bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric reduction of 4-hydroxy-2-butanone to (R)-1,3-butanediol with absolute stereochemical selectivity by a newly isolated strain of Pichia jadinii
Authors: Yang Taowei , Man Zaiwei , Rao Zhiming , Xu Meijuan , Zhang Xian , Xu Zhenghong 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In this study, a novel strain of Pichia jadinii, HBY61, capable of the biocatalysis of 4-hydroxy-2-butanone (4H2B) to (R)-1,3-BD was isolated. HBY61 produced (R)-1,3-BD with high activity and absolute stereochemical selectivity (100 % e.e). Glucose and beef extract were found to be the key factors governing the fermentation, and their optimal concentrations were determined to be 84.2 and 43.7 g/L, respectively. The optimal bioconversion conditions of 4H2B catalyzed by HBY61 were pH 7.4, 30 °C, and 250 rpm with 6 % (v/v) glucose as the co-substrate. Accordingly, when 45 g/L of 4H2B was divided into three equal parts and added successively into the system at set time intervals, the maximum (R)-1,3-BD concentration reached 38.3 g/L with high yield (85.1 %) and strict 100 % enantioselectivity. Compared with previously reported yields for the biocatalytic production of (R)-1,3-BD, the use of strain HBY61 provided a high yield with excellent stereoselectivity.
Comparative Assay of Antioxidant Packages for Dimer of Estolide Esters
Authors: Cermak Steven C. , Bredsguard Jakob W. , Dunn Robert O. , Thompson Travis , Feken Kati A. , Roth Katie L. , Kenar James A. , Isbell Terry A. , Murray Rex E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA series of 26 different antioxidants and commercial antioxidant packages designed for petroleum‐based materials, containing both natural and synthetic‐based materials, were evaluated with dimeric coconut‐oleic estolide 2‐ethylhexyl ester (2‐EH), a bio‐based material. The different antioxidants were categorized into different classes of phenolic, aminic, and blended/others materials. The oxidation onset temperatures (OT) using non‐isothermal pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) were measured and recorded under previously reported standard conditions. The aminic series gave the best resistance to oxidation as defined by the PDSC method with OT of 246.6 and 244.7 °C for the best two performers, which was a 38 °C improvement over the uninhibited or unformulated dimer estolide material. The phenolic series, containing most of the naturally occurring antioxidants, was the least successful formulation package for the dimer estolide. The blended/other materials, which were specifically designed for petroleum‐based lubricants, did not have the best OT, since the estolides and other bio‐based materials interact differently than their petroleum counterparts. A number of potential antioxidants have been identified as useful additives for the estolides esters. The OT of the estolide and formulated materials correlated well with other bio‐based materials such as biodiesel.
Global and Domestic Legal Preparedness and Response: 2014 Ebola Outbreak
Authors: Hodge James G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe global rise of Ebola viral diseases in 2014 necessitates legal responses that promote effective public health responses and respect for the health and human rights of populations. Compulsory public health interventions, approval and administration of experimental drugs or vaccines, and allocation of finite resources require difficult choices in law and policy. Crafting legal decisions in real-time emergencies is neither easy nor predictable, but it is essential to controlling epidemics and saving lives.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-4)
Responding to a Radiological Crisis: Experiences of British Foreign Office Staff in Japan After the Fukushima Nuclear Meltdown
Authors: Bakhshi Savita , Lynn-Nicholson Rebecca , Jones Bryony , Amlôt Richard , Greenberg Neil , Rubin G. James 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo identify factors that affected well-being among British embassy staff based in Japan after the 2011 earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear meltdown.MethodsIn-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 36 members of staff 8 to 9 months after the earthquake.ResultsParticipants described their crisis work as stressful, exciting, and something of which they were proud. Aside from disaster-specific stressors, factors identified as stressful included unclear roles, handing over work to new personnel, being assigned to office-based work, feeling that work was not immediately beneficial to the public, not taking good-quality breaks, and difficulties with relatives. The radiation risk provoked mixed feelings, with most participants being reassured by contact with senior scientists.ConclusionsInterventions to safeguard the well-being of personnel during crisis work must consider the impact of a broad range of stressors.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-7)
Steroids, psychosis and poly-substance abuse
