bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compartmentalized Self‐Tagging for In Vitro‐Directed Evolution of XNA Polymerases
Authors: Pinheiro Vitor B. , Arangundy‐Franklin Sebastian , Holliger Philipp 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTemplate‐dependent synthesis of xenobiotic nucleic acids (XNAs) is an essential step for the development of functional XNA molecules, as it enables Darwinian evolution to be carried out with novel genetic polymers. The extraordinary substrate specificity of natural DNA polymerases greatly restricts the spectrum of XNAs available, thus making it necessary to identify DNA polymerase variants capable of incorporating a wider range of substrates. This unit summarizes compartmentalized self‐tagging (CST), a directed evolution strategy developed for the selection of DNA polymerase variants capable of XNA synthesis. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 57:9.9.1‐9.9.18. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Surface circulation in the Gulf of California in summer from surface drifters and satellite images (2004–2006)
Authors: Lavín M. F. , Castro Rubén , Beier Emilio , Cabrera Carlos , Godínez Victor M. , Amador‐Buenrostro A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSurface drifters released in the Gulf of California between June 2004 and August 2006 are used to describe the surface circulation in late spring and summer. In the June to September mean, there was a poleward coastal current on the shelf and slope of the mainland side of the Gulf, with mean speed ∼0.3 m/s; it reached the northern Gulf and joined the cyclonic circulation typical of this zone in summer. In the western half of the southern Gulf, the drifters presented recirculating currents that are due to mesoscale eddies that appear to dominate the surface circulation in summer. In June 2004, the coastal current presented an enhancement event with mean speed around 0.60 m/s and maximum ∼0.80 m/s. It took ∼20 days for a particular drifter to travel the 1000 km from the Gulf entrance to the head. This strengthening of the coastal current was apparent in chlorophyll a and SST satellite images, the drifters following closely the intrusion of warm, chlorophyll‐poor surface water from outside the Gulf. The drifters and the satellite images suggest that the current‐enhancement event lasted less than a month. This mesoscale event was linked with a mesoscale remote forcing in the tropical Pacific coast and with a mesoscale local forcing of the wind. These events seem to occur every year, and are probably important in carrying organisms and properties from the entrance to the whole length of the Gulf.
Interplay of climate seasonality and soil moisture‐rainfall feedback
Authors: Yin Jun , Porporato Amilcare , Albertson John 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe soil moisture‐rainfall feedback (SMRF) may significantly impact hydro‐climatic dynamics, inducing persistent weather conditions that are responsible for prolonged droughts or abnormally wet states. However, externally driven seasonal variability in rainfall and potential evapotranspiration, with the associated patterns of wet and dry conditions, may both interact with such an SMRF. In this study, seasonal variations in radiation and precipitation forcing are included in a stochastic SMRF model with the assumption of a soil moisture‐dependent average rainfall frequency to explore their effects on the soil moisture probabilistic structure. The theoretical model results, based on a parameterization using data for soil moisture and climate in Illinois, show that average rainfall frequency peaks in late spring when both the soil condition and the SMRF strength favor convective rainfall triggering. Under such conditions, the soil moisture tends to exhibit bimodal behavior until the SMRF strength becomes weak again toward the end of the growing season. Such a behavior is reminiscent of the dynamics of a system undergoing a periodic, stochastically forced pitchfork bifurcation. The presence of bimodal soil moisture behavior is also verified using nonparametric statistical tests on soil moisture data. The analysis of wet‐to‐wet and dry‐to‐dry soil moisture transitions in the joint probability distribution of soil moisture further corroborates the presence of hydro‐climatic persistence in the spring‐to‐summer transition.
