bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency airway access in children – transtracheal cannulas and tracheotomy assessed in a porcine model
Authors: Holm‐Knudsen Rolf J. , Rasmussen Lars S. , Charabi Birgitte , Bøttger Morten , Kristensen Michael S. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryObjectivesIn the rare scenario when it is impossible to oxygenate or intubate a child, no evidence exists on what strategy to follow.AimThe aim of this study was to compare the time and success rate when using two different transtracheal needle techniques and also to measure the success rate and time when performing an emergency tracheotomy in a piglet cadaver model.MethodsIn this randomized cross‐over study, we included 32 anesthesiologists who each inserted two transtracheal cannulas (TTC) using a jet ventilation catheter and an intravenous catheter in a piglet model. Second, they performed an emergency tracheotomy. A maximum of 2 and 4 min were allowed for the procedures, respectively. The TTC procedures were recorded using a video scope.ResultsPlacement of a transtracheal cannula was successful in 65.6% and 68.8% of the attempts (P = 0.76), and the median duration of the attempts was 69 and 42 s (P = 0.32), using the jet ventilation catheter and the intravenous catheter, respectively. Complications were frequent in both groups, especially perforation of the posterior tracheal wall. Performing an emergency tracheotomy was successful in 97%, in a median of 88 s.ConclusionsIn a piglet model, we found no significant difference in success rates or time to insert a jet ventilation cannula or an intravenous catheter transtracheally, but the incidence of complications was high. In the same model, we found a 97% success rate for performing an emergency tracheotomy within 4 min with a low rate of complications.
Light‐dependent regulation of ascorbate in tomato by a monodehydroascorbate reductase localized in peroxisomes and the cytosol
Authors: Gest Noé , Garchery Cécile , Gautier Hélène , Jiménez Ana , Stevens Rebecca 
Published: November 2012

SummaryAscorbate is a powerful antioxidant in plants, and its levels are an important quality criteria in commercial species. Factors influencing these levels include environmental variations, particularly light, and the genetic control of its biosynthesis, recycling and degradation. One of the genes involved in the recycling pathway encodes a monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), an enzyme catalysing reduction of the oxidized radical of ascorbate, monodehydroascorbate, to ascorbate. In plants, MDHAR belongs to a multigene family. Here, we report the presence of an MDHAR isoform in both the cytosol and peroxisomes and show that this enzyme negatively regulates ascorbate levels in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Transgenic lines overexpressing MDHAR show a decrease in ascorbate levels in leaves, whereas lines where MDHAR is silenced show an increase in these levels in both fruits and leaves. Furthermore, the intensity of these differences is light dependent. The unexpected effect of this MDHAR on ascorbate levels cannot be explained by changes in the expression of Smirnoff–Wheeler pathway genes, or the activity of enzymes involved in degradation (ascorbate peroxidase) or recycling of ascorbate (dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase), suggesting a previously unidentified mechanism regulating ascorbate levels.
Temporal Trends in Mucocutaneous Findings Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1‐Infected Children in a Population‐Based Cohort
Authors: Sturt Amy S. , Anglemyer Andrew , Berk David R. , Maldonado Yvonne A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of pediatric human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV‐1) mucocutaneous manifestations in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We conducted population‐based, prospective, multicenter pediatric HIV‐1 surveillance in 276 children with perinatally acquired HIV‐1 from 1988 to 2009. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)‐defined HIV‐1 related mucocutaneous conditions among the 276 children were: category A (n = 152), B (n = 60), and C (n = 1). Nearly half of the category A and B diagnoses (43.4% [66/152] and 35.0% [21/60], respectively) occurred in the first year of life, with 59.2% (90/152) and 61.7% (37/60), respectively, occurring in the first 2 years of life. The most frequent infectious diagnosis was oropharyngeal thrush (n = 117, 42.4%); the most common inflammatory diagnosis was diaper dermatitis (n = 71, 25.7%). There was a temporal decline in the prevalence of A (pre‐HAART cohort, 123; post‐HAART cohort, 29; p < 0.01) and B (pre‐HAART, 55; post‐HAART, 5; p < 0.01) mucocutaneous diagnoses. In children with perinatal HIV‐1, there was a significant decline in CDC category A and B mucocutaneous diagnoses by temporal cohort, consistent with the introduction of antiretroviral medications and HAART. Clinical category A and B mucocutaneous diagnoses were most common in the first 2 years of life, emphasizing the importance of early HIV‐1 testing and HAART initiation.
