bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Akt-Dependent Enhanced Migratory Capacity of Th17 Cells from Children with Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Kshirsagar Sudhir , Riedl Magdalena , Billing Heiko , Tönshoff Burkhard , Thangavadivel Shanmugapriya , Steuber Christian , Staude Hagen , Wechselberger Gottfried , Edelbauer Monika 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Th17 cells infiltrate the kidneys of patients with lupus nephritis (LN) and are critical for the pathogenesis of this disease. In this study, we show that enhanced activity of Stat3 in CD4+CD45RA−Foxp3− and Foxp3low effector T cells from children with LN correlates with increased frequencies of IL-17–producing cells within these T cell populations. The levels of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor c and IL-17 mRNA are significantly higher in PBMCs from children with LN than in those from controls. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition by rapamycin reduces both Stat3 activation in effector T cells and the frequency of IL-17–producing T cells in lupus patients. Complement factor C5a slightly increases the expression of IL-17 and induces activation of Akt in anti-CD3–activated lupus effector T cells. Th17 cells from children with LN exhibit high Akt activity and enhanced migratory capacity. Inhibition of the Akt signaling pathway significantly decreases Th17 cell migration. These findings indicate that the Akt signaling pathway plays a significant role in the migratory activity of Th17 cells from children with LN and suggest that therapeutic modulation of the Akt activity may inhibit Th17 cell trafficking to sites of inflammation and thus suppress chronic inflammatory processes in children with LN.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Downregulate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Activation of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells
Authors: Barrientos Lorena , Bignon Alexandre , Gueguen Claire , de Chaisemartin Luc , Gorges Roseline , Sandré Catherine , Mascarell Laurent , Balabanian Karl , Kerdine-Römer Saadia , Pallardy Marc , Marin-Esteban Viviana , Chollet-Martin Sylvie 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) play a central role in inflammation and participate in its control, notably by modulating dendritic cell (DC) functions via soluble mediators or cell–cell contacts. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released by PMN could play a role in this context. To evaluate NET effects on DC maturation, we developed a model based on monocyte-derived DC (moDC) and calibrated NETs isolated from fresh human PMN. We found that isolated NETs alone had no discernable effect on moDC. In contrast, they downregulated LPS-induced moDC maturation, as shown by decreased surface expression of HLA-DR, CD80, CD83, and CD86, and by downregulated cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23), with no increase in the expression of tolerogenic DC genes. Moreover, the presence of NETs during moDC maturation diminished the capacity of these moDC to induce T lymphocyte proliferation in both autologous and allogeneic conditions, and modulated CD4+ T lymphocyte polarization by promoting the production of Th2 cytokines (IL-5 and IL-13) and reducing that of Th1 and Th17 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-17). Interestingly, the expression and activities of the lymphoid chemokine receptors CCR7 and CXCR4 on moDC were not altered when moDC matured in the presence of NETs. Together, these findings reveal a new role for NETs in adaptive immune responses, modulating some moDC functions and thereby participating in the control of inflammation.
DOCK2 and DOCK5 Act Additively in Neutrophils To Regulate Chemotaxis, Superoxide Production, and Extracellular Trap Formation
Authors: Watanabe Mayuki , Terasawa Masao , Miyano Kei , Yanagihara Toyoshi , Uruno Takehito , Sanematsu Fumiyuki , Nishikimi Akihiko , Côté Jean-François , Sumimoto Hideki , Fukui Yoshinori 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Neutrophils are highly motile leukocytes that play important roles in the innate immune response to invading pathogens. Neutrophils rapidly migrate to the site of infections and kill pathogens by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Neutrophil chemotaxis and ROS production require activation of Rac small GTPase. DOCK2, an atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), is one of the major regulators of Rac in neutrophils. However, because DOCK2 deficiency does not completely abolish fMLF-induced Rac activation, other Rac GEFs may also participate in this process. In this study, we show that DOCK5 acts with DOCK2 in neutrophils to regulate multiple cellular functions. We found that fMLF- and PMA-induced Rac activation were almost completely lost in mouse neutrophils lacking both DOCK2 and DOCK5. Although β2 integrin–mediated adhesion occurred normally even in the absence of DOCK2 and DOCK5, mouse neutrophils lacking DOCK2 and DOCK5 exhibited a severe defect in chemotaxis and ROS production. Similar results were obtained when human neutrophils were treated with CPYPP, a small-molecule inhibitor of these DOCK GEFs. Additionally, we found that DOCK2 and DOCK5 regulate formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Because NETs are involved in vascular inflammation and autoimmune responses, DOCK2 and DOCK5 would be a therapeutic target for controlling NET-mediated inflammatory disorders.
