bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Young people in drug treatment in Ireland: their views on substance use aetiology, trajectory, parents’ role in substance use and coping skills
Authors: Darker C. D. , Palmer D. , O’Reilly G. , Whiston L. , Smyth B. 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesThe aim of the current study was to gain insight into the process of initiation and progression to problematic use among young people who reach clinically significant levels of substance use requiring treatment.MethodTwenty young people, aged between 15 and 19 years from two different drug treatment centres in Ireland were interviewed regarding their views on their pathway into substance use, their progress to more problematic use, their perception of their parents’ role, if any, in their trajectory and their typical coping style before treatment. Content analysis was conducted on the resulting narratives.ResultsThe use of substances to cope with life stressors emerged as a prominent theme at initial and problematic stages of use. Multiple maladaptive coping approaches were reported. Both direct and indirect influences from parents in their substance use problem were cited. However, some participants reported that parents had no causal role in their substance use trajectory, in particular regarding mothers.ConclusionsThe current findings suggest that substance misuse is a multi-determined problem and a number of intervention strategies are suggested to delay onset and related harms associated with adolescent substance use.
Workplace bullying: Propositions from Heider’s balance theory
Authors: Standen Peter , Paull Megan , Omari Maryam 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIndividuals who allege bullying bring their own version of events to any investigation, and regardless of the allegations made, there is always more than one account of what took place. Perception influences the interpretations placed on our actions and that of others, especially in terms of whether these constitute bullying in the context in which they are observed. Since investigators, and researchers, are heavily reliant on self-reports, it is important to understand how subjectivities affect individual interpretation and responses. Based on Heider’s Balance Theory, this conceptual article presents a series of propositions relating to subjective factors in perceiving an act as bullying. Research which explores these factors will facilitate better understanding of allegations of bullying. Potential implications for research, awareness raising, education and training, investigation and interpretation of allegations of workplace bullying are advanced.
Climate Change and Grapevines: A Simulation Study for the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Ferrise Roberto , Trombi Giacomo , Moriondo Marco , Bindi Marco 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe present paper aims to assess the impacts of climate change on grapevine cultivation in the Mediterranean basin by using three regional climatic models (RCMs), which were designed specifically for high-resolution simulation of climate in that region. RCM outputs were used to feed a grapevine growth simulation model, which was developed, tested, and calibrated for the Sangiovese variety. The study area was identified by implementing a bioclimatic classification of the regions based on the Winkler Index (ranging from 1,700 to 1,900 thermal units). The results indicated that the projected increasing temperatures will result in a general acceleration and shortening of the phenological stages compared to the present period. Accordingly, the reduction in time for biomass accumulation negatively affected the final yield. Few exceptions were found in the northern and central regions of the study area (southern France and western Balkans) for which changes in climatic conditions were not limiting and the crop benefited from the enhanced atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. (JEL Classifications: Q100, Q540)
Holy Rollers: Monasteries, Lamas, and the Unseen Transport of Chinese–Russian Trade, 1850–1911
Authors: Dear Devon 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article examines the roles of Mongolian monasteries and lamas in transportation between the Qing Chinese (1636–1911) and Russian Romanov (1613–1917) empires during the latter half of the nineteenth century. A series of treaties between 1858 and 1882 granted Russian subjects the right to trade in Mongolian territories under Qing sovereignty, and the resultant increase of Russian trade across Mongolia provided new wage-earning opportunities. Larger monasteries, with their access to pack animals and laborers, acted as brokers, while for poorer lamas haulage was one of the few sources of paid labor available in Mongolian territories, making working in transportation a strategy of survival for many Mongolian lamas. Mongolian porters provide a window on to how the broad processes of nineteenth-century imperialism in the Qing empire affected labor on the Sino–Russian frontier, and on to how imperialism was experienced in one of the most remote corners of the Qing empire.