Metabolic syndrome and endocrine dysfunctions after HSCT in children
Authors: Bajwa Rajinder , Skeens Micah , Garee Amy , Miao Yongjie , Soni Sandeep , Pietryga Daniel , Gross Thomas , Termuhlen Amanda 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMS and endocrine dysfunction(s) are common well‐recognized complications after HSCT. We retrospectively analyzed our data on 160 patients with a median age at transplant of five yr (0.3–23), who had been followed for a median of seven yr (range 3–18) at Nationwide Children's Hospital after transplant. Dyslipidemia and MS were seen in 13% and 7.5% patients, respectively, and 58% of these patients were <20 yr of age. Twelve patients met the criteria for diagnosis of MS, but four of these did not meet the International Diabetic Federation or WHO criteria. Variation in the diagnostic criteria for MS leading to underdiagnosis is discussed. Female gonadal failure (27%) and hypothyroidism (21%) were the most common endocrine dysfunctions, followed by short stature and GH deficiency (17%) each. TBI and younger age at HSCT were associated with the highest burden of long‐term effects, and female sex was more significantly associated with MS‐related dysfunction (p < 0.05). Uniform diagnostic criteria for MS and close follow‐up after transplant are important for the early diagnosis and management of these late effects, thereby improving the overall quality of life of these patients.
The kidney in pediatric liver transplantation: An updated perspective
Authors: Matloff Robyn Greenfield , Arnon Ronen , Saland Jeffrey M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractCKD continues to detract from the success of improved survival in pediatric liver transplantation, and its presence is likely under recognized. Here we review the literature regarding the prevalence, etiology, and management of renal dysfunction in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Long‐term studies suggest the prevalence of CKD to be 25–38% by 5–10 yr post‐transplant. While important, sole use of serum creatinine overestimates renal function in this population. Screening for and treatment of persistent proteinuria and hypertension as well as minimization of nephrotoxic insults are the mainstays to delay or prevent CKD progression. Office‐based blood pressure measures are less sensitive than ABPM, which is specifically recommended by the American Heart Association for its ability to diagnose masked hypertension in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Long‐term risk of CKD is predominantly secondary to CNI toxicity. CNI minimization protocols have shown promise in slowing progression of CKD while maintaining graft function, but large‐scale randomized control trials with long‐term follow‐up are needed.
Lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in children after liver transplantation treated with sirolimus
Authors: Jankowska Irena , Czubkowski Piotr , Socha Piotr , Wierzbicka Aldona , Teisseyre Mikołaj , Teisseyre Joanna , Pawłowska Joanna 
Published: November 2012

AbstractLipid disturbances are one of the most frequent side effects of SRL; however, clinical consequences are not known. The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk of AS in children after LTx treated with SRL. In 17 children with median age 13.2 yr (1.9–17.9) who received SRL on average for 4.1 yr (s.d. ± 2.9) we measured and compared with age‐matched healthy control group (n = 45) lipid parameters and markers of AS: ADMA, oxyLDL, GSH, GPx, TC, TG, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, ApoAI, ApoB, ApoE, lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)). We found no major differences in cholesterol, cholesterol in lipoprotein fractions and TG concentrations between patients receiving SRL and the control group. ApoE was markedly increased in the study group (19.1 g/L [±1.8]) when compared to controls (9.8 [±3.9]). ApoA1 was decreased in the study group: 1.30 g/L (±0.2) vs. 1.45 (±0.25), p = 0.04. ApoB and Lpa concentrations were similar in both groups. There were differences in oxidative stress markers: GSH 743 (±66.2) mol/mL vs. 780 (±48.2), p = 0.02 and GPx 32.8 (±5.5) U/gHb vs. 34.3(±2.6), p = 0.01. Markers of AS: ADMA did not differ between groups and oxidized LDLc was significantly lower in SRL group: 190 mU/mL (±113) vs. 237 (±107) in control, p < 0.05. SRL does not significantly disturb lipid metabolism and oxidative status in children after LTx.
