bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second Language Spanish Vowel Production: An Acoustic Analysis
Authors: Menke Mandy R. , Face Timothy L. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Findings from a cross-sectional study of the Spanish vowel productions of sixty adult second language learners of Spanish are presented in this article. The data set is based upon digitally recorded readings of an authentic Spanish-language short story. An acoustic examination of F1 and F2 values was carried out on twenty tokens of each vowel, 10 in stressed syllables, 10 in unstressed. The findings show that learners in the early stages of their Spanish study struggle to produce vowels in a native-like way, but the vowels of more advanced learners are similar to those of native speakers. The unstressed vowels of all learners are produced with some degree of centralization, confirming the much theorized influence of English on Spanish vowel productions.
The Potential of Corpus-Informed L2 Pedagogy
Authors: Reinhardt Jonathon 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Corpus linguistic methods have led to many revelations about the nature of language use and language learning which are otherwise untenable. To date, however, these findings have not had major impact on L2 (second and foreign language) teaching, except in a few areas like L2 for specialized purposes. This may be due to a number of reasons, including issues of theoretical commensurability and the nature of ‘teaching revolutions’. Still, corpus continues to influence SLA researchers, and pedagogical innovators continue to design, implement and evaluate corpus-informed L2 curricula. The future of corpus in L2 pedagogy depends on the extent to which this research and innovation can impact professional L2 instructor education and the design of commercial L2 teaching materials, as well as the continuing development of corpora and corpus-informed resources that are accessible, diverse, and adaptable.
(In)Commensurable Discourse: Researchers and Practitioners Bring Pragmatics to Language Learning
Authors: Sykes Julie M. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The recent surge in a growing body of empirical research is evidence of a strong theoretical push towards L2 pragmatic acquisition in the field of second language acquisition; yet, the reality is that we see very little evidence of pragmatics instruction in L2 contexts, suggesting a notable disconnect between theory and practice. This viewpoints article explores the valuable role both researchers and practitioners play in bridging the gap between theory and practice with the intention of bringing pragmatics to the forefront of the language classroom. It briefly discusses the importance of including pragmatics as a primary component of second language (L2) learning and then explores various obstacles to pragmatics instruction, paying special attention to the role both researchers and practitioners can play in overcoming them. Examples from current projects related to L2 Spanish pragmatics are presented where relevant.
The Place of Conversational Data in Spanish Syntax: Topic, Focus, and Word Order
Authors: Ocampo Francisco 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Results yield by conversational data are compared with those generated by elicited grammaticality judgments on the issues of topic, focus, and word order. On the one hand, most of the sentence types produced by elicited grammaticality judgments are confirmed by empirical conversational data. On the other, research utilizing grammaticality judgments detects only prototypical constructions. The cause is that invented sentences, upon which grammaticality judgments are based, are cognitively biased to be prototypical. Therefore, elicitation methodology does not provide the analyst with the whole range of possible constructions. This type of data is simplified in the sense that it consists mainly of prototypical instances placed in a context of exemplification. Conversational data, on the other hand, include the human factor, conversational and pragmatic factors, as well as the real context where a particular utterance occurs. For this reason, it is argued that syntax studies based on conversational data allow for the possibility of finding new unexpected cases that may offer new perspectives.
Assessing the Use of Multiple Forms in Variable Contexts: The Relationship between Linguistic Factors and Future-Time Reference in Spanish
Authors: Gudmestad Aarnes , Geeslin Kimberly L. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The current study represents a detailed examination of the linguistic variables that are significantly related to verb-form use in contexts of future-time reference for advanced learners and native speakers of Spanish. The results show that the factors lexical temporal indicator, clause type and temporal distance are related to the verb forms that both groups use to express the function of futurity and that (un)certainty and grammatical person and number are only important for native speakers, thus demonstrating that the learners have not yet reached native-like use of this variable structure. In addition to providing more information on the variable use of futuretime reference for native and non-native speakers, the investigation makes methodological advancements in the study of morphosyntactic variation by defining a token by the function it performs in communication and by examining the full range of verb forms speakers use to fulfill this function.
The Status of the Extension of estar in Cuban Spanish
Authors: Alfaraz Gabriela G. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This paper presents variationist sociolinguistics research on the copula estar with predicate adjectives in Cuban Spanish, a variety in which it appears to have gone largely uninvestigated. To examine its social and linguistic distribution, a real-time study with data from the 1960s and 1990s was coupled with an apparent-time study with data from the 1990s. Findings showed that generation and adjective type were significant factors constraining the variation. The comparison of different generations in real and apparent time suggested that the frequency of estar had increased significantly in the younger generation compared to older ones, and it had remained stable for the two age cohorts studied in real time. Results for following adjective showed that the extension of estar was favored in two of eight adjective classes. These findings suggest that Cuban Spanish has experienced a change over time in the frequency and distribution of innovative estar with predicate adjectives.
El tú como un “mask”: Voseo and Salvadoran and Honduran Identity in the United States
Authors: Woods Michael R. , Rivera-Mills Susana V. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This sociolinguistic study explores linguistic attitudes of Salvadorans and Hondurans living in the United States towards the use of voseo, a distinguishing feature of Central American Spanish. Using sociolinguistic interviews and ethnographic observations, the Central American experience in Oregon and Washington is examined regarding linguistic attitudes toward voseo and tuteo and how these influence Salvadoran and Honduran identity in U.S. communities that are primarily Mexican-American. Initial findings point to participants developing ethnolinguistic masks and an expanded use of tú as a strategic approach to integration into the established Mexican-American community, while at the same time maintaining a sense of Central American identity.
Methodological Issues in L3 Phonology
Authors: Cabrelli Jennifer 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The design and implementation of a meticulously developed methodology is the foundation of empirical research, as it allows the researcher to collect data and answer a research question in a logical and systematic way, while controlling for myriad possible intervening variables. In the field of second language phonology, there are several macro issues that surface in discussions of procedure and best practices, including the selection of participant populations, testing paradigms and stimuli development, and data analysis, and the ways in which they have been addressed thus far in the literature. This article focuses first on the application of these issues to the nascent field of L3 phonology, and then on the methodologies I have implemented to test acquisition of L3 phonology and its influence on the stability of native and non-native phonological systems, addressing the aforementioned issues.
Methodological Considerations in Code-Switching Research
Authors: González-Vilbazo Kay , Bartlett Laura , Downey Sarah , Ebert Shane , Heil Jeanne , Hoot Bradley , Koronkiewicz Bryan , Ramos Sergio 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This article addresses methodological concerns in research on grammatical aspects of code-switching. Data from code-switching have the potential for a unique contribution to linguistics by giving us access to combinations of linguistic features that may be difficult (or impossible) to observe in monolingual data. Nonetheless, the use of code-switching data for linguistic inquiry is not without issues. In this paper, we focus on three methodological questions specific to code-switching research: (i) project design, (ii) experimental procedure and (iii) participant selection. Drawing on experimental data from both published works and in-progress projects, we highlight potential solutions to each methodological challenge, concluding that several solutions are often required to mitigate the impact of confounding variables. In line with previous work (e.g. Grosjean 1998, Gullberg, Indefrey & Muysken 2009), we suggest that researchers clearly report on their methodology. Our overall goal is to contribute to a dialogue on best practices in code-switching research.
Experimental Methodologies: Two Case Studies Investigating the Syntax- Discourse Interface
Authors: Gupton Timothy , Méndez Tania Leal 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The current article examines two experimental investigations of the syntaxdiscourse interface, which address theoretical questions in different ways: the first is an L1 investigation of Galician speakers in Gupton (2010) and the second is a dual investigation of L1 and L2 Spanish reported on in Leal Méndez & Slabakova (2011). These investigations gathered quantitative data via psycholinguistic tasks with accompanying audio utilizing the WebSurveyor platform. They involved counterbalanced designs and were followed by statistical analysis. While acknowledging that experimental data does not have primacy over intuitive data, the authors endorse the use of experimental methods of data elicitation (such as the ones already used in generative SLA research) in theoretical syntax in order to avoid experimenter bias and to get a more complete picture of native speaker intuition and competencies.
Hacia una definición de las unidades fraseológicas coloquiales
Authors: Travalia Carolina 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Phraseology is often examined within the context of colloquial language. Given the figurative nature of both of these areas, it is easy to view all phraseology as colloquial. But not all idioms or proverbs can be used in informal contexts. Some are only appropriate for neutral or even formal settings. In this article, the author proposes a series of criteria for identifying colloquial phraseological units (PUs) in Spanish and distinguishing them from standard units. She focuses on idioms, routine formulae and proverbs, given that colloquial collocations have been defined in a previous work (Travalia 2008). Different guidelines for determining register are proposed for each group of PUs, based on their defining characteristics. The author analyzes examples of each class of PUs, using the suggested criteria, in order to test their validity.
Variability and Systematicity in Interlanguage Development: An Analysis of Mode and its Effect on L2 Spanish Morphology
Authors: Malovrh Paul A. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The present study investigates the effect of mode on number and gender agreement in third-person direct object clitics produced by three different levels of native- English L2 learners of Spanish (N = 76). Previous research supports a performancedeficit account of variability, showing that proficiency level and working memory affect L2 morphological agreement (Sagarra 2007 and Sagarra & Herschensohn 2010), and that L2 processing patterns are similar to those of the L1 (Hopp 2010), suggesting that gender inflection is attainable. The present study extends such research. Using film retell tasks, data deriving from oral and written production under identical task conditions were correlated with less and more access to working memory, respectively. Analyses revealed main effects for both variables; patterns of agreement in oral production were also evident in written production, but at earlier stages of development. Results support a performance-based account of variability, showing that mode affects gender agreement, but not number.
Linguistic Integration Of Computer And Internet Related Anglicisms In Spanish Language Web Pages
Authors: Morin Regina 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The rise of the Internet has fueled a rapid borrowing of English-language computer and Internet related lexical resources into Spanish, at the same time that it has provided an unprecedented opportunity to observe the results of this virtual language contact. The traditional stages of adaptation and integration are occurring simultaneously rather than sequentially. Many borrowings reflect early stage orthography, flagging, metalinguistic clarification, and non-typical phonology, accompanied by a full range of late stage morphological exploitation. Computer and Internet related loanwords serve as bases for the full range of word formation processes in Spanish, including inflection, prefixation, emotive and non-emotive suffixation, acronymy, clipping, and composition and blending. However, while many borrowed bases are available for the creation of loanblends of all types, the number of native morphemes with which the bases combine is actually quite reduced, representing a very small handful out of all the derivational suffixes in the Spanish language.
Aspectual pairs in Georgian: some questions
Authors: Tomelleri Vittorio S. , Gäumann Manana Topadze 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The aim of this article is to discuss the existence in Modern Georgian of a grammatical opposition between Perfective and Imperfective, formally expressed by the presence or absence of preverbs (Slavic-style aspect). In order to speak of aspectual pair, i.e. two morphologically distinct verb forms sharing the same lexical meaning and differing only aspectually, it is important to identify cases of obligatory imperfectivization, when a perfective form is substituted by the corresponding imperfective one according to grammar rules and not because of semantically contrasting content. The analysis of serial context and negative polarity in the Imperative mood allows some previous generalization about the (quasi)grammatical status of this derivational category in Modern Georgian.
Erkenntnis und Leben in Gen 2–3 – Zum Wandel eines ursprünglich weisheitlich geprägten Lebensbegriffs
Authors: Bauks Michaela 
Published: March 2015

