bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The genomic bases of morphological divergence and reproductive isolation driven by ecological speciation in Senecio (Asteraceae)
Authors: Chapman M. A. , Hiscock S. J. , Filatov D. A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEcological speciation, driven by adaptation to contrasting environments, provides an attractive opportunity to study the formation of distinct species, and the role of selection and genomic divergence in this process. Here, we focus on a particularly clear‐cut case of ecological speciation to reveal the genomic bases of reproductive isolation and morphological differences between closely related Senecio species, whose recent divergence within the last ~200 000 years was likely driven by the uplift of Mt. Etna (Sicily). These species form a hybrid zone, yet remain morphologically and ecologically distinct, despite active gene exchange. Here, we report a high‐density genetic map of the Senecio genome and map hybrid breakdown to one large and several small quantitative trait loci (QTL). Loci under diversifying selection cluster in three 5 cM regions which are characterized by a significant increase in relative (FST), but not absolute (dXY), interspecific differentiation. They also correspond to some of the regions of greatest marker density, possibly corresponding to ‘cold‐spots’ of recombination, such as centromeres or chromosomal inversions. Morphological QTL for leaf and floral traits overlap these clusters. We also detected three genomic regions with significant transmission ratio distortion (TRD), possibly indicating accumulation of intrinsic genetic incompatibilities between these recently diverged species. One of the TRD regions overlapped with a cluster of high species differentiation, and another overlaps the large QTL for hybrid breakdown, indicating that divergence of these species may have occurred due to a complex interplay of ecological divergence and accumulation of intrinsic genetic incompatibilities.
Does plasticity enhance or dampen phenotypic parallelism? A test with three lake–stream stickleback pairs
Authors: Oke K. B. , Bukhari M. , Kaeuffer R. , Rolshausen G. , Räsänen K. , Bolnick D. I. , Peichel C. L. , Hendry A. P. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractParallel (and convergent) phenotypic variation is most often studied in the wild, where it is difficult to disentangle genetic vs. environmentally induced effects. As a result, the potential contributions of phenotypic plasticity to parallelism (and nonparallelism) are rarely evaluated in a formal sense. Phenotypic parallelism could beenhancedby plasticity that causes stronger parallelism across populations in the wild than would be expected from genetic differences alone. Phenotypic parallelism could bedampenedif site‐specific plasticity induced differences between otherwise genetically parallel populations. We used a common‐garden study of three independent lake–stream stickleback population pairs to evaluate the extent to which adaptive divergence has a genetic or plastic basis, and to investigate the enhancing vs. dampening effects of plasticity on phenotypic parallelism. We found that lake–stream differences in most traits had a genetic basis, but that several traits also showed contributions from plasticity. Moreover, plasticity was much more prevalent in one watershed than in the other two. In most cases, plasticity enhanced phenotypic parallelism, whereas in a few cases, plasticity had a dampening effect. Genetic and plastic contributions to divergence seem to play a complimentary, likely adaptive, role in phenotypic parallelism of lake–stream stickleback. These findings highlight the value of formally comparing wild‐caught and laboratory‐reared individuals in the study of phenotypic parallelism.
Inflammatory bowel disease on the risk of acute pancreatitis: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Chen Yu‐Tso , Su Jiann‐Sheng , Tseng Chih‐Wei , Chen Chia‐Chang , Lin Cheng‐Li , Kao Chia‐Hung 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackground and Aims:To determine whether inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) influences the risk of acute pancreatitis.Methods:We identified 11 909 patients diagnosed with IBD between 2000 and 2010 from Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database as the study cohort. A comparison cohort comprised 47 636 age‐matched patients without IBD. Both cohorts were followed‐up until the end of 2010 or until being censored. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to study the effects of IBD on the risks of acute pancreatitis.Results:The overall incidence of acute pancreatitis was 3.56‐fold higher in the study cohort than in the comparison cohort (31.8 vs 8.91 per 10 000 person‐years, crude hazard ratio [HR] = 3.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.96–4.28). After adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities, namely alcohol‐related disease, biliary stone, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hypertriglyceridemia, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and hypercalcemia, the adjusted HR for acute pancreatitis was 2.93‐fold higher (95% CI = 2.40–3.58) in the study cohort than in the comparison cohort.Conclusions:IBD is a risk factor for acute pancreatitis. © 2015 Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Foundation and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Identification and characterization of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases responsible for the in-vitro glucuronidation of arctigenin
Authors: Xin Hong , Xia Yang-Liu , Hou Jie , Wang Ping , He Wei , Yang Ling , Ge Guang-Bo , Xu Wei 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to characterize the glucuronidation pathway of arctigenin (AR) in human liver microsomes (HLM) and human intestine microsomes (HIM).

