bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Happiness: Before and After the Kids
Authors: Myrskylä Mikko , Margolis Rachel 
Published: August 2014

AbstractUnderstanding how having children influences parents’ subjective well-being (“happiness”) has great potential to explain fertility behavior. We study parental happiness trajectories before and after the birth of a child, using large British and German longitudinal data sets. We account for unobserved parental characteristics using fixed-effects models and study how sociodemographic factors modify the parental happiness trajectories. Consistent with existing work, we find that happiness increases in the years around the birth of a first child and then decreases to before-child levels. Moreover, happiness increases before birth, suggesting that the trajectories may capture not only the effect of the birth but also the broader process of childbearing, which may include partnership formation and quality. Sociodemographic factors strongly modify this pattern. Those who have children at older ages or who have more education have a particularly positive happiness response to a first birth; and although having the first two children increases happiness, having a third child does not. The results, which are similar in Britain and Germany, suggest that having up to two children increases happiness, and mostly for those who have postponed childbearing. This pattern is consistent with the fertility behavior that emerged during the second demographic transition and provides new insights into low and late fertility.
Temporal evolution of biomarkers and cognitive markers in the asymptomatic, MCI, and dementia stage of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Bertens Daniela , Knol Dirk L. , Scheltens Philip , Visser Pieter Jelle ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundWe investigated the pattern of disease progression in the asymptomatic, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsWe selected 284 subjects with AD pathology, defined as abnormal levels of amyloid beta 1–42 (Aβ1–42) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Disease outcome measures included six biomarkers and five cognitive markers. We compared differences in baseline measures and decline over 4 years between the AD stages and tested whether these changes differed from subjects, without AD pathology (N = 132).ResultsCSF Aβ1–42 reached the maximum abnormality level in the asymptomatic stage and tau in the MCI stage. The imaging and cognitive markers started to decline in the asymptomatic stage, and decline accelerated with advancing clinical stage.ConclusionThis study provides further evidence for a temporal evolution of AD biomarkers. Our findings may be helpful to determine stage specific outcome measures for clinical trials.
Atherosclerotic calcification is related to a higher risk of dementia and cognitive decline
Authors: Bos Daniel , Vernooij Meike W. , de Bruijn Renée F.A.G. , Koudstaal Peter J. , Hofman Albert , Franco Oscar H. , van der Lugt Aad , Ikram M. Arfan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundLongitudinal data on the role of atherosclerosis in different vessel beds in the etiology of cognitive impairment and dementia are scarce and inconsistent.MethodsBetween 2003–2006, 2364 nondemented persons underwent computed tomography of the coronaries, aortic arch, extracranial, and intracranial carotid arteries to quantify atherosclerotic calcification. Participants were followed for incident dementia (n = 90) until April 2012. At baseline and follow‐up participants also underwent a cognitive test battery.ResultsLarger calcification volume in all vessels, except in the coronaries, was associated with a higher risk of dementia. After adjustment for relevant confounders, extracranial carotid artery calcification remained significantly associated with a higher risk of dementia [hazard ratio per standard deviation increase in calcification volume: 1.37 (1.05, 1.79)]. Additional analyses for Alzheimer's disease only or censoring for stroke showed similar results. Larger calcification volumes were also associated with cognitive decline.ConclusionsAtherosclerosis, in particular in the extracranial carotid arteries, is related to a higher risk of dementia and cognitive decline.