Authors: Duffy R. M. , Kelly B. D. 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveTo review consequences of the changing demographic profile of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use.MethodCase report and review of key papers.ResultsWe report here a case of a 19-year-old Irish male presenting with both medical and psychiatric side effects of methandrostenolone use. The man had a long-standing history of harmful cannabis use, but had not experienced previous psychotic symptoms. Following use of methandrostenolone, he developed rhabdomyolysis and a psychotic episode with homicidal ideation.DiscussionNon-medical AAS use is a growing problem associated with medical, psychiatric and forensic risks. The population using these drugs has changed with the result of more frequent poly-substance misuse, potentially exacerbating these risks.ConclusionA higher index of suspicion is needed for AAS use. Medical personnel need to be aware of the potential side effects of their use, including the risk of violence. Research is needed to establish the magnitude of the problem in Ireland.
Effects of an axial flow on the centrifugal, elliptic and hyperbolic instabilities in Stuart vortices
Authors: Mathur Manikandan , Ortiz Sabine , Dubos Thomas , Chomaz Jean-Marc 
Published: October 2014

AbstractLinear stability of the Stuart vortices in the presence of an axial flow is studied. The local stability equations derived by Lifschitz & Hameiri (Phys. Fluids A, vol. 3 (11), 1991, pp. 2644–2651) are rewritten for a three-component (3C) two-dimensional (2D) base flow represented by a 2D streamfunction and an axial velocity that is a function of the streamfunction. We show that the local perturbations that describe an eigenmode of the flow should have wavevectors that are periodic upon their evolution around helical flow trajectories that are themselves periodic once projected on a plane perpendicular to the axial direction. Integrating the amplitude equations around periodic trajectories for wavevectors that are also periodic, it is found that the elliptic and hyperbolic instabilities, which are present without the axial velocity, disappear beyond a threshold value for the axial velocity strength. Furthermore, a threshold axial velocity strength, above which a new centrifugal instability branch is present, is identified. A heuristic criterion, which reduces to the Leibovich & Stewartson criterion in the limit of an axisymmetric vortex, for centrifugal instability in a non-axisymmetric vortex with an axial flow is then proposed. The new criterion, upon comparison with the numerical solutions of the local stability equations, is shown to describe the onset of centrifugal instability (and the corresponding growth rate) very accurately.
Quasi-cylindrical approximation to the swirling flow in an atomizer chamber
Authors: Higuera F. J. , Pereña A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA quasi-cylindrical approximation is used to analyse the axisymmetric swirling flow of a liquid with a hollow air core in the chamber of a pressure swirl atomizer. The liquid is injected into the chamber with an azimuthal velocity component through a number of slots at the periphery of one end of the chamber, and flows out as an annular sheet through a central orifice at the other end, following a conical convergence of the chamber wall. An effective inlet condition is used to model the effects of the slots and the boundary layer that develops at the nearby endwall of the chamber. An analysis is presented of the structure of the liquid sheet at the end of the exit orifice, where the flow becomes critical in the sense that upstream propagation of long-wave perturbations ceases to be possible. This analysis leads to a boundary condition at the end of the orifice that is an extension of the condition of maximum flux used with irrotational models of the flow. As is well known, the radial pressure gradient induced by the swirling flow in the bulk of the chamber causes the overpressure that drives the liquid towards the exit orifice, and also leads to Ekman pumping in the boundary layers of reduced azimuthal velocity at the convergent wall of the chamber and at the wall opposite to the exit orifice. The numerical results confirm the important role played by the boundary layers. They make the thickness of the liquid sheet at the end of the orifice larger than predicted by irrotational models, and at the same time tend to decrease the overpressure required to pass a given flow rate through the chamber, because the large axial velocity in the boundary layers takes care of part of the flow rate. The thickness of the boundary layers increases when the atomizer constant (the inverse of a swirl number, proportional to the flow rate scaled with the radius of the exit orifice and the circulation around the air core) decreases. A minimum value of this parameter is found below which the layer of reduced azimuthal velocity around the air core prevents the pressure from increasing and steadily driving the flow through the exit orifice. The effects of other parameters not accounted for by irrotational models are also analysed in terms of their influence on the boundary layers.
