bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local Government Capacity and Citizen Co-production: A Review of Theory and Evidence
Authors: Tu Xuan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractGovernment capacity is an important topic in the study of public administration (Burgess 1975; Honadle 1981). The terms capacity, capability or ability have become a concern of government agencies because of the need to develop policies and programs (Gargan 1981). More recently failures of public programs and the increasing demands of the public have also brought attention to this important topic (Ingraham 2003; Andrews and Boyne 2010). Despite the common use of capacity, the term is not well defined in the current public administration literature. In this paper the focus is upon the implementation capacity in local government. They are largely responsible for service delivery, whereas higher levels of government are more removed and have coordination and policy development responsibilities. In this study, the researcher undertakes a comprehensive approach to investigate what is currently known about government capacity by integrating the empirical research that has been published in the past fifty years. It reviews 43 articles that rigorously discuss capacity or capacity building at the local level and 62 articles on citizen co-production. The analysis suggests that government capacity only perceived within organizations is limited. The majority of attention has been paid to management capacity particularly policy formulation capacity, leaving implementation capacity less touched. Sub-analyses reveal different dimensions of government capacity which are dominantly studied in western literature. The evidence points to an association between government capacity and citizen co-production. This paper enriches the literature by developing a new relationship of government capacity and citizen co-production at the local level.
Respiratory function of workers at a construction company in Bangalore Urban district
Authors: Ramesh Naveen 
Published: February 2015

Introduction: Construction sector is one among the largest employers in India. Most of the construction workers are migrants susceptible to occupational health hazards. Construction workers are exposed to a variety of dust and chemicals that may pose a risk to the respiratory system. There is paucity of data on the respiratory function of construction workers in India. Objectives: The objectives were to assess the respiratory function of construction workers and to study possible factors associated with the respiratory function of these construction workers. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted among 197 workers in a construction company in Bangalore Urban district from November - December 2010. The study tools were an interview schedule to study the respiratory function and possible associated factors and clinical examination which included anthropometry (height, weight) and Wright’s mini peak flow meter to measure peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). The data was analyzed using standard statistical software. Results: Among male workers, the mean PEFR was 457.43 l/min (SD 65.38 l/min) while among female workers, the mean PEFR was 326 l/min (SD 46.95 l/min). Respiratory function as measured by peak flow meter was decreased in 127 (64.5%) workers. The current reported tobacco smoking was 41.2% (77) among 187 males. Only 3 (1.5%) workers reported to use of face mask. There was no significant association (p>0.05) between respiratory function, and duration of work more than a year at construction company, use of face mask or smoking. Conclusion: This preliminary study revealed that the respiratory function among the workers was decreased. More precise studies with population control matched for age using pulmonary function tests are needed to assess the findings of the study.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v4i1.10000
Comparison of the Plusoptix A09 and Retinomax K-Plus 3 With Retinoscopy in Children
Authors: Yilmaz Ihsan , Ozkaya Abdullah , Alkin Zeynep , Ozbengi Sifa , Yazici Ahmet Taylan , Demirok Ahmet 
Published: February 2015

Purpose:
To compare refractive measurements between the Plusoptix A09 (Plusoptix GmbH, Nuremberg, Germany), Retinomax K-Plus 3 (Right Med, Virginia Beach, VA), and retinoscopy in pediatric patients.

Methods:
Two hundred eyes of 200 patients (94 female, 106 male) were included in this cross-sectional study. Non-cycloplegic refraction was measured via the Plusoptix A09 and cycloplegic refraction was measured via the Retinomax K-Plus 3 and retinoscopy. Each device was evaluated for repeatability. The average measurements from all devices were compared.

Results:

The mean age of the patients was 6.2 ± 2.8 years (range: 4 to 12 years). The mean non-cycloplegic refraction via Plusoptix A09 was 0.74 ± 1.85 diopters (D) spherical and −0.79 ± 0.78 D cylindrical. The mean cycloplegic refraction via the Retinomax K-Plus 3 was 0.13 ± 1.92 D spherical and −0.74 ± 0.69 D cylindrical. The mean cyloplegic retinoscopy measurement was 0.71 ± 1.81 D spherical and −0.70 ± 0.76 D cylindrical. There was no significant difference between measurements (
P
= .07).

