bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing Gene-Environment Interactions for Common and Rare Variants with Binary Traits Using Gene-Trait Similarity Regression
Authors: Zhao Guolin , Marceau Rachel , Zhang Daowen , Tzeng Jung-Ying 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAccounting for gene–environment (G×E) interactions in complex trait association studies can facilitate our understanding of genetic heterogeneity under different environmental exposures, improve the ability to discover susceptible genes that exhibit little marginal effect, provide insight into the biological mechanisms of complex diseases, help to identify high-risk subgroups in the population, and uncover hidden heritability. However, significant G×E interactions can be difficult to find. The sample sizes required for sufficient power to detect association are much larger than those needed for genetic main effects, and interactions are sensitive to misspecification of the main-effects model. These issues are exacerbated when working with binary phenotypes and rare variants, which bear less information on association. In this work, we present a similarity-based regression method for evaluating G×E interactions for rare variants with binary traits. The proposed model aggregates the genetic and G×E information across markers, using genetic similarity, thus increasing the ability to detect G×E signals. The model has a random effects interpretation, which leads to robustness against main-effect misspecifications when evaluating G×E interactions. We construct score tests to examine G×E interactions and a computationally efficient EM algorithm to estimate the nuisance variance components. Using simulations and data applications, we show that the proposed method is a flexible and powerful tool to study the G×E effect in common or rare variant studies with binary traits.
Non-Invasive Characterization of Stone Artifacts from the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan, Mexico
Authors: Manrique-Ortega Mayra Dafne , Claes Pieterjan , Aguilar-Melo Valentina , Wong-Rueda Malinalli , Ruvalcaba-Sil José Luis , Casanova-González Edgar , Melgar Emiliano , Solis Reyna 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe Museum of the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan in Mexico City holds a collection of several thousands of polished stone artifacts that were excavated and identified as temple offerings. These can stratigraphically be related to the sequential construction stages (II-VII) of the ceremonial area of the Aztec capital from the foundation of the city in 1325 to 1521, when the Spaniards conquered the city. A non-destructive investigation of the elemental and chemical composition of these archaeological artifacts helps us to understand the provenance of these pieces, their use and the specific mineralogical choice for these artifacts as well as more information regarding trade routes relevant to the development of the Aztec empire. A mineralogical analysis of, in total, 450 stone artifacts was carried out using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). From this, eighty-five pieces were selected according to their excavation location, either in the Great Temple itself or in the surrounding buildings, as well as to represent the different construction stages of the area (this is part of a World Heritage Site). The resulting mineralogical and chemical information was related to possible mineral resources that were controlled and used as the empire expanded. Artifacts made from high-status semi-precious minerals, like jadeite and turquoise, are found to be concentrated in the central buildings and in the Great Temple itself, but also in the later construction periods of the area.
Digital Detection of Nanoparticles: Viral Diagnostics and Multiplexed Protein and Nucleic Acid Assays
Authors: Ünlü M. S. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTSynthetic nanoparticles have made significant impact across a broad range of technological applications including optical nanoantennas, ultra-sensitive imaging and sensing, and diagnostics and therapeutics. Natural nanoparticles such as viruses and pollutants are major concerns for human health. High-throughput characterization of nanoparticles in terms of their size and shape is crucial for practical applications of synthetic nanoparticles and highly sensitive pathogen identification. Recently, we have demonstrated Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS) with the ability to detect single nanoscale particles [1,2].In single-particle modality of IRIS (SP-IRIS), the interference of light reflected from the sensor surface is modified by the presence of particles producing a distinct signal that reveals the size of the particle. In our approach, the dielectric layered structure acts as an optical antenna optimizing the elastic scattering characteristics of nanoparticles for sensitive detection and analysis. We have demonstrated identification of virus articles in complex samples for various viruses in multiplexed format. Size discrimination of the imaged nanoparticles (virions) allows differentiation between modified viruses having different genome lengths and facilitates a reduction in the counting of non-specifically bound particles to achieve a limit-of-detection (LOD) of 5x103 pfu/mL for the Ebola and Marburg VSV pseudotypes. We have demonstrated the simultaneous detection of multiple viruses in serum or whole blood as well as in samples contaminated with high levels of bacteria [3]. Single nanoparticle detection with IRIS has shown promising results for protein [4] and DNA arrays with attomolar detection sensitivity.
