bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emersonian Legacies of Black Resistance
Authors: Patterson Anita 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how Emerson’s writings were foundational to philosophies of Black resistance developed by Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois, Anna Julia Cooper, and Pauline Hopkins. Building on scholarship by Cornel West, Len Gougeon, Henry Louis Gates, Hazel Carby, and others, the chapter discusses how the creative inheritance of Emerson’s legacy presented by these authors challenges narrow conceptions of philosophy and favors a view of knowledge arising from actions directed toward the attainment of freedom, race and gender equality, and social justice. This shared engagement with Emerson sheds new light on possibilities for cross-racial dialogue, intertextual revision, and hidden conceptual commonalities that, taken together, subvert exclusionary boundaries of cultural inheritance.
Agent-Based Technologies for Research and Practical Use in Management
Authors: Leitner Stephan , Wall Friederike 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of agent-based modelling and simulation in advancing theories and addressing operational and design issues within the realm of management science. We specifically explore the potential contributions of agent-based modelling and simulation to abductive and deductive reasoning. Through a theoretical lens, we argue that agent-based modelling and simulation is useful in exploring complex dynamics, and it thereby emerges as a potent tool for generating, refining, and selecting hypotheses. It facilitates a deeper understanding of the behaviours within complex adaptive systems—ranging from organizations to networks—thereby enabling the formulation of causally plausible explanations for observed phenomena. This capability is particularly crucial in environments where traditional analytical methods fall short due to inherent complexities. Furthermore, we discuss the role of agent-based modelling and simulation in operationalizing hypotheses for empirical testing, emphasizing its utility in translating theoretical concepts into testable models and identifying the boundary conditions under which these models hold true. In the context of operational and design issues, we argue that agent-based modelling and simulation supports the exploration of means–ends relations and the operationalization of design choices, thereby contributing to the development of innovative solutions and potentially better decision-making within organizations. Thereby, the method substantially contributes to bridging the gap between theory and practice within the field of management science, presenting it as an essential approach for navigating the complexities of contemporary management challenges.
Register, Genre, Text Type
Authors: Thomas Jenelle 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates variation in French according to situations of use: register, genre, and text type. Through a comparative examination of the features of newspaper language, recipes, and scientific discourse, the chapter shows how the use of morphosyntactic, lexical, and discourse organizational features varies across and within genres in French. It begins with a definition of register, text type, genre, and associated concepts such as medium and domain, then goes on to describe the linguistic characteristics of each of the three genres. In the final section, the chapter compares representative features and addresses questions of diachronic stability, cross-linguistic similarities and differences, and the potential impact of language contact on genre-specific features.
Semantics and Pragmatics
Authors: Huyghe Richard , Legallois Dominique 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents some characteristic domains of semantics and pragmatics in French: spatial relations, quantification, verb tenses, and politeness. The first section focuses on how spatial relations are expressed, through the analysis of location and motion descriptions. The diversity of spatial prepositions and verbs is examined, as well as the typological peculiarity of French in the expression of motion events. The second section deals with the semantics of quantification through the study of determiners, modifiers, and lexical structures. The different ways of quantifying over objects or situations are described, in their interdependence with the syntactic, semantic, and morphological properties of the words used to denote quantified elements. The third section proposes a detailed account of the semantics of French verb tenses. A precise description is given of the conditions of use of the synthetic and analytic forms in the indicative. The last section deals with tutoiement and vouvoiement, as an illustration of a pragmatic issue related to politeness in French. It explains the circumstances in which one speaker will address another using the pronoun tu or vous.
Early Modern French Language and Literature
Authors: Siouffi Gilles 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the language of French literary texts in the Early Modern period (sixteenth to eighteenth centuries). It explores the cultural background against which the literary production of this period took place, especially the evolution of literacy. It shows how literary texts made use of the different varieties (diatopic, diaphasic, diastratic) of the French language of the time. It points out the features of Early Modern French that are distinctive or particularly interesting for current research. The chapter also addresses the way in which literary texts responded to the elaboration of the language that was taking place at that time through dictionaries, grammars, and books of observations and remarks. Finally, the chapter shows how literary texts contributed to the construction of language attitudes and ideologies.
Procedural Environmental Rights
