bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Articles 1–6 CISG: General questions regarding the sphere of application
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to Articles 1 to 6 of the CISG, also known as Chapter I. The scope of application of the CISG is explored in its first chapter and contains two groups of provisions: Articles 1, 2, 3, and 6 set out which contracts fall within the scope of the CISG; Articles 4 and 5 determine — in an incomplete way — which legal aspects the Convention governs. Article 6 also belongs in the second group in so far as it enables the parties to modify, supplement or exclude the CISG. The CISG’s scope of application is defined by geographical criteria (Article 1 in conjunction with Article 10) and substantive criteria (Article 1(1), Articles 3–5). Its temporal scope is laid down in Article 100. Chapter I is further of eminent importance in regard to the need for gap-filling and the adjustment of the Convention to new developments.
Sales excluded from Convention’s scope
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter turns to Article 2. Article 2 limits the subject matter scope of the CISG. It does so in light of the purpose for which the buyer purchases the goods, the circumstances under which the sales contract was concluded, and the object of the sales contract. The list is exhaustive, and the provision does not apply by analogy to other situations. Due to the exclusion in subparagraph (a) the Convention de facto only applies to business-to-business (B2B) transactions, save for exceptions in rare circumstances. The provision does not create major difficulties in practice. Remaining key issues include whether the CISG despite subparagraph (c) applies to online auctions, which courts so far have denied and the scope of subparagraph (e) when it comes to the sale of smaller boats and similar water vehicles.
Contracts for goods to be manufactured or for services
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter concerns Article 3. According to Article 3(1), the CISG generally applies to contracts for goods to be manufactured but not to contracts for work and materials. Article 3(2) clarifies that the CISG also governs contracts where the supplier of the goods must also render services, as long as they do not make up for the preponderant part of the supplier’s obligations. Some of the controversy around Article 3 is due to differences between the French and the English version of paragraph 1 as well as to the disregard for the history of the provision. The incorrect reading of paragraph 2 at times even corrupts the correct understanding of paragraph 1 and the relationship between the two paragraphs, in that it is sometimes believed that the services to be measured under paragraph 2 is the work necessary to manufacture the goods under paragraph 1. This is entirely incorrect. Both paragraphs address different subject matter questions and the services referred to in paragraph 2 are those rendered as such to the ordering party, but never the works necessary to prepare performance. In light of the disputes revolving around both paragraphs of Article 3, it is highly advisable for the parties to expressly opt for the CISG as the law applicable to their contract.
Usages and practices
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Article 9. Article 9 declares usages and practices, which have arisen between the parties or are customary in international trade to be relevant to the determination of the content of the contract. Both bind the parties as terms implied by custom or practice or usage. Article 9(1) incorporates into the contract all usages and practices agreed upon or established between the parties. In contrast, Article 9(2) only covers international trade usages. Article 9 makes clear that the legal relationship of the parties to the contract is also determined through usages and practices. In particular, the provision correspondingly supplements the content of the contract.
Calculation of time for acceptance; official holidays
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Article 20. Article 20 provides rules of a supplementary nature concerning the calculation of periods of time for acceptance as offerors may (but do not have to) fix in their offer. The legal effect of times for acceptance follows from Article 18(2), sentence 2, because any acceptance is only effective if it reaches the offeror within such a time, should one have been fixed. The calculation of a given period of time for acceptance can therefore decide about the contract’s formation. Article 20 provides rules of interpretation for this purpose, with the aim of removing typical uncertainties that may arise in this context where cross-border contract formations are concerned. Insofar, Article 20 is lex specialis prevailing over Article 8.
Fundamental breach of contract
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter expounds on the legal definition of the term ‘fundamental breach of contract’ in Article 25. It mentions how the term has been characterized as the linchpin of the CISG’s system of remedies as it determines whether a sales transaction that has run into difficulties will continue to be performed or terminated. Moreover, Article 25’s vague and less than clear wording had been the main reason for theoretical controversies and difficulties in the provision’s practical application. The chapter looks into the fundamental breach of contract as a unitary concept. It also includes specific cases of breaches of the buyer and seller’s obligations and breach of not party-specific obligations.
Notice of avoidance
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter notes Article 26, wherein a declaration of avoidance of the contract is only effective if the other party knew. It explores the effects of contract avoidance such as release from original obligations and creation of duties to make restitution. Article 26 governs the modalities of contract termination without stating the grounds on which the contract could be avoided. A declaration of avoidance has a highly disruptive effect on the contractual relationship. Thus, a time limit within the right of avoidance must be exercised. The chapter also includes how the party relying on the avoidance of the contract must prove the completion of requirements for avoidance.
Modification of contract; ‘no oral modifications’ clauses
