bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isothermal emulsion polymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate with KPS and redox initiators: Kinetic study at different surfactant/initiator concentrations and reaction temperature
Authors: Wang Shi , Daniels Eric S. , Sudol E. David , Klein Andrew , El‐Aasser Mohamed S. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThermal initiators, although widely used in emulsion polymerization, are limited to high reaction temperatures due to their high activation energy. Redox initiators have low activation energies indicating that emulsion polymerization could be conducted at lower temperatures to save energy. In the present study, a redox initiator system comprised of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ascorbic acid (AA) in conjunction with a Fe2+ ion catalyst is compared with a potassium persulfate (KPS) thermal initiator in an emulsion polymerization system consisting of n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and water. The dependence of particle number on surfactant and initiator concentrations shows that redox‐ and KPS‐initiated systems both follow the Smith‐Ewart theory. However, the high radical flux generated from the redox initiator results in the formation of much smaller latex particles and higher reaction rate with lower molecular weights. Latex particle size and molecular weight could also be influenced by reaction temperature. By using redox initiator, small monodisperse particles (diameter < 50 nm) can be achieved without using a large amount of surfactant. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43037.
Study on the microstructure and properties of bromobutyl rubber (BIIR)/polyamide‐12 (PA12) thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs)
Authors: Ning Nanying , Hu Linjia , Yao Pengjun , Wu Hanguang , Han Jibin , Zhang Liqun , Tian Hongchi , Tian Ming 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, polyamide‐12 (PA12)/brominated isobutylene‐isoprene (BIIR) TPVs with good mechanical properties and low gas permeability were prepared by dynamic vulcanization in a twin‐screw extruder. The effects of three kinds of compatibilizers on the microstructure and properties of BIIR/PA12 TPV were studied. The compatibility between BIIR and PA12 was improved when maleated hydrocarbon polymeric compatibilizer is added. The reaction between maleic anhydride and amine in polyamide leads to the in situ formation of hydrocarbon polymer grafted polyamide which subsequently can be used to lower the interfacial tension between BIIR and polyamide. The compatibilizing effect of maleic anhydride modified polypropylene (PP‐g‐MAH) on BIIR/PA12 blends is the best among these compatibilizers because the surface energy of PP‐g‐MAH is very close to that of BIIR. The dispersed rubber phase of the blend compatibilized by PP‐g‐MAH shows the smallest size and more uniform size distribution, and the resulting TPVs show the best mechanical properties. The effects of fillers on the properties of BIIR/PA12 TPV were also investigated. The size of the BIIR phase increases with the increase in the content of CaCO3. The modulus and tensile strength of TPVs increased with the increase in the content of CaCO3 because of the reinforcing effect of CaCO3 on TPVs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43043.
Acceptance of clickers in a large multimodal biochemistry class as determined by student evaluations of teaching: Are they just an annoying distraction for distance students?
Authors: Miles Nathan. G. , Soares da Costa Tatiana P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA student response system (clickers) was introduced into a second year introductory biochemistry class to improve student engagement and performance. The class was delivered in both internal and distance education (DE) modes, with the DE students receiving recordings of the lectures (including clicker activities). However, there was concern over the use of clickers in internal classes as it may be alienating or distracting to DE students while reviewing the recordings of these lectures. In order to examine students' attitudes toward clickers, closed‐ and open‐ended questions were examined in the student evaluations of teaching (SET). Understanding attitudes of internal and DE students is especially important as differences may exist between these groups due to the different learning environments they experience. Approximately 45% of students completed the surveys, of which 88%–91% provided written comments. Of the written comments, 18% of DE students and 22% of internal students provided unsolicited comments about clickers. Interestingly, no difference was observed in the themes identified in the comments between cohorts. The key themes included 1) clickers were beneficial for learning (and increased knowledge), 2) clickers were engaging/fun, and 3) clickers could have been used more widely. Overall, based on this study, it was believed that clicker usage was not seen as negative activity by DE students and it was worth continuing to use clickers in teaching the large multimodal class studied here. However, there is a need to investigate the potential of new and emerging technologies to provide more interactive experiences for DE students. © 2015 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44:99–108, 2016.
