bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of leaf warbler songs (Aves: Phylloscopidae)
Authors: Tietze Dieter Thomas , Martens Jochen , Fischer Balduin S. , Sun Yue‐Hua , Klussmann‐Kolb Annette , Päckert Martin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSongs in passerine birds are important for territory defense and mating. Speciation rates in oscine passerines are so high, due to cultural evolution, that this bird lineage makes up half of the extant bird species. Leaf warblers are a speciose Old‐World passerine family of limited morphological differentiation, so that songs are even more important for species delimitation. We took 16 sonographic traits from song recordings of 80 leaf warbler taxa and correlated them with 15 potentially explanatory variables, pairwise, and in linear models. Based on a well‐resolved molecular phylogeny of the same taxa, all pairwise correlations were corrected for relatedness with phylogenetically independent contrasts and phylogenetic generalized linear models were used. We found a phylogenetic signal for most song traits, but a strong one only for the duration of the longest and of the shortest element, which are presumably inherited instead of learned. Body size of a leaf warbler species is a constraint on song frequencies independent of phylogeny. At least in this study, habitat density had only marginal impact on song features, which even disappeared through phylogenetic correction. Maybe most leaf warblers avoid the deterioration through sound propagation in dense vegetation by singing from exposed perches. Latitudinal (and longitudinal) extension of the breeding ranges was correlated with most song features, especially verse duration (longer polewards and westwards) and complexity (lower polewards). Climate niche or expansion history might explain these correlations. The number of different element types per verse decreases with elevation, possibly due to fewer resources and congeneric species at higher elevations.
Steps forward in regulatory pathways for acute and chronic heart failure
Authors: Pani Luca , Pecorelli Sergio , Rosano Giuseppe , Anker Stefan D. , Peracino Andrea , Fregonese Laura , Prasad Krishna , Rasi Guido 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA workshop was organized by the Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco (AIFA) to discuss unmet needs and ways forward in the development of medicines in heart failure, their rationale, and cost‐effective use. An integrated, multidisciplinary approach, including patients' needs and perspectives, was advocated by all the participants as the way to the most effective treatment regimens. More work is needed for reaching consensus on clinical and functional endpoints, for validating patient reported outcomes and measurements of well‐being. Similarly, the integration into the clinical programmes of the health technology assessment/payers perspective, in particular, the evaluation of ‘real‐life’ treatment effectiveness and of health as a value, would help in shifting the development and authorization of medicines from the molecule paradigm to their evaluation in the context of the whole health care regimen. Through this kind of workshop, AIFA is trying to build a template for meetings devoted to debate unmet needs with all stakeholders towards tentative road maps for the future.
A Mn6 Cluster inside a Mn10 Wheel: Characterization of a Mn16‐Oximate Complex Resulting from a Tetrazole‐2‐pyridylketoneoximate Ligand
Authors: Alcazar Laura , Font‐Bardia Mercè , Escuer Albert 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA new Mn16 topology consisting of one hexanuclear {MnII2MnIII4} unit coordinated inside a decametallic {MnII6MnIII2MnIV2} wheel was synthesized from 2‐pyridylcyanoxime and azido ligands. A new tetrazole‐2‐pyridylketoneoximate ligand was obtained in situ by cyclization of the cyano group and azide mediated by manganese cations.
Synthesis of Acyloxy‐Semicyclic Dienes Using an Enyne Metathesis/Ring Closing Metathesis Approach
Authors: Kueh Jui Thiang Brian , Moodie Lindon W. K. , Lucas Nigel T. , Larsen David S. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAn enyne metathesis/ring closing metathesis (EM/RCM) sequence was used to synthesise acyloxy‐semicyclic dienes from an enyne substrate and various vinyl esters. This allowed convenient access to acyloxy‐semicyclic dienes not accessible by cross metathesis alone due to the low reactivity of Fischer carbenes with the termini of 1,3‐dienes. This new approach also provides an alternative method for the synthesis of 1‐acyloxy‐1,3‐dienes which are useful reactants for Diels–Alder cycloadditions.
