bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La problématique de la répression des infractions relatives aux mines antipersonnel
Authors: Manirakiza Pacifique 
Published: March 2015

L’usage des mines antipersonnel (MAP) est devenu un phénomène très préoccupant pour la communauté internationale de par ses effets désastreux sur la population et les biens civils. C’est ainsi que des efforts visant le déminage, l’assistance aux victimes et la sensibilisation des combattants et de la population contre les méfaits des MAP ont été entrepris pour tenter d’en limiter la production et l’usage mais aussi d’alléger les souffrances des victimes. Malheureusement, leurs effets sont limités par un « reminage » constant et de plus en plus fréquent en raison de la prolifération des conflits armés dans le monde entier. Il est donc impérieux que ces efforts soient renforcés par des mesures plus contraignantes, en l’occurrence des sanctions pénales à l’égard des personnes qui, non seulement font usage des MAP, mais aussi de celles qui interviennent dans leur fabrication ou leur commercialisation. Ces mesures trouvent une assise juridique dans l’article 9 de la Convention sur l’interdiction de l’emploi, du stockage, de la production et du transfert des mines antipersonnel et de leur destruction qui a été adoptée à Ottawa en 1997. Le présent article porte sur l’analyse du régime juridique instauré par cette disposition ainsi que les modalités de sa mise en œuvre sur le plan interne. L’auteur soutient que la convention d’Ottawa exige des États parties de prendre des mesures tendant à criminaliser les actes qu’elle prohibe et à prévoir des sanctions pénales à l’encontre des personnes qui y contreviennent. Ainsi, dans cet article, les mesures pénales sont envisagées comme étant un renfort juridique indispensable sans lequel les opérations de déminage, les campagnes de sensibilisation ainsi que l’assistance aux victimes seraient inefficaces à long terme.
La réglementation linguistique dans le domaine socio-économique : perspectives catalane et comparée
Authors: Milian-Massana Antoni 
Published: March 2015

La nouvelle Loi de politique linguistique du 7 janvier 1998, approuvée par le Parlement de Catalogne en décembre 1997, apporte quelques nouveautés importantes par rapport à la loi qu’elle substitue, la Loi de Normalisation linguistique de 1983. Parmi ces nouveautés, il convient de souligner l’obligation, pour certaines entreprises et établissements, d’utiliser au moins le catalan pour certaines signalisations, enseignes, affiches, avis et documents de nature socio-économique.
On analyse précisément dans cet article la réglementation linguistique applicable au secteur socio-économique en Catalogne. Cependant, loin de se limiter à la situation catalane, le texte aborde, dans une perspective comparée et d’une manière générale, le problème de l’imposition par les États, dans le domaine commercial privé, de l’usage d’une langue donnée face à la liberté d’expression. Ainsi, avant de porter un jugement sur les réformes législatives particulières en matière de la langue des affiches et documents commerciaux en Catalogne, l’étude examine la législation et la jurisprudence de la Suisse, du Canada et de la France.
De l’étude comparée, on déduit les limites générales auxquelles doivent se soumettre les interventions linguistiques coercitives dans le secteur privé, et c’est à partir de ces limites que l’auteur réfléchit sur la validité de la législation catalane.
La partie finale de l’article est consacrée à mieux définir les éléments qui rendent licites ou illicites ces interventions, un effort théorique réalisé en tenant plus particulièrement compte de la législation québécoise. Ceci vient à point et s’avère très actuel puisque, on le sait, les tribunaux ont été à nouveau récemment saisis de la constitutionnalité de la législation québécoise qui impose l’usage de la langue française dans l’affichage public et la publicité commerciale. L’ensemble du texte permet de reconsidérer toute cette question.
L’influence de la common law dans la pratique du droit, en France et dans l’Union européenne
Authors: Gordon-Krief David 
Published: March 2015

L’auteur présente comment le droit des affaires mondialisées se pratique en France. Dans ce pays, les affaires traitées dans le sans-frontières, au-delà de la stabilité et de la rigueur des principes généraux et abstraits de droit civil, dépaysent et décontenancent le juriste français, étranger aux cas particuliers que ne cesse de faire naître la mondialisation : il s’en remet aussi à la common law. En France, les transactions de l’ère mondialisée se traitent donc sous la direction d’avocats de common law, de Grande-Bretagne ou des États-Unis à l’aide des techniques de ce système de droit, maître du cas particulier.
