bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Municipia
, Roman Empire
Authors: Cordovana Orietta Dora 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Municipia
were one of the legal categories of city in the Roman empire. The rights and privileges of provincial cities depended on the category to which it belonged. The grant of municipal status was in effect a general concession of the
ius Latii
to foreign communities; it was also part of a historical process which involved the administrative structure of urban communities. There was no difference between Roman and Latin
municipia
in the imperial provinces. Grants of municipal status, however, differed from case to case and local epigraphy demonstrates that each city had its own pattern of historical development. There was a significant difference between foreign communities (
civitates peregrinae
) which acquired the legal status of a
municipium
and former military settlements which became
municipia
.
Yazılıkaya
Authors: Bilgin Tayfun 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Yazılıkaya is a Hittite rock sanctuary located near the Hittite capital Hattusa in central Anatolia. It was one of the most important Hittite cultic sites, gaining particular significance in the thirteenth century
bce
, when its two chambers were decorated with reliefs of numerous deities and two oversize depictions of king Tudhaliya IV.
Where is the Oxygen? Structural Analysis of α‐Humulene Oxidation Products by the Crystalline Sponge Method
Authors: Zigon Nicolas , Hoshino Manabu , Yoshioka Shota , Inokuma Yasuhide , Fujita Makoto 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCrystal structures of α‐humulene, a cyclic sesquiterpene, and its oxidized subproducts, were analyzed by the crystalline sponge method. Regio‐ and stereochemistry, including absolute configuration when a chiral oxidant was applied, and the stable conformations of all the scaffold‐related compounds were successfully determined for samples on a 5–50 μg scale.
Ligand‐Assisted Co‐Assembly Approach toward Mesoporous Hybrid Catalysts of Transition‐Metal Oxides and Noble Metals: Photochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Liu Ben , Kuo Chung‐Hao , Chen Jiejie , Luo Zhu , Thanneeru Srinivas , Li Weikun , Song Wenqiao , Biswas Sourav , Suib Steven L. , He Jie 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA bottom‐up synthetic approach was developed for the preparation of mesoporous transition‐metal‐oxide/noble‐metal hybrid catalysts through ligand‐assisted co‐assembly of amphiphilic block‐copolymer micelles and polymer‐tethered noble‐metal nanoparticles (NPs). The synthetic approach offers a general and straightforward method to precisely tune the sizes and loadings of noble‐metal NPs in metal oxides. This system thus provides a solid platform to clearly understand the role of noble‐metal NPs in photochemical water splitting. The presence of trace amounts of metal NPs (≈0.1 wt %) can enhance the photocatalytic activity for water splitting up to a factor of four. The findings can conceivably be applied to other semiconductors/noble‐metal catalysts, which may stand out as a new methodology to build highly efficient solar energy conversion systems.
Mechanochemical Tuning of the Binaphthyl Conformation at the Air–Water Interface
Authors: Ishikawa Daisuke , Mori Taizo , Yonamine Yusuke , Nakanishi Waka , Cheung David L. , Hill Jonathan P. , Ariga Katsuhiko 
Published: June 2015

AbstractGradual and reversible tuning of the torsion angle of an amphiphilic chiral binaphthyl, from −90° to −80°, was achieved by application of a mechanical force to its molecular monolayer at the air–water interface. This 2D interface was an ideal location for mechanochemistry for molecular tuning and its experimental and theoretical analysis, since this lowered dimension enables high orientation of molecules and large variation in the area. A small mechanical energy (<1 kcal mol−1) was applied to the monolayer, causing a large variation (>50 %) in the area of the monolayer and modification of binaphthyl conformation. Single‐molecule simulations revealed that mechanical energy was converted proportionally to torsional energy. Molecular dynamics simulations of the monolayer indicated that the global average torsion angle of a monolayer was gradually shifted.
Creating Space for Large Acceptors: Rational Biocatalyst Design for Resveratrol Glycosylation in an Aqueous System
Authors: Dirks‐Hofmeister Mareike E. , Verhaeghe Tom , De Winter Karel , Desmet Tom 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPolyphenols display a number of interesting properties but their low solubility limits practical applications. In that respect, glycosylation offers a solution for which sucrose phosphorylase has been proposed as a cost‐effective biocatalyst. However, its activity on alternative acceptor substrates is too low for synthetic purposes and typically requires the addition of organic (co‐)solvents. Here, we describe the engineering of the enzyme from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum to enable glycosylation of resveratrol as test case. Based on docking and modeling studies, an active‐site loop was predicted to hinder binding. Indeed, the unbolted loop variant R134A showed useful affinity for resveratrol (Km=185 mM) and could be used for the quantitative production of resveratrol 3‐α‐glucoside in an aqueous system. Improved activity was also shown for other acceptors, introducing variant R134A as promising new biocatalyst for glycosylation reactions on bulky phenolic acceptors.
