bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communities and Delinquency
Authors: Kubrin Charis E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe community or neighborhood in which juvenile lives constitute an important context and it influences juvenile delinquency. This article describes the role of communities in the production of delinquency. It begins by identifying community characteristics of importance and describes why researchers have most frequently been examining these. Following this, it discusses the various theoretical mechanisms proposed to account for the link between community characteristics and rates of delinquency. It then presents two critical weaknesses in the communities and delinquency literature, and explains how they have been addressed to some degree in contextual studies of delinquency. Furthermore, it reviews the main findings from the contextual effects literature. Finally, the article concludes by identifying more general issues that warrant attention in communities and delinquency studies and by charting some promising new directions for research.
Competence and Criminal Responsibility in Adolescent Defendants
Authors: Viljoen Jodi , Penner Erika , Roesch Ronald 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe law has required that adult defendants cannot be tried unless they have an ability to understand and participate adequately in legal proceedings against them. Another legal protection for mentally ill defendants is insanity defense or criminal responsibility laws. Historically these legal protections were not applied to adolescents tried in juvenile court. The purpose of this article is to examine the application of competence and criminal responsibility laws to adolescents, with a focus on some of the challenges that have arisen. It discusses relevant legal standards and the role of mental illness and developmental immaturity and highlights the implications for courts, attorneys, and mental health clinicians. At the present time, many issues pertaining to potentially incompetent and not guilty by reason of insanity adolescents remain undecided. There is a need for further research on the characteristics and needs of these adolescents and appropriate assessment and treatment approaches.
Examining the Effectiveness of Juvenile Residential Programs
Authors: MacKenzie Doris Layton , Freeland Rachel 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMuch controversy exists about the use of juvenile residential programs for delinquents. They are argued to be inherently detrimental by some, means of rehabilitation by others, and still others argue that they should be employed only when the juvenile is a danger to self or others and that appropriate programming can be successfully employed in such institutions. This article reviews the literature on the effectiveness of juvenile residential programs with an emphasis on the impact on later criminal or delinquent behavior. The research reviewed does not support the perspective that incarceration is successful in deterring juveniles, nor do all facilities have detrimental impacts. But the article does state that programming brings about cognitive transformations and may be the most effective method in reducing recidivism. In general, the impact of programs is similar for different races, ethnicities, genders, or ages. Studies have not demonstrated differences between these groups in terms of the impact on recidivism.
Narratives and Values
Authors: Morris Mitchell 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article deals with different aspects of the history of the musical. The histories construct narratives of one sort or another and the events or series of events are linked in speech or writing to form a chain of causal relationships that may be roughly simultaneous (synchronic) and/or spread out over time (diachronic). The fundamentals involved in the construction of a specifically historical narrative are dependent on forms of documentation that include oral histories and folk tales or myths, eyewitness accounts of events, artifacts, and written documents of many types. Such documents may be cited without question, especially in earlier historical accounts, but more often a historian spends considerable time reading the documents critically. Historians characteristically aspire to factual accuracy, and critical assessment is a crucial part of a historian's task. The different approaches defining history include the formist approach that takes on the task of crafting explanations by cataloging the specificities creating the unique characteristics of a particular historical field. Another approach is the organicist approach that also works with such specificities but attempts to interrelate them as parts of an overarching whole. The third approach is the mechanistic strategy that seeks to understand the specificities of a given historical field as the results of some overarching set of causal laws. Lastly, the contextualist strategy that sees the same particulars as best explained by the set of contingent relationships obtained between the very particulars.
Tin Pan Alley Songs on Stage and Screen before World War II
Authors: Knapp Raymond , Morris Mitchell 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article provides detailed information on the extensive overlapping before World War II of Tin Pan Alley with Broadway vaudeville, and post-1927 Hollywood. A quick survey of any large list of songs performed in musical plays and revues on the New York stage at the turn of the century reveals an amazing concentration of numbers that project clusters of racial and ethnic stereotypes. “Coon songs”, in particular, owe the majority of their musical and lyrical styles and their customary performance practices to minstrelsy, but over and above their ways of imagining the appearance and habits of African Americans, they also decisively shape the ways that other minorities appear in the popular music of the time. The lavish array of social (stereo) types was perhaps especially important because of the milieu in which they were generated. The ethnic songs that focused on more recent immigrant ethnic groups referred back to minstrelsy for their primary strategies of masquerade. The mature American musical emerged from the interweaving of, and competition between, two separate strands of theatrical music-making that include adapted European operetta traditions and a number of traditions that shared the practice of staging popular song, deriving in part from the English music hall and similar traditions. The vast majority of Tin Pan Alley songs use a verse-chorus structure, in which the “verse” either narrates a story or establishes a dramatic situation, and the “chorus” either acts as a punctuating refrain or represents the song promised by the dramatic setup.
