bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La gouvernance conflictuelle relative à la cogestion des saumons dans le bassin du fleuve Columbia (États-Unis)
Authors: Barbier  Nicolas 
Published: February 2014

Dans la portion états-unienne du bassin du Columbia, les populations de saumons sont cinq fois moins nombreuses qu’il y a 150 ans. Elles sont cogérées par des acteurs fédéraux, fédérés et tribaux afin de les restaurer. Dans cette région plus étendue que la France, l’État fédéral domine la gouvernance relative à la cogestion d’espèces de saumons en danger ou menacées. L’agence fédérale du NOAA Fisheries Service rédige les plans de restauration et les études biologiques programmatrices qui orientent les actions de terrain. Les acteurs de terrain fédérés et tribaux ont une multitude de tâches, de la réintroduction de populations locales à la restauration de zones ripariennes en passant par la gestion des écloseries ou le contrôle de la pêche. Parallèlement, une cour fédérale de l’État d’Oregon a le pouvoir de réorienter les plans et études fédéraux si ceux-ci ne sont pas conformes à l’Endangered Species Act votée par le Congrès des États-Unis en 1973. Au cours des années 2000, cette cour a notamment contribué à réduire l’impact létal des barrages sur les saumons. Si certaines populations locales de saumons ont été partiellement reconstituées, des problèmes majeurs ne sont pas résolus : les grands barrages continuent d’entraver la restauration globale, de même que les pollutions et les dégradations d’une partie de l’environnement des bassins hydrographiques. Des conflits entre groupes d’intérêts se poursuivent. Des groupes d’écologistes et de pêcheurs ainsi que des tribus indiennes réclament une restauration plus ambitieuse. Ils se heurtent à des intérêts industriels et agricoles majeurs généralement protégés par les États fédéral et fédérés. Ces deux acteurs gouvernementaux s’opposent au développement d’une partie des projets tribaux liés aux écloseries. L’adoption de la Déclaration onusienne sur les droits des peuples autochtones par l’Administration de Barack Obama en 2010 pourrait atténuer des différends et faire évoluer la gouvernance à l’étude.
Hydroclimatologie et dynamique de l’occupation du sol du bassin versant du Haut Bandama à Tortiya (Nord de la Côte d’Ivoire)
Authors: Soro Tanina Drissa , Kouakou Bernard Djè , Kouassi Ernest Ahoussi , Soro Gbombélé , Kouassi Amani Michel , Kouadio Konan Emmanuel , Yéi Marie-Solange Oga , Soro Nagnin 
Published: February 2014

La présente étude menée sur le bassin du Haut Bandama à Tortiya (entre 8° 40’ et 10° 20’ de latitude nord et 5° et 6° 20’ de longitude ouest) dans la région nord de la Côte d’Ivoire vise à comprendre l’hydroclimatologie et la dynamique de l’occupation du sol en vue de mieux gérer les ressources en eau. Elle se base sur l’exploitation des données pluviométriques et hydrométriques (débits) et des images satellitaires. Ainsi, l’application des tests statistiques de rupture (Pettitt, Lee et Heghinian) montre une modification du régime pluviométrique intervenue au cours des années 1970. Cette modification se traduit par une baisse des pluies allant de 12 % à 22 % selon les stations avec une moyenne de 16,5 % et celle-ci est plus accentuée sur les écoulements (62,5 %) à la station hydrométrique de Tortiya. Les coefficients de tarissement marquent de fortes valeurs (plus de 8 10-2 j-1) après les années 1970. La recharge des aquifères s’amenuise passant d’une infiltration efficace moyenne de 212 mm (1980-1989) à 184 mm (1990-1999). Parallèlement, l’étude diachronique de l’occupation du sol des images satellitaires Landsat de novembre 1986 (capteur TM) et de janvier 2000 (capteur ETM+) sur une zone test du bassin a permis de dégager la tendance générale de l’occupation du sol. Elle se caractérise par une augmentation des habitats (+3,1 %), sols nus ou dégradés (+6,64 %) et cultures (+21,60 %) au profit de la dégradation des classes savane arborée (-29 %) et forêts (-1,38 %). Ces modifications ont une répercussion sur le comportement hydrologique du bassin.