The Effect of Nitrogen on Reservoir Fluid Saturation Pressure
Authors: Jacobson H.A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The effect of nitrogen on the saturation pressure of reservoir fluids has been noted through measurements made in the laboratory and through references to saturation pressure correlations in the literature. Experiments in the laboratory, where a volume of nitrogen and a volume of methane were added alternately to a reservoir fluid sample, indicated that the saturation pressure increase obtained with nitrogen was seven times that obtained with methane. This low solubility of nitrogen in oil was examined by analyses of the differentially liberated gases. Variations in the nitrogen content of the differential gases from a series of nitrogen-containing reservoir fluids were related to variations in gas solubility. The bubble-point pressure correlations found in the literature are based on essentially nitrogen-free reservoir fluids. The authors observe that pressures predicted for systems containing nitrogen will be low. The present paper relates to Standing's correlation and presents an adjustment to predicted pressures for nitrogen content of the solution gas. Although this adjustment is based on the limited data that are available, it does indicate the range of pressure variation that may be attributed to nitrogen.
Approximate Methods for Calculating the Temperature Distribution During Hot Fluid Injection
Authors: Thomas G.W. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This paper presents three approaches for approximating temperature distributions during hot fluid injection. The approximations are applicable to relatively thin beds in which the injected fluid flux is high, i.e. where radial convection is the dominant heat transport mechanism. A comparison with other solutions indicates adequate agreement, which improves as time increases. Expressions are derived using the first approximation to estimate oil production rates and heated rock volumes for a thermally stimulated bed. Criteria are also developed to determine the range of validity of this approximation. Finally, typical calculations are presented to illustrate the utility of these results.
Treatment of Trochanteric Fractures with the Gamma3 Nail - Methodology and Early Results of a Prospective Consecutive Monitored Clinical Case Series
Authors: Unger A.C. , Wilde E. , Kienast B. , Jürgens C. , Schulz A. P. 
Published: January 2015

Objectives:
There is only sparse data on clinical results and complications of the third-generation Gamma nailing system (Gamma3, Stryker). Therefore, we started a large multi-centre case series in 2008. The aim of this paper is to present the study design and early results of a single arm of a prospective, consecutive, monitored, post-market follow-up evaluation of Gamma3 nails.

Methods:
From September 2009 to January 2012, 154 consecutive patients with an average age of 80 ± 1.43 years (50-99 years) and a trochanteric femoral fracture were included in the local arm of the trial. All patients that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were treated with a Gamma3 nail. Preoperative variables included age, gender, fracture classification, walking ability (Merle d’Aubigné score), daily activity level (retrospective Zuckerman score), ASA rating of operative risk, waiting time for operation, use of walker or crutches and body mass index (BMI). Skin-to-skin time, fluoroscopy time, blood loss, intraoperative complications and device information were recorded for each patient. Follow-up postoperative assessment was undertaken at 4, 12 and 24 months. Hip range of motion, pain around the hip and the tight, walking ability (Merle d’Aubigné score, Sahlgrenska mobility score) and management of daily life (Zuckerman score) were used to evaluate the outcome.

Results:
The descriptive data of age, gender, BMI, ASA classification, fracture type and skin-to-skin time is similar to other studies. Median fluoroscopy time was 62 seconds (range: 4-225 seconds) and significantly shorter in closed reductions. No intraoperative implant-related complication was recorded. A cut-out of the leg-screw during assessment period occurred in 2.6% patients (n = 4). At the 12-month assessment two (1.8%) non-unions were identified and two patients (1.8%) had broken the femoral shaft below the 180 mm nail after a fall. Analysis of the scores showed significantly declined mobility and activity in daily life four months after operation which increased significantly from four to 12 months and increased slightly between 12 and 24 months after fracture.

