bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the motivational factors behind charitable giving among young people in a prominent Islamic country
Authors: Opoku Robert A. 
Published: December 2012

We explore the factors that motivate young people's charity giving, areas of donation and socio‐demographic differences in giving behavior among young adults in a booming economy and thriving population. Data for the study were collected through a survey conducted in the major Saudi cities by using a structured self‐administered questionnaire. Religiosity, altruism and personal satisfaction dimensions were identified as the most important motivators, whereas psychological benefits, commitment and self‐image constitute the least three. Significant differences were also found between genders in the areas of donation and frequency of donation preferences. We conclude with a discussion on the practical implications and recommendation for local charities.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intermediate‐band‐assisted hot‐carrier solar cells using indirect‐bandgap absorbers
Authors: Takeda Yasuhiko , Motohiro Tomoyoshi 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTWe have revealed that a new type of solar cells, intermediate‐band‐assisted hot‐carrier solar cells using indirect‐bandgap absorbers, can solve serious issues involved in intermediate‐band solar cells (IB‐SCs) and hot‐carrier solar cells (HC‐SCs). We have analyzed energy dissipation processes in these cells using the detailed balance models. In an HC‐SC, energy dissipation related to entropy generation associated with hot‐carrier extraction is a major issue when the thermalization rate of hot carriers is too rapid, although energy dissipation caused by the thermalization is sufficiently reduced. An IB‐SC requires “photon selectivity,” where the spectral absorption ranges for the different interband transitions have no overlap with each other; otherwise, additional energy dissipation due to thermalization occurs. When hot carriers are extracted from an IB absorber, the feature that the current density is decreased because of the two‐step excitation via the IB significantly reduces the entropy generation and consequently relaxes the requisite for the thermalization time. Even though the photon selectivity is broken, the increasing carrier energy in excess of each bandgap is efficiently converted to electricity by extracting hot carriers. The current density is further decreased using an indirect‐bandgap absorber, leading to even higher efficiency. The limiting conversion efficiency of this new type with no photon selectivity has been calculated to be higher than those of IB‐SCs with perfect selectivity by around 10%, assuming the thermalization time being 1 ns. This improvement is contrasting to the fact that the efficiency of HC‐SCs is only slightly higher than the Shockley–Quisser limit at 1 sun. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling Open‐Talik Formation and Permafrost Lateral Thaw under a Thermokarst Lake, Beiluhe Basin, Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: Ling Feng , Wu Qingbai , Zhang Tingjun , Niu Fujun 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThermokarst lakes on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau cause considerable thermal disturbance to the surrounding permafrost, giving rise to anomalous ground‐temperature conditions and open‐talik formation below some lakes. Using in situ data and information from monitoring of a representative thermokarst lake in the Beiluhe Basin, this study simulates the rate of talik development beneath the lake, the time taken for an open talik to form, and the rate of permafrost lateral thaw after open‐talik formation. The simulation uses a simplified two‐dimensional unsteady finite‐element model for heat transfer with phase change under a cylindrical coordinate system. The results indicate that a bowl‐shaped talik forms under the lake and that the talik thickness increases substantially over time. An open talik forms below the lake 733 years after the lake formed. The average maximum thaw rates at the top and bottom of permafrost beneath the lake before the open talik forms are 5.8 cm year‐1 and 0.7 cm year‐1, respectively. By 1100 years after lake formation, permafrost beneath the central deep pool and shallow nearshore zone of the lake thaws completely and the heat‐source effect caused by the lake becomes very limited. The volume of the open talik beneath the lake still increases gradually with time 1500 years after lake formation, but the increase is very limited. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Authors: Lay James R. , Long Lisa A. , Marshall Michael L. , Wanko Jeffrey J. 
