bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic variation of bioactive compounds and aflatoxins in contaminated Radix Astragali during extraction process
Authors: Hu Yichen , Kong Weijun , Luo Hongli , Zhao Lianhua , Yang Meihua 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough increasing attention has been paid to the health threat caused by mycotoxins in commodities such as food or medicines, mycotoxin transfer processes from crude material to products have raised little concern so far. Radix Astragali is a commonly used edible and medicinal herbal plant that is susceptible to contamination with aflatoxins from Aspergillus flavus. There have been no studies on mycotoxin transfer into pharmaceutical preparations or derivative products.RESULTSTo facilitate the aflatoxin reduction and bioactivity retention, the dynamic variations of aflatoxins as well as herbal compounds, namely calycosin‐7‐glucoside, astragaloside and formononetin, in Radix Astragali contaminated by A. flavus during water decoction and ethanol refluxing treatments were evaluated simultaneously by an ultra‐fast liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry method. After the extraction processes, although the amount of alfatoxins was reduced remarkably, aflatoxin residuals in preparation still exceed recommended limits, manifesting the great need to establish a limit for aflatoxins in herbal extractions or derivative products. Meanwhile, due to the hydrolysis of glucoside, water decoction period should be no longer than 4 h.CONCLUSIONSThis investigation would benefit from the determination of the dynamic variation of aflatoxins in infected herbs in preparation treatments, in order to further develop aflatoxin limits in herbal preparations. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Downregulation of urinary cell‐free microRNA‐214 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in bladder cancer
Authors: Wang Jinfeng , Zhang Xin , Wang Lili , Dong Zhaogang , Du Lutao , Yang Yongmei , Guo Yuan , Wang Chuanxin 
Published: May 2015

Background and objectivesWe aimed to investigate potential of urinary cell‐free microRNA‐214 (miR‐214) as a noninvasive biomarker for bladder cancer in this report.MethodsWe screened miR‐214 expression in medium from 2 bladder cancer cell lines to determine whether it is secretory. Then we validated expression of cell‐free miR‐214 in urine samples from an independent set of 192 preoperative bladder cancer patients, 80 matching postoperative patients and 169 healthy controls.ResultsmiR‐214 was secreted from bladder cancer cell lines. Cell‐free miR‐214 levels were significantly attenuated in preoperative urine from bladder cancer patients, whereas its expression significantly increased in matched postoperative urine. Underexpressed extracellular miR‐214 in urine was significantly associated with higher tumor stage, higher lymph node status, higher grade, age and history of non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Urinary cell‐free miR‐214 could forcefully differentiate bladder cancer (area under the curve; AUC = 0.838; 95% CI = 0.796–0.875) patients from healthy controls. Additionally, miR‐214 in urine supernatant could serve as an independent prognostic predicator of recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) for patients with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).ConclusionsUrinary cell‐free miR‐214 is a hopeful biomarker for tumor stratification, early diagnosis and prognostic assessment of bladder cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:992–999. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mental Health and Substance Use Factors Associated With Unwanted Sexual Contact Among U.S. Active Duty Service Women
Authors: Stahlman Shauna , Javanbakht Marjan , Cochran Susan , Hamilton Alison B. , Shoptaw Steven , Gorbach Pamina M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMany U.S. military women are exposed to unwanted sexual contact during military service, which can have important implications for mental health. Using data from the 2008 Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors, we employed multiple logistic regression methods to examine whether unwanted sexual contact was associated with stress, screening positive for mental disorders, or substance use, among active duty service women. The sample included 7,415 female military personnel, of whom 13.4% reported unwanted sexual contact (including any touching of genitals) since entering the military. After adjusting for potentially confounding variables, factors independently associated with unwanted sexual contact included military‐related stress (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.44), family/personal life‐related stress (AOR = 1.78), and gender‐related stress (AOR = 1.98) in the past 12 months. In addition, screening positive for depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, or psychological distress, and suicidal ideation or attempt were associated with unwanted sexual contact (AOR = 1.57–2.11). For drug/alcohol use, only misuse of tranquilizers/muscle relaxers (past 12 months) was associated with report of unwanted sexual contact (AOR = 1.35). Given the prevalence of unwanted sexual contact and corresponding adverse health outcomes in this sample of active duty women, strategies to create military structural/cultural changes and reduce gender‐related stress and sexism are needed.
