bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LAMARCK, PENSEUR DE FRONTIÈRE1
Authors: CONRY YVETTE 
Published: November 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>È una presentazione generale dell'opera di Lamarck, opera sviluppatasi al confine fra campi e attività diversi: filosofia naturale, speculazione sulla natura e le leggi della vita, problemi tecnici della descrizione e classificazione dei materiali dei musei e delle collezioni, insegnamento al Muséum appena riformato, ambizioni ideologiche e patriottiche di un sapere unitario fondato scientificamente. Lamarck, pensatore di frontiera, era profondamente radicato nei suoi diversi ambienti. La struttura del Muséum, del resto, favoriva la reciproca fecondazione delle idee e discipline. Alla luce di un esame dei condizionamenti materiali e istituzionali di cui l'opera di Lamarck risentì, vengono considerati i suoi aspetti più importanti: la ricerca del sistema naturale di classificazione, il passaggio dalla botanica alla zoologia, l'idea di serie, il problema della diversità biologica, il trasformismo, il concetto di «organizzazione» (in tutte le sue implicazioni politiche, amministrative e pedagogiche, oltre che biologiche), la sistematizzazione del sapere, l'impostazione naturalistica delle questioni filosofiche e morali, il rapporto con i colleghi (in particolare con Cuvier).
GALILEO AND THE TELESCOPE
Authors: ZIK YAAKOV 
Published: November 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title Il perfezionamento del telescopio, col quale Galileo fu in grado di investigare i cieli, e l'impatto che esso ebbe sugli studi astronomici sono stati alla base di numerose controversie tra gli studiosi. Comunque, chi ha trattato l'argomento si trovato d'accordo sul fatto che Galileo fu capace di migliorare l'ingrandimento e la qualit dell'immagine usando lenti a focale lunga ed un diaframma. opinione comune che Galileo pot realizzare il telescopio grazie alle sue qualit di valente artigiano e non perch seppe trarre insegnamento dalle leggi dell'ottica, che stanno all'origine del suo successo. Questo lavoro getter nuova luce sulla questione, chiarendo sia i metodi di lavoro empirici sia la conoscenza di Galileo dei principi di ottica che portarono alla realizzazione del telescopio.
Hidden Secrets or the Mysteries of Daily Life. Hebrew Entries in the Journal Books of the Early Modern Astronomer Gottfried Kirch
Authors: Kühn Sebastian , Rebiger Bill 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In the astronomical journal books written in German of Gottfried Kirch (1639–1710), a Christian astronomer and publisher with close connections to Pietists, several entries in Hebrew script are striking. In fact, it is not Hebrew or Yiddish but German in Hebrew characters. There is no doubt that the transcription follows more or less an orthography known from Yiddish. Since the content of these entries is rather banal and reflects daily life, it is possible that they are nothing but a kind of scholarly joke, a private pleasure, and practice of scholarly skills. While these private notes were not capable of academic discourse, perhaps Kirch playfully tried to enhance their status by using an uncommon script in contrast to the astronomical data. In this way, it was possible to cover over the triviality of daily life by a veil of mystery by transcribing it in Hebrew characters.
African Trading Post in Guangzhou: Emergent or Recurrent Commercial Form?
Authors: Bredeloup Sylvie 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn the early 2000s, nationals of Sub-Saharan Africa who had settled in the market places of Hong Kong, Bangkok, Jakarta, and Kuala Lumpur, moved to Guangzhou and opened offices in the upper floors of buildings inBaiyunandYuexiuDistricts. These were located in the northwest of the city, near the central railway station and one of the two fairs of Canton. Gradually these traders were able to create the necessary conditions of hospitality by opening community restaurants on upper floors, increasing the number of showrooms and offices as well as the services of freight and customs clearance in order to live up to an African itinerant customer’s expectations. From interviews carried out between 2006 and 2009 in the People’s Republic of China and in Hong Kong, Bangkok, Dubai, and West Africa, the article will first highlight the economic logics which have contributed to the constitution of African trading posts in China and describe their extension from the Middle East and from Asia. The second part will determine the respective roles of migrants and traveling Sub-Saharan entrepreneurs, before exploring their interactions with Chinese society in the setting up of these commercial networks. It will also look at the impact of toughening immigration policies. It is the principle of the African trading posts of anchoring of some traders in strategic places negotiated with the host society that allows the movement but also the temporary settlement of many visitors. The first established traders purchase products manufactured in the hinterland to fulfill the demand of the itinerant merchants who in turn supply customers located in other continents.
The Durban Climate Conference between Success and Frustration
Authors: Streck Charlotte , Chagas Thiago , von Unger Moritz , O’Sullivan Robert 
Published: November 2012

The outcomes of the Durban climate change conference leave plenty of room for interpretation and are generally ambivalent. Climate negotiators launched a new negotiation track that is expected to result in a legally meaningful agreement by all parties (developed and developing) to kick-in in 2020. The establishment of the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action signaled a significant departure from the developed/ developing country divide that permeates the Protocol. It further committed countries to a process leading an ‘outcome with legal force’; arguably more than a mere political agreement.
