bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The optimum conditions for synthesis of Fe3O4/ZnO core/shell magnetic nanoparticles for photodegradation of phenol
Authors: Nikazar Manouchehr , Alizadeh Mehriana , Lalavi Reza , Rostami Mohammad Hossein 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The photocatalysis of phenol was studied using Fe3O4/ZnO core/shell magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The photocatalysts were synthesized by coating of ZnO onto the magnetite by precipitation method and characterized by XRD, SEM and FTIR measurements. Using the Taguchi method, this study analyzes the effect of parameters such as calcinations time, calcinations temperature and molar ratio of Fe3O4:ZnO on the photo activity of Fe3O4/ZnO MNPs. XRD and FTIR analysis confirm that coating process was done successfully. SEM images show that the average particle size of synthesized Fe3O4/ZnO nanoparticles was about 50 nm. The phenol removal efficiency of 88% can be achieved by using a photocatalyst which is synthesized through the optimum conditions: calcinations temperature of 550°C, calcinations time of 2 hours and molar ratio of 1:10 for Fe3O4:ZnO.
Crystal Structure and Characterization of Trinuclear Cobalt(III) Complex with 2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexahydroxytriphenylene
Authors: Suenaga Yusaku , Inada Honami , Inomata Masataka , Yamaguchi Ryotaro , Okubo Takashi , Maekawa Masahiko , Kuroda-Sowa Takayoshi 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Trinuclear Co(III) complex [CoIII3(tpa)3(L)](BF4)4 (tpa: tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, H6L: 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene) is prepared from methanol solution. Single-crystal structure analysis revealed that the valency of the three cobalt ions is +3 and that the tris(dioxolene) bridging ligand is formally in the −5 [cat,cat,sq] oxidation state. This complex is stable in the entire temperature range investigated. Various-temperature magnetic susceptibility data for the compound displayed little variation in the range 2–300 K, and the reason caused the distinct charge distribution on Co–L (L: bridging ligand) by the natural rigidity of the tripodal ligands. Also, its CH3CN solution exhibits a very strong NIR absorption arising from an internal ligand transition within the triphenylene ligand. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements in CH3CN solution show three reversible cat–sq redox waves for the triphenylene ligand.
Extensive Scalp Angioedema following High-Dose Diphenylcyclopropenone for Alopecia Areata
Authors: Buchanan Rachel , Huynh Gloria , Tanner Jason 
Published: January 2014

Objective To describe a case of an unusual adverse drug reaction to diphenylcyclopropenone for the treatment of alopecia areata. Case summary A 31-year-old Caucasian male presented with extensive angioedema to the head with neck involvement 10 days following treatment with diphenylcyclopropenone 2% solution in acetone topically on his scalp to treat alopecia areata. Findings on patient presentation included edema of the soft tissues (deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissue) of the head and face with mild neck involvement, acute inflammatory changes from chemical-induced irritation, scalp erythema, and serous fluid drainage from inflamed and fissured edematous scalp. Acute treatments used for control of the reaction included intravenous steroids and antihistamines during hospitalization followed by oral steroids and antihistamines for maintenance during outpatient treatment of the resolving condition. Discussion The role of topical diphenylcyclopropenone in this case of alopecia areata is probable according to the Naranjo criteria, with a score of 8. Diphenylcyclopropenone is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, but it has been used by many clinicians for the treatment of alopecia areata. Diphenylcyclopropenone causes an allergic contact dermatitis in the area of hair loss. In general, diphenylcyclopropenone is applied at a high concentration of 2% once and then at lower concentrations once weekly after the sensitization dose. This patient applied the 2% concentration on multiple consecutive days. Conclusion Frequent use of topical diphenylcyclopropenone 2% applied to the scalp may cause scalp angioedema.
Estimating Parents’ Valuations of Class Size Reductions Using Attrition in the Tennessee STAR Experiment
Authors: Rohlfs Chris , Zilora Melanie 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This study estimates parents’ valuations of small classes by examining the effects of randomly assigned class type on the decision to remove one’s child from the Tennessee Student Teacher Achievement Ratio experiment, using a new hedonic estimation strategy that estimates the cash payment that would be required to generate the same difference in attrition rates as was observed between treatment and control groups. In 2010 dollars, our preferred estimates indicate that parents on the margin of sending their children to private schools valued small classes at $2,000–$18,000 per year relative to a cost of $3,000 per student year.
