bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Heels, Low Grades: Internalized Sexualization and Academic Orientation Among Adolescent Girls
Authors: McKenney Sarah J. , Bigler Rebecca S. 
Published: October 2014

Messages that sexually objectify girls and women are common in popular culture. In two studies, we tested the hypothesis that internalization of the notion that women should be sexually attractive to men is associated with decreased academic success and motivation among early adolescent (10‐ to 15‐year‐old) girls. In Study 1, girls (n = 91) who scored higher on a measure of internalized sexualization earned lower grades and standardized test scores than their peers. In Study 2 (n = 95), girls who completed a mock newscast prepared differently as a function of internalized sexualization; girls with higher levels of internalized sexualization spent more time applying makeup, and less time practicing the script, than girls with lower levels of internalized sexualization.
Concurrent Deep–Superficial Dyspareunia: Prevalence, Associations, and Outcomes in a Multidisciplinary Vulvodynia Program
Authors: Yong Paul J. , Sadownik Leslie , Brotto Lori A. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Little is known about women with concurrent diagnoses of deep dyspareunia and superficial dyspareunia.

Aim
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, associations, and outcome of women with concurrent deep–superficial dyspareunia.

Methods
This is a prospective study of a multidisciplinary vulvodynia program (n = 150; mean age 28.7 ± 6.4 years). Women with superficial dyspareunia due to provoked vestibulodynia were divided into two groups: those also having deep dyspareunia (i.e., concurrent deep–superficial dyspareunia) and those with only superficial dyspareunia due to provoked vestibulodynia. Demographics, dyspareunia-related factors, other pain conditions, and psychological variables at pretreatment were tested for an association with concurrent deep–superficial dyspareunia. Outcome in both groups was assessed to 6 months posttreatment.

Main Outcome Measures
Level of dyspareunia pain (0–10) and Female Sexual Distress Scale were the main outcome measures.

Results
The prevalence of concurrent deep–superficial dyspareunia was 44% (66/150) among women with superficial dyspareunia due to provoked vestibulodynia. At pretreatment, on multiple logistic regression, concurrent deep–superficial dyspareunia was independently associated with a higher level of dyspareunia pain (odds ratio [OR] = 1.19 [1.01–1.39], P = 0.030), diagnosis of endometriosis (OR = 4.30 [1.16–15.90], P = 0.022), history of bladder problems (OR = 3.84 [1.37–10.76], P = 0.008), and more depression symptoms (OR = 1.07 [1.02–1.12], P = 0.007), with no difference in the Female Sexual Distress Scale. At 6 months posttreatment, women with concurrent deep–superficial dyspareunia improved in the level of dyspareunia pain and in the Female Sexual Distress Scale to the same degree as women with only superficial dyspareunia due to provoked vestibulodynia.

Conclusions
Concurrent deep–superficial dyspareunia is reported by almost half of women in a multidisciplinary vulvodynia program. In women with provoked vestibulodynia, concurrent deep–superficial dyspareunia may be related to endometriosis or interstitial cystitis, and is associated with depression and more severe dyspareunia symptoms. Standardized multidisciplinary care is effective for women with concurrent dyspareunia.
Isothermal cross-priming amplification implementation study
Authors: Bai Z. , Xie H. , You Q. , Pickerill S. , Zhang Y. , Li T. , Geng J. , Hu L. , Shan H. , Di B. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Cross-priming amplification (CPA) was evaluated for the early detection of norovirus (NV), rotavirus A (RV-A), enteric adenovirus (EAdV) and astrovirus (AstV). The analytical sensitivity of the CPA assay was 103 copies ml−1 for NV, RV-A and AstV detection and 104 copies ml−1 for EAdV detection. For each of the four pathogens, the positive detection rate by CPA was similar to real-time PCR methods and higher than the rate observed in an ELISA. The detection coincidence rates of CPA and RT-PCR for NV, RV-A, EAdV and AstV were 98, 99, 99 and 100%, respectively. All CPA assays were negative in 89 healthy control samples. These results demonstrate the high analytical sensitivity and specificity of the CPA assay. CPA assays are relatively straightforward to perform, and such assays represent a potential detection method for locations in which resources are limited.

