bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FOWL SPERM IMMOBILIZATION BY A TEMPERATURE‐MEDIA INTERACTION AND ITS BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Munro S. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. The motility of fowl sperm in vitro depends upon an interplay of temperature and medium of suspension. Most types of synthetic diluents support motility at room temperature but inhibit such at body temperature. The immobilization is not permanent and movement is again resumed when the temperature is lowered. Extremely low temperatures, i.e. just above freezing, also immobilize fowl sperm. Rat and guinea‐pig sperm, on the other hand, are most active at body temperatures in the same synthetic diluents and are only immobilized by low temperatures, reactions which, according to the literature, appear to be generally characteristic of mammalian sperm.2. Among natural fluids, sperm serum, blood serum, thin egg white and fluid from the shell gland support the motility of fowl sperm at all levels from 75° F. to 105° F. On the other hand, juice from the magnum or the infundibulum behave as synthetic diluents, immobilizing sperm at 105° F. but supporting motility at lower temperatures.3. The facts summarized in (1) show that fowl sperm activity is under a delicate physiological control not operative in the rat or guineapig. This, together with the results summarized in (2), suggest that fowl sperm are motile in the shell gland of the female but are immobilized without injury to their functional abilities while in the magnum and infundibulum.4. These suggestions are discussed in relation to the observations of other workers, and it is shown that not only are they tenable in the light of these reports but they actually support and logically integrate certain previously disconcerting findings.5. The exact nature of the immobilizing mechanism is not clear, but it probably depends upon a complicated interaction between temperature, type, and pH level of the fluid environment.
THE RÔLE OF GONADOTROPIC HORMONE IN THE MAINTENANCE OF LUTEAL FUNCTION
Authors: Robson J. M. 
Published: December 2014

Pseudo‐pregnant rabbits were hypophysectomized and the luteal function was maintained for 3 days by the administration of œstrin. Gonadotropic hormone from human pregnancy urine was then injected in doses which maintain the luteal function when given to pseudopregnant animals immediately after hypophysectomy, but it failed to maintain the luteal function.As it has been previously shown that the capacity of the ovary to respond to stimulation by gonadotropic hormone rapidly decreases after removal of the pituitary, it is suggested that the failure of gonadotropic hormone to maintain the luteal function in the present experiments is due to its failure to induce œstrin secretion by the ovary, and that normally gonadotropic hormone controls the luteal function through the secretion of œstrin and not by any direct action on the corpora lutea. The relevance of these findings to the problem of the existence of one or more gonadotropic hormones is discussed.When œstrin is injected into rabbits in which ovulation has been induced after hypophysectomy, active corpora lutea develop.The synthetic œstrogenic substance triphenyl ethylene can maintain the luteal function in hypophysectomized rabbits.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Medical Research Council.
ANTAGONISM OF THE VAGINAL ACTION OF TRIPHENYL ETHYLENE BY PROGESTERONE AND TESTOSTERONE
Authors: Robson J. M. 
Published: December 2014

The vaginal cornification produced by the synthetic œstrogen, triphenyl ethylene, in spayed mice is inhibited when progesterone or testosterone propionate is simultaneously administered. Testosterone is more effective than progesterone in producing this inhibition, and the results are quantitatively similar to those obtained for the antagonism between the naturally occurring œstrogen, œstrone, and progesterone and testosterone.The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed by a grant from the Medical Research Council.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON BLOOD‐CLOTTING
Authors: Clark G. A. , Gaiunt R. T. , Timperley W. A. 
Published: December 2014

A technique is described for measuring clotting time in anœsthetized cats.Methods are given for preparing a substance (or substances) from egg‐white which will lower the clotting time in vivo but not in vitro. Heparin prevents the action.The slight increase in platelets observed is probably due to a contaminant.We wish to express our thanks to Mr. J. A. Freeman, chief chemist of Messrs. Parke, Davis and Co. Ltd., at Hounslow, for preparing much of the material.The expenses of this research were defrayed in part by a grant from the Medical Research Council, from whom W. A. T. has also received a personal grant.
THE USEFULNESS OF GUM ARABIC AS AN INFUSION LIQUID
Authors: Maas J. A. 
Published: December 2014

