bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
War, peace and Northwest Coast complex hunter-gatherers
Authors: H. Daly Richard 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to question the assumptions behind the aggressive competitive image of Northwest Coast (NWC) forager societies, given that their most reflective descendants emphasize sharing and paying back as constant peacemaking actions through history. Also to seek data that help ascertain whether this contemporary view might predate today's sensibilities colored by life as post-foragers encapsulated in nation states.Design/methodology/approach– Historical, ethnographic and ethnohistorical documentary sources are studied, together with regional archeological findings. These are considered against the author's own ethnographic work among various foragers on the edge of, but integrated with higher profile coastal peoples. Some historical context for regional war and peace is provided.Findings– The archeology indicates that evidence for violent warlike activity appears clearly about three times in 10,000 years, the most extensive being contiguous with Europe's economic and political influence on the continent in the past half millennium. Even in this latter period, extended family foragers managed and sought to control aggression/competition by social sharing and cooperation between like units and by upholding established peacemaking processes and protocols.Research limitations/implications– Since the region and its literature are vast, this theme requires extensive long-term investigation. Findings given here from a limited number of locations are tentative and require detail from other parts of the region; however, they do suggest an existing ethic of sharing and peacemaking reflected back in time through oral history and archeology.Practical implications– The literature of the NWC's bellicosity, its slavery, war-making and agonistic giving is based on events reported from a very short span of contact history. If these conditions had been endemic over time, there would have been insufficient peace to allow these foragers to hunt, gather, fish, barter and prepare foods and goods with which to survive between annual growing and spawning seasons.Social implications– Instead of finding ways to cooperate with each other to seek better living conditions, some NWC post-foragers now assume competition and aggression to be endemic features of their relations with each other. Such persons, perhaps from a sense of inferiority engendered by history, cite the bellicose literature and the glories of the fur trade period as more typical of their heritage than the wisdom and peaceful teachings of their own elders about the past, the future, human relations and the natural world.Originality/value– The findings from the NWC suggest analogies in the emphasis on sharing as a mechanism for making and maintaining peace in the broader comparative context of hunter-gatherer studies. Sharing remains central whether one examines complex hunter-gathers or their more egalitarian colleagues.
Myths about hunter-gatherers redux: nomadic forager war and peace
Authors: P. Fry Douglas , Söderberg Patrik 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to critique several studies that claim to show that nomadic foragers engage in high levels of inter-group aggression. This is done through exploring four myths: nomadic foragers are warlike; there was a high rate of war mortality in the Pleistocene; the nomadic forager data support the “chimpanzee model” of lethal raiding psychology; and contact and state influence inevitably decrease aggression in nomadic forager societies.Design/methodology/approach– Using exact criteria, a sample of 21 nomadic forager societies is derived from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. This sampling method minimizes the chance of sampling bias, a shortcoming that has plagued previous studies. Only the highest quality ethnographic data, those classified as Primary Authority Sources, are used, which results in data on 148 cases of lethal aggression. The specifics of the lethal aggression cases are then discussedvis-à-visthe four myths to demonstrate the disjuncture between the data and the myths.Findings– All four myths are found to be out of step with actual data on nomadic forager war and peace. Overall, the default interaction pattern of nomadic foragers is to get along with neighbors rather than make war against them. The findings contradict both assertions that there was a high level of war mortality among nomadic foragers of the Pleistocene and the chimpanzee model's proposal that human males have a tendency or predisposition to form coalitions and make lethal attacks on members of neighboring groups.Research limitations/implications– Consideration of nomadic forager war and peace should be contextualized in terms of social organization, contact history (including ethnocide, displacement, and other factors), and the current situation faced by extant forager populations. As in other contexts, the introduction of alcohol at contact or subsequently has increased nomadic forager aggression.Practical implications– Propositions as to the aggressiveness of nomadic foragers should be viewed with skepticism because they are contradicted by data and a contextual view of nomadic forager social organization and ethnohistory.Social implications– The debate over nomadic forager war and peace is connected to larger debates in modern society about the nature of human nature and has real-world implications regarding foreign policy and political approaches toward war and peace.Originality/value– A critique of sampling, methodology, and theory is provided in this area.
Succeeding at new businesses: a matrix to measure flexibility
Authors: J. Burns David 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– This purpose of this paper is to suggest and develop an alternative model, the Opportunity Assessment Matrix, to address some of the primary strategic issues in the business environment of today. Changes in the business environment are increasing the need for strategic planning, but it has also diminished the value of some of the classic tools used in strategy formation in the past, such as portfolio models.

