bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional Drought Assessment Based on the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) in Middle Part of Iraq by Using GIS
Authors: Younis Abdulwahab Mohammad , Jasim Hayder Mahmood 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study focused on the study and analysis of the characteristics of drought and the rainfall Concentration Index in the central region of Iraq from 1984 to 2021. It revealed that 50% of the stations under study, represented by Najaf and Karbala, fell under the moderate drought climate category, which comprises 30.89%, followed by the mild drought category, which accounts for 15.04%, and the severe and extreme drought categories, which account for 5.28 and 1.22% respectively. Regarding the rainfall concentration index, it demonstrates that the area falls between the seasonal and severe seasonal rain categories. The areas where there is a deficit in rainfall are also the areas where the rainfall concentration is severe seasonal, which tends towards irregularity, and are the driest areas according to the standard precipitation index (SPI), and represent the dominant climate in the central regions of Iraq during the period in question. Seasonal and severe seasonal variations constitute 66.67% and 33.33% of the total, respectively.
The Effect of Conservation Agriculture on Some Soil Water Properties Using a Dual Automatic Soil Infiltro-Moisturemeter Device
Authors: Al-Rawi M. A. M. , Bahia M. Hassan S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The experiment was tried in the western region of Iraq and aims to study the effects of using conservation agriculture applications in the water properties of Gypsiferous - desert soil. The study area was divided into three blocks. In each block four treatments were randomly distributed: Tillage with Covering T.C Tillage without Covering T.NC No-Tillage with Covering NT.C and No-Tillage without Covering NT.NC. The experiment was designed by using a Randomize Completely Block Design (RCBD) by 2 tillage methods 2 mulching and 3 replicates so the sum was 12 experimental units. Units were planted in two agricultural seasons Barley crop in winter and Mung bean in summer season. There was a significant effect of the interaction between coverage and the measurement stage on the mean of cumulative infiltration as its value over 1 hour at the coverage treatment in the S2 stage (between the two seasons) reached 12.53 cm. The highest mean of cumulative infiltration in the NT.C was (8.43 cm) with a non-significant difference from the lowest average (5.94) in the T.NC. As for the average unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (Kns) it did not differ from the results of the cumulative infiltration in terms of being the highest and lowest treatment as the range is 1.46 cm. hr−1 at T.NC and 2.09 cm. hr−1 at NT.C the hydraulic conductivity rating for all treatments was (moderately high). The NT.C treatment also gave the highest mean long-term cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate with greater uniformity of moisture distribution between the soil layers.
Effect of Different Colorless Properties of Zinc on Solid Development in Soils with Different Gypsum Content
Authors: Fahmy Ramadan Ahmed Khaled , Al-Jumaily Mijbil Mohammad 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted for the purpose of knowing the effect of different organic materials (poultry, sheep, cow waste) on the distribution of zinc on the solid phase in soil with different gypsum content. Samples of animal waste were collected from fields in the Taji area, dried, ground, and passed through a sieve with a diameter of 2 mm for the purpose of study. After conducting analyzes, the study was conducted on organic waste. Different gypsum soil samples were obtained from different sites at Tikrit University, which are (62,128, 189) gm.kg-1 gypsum. Organic materials were added at a dose of 20 gm.kg-1, in addition to adopting three concentrations of zinc (10, 20, 30) mg.kg-1 of zinc, which was added to the soil as a Zncl2 solution. The soil was incubated for (60) days, with moistening and stirring as needed for the purpose of homogeneity and balance. Then samples were taken from it for the purpose of studying the fractionation of zinc into the components of soil, oxides, organic matter, carbonates, and clay.
