bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective randomized, controlled trial of sinus grafting using Escherichia‐coli‐produced rhBMP‐2 with a biphasic calcium phosphate carrier compared to deproteinized bovine bone
Authors: Kim Min‐Soo , Lee Jung‐Seok , Shin Hyun‐Ki , Kim Jae‐Shin , Yun Jeong‐Ho , Cho Kyoo‐Sung 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimThis study compared the effects of Escherichia‐coli‐produced recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (ErhBMP‐2) with a biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) carrier to those of deproteinized bovine bone in human maxillary sinus floor augmentation.Material and methodsScreening for this clinical trial selected 56 sites that provided informed consent to participate, of which 46 were ultimately enrolled and 41 were finally included in the study. The sites were divided into two groups using a random‐number table, and the material was applied. A trephine biopsy was performed after 24 weeks, and implants wider than the biopsy site were inserted. Computed tomography and plain panoramic images were obtained immediately and then again at 24 weeks after the surgery. Radiographic images were reconstructed to allow measurement of the linear and volumetric changes. The biopsy samples were processed for histologic and histometric analyzes.ResultsAll sites healed uneventfully with no complications. Radiographic analysis revealed a tendency for the volume to increase, but the difference was not statistically significant in either group. Comparison of volumetric changes between the two groups also revealed no significant difference. Moreover, none of the histometric parameters differed significantly between the groups, although different healing patterns were observed on histologic analysis.Conclusions and clinical implicationsIt can be concluded that sinus augmentation with ErhBMP‐2 carrying BCP carrier did not enhance bone regeneration compared to the conventional treatment using deproteinized bovine bone at 24 weeks after the surgery.
Impact of conservation areas on trophic interactions between apex predators and herbivores on coral reefs
Authors: Rizzari Justin R. , Bergseth Brock J. , Frisch Ashley J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractApex predators are declining at alarming rates due to exploitation by humans, but we have yet to fully discern the impacts of apex predator loss on ecosystem function. In a management context, it is critically important to clarify the role apex predators play in structuring populations of lower trophic levels. Thus, we examined the top‐down influence of reef sharks (an apex predator on coral reefs) and mesopredators on large‐bodied herbivores. We measured the abundance, size structure, and biomass of apex predators, mesopredators, and herbivores across fished, no‐take, and no‐entry management zones in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. Shark abundance and mesopredator size and biomass were higher in no‐entry zones than in fished and no‐take zones, which indicates the viability of strictly enforced human exclusion areas as tools for the conservation of predator communities. Changes in predator populations due to protection in no‐entry zones did not have a discernible influence on the density, size, or biomass of different functional groups of herbivorous fishes. The lack of a relationship between predators and herbivores suggests that top‐down forces may not play a strong role in regulating large‐bodied herbivorous coral reef fish populations. Given this inconsistency with traditional ecological theories of trophic cascades, trophic structures on coral reefs may need to be reassessed to enable the establishment of appropriate and effective management regimes.El Impacto de las Áreas de Conservación sobre las Interacciones Tróficas entre los Depredadores Dominantes y los Herbívoros en los Arrecifes de Coral
The myelodysplastic syndromes: the era of understanding
Authors: Meers Stef 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMyelodysplastic syndromes are a heterogeneous group of clonal haematological stem cell disorders. Allogeneic stem cells transplantation remains the only curative treatment but only a minority of patients are eligible for this treatment. In spite of this, it has become clear that treatment with lenalidomide and azanucleotides can lead to increased overall survival in particular subsets of patients with MDS. The relative silence on the therapeutic side is counter‐balanced by major advances in the understanding of this heterogeneous disease. The introduction of high‐throughput molecular techniques has resulted in the discovery that most patients harbour molecular aberrations, including pathways such as the spliceosome machinery previously not known to be involved. These newly discovered pathways will undoubtedly result in new therapeutic strategies for this difficult to treat disease.