La responsabilité du chef d’entreprise
Authors: Chaumette Patrick 
Published: March 2015

À la fin du XIXe siècle, la réparation des risques professionnels, accidents du travail, puis maladies professionnelles, a engendré une mutation du droit de la responsabilité civile. La loi française du 9 avril 1898 a crée une responsabilité de plein droit du chef d’entreprise, permettant une réparation forfaitaire des victimes d’accident du travail; une indemnisation complémentaire peut découler de la reconnaissance de la faute inexcusable de l’employeur. En 1946, ces mécanismes ont été intégrés au droit de la sécurité sociale.
Cette loi centenaire, ce monument historique, semble devenue un bâtiment fortement lézardé, du fait de l’évolution de la réparation de risques plus récents, des accidents de la circulation, aux conséquences des infractions, jusqu’à l’exposition aux poussières d’amiante.
La dynamique de la prévention impose à l’employeur une obligation générale de prévention, accorde au salarié un droit de retrait en cas de risque grave et imminent pour sa vie et sa santé. L’approche de la prévention, rénovée par la directive communautaire du 12 juin 1989, ne saurait rester sans conséquence, dans l’avenir proche, pour la réparation des risques professionnels des travailleurs subordonnés, mais aussi des travailleurs indépendants.
Equatorial noise emissions with quasiperiodic modulation of wave intensity
Authors: Němec F. , Santolík O. , Hrbáčková Z. , Pickett J. S. , Cornilleau‐Wehrlin N. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractEquatorial noise (EN) emissions are electromagnetic wave events at frequencies between the proton cyclotron frequency and the lower hybrid frequency observed in the equatorial region of the inner magnetosphere. They propagate nearly perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field, and they exhibit a harmonic line structure characteristic of the proton cyclotron frequency in the source region. However, they were generally believed to be continuous in time. We investigate more than 2000 EN events observed by the Spatio‐Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations and Wide‐Band Data Plasma Wave investigation instruments on board the Cluster spacecraft, and we show that this is not always the case. A clear quasiperiodic (QP) time modulation of the wave intensity is present in more than 5% of events. We perform a systematic analysis of these EN events with QP modulation of the wave intensity. Such events occur usually in the noon‐to‐dawn magnetic local time sector. Their occurrence seems to be related to the increased geomagnetic activity, and it is associated with the time intervals of enhanced solar wind flow speeds. The modulation period of these events is on the order of minutes. Compressional ULF magnetic field pulsations with periods about double the modulation periods of EN wave intensity and magnitudes on the order of a few tenths of nanotesla were identified in about 46% of events. We suggest that these compressional magnetic field pulsations might be responsible for the observed QP modulation of EN wave intensity, in analogy to formerly reported VLF whistler mode QP events.
EOF analysis and modeling of GPS TEC climatology over North America
Authors: Chen Ziwei , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Coster Anthea J. , Fang Guangyou 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn empirical ionospheric model of the total electron content (TEC) over North America (20°–60°N, 40°–140°W) is constructed using the GPS TEC data collected by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Haystack Observatory during the years 2001–2012. This model is based on an analysis of quiet time monthly averages using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition technique, allowing for separation of spatial and temporal variations. The importance of different types of spatial‐temporal variations to the overall TEC variability can be well represented by the characteristics of EOF basis functions and associated principal components coefficients, with various modes. The mode one EOF decomposition constitutes 97.5% of the total variance and therefore represents the essential feature of North America spatial and diurnal variation of the TEC. The mode two EOF, as reported in an earlier study, reveals a large and significant symmetric longitudinal variation of the ionosphere, organized with respect to magnetic declination. The mode three EOF decomposition shows midlatitude latitudinal structure that varies with season in a manner very similar to the so‐called winter anomaly. Because of the quick convergence of EOF decomposition modes, the first four EOF modes are utilized for constructing a TEC empirical model. For each of the EOF modes, the temporal variations are expressed analytically in terms of local time, season, and solar activity, and the spatial variations by cubic‐spline functions. An analysis of accuracy and quality indicates that this regional empirical TEC model can reflect the majority of the quiet time monthly means, and represent characteristic temporal‐spatial variations in the North America.
