bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclophilin A is Associated with Peripheral Artery Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease in Geriatrics: The Tianliao Old People (TOP) Study
Authors: Liu Meng-Chuan , Lee Yen-Wei , Lee Po-Tseng , Chang Chin-Sung , Tai Yun-Lin , Yu Jia-Rong , Su Xiao-Ting , Hsu Ling-Wei , Lin Sheng-Hsiang , Wu Chi-Hsing , Liu Ping-Yen 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCyclophilin A (CyPA), secreted by vascular smooth muscle cells in response to oxidative stress, is important in the pathogenesis of progressive peripheral arterial occlusion disease (PAOD), which is common among chronic kidney disease. We explored the prevalence of PAOD in Taiwan’s elderly (≥ 65 years old) population and its association with CyPA and renal function. Residents of Tianliao District, a rural community in southern Taiwan, were surveyed. An ankle-brachial index (ABI) < 0.91 was defined as PAOD. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined based on eGFR levels < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Serum CyPA was measured. Of the 473 participants, 68 (14.4%) had PAOD. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed PAOD was significantly associated with lower eGFR, lower BMI, higher glycated hemoglobin and higher pulse pressure. Serum CyPA levels in participants with PAOD were significantly higher than those with normal ABI values (47.3 ± 0.4 vs. 25.5 ± 0.2 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Moreover, eGFR inversely correlated with serum CyPA level (p < 0.05) in participants with CKD, but not in participants with normal renal function. In conclusion, with a prevalence of PAOD as high as 14.4% in an elderly community, CyPA might be the link between PAOD and advanced impaired renal function.
A sensitive label–free amperometric immunosensor for alpha-fetoprotein based on gold nanorods with different aspect ratio
Authors: Zhou Chunyang , Liu Dali , Xu Lin , Li Qingling , Song Jian , Xu Sai , Xing Ruiqing , Song Hongwei 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA simple and accurate label–free amperometric immunosensor for α–fetoprotein (AFP) detection is developed based on gold nanorods (GNRs) with different aspect ratio and compared with gold particles (GNPs). The positively charged GNRs and GNPs due to the surface immobilized cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) can adsorb the negatively charged AFP antibody (Ab) directly. The presence of the GNRs not only enhanced the immobilized amount of biomolecules, but also improved the electrochemical properties of the immunosensor. With the aid of GNRs, the electrochemical signal was greatly enhanced in comparison with GNPs. Under optimal conditions, the proposed immunosensor could detect AFP in a linear range from 0.1 to 200 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.04 ng/mL (signal–to–noise ratio = 3) and it also possessed good reproducibility and storage stability. Moreover, the detection of AFP in five human serum samples also showed satisfactory accuracy. The proposed methodology was potentially attractive for clinical immunoassay.
Neuroreceptor Activation by Vibration-Assisted Tunneling
Authors: Hoehn Ross D. , Nichols David , Neven Hartmut , Kais Sabre 
Published: April 2015

AbstractG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a large family of receptor proteinsthat sense molecular signals on the exterior of a cell and activate signaltransduction pathways within the cell. Modeling how an agonist activates such areceptor is fundamental for an understanding of a wide variety of physiologicalprocesses and it is of tremendous value for pharmacology and drug design. Inelasticelectron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) has been proposed as a model for themechanism by which olfactory GPCRs are activated by a bound agonist. We apply thishyothesis to GPCRs within the mammalian nervous system using quantum chemicalmodeling. We found that non-endogenous agonists of the serotonin receptor share aparticular IET spectral aspect both amongst each other and with the serotoninmolecule: a peak whose intensity scales with the known agonist potencies. We proposean experiential validation of this model by utilizing lysergic acid dimethylamide(DAM-57), an ergot derivative and its deuterated isotopologues; we also providetheoretical predictions for comparison to experiment. If validated our theory mayprovide new avenues for guided drug design and elevate methods of in silicopotency/activity prediction.
MicroRNA transcriptomes of distinct human NK cell populations identify miR-362-5p as an essential regulator of NK cell function
Authors: Ni Fang , Guo Chuang , Sun Rui , Fu Binqing , Yang Yue , Wu Lele , Ren Sitong , Tian Zhigang , Wei Haiming 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells are critical effectors in the immune response against malignancy and infection and microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in NK cell biology. Here we examined miRNA profiles of human NK cells from different cell compartments (peripheral blood, cord blood and uterine deciduas) and of NKT and T cells from peripheral blood and we identified a novel miRNA, miR-362-5p, that is highly expressed in human peripheral blood NK (pNK) cells. We also demonstrated that CYLD, a negative regulator of NF-κB signaling, was a target of miR-362-5p in NK cells. Furthermore, we showed that the over-expression of miR-362-5p enhanced the expression of IFN-γ, perforin, granzyme-B and CD107a in human primary NK cells and we found that silencing CYLD with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) mirrored the effect of miR-362-5p over-expression. In contrast, the inhibition of miR-362-5p had the opposite effect in NK cells, which was abrogated by CYLD siRNA, suggesting that miR-362-5p promotes NK-cell function, at least in part, by the down-regulation of CYLD. These results provide a resource for studying the roles of miRNAs in human NK cell biology and contribute to a better understanding of the physiologic significance of miRNAs in the regulation of NK cell function.
Stability of Language and Literacy Profiles of Children With Language Impairment in the Public Schools
Authors: Tambyraja Sherine R. , Schmitt Mary Beth , Farquharson Kelly , Justice Laura M. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
The present study focused on the identification and stability of language and literacy profiles of primary school children receiving school-based language therapy over the course of one academic year.

