bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Model Tests of Load Transmission Through Grounded Ice
Rubble
Authors: Timco G. W. , Sayed M. , Frederking R. M. W. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
A model test series has been performed to look at the load distribution through newly formed grounded ice rubble. In the tests, a section of a vertical-sided Arctic structure was built above a submerged berm. Both the structure and the berm were instrumented independently of one another so that the load apportioning through the rubble to the berm and structure could be determined. The results have important implications in the design loads of Arctic structures built on submerged berms.
Second-Order Radiation Condition of Scattering Wave and Its
Application
Authors: Li J. , Huang H. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The first and second-order radiation conditions for scattering waves in two and three-dimensional problems have been derived by virtue of a sequence of linear differential operators. The wave forces on a large circular cylinder are computed by using finite element methods with first and second-order radiation conditions and the Sommerfeld condition, respectively. The results show that an improvement in accuracy is achieved by employing the second-order radiation condition. The interior region in which finite elements are employed can be restricted to a much smaller one, compared with that using the Sommerfeld condition and the computing efforts and required storage in the computer are reduced.
Flow Around and Forces on a Pipeline Near a Scoured Bed in Steady
Current
Authors: Jensen B. L. , Sumer B. M. , Jensen H. R. , Fredso̸e J. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Flow around a pipeline placed initially on a flat, erodible bed was investigated at five characteristic stages of the progressive scour process in currents. The velocities, both in the streamwise direction and in the direction normal to the bed, were measured. A two-color flow visualization technique was used to detect the time-dependent flow structures. The forces on the cylinder were recorded simultaneously with the flow visualization. In the theoretical part of the study, a discrete vortex model (namely, the cloud-in-cell model) is employed to predict the flow. The early results appear to reveal the gross features of the flow shown by the experiments.
A Layered Notch Filter for High-Frequency Dynamic
Isolation
Authors: Sackman J. L. , Kelly J. M. , Javid A. E. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
An efficient method of isolation from high-frequency vibrations is the use of periodically layered composites acting as a mechanical filter. This device is a periodically layered stack of alternating materials with widely different densities and stiffnesses. The working principle of the device is wave reflection, and the device becomes increasingly effective when there is a large impedance mismatch which leads to rapid attenuation of an input wave for certain frequency ranges. This filter acts only in specific frequency bands. At other frequencies, it will transmit the vibratory energy unmodified, thus acting as a mechanical notch filter. The theoretical development of the mechanical notch filter is based on the theory of waves in periodically layered media. Floquet theory is used to solve the equations for the propagation of plane waves through a laminated system of parallel plates of different materials when the direction of propagation is normal to the plates. Several experiments were conducted to prove the validity of the mechanical notch filter concept. These experiments demonstrated that the theory is correct and that the results have practical application.
A Study of the Liquid Slosh Response in Horizontal Cylindrical
Tanks
Authors: Kobayashi N. , Mieda T. , Shibata H. , Shinozaki Y. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
An experimental and analytical study was conducted to determine the liquid natural frequencies and the resultant slosh forces in horizontal cylindrical tanks. This paper presents a study of the liquid slosh response of the small and the large slosh wave heights. In the former case, an effective calculation method of the longitudinal slosh response is presented by substituting an equivalent rectangular tank for a horizontal cylindrical tank. The calculated natural frequencies, slosh wave heights and slosh forces are in good agreement with the experimental ones. The transverse slosh response is also discussed. In the latter case, impulsive slosh forces were observed for longitudinal excitation, when the slosh liquid hit the top of the tank. The measured slosh forces including the impulsive forces were larger than the calculated ones. In order to determine the maximum slosh force, the experiments were parametrically conducted with several tank aspect ratios, liquid levels and excitation amplitudes. The obtained maximum slosh forces for longitudinal and transverse direction were about 0.28 and 0.16 times the full liquid weight of the tank, respectively.
