bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coiled-Tubing Jet Cutting Multiple Stage Fracture Treating Improves Fracture Treatment Techniques to Unlock Bypassed Reserves in Cotton Valley Sands, Dorcheat Macedonia Field, Magnolia Arkansas
Authors: Pomrenke R. W. , Strain Jim , Davis R. , Bell Chuck 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Coil Tubing Jet Cutting-Multiple Stage Fracture Treating in SW Arkansas Lower Cotton Valley Sands is the key to economic development of previously bypassed reserves in layered Cotton Valley reservoir. Changes from previous hydraulic fracture treatments are categorized as follows: (1) focus fracture coverage per stage by sand jet cutting each stage with treatment fluids pumped via coil tubing and using sand plugs or packer assembly for zonal isolation between stages, (2) annular fracture treatments using reduced pump rates to limit fracture height growth, (3) proppant with higher strength and conductivity, and (4) environmental friendly chemicals to enhance flow back and increase oil production.
Bonanza Creek Energy, due to increased environmental considerations, changed to an environmental friendly fluid system. Substitutions which provide improved environmental chemistry, while supporting formation stability of clay, offer reduced environmental risk eliminating conventional polymeric chemistry. Recovery of fracture treatment fluids approach 30% of treatment volumes. The fracture fluid is a cross-linked 30# system, borate guar, loaded with optimized breaker schedule and enhanced surfactants. The high viscosity allows for adequate fracture width generation for placement of preferred 16/30 proppant at low pump rates.
The past hydraulic fracture treatments of the Lower Cotton Valley Sands separated the 500 ft gross Cotton Valley/Haynesville interval into two (2) treatment stages with limited entry perforating of sands in each stage Fracture treatments in 2007 typically used 150,000# of 20/40 Ottawa Sand per stage pumped at 30-50 BPM down the casing. Tracer surveys and production logging have shown that these treatments were not effective in treating all the reservoir layers of sand.
The new method of fracture treatment has unlocked previously bypassed reserves. Credit for the higher initial flow rates and ultimate recoveries are estimated to be 70% due the contributions of coil cutting technology, 20% due the improved proppant strength and conductivity and 10% due the improvements in the fluid system. One hundred six (106) wells have been drilled and stimulated using the new method of fracturing and 100+ wells are in inventory at 10-acre spacing.
Reducing Water Volume in Multistage Fracturing Using Sliding Sleeves and Coiled-Tubing-Deployed, Resettable Frac Isolation
Authors: Schlosser Daniel , Lane Craig , Laun Lyle 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The volume of fresh water being used to fracture oil and gas wells is of growing concern to operating companies because it is a significant expense that involves purchase, transportation, onsite storage, heating, chemical additives, and post-treatment disposal. Reducing frac water volumes is important to reducing the environmental impact and improving the economics of multistage completions.
Current multistage methods include plug-and-perf and ball-drop frac sleeves. Both of these methods bullhead frac fluids and sand down the casing and consume large quantities of water. In recent years, fracturing techniques using coiled tubing have dramatically reduced the amount of frac water required while delivering equivalent or superior results. These techniques combine coiled tubing with sliding sleeves and resettable frac isolation. The coiled tubing provides a means of circulating fluids to the frac zone, as opposed to bullheading, and enables the sliding sleeves to be shifted mechanically without using pump-down balls.
When the frac is pumped down the annulus between the casing and coiled tubing (annular fracturing), water use is reduced by as much as 20% compared to methods that do not use coiled tubing during the fracturing process. For many multistage completions, water volume can be reduced up to 50% by pumping frac fluids through the coiled tubing. This paper describes these systems and their deployment and includes a case history describing how one operator reduced water use significantly through the application of this method without compromising treatment volumes or stimulation design parameters, while still achieving all of the original completion objectives.
Electric-Line Milling System Removes Stuck Frac Sleeve without Damaging the Subsurface Safety Valve Landing Nipple
Authors: Igwe Josiah , Diller Carl , Harris Robert (Bob) , Albright Jeremy , Lykkebo Jesper 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This is a case study for a well intervention job that was conducted in the Prudhoe Bay Unit field, Alaska. It describes the successful use of an electric line milling system to remove a protective frac sleeve that was stuck in a subsurface safety valve (SSSV) landing nipple.
