bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial causes of offending
Authors: Farrington David P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOffending is part of a larger syndrome of antisocial behaviour that arises in childhood and tends to persist into adulthood. There seems to be continuity over time, since the antisocial child tends to become the antisocial teenager and then the antisocial adult, just as the antisocial adult then tends to produce another antisocial child. The main focus of this chapter is on types of antisocial behaviour classified as criminal offences, rather than on types classified for example as conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder. In an attempt to identify causes, this chapter reviews risk factors that influence the development of criminal careers. Literally thousands of variables differentiate significantly between official offenders and non-offenders and correlate significantly with reports of offending behaviour by young people. In this chapter, it is only possible to review briefly some of the most important risk factors for offending: individual difference factors such as high impulsivity and low intelligence, family influences such as poor child rearing and criminal parents, and social influences: socio-economic deprivation, peer, school, community, and situational factors. I will be very selective in focussing on some of the more important and replicable findings obtained in some of the more methodologically adequate studies: especially prospective longitudinal follow-up studies of large community samples, with information from several data sources (e.g. the child, the parent, the teacher, official records) to maximize validity. The emphasis is on offending by males; most research on offending has concentrated on males, because they commit most of the serious predatory and violent offences. The review is limited to research carried out in the United Kingdom, the United States, and similar Western industrialized democracies. More extensive book length reviews of antisocial behaviour and offending are available elsewhere.
Juvenile delinquency and serious antisocial behaviour
Authors: Bailey Susan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractJuvenile crime and delinquency represent a significant social and public health concern. Both rates of mental disorders and offending are high during adolescence. This chapter reviews prevalence rates of mental disorders in young offenders, screening, and assessment of juveniles, principles of interventions with young offenders before describing principles of forensic mental health, policy and practice, how mental disorders in adolescence can impact on offending and antisocial behaviour, how policy is shaping practice in this field and how mental health practitioners may be involved in meeting mental health needs and undertaking medico-legal assessments Delinquency, conduct problems, and aggression all refer to antisocial behaviours that reflect a failure of the individual to conform his or her behaviour to the expectations of some authority figure, to societalnorms, or to respect the rights of other people. The ‘behaviours’ can range from mild conflicts with authority figures, to major violation of societalnorms, to serious violations of the rights of others. The term ‘delinquency’ implies that the acts could result in conviction, although most do not do so. The term ‘juvenile’ usually applies to the age range, extending from a lower age set by age of criminal responsibility to an upper age when a young person can be dealt with in courts for adult crimes. These ages vary between, and indeed within, countries and are not the same for all offences.
Child molesters and other sex offenders
Authors: Hucker Stephen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn most Western societies sexual offenders are more reviled than almost any other type of offender. On both sides of the Atlantic this is reflected in the sanctions that specifically address this group such as Sexually Violent Predator laws in the United States, Dangerous and Long-Term Offender legislation in Canada, and Sex Offender Orders in the UK. Related approaches include the introduction of sex offender registries and the widespread requirement that children at risk from sexual predators be reported by professionals and others. Although prone to find reasons to delegate the assessment and management of sex offenders to specialized forensic services, the general psychiatrist will find it impossible to avoid them entirely. It is important, therefore, for the general psychiatrist to have some understanding of this area in order to make appropriate decisions and recommendations. This chapter looks at definitions of sexual offending, types of sexual offender, assessment of sex offenders, assessment of risk, treatment issues, and ethical issues.
Social Work and Physician Collaboration in Palliative Care
Authors: Nadicksbernd J. J. , Thornberry Kathryn , von Gunten Charles F. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Social Work's Ethical Challenge: Supporting the Terminally Ill Who Consider a Hastened Death
Authors: Schroepfer Tracy A. , Linder John F. , Miller Pamela J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Does Low-dose Droperidol Increase the Risk of Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia or Death in the Surgical Patient?
Authors: Nuttall Gregory A. , Malone Ann M. , Michels Carrie A. , Trudell Laurie C. , Renk Tricia D. , Marienau Mary E. Shirk , Oliver William C. , Ackerman Michael J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background:
The Food and Drug Administration issued a black box warning regarding the use of droperidol and the potential for torsade de pointes.

Methods:
The primary objective of this retrospective study was to determine if low-dose (0.625 mg) droperidol administration was associated with episodes of torsade de pointes in the general surgical population during the 3-yr period following the reinstitution of droperidol to our institutional formulary.