Conclusion:
A low implant-associated complication rate was achieved in geriatric patients with trochanteric femoral fractures using the Gamma3 nail. A better outcome concerning mobility, activity in daily life and complications compared to the Gamma2 nail could not be found in comparison to historic data.
Total Phosphorus Input to the Cache la Poudre River in Northern Colorado
Authors: Son Ji‐Hee , Goodwin Stephen , Carlson Kenneth 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to monitor total phosphorus concentrations and loads along the Cache la Poudre River in Northern Colorado as it flows from a pristine area through urban regions and, finally, through mixed land uses. The study attempted to evaluate the sources and influences of total phosphorus under different hydrologic conditions. Nine sampling events were completed from April 2010 to May 2011 to assess the influence of various hydrologic conditions on aqueous and riverbed sediment total phosphorus concentrations. Total phosphorus concentrations and loads exceeded the in‐stream limits proposed by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment in all observed hydrologic conditions, and nonpoint sources were significant in high‐flow conditions. Reducing nutrients only at water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) could not achieve the in‐stream limits without substantial reduction of non‐point‐source loads. The study exposed a need for flexibility in WRRF discharge limits based on the overall total phosphorus load in the river from other sources.
Shear Bond Strength of Porcelain Veneers Rebonded to Enamel
Authors: St Germain HA , St Germain TH 
Published: January 2015

SUMMARYIn this laboratory research, shear bond strength (SBS) and mode of failure of veneers rebonded to enamel in shear compression were determined. Three groups (A, B, and C; n=10 each) of mounted molar teeth were finished flat using wet 600-grit silicon carbide paper, and 30 leucite-reinforced porcelain veneers (5.0 × 0.75 mm) were air abraded on the internal surface with 50 μm aluminum oxide, etched with 9.5% hydrofluoric acid, and silanated. The control group (A) veneer specimens were bonded to enamel after etching with 37% phosphoric acid using bonding resin and a dual cure resin composite cement. Groups B and C were prepared similarly to group A with the exception that a release agent was placed before the veneer was positioned on the prepared enamel surface and the resin cement was subsequently light activated. The debonded veneers from groups B and C were placed in a casting burnout oven and heated to 454°C/850°F for 10 minutes to completely carbonize the resin cement and stay below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the leucite-reinforced porcelain. The recovered veneers were then prepared for bonding. The previously bonded enamel surfaces in group B were air abraded using 50 μm aluminum oxide followed by 37% phosphoric acid etching, while group C enamel specimens were acid etched only. All specimens were thermocycled between 5°C and 55°C for 2000 cycles using a 30-second dwell time and stored in 37°C deionized water for 2 weeks. SBS was determined at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. SBS results in MPa for the groups were (A) = 20.6±5.1, (B) = 18.1±5.5, and (C) = 17.2±6.1. One-way analysis of variance indicated that there were no significant interactions (α=0.05), and Tukey-Kramer post hoc comparisons (α=0.05) detected no significant pairwise differences. An adhesive mode of failure at the enamel interface was observed to occur more often in the experimental groups (B = 40%, C = 50%). Rebonding the veneers produced SBS values that were not significantly different from the control group. Also, no significant difference in SBS values were observed whether the debonded enamel surface was air abraded and acid etched or acid etched only.
Diagnostic quality of percutaneous fine-needle aspirates and laparoscopic biopsy specimens of the liver in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Proença Laila M. , Camus Melinda , Nemeth Nicole , Sharma Ajay , Stelmach Dainna , Mayer Jörg , Divers Stephen J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate diagnostic quality of liver percutaneous ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirates and laparoscopic biopsy specimens of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
Design—Prospective descriptive study.
Animals—7 healthy adult rabbits.
Procedures—3 to 5 liver fine-needle aspirates were obtained with a 22-gauge needle under ultrasound guidance in anesthetized rabbits. Liver biopsy specimens were also obtained with 1.7-mm (n = 2) or 3.0-mm (1) biopsy forceps by direct laparoscopic observation. Fine-needle aspirates were cytologically evaluated on a scale from 0 (suboptimal specimen) to 3 (optimal specimen) for cellularity, cell distribution, cell preservation, cell morphology, and blood contamination. Biopsy specimens were histologically evaluated on a scale from 0 (optimal specimen) to 5 (suboptimal specimen) for artifactual changes; numbers of portal triads and central veins were quantified.