Significance and Impact of the Study
Over one billion people suffer from diarrhoeal diseases every year. This leads to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly the children under five. Rapid and specific detection of the pathogens that cause diarrhoeal diseases would be advantageous, enabling rapid treatment and management of the spread of pathogens. Here, a fast, cross-contamination-proof and user-friendly nucleic acid isothermal amplification method called cross-priming amplification (CPA) was used to test four pathogens with high analytical sensitivity and specificity. The results indicate that CPA has great potential for improving medical diagnostics, particularly in resource-limited areas.
Histopathological examination of nail clippings using PAS staining (HPE‐PAS): gold standard in diagnosis of Onychomycosis
Authors: Jeelani Shazia , Ahmed Qazi Masood , Lanker Audil Mohmad , Hassan Iffat , Jeelani Nasir , Fazili Tawheeda 
Published: October 2014

SummaryOnychomycosis is fungal infection of one or more of the nail units. However, because fungi cause only about half of all nail dystrophies, the use of appropriate diagnostic techniques is important to ensure correct diagnosis and treatment. Aim of the present study was to compare direct microscopy, culture and HPE‐PAS for diagnosis of onychomycosis by evaluating their sensitivity and various other relevant statistical parameters. A prospective, hospital‐based, cross‐sectional study was conducted on 216 patients with a high degree of clinical suspicion of onychomycosis. Nail specimens were evaluated using three diagnostic methods, i.e. direct microscopy using 20% Potassium hydroxide (KOH) & 40% Di‐methyl‐suphoxide (DMSO), culture and histopathological examination using PAS stain (HPE‐PAS). Of 216 patients direct microscopy was positive in 138 (63.9%), culture in 147 (68%) and HPE‐PAS in 164 patients (76%). One hundred and seventy‐nine patients fitted into the criteria set for confirmed diagnosis of onychomycosis. Using this as a denominator; direct microscopy, culture and HPE‐PAS had sensitivities of 77.1%, 70% and 91.6% respectively. Also, HPE‐PAS showed the highest sensitivity of 94.7% in 19 cases with prediagnostic antimycotic treatment compared to direct microscopy (42.1%) or culture (57.9%). HPE‐PAS shows high sensitivity for diagnosis of onychomycosis and can be considered as a gold standard in the diagnosis of onychomycosis.
Acute effects of haemodialysis on central venous and arterial pressure characteristics
Authors: Thalhammer Christoph , Segerer Stephan , Augustoni Marlene , Jacomella Vincenzo , Clemens Robert K. , Wüthrich Rudolf P. , Amann‐Vesti Beatrice R. , Husmann Marc 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimHaemodynamic stability of patients during haemodialysis (HD) sessions is of pivotal importance and accurate determination of dry weight remains a challenge. Little information is available about central venous and aortic pressure during dialysis. In this pilot study we used a non‐invasive technique to describe the changes in central venous pressure (CVP) during dialysis.MethodsAn ultrasound‐assisted pressure‐manometer was used at the cephalic vein during haemodialysis to quantify CVP. Central aortic pressure changes were assessed as aortic augmentation index and subendocardial viability ratio. Bioimpedance was applied to measure total body water, as well as extracellular and intracellular water before and after HD. Measurements were performed prior during and after 1 and 2 h on HD.ResultsTen patients were included with a median age of 72 years (23–82). Haemodialysis reduced the weight by 2.0 kg, corresponding to a measured decrease in total body water of 1.9 L. The mean CVP showed a significant decrease (9.0–0.8 cmH2O; P = 0.0005) during dialysis. The significant drop in CVP was found during the first hour (9–2.8 cmH2O). Starting and stopping dialysis was reflected by a reduction of 2.6 cmH2O and a rise of 2.8 cmH2O (n.s.). Aortic augmentation index decreased from 26.1% to 21.0% (n.s.). Subendocardial viability ratio increased from 126% to 156% (P < 0.05) during HD, and decreased to 139% direct after HD (n.s.).ConclusionThis is the first study that illustrates a prominent reduction of CVP during the first hour of haemodialysis. Non‐invasive CVP measurement is feasible during haemodialysis and adds another piece in the puzzle of factors involved in haemodynamic stability.
Increases in atmospheric CO2 have little influence on transpiration of a temperate forest canopy
Authors: Tor‐ngern Pantana , Oren Ram , Ward Eric J. , Palmroth Sari , McCarthy Heather R. , Domec Jean‐Christophe 
Published: October 2014

Summary

Models of forest energy, water and carbon cycles assume decreased stomatal conductance with elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) based on leaf‐scale measurements, a response not directly translatable to canopies. Where canopy–atmosphere are well‐coupled, [CO2]‐induced structural changes, such as increasing leaf‐area index (LD), may cause, or compensate for, reduced mean canopy stomatal conductance (GS), keeping transpiration (EC) and, hence, runoff unaltered.

