bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The High Prevalence of Incarceration History Among Black Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States: Associations and Implications
Authors: Brewer Russell A. , Magnus Manya , Kuo Irene , Wang Lei , Liu Ting-Yuan , Mayer Kenneth H. 
Published: January 2014

Objectives. We examined lifetime incarceration history and its association with key characteristics among 1553 Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) recruited in 6 US cities. Methods. We conducted bivariate analyses of data collected from the HIV Prevention Trials Network 061 study from July 2009 through December 2011 to examine the relationship between incarceration history and demographic and psychosocial variables predating incarceration and multivariate logistic regression analyses to explore the associations between incarceration history and demographic and psychosocial variables found to be significant. We then used multivariate logistic regression models to explore the independent association between incarceration history and 6 outcome variables. Results. After adjusting for confounders, we found that increasing age, transgender identity, heterosexual or straight identity, history of childhood violence, and childhood sexual experience were significantly associated with incarceration history. A history of incarceration was also independently associated with any alcohol and drug use in the past 6 months. Conclusions. The findings highlight an elevated lifetime incarceration history among a geographically diverse sample of BMSM and the need to adequately assess the impact of incarceration among BMSM in the United States.
Public Health and Climate Change Adaptation at the Federal Level: One Agency’s Response to Executive Order 13514
Authors: Hess Jeremy J. , Schramm Paul J. , Luber George 
Published: January 2014

Climate change will likely have adverse human health effects that require federal agency involvement in adaptation activities. In 2009, President Obama issued Executive Order 13514, Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance. The order required federal agencies to develop and implement climate change adaptation plans. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as part of a larger Department of Health and Human Services response to climate change, is developing such plans. We provide background on Executive Orders, outline tenets of climate change adaptation, discuss public health adaptation planning at both the Department of Health and Human Services and the CDC, and outline possible future CDC efforts. We also consider how these activities may be better integrated with other adaptation activities that manage emerging health threats posed by climate change.
SGLT-2 Inhibitors: A New Mechanism for Glycemic Control
Authors: Chao Edward C. 
Published: January 2014

