bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multimodel projections and uncertainties of irrigation water demand under climate change
Authors: Wada Yoshihide , Wisser Dominik , Eisner Stephanie , Flörke Martina , Gerten Dieter , Haddeland Ingjerd , Hanasaki Naota , Masaki Yoshimitsu , Portmann Felix T. , Stacke Tobias , Tessler Zachary , Schewe Jacob 
Published: June 2013

AbstractCrop irrigation is responsible for 70% of humanity's water demand. Since the late 1990s, the expansion of irrigated areas has been tapering off, and this trend is expected to continue in the future. Future irrigation water demand (IWD) is, however, subject to large uncertainties due to anticipated climate change. Here, we use a set of seven global hydrological models (GHMs) to quantify the impact of projected global climate change on IWD on currently irrigated areas by the end of this century, and to assess the resulting uncertainties arising from both the GHMs and climate projections. The resulting ensemble projections generally show an increasing trend in future IWD, but the increase varies substantially depending on the degree of global warming and associated regional precipitation changes. Under the highest greenhouse gas emission scenario (RCP8.5), IWD will considerably increase during the summer in the Northern Hemisphere (>20% by 2100), and the present peak IWD is projected to shift one month or more over regions where ≥80% of the global irrigated areas exist and 4 billion people currently live. Uncertainties arising from GHMs and global climate models (GCMs) are large, with GHM uncertainty dominating throughout the century and with GCM uncertainty substantially increasing from the midcentury, indicating the choice of GHM outweighing by far the uncertainty arising from the choice of GCM and associated emission scenario.
Effects of changes in winter snowpacks on summer low flows: case studies in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA
Authors: Godsey S. E. , Kirchner J. W. , Tague C. L. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSeasonal low flows are important for sustaining ecosystems and for supplying human needs during the dry season. In California's Sierra Nevada mountains, low flows are primarily sustained by groundwater that is recharged during snowmelt. As the climate warms over the next century, the volume of the annual Sierra Nevada snowpack is expected to decrease by ~40–90%. In eight snow‐dominated catchments in the Sierra Nevada, we analysed records of snow water equivalent (SWE) and unimpaired streamflow records spanning 10–33 years. Linear extrapolations of historical SWE/streamflow relationships suggest that annual minimum flows in some catchments could decrease to zero if peak SWE is reduced to roughly half of its historical average. For every 10% decrease in peak SWE, annual minimum flows decrease 9–22% and occur 3–7 days earlier in the year. In two of the study catchments, Sagehen and Pitman Creeks, seasonal low flows are significantly correlated with the previous year's snowpack as well as the current year's snowpack. We explore how future warming could affect the relationship between winter snowpacks and summer low flows, using a distributed hydrologic model Regional Hydro‐ecologic Ecosystem Simulation System (RHESSys) to simulate the response of two study catchments. Model results suggest that a 10% decrease in peak SWE will lead to a 1–8% decrease in low flows. The modelled streams do not dry up completely, because the effects of reduced SWE are partly offset by increased fall or winter net gains in storage, and by shifts in the timing of peak evapotranspiration. We consider how groundwater storage, snowmelt and evapotranspiration rates, and precipitation phase (snow vs rain) influence catchment response to warming. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total least square method applied to rating curves
Authors: Kim Byungsoo , Lee Taesam , Ouarda Taha B. M. J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe ordinary least square method (OLS) has been the most frequently used least square method in hydrological data analysis. Its computational algorithm is simple, and the error analysis is also simple and clear. However, the primary assumption of the OLS method, which states that the dependent variable is the only error‐contaminated variable and all other variables are error free, is often violated in hydrological data analyses. Recently, a matrix algorithm using the singular value decomposition for the total least square (TLS) method has been developed and used in data analyses as errors‐in‐variables model where several variables could be contaminated with observational errors. In our study, the algorithm of the TLS is introduced in the evaluation of rating curves between the flow discharge and the water level. Then, the TLS algorithm is applied to real data set for rating curves. The evaluated TLS rating curves are compared with the OLS rating curves, and the result indicates that the TLS rating curve and the OLS rating curve are in good agreement. The TLS and OLS rating curves are discussed about their algorithms and error terms in the study. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining two filter paper‐based analytical methods to monitor temporal variations in the geochemical properties of fluvial suspended particulate matter
