bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Soybean vein necrosis virus on Soybeans in Michigan
Authors: Jacobs J. L. , Chilvers M. I. 
Published: April 2013

Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV) is associated with an emerging disease in soybean producing regions of the United States. Soybean leaves with necrotic vein symptoms were initially noted in 2008 or 2009 in fields across Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky and SVNV was determined to be the causal agent (2). In 2012, widespread reports of SVNV were made across most soybean (Glycine max) producing states including the recent confirmation of SVNV in Iowa and Wisconsin (1). Foliar symptoms similar to those reported for SVNV were observed at approximately 1 to 10% incidence in soybean fields across Michigan in late August and September of 2012, including fields located in Cass, Ingham, Midland, Saginaw, and Van Buren counties. Symptoms included chlorosis and necrosis which initiated on the veins with subsequent spread across the leaf. An initial sample collected from the East Lansing Agricultural Research Station was confirmed to have SVNV with a polyclonal antibody using double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA at AC Diagnostics, Inc. (Fayetteville, AR) and with reverse transcription PCR by Ioannis Tzanetakis, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Additional samples from five fields were subsequently collected from Cass, Ingham, and Van Buren counties. Duplicate leaf tissue samples were tested with DAS-ELISA using the SVNV test kit (AC Diagnostics). All symptomatic leaf samples exhibited a strong positive reaction based on the optical density reading at 405 nm. Absorbance reading that exceeded the healthy soybean tissue by a standard deviation of +3× were considered positive. Total RNA was also extracted from each sample using the RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD). Complementary DNA (cDNA) was generated using virus-specific LdetR and SdetR primers (2) with the High Capacity RT cDNA kit (Life Technologies; Carlsbad, CA). The cDNA was used as template for PCR with the SVNV-specific primers that amplify regions of the L (LdetF/LdetR) and the S (SdetF/SdetR) RNAs (1). Amplification products of the expected 297 and 861 bp size, respectively, were detected in all symptomatic samples while no amplification products were generated from healthy soybean plant tissues grown under greenhouse conditions. Significantly, this is the first documentation and confirmation of the widespread prevalence of SVNV across the state of Michigan in 2012. References: (1) D. L. Smith et al. Plant Dis. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-12-1096-PDN . (2) J. Zhou et al. Virus Genes 43:289, 2011.
Neuraxial Anesthesia in Parturients with Intracranial Pathology
Authors: Leffert Lisa R. , Schwamm Lee H. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Parturients with intracranial lesions are often assumed to have increased intracranial pressure, even in the absence of clinical and radiographic signs. The risk of herniation after an inadvertent dural puncture is frequently cited as a contraindication to neuraxial anesthesia. This article reviews the relevant literature on the use of neuraxial anesthesia in parturients with known intracranial pathology, and proposes a framework and recommendations for assessing risk of neurologic deterioration, with epidural analgesia or anesthesia, or planned or inadvertent dural puncture. The authors illustrate these concepts with numerous case examples and provide guidance for the practicing anesthesiologist in determining the safety of neuraxial anesthesia.
AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR17 Is Essential for Pollen Wall Pattern Formation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yang Jun , Tian Lei , Sun Ming-Xi , Huang Xue-Yong , Zhu Jun , Guan Yue-Feng , Jia Qi-Shi , Yang Zhong-Nan 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
In angiosperms, pollen wall pattern formation is determined by primexine deposition on the microspores. Here, we show that AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR17 (ARF17) is essential for primexine formation and pollen development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The arf17 mutant exhibited a male-sterile phenotype with normal vegetative growth. ARF17 was expressed in microsporocytes and microgametophytes from meiosis to the bicellular microspore stage. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that primexine was absent in the arf17 mutant, which leads to pollen wall-patterning defects and pollen degradation. Callose deposition was also significantly reduced in the arf17 mutant, and the expression of CALLOSE SYNTHASE5 (CalS5), the major gene for callose biosynthesis, was approximately 10% that of the wild type. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that ARF17 can directly bind to the CalS5 promoter. As indicated by the expression of DR5-driven green fluorescent protein, which is an synthetic auxin response reporter, auxin signaling appeared to be specifically impaired in arf17 anthers. Taken together, our results suggest that ARF17 is essential for pollen wall patterning in Arabidopsis by modulating primexine formation at least partially through direct regulation of CalS5 gene expression.
Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of HLH
Authors: Usmani G. Naheed , Woda Bruce A. , Newburger Peter E. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryHaemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyperinflammatory disorder resulting from immune dysfunction reflecting either primary immune deficiency or acquired failure of normal immune homeostasis. Familial HLH includes autosomal recessive and X‐linked disorders characterized by uncontrolled activation of T cells and macrophages and overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, secondary to defects in genes encoding proteins involved in granule‐dependent cytolytic pathways. In older children and adults, HLH is associated more often with infections, malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and acquired immune deficiencies. HLH, macrophage activation syndrome, sepsis, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome are different clinical entities that probably represent a common immunopathological state, termed cytokine storm. These conditions may be clinically indistinguishable; all include massive inflammatory response, elevated serum cytokine levels, multi‐organ involvement, haemophagocytic macrophages, and often death. Tissues of haematopoietic and lymphoid function are directly involved; other organs are secondarily damaged by circulating cytokines and chemokines. Haemophagocytic disorders are now increasingly diagnosed in the context of severe inflammatory reactions to viruses, malignancies and systemic connective tissue diseases. Many of these cases may reflect underlying genetic predispositions to HLH. The detection of gene defects has contributed considerably to our understanding of HLH, but the mechanisms leading to acquired HLH have yet to be fully determined.
Efficacy and safety of long‐acting intramuscular testosterone undecanoate in aging men: a randomised controlled study
Authors: Tan Wei Shen , Low Wah Yun , Ng Chirk Jenn , Tan Wei Keith , Tong Seng Fah , Ho Christopher , Khoo Ee Ming , Lee George , Lee Boon Cheok , Lee Verna , Tan Hui Meng 
Published: April 2013

