bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Questions on performances in place of war
Authors: Thompson James 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In this article James Thompson discusses In Place of War, a research and practice-based initiative at the University of Manchester that has sought to document and examine theatre and performance projects in sites of contemporary armed conflict. He outlines the genesis of the project from practice-based training programmes in Sri Lanka in 2000, and examines the questions that it sought to answer in the main period of research between 2004 and 2007. The article includes descriptions of theatre projects and performances with which In Place of War has engaged – including DR Congo, Sri Lanka and Sudan. It explores how the differences between these projects raise questions about the relationship between the arts and conflict, memorialization and resistance. The article then provides an overview of the challenges presented by these different practices, and sketches some of the theoretical and conceptual frameworks that either have been useful in thinking through the projects, or have been tested by the questions that have arisen during the research process.
Theatre in the container: Border-crossing pedagogy among women living with HIV and AIDS
Authors: Mtukwa Tendai 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article falls under the broader field of applied theatre used as a tool for activism, education and therapy. The article examines the extent to which an applied theatre project I facilitated in Johannesburg enabled participants to cross the border between objectification and subjectivity. The project focused on how Giroux’s (1992) border crossing pedagogy as performance exploration can be used for empowering women living with HIV and AIDS in an informal settlement. The idea was to enable participants to find their voices and speak back to oppression and the reality of living positively. Findings indicate that drama offers people a platform to observe themselves and others. This platform can be a place for resistance, empowerment and liberation, and impacts on people’s perception of themselves as they face daily challenges, including living with HIV and AIDS.
Dramatic engagement reconsidered
Authors: Dunn Julie 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article draws upon a reflective memo developed as a result of research conducted in a primary classroom more than ten years ago to revisit and reconsider the notion of dramatic engagement. By reflecting on the ideas created in the original memo, and the data that underpinned it, a revised view of this concept is revealed, focusing on its meaning-making dimension as opposed to the observable, external qualities often associated with engagement. In addition, the importance of participants maintaining awareness of the actual world as they work collaboratively to co-construct the dramatic one is highlighted.
Book Reviews
Authors: Balfour Michael , Belliveau George 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Refugees, Theatre and Crisis: Performing Global Identities, Alison Jeffers (2012) London: Palgrave Macmillan, 216 pp., ISBN 978 0 230 24747 5, £53.00.
Distancing at Close Range: Investigating the Significance of Distancing in Drama Education, Stig A. Eriksson (2009) Vaasa, Finland: Arkmedia, 302 pp., ISBN 9 5212 2314 6, 9 7895 2122 3143.
Telehealth: Preparing Advanced Practice Nurses to Address Healthcare Needs in Rural and Underserved Populations
Authors: Rutledge Carolyn M. , Haney Tina , Bordelon Michele , Renaud Michelle , Fowler Christianne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHealthcare is being confronted with questions on how to deliver quality, affordable, and timely care to patients, especially those in rural areas, in systems already burdened by the lack of providers. Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) have been challenged to lead this movement in providing care to these populations through the use of technologies, specifically telehealth. Unfortunately, APRNs have limited exposure to telehealth during their educational experience, thereby limiting their understanding and comfort with telehealth. To address this problem, a telehealth program was developed at a large university that prepares Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) APRN students. The telehealth program, embedded into the DNP curriculum, consisted of a simulation workshop, practice immersion, and written project. This program was well received by students, making them aware of the benefits and barriers to the implementation of telehealth as a care delivery modality. Telehealth was embraced as students implemented the program in their own practices.
Die Expansion der Reichswerke „Hermann Göring“ in Europa
Authors: Wixforth Harald , Ziegler Dieter 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article examines the ways and means by which the German state-controlled concern Reichswerke Hermann Göring expanded into the occupied mining areas in Austria, East Central Europe and Western Europe before and during the Second World War. Only about five years after its foundation in 1937 the Reichswerke had already become the largest industrial conglomeration for heavy industry and armaments in Europe. Despite certain differences in time (before the War and during the War) and region (East Central Europe and Western Europe) the expansion of the Reichswerke is characterized in the first place by blackmail and theft. In this respect it served as a prototype for other state and party controlled enterprises and it acts as a model to partly explain the brutalization of the business practices performed by private businesses in occupied Europe during the Second World War.
