bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fulminant form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in a child treated with mild hypothermia
Authors: Ichikawa Kazushi , Motoi Hirotaka , Oyama Yoshitaka , Watanabe Yoshihiro , Takeshita Saoko 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe describe the case of a 3‐year‐old boy diagnosed with the fulminant form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). He developed general fatigue, fever, drowsiness and difficulty in walking. He had extensive multiple high‐intensity lesions in the white matter of the cerebrum and cerebellum, which are typical findings of ADEM. He became comatose and developed decerebrate rigidity with severe brain edema despite high‐dose methylprednisolone therapy, and then was subjected to mild hypothermia therapy, and given i.v. immunoglobulin. The patient recovered remarkably with the sequela of only mild action tremor. The patient was considered to have acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE), an extremely severe form of ADEM, in terms of the rapidly deteriorating clinical course and neuroimaging features. It was speculated that AHLE and ADEM might be a continuous disease spectrum. It is considered that the severe brain edema associated with ADEM or AHLE is a suitable indication for mild hypothermia therapy.
Use of non‐invasive total hemoglobin measurement as a screening tool for anemia in children
Authors: Amano Izuki , Murakami Ayako 
Published: December 2013

AbstractUniversal screening for anemia is important in children, but invasive blood sampling is required. A new device (Radical‐7® Pulse CO‐Oximeter™, Masimo, Irvine, CA, USA) now enables non‐invasive hemoglobin concentration (SpHb) measurement to be done, but the usefulness of this device for anemia screening in children is unclear. The objective of this study was to compare SpHb with complete blood count (CBC) using a hematology analyzer (Microsemi® LC‐667CRP; Fukuda Denshi, Tokyo, Japan). SpHb measurement with Radical‐7® was done as part of a medical check‐up in 3‐year‐old children (n = 110). Another 43 pediatric patients were checked for CBC using Microsemi® and monitored with Radical‐7®. The mean SpHb level of the 3‐year‐old children was 12.1 ± 0.64 g/dL (range, 10.8–13.7 g/dL). The correlation of Radical‐7® and Microsemi® was 0.602 (P < 0.0001). On Bland–Altman comparison, bias was −0.6 ± 1.1 g/dL. Even though further improvement is required, Radical‐7® offers many possibilities in the context of primary screening.
Microclimate next to the skin: influence on percutaneous absorption of caffeine (ex‐vivo study)
Authors: Lboutounne Y. , Silva J. , Pazart L. , Bérard M. , Muret P. , Humbert P. 
Published: December 2013

Background/purposeContact between skin surface and external environment induces a microclimate at the skin surface. That microclimate affects skin interaction with xenobiotics substances. We have developed a new device to explore the influence of environmental parameters, on percutaneous absorption. The aim of this study was to study the influence of external humidity and temperature on percutaneous absorption of caffeine.MethodsSix exposure conditions were tested: four by combining two temperatures (27°C and 42°C) with two relative humidities (28% and 70%), performed by our device and two others by using Franz diffusion cell (unoccluded conditions, with skin surface in contact with ambient laboratory environment (27°C/33%) and in occluded conditions with skin surface covering by impermeable membrane).ResultsKinetic curve profile of percutaneous absorption of caffeine revealed different shapes characteristics depending on environmental exposure conditions. These profiles were related to evaporative process, of deposited preparation on skin surface combined with water uptake resulting from water flux through skin.ConclusionOur results highlight a preponderant role of microclimate above the skin on percutaneous absorption of caffeine. The device used in this study will be a useful tool to investigate ex vivo, the influence of microclimate on percutaneous absorption.
China and the Trans‐Pacific Partnership: A Numerical Simulation Assessment of the Effects Involved
Authors: Li Chunding , Whalley John 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe Trans‐Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a new negotiation on cross‐border liberalisation of goods and service flows going beyond WTO disciplines and focused on issues such as regulation and border controls. This paper uses numerical simulation methods to assess the potential effects of a TPP agreement on China and also China's inclusion or exclusion on other countries. We use a numerical 11‐country global general equilibrium model with trade costs and inside money. Trade costs are calculated using a method based on gravity equations. TPP barriers potentially removable are trade costs less tariffs. Simulation results reveal that China will be slightly hurt by TPP initiatives in welfare when China is out, but the total production and export will be increased. Other non‐TPP countries will be mostly hurt in welfare, but member countries will mostly gain. If China takes part in TPP, she will significantly gain and increase other TPP countries' gain as well. The comparison of TPP effects and global free trade effects show that the positive effects of global free trade are stronger than TPP effects. Japan's joining TPP would be beneficial to both herself and most of other TPP countries, but which negative effects on China's welfare when out of TPP will increase further.
EU‐China Collaboration in the Reform of the International Monetary System: Much Ado About Nothing?
Authors: Otero‐Iglesias Miguel , Zhang Ming 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe global financial crisis has shown that the current international monetary system (IMS) suffers from an inherent flaw: it depends on US current account deficits for the provision of global liquidity. Under this arrangement, peripheral countries have to accept periodically the debasement of the US dollar. Thus, there are some mutual incentives for the EU and China to reform the current IMS through cooperation. Both are in favour of stable exchange rates, and both are keen to constrain US macroeconomic profligacy. There have been some efforts towards these objectives in the past, especially during the French presidency of the G20 in 2011. However, there has been no significant progress. On the European side, there is not a united and independent Europe which could act as the primary agent of reform. On the Chinese side, Beijing does not see Europe as a reliable partner because the latter is deemed to have a major vested interest in the current regime. As a result, the French government failed to focus the world's attention on the reform of the IMS during G20 Cannes Summit, and the Chinese government has chosen a more unilateral way to internationalise its own currency.
Phylogenetic relationships among populations of the Nacobbus aberrans (Nematoda, Pratylenchidae) complex reveal the existence of cryptic species
Authors: Lax Paola , Rondan Dueñas Juan C. , Gardenal Cristina N. , Doucet Marcelo E. 
Published: December 2013

