bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bedaquiline: An Insight Into its Clinical Use in Multidrug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Ahmad Asad , Akhtar Juber , Ahmad Mohammad , Khan Mohammad Irfan , Wasim Rufaida , Islam Anas , Singh Aditya 
Published: July 2024

AbstractEvery year, the World Health Organization reports 500,000 new cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), which poses a serious global danger. The increased number of XDR-TB and MDR-TB cases reported worldwide necessitates the use of new therapeutic approaches. The main issues with the antitubercular medications now in use for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis are their poor side effect profile, reduced efficacy, and antimicrobial resistance. One possible remedy for these problems is bedaquiline. The need for better treatment strategies is highlighted by the strong minimum inhibitory concentrations that bedaquiline (BDQ), a novel anti-TB medicine, exhibits against both drug-resistant and drug-susceptible TB. Bedaquiline may be able to help with these problems. Bedaquiline is a medication that is first in its class and has a distinct and particular mode of action. Bedaquiline is an ATP synthase inhibitor that is specifically directed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some nontuberculous mycobacteria. It is metabolized by CYP3A4. Bedaquiline preclinical investigations revealed intralesional drug biodistribution. The precise intralesional and multi-compartment pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline were obtained using PET bioimaging and high-resolution autoradiography investigations. Reduced CFU counts were observed in another investigation after a 12-week course of therapy. Meta-analyses and systematic reviews of phase II trials on bedaquilineʼs efficacy in treating drug-resistant tuberculosis in patients reported higher rates of cure, better culture conversion, and lower death rates when taken in conjunction with a background regimen. Here is a thorough medication profile for bedaquiline to aid medical professionals in treating individuals with tuberculosis.
Contribution of Temporal Fine Structure Cues to Concurrent Vowel Identification and Perception of Zebra Speech
Authors: Serrao Delora Samantha , Theruvan Nikhitha , Fathima Hasna , Pitchaimuthu Arivudai Nambi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Introduction The limited access to temporal fine structure (TFS) cues is a reason for reduced speech-in-noise recognition in cochlear implant (CI) users. The CI signal processing schemes like electroacoustic stimulation (EAS) and fine structure processing (FSP) encode TFS in the low frequency whereas theoretical strategies such as frequency amplitude modulation encoder (FAME) encode TFS in all the bands.
Objective The present study compared the effect of simulated CI signal processing schemes that either encode no TFS, TFS information in all bands, or TFS only in low-frequency bands on concurrent vowel identification (CVI) and Zebra speech perception (ZSP).
Methods Temporal fine structure information was systematically manipulated using a 30-band sine-wave (SV) vocoder. The TFS was either absent (SV) or presented in all the bands as frequency modulations simulating the FAME algorithm or only in bands below 525 Hz to simulate EAS. Concurrent vowel identification and ZSP were measured under each condition in 15 adults with normal hearing.
Results The CVI scores did not differ between the 3 schemes (F (2, 28) = 0.62, p = 0.55, η2
p = 0.04). The effect of encoding TFS was observed for ZSP (F (2, 28) = 5.73, p = 0.008, η2
p = 0.29). Perception of Zebra speech was significantly better with EAS and FAME than with SV. There was no significant difference in ZSP scores obtained with EAS and FAME (p = 1.00)
Conclusion For ZSP, the TFS cues from FAME and EAS resulted in equivalent improvements in performance compared to the SV scheme. The presence or absence of TFS did not affect the CVI scores.
Distal Positioning of the Ulnar Shortening Plate Increases Symptomatic Removal: A Comparative Analysis of Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy Plate Positioning and Symptomatic Hardware Removal
Authors: Hoy John F. , Smith Shelby R. , Hanson Zachary C. , Fernandez John J. , Simcock Xavier C. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Background Ulnar shortening osteotomy (USO) is a common procedure to treat symptomatic ulnar-sided wrist symptoms in patients with positive ulnar variance who fail nonoperative management. Plate placement on the volar, dorsal, or subcutaneous border of the ulna has been described. There remains debate regarding the optimal plate placement to minimize soft tissue irritation and the need for plate removal. The goal of this study is to determine whether plate position along the volar cortex versus along the subcutaneous border, as well as the distance of the plate from the ulnar styloid, affects the risk of symptomatic hardware requiring removal.
