bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Legal Mind of the Internal Market: A Governmentality Perspective on the Judicialization of Monitoring Practices
Authors: Vifell Åsa Casula , Sjögren Ebba 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to contribute to the understanding of the broader effects of monitoring practices in the European Union. The empirical setting is Solvit, a Commission‐initiated network tasked with informal resolution of misapplications of internal market directives by national authorities. All Member States must operate a Solvit centre within their administrations. Using a governmentality approach, the article investigates the normative underpinnings of the technologies deployed by Solvit and the experts which operate them. A survey study of the Solvit network shows the development of an EU identity and a cognitive judicialization which contributes to a depoliticization of issues. This allows Solvit to expand its remit from ex post monitoring to ex ante regulation. While a governance instrument can be designed for a delimited task, a governmentality approach highlights more general mechanisms by which such an instrument's influence and reach may be extended beyond its modest appearances.
Combined effects of physiologically relevant disturbed wall shear stress and glycated albumin on endothelial cell functions associated with inflammation, thrombosis and cytoskeletal dynamics
Authors: Maria Zahra , Yin Wei , Rubenstein David Alan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAims/IntroductionDiabetes mellitus is a major risk factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The presence of advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) promotes CVDs by upregulating endothelial cell (EC) inflammatory and thrombotic responses, in a similar manner as disturbed shear stress. However, the combined effect of disturbed shear stress and AGEs on EC function has yet to be determined. Our goal was to evaluate these effects on EC responses.Materials and MethodsECs were incubated with AGEs for 5 days. ECs were then subjected to physiological or pathological shear stress. Cell metabolic activity, surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, thrombomodulin, connexin‐43 and caveolin‐1, and cytoskeleton organization were quantified.ResultsThe results show that irreversibly glycated albumin and pathological shear stress increased EC metabolic activity, and upregulated and downregulated the EC surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 and thrombomodulin, respectively. Expression of connexin‐43, caveolin‐1 and cytoskeletal organization was independent of shear stress; however, the presence of irreversibly glycated AGEs markedly increased connexin‐43, and decreased caveolin‐1 expression and actin cytoskeletal connectivity.ConclusionsOur data suggest that irreversibly glycated albumin and disturbed shear stress could promote CVD pathogenesis by enhancing EC inflammatory and thrombotic responses, and through the deterioration of the cytoskeletal organization.
Relaxed trait covariance in interspecific cichlid hybrids predicts morphological diversity in adaptive radiations
Authors: Selz O. M. , Lucek K. , Young K. A. , Seehausen O. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe process of adaptive radiation involves multiple events of speciation in short succession, associated with ecological diversification. Understanding this process requires identifying the origins of heritable phenotypic variation that allows adaptive radiation to progress. Hybridization is one source of genetic and morphological variation that may spur adaptive radiation. We experimentally explored the potential role of hybridization in facilitating the onset of adaptive radiation. We generated first‐ and second‐generation hybrids of four species of African cichlid fish, extant relatives of the putative ancestors of the adaptive radiations ofLakesVictoria andMalawi. We compared patterns in hybrid morphological variation with the variation in the lake radiations. We show that significant fractions of the interspecific morphological variation and the major trajectories in morphospace that characterize whole radiations can be generated in second‐generation hybrids. Furthermore, we show that covariation between traits is relaxed in second‐generation hybrids, which may facilitate adaptive diversification. These results support the idea that hybridization can provide the heritable phenotypic diversity necessary to initiate adaptive radiation.
