bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of aluminum and zinc in infusion tea cultivated in north of Iran
Authors: Ghoochani Mahboobeh , Shekoohiyan Sakine , Yunesian Masoud , Nazmara Shahrokh , Mahvi Amir Hossein 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
To determine aluminum and zinc levels in black tea cultivated in north of Iran, 105 black tea samples were collected from the tea growing regions of Guilan and Mazandaran provinces and were analyzed for Al and Zn concentration of tea infusion. Contents of all elements were analyzed three times separately by using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP - AES). The solubility of Al and Zn in infusions at 5, 15 and 60 min with boiling water showed that the mean level of Al in the third infusion was the highest (262.09 mg/kg) and in the first infusion was the lowest (169.40 mg/kg). The mean level of Zn in the third infusion was the highest (51.40 mg/kg) and in the second infusion was the lowest (48.33 mg/kg). The analysis of results also showed that the location factor influences the contents of these metals at different infusions.
Ontogenetic propulsive transitions by medusaeSarsia tubulosa
Authors: Katija Kakani , Colin Sean P. , Costello John H. , Jiang Houshuo 
Published: May 2015

While swimming in their natural environment, marine organisms must successfully forage, escape from predation, and search for mates to reproduce. In the process, planktonic organisms interact with their fluid environment, generating fluid signatures around their body and in their downstream wake through ontogeny. In the early stages of their life cycle, marine organisms operate in environments where viscous effects dominate and govern physical processes. Ontogenetic propulsive transitions in swimming organisms often involve dramatic changes in morphology and swimming behavior. However, for organisms that do not undergo significant changes in morphology, swimming behavior, or propulsive mode, how is their swimming performance affected?We investigated the ontogenetic propulsive transitions of the hydromedusa Sarsia tubulosa, which utilizes jet propulsion and possesses similar bell morphology throughout its life cycle. We used digital particle image velocimetry and high-speed imaging to measure the body kinematics, velocity fields, and wake structures induced by swimming S. tubulosa from 1 mm to 10 mm bell exit diameters. Our experimental observations revealed three distinct classes of hydrodynamic wakes: elongated vortex rings for 10&lt;Re&lt;30 (1 to 2 mm bell exit diameter), classical elliptical vortex rings for Re&gt;30 (larger than 2 mm bell exit diameter), and in most instances where Re&gt;100 (larger than 4 or 5 mm bell exit diameter), elliptical vortex rings (or leading vortex rings) were followed by trailing jets. The relative travel distance and propulsive efficiency remained unchanged throughout ontogeny, and the swimming proficiency and hydrodynamic cost of transport decreased nonlinearly.
The clinical course of patients with adrenal incidentaloma: is it time to reconsider the current recommendations?
Authors: Kastelan Darko , Kraljevic Ivana , Dusek Tina , Knezevic Nikola , Solak Mirsala , Gardijan Bojana , Kralik Marko , Poljicanin Tamara , Skoric-Polovina Tanja , Kastelan Zeljko 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveThe current guidelines for the management of adrenal incidentaloma advise hormonal and radiological follow-up of patients for 2–5 years after the initial diagnosis. However, the vast majority of adrenal incidentaloma are non-functional benign cortical adenomas that require no treatment, so the routine application of the current strategies often results in a number of unnecessary biochemical and radiological investigations. The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical course of patients with adrenal incidentaloma and to provide a critical review of the current management strategy of the disease.Design and methodsThis was a retrospective study performed in the Croatian Referral Center for adrenal gland disorders. The study included 319 consecutive patients with adrenal incidentaloma, 174 of which were followed for at least 24 months.ResultsThe vast majority of patients were diagnosed with benign adrenal masses, whereas in about 5% of them adrenal tumor corresponded to adrenal carcinoma or metastasis. Tumor density was found to be superior to tumor size in distinguishing benign adrenal masses from malignant tumors and pheochromocytomas. During the follow-up, no patient demonstrated a clinically significant increase in tumor size. In addition, no changes, either in metanephrines and normetanephrines or in the activity of renin–aldosterone axis, were observed during the follow-up. Six patients developed subclinical Cushing's syndrome (SCS) whereas eight patients with SCS showed biochemical remission during follow-up.ConclusionThe study suggests that the risk of an adrenal mass initially diagnosed as benign and non-functional becoming malignant or hormonally active is extremely low. Therefore, the clinical management of those patients should be tailored on an individual basis in order to avoid unnecessary procedures.
Imaging Radiation Doses and Associated Risks and Benefits in Subjects Participating in Breast Cancer Clinical Trials
Authors: Fresco Rodrigo , Spera Gonzalo , Meyer Carlos , Cabral Pablo , Mackey John R. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Background.
Medical imaging is commonly required in breast cancer (BC) clinical trials to assess the efficacy and/or safety of study interventions. Despite the lack of definitive epidemiological data linking imaging radiation with cancer development in adults, concerns exist about the risks of imaging radiation-induced malignancies (IRIMs) in subjects exposed to repetitive imaging. We estimated the imaging radiation dose and IRIM risk in subjects participating in BC trials.