Contribution of anthropogenic phosphorus to agricultural soil fertility and food production
Authors: Ringeval B. , Nowak B. , Nesme T. , Delmas M. , Pellerin S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAgricultural intensification over the last few decades has been accompanied by the extensive use of anthropogenic phosphorus (P) derived from mined phosphate rock. Given the increasing scarcity of P resources, accurate estimates of the reliance of agriculture on anthropogenic P are required. Here we propose a modeling approach for assessing the contribution of anthropogenic P to agricultural soil fertility and food production. We performed computations at country level, and France was chosen as a typical western European country with intensive agriculture. Four soil P pools were identified based on their bioavailability (labile versus stable) and origin (anthropogenic versus natural). Pool evolution between 1948 and 2009 was estimated by combining international databases and a simple biogeochemical model. An optimization procedure demonstrated the necessity of representing a stable P pool capable of replenishing the labile pool within 14 to 33 years in order to match country‐scale observations. Mean simulated P pool sizes for 2009 (0–35 cm soil horizon) were 146, 616, 31, and 156 kgP/ha for natural stable, anthropogenic stable, natural labile, and anthropogenic labile pools, respectively. We found that, on average, 82% (min‐max: 68–91%) of soil P (sum of labile and above defined stable) in that year was anthropogenic. The temporal evolution of this contribution is directly related to the integral of chemical fertilizer use over time, starting from 1948. The contribution of anthropogenic P to food production was similar at 84% (min‐max: 72–91%), which is greater than budget‐based estimates (~50–60%) commonly reported in the literature. By focusing on soil fertility and food production, this study provides a quantitative estimation of human perturbations of the P cycle in agroecosystems.
Runoff sensitivity to global mean temperature change in the CMIP5 Models
Authors: Zhang Xuejun , Tang Qiuhong , Zhang Xuezhen , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe estimated runoff sensitivities to global mean temperature change using climate experiments archived in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and compared with the similar CMIP3 results. We also evaluated differences in runoff sensitivity for the Earth System Models (ESMs) and Climate System Models (CSMs), which were separately identified in CMIP5 for the first time. Our results show that runoff sensitivity is relatively independent of emission scenarios in CMIP5, as in CMIP3 results. Global mean runoff would increase about 2.9% per °C of global warming in CMIP5, as contrasted with 1.9% in CMIP3. Although global runoff sensitivity patterns for CMIP5 and CMIP3 are roughly similar, CMIP5 suggests significant declines (increases) in runoff sensitivity over 17% (25%) of the global land area relative to CMIP3. Globally, the ESMs and CSMs have about the same model spread in runoff change projections.
Seismically triggered anomalies in the isotope signatures of mantle‐derived gases detected at degassing sites along two neighboring faults in NW Bohemia, central Europe
Authors: Bräuer Karin , Kämpf Horst , Strauch Gerhard 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe Vogtland and NW Bohemia region is known for its earthquake swarms; the most intensive swarm since 1985/86 occurred in October 2008. To find further indications for the interaction of ascending mantle‐derived fluids and the occurrence of earthquake swarms, detailed fortnightly studies of gas compositions (CO2, N2, Ar, He, H2, and CH4) and isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N, and 3He/4He) were carried out between October 2008 and April 2011 at four locations close to the Nový Kostel focal zone and at the Wettinquelle spring (Bad Brambach). From the start of the 2008 earthquake swarm seismically induced isotope‐geochemical anomalies were recorded at locations along the Počatky‐Plesná fault zone (PPZ) and were, for the first time, also found at degassing locations on the Mariánské Láznĕ fault zone (MLF). Variations were observed in both the temporal and spatial distributions of the anomalies as well in anomaly strengths, probably due to the positions of these fault zones relative to the focal zone, and to differences in fluid migration pathways. Prior to both the 2000 and 2008 swarms, 3He/4He ratios > 6 Ra were recorded at the Bublák mofette. These anomalous pre‐seismic 3He/4He ratios suggest that both the 2000 and 2008 swarms may have been associated with the supply of fresh magma from a less degassed reservoir in the lithospheric mantle. The temporal δ13CCO2 pattern from detailed studies at Bublák between 2005 and 2011 indicates progressive magma degassing, as well as seismically induced variations in the δ13C, providing additional support to the interpretation derived from the 3He/4He ratios.
