bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro biomechanical comparison of the effects of cerclage wires, an intramedullary pin and the combination there of on an oblique osteotomy of the canine tibia
Authors: van der Zee J. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryTo compare the in vitro biomechanical effects of single loop cerclage wires, an intramedullary pin and the combination thereof as applied to an oblique mid-diaphyseal osteotomy of canine tibiae.Three groups of nine bones with long oblique osteotomies were repaired with the following methods: 1) Three single loop cerclage wires and a transcortical skewer pin, 2) intramedullary pinning with a smooth Steinmann pin, and 3) a combination of both methods. The repaired constructs were tested in a single cycle four-point-bending test to failure. Load displacement curves were drawn and the following parameters were calculated or extrapolated: Stiffness, load at yield, and force resisted at 2 mm actuator displacement. The latter was determined to demonstrate the difference in the amount of energy absorbed between the different groups.The stiffness and force resisted at 2 mm displacement of the groups with cerclage wires were significantly higher than the group with an intramedullary pin alone (p ≤ 0.05). The differences in stiffness (p = 0.15) and force required at 2 mm displacement (p = 0.56) between cerclage wires and the combination of cerclage wires and intramedullary pins were not significant.Cerclage wire repair results in higher stiffness than repair with an intramedullary pin. When cerclage wires are combined with an intramedullary pin, the intramedullary pin does not provide protection to the cerclage wire repair and the wires or the bone under the wires has to fail before the pin resists significant load.
Sterilization by gamma radiation of antibiotic impregnated polymethylmethacrylate and plaster of Paris beads
Authors: Trencart P. , Batista E. Rodriguez , Michaud G. , Elce Y. A. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryEthylene oxide is currently recommended for sterilization of antibiotic impregnated beads; however this method carries health risks to personnel and is becoming less available.To perform a pilot study of the effect of radiation for sterilization of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and plaster of Paris (POP) beads impregnated with amikacin, enrofloxacin, and ceftiofur.Radiation would effectively sterilize the beads without affecting the efficacy of the antibiotic.Beads of PMMA and POP were prepared in a clean but nonsterile manner with one of the three antibiotics (amikacin, enrofloxacin, ceftiofur) or no antibiotic. Beads were then exposed to radiation for a total dose of 0 kiloGray (kGy), 10 kGy and 25 kGy. Beads were incubated on Mueller-Hinton agar plates seeded with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa for 24 hours or cultured in brain-heart infusion broth for 48 hours. Zones of inhibition were measured on the agar plates and statistics were performed on the diameters of the zones of inhibition using an analysis of variance.There were no differences in the diameters of inhibition for all levels of radiation for all PMMA beads. The same was true with POP beads with the exception of enrofloxacin which had a significantly decreased zone of inhibition with increased levels of radiation, though the clinical significance of this finding was not assessed. Only beads without antibiotics and not exposed to radiation had bacterial growth.Radiation may be an effective method of sterilization for antibiotic impregnated beads.
Development and characterization of 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers in Tapiscia sinensis (Staphyleaceae)
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Wang Zhiguang , Liu Yaling , Tian Hua , Yao Xiaohong , Zhang Jinju 
Published: December 2013

• Premise of the study: We developed and characterized five polymorphic microsatellite loci from an AC‐enriched genomic library of a rare tree, Tapiscia sinensis, and six compound microsatellite primers using a dual‐suppression‐PCR–based approach, to investigate geographical genetic structure.• Methods and Results: The polymorphism of these loci was assessed in 102 samples collected from three populations. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to nine. Expected heterozygosity per locus ranged from 0.000 to 0.709 and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 0.750. Five loci deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction.• Conclusions: This set of microsatellites may be useful for investigating broad‐scale genetic variation in the extant populations of the endangered tree species T. sinensis.