It may be concluded from the above experiments that to the dangers connected with a gum infusion already known, a new one has been added, namely, the possibility of a calcium fixation in the blood. This occurs especially if a pure arabinate of sodium is used. With gum of unknown origin an interchange of Ca is possible. Furthermore, ions adsorbed on the arabinate molecule, like K and Mg, may easily change with Na‐ions of the plasma and cause a disturbance of the physiological balance of the plasma‐ions with consequent effects upon the heart. We found a pure Ca‐arabinate to be harmless to rabbits.The statement of Bayliss [1920] that “there is no need to add any Ca salt to gum saline, since the gum itself contains sufficient” is incorrect, and either he must have been fortunate in the sample he examined or possibly his practice of dissolving the gum in tap‐water (London tap‐water contains considerable quantities of Ca) was responsible.
THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF KETOSIS AND ACIDOSIS IN THE PRODUCTION OF DIABETIC COMA
Authors: Schneider R. , Droller H. 
Published: December 2014

1. Acetoacetic acid and its sodium salt administered by continuous intravenous infusion to rabbits produced a state resembling diabetic coma with normal or relatively high alkali reserves.2. β‐hydroxybutyric acid did not produce coma even at low alkali reserves.3. Hydrochloric acid with one exception produced coma only at low alkali reserves.4. It is concluded that diabetic coma is due in the main to a specific intoxication by the acetoacetic anion.The authors desire to express their thanks to Professor E. J. Wayne at whose suggestion the work was undertaken, and to both him and Dr. H. A. Krebs for valuable advice and criticism: the latter also for the preparation of β‐hydroxybutyric and acetoacetic acid.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BLOOD‐PERFUSED LUNGS OF THE DOG, GUINEA‐PIG, AND MACACUS RHESUS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO “SPONTANEOUS” LUNG MOVEMENTS
Authors: De Burgh Daly I. 
Published: December 2014

The interpretation of venous outflow changes in organs perfused at constant volume inflow is discussed.The recording system itself may be responsible for changes in venous outflow when a physiological alteration in inflow pressure takes place. The main error introduced is due to capacity changes in the manometer used for measuring the inflow pressure, and is such that if a pressor response is accompanied by a venous outflow augmentation, both being due to physiological events, the latter may be masked, or even reversed by reason of the transfer of a portion of the circulating fluid to the manometer.
A SIMPLIFIED HEART OXYGENATOR CIRCUIT FOR BLOODFED HEARTS
Authors: Bogue J. Yule , Gregory R. A. 
Published: December 2014

A simplified form of the Evans, Grande, and Hsu constant level pump heart oxygenator preparation is described in which the dead space has been considerably reduced.The blood‐flow through the oxygenator is kept constant by means of a pump, and is not dependent upon the cardiac output. It is possible to make the preparation using the same dog as bleeder and experimental animal.We wish to express our thanks to Professor C. Lovatt Evans for his kindness and help and the provision of every facility in this work.We are indebted to the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society for a grant to one of us (J. Y. B.), and to the Thomas Smythe Hughes Fund for a grant to R. A. G., from which grants the cost of animals was met.
THE VISCO‐ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE LUNGS
Authors: Bayliss L. E. , Robertson G. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. The pressure required to distend the lungs under any given conditions may be divided into two parts: (a) a pressure which is positive during both inspiration and expiration (the elastic pressure), and (b) a pressure which is positive in inspiration and negative in expiration (the viscous pressure). The presence of the latter results in work being done during each complete cycle of inspiration and expiration.2. A method is described whereby these two pressures may be independently evaluated under certain conditions. A special pump has been designed for this purpose and is described.3. The elastic and viscous pressures developed per unit volume of tidal air are defined as the “elastance” and “viscance” respectively.4. The viscance may be further divided into (a) that part which is due to the flow of the air through the air passages, and (b) that part which is due to the deformation of the lung structures. These may be independently evaluated by ventilating the lungs with an O2‐H2 mixture instead of air.5. Of the total pressure required to distend the lungs at a frequency of 18 respirations per minute, the elastance contributes 80 per cent., the structure viscance 15 per cent., and the air viscance 5 per cent.6. The structure viscance is more or less independent of the frequency of respiration over the range of frequencies used: the phase angle of the lung substance as a visco‐elastic system is thus sensibly independent of the frequency. The air viscance increases in proportion to the frequency, as is to be expected theoretically.7. A preliminary study has been made of the action of vagal stimulation and of the administration of pilocarpine, histamine, adrenaline, and acetylcholine. In nearly every case there was a simultaneous action on both elastance and viscance, but histamine and adrenaline, on occasion, increased the elastance without having any action on the viscance, and pilocarpine and adrenaline, on occasion, increased the viscance without having any action on the elastance.8. No evidence could be obtained that pilocarpine had any effect on the air viscance, its action being exerted mainly, or entirely, on the elastance and the structure viscance.
THE PROBABLE ERROR OF BLOOD‐PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Shock Nathan W. , Ogden Eric , Heck Kathryn 
Published: December 2014

