bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X.—The Life-History and Structure ofHœmatopota pluvialis, Linné (Tabaniæ)
Authors: Cameron A. E. 
Published: January 2013

There have now been described some fourteen hundred species of Tabanidæ, of which, according to Surcouf (1924), more than a hundred are European. Biological studies of the family have by no means kept pace with those of its taxonomy, and there is available comparatively little information regarding the post-embryonic development of individual species.Examination of the literature showed that none of the European species had been investigated with any degree of detail, and it was with the intention of supplying at least part of this want that the present study was undertaken in 1930. Because of its relative abundance from June to August in rural districts of Scotland, the common cleg,Hœmatopota pluvialis, L., was the species first chosen. The interest of this choice was considerably increased by the relisation that the biology of no species of Hœmatopota had previously been submitted to careful examination either in Europe or elsewhere.
II.—Observations on Pterygotid Eurypterids
Authors: Waterston Charles D. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisWith the exception ofPterygotus rhenaniœJaekel, for which the new genusJœkelopterusis proposed, the published accounts of the median abdominal appendages of the Pterygotidæ are inadequate. An examination of the British material was undertaken with a view to improving our knowledge of the opercular anatomy of the family. An account is given of the genital appendages associated with both sexes ofErettopterus bilobus(Salter) andPterygotus anglicusAgassiz, of the Baltic speciesErettopterus osiliensis(Schmidt) and of British forms in which only one type of appendage is known. Attention has been given also to the cheliceræ of the British type species because of the importance which has been attached to this character in classification. The significance of the chelate and genital appendages in the classification and biology of the Pterygotidæ is discussed.
I.—On the Structure of some Petioles associated withRhetinangiumGordon
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisDetached petioles and their branches are described under the nameLyginorachis arberisp. nov. In their anatomy they resemble the petioles ofRhetinangium arberiGordon, a presumed Pteridosperm. Two specimens show preparation for dichotomy. Others are interpreted as rachides probably formed by dichotomy of petioles. In cross section such rachides show the presence of pinna-traces arising alternately and marginally from the V-shaped vascular bundle. The pinna bundles are also V-shaped but have only three corrugations in section. Cylindrical pinnules are borne on the pinnæ.L. kidstonisp. nov. is a smaller petiole with a less corrugated and C-shaped vascular bundle. Both species are associated with seeds ofGenomosperma.
IV.—Studies on the Functional Morphology and Feeding Mechanism ofMonodella argentariiStella (Crustacea: Thermosbænacea)
Authors: Fryer Geoffrey 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisStructural features related to habits of life are described for the thermosbænaceanMonodella argentarii.Although it can swim, this minute malacostracan is essentially benthic in habits, and its food consists of bottom detritus. The collection and subsequent manipulation of food are described.Monodellais not a filter feeder and no currents are involved in the feeding process which consists essentially of scraping, brushing and pushing. Cephalic appendages only are involved. The structure and mode of action of the mouthparts are described and illustrated in detail, and the functional significance of many structural features is explained.No justification is found for placing the Thermosbænacea in a separate division, the Pancarida, and its position within the Peracarida is discussed.The past history and present distribution of the Thermosbænacea are reconsidered.
V.—A Comparative Account of the Feeding Methods of the BeetlesNebria brevicollis(F.) (Carabidæ) andPhilonthus decorus(Grav.) (Staphylinidæ)
Authors: Evans M. E. G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisNebria brevicollis(F.) andPhilonthus decorus(Grav.) are two of the commonest predaceous insects of the woodland floor, and the head structure, mouthparts and feeding methods of each have been compared and contrasted. InN. brevicollis, the mandibles are well developed for the capture and shearing of the prey, whilst the laciniæ of the maxillæ form rakes which pull the food towards the cibarium across the smooth labium. Food is bolted in large pieces and stored in the crop before passing through the filtering and grinding gizzard. A fundamental difference between the two beetles is seen in the movements and structure of the maxillæ, and a mechanism whereby stipital abduction and protraction is effected inN. brevicollishas been proposed. InP. decorus, the mandibles are also developed for prey capture but hold the prey between large brushes while it is being crushed. The maxillæ form thick brushes which also hold the prey, and the labium-hypopharynx is densely covered with setæ which prevent the entry of solid food into the mouth. Thus, in contrast toN. brevicollis, the labrum has a median food groove which directs the food upwards and away from the mouth, and returns it to the mandibles to be re-chewed. Here, partial external digestion occurs and fluid food is sucked in by the powerful cibarial pump, and passed to the filtering proventriculus. In order to show how the two feeding methods described fit into the general pattern, the feeding methods of various predaceous Coleoptera have been reviewed in relation to different types of gut structure.
VII.—Nuclear Phenomena in Marasmius androsaceus (L. ex Fr.) Fr. and M. rotula (Scop. ex Fr.) Fr.