Natural selection and glucocorticoid physiology
Authors: Patterson S. H. , Hahn T. P. , Cornelius J. M. , Breuner C. W. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractGlucocorticoid hormones are considered potent modulators of trade‐offs between reproduction and survival. As such, selection should affect glucocorticoid physiology, although relatively little is known about how selection may act on glucocorticoid profiles. In general, the evolution of physiology is less studied and less well understood than morphological or life history traits. Here, we used a long‐term data set from a population of mountain white‐crowned sparrows to estimate natural selection on glucocorticoid profiles. Our study suggests that survival selection favours higher hormone concentrations for multiple components of glucocorticoid physiology (both baseline and stress‐induced glucocorticoid levels). Fecundity selection varies depending on the component of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal physiology; greater reproductive output was associated with higher baseline glucocorticoid levels, but lower stress‐induced glucocorticoid levels. Additionally, the selection gradient was greater for glucocorticoids than for a morphological trait (wing length). These results support the hypothesis that stress‐induced glucocorticoids increase survival over reproduction within a wild population (the CORT‐trade‐off hypothesis). Taken together, these results add to our knowledge of how selection operates on physiological traits and also provide an evolutionary and ecological perspective on several key open issues in the field of glucocorticoid physiology.
Honey bee hygienic behaviour does not incur a cost via removal of healthy brood
Authors: Bigio G. , Al Toufailia H. , Ratnieks F. L. W. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn the honey bee, hygienic behaviour, the removal of dead or diseased brood from capped cells by workers, is a heritable trait that confers colony‐level resistance against brood diseases. This behaviour is quite rare. Only c. 10% of unselected colonies show high levels of hygiene. Previous studies suggested that hygiene might be rare because it also results in the removal of healthy brood, thereby imposing an ongoing cost even when brood diseases are absent. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying hygienic behaviour in 10 colonies using a standard technique, the freeze‐killed brood (FKB) bioassay. At the same time, we also quantified the removal of untreated brood. The study colonies showed a wide range in hygienic behaviour, removing 19.7–100% of the FKB. The removal of untreated brood ranged from 2% to 44.4%. However, there was no correlation between the two removal rates for any of the four age groups of untreated brood studied (eggs, young larvae, older larvae from uncapped cells and larvae/pupae from capped cells). These results do not support the cost‐to‐healthy‐brood hypothesis for the rarity of hygienic behaviour.
Conflicting selection on the timing of germination in a natural population of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Akiyama R. , Ågren J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe timing of germination is a key life‐history trait that may strongly influence plant fitness and that sets the stage for selection on traits expressed later in the life cycle. In seasonal environments, the period favourable for germination and the total length of the growing season are limited. The optimal timing of germination may therefore be governed by conflicting selection through survival and fecundity. We conducted a field experiment to examine the effects of timing of germination on survival, fecundity and overall fitness in a natural population of the annual herb Arabidopsis thaliana in north‐central Sweden. Seedlings were transplanted at three different times in late summer and in autumn covering the period of seed germination in the study population. Early germination was associated with low seedling survival, but also with high survival and fecundity among established plants. The advantages of germinating early more than balanced the disadvantage and selection favoured early germination. The results suggest that low survival among early germinating seeds is the main force opposing the evolution of earlier germination and that the optimal timing of germination should vary in space and time as a function of the direction and strength of selection acting during different life‐history stages.
Towards the natural classification of tectarioid ferns: Confirming the phylogenetic relationships ofPleocnemiaandPteridrys(eupolypods I)
Authors: LIU Hong‐Mei , HE Li‐Juan , SCHNEIDER Harald 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationships of the two derived fern generaPleocnemiaandPteridryswere considered ambiguous even with molecular evidence from previous studies. In the present study we determined the phylogenetic position based on five plastid DNA regions, namelyatpA,atpB,rbcL, therps4 + rps4–trnSintergenic spacer, and thetrnL‐Fregion, and an expanded taxonomic coverage including several accessions of each of the two genera. Our results showed that the monophyletic genusPleocnemiabelonged to the Dryopteridaceae and was not related to the Tectariaceae, as it had been in the past.Pleocnemiawas found to be closely related to the bolbitidoid and lastreopsioid ferns. The monophyletic genusPteridryswas found to be sister to a clade comprisingTriplophyllumandTectarias.l. Thus, the placement of this genus into Tectariaceae was confirmed. The sinus teeth, the unique similarity shared byPleocnemiaandPteridrys, evolved independently in the two genera. Both genera appeared to have diverged from their closest extant relatives at least since the Eocene, whereas the crown group ages indicated radiation events in the Late Miocene for both genera.
