Abstract 1162: Fibroblast RHAMM promotes breast cancer aggression by promoting expression of a subset of ERK1,2 target genes
Authors: Toelg Cornelia , Telmer Patrick , Hamilton Sara , McCarthy James , Turley Eva 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The microenvironment plays a key role in cancer progression and metabolism of the extracellular matrix component hyaluronan (HA), a glycosaminoglycan, is associated with breast tumor progression. High molecular weight HA is degraded by hyaluronidases and free radicals to fragments of heterogeneous size, which accumulate in the peritumor stroma and activate signaling pathways in both tumor and stromal cells. The HA receptor RHAMM is a multifunctional protein that is found on the cell surface, inside the nucleus and the mitotic spindles of mesenchymal cells. RHAMM expression and HA accumulation in the tumor stroma are linked to breast tumor progression, predicting that RHAMM/HA regulated signaling is key to breast cancer progression. An N-terminally truncated RHAMM isoform, RHAMMonc, is oncogenic when overexpressed in mesenchymal cells. Intracellular RHAMMonc directly binds to ERK1, and complexes with ERK1,2 and MEK1. Intracellular RHAMM is required for sustained ERK1,2 activation and for nuclear localization of a subset of active ERK1,2. We hypothesized that this function results in expression of oncogenic proteins that support breast cancer cell aggression.
Study purpose: determine the mechanism for RHAMMonc supported breast cancer aggression.
Experimental procedure: we used microarray analysis in combination with real time PCR and ERK1,2 inhibition to identify genes that are upregulated in response to RHAMMonc overexpression. To determine whether nuclear RHAMMonc is required for neoplastic transformation we added a nuclear export signal to the RHAMMonc cDNA (RHAMMNES-onc). Mesenchymal cells overexpressing RHAMMonc or RHAMMNES-onc were injected into immune compromised mice. To test whether these cells could support in vivo growth of breast cancer cells, MCF7 cells were co-injected with RHAMMonc or RHAMMNES-onc expressing cells into the mammary gland fat pad. Tumor growth was quantified as tumor wet weight.
Conclusion: Microarray analysis in combination with real time PCR identified altered expression of genes in all categories of the Hallmarks of Cancer in fibroblasts overexpressing RHAMMonc compared to parental cells. A subset of these were shown to be regulated by ERK1,2. Fusion of a nuclear export signal to RHAMMonc (RHAMMNES-onc) resulted in export of this protein from the nucleus, significant reduction of nuclear active ERK1,2 and modified expression of a subset of ERK1,2 regulated genes (e.g. LOX, MMP9, CDH11). Importantly, forced nuclear export of RHAMMonc suppressed its oncogenic effect on fibroblasts. Furthermore, proliferation of human MCF7 breast cancer cell xenografts was strongly stimulated by co-injection with RHAMMonc fibroblasts but this stimulatory effect was lost when MCF7 tumor cells were co-injected with RHAMMNES-onc. This study suggests that nuclear RHAMMonc:ERK 1,2 interactions control an oncogenic program in fibroblasts that support breast cancer aggression.
Citation Format: Cornelia Toelg, Patrick Telmer, Sara Hamilton, James McCarthy, Eva Turley. Fibroblast RHAMM promotes breast cancer aggression by promoting expression of a subset of ERK1,2 target genes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1162. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1162