IN BRIEF
Glucosuria, the presence of glucose in the urine, has long been regarded as a consequence of uncontrolled diabetes. However, glucose excretion can be induced by blocking the activity of the renal sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2). This mechanism corrects hyperglycemia independently of insulin. This article provides an overview of the paradigm shift that triggered the development of the SGLT-2 inhibitor class of agents and summarizes the available evidence from clinical studies to date.
Multicenter prospective evaluation of dogs with trauma
Authors: Hall Kelly E. , Holowaychuk Marie K. , Sharp Claire R. , Reineke Erica 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine hospital admission variables for dogs with trauma including values determined with scoring systems (animal trauma triage [ATT], modified Glasgow coma scale [MGCS], and acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation [APPLE] scores) and the usefulness of such variables for the prediction of outcome (death vs survival to hospital discharge).
Design—Prospective, multicenter, cohort study.
Animals—315 client-owned dogs.
Procedures—By use of a Web-based data capture system, trained personnel prospectively recorded admission ATT, MGCS, and APPLE scores; clinical and laboratory data; and outcome (death vs survival to discharge) for dogs with trauma at 4 veterinary teaching hospitals during an 8-week period.
Results—Cause of injury was most commonly blunt trauma (173/315 [54.9%]) followed by penetrating trauma (107/315 [34.0%]), or was unknown (35/315 [11.1%]). Of the 315 dogs, 285 (90.5%) survived to hospital discharge. When 16 dogs euthanized because of cost were excluded, dogs with blunt trauma were more likely to survive, compared with dogs with penetrating trauma (OR, 8.5). The ATT (OR, 2.0) and MGCS (OR, 0.47) scores and blood lactate concentration (OR, 1.5) at the time of hospital admission were predictive of outcome. Surgical procedures were performed for 157 (49.8%) dogs; surgery was associated with survival to discharge (OR, 7.1).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated ATT and MGCS scores were useful for prediction of outcome for dogs evaluated because of trauma. Penetrating trauma, low blood lactate concentration, and performance of surgical procedures were predictive of survival to hospital discharge. The methods enabled collection of data for a large number of dogs in a short time.
Evaluation of the radiographic infrapatellar fat pad sign of the contralateral stifle joint as a risk factor for subsequent contralateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs with unilateral rupture: 96 cases (2006–2007)
Authors: Fuller Mark C. , Hayashi Kei , Bruecker Kenneth A. , Holsworth Ian G. , Sutton Jessie S. , Kass Philip H. , Kantrowitz Brett J. , Kapatkin Amy S. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine prevalence of the contralateral radiographic infrapatellar fat pad sign and contralateral radiographic degenerative sign (degenerative changes) and evaluate both signs as risk factors for subsequent contralateral cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) rupture in dogs with unilateral CrCL rupture.
Design—Retrospective cohort study.
Animals—96 dogs with unilateral CrCL rupture and 22 dogs with bilateral CrCL rupture.
Procedures—Dogs with unilateral CrCL rupture were classified as having normal (n = 84) or abnormal (12) contralateral stifle joints on the basis of joint palpation. Associations between potential predictive variables and rates of subsequent contralateral CrCL rupture were evaluated.
Results—Of the 84 dogs with unilateral CrCL rupture in which the contralateral stifle joint was palpably normal, 29 (34.5%) had a contralateral fat pad sign and 31 (36.9%) had a degenerative sign. All dogs with unilateral CrCL rupture in which the contralateral stifle joint was palpably abnormal had a contralateral fat pad sign and degenerative sign. The contralateral fat pad sign was the most important risk factor for subsequent rupture of the contralateral CrCL. For dogs with unilateral CrCL rupture and palpably normal contralateral stifle joint with and without a contralateral fat pad sign, median time to subsequent rupture was 421 and 1,688 days, respectively, and the 3-year probability of subsequent rupture was 85.3% and 24.9%, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Bilateral stifle joint radiography should be performed for all dogs with CrCL rupture. Bilateral stifle joint arthroscopy should be considered for dogs with a contralateral fat pad sign.
Relationships among video gaming proficiency and spatial orientation, laparoscopic, and traditional surgical skills of third-year veterinary students
Authors: Millard Heather A. Towle , Millard Ralph P. , Constable Peter D. , Freeman Lyn J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine the relationships among traditional and laparoscopic surgical skills, spatial analysis skills, and video gaming proficiency of third-year veterinary students.
Design—Prospective, randomized, controlled study.
Sample—A convenience sample of 29 third-year veterinary students.
Procedures—The students had completed basic surgical skills training with inanimate objects but had no experience with soft tissue, orthopedic, or laparoscopic surgery; the spatial analysis test; or the video games that were used in the study. Scores for traditional surgical, laparoscopic, spatial analysis, and video gaming skills were determined, and associations among these were analyzed by means of Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient (rs).
Results—A significant positive association (rs = 0.40) was detected between summary scores for video game performance and laparoscopic skills, but not between video game performance and traditional surgical skills scores. Spatial analysis scores were positively (rs = 0.30) associated with video game performance scores; however, that result was not significant. Spatial analysis scores were not significantly associated with laparoscopic surgical skills scores. Traditional surgical skills scores were not significantly associated with laparoscopic skills or spatial analysis scores.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study indicated video game performance of third-year veterinary students was predictive of laparoscopic but not traditional surgical skills, suggesting that laparoscopic performance may be improved with video gaming experience. Additional studies would be required to identify methods for improvement of traditional surgical skills.
Reviews
Authors: Schwandt Silke , Kontler László , Korhonen Anu , Boilard Marie-Christine , Strang Johan 
Published: January 2014