Modeling Water Supply in Adjacent Areas of Shatt Al-Arab River in Southern Iraq Using Geomatics Techniques
Authors: Al-Daraji Forqan Kh. , Ndewi Dakhil R. , Al-Shammari Hussein M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A study was conducted in the semi-arid and arid region located in the northeastern part of Basra Governorate, southern Iraq, with the aim of employing geomatics techniques and mathematical modelling to build and develop a hydrological model for studying water balance in the study area and the volume of water supply from the Shatt Al-Arab river towards adjacent areas and its impact by soil salinity and Shatt Al-Arab river water during July 2022. The results indicated a decrease in water supply (WS) values in the soil profile with increasing distance from Shatt Al-Arab or from the tributaries and other water sources. At a distance of 300 meters from the water source, the highest WS values were recorded, amounting to 684.41 m3, significantly higher than other distances. This was followed by the distance of 600 meters with 580.76 m3, then 1200 meters with 515.45 m3, and finally, the distance of 2400 meters recorded the lowest values at 424.33 m3. The magnitude of decrease in WS values increased at high rates with increasing distance from Shatt Al-Arab towards remote barren areas with a significant correlation coefficient (r =0.73).
Effect of Enriching Vermicompost with Azotobacter and Bacillus Bacteria and Foliar Spraying with Azotobacter on Some Chemical Characteristics of the Soil Planted with Sunflower Plants
Authors: Ibrahim Ghazwan Hameed , Mustafa Al-Alawy Hassan Hadi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out at the research station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources of the College of Agriculture/University of Diyala in 2022 to study the effect of enriching vermicompost with chemical and biological fertilizers on some chemical characteristics of the soil planted with sunflower plants. The vermicompost fertilizer with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock and spraying Azotobacter
chroococcum bacteria gave the highest reduction in the pH of the soil (7.010), while the vermicompost fertilizer with A. chroococcum and spraying A. chroococcum bacteria recorded the highest reduction in the electrical conductivity (Ec) of the soil (1.196 ds m−1). The vermicompost with A. chroococcum and Bacillus sp. with spraying A. chroococcum gave the highest values in the nitrogen content of the soil, reaching 73.43 ml kg−1, while the vermicompost and phosphate rock with spraying A. chroococcum gave the highest value in the content of phosphorus in the soil, reaching 17.86 ml kg−1. The vermicompost fertilizer with A. chroococcum and Bacillus sp. without spraying A. chroococcum led to an increase in potassium in the soil (298.9 ml kg−1), whereas the vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock with spraying A. chroococcum led to an increase in organic matter in the soil (25.88 g kg−1).
The Effect of Bentonite, Poultry Manure and Elements on Some Chemical Properties of Sandy Calcareous Soil
Authors: Abd Alshammari Abbas Hakim , Sarwan Al-Wotaify Abbas Saber 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of Bentonite mineral, poultry manure, and the addition of some elements on the chemical properties of the soil. The experiment was carried out in a split-plate design using completely randomized blocks (RCBD). The experiment included 81 experimental units resulting from the intersection of three levels of bentonite mineral (P0, P1, P2) and three levels from poultry manure (M0, M1, and M2) and three chemical elements: Magnesium, Zinc, and Copper (Emg, Ezn, and Ecu) separately and the effect of these factors on the chemical properties, the results showed that the P2 addition level to Bentonite mineral outperformed the rest of the levels in affecting the chemical properties, namely EC, PH, CEC, and OM. The M2 addition level to poultry waste outperformed the rest of the levels in the chemical properties studied, EC, PH, CEC, and OM. The binary interactions between the metal and poultry manure showed a significant effect, and the P2M2 treatment outperformed the rest of the treatments. As for the interaction between the metal and the chemical elements, the P2Ezn treatment gave the best effect on the EC and CEC properties, while the P2Emg treatment gave the best effect on the PH and OM properties, and the interaction between Poultry manure and elements: the M2Ezn treatment gave the best effect on the EC and CEC properties, while the M2Emg treatment gave the best effect on the PH and OM properties.