Buckling of Axially Loaded Beam-Plate With Multiple
Delaminations
Authors: Kapania R. K. , Wolfe D. R. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
A finite element formulation is presented to study the buckling behavior of axially loaded beam plates with multiple delaminations. A simple 6 degree-of-freedom beam-column finite element is used to model the beam plate. The delaminations are assumed to be present throughout the width of the beam-plate. Results are obtained for two delaminations having equal lengths and located one above the other. Results are presented for beam-plates having both ends (i) simply supported, and (ii) clamped. For beams with two delaminations, the stability of the beam in compression is found to depend greatly on the thinner delaminated region, especially when one delaminated region is much thinner than the other two. The energy release rate is determined using numerical differentiation.
A Review on the Analysis of Laminated Shells
Authors: Kapania R. K. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Laminated shell structures are increasingly being used in chemical, mechanical, marine and aerospace applications. A significant amount of research has been conducted in the past on studying the structural response of these structures. A review of various investigations on the analysis of these shells is given here. Specifically, this review deals with the development of various theories for modeling the thick laminated shells, including shear effects; analytical studies, development of various finite elements to model these shells, including applications to tire modeling; buckling and post-buckling analysis of perfect and imperfect laminated shells; and vibration and dynamic response analysis of various laminated shells.
Evolution and Synthesis of the Effective Elastic Constants Concept
for the Design of Tubesheets
Authors: Osweiller F. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The simplest way to take into account the weakening effect of holes in a multiperforated plate is to replace it by an equivalent solid one with adjusted “effective elastic constants.” This paper intends to show how this concept has evolved since 1948 to the present by providing a thorough review and comparison of papers dealing with this subject. A special item is devoted to square pattern problem. Curves for calculating effective elastic constants E* and ν* are proposed which enable treatment of even perforated plates, circular or not, as solid ones for which the classical equations of elasticity apply. These curves have been adopted in the French Pressure Vessel Code (CODAP) for the design of tubesheets.
Cleavage and Ductile Thermal Shock Fractures of Corner-Cracked
Nozzles
Authors: Yagawa G. , Ishihara K. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
In order to study the structural integrity of the reactor pressure vessel under pressurized thermal shock, both the cleavage and the ductile thermal shock fracture experiments using initially corner-cracked nozzle specimens made of Type A508 class 3 pressure vessel steel were performed. In both experiments, unstable fractures were realized, although the test conditions were very conservative compared to those of real plants. Finally, the three-dimensional and time-dependent fracture parameter obtained with the finite element method was successfully employed to discuss the fracture phenomenon.
Fatigue of Thick Steel Plates Bent to a Low
R/t Ratio
Authors: Vossoughi H. , Soudki K. , White R. N. , Ingraffea A. R. , Sansalone M. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The use of cold-bent plates, instead of welded corner joints, in the fabrication of pressure vessels can reduce production costs. The cold-bending operation is relatively easy, inexpensive, and requires minimum quality control. The attractiveness of using cold-bent plates as a potential substitute for plates with welded corner joints motivated the fatigue study described here. Fatigue test resutls are reported for nineteen 25-mm thick HY80 and HY100 steel plates, cold-bent to a nominal bend angle of 90 deg and an R/t (inner bend radius/thickness) of 1.5, and ten 25-mm thick HY80 welded corner joints. Testing was performed under zero-to-tension loading (stress ratio R = 0) at room temperature and at a frequency of 4 Hz on specimens that retained the actual cold-bending-induced residual stresses. These test results indicate that the cold-bent plates may be a good alternative to welded corner joints for cyclic loading histories.
Efficient Numerical Analysis for Dynamic Stability of Pipes Conveying
Fluids
Authors: Dang X. Q. , Liu W. M. , Zheng T. S. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Based on the Floquet-Liapunov theory, this paper proposes an efficient one-dimensional search approach for stability analysis of pipes conveying pulsatile flow. The instability boundaries of a clamped-clamped pipe analyzed in this paper. The numerical results are satisfactory compared with existing results. Moreover, an instability region which failed to appear in ordinary numerical analyses is detected by our computations.
