bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PEMS: Monitoring NOx Emissions From Gas Turbines
Authors: Hung Wilfred S. Y. , Langenbacher Fritz 
Published: February 2015

Predictive Emission Monitoring System (PEMS) was developed in 1990 to provide continuous monitoring of NOx emissions from stationary gas turbines with minimum maintenance. This system will meet the Enhanced Monitoring requirements under Title V of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 when these requirements are finalized. The PEMS has been well received by various United States federal, state and local environmental agencies. It has been certified in the state of Colorado, and accepted in Pennsylvania and Texas.
This paper reviews the Enhanced Monitoring requirements for gas turbine NOx emissions monitoring and discusses the technical background of the PEMS. The PEMS design is described, including inputs, outputs and operator interface. Experiences with some of the installed systems are presented.
The PEMS predicts NOx emissions from turbine control system inputs and measurements of ambient air conditions. The prediction algorithms are based upon a time tested NOx emission model for gas turbines. This model has successfully predicted all measured NOx emission phenomena from gas turbines since 1974. The PEMS has been proven to be accurate within the 20% relative accuracy required for certification.
The PEMS operates unattended, with extremely low maintenance and high reliability. Record keeping and report generation are automated. The PEMS is typically integrated into the turbine control and condition monitoring system. The PEMS meets regulatory requirements with a much lower cost than a conventional Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS).
A New Technique to Repair Localised Coating Defects for Gas Turbines Blades and Vanes
Authors: Guerreschi U. , Rebora E. , Gandini E. 
Published: February 2015

The protection against corrosion and oxidation of the blades and vanes of gas turbines has been successfully obtained by depositing overlay coatings of MCrAlY with vacuum plasma spray (VPS) technique. However it is necessary to qualify repair processes, even for localised coating defects produced during the manufacturing process or after service.
Ansaldo and Atla have developed a technique to repair such localised defects.
This process consists in:
• localised stripping with two different techniques,
• depositing new coating on the removed zone by plasma spray with special device,
• diffusing of the new coating with vacuum thermal treatment,
• non destructive evaluating to examine the repaired zone.
This process guarantee good quality with economical advantages comparing with the traditional method which removes all the coating and repeats the VPS process.
Boundary Layer Development in Axial Compressors and Turbines: Part 1 of 4 — Composite Picture
Authors: Halstead David E. , Wisler David C. , Okiishi Theodore H. , Walker Gregory J. , Hodson Howard P. , Shin Hyoun-Woo 
Published: February 2015

Comprehensive experiments and computational analyses were conducted to understand boundary layer development on airfoil surfaces in multistage, axial-flow compressors and LP turbines. The tests were run over a broad range of Reynolds numbers and loading levels in large, low-speed research facilities which simulate the relevant aerodynamic features of modern engine components. Measurements of boundary layer characteristics were obtained by using arrays of densely packed, hot-film gauges mounted on airfoil surfaces and by making boundary layer surveys with hot wire probes. Computational predictions were made using both steady flow codes and an unsteady flow code. This is the first time that time-resolved boundary layer measurements and detailed comparisons of measured data with predictions of boundary layer codes have been reported for multistage compressor and turbine blading.
Part 1 of this paper draws a composite picture of boundary layer development in turbomachinery based upon a synthesis of all of our experimental findings for the compressor and turbine. Parts 2 and 3 present the experimental results for the compressor and turbine, respectively. Part 4 presents computational analyses and discusses comparisons with experimental data.
For both compressor and turbine blading, the experimental results show large extents of laminar and transitional flow on the suction surface of embedded stages, with the boundary layer generally developing along two distinct but coupled paths. One path lies approximately under the wake trajectory while the other lies between wakes. Along both paths the boundary layer clearly goes from laminar to transitional to turbulent. The wake path and the non-wake path are coupled by a calmed region which, being generated by turbulent spots produced in the wake path, is effective in suppressing flow separation and delaying transition in the non-wake path. The location and strength of the various regions within the paths, such as wake-induced transitional and turbulent strips, vary with Reynolds number, loading level and turbulence intensity. On the pressure surface, transition takes place near the leading edge for the blading tested. For both surfaces, bypass transition and separated-flow transition were observed. Classical Tollmien-Schlichting transition did not play a significant role. Comparisons of embedded and first-stage results were also made to assess the relevance of applying single-stage and cascade studies to the multistage environment.
Although doing well under certain conditions, the codes in general could not adequately predict the onset and extent of transition in regions affected by calming. However, assessments are made to guide designers in using current predictive schemes to compute boundary layer features and obtain reasonable loss predictions.
Association of Shifting Populations in the Root Zone Microbiome of Millet with Enhanced Crop Productivity in the Sahel Region (Africa)
Authors: Debenport Spencer J. , Assigbetse Komi , Bayala Roger , Chapuis-Lardy Lydie , Dick Richard P. , McSpadden Gardener Brian B. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

