bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which skills protect graduates against a slack labour market?
Authors: HUMBURG Martin , de GRIP Andries , van der VELDEN Rolf 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article explores the relationship between graduates' skills and their risk of over‐education and unemployment in 17 European countries. Distinguishing between field‐specific and academic skills, the authors find that, as predicted by the crowding‐out hypothesis, field‐specific skills offer more protection against the risk of over‐education when the excess labour supply in the occupational domain of the graduate's field of study increases. Conversely, academic skills have that effect when excess supply in the overall labour market is higher. Field‐specific skills also protect graduates against the risk of unemployment, whereas graduates' level of academic skills appears to be unrelated to the risk of becoming unemployed.
A Bayesian perspective on constructing a written assessment of probabilistic clinical reasoning in experienced clinicians
Authors: Kreiter Clarence D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRationaleDecision‐making performance assessments have proven problematic for assessing clinical reasoning.Aims and ObjectivesA Bayesian approach to designing an advanced clinical reasoning assessment is well grounded in mathematical and cognitive theory and may offer significant psychometric advantages. Probabilistic logic plays an important role in medical problem solving, and performances on Bayesian‐type tasks appear to be causally‐related to the ability to make sound clinical decisions.MethodsA validity argument is used to guide the design of an assessment of medical reasoning using clinical probabilities.Results/ConclusionsThe practical advantage of using a Bayesian approach to item design relates to the fact that probability theory provides a rationally optimal method for managing uncertain information and provides the criteria for objective correct answer scoring. Potential item formats are discussed.
New predictive model of rebleeding during follow‐up of patents with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: A multicenter cohort study
Authors: Niikura Ryota , Yamada Atsuo , Nagata Naoyoshi , Kobayashi Yuka , Okamoto Makoto , Mitsuno Yuzo , Ogura Keiji , Yoshida Shuntaro , Shimbo Takuro , Hirata Yoshihiro , Koike Kazuhiko 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackground and Aim:The long‐term recurrence rate of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) who underwent video capsule endoscopy (VCE) remains unknown. Our study aimed to identify the cumulative incidence of rebleeding, develop a predictive model of rebleeding, and evaluate whether the model can be applied in other outcomes among patients with OGIB.Methods:We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study of 320 patients with OGIB who underwent VCE between 2009 and 2014. A rebleeding model was developed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis and evaluated using Harrell's c‐index.Results:Rebleeding occurred in 43 patients (13.4%) during a mean follow‐up period of 18.3 (standard error, 0.9) months. The rebleeding sources were the small intestine (n = 17), extra‐small intestine (n = 13), and unknown (n = 13). The cumulative incidence of rebleeding was 11.0% at 12 months and 35.3% at 60 months. Multivariate analysis revealed that female gender, liver cirrhosis, warfarin use, overt bleeding, and positive VCE findings were significant predictors of rebleeding. The rebleeding rate was 0% in patients with no predictors and 40% in patients with full predictors (P < 0.01). The model presented a high predictive accuracy (c‐statistic, 0.733). Patients with higher predictors exhibited higher transfusion requirements, longer length of stay, and higher mortality (P < 0.01).Conclusion:The cumulative incidence of rebleeding at 12 and 60 months was 11.0% and 35.3%, respectively. Five factors enable prediction of not only rebleeding but also transfusion requirements, length of stay, and death in OGIB patients.
