bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cooperative processing in primary somatosensory cortex and posterior parietal cortex during tactile working memory
Authors: Ku Yixuan , Zhao Di , Bodner Mark , Zhou Yong‐Di 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn the present study, causal roles of both the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) were investigated in a tactile unimodal working memory (WM) task. Individual magnetic resonance imaging‐based single‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) was applied, respectively, to the left SI (ipsilateral to tactile stimuli), right SI (contralateral to tactile stimuli) and right PPC (contralateral to tactile stimuli), while human participants were performing a tactile‐tactile unimodal delayed matching‐to‐sample task. The time points of spTMS were 300, 600 and 900 ms after the onset of the tactile sample stimulus (duration: 200 ms). Compared with ipsilateral SI, application of spTMS over either contralateral SI or contralateral PPC at those time points significantly impaired the accuracy of task performance. Meanwhile, the deterioration in accuracy did not vary with the stimulating time points. Together, these results indicate that the tactile information is processed cooperatively by SI and PPC in the same hemisphere, starting from the early delay of the tactile unimodal WM task. This pattern of processing of tactile information is different from the pattern in tactile‐visual cross‐modal WM. In a tactile‐visual cross‐modal WM task, SI and PPC contribute to the processing sequentially, suggesting a process of sensory information transfer during the early delay between modalities.
Topological effects of network structure on long‐term social network dynamics in a wild mammal
Authors: Ilany Amiyaal , Booms Andrew S. , Holekamp Kay E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSocial structure influences ecological processes such as dispersal and invasion, and affects survival and reproductive success. Recent studies have used static snapshots of social networks, thus neglecting their temporal dynamics, and focused primarily on a limited number of variables that might be affecting social structure. Here, instead we modelled effects of multiple predictors of social network dynamics in the spotted hyena, using observational data collected during 20 years of continuous field research in Kenya. We tested the hypothesis that the current state of the social network affects its long‐term dynamics. We employed stochastic agent‐based models that allowed us to estimate the contribution of multiple factors to network changes. After controlling for environmental and individual effects, we found that network density and individual centrality affected network dynamics, but that social bond transitivity consistently had the strongest effects. Our results emphasise the significance of structural properties of networks in shaping social dynamics.
Testing the Effects of Biogenic Amines and Alternative Topical Solvent Types on the Behavioral Repertoire of Two Web‐Building Spiders
Authors: DiRienzo Nicholas , McDermott Donna R. , Pruitt Jonathan N. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractInvestigating the proximate mechanism underlying behavior has long been a primary goal of ethologists. With the recent focus on behavioral correlations (e.g., behavioral syndromes), a fundamental question arises regarding what mechanisms may drive positive relationships between functionally distinct behaviors. Understanding these mechanisms can inform critical questions, such as why distinct behaviors are often correlated, and can also lend insights into how behavioral similarities are conserved across species. Arthropods provide an idea system to study these questions as the biogenic amines, such as octopamine and serotonin, have long been known to mediate a large number of behaviors such as aggression, dominance, escape behavior, and others. Behaviorists have several ways in which they can manipulate these biogenic amines in vivo, including injection, feeding, and topical application. Topical application is potentially an optimal method for manipulating amine concentrations, given that it is minimally invasive and relatively precise. Here, we investigate the role of biogenic amines, octopamine, and serotonin, in mediating a range of similar and often correlated behaviors in two distantly related species of spiders, the western black widow, Latrodectus hesperus, and the funnel‐web spider, Agelenopsis pennsylvanica. Additionally, we investigate the behavioral effects associated with three commonly used carrier solvents: dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and acetone. We demonstrate that biogenic amines are involved both in mediating several behaviors, and also potentially the links between different behaviors. We also show that the same behaviors in different species are not affected by biogenic amines in the same manner, suggesting differences in the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms governing behavior. Furthermore, we discovered large and pervasive effects associated with both carrier solvents, thus calling into question the potential usefulness and interpretability of topical application methods in behavioral research.
Laboratory diagnosis of von Willebrand disease
Authors: Roberts J. C. , Flood V. H. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryVon Willebrand disease (VWD) is considered the most common inherited bleeding disorder and may also be the most difficult to diagnose. Clinical symptoms of VWD include predominantly mild mucosal bleeding; surgical bleeding may occur with specific challenges and joint bleeding can occur in the most severe forms. A family history either of diagnosed VWD or of bleeding symptoms is typically present. Laboratory diagnosis requires a series of assays of von Willebrand factor (VWF) quantity and function, and factor VIII activity, with no single straightforward diagnostic test available to either confirm or exclude the diagnosis. Newer assays of VWF function are becoming more available and useful in determining the laboratory diagnosis of VWD.