Latitudinal variations in biometry and population density of a Mediterranean solitary coral
Authors: Caroselli Erik , Nanni Valentina , Levy Oren , Falini Giuseppe , Dubinsky Zvy , Goffredo Stefano 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCorrelations between solar radiation, sea surface temperature (SST), biometry, and population density were assessed along a wide latitudinal gradient in the non‐zooxanthellate solitary coral Caryophyllia inornata. Biometric parameters were more strongly correlated with temperature than with solar radiation as in previous studies on Mediterranean solitary corals. With increasing SST, populations were characterized by bigger polyps, and consequently by a higher percent area coverage and mass per square meter. Population abundance was not correlated with SST, similarly to the non‐zooxanthellate solitary Leptopsammia pruvoti. Instead, the population density of the zooxanthellate solitary Balanophyllia europaea decreases with increasing SST. When extrapolating the relationships between biological parameters of the three species and SST, according to the projected seawater temperature increase, a higher tolerance to temperature for non‐zooxanthellate species seems to be confirmed.
RF instrumentation for same‐breath triple nuclear lung MR imaging of 1H and hyperpolarized 3He and 129Xe at 1.5T
Authors: Rao Madhwesha , Wild Jim M. 
Published: May 2015

PurposeThe hyperpolarized gases 3He and 129Xe have distinct properties and provide unique and complementary functional information from the lungs. A triple‐nuclear, same‐breath imaging examination of the lungs with 1H, 3He, and 129Xe can therefore provide exclusive functional information from the gas images. In addition, the 1H images provide complementary co‐registered structural information in the same physiological time frame. The goal of this study was to design an RF system for triple nuclear lung MRI at 1.5T, consisting of a dual‐tuned transceiver coil for 3He and 129Xe, RF switches and a nested 1H receiver array.MethodsA dual‐tuned transmit‐receive dual‐Helmholtz RF coil for 3He and 129Xe was designed and constructed to work in unison with a nested 1H receiver array.ResultsTriple‐nuclear imaging (structural and ventilation) and apparent diffusion coefficient mapping of the human lungs was performed in the same breath‐hold using the integrated RF system. B1 maps and volumetric ventilation imaging using a three‐dimensional, balanced steady‐state free precession pulse sequence performed with both hyperpolarized 3He and 129Xe indicate good stand‐alone performance of the coil for the respective nucleus.ConclusionTriple‐nuclear same‐breath lung imaging with a dual‐tuned coil (3He and 129Xe) and a nested 1H array has been demonstrated with a custom RF system. Magn Reson Med 75:1841–1848, 2016. © © The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Adaptive POD‐based low‐dimensional modeling supported by residual estimates
Authors: Rapún M.‐L. , Terragni F. , Vega J. M. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryAn adaptive low‐dimensional model is considered to simulate time‐dependent dynamics in nonlinear dissipative systems governed by PDEs. The method combines an inexpensive POD‐based Galerkin system with short runs of a standard numerical solver that provides the snapshots necessary to first construct and then update the POD modes. Switching between the numerical solver and the Galerkin system is decided ‘on the fly’ by monitoring (i) a truncation error estimate and (ii) a residual estimate. The latter estimate is used to control the mode truncation instability and highly improves former adaptive strategies that detected this instability by monitoring consistency with a second instrumental Galerkin system based on a larger number of POD modes. The most computationally expensive run of the numerical solver occurs at the outset, when the whole set of POD modes is calculated. This step is improved by using mode libraries, which may either be generic or result from former applications of the method. The outcome is a flexible, robust, computationally inexpensive procedure that adapts itself to the local dynamics by using the faster Galerkin system for the majority of the time and few, on demand, short runs of a numerical solver. The method is illustrated considering the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation in one and two space dimensions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐sided Grassmann manifold algorithm for optimal model reduction
Authors: Zeng Taishan , Lu Chunyuan 
Published: May 2015

SummaryWe consider an optimal
