bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Buchwald–Hartwig Amination Approach for the Synthesis of Functionalized 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroacridine Derivatives
Authors: de Sousa Julien , Brown Richard C. D. , Baati Rachid 
Published: April 2014

AbstractElectrophilic 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroacridin‐9‐yl trifluoromethanesulfonates have been prepared and applied for the first time in the synthesis of functionalized tacrines with high efficacy by using the Buchwald–Hartwig amination reaction. Remarkably, secondary, poor nucleophilic, and functionalized amines also reacted efficiently by using our conditions. The versatility and convenience of these highly reactive derivatives is illustrated through their application in other valuable C–C (Sonogashira, Suzuki, and cyanation cross‐coupling), C–S, and C–O bond‐forming reactions under palladium catalysis.
Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted 3‐Azabicyclo[n.1.0]alkanes: Advanced Building Blocks for Drug Discovery
Authors: Artamonov Olexiy S. , Slobodyanyuk Evgeniy Y. , Volochnyuk Dmitriy M. , Komarov Igor V. , Tolmachev Andrey A. , Mykhailiuk Pavel K. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFive CF3‐substituted 3‐azabicyclo[n.1.0]alkanes were synthesized by CuCl‐mediated trifluoromethylcyclopropanation reaction of the corresponding cyclic enamides with CF3CHN2.
Large‐scale real‐time hybrid simulation of a three‐story steel frame building with magneto‐rheological dampers
Authors: Chae Yunbyeong , Ricles James M. , Sause Richard 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYA series of large‐scale real‐time hybrid simulations (RTHSs) are conducted on a 0.6‐scale 3‐story steel frame building with magneto‐rheological (MR) dampers. The lateral force resisting system of the prototype building for the study consists of moment resisting frames and damped brace frames (DBFs). The experimental substructure for the RTHS is the DBF with the MR dampers, whereas the remaining structural components of the building including the moment resisting frame and gravity frames are modeled via a nonlinear analytical substructure. Performing RTHS with an experimental substructure that consists of the complete DBF enables the effects of member and connection component deformations on system and damper performance to be accurately accounted for. Data from these tests enable numerical simulation models to be calibrated, provide an understanding and validation of the in‐situ performance of MR dampers, and a means of experimentally validating performance‐based seismic design procedures for real structures. The details of the RTHS procedure are given, including the test setup, the integration algorithm, and actuator control. The results from a series of RTHS are presented that includes actuator control, damper behavior, and the structural response for different MR control laws. The use of the MR dampers is experimentally demonstrated to reduce the response of the structure to strong ground motions. Comparisons of the RTHS results are made with numerical simulations. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that RTHS can be conducted on realistic structural systems with dampers to enable advancements in resilient earthquake resistant design to be achieved. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of Pacific salmon decay products on near‐field streambed sediment and organic matter dynamics: a flume simulation
Authors: Rex John F. , Petticrew Ellen L. , Albers Sam J. , Williams Neil D. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTPacific salmon are biogeomorphic agents shown to induce positive feedbacks on their natal watersheds. However, the literature documenting their ecological effects on in‐stream natal environments is more divisive. The disturbance salmon create during redd construction has the potential to reduce stream productivity. The pulse of salmon organic matter (SOM) and marine derived nutrients (MDNs) released during carcass decay has been reported as either stimulating in‐stream productivity or having no local effect. To evaluate the ecological costs and benefits of salmon spawning events, MDN delivery and storage processes need to be identified and quantified. A simulation was conducted in three flow‐through flumes (2 m × 2 m × 30 m) over a 33‐day period (consisting of 15 baseline, four MDN exposure, and 14 post‐exposure days) to assess near‐field sediment and organic matter dynamics during active and post‐spawn simulations. The objective of the study was to measure changes in the