bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Permeability changes in simulated granite faults during and after frictional sliding
Authors: Tanikawa W. , Tadai O. , Mukoyoshi H. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThermal–hydrological–mechanical coupling processes suggest that fault permeability should undergo dynamic change as a result of seismic slip. In igneous rocks, a fault's slip surface may have much higher permeability than the surrounding rock matrix and therefore operate as a conduit for fluids. We conducted laboratory experiments to investigate changes in fracture permeability (or transmissivity) of a fault in granite due to shear slip and cyclic heating and cooling. Our experiments showed that high initial fracture transmissivity (>10−18 m3) was associated with a high friction coefficient and that transmissivity decreased during slip. We propose that this reduction in transmissivity reflects the presence of gouge in fracture voids, increasing the area of contact in the fault plane and reducing the hydraulic aperture. In contrast, when initial fracture transmissivity was low (<10−18 m3), we observed that friction was lower and transmissivity increased during slip. The high transmissivity and high friction may be explained by large areas of bare rock being in contact on the slip surface. Slip velocity had little influence on the evolution of permeability, probably because gouge produced at different slip velocities had similar grain size distributions, or because gouge leaked from the slip surface. Transmissivity decreased with increasing temperature in heating tests, probably due to thermal expansion increasing normal stress on the fracture. Frictional heating did not influence transmissivity during the shearing tests.
The Effects of Calcium‐to‐Phosphorus Ratio on the Densification and Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite Ceramic
Authors: Tan Chou Yong , Singh Ramesh , Teh Yee Ching , Tan Yoke Meng , Yap Boon Kar 
Published: May 2014

In this work, hydroxyapatite (HA) powders were synthesized using calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 and orthophosphoric acid H3PO4 via wet chemical precipitation method in aqueous medium. Calcium‐to‐phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio was set to 1.57, 1.67, 1.87 that yield calcium‐deficient HA, stoichiometric HA, and calcium‐rich HA, respectively. These synthesized HA powders (having different Ca/P ratio) were characterized in terms of particle size and microstructural examination. Then, the densification and mechanical properties of the calcium‐deficient HA, stoichiometric HA, and calcium‐rich HA were evaluated from 1000 to 1350°C. Experimental results have shown that no decomposition of hydroxyapatite phase was observed for stoichiometric HA (Ca/P = 1.67) and calcium‐deficient HA (Ca/P = 1.57) despite sintered at high temperature of 1300°C. However, calcium oxide (CaO) was detected for calcium‐rich HA (Ca/P = 1.87) when samples sintered at the same temperature. The study revealed that the highest mechanical properties were found in stoichiometric HA samples sintered at 1100–1150°C, having relative density of ~99.8%, Young's modulus of ~120 GPa, Vickers hardness of ~7.23 GPa, and fracture toughness of ~1.22 MPam1/2.
Upper bounds for heuristic approaches to the strip packing problem
Authors: Buchwald Torsten , Scheithauer Guntram 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe consider the 2D and 3D strip packing problem (SPP): given a set of rectangular items and a strip, find the minimal height needed to pack all items. Rotation of the items is not permitted. We present an algorithm for the 2D SPP, which improves the packing of the well‐known FFDH heuristic and state theoretical results for this algorithm. Furthermore, we prove new upper bounds for the 3D SPP in special cases. Moreover, we present an implementation of the FFDH heuristic for the 3D case, which is used to construct a new algorithm, called COMB‐3D heuristic, with absolute performance ratio of at most 5. Based on the new algorithm, we also prove a general upper bound for the optimal height, which depends on the continuous lower bound and the maximum height lower bound, and we show that the combination of both lower bounds also has an absolute worst‐case performance ratio of at most 5.
