bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Determination of Normal Pituitary Gland Dimensions in Zaria, Northwest Nigerian Population
Authors: Ibinaiye Philip Oluleke , Olarinoye-Akorede Sefia , Kajogbola Olugbenga , Bakari Adamu Girei 
Published: May 2015

Objectives:
To determine the dimensions of normal pituitary gland using T1-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI) and to determine their relationship with age and sex.

Materials and Methods:
Cranial MRI scans of 100 individuals with clinically normal pituitary function (58 males and 42 females) and in the age range 14–82 years were reviewed in order to obtain volumetric measurements of the pituitary gland. The height, width, and depth of the pituitary were obtained from mid-sagittal and coronal planes, while the volume was calculated from these measured parameters. The data obtained were stratified based on age and sex for analysis. Statistical tests applied included Student's t-test and Pearson correlation. A minimum level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results:
The mean pituitary volumes were 334.1 ± 145.8 mm3 and 328.1 ± 129.2 mm3 while the mean pituitary heights were 6.45 ± 1.7 mm and 6.46 ± 1.57 mm in males and females, respectively. Although there was no statistically significant difference between pituitary height and pituitary volume in both sexes, they correlated negatively with increasing age (r = −202, P = 0.04 and r = −410, P = 0.000, respectively). Both parameters were highest in pubertal subjects and declined steadily with age, with a second peak occurring only for pituitary height in the sixth decade. The mean pituitary widths (9.08 ± 2.59 mm and 9.21 ± 1.86 mm) and depths (10.59 ± 1.71 mm and 10.49 ± 1.57 mm) in males and females, respectively, did not show remarkable changes with age and sex in the individuals studied.

Conclusion:
With this study, we have provided reference values in Nigerian population for the dimensions of normal pituitary gland, in order to facilitate assessment and diagnosis in patients with abnormalities of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis.
Meshless Collocation Method for Inverse Source Identification Problems
Authors: Wang Fuzhang , Ma Zhaoxing 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA novel meshless scheme is proposed for inverse source identification problems of Helmholtz-type equations. It is formulated by the non-singular general solutions of the Helmholtz-type equations augmented with radial basis functions. Under this meshless scheme, we can determine smooth source terms from partially accessible boundary measurements with accurate results. Numerical examples are presented to verify validity and accuracy of the present scheme. It is demonstrated that the present scheme is simple, accurate, stable and computationally efficient for inverse smooth source identification problems.
Eurafrica
Authors: Hansen Peo , Jonsson Stefan 
Published: May 2015

In order to think theoretically about our global age it is important to understand how the global has been conceived historically. 'Eurafrica' was an intellectual endeavor and political project that from the 1920s saw Europe's future survival - its continued role in history - as completely bound up with Europe's successful merger with Africa. In its time the concept of Eurafrica was tremendously influential in the process of European integration.
Today the project is largely forgotten, yet the idea continues to influence EU policy towards its African 'partner'. The book will recover a critical conception of the nexus between Europe and Africa - a relationship of significance across the humanities and social sciences. In assessing this historical concept the authors shed light on the process of European integration, African decolonization and the current conflictual relationship between Europe and Africa.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Mathematics Research, Vol. 7, No. 2
Authors: Wang Sophia 
Published: May 2015

