bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coding Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Population Genetics of Nonnative Brook Trout: The Ghost of Introductions Past
Authors: Neville H. M. , Bernatchez L. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractFish have been translocated throughout the world, and introductions often have been executed repeatedly and have used mixtures of different strains from the native range. This history might have contributed to their invasive potential by allowing introduced and invading populations to circumvent expected reductions in genetic diversity from founder effects in a scenario termed the “genetic paradox” of invasions. We characterize patterns of genetic diversity in nonnative Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis, which have been introduced across the western United States for over a century but have also invaded broadly and pose a primary threat to native trout. We analyzed 155 coding gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 34 nonnative Brook Trout populations sampled across eight large river systems as well as samples from the only four hatchery strains with documented use in Idaho. We uncovered similar within‐population genetic diversity and large effective population sizes in naturalized populations compared with hatchery samples. Naturalized populations also showed substantial genetic structuring (maximum pairwise FST = 0.23) across and even within watersheds and indicated suggestions of admixture in certain regions. Assignment probabilities confirmed two main hatcheries as the origin of most fish collected in the field; however, the four hatcheries were excluded as being the origin for 8% of individuals, mirroring results from clustering analyses and suggesting the influence of an additional unsampled hatchery source or sources. Simulated admixtures of hatchery samples produced genetic patterns similar to those observed in field samples, further supporting an influence of multiple historic hatchery stocks on the contemporary genetic structure of Brook Trout in Idaho. Our study highlights the potential contribution of historic hatchery and introduction practices in creating genetically variable and structured naturalized Brook Trout populations across Idaho, which may have allowed these fish to defy the “genetic paradox” early on in their nonnative history and set the stage for successful establishment and subsequent invasion.
Identification of Largemouth Bass Virus in the Introduced Northern Snakehead Inhabiting the Chesapeake Bay Watershed
Authors: Iwanowicz L. , Densmore C. , Hahn C. , McAllister P. , Odenkirk J. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The Northern Snakehead Channa argus is an introduced species that now inhabits the Chesapeake Bay. During a preliminary survey for introduced pathogens possibly harbored by these fish in Virginia waters, a filterable agent was isolated from five specimens that produced cytopathic effects in BF-2 cells. Based on PCR amplification and partial sequencing of the major capsid protein (MCP), DNA polymerase (DNApol), and DNA methyltransferase (Mtase) genes, the isolates were identified as Largemouth Bass virus (LMBV). Nucleotide sequences of the MCP (492 bp) and DNApol (419 pb) genes were 100% identical to those of LMBV. The nucleotide sequence of the Mtase (206 bp) gene was 99.5% identical to that of LMBV, and the single nucleotide substitution did not lead to a predicted amino acid coding change. This is the first report of LMBV from the Northern Snakehead, and provides evidence that noncentrarchid fishes may be susceptible to this virus.
Received April 8, 2013; accepted April 19, 2013
Bronisław Malinowski
Authors: Holdsworth Chris 
Published: July 2013

Bronisław Malinowski (b. 1884–d. 1942) is arguably the most influential anthropologist of the 20th century, certainly for British social anthropology. The list of his students is a who’s who of the most important British anthropologists of the 1930s through to the 1970s and includes, among others, Raymond Firth, E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Audrey Richards, Edmund Leach, Ashley Montagu, Meyer Fortes, and Isaac Schapera. Malinowski saw himself as effecting a revolution in anthropology by rejecting the evolutionary paradigm of his predecessors and introducing functionalism, whereby institutions satisfied human biological needs, as the way to understand other cultures. His lasting legacy, however, is methodological rather than theoretical. It was by exhorting anthropologists to give up their comfortable position on the veranda of the missionary compound or government station and to go and live and work with the people they studied that he effected his real innovation: fieldwork. Although not the first to conduct fieldwork, his lengthy stay among the Trobriand Islanders during World War I established, as Edmund Leach (in Singer 2011, cited under Documentaries) has remarked, how to “do” anthropology. Living with the people he studied, getting to know them personally, participating in their activities, and conducting his research in the vernacular has since become known as participant observation. His collection of monographs and numerous articles on the Trobriand Islanders is perhaps the most extensive ethnography of any people written to date. His magnum opus, Argonauts of the Western Pacific, published in 1922, in which he describes the Kula ring (a complex interisland exchange of arm shell bracelets and necklaces), is one of the first modern ethnographies. Unlike earlier monographs, which were dry catalogues of facts, Malinowski’s ethnographies painted a romantic picture of native life, had an institutional focus, and provided a vivid narrative where the ethnographer is seen to interact with real people. A prolific writer, Malinowski tackled some of the most important and controversial topics of his day: economics, religion, family, sex, psychology, colonialism, and war. He insisted that a proper understanding of culture required viewing these various aspects in context. Malinowski was instrumental in transforming British social anthropology from an ethnocentric discipline concerned with historical origins and based on the writings of travelers, missionaries, and colonial administrators to one concerned with understanding the interconnections between various institutions and based on fieldwork, where the goal was to “grasp the native’s point of view” (Malinowski 1984, p. 25, cited under Fieldwork and Ethnography).