G Protein–Coupled Receptor Kinase-6 Interacts with Activator of G Protein Signaling-3 To Regulate CXCR2-Mediated Cellular Functions
Authors: Singh Vandana , Raghuwanshi Sandeep K. , Smith Nikia , Rivers Elizabeth J. , Richardson Ricardo M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The IL-8 (CXCL8) receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 couple to Gαi to induce leukocyte recruitment and activation at sites of inflammation. We recently showed that CXCR1 couples predominantly to the G protein–coupled receptor kinase (GRK)2, whereas CXCR2 interacts with GRK6 to regulate cellular responses. In addition to G protein–coupled receptors, GRKs displayed a more diverse protein/protein interaction in cells. In this study, we sought to identify GRK6 binding partner(s) that may influence CXCL8 activities, using RBL-2H3 cells stably expressing CXCR1 (RBL-CXCR1) or CXCR2 (RBL-CXCR2), as well as human and murine neutrophils. Our data demonstrated that, upon CXCR2 activation, GRK6 interacts with activator of G protein signaling (AGS)3 and Gαi2 to form a GRK6/AGS3/Gαi2 complex. This complex is time dependent and peaked at 2–3 min postactivation. GTPγS pretreatment blocked GRK6/AGS3/Gαi2 formation, suggesting that this assembly depends on G protein activation. Surprisingly, CXCR2 activation induced AGS3 phosphorylation in a PKC-dependent, but GRK6-independent, fashion. Overexpression of AGS3 in RBL-CXCR2 significantly inhibited CXCL8-induced Ca2+ mobilization, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, and chemotaxis. In contrast, short hairpin RNA inhibition of AGS3 enhanced CXCL8-induced Ca2+ mobilization, receptor resistance to desensitization, and recycling to the cell surface, with no effect on receptor internalization. Interestingly, RBL-CXCR2-AGS3−/− cells displayed a significant increase in CXCR2 expression on the cell surface but decreased ERK1/2 and P38 MAPK activation. Taken together, these results indicate that GRK6 complexes with AGS3-Gαi2 to regulate CXCR2-mediated leukocyte functions at different levels, including downstream effector activation, receptor trafficking, and expression at the cell membrane.
Age-Related Decrease in TCR Repertoire Diversity Measured with Deep and Normalized Sequence Profiling
Authors: Britanova Olga V. , Putintseva Ekaterina V. , Shugay Mikhail , Merzlyak Ekaterina M. , Turchaninova Maria A. , Staroverov Dmitriy B. , Bolotin Dmitriy A. , Lukyanov Sergey , Bogdanova Ekaterina A. , Mamedov Ilgar Z. , Lebedev Yuriy B. , Chudakov Dmitriy M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe decrease of TCR diversity with aging has never been studied by direct methods. In this study, we combined high-throughput Illumina sequencing with unique cDNA molecular identifier technology to achieve deep and precisely normalized profiling of TCR β repertoires in 39 healthy donors aged 6–90 y. We demonstrate that TCR β diversity per 106 T cells decreases roughly linearly with age, with significant reduction already apparent by age 40. The percentage of naive T cells showed a strong correlation with measured TCR diversity and decreased linearly up to age 70. Remarkably, the oldest group (average age 82 y) was characterized by a higher percentage of naive CD4+ T cells, lower abundance of expanded clones, and increased TCR diversity compared with the previous age group (average age 62 y), suggesting the influence of age selection and association of these three related parameters with longevity. Interestingly, cross-analysis of individual TCR β repertoires revealed a set &gt;10,000 of the most representative public TCR β clonotypes, whose abundance among the top 100,000 clones correlated with TCR diversity and decreased with aging.
