bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Background ophthalmological changes following subretinal injection in the brown Norway rat
Authors: Vezina M. , Li C. , Bussieres M. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to evaluate the background changes associated with transscleral subretinal injection in Brown Norway (BN) ratsMethodsFifteen BN rats received a bilateral transscleral subretinal injection of saline at a volume of 6 μL while under isoflurane anesthesia. The eyes were examined by slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope the day following injection and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 weeks post injectionResultsProcedure‐related changes included the following observations: Transient corneal opacities occurred in 16/30 eyes that were considered related to the anesthesia. Cataracts developed in 5/30 eyes associated with lens trauma at the time of dosing. Slight vitreous hemorrhages occurred post dose in 28/30 eyes, resolving in all but 2 eyes by 4 weeks. An area of focal depigmentation of the retina/choroid or white focal retinal opacity was seen at the needle insertion site at the retina in 22/30 eyes, resolving by 4 weeks for 13 eyes and persisting up to 12 weeks for the remaining 7. In the bleb itself, there were focal areas of irregular pigmentation in 13/30 eyes resolving in all but 2 eyes by week 4. The remaining 2 persisted up to week 12. This was considered secondary to the physical neuro‐retinal separation caused by the bleb formation. Slight retinal/choroidal hemorrhages were also seen at the injection site in most eyes up to week 4ConclusionsIn conclusion, transscleral subretinal injection in BN rats generally resulted in slight ocular trauma that resolved in most eyes by 4 weeks post injection. It is important to take these changes into account when designing the study and evaluating therapeutics administered by this dose route.
Efficacy of Dry Eye Disease Treatment based on the 2007 Report of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (DEWS)
Authors: Utheim O. , Ræder S. , Utheim T.P. , Eidet J.R. , Badian R. , Stojanovic A. , Chen X. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo assess the effect of dry eye disease (DED) treatment according to the guidelines reported by the International Dry Eye WorkShop (DEWS) in 2007.MethodsDry eye disease patients with or without meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), treated at the Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, with at least 6 months follow‐up time were consecutively included in the study. The choice of treatment for DED was based on the dry eye severity level (DESL), according to the 2007 Report of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (DEWS). The values of tear film break‐up time (TBUT), Schirmer I test, ocular surface staining (Oxford scale), and dry eye severity level (DESL) on the right eye at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after the treatment were compared with those prior to treatment.ResultsA total of 237 eyes were included. At 6 months follow‐up, TBUT increased from 5.07 ± 3.63 s to 8.54 ± 5.12 s (p < 0.001); Schirmer I test did not show significant change; ocular surface staining decreased from 1.64 ± 2.13 to 0.76 ± 1.20; and DESL decreased from 2.08 ± 0.47 to 1.72 ± 0.54 (p < 0.001). The improvement of TBUT, ocular surface staining, and DESL remained significant at 24 months follow‐up.ConclusionsTreatment based on the 2007 Report of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (DEWS) was effective in a Norwegian cohort of DED patients with significant improvement in key parameters for assessing DED.
New Parameter for Predicting the Postoperative IOL Position: Preoperative Lens Equator Depth measured By Three‐Dimentional Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Hwang K.Y. , Joo C.K. , Yoon G.Y. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo test the hypothesis that the preoperative crystalline lens equator depth (pre‐LED) measured by three‐dimensional anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an effective predictor of the postoperative anterior chamber depth (post‐ACD).MethodsThirty‐nine eyes that underwent phacoemulsification and implantation of a one‐piece, plate‐haptic intraocular lens between December 2013 and June 2014 were examined to develop the new algorithm for predicting the post‐ACD. The pre‐LED was defined as the depth from the back surface of central cornea to the line connecting the intersecting points between the anterior and posterior capsule intraoperatively using 3‐D OCT in Catalys (Abbott Medical Optics). The post‐ACD was measured by Pentacam (Oculus) in each case at 2 months postoperatively and was analyzed by multiple linear regression for covariance with preoperatively defined variables including the pre‐LED, lens thickness, lens vaulting measured by the OCT and the preoperative ACD (pre‐ACD) measured by the OCT and Pentacam.ResultsThe mean pre‐ACD, pre‐LED, AL, lens thickness and lens vaulting was 2.74 ± 0.50 mm (range, 1.75–3.36); 4.14 ± 0.35 mm (range, 3.36–5.91); 23.97 ± 1.37 mm (range, 21.89–27.63), 4.23 ± 0.46 mm (range, 3.01–5.12) and 1.42 ± 0.27 mm (range, 0.82–1.89). Single regression analysis showed significant correlations between the post‐ACD and pre‐LED, R2 = 0.468, P < 0.001; pre‐ACD, R2 = 0.379, P < 0.001) Using a new regression formula with the two most significant variables (pre‐LED and pre‐ACD), the post‐ACD can be predicted with an accuracy of 47.3%. In the prospective study, the postoperative ACD was predicted with a correlation coefficient of 0.696.ConclusionsThe crystalline lens equator depth may be a promising preoperative parameter to predict the postoperative IOL position.