Epileptic seizures as condensed sleep: an analysis of network dynamics from electroencephalogram signals
Authors: Gast Heidemarie , Müller Markus , Rummel Christian , Roth Corinne , Mathis Johannes , Schindler Kaspar , Bassetti Claudio L. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryBoth deepening sleep and evolving epileptic seizures are associated with increasing slow‐wave activity. Larger‐scale functional networks derived from electroencephalogram indicate that in both transitions dramatic changes of communication between brain areas occur. During seizures these changes seem to be ‘condensed’, because they evolve more rapidly than during deepening sleep. Here we set out to assess quantitatively functional network dynamics derived from electroencephalogram signals during seizures and normal sleep. Functional networks were derived from electroencephalogram signals from wakefulness, light and deep sleep of 12 volunteers, and from pre‐seizure, seizure and post‐seizure time periods of 10 patients suffering from focal onset pharmaco‐resistant epilepsy. Nodes of the functional network represented electrical signals recorded by single electrodes and were linked if there was non‐random cross‐correlation between the two corresponding electroencephalogram signals. Network dynamics were then characterized by the evolution of global efficiency, which measures ease of information transmission. Global efficiency was compared with relative delta power. Global efficiency significantly decreased both between light and deep sleep, and between pre‐seizure, seizure and post‐seizure time periods. The decrease of global efficiency was due to a loss of functional links. While global efficiency decreased significantly, relative delta power increased except between the time periods wakefulness and light sleep, and pre‐seizure and seizure. Our results demonstrate that both epileptic seizures and deepening sleep are characterized by dramatic fragmentation of larger‐scale functional networks, and further support the similarities between sleep and seizures.
Mother‐reported sleep, accelerometer‐estimated sleep and weight status in Mexican American children: sleep duration is associated with increased adiposity and risk for overweight/obese status
Authors: Martinez Suzanna M. , Greenspan Louise C. , Butte Nancy F. , Gregorich Steven E. , De Groat Cynthia L. , Deardorff Julianna , Penilla Carlos , Pasch Lauri A. , Flores Elena , Tschann Jeanne M. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryWe know of no studies comparing parent‐reported sleep with accelerometer‐estimated sleep in their relation to paediatric adiposity. We examined: (i) the reliability of mother‐reported sleep compared with accelerometer‐estimated sleep; and (ii) the relationship between both sleep measures and child adiposity. The current cross‐sectional study included 303 Mexican American mother–child pairs recruited from Kaiser Permanente Northern California. We measured sleep duration using maternal report and accelerometry and child anthropometrics. Concordance between sleep measures was evaluated using the Bland–Altman method. We conducted zero‐ordered correlations between mother‐reported sleep, accelerometer‐estimated sleep and child BMI z‐scores (BMIz). Using linear regression, we examined three models to assess child BMIz with mother‐reported sleep (model 1), accelerometer‐estimated sleep (model 2) and both sleep measures (model 3). Children had an average age of 8.86 years (SD = 0.82). Mothers reported that their child slept 9.81 ± 0.74 h [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.72, 9.89], compared to 9.58 ± 0.71 h (95% CI: 9.50, 9.66) based on accelerometry. Mother‐reported sleep and accelerometer‐estimated sleep were correlated (r = 0.33, P < 0.001). BMIz outcomes were associated negatively with mother‐reported sleep duration (model 1: β = −0.13; P = 0.02) and accelerometer‐estimated sleep duration (model 2: β = −0.17; P < 0.01). Accounting for both sleep measures, only accelerometer‐measured sleep was related to BMIz (model 3: β = −0.14, P = 0.02). Each sleep measure was related significantly to adiposity, independent of covariates. Accelerometry appeared to be a more reliable measure of children's sleep than maternal report, yet maternal report may be sufficient to examine the sleep–adiposity relationship when resources are limited.