Statistical analysis of 16,320 blood‐pressure measurements by three observers on 130 subjects has led to the following conclusions applicable to the conditions, subjects, and observers detailed in the text:—1. When the effects of temporal differences and differences between the two arms are eliminated, systematic differences between the observers in this experiment are insignificant.2. Significant differences in the variability of determination made by different observers were found.3. The probable error of measurement of a single blood‐pressure observation is 1·2–1·8 mm. for systolic pressures and 1·8–2.· mm. for diastolic pressures when readings are made under conditions of rest and adequate time is permitted for the establishment of postural equilibrium.4. The gain in precision obtained by averaging successive readings is greater for diastolic pressure than systolic pressure.5. An average of more than 5 observations of blood‐pressure does not result in a useful gain in precision.Grateful acknowledgment is made by the authors to the Works Progress Administration (O.P. No. 465–03–3–631, Unit A‐8) for clerical assistance in the analysis of the data. For statistical advice and criticism of the manuscript we are indebted to Dr. Herbert S. Conrad and Dr. Robert C. Tryon.
RHYTHMICITY AND AUTOMATISM IN THE MAMMALIAN LEFT AURICLE
Authors: Rothberger C. J. , Sachs A. 
Published: December 2014

1. Automaticity and responsiveness to various pharmacological agents were examined in isolated muscular strips from the outer wall of the left auricle of mammalian hearts. Simultaneous mechanical and electrical recording was often employed.2. Of 65 preparations studied, 7 beat spontaneously; the others remained quiescent except for occasional isolated contractions. Fifteen were histologically examined (Professor Aschoff); none of them, even those which contracted rhythmically spontaneously, contained specific nodal tissue.3. The strips responded to single condenser discharges or to continued faradic stimulation. The response sometimes outlasted the period of stimulation.4. Adrenaline increased the number and force of the irregular contractions and sometimes produced rhythmic activity. Previous treatment with adrenaline facilitated the setting up of regular rhythmic response to single electrical stimuli.5. Histamine in larger initial doses often, but not invariably, produced rhythmic activity.6. Barium invariably produced rhythmic activity. Calcium abolished spontaneous contractions and prevented the rhythmic response to histamine.7. Strophanthin did not produce rhythmic responses.8. Veratrine and aconitine always produced rhythmic activity of high frequency.9. In man, under pathological conditions, the left auricle may possibly initiate single auricular extra‐systoles and maintain rhythmic activity.We express our thanks to Professor Samson Wright for his help in preparing this paper for the press.
DURATIONS OF RESPONSES TO ADRENALINE, TYRAMINE, AND EPHEDRINE
Authors: Clark A. J. , Raventos J. 
Published: December 2014