Durban also succeeded in securing a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, albeit with fewer developed countries. However, the conference did not succeed in extracting any new substantive commitments from countries. The wording of the Durban Platform is unspecific and contains ample room for interpretation. The diversity and complexity of the issues at hand help explaining the slow progress on the substance. While international negotiators continue to seek compromise on many issues, subnational governments, private actors, and civil society have started implementing climate solutions. If the climate challenge is to be overcome, international climate talks must be able to pick up on these initiatives and more quickly step-up to its role as a central coordinator and catalyst of efforts.
LESS DIVERSITY - MORE INTEGRATION: INTERETHNIC RELATIONS IN THE CONTEMPORARY BALKANS 1
Authors: BIEBER FLORIAN 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Summary: This article surveys the state of diversity in Southeastern Europe by examining the nature of interethnic relations and diversity, minority rights protection and political participation of minorities. During the past decade, state repression and hostility towards minorities have largely made way to including minorities in government and introducing comprehensive minority rights protection laws. These improvements at the level of policy are often not matched in terms of general interethnic relations. Majority-minority relations remain burdened by the 1990s and Southeastern Europe is considerably more homogenous than it was in 1989. As a consequence, legal and policy changes are often the consequence of international and in particular EU pressure rather than domestic processes.
The effects of rehearsal on auditory cortex: An fMRI study of the putative neural mechanisms of dance therapy
Authors: DeSouza Joseph F. , Bar Rachel 
Published: November 2012

We were interested in examining the time course of the evolution when beginning to learn a motor habit and it’s associated neural functional changes in the brain. To accomplish this we employed five professional dancers that were scanned using a within subjects design. Each dancer participated in four fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scanning sessions over the training and learning of a dance to a 1 min piece of music employing a typical blocked design (5 epochs with alternations of a 30-s fixation period). We also tested five control subjects that had dance experience but did not learn the dance to this music. Subjects were asked to visualize dancing while listening to a piece of music. At the first scanning session, only 4 rehearsals of the piece (initial acquisition phase) were studied. The control subjects were also tested at this time period but they had no rehearsals and had no visual exposure to the music before scanning. The second scanning session occurred one week later, after a total of 9 rehearsals. The third scanning session was completed 7 weeks after initial acquisition of the dance (the dance was performed a total of 16 times after initial training). Thus in total there were 22 scanning sessions using 10 subjects. Additionally a control motor scan was performed in each scanning session to activate motor regions that should not change activation patterns across all scanning sessions. Results revealed a significant increase of BOLD signal, across the sessions in a network of brain regions including bilateral auditory cortex to supplementary motor cortex. These results suggest that as we learn a motor sequence from music, greater neuronal activity occurs and we discuss the potential neural network involved in dance and its implications towards alternative neural regions that are potentially recruited during dance therapy.
Temporal processing of self-motion: Translations are processed slower than rotations
Authors: Soyka Florian , Barnett-Cowan Michael , Giordano Paolo R. , Bülthoff Heinrich H. 
Published: November 2012

Reaction times (RTs) to purely inertial self-motion stimuli have only infrequently been studied, and comparisons of RTs for translations and rotations, to our knowledge, are nonexistent. We recently proposed a model (Soyka et al., 2011) which describes direction discrimination thresholds for rotational and translational motions based on the dynamics of the vestibular sensory organs (otoliths and semi-circular canals). This model also predicts differences in RTs for different motion profiles (e.g., trapezoidal versus triangular acceleration profiles or varying profile durations). In order to assess these predictions we measured RTs in 20 participants for 8 supra-threshold motion profiles (4 translations, 4 rotations). A two-alternative forced-choice task, discriminating leftward from rightward motions, was used and 30 correct responses per condition were evaluated. The results agree with predictions for RT differences between motion profiles as derived from previously identified model parameters from threshold measurements. To describe absolute RT, a constant is added to the predictions representing both the discrimination process, and the time needed to press the response button. This constant is approximately 160 ms shorter for rotations, thus indicating that additional processing time is required for translational motion. As this additional latency cannot be explained by our model based on the dynamics of the sensory organs, we speculate that it originates at a later stage, e.g., during tilt-translation disambiguation. Varying processing latencies for different self-motion stimuli (either translations or rotations) which our model can account for must be considered when assessing the perceived timing of vestibular stimulation in comparison with other senses (Barnett-Cowan and Harris, 2009; Sanders et al., 2011).
