bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species sensitivity and dependence on exposure conditions impacting the phototoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles to benthic organisms
Authors: Li Shibin , Wallis Lindsay K. , Diamond Stephen A. , Ma Hongbo , Hoff Dale J. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) to aquatic organisms can be greatly increased after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This phenomenon has received some attention for water column species; however, investigations of nano-TiO2 phototoxicity for benthic organisms are still limited. In the present study, bioassays of 3 representative benthic organisms (Hyalella azteca, Lumbriculus variegatus, and Chironomus dilutus) were conducted to evaluate nano-TiO2 phototoxicity. When exposed to 20 mg/L of nano-TiO2 and various light intensities (0–30 W/m2), H. azteca was the most sensitive, with a median lethal dose of 40.7 (95% confidence interval, 36.3–44.7) Wh/m2, and hence is a potential model organism in future toxicological guidelines for photoactive nanomaterials to freshwater benthos. Without the presence of nano-TiO2, no mortality was observed in L. variegatus and C. dilutus exposed to UV intensity ranging from 0 W/m2 to 41 W/m2. However, a sharp drop of H. azteca survival was observed when UV intensity was higher than 9.4 W/m2, demonstrating the importance of UV-only effects on the ultimate phototoxicity of nanomaterials. Furthermore, both bioavailability and surface attachment of nano-TiO2 onto organisms were affected by the exposure scenario, supported by the exposure scenario–dependent phototoxicity seen in H. azteca and C. dilutus. Overall, the present study demonstrates the importance of species sensitivity and exposure scenarios in future test guidelines of nano-phototoxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1563–1569. © 2014 SETAC
Exploring ecotoxicological fish bioassay for the evaluation of uranium reprotoxicity
Authors: Simon Olivier , Floc'h Estelle , Geffroy Benjamin , Frelon Sandrine 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Although reproduction in fish is known to be sensitive to metal exposure, few ecotoxicological studies have focused on the toxicological effects of metals. Because uranium (U) is naturally present in aquatic ecosystems (0.6–2 mg/L), freshwater organisms are subjected to chronic U exposure. Although new standardized assays are currently being developed to mimic realistic exposure conditions, they could be improved by taking into account the contamination that occurs throughout the life cycle of fish. The authors initially evaluated the effect of food (commercial flakes vs pure Spirulina) and ionic composition of the exposure medium on the reproductive performance of Danio rerio. The effects of U exposure on reproduction then were assessed 1) for the F0 adult stage at short exposure times (5 d, 20 d, and 40 d), and 2) for the F0 stage and the F1 generation after 200 d of exposure to control, low (20 µg U/L), and moderate (250 µg U/L) waterborne levels of U. Reproductive endpoints (reproductive success, fecundity, number of spawns, egg and larvae viability, and hatching) were measured mainly after the first spawn and after 10 d of cumulative spawns. The authors evaluated the plasticity of these endpoints and compared the effect of exposure conditions to identify the most relevant markers of the effect of U exposure on reproductive performance of D. rerio. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1817–1824. © 2014 SETAC
Antioxidant capacity of hydrolyzed porcine tissues
Authors: Damgaard Trine D. , Otte Jeanette A. H. , Meinert Lene , Jensen Kirsten , Lametsch René 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe antioxidative capacity of seven different porcine tissue hydrolysates (colon, appendix, rectum, pancreas, heart, liver, and lung) were tested by four different assays, including iron chelation, 2,2′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐(2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and inhibition of lipid oxidation. All hydrolyzed tissues displayed antioxidant capacity in all four assays, with colon, liver, and appendix as the three most potent inhibitors of lipid oxidation (47, 29, and 27 mmol/L trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity [TEAC], respectively) and liver, colon, pancreas, and appendix as the four most potent iron chelators (92% ± 1.1, 79.3% ± 3.2, 77.1% ± 1.8, and 77% ± 2.3, respectively). Furthermore, colon and appendix showed good radical scavenging capacities with ABTS scavenging of 86.4% ± 2.1 and 84.4% ± 2.9 and DPPH scavenging of 17.6% ± 0.3 and 17.1% ± 0.2, respectively. Our results provide new knowledge about the antioxidant capacity of a variety of animal by‐products, which can be transformed into antioxidant hydrolysates, thereby creating added value.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Cooling High Temperature Steel Plate by Single Round Jet Impingement
Authors: Zhou Gang , Wen Zhi , Dou Ruifeng , Su Fuyong , Liu Siqiang , Li Zhi , Feng Xiaohong 
Published: March 2014

The heat transfer characteristics of a single round air jet impingement on a high temperature steel plate were examined experimentally using a single‐point temperature measurement method, incorporated with solving the inverse heat conduction problem. During the experiments, the temperature of the steel plate varied from 1073 K to 373 K, the Reynolds number was set to 27,000, the nozzle to plate spacing was set to 4. The results indicated that the radial distribution of the local Nusselt number is bell‐shaped at the initial stage of the transient cooling process. As the cooling process continues, the local Nusselt numbers decrease and a second peak occurs at r/D = 2. The area averaged Nusselt number are in accordance with the correlation proposed by Hofmann and Martin at first and then decrease significantly, but this trend is not obvious at r/D > 10.
