bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Downward Causality and the Hard Problem of Consciousness or Why Computer Programs Do not Work in the Dark
Authors: Boldachev Alexander 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Any low-level processes, the sequence of chemical interactions in a living cell, muscle cellular activity, processor commands or neuron interaction, is possible only if there is a downward causality, only due to uniting and controlling power of the highest level. Therefore, there is no special “hard problem of consciousness”, i.e. the problem of relation of ostensibly purely biological materiality and non-causal mentality - we have only the single philosophical problem of relation between the upward and downward causalities, the problem of interrelation between hierarchic levels of existence. It is necessary to conclude that the problem of determinacy of chemical processes by the biological ones and the problem of neuron interactions caused by consciousness are of one nature and must have one solution.
Three-Dimensional Simulation of High Reynolds Turbulent Flows in a Rectangular Open Channel with the Presence of a Disruptive Element (Obstacles) Transversely
Authors: Boudiaf H’ssine , Fourar Ali , Massouh Fawaz 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This study aims at describing a three-dimensional simulation of a turbulent flow with a high Reynolds number in a rectangular open channel with the presence of a disruptive element (obstacles) transversely. The numerical study is based on measuring the flow velocity in two directions, i.e., horizontal and vertical, in four planes located near the obstacle built across a simulated channel. For the modeling of the free surface, a Volume Of Fluid (VOF) multiphase flow model is used. In the present case, namely a study of turbulence, three numerical models are compared, a k-ε standard, a k-w standard and a Reynolds Stress Model (RSM). The verification of the simulation results has allowed us to show the advantages of the Reynolds stress model. This model is more representative of the phenomena of an intense vortex flow in the presence of obstacles, especially in drainage systems.
Investigation of Two Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis in Tržič in September 2011 / Preiskava Dveh Izbruhov Gastroenteritisa V Tržiču V Septembru 2011
Authors: Krt Lah Andreja , Frelih Tatjana , Grmek Košnik Irena 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Background. An outbreak of gastroenteritis of etiologically unspecified origin and an outbreak of Salmonellosis occurred simultaneously in September 2011 in Tržič. The purpose of the investigation of both outbreaks was to identify the most probable source and the mode of transmission and to implement preventive measures.
Methods. In two retrospective case-control studies, the association between gastroenteritis of etiologically unspecified origin or Salmonellosis and food from a restaurant or drinking tap water were tested by univariate and multivariate analysis. The subject in the first study was a sick person with salmonellosis, and the subject in the second study was a resident that developed diarrhoea and/ or vomiting. Cases were reported by doctors, and controls were selected from healthy persons who responded to the questionnaire.
Results. A person exposed to food from the restaurant had a 24.8 times higher odds ratio (univariate analysis OR 24.8, 95% CI 7.5 to 82.3, p <0.05; multivariate analysis OR 14.7, 95% CI 3.5 - 61.3, p <0.05) for salmonellosis than non-exposed. A resident exposed to tap water from specific water source had a 3.4 times higher odds ratio (univariate analysis of OR 3.4, 95% CI 2.2 to 5.1 is p <0.05, multivariate analysis of RO 2.9, 95% CI 1, 7 to 5.3, p <0.05), for gastroenteritis of unspecific etiology than non-exposed. The dose response relationship was also statistically significant.
Conclusion. Analytical cases - controls studies confirmed a causal relationship between salmonellosis and food from the specific restaurant and the causal relationship between gastroenteritis of etiologically unspecified origin and drinking tap water from specific water source. Salmonella enteritidis may have entered into the restaurant through tap water
Annual Psychological Screening in Youth and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes / Letno Presejalno Psihološko Testiranje Pri Mladostnikih in Mladih Odraslih S Sladkorno Boleznijo Tipa 1
Authors: Klemenčič Simona , Wit Maartje de , Rutar Miha , Battelino Tadej , Bratina Nataša 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Aim. Youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes are at a great risk for developing depression and diabetes specific distress, therefore, systematic psychological screening is recommended. Routine psychological screening was implemented in Slovene diabetes clinic for children, adolescents and young adults in 2012. One-year results are presented.