Bond Strength of Artificial Teeth Attached to a Microwave‐Polymerized Denture Base Resin after Immersion in Disinfectant Solutions
Authors: Pero Ana Carolina , Scavassin Priscila Mattos , Nunes Élen Massaro , Policastro Vivian Barnabé , Giro Gabriela , Compagnoni Marco Antonio 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the bond strength between two types of acrylic resin teeth and a microwave denture base resin after immersion in disinfectant solutions for 180 days.Materials and MethodsEighty specimens made of acrylic resin teeth (Biotone and Biotone IPN) attached to a microwave polymerized denture base resin (Nature‐Cryl MC) were divided into eight groups (n = 10) according to the treatment (distilled water—control, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate, 1% sodium hypochlorite and sodium perborate solution—Corega Tabs). The shear strength tests (MPa) were carried out using a universal testing machine with a 0.5 mm/min speed. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA and multiple comparison Student‐Newman‐Keuls post hoc test (α = 0.05).ResultsBiotone IPN showed similar results among the groups (distilled water, 8.25 ± 1.81 MPa; chlorhexidine, 7.81 ± 3.34 MPa; hypochlorite, 7.75 ± 3.72 MPa; and Corega Tabs, 7.58 ± 2.27 MPa, whereas Biotone showed significantly lower shear bond strength values for the groups immersed in Corega Tabs (5.25 ± 3.27 MPa) and chlorhexidine (6.08 ± 2.35 MPa).ConclusionsSoaking the dentures in 1% sodium hypochlorite could be recommended as a disinfectant solution for dentures fabricated with conventional acrylic resin denture teeth and microwave denture base resin. For dentures fabricated with IPN teeth and microwave denture base resin, all the soaking solutions evaluated in this study could be suggested to denture wearers.
Do repeated rumble strip hits improve driver alertness?
Authors: Watling Christopher N. , Åkerstedt Torbjörn , Kecklund Göran , Anund Anna 
Published: October 2015

SummaryDriving while sleepy is associated with increased crash risk. Rumble strips are designed to alert a sleepy or inattentive driver when they deviate outside their driving lane. The current study sought to examine the effects of repeated rumble strip hits on levels of physiological and subjective sleepiness as well as simulated driving performance. In total, 36 regular shift workers drove a high‐fidelity moving base simulator on a simulated road with rumble strips installed at the shoulder and centre line after a working a full night shift. The results show that, on average, the first rumble strip occurred after 20 min of driving, with subsequent hits occurring 10 min later, with the last three occurring approximately every 5 min thereafter. Specifically, it was found that the first rumble strip hit reduced physiological sleepiness; however, subsequent hits did not increase alertness. Moreover, the results also demonstrate that increased subjective sleepiness levels, via the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, were associated with a greater probability of hitting a rumble strip. The present results suggest that sleepiness is very resilient to even strongly arousing stimuli, with physiological and subjective sleepiness increasing over the duration of the drive, despite the interference caused by rumble strips.
Effect of Indian Cottage Cheese (Paneer)‐Whey on Rheological and Proofing Characteristics of Multigrain Bread Dough
Authors: Paul Sayantan , Kulkarni S. , Rao K. Jayaraj 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWhey, a byproduct obtained during the manufacture of cheese, paneer, chhana, etc., contains nutritious solids, which if not recovered and utilized, go as waste into the effluent drainage system. Their use in bread manufacture will be beneficial for bakery industry in view of their functional properties. In this study, concentrated paneer‐whey was used in multigrain dough prepared from composite flour comprising wheat, sorghum, oats and maize and flax seed flours. The dough prepared by incorporation of concentrated paneer‐whey (15, 20 and 25% TS) was observed to be firmer and more sticky, but less gummy than the dough prepared using water. Use of concentrated whey was found to retard the proofing rate of dough. However, proofing rates could be recovered using higher yeast levels (6% on flour basis) and higher proofing temperatures (45C). It was concluded that concentrated paneer‐whey with 15% TS could be utilized for multigrain dough and bread production.Practical ApplicationsWhey is one of the major byproducts of the dairy industry all over the world. Huge quantities of whey are being produced in the Indian subcontinent during the manufacture of two popular heat‐acid coagulated milk products, namely, paneer and chhana. Presently, this whey is being drained into sewage disposal system resulting in enormous losses of valuable nutritional solids and burdening the effluent treatment system. Paneer‐whey contains 5–6% solids including lactose and whey proteins, which are regarded as good source of sulphur containing amino acids. Recovering and utilization of such valuable solids is beneficial not only to paneer manufacturer, but also to public at large because of their nutritional worth. Current study envisages utilization of whole whey in the manufacture of bread, which is a commonly consumed item not only in India, but all over the world.