Ecology and Distribution of the Isopod Genus Idotea in the Baltic Sea: Key Species in a Changing Environment
Authors: Leidenberger Sonja , Harding Karin , Jonsson Per R. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMarine isopods of the genus Idotea [I. balthica (Pallas, 1772), I. chelipes (Pallas, 1766), and I. granulosa Rathke, 1843] are common meso-grazers that enter deep into the Baltic Sea and here appear to live at their physiological limit, determined by salinity and temperature tolerance. We review available data on distribution and community ecology to assess the functional role of Idoteain the Baltic Sea and how global change may affect essential ecological interactions. Data from the last 150 years suggest an on-going shift southward for I. chelipes and I. granulosa that may be caused by a changing climate. Several studies report local extinctions and mass abundances, which may be caused by a changing food web from over-fishing and eutrophication. The three species of Idotea have clear habitat segregation in the Baltic Sea, where salinity, temperature and vegetation are the main dimensions. Idotea spp. have a central role as grazers and in communities dominated by the perennial macrophytes Fucus spp. and Zostera marina and attain impressive feeding rates on a range of epiphytes/filamentous algae (top-down effect). Idotea can have both a direct negative grazing effect on macrophytes but also an indirect positive effect by removing epiphytes. The relative role of nutritional value and chemical defence for food preference is yet unclear for Idotea. Baltic idoteids are also important prey for several fish (bottom-up effect) and fish predation may have increased following overfishing of piscivorous fish. It is concluded that Idotea is a key taxon in the Baltic Sea food web, where guilds often contain few dominant species. Changes in population dynamics of Idotea, as a function of human generated global change, may have large-scale consequences for ecosystem functions in a future Baltic Sea, e.g. the extent of vegetation cover in the coastal zone.
Subgrouping in Uto-Aztecan
Authors: Hill Jane H. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe classical historical linguistic method for establishing a phylogenetic subgroup requires evidence of shared innovation from a reconstructed protolanguage. In spite of the fact that UtoAztecan is one of the better-known American language families, there is surprisingly little work on the family within this framework. Instead, subgrouping hypotheses have emerged largely from the application of lexicostatistical methods. With the exception of two very clearly defined clades, Aztecan and Tepiman, Uto-Aztecan subgrouping remains controversial. In this paper I discuss issues in subgrouping that emerge from attention to shared phonological innovation, and compare subgroups that, in my view, can be fairly securely established on this basis with the subgroups suggested by the recent efforts in numerical-taxonomic subgrouping undertaken by the ASJP Consortium.
The Nude in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Russian Sculpture
Authors: Samu Margaret 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This article analyzes Russian attitudes toward nudity in art in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, from the importation of Italian nudes by Peter the Great to the continued study of the nude model by Socialist Realist artists. Questions addressed include the reception of nude sculpture in Russia and its change over time; the role of life models; and the subject matter sculptors chose.
Secularisation, R.I.P.? Nonsense! The ‘Rush Hour Away from the Gods’ and the Decline of Religion in Contemporary Japan
Authors: Reader Ian 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Sociologists of religion such as Rodney Stark and José Casanova have pronounced secularisation theories to be dead or a ‘myth,’ and in so doing they have often cited Japan as an example of the vigour of religion in the modern world. This article refutes their claims by examining the contemporary Japanese religious situation and showing that, far from being vibrant, religion, whether organised, institutional, or related to popular and folk practices, is in decline. It draws on extensive survey data to show that levels of faith, adherence and practice have decreased significantly, and that they do so especially in conjunction with rising levels of urbanisation and education—two conditions identified in secularisation theory as associated with religious decline. The study examines counter-claims that some areas (notably pilgrimage and ‘spirituality’) are growing in Japan, and shows that the reverse is true. Pilgrimages are losing support while there is evidence that the ‘turn to spirituality’—cited by some scholars as a replacement for organised religion—has petered out in Japan. Thus there is a strong secularising tendency in Japan that refutes the claims of those who wish to bury secularisation theory; as the Japanese case shows, it remains a potent force in the modern world.
Observations on the Blurring of the Religious and the Secular in a Japanese Urban Setting
Authors: Porcu Elisabetta 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This paper presents some observations on how the borders between the religious and the secular are perceived, blurred and reinterpreted at the community level in Kyoto. These reflections are based mainly on my extended fieldwork in the city, where I participated in and took note of the activities of two chōnaikai (neighborhood associations). I also observed and examined events related to the Gion matsuri, which takes place in July and is one of the three main festivals in Japan. The neighborhood associations play a pivotal role in Kyoto’s community life, and the boundaries between the religious and the secular very often remain indistinct due to the ambiguous character of the chōnaikai. In this context, I analyze some of the religious activities within the chōnai, such as taking care of the small votive shrine dedicated to the bodhisattva Jizō, and events related to Shintō. With regard to local festivals, I explore religious and secular aspects of the Gion matsuri, an event that attracts crowds of visitors from all over Japan and abroad, which offers the opportunity to investigate the intermingling of religion and business, local government, culture and tourism.
