bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annular Mode Variability of the Atmospheric Meridional Energy Transport and Circulation
Authors: Yamada Ray , Pauluis Olivier 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Month-to-month variability in the meridional atmospheric energy transport is analyzed in the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis for 1979–2012. The meridional transport of moist static energy (MSE) is composited onto the high and low phases of the northern and southern annular modes (NAM and SAM). While the high phase of the NAM and SAM is known to involve a poleward shift in the midlatitude storm track and jet, it is shown here that the distribution of poleward MSE transport shifts equatorward. This change is explained by examining the variability of the underlying meridional circulation. In particular, changes in the mass transport averaged on dry and moist static energy levels are considered. These circulations have an advantage over the conventional Eulerian circulation for explaining the total energy transport. They are computed using the statistical transformed Eulerian-mean (STEM) formulation, which provides a decomposition of the circulation into Eulerian-mean and eddy-driven components. The equatorward shift in the MSE transport is largely explained by a poleward shift of the Ferrel cell, while changes in the eddy-driven circulation have a comparatively small effect on the energy transport. The changes in the residual circulation and jet are shown to be consistent through momentum balance arguments. Mean-eddy feedback mechanisms that drive and sustain the annular modes are discussed at the end as a possible explanation for why the changes in the eddy-driven circulation are weak compared to the changes in the Eulerian circulation.
Freshwater drowning in a child: A case study demonstrating the role of post-mortem computed tomography
Authors: Filograna Laura , Tartaglione Tommaso , Vetrugno Giuseppe , Guerra Claudio , Fileni Adriano , Bonomo Lorenzo 
Published: January 2015

In recent years, modern imaging techniques have gained ground in forensics. A crucial question is whether virtual autopsy is capable of replacing traditional autopsy. Forensic diagnosis of freshwater drowning (FWD) is based on the evidence of findings from external inspection (e.g. frothy fluid exuding from the mouth and nostrils), internal examination (e.g. pulmonary congestion, enlargement of heart chambers) and biochemical analysis (haemodilution), findings which are non-specific. The detection of diatoms in organs of the systemic circulation may be of some assistance, but this analysis is rarely performed and is of debatable validity. An 18-month-old child was found dead at home in a swimming pool. Considering the family's wishes to avoid autopsy, the district attorney authorised a whole-body post-mortem computed tomography scan (PMCT). The main imaging findings were frothy fluid in the upper airways, fluid in the trachea and main bronchi, many pulmonary nodular ground glass opacities (GGO) in non-dependent regions and haemodilution. CT imaging did not show any other forensically relevant abnormality. A high concordance was found between the CT findings reported in the literature in cases of FWD and the imaging results. Thus, after the exclusion of other causes of death, advised by the forensic pathologist, the district attorney closed the case and the death was attributed to FWD. This case report demonstrates that PMCT imaging in cases of suspected FWD can provide some important findings for the diagnosis of FWD as the cause of death.
Transfusion in Head and Neck Free Flap Patients
Authors: Puram Sidharth V. , Yarlagadda Bharat B. , Sethi Rosh , Muralidhar Vinayak , Chambers Kyle J. , Emerick Kevin S. , Rocco James W. , Lin Derrick T. , Deschler Daniel G. 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveTo characterize patterns of utilization and outcomes following transfusion in head and neck patients undergoing free flap reconstruction.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary academic medical center.Subjects and MethodsTwo hundred eighty‐two head and neck patients undergoing free flap reconstruction from 2011 to 2013. Outcome parameters included post‐transfusion hematocrit increase, length of stay (LOS), flap survival, and perioperative complications.ResultsOf all head and neck free flap patients, 48.9% received blood transfusions. Average pretransfusion hametocrit (Hct) was 24.7% ± 0.2% with 2.5 ± 0.1 units of blood transfused. Transfused patients were more likely to have been taken back to the operating room. Rates of transfusion were similar between flap types, although anterolateral thigh (ALT) and fibular free flap (FFF) patients had higher transfusion requirements compared to radial forearm free flap (RFFF) patients. Further, FFF patients trended toward receiving transfusions earlier. Transfusion did not influence flap survival but was associated with wound dehiscence, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, respiratory distress, and pneumonia. Subset analyses by flap type revealed that differences were significant among the RFFF and FFF cohorts but not ALT patients. When comparing patients who were transfused for Hct <21 to those transfused for Hct <27, there were no differences in LOS, flap survival, or postsurgical complications.ConclusionsAmong the different types of flaps, FFF and ALT are associated with higher transfusion requirements. Transfusion in patients undergoing free flap reconstruction does not significantly affect flap survival but was associated with perioperative complications. Our data support consideration of a restrictive transfusion policy in free flap patients.