Cerebellar theta burst stimulation dissociates memory components in eyeblink classical conditioning
Authors: Monaco J. , Casellato C. , Koch G. , D'Angelo E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe cerebellum plays a critical role in forming precisely timed sensory‐motor associations. This process is thought to proceed through two learning phases: one leading to memory acquisition; and the other leading more slowly to memory consolidation and saving. It has been proposed that fast acquisition occurs in the cerebellar cortex, while consolidation is dislocated into the deep cerebellar nuclei. However, it was not clear how these two components could be identified in eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC) in humans, a paradigm commonly used to investigate associative learning. In 22 subjects, we show that EBCC proceeded through a fast acquisition phase, returned toward basal levels during extinction and then was consolidated, as it became evident from the saving effect observed when re‐testing the subjects after 1 week of initial training. The results were fitted using a two‐state multi‐rate learning model extended to account for memory consolidation. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to apply continuous theta‐burst stimulation (cTBS) to the lateral cerebellum just after the first training session. Half of the subjects received real cTBS and half sham cTBS. After cTBS, but not sham cTBS, consolidation was unaltered but the extinction process was significantly impaired. These data suggest that cTBS can dissociate EBCC extinction (related to the fast learning process) from consolidation (related to the slow learning process), probably by acting through a selective alteration of cerebellar plasticity.
Continental‐scale patterns of pathogen prevalence: a case study on the corncrake
Authors: Fourcade Yoan , Keišs Oskars , Richardson David S. , Secondi Jean 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPathogen infections can represent a substantial threat to wild populations, especially those already limited in size. To determine how much variation in the pathogens observed among fragmented populations is caused by ecological factors, one needs to examine systems where host genetic diversity is consistent among the populations, thus controlling for any potentially confounding genetic effects. Here, we report geographic variation in haemosporidian infection among European populations of corncrake. This species now occurs in fragmented populations, but there is little genetic structure and equally high levels of genetic diversity among these populations. We observed a longitudinal gradient of prevalence from western to Eastern Europe negatively correlated with national agricultural yield, but positively correlated with corncrake census population sizes when only the most widespread lineage is considered. This likely reveals a possible impact of local agriculture intensity, which reduced host population densities in Western Europe and, potentially, insect vector abundance, thus reducing the transmission of pathogens. We conclude that in the corncrake system, where metapopulation dynamics resulted in variations in local census population sizes, but not in the genetic impoverishment of these populations, anthropogenic activity has led to a reduction in host populations and pathogen prevalence.
Effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculants and cellulase on fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of Leymus chinensis silage
Authors: Tian Jipeng , Yu Yandong , Yu Zhu , Shao Tao , Na Risu , Zhao Miaomiao 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe objective of this experiment was to investigate the silage quality and in vitro degradation of Leymus chinensis treated with different additives. The treatments were lactic acid bacteria inoculants (LB), lignocellulose degradation enzymes (E), a mixture of the two additives (LB + E) or no additive treatment as control. Forages were separately ensiled for 1, 3, 5, 15 and 45 days and three replications were opened at each sampling time. Silages treated with additives (i.e. LB, E and LB + E) were characterized by lower pH value, higher lactic acid content and lower levels of acetic acid, butyric acid, ammonia‐N and water soluble carbohydrate throughout the ensiling period compared with the control (P < 0.05). Silages treated by LB + E had the lowest pH value and highest lactic acid concentration among the four treatments (P < 0.05). The levels of neutral detergent fiber (after heat stable amylase treatment, aNDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and non‐protein nitrogen were lower in additive treated silages than in the control silage (P < 0.05). The LB treatment improved in vitro digestibility of dry matter and protein, while the E treatment improved in vitro aNDF digestibility compared with untreated silage. In comparison with the E treated silage, silage treated with LB + E had higher levels of ADF and acid detergent lignin concentrations (P < 0.05). These results indicated that the application of lactic acid bacteria combined with cellulase could be an efficient strategy to improve both fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of the wild grass silage of L. chinensis.
