bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulsed-Neutron Monitoring of the First CO2 Enhanced-Oil-Recovery Pilot in the Middle East
Authors: Al-Aryani Fatema , Obeidi Adel , Brahmakulam Jacob , Ramamoorthy Raghu 
Published: January 2013

Summary
Logging measurements in the borehole are vital for monitoring carbon dioxide (CO2) floods—for assessing the fluid changes in the reservoir rock as well as in the wellbore. The saturation profile at each well location provides the efficiency of the flood process for fluid displacement within the pore and the vertical sweep across and within the reservoir zones. A snapshot from multiple well locations in the reservoir enables the creation of a picture of the flood flow pattern, and the time-lapse surveys track the progress of the flood with time.
Pulsed-neutron logs provide essential measurements for the evaluation of saturation in the injectors, producers, and observers. However, the CO2 environment, with the fluid in the borehole, remains uncharacterized in the industry. Hence, reliable inferences require either that the measurement is immune to the borehole environment or that the perturbation is minimal and can be easily corrected. Where corrections are required, suitable benchmarks should be planned in advance to verify the accuracy of the corrections. These corrections should be modeled after the physics of the measurement to the maximum extent possible.
On the first CO2 enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) pilot project in the Middle East—unique in the world because the CO2 flood was implemented with the reservoir at original oil saturation—several pulsed-neutron surveys were recorded in the injector, observer, and producer wells. The surveys included capture and inelastic mode acquisition. Several novel techniques of data acquisition and interpretation were successfully tried. This paper presents the steps in planning and executing the jobs and the results of the surveys. Limitations of existing characterization and those imposed by the measurement environments in the subject wells are discussed, and we show, through comparison with benchmarks, that correction for the unusual borehole environment is possible. The paper illustrates how the different modes of pulsed-neutron data acquisition complement each other in the individual wells in assessing the borehole environment, providing adequate input data to enable a multiphase reservoir-fluid analysis, and yielding independent fluid saturations for effective comparison. The results of the analysis are compared with openhole evaluation to help create a coherent picture of the reservoir.
The fluid analysis from the pilot wells confirms the high displacement efficiency of CO2 as an EOR fluid. The saturation profiles from individual wells portray the vertical sweep of the flood, and the snapshot from the multiple wells gives the areal sweep. Combined with the data from production-log sensors and permeability from the magnetic resonance, the flood-breakthrough layers are identified.
Simultaneous Sequencing of 24 Genes Associated with Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: McCarthy Hugh J. , Bierzynska Agnieszka , Wherlock Matt , Ognjanovic Milos , Kerecuk Larissa , Hegde Shivaram , Feather Sally , Gilbert Rodney D. , Krischock Leah , Jones Caroline , Sinha Manish D. , Webb Nicholas J.A. , Christian Martin , Williams Margaret M. , Marks Stephen , Koziell Ania , Welsh Gavin I. , Saleem Moin A. 
Published: January 2013

Summary

Background and objectives
Up to 95% of children presenting with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in early life will have a pathogenic single-gene mutation in 1 of 24 genes currently associated with this disease. Others may be affected by polymorphic variants. There is currently no accepted diagnostic algorithm for clinical genetic testing. The hypothesis was that the increasing reliability of next generation sequencing allows comprehensive one-step genetic investigation of this group and similar patient groups.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
This study used next generation sequencing to screen 446 genes, including the 24 genes known to be associated with hereditary steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. The first 36 pediatric patients collected through a national United Kingdom Renal Registry were chosen with comprehensive phenotypic detail. Significant variants detected by next generation sequencing were confirmed by conventional Sanger sequencing.

Results
Analysis revealed known and novel disease-associated variations in expected genes such as NPHS1, NPHS2, and PLCe1 in 19% of patients. Phenotypically unexpected mutations were also detected in COQ2 and COL4A4 in two patients with isolated nephropathy and associated sensorineural deafness, respectively. The presence of an additional heterozygous polymorphism in WT1 in a patient with NPHS1 mutation was associated with earlier-onset disease, supporting modification of phenotype through genetic epistasis.

Conclusions
This study shows that next generation sequencing analysis of pediatric steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome patients is accurate and revealing. This analysis should be considered part of the routine genetic workup of diseases such as childhood steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, where the chance of genetic mutation is high but requires sequencing of multiple genes.