Laboratory testing for platelet function disorders
Authors: Israels S. J. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryPlatelet function testing is both complex and labor intensive. A stepwise approach to the evaluation of patients with suspected platelet disorders will optimize the use of laboratory resources, beginning with an appropriate clinical evaluation to determine whether the bleeding is consistent with a defect of primary hemostasis. Bleeding assessment tools, evaluation of platelet counts, and review of peripheral blood cell morphology can aid the initial assessment. For patients requiring further laboratory testing, platelet aggregometry, secretion assays, and von Willebrand factor assays are the most useful next steps and will direct further specialized testing including flow cytometry, electron microscopy, and molecular diagnostics. Guidelines and recommendations for standardizing platelet function testing, with a particular focus on light transmission aggregometry, are available and can provide a template for clinical laboratories in establishing procedures that will optimize diagnosis and assure quality results. This review outlines an approach to platelet function testing and reviews testing methods available to clinical laboratories.
Polyphosphate, platelets, and coagulation
Authors: Travers R. J. , Smith S. A. , Morrissey J. H. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryWhile we have understood the basic outline of the enzymes and reactions that make up the traditional blood coagulation cascade for many years, recently our appreciation of the complexity of these interactions has greatly increased. This has resulted in unofficial ‘revisions’ of the coagulation cascade to include new amplification pathways and connections between the standard coagulation cascade enzymes, as well as the identification of extensive connections between the immune system and the coagulation cascade. The discovery that polyphosphate is stored in platelet dense granules and is secreted during platelet activation has resulted in a recent burst of interest in the role of this ancient molecule in human biology. Here we review the increasingly complex role of platelet polyphosphate in hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation that has been uncovered in recent years, as well as novel therapeutics centered on modulating polyphosphate's roles in coagulation and inflammation.
Molecular genetic evaluation of myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Azzato E. M. , Bagg A. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe classical myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) consist of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and the non‐CML MPNs, polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Molecular testing plays a crucial role in each of these disease entities. In this review, we discuss the role and caveats of BCR‐ABL1 fusion transcript evaluation in CML diagnosis and monitoring, as well as ABL1 kinase mutation testing in the setting of tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. We also focus on JAK2, MPL, and CALR mutations in PV, ET, and PMF.
Disorders of erythrocyte volume homeostasis
Authors: Glogowska E. , Gallagher P. G. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryInherited disorders of erythrocyte volume homeostasis are a heterogeneous group of rare disorders with phenotypes ranging from dehydrated to overhydrated erythrocytes. Clinical, laboratory, physiologic, and genetic heterogeneities characterize this group of disorders. A series of recent reports have provided novel insights into our understanding of the genetic bases underlying some of these disorders of red cell volume regulation. This report reviews this progress in understanding determinants that influence erythrocyte hydration and how they have yielded a better understanding of the pathways that influence cellular water and solute homeostasis.
Hepcidin and iron disorders: new biology and clinical approaches
Authors: Arezes J. , Nemeth E. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryHepatic hormone hepcidin is a principal regulator of iron homeostasis and a pathogenic factor in common iron disorders. Hepcidin deficiency causes iron overload in hereditary hemochromatosis and iron‐loading anemias, whereas hepcidin excess causes or contributes to the development of iron‐restricted anemia in inflammatory diseases, infections, some cancers, and chronic kidney disease. Because of this, hepcidin may become a useful tool for diagnosis and management of iron disorders. Furthermore, a number of strategies that target hepcidin, its receptor, and its regulators are under development as novel therapeutic approaches for diseases associated with iron dysregulation.
The utility of next‐generation sequencing in diagnosis and monitoring of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Duncavage E. J. , Tandon B. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryMyeloid malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of disorders that share a common biology and are a major source of morbidity and mortality. In the last several years, studies using next‐generation sequencing (NGS) have identified a core set of recurrently mutated myeloid malignancy genes in the majority of patients with AML and MDS, including those with normal cytogenetics. DNA‐level mutations in several of these genes including NPM1, FLT3, and CEBPA in AML and ASXL1, ETV6, EZH2, RUNX1, and TP53 in MDS are associated with changes in patient outcomes and are now tested for in clinical laboratories. In addition to providing prognostic information, these gene mutations can be used to monitor patient disease burden through the use of ultrasensitive detection techniques. In this review, we will focus on the clinical utility of various NGS‐based methods including whole‐genome sequencing, exome sequencing, and targeted panel‐based sequencing in the initial diagnosis and management of AML and MDS and cover recent methodological advances for the molecular monitoring of AML and MDS.