Simplified Method for Predicting Impact Loads of Solid-Walled
Transportation Packagings for Radioactive Materials
Authors: Teper W. W. , Sauve´ R. G. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Transportation packagings for radioactive materials must withstand severe impact conditions without loss of integrity and without excessive permanent distortions in the seal regions. The compliance with the requirements may be shown either through extensive testing, elastic-plastic impact analysis, or a combination of both. Elastic-plastic finite element analysis, although less costly than testing, is usually expensive and time consuming. In this paper, simplified methods for determining the impact force are presented for the following impact cases of solid-walled casks: impact on a pin, impact on an edge, and impact on a corner. The results of the simplified methods are in good agreement with the results of elastic-plastic finite element analysis. It is shown that in each case almost the entire impact energy is dissipated by the plastic deformation of the material in the impact zone.
Asymptotic Stability Conditions for Asymmetric Linear Mechanical
Systems
Authors: Nicholson D. W. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
There are inequalities matrix derived which, except for some special cases, are necessary and sufficient for asymptotic stability of asymmetric, time-invariant linear mechanical systems. The results are applicable to systems with gyroscopic and hysteresial effects. Two examples of asymmetric systems include flexural vibration of a pipe conveying a fluid and an actively controlled vibrating system with asymmetric gain matrices. Well-known conditions are recovered for conventional symmetric positive definite systems. The inequalities are then used to establish asymptotic stability, marginal stability and instability in various examples of asymmetric systems. As further applications, a Lyapunov function is derived, response bounds are presented using the one-sided Lipschitz constant, and bounds are derived on the real and imaginary parts of the system eigenvalues.
Flow-Induced Vibrations in Bellows
Authors: Weaver D. S. , Ainsworth P. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Flow-induced vibrations have caused fatigue failures in a number of bellows units carrying cooling water flows. The bellows are made from Inconel 600 and have a nominal inside diameter of 20 mm. This paper presents the results of a project undertaken to study these vibrations and to develop a method for vibration alleviation. The experiments were conducted on prototype bellows with vibration amplitudes and frequency spectra being observed as a function of flow velocity. The bellows exhibit flow-induced resonant peaks with successively higher modes being excited by increasing flow velocities. The upstream flow geometry used in service conditions was found to reduce the mean flow velocity required to produce resonance. A fine stainless steel wire mesh was found to be the most effective means of eliminating the vibrations.
Dynamic Stability of Liquid-Filled Cylindrical Shells Under Periodic
Shearing Forces
Authors: Chiba M. , Yamashida T. , Sugiyama H. , Tani J. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Theoretical analyses are presented for the dynamic stability of a cylindrical shell partially filled with liquid, under periodic shearing forces. In the analyses, the dynamic version of the Donnell equations and the velocity potential theory are used for the motions of the shell and the contained liquid, respectively. The problem was solved by using the Galerkin method and the equations of motions coupling the shell and the liquid were derived from a type of coupled Mathieu’s equation. The instability boundaries where parametric resonance occurs were determined by using Hsu’s method. Numerical calculations were carried out for cylinders with various dimensions, i.e., radius-thickness and length-radius ratios. The effects of the liquid-filling ratio and the static shearing forces on the instability boundaries were clarified. It is found that the instability regions enlarge with increasing liquid and that the principal instability regions appear under the simultaneous action of the static shearing force.
Some Issues Concerning Fluid-Elastic Instability of a Group of
Circular Cylinders in Cross-Flow
Authors: Chen S. S. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Since the early 1970s, extensive studies of fluid-elastic instability of circular cylinders in cross-flow have been reported. A significant understanding of the phenomena involved now exists. However, some confusion, misunderstanding, and misinterpretation still remain. The objective of this paper is to discuss, based on the current state of the art, a series of the most asked questions. Emphasis is placed on the determination of the critical flow velocity, nondimensional parameters, stability criteria, and instability mechanisms.
Proton beam scattering system optimization for clinical and research applications
Authors: Wroe A. J. , Schulte R. W. , Barnes S. , McAuley G. , Slater J. D. , Slater J. M. 
