bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructured Nematic Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Surfaces with Switchable Wetting Properties
Authors: Wu Zi Liang , Buguin Axel , Yang Hong , Taulemesse Jean‐Marie , Le Moigne Nicolas , Bergeret Anne , Wang Xiaogong , Keller Patrick 
Published: January 2013

AbstractInspired by the lotus leaf, scientists have developed many superhydrophobic surfaces, some of which show remarkable switching between hydrophobic and hydrophilic state under external stimuli. However, the switch usually relies on the change of chemical properties rather than on the modification of the topographic structure of the surface. In this paper, the roughness‐change‐related switchable wetting properties of microstructured responsive surfaces made of nematic liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) is reported. First, various carbonate LC monomers and side‐on LCEs are synthesized with low nematic‐to‐isotropic transition temperature, TNI. Then, LCEs prepared from 3″‐vinylcarbonyloxypropyl 2,5‐di(4′‐octyloxybenzoyloxy)benzoate monomer, with TNI of 76 °C and contraction of 34% are used to construct a surface covered with micropillar arrays by using a replica molding technique. The contraction of the micropillars induces a reversible roughness change of the microstructured surface. Water contact angle of this microstructured surface changed with temperature, indicating a successful approach at building a surface with switchable wetting properties.
Determinants of western food adoption among hindu nepalese women living in the Kathmandu valley
Authors: Smith Chery 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to characterize western food adopters among Nepalese women and to investigate whether caste and class play an important role as a barrier to food adoption, thus limiting access to the globalizing market. It was hypothesized that women who consumed and prepared above average amounts of western foods would be taller and heavier.MethodsA convenience sample of 508 Nepalese women of mixed castes, 18–60 years, was purposefully recruited. A Food Adoption Instrument was developed, tested, and used to assess the consumption of western foods. Women were grouped as western food adopters (≥12.5)—those consuming equal or more western food than Nepalese foods and western food non‐adopters (≤12.5). Using student t‐tests, sample characteristics and body mass index (BMI) were compared between western food adopters and non‐western food adopters.ResultsNearly a quarter of the women identified as western food adopters (n = 118) and 76% identified as western food non‐adopters (n = 399). Using student t‐test analysis, stepwise regression, and Pearson correlation analyses, it was found that western food adopters were significantly younger (P < 0.000), better educated (P < 0.000), had fewer children (P < 0.003), had higher incomes (P < 0.000), and watched more TV (P < 0.000) than western food non‐adopters. They were taller and had lower BMIs than their western food non‐adopter counterparts. Caste was also associated with western food adoption.ConclusionsLack of education and low paying jobs appear to prevent access to the globalizing food system, suggesting that the centuries old sociopolitical and caste infrastructure indirectly prevents western food adoption for those failing to achieve financial security. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:205–214, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human adaptability studies at high altitude: Research designs and major concepts during fifty years of discovery
Authors: Beall Cynthia M. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesThis report presents a perspective on the broad research trends in the biology of human populations at high‐altitude and their contributions to the improved understanding of evolution and adaptation. A focus is on the research that has occurred over the past 50 years of anthropological fieldwork on the Andean, Tibetan, and, to a lesser extent, the East African plateaus.MethodsWith an emphasis on fieldwork studies, this report presents and illustrates major concepts and research designs in published high‐altitude studies.ResultsEarly use of a single population‐multiple stress research design focused on Andean Quechua, sometimes in comparison with European or admixed Andean‐European samples. That design identified physical and sociocultural environmental factors including cold and under nutrition as well as high‐altitude hypobaric hypoxia. Researchers accumulated evidence supporting the hypothesis of four modes of adaptation to a complex Andean highland environment: cultural, acclimatization, developmental, and genetic. The discovery that Andean biological patterns were not replicated among Tibetan highlanders stimulated research on the extent and origins of the contrasts. It also shifted emphasis to a multiple population – single stress study design. The discovery of oxygen‐homeostasis‐associated genetic loci and traits in all multicellular animals has transformed high‐altitude research. Paradoxically, genomic analyses identifying the pertinent biological pathways are likely to return interest