bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining Migration Policy: Historical Perspectives
Authors: Reimers David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article offers a historical perspective on the U.S. immigration debate and the evolution of its immigration policy. The first controversies over immigration occurred during the French Revolution, when Federalist anxiety about French immigrants caused the U.S. Congress to lengthen the naturalization period and radically restrict immigrant civil rights, and when concern about Haitian immigration prompted the first racial restrictions in U.S. immigration law, limiting naturalization to “free white persons.” The federal government mainly left migration to the states during the nineteenth century and many state policies were focused on immigrant recruitment during this period, including in particular efforts by southern states after the Civil War to recruit European immigrants to boost their white populations. Immigration rates plunged during the Great Depression and World War II, but then the pendulum began to swing the other way, beginning with the creation of a quota for Chinese immigrants during the war, followed by quotas for Indians and Filipinos and, with the passage of the McCarran–Walter Act in 1952, quotas for the rest of Asia, still at levels far below those of European countries. It was not until 1965 that Congress passed the Hart–Celler Act, finally establishing a universal rule for immigrant admissions—a change that contributed to dramatic and largely unexpected increases in migration inflows from Asia and Latin America. Finally, the contemporary immigration system also has been shaped by refugee flows from Vietnam and Central America and by surging unauthorized immigration since the 1970s.
An Enduring Dilemma: Immigration and Organized Labor in Western Europe and the United States
Authors: Fine Janice , Tichenor Daniel J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article compares Fine and Tichenor's research on the United States to scholarly treatments of labor movements in the European Union and uses these accounts to examine the ways that shifting labor market structures, immigration flows, national attitudes toward specific immigrant groups, and the disposition of the state toward unions have contributed to the positions on immigration adopted by national labor movements. It begins with a brief historical and policy overview highlighting the dilemmas that labor immigration has posed for labor movements in Western Europe and the United States. The next section provides a summary of the major immigration policy debates and labor's policy stances in the post-World War II period in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and discusses the most important factors that seem to have influenced labor's evolving stance in each country. Although labor movements in each of the three countries have their own unique historical dynamics, all follow a similar arc of early hostility to migration, emergence of internal divisions, and important reversals on key policy questions that eventually lead to pro-immigration positions.
Stress, Coping, and Health
Authors: Carver Charles S. , Vargas Sara 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter addresses the confluence of two sets of processes—stress and coping—as they come to bear on health. It first addresses the following questions: What defines the experience of stress? What defines coping? What sorts of distinctions among coping responses are useful, or even necessary? Finally, how do processes of stress and coping interweave to influence health? Addressing this last question entails confronting at least two further issues: What boundaries must be placed around the construct of “health,” and by what pathways might health be affected by stress and coping? After considering these issues, the chapter describes selected evidence from several areas of research on how stress and coping influence health.
Social Comparison Processes: Implications for Physical Health
Authors: Suls Jerry 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSocial comparisons in the physical health domain can serve several motives, including self-evaluation, self-enhancement, and the finding of common bonds. Comparisons may be made with actual people, media role models, or with implicit “created-in-the-head” norms. Such norms, including the false consensus effect and unrealistic optimism, can undermine health-promotive practices. Comparisons also affect the interpretation of ambiguous somatic changes that might be indicative of physical illness. Symptom appraisal via comparison is discussed in the context of the lay referral network and mass psychogenic illness. Experiencing acute or chronic illness produces uncertainty and threat, which elicit both self-evaluation and self-enhancement motives. These instigate comparisons, leading to assimilation or contrast with better- or worse-off or more knowledgeable targets. Implications of social comparison research and theory for public health campaigns and medical practice are discussed.
Transplantation
Authors: Dew Mary Amanda , DiMartini Andrea F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the health psychology of organ transplantation and the relevance of this field to the broader study of psychological issues in chronic disease. It begins with an overview of the evolution and prevalence of transplantation, and describes the time-line of events that typically occur as patients and prospective living organ donors advance through the transplantation process. Evidence regarding ethnic, gender-related, and other disparities in access to and availability of organ transplantation is reviewed, and strategies undertaken to reduce these disparities are described. Then, from the perspective of the individual transplant recipient, his or her family caregiver, and the living donor, the chapter discusses stressors and psychological and behavioral outcomes associated with each phase of the transplantation (and organ donation) process. General quality of life, mental health, and medical adherence are considered. Intervention strategies to improve these outcomes are discussed. The chapter lists important questions to guide future research.