Past attempts to remove the sleeve with conventional methods were unsuccessful. Those attempts included slickline, coiled tubing (CT), and pulling 110,000 lbf with a workover rig using a through-tubing work string. At the time, the sleeve did not interfere with production, so it was left in the well.
However, an unrelated tubing leak developed below the stuck frac sleeve. The well had to be shut in until the frac sleeve could be pulled to allow installation of a tubing patch.
Milling the frac sleeve with coiled tubing or replacing the entire tubing string with a workover rig was considered. However, cost and time could be reduced if the frac sleeve could be milled with an electric-line (e-line) conveyed bottomhole assembly (BHA).
The e-line tool string included a wireline release device, an electric-over-hydraulic tractor with stroking tool, electric milling motor, and burning shoe with integral centralizer and no-go. The burning shoe was designed to reduce the outside diameter (OD) of the frac sleeve but preserve the packing bore inside diameter (ID) of the SSSV landing nipple. The tractor-stroker-miller tool string was run in the well and tagged the sleeve at 2,119 ft measured depth (MD) where milling continued for approximately 4 ½ hours. After E-line milling was completed, slickline was rigged up for fishing operations and successfully pulled the frac sleeve. The tubing repair was completed and the well was returned to production.
This intervention technology can be used in other wellbores requiring precision milling. The solution proved successful and is a cost-effective alternative to conventional methods for milling obstructions.
Retrieval of an Inflatable Plug Using Only Slickline and Electric-Line Technology
Authors: Smith Ben , Stricker Jeffrey , Reckert Kevin , Thibodeaux Floyd , Luviano Angel , Kent Duane 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
When changing out completions in producing wells, inflatable tubing plugs are frequently used to control fluid loss and to protect equipment below the work area from the debris that results from pipe recovery and workover operations. To navigate the narrow inside diameter (ID) of production tubing, the plug is run deflated; it is inflated at the desired measured depth to create a barrier during workover operations; and then, when work is complete, deflated again for removal.
To protect the inflatable plug—especially its retrieval mechanism—from falling-debris damage during workover, a common practice is to use a protective fill, such as sand or proppant, on top of the plug. Of course, before the plug can be removed, both the debris and the sand must first be removed. Traditionally a slickline bailer is used to remove the debris and sand up to the top of the plug's external fishing neck. Then coiled tubing (CT) is used to wash away enough of the remaining sand from around the neck of the plug so that a slickline-deployed retrieving tool can latch onto the plug and retrieve it.
The operator had learned about a new electric-line, high-pressure suction tool that could be used instead of CT to remove the fill from around the plug's external neck, thereby eliminating the extra time, cost, and HSE risks associated with CT use. During workover operations on a Gulf of Mexico well, the operator decided to put the electric-line suction tool to the test to determine its viability as a cost-effective alternative to CT.
This paper describes the successful use of the electric-line power suction tool to clean sand from around the inflatable packer's external neck, which allowed the plug to be removed and production to resume.
Investor Protection, Firm Informational Problems, Big N Auditors, and Cost of Debt around the World
Authors: Gul Ferdinand A. , Zhou Gaoguang (Stephen , Zhu Xindong (Kevin 
Published: March 2013

SUMMARY:
This paper examines the effects of investor protection, firm informational problems (proxied by firm size, firm age, and the number of analysts following), and Big N auditors on firms' cost of debt around the world. Using data from 1994 to 2006 and over 90,000 firm-year observations, we find that the cost of debt is lower when firms are audited by Big N auditors, especially in countries with strong investor protection. Second, we find that firms with more informational problems (i.e., higher information asymmetry problems) benefit more from Big N auditors in terms of lower cost of debt only in countries with stronger investor protection.
JEL Classifications: G14; G15; G32; K22; M42.