Methods. Adolescents and young adults (N = 159, aged 11 - 25 years), attending the obligatory yearly educational outpatient visit at University Children’s Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia, were examined using questionnaires measuring depression (depression scale from Slovene version of Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children) and diabetes distress (Diabetes Distress Screening Scale). Six additional items were included to assess the fear of hypoglycemia and family support. Socio-demographic and diabetes-related data were collected. Questionnaires were analyzed by a psychologist, and the patients that scored above cut-off point were invited to an individual psychological assessment.
Results. Of the sample, 1.3 % reached the threshold for elevated depressive symptoms, and 32.7 % reported significant diabetes distress. The need for psychological support from a specialist was expressed by 5.0 %. There were statistically significant associations between all psychological variables; moreover, better glycemic control was associated with lower diabetes distress and better family support. Nine patients (5.7 %) started with psychological treatment according to the referrals after screening.
Conclusions. The results after one year of psychological screening in Slovene type 1 diabetes population displayed small rates of depression and a large proportion of diabetes distress. Only a small percentage of patients attended the offered individual psychological assessment.
Type 1 Diabetes in the Young: Organization of two National Centers in Israel and Slovenia / Sladkorna Bolezen Tipa 1 Pri Otrocih in Mladostnikih: Organizacija Dela V Dveh Nacionalnih Centrih V Izraelu in Sloveniji
Authors: Bratina Nataša , Shalitin Shlomit , Phillip Moshe , Battelino Tadej 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects mainly young people. In the last 50 years, a steady increase of the T1D incidence in the young is reported worldwide, with an average 4 % increase annually. In addition, the mean age at the diagnosis is decreasing. Studies show that good metabolic control is important not only for delaying the chronic complications of diabetes but also for improving the quality of life of patients and their families. Continuous education, together with modern technology, is crucial in achieving these goals. Longitudinal data on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), along with the data on severe hypoglycemia and severe diabetic ketoacidosis, can describe the quality of care in a defined population. Two national reference diabetes centres taking care of children, adolescents and young adults with diabetes in Israel and Slovenia are described.
Extended Cognitive System and Epistemic Subject
Authors: Trybulec Barbara 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The concept of an extended cognitive system is central to contemporary studies of cognition. In the paper I analyze the place of the epistemic subject within the extended cognitive system. Is it extended as well? In answering this question I focus on the differences between the first and the second wave of arguments for the extended mind thesis. I argue that the position of Cognitive Integration represented by Richard Menary is much more intuitive and fruitful in analyses of cognition and knowledge than the early argument formulated by Andy Clark and David Chalmers. Cognitive Integration is compatible with virtue epistemology of John Greco’s agent reliabilism. The epistemic subject is constituted by its cognitive character composed of an integrated set of cognitive abilities and processes. Some of these processes are extended, they are a manipulation of external informational structures and, as such, they constitute epistemic practices. Epistemic practices are normative; to conduct them correctly the epistemic subject needs to obey epistemic norms embedded in the cultural context. The epistemic subject is not extended because of the casual coupling with external informational artifacts which extend his mind from inside the head and into the world. Rather, cognitive practices constitute the subject’s mind, they transform his cognitive abilities, and this is what makes the mind and epistemic subject “extended”.
Evolved Mechanisms Versus Underlying Conditional Relations
Authors: Astorga Miguel López 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The social contracts theory claims that, in social exchange circumstances, human reasoning is not necessarily led by logic, but by certain evolved mental mechanisms that are useful for catching offenders. An emblematic experiment carried out with the intention to prove this thesis is the first experiment described by Fiddick, Cosmides, and Tooby in their paper of 2000. Lopez Astorga has questioned that experiment claiming that its results depend on an underlying conditional logical form not taken into account by Fiddick, Cosmides, and Tooby. In this paper, I propose an explanation alternative to that of Lopez Astorga, which does not depend on logical forms and is based on the mental models theory. Thus, I conclude that this other alternative explanation is one more proof that the experiment in question does not demonstrate the fundamental thesis of the social contracts theory.