Electric car with solar and wind energy may change the environment and economy: A tool for utilizing the renewable energy resource
Authors: Liu Quanhua 
Published: December 2013

AbstractEnergy and environmental issues are among the most important problems of public concern. Wind and solar energy may be one of the alternative solutions to overcome energy shortage and to reduce greenhouse gaseous emission. Using electric cars in cities can significantly improve the air quality there. Through our analyses and modeling on the basis of the National Centers for Environment Prediction data we confirm that the amount of usable solar and wind energy far exceeds the world's total energy demand, considering the feasibility of the technology being used. Storing the surplus solar and wind energy and then releasing this surplus on demand is an important approach to maintaining uninterrupted solar‐ and wind‐generated electricity. This approach requires us to be aware of the available solar and wind energy in advance in order to manage their storage. Solar and wind energy depends on weather conditions and we know weather forecasting. This implies that solar and wind energy is predictable. In this article, we demonstrate how solar and wind energy can be forecasted. We provide a web tool that can be used by all to arrive at solar and wind energy amount at any location in the world. The tool is available at www.renewableenergyst.org. The website also provides additional information on renewable energy, which is useful to a wide range of audiences, including students, educators, and the general public.
Condensation nuclei measurements in the midlatitude (1982–2012) and Antarctic (1986–2010) stratosphere between 20 and 35 km
Authors: Campbell Patrick , Deshler Terry 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBalloon‐borne stratospheric condensation nuclei (CN) measurements have been made from McMurdo Station, Antarctica (78°S), 1986–2010, and from Laramie, Wyoming (41°N), 1982 to the present. In the Antarctic region, the measurements show the formation of a layer of enhanced concentrations of stratospheric CN, between 21 and 27 km, around mid August, reaching its maximum extent between September and early October. CN concentrations increase from backgrounds of 10–20 cm−3 to over 100 cm−3 in the layer. In the northern midlatitudes, the measurements show a quasi‐annual and smaller layer of enhanced CN concentrations between 25 and 31 km in late winter and early spring. In the quasi‐annual layers, CN concentrations increase from backgrounds of 1–10 cm−3 to over 20 cm−3. Volcanic eruptions appear to enhance the CN layers observed over Laramie and McMurdo. The Arctic Oscillation generally correlates with the magnitude of the Laramie CN layer, suggesting the importance of meridional transport. Volatility measurements and nucleation modeling support a sulfuric acid and water composition and binary homogeneous nucleation as the likely CN formation mechanism in both locations. Bimonthly measurements above Laramie support coagulation as the main reason for the dissipation of the CN layer. Air parcel trajectory modeling confirms that the CN layer forms locally to McMurdo and that it is related to solar exposure, while above Laramie trajectory analysis indicates that Arctic conditions and ambient temperature changes during northerly transport impact the magnitude of the CN layer above Laramie.
Hygroscopic properties of particles nebulized from water extracts of aerosols collected at Chichijima Island in the western North Pacific: An outflow region of Asian dust
Authors: Boreddy S. K. R. , Kawamura Kimitaka , Jung Jinsang 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe present 2 year measurements of hygroscopic properties of water‐soluble matter (WSM) extracted from marine aerosols from remote Chichijima Island in the western North Pacific during 2001–2002. Hygroscopic growth factors (g) of WSM were measured by a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer with initial dry particle diameter of 100 nm. The observed g at 90% relative humidity (RH), g(90%), ranged from 1.42 to 1.89 with an average of 1.79 ± 0.11. The g values are significantly lower than that of seawater (2.1) and slightly lower than those previously reported for marine aerosols (>1.8), probably due to the atmospheric processing associated with chlorine depletion; mean Cl−/Na+ molar ratio (1.10 ± 0.23) was smaller than seawater (1.18), and organometal interaction (e.g., formation of water‐insoluble calcium oxalate, g(90%) < 1). Inorganic salts accounted for 87–98% of WSM. Na+ and Cl− are two major species, contributing 63% of total inorganic ion mass. The calculated aerosol water content (Vw/Vdry) at 85% RH during hydration experiment ranged from 1 to 3.66 (mean of 2.75 ± 0.81). Vw/Vdry is negatively correlated with organic mass fraction, indicating that organics may suppress the hygroscopicity of the marine aerosol particles. The declined g(90%) and Cl−/Na+ molar ratio and increased abundance of water‐soluble organics in spring demonstrated that the atmospheric mixing of anthropogenic pollutants (e.g., NO3, SOx) and water‐soluble organics can decrease the growth factor of marine aerosols. The two case studies of spring aerosols demonstrated that Asian dusts were internally mixed with hygroscopic species in different ways, depending on their transport pathway.