The influence of lower lip position on the perceived attractiveness of chin prominence
Authors: Modarai Faranak , Donaldson Jane Catalina , Naini Farhad B. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:To evaluate the influence of the lower lip prominence for varying degrees of chin prominence in the sagittal plane and to establish whether lower lip prominence affects the perceived desire for surgery. To assess differences in preference between orthodontists and laypeople as well as the effect of age, gender, and ethnicity of observers on perceptions of attractiveness and desire for surgery.Materials and Methods:A silhouette of an idealized profile image was created. The image was manipulated to create six images demonstrating different degrees of retrogenia and progenia altered in 4-mm increments from −12 mm to +12 mm and six images demonstrating chin and lower lip prominence in 4-mm increments from −12 mm to +12 mm. One hundred laypeople and 30 orthodontists ranked the images from the most to the least attractive. A duplicate of one of the images was used in order to assess intraexaminer reliability.Results:The amount and direction of sagittal chin position and the prominence of the lower lip were found to have a significant effect on image rank. Chin protrusion was less attractive than retrusion and surgery was desired more often for these images. The overall direction of opinion was the same for laypeople and orthodontists.Conclusions:The chin prominence observed in a progenic patient is deemed less attractive than the combined chin and lower lip prominence observed in a patient with mandibular prognathism. In profiles with a more prominent chin a more protrusive lower lip position was preferred. When the chin was retrusive, a normal lower lip position was preferred to a retrusive lip.
Circulating Vitamin D Metabolites and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Sachs Michael C. , Brunzell John D. , Cleary Patricia A. , Hoofnagle Andrew N. , Lachin John M. , Molitch Mark E. , Steffes Michael W. , Zinman Bernard , de Boer Ian H. ,   the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study (DCCT/EDIC) Research Group
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE
People with type 1 diabetes are at high risk of premature atherosclerosis. Existing evidence suggests that impaired vitamin D metabolism may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. We tested associations of circulating vitamin D metabolite concentrations with subclinical atherosclerosis among 1,193 participants with type 1 diabetes in the DCCT/EDIC study.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We measured plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by mass spectrometry at the end of the DCCT. In a staggered cross-sectional design, we tested associations with coronary artery calcium (CAC), measured by computed tomography a median of 10 years later, and with common and internal carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), measured by B-mode ultrasonography on two occasions a median of 4 years later and a median of 10 years later. We hypothesized that lower concentrations of each vitamin D metabolite would be associated with increased risk of CAC and greater carotid IMT.

RESULTS
At the time metabolites were measured, mean age was 32.4 years and mean duration of diabetes was 7.5 years. The prevalence and severity of CAC tended to be lower—not higher—with lower concentrations of each vitamin D metabolite. For instance, in a fully adjusted multinomial logistic model, a 25 nmol/L lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D was associated with a 0.8-fold decrease in the odds of having higher CAC (95% CI 0.68–0.96, P = 0.01). No vitamin D metabolite was associated with either common or internal mean IMT.

CONCLUSIONS
We did not find evidence linking impaired vitamin D metabolism with increased subclinical atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes.
Impact of Diabetes on Cardiac Sympathetic Innervation in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Paolillo Stefania , Rengo Giuseppe , Pagano Gennaro , Pellegrino Teresa , Savarese Gianluigi , Femminella Grazia D. , Tuccillo Marianna , Boemio Antonio , Attena Emilio , Formisano Roberto , Petraglia Laura , Scopacasa Francesco , Galasso Gennaro , Leosco Dario , Trimarco Bruno , Cuocolo Alberto , Perrone-Filardi Pasquale 
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE
Impaired parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activity have been demonstrated in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and correlated with worse prognosis. Few data are available on the effect of DM on cardiac neuropathy in heart failure (HF). The aim of the current study was to assess cardiac sympathetic activity in HF patients with and without DM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Patients with severe HF (n = 75), with (n = 37) and without DM (n = 38), and 14 diabetic patients with normal cardiac function underwent 123I meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy from which early and late heart-to-mediastinum (H/M) ratios were calculated. Clinical, echocardiographic, and biochemical data were measured.

