bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pragmatical Aspects of Models of Sociocultural Space
Authors: Remm Tiit 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Spatial metalanguage is frequently used as a descriptive tool in social and cultural theories. This article analyses Lotman’s, Sorokin’s and Bourdieu’s models. Spatial models of the sociocultural world provide descriptions of the world and are at the same time doubly dynamic - first due to their aim of explaining sociocultural change and meaning-generation and secondly due to pragmatical aspects of modeling where these models originate. The understanding of modeling system in the field of semiotics as either a syntactic structure or as a field of sociocultural activities points also to two pragmatical fields of models of sociocultural space, the building of a conceptual world and the building of a material world.
New Ways of Thinking–Part I Thinking about the World: Metaphysics and Epistemology
Authors: Pearson Charls 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to warn that, as a new science, semiotics will introduce new problems, new ways of thinking, and new ways of solving all problems. These new characteristics must be discovered by the hard work of trial and error. The first two sections of the paper introduce a new way of looking at the world semiotically. Section 3 details how semiotic structure makes this new woridview possible. Section 4 suggests that this new woridview can lead to a unification of science and phenomenology, while section 5 suggests that this unification of science and phenomenology can provide an analytical continuity between the two, similar to the analytical continuity between algebra and geometry provided by analytical geometry. Section 6 provides several examples of new ways of thinking including my favorite whipping boy-a new golden age of mathematics is coming; it will be a triadic mathematics and it must be developed by us, the semioticists of the 21st century, in order to solve the problems encountered by the new semiotic science. Other examples are also discussed or suggested.
Peirce’s Semeiotic and the Normative Basis of Inquiry
Authors: Liszka James Jakób 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Peirce's formal rhetoric is the least developed of his three branches of semeiotic. I argue that Peirce intended formal rhetoric to be a general theory of inquiry. Peirce recognized that semeiotic requires a cooperative effort by inquirers guided by certain methodological and normative principles and was thus one of the three normative sciences. Thus formal rhetoric is subject to normative considerations. The purpose of this paper is to give some body to the skeleton outline originally provided by Peirce. I start with an outline of his formal rhetoric and conclude that Peirce appeared to treat three dimensions of inquiry ·. 1) a proper community of inquirers; 2) a proper method of inquiry; and 3 ) the proper goals of inquiry. Each of these three dimensions has a normative aspect which makes the connection between semeiotic and ethics much clearer. The most important factors in scientific inquiry have been the moral ones such as love of truth and recognition of science's social and public nature. These normative factors have an impact on inquiry in at least three respects: 1 ) the ethos of the community of inquiry; 2 ) the cultivation of feelings and sentiments, forms of communication, and the virtues of inquirers; and 3) the goals of inquiry necessary for success in the long run. The normative aspect of inquiry leads to speculative rhetoric which privileges certain forms of communication and certain goals of inquiry. Spelling these out in detail leads to Peirce's novel point that pure reason or pure logic alone is not enough to discover knowledge, but that it requires the effort of a historical community of inquirers, cooperating in the right sort of community
Indexical Reference to Absent Objects
Authors: West Donna 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Tracking the use of index from early ages to later childhood reveals that indexical signs evolve from those in physical contiguity with their objects (spatially and temporally) to indexes which are used apart from the presence of their objects. An analysis of how recognition of the continued substance of objects, despite their absence, and direct reference to absent objects by means of indexical signs, constitutes a bridge from adherence to an existential relationship between index and object, to a loosening of that connection. Such analyses draw upon pre-linguistic cognitive studies, such as Baldwin and Saylo’s current work, as well as Bühlens deictic continuum. Finally, it is argued that Peirce's concept of index is not unlike Jakobson's-although Peirce and Jakobson require contiguity between index and object, such contiguity need not be both spatial and temporal
