bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measures of Association and Visualization of Log Odds Ratio Structure for a Two Way Contingency Table
Authors: Sarnacchiaro Pasquale , D'Ambra Luigi , Camminatiello Ida 
Published: August 2015

The odds ratio (OR) is a measure of association used for analysing an I × J contingency table. The total number of ORs to check grows with I and J. Several statistical methods have been developed for summarising them. These methods begin from two different starting points, the I × J contingency table and the two‐way table composed by the ORs. In this paper we focus our attention on the relationship between these methods and point out that, for an exhaustive analysis of association through log ORs, it is necessary to consider all the outcomes of these methods. We also introduce some new methodological and graphical features. In order to illustrate previously used methodologies, we consider a data table of the cross‐classification of the colour of eyes and hair of 5387 children from Scotland. We point out how, through the log OR analysis, it is possible to extract useful information about the association between variables.
Optimal breastfeeding practices and infant and child mortality: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sankar Mari Jeeva , Sinha Bireshwar , Chowdhury Ranadip , Bhandari Nita , Taneja Sunita , Martines Jose , Bahl Rajiv 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimTo synthesise the evidence for effects of optimal breastfeeding on all‐cause and infection‐related mortality in infants and children aged 0–23 months.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review to compare the effect of predominant, partial or nonbreastfeeding versus exclusive breastfeeding on mortality rates in the first six months of life and effect of no versus any breastfeeding on mortality rates between 6 and 23 months of age. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL and CABI.ResultsThe risk of all‐cause mortality was higher in predominantly (RR 1.5), partially (RR 4.8) and nonbreastfed (RR14.4) infants compared to exclusively breastfed infants 0–5 months of age. Children 6–11 and 12–23 months of age who were not breastfed had 1.8‐ and 2.0‐fold higher risk of mortality, respectively, when compared to those who were breastfed. Risk of infection‐related mortality in 0–5 months was higher in predominantly (RR 1.7), partially (RR 4.56) and nonbreastfed (RR 8.66) infants compared to exclusive breastfed infants. The risk was twofold higher in nonbreastfed children when compared to breastfed children aged 6–23 months.ConclusionThe findings underscore the importance of optimal breastfeeding practices during infancy and early childhood.
Allelic frequencies and association with carcass traits of six genes in local subpopulations of Japanese Black cattle
Authors: Nishimaki Takahiro , Ibi Takayuki , Siqintuya  , Kobayashi Naohiko , Matsuhashi Tamako , Akiyama Takayuki , Yoshida Emi , Imai Kazumi , Matsui Mayu , Uemura Keiichi , Eto Hisayoshi , Watanabe Naoto , Fujita Tatsuo , Saito Yosuke , Komatsu Tomohiko , Hoshiba Hiroshi , Mannen Hideyuki , Sasazaki Shinji , Kunieda Tetsuo 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMarker‐assisted selection (MAS) is expected to accelerate the genetic improvement of Japanese Black cattle. However, verification of the effects of the genes for MAS in different subpopulations is required prior to the application of MAS. In this study, we investigated the allelic frequencies and genotypic effects for carcass traits of six genes, which can be used in MAS, in eight local subpopulations. These genes are SCD, FASN and SREBP1, which are associated with the fatty acid composition of meat, and NCAPG, MC1R and F11, which are associated with carcass weight, coat color and blood coagulation abnormality, respectively. The frequencies of desirable alleles of SCD and FASN were relatively high and that of NCAPG was relatively low, and NCAPG was significantly associated with several carcass traits, including carcass weight. The proportions of genotypic variance explained by NCAPG to phenotypic variance were 4.83 for carcass weight. We thus confirmed that NCAPG is a useful marker for selection of carcass traits in these subpopulations. In addition, we found that the desirable alleles of six genes showed no negative effects on carcass traits. Therefore, selection using these genes to improve target traits should not have negative impacts on carcass traits.