One‐Pot Preparation of Alkyl Iodides from Esters by Indium‐Catalyzed Reductive Cleavage of a Carbon–Oxygen Bond
Authors: Sakai Norio , Matsushita Yohei , Konakahara Takeo , Ogiwara Yohei , Hirano Keisuke 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe describe the indium‐catalyzed reductive iodination of aliphatic and aromatic esters with iodine and 1,1,3,3‐tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS). This reducing procedure accommodates a variety of esters, including esters containing alkyl groups, halogens, a hydroxy group, a thioether, and an alkene moiety. Also, this procedure was applied to the cleavage of carbon–oxygen bonds in acrylate polymers.
Optimal energy‐based seismic design of non‐conventional Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) implemented via inter‐story isolation
Authors: Reggio Anna , Angelis Maurizio De 
Published: January 2015

SummaryInter‐story isolation, an effective strategy for mitigating the seismic risk of both new and existing buildings, has gained more and more interest in recent years as alternative to base isolation, whenever the latter results to be impractical, technically difficult or uneconomic. As suggested by the name, the technique consists in inserting flexible isolators at floor levels other than the base along the height of a multi‐story building, thus realizing a non‐conventional Tuned Mass Damper (TMD). Consistent with this, an optimal design methodology is developed in the present paper with the objective of achieving the global protection of both the structural portions separated by the inter‐story isolation system, that is, the lower portion (below the isolation system) and the isolated upper portion (above the isolation system). The optimization procedure is formulated on the basis of an energy performance criterion that consists in maximizing the ratio between the energy dissipated in the isolation system and the input energy globally transferred to the entire structure. Numerical simulations, performed under natural accelerograms with different frequency content and considering increasing isolation levels along the height of a reference frame structure, are used to investigate the seismic performance of the optimized inter‐story isolation systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Informed Genome‐Wide Association Analysis With Family History As a Secondary Phenotype Identifies Novel Loci of Lung Cancer
Authors: Poirier Julia G. , Brennan Paul , McKay James D. , Spitz Margaret R. , Bickeböller Heike , Risch Angela , Liu Geoffrey , Le Marchand Loic , Tworoger Shelley , McLaughlin John , Rosenberger Albert , Heinrich Joachim , Brüske Irene , Muley Thomas , Henderson Brian E. , Wilkens Lynne R. , Zong Xuchen , Li Yafang , Hao Ke , Timens Wim , Bossé Yohan , Sin Don D. , Obeidat Ma'en , Amos Christopher I. , Hung Rayjean J. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Although several genetic variants associated with lung cancer have been identified in the past, stringent selection criteria of genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) can lead to missed variants. The objective of this study was to uncover missed variants by using the known association between lung cancer and first‐degree family history of lung cancer to enrich the variant prioritization for lung cancer susceptibility regions. In this two‐stage GWAS study, we first selected a list of variants associated with both lung cancer and family history of lung cancer in four GWAS (3,953 cases, 4,730 controls), then replicated our findings for 30 variants in a meta‐analysis of four additional studies (7,510 cases, 7,476 controls). The top ranked genetic variant rs12415204 in chr10q23.33 encoding FFAR4 in the Discovery set was validated in the Replication set with an overall OR of 1.09 (95% CI = 1.04, 1.14, P = 1.63 × 10−4). When combining the two stages of the study, the strongest association was found in rs1158970 at Ch4p15.2 encoding KCNIP4 with an OR of 0.89 (95% CI = 0.85, 0.94, P = 9.64 × 10−6). We performed a stratified analysis of rs12415204 and rs1158970 across all eight studies by age, gender, smoking status, and histology, and found consistent results across strata. Four of the 30 replicated variants act as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) sites in 1,111 nontumor lung tissues and meet the genome‐wide 10% FDR threshold.
The Authors Reply
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S. , Chung Wendy , Fyer Abby J. , Klitzman Robert L. , Martinez Josue , Parens Erik , Price W. Nicholson , Waldman Cameron 
Published: January 2015

AbstractReply to a commentary by Felicitas Holzer and Ignacio Mastroleoon “Models of Consent to Return of Incidental Findings in Genomic Research.”