Refinement of Internal-Combustion Engine Oil Properties Via Magnetic Flux
Authors: Abed Abbas Fadhil , Hasan Haider Ali , Abdul-Munaim Ali Mazin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
To verify the influence of magnetic flux on the characteristics of SAE 10W-30 gasoline engine oil when the engine oil is exposed to different magnetic fluxes 0, 6, 9, and 13 Volt. The following oil characteristics were measured: viscosity at 40 and 100 °C, and total acid number (TAN) mg KOH/g. The research was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications for each treatment under the 5% probability level to compare the means of the treatments. The results of the experiment showed that there were significant differences in the studied properties when the engine oil was exposed to the above magnetic fluxes and, inversely, especially the magnetic flux of 13 Volt, which led to a decrease in the viscosity of the oils at 40 °C to 67.704 cSt and 14.1 cSt at 100 °C, in addition to a decrease in the total acid number to 2.1 mgKOH/g. The results of this study promise the possibility of the magnetic flux affecting changes in the properties of gasoline engine oil, which may contribute to improving the performance of engine oils during operation.
The Effect of Improving the Nutritional Value of Local Sunflower Meal Used in Broiler Diets by Adding a Mixture of Enzymes and Its Effect on Productive and Physiological Performance
Authors: Najmadeen Sara Kareem , Al-Dalawi Rashid Hassan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The current experiment was conducted in the poultry field of the department of animal production at the College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk for the period from 28/12/2023 until 2/7/2024, to study the effect of improving the nutritional value of local sunflower seed meal used in broiler diets by adding a mixture of enzymes and its effect on production traits and blood biochemical traits. 280 one-day-old, unsexed Rose 308 broiler chicks were randomly distributed into seven treatments, with four replicates for each treatment (ten birds for each replicate). The treatments were as follows: (T1) the control diet without any additives, (T2) 25% of the soybean meal replaced with sunflower meal, (T3) 50% of the soybean meal replaced with sunflower meal, (T4) 75% of the soybean meal replaced with sunflower meal, (T5) 25% of the soybean meal replaced with sunflower meal and the enzyme mixture added, (T6) 50% of the soybean meal replaced with sunflower meal with the addition of the enzyme mixture and (T7) 75% of the soybean meal with sunflower meal with the addition of the enzyme mixture. The results showed that there were no significant differences (P≥0.05) for the nutritional treatments in the first, third, quarter and sixth weeks in Feed consumption rate. While in the second, fifth and cumulative weeks, the first treatment (control) was significantly differ (P≤0.05) to the other of the treatments at a rate of (390.25, 1160.50 and 4580.50 g/bird), respectively. In the rate of weight gain, it was significantly differ (P≤0.05). For the fourth treatment in the first week over the other of the treatments at a rate of (152.38 gm/bird), and the moral significantly (P≤0.05) was found for the second treatment over the other of the treatments in the second week at a rate of (359.25 gm/bird), while in the fourth week the seventh treatment was significantly differ (P ≤0.05) over the other treatments at a rate of (724.28 g/bird), and in the sixth week, the second and fourth treatments outperformed the other treatments significantly (P≤0.05) at a rate of (686.50, 655.50 g/bird) respectively. It was also noted that there were no significant differences (P≥0.05) in nutritional parameters for the third, fifth and seventh weeks. As for the feed conversion factor rate, there were significant differences (P≤0.05) in the first week of the fourth treatment over the other treatments at a rate of (0.76 gm feed/gm weight gain), but in the second and fifth weeks it decreased significantly (P≤0.05) in the treatment. Control (first) with a ratio of (0.77, 0.57 gm feed/gm weight gain), respectively.
