bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Non‐Expensed Employee Stock Bonus on Firm Performance: Evidence from Taiwanese High‐Tech Firms
Authors: Liu Nien‐Chi , Chen Ming‐Yuan , Wang Mei‐Ling 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe choice of whether to expense broad‐based stock incentives has been a highly controversial debate in both academic research and practice circles. We provide insightful findings to reconcile certain debates regarding the effectiveness of non‐expensed, broad‐based stock incentives. Using a unique longitudinal dataset from Taiwanese high‐tech firms over the 1997–2008 period, our results indicate that non‐expensed employee stock bonus incentives exerted positive effects on short‐term organizational value added creation. The dilution effects of broad‐based stock incentives in Taiwan, however, exerted a negative influence on profitability and eroded share return. The negative effects were even more severe in the following year, and overexploitation of employee stock bonus also damaged the long‐term organizational performance of Taiwanese high‐tech firms. This negative aspect of non‐expensed employee stock incentives resulted in more evidence for changing the regulatory context of broad‐based stock incentives in Taiwan.
Discovery of Novel Inhibitors of HIV‐1 Reverse Transcriptase Through Virtual Screening of Experimental and Theoretical Ensembles
Authors: Ivetac Anthony , Swift Sara E. , Boyer Paul L. , Diaz Arturo , Naughton John , Young John A. T. , Hughes Stephen H. , McCammon J. Andrew 
Published: January 2014

Non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are potent anti‐HIV chemotherapeutics. Although there are FDA‐approved NNRTIs, challenges such as the development of resistance have limited their utility. Here, we describe the identification of novel NNRTIs through a combination of computational and experimental approaches. Based on the known plasticity of the NNRTI binding pocket (NNIBP), we adopted an ensemble‐based virtual screening strategy: coupling receptor conformations from 10 X‐ray crystal structures with 120 snapshots from a total of 480 ns of molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories. A screening library of 2864 National Cancer Institute (NCI) compounds was built and docked against the ensembles in a hierarchical fashion. Sixteen diverse compounds were tested for their ability to block HIV infection in human tissue cultures using a luciferase‐based reporter assay. Three promising compounds were further characterized, using a HIV‐1 RT‐based polymerase assay, to determine the specific mechanism of inhibition. We found that 2 of the three compounds inhibited the polymerase activity of RT (with potency similar to the positive control, the FDA‐approved drug nevirapine). Through a computational approach, we were able to discover two compounds which inhibit HIV replication and block the activity of RT, thus offering the potential for optimization into mature inhibitors.
Predictors of behavioural problems in foster children: the key role of impulsivity
Authors: Salas Maria D. , Fuentes Maria J. , Bernedo Isabel M. , García‐Martín Miguel A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAlthough several variables have been reported to be associated with behavioural problems in foster children, few studies have sought to establish more precisely the extent to which these variables may explain problematic behaviour. The main aim of this study is to determine the extent to which certain variables may predict behavioural problems shown by foster children. Participants included 104 foster children and their respective foster families. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the following variables predict behavioural problems in foster children: impulsivity/attention deficit in the child, level of burden in the foster carers, rigid or authoritarian parental discipline, and criticism/rejection by the foster parents. The model explained 46% of the variance in behaviour problems, with the greatest predictive power (29%) corresponding to the variable ‘impulsivity/attention deficit’. The results show that impulsivity/attention deficit is the most powerful predictor of behavioural problems in foster children. This is consistent with the findings of various studies that have reported an association between a lack of inhibitory control and problematic behaviour.