Increased expression of transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) in differentiating human megakaryocytes
Authors: Ramanathan Gajalakshmi , Mannhalter Christine 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMembers of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of cation conducting channels are found in several tissues and cell types where they have different physiological functions. The canonical TRP channel 6 (TRPC6) is present on the platelet membrane and appears to participate in calcium influx during platelet activation. However, limited information is available on the importance of TRPC channels in megakaryocytes (MKs), the precursor cells of platelets. We determined the mRNA and protein expression of TRPC family members and investigated the role of TRPC6 for proliferation and differentiation of human MKs derived from CD34+ progenitor cells. TRPC6 transcripts were highly expressed during the differentiation of MKs and TRPC6 protein was detectable in MK cytoplasm by confocal staining. TRPC6 channel activity was modulated by pharmacological approaches using flufenamic acid (FFA) for activation and SKF96365 for inhibition. Upon FFA stimulation in MKs, an increase in intracellular calcium was observed, which was blocked by SKF96365 at 10 µM concentration. Incubation of MKs with SKF96365 resulted in a reduction in thrombopoietin‐stimulated cell proliferation. Our results suggest a role of TRPC6 in calcium homeostasis during MK development, particularly for cell proliferation.
Synthesis of Enamides by Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Reaction of Alkyl Azides with Acid Anhydrides in Ionic Liquid
Authors: Pak Han Kyu , Han Junghoon , Jeon Mina , Kim Yongjin , Kwon Yearang , Park Jin Yong , Rhee Young Ho , Park Jaiwook 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEnamides were synthesized by a ruthenium‐catalyzed one‐pot, one‐step procedure from alkyl azides and acid anhydrides. The substrate scope includes not only secondary azides, but also primary aliphatic ones to give a wide range of enamides containing various functional groups. This one‐step procedure was based on the newly discovered activity of Severin's diruthenium complex ([Cp^RuCl2]2: Cp^=η5‐1‐methoxy‐2,4‐di‐tert‐butyl‐3‐neopentylcyclopentadienyl) for the transformation of alkyl azides into the corresponding N−H imine intermediates in ionic liquids. The formation of ruthenium tetrazene complexes was observed in the stoichiometric reaction of Severin's complex with alkyl azides, which acted as the catalyst for the formation of N−H imine intermediates.
Selective Probing of Gaseous Ammonia Using Red‐Emitting Carbon Dots Based on an Interfacial Response Mechanism
Authors: Jiang Bang‐Ping , Zhou Bo , Shen Xing‐Can , Yu Yun‐Xiang , Ji Shi‐Chen , Wen Chang‐Chun , Liang Hong 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSolid‐state fluorescence sensing is one of the most appealing detection techniques because of its simplicity and convenience in practical operation. Herein, we report the development of a red‐emitting carbon dots (RCDs)‐based material as a solid‐state fluorescence sensor for the selective probing of gaseous ammonia. The RCDs were prepared by a low‐cost, one‐step carbonization method using sugar cane bagasse as the carbon precursor. The pristine RCDs were then directly coated on polyvinylidene fluoride membrane to produce a new fluorescence sensor capable of selectively distinguishing toxic gaseous ammonia from other analyte vapors through sensitive fluorescence quenching with a low detection limit. More importantly, the interfacial response mechanism occurring on the surface of the RCDs has been studied by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman measurements. The results indicate that fluorescence quenching in the RCDs might result from ammonia‐induced Michael addition through insertion of N into the CC group and deprotonation of the carboxyl group. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that provides clear insight into the mechanism of surface chemistry on CDs in the solid state.