Strand‐Biased Formation of G‐Quadruplexes in DNA Duplexes Transcribed with T7 RNA Polymerase
Authors: Liu Jia‐quan , Xiao Shan , Hao Yu‐hua , Tan Zheng 
Published: June 2015

AbstractG‐quadruplex‐forming sequences are enriched near transcription start sites (TSSs) in animal genes. They readily form G‐quadruplexes in transcription, which in turn regulate transcription. Therefore, the control of G‐quadruplex formation is important for their functionality. It is now shown that G‐quadruplexes form efficiently on the non‐template, but hardly on the template DNA strand in the downstream vicinity of TSSs in DNA duplexes when they are transcribed by the T7 RNA polymerase (RNAP). Structural analysis reveals that the T7 RNAP causes distortion in a DNA duplex both inside and in front of the enzyme. This structural distortion leads to strand‐biased G‐quadruplex formation when a G‐quadruplex‐forming sequence is partially fed into the T7 RNAP to a position about seven nucleotides away from the front of RNA synthesis. Based on these facts, we propose a model for the strand‐biased formation of G‐quadruplexes in transcribed DNA duplexes.
Gold‐Catalyzed Cyclization Leads to a Bridged Tetracyclic Indolenine that Represses β‐Lactam Resistance
Authors: Xu Wenqing , Wang Wei , Wang Xiang 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA gold‐catalyzed desilylative cyclization was developed for facile synthesis of bridged tetracyclic indolenines, a common motif in many natural indole alkaloids. An antimicrobial screen of the cyclization products identified one compound which selectively potentiates β‐lactam antibiotics in methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and re‐sensitizes a variety of MRSA strains to β‐lactams.
Access to Stable Metalloradical Cations with Unsupported and Isomeric Metal–Metal Hemi‐Bonds
Authors: Zheng Xin , Wang Xingyong , Zhang Zaichao , Sui Yunxia , Wang Xinping , Power Philip P. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMetalloradical species [Co2Fv(CO)4].+ (1.+, Fv=fulvalenediyl) and [Co2Cp2(CO)4].+ (2.+, Cp=η5‐C5H5), formed by one‐electron oxidations of piano‐stool cobalt carbonyl complexes, can be stabilized with weakly coordinating polyfluoroaluminate anions in the solid state. They feature a supported and an unsupported (i.e. unbridged) cobalt–cobalt three‐electron σ bond, respectively, each with a formal bond order of 0.5 (hemi‐bond). When Cp is replaced by bulkier Cp* (Cp*=η5‐C5Me5), an interchange between an unsupported radical [Co2Cp*2(CO)4].+ (anti‐3.+) and a supported radical [Co2Cp*2(μ‐CO)2(CO)2].+ (trans‐3.+) is observed in solution, which cocrystallize and exist in the crystal phase. 2.+ and anti‐3.+ are the first stable thus isolable examples that feature an unsupported metal–metal hemi‐bond, and the coexistence of anti‐3.+ and trans‐3.+ in one crystal is unprecedented in the field of dinuclear metalloradical chemistry. The work suggests that more stable metalloradicals of metal–metal hemi‐bonds may be accessible by using metal carbonyls together with large and weakly coordinating polyfluoroaluminate anions.
Therapeutic application of C1 esterase inhibitor concentrate for clinical amniotic fluid embolism: a case report
Authors: Todo Yusuke , Tamura Naoaki , Itoh Hiroaki , Ikeda Tomoaki , Kanayama Naohiro 
Published: June 2015

Key Clinical MessageWe present the successful application of C1 esterase inhibitor (C1INH) concentrate to a patient with clinical amniotic fluid embolism (AFE).