Estimating surface temperature changes of lakes in the Tibetan Plateau using MODIS LST data
Authors: Zhang Guoqing , Yao Tandong , Xie Hongjie , Qin Jun , Ye Qinghua , Dai Yufeng , Guo Ruifang 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTemperature changes over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) exhibit a dependence on altitude, as observed from meteorological station data and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) data. However, little is known about the changes in water surface temperature (WST) of lakes in the TP under the warming climate conditions over the past few decades. In this study, lake WST was examined using a MODIS/Terra 8 day LST (nighttime) product (MOD11A2) over the period 2001–2012. It was found that 52 lakes included in the analysis of WST exhibited an average rate of change of 0.012 ± 0.033°C/yr. Of these 52 lakes, 31 lakes (60%) displayed a temperature increase with a mean warming rate of 0.055 ± 0.033°C/yr and 21 lakes (40%) displayed a temperature decrease with a mean cooling rate of −0.053 ± 0.038°C/yr. The rates of change in WST for 13 lakes were statistically significant, and these included nine warming and four cooling lakes. Of the 17 lakes with nearby weather stations, nine lakes (53%) showed faster warming than nearby air/land. The warming lakes could be attributed to locally rising air and land surface temperatures as well as other factors such as the decreased lake ice cover. The cooling lakes were mostly located at high elevations (>4200 m), and the trend could have been due to increased cold water discharge to the lakes from accelerated glacier/snow melts. Therefore, both warming and cooling lake temperatures in the TP were possibly the result of increased air temperatures (0.036 ± 0.027°C/yr) under global warming conditions.
Dimethyl sulfide: Less important than long‐range transport as a source of sulfate to the remote tropical Pacific marine boundary layer
Authors: Simpson Rebecca M. C. , Howell Steven G. , Blomquist Byron W. , Clarke Antony D. , Huebert Barry J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDuring the Pacific Atmospheric Sulfur Experiment (PASE), dimethyl sulfide (DMS) was not the principal source of non–sea salt sulfate (NSS) mass in the remote marine boundary layer (MBL), according to an Eulerian sulfur budget based on observations of chemical concentrations from the NCAR C‐130 in relatively dry, subsiding regions of the tropical Pacific. Our three (DMS, SO2, and NSS) monthly‐average budgets are mutually consistent. The PASE‐average DMS emission was 3.0 ± 0.5μmol m−2 d−1 (our budget “units”). SO2 sources include DMS + OH (1.4 ± 0.4 units, assuming 75% of reacted DMS forms SO2) and entrainment from the free troposphere (FT) (0.8 ± 0.2 units). Clouds were the most important chemical reactors for SO2 (−1.0 ± 0.5 units). SO2 loss terms also include divergence (−0.9 ± 0.3 units), dry deposition (−0.5 ± 0.2 units), and OH + SO2 (−0.22 ± 0.05 units). The total SO2 loss balanced the SO2 source. We assume that no SO2 was lost to ozone oxidation on sea salt particles; we found negligible NSS on particles from 2.6 μm (the sea salt mass peak) to 10 μm diameter. Fine‐particle NSS sources include in‐cloud oxidation of SO2 by H2O2 (1.0 ± 0.5 units), OH + SO2 (0.19 ± 0.05 units), and entrainment (1.1 ± 0.3 units in clean conditions; twice that when continental pollution is present). NSS sources balance NSS loss to divergence. Only about one fourth of emitted DMS becomes NSS. FT entrainment supplied two thirds and DMS oxidation produced one third of MBL NSS, rather similar source terms.