Faith and Futility in the ICU
Authors: Mendola Annette , Bock Gregory L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractJames is a seventy‐two‐year‐old man with end‐stage dementia who was transferred from another hospital. At the time of transfer James had sepsis from two multidrug‐resistant organisms, respiratory failure requiring ventilatory support, renal insufficiency, pancytopenia, and hypotension requiring vasopressors. He has severe contractures and foot drop, has a feeding tube, and has been nonverbal for several months. His son, Paul, is requesting full code and treatment focused on recovery despite James's extremely poor prognosis.Paul is James's only child, and James's wife is deceased. Paul says he has the “gift of prophecy” and knows for certain when God is speaking to him. “God,” he says, “doesn't lie.” He says that he and his father spent years preaching together and have witnessed many healings. He believes that they are being “rebuked” because at a time when his father was too tired to travel much, they held fewer revivals and did not save enough souls.James's condition has worsened slowly. He has almost no urine output and does not breathe over the ventilator. He is extremely volume overloaded; his toenails have bloodied and popped off. By hospital‐day twenty‐one, he had only corneal reflexes. The medical team is troubled; if James is to stay on the ventilator, he will need a tracheostomy, but this would only further prolong what has already been an agonizingly prolonged dying process.Paul continues to pray for his father to get up.
Ebola, Quarantine, and the Law
Authors: Rothstein Mark A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractJudged by the key measures of morbidity and mortality, the United States has been very fortunate in the Ebola outbreak so far. We have had a limited number of cases and only a few fatalities. As of this writing, all of the health care workers who became infected in the United States have recovered, and none of the other nonhealth care contacts of Ebola patients has become infected. Yet by almost any other measure, the response to Ebola in the United States has been a disaster. Among other things, there has been a wealth of misinformation, politicization of public health, public panic, and unnecessary quarantine. There is plenty of blame to go around. But one often overlooked factor that complicated the response to Ebola is American public health law.
The Regulatory Gap for Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
Authors: Bayefsky Michelle 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis, the powerful technique employed during fertility treatment to select embryos based on their genes, is currently unregulated in the United States—unlike in nearly all other countries where PGD is available. Of course, the analytical quality of the genetic tests, the laboratories where they are performed, and the technicians who carry them out are subject to the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment requirements. And as the Food and Drug Administration prepares to begin regulating laboratory‐developed tests, including many genetic tests, the clinical validity of the tests may also need to be demonstrated. But neither CLIA nor the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is responsible for governing medical practice, and state law and the relevant medical associations have largely fallen silent on the questions of when and why PGD ought to be performed. The result of this regulatory lacuna is that while PGD was originally intended for screening embryos for severe heritable disorders, it is now also employed for a variety of more controversial purposes.
SUPPORT and Comparative Effectiveness Trials: What's at Stake?
Authors: Shepherd Lois 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLantos and Feudtner argue that SUPPORT was an instance of CER and that CER differs from research involving unproven, experimental therapies because it exposes research subjects to the same risks patients regularly face in clinical practice. Like many defenders of SUPPORT, they formally acknowledge the study as research but want it to be thought of as clinical care. They develop an appealing argument, but it is misleading. Whatever doctors might have done in clinical practice, their choice of target range within the study and for study participants was influenced by research aims. Just as in research involving unproven, experimental therapies, the care of patients in SUPPORT was altered for the goal of obtaining knowledge to help future patients.