<div class="WordSection1"><p><em>Journal of Mathematics Research</em> wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated.</p> <p>Many authors, regardless of whether <em>Journal of Mathematics Research</em> publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.</p> <p><strong>Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 2</strong></p></div> <strong><br /> </strong> <div class="WordSection2"><p>Abdelaziz Mennouni</p> <p>Alberto Simoes</p> <p>Antonio Boccuto</p> <p>Arman Aghili</p> <p>Cecília Rosa</p> <p>David Bartl</p> <p>Dimple Chalishajar</p> <p>Elisabete Barreiro</p> <p>Enrico Jabara</p> <p>Eric José Avila</p> <p>Guezane-Lakoud Assia</p> <p>Jingbo Xia</p> <p>Khalil Ezzinbi</p> <p>Kuldeep Narain Mathur</p> <p>Li Wang</p> <p>Luca Di Persio</p> <p>Maria Alessandra Ragusa</p> <p>Michael Doschoris</p> <p>Mominul Haque Kh. Md.</p> <p>Ömür Deveci</p> <p>Peng Zhang</p> <p>Philip Philipoff</p> <p>R. Roopkumar</p> <p>Russell John Higgs</p> <p>Sanjib Kumar Datta</p> <p>Sergiy Koshkin</p> <p>Shuhong Chen</p> <p>Subuhi Khan</p> <p>Youssef El-Khatib</p> <p>Zoubir Dahmani</p></div> <br /> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p>Sophia Wang</p> <p>On behalf of,</p> <p>The Editorial Board of <em>Journal of Mathematics Research</em></p> <p>Canadian Center of Science and Education</p>
Simultaneous Determination of Nitrofuran Metabolites and Chloramphenicol in Shrimp with a Single Extraction and LC-MS/MS Analysis
Authors: El-Demerdash Aref , Song Fenhong , Reel Robin K , Hillegas Judy , Smith Robert E 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
A method has been developed to quantify the nitrofuran metabolites 3-amino-5-morphorinomethyl-1,3-oxazolidinone, 3-amino-oxazolidinone, 1-aminohydantoin, and semicarbazide, as well as chloramphenicol in shrimp with a single extraction procedure followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Dynamic selected reaction monitoring with positive and negative ionization mode switching was used. The method LODs were 0.5 ng/g for the nitrofuran metabolites and 0.3 ng/g for chloramphenicol.
Quantitative Analysis of Nitrofuran Metabolites and Chloramphenicol in Shrimp Using Acetonitrile Extraction and Liquid Chromatograph-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Detection: A Single Laboratory Validation
Authors: An Haejung , Parrales Lenin , Wang Kai , Cain Teresa , Hollins Ralph , Forrest Douglas , Liao Benjamin , Paek Han Chol , Sram Jacqueline 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
A method was developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of chloramphenicol and nitrofuran metabolites in shrimp according to the guideline established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Office of Foods and Veterinary Medicine. The extraction steps following the overnight hydrolysis and derivatization are simpler than the conventional ethyl acetate extraction method. The main steps are neutralization of hydrolysates, addition of acetonitrile for extraction, and salting out of organic phase from the acetonitrile-aqueous mixture. Extracts are analyzed for chloramphenicol and nitrofuran metabolites by LC-MS/MS in a single injection with polarity switching between the positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode for the nitrofurans and the negative ESI mode for chloramphenicol. Recoveries calculated using an extracted matrix calibration curve and labeled internal standards for chloramphenicol and nitrofurans ranged from 98.6 to 109.2% with RSDs less than 18%. This method that combines the analysis of chloramphenicol with the nitrofurans was shown to generate analytical results similar to those obtained using the individual drug-class analytical methods currently used for the analysis of chloramphenicol or nitrofurans in shrimp.
Review: Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Monitor Veterinary Drug Residues in Aquacultured Products
Authors: Turnipseed Sherri B , Lohne Jack J , Boison Joe O 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
High resolution MS (HRMS) instruments provide accurate mass measurements. With HRMS, virtually an unlimited number of compounds can be analyzed simultaneously because full-scan data are collected, rather than preselected ion transitions corresponding to specific compounds. This enables the development of methods that can monitor for a wide scope of residues and contaminants in aquacultured fish and shellfish including antibiotics, metabolites, and emerging contaminants. Applications of HRMS to the analysis of veterinary drug residues in aquacultured products are summarized in this review including methods for screening, quantifying, and identifying drug residues in these matrixes. The use of targeted, semi-targeted, and nontargeted analysis of HRMS data and the implications to the global aquaculture industry are also reviewed.
The Monitoring of Triphenylmethane Dyes in Aquaculture Products Through the European Union Network of Official Control Laboratories
Authors: Verdon Eric , Bessiral Melaine , Chotard Marie-Pierre , Couëdor Pierrick , Fourmond Marie-Pierre , Fuselier Régine , Gaugain Murielle , Gautier Sophie , Hurtaud-Pessel Dominique , Laurentie Michel , Pirotais Yvette , Roudaut Brigitte , Sanders Pascal 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Aquaculture has been the fastest growing animal production industry for the past four decades, and almost half of the fish eaten in the world are now farmed fish. To prevent diseases in this more intensive aquaculture farming, use of therapeutic chemicals has become a basic choice. The monitoring of malachite green, a triphenylmethane dye and one of the oldest and widely used chemicals in fish production, has gained more interest since the mid 1990s when this substance was finally proven to be toxic enough to be prohibited in seafood products destined for human consumption. The enforcement of the European Union (EU) regulation of this banned substance along with some other triphenylmethane dye congeners and their metabolites in its domestic production and in seafood imports was undertaken through the National Residue Monitoring Plans implemented in nearly all of the 28 EU member states. The reliability of the overall European monitoring of this dye contamination in aquaculture products was assessed by using the results of proficiency testing (PT) studies provided by the EU Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) in charge of the network of the EU National Reference Laboratories (NRLs). The proficiency of each NRL providing analytical support services for regulating dye residues was carefully checked during three PT rounds. In the process, the analytical methods developed and validated for this purpose have gradually been improved and extended over the last two decades.
Outcomes of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia on Insomnia, Depression, and Fatigue for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Clancy Megan , Drerup Michelle , Sullivan Amy Burleson 
Published: May 2015

