bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Driver and Front Seat Passenger Fatalities Associated with Air Bag Deployment. Part 2: A Review of Injury Patterns and Investigative Issues
Authors: Shkrum MJ , McClafferty KJ , Nowak ES , German A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Assessment of the role of air bag deployment in injury causation in a crash of any severity requires analysis of occupant, vehicle, and impact data. The potential injurious role of an air bag is independent of crash severity and is more obvious in minor collisions, particularly those involving “out-of-position” occupants. Factors such as occupant height and other constitutional and medical factors, intoxication, age, type, and proper use of other restraint systems, pre-impact braking and multiple impacts can contribute to an occupant being “out-of-position.” Two injury mechanisms are described in out-of-position occupants: “punch-out” when the individual covers the air bag module before deployment and “membrane-force” when the occupant contacts a partly deployed air bag. Each mechanism is associated with injury patterns. In adults, “punch-out“ can cause thoraco-abdominal trauma and “membrane-force” loading can lead to craniocervical injury. This can also occur in short-statured occupants including children subjected to both types of loading. In more severe collisions, other factors, e.g., intrusion, steering column and seatbelt loading and other occupant compartment contacts, can contribute to trauma.
A Comparison of Simulation and Known Groups in the Detection of Malingering on the MMPI-2
Authors: Kucharski LT , Johnsen D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Three groups of 30 inmates, one instructed to respond honestly, one to fake being mentally ill, and one to fake schizophrenia after being educated to its symptoms, were administered the MMPI-2. These simulation groups were compared to two forensic evaluation groups of 30 pretrial defendants, one believed to be mentally ill and one suspected of malingering based on their psychiatric history, in order to compare the results of simulation with those of the forensic context. The results demonstrated that those instructed to feign psychiatric disorder and those suspected of malingering in the forensic context scored significantly higher on all MMPI-2 validity indicators than did those with a history of psychiatric treatment and those instructed to respond honestly, yet did not differ from each other. These findings suggest that the results of simulation designs are comparable to those obtained from forensic subjects. The F(p) Scale failed to add incrementally to F in discriminating the two defendant groups.
Boiling Point Measurement of a Small Amount of Brake Fluid by Thermocouple and Its Application
Authors: Mogami K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study describes a new method for measuring the boiling point of a small amount of brake fluid using a thermocouple and a pear shaped flask. The boiling point of brake fluid was directly measured with an accuracy that was within approximately 3 C of that determined by the Japanese Industrial Standards method, even though the sample volume was only a few milliliters. The method was applied to measure the boiling points of brake fluid samples from automobiles. It was clear that the boiling points of brake fluid from some automobiles dropped to approximately 140 C from about 230 C, and that one of the samples from the wheel cylinder was approximately 45 C lower than brake fluid from the reserve tank. It is essential to take samples from the wheel cylinder, as this is most easily subjected to heating.
Stalking Following the Breakup of Romantic Relationships: Characteristics of Stalking Former Partners
Authors: Roberts KA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study investigated female experiences of stalking by former partners following the dissolution of heterosexual romantic relationships. It aimed to identify those characteristics of former partners that were associated with stalking as opposed to other post-relationship experiences of minor harassment or no-harassment. Three hundred and five female undergraduates (all had experienced dissolution of a heterosexual romantic relationship) completed a 48-item questionnaire. This assessed characteristics of participants, former partners, and experiences of harassment following the relationship. One hundred and five (34.4%) participants were classified as stalking victims; ninety-eight (32.1%) as suffering harassment, and 102 (33.4%) as experiencing no-harassment. No differences were found between the three groups in demographic characteristics of participants or former partners. Stalking former partners were most likely to have: a history of substance use (alcohol and/or drugs); criminal involvement; violence; mental health problems; difficulties in forming relationships; reacting with inappropriate emotion and jealousy and suspiciousness of the participant's relationships with others. These results add to an emerging profile of former partners who are likely to engage in stalking following the dissolution of romantic relationships. The findings are also consistent with explanations of stalking behavior that stress the etiological importance of attachment difficulties (45).
Correlation of Microscopic and Mitochondrial DNA Hair Comparisons
Authors: Houck MM , Budowle B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Expert opinions regarding the microscopic comparison of human hairs have been accepted routinely in courts for decades. However, with the advent of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing, an assessment can be made of the association by microscopic hair comparisons in casework between a questioned hair and reference hairs from an individual. While each method can be used separately, the two analytical methods can be complementary and together can provide additional information regarding source association. Human hairs submitted to the FBI Laboratory for analysis between 1996 and 2000 were reviewed. Of 170 hair examinations, there were 80 microscopic associations; of these, only nine were excluded by mtDNA. Importantly, 66 hairs that were considered either unsuitable for microscopic examinations or yielded inconclusive microscopic associations provided mtDNA results. Only six hairs did not provide sufficient mtDNA, and only three yielded inconclusive results. Consistency was observed in exculpatory results with the two procedures. This study demonstrates the utility of microscopic hair examinations and the strength of combining microscopic analysis with mtDNA sequencing.