Authors: Duncan E. Julian , Macdonald J. A. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisDividing and non-dividing nuclei in the hyphæ of M. androsaceus and M. rotula, grown by means of agar- and cellophane-film techniques, were examined alive with phase contrast and also after various fixation and staining procedures. The division was compared with that of the nuclei found in the ultimate clamp connection, i.e. that found, associated with the developing basidium, and with the divisions of the single diploid nucleus in the mature basidium. The end products of all the hyphal divisions are the same as in organisms having a conventional mitosis but some of the steps by which this is achieved are unusual, notably the arrangement of the chromatin as a figure of eight, the twisting of one of the loops so formed above the other to create two rings and the opening of these rings in such a way that the two rods which, ultimately separate each correspond with the chromosome complement of a daughter nucleus. The first division of the diploid nucleus in the basidium is noteworthy for the linking together, in late prophase, of the four chromosomes. This division is followed by a distinct interphase in which nucleoli reappear. The second division shares the peculiarities of the division in the ultimate clamp.
XIII.—Granites and Associated Rocks of the Eastern Part of the Western Redhills Complex, Isle of Skye
Authors: Bell J. D. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe country lying between the head of Loch Ainort and the northern end of the Blaven Range in central Skye forms part of a Tertiary igneous complex. Country rocks in the area are Jurassic sediments. The earliest igneous rocks are basalt lavas which show the effects of thermal metamorphism by a later intrusion of eucrite and gabbro. This latter, which is part of the Blaven mass, has features of a layered intrusion such as igneous lamination, repetition of layers rich in certain minerals and comparable textures. It may be correlated with zones of the Cuillin layered intrusion. The eucrites are cut by a cone sheet swarm. Adjacent to the eucrite is a vent breccia which contains eucrite blocks, is not cut by cone sheets and is, therefore, of later age than the eucrite. The major part of the area under discussion is formed from four granitic ring dykes and a hybrid suite with ring dyke form, all of which belong to the Western Redhills intrusive complex; in addition, part of a fifth granitic ring dyke, which probably belongs to the Eastern Redhills intrusive complex is included in the area. The granites are mainly fayalite-hedenbergite types with a variety of phenocrysts of felspar and features characteristic of high level intrusions such as granophyric texture and varying optical and chemical properties of the felspar indicating higher temperature modifications. Three new chemical analyses of the granites and one of ferrohedenbergitic pyroxene are presented. The granites may be regarded as partial remelts of the underlying basement gneiss and a simple investigation of thermal requirements indicates that the heat necessary for the partial melting could be provided by a mass of basic rock presumed from geophysical evidence to underlie the complex. Various acid and basic minor intrusions in the area are also described.
I.—The Proboscis and Oesophagus of Some British Turrids
Authors: Smith Edmund H. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisHaller (1888), one of the first to publish an account of the alimentary tract in the Gastropoda, was followed by Amaudrut (1898) who produced a detailed comparative account of “La partie anteriéure du tube digestif” in a number of gastropods. Later workers have either studied the complete alimentary system in one or two gastropods (Herrick 1906; Dakin 1912) or have been concerned with the functional morphology of particular organs, such as the oesophagus, stomach, (Graham 1941; 1949), and proboscis (Alpers 1931; Carriker 1943). Much of this scattered work has been collected by Fretter and Graham (1962). Effectively nothing is known about the functional morphology of the alimentary tract in many groups, including the neogastropod families Turridae, Terebridae, and Volutidae. This account of the proboscis and oesophagus forms part of a general study of the functional morphology of the Turridae.
II.—The Neogastropod Stomach, with Notes on the Digestive Diverticula and Intestine
Authors: Smith Edmund H. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisOn the basis of Graham's (1949) work, the stomach of the neogastropods is currently regarded as a secondarily simplified structure exhibiting loss of the cæcum, abbreviation of the major typhlosole and intestinal groove, anterior migration of the opening of the œsophagus, loss of the sorting areas, and in the muricids, of the gastric shield. The present investigations, however, reveal that the stomachs of, at any rate, some neogastropods are less simplified than has been realized. There are well developed typhlosoles, an intestinal groove, gastric shield, and sorting areas resembling those of primitive gastropods.
VII.—The Littoral Copepoda (Crustacea) of Inhaca Island, Mozambique
Authors: Wells J. B. J. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThis paper deals with a collection of littoral meiobenthic copepods collected at Inhaca Island, Mozambique during the month of September 1963. A total of 135 species of Copepoda Calanoida (1), Cyclopoida (8) and Harpacticoida (126) were found of which 45 are new species and one a new forma. Thirteen new genera are described. The meiobenthos of Inhaca Island is totally unknown and few studies have been made anywhere on the east coast of Africa, the only exceptions being the several researches in the Red Sea and on the island of Madagascar. As the time available was limited and the fauna unknown the major part of the work was devoted to compiling as complete an inventory of the copepod fauna as possible. As far as was possible samples of equivalent size were taken in each habitat and some idea of variation in copepod populations on the different substrates can be estimated, but a more exact ecological approach was not attempted. The fauna proved to be very rich and varied. The greatest number of species and of individuals was found in the detritus sand. In this habitat no one species was super-dominant as was the case in the phytal habitats (algæ and marine grasses) and in clean sand (the interstitial fauna). Due to the lack of information from adjacent areas the zoogeographical relationships of the fauna are difficult to assess. It is possible that many of the new species are quite local. For the established species these new records are of value in assessing their world distribution and the evidence points to many of them being cosmopolitan.
XXIV. Observations on Two Comets discovered at Paramatta in 1824
Authors: Rumker  , Dunlop  
Published: January 2013