Dexamethasone induced glaucoma as part of chemotherapy for T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma
Authors: Lockwood A.J. , Mitchell A. , Gray J. , May K. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo describe glaucoma after high dose corticosteroid chemotherapy in an 11‐year‐old girl.MethodsTopical steroids are well known to induce a rise in intraocular pressure, but responses to oral steroids are rare. We report a significant elevation in an 11‐year‐old girl following high dose dexamethasone treatment as part of her chemotherapy for T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma.ResultsSix days after initiation of her first cycle of chemotherapy including oral dexamethasone 4.5 mg bd she presented with headaches, photophobia and blurring of vision. Intraocular pressures IOP were 48 and 52 mm Hg in the right and left eye respectively. Control of IOP was achieved medically, although systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitor use necessitated admission to intensive care for renal support.ConclusionsVision threatening IOP rise may be a complication of high dose oral dexamethasone treatment. Routine screening of children undergoing this type of chemotherapy may be indicated.
Visual dysfunction and its correlation with retinal changes in patients with Parkinson disease
Authors: Satue M. , Rodrigo M.J. , Mateo A. , Otin S. , Bambo M.P. , Fuertes I. , Pablo L. , Garcia‐Martin E. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo evaluate visual dysfunction and its correlation with structural changes in the retina in patients with Parkinson disease (PD).MethodsPatients with PD (n = 37) and controls (n = 37) underwent visual acuity (VA), color vision (using the Farnsworth and L´Anthony desaturated D15 color tests), and contrast sensitivity vision (CSV; using the Pelli Robson chart and CSV 1000E test) evaluation to measure visual dysfunction. Structural measurements of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and macular and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thicknesses were obtained using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT). Comparison of obtained data and correlation analysis between functional and structural results were performed.ResultsVA (in all different contrast levels) and all CSV spatial frequencies were significantly worse in PD patients than in controls (P < 0.05). Color vision was significantly affected (p < 0.05) based on the L´Anthony color test. Macular thinning was detected in the central, outer (inferior and temporal), and superior sectors (p < 0.05), and the RNFL had significant thinning in the temporal quadrant (p < 0.05). Significant GCL loss was observed in the superior and superonasal sectors and the GCL + minimum inner plexiform layer (p < 0.05). CSV was the functional parameter most strongly correlated with structural measurements in PD. Color vision was associated with most GCL measurements. Macular thickness was strongly correlated with macular volume and functional parameters (r > 0.70, p < 0.05).ConclusionPatients with PD had visual dysfunction that correlated with structural changes evaluated by SD‐OCT. Macular and GCL measurements may be reliable indicators of visual impairment in PD patients.
Are we there yet?
Authors: Levin L.A. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryIt is the rare parent who has failed to hear the plaintive cry of their child asking “Are we there yet?” on a car trip to distant (or near) sites. Similarly, the field of translational research relevant to neuroprotection in glaucoma has asked the same question for more than a decade, perhaps silenced only by the blown cylinder of one famous failed trial. Meanwhile, basic and clinical science have continued to progress despite several potholes along the way. Now that the smoke has cleared and the engine retooled, we are able to see that we currently possess the tools for successfully carrying out trials in glaucoma neuroprotection. This talk will discuss why this is so, focusing on advances in detecting clinically relevant effects, improving the reliability of preclinical data, imaging sensitive biomarkers for “microprogression,” and managing the spread of variability associated with translational research. These recent developments will be used to make the argument that not only is the journey to neuroprotection nearing its completion, but it may even be time to start identifying a parking spot.
