bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishing CRISPR‐Cas9 in the sexually dimorphic moss, Ceratodon purpureus
Authors: Tavernier Emilie‐Katherine , Perroud Pierre‐François , Lockwood Emily , Nogué Fabien , McDaniel Stuart F. 
Published: August 2024

SUMMARYThe development of CRISPR technologies provides a powerful tool for understanding the evolution and functionality of essential biological processes. Here we demonstrate successful CRISPR‐Cas9 genome editing in the dioecious moss species, Ceratodon purpureus. Using an existing selection system from the distantly related hermaphroditic moss, Physcomitrium patens, we generated knock‐outs of the APT reporter gene by employing CRISPR‐targeted mutagenesis under expression of native U6 snRNA promoters. Next, we used the native homology‐directed repair (HDR) pathway, combined with CRISPR‐Cas9, to knock in two reporter genes under expression of an endogenous RPS5A promoter in a newly developed landing site in C. purpureus. Our results show that the molecular tools developed in P. patens can be extended to other mosses across this ecologically important and developmentally variable group. These findings pave the way for precise and powerful experiments aimed at identifying the genetic basis of key functional variation within the bryophytes and between the bryophytes and other land plants.
Suppressing a β‐1,3‐glucanase gene expression increases the seed and fibre yield in cotton
Authors: Wang Haitang , Liu Chuchu , Zhou Xuesong , Wan Yu , Song Xiaohui , Li Weixi , Guo Wangzhen 
Published: August 2024

SUMMARYSeeds are initiated from the carpel margin meristem (CMM) and high seed yield is top one of breeding objectives for many crops. β‐1,3‐glucanases play various roles in plant growth and developmental processes; however, whether it participates in CMM development and seed formation remains largely unknown. Here, we identified a β‐1,3‐glucanase gene (GLU19) as a determinant of CMM callose deposition and seed yield in cotton. GLU19 was differentially expressed in carpel tissues between Gossypium barbadense (Gb) and Gossypium hirsutum (Gh). Based on resequencing data, one interspecies‐specific InDel in the promoter of GLU19 was further detected. The InDel was involved in the binding site of the CRABS CLAW (CRC) transcription factor, a regulator of carpel development. We found that the CRC binding affinity to the GLU19 promoter of G. barbadense was higher than that of G. hirsutum. Since G. barbadense yields fewer seeds than G. hirsutum, we speculated that stronger CRC binding to the GLU19 promoter activated higher expression of GLU19 which in turn suppressed seed production. Consistent with this hypothesis was that the overexpression of GhGLU19 caused reduced seed number, boll weight and less callose formation in CMM. Conversely, GhGLU19‐knockdown (GhGLU19‐KD) cotton led to the opposite phenotypes. By crossing GhGLU19‐KD lines with several G. hirsutum and G. barbadense cotton accessions, all F1 and F2 plants carrying GhGLU19‐KD transgenic loci exhibited higher seed yield than control plants without the locus. The increased seed effect was also found in the down‐regulation of Arabidopsis orthologs lines, indicating that this engineering strategy may improve the seed yield in other crops.
A Jacobi–Ritz Approach for Aeroelastic Analysis of Swept Distributed Propulsion Aircraft Wing
Authors: Melvin Josh , Zhao Wei 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This article presents a Jacobi–Ritz approach for conducting flutter and divergence analysis of a complex distributed propulsion aircraft wing similar to that of NASA X-57. The general orthogonal Jacobi polynomials are used to approximate the bending displacement and torsional rotation angle in the Ritz method-based structural and aeroelastic analysis. The Jacobi polynomials satisfy the orthogonality condition using weight functions, which are easily modified to satisfy different essential and natural boundary conditions. Compared to simple polynomials, Jacobi polynomials can eliminate the well-known ill-conditioning numerical issues when considering higher-order polynomial terms during the eigenvalue analysis. The Jacobi–Ritz method is also found to alleviate mode switching, which is often encountered in tracking the changes of modes with the varying airspeed. The Jacobi–Ritz method is later used to investigate the flutter and divergence speeds under different parameters including distributed propulsor mass and their locations, nonuniform aerodynamic model for the wing in the presence of multiple propulsors, and the sweep angle. Results show that placing the distributed propulsors on the wing’s leading edge increases the flutter speed even though the bending and torsion modal frequencies are decreased compared to those of the wing without propulsors. The presence of pods for the middle high-lift motors causes an extra aerodynamic moment, which reduces the flutter speed. Parametric studies also show that the divergence speed is lower than the flutter speed for a uniform and straight distributed propulsor wing. Using swept-back wing configuration and placing the tip propulsor near the wing’s leading edge can help to increase both flutter and divergence speeds.