Design/methodology/approach
– The shortcomings in applying portfolio models from the past to today’s business environment are discussed, providing a basis for the developing the Opportunity Assessment Matrix.

Findings
– The Opportunity Assessment Matrix is introduced as a means to evaluate the ability of an organization to successfully undertake and exploit new business opportunities. The proposed model is based on two dimensions – operational flexibility and market potential.

Originality/value
– The Opportunity Assessment Matrix facilitates an assessment of new business and product opportunities. With today’s ever-changing customer needs, the identification and exploitation of new product and business opportunities have become critical for the ongoing success of many firms. Most attempts by business firms to exploit new opportunities, however, are not successful, often due to a lack of an understanding of the market potential realization or an inadequate consideration of possible internal constraints. The Opportunity Assessment Matrix addresses both of these issues by examining the match between potential market opportunities and a firm’s ability to exploit them.
Clicks or commitment: activism in the age of social media
Authors: Buell Hirsch Peter 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The paper aims to discuss recent attempts at creating metrics on this issue and examine some historical precedents. What kinds of social activism in the social media generate real commitment or behavior change and which simply pile up likes and shares? This essay discusses recent attempts at creating metrics on this issue and examines some historical precedents.

Design/methodology/approach
– We compare modern activism with such historical figures as prohibitionist Carrie Nation and birth control advocate Margaret Sanger.

Findings
– Our analysis suggests that identifying what makes a social campaign successful in changing behavior may be more difficult than it, at first, appears.

Originality/value
– The essay suggests some new approaches to what makes social media activism successful.
Risk aversion in the family business: the dark side of caution
Authors: R.W. Hiebl Martin 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to shed light on the potential downsides of risk aversion in family firms. Moreover, it seeks to provide measures on how to balance risk taking and risk aversion in family businesses.

Design/methodology/approach
– The article first presents four “dark sides” of risk aversion in family businesses and then describes three groups of measures to balance risk aversion and risk taking. Both the dark sides as well as the measures to balance risk aversion and risk taking are derived from recent scientific research.

Findings
– Family businesses may decrease risk aversion and foster risk taking and innovativeness by creating transparency on their risk profiles and including outside knowledge in the form of non-family managers, directors or shareholders. Moreover, properly educating and integrating younger family generations might also alleviate an overly high focus on short-term risk aversion.

Practical implications
– Family business leaders might find the approach and findings presented in this paper helpful for securing the longer-term survivability of their firms and for improving innovativeness.

Originality/value
– This article is among the first to deal with the dark sides of risk aversion in family businesses, which might endanger their longer-term survivability.
Green marketing: a strategic balancing act for creating value
Authors: J. Dean Thomas , F. Pacheco Desiree 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to illustrate that when practiced correctly, environmental marketing can represent promising opportunities for value creation and market growth. For many companies, the practice of environmental marketing has delivered disappointing results.

Design/methodology/approach
– Building from examples of companies that have successfully transcended traditional environmental marketing, we create a model for strategic product positioning. We rely on illustrations from companies in a variety of industries that target both consumer and business markets.

Findings
– We describe five strategies that are built upon value drivers for green products such as image, status, functionality and brand management through authenticity and superior offerings. We also emphasize the importance of strategies that target commercial markets for green products, which represent valuable opportunities for growth.

Originality/value
– Companies often confront the challenge of positioning the green attributes of their products or services. Lessons from the past have shown that this task must be carefully executed. Understanding the strategies presented here is critical for the success of new products or new marketing initiatives.
Too many products? Reaching the next billion customers of the beauty market
Authors: Tournois Laurent 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this article is to describe the rationale behind and analyze the results of a strategy in regards to changing conditions and market share dominance. For more than 20 years, with the growth in available product varieties, product and brand proliferation have become increasingly evident in many consumer markets.