Proto-industrialization and world trade of textiles in Dutch Brabant, 1620-1820
Authors: Gurp Gerard van 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries there was extensive trade in proto-industrial woollen and linen textiles, produced in the low-wage countryside of Dutch Brabant, with world markets, mainly via Amsterdam. Thanks to the support from Amsterdam, the States General of the Dutch Republic facilitated this trade by lifting import duties for a number of towns and villages in Brabant. The proto-industrial production and trade made a substantial contribution to the Dutch economy. Counting the number of looms gives some idea of the production capability. Proto-industry in Brabant was not founded by entrepreneurs in Holland and was not a subsidiary of the textile industry in Holland, as has previously been suggested. Only a limited combination of agriculture and cottage industry was found. Local guilds did not hinder the proto-industry but supported it. Trade and production fell at the beginning of the nineteenth century because of war, but the linen industry recovered around 1818 and the woollen textiles after 1820.
Arbeit und Alter in ländlichen Gesellschaften der Frühen Neuzeit. Die Erwerbstätigkeit im Alter zwischen eigenem Besitz und den Zwängen einer „Ökonomie des Auskommens“
Authors: Zeitlhofer Hermann 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Despite the growing interest historians have expressed in old age and ageing in recent decades, our knowledge of the labour force participation of elderly people in pre-industrial times is still very limited. This is due to the fact that historians have, for far too long, discussed ‘old age’ mostly in terms of ‘providing for the elderly’ whilst more or less ignoring the wide range of activities the elderly were engaged in as well as the high rate of life-long labour force participation before the late 19th century.
This study, on the one hand, discusses the social position of ‘retirees’ (former rural house owners), a social position often seen as an archetype for modern ‘retirement’. Numerous examples are presented from the regional case study of South Bohemia as well as from other parts of Central Europe showing that pre-modern retirees quite often continued to work in many different ways. In many cases inter vivos transfers of land and houses were not undertaken in order to allow for retirement from all activities but rather to facilitate a change in the individual’s own main focus of activity from one occupation to another. In a second part of the study the economy of makeshifts of the poor is analysed. Using rare sources from several South Bohemian parishes enables us to document the importance of the mixed economy of the poorest section of the rural elderly.
Die Zukunft der Unternehmensgeschichte
Authors: Stokes Ray 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper provides an assessment of the themes and approaches that are emerging in the field of business history. It starts with an overview of the most important developments, themes and characteristics of the discipline from its earliest days into the 1990s. It then explores intellectual, social and economic trends which, since the 1980s, have influenced the direction of business history as a profession and discipline. Finally, it analyses likely future topics, approaches and bases for cooperation with other disciplines, not least owing to prevailing theories in the social sciences which are dependent on business historiography. In this environment, business history can flourish as a discipline as long as business historians keep in mind that they can maintain an independent identity and make a positive scholarly contribution only to the extent that they remain true historians who pursue inquiry independently.
Neues „Jugendrecht“ und Fabrikschutzgesetzgebung im Vormärz. Zur Bedeutung von Normativität für die Entstehung der Lebensphase Jugend
Authors: Ruppert Stefan 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In this paper the author looks at the significance of laws and decrees for the emergence of youth as a proper period of life in the 19th century. On the basis of selected examples from the fields of legal capacity, school legislation and military law, the 19th century legislation for the protection of minors working in factories is placed in a larger context of a new “Youth Legislation”. Thus, the normative definition of youth as a life period has become the precondition for the shift of work done by minors to be placed in the period of gainful employment.
Altersarbeit, Alterseinkommen und Altersstruktur in Deutschland seit dem neunzehnten Jahrhundert
Authors: Hardach Gerd 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
One of the most prominent features of modern German society since the late nineteenth century has been the emergence of retirement as a distinctive phase of life. This article focuses on three key aspects: the evolution of retirement as the last phase of the life course; the creation of a multi-pillar system of retirement income; and the age structure of German society.
Traditionally, the life course of most men and women was comprised of a short period of education, a long working life and, if life was not ended by a premature death, a brief period of disability. A new life course model was initiated when a social security pension system was established in Germany in 1889. The social security pension system and state pension schemes were conceived to provide disability or old age pensions for a short period of disability at the end of the life course, when people were physically or mentally unable to work. With the evolution of the welfare state, the last phase of the life course came to be redefined not as disability, but as retirement: a period of leisure earned by a productive working life. Disability might still wait at an advanced old age, but before that many years of retirement should be enjoyed in good health. Concurrent with the new life course model, the labour force participation of the older population declined.
