bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fourth Dimension of Interdisciplinary Modeling
Authors: Biondi Franco 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSpace and time are the domains used by every model in the applied environmental sciences, with the latter normally considered to add a fourth dimension to our simulated versions of reality. Dealing with modern challenges in water‐related disciplines requires that we extend our historical perspective as far back as possible to capture underlying long‐term dynamics that would otherwise be impossible to detect. At the same time, performing and interpreting retrospective studies demands an understanding of their strengths and weaknesses. Here I attempt to clarify both the importance of the past and the inevitable “paleo conundrum” associated with it by drawing on personal experience and on research projects conducted using tree‐ring records in the western U.S. How to best incorporate proxy data, together with instrumental observations, into models used to manage water resources for coping with an uncertain future remains a non‐trivial task.
Qualitative and Visualization Methodologies for Modeling Social‐Ecological Dimensions of Regional Water Planning on the Rio Chama
Authors: Gonzales Moises , Rivera José A. , García J. Jarrett , Markwell Sam 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCourses in modeling often employ techniques based on mathematical or other computer‐based quantitative models. In this article the authors update a range of social science qualitative and visualization methodologies presented to graduate students at an interdisciplinary modeling course on water issues related to climate change. In part the modeling course featured the coupling of natural and human system dynamics in the context of acequias, gravity flow irrigation systems in New Mexico that depend on winter snowpack for water supply in the form of spring run‐off. While student teams were able to employ STELLA and other models, they were free to explore alternative approaches. As course instructors, we assigned a pilot case study that utilized qualitative methodologies along with visualization tools to model land use, built environment, geo‐spatial, natural systems, and human settlement morphology. Our project described a social‐ecological history of the Rio Chama, a tributary of the upper Rio Grande, where we applied a cross‐disciplinary and inter‐temporal approach on how the land and water resources of the Rio Chama have been developed over time. The case study highlights the social‐ecological dimensions of regional water planning while demonstrating the potential of visualization methodologies as a unique approach to modeling distinct from models based on quantitative data.
Tracking the Influence of Irrigation on Land Surface Fluxes and Boundary Layer Climatology
Authors: Sridhar Venkataramana 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWhen the land surface is altered as a first order change in the climate system, it affects the latent heat flux and evaporative cooling, thereby altering the surface temperature and boundary layer development. Modeling the processes associated with land surface alteration requires an interdisciplinary approach in which the hydrologic processes such as evapotranspiration and soil moisture influenced by human‐induced changes are connected to the atmospheric system. The Noah Land Surface Model (LSM) coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was modified to represent irrigation in the Snake River basin. By simulating the surface energy balance components and the boundary layer in the growing season, we compared the differences between irrigation and no‐irrigation (control) simulations to assess the differences in climatology attributed to irrigation‐induced cooling. Differences such as increased latent heat flux from the irrigated areas and decreased potential temperature, wind speed, and planetary boundary layer height were evident. This study reiterates the importance of the anthropogenic processes defining the nexus between the land and atmosphere on the local and regional weather and climate.
Seed Number and 100‐Seed Weight of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) Respond Differently to Low Soil Moisture in Genotypes Contrasting for Drought Tolerance
Authors: Aparna K. , Hash C. T. , Yadav R. S. , Vadez V. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWater stress after flowering, one of the major factors limiting yields of pearl millet, affects both seed setting and grain filling and is a consequence of more/less water used prior to anthesis. However, whether genotypes have different sensitivities for seed setting and filling under drought, if exposed to similar stress intensity, is unclear. Experiments were conducted in two pairs of pearl millet genotypes, that is, PRLT2/89‐33 and H77/833‐2, 863B and 841B, contrasting for terminal drought tolerance, and two genotypes, ICMR 01046 and ICMR 01029 (IL‐QTLs), introgressed with a terminal drought tolerance QTL from PRLT2/89‐33 into H77/833‐2. Total seed weight, panicle number, 100‐seed weight, seed number and stover biomass were measured at different soil moistures and throughout grain filling. Sensitive H77/833‐2 had higher seed number and yield under well‐watered (WW) conditions than in PRLT2/89‐33 and IL‐QTLs. Upon increases in water stress intensity, H77/833‐2 suffered losses mostly in stover biomass (45 %) and seed number (60 %) at 0.3 FTSW whereas the biomass and seed number of PRLT2/89‐33 decreased little (20 % and 25 %). The 100‐seed weight of H77/833‐2 decreased only 20 % under stress. Tolerant 863B also maintained a higher seed number and biomass under water stress than 841B. Grain filling duration in PRLT2/89‐33 and IL‐QTLs was similar to that of H77/833‐2 under WW conditions but lasted longer than in H77833‐2 under water stress (WS). Similarly, seed growth of 863B was longer than 841B under WS. It is concluded that the higher seed yield of tolerant parents PRLT2/89‐33 and 863B, and of IL‐QTLs under WS was explained by the retention of a higher number of seeds than in sensitive lines, while the decrease in the 100‐seed weight was proportionally less than the decrease in seed number. Phenotype with lesser number and larger size of panicles and larger grain size, like genotypes PRLT2/89‐33 and 863B, withstood post‐anthesis water stress better. IL‐QTL inherited part of these characteristics, indicating a role for the terminal drought QTL in maintaining larger seed number and higher 100‐seed weight. The continuous stover biomass increase under WW in H77/833‐2, due to tillering, might indicate that tiller growth and grains are in competition for resources after anthesis, and this may relate to the relatively shorter grain‐filling period.