The two Comets which are the subject of this communication were discovered at Paramatta; the first by Mr Rumker, and the second by our countryman Mr Dunlop.The elements of both have been calculated from the observations of Mr Rumker and Mr Dunlop, by Mr George Innes, Aberdeen, and Mr James Gordon, A. M.
XXVII. Results of the Thermometrical Observations made at Leith Fort, every Hour of the Day and Night, during the whole of the Years 1824 and 1825
Authors: Brewster David 
Published: January 2013

In the year 1820, I had occasion to suggest to the Royal Society the propriety of establishing Registers of the Thermometer in various parts of Scotland.In a country embracing so many varieties of soil, climate and elevation, and extending over nearly six degrees of latitude, it was an object worthy of a public body to determine the Law of the Distribution of Temperature, even if such a subject had not possessed a separate interest in relation to the Horticulture and Agriculture of the Country. The Society did not hesitate in adopting this suggestion, and many intelligent individuals were found, who undertook to observe the thermometer twice a-day, and to measure occasionally the temperature of Springs and Wells, During the first year, viz. 1821, nearly sixty Meteorological Journals were regularly kept in different parts of Scotland. The number diminished considerably in subsequent years; but, notwithstanding this diminution, there is now in our possession a rich series of observations during five complete years, the results of which are nearly ready to be submitted to the Society.
XIX. Account of the Invention of the Pantograph, and a Description of the Eidograph, a Copying Instrument invented by William Wallace, A.M., F.R.S. Edin., F.R.A.S., Memb. Cam. Phil. Soc, &c., Professor of Mathematics in the University of Edinburgh
Authors: Wallace William 
Published: January 2013