Activation of CH Bonds through Oxidant‐Free Photoredox Catalysis: Cross‐Coupling Hydrogen‐Evolution Transformation of Isochromans and β‐Keto Esters
Authors: Xiang Ming , Meng Qing‐Yuan , Li Jia‐Xin , Zheng Yi‐Wen , Ye Chen , Li Zhi‐Jun , Chen Bin , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe direct and controlled activation of a C(sp3)H bond adjacent to an O atom is of particular synthetic value for the conventional derivatization of ethers or alcohols. In general, stoichiometric amounts of an oxidant are required to remove an electron and a hydrogen atom of the ether for subsequent transformations. Herein, we demonstrate that the activation of a CH bond next to an O atom could be achieved under oxidant‐free conditions through photoredox‐neutral catalysis. By using a commercial dyad photosensitizer (Acr+‐Mes ClO4−, 9‐mesityl‐10‐methylacridinium perchlorate) and an easily available cobaloxime complex (Co(dmgBF2)2⋅2 MeCN, dmg=dimethylglyoxime), the nucleophilic addition of β‐keto esters to oxonium species, which is rarely observed in photocatalysis, leads to the corresponding coupling products and H2 in moderate to good yields under visible‐light irradiation. Mechanistic studies suggest that both isochroman and the cobaloxime complex quench the electron‐transfer state of this dyad photosensitizer and that benzylic CH bond cleavage is probably the rate‐determining step of this cross‐coupling hydrogen‐evolution transformation.
Evidence of CuI/CuII Redox Process by X‐ray Absorption and EPR Spectroscopy: Direct Synthesis of Dihydrofurans from β‐Ketocarbonyl Derivatives and Olefins
Authors: Yi Hong , Liao Zhixiong , Zhang Guanghui , Zhang Guoting , Fan Chao , Zhang Xu , Bunel Emilio E. , Pao Chih‐Wen , Lee Jyh‐Fu , Lei Aiwen 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe CuI/CuII and CuI/CuIII catalytic cycles have been subject to intense debate in the field of copper‐catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions. A mechanistic study on the CuI/CuII redox process, by X‐ray absorption (XAS) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies, has elucidated the reduction mechanism of CuII to CuI by 1,3‐diketone and detailed investigation revealed that the halide ion is important for the reduction process. The oxidative nature of the thereby‐formed CuI has also been studied by XAS and EPR spectroscopy. This mechanistic information is applicable to the copper‐catalyzed oxidative cyclization of β‐ketocarbonyl derivatives to dihydrofurans. This protocol provides an ideal route to highly substituted dihydrofuran rings from easily available 1,3‐dicarbonyls and olefins.
Selektive Abtrennung von Indium und Germanium aus Laugungslösungen mit Membranverfahren
Authors: Werner Arite , Mosch Maria , Haseneder Roland , Repke Jens‐Uwe 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDie steigende Nachfrage nach den strategischen Elementen Indium und Germanium erfordert die Entwicklung neuer Gewinnungsverfahren. Ziel der vorgestellten Forschungsarbeit ist die selektive Gewinnung von Indium und Germanium aus Laugungslösungen eines In‐situ‐Bioleaching‐Prozesses. Anstelle der herkömmlich verwendeten Solvent‐Extraktion wird die Eignung von Membranverfahren, insbesondere Nanofiltration und membrangestützte Extraktion, überprüft. Indium und Germanium zeigen ein pH‐abhängiges Trennverhalten bei der Nanofiltration und können selektiv getrennt werden. Die Abtrennung von Indium aus einer konzentrierten Lösung aus Zn, Cu, Fe und As mittels membrangestützter Extraktion war erfolgreich und vielversprechend für weitere Untersuchungen.
Exploring the Photodeactivation Pathways of Pt[O^N^C^N] Complexes: A Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Luo Yafei , Xu Yanyan , Zhang Wenting , Li Ming , He Rongxing , Shen Wei 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this article, the influence of the tert‐butyl unit on the photodeactivation pathways of Pt[O^N^C^N] (O^N^C^N=2‐(4‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐6‐(3‐(pyridin‐2‐l)phenyl) pyridin‐2‐yl)phenolate) is investigated by DFT/TDDFT calculations. To further explore the factors that determine the radiative processes, the transition dipole moments of the singlet excited states, spin–orbit coupling (SOC) matrix elements, and energy gaps between the lowest triplet excited states and singlet excited states are calculated. As demonstrated by the results, compared with Pt‐3, Pt‐1 and Pt‐2 have larger SOC matrix elements between the lowest triplet excited states and singlet excited states, an indicator that they have faster radiative decay processes. In addition, the SOC matrix elements between the lowest triplet excited states and ground states are also computed to elucidate the temperature‐independent non‐radiative decay processes. Moreover, the temperature‐dependent non‐radiative decay mechanisms are also explored via the potential energy profiles.