Low Frequency of Peripheral Lymphocyte in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Predicts Poor Progression to Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Li Jian , Li Juan , Bao Yunwen , Pan Kunyi , Lin Xianghua , Liu Xiaoqiang , Wang Han , Xu Ying , Luo Xiaohong , Li Hongyu , Duan Chaohui 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most prevalent cancer and the second leading cause of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. The poor prognosis of HCC is mainly because of its discovery at advanced stages. Because chronic hepatitis B (CHB) accounts for 50–80% HCC occurrence worldwide, and immunity is regarded as an emerging hallmark of cancer, we investigated the predictive role of peripheral immune cells in HCC incidence in CHB patients.MethodsThis investigation collected and analyzed data from 89 CHB patients, 94 primary HCC patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV), 81 primary HCC patients without HBV, 69 normal healthy patients, and 257 CHB patients with at least 3‐year regular followup.ResultsThe results demonstrated that CHB and primary HCC patients had different concentrations of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes in their peripheral circulation. Further study showed that the peripheral lymphocyte concentration was an independent prognostic factor for HCC incidence in CHB patients during the 3 years of followup. Finally, a predictive HCC incidence model with an AUROC (area under the receiver operating characteristic) of 0.832 was constructed based on the peripheral lymphocyte concentration, serum alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) concentration, and cirrhosis status of CHB patients.ConclusionsThe peripheral lymphocyte concentration was an independent prognostic factor for HCC incidence in CHB patients, and a more accurate predictive model based on peripheral lymphocytes, serum AFP, and cirrhosis status was constructed.
A simple and efficient honey bee mating optimization approach to performance characterization of a microwave transistor for the maximum power delivery and required noise
Authors: Güneş Filiz , Demirel Salih , Mahouti Peyman 
Published: January 2015

SummaryIn this work, a simple, efficient and multi objective Honey Bee Mating Optimization (HBMO) is presented for the performance characterization of a microwave transistor to deliver maximum power to the load with the required noise Freq. Thus all the possible compatible {Freq ≥ Fmin, Vout = 1, GTmax} triplets and the corresponding source ZS and load ZL = Z*out (ZS) terminations can be obtained in the device operation domain of (VDS, IDS and f) without working analytically for the nonlinear performance and stability equations. HBMO is a recently emerging meta‐heuristic algorithm that combines the powers of the simulated annealing and genetic algorithms. Here, a microwave transistor is chosen as a case study, effectiveness and efficiency of the HBMO are shown by comparing its performance to those of the standard meta‐heuristics Genetic and Particle Swarm algorithms and the mean cost results for 10 runs are found to be 0.22, 1.65 and 1.85, respectively, for the comparable execution times. Furthermore, all the numerical results are found to agree with their analytical counterparts obtained using the microwave, linear circuit and noise theories. The Feasible Design Target Space FDTS can be built by the cross relations among all the possible compatible {Freq ≥ Fmin, Vout = 1, GTmax} triplets together their terminations {ZS, ZL = Z*out (ZS)} covering all the possible amplifier designs where both noise figure and output power are at a premium. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large‐scale identification of hot spots for soil carbon demand under climate change and bioenergy production
Authors: Franko Uwe , Witing Felix , Jäckel Greta , Volk Martin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractGlobal change scenarios predict an increased risk for declining amounts of soil organic matter (SOM) for Central Germany. Within this region the production of bioenergy is one important strategy to counteract the rising anthropogenic CO2‐emissions. Both issues have a close connection: SOM is an important basis for soil productivity and requires a steady reproduction flux. Bioenergy production requires productive soils and partly consumes plant biomass C. Therefore, the available amount for SOM reproduction is reduced. This study provides a methodology for the large‐scale identification of areas with possible conflicts between bioenergy production and SOM reproduction based on (1) the prediction of climate change impact on SOM reproduction and (2) an analysis of the regional distribution of biogas plants. With the C demand index (CDI) and the capacity index (CAP), two indicators were developed which enable the identification of hot spots of high carbon demand for SOM reproduction due to climate change and the usage of bioenergy. As a result of low data requirements, the indicators are widely applicable and transferable to other large‐scale studies. The proposed methodology was applied to Central Germany as a pilot region. Results indicate a growing demand (10–40%) of fresh organic C from biomass for SOM production in comparison to the current level. The analysis reveals that the bioenergy C demand is not evenly distributed within the study region. It also shows some regional clustering. Furthermore, the analysis identifies certain hot spots of a high C demand, where a high capacity of biogas production may conflict with rising demands for biomass to mitigate climate change effects on SOM storage. The hot spot areas—identified and selected on a large scale—can subsequently be analyzed in more detail on a local to farm scale by using high‐resolution data and models which enable the quantification of soil C dynamics.
