bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exhaled nitric oxide concentration in the period of 60 min after submaximal exercise in the cold
Authors: Stensrud Trine , Stang Julie , Thorsen Einar , Bråten Veslemøy 
Published: October 2014

SummaryBackgroundFractional expired nitric oxide (FENO) is decreased after exercise. The effect of exercise in the cold upon FENO is unknown.PurposeTo examine changes in FENO after a short, high intensive exercise test in a cold and in a temperate environment.MethodsTwenty healthy well‐trained subjects (eight females) aged 18–28 years performed an 8‐min exercise test at 18°C (SD = 1.0) and −10°C (SD = 1.2) ambient temperature. The tests were performed in a climate chamber in random order. The workload corresponded to 90–95% of peak heart rate (HRpeak) during the last 4 min. FENO was measured offline. Exhaled gas was sampled in Mylar® bags using a collector kit with a flow restrictor and analysed within 2 h. FENO was measured before exercise and repeatedly during the first hour after. ANOVA for repeated measures was used to compare differences in FENO after exercise between environments.ResultsThere was no difference in baseline FENO. A significant difference in FENO between environments was found after warm‐up and from 20 to 30 min after exercise, with FENO being lower after exercise in the cold (P<0.05). The maximal reduction in FENO was seen 5 min after exercise and was not different between environments.ConclusionRecovery of FENO was slower after exercising in −10°C compared with 18°C.
Compulsory drug detention and injection drug use cessation and relapse in Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Fairbairn Nadia , Hayashi Kanna , Ti Lianping , Kaplan Karyn , Suwannawong Paisan , Wood Evan , Kerr Thomas 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsStrategies to promote the reduction and cessation of injection drug use are central to human immunodeficiency virus prevention and treatment efforts globally. Though drug use cessation is a major focus of drug policy in Thailand, little is known about factors associated with injection cessation and relapse in this setting.Design and MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted between July and October 2011 of a community‐recruited sample of people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand. Using multivariate logistic regression, we examined the prevalence and correlates of injection drug use cessation with subsequent relapse.ResultsAmong 422 participants, 209 (49.5%) reported a period of injection drug use cessation of at least one year. In multivariate analyses, incarceration (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 13.07), voluntary drug treatment (AOR 2.75), midazolam injection (AOR 2.48) and number of years since first injection (AOR 1.07) were positively associated with injection cessation of duration greater than a year (all P < 0.05). Exposure to compulsory drug detention was positively associated (AOR 2.61) and methadone treatment was negatively associated (AOR 0.38) with short‐term cessation only. Injection drug use cessation was most often due to incarceration (74%), and relapse was associated with release from prison (66%).Discussion and ConclusionHalf of the study participants had previously stopped injecting drugs for more than a year, and this was strongly associated with incarceration. Compulsory drug detention was associated with short‐term cessation and relapse. A range of evidence‐based strategies should be made available to facilitate sustained cessation of injection drug use in Thailand. [Fairbairn N, Hayashi K, Ti L, Kaplan K, Suwannawong P, Wood E, Kerr T. Compulsory drug detention and injection drug use cessation and relapse in Bangkok, Thailand. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015;34:74–81]
The effect of gender and alcohol placement in the processing of sexual intent
Authors: Koukounas Eric , Djokic Jelena , Miller Peter 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsAlcohol consumption in women is known to be perceived by men as signalling sexual intent. However, it is unclear whether such assumptions extend to the simple presence of alcohol. The present study investigated the association between gender and alcohol placement on processing of sexual intent.Design and MethodsOne hundred and forty‐seven sexually experienced male and female participants were shown a brief video of a social interaction between a man and woman depicted with a bottle of water or alcohol. Participants were then asked to rate the female target on sexual intent.ResultsMen inferred greater sexual intent compared to women in the female target when she was depicted with alcohol as compared to water. Contrary to previous research, personality traits did not contribute to perceptions of sexual intent. However, state (sexual‐related) variables such as likely sexual relationship between targets and attractiveness of the female target, did increase the level of sexual intent processed.Discussion and ConclusionsThese findings suggest that alcohol may be a cue used by men in their social environment to process sexual intent. The association of a woman with alcohol suggesting sexual intent could have potential implications for advertising practice which influences sexual beliefs toward women. [Koukounas E, Djokic J, Miller P. The effect of gender and alcohol placement in the processing of sexual intent. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015;34:194–201]
The equal right to drink