We investigated GS responses to increasing [CO2] of conifer and broadleaved trees in a temperate forest subjected to 17‐yr free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE; + 200 μmol mol−1). During the final phase of the experiment, we employed step changes of [CO2] in four elevated‐[CO2] plots, separating direct response to changing [CO2] in the leaf‐internal air‐space from indirect effects of slow changes via leaf hydraulic adjustments and canopy development.

Short‐term manipulations caused no direct response up to 1.8 × ambient [CO2], suggesting that the observed long‐term 21% reduction of GS was an indirect effect of decreased leaf hydraulic conductance and increased leaf shading. Thus, EC was unaffected by [CO2] because 19% higher canopy LD nullified the effect of leaf hydraulic acclimation on GS.

We advocate long‐term experiments of duration sufficient for slow responses to manifest, and modifying models predicting forest water, energy and carbon cycles accordingly.
Constructing Multi‐Country Rational Expectations Models
Authors: Dees Stephane , Hashem Pesaran M. , Vanessa Smith L. , Smith Ron P. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article considers some of the technical issues involved in using the global vector autoregression (GVAR) approach to construct a multi‐country rational expectations (RE) model and illustrates them with a new Keynesian model for 33 countries estimated with quarterly data over the period 1980–2011. The issues considered are: the measurement of steady states; the determination of exchange rates and the specification of the short‐run country‐specific models; the identification and estimation of the model subject to the theoretical constraints required for a determinate rational expectations solution; the solution of a large RE model; the structure and estimation of the covariance matrix and the simulation of shocks. The model used as an illustration shows that global demand and supply shocks are the most important drivers of output, inflation and interest rates in the long run. By contrast, monetary or exchange rate shocks have only a short‐run impact in the evolution of the world economy. The article also shows the importance of international connections, directly as well as indirectly through spillover effects. Overall, ignoring global inter‐connections as country‐specific models do, could give rise to misleading conclusions.
Heat stress in crop plants: its nature, impacts and integrated breeding strategies to improve heat tolerance
Authors: Jha Uday Chand , Bohra Abhishek , Singh Narendra Pratap 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIncreasing severity of high temperature worldwide presents an alarming threat to the humankind. As evident by massive yield losses in various food crops, the escalating adverse impacts of heat stress (HS) are putting the global food as well as nutritional security at great risk. Intrinsically, plants respond to high temperature stress by triggering a cascade of events and adapt by switching on numerous stress‐responsive genes. However, the complex and poorly understood mechanism of heat tolerance (HT), limited access to the precise phenotyping techniques, and above all, the substantial G × E effects offer major bottlenecks to the progress of breeding for improving HT. Therefore, focus should be given to assess the crop diversity, and targeting the adaptive/morpho‐physiological traits while making selections. Equally important is the rapid and precise introgression of the HT‐related gene(s)/QTLs to the heat‐susceptible cultivars to recover the genotypes with enhanced HT. Therefore, the progressive tailoring of the heat‐tolerant genotypes demands a rational integration of molecular breeding, functional genomics and transgenic technologies reinforced with the next‐generation phenomics facilities.
o‐Amino Analogs of Green Fluorescence Protein Chromophore: Photoisomerization, Photodimerization and Aggregation‐induced Emission
Authors: Huang Guan‐Jhih , Lin Che‐Jen , Liu Yi‐Hung , Peng Shie‐Ming , Yang Jye‐Shane 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe photochemical properties of three o‐amino analogs of the green fluorescence protein chromophore O0, O1 and O8 (o‐ABDIs) have been investigated and compared with those of the m‐ and p‐amino isomers (m‐ABDIs and p‐ABDIs) in solutions, aggregates, and the solid state. In aprotic solvents, the fluorescence competes with the Z → E photoisomerization for all cases, and the o‐ABDIs display a fluorescence quantum efficiency of 1–6%, lying between the m‐ABDIs of 5–48% and the p‐ABDIs of < 0.1%. The fluorescence of both the o‐ and m‐ABDIs is nearly quenched in protic solvents, attributable to the solvent–solute hydrogen bonding (SSHB) interactions. The phenomenon of aggregation‐induced emission observed for O8 in poor solvents resembles the behavior of M8 as a consequence of exclusion of the SSHB interactions and restriction of internal rotation for molecules located inside the aggregates. The occurrence of [2 + 2] photodimerization for O0 in the solid state is unique among the ABDIs, and the X‐ray crystal structures of O0 and the photodimer OD reveal the head‐to‐tail syn‐oriented stereochemistry. Analysis on the X‐ray crystal structures of O0, O1, M0, M1 and P0 shows that not only the pairwise topochemical geometry but also the columnar packing mode is important in determining the photodimerization reactivity.