Anteriorly located zonular fibres as a tool for fine regulation in accommodation
Authors: Flügel‐Koch Cassandra M. , Croft Mary Ann , Kaufman Paul L. , Lütjen‐Drecoll Elke 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPurposeTo describe an anteriorly located system of zonular fibres that could be involved in fine‐tuning of accommodation.MethodsForty‐six human and 28 rhesus monkey eyes were dissected and special preparations were processed for scanning electron microscopy and reflected‐light microscopy. Additional series of frontal and sagittal histological and ultrathin sections were analysed in respect to the origin and insertion of anteriorly located zonules. The presence of sensory terminals at the site of the originating zonules within the connective tissue of the ciliary body was studied by immunohistochemistry. For in‐vivo visualization ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) was performed on 12 human subjects.ResultsFine zonular fibres originated from the valleys and lateral walls of the most anterior pars plicata that covers the anterior and inner circular ciliary muscle portion. These most anterior zonules (MAZ) showed attachments either to the anterior or posterior tines or they inserted directly onto the surface of the lens. At the site of origin, the course of the MAZ merged into the connective tissue fibres connecting the adjacent pigmented epithelium to the ciliary muscle. Numerous afferent terminals directly at the site of this MAZ‐origin were connected to the intrinsic nervous network of the ciliary muscle.ConclusionsA newly described set of zonular fibres features the capabilities to register the tensions of the zonular fork and lens capsule. The close location and neural connection towards the circular ciliary muscle portion could provide the basis for stabilization and readjustment of focusing that serves fast and fine‐tuned accommodation and disaccommodation.
The Problem of False Belief and the Failure of the Theory of Descriptions
Authors: Rosenkrantz Max 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this article I argue that Russell's multiple‐relation theory of judgment is a continuation of the campaign against Frege and Meinong begun in “On Denoting” with the theory of descriptions. More precisely, I hold that (1) the problem of false belief, to which the multiple‐relation theory is presented as a solution, emerges quite naturally out of the problem context of “On Denoting” and threatens to give new life to the theories Russell purports to have laid to rest there, and (2) that Russell's solution to the much neglected third puzzle of “On Denoting” contains the gist of the multiple‐relation theory. The failure of that theory to solve the problem of false belief thus signifies the failure of the theory of descriptions.
Merchanting and Current Account Balances
Authors: Beusch Elisabeth , Döbeli Barbara , Fischer Andreas M. , Yeşin Pinar 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMerchanting is goods trade that does not cross the border of the firm's country of residence. Merchanting grew strongly in the last decade in several European economies and has become an important determinant of these countries’ current account. Because merchanting firms reinvest their earnings abroad to expand their international activities, this practice raises national savings in the home country without increasing domestic investment. This paper examines the empirical linkages between merchanting and the current account balance. Using a sample of 53 countries during 1980–2011, it shows that merchanting activity is a determinant of the medium‐term current account balance.
Proapoptotic effect of control‐released basic fibroblast growth factor on skin wound healing in a diabetic mouse model
Authors: Huang Chenyu , Orbay Hakan , Tobita Morikuni , Miyamoto Masaaki , Tabata Yasuhiko , Hyakusoku Hiko , Mizuno Hiroshi 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThe ability of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to improve wound healing is attenuated by its short half‐life in free form. This study aimed to enhance skin wound healing in a diabetes mouse model while concomitantly decreasing scar formation using control‐released bFGF together with acidic gelatin hydrogel microspheres (AGHMs). Bilateral full‐thickness wounds (10 mm in diameter) were made on the backs of db/db mice. Forty‐five mice were divided into three groups, and the base of the wound under the panniculus carnosus and the wound periphery were injected with phosphate‐buffered saline (300 μL) containing (1) control‐released bFGF (50 μg), (2) control‐released bFGF (20 μg), or (3) AGHMs alone. The size of the wound area was recorded on each postoperative day (POD). Mice were sacrificed on postoperative day 4, 7, 10, 14, and 28, and skin wound specimens were obtained to assess the endothelium/angiogenesis index via cluster of differentiation 31 immunohistochemistry, the proliferation index via Ki‐67 immunohistochemistry, and the myofibroblast and fibroblast apoptosis indices by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling and alpha‐smooth muscle actin or vimentin staining, respectively. Epithelialization rates and indices of proliferation and myofibroblast/fibroblast apoptosis were higher in the bFGF groups than in the AGHM group, mainly within 2 weeks of injury. No dose‐effect relationship was found for control‐released bFGF, although the actions of 50 μg bFGF seemed to last longer than those of 20 μg bFGF. Therefore, control‐released bFGF may accelerate diabetic skin wound healing and induce myofibroblast/fibroblast apoptosis, thereby reducing scar formation.
