bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trade openness and government size of small developing countries
Authors: Lin Faqin , Li Bing , Sim Nicholas C. S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the causal effect that trade openness has on government size in small developing countries (SDCs). We use the construction of the trade cost variables based on Baltic Dry Index in primary goods as instruments of trade openness to address the endogeneity issue. We find that the increase in trade openness leads to an increase in government size: a 1 percent expansion in trade openness (trade GDP ratio) raises government consumption over GDP ratio by approximately 0.1–0.2 percentage points on average. Its quantitative significance emphasizes the importance of rethinking the costs and benefits of trade openness for SDCs.
Impact of deferred grazing and fertilizer on herbage production, soil seed reserve and nutritive value of native pastures in steep hill country of southern Australia
Authors: Nie Z. N. , Zollinger R. P. , Behrendt R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDeveloping sustainable grazing management systems based on perennial species is critical to preventing land degradation in marginal land classes. A field study was conducted from 2002 to 2006 to identify the impacts of deferred grazing (no defoliation of pastures for a period generally from spring to autumn) and fertilizer application on herbage accumulation, soil seed reserve and nutritive value in a hill pasture in western Victoria, Australia. Three deferred grazing strategies were used: short‐term deferred grazing (no defoliation between October and January), long‐term deferred grazing (no defoliation from October to the autumn break) and optimized deferred grazing (withholding time from grazing commenced between annual grass stem elongation and seed head emergence and concluded in February/March). These treatments were applied with two fertilizer levels (with or without fertilizer at 50 kg phosphorus ha−1 and 2000 kg lime ha−1 applied in year 1 only) in a factorial arrangement and two additional treatments: continuous grazing (CG) and no grazing (NG) in year 1. The deferred grazing treatments on average produced herbage dry matter of 4773 kg ha−1, the NG produced 4583 kg ha−1 and the CG produced 3183 kg ha−1 in year 4 (2005–06) of the experiment. Deferred grazing treatments with and without fertilizer application produced an average of 5135 and 4411 kg DM ha−1 respectively. Averaged over 4 years, deferred grazing increased the germinable seed pool of perennial grasses by 200% and annual grasses by 50% (except optimized deferred grazing that considerably decreased the annual grass seed pool) compared with the CG. The best of the deferred grazing strategies increased the digestibility of pastures by 7% compared with the CG. The results demonstrated that deferred grazing from spring to autumn followed by rotational grazing could be an effective tool to increase herbage production and soil seed pool and improve the digestibility of native pastures in the steep hill country of southern Australia.
Association between nutritional screening via the Controlling Nutritional Status index and bone mineral density in chronic liver disease of various etiologies
Authors: López‐Larramona Germán , Lucendo Alfredo J. , Tenías José María 
Published: July 2014

AimBone density disorders are prevalent in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), who commonly present with hepatic osteodystrophy. However, the relationship between nutritional status and bone mineral density (BMD) has been scarcely studied in CLD.MethodsThis single‐center, cross‐sectional study included outpatients consecutively diagnosed with CLD during a 1.5‐year period. The nutritional status was assessed with the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) index; dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scans and parameters of bone mineral metabolism were carried out. Bone fracture risk was estimated with the World Health Organization FRAX tool.ResultsAmong the 126 patients recruited (58.7% male), osteopenia and osteoporosis were present in 31.1% and 10.7%, respectively. The 10‐year fracture risk was significantly higher among women. Malnutrition estimated with the CONUT index was present in 29.9% of patients and was significantly more frequent in cirrhotic patients, 63.4% of whom were malnourished. Malnutrition stage directly correlated with hepatic function as expressed by the Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease index. A non‐significant relationship between CONUT‐assessed nutritional status and BMD was documented. 25‐Hydroxyvitamin‐D3 (25[OH]‐D3) and fracture risk correlated positively with the CONUT stage, and total cholesterol had an inverse relationship with BMD.ConclusionMalnutrition assessed by the CONUT was very frequent in patients with liver cirrhosis. The CONUT score inversely correlated with liver function, while malnutrition stage directly correlated with BMD, fracture risk and 25(OH)‐D3. Total cholesterol showed a negative association with BMD in this population.