Authors: Mazhuvanchery Shiju 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Procedural environmental rights (PERs) provide a means for enforcing the substantive right to a clean and healthy environment. Though these rights do not guarantee any particular outcome, they are effective in preventing erosion of the substantive right. Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration is the most coherent articulation of PERs at the international level. The three components of PERs are: access to environmental information, public participation in environmental decision-making, and access to environmental justice. PERs in India have evolved and the perception as to their purpose has changed. This change is closely related to the shift in the character of environmental laws in India. From being considered as reasonable restrictions on the fundamental right to carry on trade or business, environmental laws have transformed into tools for the realisation of the fundamental right to a clean environment. An analysis of these laws reveals that PERs are entrenched to various degrees.
Agriculture and Technology
Authors: Kaur Plahe Jagjit , Cornwall Wendell S.C.L. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter critically analyses the techno-capitalist neoliberal policies which India has adopted for the country’s agri-food system. The chapter argues that farmers have been caught between two technological approaches to agriculture: the Green Revolution and the Gene Revolution. The authors contend that over time these policies have roped farmers into unsustainable agricultural practices of monoculture, increased their reliance on costly external inputs and heavy irrigation, and plunged them deeper into debt. They have also negatively affected the quality of soils and biodiversity in farms all over the country. The chapter analyses India’s WTO-compliant domestic laws and policies which support the Gene Revolution. It uses the case of genetically modified (GM) cotton to investigate the laws and policies which support the Gene Revolution in India since cotton was the first GM crop to be commercialized in the country in 2002.
Sanitation
Authors: Bhatkal Tanvi , Mehta Lyla 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Sanitation has been the object of much attention over the past couple of decades. The construction of toilets has been at the centre of policy interest, and given particular emphasis in the context of the Swachh Bharat Mission. There are multiple environmental and public health aspects that arise in the context of sanitation. These include the links between open defecation or the absence of wastewater treatment and contamination of surface and groundwater. Some of these challenges are addressed in part through the construction of toilets but these, in turn, create new challenges, such as concerning the disposal of septage. Sanitation also raises various rights-related issues in a context where there has been a strong link between caste and sanitation, most clearly articulated in the context of the practice of manual scavenging. This chapter highlights the various environment and health-related dimensions of sanitation policy and law.
Hazardous Waste
Authors: Subramanya T.R. , L. Aruna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The management, treatment, and disposal of hazardous waste is a growing concern. This chapter addresses issues related to hazardous waste and its management in India. While the 1989 Basel Convention on hazardous wastes is considered as a leap in this direction, its limitations in the Indian scenario are discussed, drawing specific examples from the various rules made by the Government of India, such as the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 and the Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001. The role of the judiciary has also been highlighted by shedding light on a few cases which have drawn a beneficial construction in addressing the gaps between the regulatory framework and the practical implication issues which lie with the authorities. The chapter also offers pragmatic workable solutions in order to avoid future problems. A holistic approach is the need of the hour and the chapter highlights all such areas.
Energy and Sustainability
Authors: Shankar Uday , Basu Arindam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Energy contributes immensely to the growth of a country and facilitates in improving the quality of life. Energy in the form of electricity has transformed the civilizational outlook of society. Electricity started being regulated since the nineteenth century on the matter of licensing, generation, distribution, consumer interests. While extracting the maximum benefits of electricity, a concern has been raised about the collateral damage cause to the environment on account of its generation from fossil fuels. Consequently, the scientific community introduced greener sources of energy through renewables and attempts are being made to regulate clean energy in every jurisdiction. Cleaner energy promises a better future for the coming generation. In view of this, this chapter examines the interface between energy and sustainability.
Does social embeddedness shape attitudes toward migrants? Evidence from a survey experiment in the United Kingdom
Authors: Igarashi Akira , Creighton Mathew J 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
How does migrants’ social embeddedness influence non-migrants’ attitudes? Although research on intergroup relations has considered the effects of various dimensions of migrants’ lives, often measured by economic and cultural traits, social embeddedness, defined by the composition of interpersonal relationships, has received relatively less attention. We consider two types of social embeddedness and hypothesize that non-migrants will positively view migrants who are more socially embedded with non-migrants. In contrast, theory suggests that co-ethnic social embeddedness will result in a more negative view. Using a conjoint analysis in the UK, results show that non-migrant’s do indeed have more positive attitudes towards a hypothetical migrant who is socially embedded with non-migrants. However, co-ethnic social embeddedness does not result in a more negative perception.
The NARCOguide index – a novel parameter for monitoring depth of hypnosis during anaesthesia/sedation with propofol
Authors: Hetzer Florian , Horack Stefan , Küchler Gert , Broscheit Jens 
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND
The NARCOguide algorithm calculates an EEG-derived index to monitor the hypnotic component of anaesthesia.

