bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On universal covers in normed planes
Authors: Martini H. , Spirova M. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In 1914, Lebesgue posed his famous universal cover problem for the Euclidean plane which is still unsolved. We present the first explicit investigation of this problem for arbitrary normed planes. A convex body K in a finite dimensional real Banach space is called universal cover if any set of diameter 1 can be covered by a congruent copy of K; if ”congruent copy“ is replaced by ”translate”, then K is called strong universal cover. We describe the smallest regular hexagons, the smallest equilateral triangles, and the smallest squares (all these figures defined in the sense of the norm) that are strong universal covers in normed planes. In addition, the paper contains a new characterization of Radon planes. In view of universal covers having ball shape we shortly discuss also Jung constants of real Banach spaces, and a known result on Borsuk’s partition problem is reproved.
Impact of Neonatal Intensive Care on Late Preterm Infants: Developmental Outcomes at 3 Years
Authors: McGowan Jennifer E. , Alderdice Fiona A. , Doran Jacqueline , Holmes Valerie A. , Jenkins John , Craig Stanley , Johnston Linda 
Published: October 2012

BACKGROUND:
Late preterm infants (LPIs) (34–36 weeks’ gestation) account for up to 75% of preterm births and constitute a significant proportion of all neonatal admissions. This study assessed the impact of neonatal intensive or high-dependency care (IC) on developmental outcomes of LPIs at 3 years of age.

METHODS:
This cohort study included 225 children born late preterm in Northern Ireland during 2006. Children born late preterm who received IC were compared with children born late preterm who did not receive IC. Cognitive, motor, and language skills were assessed by using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition. Growth was assessed by using anthropometric measures of height and weight.

RESULTS:
LPIs who received IC were more often less mature (34 weeks’ gestation), with lower birth weight (≤2500 g) and Apgar scores (&lt;7 at 5 minutes) compared with the control group. They were more often born by cesarean delivery and more likely to have received resuscitation at birth. At 3 years of age, children born late preterm who received IC demonstrated similar cognitive, motor, and language skills compared with children in the control group. Measurements of growth also did not differ significantly between groups.

CONCLUSIONS:
Despite having increased maternal, perinatal, and neonatal risk factors, there were no significant differences in early childhood development between LPIs who received IC and those who did not. LPIs do not receive routine follow-up after IC and this study provides useful and reassuring data for parents and clinicians on the longer-term outcome of this infant group.
Incidence of Serious Injuries Due to Physical Abuse in the United States: 1997 to 2009
Authors: Leventhal John M. , Gaither Julie R. 
Published: October 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Although US child protective services data showed a 55% decrease in the national incidence of substantiated physical abuse from 1992 to 2009, no study has tracked the occurrence of serious injuries due to physical abuse. This study examined changes in the incidence of serious injuries due to physical abuse in hospitalized children from 1997 to 2009.

METHODS:
The Kids’ Inpatient Database, a sample of discharges from hospitals in the United States, includes International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis and external cause of injury codes; it was prepared every 3 years from 1997 to 2009. Cases of serious physical abuse (eg, abusive head injury) were identified by using injury codes (800–959) and codes for abuse (995.50, 0.54, 0.55, and 0.59), selected assault codes (E960–966, 968), or perpetrator of abuse (E967). The weighted number of hospitalizations due to serious physical abuse was used to calculate the national incidence, and χ2 for linear trend compared over time the incidence for children &lt;18 years and &lt;1 year of age.

RESULTS:
The incidence per 100 000 children &lt;18 years of age increased 4.9%: 6.1 (95% confidence interval = 5.4–6.8) for 1997, 6.0 (5.2–6.7) for 2000, 6.0 (5.3–6.7) for 2003, 6.1 (5.3–6.8) for 2006, and 6.4 (5.7–7.2) for 2009 (P &lt; .01). The incidence for children &lt;1 year of age increased 10.9% (P &lt; .05).