Bacterial communities in alfalfa and corn silages produced in large‐scale stack and bunker silos in China
Authors: Wu Baiyila , Zhang Qing , Liu Zhongkuan , Yu Zhu , Nishino Naoki 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlfalfa silage (Al) and corn silage (Cs) samples were collected from two large‐scale farms in China; one of these farms used stack silos and the other used bunker silos for silage production. Three samples were collected from the upper and lower layers of each silo. Thus, six samples were examined for each of Al‐stack, Al‐bunker, Cs‐stack, and Cs‐bunker. Bacterial community was determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Lactic acid was the main fermentation product in Al‐stack, Cs‐stack and Cs‐bunker, whereas acetic acid and butyric acid were predominant in Al‐bunker. Pediococcus pentosaceus and Clostridium sp. were common to four silage types. Lactobacillus acetotolerans and Lactobacillus pontis were detected specifically in Cs, whereas the lactic acid bacteria identified in Al were regarded as those usually found in silage. Differences between stack and bunker silos were apparent in Al with regard to fermentation products and DGGE band patterns. Differences between the upper and lower layers were observed in the fermentation products in Cs regardless of silo type, whereas variations in the DGGE band patterns of Cs‐stack were detected.
HIV‐associated salivary gland disease – clinical or imaging diagnosis?
Authors: da Silva Rath Inês Beatriz , Beltrame Ana Paula C. A. , Carvalho Aroldo P. , Schaeffer Marcela B. , Almeida Izabel C. S. 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesThis work aimed at studying the salivary gland disease (SGD) as it relates to associated factors, such as persistent generalised lymphadenopathy (PGL), lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), clinical and immunological features of AIDS, and salivary flow rate and pH, as well as at exploring the relationship between the clinical diagnosis and the imaging diagnosis by ultrasound (US) examination of the parotid glands.MethodsInformation regarding the observation of parotid gland enlargement, PGL, LIP, and clinical and immunological features of AIDS was gathered from medical records, and a saliva sample for unstimulated salivary flow rate and pH measurement was collected from 142 children aged 3 through 10 years treated at the Department of Infectious Diseases of Joana de Gusmão Children's Hospital, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. High‐resolution ultrasonography was performed in 58 children. Pearson's chi‐square test and t‐test were used to evaluate the association between the variables.ResultsA significant association was found between SGD and LIP. Ultrasound revealed a 50% higher incidence of SGD that was not reported in the patients' records.ConclusionUS examination proved to be essential for the correct diagnosis and monitoring of the progression of HIV/SGD.
Activated protein C to heal pressure ulcers
Authors: Wijewardena Aruna , Lajevardi Sepehr S , Vandervord Elle , Vandervord John , Lang Thomas C , Fulcher Gregory , Jackson Christopher J 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPressure ulcers present a major clinical challenge, are physically debilitating and place the patient at risk of serious comorbidities such as septic shock. Recombinant human activated protein C (APC) is an anticoagulant with anti‐inflammatory, cytoprotective and angiogenic effects that promote rapid wound healing. Topical negative pressure wound therapy (TNP) has become widely used as a treatment modality in wounds although its efficacy has not been proven through randomised controlled trials. The aim of this study was to determine the preliminary efficacy and safety of treatment with APC for severe chronic pressure sores with and without TNP. This case presentation describes the history, management and outcome of two patients each with a severe chronic non‐healing pressure ulcer that had failed to respond to conventional therapy. TNP was added to conservative management of both ulcers with no improvement seen. Then local application of small doses of APC was added to TNP and with conservative management, resulted in significant clinical improvement and rapid healing of both ulcers, displaying rapid growth of vascular granulation tissue with subsequent epithelialisation. Patients tolerated the treatment well and improvements suggested by long‐term follow‐up were provided. Randomised placebo‐controlled double blind trials are needed to quantify the efficacy, safety, cost‐effectiveness, optimal dose and quality of life changes seen from treatment with APC.
