bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pesticides in Groundwater of the United States: Decadal‐Scale Changes, 1993–2011
Authors: Toccalino Patricia L. , Gilliom Robert J. , Lindsey Bruce D. , Rupert Michael G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe national occurrence of 83 pesticide compounds in groundwater of the United States and decadal‐scale changes in concentrations for 35 compounds were assessed for the 20‐year period from 1993–2011. Samples were collected from 1271 wells in 58 nationally distributed well networks. Networks consisted of shallow (mostly monitoring) wells in agricultural and urban land‐use areas and deeper (mostly domestic and public supply) wells in major aquifers in mixed land‐use areas. Wells were sampled once during 1993–2001 and once during 2002–2011. Pesticides were frequently detected (53% of all samples), but concentrations seldom exceeded human‐health benchmarks (1.8% of all samples). The five most frequently detected pesticide compounds—atrazine, deethylatrazine, simazine, metolachlor, and prometon—each had statistically significant (p < 0.1) changes in concentrations between decades in one or more categories of well networks nationally aggregated by land use. For agricultural networks, concentrations of atrazine, metolachlor, and prometon decreased from the first decade to the second decade. For urban networks, deethylatrazine concentrations increased and prometon concentrations decreased. For major aquifers, concentrations of deethylatrazine and simazine increased. The directions of concentration changes for individual well networks generally were consistent with changes determined from nationally aggregated data. Altogether, 36 of the 58 individual well networks had statistically significant changes in concentrations of one or more pesticides between decades, with the majority of changes attributed to the five most frequently detected pesticide compounds. The magnitudes of median decadal‐scale concentration changes were small—ranging from −0.09 to 0.03 µg/L—and were 35‐ to 230,000‐fold less than human‐health benchmarks.
Paediatric clinical research from the perspective of hospital pharmacists from France and Canada
Authors: Guérin Aurélie , Tanguay Cynthia , Lebel Denis , Prot-Labarthe Sonia , Bourdon Olivier , Bussières Jean-François 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Objectives
To compare pharmacy support for paediatric research services in France and Canada and to describe the perception of pharmacists and rank the paediatric clinical research issues.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. All paediatric hospitals from Canada and the main hospitals from France were contacted. A survey was conducted from May–September 2012. Descriptive statistics were performed.

Key findings
Results from 11 paediatric hospitals in Canada (11/12, 92%) and 11 (11/18, 61%) in France were obtained. There was a similar number of ongoing paediatric clinical trials per hospital in France versus Canada (38 (10–81) versus 20 (4–178)). A lower number of pharmacists per hospital was observed in France (17 (11.5–35) versus 45 (18.9–76.8)), but a similar number of pharmacists were assigned to clinical trials (1.5 (1–3) versus 1.9 (0.2–17.4)). Institutional protocols represented the majority of paediatric clinical trials in France (61% (14–100) versus 25% (0–100)). Similar pharmacy support services were offered, but the majority of French respondents also offered help for institutional protocol development (91 versus 50% P = 0.063). The main issues associated with paediatric clinical research were absence of financial interest from the pharmaceutical industry, prohibitive cost versus profit ratio, small patient cohorts and the non-availability of the appropriate drug formulations.

Conclusions
Difficulties related to pharmaceutical compounding were identified as the main hindrance to paediatric clinical research; particular attention should be paid to these details when setting up a paediatric trial.
Drug abuse and acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Authors: SHEU YNGSHIUH 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAcquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a modern plague. The first sign of the disease was the appearance of Pneumocystis carinii and Kaposi's sarcoma among young homosexual patients. The virus transmission is from an infected individual to a susceptible host through blood‐related, sexual, and perinatal routes. Exchange of body fluid occurs when sharing syringes, drugs, and drug paraphernalia. Although the largest number of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is in sub Saharan Africa, the most rapid growth of HIV infection during the 1990s was seen in South‐East Asia. Asia showed a steep increase from 1992. Given the experiences in Thailand, India and China, a similar spread of AIDS in other parts of Asia is possible. The risk behaviors that enable the spread of HIV are present in all Pacific Asian countries. Risk behaviors are considered to be the injection of illicit drugs, male patronage of prostitutes, high rates of sexually transmitted diseases, and low condom use.