Monitoring the aquatic toxicity of mosquito vector control spray pesticides to freshwater receiving waters
Authors: Phillips Bryn M , Anderson Brian S , Voorhees Jennifer P , Siegler Katie , Denton Debra , TenBrook Patti , Larsen Karen , Isorena Philip , Tjeerdema Ron S 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Pesticides are applied to state and local waterways in California to control insects such as mosquitoes, which are known to serve as a vector for West Nile Virus infection of humans. The California State Water Resources Control Board adopted a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System General Permit to address the discharge to waters of the United States of pesticides resulting from adult and larval mosquito control. Because pesticides used in spray activities have the potential to cause toxicity to nontarget organisms in receiving waters, the current study was designed to determine whether toxicity testing provides additional, useful environmental risk information beyond chemical analysis in monitoring spray pesticide applications. Monitoring included a combination of aquatic toxicity tests and chemical analyses of receiving waters from agricultural, urban, and wetland habitats. The active ingredients monitored included the organophosphate pesticides malathion and naled, the pyrethroid pesticides etofenprox, permethrin, and sumithrin, pyrethrins, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Approximately 15% of the postapplication water samples were significantly toxic. Toxicity of half of these samples was attributed to the naled breakdown product dichlorvos. Toxicity of 2 other water samples likely occurred when PBO synergized the effects of pyrethroid pesticides that were likely present in the receiving system. Four of 43 postapplication sediment samples were significantly more toxic than their corresponding pre-application samples, but none of the observed toxicity was attributed to the application events. These results indicate that many of the spray pesticides used for adult mosquito control do not pose significant acute toxicity risk to invertebrates in receiving systems. In the case of naled in water, analysis of only the active ingredient underestimated potential impacts to the receiving system, because toxicity was attributed to the breakdown product, dichlorvos. Toxicity testing can provide useful risk information about unidentified, unmeasured toxicants or mixtures of toxicants. In this case, toxicity testing provided information that could lead to the inclusion of dichlorvos monitoring as a permit requirement. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:449–455. © 2014 SETAC
Key Points
Toxicity testing identified the potential impacts of the active ingredient breakdown products of pesticides used for mosquito control. This study demonstrated that monitoring for a single active ingredient does not provide a complete picture of potential impacts to receiving systems. Toxicity testing is a tool that integrates effects of the active ingredient and its degradates, formulation components, and any chemical stressors that may already be present in the receiving system.
GAME CHANGERS FOR IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE—DO THE RIGHT INCENTIVES EXIST?
Authors: Bird Jeremy 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTGame changers to achieve sustainable intensification of agriculture are possible in the irrigation sector and they focus mainly on getting more with less. There is, however, still a long way to go to replicate, adapt and develop approaches to take such ideas to scale and increase productivity within existing agricultural water management contexts. Recognizing this, the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) seeks to achieve sustainable intensification through productive and efficient use of resources, restoring the productive capacity of degraded agricultural landscapes and reducing risk and uncertainty through the sustainable management of land and water resources. WLE research has contributed to reductions in fertilizer use through substitution with reused organic waste products, improved groundwater governance in India and changing the policy framework for smallholder farmers in Africa to improve their access to simple water management technologies. Achieving more widespread adoption of these kinds of practices requires evidence which can increase our understanding of the constraints and effectiveness of different options; an openness to explore new and sometimes counter‐intuitive ideas; working across institutional boundaries; consideration of the rainfed to irrigation continuum; and a commitment to provide the necessary policy framework, capacity and resources to support incentives for change. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physico‐chemical properties and in vitro response of silk fibroin from various domestic races
Authors: Kaewprasit Kanyaluk , Promboon Amornrat , Kanokpanont Sorada , Damrongsakkul Siriporn 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this study, the characteristics of silk fibroin films obtained from regenerated aqueous silk fibroin solution of various races were evaluated. Three races based on original sources of silkworms were selected: Nangnoi‐Sisaket 1 (NN), Nakhon Ratchasima 1 (K1), and Nakhon Ratchasima 2 (K8). The Tg and Td of silk fibroin films were around 147–156°C and 277–279°C, respectively. FTIR result revealed that all silk fibroin films had beta sheet conformation. K1 and K8 films were found to be more hydrophilic than NN film. From in vitro tests using L929 mouse fibroblast and rat bone marrow‐derived stem cells (rMSCs), the cell attachment was slightly greater on K1 film than the other two films. The enhanced cell growth on K1 film might be related to its slightly high hydrophilicity and the higher content of serine. The result of osteogenic differentiation test showed that alkaline phosphatase and deposited mineral of rMSCs were higher on all silk fibroin films than on tissue culture plate. K1 film tended to promote osteogenic differentiation of rMSCs to a higher extent than NN and K8 films. K1 silk fibroin film exhibited a higher potential to support cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation than other two films. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1639–1647, 2014.