Discovery of Invariant T Cells by Next-Generation Sequencing of the Human TCR α-Chain Repertoire
Authors: van Schaik Barbera , Klarenbeek Paul , Doorenspleet Marieke , van Kampen Antoine , Moody D. Branch , de Vries Niek , Van Rhijn Ildiko 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
During infection and autoimmune disease, activation and expansion of T cells take place. Consequently, the TCR repertoire contains information about ongoing and past diseases. Analysis and interpretation of the human TCR repertoire are hampered by its size and stochastic variation and by the diversity of Ags and Ag-presenting molecules encoded by the MHC, but are highly desirable and would greatly impact fundamental and clinical immunology. A subset of the TCR repertoire is formed by invariant T cells. Invariant T cells express interdonor-conserved TCRs and recognize a limited set of Ags, presented by nonpolymorphic Ag-presenting molecules. Discovery of the three known invariant T cell populations has been a tedious and slow process, identifying them one by one. Because conservation of the TCR α-chain of invariant T cells is much higher than the β-chain, and because the TCR α-chain V gene segment TRAV1-2 is used by two of the three known invariant TCRs, we employed next-generation sequencing of TCR α-chains that contain the TRAV1-2 gene segment to identify 16 invariant TCRs shared among many blood donors. Frequency analysis of individual clones indicates these T cells are expanded in many donors, implying an important role in human immunity. This approach extends the number of known interdonor-conserved TCRs and suggests that many more exist and that these TCR patterns can be used to systematically evaluate human Ag exposure.
T-bet:Eomes Balance, Effector Function, and Proliferation of Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD8+ T Cells during Primary Infection Differentiates the Capacity for Durable Immune Control
Authors: Popescu Iulia , Pipeling Matthew R. , Shah Pali D. , Orens Jonathan B. , McDyer John F. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
CMV remains an important opportunistic pathogen in solid organ transplantation, particularly in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). LTRs mismatched for CMV (donor+/recipient−; D+R−) are at high-risk for active CMV infection and increased mortality, however the immune correlates of viral control remain incompletely understood. We prospectively studied 23 D+R− LTRs during primary CMV infection to determine whether acute CD8+ T cell parameters differentiated the capacity for viral control in early chronic infection. T-box transcription factors expression patterns of T-bet &gt; Eomesodermin (Eomes) differentiated LTR controllers from viremic relapsers and reciprocally correlated with granzyme B loading, and CMV phosphoprotein 65 (pp65)–specific CD8+IFN-γ+ and CD107a+ frequencies. LTR relapsers demonstrated reduced CD8+Ki67+ cells ex vivo and substantially impaired CD8+pp65-specific in vitro proliferative responses at 6 d, with concomitantly lower pp65-specific CD4+IL-2+ frequencies, as compared with LTR controllers. However, CMV-specific in vitro proliferative responses could be significantly rescued, most effectively with pp65 Ag and exogenous IL-2, resulting in an increased T-bet:Eomes balance, and enhanced effector function. Using class I CMV tetramers, we observed similar frequencies between relapsers and controllers, although reduced T-bet:Eomes balance in tetramer+ cells from relapsers, along with impaired CD8+ effector responses to tetramer-peptide restimulation. Taken together, these data show impaired CMV-specific CD8+ effector responses is not for complete lack of CMV-specific cells but rather underscores the importance of the T-bet:Eomes balance, with CMV-specific proliferation a key factor driving early T-bet expression and effector function in CD8+ T cells during primary infection and differentiating the capacity of high-risk LTRs to establish immune control during early chronic infection.
Enacting Occupation-Based Practice: Exploring the Disjuncture between the Daily Lives of Mothers with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Institutional Processes
Authors: Prodinger Birgit , Shaw Lynn , Stamm Tanja , Rudman Debbie Laliberte 
Published: October 2014

Introduction: Occupation-based approaches are a hallmark of excellence in occupational therapy practice. This article focuses on the disjuncture between how women with rheumatoid arthritis go about their daily lives, that is to say their occupations, and what is addressed during routine visits at a specialized rheumatology outpatient clinic. Method: Institutional ethnography was employed as a method of inquiry to identify the occupations and related issues that were or were not accounted for in health records and addressed within institutional processes. Interviews and participant observations were conducted with seven women with rheumatoid arthritis who were mothers. Hospital records were analysed as texts mediating between the women's daily lives and the rheumatology outpatient clinic. Findings: The analysis revealed that despite the diversity in the ways that the women managed their daily lives, the things that they did were viewed, understood, and addressed only within the boundaries of the standardizing relations that ruled practice in this clinical setting. Institutional processes grounded in biomedical concepts such as functional status or disease activity, as well as clinical assessments that depict these concepts, both shape and limit opportunities for occupational therapists to advance and enact occupation-based practice. Conclusion: In this setting, the complexity of the participants' daily lives and the occupations they engage in remain unaddressed.
