bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Tiered Response Philosophy - Will it Always Work?1
Authors: Miles Christopher 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The industry philosophy regarding oil spills is to adopt the tiered approach, but will this always be possible? In this paper the author will be examining the required criteria, advantages and possible pitfalls of establishing a Regional Tier 2 response capability to improve the effectiveness of industry response to pollution incidents. In many regions of Oil Industry activity throughout the globe “Mutual Aid” agreements exist between operating companies. Can these not be seen as accomplishing the same thing? But how are the procedures for notification and mobilization established between the authorities, and who is responsible for training and maintenance? Will the response team be ad-hoc or dedicated, from the operating companies experienced at Tier 1 level or from Nationals? There may be legislation from the National Governments concerned with incidents in their national waters. This means the effectiveness of a tier 1 response must not be compromised by removing resources. Response strategies must be considered as neighbouring countries may have differing policies on matters such as dispersant usage. These differences may extend to political disputes and embargoes creating problems in logistics and response management. The range of activities undertaken by the member companies may extend from on-shore “upstream” refining and pipelines in environmentally sensitive areas, to offshore exploration in areas of poor access. Are the oil types similar, and will the risk of third party incidents be covered? There are numerous factors to be considered whilst establishing a cross border Tier 2 service. For those of us used to working in regions of established oil activity, the logistical and diplomatic hurdles can prove to be greater than the operational ones we are used to solving.
Morris J. Berman Oil Spill: Natural Resource Damages Settlement and Restoration Scale1
Authors: Penn Tony , Carlson Curtis , Whittington Tamara , Iliff John , Lilyestrom Craig , Peacock Bruce 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A major part of the natural resource damages settlement received by the trustees for the Morris J. Berman oil spill incident was for the loss of public beach use and for diminished quality visits to the San Juan National Historic Site. This part of the settlement was based on the compensatory restoration needed to offset the lost uses. The trustees determined the restoration for the beach use and Historic Site use losses by estimating the dollar value of the lost services and then selecting the scale of restoration that has a cost equivalent to the lost value. The trustees assessed the value losses associated with the lost beach visits and the diminished value of visits to the Historic Site using a benefits transfer methodology. The trustees quantified the number of lost beach visits and the number of impacted Historic Site visits by using attendance information; they then quantified the value loss associated with each type of affected trip by applying a value per affected trip from an appropriate literature study. Value losses totaled $2.3 million and $1.5 million for the beach use and Historic Site use impacts, respectively. The funds obtained in the settlement for these losses will provide replacement resources and services to beach-goers and Historic Site visitors.
Challenges in Using Habitat Equivalency Analysis for Scaling Compensatory Restoration
Authors: Dunford Richard W. , Ung Poh Boon , Cook Jeremy A. , Mauseth Gary S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Some oil spills cause losses of ecological services in coastal wetlands, other shoreline environments, intertidal ecosystems, and upland environments. In the United States, habitat equivalency analysis (HEA) is being used frequently in natural resource damage assessments for such oil spills to determine the scale of compensatory-restoration projects needed to offset the ecological service losses. The cost of the scaled compensatory-restoration project(s) that offset the ecological service losses is the measure of natural resource damages for the lost ecological services. Our paper describes the HEA process and provides an example of its application. Then we examine several challenges that arise in some HEA applications, including the role of leasing versus purchasing compensatory habitat, increasing values of compensatory habitat over time due to decreasing availability, accounting for service gains from compensatory habitat in the distant future when the present value of those services is essentially zero, and addressing uncertainties in estimating HEA inputs (such as the magnitude of annual service losses and gains). The final section of our paper provides our conclusions with respect to these challenges.
