bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermoreversible crosslinked thermoplastic starch
Authors: Nossa Tamires S , Belgacem Naceur M , Gandini Alessandro , Carvalho Antonio JF 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA novel furan‐modified thermoreversible crosslinked thermoplastic starch was synthesized. The crosslinking mechanism was based on a thermoreversible furan/maleimide adduct formed by the Diels − Alder reaction. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) was first modified by forming a urethane linkage between the product of the reaction of furfuryl alcohol with 4,4‐methylene diphenyldiisocyanate and a starch hydroxyl group. Crosslinking was then achieved by the addition of 1,1′‐(methylene‐di‐4,1‐phenylene) bismaleimide to the furan‐grafted starch in solution (dimethylsulfoxide) and in the molten state during conventional extrusion. The materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The thermoreversible reaction was assessed by viscosity measurement and 1H NMR, for the system in dimethylsulfoxide, and by solubility tests, hot‐pressing experiments and dynamic mechanical analysis measurements for the extruded product. The crosslinked product showed a higher storage modulus and water resistance than its non‐crosslinked counterpart, opening novel opportunities to widen the range of TPS applications. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
FGF19 promotes progression of prostate cancer
Authors: Nagamatsu Hirotaka , Teishima Jun , Goto Keisuke , Shikuma Hiroyuki , Kitano Hiroyuki , Shoji Koichi , Inoue Shogo , Matsubara Akio 
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUNDFibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways have been reported to play important roles in prostate cancer (PCa) progression. FGF19 is one of a subfamily of FGFs that circulate in serum and act in an endocrine manner. Our objective was to investigate its role in the progression of PCa.METHODSThe effect of FGF19 on the proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of LNCaP and PC3 cells was examined using MTT assay and Western blotting. Serum concentration of FGF19 was measured by ELISA in 209 patients with PCa, and the association between clinicopathological features and the presence of FGF19‐positive cells in tissues derived from 155 patients who undergone radical prostatectomy was investigated.RESULTSUnder androgen‐deprived conditions achieved by incubation in medium with FGF19, the expression of N‐cadherin in LNCaP cells was enhanced, that of E‐cadherin and caspase 3 was suppressed, and the viability of LNCaP and PC3 cells was significantly enhanced. Significantly higher levels of PSA were recorded in the group determined by immunohistochemistry staining to be FGF19‐positive (P = 0.0046). The 5‐year biochemical recurrence‐free survival rate after radical prostatectomy was 46.4% in the FGF19‐positive group and 70.0% in the FGF19‐negative group (P = 0.0027). In multivariate analysis, the presence of FGF19‐positive tissues was an independent factor for worse prognosis after radical prostatectomy (P = 0.0052). Serum FGF19 levels in high Gleason grade group were higher than that in low Gleason grade group (P = 0.0009).CONCLUSIONSFGF19 might be associated with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy by promoting cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of PCa. Prostate 75:1092–1101, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gyrogonite polymorphism in twoEuropean charophyte biozone index species
Authors: Sanjuan Josep , Martín‐Closas Carles 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe intraspecific gyrogonite polymorphism of twoLatePalaeogene index species of theEuropean charophyte biozonation scheme (Lychnothamnus vectensis(Groves, 1926)Soulié‐Märsche, 1989, andLychnothamnus pinguis(Grambast, 1958)Soulié‐Märsche, 1989) was studied, based on their type populations from theIsle ofWight,UK. Both species display remarkable variation in the size, apical ornamentation and basal pore morphology of their calcified fructifications depending on the extent of calcification. This intrapopulational gyrogonite polymorphism is consistent with the general tendency observed in the only extant representative of the same genus,L. barbatus, which produces gyrogonites differing by up to 250 μm in height and 225 μm in width. On the other hand, the morphometric analysis performed on three populations ofL. vectensisfrom differentEuropean basins (Hampshire,Paris andEbro basins) indicates that the size variation of gyrogonites had a latitudinal polarity. The mean gyrogonite size of the type population from theHampshire basin is about ~220 μm higher and ~125 μm wider than the mean value of the population from theEbro basin, while intermediate gyrogonite sizes occur in theParis basin. Furthermore, the morphometric characterization of the speciesL. pinguissupports its synonymy with the coeval speciesLychnothamnus major(Grambast andPaul, 1965)Soulié‐Märsche, 1989, the former having nomenclatural priority. The synonymy between these two biostratigraphic index species allows the merging of the two corresponding and successive biozones,L. pinguis andL. major. The new comprehensiveLychnothamnus pinguis partial range zone is defined as an interval between the first occurrence ofL. pinguisand the first occurrence ofChara microceraGrambast andPaul, 1965. This biozone is correlated with theMP22 andMP23EuropeanMammalReferenceLevels and calibrated in theEbro basin with chronsC13r andC12n, providing an absolute age ranging between ~34 and ~31.1 Ma.
Freedom Works! The Vision and Broken Heart of Jack D. Douglas
Authors: Johnson John M. 
Published: April 2015

