bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in Penile Hemodynamics by Anatomic Location of Cavernosal Artery Imaging in Penile Duplex Doppler Ultrasound
Authors: Pagano Matthew J. , Stahl Peter J. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Introduction
Standard operating procedures (SOP) for penile duplex Doppler ultrasound (PDDU) were published in 2013 to promote uniform vascular assessment for erectile dysfunction (ED). However, SOPs do not specify a standard anatomic location for cavernosal artery (CA) imaging.

Aim
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of CA imaging location on measured penile hemodynamics assessed by PDDU.

Methods
PDDU was performed in men with ED and/or Peyronie's disease. CA peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV) were measured at three points: the origin of the CA within the penile crus, the proximal CA, and mid-CA. Differences in PSV and EDV were assessed by Friedman test and categorical vascular outcomes by Fisher's exact test. Data were analyzed for the main cohort, the subgroup with maximal smooth muscle relaxation (SMR) as defined by negative EDV, and the subgroup with valid-for-intromission erections.

Main Outcome Measures
Mean PSV and EDV at three specified CA locations and the vascular diagnoses resulting from these measurements.

Results
One hundred four CAs were imaged in 52 men. Mean PSVs at the crus, proximal, and mid-CA were 52.9 ± 20.2, 29.5 ± 15.1, and 21.6 ± 10.6 cm/s, respectively (P &lt; 0.0001); mean EDVs were 2.1 ± 8.9, 3.2 ± 5.4, and 3.3 ± 3.5 cm/s, respectively (P = 0.1225). The distribution of arteriogenic (P &lt; 0.0001) and venogenic (P &lt; 0.0001) diagnoses both differed significantly by location. Significant differences in vasculogenic diagnoses were also observed in the subgroup of CAs with definite maximal SMR (n = 38, arteriogenic P &lt; 0.0001, venogenic P = 0.007) and in those with valid-for-intromission erections (n = 68, arteriogenic P &lt; 0.0001, venogenic P = 0.0002).

Conclusion
There is large variability in measured PSV and EDV on PDDU depending on the site of Doppler imaging, which can often sway clinical diagnosis. Future guidelines should attempt to incorporate standard locations of CA imaging, and new normative values may be necessary for each location.
Trajectories and stability of self‐reported short sleep duration from adolescence to adulthood
Authors: Hayley Amie C. , Skogen Jens C. , Øverland Simon , Wold Bente , Williams Lana J. , Kennedy Gerard A. , Sivertsen Børge 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe trajectories and stability of self‐reported sleep duration recorded at ages 13, 15, and 23 years on reported sleep duration at age 30 years among 1105 students (55% male) who participated in the Norwegian Longitudinal Health and Behaviour Study were examined. Questionnaire data were used to obtain demographic and sleep variables. Dichotomised short sleep duration was based on normative values and set as ≤8.5 h (age 13 years), ≤8 h (age 15 years) and ≤7 h (ages 23 and 30 years). Results indicated a significant overall reduction in total sleep duration (h per night) across age groups. Sleep duration (continuous) at age 15 and 23 years (whole group) was moderately but positively correlated with sleep duration at age 30 years (P < 0.01). When split by sex, at age 15 years, this association was present among females only (P < 0.01); however, at age 23 years, this association was present in both male and females (both P < 0.001). Categorical short sleep at age 23 years (whole group) was associated with short sleep at age 30 years (unadjusted odds ratio = 3.67, 95% confidence interval 2.36–5.69). Following sex stratification, this effect was significant for both males (unadjusted odds ratio = 3.77, 95% confidence interval: 2.22–6.42) and females (unadjusted odds ratio = 2.71, 95% confidence interval: 1.46–5.04). No associations were noted for categorical short sleep at ages 13 or 15 years, and subsequent short sleep at 30 years. Habitual short sleep duration during middle adulthood is not sustained from the time of early adolescence. Rather, these trends appear to be formed during early adulthood.
Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in Insured Swedish Cats in Relation to Age, Breed and Sex
Authors: Öhlund M. , Fall T. , Ström Holst B. , Hansson‐Hamlin H. , Bonnett B. , Egenvall A. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrinopathy in cats. Most affected cats suffer from a type of diabetes similar to type 2 diabetes in humans. An increasing prevalence has been described in cats, as in humans, related to obesity and other lifestyle factors.ObjectivesTo describe the incidence ofDMin insured Swedish cats and the association ofDMwith demographic risk factors, such as age, breed and sex.AnimalsA cohort of 504,688 individual cats accounting for 1,229,699 cat‐years at risk (CYAR) insured by a Swedish insurance company from 2009 to 2013.MethodsWe used reimbursed insurance claims for the diagnosis ofDM. Overall incidence rates and incidence rates stratified on year, age, breed, and sex were estimated.ResultsThe overall incidence rate ofDMin the cohort was 11.6 cases (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.0–12.2) per 10,000CYAR. Male cats had twice as high incidence rate (15.4; 95%CI, 14.4–16.4) as females (7.6; 95%CI, 6.9–8.3). Domestic cats were at higher risk compared to purebred cats. A significant association with breed was seen, with the Burmese, Russian Blue, Norwegian Forest cat, and Abyssinian breeds at a higher risk compared to other cats. No sex predisposition was found among Burmese cats. Several breeds with a lower risk ofDMwere identified.Conclusions and clinical importanceOur results verify that the Burmese breed is at increased risk of developingDM. We also identified several previously unreported breeds with increased or decreased risk ofDM.
Effects of canopy composition and disturbance type on understorey plant assembly in boreal forests
Authors: Fourrier Arnaud , Bouchard Mathieu , Pothier David 
Published: July 2015

AbstractQuestionsWhat are the relative roles of disturbance type and canopy composition on understorey plant assemblages? Are these two environmental filters of equal importance in driving understorey patterns? Does a trait‐based approach improve understanding of plant assemblage responses in disturbed boreal forests?LocationEastern boreal forests of North America, Québec, Canada.MethodsWe sampled understorey plant assemblages in ca. 30‐yr‐old forest stands originating from three types of disturbance (clear‐cutting, fire and spruce budworm outbreak) and two dominant canopy compositions (coniferous and deciduous). For each disturbance × canopy combination, at least eight stands were sampled. The results were analysed with a combination of multivariate (RDA, PERMANOVA), univariate (IndVal) and trait‐based (fourth‐corner) approaches.ResultsOverall, canopy composition was a more important driver than disturbance type for understorey plant communities. Species richness and particularly the abundance of herbaceous species were highest under deciduous canopies, whereas bryophytes and lichens were more diverse and abundant under coniferous canopies. Light‐demanding species with abundant seed production were mostly restricted to deciduous canopies. Some patterns were also explained by disturbance type, but these were mostly associated with the presence/absence of non‐abundant species or species groups such as lichens.ConclusionsWe propose that the higher effect of canopy composition compared with disturbance type can be explained by two factors. First, the effect of canopy composition tends to remain present for decades during stand development, whereas the effect of the disturbance type tends to dissipate progressively after the stand‐initiating disturbance. Second, in boreal forests, most understorey plant species possess reproduction strategies (such as vegetative reproduction) that make them well adapted to persist in stands affected by any type of disturbance. At the landscape level, maintaining the right proportion of deciduous and coniferous stands through forest management could ensure that understorey ecosystem processes and plant diversity are maintained. However, creating or maintaining specific post‐disturbance attributes could be important for the conservation of species affiliated with specific substrates.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Dietary β‐glucan and Vitamin C in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., Subjected to Cold‐induced Stress or Bacterial Challenge
Authors: Barros Margarida M. , Falcon Dario R. , Orsi Ricardo O. , Pezzato Luiz E. , Fernandes Junior Ademir C. , Fernandes Junior Ary , de Carvalho Pedro L. P. F. , Padovani Carlos R. , Guimarães Igo G. , Sartori Maria M. P. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTo determine the dietary β‐glucan and vitamin C levels that would enable the fish to cope with different stress, 252 tilapia (16.86 ± 0.24 g) were distributed in thirty six 250‐L aquaria and fed experimental diets for 60 d. Diets were supplemented with β‐glucan (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8%) and vitamin C (400 and 600 mg/kg diet) and distributed in a factorial design that included a control diet (0 β‐glucan/125 mg vitamin C/kg). After growth performance analyses, a group of 108 fish were subjected to cold‐induced stress and another to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Hematological and immunological parameters were determined before and after the stress. Growth performance was not affected. Red blood cells, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, total plasma protein, albumin : globulin ratio and leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes were affected (P < 0.05) by stress and/or diets. The control diet resulted in higher post‐infection cortisol (P < 0.05). Liver vitamin C was directly proportional to dietary vitamin C (P < 0.05). The production of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide was also affected by diets and/or bacterial challenge (P < 0.05). In total, 0.1–0.2% β‐glucan and 600 mg/kg vitamin C increased fish resistance to stress and 0.8% β‐glucan resulted in reduced immune responses regardless of the vitamin C supplementation level.
