bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing Spasticity in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Goal-Oriented Approach to Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy
Authors: Jarrett Louise , Leary Siobhan M. , Porter Bernadette , Richardson Davina , Rosso Tiziana , Powell Michael , Thompson Alan J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The effectiveness of intrathecal baclofen therapy (ITB) in the management of severe spasticity in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) was reviewed retrospectively. The multidisciplinary team reviewed the medical, therapy, and nursing notes of 19 people with MS who were treated with ITB. The audited information included surgical procedures, postoperative complications, medical side effects, dose requirements, and multidisciplinary input.
Seventeen people were included in the audit. A total of 23 problems and 34 functional goals as objects for ITB treatment were recorded. Eighty-seven percent of the patients had sustained improvement in at least one problem, and 79% in at least one goal. Only two patients had no sustained improvement in any problem or goal. These results suggest that ITB can be an effective intervention in people with severe spasticity in MS. However, this approach requires careful patient selection, a dynamic goal-oriented approach, expert implantation, and ongoing evaluation of individual responses to treatment over time. (Int J MS Care. 2001; 3(4): 10–21)
Sweat Response During Submaximal Aerobic Exercise in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Mulcare Janet A. , Webb Paul , Mathews Thomas , Gupta Satyendra C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The relationship between the metabolic, thermal load of exercise, sudomotor (sweat) response, and core temperature was examined in 20 individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and eight non-MS control subjects. Participants performed an incremental bicycle test of maximal aerobic power (VO2peak) fiom which 50% of VO2peak was calculated. A 50% VO2peak endurance test was performed while subject wore a full-body water garment. Initial circulating water temperature of 27°C was increased 2°C every three minutes to enhance the thermal load. Core, skin, and circulating water temperatures were monitored. Onset of sweating was measured at five sites. Results showed that 50% of the subjects with MS had an abnormally low sweat response in spite of relatively high skin temperatures (&gt; 35°C) at several sites. The thermal load (kJ/kg) of these subjects at test termination was 89% higher than that of the MS subjects with a normal sweat response. Clinicians should be aware that sweat response may be blunted or absent in many patients with MS. Guidance for ways to enhance heat dissipation under adverse climatic conditions or during activities that increase whole body metabolism should be provided to patients with MS. Perhaps of even greater importance was the finding that increased core and skin temperature during exercise did not result in the appearance of any MS-related symptom in 95% of our sample. This finding is in direct conflict with much of the clinical literature. (Int J MS Care. 2001; 3(4): 26–33.)
An Audit of a New System of Self–Referral in the Management of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Carroll Áine , Mattison Paul , Comiskey Catherine 
Published: January 2013

A random sample of the referral notes of 35 multiple sclerosis patients experiencing relapse and referred via the current general practitioner (GP) system was reviewed. The time between receipt of the referral and assessment/admission (lead time) was examined. The mean value was obtained and a self referral system was initiated and monitored for a period of five months. The mean referral times were compared. The patients' disability status before and after treatment was measured using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and we invited the patients' opinions about the self-referral system.
The goals of the newly implemented self-referral system were to reduce lead time to less than 6.5 days, improve patient disability, and avoid inappropriate referral; the new system was also to be “user friendly.”
The new system reduced referral times by a statistically significant amount (P = 0.0016). There was a significant objective improvement in patients' disability as measured by the EDSS and FIM scores (P = 0.031 and P = 0.04, respectively). There was a subjective improvement, and patients expressed a preference for the new system. There were no inappropriate referrals. These findings suggest that the self-referral system is efficient and effective and should be further evaluated. (Int J MS Care. 2002; 4: 10–12)
Perceived Effects of Marijuana Use By MS Patients in Saskatchewan—A Pilot Study
Authors: Linassi A. Gary , Hader Walter J. 
Published: January 2013

Dissatisfaction with conventional treatments has led to increasing awareness of complementary therapies. To study the use and effects of marijuana in multiple sclerosis (MS), an anonymous questionnaire was sent to 250 randomly selected MS patients from Saskatchewan asking about course of the disease, symptoms, complementary therapy use, and details of past or present marijuana usage. Of the 168 respondents, 36% had smoked marijuana. The incidence of marijuana use for the symptoms of MS was 15%. (A total of 15% used marijuana as treatment for symptoms of MS.) Symptoms that improved included spasticity at sleep onset (58%), weight loss (58%), spasticity when walking (47%), depression (45%), spasms at night (43%), and muscle pain (41%). Statistical significance was not achieved because of the small number of respondents (25 of 168) who smoked marijuana.