Burkhard Hasebrink, Susanne Bernhardt, and Imke Früh, eds., Semantik
der Gelassenheit: Generierung, Etablierung, Transformation [Semantics of
detachment: Formation, establishment, transformation] (Göttingen:
Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 2012), 319 pp.Martin J. Burke and Melvin Richter, eds., Why Concepts Matter: Translating
Social and Political Thought (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2012), 240 pp.Ute Frevert, Monique Scheer, Anne Schmidt, Pascal Eitler, Bettina Hitzer,
Nina Verheyen, Benno Gammerl, Christian Bailey, and Margrit Pernau,
Gefühlswissen: Eine lexikalische Spurensuche in der Moderne [Emotional
knowledge: In search of lexical clues in modernity] (Frankfurt and New
York: Campus Verlag, 2011), 364 pp.Julia Harfensteller, The United Nations and Peace: The Evolution of an
Organizational Concept (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2011), 355 pp.Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, ed., Human Rights in the Twentieth Century
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 351 pp.
Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Associated with HCV and HBV Coinfection among Antiretroviral-Treated HIV-Infected Individuals
Authors: Gillis Jennifer , Smieja Marek , Cescon Angela , Rourke Sean B , Burchell Ann N , Cooper Curtis , Raboud Janet M ,   the OHTN Cohort Study Group, Taylor Darien , Collins Evan , Robinson Greg , Margolese Shari , Cupido Patrick , Pede Tony Di , Kennedy Rick , Hamilton Michael , King Ken , Finch Brian , Stoltz Lori , Bayoumi Ahmed , George Clemon , Cooper Curtis , Grennan Troy , Betts Adrian , Conway Tracey , Price Colleen 
Published: January 2014

Background The increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in HIV is well established. Despite high prevalence of viral hepatitis coinfection with HIV, there are few studies on the risk of CVD amongst antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated coinfected patients. Methods Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study participants who initiated ART without prior CVD events were analysed. HBV and HCV coinfection were identified by serology and RNA test results. CVD was defined as any of: coronary artery disease including atherosclerosis, chronic ischaemic heart disease and arteriosclerotic vascular disease; myocardial infarction; congestive heart failure; cerebrovascular accident or stroke; coronary bypass; angioplasty; and sudden cardiac death. The impact of HBV and HCV coinfection on time to CVD was assessed using multivariable competing risk models accounting for left truncation between ART initiation and study enrolment. Results A total of 3,416 HIV-monoinfected, 432 HIV-HBV- and 736 HIV–HCV-coinfected individuals were followed for a median (IQR) of 2.32 years (1.36–8.02). Over the study period, 167 CVD events and 613 deaths were documented. After adjustment for age, gender, race, year initiating ART, weight and smoking status, HBV was not associated with time to CVD onset (aHR=1.05, 95% CI [0.63, 1.74]; P=0.86). There was an elevated risk of CVD for HCV-coinfected individuals, which approached statistical significance (aHR=1.44, 95% CI [0.97, 2.13]; P=0.07). Conclusions Our results are consistent with a moderate increase of CVD among individuals with HIV–HCV coinfection relative to those with HIV infection alone, lending support to consideration of initiation of HCV antiviral treatment.
Treatment of Hepatitis C with An Interferon-Based Lead-In Phase: A Perspective from Mathematical Modelling
Authors: Rong Libin , Guedj Jeremie , Dahari Harel , Perelson Alan S 
Published: January 2014

Background The standard of care for HCV genotype 1 is a protease inhibitor (telaprevir or boceprevir) combined with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV). A lead-in phase of PEG-IFN/RBV therapy before addition of the protease inhibitor has been used, with the aim of improving response rates by reducing the development of protease inhibitor resistance. However, whether such a strategy can bring benefit to patients is unclear. Methods A viral dynamic model was used to compare in silico HCV dynamics in patients treated with a period of PEG-IFN/RBV lead-in therapy followed by the addition of a protease inhibitor versus immediate triple therapy without lead-in. Results The model predicts that both regimens result in a similar end-of-treatment viral load change (viral decline or breakthrough). Thus, the current lead-in strategy may not decrease the rate of viral breakthrough/relapse or increase the rate of sustained virological response. This agrees with available data from clinical trials of several HCV protease inhibitors, such as telaprevir, boceprevir and faldaprevir. Conclusions These results suggest that current PEG-IFN/RBV lead-in strategies may not improve treatment outcomes. However, viral kinetics during a period of PEG-IFN/RBV therapy, combined with other factors, such as the IL28B polymorphism and baseline viral load, can identify IFN-sensitive patients and help develop response-guided therapies.
Serum Cytokine Profile of Unaffected First-degree Relatives of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Barra Lillian , Summers Kelly , Bell David , Cairns Ewa 
Published: January 2014