Results—Aspirates were moderately to highly cellular (mean, 2.54) with good cell distribution (mean, 2.56), good cell preservation (mean, 2.20), and moderate blood contamination (mean, 1.04). The 1.7-mm biopsy specimens had a mean score of 1.3 for artifactual changes and contained a mean of 0.6 portal triads and 1.6 central veins/biopsy specimen. The 3.0-mm liver biopsy specimens had a mean score of 2.7 for artifactual changes, with a mean of 4.0 portal triads and 4.14 central veins/biopsy specimen. All but one 3.0-mm liver biopsy specimen had ≥ 1 portal triad suitable for histologic evaluation, and all had ≥ 1 central vein; in contrast, only half of the 1.7-mm liver biopsy specimens had a discernible portal triad or central vein.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—For histologic evaluation, advantages of obtaining 3.0-mm liver biopsy specimens, compared with 1.7-mm liver biopsy specimens or fine-needle aspirates, should be considered in rabbits with suspected liver disease.
Ruling or Ruled: the Future of Poland in a New Type of European Empire
Authors: Kushnir Ostap 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe article addresses current trends in the European transformation and compares the structure which is being built to ancient and medieval empires. The imperial order appears to be productive for the EU, due to it easily embraces the heterogeneity existing within the Union, as well as contributes to the strengthening of the EU institutional legitimacy and efficiency in global governance. The ongoing EU transformations, promoted by the German-French lobby and supported by the authorities in Brus-sels, are indirectly leading to the emergence of an imperial structure, which is secured by a soft power. instead of a rule of sword. Taking all this into account, an attempt is made to define the role of Poland: the largest post-2004 enlargement state, in the new structure. To make this attempt sufficient a brief analysis of current Polish foreign policy and economic growth is provided.
Dilemas del liderazgo contemporáneo
Authors: Kasińska-Metryka Agnieszka 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEl presente trabajo analiza la problematiea del fenomeno del liderazgo refinéndose tanto a la teoria eomo a los ejemplos de la escena politica polaca. La autora se hace preguntas cientificas vinculadas eon la relación entre la politiea y la autondad.
Парламентські вибори в Україні: їх позитиви та проблеми
Authors: Макар Юрій 
Published: January 2015

AbstractСпираючись на власний досвід і багаторічні спостереження, автор виклав свою особисту точку зору на виборчий процес будь-якого рівня в Україні, незалежно від того – чи вибори парламентські, чи президентські, чи до місцевих органів влади. Вибори до Верховної Ради 28 жовтня 2012 року не були виключенням. Вони повторили процес усіх попередніх. А підведення їх підсумків розкрило повністю картину не лише промахів, але й масових зловживань, що наносять великої шкоди як всередині держави, так і її позиціям на міжнародній арені.
Effect of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, and Zn) on feeding indices and energy reserves of the cotton boll worm Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Baghban Adel , Sendi Jalal Jalali , Zibaee Arash , Khosravi Roya 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Third-instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were exposed to 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg concentrations
of cadmium (Cd). The third-instar larvae were also exposed to 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg concentration of copper (Cu), and 25,
50, and 100 mg/kg concentrations of zinc (Zn). The heavy metal concentrations were each introduced separately into the artificial diet
of the third-instar larvae. The third-instar larvae were 24 h old at the start of the treatment. The larvae were maintained in controlled
conditions (26±1°C, 65±10% RH and 16L : 8D h) for 7 days. The feeding indices and the level of total protein, glycogen, cholesterol, and
triglyceride were measured after the treatments. The results showed that high concentrations of Cd significantly increased approximate
digestibility (AD). The relative growth rate (RGR) was significantly enhanced with a 25 mg/kg concentration of Cu. Efficiency of
conversion of the ingested food (ECI%) increased significantly with lower concentrations of copper (25 and 50 mg/kg). The amount of
cholesterol was also enhanced with 12.5 and 25 mg/kg concentrations of cadmium while the amount of triglyceride was significantly
reduced in all Cd treatments. Glycogen, protein, and cholesterol were significantly enhanced in all Cu treatments. The amount of
triglycerides at 25 and 50 mg/kg of Cu was significantly increased. Glycogen in all Zn treatments was significantly increased. Protein
and cholesterol levels showed significant reduction with a 25 and 50 mg/kg concentration of zinc while triglyceride was enhanced
with a 50 mg/kg concentration of Zn. It is clear from the present results that the presence of such heavy metals in the environment has
an intense impact on H. armigera as far as food consumption and biochemical indices are concerned. Therefore, a need is shown for
a more comprehensive study on the life table and immunology of this insect, under the presence of heavy metals.