Patients' views on the effectiveness of patient‐held records: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies
Authors: Sartain Samantha A. , Stressing Samantha , Prieto Jacqui 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo synthesise the views of patients on patient‐held records (PHR) and to determine from a patient's perspective the effectiveness and any benefits or drawbacks to the PHR.DesignSystematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies, which investigate the perspective of patients on the effectiveness of the PHR.Data sourcesMedline, CINAHL, PsychINFO, PubMed, Cochrane.Review methodsSystematic review of literature relevant to the research question and thematic synthesis involving line by line coding of the quotations from participants and the interpretations of the findings offered by authors.ResultsTen papers that reported the experiences of 455 patients were included in the thematic synthesis. Five studies focused on cancer care, two on mental health, one on antenatal care, one on chronic disease and one on learning disability. The completeness of reporting was variable. Three main themes were identified: (i) practical benefits of the PHR (having a record of one's condition, an aide memoire, useful information source and tool for sharing information across the health system); (ii) psychological benefits of the PHR (empowered to ask questions, a place to record thoughts and feelings and feeling in control); and (iii) drawbacks to the PHR (PHR imposes unwanted responsibility and ineffectiveness).ConclusionsThe effectiveness of the PHR is largely dependent upon uptake across the health system from patients and health‐care providers alike. Robust qualitative studies are needed, which offer more complete reporting and examine what patients want and need from a PHR.
An analysis of the Research Team–Service User relationship from the Service User perspective: a consideration of ‘The Three Rs’ (Roles, Relations, and Responsibilities) for healthcare research organisations
Authors: Jordan Melanie , Rowley Emma , Morriss Richard , Manning Nick 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundThis article debates interview data from service users who engaged with the work of a Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC). The evidence base, to date, concerning the nature of CLAHRC work at the frontline (i.e. What is it actually like to do CLAHRC work?) is meagre; thus, this article represents an original contribution to that literature. Further, this article analyses service users' participation in research – as members of the research team – and so contributes to the body of developing literature regarding involvement too.ObjectiveThis article explores the nature of the Research Team–Service User relationship, plus associated roles, relations and responsibilities of collaborative health research.DesignQualitative social science research was undertaken in a health‐care research organization utilizing interview method and a medical sociology and organizational sociology theoretical framework for analysis. Data utilized originate from a larger evaluation study that focuses on the CLAHRC as an iterative organization and explores members' experiences.ResultsThere can be a disparity between initial expectations and actual experiences of involvement for service users. Therefore, as structured via ‘The Three Rs’ (Roles, Relations and Responsibilities), aspects of the relationship are evaluated (e.g. motivation, altruism, satisfaction, transparency, scope, feedback, communication, time).Regarding the inclusion of service users in health research teams, a careful consideration of ‘The Three Rs’ is required to ensure expectations match experiences.
Revascularization of an immature tooth with apical periodontitis using a single visit protocol: a case report
Authors: McCabe P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimTo discuss the clinical and radiological outcome of a revascularization procedure which was completed in a single visit (using sodium hypochlorite 5% as the sole disinfectant) in an immature tooth with a necrotic pulp and apical periodontitis.SummaryA 7‐year‐old girl was referred in pain following trauma to the maxillary anterior region some 6–7 weeks previously. The maxillary left central incisor tooth was diagnosed with a necrotic pulp and acute apical periodontitis. Under local anaesthesia and rubber dam isolation, an access cavity was prepared. The canal was irrigated with a 5% sodium hypochlorite solution and agitated with an ultrasonic file. A 17% EDTA solution was also used for a final rinse. Bleeding was induced into the canal space from the periapical tissues using a K‐file. An MTA layer/barrier was placed directly onto the blood clot, and a further layer of GC Fuji IX cement was placed on top of the MTA to restore the access cavity. The tooth was reevaluated at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 18 months. The tooth has remained symptom free. Radiographic examination shows progressive thickening of the root canal walls, root lengthening and apical closure.Key learning points

Disinfection with 5% sodium hypochlorite followed by the induction of a blood clot into the root canal space may be sufficient to promote revascularization in certain circumstances.