Hearing Preservation after Middle Fossa Vestibular Schwannoma Removal
Authors: Quist Tyler S. , Givens Daniel J. , Gurgel Richard K. , Chamoun Roukoz , Shelton Clough 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveTo describe 5‐year hearing preservation rates following microsurgical excision of vestibular schwannoma (VS) via the middle cranial fossa (MCF) approach.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingThis study was performed at a tertiary care academic medical center.Subjects and MethodsFifty‐seven subjects with VS underwent resection via an MCF approach between February 1998 and January 2009. Pure‐tone average (PTA) and word recognition score (WRS) were obtained preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and at 5‐year follow‐up.ResultsPreoperative serviceable hearing (American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery class A/B) was present in 49 (86%) of the 57 patients, with an average PTA of 23 dB (range, 1‐50 dB) and an average WRS of 97% (range, 76%‐100%). Immediate postoperative serviceable hearing was maintained in 27 (55%) patients, with an average PTA and WRS of 31 dB (5‐50 dB) and 96% (70%‐100%), respectively. Five‐year follow‐up was available for 16 of the 27 patients. Twelve (75%) of the 16 patients maintained serviceable hearing with an average PTA and WRS of 35 dB (4‐49 dB) and 95% (84%‐100%), respectively. Of the 16 subjects who did maintain class A or B hearing, the mean change in PTA and WRS was 5 dB and 0.4%, respectively. Of the 4 patients who did not maintain class A/B hearing, average change in PTA and WRS was 16 dB (4.5‐23 dB) and 16% (0%‐40%), respectively.ConclusionsFor patients with VS in whom serviceable hearing is preserved following the MCF approach, the long‐term hearing outcome remains durable in most patients.
Facial Nerve Monitoring during Parotidectomy
Authors: Sood Amit J. , Houlton Jeffrey J. , Nguyen Shaun A. , Gillespie M. Boyd 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesTo determine the effectiveness of intraoperative facial nerve monitoring (FNM) in preventing immediate and permanent postoperative facial nerve weakness in patients undergoing primary parotidectomy.Data SourcesPubMed‐NCBI database from 1970 to 2014.Review MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analysis of the literature was conducted. Acceptable studies included controlled series that evaluated facial nerve function following primary parotidectomy with or without FNM (intraoperative nerve monitor vs control). Primary and secondary end points were defined as immediate postoperative and permanent facial nerve weakness (House‐Brackmann score, ≥2), respectively.ResultsAfter a review of 1414 potential publications, 7 articles met inclusion criteria, with a total of 546 patients included in the final meta‐analysis. The incidence of immediate postoperative weakness following parotidectomy was significantly lower in the FNM group compared to the unmonitored group (22.5% vs 34.9%; P =. 001). The incidence of permanent weakness was not statistically different in the long term (3.9% vs 7.1%; P =. 18). The number of monitored cases needed to prevent 1 incidence of immediate postoperative facial nerve weakness was 9, given an absolute risk reduction of 11.7% This corresponded to a 47% decrease in the incidence of immediate facial nerve dysfunction (odds ratio, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.79; P =. 002).ConclusionIn primary cases of parotidectomy, intraoperative FNM decreases the risk of immediate postoperative facial nerve weakness but does not appear to influence the final outcome of permanent facial nerve weakness.
