bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infantile Nystagmus and Visual Deprivation: Foveal Instability and Refractive Development in a Low Vision Register Series
Authors: Fledelius Hans C. , Jensen Hanne 
Published: June 2014

Purpose To evaluate whether effects of early foveal motor instability due to infantile nystagmus might compare to those of experimental visual deprivation on refraction in a childhood series. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of data from the Danish Register for Blind and Weak-sighted Children with infantile nystagmus recorded as prime diagnosis. We perused 90 records of children now aged 10–17 years, some of whom eventually exceeded the register borderline of 0.3 as best-corrected visual acuity. Spherical equivalent refraction was the primary outcome parameter, but visual acuity, astigmatism, and age were further considered. The series comprised 48 children with nystagmus as single diagnosis, whereas 42 had clinical colabels (Down syndrome [ 13 ], dysmaturity [ 9 ], and mental retardation, encephalopathy [ 20 ]). Results Median binocular visual acuity was 0.3 in the full series, and median refraction was emmetropia in all subgroups. Compared with Danish control data, myopia was over-represented, and generally of juvenile onset. The Down syndrome subgroup was separated from the remainder by an even higher myopia prevalence. Astigmatism above 1 D cylinder value was recorded in 52% of all cases. Conclusions The prevalence of myopia and astigmatism was higher among children with nystagmus than in controls. Myopia was mainly juvenile, and not related to the period of infancy when the motor foveal smear is considered most disturbing and possibly influencing visual development.
Optic Nerve and Visual Pathways Primary Glioblastoma Treated with Radiotherapy and Temozolomide Chemotherapy
Authors: Caignard Angélique , Faguer Rogatien , Mercier Philippe , Menei Philippe , Milea Dan 
Published: June 2014

Purpose Primary malignant gliomas of the optic nerves are rare tumors of adulthood, progressing rapidly to blindness and to death within several months, regardless of the type of treatment. Recently, treatments associating radiotherapy and temozolomide have been used in other types of glioblastomas, but their impact on optic nerve malignant gliomas is not known. Methods This was a retrospective case series of 2 patients diagnosed with primary optic nerve and chiasm glioblastoma (GBM), treated with radiotherapy and concomitant temozolomide. Results A 74-year-old man presented with visual loss caused by an infiltrative and enhancing lesion, affecting the left optic nerve and the chiasm, subsequently confirmed as GBM World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV. The patient was treated with external conformal radiotherapy (54 Gy over 42 days) and concomitant chemotherapy with temozolomide (75 mg/m2/day), followed by 6 monthly cycles of adjuvant treatment (250 mg/day for 5 days). The second patient was a 74-year-old woman diagnosed with bilateral visual loss due to pathologically confirmed GBM (WHO grade IV). She was treated with temozolomide (220 mg/day) for 1 month, followed by radiotherapy (54 Gy over 42 days) and temozolomide chemotherapy (75 mg/m2/day). There was no adjuvant regimen. This treatment resulted in disease stabilization and partial preservation of vision during 12 months for patient 1, 8 months for patient 2. Survival after first examination was 15 and 11 months, respectively. Conclusions Combined radiotherapy and temozolomide may be an alternative treatment in optic nerve and visual pathways primary GBM, potentially providing a longer survival.
Accidental Injections of Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant (Ozurdex®) into the Crystalline Lens
Authors: Coca-Robinot Javier , Casco-Silva Bruno , Armadá-Maresca Felix , García-Martínez Jesús 
Published: June 2014