Method
Participants included 272 early elementary school-age children (144 boys, 128 girls) who had been clinically identified as having a language impairment. A latent profile analysis was used to identify distinct profiles on the basis of a battery of language and literacy assessments in the fall and spring of the academic year.

Results

Four profiles were identified in both fall and spring that could be best described as representing high, average, and low overall abilities. Two average groups were identified that differentiated according to phonological awareness abilities. Children's profile membership was variable from fall to spring with nearly 60% of children shifting into a higher profile. The results of
t
tests comparing children who shifted into higher profiles from those who remained stable in profile membership revealed group differences regarding language severity, socio-economic status, and proportion of therapy sessions received in the classroom.

Conclusion
These results provide further evidence regarding the heterogeneity of children with language impairment served in the public schools, indicating that differences may be best conceptualized along a continuum of severity.
Teaching a Child With Autism to Request Breaks While Concurrently Increasing Task Engagement
Authors: Kreibich Shelley R. , Chen Mo , Reichle Joe 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
An intervention package, including teaching break requests and tolerance for delay in reinforcement delivery to increase task engagement, was implemented with a 4-year-old child with an autism spectrum disorder who did not engage for a duration commensurate with individual education program team expectations.

Method
A multiple-probe design across tasks was implemented. Dependent measures taken included engagement duration and the production of spoken break requests after work completion. Intervention was implemented with tasks involving short periods of engagement prior to the learner's disengagement. The possibility of the learner's overgeneralized production of break requests with tasks originally associated with longer engagement was also examined.

Results
The participant learned to request breaks in short engagement tasks. In addition, engagement increased dramatically without off-task behavior. Overgeneralized use of break requests with long engagement tasks did not occur. Generalization of break requests to untrained short engagement tasks that were not the focus of intervention (but were associated with escape and short engagement) did not occur until the intervention package was implemented.

Conclusions
The combination of teaching break requests and tolerance for delay in reinforcement delivery was effective in addressing problem behavior. Implications for enhancing properly generalized and moderated use of break requests across different tasks or contexts are discussed.
Phenotypic Shifts in Life History Traits Influence Invasion Success of Goldfish in the Yarlung Tsangpo River, Tibet
Authors: Liu Chunlong , Chen Yifeng , Olden Julian D. , He Dekui , Sui Xiaoyun , Ding Chengzhi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGoldfish Carassius auratus have been established in myriad ecosystems outside of their native ranges, and part of their successful establishment in new ecosystems might be attributed to the shift in life history traits. To explore the role of phenotypic shifts in Goldfish invasions, we quantified and compared spawning times and growth rates in the early life history of nonnative Goldfish from Chabalang and Chongdui wetlands in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin. Spawning of nonnative Goldfish began on March 20 and April 14 for the Chabalang and the Chongdui populations, respectively, and both were considerably earlier than native populations despite the cold environments in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin. Growth rates for the Chabalang population were significantly higher than those for the Chongdui population during the first 14 d posthatch; however, growth rates for the Chongdui population became higher after the 37th day. Within the Chabalang population, Goldfish hatching later had faster growth rates than individuals hatching earlier. Consequently, it seems that shifts in the timing of spawning and growth rates play an important role in the invasion success of Goldfish in extremely cold climates.
Shortnose Sturgeon and Atlantic Sturgeon in the Kennebec River System, Maine: a 1977–2001 Retrospective of Abundance and Important Habitat
Authors: Wippelhauser Gail S. , Squiers Thomas S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLittle was known about the populations of Shortnose Sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum and Atlantic Sturgeon A. oxyrinchus in the Kennebec, Androscoggin, and Sheepscot River estuaries (the Kennebec system) in Maine, prompting a series of field studies spanning the years 1977–2001. Although the impetus for these studies varied, common objectives were to estimate population abundances and locate habitat important to the conservation of both species. During 16 years of gill‐net sampling, we caught 3,372 Shortnose Sturgeon and 403 Atlantic Sturgeon. On the basis of two mark–recapture studies, the adult Shortnose Sturgeon population in the Kennebec system was estimated to be 5,117 (95% confidence interval, 4,206–6,279) for the period 1977–1981 and 9,436 (7,542–11,888) for the period 1998–2000. Gill‐net sampling led to the identification of two spawning areas in the Kennebec system. One was an approximately 0.7‐km‐long reach immediately downstream of Brunswick Dam in the Androscoggin estuary, and the other was an approximately 26‐km‐long reach immediately downstream of Edwards Dam in the upper Kennebec estuary. Shortnose Sturgeon were caught at both locations, while Atlantic Sturgeon were documented only in the upper Kennebec estuary. Acoustic telemetry was used to identify a wintering site in Merrymeeting Bay that was used by Shortnose Sturgeon.
Predicting activities after stroke
Authors: Kwakkel Gert , Kollen Boudewijn 
Published: April 2015