Long‐term outcomes of living donor kidney transplants in pediatric recipients following laparoscopic vs. open donor nephrectomy
Authors: Chaykovska Lyubov , Deger Serdar , Roigas Jan , Lenz Andre , Lioudmer Poline , Kothmann Lisa T. , Friedersdorff Frank , Müller Dominik , Kasper Antje , Giessing Markus , Magheli Ahmed , Kempkensteffen Carsten , Lingnau Anja , Fuller T. Florian 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe compared long‐term outcomes of LDKT in pediatric recipients following either laparoscopic (LDN) or ODN. In our retrospective single‐center study, we compared 38 pediatric LDKT recipients of a laparoscopically procured kidney with a historic ODN group comprising 17 pediatric recipients. In our center, the first pure laparoscopic non‐hand‐assisted LDN for a pediatric LDKT recipient was performed in June 2001. Demographic data of donors and recipients were comparable between groups. Mean follow‐up was 64 months in the LDN group and 137 months in the ODN group. Patient survival was comparable between groups. Graft survival at one and five yr was 97% (LDN) vs. 94% (ODN) and 91% (LDN) vs. 88% (ODN; p = n.s.), respectively. Serum creatinine at one and five yr was 1.16 ± 0.47 mg/dL (LDN) vs. 1.02 ± 0.38 mg/dL (ODN) and 1.38 ± 0.5 mg/dL (LDN) vs. 1.20 ± 0.41 mg/dL (ODN), respectively. The type and frequency of surgical complications did not differ between groups. DGF and acute rejection rates were similar between groups. In the ODN group, a higher proportion of right donor kidneys was used. In the ODN group, all kidneys had singular arteries, whereas in the LDN group five kidneys had multiple arteries. Arterial multiplicity was associated with a higher incidence of DGF. In our experience, LDN does not compromise long‐term graft outcomes in pediatric LDKT recipients. Arterial multiplicity of the donor kidney may be a risk factor for impaired early graft function in the pediatric population.
Lateral sediment sources and knickzones as controls on spatio‐temporal variations of sediment transport in an Alpine river
Authors: Bekaddour Toufik , Schlunegger Fritz , Attal Mikaël , Norton Kevin P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractModern mixed alluvial‐bedrock channels in mountainous areas provide natural laboratories for understanding the time scales at which coarse‐grained material has been entrained and transported from their sources to the adjacent sedimentary sink, where these deposits are preserved as conglomerates. This article assesses the shear stress conditions needed for the entrainment of the coarse‐bed particles in the Glogn River that drains the 400 km2 Val Lumnezia basin, eastern Swiss Alps. In addition, quantitative data are presented on sediment transport patterns in this stream. The longitudinal stream profile of this river is characterized by three ca 500 m long knickzones where channel gradients range from 0·02 to 0·2 m m−1, and where the valley bottom confined into a <10 m wide gorge. Downstream of these knickzones, the stream is flat with gradients <0·01 m m−1 and widths ≥30 m. Measurements of the grain‐size distribution along the trunk stream yield a mean D84 value of ca 270 mm, whereas the mean D50 is ca 100 mm. The consequences of the channel morphology and the grain‐size distribution for the time scales of sediment transport were explored by using a one‐dimensional step‐backwater hydraulic model (Hydrologic Engineering Centre – River Analysis System). The results reveal that, along the entire trunk stream, a two to 10 year return period flood event is capable of mobilizing both the D50 and D84 fractions where the Shields stress exceeds the critical Shields stress for the initiation of particle motion. These return periods, however, varied substantially depending on the channel geometry and the pebble/boulder size distribution of the supplied material. Accordingly, the stream exhibits a highly dynamic boulder cover behaviour. It is likely that these time scales might also have been at work when coarse‐grained conglomerates were constructed in the geological past.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the associations between indoor air pollution and tuberculosis
