bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CARNOSINE IN AMPHIBIAN VOLUNTARY MUSCLE
Authors: Eggleton M. Grace , Eggleton P. 
Published: December 2014

1. Three modifications are suggested in the KOESSLER and HANKE colorimetric technique (based on the Pauli reaction) for the estimation of pyrimidine bases: (a) the substitution of bicarbonate for some of the carbonate in one of the reagents (leading to greater stability in the pigment formed); (b) the use of carnosine nitrate as a standard of reference for estimation instead of a mixture of dyestuffs; and (c) the use of an appropriate light filter in conjunction with the colorimeter. This leads to an eightfold increase in sensitivity.2. Extracts from symmetrical pairs of muscles from the legs of the frog give Pauli reactions of equal intensity. This equality is not destroyed by previous fatiguing or killing by heat of one of the pair.3. The cutaneo‐crural, sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and gastrocnemius muscles contain increasing concentrations of carnosine (measured by the Pauli reaction) in the order named.4. Different frogs from one batch differ considerably in the apparent carnosine content of any one muscle; variations in the gastrocnemius, for example, were observed from 124 to 293 mg. per 100 grm.5. The Pauli reaction given by histidine, histamine, carnosine, and extracts of living and dead muscles have been studied. In the conditions chosen, all save histamine were alike in the tint given and in the rate of colour production and fading.6. No substance capable of giving the Pauli reaction was found to diffuse from living muscles into a surrounding saline whether the muscles were resting or fatigued, and regardless of the presence or absence of oxygen.7. Histidine can diffuse from saline into an excised resting muscle and out again. The equilibrium reached appears to be a simple osmotic equilibrium.8. All substances capable of giving the Pauli reaction diffuse freely out of a muscle in rigor (induced by heat or by iodoacetic acid).9. Carnosine has been isolated in the form of its copper salt in comparable amounts both from muscles killed while in the resting state and from those previously sent into heat rigor.10. Carnosine diffuses freely and completely into a dead muscle, but if the muscle is alive only 30 per cent. of its bulk appears to be permeable to carnosine diffusing in.11. It is concluded that the carnosine in living muscles of the frog is contained within some series of structures occupying only 70 per cent. of the bulk of the muscle. It is retained in virtue of some property of the tissue which is lost at death.12. No evidence was found for the existence either in dead or living muscle of substances other than carnosine capable of giving the Pauli reaction.This work has been financed by the Medical Research Council.
IS THE SMALL INTESTINE INNERVATED BY THE SO‐CALLED SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
Authors: Hukuhara T. 
Published: December 2014

1. The stimulation of the splanchnic nerves always produces an inhibitory effect on the intestinal movements. After the application of nicotine to the solar plexus, the stimulation becomes ineffectual and gives no evidence of the excitatory effect, the existence of which is claimed by Kureé and his collaborators. Accordingly the existence of the so‐called spinal parasympathetic nervous system regarding the innervation of the small intestine is very doubtful.2. The stellate ganglia do not send any inhibitory fibre to the small intestine through the vagus nerves.
UNCONSCIOUSNESS PRODUCED BY ELECTRIC CURRENTS
Authors: Clark G. A. , Wall T. F. 
Published: December 2014

Experiments are described in which cats and rabbits are rendered unconscious by the very brief application of an electric current to the head region. No permanent disability follows, and the animal appears to have no memory of the occurrence.The current employed was a unidirectional one, interrupted between 10 and 400 times per sec.; frequencies above 50 per sec. were most effective. The optimum voltage varied with different frequencies.Direct observation and photographs of the vessels of the cerebral cortex show that these vessels are constricted by the current used.Stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerves also produces constriction of the pial vessels, but stimulation of these nerves in the unanæsthetised cat does not produce unconsciousness.Unconsciousness can be produced by the electric current in cats three weeks after removal of the superior cervical ganglion.The cause of unconsciousness in the cases described is not cerebral anæmia.The expenses of this research were partly defrayed by a grant from the Medical Research Council.
MODE OF ACTION OF OXYGEN LACK AND CARBON DIOXIDE EXCESS ON RESPIRATION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Wright Samson 
Published: December 2014