The therapeutic environment of psychiatric hospitals in Japan: A comparison of medical welfare facilities for senile dementia
Authors: KAWASAKI TATSUHITO 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWith the dual purpose of protecting the human rights of mentally disordered persons and promoting their social rehabilitation, the newly revised Mental Health Law was enacted in July 1987. It has brought significant change in that it has shifted Japanese mental health care from a hospital‐based to a community‐based system. Consequently, the therapeutic environment in the psychiatric hospitals has been changing from a closed to an open one. Recently, the amenity of hospital environments has been discussed. Furthermore, in the revision of medical fees of April 1994 the government established the long‐term care ward system, which is a good indication of the changing nature of psychiatric institutions in Japan. I will report on the current therapeutic environment in Japanese psychiatric hospitals, and will also compare it with the care environment in facilities for healthcare services for the aged (and/or senile dementia) and special nursing homes for the aged.
Clinical psychopharmacology in China: The last decade
Authors: LIU PING 
Published: March 2014

AbstractClinical psychopharmacological research has focused on several aspects in the last decade in China. First, attention was paid to new drug trials, mainly on newly developed or imported antidepressants or antipsychotics. More and more newly developed antidepressants like SSRI, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, and citalopram are now available or under clinical observation. Second, studies on the relationship between blood level and clinical response of antidepressants, amitriptyline, or antipsychotics, haloperidol and clozapine were undertaken. Results on amitriptyline showed that the clinical antidepressive effect of the drug was correlated linearly to the parent compound, amitriptyline, and curvilinearly to the hydroxylated metabolite, 10‐hydroxynortryptyline. It was found that the plasma level of haloperidol correlated curvilinearly to the clinical antipsychotic effect on schizophrenics with a therapeutic window ranging between 4.2 and 20 ng/mL. Third, pharmacokinetic studies on antidepressants, amitriptyline, imipramine, and maprotiline were undertaken. The results showed longer clearance rate and/or t1/2 in Chinese literature than those reported in Western literature.
Education of psychiatry in Japan
Authors: YAMAUCHI TOSHIO 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper discusses the problems ofjapanese under‐ and postgraduate education of psychiatry, and indicates several important points for psychiatric education. Most medical schools give lectures on psychiatry to fourth and fifth graders. Lecturing hours average 2.3% of the total lecture time for medical students. However, the hours have tended to decrease recently, and lectures by the Department of Psychiatry are spreading to the first and second graders. These lectures include behavioral science, psychology and science for human relationships. The following problems should be solved urgently: (i) undergraduate psychiatric education should focus on the majority of medical students who will not be psychiatrists; (ii) clarification should be made of the minimum required psychiatric knowledge for medical doctors; (in) promotion of the use of efficient educational strategies; (iv) increases in practical training. The Department of Psychiatry has an important role to play in primary education of psychiatrists in most cases. Every university educates using different curriculums; however, the programs are mostly similar in their primary training. However, there is no standardized educational system and Board of Certification for psychiatrists in Japan. Minimum requirements and a certification system for psychiatrists are urgently needed. I will discuss the global review on the issues of under‐ and postgraduate psychiatric education in Japan, then highlight the problems that should be targeted in the future.
New methods in psychiatric epidemiology
Authors: HENDERSON A.S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractResearch on the epidemiology of mental disorders has now reached the stage where it is possible for comparisons to be cautiously made between population samples. This is made possible for the following reasons: recognition that the populations at risk, including their age composition and exclusions, must be clearly specified; the use of the standardized diagnostic criteria in international use (ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV); and standardized clinical assessments, such as the Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) or Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), including the automated CIDI‐A, and for the elderly, the Geriatric Mental State Examination and the Canberra Interview for the Elderly. Some recommendations are made for future epidemiological studies, including these advances in methodology. Emphasis is given to the value of using continuous measures of symptoms, in addition to categorical diagnoses. In research on etiology, investigators should make every effort to test innovative hypotheses, particularly where these involve both biological and psychosocial variables.