This small number of cannabis users provides some indication of potential symptomatic relief in MS. The effects of marijuana appear to modestly benefit symptoms of spasticity, pain, and depression. These data support the proposal for a controlled randomized trial to evaluate the beneficial effects of marijuana in MS. (Int J MS Care. 2003; 6: 139–147)
Introduction
Authors: Nerone John 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMedia history is an emerging field. Ambiguities about its object of study and modes of explanation make it difficult to define the boundaries of media history. It is possible to sketch out some existing formations of scholarly work in the area. This introduction offers some suggestions for mapping the field while it introduces the structure and contents of the handbook. It also addresses the received history of the field of media studies. It challenges the likelihood of the emergence of accepted grand narratives about either media history or the foundations of media studies, but proposes that the resulting anarchy is a sign of intellectual robustness.
The Two Marxes
Authors: Mosco Vincent 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines how political economy and the cultural study of technology inform media analysis and history. It addresses the divide between these two perspectives on media history as a debate between Karl Marx and Leo Marx. Political economy primarily grew from the materialist conception of Karl Marx which viewed technology as dynamic but banal. Karl's work gave rise to a materialist or political economic tradition in media studies that took up the role of communication technology in class domination, exploitation, contradiction, struggle, and resistance. Leo Marx developed an approach that focused on the sublime nature of technology. In doing so, he demonstrated how technology drew people to visions of transcending the banalities of everyday life. Leo viewed the sublime as a genuine experience of meaningful transcendence and not what materialists concluded was false consciousness. Whereas Karl provided structural explanations that drew from a philosophical anthropology based in praxis, Leo offered cultural explanations based on a vocabulary rooted in aesthetics. The chapter focuses on specific tendencies and strengths within each and suggests how to draw them together.
The Conditions of Media's Possibility
Authors: Packer Jeremy 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter integrates Michel Foucault's historiographic approach with media history. After describing how Foucault's work has traditionally been used and understood by media historians, four areas of work are used as examples for establishing a more holistic account of the value of Foucault's archaeological and genealogical methods of historical enquiry. They are (1) the work of German media theorist Friedrich Kittler, (2) the Stanford School of the philosophy of science, (3) cultural studies work in governmentality studies, and (4) Giorgio Agamben's application of the Foucauldian concept apparatus. After providing eight questions for orienting Foucauldian historical investigation, the chapter explains how this leads to understanding the interrelated dimensions of power, knowledge, and subjectification as they intersect with the historical establishment of media forms, institutions, and technologies.
Journalism History
Authors: Wilke Jürgen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEurope is the cradle of journalism. This does not only apply to the term, but also to the matter itself. The national and cultural diversity of the continent makes it difficult to generalize about its journalism history, but the rough outline of a common history is possible to recount. The earliest printed newspapers presented a correspondent's journalism. These were followed in most countries by journals of opinion. Commercialization in the nineteenth century produced a more popular journalism. Professionalization began in the nineteenth century also. The development of journalism in Europe in the twentieth century was above all influenced by two groups of factors. On the one hand, there were restraints resulting from the political conditions of this century. On the other hand, there were technical innovations which produced new mass media. At the beginning of the twenty‐first century, journalism in Europe (as in other parts of the world) is again in a process of extensive change.
Journalism History
Authors: Kim Sae‐Eun 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Journalism in Korea has ancient roots in Confucian political ideas. Its modern version is tied to the Japanese colonial period and the US occupation in the mid‐twentieth century. In post‐independence South Korea, journalism's development has been influenced by its place within the military government and the limitations on freedom of the press that followed. In recent years, a handful of news organizations have dominated mainstream journalism. But strong political and social movements, along with the emergence of digital media and the Internet, have destabilized the journalism system. Korea's journalism is at a crossroads. Despite Korea's particular situation of national division and the authoritarianism of the government, it can be overcome by being faithful to journalistic norms and principles.