Self-sustained oscillations of shallow flow past sequential cavities
Authors: Tuna B. A. , Rockwell D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractShallow flow past successive cavities is characterized by means of high-image-density particle image velocimetry (PIV). Highly coherent, self-sustained oscillations arise due to coupling between the inherent instability of the separated shear layer along the opening of each sequential cavity; and a gravity standing wave mode within each cavity. The globally coupled nature of the flow structure is evident through dominance of the same spectral component in the undulating vorticity layers along each of the successive cavities and the wall pressure fluctuations within the cavities. Unlike coupled phenomena associated with flow past a single cavity, optimal coupling for successive cavities requires a defined phase shift between the gravity standing wave patterns in adjacent cavities and, furthermore, an overall phase shift of the undulating shear layer along the cavity openings. The magnitudes of these phase shifts depend on the mode of the gravity standing wave in each cavity, i.e. longitudinal or transverse mode, which is respectively aligned with or normal to the main stream. Such phase shifts result in corresponding displacements of patterns of phase-referenced vorticity concentrations along the cavity openings and changes in the timing of impingement of these concentrations upon the downstream corners of successive cavities. All of the foregoing aspects are related to the unsteady recirculation flow within the cavity, the time-dependent streamline topology, and concentrations of Reynolds stress along the cavity opening.
COPTS AND THE MILLET PARTNERSHIP: THE INTRA-COMMUNAL DYNAMICS BEHIND EGYPTIAN SECTARIANISM
Authors: Sedra Paul 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe sparse scholarship on the political role of Coptic Christians in modern Egypt almost always takes the Coptic Orthodox Church as a point of departure, assuming that the head of the church, the Coptic patriarch, is not only the spiritual leader of the community but its political leader as well. This article argues that the disproportionate attention afforded to the Coptic Orthodox Church in this scholarship has obscured intra-communal dynamics of the Copts that are essential to an understanding of their political role. Through an analysis of historical struggles between the Coptic clergy and the Coptic laity for influence in Egyptian politics, as well as a particular focus on how these struggles have played out in the arena of personal status law, the article demonstrates that Egyptian politics and Coptic communal dynamics are deeply intertwined, to a degree often disregarded both by Copts and by Egypt analysts.