1. The relation between concentration and duration of action of adrenaline acting on the frog's auricle wetted with a small amount of solution indicates that the adrenaline is oxidised by a tissue catalyst. The rate of destruction varies as the concentration and the time of half oxidation is about 60 secs.2. A comparison of the dosage‐duration curves obtained in the cat with adrenaline before and after pyrogallol and with ephedrine indicates that the duration is limited by two mechanisms, namely, oxidation and, in addition, some other mechanism which does not depend on the lability of the drug.3. The relation between dosage of adrenaline (below 3 µg./kg.) and the duration of action on the cat's blood‐pressure and nictitating membrane and gut indicates that the amount of adrenaline destroyed per unit of time varies as the concentration and that half‐destruction occurs in the tissues in about 20 secs.4. When the dosage of adrenaline exceeds 3 µg./ kg. the amount destroyed is between 0·1 and 0·2, Lg./ µg/kg. per sec., and this amount does not change when the dosage is increased.5. The curves relating the concentration (or dosage) and the duration of action of tyramine on the wetted frog's auricle and on the cat's blood‐pressure are similar in shape to those obtained with adrenaline. Tyramine is inactivated about five times more rapidly than is adrenaline.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Research Fund of Edinburgh University, and one of the authors (J. R.) is in receipt of a grant from Messrs. Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. We desire to express our thanks for this help.
THE PARASYMPATHETIC‐LIKE EFFECT OF SPLANCHNIC NERVE STIMULATION ON PANCREATIC SECRETION
Authors: Babkin B. P. , Hebb Catherine O. , Sergeyeva Maria A. 
Published: December 2014

1. A secretion comparable to that elicited by vagal stimulation is produced by activation of the secretory fibres, which are conveyed by the splanchnic nerves to the acinous cells of the pancreas in the dog and the cat. It can be arrested by an appropriate dose of atropine, and enhanced by the administration of physostigmine or pilocarpine but not of cocaine. The effect of electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerves cannot be simulated by adrenaline administration. The physiological results are supported by histological findings.2. The splanchnic secretory fibres pass without synaptic relay through the cœliac ganglion, as was revealed in experiments in which the ganglion was painted with nicotine, but after intravenous injection of nicotine, stimulation of these nerves produces no secretory effect.3. After stimulation of the splanchnic nerves with an induction current the venous blood of the pancreatic gland contains a substance whose properties are similar to those of acetylcholine, from which it may be concluded that the secretory sympathetic fibres to the pancreas are of a cholinergic nature.Part of this work was carried out with the aid of a grant received by one of us (M. A. S.) from the Ella Sachs Plotz Foundation, whose assistance is gratefully acknowledged.
THE NERVOUS CONTROL OF THE BLOOD‐FLOW THROUGH THE SKIN AS STUDIED BY THE EFFECT OF ADRENALINE
Authors: Goetz Robert H. 
Published: December 2014

The effect of intravenous injections of adrenaline on the cat's paw vessels has been investigated with a special type of optical plethysmographic method. The method is described. Changes in the paw volume are considered to be mainly, if not solely, due to changes in the skin vessels.In the animal kept warm, under normal laboratory conditions, adrenaline from the smallest effective to the largest applied doses always produced a constriction of the paw vessels, irrespective of the effect of adrenaline on the blood pressure, which may be pressor or depressor. A marked constriction of the paw vessels is seen after doses which do not alter the blood pressure.Since the blood pressure may reach a considerable height, or even its maximum, before any constriction can be detected, and since a constriction of the paw vessels is seen even if the blood pressure falls, it is concluded (1) that the reaction of the skin vessels does not play such a deciding part in producing the first elevation of the blood pressure after adrenaline injections as is usually accepted, and (2) that adrenaline acts much more in the sense of a blood distributor than blood‐pressure augmentor. This is confirmed by the effect of adrenaline injections in the cooled animal, where the constriction of the paw vessels is suppressed and an increase in paw volume can be registered. It is argued that the functional state of the paw vessels is responsible for the change in the reaction, and that the adrenaline reaction is subordinate to those reactions on the skin vessels which control the body temperature, as already recognised for the muscle vessels.The increase in paw volume which has been observed under certain conditions is neither increased by eserine nor abolished by atropine; hence it is not cholinergic in type. It is, however, suppressed by ergotamine. The probable underlying physiological reaction in the increase in paw volume is discussed.All the reactions registered by the plethysmograph have been confirmed by the observed changes in the skin temperature.Part of this research was carried out while the author was in the Department of Physiology, Edinburgh. The author is much indebted to Professor I. de Burgh Daly for his hospitality, constant advice, and the interest taken in this work.It is with pleasure that I put on record my indebtedness to Professor C.F.M. Saint for his interest and constant help.The expenses of the research have been defrayed by the Marais Fund, for which help I express my thanks.
THE MOVEMENTS OF THE POUCHES OF THE STOMACH OF SHEEP
Authors: Phillipson A. T. 
Published: December 2014

