bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic Stroke Outcome Measures for Motor Function Intervention Trials
Authors: Bushnell Cheryl , Bettger Janet Prvu , Cockroft Kevin M. , Cramer Steven C. , Edelen Maria Orlando , Hanley Daniel , Katzan Irene L. , Mattke Soeren , Nilsen Dawn M. , Piquado Tepring , Skidmore Elizabeth R. , Wing Kay , Yenokyan Gayane 
Published: October 2015

Background—
About half of survivors with stroke experience severe and significant long-term disability. The purpose of this article is to review the state of the science and to make recommendations for measuring patient-centric outcomes in interventions for motor improvement in the chronic stroke phase.

Methods and Results—
A 9-member expert panel reviewed evidence to identify measures of upper and lower extremity function used to date as outcomes in trials with patients who experienced a stroke ≥6 months before assessment. Outcome measures were screened using StrokEDGE consensus panel recommendations, and evaluated for availability of a published minimal clinically important difference. Measures meeting these criteria were further evaluated with regard to their level of measurement, psychometric properties, and ability of minimal clinically important difference to capture gains associated with improved function and clinical relevance to patients, to arrive at recommendations. A systematic literature review yielded 115 clinical trials of upper and lower extremity function in chronic stroke that used a total of 34 outcome measures. Seven of these had published minimal clinically important differences and were recommended or highly recommended by StrokEDGE. Those are the Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity and Lower Extremity scales, Wolf Motor Function Test, Action Research Arm Test, Ten-Meter and Six-Minute Walk Tests, and the Stroke Impact Scale. All had evidence for their psychometric performance, although the strength of evidence for validity varied, especially in populations with chronic stroke Fugl-Meyer Upper and Lower Extremity scales showing the strongest evidence for validity.

Conclusions—
The panel recommends that the Fugl-Meyer Upper and Lower Extremity scales be used as primary outcomes in intervention trials targeting motor function in populations with chronic stroke. The other 6 measures are recommended as secondary outcomes.
Restoration of Pulsatile Flow Reduces Sympathetic Nerve Activity Among Individuals With Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Cornwell William K. , Tarumi Takashi , Stickford Abigail , Lawley Justin , Roberts Monique , Parker Rosemary , Fitzsimmons Catherine , Kibe Julius , Ayers Colby , Markham David , Drazner Mark H. , Fu Qi , Levine Benjamin D. 
Published: October 2015

Background—
Current-generation left ventricular assist devices provide circulatory support that is minimally or entirely nonpulsatile and are associated with marked increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), likely through a baroreceptor-mediated pathway. We sought to determine whether the restoration of pulsatile flow through modulations in pump speed would reduce MSNA through the arterial baroreceptor reflex.

Methods and Results—

Ten men and 3 women (54±14 years) with Heartmate II continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices underwent hemodynamic and sympathetic neural assessment. Beat-to-beat blood pressure, carotid ultrasonography at the level of the arterial baroreceptors, and MSNA via microneurography were continuously recorded to determine steady-state responses to step changes (200–400 revolutions per minute) in continuous-flow left ventricular assist device pump speed from a maximum of 10 480±315 revolutions per minute to a minimum of 8500±380 revolutions per minute. Reductions in pump speed led to increases in pulse pressure (high versus low speed: 17±7 versus 26±12 mm Hg;
P
<0.01), distension of the carotid artery, and carotid arterial wall tension (
P
<0.05 for all measures). In addition, MSNA was reduced (high versus low speed: 41±15 versus 33±16 bursts per minute;
P
<0.01) despite a reduction in mean arterial pressure and was inversely related to pulse pressure (
P
=0.037).

Conclusions—
Among subjects with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices, the restoration of pulsatile flow through modulations in pump speed leads to increased distortion of the arterial baroreceptors with a subsequent decline in MSNA. Additional study is needed to determine whether reduction of MSNA in this setting leads to improved outcomes.
A new species of freshwater sponge, Heteromeyenia barlettai sp. nov. from an aquarium in São Paulo, Brazil (Spongillida: Spongillidae)
Authors: PINHEIRO ULISSES , CALHEIRA LUDIMILA , HAJDU EDUARDO 
Published: October 2015

