bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General Protocol
Authors: Barton Brandon R. , Hall Deborah A. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Given the broad diversity of movement disorders, with a number of rare and unusual conditions, the nature of the movement disorder or the referral will not be clear on presentation. In addition, some patients will have complex disorders in which there are multiple types of movements present; in such cases, one cannot easily pick a specific movement disorders protocol and a general protocol is desired that has a high probability to capture the key elements of any disorder. The general movement disorders protocol captures the key elements that are needed for any reasonable video. Other examination findings that need highlighting may be added at the discretion of the examiner. This protocol forms the core of the other movement disorder videotaping protocols.
Atypical Parkinsonism
Authors: Barton Brandon R. , Hall Deborah A. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Not all patients with Parkinsonian motor features of bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, or postural instability have Parkinson disease (PD). A large number of rare conditions may present with the initial features of PD, but then develop atypical signs such as early and prominent autonomic failure, extraocular movement abnormalities, dementia, contractures, spasticity, bulbar signs (severe dysphagia and dysarthria), and frequent falls. The number of atypical Parkinsonian disorders does not allow for a specific protocol for every disease, and in most disorders, the PD protocol will cover the general features common to all of these diseases. However, there are a few situations in which key features of atypical Parkinsonism can be integrated into the videotape with specific protocols, including examination of eye movements and praxis.
Ataxia
Authors: Barton Brandon R. , Hall Deborah A. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Ataxia describes uncoordinated movement and may be present in almost any area of the body. Typically it affects gait and balance most prominently, but it can also cause disability from clumsiness of limb movements and speech impairment. It can be highly variable and is usually secondary to cerebellar dysfunction. The ataxia protocol includes evaluation of speech, eye movements, movements of the extremities, and tandem gait, in addition to some measures assessing parkinsonism (which is often also present with adult neurodegenerative disorders). In addition, all components of the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) are illustrated in the video examples, including the finger chase.
Emergency physician sex and emergency department resource use
Authors: Miró Òscar , Busca Pablo 
Published: October 2015

Objective
We investigated whether there are differences in emergency department (ED) patient management associated with emergency physician (EP) sex, specifically in terms of ordering investigations and hospital admissions.

Methods
We included all EPs working as consultants for at least 24 consecutive months at a Spanish ED during an 8-year period. Every annual period was considered independently. The classificatory variable was EP sex. For every annual period we compiled age and years of experience of each EP, the number of patients who attended, and patient distribution in triage categories. To analyze ED resource use by each EP and period, we recorded percentages of blood tests, radiography, ultrasonography, computerized tomography (CT) scan, and hospital admission orders.

Results
Fifty EPs (27 women and 23 men) were included, 291 annual periods were analyzed (132 for women and 159 for men) and 256 524 patient attendances were recorded (114 086 by women and 142 438 by men). Blood tests were ordered in 57.2% of cases, radiography in 58.0%, ultrasounds in 5.0%, CT scans in 7.0%, and hospitalizations in 28.4%. Compared with men, women ordered 6.8% (95% confidence interval 6.1–7.5%) more blood tests, 4.6% (4.3–5.3%) more radiographies, 15.2% (11.6–18.9%) more ultrasonographies, 11.1% (8.1–14.1%) more CT scans, and 12.1% (10.8–13.4%) more hospitalizations. These differences maintained statistical significance in the stratified analysis by EP experience, and were observed for most of the years analyzed.