Risk of Local Extinction of Odonata Freshwater Habitat Generalists and Specialists
Authors: SUHONEN JUKKA , KORKEAMÄKI ESA , SALMELA JUKKA , KUITUNEN MARKKU 
Published: January 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the risk of a local extinction in a single population relative to the habitat requirements of a species is important in both theoretical and applied ecology. Local extinction risk depends on several factors, such as habitat requirements, range size of species, and habitat quality. We studied the local extinctions among 31 dragonfly and damselfly species from 1930 to 1975 and from 1995 to 2003 in Central Finland. We tested whether habitat specialists had a higher local extinction rate than generalist species. Approximately 30% of the local dragonfly and damselfly populations were extirpated during the 2 study periods. The size of the geographical range of the species was negatively related to extinction rate of the local populations. In contrast to our prediction, the specialist species had lower local extinction rates than the generalist species, probably because generalist species occurred in both low‐ and high‐quality habitat. Our results are consistent with source–sink theory.Riesgo de Extinción Local de Odonatos de Agua Dulce Generalistas y Especialistas de Hábitat
Empirical Trials of Plant Field Guides
Authors: HAWTHORNE W. D. , CABLE S. , MARSHALL C. A. M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe designed 3 image‐based field guides to tropical forest plant species in Ghana, Grenada, and Cameroon and tested them with 1095 local residents and 20 botanists in the United Kingdom. We compared users’ identification accuracy with different image formats, including drawings, specimen photos, living plant photos, and paintings. We compared users’ accuracy with the guides to their accuracy with only their prior knowledge of the flora. We asked respondents to score each format for usability, beauty, and how much they would pay for it. Prior knowledge of plant names was generally low (<22%). With a few exceptions, identification accuracy did not differ significantly among image formats. In Cameroon, users identifying sterile Cola species achieved 46–56% accuracy across formats; identification was most accurate with living plant photos. Botanists in the United Kingdom accurately identified 82–93% of the same Cameroonian species; identification was most accurate with specimens. In Grenada, users accurately identified 74–82% of plants; drawings yielded significantly less accurate identifications than paintings and photos of living plants. In Ghana, users accurately identified 85% of plants. Digital color photos of living plants ranked high for beauty, usability, and what users would pay. Black and white drawings ranked low. Our results show the potential and limitations of the use of field guides and nonspecialists to identify plants, for example, in conservation applications. We recommend authors of plant field guides use the cheapest or easiest illustration format because image type had limited bearing on accuracy; match the type of illustration to the most likely use of the guide for slight improvements in accuracy; avoid black and white formats unless the audience is experienced at interpreting illustrations or keeping costs low is imperative; discourage false‐positive identifications, which were common; and encourage users to ask an expert or use a herbarium for groups that are difficult to identify.Pruebas Empíricas de Guías de Campo de Plantas Hawthorne, Cable & Marshall
The Rockefeller University Navigation Program: A Structured Multidisciplinary Protocol Development and Educational Program to Advance Translational Research
Authors: Brassil Donna , Kost Rhonda G. , Dowd Kathleen A. , Hurley Arlene M. , Rainer Tyler‐Lauren , Coller Barry S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe development of translational clinical research protocols is complex. To assist investigators, we developed a structured supportive guidance process (Navigation) to expedite protocol development to the standards of good clinical practice (GCP), focusing on research ethics and integrity. Navigation consists of experienced research coordinators leading investigators through a concerted multistep protocol development process from concept initiation to submission of the final protocol. To assess the effectiveness of Navigation, we collect data on the experience of investigators, the intensity of support required for protocol development, IRB review outcomes, and protocol start and completion dates. One hundred forty‐four protocols underwent Navigation and achieved IRB approval since the program began in 2007, including 37 led by trainee investigators, 26 led by MDs, 9 by MD/PhDs, 57 by PhDs, and 12 by investigators with other credentials (e.g., RN, MPH). In every year, more than 50% of Navigated protocols were approved by the IRB within 30 days. For trainees who had more than one protocol navigated, the intensity of Navigation support required decreased over time. Navigation can increase access to translational studies for basic scientists, facilitate GCP training for investigators, and accelerate development and approval of protocols of high ethical and scientific quality.
Community Member and Faith Leader Perspectives on the Process of Building Trusting Relationships between Communities and Researchers
Authors: Lakes Kimberley D. , Vaughan Elaine , Pham Jennifer , Tran Tuyet , Jones Marissa , Baker Dean , Swanson James M. , Olshansky Ellen 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn the first phase of this research, we conducted, audio‐recorded, and transcribed seven focus groups with more than 50 English‐ or Spanish‐speaking women of childbearing age. Qualitative analysis revealed the following themes: (1) expectation that participation would involve relationships based on trust that is built over time and impacted by cultural factors; (2) perceived characteristics of research staff that would help facilitate the development of trusting relationships; (3) perceptions about the location of the visits that may affect trust; (4) perceptions of a research study and trust for the institution conducting the study may affect trust; (5) connecting the study to larger communities, including faith communities, could affect trust and willingness to participate. In the second phase of this research, we conducted, recorded, transcribed, and analyzed interviews with leaders from diverse faith communities to explore the potential for research partnerships between researchers and faith communities. In addition to confirming themes identified in focus groups, faith leaders described an openness to research partnerships between the university and faith communities and considerations for the formation of these partnerships. Faith leaders noted the importance of finding common ground with researchers, establishing and maintaining trusting relationships, and committing to open, bidirectional communication.