On the realizability of pressure–strain closures
Authors: Mishra Aashwin A. , Girimaji Sharath S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe realizability condition for statistical models of turbulence is augmented to ensure that not only is the Reynolds stress tensor positive semi-definite, but the process of its evolution is physically attainable as well. The mathematical constraints due to this process realizability requirement on the rapid pressure strain correlation are derived. The resulting constraints reveal important limits on the inter-component energy transfer and the consequent flow stability characteristics, as a function of the mean flow. For planar mean flows, the realizability constraints are most stringent for the case of purely sheared flows rather than elliptic flows. The relationship between the constraints and flow stability is explained. Process realizability leads to closure model guidance not only at the two-component (2C) limit of turbulence (as in the classical realizability approach) but throughout the anisotropy space. Consequently, the domain of validity and applicability of current models can be clearly identified for different mean flows. A simple framework for incorporating these process realizability constraints in model formulation is outlined.
Antiparasitic efficacy of Gracillin and Zingibernsis newsaponin from Costus speciosus (Koen ex. Retz) Sm. against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Authors: ZHENG WEI , YAN CHUN-MEI , ZHANG YA-BIN , LI ZE-HONG , LI ZHONGQIANG , LI XIU-YING , WANG ZHANG-WEI , WANG XIULAN , CHEN WEI-QIANG , YU XIN-HAI 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYThe present study aims to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of active components from Costus speciosus against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Bioassay-guided fractionation was employed to identify active compounds from C. speciosus yielding 2 bioactive compounds: Gracillin and Zingibernsis newsaponin. In-vitro assays revealed that Gracillin and Zingibernsis newsaponin could be 100% effective against I. multifiliis at concentrations of 0·8 and 4·5 mg L−1, with median effective concentration (EC50) values of 0·53 and 3·2 mg L−1, respectively. All protomonts and encysted tomonts were killed when the concentrations of Gracillin and Zingibernsis newsaponin were 1·0 and 5·0 mg L−1. In-vivo experiments demonstrated that fish treated with Gracillin and Zingibernsis newsaponin at concentrations of 1·0 and 5·0 mg L−1 carried significantly fewer parasites than the control (P<0·05). Mortality of fish did not occur in the treatment group (Zingibernsis newsaponin at 5·0 mg L−1) during the trial, although 100% of untreated fish died. Acute toxicities (LD50) of Gracillin and Zingibernsis newsaponin for grass carp were 1·64 and 20·7 mg L−1, respectively. These results provided evidence that the 2 compounds can be selected as lead compounds for the development of new drugs against I. multifiliis.
Communication and Collective Actions: A Survey Experiment on Motivating Energy Conservation in the U.S.
Authors: Bolsen Toby , Druckman James N. , Cook Fay Lomax 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWhen do citizens take action to benefit the public good, even when individual benefits are scant or non-existent? We address this question with a focus on an area of critical importance when it comes to environmental sustainability—specifically, we examine citizens' actions in the domain of energy conservation. We do so by using a survey experiment to evaluate the impact of exposure to communications posited to shape collective action behavior. We find that communications shape behavior depending on two primary factors not previously studied in concert: to whom responsibility is attributed for collective outcomes; and, what effects, or consequences, are associated with one's actions. We find that communications emphasizing individual responsibilityandcollective environmental benefits can stimulate collective action.
Cross-Sample Comparisons and External Validity
Authors: Krupnikov Yanna , Levine Adam Seth 
Published: August 2014

