bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon content and aggregate composition under continuous maize cropping in Northeast China
Authors: SONG Z. W. , ZHU P. , GAO H. J. , PENG C. , DENG A. X. , ZHENG C. Y. , MANNAF M. A. , ISLAM M. N. , ZHANG W. J. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYFertilizer application can play an important role in soil organic carbon (SOC) retention and dynamics. The mechanisms underlying long-term accumulation and protection of SOC in intensive maize cropping systems, however, have not been well documented for cool high-latitude rainfed areas. Based on a 23-year fertilization experiment under a continuous maize cropping system at Gongzhuling, Jilin Province, China, the effects of fertilization regimes on SOC content and soil aggregate-associated carbon (C) composition were investigated. Results showed that, within the 0–1·0 m soil profile, SOC contents decreased significantly with soil depth in all treatments. In the topsoil layer (0–0·2 m), SOC concentrations in balanced inorganic fertilizers plus farmyard manure (MNPK), fallow system (FAL) and balanced inorganic fertilizers plus maize straw residue (SNPK) treatments were significantly greater than initial levels by 61·0, 34·1 and 20·1%, respectively. The MNPK and SNPK treatments increased SOC content by 50·7 and 12·4% compared to the unfertilized control in the topsoil layer, whereas no significant differences were found between balanced inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (NPK) and the unfertilized control treatment. There were no significant differences in aggregate-size distribution among the unfertilized control, NPK and MNPK treatments, whereas the SNPK treatment significantly enhanced the formation of micro-aggregates (53–250 μm) and decreased the formation of silt+clay aggregates (<53 μm) compared to the unfertilized control, NPK and MNPK treatments. Moreover, SOC concentrations in all aggregate fractions in the MNPK treatment were the highest among treatments. Furthermore, the MNPK treatment significantly increased SOC stock in micro- and silt+clay aggregates, which may slow down C decomposition in the soil. These results indicate that long-term manure amendment can benefit SOC sequestration and stability in the black soil of Northeast China.
First description of milk flow traits in Tunisian dairy dromedary camels under an intensive farming system
Authors: Atigui Moufida , Hammadi Mohamed , Barmat Ahmed , Farhat Mohamed , Khorchani Touhami , Marnet Pierre-Guy 
Published: March 2014

In order to evaluate milking ability in dromedary camels, 124 milk flow curves were registered during morning milking of 20 dairy Maghrebi dromedary camels. Animals were in lactations 1–8, were 6–19 years old and were 4–15 months of their current lactation. Milk flow curves were recorded using an electronic milk flow meter (Lactocorder®). Milk flow curves were classified in three typical patterns: type 1 represents curves with one high and short peak of milk flow; type 2 represents curves with a moderate mean milk flow rate during a large plateau phase; and type 3 represents curves with lower mean milk flow rate and a relatively longer milking duration. The ratio of the different milk flow patterns in the population evaluated was 40:38:22% for types 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The highest milk yield per milking, average and peak milk flow were observed in camels with type 1 curves (4·24 kg, 1·49 and 3·54 kg/min, respectively) followed by type 2 animals (3·30 kg, 1·12 and 2·12 kg/min, respectively) and lastly type 3 curves (2·34 kg, 0·65 and 1·23 kg/min, respectively). This study confirmed that a major proportion of dromedary camels have a suitable machine milking ability. Nevertheless, our results suggest that pre-stimulation and improving the milking process may improve milking efficiency and guarantee a more complete and rapid emptying of the udder.