This study characterized specific changes in the millet root zone microbiome stimulated by long-term woody-shrub intercropping at different sites in Senegal. At the two study sites, intercropping with woody shrubs and shrub residue resulted in a significant increase in millet [
Pennisetum glaucum
(L.) R. Br.] yield (
P
< 0.05) and associated patterns of increased diversity in both bacterial and fungal communities in the root zone of the crop. Across four experiments, operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to
Chitinophaga
were consistently significantly (
P
< 0.001) enriched in the intercropped samples, and “
Candidatus
Koribacter” was consistently significantly enriched in samples where millet was grown alone. Those OTUs belonging to
Chitinophaga
were enriched more than 30-fold in residue-amended samples and formed a distinct subgroup from all OTUs detected in the genus. Additionally, OTUs belonging to 8 fungal genera (
Aspergillus
,
Coniella
,
Epicoccum
,
Fusarium
,
Gibberella
,
Lasiodiplodia
,
Penicillium
, and
Phoma
) were significantly (
P
< 0.005) enriched in all experiments at all sites in intercropped samples. The OTUs of four genera (
Epicoccum
,
Fusarium
,
Gibberella
, and
Haematonectria
) were consistently enriched at sites where millet was grown alone. Those enriched OTUs in intercropped samples showed consistently large-magnitude differences, ranging from 30- to 1,000-fold increases in abundance. Consistently enriched OTUs in intercropped samples in the genera
Aspergillus
,
Fusarium
, and
Penicillium
also formed phylogenetically distinct subgroups. These results suggest that the intercropping system used here can influence the recruitment of potentially beneficial microorganisms to the root zone of millet and aid subsistence farmers in producing higher-yielding crops.
High-Throughput Microfluidic Method To Study Biofilm Formation and Host-Pathogen Interactions in Pathogenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Tremblay Yannick D. N. , Vogeleer Philippe , Jacques Mario , Harel Josée 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

Biofilm formation and host-pathogen interactions are frequently studied using multiwell plates; however, these closed systems lack shear force, which is present at several sites in the host, such as the intestinal and urinary tracts. Recently, microfluidic systems that incorporate shear force and very small volumes have been developed to provide cell biology models that resemble
in vivo
conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if the BioFlux 200 microfluidic system could be used to study host-pathogen interactions and biofilm formation by pathogenic
Escherichia coli
. Strains of various pathotypes were selected to establish the growth conditions for the formation of biofilms in the BioFlux 200 system on abiotic (glass) or biotic (eukaryotic-cell) surfaces. Biofilm formation on glass was observed for the majority of strains when they were grown in M9 medium at 30°C but not in RPMI medium at 37°C. In contrast, HRT-18 cell monolayers enhanced binding and, in most cases, biofilm formation by pathogenic
E. coli
in RPMI medium at 37°C. As a proof of principle, the biofilm-forming ability of a diffusely adherent
E. coli
mutant strain lacking AIDA-I, a known mediator of attachment, was assessed in our models. In contrast to the parental strain, which formed a strong biofilm, the mutant formed a thin biofilm on glass or isolated clusters on HRT-18 monolayers. In conclusion, we describe a microfluidic method for high-throughput screening that could be used to identify novel factors involved in
E. coli
biofilm formation and host-pathogen interactions under shear force.
Energy and information propagation in a finite coupled bosonic heat bath
Authors: Galve Fernando , Zambrini Roberta 
Published: February 2015