Knowledge about the functional prognosis of stroke patients admitted to a stroke unit has increased substantially over the past years. Prospective cohort studies suggest that a return of some finger extension and voluntary activity in the shoulder abductors within days post-stroke onset predicts a favourable recovery of the upper extremity function at 6 months. The Barthel Index and the ability to sit unsupported are the main predictors for recovery of gait and ADL independency. Almost all developed prediction models identify patients with a favourable prognosis but are less suitable to accurately predict individuals who will not regain dexterity, mobility, and ADL independence following stroke. In individuals with an unfavourable prognosis, this entails measuring clinical determinants frequently and longitudinally during the post-stroke course. Moreover, future research should focus on cross-validating prediction models, which should also incorporate presently excluded stroke subtypes, such as brain stem strokes, intraparenchymal and subarachnoid haemorrhages.
Designing a clinical trial for neurorehabilitation
Authors: Dobkin Bruce , Dorsch Andrew 
Published: April 2015

The design, implementation, and analysis of clinical trials for the types of complex therapies needed to lessen impairments and disabilities that result from neurological diseases are reviewed. A multistep progression from feasibility testing in small groups of selected participants to the demonstration of efficacy in large-scale, multicentre randomized clinical trials is presented. Designs other than the ‘gold standard’ parallel-group trial can be used to optimize the contents of a new therapeutic strategy. Emphasis is placed on defining clinical characteristics and establishing a stable functional baseline for study participants. How the choices of outcome measure and comparison intervention affect the statistical and clinical significance of trial results are highlighted. Discussion of methodological concerns about randomization and blinded outcome assessment is followed by a review of common statistical confounders in neurorehabilitation trials. The use of consensus standards about trial reporting provides a valuable checklist for basic decisions in trial design.
Neuropalliative rehabilitation—managing neurological disability in the context of a deteriorating illness
Authors: Eva Gail , Bayly Jo , Playford Diane 
Published: April 2015