Retirement requires income. In Germany, the social security pension system and state pensions still provide the bulk of retirement income. In recent years, however, the government has encouraged a change to a multi-pillar system where public transfers from government or social security are supplemented by corporate pension systems and income from assets, the elderly.
The rise in life expectancy and the decline of the birth rate have resulted in an ageing German society. As the population ages, the maintenance of an adequate standard of living for the older population requires an increasing share of the nation′s income. The multi-pillar system enhances income security in old age, but in the long run adequate retirement incomes depend on full employment and economic growth. An unresolved issue is the future of family caregiving in an ageing society. If more people opt for a life without children, there will, in a not too distant future, be a growing number of elderly people who cannot rely on family members to take care of dependent or demented relatives. The consequences are either vastly increased expenditures for professional care or a reduced standard of caregiving.
Kompensationsgeschäfte der DDR - Instrumente einer europäischen Ost-West-Wirtschaftsintegration?
Authors: Judt Matthias 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The article deals with the issue of countertrades, GDR foreign commerce enterprises contracted with western firms in order to secure the modernizing of its economy. It discusses the argument of whether those contracts could establish new forms of European East-Westintegration between Comecon and EEC economies.
Starting from rather unfavorable general trading conditions in the 1950s and early 1960s, East Germany could intensify its trade relations with western countries in the late 1960s. Based on its international recognition in the late 1960s and early 1970s, it also got easier access to western credits to finance large-scale investment programs in the economy. With varying success and in order to refinance those imports from the West, GDR officials tried to conclude contracts pre-engaging western partners to accept mandatory deliveries by East German enterprises in return. The author defines three major forms of such contracts, distinguishable by the level and the type of GDR counter deliveries, agreed on by the contracting partners.
Since East Germany failed to put through high levels of its own counter deliveries, these projects contributed to its long-term indebtedness. Moreover, this kind of business, unintentionally created potential losses in the GDR’s foreign trade firms due to various factors. Western companies themselves started to market East German products received in fulfillment of countertrade contracts. Western deliverers of investment goods managed to secure higher prices for their deliveries and lower ones for East German goods in order to subsidize the marketing of East German products they had taken over. That put additional pressure on the already decreasing competitiveness of East German export goods. Finally, the article presents a judgment on the advantages and disadvantages of the countertrade concept for East Germany itself.
European Industry 1700-1870
Authors: Broadberry Stephen , Fremdling Rainer , Solar Peter M. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper offers an overview of the development of European industry between 1700 and 1870, drawing in particular on the recent literature that has emerged following the formation of the European Historical Economics Society in 1991. The approach thus makes use of economic analysis and quantitative methods where appropriate. There are a number of important revisions, compared with previous accounts of Europe’s Industrial Revolution, particularly as embodied in the major existing textbooks on European economic history. First, the Industrial Revolution now emerges as a more gradual process than was once implied by the use of the take-off metaphor. Nevertheless, the scale of the structural transformation that occurred during the process of industrialisation continues to justify the use of the term Industrial Revolution. Second, although the emphasis on the central role of technological change is not new, we use economic analysis to shed new light on the process. Drawing on a model of technological choice first introduced by Paul David, we emphasise the importance of factor prices for the initial switch to modern capital intensive production methods in Britain, the rate of diffusion of these methods to other countries and path dependent technological change. In the cotton industry, particular emphasis is placed on the role of high wages, while in the iron industry, the price of coal is seen to play an important part. We also draw on the idea of a General Purpose Technology to evaluate the role of steam power.
On the History of Economic Theory and the Emergence of Capitalism
Authors: Nell Edward. J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper reconstructs and modernises a Marx-based theory of the transformation of feudalism into capitalism, using a combination of history of economic thought and economic history. It tries to revive and reinterpret the theory of value in a historical context and to show how it may be used, in parallel with a historical description of the transformation of institutions, in order to capture a qualitative change of the economic system.