Design/methodology/approach
– This article examines how three L’Oréal mass market businesses, i.e. L’Oréal Paris, Lascad and Gemey-Maybelline-Garnier (GMG), managed proliferation activities between 1988 and 2012 on their domestic market. Data were extracted from the information resources, inc. (IRI) Census and Sample Databases (retail panel data), and information was collected from internal sources and semi-structured interviews with top executives. Brand performance was assessed using panel data structure analysis, as recommended by IRI and Nielsen. Some data, as they remain confidential, were not included in the paper.

Findings
– The study reveals that when opportunities are lacking, demand is declining, and competition is fierce – the situation that marks most mature markets – a proliferation strategy actually can yield diminishing results and reduced brand dominance.

Research limitations/implications
– Offering broader lines appears to generate confusion and to be counterproductive in relation to theoretical assumptions. Additional research on proliferation strategies is needed, particularly in declining market conditions, which implies diminished demand and market saturation due to increased competition and isomorphic practices.

Practical implications
– When deciding to extend product lines, managers should take into account competition and more qualitative factors than those included in the models developed by and for store brands. The respective positioning and marketing strategy (i.e. challenger and leader) of the brands involved have also to be considered.

Originality/value
– Prior research on proliferation strategies has relied on strong assumptions such as increase in demand and unsaturated markets. Through these case studies, this article shows that making the shelf space denser affects brand dominance, particularly when market conditions change. These results challenge current thinking as, in facing internal and external contingencies, managers might think which scenario is most favorable for maintaining a dominant position: changing the structure of the market by reducing (i.e. concentration) or increasing the number of brands/products in the market.
National culture and fraud risk: exploratory evidence
Authors: Getie Mihret Dessalegn 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to test the association between national culture dimensions and exposure to fraud with a view to drawing implications for understanding fraud risk.Design/methodology/approach– The study is based on a sample of 66 countries. Regression analysis is conducted using Hofstede’s national culture dimensions as independent variables and fraud risk as a dependent variable. Transparency International’s corruption index was used as a proxy for fraud risk.Findings– Results suggest high fraud risk exposure in countries with high power distance and those having limited long-term orientations.Research limitations/implications– The study informs deeper understanding of fraud risk through analysis of fraud risk in a culturally relative sense.Originality/value– This is the first study (known to the author) to draw the implications of national culture for understanding fraud risk.
Re-imagining the sustainability narrative in US cities
Authors: M. Zavattaro Staci 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore how US cities are communicating a sustainability narrative. Based on an analysis, cities are using a sustainability narrative focusing on environmental sustainability and consumption. Critical theory is introduced as a means to imagine alternative narratives.Design/methodology/approach– Exploratory in nature, this study relied on qualitative media analysis to analyze documents and images gathered from 22 US city websites. Critical theory is then introduced to provide a conceptual way forward from the status quo narrative form.Findings– Cities are utilizing environmental narratives largely, rather than including social and economic interests inherent within holistic sustainability practices. Moreover, cities are promoting sustainability as consumption, a practice that is inherently not sustainable. Critical theory explains that marketers are relying on the “status quo” when it comes to crafting a sustainability narrative.Practical implications– Destination marketing managers can think outside of given narratives to create their own sustainability stories that might help the place achieve a competitive advantage.Originality/value– Knowledge into sustainability marketing practices is extended by revealing a consumption narrative and utilizing critical theory to move beyond this status quo.
Secondhand learning from graduates of leadership development programs
Authors: F. Goldman Ellen , Wesner Marilyn , M. Plack Margaret , N. Manikoth Nisha , Haywood Yolanda 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to explore the impact leadership development program graduates had on their workgroup, the nature of that impact and how that impact occurred.

Design/methodology/approach
– This research was conducted at three sites using a qualitative interview methodology with thematic data analysis. Techniques to ensure trustworthiness included purposive sampling, triangulation of researchers, member checks and code checking.

Findings
– Analysis of the data revealed secondhand learning as specific changes in practices, behaviors and attitudes, transferred by program graduates to their peers and supervisors. The transfer of learning was described as both intentional and informal learning during episodes of varying duration, and occurred through a variety of dyadic and group interactions in a manner generally consistent with the 4I framework of organizational learning.

Research limitations/implications
– The study was limited to medical educators. Recommendations for supervisors and organizations to maximize training transfer are identified. These suggestions advocate for actively encouraging graduates in departmental leadership and faculty development; focusing transfer on specific practices, behaviors and attitudes; and considering both short- and long-term outcomes.