Preparing disabled students for professional practice: managing risk through a principles‐based approach
Authors: Hargreaves Janet , Walker Lizzie 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimA discussion exploring the ways disabled students are managed in practice settings. It proposes and argues for morally and legally viable principles to guide risk assessment and inclusive decision‐making in practice.BackgroundEquality law means that universities are bound not to discriminate against students on the basis, amongst other things, of disability. As a consequence in the UK, there is a perceived increase in numbers of disabled people applying for and succeeding as health professionals. Whilst placement providers are equally obliged by the law to have inclusive policies, competing needs including patient safety, public confidence and professional regulations mean that adjustments that can be made in an educational environment to appropriately support student learning may prove to be more difficult in placements that provide direct care to the public.Data SourcesThis discussion is an outcome of recommendations from published research by the authors and their research partners. It is supported by related literature, critical debate amongst academics, disabled students and disabled and non‐disabled practitioners.Implications for NursingEnsuring a nursing workforce that mirrors the diversity of the population it serves is of universal importance. Effective management of disabled students can contribute to achieving this goal and to promoting a positive view of disabled practitioners.ConclusionLegislation is necessary to protect disabled people from discrimination. To respect this legislation, when preparing nurses and other health professions, a clear understanding of the law and a principles‐based approach to guiding risk is important.
Effects of video‐feedback on the communication, clinical competence and motivational interviewing skills of practice nurses: a pre‐test posttest control group study
Authors: Noordman Janneke , van der Weijden Trudy , van Dulmen Sandra 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimsTo examine the effects of individual video‐feedback on the generic communication skills, clinical competence (i.e. adherence to practice guidelines) and motivational interviewing skills of experienced practice nurses working in primary care.BackgroundContinuing professional education may be necessary to refresh and reflect on the communication and motivational interviewing skills of experienced primary care practice nurses. A video‐feedback method was designed to improve these skills.DesignPre‐test/posttest control group design.MethodsSeventeen Dutch practice nurses and 325 patients participated between June 2010–June 2011. Nurse–patient consultations were videotaped at two moments (T0 and T1), with an interval of 3–6 months. The videotaped consultations were rated using two protocols: the Maastrichtse Anamnese en Advies Scorelijst met globale items (MAAS‐global) and the Behaviour Change Counselling Index. Before the recordings, nurses were allocated to a control or video‐feedback group. Nurses allocated to the video‐feedback group received video‐feedback between T0 and T1. Data were analysed using multilevel linear or logistic regression.ResultsNurses who received video‐feedback appeared to pay significantly more attention to patients’ request for help, their physical examination and gave significantly more understandable information. With respect to motivational interviewing, nurses who received video‐feedback appeared to pay more attention to ‘agenda setting and permission seeking’ during their consultations.ConclusionVideo‐feedback is a potentially effective method to improve practice nurses’ generic communication skills. Although a single video‐feedback session does not seem sufficient to increase all motivational interviewing skills, significant improvement in some specific skills was found. Nurses’ clinical competences were not altered after feedback due to already high standards.
Managing a stigmatized identity—evidence from a longitudinal analysis about people with mental illness
Authors: Ilic Marie , Reinecke Jost , Bohner Gerd , Röttgers Hans‐Onno , Beblo Thomas , Driessen Martin , Frommberger Ulrich , Corrigan Patrick William 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPrevious research about coping with the stigma of mental illness mostly relied on cross‐sectional or qualitative research designs. In the present study, the consequences of ten identity management strategies for mental illness stigma were observed in a longitudinal design. Cross‐lagged analyses were used to describe the influence of the strategies on the frequency of stigma experiences and on mental health in a two‐wave panel of people with mental illness (n = 367, 79% repeated response rate). Selective disclosure and information seeking emerged as adaptive identity management strategies, whereas overcompensation and withdrawal led to lower mental health. Results were mostly unaffected by demographic and psychiatric variables. The results support an empowerment model of stigma resilience that portrays stigmatized people as active constructors of their social world.