Methods In total, 112 USO procedures on 107 patients performed between 2017 and 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. The position of the plate on the ulna and the distance of the plate from the ulnar styloid were assessed radiographically. Demographic information, visual analog scale pain scores, disability of the arm, shoulder, and hand scores, and incidence of hardware removal were collected and compared between plate location groups.
Results The overall symptomatic hardware removal rate was 79%. There was no difference in the rate of symptomatic hardware removal between volar (80%) and subcutaneous (77%) plate locations (p = 0.69) at a mean follow-up time of 26 months. The mean distance from the distal plate to the ulnar styloid was higher in cases in which hardware was retained (p = 0.03).
Conclusion We found no difference in hardware removal rates based on volar versus subcutaneous plate placement after USO. Cases in which hardware was not removed had a higher mean distance from the distal plate to the ulnar styloid. Further prospective studies are warranted to determine optimal plate positioning to minimize hardware irritation after USO.
Developing Interventions for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Schwalk Audra J. , Patel Niral M. , Madisi Nagendra Y. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an incurable, progressive respiratory disease that may have a significant negative impact on the morbidity and mortality of affected patients. A substantial portion of the world's population is affected by COPD, and despite optimal medical management with medications, supplemental oxygen, and pulmonary rehabilitation, many patients are left debilitated because of this disease. Bronchoscopic treatment modalities offer a less-invasive method for the treatment of refractory COPD compared to surgical interventions and have expanded the potential therapeutic options for these patients. Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction is aimed at decreasing the hyperinflation and air trapping that occur in emphysema, and the most studied and successful intervention is endobronchial valve placement. Endobronchial coils, polymeric sealants, and thermal ablation are other researched alternatives. Additional interventional procedures are being investigated for the treatment of the mucus hypersecretion and cough that are associated with the chronic bronchitis phenotype of COPD and include targeted lung denervation, metered dose spray cryotherapy, deobstruction balloon, and bronchial rheoplasty. This review summarizes the most recent evidence pertaining to available therapies for the management of COPD, including chronic bronchitis, with a particular focus on bronchoscopic interventions.
Definition and Epidemiology of Sepsis
Authors: Arina Pietro , Hofmaenner Daniel A. , Singer Mervyn 
Published: July 2024

AbstractHere we review the epidemiology of sepsis, focusing on its definition, incidence, and mortality, as well as the demographic insights and risk factors that influence its occurrence and outcomes. We address how age, sex, and racial/ethnic disparities impact upon incidence and mortality rates. Sepsis is more frequent and severe among the elderly, males, and certain racial and ethnic groups. Poor socioeconomic status, geographic location, and pre-existing comorbidities also elevate the risk of developing and dying from sepsis. Seasonal variations, with an increased incidence during winter months, is also apparent. We delve into the predictive value of disease severity scores such as the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score. We also highlight issues relating to coding and administrative data that can generate erroneous and misleading information, and the need for greater consistency. The Sepsis-3 definitions, offering more precise clinical criteria, are a step in the right direction. This overview will, we hope, facilitate understanding of the multi-faceted epidemiological characteristics of sepsis and current challenges.
