bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Challenge of the Holocaust
Authors: Cohn-Sherbok Dan 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Throughout their history, the Jewish people have endured persecution, massacre and murder. They have been driven from their ancient homeland, buffeted from country to country and plagued by persecutions and pogroms. Jews have been despised and led as lambs to the slaughter. In modern times the Holocaust continued this saga of Jewish suffering, destroying six million innocent victims in the most terrible circumstances. This tragedy has posed the most searing questions for contemporary Jewry: where was God at Auschwitz, and where was humankind? This article seeks to respond to these two deeply troubling questions in the light of contemporary Jewish Holocaust theology.
Colonial Citizens of a Modern Empire: War, Illiteracy, and Physical Education in Puerto Rico, 1917-1930
Authors: del Moral Solsiree 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The year 1917 marked a critical moment in the relationship between the United States and its Puerto Rican colony. It was the year the U.S. Congress approved the Jones Act, which further consolidated the island’s colonial relationship to the empire. Through the Jones Act, U.S. Congressmen granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship. In turn, Puerto Rican men were asked to fulfill the obligations of their new colonial citizenship and join the U.S. military. The Porto Rican Regiment provided 18,000 colonial military recruits to guard the Panama Canal during the war. How did historical actors make sense of this new colonial citizenship? How did they interpret, debate, and adapt to the newly consolidated colonial status? This essay examines how local teachers and educators defined colonial citizenship. Puerto Rican teachers struggled to promote a citizenship-building project that cultivated student commitment to the patria (the island), while acknowledging the colonial relationship to the United States. In the late 1910s and throughout the 1920s, teachers debated military participation in World War I and the rights and obligations of U.S. citizenship. At the core, these debates were informed by anxieties over broader changes in constructions of gender. In the 1920s, Puerto Rico women aggressively and persistently challenged traditional gender norms. Working-class women joined the labor force in ever larger numbers and led labor strikes. Bourgeois women became teachers, nurses, and social workers. Both groups were committed suffragists. The historiography on citizenship and gender in the 1920s has focused on women’s emerging role in public spaces and their demands for just labor rights and the franchise. In this article, I propose we look at teachers, as intermediate actors in the colonial hierarchy, and examine their anxieties over changing gender norms. They debated men’s capacity to serve in the U.S. military and promoted modern physical education for the regeneration of boys and girls in the service of their patria. Debates among teachers in the 1920s sought to define the new category of colonial citizenship. As they did so, they helped liberalize some gender norms, while ultimately reinforcing patriarchy.
The Tibetan Plateau Summer Monsoon in the CMIP5 Simulations
Authors: Duan Anmin , Hu Jun , Xiao Zhixiang 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Temporal variability within the Tibetan Plateau summer monsoon (TPSM) is closely linked to both the East and South Asian summer monsoons over several time scales but has received much less attention than these other systems. In this study, extensive integrations under phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) historical scenarios from 15 coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) and Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) runs from eight atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) are used to evaluate the performance of these GCMs. Results indicate that all GCMs are able to simulate the climate mean TPSM circulation system. However, the large bias associated with precipitation intensity and patterns remains, despite the higher resolution and inclusion of the indirect effects of sulfate aerosol that have helped to improve the skill of the models to simulate the annual cycle of precipitation in both AGCMs and CGCMs. The interannual variability of the surface heat low and the Tibetan high in most of the AGCMs resembles the observation reasonably because of the prescribed forcing fields. However, only a few models were able to reproduce the observed seesaw pattern associated with the interannual variability of the TPSM and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). Regarding long-term trends, most models overestimated the amplitude of the tropospheric warming and the declining trend in the surface heat low between 1979 and 2005. In addition, the observed cooling trend in the upper troposphere and the decline of the Tibetan high were not reproduced by most models. Therefore, there is still significant scope for improving GCM simulations of regional climate change, especially in regions near extensive mountain ranges.
Symbolism and the State Authority: Reflections from the Art on Indo-Islamic Coins
Authors: Hussain Syed Ejaz 
Published: May 2013