Anxious Children and Adolescents Non‐responding to CBT: Clinical Predictors and Families' Experiences of Therapy
Authors: Lundkvist‐Houndoumadi Irene , Thastum Mikael 
Published: October 2015

The purpose of the study was to examine clinical predictors of non‐response to manualized cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) among youths (children and adolescents) with anxiety disorders, and to explore families' perspective on therapy, using a mixed methods approach. Non‐response to manualized group CBT was determined among 106 youths of Danish ethnicity (7–17 years old) with a primary anxiety disorder, identified with the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement Scale at the 3‐month follow‐up. Twenty‐four youths (22.6 %) had not responded to treatment, and a logistic regression analysis revealed that youths with a primary diagnosis of social phobia were seven times more likely not to respond, whereas youths with a comorbid mood disorder were almost four times more likely. Families of non‐responding youths with primary social phobia and/or a comorbid mood disorder (n = 15) were interviewed, and data were analysed through interpretative phenomenological analysis. Two superordinate themes emerged: youths were not involved in therapy work, and manualized group format posed challenges to families. The mixed methods approach provided new perspectives on the difficulties that may be encountered by families of non‐responding youths with a primary social phobia diagnosis and youths with a comorbid mood disorder during manualized group CBT. Clinical implications related to youths' clinical characteristics, and families' experience and suggestions are drawn. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Messages

Youths with an anxiety disorder, who had a primary social phobia diagnosis and those, who had a comorbid mood disorder, were more likely not to respond to manualized group CBT.
Parents of those non‐responding youths often considered them as motivated to overcome their difficulties, but due to their symptomatology, they were unreceptive, reluctant and ambivalent and therefore not actively involved in therapy.
The non‐responding youths with social phobia felt evaluated and nervous of what others thought of them in the group.
The parents of the non‐responding youths with a comorbid mood disorder felt the group format placed restraints on therapists' ability to focus on their individual needs.
Posttraumatic Growth in Populations with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder—A Systematic Review on Growth‐Related Psychological Constructs and Biological Variables
Authors: Schubert Christine F. , Schmidt Ulrike , Rosner Rita 
Published: October 2015

Posttraumatic growth (PTG) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are possible consequences of trauma. PTG is supposed to emerge from cognitive processes and can have functional and dysfunctional aspects. This systematic review aims to identify and evaluate publications assessing PTG in adults diagnosed with PTSD in order to analyse the relationship between both constructs, how PTG is related to specific psychological variables and if there are biological variables linked to PTG. This extended review evaluates the quality of measures applied and is the first to study PTG only in populations meeting full PTSD criteria. In addition, the relationship between PTG and other relevant constructs, such as openness, optimism and social support, is explored. Our systematic literature search identified 140 studies of which 19 fulfilled our inclusion criteria; most of them used the Post‐Traumatic Growth Inventory. Results indicate that trauma survivors with PTSD exhibit more PTG than those without PTSD and that PTG can be intensified during the therapeutic process whereat it is unclear whether PTG is a desirable outcome of PTSD therapy. Positive correlations between PTG and PTSD are reported. For diagnosed populations, we could not find strong evidence of a quadratic relationship between PTG and PTSD, although some studies support this hypothesis. Findings regarding the association of PTG with psychological variables are heterogeneous. Only one study focused on PTG as well as on biological variables (salivary cortisol) but did not discuss possible links between these two so far unconnected research fields in PTSD. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

Trauma survivors with PTSD develop more PTG than those without PTSD, it remains unclear whether PTSD and PTG are curvilinearly related.