Methods
HLM and HIM incubation systems were employed to catalyse the formation of AR glucuronide. The glucuronidation activity of commercially recombinant UGT isoforms towards AR was screened. A combination of chemical inhibition assay and kinetic analysis was used to determine the UGT isoforms involved in the glucuronidation of AR in HLM and HIM.

Key findings
AR could be extensively metabolized to one mono-glucuronide in HLM and HIM. The mono-glucuronide was biosynthesized and characterized as 4′-O-glucuronide. UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, 1A10, 2B4, 2B7 and 2B17 participated in the formation of 4′-O-G, while UGT2B17 demonstrated the highest catalytic activity in this biotransformation. Both kinetic analysis and chemical inhibition assays demonstrated that UGT1A9, UGT2B7 and UGT2B17 played important roles in AR-4′-O-glucuronidation in HLM. Furthermore, HIM demonstrated moderate efficiency for AR-4′-O-glucuronidation, implying that AR may undergo a first-pass metabolism during the absorption process.

Conclusion
UGT1A9, UGT2B7 and UGT2B17 were the major isoforms responsible for the 4′-O-glucuronidation of AR in HLM, while UGT2B7 and UGT2B17 were the major contributors to this biotransformation in HIM.
Baicalin inhibits inflammation and attenuates myocardial ischaemic injury by aryl hydrocarbon receptor
Authors: Xue Yiqiang , Shui Xiaorong , Su Weiqing , He Yuan , Lu Xinlin , Zhang Yu , Yan Guosen , Huang Shian , Lei Wei , Chen Can 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Objectives
Recent evidence indicates that suppressing inflammation by specific drug target and treatment measures contributes to attenuate ischaemic injury and the related heart diseases. This study aimed to investigate the potential effect of baicalin on myocardial ischaemic injury through inhibition of inflammation by inactivating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR).

Methods
The mouse model with myocardial ischaemic injury was prepared by the left anterior descending coronary artery-amputation and then treated using baicalin. After observing the expression of AhR by immunohistochemical staining, the AhR and inflammatory mediators in circulation and myocardial tissues, including high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, were detected based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot methods.

Key findings
The results showed that (1) substantial expression of AhR was observed in myocardial tissues; (2) ischaemic injury caused myocardial necrosis and remodelling, and stimulated hsCRP, IL-1β and IL-6 by activation of AhR; and (3) baicalin alleviated the myocardial injury and inflammatory response by inhibiting the expression of AhR.

Conclusion
Our findings extend the list of AhR ligands beyond exogenous toxins and endogenous molecules to cardiac immunological factors, and moreover it could be considered potential drug targets due to its pathological modulatory properties, while baicalin demonstrated promise as a novel vehicle for ischaemic heart disease.
New diagnostic characters for the order Sporolithales (Corallinophycidae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Bahia Ricardo G. , Maneveldt Gavin W. , Amado‐Filho Gilberto M. , Yoneshigue‐Valentin Yocie 
Published: September 2015

The diagnosis of the order Sporolithales is currently restricted to tetrasporangial anatomy. Until recently, there were few reports about gametangial, and more specifically carposporangial material for the Sporolithales. This study provides the first detailed observations of the anatomy of the mature carposporophyte phase from three species of Sporolithales commonly found in rhodolith beds from Brazil: Sporolithon episporum, S. ptychoides, and Sporolithon sp. Using these observations, along with previously published descriptions and illustrations from other representative species in the order, a comparison was made with the other three orders (Corallinales, Hapalidiales, and Rhodogorgonales) of the Corallinophycidae. We amend the diagnosis of the order Sporolithales to include the anatomy of the mature carposporophyte as follows: carposporangial conceptacles that lack a central fusion cell, but instead with numerous, short, one to two‐celled, filaments that bear oblong terminal carposporangia that are distributed across the conceptacle chamber floor and walls.
Using the Nutrition Compass model for building healthy meals
Authors: Samuels F. , Hare J. , De Man W. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMars Food UK commissioned the British Nutrition Foundation (BNF) to develop the Nutrition Compass, and have applied this to building healthy recipes and meals. The research conducted by BNF, comparing popular meals in the UK against a set of nutritional criteria based on UK nutrient and food‐based recommendations, culminated in this tool, which can be applied to evaluate the ‘healthiness’ of a recipe based on the criteria developed. Key outcomes showed that meals made from partly pre‐prepared ingredients compare well with meals cooked from scratch provided they are used in a meal occasion that includes a healthy balance of food groups such as starchy carbohydrates, vegetables and protein‐rich foods. The development of the Nutrition Compass has allowed recipes and recipe suggestions to be optimised using partly pre‐prepared ingredients. Small changes in a recipe can result in a significantly healthier meal (e.g. adding vegetables or baking rather than frying, which is comparable for taste, convenience and affordability). Mars Food UK is exploring how this tool can be used more widely across the business and how it can be used to enable consumers to eat healthier meals.
Inhomogeneities in the propagation of the slow wave in the stomach
Authors: Lammers W. J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe propagation of the slow wave in the stomach and its role in inducing sweeping peristaltic contractions toward the pylorus, essential for a proper digestion and emptying, have been studied for many years. Irregularities in the timing or in the pattern of propagation of the slow wave have been known to induce various gastric malfunctions and, recently, several types of gastric dysrhythmias have been described which could lead to gastric contraction abnormalities. In this study, Du et al. have analyzed the disturbances caused by a simple transmural incision in a human stomach, performed to obtain a biopsy of the muscle, on the propagation pattern of the slow wave. In addition, they show that such an incision may by itself also induce new types of gastric dysrhythmias. These results are important in demonstrating that the function of the stomach can easily be disturbed by such procedures. This mini‐review describes several ways in which inhomogeneities in propagation may affect the conduction pattern of the slow wave, including the genesis of several dysrhythmias, and what is currently known about their impact on gastric contraction and digestion.
Integrating plant carbon dynamics with mutualism ecology
Authors: Pringle Elizabeth G. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryPlants reward microbial and animal mutualists with carbohydrates to obtain nutrients, defense, pollination, and dispersal. Under a fixed carbon budget, plants must allocate carbon to their mutualists at the expense of allocation to growth, reproduction, or storage. Such carbon trade‐offs are indirectly expressed when a plant exhibits reduced growth or fecundity in the presence of its mutualist. Because carbon regulates the costs of all plant mutualisms, carbon dynamics are a common platform for integrating these costs in the face of ecological complexity and context dependence. The ecophysiology of whole‐plant carbon allocation could thus elucidate the ecology and evolution of plant mutualisms. If mutualisms are costly to plants, then they must be important but frequently underestimated sinks in the terrestrial carbon cycle.