Conclusion
Female EPs order more investigations and admit more patients, although from our results the reason for this is unclear, and the impact on healthcare effectiveness and patient outcome is unknown.
Balanced Oscillatory Coupling Improves Information Flow
Authors: Peterson Erik J. , Voytek Bradley 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAll animals are able to rapidly change their behavior. The neural basis of such flexibility requires that groups of distant neural ensembles rapidly alter communications with selectivity and fidelity. Low frequency oscillations are a strong candidate for how neurons coordinate communication via the dynamic instantiation of functional networks. These dynamic networks are argued to rapidly guide the flow of information, with the presumption that stronger oscillations more strongly influence information flow. Surprisingly, there is scant evidence or theoretical support for how oscillatory activity might enhance information flow. Here we introduce a novel computational model for oscillatory neural communication and show that, rather than the strength of the oscillation, it is the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neuronal activity that has the largest effect on information flow. When coupling between an oscillation and spiking has balanced excitatory-inhibitory inputs, information flow is enhanced via improved discriminability between signal and noise. In contrast, when coupling is unbalanced, driven either by excessive excitation or inhibition, information flow is obstructed, regardless of the strength of the oscillation. A multitude of neuropathologies, including Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and autism, are associated with oscillatory disruptions and excitation-inhibition imbalances. Our results show that understanding the distinction between balanced and unbalanced oscillatory coupling offers a unifying mechanistic framework for understanding effective neural communication and its disruption in neuropathology.
Distinguishing contemporary hybridization from past introgression with post-genomic ancestry-informative SNPs in strongly differentiatedCionaspecies
Authors: Bouchemousse Sarah , Liautard-Haag Cathy , Bierne Nicolas , Viard Frédérique 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBiological introductions bring into contact species that can still hybridize. The evolutionary outcomes of such secondary contacts may be diverse (e.g. adaptive introgression from or into the introduced species) but are not yet well examined in the wild. The recent secondary contact between the non-native sea squirtCiona robusta(formerly known asC. intestinalistype A) and its native congenerC. intestinalis(formerly known asC. intestinalistype B), in the western English Channel, provides an excellent case study to examine. To examine contemporary hybridization between the two species, we developed a panel of 310 ancestry-informative SNPs from a population transcriptomic study. Hybridization rates were examined on 449 individuals sampled in 8 sites from the sympatric range and 5 sites from allopatric ranges. The results clearly showed an almost complete absence of contemporary hybridization between the two species in syntopic localities, with only one first generation hybrid and no other genotype compatible with recent backcrosses. Despite the almost lack of contemporary hybridization, shared polymorphisms were observed in sympatric and allopatric populations of both species. Furthermore, one allopatric population from SE Pacific exhibited a higher rate of shared polymorphisms compared to all otherC. robustapopulations. Altogether, these results indicate that the observed level of shared polymorphism is more probably the outcome of ancient gene flow spread afterwards at a worldwide scale. They also emphasise efficient reproductive barriers preventing hybridization between introduced and native species, which suggests hybridization should not impede too much the expansion and the establishment of the non-native species in its introduction range.
Optimization of the promotion mix in the healthcare industry
Authors: Haughton Dominique , Hua Guangying , Jin Danny , Lin John , Wei Qizhi , Zhang Changan 
Published: November 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to propose data mining techniques to model the return on investment from various types of promotional spending to market a drug and then use the model to draw conclusions on how the pharmaceutical industry might go about allocating promotion expenditures in a more efficient manner, potentially reducing costs to the consumer. The main contributions of the paper are two-fold. First, it demonstrates how to undertake a promotion mix optimization process in the pharmaceutical context and carry it through from the beginning to the end. Second, the paper proposes using directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to help unravel the direct and indirect effects of various promotional media on sales volume.

Design/methodology/approach
– A synthetic data set was constructed to prototype proposed data mining techniques and two analyses approaches were investigated.

Findings
– The two methods were found to yield insights into the problem of the promotion mix in the context of the healthcare industry. First, a factor analysis followed by a regression analysis and an optimization algorithm applied to the resulting equation were used. Second, DAG was used to unravel direct and indirect effects of promotional expenditures on new prescriptions.

Research limitations/implications
– The data are synthetic and do not incorporate any time autocorrelations.

Practical implications
– The promotion mix optimization process is demonstrated from the beginning to the end, and the issue of negative coefficient in promotion mix models are addressed. In addition, a method is proposed to identify direct and indirect effects on new prescriptions.

Social implications
– A better allocation of promotional expenditures has the potential for reducing the cost of healthcare to consumers.

