bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature Effect of Ionic Transition Metal Complex Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Akatsuka Takeo , van Reenen Stephan , Bandiello Enrico , Bolink Henk J. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTLight-Emitting Electrochemical Cells (LECs) consist of solution processable ionic light-emitting materials and use air stable electrodes. Their operational mechanism relies on both ionic and electronic conduction. The dynamic behavior is primarily determined by the ionic conductivity. Here, we demonstrate that with increasing temperature the LECs turn-on faster yet without decreasing the efficiency. This is due to the activation energy of ionic transport and the temperature independent photoluminescence quantum yields.
Nitrogen Removal from Wastewater by an Aerated Subsurface‐Flow Constructed Wetland in Cold Climates
Authors: Redmond Eric D. , Just Craig L. , Parkin Gene F. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to assess the role of cyclic aeration, vegetation, and temperature on nitrogen removal by subsurface‐flow engineered wetlands. Aeration was shown to enhance total nitrogen and ammonia removal and to enhance removal of carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and phosphorus. Effluent ammonia and total nitrogen concentrations were significantly lower in aerated wetland cells when compared with unaerated cells. There was no significant difference in nitrogen removal between planted and unplanted cells. Effluent total nitrogen concentrations ranged from 9 to 12 mg N/L in the aerated cells and from 23 to 24 mg N/L in unaerated cells. Effluent ammonia concentrations ranged from 3 to 7 mg N/L in aerated wetland cells and from 22 to 23 mg N/L in unaerated cells. For the conditions tested, temperature had only a minimal effect on effluent ammonia or total nitrogen concentrations. The tanks‐in‐series and the PkC* models predicted the general trends in effluent ammonia and total nitrogen concentrations, but did not do well predicting short‐term variability. Rate coefficients for aerated systems were 2 to 10 times greater than those for unaerated systems.
Nitrogen and Chemical Oxygen Demand Removal from Septic Tank Wastewater in Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands: Substrate (Cation Exchange Capacity) Effects
Authors: Collison Robert S. , Grismer Mark E. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe current article focuses on chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate) removal performance from synthetic human wastewater as affected by different substrate rocks having a range of porosities and cation exchange capacities (CECs). The aggregates included lava rock, lightweight expanded shale, meta‐basalt (control), and zeolite. The first three had CECs of 1 to 4 mequiv/100 gm, whereas the zeolite CEC was much greater (∼80 mequiv/100 gm). Synthetic wastewater was gravity fed to each constructed wetland system, resulting in a 4‐day retention time. Effluent samples were collected, and COD and nitrogen species concentrations measured regularly during four time periods from November 2008 through June 2009. Chemical oxygen demand and nitrogen removal fractions were not significantly different between the field and laboratory constructed wetland systems when corrected for temperature. Similarly, overall COD and nitrogen removal fractions were practically the same for the aggregate substrates. The important difference between aggregate effects was the zeolite's ammonia removal process, which was primarily by adsorption. The resulting single‐stage nitrogen removal process may be an alternative to nitrification and denitrification that may realize significant cost savings in practice.
Effect of applied moment on resistance to sliding among esthetic self-ligating brackets
Authors: Pliska Benjamin T. , Fuchs Rick W. , Beyer John P. , Larson Brent E. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To determine the effect of mode of ligation and bracket material on resistance to sliding (RS) by comparing various esthetic brackets of conventionally ligated and self-ligating (SL) designs under an increasing applied moment in the second-order dimension.

Materials and Methods:
Eight different commercially available esthetic brackets of SL and conventional elastomeric-ligated (CL) designs were mounted on a testing apparatus to simulate canine retraction using sliding mechanics and the application of a moment on 0.019″×0.025″ stainless steel archwire. The samples examined were the CL brackets Clarity™, Inspire Ice™, SpiritMB™, and Mystique™, and the SL brackets ClaritySL™, In-OvationC™, In-OvationR™, and Smartclip™. The RS at calculated moments of 2000 g-mm and 4000 g-mm was determined and compared between the various brackets. Descriptive measures and one-way analysis of variance were used to calculate means and statistical differences among the bracket types.