Meine These lautet, dass der Baum der Erkenntnis von Gut und Böse in Gen 2–3 identisch ist mit dem Baum des Lebens, wie er aus Weisheitstexten bekannt ist. Beide Bäume verweisen auf die menschliche Existenz im Diesseits. Der Tod ist in Gen 2–3 nicht als der »Sünde Sold« (Röm 6,23) gedacht, sondern ist Teil derThe motif of the tree of knowledge of good and evil (Gen 2–3) is similar to the tree of life in Proverbs. Both trees deal with human existence in this world. Death is not yet »the wages of sin« (Rom 6:23), but part of the human condition. The didactic narrative with mythical features in Gen 2–3 does not deal with sin, but is concerned with the tension between human knowledge and behaviour in relation to God.Le motif de l’arbre de la connaissance du bien et du mal (Gn 2–3) correspond à l’arbre de vie des textes sapientiaux. Les deux arbres font référence à l’existence humaine dans le monde. La mort n’y est pas conçue comme »le salaire du péché« (Rm 6,23), mais elle fait partie de la condition humaine. Par conséquent, le récit didactique aux traits mythiques de Gn 2–3 ne traite pas du péché, mais de la tension entre connaissance et comportement humain par rapport à sa relation avec Dieu.
Memory and its Materiality: The Case of Early Iron Age Khirbet Qeiyafa and Jerusalem
Authors: Pioske Daniel D. 
Published: March 2015