Child psychiatry training for pediatricians: Japanese perspectives in infant psychiatry
Authors: WATANABE HISAKO 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSince August 1993, child psychiatry training by a full‐time child psychiatrist has become an essential component of the postgraduate training programme at the Department of Paediatrics, Keio University Hospital, Japan. Thirty trainees, 15 first‐years and 15 second‐years, had first‐hand experience in residential child psychiatric treatment concurrently with pediatric training. With the trainees as primary care workers, 31 cases have been successfully treated, of whom seven were school refusals, 11 were anorexia nervosas and eight somatoform disorders. Consistent maternal care, such as three spoon‐feeding sessions each day, were prescribed for anorexic patients, which enhanced sensitivity in the trainees to the unmet infantile needs of their patients and facilitated awareness of their chronic unhappiness since early life and to the therapeutic implications of empathic understanding based on trustful relationships. After the 2 years of training the first group of trainees showed competency in handling children's emotional problems on their own in distant affiliated hospitals. The flexible multidisciplinary style of training that has evolved over the past 2 years has proved to have enormous relevance in the changing contexts of the pediatric practice in Japan.
Mental health of the elderly Chinese population in Singapore
Authors: KUA E. H. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA study of 804 elderly Chinese in Singapore was conducted to assess physical health, mental health and social support. The questionnaire was derived from the Older American Resources and Services and the Geriatric Mental State Schedule. The results showed that the majority of elderly people in the survey (94%) were able to live independently, only 9.3% had mental disorders and 78% of the sample had good social resources meaning that relationships were good and family care was available.
The nature of psychiatric problems among disaster victims
Authors: ARAKI KEN‐ICHI , NAKANE YOSHIBUMI , OHTA YASUYUKI , KAWASAKI NAOMI 
Published: March 2014

AbstractOne‐quarter of the residents (about 52 000) in the disaster area around the volcanic eruption area of Mt Unzen‐Fugen have been forced to evacuate over a 3 year period. We conducted a psychological controlled study using the GHQ‐30 for evacuees. As a result, the percentage of people with a high score over 8 points was 67% of evacuees, markedly higher than 10% of the control group. Some mental support activities, such as counseling by community nurses and crisis intervention/medication by psychiatrists and others, have been promoted. Subjects who received a psychiatric intervention had good outcome as a whole. The nature of psychiatric problems among disaster evacuees and the necessity of long‐term support are discussed in this paper.
Eating disorders in Japan: Finding the right context
Authors: MD AYA NISHIZONO‐MAHER. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractEating disorders have traditionally been described as a typically ‘Western’ illness. Cases that occur outside Western countries are often regarded as atypical. Peculiarities are thus emphasized. However, eating disorders are now prevalent in Japan, among non‐Western immigrants in Europe, and in other societies. The author focuses on the universality of the background of eating disorders and looks at them as ‘culture change syndromes'. Change in the family and in women's roles are the central themes. The majority of the subjects experienced very little emotional relationship with their parents when they were children. It is misleading to say that eating disorder patients lack femininity and that they should be encouraged to be more feminine, more passive. Gender issues concerning treatment settings such as the doctor–patient relationship, the doctor–nurse relationship influence the treatment process. Typical anorexics described in a 1788 Japanese document are briefly presented in order to challenge further the idea of eating disorders as a Western illness.