M/Q = 2 ion distribution in the inner magnetosphere estimated from ion cyclotron whistler waves observed by the Akebono satellite
Authors: Matsuda Shoya , Kasahara Yoshiya , Goto Yoshitaka 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this study, we examine the spatial occurrence distributions of H+, He+, and M/Q = 2 ion band ion cyclotron whistler waves observed by the Akebono satellite below an altitude of 10,500 km. These ion cyclotron whistler waves are categorized as electromagnetic ion cyclotron mode waves with characteristic spectrum properties that depend on the ion composition in the plasma. Statistical research is particularly important for clarifying the variation of ion composition in a plasmaspheric ion environment. In this study, essential differences are noted among the observed regions of each ion cyclotron whistler wave band. Our statistical analysis showed that the generation of H+ band ion cyclotron whistlers in the equatorial region is difficult, while M/Q = 2 ion band ion cyclotron whistlers are frequently observed near this region. Thus, a certain amount of M/Q = 2 ions is evident. To explain these statistical results, we propose a model for generation of several bands of ion cyclotron whistlers along a propagation path. In addition, we examine the magnetic local time dependence of the observed ion cyclotron whistlers. The spatial occurrence distribution of the M/Q = 2 ion cyclotron whistler waves is greatest inward of L ∼ 2.4 in the local dayside; however, they extend to L ∼ 3.0 in the local nightside. Our results suggest a density enhancement process of M/Q = 2 ions in the nightside plasmasphere, which is consistent with previous satellite observations. Thus, this study presents important knowledge on the effects of minor ion population on wave propagation and generation.
Evaluation of modeled microwave land surface emissivities with satellite‐based estimates
Authors: Prigent C. , Liang P. , Tian Y. , Aires F. , Moncet J.‐L. , Boukabara S. A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn accurate estimate of the microwave surface emissivity is necessary for the retrieval of atmospheric quantities from microwave imagers or sounders. The objective of this study is to evaluate the microwave land surface emissivity modeling of the Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM), providing quantitative statistic information for further model improvements. First, the model‐simulated emissivity is compared to emissivity estimates derived from satellite observations (TELSEM, Tool to Estimate Land Surface Emissivities at Microwaves). The model simulations agree reasonably well with TELSEM over snow‐free vegetated areas, especially at vertical polarization up to 40 GHz. For snow‐free surfaces, the mean difference between CRTM and TELSEM emissivities at vertical polarization is lower than 0.01 below 40 GHz and increases to 0.02 at 89 GHz. At horizontal polarization, it increases with frequency, from 0.01 at 10.6 GHz to 0.04 at 89 GHz. Over deserts and snow, larger differences are observed, which can be due to the lack of quality inputs to the model in these complex environments. A further evaluation is provided by comparing brightness temperature (Tbs) simulations with AMSR‐E observations, where CRTM emissivity and TELSEM emissivity are coupled into a comprehensive radiative transfer model to simulate the brightness temperatures, respectively. The comparison shows smaller RMS errors with the satellite‐derived estimates than with the model, despite some significant bias at midday with the satellite‐derived emissivities at high frequencies. This study confirms and extends to the global scale previous evaluations of land surface microwave emissivity model. It emphasizes the needs for better physical modeling in arid regions and over snow‐covered surfaces.