A landscape of hairy and twisted: hunting for new trichome mutants in the Saskatoon Arabidopsis T‐DNA population
Authors: Taheri A. , Gao P. , Yu M. , Cui D. , Regan S. , Parkin I. , Gruber M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA total of 88 new Arabidopsis lines with trichome variation were recovered by screening 49,200 single‐seed descent T3 lines from the SK activation‐tagged population and from a new 20,000‐line T‐DNA insertion population (called pAG). Trichome variant lines were classified into 12 distinct phenotype categories. Single or multiple T‐DNA insertion sites were identified for 89% of these mutant lines. Alleles of the well‐known trichome genes TRY, GL2 and TTG1 were recovered with atypical phenotype variation not reported previously. Moreover, atypical gene expression profiles were documented for two additional mutants specifying TRY and GL2 disruptions. In remaining mutants, ten lines were disrupted in genes coding for proteins not implicated in trichome development, five were disrupted in hypothetical proteins and 11 were disrupted in proteins with unknown function. The collection represents new opportunities for the plant biology community to define trichome development more precisely and to refine the function of individual trichome genes.
Euvolemia in Hemodialysis Patients: A Potentially Dangerous Goal?
Authors: Huang Shih‐Han S. , Filler Guido , Lindsay Robert , McIntyre Chris W. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDialysis patients have high mortality rate and the leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease. Uremic cardiomyopathy differs from that due to conventional atherosclerosis, where cardiovascular changes result in ineffective circulation and lead to tissue ischemia. Modern dialysis has significant limitations with fluid management probably the most challenging. Current evidence suggests that both volume overload and aggressive fluid removal can induce circulatory stress and multi‐organ injury. Furthermore, we do not have accurate volume assessment tools. As a result, targeting euvolemia might result in more harm than benefit with conventional hemodialysis therapy. Therefore, it might be time to consider a degree of permissive over‐hydration until we have better tools to both determine ideal weight and improve current renal replacement therapy so that the process of achieving it is not so fraught with the current dangers.
The Impact of the Electoral System on Political Campaigning: Are Candidates for the Council of States More Moderate than their Fellow Candidates for the National Council?
Authors: Ladner Andreas 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIt is commonly believed that majority voting enhances parties to cluster around the centre of the political space, whereas proportional systems (PR) foster great ideological divergence. The theoretical arguments for these expectations go back to the work of Downs (1957) and Duverger (1954). More recent studies, however, produced quite contradictory empirical findings. In this paper I will test whether similar arguments hold true for the positioning of candidates campaigning in different electoral systems. The elections for the two chambers of the Swiss Parliament and the data from the Swiss Electoral Studies (SELECTS) and the Swiss Voting Advice Application (VAA) smartvote offer an excellent – almost laboratory like – opportunity to do so empirically. The analyses show clearly, the theoretical claims that majority voting necessarily fosters more moderate positions find no support. The candidates for the Council of States, elected in a majority system, are not more moderate than their fellow party candidates for the National Council which are elected in a PR system.
Measuring the north–south coseismic displacement component with high‐resolution multi‐aperture InSAR
Authors: Merryman Boncori John Peter , Pezzo Giuseppe 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEarthquake source inversions based on space‐borne Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry (InSAR) are used extensively. Typically, however, only the line‐of‐sight (LoS) surface displacement component is measured, which is mainly sensitive to the vertical and E–W deformations, although well‐established methods also exist to estimate the flight‐path component, which is highly sensitive to the N–S displacement. With high‐resolution sensors, these techniques are particularly appealing, because accuracies in the order of 3 cm can be achieved, while retaining spatial resolutions between 45 m and a few km, depending on the required level of filtering. We discuss the application to COSMO‐SkyMed SAR imagery of the Spectral Diversity or Multi Aperture Interferometry technique, presenting the first SAR flight‐path displacement field associated with the Mw 6.3, 2009 L'Aquila event (central Apennines). Finally, we observe and characterize a previously unknown misregistration pattern.
Dosimetric feasibility of real‐time MRI‐guided proton therapy
Authors: Moteabbed M. , Schuemann J. , Paganetti H. 
Published: October 2014

