bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A histogram‐based method for efficient detection of rewriting attacks in simple object access protocol messages
Authors: Nasridinov Aziz , Jeong Young‐Sik , Byun Jeong‐Yong , Park Young‐Ho 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn order to secure the content of simple object access protocol (SOAP) messages in Web services, several security standards of Web service security, such as XML digital signature, are used. However, the content of a SOAP message, protected with XML digital signature, can be altered without invalidating the signature. Existing methods for detecting XML rewriting attacks are inefficient because the cost of performing detection operation is linear to the height of the SOAP message tree. Thus, each element of SOAP message needs to be accessed and checked. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for detecting XML rewriting attacks on SOAP messages using a histogram. With our method, once the source of attacks is identified, we save it in the form of a histogram, which enables us to maintain a statistical information about the location of the attack in the SOAP message. We can use this information to detect attacks in the future and thus avoid unnecessary check of all elements in the SOAP message. Experiments show that our methods outperform existing methods by several times in many cases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A flexible hierarchical access control mechanism enforcing extension policies
Authors: Chang Ya‐Fen 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTSome specific information or resources only can be accessed by authorized users. Discretionary access control (DAC), mandatory access control (MAC), and role‐based access control (RBAC) are three main classes of access control policies. MAC and RBAC are more secure than discretionary access control because a system instead of an object's owner determines the policy. MAC is appropriate for multilevel applications with high security requirements such as military ones, while RBAC provides security and business benefits. Most institutions, companies, and governments are multilevel, so relationships between roles or security levels tend to be hierarchical. In this work, an access control mechanism, providing explicit transitive exception and antisymmetric arrangement, is proposed to provide flexible and appropriate solutions to hierarchical relationships. For practicability, no access control policy is strictly constrained in the proposed mechanism such that security classes can be determined according to specific requirements. The proposed mechanism employs an elliptic curve cryptosystem and a two‐layer hash approach to ensure security and computation efficiency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Vibrational Spectra of the Anhydrous Lithium Dicyanamide Li[N(CN)2]
Authors: Reckeweg Olaf , DiSalvo Francis J. , Schulz Armin , Blaschkowski Björn , Jagiella Stefan , Schleid Thomas 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCrystals of Li[N(CN)2] were synthesized from a metathesis reaction of stoichiometric amounts of aqueous solutions of Na[N(CN)2] and Li2[SO4] followed by subsequent treatment with ethanol and evaporation of the filtered‐off solution at 80 °C under normal atmospheric conditions. The single crystals of the title compound are transparent, colorless, and extremly hygroscopic. X‐ray structure analysis showed that Li[N(CN)2] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2/c with the cell parameters a = 530.79(8) pm, b = 524.89(9) pm, c = 1149.77(17) pm, β = 101.551(7)°, and Z = 4. The crystal structure contains Li+ cations in both tetrahedral and octahedral nitrogen coordination of the boomerang‐shaped [N≡C–N–C≡N]– anions. The vibrational spectra of Li[N(CN)2] are reported as well, together with ab initio calculations for geometry and harmonic frequencies of the free dicyanamide anion.
Damping of inertial motions by parametric subharmonic instability in baroclinic currents
Authors: Thomas Leif N. , Taylor John R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA new damping mechanism for vertically-sheared inertial motions is described involving an inertia–gravity wave that oscillates at half the inertial frequency, $f$, and that grows at the expense of inertial shear. This parametric subharmonic instability forms in baroclinic, geostrophic currents where thermal wind shear, by reducing the potential vorticity of the fluid, allows inertia–gravity waves with frequencies less than $f$. A stability analysis and numerical simulations are used to study the instability criterion, energetics, and finite-amplitude behaviour of the instability. For a flow with uniform shear and stratification, parametric subharmonic instability develops when the Richardson number of the geostrophic current nears $Ri_{PSI}=4/3+\gamma \cos \phi $, where $\gamma $ is the ratio of the inertial to thermal wind shear magnitude and $\phi $ is the angle between the inertial and thermal wind shears at the initial time. Inertial shear enters the instability criterion because it can also modify the potential vorticity and hence the minimum frequency of inertia–gravity waves. When this criterion is met, inertia–gravity waves with a frequency $f/2$ and with flow parallel to isopycnals amplify, extracting kinetic energy from the inertial shear through shear production. The solutions of the numerical simulations are consistent with these predictions and additionally show that finite-amplitude parametric subharmonic instability both damps inertial shear and is itself damped by secondary shear instabilities. In this way, parametric subharmonic instability opens a pathway to turbulence where kinetic energy in inertial shear is transferred to small scales and dissipated.