The OSRO Classification Program: Implementation of New Guidelines and its Impact on Industry Planholders and the US Coast Guard after September 11, 20011
Authors: Argudo Jorge , Stewart Annemarie 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Coast Guard's Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO) classification underwent a significant revision in April 2001 and its implementation demanded a genuine combined effort by all stakeholders after September 11, 2001. The 2001 revision eliminated the Average Most Probable Discharge (AMPD) classification from the National Strike Force Coordination Center (NSFCC) planning criteria and placed this responsibility on the plan holders and their OSROs. This revision also introduced the concept of Notification and Mobilization Times in an effort to align the new guidelines with the 33 Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) 154 and 155. These two factors, combined with a shift on mission priorities after the national incidents of September 11, created a major challenge in the OSRO guidelines implementation and training process. These new guidelines increased some of the minimum Boom, Effective Daily Recovery Capacities (EDRC) and Temporary Storage Capacity (TSC) requirements for two higher-level classifications Maximum Most Probable Discharge (MMPD) and Worst Case Discharge (WCD) at Tiers 1, 2, and 3. Consequently, the new guidelines had the potential to de-classify some existing OSROs and cause loss of classifications across operating areas: 41% for River/Canal, 38% for Inland, 60% for Great Lakes and 30% for Nearshore, Offshore and Open Ocean. The main cause for loss of classification was the regulatory mobilization time requirements for MMPD and WCD at Tier 1. This paper describes the process the NSFCC applied in order to accomplish the re-classification of 140 OSROs and the major issues that impacted all stakeholders: facility and vessel plan holders, Captains of the Ports (COTPs), OSROs and the NSFCC. Despite a twelve-month delay in the implementation timeline, the new guidelines were adjusted to reflect OSRO national response capability, allowing vessel and facility operators to fulfill the mandatory response planning criteria under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90).
The Australian Oil Spill Response Atlas Project
Authors: Gilbert Trevor , Baxter Tracey , Spence Alex 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Australia is among the top five shipping nations of the world based upon cargo and kilometres travelled. Australia also has vast, remote and environmentally sensitive coastlines ranging from tropical to subantarctic. Unfortunately shipping accidents and illegal discharges of oil and chemical pollutants into our marine environment do occur. To support spill response management in Australia, over the past four years the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) has coordinated the development of a uniform and integrated national Oil Spill Response Atlas (OSRA) based upon an ArcView® geographic information system (GIS). The main aims of the OSRA project were to:Develop a mutually agreed national GIS specification for the development of the digital atlas to assure consistency and compatibility Australia wide;Fast track the collation, capture and conversion of all relevant geographical and textual data into a standard digital GIS format for the majority of Australia's marine and coastal environments (particularly for highly sensitive environments such as, world heritage areas, and marine parks and reserves); andCreate a user-friendly series of GIS system tools specially designed for the particular needs of spill response managers, operational staff and environmental agencies.
This paper highlights some of the advantages of GIS based systems for spill response management, the OSRA system development and features, as well as the GIS automation tools that assist spill response managers and operational personnel.
Plan for Implementing Environmental Effects Monitoring During Production-Related Oil Spills in Eastern Canada
Authors: Trudel Ken 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a three-tiered system for implementing spill-related environmental effects monitoring (EEM), in which the level of monitoring is linked to the type and size of spill and the magnitude of environmental damage. It describes the system using monitoring of marine birds and commercial fishery species to illustrate the application. Monitoring activities are divided into three tiers, each successive tier gathering more data and better data than the one before. Rationales for the tiers, as well as the criteria for escalating from one monitoring tier to the next are discussed.
Fostering a Grassroots Approach to Oil Spill and Emergency Response Planning in the Yukon River Watershed's Native Villages
Authors: Robertson Tim L. , DeCola Elise G. , Alcantra Rosetta , Wassilie Carl 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council (YRITWC), a non-profit native organization formed to protect and preserve the Yukon River Watershed, recently supported a project to develop Community Emergency Response Plans (CERP) for their partner villages using a ground-up, or grassroots, approach. The authors developed a model CERP for the Yukon River villages that would allow each community to direct their own response resources and organization in the event an oil spill or other disaster threatened their community. The YRITWC s goal was to provide watershed communities with a simple, user-friendly response manual that was still consistent with other regional, state, and national plans. Therefore, while the Yukon River CERPs were developed specifically to integrate with the Subarea Plan for oil and hazardous substance spills and with other existing regional, state, and national response networks, they are geared toward community responders. The YRITWC views community ownership of the CERP as critical to developing a level of trust and sustaining working relationships with the State and Federal agencies involved in oil spill and emergency response. This paper describes the process used to develop a model CERP that adequately addressed the need for technological and natural disaster response planning in Yukon River native villages and to promote a functional emergency response system in rural, isolated communities.