A new species of freshwater sponge, Heteromeyenia barlettai sp. nov., is proposed here based on specimens discovered in a private aquarium in São Paulo, Brazil, and most likely inadvertently collected from the Paraná Basin. The present study also presents a redescription of H. insignis on the basis of the specimen reported upon by Volkmer (1963), collected from the Atlântico Sul Hydrographic Basin. Spicule measurements (n=30) were made for comparison with other Heteromeyenia species. This is the first time that H. insignis has its complete set of spicules studied under SEM. After comparison with the redescription of the type of H. baileyi, we also find characteristics that justify the maintenance of H. insignis as a valid species. A key to species of Heteromeyenia is provided.
Advancements in Objective Multisatellite Tropical Cyclone Center Fixing
Authors: Wimmers Anthony J. , Velden Christopher S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAn improved version of the Automated Rotational Center Hurricane Eye Retrieval (ARCHER) tropical cyclone (TC) center-fixing algorithm, introduced here as “ARCHER-2,” is presented with a characterization of its accuracy and precision and a comparison with alternative methods. The algorithm is calibrated for 37- and 85–92-GHz microwave imagers; geostationary imagery at visible, near-infrared, and longwave infrared window channels; and scatterometer ambiguities. In addition to a center fix, ARCHER-2 produces a quantitative estimate of expected error that can be used automatically or manually to evaluate the suitability of a result. The median center-fix error ranges from 24 (using scatterometer) to 49 (using infrared window) km relative to the National Hurricane Center best track. Multisatellite, multisensor results can also be used together to produce a TC-track estimate that selects from the best of all of the available imagery in the ancillary “ARCHER-Track” product. The median error of ARCHER-Track varies between 17 and 38 km, depending on TC intensity and data latency. The bias of the product’s expected error varies between 0% and 12%, which translates to an average of only 4 km. When compared with operational, subjective center-fix estimates, the ARCHER-Track approach improves on 29%–43% of these cases at the tropical-depression and tropical-storm stages, at which further assistance is typically sought. This result demonstrates that ARCHER-2 and ARCHER-Track can complement and accelerate operational forecasting where needed and can furnish other automated TC-analysis methods with well-characterized center-fix information.
Estimates of Air–Sea Feedbacks on Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Hausmann Ute , Czaja Arnaud , Marshall John 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Sea surface temperature (SST) air–sea feedback strengths and associated decay time scales in the Southern Ocean (SO) are estimated from observations and reanalysis datasets of SST, air–sea heat fluxes, and ocean mixed layer depths. The spatial, seasonal, and scale dependence of the air–sea heat flux feedbacks is mapped in circumpolar bands and implications for SST persistence times are explored. It is found that the damping effect of turbulent heat fluxes dominates over that due to radiative heat fluxes. The turbulent heat flux feedback acts to damp SSTs in all bands and spatial scales and in all seasons, at rates varying between 5 and 25 W m−2 K−1, while the radiative heat flux feedback has a more uniform spatial distribution with a magnitude rarely exceeding 5 W m−2 K−1. In particular, the implied net air–sea feedback (turbulent + radiative) on SST south of the polar front, and in the region of seasonal sea ice, is as weak as 5–10 W m−2 K−1 in the summertime on large spatial scales. Air–sea interaction alone thus allows SST signals induced around Antarctica in the summertime to persist for several seasons. The damping effect of mixed layer entrainment on SST anomalies averages to approximately 20 W m−2 K−1 across the ACC bands in the summer-to-winter entraining season and thereby reduces summertime SST persistence to less than half of that predicted by air–sea interaction alone (i.e., 3–6 months).
Understanding the Rapid Precipitation Response to CO2 and Aerosol Forcing on a Regional Scale*
Authors: Richardson Thomas B. , Forster Piers M. , Andrews Timothy , Parker Doug J. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Precipitation exhibits a significant rapid adjustment in response to forcing, which is important for understanding long-term climate change. In this study, fixed sea surface temperature (SST) simulations are used to analyze the spatial pattern of the rapid precipitation response. Three different forcing scenarios are investigated using data obtained from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5): an abrupt quadrupling of CO2, an abrupt increase in sulfate, and an abrupt increase in all anthropogenic aerosol levels from preindustrial to present day. Analysis of the local energy budget is used to understand the mechanisms that drive the observed changes.
It is found that the spatial pattern of the rapid precipitation response to forcing is primarily driven by rapid land surface temperature change, rather than the change in tropospheric diabatic cooling. As a result, the pattern of response due to increased CO2 opposes that due to sulfate and all anthropogenic aerosols, because of the opposing surface forcing. The rapid regional precipitation response to increased CO2 is robust among models, implying that the uncertainty in long-term changes is mainly associated with the response to SST-mediated feedbacks. Increased CO2 causes rapid warming of the land surface, which destabilizes the troposphere, enhancing convection and precipitation over land in the tropics. Precipitation is reduced over most tropical oceans because of a weakening of overturning circulation and a general shift of convection to over land. Over most land regions in the midlatitudes, circulation changes are small. Reduced tropospheric cooling therefore leads to drying over many midlatitude land regions.
Uncertainty in Model Climate Sensitivity Traced to Representations of Cumulus Precipitation Microphysics
Authors: Zhao Ming , Golaz J.-C. , Held I. M. , Ramaswamy V. , Lin S.-J. , Ming Y. , Ginoux P. , Wyman B. , Donner L. J. , Paynter D. , Guo H. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Uncertainty in equilibrium climate sensitivity impedes accurate climate projections. While the intermodel spread is known to arise primarily from differences in cloud feedback, the exact processes responsible for the spread remain unclear. To help identify some key sources of uncertainty, the authors use a developmental version of the next-generation Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory global climate model (GCM) to construct a tightly controlled set of GCMs where only the formulation of convective precipitation is changed. The different models provide simulation of present-day climatology of comparable quality compared to the model ensemble from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5). The authors demonstrate that model estimates of climate sensitivity can be strongly affected by the manner through which cumulus cloud condensate is converted into precipitation in a model’s convection parameterization, processes that are only crudely accounted for in GCMs. In particular, two commonly used methods for converting cumulus condensate into precipitation can lead to drastically different climate sensitivity, as estimated here with an atmosphere–land model by increasing sea surface temperatures uniformly and examining the response in the top-of-atmosphere energy balance. The effect can be quantified through a bulk convective detrainment efficiency, which measures the ability of cumulus convection to generate condensate per unit precipitation. The model differences, dominated by shortwave feedbacks, come from broad regimes ranging from large-scale ascent to subsidence regions. Given current uncertainties in representing convective precipitation microphysics and the current inability to find a clear observational constraint that favors one version of the authors’ model over the others, the implications of this ability to engineer climate sensitivity need to be considered when estimating the uncertainty in climate projections.