Compositional Variation in Bullet Lead Manufacture
Authors: Koons RD , Grant DM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The concentrations of antimony, copper, tin, arsenic, silver, bismuth, and cadmium in lead alloys produced by two smelters and one ammunition manufacturer were determined using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. These element concentrations were used to measure the variations in composition of lead products that result from various processes involved in the manufacture of lead projectiles. In general, when a pot containing molten lead is used to cast a number of objects, these objects are similar, although not necessarily analytically indistinguishable in their elemental compositions. In each subsequent step in the processing of lead at the smelter and at the ammunition manufacturer, the size of an individual homogeneous melt of lead decreases as more distinct compositions are formed as a result of remelting and mixing of sources, including lead scrap. The ammunition manufacturer in this study produced at least 10 compositionally distinguishable groups of bullet wire in a 19.7-h period. The largest group could potentially be used to produce a maximum of 1.3 million compositionally indistinguishable 40 grain bullets.
Death by Compaction in a Garbage Truck
Authors: Staats PN , Jumbelic MI , Dignan CR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We report on two deaths by compaction in a garbage truck that recently occurred in this county. In both cases, the victim apparently climbed into a recycling dumpster to sleep, and was emptied with the contents of the receptacle into a garbage truck. Subsequent compaction of the victim with the load led to death. We also discuss several similar fatalities that have been reported to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.
The Use of SEM/EDS Analysis to Distinguish Dental and Osseus Tissue from Other Materials
Authors: Ubelaker DH , Ward DC , Braz VS , Stewart J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
With increasing frequency, relatively small, fragmentary evidence thought to be osseous or dental tissue of human origin is submitted to the forensic laboratory for DNA analysis with the request for positive identification. Prior to performing DNA analysis, however, it is prudent to first perform a presumptive test or “screen” to determine whether the questioned material may be eliminated from further consideration. When material is shown not to be consistent with bone/teeth, DNA testing is not performed. When such determinations cannot be made from gross morphological features, elemental analysis can be indicative.
This presumptive test is made possible by applying scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) in conjunction with an X-ray spectral database recently developed by the FBI laboratory. This database includes spectra for many different materials including known examples of bone and tooth from many different contexts and representing the full range of taphonomic conditions. Results of SEM/EDS analysis of evidence can be compared to these standards to determine if they are consistent with bone and/or tooth and, if not, then what the material might represent. Analysis suggests that although the proportions and amounts of calcium and phosphorus are particularly important in differentiating bone and tooth from other materials, other minor differences in spectral profile can also provide significant discrimination. Analysis enables bone and tooth to be successfully distinguished from other materials in most cases. Exceptions appear to be ivory, mineral apatite, and perhaps some types of corals.
Estimation of the Quantity of a Drug in a Consignment from Measurements on a Sample
Authors: Aitken CGG , Lucy D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A consignment of individual packages is thought to contain illegal material, such as drugs, in some or all of the packages. A sample from the consignment is inspected and the quantity of drugs in each package of the sample is measured. It is desired to estimate the total quantity of drugs in the consignment. Sampling variation is present in the original measurements and it is not sufficient just to adjust the sample mean pro rata. An analysis is described which takes account of the uncertainty concerning the proportion of the packages that contain drugs and provides a probabilistic summary of the quantity of drugs in the consignment. In particular, a probabilistic lower bound for the quantity of drugs in the consignment is given, which is dependent on the required standard of proof. This is in contrast to the approach based on confidence intervals which assumes that in the long run, the interval will contain the correct quantity the appropriate proportion of the time, but gives no measure of uncertainty associated with the particular consignment under consideration.
Sudden Death Due to an Unrecognized Cardiac Hydatid Cyst
Authors: Malamou-Mitsi V , Pappa L , Vougiouklakis T , Peschos D , Kazakos N , Grekas G , Sideris D , Agnantis NJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Echinococcosis is an endemic disease, most common in sheep-raising communities, usually caused by the larval or cyst stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Isolated cardiac hydatid cyst is uncommon at any age, occurs through the coronary circulation, and accounts for less than 3% of all hydatid disease.
We describe a case of an 18-year-old female, who died suddenly. The post-mortem examination revealed an isolated cyst in the left ventricle of the heart with intact wall. The cytologic examination of the cyst fluid demonstrated the presence of the characteristic scolices and hooklets and es-tablished the diagnosis of cardiac hydatid cyst.
The present case is of special interest because of the rare primary localization and the onset of sudden death in a young person as the initial manifestation of the disease.