Originality/value
– This paper makes an original contribution to the literature by describing the process of secondhand learning from leadership development program graduates. The paper also expands our understanding of the nuances in transfer methods and associated learning episodes in the context of an educational environment. Finally, the research illustrates how qualitative methods can be used to expose secondhand learning.
Analysis of steel-with-composite material substitution in military vehicle hull floors subjected to shallow-buried landmine-detonation loads
Authors: Grujicic M. , Snipes J.S. , Ramaswami S. , Yavari R. , Yen C.-F. , Cheeseman B.A. 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to address the problem of substitution of steel with fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composite in military-vehicle hull-floors, and identifies and quantifies the associated main benefits and shortcomings.

Design/methodology/approach
– The problem is investigated using a combined finite-element/discrete-particle computational analysis. Within this analysis, soil (in which a landmine is buried), gaseous detonation products and air are modeled as assemblies of discrete, interacting particles while the hull-floor is treated as a Lagrangian-type continuum structure. Considerable effort has been invested in deriving the discrete-material properties from the available experimental data. Special attention has been given to the derivation of the contact properties since these, in the cases involving discrete particles, contain a majority of the information pertaining to the constitutive response of the associated materials. The potential ramifications associated with the aforementioned material substitution are investigated under a large number of mine-detonation scenarios involving physically realistic ranges of the landmine mass, its depth of burial in the soil, and the soil-surface/floor-plate distances.

Findings
– The results obtained clearly revealed both the benefits and the shortcomings associated with the examined material substitution, suggesting that they should be properly weighted in each specific case of hull-floor design.

Originality/value
– To the authors’ knowledge, the present work is the first public-domain report of the findings concerning the complexity of steel substitution with composite-material in military-vehicle hull-floors.
PID control of torque during drilling in GFRP laminates
Authors: Pal Singh Amrinder , Sharma Manu , Singh Inderdeep 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– Damage induced during drilling of polymer matrix composites depends upon torque during drilling. Modeling of torque with feed rate and its control becomes imminent for damage free drilling of composite laminates. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to construct a transfer function between drilling torque and feed rate based upon experiments. Thereafter, the torque is controlled by using PID controller.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper presents step-by-step procedure to capture complex drilling dynamics of polymer matrix composites in a mathematical model. A glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite laminate is drilled at constant feed rate during experimentation. The corresponding time response of torque is recorded. First order, second order and third order transfer functions between torque and feed rate are identified using system identification toolbox of Matlab®. These transfer functions are then converted into state-space models. Experimental verification is performed on GFRP composite laminate. PID controller is designed using Simulink® to track a given reference torque during drilling of polymer matrix composite. The controller is then validated using different reference torque trajectories.

Findings
– Good match is observed between torque response from state-space models and experiments. Error analysis based on integral absolute error and integral squared error on experimental and simulated response show that third-order system represents the complex drilling dynamics in a better way than first and second-order systems. PID controller effectively tracks given reference trajectories.

Originality/value
– Third-order model between torque and feed rate for drilling of composites not available in literature has been presented. PID controller has previously been applied successfully for drilling of conventional materials, this paper extends implementation of PID torque control for drilling of composites.
The influence of thermal loading due to laser pulse on generalized micropolar thermoelastic solid with comparison of different theories
Authors: I.A. Othman Mohamed , Hasona W.M. , M. Abd-Elaziz Elsayed 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to introduce the coupled theory, Lord-Shulman theory with one relaxation time and Green-Lindsay theory with two relaxation times to study the influence of rotation on generalized micropolar thermoelasticity subject to thermal loading due to laser pulse. The bounding plane surface is heated by a non-Gaussian laser beam with pulse duration of 8 ps.

Design/methodology/approach
– The problem has been solved numerically by using the normal mode analysis.

Findings
– The thermal shock problem is studied to obtain the exact expressions for the displacement components, force stresses, temperature, couple stresses and micro-rotation. The distributions of the considered variables are illustrated graphically. Comparisons are made with the results predicted by three theories in the presence and absence of laser pulse and for different values of time.

Originality/value
– Generalized micropolar thermoelastic solid.