Contents

Summary
71

I.
Introduction
71

II.
The carbon dynamics of plant mutualisms
72

III.
Tracking carbon allocation to mutualism
73

IV.
Mutualisms and the global carbon cycle
74

V.
Conclusions
74

Acknowledgements
74

References
74
Hydroalcoholic extract of Carum carvi L. in oral mucositis: a clinical trial in male golden hamsters
Authors: Mardani M , Afra SM , Tanideh N , Andisheh Tadbir A , Modarresi F , Koohi‐Hosseinabadi O , Iraji A , Sepehrimanesh M 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesSeveral studies have attempted to prevent or improve oral mucositis (OM) but have not produced a qualified treatment yet. This study evaluates the effects of Carum carvi L. (caraway) hydroalcoholic extract (CHE) as one of the traditional medicinal plants in 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐induced OM in golden hamsters.Materials and methodsOM was induced in 54 male golden hamsters by 5‐FU and cheek pouch scratching. Starting from day 12, 500 and 1000 mg kg−1 per day topical CHE were administered. Pouch histopathology score, malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione contents, and activity of myeloperoxidase plus microbial cultures of cheek pouch, antimicrobial properties of CHE, and essential oil constituents were evaluated.ResultsLower histopathology score (0, 1, and 2) and malondialdehyde level, higher reduced glutathione level and activities of myeloperoxidase were detected in 1000 and 500 mg kg−1 per day topical CHE and control groups, respectively (P < 0.001). The CHE was more potent against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus intermedius. γ‐Terpinene (37.2%) was identified as the main constituent of essential oil.ConclusionThe use of CHE in topical form may be associated with reduced intensity of OM. This may be due to appropriate antibacterial activity and terpinene contents.
Retracted: Oral Polypodium leucomotos increases the anti‐inflammatory and melanogenic responses of the skin to different modalities of sun exposures: a pilot study
Authors: Calzavara‐Pinton Pier Giacomo , Rossi Maria Teresa , Zanca Arianna , Arisi Mariachiara , Gonzalez Salvador , Venturini Marina 
Published: September 2015

