bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political Communication
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Kenski Kate 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This chapter offers three sets of definitions of “political communication”: those from early scholarly works, those from the major communication and political science associations, and a set of definitions that emerged at an Annenberg Public Policy Center conference attended by many scholars contributing to this handbook. The authors discuss the institutional and financial forces that cultivated and propelled Political Communication as an interdisciplinary field. Finally, an overview of the Oxford Handbook of Political Communication is provided, including a description of the major thematic sections around which the chapters are collected.
Effects of Multiple Concussions
Authors: McCrea Michael A. , Nelson Lindsay D. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
There is growing concern that suffering multiple sport-related concussions may increase an athlete’s risk of cumulative neurocognitive and neurobehavioral impairment. Many concerns have not been well-validated, however, owing to limited samples of repeatedly concussed players. In this article, we review the theoretical risks and current evidence regarding the extent to which repeat concussions impact players’ experience of and recovery following successive injuries. Concussion effects are considered at multiple levels (e.g., self-reported physical and psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological performance, and neurophysiological measures) across both the acute and chronic phases of recovery. Recommendations for applying findings to injury management decisions are provided. Although repeat concussions appear to have the potential for cumulative neurophysiological burden, a number of factors (e.g., individual risk for experiencing or responding poorly to injury, recovery time between injuries) appear important to explain discrepant findings among studies and to translate general scientific principles into clinical decisions for individual players. Future work that accumulates larger, prospective samples will allow for clearer delineation of the factors that appear important for predicting how recurrent concussions impact individual athletes.
Generic Sequences and the Generic Tonnetz
Authors: Hook Julian 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This chapter employs concepts from diatonic set theory, transformation theory, and neo-Riemannian theory in an investigation of sequences in generic (mod-7) pitch space. Sequences may be described using generic transposition operators, mod-7 analogs of the more familiar mod-12 chromatic transposition operators, and may be mapped in a generic Tonnetz analogous to the Tonnetz diagrams of neo-Riemannian theory. A complete classification of generic sequences with two-chord transposition blocks is derived from the paths described by the sequences in the Tonnetz. While it is tempting to regard generic space as “diatonic,” the examples demonstrate that generic structure governs many sequences that are not actually diatonic at all. The examples also show that the sequences found in the literature include many more types than are widely recognized and that generic sequence structure may apply in numerous other contexts besides patterns of chord roots.
Sentencing Guideline Schemes Across the United States and Beyond
Authors: Krasnostein Sarah , Freiberg Arie 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSentencing guidelines are among a number of mechanisms that have been used to address the problem of how to balance sufficient discretion to individualize sentences with sufficient constraint to ensure equal justice and achieve other sentencing policy goals. The difference in where that balance lies is a policy choice that distinguishes the various sentencing guideline systems. This essay examines those policy choices. It assesses the federal and Minnesota guideline systems and the system operating in England. It describes the rejection of guidelines in New Zealand, Canada, and Australia, which challenges the values of structured sentencing. Finally, the benefits and disadvantages of guidelines are looked at alongside the conditions necessary for their successful implementation. The best of the guideline systems are not perfect, but they indicate how other jurisdictions can better regulate sentencing discretion in order to promote both proportionate and equal outcomes at the levels of both theory and practice.
Contemporary Penal Policies
Authors: Tubex Hilde 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the literature leading comparative penological research. Starting from the concept of “punitiveness” as measured in imprisonment rates, it explores and critically assesses how differences in prison populations, and changes over time, have been explained by comparative criminologists. In doing so, it identifies drivers of contemporary penal policies on a global, national, and regional scale. It does, however, also pay particular attention to anomalies, deviating patterns, and overrepresented groups and discusses the validity of the explanatory models in this respect. Finally, it looks at the future of penal policy and prospects for penal reform.
Youth Justice in China
Authors: Jou Susyan , Chang Lennon , Hebenton Bill 
Published: October 2014