The Suitability of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment as a Screening Tool to Identify People with Dysfunction in Occupational Performance after Mild Stroke
Authors: van der Wijst Elien , Wright Jonathan , Steultjens Esther 
Published: October 2014

Introduction: Cognitive deficits are an important determinant for experiencing limitations in occupational performance after stroke. It is important to recognize these deficits, and their impact on daily activities, at an early stage so people can get the support they need. The non-challenging environment of a hospital hampers this recognition, making it difficult for occupational therapists to select which patients should be assessed extensively, and which not. This study aims to explore the Montreal Cognitive Assessment as a screening tool by investigating its relationship with occupational performance in patients with mild stroke. Method: Twenty-nine people with mild stroke were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Assessment of Motor and Process Skills were compared and correlations were calculated. Findings: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment cut-off did not identify those who might experience problems in daily functioning after mild stroke. A moderate correlation was found between scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills process scores. Conclusion: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment cannot be used as a screening tool to identify problems in occupational performance after mild stroke.
Scholarship and Research in Occupational Therapy Education
Authors: Gupta Jyothi , Bilics Andrea 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to identify a baseline or benchmark for faculty engagement and productivity in occupational therapy education scholarship and research.
METHOD. A custom-designed survey was emailed to 2,225 faculty members. The survey included questions on basic demographic information and education scholarship (e.g., use of evidence to inform teaching, frequency and nature of involvement in education scholarship.
RESULTS. A total of 520 faculty members (23%) completed the survey. Of these, 450 (86.5%) identified themselves as full-time core faculty, and only their responses were analyzed. Although 90% of the faculty respondents engaged in scholarly teaching, only 34% identified education as an area of content expertise, and only 16% reported frequent involvement with education scholarship. Instructional methods were the primary area of study.
CONCLUSION. A need exists to build research capacity for education research and more diversification of education research topics, including professional socialization and competencies.
From Collaboration to Cause: Breaking Rural Poverty Cycles Through Educational Partnerships
Authors: Brandt Lea Cheyney 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The Missouri Health Professions Consortium (MHPC) Occupational Therapy Assistant Program is an innovative educational model that was specifically designed to address needs unique to rural communities. The model takes into account not only the distinctiveness of rural practice environments but also the educational barriers unique to rural student populations. The MHPC Occupational Therapy Assistant Program addresses the needs of these communities by providing educational opportunities to rural, place-bound students. The program has produced viable employment options, resulting in improved access to occupational therapy services as well as positive economic outcomes for graduates who reside in rural communities.
Facilitated Learning Model to Teach Habits of Evidence-Based Reasoning Across an Integrated Master of Science in Occupational Therapy Curriculum
Authors: Cohn Ellen S. , Coster Wendy J. , Kramer Jessica M. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
We describe an integrated master of science in occupational therapy curriculum and a coordinated sequence of evidence-based practice (EBP) courses that incorporate systematic, pragmatic teaching strategies to develop students’ EBP skills and habits of reasoning. The EBP courses focus sequentially on the occupational lives of clients and methods for gaining information about occupational performance and needs; appraising the internal, external, and statistical validity of intervention evidence; and generating evidence from one’s own practice to answer questions about individual or group client outcomes. All EBP courses use facilitated learning processes that encourage graduate students to take responsibility for their own learning, guided by a carefully structured series of assignments. The integrated curriculum scaffolds the translation and application of previously learned knowledge and skills, including EBP knowledge, into different contexts. Student survey data suggest that graduating students view EBP as an integral part of the clinical process and begin to internalize the habits necessary to be evidence-based practitioners.