An Explication of the Emperor Scepter Symbol of Ancient Babylon and Ancient China with Oraclebone and Bronze Inscriptions and Relics in Sanxingdui Ruins
Authors: Chi Xinyan 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In this article I argue that certain commonalities of ideology, belief and cultural practice existed between the ancient Babylonian empire and ancient Chinese Bronze age empires regarding theocracy, kingship, and governance derived from and represented by the Chinese imperial scepter. Evidence adduced is drawn from the description and use of imperial scepters recorded in ancient Chinese texts, hieroglyphic representations of scepters, material scepters and oracle-bones and their inscriptions, other artifacts unearthed at archaeological sites in China’s Sichuan Basin, astrological instruments, Babylonian stele and inscriptions and the Babylonian zodiac.
Iconicity and the Language of Text Messages in Nigeria
Authors: Adamo Grace E. , Igene Stella I. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
There is a principle of language that impels users to prefer linguistic choices that are more effective for them in any communication context. These choices vividly render some aspects of the world described or express more clearly their own hierarchy of relevance. Based on this semiotic principle, this paper examines the nature of text messaging among Nigerian youths and investigates how non-arbitrariness reveals itself in the structuring and patterning of the text messages used by Nigerian youths. It observes the creative ways in which language is manipulated to serve the purpose of brevity, which is the hallmark of text messages, and yet communicates effectively. It observes that these linguistic patterns identify the youths stylistically creating new prescriptive rules for written language. The communicative behavior presented through these linguistic choices is basically iconic.
The Structure of C. S. Peirce’s Ten-Sign Classification System: An Exploration in Formal Semeiotic
Authors: McCurdy William James 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Peirce’s ten-sign classification system has the mathematical structure of a bounded, complete tri-lattice; that is, it is a network organized by a specific kind of triadicordering relation over the set of his ten special sign classes having additional properties and privileged members. This triadic relation is what “in-forms” the contents of Peirce’s mysterious diagram. Triadic-ordering relations were discovered and first used by the author to account for the mathematico-logical properties of Peirce’s semeiotic relation and later for other structures in Peirce’s philosophy.
Competition in aluminium phosphinate-based halogen-free flame retardancy of poly(butylene terephthalate) and its glass-fibre composites
Authors: Brehme Sven , Köppl Thomas , Schartel Bernhard , Altstädt Volker 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi-Et) and inorganic aluminium phosphinate with resorcinol-bis(di-2,6-xylyl phosphate) (AlPi-H+RXP) were compared with each other as commercially available halogen-free flame retardants in poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) as well as in glass-fibre-reinforced PBT (PBT/GF). Pyrolysis behaviour and flame retardancy performance are reported in detail. AlPi-H+RXP released phosphine at very low temperatures, which can become a problem during processing. AlPi-Et provided better limiting oxygen index (LOI) values and UL 94 ratings for bulk and PBT/GF than AlPi-H+RXP. Both flame retardants acted via three different flame-retardancy mechanisms in bulk as well as in PBT/GF, namely, flame inhibition, increased amount of char, and a protection effect of the char. AlPi-Et was more efficient in decreasing the total heat evolved of PBT in the cone calorimeter test. AlPi-H+RXP reduced the peak heat release rate of PBT more efficiently than AlPi-Et. An optimum loading of AlPi-Et in PBT/GF was found, which was below the supplier’s recommendation. This loading provides a maximum increase in LOI and a maximum decrease in total heat evolved.
Cynicism and Guilt in International Law after Rwanda
Authors: Russi Luigi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFraming the Rwandan genocide as a “failure” of international law forces one to approach it as an unintended consequence of an otherwise benign system of formal relations between states. The present article looks at it instead as a physiological product of international law, disclosing the possibility to contemplate the latter as a fundamentally imperialistic system pegged on the controversial notion of “rule of law”. International law embodies a system of legalised extraction swaying between cynicism and guilt: despite its real face showing on occasions like Rwanda, it keeps revamping itself so as to prevent a fundamental appraisal of the contradictory nature of the system as a whole.
Multiple solutions for a Dirichlet quasilinear system containing a parameter
Authors: Heidarkhani Shapour , Henderson Johnny 
Published: May 2014