to environmental factors other than hypoxia.ConclusionsDetails of the proximate mechanisms, the biochemical, and physiological processes underlying the three modes of biological adaptation are accumulating. Better understanding of oxygen‐homeostasis processes leads to questions about crossadaptation with other environmental factors. The particulars of the ultimate mechanisms, the evolutionary, and microevolutionary history underlying the population differences are also emerging. For example, similar hemoglobin phenotypes among Tibetan and Ethiopian Amhara highlanders associate with different genetic loci and the variants at those loci are present in most populations regardless of altitude. Continuing fieldwork is urgent because modernization and migration are changing the traditional ways of life and patterns of exposure to the environment among highlanders everywhere. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:141–147, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Y‐Linked microsatellites in Amazonian Amerindians applied to ancestry estimates in Brazilian Afro‐derived populations
Authors: Wiezel Cláudia E.V. , Luizon Marcelo R. , Sousa Sandra M.B. , Santos Lenize M.W. , Muniz Yara C.N. , Mendes‐Junior Celso T. , Simões Aguinaldo L. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesProper ancestral populations are required to determine accurate ancestry estimates for Afro‐derived Brazilian populations. Herein, we have genotyped Y‐STRs in Amazonian Amerindians to determine the ancestral contribution in quilombo remnant communities.MethodsThe frequencies for five Y‐chromosome linked microsatellites (DYS19, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393) were characterized in four Amerindian tribes from Brazilian Amazon (Tikúna, Baníwa, Kashinawa, and Kanamarí), and in four quilombo remnants (Mimbó, Sítio Velho, Gaucinha, and São Gonçalo) and two urban populations (Teresina and Jequié) from Northeastern Brazil. We then estimated the male genetic ancestry in each admixed population. Moreover, we performed analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), FST, haplotype diversity, and principal component analysis.ResultsLower haplotype diversity (h) values were observed for Tikúna compared with other tribes. Quilombo remnants exhibited higher h levels ranging from 0.893 ± 0.027 in Sítio Velho to 0.963 ± 0.033 in São Gonçalo. African ancestry estimates ranged from 0.529 ± 0.027 in Mimbó to 0.602 ± 0.086 in Sítio Velho. Conversely, European contribution was 0.795 ± 0.045 in Teresina and 0.826 ± 0.040 in Jequié.ConclusionsFST and principal component analysis indicate homogeneity in the male genetic constitution among the quilombo remnants analyzed. Data on Amerindians allowed accurate ancestry estimates, which indicated a higher African contribution, followed by a considerable European contribution for these quilombo remnants. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:313–317, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inhibin B Response to Testicular Toxicants Hexachlorophene, Ethane Dimethane Sulfonate, Di‐(n‐butyl)‐phthalate, Nitrofurazone, DL‐Ethionine, 17‐alpha Ethinylestradiol, 2,5‐Hexanedione, or Carbendazim Following Short‐Term Dosing in Male Rats
Authors: Erdos Zoltan , Pearson Kara , Goedken Michael , Menzel Karsten , Sistare Frank D. , Glaab Warren E. , Saldutti Louise Parks 
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUNDInhibin B is a heterodimer glycoprotein that downregulates follicle‐stimulating hormone and is produced predominantly by Sertoli cells. The potential correlation between changes in plasma Inhibin B and Sertoli cell toxicity was evaluated in male rats administered testicular toxicants in eight studies. Inhibin B fluctuations over 24 hr were also measured.METHODSAdult rats were administered one of eight testicular toxicants for 1 to 29 days. The toxicants were DL‐ethionine, dibutyl phthalate, nitrofurazone, 2,5‐hexanedione, 17‐alpha ethinylestradiol, ethane dimethane sulfonate, hexachlorophene, and carbendazim. In a separate study plasma was collected throughout a 24‐hr period via an automatic blood sampler.RESULTSHistomorphologic testicular findings included seminiferous tubule degeneration, round and elongate spermatid degeneration/necrosis, seminiferous tubule vacuolation, aspermatogenesis, and interstitial cell degeneration. There was a varying response of plasma Inhibin B levels to seminiferous tubule toxicity, with three studies showing high correlation, three studies with a response only at a certain time or dose, and two studies with no Inhibin B changes. In a receiver operating characteristics exclusion model analysis, where treated samples without histopathology were excluded, Inhibin B showed a sensitivity of 70% at 90% specificity in studies targeting seminiferous tubule toxicity.CONCLUSIONDecreases in Inhibin B correlated with Sertoli cell toxicity in the majority of studies evaluated, demonstrating the value of Inhibin B as a potential biomarker of testicular toxicity. There was no correlation between decreases in Inhibin B and interstitial cell degeneration. In addition, a pattern of Inhibin B secretion could not be identified over 24 hr.