Editor's IntroductionIt gives me particular pleasure to publish this review of a major but neglected figure in the recent history of symbolic interactionism. I only heard Jack Douglas speak once, when he gave a plenary address to the British Sociological Association annual conference in Lancaster in the mid‐1980s. The audience treated him quite disgracefully on that occasion. Douglas made two subtle points about the need for sociologists to take contemporary research in primate ethology more seriously and to reconsider spontaneous order theories in social science. His listeners assumed that he was talking about the crasser forms of sociobiology and praising the laissez‐faire ideologies of Thatcherism, and booed him off the stage. I declined to renew my membership to the BSA for about ten years after this episode. I only rejoined when I became a department chair and it was important to be engaged with the professional association, whatever my personal views. John Johnson's paper reminds us of Douglas's important and challenging legacy of ideas, and of the support and inspiration that he gave to a whole generation of outstanding scholars.Robert DingwallJack Douglas published 26 books and many articles between 1967 and 1989, and by his intellectual charisma influenced a productive cohort of young scholars who have produced over 70 books and 700 articles and chapters since the 1970s. He combined phenomenology, existentialism, and naturalistic field work to create an approach he termed Existential Sociology, also the title of a 1977 anthology. His thinking has undergone significant changes during the course of a long intellectual career. Following his 1992 retirement, the development of the internet and new technologies of communication afforded Jack a “second life” with a transdisciplinary intellectual community outside of the university environment. This paper briefly summarizes a small part of his life and intellectual project.
Transcriptional selectors, masters, and combinatorial codes: regulatory principles of neural subtype specification
Authors: Allan Douglas W. , Thor Stefan 
Published: April 2015

The broad range of tissue and cellular diversity of animals is generated to a large extent by the hierarchical deployment of sequence‐specific transcription factors and co‐factors (collectively referred to as TF's herein) during development. Our understanding of these developmental processes has been facilitated by the recognition that the activities of many TF's can be meaningfully described by a few functional categories that usefully convey a sense for how the TF's function, and also provides a sense for the regulatory organization of the developmental processes in which they participate. Here, we draw on examples from studies in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and vertebrates to discuss how the terms spatial selector, temporal selector, tissue/cell type selector, terminal selector and combinatorial code may be usefully applied to categorize the activities of TF's at critical steps of nervous system construction. While we believe that these functional categories are useful for understanding the organizational principles by which TF's direct nervous system construction, we however caution against the assumption that a TF's function can be solely or fully defined by any single functional category. Indeed, most TF's play diverse roles within different functional categories, and their roles can blur the lines we draw between these categories. Regardless, it is our belief that the concepts discussed here are helpful in clarifying the regulatory complexities of nervous system development, and hope they prove useful when interpreting mutant phenotypes, designing future experiments, and programming specific neuronal cell types for use in therapies. WIREs Dev Biol 2015, 4:505–528. doi: 10.1002/wdev.191This article is categorized under:

Nervous System Development > Worms
Nervous System Development > Flies
Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles
Quasi‐least squares fitting
Authors: Shults Justine 
Published: April 2015