Health Behavior Change
Authors: Schwarzer Ralf 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAn overview of theoretical constructs and mechanisms of health behavior change is provided, based on a self-regulation framework that makes a distinction between goal setting and goal pursuit. Risk perception, outcome expectancies, and task self-efficacy are seen as predisposing factors in the goal setting phase (motivational phase), whereas planning, action control, and maintenance/recovery self-efficacy are regarded as influential in the goal pursuit phase (volitional phase). The first phase leads to forming an intention, and the second phase leads to actual behavior change. Such a mediator model serves to explain social-cognitive processes in health behavior change. Adding a second layer on top of it, a moderator model is provided in which three stages are distinguished to segment the audience for tailored interventions. Identifying persons as preintenders, intenders, or actors offers an opportunity to match theory-based treatments to specific target groups. Research examples serve to illustrate the application of the model to health promotion.
The Perception of Health Risks
Authors: Renner Britta , Schupp Harald 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter first examines how risk experts and nonexperts construe health risks and indicates systematic differences between the lay and expert risk estimates. Second, it analyzes the difference between general risk perceptions and personal risk perceptions, with particular emphasis on typical biases in personal risk perceptions, such as the optimistic bias and differences in personal risk perceptions across the lifespan. Third, it examines how people respond to health risk information indicating that they are at risk by highlighting the question of whether the core motivational fabric of reactions toward personalized risk information is made up of self-defensive or adaptive strivings.
Physical Activity and Health: Current Research Trends and Critical Issues
Authors: Wilson Dawn K. , Zarrett Nicole , Kitzman-Ulrich Heather 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe field of health psychology may offer unique theoretical and practical approaches for promoting physically active lifestyle changes. This chapter addresses relevant theoretical mediating and moderating factors ranging from cognitive, emotional, and physical to social and environmental influences on improving physical activity (PA) across the lifespan. It highlights the critical need for theoretically driven research that focuses on understanding mediational factors that may explain behavior and behavior change processes. It also focuses on understanding the balance between conducting science-based research using randomized controlled trials (RCTs) versus the need for involving communities in more participatory research for improving community engagement. In addition, it highlights the need for incorporating a developmental perspective and outlines key issues relevant to understanding PA behavior across the lifespan.
Dispositional Optimism, Psychophysiology, and Health
Authors: Segerstrom Suzanne C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDispositional optimism—the belief that the future generally holds positive but not negative events—appears to confer widespread benefit in terms of psychosocial well-being. An important question is whether this advantage extends to biological functions, such as immune activity, and to physical health. Although several studies have examined this question, the answer is still obscure. Amid studies demonstrating a physiological or health benefit to being more dispositionally optimistic are a substantial number of null findings. This chapter reviews these studies and considers why optimism is not more consistently associated with lower blood pressure, higher immune function, and lower morbidity and mortality.
Health and Social Relationships in Nonhuman Primates: Toward a Comparative Health Psychology
Authors: Capitanio John P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHumans are not the only creatures that show rich and complex social relationships, nor are they the only creatures for whom health is a significant concern. A comparative approach to the study of social relationships and health is taken in the present chapter, with a focus on research conducted with nonhuman primates. Ecological, evolutionary, and mechanistic studies of monkeys, from both field and laboratory, are described. Characteristics of social relationships as studied by primatologists are discussed, and the roles of three such characteristics (complementarity [social dominance], “meshing” [social buffering], and stability) on endocrine, immune, and disease-related endpoints (including simian immunodeficiency virus [SIV] infection, atherosclerosis, and parasite abundance), are reviewed. Finally, several questions for future research are suggested.
