bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic Disparities and Other Factors Affecting Time to Dispensing of Pediatric Hearing Aids
Authors: Coleman Kayla C. , Behzadpour Hengameh K. , Ambrose Tracey , Sideris Irene , Buxton Claire , Preciado Juan A. , Reilly Brian K. , Preciado Diego A. , Robinson Tommie L. 
Published: August 2024

IntroductionPediatric hearing loss can significantly impact speech, language, social, and educational development. Providing access to speech and environmental sounds using amplification devices, such as hearing aids, can help improve developmental outcomes. However, timely rehabilitation and intervention may be delayed due to limited access to resources, further prolonging the adverse effects of childhood hearing loss. The aim of this study was to investigate socioeconomic barriers in time to dispensing hearing aids in a diverse pediatric patient population.MethodsData from an existing internal database from a tertiary pediatric hospital were analyzed from January 2020 through August 2022 for barriers associated with hearing aid (HA) dispensing delays. Demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained. Multivariate regression and survival analysis statistics were used to identify factors associated with delayed time to dispensing hearing aids.ResultsOf the 121 patients who had been appropriately diagnosed and fit, 108 (89.3%) had received hearings aids and 13 (10.7%) had not at the time of the study. Of those who had received HA, time to dispensing was not significantly impacted by sex, race, ethnicity, language, or income level. Insurance was found to be an influencing factor in time to receiving the HA.ConclusionFactors such as insurance and hearing loss laterality contribute to delays in receiving hearing aids. Identifying these specific barriers and disparities in hearing rehabilitation services will prove vital in facilitating an expedited and equitable pathway to receiving hearing aids.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 135:923–928, 2025
How to Make Semi‐Polar InGaN Light Emitting Diodes with High Internal Quantum Efficiency: The Importance of the Internal Field
Authors: Pristovsek Markus , Hu Nan 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe theoretical expectation of semi‐polar light emitting diodes (LEDs) is reviewed and compared it to the experimental data. The reported peak internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of non‐polar, and semi‐polar InGaN LEDs are always much lower than the standard polar (0001) oriented LEDs. Calculating the band structure and states including the n‐ and p‐doped layer of LEDs in many orientations, It is found that the inverted polarization‐induced fields for most common semi‐polar orientations like (112) or (201) causes the hole ground state to leak out of the quantum well (QW) into the p‐doped GaN above and by this a low wavefunction overlap and a strongly increased probability for non‐radiative recombination with point defect outside the QW. Based on the calculations, (111), (102), or (103) are predicted as best candidates for LEDs with higher IQE at higher current densities than (0001). LEDs in the uncommon semi‐polar (103) orientation on sapphire have been realized. The (103) LEDs showed the same IQE as (0001) LEDs but at a much higher current density due to the higher overlap of electron and hole wave functions, which is especially useful for micro‐LEDs.
Near‐Infrared Mechanoluminescence of Gd3Ga5O12: Cr3+, La3+ for Biological Stress Imaging
Authors: Bu Weifang , Wang Ting , Wang Yuan , Huang Wenlong , Guo Longchao , Yue Yang , Zhu Xuanyu , Xiao Jianqiang , Yu Xue 
Published: August 2024

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) mechanoluminescence (ML), capable of visualizing internal biological stress, is crucial for advancing in vivo bioimaging applications. Nonetheless, the scope of its applications is significantly constrained by the scarcity of available ML materials as well as unsatisfied ML efficiency. In this work, a NIR‐ML phosphor of Gd3Ga5O12: Cr3+ (GGO: Cr3+) is synthesized, which is characterized by a peak at 725 nm and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 100 nm. The NIR‐ML phenomenon of GGO: Cr3+ is demonstrated to stem from contact electrification generated by the interaction between the corresponding oxide powder and the employed elastomer. Accordingly, the NIR‐ML intensity is manipulated to be increased by 340%, attributed to the enhanced surface potential of GGO: Cr3+ for the incorporation of La3+ ions. Furthermore, the NIR‐ML of GGO: Cr3+/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film performs excellent tissue penetration, which indicates its promising potential for in situ monitoring of biological stress. Hence, it paves the way for novel bioimaging within living organisms.
T‐Duality of a Bosonic String in a Weakly Curved Space‐Time
Authors: Dedić Sonja , Obrić Danijel 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIn this article, the T‐dualization of a 3D closed bosonic string, that is propagating in space‐time metric with an infinitesimal linear dependence on the coordinates xμ, is considered. Other fields, Kalb‐Ramond and dilaton fields are set to zero. Action with this configuration of fields is not invariant to translations. In order to find the T‐dual theory, a generalization of the Buscher procedure is employed, that can be applied to cases with coordinate dependent fields that do not possess translational isometry. Finally, by using transformation laws that connect coordinates of starting and T‐dual theories, authors will be able to examine the geometric structure of T‐dual theory.
Modulating the macroscopic anisotropy of liquid crystalline polymers by polarized light
Authors: Xu Yiyi , Jin Mengshi , Wang Jinyu , Huang Shuai , Li Quan 
Published: August 2024