amounts and particle sizes of suspended and gravel‐stored fine sediment, in order to elucidate the process and significance of SOM recruitment to the gravel bed via sedimentation. Gravel beds in all flumes were enriched with SOM following treatments but the response was highest in the active spawn simulation. The more effective delivery in the active spawn simulation was attributed to its higher inorganic sediment concentration, which is known to enhance floc formation. Although the active spawn simulation delivered more SOM to the gravel bed, the post‐spawn phase may be equally important to natural streams because its decay phase is longer than the active spawn and consequently can provide SOM to the streambed as long as carcasses remain in‐stream. The delivery, and potential retention, of SOM to spawning streambeds and the intergravel environment may be particularly important for interior streams, which experience low flow conditions during the spawning phase and accordingly have the potential for hyporheic nutrient recruitment and storage. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of nanosilver dissolution kinetics and toxicity in an environmentally relevant aqueous medium
Authors: Harmon Ashley R. , Kennedy Alan J. , Poda Aimee R. , Bednar Anthony J. , Chappell Mark A. , Steevens Jeffery A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Assessing the dissolution of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in laboratory test media and in the aquatic environment is critical for determining toxicity. In the present study, the ion-release kinetics for 20-nm, 50-nm, and 80-nm AgNPs in environmentally relevant freshwaters with different electrical conductivity values (30 µS/cm, 150 µS/cm) were examined and related to the associated impact on Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity of the AgNP suspensions to D. magna was assessed after 0 d and 7 d of interaction time between the particles and test media. When 48-h lethal median concentrations were expressed as total silver, D. magna was more sensitive to AgNPs suspended in low ionic strength media relative to higher ionic strength media, with the exception of 50-nm AgNPs suspended in the 150-µS/cm medium. A 3.3-fold increase in hydrodynamic diameter measured by dynamic light scattering and field flow fractionation was observed over time for 20-nm particles in the 150-µS/cm medium, but only a small increase in aggregation size for 50-nm and 80-nm particles (1.4-fold and 1.2-fold increase, respectively) was observed. At a lower conductivity of 30 µS/cm, a 1.7-fold, 1.0-fold, and 1.2-fold increase in aggregation size was observed in the 20-nm, 50-nm, and 80-nm particles, respectively. Thus, the impact of higher conductivity test media on increased aggregation and decreased toxicity (after 7 d) was relatively greater for the smaller (20-nm) AgNP higher compared to the 50–80 nm AgNPs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1783–1791. Published 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Clustering and Mean Reversion in a Hawkes Microstructure Model
Authors: Da Fonseca José , Zaatour Riadh 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper provides explicit formulas for the first and second moments and the autocorrelation function of the number of jumps over a given interval for the multivariate Hawkes process. These computations are possible thanks to the affine property of this process. We unify the stock price models of Bacry et al. (2013a, Quantitative Finance, 13, 65–77) and Da Fonseca and Zaatour (2014, Journal of Futures Markets) both of them based on the Hawkes process, the first one having a mean reverting behavior while the second one a clustering behavior, and build a model having these two properties. We compute various statistics as well as the diffusive limit for the stock price that determines the connection between the parameters driving the high‐frequency activity to the daily volatility. Lastly, the impulse function giving the impact on the stock price of a buy/sell trade is explicitly computed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 35:813–838, 2015
Analyzing task‐dependent brain network changes by whole‐brain psychophysiological interactions: A comparison to conventional analysis