Assortative mating based on cooperativeness and generosity
Authors: Tognetti A. , Berticat C. , Raymond M. , Faurie C. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCooperative behaviour and generosity towards nonkin represent costly and risky behaviour that could be used as a signal of mate quality. Therefore, cooperative traits could serve as criteria in mate choice, leading to assortative mating for those traits. There is evidence of similarity in couples for altruistic traits. However, the literature is based on self‐reports and does not provide conclusive proof of either a convergence across time or mating preferences. Here, we report a field experiment, conducted in rural villages in Senegal, showing that husbands and wives are similar with respect to their contributions to a public good and their charity donations. Further analyses suggest that this similarity is due to initial assortment rather than convergence of phenotypes.
Sorghum Flour Characterization and Evaluation in Gluten‐Free Flour Tortilla
Authors: Winger M. , Khouryieh H. , Aramouni F. , Herald T. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFour sorghum hybrids (Fontanelle‐625 [F‐625]), Fontanelle‐1000 [F‐1,000], ATx631xRTx2907 [NE#20] and 5,040C) were characterized and evaluated for kernel characteristics, proximate analysis, flour characterization (particle size distributions, starch damage, amylose content and starch pasting properties) and end product in gluten‐free tortilla. A commercial sorghum flour (TVM) was used as a control. Significant differences were found (P < 0.05) among hybrids for kernel and flour composition except total starch (P > 0.05). NE#20 had the largest particle diameter for both flour and starch. F‐1000 had significantly higher starch damage compared with the other hybrids. Flours with smaller particle size and higher starch damage contributed to softer and more extensible tortilla. Amylose content ranged from 20.2 (NE#20) to 27.3 (F‐1000). Tortilla made with TVM flour had the highest extensibility, while the F‐625 tortilla had the lowest. F‐625 tortilla had the lightest color with L* value of 70.38, while the 5,040C tortilla had the darkest with L* value of 61.68. Descriptive sensory results showed significant differences for tortilla grain specks, angle of bend, rancidity, sweetness, springiness, hardness and grittiness. The results have shown that sorghum hybrids can differ in kernel and flour properties, which could help predict sorghum flour quality for the purpose of gluten‐free products.Practical ApplicationsSorghum is a gluten‐free grain tolerated by patients with celiac disease, that has potential in the gluten‐free food market. Despite considerable scientific progress in understanding celiac disease, to date, a strict gluten‐free diet for life is the only treatment for patients with celiac disease. With an increasing number of people being diagnosed with celiac disease and with the market for gluten‐free products growing, there is a great opportunity to create new products using sorghum flour. There are many sorghum hybrids that have not been characterized for grain, flour or end‐product quality. Therefore, understanding the quality attributes of sorghum varieties is critical in translating to end‐product use. The results have shown that sorghum hybrids can differ in kernel and flour characteristics, which could help predict end‐product quality and application in gluten‐free products.
Validation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess food group intake by pregnant women
Authors: Barbieri P. , Crivellenti L. C. , Nishimura R. Y. , Sartorelli D. S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies conducted among pregnant women to test the accuracy of food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) for estimating food group intake were restricted to one specific trimester of pregnancy. The present study aimed to validate a FFQ for assessing the intake of food groups throughout pregnancy.MethodsIn total, 75 adult pregnant Brazilian women were evaluated. Dietary intake was assessed by the FFQ (completed at the third trimester of pregnancy) and by three 24‐h dietary recalls; one in each trimester of pregnancy.ResultsThe food items were classified into 20 groups. Adequate deatenuatted Pearson correlation coefficients (>0.4) were observed for the intake of bread/cake, butter/margarine; milk/dairy products; soft drinks/artificial juices; coffee/tea; and pastries/sandwiches. The FFQ served poorly for estimating fruit and vegetable intake. A high percentage (>70%) of women were classified into the same or adjacent quartiles for estimates of cookies/crackers, butter/margarine, milk/dairy products, fruit juices, soft drinks/artificial juices, coffee/tea, roots, rice, beans, meat/chicken/sausages, fried foods, fish, eggs, sweets/sugars, and pastries/sandwiches. Nevertheless, the agreement of joint classification between the dietary methods was mostly into adjacent quartiles, rather than in the same quartile, and low values of kappa were found.ConclusionsThe data reported in the present study suggest that the FFQ might not be an appropriate dietary method for evaluating food group intake throughout pregnancy. The joint classification between methods by categories of intake of food groups was mostly into adjacent quartiles, which could lead to attenuated associations when investigating diet–disease relationships during pregnancy.
Recommended dietary intakes for vitamin D: where do they come from, what do they achieve and how can we meet them?