model reduction problem for large‐scale dynamical systems. The problem is formulated as a minimization problem over Grassmann manifold with two variables. This formulation allows us to develop a two‐sided Grassmann manifold algorithm, which is numerically efficient and suitable for the reduction of large‐scale systems. The resulting reduced system preserves the stability of the original system. Numerical examples are presented to show that the proposed algorithm is computationally efficient and robust with respect to the selection of initial projection matrices. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE WAR ON POVERTY: MEASUREMENT, TRENDS, AND POLICY
Authors: Haveman Robert , Blank Rebecca , Moffitt Robert , Smeeding Timothy , Wallace Geoffrey 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe present a 50‐year historical perspective of the nation's antipoverty efforts, describing the evolution of policy during four key periods since 1965. Over this half‐century, the initial heavy reliance on cash income support to poor families has eroded; increases in public support came largely in the form of in‐kind (e.g., Food Stamps) and tax‐related (e.g., the Earned Income Tax Credit) benefits. Work support and the supplementation of earnings substituted for direct support. These shifts eroded the safety net for the most disadvantaged in American society. Three poverty‐related analytical developments are also described. The rise of the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM)—taking account of noncash and tax‐related benefits—has corrected some of the serious weaknesses of the official poverty measure (OPM). The SPM measure indicates that the poverty rate has declined over time, rather than being essentially flat as the OPM implies. We also present snapshots of the composition of the poor population in the United States using both the OPM and the SPM, showing progress in reducing poverty overall and among specific socioeconomic subgroups since the beginning of the War on Poverty. Finally, we document the expenditure levels of numerous antipoverty programs that have accompanied the several phases of poverty policy and describe the effect of these efforts on the level of poverty. Although the effectiveness of government antipoverty transfers is debated, our findings indicate that the growth of antipoverty policies has reduced the overall level of poverty, with substantial reductions among the elderly, disabled, and blacks. However, the poverty rates for children, especially those living in single‐parent families, and families headed by a low‐skill, low‐education person, have increased. Rates of deep poverty (families living with less than one‐half of the poverty line) for the nonelderly population have not decreased, reflecting both the increasing labor market difficulties faced by the low‐skill population and the tilt of means‐tested benefits away from the poorest of the poor.
Under the snow: a new camera trap opens the white box of subnivean ecology
Authors: Soininen Eeva M. , Jensvoll Ingrid , Killengreen Siw T. , Ims Rolf A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSnow covers the ground over large parts of the world for a substantial portion of the year. Yet very few methods are available to quantify biotic variables below the snow, with most studies of subnivean ecological processes relying on comparisons of data before and after the snow cover season. We developed a camera trap prototype to quantify subnivean small mammal activity. The trap consists of a camera that is attached facing downward from the ceiling of a box, which is designed to function as a snow‐free tunnel. We tested it by placing nine traps with passive infrared sensors in a subarctic habitat where snow cover lasted for about 6 months. The traps were functional for the whole winter, permitting continuous data collection of site‐specific presence and temporal activity patterns of all three small mammal species present (the insectivorous common shrew, Sorex araneus, the herbivorous tundra vole, Microtus oeconomus, and the carnivorous stoat, Mustela erminea) as well as abiotic conditions (presence/absence of snow cover and subnivean temperature). Based on their successful functioning (only 6% of the photographs appeared empty or were of poor quality, whereas ca 80% were of small mammals and the remaining of birds and invertebrates), we discuss how the new camera trap can enable subnivean studies of small mammal communities. This greatly increases the temporal resolution and extent of data collection and thereby provides unpreceded opportunities to understand population and food web dynamics in ecosystems with snow cover.
