bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in codon-pair bias of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 have profound effects on virus replication in cell culture
Authors: Martrus Gloria , Nevot Maria , Andres Cristina , Clotet Bonaventura , Martinez Miguel Angel 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has a biased nucleotide composition different from human genes. This raises the question of how evolution has chosen the nucleotide sequence of HIV-1 that is observed today, or to what extent the actual encoding contributes to virus replication capacity, evolvability and pathogenesis. Here, we applied the previously described synthetic attenuated virus engineering (SAVE) approach to HIV-1.

Results
Using synonymous codon pairs, we rationally recoded and codon pair–optimized and deoptimized different moieties of the HIV-1 gag and pol genes. Deoptimized viruses had significantly lower viral replication capacity in MT-4 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Varying degrees of ex vivo attenuation were obtained, depending upon both the specific deoptimized region and the number of deoptimized codons. A protease optimized virus carrying 38 synonymous mutations was not attenuated and displayed a replication capacity similar to that of the wild-type virus in MT-4 cells and PBMCs. Although attenuation is based on several tens of nucleotide changes, deoptimized HIV-1 reverted to wild-type virulence after serial passages in MT-4 cells. Remarkably, no reversion was observed in the optimized virus.

Conclusion
These data demonstrate that SAVE is a useful strategy to phenotypically affect the replicative properties of HIV-1.
Adequacy of ovarian diathermy under ultrasound control: an experimental model
Authors: Pimentel Anita Mylius , Kliemann Lucia Maria , Brum Daniela dos Santos , Leivas Fábio Gallas , Sanches Paulo Roberto Stefani , Capp Edison , Corleta Helena von Eye 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
To develop a minimally invasive ovarian cauterization technique under transvaginal ultrasound control and evaluate the safety and feasability of monopolar cauterization to cause ovarian injury using female cattle of reproductive age as an experimental model.

Method
Experimental study in a university research center was performed. Eleven female bovines of reproductive age were submitted to monopolar transvaginal ovarian cauterization. The right ovary (RO) was punctured at four sites and 40 W was applied for 5 s at each point, resulting in a total of 800 J (Joules) of thermal energy. In the left ovary (LO), the procedure was similar, with the same time and 80 W, resulting in a thermal energy of 1600 J. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions were assessed.

Results
Of 22 ovaries punctured, 20 were cauterized and exhibited macroscopic and typical microscopic lesions. No lesions could be found in the needle path. The measures of the areas of microscopic electrocautery lesions calculated estimating a cylindrical volume showed a median of 1.12% in the right ovary and 1.65% in the left ovary. When the estimate was calculated by spherical shape, the medians were 1.77% in the right ovary and 3.06% in the left ovary. There was a statistically significant difference in these two estimates (sphere, p = 0.008; cylinder, p = 0.021).