Negative Regulation by PD-L1 during Drug-Specific Priming of IL-22–Secreting T Cells and the Influence of PD-1 on Effector T Cell Function
Authors: Gibson Andrew , Ogese Monday , Sullivan Andrew , Wang Eryi , Saide Katy , Whitaker Paul , Peckham Daniel , Faulkner Lee , Park B. Kevin , Naisbitt Dean J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Activation of PD-1 on T cells is thought to inhibit Ag-specific T cell priming and regulate T cell differentiation. Thus, we sought to measure the drug-specific activation of naive T cells after perturbation of PD-L1/2/PD-1 binding and investigate whether PD-1 signaling influences the differentiation of T cells. Priming of naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells against drug Ags was found to be more effective when PD-L1 signaling was blocked. Upon restimulation, T cells proliferated more vigorously and secreted increased levels of IFN-γ, IL-13, and IL-22 but not IL-17. Naive T cells expressed low levels of PD-1; however, a transient increase in PD-1 expression was observed during drug-specific T cell priming. Next, drug-specific responses from in vitro primed T cell clones and clones from hypersensitive patients were measured and correlated with PD-1 expression. All clones were found to secrete IFN-γ, IL-5, and IL-13. More detailed analysis revealed two different cytokine signatures. Clones secreted either FasL/IL-22 or granzyme B. The FasL/IL-22–secreting clones expressed the skin-homing receptors CCR4, CCR10, and CLA and migrated in response to CCL17/CCL27. PD-1 was stably expressed at different levels on clones; however, PD-1 expression did not correlate with the strength of the Ag-specific proliferative response or the secretion of cytokines/cytolytic molecules. This study shows that PD-L1/PD-1 binding negatively regulates the priming of drug-specific T cells. ELISPOT analysis uncovered an Ag-specific FasL/IL-22–secreting T cell subset with skin-homing properties.
Comprehensive Immunophenotyping of Cerebrospinal Fluid Cells in Patients with Neuroimmunological Diseases
Authors: Han Sungpil , Lin Yen Chih , Wu Tianxia , Salgado Alan D. , Mexhitaj Ina , Wuest Simone C. , Romm Elena , Ohayon Joan , Goldbach-Mansky Raphaela , Vanderver Adeline , Marques Adriana , Toro Camilo , Williamson Peter , Cortese Irene , Bielekova Bibiana 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We performed unbiased, comprehensive immunophenotyping of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood leukocytes in 221 subjects referred for the diagnostic work-up of neuroimmunological disorders to obtain insight about disease-specific phenotypes of intrathecal immune responses. Quantification of 14 different immune cell subsets, coupled with the assessment of their activation status, revealed physiological differences between intrathecal and systemic immunity, irrespective of final diagnosis. Our data are consistent with a model where the CNS shapes intrathecal immune responses to provide effective protection against persistent viral infections, especially by memory T cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and CD56bright NK cells. Our data also argue that CSF immune cells do not simply reflect cells recruited from the periphery. Instead, they represent a mixture of cells that are recruited from the blood, have been activated intrathecally and leave the CNS after performing effector functions. Diagnosis-specific differences provide mechanistic insight into the disease process in the defined subtypes of multiple sclerosis (MS), neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease, and Aicardi–Goutières syndrome. This analysis also determined that secondary-progressive MS patients are immunologically closer to relapsing–remitting patients as compared with patients with primary-progressive MS. Because CSF immunophenotyping captures the biology of the intrathecal inflammatory processes, it has the potential to guide optimal selection of immunomodulatory therapies in individual patients and monitor their efficacy. Our study adds to the increasing number of publications that demonstrate poor correlation between systemic and intrathecal inflammatory biomarkers in patients with neuroimmunological diseases and stresses the importance of studying immune responses directly in the intrathecal compartment.
Is Formal Ethics Training Merely Cosmetic? A Study of Ethics Training and Ethical Organizational Culture
Authors: Warren Danielle E. , Gaspar Joseph P. , Laufer William S. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT:U.S. Organizational Sentencing Guidelines provide firms with incentives to develop formal ethics programs to promote ethical organizational cultures and thereby decrease corporate offenses. Yet critics argue such programs are cosmetic. Here we studied bank employees before and after the introduction of formal ethics training—an important component of formal ethics programs—to examine the effects of training on ethical organizational culture. Two years after a single training session, we find sustained, positive effects on indicators of an ethical organizational culture (observed unethical behavior, intentions to behave ethically, perceptions of organizational efficacy in managing ethics, and the firm’s normative structure). While espoused organizational values also rose in importance post-training, the boost dissipated after the second year which suggests perceptions of values are not driving sustained behavioral improvements. This finding conflicts with past theory which asserts that enduring behavioral improvements arise from the inculcation of organizational values. Implications for future research are discussed.