Published: December 2012

Chemical and petrochemical manufacturing processes have potential for high consequence, low frequency events. Process safety management programs should identify and eliminate or control the conditions leading to the catastrophic hazards associated with these events. In recent years, industry has increasingly turned to quantitative or semiquantitative risk assessment tools to prioritize and manage the hazards they have identified. Risk assessment, whether qualitative, quantitative, or semiquantitative, is a powerful tool when used properly; however, companies must ensure that the safeguards for which they take credit are robust enough to truly manage hazards.This article discusses possible inconsistencies in process hazard analysis (PHA) claims. If a PHA claims credit for a good mechanical integrity (MI) program, what happens when that MI program has numerous deficiencies or violations? When a PHA bases a failure scenario frequency on industry historical experience, how does the site know that this experience is actually applicable to their processes? When a safeguard is challenged, is it available on‐demand? What are the consequences if a claimed safeguard does not perform as designed/credited? © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 32: 8–11, 2013
Effects of cyantraniliprole, a novel anthranilic diamide insecticide, against Asian citrus psyllid under laboratory and field conditions
Authors: Tiwari Siddharth , Stelinski Lukasz L 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is the most destructive pest of citrus in Florida. The development of insecticide resistance in several populations of D. citri has been documented. There is an urgent need to develop and integrate novel tools for the successful management of D. citri and also to prevent the development of insecticide resistance.ResultsThe effects of a relatively newer chemistry, cyantraniliprole, against D. citri were investigated. The contact toxicity of cyantraniliprole was 297‐fold higher against D. citri than its primary parasitoid, Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). D. citri settled and fed less on cyantraniliprole‐treated plants than controls at concentrations as low as 0.025 and 0.125 µg AI mL−1 respectively. D. citri egg production, first‐instar emergence and adult emergence were significantly reduced on plants treated with 0.25, 0.02 and 0.25 µg AI mL−1 of cyantraniliprole, respectively, when compared with control plants. Under field conditions, foliar and drench treatments with cyantraniliprole (1436.08 g ha−1) reduced numbers of D. citri adults and nymphs, as well as of a secondary pest, citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), more than a standard insecticide.ConclusionsThese results suggest that cyantraniliprole should be a valuable new tool for rotation into D. citri management programs. For insecticide resistance management, cyantraniliprole may be particularly useful for rotation with neonicotinoids. In addition, cyantraniliprole was much less toxic to T. radiata than to D. citri and thus may have less impact on biological control than other currently used broad‐spectrum insecticides, such as organophosphates and pyrethroids. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Implications of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, infestation in an Aspergillus flavus‐biocontrolled corn agroecosystem
Authors: Mencarelli Mariangela , Accinelli Cesare , Vicari Alberto 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundA novel biocontrol strategy consisting of field application of bioplastic‐based granules inoculated with a non‐toxigenic Aspergillus flavus L. strain has recently been shown to be effective for reducing aflatoxin contamination in corn. This study focused on other factors that may affect the feasibility of this biocontrol technique, and more specifically the role of the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis H., in the dispersal and infestation of A. flavus in corn and its impact on crop yield.ResultsIn spite of the high percentage of corn ears showing larval feeding damage, ECB‐bored kernels accounted for only 3 and 4% in 2009 and 2010 respectively. Most of the damaged kernels were localised in the ear tip or immediately below. More precisely, the average incidence of ECB‐bored kernels in the upper end of the ear was 32%. However, less than 5% of kernels from the central body of the ear, which includes the majority of kernels, were injured by ECB.ConclusionsAlthough ECB larvae showed a high tolerance to aflatoxin B1 and thus had the potential to serve as vectors of the mould, fungal infection of kernels was poorly associated with insect damage. ECB infestation resulted in grain yield losses not exceeding 2.5%. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Functional analysis of the β2‐tubulin gene of Fusariumgraminearum and the β‐tubulin gene of Botrytiscinerea by homologous replacement