Conclusions:
The Plusoptix A09 and Retinomax K-Plus 3 agree well with cycloplegic retinoscopy. Both devices may be used for screening children between 4 and 12 years old. The Plusoptix A09 may eliminate the need for cycloplegia for the detection of refractive errors in children.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.
2015;52(1):37–42.]
L’afflux transatlantique des Américains vers le « vieux continent », de 1830 à 1900
Authors: Dell’olio Aurélie 
Published: February 2015

Cet article invite à envisager la relation complexe entre les Européens et leurs cousins du Nouveau Monde, notamment à travers le tourisme. Dès le milieu du XIXe siècle, les progrès dans les moyens de transport font de l’Europe un lieu de prédilection pour le touriste américain. Entre 1830 et 1900, c’est plus particulièrement vers Paris que les jeunes bourgeois Américains (et quelques privilégiés de la classe moyenne), en quête de connaissances et d’apprentissage, affluent en masse. Ce voyage représente, pour cette nouvelle génération, l’opportunité unique d’acquérir une expérience personnelle et professionnelle, alors sans égale dans le Nouveau Monde. Ce groupe de jeunes immigrés américains joue un rôle majeur dans l’évolution du climat intellectuel et artistique de Paris, à la fin du XIXe siècle. C’est à cette même époque que la Côte d’Azur – Menton, Nice et Cannes surtout – devient une des destinations préférées des Américains durant les longs mois d’hiver. Les côtes françaises de la Méditerranée attirent de riches familles américaines qui réussissent à donner un nouvel essor à la French Riviera, comme ils la surnomment alors.
Editorial No.39
Authors: Editor El 
Published: February 2015

<p>DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ryr.v39i0.1825">http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ryr.v39i0.1825</a></p> <p>Realidad y Reflexión Año 14, N° 39</p><p> </p>
De wet als kunstwerk
Authors: van Lochem P.J.P.M. 
Published: February 2015