Practical Guidance for Developing Implementation Guidelines for Federal On-Scene Coordinators to Protect Historic Properties During Emergency Response
Authors: Bergmann Pamela , Bittner Judith , LaBelle James W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1997, the national Programmatic Agreement on Protection of Historic Properties during Emergency Response under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (PA) was signed. The agreement, developed by the National Response Team (NRT), provides federal On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) with an effective approach for considering the protection of historic properties during emergency response. In January 2002, the nation's first regional implementation guidelines for the PA were completed and signed by federal, state, and tribal representatives in Alaska. This paper presents suggestions for successful implementation of the PA gained through the development of regional implementation guidelines and use of the PA. Awareness of these “tips for success” and the guidelines themselves may help other regions develop their own procedures to protect historic properties in a way that contributes to the overall success of emergency response. This paper provides practical guidance on: (1) how federal OSCs may obtain reliable and timely historic properties expertise; (2) how that expertise can be successfully integrated into an Incident Command System; and (3) how State Historic Preservation Officers, federal land-management agencies, tribal representatives, and responsible parties can provide historic properties protection support to federal OSCs during both pre-incident planning and emergency response.
Oil Spill Risks and the State of Preparedness in the Regional Seas
Authors: Moller T.H. , Molloy F.C. , Thomas H.M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, 1990 (OPRC Convention) defines the basic elements for co-operation between government and industry in marine pollution response. Emphasis is given in the Convention to developing contingency plans, equipment stocks, research and development initiatives, training and exercise programmes, and appropriate spill notification procedures for shipping. This paper reviews the current status of the partnership between government and industry for dealing with spills arising from the transportation of oil by sea. Three areas are explored: the risk of spills, environmental sensitivity issues, and the capabilities for dealing with oil spills in different regions of the world The format for the study is based on the Regional Seas and Partner Seas Programme initiated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and supported by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). For each region, the main factors contributing to the risk of oil spills are identified, analysed and discussed in relation to the current pattern of oil transportation by sea. Comparisons are made with data on major oil pollution incidents drawn from ITOPF's oil spill database. Priorities and activities in the different regions are considered and the implications for oil spill response are discussed. Finally, the commitment and capabilities for mounting effective spill response measures in the different regions are gauged, with particular reference to the tenets of the OPRC Convention.
Ecopetrol - Petroecuador Oil Spill Response Agreement – Practical Steps to Effective Regional Cooperation
Authors: Castellanos Luis Alberto Leal , Narvález Iván , Aldana César Julio , Velasco Franklin , Moyano Juan Miguel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In July 1998, there was an environmental emergency caused by an oil spill in an Ecuadorian pipeline operated by PETROECUADOR (Petróleos del Ecuador). One part of the spilled volume reached the Pacific Ocean and the marine currents caused the oil slick to approach the Colombian coast, creating an environmental hazard. ECOPETROL (Empresa Colombiana de Petróleos) activated its contingency plan in the Port of Tumaco to meet the emergency. As a result of the above experience both companies signed a Mutual Cooperation Agreement to Combat and Control Oil Spills Caused by Oil Tankers and Coastal and Marine Oil Facilities, in October 1999. The Agreement was established in order to allow for a quick and effective joint response in emergency situations of this nature. The bilateral agreement is activated when resources, staff and equipment of the affected party are insufficient. At present it is under implementation. In addition, ECOPETROL and PETROECUADOR, as part of the regional cooperation process on oil spill contingency planning led by ARPEL in Latin America and the Caribbean, involved the Agreement in the framework of the environmental cooperation program with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) to optimize such agreement. This bilateral agreement represents the first real case in Latin America in terms of implementation of the Cooperation in the OPRC 90 Convention, through the joint work of government/industry, and serves as an example for the other countries in the Region.
ENDANGERED SPECIES AND SPILL RESPONSE: CONSULTATION CHALLENGES, SOLUTIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS RESULTING FROM THE BOUCHARD B. NO. 120 SPILL1
Authors: Lundgren Scott R. , Lehmann Stephen M. , Coley Travis C. , McCollough Mark A. , Oeningen Susanna L. von 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In late April 2003, the Bouchard B. No. 120 spilled 98,000 gallons of No. 6 fuel oil into Buzzard's Bay, Massachusetts just prior to the spring arrival to their breeding habitat of state and federally listed threatened piping plovers and endangered roseate terns. One of the most important roseate tern breeding islands in the North Atlantic was oiled, as well as the majority of piping plover beaches in the Bay. Extensive shoreline clean-up response efforts were undertaken, establishing a difficult dynamic of removing oil while protecting listed species. Efforts to implement the pre-spill planning components of the National Contingency Plan-Endangered Species Act Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) had commenced in the region, including specific consideration of the roseate tern islands in Buzzard's Bay. However this planning was not finalized when the spill occurred. While the MOA provided guidance for implementing an emergency consultation under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the different terminologies and cultures of the organizations presented challenges in the formal consultation following the emergency. This spill response afforded a number of lessons that can be applied to pre-spill planning and future spill response, and this paper reviews these lessons and our recommendations.