Sunlight exposure and photoprotection behaviour of white Caucasian adolescents in the UK
Authors: Gould M. , Farrar M.D. , Kift R. , Berry J.L. , Mughal M.Z. , Bundy C. , Vail A. , Webb A.R. , Rhodes L.E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundSun exposure has positive and negative effects on health, yet little is known about the sun exposure behaviour of UK adolescents, including those more prone or less prone to sunburn.ObjectiveTo examine sun exposure behaviour of UK white Caucasian adolescents including time spent outdoors, holiday behaviour, use of sunscreen and clothing, with assessment for differences between sun‐reactive skin type groups.MethodsWhite Caucasian adolescents (12–15 years) attending schools in Greater Manchester completed a two‐page questionnaire to assess sun exposure and photoprotective behaviour.ResultsA total of 133 adolescents (median age 13.4 years; 39% skin type I/II, 61% skin type III/IV) completed the questionnaire. In summer, adolescents spent significantly longer outdoors at weekends (median 4 h/day, range 0.25–10) than on weekdays (2, 0.25–6; P < 0.0001). When at home in the UK during summer, 44% reported never wearing sunscreen compared to just 1% when on a sunny holiday. Sunscreen use was also greater (frequency/coverage) when on a sunny holiday than at home in the UK summer (P < 0.0001). Adolescents of skin types I/II (easy burning) spent significantly less time outdoors than skin types III/IV (easy tanning) on summer weekends (P < 0.001), summer weekdays (P < 0.05) and on a sunny holiday (P = 0.001). Furthermore, skin types I/II reported greater sunscreen use during summer in the UK and on sunny holiday (both P < 0.01), and wore clothing covering a greater skin area on a sunny holiday (P < 0.01) than skin types III/IV. There was no difference in sun exposure behaviour/protection between males and females.ConclusionThe greater sun‐protective measures reported by adolescents of sun‐reactive skin type group I/II than III/IV suggest those who burn more easily are aware of the greater need to protect their skin. However, use of sunscreen during the UK summer is low and may need more effective promotion in adolescents.
Narrow‐margin excision is a safe, reliable treatment for well‐defined, primary pigmented basal cell carcinoma: an analysis of 288 lesions in Japan
Authors: Ito T. , Inatomi Y. , Nagae K. , Nakano‐Nakamura M. , Nakahara T. , Furue M. , Uchi H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundComplete excision is the most promising treatment for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and a surgical margin of at least 4 mm is recommended. However, little is known about the appropriate surgical margin of pigmented BCC.ObjectiveTo investigate the reliability of narrower margin excision of well‐defined, pigmented BCC.MethodsWe identified a total of 263 patients with 288 well‐defined, primary pigmented BCC at the Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University (Fukuoka, Japan), between January 2006 and December 2013. All lesions were surgically excised with 1–6‐mm margins and analysed. For 30 recent lesions out of the 288 lesions, border gaps between dermoscopy and histopathology were assessed.ResultsOf the 288 lesions, 218 (75.7%) were excised with a narrow margin (≤3 mm) and 60 lesions (24.3%) with a wide margin (≥4 mm). Only two lesions (0.7%), which were excised with 2‐mm margins, were associated with tumour‐positive margins. Narrow‐margin excision showed a complete removal rate of 99% (2‐mm margins, 95.3%; 3‐mm margins, 100%). Dermoscopically determined borders almost exactly corresponded to the histopathological ones; 71.2% of border gaps between dermoscopy and histopathology were within 1 mm and there were no cases in which tumours spread beyond 1 mm of their dermoscopic borders.ConclusionSurgical excision with a 2–3‐mm margin is reliable treatment for well‐defined, primary pigmented BCC, with a complete removal rate of 99%.