Housing condition and nesting experience do not affect the Time to Integrate to Nest Test (TINT)
Authors: Rock ML , Karas AZ , Gallo MS , Pritchett-Corning K , Gaskill BN 
Published: October 2014

AbstractManaging and assessing well-being in laboratory mice (Mus musculus) is both challenging and necessary. Assessments intended to detect negative welfare states in mice are usually performed via observation of animals in the home cage, but a substantial amount of time and skill may be required to detect subtle behavioural changes. The Time to Integrate to Nest Test (TINT) is a simple, cageside assessment tool that identifies the presence or absence of a highly motivated normal behaviour in mice. The test is conducted by adding a small amount of new nesting material to a mouse cage. A positive outcome is achieved when this new material is integrated into the home nest within 10 min. This study examined whether housing condition or nesting experience affects TINT outcome. Single or group housing did not influence the TINT outcome, but a significant difference in latency to integration was found; singly housed mice took longer than group-housed mice to integrate TINT substrate. Mice which were raised naïve to nesting material had no significant delays when tested. However, experience with the TINT procedure showed increased speed to incorporate the testing substrate, indicating that previous experience to the paradigm prior to experimental testing may be necessary. These findings help to define the expected outcomes of the TINT, better positioning it for use as an assessment tool in varied research settings.
The major welfare problems of dairy cows in French commercial farms: an epidemiological approach
Authors: de Boyer des Roches A , Veissier I , Coignard M , Bareille N , Guatteo R , Capdeville J , Gilot-Fromont E , Mounier L 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAnimal welfare enhancement requires that problems are reliably identified and ranked in order to prioritise corrective actions. Welfare problems vary with the conditions in which animals are maintained. The objectives were to highlight major welfare problems for dairy cows on farms in France, and find out how farm characteristics (housing and milking systems, breed) could impact specific welfare aspects on these farms. We conducted a cross-sectional survey on 131 French dairy farms. We used the Welfare Quality® protocol, which addresses all aspects of welfare, and yields scores for principles and criteria that represent how well farms meet welfare requirements (from 0 for a very adverse situation to 100 for an excellent one). We used descriptive statistics to highlight low welfare scores, and variance analyses to compare farms.Mostfarms were found ‘Acceptable’ according to the Welfare Quality® classification. Principles scores for Health, Feeding and Behaviour ranged from 33 to 39. The median score for eight of the welfare criteria was below 50 (‘Pain’, ‘Integument alterations’, ‘Diseases’, ‘Comfort around resting’, ‘Social behaviours’, ‘Human-animal relationship’, ‘Positive emotional state’, ‘Hunger’), while the median score was above 50 for the four other criteria (‘Thirst’, ‘Lameness’, ‘Expression of other behaviours’, ‘Ease of movement’). The scores varied widely between farms, within and between systems. Farms with cubicles obtained lower scores for ‘Comfort around resting’, ‘Injuries’; farms with Holstein cows obtained lower scores for ‘Hunger’; farms using an automatic milking system obtained lower scores for ‘Expression of other behaviours’ and ‘Diseases’ in Holstein herds. This survey yields information on bottlenecks in dairy cow welfare with all dimensions of welfare considered together. The results can be used by stakeholders to prioritise corrective actions in welfare plans, focusing either on the whole population of farms or on farms with characteristics that are at high risk for specific welfare problems.
Assessment of key parameters for gunshot used on cattle: a pilot study on shot placement and effects of diverse ammunition on isolated cattle heads
Authors: Schiffer KJ , Retz SK , Richter U , Algers B , Hensel O 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThere have been many improvements regarding transport conditions, pre-slaughter handling, and captive-bolt stunning of cattle at commercial abattoirs, but many challenges still exist. Animals unaccustomed to human-animal contact, such as free-range beef cattle, may be especially difficult to handle on the day of slaughter. Shifting of the slaughter process from the abattoir to the animals’ familiar environment could improve animal welfare at slaughter. In 2011, the German government passed an amendment allowing farmers to slaughter free-range cattle, on-farm, using a rifle. A proper stun is vital when employing this method but neither sufficient practical experience nor scientific knowledge are in place to allow this. Thus, this study aimed to examine shot placement and the effect of diverse ammunition by means of shooting at cattle heads, post mortem, with a rifle. Impact was assessed using brain tissue damage observed from skull dissections. Placing the shot frontally at the forehead resulted in severe brain damage significantly more frequently than targeting laterally. A precise frontal shot, utilising both large and small bore calibres, caused severe brain damage that would almost certainly have led to immediate unconsciousness and death. One of the small bore calibres caused minimal brain damage apart from the trajectory. However, this was the only calibre not passing straight through. Due to the fact that the bullet remains within the skull, thus transferring all of its energy to the skull and brain, the impact of this calibre on the brain would also be expected to be rapidly fatal. A projectile that does not exit the skull would also be advantageous as regards safety.