Journalism History
Authors: Chen Shihua , Wang Qian 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
China has a long history but a relatively short journalism history. Before the nineteenth century, most ancient information media only circulated within bureaucracies in order to maintain the ruling class. Modern journalism started in the early nineteenth century. The first Chinese newspapers and magazines were set up by missionaries to preach religion, mainly in the Southeast. From the middle of the nineteenth century, Chinese media established by Chinese intellectuals emerged and advanced the reforms of the Ch'ing dynasty and social modernization, finally leading to the collapse of the old regime. In the first half of the twentieth century, journalism was used by different political forces. Media became party organs to facilitate revolution and seize power in the conflict between the KMT and the CCP. After the foundation of the PRC, journalism was mainly the mouthpiece of the CCP; no commercial media existed until the 1980s. Afterward, journalism shifted emphasis from propaganda to economic reporting; commercial media emerged and succeeded in the market economy; and newspaper groups, broadcasting groups, and the Internet developed quickly. But party control still exists. Journalism in China still has to fight to survive under the double pressure of market and party.
Communications Networks in theUnitedStates
Authors: John Richard R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe history of communications in the United States is a relatively uncultivated field. Generalizations abound yet conceptual frameworks are few. This essay contends that the history of the country's dominant communications networks can be understood as a chapter in the history of government–business relations, or what contemporaries would have called political economy. In the long nineteenth century that began in 1788 and ended in 1914, the three most important communications networks – that is, the mail, the telegraph, and the telephone – were shaped not only, or even primarily, by technological imperatives and economic incentives, but also by the regulatory regimes in which they were embedded.
Photography
Authors: Robertson Craig 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the contested emergence of photography in the second half of the nineteenth century. In the field of media studies, photography is often positioned to provide a critique of historically specific modes of understanding and representation. Viewed as a medium, photography and its early development offers important insights into various debates about evidence, truth, and authenticity, and more generally modernity. The chapter reviews examples of photography's contested emergence in the United States from the world of portraiture, the courtroom, immigration enforcement, and journalism. In most of these cases photographs provided an initial challenge to the authority of the word (both spoken and written). The examples also illustrate that whether it is linked to understandings of personal identity, citizenship, national identity and democracy, or capitalism, consumption, and mass culture, the complicated set of practices associated with photography provides important examples of how the present of the nineteenth century was imagined and interrogated as new.
Television
Authors: Ouellette Laurie 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter traces the history of television in the United States in relation to broader societal conditions and changes. Rejecting the assumption that technological advances are inevitable or necessarily progressive, it situates evolving “stages” of television as complex responses to the shifting demands and contradictions of advanced liberal capitalist democracies. Events and ruptures in television's development as a cultural form are discussed in the context of three conjunctures –masstelevision,nichetelevision, andposttelevision. At a moment of dizzying technological change, the chapter emphasizes the importance of history and the need to look beyond the shiny surface of the new, to consider how the transformation of broadcasting intersects with a broader reconfiguration of the “social forms” (work, family, geography, market, government) in which we live.
The Culture Industries
Authors: Wasser Frederick 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe genealogy of the term “culture industry” is traced through Horkheimer and Adorno to Marx. It was coined to describe the relations of production and consumption of media culture in the mid‐twentieth century, in an age of mass produced texts consumed by middle‐class and working‐class audiences. Since the 1980s, there have been two revolutions in the culture industries: a technological revolution, featuring the emergence of digital media, and an audience revolution, featuring fragmentation, participatory formats, and mobility. The result is a post‐Fordist system of cultural production and consumption, best exemplified by gaming. The key insights of the “culture industry” argument remain relevant.
The Rise of the Professional Communicator
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractProfessionalism became an ideal for organizing work in the nineteenth‐century United States and reached communication occupations by century's end. Its rise continued an early modern tradition that embodied knowledge in specialists engaged at universities and in practical projects. A sociology of professions emerged by the twentieth century to describe their characteristics, a useful template for professionalism in communication and applied to newswork as a case prominent for its claim to serve democracy. Arguments over whether journalists have professional traits may discount their importance as workers involved in power‐as‐knowledge, with consequences for workers in the twenty‐first century as US professionalism spreads abroad.
Communication and Democracy
Authors: Hardt Hanno 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the contribution of social and economic thought to media studies in the United States. It details the migration of ideas from Germany and their creative application regarding the press to social and political conditions unique to the United States at the end of the nineteenth century. An evolving mass medium warranted theorizing its role and function in a democratic society and produced a critical literature of its performance. This chapter proposes that US media studies are partially the result of a realization in nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century social thought that communication is an essential, binding force in a democratic society and partially the result of a turn to communication research void of larger philosophical concerns that had characterized the Chicago School in its consideration of communication and US democracy.