Age Macular Degeneration‐Lipidomic Study: Relevance and interest of Lipidomic study in screening, follow‐up and etiopathogeny of AMD
Authors: Gonzalez C. , Bertrand‐Michel J. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo evaluate the lipidomic study impact on AMD diagnosis, screening, etiopathogenie and interrelations, correlations between those 2 entitiesMethodsAMD:30 AMD patients. 3 Groups: A:10 first stage AMD patients, B:10 Atrophy AMD patients, C:10 Neovascular AMD patients. Ophthalmologic exam:ETDRS visual acuity (VA), complete ophthalmic examination, Fundus examination, autofluorescence imaging (FAF), optical coherence tomography (Spectral Domain OCT) and fluorescein angiography (FA) and ICG when Neovascular complication. Lipidomic Study:Blood tests and analysis, all lipids qualitative, quantitative analysis, all the same for all patients, whatever group. Blood test is done during ophthalmologic exam. Plasma congelation “snap frost” in liquid nitrogen after total blood centrifugation, then liquid‐liquid extraction for lipids analysis:neutral lipid by GC, as well as fatty acid but after BF3 methanol derivation, phospholipids by LC‐MS directly, as sphingolipids but firstly hydrolysed. Polyinsatured fatty acids metabolites preparation: protein precipitation then pre‐concentration by SPE (solid phase extraction) before m'analyses by LC‐MSResultsAnalysis will determine qualitative, quantitative lipids values in each patients group, each of them proportion, characterization, singularity; so, characterization, prevalence, specifics of and for each group. Lipidomic study'evaluation, identification, classification in AMD patients groups allow AMD screening, follow‐up, particularly according to AMD type and stage. Lipidomic study have biomarker feature, let AMD prevention, etiopathogenic concept.ConclusionsLipidomics study and so better AMD characterization allow better diagnosis, follow‐up, screening of AMD. Interrelations and correlations between AMD and Lipidomics lead to better etiopathogenie understanding and therapeutics prospects.
Differential molecular signature of ectatic and non‐ectatic areas from Keratoconus patient corneas
Authors: Pahuja N. , Rajiv Kumar N. , Shetty R. , Shroff R. , Ghosh A. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo evaluate if the gene expression profile of corneal epithelium from the cone area in Keratoconus (KC) differs from the peripheral non‐ectatic areas.Hypothesis: The ectasia in Keratoconic cornea is localized to the cone while the peripheral areas are apparently normal. Hence we hypothesized that within the cone of a KC patient cornea, the structural weakness may be a function of localized gene expression differencesMethodsStudy group contained 54 KC patients undergoing epithelium off corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) and 9 non‐ectatic subjects undergoing photo refractive keratectomy (PRK) as controls. The cone vs periphery distinction is based on keratometry and location of the cone based on elevation map. Using a 4.5 mm trephine centered on the cone, epithelium was scraped separately for cone and rest as periphery. In non‐ectatic controls, the central 4.5 mm area was taken as cone. Gene expression profiling was performed for each pair of cone and periphery samples by quantitative PCR.ResultsLysyl oxidase levels were significantly reduced in the cone of KC patients (p = 0.002). Structure related genes COL1 (p = 0.01) and COL4 (p = 0.008) were also reduced significantly in KC patient cones. The cytokines IL6, TGFβ and TNFα did show an increased trend; regulatory cytokine IL10 did not show significant trend. Matrix remodeler MMP9 showed an increasing trend at the cone while its inhibitor TIMP1 showed a reducing trend that was not significant(p = 0.09).ConclusionsEctasia in KC may be driven by local molecular factors at the cone that possibly spreads to other parts of cornea as disease progresses.