The power of making such a representation of any object, as shall give a distinct idea of its form, is a faculty which artists possess in different degrees of perfection. The principal difficulty is, to get a first delineation of any subject; from this a copy may be made in various ways, with less exertion of talent than was required for the composition of the original.Various geometrical and optical inventions have been proposed to assist the artist in making an outline of an object which he wishes to represent. The Reticulated Square and other contrivances, for placing every point of the thing to be represented in its proper place in the picture, belong to the first class; the Camera Obscura and the Camera Lucida to the second. When a design is to be copied, a different kind of contrivances will in general be more convenient. It is only of these that I propose to treat here.
XX. Some Observations on Atmospheric Electricity
Authors: Davy John 
Published: January 2013

The few facts we possess relative to the chemical agency of atmospheric electricity, and a certain degree of obscurity connected with these facts, as pointed out by Mr Faraday, in commenting on the late Mr Barry's results, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1831, have induced me to institute some experiments on the subject, with the hope of acquiring additional information.Reflecting on the manner in which, in certain instances, the great experiment of Franklin, in apparent proof of the identity of common and of atmospheric electricity, had been repeated, especially in our own country; reflecting also on the experiments of M. Colladon on atmospheric electricity, made by means of a lightning-conductor,—it appeared to me not improbable that results might be witnessed of some interest by substituting for an electrical kite, the means employed by Mr Barry, an insulated wire raised a few feet above the summit of any building of moderate height.
XXVII.—On Knots. Part III
Authors: Tait  
Published: January 2013

The following additional remarks are the outcome of my study of the polyhedral data for tenfold knottiness, which I received from Mr Kirkman on the 26th of last January. My main object was, as in the first chapter of Part II., to determine the number of different types; as well as the number of essentially different forms which each type can assume, as distinguished from mere deformations due to the mode of projection.This study has been a somewhat protracted one, in consequence (1) of the great number of tenfold knots; (2) of the very considerable number of distortions of several of the types, many of which are essentially distinct while others present themselves in pairs differing by mere reversion; and especially (3) of the fact that the polyhedral method often presents some of the distinct forms of one and the same type projected from essentially different points of view (of which, in the present case, there are sometimes twelve in all).
XIII—On the Elimination of α,β, γ, from the conditions of integrability of S uadρ, S uβdρ, S uγdρ
Authors: Plarr G. 
Published: January 2013

The proposed scalars represent the differentials of the three functions, X, Y, Z, of the co-ordinates x, y, z, put under the formwhere ◁ represents the operatorand where.These functions, equated respectively to constants, are intended to represent a system of orthogonal surfaces.
VII.—Report on the Tunicata collected during the Cruise of H.M.S. “ Triton ” in the Summer of 1882
Authors: Herdman W. A. 
Published: January 2013

This collection was sent to me for examination some months ago by Mr Murray. It may be conveniently divided into two very natural groups:—1. Ascidiacea, including the forms dredged or trawled from the bottom of the sea.2. Thaliacea, including the free-swimming pelagic forms captured by the tow-net at or below the surface.
XXIII.—An Example of the Method of Deducing a Surface from a Plane Figure
Authors: Cremona L. 
Published: January 2013

Let there be given, in a plane π, six (fundamental) points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, of which neither any three lie in a right line, nor all in a conic; and consider the six conics [1] ≡ 23456, [2] ≡ 13456, [3] ≡ 12456, [4] ≡ 12356, [5] ≡ 12346, [6] ≡ 12345, and the fifteen right lines 12, 13,…, 16, 23,…, 56.There is a pencil of cubics 1223456 (curves of the third order, having a node at 1 and passing through the other fundamental points); their tangents at the common node form an involution, viz., they are harmonically conjugate with regard to two fixed rays. Five pairs of conjugate rays of this involution are already known; for instance, the line 12 and the conic [2] have conjugate directions at the point 1, for, they make up a cubic 1223456.
XXI.—On the Expiatory and Substitutionary Sacrifices of the Greeks
Authors: Donaldson James 
Published: January 2013

