bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Job seekers’ search intensity and wage flexibility: does age matter?
Authors: DE COEN AN , FORRIER ANNELEEN , DE CUYPER NELE , SELS LUC 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTAlthough studies on job search implicitly presume that relationships between antecedents and indicators of job search are similar for job seekers from different ages, few studies have tested this assumption even though lifespan theories state that individual motives and behaviour significantly change as people age. From this theoretical perspective, we examine how age moderates the relationships between re-employment efficacy, employment commitment and financial hardship, on the one hand, and job search intensity and wage flexibility, on the other hand. Path analysis on a sample of 240 Belgian job seekers who were at the start of an outplacement programme showed that re-employment efficacy relates positively to job search intensity and wage flexibility for older job seekers, while we find negative relationships for younger job seekers. For employment commitment and financial hardship, we do not find any interaction effects with age. Employment commitment relates positively to search intensity, whereas financial hardship relates negatively to wage flexibility, irrespective of age. We discuss implications for theory, practice and future research.
Modeling and trajectory tracking control of 6-DOF RSS type parallel manipulator
Authors: Dumlu Ahmet , Erenturk Koksal 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYIn this study, kinematic analysis of 6-DOF RSS parallel manipulator using Denavit Hartenbeng (D-H) method is investigated. In addition, in order to improve the proposed method, determination of all the active and passive angles, required to obtain Jacobian and complete dynamic model of manipulator, is also achieved. The effects of dynamic models of 6-DOF RSS parallel manipulator with its actuators on trajectory tracking control are studied in detail. Feedback dynamic compensation terms of motor-mechanism coupling system that is needed to compute torque control are obtained through both a single link approximation model and a complete dynamic model. The complete model is derived by taking account of the interaction between the input links and coupler links of the manipulator. Simulations showed that obtaining complete model of manipulator by means of D-H method and using computed control law could improve the quality of trajectory tracking control of parallel manipulator.
“YOUR VILE SUBURBS CAN OFFER NOTHING BUT THE DEADNESS OF THE GRAVE”: THE STEREOTYPING OF EARLY VICTORIAN SUBURBIA
Authors: Bilston Sarah 
Published: October 2013

While literary critics have becomeincreasingly engaged by the impact of suburbanization on the literary landscape, most scholarship has focused on texts from the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. The belief that suburbia appeared only occasionally in literature before this period is commonplace: as Gail Cunningham observes: “Although the term ‘suburb’ was used from Shakespeare and Milton onwards . . . it was not until the final decades of the nineteenth century that writers turned to suburban life as a subject of imaginative investigation” (Cunningham, “Riddle” 51). Cunningham's important work on suburban narrative positions authors of the late nineteenth century as architects of “the new imaginative category suburban,” one that was substantially shaped by the experience of observing and living amongst “newly massed middle classes” (Cunningham, “Riddle” 52). “[F]or many writers . . . the prime response to the new suburbia was one of anxiety and disorientation,” she argues. “How were they to conceptualize the sudden appearance of the new spatial environment?” (Cunningham, “Houses” 423). Yet Cunningham's emphasis on the newness of both the category and the lived experience underestimates the impact of suburbanization on the totality of the period. Suburbanization was a phenomenon that Victorian society had been experiencing, and responding to, for at least eight decades by the time of Victoria's death. Literary narratives engaging suburbia from these eight decades undoubtedly exist: they have received scant critical attention, yet they constitute a crucial tradition without which the most famous late-nineteenth-century texts of suburbia cannot be adequately understood.
Surface Microanalysis and Chemical Imaging of Early Dentin Remineralization
Authors: Toledano Manuel , Cabello Inmaculada , Vílchez Miguel Angel Cabrerizo , Fernández Miguel Angel , Osorio Raquel 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis study reports physical and chemical changes that occur at early dentin remineralization stages. Extracted human third molars were sectioned to obtain dentin discs. After polishing the dentin surfaces, three groups were established: (1) untreated dentin (UD), (2) 37% phosphoric acid application for 15 s (partially demineralized dentin—PDD), and (3) 10% phosphoric acid for 12 h at 25° C (totally demineralized dentin—TDD). Five different remineralizing solutions were used: chlorhexidine (CHX), artificial saliva (AS), phosphate solution (PS), ZnCl2, and ZnO. Wettability (contact angle), ζ potential and Raman spectroscopy analysis were determined on dentin surfaces. Demineralization of dentin resulted in a higher contact angle. Wettability decreased after immersion in all solutions. ζ potential analysis showed dissimilar performance ranging from −6.21 mV (TDD + AS) up to 3.02 mV (PDD + PS). Raman analysis showed an increase in mineral components after immersing the dentin specimens, in terms of crystallinity, mineral content, and concentration. This confirmed the optimal incorporation and deposition of mineral on dentin collagen. Organic content reflected scarce changes, except in TDD that appeared partially denatured. Pyridinium, as an expression of cross-linking, appeared in all spectra except in specimens immersed in PS.
Maximum undergrounding degree of HV subtransmission networks as dictated by unscheduled power flows
Authors: Lauria Stefano , Palone Francesco 
Published: October 2013

Meshed HV subtransmission networks are subject to undesirable parallel (unscheduled) active power flows from the EHV system. The phenomenon is worsened by conversion of HV overhead lines to underground cables (UGCs), which increases parallel flows through the HV network because of the attendant reduction in HV line reactance; the effect increase with network extension and are compounded by UGC charging power. The study deals with the assessment of the maximum undergrounding degree for a given subtransmission network. An analytical formulation of maximum HV line extension length as a function of EHV power flow and undergrounding degree is given; optimum UGC shunt compensation requirements are evaluated. Application to a typical 150 kV–50 Hz network is presented, showing a very good agreement with power flow simulation. In particular, the case study evidences that complete undergrounding of the HV network is possible if line length is under 50 km; the proposed shunt compensation effectively raises this limit to 70 km.
Adaptive high‐bandwidth digitally controlled buck converter with improved line and load transient response
Authors: Lee Albert T.L. , Sin Johnny K.O. , Chan Philip C.H. 
Published: October 2013

Digitally controlled switching converter suffers from bandwidth limitation because of the additional phase delay in the digital feedback control loop. To overcome the bandwidth limitation without using a high sampling rate, this study presents an adaptive third‐order digital controller for regulating a voltage‐mode buck converter with a modest 2× oversampling ratio. The phase lag because of the analogue‐to‐digital converter (ADC) conversion time delay is virtually compensated by providing an early estimation of the error voltage for the next sampling time instant, enabling a higher unity‐gain bandwidth without compromising stability. An additional pair of low‐frequency pole and zero in the third‐order controller increases the low‐frequency gain, resulting in faster settling time and smaller output voltage deviation during line transient. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive third‐order controller reduces the settling time by 50% in response to a 1 V line transient and 30% in response to a 600 mA load transient, compared to the baseline static second‐order controller. The fastest settling time is measured to be about 11.70 μs, surpassing the transient performance of conventional digital controllers and approaching that of the state‐of‐the‐art analogue‐based controllers.
Femtosecond broadband fluorescence spectroscopy by down- and up-conversion in β-barium borate crystals
Authors: Sajadi M. , Quick M. , Ernsting N. P. 
Published: October 2013

Broadband transient fluorescence spectroscopy is performed by difference- and sum-frequency generation in β-barium borate crystals at a fixed geometry. Phase matching is spectrally broadened by using (i) 1340 nm gate pulses, (ii) a fluorescence angle of ∼4° extended at the crystal, and (iii) angular dispersion of the fluorescence in a calcite prism. The latter provides 1° angular separation between the two spectral wings of the fluorescence. By combining down- and up-conversion processes, a 26 000 cm−1 wide multiplex window is realized with ∼100 fs time resolution.
Single-molecule superresolution imaging allows quantitative analysis of RAF multimer formation and signaling
Authors: Nan Xiaolin , Collisson Eric A. , Lewis Sophia , Huang Jing , Tamgüney Tanja M. , Liphardt Jan T. , McCormick Frank , Gray Joe W. , Chu Steven 
Published: October 2013

SignificanceThis paper describes a quantitative imaging approach based on photoactivated localization microscopy for precise protein localization and stoichiometric analysis inside an intact cell. With this approach, we directly resolved individual protein monomers, dimers, and multimers in fixed mammalian cells. We used this technique to study the dimerization and multimerization of the protein kinase RAF, a putative mechanism for mutantRat sarcoma(RAS)-mediated RAF activation as well as for the paradoxical activation of RAF/MAPK in RAF WT cells and tumors upon treatment with RAF kinase inhibitors. We presented direct evidence that RAF indeed forms dimers and occasionally higher-order multimers under various activating conditions. These observations provide critical insight into the biological regulation of RAF signaling and oncogenesis.
Confounding roles for type I interferons during bacterial and viral pathogenesis
Authors: Carrero Javier Antonio 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAlthough type I interferons (IFN-I) were initially defined as potent antiviral agents, they can also cause decreased host resistance to some bacterial and viral infections. The many antiviral functions of the IFN-I include direct suppression of viral replication and activation of the immune response against viruses. In addition to their antiviral effects, IFN-I are also protective against several extracellular bacterial infections, in part, by promoting the induction of TNF-α and nitric oxide. In contrast, there is a negative effect of IFN-I on host resistance during chronic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and acute infections with intracellular bacteria. In the case of LCMV, chronic IFN-I signaling induces adaptive immune system suppression. Blockade of IFN-I signaling removes the suppression and allows CD4 T-cell- and IFN-γ-mediated resolution of the infection. During acute intracellular bacterial infection, IFN-I suppress innate immunity by at least two defined mechanisms. During Francisella infection, IFN-I prevent IL-17 upregulation on γδ T cells and neutrophil recruitment. Following Listeria infection, IFN-I promote the cell death of macrophages and lymphocytes, which leads to innate immune suppression. These divergent findings for the role of IFN-I on pathogen control emphasize the complexity of the interferons system and force more mechanistic evaluation of its role in pathogenesis. This review evaluates IFN-I during infection with an emphasis on work carried out IFN-I-receptor-deficient mice.
A Phase I, Dose-escalation Trial Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Emulsified Isoflurane in Healthy Human Volunteers
Authors: Huang Han , Li Rui , Liu Jin , Zhang Wensheng , Liao Tianzhi , Yi Xiaoqian 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background
This first-in-human volunteer phase I clinical trial aimed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and anesthesia efficacy of emulsified isoflurane (EI), an intravenously injectable formulation of isoflurane.

Methods
Seventy-eight healthy volunteers were recruited in this open-label, single-bolus, dose-escalation, phase I trial and were allocated into 16 cohorts. Each volunteer received a single bolus injection of EI. The dose started with 0.3 mg/kg (for isoflurane) and was planned to end with 64.6 mg/kg. Postdose vital signs, physical examination, laboratory tests, chest radiograph, 12-lead electrocardiogram, and development of any adverse event were closely monitored as safety measurements. Effectiveness in producing sedation/anesthesia was assessed by Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation and Bispectral Index.

Results
The dose escalation ended as planned. The most common adverse events associated with EI were injection pain (77 of 78, 98.7%) and transient tachycardia (22 of 78, 25.6%). Only at high doses (≥38.3 mg/kg) did EI cause transient hypotension (5 of 78, 6.4%) or apnea (11 of 78, 14.1%), but all the affected volunteers recovered uneventfully. Fast onset of unconsciousness (typically 40 s after injection) was developed in all volunteers receiving doses of 22.6 mg/kg or greater. Waking-up time and depression in Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation correlated well with EI dose. None of the postdose tests revealed any abnormal result.

Conclusions
EI is safe for intravenous injection in human volunteers in the dose range of 0.3 to 64.6 mg/kg. At doses of 22.6 mg/kg or higher, EI produced rapid onset of unconsciousness in all volunteers followed by fast, predictable, and complete recovery.
Expression of an endoglucanase from Tribolium castaneum (TcEG1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Shirley Derek , Oppert Cris , Reynolds Todd B. , Miracle Bethany , Oppert Brenda , Klingeman William E. , Jurat‐Fuentes Juan Luis 
Published: October 2013

AbstractInsects are a largely unexploited resource in prospecting for novel cellulolytic enzymes to improve the production of ethanol fuel from lignocellulosic biomass. The cost of lignocellulosic ethanol production is expected to decrease by the combination of cellulose degradation (saccharification) and fermentation of the resulting glucose to ethanol in a single process, catalyzed by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformed to express efficient cellulases. While S. cerevisiae is an established heterologous expression system, there are no available data on the functional expression of insect cellulolytic enzymes for this species. To address this knowledge gap, S. cerevisiae was transformed to express the full‐length cDNA encoding an endoglucanase from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (TcEG1), and evaluated the activity of the transgenic product (rTcEG1). Expression of the TcEG1 cDNA in S. cerevisiae was under control of the strong glyceraldehyde‐3 phosphate dehydrogenase promoter. Cultured transformed yeast secreted rTcEG1 protein as a functional β‐1,4‐endoglucanase, which allowed transformants to survive on selective media containing cellulose as the only available carbon source. Evaluation of substrate specificity for secreted rTcEG1 demonstrated endoglucanase activity, although some activity was also detected against complex cellulose substrates. Potentially relevant to uses in biofuel production rTcEG1 activity increased with pH conditions, with the highest activity detected at pH 12. Our results demonstrate the potential for functional production of an insect cellulase in S. cerevisiae and confirm the stability of rTcEG1 activity in strong alkaline environments.
Institutional Voids and the Role of Civil Society: the Case of Global Finance
Authors: Anheier Helmut K. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractGlobalizing policy fields can contain institutional voids in which effective regulatory frameworks and the corrective counterbalance of civil society are equally absent. With the inherently incomplete regulation of global finance on the one hand and the evident dearth of civil society institutions on the other, a central governance question emerges: under what conditions could civil society help to recapture the financial system by embedding it in a wider social and economic policy, and thereby reversing the erosion of confidence in market capitalism and liberal democracy? For this purpose, this article proposes the systematic development of a transnational civil society infrastructure in terms of organizational capacity and expertise for accountability enforcement, policy review, performance oversight and advocacy. The goal of this infrastructure is to fill the institutional void and form a counterveiling force against the unchecked might of global finance.
High prevalence of anaphylaxis in patients with systemic mastocytosis – a single‐centre experience
Authors: Gülen T. , Hägglund H. , Dahlén B. , Nilsson G. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryBackgroundSystemic mastocytosis (SM) is a clonal mast cells disorder characterized by the proliferation, accumulation and activation of mast cells in extracutaneous tissues. The clinical picture is heterogeneous and may range from asymptomatic to potentially fatal anaphylactic reactions due to excessive mast cell mediator release.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and trigger factors of anaphylactic reactions among adult SM patients. We also explored the clinical spectrum of mast cell mediator‐related symptoms in patients with SM.MethodsThis descriptive study was performed among 84 consecutive adult (≥ 18 years) patients those were diagnosed with SM according to WHO criteria. Sixty‐six of the patients also underwent a comprehensive allergy work‐up.ResultsSixty of 84 patients with SM (71%) had bone marrow mast cell aggregates and fulfilled the major criteria for SM and 76 patients (91%) had indolent disease. Simultaneous occurrence of cutaneous mastocytosis was observed in 59 patients (70%). Thirty‐six patients (43%) had had at least one episode of an anaphylactic reaction. The clinical courses of the reactions were usually severe and patients often presented with syncope attacks (72%). Most patients reacted after hymenoptera venom stings (19/36; 53%). In 39% (14/36), a clear aetiology could not be determined. While males and females were equally frequent among the patients with SM, anaphylaxis patients showed a male predominance (61%). Anaphylactic reactions occurred more frequently in patients without cutaneous engagement. The rate of allergy sensitization was significantly higher in SM patients with anaphylaxis as compared with non‐anaphylaxis SM patients, 70% vs. 23%, respectively (P = 0.0002).Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceAnaphylaxis is more prevalent in patients with SM, predominantly in patients with atopic SM. Hymenoptera venom‐induced and idiopathic anaphylaxis were the most frequent elicitors. Our findings implicate that all mastocytosis patients with anaphylaxis should undergo detailed allergological assessment before considering treatment and preventive measures.
Atypical multifocal Dravet syndrome lacks generalized seizures and may show later cognitive decline
Authors: Kim Young Ok , Bellows Susannah , McMahon Jacinta M , Iona Xenia , Damiano John , Dibbens Leanne , Kelley Kent , Gill Deepak , Cross J Helen , Berkovic Samuel F , Scheffer Ingrid E 
Published: October 2013

AimTo show that atypical multifocal Dravet syndrome is a recognizable, electroclinical syndrome associated with sodium channel gene (SCN1A) mutations that readily escapes diagnosis owing to later cognitive decline and tonic seizures.MethodEight patients underwent electroclinical characterization. SCN1A was sequenced and copy number variations sought by multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification.ResultsAll patients were female (age range at assessment 5–26y) with median seizure onset at 6.5 months (range 4–19mo). The initial seizure was brief in seven and status epilepticus only occurred in one; three were febrile. Focal seizures occurred in four patients and bilateral convulsion in the other four. All patients developed multiple focal seizure types and bilateral convulsions, with seizure clusters in six. The most common focal seizure semiology (six out of eight) comprised unilateral clonic activity. Five also had focal or asymmetric tonic seizures. Rare or transient myoclonic seizures occurred in six individuals, often triggered by specific antiepileptic drugs. Developmental slowing occurred in all: six between 3 years and 8 years, and two around 1 year 6 months. Cognitive outcome varied from severe to mild intellectual disability. Multifocal epileptiform discharges were seen on electroencephalography. Seven out of eight patients had SCN1A mutations.InterpretationAtypical, multifocal Dravet syndrome with SCN1A mutations may not be recognized because of later cognitive decline and frequent tonic seizures.
WILLFUL BLINDNESS: THE INEFFICIENT REWARD STRUCTURE IN ACADEMIC RESEARCH
Authors: LIEBOWITZ STAN J. 
Published: October 2013

This article examines how economics departments judge research articles and assign credit to authors. It begins with a demonstration that only strictly prorated author credit induces researchers to choose eﬃcient sized teams. Nevertheless, survey evidence reveals that most economics departments only partially prorate authorship credit, implying excessive coauthorship. Indeed, a half‐century increase in coauthorship may be better explained by incomplete proration than by any increased specialization among authors. A possible explanation for the reliance on incomplete proration is the self‐interest of economists who are more likely to engage coauthorship—full professors. The self‐interest of senior faculty may also explain the relatively small role given to citations in senior promotions. A rational response by economists to the under‐proration of author credit is to engage in false authorship.Although false authorship is of dubious ethical status, it may have the perverse impact of improving the eﬃciency of team production. Grossly excessive coauthorship, where little attention is paid to most authors listed on a paper, as found in some other academic disciplines, may be the path down which economics is headed if the reward structure is not altered. (JEL A14, O30, I23)