SummaryBackgroundThe effects on the inflammatory and tanning responses of sunlight/UVR of several oral antioxidants are still unknown.ObjectiveAssess intensity, time course of the inflammatory, and tanning responses to increasing dosages of solar‐simulated radiation (SSR) at baseline and after oral supplementation of an extract of Polypodium leucotomos (PLE).MethodsTen healthy subjects underwent phototesting with SSR with a visual and spectrophotometrical assessment of the responses with or without daily oral supplementation of two tablets containing 240 mg of PLE for a total of 15 days.ResultsPolypodium leucotomos supplementation induced a significant increase of the minimal erythema dose (MED), a faster recovery of the inflammation following the delivery of super‐erythemal doses, and no significant changes of the minimal melanogenic dose (MMD). Spectrophotometric assessment of the Δa* in test areas exposed to equally doses of SSR did not show differences.ConclusionsPolypodium leucotomos supplementation increased the MED and induced a faster recovery of the inflammation and a stronger tanning response with no changes in the melanogenic threshold.
Statistics: a Data Science for the 21st Century
Authors: Diggle Peter J. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe rise of data science could be seen as a potental threat to the long-term status of the statistics discipline. I first argue that, although there is a threat, there is also a much greater opportunity to re-emphasize the universal relevance of statistical method to the interpretation of data, and I give a short historical outline of the increasingly important links between statistics and information technology. The core of the paper is a summary of several recent research projects, through which I hope to demonstrate that statistics makes an essential, but incomplete, contribution to the emerging field of ‘electronic health’ research. Finally, I offer personal thoughts on how statistics might best be organized in a research-led university, on what we should teach our students and on some issues broadly related to data science where the Royal Statistical Society can take a lead.
Ultra‐fast alterations in mRNA levels uncover multiple players in light stress acclimation in plants
Authors: Suzuki Nobuhiro , Devireddy Amith R. , Inupakutika Madhuri A. , Baxter Aaron , Miller Gad , Song Luhua , Shulaev Elena , Azad Rajeev K. , Shulaev Vladimir , Mittler Ron 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe acclimation of plants to changes in light intensity requires rapid responses at several different levels. These include biochemical and biophysical responses as well as alterations in the steady‐state level of different transcripts and proteins. Recent studies utilizing promoter::reporter constructs suggested that transcriptional responses to changes in light intensity could occur within seconds, rates for which changes in mRNA expression are not routinely measured or functionally studied. To identify and characterize rapid changes in the steady‐state level of different transcripts in response to light stress we performed RNA sequencing analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana plants subjected to light stress. Here we report that mRNA accumulation of 731 transcripts occurs as early as 20–60 sec following light stress application, and that at least five of these early response transcripts play an important biological role in the acclimation of plants to light stress. More than 20% of transcripts accumulating in plants within 20–60 sec of initiation of light stress are H2O2‐ and ABA‐response transcripts, and the accumulation of several of these transcripts is inhibited by transcriptional inhibitors. In accordance with the association of rapid response transcripts with H2O2 and ABA signaling, a mutant impaired in ABA sensing (abi‐1) was found to be more tolerant to light stress, and the response of several of the rapid response transcripts was altered in mutants impaired in reactive oxygen metabolism. Our findings reveal that transcriptome reprogramming in plants could occur within seconds of initiation of abiotic stress and that this response could invoke known as well as unknown proteins and pathways.
Recurrent sequence exchange between homeologous grass chromosomes
Authors: Wicker Thomas , Wing Rod A. , Schubert Ingo 
Published: September 2015

SummaryAll grass species evolved from an ancestor that underwent a whole‐genome duplication (WGD) approximately 70 million years ago. Interestingly, the short arms of rice chromosomes 11 and 12 (and independently their homologs in sorghum) were found to be much more similar to each other than other homeologous regions within the duplicated genome. Based on detailed analysis of rice chromosomes 11 and 12 and their homologs in seven grass species, we propose a mechanism that explains the apparently ‘younger’ age of the duplication in this region of the genome, assuming a small number of reciprocal translocations at the chromosome termini. In each case the translocations were followed by unbalanced transmission and subsequent lineage sorting of the involved chromosomes to offspring. Molecular dating of these translocation events also allowed us to date major chromosome ‘fusions’ in the evolutionary lineages that led to Brachypodium and Triticeae. Furthermore, we provide evidence that rice is exceptional regarding the evolution of chromosomes 11 and 12, inasmuch as in other species the process of sequence exchange between homeologous chromosomes ceased much earlier than in rice. We presume that random events rather than selective forces are responsible for the observed high similarity between the short arm ends of rice chromosomes 11 and 12.
Changes in adherence to cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines in a single referral center from January 2009 to June 2013 and assessment of factors contributing to the observed changes
Authors: Holmes Andrea C. , Clark Louise 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundThis retrospective study reviewed compliance to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) teaching at a small animal referral center from January 2009 to June 2013. CPR training commenced in October 2009. This was a lecture format by European specialists in veterinary anesthesia and analgesia. Teaching was originally based on published guidelines. Changes made to the content of the lectures after publication of the Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) guidelines in 2012 are discussed.Key FindingsData regarding basic life support and monitoring equipment were collected from all cases requiring CPR. A Mann–Kendall test for trend showed a significant increased use of both capnography (P = 0.017) and suction to aid tracheal intubation (P = 0.017) over the period of study. There was a significant increase in capnography use in 2011 (P = 0.046), 2012 (P = 0.002), and 2013 (P = 0.002) compared to 2009 (1/15).SignificanceThe sequential increase in capnography use without any change to the number or availability of capnography units provides evidence that CPR teaching has altered clinical practice. The publication of the RECOVER guidelines provided an evidence base upon which to refine and improve teaching of CPR.