Authors: Liu ShengMing , Duan YaBing , Ge ChangYan , Chen ChangJun , Zhou MingGuo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundResistance to carbendazim and other benzimidazole fungicides in Botrytis cinerea and most other fungi is usually conferred by one or several allelic mutations in the β‐tubulin. Carbendazim resistance in Fusarium graminearum, however, differs from that in B. cinerea and other fungi in that F. graminearum has two β‐tubulins (Fgtub1 and Fgtub2) rather than one, and the resistance is conferred by mutations in the β2‐tubulin. In a previous study, the β1‐tubulin of F. graminearum (Fgtub1) was replaced with the β‐tubulin of B. cinerea conferring carbendazim resistance (BctubE198A). The transformants were sensitive to carbendazim.ResultsBctubE198A was successfully transferred into the β2‐tubulin locus of F. graminearum (Fgtub2) via homologous replacement. The mutants were still sensitive to carbendazim. Furthermore, Fgtub2 of the mutant 20C1 (Fgtub1 had been replaced with BctubE198A) and Fgtub1 of the mutant 20D10 (Fgtub2 had been replaced with BctubE198A) were deleted. Surprisingly, the mutants were also sensitive to carbendazim. Meanwhile, the biological characteristics of all the mutants were determined.ConclusionThe B. cinerea β‐tubulin (Bctub) could complement the function of the two F. graminearum β‐tubulins even when both were deleted. Expression of the β‐tubulin conferring carbendazim resistance differs between pathogenic fungi. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Elastic properties of boron carbide films via surface acoustic waves measured by Brillouin light scattering
Authors: Salas E. , Jiménez‐Villacorta F. , Sánchez‐Marcos J. , Jiménez Riobóo R. J. , Muñoz‐Martín A. , Prieto J. E. , Joco V. , Prieto C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSurface acoustic wave (SAW) velocity has been determined by high resolution Brillouin light scattering to study the mechano‐elastic properties of boron carbide films prepared by radio frequency (RF) sputtering. The comparison of experimentally observed elastic behaviour with simulations made by considering film composition obtained from elastic recoil detection analysis‐time of flight (ERDA‐ToF) spectroscopy allows establishing that elastic properties are determined by that of crystalline boron carbide with a lessening of the SAW velocity values due to surface oxidation. magnified image
Solvothermal synthesis and luminescent properties of Y2Ti2O7:Eu3+ spheres
Authors: Pavitra E. , Raju G. Seeta Rama , Yu Jae Su 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPyrochlore‐structured yttrium titanate phosphors activated by trivalent europium ions (Y2Ti2O7(YT):Eu3+), with spherical morphology, were synthesized at different pH values by a solvothermal process. From the structural and morphological measurements, the annealing temperature had no effect on the spherical morphology of the YT:Eu3+ sample. The photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra were taken by activating the Eu3+ ions in the YT host lattice as functions of Eu3+ ion concentration and annealing temperature. The optimal doping concentration was found to be 4 mol%, exhibiting an excellent orange–red emission due to the highest intensity of the 5D0 → 7F1 transition. When the YT:Eu3+ phosphor was mixed with YAG:Ce3+ phosphor, a brilliant white light emission was achieved. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sensitivity of tropical‐cyclone intensification to perturbations in the surface drag coefficient
Authors: Thomsen Gerald L. , Montgomery Michael T. , Smith Roger K. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe recent studies of the sensitivity of tropical‐cyclone intensification to the surface drag coefficient in a three‐dimensional model by Montgomery et al., and Smith et al., are extended to include perturbations of the surface drag coefficient in one of four boundary‐layer parametrization schemes: the bulk scheme, the Blackadar scheme, the MRF scheme, and the Gayno–Seaman scheme. The schemes are slightly modified to have the same drag coefficient formulation and the same constant exchange coefficients for sensible heat and moisture. We find that the intensification rate and mature intensity are essentially unaltered when the drag coefficient is perturbed randomly by variations of up to 60%. The results, in conjunction with an analysis of coherent drag coefficient variations for a moving vortex, question the notion that coupled wind–wave mod els are necessary to accurately forecast tropical‐cyclone intensification and mature intensity.
