bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A SCORE CARD TO EVALUATE PEDESTRIAN SAFETY IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS USING WALKABILITY MEASURES
Authors: Dias I , Bandara S 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundAccident statistics in Sri Lanka shows that nearly 35% of the fatalities are pedestrians and they are at a higher risk on roads. The main reason for the above is the absence or poor condition of pedestrian space on road sides. Even a narrow sidewalk can be converted to a pedestrian safe zone by introducing appropriate designs elements. As no clear methodology exists to evaluate pedestrian facilities road authorities do not pay much attention to pedestrian facilities.ObjectivesThe objective was to develop a score card that can evaluate the pedestrian facilities along a road link that include safety and comfort and be able to compare two road links with respect to walkability.MethodsExisting methods to evaluating walkability, which are qualitative in nature, were studied carefully to identify the relevant parameters affecting walkability. Method was develop to evaluate major parameters quantitatively such a way that observers biasness can be eliminated.ResultsThe proposed score card evaluates the pedestrian facilities on a road link not longer than 500 m. The score is given as a percentage and hence it can be used to compare two roads. This evaluates sidewalk width, obstructions, pedestrian crossings, pedestrian amenities, sidewalk paving conditions, land use mix, disability infrastructure etc.Contribution to the FieldThe deficiencies in pedestrian facilities especially with respect to safety can be identified in any road and a set of roads can be ranked according to their pedestrian safety and comfort level. Hence relevant authorities can take necessary steps in improving the identified deficiencies.
ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF BICYCLING INJURIES
Authors: Ruest N , Rowe BH , McCormack GR , Nettel-Aguirre A , Hagel BE 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIdentification of environmental risk factors for bicycling injuries could lead to improved safety and increased bicycling.ObjectivesTo identify built environment characteristics associated with bicycling injuries.MethodsParticipants were recruited from seven emergency departments (ED) in Alberta, Canada. Cases were bicyclists struck by a motor-vehicle (MV) or with severe injuries (hospitalised). Controls were bicyclists who were not hit by a car or those seen and discharged from the ED, matched on day and time. Crash details were collected by interview and chart reviews. Environmental audits performed at injury locations captured path, roadway, safety, land use, and aesthetic characteristics. Logistic regression OR adjusted for age, sex, peak time, and bicyclist speed with 95% CI were estimated to relate injury risk to environmental characteristics.ResultsWe audited 274 locations (70 case sites). A higher proportion of MV cases than controls (35.7% vs 11.3%) were commuting. Based on the unmatched analyses, the odds of a MV event were higher at locations with greater traffic volume (OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.4 to 8.9), intersections (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.1 to 7.2), path obstructions (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.1 to 5.9), and retail land use (OR 7.5; 95% CI 3.1 to 18.0). Locations with street lights (OR 0.4; 95% CI 0.2 to 0.9), high surveillance (OR 0.3; 95% CI 0.1 to 0.8), or good road condition (OR 0.4; 95% CI 0.2 to 0.9) reduced severe injury risk. Results were similar based on matched analyses.SignificanceBuilt environmental risk factors for bicyclist injury were identified and could be modified to increase safety and encourage more bicycling.
USING SPATIAL PLANNING TO PREVENT UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES
Authors: Mytton J , Gray S , Barton H , Lease H , Carmichael L 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundDeveloping urban and rural areas affects the environment, which can in turn affect the risk of unintentional injuries. The process to evaluate development proposals includes statutory appraisal methods that should consider any health consequences.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo evaluate whether statutory appraisal processes used on spatial plans consider unintentional injury risk, and whether changes to proposed developments result.MethodsA systematic review collated and narratively synthesised studies between 1987 and 2010 that evaluated appraisals of plans where health issues, including injury risk, were considered.Results/OutcomeTwenty reports meeting the inclusion criteria were identified from 6161 citations sourced from electronic databases, website searches, and grey literature. All 135 different case studies described were from high income countries and none from low or middle income countries. Twenty-two used Health Impact Assessment (HIA) methods, and 113 used Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) or other integrated methods. Unintentional injury was included in 13 of 22 HIA reports (usually within transport plans/strategies) but there was very little evidence that this resulted in recommendations that were implemented or subsequently evaluated. Unintentional injury was less likely to be considered in SEA or other integrated appraisal methods.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThe potential for using spatial planning appraisal to consider the impact of developments on unintentional injury risk and to make changes to reduce risk appears to be underused and under-evaluated. Where used, there is a risk of bias (no independent evaluation), lack of detail and a lack of triangulation of results.