Clarification of pomegranate juice (Punica Granatum L.) by hollow fibre membranes: analyses of membrane fouling and performance
Authors: Cassano Alfredo , Conidi Carmela , Tasselli Franco 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDMembrane based clarification of fruit juices has become a popular unit operation in modern fruit juice processing industries. In this work modified poly(ether ether ketone) and polysulfone hollow fibre membranes, with high water flux and molecular weight cut‐off, were prepared via the dry‐wet spinning technique through the phase inversion process and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, water permeability and dextran rejection. The prepared membranes were used to clarify pomegranate juice with the aim to preserve the phenolic fraction and to obtain high permeation fluxes. The effect of transmembrane pressure and axial feed velocity on permeation flux and hydraulic resistances of the prepared membranes was investigated.RESULTSPermeate fluxes increased by increasing the axial velocity of the juice. The flow–pressure curves followed the gel‐polarization model. All resistances, with the exception of the membrane resistance increased by increasing the operating pressure and decreased with the axial feed velocity. Polysulfone membranes exhibited higher steady state permeate flux (47 L m−2 h−1) and lower rejection towards flavonoids (24.1%) and phenolic compounds (25.1%) in selected operating conditions.CONCLUSIONPolysulfone membranes were suitable for preserving phenolic compounds in the clarification of pomegranate juice. For these membranes operating conditions giving maximum permeation fluxes and minimum fouling index were identified. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of different TiO2 samples as photocatalyst for the degradation of a mixture of four commercial pesticides
Authors: Vicente Rafael , Soler Juan , Arques Antonio , Amat Ana Maria , Frontistis Zacharias , Xekoukoulotakis Nikos , Mantzavinos Dionissios 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe presence of pesticides in surface and ground waters can trigger serious environmental problems, particularly in those areas where agriculture is the major economic activity. In this respect, photochemical advanced oxidation processes may be employed to decontaminate such matrices.RESULTSSemiconductor photocatalysis was employed to treat a mixture of four commercial pesticides (oxydemethon‐methyl, methidathion, carbaryl and dimethoate at 25 mg L−1 each). Laboratory scale experiments under UV‐A irradiation were performed to evaluate the relative activity of six commercially available titania samples at 0.5 g L−1 concentration, with Evonik P25 (a 75:25 mixture of anatase:rutile) being the most effective one in terms of pesticides degradation. Experiments were then performed in a pilot plant reactor under natural sunlight leading to quantitative removal of pesticides in less than 300 min; this was accompanied by a substantial reduction of acute toxicity to Vibrio fischeri (i.e. from an initial value of 50% to 15%), as well as moderate mineralization, i.e. 40% COD and 25% DOC removal.CONCLUSIONSThe use of sunlight, a renewable energy source, alongside a commercially available, inexpensive and active titania photocatalyst may offer a sustainable treatment option to detoxify this type of wastewater. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Micro‐CT measurements of tumoral vessels supplied by portal circulation in hepatic colorectal metastasis mouse model
Authors: Jun Hong Young , Lee Young Hwan , Juhng Seon Kwan , Lee Myeung Su , Oh Jaemin , Yoon Kwon‐Ha 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to elucidate the micro CT findings of tumoral vessels supplied by portal circulation during establishment of hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer in a mouse model. Hepatic metastases were induced in 15 BALB/c mice through the injection of murine colonic adenocarcinoma tumor cells into the mesenteric vein. Micro‐CT imaging of the tumoral vessels was obtained to clarify the microvascular architecture. We evaluated the sinusoidal structure, diameter of the tumoral vessels (DTV) and blood vessel density (BVD) according to tumor sizes ranging from 201 to 3,000 µm in diameter. A total of 116 tumors were observed on day 15 after cell injection. The mean diameter of a normal hepatic sinusoid was 11.7 ± 2.0 µm on micro CT. The DTV supplied by the portal vein of tumors measuring 1,001–1,500 µm in diameter was greater than that of tumors 200–1,000 µm in diameter. The mean BVD from the portal vein gradually decrease according to size of tumor from 201 to 3,000 µm in diameter (r2 = −0.584, P < 0.01). The characteristics of tumoral vessels supplied by portal circulation during establishment of hepatic colorectal metastases were well visualized with micro‐CT imaging. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:415–421, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorder Comorbidity Among Individuals With Physical Disabilities:Findings From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Authors: Anderson Melissa L. , Ziedonis Douglas M. , Najavits Lisa M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCo‐occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) affects multiple domains of functioning and presents complex challenges to recovery. Using data from the National Comorbidity Study Replication, a national epidemiological study of mental disorders (weighted N = 4,883), the current study sought to determine the prevalence of PTSD and SUD, the symptom presentation of these disorders, and help‐seeking behaviors in relation to PTSD and SUD among individuals with physical disabilities (weighted n = 491; nondisabled weighted n = 4,392). Results indicated that individuals with physical disabilities exhibited higher rates of PTSD, SUD, and comorbid PTSD/SUD than nondisabled individuals. For example, they were 2.6 times more likely to meet criteria for lifetime PTSD, 1.5 times more likely for lifetime SUD, and 3.6 times more likely for lifetime PTSD/SUD compared to their nondisabled peers. Additionally, individuals with physical disabilities endorsed more recent/severe PTSD symptoms and more lifetime trauma events than nondisabled individuals with an average of 5 different trauma events compared to 3 in the nondisabled group. No significant pattern of differences was noted for SUD symptom presentation, or for receipt of lifetime or past‐year PTSD or SUD treatment. Implications of these findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Breast Cancer Patients: Temporal Evolution, Predictors, and Mediation
Authors: Pérez Sandra , Galdón María José , Andreu Yolanda , Ibáñez Elena , Durá Estrella , Conchado Andrea , Cardeña Etzel 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis study (N = 102 women) evaluated the time course of posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS) at different stages of nonmetastastic cancer diagnosis and treatment: during treatment, at the end of treatment, and at a 6–12 months follow‐up. We also assessed the contribution of demographic, trait, and state predictors to PTSS, and coping processes as proximal mediators of the relation between Type C personality and PTSS. Results indicated that PTSS remained constant across all phases. There were significant correlations (range = .28 to .81) between PTSS and psychosocial variables and age, but not with other sociodemographic or medical factors. A linear growth curve model showed that hopelessness/helplessness (B = 1.45) and Type C personality (B = 1.40) were the best predictors of PTSD symptomatology, followed by trait dissociation (B = 0.55), and the coping strategies of anxious preoccupation (B = 1.20), cognitive avoidance (B = 0.91), and symptoms of acute stress disorder (B = 0.19). A mediation model showed that the coping strategies of anxious preoccupation, cognitive avoidance, and helplessness/hopelessness mediated the relationship between Type C personality and PTSS during treatment, posttreatment, and follow‐up. These results clarify the contribution of different predictors of PTSS and can help develop prevention programs.
Negative Cognitions as a Moderator in the Relationship Between PTSD and Substance Use in a Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescent Sample
Authors: Allwood Maureen A. , Esposito‐Smythers Christianne , Swenson Lance P. , Spirito Anthony 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAdolescents exposed to trauma are more likely to engage in alcohol and marijuana use compared to their nontrauma‐exposed counterparts; however, little is known about factors that may moderate these associations. This study examined the potential moderating effect of cognitions relevant to exposure to trauma (i.e., negative view of self, world, and future) in the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis and substance use among a psychiatric inpatient sample of 188 adolescents. Findings were that PTSD diagnosis was not significantly associated with substance‐use diagnoses, but was associated with substance‐use symptoms, accounting for 2.9% and 9.6% of the variance in alcohol and marijuana symptoms, respectively. The association between PTSD diagnosis and substance use symptoms, however, was moderated by negative cognitions, with PTSD and high negative cognitions (but not low negative cognitions) being significantly positively associated with substance use symptoms. The relevant cognitions differed for alcohol symptoms and marijuana symptoms. Children and adolescents who experience trauma and PTSD may benefit from early interventions that focus on cognitive processes as one potential moderator in the development of posttrauma substance use.