The plant‐parasitic nematode Nacobbus aberrans sensu lato is an agricultural pest of quarantine importance. Due to the morphometric, physiological and genetic variability observed within the species, there is no agreement on the taxonomy of this nematode. The objective of this study was to analyse the ITS rDNA region and the D2–D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA in 10 Argentine populations and one from Ecuador and to establish their phylogenetic relationship with other known sequences from South and North America. Phylogenetic trees of the ITS gene showed seven statistically well‐supported clades; the high and significant Fst values obtained among these groups confirmed this partitioning. The Argentine populations here considered were separated into three clades: one comprising a population from the Andean region and two grouping nematodes from lower altitudes. Three other clades were distinguished for South American populations, which included known sequences of individuals from Peru, Bolivia and north of Argentina. The other clade included sequences from Mexico, Ecuador and two Argentine populations of unknown origin. The important degree of genetic divergence observed among Andean populations suggests that the Andes may have played a crucial role in speciation of Nacobbus, which would have originated in this region. Although D2–D3 segments exhibited lower variation, they were useful for establishing phylogenetic relationships among the Argentine populations considered in this work. As there are no other GenBank sequences available for these segments, it was not possible to make comparisons with other populations from South and North America. The considerable genetic differentiation observed in ITS rDNA region among Nacobbus populations showed evidence of cryptic species within the N. aberrans s.l. complex. Integration of morphological and morphometric studies and molecular analyses considering other genes may aid in the identification of species and their phylogenetic relationships within this genus.
Effects of Operating Frequency of a Synthetic Jet and Cross Flow Velocity on the Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Micro-Channel
Authors: Zschirnt Mark E. , Lee Ann , Yeoh Guan H. 
Published: December 2013

Current devices have been reported to approach 1 MW/m2 so that current heat dissipation devices will not be able to cope with increasing heat flux. It has therefore been proposed that in order to manage the ever-increasing heat rejection demands, it will be necessary to have cooling fluid flowing through micro-channels in the microchip itself. Since laminar flow is likely to result for reasonable pressure drops in these micro-channels, the heat transfer rate will need to be enhanced if this approach is to be successfully used. Synthetic jets, which are the main focus of this research, generate vortex structures which disrupt the flow. They have, therefore, been proposed as a means of providing mixing, thereby augmenting the heat transfer potential of the fluid in the micro-channel.
A two-dimensional computational model has been developed to investigate the cooling effect of a synthetic jet interacting with a turbulent cross-flow in a micro-channel. Validation of the hydrodynamics feature of the flow was done by comparing numerical results against existing experimental results.
A parametric study was performed on a fixed geometry by using a constant wall temperature to investigate the effect of operating frequency of the synthetic jet actuator coupling with different flow rates in the micro-channel. The operating frequencies of the jet were simulated at 1000 Hz, 1500 Hz and 2000 Hz while the cross flows vary from 0 to 10 m/s. In general, the flow structures in the micro-channel were shown to be greatly disrupted when the synthetic jet actuator was turned on. However, the heat transfer enhancement due to the operation of the synthetic jet reduces as the cross flow increases. The frequency of the diaphragm oscillation has a large influence on the distance between the adjacent vortices and therefore on the average flow rate in the micro-channel. The near wall Nusselt Number was calculated in order to compare the effects of operating frequency of the jet and flow rate in the micro-channel. The jet Reynolds number was increased by 50% when the actuator frequency was increased from 1000 Hz to 1500 Hz while the heat transfer enhancement was increased by 21%. Further increment of actuator frequency from 1000 Hz to 2000 Hz resulted in a doubled jet Reynolds number while the heat transfer enhancement was improved by 66%. The heat transfer enhancement showed greater improvement when the actuator operating at 2000 Hz.
The Unsteady Flow in a Centrifugal Pump With Special Slope Volute
Authors: Gao Bo , Zhang Ning , Li Zhong , Yang Minguan 
Published: December 2013