Background: This clinical case series examined outcomes of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Current literature links insomnia with higher rates of depression and fatigue in individuals with MS. However, no research to date evaluates a targeted psychotherapeutic intervention for insomnia in this population.
Participants and Methods: Eleven individuals with a diagnosis of MS and insomnia participated in individual or group-based CBT-I sessions at the Cleveland Clinic Sleep Disorders Center between 2008 and 2013. A medical record review examined these individuals' self-reported experiences of insomnia, depression, and fatigue at the preintervention and postintervention levels using the Insomnia Severity Index, nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire, and Fatigue Severity Scale. Total sleep time was also reported at pretreatment and posttreatment intervals.
Results: Overall, participants reported improvements regarding insomnia, fatigue, and depression after CBT-I. Total sleep time also increased by an average of 1.5 hours. Despite overall improvement, symptoms of fatigue, insomnia, and depression persisted, at varying levels, for most participants.
Conclusions: These results strongly suggest that CBT-I may serve as an effective clinical intervention for individuals with MS who report symptoms of insomnia. Given the considerable overlap of experiences of insomnia, depression, and fatigue in people with MS, CBT-I may also be helpful in identifying areas that may require additional clinical intervention for persistent symptoms of depression and fatigue. Further research is necessary.
Exploration of Undertreatment and Patterns of Treatment of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Raissi Aida , Bulloch Andrew G.M. , Fiest Kirsten M. , McDonald Keltie , Jetté Nathalie , Patten Scott B. 
Published: May 2015

Background: Depression is a common comorbid condition with multiple sclerosis (MS). Historically, however, it has been undertreated. Little is known about the characteristics of those who receive, or do not receive, treatment for depression in the MS population. This study evaluated depression treatment in patients with MS, associated patient characteristics, and probable determinants of antidepressant drug use in those with and without depression.
Methods: A total of 152 patients with MS completed questionnaires and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID) to determine depression status. Tabular analyses and a binary regression model were used to identify patient characteristics associated with antidepressant drug use.
Results: Of participants with major depression according to the SCID, 65% were taking antidepressant medications. With adjustment for successful treatment (antidepressant drug use by those not currently depressed and currently depressed), the prevalence of treated depression increased to 85.7%. Of those receiving treatment for depression, 19% were receiving nonpharmacologic treatment alone, 38% were taking antidepressant drugs only, and 44% were receiving both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments. Demographic and clinical variables were not statistically significantly associated with antidepressant drug use in those with depression.
Conclusions: A large proportion of participants with depression in MS are now receiving treatment, a change from previous reports. The adequacy of treatment has become a bigger question because many of the treated patients continued to have depressive symptoms. Further research is needed to identify ways to achieve better outcomes for depression.
Estimated age and gender profile of individuals missed by a home‐based HIV testing and counselling campaign in a Botswana community
Authors: Novitsky Vlad , Bussmann Hermann , Okui Lillian , Logan Andrew , Moyo Sikhulile , van Widenfelt Erik , Mmalane Mompati , Lei Quanhong , Holme Molly P , Makhema Joseph , Lockman Shahin , Degruttola Victor , Essex M 
Published: May 2015