Computational (DFT) and Experimental (EXAFS) Study of the Interaction of [Ir(IMes)(H)2(L)3] with Substrates and Co‐substrates Relevant for SABRE in Dilute Systems
Authors: van Weerdenburg Bram J. A. , Engwerda Anthonius H. J. , Eshuis Nan , Longo Alessandro , Banerjee Dipanjan , Tessari Marco , Guerra Célia Fonseca , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Feiters Martin C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSignal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) is an emerging hyperpolarization method in NMR spectroscopy, in which hyperpolarization is transferred through the scalar coupling network of para‐hydrogen derived hydrides in a metal complex to a reversibly bound substrate. Substrates can even be hyperpolarized at concentrations below that of the metal complex by addition of a suitable co‐substrate. Here we investigate the catalytic system used for trace detection in NMR spectroscopy with [Ir(IMes)(H)2(L)3]+ (IMes=1,3‐dimesitylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) as catalyst, pyridine as a substrate and 1‐methyl‐1,2,3‐triazole as co‐substrate in great detail. With density functional theory (DFT), validated by extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) experiments, we provide explanations for the relative abundance of the observed metal complexes, as well as their contribution to SABRE. We have established that the interaction between iridium and ligands cis to IMes is weaker than that with the trans ligand, and that in mixed complexes with pyridine and triazole, the latter preferentially takes up the trans position.
The Key Role of the Nonchelating Conformation of the Benzylidene Ligand on the Formation and Initiation of Hoveyda–Grubbs Metathesis Catalysts
Authors: Bieszczad Bartosz , Barbasiewicz Michał 
Published: June 2015

AbstractExperimental studies of Hoveyda–Grubbs metathesis catalysts reveal important consequences of substitution at the 6‐position of the chelating benzylidene ligand. The structural modification varies conformational preferences of the ligand that affects its exchange due to the interaction of the coordinating site with the ruthenium center. As a consequence, when typical S‐chelated systems are formed as kinetic trans‐Cl2 products, for 6‐substituted benzylidenes the preference is altered toward direct formation of thermodynamic cis‐Cl2 isomers. Activity data and reactions with tricyclohexylphosphine (PCy3) support also a similar scenario for O‐chelated complexes, which display fast trans‐Cl2⇄cis‐Cl2 equilibrium observed by NMR EXSY studies. The presented conformational model reveals that catalysts, which cannot adopt the optimal nonchelating conformation of benzylidene ligand, initiate through a high‐energy associative mechanism.
Assessing the Quality of Care for Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction in China
Authors: Wang Yupeng , Fu Rong , Wang Zhiqiang , Bao Han , Chen Yongjie , Yang Fengjuan , Luo Xiao , Liu Meina 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThere is a wide practice gap between optimal care and actual care for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in China. Indicators of quality of care for AMI patients have already been developed by a modified Delphi process. Our aim was to assess the association between those indicators and in‐hospital mortality in AMI patients. We hypothesized that an association exists between quality‐of‐care indicators and in‐hospital mortality in AMI patients. Based on the data of 2128 AMI patients at 20 tertiary hospitals in Heilongjiang Province from January 1, 2009 to October 31, 2010, we estimated the compliance rates of indicators. Association between indicators and in‐hospital mortality was assessed using hierarchical generalized linear models. Among 2128 patients, 163 (7.66%) died during their hospital stay. The compliance rates were 71.6%, 41.3%, 82.5%, 63.5%, 80.4%, 5.1%, 28.9%, and 41.2% for the use of aspirin, β‐blocker, clopidogrel, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor, statin, thrombolytic, percutaneous coronary intervention, and coronary angiography, respectively. Aspirin, clopidogrel, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor, statin, and percutaneous coronary intervention were significantly associated with in‐hospital mortality after adjustment for potential confounding factors. We found some disparities between guidelines and clinical practice for AMI patients in China and a significant association between indicators and in‐hospital mortality. Our findings are potentially helpful for assessing and improving the quality of care for AMI patients in China.
An Organic Catalyst for Li–O2 Batteries: Dilithium Quinone‐1,4‐Dicarboxylate
Authors: Liu Jia , Renault Stéven , Brandell Daniel , Gustafsson Torbjörn , Edström Kristina , Zhu Jiefang 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSolid organic electrocatalysts have hardly been tested in Li–O2 batteries. Here, a new solid organic electrocatalyst, dilithium quinone‐1,4‐dicarboxylate (Li2C8H2O6) is presented, which is expected to overcome the shortcomings of inorganic catalysts. The function‐oriented synthesis is low cost and low polluting. The electrocatalytic performance is evaluated by following the degradation of Li2O2 during the charge process in a Li–O2 cell through in situ XRD and operando synchrotron radiation powder XRD (SR‐PXD) measurements. The results indicate that the electrocatalytic activity of Li2C8H2O6 is similar to that of commercial Pt. The Li2O2 decomposition in a cell with Li2C8H2O6 catalyst follows a pseudo‐zero‐order reaction, virtually without any side reactions. These results provide an insight into the development of new organic catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in Li–O2 batteries.