Observations of 14CO2 in ecosystem respiration from a temperate deciduous forest in Northern Wisconsin
Authors: Phillips Claire L. , McFarlane Karis J. , LaFranchi Brian , Desai Ankur R. , Miller John B. , Lehman Scott J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe 14CO2 composition of plant and soil respiration can be used to determine the residence time of photosynthetically fixed carbon before it is released back to the atmosphere. To estimate the residence time of actively cycled carbon in a temperate forest, we employed two approaches for estimating the Δ14CO2 of ecosystem respiration (Δ14C‐Reco) at the Willow Creek AmeriFlux site in Northern Wisconsin, USA. Our first approach was to construct nighttime Keeling plots from subcanopy profiles of Δ14CO2 and CO2, providing estimates of Δ14C‐Reco of 121.7‰ in June and 42.0‰ in August 2012. These measurements are likely dominated by soil fluxes due to proximity to the ground level. Our second approach utilized samples taken over 20 months within the forest canopy and from 396 m above ground level at the nearby LEF NOAA tall tower site (Park Falls, WI). In this canopy‐minus‐background approach we employed a mixing model described by Miller and Tans (2003) for estimating isotopic sources by subtracting time‐varying background conditions. For the period from May 2011 to December 2012 the estimated Δ14C‐Reco using the Miller‐Tans model was 76.8‰. Together, these Δ14C‐Reco values represent mean Reco carbon ages of approximately 1–19 years. We also found that heterotrophic soil‐respired Δ 14C at Willow Creek was 5–38‰ higher (i.e., 1–10 years older) than predicted by the Carnegie‐Ames‐Stanford Approach global biosphere carbon model for the 1 × 1 pixel nearest to the site. This study provides much needed observational constraints of ecosystem carbon residence times, which are a major source of uncertainty in terrestrial carbon cycle models.
Full‐wave analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation over terrain using the Improved Tabulated Interaction Method
Authors: Brennan C. , Trinh D. , Pham V. , Condon M. , Mittra R. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper proposes extending the forward scattering based Tabulated Interaction Method (TIM) for computing electromagnetic wave propagation over terrain profiles to one incorporating backscattering. The proposed method uses a common set of basis functions in conjunction with a “matching technique” to produce a linear system with much fewer unknowns than that created using pulse basis functions and therefore provides a very efficient and accurate method. The original TIM is shown to be a special case of the proposed method whereby the lower triangular portion of the reduced system is retained and solved. The proposed method is compared with the recently proposed Characteristic Basis Function Method with which it shares several features. The complexity and numerical analysis demonstrates that the proposed method has an extremely low computational complexity and storage.
Ceres: Predictions for near‐surface water ice stability and implications for plume generating processes
Authors: Titus Timothy N. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper will constrain the possible sources and processes for the formation of recently observed H2O vapor plumes above the surface of the dwarf planet Ceres. Two hypotheses have been proposed: (1) cryovolcanism where the water source is the mantle and the heating source is still unknown or (2) comet‐like sublimation where near‐surface water ice is vaporized by seasonally increasing solar insolation. We test hypothesis 2, comet‐like near‐surface sublimation, by using a thermal model to examine the stability of water ice in the near surface. For a reasonable range of physical parameters (thermal inertia, surface roughness, and slopes), we find that water ice is only stable at latitudes higher than ~40–60°. These results indicate that either (a) the physical properties of Ceres are unlike our expectations or (b) an alternative to comet‐like sublimation, such as the cryovolcanism hypothesis, must be invoked.
Expert Systems inDNAInterpretation
Authors: Haned Hinda , Gill Peter 
Published: March 2015

AbstractExpert systems have been developed as specialized software that can assist forensic scientists to interpret complex DNA profiles. These software allow the evaluation of the weight of the DNA evidence within a likelihood ratio framework, and they are particularly helpful to analyze low‐template DNA mixtures. In this review, we describe the expert systems that have recently become available. We discuss the theoretical principles and advantages and limitations of these systems, along with aspects of performance and validation.