Objective
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of long‐acting i.m. testosterone undecanoate (TU) in Malaysian men with testosterone deficiency (TD).
Patients and Methods
A total of 120 men, aged 40–70 years, with TD (serum total testosterone [TT] ≤ 12 nmol/L) were randomised to receive either i.m. TU (1000 mg) or placebo.
In all, 58 and 56 men in the placebo and treatment arm, respectively, completed the study.
Participants were seen six times in the 48‐week period and the following data were collected: physical examination results, haemoglobin, haematocrit, TT, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, sex hormone‐binding globulin, liver function test, prostate‐ specific antigen (PSA) and adverse events.
Results
The mean (sd) age of the participants was 53.4 (7.6) years.
A significant increase in serum TT (P < 0.001), PSA (P = 0.010), haematocrit (P < 0.001), haemoglobin (P < 0.001) and total bilirubin (P = 0.001) were seen in the treatment arm over the 48‐week period.
Two men in the placebo arm and one man in the treatment arm developed myocardial infarction.
Common adverse events observed in the treatment arm included itching/swelling/pain at the site of injection, flushing and acne.
Overall, TU injections were well tolerated.
Conclusions
TU significantly increases serum testosterone in men with TD.
PSA, haemoglobin and haematocrit were significantly elevated but were within clinically safe limits.
There was no significant adverse reaction that led to the cessation of treatment.
Fluctuating water levels control water chemistry and metabolism of a charophyte‐dominated pond
Authors: Christensen Jesper P. A. , Sand‐Jensen Kaj , Staehr Peter A. 
Published: April 2013

Summary

To investigate seasonal variability and importance of environmental drivers of ecosystem metabolism in a shallow pond characterised by low and fluctuating water depth, clear water and shortage of nutrients, we measured primary production and respiration during May–September and examined their relationships to environmental parameters (light, temperature and pH).

Using a combination of free water measurements of O2, pH, temperature and conductivity, in situ mesocosm and laboratory bottle experiments, we documented extreme daily variations in environmental variables (e.g. 0–700 mmol O2 m−3, pH 7.5–9.5, 18–32 °C) and high and variable areal rates of gross primary production (GPP, 30–316 mmol O2 m−2 day−1) and community respiration (R, 26–318 mmol O2 m−2 day−1). These rates of benthic charophytes under oligotrophic conditions are comparable to those obtained by pelagic phytoplankton communities under highly eutrophic conditions. By using sediment resources, benthic charophytes can achieve high biomasses and high metabolic rates.

Pond metabolism reflected the physiology of the dominant charophyte, with light‐saturated photosynthesis occurring during 55% of the light hours. Experiments and photosynthetic models showed inorganic carbon limitation of GPP at pHs above 9.5 during mid‐summer periods of low water levels, while R was strongly influenced by temperature.

