bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The causes of characteristic properties: Insides versus categories
Authors: Strevens Michael 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCimpian & Salomon (C&S) propose that the inherence heuristic, a tendency to explain the behavior and other properties of things in terms of their intrinsic characteristics, precedes and explains “essentialist thinking” about natural kinds. This commentary reviews evidence that it is rather essentialism (or something like it) that precedes the assumption of inherence, and suggests that essentialism can do without the inherence heuristic altogether.
System-justifying motives can lead to both the acceptance and the rejection of innate explanations for group differences
Authors: Uhlmann Eric Luis , Zhu Luke , Brescoll Victoria L. , Newman George E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRecent experimental evidence indicates that intuitions about inherence and system justification are distinct psychological processes, and that the inherence heuristic supplies important explanatory frameworks that are accepted or rejected based on their consistency with one's motivation to justify the system.
Inherence heuristic versus essentialism: Issues of antecedence and cognitive mechanism
Authors: Yzerbyt Vincent Y. , Demoulin Stéphanie 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe argue (1) that the empirical evidence offered by the authors is insufficient to sustain their claim; (2) that, beyond methodological problems, the proposed underlying cognitive mechanism is largely speculative and that a reverse, more motivational, path is equally plausible; and (3) that the distinction and antecedence of inherence intuitions with respect to essentialist beliefs remain to be demonstrated.
When Does a Court Systematically Deviate from its Own Principles? The Adjudication by the Israel Supreme Court of House Demolitions in the Occupied Palestinian Territories
Authors: HARPAZ GUY 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe judiciary’s counter-majoritarian role in the realm of national security is of paramount importance. By and large the Israel Supreme Court has taken cognizance of this truism and has imposed significant procedural and substantive restrictions on the Israeli military authorities, relying more and more on public international law. Yet when faced with house demolition measures, it has adopted a different stance, preferring to conduct a judicial review which is devoid of any meaningful scrutiny of the measures according to international law. The article attempts to ascertain the reasons for the Court's different judicial position, by advancing, inter alia, legal, historical, socio-political, and personal reasons, reasons relating to the nature of the petitioners, as well as those pertaining to the intertwined concepts of status quo bias, omission bias, and loss aversion. The findings of the case study may be relevant to other courts, in other countries. When faced with deterrent measures that are employed at times of severe security threats and that are strongly supported by the political establishment and by the public, courts may find it difficult to perform a counter-majoritarian role and to abide by their own judicial doctrines and principles.
What Defines an International Criminal Court?: A Critical Assessment of ‘the Involvement of the International Community’ as a Deciding Factor
Authors: KJELDGAARD-PEDERSEN ASTRID 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSince the post-Second World War tribunals, only a few scholars have attempted to draw a definitional distinction between international and national criminal courts. Remarkable exceptions include Robert Woetzel, who in 1962 categorized criminal courts according to ‘the involvement of the international community’, and Sarah Williams, who 50 years later relied on the same factor in her definitions of ‘hybrid’ and ‘internationalized’ criminal tribunals.Through examples of rulings by the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, this article will demonstrate that ‘the involvement of the international community’ is at best an unhelpful criterion when it comes to resolving questions, e.g. regarding the immunity of state officials and the relevance of domestic law, that require a determination of the legal system in which the court operates.Instead, it is argued that only criminal tribunals deriving their authority from international law should be labelled ‘international’, while the term ‘national criminal court’ should apply to tribunals set up under national law. This terminology would underline that issues concerning jurisdiction and applicable law must be settled according to each court's constituent document and other relevant sources of law, depending on the legal system to which this document belongs.