Purpose To describe the side effects and management after inadvertent injection of a dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex®) into the crystalline lens. Methods Two case reports. Results Two patients with macular edema due to unilateral retinal vein occlusion were scheduled for an intravitreal injection of Ozurdex®. During the procedure, the implant was accidentally injected into the crystalline lens. Both patients developed cataracts during the course of several weeks and in both there was an intraocular pressure (IOP) increase, which required treatment with topical hypotensives. Macular edema improved only slightly. Cataract surgery with uneventful removal of the implant was performed 3 (case 1) and 6 months (case 2) after the injection. Conclusions After inadvertent injection of Ozurdex® into the crystalline lens, cataract surgery with removal of the implant should be performed as soon as possible in order to avoid IOP increase and so that the underlying condition may be treated adequately.
Proceedings of the African Pathologists Summit; March 22–23, 2013; Dakar, Senegal: A Summary
Authors: Groups African Pathologists' Summit Working 
Published: June 2014

Context
This report presents the proceedings of the African Pathologists Summit, held under the auspices of the African Organization for Research and Training in Cancer.

Objectives
To deliberate on the challenges and constraints of the practice of pathology in Sub-Saharan Africa and the avenues for addressing them.

Participants
Collaborating organizations included the American Society for Clinical Pathology; Association of Pathologists of Nigeria; British Division of the International Academy of Pathology; College of Pathologists of East, Central and Southern Africa; East African Division of the International Academy of Pathology; Friends of Africa–United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology Initiative; International Academy of Pathology; International Network for Cancer Treatment and Research; National Cancer Institute; National Health and Laboratory Service of South Africa; Nigerian Postgraduate Medical College; Royal College of Pathologists; West African Division of the International Academy of Pathology; and Faculty of Laboratory Medicine of the West African College of Physicians.

Evidence
Information on the status of the practice of pathology was based on the experience of the participants, who are current or past practitioners of pathology or are involved in pathology education and research in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Consensus Process
The deliberations were carried out through presentations and working discussion groups.

Conclusions
The significant lack of professional and technical personnel, inadequate infrastructure, limited training opportunities, poor funding of pathology services in Sub-Saharan Africa, and their significant impact on patient care were noted. The urgency of addressing these issues was recognized, and the recommendations that were made are contained in this report.
Une réconciliation insaisissable : le mouvement de la bonne entente, 1916-1930
Authors: Talbot Robert , Bérubé Christian 
Published: June 2014