‘Constructing’ Ethical Mineral Supply Chains in Sub‐Saharan Africa: The Case of Malawian Fair Trade Rubies
Authors: Hilson Gavin 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTOver the past decade, sales of Fair Trade agro‐products have risen sharply, fuelled by innovative marketing campaigns that use imagery to ‘connect’ Western consumers to impoverished farmers in developing countries. The success of Fair Trade has led to speculation over whether its portfolio could be broadened to include non‐agricultural products, a debate which, in recent years, has focused heavily on the precious minerals and stones being extracted by impoverished artisans. A lack of policy oversight, however, has resulted in Fair Trade being interpreted very differently in this context. In the absence of certified, internationally‐recognized guidelines for the implementation of Fair Trade mineral schemes, designers have drawn inspiration from a global mining development agenda that has become preoccupied with anti‐corruption and traceability. This article draws on the case of Malawi's NyalaTM ruby, described as a ‘Fair Trade Gem’ by its supplier, to illustrate how ethical mineral programmes are potentially being misbranded as Fair Trade. Although the scheme delivering NyalaTM ruby to markets is supplying a traceable commodity, in the process helping to alleviate consumers’ concerns about conflict minerals, it seems to be providing very little benefit to poor producers — the primary objective of Fair Trade.
Selling Maize in Mexico: The Persistence of Peasant Farming in an Era of Global Markets
Authors: Eakin Hallie , Perales Hugo , Appendini Kirsten , Sweeney Stuart 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe last decade of the twentieth century was heralded as the ‘end of agrarian reform’ in Mexico and the initiation of a new era of market‐led agricultural policy and practice. The impact of neoliberalism and the North American Free Trade Agreement on smallholder maize production has been widely conceived as negative, associated with ecological degradation, rural emigration and cultural erosion. Yet, some twenty years later, all evidence suggests that smallholder maize production is continuing in Mexico, albeit in evolving structures and forms. This article uses a farm‐level survey implemented in three Mexican states to assess the current condition of maize farming in Mexico. The authors revisit past categorizations of Mexican farmers and apply similar approaches to explore what maize‐producing households are doing with their maize, and what current patterns of production imply for future Mexican maize policy. They find evidence of greater persistence and adaptability in Mexican maize farming than is often presented. On the basis of their analysis, they advocate for a reconsideration of the underlying assumptions of public policy, highlighting the heterogeneity of the maize landscape and the unrealized and generally unrecognized potential this heterogeneity represents.
Sorption and desorption characteristics of organic phosphates of different structures on aluminium (oxyhydr)oxides
Authors: Yan Y. P. , Liu F. , Li W. , Liu F. , Feng X. H. , Sparks D. L. 
Published: January 2014

SummarySorption and desorption characteristics of four organic phosphates (OPs) with different molecular sizes and structures (glycerophosphate, GP; glucose‐6‐phosphate, G6P; adenosine triphosphate, ATP; myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate, IHP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) on three aluminium (Al) (oxyhydr)oxides (amorphous Al(OH)3, boehmite and α‐Al2O3) were investigated. The maximum sorption amounts of OPs and Pi increased with decreasing crystallinity of the minerals on a per mass basis: α‐Al2O3 < boehmite < amorphous Al(OH)3. With an exception of IHP sorption on amorphous Al(OH)3, the maximum surface area‐based sorption densities increased with decreasing molecular weight (MW) of OPs and Pi: IHP < ATP < G6P < GP < Pi. Despite having the largest MW, IHP had greater sorption amounts on amorphous Al(OH)3 than the other OPs because of the transformation of surface complexes to surface precipitates. Sorption kinetics of OPs was first a rapid sorption followed by a long and slow sorption process. Of the three Al (oxyhydr)oxides, amorphous Al(OH)3 had the greatest first rapid sorption density and initial sorption rate of OPs within 5 minutes, both factors decreasing with increasing MW of OPs. The initial desorption percentages of OPs by KCl generally increased with decreasing MW of OPs, whereas the maximum desorption percentages of OPs by citrate were four to five times those achieved with KCl. Overall, strong specific sorption of OPs occurs on the surface of Al (oxyhydr)oxides, and molecular structure and size of OPs, as well as crystallinity and crystal structure of the minerals, are the key factors affecting the interfacial reactions and environmental behaviour of OPs.
Experimental warming drives a seasonal shift in the timing of host‐parasite dynamics with consequences for disease risk
Authors: Paull Sara H. , Johnson Pieter T. J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMulti‐species experiments are critical for identifying the mechanisms through which climate change influences population dynamics and community interactions within ecological systems, including infectious diseases. Using a host–parasite system involving freshwater snails, amphibians and trematode parasites, we conducted a year‐long, outdoor experiment to evaluate how warming affected net parasite production, the timing of infection and the resultant pathology. Warming of 3 °C caused snail intermediate hosts to release parasites 9 months earlier and increased infected snail mortality by fourfold, leading to decreased overlap between amphibians and parasites. As a result, warming halved amphibian infection loads and reduced pathology by 67%, despite comparable total parasite production across temperature treatments. These results demonstrate that climate–disease theory should be expanded to account for predicted changes in host and parasite phenology, which may often be more important than changes in total parasite output for predicting climate‐driven changes in disease risk.