Interface Capacity of Repaired Concrete Columns Strengthened with RC Jackets
Authors: Achillopoulou Dimitra , Pardalakis Theodoros , Karabinis Athanasios 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The study describes the retrofit of repaired elements by reinforced concrete (RC) jacketing conducted to quantify the influence of initial construction deficiencies and of different type of anchors to the ability of the interface to transfer loads. Sixteen specimens (section scale 1:2) were designed with variables the initial deficiencies and the confinement ratio. The results indicate that: a) the maximum resistance load and dissipated energy of initially damaged specimens are decreased; b) surpassing a specific amount of damage, columns even suitably repaired present lower strain capacity, c) welded bars lead to buckling of longitudinal bars.
Target Reliability Levels in Present Standards
Authors: Holický Milan , Marková Jana , Sýkora Miroslav 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The target reliability levels recommended in national and international documents vary within a broad range, while the reference to relevant costs and failure consequences is mentioned only very vaguely. In some documents the target reliability index is indicated for one or two reference periods (1 year, 50 years or life-time) without providing appropriate links to the design working life. This contribution attempts to clarify the relationship between the target reliability levels, costs of safety measures, failure consequences, reference periods and the design working life
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Steel Joints in Round Wood
Authors: Mikolášek David , Lokaj Antonín , Brožovský Jiří , Sucharda Oldřich 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The paper analyses a drawn steel joint in round logs for which several types of reinforcements have been proposed. The load-carrying capacity of the reinforcements have been tested in laboratories. At the same time, numerical modelling has been performed - it has focused, in particular, on rigidity of the joints during the loading process. Physical and geometrical nonlinearities have been taken into account. The Finite Element Method and 3D computation models have been used in the numerical calculations.
Le gaz naturel, nouvel élément structurant du Mare Nostrum
Authors: Furfari Samuele 
Published: January 2015

Alors que la transition énergétique est sur toutes les lèvres, c’est bien de gaz naturel que les stratèges mondiaux se préoccupent. Pendant de longues décennies encore, le monde – y compris l’UE – aura besoin de grandes quantités de gaz naturel pour alimenter la machine économique. Tout en restant fortement liée à la Russie pour ses approvisionnements gaziers, l’UE s’intéresse de plus en plus aux ressources sur son front Sud et Sud-Est. La mer Méditerranée devient toujours plus le lieu de passage d’un approvisionnement gazier diversifié mais également un espace de production d’hydrocarbures.
Les Conséquences de la Première Guerre mondiale sur la présence impériale austro-hongroise en Chine
Authors: Gotteland Mathieu 
Published: January 2015

Cet article vise à la fois à mettre en lumière la nature de l’impérialisme austro-hongrois en Chine, assez méconnu, et les conséquences de la Première Guerre mondiale sur cet impérialisme. L’établissement d’une concession en propre, « nationale » bien qu’en théorie diarchique, est le symbole et le résultat le plus visible de cet impérialisme. C’est en particulier à cette concession que nous nous intéresserons. Dans un second temps, nous parlerons du « complot » qui en 1917 a visé à envahir la concession avec le soutien de l’Entente, et nous dresserons un bilan de ces dix-sept années d’un impérialisme « expérimental » dans la mesure où la concession de Tianjin fut la seule et unique « colonie » austro-hongroise hors d’Europe.