Le mouvement de la « bonne entente » (1916 - années 1930), lancé par un petit groupe d’anglophones ontariens, avait pour objectif de favoriser le dialogue entre Canadiens français et Canadiens anglais, qui faisait cruellement défaut pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, par le rapprochement entre les élites des deux groupes linguistiques. Jusqu’ici, les historiens ont surtout vu dans ce mouvement une stratégie visant à faire accepter en douce la conscription aux Canadiens français. Dans cet article, nous soutenons toutefois que la conscription n’était pas nécessairement la seule priorité, ni même la plus importante, dans l’esprit de nombreux membres anglophones. L’objectif de la Ligue de la Bonne Entente (1916) était plutôt de retrouver l’esprit d’unité et de ferveur patriotique qui avait imprégné la société canadienne — française et anglaise — au moment du déclenchement des hostilités. Après la guerre, la Ligue et les organisations qui lui ont succédé ont exigé, en coulisse, l’abrogation du Règlement XVII par le gouvernement de l’Ontario. De la Première Guerre mondiale à la crise, le mouvement de la bonne entente a prêché modération et unité dans une société très divisée. Il a contribué à rétablir le processus de rapprochement des élites et a donné naissance à un nationalisme civique canadien.
Automatic imaging of earthquake rupture processes by iterative deconvolution and stacking of high‐rate GPS and strong motion seismograms
Authors: Zhang Yong , Wang Rongjiang , Zschau Jochen , Chen Yun‐tai , Parolai Stefano , Dahm Torsten 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBy combining the complementary advantages of conventional network inversion and backprojection methods, we have developed an iterative deconvolution and stacking (IDS) approach for imaging earthquake rupture processes with near‐field complete waveform data. This new approach does not need any manual adjustment of the physical (empirical) constraints, such as restricting the rupture time and duration, and smoothing the spatiotemporal slip distribution. Therefore, it has the ability to image complex multiple ruptures automatically. The advantages of the IDS method over traditional linear or nonlinear optimization algorithms are demonstrated by the case studies of the 2008 Wenchuan and 2011 Tohoku earthquakes. For such large earthquakes, the IDS method is considerably more stable and efficient than previous inversion methods. Additionally, the robustness of this method is demonstrated by comprehensive synthetic tests, indicating its potential contribution to tsunami and earthquake early warning and rapid response systems. It is also shown that the IDS method can be used for teleseismic waveform inversions. For the two major earthquakes discussed here, the IDS method can provide, without tuning any physical or empirical constraints, teleseismic rupture models consistent with those derived from the near‐field GPS and strong motion data.
Retrieval of nitrous oxide from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder: Characterization and validation
Authors: Xiong Xiaozhen , Maddy Eric S. , Barnet Chris , Gambacorta Antonia , Patra Prabir K. , Sun Fengying , Goldberg Mitchell 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis paper presents the retrieval algorithm of nitrous oxide (N2O) using the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on EOS/Aqua, its validation using aircraft measurements, and one possible application for monitoring the global N2O annual trend from 2003 to 2013. The results demonstrate that AIRS is sensitive to N2O in the middle to upper troposphere, with the peak vertical sensitivity between 200 and 750 hPa and the sensitivity in the tropics larger than in the high‐latitude regions. The degrees of freedom of the N2O retrieval are mostly between 1.0 and 1.5. Validation using the aircraft measurement profiles by the High‐Performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research Pole‐to‐Pole Observations program over the Pacific Ocean indicated that the retrieval RMS error is mostly less than 8 ppb (or ~2.1%). One important feature is that the variability of N2O from AIRS is more than 2 times than that of the aircraft measurements in the lower troposphere. In agreement with surface measurements, a nearly linear trend of N2O can be obtained based on limited AIRS data of 1 day in 15 May in each year from 2003 to 2013, and the increase rate of N2O is about 0.72 ppb yr−1. This algorithm will be implemented in AIRS operational retrieval system, enabling the derivation of the N2O for over 20 years using the AIRS, the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer, and the Cross‐track Infrared Sounder. Such a unique product will be complementary to currently sparse ground‐based observations for monitoring the N2O trend associated with climate change.
The 2010–2014.3 global earthquake rate increase
Authors: Parsons Tom , Geist Eric L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn light of a heightened global earthquake rate during the first quarter of 2014 and recent studies concluding that large earthquakes affect global seismicity for extended periods, we revisit the question whether the temporal distribution of global earthquakes shows clustering beyond that expected from a time‐independent Poisson process. We examine a broad window from 1979 to 2014.3 forM ≥ 7.0 shocks, and a narrow window forM ≥ 5.0 seismicity since 2010 that has higher than average rates. We test whether a Poisson process can be falsified at 95% confidence to assess the degree of dependent clustering in the catalogs. If aftershocks within at least one rupture length from main shocks/foreshocks are filtered, then we find no evidence of global scaleM ≥ 5.2–5.6 (depending on parameters) clustering since 2010 that demands a physical explanation. There is evidence for interdependence below this threshold that could be a consequence of catalog completeness or a physical process.