The finite coupled bosonic model of reservoir introduced by Vasile et al. [Phys. Rev. A 89 (2014) 022109] to characterize non-Markovianity, is used to study the different dissipative behaviors of a harmonic oscillator coupled to it when it is in resonance, close to resonance or far detuned. We show that information and energy exchange between system and heat bath go hand in hand because phonons are the carriers of both: in resonance free propagation of excitations is achieved, and therefore pure dissipation, while when far detuned the system can only correlate with the first oscillator in the bath's chain, leading to almost unitary evolution. In the intermediate situation, we show the penetration of correlations and the formation of oscillatory (dressed state) behavior, which lies at the root of non-Markovianity.
Communicating uncertainty: managing the inherent probabilistic character of hazard estimates
Authors: Albarello Dario 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A key aspect of ethics is the concept of responsible behaviour, that is, the attitude of correcting one's own actions based on the foreseen effects. In the case of Earth scientists, these actions mainly concern providing and communicating authoritative statements that are the basis of activities devoted to prevent possible losses. When deterministic statements are provided, science and scientists are imputable for any wrong action that relies on these statements. Probabilistic statements, instead, imply the possibility of alternative scenarios characterized by a degree of belief assessed based on the available knowledge. In this case, the lack of any definitive ‘truth’ requires the responsibility of a relevant decider to choose among several possibilities. Correctly communicating case by case the actual nature (deterministic or probabilistic) of the scientific statements becomes of paramount importance to manage effectively the relationship between the scientific community and society. The adoption of an epistemic view of probability and the use of clear decision-making tools may be of great help in providing a more effective basis for translating probabilistic statements into a comprehensible language and may also clarify the respective role of scientists and society in facing geological risks.
Tumor Radiosensitization by Monomethyl Auristatin E: Mechanism of Action and Targeted Delivery
Authors: Buckel Lisa , Savariar Elamprakash N. , Crisp Jessica L. , Jones Karra A. , Hicks Angel M. , Scanderbeg Daniel J. , Nguyen Quyen T. , Sicklick Jason K. , Lowy Andrew M. , Tsien Roger Y. , Advani Sunil J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Intrinsic tumor resistance to radiotherapy limits the efficacy of ionizing radiation (IR). Sensitizing cancer cells specifically to IR would improve tumor control and decrease normal tissue toxicity. The development of tumor-targeting technologies allows for developing potent radiosensitizing drugs. We hypothesized that the anti-tubulin agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), a component of a clinically approved antibody-directed conjugate, could function as a potent radiosensitizer and be selectively delivered to tumors using an activatable cell-penetrating peptide targeting matrix metalloproteinases and RGD-binding integrins (ACPP–cRGD–MMAE). We evaluated the ability of MMAE to radiosensitize both established cancer cells and a low-passage cultured human pancreatic tumor cell line using clonogenic and DNA damage assays. MMAE sensitized colorectal and pancreatic cancer cells to IR in a schedule- and dose-dependent manner, correlating with mitotic arrest. Radiosensitization was evidenced by decreased clonogenic survival and increased DNA double-strand breaks in irradiated cells treated with MMAE. MMAE in combination with IR resulted in increased DNA damage signaling and activation of CHK1. To test a therapeutic strategy of MMAE and IR, PANC-1 or HCT-116 murine tumor xenografts were treated with nontargeted free MMAE or tumor-targeted MMAE (ACPP–cRGD–MMAE). While free MMAE in combination with IR resulted in tumor growth delay, tumor-targeted ACPP-cRGD-MMAE with IR produced a more robust and significantly prolonged tumor regression in xenograft models. Our studies identify MMAE as a potent radiosensitizer. Importantly, MMAE radiosensitization can be localized to tumors by targeted activatable cell-penetrating peptides. Cancer Res; 75(7); 1376–87. ©2015 AACR.
Stem Cell Transplantation Reverses Chemotherapy-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction
