Holiday Camps against the Rebellion. Jumelages and Colonies de vacances in the Algerian War (1959–1962) The article discusses a still unexplored aspect of the Algerian War (1954–1962). Due to the Algerian question, the French government increasingly came under international and domestic pressure. Starting in 1959, Paris therefore began to establish a broad network of partnerships involving the Algerian arrondissements and the départements of metropolitan France. These Franco-Algerian co-operations were called partnerships and were organised in close consultation with the local representatives in metropolitan France. They should facilitate the colonial propaganda at the regional level. Furthermore, they created the framework, which allowed shortterm stays of over 8000 Algerian children in holiday camps in French twin-départements. The purpose of these undertakings was both to strengthen the relationships between Algeria and metropolitan France, and to maintain the colonial status quo, which were both threatened by the Algerian War.
Die erwartete Nation. Imperien, Bauern und Konjunkturen des Nationalen in der Ukraine (Zarenreich und Sowjetunion)
Authors: Schnell Felix 
Published: February 2015

The Expected Nation. Empires, Peasants and the National in the Ukraine (Tsarist Russia and Soviet Union) On Tsarist Russian and Soviet soil imperial centers and peasants had more impact on the emergence of «Ukrainians» and «Ukraine» than the Ukrainian national movement. From the Nineteenth Century on Ukrainians have been an «expected» nation. Imperial fear gave reason for repression and affirmative action concerning the national question. It had impact on the national movement, did produce patterns of reference, a territory and a political entity to which a nation successfully could be ascribed: Soviet Ukraine. For peasants, however, for most times the nation was just an abstract category of social affiliation they only opted for, if it offered economic chances. Usually other forms of affiliation, especially regional one were preferred. There were booms of the nation in peasant life and imperial policy, but there was not a continuous process of nation-building. Only after World War II a Ukrainian nation could emerge in the framework of a political entity, however as a Soviet hybrid.
A Postcolonial Reading of the Sonderweg: Marxist Historicism Revisted
Authors: Lim Jie-Hyun 
Published: February 2015

A Postcolonial Reading of the Sonderweg: Marxist Historicism Revisted This article deals with the Sonderweg thesis by reconciling David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley's criticism of the German Sonderweg with a postcolonial critique of Marxist historicism. The global trajectory of Marxist historiography shows that the «singularity » of the Sonderweg came to be conceptually translated as «particularity» within the Eurocentric and capitalocentric «universality». This sublime transmutation of the singularity into the particularity through the Leninist trope of the «Prussian path» implies the temporalisation of historical spaces in a linear development scheme, which accommodates global historicist time in a twisted form of «first in Europe, then elsewhere». A postcolonial reading of the Sonderweg throws light on Marxist historiographical debates on colonial modernity versus Sonderwege by subjecting the Eurocentric conception of the «Prussian path» to the complexity of global modernity.
Fighting the War or Preparing for Peace? The ILO during the Second World War
Authors: Kott Sandrine 
Published: February 2015

Fighting the War or Preparing for Peace? The ILO during the Second World War During the Second World War the ILO stood for an alternative, democratic internationalism in response to Nazi international/European plans. The ILO was able to serve as an international platform and was directly involved in the Allied war effort. Moreover, examining the ILO allows us to better understand the multi-layered processes and rationales that brought about a shift in the political and social balance of power during the Second World War. After the ILO moved to Montreal in May 1940, the handful of French functionaries guarding the organisation's deserted headquarters in Geneva could only look on helplessly as the reformist labour movement, together with the vision of a social Europe that it promoted, was defeated. Meanwhile, on the campus of McGill University in Montreal, the ILO underwent a twofold transformation in exile. Dependent on British and North American funding and staff, it became the champion of the pragmatic solutions to social issues implemented in those countries. Through its work for the United Nations alliance it expanded its activities in the fields of expertise and technical assistance, to the detriment of its work in setting international labour standards. While it had been founded in 1919 to protect workers and to provide an international platform for the reformist workers movement, the ILO emerged from the war as an organisation focusing increasingly on providing economic and social expertise.
From Child Rescue to Child Welfare: The Save the Children International Union Facing World Warfare (1939–1947)
Authors: Droux Joelle 
Published: February 2015

From Child Rescue to Child Welfare: The Save the Children International Union Facing World Warfare (1939–1947) The SCIU was created in 1919 to assist children victims of war. As the first organisation dedicated to childhood, this agency is an already well known case-study for the historians of international humanitarian aid. Yet its later evolution is much less studied, even though the SCIU persisted until the 1980s. This article shows to what extent the Second World War played a fundamental role in the reconfiguration of the SCIU towards a role of expertise regarding child welfare by disrupting the internal rules and modes of collaborations which had been set up within the federation since its creation. During the war, the organisation gave itself new tasks and a new way of functioning, in order to regain some kind of leeway within the intergovernmental organisations that the Great Powers were setting up across the Atlantic. This reconfiguration yielded mixed results: While the SCIU succeeded in surviving wartime, preserving and even expanding its affiliates and helping them reorient their actions towards child welfare expertise, it remained nonetheless a European-based agency, and in this respect only a minor partner of the intergovernmental organisations during the post-war era.
ANÁLISE NA GESTÃO DA FORMAÇÃO E TRANSFORMAÇÃO DA PRAÇA TUBAL VILELA, UBERLÂNDIA – MG COMO ESPAÇO PÚBLICO
Authors: Aparecida Silva Moura de Melo Cristiane , Henrique Kingma Orlando Paulo 
Published: February 2015

Resumo: Este artigo trata da gestão da praça Tubal Vilela na cidade de Uberlândia (MG), como espaço público desde a sua fundação até o ano de 2013. O estudo foi realizado através da forma como o lugar tem uma ligação com a vivência, sendo ele o conceito fundamental, que contém vários significados e construídos pela experiência. Para a constituição deste foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico, uma busca documental nos arquivos da prefeitura, coleta de dados em entrevistas com moradores, além de levantamento fotográfico. Os dados obtidos foram comparados através de uma linha histórica. Como resultado foi possível verificar que a Praça Tubal Vilela localizada na região central da cidade de Uberlândia inicialmente recebeu o nome de Praça da República, a qual foi fundada na década de 1890, onde inicialmente passou por um relativo esquecimento, mas no inicio do século XX sofreu algumas transformações, onde era palco das manifestações religiosas como o congado e missas campais em 1915 foi instalado um campo de futebol no qual as pessoas iam para se encontrar e divertir-se, desta forma a praça se tornou local de atrações, já na atualidade há poucas opções de entretenimento. Assim com o decorrer do tempo a praça que é um espaço público gerido pela prefeitura passou por diversas transformações modificando-se e hoje é um lugar onde as pessoas usam para simplesmente passar, sem observar os monumentos históricos ali presentes, ainda são realizadas feiras de artesanato, e algumas festas realizadas em datas comemorativas. Palavras chave: Praça. Lugar. Gestão.