Cyclically‐Neutral Generational Accounting
Authors: Bonin Holger , Patxot Concepció , Souto Guadalupe 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis paper introduces a key methodological innovation into generational accounting. By incorporating cyclically‐adjusted balances into the forward‐looking budget projections underlying the concept, we isolate pure policy effects, which render comparisons of the fiscal sustainability indicators obtained across time and countries truly meaningful. We also show that a demographic effect and a debt effect may drive fiscal sustainability measures over time, and establish a routine to control for these effects in the generational accounting framework. An empirical application for Spain illustrates that our proposed decomposition of indicators is empirically relevant. Standard generational accounting suggests that fiscal sustainability in Spain improved substantially in preparing for EMU. However, calculation of the pure policy effects reveals that this has not been the case.
Practitioner Review: Evaluation of the known behavioral heterogeneity in conduct disorder to improve its assessment and treatment
Authors: Klahr Ashlea M. , Burt S. Alexandra 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundConduct Disorder (CD) is among the most highly represented diagnostic problems in child and adolescent mental health treatment settings. There is a great deal of heterogeneity within the CD category, with potentially important implications for case conceptualization and treatment. The current review sought to detail forms of heterogeneity within CD, including callous‐unemotional traits, comorbid Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), aggressive and nonaggressive antisocial behavior, and age of onset.MethodsThe current review summarizes research on etiological factors, correlates, and trajectories associated with distinguishable dimensions of CD, and considers how this heterogeneity should be incorporated into the assessment and treatment of CD.ResultsCallous‐unemotional traits have been associated with a more severe and persistent form of CD, as have comorbid ADHD and child‐onset CD. Aggressive antisocial behavior is a stable behavioral dimension that emerges in early childhood and is associated with high levels of neuroticism. Nonaggressive antisocial behavior demonstrates specific associations with impulsivity, is most frequent during adolescence, and evidences more moderate levels of stability.ConclusionsConduct disorder is a highly heterogeneous disorder. Although the clinical implications of this heterogeneity are discussed, future research is clearly needed to shore up our understanding of the clinical ramifications of the sub‐dimensions within CD.
Heterogeneity and plasticity in the development of language: a 17‐year follow‐up of children referred early for possible autism
Authors: Pickles Andrew , Anderson Deborah K. , Lord Catherine 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundDelayed, abnormal language is a common feature of autism and language therapy often a significant component of recommended treatment. However, as with other disorders with a language component, we know surprisingly little about the language trajectories and how varied these might be across different children. Thus, we know little about how and when language problems might resolve, whether there are periods of relative stability or lack of change and what periods might offer more favourable circumstances for intervention.MethodsExpressive and receptive language was measured on six occasions between age 2 and 19 on a cohort of 192 children initially referred for autism. Latent class growth models were fitted to characterize the patterns of heterogeneous development.ResultsLatent class growth analysis identified seven classes. Between age 6 and 19, all classes tracked in parallel. Between ages 2 and 6, development was more heterogeneous with considerable variation in relative progress. In all groups, receptive and expressive language developed very largely in tandem.ConclusionsThe results confirmed previous analysis of children with specific language impairment where progress beyond age 6 was remarkably uniform. Greater variation was evident before this age with some groups making clearly better or worse progress compared to others. While this developmental heterogeneity may simply be a reflection of variation in preexisting and unchanging biological disposition, it may also reflect, at least in part, greater sensitivity in the early years to environments that are more or less supportive of language development. These findings contribute to the case for the importance of early intervention.