A single visit revascularization procedure is a potential treatment option.
Going green for self or for others? Gender and identity salience effects on sustainable consumption
Authors: Costa Pinto Diego , Herter Márcia M. , Rossi Patricia , Borges Adilson 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study is to explore the effects of gender and salient identity on sustainable consumption. In particular, this research investigates how gender effects on sustainable consumption may be contingent to the identity that is salient to the consumer during the evaluation process (personal vs. social). According to identity‐based motivation theory, the salience of personal identity means that people temporarily think about themselves as individuals, whereas social identity salience means that people see themselves as part of a group. The results from an experimental study indicated that when personal identity was salient, female participants declared higher levels of sustainable consumption compared with male participants. However, when social identity was salient, male participants increased their sustainable consumption intentions to the same level as female participants. Finally, this research discusses the theoretical and managerial implications on identities, gender and sustainable consumption.
Elaborating on the attitude–behaviour gap regarding organic products: young Danish consumers and in‐store food choice
Authors: Aschemann‐Witzel Jessica , Niebuhr Aagaard Emilie Marie 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEven though most consumers hold positive attitudes towards organic food, attitudes appear not to translate into respective behaviour to the same extent. It has been found that the high price and availability are major reasons for this attitude–behaviour gap, especially among young consumers. In Denmark, supermarkets offer a comparatively broad organic food range at relatively small price premiums; however, even in Denmark, market growth rates are moderate. To explore in detail young consumer's barriers to act upon their attitudes, we aimed at researching their thoughts and product associations at the point of sale. Qualitative accompanied shopping interviews with 10 young consumers holding positive attitudes towards organic were conducted. The analysis resulted in a model of the point‐of‐sale thoughts concerning organic food, showing that the conditions (expected quality, price premium) met in the store and the personal context (moral beliefs, household member influence) impact the argumentations, which lead to a choice decision and subsequent elaboration of the consequences of this choice. Price is discussed as a main barrier, but a temporary one: young consumers argue that they postpone organic purchases until a later stage in life. We conclude that to increase young Danish consumers' choice of organic, the high price premium image needs to be lessened and the differentiation from conventional food improved. Furthermore, communication might trigger young consumers to consider acting now upon ethical values, instead of postponing it.
Formal and relational governance in IT outsourcing: substitution, complementarity and the role of the psychological contract
Authors: Lioliou Eleni , Zimmermann Angelika , Willcocks Leslie , Gao Lan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study aims to contribute to the literature on IT outsourcing governance by advancing our understanding of mechanisms of substitution and complementarity between formal and relational governance. Our study illustrates certain conditions under which substitution and complementarity can occur and depicts a two‐way causal relationship between them. Our examination further provides a more in‐depth assessment of relational governance by using the concept of the psychological contract. Our results demonstrate that the psychologically binding nature of the psychological contract makes it a particularly forceful substitute to formal governance, while its associations with other relationship aspects make it a forceful complement.
Cross‐bridge cycling in smooth muscle: a short review
Authors: ARNER A. , MALMQVIST U. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThis review is focused on the cross‐bridge interaction of the organized contractile system of smooth muscle fibres. By using chemically skinned preparations the different enzymatic reactions of actin‐myosin interaction have been associated with mechanical events. A rigor state has been identified in smooth muscle and the binding of ATP causes dissociation of rigor cross‐bridges at rates slightly slower than those in skeletal muscle, but fast enough not to be rate‐limiting for cross‐bridge turn over in the muscle fibre. The release of inorganic phosphate (Pi) is associated with force generation, and this process is not rate‐limiting for maximal shortening velocity (Vmax) in the fully activated muscle. The binding of ADP to myosin is strong in the smooth muscle contractile system, a property that might be associated with the generally slow cross‐bridge turn over. Both force and Vmax are modulated by the extent of myosin light chain phosphorylation. Low levels of activation are considered to be associated with the recruitment of slowly cycling dephosphorylated cross‐bridges which reduces shortening velocity. The attachment of these cross‐bridge states in skinned smooth muscle can be regulated by cooperative mechanisms and thin filament associated systems. Smooth muscles exhibit a large diversity in their Vmax and the individual smooth muscle tissue can alter its Vmax under physiological conditions. The diversity and the long‐term modulation of phenotype are associated with changes in myosin heavy and light chain isoform expression.
