bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tree size and its relationship with flowering phenology and reproductive output inWildNutmeg trees
Authors: Otárola Mauricio Fernández , Sazima Marlies , Solferini Vera N. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractReproductive strategies, sexual selection, and their relationship with the phenotype of individuals are topics widely studied in animals, but this information is less abundant for plants. Variability in flowering phenology among individuals has direct impact on their fitness, but how reproductive phenology is affected by the size of the individuals needs further study. We quantified the flowering intensity, length, and reproductive synchronization of two sympatric dioecious Wild Nutmeg tree species (Virola, Myristicaceae) in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, and analyzed its relationships with tree size. Two distinct strategies in flowering timing and intensity were found between species (annual versus biennial flowering), and among individuals in the annual flowering species (extended versus peak flowering). Only for the annual flowering species the reproductive output is related to tree size and large trees present proportionally higher flower coverage, and lower synchronization than smaller ones. Flowering is massive and highly synchronized in the biennial species. Sex ratios are not different from 1:1 in the two species, and in the two segregated reproductive subgroups in the biennial flowering species. The biennial flowering at individual level is a novelty among reproductive patterns in plants, separating the population in two reproductive subgroups. A proportional increase in the reproductive output with size exists only for the annual flowering species. A biennial flowering can allow resource storage favouring massive flowering for all the individuals diluting their relationship with size.
Efficient and Rapid Regioselective One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles from In Situ Generated Potassium Arylethynyltrifluoroborates through Sonogashira Reaction
Authors: Song Jung Ho , Choi Pilju , Lee Seung Eon , Jeong Kyu Hyuk , Kim Taejung , Kang Ki Sung , Choi Yong Soo , Ham Jungyeob 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPotassium arylethynyltrifluoroborates, the intermediates generated by the Sonogashira reaction of potassium ethynyltrifluoroborate with various aryl halides, were directly coupled with azides in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of CuI under aqueous conditions, and the desired 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles were isolated in good yields. Both electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing substituents on the potassium arylethynyltrifluoroborates gave moderate to excellent yields of the isolated products.
Insecticide residues in Australian plague locusts (Chortoicetes terminifera walker) after ultra-low volume aerial application of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion
Authors: Story Paul G. , Mineau Pierre , Mullié Wim C. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

The need for locust control throughout eastern Australia during spring 2010 provided an opportunity to quantify residues of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion on nymphs of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera Walker. Residues were collected across the different physiological states—live, dead, and debilitated (characterized by ease of capture, erratic hopping, and the inability to remain upright)—of locust nymphs observed following exposure to fenitrothion. The time course of residue depletion for 72 h after spraying was quantified, and residue-per-unit dose values in the present study were compared with previous research. Fenitrothion residue-per-unit dose values ranged from 0.2 µg/g to 31.2 µg/g (mean ± standard error [SE] = 6.3 ± 1.3 µg/g) in live C. terminifera nymps, from 0.5 µg/g to 25.5 µg/g (7.8 ± 1.3 µg/g) in debilitated nymphs, and from 2.3 µg/g to 39.8 µg/g (16.5 ± 2.8 µg/g) in dead nymphs. Residues of the oxidative derivative of fenitrothion, fenitrooxon, were generally below the limit of quantitation for the analysis (0.02 µg/g), with 2 exceptions—1 live and 1 debilitated sample returned residues at the limit of quantitation. The results of the present study suggest that sampling of acridids for risk assessment should include mimicking predatory behavior and be over a longer time course (preferably 3–24 h postspray) than sampling of vegetation (typically 1–2 h postspray) and that current regulatory frameworks may underestimate the risk of pesticides applied for locust or grasshopper control. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2792–2799. © 2013 SETAC
Model building: an examination of the pre‐evacuation period of the 2001 World Trade Center disaster