Constructing civilisations: Embedding and reproducing the ‘Muslim world’ in American foreign policy practices and institutions since 9/11
Authors: BETTIZA GREGORIO 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSince 11 September 2001, the ‘Muslim world’ has become a novel religio-culturally defined civilisational frame of reference around which American foreign policy has been partly reoriented and reorganised. In parallel, the ‘Muslim world’, is increasingly becoming, at this historical juncture, a civilisational social fact in international politics by being progressively embedded in, and enacted onto the world by, American foreign policy discourses, institutions, practices, and processes of self-other recognition. This article theoretically understands and explains the causes and consequences of these changes through an engagement with the emerging post-essentialist civilisational analysis turn in International Relations (IR). In particular, the article furthers a constructivist civilisational politics approach that is theoretically, empirically, and methodologically oriented towards recovering and explaining how actors are interpreting, constructing, and reproducing – in this case through particular American foreign policy changes – an international society where intra- and inter-civilisational relations ‘matter’.
Incomes and Hardship in Early Transitions to Retirement
Authors: Milligan Kevin 
Published: December 2014

RÉSUMÉCanada et d'autres pays sont en train de changer l'âge d'admissibilité de pension public. Le bien-être de ces personnes qui quittent le marché du travail avant d'atteindre l'âge d'éligibilité de retraite est une préoccupation politique. Grâce à l'utilisation des données de l'Enquête sur la dynamique du travail et du revenu (EDTR), cette étude porte sur les pré-retraites par (a) l'examination des revenus de ceux qui ne travaillent pas à un âge proche de la retraite, et (b) examinant comment ces Canadiens ont evité des difficultés économiques. Il a constaté que près des trois quarts de ceux qui ne travaillent pas ont été en mesure d'éviter une situation de faible revenu. Le plus important pour éviter les revenus bas sont d'autres sources de revenus de la famille, une bonne santé, et les revenus de pensions liées à l'emploi.
Pre-meiotic transformation of germplasm-related structures during male gamete differentiation in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Reunov Arkadiy A. , Reunova Yulia A. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryTo highlight the ultrastructural features of transformation occurring with germplasm-related structures (GPRS), the spermatogenic cells of Xenopus laevis were studied by transmission electron microscopy and quantitative analysis. It was determined that in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, the compact germinal granules underwent fragmentation into particles comparable with inter-mitochondrial cement (IMC). Fragments of IMC agglutinated some cell mitochondria and resulted in the creation of mitochondrial clusters. Clustered mitochondria responded with loss of their membranes that occurred by the twisting of membranous protrusions around themselves until multi-layered membranes were formed. The mitochondrial affinity of multi-layered membranes was proven by an immunopositive test for mitochondrial dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase. As a consequence of mitochondrial membrane twisting, the naked mitochondrial cores appeared and presumably underwent dispersion, which is the terminal stage of GPRS transformation. As no GPRS were observed in spermatids and sperm, it was assumed that these structures are functionally assigned to early stages of meiotic differentiation.
Metatranscriptomics of N2-fixing cyanobacteria in the Amazon River plume
Authors: Hilton Jason A , Satinsky Brandon M , Doherty Mary , Zielinski Brian , Zehr Jonathan P 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Biological N2 fixation is an important nitrogen source for surface ocean microbial communities. However, nearly all information on the diversity and gene expression of organisms responsible for oceanic N2 fixation in the environment has come from targeted approaches that assay only a small number of genes and organisms. Using genomes of diazotrophic cyanobacteria to extract reads from extensive meta-genomic and -transcriptomic libraries, we examined diazotroph diversity and gene expression from the Amazon River plume, an area characterized by salinity and nutrient gradients. Diazotroph genome and transcript sequences were most abundant in the transitional waters compared with lower salinity or oceanic water masses. We were able to distinguish two genetically divergent phylotypes within the Hemiaulus-associated Richelia sequences, which were the most abundant diazotroph sequences in the data set. Photosystem (PS)-II transcripts in Richelia populations were much less abundant than those in Trichodesmium, and transcripts from several Richelia PS-II genes were absent, indicating a prominent role for cyclic electron transport in Richelia. In addition, there were several abundant regulatory transcripts, including one that targets a gene involved in PS-I cyclic electron transport in Richelia. High sequence coverage of the Richelia transcripts, as well as those from Trichodesmium populations, allowed us to identify expressed regions of the genomes that had been overlooked by genome annotations. High-coverage genomic and transcription analysis enabled the characterization of distinct phylotypes within diazotrophic populations, revealed a distinction in a core process between dominant populations and provided evidence for a prominent role for noncoding RNAs in microbial communities.