Published: March 2013

Purpose:To develop and test a method for optimizing and constructing a dual scattering system in passively scattered proton therapy.Methods:A beam optics optimization algorithm was developed to optimize the thickness of the first scatterer (S1) and the profile (of both the high‐Z material and Lexan) of the second scatterer (S2) to deliver a proton beam matching a given set of parameters, including field diameter, fluence, flatness, and symmetry. A new manufacturing process was also tested that allows the contoured second scattering foil to be created much more economically and quickly using Cerrobend casting. Two application‐specific scattering systems were developed and tested using both experimental and Monte Carlo techniques to validate the optimization process described.Results:A scattering system was optimized and constructed to deliver large uniform irradiations of radiobiology samples at low dose rates. This system was successfully built and tested using film and ionization chambers. The system delivered a uniform radiation field of 50 cm diameter (to a dose of ±7% of the central axis) while the depth dose profile could be tuned to match the specifications of the particular investigator using modulator wheels and range shifters. A second scattering system for intermediate field size (4 cm < diameter < 10 cm) stereotactic radiosurgery and radiation therapy (SRS and SRT) treatments was also developed and tested using GEANT4. This system improved beam efficiency by over 70% compared with existing scattering systems while maintaining field flatness and depth dose profile. In both cases the proton range uniformity across the radiation field was maintained, further indicating the accuracy of the energy loss formalism in the optimization algorithm.Conclusions:The methods described allow for rapid prototyping of scattering foils to meet the demands of both research and clinical beam delivery applications in proton therapy.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Actinomycete
Rhodococcus
sp. Strain AW25M09, Isolated from the Hadsel Fjord, Northern Norway
Authors: Hjerde Erik , Pierechod Marcin M. , Williamson Adele K. , Bjerga Gro E. K. , Willassen Nils P. , Smalås Arne O. , Altermark Bjørn 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

The cold-adapted
Rhodococcus
sp. strain AW25M09 was isolated from an Atlantic hagfish caught off the shore of northern Norway as part of an ongoing bioprospecting project that aims to identify novel bacteria with biotechnological potential. Here, we present the 5.8-Mb draft genome sequence, together with details regarding the origin of the strain and its sequence assembly.
Complete Genome Sequence of Clostridium stercorarium subsp.
stercorarium
Strain DSM 8532, a Thermophilic Degrader of Plant Cell Wall Fibers
Authors: Poehlein Anja , Zverlov Vladimir V. , Daniel Rolf , Schwarz Wolfgang H. , Liebl Wolfgang 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

Clostridium stercorarium
strain DSM 8532 is a thermophilic bacterium capable of efficiently degrading polysaccharides in plant biomass and converting the resulting sugars to ethanol and acetate. The complete genome sequence of 2.96 Mbp reveals a multitude of genes for hydrolytic enzymes and enables further study of the organism and its enzymes, and their exploitation for biotechnological processes.
Intellectual disability and mental health problems: a qualitative study of general practitioners’ views
Authors: Fredheim Terje , Haavet Ole Rikard , Danbolt Lars Johan , Kjønsberg Kari , Lien Lars 
Published: March 2013

ObjectivesTo investigate general practitioners’ (GPs) experiences in managing patients with intellectual disabilities (ID) and mental and behavioural problems (MBP).DesignQualitative study using in-depth interviews.SettingGeneral practice in Hedmark county, Norway.Participants10 GPs were qualitatively interviewed about their professional experience regarding patients with ID and MBP. Data were analysed by all authors using systematic text condensation.ResultsThe participants’ knowledge was primarily experience-based and collaboration with specialists seemed to be individual rather than systemic. The GPs provided divergent attitudes to referral, treatment, collaboration, regular health checks and home visits.ConclusionsGPs are in a position to provide evidence-based and individual treatment for both psychological and somatic problems among patients with ID. However, they do not appear to be making use of evidence-based treatment decisions. The GPs feel that they are left alone in decision-making, and find it difficult to find trustworthy collaborative partners. The findings in this study provide useful information for further research in the field.