Authors: Acharya Munjal M. , Martirosian Vahan , Chmielewski Nicole N. , Hanna Nevine , Tran Katherine K. , Liao Alicia C. , Christie Lori-Ann , Parihar Vipan K. , Limoli Charles L. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The frequent use of chemotherapy to combat a range of malignancies can elicit severe cognitive dysfunction often referred to as “chemobrain,” a condition that can persist long after the cessation of treatment in as many as 75% of survivors. Although cognitive health is a critical determinant of therapeutic outcome, chemobrain remains an unmet medical need that adversely affects quality of life in pediatric and adult cancer survivors. Using a rodent model of chemobrain, we showed that chronic cyclophosphamide treatment induced significant performance-based decrements on behavioral tasks designed to interrogate hippocampal and cortical function. Intrahippocampal transplantation of human neural stem cells resolved all cognitive impairments when animals were tested 1 month after the cessation of chemotherapy. In transplanted animals, grafted cells survived (8%) and differentiated along neuronal and astroglial lineages, where improved cognition was associated with reduced neuroinflammation and enhanced host dendritic arborization. Stem cell transplantation significantly reduced the number of activated microglia after cyclophosphamide treatment in the brain. Granule and pyramidal cell neurons within the dentate gyrus and CA1 subfields of the hippocampus exhibited significant reductions in dendritic complexity, spine density, and immature and mature spine types following chemotherapy, adverse effects that were eradicated by stem cell transplantation. Our findings provide the first evidence that cranial transplantation of stem cells can reverse the deleterious effects of chemobrain, through a trophic support mechanism involving the attenuation of neuroinflammation and the preservation host neuronal architecture. Cancer Res; 75(4); 676–86. ©2015 AACR.
Stromal CD8+ T-cell Density—A Promising Supplement to TNM Staging in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Donnem Tom , Hald Sigurd M. , Paulsen Erna-Elise , Richardsen Elin , Al-Saad Samer , Kilvaer Thomas K. , Brustugun Odd Terje , Helland Aslaug , Lund-Iversen Marius , Poehl Mette , Olsen Karen Ege , Ditzel Henrik J. , Hansen Olfred , Al-Shibli Khalid , Kiselev Yury , Sandanger Torkjel M. , Andersen Sigve , Pezzella Francesco , Bremnes Roy M. , Busund Lill-Tove 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Purpose: Immunoscore is a prognostic tool defined to quantify in situ immune cell infiltrates, which appears to be superior to the tumor–node–metastasis (TNM) classification in colorectal cancer. In non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), no immunoscore has been established, but in situ tumor immunology is recognized as highly important. We have previously evaluated the prognostic impact of several immunological markers in NSCLC, yielding the density of stromal CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) as the most promising candidate. Hence, we validate the impact of stromal CD8+ TIL density as an immunoscore in NSCLC.
Experimental Design: The prognostic impact of stromal CD8+ TILs was evaluated in four different cohorts from Norway and Denmark consisting of 797 stage I–IIIA NSCLC patients. The Tromso cohort (n = 155) was used as training set, and the results were further validated in the cohorts from Bodo (n = 169), Oslo (n = 295), and Denmark (n = 178). Tissue microarrays and clinical routine CD8 staining were used for all cohorts.
Results: Stromal CD8+ TIL density was an independent prognostic factor in the total material (n = 797) regardless of the endpoint: disease-free survival (P &lt; 0.001), disease-specific survival (P &lt; 0.001), or overall survival (P &lt; 0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed significant prognostic impact of stromal CD8+ TIL density within each pathologic stage (pStage). In multivariate analysis, stromal CD8+ TIL density and pStage were independent prognostic variables.
Conclusions: Stromal CD8+ TIL density has independent prognostic impact in resected NSCLC, adds prognostic impact within each pStage, and is a good candidate marker for establishing a TNM-Immunoscore. Clin Cancer Res; 21(11); 2635–43. ©2015 AACR.
Body Mass Index and Heart Failure Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Li Weiqin , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Horswell Ronald , Zhang Yonggang , Wang Yujie , Johnson Jolene , Hu Gang 
Published: February 2015