Authors: Kuligowski Erica 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis paper presents a qualitative study of occupant behavior in response to the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center disaster. Through social science‐based analyses of transcripts from 245 face‐to‐face interviews with survivors from both World Trade Center towers, collected by project High‐rise Evacuation Evaluation Database, a conceptual model was developed to describe the pre‐evacuation period in what became the largest full‐scale building evacuation in history. The objectives of this study were to understand the types of actions performed before occupants began evacuation via stairs and elevators, and why those actions were taken to improve techniques used in evacuation modeling tools. On September 11, 2001, occupants consistently developed new social norms and lines of action based upon the meanings that occupants assigned to the situation, including perceptions of risk, familiarity with the building and others in the building, and responsibility for others. These meanings were dependent upon the receipt of environmental cues as well as on pre‐existing norms, experiences, training, and social roles. Published 2013. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Differences in age‐related effects on myelinated and unmyelinated peripheral fibres: A sensitivity and evoked potentials study
Authors: Kemp J. , Després O. , Pebayle T. , Dufour A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundExperimental data regarding age effects on sensitivity and pain thresholds are not always consistent, with the type of stimulus being a major source of variability. This could suggest that some types of peripheral sensory fibres undergo more important modifications with age than others. We investigated whether ageing affects differently myelinated and unmyelinated fibres.MethodsSomatosensitivity and pain perception and recorded somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were assessed in younger and older adults during the selective activation of either myelinated Aδ‐ or unmyelinated C‐fibres.ResultsSomatosensitivity for information transmitted and SEPs elicited by stimulation of C‐fibres did not differ between both groups. In contrast, pain perception was lower in older than in younger adults, and older adults showed longer SEP latencies and reduced peak‐to‐peak amplitude, during selective stimulation of Aδ‐fibres.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that myelinated Aδ‐fibres are compromised by the normal ageing process, whereas unmyelinated C‐fibres seem to remain unaltered or, at least, less affected.
In vitro macrophage response to nanometer‐size chromium oxide particles
Authors: VanOs Robilyn , Lildhar Levannia L. , Lehoux Eric A. , Beaulé Paul E. , Catelas Isabelle 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAn increasing number of studies have reported adverse tissue reactions around metal‐on‐metal (MM) hip implants. However, the origin and mechanisms of these reactions remain unclear. Moreover, the biological effects of nanometer‐size chromium oxide particles, the predominant type of wear particles produced by MM implants, remain mostly unknown. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cytotoxic effects of clinically relevant nanometer‐size chromium oxide particles on macrophage response in vitro. J774.A1 macrophages were cultured with either 60 nm or 700 nm commercially available Cr2O3 particles at different concentrations. Two different particle sizes were analyzed to evaluate potential volume effects. Cell mortality was analyzed by light microscopy, flow cytometry (annexin V‐fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide assay), and using a cell death detection enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1), and macrophage inflammatory protein‐1 alpha (MIP‐1α) release was measured by ELISA, and gene expression was analyzed by quantitative real‐time PCR. Results showed that, at high concentrations, Cr2O3 particles of both sizes can be cytotoxic, inducing significant decreases in total cell numbers and increases in necrosis. Results also suggested that these effects were dependent on particle volume. However, TNF‐α, MCP‐1, and MIP‐1α cytokine release and gene expression remained low. Overall, this study demonstrates that nanometer‐size particles of Cr2O3, a stable form of chromium oxide ceramic, have rather low cytotoxic effects on macrophages. Therefore, these particles may not be the main culprit in the initiation of the inflammatory reaction in MM periprosthetic tissues. However, other parameters (e.g., potential intracellular damage) remain to be investigated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 149–159, 2014.
One‐pot Synthesis of Benzamidonaphtho[2,1‐b]furans and Benzamidobenzo[b]furans as Novel Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Vahabinia Hamid Reza , Karami Bahador , Khodabakhshi Saeed 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAn operationally simple, green and efficient procedure for one‐pot synthesis of novel polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds such as benzamidonaphtho[2,1‐b]furans and benzamidobenzo[b]furans has been developed from the reaction of arylglyoxals, benzamide, and phenols. The reactions were mediated with low amounts of yttrium nitrate hexahydrate as a suitable Lewis acid catalyst without using solvent.