Effect of acute exercise on circulating angiogenic cell and microparticle populations
Authors: Lansford Kasey A. , Shill Daniel D. , Dicks Andrew B. , Marshburn Meagan P. , Southern W. Michael , Jenkins Nathan T. 
Published: October 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
What is the effect of acute endurance exercise on circulating angiogenic cell (CAC) and microparticle (MP) subpopulations?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Exercise produced a differential response in CAC subpopulations as well as sex‐specific responses in CD62E+ and CD34+ MPs. Gene expression analysis also revealed CD62E+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a potentially proangiogenic cell population. These cell and MP populations play a role in vascular health; therefore, knowledge of their exercise‐induced responses may improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the beneficial vascular effects of exercise.

Subpopulations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs), known as circulating angiogenic cells (CACs), have been implicated in endothelial repair, angiogenesis and vascular homeostasis. Conversely, microparticles released from endothelial cells, platelets and leucocytes in response to injury or apoptosis are elevated in chronic diseases. We investigated the effect of acute exercise on CAC subpopulations, specifically CD34+/VEGFR2+, CD3+/CD31+, CD14+/CD31+ and CD62E+ PBMCs and CD62E+, CD31+/CD42b− and CD34+ MPs in men and women. Additionally, we examined angiogenesis‐related gene expression in CD34+, CD31+ and CD62E+ PBMCs at baseline and after exercise. Finally, we examined whether acute exercise modulates CD62E+ PBMC paracrine actions on cultured endothelial cells. Blood samples for CAC and MP analyses were obtained before and after cycling exercise at 70% peak oxygen uptake that elicited an energy expenditure of 600 kcal. Exercise produced a decrease in CD14+/CD31+ PBMCs, whereas CD62E expression on PBMCs increased with exercise. CD34+/VEGFR2+ and CD3+/CD31+ PBMC levels were not altered with exercise. Gene expression analysis revealed a more proangiogenic phenotype in CD62E+ cells at baseline compared with CD31+ and CD34+ cells. Conditioned media from CD62E+ PBMCs obtained after exercise exerted a proangiogenic influence on human umbilical vein endothelial cells, with increases in genes encoding receptors for growth factors (KDR, FGFR1 and EGFR) and inflammatory mediators (TLR4 and TNFR1). Finally, exercise increased CD62E+ endothelial MPs in men and increased CD34+ MPs in women. Our work highlights the potential role of CD62E+ cells as a novel, exercise‐responsive proangiogenic cell population and demonstrates sex‐specific exercise‐induced changes in circulating MPs.
From synaptically localized to volume transmission by nitric oxide
Authors: Garthwaite John 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) functions widely as a transmitter/diffusible second messenger in the central nervous system, exerting physiological effects in target cells by binding to specialized guanylyl cyclase‐coupled receptors, resulting in cGMP generation. Despite having many context‐dependent physiological roles and being implicated in numerous disease states, there has been a lack of clarity about the ways that NO operates at the cellular and subcellular levels. Recently, several approaches have been used to try to gain a more concrete, quantitative understanding of this unique signalling pathway. These approaches have included analysing the kinetics of NO receptor function, real‐time imaging of cellular NO signal transduction in target cells, and the use of ultrasensitive detector cells to record NO as it is being generated from native sources in brain tissue. The current picture is that, when formed in a synapse, NO is likely to act only very locally, probably mostly within the confines of that synapse, and to exist only in picomolar concentrations. Nevertheless, closely neighbouring synapses may also be within reach, raising the possibility of synaptic crosstalk. By engaging its enzyme‐coupled receptors, the low NO concentrations are able to stimulate physiological (submicromolar) increases in cGMP concentration in an activity‐dependent manner. When many NO‐emitting neurones or synapses are active simultaneously in a tissue region, NO can act more like a volume transmitter to influence, and perhaps coordinate, the behaviour of cells within that region, irrespective of their identity and anatomical connectivity.