Conclusion
The experimental animal model described for transvaginal ultrasound-guided ovarian needle cauterization seems to be feasible. The ovaries were successfully cauterized without injuries in needle path and more energy resulted in significantly more thermal lesion. The safety and effectiveness of this technique, theoretically less invasive than current ovarian drilling methods, could be tested in anovulatory women with PCOS.
Comparison between Ag (I) and Ni (II) removal from synthetic nuclear power plant coolant water by iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Salmani Mohammad Hossein , Ehrampoush Mohammad Hassan , Aboueian -Jahromi Mohaddeseh , Askarishahi Mohsen 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The impact of effective parameters such as iron oxide nanoparticles dosage, contact time and solution pH was optimized for removal of Ag(I) and Ni(II) in the nuclear cooling system and the best conditions were compared. Nearly complete removal (97%) of Ni(II) and Ag(I) were obtained at adsorbent dosage of 40 and 20 g/L, respectively. Experiments showed that 4 hours was a good choice as optimum contact time for two ions removal. The effective parameter was pH, so that maximum removal efficiency was obtained for Ag(I) in acidic pH=3 and for Ni(II) in basic pH=10. It seems that removal of Ag(I) was controlled by adsorption-reduction mechanism, but Ni(II) could place only adsorption. Langmuir and Freundlich model was more suitable for nickel and silver removal by this adsorbent, respectively. Ag(I) and Ni(II) removal efficiency trend by this adsorbent is similar at periods but different in the concentrations, pHs and equilibrium model. The obtained results were very promising, as both Ag(I) and Ni(II) were effectively removed from synthetic wastewater and there was a possibility to remove Ag(I) very fast. Hence, the idea of using nanoparticles for application of metal ions removal from wastewaters seems to be very efficient and quite promising.
Influence of cheek support on respiratory impedance measured by forced oscillation technique
Authors: Uchida Akemi , Ito Satoru , Suki Béla , Matsubara Hiroki , Hasegawa Yoshinori 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The forced oscillation technique (FOT) is a useful tool to assess respiratory resistance and reactance during tidal breathing in patients with respiratory diseases, specifically asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Although the FOT has been clinically used, results of respiratory impedance can be affected by various factors such as upper airway artifact. We investigated the effects of cheek support on respiratory resistance and reactance measured by a commercially available FOT equipment MostGraph-01. Respiratory resistance at 20 Hz (R20) with support of the cheeks was significantly higher than those without the cheek support in healthy subjects. Two different cheek support protocols, support of the cheeks by subjects themselves and an operator, were compared in healthy volunteers and patients with respiratory diseases. The cheek support protocols significantly affected respiratory resistance at 5 Hz (R5) and reactance at 5 Hz (X5) in the patient group but not in the healthy subjects. Moreover, for X5, there was a significant interaction between cheek support protocols (by a subject or operator) and groups (healthy or diseased). In conclusion, during impedance measurements using the FOT, application of cheek support either by subjects or the operator is recommended to reduce upper airway artifacts, however, results obtained by two protocols may be different in patients with respiratory diseases. Contribution of the chest wall and position of the arms to the mechanical properties should be carefully considered in physiological studies in which the FOT is attempted.
In Situ Synthesis and Photocatalytic Property of Bismuth Nanocrystal-filled Carbon Tubes
Authors: Tuerdi Ailijiang , Chen Pei , Zhao Fengqi , Fan Xuezhong , Chen Xinbing , An Zhongwei 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
A facile in situ template carbonization method was developed to prepare bismuth nanocrystal-filled carbon nanotubes (Bi–CNTs). The resultant Bi–CNTs exhibited high photoactivity for the Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation under UV irradiation, and the degradation efficiency was up to 96.6% after 120 min. It was proposed that the surface plasma resonance of Bi nanocrystals may be related to photocatalytic activity of Bi–CNTs under UV irradiation.
Advising Implications of Undergraduates' Motivations for Entering the Accounting Profession
Authors: Hurt Robert L. , Barro Frank 
Published: July 2013

The accounting profession is in a state of flux— some might even say crisis. Recent ethical lapses, such as the Enron debacle, have called into question the professionalism of a few, tainting the reputation of many accountants. In this study, we examined the attitudes of accounting students at a comprehensive public university at the beginning and end of the curriculum. Results showed that both groups are motivated to become accountants by the desire to make money rather than by a desire to serve the public. We discuss advising implications of these attitudes, pointing out actions faculty and professional advisors can take to influence students' reasons for entering the accounting profession.
Relative emphasis: * practice, theory, research
Essential Functions of Academic Advising: What Students Want and Get
Authors: Smith Cathleen L. , Allen Janine M. 
Published: July 2013

We designed this study to understand academic advising at an urban university from diverse student perspectives. Based on a review of the advising literature, we identified 12 functions of academic advising and surveyed 2,100 undergraduates to address the following questions: Which of these advising functions are most important to students? How satisfied are students with the advising they receive on these functions? Do student characteristics impact importance and satisfaction ratings? Results show that students rated all functions as highly important, but satisfaction with advising was not commensurate with the importance students attached to it. In general, student characteristics (gender, ethnicity, financial need, age/cohort, enrollment status, and class level) influenced perceived importance of, but not satisfaction with, advising functions.Relative emphasis: *theory, research, practice
Academic Advising as Perceived by Business Students
Authors: Hsu Margaretha , Bailey April E. 
Published: July 2013

Business students' perceptions concerning several academic advising resources are presented. Using a Likert scale, students evaluated resources such as their academic advisor, course instructors, staffs, friends, and parents as well as the university catalog and the Foundations of Business Administration (FBA) course. Selected demographic information was also collected. Results show that students ranked the FBA course, which provides an overview of an individual's 4-year study plan, as the most helpful. The course instructors and academic advisors were ranked second and fourth, respectively. Enrollment status, declared major, and gender were related to students' views on some advising resources, but transfer status was not. Moreover, we found some connection between the effectiveness of advising resources perceived by students and the students' developmental stages.
Relative Emphasis: practice, research, theory
Frequent Major Changing: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors
Authors: Firmin Michael W. , MacKillop Lisa M. 
Published: July 2013

Twenty undergraduates participated in individual, semi-structured interviews concerning their decisions to change majors. We found three common extrinsic and three intrinsic factors related to their decisions. Extrinsic factors included parents who were supportive but not meaningfully directive, lack of familial external guidance, and lack of knowledge concerning chosen majors and future careers. Intrinsic factors included students' difficulty making long-term decisions, desires for a major that meshed well with their personal interests, and satisfaction with majors that met those requirements.
Relative Emphasis: research, practice, theory
ON THE IDEAL OF MENTORSHIP
Authors: Wilcox Joel F. 
Published: July 2013

The author's note on this article is as follows: “I have been looking for ways to bring the humanities more into discussions of advising. Mentorship seemed a likely way, it having grown out of my long-term interest in the use of dialectic in advising conversation (and a long-term interest in Plato). Even I am not so eccentric as to try a paper on dialectic and advising, but mentorship afforded a convenient jumping-off point, even if I may have been jumping in a direction different from everyone else!”
This article began as a formal presentation which, according to the author, was “warmly received,” and elicited the following comment: “Thank you for reminding us that what we sometimes think we have been doing for only about 10 years has been going on for 2500.”
The role of the posterior cruciate ligament in total knee replacement
Authors: Ritter M. A. , Davis K. E. , Meding J. B. , Farris A. 
Published: July 2013

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) retention, PCL recession, and PCL excision during cruciate-retaining total knee replacement.MethodsA total of 3018 anatomic graduated component total knee replacements were examined; 1846 of these retained the PCL, 455 PCLs were partially recessed, and in 717 the PCL was completely excised from the back of the tibia.ResultsClinical scores between PCL groups favored excision for flexion (p < 0.0001), and recession and retention for stairs (p < 0.0001). There was a mild difference in long-term all-cause aseptic survivorship between PCL-retained (96.4% at 15 years) combined with PCL-recessed groups (96.6% at 15 years) when compared with the PCL-excised group (95.0% at 15 years) (p = 0.0411, Wilcoxon; p = 0.0042, log-rank), as well as tibial or femoral loosening, which reported prosthesis survival of 97.8% at 15 years for PCL-retained knees, 98.2% for recessed knees, and 96.4% for excised knees (p = 0.0934, Wilcoxon; p = 0.0202, log-rank).ConclusionsDespite some trade-off in clinical performance, if the PCL is detached at the time of operation, conversion to a posterior-stabilised prosthesis may not be necessarily required as long as stability in the anteroposterior and coronal planes is achieved.
The first tarsometatarsal joint and its association with hallux valgus
Authors: Mason L. W. , Tanaka H. 
Published: July 2013