On Langmuir circulation in shallow waters
Authors: Phillips W. R. C. , Dai A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe instability of shallow-water waves on a moderate shear to Langmuir circulation is considered. In such instances, specifically at the shallow end of the inner coastal region, the shear can significantly affect the drift giving rise to profiles markedly different from the simple Stokes drift. Since drift and shear are instrumental in the instability to Langmuir circulation, of key interest is how that variation in turn affects onset to Langmuir circulation. Also of interest is the effect on onset of various boundary conditions. To that end the initial value problem describing the wave–mean flow interaction which accounts for the multiple time scales of the surface waves, evolving shear and evolving Langmuir circulation is crafted from scratch, and includes the wave-induced drift and a consistent set of free-surface boundary conditions. The problem necessitates that Navier–Stokes be employed side by side with a set of mean-field equations. Specifically, the former is used to evaluate events with the shortest time scale, that is the wave field, while the mean field set is averaged over that time scale. This averaged set, the CLg equations, follow from the generalized Lagrangian mean equations and for the case at hand take the same form as the well-known CL equations, albeit with different time and velocity scales. Results based upon the Stokes drift are used as a reference to which those based upon drift profiles corrected for shear are compared, noting that the latter are asymptotic to the former as the waves transition from shallow to deep. Two typical temporal flow fields are considered: shear-driven flow and pressure-driven flow. Relative to the reference case, shear-driven flow is found to be destabilizing while pressure driven are stabilizing to Langmuir circulation. In pressure-driven flows it is further found that multiple layers, as opposed to a single layer, of Langmuir circulation can form, with the most intense circulations at the ocean floor. Moreover, the layers can extend into a region of flow beyond that in which the instability applies, suggesting that Langmuir circulation excited by the instability can in turn drive, as a dynamic consequence, contiguous albeit less intense Langmuir circulation. Pressure-driven flows also admit two preferred spacings, one closely in accord with observation for small-aspect-ratio Langmuir circulation, the other well in excess of observed large-aspect-ratio Langmuir circulation.
New marine amphipod records on the Algerian coast
Authors: Bakalem Ali , Dauvin Jean-Claude , Grimes Samir 
Published: March 2014

Recent sampling surveys (2011–2012) of the shallow (0–50 m) hard-bottom communities and re-examination of some soft-bottom communities (5–143 m) along the Algerian coast have allowed the collection of 33 species (five Caprelloidea, 27 Gammaridea and one Hyperiidea), which were not recorded before in the inventory of the marine amphipod fauna of Algeria (Bakalem & Dauvin, 1995; Grimes et al., 2009). This paper reports the number of specimens sampled for each of these 33 species and provides data on their geographical distribution and habitats. Fourteen of the species (43%) are considered to be endemic to the Mediterranean Sea; 15 others are north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean species, and the four last are cosmopolitan species. Twenty-nine of the new records are known for Italian waters and 19 in Greek waters where there is intensive amphipod inventory. The total number of marine amphipod fauna in Algeria is now 332.