Titanium(IV) in the Organic‐Structure‐Directing‐Agent‐Free Synthesis of Hydrophobic and Large‐Pore Molecular Sieves as Redox Catalysts
Authors: Wang Jingui , Yokoi Toshiyuki , Kondo Junko N. , Tatsumi Takashi , Zhao Yanli 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTitanium(IV) incorporated into the framework of molecular sieves can be used as a highly active and sustainable catalyst for the oxidation of industrially important organic molecules. Unfortunately, the current process for the incorporation of titanium(IV) requires a large amount of expensive organic molecules used as organic‐structure‐directing agents (OSDAs), and this significantly increases the production costs and causes environmental problems owing to the removal of OSDAs by pyrolysis. Herein, an OSDA‐free process was developed to incorporate titanium(IV) into BEA‐type molecular sieves for the first time. More importantly, the hydrophobic environment and the robust, 3 D, and large pore structure of the titanium(IV)‐incorporated molecular sieves fabricated from the OSDA‐free process created a catalyst that was extremely active and selective for the epoxidation of bulky cyclooctene in comparison to Ti‐incorporated BEA‐type molecular sieves synthesized with OSDAs and commercial titanosilicate TS‐1.
Assessment of Transition Metals Toxicity in Environmental Matrices Using Potentiometric Electrodes: Inorganic Mercury(II) in the Seawater as a Case Study
Authors: Matos Marina R. A. , Gomes M. Teresa S. R. , Oliveira Joao A. B. P. , Alves Eliana , Cunha M. Angela S. D. A. , Almeida Adelaide , Rudnitskaya Alisa 
Published: June 2015

AbstractChalcogenide glass electrode was applied to the detection of mercury(II) activity in the saline bromide buffers and artificial seawater at the activity levels corresponding to the acute toxicity. Mercury(II) toxicity in artificial seawater buffers and estuarine water was assessed using bioassay based on the luminescence of the marine bacterium A. fischeri. Electrode could detect mercury activity in the artificial seawater at the level of acute toxicity, which corresponded to pHg 23.2 (time of exposure 5 min.). Both electrode and bioassay indicated higher Hg2+ activity/toxicity in the estuarine water collected in the contaminated area. Quantification of Hg2+ activity in estuarine water using the mercury‐selective electrode requires calibration procedure to account for matrix effects.
Electrochemically Stimulated DNA Release from a Polymer‐Brush Modified Electrode
Authors: Sempionatto Juliane R. , Gamella Maria , Guz Nataliia , Pingarrón José M. , Pedrosa Valber A. , Minko Sergiy , Katz Evgeny 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSingle‐stranded DNA molecules were loaded on the mixed poly(2‐vinylpyridine) (P2VP)/polyacrylic acid (PAA) brush covalently attached to an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The DNA deposition was performed at pH 3.0 when the polymer brush is positively charged due to protonation of pyridine groups in P2VP, thus resulting in electrostatic binding of the negatively charged DNA. By applying electrolysis at −1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl reference) oxygen reduction resulted in the consumption of hydrogen ions and local pH increase in the vicinity of the electrode surface. The process resulted in the local pH ca. 7.5 which yielded the negative state of the mixed polymer‐brush due to dissociation of carboxylic groups of PAA. This resulted in the electrostatic repulsion and release of the loaded DNA. The developed approach allows cyclic load‐release of the DNA with the significantly increased amount of the released DNA comparing with previously reported systems. Further options for the improvements of the system are discussed.