Investigation of the Background of Greening of Fatty Goose Liver (Foie Gras) during Prolonged Frozen Storage under Vacuum
Authors: Szabó András , Áprily Szilvia , Kacsala László , Vajda Tamás , Rekedtné‐Fekete Evelin , Bónai András , Toldi Mária , Romvári Róbert 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDuring vacuum‐packaged frozen storage of fatty goose liver (“foie gras”), a yet unknown, but fully reversible (package opening and thawing), greening was found at a Hungarian processing plant. Laboratory analysis revealed hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and remnant blood in 35 livers. Microbial spoilage was under the limit of detection for H2S‐producing strains. In liver homogenates and in thawing exudates, sulfhemoglobin was found and confirmed (acid‐alkali reactions), with spectrophotometric analysis. Slaughtered geese are chilled to 2C (24 h) in a non‐eviscerated condition to maintain liver shape. With logistic regression, the H2S (most probably from the intestinal tract) was of primary importance in the green color development. In an experimental group (n = 10) dissected after 2 h of body chilling, H2S was absent in the liver. Results indicate that intestinal tract‐originated H2S is diffusing the fattened goose liver, leading to a color defect of a delicatesse, without consumer health risks.Practical ApplicationsHungary leads the world's “foie gras” production, and a rarely occurring production‐technology‐associated green color defect negatively affects product perception. Fattened, slaughtered geese are chilled to 2C for 24 h in a non‐eviscerated form to keep liver intact during dissection. Based on the industrial observations and analytical results, foie gras contains sulfhemoglobin, a non‐toxic, green pigment, which is sensitive towards oxidative stimuli. The color defect occurs only in frozen‐stored and vacuum‐packaged livers. After excluding microbiological spoilage and proving the presence of sulfhemoglobin, we suggest the application of an oxidative packaging technology, e.g., modified atmosphere. Further conditions possibly precluding the formation of sulfhemoglobin may be fresh, warm dissection (immediately after slaughter) or the improvement of the efficacy of bleeding during slaughter. Though the green pigment has no consumer health risk, its full elimination would positively affect the quality of a high‐value delicatesse.
Sleep–Wake Disturbances in Sedentary Community‐Dwelling Elderly Adults with Functional Limitations
Authors: Vaz Fragoso Carlos A. , Miller Michael E. , Fielding Roger A. , King Abby C. , Kritchevsky Stephen B. , McDermott Mary M. , Myers Valerie , Newman Anne B. , Pahor Marco , Gill Thomas M. ,   Lifestyle Interventions and Independence in Elder Study Group
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesTo evaluate sleep–wake disturbances in sedentary community‐dwelling elderly adults with functional limitations.DesignCross‐sectional.SettingLifestyle Interventions and Independence in Elder (LIFE) Study.ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling persons (mean age 78.9) who spent fewer than 20 min/wk in the previous month engaged in regular physical activity and fewer than 125 min/wk of moderate physical activity, and had a Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score of <10 (N = 1,635).MeasurementsMobility was evaluated according to 400‐m walk time (slow gait speed defined as <0.8 m/s) and SPPB score (≤7 defined moderate to severe mobility impairment). Physical inactivity was defined according to sedentary time, as a percentage of accelerometry wear time with activity of <100 counts/min; participants in the top quartile of sedentary time were classified as having a high sedentary time. Sleep–wake disturbances were evaluated using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) (range 0–28; ≥8 defined insomnia), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) (range 0–24; ≥10 defined daytime drowsiness), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (range 0–21; >5 defined poor sleep quality), and Berlin Questionnaire (high risk of sleep apnea).ResultsPrevalence rates were 43.5% for slow gait speed and 44.7% for moderate to severe mobility impairment, with 77.0% of accelerometry wear time spent as sedentary time. Prevalence rates were 33.0% for insomnia, 18.1% for daytime drowsiness, 47.8% for poor sleep quality, and 32.9% for high risk of sleep apnea. Participants with insomnia had a mean ISI score of 12.1, those with daytime drowsiness had a mean ESS score of 12.5, and those with poor sleep quality had a mean PSQI score of 9.2. In adjusted models, measures of mobility and physical inactivity were generally not associated with sleep–wake disturbances, using continuous or categorical variables.ConclusionIn a large sample of sedentary community‐dwelling elderly adults with functional limitations, sleep–wake disturbances were prevalent but only mildly severe and were generally not associated with mobility impairment or physical inactivity.