1. The cycle of contraction in the reticulo‐rumen sac of sheep is very regular, and occurs at intervals of 50 to 70 seconds. At times this interval is longer.2. The reticulum has a two‐stage contraction, the second contraction being superimposed upon the first. Varying degrees of relaxation often occur between the two stages.3. The cycle of contraction in the rumen follows the two‐stage contraction of the reticulum in a regular manner. Under certain conditions the rumen will continue to contract in an irregular manner when the contractions of the reticulum are at a standstill.4. Either two or four contractions of the rumen occur to every two‐stage contraction of the reticulum. These contractions are alternately in the dorsal and the ventral sac.5. Variations of these cycles occurring frequently are two contractions followed by one contraction of the rumen to two consecutive two‐stage contractions of the reticulum, and four contractions followed by two.6. None of these cycles are absolute and all may break temporarily.7. Changes in shape and position of the omasum can be seen radiologically. Blobs of barium, and quick‐moving trickles of barium have been seen to pass from the omasum to the abomasum. The passage of blobs occurs after a contraction of the reticulum, but the passage of the quick‐moving trickles may occur at any time.8. The body of the abomasum is lifted upwards in an anterior direction with each contraction of the reticulum, and its contents are moved towards the pyloric antrum. This action initiates waves of peristalsis in the pyloric antrum at regular intervals.9. Barium can be seen in the duodenum within five minutes of feeding a barium meal to a young lamb from a bottle.10. The interval of time between the contractions of the reticulum is increased after the lamb has drunk a meal of milk from a bottle.11. The introduction of fluid directly into the abomasum through an abomasal fistula temporarily increases the interval of time between the contractions of the reticulum; if sufficient fluid is introduced, the contractions of the reticulum are stopped for longer periods, the length of which depends upon the amount introduced.12. The application of direct pressure inside the abomasum by inflating a balloon placed inside that organ prevents contraction of the reticulum for apparently indefinite intervals so long as the pressure is maintained. This reflex supports the theory that food passes to the omasum and abomasum during every contraction of the reticulum, and indicates that the reticulum is the chief organ concerned with the onward passage of food through the stomachs.
EXPERIMENTAL HEART‐FAILURE IN RABBITS
Authors: Armstrong T. G. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effect of injecting Dakin's fluid and iodine into the pericardium of the rabbit is described.2. The resulting changes are shown to be caused by heart failure, and not by inflammation and lymphatic obstruction as heretofore believed.3. The preparation is a simple method of producing experimental failure of the heart.4. In these animals, in addition to a rise of venous pressure, a reduction of the pressure gradient in the veins was demonstrated.5. During the course of the heart failure the arterial pressure remained constant.6. From investigation of the protein content of the effusions the conclusion was drawn that too rigid an interpretation of the characters of transudates and exudates cannot be accepted. In the type of heart failure under discussion the effusions have the characteristics normally ascribed to exudates.
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY FISTULAE SUITABLE FOR SMALL LABORATORY ANIMALS
Authors: Peacock P. R. 
Published: December 2014

Operations are described for the collection of daily samples of bile from rabbits and fowls:(1) In the operation for rabbits, a collecting balloon is connected with the gall‐bladder by means of a canula and rubber tubing, all of which are placed in the peritoneal cavity. A second collecting tube leads from the balloon to the surface, through a stab wound (fig. 1).Alternatively, a collecting balloon of special shape is placed partly in the peritoneal cavity and partly in the subcutaneous tissues; bile is collected by aspirating the contents of the subcutaneous part of the balloon through the skin (fig. 2).(2) In the case of fowls, the collecting balloon is placed in the subcutaneous tissues, and is connected with the gall‐bladder by means of a single rubber tube and canula. Bile is collected by aspirating the contents of the balloon through the skin (fig. 3).Rabbits and fowls both yield bile samples of about 5 ml. to 15 ml. daily, for about four weeks after this operation, and remain in good health for periods of a year and more.