Social Perspective Taking and Empathy in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Stevens Sara A. , Dudek Joanna , Nash Kelly , Koren Gideon , Rovet Joanne 
Published: January 2015

AbstractChildren with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) show sociobehavioral impairments; however, the social cognitive profile contributing to these impairments is poorly understood. This study compared social perspective taking and empathy in children with FASDversustypically developing controls (TDC). Thirty-seven children with FASD and 21 TDC participated. Measures included parent-rated CBCL and SSIS, and NEPSY-II Theory of Mind, Test of Social Cognition and Index of Empathy. Parents rated the FASD group higher than TDC on indices of behavior problems and lower on indices of social skills and empathy. Children with FASD scored significantly below TDC on tasks requiring complex social cognition. The majority of correlations between social cognition and parent-ratings were not significant in FASD and TDC, with the exception of a negative correlation between self-reported empathy and parent-rated behavior difficulties in TDC. FASD subgroup analyses revealed lower theory of mind and empathy scores among children with ARND than pFAS/FAS. With regard to sex, males with FASD were rated as having more behavior difficulties than females, whereas TDC females obtained higher empathy ratings than males. In both groups, females scored higher on theory of mind and empathy indices. On theory of mind tasks, older children with FASD performed below younger, whereas younger TDC children performed more poorly than older. Children with FASD show reduced functioning on indices of sociobehavioral and social cognition, and the effects are influenced by sex and age. These findings provide insight into the clinical and social profile of children with FASD. (JINS, 2015,21, 74–84)
Care pathway process proposal and rationale for the assessment and management of firesetting in the inpatient setting
Authors: Hillier Bradley , Cherukuru Srinivasarao , Sethi Faisil 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFiresetting is traditionally a forensic problem which is nevertheless a frequent co-morbidity within mental health settings. The associations between mental health and firesetting are diverse and poorly understood, and with forensic services under increasing pressure, non-forensic settings may be increasingly expected to manage such presentations. With this in mind, and in the absence of a specific risk assessment tool, we propose a care pathway and rationale for its use in the assessment and management of individuals with firesetting behaviours as part of their presentation.
Islam and Democracy at the Fringes of Europe: The Role of Useful Historical Legacies
Authors: Elbasani Arolda 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article analyzes how the Muslim majority has engaged with, and contributed to parallel processes of democratization and European integration in post-Communist Albania. The assessment of Muslims' choices focuses on the Central organization, the Albanian Muslim Community, which is recognized by the state as the only authority in charge of all the administrative and spiritual issues pertinent to the community of Sunni believers, and serves as the main hub of respective religious activities in the country. The analysis of democratization, and Muslims' respective choices, are divided into two different periods, namely democratic transition (1990–1998) and democratic consolidation (1998–2013), each facing democratizing actors, including Muslim groups, with different challenges and issues. We argue that the existence of a useful pool of arguments from the past, the so-called Albanian tradition, has enabled Muslims to contravene controversial foreign influences and recast Islam in line with the democratic and European ideals of the Albanian post-communist polity. This set of historical legacies and arguments explain Muslims' similar positioning toward democracy throughout different stages marked by different institutional restrictions and state policies.
Multi-omics analysis defines core genomic alterations in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas
Authors: Castro-Vega Luis Jaime , Letouzé Eric , Burnichon Nelly , Buffet Alexandre , Disderot Pierre-Hélie , Khalifa Emmanuel , Loriot Céline , Elarouci Nabila , Morin Aurélie , Menara Mélanie , Lepoutre-Lussey Charlotte , Badoual Cécile , Sibony Mathilde , Dousset Bertrand , Libé Rossella , Zinzindohoue Franck , Plouin Pierre François , Bertherat Jérôme , Amar Laurence , de Reyniès Aurélien , Favier Judith , Gimenez-Roqueplo Anne-Paule 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PCCs/PGLs) are neural crest-derived tumours with a very strong genetic component. Here we report the first integrated genomic examination of a large collection of PCC/PGL. SNP array analysis reveals distinct copy-number patterns associated with genetic background. Whole-exome sequencing shows a low mutation rate of 0.3 mutations per megabase, with few recurrent somatic mutations in genes not previously associated with PCC/PGL. DNA methylation arrays and miRNA sequencing identify DNA methylation changes and miRNA expression clusters strongly associated with messenger RNA expression profiling. Overexpression of the miRNA cluster 182/96/183 is specific in SDHB-mutated tumours and induces malignant traits, whereas silencing of the imprinted DLK1-MEG3 miRNA cluster appears as a potential driver in a subgroup of sporadic tumours. Altogether, the complete genomic landscape of PCC/PGL is mainly driven by distinct germline and/or somatic mutations in susceptibility genes and reveals different molecular entities, characterized by a set of unique genomic alterations.