Abstract.
In this paper, we apply two theorems from triple critical points theory
to establish the existence of at least three solutions
for the quasilinear second order differential equations on a
compact interval

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-(p_{i}-1)|u_{i}^{\prime }(x)|^{p_{i}-2}u_{i}^{\prime \prime }(x)=\lambda F_{u_{i}}(x,u_{1},\dots ,u_{n})h_{i}(x,u_{i}^{\prime }),
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, under appropriate hypotheses. The obtained results extend some existing
results on the subject.
Dynamical contact problems with friction for hemitropic elastic solids
Authors: Gachechiladze Avtandil , Gachechiladze Roland , Natroshvili David 
Published: May 2014

Abstract.
In the present paper we investigate a three-dimensional
boundary-contact problem of dynamics for a homogeneous hemitropic
elastic medium with regard to friction. We prove the uniqueness theorem
using the corresponding Green formulas and positive definiteness of the potential energy.
To analyze the existence of solutions we reduce equivalently the problem
under consideration to a spatial variational inequality.
We consider a special parameter-dependent regularization of this variational inequality
which is equivalent to the relevant regularized variational equation
depending on a real parameter and study its solvability by the Faedo–Galerkin method.
Some a priori estimates for solutions of the regularized variational
equation are established and with the help of an appropriate
limiting procedure the existence theorem for the original
contact problem with friction is proved.
An assessment of basic nutrition knowledge of adolescents with eating disorders and their parents
Authors: Castillo Marigold , Feinstein Ronald , Tsang James , Fisher Martin 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Objective: This study aims to determine and compare the level of basic nutrition knowledge of adolescents with eating disorders and their parents to adolescents without eating disorders and their parents.
Materials and methods: This six-month convenience based survey recruited a total of 182 adolescents with and without an eating disorder and their parents. The surveys were conducted in a suburban adolescent medicine office. Main outcome measures were based on the 18 basic nutrition questions, while means, standard deviations, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, and χ2 were all employed for the analysis.
Results: None of the groups correctly answered more than half of the questions. In terms of the percentage of correct responses, there was a statistically significant difference between adolescents with eating disorders and their parents compared with adolescents without an eating disorder and their parents. Fewer than 16% of respondents in each group correctly answered the recommended daily caloric balance of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Conclusions: There is a deficiency in basic nutrition knowledge among adolescents with and without eating disorders and their parents. A significant increase in basic nutrition education needs to occur in order to increase the understanding of what is a “healthy” diet.
Pre-Course Simulation as a Predictor of Satisfaction with an Emergency Nursing Clinical Course
Authors: Roh Young Sook , Lim Eun Ju 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRecent research suggests that simulation education can effectively improve nursing students’ practical competence and can enhance educational outcomes. But very few studies have identified the relationships between pre-course simulation and course satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pre-course simulations and other advanced learning modalities (i.e. pre-course e-learning, observation, and clinical placement skill performance) predicted students’ satisfaction with an emergency nursing clinical course. Second-year Korean nursing students (N = 284) participated in an integrated clinical course consisting of self-directed pre-course e-learning, a 2-hour pre-course simulation, and an 80-hour emergency room clinical placement with observation. Multiple regression analyses found that pre-course simulation, clinical placement skill performance, observation during the clinical placement, and pre-course e-learning accounted for 47.2% of the variance in course satisfaction. Notably, pre-course simulation made the largest contribution to course satisfaction, accounting for 29.1% of the variance. Pre-course simulation, skill performance, observation, and pre-course e-learning all significantly influenced learner satisfaction. Findings suggest that integrating simulation into the clinical curriculum may enhance clinical course satisfaction.
On the order of weighted approximation of unbounded functions by some generalizations
of Gadjiev–Ibragimov operators
Authors: Ghorbanalizadeh Arash M. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract.
The generalization of Gadjiev–Ibragimov operators by means of Kantorovich and Kirov–Popova is considered and the order of weighted approximation of unbounded functions are obtained.
Numerals and number words in Shua
Authors: McGregor William B. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper is concerned with expressions of numerical concepts in Shua, an endangered Khoe-Kwadi language spoken in north-eastern Botswana. It is demonstrated that a range of different systems of number representation are available to speakers. These differ in terms of the degrees to which they are integrated into the system of the language. A set of defining criteria for numerals as a lexical category is proposed, and it is argued that only members of one of the paradigmatic sets of number expressions satisfy all of the criteria. This is a “restricted” system of numerals distinguishing just ‘1, 2, 3, 4, few, many’. A detailed description of the morphosyntactic features of the members of this system is provided. Similarly, a detailed description is provided of features of the modern elaborated and extended set of number words, which are based primarily on borrowings from English, but also include extensions of terms for monetary units. The range of senses and uses of the numerals and other expressions of numbers is overviewed, including distributive and collective senses.
Confounding Equivalence in Causal Inference
Authors: Pearl Judea , Paz Azaria 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe paper provides a simple test for deciding, from a given causal diagram, whether two sets of variables have the same bias-reducing potential under adjustment. The test requires that one of the following two conditions holds: either (1) both sets are admissible (i.e. satisfy the back-door criterion) or (2) the Markov boundaries surrounding the treatment variable are identical in both sets. We further extend the test to include treatment-dependent covariates by broadening the back-door criterion and establishing equivalence of adjustment under selection bias conditions. Applications to covariate selection and model testing are discussed.
Is Scientific Knowledge Useful for Policy Analysis? A Peculiar Theorem Says: No
Authors: Pearl Judea 
Published: May 2014