Regulation of the cross‐bridge cycle: the effects of MgADP, LC17 isoforms and telokin
Authors: SOMLYO A.V. , MATTHEW J.D. , WU X. , KHROMOV A.S. , SOMLYO A.P. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThis review summarizes the role of MgADP in force maintenance by dephosphorylated cross‐bridges in smooth muscle and a potential physiological role for telokin. In tonic, compared with phasic, smooth muscles the affinity of cross‐bridges is ∼5 times higher for MgADP and the apparent second‐order rate constant for MgATP is ∼3 times lower. This gives rise to a large population of dephosphorylated cross‐bridges in tonic smooth muscle. Such cross‐bridges are thought to be major determinants of the different relaxation kinetics of the two types of smooth muscle and contribute to force maintenance at low levels of MLC20 phosphorylation, termed ‘catch‐like state’ (Somlyo & Somlyo 1967) or ‘latch’ (Dillon et al. 1981). The molecular basis of the different affinities for MgADP and MgATP between tonic and phasic smooth muscle myosin was explored by exchange of essential myosin light chain (LC17) isoforms. In phasic bladder smooth muscle the exchange of LC17b for LC17a caused a significant decrease in the unloaded shortening velocity of non‐phosphorylated, slowly cycling cross‐bridges, suggesting that the LC17 isoforms contribute to the nucleotide affinity of latch bridges. The role of telokin in Ca2+‐desensitization in phasic smooth muscle is reviewed. Telokin, the independently expressed C‐terminus of myosin light chain kinase, is extensively phosphorylated during forskolin‐ and 8‐br‐cGMP‐induced relaxation in situ. Telokin accelerated dephosphorylation of the regulatory myosin light chain and relaxed rabbit ileum smooth muscle. The results suggest that telokin contributes to cAMP and/or cGMP kinase‐mediated Ca2+‐desensitization of phasic smooth muscles.
Myosin light chain kinase: functional domains and structural motifs
Authors: STULL J.T. , LIN P.J. , KRUEGER J.K. , TREWHELLA J. , ZHI G. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTConventional myosin light chain kinase found in differentiated smooth and non‐muscle cells is a dedicated Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase which phosphorylates the regulatory light chain of myosin II. This phosphorylation increases the actin‐activated myosin ATPase activity and is thought to play major roles in a number of biological processes, including smooth muscle contraction. The catalytic domain contains residues on its surface that bind a regulatory segment resulting in autoinhibition through an intrasteric mechanism. When Ca2+/calmodulin binds, there is a marked displacement of the regulatory segment from the catalytic cleft allowing phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain. Kinase activity depends upon Ca2+/calmodulin binding not only to the canonical calmodulin‐binding sequence but also to additional interactions between Ca2+/calmodulin and the catalytic core. Previous biochemical evidence shows myosin light chain kinase binds tightly to actomyosin containing filaments. The kinase has low‐affinity myosin and actin binding sites in Ig‐like motifs at the N‐ and C‐terminus, respectively. Recent results show the N‐terminus of myosin light chain kinase is responsible for filament binding in vivo. However, the apparent binding affinity is greater for smooth muscle myofilaments, purified thin filaments, or actin‐containing filaments in permeable cells than for purified smooth muscle F‐actin or actomyosin filaments from skeletal muscle. These results suggest a protein on actin thin filaments that may facilitate kinase binding. Myosin light chain kinase does not dissociate from filaments in the presence of Ca2+/calmodulin raising the interesting question as to how the kinase phosphorylates myosin in thick filaments if it is bound to actin‐containing thin filaments.