De wet als kunstwerk
In zijn De wet als kunstwerk vormt Willem Witteveen ruim twintig jaar Nomoi-bijdragen tot één samenhangend geheel. Die samenhang bestaat uit de ‘tien geboden voor de wetgever’. Deze wet voor de wetgever zijn de acht beginselen van Fullers Inner Morality of Law, waaraan Witteveen nog twee ‘eigentijdse’ beginselen toevoegde: over de voorkeur voor zelfregulering en over het vermijden van bureaucratie. Witteveen verzet zich tegen de gangbare benadering van de wet als instrument. De auteur gaat in op Witteveens kritiek op deze instrumentele benadering en op zijn idee over wetgeving in de participatiesamenleving. Hij sluit af met de vraag welke opstelling senator Witteveen zou hebben gekozen in de Zorgwet-kwestie.
Day‐to‐night transport in the Martian ionosphere: Implications from total electron content measurements
Authors: Cui J. , Galand M. , Yelle R. V. , Wei Y. , Zhang S.‐J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe nightside Martian ionosphere is thought to be contributed by day‐to‐night transport and electron precipitation, of which the former has not been well studied. In this work, we evaluate the role of day‐to‐night transport based on the total electron content (TEC) measurements made by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding on board Mars Express. This is accomplished by an examination of the variation of nightside TEC in the time domain rather than the traditional solar zenith angle domain. Our analyses here, being constrained to the Northern Hemisphere where the effects of crustal magnetic fields can be neglected, reveal that day‐to‐night transport serves as the dominant source for the nightside Martian ionosphere from terminator crossing up to time in darkness of ≈5.3 × 103 s, beyond which it is surpassed by electron precipitation. The observations are compared with predictions from a simplified time‐dependent ionosphere model. We conclude that the solid body rotation of Mars is insufficient to account for the observed depletion of nightside TEC but the data could be reasonably reproduced by a zonal electron flow velocity of ≈1.9 km s−1.
Modeling Jovian hectometric attenuation lanes during the Cassini flyby of Jupiter
Authors: Imai Masafumi , Lecacheux Alain , Moncuquet Michel , Bagenal Fran , Higgins Charles A. , Imai Kazumasa , Thieman James R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe Jupiter encounter by the Cassini spacecraft in late 2000 and early 2001 unveiled persistent properties of Jupiter's hectometric (HOM) radiation originating along auroral magnetic field lines in the polar regions. One of the unique properties of the HOM dynamic spectrum, known as attenuation lanes, appears as rotationally modulated, well‐defined regions of lowered intensity, flanked by regions of enhancement. These lanes seem to be the result of refraction of radio waves in a high‐density medium–either caused by Case (i) enhanced density in the magnetic L‐shell connected to Io's orbit or Case (ii) in the Io plasma torus itself or both. In this paper, we investigate the HOM ray paths of 0.5–3.0 MHz emissions with various cone half‐angles in the continuous radio longitudes generating at the magnetic L‐value equal to 30. We use bi‐kappa particle distributions to derive diffusive equilibrium distributions of density in the Io plasma torus. The enhanced density irregularities along the Io flux shell “ribbon” region can be described with a Gaussian density distribution of a maximum density n0 and breadth (half‐width of the distribution across the flux shell) σ. As a result, we found that the interpretation of Case (i) can be accounted for by the attenuation lanes which appear for all cone half‐angles, and the reasonable flux shell density n0 is, on top of specific latitude‐dependent density from the diffusive equilibrium model, estimated as 100 cm−3 with the half‐width σ = 5.0 Io radii.
Impacts of inadequate historical disturbance data in the early twentieth century on modeling recent carbon dynamics (1951–2010) in conterminous U.S. forests
Authors: Zhang Fangmin , Chen Jing M. , Pan Yude , Birdsey Richard A. , Shen Shuanghe , Ju Weimin , Dugan Alexa J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractStand age and disturbance data have become more available in recent years and can facilitate modeling studies that integrate and quantify effects of disturbance and nondisturbance factors on carbon dynamics. Since high‐quality disturbance and forest age data to support forest dynamic modeling are lacking before 1950, we assumed dynamic equilibrium (carbon neutrality) for the starting conditions of forests with unknown historical disturbance and forest age information. The impacts of this assumption on forest carbon cycle estimation for recent decades have not been systematically examined. In this study, we tested an assumption of disequilibrium conditions for forests with unknown disturbance and age data by randomly assigning ages to them in the model initial year (1900) and analyzed uncertainties for 1951–2010 carbon dynamic simulations compared with the equilibrium assumption. Results show that with the dynamic equilibrium assumption, the total net biome productivity (NBP) of conterminous U.S. forests was 188 ± 60 Tg C yr−1 with 185 ± 56 Tg C yr−1 in living biomass and 3 ± 23 Tg C yr−1 in soil. The C release due to disturbance on average was about 68 ± 55 Tg C yr−1. The disequilibrium assumption causes annual NBP from 1951 to 2010 in conterminous U.S. forests to vary by an average of 13% with the largest impact on the soil carbon component. Uncertainties related to nondisturbance factors have relatively small impacts on NBP estimation (within 10%), while uncertainties related to disturbances cause biases in NBP of 4 to 28%. We conclude that the dynamic equilibrium assumption for the model initialization in 1900 is acceptable for simulating 1951–2010 forest carbon dynamics as long as disturbance and age data are reliable for this later period, although caution should be taken regarding the prior‐1950 simulation results because of their greater uncertainties.