Model Development of Manufacturing Information System for Silicon Carbide Wafer Production
Authors: Fatoki Olukayode , Li Zhichao 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) has emerged as a highly promising semiconductor material, driving demand for SiC wafers. Establishing robust manufacturing processes is crucial for efficient production and delivering high-quality SiC wafers. This paper focuses on developing a comprehensive manufacturing information system model tailored for SiC wafer production for the first time. The model aims to guide manufacturing processes and provide a panoramic view of operations. It dissects the SiC wafer fabrication process into three flow components: data flow, material flow, and process flow. First, the process flow is re-investigated to map out manufacturing steps. Equipment, process, and consumable are employed as key parameters for precise information tracking. Second, the material flow is systematically analyzed to trace the change of material form, properties, and wafer manufacturing specifications. Therefore, more comprehensive data can be collected and stored efficiently. The data flow involves collecting and categorizing information on a series of IDs such as order ID, production batch ID, boule ID, and wafer ID etc. Exemplary entities and their attributes in each flow are proposed and identified, respectively. The relationship within flow and between flows is demonstrated using the crow’s foot model. Based on the model, an innovative information system is proposed for SiC fabrication and the semiconductor industry. The model will offer a potent tool for process guidance, data-driven decision-making, and a comprehensive overview of SiC wafer manufacturing operations. It will empower semiconductor manufacturers to navigate complexities with precision and confidence.
Parametric Investigation of Abrasive Water Jet Cutting of Titanium Alloy
Authors: Mahmood Khalid 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In the world of technological advancement, advanced machining processes are taking over the role of traditional methods. Abrasive Water jet (AWJ) is one of the fast-growing non-conventional cutting methods with various advantages e.g., negligible heat effected zone, less cutting forces, and flexibility of materials. This work explores machining titanium alloy grade V using AWJ technique. To identify significant process parameters that statistically affect the kerf angle and surface roughness, the Taguchi technique (L9 array), regression equations and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. The chosen processing variables include traverse speed, abrasive flow rate, water pressure and standoff distance. Embedment of abrasive particles was analyzed using Xray diffraction (XRD). Results revealed traverse speed as the most significant factor affecting kerf angle while for surface roughness, traverse speed and standoff distance were found to be the most influential factors. It is observed that for obtaining smooth surface, lower values of traverse speed and standoff distance should be preferred. Entrapment of abrasive particles such as aluminum, silicon titanium was also found during XRD analysis in the machined surface of the samples. The obtained results were compared with the work of other researchers and noticed as worthwhile.
