bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RIG: Recalibration and Interrelation of Genomic Sequence Data with the GATK
Authors: McCormick Ryan F , Truong Sandra K , Mullet John E 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Recent advances in variant calling made available in the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) enable the use of validated single-nucleotide polymorphisms and indels to improve variant calling. However, large collections of variants for this purpose often are unavailable to research communities. We introduce a workflow to generate reliable collections of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and indels by leveraging available genomic resources to inform variant calling using the GATK. The workflow is demonstrated for the crop plant Sorghum bicolor by (i) generating an initial set of variants using reduced representation sequence data from an experimental cross and association panels, (ii) using the initial variants to inform variant calling from whole-genome sequence data of resequenced individuals, and (iii) using variants identified from whole-genome sequence data for recalibration of the reduced representation sequence data. The reliability of variants called with the workflow is verified by comparison with genetically mappable variants from an independent sorghum experimental cross. Comparison with a recent sorghum resequencing study shows that the workflow identifies an additional 1.62 million high-confidence variants from the same sequence data. Finally, the workflow’s performance is validated using Arabidopsis sequence data, yielding variant call sets with 95% sensitivity and 99% positive predictive value. The Recalibration and Interrelation of genomic sequence data with the GATK (RIG) workflow enables the GATK to accurately identify genetic variation in organisms lacking validated variant resources.
Die Rechtsprechung des BGH zu Bearbeitungsentgelten für Darlehensverträge – Rück- und Ausblick
Authors: Piekenbrock Andreas 
Published: February 2015

Zusammenfassung
Die Rechtsprechung des für das Bankrecht zuständigen XI. Zivilsenat des BGH im Jahre 2014 war wesentlich durch die Entscheidungen zu Bearbeitungsentgelten für Verbraucherdarlehensverträge geprägt, die inzwischen als AGB-rechtswidrig angesehen werden. Da der Senat die Verjährung möglicher Rückforderungsansprüche nach § 199 Abs. 1 BGB bis Ende 2014 ausgeschlossen hat, sieht sich die Kreditwirtschaft hoher Forderungen ihrer Kundschaft ausgesetzt. Der Beitrag analysiert die bisherige Rechtsprechung, erörtert mögliche Folgefragen und prüft Handlungsoptionen für die Zukunft.
Bilanzoptimierter Rückerwerb von Anleihen über ihrem Nominalwert
Authors: Schnorbus York , Plassmann Sebastian 
Published: February 2015

Zusammenfassung
Der folgende Beitrag analysiert eine Transaktionsstruktur, mit deren Hilfe ein Konzern Anleihen über ihrem Nennwert zurückerwerben kann, ohne dass in den Einzelbilanzen oder der Konzernbilanz ein außerordentlicher Aufwand entsteht. Insbesondere wird gezeigt, wie sich ein Unternehmen die dingliche Rechtsnatur von Inhaberschuldverschreibungen für den bilanzneutralen Rückerwerb zu Nutze machen kann und wie sich der Rückerwerb nach dieser Transaktionsstruktur im Einzelnen handelsbilanziell auswirkt. Der Rückerwerb von Anleihen bietet einem Konzern auf diese Weise einen effektiven Weg zur Kostensenkung, der bei hochverzinslichen Anleihen mit mittlerer oder langer Restlaufzeit in Betracht gezogen werden sollte.
Anscheinsbeweis und chipTAN
Authors: Hoeren Thomas , Kairies Maria 
Published: February 2015

Zusammenfassung
Wiederholt hat sich die Rechtsprechung in den vergangenen Jahren mit der Frage auseinandergesetzt, ob im Rahmen des Online-Banking ein Anscheinsbeweis angenommen werden kann. Dabei kreisen die Bedenken stets um die Frage, ob das eingesetzte Authentifizierungsverfahren eine ausreichende Sicherheit bietet, um einen dem Anscheinsbeweis zugrundeliegenden Erfahrungssatz anzunehmen. Während ein Anscheinsbeweis beim Missbrauch von EC-Karten bereits 2004 vom BGH bejaht wurde, folgte ihm die Rechtsprechung für das Online-Banking bislang nicht. Jüngste Entscheidungen lassen aber ein Umdenken erkennen. Ob diese Rechtsprechung zu halten ist und wie sich die Rechtslage nach Einführung der Payment Service Directiv (PSD II) verändern könnte, will dieser Beitrag beleuchten.