Can aerosols influence deep tropical convection? Aerosol indirect effects in the Hector island thunderstorm
Authors: Connolly P. J. , Vaughan G. , May P. T. , Chemel C. , Allen G. , Choularton T. W. , Gallagher M. W. , Bower K. N. , Crosier J. , Dearden C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article addresses the effects of cloud condensation nuclei on the evolution of an intense tropical convective system, known as Hector, using data taken from the ACTIVE and TWP‐ICE field campaigns, which were conducted in 2005 and 2006. The Hector thunderstorms were observed in a variety of aerosol conditions so the data serve as an ideal dataset to test whether aerosols have a significant impact on the evolution of convective clouds and precipitation. We find evidence for an aerosol effect on the storm's properties, which are reproduced with a state‐of‐the‐art mesoscale cloud‐resolving model. Including the measured aerosol concentration within the model is shown to improve the fractions skill‐score metric for every case presented in the article, thus giving us confidence that the deep convection observed during the period was indeed influenced by the aerosol entering the storm's inflow. However, we do not find a general relationship for the way aerosols affect properties such as cloud‐top height, precipitation or radiative properties, as has been suggested in previous work. The reasons for this appear to be because of the nonlinearity of interactions between neighbouring cells and because of the variability in the meteorological profiles of temperature, wind and humidity.
Impact of dust particle non‐sphericity on climate simulations
Authors: Räisänen P. , Haapanala P. , Chung C. E. , Kahnert M. , Makkonen R. , Tonttila J. , Nousiainen T. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAlthough mineral aerosol (dust) particles are irregular in shape, they are treated as homogeneous spheres in climate model radiative transfer calculations. Here, we test the effect of dust particle non‐sphericity in the ECHAM5.5‐HAM2 global aerosol–climate model. The short‐wave optical properties of the two insoluble dust modes in HAM2 are modelled using an ensemble of spheroids that has been optimized to reproduce the optical properties of dust‐like aerosols, thereby providing a significant improvement over spheres. First, the direct radiative effects (DRE) of dust non‐sphericity were evaluated diagnostically, by comparing spheroids with both volume‐equivalent and volume‐to‐area (V/A) equivalent spheres. In the volume‐equivalent case, the short‐wave DRE of insoluble dust at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) was slightly smaller (typically by 3–4%) for spheroidal than for spherical dust particles. This rather small difference stems from compensating non‐sphericity effects on the dust optical thickness and asymmetry parameter. In the V/A‐equivalent case, the difference in optical thickness was virtually eliminated and the DRE at the TOA (surface) was ∼20% (∼13%) smaller for spheroids than for spheres, due to a larger asymmetry parameter. Even then, however, the global‐mean DRE of non‐sphericity was only 0.055 W m−2at the TOA and 0.070 W m−2at the surface. Subsequently, the effects of dust non‐sphericity were tested interactively in simulations in which ECHAM5.5‐HAM2 was coupled to a mixed‐layer ocean model. Consistent with the rather small radiative effects noted above, the climatic differences from simulations with spherical dust optics were generally negligible.
Prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities in fetuses with abnormal cardiac ultrasound findings: evaluation of chromosomal microarray‐based analysis
Authors: Mademont‐Soler I. , Morales C. , Soler A. , MartÍnez‐Crespo J. M. , Shen Y. , Margarit E. , Clusellas N. , Obón M. , Wu B.‐L. , Sánchez A. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo assess the frequency of karyotype abnormalities and chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome among fetuses with abnormal cardiac ultrasound findings, and to evaluate the clinical value of chromosomal microarray‐based analysis (CMA) in the study of such pregnancies.MethodsFirst, we carried out retrospective analysis of karyotype abnormalities and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome cases diagnosed between January 2009 and December 2011 in our center among fetuses with abnormal cardiac ultrasound findings (n = 276). Second, CMA was performed in 51 of the fetuses with such findings, normal karyotype and negative or no 22q11.2 deletion syndrome study, and in the only fetus with a heart defect and an apparently balanced de novo chromosomal rearrangement.ResultsOut of the 276 pregnancies with abnormal cardiac ultrasound findings, karyotyping revealed a chromosomal abnormality in 44 (15.9%). Of fetuses with normal karyotype in which 22q11.2 deletion syndrome studies were performed, 6.4% (5/78) had this microdeletion syndrome. Among fetuses with abnormal cardiac findings, normal karyotype and negative or no 22q11.2 deletion syndrome study that underwent CMA, the detection rate of pathogenic copy number variants not detected by conventional cytogenetics was 2.0% (1/51), and no variants of uncertain clinical significance were found. In the fetus with a heart defect and an apparently balanced de novo chromosomal rearrangement, CMA revealed that the rearrangement was not truly balanced.ConclusionsIn the assessment of genetic abnormalities in pregnancies with abnormal cardiac ultrasound findings, the diagnostic yield may be increased by 2% if CMA is used as a complementary tool to conventional cytogenetics. Our results suggest that CMA could be a good alternative to karyotyping in these pregnancies. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gap junctions and Bystander effects: Good Samaritans and executioners
Authors: Spray David C. , Hanstein Regina , Lopez‐Quintero Sandra V. , Stout Randy F. , Suadicani Sylvia O. , Thi Mia M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe ‘Bystander’ and ‘Good Samaritan’ effects involve the transfer of toxic or beneficial compounds from one cell to a generally adjacent other through gap junction channels and through extracellular routes. The variety of injuries in which bystander cell killing or protection occurs has greatly expanded in the last decade to include infectious agents and therapeutic compounds, radiation injury, chaperones in cell therapy and apoptosis in development. This has been accompanied by the appreciation that both gap junction mediated and paracrine routes are used for the signaling of the ‘kiss of life’ and the ‘kiss of death’ and that manipulations of these pathways and the molecules that use them may find therapeutic utility in treatment of a variety of pathological conditions. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2013, 2:1–15. doi: 10.1002/wmts.72For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Getting the Job Done: Analysis of the Impact and Effectiveness of the SmileTrain Program in Alleviating the Global Burden of Cleft Disease
Authors: Poenaru D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe study measured the success of SmileTrain, the largest cleft charity globally, in alleviating the global burden of disease (GBD). It was done by estimating averted disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) and delayed averted DALYs because of the global backlog in cleft procedures.MethodsAnonymized data for all procedures in the SmileTrain global database were analyzed by age, sex, country, region, and surgery type. DALYs averted were calculated using life expectancy tables and established and estimated disability weights. The cost‐effectiveness analysis used mean SmileTrain procedural disbursement figures. Sensitivity analysis was performed using various cleft incidence rates, life expectancy tables, and disability weights.ResultsDuring 2003–2010 a total of 536,846 operations were performed on 364,467 patients—86 % in Southeast Asia and the western Pacific region. Procedure numbers increased yearly. Mean age at primary surgery—6.2 years (9.8 years in Africa)—remained fairly constant over time in each region. Globally, 2.1–4.7 million DALYs were averted through the operations at a total estimated cost of US$196 M. Mean DALYs per patient were 3.8–9.0, and mean cost per DALY was $72–$134. Total delayed GBD due to advanced age at surgery was 191,000–457,000 DALYs.ConclusionsDespite an unparalleled number of surgeries performed and yearly increase by one charity, the unmet and delayed averted cleft GBD remains significant in all regions. Large geographic disparities reflect varied challenges regarding access to surgery. Cleft surgeries are cost‐effective interventions to reduce the global burden of disease (GBD). Future challenges include increased collaboration among cleft care providers and a focus on remote global areas by building infrastructure and local training.