1. The mode of action of oxygen lack and carbon dioxide excess was examined in the rabbit.2. Oxygen lack (as in the cat) depresses the “deafferented” respiratory centre and produces reflex stimulation through the sinus, aortic, and vagus nerves. The sinus afferents are probably more important than the others. The vagal fibres employed are probably aortic and not pulmonary in origin.3. Carbon dioxide excess acts predominantly centrally. Afferent impulses in the sinus nerves are of inconstant importance, but no convincing evidence was obtained that the vago‐aortic nerves participated in any significant degree in the total response.
HYPERGLYCÆMIA IN FASTED RABBITS FOLLOWING INJURY IN THE PITUITARY REGION
Authors: Dawson Donald J. , Milne Adam 
Published: December 2014

1. The modified Schmidt method used for decerebration anterior to the pons has been shown to be unsatisfactory for the production of a non‐hyperglycaemic preparation of the fasted rabbit.2. Decerebration anterior to the pons either by the Schmidt method or by the needle method followed by mechanical damage to the base of the cranium in the neighbourhood of the pituitary fossa is usually followed by an immediate and marked hyperglycæmia.3. The possible reasons for the occurrence of this hyperglycæmia are discussed.
CONTRADICTORY ACTIONS OF CAFFEINE, CORAMINE, AND METRAZOL
Authors: Maloney Arnold Hamilton 
Published: December 2014

The results of experiments on rats and rabbits narcotised with barbital and treated with caffeine, coramine, or metrazol reveal the fact that these substances are capable of accentuating the depressant action of the barbiturate under certain conditions.The barbiturate was administered in single sub‐lethal doses. The other substances were given in varying quantities, each dosage unit being slightly below or above the lethal level for normal controls.Sub‐lethal doses of caffeine and coramine administered to the barbitalised rat caused transient arousals, with tremors or mild convulsions at certain dosage levels and the same effects, followed by delayed death in depression, at higher levels. The percentage of recoveries from the combined substances was less than that from caffeine and coramine alone.Lethal doses of metrazol caused permanent arousal without convulsions at lower dosage levels, permanent arousal with convulsions at higher levels, and convulsions followed by death at still higher levels. The barbitalised rat was able to tolerate large lethal doses of metrazol, indicating a high degree of reciprocal antagonism between barbital and metrazol in that species.A depressant effect was more in evidence than a stimulatory action with caffeine.The rat manifests a distinct species intolerance to coramine. It is not a suitable animal on which to make generalisations in comparative studies on coramine.Normally stimulating doses of coramine and metrazol, administered in single or fractional portions to barbitalised rabbits, caused transitory arousal at certain dosage levels, with death in depression in others; but in every instance coramine or metrazol, when combined with barbital, increased the duration of narcosis over that of the controls, and caused some fatalities.These studies point to possible danger in the use of these substances indiscriminately in barbiturate depression and emphasise their contraindication in deep barbiturate depression.We interpret these phenomena as due to a secondary depressant action of caffeine, coramine, and metrazol elicited at certain levels of depression initiated by the barbiturates.
CYSTINE DEFICIENCY IN THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Weichselbaum Theodore Edwin 
Published: December 2014

In three separate batches of young Wistar strain albino rats from two different sources, kept on the Sherman‐Merrill cystine‐deficient diet, a large proportion developed a characteristic syndrome and died when untreated. Cystine or methionine prevented this; once the symptoms had definitely appeared cystine brought about recovery in most cases, but methionine was without effect. Males were markedly more susceptible than females.It is suggested that the long deprivation of cystine and methionine shows a difference in the readiness with which these amino acids can be utilised.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF STIMULI ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE GASTRIC JUICE
Authors: Toby C. Gwendoline 
Published: December 2014