In den wenigen Jahren seitdem Ausgrabungen in Khirbet Qeiyafa durchgeführt wurden, haben sich schon einige wichtige Studien mit seiner beeindruckenden Hinterlassenschaft aus der frühen Eisenzeit beschäftigt. Was bislang unberücksichtigt blieb, sind die Folgerungen der Befunde für die Schriftkultur, die für das Bild dieser Periode in der Hebräischen Bibel verantwortlich ist. Die Absicht dieser Studie besteht darin, das literarische Schicksal von Khirbet Qeiyafa mit dem des frühen und späten eisenzeitlichen Jerusalem zu vergleichen und zu ermitteln, was das Nichtvorkommen bzw. Vorkommen dieser Standorte in der Hebräischen Bibel über die Quellen der biblischen Verfasser aussagt, über die sie im 11. und 10. Jh. v. Chr. verfügten. Zugleich wird gefragt, welchen Beitrag Ort und Erinnerung bei der Überlieferung dieser Geschichten im antiken Israel und Juda hatten.In the few short years since excavations were first carried out at Khirbet Qeiyafa a number of important studies have been devoted to its impressive early Iron Age remains. Yet what has not been pursued within these discussions are the implications of the settlement’s material culture for our understanding of the scribal cultures responsible for the portrayal of this time period in the Hebrew Bible. In comparing the literary fate of Khirbet Qeiyafa with that of the contemporaneous site of late Iron I/early Iron IIA Jerusalem, the intent of this study is to examine what the absence and presence of these two sites in the Hebrew Bible indicates about the sources biblical scribes possessed about the 11th–10th centuries BCE, and how place and memory contributed to the transmission of these stories over time in ancient Israel and Judah.Dans les quelques années qui ont suivi les fouilles à Khirbet Qeiyafa, un bon nombre d’études conséquentes ont été consacrées à ses impressionnants vestiges du début de l’âge de Fer. Cependant, ce qui n’a pas été développé dans ces discussions, ce sont les implications de la culture matérielle de ce site pour notre compréhension milieux de scribes responsables de la description de cette période dans la Bible hébraïque. En comparant le destin littéraire de Khirbet Qeiyafa avec celui de Jérusalem, site contemporain de la fin du Fer I et du début du Fer IIA, cette étude cherche à examiner ce que la présence et l’absence de ces deux sites dans la Bible hébraïque indiquent au sujet des sources que les scribes bibliques possédaient sur les 11–10
Efficacy of Deep Dry Needling on Latent Myofascial Trigger Points in Older Adults With Nonspecific Shoulder Pain: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial Pilot Study
Authors: Calvo-Lobo César , Pacheco-da-Costa Soraya , Hita-Herranz Edgar 
Published: March 2015