Acute Management of Sepsis beyond 24 Hours
Authors: Premachandra Antoine , Heming Nicholas 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSepsis manifests as a dysregulated immune response to an infection, leading to tissue damage, organ failure, and potentially death or long-term health issues. Sepsis remains a major health challenge globally, causing approximately 50 million cases and 11 million deaths annually. Early management of sepsis focuses on source control, antimicrobial treatment, and supporting vital organ function. Subsequent care includes metabolic, nutritional, and immune therapies to address the complex needs of septic patients. Metabolic management is based on obtaining moderate glucose targets. Nutritional support aims to mitigate hypercatabolism and muscle wasting, but aggressive early nutrition does not improve outcomes and could even be harmful. Immune modulation is crucial due to the dual nature of sepsis-induced immune responses. Corticosteroids have shown benefits in shock and organ dysfunction reversal and in mortality reduction with current guidelines recommending them in vasopressor therapy-dependent patients. In conclusion, sepsis management beyond the initial hours requires a multifaceted approach, focusing on metabolic, nutritional, and immune system support tailored to individual patient needs to enhance survival and recovery.
Recurrent Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Occurred in an Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Child with Mutated Lipoprotein Lipase Gene during Asparaginase Therapy
Authors: Wang Shiyuan , Li Jun , Li Ying , Liu Xiaoming , Chang Lixian , Zhao Beibei , Zhang Li , Zou Yao , Ruan Min , Zhu Xiaofan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractCerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) and hyperlipidemia are severe complications of L-Asparaginase (L-Asp) during the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Herein, we reported a 9-year-old B-ALL boy who underwent abnormal hypertriglyceridemia and CVST presenting as seizures and disturbance of consciousness twice during the induction therapy. Fortunately, he survived treatment with anticoagulant and lipid-lowering therapy. No thrombophilia-related gene mutation was detected, but a heterozygous mutation in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene was identified. His neurological symptoms were managed with short-term anticoagulant therapy and long-term lipid-lowering therapy. This case illustrated the manifestation and potential pathogenesis of CVST and highlighted the essentiality of screening baseline lipid profile and dyslipidemia- and thrombophilia-related gene mutation.
Trends of Incidence and Outcomes of Childhood Severe Malaria in a Tertiary Health Facility in Nigeria: A 4-Year Cross-Sectional Study from 2019 to 2022
Authors: Ibrahim Olayinka Rasheed , Alao Michael Abel , Issa Amudalat , Mohammed Bashir , Suleiman Bello Mohammed , Mokuolu Olugbenga Ayodeji 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Objective Nigeria ranks highest globally in malaria burden, disproportionately affecting children. This study investigated trends in the incidence and outcomes of 948 children with cases of severe malaria in a tertiary hospital in northwestern Nigeria.
Methods We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study of children with severe malaria between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2022. We extracted relevant data, including sociodemographics, clinical features, as well as hospitalization outcomes (death or discharge), and the trends analyzed over the period.
Results Of the 8,295 pediatric admissions during the study period, 948 (11.4%) were cases of severe malaria. The trends of severe malaria (incidence) showed a surge of 17.3% in 2020 from 11.4% in 2019 and subsequently declined to 9.9% in 2022 (p < 0.001). There was a decline in the proportion of under-fives with severe malaria from 47.5% observed in 2019 to 43.7% in 2022 (p = 0.019). The overall mortality rate (malaria specific) was 7.2% (68/948) which rose from 2.3% in 2019 to 10.3% in 2020 and declined to 8.5% in 2022, p = 0.003. The proportion of malaria-specific deaths (from all-cause mortality) increased from 4.6% in 2019 to 17.3% in 2020 and declined to 9.3% in 2022 (p = 0.004). Among under-fives, there was no significant change in the malaria-specific mortality rate (from 3.2% in 2019 to 10.2% in 2020, 6.4% in 2021 and 10.3% in 2022, p = 0.104) and the proportion of malaria-specific deaths in under-fives among malaria deaths (from 66.7% in 2019 to 52.9% in 2022, p = 0.653). Among the clinical features, the presence of cerebral malaria and acute kidney injury had the highest case fatality rate (57.1%).
Conclusion Despite the initial surge in severe malaria cases during the coronavirus disease 2019 era, there has been an overall progressive decline in childhood severe malaria. However, among those under-fives, the trends in malaria deaths remained unchanged.