Determine and Analyze the Total Fuel Consumption of an Agricultural Tractor Using Different Plows
Authors: Amer K. Z. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in one of the agricultural fields belonging to the Hashemia District in Babylon Governorate, during the year 2023 in a silty clay soil texture. In this experiment, a New Holland TD80 tractor was utilized. Two factors were studied as part of the investigation. Three speed levels (3.34, 5.98, and 7.38 km.h−1) represented the primary plots, while two plow types (moldboard and disc) represented the secondary plots. These two factors were the first and second factors, respectively. The percentage of slippage, practical productivity, fuel consumption and Yellow corn plant productivity were studied. The experimant was carried out using split plots in a complete random block design of three replications. The forward speed of 7.38 km.h−1 Secured enhanced findings in obtaining the lowest fuel consumption of 26.87 litres.ha−1, the highest practical productivity of 0.27 hectares.h−1, the lowest fuel consumption of 28.30 litres.ha-1, and the highest production of yellow corn plants, as it It reached 6.17 tons.ha-1. The moldboard plow was superior in obtaining the lowest slippage of 7.50%, the highest practical productivity of 0.20 hectares.hour−1, and the lowest fuel consumption of 30.68 litres.ha−1, With 5.49 tons.ha−1 of plant production, the disc plow produced the most. As for the dual interaction, there was an impact on all traits under study.
Croton macrostachyus leaf-mediated biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles for enhanced catalytic reduction of organic dyes
Authors: Bassa Atinafu Bergene , Zelekew Osman Ahmed , Meresa Tassew Alemayehu , Berhe Taame Abraha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Introduction. Owing to the increasing use of organic dyes, the biosynthesis of metal oxide nanocatalysts is urgently needed as an economical and environmentally friendly solution to reduce their waste release. Method. In this study, we synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) by the sol–gel method using Croton macrostachyus leaf extracts as capping and reducing agents. The biosynthesized CuO catalysts were characterized using x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Result. The result showed that the synthesized CuO NPs had a crystallite size of about 9 nm and had good crystalline texture. Furthermore, the catalyst showed the best catalytic reduction performance in 1 min for methylene blue (MB) and 3 min for methyl orange (MO). Furthermore, the CuO catalyst synthesized using Croton macrostachyus leaf extract resulted in apparent rate constant (Kapp) values for MB and MO of 0.06793 s−1 and 0.01877 s−1, respectively. Discussion. The recyclability of the CuO catalyst was investigated, and it was shown that the catalysts are suitable for reuse in dye reduction. Therefore, the catalytic activity of this study suggests that the CuO nanocatalysts prepared in this work are a potential candidate for controlling organic pollutants or trace amounts of naturally occurring active organic chemicals in all environmental dye wastes.
Bioinspired green synthesis of copper, nickel, and hybrid nanoparticles using Myristica Fragrans seeds: Biomedical applications and beyond
Authors: Ullah Asad , Rehman Ubaid Ur , Ahmad Riaz , Rahman Fazal 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Nanotechnology focuses on materials at the molecular and atomic levels, with sizes ranging from 0.1 to 100 nm. This study explores the synthesis and characterization of copper oxide (CuO), nickel oxide (NiO), and hybrid nanoparticles using an aqueous seed extract from Myristica fragrans. The nanomaterials underwent comprehensive characterization employing various techniques: UV analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, TGA, EDX and SEM. We explored their biological applications through antioxidant and antibacterial assays. UV analysis determined the optical absorption spectra values for CuO, NiO and hybrid nanoparticles. FTIR analysis confirmed functional groups in the plant extract responsible for capping and reducing the reaction medium. XRD and SEM analysis demonstrated the crystalline nature and morphology of the nanoparticles. CuO nanoparticles exhibited polyhedral morphology, while NiO nanoparticles were primarily spherical with some agglomeration. The CuO-NiO hybrid nanoparticles showed a wurtzite morphology with significant agglomeration and larger mean size than CuO and NiO nanoparticles. EDX indicated higher quantities of Cu and Ni. XRD spectra revealed the average particle sizes of nanoparticles. TGA indicated the thermal stability of the nanoparticles, with hybrid nanoparticles being the most stable. The nanoparticles exhibited excellent antioxidant activity, with hybrid nanoparticles showing the highest values in measuring total antioxidant capacity, total reducing power (TRP), ABTS assay, and DPPH-free radical scavenging assay at 400 μg/mg. Antibacterial assays against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains demonstrated that antibiotics-coated hybrid nanoparticles exhibited potent antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In conclusion, CuO, NiO, and CuO-NiO hybrid nanoparticles mediated by Myristica fragrans showcase promising characteristics for various applications, especially in biomedical and clinical settings. The nanoparticles eco-friendly synthesis and biocompatible nature make them attractive candidates for future research and development.