Quasi‐least squares (QLS) is a computational method for estimation of the correlation parameters in the framework of generalized estimating equations (GEE) [Liang and Zeger. Biometrika 1986, 73:13–22]. QLS is a complementary approach to GEE, that might be considered if convergence is an issue, or if the implementation of a plausible model for the correlations is not straightforward for GEE. Software for QLS is available in SAS, Stata, MATLAB, and R. In addition, a comprehensive review of the approach [Shults and Hilbe. Quasi‐Least Squares Regression. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC; 2014] was recently published in the highly regarded Chapman & Hall/CRC Statistical Monograph & Applied Probability Monograph Series. WIREs Comput Stat 2015, 7:194–204. doi: 10.1002/wics.1349This article is categorized under:

Statistical Models > Fitting Models
Algorithms and Computational Methods > Least Squares
Potential role of pemetrexed in metastatic breast cancer patients pre‐treated with anthracycline or taxane
Authors: Zhou Li‐Yan , Shi Ye‐Hui , Jia Yong‐Sheng , Tong Zhong‐Sheng 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectivesThis article reviews pharmacology, pharmacokinetic properties, clinical efficacy, and safety in metastatic breast cancer patients, as well as the predictive biomarkers for outcome of treatment with pemetrexed‐based regimens.MethodsPubMed, Embase, OVID, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched from the beginning of each database without any limitations to the date of publication. Search terms were ‘‘pemetrexed’’ or ‘‘LY231514’’ or “Alimta”, “metastatic breast cancer”, and “advanced breast cancer”.ResultsThere were 15 studies (n = 1002) meeting our criteria for evaluation. Eight single‐agent trials (n = 551) and seven using combinations with other agents (n = 451) were identified that evaluated pemetrexed for use in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Response rates to pemetrexed as a single agent varied from 8% to 31%, and with combination therapy have been reported to be between 15.8% and 55.7%. With routine supplementation of patients with folic acid, dexamethasone, and vitamin B12, the toxicity profile of these patients was mild, including dose‐limiting neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, as well as lower grades of reversible hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal toxicity. Expression of thymidylate synthase (TS) and other biomarkers are associated with the prognosis and sensitivity for pemetrexed in breast cancer.ConclusionPemetrexed has shown remarkable activity with acceptable toxicities for treatment of metastatic breast cancer patients. Translational research on pemetrexed in breast cancer identified biomarkers as well as additional genes important to its clinical activity and toxicity. Further research is needed to clarify the role of pemetrexed in breast cancer treatment in order to guide oncologists.
Femoral Traction Splints in Mountain Rescue Prehospital Care: To Use or Not to Use? That Is the Question
Authors: Runcie Harriet , Greene Mike 
Published: April 2015

Objectives To determine the incidence of femur fractures in mountain rescue in England and Wales. To investigate the attitudes of rescuers toward the use of femoral traction splints. To review the literature for evidence on the use of traction splints in prehospital medicine and test the hypothesis that femoral traction splints reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with a fractured femur. Methods The Mountain Rescue England and Wales database was searched for cases of suspected fractured femur occurring between 2002 and 2012, a questionnaire was sent to all mountain rescue teams in England and Wales, and a literature review was performed. Relevant articles were critically reviewed to identify the evidence base for the use of femoral traction splints. Results Femur fractures are uncommon in mountain rescue, with an incidence of suspected femur fractures on scene at 9.3 a year. Traction splints are used infrequently; 13% of the suspected femur fractures were treated with traction. However, rescuers have a positive attitude toward traction splints and perceive few disadvantages to their use. No trials demonstrate that traction splints reduce morbidity or mortality, but a number describe complications resulting from their use. Conclusions Femur fractures are rare within mountain rescue. Traction splints may be no more effective than other methods of splinting in prehospital care. We failed to identify evidence that supports the hypothesis that traction splints reduce morbidity or mortality. We advocate the use of a femoral traction splints but recognize that other splints may also be appropriate in this environment.
A double-blind randomised controlled trial testing the effect of a barley product containing varying amounts and types of fibre on the postprandial glucose response of healthy volunteers
Authors: Ames Nancy , Blewett Heather , Storsley Joanne , Thandapilly Sijo J. , Zahradka Peter , Taylor Carla 
Published: April 2015