Systematic assessment of the uncertainty in integrated surface water‐groundwater modeling based on the probabilistic collocation method
Authors: Wu Bin , Zheng Yi , Tian Yong , Wu Xin , Yao Yingying , Han Feng , Liu Jie , Zheng Chunmiao 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSystematic uncertainty analysis (UA) has rarely been conducted for integrated modeling of surface water‐groundwater (SW‐GW) systems, which is subject to significant uncertainty, especially at a large basin scale. The main objective of this study was to explore an innovative framework in which a systematic UA can be effectively and efficiently performed for integrated SW‐GW models of large river basins and to illuminate how process understanding, model calibration, data collection, and management can benefit from such a systematic UA. The framework is based on the computationally efficient Probabilistic Collocation Method (PCM) linked with a complex simulation model. The applicability and advantages of the framework were evaluated and validated through an integrated SW‐GW model for the Zhangye Basin in the middle Heihe River Basin, northwest China. The framework for systematic UA allows for a holistic assessment of the modeling uncertainty, yielding valuable insights into the hydrological processes, model structure, data deficit, and potential effectiveness of management. The study shows that, under the complex SW‐GW interactions, the modeling uncertainty has great spatial and temporal variabilities and is highly output‐dependent. Overall, this study confirms that a systematic UA should play a critical role in integrated SW‐GW modeling of large river basins, and the PCM‐based approach is a promising option to fulfill this role.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Hydroxamic Acids from Aldehydes and Hydroxylamine
Authors: Dettori Giovanna , Gaspa Silvia , Porcheddu Andrea , De Luca Lidia 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA one‐pot oxidative transformation of aldehydes into hydroxamic acids by the use of an aqueous solution of hydroxylamine is reported. The methodology gives high yields and makes use of cheap, abundant and easily available reagents.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Hydrophosphonylation of Alkenes with Dialkyl H‐Phosphonates
Authors: Candy Mathieu , Rousseaux Sophie A. L. , San Román Alberto Cirugeda , Szymczyk Monika , Kafarski Pawel , Leclerc Eric , Vrancken Emmanuel , Campagne Jean‐Marc 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed hydrophosphonylation of alkenes with previously unreactive acyclic dialkyl H‐phosphonates has been developed. A catalyst system based on palladium/DavePhos or palladium/SPhos enables the transformation of various alkenes to phosphonates in moderate to good yields and with excellent levels of regioselectivity. Hydrophosphonylations with internal, disubstituted and/or unactivated alkenes are also reported.magnified image
Recent Advances in Catalytic Functionalization of N‐Oxide Compounds via CH Bond Activation
Authors: Yan Guobing , Borah Arun Jyoti , Yang Minghua 
Published: June 2014

AbstractN‐Oxide compounds are very important intermediates in synthetic organic chemistry as well as in the chemical industry. Numerous efforts have been devoted to the development of efficient approaches for the CH bond activation and functionalization of N‐oxides in recent years, including arylation, alkenylation, alkylation, acyloxylation, amination, amidation and sulfonylation. In this review, recent advances in this area are summarized and their mechanisms are discussed.magnified image
Synthesis of Fully Substituted 3‐Formyl‐4‐iodofurans via a Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Oxidation/1,2‐Alkynyl Migration/Cyclization/Iodination Cascade
Authors: Wang Tao , Shi Shuai , Rudolph Matthias , Hashmi A. Stephen K. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA highly efficient gold(I)‐catalyzed cascade reaction for the synthesis of fully substituted 3‐formyl‐4‐iodofurans has been developed. Mechanistic investigations indicate a reaction pathway that involves a direct iodination reaction of the organogold intermediate via functionalization of the AuC(sp2) bond, instead of a direct iodination of the 3‐formylfurans.magnified image
Temperature and Voltage Effect on Barrier Height and Ideality Factor in Au/PVC + TCNQ/p‐Si Structures
Authors: Kaya A. , Demirezen S. , Tecimer H. , Altindal Ş. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe forward bias current conduction mechanisms of Au/PVC + TCNQ/p‐Si structures have been investigated in a wide temperature range of 120–420 K for various applied bias voltage. The analysis of the main electrical parameters such as zero‐bias barrier height (BH) (ΦBo), ideality factor (n), and interface states (Nss) was found strongly dependent on temperature and voltage. The obtained results show that, while ΦBo increases, n decreases with increasing temperature. The plot of Φapp versus q/2kT was drawn to show a Gaussian distribution (GD) of the BHs, and this plot shows two distinct linear regions. The ΦBo and standard deviation (σs) values were found from the slope and intercept of these plots for two regions as 1.16 eV and 0.161 V for the first region and 0.71 eV and 0.093 V for the second region, respectively. Such behavior is typical of a double GD (DGD) of the BHs due to the BH inhomogeneities at the metal–semiconductor interface. The slope and intercept of the modified (ln(I0/T2) – q2σ02/2k2T2) versus q/kT plot gives the and ¯ΦBo and effective Richardson constant (A*) as 1.16 and 0.76 eV and 36.7 and 83.8 A/cm2K2, respectively. The value of the A* (36.7 A/cm2 K2) is very close to the theoretical value of 32 A/cm2 K2 for p‐Si. In addition, to interrupt the voltage‐dependent activation energy, the ln(Is/T2) versus q/kT plot was drawn in the voltage range of 0–0.3 V in 0.05 V steps. All of experimental results confirmed that the BH or Ea values depend on the temperature as well as bias voltages.
