bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the star-formation activity and ionizing properties of high-redshift galaxies
Authors: Chakraborty Anirban , Choudhury Tirthankar Roy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Early results from the JWST observations have reported a surprisingly high number of UV-bright galaxies at z ≥ 10, which appears to challenge the theoretical predictions from standard galaxy formation models in the ΛCDM framework at these redshifts. To alleviate this tension, several cosmological and astrophysical interpretations have been advanced. However, all of these proposed scenarios carry noteworthy consequences for other large-scale processes in the early Universe, particularly cosmic reionization, since high-redshift galaxies are believed to be the primary ionizing sources during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). To investigate this, we introduce a semi-analytical model of galaxy formation and evolution that explains the evolving galaxy UV luminosity function (UVLF) over 6 ≲ z ≲ 15, and also jointly tracks the time evolution of the globally averaged neutral hydrogen fraction in the intergalactic medium. The model self-consistently accounts for the suppression of star formation in low-mass galaxies due to reionization feedback and is constrained by comparing the model predictions with various observational probes like the UVLF data from HST and JWST, recent measurements of the neutral hydrogen fraction, and the CMB scattering optical depth. Our analysis confirms that a rapid enhancement in the star-formation rate efficiency and/or UV luminosity per stellar mass formed is necessary for consistency with the JWST UVLF estimates at z ≥ 10. We further find that it is possible to jointly satisfy the current reionization constraints when the escape fraction is assumed to be halo-mass dependent, requiring higher Lyman-continuum leakage from low-mass galaxies. We also examine the relative contribution of galaxies with different UV luminosities towards the ionizing photon budget for the EoR and investigate the large-scale bias of high-z galaxies.
An experimental study on the impact of motivation and gender on pedestrian movement characteristics in a bottleneck flow
Authors: Li Hongliu , Li Xudong , Song Weiguo , Zhang Jun , TY Lo Jacqueline 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The influence of different motivations on pedestrian evacuation efficiency, like whether incentivizing faster moving or encouraging polite behaviors is beneficial to evacuation, and the potential existence of gender-based differences, still lacks clear answers. This study aims to narrow this gap by conducting a laboratory bottleneck evacuation experiment to investigate the influence of movement motivation and gender of pedestrians on evacuation efficiency. Our findings reveal that both bottleneck width and pedestrian motivation significantly impact the flow. For men, when the bottleneck width surpasses a threshold, high motivation increases the flow; below this threshold, it reduces the flow. For women, high motivation consistently leads to higher evacuation efficiency than normal motivation regardless of the bottleneck width. The time interval is significantly influenced by the bottleneck width, pedestrians’ gender and their interaction term. Increasing bottleneck width does not always lead to a decrease in density when men are highly motivated; while for women, wider bottlenecks alleviate congestion around the exit.
Investigating resource-efficient neutron/gamma classification ML models targeting eFPGAs
Authors: Johnson Jyothisraj , Boxer Billy , Prakash Tarun , Grace Carl , Sorensen Peter , Tripathi Mani 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThere has been considerable interest and resulting progress in implementing machine learning (ML) models in hardware over the last several years from the particle and nuclear physics communities. A big driver has been the release of the Python package, hls4ml, which has enabled porting models specified and trained using Python ML libraries to register transfer level (RTL) code. So far, the primary end targets have been commercial field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or synthesized custom blocks on application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). However, recent developments in open-source embedded FPGA (eFPGA) frameworks now provide an alternate, more flexible pathway for implementing ML models in hardware. These customized eFPGA fabrics can be integrated as part of an overall chip design. In general, the decision between a fully custom, eFPGA, or commercial FPGA ML implementation will depend on the details of the end-use application. In this work, we explored the parameter space for eFPGA implementations of fully-connected neural network (fcNN) and boosted decision tree (BDT) models using the task of neutron/gamma classification with a specific focus on resource efficiency. We used data collected using an AmBe sealed source incident on Stilbene, which was optically coupled to an OnSemi J-series silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) to generate training and test data for this study. We investigated relevant input features and the effects of bit-resolution and sampling rate as well as trade-offs in hyperparameters for both ML architectures while tracking total resource usage. The performance metric used to track model performance was the calculated neutron efficiency at a gamma leakage of 10-3. The results of the study will be used to aid the specification of an eFPGA fabric, which will be integrated as part of a test chip.