Symbols and rituals with regard to the legitimacy and manifestations of state authority have been the subject of debate in historical writings in recent decades. But most of the works on the subject discuss the legitimacy and authority in the context of visible symbols of power and rituals. So far as symbolism is concerned, it is both visible and invisible. Awrang, chatr, durbash, ‘alam, etc., were the visible symbols of power. But there were some invisible symbols of power hidden in sophisticated Islamic art. Islamic art in various forms and features in the early modern world told something that was sometimes not easily recognised in visible symbols of power. It is argued that one of the chief purposes the coinage served during the medieval period was its use as a medium of communication to the subjects by the ruling authority. Coins spoke to the people in two ways—through the language of inscription as well as through the language of art. The rulers used both these languages to legitimise and glorify their authority and power in order to create a sensory image in the mind of their subjects to win their faith and make them obey. The ruler also liked to perpetuate his achievements and munificence in the memory of his subjects. Inscriptions on coins carried political overtones and messages while a variety of symbols, decorative motifs and designs engraved on the body of the coins not only tell of the aesthetic tastes of the ruler and the contemporary society but they radiated certain calculated move and political expression.1 The present article makes an attempt to unravel the political rhetoric reflected through the invisible language of art and decorative designs found on the Indo-Islamic coins, particularly of the sultanate period. The author has consulted both published and unpublished coins preserved in public repositories and private collections in India and abroad. Both contemporary and modern works have been extensively used to analyse the numismatic evidence and reach a conclusion. However, the suggestions expressed herewith are purely hypothetical, even speculation. The arguments put forward are for provoking a discussion and sharing with those working with similar themes.
Preparation and characterization of UHMWPE/HDPE/MWCNT melt-blended nanocomposites
Authors: Khasraghi Samaneh Salkhi , Rezaei Mostafa 
Published: May 2013

The nanocomposite blends of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and high-density PE (HDPE) reinforced with 1 wt% of multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) were prepared by melt mixing at different compositions in an internal mixer. Two different grades of HDPE were used in this research to improve the processability of UHMWPE. Rheological, thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties were investigated for both (UHMWPE/HDPE) blends and their nanocomposites. The results confirmed the reduction in melt viscosity and improvement in the processability of UHMWPE by the addition of HDPE. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed a single melting and crystallization peak, and the broadness of these peaks in blends compared to pure components indicated that two components form separate crystals. The effect of incorporating MWCNT to the blend samples on mechanical properties was studied, and the samples prepared with HDPE 5218 exhibited slight improvement in mechanical properties. Incorporating MWCNT into the blend of UHMWPE (20 wt%) accelerated crystallization; but in higher contents of UHMWPE, crystallization of the composites was slightly delayed. Rheological data exhibited lower complex viscosity and storage modulus and therefore lower elasticity for UHMWPE/HDPE/MWCNT nanocomposites compared to their blends. Drop in viscosity and storage modulus as well as tensile strength of nanocomposites compared to their blends was attributed to adsorption of higher molar mass polyethylene chains onto MWCNT surface. The morphology of nanocomposites was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and phase separation, and probably localization of MWCNT predominantly into HDPE matrix and HDPE/UHMWPE interface was concluded. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that MWCNT was well distributed and dispersed in HDPE matrix.
Synthesis and characterization of thermally stable poly(urethane–imide)s based on novel diols-containing imide and alkynyl groups
Authors: Tang Qiheng , Ai Qingsong , He Jiyu , Li Xiaodong , Yang Rongjie 
Published: May 2013

Two novel diols having both imide and aromatic groups in main chains, including N, N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol (PBDCG) and N, N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester butynediol (PBDCB), were synthesized. Then, the novel thermoplastic-segmented poly(urethane–imide)s (PUIs), in which 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and the diols as the hard segments and poly(tetrahydrofuran) as the soft segments, were prepared via two-step polymerization. The prepared polymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gel permeation chromatography, tensile tests and UL 94 vertical burn test. TGA result indicates that the novel PUIs with the rigid hard segments have slower degradation rates than the conventional polyurethanes, and PBDCB-based PUIs are more thermally stable than PBDCG-based PUIs. DSC and x-ray diffraction results confirm that they are amorphous structures. Moreover, DSC analysis indicates that the glass transition temperature of PUIs increases by increasing the contents of hard segments. The weight-average molecular weights of PUIs are in the range of 1.12–4.19 × 104. The UL 94 vertical burn test according to the ASTDM D3801 test method indicates that the PUIs are classified under vertical ranking V-2.
One-year cardiovascular risk and quality of life changes in participants of a health trainer service
Authors: Gidlow Christopher J , Cochrane Thomas , Davey Rachel , Beloe Marion , Chambers Ruth , Kumar Jagdish , Mawby Yvonne , Iqbal Zafar 
Published: May 2013