Oxalic acid production and metal removal during fungal degradation of CCA-treated wood in nutrient culture
Authors: Choi Yong-Seok , Kim Jae-Jin , Yoshimura Tsuyoshi , Kim Gyu-Hyeok 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate characteristics of oxalic acid (OA) production and metal removal during degradation of CCA-treated wood in nutrient culture by brown-rot fungi. Two brown-rot fungi, Crustoderma sp. and Fomitopsis palustris extensively degraded the CCA-treated wood, causing mass losses (MLs) up to 49.0% and 43.5%, respectively, while these fungi produced OA during degradation up to 21.3 mg g-1 and 43.8 mg g-1, respectively. Antrodia vaillantii and Polyporales sp. produced OA up to 28.9 mg g-1 and 29.8 mg g-1, respectively, with <3% ML. Fomitopsis palustris with the highest OA production removed effectively 87.5% As and 86.0% Cr during degradation of the treated wood. Antrodia vaillantii and an unknown Polyporales sp. showed notable As removal rates of 90.3% and 88.9%, respectively, and 81.0–83.9% Cr removal. However, only moderate amounts of Cu (40.8%) were extracted by the fungi investigated. The conclusion is that OA production by brown-rot fungi can be partially associated with removal of Cr and As during fungal degradation of CCA-treated wood.
Edith Stein’s Critique of Sociality in the Early Heidegger
Authors: Orr James 
Published: January 2014

Summary
Heidegger’s jeremiads against metaphysics are amongst the most influential and iconoclastic in the annals of continental philosophy; and none is more trenchant than the Destruktion of Descartes’ ontology of self with which Sein und Zeit begins. Yet for all the intellectual energy he expends on attempting to uncover the social texture of Dasein’s being-in-the-world, many remain convinced that Heidegger simply transposes the Cartesian ego into a phenomenological key. One of the first thinkers to arouse these suspicions was an erstwhile colleague of Heidegger, the Jewish-born phenomenologist and Carmelite spiritual writer, Edith Stein, in an unjustly neglected work, Martin Heideggers Existentialphilosophie. What sets Stein’s critique apart from more influential treatments is that in the course of diagnosing weaknesses in Heidegger’s account from within his own methodological constraints, she reaches some strikingly theological conclusions. The task of the present study is to offer an assessment of her dissection of the status and function of sociality in the Daseinsanalytik. After setting out Stein’s early phenomenology of empathy, I examine Stein’s argument that Heidegger’s tacit and mistaken appeal to theological categories ironically collapses his account of sociality back into the very subjectivism his Destruktion had been directed against. I conclude that Stein deftly reverses Heidegger’s strategy of atheological expropriation strategies by taking up a central theme in his own thought to articulate the theological unity of all finite existents. For Stein, unity at the level of fundamental ontology is most plausibly analysed by reference to the creaturely participation in the plenitude of Trinitarian being.
THE USAGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR EVALUATION OF ANIMAL WELFARE
Authors: Smutný Luboš , Smutná Šárka , Kindlová Jana , Šoch Miloslav , Škeřík Václav , Zábranský Luboš 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
up to date information systems collect data from technological process, facts about production, reproduction and health of animals. On the base of all figures of these measurable values and evaluation of observable characteristics we can do the classification of the total rate of animal welfare. Physical activity of animals is affected by many factors during the day, especially satisfying basic needs, i.e. feed intake, social manifestations, etc. Vitalimeter is recording physical activity of the animal, including the type of movement, standing and lying time, number of leap.
Distributed Energy Balance Clustering Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Wang Yang 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The traditional clustering algorithm of Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) does not care about the residual energy of the cluster heads and the distance relationship of each node in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Each new round the cluster head is changed without any concern about the residual energy of the current cluster head, and the nodes join into a new cluster head without concern about the distance factor and the residual energy factor of all nodes in WSNs. To solve these problems in LEACH, this paper puts forward a distributed energy balance clustering algorithm, which takes into full consideration the residual energy of the cluster heads and the distance relationship between the base station and the cluster heads. The experimental results indicate that the proposed distributed energy balance clustering algorithm can prolong the lifetime of the networks more than LEACH, and the number of messages for selecting a new cluster head at the same time can be greatly reduced, which proves it as more suitable for practical applications.