AbstractExperimentation is an increasingly popular method among political scientists. While experiments are highly advantageous for creating internally valid conclusions, they are often criticized for being low on external validity. Critical to questions of external validity are the types of subjects who participate in a given experiment, with scholars typically arguing that samples of adults are more externally valid then student samples. Despite the vociferousness of such arguments, these claims have received little empirical treatment. In this paper we empirically test for key differences between student and adult samples by conducting four parallel experiments on each of the three samples commonly used by political scientists. We find that our student and diverse, national adult sample behave consistently and in line with theoretical predictions once relevant moderators are taken into account. The same is not true for our adult convenience sample.
12.5 A/350 V AlGaN/GaN‐on‐Si MOS‐HEMT with low specific on‐resistance and minimal threshold hysteresis
Authors: Liu Shuang , Yu Guohao , Fu Kai , Tan Shuxin , Zhang Zhili , Zeng Chunhong , Hou Keyu , Huang Wei , Cai Yong , Zhang Baoshun , Yuan Jinshe 
Published: August 2014

An AlGaN/GaN metal–oxide semiconductor (MOS) high‐electron mobility transistor (HEMT) on silicon substrate was obtained with 8 nm Al2O3 gate dielectric films grown using atomic layer deposition. The MOS‐HEMT shows a low specific on‐resistance of 0.57 Ω·mm2, a large maximum saturate drain current of 12.5 A and a minimal threshold hysteresis of 0.05 V. Low specific on‐resistance, large maximum saturate drain current and minimal threshold hysteresis show that the fabricated MOS‐HEMT is very suitable for power switching applications.
Phospholipase A2regulates eicosanoid class switching during inflammasome activation
Authors: Norris Paul C. , Gosselin David , Reichart Donna , Glass Christopher K. , Dennis Edward A. 
Published: August 2014

SignificanceGroup IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2(GIVA cPLA2) is widely viewed as the primary enzyme responsible for inflammatory arachidonic acid (AA) release and with high specificity. Our results demonstrate dual, phase-specific release of AA and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (15-HETE) acid by GIVA cPLA2in primary and immortalized macrophages during a receptor-mediated program required for complete inflammatory commitment. These dual actions by GIVA cPLA2were necessary for biosynthesis of proresolving lipoxins, providing a unique, upstream example of an enzyme linked to both the initiation and resolution of inflammation. Further, our results demonstrate a single-cell mechanism of lipoxin synthesis that is more efficient than the established transcellular biosynthetic mechanisms, underscoring the importance of enzyme coupling and the possibility of proresolution therapies at the membrane level.
Interlamellar CA1 network in the hippocampus
Authors: Yang Sunggu , Yang Sungchil , Moreira Thais , Hoffman Gloria , Carlson Greg C. , Bender Kevin J. , Alger Bradley E. , Tang Cha-Min 
Published: August 2014

Significance
It has generally been thought that CA1 cells form only negligible connections with each other along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus. But if CA1 cells were interconnected in an effective autoassociational network, this information would add a critical new dimension to our understanding of cellular processing within this structure. Here, we report the existence of a well-organized, longitudinally projecting synaptic network among CA1 pyramidal neurons. We further show that synapses of this network are capable of supporting synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation, and a short-term memory mechanism called “dendritic hold and read.” These observations will contribute to the construction of more realistic models of hippocampal information processing in behavior, memory, and other cognitive functions.
Immunolocalization of skeletal matrix proteins in tissue and mineral of the coralStylophora pistillata
Authors: Mass Tali , Drake Jeana L. , Peters Esther C. , Jiang Wenge , Falkowski Paul G. 
Published: August 2014

SignificanceAlthough various aspects of biomineralization in corals have been studied for decades, the basic mechanism responsible for the precipitation of the aragonite skeleton remains enigmatic. To address this issue, we used antibodies against key biomineralization proteins derived from the common zooxanthellate coralStylophora pistillatato elucidate the spatial arrangement of specific skeletal matrix proteins in the skeleton and in the animal tissue. To our knowledge, our results reveal for the first time that the biomineral is produced in discrete nanoscale packages in which the secreted organic matrices remain entrapped within the crystalline units whose growth they control, leading to the formation of highly ordered, microscopic, heterologous structures, which are aggregated to form a macroscopic skeleton.
Refilling drug delivery depots through the blood
Authors: Brudno Yevgeny , Silva Eduardo A. , Kearney Cathal J. , Lewin Sarah A. , Miller Alex , Martinick Kathleen D. , Aizenberg Michael , Mooney David J. 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Drug delivery depots used in the clinic today are single use, with no ability to refill once exhausted of drug. Our system exploits nucleic acid complementarity to refill drug-delivering depots through the blood. The utility of this approach is demonstrated by its ability to inhibit tumor growth to a greater extent than strategies that rely on enhanced permeability and retention alone. We anticipate our approach will be directly applicable to therapies for many diseases, including cancer, wound healing, and inflammation, and for drug reloading of vascular grafts and stents.
Antibiotic Prescribing Practices in a Multicenter Cohort of Patients Hospitalized for Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infection
Authors: Jenkins Timothy C. , Knepper Bryan C. , Moore S. Jason , O’Leary Sean T. , Caldwell Brooke , Saveli Carla C. , Pawlowski Sean W. , Perlman Daniel M. , McCollister Bruce D. , Burman William J. 
Published: August 2014