AbstractPhotoalignment technology is serving as an emerging technology for programming liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) materials due to its advantages including noncontact, high resolution, spatial control, programmability, and high efficiency. In this review, we report the research progress in implementing polarized light to design the anisotropy of LCPs, which is categorized based on the photoalignment mechanisms. The alignment approaches and the different stimulus‐responsive behaviors of the materials after photoalignment are discussed. Additionally, we have summarized the applications of photoaligned LCPs such as liquid crystal displays, optical components, intelligent soft actuators, and beyond. Finally, the challenges and future directions of the technology are outlined.
9 Laboratory Needs for Research Response
Authors: Hensley Lisa E. , Klena John D. , DeBoer Jason T. , Montgomery Joel M. , Mbala Placide , Moses Melissa E. , Knapek Katie J. , Olinger Gene G. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Public health emergencies are complex and dynamic situations. Outbreaks vary in size and geographical location, and the populations affected may not be limited to humans. Over the last decade, there has been a growing recognition of the need to respond aggressively and comprehensively as early as possible to minimize the potential public health and economic impacts. At the most basic level, laboratory testing identifies infected individuals, animals, and/or contaminated environmental inputs. Laboratories provide data to inform control measures, guide clinical care, and enable response research. For clinical studies, the laboratory may generate data that determine participant eligibility, assist with monitoring participant safety and well-being, or address primary and secondary endpoints. The laboratory’s capacity may limit the study enrollment rate and the completion of essential analyses. Laboratories must be able to deploy rapidly, adapt to changing needs, and generate the highest quality data to protect public health and response efforts. Reliable clinical laboratory data are essential in the determination of candidate therapeutic and vaccine safety and efficacy. In this chapter, we discuss the factors that should be considered for planning and establishing laboratory capabilities, the roles of the laboratory in conducting emergency response research, unique challenges of low-resource environments, potential challenges in establishing and maintaining high-quality laboratory support, as well as recent advances in response-based laboratory science.
10 Understanding How and Where Pathogens Emerge: Preparedness and Response for Zoonotic Diseases
Authors: Clements Andrew , Mendenhall Ian , Schar Daniel 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers emerging zoonotic diseases, with a focus on the current understanding of how and where zoonotic pathogens circulate, their pathways to emergence, potential for sustained human-to-human transmission, and gaps in our knowledge. The first cluster of infections among people may be recognized well after a zoonotic pathogen has spilled over from its primary animal host to other intermediate hosts or directly to people. The collection and use of “pre-outbreak” information improve global health security through better preparedness for infectious disease threats, particularly when up-to-date information is promptly shared by an interlinked, global early surveillance and warning system that can provide timely signals for response to zoonotic threats at the earliest stage of emergence. The chapter also discusses actions to bolster preparedness and response to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (EID), which can aid policymakers, scientists, health systems, businesses, and communities to reduce the frequency and impact of zoonotic pathogen spillover (spillover is defined as the transmission of a microbe from one species to another and includes animal-to-animal, animal-to human, and human-to-animal transmission). Recommendations on how countries and the international community can improve prevention, detection, and response to future epidemic and pandemic threats are included.
12.1 In Focus: Novel Manufacturing Platforms for Pandemic Preparedness and Emergency Response
Authors: Bok Karin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This feature focuses on several relatively novel (mRNA, DNA, and vector-based) manufacturing platforms for vaccine design that can facilitate rapid response to infectious disease emergencies caused by emerging and re-emerging pathogens, such as Ebola virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Both gene- and vector-based platforms can deliver well-designed vaccine antigens inducing humoral and cellular immunity while avoiding most vaccine-associated safety concerns and limitations (integration into the host cell genome or anti-vector immunity). The manufacture of vector-based vaccines can be easily standardized and scaled up and is suitable for single-dose vaccine regimens. However, the mRNA platform has clear advantages over DNA and vector-based platforms. Establishing global mRNA supply chain, manufacturing, and fill/finish capacities is essential for promptly controlling emerging epidemics and pandemics. Aggressive “100 Day Mission” preparedness plans to improve on the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic and further accelerate global access to lifesaving vaccines will depend on progress in this field.
13 Accelerating Vaccine Development: The 100 Days Mission
Authors: Aatresh Aishani , Lurie Nicole , Hatchett Richard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) in global health preparedness and response. It specifically focuses on emergency research response and the 100 Days Mission—the goal of having vaccines ready for use with initial emergency authorization within 100 days from the identification of a novel pathogen with pandemic potential. If this can be accomplished, the world will have a better chance of containing or controlling future infectious disease outbreaks and averting global pandemics or at least minimizing their consequences. Meeting this timeline would require advances in scientific research, production technology, clinical trial readiness, governance and coordination, financing, and the policy ecosystems within which such preparedness and response efforts take place. A “second 100 days” must follow, with the goal of scaling up global vaccine production and delivering vaccines equitably to the world’s population and preventing excess morbidity and mortality as broadly as possible. Multiple countries have followed CEPI’s lead in developing plans consistent with the 100 Days Mission to accelerate vaccine development and delivery. The key to achieving such a goal is a rapid, coordinated research response to smaller outbreaks and epidemics. Smaller responses build the infrastructure and provide practice for testing products quickly in a new crisis, while revealing gaps and generating relevant data to strengthen a bidirectional relationship between preparedness and response.
14.1 In Practice: RECOVERY Trial