Background—
Epidemiological data on the association between body mass index (BMI) and heart failure (HF) risk among diabetic patients are rare.

Methods and Results—

We performed a prospective cohort study of risk for HF among 31 155 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (11 468 men and 19 687 women). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association of different levels of BMI with HF risk. During a mean follow-up of 7.8 years, 5834 subjects developed HF (2379 men and 3455 women). The multivariable-adjusted (age, race, smoking, income, and type of insurance) hazard ratios of HF associated with BMI levels (18.5–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–29.9 [reference group], 30–34.9, 35–39.9, and ≥40 kg/m
2
) at baseline were 0.95, 1.00, 1.00, 1.16, 1.64, and 2.02 (
P
trend
<0.001) for men and 1.16, 1.16, 1.00, 1.23, 1.55, and 2.01 (
P
nonlinear
<0.001) for women, respectively. When we used an updated mean value of BMI, the association of HF risk with BMI did not change. When stratified by age, race, smoking status, and use of antidiabetic drugs, the positive associations among men and the J-shaped associations among women were still present.

Conclusions—
Our study suggests a positive association between BMI and HF risk among men and a J-shaped association between BMI and HF risk among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Vorapaxar in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus and Previous Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Cavender Matthew A. , Scirica Benjamin M. , Bonaca Marc P. , Angiolillo Dominick J. , Dalby Anthony J. , Dellborg Mikael , Morais Joao , Murphy Sabina A. , Ophuis Ton Oude , Tendera Michal , Braunwald Eugene , Morrow David A. 
Published: February 2015

Background—
Vorapaxar reduces cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke in patients with previous MI while increasing bleeding. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at high risk of recurrent thrombotic events despite standard therapy and may derive particular benefit from antithrombotic therapies. The Thrombin Receptor Antagonist in Secondary Prevention of Atherothrombotic Ischemic Events-TIMI 50 trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vorapaxar in patients with stable atherosclerosis.

Methods and Results—

We examined the efficacy of vorapaxar in patients with and without DM who qualified for the trial with a previous MI. Because vorapaxar is contraindicated in patients with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack, the analysis (n=16 896) excluded such patients. The primary end point of cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke occurred more frequently in patients with DM than in patients without DM (rates in placebo group: 14.3% versus 7.6%; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.47;
P
<0.001). In patients with DM (n=3623), vorapaxar significantly reduced the primary end point (11.4% versus 14.3%; hazard ratio, 0.73 [95% confidence interval, 0.60–0.89];
P
=0.002) with a number needed to treat to avoid 1 major cardiovascular event of 29. The incidence of moderate/severe bleeding was increased with vorapaxar in patients with DM (4.4% versus 2.6%; hazard ratio, 1.60 [95% confidence interval, 1.07–2.40]). However, net clinical outcome integrating these 2 end points (efficacy and safety) was improved with vorapaxar (hazard ratio, 0.79 [95% confidence interval, 0.67–0.93]).

Conclusions—
In patients with previous MI and DM, the addition of vorapaxar to standard therapy significantly reduced the risk of major vascular events with greater potential for absolute benefit in this group at high risk of recurrent ischemic events.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00526474.
Impacts of Mesoscale Wind on Turbulent Flow and Ventilation in a Densely Built-up Urban Area
Authors: Park Seung-Bu , Baik Jong-Jin , Lee Sang-Hyun 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTurbulent flow in a densely built-up area of Seoul, South Korea, for 0900–1500 LST 31 May 2008 is simulated using the parallelized large-eddy simulation model (PALM) coupled to a mesoscale model (Weather Research and Forecasting Model). Time-varying inflow that is composed of mesoscale wind and turbulent signals induces different mean flows and turbulence structures depending on time. Sweeps induced by upper flow are distinct for 0900–0910 LST, and strong ejections and weaker sweeps are dominant for 1450–1500 LST at height z = 200 m. To investigate pedestrian wind environment and ventilation, mean wind velocity and turbulent kinetic energy at 2.5 m above streets are analyzed. The reference mean wind speed at z = 600 m continuously increases after 1010 LST. The pedestrian mean streamwise velocity tends to decrease after 1100 LST, although the pedestrian mean wind speed tends to slowly increase. Whereas the temporal velocity variations related to mesoscale wind are distinct in a street canyon and an intersection, the variations induced by mesoscale wind disappear in a dense building area, indicating strong decoupling from mesoscale wind. The velocity ratio of the pedestrian mean wind speed to the reference mean wind speed, representing a measure of ventilation in urban areas, is high on broad streets and at intersections and is low in dense building areas. Vortices in street canyons and winding flows around tall buildings seem to induce high velocity ratio there. The velocity ratio is shown to be linearly proportional to the pedestrian mean streamwise velocity.