A redescription of Lobatostoma kemostoma (MacCallum & MacCallum, 1913) (Trematoda: Aspidogastrea) from the florida pompano fish Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766) off the Brazilian coast
Authors: Alves P.V. , Borges J.N. , Santos C.P. , Luque J.L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA redescription of the aspidogastrean trematode Lobatostoma kemostoma (MacCallum & MacCallum, 1913) is provided based on examination of type material, voucher specimens available at institutional collections and newly collected specimens from the type host, Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766), off the Angra dos Reis, Brazil. Partial sequence of its 28S rDNA is given. Lobatostoma kemostoma can be distinguished from the other eight species of the genus by: (1) the hindbody being longer than the ventral disc; and (2) the cephalic lobes having the same shape and size. Features observed for the first time include the number and detailed arrangement of alveoli on the ventral disc, the terminal genitalia and the ovarian complex. New illustrations and morphometric data are given. In the present survey the host specificity in the genus, the validity of some morphological features and the occurrence of an Indian species of Lobatostoma from off the Brazilian coast are discussed. A lectotype of L. kemostoma from the type series deposited at United States National Parasite Collection is also designated.
Pulmonary function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis
Authors: Kariya S , Okano M , Oto T , Higaki T , Makihara S , Haruna T , Nishizaki K 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackground:A close relationship between upper and lower respiratory tract diseases has been reported. However, little is known about pulmonary function in patients with upper respiratory tract diseases.Methods:Pulmonary function was measured in: 68 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps, 135 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, 89 patients with allergic rhinitis and 100 normal control subjects. The relationships between pulmonary function and clinical parameters were assessed. These parameters included radiographic severity of chronic rhinosinusitis, serum total immunoglobulin E levels, concentrations of cytokines in nasal secretions and exhaled nitric oxide levels.Results:The pulmonary function of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis was significantly affected. The level of interleukin-5 in nasal secretions was significantly correlated with pulmonary function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.Conclusion:The findings indicated latent obstructive lung function changes in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. The cytokines in nasal secretions might be related to obstructive lung function changes in chronic rhinosinusitis.
Hilbert's program relativized; Proof-theoretical and foundational reductions
Authors: Feferman Solomon 
Published: March 2014

In the Symposium on Hilbert's Program to which the following was contributed, I was asked to talk about the metamathematical aspects of Hilbert's Program (H.P.), while the other two speakers (Simpson and Prawitz) were to deal with the mathematical and philosophical aspects respectively. However, more so than for other foundational schemes, these three aspects of H.P., both as originally conceived and in its subsequent developments, are intimately linked.Here I shall survey a body of proof-theoretical results stemming from H.P., but organized in a way that is closely tied to various reductive foundational aims, albeit going beyond those advanced by Hilbert. I believe this view of reductive proof-theory (not original with me) helps one to better understand what has been achieved thereby than other, more familiar accounts.
Uniqueness, definability and interpolation
Authors: Došen Kosta , Schroeder-Heister Peter 
Published: March 2014

This paper is meant to be a comment on Beth's definability theorem. In it we shall make the following points.Implicit definability as mentioned in Beth's theorem for first-order logic is a special case of a more general notion of uniqueness. If α is a nonlogical constant, Tα a set of sentences, α* an additional constant of the same syntactical category as α and Tα, a copy of Tα with α* instead of α, then for implicit definability of α in Tα one has, in the case of predicate constants, to derive α(x1,…,xn) ↔ α*(x1,…,xn) from Tα ∪ Tα*, and similarly for constants of other syntactical categories. For uniqueness one considers sets of schemata Sα and derivability from instances of Sα ∪ Sα* in the language with both α and α*, thus allowing mixing of α and α* not only in logical axioms and rules, but also in nonlogical assumptions. In the first case, but not necessarily in the second one, explicit definability follows. It is crucial for Beth's theorem that mixing of α and α* is allowed only inside logic, not outside. This topic will be treated in §1.Let the structural part of logic be understood roughly in the sense of Gentzen-style proof theory, i.e. as comprising only those rules which do not specifically involve logical constants. If we restrict mixing of α and α* to the structural part of logic which we shall specify precisely, we obtain a different notion of implicit definability for which we can demonstrate a general definability theorem, where a is not confined to the syntactical categories of nonlogical expressions of first-order logic. This definability theorem is a consequence of an equally general interpolation theorem. This topic will be treated in §§2, 3, and 4.
Seminormal λ-generated ideals on Pκλ
Authors: Johnson C. A. 