A d10 Ni–(H2) Adduct as an Intermediate in HH Oxidative Addition across a NiB Bond
Authors: Harman W. Hill , Lin Tzu‐Pin , Peters Jonas C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBifunctional EH activation offers a promising approach for the design of two‐electron‐reduction catalysts with late first‐row metals, such as Ni. To this end, we have been pursuing H2 activation reactions at late‐metal boratranes and herein describe a diphosphine–borane‐supported Ni—(H2) complex, [(PhDPBiPr)Ni(H2)], which has been characterized in solution. 1H NMR spectroscopy confirms the presence of an intact H2 ligand. A range of data, including electronic‐structure calculations, suggests a d10 configuration for [(PhDPBiPr)Ni(H2)] as most appropriate. Such a configuration is highly unusual among transition‐metal H2 adducts. The nonclassical H2 adduct is an intermediate in the complete activation of H2 across the NiB interaction. Reaction‐coordinate analysis suggests synergistic activation of the H2 ligand by both the Ni and B centers of the nickel boratrane subunit, thus highlighting an important role of the borane ligand both in stabilizing the d10 Ni—(H2) interaction and in the H—H cleavage step.
Preparation and characterization of epoxy nanocomposites containing surface‐modified graphene oxide
Authors: Liu Tianxi , Zhao Zishuai , Tjiu Weng Weei , Lv Jian , Wei Chun 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTA three‐step grafting procedure has been used to graft the epoxy monomers (DER332) and the curing agents (diamino diphenyl methane (DDM), onto graphene oxide (GO) surface. The surface modification of GO has been performed by grafting of Jeffamine D‐2000, followed with subsequent grafting of DER332 and DDM, respectively. Fourier transform spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis indicate successful surface modification. The resulting modified GO, that is, (DED)‐GO, can be well dispersed in the epoxy monomers. The epoxy nanocomposites containing different GO contents can then be prepared through curing processes. The dispersion of GO in the nanocomposites is characterized by transmission electron microscopy. It is found that the tensile strength and elongation at break of epoxy nanocomposite with only 0.2 wt % DED‐GO are increased by 30 and 16% as compared with the neat epoxy resin, respectively. Dynamic mechanical analysis results show that 62% increase in storage modulus and 26°C enhancement in the glass transition temperature of the nanocomposite have been achieved with the incorporation of only 0.2 wt % of DED‐GO into the epoxy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40236.
Assessment of a Nonsteroidal Aromatase Inhibitor, Letrozole, in Juvenile Rats
Authors: Pouliot Louise , Schneider Marilynn , DeCristofaro Marc , Samadfam Rana , Smith Susan Y. , Beckman David A. 
Published: December 2013

BACKGROUNDThe timing and duration of letrozole administration was designed to encompass the majority of postnatal development in the rat with the intent of evaluating the potential for a broad range of effects but with emphasis on expected effects on skeletal maturation.METHODSSprague‐Dawley rats were administered letrozole via oral gavage at doses of 0.003, 0.03, and 0.3 mg/kg/day beginning on postpartum day (PPD) 7 through 91 followed by a 6‐week recovery period. Clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, developmental endpoints, bone, ophthalmology, behavioral assessments, clinical/anatomic pathology, toxicokinetics, and reproductive assessments were conducted.RESULTSGrowth (body weight gain and crown‐to‐rump length) and food consumption were increased in females at ≥0.03 mg/kg/day and decreased in males at ≥0.003 mg/kg/day. Delayed sexual maturation in both sexes and adverse effects on reproductive function occurred at all doses. Effects on bone growth and maturation were noted in both sexes at all doses. Evidence of recovery was noted for males at 0.003 mg/kg/day and females at 0.003 and 0.03 mg/kg/day upon withdrawal of treatment. Histopathological changes in the pituitary–adrenal–gonadal axis correlated with effects on reproductive function.CONCLUSIONSThe observed effects in juvenile rats were considered predictable and primarily related to the mechanism of action of letrozole upon estrogen synthesis.