The Educational Autonomy of Perfectionist Religious Groups in a Liberal State
Authors: Rosen Mark D. 
Published: November 2012

This Article draws upon, but reworks, John Rawls’ framework from Political Liberalism to determine the degree of educational autonomy that illiberal perfectionist religious groups ought to enjoy in a liberal state. I start by arguing that Rawls mistakenly concludes that political liberalism flatly cannot accommodate Perfectionists, and that his misstep is attributable to two errors: (1) Rawls utilizes an overly restrictive “political conception of the person” in determining who participates in the original position, and (2) Rawls overlooks the possibility of a “federalist” basic political structure that can afford significant political autonomy to different groups within a single country. With these insights, I argue that some, though not all, religious Perfectionists are consistent with a stable liberal polity, and explain why foundational Rawlsian premises require that Perfectionists be accommodated to the extent possible.
My ultimate conclusions are that liberal polities ought to grant significant autonomy to those illiberal groups that satisfy specified conditions, and that the autonomy of such “eligible” illiberal groups is subject to two further constraints, which I call “well-orderedness” and “opt-out.” The autonomy to which eligible Perfections are entitled includes the authority to educate their children in a way that provides a fair opportunity for the groups to perpetuate themselves. The constraint of well-orderedness, however, permits the State to impose educational requirements that facilitate peace and political stability. Accommodating eligible illiberal groups, subject to these constraints, is an instantiation of liberal commitments, not a compromise of liberal values.
Current Concepts in Examination and Treatment of Elbow Tendon Injury
Authors: Ellenbecker Todd S. , Nirschl Robert , Renstrom Per 
Published: November 2012

Context: Injuries to the tendons of the elbow occur frequently in the overhead athlete, creating a significant loss of function and dilemma to sports medicine professionals. A detailed review of the anatomy, etiology, and pathophysiology of tendon injury coupled with comprehensive evaluation and treatment information is needed for clinicians to optimally design treatment programs for rehabilitation and prevention. Evidence Acquisitions: The PubMed database was searched in January 2012 for English-language articles pertaining to elbow tendon injury. Results: Detailed information on tendon pathophysiology was found along with incidence of elbow injury in overhead athletes. Several evidence-based reviews were identified, providing a thorough review of the recommended rehabilitation for elbow tendon injury. Conclusions: Humeral epicondylitis is an extra-articular tendon injury that is common in athletes subjected to repetitive upper extremity loading. Research is limited on the identification of treatment modalities that can reduce pain and restore function to the elbow. Eccentric exercise has been studied in several investigations and, when coupled with a complete upper extremity strengthening program, can produce positive results in patients with elbow tendon injury. Further research is needed in high-level study to delineate optimal treatment methods.
Targeted nanoparticle delivery overcomes off-target immunostimulatory effects of oligonucleotides and improves therapeutic efficacy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Yu Bo , Mao Yicheng , Bai Li-Yuan , Herman Sarah E. M. , Wang Xinmei , Ramanunni Asha , Jin Yan , Mo Xiaokui , Cheney Carolyn , Chan Kenneth K. , Jarjoura David , Marcucci Guido , Lee Robert J. , Byrd John C. , Lee L. James , Muthusamy Natarajan 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSeveral RNA-targeted therapeutics, including antisense oligonucleotides (ONs), small interfering RNAs, and miRNAs, constitute immunostimulatory CpG motifs as an integral part of their design. The limited success with free antisense ONs in hematologic malignancies in recent clinical trials has been attributed to the CpG motif–mediated, TLR-induced prosurvival effects and inefficient target modulation in desired cells. In an attempt to diminish their off-target prosurvival and proinflammatory effects and specific delivery, as a proof of principle, in the present study, we developed an Ab-targeted liposomal delivery strategy using a clinically relevant CD20 Ab (rituximab)–conjugated lipopolyplex nanoparticle (RIT-INP)– and Bcl-2–targeted antisense G3139 as archetypical antisense therapeutics. The adverse immunostimulatory responses were abrogated by selective B cell–targeted delivery and early endosomal compartmentalization of G3139-encapsulated RIT-INPs, resulting in reduced NF-κB activation, robust Bcl-2 down-regulation, and enhanced sensitivity to fludarabine-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, significant in vivo therapeutic efficacy was noted after RIT-INP–G3139 administration in a disseminated xenograft leukemia model. The results of the present study demonstrate that CD20-targeted delivery overcomes the immunostimulatory properties of CpG-containing ON therapeutics and improves efficient gene silencing and in vivo therapeutic efficacy for B-cell malignancies. The broader implications of similar approaches in overcoming immunostimulatory properties of RNA-directed therapeutics in hematologic malignancies are also discussed.