ICSH guidelines for the standardization of bone marrow immunohistochemistry
Authors: Torlakovic E. E. , Brynes R. K. , Hyjek E. , Lee S.‐H. , Kreipe H. , Kremer M. , McKenna R. , Sadahira Y. , Tzankov A. , Reis M. , Porwit A. ,   the International Council for Standardization in Haematology
Published: May 2015

SummaryBone marrow (BM) tissue biopsy evaluation, including trephine biopsy and clot section, is an integral part of BM investigation and is often followed by ancillary studies, in particular immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC provides in situ coupling of morphological assessment and immunophenotype. The number of different IHC tests that can be applied to BM trephine biopsies and the number of indications for IHC testing is increasing concurrently with the development of flow cytometry and molecular diagnostic methods. An international Working Party for the Standardization of Bone Marrow IHC was formed by the International Council for Standardization in Hematology (ICSH) to prepare a set of guidelines for the standardization of BM IHC based on currently available published evidence and modern understanding of quality assurance principles as applied to IHC in general. The guidelines were discussed at the ICSH General Assemblies and reviewed by an international panel of experts to achieve further consensus and represent further development of the previously published ICSH guidelines for the standardization of BM specimens handling and reports.
Sperm ultrastructure in honeycomb (foam) oysters (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Gryphaeidae, Pycnodontinae): comparison with other Ostreoidea and taxonomic implications
Authors: Healy John M. , Mikkelsen Paula M. , Bieler Rüdiger 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSperm ultrastructural features of the honeycomb (foam) oysters Hyotissa hyotis, H. sinensis, and H. mcgintyi (Gryphaeidae) are described and compared with other Ostreoidea and more generally with other pteriomorphian Bivalvia. Spermatozoa of H. sinensis and H. mcgintyi (the type species of Parahyotissa Harry 1985) exhibit (1) a broad, low‐conical acrosomal vesicle; (2) subacrosomal material (very electron‐dense granular material and an almost electron‐lucent axial rod); (3) a spheroidal nucleus with a wide anterior invagination (filled with subacrosomal components); (4) a midpiece composed of four spherical mitochondria surrounding a pair of centrioles (rootlet associated with proximal centriole); and (5) a flagellum. Sperm of Hyotissa hyotis (type species of Hyotissa Stenzel 1971) differ markedly from those of H. sinensis and H. mcgintyi, in having (1) a conical acrosomal vesicle showing coarse granular texture anteriorly; (2) a very electron‐dense axial rod; (3) a barrel‐shaped nucleus with a long, narrow anterior invagination (filled with both subacrosomal components) and a basal invagination partly housing the proximal centriole; and (4) five midpiece mitochondria and no proximal centriolar rootlet. Results indicate that H. sinensis should be relocated to another genus, possibly a revised genus Parahyotissa, and also show that the sperm of H. sinensis and H. mcgintyi show many similarities to those of the Ostreidae, with the exception that the ‘axial rod’ component of the subacrosomal material is less electron‐dense than the surrounding substance (more dense in Ostreidae, as in H. hyotis). No family defining sperm features of the Gryphaeidae can be identified.
The role of social support on the relationship of depressive symptoms to medication adherence and self‐care activities in adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Kim Chun‐Ja , Schlenk Elizabeth A. , Kim Dae Jung , Kim Moonsun , Erlen Judith A. , Kim Se‐Eun 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimTo examine the mediating role of social support on the relationship of depressive symptoms to medication adherence and self‐care activities in Korean adults.BackgroundRecent evidence suggests that higher levels of social support are associated with improved medication adherence and self‐care activities; however, the role of social support on the relationship of depressive symptoms to medication adherence and self‐care activities is less well understood.DesignA cross‐sectional survey.MethodsThe data were collected from 311 Korean adults with type 2 diabetes who were taking hypoglycaemic agents in the period 2012–2013. Depressive symptoms, social support, medication adherence and self‐care activities were assessed using structured questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis with adjustment for covariates and the Sobel test were used to examine the mediating effect of social support on the relationship of depressive symptoms to medication adherence and self‐care activities.ResultsThere were statistically significant differences by subgroups with and without depressive symptoms in social support, medication adherence and self‐care activities of diet, physical activity and stress management. The Sobel test confirmed that social support mediated the effect of depressive symptoms on medication adherence and self‐care activities of diet, physical activity and stress management.ConclusionThe evidence from this study suggests that social support‐enhancing interventions that also manage depressive symptoms may be more timely and effective than interventions that target depressive symptoms alone in promoting adherence to medication adherence and self‐care activities in this population.