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the modification of the contract by agreement. Article 29 governs the modification or termination of existing sales contracts through an agreement between the parties. Modifications of sales contracts happen frequently in commercial practice. The chapter notes the applicable provisions of modification as well. It clarifies that Article 29 only tackles the consensual changes to a contract made by both parties. The chapter also explores the agreements to no oral modification (NOM) clauses. Additionally, the burden of proof for an alleged modification, termination, or amendment of a contract is on the party who bases its claim or defence on the allegation.
Buyer’s right to require performance, delivery of substitute goods or repair
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the buyer’s right to require performance. If the seller does not perform one of his obligations, Article 46 grants the buyer the remedy of requiring the seller to perform his obligations under the contract, to deliver substitute goods, and to induce repair. The seller carries the burden of proof of delivery and the goods were in conformity when the risk passed. In principle, the burden of proof is reversed once the buyer has accepted the goods as performance without objection. Additionally, Article 46 limits the right to require performance in the case of delivery of non-conforming goods.
Seller’s right to cure after date for delivery
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the seller’s right to remedy a failure to perform. Article 48(1) covers the basic principle that generally a seller is entitled to perform the contract even after the date for delivery has passed and thereby remedy his breach of contract. The chapter notes the process of remedying a defect and failure to perform at the seller’s own expense. The seller’s right to cure after the delivery date exists only if this does not involve unreasonable delay, inconvenience in performance, or uncertainty of reimbursement of expenses for the buyer. Moreover, derogatory agreements are applicable even if they are included in standard terms of business.
Buyer’s retention of other remedies
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article 84 is an integral part of the rules on restitution, stating that the parties’ duty to account for all benefits have been derived under the contract. The parties are to be reinstated in the economic position in which they were before exchanging performances. It cites Article 84(1), which imposes the duty on the seller to pay interest on the purchase price from the day payment was made, while Article 84(2) states the buyer’s duty to account for all benefits that it has derived from the goods. The chapter explores the distinction made within Article 84(2) between the situation where the buyer is able to make restitution of the goods and the case where it cannot return the goods in an unimpaired condition. The distinction relates to Article 82, which bars the buyer’s right to declare avoidance where the goods cannot be returned.
Restriction to expressly authorized reservations
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with Article 98, which limits the reservations permitted under the CISG to those expressly authorized in the Convention, prohibiting Contracting States from making any other reservations. In doing so, Article 98 provides a clear statement about the admissibility of reservations. It considers Article 98 as a treaty provision in the sense of Article 19(b) of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, providing that only specified reservations may be made. The chapter highlights the purpose of Article 98, which is to limit the non-uniformity in the Sales Convention’s application that arises from reservations and preserve the CISG’s unification effect. Article 98 only addresses what reservations States are permitted to make, but not how the authorizing reservation clauses and the reservations declared are to be interpreted by the courts.
Denunciation
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter refers to Article 101(1) that governs the right of Contracting States to denounce the Sales Convention entirely or in part, while Article 101(2) specifies the taking effect of such a denunciation. It considers Article 101 as a standard component of common for uniform commercial law making conventions as it provides States with the theoretical option to rid themselves of their obligation to apply the CISG’s provisions. Article 101 is lex specialis and prevails over the general treaty law provisions on denunciations in Article 42 et seq of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The chapter determines whether Article 101 CISG can be read as an exhaustive regulation intended to preempt general treaty law measures. Article 101 has not yet gained any relevance in practice as no Contracting State has in the past denounced the Sales Convention.
Novel function of U7 snRNA in the repression of HERV1/LTR12s and lincRNAs in human cells
Authors: Plewka Patrycja , Szczesniak Michal W , Stepien Agata , Pasieka Robert , Wanowska Elzbieta , Makalowska Izabela , Raczynska Katarzyna Dorota 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
U7 snRNA is part of the U7 snRNP complex, required for the 3′ end processing of replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs in S phase of the cell cycle. Here, we show that U7 snRNA plays another function in inhibiting the expression of a subset of long terminal repeats of human endogenous retroviruses (HERV1/LTR12s) and LTR12-containing long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs), both bearing sequence motifs that perfectly match the 5′ end of U7 snRNA. We demonstrate that U7 snRNA inhibits LTR12 and lincRNA transcription and propose a mechanism in which U7 snRNA hampers the binding/activity of the NF-Y transcription factor to CCAAT motifs within LTR12 elements. Thereby, U7 snRNA plays a protective role in maintaining the silencing of deleterious genetic elements in selected types of cells.
BRCA1/2 mutations and outcomes among Middle Eastern patients with early-onset breast cancer in Oman
Authors: Al Amri Waleed S , Al Amri Ahmed H , Al Abri Aisha , Hughes Thomas A , Al Lawati Fatma 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
High prevalence of early-onset breast cancer (EOBC) has been reported in Middle Eastern populations. For example, in Oman more than 50% of patients with breast cancer (BC) are under age 45 at diagnosis. Causes for this high incidence are unknown. Germline BRCA gene mutations have been associated with EOBC, however, prevalence of these mutations and how they relate to EOBC in Oman has not been assessed.