The insanity sentence: Oregon's psychiatric security review board
Authors: Rogers Jeffrey L. , Bloom Joseph D. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn response to the dilemma of management of mentally ill persons who commit crimes, Oregon has created the Psychiatric Security Review Board (PSRB) to administrate the supervision and treatment of insanity acquittees. This paper presents an overview of the PSRB structure and examines the quasi‐criminal justice features of Oregon's Insanity Sentence. The primary goal of the PSRB is the protection of societý. The maximum sentence, had the individual been found guilty, becomes the PSRB's jurisdictional period for that former defendant. A review of the administrative rules for conditional release and revocation of release that the PSRB is now in the process of adopting are described. The authors conclude that the PSRB is a promising approach which offers better community protection and better treatment for mentally ill offenders (NGRIs) than does the present prison parole system.
Pathological gambling as an insanity defense
Authors: Cunnien Alan J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractRecognition of pathological gambling as a diagnostic and clinical entity has been paralleled by its use as an insanity defense by gamblers engaged in criminal behavior. The societal ramifications of exculpation for crimes committed by volitionally impaired defendants require a critical analysis of the relationship between mental illness and criminal acts. Following a summary of current knowledge about pathological gambling as a clinical disorder, case law relevant to its use as an insanity defense is reviewed. It is argued that pathological gambling is not a serious mental illness for the purposes of the criminal law and that it bears no causal relationship to criminal activity. Legal and societal interests dictate that pathological gambling be excluded as a potential insanity defense.
Comparing patients treated in special security civil state hospital units with patients in forensic programs
Authors: Way Bruce B. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPsychiatric inpatients in special units designed for the treatment/management of violence (secure care) are compared with inpatients in three forensic programs. Although program designers anticipated that secure care and forensic patients would be similar, they were not. Principally, secure care patients were lower functioning in the psychiatric areas and were more likely to have engaged in a physical assault in the last 30 days.
Inhibitory and multisynaptic spines, and hemispherical synaptic specialization in the posterodorsal medial amygdala of male and female rats
Authors: Brusco Janaina , Merlo Suélen , Ikeda Érika T. , Petralia Ronald S. , Kachar Bechara , Rasia‐Filho Alberto A. , Moreira Jorge E. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe density of dendritic spines is sexually dimorphic and variable throughout the female estrous cycle in the rat posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD), a relevant area for the modulation of reproductive behavior in rats. The local synaptic activity differs between hemispheres in prepubertal animals. Here we used serial section transmission electron microscopy to produce 3D reconstructions of dendritic shafts and spines to characterize synaptic contacts on MePD neurons of both hemispheres in adult males and in females along the estrous cycle. Pleomorphic spines and nonsynaptic filopodia occur in the MePD. On average, 8.6% of dendritic spines received inputs from symmetric gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐immunoreactive terminals, whereas 3.6% received two synaptic contacts on the spine head, neck, or base. Presynaptic terminals in female right MePD had a higher density of synaptic vesicles and docked vesicles than the left MePD, suggesting a higher rate of synaptic vesicle release in the right MePD of female rats. In contrast, males did not show laterality in any of those parameters. The proportion of putative inhibitory synapses on dendritic shafts in the right MePD of females in proestrus was higher than in the left MePD, and higher than in the right MePD in males, or in females in diestrus or estrus. This work shows synaptic laterality depending on sex and estrous cycle phase in mature MePD neurons. Most likely, sexual hormone effects are lateralized in this brain region, leading to higher synaptic activity in the right than in the left hemisphere of females, mediating timely neuroendocrine and social/reproductive behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2075–2088, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
White lighting: A provisional model for predicting perceived tint in “white” illumination