Postnatal growth velocity and overweight in early adolescents: A comparison of rural and urban African boys and girls
Authors: Chirwa E.D. , Griffiths P. , Maleta K. , Ashorn P. , Pettifor J.M. , Norris S.A. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesTo compare growth velocity of two African child cohorts and examine the relationship between postnatal growth velocity in infancy/early childhood and the risk of overweight/stunting in early adolescence.MethodsThe study used data from two child cohorts from urban (Birth to Twenty Cohort, South Africa) and rural (Lungwena Child Survival Study, Malawi) African settings. Mixed effect modelling was used to derive growth and peak growth velocities. T‐tests were used to compare growth parameters and velocities between the two cohorts. Linear and logistic regression models were used to determine the relationship between growth velocity and early adolescent (ages 9–11 years) body mass index and odds of being overweight.ResultsChildren in the BH cohort were significantly taller and heavier than those in the Lungwena cohort, and exhibited faster weight and height growth velocity especially in the first year of life (P < 0.05). No significant association was shown between baseline weight (αw) and overweight in early adolescence (OR = 1.25, CI = 0.67, 2.34). The weight growth velocity parameter βw was highly associated with odds of being overweight. Association between overweight in adolescence and weight velocity was stronger in infancy than in early childhood (OR at 3 months = 4.80, CI = 2.49, 9.26; OR at 5 years = 2.39, CI = 1.65, 3.47).ConclusionHigh weight and height growth velocity in infancy, independent of size at birth, is highly associated with overweight in early adolescence. However, the long term effects of rapid growth in infancy may be dependent on a particular population's socio‐economic status and level of urbanization. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:643–651, 2014. © 2014 The Authors American Journal of Human Biology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Common variants in BDNF, FAIM2, FTO, MC4R, NEGR1, and SH2B1 show association with obesity‐related variables in Spanish Roma population
Authors: Poveda Alaitz , Ibáñez María Eugenia , Rebato Esther 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to investigate the association between previously GWAS identified genetic variants predisposing to obesity in Europeans and obesity‐related phenotypes in Roma population.MethodsA total of 24 representative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 372 individuals belonging to 50 extended families of Roma population. SNPs were tested for association with seven quantitative obesity‐related phenotypes in the PLINK program.ResultsRisk variants in NEGR1, FAIM2, FTO, and SH2B1 genes were associated with increased adiposity accumulation in Roma population with effect sizes between 0.21 and 0.34 Z‐scores for each copy of the BMI increasing allele. Additionally, variants in BDNF and MC4R were significantly associated with adiposity distribution but not with overall fatness. No significant association was detected between obesity‐related phenotypes and variants in the first intron of the FTO gene (e.g., rs9939609).ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that SNPs in or near six genes (BDNF, FAIM2, FTO, MC4R, NEGR1, and SH2B1) are significantly associated with body fat accumulation and distribution in Roma people. However, the association observed among variants in the first intron of FTO and obesity in European derived populations is not evident in the analyzed Roma sample. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:660–669, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in workers exposed to metalworking fluids
Authors: Barber Christopher M. , Burton Clare M. , Hendrick David J. , Pickering C Anthony C. , Robertson Alastair S. , Robertson Wendy , Burge P Sherwood 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundThis study used data from a large UK outbreak investigation, to develop and validate a new case definition for hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to metalworking fluid exposure (MWF‐HP).MethodsThe clinical data from all workers with suspected MWF‐HP were reviewed by an experienced panel of clinicians. A new MWF‐HP Score was then developed to match the “gold standard” clinical opinion as closely as possible, using standard diagnostic criteria that were relatively weighted by their positive predictive value.ResultsThe new case definition was reproducible, and agreed with expert panel opinion in 30/37 cases. This level of agreement was greater than with any of the three previously utilized case definitions (agreement in 16–24 cases). Where it was possible to calculate, the MWF‐HP Score also performed well when applied to 50 unrelated MWF‐HP cases.ConclusionsThe MWF‐HP Score offers a new case definition for use in future outbreaks. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:872–880, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.