Natural Variation in Maize Aphid Resistance Is Associated with 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-Methoxy-1,4-Benzoxazin-3-One Glucoside Methyltransferase Activity
Authors: Meihls Lisa N. , Handrick Vinzenz , Glauser Gaetan , Barbier Hugues , Kaur Harleen , Haribal Meena M. , Lipka Alexander E. , Gershenzon Jonathan , Buckler Edward S. , Erb Matthias , Köllner Tobias G. , Jander Georg 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Plants differ greatly in their susceptibility to insect herbivory, suggesting both local adaptation and resistance tradeoffs. We used maize (Zea mays) recombinant inbred lines to map a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for the maize leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) susceptibility to maize Chromosome 1. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the same locus was also associated with high levels of 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside (HDMBOA-Glc) and low levels of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside (DIMBOA-Glc). In vitro enzyme assays with candidate genes from the region of the QTL identified three O-methyltransferases (Bx10a-c) that convert DIMBOA-Glc to HDMBOA-Glc. Variation in HDMBOA-Glc production was attributed to a natural CACTA family transposon insertion that inactivates Bx10c in maize lines with low HDMBOA-Glc accumulation. When tested with a population of 26 diverse maize inbred lines, R. maidis produced more progeny on those with high HDMBOA-Glc and low DIMBOA-Glc. Although HDMBOA-Glc was more toxic to R. maidis than DIMBOA-Glc in vitro, BX10c activity and the resulting decline of DIMBOA-Glc upon methylation to HDMBOA-Glc were associated with reduced callose deposition as an aphid defense response in vivo. Thus, a natural transposon insertion appears to mediate an ecologically relevant trade-off between the direct toxicity and defense-inducing properties of maize benzoxazinoids.
Mineralocorticoid receptor and cardiac arrhythmia
Authors: Gravez Basile , Tarjus Antoine , Jaisser Frederic 
Published: July 2013

Summary

Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation has been shown to play a deleterious role in the development of heart disease in studies using specific MR antagonists (spironolactone, eplerenone) in both experimental models and patients. Pharmacological MR blockade attenuates the transition to heart failure (HF) in models of systolic left ventricular dysfunction and myocardial infarction, as well as diastolic dysfunction, in rats and mice. In humans, MR antagonism is highly beneficial in patients with mild or advanced HF and postinfarct HF. The consequences of aldosterone and MR activation for cardiac arrhythmia and its prevention and/or correction by MR antagonists are often underestimated.

Activation of MR modulates cardiac electrical activity, causing atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. A pro‐arrhythmogenic effect of aldosterone (possibly partly dependent on fibrosis) has been suggested by several studies. Cardiac MR activation has important consequences for the control of cellular calcium homeostasis, action potential lengthening, modulation of calcium transients and sarcoplasmic reticulum diastolic leaks, resulting in the promotion of rhythm disorders. Aldosterone and/or MR activation (in both cardiomyocytes and coronary vessels) result in vascular dysfunction and also contribute to pro‐arrhythmogenic conditions.

Together, the pro‐arrhythmic effects of aldosterone and/or MR may explain the highly beneficial effect of MR antagonism, namely a decrease in the incidence of sudden death, observed in the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES) and Eplerenone Post‐Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study (EPHESUS) studies.
Linguistic and pragmatic skills in toddlers with cochlear implant
Authors: Rinaldi Pasquale , Baruffaldi Francesca , Burdo Sandro , Caselli Maria Cristina 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundAn increasing number of deaf children received cochlear implants (CI) in the first years of life, but no study has focused on linguistic and pragmatic skills in children with CI younger than 3 years of age.AimsTo estimate the percentage of children who had received a CI before 2 years of age whose linguistic skills were within the normal range; to compare linguistic skills of children implanted by 12 months of age with children implanted between 13 and 26 months of age; and to describe the relationship among lexical, grammar and pragmatic skills.Methods & ProceduresThe participants consisted of children who were included on the patient lists of the Service of Audio‐Vestibology of the Circolo Hospital in Varese, Italy, and met the following criteria: chronological age between 18 and 36 months; CI activated between 8 and 30 months of age; absence of other reported deficits; hearing parents; and not less than 6 months of CI experience. Language development was evaluated through MacArthur–Bates CDI; pragmatic skills (assertiveness and responsiveness) were evaluated through the Social Conversational Skills Rating Scale. The scores obtained were transformed into z‐scores and compared with normative data. The relationship among lexical, grammar and pragmatic skills were tested using Spearman Rho correlations. Children with CI were divided into groups based on the age at CI activation and the differences between the two groups were tested using the Student's t‐test.Outcomes & ResultsData from 23 deaf children were collected. Fewer than half of the children were within the normal range for lexical production and use of sentences; more than one‐third of them fell below the normal range for both lexical and grammar skills. No significant difference was found in vocabulary size or early grammar skills when comparing children who received the CI by 12 months of age with those implanted during the second year of life. Despite the strong relationship among lexical, grammar and pragmatic skills, the delays found for grammar and pragmatic skills were greater than expected based on the vocabulary size. Age at diagnosis of hearing loss was the only predictor of vocabulary size.Conclusions & ImplicationsCI may provide deaf children with a good opportunity to develop language skills, but severe difficulties in early social experiences and interaction mediated by language still remain. Delays in these aspects suggest that interventions improving pragmatic skills are recommended even on very young children with CI.