Frankfurt School, Media, and the Culture Industry
Authors: Kellner Douglas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Frankfurt School theorists were among the first theorists to examine the fundamental roles of the media in shaping thought and behavior, influencing politics, and managing consumer demand in the twentieth century. Horkheimer and Adorno's analysis of the “culture industry” presented a model of media as instruments of power and social control developed by Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm, and Jürgen Habermas, who gave the Horkheimer and Adorno culture industry analysis a historical grounding. The Frankfurt School also studied the effects of mass culture and the rise of the consumer society on the working classes that were to be the instrument of revolution in the classical Marxian scenario. They also analyzed how the culture industries and consumer society were stabilizing contemporary capitalism and thus were among the first to see the expanding roles of mass media and communication in politics, socialization and social life, culture and the constructions of subjectivities. In this chapter, I examine the contributions to media and social theory developed by the Frankfurt School and their limitations and blind spots.
Unmasking Class and Tradition
Authors: McCarthy Cameron , Logue Jennifer 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDrawing on examples of cinematic and literary production, this chapter calls attention to the limitations of British cultural studies regarding topics on which the theorization of proponents has been long thought to be fundamentally secure. These topics are class and tradition. The chapter further maintains that the field‐bound, ethnographic, and center–periphery paradigm that has fueled the subcultural studies approach to the working class of cultural studies has been overtaken by events associated with globalization in which culture is being separated from place and the long‐held stable social identities associated with the working class are being disembedded. Now, identities have become more hybrid, and more coordinated across a plurality of styles, tastes, needs, interests, and organizational capacities. Working‐class actors increasingly recuperate their identities in the domain of hyperconsumption rather than production. This is the era of the working class without work. Understanding this requires greater attention to the international division of labor and transnational and postcolonial perspectives.
The Governance of Communication and Culture
Authors: Sarikakis Katharine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the role of communication and cultural policy in regularizing changes in the regime of accumulation and in the processes of production and consumption of cultural goods. It explores the emergence of new geographies of power in decision‐making and the people in production and consumption who define the ways in which the circulation and accumulation of cultural goods and profits is developing. Working with definitions of cultural policy and the European experience as a geography of political and political–economic power for decision‐making, the chapter places Europe in the continuum of global production/consumption in the digital age.
Citizenship and Media Ownership
Authors: McMurria John 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFor the practice and study of media production, ownership matters. This chapter considers three orientations to media ownership in the US, with attention to how each invokes particular rationales for citizenship. The first orientation considers the critique of media conglomeration that emerged in the 1980s and the anti‐corporate populist expressions of citizenship that have informed recent campaigns to reduce corporate media power. The second considers positions that perceive a potential for new interactive digital technologies to free individuals from corporate and government power. The third assesses the movement, since the 1970s, to increase minority ownership of media. Here access to media ownership is framed within conceptions of citizenship informed by past and present conditions of racial discrimination. In each of these orientations, consideration is given to how ideas about the transformative power of media in democratic societies engage with political and cultural struggles over rationales of citizenship.
Music in the New Capitalism
Authors: D. Taylor Timothy 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter attempts to reinstate capitalism as the transcendent category of analysis for music production. This new capitalism is marked by the ascendance of the new petite bourgeoisie. This class promulgates an ideology of the hip and the cool and has an outsized role in the production of culture, since most musicians today are forced to permit their music to be used in commercials. The new class is comprised of new kinds of cultural workers, who can deploy their taste as music supervisors, choosing music for film and broadcasting in an era when more music is more easily available. Another aspect of the new capitalism is that workers can be compensated less, or not at all. In the realm of advertising composition is increasingly outsourced, as it simple to upload video to servers around the world. Users enter data on songs in online databases and their search habits are recorded and used to sell more products, all without compensation.
“This Is What I Need, This Is What Will Travel”
Authors: Shimpach Shawn 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUntil recently, broadcast television in the US was premised on profits arising from expanding space (national distribution, national and international syndication) and from limiting time (the imposed scarcity of access). Technological and regulatory changes have meant that television producers have had (reluctantly) to acquiesce in basic changes to this formula. This chapter looks at four ways these changes have affected the production of television programming. Specifically, program producers are compelled to create programs designed totravelover borders and through time, totranslateto different cultures as well as to media, totetherto new viewing and new sponsorship practices, and, throughout all these conditions, to continue totantalizeviewers, attracting and holding the attention of industry and audience alike, at all these different sites.