The Politics of Region and Nation in American Musicals
Authors: Bringardner Chase A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article describes several approaches that are adopted to incorporate regional and national issues in American musicals. A regional approach to musical theater encourages readings that center on space and place and puts specific performances or musical texts in conversation with national and global productions. Regional issues are often present within the text or lyrics of a musical, as with Lil' Abner, Blood Brothers, or Flower Drum Song, in which case the narrative already identifies or implies a specific region for analysis that may be Appalachia, Liverpool, or San Francisco. Musicals provide opportunities to audiences to reflect on regional concerns and identities as they relate to ideas of nation. A regional focus can also address the effects of space and place on a musical once it goes on tour or gets produced in local venues such as colleges, high schools, and community centers. Regionalism provides a vocabulary and context for addressing the experiences of touring productions and for tracing how a show might continue to develop and shift in response to local circumstances such as references and intonations that resonate in one region may not translate effectively to another, as was the case with Parade. Regionalism also provides additional rationale for the openness of musicals' texts. Newspapers and periodicals provide useful documentation of regional responses to particular musicals, offering box-office and production specifies and registering interactions with a given performance.
Orchestration and Arrangement: Creating the Broadway Sound
Authors: Symonds Dominic 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article deals with the main stages involved in orchestration. One of the stages is arranging that involve fitting a song to a dance pattern, the composition of introductions, interludes, modulations, codas, and other special material needed for the dance. The next step is to take a decision on the vocal keys and the type of accompaniment for a voice. Another step is orchestration that involves the translation of this “arrangement” into sound by writing notes on pages of score. The last stage is extraction that involves the copying of the individual parts for the various instruments of the orchestra from the score. The Broadway style developed a compromise between the European and vaudeville sounds. Robert Russell Bennett's work represents the epitome of one characteristic style of Broadway. The vocal line is doubled by a melody instrument, reflecting a tendency toward softer vocals. A countermelody offers a chromatic counterpoint to the diatonic melody. The carefully spaced families of sounds (strings, winds, brass for effect) produce a rich harmonic balance and a combination of bass and offbeat “oom-pahs” provide the rhythm, typically from the harp or piano. Balance had always been a key element of orchestration, and the orchestra had been a brilliant tool for both fortissimo climaxes and sensitive underscoring beneath which dialogue could be heard.
Dance and Choreography
Authors: Dorsey Zachary 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article provides information on the methodology for analyzing dance in musical theater performance. Dance is sometimes defined as any patterned, rhythmic movement in space and time. Dance occurs through purposefully selected and controlled rhythmic movements and the resulting phenomenon is recognized as dance both by the performer and the observing members of a given group. Dance analysis intersects with the work of dance reviewers and critics, though it culminates in the formulation of one or more arguments or interpretations, and ultimately stops short of evaluating a dance. Dance analysis requires that the meanings made out of musical theater choreography is not independent from the dance itself but rather, firmly grounded in the specifics of the dance and the context of the musical that it comes from. Dance analysis deepens the understanding of the role of the dancing body within musical theater and can help speak to social ideas and themes prompted by the musical. The dances in musical theater are almost always performed by characters whom the audience has met, and such details become vital to understanding the choreography's relationship to the musical as a whole. The steps of dance analysis involve description, an extensive series of observations made by the viewer about the dance itself and then putting these observations into conversation with one another.
Competitive Balance
Authors: Humphreys Brad R. , Watanabe Nicholas M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes the uncertainty-of-outcome hypothesis and the seminal research of Simon Rottenberg, and then elaborates on the way that competitive balance is measured. Next, the exchange between Zimbalist and Fort and Maxcy about the nature of research on competitive balance and the effect of this exchange on subsequent literature are explored. Finally, the chapter surveys the research on competitive balance in promotion-and-relegation leagues, a common league arrangement outside of North America. Rottenberg's influence on sports economics is as great as that of any other economist to date, and knowledge of this seminal work is essential to understanding research in sports economics. Each of the many measures of competitive balance has relative strengths and weaknesses, and each captures a different element of competitive balance. It is difficult to determine whether one league has better competitive balance than another, because of the sensitivity of many competitive-balance measures to league composition and structure.