1. The composition of the gastric juice varies with the stimulus, which may act selectively on different groups of cells. Two extremely different types of gastric juice are obtained (a) after subcutaneous administration of histamine, and (b) after sham‐feeding or pilocarpine injection.2. There is little difference in the total chloride concentration and the total acidity of the gastric secretion provoked by sham‐feeding as compared with that provoked by histamine. In the secretion produced by pilocarpine the total acidity is markedly lower and the concentration of total chloride a little lower than with the first two stimuli. At times practically all the chloride present is in the form of HCl.3. These slight variations in the total chloride may be due (a) to contamination of the parietal secretion with varying amounts of fluid less rich in chloride, secreted by groups of cells other than the parietal, or (b) to a less extent to changes in the concentration of chloride in the blood plasma.4. Under the influence of any one stimulus, the gastric glands produce a secretion in which the acidity parallels more or less closely the total chloride concentration; but as soon as a new stimulus is superimposed, or at the end of the secretory period, there is an alteration in the activity of different cellular groups, and a dissociation of the two curves may occur.5. Since the volume of secretion and the concentration of total chloride vary little with different stimuli, whereas the organic content may be ten to twenty times more than the minimum, it is therefore concluded that the greatest part of the chloride and of the fluid of the gastric juice is produced by the parietal cells.I am greatly indebted for much helpful criticism to Professor B. P. Babkin, under whose direction this work was carried out.
INTRAVENTRICULAR INJECTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE AND ESERINE IN MAN
Authors: Henderson W. R. , Wilson W. C. 
Published: December 2014

1. Acetylcholine introduced into the human cerebral ventricles produced a prolonged and characteristic reaction.2. The responses were a result of the action of acetylcholine on cerebral centres and not of peripheral action after absorption into the blood stream.3. The responses were due to specific actions of acetylcholine; they were prevented or abolished by atropine.4. Eserine injected in small quantities into the ventricles produced a reaction in all respects very closely resembling that to acetylcholine. The site of action was also central.5. Sub‐stimulant quantities of eserine in the ventricles potentiated the action of intraventricular acetylcholine.6. The results of intraventricular eserine suggested that acetylcholine may normally be liberated at some synapses in the brain.7. The nature of the responses to intraventricular acetylcholine has been discussed and particular reference has been made to sleep.Five subjects were patients under charge of Dr. E. Arnold Carmichael and two under charge of Mr. N. M. Dott. We are indebted to them for facilities for this work.
THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS ACETYLCHOLINE INJECTIONS ON THE THORACIC LYMPH PRODUCTION
Authors: Beznák A. B. L. 
Published: December 2014

1. Intravenous injection of acetylcholine in doses 0·02–0·2 γ/cat and 0·2–2 γ/dog causes an increase in the lymph‐flow through the thoracic duct.2. Experiments are described proving that most of the increased lymph‐flow comes from the intestines, and a smaller proportion from the liver.3. It was shown by direct microscopical observation that acetylcholine causes a dilatation of both the precapillary arteries and the capillaries of the villi, but the dilatation of the former is greater. Such a condition results in an increased lymph production. The action of acetylcholine on the capillaries and precapillary arteries is regarded as the cause of the increased lymph‐flow. Atropine annuls the effect of acetylcholine on the lymph‐flow. The effect of atropine on the blood pressure and lymph‐flow is parallel. The effect of acetylcholine on the contractile elements of the vascular system is probably not the sole cause of the increased lymph‐flow because in animals dyed with chlorazol skyblue the increase in the lymph‐flow is greater, although the capillary changes are less marked. It seems probable that acetylcholine also increases the permeability of the capillary walls.4. It has been shown that contraction of the villi also provoked by acetylcholine cannot be the cause of the increased lymph‐flow, because chlorazol skyblue, while completely paralysing the motion of the villi, enhances the effect of acetylcholine on the lymph‐flow. Based on this fact the supposition that the contraction of villi plays any important rôle in the emptying of the contents of the villi and the propulsion of lymph is questioned. It had also been shown that increased peristalis cannot be the cause of the increased lymph‐flow, though both factors may play a rôle in the propulsion of the lymph. Gland activity as a possible cause has also been excluded.5. Since acetylcholine exerts its influence on the lymph‐flow in physiologically occurring doses, and since its effect is evanescent and repeatable many times, acetylcholine is regarded as a compound acting as a physiological lymph producer.The author has pleasure in thanking Professor Sándor Belák for his many useful suggestions in the course of this work.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY IN THE RAT. THE COMBINED ACTION OF MALE AND FEMALE HORMONES (TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE AND ŒSTRONE)
Authors: Hain A. M. 
Published: December 2014