Association of the immature platelet fraction with sepsis diagnosis and severity
Authors: Hubert Rodolfo Monteiro Enz , Rodrigues Melina Veiga , Andreguetto Bruna Dolci , Santos Thiago M. , de Fátima Pereira Gilberti Maria , de Castro Vagner , Annichino-Bizzacchi Joyce M. , Dragosavac Desanka , Carvalho-Filho Marco Antonio , De Paula Erich Vinicius 
Published: January 2015

AbstractManagement of Sepsis would greatly benefit from the incorporation of simple and informative new biomarkers in clinical practice. Ideally, a sepsis biomarker should segregate infected from non-infected patients, provide information about prognosis and organ-specific damage and be accessible to most healthcare services. The immature platelet fraction (IPF) and immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) are new analytical parameters of the complete blood count, that have been studied as biomarkers of several inflammatory conditions. Recently, a study performed in critically-ill patients suggested that IPF could be a more accurate sepsis biomarker than C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin. In this retrospective study we evaluated the performance of IPF and IRF as biomarkers of sepsis diagnosis and severity. 41 patients admitted to two intensive care units were evaluated, 12 of which with severe sepsis or septic shock and 11 with non-complicated sepsis. Significantly higher IPF levels were observed in patients with severe sepsis/septic shock. IPF correlated with sepsis severity scores and presented the highest diagnostic accuracy for the presence of sepsis of all studied clinical and laboratory parameters. No significant differences were observed in IRF levels. Our results suggest that IPF levels could be used as a biomarker of sepsis diagnosis and severity.
Structure of mycobacterial maltokinase, the missing link in the essential GlgE-pathway
Authors: Fraga Joana , Maranha Ana , Mendes Vitor , Pereira Pedro José Barbosa , Empadinhas Nuno , Macedo-Ribeiro Sandra 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA novel four-step pathway identified recently in mycobacteria channels trehalose to glycogen synthesis and is also likely involved in the biosynthesis of two other crucial polymers: intracellular methylglucose lipopolysaccharides and exposed capsular glucan. The structures of three of the intervening enzymes - GlgB, GlgE and TreS - were recently reported, providing the first templates for rational drug design. Here we describe the structural characterization of the fourth enzyme of the pathway, mycobacterial maltokinase (Mak), uncovering a eukaryotic-like kinase (ELK) fold, similar to methylthioribose kinases and aminoglycoside phosphotransferases. The 1.15 Å structure of Mak in complex with a non-hydrolysable ATP analog reveals subtle structural rearrangements upon nucleotide binding in the cleft between the N- and the C-terminal lobes. Remarkably, this new family of ELKs has a novel N-terminal domain topologically resembling the cystatin family of protease inhibitors. By interfacing with and restraining the mobility of the phosphate-binding region of the N-terminal lobe, Mak's unusual N-terminal domain might regulate its phosphotransfer activity and represents the most likely anchoring point for TreS, the upstream enzyme in the pathway. By completing the gallery of atomic-detail models of an essential pathway, this structure opens new avenues for the rational design of alternative anti-tubercular compounds.