THE GLOBAL RISK OF MARINE POLLUTION FROM WWII SHIPWRECKS: EXAMPLES FROM THE SEVEN SEAS
Authors: Monfils Rean 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The world took notice and action when the oil tanker Prestige sank and leaked oil onto the coast of Spain and France. Significant resources and considerable money was allocated to locate the wreck, patch the leaks and eventually offload the remaining oil. What is not well known, is that there is a significantly larger global marine pollution threat from over 7800 sunken WWII vessels worldwide, including over 860 oil tankers, corroding for over 60 years at the bottom of the worlds oceans.
Over the past three years, in conjunction with the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), a project has been completed by the author to compile data on WWII shipwrecks across the Asia/Pacific region. This regional risk assessment is probably the first and most complete of its type so far published.
The Geographic Information System (GIS) database created for the Asia Pacific waters details ship type, tonnage and location of over 3,800 vessels lost in WWII. This amounts to over 13 million tons of sunken vessels in the Pacific alone ranging from aircraft carriers to battleships, and including over 330 tankers and oilers.
The creation of the Asia Pacific database acted as a catalyst to the creation of the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Indian Ocean (AMI0) WWII shipwreck database. This new geographic database, although still in its initial development, highlights the significant number of WWII shipwrecks globally. The AMIO database details the location and ownership of over 3950 vessels, over 1000 tons, of which 529 are oil tankers.
This paper details the information contained within the AMIO WWII shipwreck database including the potential oil and non-oil sources of marine pollution from these vessels. WWII shipwrecks are unique from commercial and non-military shipwrecks due to sovereignty, jurisdictional and ownership issues and these differences will also be discussed. The paper concludes with a summary for future directions to address the many response and preparedness issues associated with WWII shipwrecks.
PROBE FOR OIL POLLUTION EVIDENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT (POPEIE)
Authors: Sanders Richard W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The United States Coast Guard, 11th District Marine Safety Division, has completed initial testing of the Probe for Oil Pollution Evidence In the Environment (POPEIE). Utilizing a unique combination of new and existing technologies, POPEIE provides a tool to assist in the prosecution of illegal dumping of oil at sea by gathering an oil sample from the sea surface when deployed from aircraft performing pollution patrols.
The immediate field sample obtained by POPEIE is used as evidence to help identify and prosecute those who illegally discharge oil at sea. Suspect vessels known to have been in the vicinity, or observed near the slick, are boarded at the earliest opportunity to obtain samples for comparison purposes. Samples obtained by POPEIE and from suspect vessels are forwarded to the USCG Marine Safety Laboratory (MSL). The MSL matches characteristic “fingerprints” of these samples using spectral analysis and provides indisputable evidence for prosecution.
Initial testing of POPEIE was conducted at the Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environment Test Tank (OHMSETT). The 11th CG District Marine Safely Division conducted the tests to demonstrate the ability of the sampling mechanism to obtain a sample that would be sufficient for analysis by the MSL. Results showed a 100% success rate at collecting a sample and a 50% success rate at collecting an identifiable sample due to buoyancy problems. Phase 2 POPEIE has been constructed by InterOcean Systems, Inc. and builds on the success of the initial testing, with design modifications to improve reliability and to incorporate a standard electronics package that will make the device compatible with existing USCG systems. Phase 2 POPEIE successfully completed USCG Air Safety Certification and is ready for deployment.
40 YEARS AND 3-PLUS MILLION GALLONS LATER A CASE STUDY ON THE HARTFORD, ILLINOIS AREA GROUNDWATER PLUME SITE
Authors: Turner Kevin , Binz Thomas , Faryan Steve 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An estimated 3.4 million gallons of leaded gasoline, diesel fuel and other refined and unrefined products from buried pipeline systems and several refineries have affected a residential area of 200 plus homes and businesses. U.S. EPA tasked a consortium of energy companies to develop a rapid response program to quickly eliminate intermittent vapor intrusion problems and to ultimately remove the petroleum products plume. The project involved coordinating efforts between several energy companies, the U.S. EPA, the Illinois EPA, the Illinois Department of Public Health and ATSDR. Some of the innovative technologies utilized include the laser fluorescence Rapid Optical Screening Tool (ROST™), soil vapor extraction (SVE), oil skimming and bio slurping. Managing data decision uncertainties, through the compilation of historical data into a site conceptual model was used to develop a dynamic site cleanup strategy and managing rapidly evolving field data by GIS digital mapping and data collection systems.