IntroductionThe aetiology of hallux valgus is almost certainly multifactoral. The biomechanics of the first ray is a common factor to most. There is very little literature examining the anatomy of the proximal metatarsal articular surface and its relationship to hallux valgus deformity.MethodsWe examined 42 feet from 23 specimens in this anatomical dissection study.ResultsThis analysis revealed three distinct articular subtypes. Type 1 had one single facet, type 2 had two distinct articular facets, and type 3 had three articular facets one of which was a lateral inferior facet elevated from the first. Type 1 joints occurred exclusively in the hallux valgus specimens, while type 3 joints occurred exclusively in normal specimens. Type 2 joints occurred in both hallux valgus and normal specimens. Another consistent finding in regards to the proximal articular surface of the first metatarsal was the lateral plantar prominence. This prominence possessed its own articular surface in type 3 joints and was significantly flatter in specimens with hallux valgus (p < 0.001) and the angle with the joint was significantly more obtuse (p < 0.001).ConclusionsWe believe the size and acute angle of this prominence gives structural mechanical impedance to movement at the tarsometatarsal joint and thus improves the stability.
Osteoinduction by combining bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 with a bioactive novel nanocomposite
Authors: Sharma A. , Meyer F. , Hyvonen M. , Best S. M. , Cameron R. E. , Rushton N. 
Published: July 2013

Objectives There is increasing application of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) owing to their role in promoting fracture healing and bone fusion. However, an optimal delivery system has yet to be identified. The aims of this study were to synthesise bioactive BMP-2, combine it with a novel α-tricalcium phosphate/poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (α-TCP/PLGA) nanocomposite and study its release from the composite. Methods BMP-2 was synthesised using an Escherichia coli expression system and purified. In vitro bioactivity was confirmed using C2C12 cells and an alkaline phosphatase assay. The modified solution-evaporation method was used to fabricate α-TCP/PLGA nanocomposite and this was characterised using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Functionalisation of α-TCP/PLGA nanocomposite by adsorption of BMP-2 was performed and release of BMP-2 was characterised using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Alkaline phosphatase activity of C2C12 cells was increased by the presence of all BMP-2/nanocomposite discs compared with the presence of a blank disc (p = 0.0022), and increased with increasing incubation concentrations of BMP-2, showing successful adsorption and bioactivity of BMP-2. A burst release profile was observed for BMP-2 from the nanocomposite. Conclusions Functionalisation of α-TCP/PLGA with BMP-2 produced osteoinduction and was dose-dependent. This material therefore has potential application as an osteoinductive agent in regenerative medicine.
Superior accuracy of model-based radiostereometric analysis for measurement of polyethylene wear
Authors: Stilling M. , Kold S. , de Raedt S. , Andersen N. T. , Rahbek O. , Søballe K. 
Published: July 2013

Objectives The accuracy and precision of two new methods of model-based radiostereometric analysis (RSA) were hypothesised to be superior to a plain radiograph method in the assessment of polyethylene (PE) wear. Methods A phantom device was constructed to simulate three-dimensional (3D) PE wear. Images were obtained consecutively for each simulated wear position for each modality. Three commercially available packages were evaluated: model-based RSA using laser-scanned cup models (MB-RSA), model-based RSA using computer-generated elementary geometrical shape models (EGS-RSA), and PolyWare. Precision (95% repeatability limits) and accuracy (Root Mean Square Errors) for two-dimensional (2D) and 3D wear measurements were assessed. Results The precision for 2D wear measures was 0.078 mm, 0.102 mm, and 0.076 mm for EGS-RSA, MB-RSA, and PolyWare, respectively. For the 3D wear measures the precision was 0.185 mm, 0.189 mm, and 0.244 mm for EGS-RSA, MB-RSA, and PolyWare respectively. Repeatability was similar for all methods within the same dimension, when compared between 2D and 3D (all p > 0.28). For the 2D RSA methods, accuracy was below 0.055 mm and at least 0.335 mm for PolyWare. For 3D measurements, accuracy was 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, and 0.3 mm for EGS-RSA, MB-RSA and PolyWare respectively. PolyWare was less accurate compared with RSA methods (p = 0.036). No difference was observed between the RSA methods (p = 0.10). Conclusions For all methods, precision and accuracy were better in 2D, with RSA methods being superior in accuracy. Although less accurate and precise, 3D RSA defines the clinically relevant wear pattern (multidirectional). PolyWare is a good and low-cost alternative to RSA, despite being less accurate and requiring a larger sample size.
Chronological changes in the collagen-type composition at tendon–bone interface in rabbits
Authors: Tabuchi K. , Soejima T. , Kanazawa T. , Noguchi K. , Nagata K. 
Published: July 2013