Originality/value
– The contributions of the paper are two-fold: for the first time in the literature (to the best of the authors’ knowledge), the authors have undertaken a promotion mix optimization process and have carried it through from the beginning to the end Second, the authors propose the use of DAGs to help unravel the effects of various promotion media on sales volume, notably direct and indirect effects.
Socially responsible investing: a review of the critical issues
Authors: Junkus Joan , Berry Thomas D. 
Published: November 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the most recent work in major finance journals on socially responsible investment (SRI). While SRI involves individual investors, firms, and investment managers, the authors concentrate primarily on the investment view.Design/methodology/approach– The authors briefly review the development of socially responsible investing (SRI) and the theoretical issues related to SRI and investment choice. This is followed by a review of the empirical results concerning firm value. The question of whether SR mutual funds and SR indexes differ in performance or other characteristics from their conventional counterparts is discussed next, and lastly the authors present suggestions for future research directions.Findings– Despite the large and extensive amount of empirical research published on SRI in recent years, the authors find no definitive answer to the question of SR actions for either the firm or the investor. For firms, evidence linking corporate social responsibility (CSR) rankings with higher value is mixed, and depends on the type of CSR behavior studied as well as the measures of firm performance used. The performance of SR mutual funds and indexes generally are not significantly different from conventional funds or indexes, but again these results are also highly dependent on model specification, time period, benchmark, and other characteristics of the study.Practical implications– The value of SR investing has not been definitely proved. This means, however, that there is room for further on this important topic.Originality/value– This paper synthesizes and presents the most recent research on SRI from a wide variety of refereed sources.
Resource specialists lead local insect community turnover associated with temperature – analysis of an 18‐year full‐seasonal record of moths and beetles
Authors: Thomsen Philip Francis , Jørgensen Peter Søgaard , Bruun Hans Henrik , Pedersen Jan , Riis‐Nielsen Torben , Jonko Krzysztof , Słowińska Iwona , Rahbek Carsten , Karsholt Ole 
Published: November 2015

Summary

Insect responses to recent climate change are well documented, but the role of resource specialization in determining species vulnerability remains poorly understood. Uncovering local ecological effects of temperature change with high‐quality, standardized data provides an important first opportunity for predictions about responses of resource specialists, and long‐term time series are essential in revealing these responses.

Here, we investigate temperature‐related changes in local insect communities, using a sampling site with more than a quarter‐million records from two decades (1992–2009) of full‐season, quantitative light trapping of 1543 species of moths and beetles.

We investigated annual as well as long‐term changes in fauna composition, abundance and phenology in a climate‐related context using species temperature affinities and local temperature data. Finally, we explored these local changes in the context of dietary specialization.

Across both moths and beetles, temperature affinity of specialists increased through net gain of hot‐dwelling species and net loss of cold‐dwelling species. The climate‐related composition of generalists remained constant over time. We observed an increase in species richness of both groups. Furthermore, we observed divergent phenological responses between cold‐ and hot‐dwelling species, advancing and delaying their relative abundance, respectively. Phenological advances were particularly pronounced in cold‐adapted specialists.

Our results suggest an important role of resource specialization in explaining the compositional and phenological responses of insect communities to local temperature increases. We propose that resource specialists in particular are affected by local temperature increase, leading to the distinct temperature‐mediated turnover seen for this group. We suggest that the observed increase in species number could have been facilitated by dissimilar utilization of an expanded growing season by cold‐ and hot‐adapted species, as indicated by their oppositely directed phenological responses. An especially pronounced advancement of cold‐adapted specialists suggests that such phenological advances might help minimize further temperature‐induced loss of resource specialists.