Gating modes of calcium‐activated chloride channels TMEM16A and TMEM16B
Authors: Cruz‐Rangel Silvia , De Jesús‐Pérez José J. , Contreras‐Vite Juan A. , Pérez‐Cornejo Patricia , Hartzell H. Criss , Arreola Jorge 
Published: October 2015

Key points
Calcium‐activated chloride channels TMEM16A and TMEM16B support important physiological processes such as fast block of polyspermy, fluid secretion, control of blood pressure and sensory transduction.
Given the physiological importance of TMEM16 channels, it is important to study how incoming stimuli activate these channels. Here we study how channels open and close and how the process of gating is regulated.
We show that TMEM16A and TMEM16B display fast and slow gating. These gating modes are regulated by voltage and external chloride.
Dual gating explains the complex time course of the anion current.
Residues within the first intracellular loop of the channel influence the slow gating mode.
Dual gating is an intrinsic property observed in endogenous calcium‐activated chloride channels and could be relevant to physiological processes that require sustained chloride ion movement.
AbstractTMEM16A and TMEM16B are molecular components of the physiologically relevant calcium‐activated chloride channels (CaCCs) present in many tissues. Their gating is dictated by membrane voltage (Vm), intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) and external permeant anions. As a consequence, the chloride current (ICl) kinetics is complex. For example, TMEM16A ICl activates slowly with a non‐mono‐exponential time course while TMEM16B ICl activates rapidly following a mono‐exponential behaviour. To understand the underlying mechanism responsible for the complex activation kinetics, we recorded ICl from HEK‐293 cells transiently transfected with either TMEM16A or TMEM16B as well as from mouse parotid acinar cells. Two distinct Vm‐dependent gating modes were uncovered: a fast‐mode on the millisecond time scale followed by a slow mode on the second time scale. Using long (20 s) depolarizing pulses both gating modes were activated, and a slowly rising ICl was recorded in whole‐cell and inside‐out patches. The amplitude of ICl at the end of the long pulse nearly doubled and was blocked by 100 μm tannic acid. The slow gating mode was strongly reduced by decreasing the [Cl−]o from 140 to 30 mm and by altering the sequence of the first intracellular loop. Mutating 480RSQ482 to AVK in the first intracellular loop of TMEM16B nearly abolished slow gating, but, mutating 448AVK451 to RSQ in TMEM16A has little effect. Deleting 448EAVK451 residues in TMEM16A reduced slow gating. We conclude that TMEM16 CaCCs have intrinsic Vm‐ and Cl−‐sensitive dual gating that elicits complex ICl kinetics.
Integrating primary and secondary care for children and young people: sharing practice
Authors: Woodman Jenny , Lewis Hannah , Cheung Ronny , Gilbert Ruth , Wijlaars Linda PMM 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo share innovative practice with enough detail to be useful for paediatricians involved in planning services.DesignA review of practice, adopting a realist approach.SettingWe collected detailed information about five initiatives which were presented at two meetings in July and October 2014 and telephone interviews between July and November 2014 with key informants, updating information again in February 2015.ResultsThe five case studies involved three clinical commissioning groups (CCGs): Islington CCG and Southwark and Lambeth CCG in London and Taunton CCG in the Southwest. All five initiatives involved acute paediatric units. We heard about four distinct types of services designed to bring paediatric expertise into primary care and/or improve joint working between paediatricians and primary care professionals: telephone multidisciplinary team, hospital at home, general practitioner (GP) outreach clinics, and advice and guidance. We defined four common ways that initiatives might work: promoting shared responsibility; upskilling GPs; establishing relationships between paediatricians and primary healthcare professionals; and by taking specialist care to the patient.ConclusionsWe derived common aims and mechanisms and generated programme (mid-level) theory for each integrated care initiative about how they might work. These descriptions of what is being done can inform debate about which interventions should be prioritised for wider implementation. There is an urgent need for evaluation of these interventions and more indepth research into how mechanisms and their effectiveness could be assessed.