Emergency Department and Outpatient Treatment of Acute Injuries in Older Adults in the United States: 2009–2010
Authors: Betz Marian E. , Ginde Adit A. , Southerland Lauren T. , Caterino Jeffrey M. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesWe sought to describe epidemiological patterns of acute injuries treated in emergency department (ED) and outpatient primary care settings in the United States.DesignRetrospective cross‐sectional analysis of data from the 2009 and 2010 National Health Care Surveys.SettingEmergency departments and outpatient primary care clinics.ParticipantsOlder adults (≥65) with initial visits for acute injuries.MeasurementsFrequencies and incidence rates of medically attended injury according to participant characteristics and care setting.ResultsOf the 19.7 million medically attended acute injuries in older adults in 2009–10, 50% were treated at EDs and 50% at outpatient primary care clinics. The annual incidence rate of medically attended injuries rose with age, from 20.8 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 17.0–24.6) per 100 in those aged 65 to 74 to 41.5 (95% CI = 33.5–49.4) per 100 for those aged 85 and older. Of injury‐related ED visits, 60% occurred outside standard business hours, 36% were triaged as low acuity, and 25% resulted in admission. Only 9% of injury‐related primary care visits had injury prevention counseling documented.ConclusionMedically attended injuries area common in older adults, and their incidence increases with advancing age. Half of all initial visits for acute injuries in older adults are to primary care clinics. Most injured individuals are discharged home, and injury prevention counseling is rarely documented. To inform injury prevention efforts appropriately and to avoid underestimating the burden of injury, future injury studies should include a range of outpatient and inpatient care settings.
Health literacy issues surrounding weight management among African American women: a mixed methods study
Authors: James D. C. S. , Harville C. , Efunbumi O. , Martin M. Y. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with limited health literacy (LHL) have poorer health outcomes and have difficulty understanding and complying with recommendations to maintain a healthy lifestyle. The present study examined the association between health literacy (HL) and sources of dieting information, the weight‐loss methods used and the information needed to manage weight among African American women.MethodsThis mixed method study included seven focus groups and a survey of 413 African American women. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between HL category and sources of dieting information, weight‐loss methods and information needed to lose weight. Thematic analysis was used to analyse focus group data.ResultsWomen with LHL were significantly more likely to have a higher body mass index (BMI) than those with AHL (P < 0.05). Compared to respondents with LHL, those with adequate health literacy (AHL) are more likely to rely on information obtained from the Internet (P < 0.001), although they are less likely to rely on information obtained from the television (P < 0.05). They also are significantly more likely to participate in physical activity to lose weight (P ≤ 0.002). In addition, women with AHL were significantly less likely to want information on portion control (P = 0.002). Major qualitative themes were the importance of television and the Internet as major sources of health information, the use of healthy and unhealthy weight‐loss methods, and being overwhelmed by the plethora of dieting information.ConclusionsHL may affect BMI among AA women, where they access dieting information and the types of information needed to manage their weight.
An evaluation of the quality of Emergency Nurse Practitioner services for patients presenting with minor injuries to one rural urgent care centre in the UK: a descriptive study
Authors: McDevitt Joe , Melby Vidar 
Published: June 2014

Aims and objectivesTo evaluate the quality of the emergency nurse practitioner service provided to people presenting to a rural urgent care centre with minor injuries. The three objectives that were focused were an evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of the emergency nurse practitioner service, an assessment of patients' satisfaction with the emergency nurse practitioner service and a determination of factors that may enhance the quality of the emergency nurse practitioner service.BackgroundUrgent care centres have become increasingly prevalent across the UK. Emergency nurse practitioner services at these rural urgent care centres remain largely unevaluated. This study attempts to redress this deficit by evaluating the quality of an emergency nurse practitioner service in relation to the care of patients presenting with minor injuries to a rural urgent care centre.DesignThis descriptive study used a case‐note review and a survey design with one open‐ended exploratory question.MethodsPatient views were collected using a self‐completed questionnaire and a data extraction tool to survey patients' case notes retrospectively.ResultsDespite comparatively low total length‐of‐stay times, most patients felt they had enough time to discuss things fully with the emergency nurse practitioner. Although emergency nurse practitioners routinely impart injury advice, feedback from some patients suggests a need for the provision of more in‐depth information regarding their injury. The vast majority (97·3%) of patients felt that the quality of the emergency nurse practitioner service was of a high standard. Contrary to some other studies, the findings in this study indicate that patient satisfaction is not influenced by waiting times.ConclusionsEmergency nurse practitioners in rural urgent care centres have the potential to deliver a safe and effective quality service that is reflected in high levels of patient satisfaction.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study provides some evidence to support the continued expansion of the emergency nurse practitioner service in rural settings in the UK.