Authors: Cashman K. D. , Kiely M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThere is substantial evidence that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high across Europe, particularly, but not exclusively, among those resident at Northerly latitudes. This has significant implications for human health throughout the lifecycle and impacts upon healthy growth and development and successful ageing for current and possibly future generations. In recent years, there have been several important reports from North America and Europe in relation to dietary reference values (DRVs) for vitamin D. These may be of enormous value from a public health perspective in terms of preventing vitamin D deficiency and promoting adequate vitamin D status in the population. In this concise review, we provide a brief summary of current DRVs for vitamin D, their background and their application to vitamin D deficiency prevention. The review also provides some brief guidance with respect to applying the DRVs in a clinical nutrition setting. In addition, the review illustrates how current dietary intakes of most populations, young and adult, are well short of the newly established DRVs. Accordingly, the review highlights potential food‐based or dietary strategies for increasing the distribution of vitamin D intake in the population with the aim of preventing vitamin D deficiency. Finally, despite the explosion in scientific research in vitamin D and health, there are many fundamental gaps in the field of vitamin D from the public health perspective. The impact of these knowledge gaps on current DRVs for vitamin D is highlighted, as are some future developments that may help address these gaps.
Midwifery Care in Rural and Remote British Columbia: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Perinatal Outcomes of Rural Parturient Women With a Midwife Involved in Their Care, 2003 to 2008
Authors: Stoll Kathrin , Kornelsen Jude 
Published: March 2014

IntroductionMidwifery has been regulated and publicly funded in British Columbia since 1998. Midwives are currently concentrated in urban areas; access to care is limited in rural communities. Rural midwifery practice can be challenging because of low birth numbers, solo practice, lack of on‐site cesareans and specialist backup, and interprofessional tensions resulting from the integration of midwives into rural maternity care systems. Despite these barriers, rural midwives have made a substantial contribution to rural maternity care in British Columbia. The purpose of this retrospective cohort study is to examine outcomes of midwife‐involved births in rural British Columbia in the postregionalization era.MethodsWe analyzed the outcomes of all parturient women with postal codes outside of the core urban areas of the province, and their singleton infants without a diagnosed congenital anomaly, who had a midwife involved in their care between April 1, 2003, and March 31, 2008. Outcomes are reported for 6 obstetric service levels. Service levels are assigned to parturient women via maternal postal codes. Women who reside further than 60 minutes from a hospital with maternity services were assigned a distance category (2 levels: >2 hours, 1‐2 hours); women residing within one hour of a hospital with maternity services were assigned the level of service available at their catchment hospital (4 levels, ranging from maternity care without cesarean to cesarean provided by general surgeons or obstetricians).ResultsEight percent of rural parturient women had a midwife involved in their care. Rates of planned home birth exceeded the provincial average (26.1%) in 5 of the 6 service levels. Rates of actual home birth were lowest among women who resided 2 or more hours away from maternity services. Obstetric intervention rates were lower for women residing in communities without cesareans or with intermittent access to cesareans. The prevalence of adverse neonatal outcomes was very low across service levels; perinatal mortality was elevated among women residing in communities more than 2 hours away from services.DiscussionDespite numerous challenges, midwives provide safe maternity care to rural parturient women and offer choice of birth place. Given the difficulty of recruiting and retaining maternity care providers to rural settings in British Columbia and across Canada, these findings open the door for a more sustained planning process involving midwives in rural communities. Reasons for the elevated perinatal mortality rate among women who live more than 2 hours away from services should be explored in more detail, perhaps via in‐depth interviews with rural midwives who serve this population.
Cultural Correlates of Burden in Primary Caregivers of Older Relatives: A Cross‐sectional Study
Authors: del‐Pino‐Casado Rafael , Millán‐Cobo Martín David , Palomino‐Moral Pedro A. , Frías‐Osuna Antonio 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPurposeTo analyze the effect of cultural factors on the subjective burden of primary home caregivers of older relatives.DesignCross‐sectional study. Primary home caregivers (N = 208) of older relatives were recruited in Spain using systematic random sampling.MethodsThe data were collected in 2010 through interviews. The measures included sociodemographic characteristics, stressors (the intensity of care provided and the care‐recipient's needs; the latter were assessed using the Barthel Index, the Pfeiffer Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire and the Cummings Neuropsychiatric Inventory), cultural factors (kinship ties, common residence, perceived social support, and cultural motives for caregiving), and caregiver subjective burden (Caregiver Strain Index). The data were analyzed using bivariate procedures and multiple linear regression.FindingsAfter controlling for caregiver age, caregiver gender, stressors, and duration of caregiving, subjective burden was negatively associated with perceived social support and reciprocity, and in the subgroup of adult children, it was positively associated with common residence. Cultural factors explained 29% of the variance in burden.ConclusionsOur findings add to the existing evidence regarding the influence of cultural factors in the perception of burden in caregiving situations.Clinical RelevanceA risk profile could be proposed for subjective burden in primary family caregivers. Individuals who are at risk are characterized as young, offspring who live with the care recipient, care for a care recipient with behavioral problems, are unsatisfied with the social support received, and have a low balanced reciprocity.