Replacement of Fish Oil with Linseed Oil or Soybean Oil in Feeds for Japanese Seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus: Effects on Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Tissue Fatty Acid Composition
Authors: Xu Houguo , Zhang Yanjiao , Wang Jun , Zuo Rantao , Mai Kangsen , Ai Qinghui 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA 66‐d feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the utilization of vegetable oils in Japanese seabass (initial weight: 10.09 ± 0.70 g). In experimental diets, linseed oil (LO) or soybean oil (SO) was used to replace 1/3, 2/3, and 3/3 of fish oil (FO) (Diets F2L1, F1L2, and LO, respectively, or Diets F2S1, F1S2, and SO, respectively). A diet with FO alone was used as the control diet. LO or SO supplementation did not reduce the specific growth rate (3.06–3.29%/d) and feed efficiency ratio (0.75–0.83) of fish, but group F2L1 showed significantly better growth (P < 0.05) and feed utilization (P < 0.01) than group SO. Total replacement of FO with LO or SO significantly reduced certain non‐specific innate immune responses. Total replacement of FO by LO significantly increased the lipid content of fish. Concentrations of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFAs) in whole fish and tissues were significantly reduced by LO or SO supplementation. In conclusion, LO or SO supplementations did not reduce the growth of Japanese seabass but reduced the immune responses and LC‐PUFA concentrations. LO was a better lipid source than SO for Japanese seabass in terms of fish growth and immune responses.
Dietary Intake of Purple Corn Extract Reduces Fat Body Content and Improves Antioxidant Capacity and n‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Profile in Plasma of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Villasante Alejandro , Patro Biswamitra , Chew Boon , Becerra Michael , Wacyk Jurij , Overturf Ken , Powell Madison S. , Hardy Ronald W. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA study was conducted to determine the benefits of the intake of purple corn extract (PCE), a natural source of anthocyanins, in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. A control or test diet supplemented with 5% PCE was fed to triplicate tanks with 25 fish each for 8 wk. The concentrations of three anthocyanins, cyanidin‐3‐glucoside, pelargonidin‐3‐glucoside, and peonidin‐3‐glucoside, were measured in PCE. The chemical composition and fatty acid profiles of fish, as well as the fatty acid profiles in plasma, liver, and muscle were determined. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the concentration of oxidative damage biomarkers, for example, protein carbonyls, 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), were determined in plasma. Transcription of two antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase 1 (gpx1) and superoxide dismutase 1 (sod1), was measured in erythrocytes. Significant lower adiposity and significant higher percentage of total n‐3 and total n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the body of fish fed the test diet were detected. Significant higher plasma percentage of total n‐3 PUFA, significant higher plasma TAC, and significant higher expression of gpx1 in erythrocytes of fish fed the test diet were measured. Overall, our results suggest potential protection against in vivo lipid peroxidation in fish fed the PCE supplemented diet. This is especially true due to detection of an enhanced antioxidant protection in plasma and erythrocytes in fish, the reduced adiposity and greater proportion of total n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA in the fish body, as well as a tendency toward lower TBARS plasma concentration in fish fed the test diet when compared to the control group.