Authors: Cooper R. J. , Rawlins B. G. , Lézé B. , Krueger T. , Hiscock K. M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMany of the commonly used analytical techniques for assessing the properties of fluvial suspended particulate matter (SPM) are neither cost effective nor time efficient, making them prohibitive to long‐term high‐resolution monitoring. We present an in‐depth methodology utilizing two types of spectroscopy which, when combined with automatic water samplers, can generate accurate, high‐temporal resolution SPM geochemistry data, inexpensively and semi‐destructively, directly from sediment covered filter papers. A combined X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy approach is developed to estimate concentrations for a range of elements (Al, Ca, Ce, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Si, Ti) and compounds (organic carbon, Aldithionate, Aloxalate, Fedithionate, and Feoxalate) within SPM trapped on quartz fibre filters at masses as low as 3 mg. Calibration models with small prediction errors are derived, along with mass correction factor models to account for variations in retained SPM mass. Spectral pre‐processing methods are shown to enhance the reproducibility of results for some compounds, and the importance of filter paper selection and homogeneous sample preparation in minimizing spectral interference is emphasized. The geochemical signal from sediment covered filter papers is demonstrated to be time stable enabling samples to be stored for several weeks prior to analysis. Example results obtained during a heavy precipitation event in October 2012 demonstrate the methodology presented here has considerable potential to be utilized for high‐resolution monitoring of SPM geochemistry under a range of in‐stream hydrological conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in pan‐European flood hazard mapping
Authors: Alfieri Lorenzo , Salamon Peter , Bianchi Alessandra , Neal Jeffrey , Bates Paul , Feyen Luc 
Published: June 2013

AbstractFlood hazard maps at trans‐national scale have potential for a large number of applications ranging from climate change studies, reinsurance products, aid to emergency operations for major flood crisis, among others. However, at continental scales, only few products are available, due to the difficulty of retrieving large consistent data sets. Moreover, these are produced at relatively coarse grid resolution, which limits their applications to qualitative assessments. At finer resolution, maps are often limited to country boundaries, due to limited data sharing at trans‐national level. The creation of a European flood hazard map would currently imply a collection of scattered regional maps, often lacking mutual consistency due to the variety of adopted approaches and quality of the underlying input data.In this work, we derive a pan‐European flood hazard map at 100 m resolution. The proposed approach is based on expanding a literature cascade model through a physically based approach. A combination of distributed hydrological and hydraulic models was set up for the European domain. Then, an observed meteorological data set is used to derive a long‐term streamflow simulation and subsequently coherent design flood hydrographs for a return period of 100 years along the pan‐European river network. Flood hydrographs are used to simulate areas at risk of flooding and output maps are merged into a pan‐European flood hazard map. The quality of this map is evaluated for selected areas in Germany and United Kingdom against national/regional hazard maps. Despite inherent limitations and model resolution issues, simulated maps are in good agreement with reference maps (hit rate between 59% and 78%, critical success index between 43% and 65%), suggesting strong potential for a number of applications at the European scale. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Raman spectroscopy bio‐sensor for tissue discrimination in surgical robotics
Authors: Ashok Praveen C. , Giardini Mario E. , Dholakia Kishan , Sibbett Wilson 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe report the development of a fiber‐based Raman sensor to be used in tumour margin identification during endoluminal robotic surgery. Although this is a generic platform, the sensor we describe was adapted for the ARAKNES (Array of Robots Augmenting the KiNematics of Endoluminal Surgery) robotic platform. On such a platform, the Raman sensor is intended to identify ambiguous tissue margins during robot‐assisted surgeries. To maintain sterility of the probe during surgical intervention, a disposable sleeve was specially designed. A straightforward user‐compatible interface was implemented where a supervised multivariate classification algorithm was used to classify different tissue types based on specific Raman fingerprints so that it could be used without prior knowledge of spectroscopic data analysis. The protocol avoids inter‐patient variability in data and the sensor system is not restricted for use in the classification of a particular tissue type. Representative tissue classification assessments were performed using this system on excised tissue. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vertical and meridional equatorial ion flows observed by CINDI during the 26 September 2011 storm
Authors: Hairston Marc R. , Coley W. Robin , Stoneback Russell 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe equatorial ionosphere is generally shielded from outside electrical fields except during large geomagnetic storms. During these storms, the polar region electric fields can temporarily extend to the equatorial regions in what is called a penetration field. During the subsequent recovery period, a disturbance dynamo is produced with an enhanced electric field with the opposite orientation relative to the penetration field. The penetration electric field would be oriented toward the east on the dayside causing an excess upward E × B motion of the equatorial ionospheric ions. The disturbance dynamo electric field would have the opposite orientation, westward on the dayside, producing an excess downward E × B motion of the equatorial ionospheric ions. The moderate storm (minimum Dst = −103 nT) on 26 September 2011 is examined using ion flow data from the Coupled Ion‐Neutral Dynamics Investigation (CINDI) thermal plasma instrument package on the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) spacecraft on the dayside and early evening local times to look for examples of these flows. Despite what should have been a large enough storm to produce penetration fields and upward flows, a detailed examination of the observed flows from this storm shows only enhanced downward flows before the storm, during the main phase, and through the recovery.