Forensic Handwriting Examiners' Expertise for Signature Comparison
Authors: Sita J , Found B , Rogers DK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper reports on the performance of forensic document examiners (FDEs) in a signature comparison task that was designed to address the issue of expertise. The opinions of FDEs regarding 150 genuine and simulated questioned signatures were compared with a control group of non-examiners' opinions.
On the question of expertise, results showed that FDEs were statistically better than the control group at accurately determining the genuineness or non-genuineness of questioned signatures. The FDE group made errors (by calling a genuine signature simulated or by calling a simulated sig-nature genuine) in 3.4% of their opinions while 19.3% of the control group's opinions were erroneous. The FDE group gave significantly more in-conclusive opinions than the control group.
Analysis of FDEs' responses showed that more correct opinions were expressed regarding simulated signatures and more inconclusive opinions were made on genuine signatures. Further, when the complexity of a signature was taken into account, FDEs made more correct opinions on high complexity signatures than on signatures of lower complexity. There was a wide range of skill amongst FDEs and no significant relationship was found between the number of years FDEs had been practicing and their correct, inconclusive and error rates.
The Behavioral and Cognitive Effects of Two Benzodiazepines Associated with Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault
Authors: Dowd SM , Strong MJ , Janicak PG , Negrusz A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recently, sexual assaults have included the use of benzodiazepines to impair the victim. Our aim was to examine the physiological, cognitive, and behavioral effects of flunitrazepam (FN) and clonazepam (CLO). In the first study, ten healthy volunteers received a single oral dose of 2 mg of FN. Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), behavioral reports and staff observations were then collected. In the second study, ten healthy volunteers received a single oral dose of 3 mg of CLO. Vitals signs, performance on the MMSE and Digit Symbol Substitution Test, and behavioral changes were examined. FN significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure 4 h post drug ingestion with diastolic remaining low at 6 h. CLO was associated with changes in temperature and decreased systolic pressure. FN affected memory and attention 4 h following ingestion. CLO affected memory and attention throughout the study (6 h), and psychomotor performance was decreased 2 h post ingestion. In both studies, subjects were disinhibited and did not perceive their own impairment.
Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Involving Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid
Authors: Stillwell ME 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe first case involving an alleged sexual assault linked to the use of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in Oklahoma is reported.A-48-year-old Caucasian woman taking amitriptyline was known to have voluntarily ingested a sports drink containing a relaxing health product. She purportedly experienced unconsciousness that persisted for approximately 4 h. The toxicological testing on urine identified GHB, amitriptyline, and nortriptyline using a capillary Hewlett-Packard 6890 gas chromatograph coupled to a Hewlett-Packard 5973 mass selective detector (MSD). The GHB concentration in urine was 26.9 µg/mL. Urine concentrations of amitriptyline and nortriptyline were not determined. The analytical method used for identifying and quantitating GHB can be applied to matters of forensic interests.
Suicide on Death Row
Authors: Lester D , Tartaro C 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The suicide rate on death row for the period 1976 through 1999 was found to be high (113 per 100,000 per year), some five times higher than the suicide rate for the male population of the United States. The death row suicide rate was predicted by features of the death row population (negatively with the population on death row) and by social indicators of the society as a whole (negatively with birth and divorce rates and positively with marriage rates).
Forensic Radiology with Cross-Section Modalities: Spiral CT Evaluation of a Knife Wound to the Aorta
Authors: Thali MJ , Schwab CM , Tairi K , Dirnhofer R , Vock P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We describe the extraordinary case of a penetrating knife wound to the aorta. The localization of the tip of the knife was documented with a Computed Tomography examination and subsequent two- and three-dimensional reconstruction. Based on this case report, the utilization of computed tomography in forensic science and its potential for vizualization are discussed.
Genetic Variation at Five STR Loci (D10S2325, D13S325, D20S470, D18S51, and D19S253) in Korean Population
Authors: Shin SH , Kim NK , Hwang JH , Park SW , Kim HS , Chung KW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Allele and genotype frequencies of the five STR loci (D10S2325, D13S325, D20S470, D18S51, and D19S253) were determined. Specimens were collected from unrelated volunteer blood donors from a population of Chungnam Province in South Korea (n = 130). DNA was obtained from the blood specimens using the Wizard genomic DNA purification kit (Promega, USA) and amplified using the multiplex PCR (triplex amplification of D10S2325, D13S325, and D20S470; duplex amplification of D18S51 and D19S253). The amplified DNAs were separated by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then visualized by the silver staining (1). Exact x2-test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and pairwise disequilibrium were analyzed using the GDA program written by Lewis P.O. and Zaykin D (2). The chance of exclusion of combined system was 0.9986.