I have to explain at the outset that the title of my paper has been chosen for the sake of brevity. Both the words “expiatory” and “substitutionary” are liable to be misunderstood and abused in argument. I shall, therefore, avoid the word “expiate” as much as possible; but as I cannot do without a frequent use of the words “substitution” and “substitutionary,” I merely note at present that there are various modes of substitution and various purposes served by it, and that it is very important in an argument to state accurately both the mode and the purpose.The object of my paper is to place the two prevalent theories of the origin of sacrifice in juxtaposition with the facts which we have in regard to Greek sacrifices, in order that we may see what light the facts may throw on the theories. For this purpose I first state the two theories.
XXII.—New General Formulœ for the Transformation of Infinite Series into Continued Fractions
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: January 2013

In Crelle's Journal, vol. x., Stern devotes fifteen pages (pp. 245-259) of his Theorie der Kettenbrüche to the examination and elucidation of the following problems:—as continued fractions of the formwhere a1, a2, a3, … are independent of x.
X.—A Human Blastocyst in situ.
Authors: Stump C. Witherington 
Published: January 2013

The specimen to be described in this paper was presented to the embryological collection of the Anatomy Department of the University of Sydney by Dr A. A. Palmer of the Public Health Service of New South Wales.It is a pleasant duty to acknowledge indebtedness to Dr Palmer, not only for his kindness in making over the specimen to the Department, but also for his swift recognition of its interest.
XIV.—On a Class of Alternating Functions
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: January 2013

A glance at the expressionis sufficient to verify the fact that it is symmetric with respect to a, b, c, d, and also with respect to α, β, γ, δ. It is likewise, although not quite so evidently, an alternating function with respect to the interchangethat is to say, if a and α be interchanged, and at the same time b and β, c and γ, d and δ, the function is not altered in magnitude, but merely changes sign. With a little trouble, indeed, the expression can be transformed intoor say
XVII.—On the Fossil Flora of the Radstock Series of the Somerset and Bristol Coal Field (Upper Coal Measures)
Authors: Kidston Robert 
Published: January 2013

My attention for the last few years having been specially directed to the vertical distribution of the Carboniferous Fossil Flora, it is my intention to publish a series of papers dealing with this subject.While carrying on these investigations it has been necessary, in addition to visiting public and private collections, to visit several of the coal fields for the purpose of collecting specimens, as in almost no case have the smaller and less attractive species been secured, and, as a rule, only what strikes the ordinary collector as being “a fine specimen” is preserved, to the exclusion of many less striking but often more valuable examples. Hence our public collections, and, with few exceptions, also our private collections, give a very imperfect idea of the richness of the flora of the Carboniferous Formation of Britain.
XXII.—On the Partition of Energy between the Translatory and Rotational Motions of a Set of Non-Homogeneous Elastic Spheres
Authors: Burnside W. 
Published: January 2013

At the suggestion of Prof. Tait, an attempt has been made in this paper to apply the method used by him in § 21 of his paper on “The Foundations of the Kinetic Theory of Gases” to a case of the question of the distribution of energy in a system of non-homogeneous impinging spheres.The problem may be stated as follows:—Given a very great number of smooth elastic spheres, equal and like in all respects, whose centres of figure and centres of inertia do not coincide, and the sum of whose volumes is but a small fraction of the space in which they move, it is required to find the ultimate distribution of energy among the various degrees of freedom when by collisions the system has attained a “special state.”
III.—Chapters on the Mineralogy of Scotland. Chapter Sixth.—“Chloritic Minerals.”
Authors: Heddle  
Published: January 2013

There is no department of natural science which is so defective in its general scheme of arrangement as mineralogy; and its sectional grouping is, if possible, still more defective.Such correlations as are expressed by the terms, “the Micas,”—“the Felspars,”—“ the Garnets,” &c., are only admissible if the substances united in such groups are included under one general formula, and function in a more or less similar manner as rock-formers.