Published: March 2014

In this paper we consider the problem of lifting properties of the Fréchet ideal Iκ = {X ⊆ κ: ∣X∣ < κ} on a regular uncountable cardinal κ, to an analogue about Iκλ, the ideal of not unbounded subsets of Pκλ. With this in mind, in §1 we introduce and study the class of seminormal λ-generated ideals on Pκλ. We shall see that ideals belonging to this class display properties which are clearly analogous to those of the Fréchet ideal on κ (for instance, with regard to saturation, normality and weak selectivity) and yet are closely related to Iκλ. Our results here show that if λ<λ = λ, then many restrictions of Iκλ are weakly selective, nowhere precipitous and, quite suprisingly, seminormal (but nowhere normal). These latter two results suggest the question of whether any restriction of Iκλ can ever be normal. In §2 we prove that if κ is strongly inaccessible, λ<κ = 2λ and NSκλ, the ideal of nonstationary subsets of Pκλ, has a mild selective property, then NSκλ∣A = Iκλ∣A for some stationary A ⊆ Pκλ.In [1] Baumgartner showed that if κ is weakly compact and P is the collection of indescribable subsets of κ, then P → (P, κ)2. As a Pκλ analogue of indescribability, Carr (see [3]–[5]) introduced the λ-Shelah property, but was unable to derive the natural Pκλ analogue of Baumgartner's result, (where NShκλ is the normal ideal on Pκλ induced by the λ-Shelah property). In §3 we show that the problem lies in the fact that, as far as we know, NShκλ is not sufficiently distributive, and derive conditions which are sufficient and, in a sense, necessary to yield partitions related to .
A downward Löwenheim-Skolem theorem for infinitary theories which have the unsuperstability property
Authors: Grossberg Rami 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe present a downward Löwenheim-Skolem theorem which transfers downward formulas from L∞,ω to , ω. The simplest instance is:Theorem 1. Let λ > κ be infinite cardinals, and let L be a similarity type of cardinality κ at most. For every L-structure M of cardinality λ and every X ⊆ M there exists a model N ≺ M containing the set X of power ∣X∣ · κ such that for every pair of finite sequences a, b ∈ NThe following theorem is an application:Theorem 2. Let λ<κ, T ∈ , ω, and suppose χ is a Ramsey cardinal greater than λ. If T has the (χ, , ω)-unsuperstability property, then T has the (χ, , ω)-unsuperstability property.
ω1-like recursively saturated models of Presburger's arithmetic
Authors: Harnik Victor 
Published: March 2014

Let Pr be Presburger's arithmetic, i.e., the complete theory of the structure (ω, +). Lipshitz and Nadel showed in [4] that a countable model of Pr is recursively saturated iff it can be expanded to a model of Peano arithmetic, PA. As a starting point for an introductory discussion, let us mention one more fact about countable recursively saturated models of Pr. If is such a model then the following is readily seen (as explained also in §1):Any two countable recursively saturated elementary endextensions of are isomorphic.If we drop “countable” from the assumption of this statement, we can still say that the two models are ∞ω-equivalent. Must they be isomorphic if both have cardinality ℵ1? Certainly not, since one of the models can be ω1-like while the other is not. Once we realized this much, let us concentrate on ω1-like structures. We prove in §3:Theorem. Any countable recursively saturated modelof Pr hasisomorphism types of ω1-like recursively saturated elementary endextensions. Only one of these is the isomorphism type of a structure that can be expanded to a model of PA.The key technical result is proven in §2. It says that an as above has precisely two countable recursively saturated elementary endextensions which are nonisomorphic over .