OBJECTIVE
This study evaluates the accuracy of the index calculated by NARCOguide against the Narcotrend index as a reference. Secondly, the automatic detection of burst-suppression patterns as represented by the burst suppression ratio was compared.

DESIGN
Comparative study to assess the agreement between two medical devices.

SETTING
At two study centres, patient data were collected from a total of 40 adults receiving general anaesthesia or sedation with propofol.

INTERVENTIONS
Patients underwent either general anaesthesia for oral surgery with propofol/remifentanil/rocuronium (study centre 1) or light general anaesthesia/deep sedation with propofol alone for laryngoscopic upper airway exploration (study centre 2).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
In a posthoc analysis, the NARCOguide index was compared with the Narcotrend index. Comparison was made after averaging over 1 min at defined clinical markers using classic linear least squares regression and Bland–Altman plots. Precision and recall for the detection of burst suppression were determined using human scoring as a reference.

RESULTS
Data analysis showed good agreement [Bland–Altman mean difference (MD) = −2.3; limits of agreement = −27.1, to +22.4; n = 1209] and high correlation (r
2 = 0.76) between the depth of anaesthesia index calculated by NARCOguide and Narcotrend. The precision and recall of NARCOguide and Narcotrend for the detection of burst suppression were in a similar range. Over the entire dataset, the NARCOguide algorithm showed higher precision and recall than the Narcotrend algorithm (56% vs. 36% and 68% vs. 58%, respectively).

CONCLUSION
The NARCOguide index can be used to monitor the hypnotic component of anaesthesia in patients undergoing general anaesthesia or sedation with propofol, with a performance similar to that of the Narcotrend index.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
Trial registration number: 18020, regulatory authority: Ethikkommission der bayerischen Landesärztekammer, chairman: Dr med. Gerald Quitterer, applicant: Dr Gert Küchler, date of approval: 12. Jun 2018, completion of data collection: 12 December 2018, study completion: 31 March 2022.
Repurposing of the analgesic Neurotropin for MASLD/MASH treatment
Authors: Tsuchiya Takashi , Kim So Yeon , Matsuda Michitaka , Kim Jieun , Stotland Alexsandr , Naiki Mitsuru , Seki Ekihiro 
Published: July 2024

Background:
The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has increased in recent decades. Approximately 25% of patients with MASLD progress to metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis, which is characterized by hepatic steatosis plus hepatocyte damage, inflammation, and fibrosis. We previously reported that Neurotropin (NTP), a drug used for relieving pain in Japan and China, inhibits lipid accumulation in hepatocytes by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. We hypothesized that inhibiting hepatic steatosis and inflammation by NTP can be an effective strategy for treating MASLD and tested this hypothesis in a MASLD mouse model.