Authors: Gerchen Martin Fungisai , Bernal‐Casas David , Kirsch Peter 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWhile fMRI activation studies contrasting task conditions regularly assess the whole brain, this is usually not true for studies analyzing task‐dependent brain connectivity changes by psychophysiological interactions (PPI). Here we combine standard PPI (sPPI) and generalized PPI (gPPI) with a priori brain parcellation by spatially constrained normalized cut spectral clustering (NCUT) to analyze task‐dependent connectivity changes in a whole brain manner, and compare the results to multiseed conventional PPI analyses over all activation peaks in an episodic memory recall task. We show that, depending on the chosen parcellation frame, the whole‐brain PPI approach is able to detect a large amount of the information that is detected by the conventional approach. Over and above, whole‐brain PPI allows identification of several additional task‐modulated connections, particularly from seed regions without significant activation differences between conditions. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5071–5082, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of persistence in chemical evaluations
Authors: Mackay Donald , Hughes Dianne M , Romano M Luisa , Bonnell Mark 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The initial stage in the assessment and priority setting of chemicals for their potential to cause harm to humans and the environment is usually a hazard assessment employing metrics for persistence, bioaccumulation, and inherent toxicity. This hazard assessment is followed, when necessary, by the more demanding task of risk assessment. Hazard assessment of data and processes influencing persistence are discussed, leading to a number of suggestions for more effective evaluation. These include 1) an initial focus on accurate data for intensive chemical partitioning and reaction half-life properties that are universally applicable as distinct from extensive properties that can be included later on a location-specific basis; 2) separate treatments of near-field and far-field exposures; 3) a focus on persistence and its effect on levels of exposure, especially for substances for which “time to exposure” is less than “time to degradation” and have been termed “pseudo-persistent.” We show that “continuously present” is a better descriptor of this concern. Case studies illustrate and support these suggestions. Data on the intensive properties and on exposure pathways are best combined in evaluative multimedia mass balance models that can provide a clear depiction of the likely chemical fate, exposure routes, and levels. The information generated by the mass balance models can serve to justify and direct a full risk assessment that includes region-specific information on chemical quantities, estimates of exposure, and potential for adverse effects. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:588–594. © 2014 SETAC
Key Points
We demonstrate the importance of persistence as a criterion for hazard assessment of chemicals. We show the merit of addressing intensive chemical properties before extensive properties, We show the need to address near-field and far-field exposures separately. We introduce the concept of "time to exposure" and use it to show that continuously present is a term preferable to pseudo-persistent. These key points are illustrated using hypothetical case studies involving simple mass balance calculations.
Mammalian nerve globins in search of functions
Authors: Ascenzi Paolo , Gustincich Stefano , Marino Maria 
Published: April 2014

AbstractNerve globins are present in nonvertebrates and vertebrates, the first nerve globin having been recognized in the nerve cord of the polychaete annelid Aphrodite aculeata in 1872. Later, in 2000, the first vertebrate nerve globin, named neuroglobin (Ngb), has been identified in neuronal tissues of humans and mice. Recently, cytoglobin, hemoglobin, and myoglobin have also been reported to be expressed in the mammalian nervous system. The concentration of mammalian nerve globins is ∼1 μM, with the exception of Ngb that reaches approximately 100–200 μM only in the retina rod cells. Mammalian nerve globins have been hypothesized to be involved in the excitability of the nervous system, in the metabolism of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, and in intracellular signaling pathways leading to the neuronal cell survival. Only in retina cells, mammalian Ngb may help to sustain O2 supply to mitochondria, thereby supporting the visual process in the eye. Here, the putative roles of mammalian nerve globins are reviewed. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(4):268–276, 2014
Blood culture use in the emergency department in patients hospitalized with respiratory symptoms due to a nonpneumonia illness
Authors: Makam Anil N. , Auerbach Andrew D. , Steinman Michael A. 