Identification of tetrahydrocarbazoles as novel multifactorial drug candidates for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Honarnejad K , Daschner A , Gehring A P , Szybinska A , Giese A , Kuznicki J , Bracher F , Herms J 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder and the most frequent cause of dementia. To date, there are only a few approved drugs for AD, which show little or no effect on disease progression. Impaired intracellular calcium homeostasis is believed to occur early in the cascade of events leading to AD. Here, we examined the possibility of normalizing the disrupted calcium homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) store as an innovative approach for AD drug discovery. High-throughput screening of a small-molecule compound library led to the identification of tetrahydrocarbazoles, a novel multifactorial class of compounds that can normalize the impaired ER calcium homeostasis. We found that the tetrahydrocarbazole lead structure, first, dampens the enhanced calcium release from ER in HEK293 cells expressing familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD)-linked presenilin 1 mutations. Second, the lead structure also improves mitochondrial function, measured by increased mitochondrial membrane potential. Third, the same lead structure also attenuates the production of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides by decreasing the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase, without notably affecting α- and γ-secretase cleavage activities. Considering the beneficial effects of tetrahydrocarbazoles addressing three key pathological aspects of AD, these compounds hold promise for the development of potentially effective AD drug candidates.
The sigma-1 receptors are present in monomeric and oligomeric forms in living cells in the presence and absence of ligands
Authors: Mishra Ashish K. , Mavlyutov Timur , Singh Deo R. , Biener Gabriel , Yang Jay , Oliver Julie A. , Ruoho Arnold , Raicu Valerică 
Published: December 2014

The sigma-1 receptor (S1R) is a 223-amino-acid membrane protein that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane of some mammalian cells. The S1R is regulated by various synthetic molecules including (+)-pentazocine, cocaine and haloperidol and endogenous molecules such as sphingosine, dimethyltryptamine and dehydroepiandrosterone. Ligand-regulated protein chaperone functions linked to oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and neuropathic pain have been attributed to the S1R. Several client proteins that interact with S1R have been identified including various types of ion channels and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). When S1R constructs containing C-terminal monomeric GFP2 and YFP fusions were co-expressed in COS-7 cells and subjected to FRET spectrometry analysis, monomers, dimers and higher oligomeric forms of S1R were identified under non-liganded conditions. In the presence of the prototypic S1R agonist, (+)-pentazocine, however, monomers and dimers were the prevailing forms of S1R. The prototypic antagonist, haloperidol, on the other hand, favoured higher order S1R oligomers. These data, in sum, indicate that heterologously expressed S1Rs occur in vivo in COS-7 cells in multiple oligomeric forms and that S1R ligands alter these oligomeric structures. We suggest that the S1R oligomerization states may regulate its function(s).
Links that speak: The global language network and its association with global fame
Authors: Ronen Shahar , Gonçalves Bruno , Hu Kevin Z. , Vespignani Alessandro , Pinker Steven , Hidalgo César A. 
Published: December 2014

Significance
People have long debated about the global influence of languages. The speculations that fuel this debate, however, rely on measures of language importance—such as income and population—that lack external validation as measures of a language’s global influence. Here we introduce a metric of a language’s global influence based on its position in the network connecting languages that are co-spoken. We show that the connectivity of a language in this network, after controlling for the number of speakers of a language and their income, remains a strong predictor of a language’s influence when validated against two independent measures of the cultural content produced by a language’s speakers.