Global TEC maps based on GNNS data: 2. Model evaluation
Authors: Mukhtarov P. , Pancheva D. , Andonov B. , Pashova L. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe present paper presents a detailed statistical evaluation of the global empirical background TEC model built by using the CODE TEC data for full 13 years, 1999‐2011, and described in Part 1. It has been found that the empirical probability density distribution resembles more the Laplace than the Gaussian distribution. A further insight into the nature and sources of the model's error variable led up to building of a new error model. It has been constructed by using a similar approach to that of the background TEC model. The spatial‐temporal variability of the RMSE (root mean squares error) is presented as a multiplication of three separable functions which describe solar cycle, seasonal and LT dependences. The error model contains 486 constants that have been determined by least squares fitting techniques. The overall standard deviation of the predicted RMSE with respect to the empirical one is 0.7 TECU. The error model could offer a prediction approach on the basis of which the RMSE depending on the solar activity, season and LT is predicted.
Global TEC maps based on GNSS data: 1. Empirical background TEC model
Authors: Mukhtarov P. , Pancheva D. , Andonov B. , Pashova L. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA global background total electron content (TEC) model is built by using the Center for Orbit Determination of Europe (CODE) TEC data for full 13 years, 1999–2011. It describes the climatological behavior of the ionosphere under both its primary external driver, i.e., the direct photo‐ionization by incident solar radiation, and regular wave particularly tidal forcing from the lower atmosphere. The model construction is based on the very different time scales of the solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal TEC variabilities (at least an order of magnitude); this leads to modulations of shorter‐period variabilities with periods of the longer ones. Then the TEC spatial‐temporal variability is presented as a multiplication of three separable functions. The solar activity is described by both parameters: F10.7 and its linear rate of change KF while the seasonal variability is presented by sine functions including four subharmonics of the year. The diurnal variability of the TEC model is described by 2D (longitude‐time) sine functions with zonal wave numbers up to 4 and 4 subharmonics of the solar day. The model offers TEC maps which depend on geographic coordinates (5°×5° in latitude and longitude) and UT at given solar activity and day of the year. The presented background model fits to the CODE TEC input data with a zero systematic error and an RMS error of 3.387 TECU. It is able to reproduce the well‐known ionospheric structures as Weddell Sea Anomaly and some longitudinal wave‐like structures.
Factors affecting isotopic composition of the rainwater in the Negev Desert, Israel
Authors: Dody Avraham , Ziv Baruch 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe study examines the δ18O of rain observed in the middle of the Negev Desert, Israel, based on seven rainstorms, associated with convective clouds resulting from midlatitude cyclones found over Trans‐Jordan. The analysis is based on synoptic maps, vertical atmospheric cross sections, and air back trajectories. The rainwater sampling was done in temporal scale of hours. Four known factors were addressed here: the temperature effect, the amount effect, and two geographical effects: the marine and continental effects. The temperature effect is expressed by a positive relation between the lower level temperature and the isotopic composition. The amount effect, related to rainfall, is negative. The marine effect, expressed by a relation between the time the rain‐producing air spends above the Mediterranean Sea, is positive and the continental effect, associated with the passage over land is negative. The linear relationships found in this study met the expectations, although only the amount effect was statistically significant. A fifth effect, entitled cloud top effect proposed here, relates to the height of the convective cloud layer top. It assumes that lower top prevents entrainment of upper cold air into the clouds, so the isotopic composition is enriched. The cloud top effect was found most statistically significant.