Results:
The CL monocrystalline bracket displayed significantly greater (P &lt; .05) RS than all other brackets tested. Among the other brackets, the range of RS values was 145.8–191.7 g and 291.9–389.2 g at moments of 2000 g-mm and 4000 g-mm, respectfully, though these differences were not significant (P &lt; .05). All brackets tested displayed greater levels of RS (P &lt; .05) at 4000 g-mm than at 2000 g-mm.

Conclusion:
With the exception of the CL monocrystalline bracket, all brackets displayed comparable amounts of RS regardless of mode of ligation or bracket slot material.
Persistence of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Use in a Community Setting 1 Year After Purchase
Authors: Chamberlain James , Dopita Dana , Gilgen Emily 
Published: July 2013

IN BRIEF
Realization of the clinical benefits of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in diabetes management is dependent on the frequency with which patients use their CGM devices. This article describes an eight-item survey used to explore whether patients' frequency of CGM use is related to CGM technology in general or to differences among available CGM systems.
Predation on adult moose Alces alces by European brown bears Ursus arctos
Authors: Dahle Bj⊘rn , Wallin Kjell , Cederlund Göran , Persson Inga‐Lill , Selvaag Line Stabell , Swenson Jon E. 
Published: July 2013

Several North American studies have reported significant predation rates on moose Alces alces by brown bears Ursus arctos. We documented predation on moose by brown bears in south‐central Sweden, where brown bears and moose occurred at estimated densities of 10‐30 and 400‐1,340/1,000 km2, respectively. Bears killed 0.8% of radio‐collared adult female moose (i.e. ≥ 1 year old) annually and no male moose (≥ 1 year old). Bear predation was the least important mortality factor we documented. Based on tracking brown bears on snow during spring we recorded one successful hunt for every 372 km of tracks and documented attacks only by adult bears and successful attacks only by adult males. Autopsy of moose older than calves that were killed by brown bears revealed that yearlings were more prone to predation than older moose, and that older (i.e. ≥ 2 years) cows were more vulnerable to predation than older bulls. Our study suggests a lower tendency for Scandinavian brown bears to prey on moose compared to most of the North American studies.
Footload influences wildlife use of compacted trails in the snow
Authors: Whiteman John P. , Buskirk Steven W. 
Published: July 2013

Animals moving across snow surfaces sink to varying depths, increasing the energetic cost of travel. For ease of movement, animals may follow compacted trails created by sports such as snowmobiling and snowshoeing. We tested the assumption that animals less‐adapted to snow travel (i.e. animals with a high footload (body mass/foot surface area)) are more likely to use compacted trails and follow them for greater distances than animals well‐adapted to moving on snow.We sampled animal movements on compacted and non‐compacted transects in northwestern Wyoming and southeastern Idaho, USA, during two winters. Consistent with our prediction, footload positively influenced the probability of animals following compacted transects, and positively influenced their following distance, although the latter relationship was weaker. Additionally, we found that different snow sports cause similar increases in snow density. We suggest that future researchers experimentally test whether the use of compacted trails by animals with high footloads alters their habitat selection and dispersal, and whether it affects their competitive and predatory success.
Reviews
Authors: Cazares Victor , Snir Itay , Rosales José María , Laczó Ferenc , Osiander Anja , Haara Heikki 
Published: July 2013

Zachary Sayre Schiffman, The Birth of the Past (Baltimore: The Johns
Hopkins University Press, 2011), xvi + 316 pp.Sophia Rosenfeld, Common Sense: A Political History (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 2011), 337 pp.Joris Gijsenbergh, Saskia Hollander, Tim Houwen, and Wim de Jong, eds.,
Creative Crises of Democracy (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2012), 444 pp.Mary L. Dudziak, War Time: An Idea, Its History, Its Consequences (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2012), 221 pp.Anneli Wallentowitz, “Imperialismus” in der japanischen Sprache am Übergang
vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert: Begriffsgeschichte im außereuropäischen Kontext
[“Imperialism” in the Japanese language at the turn of the 20th century:
A history of concepts in a non-European context] (Bonn: Bonn University
Press, 2011), 380 pp., incl. Japanese-German glossary.Annabel S. Brett, Changes of State: Nature and the Limits of the City in Early
Modern Natural Law (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011),
242 pp.
Gas exchange, growth, and defense responses of invasive Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae) and native Geum vernum (Rosaceae) to elevated atmospheric CO2 and warm spring temperatures
Authors: Anderson Laurel J. , Cipollini Don 
Published: July 2013