Types of simple α-recursively enumerable sets
Authors: Lerman Manuel 
Published: March 2014

Let α be an admissible ordinal, and let (α) denote the lattice of α-r.e. sets, ordered by set inclusion. An α-r.e. set A is α*-finite if it is α-finite and has ordertype less than α* (the Σ1 projectum of α). An a-r.e. set S is simple if (the complement of S) is not α*-finite, but all the α-r.e. subsets of are α*-finite. Fixing a first-order language ℒ suitable for lattice theory (see [2, §1] for such a language), and noting that the α*-finite sets are exactly those elements of (α), all of whose α-r.e. subsets have complements in (α) (see [4, p. 356]), we see that the class of simple α-r.e. sets is definable in ℒ over (α). In [4, §6, (Q22)], we asked whether an admissible ordinal α exists for which all simple α-r.e. sets have the same 1-type. We were particularly interested in this question for α = ℵ1L (L is Gödel's universe of constructible sets). We will show that for all α which are regular cardinals of L (ℵ1L is, of course, such an α), there are simple α-r.e. sets with different 1-types.The sentence exhibited which differentiates between simple α-r.e. sets is not the first one which comes to mind. Using α = ω for intuition, one would expect any of the sentences “S is a maximal α-r.e. set”, “S is an r-maximal α-r.e. set”, or “S is a hyperhypersimple α-r.e. set” to differentiate between simple α-r.e. sets. However, if α > ω is a regular cardinal of L, there are no maximal, r-maximal, or hyperhypersimple α-r.e. sets (see [4, Theorem 4.11], [5, Theorem 5.1] and [1,Theorem 5.21] respectively). But another theorem of (ω) points the way.
Effects of livestock on occurrence of the Vulnerable red panda Ailurus fulgens in Rara National Park, Nepal
Authors: Sharma Hari P. , Belant Jerrold L. , Swenson Jon E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe Vulnerable red panda Ailurus fulgens is endemic to the Himalayas. Anthropogenic activities, including deforestation, have degraded the species’ habitat but the effects of livestock have not been examined. We assessed the effects of illegal livestock activity on the presence of the red panda in Rara National Park, Nepal. The probability of detecting red panda faecal pellets decreased with livestock occurrence but not with elevation or aspect. The presence of bamboo and proximity to water are important to red pandas but did not influence their habitat use at the spatial resolution evaluated. Livestock grazing in Rara National Park appears to adversely affect the presence of the red panda within its habitat. To reduce illegal livestock grazing we recommend enforcement of existing regulations, that training workshops be held for herders, and awareness-raising and dialogue with residents.
Influences of foreign accent on preschoolers’ word recognition and story comprehension
Authors: BARKER BRITTAN A. , TURNER LINDSAY MEYER 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTTo better understand how talker-specific information influences spoken language processing in different experimental listening tasks, we examined the effect of a foreign accent on preschoolers’ word recognition and story comprehension. In Experiment 1, preschoolers listening to words presented by a native-accented talker recognized significantly more words than did preschoolers listening to words presented by a foreign-accented talker. In Experiment 2, preschoolers listening to a story narrated by a native-accented talker demonstrated significantly lower comprehension accuracy compared to preschoolers listening to a foreign-accented narrator. These findings underscore the importance of the experimental task when examining and making claims about the influence of accent information on young children's spoken language processing.
A combustion wave of permanent form in a compressible gas
Authors: Forbes Lawrence K. , Derrick William 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA model is presented for describing the propagation of a one-dimensional wave of permanent form in a compressible gas in a pipe. Energy is lost to the system through the walls of the pipe, but the combustion wave produces heat through an exothermic chemical reaction. The full set of equations for the model is reduced to a phase-plane system, and it is shown that, for small amplitude waves, a weakly non-linear analysis leads to a temperature profile that is a classical solitary wave. A novel shooting method is developed for the full non-linear problem, and this confirms and extends the solitary-wave solution, up to a value of the temperature amplitude at which the wave begins to develop a shock. The jump conditions across the shock are presented, and numerical integration is used to continue the solution for temperature amplitudes at which a shock is present. An example is given of the extreme situation in which the shock is so strong that all the fuel behind the shock is exhausted.