Objective.Hospitalizations for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection (ABSSSI) are common. Optimizing antibiotic use for ABSSSIs requires an understanding of current management. The objective of this study was to evaluate antibiotic prescribing practices and factors affecting prescribing in a diverse group of hospitalsDesign.Multicenter, retrospective cohort study.Setting.Seven community and academic hospitals.Methods.Children and adults hospitalized between June 2010 and May 2012 for cellulitis, wound infection, or cutaneous abscess were eligible. The primary endpoint was a composite of 2 prescribing practices representing potentially avoidable antibiotic exposure: (1) use of antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity against gram-negative bacteria or (2) treatment duration greater than 10 days.Results.A total of 533 cases were included: 320 with nonpurulent cellulitis, 44 with wound infection or purulent cellulitis, and 169 with abscess. Of 492 cases with complete prescribing data, the primary endpoint occurred in 394 (80%) cases and varied significantly across hospitals (64%–97%;P< .001). By logistic regression, independent predictors of the primary endpoint included wound infection or purulent cellulitis (odds ratio [OR], 5.12 [95% confidence interval (CI)], 1.46–17.88), head or neck involvement (OR, 2.83 [95% CI, 1.17–6.82]), adult cases (OR, 2.20 [95% CI, 1.18–4.11]), and admission to a community hospital (OR, 1.90 [95% CI, 1.05–3.44]).Conclusions.Among patients hospitalized for ABSSSI, use of antibiotics with broad gram-negative activity or treatment courses longer than 10 days were common. There may be substantial opportunity to reduce antibiotic exposure through shorter courses of therapy targeting gram-positive bacteria.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2014;35(10):1241–1250
Modulation of Stress versus Time Product during Mechanical Ventilation Influences Inflammation as Well as Alveolar Epithelial and Endothelial Response in Rats
Authors: Spieth Peter M. , Silva Pedro L. , Garcia Cristiane S. N. B. , Ornellas Debora S. , Samary Cynthia S. , Moraes Lillian , Bentes Maira , Morales Marcelo M. , Kasper Michael , Güldner Andreas , Huhle Robert , Koch Thea , Pelosi Paolo , de Abreu Marcelo Gama , Rocco Patricia R. M. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Background:
Mechanical ventilation can lead to lung biotrauma when mechanical stress exceeds safety thresholds. The authors investigated whether the duration of mechanical stress, that is, the impact of a stress versus time product (STP), influences biotrauma. The authors hypothesized that higher STP levels are associated with increased inflammation and with alveolar epithelial and endothelial cell injury.

Methods:
In 46 rats, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (acute lung inflammation) or saline (control) was administered intratracheally. Both groups were protectively ventilated with inspiratory-to-expiratory ratios 1:2, 1:1, or 2:1 (n = 12 each), corresponding to low, middle, and high STP levels (STPlow, STPmid, and STPhigh, respectively). The remaining 10 animals were not mechanically ventilated.

Results:
In animals with mild acute lung inflammation, but not in controls: (1) messenger RNA expression of interleukin-6 was higher in STPhigh (28.1 ± 13.6; mean ± SD) and STPlow (28.9 ± 16.0) versus STPmid (7.4 ± 7.5) (P < 0.05); (2) expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products was increased in STPhigh (3.6 ± 1.6) versus STPlow (2.3 ± 1.1) (P < 0.05); (3) alveolar edema was decreased in STPmid (0 [0 to 0]; median, Q1 to Q3) compared with STPhigh (0.8 [0.6 to 1]) (P < 0.05); and (4) expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were higher in STPlow (3.0 ± 1.8) versus STPhigh (1.2 ± 0.5) and STPmid (1.4 ± 0.7) (P < 0.05), respectively.