Effectiveness of a home-based physical therapy program in patients with chronic low back pain
Authors: Sîrbu Elena 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Aim: To demonstrate the effectiveness of a home-based physical therapy program on pain, spine mobility and quality of daily activities in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). We also want to show that patients who undergo this program decreased their intake in analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Methods: 18 patients with chronic low back pain were assessed with the following tests: VAS pain scale, Schober’s test and Rolland-Morris questionnaire. Acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) consumption was recorded. Over a period of six months all subjects participated in a 45 minutes home-based physical therapy program, three times per week. Before starting this intervention all patients were instructed and exercises were demonstrated in front of them by a physical therapist. Moreover, they received written brochures in order to exercise correctly at home. Follow-up examinations took place at baseline and six months later. Results: We obtained significant differences between pre- and post-intervention assessments of pain (p=0.001), lumbar flexion (p=0.0001) and functional status (p=0.0005) in our group. Moreover, the number of patients who were taken analgesics decreased from 7 (39%) to 5 patients (28%). Likewise the number of patients who were taken anti-inflammatory drugs decreased from 11 (61%) to 8 (44%). Conclusion: The home-based rehabilitation program was effective in improving the ranges of active lumbar flexion and in decreasing the physical disability caused by low back pain, as well as in reducing the levels of pain. We note that a larger number of patients have given up to the intake of NSAIDs comparative to those who have given up to analgesics.
Efficacy of hamstring stretching programs in schoolchildren. A systematic review
Authors: Becerra Fernandez Carlos-Alberto , Merino-Marban Rafael 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The main purpose of the present review was to examine the scientific literature on the effects of physical education-based stretching programs on hamstring extensibility in schoolchildren aged 6-11 years. For this purpose relevant studies were searched from ten electronic databases dated up through May 2015. Of the 25 potentially relevant articles identified and retrieved for more detailed evaluation, only eight studies were included in the present review because they met the inclusion criteria. The overall results showed that incorporating hamstring stretching as a part of physical education classes produces a significant improvement in the scores of the tests: straight leg raise and classic sit-and-reach, for the experimental groups, but not for control groups. Stretching programs can be included in Physical Education classes, specifically during the warm-up and the cool down periods in order to improve hamstring extensibility. Although it seems that the stretching exercises in the warm-up period could be less effective in gaining flexibility in school children. Studies that use a stretching volume between 4 and 7 minutes per session and 2-4 training classes per week, obtain statistically significant improvements on the levels of hamstring flexibility in the experimental groups. However, after a five-week detraining period, children revert back to their initial flexibility levels. Therefore, it seems appropriate that physical education teachers should implement stretching programs to improve the students’ flexibility during the Physical Education classes.
Aspects regarding the pivot player tasks in the handball game
Authors: Cărăbaş Ionică 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Evolution of the handball game has brought a different approach in terms of the pivot player game. Since the main task of delaying the lateral movement of defenders to create opportunities for the back players or receive the ball and score against defending 6:0, was reached to the much more varied tasks and responsibilities imposed by the much larger spaces offered by the new defense systems. Many of the game actions are based to the pivot player movements, finding an optimal solution to score by the back or wing player being the result of her screening and sliding. To achieve more efficient realisation of this tasks the pivot player must have qualities such as: motor skills, power, speed and a good mental balance.
Bitwa pod Komarowem w historiografii rosyjskiej (do 1941 r.) / Битва при Комарове в российской историографии межвоенного периода (до 1941 г.)
Authors: Legieć Jacek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractБитва, которая произошла во второй половине августа 1914 в окрестностях Замостья была одним из самых крупных и кровопролитных сражений на Восточном фронте в первые месяцы Первой мировой войны. Польская историография - за австрийской - называет ее „Битвой при Комарове”, а российские историки называют эту битву „Томашовском сражением”. По политическим причинам, долгосрочно доступ к российским источникам имели только советские историки. Польские историки описивали это сражение главным образом на основе австрийских материалов. Этот текст является попыткой воссоздать образ битвы в русской историографии - так советской, как и эмиграционной - по 1941 год. В это времия написано о „Томашовском сражении” несколько книг и статей - крупных и мелких. Их авторы хотели не только воссоздать ход военных событий, но и использовать опыта Первой мировой войны в планировании будущих военных операций.