Mobile Applications in Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Wong Matthew C. , Fung Kevin 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesTo study the current selection of mobile applications (apps) relating to otolaryngology–head and neck surgery (OtoHNS). To conduct a review of the apps available in OtoHNS.Data SourcesApp Store, Google Play, BlackBerry World, Windows Store.MethodsThe Apple, Google, Windows, and Blackberry mobile app stores were searched for apps relating to OtoHNS. App information was analyzed based on in‐store descriptions, and apps were downloaded and reviewed.Conclusions and Implications for PracticeThere is a rapidly expanding collection of apps with a wide variety of functions available in OtoHNS. There are several high‐quality apps for education and clinical use, which have been highlighted in our review. Mobile apps have the potential to become widely incorporated into OtoHNS, although there is a need for appropriate guidance from the specialty to ensure app quality and accuracy of content.
Polymorphisms within angiotensin II receptor type 1 gene associated with essential hypertension in Chinese Hani and Yi minorities
Authors: Yang Hongju , Bai Song , Wu Yanrui , Li Qian , Luo Fangyu , Li Bai , Jin Yanfen , Xiao Chunjie 
Published: January 2015

Introduction: Angiotensin II receptor type 1 mediates the major cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II to regulate blood pressure. Polymorphisms of angiotensin II receptor type 1 are associated with essential hypertension, but the results are inconsistent and conflicting. The aim of the present study is to assess the association between angiotensin II receptor type 1 polymorphisms and essential hypertension risk in Chinese Hani and Yi minorities. Methods: This study recruited 692 unrelated Chinese Hani subjects (case vs. control = 346:346) and 615 unrelated Chinese Yi subjects (case vs. control = 303:312). Twelve selected single nucleotide polymorphisms in the angiotensin II receptor type 1 gene were genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: Statistical analysis indicated that the GC+CC genotype of rs387967 was significantly associated with the decreased susceptibility to essential hypertension compared with GG in a Yi population (odds ratio = 0.58, 95% confidence intervals 0.41–0.83, P = 0.003). Allele C was a protective allele for essential hypertension (odds ratio = 0.78, 95% confidence intervals 0.61–0.99, P = 0.040). This association was confirmed respectively by comparing systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure between different genotypes and between different alleles, which indicated that the genotype (GC+CC) had a tendency of lower systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure than GG ( PSBP = 3.716 × 10–4, PDBP = 1.187 × 10–3); Carriers with C had lower systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure ( PSBP = 7.301 × 10–3, PDBP = 9.142 × 10–4). Another single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2638360) was analysed in a Hani minority, then replicated in a Yi minority. The C allele showed a consistent risk trend for essential hypertension in two independent populations (Hani: odds ratio = 1.74, 95% confidence intervals 1.01–2.99, P = 0.046; Yi: odds ratio = 1.27, 95% confidence intervals 0.82–1.96, P = 0.277). Meta-analysis revealed that the C allele could significantly increase the risk of essential hypertension (odds ratio = 1.44, 95% confidence intervals 1.02–2.02, P = 0.037). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that rs387967 is associated with the susceptibility to essential hypertension in a Yi population and the tendency was replicated in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure detection. Meta-analysis revealed that C allele of rs2638360 could significantly increase the risk of essential hypertension. The two single nucleotide polymorphisms maybe play a role in the pathology of essential hypertension.