Clinical Personality Assessment: History, Evolution, Contemporary Models, and Practical Applications
Authors: Butcher James N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis book provides a comprehensive view of the field of personality assessment from its historical roots to the major, methodological issues defining the field and that have led to numerous approaches and applications, and to the broad range of assessment techniques available today. One can find throughout history an awareness of the importance of evaluating personality and character using observation and other means of acquiring information on which to make such decisions. The modern era for personality assessment began in late-nineteenth-century England with the work of Sir Francis Galton. The first self-report personality inventory used to obtain personality information was developed by Robert Woodworth during World War I. Numerous personality inventories were developed in the years that followed, including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Paralleling the work on personality inventories was the development of projective assessment instruments such as the Thematic Apperception Test. These instruments came to be the most widely used assessment instruments during the expansion of applied psychology after World War II and are still the predominant tests in use today.
Changing or Replacing an Established Psychological Assessment Standard: Issues, Goals, and Problems with Special Reference to Recent Developments in the MMPI-2
Authors: Ranson Michelle B. , Nichols David S. , Rouse Steven V. , Harrington Jennifer L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe question of whether to revise a psychological test often emerges during the test development phase rather than after the publication of the test because there are always unanswered questions or alternative strategies one could have taken. For a personality assessment “standard” that has found broad acceptance among practitioners and researchers the considerations which bear on its change or revision can be especially complex and demanding. Several valid reasons for test revision have been mentioned in the literature, but they generally fall into two categories: “deficiency changes” and “growth changes.” This article reviews literature relevant to the process of test revision, including how changes in a test are to be occasioned and warranted; the motives that may become involved in driving changes; and the various ethical expectations, implications, and responsibilities which have a role to play in guiding and influencing all of these. It presents a case study to illustrate some of the recent issues that have emerged with proposed changes to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and its RC Scales.
The MMPI-2: History, Interpretation, and Clinical Issues
Authors: Cox Andrew C. , Weed Nathan C. , Butcher James N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) is the most widely used personality assessment instrument in research and clinical practice. This article orients new users to the test and highlights a number of current issues with the test that may also be of interest to experienced users. It briefly illustrates the development of MMPI-2, from its origins in the University of Minnesota Hospitals to its current form. The article then describes some of its key features and the contributions they make to assessing personality and psychopathology: Validity Scales, Clinical Scales, Content Scales, Supplementary Scales, Personality Psychopathology Five Scales, and Restructured Clinical Scales. It concludes by discussing specific clinical issues related to the use of, and new developments involving, the MMPI-2: assessment of ethnic-minority clients, international adaptation of the MMPI-2, short forms, and computer applications.
The Five-Factor Model and the NEO Inventories
Authors: Costa Paul T. , McCrae Robert R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPersonality traits provide distal explanations for behavior and are compatible with personality development, useful in clinical applications, and intrinsically interesting. They must, however, be understood in the context of a broader system of personality functioning. One of the recurring challenges to personality psychology has been the classification of personality traits into a meaningful system. Introduced in the 1980s, the Five-Factor Model (FFM) is a comprehensive and universal model applicable to psychiatric as well as normal samples. The NEO Inventories are operationalizations of the FFM, and offer computer administration and interpretation. They are available in a number of languages and use a novel approach to protocol validity. Research using the NEO Inventories has led to a reconceptualization of the importance of the person in the social sciences, and may be the basis for a revolutionary new approach to the diagnosis of personality disorders.
The California Psychological Inventory
Authors: Megargee Edwin I. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article describes the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and presents a brief overview of how it has been used. It also discusses Harrison Gough's philosophy of test construction, and how it guided the development and evolution of the CPI. In addition, the article provides a brief description of the twenty current CPI folk construct scales, focusing on their construction and the correlates of high and low scores. This is followed by a brief account of the CPI's factor structure and a discussion of the CPI's three vector scales assessing the dimensions of person orientation, values orientation, and level of realization. The article looks at how CPI's three vector scales are used to define four personality types. The concluding section offers a brief overview of CPI interpretation.
Assessing Adolescents with the MMPI-A
Authors: Cumella Edward J. , O'Connor Jennifer Lafferty 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe MMPI-A is a sophisticated self-report instrument that allows clinicians to assess psychopathology in adolescent clients despite complex developmental, clinical, and methodological issues which can interfere with the psychological assessment of teens. It includes Validity Scales that measure the extent to which an adolescent responds to questions in a cooperative and truthful manner. The MMPI-A also includes ten basic Clinical Scales, fifteen Content Scales, thirty-one Content Component Scales, and forty-two Supplementary Scales. MMPI-A profiles require specialized knowledge and training to correctly interpret adolescent functioning and psychopathology. Computer-driven scoring and reporting may assist clinicians in accurate, comprehensive, and integrated interpretation of the MMPI-A's many scales. The MMPI-A can be used to provide feedback to adolescents about their self-reported psychopathology and gain their cooperation with the therapeutic process.