Corneal lenticules as an ex‐vivo model to study keratocyte biology
Authors: Shroff R. , Shetty R. , Kumar D. , Kumar S. , Pahuja N. , GHOSH A. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeKeratocytes show differential gene expression in culture media; and are extensively used to study wound healing, corneal disease biology and response to topical drugs. However, mono‐layer culture cannot replicate the 3‐dimensional biological environment of corneal stroma. Hence, we propose to establish corneal lenticule as an ex‐vivo model to study keratocyte biology for corneal diseases, drug response studies and in wound healing experiments.MethodsSMILE surgery was performed using the VisuMax femtosecond laser system (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany). After the refractive lenticule of intra‐stromal corneal tissue was created using the femtosecond cutting procedure, it was dissected and separated through the side‐cut opening and removed manually. SMILE lenticules from patients were obtained in MK media and were transferred to DMEM F12 with 10% FBS and 1% PSA. The media was replenished every 24 h and lenticules were harvested at 0, 24, 48, 78 and 96 h. Gene Expression analysis was performed for pro‐fibrotic genes (fibronectin, α‐sma, vimentin, TGF‐β and TGF‐βR2), pro‐inflammatory (IL‐6 and TNF‐α) and structural genes (Col1‐A1, Col4‐A1and Col5‐A1).ResultsOur results demonstrate that lenticules remain metabolically active in culture media for long periods of time as evident from the varying expression of different pro‐fibrotic, pro‐inflammatory and structural genes after 0, 24, 48, 78 and 96 h of culture. Furthermore, linear regression analyses show that clinical parameters like lenticule thickness do not affect the expression profile of the various genes by the keratocytes contained in the lenticule.ConclusionsIn conclusion, lenticule can be used as an ex‐vivo model to study keratocyte biology in various corneal diseases and for drug testing.
Dexamethasone Reverses the Effects of High Glucose on Human Retinal Endothelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Stewart E. , Saker S. , Amoaku W. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeDiabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the working population and its prevalence continues to increase as the worldwide prevalence of diabetes grows. The main cause of visual loss in diabetic eye disease is diabetic macular oedema caused by an increase in microvascular endothelial permeability. Endothelial cell permeability is influenced by multiple factors which have not been fully elucidated, particularly in human models. Inflammation has been reported in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and the potential use of anti‐inflammatory agents such as the glucocorticoid dexamethasone is being extensively studied.MethodsThe effect of high glucose (25 mM) and dexamethasone on retinal endothelial cell proliferation and permeability were assessed using Cell‐8 proliferation reagent and passage of Evan's blue albumin, respectively. qPCR was used to quantify gene expression of selected tight junction molecules (Occludin, Claudin‐5, JAM‐A and JAM‐C) and adheren junction (VE‐Cadherin) molecules with high glucose and dexamethasone.ResultsHigh glucose decreased endothelial cell proliferation and this effect was reversed by dexamethasone. High glucose conditions significantly increased endothelial cell permeability and this effect was decreased with dexamethasone treatment for 24 and 72 hours. In retinal endothelial cell exposed to high glucose claudin‐5, occludin and JAM‐A gene expression were reduced and that of JAM‐C increased when evaluated with qPCR; dexamethasone was effective in partially reversing these changes.ConclusionsDexamethasone reverses high glucose induced alterations in retinal endothelial cell behaviour.
Homonymous hemimacular thinning in retrochiasmal lesions
Authors: Cunha J.P. , Proença R. , Dias‐Santos A. , Vicente A. , Anjos R. , Costa L. , Cardigos J. , Ferreira J. , Amado D. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo evaluate the thickness of macular retina and determine which retinal layers are most affected by retrochiasmal visual pathways lesions.MethodsMean retinal thickness utilizing automated intraretinal layer segmentation of spectral domain optical coherence tomography scans was performed in 40 eyes of 40 patients with retrochiasmal visual pathways lesions and compared with 60 eyes of control subjects. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between retinal thickness and follow‐up, age and gender.ResultsGanglion cell and inner plexiform layer was thinner in the temporal hemiretina ipsilateral and in the nasal hemiretina contralateral than in healthy controls.The mean thickness was significantly reduced in lesions over 6 months of duration, with no differences in correlations with age or gender.ConclusionsThis study demonstrate ganglion cell and inner plexiform thinning in the hemimacular area. These results support the concept that transneuronal retrograde degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells can be detected by OCT in humans with retrochiasmal visual pathways lesions.This homonymous hemimacular thinning in OCT represents an imaging biomarker that can be of valu in diagnosis, prognosis and clinical trials of neuroprotectives therapies.