N-Dimensional Binary Vector Spaces
Authors: Arai Kenichi , Okazaki Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2014

Summary
The binary set {0, 1} together with modulo-2 addition and multiplication is called a binary field, which is denoted by F2. The binary field F2 is defined in [1]. A vector space over F2 is called a binary vector space. The set of all binary vectors of length n forms an n-dimensional vector space Vn over F2. Binary fields and n-dimensional binary vector spaces play an important role in practical computer science, for example, coding theory [15] and cryptology. In cryptology, binary fields and n-dimensional binary vector spaces are very important in proving the security of cryptographic systems [13]. In this article we define the n-dimensional binary vector space Vn. Moreover, we formalize some facts about the n-dimensional binary vector space Vn.
Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of melittin in honeybee venom and drug products containing honeybee venom
Authors: Haghi Ghasem , Hatami Alireza , Mehran Mehdi 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP -HPLC ) method was developed and validated for the analysis of honeybee venom samples and drug products containing honeybee venom. The validation parameters were linearity, sensitivity, precision, and recovery. Melittin is the main component of honeybee venom was extracted with pure water, and then evaluated by RP -HPLC with a photodiode array (PDA ) detector. Separation of the samples was achieved on a Europa Protein C18 column with linear gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.4% phosphoric acid at 25°C. There was a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Detection was set at 220 nm. Limits of detection (LOD ) and quantification (LO Q) for melittin were 1.1 and 3.2 μg/mL, respectively. The amount of melittin in honeybee venom samples ranged from 21.9 to 66.4 %.
Bee fauna potential visitors of coriander flowers Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) in the Mitidja area (Algeria)
Authors: Bendifallah Leila , Louadi Kamel , Doumandji Salaheddin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Coriander Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) is a year-round condiment and aromatic Mediterranean plant. It is cultivated in several countries in North Africa, in Europe, and Western Asia. In the El Harrach area of Algiers, the insect fauna visiting crop flowers includes Diptera (Syrphidae), Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera such as Chrysididae, Vespoidea, and Apoidea (Bees). The latter super-family comprises the majority of insect pollinators. Visiting bees belong to four families: Apidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae, and Colletidae. The main visitors are honeybees and six species of Andrenidae: Andrena flavipes, Andrena thoracica, Andrena lagopus, Andrena bimaculata, Andrena discors, and Andrena cinerea elliptica. The three species Andrena lagopus, Andrena bimaculata, and Andrena cinerea elliptica have 100% pollinating visits while Apis mellifera has only 63%. Andrena cinerea elliptica is the most frequent and the most abundant species.
PROTEASE INHIBITOR FROM THE CRUDE EXTRACT OF PLANT SEEDS AFFECTS THE DIGESTIVE PROTEASES IN HYPHANTRIA CUNEA (LEP.: ARCTIIDAE)
Authors: Aghaali Negar , Ghadamyari Mohammad , Hosseininaveh Vahid , Riseh Nasir Saberi 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Proteases are one of the most important digestive enzymes in the midgut of Hyphantria cunea Drury. Proteases are responsible for protein digestion. In the present study, we evaluated the efficiency of some plant inhibitors on proteases in the gut of the H. cunea. Last instar larvae were collected from mulberry trees. The digestive system of the larvae was used as an enzyme source. The total proteolytic and trypsin activity were assessed by the hemoglobin and BApNA, respectively, as the substrate. The evaluation of the total proteolytic and trypsin activities in various pHs showed the highest relative activity at a pH of 11. Also, the inhibitory effect of inhibitors extracted from Alhagi maurorum Medik., Lathyrus sativus L., Vicia faba L., Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) Eig., and Panicum miliaceum L. on the digestive protease of the fall webworm was measured. Protease inhibitors extracted from A. maurorum, P. farcta and P. miliaceum showed negligible inhibition but L. sativus was able to inhibit 34.72% and 100% of the total activity of proteolytic and trypsin, respectively. Also, the total proteolytic and trypsin activities were inhibited by the inhibitor from V. faba, at 22.27% and 100%, respectively. The zymogram pattern of trypsin with nitro-cellulose membranes showed 2 isoforms in the gut of H. cunea. The inhibitor from L. sativus completely inhibited both isoforms. Gel electrophoresis of proteolitytic activity revealed at least 6 isoforms the inhibitor extracted from L. sativus; completely inhibiting some of them. The inhibitor from L. sativus was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel-filtration. The molecular mass of the inhibitor was determined as 45 kDa. The highest inhibition of trypsin activity by the inhibitor from L. sativus occurred at a pH of 10. The stability of the inhibitor from L. sativus was evaluated at different pHs and temperatures. The results showed that the inhibitor from L. sativus was stable at a pH of 11.0, and showed 45% inhibition on trypsin activity at a pH of 11. Also, this inhibitor revealed stability up to 50°C.