Absolute position total internal reflection microscopy with an optical tweezer
Authors: Liu Lulu , Woolf Alexander , Rodriguez Alejandro W. , Capasso Federico 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Total internal reflection microscopy is a low noise, minimally invasive, near surface particle-tracking technique widely used in physics and biology for the precise investigation of surface forces and interactions and fluorescent imaging of live cells and single molecules. In total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM), a particle is tracked, with nanometer precision, by the intensity of light it scatters from the evanescent field of a totally internally reflected beam of light. The present work introduces the first to our knowledge in situ, absolute position calibration method for TIRM (and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy), which has the potential to greatly expand its measurement capabilities and bring quantitative results to studies using this technique.
Asp48 function in the hydrogen-bonding network involving Asp52 of hen egg-white lysozyme
Authors: Kawaguchi Yuya , Yoneda Kazunari , Torikata Takao , Araki Tomohiro 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
To characterize the hydrogen-bonding network in lysozyme, we focused on the residue of Asp48 located at the active site in hen egg-white lysozyme. We constructed a mutant lysozyme (D48A) and analyzed using (GlcNAc)3 and chitin-affinity chromatography. The substrate binding of subsites D–F in D48A and the activity against (GlcNAc)5 were decreased. The parameters of substrate binding and rate constants obtained from computer simulations confirmed these changes. In the crystal structure, (GlcNAc)4 was located at the same position as wildtype. However, the side chains of Arg45 and Thr47 at subsites E–F were moved by the replacement. Further, the loss of the hydrogen bond between Asp48 and Ser50 changed the hydrogen-bonding network, and this resulted in an alteration of the side chain of Asn59. This result suggests that the hydrogen-bonding network plays a crucial in the function of Asp52 and of transglycosylation at subsites E–F.
The Effectiveness of Flow-Through or Static Copper Sulfate Treatments on the Survival of Golden Shiners and Fathead Minnows Infected with Flavobacterium columnare
Authors: Farmer Bradley D , Straus David L , Beck Benjamin H , Kelly Anita M 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Four studies were conducted to compare the effects of copper sulfate (CuSO4), when delivered in either a flow-through or a static system, on the survival of Golden Shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas and Fathead Minnows Pimephales promelas infected with Flavobacterium columnare. The treatment regimens were administered to fish in well water and were based on the recommended treatment rate (1% of alkalinity). Golden Shiners (experiments 1 and 3) and Fathead Minnows (experiments 2 and 4) were treated separately. In experiments 1 and 2, the treatment rate was 2.0 mg/L CuSO4 applied to a flow-through system daily for five consecutive days; control fish were untreated. Study durations were 7 d with the majority of the mortalities occurring in the first 5 d. Survival rates in the flow-through system were 77% and 69% for CuSO4-treated Golden Shiners and Fathead Minnows, respectively. Survival in both species was significantly different from that in their untreated control fish, which was 33% for Golden Shiners and 41% for Fathead Minnows. Static applications of CuSO4 were investigated in experiments 3 and 4. Treatment doses were 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/L (approximately 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 times the recommended rate). Survival of Fathead Minnows in this experiment was 10, 28, 52, 47, and 35% in the 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/L CuSO4 treatments, respectively. The corresponding survival of Golden Shiners was 49, 50, 65, 75, and 60% in the 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/L CuSO4 treatments, respectively.