Materials and Methods.
The imaging protocol requirements in 10 phase III trials in the adjuvant and advanced settings were assessed to estimate the effective radiation dose received by a typical and fully compliant subject in each trial. For each study, the excess lifetime attributable cancer risk (LAR) was calculated using the National Cancer Institute's Radiation Risk Assessment Tool, version 3.7.1. Dose and risk calculations were performed for both imaging intensive and nonintensive approaches to reflect the variability in imaging performed within the studies.

Results.
The total effective imaging radiation dose was 0.4–262.2 mSv in adjuvant trials and 26–241.3 mSv in metastatic studies. The dose variability resulted from differing protocol requirements and imaging intensity approaches, with computed tomography, multigated acquisition scans, and bone scans as the major contributors. The mean LAR was 1.87–2,410/100,000 in adjuvant trials (IRIM: 0.0002%–2.41% of randomized subjects) and 6.9–67.3/100,000 in metastatic studies (IRIM: 0.007%–0.067% of subjects).

Conclusion.
IRIMs are infrequent events. In adjuvant trials, aligning the protocol requirements with the clinical guidelines’ surveillance recommendations and substituting radiating procedures with equivalent nonradiating ones would reduce IRIM risk. No significant risk has been observed in metastatic trials, and potential concerns on IRIMs are not justified.

Implications for Practice:
Medical imaging is key in breast cancer (BC) clinical trials. Most of these procedures expose patients to ionizing radiation, and the risk of second cancer development after imaging has prompted recent concerns and controversy. Using accepted calculation models, the number of malignancies were estimated that were potentially attributable to the imaging procedures performed during a patient's participation in BC clinical trials. The results show that for patients participating in metastatic trials, the risk of imaging radiation-induced malignancies is negligible. In adjuvant trials, some second cancers due to imaging could be expected, and measures can be taken to reduce their risk.
Molecular Targets in Biliary Carcinogenesis and Implications for Therapy
Authors: Oyasiji Tolutope , Zhang Jianliang , Kuvshinoff Boris , Iyer Renuka , Hochwald Steven N. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) encompass a group of invasive carcinomas, including cholangiocarcinoma (intrahepatic, perihilar, or extrahepatic), and gallbladder carcinoma. Approximately 90% of patients present with advanced, unresectable disease and have a poor prognosis. The latest recommendation is to treat advanced or metastatic disease with gemcitabine and cisplatin, although chemotherapy has recorded modest survival benefits. Comprehension of the molecular basis of biliary carcinogenesis has resulted in experimental trials of targeted therapies in BTCs, with promising results. This review addresses the emerging role of targeted therapy in the treatment of BTCs. Findings from preclinical studies were reviewed and correlated with the outcomes of clinical trials that were undertaken to translate the laboratory discoveries.

Implications for Practice:
Biliary tract cancers are rare. Approximately 90% of patients present with advanced, unresectable disease and have a poor prognosis. Median overall and progression-free survival are 12 and 8 months, respectively. Because chemotherapy has recorded modest survival benefits, targeted therapies are being explored for personalized treatment of these cancers. A comprehensive review of targeted therapies in biliary tract cancers was undertaken to present emerging evidence from laboratory and/or molecular studies as they translate to clinical trials and outcomes. The latest evidence on this topic is presented to clinicians and practitioners to guide decisions on treatment of this disease.
Phase II Trial of Upfront Bevacizumab, Irinotecan, and Temozolomide for Unresectable Glioblastoma
Authors: Peters Katherine B. , Lou Emil , Desjardins Annick , Reardon David A. , Lipp Eric S. , Miller Elizabeth , Herndon James E. , McSherry Frances , Friedman Henry S. , Vredenburgh James J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Lessons Learned
Trials focusing on unresectable multifocal glioblastoma are needed because of the extremely poor prognosis and challenges in receiving standard therapy, such as concurrent radiation and chemotherapy. Developing a strategy to chemically debulk tumors before radiation and/or surgery is warranted.