EVALUATION OF THE INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF THREE EUCALYPTUS SPECIES CULTIVATED IN IRAN, AGAINST HYPHANTRIA CUNEA DRURY (LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE)
Authors: Ebadollahi Asgar , Rahimi-Nasrabadi Mehdi , Batooli Hossein , Geranmayeh Jafar 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In the current study, the larvicidal activity of leaf essential oils from three eucalyptus species (Eucalyptus largiflorens Meull, Eucalyptus oleosa Meull, and Eucalyptus spathulata Hook) against American white moth, Hyphantria cunea Drury 1773 (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), was investigated. Mortality was recorded daily for three days after treatment. Leaf disc bioassays revealed that all three oils had strong insecticidal activity on the experimental insects insofar as 50% lethal concentrations (LC50) for E. oleosa, E. spathulata, and E. largiflorens at 24 h exposure time were 0.36, 0.61, and 1.24%, respectively. The time needed to kill 50% (LT50) values were calculated as 9.09 h with E. largiflorens, 11.03 h with E. oleosa, and 13.03 h with E. spathulata at the highest concentrations (2.5% for E. largiflorens, 2% for E. oleosa, and 2.5% for E. spathulata). Based on probit analysis, an increase in the susceptibility of the insect was associated with an increase in the different concentrations of all oils and the increase in the time of exposure. The results of this study show that leaf essential oils of E. largiflorens, E. oleosa, and E. spathulata might be considered as a potent source for the production of fine natural larvicides.
SCAFFOLDING THE WRITING COMPONENT OF THE ENGLISH FOR LAW SYLLABUS AT UNIVERSITY
Authors: Łuczak Aleksandra 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The present paper is intended to be a practical guide for teachers who need to run writing for law classes for pre-experienced law students with no or little experience of academic or legal writing. It provides the teachers with advice on how to teach students to draft modern documents by sequencing and selecting the content that reflects the needs of practising lawyers. It shows how legal writing stems from academic and general writing. Overlapping or common elements of academic and legal writing are identified and sequenced in order to create an introductory base for writing for legal purposes.
Types of texts that lawyers draft have been selected and used as the scaffold- ing for writing tasks specially designed to suit the students’ proficiency and expertise.
The Effect of Debate Training on Argumentation Skills: The Developmental Process for Japanese College Students
Authors: Mika Nakano , Ichi Maruno Shun’ 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
How do students acquire argumentation skills through debating? Although attempts have long been made to answer this question, a common limitation of previous studies is the tendency to ignore the potential of college students who learn how to argue in a community of practice. Cultural difference is also an important theme in argumentation studies, as individuals and a community co-construct the quality of their arguments. In Japanese education, argument is rarely taught in classes. Nakano (2007) pointed out that Japanese students tend to hesitate when arguing with friends, and are low in approach argumentativeness and high in avoidance argumentativeness, compared to other Asian countries. Parliamentary Debate (PD) is most popular and is effective for novice learners of argument (Inoue & Nakano, 2006). Every stage of debating, such as preparation, debate rounds, reflection and so on, forms a cyclic learning system, and this functions as an ideal community of practice (Lave & Wenger, 1991). The present study aims at exploring how members of a community acquire argumentation skills through debating. First, we identify patterns of argument produced in the community during a session. Second, we analyse transitional patterns, focusing on individual differences. In order to teach reasoning and persuasion to those who are especially unwilling to oppose someone, we need to have them realize their improvement with confidence by reducing their mental blocks.