Anterior chamber and refractive parameters in diabetic patients according to metabolic status
Authors: Costa L. , Cardigos J. , Vicente A. , Borges B. , Ferreira J. , Cunha J.P. , Amado D. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeDiabetes Mellitus is associated with changes in refractive parameters. Some aspects already studied were the corneal biomechanics and lens thickness. Although, the discussion about anterior chamber angle and depth is still open.The author objective was to analyze and correlate the anterior chamber depth, lens vault and lens thickness with disease duration and metabolic status.MethodsProspective case‐control study. The anterior chamber and refractive parameters were studied using the Visante OCT and the differences between diabetic patients with metabolic control and disease stability were determined (group 1), without (group 2) and group‐control (3). The metabolic control is based on HbA1c levels. The cut‐off considered was 7%.ResultsA total of 64 patients were evaluated (group 1 – n = 21; group 2 – n = 20; group 3 – n = 23). The mean age was 64.32 ± 7.55 years and approximately 5 years of disease duration. In both groups of diabetic patients we found thicker lens, narrow anterior chamber and higher lens vault compared to control group. There was a difference between diabetic groups exists, but it was not statistically significant.ConclusionsThe anterior chamber angle and lens vault are influenced by the serum glucose levels. Further studies will be necessary to clarify the physiopathology mechanism responsible for the anterior segment modifications.
Combustion Based Synthesis of AlN Nanoparticles Using a Solid Nitrogen Promotion Reaction
Authors: Nersisyan Hayk H. , Yoo Bung Uk , Lee Tae Hyuk , Lee Jong Hyeon 
Published: September 2015

Combustion based synthesis of AlN nanoparticles using the “solid nitrogen” promotion reaction was investigated in Al2O3 + 3Mg system in nitrogen atmosphere. A controlled amount of Mg + 0.5NH4Cl mixture as a solid source of nitrogen was blended with the Al2O3 + 3Mg starting system and the synthesis reaction of AlN nanoparticles was conducted using the exothermic heat of the entire reaction system. The resulting AlN nanoparticles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), PL spectroscopy, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area techniques. The analysis results confirmed that single phase and crystalline AlN nanoparticles with an average size of 50–500 nm were obtained from the developed approach. Photoluminescence spectra of AlN nanopowders under the excitation of 230–270 nm UV light revealed that AlN emits yellow‐red light having a wavelength near to 590 nm. The chemistry of the combustion process is discussed and the basic reactions that led to the formation of AlN are presented.
Evidence for multiple founding lineages and genetic admixture in the evolution of species within an oceanic island weevil (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) super‐radiation
Authors: Faria Christiana M. A. , Machado Antonio , Amorim Isabel R. , Gage Matthew J. G. , Borges Paulo A. V. , Emerson Brent C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimTo infer colonization and speciation history for a closely related complex of nine species within the enigmatic Canary Island Laparocerus weevil radiation of 128 species. Using molecular dating and the spatial and temporal context that islands provide, we evaluate the possible explanations of incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow for the origin of shared genetic variation among species from different islands.LocationCanary Islands (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro).MethodsWe collected a total of 173 specimens from 37 sites distributed across the four islands. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial (COII) and nuclear (ITS2) sequence data and molecular dating techniques were used to infer the origin of the group in the archipelago and their history of colonization and differentiation.ResultsGran Canaria appeared to be the geographical origin of the complex. An unexpected result was that mtDNA revealed each of the single species on La Palma and El Hierro to be the product of more than one colonization event from more than one source island. In both cases nuclear ITS2 data revealed these multiple colonizations to have been followed by admixture.Main conclusionsThe two gene trees present very different topologies, with a rather simple colonization history required to explain the pattern of nuclear gene relationships, while the mtDNA gene tree implicates a much more complex history of colonization. Explanations of incomplete lineage sorting are ruled out and a history of colonization and speciation for the L. tessellatus complex involving genetic admixture is inferred.