Analysis of Seroreactivity against Cell Culture–DerivedBartonellaspp. Antigens in Dogs
Authors: Hegarty B.C. , Bradley J.M. , Lappin M.R. , Balakrishnan N. , Mascarelli P.E. , Breitschwerdt E.B. 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundLittle is known about the specificity ofBartonellaspp. immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) assays in dogs. Bacteremia in sick dogs most often has been associated withBartonella henselae(Bh), Bartonella vinsoniisubspeciesberkhoffii(Bvb), andBartonella koehlerae(Bk). Clarification of the diagnostic utility ofIFAserology when testing against these organisms is needed.ObjectiveTo evaluate the specificity ofBartonellaIFAassays utilizing 6 cell culture–grown antigen preparations.AnimalsArchived sera fromSPFdogs (n = 29) and from dogs experimentally infected withBvb(n = 10) andBh(n = 3).MethodsAntibodies (Abs) toBvbgenotypes I, II, and III,Bhserotype I, strains H‐1 andSA2, and toBkwere determined byIFAtesting.ResultsSerum from naïveSPFdogs shown to be negative forBartonellabacteremia did not react with any of the 6Bartonellaantigens byIFAtesting. Dogs experimentally infected withBvbgenotype I developed Abs against homologous antigens, with no cross‐reactivity to heterologousBvbgenotypes,BhH‐1,SA2 strains, or toBk. Dogs experimentally infected withBhserotype I developed Abs againstBhH‐1, but not toBhSA2 strain with no cross‐reactive Abs toBvbgenotypes I–IIIor toBk.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceBartonellaspp. Ab responses during acute experimental infections are species and type specific.
Understorey plant community dynamics following a large, mixed severity wildfire in aPinus ponderosa–Pseudotsuga menziesiiforest,Colorado,USA
Authors: Fornwalt Paula J. , Kaufmann Merrill R. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractQuestionHow do understorey plant communities ofPinus ponderosa–Pseudotsuga menziesiiforests respond during the first 5 yrs following wildfire, and do responses vary with fire severity?LocationColoradoFrontRange,USA.MethodsIn 2002, theHaymanFire burned across 55 800 ha ofColoradoFrontRangeP. ponderosa–P. menziesiiforest. Also burned in the fire were 20 upland and five riparian plots within a 400‐ha study area. These plots had been surveyed for understorey plant composition and cover 5–6 yrs prior. We re‐measured all plots annually from 2003 to 2007, 1–5 yrs post‐fire. Changes in the occurrence of common understorey plant species and in metrics of understorey plant richness and cover were analysed with regard to fire severity and time since fire using repeated measuresANOVA. Compositional changes were explored using ordination.ResultsFire severity (defined in terms of overstorey mortality, overstorey canopy consumption, and forest floor consumption) in upland plots was highly variable, with 50%, 30% and 20% of plots burning with low, moderate and high severity, respectively. For all severities, total cover in uplands declined in the first post‐fire year relative to pre‐fire levels, but met or exceeded pre‐fire levels by post‐fire year five. Total richness in uplands, however, did not similarly decline immediately following fire, due largely to a high return rate of pre‐fire species, and exceeded pre‐fire levels for all severities from post‐fire years 3–5 due to new species recruitment. Over 90% of the common upland species either were found in a similar number of plots before and after the fire, regardless of fire severity or time since fire, or were found in more plots following the fire in at least 1 yr and one severity class. Temporal changes in upland composition occurred for all severities but were most pronounced following moderate and severe fire. In contrast, riparian plots largely burned with low severity, and the understorey plant communities within them exhibited little change in richness, cover and composition over the 5 yrs.ConclusionsOur results suggest that theHaymanFire had largely neutral or stimulatory impacts on understorey plant communities following the first five post‐fire years.
The effects of grazing depend on productivity, and what else?
Authors: Overbeck Gerhard E. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn this issue of the Journal of Vegetation Science, Lezama et al. confirm the hypothesis that the effects of grazing increase with productivity, based on data from steppes and prairies in Argentina and Uruguay. Their study can serve as a starting point for further studies addressing questions on the mechanisms behind vegetation dynamics in grassland, emphasizing the need for experimental studies over larger climatic gradients.