Besitz an dauerglobalverbrieften Aktien – zugleich ein Beitrag zur Lehre vom Besitz
Authors: Brand Marco 
Published: February 2015

Zusammenfassung
Bis heute sind die Besitzverhältnisse an dauerglobalverbrieften Aktien nicht abschließend geklärt. Insbesondere wird über die Frage gestritten, ob Aktionäre mittelbaren Mitbesitz an einer Dauerglobalurkunde haben. Es ist das Anliegen dieses Beitrags, den mittelbaren Mitbesitz von Aktionären an dauerglobalverbrieten Aktien anhand allgemeiner Besitzdogmatik zu begründen.
Azithromycin in Early Infancy and Pyloric Stenosis
Authors: Eberly Matthew D. , Eide Matilda B. , Thompson Jennifer L. , Nylund Cade M. 
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Use of oral erythromycin in infants is associated with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). The risk with azithromycin remains unknown. We evaluated the association between exposure to oral azithromycin and erythromycin and subsequent development of IHPS.

METHODS:
A retrospective cohort study of children born between 2001 and 2012 was performed utilizing the military health system database. Infants prescribed either oral erythromycin or azithromycin as outpatients in the first 90 days of life were evaluated for development of IHPS. Specific diagnostic and procedural codes were used to identify cases of IHPS.

RESULTS:
A total of 2466 of 1 074 236 children in the study period developed IHPS. Azithromycin exposure in the first 14 days of life demonstrated an increased risk of IHPS (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 8.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.62–26.0); exposure between 15 and 42 days had an aOR of 2.98 (95% CI, 1.24–7.20). An association between erythromycin and IHPS was also confirmed. Exposure to erythromycin in the first 14 days of life had an aOR of 13.3 (95% CI, 6.80–25.9), and 15 to 42 days of life, aOR 4.10 (95% CI, 1.69–9.91). There was no association with either macrolide between 43 and 90 days of life.

CONCLUSIONS:
Ingestion of oral azithromycin and erythromycin places young infants at increased risk of developing IHPS. This association is strongest if the exposure occurred in the first 2 weeks of life, but persists although to a lesser degree in children between 2 and 6 weeks of age.
Metallic Nano Particles Embedded in Sapphire
Authors: Crespo-Sosa A. , Mota-Santiago P.E. , Jiménez-Hernández J.L. , Silva-Pereyra H.G. , García-Ramírez E.V. , Sánchez-Dena O. , Reyes-Esqueda J.A. , Oliver A. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTSapphire is best known for its hardness that makes it ideal for many mechanical and optical applications, but its resistance to radiation damage and its optical properties, combined with metallic nano-particles, make it promising for future opto-electronic and plasmonic devices. In this paper, we present an overview of our work on the fabrication of metallic nano-particles embedded in synthetic sapphire by means of ion implantation, thermal annealing and high energy ion irradiation. We show that we can have control over the amount and size of the nano particles formed inside the matrix by carefully choosing the parameters during the preparation process. Furthermore, we show that anisotropic nano particles can be obtained by an adequate high energy ion irradiation of the originally spherical nano particles. We also have studied the linear and non-linear optical properties of these nano-composites and have confirmed that they are large enough for future applications.
Update on Prevalence of Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: NHANES 2009 to 2012
Authors: Eke Paul I. , Dye Bruce A. , Wei Liang , Slade Gary D. , Thornton‐Evans Gina O. , Borgnakke Wenche S. , Taylor George W. , Page Roy C. , Beck James D. , Genco Robert J. 