Last interglacial vegetation and climate history from the Portuguese coast
Authors: MINCKLEY T. A. , HAWS J. A. , BENEDETTI M. M. , BREWER S. C. , FORMAN S. L. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTWe examine the Atlantic maritime vegetation history from Praia Rei Cortiço, Portugal, to understand natural vegetation patterns and infer climatic conditions during the transition from the last interglacial to early glacial periods. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of quartz grains from sediments surrounding the 1.3‐m‐thick organic deposit date the section to within 120–89 ka. Pollen data were used to reconstruct the vegetation history and determine a range of possible past climates using an ensemble of seven modern analogue approaches. A five‐part environmental sequence transitioned from heath‐pine‐dominated communities, deciduous hardwood forests and pine forests to heathlands surrounded by steppe‐like environments. Mixed temperate and Mediterranean forest elements existed during the last interglacial period at Praia Rei Cortiço, suggesting a proximal limit to these floras. Abundant Fagus pollen (>6%) suggests local beech populations existed within maritime forests of the Iberian Atlantic margin, representing a greater distribution of this genus during interglacial periods than has previously been recognized. Climate reconstructions indicate that variations in moisture availability may have been a major driver of the observed environmental changes.
Automatic Mechanism and Kinetic Model Generation for Gas‐ and Solution‐Phase Processes: A Perspective on Best Practices, Recent Advances, and Future Challenges
Authors: Van de Vijver Ruben , Vandewiele Nick M. , Bhoorasingh Pierre L. , Slakman Belinda L. , Seyedzadeh Khanshan Fariba , Carstensen Hans‐Heinrich , Reyniers Marie‐Françoise , Marin Guy B. , West Richard H. , Van Geem Kevin M. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTCompletely automated mechanism generation of detailed kinetic models is within reach in the coming decade. The recent developments in this field of chemical reaction engineering are anticipated to lead to some groundbreaking discoveries in the future, extending our fundamental understanding and resolving many of today's society problems such as energy production and conversion, emission reduction, greener chemical production processes, etc. In the present review, the focus is on the core of these automated mechanism generation for gas‐phase and solution‐phase processes that is on how the reaction kinetics and thermodynamic and transport properties of species are estimated and calculated starting from the fundamental elements of the software. With tasks such as the definition of reaction rules and reaction families, the unambiguous representation of species, and the choice of different termination criteria, generating a good reaction mechanism is still not as simple as pressing a “run” button. One of the main challenges that still needs to be overcome is how to deal with data scarcity and the combination with affordable computational chemistry calculations seems the logical step forward. The best practices are illustrated in a butane pyrolysis case study, which also exposes the challenges in the field of automatic kinetic model generation.
Evaluation of an otoscopy simulator to teach otoscopy and normative anatomy to first year medical students
Authors: Lee Daniel J. , Fu Terence S. , Carrillo Brian , Campisi Paolo , Forte Vito , Chiodo Albino 
Published: January 2015

Objective/HypothesisOur study evaluates the effectiveness of the OtoSim as an educational tool for teaching otoscopy and normal middle ear anatomy to first‐year medical students.Study DesignCross‐sectional survey design.MethodsA large group otoscopy simulator teaching session was held in January 2014 for 29 first‐year medical students at the University of Toronto. Following the training session, survey questions were administered to assess the student experience.ResultsA total of 29 students completed the survey. All respondents rated the overall quality of the event as very good or excellent. Ninety‐three percent of respondents indicated that the simulator increased their confidence in otoscopy. Students also commented that they were able to learn normal middle ear anatomy without causing discomfort to patients.ConclusionsThe use of otoscopy simulation is a novel addition to traditional learning methods for undergraduate medical students. Students can effectively learn normal external and middle ear anatomy and improve their confidence in performing otoscopy examination.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 125:2159–2162, 2015