1. An antagonistic action was observed in the ovariectomised rat between œstrone and testosterone propionate (male hormone), the latter annulling the œstrogenic effect of the former.2. In the pregnant rat, male hormone did not overcome the interruptive action of œstrone even in very large amounts.3. Such amounts were themselves interruptive in effect when administered alone at the same stage of gestation.4. These amounts had no œstrogenic effect on ovariectomised rats.5. It is concluded that the interruptive effect of male hormone on pregnancy is probably specific, and may be by way of the anterior pituitary or other ductless gland.The expenses of this investigation were defrayed by grants from the Carnegie Trust and the Medical Research Council.
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS
Authors: Raventós J. 
Published: December 2014

1. The author measured the actions of various quaternary ammonium salts on a series of isolated tissues, namely: leech muscle, frog's rectus abdominis, frog's auricle, and rat's gut.2. The following series of compounds were tested:—(1) Me3N.Me, Me3N.Et . . . Me3N.Oct, Me3N.Cet.(2) Me4N to Bu4N.(3) Me4N, Me3.EtN, Me2.Et2N, Me.Et3N, Et4N.(4) Me3N.Phen, Me3N.Benz, Me3N(CH2)2Phen.3. The tissues studied fell into three groups as regards their responses to the Me3N.R series:Group A. Leech muscle, which resembled in its response the motor‐nerve endings.Group B. The rectus abdominis.Group C. The frog's auricle and the rat's gut.In Group A all the compounds produced actions similar in kind but of varying intensity.In Group C a reversal of action occurred. An increase of R in the Me3N.R series caused increased activity up to Me3N.Am, but further increase abolished the action, and the higher compounds then inhibited the action of the lower members of the series.The responses of the rectus abdominis were intermediate in character between Groups A and C, but more nearly resembled those of Group C.4. The responses to the series Me4N, Et4N, Br4N, and But4N showed a similar grouping, but the similarity between the leech response and the curariform action was less complete.5. The series Me4N, Me3EtN, Me2Et2N, etc., showed more complex responses.6. The compound Me3N.CHPhen resembled in its actions Me3BuN and not Me3OctN. Hence the effect of introducing a phenyl group resembled that of the addition of 3 carbon atoms in a straight chain rather than that of the addition of 6 carbon atoms.It is with pleasure that I put in record my indebtedness to Prof. A. J. Clark for his kind hospitality, and for his constant help and advice. The expenses of this research were in part defrayed by the Moray Fund, for which help I express my thanks.
THE ANTAGONISM OF ACETYLCHOLINE AND OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS
Authors: Clark A. J. , Raventós J. 
Published: December 2014

1. The study of a number of antagonists in a variety of tissues shows that all drugs which antagonise acetylcholine also antagonise Me4N.2. The concentration of antagonist needed in any tissue to produce an equal intensity of antagonism is similar with acetylcholine and with Me4N.3. A considerable proportion of the antagonism studied between drugs termed A and B approximate to the simple relation [A]/[B]=constant. A certain proportion of antagonisms deviate from this relationship.4. A considerable proportion of the facts observed can be interpreted on the assumption that antagonistic drugs compete for a common receptor.The expenses of this research were in part defrayed by a grant from the Moray Fund, and the cost of illustrations by a grant from the Carnegie Trust, for both of which we express our thanks.
THE INHIBITION OF WATER‐DIURESIS BY EMOTIONAL STRESS AND BY MUSCULAR EXERCISE
Authors: Rydin H. , Verney E. B. 
Published: December 2014