Authors: Schmidt Laura A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe starting place for this essay is Knupfer and Room's insight that more restrictive norms around drinking and intoxication tend to be selectively applied to the economically dependent segments of society, such as women. However, since these authors wrote in 1964, women in the US and many other societies around the globe have experienced rising economic independence. The essay considers how the moral categories of acceptable drinking and drunkenness may have shifted alongside women's rising economic independence, and looks at evidence on the potential consequences for women's health and wellbeing. I argue that, as women have gained economic independence, changes in drinking norms have produced two different kinds of negative unintended consequences for women at high and low extremes of economic spectrum. As liberated women of the middle and upper classes have become more economically equal to men, they have enjoyed the right to drink with less restraint. For them, alongside the equal right to drink has come greater equality in exposure to alcohol‐attributable harms, abuse and dependence. I further suggest that, as societies become more liberated, the economic dependency of low‐income women is brought into greater question. Under such conditions, women in poverty—particularly those economically dependent on the state, such as welfare mothers—have become subject to more restrictive norms around drinking and intoxication, and more punitive social controls. [Schmidt LA. The equal right to drink. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:581–7]
Plant extirpation at the site scale: implications for eradication programmes
Authors: Dodd Aaron J. , Ainsworth Nigel , Burgman Mark A. , McCarthy Michael A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimTo identify the relative importance of commonly available site and species factors on the probability of extirpating a plant species at the site scale.LocationAustralia.MethodsWe reviewed the plant eradication literature and listed the factors commonly cited as influencing eradication success. We then analysed a database of 408 site‐scale extirpation attempts, across 17 species eradication programmes, by modelling the time until extirpation to determine the relative influence of these factors on the probability of extirpation, given time.ResultsThe most commonly cited factors influencing eradication success can be classified into two groups as follows: those related to the ‘organisation’, being typically binary variables and amenable to management; and those related to the ‘site/species’, which typically were continuous values and usually beyond the control of the management agency. Detectability period, search distance, monitoring rate, infestation size, propagule longevity, time to reproductive maturity and previous eradication success all influenced the extirpation rate. Conversely, climate suitability, land use and general accessibility (distance to nearest manager) were relatively unimportant. By relating the influential site/species factors to a time‐dependent model, managers and policymakers can explicitly estimate the probability of successful extirpation at a site, given a particular time horizon. These estimates can then be aggregated up to the species scale to allow managers to set realistic goals regarding eradication time frames and resource requirements.Main conclusionsOur paper illustrates how the probability of extirpation at the site scale can be quantitatively estimated and how these estimates can be used to inform decisions regarding broader species‐scale eradication programmes. We expect that the use of such quantitative approaches to select better eradication targets will improve eradication success rates over time.
Ecological impacts of invading seaweeds: a meta‐analysis of their effects at different trophic levels
Authors: Maggi E. , Benedetti‐Cecchi L. , Castelli A. , Chatzinikolaou E. , Crowe T. P. , Ghedini G. , Kotta J. , Lyons D. A. , Ravaglioli C. , Rilov G. , Rindi L. , Bulleri F. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimBiological invasions are among the main threats to biodiversity. To promote a mechanistic understanding of the ecological impacts of non‐native seaweeds, we assessed how effects on resident organisms vary according to their trophic level.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe performed meta‐analytical comparisons of the effects of non‐native seaweeds on both individual species and communities. We compared the results of analyses performed on the whole dataset with those obtained from experimental data only and, when possible, between rocky and soft bottoms.ResultsMeta‐analyses of data from 100 papers revealed consistent negative effects of non‐native seaweeds across variables describing resident primary producer communities. In contrast, negative effects of seaweeds on consumers emerged only on their biomass and, limited to rocky bottoms, diversity. At the species level, negative effects were consistent across primary producers' response variables, while only the survival of consumers other than herbivores or predators (e.g. deposit/suspension feeders or detritivores) decreased due to invasion. Excluding mensurative data, negative effects of seaweeds persisted only on resident macroalgal communities and consumer species survival, while switched to positive on the diversity of rocky‐bottom consumers. However, negative effects emerged for biomass and, in rocky habitats, density of consumers other than herbivores or predators.Main conclusionsOur results support the hypothesis that seaweeds' effects on resident biodiversity are generally more negative within the same trophic level than on higher trophic guilds. Finer trophic grouping of resident organisms revealed more complex impacts than previously detected. High heterogeneity in the responses of some consumer guilds suggests that impacts of non‐native seaweeds at higher trophic levels may be more invader‐ and species‐specific than competitive effects at the same trophic level. Features of invaded habitats may further increase variability in seaweeds' impacts. More experimental data on consumers' response to invasion are needed to disentangle the effects of non‐native seaweeds from those of other environmental stressors.