Published: February 2015

Background: This report describes prevalence, severity, and extent of periodontitis in the US adult population using combined data from the 2009 to 2010 and 2011 to 2012 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).Methods: Estimates were derived for dentate adults, aged ≥30 years, from the US civilian non‐institutionalized population. Periodontitis was defined by combinations of clinical attachment loss (AL) and periodontal probing depth (PD) from six sites per tooth on all teeth, except third molars, using standard surveillance case definitions. For the first time in NHANES history, sufficient numbers of non‐Hispanic Asians were sampled in 2011 to 2012 to provide reliable estimates of their periodontitis prevalence.Results: In 2009 to 2012, 46% of US adults, representing 64.7 million people, had periodontitis, with 8.9% having severe periodontitis. Overall, 3.8% of all periodontal sites (10.6% of all teeth) had PD ≥4 mm, and 19.3% of sites (37.4% teeth) had AL ≥3 mm. Periodontitis prevalence was positively associated with increasing age and was higher among males. Periodontitis prevalence was highest in Hispanics (63.5%) and non‐Hispanic blacks (59.1%), followed by non‐Hispanic Asian Americans (50.0%), and lowest in non‐Hispanic whites (40.8%). Prevalence varied two‐fold between the lowest and highest levels of socioeconomic status, whether defined by poverty or education.Conclusions: This study confirms a high prevalence of periodontitis in US adults aged ≥30 years, with almost fifty‐percent affected. The prevalence was greater in non‐Hispanic Asians than non‐Hispanic whites, although lower than other minorities. The distribution provides valuable information for population‐based action to prevent or manage periodontitis in US adults.
Minimum Package of Public Health Services: The Adoption of Core Services in Local Public Health Agencies in Colorado
Authors: Lampe Sarah , Atherly Adam , VanRaemdonck Lisa , Matthews Kathleen , Marshall Julie 
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We examined the effect of a state law in Colorado that required local public health agencies to deliver a minimum package of public health services. Methods. We used a longitudinal, pre–post study design, with baseline data collected in 2011 and follow-up data collected in 2013. We conducted means testing to analyze the change in service delivery and activities. We conducted linear regression to test for system structure effects on the implementation of core services. Results. We observed statistically significant increases in several service areas within communicable disease, prevention and population health promotion, and environmental health. In addition to service and program areas, specific activities had significant increases. The significant activity increases were all in population- and systems-based services. Conclusions. This project provided insight into the likely effect of national adoption of a minimum package as recommended by the Institute of Medicine. The implementation of a minimum package showed significant changes in service delivery, with specific service delivery measurement over a short period of time. Our research sets up a research framework to further explore core service delivery measure development.
Importance of Scientific Resources Among Local Public Health Practitioners
Authors: Fields Robert P. , Stamatakis Katherine A. , Duggan Kathleen , Brownson Ross C. 
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We examined the perceived importance of scientific resources for decision-making among local health department (LHD) practitioners in the United States. Methods. We used data from LHD practitioners (n = 849). Respondents ranked important decision-making resources, methods for learning about public health research, and academic journal use. We calculated descriptive statistics and used logistic regression to measure associations of individual and LHD characteristics with importance of scientific resources. Results. Systematic reviews of scientific literature (24.7%) were most frequently ranked as important among scientific resources, followed by scientific reports (15.9%), general literature review articles (6.5%), and 1 or a few scientific studies (4.8%). Graduate-level education (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] = 1.7–3.5), larger LHD size (AORs = 2.0–3.5), and leadership support (AOR = 1.6; 95% confidence interval = 1.1, 2.3) were associated with a higher ranking of importance of scientific resources. Conclusions. Graduate training, larger LHD size, and leadership that supports a culture of evidence-based decision-making may increase the likelihood of practitioners viewing scientific resources as important. Targeting communication channels that practitioners view as important can also guide research dissemination strategies.
Assessing Entrepreneurship in Governmental Public Health
Authors: Jacobson Peter D. , Wasserman Jeffrey , Wu Helen W. , Lauer Johanna R. 