Low‐cost Nickel Complex Dye‐sensitized Titania Nanoparticle/nanotube Composites for Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Lirong , Ha Minh‐Ngoc , Sun Guanghui , Fan Yuehui , Zhang Guanlin , Wang Yuhong , Lu Guanzhong 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this work, high‐performance dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on new low‐cost visible nickel complex dye (VisDye), TiO2 nanoparticle/nanotube composites electrodes, carbon nanoparticles counter electrodes, and ionic liquids electrolytes have been fabricated. The electronic structure, optical spectroscopy, and electrochemical properties of the VisDye were studied. Experimental results indicate that it is beneficial to improve the electron transport and power conversion efficiency using the nickel complex VisDye and TiO2 nanoparticle/nanotube composites. Under optimized conditions, the solar energy conversion efficiencies were measured. The short‐circuit current density (JSC), the open‐circuit voltage (VOC), the fill factor (FF), and the overall efficiency (η) of the DSSCs are 10.01 mA/cm2, 516 mV, 0.68, and 3.52%, respectively. This study demonstrates that the combination of new VisDye with TiO2 nanoparticle/nanotube composites electrodes and carbon nanoparticles counter electrodes provide a way to fabricate highly efficient dye‐sensitized solar cells in low‐cost production.
Magnetic Graphene Oxide Anchored Sulfonic Acid as a Novel Nanocatalyst for the Synthesis of N‐aryl‐2‐amino‐1,6‐naphthyridines
Authors: Rostamizadeh Shahnaz , Rezgi Mina , Shadjou Nasrin , Hasanzadeh Mohammad 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMagnetic graphene oxide functionalized with sulfonic acid (Fe3O4‐GO‐SO3H) was used as a new recyclable nanocatalyst for one‐pot synthesis of N‐aryl‐2‐amino‐1,6‐naphthyridine derivatives under solvent free conditions. The catalyst could be easily recovered from the reaction mixture by an external magnet and reused without significant decrease in activity even after 4 runs. This nanocatalyst exhibited better activities to other commercially available sulfonic acid catalysts.
Sustainable Production of Synthesis Gases via State of the Art Metal Supported Catalytic Systems: An Overview
Authors: Al‐Fatesh Ahmed Sadeq. , Ibrahim Ahmed Aidid. , Haider Sajjad , Fakeeha Anis Hamza. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDry reforming of methane (CH4) with carbon dioxide (CO2) catalysts produces synthesis gas at atmospheric pressure. Synthesis gas is important feed stock to chemical and petrochemical industries to produce chemicals such as methanol and ammonia. It is also a source of hydrogen that is potential to fuel cells. Reforming reactions have also environmental benefit as CO2 and CH4, which are classified as green house gases, that cause global warming, are consumed. Reforming with CO2 is attractive method since it can be employed in areas where water is not available. Considerable efforts have been made to obtain catalysts for dry reforming to achieve both high activity and good stability. In this review, we will take an over view of the dry reforming process and concentrate on the various catalysts used in the process, in general and Ni/Al2O3 catalytic system in particular and report the available data in the literature and the present state of the art for this process.
Cloud detection and analysis on the Tibetan Plateau using Meteosat and CloudSat
Authors: Rüthrich Frank , Thies Boris , Reudenbach Christoph , Bendix Jörg 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPrevious studies of clouds over the Tibetan Plateau (TiP) were subject to limitations. Surface observations are scarce, and satellite retrievals are not well adapted to the peculiar conditions of the TiP. For the most comprehensive existing cloud data set, provided by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), issues were reported for the TiP. It also lacks sufficient spatiotemporal resolution for this topographically complex region. With the Indian Ocean Data Coverage service, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites provides a Meteosat data set between 1998 and 2008. The resolution of around 6 km at the study area is sufficient even for complex terrain. Based on this data set and on products of the active sensor onboard CloudSat, we develop a novel gross‐cloud retrieval for the TiP using logistic regression models. The approach maintains the original Meteosat resolution. Validation against independent CloudSat data reveals good performance. The approach also outperforms the ISCCP pixel level (DX) data set. The resulting data set is the first for the TiP that provides cloud information with sufficient resolution for both day and night. Patterns of cloud frequencies during winter, premonsoon, and monsoon seasons are analyzed. Strong diurnal forcing is found for the plateau. Peaks of cloud frequencies above the slopes occur during afternoon, while they are delayed in the valleys, where high cloud frequencies persist throughout the nights. Above the lower parts of the southern foothills of the Himalayas cloud frequencies were for the first time found to increase until the early morning. Katabatic flows are suspected to be responsible for this pattern by initiating the formation of mesoscale convective systems.