Salary Caps and Luxury Taxes
Authors: Coates Dennis , Frick Bernd 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter investigates the constraints that leagues impose on teams for payrolls and individual compensation, concentrating on those issues which are distinct to salary caps and luxury taxes, especially on how each affects the distribution of playing talent, winning, and profits. Before turning to the empirical evidence of the effects of salary caps and luxury taxes, a careful description of the institutions is given. The National Basketball Association experience after the introduction of the salary cap for the 1984–1985 season seems to be evidence in favor of the arguments developed by its proponents. Despite changes in the basic agreement in 1995, 1999, and 2005, the trend in average salaries is largely unchanged. The cap has virtually no effect on the standard deviation of the winning percentage; that is, the cap seems to have no effect on competitive balance.
International Labor Mobility and the National Basketball Association
Authors: Osborne Evan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter investigates the unique properties of free mobility in highly selective labor markets as high-level sports leagues, and reviews the relevant theory and empirical findings from the immigration literature. It then examines what is known so far from empirical work on wages in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and whether global basketball is governed by comparative advantage. The empirical literature on wage and employment effects of immigration leans toward the position that immigration has few negative effects on either. NBA teams may essentially treat foreign players as lottery tickets, men whose potential is not well understood at the time of signing, because the estimates of their human capital are not as precise as those for American players, whose development has been observed for a long time. Furthermore, some further investigation of the effects of foreign players on the NBA labor market, and the directions for further research, are reported.
Hockey
Authors: Abrevaya Jason 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter addresses the rule changes that have been implemented by the National Hockey League (NHL) to change how points are awarded in overtime games, and outlines the existing literature on overtime incentives within hockey, introducing a simple theoretical framework for analyzing the different overtime regimes in the NHL. While the previous literature has considered the 1999 rule change, it provides the first analysis of the shootout rule introduced in 2005. The chapter then presents empirical analysis for a comprehensive sample of NHL games played between the 1991–1992 and 2008–2009 seasons. Trends in tied-regulation outcomes and goal-in-overtime outcomes are also explored, and regression analysis is used to estimate the effects of the new overtime rules on game outcomes. The basic results were in line with the predictions (and previous work) regarding the 1999–2000 rule change: both overtime games and overtime goals became significantly more likely under the new rule.
Field Position and Strategy in American Football
Authors: Quinn Kevin G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter uses economics in the sense of decision making under scarcity and uncertainty to examine several aspects of American football. It then explores the field position and strategy, and describes how it is possible to put a statistical value, say, in terms of expected points, on field position, on the choice of whether to run or pass, and on what to do on fourth down. In addition, the chapter addresses the previous research and results based on the 2007 National Football League season. The search for competitive advantage provides strong incentive for coaches and teams to keep their strategy research secret. Fourth down strategy decisions suggest that endowment effects, anchoring effects, and even denomination effects could cause cognitive biases in decision making. The suboptimality findings challenge the pure win maximization models that are favored in most of the North American sports economics literature.
Network Television Revenue Sharing and Competitive Balance in the NFL
Authors: Horowitz Ira , Whittenburg G. E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the role of television in the post-1949 history of the National Football League, with specific respect to the network contracts and more recent media trends. It then addresses the extent to which the revenue-sharing codicil, which commissioner Bert Bell saw as helping the weak, has contributed to achieving competitive balance. Additionally, the chapter discusses how professional football grew from obscurity (at first teams paid to televise games as a promotional tool) to become the most popular team sport in the United States. It is noted that the effect of revenue sharing on competitive balance, although likely modest, could go in either direction. The sharing of television revenues has not contributed to maintaining competitive balance. Competition in the standings has declined in concert with the steady increases in the shared revenues, and games have tended to become somewhat less competitive.
Is March Madness Contagious?