Conducting polymer-silver composites
Authors: Stejskal Jaroslav 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPreparations of hybrid composites composed of two conducting components, a conducting polymer and silver, are reviewed. They are produced mainly by the oxidation of aniline or pyrrole with silver ions. In another approach, polyaniline or polypyrrole are used for the reduction of silver ions to metallic silver. Other synthetic approaches are also reviewed. Products of oxidation of aniline derivatives, including phenylenediamines, are considered. Morphology of both the conducting polymers and the silver in composites displays a rich variety. Conductivity of the composites seldom exceeds 1000 S cm−1 and seems to be controlled by percolation. Interfacial effects are also discussed. Potential applications of hybrid composites are outlined; they are likely to extend especially to conducting inks, printed electronics, noble-metal recovery, antimicrobial materials, catalysts, and sensors.
Preparation of aqueous polyaniline-vesicle suspensions with class III peroxidases. Comparison between horseradish peroxidase isoenzyme C and soybean peroxidase
Authors: Junker Katja , Gitsov Ivan , Quade Nick , Walde Peter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAniline was polymerised enzymatically in aqueous solution at pH = 4.3 and 25°C in the presence of submicrometer-sized vesicles formed from sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulphosuccinate (AOT). H2O2 served as oxidant and the enzyme used was either horseradish peroxidase isoenzyme C (HRPC) or soybean peroxidase (SBP), both being class III peroxidases. From previous studies with HRPC, it is known that stable vesicle suspensions containing the emeraldine salt form of polyaniline (PANI-ES) can be obtained within 1–2 days with a 90–95 % yield, provided that optimal reaction conditions are applied. Unfortunately, HRPC becomes inactivated during polymerisation. In the present study, a linear dendritic block copolymer was added to HRPC, resulting in higher operational enzyme stability; the stabilising effect, however, was too small to afford a substantial decrease in the required amount of enzyme. Moreover, replacing HRPC with SBP was of no advantage, although SBP is known to be more stable towards inactivation by H2O2 than HRPC. By contrast, SBP was found to be much slower in oxidising aniline, and complete inactivation of SBP occurred before all the aniline monomers were oxidised, leading to low yields and the formation of over-oxidised products. The same was observed for HRP isoenzyme A2. Reactions without vesicles indicated that peroxidase inactivation was probably caused by PANI-ES.
Solubility and micronisation of phenacetin in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Wu Xing , Yi Jian-Min , Liu Yue-Jin , Liu Yong-Bing , Zhang Pan-Liang 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe rapid expansion of a supercritical solution (RESS) process represents an attractive prospect for producing sub-micron and nano-particles of medical compounds with low solubility. The solubility of phenacetin in supercritical carbon dioxide was measured by the analytical-isothermal method at pressures ranging from 9.0 MPa to 30.0 MPa and temperatures ranging from 308.0 K to 328.0 K. The results show that the mole fraction solubility of phenacetin in supercritical carbon dioxide is up to 10−5. Four density-based semi-empirical models were introduced to correlate the experimental data. Agreement between the model predictions and experimental data is greater with the Adachi-Lu-modified Chrastil model than with the Chrastil model, Méndez-Santiago-Teja model, and the Bartle model and the average absolute relative deviation (AARD) observed is 0.0483. The preparation of fine phenacetin particles by the RESS process under different conditions of extraction temperatures (308.0–328.0 K), extraction pressures (9.0–30.0 MPa), nozzle temperatures (373.0–393.0 K), nozzle diameters (0.1–0.8 mm), and collection distance (20.0–40.0 mm) was investigated. The size and morphology of the resultant particles were analysed by SEM. A remarkable modification in size and morphology can be obtained by condition-optimisation.