Remote Laser Cutting of Metal Foils for Battery Electrodes Fabrication: Modelling of the Process and Experimental Validation
Authors: Liverani Erica , Ascari Alessandro , Angeloni Caterina , Francioso Michele , Cestone Lorenzo , Zha Dexiang , Fortunato Alessandro 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A significant socioeconomic shift is arising from the world’s and Europe’s direction towards a radical change in transportation with an increasing demand for electric vehicles. In this context, the definition and the optimization of the processes involved in battery production and assembly are currently under development, and the electrode production steps are key topics. Cutting and trimming of electrodes are two of these relevant processes and the cut quality of the cutting edges is considered the main quality criterion for the success of the process. This high quality is continuously in pursuit of new productivity demands and flexibility requests from Gigafactories, so new technological solutions must be introduced. According to this perspective, laser-based manufacturing is currently the best viable option, making these processes the new standard for producing electric vehicles. Competitiveness, higher productivity, and sustainable production will result from establishing the link between the laser system and cut quality. Following the previous considerations, this paper presents an experimental investigation and a process modeling of remote ablation trimming performed with a single-fiber laser. CUT/NO-CUT threshold was defined for copper and aluminum current collectors, respectively 6 μm and 12 μm in thickness, as well as the process conditions that return spatter, dross and burns. These defects were correlated to specific areas of the CUT process windows with proper differentiation between Al and Cu foils.
The presented thermal-based model identifies cutting condition and dross formation and a good accuracy in kerf width prediction was confirmed, which is crucial for reducing resource consumption. The final results allow for the identification of an appropriate process parameter window for both materials.
Design of an Acoustic Measurement System for Non-Contact Displacement Estimation and its Experimental Verification in Turning Operations
Authors: Masaki Nichika , Suzuki Norikazu 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This study presents a novel non-contact displacement estimation technique using a microphone in turning operations. Microphones are inexpensive, non-contact measurement devices. Therefore, there is a high possibility that microphones can be used as the non-contact measurement means of structural vibration such as forced/chatter vibrations and/or machining phenomena such as tool wear and chip morphology. First, a sound pressure measurement system that can be installed close to the cutting edge was designed. In the designed system, a metal pipe is installed in the path from the source of the cutting sound to the microphone to provide anisotropic measurement sensitivity, which reduces the influence of environmental noise and provides protection of the microphone from cutting fluid and scattering chips simultaneously. Next, a compensation method for the measurement signal is proposed. In the developed measurement system with a metal pipe, sound resonance occurs and resonant frequency components are amplified. In addition, this sound pressure measurement system has the problem of generating harmonics due to sound pressure distortion. Digital processing of the measured sound compensates the frequency response of the designed sound pressure measurement system by the inverse transfer function, which is identified in advance. In addition, harmonics are removed by band-stop filters, so that the original sound pressure information can be reconstructed. Furthermore, the relationship between sound pressure and vibration displacement is formulated based on the wave equation, and a sound pressure-vibration conversion model is proposed to estimate the vibration of a mechanical structure from sound pressure information. A series of experiments were conducted to clarify the anisotropy and frequency characteristics of the prototype sound pressure measurement system, and it was found that the sound pressure signal can be corrected for steady-state vibration. In addition, turning experiments were conducted on an experimental system with a flexible workpiece structure to estimate the vibration of the workpiece which is triggered by chatter instability. The results of the validation experiments confirmed that the proposed method can predict the vibration displacement from the cutting noise. However, it was found that the estimated vibration displacement had a phase error, and thus accurate estimation of transient vibration phenomena was not sufficient. This fact indicates that further modification of the proposed model is necessary.
Direct Measurement of Tool-Chip Contact Stresses in Machining Using Full-Field Photoelasticity
Authors: Thomas Mathews Jobin , Sagapuram Dinakar 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Tool-chip contact stresses are of major interest in developing a basic understanding of the mechanics of machining. The interfacial and sliding conditions along the tool-chip contact in machining differ significantly from that of conventional, lightly loaded, tribological contacts in two major aspects — the occurrence of plastic flow (in the chip) at the sliding interface and intimate nature of the contact where apparent and real contact areas are the same. In this study, we present an experimental method for direct measurement of the tool-chip contact stresses. This involves the use of sapphire as a cutting tool coupled with digital photoelasticity to obtain full-field principal stress difference (isochromatics) and principal stress directions (isoclinics). This enables direct full-field characterization of the tool-chip contact stresses, as well as stresses within the cutting tool, at a micron-scale resolution not achieved previously. Our results show that the shear stress exhibits a maximum at a small distance from the tool tip, while the normal stress decreases monotonically with increasing distance from the tool tip. The maximum shear stress shows a good correlation with the shear flow stress of the material that is being machined. We also briefly discuss applications of the method to derive the stress distribution at the tool flank face and quantify frictional dissipation at both the contacts — tool-chip contact and flank-machined surface contact.