RESULTS
DM compared with non-DM patients showed significantly lower early (1.65 ± 0.21 vs. 1.75 ± 0.21; P &lt; 0.05) and late H/M ratios (1.46 ± 0.22 vs. 1.58 ± 0.24; P &lt; 0.03). Early and late H/M were significantly higher in DM patients without HF (2.22 ± 0.35 and 1.99 ± 0.24, respectively) than HF patients with (P &lt; 0.0001) and without (P &lt; 0.0001) DM. In HF patients, an inverse correlation between early or late H/M ratio and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (Pearson = −0.473, P = 0.001; Pearson = −0.382, P = 0.001, respectively) was observed. In DM, in multivariate analysis, HbA1c and ejection fraction remained significant predictors of early H/M; HbA1c remained the only significant predictor of late H/M. No correlation between early or late H/M and HbA1c was found in non-DM patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Diabetic patients with HF show lower cardiac sympathetic activity than HF patients not having DM or than DM patients with a similar degree of autonomic dysfunction not having HF. HbA1c correlated with the degree of reduction in cardiac sympathetic activity.
Comparison between manual aspiration via polyethylene tubing and aspiration via a suction pump with a suction trap connection for performing bronchoalveolar lavage in healthy dogs
Authors: Woods Katharine S. , Defarges Alice M. N. , Abrams-Ogg Anthony C. G. , Dobson Howard , Viel Laurent , Brisson Brigitte A. , Bienzle Dorothee 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Objective—To compare the diagnostic quality of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid acquired from healthy dogs by manual aspiration via polyethylene tubing (MAPT) and via suction pump aspiration (SPA) with a suction trap connection.
Animals—12 healthy adult Beagles.
Procedures—BAL was performed with bronchoscopic guidance in anesthetized dogs. The MAPT was performed with a 35-mL syringe attached to polyethylene tubing wedged in a bronchus via the bronchoscope's biopsy channel. The SPA was performed with 5 kPa of negative pressure applied to the bronchoscope's suction valve via a suction trap. The MAPT and SPA techniques were performed in randomized order on opposite caudal lung lobes of each dog. Two 1 mL/kg lavages were performed per site. Samples of BAL fluid were analyzed on the basis of a semiquantitative quality scale, percentage of retrieved fluid, and total nucleated and differential cell counts. Results were compared with Wilcoxon signed rank tests.
Results—Percentage of BAL fluid retrieved (median difference, 16.2%), surfactant score (median difference, 1), and neutrophil count (median difference, 74 cells/μL) were significantly higher for SPA than for MAPT. A higher BAL fluid epithelial cell score was obtained via MAPT, compared with that for samples obtained via SPA (median difference, 1).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that in healthy dogs, SPA provided a higher percentage of BAL fluid retrieval than did MAPT. The SPA technique may improve the rate of diagnostic success for BAL in dogs, compared with that for MAPT. Further evaluation of these aspiration techniques in dogs with respiratory tract disease is required.
Physiologic and antinociceptive effects following intramuscular administration of xylazine hydrochloride in combination with tiletamine-zolazepam in llamas
Authors: Seddighi Reza , Elliot Sarah B. , Whitlock Brian K. , Egger Christine M. , Doherty Tom J. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate antinociceptive and selected effects associated with IM administration of xylazine hydrochloride in combination with tiletamine-zolazepam in llamas.
Animals—8 adult male llamas.
Procedures—Each llama received tiletamine-zolazepam (2 mg/kg) combined with either xylazine (0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution IM (treatments designated as TZ-Xy0.1, TZ-Xy0.2, TZ-Xy0.4, and TZ-Sal, respectively) at 1-week intervals. Selected cardiorespiratory variables were assessed during lateral recumbency and anesthesia, and recovery characteristics were recorded. Duration of antinociception was evaluated by clamping a claw every 5 minutes.