Conclusions:
In the mild acute lung inflammation model used herein, mechanical ventilation with inspiratory-to-expiratory of 1:1 (STPmid) minimized lung damage, whereas STPhigh increased the gene expression of biological markers associated with inflammation and alveolar epithelial cell injury and STPlow increased markers of endothelial cell damage.
Quantitative genetics and modularity in cranial and mandibular morphology ofCalomys expulsus
Authors: Garcia Guilherme , Cerqueira Rui , Hingst-Zaher Erika , Marroig Gabriel 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPatterns of genetic covariance between characters (represented by the covariance matrixG) play an important role in morphological evolution, since they interact with the evolutionary forces acting over populations. They are also expected to influence the patterns expressed in their phenotypic counterparts (P), because of limits imposed by multiple developmental and functional restrictions on the genotype/phenotype map. We have investigated genetic covariances in the skull and mandible of the vesper mouse (Calomys expulsus) in order to estimate the degree of similarity between genetic and phenotypic covariances and its potential roots on developmental and functional factors shaping those integration patterns. We use a classicad hocanalysis of morphological integration based on current state of art of developmental/functional factors during mammalian ontogeny and also applied a novel methodology that makes use of simulated evolutionary responses. We have obtainedPandGthat are strongly similar, for both skull and mandible; their similarity is achieved through the spatial and temporal organization of developmental and functional interactions, which are consistently recognized as hypothesis of trait associations in both matrices.
An amino acid polymorphism in theDrosophilainsulin receptor demonstrates pleiotropic and adaptive function in life history traits
Authors: Paaby Annalise B. , Bergland Alan O. , Behrman Emily L. , Schmidt Paul S. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTFinding the specific nucleotides that underlie adaptive variation is a major goal in evolutionary biology, but polygenic traits pose a challenge because the complex genotype-phenotype relationship can obscure the effects of individual alleles. However, natural selection working in large wild populations can shift allele frequencies and indicate functional regions of the genome. Previously, we showed that the two most common alleles of a complex amino acid insertion-deletion polymorphism in theDrosophilainsulin receptor show independent, parallel clines in frequency across the North American and Australian continents. Here, we report that the cline is stable over at least a five-year period and that the polymorphism also demonstrates temporal shifts in allele frequency concurrent with seasonal change. We tested the alleles for effects on levels of insulin signaling, fecundity, development time, body size, stress tolerance, and lifespan. We find that the alleles are associated with predictable differences in these traits, consistent with patterns ofDrosophilalife history variation across geography that likely reflect adaptation to the heterogeneous climatic environment. These results implicate insulin signaling as a major mediator of life history adaptation inDrosophila, and suggest that life history tradeoffs can be explained by extensive pleiotropy at a single locus.
Model-Assisted Analysis of Sugar Metabolism throughout Tomato Fruit Development Reveals Enzyme and Carrier Properties in Relation to Vacuole Expansion
Authors: Beauvoit Bertrand P. , Colombié Sophie , Monier Antoine , Andrieu Marie-Hélène , Biais Benoit , Bénard Camille , Chéniclet Catherine , Dieuaide-Noubhani Martine , Nazaret Christine , Mazat Jean-Pierre , Gibon Yves 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
A kinetic model combining enzyme activity measurements and subcellular compartmentation was parameterized to fit the sucrose, hexose, and glucose-6-P contents of pericarp throughout tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit development. The model was further validated using independent data obtained from domesticated and wild tomato species and on transgenic lines. A hierarchical clustering analysis of the calculated fluxes and enzyme capacities together revealed stage-dependent features. Cell division was characterized by a high sucrolytic activity of the vacuole, whereas sucrose cleavage during expansion was sustained by both sucrose synthase and neutral invertase, associated with minimal futile cycling. Most importantly, a tight correlation between flux rate and enzyme capacity was found for fructokinase and PPi-dependent phosphofructokinase during cell division and for sucrose synthase, UDP-glucopyrophosphorylase, and phosphoglucomutase during expansion, thus suggesting an adaptation of enzyme abundance to metabolic needs. In contrast, for most enzymes, flux rates varied irrespectively of enzyme capacities, and most enzymes functioned at &lt;5% of their maximal catalytic capacity. One of the major findings with the model was the high accumulation of soluble sugars within the vacuole together with organic acids, thus enabling the osmotic-driven vacuole expansion that was found during cell division.