Background.
Extent of resection remains a key prognostic factor in glioblastoma (GBM), with gross total resection providing a better prognosis than biopsy or subtotal resection. We conducted a phase II trial of upfront therapy with bevacizumab (BV), irinotecan (CPT-11), and temozolomide (TMZ) prior to chemoradiation in patients with unresectable, subtotally resected, and/or multifocal GBM.

Methods.
Patients received up to 4 cycles of TMZ at 200 mg/m2 per day on days 1–5 (standard dosing) and BV at 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks on a 28-day cycle. CPT-11 was given every 2 weeks on a 28-day cycle at 125 mg/m2 or 340 mg/m2 depending on antiepileptic drugs. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was done every 4 weeks, and treatment continued as long as there was no tumor progression or unmanageable toxicity. The primary endpoint was tumor response rate, with a goal of 26% or greater.

Results.
Forty-one patients were enrolled from December 2009 to November 2010. Radiographic responses were as follows: 9 patients (22.0%) had partial respons!e, 25 (61.0%) had stable disease, and 2 (4.9%) had progression; 5 patients were not assessed. Cumulative response rate was 22%. Median overall survival was 12 months (95% confidence interval: 7.2–13.5 months).

Conclusion.
Upfront treatment with BV, TMZ, and CPT-11 is tolerable and can lead to radiographic response in unresectable and/or subtotally resected GBM.
Organogénesis y embriogénesis somática de Beaucarnea inermis (Asparagaceae), una especie amenazada del noreste de México
Authors: Guillén Susana , Martínez-Palacios Alejandro , Martínez Herlinda , Martínez-Ávalos José Guadalupe 
Published: May 2015

Cinco tipos de explantes de plantas de 90 días de Beaucarnea inermis generadas a partir de la germinación in vitro de semillas, fueron utilizadas para la propagación in vitro a través de la organogénesis y embriogénesis somática. Para la embriogénesis somática, se utilizó medio B5 en segmento basal de hoja y en callo derivado de ápice de brote, generando una media de 2.2 y 3.6 embriones, respectivamente; ambos en presencia de 0.5 mg L-1 cinetina + 2 mg L-1 de ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético. En ápice de tallo se generaron 6.8 embriones en promedio, con 0.5 mg L-1 cinetina + 4 mg L-1 de ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético. La presencia de luz y ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético en callo derivó a la producción de raíz. Para la organogénesis se usó el medio MS; en segmento basal de hoja se generaron 2.8 brotes adventicios en presencia de 6 mg L-1 de 6-benciladenina + 0.5 mg L-1 de ácido naftalen-acético. El explante de callo y ápice de tallo generó 11.3 y 15.7 brotes, respectivamente; ambos en presencia de 2 mg L-1 de 6-benciladenina. Los embriones somáticos germinaron y se desarrollaron en MS basal. La formación de raíz in vitro en brotes individualizados se incrementó cuando al medio MS se adicionó mg L-1 de ácido indol-3-butírico. Se registró hasta 100% de supervivencia 90 días después del trasplante bajo condiciones de invernadero. Las dos vías generaron el engrosamiento típico de la base del tallo. En este estudio se establece un sistema eficiente de micropropagación por diversas vías y herramientas para generar plantas comerciales e indirectamente reducir la presión de la sobre colecta en poblaciones silvestres.
Una nueva especie de Loeselia (Polemoniaceae) de Campeche, México
Authors: Gutiérrez-Báez Celso , Duno de Stefano Rodrigo 
Published: May 2015

Se describe e ilustra a Loeselia campechiana Gutiérrez-Báez & R. Duno, una nueva especie de Polemoniaceae del estado de Campeche, México. Es la primera vez que se registra la familia para el estado. La nueva especie es muy rara y hasta la fecha se conoce de una localidad caracterizada por la presencia de una selva mediana subcaducifolia. Es morfológicamente similar a L. glandulosa (Cav.) G. Don, pero puede ser distinguida por tener brácteas más cortas, el tubo de la corola más corto y recto, los filamentos más cortos y también el estilo más corto.
Plasticidad fenotípica de poblaciones de chile silvestre ( Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum ) en respuesta a disponibilidad de luz
Authors: Hernández-Verdugo Sergio , González-Sánchez Ramón A. , Porras Flor , Parra-Terraza Saúl , Valdez-Ortiz Angel , Pacheco-Olvera Antonio , López-España Ricardo Guillermo 
Published: May 2015