Quantifying the Sources of Intermodel Spread in Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity
Authors: Caldwell Peter M. , Zelinka Mark D. , Taylor Karl E. , Marvel Kate 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This study clarifies the causes of intermodel differences in the global-average temperature response to doubled CO2, commonly known as equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS). The authors begin by noting several issues with the standard approach for decomposing ECS into a sum of forcing and feedback terms. This leads to a derivation of an alternative method based on linearizing the effect of the net feedback. Consistent with previous studies, the new method identifies shortwave cloud feedback as the dominant source of intermodel spread in ECS. This new approach also reveals that covariances between cloud feedback and forcing, between lapse rate and longwave cloud feedbacks, and between albedo and shortwave cloud feedbacks play an important and previously underappreciated role in determining model differences in ECS. Defining feedbacks based on fixed relative rather than specific humidity (as suggested by Held and Shell) reduces the covariances between processes and leads to more straightforward interpretations of results.
Impact of Source Region on the δ18O Signal in Snow: A Case Study from Mount Wrangell, Alaska
Authors: Moore G. W. K. , Field Robert D. , Benson Carl S. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The stable isotopic composition of water in ice cores is an important source of information on past climate variability. At its simplest level, the underlying assumption is that there is an empirical relationship between the normalized difference in the concentration for these stable isotopes and a specified local temperature at the ice core site. There are, however, nonlocal processes, such as a change in source region or a change in the atmospheric pathway, which can impact the stable isotope signal, thereby complicating its use as a proxy for temperature. In this paper, the importance of these nonlocal processes are investigated through the analysis of the synoptic-scale circulation during a snowfall event at the summit of Mount Wrangell (62°N, 144°W; 4300 m MSL) in south-central Alaska. During this event there was, over a 1-day period in which the local temperature was approximately constant, a change in δ18O that exceeded half that normally seen to occur in the region between summer and winter. As shall be shown, this arose from a change in the source region, from the subtropical eastern Pacific to northeastern Asia, for the snow that fell on Mount Wrangell during the event.
Creation and Validation of a Comprehensive 1° by 1° Daily Gridded North American Dataset for 1900–2009: Snowfall
Authors: Kluver Daria , Mote Tom , Leathers Daniel , Henderson Gina R. , Chan Weihan , Robinson David A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study details the creation of a gridded snowfall dataset for North America, with focus on the quality of the interpolated product. Daily snowfall amounts from National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Program stations and Meteorological Service of Canada surface stations are interpolated to 1° by 1° grids from 1900 to 2009 and examined for data record length and quality. The interpolation is validated spatially and temporally through the use of stratified sampling and k-fold cross-validation analyses. Interpolation errors average around 0.5 cm and range from less than 0.01 to greater than 2.5 cm. For most locations, this is within the measurement sensitivity. Grid cells with large variations in elevation experience higher errors and should be used with caution. A new gridded snowfall climatology is presented based on in situ observations that capture seasonal and interannual variability in monthly snowfall over most of the North American land area from 1949 to 2009. The Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network is used as an independent set of point data that is compared to the gridded product. Errors are mainly in the form of the gridded data underestimating snowfall compared to the point data. The spatial extent, temporal length, and resolution of the dataset are unprecedented with regard to observational snowfall products and will present new opportunities for examining snowfall across North America.
The Mississippi Valley Convection Minimum on Summer Afternoons: Observations and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Kirshbaum Daniel J. , Fabry Frédéric , Cazenave Quitterie 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Analysis of 15 years of composite radar images over the continental United States reveals a distinct minimum of deep-convection occurrence over the interior lower Mississippi Valley on summer afternoons, relative to surrounding areas. To understand the mechanisms behind this convection signature, quasi-idealized numerical simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model are performed. The simulations, which broadly reproduce the valley convection minimum, suggest that convective inhibition is maximized, and low-level ascent minimized, over the flat valley terrain. By contrast, weaker inhibition and stronger mechanically forced ascent over the hills flanking the valley combine to initiate convection more readily. Although the orography of the region is unremarkable, it has a stronger influence on the regional convection pattern than do variations in land use.
Lightning in Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones: A Comparison to the North Atlantic
Authors: Stevenson Stephanie N. , Corbosiero Kristen L. , Abarca Sergio F. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
As global lightning detection has become more reliable, many studies have analyzed the characteristics of lightning in tropical cyclones (TCs); however, very few studies have examined flashes in eastern North Pacific (ENP) basin TCs. This study uses lightning detected by the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) to explore the relationship between lightning and sea surface temperatures (SSTs), the diurnal cycle, the storm motion and vertical wind shear vectors, and the 24-h intensity change in ENP TCs during 2006–14. The results are compared to storms in the North Atlantic (NA).
Higher flash counts were found over warmer SSTs, with 28°–30°C SSTs experiencing the highest 6-hourly flash counts. Most TC lightning flashes occurred at night and during the early morning hours, with minimal activity after local noon. The ENP peak (0800 LST) was slightly earlier than the NA (0900–1100 LST). Despite similar storm motion directions and differing vertical wind shear directions in the two basins, shear dominated the overall azimuthal lightning distribution. Lightning was most often observed downshear left in the inner core (0–100 km) and downshear right in the outer rainbands (100–300 km). A caveat to these relationships were fast-moving ENP TCs with opposing shear and motion vectors, in which lightning peaked downmotion (upshear) instead. Finally, similar to previous studies, higher flash densities in the inner core (outer rainbands) were associated with nonintensifying (intensifying) TCs. This last result constitutes further evidence in the efforts to associate lightning activity to TC intensity forecasting.
Sleep Fragmentation and Biomarkers in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Ward Teresa M. , Yuwen Weichao , Voss Joachim , Foell Dirk , Gohar Faekah , Ringold Sarah 
Published: October 2015