Results:
The authors identified 20,122 surgical patients who received 35,536 doses of droperidol. These patients were cross-matched with an electrocardiogram database and an adverse outcome database. The charts of 858 patients were reviewed, including patients with documentation of prolonged QTc (>440 ms) from March 2007 to February 2011, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) within 48 h of receiving droperidol, or death within 7 days of receiving droperidol. Twelve surgical patients had VT (n = 4) or death (n = 8) documented within 48 h of droperidol administration. No patients developed polymorphic VT or death due to droperidol administration (n = 0). The eight patients that died were on palliative care. The four patients with documented VT had previous cardiac conditions: two had pre-existing implantable cardiac defibrillators, three had episodes of VT before receiving droperidol, and another had pre-existing hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The authors found 523 patients with a documented QTc >440 ms before receiving droperidol. No patients developed VT or death as a direct result of droperidol administration.

Conclusions:
Our evidence suggests that low-dose droperidol does not increase the incidence of polymorphic VT or death when used to treat postoperative nausea and vomiting in the surgical population.
Phenyl-Adenine, Identified in aLIGHT-DEPENDENT SHORT HYPOCOTYLS4-Assisted Chemical Screen, Is a Potent Compound for Shoot Regeneration through the Inhibition of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE Activity
Authors: Motte Hans , Galuszka Petr , Spíchal Luká¡ , Tarkowski Petr , Plíhal Ondřej , Šmehilová Mária , Jaworek Pavel , Vereecke Danny , Werbrouck Stefaan , Geelen Danny 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn vitro shoot regeneration is implemented in basic plant research and commercial plant production, but for some plant species, it is still difficult to achieve by means of the currently available cytokinins and auxins. To identify novel compounds that promote shoot regeneration, we screened a library of 10,000 small molecules. The bioassay consisted of a two-step regeneration protocol adjusted and optimized for high-throughput manipulations of root explants of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) carrying the shoot regeneration marker LIGHT-DEPENDENT SHORT HYPOCOTYLS4. The screen revealed a single compound, the cytokinin-like phenyl-adenine (Phe-Ade), as a potent inducer of adventitious shoots. Although Phe-Ade triggered diverse cytokinin-dependent phenotypical responses, it did not inhibit shoot growth and was not cytotoxic at high concentrations. Transcript profiling of cytokinin-related genes revealed that Phe-Ade treatment established a typical cytokinin response. Moreover, Phe-Ade activated the cytokinin receptors ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE3 and ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE4 in a bacterial receptor assay, albeit at relatively high concentrations, illustrating that it exerts genuine but weak cytokinin activity. In addition, we demonstrated that Phe-Ade is a strong competitive inhibitor of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE enzymes, leading to an accumulation of endogenous cytokinins. Collectively, Phe-Ade exhibits a dual mode of action that results in a strong shoot-inducing activity.
Parents' experiences and satisfaction with care during the birth of their very preterm baby: a qualitative study
Authors: Sawyer A , Rabe H , Abbott J , Gyte G , Duley L , Ayers S ,   on behalf of ‘The Very Preterm Birth Qualitative Collaborative Group’
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTo assess parents' experiences and satisfaction with care during very preterm birth and to identify domains associated with positive and negative experiences of care.DesignQualitative study using semi‐structured interviews.SettingThree neonatal units in tertiary care hospitals in South‐East England.PopulationThirty‐two mothers and seven fathers who had a baby born before 32 weeks of gestation and spoke English well.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted. Results were analysed using thematic analysis.Main outcome measuresParticipants' experiences and satisfaction with care during the birth of their preterm baby.ResultsOverall, 80% of participants were extremely satisfied with the care during the birth of their preterm baby, seven were generally satisfied but felt some things could be improved and one was dissatisfied. Four key determinants of experiences of care were identified: staff professionalism, which included information and explanation, being calm in a crisis, appearing confident and in control, and conversely not listening to the woman; staff empathy, which included caring and emotional support, and encouragement and reassurance; involvement of the father; and birth environment.ConclusionsAlthough the determinants of experiences of care are generally consistent with previous research on term births, unique factors to preterm birth were identified. These were the importance of the staff appearing calm during the birth, and the staff portraying confidence and taking control during the birth. Women valued being listened to, and both they and their partners valued staff helping fathers to feel involved during the birth.
A review and meta‐analysis of the patient factors associated with psychiatric in‐patient aggression
Authors: Dack C. , Ross J. , Papadopoulos C. , Stewart D. , Bowers L. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTo combine the results of earlier comparison studies of in‐patient aggression to quantitatively assess the strength of the association between patient factors and i) aggressive behaviour,ii) repetitive aggressive behaviour.MethodA systematic review and meta‐analysis of empirical articles and reports of comparison studies of aggression and non‐aggression within adult psychiatric in‐patient settings.ResultsFactors that were significantly associated with in‐patient aggression included being younger, male, involuntary admissions, not being married, a diagnosis of schizophrenia, a greater number of previous admissions, a history of violence, a history of self‐destructive behaviour and a history of substance abuse. The only factors associated with repeated in‐patient aggression were not being male, a history of violence and a history of substance abuse.ConclusionBy comparing aggressive with non‐aggressive patients, important differences between the two populations may be highlighted. These differences may help staff improve predictions of which patients might become aggressive and enable steps to be taken to reduce an aggressive incident occurring using actuarial judgements. However, the associations found between these actuarial factors and aggression were small. It is therefore important for staff to consider dynamic factors such as a patient's current state and the context to reduce in‐patient aggression.
Inserting spaces before and after words affects word processing differently in Chinese: Evidence from eye movements
Authors: Liu Pingping , Li Xingshan 
Published: January 2013