Determination of antioxidant activity using oxidative damage to plasmid DNA — pursuit of solvent optimization
Authors: Treml Jakub , Šmejkal Karel , Hošek Jan , Žemlička Milan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOxidative stress plays a key role in the pathophysiology of many diseases. Hydroxyl radical is the oxidative species most commonly causing damage to cells. The aim of this work was to optimize the method for antioxidant activity determination on a model lipophilic geranylated flavanone, diplacone. This method uses protection of plasmid DNA from oxidation by a hydroxyl radical generated by the Fenton reaction involving oxidation of metal ions using H2O2 and ascorbate. The method was optimized for lipophilic compounds using several solvents and co-solvents. It was found that (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (0.1 mass % aq. sol.) is the best co-solvent for our model lipophilic compound to measure the antioxidant activity by the method presented. Other solvents, namely dimethyl sulfoxide, Cremophor EL® (0.1 mass % aq. sol.), ethanol, and methanol, were not suitable for the determination of the antioxidant activity by the method described. Tween 80 (0.1 mass % aq. sol.) and a mixture of 10 vol. % ethanol and 9 mass % bovine serum albumin (aq. sol.) significantly decreased the antioxidant activity of the model lipophilic compound and thus were not suitable for this method.
Utility of Blood Culture in Uncomplicated Pneumonia in Children
Authors: Mendoza-Paredes Alberto , Bastos Jorge , Leber Mark , Erickson Evelyn , Waseem Muhammad 
Published: January 2013

Background It is believed to be the standard of care to obtain a blood culture in a child who is hospitalized for pneumonia. In recent years, many studies have questioned the utility of this practice in the presence of age appropriate immunization. We conducted this study to determine the current prevalence of bacteremia in children with uncomplicated pneumonia and the utility of obtaining blood cultures in these children. Objective To evaluate the risk of bacteremia in hospitalized young children with pneumonia. Methods This was a retrospective review from July 2003 until July 2008. The setting was the pediatric emergency department of an urban teaching hospital. The study population included children under 36 months of age who had been fully immunized and who had been hospitalized with radiographic evidence of uncomplicated pneumonia. Excluded were children who were currently using antibiotics or who had used antibiotics within the previous 48 hours, as well as children with immunodeficiency status such as sickle cell anemia, immunoglobulin deficiency, or children on steroid therapy. The radiologist's interpretation of each chest radiograph was reviewed and recorded. The variables studied were age (in months), gender, race, birth history, pneumococcal vaccination status, appearance on arrival, temperature on arrival, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil count, band count, and urine culture. The chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Results A blood culture was obtained in 535 children hospitalized with radiographic pneumonia. Bacteremia was present in 12 children (2.2%). All organisms isolated from the blood cultures were considered contaminants. Conclusion Children hospitalized with uncomplicated pneumonia have a low rate of positive blood cultures. None of the variables studied predicted bacteremia. The absence of true-positive cultures among the organisms isolated suggests little value in obtaining blood cultures in children hospitalized due to uncomplicated pneumonia.
Fully HOC Scheme for Mixed Convection Flow in a Lid-Driven Cavity Filled with a Nanofluid
Authors: Li Dingfang , Wang Xiaofeng , Feng Hui 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA fully higher-order compact (HOC) finite difference scheme on the 9-point two-dimensional (2D) stencil is formulated for solving the steady-state laminar mixed convection flow in a lid-driven inclined square enclosure filled with water-Al2O3 nanofluid. Two cases are considered depending on the direction of temperature gradient imposed (Case I, top and bottom; Case II, left and right). The developed equations are given in terms of the stream function-vorticity formulation and are non-dimensionalized and then solved numerically by a fourth-order accurate compact finite difference method. Unlike other compact solution procedure in literature for this physical configuration, the present method is fully compact and fully higher-order accurate. The fluid flow, heat transfer and heat transport characteristics were illustrated by streamlines, isotherms and averaged Nusselt number. Comparisons with previously published work are performed and found to be in excellent agreement. A parametric study is conducted and a set of graphical results is presented and discussed to elucidate that significant heat transfer enhancement can be obtained due to the presence of nanoparticles and that this is accentuated by inclination of the enclosure at moderate and large Richardson numbers.