Results—Interval between treatment administration and lateral recumbency for TZ-Xy0.4 was shorter than that for TZ-Xy0.1 or TZ-Sal. Mean ± SEM duration of antinociception was longer for TZ-Xy0.4 (51.3 ± 7. 0 minutes), compared with findings for TZ-Xy0.2 (31.9 ± 6.0 minutes), TZ-Xy0.1 (8.1 ± 4.0 minutes), and TZ-Sal (0.6 ± 0.6 minutes). Interval between treatment administration and standing was longer for TZ-Xy0.4 (112 ± 9 minutes) than it was for TZ-Xy0.2 (77 ± 9 minutes) or TZ-Sal (68 ± 9 minutes). Mean heart and respiratory rates during the first 30 minutes for TZ-Sal exceeded values for the other treatments. Administration of TZ-Xy0.2 and TZ-Xy0.4 resulted in Pao2 < 60 mm Hg at 5 minutes after llamas attained lateral recumbency, and values differed from TZ-Sal findings at 5, 10, and 15 minutes; Paco2 was greater for TZ-Xy0.2 and TZ-Xy0.4 than for TZ-Sal at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Xylazine (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) increased the duration of antinociception in llamas anesthetized with tiletamine-zolazepam.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of zoledronic acid in horses
Authors: Nieto Jorge E. , Maher Omar , Stanley Scott D. , Knych Heather K. , Snyder Jack R. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of zoledronic acid in horses.
Animals—8 healthy horses.
Procedures—A single dose of zoledronic acid (0.057 mg/kg, IV) was administered during a 30-minute period. Venous blood was collected at several time points. Zoledronic acid concentration in plasma was measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and pertinent pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. Plasma was analyzed for total calcium, BUN, and creatinine concentrations and a marker for bone resorption (C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen).
Results—Zoledronic acid was safely administered IV during a 30-minute period, and no adverse effects were observed. Plasma concentrations of zoledronic acid were consistent with a 2-compartment mammillary model. Plasma concentrations of zoledronic acid were detected for up to 8 hours after administration. Mean total calcium concentrations in plasma were less than the reference range 7 days after zoledronic acid administration. A marker for bone remodeling decreased in concentration after zoledronic acid administration and remained low for the 1-year duration of the study. No changes in BUN and creatinine concentrations were observed after zoledronic acid administration.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Zoledronic acid was safely administered in healthy horses. Zoledronic acid is reported as the strongest bisphosphonate presently available, and studies evaluating potential benefits of zoledronic acid in horses with orthopedic conditions are warranted.
Effects of anesthetic induction with midazolam-propofol and midazolam-etomidate on selected ocular and cardiorespiratory variables in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Gunderson Erin G. , Lukasik Victoria M. , Ashton Marcella M. , Merideth Reuben E. , Madsen Richard 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Objective—To compare effects of anesthetic induction with midazolam-propofol or midazolam-etomidate on intraocular pressure (IOP), pupillary diameter (PD), pulse rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate in clinically normal dogs.
Animals—18 dogs.
Procedures—Dogs undergoing ophthalmic surgery received midazolam (0.2 mg/kg, IV) and either propofol or etomidate (IV) until intubatable. For all dogs, results of physical examinations, ophthalmic examinations of the nonoperated eye, and preanesthetic blood analyses were normal. Intraocular pressure, PD, blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiratory rate were measured in the nonoperated eye at 5 time points: just prior to the anesthetic induction sequence, after 5 minutes of preanesthetic oxygenation via face mask, after IV administration of midazolam, after IV anesthetic induction, and after endotracheal intubation.
Results—PD decreased significantly from baseline by 4.4 ± 0.4 mm (mean ± SD) after anesthetic induction and 5.3 ± 0.4 mm after intubation in the etomidate group and by 1. 2 ± 0.4 mm after intubation in the propofol group. Intraocular pressure was increased significantly from baseline by 3.2 ± 1.0 mm Hg after anesthetic induction in the etomidate group and by 4.7 ± 1.2 mm Hg after anesthetic induction and 4.5 ± 1. 2 mm Hg after intubation in the propofol group. Pulse rate was significantly lower by 28.6 ± 12.6 beats/min after anesthetic induction in the etomidate group, compared with the propofol group.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—At the studied doses, midazolam-etomidate caused clinically important miosis and increased IOP. Midazolam-propofol caused an even greater increase in IOP but had minimal effects on PD.