Lipid second messengers derived from glycerolipids and sphingolipids, and their role in smooth muscle function*
Authors: OHANIAN J. , LIU G. , OHANIAN V. , HEAGERTY A.M. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe processes that link activation of an external receptor to the internal mechanisms that elicit a physiological response have been the subject of extensive investigation. It has been established that rather than just being an inert barrier to protect the cell from environmental damage, there are populations of phospholipids located within the plasma membrane that act as a reservoir for signalling molecules and when a receptor binds its appropriate activating ligand a chain of events is initiated which leads to the breakdown of these lipids and the release of second messengers. Such processes are rapid enough for physiological responses to be effected. The purpose of this review is to examine the profile of lipid second messengers derived from glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. In the former class are included phosphoinositide and phosphatidylcholine and the latter includes sphingomyelin. Hydrolysis of such parent compounds is mediated by phospholipases and the profile of metabolites appears to be agonist specific and modulated by a number of mechanisms including heterotrimeric G‐protein subunits, small G‐proteins, alterations in intracellular calcium concentration, protein kinase C and tyrosine kinases. The recent interest in sphingolipids, particularly in vascular smooth muscle cells, has been provoked by the observation that ceramide and sphingoid base formation is observed in response to vasoconstrictor hormones.
Cation Field Strength Effects on Boron Coordination in Binary Borate Glasses
Authors: Wu Jingshi , Stebbins Jonathan F. 
Published: July 2014

The field strength of modifier cations in boron‐containing oxide glasses has important but complex effects on boron coordination, and has long been known to have major effects on glass and liquid properties. With well‐constrained compositional and fictive temperature information in three binary borate glass series, we report how different modifier cations (Na+, Ba2+, Ca2+) affect boron coordination (11B MAS NMR), as well as glass transition temperatures and configurational heat capacities (DSC). Using estimated reaction enthalpies for converting a [4]B to a [3]B with an NBO from previous studies, we compare boron coordinations in glasses with different modifier cations on an isothermal basis. Temperature and modifier cation effects can thus be isolated. At low modifier contents [R = (Na2,Ca,Ba)O/B2O3<0.45], N4 is systematically higher in the order Na>Ba>Ca, suggesting the enhanced stabilization of NBO for the divalent cations, especially for the smaller Ca2+. At higher R values, N4 for Na borates drops below values for Ca and Ba borates. The trend in N4 with modifier field strength reverses at high R values (~ R > 0.7), with Ca > Ba > Na. The transition may be related to the enhanced stabilization of [4]B‐O‐[4]B groups by higher field strength cations in NBO‐rich glasses in which boron is the primary network component.
Processing and Properties of Textured Potassium Sodium Niobate [K,Na]NbO3 Ceramic Ribbons by Alginate Gelation Method
Authors: Mensur‐Alkoy Ebru , Berksoy‐Yavuz Ayşe , Alkoy Sedat 
Published: July 2014

Random and <001> textured potassium sodium niobate – [K,Na]NbO3 (KNN) ceramics with 1 mole% CuO sintering aid were fabricated in ribbon form through a combination of novel alginate gelation process and templated grain growth methods using platelike sodium niobate ‐ NaNbO3 (NN) template particles. The platelike NN template particles were prepared by a two‐step molten salt synthesis method. Ribbons were drawn from alginate‐based slurries without or with 10 wt% NN template particles using 50 mm long slit nozzle with a rectangular orifice of 10 mm × 1 mm. Development of crystallographic texture as a result of varying sintering time and temperature was evaluated through the calculation of the degree of orientation as measured by the Lotgering factor (ƒ(001)) and an ƒ(001) of 0.81 was achieved. The electrical properties of textured ribbons were evaluated with polarization and strain versus electric field measurements.