The First Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Members of the Ribonuclease E Family
Authors: Kime Louise , Vincent Helen A. , Gendoo Deena M. A. , Jourdan Stefanie S. , Fishwick Colin W. G. , Callaghan Anastasia J. , McDowall Kenneth J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTheEscherichia coliendoribonuclease RNase E is central to the processing and degradation of all types of RNA and as such is a pleotropic regulator of gene expression. It is essential for growth and was one of the first examples of an endonuclease that can recognise the 5′-monophosphorylated ends of RNA thereby increasing the efficiency of many cleavages. Homologues of RNase E can be found in many bacterial families including important pathogens, but no homologues have been identified in humans or animals. RNase E represents a potential target for the development of new antibiotics to combat the growing number of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics in use currently. Potent small molecule inhibitors that bind the active site of essential enzymes are proving to be a source of potential drug leads and tools to dissect function through chemical genetics. Here we report the use of virtual high-throughput screening to obtain small molecules predicted to bind at sites in the N-terminal catalytic half of RNase E. We show that these compounds are able to bind with specificity and inhibit catalysis ofEscherichia coliandMycobacterium tuberculosisRNase E and also inhibit the activity of RNase G, a paralogue of RNase E.
Pushing with actin: from cells to pathogens
Authors: Small J. Victor 
Published: January 2015

Actin polymerization is harnessed by cells to generate lamellipodia for movement and by a subclass of pathogens to facilitate invasion of their infected hosts. Using electron tomography (ET), we have shown that lamellipodia are formed via the generation of subsets of actin filaments joined by branch junctions. Image averaging produced a 2.9 nm resolution model of branch junctions in situ and revealed a close fit to the electron density map of the actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3)–actin complex in vitro. Correlated live-cell imaging and ET was also used to determine how actin networks are created and remodelled during the initiation and inhibition of protrusion in lamellipodia. Listeria, Rickettsia and viruses, such as vaccinia virus and baculovirus, exploit the actin machinery of host cells to generate propulsive actin comet tails to disseminate their infection. By applying ET, we have shown that baculovirus generates at its rear a fishbone-like array of subsets of branched actin filaments, with an average of only four filaments engaged in pushing at any one time. In both of these studies, the application of ET of negatively stained cytoskeletons for higher filament resolution and cryo-ET for preserving overall 3D morphology was crucial for obtaining a complete structure–function analysis of actin-driven propulsion.
Kenntnisstand zu Infektionen mit humanen Papillomaviren und deren Präventionsmöglichkeiten von 13- bis 21-jährigen Schülerinnen und Schülern aus Fulda, Hessen
Authors: Stumm C. , Hahn D. , Heberlein I. , Doherr F. , Hofmann W. 
Published: January 2015

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie: Ziel dieser Studie war die Erhebung des Kenntnisstandes von Schülerinnen und Schülern aus Fulda bezüglich HPV und HPV-Impfung. Zudem wurde die Inanspruchnahme der Impfung geprüft.
Methodik: Die Untersuchung von 13- bis 21-jährigen Schülerinnen und Schülern (n=1 515) wurde 2011 mit einem standardisierten Fragebogen durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse: Die Bekanntheit von humanen Papillomaviren (HPV) und das Wissen darüber waren gering. 29% der Stichprobe hatten von HPV gehört. Die Schülerinnen sowie Befragte mit christlicher Religionszugehörigkeit kannten HPV häufiger als die Schüler und Befragte mit muslimischer Religionszugehörigkeit. Von 21 Wissensfragen zu HPV wurden im Mittel 7,8 (SD=3,3) korrekt beantwortetet, wobei keine Unterschiede bezüglich der soziodemografischen Variablen festgestellt wurden. 77% aller Teilnehmenden hatten von der HPV-Impfung gehört. Weibliche Befragte, Personen ohne Migrationshintergrund und mit höherem Bildungsstatus kannten die Impfung häufiger als männliche Befragte, Personen mit Migrationshintergrund und niedrigem Bildungsstatus. Im Mittel beantworteten die Schülerinnen 2,9 (SD=1,3) von 5 Fragen zur HPV-Impfung korrekt. Ältere Befragte verfügten über mehr Wissen als jüngere. 30% der Schülerinnen hatten mindestens eine Impfdosis erhalten, wobei höheres Alter, fehlender Migrationshintergrund und mittlerer bzw. hoher Bildungsstatus als Prädiktoren für die Inanspruchnahme der Impfung festgestellt wurden.