Novel somatic mutations in primary hyperaldosteronism are related to the clinical, radiological and pathological phenotype
Authors: Scholl Ute I. , Healy James M. , Thiel Anne , Fonseca Annabelle L. , Brown Taylor C. , Kunstman John W. , Horne Matthew J. , Dietrich Dimo , Riemer Jasmin , Kücükköylü Seher , Reimer Esther N. , Reis Anna‐Carinna , Goh Gerald , Kristiansen Glen , Mahajan Amit , Korah Reju , Lifton Richard P. , Prasad Manju L. , Carling Tobias 
Published: August 2015

SummaryAldosterone‐producing adenomas (APAs) and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia are important causes of secondary hypertension. Somatic mutations in KCNJ5, CACNA1D, ATP1A1, ATP2B3 and CTNNB1 have been described in APAs.ObjectiveTo characterize clinical–pathological features in APAs and unilateral adrenal hyperplasia, and correlate them with genotypes.DesignRetrospective study.Subjects and MeasurementsClinical and pathological characteristics of 90 APAs and seven diffusely or focally hyperplastic adrenal glands were reviewed, and samples were examined for mutations in known disease genes by Sanger or exome sequencing.ResultsMutation frequencies were as follows: KCNJ5, 37·1%; CACNA1D, 10·3%; ATP1A1, 8·2%; ATP2B3, 3·1%; and CTNNB1, 2·1%. Previously unidentified mutations included I157K, F154C and two insertions (I150_G151insM and I144_E145insAI) in KCNJ5, all close to the selectivity filter, V426G_V427Q_A428_L433del in ATP2B3 and A39Efs*3 in CTNNB1. Mutations in KCNJ5 were associated with female and other mutations with male gender (P = 0·007). On computed tomography, KCNJ5‐mutant tumours displayed significantly greater diameter (P = 0·023), calculated area (P = 0·002) and lower precontrast Hounsfield units (P = 0·0002) vs tumours with mutations in other genes. Accordingly, KCNJ5‐mutant tumours were predominantly comprised of lipid‐rich fasciculata‐like clear cells, whereas other tumours were heterogeneous (P = 5 × 10−6 vs non‐KCNJ5 mutant and P = 0·0003 vs wild‐type tumours, respectively). CACNA1D mutations were present in two samples with hyperplasia without adenoma.ConclusionsKCNJ5‐mutant tumours appear to be associated with fasciculata‐like clear cell predominant histology and tend to be larger with a characteristic imaging phenotype. Novel somatic KCNJ5 variants likely cause adenomas by loss of potassium selectivity, similar to previously described mutations.
Spatial patterns and predictors of trophic control in marine ecosystems
Authors: Boyce Daniel G. , Frank Kenneth T. , Worm Boris , Leggett William C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA key question in ecology is under which conditions ecosystem structure tends to be controlled by resource availability vs. consumer pressure. Several hypotheses derived from theory, experiments and observational field studies have been advanced, yet a unified explanation remains elusive. Here, we identify common predictors of trophic control in a synthetic analysis of 52 observational field studies conducted within marine ecosystems across the Northern Hemisphere and published between 1951 and 2014. Spatial regression analysis of 45 candidate variables revealed temperature to be the dominant predictor, with unimodal effects on trophic control operating both directly (r2 = 0.32; P < 0.0001) and indirectly through influences on turnover rate and quality of primary production, biodiversity and omnivory. These findings indicate that temperature is an overarching determinant of the trophic dynamics of marine ecosystems, and that variation in ocean temperature will affect the trophic structure of marine ecosystems through both direct and indirect mechanisms.
Photosynthetic innovation broadens the niche within a single species
Authors: Lundgren Marjorie R. , Besnard Guillaume , Ripley Brad S. , Lehmann Caroline E. R. , Chatelet David S. , Kynast Ralf G. , Namaganda Mary , Vorontsova Maria S. , Hall Russell C. , Elia John , Osborne Colin P. , Christin Pascal‐Antoine 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAdaptation to changing environments often requires novel traits, but how such traits directly affect the ecological niche remains poorly understood. Multiple plant lineages have evolved C4 photosynthesis, a combination of anatomical and biochemical novelties predicted to increase productivity in warm and arid conditions. Here, we infer the dispersal history across geographical and environmental space in the only known species with both C4 and non‐C4 genotypes, the grass Alloteropsis semialata. While non‐C4 individuals remained confined to a limited geographic area and restricted ecological conditions, C4 individuals dispersed across three continents and into an expanded range of environments, encompassing the ancestral one. This first intraspecific investigation of C4 evolutionary ecology shows that, in otherwise similar plants, C4 photosynthesis does not shift the ecological niche, but broadens it, allowing dispersal into diverse conditions and over long distances. Over macroevolutionary timescales, this immediate effect can be blurred by subsequent specialisation towards more extreme niches.