IntroductionIt would be useful to understand which populations are not reached by home‐based HIV‐1 testing and counselling (HTC) to improve strategies aimed at linking these individuals to care and reducing rates of onward HIV transmission.MethodsWe present the results of a baseline home‐based HTC (HBHTC) campaign aimed at counselling and testing residents aged 16 to 64 for HIV in the north‐eastern sector of Mochudi, a community in Botswana with about 44,000 inhabitants. Collected data were compared with population references for Botswana, the United Nations (UN) estimates based on the National Census data and the Botswana AIDS Impact Survey IV (BAIS‐IV). Analyzed data and references were stratified by age and gender.ResultsA total of 6238 age‐eligible residents were tested for HIV‐1; 1247 (20.0%; 95% CI 19.0 to 21.0%) were found to be HIV positive (23.7% of women vs. 13.4% of men). HIV‐1 prevalence peaked at 44% in 35‐ to 39‐year‐old women and 32% in 40‐ to 44‐year‐old men. A lower HIV prevalence rate, 10.9% (95% CI 9.5 to 12.5%), was found among individuals tested for the first time. A significant gender gap was evident in all analyzed subsets. The existing HIV transmission network was analyzed by combining phylogenetic mapping and household structure. Between 62.4 and 71.8% of all HIV‐positive individuals had detectable virus. When compared with the UN and BAIS‐IV estimates, the proportion of men missed by the testing campaign (48.5%; 95% CI 47.0 to 50.0%) was significantly higher than the proportion of missed women (14.2%; 95% CI 13.2 to 15.3%;p<0.0001). The estimated proportion of missed men peaked at about 60% in the age group 30 to 39 years old. The proportions of missed women were substantially smaller, at approximately 28% within the age groups 30 to 34 and 45 to 49 years old.ConclusionsThe HBHTC campaign seems to be an efficient tool for reaching individuals who have never been tested previously in southern African communities. However, about half of men from 16 to 64 years old were not reached by the HBHTC, including about 60% of men between 30 and 40 years old. Alternative HTC strategies should be developed to bring these men to care, which will contribute to reduction of HIV incidence in communities.
Age-Related Decline in Chest Wall Mobility: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Community-Dwelling Elderly Women
Authors: Adachi Daiki , Yamada Minoru , Nishiguchi Shu , Fukutani Naoto , Hotta Takayuki , Tashiro Yuto , Morino Saori , Shirooka Hidehiko , Nozaki Yuma , Hirata Hinako , Yamaguchi Moe , Aoyama Tomoki 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Context: Chest wall mobility is strongly related to respiratory function; however, the effect of aging on chest wall mobility—and the level at which this mobility is most affected—remains unclear.

Objective: To investigate age-related differences in chest wall mobility and respiratory function among elderly women in different age groups.

Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was performed in Himeji City in Hyogo Prefecture and Ayabe City in Kyoto Prefecture in Japan. Inclusion criteria were female sex, age 65 years or older, community resident, and ability to ambulate independently, with or without an assistive device. Thoracic excursion at the axillary and xiphoid levels and at the level of the tenth rib was measured with measuring tape. Respiratory function, including forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), was assessed by spirometry, and FVC percent predicted (%FVC), FEV1 percent predicted (%FEV1), and FEV1/FVC were calculated. Chest wall mobility and respiratory function were compared among 4 age groups.

