bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyse eines durch das Co-Spray-Verfahren hergestellten Werkzeuges zur Warmumformung
Authors: Grohmann O. , Meyer C. , Schulz A. , Uhlenwinkel V. , Heinzel C. , Brinksmeier E. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

In the industrial manufacturing chain of roller bearings the hot bars are subsequently sheared into billets and these are automatically transported to the first forming stage of the press. Normally the cobalt-based hard-facing alloys for the blades are deposited by manual metal arc or plasma transfer arc welding. In the research work presented here, the hard-facing alloys are produced by spray forming to increase the life time of the tool. Long life time is expected because of the advantages of spray forming: homogeneity of the microstructure, a low segregation and absence of a heat affected welding zone. For this purpose a bi-metal composite is deposited in a co-spray process to combine the hard-facing alloy layer with a hot working steel to insert the blade into a carrier. The interface between the two different materials was analyzed in terms of porosity, hardness, adhesive strength and machinability to describe the new composite material.
Focus on GABAA receptor function
Authors: Hautzel H. , Müller H.-W. , Nikolaus S. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryImpairment of GABAA receptor function is increasingly recognized to play a major role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases including anxiety disorder (AD), major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SZ). Patients, method: We conducted a PUBMED search, which provided a total of 23 in vivo investigations with PET and SPECT, in which GABAA receptor binding in patients with the primary diagnosis of AD (n = 14, 160 patients, 172 controls), MDD (n = 2, 24 patients, 28 controls) or SZ (n = 6, 77 patients, 90 controls) was compared to healthy individuals. Results: A retrospective analysis revealed that AD, MDD and SZ differed as to both site(s) and extent(s) of GABAergic impairment. Additionally, it may be stated that, while the decline of GABAA receptor binding AD involved the whole mesolimbocortical system, in SZ it was confined to the frontal and temporal cortex. Conclusion: As GABA is known to inhibit dopamine and serotonin, GABAergic dysfunction may be associated with the disturbances of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Sex Differences in Dynamic Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Quarter Function in Collegiate Swimmers
Authors: Butler Robert , Arms Jennifer , Reiman Michael , Plisky Phillip , Kiesel Kyle , Taylor Dean , Queen Robin 
Published: August 2014

Context:
Upper quarter injuries have a higher incidence in female swimmers; however, to date, there are few ways to assess the basic functional ability of this region. The upper quarter Y balance test (YBT-UQ) may assist in this process because it was developed to provide a fundamental assessment of dynamic upper quarter ability at the limit of stability.

Objective:
To examine how sex affects performance on the YBT-UQ in swimmers.

Design:
Cohort study.

Patients or Other Participants:
Forty-three male and 54 female National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I college swimmers were recruited preseason.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
We measured YBT-UQ performance for the left and right limbs in the medial, inferolateral, and superolateral directions. The maximum score for each direction was normalized to upper extremity length. The average of the greatest normalized reach scores in each reach direction was used to develop a composite score (average distance in 3 directions/limb length [LL] × 100). To examine reach symmetry between sexes, the difference in centimeters between the left and right sides was calculated for each reach direction prior to normalization. Statistical analysis was conducted using an independent-samples t test (P &lt; .05).

Results:
Average scores in the medial (women: 92.5 ± 7.4%LL, men: 100.0 ± 8.7%LL; P &lt; .01) and inferolateral (women: 85.6 ± 10.3%LL, men: 89.8 ± 10.8%LL; P = .05) directions and composite score (women: 83.4 ± 8.3%LL, men: 88.3 ± 8.9%LL; P &lt; .01) were higher in men than in women. No differences were observed for reach symmetry in any direction.

Conclusions:
Performance on several YBT-UQ indices was worse for female than male collegiate swimmers. These results may have implications for the use of preseason and return-to-sport testing in swimmers as a measurement of upper quarter function and symmetry.
Examining the construct validity of the Basic Traits Inventory and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory in the South African context
Authors: Metzer Samantha A. , De Bruin Gideon P. , Adams Byron G. 
Published: August 2014

Orientation: As there has recently been a need for researchers to consider shorter personality measures, we compared the construct validity of a longer and a shorter personality measure in the South African context.Research purpose: The main purpose of this study was to examine the discriminant and convergent validity of two personality measures that measure the big five personality factors: the longer Basic Traits Inventory (BTI) and the shorter Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI).Motivation for the study: Researchers have indicated a need for shorter personality measures, such as the TIPI, to assess personality dimensions. This study assessed the validity of the shorter measure in comparison with the BTI, which is considered cross-culturally valid in the South African context.Research approach, design and method: This study used a quantitative research design. Both personality measures were administered manually to a convenience sample of student participants (n = 662), and data were analysed through factor analysis utilising oblique rotation for all items.Main findings: The main findings indicate that, although the construct validity of both measures was satisfactory, the TIPI yielded unsatisfactory reliability.Practical/managerial implications: The BTI is a more reliable measure than the TIPI, which should only be used when time is limited.Contribution/value-add: In addition to providing insight into how the length of an assessment impacts on the reliability of a measure, this study further reinforces the use of the basic traits inventory as a measure that reliably measures personality in South Africa.
Herziening Tabaksrichtlijn
Authors: Fröger R.A. , de Weers K. 
Published: August 2014

Herziening Tabaksrichtlijn
Op 14 maart 2014 is de nieuwe Tabaksrichtlijn 2014/40/EU (hierna: de Richtlijn) vastgesteld. De nieuwe Tabaksrichtlijn brengt een ingrijpende wijziging op het gebied van de productie en distributie van tabaksproducten met zich mee. Op 20 mei 2016 moet de Richtlijn in de Nederlandse wetgeving zijn geïmplementeerd. In deze bijdrage worden de belangrijkste kenmerken van de Richtlijn besproken en wordt kort ingegaan op de gevolgen voor de Nederlandse rechtsorde.Richtlijn 2014/40/EU van het Europees Parlement en de Raad van 3 april 2014 betreffende de onderlinge aanpassing van de wettelijke en bestuursrechtelijke bepalingen van de lidstaten inzake de productie, de presentatie en de verkoop van tabaks- en aanverwante producten en tot intrekking van Richtlijn 2001/37/EG, Pb. EU 2014, L 127/1.
The impact of neogene grassland expansion and aridification on the isotopic composition of continental precipitation
Authors: Chamberlain C. P. , Winnick M. J. , Mix H. T. , Chamberlain S. D. , Maher K. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe late Cenozoic was a time of global cooling, increased aridity, and expansion of grasslands. In the last two decades numerous records of oxygen isotopes have been collected to assess plant ecological changes, understand terrestrial paleoclimate, and to determine the surface history of mountain belts. The δ18O values of these records, in general, increase from the mid‐Miocene to the Recent. We suggest that these records record an increase in aridity and expansion of grasslands in midlatitude continental regions. We use a nondimensional isotopic vapor transport model coupled with a soil water isotope model to evaluate the role of vapor recycling and transpiration by different plant functional types. This analysis shows that increased vapor recycling associated with grassland expansion along with biomechanistic changes in transpiration by grasses themselves conspires to lower the horizontal gradient in the δ18O of atmospheric vapor as an air mass moves into continental interiors. The resulting signal at a given inland site is an increase in δ18O of precipitation with the expansion of grasslands and increasing aridity, matching the general observed trend in terrestrial Cenozoic δ18O records. There are limits to the isotopic effect that are induced by vapor recycling, which we refer to here as a “hydrostat.” In the modern climate, this hydrostatic limit occurs at approximately the boundary between forest and grassland ecosystems.
Time‐lapse monitoring of velocity changes in Utah
Authors: Kanu Chinaemerem , Snieder Roel , Pankow Kristine 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe Eastern part of the Basin and Range, extending to the Wasatch fault region, is an actively deforming region characterized by varieties of extensive features and prominent seismicity along the intermountain seismic belt. The present‐day deformation of the intermountain seismic belt and the eastern Basin and Range province motivates an interest in continuous monitoring of the region. In this study we monitor time‐lapse velocity changes within Utah and eastern Nevada using coda waves generated by repeatable explosions. This monitoring characterizes velocity changes within the region from June to September of 2007. We observe, both temporally and spatially, variable velocity changes within the monitored region, with a maximum path average velocity change of 0.2%. This suggests a significant change in the velocity within the region given the short monitoring duration. Correlation of the temporal variation of the average velocity change with strains derived from GPS‐detrended displacements suggests that the velocity change might be driven by the broad deformation within the monitored region.
Recent anthropogenic and climatic history of Nunatsiavut fjords (Labrador, Canada)
Authors: Richerol Thomas , Pienitz Reinhard , Rochon André 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis study aimed at reconstructing past climatic and environmental conditions of a poorly known and documented subarctic region, the Nunatsiavut (northern Labrador). A multiproxy approach was chosen, using fossil dinoflagellate cysts, diatoms and pollen from sediment cores taken into three fjords (Nachvak 59°N, Saglek 58.5°N, and Anaktalak 56.5°N). It allowed estimating terrestrial and marine influences in each fjord and documenting the recent history of human activities of the southern fjords (Saglek and Anaktalak). Fossil pollen and dinoflagellate cyst assemblages allowed depicting the climate history of the region over the last ~200–300 years. In contrast to the general warming trend observed in the arctic and subarctic Canada since the beginning of the Industrial Era, the Nunatsiavut has experienced relative climate stability over this period. Fossil pollen data show a shift of the tree limit to the south illustrating the cooling of terrestrial conditions. Our reconstructions suggest that the Labrador region has remained climatically stable over the last ~150–300 years, with just a slight cooling trend of the reconstructed sea surface temperatures, only perceptible in Saglek and Anaktalak fjords.
Comparison of four methods for transionospheric scintillation evaluation
Authors: Strangeways Hal J. , Zernov Nikolay N. , Gherm Vadim E. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThere are a variety of methods employed for determination of phase and amplitude scintillation on satellite signals which generally employ different models and theory. The paper shows that in spite of this, very similar results can be found in most circumstances for four different methods for a very wide range of physical input parameters for weak scintillation conditions. Further comparison between results for different methods can help to determine their modeling errors and hence can also lead to more accurate determinations using improved models.
Climate trends and variability of rain rate derived from long‐term measurements in Norway
Authors: Tjelta Terje , Mamen Jostein 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRadio systems are affected by rainfall, and the attenuation increases significantly with rain rate and frequency. Above about 10 GHz rainfall must generally be considered for estimating expected link availability with sufficient attenuation margin included. Rain rate is a key factor, and depending on climate, it will dictate the possible path length and other factors such as antenna size, for the planned performance of a system that operates at higher frequencies than about 10 GHz. This paper presents results from an analysis of Norwegian tipping bucket rain gauge data from 1967 to 2013. It is found that the rain rate currently used by the Radiocommunication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union recommendation for attenuation prediction, R0.01—the rate exceeded for 0.01% of an average year—has actually increased in all parts of the country from where long‐term data exist. Moreover, the year to year variability is significant. The increase may well be seen as a consequence of climate change. Such a change may cause higher attenuation effects than expected when radio links are designed following “normal” dimensioning procedures.
Injury rates on new and old technology oil and gas rigs operated by the largest United States onshore drilling contractor
Authors: Blackley David J. , Retzer Kyla D. , Hubler Warren G. , Hill Ryan D. , Laney A. Scott 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundOccupational fatality rates among oil and gas extraction industry and specifically among drilling contractor workers are high compared to the U.S. all‐industry average. There is scant literature focused on non‐fatal injuries among drilling contractors, some of which have introduced engineering controls to improve rig efficiency and reduce injury risk.MethodsWe compared injury rates on new and old technology rigs operated by the largest U.S. drilling contractor during 2003–2012, stratifying by job type and grouping outcomes by injury severity and body part affected.ResultsSix hundred seventy‐one injuries were recorded over 77.4 million person‐hours. The rate on new rigs was 66% of that on old rigs. Roughnecks had lower injury rates on new rigs, largely through reduced limb injury rates. New rigs had lower rates in each non‐fatal injury severity category.ConclusionsFor this company, new technology rigs appear to provide a safer environment for roughnecks. Future studies could include data from additional companies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1188–1192, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reaktivität und Stabilität von Glucosinolaten und ihren Abbauprodukten in Lebensmitteln
Authors: Hanschen Franziska S. , Lamy Evelyn , Schreiner Monika , Rohn Sascha 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDie Chemie von Glucosinolaten und ihre Reaktionen während der Lebensmittelverarbeitung sind sehr komplex. Aufgrund ihrer Instabilität entsteht eine ganze Reihe von Abbau‐ und Reaktionsprodukten, die häufig ebenfalls reaktiv sind. Obwohl der übermäßige Genuss von Kohlsorten lange Zeit mit nachteiligen, vor allem goitrogenen (kropfbildenden) Wirkungen in Verbindung gebracht wurde, weisen aktuelle Ergebnisse aus epidemiologischen Studien auch auf potenziell positive Gesundheitseffekte hin. Insbesondere Gemüse aus der Familie der Kreuzblütler (Brassicaceae) wie Broccoli, Rettich oder Kohl sind reich an diesen interessanten pflanzlichen Metaboliten. Informationen zur Bioaktivität von Glucosinolaten sind aber nur dann von Nutzen, wenn man weiß, welche Verbindungen bei der Verarbeitung gebildet und anschließend verzehrt werden. Dieser Aufsatz bietet eine umfassende und detaillierte Übersicht über die chemische Reaktivität verschiedener Glucosinolate und ihrer Abbauprodukte während der Lebensmittelzubereitung.
Multiple Stable Conformations Account for Reversible Concentration‐Dependent Oligomerization and Autoinhibition of a Metamorphic Metallopeptidase
Authors: López‐Pelegrín Mar , Cerdà‐Costa Núria , Cintas‐Pedrola Anna , Herranz‐Trillo Fátima , Bernadó Pau , Peinado Juan R. , Arolas Joan L. , Gomis‐Rüth F. Xavier 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMolecular plasticity controls enzymatic activity: the native fold of a protein in a given environment is normally unique and at a global free‐energy minimum. Some proteins, however, spontaneously undergo substantial fold switching to reversibly transit between defined conformers, the “metamorphic” proteins. Here, we present a minimal metamorphic, selective, and specific caseinolytic metallopeptidase, selecase, which reversibly transits between several different states of defined three‐dimensional structure, which are associated with loss of enzymatic activity due to autoinhibition. The latter is triggered by sequestering the competent conformation in incompetent but structured dimers, tetramers, and octamers. This system, which is compatible with a discrete multifunnel energy landscape, affords a switch that provides a reversible mechanism of control of catalytic activity unique in nature.
Oxygenase‐Catalyzed Desymmetrization of N,N‐Dialkyl‐piperidine‐4‐carboxylic Acids
Authors: Rydzik Anna M. , Leung Ivanhoe K. H. , Kochan Grazyna T. , McDonough Michael A. , Claridge Timothy D. W. , Schofield Christopher J. 
Published: August 2014

Abstractγ‐Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) is a 2‐oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase that catalyzes the final hydroxylation step in the biosynthesis of carnitine. BBOX was shown to catalyze the oxidative desymmetrization of achiral N,N‐dialkyl piperidine‐4‐carboxylates to give products with two or three stereogenic centers.
Total Synthesis of Myceliothermophins C, D, and E
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Shi Lei , Lu Min , Pattanayak Manas R. , Shah Akshay A. , Ioannidou Heraklidia A. , Lamani Manjunath 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe total synthesis of cytotoxic polyketides myceliothermophins E (1), C (2), and D (3) through a cascade‐based cyclization to form the trans‐fused decalin system is described. The convergent synthesis delivered all three natural products through late‐stage divergence and facilitated unambiguous C21 structural assignments for 2 and 3 through X‐ray crystallographic analysis, which revealed an interesting dimeric structure between its enantiomeric forms.
Direct Catalytic Olefination of Alcohols with Sulfones
Authors: Srimani Dipankar , Leitus Gregory , Ben‐David Yehoshoa , Milstein David 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of terminal, as well as internal, olefins was achieved by the one‐step olefination of alcohols with sulfones catalyzed by a ruthenium pincer complex. Furthermore, performing the reaction with dimethyl sulfone under mild hydrogen pressure provides a direct route for the replacement of alcohol hydroxy groups by methyl groups in one step.
The Total Synthesis of Isodon Diterpenes
Authors: Lazarski Kiel E. , Moritz Benjamin J. , Thomson Regan J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFamilies of structurally related molecules often provide stimulating targets for organic chemists that are engaged in the development of new methods and strategies for natural product synthesis. While typically focused on specific molecules, these synthetic investigations often lead to generalizable concepts and significant opportunities for learning in a greater sense. Historically well‐investigated families of natural products, such as the prostanoids, indole alkaloids, and macrolide antibiotics, provide ample evidence for the enduring value of these collective activities. In this Minireview, we turn our attention to the polycyclic family of diterpenes isolated from the Isodon genus of plants and provide an account of the recent methods and strategies utilized for their total synthesis.
Synthesis and Reaction of the First 1,2‐Oxaphosphetane Complexes
Authors: Kyri Andreas Wolfgang , Nesterov Vitaly , Schnakenburg Gregor , Streubel Rainer 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWhile PV 1,2‐oxaphosphetanes are well known from the Wittig reaction, their PIII analogues are still unexplored. Herein, the synthesis and reactions of the first 1,2‐oxaphosphetane complexes are presented, which were achieved by reaction of the phosphinidenoid complex [Li(12‐crown‐4)(solv)][(OC)5W{(Me3Si)2HCPCl}] with different epoxides. The title compounds appeared to be stable in toluene up to 100 °C, before unselective decomposition started. Acid‐induced ring expansion with benzonitrile resulted in selective formation of the first complex bearing a 1,3,4‐oxazaphosphacyclohex‐2‐ene ligand.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Formal [4+2] Cycloaddition of α,α′‐Dichloro‐ortho‐Xylenes with Alkynes
Authors: Komeyama Kimihiro , Okamoto Yuji , Takaki Ken 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA formal [4+2] cycloaddition of α,α′‐dichloro‐ortho‐xylenes with various alkynes has been developed using a low‐valent cobalt catalyst. The transformation has a wide substrate scope and high functional‐group tolerance and led to 1,4‐dihydronaphthalenes. The formed cycloadducts were easily aromatized with MnO2 under air. A mechanistic investigation suggests that the transformation proceeds through a benzyl cobaltation of alkyne, not the classical Diels–Alder reaction of ortho‐quinodimethanes. This methodology provides a straightforward and streamlined access to linearly expanded π‐conjugated aromatics.
Crystallization, melting behavior, and crystal structure of reactive, intumescent, flame‐retardant polypropylene
Authors: Li Guixun , Cao Shaokui , Zheng Shijun , Wang Wanjie , Cao Yanxia , Wang Jingwu 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTPolypropylene (PP)/2‐({9‐[(4,6‐diamino‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl) amino]‐3,9‐dioxido‐2,4,8,10‐tetraoxa‐3,9‐diphosphaspiro [5.5] undecan‐3‐yl} oxy) ethyl methacrylate (EADP) composites were prepared by the blending of PP with EADP as a new flame‐retardant material. The nonisothermal crystallization and melting behaviors of composites were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Their crystal morphologies and structures were studied by polarized optical microscopy (POM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The DSC results show that the addition of EADP increased the crystallization onset temperature, crystallization peak temperature, and degree of crystallinity of PP in the PP/EADP composites. The melting onset temperature and melting end temperature of the PP/EADP composites decreased slightly, whereas the melting peak temperature of the PP/EADP composites increased. The POM results show that the addition of EADP greatly reduced the crystal size of PP in the composites. When the content of EADP in the PP/EADP composites was increased, the crystal size of PP became smaller. The XRD results indicate that the addition of EADP changed the crystal structure of PP in the PP/EADP composites, which exhibited both α‐form and β‐form crystal structures. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41374.