Testbeam results of irradiated SiGe BiCMOS monolithic silicon pixel detector without internal gain layer
Authors: Moretti T. , Milanesio M. , Cardella R. , Kugathasan T. , Picardi A. , Semendyaev I. , Elviretti M. , Rücker H. , Nakamura K. , Takubo Y. , Togawa M. , Cadoux F. , Cardarelli R. , Cecconi L. , Débieux S. , Favre Y. , Fenoglio C.A. , Ferrere D. , Gonzalez-Sevilla S. , Iodice L. , Kotitsa R. , Magliocca C. , Nessi M. , Pizarro-Medina A. , Sabater Iglesias J. , Saidi J. , Vicente Barreto Pinto M. , Zambito S. , Paolozzi L. , Iacobucci G. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Samples of the monolithic silicon pixel ASIC prototype
produced in 2022 within the framework of the Horizon 2020 MONOLITH
ERC Advanced project were irradiated with 70 MeV protons up to a
fluence of
1 ×
1016 neq/cm2, and then tested using a beam of
120 GeV/c pions. The ASIC contains a matrix of 100 μm pitch
hexagonal pixels, read out by low noise and very fast frontend
electronics produced in a 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology process.
The dependence on the proton fluence of the efficiency and the time
resolution of this prototype was measured with the frontend
electronics operated at a power density between 0.13 and
0.9 W/cm2. The testbeam data show that the detection efficiency
of 99.96% measured at sensor bias voltage of 200 V before
irradiation becomes 96.2% after a fluence of
1 ×
1016 neq/cm2. An increase of the sensor bias
voltage to 300 V provides an efficiency to 99.7% at that proton
fluence. The timing resolution of 20 ps measured before
irradiation rises for a proton fluence of
1 ×
1016 neq/cm2 to 53 and 45 ps at HV = 200
and 300 V, respectively.
The Total Costs of Wheat and Watermelon Crops Grown in Diyala Governorate / Al-Adhim Region, a Model for the Year 2022
Authors: Chaied Al-Fahdawy Liwees Kamel , Ahmed Al-Jumaily Jadoo Shehab 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The research reviews the marginal product function, indicating also the factors influencing the choice of irrigation sources, and the efficiency relevant to this research. In order to analyze the indicators of both technical efficiency and economic efficiency of the methods of using the studied irrigation water sources, it is necessary to analyze the total production costs and the various measures related to the economic performance of the wheat and parchment crops. The average total costs of producing one Acres of watermelon for farmers who used Al-adhim Dam water using the superficial method amounted to about 1,737,199 dinars per Acres. As for the total production costs for the Acres planted with watermelon and irrigated with groundwater for both the surface watermelon and drip irrigation methods, the average amounted to approximately 1,928,312 dinars. /Acres, and 2,269,835 dinars/Acres, respectively. It is noted that the total output of the subterranean farmers who irrigated their crops with groundwater using the surface irrigation method amounted to 2,649,468.75 dinars/Acres, while the output of their counterparts who relied on the drip irrigation method recorded 2,981,745.13 dinars/Acres, while the economic efficiency was recorded The profitability of production is 0.37, which means that irrigating the watermelon crop with the water of the Al-Adhim Dam on a superficial basis achieved profits, and that every single unit of the total production costs per Acres gave a net income at a rate of 0.37 dinars/Acres for the watermelon crop. As for the wheat crop, the total output of the crop that was irrigated with the water of the Al-Adhim Dam With the surface irrigation method, it amounted to 546,923.73 dinars/Acres, while the output for its counterpart that was irrigated with the pivot irrigation method was 591,011.9 dinars/Acres. When the wheat crop was irrigated with groundwater using the surface irrigation method and the pivot irrigation method, the total output reached 585,976.56 dinars/Acres, and 618,444.44 dinars/Acres, respectively. The total yield of the wheat crop, which was irrigated with water from the Al-adhim Dam using the surface irrigation method, amounted to 546,923.73 dinars/Acres, while the yield of its counterpart, which was irrigated using the center-pivot irrigation method, recorded 591,011.9 dinars/Acres. There were also no significant differences between the two results, as the significance value was 0.95, noting that there were also no significant differences recorded between the productivity of a Acres of wheat grains irrigated with water from the Al-adhim Dam using the surface irrigation method (769.3 kg/Acres), and its counterpart irrigated using the center pivot irrigation method (791.18). kg/acre).