• Premise of Study: Global increases in atmospheric CO2 and temperature may interact in complex ways to influence plant physiology and growth, particularly for species that grow in cool, early spring conditions in temperate forests. Plant species may also vary in their responses to environmental changes; fast‐growing invasives may be more responsive to rising CO2 than natives and may increase production of allelopathic compounds under these conditions, altering species’ competitive interactions.• Methods: We examined growth and physiological responses of Alliaria petiolata, an allelopathic, invasive herb, and Geum vernum, a co‐occurring native herb, to ambient and elevated spring temperatures and atmospheric CO2 conditions in a factorial growth chamber experiment.• Key Results: At 5 wk, leaves were larger at high temperature, and shoot biomass increased under elevated CO2 only at high temperature in both species. As temperatures gradually warmed to simulate seasonal progression, G. vernum became responsive to CO2 at both temperatures, whereas A. petiolata continued to respond to elevated CO2 only at high temperature. Elevated CO2 increased thickness and decreased nitrogen concentrations in leaves of both species. Alliaria petiolata showed photosynthetic downregulation at elevated CO2, whereas G. vernum photosynthesis increased at elevated temperature. Flavonoid and cyanide concentrations decreased significantly in A. petiolata leaves in the elevated CO2 and temperature treatment. Total glucosinolate concentrations and trypsin inhibitor activities did not vary among treatments.• Conclusions: Future elevated spring temperatures and CO2 will interact to stimulate growth for A. petiolata and G. vernum, but there may be reduced allelochemical effects in A. petiolata.
Effect of Enthesitis on 1505 Brazilian Patients with Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Carneiro Sueli , Bortoluzzo Adriana , Gonçalves Celio , Braga da Silva José Antonio , Ximenes Antonio C. , Bértolo Manoel , Ribeiro Sandra Lúcia , Keiserman Mauro , Skare Thelma , Menin Rita , Azevedo Valderilio , Vieira Walber , Albuquerque Elisa , Bianchi Washington , Bonfiglioli Rubens , Campanholo Cristiano , de Carvalho Hellen Mary , da Costa Izaias , Duarte Ángela , Kohem Charles , Leite Nocy , Lima Sonia A.L. , Meirelles Eduardo S. , Pereira Ivânio A. , Pinheiro Marcelo M. , Polito Elizandra , Resende Gustavo G. , Rocha Francisco Airton C. , Santiago Mittermayer B. , Sauma Maria de Fátima L.C. , Valim Valéria , Sampaio-Barros Percival D. 
Published: July 2013

Objective.To analyze the clinical effect of enthesitis in a large Brazilian cohort of patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA).Methods.A common protocol of investigation was prospectively applied to 1505 patients with SpA in 29 centers in Brazil. Clinical and demographic variables and disease indexes were investigated. The Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Score was used to investigate the enthesitis component. Ankylosing spondylitis was the most frequent disease in the group (65.4%). Others were psoriatic arthritis (18.4%), undifferentiated SpA (6.7%), reactive arthritis (3.3%), and enteropathic arthritis (3.2%).Results.At least 1 affected enthesis was observed in 54% of the patients with SpA, with a mean of 2.12 ± 2.98 entheses affected. According to the clinical presentation, enthesitis was significantly more frequent in patients with axial + peripheral joint involvement compared to isolated axial or peripheral involvement (p < 0.001). There was a statistical association between the presence of enthesites and axial symptoms (buttock pain, cervical pain, and hip pain), and peripheral symptoms (lower limb arthritis, number of painful and swollen joints; p < 0.05). Patients with enthesitis also presented higher mean scores of Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI; p < 0.001), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (p < 0.001), and Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life (ASQoL; p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that BASFI (p < 0.0001; OR 74.839), ASQoL (p = 0.0001; OR 14.645), and Achilles tendonitis (p = 0.0059; OR 7.593) were associated with work incapacity.Conclusion.The clinical presence of enthesitis in this large cohort of patients with SpA was frequent and was associated with a significant increase in disease activity and decline in functional capacity and quality of life.
The 15% Rule in Scleroderma: The Frequency of Severe Organ Complications in Systemic Sclerosis. A Systematic Review
Authors: Muangchan Chayawee ,   Canadian Scleroderma Research Group, Baron Murray , Pope Janet 
Published: July 2013