Growth Performance of Hybrid Striped Bass, Rainbow Trout, and Cobia Utilizing Asian Carp Meal-Based Aquafeeds
Authors: Bowzer John , Trushenski Jesse 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Fish meal sparing is more difficult for nutritionally demanding carnivorous fishes, but economic considerations and the limited supply of fish meal continue to incentivize investigations of alternative protein sources for aquafeeds. A promising alternative to traditional, marine-origin fish meal is fish meal derived from undesirable freshwater species, such as the invasive Asian carp Hypophthalmichthys spp. To assess the relative value of such ingredients, we evaluated growth performance of juvenile hybrid Striped Bass (White Bass Morone chrysops × Striped Bass M. saxatilis; initial weight, 21.9 ± 0.2 g [mean ± SE]), Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (15.1 ± 0.2 g), and Cobia Rachycentron canadum (57.2 ± 0.5 g) reared for 8 weeks on practical diets containing different levels of menhaden fish meal (MFM), Asian carp meal (CFM), or a 50:50 blend of these ingredients such that 0, 20, 40, or 60% of the estimated digestible protein content was derived from fish meal. Growth performance was generally consistent across taxa, and weight gain tended to increase with fish meal inclusion, regardless of its origin. However, Cobia did perform better on CFM-based diets, suggesting that MFM or CFM can yield improved performance for some taxa or life stages, but these differences are likely to be marginal in most circumstances. We conclude CFM is a suitable and perhaps lower-cost alternative to MFM in feeds for carnivorous fishes.
The logical nature of Systemic-Functional Grammar and “grammatical logic”
Authors: Feng Zongxin 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In view of the close relationship between logical and grammatical studies in the history of linguistics, this paper highlights the logical nature of Systemic-Functional Grammar, which is characterized with “grammatical thinking” and based on “grammatical logic” rather than symbolic/mathematical logic. It discusses some of the essential characteristics of grammatical logic and concludes that such a naturally evolved logic parallels with, but is more accommodative and explanatory than, the artificially designed logic.
Case of Merkel cell carcinoma with squamous cell carcinoma possibly arising in chronic radiodermatitis of the hand
Authors: Ansai Shin‐ichi , Noro Sachiko , Ogita Azusa , Fukumoto Hitomi , Katano Harutaka , Kawana Seiji 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe report a case of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) on the dorsal aspect of the right middle finger associated with multiple squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) possibly arising in chronic radiation dermatitis of the hand of an 80‐year‐old surgeon. In spite of resection of the primary lesion and right axillary lymph nodes, he died of the tumor 5 months after the first visit. Cutaneous and lymph node lesions of MCC were negative for Merkel cell polyoma virus (MCPyV) by immunostaining using monoclonal antibody (CM2B4) and anti‐large T antigen of MCPyV polyclonal antibody, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Several differences in clinicopathological findings have been found between MCPyV‐positive cases and negative ones. Several authors have reported that MCPyV‐negative cases have a worse prognosis than MCPyV‐positive ones. Furthermore, in cases of MCC associated with SCC, most tumors have been reported to be MCPyV‐negative. We should pay more attention to the relationship between the carcinogenesis of MCC and ionizing irradiation.
Production Risks and Food Security under Alternative Technology Choices in Malawi: Application of a Multinomial Endogenous Switching Regression
Authors: Kassie Menale , Teklewold Hailemariam , Marenya Paswel , Jaleta Moti , Erenstein Olaf 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEmploying nationally representative data, we investigate the impact of Sustainable Intensification Practices (SIPs) on farm households’ food security, downside risk and the cost of risk in Malawi. The analysis relies on a flexible moment‐based specification of a stochastic production function in a multinomial endogenous switching regression framework to correct for the selection bias stemming both from observed and unobserved heterogeneity. A quantile moment approach is used to estimate the cost of risk. After controlling for the effects of unobserved heterogeneity and several observable variables on maize production and downside risk functions, estimation results show that the adoption ofSIPs increases food security and reduces downside risk exposure and the cost of risk. We estimate greater food security and larger reduction in downside risk from simultaneous adoption of both crop diversification (maize–legume intercropping and rotations) and minimum tillage, suggesting that there are complementary benefits from these practices. We find most of the cost of risk comes from exposure to downside risk. Our findings imply that in dealing with production risks development agents should encourage the adoption of agronomic and resource‐management practices along with other risk mitigation and food security improving strategies.