Characteristics of 18 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who obtained a complete response after treatment with sorafenib
Authors: Shiba Satoshi , Okusaka Takuji , Ikeda Masafumi , Saito Hidetsugu , Ichida Takafumi 
Published: January 2014

AimSorafenib, a multi‐targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a first‐line systemic treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, possible predictors of the efficacy of sorafenib treatment in HCC patients remain unclear.MethodsWe conducted a nationwide survey to examine the situation of patients with HCC treated with sorafenib who obtained a complete response (CR) according to the modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (mRECIST). The investigation was intended to collect clinical information regarding CR patients and to compare this data with an interim report examining all‐patient surveillance for sorafenib use in Japan, which was released in May 2012.ResultsAmong the 3047 patients who were treated at institutions belonging to the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan, 18 patients (0.6%) obtained a CR. Significant factors in the CR group were a female sex, a low bodyweight (<59 kg), an early clinical stage and a small initial dose of sorafenib (P < 0.05). Furthermore, specific adverse events (palmar–plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome, hypertension, diarrhea, alopecia, fatigue, nausea and anorexia) were frequently observed in the CR group (P < 0.05).ConclusionThis study identified the characteristics of CR patients during sorafenib treatment. The evaluation of patients receiving sorafenib, including the investigation of biomarkers, warrants further exploration in future clinical studies to identify a population in which sorafenib treatment is remarkably effective.
Choices and using of washing machines in Chinese households
Authors: Wang Laili , Ding Xuemei , Huang Rui , Wu Xiongying 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRapid urbanization and improvement in living standard skyrocket the demand for washing machines in Chinese households, especially in urban households. This paper discusses the owning rate of different types of washing machines, using frequency, load capacity, factors affect choices of washing machines, etc. in Chinese households and suggest possible strategies in choosing washing machines considering economic expenditure. Quantitative information relates to choice and use of household washing machines was collected through in‐depth interview of the key person who carried out household laundering. A total of 993 households that were randomly selected in eight provinces and a municipality were successfully interviewed. Impeller washing machine is still in a dominate place whereas drum washing machine increasing steadily. Households with higher income tend to buy drum washing machines for their better performances in detergency and superior quality. Load capacity between 4 and 6 kg is very common at present. Larger load capacity is a trend of washing machine choices in Chinese households. Washing machine with better energy efficiency is more popular for its lower expenditure in use. This is more obvious for drum washing machine. Washing machines are often used once every 1 or 2 days in summer, whereas one wash per week and two washes per week are very common in winter. Consumer will expend much more money with the choice of a drum washing machine, not only for paying for the machine, but also for the consumed electricity and water and wastewater discharges in every use.
Consumer involvement in health research: a UK scoping and survey
Authors: Mathie Elspeth , Wilson Patricia , Poland Fiona , McNeilly Elaine , Howe Amanda , Staniszewska Sophie , Cowe Marion , Munday Diane , Goodman Claire 
Published: January 2014

AbstractConsumer involvement or patient and public involvement (PPI) in health research is a UK policy imperative and a prerequisite for many funders. PPI in research is defined as research carried out with or being carried out by the public (or service users), rather than research on patients and public as subjects or participants. Despite the clear policy driver, there is relatively little empirical evidence on the extent, processes and impact of user involvement in research. This paper aims to add to the international evidence base on PPI in research by providing a key overview of current trends and impacts. In order to understand the current extent and variation of PPI in research, a scoping exercise and survey were carried out on selected UK studies. Six research topic areas (cystic fibrosis, diabetes, arthritis, dementia, intellectual and developmental disabilities, and public health) were selected to ensure a range of designs, study populations and histories of PPI in research. A total of 838 studies (non‐commercial studies and not older than 2 years) were contacted. The response rate for the scoping was 38% and the survey 28%. In the scoping, 51% of studies had some evidence of PPI and in the survey 79%. The most common PPI activity was steering committee membership and reviewing patient information leaflets. There appeared to be some blurred roles with patients participating as research subjects as well as carrying out patient involvement roles. A major finding was the limited amount of available information about PPI in publicly accessible research documents. We suggest that the invisibility of this type of involvement and the lack of routinely collected information about PPI results in a lack of shared understanding of what optimal PPI in a study should look like, with important implications for practice. Furthermore, without a framework to review PPI it is difficult to know if different approaches to PPI have a different impact on key outcomes of the research.