Objective.The prevalence of organ complications in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis; SSc) varies by definition used. This study was done to determine the frequency of several features of SSc.Methods.A search of Medline-Ovid/Embase, PubMed, and Scopus databases from 1980 to November 30, 2011, was conducted to identify relevant articles with at least 50 patients with SSc extracting prevalence of each organ complication. Study quality was assessed using the STROBE (Strengthening The Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology) checklist. Pooled prevalence was calculated using the random effects method. Heterogeneity was quantified using I2.Results.A total of 5916 articles were identified (913 from Medline-Ovid/Embase, 1009 from PubMed, and 3994 from Scopus); 5665 were excluded, leaving 251 articles for full-text review, with 69 included. Where available, frequencies were also included from the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group. Many severe complications in SSc occur about 15% of the time, including cardiac involvement (15%, 95% CI 6–24), diastolic dysfunction (16%, 95% CI 14–17), estimated pulmonary artery pressure > 40 mm Hg (18%, 95% CI 14–21), pulmonary arterial hypertension by right heart catheterization (15%, 95% CI 12–17), forced vital capacity (FVC) < 70% predicted (15%, 95% CI 12–17), FVC < 80% predicted (17%, 95% CI 12–21), myositis (13%, 95% CI 10–17), inflammatory arthritis (12%, 95% CI 9–16), Sjögren overlap (13%, 95% CI 10–16), and digital ulcers (DU; 15%, 95% CI 10–20); and 15% of DU have complications (amputations 12%, 95% CI 8–16, and hospitalizations 13%, 95% CI 6–21). Scleroderma renal crisis is uncommon but occurs in almost 15% (12%, 95% CI 5–19) of cases of disseminated cutaneous SSc. There is no 15% rule within skin and gastrointestinal tract for SSc.Conclusion.The “15%” rule for frequency of significant organ involvement in SSc is helpful.
Expression of Methotrexate Transporters and Metabolizing Enzymes in Rheumatoid Synovial Tissue
Authors: Stamp Lisa K. , Hazlett Jody , Highton John , Hessian Paul A. 
Published: July 2013

Objective.To determine whether methotrexate (MTX) affects the expression of genes involved in the transport [SLC19A1(RFC1),ABCB1(MDR1),ABCC1(multidrug resistance proteins 1),ABCG2(BCRP)], metabolism [γ-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH), folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS)], and mechanism of action of MTX [thymidylate synthase, MTR, MTRR] in rheumatoid synovium.Methods.Synovial tissue samples were obtained from 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Gene expression was undertaken using quantitative real-time PCR.Results.All the genes examined were expressed in all samples. Expression ofSLC19A1, GGH, FPGS,ABCC1, andMTRRwas significantly higher in patients receiving MTX compared to those not receiving MTX (p < 0.05). The ratio of FPGS:GGH gene expression was 2.7 ± 0.51 ng/ml GAPDH (range 0.67–9.58).Conclusion.Genes involved in the transport, metabolism, and mechanism of action of MTX are expressed in rheumatoid joint synovium. These data provide evidence that MTX has the potential to be polyglutamated within the joint. The higher expression of FPGS compared to GGH in synovial tissue might favor production of long-chain MTX polyglutamates. Thus MTX has the potential to exert its therapeutic effects at the primary site of the inflammatory process in RA.
Human CD1a Deficiency Is Common and Genetically Regulated
Authors: Seshadri Chetan , Shenoy Meera , Wells Richard D. , Hensley-McBain Tiffany , Andersen-Nissen Erica , McElrath M. Juliana , Cheng Tan-Yun , Moody D. Branch , Hawn Thomas R. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
CD1 proteins evolved to present diverse lipid Ags to T cells. In comparison with MHC proteins, CD1 proteins exhibit minimal allelic diversity as a result of nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, it is unknown if common SNPs in gene regulatory regions affect CD1 expression and function. We report surprising diversity in patterns of inducible CD1a expression on human dendritic cells (DCs), spanning the full range from undetectable to high density, a finding not seen with other CD1 isoforms. CD1a-deficient DCs failed to present mycobacterial lipopeptide to T cells but had no defects in endocytosis, cytokine secretion, or expression of costimulatory molecules after LPS treatment. We identified an SNP in the 5′ untranslated region (rs366316) that was common and strongly associated with low CD1a surface expression and mRNA levels (p = 0.03 and p = 0.001, respectively). Using a CD1a promoter-luciferase system in combination with mutagenesis studies, we found that the polymorphic allele reduced luciferase expression by 44% compared with the wild-type variant (p &lt; 0.001). Genetic regulation of lipid Ag presentation by varying expression on human DCs provides a mechanism for achieving population level differences in immune responses despite limited structural variation in CD1a proteins.
Modelling the predictive performance of credit scoring
Authors: Shen Shi-Wei , Nguyen Tri-Dung , Ojiako Udechukwu 
Published: July 2013