Although the concepts of ‘rehabilitation’ and ‘palliative care’ may seem paradoxical, the two approaches have a great deal in common. Rehabilitation for people with deteriorating, life-limiting neurological conditions can be organized into four distinct but overlapping categories: preventative, restorative, supportive, and palliative.Patients with neurological conditions can report palliative care needs from diagnosis; neuropalliative rehabilitation needs to be available within the context of whatever services are most appropriate for the patient’s circumstances at the time, requiring excellent coordination of care between neurology, palliative care, and rehabilitation services. Neuropalliative rehabilitation follows the same process that would be used in other conditions, but is underpinned by specific palliative care skills which include the ability to work flexibly with rapidly changing conditions, as well as understanding and being able to manage the tension between the patient’s active engagement in life and acknowledging loss and death.
Overview of Localization of Function and Neurological Diagnosis
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The main information on disease in the human nervous system is determined by a careful workup of the patient using the neurological exam and the mini mental exam. The modern investigation of disease in the central nervous system is added by the technology of electroencephalography, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance angiography.
Skeletal Muscle and Nerve-Muscle Junction
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The bulk of the body is formed by the skeletal and smooth muscles. The molecular architecture of the muscles permits them to function. The nerve-muscle junction, the endplate, is where the nerve controls the muscle by means of the chemical acetylcholine with other chemicals acting as neuromodulators. Diseases of muscles include dystrophies, metabolic myopathies, congenital myopathies, and disease of the neuromuscular junction, including myasthenia gravis and toxins.
Spinal Cord
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The spinal cord is protected by the vertebra and many skeletal muscles, and it demonstrates the simplest organization in the nervous system with the white matter on the outside and the neurons on the inside. The white matter is divided into three major columns: a dorsal, lateral, and anterior column, which contains the major ascending and descending pathways. The gray matter is organized into a dorsal/sensory horn, a ventral/motor horn, and an intermediate/association region. In the thoracic and lumbar level, there is an intermediolateral column containing the preganglionic sympathetic neurons.
Spinal Cord
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Extrinsic compression of the spinal cord with resulting dysfunction can be caused by trauma, tumors, and disease in the disc. Intrinsic disease of the spinal cord can be divided into local disease affecting one or more segments (infarction or trauma), system disease (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) affecting one or more fiber systems, and multifocal disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis) affecting various levels of the cord.
The Cranial Nerves
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
There are 12 cranial nerves in the brain. Each cranial nerve is listed with a Roman numeral. Cranial nerve I is associated with the base of the frontal lobe; cranial nerve II is associated with the diencephalon; cranial nerves III and IV are found in the midbrain; cranial nerves V–VII in the pons; cranial nerves VIII–XII in medulla; with cranial nerve XI also originating in the upper cervical levels of the spinal cord. The special somatic sensory cranial nerves are I (olfactory), II (optic), and VIII (auditory-vestibular). The special visceral sensory (taste) are VII, IX, and X. Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI are involved with eye movements, cranial nerve IX initiates swallowing, cranial nerve XI permits one to turn one’s head to the side or to shrugs the shoulders, while with cranial nerve XII one can move the tongue. Cranial nerve X, the vagus, forms the bulk of the parasympathetic control to the heart, lungs, glands, GI, and urinary system, and it controls the pharynx and larynx. The arterial blood supply is from the vertebral, basilar, and posterior cerebral.
Diencephalic Nuclei, Functional Localization, and Atlas of the Diencephalon
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The thalamic nuclei of the diencephalon is the major subcortical region that supplies input onto the cerebrum. There are many nuclei in the thalamus, but they can be divided into an anterior, medial, and lateral nuclear group. And then divided functionally into sensory and motor relay (ventrobasal and lateral posterior nuclei), limbic (anterior, medial lateral dorsal, midline and intralaminar nuclei), specific associational-multimodal somatic nuclei (pulvinar complex), special sensory (lateral geniculate nucleus and medial geniculate nucleus), and nonspecific associational (reticular and intralaminar nuclei). A case demonstrating the effects of a thalamic lesion is included.
Hypothalamus, Neuroendocrine System, and Autonomic Nervous System
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The hypothalamic region of the diencephalon is a small region, but it is functionally very potent as it controls the hypophysis and has ascending and descending fibers which control the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia in the thorax, abdomen, perineum, and pelvis and is also a very important part of the Papez memory and emotion circuit. The hypothalamus is divided into a medial and lateral zone, each of which has subnuclei. There are many afferent pathways into the hypothalamus from the reticular system, thalamus, optic nerve, and even temporal lobe of the cerebrum. The major efferent fiber tracts that leave the hypothalamus are the mammillothalamic, periventricular system, mammillotegmental tract, the medial forebrain bundle and dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts, and the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract. With all these major circuits and nuclei it is not surprising that the hypothalamic provides the stability to control many vital body functions, including the biological clock, temperature, water balance, neurosecretion, food intake, sexual reproduction, sleep, and the autonomic nervous system.
Limbic System
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The following quote from Shakespeare summarizes the functions of the limbic system, which includes the many cortical and subcortical centers that control our emotional response to our environment: “Cure her of that: canst thou not minister to a mind diseased, pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow; raze out the written troubles of the rain and with some sweet oblivious antidote cleanse the stuff’d bosom of that the perilous stuff which weighs upon the heart” (Macbeth, Act V, scene iii).
Alterations in Consciousness
Authors: Marcus Elliott M. , Jacobson Stanley , Sabin Thomas D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractComa is an abnormal state of altered consciousness. It may be caused by many factors, including trauma, bleeding into the brain, infections, and so on. The MRI or the electroencephalogram is commonly used to determine whether there are abnormalities in the electrical activity in the brain. Epilepsy is commonly seen in younger patients and is caused by many factors, including dysgenesis, trauma, infections, and drug overdose. Alzheimer’s disease and other degenerative disorders are commonly found in the elderly.