Introduction
Authors: Beauchamp Tom L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article introduces issues on animal psychology, the moral status of animals, the nature and significance of species, and a number of practical problems about the utilization of animals. This book encompasses a diverse set of philosophical interests and it explores an array of concerns about animal products, farm animals, hunting, circuses, zoos, the entertainment industry, safety-testing on animals, the status and moral significance of species, environmental ethics, the nature and significance of the minds of animals, and so on. It also investigates what the future may be expected to bring in the way of new scientific developments and new moral problems. The book draws on one or more of the following seven areas: the history of philosophy, the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of biology, the philosophy of cognitive science, the philosophy of language, ethical theory, and practical ethics.
Animal Pain and Welfare
Authors: Akhtar Sahar 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article probes the widely held view in philosophy and the biological sciences that the amount and ways in which a nonhuman animal can experience pain, by comparison to the human animal, is limited to the feeling of physical pain. The justification for this view is often said to be that animals are less cognitively sophisticated than humans because they lack awareness of self and a sense of the past and the future. This view suggests that pain for animals is not as bad as pain is for us. The discussion presents a notably different approach to the understanding of animal pain. It uses welfare analysis and decision-making frameworks to argue that pain may be worse for animals than the comparable amount of pain is for humans.
Genetically Modified Animals
Authors: Savulescu Julian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article considers the extraordinary ways in which it is now possible to alter animals and to create new life forms by transgenesis and by the creation of hybrids and chimeras. Transgenic animals are created by transferring genes from one species to another. Hybrids are created by mixing the sperm of one species with the ovum of another. Chimeras are created by mixing cells from the embryo of one animal with those of a different species. In each case, one source of an animal so engineered could be a human being. The discussion uses the term “genetically modified animals” (GMAs), to refer to these transgenic animals, hybrids, and chimeras. It questions the adequacy of the ethics we currently have in place to exert proper control over and evaluate the creation of GMAs.
The Moral Relevance of the Distinction Between Domesticated and Wild Animals
Authors: Palmer Clare 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article considers whether a morally relevant distinction can be drawn between wild and domesticated animals. The term “wildness” can be used in several different ways, only one of which (constitutive wildness, meaning an animal that has not been domesticated by being bred in particular ways) is generally paired and contrasted with “domesticated.” Domesticated animals are normally deliberately bred and confined. One of the article's arguments concerns human initiatives that establish relations with animals and thereby change what is owed to these animals. The main relations of interest in ethics are the vulnerability and dependence in animals that are created when humans establish certain relations with them on farms, in zoos, in laboratories, and the like. Domestication is a pervasive way in which humans make animals vulnerable, and thereby duties of animal care and protection arise in a persistent way.
The Moral Significance of Animal Pain and Animal Death
Authors: Harman Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article addresses the question: “What follows from the claim that we have a certain kind of strong reason against animal cruelty?” It deals with the ethics of killing animals. It finds the following common assumption highly puzzling and problematic: despite our obligations not to commit animal cruelty, there is no comparably strong reason against painlessly killing animals in the prime of life. It argues that anyone who accepts this view is committed to the moral position that either we have no reasons against such killings or we have only weak reasons.
The Ethics of Confining Animals
Authors: DeGrazia David 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines basic interests that animals have in liberty—the absence of external constraints on movement. It takes liberty to be a benefit for sentient animals that permits them to pursue what they want and need. Obviously farms, zoos, pets in homes, animals for sale in stores, circuses, and laboratories all involve forms of confinement that restrict liberty. The discussion aims to know the conditions, if there are any, under which such liberty-limitation is morally justified. It first lays out the harms caused by confinement. It then examines and evaluates five possible standards for the justification of confinement: a basic-needs requirement; a comparable-life requirement; a no-unnecessary-harm standard; a worthwhile-life criterion; and an appeal to respect.