Unlike in English, there are no spaces between printed words in Chinese. In this study, we explored how inserting a space before or after a word affects the processing of that word in Chinese reading. Native Chinese readers' eye movements were monitored as they read sentences with different presentation conditions. The results show that inserting a space after a word facilitates its processing, but inserting a space before a word does not show this effect and inhibits the processing of that word in some cases. Our results are consistent with the prediction of a word segmentation and recognition model in Chinese Li et al., 2009, Cognit. Psychol., 58, 525. Additionally, we found that a space guides the initial landing position on the word: the initial landing position was further away from the space that inserted into the text, whether it was before or after a word.
Digital implant impressions with the “Individualized Scanbody Technique” for emergence profile support
Authors: Joda Tim , Wittneben Julia‐Gabriela , Brägger Urs 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe Short Communication presents a clinical case in which a novel procedure – the “Individualized Scanbody Technique” (IST) – was applied, starting with an intraoral digital impression and using CAD/CAM process for fabrication of ceramic reconstructions in bone level implants.Material and methodsA standardized scanbody was individually modified in accordance with the created emergence profile of the provisional implant‐supported restoration. Due to the specific adaptation of the scanbody, the conditioned supra‐implant soft tissue complex was stabilized for the intraoral optical scan process. Then, the implant platform position and the supra‐implant mucosa outline were transferred into the three‐dimensional data set with a digital impression system. Within the technical workflow, the ZrO2‐implant‐abutment substructure could be designed virtually with predictable margins of the supra‐implant mucosa.ResultsAfter finalization of the 1‐piece screw‐retained full ceramic implant crown, the restoration demonstrated an appealing treatment outcome with harmonious soft tissue architecture.ConclusionsThe IST facilitates a simple and fast approach for a supra‐implant mucosal outline transfer in the digital workflow. Moreover, the IST closes the interfaces in the full digital pathway.
Population genetics of the high elevation black fly Simulium (Nevermannia) feuerborni Edwards in Thailand
Authors: Pramual Pairot , Wongpakam Komgrit 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this study, we examined the genetic structure and population history of the high elevation black fly Simulium feuerborni in Thailand at both cytogenetic and molecular genetic levels. Cytological examination revealed two cytoforms differentiated by fixed chromosome inversions. The distributions of the cytoforms were associated with geographic origins. Cytoform A was found in the lower north and northeast, and cytoform B was found in the upper northern region of Thailand. Molecular data based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding sequence supports the separation of the cytoforms. The average sequence divergence between the two cytoforms was 3.75%, which is higher than the threshold value for the species level based on a COI barcoding sequence. Median joining network clearly differentiated the haplotypes of the cytoforms into different lineages. Population pairwise FST and amova analyses reveal significant genetic differentiation between cytoforms. This indicates that the low land areas separating these populations act as a gene flow barrier. No genetic differentiation was detected within cytoforms. This could be due to a recent sharing of population history. Mismatch distribution analysis revealed population expansion in the northern lineage of the cytoform B approximately 220 000 years ago. More recent expansion (32 000 years ago) was found in the lower north and northeast (cytoform A) lineage. The demographic history of S. feuerborni mirrored previous findings in black flies and other insect species in Thailand. This indicates the important role of Pleistocene climatic change on genetic structure and diversity of Southeast Asian mainland species.
Tetraspanin protein CD9 interacts with metalloprotease CD10 and enhances its release via exosomes
Authors: Mazurov Dmitriy , Barbashova Lubov , Filatov Alexander 
Published: January 2013