Authors: Sumpter Colin , Chandramohan Daniel 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveHalf the world's population uses biomass fuel for their daily needs but the resultant emissions and indoor air pollution (IAP) are harmful to health. So far, evidence for a link between IAP and tuberculosis (TB) was insufficient. We report an updated systematic review due to recent increase in the evidence and growing interest in testing interventions.MethodsSystematic search of PubMed (including Medline), CAB abstracts (through Ovid SP) and Web of Knowledge using the following search terms: ‘IAP or biomass or cooking smoke’ and ‘TB’. 452 abstracts were reviewed, and only 12 articles were deemed to be reporting the effects of IAP on TB and were taken forward to full review, and one study was added through hand search of references. Data on measures of effect of IAP on TB were extracted, and meta‐analysis was carried out to estimate pooled measures of effect.ResultsThirteen studies have reported investigating association between IAP and TB since 1996. TB cases are more likely to be exposed to IAP than healthy controls (pooled OR 1.30; 95% CI, 1.04–1.62; P = 0.02).ConclusionsThere is increasingly strong evidence for an association between IAP and TB. Further studies are needed to understand the burden of TB attributable to IAP. Interventions such as clean cook stoves to reduce the adverse effects of IAP merit rigorous evaluation, particularly in Africa and India where the prevalence of IAP and TB is high.
Insect herbivores selectively suppress the HPL branch of the oxylipin pathway in host plants
Authors: Savchenko Tatyana , Pearse Ian S. , Ignatia Laura , Karban Richard , Dehesh Katayoon 
Published: November 2012

SummaryInsect herbivores have developed a myriad of strategies to manipulate the defense responses of their host plants. Here we provide evidence that chewing insects differentially alter the oxylipin profiles produced by the two main and competing branches of the plant defensive response pathway, the allene oxide synthase (AOS) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) branches, which are responsible for wound‐inducible production of jasmonates (JAs), and green leafy volatiles (GLVs) respectively. Specifically, we used three Arabidopsis genotypes that were damaged by mechanical wounding or by insects of various feeding guilds (piercing aphids, generalist chewing caterpillars and specialist chewing caterpillars). We established that emission of GLVs is stimulated by wounding incurred mechanically or by aphids, but release of these volatiles is constitutively impaired by both generalist and specialist chewing insects. Simultaneously, however, these chewing herbivores stimulated JA production, demonstrating targeted insect suppression of the HPL branch of the oxylipin pathway. Use of lines engineered to express HPL constitutively, in conjunction with quantitative RT–PCR‐based expression analyses, established a combination of transcriptional and post‐transcriptional reprogramming of the HPL pathway genes as the mechanistic basis of insect‐mediated suppression of the corresponding metabolites. Feeding studies suggested a potential evolutionary advantage of suppressing GLV production, as caterpillars preferably consumed leaf tissue from plants that had not been primed by these volatile cues.
Enterococcus faecalis Overcomes Foreign Body-Mediated Inflammation To Establish Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Guiton Pascale S. , Hannan Thomas J. , Ford Bradley , Caparon Michael G. , Hultgren Scott J. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT

Urinary catheterization elicits major histological and immunological changes that render the bladder susceptible to microbial invasion, colonization, and dissemination. However, it is not understood how catheters induce these changes, how these changes act to promote infection, or whether they may have any protective benefit. In the present study, we examined how catheter-associated inflammation impacts infection by
Enterococcus faecalis
, a leading cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), a source of significant societal and clinical challenges. Using a recently optimized murine model of foreign body-associated UTI, we found that the implanted catheter itself was the primary inducer of inflammation. In the absence of the silicone tubing implant,
E. faecalis
induced only minimal inflammation and was rapidly cleared from the bladder. The catheter-induced inflammation was only minimally altered by subsequent enterococcal infection and was not suppressed by inhibitors of the neurogenic pathway and only partially by dexamethasone. Despite the robust inflammatory response induced by urinary implantation,
E. faecalis
produced biofilm and high bladder titers in these animals. Induction of inflammation in the absence of an implanted catheter failed to promote infection, suggesting that the presence of the catheter itself is essential for
E. faecalis
persistence in the bladder. Immunosuppression prior to urinary catheterization enhanced
E. faecalis
colonization, suggesting that implant-mediated inflammation contributes to the control of enterococcal infection. Thus, this study underscores the need for novel strategies against CAUTIs that seek to reduce the deleterious effects of implant-mediated inflammation on bladder homeostasis while maintaining an active immune response that effectively limits bacterial invaders.