The impact of date palm fruits and their component polyphenols, on gut microbial ecology, bacterial metabolites and colon cancer cell proliferation
Authors: Eid Noura , Enani Sumia , Walton Gemma , Corona Giulia , Costabile Adele , Gibson Glenn , Rowland Ian , Spencer Jeremy P. E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe fruit of the date palm (Phoenix dactyliferaL.) is a rich source of dietary fibre and polyphenols. We have investigated gut bacterial changes induced by the whole date fruit extract (digested date extract; DDE) and its polyphenol-rich extract (date polyphenol extract; DPE) using faecal, pH-controlled, mixed batch cultures mimicking the distal part of the human large intestine, and utilising an array of microbial group-specific 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probes. Fluorescence microscopic enumeration indicated that there was a significant increase in the growth of bifidobacteria in response to both treatments, whilst whole dates also increased bacteroides at 24 h and the total bacterial counts at later fermentation time points when compared with DPE alone. Bacterial metabolism of whole date fruit led to the production of SCFA, with acetate significantly increasing following bacterial incubation with DDE. In addition, the production of flavonoid aglycones (myricetin, luteolin, quercetin and apigenin) and the anthocyanidin petunidin in less than 1 h was also observed. Lastly, the potential of DDE, DPE and metabolites to inhibit Caco-2 cell growth was investigated, indicating that both were capable of potentially acting as antiproliferative agentsin vitro, following a 48 h exposure. This potential to inhibit growth was reduced following fermentation. Together these data suggest that consumption of date fruits may enhance colon health by increasing beneficial bacterial growth and inhibiting the proliferation of colon cancer cells. This is an early suggestion that date intake by humans may aid in the maintenance of bowel health and even the reduction of colorectal cancer development.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a suicide factor in mental disorders
Authors: Grah Majda , Mihanovic Mate , Ruljancic Nedjeljka , Restek-Petrovic Branka , Molnar Sven , Jelavic Silvana 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveBrain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a critical role in brain plasticity processes and serum levels have been demonstrated to be altered in patients with different mental disorder including suicidal behaviour. The objective of this study was to examine the association between serum BDNF levels as a possible peripheral indicator of suicide behaviour in subjects suffering from depression, personality disorders (PDs) and adjustment disorders (ADs) with or without suicide attempt.MethodsThe research included 172 randomly selected individuals suffering from recurrent depressive disorder (RDD; F 33.2), emotionally unstable PD (F 60.3) and AD (F 43.2), with or without attempted suicide according to the criteria of the ICD-10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision) and 60 phenotypically health control subjects. In the group of patients, 73% subjects took some form of psychopharmacotherapy. Serum BDNF levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsSubjects with PD and AD with suicide attempts had significantly lower serum BDNF levels than those without suicide attempts. In groups of subjects with PD and AD, those taking psychopharmacotherapy had higher serum BDNF levels. In the group of subjects with RDD, there were no differences with respect to suicide attempts or psychopharmacotherapy. Logistical regression analysis was indicated that psychopharmcotherapy and serum BDNF levels statistically correlated with suicide attempts.ConclusionThe lower levels of BDNF in subjects suffering from PD and AD with suicide attempts, suggest that the serum BDNF level is a potential marker of suicidal behaviour, independent of mental disorders.
Visibility of Pulsar Emission: Motion of the Visible Point
Authors: Yuen R. , Melrose D. B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA standard model for the visibility of pulsar radio emission is based on the assumption that the emission is confined to a narrow cone about the tangent to a dipolar field line. The widely accepted rotating vector model (RVM) is an approximation in which the line of sight is fixed and the field line is not strictly tangent to it. We refer to an exact treatment (Gangadhara, 2004) as the tangent model. In the tangent model (but not in the RVM) the visible point changes as a function of pulsar rotational phase, ψ, defining a trajectory on a sphere of radius r. We solve for the trajectory and for the angular velocity of the visible point around it. We note the recent claim that this motion is observable using interstellar holography (Pen et al., 2014). We estimate the error introduced by use of the RVM and find that it is significant for pulsars with emission over a wide range of ψ. The RVM tends to underestimate the range of ψ over which emission is visible. We suggest that the geometry alone strongly favors the visible pulsar radio being emitted at a heights more than ten percent of the light-cylinder distance, where our neglect of retardation effects becomes significant.
Toronto-area Ethnic Newspapers and Canada's 2011 Federal Election: An Investigation of Content, Focus and Partisanship
Authors: Lindgren April 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCanada's political class is embracing ethnocultural news media with increasing zeal, highlighting the need to understand the role of these news organizations in the political process. This study investigated coverage of Canada's 2011 federal election in five Toronto-area ethnocultural newspapers. The publications, which carried campaign news to varying degrees, provided coverage that was distinct in many ways from mainstream media. Content such as the focus on ingroup candidates had the potential to strengthen community bonds while more general election news equipped readers with information that would facilitate participation in society through informed voting. Analysis of reporting about the Conservative Party of Canada, which pursued an aggressive ethnic media strategy, identified no clear pattern of stories with explicitly biased content. In most newspapers, however, the CPC did enjoy an advantage in that it received more coverage than the competition.