The aim of the present study was to determine if the consumption of barley tortillas varying in fibre and/or starch composition affected postprandial glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) or peptide YY concentrations. A double-blind, randomised, controlled trial was performed with twelve healthy adults. They each consumed one of five barley tortillas or a glucose drink on six individual visits separated by at least 1 week. Tortillas were made from 100 % barley flour blends using five different milling fractions to achieve the desired compositions. All treatments provided 50 g of available carbohydrate and were designed to make the following comparisons: (1) low-starch amylose (0 %) v. high-starch amylose (42 %) with similar β-glucan and insoluble fibre content; (2) low β-glucan (4·5 g) v. medium β-glucan (7·8 g) v. high β-glucan (11·6 g) with similar starch amylose and insoluble fibre content; and (3) low insoluble fibre (7·4 g) v. high insoluble fibre (19·6 g) with similar starch amylose and β-glucan content. Blood was collected at fasting and at multiple intervals until 180 min after the first bite/sip of the test product. Amylose and insoluble fibre content did not alter postprandial glucose and insulin, but high-β-glucan tortillas elicited a lower glucose and insulin response as compared to the low-β-glucan tortillas. The tortillas with high insoluble fibre had a higher AUC for GLP-1 as compared to the tortillas with low insoluble fibre, whereas amylose and β-glucan content had no effect. Results show that processing methods can be used to optimise barley foods to reduce postprandial blood glucose responses and factors that may influence satiety.
Misclassification of iodine intake level from morning spot urine samples with high iodine excretion among Inuit and non-Inuit in Greenland
Authors: Andersen Stig , Waagepetersen Rasmus , Laurberg Peter 
Published: April 2015

Iodine nutrition is commonly assessed from iodine excretion in urine. A 24 h urine sample is ideal, but it is cumbersome and inconvenient. Hence, spot urine samples with creatinine to adjust for differences in void volume are widely used. Still, the importance of ethnicity and the timing of spot urine samples need to be settled. We, thus, collected 104 early morning spot urine samples and 24 h urine samples from Inuit and non-Inuit living in Greenland. Diet was assessed by a FFQ. Demographic data were collected from the national registry and by questionnaires. Iodine was measured using the Sandell–Kolthoff reaction, creatinine using the Jaffe method and para-amino benzoic acid by the HPLC method for the estimation of completeness of urine sampling and compensation of incomplete urine samples to 24 h excretion. A population-based recruitment was done from the capital city, a major town and a settlement (n 36/48/20). Participants were seventy-eight Inuit and twenty-six non-Inuit. The median 24 h iodine excretion was 138 (25th–75th percentile 89–225) μg/97 (25th–75th percentile 72–124) μg in Inuit/non-Inuit (P= 0·030), and 153 (25th–75th percentile 97–251) μg/102 (25th–75th percentile 73–138) μg (P= 0·026) when including compensated iodine excretion. Iodine excretion in 24 h urine samples increased with a rising intake of traditional Inuit foods (P= 0·005). Iodine excretion was lower in morning spot urine samples than in 24 h urine samples (P< 0·001). This difference was associated with iodine intake levels (P< 0·001), and was statistically significant when the iodine excretion level was above 150 μg/24 h. In conclusion, the iodine intake level was underestimated from morning spot urine samples if iodine excretion was above the recommended level.
Post-meal perceivable satiety and subsequent energy intake with intake of partially hydrolysed guar gum
Authors: Rao Theertham Pradyumna , Hayakawa Mariko , Minami Tadayasu , Ishihara Noriyuki , Kapoor Mahendra Parkash , Ohkubo Tsutomu , Juneja Lekh Raj , Wakabayashi Kazuo 
Published: April 2015