PTG can be enhanced through PTSD therapy, nevertheless one must not assume that PTG is a favorable treatment outcome since we do not know if the development of PTG during therapy promotes the reduction of PTSD symptoms.
It is unclear whether PTG in PTSD sufferers is a constructive outcome of cognitive processes or a positive illusion in favor of avoidance and denial.
Results regarding the association of personality factors, social support and PTG are inconsistent, studies on biological aspects of PTG are lacking.
Effects of Water on the Copper‐Catalyzed Conversion of Hydroxymethylfurfural in Tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Liu Yifei , Mellmer Max A. , Alonso David Martin , Dumesic James A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractReaction kinetics were studied to quantify the effects of water on the conversion of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in THF over Cu/γ‐Al2O3 at 448 K using molecular H2 as the hydrogen source. We show that low concentrations of water (5 wt %) in the THF solvent significantly alter reaction rates and selectivities for the formation of reaction products by hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis processes. In the absence of water, HMF was converted primarily to hydrogenolysis products 2‐methyl‐5‐hydroxymethylfuran (MHMF) and 2,5‐dimethylfuran (DMF), whereas reactions carried out in THF–H2O mixtures (THF/H2O=95:5 w/w) led to the selective production of the hydrogenation product 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) and inhibition of HMF hydrogenolysis.
The effect of gabapentin and ketorolac on allodynia and conditioned place preference in antibody‐induced inflammation
Authors: Park H.J. , Sandor K. , McQueen J. , Woller S.A. , Svensson C.I. , Corr M. , Yaksh T.L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundGlucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase and collagen type II antibody‐induced arthritis models (K/BxN and CAIA, respectively) have an inflammatory and a post‐inflammatory phase. Both phases display robust tactile allodynia. In previous work, inflammatory phase allodynia was reversed by gabapentin and ketorolac, whereas in late phase only gabapentin was effective. Here, we sought to determine if the effects of these two drugs during the early and late phases of the two arthritis models were observed in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm, indicating a differential drug effect on the aversive state.MethodsMale C57BL/6 mice received K/BxN serum intraperitoneally, while male BALB/c mice received collagen type II antibody cocktail intravenously. After onset of inflammation and allodynia, we assessed effects of i.p. gabapentin (100 mg/kg) or ketorolac (15 mg/kg) using a CPP paradigm: 2 days adaptation, 2 days conditioning (vehicle in morning and drug in afternoon), preference testing on day 5.ResultsConsistent with the effects upon allodynia, both gabapentin and ketorolac produced a preference for the drug‐paired compartment in the early phase of the K/BxN model, while gabapentin, but not ketorolac, resulted in a place preference during late phase. In the CAIA model, consistent with differential effects upon allodynia, gabapentin produced a preference in the early phase and a trend in the late phase, whereas ketorolac was ineffective at either time.ConclusionsCPP validated the aversive state in the inflammatory and post‐inflammatory phases of the K/BxN and CAIA arthritis models and correspondence between the anti‐hyperpathic pharmacology as defined by thresholds and CPP.
Synergistic Effects of Ultrasound and Electrolysis on the Dehydration of Fine Lignite Coal
Authors: Fan Yuping , Dong Xianshu 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA synergistic ultrasonic and electrochemical pretreatment was used for the high‐efficiency, clean removal of moisture from fine lignite coal, especially the internal moisture in filter cakes. The optimal experimental conditions were an electrolytic current of 0.75 A, an electrolytic time of 30 min, an electrolyte addition of 1000 g t−1 dried coal slime, an ultrasonic frequency of 50 kHz, and with ultrasound being used at the late electrolytic stage. the use of ultrasound improved the liquid‐phase mass transfer and cleaned the electrode surface during the electrolytic process. The total and internal filter cake moisture contents were reduced to 36 % and 6.5 %, respectively. The coal slurry particle size distribution was improved to a certain degree after synergistic pretreatment by ultrasound and electrolysis. In addition, the surface hydrophobicity of particles was enhanced and the number of pores was reduced, which was advantageous for moisture removal.