Government decision-making and the site of power in New Labour’s ‘levelling up’: reconsidering economic regionalism
Authors: O’Shea Jerry 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDebates about England’s geographic inequalities and the extent to which the problem is intertwined with the ‘Westminster system’ of government are often light on historical perspective. Few recall that “levelling up” was a New Labour slogan before it was a Conservative one. Making use of recently released archival material and interviews with former ministers and officials, this article explores a project that aimed to tackle England’s geographic inequalities through strategic and unapologetically undemocratic bodies at the regional level, the Regional Development Agencies (1998–2012). This vison of ‘levelling up’ was accompanied by an alternative understanding of how England’s spatial economic divergences relate to wider economic challenges. The project gave new powers and spending to regionally based public bodies despite simultaneously reinforcing political centralisation, demonstrating the ongoing relevance of key aspects of the ‘Westminster Model’ while underlining the need for nuance when employing the framework. Concerning contemporary policy debates, the article invites us to reconsider economic regionalism as a pragmatic means to counter economic disparities while complex political questions and arrangements are worked through.
Evidence of a contact-induced change
Authors: Zakaria Muhammad 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSouth Central Tibeto-Burman (also known as Kuki-Chin) forms a group of fifty languages spoken in the border area of Bangladesh, India and Burma. Due to their geographic distribution, speakers of South Central (SC) languages are in close contact with the superstrate languages, Bangla, Hindi and Burmese. The inevitable consequence of this longstanding contact on lesser-known languages of this region is understudied, especially structural diffusions. This paper presents a detailed discussion on relative-correlative (RC-CRC) construction in Hyow, a Southeastern SC language spoken by approximately four thousand people in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh, where they are in close contact with Bangla and Marma (a dialect of Burmese). This empirical study demonstrates how RC-CRC construction in Hyow is structurally and distributionally similar to those in IA languages, taking a critical look at the existing literature on IA languages and using data therein for a comparative study. In doing so, this paper provides examples from Bangla, Hindi and Sanskrit, and refutes some of the observations made in previous scholarly works. This paper also explores how they might have developed in Hyow, which otherwise uses a nominalization as native strategy for forming relative clauses. Even though most part of this paper discusses the RC-CRC constructions in Hyow as a consequence of language contact, this paper presents new insights on RC-CRC constructions in Bangla as well comparing to other IA languages.
Translanguaging
Authors: Treffers-Daller Jeanine 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Since the launch of the term translanguaging in 1994, the multiple discursive practices that are grouped under
this label have been explored in over 3000 papers, covering a variety of contexts, both within and outside education. While the
term has clearly resonated with researchers and practitioners, here it is argued that it is unclear what it means exactly, because
there are no diagnostic criteria specifying what it is. Extensive criticism has also been put forward in the academic literature,
showing that central claims are untenable in the face of overwhelming counter-evidence from a range of fields, including studies
on code-switching, bilingual education, bilingual first language acquisition, language contact and language processing. However,
translanguaging can become a useful instrument for researchers and practitioners if the concept is narrowed down to what it was
coined for, namely pedagogical practices that are beneficial for multilingual learners. In order for this to happen, clear
diagnostic criteria need to be provided for the identification of translanguaging, and research evidence from neuroscientific,
structural, psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic studies on multilingualism needs to be integrated into its conceptualization.
Broadband super-resolution wavelength-controlled zoom metalens
Authors: Zhao Fen , Huang Baoze , Liu Qingxiao , Yang Junbo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A design method is proposed for a broadband super-resolution wavelength-controlled zoom metalens with simultaneous modulation of phase, dispersion, and amplitude, and on the basis of enhancing the axial zoom capability of the metalens, the point spread function of the metalens is continuously compressed using the hierarchical direct binary search algorithm, so that the full width at half maximum of the metalens is continuously close to or even less than the diffraction limit of 0.5λ/NA (NA is the numerical aperture). As a theoretical verification, a super-resolution wavelength-controlled zoom metalens was designed operating in the wavelength range of 68–80 μm. The simulation results show that its axial zoom capability is about 1.65 times that of the conventional diffractive metalens, and the lateral resolution in the wavelength range of 68–80 μm is less than the diffraction limit.