A Comparative Study of the Economic and Social Factors for the use of Al-Adhim Dam Water and Groundwater for Wheat and Watermelon Crops in Diyala Governorate for the Year 2022
Authors: Chaied Al-Fahdawy Liwees Kamel , Ahmed Al-Jumaily Jadoo Shehab 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The research aims to study the economic and social factors of the study sample in Diyala Governorate / Al-Adhim Dam district for wheat and watermelon crops for the agricultural season 2021/2022 according to agricultural water sources (Al-Adhim Dam water, and groundwater). A review and comparison of the various socio-economic factors of the farmers who were surveyed, according to the studied crop, the source of agricultural water, and irrigation methods. The factors include (irrigation method, drainage force, number of irrigations, quantity of water, age, educational level, agricultural experience, farm area, cultivated area). For the studied crop, and other sources of family income), the research sample included (151) watermelon farms distributed as follows: 32 farmers who depend on the water of the Al-adhim Dam, and (119) farmers who irrigate their crops from groundwater, while there were (292) for wheat. Among them (160) farmers used Al-Adhim Dam water to irrigate their crops, and (32) farmers relied on groundwater for the same purpose.
The Level of Application of Wheat Farmers of Sulaymaniyah Variety (2) to Scientific Recommendations Related to Service of the Crop in Chamchamal District / Sulaymaniyah Governorate
Authors: Ismael Jameel Ibrahim , Jassim Mahmoud Hadis 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The research aimed to measure the level of application by farmers of the wheat crop, variety Sulaymaniyah (2), to scientific recommendations in the field of cultivation and service of the crop, as well as to identify the correlation between the level of application and some independent factors specific to farmers, as well as to identify the size of the problems faced by farmers of the wheat crop, variety Sulaymaniyah (2) in Chamchamal district, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, prepared a questionnaire was prepared consisting of three sections. The first section included some independent factors related to farmers, represented by (age, educational level, experience in the field of crop cultivation, type of possession, trend towards modern agricultural technologies), while the third section includedes (31) items. Each of them represents a scientific recommendation in the field of crop cultivation and service. and the third section, includes (16) problems that farmers of the wheat crop, Sulaymaniyah variety (2), may face. The research population included all farmers of the wheat crop, Sulaymaniyah variety (2), in Chamchamal District, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, and its affiliated districts, that officially registered by the Chamchamal Agriculture Directorate, their Number (214). After excluding the research sample of 30 respondents, a simple random sample of 50% of the number of farmers in each district was selected, the number of respondents who underwent the research became (92) farmers. The results showed that the level of farmers’ application of scientific recommendations in the field of crop cultivation and service is average and tends to decrease. It also showed that there is a significant correlation between the level of application and most of the factors studied. The results also showed that the problem (high fertilizer prices) ranked first among the problems facing farmers. The researchers concluded that farmers of the Sulaymaniyah (2) wheat crop need to intensify extension activities in the research area to provide farmers with knowledge and skills related to crop service. They also concluded that farmers suffer from major problems when planting the crop. The researchers recommend implementing extension campaigns in the research area to reach the largest number of farmers and taking into account the factors in which a significant correlation appeared when implementing extension activities related to the crop. They also recommend the need for coordination between relevant government departments to find solutions to the problems facing farmers in the research area.