Evaluating fault detection strategies for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles
Authors: Dasari Hethu Avinash , A Rammohan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractElectric Vehicles (EVs) are a rapidly growing segment in India’s automotive sector, with an expected 70% growth by 2030. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable batteries are favoured because of their high efficiency in power and energy delivery, along with fast charging, long lifespan, low self-discharge, and environmental friendliness. However, as a crucial subsystem in EVs, batteries are susceptible to faults arising from various factors. Li-ion battery faults can be categorized as internal or external. Internal faults stem from over-charging, over-discharging, overheating, acceleration and degradation processes, short circuits, and thermal runaway. External faults are caused by sensor malfunctions, cooling system failures, and cell connection problems. A Battery Management System (BMS) plays an essential role in regulating battery operation, monitoring its health status, and implementing fault diagnostic techniques. Fault diagnostic algorithms running on the BMS enable early or post-fault detection and control measures to minimize the consequences of faults, thereby ensuring battery safety and reliability. This paper reviews various internal and external battery fault diagnosis methods. In addition to battery fault detection, this work conducts a comparative analysis of optimization techniques for fault diagnosis, including Fuzzy Clustering, Long Short-Term Memory, Support Vector Machines, and Particle Swarm Optimization.
Utilizing multiple inputs autoregressive models for bearing remaining useful life prediction
Authors: Wang Junliang , Zhang Qinghua , Zhu Guanhua , Sun Guoxi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Accurate prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) of rolling bearings is crucial in industrial production, yet existing models often struggle with limited generalization capabilities due to their inability to fully process all vibration signal patterns. We introduce a novel multi-input autoregressive model to address this challenge in RUL prediction for bearings. Our approach uniquely integrates vibration signals with previously predicted RUL values, employing feature fusion to output current window RUL values. Through autoregressive iterations, the model attains a global receptive field, effectively overcoming the limitations in generalization. Furthermore, we innovatively incorporate a segmentation method and multiple training iterations to mitigate error accumulation in autoregressive models. Empirical evaluation on the PMH2012 dataset demonstrates that our model, compared to other backbone networks using similar autoregressive approaches, achieves significantly lower root mean square error (RMSE) and Score. Notably, it outperforms traditional autoregressive models that use label values as inputs and non-autoregressive networks, showing superior generalization abilities with a marked lead in RMSE and Score metrics.
Against Musical Ontology
Authors: Ridley Aaron 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A somewhat excitable affair, this essay recommends that efforts by philosophers with an interest in ontology to specify the identity conditions of musical works should be deferred indefinitely, preferably until the end of time. More specifically, it argues that attempts to determine in advance which features a performance of a work must (or must not) possess if it is to count as a performance of that work are doomed. This is not because such attempts threaten to limit the creative freedom of the performer, although some may object to that, but because they inevitably misrepresent what the exemplary exercise of that freedom achieves. In particular, such attempts misrepresent the notion of a performance’s being ‘faithful’ to the work performed, and so misrepresent (at least some of) the reasons we may have to value one performance over another, or, as performers, to play a work in this way rather than that.
Persona Sometimes Grata
Authors: Ridley Aaron 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
It has been claimed that, in order to hear a piece of music as expressive, it is always necessary to hear it as expressive of the emotions of a hypothetical persona (whom we construct for ourselves as we listen). On the other side, it has been claimed that the construction of such a persona is never necessary in order to hear a piece of music as expressive. The argument of the present essay is (a) that persona-construction is sometimes necessary, sometimes not; (b) that this is so for reasons of principle, rather, say, than out of a desire for compromise; and so (c) that my opponents, in their pursuit of generality, are making a mistake about the nature of the subject-matter to which their claims are intended to apply. With this subject-matter, the essay concludes, it is—as a matter of principle—necessary to go case by case.