2D Raman spectroscopy study of dolomite and cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances from Khor Al‐Adaid sabkha (Qatar)
Authors: Paulo Carlos , Dittrich Maria 
Published: August 2013

Dolomite precipitation, limited at low temperature, appears to be impacted by microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The presence of dolomites has been reported in the extreme environments of Arabian Gulf sabkhas. Many of these sites are characterized by extensive growth of cyanobacterial mats that are recognized as key producers of EPS. However, no information has been gathered on the cyanobacterial EPS involvement in dolomite precipitation. The objective of this study was to obtain in situ information on the spatial distribution of cyanobacterial EPS and dolomite in Khor Al‐Adaid sabkha (Qatar) sediments by chemical mapping. For this purpose, in situ 2D Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy were applied. Additionally, samples were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction.Raman fingerprints of dolomite (300, 725, and 1098 cm−1), cyanobacteria, and their EPS (1000, 1130, 1148, and 1508 cm−1) were observed widely distributed in the top 2 cm of the sabkhas sediments. 2D chemical imaging of sediment layers characterized minerals and organic matter of microbial origins at high spatial resolution. Raman mapping indicated small dolomite clusters (<2 µm) embedded in a dense cyanobacterial EPS matrix. The spatial distribution showed that small dolomite clusters are closely associated with cyanobacterial EPS and organic carbon. Our results prove that cyanobacterial molecules are closely related to dolomite in the sabkhas sediments. This study demonstrated that Raman mapping is a robust and sensitive technique for acquisition of in situ information on cell–mineral interactions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stones and Organic Mulches Improve theQuercus IlexL. Afforestation Success Under Mediterranean Climatic Conditions
Authors: Jiménez María Noelia , Fernández‐Ondoño Emilia , Ripoll María Ángeles , Castro‐Rodríguez Juan , Huntsinger Lynn , Navarro Francisco Bruno 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis work studies the influence of two mulching treatments on soil properties and the field performance of afforested holm‐oak seedlings (Quercus ilexL. subsp.ballota(Desf.) Samp.) nine years after outplanting. Mulching treatments composed of stones, forest debris, and an untreated control were randomly applied to 180 seedlings (n = 60) in January 2001 at the bed level (1 × 1 m) in an abandoned agricultural field in SE Spain. Survival, growth measured by means of leaf area, and nutrient concentrations in leaves and soil were measured. Both mulches provided higher survival and greater leaf‐area growth than the control, but did not differ in leaf‐nutrient concentration. Most of the analysed soil variables were not affected by the mulching treatments at the end of the study period, and, therefore, the soil properties changes by mulching might be slower than expected under semi‐arid conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biocomposites From Switchgrass and Lignin Hybrid and Poly(butylene succinate) Bioplastic: Studies on Reactive Compatibilization and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Sahoo Saswata , Misra Manjusri , Mohanty Amar K. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractLignin and switchgrass based poly (butylene succinate) composites were prepared using a melt mixing technique. The effects of polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI), isocyanate terminated polybutadiene prepolymer (ITPB) and organic peroxide on the properties of the composites were evaluated. Peroxide and pMDI resulted in the improvement of the tensile and flexural strengths of the composites. ITPB enhanced the impact strength of the material. The degree of crystallinity of the polymer increased with the addition of fillers and reduced with the incorporation of chemical additives. The composites exhibited about 252–333% higher storage modulus than the virgin plastic. Good interfacial morphologies were observed for composites with chemical additives. Mechanisms were deduced for the predicted chemical reactions.