What Role for Social Science in the ‘Urban Age'?
Authors: Gleeson Brendan 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThere is growing recognition of a new human ascendancy: ‘the urban age’. Rising interest in urbanism is evident in popular literature, the media and major global institutions. And yet, as with another great issue of the age, global warming, there is evidence that social science is being sidelined from a rapidly enlarging field of human concern. New urban knowledges are forwarded from the physical sciences and from popular commentary that are characterized by naturalism and its kindred tendencies, especially determinism. In this essay I consider why social scientific urbanism seems increasingly marginal to an ever broadening urban discussion. The regressive consequences for human knowledge and prospect are essayed. The essay's final part is prospectus: for a revivified social scientific urbanism that draws from Sayer's recent argument for renewal of critical human knowledge.
Software‐supported evaluation of gastric motility in MRI: A feasibility study
Authors: Bickelhaupt Sebastian , Froehlich Johannes M , Cattin Roger , Raible Stephan , Bouquet Hanspeter , Bill Urs , Patak Michael A 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of dedicated motility assessment software for quantitative evaluation of basic gastric motility and to validate it using manual measurements.MethodsTen patients (5 males/5 females, mean 41 years) out of a previous series of small bowel MR‐enterography examinations with well visible stomachs were included in this Institutional Reviews Board approved, retrospective study. MRI (1.5‐T, Siemens Sonata) was performed after standardised oral preparation (3% aqueous mannitol over 1 h). Coronal 2DtrueFISP (TR 283.8/TE 1.89/FOV400/10 mm slice) motility acquisitions covering the entire abdomen were performed in apnoea. For each patient, image analysis for assessment of gastric motility was performed both manually and using the dedicated software either the proximal (n = 5) or in the distal (n = 5) gastric corpus. The main quantitative endpoints (amplitude, frequency) describing gastric motility were compared using (paired) Student's t‐Test.ResultsAll motility curves qualitatively matched each other (10/10). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found for amplitudes (mean: 18.17 mm manual; 17.78 mm software), contraction frequencies (5.1/min; 4.7/min) and mean lumen diameters (34.12 mm; 33.13 mm), respectively. Mean duration for a single measurement was significantly (P < 0.001) lower with the software (6.40 min manual technique; 1.40 min software assisted).ConclusionsThe software proves to be feasible for fast and accurate measurement of basic gastric motility parameters providing comparable data in comparison to manual assessment methods. It might help to reduce the time needed for assessment of relevant characteristics of gastric motility.
Fault Lines and Issue Linkages at the G20: New Challenges for Global Economic Governance
Authors: Knaack Peter , Katada Saori N. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe G20 emerged at the center stage of global economic governance in 2008. At the time, it was designed to be an inclusive and effective intergovernmental body. However, we find evidence of a slowdown of the G20's development by tracing the evolution of the G20 agenda during the seven summits held to date. We argue that the principle reason for the lack of progress is that the expansion of the issues covered by this international organization created new dividing lines among G20 members and also made preexisting ones more salient. Rather than reaching increasingly shallow consensus on a wider a range of issues, state leaders should sharpen the G20 agenda, avoid politicization, and frame issues in ways that prevent the formation of opposition along national lines.
Learning from Child Protection Systems Mapping and Analysis in West Africa: Research and Policy Implications
Authors: Krueger Alexander , Thompstone Guy , Crispin Vimala 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article presents the findings of a research process undertaken by Child Frontiers to map and assess the child protection systems of five West African countries. It highlights that the primary obstacle to the effective functioning of these systems is the lack of congruence between formal strategies, actual state capabilities and resources, and community values and priorities. The findings are discussed within the context of the emerging global debate about child protection systems. The conclusions demonstrate that policy makers at national, regional and international levels should look beyond transplanting external models to the West African context, but rather adopt long‐term processes to design systems that are culturally appropriate and operational within the boundaries of available and planned resources. Policy makers at all levels should avoid the temptation of ‘quick fixes’ but, in building and reforming child protection systems in West Africa and beyond, endeavour to promote sustained, government‐led processes that redefine the core principles and foundations of the system. The outcome will be that child protection systems function in an optimal way for children and families.