Pyroclast Tracking Velocimetry illuminates bomb ejection and explosion dynamics at Stromboli (Italy) and Yasur (Vanuatu) volcanoes
Authors: Gaudin Damien , Taddeucci Jacopo , Scarlato Piergiorgio , Moroni Monica , Freda Carmela , Gaeta Mario , Palladino Danilo Mauro 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA new image processing technique—Pyroclast Tracking Velocimetry—was used to analyze a set of 30 high‐speed videos of Strombolian explosions from different vents at Stromboli (Italy) and Yasur (Vanuatu) volcanoes. The studied explosions invariably appear to result from the concatenation of up to a hundred individual pyroclast ejection pulses. All these pulses share a common evolution over time, including (1) a non‐linear decrease of the pyroclast ejection velocity, (2) an increasing spread of ejection angle, and (3) an increasing size of the ejected pyroclasts. These features reflect the dynamic burst of short‐lived gas pockets, in which the rupture area enlarges while pressure differential decreases. We estimated depth of pyroclast release to be approximately 1 and 8 m below the surface at Stromboli and Yasur, respectively. In addition, explosions featuring more frequent pulses also have higher average ejection velocities and larger total masses of pyroclasts. These explosions release a larger overall amount of energy stored in the pressurized gas by a combination of more frequent and stronger ejection pulses. In this context, the associated kinetic energy per explosion, ranging 103–109 J appears to be a good proxy for the explosion magnitude. Differences in the pulse‐defining parameters among the different vents suggest that this general process is modulated by geometrical factors in the shallow conduit, as well as magma‐specific rheology. Indeed, the more viscous melt of Yasur, compared to Stromboli, is associated with larger vents producing fewer pulses but larger pyroclasts.
Development and Preliminary Testing of a Computerized Animated Activity Questionnaire in Patients With Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Peter W. F. , Loos M. , de Vet H. C. W. , Boers M. , Harlaar J. , Roorda L. D. , Poolman R. W. , Scholtes V. A. B. , Boogaard J. , Buitelaar H. , Steultjens M. , Roos E. M. , Guillemin F. , Rat A. C. , Benedetti M. G. , Escobar A. , Østerås N. , Terwee C. B. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo develop an Animated Activity Questionnaire (AAQ) based on video animations for assessing activity limitations in patients with hip/knee osteoarthritis (OA) that combines the advantages of self‐reported questionnaires and performance‐based tests without many of their limitations and to preliminarily assess its reliability and validity. We hypothesized that the AAQ would correlate highly with performance‐based tests and moderately with self‐reported questionnaires.MethodsItem selection was based on the pilot AAQ, prespecified conditions, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health core set for OA, existing measurement instruments, and focus groups of patients. Test–retest reliability was assessed in 30 of 110 patients. In 110 patients, correlations were calculated between the AAQ and the self‐reported Hip Disability/Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score activities of daily living subscale (H/KOOS). In 45 of 110 patients, correlations with performance‐based tests (stair climbing test, timed up and go test, and 30‐second chair stand test) were calculated.ResultsIn total, 17 basic daily activities were chosen for the AAQ. Video animations were made showing a person performing each activity with 3–5 different levels of difficulty. Patients were asked to select the level that best matched their own performance. Reliability was high (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.97 [95% confidence interval 0.93–0.98]); the AAQ correlated highly with performance‐based tests (0.62), but higher with the H/KOOS (0.76) than expected.ConclusionA computerized AAQ for assessing activity limitations was developed. Content validity was considered good. Preliminary validation results showed high reliability, but construct validity needs further study with a larger sample size. Continuing research will focus on construct validity and crosscultural validity.
6‐Azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes via Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Alkene Carboamination
Authors: Casavant Barbara J. , Hosseini Azade S. , Chemler Sherry R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBridged bicyclic rings containing nitrogen heterocycles are important motifs in bioactive small organic molecules. An enantioselective copper‐catalyzed alkene carboamination reaction that creates bridged heterocycles is reported herein. Two new rings are formed in this alkene carboamination reaction where N‐sulfonyl‐2‐aryl‐4‐pentenamines are converted to 6‐azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes using the complex [Ph‐Box‐Cu](OTf)2 or related catalysts in the presence of manganeses dioxide (MnO2) as stoichiometric oxidant in moderate to good yields and generally excellent enantioselectivities. Two new stereocenters are formed in the reaction, and the CC bond‐forming arene addition is a net CH functionalization.magnified image
Hodgkin lymphoma: 2014 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Ansell Stephen M. 
Published: June 2014