Major T Cell Response to a Mycolyl Glycolipid Is Mediated by CD1c Molecules in Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Morita Daisuke , Hattori Yuki , Nakamura Takashi , Igarashi Tatsuhiko , Harashima Hideyoshi , Sugita Masahiko 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTHuman CD1b molecules contain a maze of hydrophobic pockets and a tunnel capable of accommodating the unusually long, branched acyl chain of mycolic acids, an essential fatty acid component of the cell wall of mycobacteria. It has been accepted that CD1b-bound mycolic acids constitute a scaffold for mycolate-containing (glyco)lipids stimulating CD1b-restricted T cells. Remarkable homology in amino acid sequence is observed between human and monkey CD1b molecules, and indeed, monkey CD1b molecules are able to bind glucose monomycolate (GMM), a glucosylated species of mycolic acids, and present it to specific human T cellsin vitro. Nevertheless, we found, unexpectedly, thatMycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-vaccinated monkeys exhibited GMM-specific T cell responses that were restricted by CD1c rather than CD1b molecules. GMM-specific, CD1c-restricted T cells were detected in the circulation of all 4 rhesus macaque monkeys tested after but not before vaccination with BCG. The circulating GMM-specific T cells were detected broadly in both CD4+and CD8+cell populations, and upon antigenic stimulation, a majority of the GMM-specific T cells produced both gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), two major host protective cytokines functioning against infection with mycobacteria. Furthermore, the GMM-specific T cells were able to extravasate and approach the site of infection where CD1c+cells accumulated. These observations indicate a previously inconceivable role for primate CD1c molecules in eliciting T cell responses to mycolate-containing antigens.
Picornavirus Modification of a Host mRNA Decay Protein
Authors: Rozovics Janet M. , Chase Amanda J. , Cathcart Andrea L. , Chou Wayne , Gershon Paul D. , Palusa Saiprasad , Wilusz Jeffrey , Semler Bert L. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT

Due to the limited coding capacity of picornavirus genomic RNAs, host RNA binding proteins play essential roles during viral translation and RNA replication. Here we describe experiments suggesting that AUF1, a host RNA binding protein involved in mRNA decay, plays a role in the infectious cycle of picornaviruses such as poliovirus and human rhinovirus. We observed cleavage of AUF1 during poliovirus or human rhinovirus infection, as well as interaction of this protein with the 5′ noncoding regions of these viral genomes. Additionally, the picornavirus proteinase 3CD, encoded by poliovirus or human rhinovirus genomic RNAs, was shown to cleave all four isoforms of recombinant AUF1 at a specific N-terminal site
in vitro
. Finally, endogenous AUF1 was found to relocalize from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in poliovirus-infected HeLa cells to sites adjacent to (but distinct from) putative viral RNA replication complexes.

IMPORTANCE
This study derives its significance from reporting how picornaviruses like poliovirus and human rhinovirus proteolytically cleave a key player (AUF1) in host mRNA decay pathways during viral infection. Beyond cleavage of AUF1 by the major viral proteinase encoded in picornavirus genomes, infection by poliovirus results in the relocalization of this host cell RNA binding protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The alteration of both the physical state of AUF1 and its cellular location illuminates how small RNA viruses manipulate the activities of host cell RNA binding proteins to ensure a faithful intracellular replication cycle.