The Inhibin B Response in Male Rats Treated with Two Drug Candidates
Authors: Chapin Robert E. , Alvey James D. , Goldstein Richard A. , Dokmanovich Melba G. , Reagan William J. , Johnson Kjell , Geoly Frank J. 
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUNDSerum Inhibin B was measured in two studies of known testis‐toxic drug candidates.METHODS AND RESULTSStudy 1 was for a compound for Hepatitis C, and utilized a 10‐week dosing period, followed by mating and necropsy of half of each group, and then a 12‐week recovery period for the remaining animals. At the postmating necropsy, 6 of 15 high‐dose males had testis lesions; Inhibin B was significantly reduced in all animals in that group. The mid‐dose group had no lesions but significantly reduced serum Inhibin B. At recovery, 9 of 15 high‐dose males showed damage in testes; serum Inhibin B levels were not different from controls. Inhibin B appeared to both overreport and underreport testis damage in Study 1. Study 2 was an acute pathogenesis study for an antibacterial compound, using control and two dose levels and multiple time points (days 5, 8, 15, 22, and then untreated until day 71). At each time point blood was sampled from all remaining rats and five/group were killed for histologic evaluation. The low‐dose group had minimal to moderate lesions, while serum Inhibin B was never changed. The high‐dose animals progressed quickly from minimal lesions to being broadly and moderately affected; serum Inhibin B levels were reduced at days 8 and 15 only. In Study 2, Inhibin B appeared less sensitive than histology, except at the extremes of testis damage, when Inhibin B was routinely low.CONCLUSIONWe conclude that in these two studies there was a poor correlation between changes in serum levels of Inhibin B and testis histopathology.
Inhibin B as a Marker of Sertoli Cell Damage and Spermatogenic Disturbance in the Rat
Authors: Pfaff Tamara , Rhodes Jon , Bergmann Martin , Weinbauer Gerhard F. 
Published: January 2013

This study was designed to determine the effects of Compound A on spermatogenesis including assessment of inhibin B levels and on fertility in the male rat over a 15 to 19 weeks treatment and a 19 weeks treatment‐free period in control and 30, 60, and 180 mg/kg dose groups (n = 22/group). Compound A in a dose‐dependent manner induced various degrees of spermatogenic alterations compatible with Sertoli cells being the primary target, for example, inter‐ and intracellular Sertoli cell vacuolization and altered cellular morphology followed by germ cell degeneration and marked reduction of epididymidal sperm numbers. Blood–testis barrier remained intact (electron microscopy and hyperosmotic fixation test) until germ cells disappeared. Mating behavior and weights of androgen‐dependent prostate and seminal vesicles remained unaffected. Inhibin B levels correlated only with moderate to severe spermatogenic alterations. Ten animals with inhibin B levels below detection limit were encountered and five of these animals were fertile in week 19 but following 19 weeks without treatment, another five animals were rendered infertile and inhibin B levels remained undetectable. In the rat, inhibin B only reflects major spermatogenic alterations and markedly reduced inhibin B levels might indicate irreversibility of these alterations and even infertility.