AbstractChina’s well-documented and rapid socioeconomic changes, including largely unmanaged rural to urban migration, form an important pressure on development of an adequate juvenile justice system. This chapter identifies and describes key normative principles that are said to underpin contemporary juvenile justice in China. The development of the modern legal framework is also elucidated. In later sections we identify and analyze the regulatory and organizational limits to the implementation of such principles in everyday practice. We argue that the principles stand as part of professional discourse but remain a largely discursive phenomenon—impinging to a limited extent on the reality of juvenile justice processing in contemporary China.
The Neolithic of the Caucasus
Authors: Chataigner Christine , Badalyan Ruben , Arimura Makoto 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article presents our current state of knowledge on the Neolithic of the Caucasus based on reviews of previous and continuing research. In this region, this period has generally been divided into two cultural stages: Early/Aceramic Neolithic and Late/Ceramic Neolithic. However, the records from Early Neolithic sites are incomplete due to a lack of radiocarbon dates and palaeoenvironmental data. Moreover, the transition from the Mesolithic of the early Holocene to the full Neolithic of the Aratashen-Shulaveri-Shomutepe culture remains obscure. Although recent research provides new insights on the domestication of plants and animals in the Caucasus, the crucial issue involving the origin and timing of Neolithisation in this region remains unsolved.
Bacterial diversity along a 2600 km river continuum
Authors: Savio Domenico , Sinclair Lucas , Ijaz Umer Z. , Stadler Philipp , Blaschke Alfred P. , Reischer Georg H. , Blöschl Guenter , Mach Robert L. , Kirschner Alexander K.T. , Farnleitner Andreas H. , Eiler Alexander 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe bacterioplankton diversity in large rivers has thus far been undersampled, despite the importance of streams and rivers as components of continental landscapes. Here, we present a comprehensive dataset detailing the bacterioplankton diversity along the midstream of the Danube River and its tributaries. Using 16S rRNA-gene amplicon sequencing, our analysis revealed that bacterial richness and evenness gradually declined downriver in both the free-living and particle-associated bacterial communities. These shifts were also supported by beta diversity analysis, where the effects of tributaries were negligible in regards to the overall variation. In addition, the river was largely dominated by bacteria that are commonly observed in freshwaters. Dominated by the acI lineage, the freshwater SAR11 (LD12) and thePolynucleobactergroup, typical freshwater taxa increased in proportion downriver and were accompanied by a decrease in soil and groundwater bacteria. Based on the River Continuum Concept, we explain these taxonomic patterns and the accompanying changes in alpha and beta diversity by the physical structure and chemical conditions coupled with the hydrologic cycle along the length of the river.
β-Amylase1 andβ-Amylase3 Are Plastidic Starch Hydrolases in Arabidopsis That Seem to Be Adapted for Different Thermal, pH, and Stress Conditions
Authors: Monroe Jonathan D. , Storm Amanda R. , Badley Elizabeth M. , Lehman Michael D. , Platt Samantha M. , Saunders Lauren K. , Schmitz Jonathan M. , Torres Catherine E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractStarch degradation in chloroplasts requires β-amylase (BAM) activity, which is encoded by a multigene family. Of nine Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) BAM genes, six encode plastidic enzymes, but only four of these are catalytically active. In vegetative plants, BAM1 acts during the day in guard cells, whereas BAM3 is the dominant activity in mesophyll cells at night. Plastidic BAMs have been difficult to assay in leaf extracts, in part because of a cytosolic activity encoded by BAM5. We generated a series of double mutants lacking BAM5 and each of the active plastidic enzymes (BAM1, BAM2, BAM3, and BAM6) and found that most of the plastidic activity in 5-week-old plants was encoded by BAM1 and BAM3. Both of these activities were relatively constant during the day and the night. Analysis of leaf extracts from double mutants and purified BAM1 and BAM3 proteins revealed that these proteins have distinct properties. Using soluble starch as the substrate, BAM1 and BAM3 had optimum activity at pH 6.0 to 6.5, but at high pH, BAM1 was more active than BAM3, consistent with its known daytime role in the guard cell stroma. The optimum temperature for BAM1, which is transcriptionally induced by heat stress, was about 10°C higher than that of BAM3, which is transcriptionally induced by cold stress. The amino acid composition of BAM1 and BAM3 orthologs reflected differences that are consistent with known adaptations of proteins from heat- and cold-adapted organisms, suggesting that these day- and night-active enzymes have undergone thermal adaptation.
Regulatory Properties of ADP Glucose Pyrophosphorylase Are Required for Adjustment of Leaf Starch Synthesis in Different Photoperiods
Authors: Mugford Sam T. , Fernandez Olivier , Brinton Jemima , Flis Anna , Krohn Nicole , Encke Beatrice , Feil Regina , Sulpice Ronan , Lunn John E. , Stitt Mark , Smith Alison M. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves synthesize starch faster in short days than in long days, but the mechanism that adjusts the rate of starch synthesis to daylength is unknown. To understand this mechanism, we first investigated whether adjustment occurs in mutants lacking components of the circadian clock or clock output pathways. Most mutants adjusted starch synthesis to daylength, but adjustment was compromised in plants lacking the GIGANTEA or FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F BOX1 components of the photoperiod-signaling pathway involved in flowering. We then examined whether the properties of the starch synthesis enzyme adenosine 5′-diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) are important for adjustment of starch synthesis to daylength. Modulation of AGPase activity is known to bring about short-term adjustments of photosynthate partitioning between starch and sucrose (Suc) synthesis. We found that adjustment of starch synthesis to daylength was compromised in plants expressing a deregulated bacterial AGPase in place of the endogenous AGPase and in plants containing mutant forms of the endogenous AGPase with altered allosteric regulatory properties. We suggest that the rate of starch synthesis is in part determined by growth rate at the end of the preceding night. If growth at night is low, as in short days, there is a delay before growth recovers during the next day, leading to accumulation of Suc and stimulation of starch synthesis via activation of AGPase. If growth at night is fast, photosynthate is used for growth at the start of the day, Suc does not accumulate, and starch synthesis is not up-regulated.
Repertoires of the corporate past
Authors: Burghausen Mario , M.T. Balmer John 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The repertories of the corporate past perspective is introduced and articulated and is placed with the corporate communications and corporate marketing domains. The framework consolidates and expands the comprehension of multifarious actualisations of the past as a corporate-level phenomenon. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– A literature review, which draws on the extant corporate heritage literature within corporate marketing and corporate communications along with other salient perspectives within social sciences, is integrated into a conceptual framework of past-related corporate-level concepts.Findings– The paper advances the extant literature by making a distinction between instrumental and foundational past-related corporate-level concepts. A framework is introduced and articulated detailing seven different modes of referencing the past of an organisation: corporate past, corporate memory, corporate history, corporate tradition, corporate heritage, corporate nostalgia, and corporate provenance.Research limitations/implications– The paper clarifies the current state of this nascent field of corporate marketing and communication scholarship concerned with the historicity of corporate-level phenomena and advances the conceptual understanding of the multiple ways in which links with an organisation's past can be understood and scrutinised offering an integrated framework of seven conceptual lenses for future research.Practical implications– Managers, by more fully comprehending the repertoires of the corporate past, are, the authors argue, better placed to discern whether the past is of material benefit to their organisations. If so, the repertoires of the corporate past perspective may enable managers to more effectively manage, maintain, and capitalise on their organisation's past in multiple ways.Originality value– This paper is substantively informed by both the corporate heritage literature and the salient literature from the social sciences. The introduction of a repertoire of the corporate past framework, arguably, represents an important contribution to the domain.
Social media monitoring: aims, methods, and challenges for international companies
Authors: Zhang Boyang , Vos Marita 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to clarify the aims, monitoring methods and challenges of social media monitoring from the perspective of international companies. Trends in the literature are also investigated.