Conventional single stage centrifugal pumps are mostly designed with a spiral volute. Due to relative movement between impeller and the asymmetric volute the flow at the outlet of the impeller is strongly interacting with the volute flow. The unsteady phenomenon leads to unbalanced radial dynamic forces as well, especially at off-design points, giving rise to pump vibration and hydraulic noises.
In order to weaken the unsteady phenomenon, a special kind of slope volute is designed. Different from the spiral one, it keeps the radial size of the volute casing unchanged, but increasing the axial size to make sure the sectional area changing regularly from the tongue to pump outlet. CFD analysis has used to solve the unsteady 3D viscous flow in both conventional and special designed centrifugal pumps with the same impeller for several flow rates.
Compared to the spiral volute pump, there’s secondary flow with only one vortex existing in the slope volute. The average pressure and amplitudes of pressure fluctuations keep nearly unchanged along the slope volute wall due to the symmetrical shape in the radial direction. The pressure distributions for both pumps at fBPF are also very different. Interaction of the impeller flow with the tongue is weaken due to the different kind of tongue shape. It has little influence on the interaction flow field in the pump with slope volute. The radial load component always reaches a minimun magnitude at nominal conditions for both pumps. But the traces calculated for the pump with slope vloute are less stretched in the radial direction than those computed for the pump with spiral volute. Results indicate that a lower pulsation of the radial force is expected, and hardly affected by the flow rate for the pump with slope volute.
Use of the POD and the Coherent Structure Detection Criteria to Study the Flow Dynamics Downstream a Confined Square Obstacle
Authors: Abassi Wafik , Aloui Fethi , Ben Nasrallah Sassi , Legrand Jack , Labraga Larbi 
Published: December 2013

Studying the concept of the vortex is an essential tool in the comprehension of fluid dynamics. Despite this, it is still very difficult to find a universal definition of a vortex. Several methods of detection and characterization of vortex structures has been developed and performed. Specifically tailored for PIV data, they present an important topic in modern experimental fluid mechanics.
In fact, the performance of the method is related to its effectiveness in the velocity data analysis and to successfully detect and locate the vortices as well as calculate the characteristic vortex parameters.
In the present study, we explore the efficiency of different vortex detection algorithms such as the vorticity ω, Γ2 and Q criteria by studying the vortices structures in the wake of a confined square obstacle.
Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the velocity fields was used to extract the energetic contribution of the different instabilities modes.
These methods were firstly applied to an experimentally two-dimensional instantaneous velocity fields obtained by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique. Then, in a second step, we tested these criterions on a numerical velocity fields determined from Lattice Boltzmann simulations and compared to experimental results.
Controlling Turbulence in Tight Rod Bundles
Authors: Merzari Elia , Fischer Paul 
Published: December 2013

The flow in rod bundles is of key importance in a variety of engineering fields. It is representative, for instance, of the flow in a nuclear reactor core and the flow in a tube and shell heat exchanger. For particularly tight rod bundles (pitch to diameter ratio lower than 1.1 in hexagonal arrays) the flow is subject to a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability that is present in both laminar and turbulent flows and is likely to influence transition.
Such instability has been proven to exist in bare bundles and even in bundles containing spacing devices. In fact, rod bundles are typically separated by devices designed to keep the rods (or tubes) in place and avoid vibrations. Simple spacer designs, such as honeycomb arrays with dimples, do not remove the instability.
The present paper discusses a procedure to investigate the effect of spacing devices have on the most unstable mode of turbulence. A linear stability analysis of the laminar flow for several spacing device configurations has been performed by using adjoint methods. The results show the effect of the spacing on the formation of large scale coherent structures and help lay the ground for a theory of turbulence control in tight rod bundles.
Analysis of Severe Erosion in Industrial Centrifugal Slurry Pumps
Authors: Madadnia Jafar , Amjad Mostafa , Kusnan Jeffry 
Published: December 2013