A Father Marries His Daughters: A Case of Incestuous Polygamy
Authors: Myers WC , Brasington SJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Polygamy is a risk factor for incest. This case report of incest and polygamy portrays the dynamics that dominated this family's identity. The father indoctrinated and groomed his biological daughter and stepdaughter for sexual gratification in a cult-like atmosphere, and secretly married both of them. He justified his acts to the family members under the guise of religion, but he later denied allegations of polygamy and sexual contact with his daughters when confronted by the authorities. Ultimately, his parental rights were terminated in family court. The authors interviewed the primary victim and reviewed extensive evidence, including videotapes of the victims talking with detectives and also privately amongst each other. Videotape dialogue excerpts capture how these young girls individually coped with the sexual abuse and responded to becoming child wives in a polygamous family. Criminal charges ultimately were not pursued because the key witness refused to testify against her biological father.
Allele Frequencies of CODIS STR Loci in Chinese Population
Authors: Ji Q , Zhang H , Du H , Dong J , Tang J , Sheng Y , Liao J , Wang Q , Hou Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Specimens of 100 unrelated individuals were collected from Han ethnic group in Sichuan Province of China. DNA was extracted from blood specimens using Chelex 100 method (1).
Genetic Study of 15 Important STR Loci Among Four Major Ethnic Groups of Bihar, India
Authors: Ashma R , Kashyap VK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Access of the Data Via Electronic Mail From Communicating Author Genotype studies at highly polymorphic 15 STR loci were carried out in four major ethnic groups of Bihar, the second most populous state in the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent. The communities included in the present analysis hold a special attraction for human genetic studies because they practice a high degree of endogamy at the community level and exogamy at the sub-population level (1). All the samples used in the study were collected from Bihar only. These population groups belong to upper strata of the Hindu Religion and to date no STR study has reported on them.
Surface Sterilization of a Maggot Using Bleach Does Not Interfere with Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Crop Contents
Authors: Linville JG , Wells JD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA analysis of a maggot crop can identify the corpse a maggot has been feeding on. Analysis of the crop could be useful in a criminal investigation if maggots are found at a suspected crime scene in the absence of a body, or if there is a question of whether a maggot used in postmortem interval estimations moved onto the corpse from another food source. Such analysis can also resolve a chain of custody dispute if it has been suggested that larval samples have been switched. When recovering DNA from a maggot crop, the analyst must be careful to avoid external contamination. We investigated the effects of three simple wash methods developed to reduce external contamination. Maggots raised on pig liver and intentionally contaminated with cow blood were washed using water, 20% bleach, or a solution containing the enzyme DNase. Only washing the maggots in 20% bleach reduced the amount of vertebrate DNA amplified from the maggots' exteriors. No wash method affected the ability to recover DNA from the maggot crops.
Population Data for the STR Systems D3S1358, D8S1179, D18S51, D21S11, and the Y-Chromosomal DYS385 in a Population Sample from Lower Franconia (South Germany)
Authors: Jung S , Patzelt D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Whole liquid blood was obtained from unrelated individuals. DNA extraction was performed using a salting out procedure (1). PCR was carried out for D3S1358, D8S1179, D18S51 (2), D21S11 (3), and DYS385 (4) with 5 ng of DNA each. The PCR products were separated using an ABI 310 automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Power of discrimination was calculated for all examined populations (5). For the autosomal STR-loci heterozygosity value (6) and chance of exclusion (7) were calculated. No significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found in the autosomal STR systems using x2-analysis (P &gt; 0.05). The whole dataset can be downloaded in Microsoft Excel 98 format from http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/rechtsmedizin/populationsdaten.
Western Australian Sub-Population Data for the Thirteen AMPFlSTR® Profiler Plus™ and COfiler™ STR Loci
Authors: Bagdonavicius A , Turbett GR , Buckleton JS , Walsh SJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Allele frequencies were determined for each of the AMPFlSTR® Profiler Plus™ and Cofiler™ STR loci from individuals representing the three major sub-populations of Western Australia, a state of Australia.
Genotype Profile for Thirteen Tetranucleotide Repeat Loci and Two Pentanucleotide Repeat Loci in Four Endogamous Tamil Population Groups of India
Authors: Sitalaximi T , Trivedi R , Kashyap VK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood samples were obtained by venipuncture from random individuals of the populations: Tanjore Kallar (101), Vanniyar (87), Pallar (33) and Paraiyar (21). DNA was isolated using standard phenol/chloroform procedure (1). The 13 tetranucleotide repeat loci and two pentanucleotide repeat loci were amplified using the PowerPlex® 16 system (Promega Corporation, Madison) according to manufacturer's recommendations (2). The amplified products were separated and detected using the ABI Prism™ 377 DNA Sequencer (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City). The data were analyzed using DNATYPE program (3). The genotype frequencies of the 15 loci studied in the four endogamous Tamil populations are given in Tables 1–4. Statistical results for G-square test, exact test, observed and expected homozygosity are presented in Tables 5–8. The data are consistent with that generated on other studied Indian population groups (4–7).