Aims: To explore 12-month changes in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in participants of a health trainer (HT) programme. Methods: Participants were 994 adults with at least one established CVD risk factor who were referred to a HT programme. The primary outcome was 12-month change in Framingham 10 year CVD risk score. Secondary outcomes included change in individual risk factors and HRQoL. Intention to treat analysis was used to explore 12-month changes for the overall population and those classified ‘high risk’ (≥20% CVD risk) at baseline. Results: At baseline, 33.6% of participants were classified as ‘high CVD risk’ and 95.7% were overweight or obese. There were modest 12-month improvements in most modifiable CVD risk factors, but not overall CVD risk (-0.25±6.50%). In ‘high-risk’ participants significant reductions were evident for overall CVD risk (-2.34±8.13%) and individual risk factors. Small, significant 12-month HRQoL improvements were observed, but these were not associated with CVD risk change. Conclusions: Significant CVD risk reductions in participants in this HT programme with high baseline CVD risk (.20%) in HRQoL in the population as a whole indicated that the programme in its current form should target high-risk patients.
High-throughput sequencing of B- and T-lymphocyte antigen receptors in hematology
Authors: Warren Edus H. , Matsen Frederick A. , Chou Jeffrey 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Application of high-throughput DNA sequencing to the analysis of B- and T-lymphocyte antigen receptors has great potential for improving the monitoring of lymphoid malignancies, assessing immune reconstitution after hematopoietic cell transplantation, and characterizing the composition of lymphocyte repertoires. Current technology can define the number and frequency of immunoglobulin heavy, T-cell receptor (TCR)α, TCRβ, or TCRγ chains expressed in a population of lymphocytes; techniques for determining the number of antigen receptor heterodimers, such as TCRαβ pairs, expressed in the population are under development.
Locating tandem repeats in weighted sequences in proteins
Authors: Zhang Hui , Guo Qing , Iliopoulos Costas S 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
A weighted biological sequence is a string in which a set of characters may appear at each position with respective probabilities of occurrence. We attempt to locate all the tandem repeats in a weighted sequence. A repeated substring is called a tandem repeat if each occurrence of the substring is directly adjacent to each other. By introducing the idea of equivalence classes in weighted sequences, we identify the tandem repeats of every possible length using an iterative partitioning technique. We also present the algorithm for recording the tandem repeats, and prove that the problem can be solved in O(n
2) time.
Effect of avian influenza A H5N1 infection on the expression of microRNA-141 in human respiratory epithelial cells
Authors: Lam Wai-Yip , Yeung Apple Chung-Man , Ngai Karry Lei-Ka , Li Man-Shan , To Ka-Fai , Tsui Stephen Kwok-Wing , Chan Paul Kay-Sheung 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundAvian influenza remains a serious threat to human health. The consequence of human infection varies markedly among different subtypes of avian influenza viruses. In addition to viral factors, the difference in host cellular response is likely to play a critical role. This study aims at elucidating how avian influenza infection perturbs the host’s miRNA regulatory pathways that may lead to adverse pathological events, such as cytokine storm, using the miRNA microarray approach.ResultsThe results showed that dysregulation of miRNA expression was mainly observed in highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 infection. We found that miR-21*, miR-100*, miR-141, miR-574-3p, miR-1274a and miR1274b were differentially expressed in response to influenza A virus infection. Interestingly, we demonstrated that miR-141, which was more highly induced by H5N1 than by H1N1 (p< 0.05), had an ability to suppress the expression of a cytokine - transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2. This was supported by the observation that the inhibitory effect could be reversed by antagomiR-141.ConclusionsSince TGF-β2 is an important cytokine that can act as both an immunosuppressive agent and a potent proinflammatory molecule through its ability to attract and regulate inflammatory molecules, and previous report showed that only seasonal influenza H1N1 (but not the other avian influenza subtypes) could induce a persistent expression of TGF-β2, we speculate that the modulation of TGF-β2 expression by different influenza subtypes via miR-141 might be a critical step for determining the outcome of either normal or excessive inflammation progression.
Lipidomic analysis of brain tissues and plasma in a mouse model expressing mutated human amyloid precursor protein/tau for Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Tajima Yoko , Ishikawa Masaki , Maekawa Keiko , Murayama Mayumi , Senoo Yuya , Nishimaki-Mogami Tomoko , Nakanishi Hiroki , Ikeda Kazutaka , Arita Makoto , Taguchi Ryo , Okuno Alato , Mikawa Ryuta , Niida Shumpei , Takikawa Osamu , Saito Yoshiro 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia among neurodegenerative diseases, afflicts millions of elderly people worldwide. In addition to amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and phosphorylated tau, lipid dysregulation is suggested to participate in AD pathogenesis. However, alterations in individual lipid species and their role in AD disease progression remain unclear.

Methods
We performed a lipidomic analysis using brain tissues and plasma obtained from mice expressing mutated human amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau protein (Tg2576×JNPL3) (APP/tau mice) at 4 (pre-symptomatic phase), 10 (early symptomatic) and 15 months (late symptomatic).