Investigation of Dose Falloff for Intact Brain Metastases and Surgical Cavities Using Hypofractionated Volumetric Modulated Arc Radiotherapy
Authors: Ruschin Mark , Lee Young , Beachey David , Yeboah Collins , Wronski Matt , Babic Steven , Lochray Fiona , Nico Anula , Khan Luluel , Soliman Hany , Sahgal Arjun 
Published: January 2015

Introduction: Intact brain metastases tend to be small and spherical compared to postsurgery brain cavities, which tend to be large and irregular shaped and, as a result, a challenge with respect to treatment planning. The purpose of the present study is to develop guidelines for normal brain tissue dose and to investigate whether there is a dependence on target type for patients treated with hypofractionated volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy (HF-VMAT). Methods: Treatment plans from a total of 100 patients and 136 targets (55 cavity and 81 intact) were retrospectively reviewed. All targets were treated with HF-VMAT with total doses ranging between 20 and 30 gray (Gy) in 5 fractions. All plans met institutional objectives for organ-at-risk constraints and were clinically delivered. Dose falloff was quantified using gradient index (GI) and distance between the 100% and 50% isodose lines (R50). Additionally, the dose to normal brain tissue (brain contour excluding all gross tumor or clinical target volumes) was assessed using volume receiving specific doses (Vx) where x ranged from 5 to 30 Gy. Best-fit curves using power law relationships of the form y = axb were generated for GI, R50, and Vx (normal brain tissue) versus target volume. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in planning target volume (PTV) for cavities versus intact metastases with mean volumes of 37.8 cm3 and 9.5 cm3, respectively ( P < .0001). The GI and R50 were statistically different: 3.4 and 9.8 mm for cavities versus 4.6 and 8.3 mm for intact metastases ( P < .0001). The R50 increased with PTV with power law coefficients (a, b) = (6.3, 0.12) and (5.9, 0.15) for cavities and intact, respectively. GI decreased with PTV with coefficients (a, b) = (5.9, −0.18) and (5.7, −0.14) for cavities and intact, respectively. The normal brain tissue Vx also exhibited power law relationships with PTV for x = 20 to 28.8 Gy. In conclusion, target volume is the main predictor of dose falloff. The results of the present study can be used for determining target volume-based thresholds for dose falloff and normal brain tissue dose–volume constraints.
Use of biosimilar filgrastim compared with lenograstim in autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplant and in sibling allogeneic transplant
Authors: Uddin Shab , Russell Pippa , Farrell Maresa , Davy Barbara , Taylor Joe , Agrawal Samir G. 
Published: January 2015

Objectives: Biosimilar filgrastim was compared with lenograstim for autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplant (HSCT) in patients with haematological malignancies. Data from a separate group of sibling donors who underwent allogeneic HSCT are also reported. Methods: Patients with lymphoma or multiple myeloma (MM) who underwent autologous HSCT with biosimilar filgrastim were compared with a historical control group of patients who received lenograstim. Peripheral blood (PB) cells counts were monitored after 7–8 consecutive days of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) injection and apheresis was performed on day 8 if PB CD34+ cell count was ⩾10 cells/µl. The target PB CD34+ cell doses were ⩾2.0 × 106/kg (lymphoma), ⩾4.0 × 106/kg (MM ⩾60 years old) or ⩾8.0 × 106/kg (MM <60 years old). Results: A total of 259 patients were included in the autologous HSCT comparison (biosimilar filgrastim, n = 104; lenograstim, n = 155). In patients with lymphoma and older MM patients (⩾60 years old), no significant differences were observed between groups with regard to stem-cell mobilization parameters. However, in MM patients <60 years old, all parameters were significantly superior in the biosimilar filgrastim group, including the need for 1 rather than 2 apheresis procedures. No significant differences were observed between groups in median number of days to absolute neutrophil count (ANC) or platelet recovery. In the allogeneic setting, 47 sibling donors received biosimilar filgrastim. Mean CD34+ count at the first apheresis was 6.1 × 106/kg. A total of 13 donors needed a second apheresis and 4 required a third. Among recipients, median days to ANC recovery was 16 (10–28) and to platelet recovery was 13 (9–54). Conclusions: Biosimilar filgrastim is as effective as lenograstim for autologous HSCT in patients with lymphoma or MM patients ⩾60 years old. However, mobilization with biosimilar filgrastim appeared to be superior to that with lenograstim in younger MM patients.
Brain-derived microparticles induce systemic coagulation in a murine model of traumatic brain injury
Authors: Tian Ye , Salsbery Breia , Wang Min , Yuan Hengjie , Yang Jing , Zhao Zilong , Wu Xiaoping , Zhang Yanjun , Konkle Barbara A. , Thiagarajan Perumal , Li Min , Zhang Jianning , Dong Jing-fei 
Published: January 2015

Key PointsBrain-derived cellular microparticles induce systemic coagulopathy in traumatic brain injury. Platelets facilitate the transmigration of brain microparticles through the endothelial barrier into the circulation.