Centrifugal pumps designed for homogenous slurries experience inefficiency, off-design operations, shorter service-life expectancy, and rapid geometry change due to localized and uneven erosion. Experimental and numerical research to design erosion-free pumps has been inconclusive due to complexity of heterogeneous, multiphase slurry flows and mechanism of the localized material losses.
This paper reports on erosion-effects of slurry flows on a number of industrial centrifugal pumps selected from an active copper mine field. The field samples include three metallic pumps operating in a serial-arrangement, and a number of worn pump-components with fully rubber-lined or metallic wetted-surfaces. Physical samples were also collected and photographed under an electronic microscope.
The analysis of the photographs shows directional groves, ripples-formations, pitting, cavities, spots, and abrasive-embedding on the pump surfaces. The effected regions included a) hub or tip of the vane leading edge of impellers, b) internal and external surfaces of shroud and downstream of expellers, c) front-liners/throat bush all at the proximity of the inlet throat/tube, and d) Volute surface close to the discharge throat/tube on the spiral tail. Analysis of eroded regions suggests a combination of mechanisms some similar with those found with a sustained flow acceleration and momentum change towards a surface. A wear model is therefore recommended for the severe erosion in pumps which resembles erosion by cavitation.
To further understand and verify the finding and to be able to predict and to avoid accelerated-erosion, an experimental modelling and a numerical modelling of slurry flows in two identical-centrifugal-pumps are conducted in series and preliminary results are presented. The project is in progress.
Study of Three-Dimensional Effects of Heaving Airfoils With an Immersed Boundary Method
Authors: Wei Z. , Zheng Z. C. 
Published: December 2013

A three-dimensional numerical simulation is performed to study a heaving airfoil with an immersed boundary method. Flow around a heaving airfoil has been widely investigated by using two-dimensional simulation; while few previous works discussed the physical behavior of flow over heaving airfoils with three-dimensional effects. The purpose of this study is to identify characteristic features of flow over heaving airfoils in three-dimensional simulation in comparison with those in two-dimensional cases. In particular, the vortical wakes downstream of the heaving ellipsoid wing is characterized by a reversed-Karman-vortex-street-like structure, which is a reduced reversed-Karman vortex street. The implication of this characteristic is found to be the reduced leading-edge vortex on the 3D wing.
In order to fulfill the computational requirement, a parallel implementation of the immersed boundary method (Zhang & Zheng [1]) is presented. The pressure Poisson equation is solved with the assistance of a portable scientific parallel computational library (PETSc). This code is validated with a case of flow over a stationary sphere. The parallel performance is also demonstrated.
High-Resolution Typing of Leptospira interrogans Strains by Multispacer Sequence Typing
Authors: Zilber Anne-Laure , Picardeau Mathieu , Ayral Florence , Artois Marc , Demont Pierre , Kodjo Angeli , Djelouadji Zoheira 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis which is responsible for the typical form of Weil's disease. The epidemiological surveillance of the
Leptospira
species agent is important for host prevalence control. Although the genotyping methods have progressed, the identification of some serovars remains ambiguous. We investigated the multispacer sequence typing (MST) method for genotyping strains belonging to the species
Leptospira interrogans
, which is the main agent of leptospirosis worldwide. A total of 33 DNA samples isolated from the reference strains of
L. interrogans
serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Australis, Canicola, and Grippotyphosa, which are the most prevalent serogroups in France, were analyzed by both the variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) and MST methods. An MST database has been constructed from the DNA of these reference strains to define the MST profiles. The MST profiles corroborated with the VNTR results. Moreover, the MST analysis allowed the identification at the serovar level or potentially to the isolate level for strains belonging to
L. interrogans
serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, which then results in a higher resolution than VNTR (Hunter-Gaston index of 0.94 versus 0.68). Regarding
L. interrogans
serogroups Australis, Canicola, and Grippotyphosa, the MST and VNTR methods similarly identified the genotype. The MST method enabled the acquisition of simple and robust results that were based on the nucleotide sequences. The MST identified clinical isolates in correlation with the reference serovar profiles, thus permitting an epidemiological surveillance of circulating
L. interrogans
strains, especially for the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, which includes the most prevalent strains of public health interest.
A Simplified Sequence-Based Identification Scheme for Bordetella Reveals Several Putative Novel Species
Authors: Spilker Theodore , Leber Amy L. , Marcon Mario J. , Newton Duane W. , Darrah Rebecca , Vandamme Peter , LiPuma John J. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT

The differentiation of
Bordetella
species, particularly those causing human infection, is problematic. We found that sequence analysis of an internal fragment of
nrdA
allowed differentiation of the currently named
Bordetella
species. Analysis of 107 “
Bordetella
” isolates recovered almost exclusively from human respiratory tract specimens identified several putative novel species.