A Proposal for Truly Global Poverty Measures
Authors: Ravallion Martin , Chen Shaohua 
Published: July 2013

AbstractStandard absolute poverty measures probably understate poverty rates in rich countries, given that their residents face higher welfare costs of social inclusion and relative deprivation. At the same time, standard measures of relative poverty probably understate the extent of poverty in poor countries, given that these measures attach little value to social inclusion needs at low mean income. This article provides the first estimates of a new class of truly global measures that aim to avoid these deficiencies of past measures. The results indicate that worsening distribution in the set of high‐income countries has pushed up the incidence of relative poverty since 1990, but not by as much as success against absolute poverty has swelled the ranks of the relatively poor in the developing world. The incidence of purely relative poverty is now higher in the developing world than among rich countries – reversing the historical pattern.
Islamic Feminism: Roots, Development and Policies
Authors: Eyadat Zaid 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe current and future impact of Islamic feminism within the political framework of the Arab world is profound. In order to understand the current relevance of Islamic feminism, this article first examines the roots of feminism in the Arab world, analyzing the fundamental differences and commonalities that Islamic feminism has with western feminism. The diverse categories of Islamic feminism are then discussed, focusing on universalism within the framework of hermeneutic Islamic discourse. Islamic feminism is then reconstructed around its methodologies. This article asserts that the hermeneutic strain of Islamic feminism is the overarching paradigm to be employed, as it presents women's rights within the context of the Qur'an and women's right to perform ijtihad (personal interpretation based on logical reasoning), rejecting patriarchal influences. Islamic feminism and its place within the rise of modern Islam theorizing is then shown as a viable explanatory factor in the recent shaping of political and cultural discussions on the role of religion in the political sphere, especially in the context of the Arab Spring.
From “awake” to “monitored anesthesia care” thoracic surgery: A 15 year evolution
Authors: Mineo Tommaso C. , Tacconi Federico 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAlthough general anesthesia still represents the standard when performing thoracic surgery, the interest toward alternative methods is increasing. These have evolved from the employ of just local or regional analgesia techniques in completely alert patients (awake thoracic surgery), to more complex protocols entailing conscious sedation and spontaneous ventilation. The main rationale of these methods is to prevent serious complications related to general anesthesia and selective ventilation, such as tracheobronchial injury, acute lung injury, and cardiovascular events. Trends toward shorter hospitalization and reduced overall costs have also been indicated in preliminary reports. Monitored anesthesia care in thoracic surgery can be successfully employed to manage diverse oncologic conditions, such as malignant pleural effusion, peripheral lung nodules, and mediastinal tumors. Main non‐oncologic indications include pneumothorax, emphysema, pleural infections, and interstitial lung disease. Furthermore, as the familiarity with this surgical practice has increased, major operations are now being performed this way. Despite the absence of randomized controlled trials, there is preliminary evidence that monitored anesthesia care protocols in thoracic surgery may be beneficial in high‐risk patients, with non‐inferior efficacy when compared to standard operations under general anesthesia. Monitored anesthesia care in thoracic surgery should enter the armamentarium of modern thoracic surgeons, and adequate training should be scheduled in accredited residency programs.
Differentially expressed wheat genes in response to powdery mildew infection
Authors: Li C.X. , Hu L. , Xu W.G. , Zhang L. , Dong H.B. , Wang H.W. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPowdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is an important foliar disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. The PmHNK gene confers a high level of resistance to several races of Bgt in the Henan Province, China. To identify differentially expressed transcripts during host–pathogen interaction, two bulks of F3 plants contrasting in the presence of PmHNK derived from cross Zhoumai 22 × Zhoumai 19 were inoculated with a Bgt isolate 08B1. Wheat tissue from each bulk was collected at 24 and 48 h after inoculation and characterised for gene expression patterns during the R‐gene‐mediated compatible and incompatible interactions using the Affymetrix Wheat GeneChip. A total of 289 up‐regulated and 154 down‐regulated transcripts were identified in the incompatible interaction, and 218 up‐regulated and 167 down‐regulated transcripts were found in the compatible interaction. Among the differentially expressed transcripts, only 100 were unique for the incompatible interaction and 42 were unique for the compatible interaction. In addition, 34 PmHNK regulated and 15 Pmhnk regulated transcripts were constitutively expressed. Annotation of the induced transcripts revealed that the presence of PmHNK resulted in a resistance response involving salicylic acid and ethylene signalling pathways and defence‐related transcripts, including hypersensitive response (HR) specific transcripts. These findings will provide new insights in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlining wheat resistance to powdery mildew.