Design/methodology/approach
– Based on a systematic literature review, 30 key articles from 2008 to 2012 were further analysed.

Findings
– International companies need real-time monitoring software, expertise and dynamic visualization to facilitate early detection and prognoses supporting strategy making. This is a costly affair, prompting questions about return on investment. A recent trend in the research literature concerns the development of models describing how issues spread in social media with the aim of facilitating prognoses.

Research limitations/implications
– The online databases used comprised refereed peer-reviewed scientific articles. Books were not included in the search process.

Practical implications
– Because information spreads fast in social media and affects international companies, they need to identify issues early, in order to monitor and predict their growth. This paper discusses the difficulties posed by this objective.

Originality/value
– Social media monitoring is a young research area and research on the topic has been conducted from many different perspectives. Therefore, this paper brings together current insights geared towards corporate communication by international companies.
Social media and the world of work
Authors: Dreher Sonja 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the risks and benefits of employees’ social media use for an organization's reputation, and delivers suggestions for a strategic management approach.

Design/methodology/approach
– The findings of this research paper are based on a comprehensive literature review and supported by a leading practice example.

Findings
– Through social media, employees function as powerful brand ambassadors who shape reputation with everything they do and say online. This requires a strategic management approach to employees’ social media use, including research, internet access at the workplace, a strong commitment from the C-suite, the establishment of social media teams, the implementation of guidelines and policies, training and education, integration, as well as goal setting and measurement. These eight key steps will help communications professionals to better prevent the risks and leverage the benefits of their employees’ participation in the social web.

Originality/value
– This research project is built upon significant deficits in the management approach to employees’ social media use and provides eight strategic key steps to better handle employees’ participation in social conversations.
“Sell the Sizzle”
Authors: Rytkönen Säde , Louhiala-Salminen Leena 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of knowledge transfer in the communication of environment, social, governance (ESG) factors between companies and institutional investors, when they attempt to reach a full appreciation and mutual understanding.