Characterization of a commercial plastic scintillator for electron FLASH dosimetry
Authors: Oh Kyuhak , Hyun Megan A. , Gallagher Kyle J. , Yan Ying , Zhou Sumin 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPurposeThis study investigated the potential of a commercially available plastic scintillator, the Exradin W2, as a real‐time dosimeter for ultra‐high‐dose‐rate (UHDR) electron beams. This work aimed to characterize this system's performance under UHDR conditions and addressed limitations inherent to other conventional dosimetry systems.Methods and materialsWe assessed the W2's performance as a UHDR electron dosimeter using a 16 MeV UHDR electron beam from the FLASH research extension (FLEX) system. Additionally, the vendor provided a beta firmware upgrade to better handle the processing of the high signal generated in the UHDR environment. We evaluated the W2 regarding dose‐per‐pulse, pulse repetition rate, charge versus distance, and pulse linearity. Absorbed dose measurements were compared against those from a plane‐parallel ionization chamber, optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters and radiochromic film.ResultsWe observed that the 1 × 1 mm W2 scintillator with the MAX SD was more suitable for UHDR dosimetry compared to the 1 × 3 mm W2 scintillator, capable of matching film measurements within 2% accuracy for dose‐per‐pulse up to 3.6 Gy/pulse. The W2 accurately ascertained the inverse square relationship regarding charge versus virtual source distance with R2 of ∼1.00 for all channels. Pulse linearity was accurately measured with the W2, demonstrating a proportional response to the delivered pulse number. There was no discernible impact on the measured charge of the W2 when switching between the available repetition rates of the FLEX system (18–180 pulses/s), solidifying consistent beam output across pulse frequencies.ConclusionsThis study tested a commercial plastic scintillator detector in a UHDR electron beam, paving the way for its potential use as a real‐time, patient‐specific dosimetry tool for future FLASH radiotherapy treatments. Further research is warranted to test and improve the signal processing of the W2 dosimetry system to accurately measure in UHDR environments using exceedingly high dose‐per‐pulse and pulse numbers.
Light‐Activated In Situ Vaccine with Enhanced Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Infiltration and Function for Potent Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: An Xian , Chen Zhuang , Luo Yi , Yang Peng , Yang Zuo , Ji Tiannan , Chi Yajing , Wang Shuyuan , Zhang Ruili , Wang Zhongliang , Li Jianxiong 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn situ cancer vaccination is an attractive strategy that stimulates protective antitumor immunity. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are major mediators of the adaptive immune defenses, with critical roles in antitumor immune response and establishing immune memory, and are consequently extremely important for in situ vaccines to generate systemic and lasting antitumor efficacy. However, the dense extracellular matrix and hypoxia in solid tumors severely impede the infiltration and function of CTLs, ultimately compromising the efficacy of in situ cancer vaccines. To address this issue, a robust in situ cancer vaccine, Au@MnO2 nanoparticles (AMOPs), based on a gold nanoparticle core coated with a manganese dioxide shell is developed. The AMOPs modulated the unfavorable tumor microenvironment (TME) to restore CTLs infiltration and function and efficiently induced immunogenic cell death. The Mn2+‐mediated stimulator of the interferon genes pathway can be activated to further augment the therapeutic efficacy of the AMOPs. Thus, the AMOPs vaccine successfully elicited long‐lasting antitumor immunity to considerably inhibit primary, recurrent, and metastatic tumors. This study not only highlights the importance of revitalizing CTLs efficacy against solid tumors but also makes progress toward overcoming TME barriers for sustained antitumor immunity.
A Colored Temperature‐Adaptive Cloak for Year‐Round Building Energy Saving
Authors: Yin Yingying , Sun Pengcheng , Zeng Yijun , Yang Meng , Gao Shouwei , Wang Steven , Huang Zhengyong , Zhang Yingfan , Wang Yang , Wang Zuankai 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAchieving year‐round energy savings in buildings holds great significance toward reaching carbon neutrality and sustainability. Switchable thermal‐management materials offer an energy‐free solution to dynamically regulating internal building temperatures, by passively emitting heat into cold outer space in summer, and absorbing heat from hot sunlight in winter. In addition to dynamic thermal regulation, color display is another pursuit for addressing aesthetic considerations; however, most current dynamically switchable materials lack color options, due to an optical conflict between adaptive solar reflection and selective visible absorption, limiting their wide adoption in aesthetic scenarios such as commercial exterior walls. Herein, a colored temperature‐adaptive cloak (CTAC) that achieves dynamically switchable thermal management in an energy‐neutral way without sacrificing year‐round vibrant color display is reported. This is realized by decoupling solar reflectivity modulation and color display through the choice of two individual constituent components, including thermochromic microcapsules, and fluorescent dyes. Moreover, compared to single‐mode samples with similar colors, the CTAC with dual modes stays 5.6–3.4 °C warmer during cold winter and 14.9–7.9 °C cooler during hot summer (peak solar irradiance: ≈735 and 1030 W m−2, respectively), exhibiting a remarkable potential to achieve year‐round building energy savings.