Wax Ester Analysis of Bats Suffering from White Nose Syndrome in Europe
Authors: Řezanka Tomáš , Viden Ivan , Nováková Alena , Bandouchová Hana , Sigler Karel 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe composition of wax esters (WE) in the fur of adult greater mouse–eared bats (Myotis myotis), either healthy or suffering from white nose syndrome (WNS) caused by the psychrophilic fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, was investigated by high‐resolution mass spectrometry analysis in the positive ion mode. Profiling of lipid classes showed that WE are the most abundant lipid class, followed by cholesterol esters, and other lipid classes, e.g., triacylglycerols and phospholipids. WE abundance in non‐polar lipids was gender‐related, being higher in males than in females; in individuals suffering from WNS, both male and female, it was higher than in healthy counterparts. WE were dominated by species containing 18:1 fatty acids. Fatty alcohols were fully saturated, dominated by species containing 24, 25, or 26 carbon atoms. Two WE species, 18:1/18:0 and 18:1/20:0, were more abundant in healthy bats than in infected ones.
A case‐control study of correlates of severe acute maternal morbidity in Kabul, Afghanistan
Authors: Todd Catherine S. , Mansoor Ghulam Farooq , Haider Sadia , Hashimy Pashtoon , Mustafavi Nazifa , Nasir Abdul , Miller Suellen 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo identify correlates of severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM) in Kabul, Afghanistan.MethodsThe present case‐control study enrolled postpartum couples at four public maternity hospitals between September 2007 and December 2009. Eligibility was determined by: spousal consent; SAMM criteria from chart review for cases; and matching by age, parity, and time since previous delivery for controls (uncomplicated deliveries). Staff administered questionnaires to women and their husbands separately. SAMM correlates were analyzed with conditional logistic regression in models including (proximate) and excluding (distal) care factors.ResultsAmong 285 case and 285 control couples, the most frequent SAMM diagnoses were obstructed labor (104 [36.5%]) and hemorrhage requiring transfusion (102 [35.8%]). In both models, SAMM was associated with the husband having more than one wife (distal: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 48.6, 95% CI 5.4–436.5; proximate: 141.8, 3.5–5819.0), prior stillbirth(s) (distal: 16.2, 6.1–42.9; proximate: 8.0, 2.9–22.4), and complications in a prior pregnancy (distal: 5.4, 95% CI 2.5–12.1; proximate: 7.1, 2.5–20.4). In the proximate model, SAMM was associated with visiting another facility before hospitalization (aOR 7.5, 95% CI 3.1–17.9), male‐reported planned home delivery (5.5, 1.5–20.0), and provider‐determined care‐seeking (4.8, 1.6–14.9).ConclusionPlanned home delivery and referral to multiple facilities or by providers are factors associated with SAMM that are potentially amenable to intervention in Afghanistan.
The Integrated Gateway Model: A catalytic approach to behavior change
Authors: Schwandt Hilary M. , Skinner Joanna , Takruri Adel , Storey Douglas 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo develop and test an Integrated Gateway Model of behaviors and factors leading to subsequent positive reproductive, maternal, and child health behaviors.MethodsA secondary analysis was conducted using previously published household survey data collected from men (n = 5551; 2011) and women (n = 16 144; 2011) in Nigeria and women in Egypt (n = 2240; 2004–2007). The number of health behaviors each potential gateway behavior predicted was assessed by multivariate regression, adjusting for potential confounders. The influence of gateway factors on gateway behaviors was tested via interaction terms. Gateway behaviors and factors were ranked by the number of health outcomes predicted, both separately and synergistically.ResultsThe key gateway behavior identified in both datasets was spousal communication about family planning, whereas the key gateway factor was exposure to family planning messages.ConclusionsThe model could facilitate innovative research and programming that in turn might promote cascades of positive behaviors in reproductive, maternal, and child health.
Usefulness of the wearable cardioverter defibrillator in patients in the early post‐myocardial infarction phase with high risk of sudden cardiac death: A single‐center European experience
Authors: Kondo Yusuke , Linhart Markus , Andrié René P. , Schwab Joerg O. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe effectiveness of the wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD) therapy in early post‐myocardial infarction (MI) patients remains uncertain.MethodsWe analyzed the characteristics and outcomes of patients who received a WCD in the early post‐MI phase.ResultsTwenty‐four patients were followed‐up for 8 months (range, 4–16 months). Two patients (8.3%) received appropriate shocks. Left ventricular ejection fraction improved after the WCD therapy (P<0.01). Fourteen patients (58%) received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator at the end of the follow‐up period.ConclusionEarly post‐MI patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death may benefit from WCD therapy.