Objective.Various cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and it is known that elevations in multiple cytokines occur prior to disease onset. The objective of our study is to determine whether the cytokine profile in unaffected first-degree relatives (FDR) of patients with RA is distinct from healthy controls.Methods.The sera of patients with RA, their unaffected FDR, and healthy controls were measured for 27 cytokines using a luminex-based multiplexed immunoassay. Subjects were also tested for rheumatoid factor and 6 different anticitrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPA). Discriminant analysis was performed to define the cytokine profile of the 3 study groups.Results.Fourteen patients with RA, 37 unaffected FDR, and 27 healthy controls were enrolled. All patients with RA and 49% of FDR were ACPA-positive. Patients with RA had elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines compared to FDR and controls. Lower interleukin 13 (IL-13) levels were independently associated with RA. IL-4 was significantly lower in FDR compared to controls. Using discriminant analysis based on the levels of all cytokines measured, RA, FDR, and healthy controls could be distinguished with 91% accuracy. ACPA-positive subjects had higher levels of IL-9, but lower levels of IL-12p70 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β. No individual cytokine was associated with ACPA-positivity in FDR, but the entire cytokine profile accurately distinguished ACPA-positive from ACPA-negative FDR.Conclusion.The cytokine profiles of patients with RA, healthy controls, unaffected ACPA-positive FDR, and ACPA-negative FDR appear to be distinct.
Antihomocitrullinated Fibrinogen Antibodies are Specific to Rheumatoid Arthritis and Frequently Bind Citrullinated Proteins/peptides
Authors: Scinocca Mathias , Bell David A. , Racapé Maud , Joseph Radha , Shaw Gary , McCormick John K. , Gladman Dafna D. , Pope Janet , Barra Lillian , Cairns Ewa 
Published: January 2014