Cadmium exposure, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and peripheral artery disease: a cohort and an experimental study
Authors: Fagerberg Björn , Bergström Göran , Borén Jan , Barregard Lars 
Published: March 2013

ObjectivesCadmium exposure has been found to be associated with atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries and with circulating levels of the proatherogenic intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). The research questions were (1) if blood and urinary cadmium levels are associated with low ankle-brachial index (ABI) as a measure of peripheral artery disease in a longitudinal study and (2) if ICAM-1 mediates proatherogenic effects of cadmium exposure.DesignA prospective, observational cohort study with a 5-year follow-up and an experimental study of cultured human aortic endothelial cells exposed to cadmium.SettingResearch unit at a university hospital.ParticipantsA cohort of 64-year-old women (n=489) recruited by stratified sampling of similarly sized groups with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose tolerance as assessed in a population-based screening examination.Primary and secondary outcome measuresABI (ratio of the systolic blood pressures in the tibial and brachial arteries ≤0.9 in any artery) in relation to cadmium exposure; ICAM-1 concentrations in the cell culture medium after cadmium incubation.ResultsHigh (tertile 3 vs 1) concentrations of blood (B-Cd) or creatine-adjusted urinary cadmium (U-Cd) at baseline were found to predict low ABI after adjustment for smoking and other cardiovascular risk factors at baseline. For U-Cd the OR was 2.5 (95% CI 1.1 to 5.8). After exclusion of participants with ultrasound-assessed femoral atherosclerosis at baseline the OR for U-Cd was unchanged, and for B-Cd it was 3.7 (95% CI 1.05 to 13.3). Inclusion of serum ICAM-1 levels did not affect the cadmium-related ORs in multivariate analyses. The experimental study did not show any cadmium-induced increase of the production of ICAM-1 from human endothelial cells.ConclusionsCadmium exposure was associated with future peripheral artery disease, supporting the concept that cadmium exposure in the population has proatherogenic effects, although ICAM-1 mediated effects do not seem to be involved.
Protease inhibitors and cardiac autonomic function in HIV-infected patients: a cross-sectional analysis from the Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) Trial
Authors: Soliman Elsayed Z , Roediger Mollie P , Duprez Daniel A , Knobel Hernando , Elion Richard , Neaton James D ,   for the INSIGHT SMART Study Group
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo compare cardiac autonomic function as measured by heart rate variability for HIV-infected participants taking protease inhibitors (PIs) with those taking a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor without a PI (NNRTI-no PI) regimen.DesignCross-sectional analysis.SettingMulticentre study.Participants2998 participants (average age 44 years, 28% females) enrolled in the Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) trial.Primary outcome measuresHeart rate and two heart rate variability measures (the SD of all filtered RR intervals over the length of the recording (SDNN) and the root mean square of successive differences in normal RR intervals (rMSSD)).ResultsAt study entry, 869 participants were taking a boosted PI (PI/r), 579 a non-boosted PI and 1550 an NNRTI-no PI. Median values (IQR) of heart rate, SDNN and rMSSD were: 68 (60–75) beats/min (bpm), 21 (13–33) ms, 22 (13–35) ms in the PI/r group, 68 (60–75) bpm, 21 (13–33) ms and 21 (14–33) ms in the non-boosted PI group and 69 (62–77) bpm, 20 (13–31) ms and 21(13–33) ms in the NNRTI-no PI group. After adjustment for baseline factors, for those given PI/r and non-boosted PI, heart rate was 2.2 and 2.8 bpm, respectively, lower than the NNRTI-no PI group (p<0.001 for both). On the other hand, compared with the NNRTI-no PI group, log SDNN and log rMSSD were significantly greater for those in the non-boosted PI (p values for baseline adjusted differences in log-transformed SDNN and rMSSD were 0.004 and 0.001) but not for those in the PI/r group at the 0.01 α-level.ConclusionsCompared to an NNRTI-no PI regimen, heart rate was lower for those taking a PI/r or non-boosted PI and heart rate variability was greater, reflecting better cardiac autonomic function, for those taking a non-boosted PI regimen but not PI/r.