Doctors’ perspectives towards a bedside aminoglycoside therapeutic drug monitoring service: a collaboration between pharmacy and clinical pharmacology
Authors: Phillips Cameron J. , Chee Celine T. L. , Eaton Vaughn S. , Woodman Richard J. , Mangoni Arduino A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundA computerised area‐under‐the‐curve aminoglycoside therapeutic drug monitoring (A‐TDM) and dosing service was implemented at Flinders Medical Centre.AimTo assess attitudes and perceptions of junior medical officers and A‐TDM service providers towards the use and impact of A‐TDM.MethodsAn electronic survey was sent to junior medical officers containing questions on: A‐TDM awareness, impact on dosing, duration of therapy, minimisation of toxicity and the effect of provision of the service on knowledge of TDM principles. To determine whether respondents also had generally negative or positive attitudes, we used K‐means cluster analysis. A‐TDM service providers were also surveyed.ResultsFrom 145 junior medical officers contacted, 49 (33%) responded: 34 interns and 15 residents. The majority of officers provided generally positive responses, with 38 stating that they were aware of A‐TDM, 17 that it often assisted in their patient management, 34 that it improved optimal dosing, 22 that it improved duration, 32 that it improved toxicity minimisation and 33 that it improved their understanding of TDM principles. Cluster analysis produced a positive attitudes group (n = 35) and a negative attitudes group (n = 14) with significantly different responses for each of the six questions (p < 0.01 for each), indicating consistently different attitudes towards the service. Twelve of thirteen A‐TDM service providers responded: eight pharmacy and four medical, reporting positive attitudes towards A‐TDM on treatment efficacy (n = 11), dose optimisation (n = 11) and patient safety (n = 12).ConclusionA significant proportion of respondents were aware of A‐TDM principles and demonstrated favourable attitudes towards its use for dose optimisation and for minimising toxicity.
Evaluation of the physicochemical compatibility of cyclosporin infusion and parenteral nutrition when intravenously administered via the same central line lumen
Authors: Coutsouvelis John , Dong Yao‐Da , Witney Kate , Li Wenyuan , Corallo Carmela 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundPatients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation require cyclosporin (CsA) infusion to be administered concurrently with parenteral nutrition (PN).AimsTo evaluate the physicochemical compatibility of parenteral CsA and PN administered via the same lumen of a central venous access device and to quantify and identify any particulate matter.MethodsThree PN formulations were tested. Standard PN solution and PN solution with glutamine manufactured by Baxter Healthcare and standard PN solution manufactured by Fresenius Kabi. CsA concentrate for intravenous infusion 250 mg/5 mL (Sandimmun, Novartis Pharmaceuticals) was used.PN solutions were mixed with CsA at different volume ratios to simulate different rates of co‐infusion in clinical practice.A real‐life simulation was also performed with CsA in glucose 5% co‐infused with the PN solution via the same lumen of a central venous access device.The size of colloidal species in the resulting samples was measured using dynamic light scattering.ResultsThe static experiments for all dilution ratios and types of PN with CsA indicated average particle diameters of less than 500 nm. Only one sample indicated a particle larger than 5 µm.The ‘real‐life’ simulation did not detect any particle with diameter greater than 5 µm. This was across all types of PN solutions and for all samples taken at a number of time points up to 24 h.ConclusionCommercially available PN formulations can be administered concurrently with CsA via the same lumen of a central venous access device. For infusions running up to 24 h, there is minimal risk of particle formation with a diameter greater than 5 µm.
Advanced practice: a survey of current perspectives of Australian pharmacists
Authors: Jackson Shane , Martin Grant , Bergin Jennifer , Clark Bronwyn , Halstead Peter , Rowett Debra , Stupans Ieva , Galbraith Kirstie , Yeates Gilbert , Nissen Lisa , Marty Stephen , Gysslink Paul , Kirsa Sue , Coombes Ian , Matthews Andrew , Deans Kerry , Sorimachi Kay 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackground
An Advanced Pharmacy Practice Framework for Australia (the ‘APPF’) was published in October 2012. Further to the release of the APPF, the Advanced Pharmacy Practice Framework Steering Committee planned to develop an advanced practice recognition model for Australian pharmacists.AimTo gauge the perspectives of the pharmacy profession relating to advanced practice, via an online survey, in order to inform the design of the model.MethodA survey was developed and administered to Australian pharmacists through
SurveyMonkey
. The survey content was based on findings from a review of national and international initiatives for recognition of advanced practice in pharmacy and other health disciplines, including medicine and nursing.ResultsThe results of the survey showed that a high proportion of respondents considered they were already working at, or working towards achieving, an advanced level of practice. The responses relating to the assessment methods showed a clear preference for ‘submission of a professional portfolio’. A ‘written examination’ had a low level of support and in relation to an ‘oral examination by a panel’ there was a marked preference for a panel of multidisciplinary health professionals over a panel of pharmacists.ConclusionThe survey outcomes will inform the development of an advanced pharmacy practice recognition model for Australian pharmacists, particularly in relation to the assessment methods. Survey outcomes also demonstrated that there is scope to further enhance the application of the APPF in the development and recognition of advanced practitioners, and to build greater awareness of the breadth of competencies encompassed by ‘advanced practice’.