Objective.Anticitrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPA) are implicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis and linked to the shared epitope (SE). Citrulline modification is very similar to a different modified amino acid, homocitrulline. We investigated antihomocitrullinated protein/ peptide antibody (AHCPA) specificity for RA, whether ACPA were also able to bind homocitrullinated targets, and whether the SE could accommodate homocitrullinated peptide.Methods.Homocitrullinated fibrinogen was used to screen sera from patients with RA, psoriatic arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, and healthy subjects for AHCPA using ELISA. Homocitrullination sites on fibrinogen were identified by mass spectrometry. ACPA were affinity-purified using a synthetic citrullinated peptide and tested for binding to homocitrullinated protein/peptide. Inhibition of antihomocitrullinated fibrinogen antibody binding was examined. Homocitrullinated peptide interaction with the SE was studied using computer modeling.Results.IgG antihomocitrullinated fibrinogen antibodies were found specifically in 49% of patients with RA. Enrichment of ACPA by affinity purification from 5 patients with RA also enriched AHCPA. Serum AHCPA was inhibited by citrullinated fibrinogen and more significantly by homocitrullinated fibrinogen. Computer modeling indicated that the SE could accommodate a homocitrullinated peptide without steric hindrance. Mass spectrometry identified that 89/103 lysines of fibrinogen could be homocitrullinated, and 5 peptides that could be both citrullinated and homocitrullinated and are predicted to bind the SE.Conclusion.Antihomocitrullinated fibrinogen antibodies are specific to RA. The presence of AHCPA coincides with ACPA, and AHCPA copurifies with ACPA in affinity purification and is inhibited by citrullinated and homocitrullinated antigens. Thus AHCPA and ACPA are frequently cross-reactive and homocitrullinated proteins/peptides may bind the SE.
Serum and Glucocorticoid–Regulated Kinase 1 Regulates Neutrophil Clearance during Inflammation Resolution
Authors: Burgon Joseph , Robertson Anne L. , Sadiku Pranvera , Wang Xingang , Hooper-Greenhill Edward , Prince Lynne R. , Walker Paul , Hoggett Emily E. , Ward Jonathan R. , Farrow Stuart N. , Zuercher William J. , Jeffrey Philip , Savage Caroline O. , Ingham Philip W. , Hurlstone Adam F. , Whyte Moira K. B. , Renshaw Stephen A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe inflammatory response is integral to maintaining health by functioning to resist microbial infection and repair tissue damage. Large numbers of neutrophils are recruited to inflammatory sites to neutralize invading bacteria through phagocytosis and the release of proteases and reactive oxygen species into the extracellular environment. Removal of the original inflammatory stimulus must be accompanied by resolution of the inflammatory response, including neutrophil clearance, to prevent inadvertent tissue damage. Neutrophil apoptosis and its temporary inhibition by survival signals provides a target for anti-inflammatory therapeutics, making it essential to better understand this process. GM-CSF, a neutrophil survival factor, causes a significant increase in mRNA levels for the known anti-apoptotic protein serum and glucocorticoid–regulated kinase 1 (SGK1). We have characterized the expression patterns and regulation of SGK family members in human neutrophils and shown that inhibition of SGK activity completely abrogates the antiapoptotic effect of GM-CSF. Using a transgenic zebrafish model, we have disrupted sgk1 gene function and shown this specifically delays inflammation resolution, without altering neutrophil recruitment to inflammatory sites in vivo. These data suggest SGK1 plays a key role in regulating neutrophil survival signaling and thus may prove a valuable therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory disease.
Heterotropic Modulation of Selectin Affinity by Allosteric Antibodies Affects Leukocyte Rolling
Authors: Riese Sebastian B. , Kuehne Christian , Tedder Thomas F. , Hallmann Rupert , Hohenester Erhard , Buscher Konrad 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Selectins are a family of adhesion receptors designed for efficient leukocyte tethering to the endothelium under shear. As a key property to resist premature bond disruption, selectin adhesiveness is enhanced by tensile forces that promote the conversion of a bent into an extended conformation of the N-terminal lectin and epidermal growth factor–like domains. Conformation-specific Abs have been invaluable in deciphering the activation mechanism of integrins, but similar reagents are not available for selectins. In this study, we show that the anti-human L-selectin mAbs DREG-55 and LAM1-5 but not DREG-56, DREG-200, or LAM1-1 heterotropically modulate adhesion presumably by stabilizing the extended receptor conformation. Force-free affinity assays, flow chamber, and microkinetic studies reveal a ligand-specific modulation of L-selectin affinity by DREG-55 mAb, resulting in a dramatic decrease of rolling velocity under flow. Furthermore, secondary tethering of polymorphonuclear cells was blocked by DREG-200 but significantly boosted by DREG-55 mAb. The results emphasize the need for a new classification for selectin Abs and introduce the new concept of heterotropic modulation of receptor function.
Cytomorphological Aspects of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Our Experience at a Tertiary Center
Authors: Rathi Monika , Ahmad Faiyaz , Budania Satish Kumar , Awasthi Seema , Kumar Ashutosh , Dutta Shyamoli 
Published: January 2014

Introduction Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common form of acquired hypothyroidism. Fine needle aspiration cytology is one important tool in diagnosing Hashimoto's thyroditis, along with clinical, biochemical, immunological and ultrasonographical modalities. The present study examines cytological aspects of Hashimoto's thyroiditis along with their correlation with clinical, biochemical and immunological findings, whenever available. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective study of 50 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Cytological findings were reviewed and correlated with clinical, biochemical and immunological findings whenever available. Results The majority of the patients were middle-aged females, with a female to male ratio of 6.14:1. Most patients presented with diffuse thyromegaly (68%) and/or hypothyroidism (56.09%). The antibody profile was available in 22% of patients. Of these, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies were raised in 81.81% of patients and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies were raised in 63.63% of patients. In the present study, high lymphoid to epithelial cell ratio was seen in 78% of cases, and 74% of cases showed Hurthle cell change. Follicular atypia was seen in 36% of cases. Lymphoid follicle formation was seen in seen in 54% of cases. Follicular cell infiltration by lymphocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils was seen in 72%, 48% and 26% of cases, respectively. Plasma cells were seen in 18% of cases. Conclusion Thyroid function tests and immunological tests cannot diagnose all cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Fine needle aspiration cytology continues to be a diagnostic tool of significance in diagnosing Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The presence of inflammatory cells, particularly lymphocytes and eosinophils, was detected in a significant proportion of cases.