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUNDGuidelines and performance measures recommend obtaining blood cultures in selected patients hospitalized with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP). Due to inherent diagnostic uncertainty, there may be spillover effects of these recommendations on other conditions that resemble pneumonia.METHODSUsing data from the 2002 to 2010 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a nationally representative sample of emergency department (ED) visits in the United States, we analyzed trends in obtaining cultures in patients hospitalized with respiratory symptoms due to a nonpneumonia illness using linear regression.RESULTSThe most common primary admission diagnoses for these visits included heart failure (16%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (13%), and chest pain (12%). The proportion of cultures collected in the ED during these visits increased from 10% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7%‐14%) in 2002 to 20% (95% CI: 16%‐26%) in 2010 (P < 0.001 for the trend). This represented a parallel increase compared to patients hospitalized with CAP (P = 0.12 for the difference in trends).CONCLUSIONSThe increase in collecting cultures in the ED in patients hospitalized with respiratory symptoms due to a nonpneumonia illness suggests an important potential unintended consequence of blood culture recommendations for CAP. More attention to the judicious use of blood cultures to reduce harm and costs is needed. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:521–524. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Barriers to the implementation of checklists in the office‐based procedural setting
Authors: Shapiro Fred E. , Fernando Rohesh J. , Urman Richard D. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundPatient safety is critical for the patients, providers, and risk managers in the office‐based procedural setting, and the same standard of care should be maintained regardless of the healthcare environment. Checklists may improve patient safety and potentially decrease risk. This study explored utilization of checklists in the office‐based setting and the potential barriers to their implementation.MethodsA cross‐sectional prospective study was performed by using a 19‐question anonymous survey designed with REDCap®. Medical providers including physicians and nurses from 25 different offices that performed procedures participated, and 38 individual responses were included in the study.ResultsOnly 50% of offices surveyed use safety checklists in their practice. Only 34% had checklists or equivalent protocol for emergencies such as anaphylaxis or failed airway. As many as 23.7% of respondents indicated that they encountered barriers to implementing checklists. The top barriers identified in the study were no incentive to use a checklist (77.8%), no mandate from a local or federal regulatory agency (44.4%), being too time consuming (33.3%), and lack of training (33.3%). Reasons identified that would encourage providers to use checklists included a clear mandate (36.8%) and evidence‐based research (26.3%).ConclusionsChecklists are not being universally utilized in the office‐based setting. There are barriers preventing their successful implementation. Risk managers may be able to improve patient safety and decrease risk by encouraging practitioners, possibly through incentives, to use customizable safety checklists.
Eliciting Intelligence Using the Scharff‐Technique: Closing in on the Confirmation/Disconfirmation‐Tactic
Authors: May Lennart , Granhag Pär Anders , Oleszkiewicz Simon 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe current study examined interview techniques aimed at eliciting intelligence from human sources. We compared two versions of the Scharff‐technique to the Direct Approach (a combination of open and direct questions). The Scharff conditions, conceptualised into four tactics, differed only with respect to the ‘confirmation/disconfirmation‐tactic’. The participants (N = 90) received background information and took the role as a source in a phone interview. They were instructed to strike a balance between not revealing too little and too much information. As predicted, the Scharff‐technique resulted in more new information than the Direct Approach. Importantly, the sources interviewed by the Scharff‐technique perceived that they had revealed less new information than they objectively did, whereas the sources interviewed by the Direct Approach perceived that they had revealed more new information than they objectively did. Furthermore, the interviewer's information objectives were better masked with the confirmation‐tactic than with the disconfirmation‐tactic. The results highlight the Scharff‐technique as a promising human intelligence gathering technique. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A climatological assessment of Greenland blocking conditions associated with the track of Hurricane Sandy and historical North Atlantic hurricanes
Authors: Mattingly Kyle S. , McLeod Jordan T. , Knox John A. , Shepherd J. Marshall , Mote Thomas L. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIn late October 2012, an extreme area of high pressure centred near Greenland, known as a ‘Greenland block’, forced Hurricane Sandy to turn westward into the Northeast coast of the United States. In light of this unusual and catastrophic event, the Greenland blocking conditions associated with Sandy and previous North Atlantic hurricane tracks are examined from a climatological perspective. Two primary questions raised by Sandy are investigated: (1) How anomalous were the Greenland blocking conditions observed prior to Sandy's landfall? (2) Were North Atlantic hurricane tracks in the historical record affected by Greenland blocking conditions in a manner similar to Sandy?The measure of blocking strength used to answer these questions is the Greenland Blocking Index (GBI), which is calculated as the spatial average of 500 hPa heights over the Greenland region. The GBI prior to Sandy's landfall was found to be more typical of late June conditions, exceeding the 90th percentile of late October climatology during the entire preceding week and peaking at near‐record values (99.8th percentile) on 25 October. Analysis of the GBI in relation to past North Atlantic hurricane tracks shows that above‐normal GBI values were associated with a southward displacement of hurricane tracks and an increased concentration of tracks near the Northeast US coast. Additionally, composites of atmospheric conditions for ‘anomalous’ hurricane tracks (defined as tracks with an initial bearing angle between 90° and 360°) revealed an atypical area of high pressure centred over the Canadian Maritimes during these events, whereas near‐climatological conditions of atmospheric pressure over the North Atlantic prevailed for ‘normal’ hurricane tracks. However, variations in Greenland blocking conditions were not associated with significant changes in the frequency of anomalous North Atlantic hurricane tracks.