Although limited to a single study site, our results suggest several local changes in the insect fauna in concordance with expected change of larger‐scale temperature increases.
Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 bacteroids are not terminally differentiated and show altered O‐antigen in nodules of the Inverted Repeat‐Lacking Clade legume Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Authors: Crespo‐Rivas Juan C. , Guefrachi Ibtissem , Mok Kenny C. , Villaécija‐Aguilar José A. , Acosta‐Jurado Sebastián , Pierre Olivier , Ruiz‐Sainz José E. , Taga Michiko E. , Mergaert Peter , Vinardell José M. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryIn rhizobial species that nodulate inverted repeat‐lacking clade (IRLC) legumes, such as the interaction between Sinorhizobium meliloti and Medicago, bacteroid differentiation is driven by an endoreduplication event that is induced by host nodule‐specific cysteine rich (NCR) antimicrobial peptides and requires the participation of the bacterial protein BacA. We have studied bacteroid differentiation of Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 in three host plants: Glycine max, Cajanus cajan and the IRLC legume Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Flow cytometry, microscopy analyses and viability studies of bacteroids as well as confocal microscopy studies carried out in nodules showed that S. fredii HH103 bacteroids, regardless of the host plant, had deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contents, cellular sizes and survival rates similar to those of free‐living bacteria. Contrary to S. meliloti, S. fredii HH103 showed little or no sensitivity to Medicago NCR247 and NCR335 peptides. Inactivation of S. fredii HH103 bacA neither affected symbiosis with Glycyrrhiza nor increased bacterial sensitivity to Medicago NCRs. Finally, HH103 bacteroids isolated from Glycyrrhiza, but not those isolated from Cajanus or Glycine, showed an altered lipopolysaccharide. Our studies indicate that, in contrast to the S. meliloti‐Medicago model symbiosis, bacteroids in the S. fredii HH103‐Glycyrrhiza symbiosis do not undergo NCR‐induced and bacA‐dependent terminal differentiation.
Transcriptomic response during phage infection of a marine cyanobacterium under phosphorus‐limited conditions
Authors: Lin Xingqin , Ding Huiming , Zeng Qinglu 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe transcriptomic responses of bacteria to environmental stresses have been studied extensively, yet we know little about how the stressed cells respond to bacteriophage infection. Here, we conducted the first whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA‐seq) study of stressed bacteria to phage infection by infecting the marine picocyanobacterium Prochlorococcus NATL2A with cyanomyovirus P‐SSM2 under P limitation, a strong selective force in the oceans. Transcripts of the P‐acquisition genes in the uninfected cells were enriched after P limitation, including the high‐affinity phosphate‐binding protein gene pstS. They were still enriched in the infected cells under P‐limited conditions. In contrast, transcripts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase and ribosomal protein genes were depleted in the uninfected cells after P limitation but were enriched during phage infection of P‐starved cells. Cyanophage P‐SSM2 contains pstS, and pstS and its adjacent gene g247 of unknown function were the only phage genes that were enriched under P‐limited conditions. We further found that the host pstS transcript number per cell decreased after infection, however, it was still much higher in the P‐limited infected cells than that in the nutrient‐replete cells. Moreover, phage pstS transcript number per cell was ∼20 times higher than the host copy, which may help maintain the host phosphate uptake rate during infection.
The Interaction Between Lipoxygenase‐Catalyzed Oxidation and Autoxidation in Dry‐Cured Bacon and a Model System
Authors: Zhang Yingyang , Tang Jing , Zhao Jianying , Wu Haizhou , Ditta Yasir Allah , Zhang Jianhao 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA model system was conducted to characterize the interaction between lipid autoxidation and enzyme‐catalyzed oxidation in dry‐cured bacon. This involved the use of a hydroxyl radical (HO•) generating system and the extraction and purification of lipoxygenases (LOX) from pork belly. The results showed that LOX activity rapidly (P < 0.05) increased during the curing of dry‐cured bacon. This may be because of the hydroxyl‐radical‐mediated oxidation from LOX‐Fe2+ to LOX‐Fe3+, which activates LOX. In addition, experiments of the model system also showed that LOX activity could be inhibited by increasing the substrate concentration, although substrate type and concentration had no effect on autoxidation. Moreover, LOX enzyme‐catalyzed oxidation and autoxidation could act synergistically to promote lipid oxidation irrespective of the substrate (linoleic or arachidonic acid). These results provide useful information for regulating lipid oxidation during the production of dry‐cured pork products.
Clinical Significance of Upsloping ST Depression on Resting Electrocardiogram
Authors: Khalid Umair , Birnbaum Yochai 
Published: November 2015