Mental health issues affecting ethnic minorities in Japan
Authors: NODA FUMITAKA 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAlthough Japan is becoming a multicultural society, the policy for ethnic minorities is not as mature as that in Western countries. Mental health issues among new ethnic minorities will be discussed. New minorities are mainly South‐East Asian refugees, foreign brides from the Philippines, Korea and China, and returnees from China. Because their communities are very small, they tend to have great difficulties in coping with the Japanese society. Problems in their adjustment to the host country will be discussed.
Decreased Delivery of Inappropriate Shocks Achieved by Remote Monitoring of ICD: A Substudy of the ECOST Trial
Authors: GUÉDON‐MOREAU LAURENCE , KOUAKAM CLAUDE , KLUG DIDIER , MARQUIÉ CHRISTELLE , BRIGADEAU FRANÇOIS , BOULÉ STÉPHANE , BLANGY HUGUES , LACROIX DOMINIQUE , CLÉMENTY JACQUES , SADOUL NICOLAS , KACET SALEM 
Published: March 2014

Inappropriate Shocks Reduction by Remote ICD MonitoringIntroductionInappropriate shocks remain a highly challenging complication of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD). We examined whether automatic wireless remote monitoring (RM) of ICD, by providing early notifications of triggering events, lowers the incidence of inappropriate shocks.Methods and resultsWe studied 433 patients randomly assigned to RM (n = 221; active group) versus ambulatory follow‐up (n = 212; control group). Patients in the active group were seen in the ambulatory department once a year, unless RM reported an event requiring an earlier ambulatory visit. Patients in the control group were seen in the ambulatory department every 6 months. The occurrence of first and further inappropriate shocks, and their causes in each group were compared.The characteristics of the study groups, including pharmaceutical regimens, were similar. Over a follow‐up of 27 months, 5.0% of patients in the active group received ≥1 inappropriate shocks versus 10.4% in the control group (P = 0.03). A total of 28 inappropriate shocks were delivered in the active versus 283 in the control group. Shocks were triggered by supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVTA) in 48.5%, noise oversensing in 21.2%, T wave oversensing in 15.2%, and lead dysfunction in 15.2% of patients. The numbers of inappropriate shocks delivered per patient, triggered by SVTA and by lead dysfunction, were 74% and 98% lower, respectively, in the active than in the control group.ConclusionRM was highly effective in the long‐term prevention of inappropriate ICD shocks.
An electron‐optical study of melt‐related microstructures in granulite facies rocks from the Torngat Orogen
Authors: Mason R. A. , Mitchell R. K. , Wirth R. , Indares A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCordierite–quartz and plagioclase–quartz intergrowths in a paragneiss from northern Labrador (the Tasiuyak Gneiss) were studied using SEM, STEM and TEM. The gneiss experienced granulite facies conditions and partial melting during both regional and, subsequently, during contact metamorphism. The microstructures examined all results from the contact metamorphism. Cordierite–quartz intergrowths occur on coarse and fine scales. The former sometimes exist as a ‘geometric’ intergrowth in which the interface between cordierite and quartz appears planar at the resolution of the optical microscope and SEM. The latter exists in several microstructural variants. Plagioclase is present as a minor component of the intergrowth in some examples of both the coarse and fine intergrowth. Grain boundaries in cordierite–quartz intergrowths are occupied by amorphous material or a mixture of amorphous material and chlorite. Cordierite and quartz are terminated by crystal faces in contact with amorphous material. Chlorite is sometimes found on cordierite surfaces and penetrating into cordierite grains along defects. Quartz contains (former) fluid inclusions 10–20 nm in maximum dimension. The presence of planar interfaces between cordierite and the amorphous phase is reminiscent of those between crystals and glass in volcanic rocks, but in the absence of compelling evidence that the amorphous material represents former melt, it is interpreted as a reaction product of cordierite. Plagioclase–quartz intergrowths occur in a number of microstructural variants and are commonly associated with cordierite–quartz intergrowths. The plagioclase–quartz intergrowths display simple, non‐planar interfaces between plagioclase and quartz. Quartz contains (former) fluid inclusions of dimensions similar to those observed in cordierite–quartz intergrowths. The boundary between quartz and enclosing K‐feldspar is cuspate, with quartz cusps penetrating a few tens of nanometres into K‐feldspar, commonly along defects in K‐feldspar and sometimes with very low dihedral angles at their tips. This cuspate microstructure is interpreted as melt pseudomorphs. The plagioclase–quartz intergrowths share some features with myrmekite, but differ in some respects: the composition of the plagioclase (An37Ab62Or1–An38Ab61Or1); the association with cordierite–quartz intergrowths; and microstructures that are atypical of myrmekite (e.g. quartz vermicules shared with cordierite–quartz intergrowths). It is inferred that the plagioclase–quartz intergrowths may have formed from, or in the presence of, melt. Inferred melt‐related microstructures preserved on the nanometre scale suggest that melt on grain boundaries was more pervasive than is evident from light optical and SEM observations.