Mechanisms in the photocatalytic breakdown of persistent pharmaceutical and pesticide molecules over TiO2-based photocatalysts: A review
Authors: Nair Niraj , Gandhi Vimal , Shukla Atindra , Ghotekar Suresh , Nguyen Van-Huy , Varma Kiran 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) based photocatalysts have been widely used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of various persistent organic compounds in water and air. The degradation mechanism involves the generation of highly reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radicals, which react with organic compounds to break down their chemical bonds and ultimately mineralize them into harmless products. In the case of pharmaceutical and pesticide molecules, TiO2 and modified TiO2 photocatalysis effectively degrade a wide range of compounds, including antibiotics, pesticides, and herbicides. The main downside is the production of dangerous intermediate products, which are not frequently addressed in the literature that is currently available. The degradation rate of these compounds by TiO2 photocatalysis depends on factors such as the chemical structure of the compounds, the concentration of the TiO2 catalyst, the intensity, the light source, and the presence of other organic or inorganic species in the solution. The comprehension of the degradation mechanism is explored to gain insights into the intermediates. Additionally, the utilization of response surface methodology is addressed, offering a potential avenue for enhancing the scalability of the reactors. Overall, TiO2 photocatalysis is a promising technology for the treatment of pharmaceutical and agrochemical wastewater, but further research is needed to optimize the process conditions and to understand the fate and toxicity of the degradation products.
Phonon mode at interface and its impact on interfacial thermal transport
Authors: Shan Shuyue , Zhang Zhongwei , Volz Sebastian , Chen Jie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Due to the minimization and integration of micro/nano-devices, the high density of interfaces becomes a significant challenge in various applications. Phonon modes at interface resulting from the mismatch between inhomogeneous functional counterparts are crucial for interfacial thermal transport and overall thermal management of micro/nano-devices, making it a topic of great research interest recently. Here, we comprehensively review the recent advances on the theoretical and experimental investigations of interfacial phonon mode and its impact on interfacial thermal transport. Firstly, we summarize the recent progresses of the theoretical and experimental characterization of interfacial phonon modes at various interfaces, along with the overview of the development of diverse methodologies. Then, the impact of interfacial phonon modes on interfacial thermal transport process are discussed from the normal modal decomposition and inelastic scattering mechanisms. Meanwhile, we examine various factors influencing the interfacial phonon modes and interfacial thermal transport, including temperature, interface roughness, interfacial mass gradient, interfacial disorder, and so on. Finally, an outlook is provided for future studies. This review provides a fundamental understanding of interfacial phonon modes and their impact on interfacial thermal transport, which would be beneficial for the exploration and optimization of thermal management in various micro/nano-devices with high density interfaces.
Contrast learning with hard example mining for few-shot fault diagnosis of rolling bearings
Authors: An Zenghui , Wang Houliang , Yan Yinglong , Jia Shi , Wang Lubin , Yang Rui 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Deep learning has become a powerful technique for effectively extracting features in the field of rolling bearing fault diagnosis. However, in the case of sparse labeled sample data, the feature distribution is quite different, and simple samples are used repeatedly, leading to challenges in fault diagnosis, including insufficient feature learning and inaccurate fault classification. Therefore, a contrastive learning method is proposed for few-shot scenarios, incorporating hard example mining to address these challenges. In this framework, the similarities and differences of samples are used to construct positive and negative sample pairs, which help deepen the model to recognize and learn the internal correlation and pattern between samples. On this basis, the hard example mining strategy is adopted to further optimize the sample distribution in the feature space. These learned features are then classified by a classifier. Experimental results show that the fault diagnosis model proposed in this paper achieves high accuracy.