On the derivation of the HOMFLYPT polynomial invariant for fluid knots
Authors: Liu Xin , Ricca Renzo L. 
Published: May 2015

By using and extending earlier results (Liu & Ricca,J. Phys. A, vol. 45, 2012, 205501), we derive the skein relations of the HOMFLYPT polynomial for ideal fluid knots from helicity, thus providing a rigorous proof that the HOMFLYPT polynomial is a new, powerful invariant of topological fluid mechanics. Since this invariant is a two-variable polynomial, the skein relations are derived from two independent equations expressed in terms of writhe and twist contributions. Writhe is given by addition/subtraction of imaginary local paths, and twist by Dehn’s surgery. HOMFLYPT then becomes a function of knot topology and field strength. For illustration we derive explicit expressions for some elementary cases and apply these results to homogeneous vortex tangles. By examining some particular examples we show how numerical implementation of the HOMFLYPT polynomial can provide new insight into fluid-mechanical behaviour of real fluid flows.
Capillary bridges between a plane and a cylindrical wall
Authors: Reyssat Etienne 
Published: May 2015

We report experimental, theoretical and numerical results on the shapes of liquid menisci connecting a planar boundary and the surface of a horizontal cylinder placed above. The gradient of confinement traps the wetting drops in the most confined regions, which promotes their elongation along the line of smallest gap between the walls. The experimental shapes of these stretched capillary bridges are shown to be in good quantitative agreement with the numerical solution of the equation describing their contour. In particular, we show that the measured shapes are better described when taking into account the correction resulting from the coupling of in-plane and transverse interfacial curvatures calculated by Park & Homsy (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 139, 1984, pp. 291–308) over thirty years ago.
Phrenology, heredity and progress in George Combe'sConstitution of Man
Authors: JENKINS BILL 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTheConstitution of Manby George Combe (1828) was probably the most influential phrenological work of the nineteenth century. It not only offered an exposition of the phrenological theory of the mind, but also presented Combe's vision of universal human progress through the inheritance of acquired mental attributes. In the decades before the publication of Darwin'sOrigin of Species, theConstitutionwas probably the single most important vehicle for the dissemination of naturalistic progressivism in the English-speaking world. Although there is a significant literature on the social and cultural context of phrenology, the role of heredity in Combe's thought has been less thoroughly explored, although both John van Wyhe and Victor L. Hilts have linked Combe's views on heredity with the transformist theories of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. In this paper I examine the origin, nature and significance of his ideas and argue that Combe's hereditarianism was not directly related to Lamarckian transformism but formed part of a wider discourse on heredity in the early nineteenth century.
The Indian Machiavelli: Pragmatism versus morality, and the reception of theArthasastrain India, 1905–2014
Authors: MISRA MARIA 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis article explores the ways in which theArthasastra(The Science of WealthorThe Science of Power), an ancient text rediscovered in 1905, was interpreted by Indian politicians and commentators. It seeks to explain why the text's popularity changed so drastically over time, and why, despite the excitement about it in the first 20 years following its reappearance, it was largely ignored in the Gandhian and Nehruvian eras, until a striking revival of interest from the late 1980s onwards. It argues that these changes in the text's fortunes can be explained partly as a result of significant shifts in elite Indian political culture. It also suggests that we need to reassess our analysis of the fundamental fault-lines in Indian politics, questioning Chatterjee's and Nandy's argument on the centrality of tensions between Gandhian ‘indigenous’ thought and Nehruvian ‘Western’ modernity, and arguing for the importance of the conflict between a moral politics, endorsed by both Gandhi and Nehru, and a ‘pragmatic’ politics justified by theArthasastra.