How Do Intergroup Grievances Develop in the Absence of Oppression? Revolutions and Political Parties in Nineteenth‐Century Uruguay
Authors: Somma Nicolás M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPolitical sociologists often assume that widespread grievances require a long legacy of intergroup oppression. Yet in nineteenth‐century Uruguay, supporters of the White and Red political parties developed intense grievances against each other even though a legacy of oppression was missing. For explaining this puzzle I present an alternative perspective. It states that grievances first originate among political elites, which mobilize the masses through selective incentives in order to impose their will. If elites and masses are bound by close ties, sustained mobilization facilitates cross‐class group identification and allows grievances to “trickle down” from the top to the bottom of the social structure.
“The Past in the Present:Mills,Tocqueville and the Necessity of History”
Authors: Kumar Krishan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHistorical sociology has achieved a reasonable degree of respectability in the discipline, and there is much interesting work being produced. But a pronounced aspect of much of this work is an indifference to the question of the value of studying the past as a way to understanding the present. This article argues that, rather than trying to outdo the historians by producing “better,” more theoretically sophisticated history, sociologists would better advance the case for historical sociology by showing how any particular historical study helps illuminate contemporary concerns. The article draws upon the writings ofC.WrightMills andAlexis deTocqueville to show not just the need for historical sociology but also as indications of how this might best be done.
Integrating the Emic (Indigenous) with the Etic (Universal)—A Case of Squaring the Circle or for Adopting a Culture Inclusive Action Theory Perspective
Authors: Eckensberger Lutz H. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe dualism of emic and etic plays a crucial role in the emergence of three culturally informed approaches of psychology: cross‐cultural psychology (CCP), cultural psychology (CP) and indigenous psychologies (IPs), a distinction largely accepted nowadays. Similarities and/or differences between these positions are usually discussed either on the level of phenomena (data) or theory. In this paper, however, the discussion takes place on a meta‐theoretical or epistemological level, which is also emerging elsewhere. In following several earlier papers of the author, first, four perspectives are distinguished that underlie present day psychology. Second, these are used as a framework for linking them to the three “camps”. This analysis will show that these perspectives are characterized by different underlying worldviews, interests as well as methodical preferences. Third, it is claimed that this level of discussion is quite fruitful for the ongoing discourse on the three camps, but also helps one to understand, why the duality between emic and etic approaches is—implicitly or explicitly—at the core of these discussions, because their relevance turns out to differ in the three camps. In that sense, the emic/etic duality is used here as a “litmus test” to exemplify these deeper differences between the camps, thereby highlighting them.Fourth, in order to overcome not only the dilemma between the unique and general in psychology, but also to clarify the relation between the individual and culture it is proposed that psychology should take human action as its unit of analysis, thereby connecting historically to the early beginnings of psychology at the end of the 19th century. It will be argued that a culture inclusive action theory may overcome this tension and may help to integrate western and other indigenous psychologies, and hence it could be advantageous to integrate CP and IPs as well. This is possible because the proposed theory hopefully provides a universal framework for psychological concepts, yet allows for their culture specific expression.