Results: Of 251 potential participants, 132 met the inclusion criteria. Participants were divided into 4 age groups: group 1, 65 to 69 years; group 2, 70 to 74 years; group 3, 75 to 79 years; and group 4, 80 years or older. Statistically significant differences were found in thoracic excursion at the axillary level between groups 1 and 4 and between groups 2 and 4 when adjusted for height and weight (F
4.52, P=.01). In addition, statistically significant differences were found in the FVC and FEV1 values between groups 1 and 3 and between groups 2 and 3 (FVC: F
4.97, P=.01; FEV1: F
6.17, P=.01).

Conclusion: Chest wall mobility at the axillary level and respiratory function decreased with age in community-dwelling women aged 65 years or older. Further longitudinal studies are required to clarify the effects of aging on chest wall mobility and respiratory function.
The Doctors Hospital and Nationwide Children’s Hospital Dually Accredited Pediatric Residency Program: A Potential Best Model for Pediatric Osteopathic GME Training
Authors: Rakowsky Alexander , Mahan John , Donthi Rajesh , Backes Carl 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
With the commitment on the part of the American Osteopathic Association, the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine, and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education to transition to a single graduate medical education accreditation system by 2020, a legitimate concern exists about the future of pediatric residency training that maintains an osteopathic focus. The authors describe a dually accredited pediatric residency program at one of the nation’s largest children’s hospitals, which may serve as a potential model of how to integrate a robust osteopathic-based education into a general pediatric residency program.
Participation strategies and student performance: An undergraduate health science retrospective study
Authors: Starmer David J. , Duquette Sean , Howard Loretta 
Published: May 2015

Objective
This research explores participatory evidence-based teaching methods in a health science course to see if a relationship emerged between the level of student participation and course performance, the type of participation and course performance, or the amount of participation and course performance and level of demonstrated learning.

Methods
Level of student participation was dichotomous (100% or &lt;100%), and differences between groups on a knowledge test were compared using an unpaired t test. Type of participation was also dichotomous (in class or out), and differences in course performance on the knowledge test were compared using the unpaired t test. Amount of participation and course performance and level of demonstrated learning were also tested after the knowledge test was measured using a matrix based upon Bloom's taxonomy.

Results
Students who participated 100% of the time scored 6% higher on average than students with less than 100% participation (t[183] = 3.55, p = .0005, d = 0.52). There was no difference between groups when assessing for differences in course performance by type of participation. Students with 100% participation scored higher on the short answer question section of the examination (t[183] = 4.58, p = .0001, d = 0.68), but there was no difference on the multiple choice question part of the examination.

Conclusion
Full participation in the course was related to higher examination scores and higher scores on examination questions assessing higher levels in the cognitive domain.
(De)compaction of porous viscoelastoplastic media: Model formulation
Authors: Yarushina Viktoriya M. , Podladchikov Yuri Y. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA nonlinear viscoelastoplastic theory is developed for porous rate‐dependent materials filled with a fluid in the presence of gravity. The theory is based on a rigorous thermodynamic formalism suitable for path‐dependent and irreversible processes. Incremental evolution equations for porosity, Darcy's flux, and volumetric deformation of the matrix represent the simplest generalization of Biot's equations. Expressions for pore compressibility and effective bulk viscosity are given for idealized cylindrical and spherical pore geometries in an elastic‐viscoplastic material with low pore concentration. We show that plastic yielding around pores leads to decompaction weakening and an exponential creep law. Viscous and plastic end‐members of our model are consistent with experimentally verified models. In the poroelastic limit, our constitutive equations reproduce the exact Gassmann's relations, Biot's theory, and Terzaghi's effective stress law. The nature of the discrepancy between Biot's model and the True Porous Media theory is clarified. Our model provides a unified and consistent formulation for the elastic, viscous, and plastic cases that have previously been described by separate “end‐member” models.