Tdap Vaccine Effectiveness in Adolescents During the 2012 Washington State Pertussis Epidemic
Authors: Acosta Anna M. , DeBolt Chas , Tasslimi Azadeh , Lewis Melissa , Stewart Laurie K. , Misegades Lara K. , Messonnier Nancy E. , Clark Thomas A. , Martin Stacey W. , Patel Manisha 
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND:
Acellular pertussis vaccines replaced whole-cell vaccines for the 5-dose childhood vaccination series in 1997. A sixth dose of pertussis-containing vaccine, tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis, adsorbed (Tdap), was recommended in 2005 for adolescents and adults. Studies examining Tdap vaccine effectiveness (VE) among adolescents who have received all acellular vaccines are limited.

METHODS:
To assess Tdap VE and duration of protection, we conducted a matched case-control study during the 2012 pertussis epidemic in Washington among adolescents born during 1993–2000. All pertussis cases reported from January 1 through June 30, 2012, in 7 counties were included; 3 controls were matched by primary provider clinic and birth year to each case. Vaccination histories were obtained through medical records, the state immunization registry, and parent interviews. Participants were classified by type of pertussis vaccine received on the basis of birth year: a mix of whole-cell and acellular vaccines (1993–1997) or all acellular vaccines (1998–2000). We used conditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios comparing Tdap receipt between cases and controls.

RESULTS:
Among adolescents who received all acellular vaccines (450 cases, 1246 controls), overall Tdap VE was 63.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 50% to 74%). VE within 1 year of vaccination was 73% (95% CI: 60% to 82%). At 2 to 4 years postvaccination, VE declined to 34% (95% CI: −0.03% to 58%).

CONCLUSIONS:
Tdap protection wanes within 2 to 4 years. Lack of long-term protection after vaccination is likely contributing to increases in pertussis among adolescents.
A Pterygoneurum squamosum Segarra et Kürschner előfordulása egy Győr melletti rekultivált hulladéklerakón
Authors: Szűcs Péter 
Published: May 2015

A közlemény ismerteti a Pterygoneurum squamosum újabb hazai előfordulását, valamint a moha aktuális elterjedését és élőhelyének leírását. Eddig ismert lelőhelyeitől eltérően antropogén jellegű élőhelyen, erodált, agyagos talajfelszínről került elő ez a hazánkban ritka, mediterrán elterjedésű lombosmoha. Élőhelyének klimatikus és termőhelyi adottságait figyelembe véve valószínűsíthető, hogy a faj nagyobb ökológiai toleranciával rendelkezik, és a löszfalakon kívül egyéb mesterséges nyílt élőhelyeken is számítanunk kell megjelenésére.
Metallurgical Failure Investigation of Quench Cracking in Hexagonal Bolt Head Fasteners
Authors: Riesenbeck S. , Gädicke T. , Neidel A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
A particular engine user experienced the repeated fracture of new fixing bolts in combustion chambers upon first tensioning. The heads of the bolts fractured from their shafts upon torque-controlled tensioning. Two affected screws were received from site by the original equipment manufacturer's (OEM) laboratory to perform a metallurgical failure investigation and to determine the metallurgical root cause of failure. From the findings of the failure investigation described in this paper it is concluded that the metallurgical cause of failure in both cases was quench cracking, i. e. the imperfections leading to failure were induced upon manufacture and pre-existed in the bolts, i. e. they did not develop in service. These pre-existing cracks eventually caused failure by torsional overload upon first tensioning in assembly.