CONCLUSIONS:
Over 12 years, when substantiated physical abuse was declining, there was a small increase in the incidence of serious physical abuse in children &lt;18 and &lt;1 year of age.
Vestibuloplasty: Porcine Collagen Matrix Versus Free Gingival Graft: A Clinical and Histologic Study
Authors: Schmitt Christian M. , Tudor Christian , Kiener Katrin , Wehrhan Falk , Schmitt Johannes , Eitner Stefan , Agaimy Abbas , Schlegel Karl A. 
Published: October 2012

Background: A free gingival graft (FGG) is currently the gold standard for augmenting small areas of keratinized mucosa. The porcine collagen matrix (CM) represents an alternative to autologous tissue harvesting. This study aims to compare the CM versus FGGs for augmenting keratinized peri‐implant mucosa based on clinical and histologic evaluations.Methods: The study included 14 patients who underwent a vestibuloplasty with either a FGG from the palate (n = 7) or the CM (n = 7). An implant‐fixed vestibular retention splint was inserted for 30 days. Follow‐up examinations were performed at 4, 10, 30, and 90 days after surgery. Width of keratinized mucosa was measured in the region of each implant (days 10, 30, and 90). After 90 days, a biopsy was harvested for histologic and immunohistologic analyses. To characterize newly formed soft tissue, the authors stained for tissue‐and differentiation‐specific markers, cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, 13, and 14, to detect presence or absence of keratinization.Results: The groups showed similar healing, with increased peri‐implant keratinized mucosa. The CM group had overall significantly shorter operation times than the FGG group. Both groups showed similar overall shrinkage (32.98% CM versus 28.35% FGG). All biopsies showed a multilayered, keratinized, squamous epithelium. CKs 5/6 and 14 were detected in the basal and suprabasal layers, and spots of CK 13 were detected in the suprabasal layer.Conclusions: During the whole observation period, both groups showed comparable clinical and histologic outcomes. Within the limitations of the present study, CM seems to be a promising alternative for the regeneration of keratinized mucosa without tissue harvesting. Comparative long‐term studies are needed to investigate changes over time.
Does Elevated Plasma Triglyceride Level Independently Predict Impaired Fasting Glucose?
Authors: Lin Susan X. , Berlin Ivan , Younge Richard , Jin Zhezhen , Sibley Christopher T. , Schreiner Pamela , Szklo Moyses , Bertoni Alain G. 
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVE
Elevated plasma triglycerides (TGs) have been included in diabetes risk prediction models. This study examined whether elevated TGs predict risk for impaired fasting glucose (IFG).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This study used the baseline and longitudinal follow-up data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). The analysis included non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and Chinese Americans 45–84 years of age who had fasting glucose &lt;100 mg/dL at baseline and who did not have clinically evident cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Cox proportional regression models were used to examine the association of elevated TGs with incidence of IFG adjusting for central obesity, low HDL cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, baseline fasting glucose, and BMI. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity of elevated TGs in predicting IFG were calculated.

RESULTS
The incidence rate of developing IFG was 59.1 per 1,000 person-years during the median 4.75 years of follow-up. African Americans and Hispanics had a higher incidence rate of IFG compared with non-Hispanic whites among people with normal TG concentrations. Elevated TGs (&gt;150 mg/dL) at baseline were independently associated with the incidence of IFG with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.19 (95% CI 1.04–1.37). However, its predictive value for identifying people at risk for IFG was poor, with &lt;57% AUC. Interactions of elevated TGs with race/ethnicity in predicting IFG were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS
Elevated TGs were moderately associated with risk for IFG, and it was a poor risk prediction tool for IFG.
Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Persons With Diabetes When First Presenting at a Diabetes Clinic in South Africa
Authors: Thomas Rebecca L. , Distiller Larry , Luzio Stephen D. , Chowdhury Sharmistha Roy , Melville Vanessa J. , Kramer Brian , Owens David R. 
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVE
To describe the prevalence and associated risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) within a multiethnic population at presentation to a diabetes clinic in South Africa.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Retinal photography was conducted using a nonmydriatic digital camera without mydriasis and graded by one of three senior graders. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between any DR, referable DR, and clinical risk factors.

RESULTS
A total of 1,537 persons with type 1 and 3,978 with type 2 diabetes were included. Prevalence of any DR in type 1 diabetes was 35.2% (background DR 26% and referable DR 9.2%) and in type 2 diabetes was 20.5% (14.1 and 6.4%, respectively). In type 1 diabetes, there was an increased risk of any DR in Asian Indians, whereas the risk of referable DR was increased for indigenous Africans compared with Caucasians. In type 2 diabetes, the risk was increased for all non-Caucasians compared with Caucasians. Longer duration of diabetes and elevated HbA1c were independently associated with any and referable DR in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, with the addition of hypertension and smoking in type 1 diabetes when adjusted for age at diagnosis of diabetes, sex, and ethnicity.

CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of DR in this population from South Africa was similar to that reported globally; however, ethnic differences were observed. Increasing duration of diabetes and poor glycemic control were the strongest risk factors associated with any and referable DR in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Evaluation of the quality of cladding deposited on continuous steel casting rolls
Authors: Viňáš Ján , Brezinová Janette , Guzanová Anna , Balog Peter 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This paper presents the quality analysis of cladding layers deposited on continuous steel casting rolls made of 41CrMo4 (EN 10083-1-91). The effect of filler used on the tribological properties of claddings was analyzed. There was minimal mixing between the base material and interlayer observed in the process of hard surfacing. The microstructure of the interlayer and the coatings is martensite–ferrite. Dispersed carbides MC, M
7C3, and Cr23C6 were observed in the interlayer. Small amounts of carbides were also observed in the cover layer along with Cr2N and CrN, which was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The highest average hardness, 410 HV30, was measured in the cover layer at a distance of 1 mm from the surface. The lowest hardness was found in the base material, 239 to 243 HV30. The hardness of the interlayer metal is affected by mixing of cladding and cover layer metal. The cladding metal showed a martensite–ferrite structure and fine precipitates in the interlayer, and diffraction spectra of the carbides had the characteristics of MC, M
7C3, and Cr23C6 carbides. Lower abrasive wear has been reported in the reference material (a roll with a surface-hardened layer), which is in line with the contact surface hardness of test samples.
Effect of additive and current density on microstructure and texture characteristics of copper electrodeposits
Authors: Manu R. , Jayakrishnan Sobha 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Copper was electrodeposited at different current densities with additive modifications of the plating bath. With respect to applied current density there is modification of the microstructure as well as the physical properties of the copper deposit. There is notable change in cathodic potential, as revealed from polarization analysis, with Mw of poly ethylene glycol. The increase in current density increased crystallite size and increased the hardness of the deposit. There is significant change in grain size and shape with respect to applied current density in the case of the same kind of additives. The crystallographic orientation of the deposit has a prominent (220) plane for deposit at high current density and the ratio I
(111)/I
(220) decreased with increase in current density. The observed changes can be envisaged as due to the adsorption nature, nucleation characteristics with respect to various additives and also on the hydrogen evolution rate with applied current density, which influenced the deposit character.
Morphology evolution of γ′ precipitates in GTD-111 Ni-based superalloy with heat treatment parameters
Authors: Berahmand Mohamad , Sajjadi Seyed Abdolkarim 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
GTD-111 is an Ni-based superalloy used in manufacturing of gas turbine blades. The superalloy attains appropriate high temperature strength through precipitation hardening. In this research the effect of isothermal aging on the morphology evolution and characteristics of precipitates was investigated. Two different heat treatment cycles were applied to the specimens. In cycle I all samples were solution-treated at 1 200 °C for 4 h and water quenched to obtain supersaturated solid solution. A microstructure containing fine γ′ precipitates was produced after heat treatment cycle I. The second heat treatment, cycle II, consisted of reheating of the specimens in the precipitate partial dissolution zone at 1 150 °C for 2 h to get coarse primary precipitates, and then water quenching to obtain fine secondary precipitates. The precipitate coarsening in the fine and duplex size precipitate distribution was studied by means of aging of the specimens for various times at 1 000 °C. The results showed that during long-term annealing of the single size distribution (Cycle Ι), precipitates line up to reduce interactive free energy and grow to fairly coarse sizes along a direction. In cycle ΙΙ, the precipitates were split into a group of eight small cuboids or pairs of parallel plates and a large number of γ′ particles were closely aligned along a direction.
Sliding wear performance of Fe-, Ni- and Co-based hardfacing alloys for PTA cladding
Authors: Hsieh Chih-Chun , Chen Jie-Hao , Huang Fa-Te , Wu Weite 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Stellite 6, Colmonoy 56, and SKS3 tool steel are typically the materials used as weld hardfacing claddings or as-cast to provide the needed wear resistance to a base material with the required mechanical properties. In this study, a series of Co- and Ni-based hardfacing alloys are successfully fabricated on a substrate of S45C carbon steel using the plasma transferred arc process with Stellite 6 and Colmonoy 56 powders. An Fe-based hardfacing alloy is used on commercial SKS3 tool steel for comparison. The microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of the three materials are investigated systematically. The two claddings and the as-cast SKS3 examined belong to the categories of Co-, Ni- and Fe-based hardfacing, respectively, with hard carbides/borides in their microstructures. The two different claddings are not only tested against SKS3 tool steel but also against each other using the ring-on-disk wear test. After the wear test, the worn surfaces are examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy to identify the dominant wear mechanisms. The experimental results show adhesive wear is confirmed by metal transfer from a hard surface to a softer one in Stellite 6 against SKS3, and in Colmonoy 56 against the Stellite 6 specimens, while surface deformation testifies to abrasive wear. The transfer layer formed on the surface prevents direct metal-to-metal contact and reduces the wear loss. For Colmonoy 56 against SKS3, adhesion does not occur; instead, Colmonoy 56 causes serious abrasion on SKS3 due to its greater degree of hardness and causes significant wear loss for SKS3.