Evaluate Efficiency of Management in Using Some Seed Varieties for Wheat Production in Diyala Governorate
Authors: Zaidan Ali G. , Mahmood Mhanaa A. , Al-Baldawi A. T. , Ali Eskander H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify the efficiency of the agricultural management in selecting to improved cultivated varieties, namely Ibaa-99 and Bhoot 22 in the production of wheat crop. and the extent of the influence of agricultural on the production process. Results of economic analysis by calculating economic parameters. The economic profit amounted to 19037063.0, 31651009.7 ID (Iraq Dinars) for each of the categories, Ibaa-99 and Bhoot-22 respectively. It was also noted through the net cash income indicator that Bhoot-22 achieved the highest value of 39702750 dinars, while Ibaa-99 achieved 24473000 ID. The value of the invested dinar return 1.637, 2.102 for Ibaa-99 and Bhoot-22, respectively, the capital productivity for each of the Ibaa-99 and Bhoot-22 was approximately 2.00, 2.92 respectively. The study confirms that the support for production inputs especially of seed provided by the state led to this being reflected in the level of the return on the invested dinar and the productivity of capital.
An Economic Study of the Margins and Profits of Middlemen in the Marketing of Chicken Meat Marketing Channels in Baghdad Province for the Season 2023
Authors: Al-Haboobi Zahraa A. M. , Jassam Q.T. , Alsaad Awf A. , Shuker Ali S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Marketing studies are important to researchers and policy makers. The study of marketing margins and efficiency is important to understand the marketing problems that face parties of the marketing process. The aim of the research is to measure the efficiency margins and the most important marketing channels for marketing chicken meat in the province of Baghdad and to identify the most important marketing problems facing marketers of the commodity. The absolute marketing margins were (0, 1360, 1570, 1545) for the four channels respectively, while the price paid by the consumer was variable according to the marketing channel (3150, 3790, 3920, 4065) for the four channels respectively. The marketing efficiency were (100%, 59.9%, 44%, 43.6%) for the four channels, respectively and the marketers’ profits were (1153, 762, 470, 893) for the four channels respectively. The study showed that the problem of the lack of modern slaughterhouses has a big impact on marketing operations with percentage of 19.3% among the most important marketing problems facing chicken meat marketers, followed by the problem of competition for imported chicken meat which constituted 17.4% of the problems facing chicken meat marketers. These two problems were the two most important problems faced by marketers of chicken meat in Baghdad province. The study came out with some recommendations, including the necessity of government aid to marketing institutions for the purpose of working to reduce the costs of marketing operations, reducing the number of middlemen while preserving the efficiency of marketing operations and benefits to consumers, and encouraging cooperative marketing in order to ensure bargaining power for producers and prevent exploitation by middlemen and traders.
An Econometric Study of the Factors Affecting the Value of Agricultural Output in Iraq for the Period 2000-2022
Authors: Muhammad Shihab Saif Al-Din , Rahim Firas Ibrahim 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Agricultural output is an important indicator of agricultural productivity and a country’s ability to meet its food and economic needs. Agricultural output is affected by several factors that affect, whether directly or indirectly, agricultural operations and agricultural crops, and there are some factors affecting agricultural output. An appropriate balance must be provided between these factors and managed effectively to achieve the highest levels of agricultural productivity. There are many problems related to the factors affecting agricultural output, namely soil degradation, as soil pollution and deterioration of its quality is another challenge that affects agricultural output. As well as the lack of investment and financing, as the agricultural sector suffers from a lack of investment and financing, which affects the ability to improve technology and develop agricultural practices. The lack of investment can restrict the ability to use modern technologies. These are some of the major issues related to the factors affecting agricultural output. Emphasis should be placed on solving these problems and enhancing investment in agricultural infrastructure and agricultural financing. The desired goal is to determine the growth rate and the general trend of some indicators used in the analysis. The research concluded that the average public investment in the agricultural sector is limited for the period of the study, as it does not exceed 26.4 million dollars, noting that the agricultural sector in Iraq needs large capitals to advance it. It is also exposed to conditions of risk, uncertainty, and a long recovery period for capital. These factors have led to weak incentives for the private sector to invest in the agricultural sector and the majority of investments remain government. The research recommended that in order to contribute to solving the effects of climate change, it is necessary to use information systems and data from agricultural weather stations spread in Iraq to implement annual agricultural plans, as well as to benefit from agricultural crop suitability maps to distribute the cultivation of different crops over geographical areas according to the available capabilities of economic resources.