Authors: Horby Peter , Peto Leon , Landray Martin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Randomised Evaluation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Therapy Trial (RECOVERY) has been the largest COVID-19 treatment study conducted. It provided compelling evidence on the safety and efficacy, or lack thereof, of a multitude of therapies postulated to be of benefit to COVID-19 patients. This chapter describes the background and environment that led to the protocol design, the key characteristics of the protocol, the operational elements facilitating speedy execution of the study, and the impact and subsequent international expansion of the study.
15 ACTIV: A U.S. Public-Private Partnership Responds to COVID-19
Authors: Wholley David , Collins Francis S. , Stoffels Paul 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In March 2020, as the threat of the oncoming coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic became clearer, officials of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Foundation for NIH (FNIH) rushed to put together a government-industry-academia coalition to promote and coordinate research to counter the virus. The resulting structure—called ACTIV (Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines) soon included eight U.S. government agencies, 20 biopharmaceutical companies and several nonprofit organizations. Early on, ACTIV leaders organized their mission into four working groups of selected scientists: a Preclinical Working Group to evaluate the status of ongoing preclinical research, such as animal studies; a Clinical Therapeutics Working Group to screen potential drug candidates, prioritize them for further study, and then coordinate clinical trials for safety and efficacy; a Clinical Trial Capacity Working Group, to identify and qualify potential clinical trial sites; and a Vaccines Working Group, to harmonize ongoing vaccine trials and ensure robust determination of safety and efficacy. ACTIV replaced a plethora of small individual trials—many too small or insufficiently well designed to produce meaningful results—with a national research agenda for developing therapeutic countermeasures to a rapidly emerging infectious disease. ACTIV provides a model for how medical research can be effectively coordinated in a country without a centralized health system.
16.1 In Practice: Responding to an Infectious Disease Outbreak amid a Humanitarian Emergency
Authors: Ross Elizabeth , Rasinski Emily , Han Carol , Paganini Francesco 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the work and leadership of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (BHA) and its humanitarian partners to respond to humanitarian needs that arise from international health emergencies. To accomplish these tasks, aid workers strive to learn from the challenges and successes of the immediate past: the 2010 cholera outbreak that ravaged Haitian communities reeling from a catastrophic earthquake; the 2014 West Africa Ebola epidemic that required a multisectoral, multinational global response in three countries; the 2018 Ebola “Outbreak 10” in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during an ongoing, multifaceted humanitarian crisis; and the 2020 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that further complicated the DRC Ebola outbreak response (aside from its historic global effects). While learning from these humanitarian crises, response workers actively plan for an uncertain future in which populations everywhere—most acutely in disaster-prone countries with the fewest resources—face climate change and environmental degradation pressures likely to make infectious disease outbreaks more frequent globally in decades to come.
17.1 In Practice: Integration of Clinical Research and Patient Care in the DRC PALM Ebola Therapeutics Trial
Authors: Kojan Richard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Clinical research can be integrated with emergency medical treatment even amid civil conflict in a low-resource setting. With researchers and response personnel working together, research and treatment can be not merely compatible but synergistic. The Pamoja Tulinde Maisha (PALM) trial, which showed two of the four treatment candidates used in a multi-arm trial to be safe and efficacious, took place during the 2018–2020 Ebola outbreak in the northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It would not have been possible without the full cooperation of medical response organizations providing care for Ebola patients in the region; it improved rather than interfering with the quality of care; and it led to the licensing of two new treatments for Ebola virus disease (EVD).
20 Turning Research Results into Clinical Practice Guidelines in Public Health Emergencies
Authors: Jacobsen Donna M. , Masur Henry , Saag Michael S. , Volberding Paul A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) assist clinicians with medical decision making for diagnosis, prevention, and management of medical conditions. Traditional CPGs for established diseases generally follow a lengthy process during which robust, peer-reviewed published data are used to formulate recommendations in a CPG panel. In public health challenges such as HIV and hepatitis C, a different paradigm is necessary. HIV and hepatitis C are areas in which changing data emerged rapidly, and as such CPGs needed to be done carefully but quickly.
The magnitude of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) public health emergency, the rapid emergence of important new epidemiologic and clinical data, the availability of an immense amount of information from non-peer-reviewed sources such as the Internet, social media platforms, and pre-prints, along with public expectations for current and objective advice regarding prevention and treatment of COVID-19, warranted the creation of an emergency CPG panel that was quite different from any previous CPG, including those for HIV and hepatitis C.
For healthcare practitioners, public health officials, and other stakeholders, there are many lessons to be learned here about the creation of CPGs that can rapidly provide much-needed guidance in a credible, current, understandable format, which can have a major impact on healthcare, patient outcomes, and the trajectory of an epidemic or pandemic.
3 Guiding Principles for Emergency Research Response
Authors: Higgs Elizabeth S. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Accelerated clinical research in response to infectious disease health emergencies is a critical element of advancing health security and future freedom from infectious disease threats. An effective research response requires preparedness to ensure an expeditious assessment of candidate medical countermeasures (MCMs) for safety and efficacy through rigorous clinical trials. Ideally, a research response is simply a pivot from ongoing conduct of rigorous clinical trials within a continuously operating global clinical trials network based on national clinical research infrastructure. This chapter identifies and explains six principles that apply throughout an accelerated emergency research response:

Research should be an integral part of preparedness and emergency response.

Response research must align with the three primary goals of an emergency response to: (a) save lives, (b) accelerate the end of the outbreak, and (c) develop measures to prevent and mitigate future outbreaks.

Response research should be implemented quickly and efficiently based on preparedness plans.

Scientific and ethical standards for human subject research do not change during a health emergency.

Research response should be led by the government of the country experiencing the health emergency.

Good participatory practice (GPP) applies to research in health emergencies.

The first three of these apply specifically to public health emergencies, while the last three are in effect reminders that the fundamental principles of clinical research still hold in an emergency situation, even though the temptation to cut corners may don the cloak of compassion for suffering humanity. These six principles involve both moral and practical considerations for emergency response research to develop and reliably assess MCMs in a public health emergency.
23.1 In Practice: Monitoring the PALM Ebola Therapeutics Study in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Proschan Michael A. , DeMets David L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the demanding, complex task of monitoring an expedited clinical trial in a resource-limited, insecure setting. The PALM Ebola therapeutics trial was implemented in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) despite minimal basic infrastructure, widespread suspicion and hostility among the population, and outbreaks of violence in the region. In order to keep participant enrollment numbers manageable, the PALM trial was designed to detect a large treatment effect, and its primary endpoint was mortality within 28 days after randomization. The course of an Ebola epidemic can wax and wane unpredictably, causing fluctuations in enrollment and a lag in information presented to the data and safety monitoring board (DSMB). The DSMB had to meet frequently, usually virtually, to monitor the four treatments being investigated and detect safety and efficacy signals. Since both resources and medical personnel were at their limits, collecting and verifying all data was difficult. Therefore, streamlining data collection and focusing on the most critical outcomes for safety and efficacy monitoring were paramount. Results indicated that two of the four agents under study, MAb114 and REGN-EB3, were clearly superior to the ZMapp control arm, so much so that the trial was stopped early.
25.1 Case Study: Modeling Fractional-Dose Emergency Vaccination Campaigns for Yellow Fever
Authors: Wu Joseph T. , Peak Corey M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) is a mosquito-borne disease with no specific treatment. The burden of YF was much reduced around the world in the 1950s, but many mosquito control programs were allowed to lapse thereafter, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has been warning for decades that explosive outbreaks of urban YF were likely. YF resurged and spread widely in urban Angola in late 2015, then to Kenya, China, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The existing WHO YF vaccine stockpile was insufficient, and WHO proposed using a fractional dose (one-fifth of that previously used) against the spreading epidemic. We used mathematical modeling to assess the impact of potentially reduced vaccine efficacy with fractional dosing on the infection attack rate. Our rapid risk assessment model showed that the proposed WHO dose-sparing strategy for the YF vaccination campaign in Kinshasa would be robust and effective and would prevent many more infections than using the available vaccine at standard dosage, even with a large margin for error in case fivefold fractional-dose vaccine efficacy turned out to be lower than expected. WHO implemented the strategy in August 2016, and subsequent studies found it to be a viable control strategy, with possible implications for other situations of vaccine shortage.