SURVEY OF HOT WATER TEMPERATURES IN CAMPGROUNDS: ELEVATED SCALDING RISK AND ENERGY WASTAGE
Authors: Wilson N , Jarman J , Brander B , Michael K 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundScalds from domestic hot water are an important public health problem in New Zealand (NZ).AimsWe aimed to study the hot water hazard in a yet unstudied setting: that of campgrounds.MethodsConvenience sampling was performed involving 25 NZ campgrounds. These were sampled during summer months over a 4-year period (2008–2011) and in five different regions. We measured the temperature of hot water in basin taps and in showers.ResultsThere were relatively high temperatures for both basin taps and showers (n=82 samples), with 74% of measurements exceeding the maximum level in NZ's Building Code of 55°C. But if a lower maximum level, as recommended by various agencies is considered (eg, 48.9°C, equivalent to 120°F, is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics), then 90% of samples were too hot. A further problem was lack of cues as to which tap was for hot water. Colour-coding or word labels were partially present in 32% of basins and completely absent in 7%. For showers, the equivalent figures were: 4% and 36% respectively.SignificanceThe excessive temperatures identified in this study warrant action by government agencies to reduce the risk of scalding, particularly for children, who are commonly unsupervised at campground bathrooms. Reducing this risk may be more important that legionellosis prevention (given the absence of good evidence of infection via domestic hot water). Reducing hot water storage temperatures will also contribute to more efficient use of energy and save fuel costs for campground operators.
COMMUNITY SAFETY WITH POLICE VOLUNTEERS
Authors: Namprasert A 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundTraffic accidents, drug, narcotic, crime, and physical abuse are problems that have caused loss of life and property with a tendency rate of increasing. Because of less police officer especially in remote area, promoting the police volunteer is the strategy to prevent these problems.ObjectivePeople in community are participating in a life and property protection and their community.MethodsScreening community leaders to be trained in police tactical training session in the area of maintaining order and traffic management at Police Training Institute. The community leaders appointed as police volunteers and are responsible for security of life and property in their community. Police volunteers also implement an alert emergency response service and emergency assistance as requested by their community.ResultsThe network of police volunteers with 60–80 people per community. They handle traffic management, monitor safety of life and property, and manage the risk and danger zone, the watching zone and the checking point zone to restrain reckless driving in order to avoid traffic accidents.SuccessThe programme indicated statistical data of zero rates in dreadful act and physical fighting among teenagers case. In addition, the rate of physical abuse reduced by 70.5%, drug addicts by 65.5% and fatalities from road accidents by 50%.SignificancePeople can provide their safety by themselves, with the success of implementation of the community safety plan; the project has expanded to 132 additional communities
INCREASED DETECTION OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND AT-RISK DRINKING WITH COMPUTERISED ALCOHOL SCREENING AND BRIEF INTERVENTION (CASI)
Authors: Lotfipour S , James H , Hoonpongsimanont W , Roumani S , Chakravarthy B , Anderson C 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe impact of alcohol use has been widely studied and is considered a public health issue. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) recommends Screening and Brief Intervention and Referral Treatment (SBIRT) but the actual practice in the Emergency Department (ED) is deviated due to limited provider time and financial resources.ObjectivesTo assess the effectiveness of alcohol screening using Computerised Alcohol Screening and brief Intervention (CASI) compared to alcohol screening by triage nurse during Medical Screening Examination (MSE) in the ED.MethodsRetrospective review of CASI/MSE database from January 2008 through December 2009, collected in the tertiary, level I Trauma ED was performed. Inclusion criteria included age ≥18, and completion of both the MSE and CASI. We analysed the database by comparing age, gender, primary language (English, Spanish), and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores using McNemar's analysis.ResultsData was available for 5835 patients. CASI showed an increase in detection of at-risk drinking over MSE across all ages, gender, and primary language with statistically significant. MSE found 2.5% at-risk drinkers while CASI found 11.5% at risk drinkers (OR 8.88, 95%CI 6.89 to 11.61). Similar results were found in 18–20-year-old patients. MSE identified 1.7% at-risk drinkers and CASI reported 15.94% (OR 19.33, 95% CI 6.29 to 96.74).SignificanceCASI increased detection of at-risk alcohol drinkers compared with MSE across all ages, gender, and primary language. CASI is a promising innovative method for alcohol screening in the ED for the adult population including under-aged drinkers.