A Crisis of Banks as Liquidity Providers
Authors: ACHARYA VIRAL V. , MORA NADA 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTCan banks maintain their advantage as liquidity providers when exposed to a financial crisis? While banks honored credit lines drawn by firms during the 2007 to 2009 crisis, this liquidity provision was only possible because of explicit, large support from the government and government‐sponsored agencies. At the onset of the crisis, aggregate deposit inflows into banks weakened and their loan‐to‐deposit shortfalls widened. These patterns were pronounced at banks with greater undrawn commitments. Such banks sought to attract deposits by offering higher rates, but the resulting private funding was insufficient to cover shortfalls and they reduced new credit.
Type I Female Genital Mutilation: A Cause of Completely Closed Vagina
Authors: Rouzi Abdulrahim A. , Sahly Nora , Alhachim Estabraq , Abduljabbar Hassan 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Female genital mutilation (FGM) ranges in severity from a nick of the clitoris to partial or total removal of the external genitalia. Sexual complications after FGM include sexual dysfunction, difficult intercourse, and dyspareunia.

Aim
We report a case of Type I FGM presenting as complete vaginal closure and urinary retention.

Methods
A 16-year-old adolescent was referred for obliterated vagina and urinary retention. She had recurrent urinary tract infections, difficulty in voiding, and cyclic hematuria. At the age of 1 year she had been taken by her mother to a pediatric surgeon to have a Type I FGM procedure. On examination, the urethral meatus and vaginal orifices were completely closed by the FGM scar. She underwent uneventful surgical opening of the vagina.

Results
A normal vaginal orifice was created and normal flow of urine and menses occurred.

Conclusion
Type I FGM can present as complete vaginal closure and urinary retention. Proper diagnosis and treatment are of paramount importance.
Combination of Percutaneous Unilateral Translaminar Facet Screw Fixation and Interbody Fusion for Treatment of Lower Lumbar Vertebra Diseases: a Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Zeng Zhong‐you , Zhang Jian‐qiao , Song Yong‐xin , Yan Wei‐feng , Wu Peng , Tang Hong‐cao , Han Jian‐fu 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility and efficacy of sight‐guided percutaneous unilateral translaminar facet screw fixation (TLFSF) with interbody fusion for treatment of lower lumbar vertebra diseases.MethodsTwenty‐nine adult patients with lower lumbar disease underwent sight‐guided percutaneous unilateral TLFSF combined with microsurgical spinal decompression, discectomy, and interbody fusion from June 2007 to June 2008. All 29 patients had low back pain caused by lumbar disc degeneration (20 cases), in situ recurrent lumbar disc herniation (2), primary diskitis (1), lumbar disc herniation with spinal stenosis (3), and first‐degree lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis (3). Twenty‐three cases had lesions at L4,5; three at L5S1, one at L3,4, L4,5, and two at L4,5, L5S1.ResultsNo patient experienced significant postoperative complications. The mean incision length was 4.48 ± 0.55 cm; operative time 1.34 ± 0.22 h; intraoperative blood loss 280 ± 175 mL; and postoperative drainage volume 165 ± 85 mL. Screw position results: type I, 21 cases (23 segments); type II, 7 cases (8 segments); and type III, 1 case (1 segment). Twenty‐eight patients were followed up for 24–60 months (average, 47.5 months). Interbody fusion rate was 93.5%). Postoperative intervertebral height recovered significantly; however, loss of intervertebral height oc urred during follow‐up.ConclusionSight‐guided percutaneous unilateral TLFSF with interbody fusion for treatment of lower lumbar disease is simple and minimally invasive, with good screw accuracy and security, high fusion rate, and good efficacy. However, specific surgical indications must be strictly followed.