Farmers’ Training and Knowledge Needs in the Use of Solar Power System (Photovoltaic PV) in Salah Al-Din Governorate/Al-Sharqat District
Authors: Abdul Jubouri Khairalluah Faraj Sabhan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This research targeted the training and knowledge needs of farmers in the use of the solar energy system in Salah al-Din / Shirqat district and their relationship to curtains variables. The research also included ranking the problems that arise as a result of solar energy utilization, photovoltaic PV system, and identifying the relationships between those training needs of farmers and the independent variables represented in (age, academic achievement possession of the tools and resources of production, as well as preparedness for change, their level of exposure to information sources, Adaptability to Change these modern technologies). This research included all 40 farmers who used the solar energy system (photovoltaic PV) in Shirqat district. A questionnaire was two parts that are designed: the first portion of which included the personal variables related to agriculture, and the second part of which included (18) paragraphs representing the training and knowledge needs of farmers in the use of the system. The results showed that (75%) of the respondents fall within the medium and high categories. Thus, the training and knowledge needs for the use of the system tend to rise. The results also showed a a strong relationship between each variable and the training needs (age, academic achievement, exposure to sources, and the tendency towards the use of these modern technologies), while to show significant differences between the training needs and each of the variables (production means and equipment, and readiness for change). The researcher recommended the need to intensify training and knowledge courses in the use of modern technologies and the need to urge the work of training courses and workshops for farmers in the field of using the solar photovoltaic PV energy system in the research area.
The Level of Farmers’ Knowledge About the Risks of Pesticides on the Environment in Samarra District / Salah Al-Din Governorate
Authors: Hasan Yasmen Hatem , Shada Maha Saeed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The research aims to determine the level of farmers’ knowledge of the risks of pesticides on the environment in Samarra District/Salah al-Din Governorate. And to determine the correlation between the level of farmers’ knowledge of the risks of pesticides on the environment and each of the personal factors (age, educational attainment, size of the cultivated area, number of years of pesticide use, sources of information)., the trend towards training). And arranging the research areas according to the level of farmers’ knowledge in descending order. And identifying the problems that farmers in the Samarra District suffer from when using pesticides. The research included all farmers in the Samarra District, who numbered (413) farmers, and a random sample was taken from them at a rate of (10%). Thus, increasing sources of information increases farmers’ knowledge about the harmful effects of pesticides. The research sample became (41) farmers. The results showed that the general level of knowledge about the use of agricultural pesticides among the respondents is average and tends to decrease, and that increasing sources of information increases farmers’ knowledge about the harmful effects of pesticides, due to the high percentage of those with an average level of knowledge and the presence of a percentage of those with a low level of knowledge among the respondents regarding the use of pesticides. This requires that the Agricultural Extension Service, represented by the Agricultural Division in the Samarra District and the Extension Department in the Governorate’s Agriculture Directorate, work to disseminate knowledge and modern methods regarding the issue of the use of agricultural pesticides, their harms, and methods of reducing their harms, and to pay attention to training farmers in the Samarra District by introducing them to training courses. In the areas of pesticide damage, focusing on areas in which information has been shown to be weak.