Purpose:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a prime candidate for image‐guided radiotherapy. This study was designed to assess the feasibility of real‐time MRI‐guided proton therapy by quantifying the dosimetric effects induced by the magnetic field in patients’ plans and identifying the associated clinical consequences.Methods:Monte Carlo dose calculation was performed for nine patients of various treatment sites (lung, liver, prostate, brain, skull‐base, and spine) and tissue homogeneities, in the presence of 0.5 and 1.5 T magnetic fields. Dose volume histogram (DVH) parameters such as D95, D5, and V20 as well as equivalent uniform dose were compared for the target and organs at risk, before and after applying the magnetic field. The authors further assessed whether the plans affected by clinically relevant dose distortions could be corrected independent of the planning system.Results:By comparing the resulting dose distributions and analyzing the respective DVHs, it was determined that despite the observed lateral beam deflection, for magnetic fields of up to 0.5 T, neither was the target coverage jeopardized nor was the dose to the nearby organs increased in all cases except for prostate. However, for a 1.5 T magnetic field, the dose distortions were more pronounced and of clinical concern in all cases except for spine. In such circumstances, the target was severely underdosed, as indicated by a decrease in D95 of up to 41% of the prescribed dose compared to the nominal situation (no magnetic field). Sites such as liver and spine were less affected due to higher tissue homogeneity, typically smaller beam range, and the choice of beam directions. Simulations revealed that small modifications to certain plan parameters such as beam isocenter (up to 19 mm) and gantry angle (up to 10°) are sufficient to compensate for the magnetic field‐induced dose disturbances. The authors’ observations indicate that the degree of required corrections strongly depends on the beam range and direction relative to the magnetic field. This method was also applicable to more heterogeneous scenarios such as skull‐base tumors.Conclusions:This study confirmed the dosimetric feasibility of real‐time MRI‐guided proton therapy and delivering a clinically acceptable dose to patients with various tumor locations within magnetic fields of up to 1.5 T. This work could serve as a guide and encouragement for further efforts toward clinical implementation of hybrid MRI–proton gantry systems.
Salivary Mucins Protect Surfaces from Colonization by Cariogenic Bacteria
Authors: Frenkel Erica Shapiro , Ribbeck Katharina 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Understanding how the body's natural defenses function to protect the oral cavity from the myriad of bacteria that colonize its surfaces is an ongoing topic of research that can lead to breakthroughs in treatment and prevention. One key defense mechanism on all moist epithelial linings, such as the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs, is a layer of thick, well-hydrated mucus. The main gel-forming components of mucus are mucins, large glycoproteins that play a key role in host defense. This study focuses on elucidating the connection between MUC5B salivary mucins and dental caries, one of the most common oral diseases. Dental caries is predominantly caused by
Streptococcus mutans
attachment and biofilm formation on the tooth surface. Once
S. mutans
attaches to the tooth, it produces organic acids as metabolic by-products that dissolve tooth enamel, leading to cavity formation. We utilize CFU counts and fluorescence microscopy to quantitatively show that
S. mutans
attachment and biofilm formation are most robust in the presence of sucrose and that aqueous solutions of purified human MUC5B protect surfaces by acting as an antibiofouling agent in the presence of sucrose. In addition, we find that MUC5B does not alter
S. mutans
growth and decreases surface attachment and biofilm formation by maintaining
S. mutans
in the planktonic form. These insights point to the importance of salivary mucins in oral health and lead to a better understanding of how MUC5B could play a role in cavity prevention or diagnosis.