Green‐Light‐Emitting Poly(Spirobifluorene)s with an Electron‐Rich Unit in the Side Chain and an Electron‐Deficient Unit in the Main Chain
Authors: Yang Junwei , Zhao Lei , Wang Xuchao , Wang Shumeng , Ding Junqiao , Wang Lixiang , Jing Xiabin , Wang Fosong 
Published: April 2014

Poly(spirobifluorene)s and their derivatives with three primary colors are promising for application in efficient and stable polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs). Here, a novel approach is reported to tune the emission colors of blue‐light‐emitting poly(spirobifluorene)s through a charge‐transfer mechanism from the side chain to the main chain. By using the electron‐rich 2,3,6,7‐tetra‐octyloxyfluorene unit as the side chain and incorporating the electron‐deficient dibenzothiophene‐S,S‐dioxide (SO) unit into the main chain, a series of polyspirobifluorene derivatives are successfully developed. They all display efficient green photoluminescence and electroluminescence. The observed green emission can be ascribed to both intramolecular and intermolecular charge transfer from the pendant 2,3,6,7‐tetra‐octyloxyfluorene unit to the SO unit in the main chain. Single‐layer PLEDs of these polymers reveal a maximum luminance efficiency of 1.99 cd A−1 and a maximum power efficiency of 1.30 lm W−1 with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage coordinates of (0.37, 0.54).
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Inferential Evaluations of Sustainability Attributes: Exploring How Consumers Imply Product Information
Authors: Gruber Verena , Schlegelmilch Bodo B. , Houston Michael J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTConsumers are often confronted with incomplete product information. In such instances, they can eliminate the product from further consideration due to higher associated uncertainty or ask for more information. Alternatively, they can apply subjective theories about covariation to infer the value of missing attributes. This paper investigates the latter option in the context of sustainability and provides an in‐depth exploration of consumers’ inference formations. Drawing from rich qualitative data, it offers a conceptualization of the underlying relationships consumers use to infer product sustainability based on other product attributes. The study further assesses whether these findings can be captured in a quantifiable way. To this end, inferred sustainability is conceptualized as a formative second‐order construct, thereby depicting the influence of inference‐triggering product attributes.
Cognitive impairment in “Other” movement disorders: Hidden defects and valuable clues
Authors: Walterfang Mark , van de Warrenburg Bart P. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThere is a group of less‐common movement disorders in which a clear cognitive phenotype coexists alongside the motor abnormality, and the recognition of this co‐occurrence is essential to diagnose these disorders in an early phase. Examples include chorea‐acanthocytosis, Niemann‐Pick type C, some dominant ataxias, and pantothotenate kinase‐associated neurodegeneration. However, also, in some more‐common movement disorders, such as primary dystonia and essential tremor, of which the perception is that these have a more or less pure motor phenotype, cognitive deficits are commonly present, although it is not clear whether these deficits—which may be mild in the more “pure” motor disorders—have a functionally relevant impact. In both scenarios, disruption of relevant frontal‐subcortical loops appears to be key, with the striatum and cerebellum as important (but not exclusive) nodes. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society