Similar but not equivalent: ecological niche comparison across closely–related Mexican white pines
Authors: Aguirre‐Gutiérrez Jesús , Serna‐Chavez Héctor M. , Villalobos‐Arambula Alma R. , Pérez de la Rosa Jorge A. , Raes Niels 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimIn the face of global environmental change, identifying the factors that shape the ecological niches of species and understanding the mechanisms behind them can help to draft effective conservation plans. The differences in the ecological factors that shape species distributions may then help to highlight differences between closely related taxa. We investigate the applicability of ecological niche modelling and the comparison of species distributions in ecological niche space to detect areas with priority for biodiversity conservation and to analyse differences in the ecological niche spaces used by closely related taxa.LocationUnited States of America, Mexico and Central America.MethodsWe apply ordination and ecological niche modelling techniques to assess the main environmental drivers of the distribution of Mexican white pines (Pinus: Pinaceae). Furthermore, we assess the similarities and differences of the ecological niches occupied by closely related taxa. We analyse whether Mexican white pines occupy similar or equivalent ecological niches.ResultsAll the studied taxa presented different responses to the environmental factors, resulting in a unique combination of niche conditions. Our stacked habitat suitability maps highlighted regions in southern Mexico and northern Central America as highly suitable for most species and thus with high conservation value. By quantitatively assessing the niche overlap, similarity and equivalency of Mexican white pines, our results prove that the distribution of one species cannot be implied by the distribution of another, even if these taxa are considered closely related.Main conclusionsThe fact that each Mexican white pine is constrained by a unique set of environmental conditions, and thus, their non‐equivalence of ecological niches has direct implications for conservation as this highlights the inadequacy of one‐fits all type of conservation measure.
Energy availability, spatio‐temporal variability and implications for animal ecology
Authors: Duncan Clare , Chauvenet Aliénor L. M. , Brown Molly E. , Pettorelli Nathalie 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimGlobal environmental change, through anthropogenic activities and climatic changes, is promoting broad‐scale alterations to energy availability across the world's ecosystems. However, spatio‐temporal variation in available energy is a key driver of animals' life histories, movement patterns and abundance, thus shaping the global distribution of individuals and species. As such, there is an increasing need to understand how and where changes to energy availability will produce the greatest impacts on animal ecology, and ultimately on the distribution of biodiversity.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe compiled data from the published literature where attempts (n = 171) have been made to find linkages between prevailing energy availability (primary productivity, indexed by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; NDVI) and ecological parameters (abundance, distribution and life histories) for bird and mammal species. We extracted information on trophic level (diet) and body mass for the species considered in these studies, as well as long‐term site‐specific average energy availability, and levels of seasonality and interannual stability (all indexed using NDVI‐based metrics as proxies). We conducted a GLMM analysis to assess how these variables may structure the variability in the reported linkages between prevailing energy availability and the considered ecological parameters.ResultsOur analysis revealed that the strength of the reported relationships between metrics of prevailing energy availability and ecological parameters was highest in environments with high long‐term interannual stability in available energy, and for larger, non‐carnivorous animals. Importantly, we found no support for an influence of long‐term site‐specific average energy availability on the strength of these relationships.Main conclusionsOverall, our results support the hypothesis that temporal stability in energy availability is a key factor controlling animal ecology over total available energy itself. These results may have some important implications for the future health and conservation requirements of currently largely stable regions under global environmental change.
Can a lifestyle intervention programme improve physical behaviour among adolescents and young adults with spastic cerebral palsy? A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Slaman Jorrit , Roebroeck Marij , Dallmijer Annet , Twisk Jos , Stam Henk , van den Berg‐Emons Rita ,   Learn 2 Move Research Group
Published: October 2014

AimOptimal physical behaviour is important, as physical inactivity contributes to functional deterioration and reduced social participation. Nevertheless, research showed that persons with cerebral palsy (CP) have low physical activity levels. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention programme on physical behaviour.MethodFifty‐seven persons (36 completed the total study) with spastic CP (age range 16 to 25y; 27 males, 30 females), classified as Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I–IV were included in this randomized controlled trial. Twenty‐nine participants had a unilateral CP and 27 had a bilateral CP. A 6‐month lifestyle intervention consisting of fitness training and counselling on physical behaviour and sports participation was evaluated. Physical behaviour was objectively measured using ambulatory activity monitors. Self‐reported physical activity was determined using the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities.ResultsThe intervention did not affect the objectively measured physical activity during the intervention (beta=0.34, CI=−1.70 to 2.37) or at follow‐up (beta=0.30, CI=−1.99 to 2.59). Self‐reported physical activity was positively affected during the intervention period (beta=7.61, CI=0.17–15.05); however, this effect was not present at follow‐up (beta=3.65, CI=−3.05 to 10.36).InterpretationThe lifestyle intervention was ineffective in eliciting a behavioural change towards more favourable physical behaviour in adolescents and young adults with spastic CP.