IntroductionUpsloping ST depression is generally not associated with myocardial ischemia, yet there have been published reports that suggest otherwise.Case HistoryA 34‐year‐old pregnant female presented with chest pain and palpitations. She was found to have supraventricular tachycardia, which resolved with intravenous adenosine. Few minutes later her ECG showed upsloping ST depression in leads V4–V6 that persisted for 1 hour after the resolution of the tachycardia. The patient was discharged in stable condition with outpatient follow‐up.ConclusionUpsloping ST depression in resting electrocardiogram may indicate cardiac ischemia in the presence of active cardiac symptoms. In the absence of ongoing symptoms however, it may be secondary to conditions other than ischemia.
Needle size in intravitreal injections – pain evaluation of a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Haas Paulina , Falkner‐Radler Christiane , Wimpissinger Barbara , Malina Magdalena , Binder Susanne 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the influence of the needle size used for intravitreal (IVT) injections on patients' pain experience in a randomized, double‐armed, single‐blinded, clinical trial.MethodsPatients included were randomized to have an IVT injection performed with a 27‐gauge needle (group 1) or with a 30‐gauge needle (group 2). The topical anaesthesia before the injection was standardized. Immediately after the injection, patients were asked to grade their pain using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Wong–Baker FACES scale. The main outcome measure was the pain score assessment. Cofactors analysed were patients' demographics (age and gender) and clinical characteristics (such as the number of previous IVT injections). In addition, scaled surgeon's questionnaires to assess the IVT injection procedure were evaluated. For statistical analysis, a regression model was used.ResultsThe data of 208 patients (group 1: 104 patients; group 2: 104 patients) were analysed. There was no significant difference in the VAS pain scores (p > 0.18) and in the Wong–Baker pain scores (p > 0.59) between both treatment groups. Gender (p = 0.0288) and the number of previous IVT injections (p = 0.0028) significantly influenced the VAS pain scores (p < 0.05). Female patients and patients with a history of previous IVT injections had higher pain scores. The surgeon's questionnaire showed an overall preference towards the use of a 30‐gauge needle for IVT injections.ConclusionThe use of a 30‐gauge needle for IVT injections showed no significant effect in pain relief compared to the use of a 27‐gauge needle. However, a 30‐gauge needle was preferred by all surgeons.
Country‐based reference values and international comparisons of clitoral size in healthy Nigerian newborn infants
Authors: Jarrett Olumide Olatokunbo , Ayoola Omolola Ouwakemi , Jonsson Björn , Albertsson‐Wikland Kerstin , Ritzen Martin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimClitoral size references are useful for diagnosing genital abnormalities. Despite the fact that examining the genitalia is an important aspect of newborn evaluation, few studies have been carried out to determine normal clitoral size in newborn infants. The aim of this study was to establish reference values for clitoral size in Nigerian newborn girls and to compare them with references from other ethnic populations.MethodsA total of 244 healthy newborn girls delivered at 28–43 weeks gestation were enrolled in the study, and clitoral lengths and widths were measured at <72 hours.ResultsThe mean clitoral length was 7.7 mm with a standard deviation of ±1.37 mm, while the mean clitoral width was 4.40 ± 0.89 mm. The clitoral length was significantly longer than those reported for Caucasian (4.00 ± 1.24 mm), Korean (3.82 ± 1.47), Turkish (4.93 ± 1.61) and Japanese (4.30 ± 1.10) babies.ConclusionThe present results make it possible to evaluate clitoral size in Nigerian newborn baby girls in an objective way, to identify genital abnormalities and endocrine disorders. Based on this study, a clitoral length of more than 10 mm would be considered clitoromegaly in a newborn girl in Nigeria.