Robust ground plane region detection using multiple visual cues for obstacle avoidance of a mobile robot
Authors: Lin Chia-How , Song Kai-Tai 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYThis paper presents a vision-based obstacle avoidance design using a monocular camera onboard a mobile robot. A novel image processing procedure is developed to estimate the distance between the robot and obstacles based-on inverse perspective transformation (IPT) in an image plane. A robust image processing solution is proposed to detect and segment a drivable ground area within the camera view. The proposed method integrates robust feature matching with adaptive color segmentation for plane estimation and tracking to cope with variations in illumination and camera view. After IPT and ground region segmentation, distance measurement results are obtained similar to those of a laser range finder for mobile robot obstacle avoidance and navigation. The merit of this algorithm is that the mobile robot can have the capacity of path finding and obstacle avoidance by using a single monocular camera. Practical experimental results on a wheeled mobile robot show that the proposed imaging system successfully obtains distances of surrounding objects for reactive navigation in an indoor environment.
The tidal circulation and flushing capability of the outer Tay Estuary
Authors: Charlton J. A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisMeasurements of tidal currents in the outer Tay Estuary, and from the hydraulic model of the estuary, are used to present a tidal atlas of the area and to deduce residual tidal circulation. Additional tests on the model show that the volumetric exchange rate with the sea of the outer estuary can be as high as 58 per cent per tide, but may be lowered to about 35 per cent if multiple tide recirculation is considered. Fresh water discharge into the estuary does not materially affect this exchange rate.
The physiology of nitrate dissimilatory bacteria from the Tay Estuary
Authors: Herbert R. A. , Dunn G. M. , Brown C. M. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe physiology of three nitrate respiring bacteria, identified asKlebsiellastrain K312,Pseudomonasstrain P388 andVibriostrain V25, obtained from Kingoodie Bay sediments in the River Tay by enrichment techniques, have been studied in continuous culture. In glycerol limited anaerobic culturesKlebsiellaK312 produced NO2as the primary product of nitrate reduction whereas under N-limited conditions NH4+was excreted into the culture medium. Nitrate reduction in this organism was accompanied by the synthesis of a paniculate nitrate reductase (NR) whilst under N-limitation a soluble nitrite reductase (NiR) was also produced. In contrast,PseudomonasP388 dissimilates NO3directly to gaseous products under anaerobic conditions and was associated with the synthesis of a particulate NR and under N-limited conditions a NiR. Nitrite never accumulated as an intermediate.VibrioV25 would only reduce NO3as far as NO2and was therefore restricted in its use of NO3under anaerobic conditions.KlebsiellaK312 was the most versatile of the three organisms studied and sinceKlebsiellaspp were found in significant numbers in the Kingoodie sediments they may account in part for the high interstitial NH4+levels found there.
The ecology of Bathyporeia pilosa (Amphipoda: Haustoriidae) in the Tay Estuary. II. Factors affecting the micro-distribution
Authors: Khayrallah N. H. , Jones A. M. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe distribution of Bathyporeia pilosa within a 30 m × 30 m grid was studied and related to the three major types of habitats constituting the grid. These were defined as Trough, Mound and Pool. B. pilosa was found to colonise the Trough sediments in significantly higher densities than the Mound or Pool sediments. The Pool deposits were found to be similar for 10 out of the 12 physical and chemical characteristics studied, differing only in permeability and penetrability. The coefficient of permeability of the Trough sediments was found to be five times that of the Mound sediments, and the penetrability was found to markedly higher in the permeable area than in that of low permeability: densities of B. pilosa were positively related, therefore, to permeability and penetrability. The causes of the variation between the habitats are considered and the importance of permeability and penetrability in the ecology of B. pilosa is discussed.