Schlussfolgerung: Der Schulunterricht und ärztliche Untersuchungen wären geeignete Orte der Wissensvermittlung, um soziodemografisch begründeten gesundheitlichen Ungleichheiten entgegenzuwirken.
Heterogeneity for IGF-II production maintained by public goods dynamics in neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer
Authors: Archetti Marco , Ferraro Daniela A. , Christofori Gerhard 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Cancer cells compete for space and nutrients against healthy cells and other cancer cells but also cooperate by secreting growth factors. Clones that do not produce growth factors, however, have a proliferation advantage because they can use the factors produced by neighboring cells without the cost of producing them. Therefore, the cooperative production of growth factors by tumor cells should collapse. What maintains cooperation within the tumor? Here, we use evolutionary game theory to explain how heterogeneity can persist, and we use experiments with pancreatic cancer cells to test the predictions of the theory. Cancer is a process of clonal selection, and studying cancer cell populations using methods and concepts from evolutionary biology can reveal potential evolutionarily stable therapies.
Protein folding and binding can emerge as evolutionary spandrels through structural coupling
Authors: Manhart Michael , Morozov Alexandre V. 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Most proteins must be folded to perform their function, which typically involves binding another molecule. This property enables protein traits of stable folding and strong binding to emerge through adaptation even when the trait itself does not increase the organism’s fitness. Such traits, known as evolutionary “spandrels,” have been investigated across many organisms and scales of biology. Here we show that proteins can spontaneously evolve strong but nonfunctional binding interactions. Moreover, evolution of such interactions can be highly unpredictable, with chance mutation events determining the outcome. In contrast, evolution of functional interactions follows a more predictable pattern of first gaining folding stability and then losing it as the new binding function improves.
Ocean fronts drive marine fishery production and biogeochemical cycling
Authors: Woodson C. Brock , Litvin Steven Y. 
Published: January 2015

SignificanceFronts in the ocean act as oases in a fluid desert that are not fully accounted for in climate or fisheries model projections. Fronts act to increase production by channeling nutrients through multiple trophic levels, including commercially important fishes and marine mammals, and enhance carbon export to the deep ocean. Fronts consequently have immense effects on the ocean, from base of the food chain up through the dinner table and mediation of global climate change. Here we show how fronts can be incorporated into current models, using a technique from fluid dynamics to improve both climate and fisheries models.
Chemodetection in fluctuating environments: Receptor coupling, buffering, and antagonism
Authors: Lalanne Jean-Benoît , François Paul 
Published: January 2015

Significance
Cells have to reliably process biochemical signals in the presence of many different sources of information. For instance, immune cells have to discriminate foreign peptides from many potentially similar self-peptides, which sometimes lead to the absence of active decision even in the presence of infection (a process called antagonism). In this article, we mathematically formalize this chemodetection problem. By contrasting two types of models for ligand detection (independent or coupled receptors) we show that if environmental noise is not statistically negligible (e.g., “long-tailed”), antagonism can be advantageous to buffer undesirable fluctuations in environmental composition.
Metabolic theory predicts whole-ecosystem properties
Authors: Schramski John R. , Dell Anthony I. , Grady John M. , Sibly Richard M. , Brown James H. 
Published: January 2015

Significance
A theory is presented which shows how the metabolism of individual organisms controls the flow of carbon through ecosystems. The theory synthesizes top-down, ecosystem-level and bottom-up, organism-level approaches to ecological energetics and material cycles. The theory predicts a very simple straight-line relationship between residence time of carbon molecules and the ratio of whole-ecosystem biomass to primary productivity. This and additional predictions for total throughfow and recycling are supported by numerical models and data from real ecosystems. The theory provides a powerful way to understand the roles of organisms in ecosystem processes at scales from local habitats to the biosphere. Such an understanding is important for addressing the impacts of human-caused changes in climate, land use, and biodiversity.