MR‐guided laser interstitial thermal therapy for pediatric drug‐resistant lesional epilepsy
Authors: Lewis Evan Cole , Weil Alexander G. , Duchowny Michael , Bhatia Sanjiv , Ragheb John , Miller Ian 
Published: August 2015

SummaryObjectiveTo report the feasibility, safety, and clinical outcomes of an exploratory study of MR‐guided Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (MRgLITT) as a minimally invasive surgical procedure for the ablation of epileptogenic foci in children with drug‐resistant, lesional epilepsy.MethodsRetrospective chart review of all MRgLITT procedures at a single tertiary care center. All procedures were performed using a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–cleared surgical laser ablation system (Visualase Thermal Therapy System). Predefined clinical and surgical variables were extracted from archived medical records.ResultsSeventeen patients underwent 19 MRgLITT procedures from May 2011 to January 2014. Mean age at seizure onset was 7.1 years (range 0.1–14.8 years). Mean age at surgery was 15.3 years (range 5.9–20.6 years). Surgical substrates were mixed but mainly composed of focal cortical dysplasia (n = 11). Complications occurred in four patients. Average length of hospitalization postsurgery was 1.56 days. Mean follow‐up was 16.1 months (n = 16; range 3.5–35.9 months). Engel class I outcome was achieved in seven patients (7/17; 41%), Engel class II in one (1/17; 6%), Engel class III in three (3/17; 18%), and Engel class IV in six (6/17; 35%). Three patients (3/8; 38%) with class I and II outcomes and five patients (5/9; 56%) with class III and IV outcomes had at least one prior resection. Fisher's exact test was not statistically significant for the association between Engel class outcome and previous resection (p = 0.64).SignificanceThis study provides descriptive results regarding the use of MRgLITT in a mixed population of pediatric, lesional, drug‐resistant epilepsy cases. The ability to classify case‐specific outcomes and reduce technical complications is anticipated as experience develops. Further multicenter, prospective studies are required to delineate optimal candidates for MRgLITT, and larger cohorts are needed to more accurately define outcome and complication rates.
Acute or chronic use of lacosamide does not alter its distribution between serum and cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Michelhaugh Sharon K. , Basha Maysaa , Rhoney Denise H. , Shah Aashit K. , Mittal Sandeep 
Published: August 2015

SummaryObjectiveThe site of action for antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is within the brain; however, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration is highly variable. Lacosamide (LCM) is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of partial‐onset seizures in adults, and has linear pharmacokinetics in serum. Penetration across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is unknown. This study aims to provide additional insights into the pharmacokinetics of LCM.MethodsThirty adults undergoing craniotomy for treatment of intractable epilepsy or brain tumor were recruited and were either taking LCM long term (group 1, n = 15), or were LCM naive, receiving LCM as prophylaxis for surgery (group 2, n = 15). All patients received one intravenous (IV) dose (15 min infusion) immediately prior to craniotomy. CSF and arterial blood were collected simultaneously following craniotomy. LCM concentrations were measured in serum and CSF.ResultsLCM concentration differences between groups 1 and 2 for both CSF and serum were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.0005), but there was no statistically significant difference in CSF/serum ratios (group 1 = 0.726 ± 0.231; group 2 = 0.556 ±0.241; p = 0.0585). LCM concentration in serum correlated positively with CSF concentration in group 1 (Pearson r = 0.8527, p < 0.0001). The time interval between the end of dose delivery and sample collection correlated positively with the CSF/serum ratio for the drug‐naive group (Pearson r = 0.6525; p = 0.0084). Treatment with other AEDs did not affect LCM distribution between serum and CSF.SignificanceAlthough chronic dosing resulted in higher LCM concentrations in serum and CSF compared to drug‐naive patients, the CSF/serum ratio was not affected by LCM pretreatment. These data suggest that LCM serum concentration may reliably predict CSF concentration.