Authors: Rea M. S. , Freyssinier J. P. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractRecently, a line of minimum tint in chromaticity space for sources of illumination of different correlated color temperatures (CCTs) from 2700 K to 6500 K has been reported. This line of minimum tint did not correspond to the line of blackbody radiation implicitly associated with sources of white illumination used in architectural applications. It was noted that chromaticities along the line of minimum tint were not metamers but, rather, should represent, for a given CCT, chromaticities where the neural signals from the two spectral opponent channels were minimized. Earlier work provided a theoretical framework for representing the four unique hues where the neural signals from one spectral opponent channel are minimized. This framework was used here to quantitatively represent the line of minimum tint and then to empirically test whether this representation could predict the amount of tint perceived in six different sources of “white” Illumination.” Based on these results, a provisional model is proposed for describing the tint and the amount of tint perceived in “white” Illumination used in architectural applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 466–479, 2014
Influence of lighting conditions on the appearance of typical interior materials
Authors: Lasauskaite Schüpbach Ruta , Reisinger Markus , Schrader Björn 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTwo studies investigated how lighting influences perception of various materials. Experiment 1 focused on preferences of cold or warm light. Participants' task was to indicate preference for either coolish or warmish light for 20 different materials. The selection included materials typically used for wall or floor of interior spaces. Different hues and surface characteristics were present. Specifically two materials of blue color (cold hue) were preferred in a cold light while red carpet (warm hue) and synthetic turf materials were preferred in warm light. This latter choice was explained by automatic reference of synthetic turf to the appearance of natural grass. There were no clear light source preferences for other materials. Experiment 2 explored how the same 20 materials are evaluated under LED lighting in comparison to three other lighting situations (halogen lamp, high‐intensity discharge lamp, and compact fluorescent lamp). The results of this explorative study were not conclusive. The materials chosen for this experiment differed greatly in their structure and optical properties. In conclusion, light influence on the evaluation of materials needs systematic investigation in future research. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 50–61, 2015
The arcane roots of colour psychology, chromotherapy, and colour forecasting
Authors: Whitfield T. W. Allan , Whelton Jianne 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis article explores the genesis of the apparently disparate fields of colour psychology, chromotherapy, and colour forecasting. They came to the fore during the 20th century, and while ostensibly unrelated, their common ancestry lies in the late 18th and 19th centuries. This period witnessed the discovery of such strange forces as magnetism, electricity, X‐rays, and radio waves—in addition to odic forces and the colour aura. These were all invisible, mysterious, and to the public and many prominent scientists, equally plausible. This article traces a major influence back to spiritualism and Theosophy: both privileged colour and attributed powerful influences to it. This legacy remains, though not in the scientific domain. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 99–106, 2015
Efficient and Robust Reforming Catalyst in Severe Reaction Conditions by Nanoprecursor Reduction in Confined Space
Authors: Dacquin Jean‐Philippe , Sellam Djamila , Batiot‐Dupeyrat Catherine , Tougerti Asma , Duprez Daniel , Royer Sébastien 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe in situ autocombustion synthesis route is shown to be an easy and efficient way to produce nanoscaled nickel oxide containing lanthanum‐doped mesoporous silica composite. Through this approach, ∼3 nm NiO particles homogeneously dispersed in the pores of silica are obtained, while lanthanum is observed to cover the surface of the silica pore wall. Subsequent reduction of such composite precursors under hydrogen generates Ni0 nanoparticles of a comparable size. Control over the size and size distribution of metallic nanoparticles clearly improved catalytic activity in the methane dry reforming reaction. In addition, these composite materials exhibit excellent stability under severe reaction conditions. This was achieved through the presence of LaOx species, which reduced active‐site carbon poisoning, and the confinement effect of the mesoporous support, which reduced metallic particle sintering.