Gateways to the FANTOM5 promoter level mammalian expression atlas
Authors: Lizio Marina , Harshbarger Jayson , Shimoji Hisashi , Severin Jessica , Kasukawa Takeya , Sahin Serkan , Abugessaisa Imad , Fukuda Shiro , Hori Fumi , Ishikawa-Kato Sachi , Mungall Christopher J , Arner Erik , Baillie J Kenneth , Bertin Nicolas , Bono Hidemasa , de Hoon Michiel , Diehl Alexander D , Dimont Emmanuel , Freeman Tom C , Fujieda Kaori , Hide Winston , Kaliyaperumal Rajaram , Katayama Toshiaki , Lassmann Timo , Meehan Terrence F , Nishikata Koro , Ono Hiromasa , Rehli Michael , Sandelin Albin , Schultes Erik A , ‘t Hoen Peter AC , Tatum Zuotian , Thompson Mark , Toyoda Tetsuro , Wright Derek W , Daub Carsten O , Itoh Masayoshi , Carninci Piero , Hayashizaki Yoshihide , Forrest Alistair RR , Kawaji Hideya ,   the FANTOM consortium
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe FANTOM5 project investigates transcription initiation activities in more than 1,000 human and mouse primary cells, cell lines and tissues using CAGE. Based on manual curation of sample information and development of an ontology for sample classification, we assemble the resulting data into a centralized data resource (http://fantom.gsc.riken.jp/5/). This resource contains web-based tools and data-access points for the research community to search and extract data related to samples, genes, promoter activities, transcription factors and enhancers across the FANTOM5 atlas.
Localization and abundance analysis of human lncRNAs at single-cell and single-molecule resolution
Authors: Cabili Moran N , Dunagin Margaret C , McClanahan Patrick D , Biaesch Andrew , Padovan-Merhar Olivia , Regev Aviv , Rinn John L , Raj Arjun 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Background
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in diverse biological processes. In contrast to extensive genomic annotation of lncRNA transcripts, far fewer have been characterized for subcellular localization and cell-to-cell variability. Addressing this requires systematic, direct visualization of lncRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Results
We use single-molecule RNA-FISH to systematically quantify and categorize the subcellular localization patterns of a representative set of 61 lncRNAs in three different cell types. Our survey yields high-resolution quantification and stringent validation of the number and spatial positions of these lncRNA, with an mRNA set for comparison. Using this highly quantitative image-based dataset, we observe a variety of subcellular localization patterns, ranging from bright sub-nuclear foci to almost exclusively cytoplasmic localization. We also find that the low abundance of lncRNAs observed from cell population measurements cannot be explained by high expression in a small subset of ‘jackpot’ cells. Additionally, nuclear lncRNA foci dissolve during mitosis and become widely dispersed, suggesting these lncRNAs are not mitotic bookmarking factors. Moreover, we see that divergently transcribed lncRNAs do not always correlate with their cognate mRNA, nor do they have a characteristic localization pattern.

Conclusions
Our systematic, high-resolution survey of lncRNA localization reveals aspects of lncRNAs that are similar to mRNAs, such as cell-to-cell variability, but also several distinct properties. These characteristics may correspond to particular functional roles. Our study also provides a quantitative description of lncRNAs at the single-cell level and a universally applicable framework for future study and validation of lncRNAs.
Global Skill Partnerships: a proposal for technical training in a mobile world
Authors: Clemens Michael A 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSkilled workers emigrate from developing countries in rising numbers, raising fears of a drain on the human and financial resources of the countries they leave. This paper critiques existing policy proposals to address the development effects of skilled migration. It then proposes a new kind ofex antepublic-private agreement to link skill formation and skilled migration for the mutual benefit of origin countries, destination countries, and migrants: ‘Global Skill Partnerships’. The paper describes how such an agreement might work in one profession (nursing) and one region (North Africa), and offers design lessons from related initiatives around the world.JEL codes:F22, J24, O15
New approach to a modern lesson according to the requirements of fses pge
Authors: Керженцева  , Kerzhentseva A. 
Published: January 2015

The article delivers author&#180;s opinion on the problem of changing the approaches to a modern lesson according to the framework of the Federal
state educational standard of the primary general education (fses pge) of the second generation. New structural components of a lesson and
ways of realization of activity approach are offered to discussion.