Fatigue strength assessment of partial and full‐penetration steel and aluminium butt‐welded joints according to the peak stress method
Authors: Meneghetti G. , Campagnolo A. , Berto F. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn fatigue design of welded joints, the local approach based on the notch stress intensity factors (NSIFs) assumes that the weld toe profile is a sharp V‐notch having a tip radius equal to zero, while the root side is a pre‐crack in the structure. The peak stress method (PSM) is an engineering, FE‐oriented application of the NSIF approach to fatigue design of welded joints, which takes advantage of the elastic peak stresses from FE analyses carried out by using a given mesh pattern, where the element type is kept constant and the average element size can be chosen arbitrarily within a given range. The meshes required for the PSM application are rather coarse if compared with those necessary to evaluate the NSIFs from the local stress distributions. In this paper, the PSM is extended for the first time to butt‐welded joints in steel as well as in aluminium alloys, by comparing a number of experimental data taken from the literature with the design scatter bands previously calibrated on results relevant only to fillet‐welded joints. A major problem in the case of butt‐welded joints is to define the weld bead geometry with reasonable accuracy. Only in few cases such geometrical data were available, and this fact made the application of the local approaches more difficult. Provided the local geometry is defined, the PSM can be easily applied: a properly defined design stress, that is, the equivalent peak stress, is shown (i) to single out the crack initiation point in cases where competition between root and toe failure exists and (ii) to correlate with good approximation all analysed experimental data.
Microscopic and nanoscopic observations of metallurgical structures around inclusions at interior crack initiation site for a bearing steel in very high‐cycle fatigue
Authors: Sakai T. , Oguma N. , Morikawa A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn some high‐strength steels, a fatigue crack tends to occur at the interior inclusion after a long‐term sequence of the cyclic loadings at low stress levels, although the crack takes place at the surface in the usual life region at high stress levels. Thus, we have the duplex S–N curves consisting of the respective S–N curves for usual life region and very high‐cycle regime. It is well known that a significant fracture surface having the fine granular morphology is formed around the interior inclusion at the crack initiation site. This surface area is sometimes called as ‘fine granular area’. In this work, metallurgical structures around the interior inclusion at the fatigue crack initiation site were carefully observed by combining several special techniques such as focused ion beam technique and high‐resolution scanning electronic microscopes. Based on the current observation results, it was found that the microstructure around the interior inclusion was changed into the penny‐shape fine granular layer from the usual martensitic structure during long‐term cyclic loadings. Then, debondings along with the boundaries of the matrix and the fine granular layer have produced the small cracks inside the metallic material, and these interior cracks caused the final fatigue fracture after definite loading cycles of the crack propagation.
Relationships between botanical composition, yield and forage quality of permanent grasslands over the first growth cycle
Authors: Andueza D. , Rodrigues A. M. , Picard F. , Rossignol N. , Baumont R. , Cecato U. , Farruggia A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis study examined the relationships between botanical composition and forage parameters (yield and forage quality variables) in 153 permanent grasslands located in the Massif Central of France. Grasslands were sampled at two vegetation stages in the first growth cycle. Botanical composition, yield, ash, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, organic matter digestibility (OMD) and voluntary intake (VI) were estimated for each sample. Temporal variability in species–forage parameter relationships were accounted for using innovative multivariate analyses applied mainly in ecological science. Crude protein and OMD were weakly correlated when each harvest time was analysed separately. Species–forage parameter relationships remained stable during the first growth cycle. The stability of these relationships indicates that permanent grasslands dominated by competitive species were associated with high yield and forage quality values whereas permanent grasslands composed of conservative species and/or high proportions of senescent material were associated with high structural carbohydrate values and low yield, OMD and VI values. Based on these relationships, we propose a typology of permanent grasslands along with a set of indicator species enabling non‐specialist botanists to easily classify grasslands for grassland management purposes.