RELATIVE AND ATTRIBUTABLE RISKS OF FATAL CRASHES ASSOCIATED WITH DRUG USE
Authors: Li G 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundWhile alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes have declined in recent years, driving under the influence of illicit drugs and prescription drugs has become a major safety concern. The influence of drugs on driving safety has been studied extensively under controlled, experimental conditions based on driving simulators. Epidemiologic data linking drug use and crash risk, however, are scant.AimsTo estimate the relative and attributable risks of fatal crashes associated with drug use in drivers.MethodsThe association between drug use and fatal crash risk was assessed using the case-control design and the population-attributable risk was calculated based on the estimated OR and prevalence of drug use among drivers. Cases (n=737) were drivers who were involved in fatal crashes on Fridays and Saturdays during specific daytime and night time periods between during July 20, 2007 through December 1, 2007 in the continental USA and who tested for drugs, identified from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Controls (n=6906) were participants of the 2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use, who were randomly selected for drug testing while driving during the same time periods as the cases.ResultsOverall, 31.9% of the cases and 13.7% of the controls tested positive for at least one drug, yielding a crude OR of 2.96 (95% CI 2.49 to 3.51). The estimated ORs between drug use and fatal crash involvement were similar between sexes and across age groups and time periods. The estimated population-attributable risk of fatal crashes associated with drug use was 21.2%.SignificanceIn the USA, drugged driving is common and is attributable to over one-fifth of fatal crashes. Intervention programmes to prevent drugged driving are urgently needed.
A NOVEL TRAINING FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY IN AGRICULTURE USING MOBILE TRAINING UNIT (MTU)
Authors: Bodankin R , Tir N 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundDuring the recent years there has been a clear increase of foreign non-Hebrew speaking workers in agriculture (mostly citizens of Thailand), with a different safety culture. This situation created the immediate need to teach large groups of workers the safety rules at work. Most employers object to send their employees for outdoor safety training.PurposeTo create a mobile training unit (MTU) with a tutorial in workers' languages, based on an interactive teaching aid.MethodsThe MTU comprises multimedia computers with touch screens and sophisticated learning software in Hebrew, Arabic and Thai languages. The software includes the presentation of different safety problems from the agriculture world and imitates a computer game. The participant's answer to questions is followed by detailed explanations. The Learning Management System allows characterising different student's profiles according to the environment in which the session is taking place.Three workers can practice at the same time.OutcomeThe mobility and self-sufficiency of the training unit enable training workers on any agricultural work site. The software allows user friendly training in participant's languages and adjusting the training material to the needs of any specific workplace.SignificanceWe created a tool for training agricultural workers with minimum loss of work time and provided free of charge (with government funding).
TRAUMA REGISTRIES: WHAT IS THE EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?
Authors: O'Reilly G , Joshipura M , Peter C , Russell G 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundTrauma systems reduce mortality; the trauma registry is a key driver of improvements in trauma care. Developing countries have begun to develop trauma systems but there is relatively little trauma registry experience in less-resourced settings.AimsThe aim of this study was to review the published experience of trauma registries in developing countries.MethodsA structured review of the literature was performed. All abstracts referring to a trauma registry in a developing country as defined by the United Nations Human Development Index were included. The Trauma Registry Assessment Tool was applied to the search results to collect and analyse the experience of trauma registries in developing countries.ResultsThere were 84 articles, 76 of which were sourced from 46 registries. The remaining 8 articles were perspectives. Most were from Iran, followed by China, Jamaica and Uganda. Regarding data methodology, only 4 registries used ISS to define inclusion criteria. Most registries collected data on variables from all five variable groups. Several registries collected data for less than 20 variables. Only 3 registries measured disability using a score. The most common scores of injury severity were ISS, followed by RTS, TRISS and the Kampala Trauma Score.SignificanceSeveral countries are responsible for the majority of developing country trauma registry publications. ISS is unlikely to be used to define inclusion criteria, and the Kampala Trauma Score is not uncommonly used to measure injury severity. The trauma registry experience of developing countries can inform trauma registry development in similar settings.