The negligible effect of bed form migration on denitrification in hyporheic zones of permeable sediments
Authors: Kessler Adam J. , Cardenas M. Bayani , Cook Perran L. M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBed form celerity, the migration rate of ripples along a sediment bed, has previously been shown to have dramatic effects on oxygen distribution and transport within the hyporheic zone of permeable sediments. This has the potential to influence denitrification rates—in particular by increasing the coupling of nitrification and denitrification. To further understand this, we numerically modeled nitrogen cycling under migrating ripples. While the simulated oxygen profiles match with expected behavior, almost no effect on denitrification or coupled nitrification‐denitrification was observed with increasing celerity. Instead, denitrification rates were dominantly controlled by the flow velocity of water overlying the sediment.
Prognostic Value of Brachial–Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity in Patients With Takayasu Arteritis With Drug‐Eluting Stent Implantation
Authors: Wang Xu , Dang Aimin 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveThis study investigates the long‐term outcomes of drug‐eluting stent (DES) implantation in patients with Takayasu arteritis (TAK).MethodsData on 48 TAK patients and 40 age‐, sex‐, and severity‐matched patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) receiving DES implantation and hospitalized in Fuwai Hospital from February 2004 to March 2014 were assessed. The clinical features, laboratory data, coronary angiographic findings, treatment, and followup outcomes were summarized retrospectively. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE), which include all‐cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal target vessel revascularization, were recorded.ResultsTAK patients exhibited increased mean ± SD brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) compared with patients with CAD (17.0 ± 3.8 versus 13.8 ± 3.0 meters/second; P = 0.002). However, CAD patients had higher levels of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (2.5 ± 1.0 versus 2.3 ± 0.8 mmoles/liter; P = 0.04). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that baPWV was independently associated with the extent of CAD, assessed by the SYNTAX (Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery) score (β = 0.33, P = 0.03), in TAK patients. DES implantation was deployed in 73 coronary lesions in 48 TAK patients, and restenosis occurred in 48 lesions after an average of 25.6 months (range 9.0–68.0 months) following intervention. Logistic regression analysis identified that a baPWV of 17.00 meters/second or higher (odds ratio 5.50, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.1–16.6, P = 0.008) may be considered as an independent predictor of DES restenosis. Moreover, the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model demonstrated that a baPWV of 17.00 meters/second or higher (hazard ratio 3.36, 95% CI 1.51–7.52, P = 0.003) was significant and may serve as an independent predictor of MACE in TAK patients who underwent DES implantation.ConclusionDES in‐stent restenosis remains a challenge, affecting the long‐term outcomes of patients with TAK. Measuring increased arterial stiffness through baPWV, with the addition of inflammation status monitoring during followup, would be of great clinical value to identify TAK patients with DES who have a high risk for in‐stent restenosis and MACE.
Three‐Dimensional Biomechanical Gait Characteristics at Baseline Are Associated With Progression to Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Hatfield Gillian L. , Stanish William D. , Hubley‐Kozey Cheryl L. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveTo determine if baseline 3‐dimensional (3‐D) biomechanical gait patterns differed between those patients with moderate knee osteoarthritis (OA) who progressed to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and those that did not, and whether these differences had predictive value.MethodsFifty‐four patients with knee OA had ground reaction forces and segment motions collected during gait. 3‐D hip, knee, and ankle angles and moments were calculated over the gait cycle. Amplitude and temporal waveform characteristics were determined using principal component analysis. At followup 5–8 years later, 26 patients reported undergoing TKA. Unpairedt‐tests were performed on baseline demographic and waveform characteristics between TKA and no‐TKA groups. Receiver operating curve analysis, stepwise discriminate analysis, and logistic regression analysis determined the combination of features that best classified TKA and no‐TKA groups and their predictive ability.ResultsBaseline demographic, symptomatic, and radiographic variables were similar, but 7 gait variables differed (P < 0.05) between groups. A multivariate model including overall knee adduction moment magnitude, knee flexion/extension moment difference, and stance–dorsiflexion moment had a 74% correct classification rate, with no overtraining based on cross‐validation. A 1‐unit increase in model score increased by 6‐fold the odds of progression to TKA.ConclusionIn addition to the link between higher overall knee adduction magnitude and future TKA, an outcome of clear clinical importance, novel findings include altered sagittal plane moment patterns indicative of reduced ability to unload the joint during midstance. This combination of dynamic biomechanical factors had a 6‐fold increased odds of future TKA; adding baseline demographic and clinical factors did not improve the model.