According to open water measurements of O2, the pond was net autotrophic (mean NEP = 12 ± 13 (SD) mmol O2 m−2 day−1) but net heterotrophic when based on dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) dynamics (10 ± 29 mmol CO2 m−2 day−1), suggesting that the significant input of DIC in inflowing water from the surrounding limestone soils mimics elevated respiration.
US and European severe asthma cohorts: what can they teach us about severe asthma?
Authors: Kupczyk M. , Wenzel S. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Kupczyk M, Wenzel S (Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden). US and European severe asthma cohorts: what can they teach us about severe asthma? (Review). J Intern Med 2012; 272: 121–132.Asthma is a global health problem affecting around 300 million patients of all ages and ethnic groups in all countries around the world. In the majority of subjects with persistent, mild‐to‐moderate asthma (MA), the disease can be relatively well controlled by the use of currently available medications; however, five to ten per cent of patients suffer from a particularly severe disease that is poorly controlled clinically and often refractory to usual treatment. Improved care of severe asthma (SA) is a major unmet medical need and several international consortia aim at improving our understanding of mechanisms in SA. To manage SA better, standardized definitions and concepts of asthma severity, risk and level of control are critical. In the following sections, we present several guidelines approaches and definitions followed by an overview of US (SARP) and European (ENFUMOSA, BIOAIR, U‐BIOPRED) SA networks. Key findings regarding SA phenotypes, risk factors and pathophysiology are discussed. International cooperation in the area of respiratory diseases, including SA, across the Atlantic Ocean, will lead to a better understanding of asthma pathology, especially of those severe, not well controlled or difficult‐to‐treat cases.
Myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries is common and associated with normal findings on cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: results from the Stockholm Myocardial Infarction with Normal Coronaries study
Authors: Collste O. , Sörensson P. , Frick M. , Agewall S. , Daniel M. , Henareh L. , Ekenbäck C. , Eurenius L. , Guiron C. , Jernberg T. , Hofman‐Bang C. , Malmqvist K. , Nagy E. , Arheden H. , Tornvall P. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectivesMyocardial infarction with angiographically normal coronary arteries (MINCA) is an important subtype of myocardial infarction; however, the prevalence, underlying pathophysiology, prognosis and optimal management of this condition are still largely unknown. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has the potential to clarify the underlying pathology in patients with MINCA. The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of CMR imaging in this group of patients.DesignThe prospective, multicentre, observational Stockholm Myocardial Infarction with Normal Coronaries (SMINC) study.SettingCoronary care units in the Stockholm metropolitan area.SubjectsPatients between 35 and 70 years of age with MINCA were consecutively included in the screening phase of the SMINC study. All patients had a typical clinical presentation, fulfilling the universal definition of myocardial infarction and had normal coronary angiography finding. Patients with known structural or coronary heart disease or other known causes of elevated troponin levels were excluded.ResultsIn total, 176 patients with MINCA were screened from 2007 to 2011. Of these, 152 underwent CMR imaging. The investigation was performed a median of 12 (interquartile range 6–28) days after hospital admission; 67% of the findings were normal, whereas 19% of patients had signs of myocardial necrosis and 7% had signs of myocarditis. The remaining patients (7%) had either unrecognized hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or could not be classified.ConclusionIn this consecutive series of patients with MINCA, CMR imaging may help to differentiate between those with myocarditis, myocardial necrosis and normal myocardium. The incidence of MINCA was higher than previously reported. After excluding cases of myocarditis, MINCA consists of a large group of patients with normal CMR imaging results and a smaller group with myocardial necrosis. The aetiologies of these different imaging findings need to be explored.
Glycated haemoglobin and the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and all‐cause mortality in the Copenhagen City Heart Study
Authors: Eskesen K. , Jensen M. T. , Galatius S. , Vestergaard H. , Hildebrandt P. , Marott J. L. , Jensen J. S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectiveIndividuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) have a considerably elevated risk of developing serious health problems including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Long‐term elevated levels of blood glucose in nondiabetic individuals may also be associated with increased risk of CVD. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and CVD, DM and all‐cause mortality.Subjects and designThe Copenhagen City Heart Study is a prospective study of individuals from the Danish general population. The cohort was followed for 10 years via national registers with respect to incident CVD, DM and all‐cause mortality. Follow‐up was 100% complete.ResultsA total of 5127 subjects were included, of whom 597 had DM. In the nondiabetic population, HbA1c was significantly associated with incident CVD events in both univariate [hazard ratio (HR) 1.38, 95% CI 1.11–1.71] and multivariate analyses (HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.05–1.64). In the nondiabetic population, increased levels of HbA1c were correlated with developing DM. There was a threefold increase in risk of incident DM per unit increase in HbA1c with a univariate HR of 3.83 (95% CI 1.96–7.51). This relationship was essentially unchanged after multivariate adjustments (HR 4.19, 95% CI 2.01–8.71). Furthermore, we found that net reclassification improvement for diagnosed DM and CVD was significantly improved with the addition of HbA1c in the analyses. Although not statistically significant, we found a strong trend towards an association between HbA1c and all‐cause mortality (HR 1.21, 95% CI 0.99–1.47). We did not find the same associations amongst the population with DM.ConclusionIn the Danish general population, HbA1c was strongly associated with CVD in individuals without DM.