1. The inhibition of water‐diuresis induced in the dog by mild exercise of 4 to 5 minutes' duration begins about 2 minutes after the onset of exercise.2. Emotional stress produces an inhibition of similar form: reasons are given for the view that the inhibition produced by exercise is due to an emotional accompaniment.3. The course of the inhibitory response to emotional stress is unaltered by successive operations comprising (a) division of the renal nerves; (b) removal of the right suprarenal and denervation of the left; (c) decentralisation of the whole abdominal sympathetic system with removal of ganglia L2 to SI inclusive. After (a) and (b) the mean arterial pressure rises during emotional stress; after (c) it remains unaffected.4. When, in the normal dog, the renal artery is compressed during water‐diuresis for a period of 2 to 6 minutes, the course of the inhibition shows close temporal accord with that of the compression (confirming Samaan [1936]).5. The experiments recorded support the view that the inhibition of water‐diuresis by emotional stress is due to some agent humorally conducted to the kidney, and that this agent is not adrenaline. They accord with the view that local hæmodynamic events are not essential accompaniments of the inhibitory action of this substance on the kidney.6. The course of the inhibitory response to emotional stress can be closely matched by an intravenous injection of post‐pituitary extract. The post‐pituitary equivalent of this stress in terms of the standard powder is of the order of 1 µg.7. After section of the splanchnic nerves, or after decentralisation of the whole abdominal sympathetic system, a profound and longlasting inhibition of water‐diuresis has been seen to follow arterial hæmorrhage to the extent of about 6 per cent. of the blood‐volume. The inhibition showed no apparent relation with the small and transient fall in blood‐pressure which the hæmorrhage also induced.8. The experimental results are discussed in the light of the theory of the pituitary control of water‐secretion.We are indebted to the Rockefeller Foundation for defraying part of the expenses of this work.
THE SECRETION OF THE COLON OF THE CAT
Authors: Wright R. D. , Florey H. W. , Jennings M. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. Stimulation by faradic stimuli at the rate of thirty per second of the peripheral ends of the severed nervi erigentes of decerebrate cats causes a secretion of fluid by the colon. The distal half of the colon forms this fluid at an average rate of 5 c.c. per hour when stimulated for 25 seconds per minute.2. Secretion by the colon can also be excited by stimulating the central end of one nervus erigens when the other is left intact.3. The rate of secretion is reduced by stimulating the nerves emanating from the inferior mesenteric ganglia at the same time as the nervi erigentes.4. Stimulation of these paravertebral sympathetic nerves alone does not excite any secretion by the colon.5. The administration of eserine increases greatly the rate of secretion excited by nervous stimulation.6. Narcotics, e.g., chloralose and luminal, greatly decrease the rate of secretion. This is a peripheral effect, for it occurs in the completely decentralised colon. The fact that it is combated to a large extent by eserine suggests that it is due to narcosis of the enteric plexuses.7. A similar fluid is secreted in response to injection of pilocarpine and, in the eserinised cat, acetylcholine.8. Atropin inhibits the secretion caused by any of these procedures.9. The composition of the secretion is: Total inorganic . •95 per cent. Enterokinase Nil. Organic matter . •46>0 per cent. Invertase Nil. Chlorine . •34 per cent. Amylase Trace. Phosphate . •0·5 mg. per cent. Dipeptidase Present. Calcium . •2·0 mg. per cent. Erepsin Nil. Trypsin Nil. Lipase Nil.10. The resting or atropinised colon can resorb this secretion completely.11. The reaction of the fluid when collected is about pH 8•4, but rapidly goes to pH 9•1 when exposed to the air. 1 c.c. juice neutralises about 0•5 c.c. of N/10 HCl. The reaction of the solid fæces contained in the colon varies from pH 7 at the surface to as low as pH 4•8 at the centre of the mass.We are indebted to the Nuffield Trust for a grant towards the expenses of this work.Dr. E. Chain has been most helpful with assistance in the chemical estimations; Dr. Sanders kindly photographed the abdominal window, and Dr. C. L. G. Pratt supplied a good trypsin activator. H. Axtell and A. Sale have provided technical assistance.
ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THYROID AND SEX GLAND FUNCTIONING IN THE BROWN LEGHORN FOWL
Authors: Greenwood A. W. , Chu J. P. 
Published: December 2014

Of 5 thyroidectomised pullets raised to maturity 2 began to lay eggs at an age average for the flock; at the same time others exhibited certain morphological criteria associated with egg production although they did not lay. In all the experimental females sexual growth of the comb was completely inhibited.In males the repressive action of the operation on the gonads was more pronounced; only the initial phases in spermatogenesis were completed and mature sperm were never found. Sexual growth of the comb was checked in the young experimental males and regression in the size of the comb was marked in the mature cocks.Replacement therapy, using dried thyroid substance orally, induced growth of the comb in both sexes and initiated egg production in the females tested.Comb growth ensued in 2 experimental females injected with a male hormone preparation, indicating that the absence of sexual growth in this organ was actually due to the deprivation of gonad secretion and not to a lack of sensitivity of comb tissues.The differential response of the two sexes to the loss of thyroid tissue is discussed in relation to a postulated pituitary‐thyroid‐gonad mechanism.