Orientation: The article discussed the importance of rigour in credit risk assessment.Research purpose: The purpose of this empirical paper was to examine the predictive performance of credit scoring systems in Taiwan.Motivation for the study: Corporate lending remains a major business line for financial institutions. However, in light of the recent global financial crises, it has become extremely important for financial institutions to implement rigorous means of assessing clients seeking access to credit facilities.Research design, approach and method: Using a data sample of 10 349 observations drawn between 1992 and 2010, logistic regression models were utilised to examine the predictive performance of credit scoring systems.Main findings: A test of Goodness of fit demonstrated that credit scoring models that incorporated the Taiwan Corporate Credit Risk Index (TCRI), micro- and also macroeconomic variables possessed greater predictive power. This suggests that macroeconomic variables do have explanatory power for default credit risk.Practical/managerial implications: The originality in the study was that three models were developed to predict corporate firms’ defaults based on different microeconomic and macroeconomic factors such as the TCRI, asset growth rates, stock index and gross domestic product.Contribution/value-add: The study utilises different goodness of fits and receiver operator characteristics during the examination of the robustness of the predictive power of these factors.
High risk human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 infection in the cervical lesions of women with epithelial cell abnormality in Pap smear: A cytohistomorphologic association in Bangladeshi women
Authors: Banik Urmila , Ahamad M. Shahab Uddin , Bhattacharjee Pradip , Adhikary Arun Kumar , Rahman Zillur 
Published: July 2013

Background:
The aim of this study was to find out the extent of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) type 16/18 infection in the cervical tissue of women with epithelial cell abnormality in Pap smear and to establish an association between hrHPV type 16/18 infection and cytohistomorphology.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in 1699 patients who went through Pap smear examination. Prevalence of epithelial cell abnormality was calculated. Forty eight of these women underwent routine histopathology and 47 were evaluated for human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16/18 by polymerase chain reaction assay.

Results:
Total 139 women revealed epithelial cell abnormality. Histopathology showed simple inflammation to malignancy. HPV type 16/18 infection was detected in 40.42% (19/47) of the patients. Individually type 16 and 18 were positive in 7 (14.9%) cases each and dual infection with type 16 and 18 were seen in 5 (10.6%) cases. While cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN 1) and < CIN 1 lesions showed 18.75% (3 out of 16) and 35% (7 out of 20) positivity respectively, ≥CIN 2 lesions revealed positivity of 81.82% (9 out of 11). Eighty percent HPV 16/18 positivity was seen in women of < 30 years of age.

Conclusion:
The findings of this study will contribute to HPV 16/18 knowledge in Bangladesh that will be useful in assessing the success of current vaccines with limited type spectra and augmenting cervical cancer screening strategies.
Taste and Food in Rousseau’s Julie, or the New Heloise
Authors: Wertz S. K. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
What are the historical origins of aesthetic education? One of these comes from the eighteenth century. This became an important theme in a novel of the time. In the midst of Julie and those who were close to her, Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his epistolary novel, Julie, or the New Heloise: Letters of Two Lovers who Live in a small Town at the Foot of the Alps (1761), develops a philosophical position he labels "the epicureanism of reason," as opposed to an epicureanism of the senses whose advocates he calls "vulgar epicureans." The hallmarks of his epicureanism are abstainment, moderation, and simplicity. These three features are examined and abstainment is found to be the most controversial in regard to taste. Rousseau attacks the food practices of the vulgar epicureans–those who practiced the urban, Parisian cuisine and he applauds the country life and its cuisine. Widely read at the time, the novel made European culture self-conscious and forced it to pay attention to aspects of living that had gone unnoticed or underappreciated, including taste and food. Through the voices of Julie and her tutor turned lover, Saint Preux, they provide a lively critique of French (and Swiss) society and its values.