Partially hydrolysed guar gum (PHGG), a soluble dietary fibre, has been shown to provide many health benefits. Previous studies had suggested that the combination of PHGG with protein provided a significant satiation effect on visual analogue scales (VAS). What was lacking was only the effect of administration of small doses of PHGG on post-meal satiation and subsequent energy intake. The objectives of the present investigations were to find the subjective perception of post-meal satiety with acute and long term administration of small amounts of PHGG alone with food, its effects on subsequent energy intake and the comparative effects among different types of soluble fibres. The following three separate studies were conducted: in study 1, healthy subjects (n 12) consumed PHGG along with breakfast, lunch and an evening snack; in study 2, healthy subjects (n 24) consumed 2 g of PHGG or dextrin along with yogurt as breakfast for 2 weeks; in study 3, healthy subjects (n 6) took 6 g each of either PHGG or indigestible dextrin or inulin along with lunch. In all the studies, various satiety parameters were measured on VAS before and after consumption of PHGG. The addition of PHGG showed significant (P< 0·05) acute (studies 1 and 3) and long-term (studies 1 and 2) satiety effects compared to the control and/or an equal amount of carbohydrate or other types of soluble fibre. Study 2 also indicated that the prolonged consumption of PHGG may significantly (P< 0·05) reduce energy intake from whole-day snacking. PHGG could be an ideal natural soluble fibre for delivering acute and long term satiety effects for comfortable appetite control.
The effect of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) on growth performance, fatty acid composition and expression of ARA metabolism-related genes in larval half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)
Authors: Yuan Yuhui , Li Songlin , Mai Kangsen , Xu Wei , Zhang Yanjiao , Ai Qinghui 
Published: April 2015

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) on growth performance, fatty acid composition and ARA metabolism-related gene expression in larval half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Larvae (35 d after hatching, 54 (sem1) mg) were fed diets with graded concentrations of ARA (0·01, 0·39, 0·70, 1·07, 1·42 and 2·86 % dry weight) five times per d to apparent satiation for 30 d. Results showed that increased dietary ARA concentration caused a significant non-linear rise to a plateau in survival rate, final body weight and thermal growth coefficient, and the maximum values occurred with the 1·42 % ARA treatment. As dietary ARA increased to 1·07 or 1·42 %, activities of trypsin, leucine aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase levels increased, but they decreased with higher ARA concentrations. The fatty acid composition of tongue sole larvae was almost well correlated with their dietary fatty acid profiles, and the EPA content of the larvae decreased with increasing dietary ARA. Meanwhile, the partial sequences ofCOX-1a(cyclo-oxygenase-1a),COX-1b(cyclo-oxygenase-1b),COX-2(cyclo-oxygenase-2),5-LOX(5-lipoxygenase) andCYP2J6-like(cytochrome P450 2J6-like) were also obtained. BothCOX-2and5-LOXmRNA expression levels significantly increased to a plateau in an ‘L’-shaped manner as dietary ARA increased to 1·07 or 1·42 %, but no significant differences were found in the gene expression ofCOX-1a,COX-1borCYP2J6-like. These results suggest that 1·07–1·42 % dietary ARA was beneficial to the growth performance of larval tongue sole, and the regulation of dietary ARA on the growth performance of larvae was probably involved in altering the mRNA expression ofCOX-2and5-LOX.
Antifeedant activity of xanthohumol and supercritical carbon dioxide extract of spent hops against stored product pests
Authors: Jackowski J. , Hurej M. , Rój E. , Popłoński J. , Kośny L. , Huszcza E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractXanthohumol, a prenylated flavonoid from hops, and a supercritical carbon dioxide extract of spent hops were studied for their antifeedant activity against stored product insect pests: Sitophilus granarius L., Tribolium confusum Duv. and Trogoderma granarium Everts. Xanthohumol exhibited medium deterrent activity against the adults of S. granarius L. and larvae of T. confusum Duv. The spent hops extract was more active than xanthohumol towards the adults of T. confusum Duv. The potential application of the crude spent hops extract as a feeding deterrent against the stored product pests is proposed.
Securing Social Governability: Party-Movement Relationships in Lula's Brazil
Authors: GÓMEZ BRUERA HERNÁN F. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article provides a new interpretation of the changes that occur in party-civil society relations when progressive parties of mass-based origin gain state power by looking at the experience of the Brazilian Workers’ Party (PT) during the Lula administration. The need to preserve what is defined here as ‘social governability’ changes the nature of party-movement relationships when political parties move from opposition to government. The article shows how the PT in national executive public office, to a large extent, managed to secure social governability through reward-based linkages, such as the distribution of jobs in the state apparatus and the allocation of massive state subsidies.