Adolph Wagner und sein „Gesetz“: Einige späte Anmerkungen
Authors: Dluhosch Barbara , Zimmermann Klaus W. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Starting from the secular fact of an increasing government′s share, a retrospective on Adolph Wagner’s writings seems worthwhile. A leading German economist of the Bismarck era, he first formulated the famous law of increasing state activity for industrializing nations. After analyzing his way of making his case, a couple of flaws inherent to the theoretical interpretations and empirical verifications of his law are discussed. Basically, these flaws are attributable to the neglect of three important factors in Wagner’s rationale, namely that his law was destined for industrializing rather than industrialized nations and the growing importance of public enterprises and of the prevention principle instead of repressive actions of the state in case of violation of rules. On the other hand, very modern interpretations of Wagner suggesting that he had the growing excess burden of taxation in mind when discussing the limits of government’s share do not seem justified.
Tableau économique in the France of Louis XV: The Invention of Economics as a Science
Authors: Cartelier Jean 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The way societies conceive of themselves is an essential part of their nature. The belief that societies are mainly ruled by economic laws is part of the myth of our modern societies. That myth is disguised under the name of science. In this view, the proclamation of economics as a science is an important and even crucial event for our modern society. This took place in France, namely with the elaboration of the Tableau économique. The following questions are addressed in this article: What are the intellectual and political circumstances which made the invention of the Tableau possible? Do they account at least partially for its content? How far does the Tableau support the basic propositions of Quesnay and the economic policy he advocates? Some tentative answers are suggested: Social science and politics are closely intertwined as a comparison between the Tableau and the Traité de la monarchie reveals; Its analytical expression is Quesnay’s theory of production and circulation which dramatically changes the way political problems are settled; However Quesnay’s political aspirations are betrayed by his Tableau as an internal critique of it shows.
Nomologische Modelle und Theorien als wirtschaftshistorische Emplotments
Authors: Preisinger Alexander 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
his essay intends to combine Hayden White’s concept of ‘emplotments’ with the function of deductive-nomological statements for the study of economic history. Economic theories and models serve as the framework according to which the selection and ordering of dates, facts and events become both possible and meaningful. The present document will further support this generally accepted proposition by explaining the effect of Hayek’s cognitive theory on those deductive-nomological model-statements, which he designated as ‘patterns’ and which functionally resemble emplotments. A number of examples analysing the critical years of the Weimar Republic will serve to illustrate the means of which historians avail themselves both implicitly and explicitly of these pre-figuring forms in order to classify and narrate the historical situation.
No steel, no TV, and no burgers: How industrial action in a single company threatened to bring British economy to a standstill
Authors: Banken Ralf , Stokes Ray 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Because of its centrality to all other industries, combined with its high levels of capital-intensity in its production and distribution networks which hinder market entry for competitors, the industrial gases industry which produces gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, and acetylene is of central importance to the industrial economy. The same characteristics make it simultaneously highly vulnerable to disruption. This article considers the causes, course, and consequences of industrial action at British Oxygen Company (BOC) in 1977, followed by threats of industrial action in the following two years. The company′s actions are considered in the context of the political and economic climate of the period.
Zum Aufstieg und Niedergang des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses in Deutschland 1800-2010 - ein Forschungsprojekt
Authors: Pierenkemper Toni , Zimmermann Klaus F. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper attempts to trace the construction of the standard employment contract in Germany from the beginning of the 19th century onwards. In 20th century Germany, it was reinforced alongside with the consolidation of the welfare state and developed into the modern concept of the standard employment contract. Due to globalization forces and dynamics of capitalist market economies, the standard employment contract has turned into an obstacle in the way of modern economy’s progress. The future might be determined by increasing work flexibility, rising working hours, falling income and increasing unemployment rates, rendering the standard employment contract anachronistic and obsolete.
Strukturelle Arbeitslosigkeit: Eine Diagnose aus historischer Perspektive
Authors: Abelshauser Werner 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Mass unemployment in Germany has built up since the seventies. There is, therefore, an urgent need to explore its historical background for an adequate diagnosis. This article starts from the hypothesis, that it is the inconsistency between the qualification profiles of the German production mode and the state of the labour market, which offers the main reason for structural unemployment in Germany since its beginning in the little world economic crises of the seventies. It has been the break down of fordism in German industry so the starting point of the analysis that opened up the gap between a large low qualification sector of a fordist labour market and a dramatically shrinking offer of this kind of jobs. After the global decline of fordist production German government stopped the recruitment of ‘guest workers’ in 1972. Notwithstanding this step, the share of unqualified labour continued to rise. It was not before the 1990s that the level of qualification was rising again. However, this process which is still going on is by far not fast enough to meet the classical pattern of post industrial quality production, which dominated German economic development before and after the fordist interlude.