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We assessed the feasibility and desirability of public health entrepreneurship (PHE) in governmental public health. Methods. Using a qualitative case study approach with semistructured interview protocols, we conducted interviews between April 2010 and January 2011 at 32 local health departments (LHDs) in 18 states. Respondents included chief health officers and senior LHD staff, representatives from national public health organizations, health authorities, and public health institutes. Results. Respondents identified PHE through 3 overlapping practices: strategic planning, operational efficiency, and revenue generation. Clinical services offer the strongest revenue-generating potential, and traditional public health services offer only limited entrepreneurial opportunities. Barriers include civil service rules, a risk-averse culture, and concerns that PHE would compromise core public health values. Conclusions. Ongoing PHE activity has the potential to reduce LHDs’ reliance on unstable general public revenues. Yet under the best of circumstances, it is difficult to generate revenue from public health services. Although governmental public health contains pockets of entrepreneurial activity, its culture does not sustain significant entrepreneurial activity. The question remains as to whether LHDs’ current public revenue sources are sustainable and, if not, whether PHE is a feasible or desirable alternative.
A Low-Cost Partner Notification Strategy for the Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases: A Case Study From Louisiana
Authors: Rahman Mohammad M. , Khan Mahmud , Gruber DeAnn 
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We estimated the costs and effectiveness of implementing a partner notification (PN) strategy for highly prevalent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) within the Louisiana STD/HIV Program.Methods. We carried out a telephone-based PN approach on an experimental basis in 2 public STD clinics in Louisiana from June 2010 to May 2012. We monitored data on the resources used for identifying, tracing, treating, and managing the infected cases and their partners to estimate the intervention costs.Results. Our results indicated that implementation of telephone-based PN should not increase the STD control program’s expenses by more than 4.5%. This low-cost PN approach could successfully identify and treat 1 additional infected case at a cost of only $171. We found that the cost per disability-adjusted life year averted (a health outcome measure), because of the adoption of selective screening with partner tracing, was $4499. This was significantly lower than the gross domestic product per capita of the United States, a threshold used for defining highly cost-effective health interventions.Conclusions. Adoption of PN for gonorrhea and chlamydia should be considered a national strategy for prevention and control of these diseases.
Improving Access and Provision of Preventive Oral Health Care for Very Young, Poor, and Low-Income Children Through a New Interdisciplinary Partnership
Authors: Biordi Diana L. , Heitzer Marjet , Mundy Eric , DiMarco Marguerite , Thacker Sherrey , Taylor Evelyn , Huff Marlene , Marino Deborah , Fitzgerald Karen 
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We provided oral health care services at 2 sites using a nurse practitioner–dietitian team to increase dental workforce capacity and improve access to care for low-income preschool children. Methods. Our team provided oral health assessments and education, fluoride varnish application, and dentist referrals. The primary endpoint was participants’ access to oral health care. Secondary endpoints included increasing the practice scope of registered dietitians through training programs for oral health assessment and the application of fluoride varnishes for children. The oral health and hygiene and dietary habits of the participants were also determined. Results. From 2010 to 2013, 4360 children received fluoride varnishes in 7195 total visits. Although the proportion of children with dental caries at the first visit was greater at the urban site, both sites were similar by visits 2 and 3. The number of caries declined with increased program visits, which coincided with an increase in the proportion of participants visiting a dentist. Conclusions. Progress toward eliminating dental health disparities requires addressing barriers to dental care access. We showed that expanding access to oral health services through nurse practitioner–dietitian cooperation improved access to preventive fluoride varnishing use in low-income children.