Diet‐induced obesity has a differential effect on adipose tissue and macrophage inflammatory responses of young and old mice
Authors: Wu Dayong , Ren Zhihong , Pae Munkyong , Han Sung Nim , Meydani Simin Nikbin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObesity and aging are both associated with increased inflammation in adipose tissue. In this study, we investigated effect of diet‐induced obesity on inflammatory status in young and old mice. Young (2 months) and old (19 months) C57BL/6 mice were fed a low‐fat (10%, LF) or high‐fat (60%, HF) diet for 4.5 months. Adipose tissue from old/LF mice expressed higher levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNFα, and cyclooxygenase‐2 mRNA compared with young/LF mice. HF diet upregulated expression of all these inflammatory markers in young mice to the levels seen in the aged. Adipocytes, but not stromal vascular cells, from old/LF mice produced more IL‐6, TNFα, and prostaglandin (PG)E2 than those from young/LF mice. HF diet resulted in an increase of all these markers produced by adipocytes in young, but only TNFα in old mice. PGE2 produced by peritoneal macrophages (Mϕ's) was upregulated with aging, and HF diet induced more IL‐6, TNFα, and PGE2 production in young but not in old mice. Thus, HF diet/obesity induces an inflammatory state in both visceral fat cells and peritoneal Mϕ's of young mice, but not so in old mice. Together, these results suggest that HF diet‐induced obesity may speed up the aging process as characterized by inflammatory status. This study also indicates that animals have a differential response, depending on their ages, to HF diet‐induced obesity and inflammation. This age‐related difference in response to HF diet should be considered when using inflammation status as a marker in investigating adverse health impacts of HF diet and obesity. © 2013 BioFactors, 2013
Are today's Millennials splintering into a new generational cohort? Maybe!
Authors: Debevec Kathleen , Schewe Charles D. , Madden Thomas J. , Diamond William D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTA new generational cohort is emerging from the Millennial market segment as a result of cataclysmic events that have occurred since 2008. Interviews with college upperclassmen in the United States identified significant events influencing their values, the values arising from these events, and new values not associated with older Millennials. The most important events identified included the Great Recession, 9/11, and the election of the first African‐American president. Values of Millennials were assessed in online surveys of college juniors and seniors in the United States in the fall of 2009 and 2010 and among older Millennials, aged 27–31, during the summer of 2010. The values most strongly differentiating the younger and older Millennials were “piety” and “thrift.” Younger Millennials in the United States are less thrifty and more secular and sexually permissive than older Millennials. They are also less patriotic and less concerned about politics, sustainability, saving, and making mistakes in life. This suggests a splintering of the Millennials cohort as a result of the Great Recession and the potential emergence of a younger “entitlement” cohort. It also suggests further investigation of cross‐national value shifts among younger Millennials, prompted by the Great Recession. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transitory bias as a source of customer dissatisfaction: An exploratory investigation
Authors: Trocchia Philip J. , Luckett Michael G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTPrevious literature has identified sources of customer dissatisfaction in the forms of poor product performance, discrimination, and universal mistreatment (i.e., broad‐based mistreatment of customers). This article proposes the existence of a fourth source of perceived customer dissatisfaction, termed transitory bias, which is based upon fleeting customer characteristics and actions. Using a critical incident approach, this exploratory study analyzes customer narratives of 230 negative experiences. After writing their narratives, consumer informants completed a quantitative survey pertaining to their experience. Some sources of transitory bias were found to be customer complaining, negotiation, special requests, and underpurchasing. Transitory bias was found to drive perceptions of negative customer experiences in 29.1 per cent of the narratives. This was fewer than the number of cases involving universal mistreatment (50%) but more than those involving poor product performance (18.3%) and discrimination (2.6%). Results showed that satisfaction, repeat purchase likelihood, recommendation likelihood, and word of mouth were similar to those found in narratives where universal mistreatment and discrimination were primary drivers of dissatisfaction. This article creates awareness of the transitory bias construct and allows academicians the opportunity to study it as a source of customer dissatisfaction. Retail and service establishments should be aware of customer perceptions of transitory bias because it impacts key performance metrics. Managers may wish to train employees to better identify and respond to sources of transitory bias. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co‐construction and performancescapes