Adjusting inhomogeneous daily temperature variability using wavelet analysis
Authors: Li Zhen , Yan Zhongwei , Cao Lijuan , Jones Phil 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA wavelet‐analysis‐based homogenization method (WHM) is developed for detecting and adjusting biases of variability in a daily climate observation series, which are influential in the estimation of climate extremes and relevant trends in the time series. WHM is applied to the Central England daily mean temperature series (CET, 1772–2010) and the daily mean temperature series at Henan station in mountainous western China (HNT, 1960–2008) in order to demonstrate the usefulness of the new technique. The changes of methods for calculating daily mean temperature for CET in 1878 caused significantly reduced daily variability (DV) in the subsequent sub‐series of CET. The relocation of the Chinese station in 1981 to a higher mountainous site resulted in not only enhanced DV but also in weather (weekly) time‐scale variability (WV) in the subsequent sub‐series of HNT. The adjustments based on WHM in the present cases improve the estimates of the long‐term trends of climate extremes such as hot days, cold days, heat waves, and cold surges. A few widely applied methods of homogenization such as multiple analysis of series for homogenization (MASH), higher‐order moment (HOM), RHtestsV3 with quantile‐matching (QM) adjustments and two‐phase regression (TPR) are also applied to HNT for comparison. TPR is not aimed at improving the homogeneity of variability in the time series; MASH does not improve daily variability either; HOM improves it in a small way; and with RHtestsV3 with QM adjustments it is considerably improved, but biases remain. In contrast, WHM improves the homogeneity of the short‐term variability in the time series, resulting in reasonable assessments of climate extremes and trends in the daily observations.
Changes in climate extremes in the Arabian Peninsula: analysis of daily data
Authors: AlSarmi Said Hamed , Washington Richard 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThis article presents an analysis of observed climate extremes over the Arabian Peninsula (AP); a region for which little such analysis has been available. A set of climate extremes indices developed by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) were computed and analysed for trends including the periods 1970–2008 and 1986–2008 at 23 stations covering six countries (Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia and UAE) and for Bahrain (1950–2008), Kuwait (1962–2008), Masirah and Salalah (1943–2008). The results indicate a general decreasing trend of cold temperature extremes and increasing trends of the warm temperature extremes during the periods of analysis. Over the whole region, a remarkable and highly significant increase in very warm nights during 1986–2008 has occurred. In general higher temperature trends (magnitudes/significance) are reported over the northern AP in the day‐time extremes while for the night‐time extremes the trends are higher and significant for the southern region especially during the recent decades. The precipitation indices trends are weak and insignificant except for the annual count of days when precipitation exceeds 10 mm which shows a significant decrease during 1986–2008.
The Impact of National Culture on E‐commerce Acceptance: the Italian Case
Authors: Capece Guendalina , Calabrese Armando , Di Pillo Francesca , Costa Roberta , Crisciotti Valentina 
Published: June 2013

Despite the internationalization of e‐commerce, it is our contention that national cultures still play an important role in affecting online customers' behaviours. Nevertheless, few researchers have studied the impact of national cultures on e‐commerce. To fill this gap, this paper explores the role that culture plays with respect to consumers' acceptance of e‐commerce in Italy.Using a previous model as a foundation on our work, we study the effect of culture on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, trust and intention to use of e‐commerce in Italy. Moreover, by employing Hofstede's cultural dimensions (power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and long‐term orientation) as moderators, our empirical results show that power distance and individualism affect significantly the relationship between trust and intention to use e‐commerce in Italy. Contrary to expectations masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and long‐term orientation have no significant effect on the diffusing of e‐commerce. Lastly, a comparison with a similar study carried out in China provides a further support of our results and underlines the influence of national cultures on e‐commerce acceptance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of endoscopic techniques designed for posterior glottic stenosis—A cadaver morphometric study
Authors: Sztanó Balázs , Szakács László , Madani Shahram , Tóth Ferenc , Bere Zsófia , Castellanos Paul F. , Rovó László 
Published: June 2013

Objectives/HypothesisPosterior glottic stenosis may cause more or less severe dyspnea. The popular endoscopic procedures have only a limited role in the treatment. Considering our clinical experiences, endoscopic arytenoid abduction lateropexy (EAAL) after proper mobilization of the fixed joints provides an effective option even in high‐grade stenoses.Study DesignTo confirm these clinical observations, a morphometric study was performed in 100 cadaver larynges (50 male, 50 female) to objectively compare the endoscopic glottis‐widening procedures.MethodsThe postoperative measurements of the posterior commissure following EAAL, classic vocal cord laterofixation (VCL), transverse cordotomy (TC), and arytenoidectomy (AE) were assessed by a digital image analyzer program. The distance between the vocal process of the lateralized vocal fold and the midline, the angle between the axis of the posterior commissure midpoint, and the vocal process and laryngeal median sagittal line were measured.ResultsEAAL was found to be more effective in improving the posterior glottis configuration; however, AE and VCL were beneficial as well.ConclusionsOur morphometric study proved that organ‐preserving EAAL provided more space in the posterior glottic area. Fibrous reconnection and contraction of the scar can be minimized in this way, which may be the clinical efficacy explanation.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 124:705–710, 2014