Algal and Fungal Diversity in Antarctic Lichens
Authors: Park Chae Haeng , Kim Kyung Mo , Elvebakk Arve , Kim Ok‐Sun , Jeong Gajin , Hong Soon Gyu 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe composition of lichen ecosystems except mycobiont and photobiont has not been evaluated intensively. In addition, recent studies to identify algal genotypes have raised questions about the specific relationship between mycobiont and photobiont. In the current study, we analyzed algal and fungal community structures in lichen species from King George Island, Antarctica, by pyrosequencing of eukaryotic large subunit (LSU) and algal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) domains of the nuclear rRNA gene. The sequencing results of LSU and ITS regions indicated that each lichen thallus contained diverse algal species. The major algal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) defined at a 99% similarity cutoff of LSU sequences accounted for 78.7–100% of the total algal community in each sample. In several cases, the major OTUs defined by LSU sequences were represented by two closely related OTUs defined by 98% sequence similarity of ITS domain. The results of LSU sequences indicated that lichen‐associated fungi belonged to the Arthoniomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, Leotiomycetes, and Sordariomycetes of the Ascomycota, and Tremellomycetes and Cystobasidiomycetes of the Basidiomycota. The composition of major photobiont species and lichen‐associated fungal community were mostly related to the mycobiont species. The contribution of growth forms or substrates on composition of photobiont and lichen‐associated fungi was not evident.
Effect of different laser surface treatment on microshear bond strength between zirconia ceramic and resin cement
Authors: Akhavan Zanjani Vagharaldin , Ahmadi Hadi , Nateghifard Afshin , Ghasemi Amir , Torabzadeh Hassan , Abdoh Tabrizi Maryam , Alikhani Farnaz , Razi Reza , Nateghifard Ardalan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sandblasting, carbon dioxide (CO2), and erbium,chromium:yttrium‐scandium‐gallium‐garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) lasers on the microshear bond strength of zirconia to resin cement.MethodsSixty‐one sintered yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia blocks (10 × 5 × 2 mm) were prepared and divided into four experimental groups (n = 15); one sample was retained as a control. The samples were treated by aluminium oxide air abrasion, CO2 4 W, Er,Cr:YSGG 3W, and Er,Cr:YSGG 2W, respectively. One sample from each group and the control sample were analyzed by scanning electron microscope. Panavia F2.0 resin microcylinders were prepared and placed on treated surfaces, light cured, and incubated for 48 h. Microshear bond strength testing was done by a microtensile tester machine, and the type of bond failures were determined by stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by one‐way anova and Tukey's test at a significance level of P < 0.05.ResultsAir abrasion showed the highest microshear bond strength (P < 0.05) among all groups. CO2 and Er,Cr:YSGG 3W laser showed significantly higher bond strength than Er,Cr:YSGG 2W (P < 0.05). Apparent micromechanical roughening and irregularities were seen in the air abrasion‐treated samples, and the bond failure was mostly mixed type. In the laser‐treated surfaces, the roughness was much less than the air abrasion‐treated surfaces, and the mode of failure was almost pure adhesive.ConclusionAir abrasion has a greater effect than CO2 and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers in the treatment of zirconia ceramic surfaces to enhance the bonding strength of resin cement to zirconia. CO2 laser at 4W and Er,Cr:YSGG laser at only 3‐W output power can be regarded as surface treatment options for roughening the zirconia surface to establish better bond strength with resin cements.
Prevalence and characteristics of non‐syndromic distomolars: a retrospective study
Authors: Kaya Elif , Güngör Kahraman , Demirel Oğuzhan , Özütürk Özge 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimDistomolars are defined as the supernumerary teeth that erupt distal to the third molar. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of distomolars in permanent dentition in a non‐syndromic Turkish subpopulation.MethodsA total of 10 111 panoramic radiographs of patients aged 18 years and over, who had no systemic diseases and syndromes, and who had not undergone any extractions in the third molar area, were examined to determine the presence, location, shape, and laterality of distomolars. The patients' age and sex were noted.ResultsThe results showed that distomolars were observed in 0.26% of the investigated population. Distomolars were seen in 0.29% of male patients and in 0.23% of female patients. In total, 30 distomolars were observed in 26 patients. Maxillary distomolars were more frequently encountered than mandibular teeth. Bilateral distomolars were found in three male patients. Of the 30 distomolars, 25 were impacted and five were erupted.ConclusionsAlthough the frequency of distomolars is low, early diagnosis and treatment are important to minimize or prevent complications, such as delayed eruption, tooth displacement, crowding, root resorption of the adjacent tooth, and cystic formations.