Methods:
Six-week-old C57BL/6NJ male mice were fed a normal diet and normal drinking water or a high-fat diet with high fructose/glucose water for 12 weeks. During the last 6 weeks, the mice were also given high-dose NTP, low-dose NTP, or control treatment. Histologic, biochemical, and functional tests were conducted. MitoPlex, a new proteomic platform, was used to measure mitochondrial proteins, as mitochondrial dysfunction was previously reported to be associated with MASLD progression.

Results:
NTP inhibited the development of hepatic steatosis, injury, inflammation, and fibrosis induced by feeding a high-fat diet plus high fructose/glucose in drinking water. NTP also inhibited HSC activation. MitoPlex analysis revealed that NTP upregulated the expression of mitochondrial proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, mitochondrial dynamics, and fatty acid transport.

Conclusions:
Our results indicate that NTP prevents the development of hepatic steatosis, injury, and inflammation by preserving mitochondrial function in the liver and inhibits liver fibrosis by suppressing HSC activation. Thus, repurposing NTP may be a beneficial option for treating MASLD/metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis.
Retinoic acid generates a beneficial microenvironment for liver progenitor cell activation in acute liver failure
Authors: Wang Sai , Link Frederik , Munker Stefan , Wang Wenjing , Feng Rilu , Liebe Roman , Li Yujia , Yao Ye , Liu Hui , Shao Chen , Ebert Matthias P.A. , Ding Huiguo , Dooley Steven , Weng Hong-Lei , Wang Shan-Shan 
Published: July 2024

Background:
When massive necrosis occurs in acute liver failure (ALF), rapid expansion of HSCs called liver progenitor cells (LPCs) in a process called ductular reaction is required for survival. The underlying mechanisms governing this process are not entirely known to date. In ALF, high levels of retinoic acid (RA), a molecule known for its pleiotropic roles in embryonic development, are secreted by activated HSCs. We hypothesized that RA plays a key role in ductular reaction during ALF.

Methods:
RNAseq was performed to identify molecular signaling pathways affected by all-trans retinoid acid (atRA) treatment in HepaRG LPCs. Functional assays were performed in HepaRG cells treated with atRA or cocultured with LX-2 cells and in the liver tissue of patients suffering from ALF.

Results:
Under ALF conditions, activated HSCs secreted RA, inducing RARα nuclear translocation in LPCs. RNAseq data and investigations in HepaRG cells revealed that atRA treatment activated the WNT-β-Catenin pathway, enhanced stemness genes (SOX9, AFP, and others), increased energy storage, and elevated the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters in a RARα nuclear translocation-dependent manner. Further, atRA treatment–induced pathways were confirmed in a coculture system of HepaRG with LX-2 cells. Patients suffering from ALF who displayed RARα nuclear translocation in the LPCs had significantly better MELD scores than those without.

Conclusions:
During ALF, RA secreted by activated HSCs promotes LPC activation, a prerequisite for subsequent LPC-mediated liver regeneration.
Reliability of Tear Meniscus Height Measurements in Contact Lens Wearers and Its Relationship With Discomfort Symptoms
Authors: Valencia-Nieto Laura , López-de la Rosa Alberto , López-Miguel Alberto , González-García María J. 
Published: July 2024

Objectives:
To evaluate the reliability and agreement of tear meniscus height (TMH) measurements performed with a corneal analyzer and optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology in contact lens (CL) wearers and its correlation with contact lens discomfort symptoms.

Methods:
Asymptomatic and symptomatic CL wearers classified through the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8 were evaluated with the Corneal Analyzer (Topcon CA-800) and OCT technology (Topcon 3D OCT-2000). The repeatability and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated. The agreement between devices was calculated using the Bland–Altman method. The relationship between TMH measurements and the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8 and Contact Lens Discomfort Index scores was assessed through the Spearman correlation coefficient.