Sediments of the Tay Estuary. VI. Sediments of the lower and outer reaches
Authors: McManus J. , Buller A. T. , Green C. D. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe main channels converge at Dundee and form a single outlet passing seawards of the Broughty Ferry-Tayport constriction. The coarsest sediments, often of gravels and shell debris, line the floor of the channel, which is locally cut into late-glacial marine clays. Extensive sandy tidal flats seaward of the constriction pass eastwards into dune-covered sand spits pointing into the North Sea. The entrance bar has a delta-like form which is slowly overriding the fine sands of the North Sea floor.The median, sorting, and skewness of the sediments, and the covariation of several parameters follow patterns readily related to the physiographic features of the estuary.Many of the beach and tidal flat areas are in a constant state of change, and repeated topographic surveying reveals the magnitude of these changes on a short time scale. The changes in sediment characteristics demonstrated by repeated sampling and analysis of material from one stretch of Broughty Ferry beach are substantial. Size-frequency distribution plots indicate that up to four sub-populations of grains are present. Natural combinations of these in different proportions produce systematic variations in values of the normally used sediment characterising statistics.
Forestry and bracken
Authors: Biggin P. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisBracken grows on sites very suitable for forest tree growth allowing a wide choice of tree species. However, the trend in afforestation is towards poorer soils and the area of bracken land being planted is declining. Bracken will damage young trees and methods of its control are reviewed. Hand weeding still has a part to play, but most weeding of heavy bracken growth is by herbicides. Experiments using dicamba, chlorthiamid, picloram and more recently asulam and glyphosate demonstrate a gradual improvement in the selectivity and cost effectiveness of herbicides. Dicamba can only be used before planting and its use is limited to sites where control over three years is assured. Picloram and chlorthiamid at the rates necessary to control bracken are damaging to conifers. Asulam is selective and can be applied after planting giving good control of the bracken. Glyphosate is more damaging to trees than asulam but its use may be justified where a wider spectrum of weed control is required.
Fundamental studies in bracken control—the use of additives to enhance herbicide uptake and translocation
Authors: Cook G. T. , Stephen N. H. , Duncan H. J. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisWork done by the authors in relation to bracken control is reviewed. These studies are largely concerned with the use of additives to enhance both the uptake and translocation of aminotriazole and asulam using a number of approaches: (a) estimating uptake by applying known herbicide concentrations in the presence of additives followed by washing off and residue determination after set times; (b) bioassay studies for selecting additives which can reduce herbicide scorching and therefore possibly enhance translocation; (c) field trials with selected formulations.
Field trials in south-west Scotland
Authors: Martin D. J. , Sparke Carole J. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisSouth-west and west Scotland contains a large proportion of the bracken-infested hill pasture in that country and considerable effort has been expended over the past five decades on a scientific approach to bracken control. The trials of various, more or less successful, herbicides culminated in the current work based on the use of asulam or glyphosate which will control, but only in rare cases eradicate, bracken. Current work is aimed at improving the control effect by investigating and refining timing, rate and method of application, additives and mixtures. Particular emphasis is placed on techniques of improving the underlying sward, where present, and of investigating the factors influencing its growth. Experimental work has not shown any degree of allelopathy towards sown-in grass and clover seed growth, but depth of bracken litter is shown to be important. Doubt is expressed regarding the requirement for a total programme of bracken control and follow-up fertiliser treatment in all cases before grant aid is approved
The bracken problem and its control in northern Scotland
Authors: Scragg E. B. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisBracken is not a major weed problem on hill land in the north of Scotland, being restricted by environmental factors to the lower slopes of sheltered glens. There is no evidence of widespread stock poisoning by bracken in the area.Ploughing and reclamation, forestry planting and spraying with the selective herbicide asulam have considerably reduced infestations of bracken on land worthy of improvement. At the present time there is little scope for further economic control of bracken.Field experiments have defined full frond emergence from mid July to mid August as the most effective time for application of asulam. Reinfestation in about five years has been shown to follow incomplete control on small plots but an area sprayed by helicopter in 1972, where a very high degree of initial control was achieved, remained almost free of bracken in 1980.Easier handling of stock and increased availability of summer grazing are reported following bracken control. An increase in herbage production has been measured experimentally in the second year after removal of the bracken by spraying.