Patients and Methods
Clinical data were collected for patients with BC treated at Royal Hospital, Oman between 2010 and 2022. Germline BRCA1/2 gene mutations were identified using sequencing and MLPA. Correlation and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed to test relationships among clinico-pathological features, gene mutations, and outcomes.

Results
Total of 1336 Middle Eastern patients with BC were included; 611 were aged &lt;45 at diagnosis (45.7%). No significant correlation was found between BRCA1/2 mutation status and EOBC (P = .229), and the majority of EOBC cases had no family history of BC. EOBC tumors did, however, differ in clinicopathological features; EOBCs were significantly larger (P &lt; .0001), of higher grade (P &lt; .0001), and included more HER2-enriched, and triple negative subtypes (P = .018) compared with later onset cases. Accordingly, survival analyses revealed that EOBC had significantly worse disease-free survival (P = .002). BRCA gene variants showed a distinct range of mutations including, in BRCA2, 3 previously unreported mutations and 4 potential founder recurrent mutations.

Conclusion
Our findings showed that germline BRCA1/2 mutations were not over-represented in EOBC cases in Oman, and therefore are unlikely to be responsible for high EOBC rates.
Cold mediates maize root hair developmental plasticity via epidermis-specific transcriptomic responses
Authors: Zhou Yaping , Sommer Mauritz Leonard , Meyer Annika , Wang Danning , Klaus Alina , Stöcker Tyll , Marcon Caroline , Schoof Heiko , Haberer Georg , Schön Chris-Carolin , Yu Peng , Hochholdinger Frank 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Cold stress during early development limits maize (Zea mays L.) production in temperate zones. Low temperatures restrict root growth and reprogram gene expression. Here, we provide a systematic transcriptomic landscape of maize primary roots, their tissues, and cell types in response to cold stress. The epidermis exhibited a unique transcriptomic cold response, and genes involved in root hair formation were dynamically regulated in this cell type by cold. Consequently, activation of genes involved in root hair tip growth contributed to root hair recovery under moderate cold conditions. The maize root hair defective mutants roothair defective 5 (rth5) and roothair defective 6 (rth6) displayed enhanced cold tolerance with respect to primary root elongation. Furthermore, DEHYDRATION RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN 2.1 (DREB2.1) was the only member of the dreb subfamily of AP2/EREB transcription factor genes upregulated in primary root tissues and cell types but exclusively downregulated in root hairs upon cold stress. Plants overexpressing dreb2.1 significantly suppressed root hair elongation after moderate cold stress. Finally, the expression of rth3 was regulated by dreb2.1 under cold conditions, while rth6 transcription was regulated by DREB2.1 irrespective of the temperature regime. We demonstrated that dreb2.1 negatively regulates root hair plasticity at low temperatures by coordinating the expression of root hair defective genes in maize.
Climate Volatility, Foundational Freedoms, and the Environment Act 2021: The Transformative Potential of the Principle of Legality
Authors: Cheong Ben Chester 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The UK Environment Act 2021 presents a valuable case study of the importance and challenges of protecting foundational freedoms in the context of complex and ambiguous environmental legislation. This article argues that the common law principle of legality provides a vital tool for courts to uphold rights imperilled by climate volatility and environmental decline by presuming against rights-infringing interpretations of environmental statutes. Analysing key provisions of the Act and its associated Parliamentary processes, the article focuses on areas such as statutory language clarity, the scope of executive powers, and the framework for public participation. It explores how the principle of legality and other interpretive approaches could help to resolve these issues and ensure the Act is applied in a way that promotes environmental accountability. The article argues that the principle of legality has a crucial role to play in ensuring environmental law delivers on its promise to protect both the environment and foundational freedoms.
Decellularized amniotic membrane hydrogel promotes mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into smooth muscle cells
Authors: Gholami Keykavos , Deyhimfar Roham , Mirzaei Akram , Karimizadeh Zahra , Mashhadi Rahil , Zahmatkesh Parisa , Ghajar Azodian Helia , Aghamir Seyed Mohammad Kazem 
Published: August 2024