A Niche-Like Culture System Allowing the Maintenance of Primary Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Initiating Cells: A New Tool to Decipher Their Chemoresistance and Self-Renewal Mechanisms
Authors: Griessinger Emmanuel , Anjos-Afonso Fernando , Pizzitola Irene , Rouault-Pierre Kevin , Vargaftig Jacques , Taussig David , Gribben John , Lassailly François , Bonnet Dominique 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) are responsible for the emergence of leukemia and relapse after chemotherapy. Despite their identification more than 15 years ago, our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for their self-renewal activity and their chemoresistance remains poor. The slow progress in this area is partly due to the difficulty of studying these cells ex vivo. Indeed, current studies are reliant on xenotransplantation assays in immunodeficient mice. In this paper, we report that by modeling key elements of the bone marrow niche using different stromal feeder layers and hypoxic culture conditions, we can maintain LICs over at least 3 weeks and support their self-renewal properties demonstrated through primary and secondary successful xenograft. We provide a proof of principle that this niche-like culture system can be used to study LIC chemoresistance following in vitro cytarabine treatment similarly to the xenograft chemotherapy model. We found that although LICs are believed to be more chemoresistant than non-LICs, functionally defined LICs are not enriched after cytarabine treatment, and heterogeneity in their resistance to treatment can be seen between patients and even within the same patient. We present a culture system that can be used as an in vitro surrogate for xenotransplantation and that has the potential to dramatically increase the throughput of the investigation of LICs. This would further provide the means by which to identify and target the functionality of the different signaling pathways involved in the maintenance and resistance of LICs to improve acute myeloid leukemia treatments.
Isolation and Analysis of Mouse Microglial Cells
Authors: Garcia Jenny A. , Cardona Sandra M. , Cardona Astrid E. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMicroglia are mononuclear phagocytes that make up about 10% of the central nervous system (CNS). They are known for their surveillant behavior, which involves continuous monitoring of neural tissue by extending and retracting their processes. Microglial cells are derived from myeloid progenitor cells and play important roles in homeostasis as well as inflammatory and immune responses in the brain. This unit describes several microglial cell isolation protocols that can be easily adapted for projects requiring a rapid and efficient analysis of mouse microglial cells by flow cytometry. Methods for visualizing microglial cells using in situ immunohistochemistry and immunochemistry in free‐floating sections are also included. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 104:14.35.1‐14.35.15. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Differentiation and Characterization of Myeloid Cells
Authors: Gupta Dipti , Shah Hetavi Parag , Malu Krishnakumar , Berliner Nancy , Gaines Peter 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEx vivo differentiation of myeloid cells begins with an enriched population of bone marrow–derived hematopoietic stem cells generated by lineage depletion and/or positive selection for CD34+ antigen (human) or Sca‐1+ (mouse) cells, which are then expanded and subsequently induced in vitro in a process that recapitulates normal myeloid development. Myeloid cell lines include two human leukemic cell lines, NB‐4 and HL‐60, which have been demonstrated to undergo retinoic acid–induced myeloid development; however, both cell lines exhibit defects in the up‐regulation of late‐expressed neutrophil‐specific genes. Multiple murine factor–dependent cell models of myelopoiesis are also available that express the full range of neutrophil maturation markers, including: 32Dcl3 cells, which undergo G‐CSF‐induced myeloid maturation; EML/EPRO cells, which develop into mature neutrophils in response to cytokines and retinoic acid; and ER‐Hoxb8 cells, which undergo myeloid maturation upon removal of estradiol in the maintenance medium. In this unit, the induction of myeloid maturation in each of these model systems is described, including their differentiation to either neutrophils or macrophages, if applicable. Commonly used techniques to test for myeloid characteristics of developing cells are also described, including flow cytometry and real time RT‐PCR. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 104:22F.5.1‐22F.5.28. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Timescale and morphology of Martian mantle overturn immediately following magma ocean solidification
Authors: Scheinberg A. , Elkins‐Tanton L. T. , Zhong S. J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEnergy of accretion in terrestrial planets is expected to create liquid silicate magma oceans. Their solidification processes create silicate differentiation and set the initial mantle structure for the planet. Solidification may result in a compositionally unstable density profile, leading to cumulate Rayleigh‐Taylor overturn if a sluggish rather than stagnant lithosphere existed in the early stages of planetary history. The pattern and timescale of overturn, in which cold, dense surface material sinks to the core‐mantle boundary, have implications for core dynamo production, volatile escape, and fundamental differences between differently sized bodies. Our fully spherical mantle models reaffirm previous work suggesting that harmonic degree of overturn is dependent on viscosity contrast and layer thickness. We find that cumulate overturn would likely have occurred with short wavelengths. In an isoviscous model, thermal convection ensues rapidly after overturn; however, when viscosity is temperature dependent, compositional stability in the mantle suppresses the onset of whole‐mantle thermal convection. For a viscosity of 1018 Pa s, the mantle could fully overturn in as little as 3 Ma.