Sizing of Grid-Connected PV-Battery System in Manufacturing Facility Considering Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Wang Jingwen , Yun Lingxiang , Li Lin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This paper adopted a multi-objective optimization approach, integrating LCA with TEA, to systematically analyze the relationship between the economic and environmental performance of PV-battery systems at manufacturing facilities. For this purpose, under the inspiration of the ReCiPe life cycle assessment method, information from several sources was compiled and adapted to quantify the different environmental impacts of the manufacturing facility’s energy consumption in the sizing formulation. The other objective function is formulated as the total cost of energy consumption, including the installation, operation, and maintenance cost of the PV-battery system and the cost of energy purchased from the grid. A case study of a PV-battery system at a typical lithium-battery assembly manufacturing facility is presented, with the facility’s energy consumption under a high throughput target simulated as the load profile. The results highlight the trade-offs between minimizing the costs and the environmental impacts of the facility’s energy consumption. It is also found that only considering the environmental impacts during the operation stage can cause underestimation of the impacts and lead to a selection of a more polluting PV-battery sizing configuration. This result further justifies the necessity of considering LCA in the PV-battery sizing problems.
Structure-Function Relationships for the Bio-Inspired Design of Scales
Authors: Chavez Martinez Itzel , Mistry Ved , Bhate Dhruv 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The structure of scales, found in organisms ranging from fish to plants, demonstrates a wide range of patterned design. Composed of keratin, collagen, or other biomaterials, scales exhibit a hierarchical organization with diverse patterning strategies. Functionally, scales serve several critical roles in organisms’ survival and adaptation. The applications of scale-inspired designs span a diverse array of fields, from improving the hydrodynamic efficiency of aircraft and underwater vehicles, to developing advanced wound dressings and prosthetic materials in the biomedical field. Scale-inspired structures have also been integrated into architecture and building materials. Despite some examples, there has been limited exploration of bio-inspired design of scales, which have received a lot of attention with the progress made in computational design and additive manufacturing. We argue there that this is at least partly on account of the limited design principles formally abstracted for scales, which further, may be attributed to a tenuous connection between structure-function relationships that are well described for families of organisms in biology, and engineering applications. Towards addressing this gap, we first develop a new structural and functional classification for scales that cuts across multiple groups of organisms, using a designer’s perspective. We show how such a perspective emphasizes design choices as opposed to phylogenetic relationships, commonly used in biological classification. Structure-function relationships are then mapped to each other, providing a direction from scale structure to potential applications. We end with a discussion of how such a structure-function map may be embedded into a computational design tool for scales, and how it may also deepen our understanding of the evolution of scales in biology by providing a pathway for engineering studies of structure-function relationships.
Fine-Tuning Rheological Properties of 3D Bioprintable Hybrid Hydrogel by Controlling Component Solid Content
Authors: Habib Md Ahasan , Khoda Bashir , Tuladhar Slesha , Sarah Rokeya 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The study focuses on the formulation of hybrid hydrogel comprising Alginate, Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC), and TEMPO-oxidized nano-fibrillated cellulose (TO-NFC) for bioprinting precise scaffold for tissue engineering applications. Even though controlling capacity of porosity during scaffold fabrication can positively assist the encapsulated cell growth, the lack of right choice of material type and percentage may make it difficult to 3D bioprint scaffold conforming user defined porosity. To address that challenge, the percentages of Alginate, CMC, and TO-NFC were meticulously controlled to assess their impact on viscosity, a critical parameter governing the printability of the 3D bio-printed scaffold in this paper. By precisely manipulating the ratios of Alginate, CMC, and TO-NFC, we successfully modulated the viscosity of the bioink, facilitating the deposition of intricate 3D structures. Impact of each component was clearly identified. This fine-tuning of rheological properties enhances the accuracy and fidelity of the printed scaffold, ensuring a realistic representation of the desired anatomical features.