Morphological changes during the transition from freshwater to sea water in an amphidromous goby,Sicyopterus lagocephalus(Pallas 1770) (Teleostei)
Authors: Ellien Céline , Werner Ugo , Keith Philippe 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe widely distributed amphidromous gobySicyopterus lagocephalusneeds drastic change of habitat to fulfil its life cycle: adults live and spawn in rivers, where eggs hatch into prolarvae that have to reach the sea to acquire characteristics of planktonic larvae. Postlarvae return to rivers where they recruit and grow to the adult reproductive stage. Here, we describe the prolarval stages, namely from hatching to first contact with sea water, as well as the first marine larval stages. The observations were made under experimental conditions. We described 3 prolarval substages in freshwater (L1a–L1c). Prolarvae present a slight but visible ontogenetic development in freshwater, during which the yolk sac begins to reduce, the pigmentation increases on the body and in the eyes, and the lenses appear, although the eyes are not functional. Prolarvae need to reach the sea in a maximum of 96 h to pursue their development. Their transfer in sea water at a salinity of 36.5 induces important morphological modifications (i.e. yolk sac full absorption, appearance of pectoral fins, migration of the eyes in anterolateral position of the head, opening of mouth and anus), enabling the organisms to adapt to their new environment. This marine stage is divided into two substages: L2a corresponding to the organisation of the morphological structures adapted to the marine environment and L2b during which these morphological structures become functional. Whether it is in freshwater or sea water, the duration of the substages depends on the water temperature, but is similar for all individuals for a given temperature.
Antipathogen genes and the replacement of disease‐vectoring mosquito populations: a model‐based evaluation
Authors: Robert Michael A. , Okamoto Kenichi W. , Gould Fred , Lloyd Alun L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractRecently, genetic strategies aimed at controlling populations of disease‐vectoring mosquitoes have received considerable attention as alternatives to traditional measures. Theoretical studies have shown that female‐killing (FK), antipathogen (AP), and reduce and replace (R&R) strategies can each decrease the number competent vectors. In this study, we utilize a mathematical model to evaluate impacts on competent Aedes aegypti populations of FK, AP, and R&R releases as well as hybrid strategies that result from combinations of these three approaches. We show that while the ordering of efficacy of these strategies depends upon population life history parameters, sex ratio of releases, and switch time in combination strategies, AP‐only and R&R/AP releases typically lead to the greatest long‐term reduction in competent vectors. R&R‐only releases are often less effective at long‐term reduction of competent vectors than AP‐only releases or R&R/AP releases. Furthermore, the reduction in competent vectors caused by AP‐only releases is easier to maintain than that caused by FK‐only or R&R‐only releases even when the AP gene confers a fitness cost. We discuss the roles that density dependence and inclusion of females play in the order of efficacy of the strategies. We anticipate that our results will provide added impetus to continue developing AP strategies.
Foot placement of the equine forelimb: Relationship between foot conformation, foot placement and movement asymmetry
Authors: Wilson A. , Agass R. , Vaux S. , Sherlock E. , Day P. , Pfau T. , Weller R. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyHoof conformation, foot placement and movement asymmetry are routinely assessed as part of the lameness examination. However, to date, few studies have described these parameters, or the interplay between them, in the general horse population.ObjectivesTo assess foot conformation and foot placement in the forelimbs of a group of general purpose horses and investigate the relationships between foot placement, foot conformation and movement asymmetry.Study designObservational cross‐sectional study.MethodsForty‐three horses were included in the study. Measurements were taken from photographs of each forelimb to assess foot conformation. Video footage was recorded simultaneously from perpendicular cameras at both walk and trot and used to categorise foot placement. Inertial sensor data were used to assess head movement asymmetry in trot.ResultsThere was a high degree of variation in foot placement between and within horses, but a ‘lateral heel’ placement was most common in walk and a ‘lateral’ placement most common in trot. Foot placement was associated with dorsal and palmar hoof angles but there was no relationship between foot placement and the other conformation parameters, nor with movement asymmetry. Moderate negative correlations were found between several of the conformation parameters and movement asymmetry.ConclusionsA relationship exists between foot conformation and movement asymmetry with decreasing hoof width and hoof length related to increasing amount of movement asymmetry. In the population of horses studied here – deemed to be ‘well functioning’ by their owners/riders – foot placement was found to be independent of movement asymmetry and, to a large extent, independent of foot conformation.