Work Productivity Loss in Early Arthritis During the First 3 Years of Disease: A Study From a French National Multicenter Cohort
Authors: Dadoun Sabrina , Guillemin Francis , Lucier Sandy , Looten Vincent , Saraux Alain , Berenbaum Francis , Durand‐Zaleski Isabelle , Chevreul Karine , Fautrel Bruno 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo assess work productivity (WP) loss during the first 3 years of disease in a cohort of patients with early arthritis (EA) diagnosed between 2002 and 2005.MethodsThe ESPOIR (Etude et Suivi des Polyarthrites Indifférenciées Récentes) cohort included 813 EA patients; we included those of working age at baseline in the present study. WP loss was assessed by 3 components: sick leave, permanent disability, and early retirement. The proportion of affected patients and the mean number of days off work were assessed for each component. WP costs were estimated and determinants of positive and extreme costs were assessed by logistic regression models.ResultsAmong the 664 patients included, 81.6% were in the workforce at baseline. During the first 3 years of disease, 45% reported at least 1 sick leave day and 11% reported permanent disability. Only a few patients (1%) reported early retirement. The mean number of days on sick leave due to EA decreased regularly from 44 to 13, whereas the mean number of days on permanent disability tripled from 10 to 33. The mean annual cost was 荤1,333 (95% confidence interval 荤1,075–1,620). Sick leave longer than 30 days due to EA before inclusion and a decrease in mental and physical scores of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 at inclusion were independent determinants of positive and extreme costs in multivariate models.ConclusionWP loss is substantial in EA patients and is due to permanent disability before the third year of disease. Work absence and poor mental and physical health status at baseline are major determinants of WP costs.
Changes in Quality of Life in the First 5 Years of Disease in a Multicenter Cohort of Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Urowitz M. , Gladman D. D. , Ibañez D. , Sanchez‐Guerrero J. , Bae S. C. , Gordon C. , Fortin P. R. , Clarke A. , Bernatsky S. , Hanly J. G. , Wallace D. J. , Isenberg D. , Rahman A. , Merrill J. , Ginzler E. , Alarcón G. S. , Fessler B. , Khamashta M. , Steinsson K. , Petri M. , Dooley M. , Bruce I. N. , Manzi S. , Sturfelt G. , Nived O. , Ramsey‐Goldman R. , Zoma A. , Maddison P. , Kalunian K. , van Vollenhoven R. , Aranow C. , Romero Diaz J. , Stoll T. 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveThe Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF‐36) is recommended to assess quality of life (QOL) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of the current study was to assess QOL over time in the first 5 years of a multicenter inception cohort of patients with SLE.MethodsAn inception SLE cohort was assembled according to a standardized protocol between 2000 and 2012. In addition to clinical and laboratory assessments, patients completed the SF‐36 at yearly intervals. Only patients who had ≥5 completed QOL questionnaires were included in these analyses. Generalized estimating equation models were run separately for each of the 8 subscales and for the physical and mental component summary scores, adjusting for repeated measures by patients.ResultsA total of 495 patients were included. The mean ± SD disease duration at the first visit was 5.3 ± 4.1 months. The mean ± SD age at enrollment was 35.8 ± 13.2 years. All 8 subscales and the 2 summary scores showed improvement in the first 2 years from enrollment. Between years 2 and 5, none of the subscales or summary scores showed any change. Minimum clinically important improvement was achieved by 35–56% of the patients and was influenced by demographic and disease factors.ConclusionUnlike late‐stage lupus, where QOL is stable over time, in patients with early disease, all subscales improve in early followup up to 2 years. Therefore, the SF‐36 may be a sensitive outcome measure in early disease in patients with SLE.