Effectiveness of an internet‐based learning program on venous leg ulcer nursing care in home health care – study protocol
Authors: Ylönen Minna , Viljamaa Jaakko , Isoaho Hannu , Junttila Kristiina , Leino‐Kilpi Helena , Suhonen Riitta 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimTo describe the study protocol for a study of the effectiveness of an internet‐based learning program on venous leg ulcer nursing care (eVLU) in home health care.BackgroundThe prevalence of venous leg ulcers is increasing as population age. The majority of these patients are treated in a municipal home healthcare setting. However, studies show nurses' lack of knowledge of ulcer nursing care.DesignQuasi‐experimental study with pre‐ and postmeasurements and non‐equivalent intervention and comparison groups.MethodsDuring the study, nurses taking care of patients with a chronic leg ulcer in home health care in one Finnish municipality will use the eVLU. Nurses working in home health care in another Finnish municipality will not use it providing standard care. Nurses will complete three questionnaires during the study and they will also be observed three times at patients' homes. Nurses' perceived and theoretical knowledge is the primary outcome of the study. Funding for this study was received from the Finnish Foundation for Nursing Education in 2014.DiscussionData from this study will provide information about the effectiveness of an internet‐based educational program. After completing the program nurses will be accustomed to using internet‐based resources that can aid them in the nursing care of patients with a VLU. Nurses will also have better knowledge of VLU nursing care.This study is registered with the International Clinical Trials Registry, identifier NCT02224300.
Primary family caregivers' observations and perceptions of their older relatives' knee osteoarthritis pain and pain management: a qualitative study
Authors: Hsu Kuo‐Yao , Tsai Yun‐Fang , Lin Yea‐Pyng , Liu Hsien‐Tao 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimTo explore primary family caregivers' observations and perceptions of their older relatives' knee osteoarthritis pain and pain management.BackgroundOsteoarthritis is one of the most common joint disorders in older people. Studies have mainly focused on spouses' or partners' perceptions of older individuals' osteoarthritis pain.DesignQualitative description.MethodsPrimary family caregivers of older outpatients with osteoarthritis (N = 28) were recruited by convenience from one medical centre in northern Taiwan and two regional hospitals in northern and eastern Taiwan in 2012. Data were collected in individual interviews using a semi‐structured guide and analysed by content analysis.ResultsPrimary family caregivers observed that their older relatives commonly mentioned that osteoarthritis pain interfered with their walking ability, daily activities, moods, sleep and social activities. Older adults commonly shared their pain with their family members. Participants observed that their older relatives with osteoarthritis used limited pain‐management strategies to relieve pain, but participants provided few pain‐management strategies to help their relatives. Most participants had limited knowledge about osteoarthritis pain. Some participants and their older relatives held negative attitudes towards using pain medicines. Most participants suggested that other families should bring their older relatives with osteoarthritis pain to see a doctor as soon as possible.ConclusionOur results show that family caregivers were the main support for older people with osteoarthritis. Interventions should educate patients and family members about osteoarthritis causes, common misconceptions about osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis pain medicines and treatment and encourage family members' support.
Emotional insecurity in the family and community and youth delinquency in Northern Ireland: a person‐oriented analysis across five waves
Authors: Cummings E. Mark , Taylor Laura K. , Merrilees Christine E. , Goeke‐Morey Marcie C. , Shirlow Peter 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundOver one billion children are exposed worldwide to political violence and armed conflict. Currently, conclusions about bases for adjustment problems are qualified by limited longitudinal research from a process‐oriented, social‐ecological perspective. In this study, we examined a theoretically‐based model for the impact of multiple levels of the social ecology (family, community) on adolescent delinquency. Specifically, this study explored the impact of children's emotional insecurity about both the family and community on youth delinquency in Northern Ireland.MethodsIn the context of a five‐wave longitudinal research design, participants included 999 mother–child dyads in Belfast (482 boys, 517 girls), drawn from socially‐deprived, ethnically‐homogenous areas that had experienced political violence. Youth ranged in age from 10 to 20 and were 12.18 (SD = 1.82) years old on average at Time 1.FindingsThe longitudinal analyses were conducted in hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), allowing for the modeling of interindividual differences in intraindividual change. Intraindividual trajectories of emotional insecurity about the family related to children's delinquency. Greater insecurity about the community worsened the impact of family conflict on youth's insecurity about the family, consistent with the notion that youth's insecurity about the community sensitizes them to exposure to family conflict in the home.ConclusionsThe results suggest that ameliorating children's insecurity about family and community in contexts of political violence is an important goal toward improving adolescents’ well‐being, including reduced risk for delinquency.
Executive function in children with externalizing and comorbid internalizing behavior problems
Authors: Woltering Steven , Lishak Victoria , Hodgson Nick , Granic Isabela , Zelazo Philip David 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundThe goal of this study is to investigate differences in executive function (EF) in children with different levels of disruptive behavior problems (DBP).MethodsNinety‐three children between 7 and 12 years old with DBP were compared to 63 normally developing peers on a battery of EF tasks that varied in the amount of required emotion regulation (‘hot’ EF).ResultsDifferences in EF were found between DBP and comparison groups as indexed by hot EF tasks. Self‐reported emotion scales, in conjunction with physiological recordings of heart rate, confirmed that emotions were elicited during hot EF.ConclusionsResults suggest that difficulties in hot EF underlie externalizing problem behaviors in middle childhood.