AbstractConventional wisdom dictates that the more we know about a problem domain the easier it is to predict the effects of policies in that domain. Strangely, this wisdom is not sanctioned by formal analysis, when the notions of “knowledge” and “policy” are given concrete definitions in the context of nonparametric causal analysis. This note describes this peculiarity and speculates on its implications.
Toward fractional gradient elasticity
Authors: Tarasov Vasily E. , Aifantis Elias C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe use of an extension of gradient elasticity through the inclusion of spatial derivatives of fractional order to describe the power law type of non-locality is discussed. Two phenomenological possibilities are explored. The first is based on the Caputo fractional derivatives in one dimension. The second involves the Riesz fractional derivative in three dimensions. Explicit solutions of the corresponding fractional differential equations are obtained in both cases. In the first case, stress equilibrium in a Caputo elastic bar requires the existence of a nonzero internal body force to equilibrate it. In the second case, in a Riesz-type gradient elastic continuum under the action of a point load, the displacement may or may not be singular depending on the order of the fractional derivative assumed.
Analysis and Fabrication of Control Surface of a Missile
Authors: Kumar A. Kiran 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe aim and objective of the project work is the modeling of control surface which has complex three dimensional aerodynamic profiles using solid works software, performing analysis of the model with the imposed loads and boundary conditions using ANSYS to estimate the maximum stress and deflection. The material used for this component is titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) which has good properties like resistance to corrosion, high strength to weight ratio, which are mostly needed for aerospace vehicles. The actual dimensions of control surface are 350×225×20. The model of the control surface is scaled to 1:2 for manufacturing using Proe/Manufacturing module, the part programmes are generated and are transferred to the specific machine through DNC system.Control surface is probably the most commonly used form of missile control, particularly for long range airto-air missiles and surface-to-air missiles. The primary reason for this application is because tail provides excellent maneuverability at high angles of attack.Deckel E3LV CNC milling machine has been used for manufacturing the control surface. Development of 3D model using solid works then it is transferred to PROE software for generating error-free tool path and checking the tool path using simulation. Post processing of CL (cutter location) Data file to generate CNC part program, transferring the same to the respective machine tool via DNC system from CAM workstation and manufacturing of the control surface. Co-ordinate measuring machine (CMM) is used for the inspection of features, as the control surface is having complex three-dimensional aerodynamic profile. On this machine, every dimension of the control surface has been inspected and found that the dimensions are within the design considerations of the given design.
Justified skepticism about Apgar scoring in out-of-hospital birth settings
Authors: Grünebaum Amos , McCullough Laurence B. , Brent Robert L. , Arabin Birgit , Levene Malcolm I. , Chervenak Frank A. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Background: The Apgar score is used worldwide to assess the newborn infant shortly after birth. Apgar scores, including mean scores and those with high cut-off scores, have been used to support claims that planned home birth is as safe as hospital birth. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of 5 min Apgar scores among different birth settings and providers in the USA.

Methods: We obtained data from the National Center for Health Statistics of the US Centers for Disease Control birth certificate data for 2007–2010 for all singleton, term births of infants weighing ≥2500 g (n=13,830,531). Patients were then grouped into six categories by birth setting and birth attendant: hospital-based physician, hospital-based midwife, freestanding birth center with either certified nurse midwife and/or other midwife, and home-based delivery with either certified nurse midwife or other midwife. The distribution of each Apgar score from 0 to 10 was assessed for each group.

Results: Newborns delivered by other midwives or certified nurse midwives (CNMs) in a birthing center or at home had a significantly higher likelihood of a 5 min maximum Apgar score of 10 than those delivered in a hospital [52.63% in birthing centers, odds ratio (OR) 29.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 28.29–30.06, and 52.44% at home, OR 28.95, 95% CI: 28.40–29.50; CNMs: 16.43% in birthing centers, OR 5.16, 95% CI: 4.99–5.34, and 36.9% at home births, OR 15.29, 95% CI: 14.85–15.73].

Conclusions: Our study shows an inexplicable bias of high 5 min Apgar scores of 10 in home or birthing center deliveries. Midwives delivering at home or in birthing centers assigned a significantly higher proportion of Apgar scores of 10 when compared to midwives or physicians delivering in the hospital. Studies that have claimed the safety of out-of-hospital deliveries by using higher mean or high cut-off 5 min Apgar scores and reviews based on these studies should be treated with skepticism by obstetricians and midwives, by pregnant women, and by policy makers. The continued use of studies using higher mean or high cut-off 5 min Apgar scores, and a bias of high Apgar score, to advocate the safety of home births is inappropriate.