Clonal trait diversity in relation to invasiveness of alien macrophytes in twoHimalayanRamsar sites
Authors: Bashir Shah Ayaz , Reshi Zafar A. , Shah Manzoor A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractQuestionsIn view of the predominance of clonality in aquatic plants and its likely role in plant fitness, we specifically asked whether or not clonality contributes to invasiveness of macrophytes. We also aimed to explore clonal trait diversity in alien aquatic plants and evaluate its implications in the context of species invasiveness.LocationTwoRamsar sites:HokersarWetland andLakeWular,KashmirHimalaya,India.MethodsExtensive field surveys were carried out in the two targetRamsar sites. The clonal growth form categorization was done using theCLO‐PLA3 (clonal plant) database of clonal growth in plants, and the relationship between clonality and invasiveness was examined. We used a stage‐based hierarchical model to categorize the investigated species into different stages of invasion (StagesII,III,IVa,IVb,V) and examine proportion of clonality at various stages of invasion.ResultsA total of 62 wetland plant species were recorded, most of which (58) were alien invasives. We characterized the clonal growth organ (CGO) spectra in the target plant species and categorized them into four space occupancy strategies (i.e. spreading, non‐spreading, splitters and integrators). More than 90% of the studied plants were clonal with a tendency of increasing clonality in plants belonging to higher stages of invasion (StageV).ConclusionsThe present study revealed a significant positive correlation between clonality and species invasiveness, thereby indicating the likely contribution of clonality to invasion success. Given the paucity of studies on the contribution of clonality in invasiveness of alien species, our results have significant implications for invasion management in wetland systems.
Schema reliance and innocent alibi generation
Authors: Leins Drew A. , Charman Steve D. 
Published: December 2013

PurposeAlibis are critical components of innocent suspects' efforts to prove their innocence. However, they can often be inaccurate. Two experiments explored factors influencing innocent alibi generation. Experiment 1 tested the effect of retrieval cue (time vs. location vs. paired time and location) on report accuracy and schema reliance. Experiment 2 tested the effect of the schema consistency of critical whereabouts (consistent vs. inconsistent) on alibi accuracy and schema reliance.MethodsBoth experiments used the same paradigm: Participants engaged in a critical event (two events in Experiment 2), then participated in an ostensibly unrelated study occurring roughly 1 week later. During this unrelated study (in reality, the alibi generating portion of this study), participants were interviewed about their whereabouts for various times during the previous week (including the times of the critical events). Alibis were scored for accuracy and schema consistency.ResultsIn Experiment 1, a time cue and a paired time and location cue yielded lower rates of accuracy than did a location cue. Cues including a time referent yielded high rates of schema reliance. In Experiment 2, accuracy was lower when whereabouts were schema inconsistent than when they were schema consistent. Confidence was high across conditions, irrespective of accuracy.ConclusionTime cuing appears to elicit schema reliance when generating alibis. Schema retrieval may inflate confidence in accuracy; thus, schema reliance may lead to inaccurate reporting, particularly when critical whereabouts are atypical.
Myeloperoxidase in chronic kidney disease: Role of visceral fat
Authors: Tsai Min‐Sung , Shaw Huey‐Mei , Li Yi‐Jen , Lin Meng‐Te , Lee Wen‐Tsung , Chan Khee‐Siang 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimVisceral fat is more significantly correlated with inflammation markers and oxidative stress than is subcutaneous fat. Myeloperoxidase is one inflammatory signal secreted after polymorphonuclear leukocytes are stimulated. However, few studies discuss the correlation between visceral fat and the inflammatory response in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).MethodsSixty‐six patients with CKD were enrolled and 60 healthy participants. Visceral fat levels were obtained using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Traditional risk factors for myeloperoxidase were analyzed.ResultsBaseline myeloperoxidase levels were significantly different between patients and controls, and were correlated with visceral fat after they had been adjusted for residual renal function. A multivariate linear regression model revealed that the neutrophil count and visceral fat and serum albumin levels were significant predictors of plasma myeloperoxidase in patients with CKD, but not in controls. The neutrophil count was correlated with myeloperoxidase only in the CKD group.ConclusionVisceral fat predicted plasma myeloperoxidase in patients with CKD, but not in healthy controls. Myeloperoxidase was probably contributed by primed and activated neutrophils that had been irritated by visceral fat in patients with CKD.