Disease overview: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is an uncommon B‐cell lymphoid malignancy affecting 9,200 new patients annually and representing approximately 11.5% of all lymphomas in the United States.Diagnosis: HL is composed of two distinct disease entities; the more commonly diagnosed classical HL and the rare nodular lymphocyte‐predominant HL. Nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depletion, and lymphocyte‐rich HL are subgroups under the designation of classical HL.Risk stratification: An accurate assessment of the stage of disease in patients with HL is critical for the selection of the appropriate therapy. Prognostic models that identify patients at low or high risk for recurrence, as well as the response to therapy as determined by positron emission tomography scan, are used to optimize therapy.Risk‐adapted therapy: Initial therapy for HL patients is based on the histology of the disease, the anatomical stage, and the presence of poor prognostic features. Patients with early stage disease are treated with combined modality strategies using abbreviated courses of combination chemotherapy followed by involved‐field radiation therapy, while those with advanced stage disease receive a longer course of chemotherapy often without radiation therapy.Management of relapsed/refractory disease: High‐dose chemotherapy (HDCT) followed by an autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is the standard of care for most patients who relapse following initial therapy. For patients who fail HDCT with ASCT, brentuximab vedotin, palliative chemotherapy, nonmyeloablative allogeneic transplant, or participation in a clinical trial should be considered. Am. J. Hematol. 89:772–779, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biocatalyic synthesis of unusually photoluminescent oligomers and electrically conducting polymers of 4‐(3‐pyrrolyl)butyric acid
Authors: Bouldin Ryan M. , Kokil Akshay , Ponrathnam Timothy , Urban Nicholas , Kumar Jayant , Samuelson Lynne A. , Nagarajan Ramaswamy 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTUnusually photoluminescent undoped oligomers and doped electrically conducting polymers of 4‐(3‐Pyrrolyl)butyric acid have been enzymatically synthesized using the oxidoreductase soybean peroxidase as a catalyst. This biocatalytic approach provides a direct route to a fluorescent‐undoped oligomer of pyrrole that requires no protection/deprotection chemistry. The synthesis is carried out in aqueous media that requires only monomer, enzyme, and hydrogen peroxide. The undoped oligomer exhibits stable emission properties and is highly sensitive to the presence of environmentally important metal ions, such as Co(II), Hg(II), and Cu(II) in solution. Electrically conducting polymers can also be obtained by adding a dopant to a buffered reaction solution prior to initiating the polymerization. Polymers doped with camphor‐10‐sulfonic acid exhibit conductivity values as high as 10−2 S/cm. Additionally, polymers synthesized in the presence of a biobased cationic template, N,N,N‐trimethylchitosan chloride, exhibit conductivity values that are an order of magnitude greater than polymers synthesized with the anionic polymeric template, poly(styrene sulfonic acid)‐sodium salt. The biobased synthetic strategy described here is the first report of directly obtaining an undoped, fluorescent conjugated oligomer of a pyrrole in aqueous solution. Unlike conventional chemical catalysts, the enzyme does not dope the oligomer and therefore provides the opportunity to directly obtain fluorescent conjugated species. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41035.
Submerged friction stir weld of polyethylene sheets
Authors: Gao Jicheng , Shen Yifu , Zhang Jingqing , Xu Haisheng 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe objective of this research work is to join polyethylene sheets using submerged friction stir welding by varying rotation speeds and traverse speeds. The effects of process parameters on macrostructure, microstructure, and mechanical property are investigated. The result indicates that the tensile strength increases at first and then decreases with the increase of rotation speed and traverse speed. The maximum tensile strength value of underwater welded joint is 12.3 MPa which is higher than normal weld joint. The microstructure of joint is investigated by using metallurgic microscope and laser scanning confocal microscope. The major microdefect of the interface is crack and air bubble. The result of differential scanning calorimetry which is used to measure the crystalline content of materials indirectly shows the crystalline content of parent material, heat affected zone, thermomechanically affected zone, and weld nugget approximate are 54.5%, 54.0% 51.1%, and 48.2%, respectively. The chief reasons of decrease in the tensile strength are formation of crack and air bubble and the decrease of crystalline content. The analysis of small angle X‐ray scattering indicates that the long period of weld regions decreases comparing parent material. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41059.