Ternary Quadratic Forms and Eta Quotients
Authors: Williams Kenneth S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLet denote the Dedekind eta function. We use a recent productto-
sum formula in conjunction with conditions for the non-representability of integers by certain
ternary quadratic forms to give explicitly ten eta quotientssuch that the Fourier coefficients c(n) vanish for all positive integers n in each of infinitely many non-overlapping arithmetic progressions. For example, we show that if we have c(n) = 0 for all n in each of the arithmetic progressions
Avaliação pré-operatória da força muscular respiratória, da função pulmonar e da capacidade funcional de pacientes submetidos a ressecção pulmonar
Authors: Baltieri Letícia , Passos Ana Isabela Morsch , Galhardo Fernanda Diório Masi , Roceto Lígia Dos Santos , Toro Ivan Felizardo Contrera 
Published: May 2015

Introdução: As neoplasias pulmonares podem causar deterioração na função pulmonar e capacidade funcional, prejudicando a evolução do paciente após cirurgia de ressecção. Objetivo: Avaliar a força muscular respiratória, a função pulmonar e a capacidade funcional de pacientes no pré-operatório de ressecção pulmonar por neoplasia, comparar aos valores de normalidade e por estadiamento. Métodos: Foram incluídos pacientes na faixa etária de 30 a 80 anos com diagnóstico de neoplasia de pulmão que aguardavam cirurgia de ressecção pulmonar. A avaliação pré-operatória incluiu medida de força muscular respiratória por manovacuometria, função pulmonar por espirometria e capacidade funcional pelo teste de caminhada dos seis minutos (TC6). Os valores obtidos foram comparados aos valores preditos pela literatura e comparados os estadiamentos inicial e avançado. Resultados: Foram avaliados 59 pacientes com idade média de 58,5±9,46 anos. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre obtido e predito, respectivamente, para os valores de pressão expiratória máxima (PEmáx): 91 e 111,8 cmH2O; capacidade vital forçada (CVF): 3,14 e 4,08 L; volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1): 2,42 e 3,12 L; razão VEF1/CVF: 75 e 101%; e capacidade funcional: 453,9 e 562,9 m, sendo que os pacientes apresentaram valores inferiores aos preditos pela literatura, exceto a CVF. Não houve diferença para a pressão inspiratória máxima (PImáx): 110 e 102 cmH2O. Entre os grupos de estadiamento houve diferença apenas para a CVF (inicial: 2,89; avançado: 3,41 L). Conclusão: Os pacientes com diagnóstico de neoplasia pulmonar em pré-operatório de ressecção possuem prejuízos na força muscular expiratória, na função pulmonar e na capacidade funcional.
Efeitos dos exercícios funcionais e neuromusculares no tempo de internação e controle pressórico de pacientes hospitalizados
Authors: Costa Murillo Frazão de Lima e , Petto Jefferson , Gomes Vinícius Afonso , Prazeres Lorena Silles dos , Santos Alan Carlos Nery dos , Almeida Maria da Conceição Gomes , Silva Fabiano Leichsenring , Esquivel Mateus Souza , Oliveira Francisco Tiago Oliveira de 
Published: May 2015

Introdução: Exercícios funcionais e neuromusculares são importantes ferramentas em centros de reabilitação, porém são pouco explorados em protocolos hospitalares. Objetivo: Verificar se exercícios funcionais e neuromusculares são mais eficazes na redução do tempo de internamento e controle da pressão arterial (PA) dos indivíduos hospitalizados do que a fisioterapia hospitalar de rotina. Métodos: Foram incluídos pacientes hospitalizados por enfermidades não cardiológicas e sem hipertensão arterial sistêmica, sendo estes randomizados para grupo controle (GC), que realizou exercícios respiratórios, exercícios ativo-livres para membros superiores/inferiores e caminhada no corredor, ou grupo de reabilitação funcional (GRF), submetido a exercícios neuromusculares para membros superiores/inferiores, cicloergômetro e treino de subir/descer degraus. Ambos os grupos receberam intervenção 2x/dia. A PA foi aferida na admissão, durante o internamento e na alta hospitalar. O tratamento estatístico foi realizado adotando-se intervalo de confiança de 95% e nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Avaliados 42 voluntários, dos quais 26 atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. Porém, seis foram excluídos, quatro por permanência hospitalar inferior a três dias e dois por não completarem o protocolo de tratamento. A média de idade no GC foi de 72±11 versus 73±8 no GRF. Não houve diferenças estatísticas da PA na admissão. Evidenciou-se redução da PA apenas no GRF durante o internamento (p<0,01), assim como na alta hospitalar (p<0,01). O GC apresentou maior tempo (dias) de internação 7,2±1,8 versus 5,5±1,3 do GRF (p<0,05). Conclusão: Exercícios funcionais e neuromusculares parecem mais eficazes na redução do tempo de internamento e controle da PA dos indivíduos hospitalizados do que a fisioterapia hospitalar de rotina.