La plasticidad fenotípica permite a las plantas lidiar con ambientes heterogéneos. Capsicum annuum silvestre es un valioso recurso genético que habita en sitios que difieren en la disponibilidad de luz. Evaluamos la variación genética entre poblaciones, la plasticidad fenotípica y su variación en respuesta a tres niveles de luz (alto, 100%; medio, 50%; y bajo, 25% de luz solar) de cinco poblaciones de Capsicum annuum silvestre del noroeste de México. Las características medidas fueron: altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, longitud de la hoja, ancho de la hoja, número de frutos por planta, número de semillas por fruto, número de semillas por planta y peso de la semilla. Las poblaciones difirieron significativamente en todas las características medidas. Todas las características mostraron un efecto significativo de los tratamientos y todas, excepto el diámetro del tallo, mostraron un efecto significativo de la interacción población por tratamiento, indicando niveles altos de plasticidad y variación de la plasticidad de las características medidas. Este alto número de interacciones significativas sugiere que las poblaciones de Capsicum annuum silvestre tienen el potencial para responder a ambientes variables en la disponibilidad de luz. Además se probó la respuesta adaptativa a la luz estimando la relación entre las características fenotípicas y el número de semillas por planta como una medida de la adecuación. En el tratamiento medio de luz, la selección favoreció un aumento en la longitud y ancho de la hoja y una disminución en el diámetro del tallo. En el tratamiento bajo de luz, la selección favoreció una disminución del diámetro del tallo. Estos resultados indican que la selección y la deriva génica pueden ser responsables de los patrones de variación en la plasticidad observados en las poblaciones de Capsicum annuum silvestre.
Las colectas botánicas de Thomas Baillie MacDougall (1895-1973); legado para la biodiversidad en México
Authors: Rico Arce Maria de Lourdes , Moreno Gutiérrez Elizabeth , Nuñez Merchand Alejandra , Colín López Julian Javier , Muñoz López Enrique , Rodriguez Amparo 
Published: May 2015

Thomas MacDougall “Don Tomás”, horticultor y antropólogo de origen escocés, apasionado por la naturaleza, que de 1930 a 1973 realizó en México exploraciones científicas, principalmente en los estados de Oaxaca y Chiapas. Algunas de las plantas colectadas por él no se han vuelto a encontrar. MacDougall fue autor o coautor de géneros y de especies de plantas y animales, asimismo, al menos 21 especies de plantas se describieron en su honor. Sus colectas botánicas, incluyendo numerosos tipos, están depositadas principalmente en el Herbario del Jardín Botánico de Nueva York y en el Herbario Nacional del Instituto de Biología. La Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad cuenta por el momento con una base de datos de 2,601 registros, en su mayoría tomados de sus libretas de campo depositadas en Rare Book Collection del Museo de Historia Natural, de Nueva York. Debido a la alta diversidad de los lugares que visitó y a la necesidad de la conservación de su biota, se consideró importante tratar de reconstruir su itinerario botánico, ubicando y georreferenciando las localidades de sus colectas botánicas, además de realizar un análisis espacial con la vegetación primaria y el modelo digital de elevación. Como resultado, se georreferenciaron 483 sitios. Las familias mejor representadas en sus colectas en Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz y Puebla, fueron: Begoniaceae, Cactaceae, Crassulaceae, Orchidaceae y Gesneriaceae. Un poco menos de 50% del total corresponden a especies de diversas familias del bosque mesófilo de montaña en México, en el resto del porcentaje destacan principalmente aquellas del bosque de pino, pino-encino y selva baja caducifolia. La información aquí presentada es de importancia para el conocimiento, uso, y evaluación de la biodiversidad.
Mechanisms for the evolution of complex and diversely elaborated sepals in Iris identified by comparative analysis of developmental sequences
Authors: Guo Jinyan 
Published: May 2015