Differences in the crude protein fractions of lucerne leaves and stems under different stand structures
Authors: Hakl J. , Fuksa P. , Konečná J. , Šantrůček J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractProtein degradability in forage legumes is of global importance because utilization efficiency of forage has economic and environmental consequences. However, there are no published studies on the effect of legume stand structure on differences in crude protein (CP) fractions. The main objective of the present research was therefore to investigate differences in CP fractions in leaves and stems of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) during the growing season. Stand traits were measured over 2 years, and forage was sampled at the early bud and early flower stages in the first, second and third cuts. Stems had significantly higher concentrations (in g kg−1 CP) of non‐protein (fraction A: 430 g kg−1 CP) and indigestible nitrogen (fraction C: 92 g kg−1 CP) than leaves and had lower relative content of true protein (fraction B: 478 g kg−1 CP). In the total forage (stems and leaves combined), about 80% of the variation in CP fractions was explained by year, cut and maturity. Year was the most important factor, particularly for the B fractions. Cut was the second‐most important factor; its main effect was that the relative abundance of fraction A declined from 394 g kg−1 CP in the first cut to 293 in g kg−1 CP the third cut. Maturity increased the amounts of indigestible fraction C and protein fractions B1 and B3. This was associated with the leaf weight ratio, which had an inverse relationship with maximal stem length and dry matter yield. Variation partitioning showed that 75% of CP fraction variability associated with cut, maturity and year could be explained by the evaluated stand traits. This research has highlighted the need to consider plant morphological traits when legume CP fractions are evaluated.
The current role of orthoses in treating haemophilic arthropathy
Authors: De la Corte‐Rodriguez H. , Rodriguez‐Merchan E. C. 
Published: August 2015

IntroductionHaemophilic arthropathy (HA) is an inevitable consequence of repeated haemarthroses in people with haemophilia, and principally affects their ankles, knees and elbows. It is advisable that haematological treatment be complemented with rehabilitation therapy and surgery. Orthoses are devices that are used within the framework of rehabilitation, in order to change the functional or structural characteristics of the neuromusculoskeletal system.Materials and MethodsThis article reviews the design, the materials and characteristics of orthoses and the indications for the various orthoses used in HA. Ankle, knee, elbow orthoses, insoles, footwear modifications and orthopedic shoes are discussed.ResultsOrthoses can control or prevent joint movement, stabilise a specific joint or relieve the load or stress on it. These devices must be prescribed by a physician within the framework of rehabilitation. Recommendations for the proper selection and use of orthoses are highly complex.DiscussionTo maximise the benefits of this mode of therapy, a profound understanding of anatomy and biomechanics is crucial, as is an understanding of the devices available for the various joints that may be affected by HA (ankles‐feet, knees, elbows).ConclusionsOrthotic devices can reduce pain and improve quality of life of people with HA, delaying surgery in many cases.
Cystic clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma: is it related to multilocular clear cell cystic neoplasm of low malignant potential?
Authors: Brimo Fadi , Atallah Chantal , Li Gangyong , Srigley John R 
Published: August 2015

AimsWe report the morphological spectrum of nine cystic clear cell papillary renal cell carcinomas (CCP‐RCC).Methods and resultsMean tumour size was 2.1 cm and the stage was pT1a in all cases. The original diagnosis was multilocular clear cell cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential (MCCN‐LMP) in five and CCP‐RCC in four patients. All examples were composed of variably sized cysts lined by one layer of clear cells. Two tumours were exclusively cystic, seven showed tubular formation in the septae and five in which the tubular growth was compact and pseudo‐solid. Two tumours had foci of nests and single cells showing similarities to the cellular areas of MCCN‐LMP. The tubular/pseudo‐solid/nested/single‐cells foci formed microscopic nodules with a mean size of 1.8 mm. Three tumours had intracystic micropapillary formation. Cells were of International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grades 1–2/4. In all cases, the neoplastic nuclei were aligned away from the basement membranes at least focally. Tumours were positive for paired box gene 8 (PAX8), carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), cytokeratin (CK)7 and CK34BE12 and negative for CD10.ConclusionsCystic CCP‐RCC is a pattern that should be recognized, as it shows overlapping morphological features with both multilocular cyst and MCCN‐LMP. This series raises the question of whether some reported MCCN‐LMPs are actually cystic CCP‐RCC.