Design/methodology/approach
– Empirical data were gathered through in-depth semi-structured interviews with six European institutional investors. Archival material was used to triangulate the findings.

Findings
– Based on the interviews it was evident that ESG is only one consideration in the investment process and that there are several approaches toward integrating ESG. Furthermore, the investors viewed ESG within a financial framework suggesting that this financial framework is part of their vocational cultural professional mental models. Finally, the results indicate that investors attempt to reach a mutual understanding of ESG by carrying out an active dialogue with target companies.

Practical implications
– The study indicates that companies should discuss/approach? ESG issues from a financial perspective. The findings also suggest that companies should emphasize the role of dialogue when communicating with investors in order to develop a mutual understanding of the company's ESG performance. Finally, by proactively discussing ESG with investors, companies will not only play a role in developing the knowledge base of capital markets regarding ESG, but this will also offer an opportunity for companies to explicate their own communication agenda.

Originality/value
– The paper develops a framework for communicating ESG between companies and institutional investors. The framework depicts the diverging mental models of the two parties.
Human development and transcendence: a Vivekananda view
Authors: Tyagananda Swami 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to explore the following questions in the light of Swami Vivekananda’s philosophy: What will ultimately come out of human development? Is development a goal in itself or only a doorway to a higher goal called transcendence?

Design/methodology/approach
– A comprehensive view of human development can come only through a comprehensive understanding of human nature.

Findings
– What the dimensions of the human personality are and how they function in the world provide a good starting point to assess the way in which human development can be achieved.

Originality/value
– Vivekananda’s quest for human development was not for human development per se, but to point to its potential as a spiritual practice that makes human beings realize that they are, in fact, not human being but divine beings.
Vivekananda’s message of human excellence
Authors: Purnatmananda Swami 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to explore Vivekananda’s message of human excellence. The central message of Vivekananda is: Man is not just man. Man is potentially divine. The goal of life is to manifest this divinity within by controlling nature, external and internal. This message deserves to be spread across all human beings.

Design/methodology/approach
– All individuals could try to improve the quality of their human material and thus gradually proceed towards the state of perfect human excellence by combining in them both the horizontal growth and the vertical growth.

Findings
– It is possible to enrich the quality of our life to such an extent where the difference between man and God melts away.

Originality/value
– The highest and finest human excellence is thus evolving a God out of the material man. It is the state when I know I am one with all. This is what Vivekananda wanted to impress upon mankind.
Herbs as a dietary source of iron
Authors: Gupta Swarnim , Madhavan Nair Krishnapillai , Punjal Ravinder , Rajendran Ananthan , Pullakhandam Raghu 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to screen for iron bioavailability and absorption-promoting activity in selected herbs. Evidence is needed to promote and practice food-based strategies such as use of plants or their parts for treating iron deficiency anemia.

Design/methodology/approach
– Eight Indian herbs, considered to be iron rich and/or hematinic, namely, Boerhavia diffusa, Trachyspermum ammi, Amaranthus paniculatus, Lepidium sativum, Medicago sativa, Asparagus racemosus, Sesamum indicum and Piper longum, were selected. Their mineral composition and phytate and tannin contents were analyzed. Endogenous iron bioavailability was assessed in human enterocyte cell line model, Caco-2 cells, using cellular ferritin induction. Iron absorption-promoting activity was tested similarly in two herbs and their mineral extract by the addition of exogenous iron or ascorbic acid.

Findings
– Based on compositional analysis, B. diffusa, L. sativum and T. ammi had high iron (> 40 mg/100 g) and tannin/phytate. A. paniculatus, M. sativa, P. longum, S. indicum had low iron (10-15 mg/100 g) with high phytate and tannin. A. racemosus had 38 mg/100 g iron and low phytate and tannin. None of the herbs induced Caco-2 cell ferritin, indicating poor endogenous iron bioavailability. Mineral solutions of, two contrasting herbs (inhibitor content), B. diffusa and A. racemosus induced ferritin with ascorbic acid and not with exogenous iron, suggesting that these are devoid of iron absorption-promoting activity.

Practical implications
– Incorporation of such herbs in diets may enhance iron content but not its bioavailability.

Originality/value
– Selected edible herbs have been screened for iron bioavailability and its absorption-promoting activity. This has implications in planning evidence-based strategies to correct iron deficiency in general population.