The First Great Railway Strike: Rereading the Early Labour Movement in São Paulo
Authors: Grandi Guilherme 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBy analysing the first great railway strike in São Paulo (Brazil), this article aims to understand the role of the Companhia Paulista railway workers’ movement and its impact on labour relations in the São Paulo state. To that end, I have examined selected newspapers, the minutes of workers’ meetings, police investigations into the strike, and the reports of the Companhia Paulista's directors. Differing from the views of other historians who have tended to see the 1906 railway strike as a relatively inconsequential conflict about wages, I interpret it both as rooted in deeper grievances about labour conditions and as a starting point for a period of heightened militancy and changing labour-management relations.
Biogeography of continental shelf and upper slope fishes off El Salvador, Central America
Authors: Fuentes Claudia I. , Acuña Enzo , Hernández Numa R. 
Published: October 2014

The present research provides detailed information on the geographic and bathymetric distributional patterns of fishes and describes the main species assemblages of the continental shelf and upper slope off El Salvador. The sampling was based on 673 bottom-trawl tows taken during research surveys from April to November 2003. The data analysis was based on presence-absence matrixes and was conducted with PRIMER 6 software. A total of 148 fish species were recorded during the study period: the families with the highest number of species were Sciaenidae (13) and Carangidae (10), and the highest percentages of occurrence were registered for Porichthys margaritatus (40.6%), Pontinus sp. (34.8%) and Monolene dubiosa (33.1%). The cluster analysis by depth showed three faunistic associations: (1) on the inner and part of the mid continental shelf (20–60 m), (2) one bathymetric stratum on the mid continental shelf (80–100 m), and (3) on the outer continental shelf and upper slope (120–240 m). The cluster analysis by geographic zones showed separation between three zones: Western, Central and Eastern Zones off El Salvador. The Central zone is characterized by a different fish community of mixed habitat, while the main factor that determined the fish assemblages on the continental shelf and upper slope was depth.
Social-economical decision making in current and remitted major depression
Authors: Pulcu E. , Thomas E. J. , Trotter P. D. , McFarquhar M. , Juhasz G. , Sahakian B. J. , Deakin J. F. W. , Anderson I. M. , Zahn R. , Elliott R. 
Published: October 2014

Background.Prosocial emotions related to self-blame are important in guiding human altruistic decisions. These emotions are elevated in major depressive disorder (MDD), such that MDD has been associated with guilt-driven pathological hyper-altruism. However, the impact of such emotional impairments in MDD on different types of social decision-making is unknown.Method.In order to address this issue, we investigated different kinds of altruistic behaviour (interpersonal cooperation and fund allocation, altruistic punishment and charitable donation) in 33 healthy subjects, 35 patients in full remission (unmedicated) and 24 currently depressed patients (11 on medication) using behavioural-economical paradigms.Results.We show a significant main effect of clinical status on altruistic decisions (p = 0.04) and a significant interaction between clinical status and type of altruistic decisions (p = 0.03). More specifically, symptomatic patients defected significantly more in the Prisoner's Dilemma game (p < 0.05) and made significantly lower charitable donations, whether or not these incurred a personal cost (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Currently depressed patients also reported significantly higher guilt elicited by receiving unfair financial offers in the Ultimatum Game (p < 0.05).Conclusions.Currently depressed individuals were less altruistic in both a charitable donation and an interpersonal cooperation task. Taken together, our results challenge the guilt-driven pathological hyper-altruism hypothesis in depression. There were also differences in both current and remitted patients in the relationship between altruistic behaviour and pathological self-blaming, suggesting an important role for these emotions in moral and social decision-making abnormalities in depression.