Objectives: (1) To compare sleep (nighttime sleep duration and sleep efficiency) and sleep fragmentation (movement and fragmentation index), as measured by actigraphy, and symptoms (pain and fatigue) in 8- to 14-year-old children with polyarticular and extended oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and (2) to examine the associations between sleep fragmentation (movement and fragmentation index) and the calcium-binding protein biomarkers S100A12 and myeloid-related protein (MRP8/14). Method: Participants included 40 children with extended oligoarticular ( n = 15) or polyarticular ( n = 25) JIA and their parents. Serum protein samples were obtained during routine rheumatology clinic visits. Children completed the PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale and daily pain and sleep diaries and wore actigraphy monitors for 9 consecutive days. Parents completed the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Results: Of the 40 children, 68% scored above the CSHQ clinical cutoff score for sleep disturbances. Mean nighttime sleep duration was 7.5 hr, and mean sleep efficiency was 85.3%. Group differences were not found for nighttime sleep duration, sleep efficiency, movement and fragmentation index, or S100A12 and MRP8/14 protein concentrations. In a stepwise regression, medications, joint count, and movement and fragmentation index explained 21% of the variance in MRP8/14 concentration. Conclusion: Decreased nighttime sleep duration, poor sleep efficiency, and fragmented sleep were observed in our sample, regardless of JIA category. Sleep fragmentation was a significant predictor of MRP8/14 protein concentration. Additional research is needed to understand the interrelations among sleep fragmentation, effects of medication, and S100A12 and MRP8/14 protein biomarkers in JIA.
A Case of Colocalized Vitiligo and Psoriasis
Authors: Langley Annie R. , Manley Paul , Asai Yuka 
Published: October 2015

Background: Psoriasis and vitiligo are common dermatologic conditions with underlying autoimmune etiologies. There are few reports of concomitant and colocalized disease. Several theories have been proposed to explain this rare presentation. Objective: The objective of this study was to present a rare case of a concomitant and colocalized presentation of vitiligo and psoriasis. Methods: Case report. Results: A 72-year-old male was referred for treatment of a 30-year history of psoriasis and 5-year history of colocalized vitiligo. The patient had no other underlying autoimmune diseases including psoriatic arthritis. Conclusion: Clinicians should be aware of the possible concomitance and colocalization of psoriasis and vitiligo. Further research is needed to elucidate the common pathways leading to the concomitance and colocalization of these diseases.