The Experience of Carers in Supporting People with Intellectual Disabilities through the Process of Bereavement: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Authors: Handley Emily , Hutchinson Nick 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundThis study explored the personal experiences of family carers and residential care staff in supporting adults with intellectual disabilities through the process of bereavement.MethodA semi‐structured interview was used to interview 11 carers on their experience of supporting adults with intellectual disabilities through the process of bereavement. The transcripts were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA).ResultsA total of five superordinate themes were identified: (i) Factors making the experience difficult for carers, (ii) Factors that helped carers, (iii) Carers' perspectives on the responses of people with intellectual disabilities, (iv) Approaches to supporting people with intellectual disabilities and (v) Carers' perspectives on support.ConclusionsSupporting people with intellectual disabilities through bereavement is an emotionally demanding task for carers. The support needs of carers need to be acknowledged and addressed in order to ensure that adequate support is available to people with intellectual disabilities following bereavement.
Food models for portion size estimation of Asian foods
Authors: Lanerolle P. , Thoradeniya T. , de Silva A. 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundNovel portion size estimation aids relevant to the cognitive potential of children are necessary for an improved accuracy in dietary recall. We developed graduated realistic food models for Asian foods and tested their accuracy and precision in children.MethodsFood models were constructed for nine commonly consumed food items using a range of low cost materials. These were tested among a random sample of 80 school children (aged 10–16 years). A total of 719 estimations were made.ResultsA high percentage (68%) of correct estimations and high correlation (r > 0.95, P < 0.001) for estimated versus actual weight were observed. Bland–Altman analysis indicated 91% of estimations within the limits of agreement. Accuracy and precision was high for both amorphous and non‐amorphous foods.ConclusionsPortion size estimation using realistic food models is found to be accurate and precise and is suitable for use in children.
Gender differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors, treatments and complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: the RIACE Italian multicentre study
Authors: Penno G. , Solini A. , Bonora E. , Fondelli C. , Orsi E. , Zerbini G. , Trevisan R. , Vedovato M. , Gruden G. , Laviola L. , Nicolucci A. , Pugliese G. ,   the Renal Insufficiency And Cardiovascular Events (RIACE) study, group
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectivesPoorer control of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been reported in diabetic women, as compared with diabetic men. It has been proposed that this finding is due to gender disparities in treatment intensity. We investigated this hypothesis in a large contemporary cohort of subjects with type 2 diabetes.DesignObservational, cross‐sectional study.Subjects and settingConsecutive patients with type 2 diabetes from the Renal Insufficiency And Cardiovascular Events (RIACE) Italian multicentre study (n = 15 773), attending 19 hospital‐based diabetes clinics in 2007–2008.Main outcome measuresTraditional CVD risk factors, macro‐ and microvascular complications and current glucose‐, lipid‐ and blood pressure (BP)‐lowering treatments were assessed.ResultsAlthough CVD was more prevalent in men, women showed a less favourable CVD risk profile and worse performance in achieving treatment targets for haemoglobin A1c, LDL, HDL and non‐HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (BP) and in particular obesity [body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference], but not for triglycerides and diastolic BP. However, women were more frequently receiving pharmacological treatment for hypertension and to a lesser extent hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia than men, and female gender remained an independent predictor of unmet therapeutic targets after adjustment for confounders such as treatments, BMI, duration of diabetes and, except for the systolic BP goal, age.ConclusionsIn women with type 2 diabetes from the RIACE cohort, a more adverse CVD risk profile and a higher likelihood of failing treatment targets, compared with men, were not associated with treatment differences. This suggests that factors other than gender disparities in treatment intensity are responsible.
Bariatric surgery for obese children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Black J. A. , White B. , Viner R. M. , Simmons R. K. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryThe number of obese young people continues to rise, with a corresponding increase in extreme obesity and paediatric‐adolescent bariatric surgery. We aimed to (i) systematically review the literature on bariatric surgery in children and adolescents; (ii) meta‐analyse change in body mass index (BMI) 1‐year post‐surgery and (iii) report complications, co‐morbidity resolution and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL).A systematic literature search (1955–2013) was performed to examine adjustable gastric band, sleeve gastrectomy, Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass or biliopancreatic diversions operations among obese children and adolescents. Change in BMI a year after surgery was meta‐analysed using a random effects model.In total, 637 patients from 23 studies were included in the meta‐analysis. There were significant decreases in BMI at 1 year (average weighted mean BMI difference: −13.5 kg m−2; 95% confidence interval [CI] −14.1 to −11.9). Complications were inconsistently reported. There was some evidence of co‐morbidity resolution and improvements in HRQol post‐surgery.Bariatric surgery leads to significant short‐term weight loss in obese children and adolescents. However, the risks of complications are not well defined in the literature. Long‐term, prospectively designed studies, with clear reporting of complications and co‐morbidity resolution, alongside measures of HRQol, are needed to firmly establish the harms and benefits of bariatric surgery in children and adolescents.