Design and Fabrication of a Nozzle-Holding System for a Custom-Made 3D Bioprinter
Authors: Smith Carter , Woods Perrin , Clark Scott , Habib Md Ahasan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The emerging field of 3D bioprinting has ignited a demand for affordable and customizable 3D printers capable of utilizing bio-inks across various scales. This study presents a comprehensive framework for a specialized nozzle-holding device tailored for an extrusion-based 3D bioprinter, fine-tuned to meet the exacting demands of tissue engineering. The proposed system integrates a pneumatically driven plunger mechanism with an adaptive nozzle system, ensuring secure containment of bio-ink in a biologically safe container. Stringent measures are implemented to maintain a consistently low heat temperature, preserving the safety and integrity of the bio-ink. Central to this modification is a meticulously designed milled aluminum block, optimizing thermal characteristics while offering a protective barrier. An essential component is the 3D-printed extruder head bracket, produced with precision on a freeform resin printer, effectively mitigating potential heating-related discrepancies. The integration of these meticulously designed components culminates in a modified extrusion-based 3D bioprinter poised to revolutionize tissue engineering methodologies. The adaptive nozzle system ensures precise dispensing, and the choice of materials underscores a commitment to bio-ink integrity and thermal optimization. This study not only advances bioprinting technology but also highlights the pivotal role of innovative engineering in overcoming tissue engineering challenges. The proposed bioprinter design establishes a promising foundation for further research, aiming for more accurate, efficient, and secure bioprinting solutions.
Automated Additive Manufacturing Process for Multilayer Flexible Printed Circuit Board With SMD Components
Authors: Sills Daniel , Zhang Ruoshi , Sherehiy Andriy , Jackson Douglas , Reynolds Henry , Ratnayake Dilan , Caid Cassidy , Popa Dan O. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This paper describes an automated process for rapid prototyping of strain sensors based on a multilayer flexible printed circuit board (FPC) with soldered Surface Mounted Devices (SMDs) as a demonstrator of the NeXus systems abilities as a rapid prototyping device. The Nexus system transports parts using a 5-DOF high-precision positioner, and a 4-DOF Selective Compliance Articulated Robot Arm (SCARA) for manipulating SMDs, solder paste deposition, and pick-and-place procedures. Additive manufacturing processes supported by the Nexus include Aerosol Jet for printing fine feature silver conducting lines, direct write inkjet process for printing insulating materials, and Intense Pulse Light (IPL) for curing materials between depositions. Manufacturing the FPC involved the development of multiple processes and designs on the NeXus system. Conversion methods between traditional PCB design software and production ready command scripts were developed including the use of necessary interchange programs, custom file handler scripts, and design methods to translate basic drawings into production ready GCode and other command scripts. We also developed high level architecture designs for realizing control of multiple subsystems, printing heads and robots to facilitate automated manufacturing.
Finally, the automation of sequenced process steps was rigorously tested, as was the characterization of material interactions between processes. This included combining printing techniques for the realization of multilayer conducting-insulating structures and low temperature soldering techniques which required experimental characterization to optimize fabrication procedures for a successful outcome. Multilayer structures with aerosol jet printed 50-micron wide lines, an insulating bridge with thickness around 100-microns, and SMDs soldered to printed silver nano-particle structures, were successfully integrated within our sensors. Integration of the SMDs directly on the flexible substrate, including an operational amplifier, reduces complexity of the accompanying sensor control circuit, and amplifies sensor’s response by 3,800 times. The successful fabrication of this device showcases the rapid prototyping ability of the NeXus System.