The impact of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease on incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in non‐overweight individuals
Authors: Fukuda Takuya , Hamaguchi Masahide , Kojima Takao , Hashimoto Yoshitaka , Ohbora Akihiro , Kato Takahiro , Nakamura Naoto , Fukui Michiaki 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsThe aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in non‐overweight individuals with NAFLD.MethodsA population‐based retrospective cohort study of 4629 participants who were enrolled in a health check‐up programme for more than 10 years. A standardized questionnaire and abdominal ultrasonography were used to diagnose NAFLD. A cut‐off point of BMI 23 kg/m2 was used to define overweight (≥23.0 kg/m2) or non‐overweight (<23.0 kg/m2). The primary outcome was incident T2DM.ResultsOver a mean follow‐up of 12.8 years, 351 participants (7.6%) developed T2DM. The incidence rate of T2DM was 3.2% in the non‐overweight without NAFLD group, 14.4% in the non‐overweight with NAFLD group, 8.0% in the overweight without NAFLD group and 26.4% in the overweight with NAFLD group. The adjusted hazard ratios for incident T2DM compared with the non‐overweight without NAFLD group were as follows: 3.59 (95% CI: 2.14–5.76) in the non‐overweight with NAFLD group, 1.99 (95% CI: 1.47–2.69) in the overweight without NAFLD group and 6.77 (95% CI: 5.17–8.91) in the overweight with NAFLD group. The adjusted hazard ratio in the non‐overweight with NAFLD group was significantly higher than that in the overweight without NAFLD group or that in the non‐overweight without NAFLD group.ConclusionsNon‐overweight individuals with NAFLD had a high risk of incident T2DM. Diagnosis of NAFLD is important in non‐overweight individuals, and therefore it might be necessary to follow their health conditions on a long‐term basis after detection of NAFLD.
Post‐transcriptional regulation by distal Shine‐Dalgarno sequences in the grpE‐dnaK intergenic region of Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Palmer Sara R. , Burne Robert A. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryA unique 373 bp region (igr66) between grpE and dnaK of Streptococcus mutans lacks a promoter but is required for optimal production of DnaK. Northern blotting using probes specific to hrcA, igr66 or dnaK revealed multiple transcripts produced from the dnaK operon and 5′‐RACE mapped 5′ termini of multiple dnaK transcripts within igr66. One product mapped to a predicted 5′‐SL (stem‐loop) and two others mapped just 5′ to Shine‐Dalgarno (SD)‐like sequences located immediately upstream to dnaK and to a predicted SL 120 bp upstream of the dnaK start codon (3′‐SL). A collection of cat reporter‐gene strains containing mutant derivatives of igr66 were engineered. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity varied greatly between strains, but there were no correlative changes in cat mRNA levels. Interestingly, mutations introduced into the SD‐like sequences 5′ to the 3′‐SL resulted in an 83–98% decrease in CAT activity. Markerless point mutations introduced upstream of dnaK in the SD‐like sequences impaired growth at elevated temperatures and resulted in up to a 40% decrease in DnaK protein after heat shock. Collectively, these results indicate processing within igr66 enhances translation in a temperature dependent manner via non‐canonical ribosome binding sites positioned > 120 bp upstream of dnaK.
DsrA regulatory RNA represses both hns and rbsD mRNAs through distinct mechanisms in Escherichia coli
Authors: Lalaouna David , Morissette Audrey , Carrier Marie‐Claude , Massé Eric 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe 87 nucleotide long DsrA sRNA has been mostly studied for its translational activation of the transcriptional regulator RpoS. However, it also represses hns mRNA, which encodes H‐NS, a major regulator that affects expression of nearly 5% of Escherichia coli genes. A speculative model previously suggested that DsrA would block hns mRNA translation by binding simultaneously to start and stop codon regions of hns mRNA (coaxial model). Here, we show that DsrA efficiently blocked translation of hns mRNA by base‐pairing immediately downstream of the start codon. In addition, DsrA induced hns mRNA degradation by actively recruiting the RNA degradosome complex. Data presented here led to a model of DsrA action on hns mRNA, which supports a canonical mechanism of sRNA‐induced mRNA degradation by binding to the translation initiation region. Furthermore, using MS2‐affinity purification coupled with RNA sequencing technology (MAPS), we also demonstrated that DsrA targets rbsD mRNA, involved in ribose utilization. Surprisingly, DsrA base pairs far downstream of rbsD start codon and induces rapid degradation of the transcript. Thus, our study enables us to draw an extended DsrA targetome.