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Promotes IL-10 Production by NK Cells
Authors: Wagage Sagie , John Beena , Krock Bryan L. , Hall Aisling O’Hara , Randall Louise M. , Karp Christopher L. , Simon M. Celeste , Hunter Christopher A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The cytokine IL-10 has an important role in limiting inflammation in many settings, including toxoplasmosis. In the present studies, an IL-10 reporter mouse was used to identify the sources of this cytokine following challenge with Toxoplasma gondii. During infection, multiple cell types expressed the IL-10 reporter but NK cells were a major early source of this cytokine. These IL-10 reporter+ NK cells expressed high levels of the IL-12 target genes T-bet, KLRG1, and IFN-γ, and IL-12 depletion abrogated reporter expression. However, IL-12 signaling alone was not sufficient to promote NK cell IL-10, and activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was also required for maximal IL-10 production. NK cells basally expressed the AHR, relevant chaperone proteins, and the AHR nuclear translocator, which heterodimerizes with the AHR to form a competent transcription factor. In vitro studies revealed that IL-12 stimulation increased NK cell AHR levels, and the AHR and AHR nuclear translocator were required for optimal production of IL-10. Additionally, NK cells isolated from T. gondii–infected Ahr−/− mice had impaired expression of IL-10, which was associated with increased resistance to this infection. Taken together, these data identify the AHR as a critical cofactor involved in NK cell production of IL-10.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of predictors of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia
Authors: Edafe O , Antakia R , Laskar N , Uttley L , Balasubramanian S P 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundHypocalcaemia is common after thyroidectomy. Accurate prediction and appropriate management may help reduce morbidity and hospital stay. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of predictors of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia.MethodsA systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library databases was undertaken, and the quality of manuscripts assessed using a modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.ResultsSome 115 observational studies were included. The median (i.q.r.) incidence of transient and permanent hypocalcaemia was 27 (19–38) and 1 (0–3) per cent respectively. Independent predictors of transient hypocalcaemia included levels of preoperative calcium, perioperative parathyroid hormone (PTH), preoperative 25-hydroxyvitamin D and postoperative magnesium. Clinical predictors included surgery for recurrent goitre and reoperation for bleeding. A calcium level lower than 1·88 mmol/l at 24 h after surgery, identification of fewer than two parathyroid glands (PTGs) at surgery, reoperation for bleeding, Graves' disease and heavier thyroid specimens were identified as independent predictors of permanent hypocalcaemia in multivariable analysis. Factors associated with transient hypocalcaemia in meta-analyses were inadvertent PTG excision (odds ratio (OR) 1·90, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·31 to 2·74), PTG autotransplantation (OR 2·03, 1·44 to 2·86), Graves' disease (OR 1·75, 1·34 to 2·28) and female sex (OR 2·28, 1·53 to 3·40).ConclusionPerioperative PTH, preoperative vitamin D and postoperative changes in calcium are biochemical predictors of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia. Clinical predictors include female sex, Graves' disease, need for parathyroid autotransplantation and inadvertent excision of PTGs.
Processing Conditions Effect on Dispersion Evolution in a Twin‐Screw Extruder: Polypropylene‐Clay Nanocomposites
Authors: Barbas Joana M. , Machado Ana V. , Covas José A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPolymer‐clay nanocomposites are often manufactured using twin‐screw extruders. Processing conditions, namely screw speed and feed rate, are known to strongly influence the final dispersion levels attained. The effect of these parameters on the evolution of dispersion along the extruder for a system consisting of polypropylene, polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride, and an organoclay is investigated. Inline near‐infrared measurements were performed at various axial locations plus die outlet. At the same positions, local average mass temperature and minimum residence time were also monitored. In addition, samples were quickly removed from the extruder for subsequent offline characterization. Regardless of the processing conditions, dispersion develops rapidly upon melting, with a much slower pace downstream.