Some reflections and projections on bracken control
Authors: McCreath John B. 
Published: March 2014

Synopsis‘Life can only be understood backwards but it must be lived forwards’.Thirty years of professional but spasmodic interest in the problem of bracken on the Scottish hills brings home the aptness of Kierkegaard's aphorism. Despite rapid technological change —from a man with a scythe to the pilot with a helicopter—the fact remains that control of this serious weed problem is currently running at only a fraction of the rate in the early fifties. Clearly, financial factors have played a major part in this situation but it is facile to lay the blame wholly at the door of economics. The objective of the paper is to summarise the dominant technical and economic aspects which have impinged upon the problem over three decades and to attempt to draw broad conclusions as to why we are in this situation and to outline more fruitful possibilities for the future.
Herpes-type virus diseases of marine organisms
Authors: Buchanan J. S. , Richards R. H. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisHerpesviruses and viruses having the typical morphological and replicative characteristics of the genusHerpesvirusfrom marine animals have been reviewed. These animals include one teleost fish, two reptiles, one pelecypod mollusc and an arthropod. With the exception of the arthropod, all descriptions of virus-related diseases were from animals maintained under artificial culture conditions and a common theme relates temperature, stress and crowding to outbreaks of disease. The significance of these observations in relation to the possible evolution of the herpesvirus group is discussed.
Furunculosis—an old problem facing a new industry
Authors: Munro A. L. S. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisFurunculosis has caused serious economic losses in some Atlantic salmon farms in Scotland. It is considered that the disease has the potential to be a significant economic problem to the whole industry unless control measures are adopted. When salmon in a farmed population carry the disease agent in non-clinical form the bacterium has low to intermediate virulence, but in stocks with recurring clinical disease, virulence is apparently increased. The significance of these observations is discussed in terms of the major methods of control, namely avoidance, husbandry procedures, chemotherapy, vaccines and statutory controls.
The pathological effects of ultraviolet radiation on the epidermis of teleost fish with reference to the solar radiation effect in higher animals
Authors: Bullock Alistair M. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe general epidermal morphology of teleost fish is described and comparison made in terms of its vulnerability to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) with that of the human. Whereas human skin has a natural pigmentary photoprotective (tanning) mechanism within its epidermis, in teleosts the protective pigment layer is located primarily within the upper dermis. The potential impact of solar UV on farmed fish is discussed both in relation to water penetration of UVR and the phenomenon of photosensitisation, a condition common in higher animals and which has now been shown to induce skin lesions in fish. The results of recent investigations into photosensitisation in fish are described.
The application of monoclonal antibodies to the typing and isolation of lymphoreticular cells
Authors: Beverley Peter C. L. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisWe have analysed the specificity of monoclonal antibodies to human leucocyte subsets by three methods. The distribution of antigen bearing cells has been studied in frozen tissue sections of lymphoid and other tissues by immunofluorescence or immunoenzymatic methods. The cellular distribution of antigen has been compared with existing well established markers and the function of antigen bearing cells has been studied by separation and assay inin vitromodel systems. Antibodies characterised in this way may yield useful information when applied to clinical problems.
Monoclonal antibodies in bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Janossy G. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisWhen bone marrow (BM) is taken, cells in suspension are accessible to antibodies. BM transplantation is therefore an ideal situation for using monoclonal antibodies in therapy. These applications include prevention of graft versus host disease by eliminating T cells from allogeneic BM marrow, and the elimination of residual malignant cells from autologous bone marrow. Me Ab-s are currently tested for the removal of residual leukaemic cells in the common form of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and in thymic ALL. Encouraging experiments also indicate that the removal of B leukaemias/lymphomas from the BM will also be feasible.The review summarises the various ways Ab-s can damage coated ‘unwanted’ cells (opsonisation, complement mediated lysis, and Ab-s coupled to toxins), and the principles for selecting Me Ab-s for BM transplantation.