Formal [3+2] Annulation Involving Allylic Bromides and Thioureas. Synthesis of 2‐Iminothiazolidines through a Base‐Catalyzed Intramolecular anti‐Michael Addition
Authors: Ferreira Misael , Sá Marcus M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA simple and efficient protocol was developed for the synthesis of 2‐iminothiazolidines through a base‐mediated [3+2] annulation involving substituted thioureas and allylic bromides bearing electron‐withdrawing groups. This domino process consists of nucleophilic displacement, followed by intramolecular anti‐Michael addition of the preformed allylic isothiourea under mild conditions to give the thiazolidine core.magnified image
Visible‐Light‐Triggered Molecular Photoswitch Based on Reversible E/Z Isomerization of a 1,2‐Dicyanoethene Derivative
Authors: Guo Xin , Zhou Jiawang , Siegler Maxime A. , Bragg Arthur E. , Katz Howard E. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA designed bis(dithienyl) dicyanoethene‐based, strictly E/Z photoswitch (4TCE) operates through state‐selective (E and Z isomer) photoactivation with visible light. The E and Z isomers of 4TCE exhibit remarkably different spectroscopic characteristics, including a large separation (70 nm) in their absorption maxima (λmax) and a 2.5‐fold increase in molar extinction coefficient from cis to trans. The energetically stable trans form can be completely converted to the cis form within minutes when exposed to white light, whereas the reverse isomerization occurs readily upon irradiation by blue light (λ<480 nm) or completely by thermal conversion at elevated temperatures. These features together with excellent thermal stability and photostability of both isomers make this new E/Z photoswitch a promising building block for photoswitchable materials that operate without the need for UV light.
(−)‐Englerin A is a Potent and Selective Activator of TRPC4 and TRPC5 Calcium Channels
Authors: Akbulut Yasemin , Gaunt Hannah J. , Muraki Katsuhiko , Ludlow Melanie J. , Amer Mohamed S. , Bruns Alexander , Vasudev Naveen S. , Radtke Lea , Willot Matthieu , Hahn Sven , Seitz Tobias , Ziegler Slava , Christmann Mathias , Beech David J. , Waldmann Herbert 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCurrent therapies for common types of cancer such as renal cell cancer are often ineffective and unspecific, and novel pharmacological targets and approaches are in high demand. Here we show the unexpected possibility for the rapid and selective killing of renal cancer cells through activation of calcium‐permeable nonselective transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) calcium channels by the sesquiterpene (−)‐englerin A. This compound was found to be a highly efficient, fast‐acting, potent, selective, and direct stimulator of TRPC4 and TRPC5 channels. TRPC4/5 activation through a high‐affinity extracellular (−)‐englerin A binding site may open up novel opportunities for drug discovery aimed at renal cancer.
Individual Surface‐Engineered Microorganisms as Robust Pickering Interfacial Biocatalysts for Resistance‐Minimized Phase‐Transfer Bioconversion
Authors: Chen Zhaowei , Ji Haiwei , Zhao Chuanqi , Ju Enguo , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA powerful strategy for long‐term and diffusional‐resistance‐minimized whole‐cell biocatalysis in biphasic systems is reported where individually encapsulated bacteria are employed as robust and recyclable Pickering interfacial biocatalysts. By individually immobilizing bacterial cells and optimizing the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance of the encapsulating magnetic mineral shells, the encased bacteria became interfacially active and locate at the Pickering emulsion interfaces, leading to dramatically enhanced bioconversion performances by minimizing internal and external diffusional resistances. Moreover, in situ product separation and biocatalyst recovery was readily achieved using a remote magnetic field. Importantly, the mineral shell effectively protected the entire cell from long‐term organic‐solvent stress, as shown by the reusability of the biocatalysts for up to 30 cycles, while retaining high stereoselective catalytic activities, cell viabilities, and proliferative abilities.
Probing the Coordinative Unsaturation and Local Environment of Ti3+ Sites in an Activated High‐Yield Ziegler–Natta Catalyst
Authors: Morra Elena , Giamello Elio , Van Doorslaer Sabine , Antinucci Giuseppe , D'Amore Maddalena , Busico Vincenzo , Chiesa Mario 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe typical activation of a fourth generation Ziegler–Natta catalyst TiCl4/MgCl2/phthalate with triethyl aluminum generates Ti3+ centers that are investigated by multi‐frequency continuous wave and pulse EPR methods. Two families of isolated, molecule‐like Ti3+ species have been identified. A comparison of the experimentally derived g tensors and 35,37Cl hyperfine and nuclear‐quadrupole tensors with DFT‐computed values suggests that the dominant EPR‐active Ti3+ species is located on MgCl2(110) surfaces (or equivalent MgCl2 terminations with tetra‐coordinated Mg). O2 reactivity tests show that a fraction of these Ti sites is chemically accessible, an important result in view of the search for the true catalyst active site in olefin polymerization.
A Concise and Scalable Strategy for the Total Synthesis of Dictyodendrin B Based on Sequential CH Functionalization
Authors: Pitts Andrew K. , O'Hara Fionn , Snell Robert H. , Gaunt Matthew J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA sequential CH functionalization strategy for the synthesis of the marine alkaloid dictyodendrin B is reported. Our synthesis begins from commercially available 4‐bromoindole and involves six direct functionalizations around the heteroarene core as part of a gram‐scale strategy towards the natural product.