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate chronological changes in the collagen-type composition at tendon–bone interface during tendon–bone healing and to clarify the continuity between Sharpey-like fibres and inner fibres of the tendon. Methods Male white rabbits were used to create an extra-articular bone–tendon graft model by grafting the extensor digitorum longus into a bone tunnel. Three rabbits were killed at two, four, eight, 12 and 26 weeks post-operatively. Elastica van Gieson staining was used to colour 5 µm coronal sections, which were examined under optical and polarised light microscopy. Immunostaining for type I, II and III collagen was also performed. Results Sharpey-like fibres comprised of type III collagen in the early phase were gradually replaced by type I collagen from 12 weeks onwards, until continuity between the Sharpey-like fibres and inner fibres of the tendon was achieved by 26 weeks. Conclusions Even in rabbits, which heal faster than humans, an observation period of at least 12 to 26 weeks is required, because the collagen-type composition of the Sharpey-like fibre bone–tendon connection may have insufficient pullout strength during this period. These results suggest that caution is necessary when permitting post-operative activity in humans who have undergone intra-bone tunnel grafts.
Refixation of osteochondral fractures by ultrasound-activated, resorbable pins
Authors: Neumann H. , Schulz A. P. , Gille J. , Klinger M. , Jürgens C. , Reimers N. , Kienast B. 
Published: July 2013

ObjectivesOsteochondral injuries, if not treated adequately, often lead to severe osteoarthritis. Possible treatment options include refixation of the fragment or replacement therapies such as Pridie drilling, microfracture or osteochondral grafts, all of which have certain disadvantages. Only refixation of the fragment can produce a smooth and resilient joint surface. The aim of this study was the evaluation of an ultrasound-activated bioresorbable pin for the refixation of osteochondral fragments under physiological conditions.MethodsIn 16 Merino sheep, specific osteochondral fragments of the medial femoral condyle were produced and refixed with one of conventional bioresorbable pins, titanium screws or ultrasound-activated pins. Macro- and microscopic scoring was undertaken after three months.ResultsThe healing ratio with ultrasound-activated pins was higher than with conventional pins. No negative heat effect on cartilage has been shown.ConclusionAs the material is bioresorbable, no further surgery is required to remove the implant. MRI imaging is not compromised, as it is with implanted screws. The use of bioresorbable pins using ultrasound is a promising technology for the refixation of osteochondral fractures.
Mobile- versus fixed-bearing modern total knee replacements – which is the more patella-friendly design?
Authors: Wyatt M. C. , Frampton C. , Horne J. G. , Devane P. 
Published: July 2013

Objectives Our study aimed to examine if a mobile-bearing total knee replacement (TKR) offered an advantage over fixed-bearing designs with respect to rates of secondary resurfacing of the patella in knees in which it was initially left unresurfaced. Methods We examined the 11-year report of the New Zealand Joint Registry and identified all primary TKR designs that had been implanted in > 500 knees without primary resurfacing of the patella. We examined how many of these were mobile-bearing, fixed-bearing cruciate-retaining and fixed-bearing posterior-stabilised designs. We assessed the rates of secondary resurfacing of the patella for each group and constructed Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Results Our study showed a significantly higher rate of revision for secondary resurfacing of the patella in the fixed-bearing posterior-stabilised TKR designs compared with either fixed-bearing cruciate-retaining or mobile-bearing designs (p = 0.001 and p = 0.036, respectively). Conclusions This New Zealand Registry study shows that during the last 11 years, revision procedures to resurface an unresurfaced patella in primary TKR occurred at a higher rate in fixed-bearing posterior-stabilised designs.