Involvement of BcStr2 in methionine biosynthesis, vegetative differentiation, multiple stress tolerance and virulence in Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Shao Wenyong , Yang Yalan , Zhang Yu , Lv Chiyuan , Ren Weichao , Chen Changjun 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe Str2 gene encodes a cystathionine γ‐synthase that is a key enzyme in methionine (Met) biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Met plays a critical role in protein synthesis and diverse cellular processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In this study, we characterized the Str2 orthologue gene BcStr2 in Botrytis cinerea. The BcStr2 mutant was unable to grow on minimal medium (MM). In addition, conidia of the mutant were unable to germinate in water–agar medium within 15 h of incubation. Supplementation with 1 mm Met or 0.5 mg/mL homocysteine, but not 1 mm cysteine or 0.5 mg/mL glutathione, rescued the defect in mycelial growth of the BcStr2 deletion mutant. These results indicate that the enzyme encoded by BcStr2 is involved in the conversion of cysteine into homocysteine.The mutant exhibited decreased conidiation and impaired sclerotium development. In addition, the BcStr2 mutant exhibited increased sensitivity to osmotic and oxidative stresses, cell wall‐damaging agents and thermal stress. The mutant demonstrated dramatically decreased virulence on host plant tissues. All of the defects were restored by genetic complementation of the mutant with wild‐type BcStr2. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that BcStr2 plays a critical role in the regulation of various cellular processes in B. cinerea.
Remote cerebellar hemorrhage after lumbar puncture in herpes simplex encephalitis
Authors: Nakata Ruka , Motomura Masakatsu , Morikawa Minoru , Yoshimura Toshiro , Kawakami Atsushi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRemote cerebellar hemorrhage is reported as a possible complication after supratentorial surgery and spinal surgery, and there is no previous report after lumbar puncture. A 44‐year‐old man was diagnosed with Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis, which was complicated with cerebellar hemorrhage remote from the active encephalitis lesion. The hematoma in the cerebellar hemisphere, shown as low a intensity lesion in a T2 star weighted angiography, image was diagnosed as a remote cerebellar hemorrhage caused by lumbar puncture. Physicians must be aware of this streaky, zebra‐pattern radiographic image of remote cerebellar hemorrhage.
Interictal epileptiform discharges in new‐onset epilepsy among older adults
Authors: Toyota Tomoko , Akamatsu Naoki , Tanaka Akihiro , Yamano Mitsuhiko , Fujino Yoshihisa , Tsuji Sadatoshi , Adachi Hiroaki 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of epilepsy is highest in older adults and exceeds that observed in children. Seizure disorders are also more common among older adults. However, there are few reports of interictal epileptiform discharges in new‐onset epilepsy among older adults.AimTo investigate the rate of interictal epileptiform discharges in elderly patients with new‐onset epilepsy.MethodsWe defined elderly patients with new‐onset epilepsy as those who developed epilepsy after the age of 65 years. We reviewed the interictal electroencephalographic characteristics of patients with new‐onset epilepsy treated between April 2005 and December 2011 at a tertiary referral center. Both outpatients and inpatients were included in this study. Epilepsy was diagnosed on the basis of clinical history, scalp‐recorded electroencephalography, physical findings, brain 3.0‐T magnetic resonance imaging/computed tomography, single‐photon emission tomography and neuropsychological evaluation. Epilepsy and seizure classifications, and age of onset were also reviewed.ResultsWe included 112 patients (58 men and 54 women) in this study. The mean age of seizure onset was 73.5 ± 6.7 years. Interictal epileptiform discharges were detected in 82 patients (73.2%). Temporal lobe epilepsy (odds ratio 6.3, P = 0.004) and complex partial seizures (odds ratio 8.0, P = 0.033) were associated with interictal epileptiform discharges.ConclusionInterictal epileptiform discharges were present in 73.2% of the elderly patients with new‐onset epilepsy in our cohort, which was higher than the previously reported rate. Temporal lobe epilepsy was the most frequent epilepsy diagnosis among the interictal epileptiform discharge‐positive patients.