FEASIBILITY OF A ROAD TRAFFIC INJURY SURVEILLANCE INTEGRATING POLICE AND HEALTH INSURANCE DATASETS IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Authors: Salmi LR , Puello A , Bhatti J 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundRoad traffic injuries (RTIs) are underreported in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Previous work from some LMICs estimated the RTI burden by manually matching records in capture–recapture methods.Aims/Objectives/PurposeThis study assessed the feasibility of semi-automated matching of RTI cases in different datasets in a LMIC.MethodsStudy population consisted of RTI reported cases in the Dominican Republic in 2010. After removing duplicates and correcting fatality reporting using forensic data, the police and health insurance RTI records were matched if they had same province, date of crash, and gender of RTI cases and similar age (within 5 years). A multinomial logistic regression model assessed likelihood of being unmatched in either dataset.Results/OutcomesDuplicates represented 21.1% of 6396 police and 16.2% of 6178 insurance records. Health insurance recorded 43 of 417 deaths as only injured. Capture–recapture estimated that both datasets recorded one of five cases. Characteristics associated with being unmatched in police dataset were female gender (OR=2.5), age≥16 years (OR=1.7), crash in the regions of Cibao-Northeast (OR=4.1) and Valdesia (OR=6.4), Tuesday to Saturday (1.5≤OR≤2.9), October to December (1.6≤OR≤4.5), and occupant of four-wheeled (OR=5.4) or trucks (OR=5.3).Significance/Contribution to the FieldSemi-automated matching is feasible to reliably ascertain RTI burden in the Dominican Republic, but could be improved by standardised coding of police and health insurance reporting.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF STEADI—A FALL PREVENTION TOOL KIT FOR US HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS
Authors: Stevens J , Phelan E 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundFall injuries in the US result in over 19 000 deaths and 2.2 million emergency department visits, and cost over $28 billion. Research shows that, in a clinical setting, effective fall intervention involves assessing and addressing an individual's fall risk factors. This approach is recommended in the American and British Geriatrics Societies' (AGS/BGS) clinical practice guideline.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo address identified knowledge gaps among healthcare providers regarding fall risk assessment and interventions.MethodsResearchers at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Injury Center reviewed relevant literature, conducted in-depth interviews with a randomised sample of 18 US healthcare providers, and developed draft resources incorporating the AGS/BGS guideline and input from experts. Resources were reviewed by six focus groups of healthcare providers and revised.Results/OutcomesLike previous needs assessments, we found that 94% of providers were unaware of the AGS/BGS guideline and 67% did not routinely screen older patients for fall risk. Providers lacked information about standardised fall risk assessment methods and evidence-based interventions. Providers' suggestions and focus group feedback were incorporated into the STEADI (Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries) tool kit. It contains an array of provider resources to help integrate fall prevention into clinical care and tools to link primary health care with community fall prevention programmes.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThe STEADI tool kit incorporates formative research results and current knowledge about effective fall interventions. It is a resource designed to help healthcare providers incorporate fall risk assessment and individualised fall interventions into routine clinical practice.
EVALUATION OF A CANADIAN PRIMARY CARE FALL PREVENTION TRAINING AND RESOURCE PACKAGE
Authors: Scott V , Fials B , Miller J 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundFew physicians have the training/resources to include evidence-based fall prevention (FP) strategies as part of their standard practice.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo address this, a Primary Care Fall Prevention (PCFP) package was developed including: an instructional video; fact sheets; a fall risk checklist; and patient handouts. Materials were evaluated to determine effectiveness of the resources to increase knowledge and/or bring about change in physician practice.MethodsA pre/post survey on fall-related knowledge, use of FP resources/strategies was conducted with family physicians recruited from those with substantial numbers of elderly patients. After applying the package over 4–6 weeks, 11 participated in in-depth phone interviews; 10 provided a follow-up survey.Results/OutcomesOut of a max of 17, the average ‘fall-related knowledge’ pre score=10.2 (SD=2.5) and post-survey=13.2 (SD=1.3) (t (9)=2.7, p<0.03). After reviewing resources, 60% were more likely to screen for fall risk; 30% more likely to assess mobility and/or balance; 50% more likely to give fall risk handouts; and 20% more likely to provide information on medication/fall risk. After reviewing materials on fall-prevention strategies, 30% were more likely to provide education on home safety/physical activity/balance exercises; 50% more likely to refer to PT/OT; 40% more likely to provide Vit D guidelines, 50% more likely to provide calcium intake guidelines; and 20% more likely to make referrals to FP programmes. Interviews revealed insights into barriers and facilitators to PCFP.Significance/Contributions to the FieldThe PCFP package increased knowledge and showed some improvements in FP practice among physicians.
ACCURACY OF SELF-REPORT OF ON-ROAD CRASHES AND TRAFFIC OFFENCES IN A COHORT OF YOUNG DRIVERS: THE DRIVE STUDY
Authors: Boufous S , Ivers R , Senserrick T , Stevenson M , Norton R , Williamson A 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundRoad traffic injuries are a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, particularly among young adults. While surveys are widely used to measure the incidence of on-road crashes and offences, little is known about the validity of self-reports of these events, particularly among young drivers.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo examine the accuracy of self-report of on-road crashes and traffic offences among participants in the DRIVE study: a cohort study of 20 822 drivers, aged 17–24-year-old, recently licensed in New South Wales, Australia.MethodsA total of 2991 DRIVE study participants who completed the follow-up questionnaire, approximately 2 years after joining the study, were asked whether they had been involved in an on-road crash or were convicted for a traffic offence during the year prior to the survey. This information was subsequently linked to police recorded crash and offence data to determine the level of accuracy of these self-reports.Results/OutcomesYoung drivers reported more crashes and traffic offences than those recorded in the police database during the 1 year study period. The findings showed a high level of accuracy in young drivers' self-report of police recorded crashes (85.1%; 95% CI 78.2% to 92.1%) and of police recorded traffic offences (83.0%; 95% CI 79.4% to 86.6%).Significance/Contribution to the FieldThe results suggest that surveys may be useful tools for estimating the incidence of traffic crashes and offences in young drivers. The findings are particularly relevant to countries and jurisdictions where access to administrative data is limited.