Authors: Tumbat GÜLNUR , Belk RUSSELL W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTAlthough prior literature has emphasized marketplace participants' co‐construction mostly in terms of symbolic, oral, or emotional aspects of a consumption experience, there has not been much attention paid to potential concerns around success, failure, strategies, risk, dependence, and competition involved. This article, by building on the existing body of research, introduces the notion of performancescapes to better understand these issues as they relate to participant performances in the co‐construction of marketplace experiences. Performances have the character of being an accomplishment involving an interactive quality and an element of risk. Accordingly, highlighting competencies and effectiveness rather than just the meaning enables us to concentrate on issues of success, failure, and risk. Furthermore, it is not uncommon to examine the marketer side of marketplace performances, but the customer side is generally neglected or assumed to be more passive. In this paper, we explore some of the ways through which service providers and clients participate in a marketplace stage as a performancescape in order to have a successful co‐constructed performance. We further maintain that the performative competencies of consumers can be as significant as that of marketers or service providers.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Regio‐ and Stereospecific Intermolecular Dehydrative Alkoxylation of Allylic Alcohols Catalyzed by a Gold(I) N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complex
Authors: Mukherjee Paramita , Widenhoefer Ross A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA 1:1 mixture of [AuCl(IPr)] (IPr=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidine) and AgClO4 catalyzes the intermolecular dehydrative alkoxylation of primary and secondary allylic alcohols with aliphatic primary and secondary alcohols to form allylic ethers. These transformations are regio‐ and stereospecific with preferential addition of the alcohol nucleophile at the γ‐position of the allylic alcohol syn to the departing hydroxyl group and with predominant formation of the E stereoisomer. The minor α regioisomer is formed predominantly through a secondary reaction manifold involving regioselective γ‐alkoxylation of the initially formed allylic ether rather than by the direct α‐alkoxylation of the allylic alcohol.
Estimation of mixing volumes in buoyant miscible displacement flows along near‐horizontal pipes
Authors: Taghavi S.M. , Frigaard I.A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe present a methodological framework for estimating the degree of mixing between successive miscible fluids pumped along a near‐horizontal pipe. Either or both of the fluids can be non‐Newtonian, of Herschel–Bulkley type. Overall it is considered that the objective is to minimise mixing. In laminar regimes our estimates are based on front velocity of the leading displacement front. In turbulent regimes the spreading mechanism is dispersion. In addition to the estimates of mixing volumes/lengths, we also predict a minimal flow rate necessary in order to achieve a successful displacement of the residual fluid. © 2013 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Cu‐based mixed metal oxide catalysts for WGSR: Reduction kinetics and catalytic activity
Authors: Hossain Mohammad M. , Ahmed Shakeel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis communication reports the effects of Mn/Cr on the reducibility and catalytic activity of Cu–Fe–Mn and Cu–Fe–Cr mixed oxide catalysts for the water gas shift reaction (WGSR). The reduction kinetics of the mixed oxide catalysts is investigated using TPR data, nucleation/nuclei growth models, and a power law model. Based on the statistical indicators, it is concluded that a second‐order power law model describes the reduction of all catalysts adequately. The estimated activation energy for the reduction of the Cu–Fe–Mn catalyst is low compared to the Cu–Fe–Cr catalyst. The TPR analysis of the catalysts reveals that the addition of Mn significantly improved the reducibility of Cu‐oxide species, which is consistent with the low activation energy for reduction of the Cu–Fe–Mn catalyst. In a flow type reactor, the Cu–Fe–Mn catalyst showed highest CO conversion at around 220°C, achieving a high specific reaction rate compared to the Cu–Fe–Cr catalyst. The enhanced reducibility of Cu–Fe–Mn catalyst played the key role in the high conversion of CO. These results are comparable with the results obtained for a commercial Cu–ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, which was evaluated under the same reaction conditions.