Collaboration Among Missouri Nonprofit Hospitals and Local Health Departments: Content Analysis of Community Health Needs Assessments
Authors: Beatty Kate E. , Wilson Kristin D. , Ciecior Amanda , Stringer Lisa 
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We identified the levels of joint action that led to collaboration between hospitals and local health departments (LHDs) using the hospital’s community health needs assessments (CHNAs). Methods. In 2014, we conducted a content analysis of Missouri nonprofit hospitals (n = 34) CHNAs, and identified hospitals based on previously reported collaboration with LHDs. We coded the content according to the level of joint action. A comparison sample (n = 50) of Missouri nonprofit hospitals provided the basic comparative information on hospital characteristics. Results. Among the hospitals identified by LHDs, 20.6% were “networking,” 20.6% were “coordinating,” 38.2% were “cooperating,” and 2.9% were “collaborating.” Almost 18% of study hospitals had no identifiable level of joint action with LHDs based on their CHNAs. In addition, comparison hospitals were more often part of a larger system (74%) compared with study hospitals (52.9%). Conclusions. The results of our study helped develop a better understanding of levels of joint action from a hospital perspective. Our results might assist hospitals and LHDs in making more informed decisions about efficient deployment of resources for assessment processes and implementation plans.
How Connecticut Health Directors Deal With Public Health Budget Cuts at the Local Level
Authors: Prust Margaret L. , Clark Kathleen , Davis Brigette , Pallas Sarah W. , Kertanis Jennifer , O’Keefe Elaine , Araas Michael , Iyer Neel S. , Dandorf Stewart , Platis Stephanie , Humphries Debbie 
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We investigated the perspectives of local health jurisdiction (LHJ) directors on coping mechanisms used to respond to budget reductions and constraints on their decision-making. Methods. We conducted in-depth interviews with 17 LHJ directors. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using the constant comparative method. Results. LHJ directors use a range of coping mechanisms, including identifying alternative revenue sources, adjusting services, amending staffing arrangements, appealing to local political leaders, and forming strategic partnerships. LHJs also face constraints on their decision-making because of state and local statutory requirements, political priorities, pressures from other LHJs, and LHJ structure. Conclusions. LHJs respond creatively to budget cuts to maintain important public health services. Some LHJ adjustments to administrative resources may obscure the long-term costs of public health budget cuts in such areas as staff morale and turnover. Not all coping strategies are available to each LHJ because of the contextual constraints of its locality, pointing to important policy questions on identifying optimum jurisdiction size and improving efficiency.
Influence of laser cutting on the fatigue limit of two high strength steels*
Authors: Mateo Antonio , Fargas Gemma , Calvo Jessica , Roa Joan Josep 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Laser cutting is widely used in the metal industry, particularly when components of high strength steel sheets are produced. However, the roughness of cut edges produced by laser differs from that obtained by other methods, such as mechanical blanking, and this fact influences the fatigue performance. In the present investigation, specimens of two grades of high strength austenitic steels, i. e. AISI 301LN and TWIP17Mn, were cut by laser and tested in the high cycle fatigue regime to determine their corresponding fatigue limits. A series of fatigue specimens were tested without polishing and other series after a careful polishing of the cut edges, in order to assess the influence of the cut edges condition. Results indicate a significant influence of the edge roughness, more distinctive for AISI 301LN than for TWIP steel.
Fatigue life and cyclic material behavior of butt-welded high-strength steels in the LCF regime*
Authors: Möller Benjamin , Wagener Rainer , Kaufmann Heinz , Melz Tobias 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Fatigue life approach methods based on general local concepts for welded joints assign universal material properties to geometrically well-defined weld toes or weld roots, in order to evaluate local stresses and strains, ignoring any metallurgical discrepancies. In this study, analysis of the main influences on these concepts, linear damage accumulation and cyclic material behavior, of the high-strength and ultra-high-strength steels S960QL, S960M and S1100QL was performed for the base material and for butt-welded specimens. Results of stress-controlled tests under constant amplitude loading (CAL) and variable amplitude loading (VAL) show that a linear damage accumulation with a damage sum of Dal = 0.5 is conservative. Effects of the geometrical and metallurgical notch on the cyclic material behavior are shown by strain controlled testing of both base material and welded specimens. Cycles to crack initiation, presented in strain-life curves, are consequently reduced in the as-welded state. Cyclic stress-strain curves show a cyclic softening of the base material as well as of the welded joints. Furthermore, the advantages of the ultra-high-strength steel S1100QL disappear in welded connections.