Rapid and Systematic Access to Quasi‐Diblock Copolymer Libraries Covering a Comprehensive Composition Range by Sequential RAFT Polymerization in an Automated Synthesizer
Authors: Haven Joris J. , Guerrero‐Sanchez Carlos , Keddie Daniel J. , Moad Graeme 
Published: August 2013

A versatile, cost‐effective approach to the rapid, fully unattended preparation of systematic quasi‐diblock copolymer libraries via sequential RAFT polymerization in an automated synthesizer is reported. The procedure is demonstrated with the synthesis of a 23 member library of low dispersity poly(butyl methacrylate)‐quasiblock‐poly(methyl methacrylate) covering a wide (fivefold) range of molar mass for the second block in a one‐pot, sequential, RAFT polymerization.
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Fitness and proteome changes accompanying the development of erythromycin resistance in a population of Escherichia coli grown in continuous culture
Authors: Petráčková Denisa , Janeček Jiří , Bezoušková Silvia , Kalachová Ladislava , Techniková Zuzana , Buriánková Karolína , Halada Petr , Haladová Kateřina , Weiser Jaroslav 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe studied the impact of a sublethal concentration of erythromycin on the fitness and proteome of a continuously cultivated population of Escherichia coli. The development of resistance to erythromycin in the population was followed over time by the gradient plate method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurements. We measured the growth rate, standardized efficiency of synthesis of radiolabeled proteins, and translation accuracy of the system. The proteome changes were followed over time in two parallel experiments that differed in the presence or absence of erythromycin. A comparison of the proteomes at each time point (43, 68, and 103 h) revealed a group of unique proteins differing in expression. From all 35 proteins differing throughout the cultivation, only three were common to more than one time point. In the final population, a significant proportion of upregulated proteins was localized to the outer or inner cytoplasmic membranes or to the periplasmic space. In a population growing for more than 100 generations in the presence of antibiotic, erythromycin‐resistant bacterial clones with improved fitness in comparison to early resistant culture predominated. This phenomenon was accompanied by distinct changes in protein expression during a stepwise, population‐based development of erythromycin resistance.
Kohle.Global
Authors: Pasche Eckart 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAuf Zeche Zollverein in Essen wird wieder Kohle gebunkert. Das hier beheimatete Ruhr Museum zeigt “Kohle.Global”, die große Ausstellung zu einem Thema von weltweiter Bedeutung. Nie zuvor wurde so viel Kohle gewonnen und verbraucht wie heute. Nahezu jedes dritte Land der Welt ist Kohleproduzent. Fast alle Staaten sind Kohleverbraucher. Kohle ist Teil der Weltwirtschaft: Sie wird global finanziert, gehandelt und transportiert. Ihre Vorkommen sind ungleich größer als diejenigen von Öl und Gas.
Prüfwesen im Bergbau – Eine Frage der Qualität
Authors: Beckmann Olaf , Thyrock Klaus , Junker Martin 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDas Prüfwesen der RAG Aktiengesellschaft beschäftigt sich seit mehr als 40 Jahren mit den Themen Qualitätssicherung, Werkstoffprüfung, Schadensanalytik und ‐management, Gutachtenerstellung sowie Bauteilprüfung oder Inspektionen. Basis der gesamten Leistungen sind wissenschaftlich fundierte Analyse‐ und Prüfverfahren sowie das breit gefächerte Fachwissen der Mitarbeiter. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Tätigkeitsschwerpunkte des Prüfinstituts der RAG Mining Solutions.Testing in mining – a question of qualityThe testing department of the company RAG has been concerned for more than 40 years with quality assurance, materials testing, damage analysis and management, production of reports and the testing or inspection of construction elements. All these services are based on scientifically founded analysis and testing procedures and the wide range of professional knowledge of the employees. The article gives an overview of the main activities of the testing institute of RAG Mining Solutions.