Tetraspanins interact with a wide variety of transmembrane and intracellular proteins called molecular partners, and modulate their function. In this article, we describe a new partner of tetraspanin web, membrane metalloprotease CD10, which is selectively associated with CD9. By constructing chimeras between tetraspanins CD9 and CD82 (the latter does not interact with CD10) or by using site‐directed mutagenesis, we determined that a portion of the large extracellular loop from the CCG motif to transmembrane domain 4, as well as the C‐terminal tail of CD9, are involved in the interaction with CD10. The stable expression of wild‐type CD9 in K562 CD10‐positive cells enhanced the level of CD10 released with exosomes five‐fold. In contrast, the expression of chimeric CD9, which contained the cytoplasmic C‐terminal domain from CD82, had little effect on CD10 release. Short hairpin RNA knockdown of CD9 expression in Nalm‐6 pre‐B cells resulted in a two‐fold reduction in the amount of endogenous CD10 released with microvesicles. The peptidase activity of CD10 measured either on cells or on exosomes correlated with the level of CD10 expression, and was not significantly modulated by CD9 expression as such. Our data suggest that the interaction of CD10 with tetraspanin CD9 can play an important role in the redistribution of peptidase activity from the cell surface to outer microenvironments. In bone marrow, where CD10 presumably contributes to the maturation of pre‐B cells and migration of B cells to the blood circulation, release of CD10 peptidase activity with exosomes may effectively regulate extracellular matrix microenvironments.Structured digital abstract

CD9 physically interacts with CD179b, Tetraspanin-9, CD63, CD81, HLA class II, Uncharacterized protein C14orf166B, Tetraspanin-14, HLA class I, Galactokinase, Protein disulfide-isomerase A6, CD98, CD19, CD316, CD146, CD92, Annexin A6, CD156c, CD71, CD10, CD29, CD315, DAAM1 and CD49f by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)

CD10 physically interacts with CD9 by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (View Interaction: 1, 2, 3, 4)

CD10 physically interacts with CD179b, Protein FAM207A, CD9, CD81, Uncharacterized protein C22orf13, HLA class II, Uncharacterized protein C3orf26, HLA class I, Protein C14orf21, Annexin A6 and DAAM1 by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)
Spore germination of Trichoderma atroviride is inhibited by its LysM protein TAL6
Authors: Seidl‐Seiboth Verena , Zach Simone , Frischmann Alexa , Spadiut Oliver , Dietzsch Christian , Herwig Christoph , Ruth Claudia , Rodler Agnes , Jungbauer Alois , Kubicek Christian P. 
Published: January 2013

LysM motifs are carbohydrate‐binding modules found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They have general N‐acetylglucosamine binding properties and therefore bind to chitin and related carbohydrates. In plants, plasma‐membrane‐bound proteins containing LysM motifs are involved in plant defence responses, but also in symbiotic interactions between plants and microorganisms. Filamentous fungi secrete LysM proteins that contain several LysM motifs but no enzymatic modules. In plant pathogenic fungi, for LysM proteins roles in dampening of plant defence responses and protection from plant chitinases were shown. In this study, the carbohydrate‐binding specificities and biological function of the LysM protein TAL6 from the plant‐beneficial fungus Trichoderma atroviride were investigated. TAL6 contains seven LysM motifs and the sequences of its LysM motifs are very different from other fungal LysM proteins investigated so far. The results showed that TAL6 bound to some forms of polymeric chitin, but not to chito‐oligosaccharides. Further, no binding to fungal cell wall preparations was detected. Despite these rather weak carbohydrate‐binding properties, a strong inhibitory effect of TAL6 on spore germination was found. TAL6 was shown to specifically inhibit germination of Trichoderma spp., but interestingly not of other fungi. Thus, this protein is involved in self‐signalling processes during fungal growth rather than fungal–plant interactions. These data expand the functional repertoire of fungal LysM proteins beyond effectors in plant defence responses and show that fungal LysM proteins are also involved in the self‐regulation of fungal growth and development.
Fractographic insights into cracking mechanisms and microstructure
Authors: James M. N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis Special Issue celebrates the first 30 years of the existence of the Italian Group on Fracture (IGF). In that time, the fractographic imaging capability afforded by scanning electron microscopes had undergone a technological revolution, offering unparalleled opportunities to characterize very fine fracture surface features and to characterize chemical species and microstructure via such techniques as energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). A wavelength‐dispersive spectrometer uses the characteristic X‐rays generated by individual elements to enable quantitative analysis (down to trace element levels) to be performed with spot sizes as small as a few micrometres. This complements EDS where a user can acquire a full elemental spectrum in only a few seconds but where energy peaks may overlap among different elements, particularly those corresponding to X‐rays generated by emission from different energy‐level shells (K, L and M) in different elements. It then becomes easier to acquire a quantitative elemental map alongside excellent fracture surface images. This paper considers some of the areas in fractography where the increased capability of modern scanning electron microscopes confers advantages.