Results:
Seventy-nine asymptomatic and 42 symptomatic CL wearers aged 34.24±12.50 years were enrolled. The repeatability values obtained for the CA-800 were 0.07 mm in all cases, and the ICC was 0.93 for the whole sample. The CA-800 provided significantly (P<0.01) higher TMH values than the OCT for the whole sample (0.22±0.08 vs. 0.17±0.06 mm). A weak indirect correlation (ρ=−0.22) between the OCT TMH measurement and Contact Lens Discomfort Index scores was found (P≤0.04).

Conclusion:
The CA-800 provides reliable TMH measurements during CL wear; however, they might not be interchangeable with OCT ones. Tear meniscus height measurements might be useful as a complementary sign to detect CL discomfort, but it cannot be used alone as a diagnostic tool.
Detecting sarcopenia in obesity: emerging new approaches
Authors: Gortan Cappellari Gianluca , Zanetti Michela , Donini Lorenzo Maria , Barazzoni Rocco 
Published: July 2024

Purpose of review
Sarcopenic obesity is a likely common, but certainly underestimated obesity phenotype, with an important negative clinical impact. Its definition and diagnosis have however remained elusive until recently.

Recent findings
Substantial progress has been recently made in sarcopenic obesity diagnostic tools, with the first international consensus proposed by the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). Very encouraging results emerge from initial implementation of the ESPEN-EASO algorithm. In addition, even more recent progress in global consensus on sarcopenia conceptual definition is likely to further enhance consistency in sarcopenic obesity identification. The latter Global Leadership Initiative on Sarcopenia (GLIS) initiative also adopted a new definition of muscle specific strength. Its inclusion in sarcopenia diagnostic constructs opens the possibility of its potential evaluation in sarcopenic obesity, also considering the emerging positive impact of obesity treatment and fat loss on muscle functional parameters.

Summary
New consensus tools for sarcopenic obesity diagnosis are likely to improve awareness, understanding, identification and treatment of this under-recognized obesity phenotype.
Evolution and Impact of a Diagnostic Point-of-Care Ultrasound Program in a PICU*
Authors: Baker David R. , Glau Christie L. , Himebauch Adam S. , Arnoldi Sara , Rosenblatt Sam , Keim Garrett , Loscalzo Steven M. , Weber Mark D. , Cohen Meryl , Quartermain Michael D. , Kaplan Summer L. , Sutton Robert M. , Nishisaki Akira , Conlon Thomas W. 
Published: July 2024

OBJECTIVES:
To evaluate the impact of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) use on clinicians within a PICU and to assess infrastructural elements of our POCUS program development.

DESIGN:
Retrospective observational study.

SETTING:
Large academic, noncardiac PICU in the United States.

SUBJECTS:
Patients in a PICU who had diagnostic POCUS performed.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2022, 7201 diagnostic POCUS studies were ordered; 1930 (26.8%) had a quality assurance (QA) record generated in an independent POCUS QA database. The cardiac domain was most frequently imaged (81.0% of ordered studies, 81.2% of reviewed studies). POCUS images changed clinician understanding of pathophysiology in 563 of 1930 cases (29.2%); when this occurred, management was changed in 318 of 563 cases (56.5%). Cardiac POCUS studies altered clinician suspected pathophysiology in 30.1% of cases (472/1568), compared with 21.5% (91/362) in noncardiac studies (p = 0.06). Among cases where POCUS changed clinician understanding, management changed more often following cardiac than noncardiac POCUS (p = 0.02). Clinicians identified a need for cardiology consultation or complete echocardiograms in 294 of 1568 cardiac POCUS studies (18.8%). Orders for POCUS imaging increased by 94.9%, and revenue increased by 159.4%, from initial to final study year. QA database use by both clinicians and reviewers decreased annually as QA processes evolved in the setting of technologic growth and unit expansion.

CONCLUSIONS:
Diagnostic POCUS imaging in the PICU frequently yields information that alters diagnosis and changes management. As PICU POCUS use increased, QA processes evolved resulting in decreased use of our initial QA database. Modifications to QA processes are likely necessary as clinical contexts change over time.