Hydroxyurea to prevent brain injury in children with sickle cell disease (HU Prevent)—A randomized, placebo‐controlled phase II feasibility/pilot study
Authors: Casella James F. , Furstenau Dana K. , Adams Robert J. , Brambilla Donald J. , Lebensburger Jeffrey D. , Fehr James J. , Jordan Lori C. , King Allison A. , Ichord Rebecca N. , McKinstry Robert C. , Kraut Michael A. , Shaw Dennis W. , White Desiree A. , Whyte‐Stewart Donna A. , Avadhani Radhika , Barron‐Casella Emily A. , Cannon Alicia D. , Eaton Cyd K. , Riekert Kristin A. , Shay Joanne E. , Smith‐Seidel Cynthia A. , Weiss Diane C. , Ostapkovich Noeleen D. , Vermillion Krista , Treine Kevin E. , Kingsbury Claire E. , Strouse John J. , Thompson Richard E. , Hanley Daniel F. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractCentral nervous system (CNS) injury is common in sickle cell disease (SCD) and occurs early in life. Hydroxyurea is safe and efficacious for treatment of SCD, but high‐quality evidence from randomized trials to estimate its neuroprotective effect is scant. HU Prevent was a randomized (1:1), double‐blind, phase II feasibility/pilot trial of dose‐escalated hydroxyurea vs. placebo for the primary prevention of CNS injury in children with HbSS or HbS‐β0‐thalassemia subtypes of SCD age 12–48 months with normal neurological examination, MRI of the brain, and cerebral blood flow velocity. We hypothesized that hydroxyurea would reduce by 50% the incidence of CNS injury. Two outcomes were compared: primary—a composite of silent cerebral infarction, elevated cerebral blood flow velocity, transient ischemic attack, or stroke; secondary—a weighted score estimating the risk of suffering the consequences of stroke (the Stroke Consequences Risk Score—SCRS), based on the same outcome events. Six participants were randomized to each group. One participant in the hydroxyurea group had a primary outcome vs. four in the placebo group (incidence rate ratio [90% CI] 0.216 [0.009, 1.66], p = .2914) (~80% reduction in the hydroxyurea group). The mean SCRS score was 0.078 (SD 0.174) in the hydroxyurea group, 0.312 (SD 0.174) in the placebo group, p = .072, below the p‐value of .10 often used to justify subsequent phase III investigations. Serious adverse events related to study procedures occurred in 3/41 MRIs performed, all related to sedation. These results suggest that hydroxyurea may have profound neuroprotective effect in children with SCD and support a definitive phase III study to encourage the early use of hydroxyurea in all infants with SCD.
Direct In Situ Polymer Modification of Titania Nanomaterial Surfaces via UV‐irradiated Radical Polymerization
Authors: Tanaka Tomonari , Nishimura Shota , Nishiyama Kaito , Aso Yuji , Nishida Hisataka , Cho Sunghun , Sekino Tohru 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPolymer modification of titania nanomaterials can provide media dispersibility and various functionalities onto the titania surface. Herein, we report the direct in situ polymer modification of the surface of titania nanotubes (TNTs) and titania nanoparticles (TNPs) via ultraviolet (UV)‐irradiated radical polymerization without any pretreatment of titania. The resulting polymer‐modified TNTs and TNPs dispersed well in solvents. The characterization of the products using various techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy confirmed the successful modification of the TNT and TNP surfaces by the polymers produced via UV‐irradiated radical polymerization. The polymers on the titania surface were isolated by dissolving titania using hydrofluoric acid and analyzed by means of size exclusion chromatography and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry. The polymer‐modified TNTs and TNPs maintained their photocatalytic activity in dye degradation under UV irradiation. Moreover, glycopolymer‐modified TNTs were successfully prepared using the UV‐irradiated polymerization system. The glycopolymer retained its lectin biding affinity on the TNT surface.