Predictive value of social skills in living together at primary school. Analysis in a cultural diversity context
Authors: Herrera Torres Lucía , Bravo Antonio Iván 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Coexistence at school stands out as one of the main goals in today’s education (Carretero, 2008; Ortega, 2007). The aim of this study developed within a cultural diversity context is to identify the specific dimensions of social skills through which the different elements favouring or hindering coexistence at school can be predicted. A total of 546 students (52% of them males, and 48% females) from the first year in each Primary Education cycle (1st, 3rd and 5th year, respectively) of two public schools in Melilla took part in the research. The Behaviour Assessment System for Children (BASC) and an adapted version for Primary Education of the Coexistence at School Questionnaire for Students were the data-collection instruments used. According to the main results, while the clinical maladjustment dimension of BASC predicts negative coexistence situations, personal adjustment appears as the dimension which best predicts positive coexistence situations, conducting classroom behaviours (both anti-social and pro-social ones), as well as the implementation of conflict resolution strategies (both successful and failed ones). In this respect, self-esteem within the personal adjustment dimension plays an important role regarding coexistence at school. Both the need to develop preventive programmes at schools and the consideration of the different socio-familiar variables which may be mediating this process are discussed.
Strategies for media literacy: Audiovisual skills and the citizenship in Andalusia
Authors: Aguaded-Gómez Ignacio , Pérez-Rodríguez M. Amor 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Media consumption is an undeniable fact in present-day society. The hours that members of all social segments spend in front of a screen take up a large part of their leisure time worldwide. Audiovisual communication becomes especially important within the context of today’s digital society (society-network), where information and communication technologies pervade all corners of everyday life. However, people do not own enough audiovisual media skills to cope with this mass media omnipresence. Neither the education system nor civic associations, or the media themselves, have promoted audiovisual skills to make people critically competent when viewing media. This study aims to provide an updated conceptualization of the “audiovisual skill” in this digital environment and transpose it onto a specific interventional environment, seeking to detect needs and shortcomings, plan global strategies to be adopted by governments and devise training programmes for the various sectors involved
What does ‘Playing Well’ mean to elite sports coaches?, implicit thinking of elite Spanish soccer coaches
Authors: González Víllora Sixto , Serra Olivares Jaime , González Martí Irene , Hernández Martínez Andrea 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
People construct knowledge through a set of highly diverse experiences. Despite being personal, this knowledge is strongly influenced by the specific context where it occurs. Such experience-based knowledge is referred to as ‘implicit theories’ because it does not fit in with a systematic and theoretical knowledge context like that of scientific knowledge. Coaches work with a number of implicit theories about aspects such as players, competition or training which determine their professional behaviour to a considerable extent. Thirty-nine Spanish First Division coaches were asked the question ‘What does playing soccer well mean?’ in this study. Their responses were later classified into eight different categories which show the diversity of opinions regarding this matter as well as the possible implicit theories that would guide coaches’ actions.
Oesophagus Including Oesophagogastric Junction
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Carcinoma of the oesophagus has undergone a major modification between the 6th and 7th TNM editions: T1 and T4 are subdivided to provide greater detail for imaging and management; regional lymph nodes (N) are subdivided by number involved rather than by their location; distant metastasis (M) has been simplified to M1 rather than subdivided by location. Stage grouping has been divided into: 1) purely anatomical stages applicable to all types of carcinomas; and 2) prognostic groups that separate squamous from adenocarcinoma and add grade and tumour location to the T, N, and M elements. The first approach preserves the pure anatomic extent of disease concept and allows direct stage by stage comparisons of behaviour between tumours of different histological types and location; the second recognizes the prognostic influence of grade and tumour location. The use of the terms Stage grouping and Prognostic grouping distinguishes the two. The staging of carcinomas of the oesophagogastric/gastroesophageal junction has been addressed and the definition is noted in the oesophagus and stomach chapters.
Anal Canal
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Lung
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Soft Tissues
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary