bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal dependency of shell growth, microstructure, and stable isotopes in laboratory‐reared Scapharca broughtonii (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
Authors: Nishida Kozue , Suzuki Atsushi , Isono Ryosuke , Hayashi Masahiro , Watanabe Yusuke , Yamamoto Yuzo , Irie Takahiro , Nojiri Yukihiro , Mori Chiharu , Sato Mizuho , Sato Kei , Sasaki Takenori 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe experimentally examined the growth, microstructure, and chemistry of shells of the bloody clam, Scapharca broughtonii (Mollusca: Bivalvia), reared at five temperatures (13, 17, 21, 25, and 29°C) with a constant pCO2 condition (∼450 μatm). In this species, the exterior side of the shell is characterized by a composite prismatic structure; on the interior side, it has a crossed lamellar structure on the interior surface. We previously found a negative correlation between temperature and the relative thickness of the composite prismatic structure in field‐collected specimens. In the reared specimens, the relationship curve between temperature and the growth increment of the composite prismatic structure was humped shaped, with a maximum at 17°C, which was compatible with the results obtained in the field‐collected specimens. In contrast, the thickness of the crossed lamellar structure was constant over the temperature range tested. These results suggest that the composite prismatic structure principally accounts for the thermal dependency of shell growth, and this inference was supported by the finding that shell growth rates were significantly correlated with the thickness of the composite prismatic structure. We also found a negative relationship between the rearing temperature and δ18O of the shell margin, in close quantitative agreement with previous reports. The findings presented here will contribute to the improved age determination of fossil and recent clams based on seasonal microstructural records.
Evaluation of simple to complex parameterizations of bare ground evaporation
Authors: Jefferson Jennifer L. , Maxwell Reed M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIntegrated hydrologic models coupled to land surface models link water and energy movement among the subsurface, land surface, and atmosphere. These connections are especially important when estimating a complex, nonlinear process like evaporation. A comprehensive sensitivity study of an evaporation parameterization was conducted using the integrated ParFlow‐Common Land Model (PF‐CLM). Estimates of ground evaporation using three forms of the same equation, two simplified closed‐form solutions and one fully‐coupled PF‐CLM equation, are systematically compared. The parameterizations vary in complexity, coupling strength, and nonlinearity. Forcing data from three climate regions (alpine, plains, and tropical) are used to compare estimates of bare ground evaporation across all three formulations, thus exploring the process and coupling sensitivity in a novel way. The overall behavior of ground evaporation is consistent throughout the year for all parameterizations, but magnitudes vary with respect to parameterization complexity during energy‐limited and water‐limited times of the year. A relationship between ground evaporation and ground temperature is shown to exist across all climates and aggregate by pressure, wind speed, and air temperature in the plains climate. Furthermore, results show how increasing complexity through the addition of land surface conditions, atmospheric conditions, and atmospheric stability uniquely compound to influence the relationship between bare ground evaporation and subsurface pressure. Identification of sensitive interactions and unique relationships is necessary to further understand and predict hydrologic processes like evaporation.
Detailed rupture imaging of the 25 April 2015 Nepal earthquake using teleseismic P waves
Authors: Fan Wenyuan , Shearer Peter M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe analyze the rupture process of the 25 April 2015 Nepal earthquake with globally recorded teleseismic P waves. The rupture propagated east‐southeast from the hypocenter for about 160 km with a duration of ∼55 s. Backprojection of both high‐frequency (HF, 0.2 to 3 Hz) and low‐frequency (LF, 0.05 to 0.2 Hz) P waves suggest a multistage rupture process. From the low‐frequency images, we resolve an initial slow downdip (northward) rupture near the nucleation area for the first 20 s (Stage 1), followed by two faster updip ruptures (20 to 40 s for Stage 2 and 40 to 55 s for Stage 3), which released most of the radiated energy northeast of Kathmandu. The centroid rupture power from LF backprojection agrees well with the Global Centroid Moment Tensor solution. The spatial resolution of the backprojection images is validated by applying similar analysis to nearby aftershocks. The overall rupture pattern agrees well with the aftershock distribution. A multiple‐asperity model could explain the observed multistage rupture and aftershock distribution.
Cooperation among tectonic and surface processes in the St. Elias Range, Earth's highest coastal mountains
Authors: Enkelmann Eva , Koons Peter O. , Pavlis Terry L. , Hallet Bernard , Barker Adam , Elliott Julie , Garver John I. , Gulick Sean P. S. , Headley Rachel M. , Pavlis Gary L. , Ridgway Kenneth D. , Ruppert Natalia , Van Avendonk Harm J. A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractInvestigations of tectonic and surface processes have shown a clear relationship between climate‐influenced erosion and long‐term exhumation of rocks. Numerical models suggest that most orogens are in a transient state, but observational evidence of a spatial shift in mountain building processes due to tectonic‐climate interaction is missing. New thermochronology data synthesized with geophysical and surface process data elucidate the evolving interplay of erosion and tectonics of the colliding Yakutat microplate with North America. Focused deformation and rock exhumation occurred in the apex of the colliding plate corner from > 4 to 2 Ma and shifted southward after the 2.6 Ma climate change. The present exhumation maximum coincides with the largest modern shortening rates, highest concentration of seismicity, and the greatest erosive potential. We infer that the high sedimentation caused rheological modification and the emergence of the southern St. Elias, intercepting orographic precipitation and shifting focused erosion and exhumation to the south.
A modeling study of the impact of major storms on waves, surface and near‐bed currents on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland
Authors: Li Michael Z. , Wu Yongsheng , Prescott Robert H. , Tang Charles C. L. , Han Guoqi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWaves and current processes, both surface and near‐bed were simulated for major storms on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland using integrated wave, 3‐D tidal and ocean current models. Most storms track southwest to northeast and pass to the north or northwest of the Grand Banks. Significant wave heights can reach up to ∼14 m and are predominantly to the northeast at the peak of storms. Extreme surface currents reach approximately 1 m s−1 and are largely to the southeast. The strongest bottom currents, up to 0.8 m s−1, occur on St. Pierre Bank and are dominantly to the south and southeast. While wave height and wind‐driven current generally increase with wind speed, factors such as storm paths, the relative location of the storm center at the storm peak, and storm translation speed also affect waves and currents. Surface and near‐bed wind‐driven currents both rotate clockwise and decrease in strength as the storm traverses the Grand Banks. While the spatial variability of the storm impact on surface currents is relatively small, bottom currents show significant spatial variation of magnitude and direction as well as timing of peak current conditions. These spatial variations are controlled by the changes of bathymetry and mixed layer depth over the model domain. The storm‐generated currents can be 7 to 10 times stronger than the background mean currents. These strong currents interact with wave oscillatory flows to produce shear velocities up to 15 cm s−1 and cause wide occurrences of strong sediment transport over nearly the entire Grand Banks.
Evidence for changes in subsurface circulation in the late Eocene equatorial Pacific from radiolarian‐bound nitrogen isotope values
Authors: Robinson Rebecca S. , Moore Theodore C. , Erhardt Andrea M. , Scher Howie D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMicrofossil‐bound organic matter represents an important archive of surface ocean environmental information. Sedimentary nitrogen (N) isotope reconstructions of surface nitrate consumption and nitrogen source changes are made using fossil diatom (autotrophs) and planktic foraminiferal (heterotrophs)‐bound organic matter with success. However, because diatoms and planktic foraminifera are poorly preserved and sedimentary organic matter content is near zero during the late Eocene, our ability to examine nutrient dynamics across this important climate transition is limited. Here we present new data exploring the use of N isotope records from radiolarian tests. A comparison of surface ocean nitrate and core top bulk and radiolarian N isotope values (as δ15N) from the equatorial Pacific indicates that radiolarian‐N records δ15N variability with fidelity but that a significant offset exists between bulk sedimentary and diatom δ15N values and those measured from radiolarians (~7.1 ± 1.1‰). A downcore profile of radiolarian δ15N values is compared to siliceous microfossil assemblage changes across the Eocene‐Oligocene boundary. Average of radiolarian‐bound δ15N values is 0.5 ± 2.0‰, which, when corrected using the offset derived from the modern surface samples, suggests that the mean nitrogen isotopic composition of the early Cenozoic eastern Pacific was not significantly different from today. The overall trend, of decreasing δ15N values with decreasing export productivity, is consistent with either a regional decline in pelagic denitrification or a large‐scale change in nutrient sources to the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP), both linked to the cooling climate and changing intermediate water circulation. Decreasing/low δ15N values cooccur with high radiolarian species turnover at ~35.5 and 34 Ma, suggestive of a significant ecological change in the EEP, consistent with cooling and water mass distribution changes. The preliminary results suggest that radiolarian‐bound organic nitrogen represents another promising archive and underscores the fact that the different microfossil fractions must be separated to ensure robust results.
Heterogeneous Cu‐MnO Catalyzed Monoselective ortho‐Halogenation of Aromatic C−H Bonds under Visible Light
Authors: Pal Provas , Singh Harshvardhan , Panda Asit Baran , Ghosh Subhash Chandra 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHeterogeneous Cu‐MnO‐catalyzed selective monohalogenation of aromatic compounds with cheap N‐halosuccinimide (NXS) as a halogenating agent in the presence of molecular oxygen as an oxidant, under irradiation with visible light is reported. Monochlorination, bromination, and iodinations were achieved in a highly selective fashion. Our developed heterogeneous Cu‐MnO catalyst without any additive and ligands works well for halogenation with electron‐rich substrates and also works selectively with electron poor substrates. Moreover, chlorination occurs efficiently with the more challenging substrates benzoic esters. The heterogeneous nature of the reaction was proven by hot filtration test.
Measurement of ciliary beat frequency using Doppler optical coherence tomography
Authors: Lemieux Bryan T. , Chen Jason J. , Jing Joseph , Chen Zhongping , Wong Brian J.F. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundMeasuring ciliary beat frequency (CBF) is a technical challenge and difficult to perform in vivo. Doppler optical coherence tomography (D‐OCT) is a mesoscopic noncontact imaging modality that provides high‐resolution tomographic images and detects micromotion simultaneously in living tissues. In this work we used D‐OCT to measure CBF in ex vivo tissue as the first step toward translating this technology to clinical use.MethodsFresh ex vivo samples of rabbit tracheal mucosa were imaged using both D‐OCT and phase‐contrast microscopy (n = 5). The D‐OCT system was designed and built to specification in our lab (1310‐nm swept source vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser [VCSEL], 6‐μm axial resolution). The samples were placed in culture and incubated at 37°C. A fast Fourier transform was performed on the D‐OCT signal recorded on the surface of the samples to gauge CBF. High‐speed digital video of the epithelium recorded via phase‐contrast microscopy was analyzed to confirm the CBF measurements.ResultsThe D‐OCT system detected Doppler signal at the epithelial layer of ex vivo rabbit tracheal samples suggestive of ciliary motion. CBF was measured at 9.36 ± 1.22 Hz using D‐OCT and 9.08 ± 0.48 Hz using phase‐contrast microscopy. No significant differences were found between the 2 methods (p > 0.05).ConclusionD‐OCT allows for the quantitative measurement of CBF without the need to resolve individual cilia. Furthermore, D‐OCT technology can be incorporated into endoscopic platforms that allow clinicians to readily measure CBF in the office and provide a direct measurement of mucosal health.
Blockade of Interferon‐γ Normalizes Interferon‐Regulated Gene Expression and Serum CXCL10 Levels in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Welcher Andrew A. , Boedigheimer Michael , Kivitz Alan J. , Amoura Zahir , Buyon Jill , Rudinskaya Alla , Latinis Kevin , Chiu Kit , Oliner Kelly S. , Damore Michael A. , Arnold Gregory E. , Sohn Winnie , Chirmule Narendra , Goyal Lovely , Banfield Christopher , Chung James B. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo assess the safety and immunologic impact of inhibiting interferon‐γ (IFNγ) with AMG 811, a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody against IFNγ, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsTwenty‐six patients with mild‐to‐moderate, stable SLE were administered placebo or a single dose of AMG 811, ranging from 2 mg to 180 mg subcutaneously or 60 mg intravenously.ResultsSimilar to results previously reported following inhibition of type I IFNs, treatment of SLE patients with AMG 811 led to a dose‐dependent modulation of the expression of genes associated with IFN signaling, as assessed by microarray analysis of the whole blood. The list of impacted genes overlapped with that identified by stimulating human whole blood with IFNγ and with those gene sets reported in the literature to be differentially expressed in SLE patients. Serum levels of IFNγ‐induced chemokines, including IFNγ‐inducible protein 10 (IP‐10), were found to be elevated at baseline in SLE patients as compared to healthy volunteers. In contrast to previously reported results from studies using type I IFN–blocking agents, treatment with AMG 811 led to dose‐related reductions in the serum levels of CXCL10 (IP‐10).ConclusionThe scope and nature of the biomarkers impacted by AMG 811 support targeting of IFNγ as a therapeutic strategy for SLE.
Reduction in Disease Progression by Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor α–CCL2 Signaling in Experimental Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis
Authors: Appleton C. Thomas G. , Usmani Shirine E. , Pest Michael A. , Pitelka Vasek , Mort John S. , Beier Frank 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTransforming growth factor α (TGFα) is increased in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage in rats and humans and modifies chondrocyte phenotype. CCL2 is increased in OA cartilage and stimulates proteoglycan loss. This study was undertaken to test whether TGFα and CCL2 cooperate to promote cartilage degradation and whether inhibiting either reduces disease progression in a rat model of posttraumatic OA.MethodsMicroarray analysis was used to profile expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for Tgfa, Ccl2, and related genes in a rat model of posttraumatic OA. Rat primary chondrocytes and articular cartilage explants were treated with TGFα in the presence or absence of MEK‐1/2, p38, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase, Rho‐associated protein kinase, or CCR2 inhibitors and immunostained for markers of cartilage degradation. The rat model was used to administer pharmacologic inhibitors of TGFα (AG1478) and CCL2 (RS504393) signaling for up to 10 weeks and assess histopathology and serum biomarkers of cartilage synthesis (C‐propeptide of type II collagen [CPII]) and breakdown (C2C).ResultsTgfa and Ccl2 mRNA were simultaneously up‐regulated in articular cartilage in the rat model of posttraumatic OA. TGFα induced expression of CCL2, Mmp3, and Tnf in primary chondrocytes. Cleavage of type II collagen and aggrecan (by matrix metalloproteinases and ADAMTS‐4/5, respectively) induced by TGFα was blocked by pharmacologic inhibition of CCL2 in cartilage explants. In vivo pharmacologic inhibition of TGFα or CCL2 signaling reduced Osteoarthritis Research Society International cartilage histopathology scores and increased serum CPII levels, but only TGFα inhibition reduced C2C levels intreated versus untreated rat OA cartilage.ConclusionTGFα signaling stimulates cartilage degradation via a CCL2‐dependent mechanism, but pharmacologic inhibition of the TGFα–CCL2 axis reduces experimental posttraumatic OA progression in vivo.
A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled, Sixteen‐Week Study of Subcutaneous Golimumab in Patients With Active Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Sieper J. , van der Heijde D. , Dougados M. , Maksymowych W. P. , Scott B. B. , Boice J. A. , Berd Y. , Bergman G. , Curtis S. , Tzontcheva A. , Huyck S. , Weng H. H. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveAxial spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by back pain and stiffness. The objective of this study was to determine whether golimumab is superior to placebo in patients with nonradiographic axial SpA.MethodsThis phase III, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial was performed to evaluate subcutaneous golimumab (50 mg) versus placebo in patients ages ≥18 years to ≤45 years who had active nonradiographic axial SpA according to the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) criteria for ≤5 years since diagnosis, high disease activity, and an inadequate response to or intolerance of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive golimumab or placebo subcutaneously every 4 weeks. The primary end point was 20% improvement according to the ASAS criteria (ASAS20) at week 16. Key secondary end points were an ASAS40 response, ASAS partial remission, 50% improvement in the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), and change in the Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) index for sacroiliac (SI) joint inflammation (SPARCC score).ResultsOf the 198 patients randomized, 197 were treated (97 received golimumab, and 100 received placebo). The mean age of the patients was 31 years, and 57.1% were male. At baseline, the mean ± SD BASDAI was 6.5 ± 1.5, the mean ± SD ASDAS was 3.5 ± 0.9, and the mean ± SD SPARCC score was 11.3 ± 14.0. The primary end point, an ASAS20 response, was achieved by significantly more patients in the golimumab group compared with the placebo group (71.1% versus 40.0%; P < 0.0001). An ASAS40 response was also achieved by significantly more patients in the golimumab group compared with the placebo group (56.7% versus 23.0%; P < 0.0001). The incidence of adverse events did not differ meaningfully between groups.ConclusionPatients with active nonradiographic axial SpA treated with golimumab had significantly greater improvement in symptoms compared with patients treated with placebo. Golimumab was well tolerated and had a favorable risk/benefit profile.
AMP/GMP Analogs as Affinity ESIPT Probes for Highly Selective Sensing of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Living Systems
Authors: Jia Yan , Li Peng , Han Keli 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCurrent probes for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) detection had been developed mainly by adding a phosphate group to a dye, which would lead to indistinct performance when implemented in a living system as several phosphatases exist together. In this study, the nucleotides adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP) were introduced into 2′‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐benzothiazole‐based probes, and highly fluorescent turn‐on probes with good selectivity towards ALP over several phosphatases, as well as high affinity and low toxicity were obtained. In the presence of l‐phenylalanine, an ALP inhibitor, a strong decrease in fluorescence recovery was observed. These probes allowed for real‐time imaging of endogenous ALP activity in living cells as well as in a zebrafish model.
Non‐invasive imaging of cellulose microfibril orientation within plant cell walls by polarized Raman microspectroscopy
Authors: Sun Lan , Singh Seema , Joo Michael , Vega‐Sanchez Miguel , Ronald Pamela , Simmons Blake A. , Adams Paul , Auer Manfred 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTCellulose microfibrils represent the major scaffold of plant cell walls. Different packing and orientation of the microfibrils at the microscopic scale determines the macroscopic properties of cell walls and thus affect their functions with a profound effect on plant survival. We developed a polarized Raman microspectroscopic method to determine cellulose microfibril orientation within rice plant cell walls. Employing an array of point measurements as well as area imaging and subsequent Matlab‐assisted data processing, we were able to characterize the distribution of cellulose microfibril orientation in terms of director angle and anisotropy magnitude. Using this approach we detected differences between wild type rice plants and the rice brittle culm mutant, which shows a more disordered cellulose microfibril arrangement, and differences between different tissues of a wild type rice plant. This novel non‐invasive Raman imaging approach allows for quantitative assessment of cellulose fiber orientation in cell walls of herbaceous plants, an important advancement in cell wall characterization. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 82–90. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of a new platform for secretory production of recombinant proteins in Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Yim Sung Sun , Choi Jae Woong , Lee Roo Jin , Lee Yong Jae , Lee Se Hwa , Kim So Young , Jeong Ki Jun 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTCorynebacterium glutamicum, which has been for long an industrial producer of various l‐amino acids, nucleic acids, and vitamins, is now also regarded as a potential host for the secretory production of recombinant proteins. To harness its potential as an industrial platform for recombinant protein production, the development of an efficient secretion system is necessary. Particularly, regarding protein production in large‐scale bioreactors, it would be appropriate to develop a secretory expression system that is specialized for high cell density cultivation conditions. Here we isolated a new signal peptide that mediates the efficient secretion of recombinant proteins under high cell density cultivation conditions. The secretome of C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 under high cell density cultivation conditions was initially investigated, and one major protein was identified as a hypothetical protein encoded by cg1514. Novel secretory production systems were then developed using the Cg1514 signal peptide and its own promoter. Efficient protein secretion was demonstrated using three protein models: endoxylanase, α‐amylase, and camelid antibody fragment (VHH). For large‐scale production, fed‐batch cultivations were also conducted and high yields were successfully achieved—as high as 1.07 g/L (endoxylanase), 782.6 mg/L (α‐amylase), and 1.57 g/L (VHH)—in the extracellular medium. From the culture media, all model proteins could be simply purified by one‐step column chromatography with high purities and recovery yields. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the development of an efficient secretory expression system by secretome analysis under high cell density cultivation conditions in C. glutamicum. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 163–172. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.