Background:
Nonspecific shoulder pain has a high prevalence in older adults and causes functional alterations. Furthermore, there are difficulties in establishing a clinical diagnosis, effective treatments are lacking, and little evidence has been found regarding the use of invasive physical therapy techniques in this age group.

Purpose:
To determine the efficacy of a single physical therapy intervention with deep dry needling (DDN) on latent and active myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in older adults with nonspecific shoulder pain.

Methods:
This pilot study is a single-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial that included 20 participants, aged 65 years and older, who were diagnosed with nonspecific shoulder pain. The study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the area. Participants were recruited at their homes or at a care center and were randomly assigned into either an experimental group (n = 10), which received a session of DDN on 1 active and 1 latent MTrP of the infraspinatus muscle, or a control group (n = 10), which received a session of DDN on only 1 active MTrP. A blind examiner assessed the pain intensity, pain pressure threshold on the anterior deltoid, and extensor carpi radialis brevis muscles and grip strength before, immediately after, and 1 week after the intervention.

Results:
Statistically significant differences (P < .05) in the pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) of the extensor carpi radialis brevis were found in the experimental group in both posttreatment assessments. Moreover, the effect size values (d Cohen) varied from small for grip strength (0.017-0.36) to moderate for the pain intensity (0.46-0.78) and PPT in the anterior deltoid (0.49-0.66) and to large for the PPT in the extensor carpi radialis brevis (1.06-1.58).

Conclusions:
A single physical therapy intervention with DDN on 1 latent MTrP, in conjunction with 1 active MTrP, in the infraspinatus muscle may increase the PPT of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle area immediately following and 1 week after the intervention in older adults with nonspecific shoulder pain.
A Servitude of One’s Own
Authors: Gilbert Nora 
Published: March 2015

Nora Gilbert, “A Servitude of One’s Own: Isolation, Authorship, and the Nineteenth-Century British Governess” (pp. 455–480)
Much has been written, both during the Victorian era and in recent literary and cultural-historical criticism, about the plight of the nineteenth-century British governess, a plight that is largely attributed to her uncomfortable position of “status incongruence,” as M. Jeanne Peterson has usefully labeled it. Because the governess was deemed inferior to the family she worked for but superior to the family’s domestic servants, her free time was not uncommonly spent on her own—even, more specifically, in a room of her own. And, just as Virginia Woolf would envision in her landmark feminist treatise, the activity that this isolated, educated woman habitually and productively turned to was the activity of writing. Almost all resident governesses relied on letter writing as their primary source of connection to the outside world, but many also expressed their thoughts and opinions in the form of journals, diaries, memoirs, advice manuals, essays, poems, and works of fiction. Bringing together a diverse sampling of fictional and nonfictional accounts of the governess’s relationship to authorship (and paying particular attention to the novels and letters of Charlotte and Anne Brontë, our best-known and most culturally resonant governesses-turned-authoresses), this essay outlines the ways in which the governess, both as an iconic figure and as a real, writing woman, influenced the formal, stylistic, and thematic development of nineteenth-century women’s literature.