AbstractPrevious studies showed that the bladder extracellular matrix (B‐ECM) could increase the differentiation efficiency of mesenchymal cells into smooth muscle cells (SMC). This study investigates the potential of human amniotic membrane‐derived hydrogel (HAM‐hydrogel) as an alternative to xenogeneic B‐ECM for the myogenic differentiation of the rabbit adipose tissue‐derived MSC (AD‐MSC). Decellularized human amniotic membrane (HAM) and sheep urinary bladder (SUB) were utilized to create pre‐gel solutions for hydrogel formation. Rabbit AD‐MSCs were cultured on SUB‐hydrogel or HAM‐hydrogel‐coated plates supplemented with differentiation media containing myogenic growth factors (PDGF‐BB and TGF‐β1). An uncoated plate served as the control. After 2 weeks, real‐time qPCR, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and western blot were employed to assess the expression of SMC‐specific markers (MHC and α‐SMA) at both protein and mRNA levels. Our decellularization protocol efficiently removed cell nuclei from the bladder and amniotic tissues, preserving key ECM components (collagen, mucopolysaccharides, and elastin) within the hydrogels. Compared to the control, the hydrogel‐coated groups exhibited significantly upregulated expression of SMC markers (p ≤ .05). These findings suggest HAM‐hydrogel as a promising xenogeneic‐free alternative for bladder tissue engineering, potentially overcoming limitations associated with ethical concerns and contamination risks of xenogeneic materials.
PDCD4 interacting with PIK3CB and CTSZ promotes the apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Liu Liyuan , Feng Xiumei , Fan Chenliu , Kong Dexiao , Feng Xiaoli , Sun Chenxi , Xu Yaqi , Li Binggen , Jiang Yang , Zheng Chengyun 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe role of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) in multiple myeloma (MM) development remains unknown. Here, we investigated its role and action mechanism in MM. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that patients with MM and high PDCD4 expression had higher overall survival than those with low PDCD4 expression. PDCD4 expression promoted MM cell apoptosis and inhibited their viability in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. RNA‐binding protein immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis showed that PDCD4 is bound to the 5′ UTR of the apoptosis‐related genes PIK3CB, Cathepsin Z (CTSZ), and X‐chromosome‐linked apoptosis inhibitor (XIAP). PDCD4 knockdown reduced the cell apoptosis rate, which was rescued by adding PIK3CB, CTSZ, or XIAP inhibitors. Dual luciferase reporter assays confirmed the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity of the 5′ UTRs of PIK3CB and CTSZ. An RNA pull‐down assay confirmed binding of the 5′ UTR of PIK3CB and CTSZ to PDCD4, identifying the specific binding fragments. PDCD4 is expected to promote MM cell apoptosis by binding to the IRES domain in the 5′ UTR of PIK3CB and CTSZ and inhibiting their translation. Our findings suggest that PDCD4 plays an important role in MM development by regulating the expression of PIK3CB, CTSZ, and XIAP, and highlight new potential molecular targets for MM treatment.
The ups and downs of weight loss
Authors: Maupin Elizabeth J. 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
Increasing rates of overweight and obesity in the United States have resulted in increasing calls for weight loss. However, weight cycling—repeated weight gain after attempts at weight loss—has been associated with an increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality. Clinicians should be aware of the risks associated with weight cycling when recommending weight loss. Lifestyle modifications can reduce risks associated with obesity and are more readily measured.
Mechanical Power in Decelerating Flow versus Square Flow Ventilation in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Percy Andrew G. , Keim Garrett , Bhalla Anoopindar K. , Yehya Nadir 
Published: August 2024

Background:
Mechanical power is a summary variable quantifying the risk of ventilator-induced lung injury. The original mechanical power equation was developed using square flow ventilation. However, most children are ventilated using decelerating flow. It is unclear whether mechanical power differs according to mode of flow delivery. This study compared mechanical power in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome who received both square and decelerating flow ventilation.

Methods:
This was a secondary analysis of a prospectively enrolled cohort of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Patients were ventilated on decelerating flow and then placed in square flow and allowed to stabilize. Ventilator metrics from both modes were collected within 24 h of acute respiratory distress syndrome onset. Paired t tests were used to compare differences in mechanical power between the modes.

Results:
This study enrolled 185 subjects with a median oxygenation index of 9.5 (interquartile range, 7 to 13) and median age of 8.3 yr (interquartile range, 1.8 to 14). Mechanical power was lower in square flow mode (mean, 0.46 J · min−1 · kg−1; SD, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.50) than in decelerating flow mode (mean, 0.49 J · min−1 · kg−1; SD, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.53) with a mean difference of 0.03 J · min−1 · kg−1 (SD, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.014 to 0.038; P < 0.001). This result remained statistically significant when stratified by age of less than 2 yr in square flow compared to decelerating flow and also when stratified by age of 2 yr or greater in square flow compared to decelerating flow. The elastic contribution in square flow was 70%, and the resistive contribution was 30%.

Conclusions:
Mechanical power was marginally lower in square flow than in decelerating flow, although the clinical significance of this is unclear. Upward of 30% of mechanical power may go toward overcoming resistance, regardless of age. This is nearly three-fold greater resistance compared to what has been reported in adults.