• Premise of the study: Crested sepals, which have evolved at least five times in Iris, are adaxially elaborated with a sinuous and/or uneven median structure (crest) along the proximal–distal axis and sometimes with various lateral structures (ridges, crests, and linear protuberances) flanking the median crest. These structural elaborations are complex yet diverse in form, providing a good opportunity to investigate developmental mechanisms for the diversification of reproductive lateral organs.• Methods: Morphologies of the median and lateral structures at different developmental stages from selected crested sepals representing the major types of structural elaborations were recorded using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Developmental (morphogenetic) events that contribute to changes in shape (e.g., sinuousness, unevenness) between consecutive stages were recorded. Developmental sequences—trajectories that consist of a series of developmental events—were compared in a phylogenetic context.• Key results: Three developmental events (development of outgrowths, greater expansion of the upper zone, and greater expansion of the lower zone), are shared across lineages, occur in the same developmental sequences, and are responsible for the changes in shape during the development of diverse structural elaborations. In addition, two novel developmental events and the development of trichomes on elaborate structures were observed within the core‐crested clade.• Conclusions: Developmental sequences are conserved across independently evolved crested lineages. Heterochronic and heterotopic shifts of developmental events play the major role in the diversification of elaborations of crested sepals in Iris. The evolution of novel developmental events and the development of trichomes also contribute to the diversity.
Resolving relationships within the palm subfamily Arecoideae (Arecaceae) using plastid sequences derived from next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Comer Jason R. , Zomlefer Wendy B. , Barrett Craig F. , Davis Jerrold I. , Stevenson Dennis Wm. , Heyduk Karolina , Leebens‐Mack James H. 
Published: May 2015

• Premise of the study: Several studies have incorporated molecular and morphological data to study the phylogeny of the palms (Arecaceae), but some relationships within the family remain ambiguous—particularly those within Arecoideae, the most diverse subfamily including coconut and oil palm. Here, two next‐generation, targeted plastid‐enrichment methods were compared and used to elucidate Arecoideae phylogeny.• Methods: Next‐generation sequencing techniques were used to generate a plastid genome data set. Long range PCR and hybrid gene capture were used to enrich for chloroplast targets. Ten taxa were enriched using both methods for comparison. Chloroplast sequence data were generated for 31 representatives of the 14 Arecoideae tribes and five outgroup taxa. The phylogeny was reconstructed using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian analyses.• Key results: Long range PCR and hybrid gene capture both enriched the plastid genome and provided similar sequencing coverage. Subfamily Arecoideae was resolved as monophyletic with tribe Chamaedoreeae as the earliest‐diverging lineage, implying that the development of flowers in triads defines a synapomorphy for the Arecoideae clade excluding Chamaedoreeae. Three major clades within this group were recovered: Roystoneeae/Reinhardtieae/Cocoseae (RRC), Areceae/Euterpeae/Geonomateae/Leopoldinieae/Manicarieae/Pelagodoxeae (core arecoids), and Podococceae/Oranieae/Sclerospermeae (POS). An Areceae + Euterpeae clade was resolved within the core arecoids. The POS clade was sister to a RRC + core arecoids clade, implying a shared ancestral area in South America for these three clades.• Conclusions: The plastome phylogeny recovered here provides robust resolution of previously ambiguous studies and new insights into palm evolution.
Les nouveaux comportements d’achat dans le tourisme de santé : quand Internet s’en mêle
Authors: Hallem Yousra , Barth Isabelle , Triki Abdelfattah 
Published: May 2015

Depuis quelques années, on observe le développement accéléré du tourisme médical. Si au départ, la motivation portait essentiellement sur le prix bas d’une prestation médicale dans des pays émergents, on constate que le comportement de celui qu’on appelle « le patient-touriste » évolue. En effet si le facteur prix reste important, le rôle d’Internet dans l’acte d’achat est de plus en plus présent et structurant et même réducteur d’incertitude. Notre article présente les résultats d’une étude longitudinale sur de nouvelles motivations du patient-touriste dans le cadre du tourisme de chirurgie esthétique en Tunisie.
Les contrats de destination : nouveau souffle ou nouvelle ère de la gouvernance des destinations ?
Authors: Bédé Sébastien 
Published: May 2015

L’enjeu du « contrat de destination » est ambitieux : impliquer tous les acteurs dans la gouvernance au service de l’attractivité et de la compétitivité des destinations. Cette étude analyse le processus de structuration de la gouvernance en Normandie dans le cadre du contrat de destination Tourisme de Mémoire. Bien que toutes les parties prenantes ne soient pas impliquées, cet outil est susceptible de remédier aux crispations liées à la compétence tourisme des collectivités territoriales.