Results
Levels of docosahexaenoyl (22:6) cholesterol ester (ChE) were markedly increased in APP/tau mice compared to controls at all stages examined. Several species of ethanolamine plasmalogens (pPEs) and sphingomyelins (SMs) showed different levels between brains from APP/tau and control mice at various stages of AD. Increased levels of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) during the early symptomatic phase were consistent with previous reports using human AD brain tissue. In addition, 19,20-dihydroxy-docosapentaenoic acid (19,20-diHDoPE) and 17,18-dihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (17,18-diHETE), which are produced from docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid via 19,20-epoxy-docosapentaenoic acid (19,20-EpDPE) and 17,18-epoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (17,18-EpETE), respectively, were significantly increased in APP/tau brains during the pre-symptomatic phase, and concomitant increases occurred in plasma. Several arachidonic acid metabolites such as prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), which have potential deteriorating and protective actions, respectively, were decreased in the early symptomatic phase of APP/tau mice. Significant decreases in phosphatidylcholines and PEs with polyunsaturated fatty acids were also detected in the late symptomatic phase, indicating a perturbation of membrane properties.

Conclusion
Our results provide fundamental information on lipid dysregulation during various stages of human AD.
New extensions concerned with results by Ponnusamy and Karunakaran
Authors: Nunokawa Mamoru , Kuroki Kazuo , Sokół Janusz , Owa Shigeyoshi 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
A subclass

A
(
n
,
k
)

of analytic functions

f
(
z
)

in the open unit disk

U

is introduced. By means of the result due to Fukui and Sakaguchi (Bull. Fac. Edu. Wakayama Univ. Natur. Sci. 30:1-3, 1980), some interesting properties of

f
(
z
)

in

A
(
n
,
k
)

concerned with Ponnusamy and Karunakaran (Complex Var. Theory Appl. 11:79-86, 1989) are discussed.

MSC:30C45.
Effects of low-volume walking programme and vitamin E supplementation on oxidative damage and health-related variables in healthy older adults
Authors: Park Jong-Hwan , Miyashita Masashi , Takahashi Masaki , Kawanishi Noriaki , Bae Seong-Ryu , Kim Hyun-Shik , Suzuki Katsuhiko , Nakamura Yoshio 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
Both exercise and vitamin E supplementation have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease risk in older adults, and when combined there is evidence suggesting that they act synergistically. The currently recommended amount of exercise for older adults is 150 min/week of moderate-intensity exercise; however, the minimum amount of exercise necessary to achieve health benefits is not known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of participation in a low-volume walking exercise programme (i.e. 90 min/week) combined with daily vitamin E supplementation on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and oxidised low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations in older adults.

Methods
The participants were recruited from the following four groups separately: 1) control (CG, n = 14), 2) vitamin E supplementation (SG, n = 10), 3) walking (WG, n = 7), or 4) walking + supplementation (WSG, n = 7). In the CG, participants were advised to maintain their normal lifestyle during the study. Participants in both the SG and WSG received 450 IU (300 mg) /day of α-tocopherol for 12 weeks. The exercise programme for the WG and WSG consisted of two 30–60 minute sessions weekly for 12 weeks (average walking time was 44.5 ± 1.6 min/session). Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 12 weeks.

Results
Delta plasma oxidised LDL concentrations did not differ among four groups (One-factor ANOVA, P = 0.116). However, negative delta plasma TBARS, a marker of oxidative damage, concentrations were observed in the WG, WSG and SG relative to the CG at the end of the study period (One-factor ANOVA, P = 0.001; post hoc tests; CG compared with WG, WSG and SG, P = 0.005; P = 0.021; P = 0.024, respectively).

Conclusion
These findings suggest that a low-volume of physical activity and/or vitamin E supplementation may be an effective intervention strategy for reducing TBARS concentrations of older adults.

Trial registration

UMIN000008304
Deletion mutation in BSCL2 gene underlies congenital generalized lipodystrophy in a Pakistani family
Authors: Rahman Obaid Ur , Khawar Nadeem , Khan Muhammad Aman , Ahmed Jawad , Khattak Kamran , Al-Aama Jumana Yousuf , Naeem Muhammad , Jelani Musharraf 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) also known as Berardinelli-Seip Congenital Lipodystrophy (BSCL) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by loss of adipose tissues, Acanthosis nigricans, diabetes mellitus, muscular hypertrophy, hepatomegaly and hypertriglyceridemia. There are four subclinical phenotypes of CGL (CGL1-4) and mutations in four genes AGPAT2, BSCL2, CAV1 and PTRF have been assigned to each type.

Methods
The study included clinical and molecular investigations of CGL disease in a consanguineous Pakistani family. For mutation screening all the coding exons including splice junctions of AGPAT2, BSCL2, CAV1 and PTRF genes were PCR amplified and sequenced directly using an automated DNA sequencer ABI3730.

Results
Sequence analysis revealed a single base pair deletion mutation (c.636delC; p.Tyr213ThrfsX20) in exon 5 of BSCL2 gene causing a frame shift and premature termination codon.

Conclusion
Mutation identified here in BSCL2 gene causing congenital generalized lipodystrophy is the first report in Pakistani population. The patients exhibited characteristic features of generalized lipodystrophy, Acanthosis nigricans, diabetes mellitus and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Virtual Slides
The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1913913076864247.