Authors: Depken Craig A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the most prominent National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) event, namely, the annual “March Madness” NCAA Division I men's college basketball tournament. Its central hypothesis is to test whether there are internal and external benefits associated with post-season play in the form of additional future attendance. The effect of post-season basketball tournaments on basketball attendance is described. When more conference members play in the NCAA tournament, there are positive spillovers to attendance for other teams in the conference. If the NCAA selection process is biased against smaller and mid-major conferences, the selection process reduces future attendance to smaller conference teams through two avenues. It is shown that participating in more NCAA tournament games increases attendance up to six years into the future.
The Economics of the World Cup
Authors: Simmons Rob , Deutscher Christian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the method by which host countries are selected by Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) for the rights to organize the World Cup finals, and also investigates the benefits to host countries from organizing this event. The benefits to soccer fans in a host country from new stadium infrastructure and other legacies of hosting the World Cup finals are explained. The chapter then pays attention to the players participating in the World Cup finals. FIFA operates two key restrictions on stadium development for World Cup finals. Recent appearances in World Cup finals matches do appear to have shop-window effects, both in raising player salaries paid by clubs and by helping players secure transitions to more highly ranked teams. The FIFA World Cup finals are, no doubt, here to stay as a vital component of the sporting calendar.
Age and Performance Under Pressure
Authors: Fried Harold O. , Tauer Loren W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores how well an individual manages his or her own talent to achieve high performance in an individual sport. Its setting is the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA). The order-m approach is explained. Additionally, the data and the empirical findings are presented. The inputs measure fundamental golfing athletic ability. The output measures success on the LPGA tour. The correlation coefficient between earnings per event and the ability to perform under pressure is 0.48. The careers of golfers occur on the front end of the age distribution. There is a classic trade-off between the inevitable deterioration in the mental ability to handle the pressure and experience gained with time. The ability to perform under pressure peaks at age 37.
Salary Dispersion and Team Production
Authors: Kahane Leo H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the issue of salary dispersion and its effect on productivity. It uses salary and performance data from the National Hockey League (NHL) to distinguish between the theoretical alternatives, thus weighing in on an important issue in labor economics and industrial relations. In addition, it describes the intuition behind the two competing hypotheses. It follows with a discussion of the empirical model and the data used to test the “tournament” versus “fairness” hypotheses. The empirical results are elaborated. The relatively larger payrolls lead to greater team performance. The empirical results clearly and strongly support the “fairness” model when using conditional salary dispersion measures.
Event Analysis
Authors: Leeds Eva Marikova , Leeds Michael A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article investigates the theory and application of event studies in sports. It briefly explains what event analysis is, when it is appropriate, and what it does. It also presents a brief history of event analysis in the finance literature. It then discusses how to perform an event analysis. It presents both the standard methodology from the finance literature and an approach that sports economists are likely to find more intuitively appealing. Many papers that have applied event analysis to the realm of sports are summarized. An event analysis requires a clearly identified incident that takes place at a well-identified moment in time. It has illustrated that event analysis is a potentially valuable econometric tool. However, it has not been extensively employed in sports settings and, when used, it has often been imperfectly applied.
Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Trichotillomania
Authors: Chamberlain Samuel R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTrichotillomania is a psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent hair pulling, leading to hair loss and functional impairment. This chapter reviews the phenomenology and epidemiology of trichotillomania, and considers its relationship with putative obsessive-compulsive spectrum conditions and other body-focused repetitive behaviors. Salient animal models of the disorder, along with findings in human patients using neuroimaging and cognitive probes, are summarized. A brain-based model of trichotillomania is formulated, focusing on affect dysregulation, addiction, and impulse dyscontrol. Finally, the chapter flags cardinal questions for the attention of future clinical and research scrutiny.
Time and Space Boundaries
Authors: Evans Susan Toby 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article describes in general terms the characteristics of major time periods in Mesoamerica, tracking the regions that directed or dominated events in each period. It covers the Late Archaic period (4000–2000 bc), Initial Formative (Preclassic) period (2000–1200 bce), Early Formative period (ca. 1200–ca 900 bc), Middle Formative period (ca. 900– ca. 600 bc), Middle to Late Formative period (ca. 600–300 bc), Late Formative period (ca. 300 bc–1 ad), Terminal Formative period (ca. 1–250 ad), Early Classic period (ca. 250–600 ad), Late Classic period (ca. 600–900 ad), Epiclassic and Early Postclassic periods (ca. 750–1200 ad), Middle Postclassic period (ca. 1200–1400), and Late Postclassic period (ca. 1400–1521 ad).