Battered Spouse Syndrome
Authors: Thomas Tracy A. , Clegg Carl , Fremouw William J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBattered spouse syndrome (BWS) was initially conceptualized by Walker (1979). Walker described BWS as comprising several elements, including a three‐stage cycle of violence. The cycle of violence includes an initial “tension” phase, followed by an acute battering incident, and finally a “honeymoon” period. Walker further suggested that women who are abused by an intimate partner typically display learned‐helplessness behavior, guilt, and low self‐esteem. BWS testimony is admissible in all states. Previously, BWS evidence was used to support insanity defenses for women who killed abusive partners. Currently, BWS is rarely used in this capacity. Instead, it is used to bolster claims of self‐defense. This article summarizes the history, theory, and controversy regarding battered spouse syndrome
Cerebellar output controls generalized spike‐and‐wave discharge occurrence
Authors: Kros Lieke , Eelkman Rooda Oscar H. J. , Spanke Jochen K. , Alva Parimala , van Dongen Marijn N. , Karapatis Athanasios , Tolner Else A. , Strydis Christos , Davey Neil , Winkelman Beerend H. J. , Negrello Mario , Serdijn Wouter A. , Steuber Volker , van den Maagdenberg Arn M. J. M. , De Zeeuw Chris I. , Hoebeek Freek E. 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveDisrupting thalamocortical activity patterns has proven to be a promising approach to stop generalized spike‐and‐wave discharges (GSWDs) characteristic of absence seizures. Here, we investigated to what extent modulation of neuronal firing in cerebellar nuclei (CN), which are anatomically in an advantageous position to disrupt cortical oscillations through their innervation of a wide variety of thalamic nuclei, is effective in controlling absence seizures.MethodsTwo unrelated mouse models of generalized absence seizures were used: the natural mutant tottering, which is characterized by a missense mutation in Cacna1a, and inbred C3H/HeOuJ. While simultaneously recording single CN neuron activity and electrocorticogram in awake animals, we investigated to what extent pharmacologically increased or decreased CN neuron activity could modulate GSWD occurrence as well as short‐lasting, on‐demand CN stimulation could disrupt epileptic seizures.ResultsWe found that a subset of CN neurons show phase‐locked oscillatory firing during GSWDs and that manipulating this activity modulates GSWD occurrence. Inhibiting CN neuron action potential firing by local application of the γ‐aminobutyric acid type A (GABA‐A) agonist muscimol increased GSWD occurrence up to 37‐fold, whereas increasing the frequency and regularity of CN neuron firing with the use of GABA‐A antagonist gabazine decimated its occurrence. A single short‐lasting (30–300 milliseconds) optogenetic stimulation of CN neuron activity abruptly stopped GSWDs, even when applied unilaterally. Using a closed‐loop system, GSWDs were detected and stopped within 500 milliseconds.InterpretationCN neurons are potent modulators of pathological oscillations in thalamocortical network activity during absence seizures, and their potential therapeutic benefit for controlling other types of generalized epilepsies should be evaluated. Ann Neurol 2015;77:1027–1049
Rapid ambient temperature living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene utilizing sodium hypophosphite as reducing agent
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Hui , Zhang Fei‐Jun , Li Hui‐Na , Hu Xiao‐Hui , Di Wen‐Li , Zhao Shuang 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTA facile, safe, and inexpensive reducing agent, sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2·H2O), has been successfully used to perform ambient temperature living radical polymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (St). The rapid radical polymerizations were readily obtained at 25°C, i.e., MMA reached a conversion of ca 90% after 2.5 h, and St reached a conversion of ca 80% after 40 h. The polymerizations of MMA and St exhibited excellent living/controlled nature, as evidenced by pseudo first‐order kinetics of polymerization, linear evolution of molecular weights with increasing monomer conversions, and narrow molecular weight distributions. The various experimental parameters—ligand, solvent, and molar ratio of NaH2PO2·H2O to CuSO4·5H2O—were varied to improve the control of polymerization, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution. 1H NMR analyses and chain‐extension reactions confirm the high chain‐end functionality of the resultant poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42123.
Enzyme immobilization onto renewable polymeric matrixes: Past, present, and future trends
Authors: Bezerra Camilla Salviano , de Farias Lemos Celina Maria Gentil , de Sousa Marylane , Gonçalves Luciana Rocha Barros 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTIn this review, we present an overview of the different renewable polymers that are currently being used as matrixes for enzyme immobilization and their properties and of new developments in biocatalysts preparation and applications. Polymers obtained from renewable resources have attracted much attention in recent years because they are environmentally friendly and available in large quantities from natural sources. Different methods for the immobilization of enzymes with these matrixes are reviewed, in particular: (1) binding to a prefabricated biopolymer, (2) entrapment, and (3) crosslinking of enzyme molecules. Emphasis is given to relatively recent developments, such as the use of novel supports, novel entrapment methods and protocols of polymer derivatization, and the crosslinking of enzymes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42125.