Opening end-of-life discussions: How to introduce Voicing My CHOiCES™, an advance care planning guide for adolescents and young adults
Authors: Zadeh Sima , Pao Maryland , Wiener Lori 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjective:Each year, more than 11,000 adolescents and young adults (AYAs), aged 15–34, die from cancer and other life-threatening conditions. In order to facilitate the transition from curative to end-of-life (EoL) care, it is recommended that EoL discussions be routine, begin close to the time of diagnosis, and continue throughout the illness trajectory. However, due largely to discomfort with the topic of EoL and how to approach the conversation, healthcare providers have largely avoided these discussions.Method:We conducted a two-phase study through the National Cancer Institute with AYAs living with cancer or pediatric HIV to assess AYA interest in EoL planning and to determine in which aspects of EoL planning AYAs wanted to participate. These results provided insight regarding what EoL concepts were important to AYAs, as well as preferences in terms of content, design, format, and style. The findings from this research led to the development of an age-appropriate advance care planning guide, Voicing My CHOiCES™.Results:Voicing My CHOiCES™: An Advanced Care Planning Guide for AYAbecame available in November 2012. This manuscript provides guidelines on how to introduce and utilize an advance care planning guide for AYAs and discusses potential barriers.Significance of Results:Successful use of Voicing My CHOiCES™ will depend on the comfort and skills of the healthcare provider. The present paper is intended to introduce the guide to providers who may utilize it as a resource in their practice, including physicians, nurses, social workers, chaplains, psychiatrists, and psychologists. We suggest guidelines on how to: incorporate EoL planning into the practice setting, identify timepoints at which a patient's goals of care are discussed, and address how to empower the patient and incorporate the family in EoL planning. Recommendations for introducing Voicing My CHOiCES™ and on how to work through each section alongside the patient are provided.
Classification and quantification of bacteriophage taxa in human gut metagenomes
Authors: Waller Alison S , Yamada Takuji , Kristensen David M , Kultima Jens Roat , Sunagawa Shinichi , Koonin Eugene V , Bork Peer 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Bacteriophages have key roles in microbial communities, to a large extent shaping the taxonomic and functional composition of the microbiome, but data on the connections between phage diversity and the composition of communities are scarce. Using taxon-specific marker genes, we identified and monitored 20 viral taxa in 252 human gut metagenomic samples, mostly at the level of genera. On average, five phage taxa were identified in each sample, with up to three of these being highly abundant. The abundances of most phage taxa vary by up to four orders of magnitude between the samples, and several taxa that are highly abundant in some samples are absent in others. Significant correlations exist between the abundances of some phage taxa and human host metadata: for example, ‘Group 936 lactococcal phages’ are more prevalent and abundant in Danish samples than in samples from Spain or the United States of America. Quantification of phages that exist as integrated prophages revealed that the abundance profiles of prophages are highly individual-specific and remain unique to an individual over a 1-year time period, and prediction of prophage lysis across the samples identified hundreds of prophages that are apparently active in the gut and vary across the samples, in terms of presence and lytic state. Finally, a prophage–host network of the human gut was established and includes numerous novel host–phage associations.
Counter-ion Dependent, Longitudinal Unzipping of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes to Highly Conductive and Transparent Graphene Nanoribbons
Authors: Shinde Dhanraj B. , Majumder Mainak , Pillai Vijayamohanan K. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHere we report for the first time, a simple hydrothermal approach for the bulk production of highly conductive and transparent graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) using several counter ions from K2SO4, KNO3, KOH and H2SO4 in aqueous media, where, selective intercalation followed by exfoliation gives highly conducting GNRs with over 80% yield. In these experiments, sulfate and nitrate ions act as a co-intercalant along with potassium ions resulting into exfoliation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in an effective manner. The striking similarity of experimental results in KOH and H2SO4 that demonstrates partially damaged MWCNTs, implies that no individual K+, SO42− ion plays a key role in unwrapping of MWCNTs, rather this process is largely effective in the presence of both cations and anions working in a cooperative manner. The GNRs can be used for preparing conductive 16 kΩsq−1, transparent (82%) and flexible thin films using low cost fabrication method.