bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphologic and morphometric features of the calcaneal insertions of the superficial digital flexor tendon in the horse
Authors: Wright I. M. , Barker W. H. J. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryIntroduction: Accurate description of the calcaneal insertions of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) is lacking and inconsistent. The aim of this study was to undertake morphologic and morphometic evaluations of these structures to assist in elucidating their functional and pathogenic roles in displacement of the SDFT from the calcaneal tuber.Method: Dissections were performed on 10 normal cadaveric hindlimbs. The anatomy was photographed to allow measurements at repeatable locations and differences in SDFT dimensions at the various locations were compared using a paired student t-test.Results: This study demonstrated that the calcaneal insertions of the SDFT are independent from the overlying tarsal insertions of the biceps femoris and semitendinosus, which blend into the plantar surface of the fibrocartilaginous cap (FCC) of the SDFT before inserting dorsal to the insertion of the SDFT on the calcaneal tuber. The lateral insertion of the SDFT is larger in cross-sectional area (median: 219 mm2) at its origin from the FCC than its medial counterpart (median: 159 mm2, p = 0.004) and has a more complex fibre alignment. The lateral site of attachment of the SDFT on the calcaneal tuber is dorsolateral to the insertion of the gastrocnemius tendon and is larger (median: 525 mm2) than the medial insertion (median: 428 mm2, p = 0.036), which inserts distal to the insertion of the gastrocnemius tendon.Conclusion: The features identified in this study suggest that the calcaneal insertions of the SDFT are complex and their morphological and morphometric differences are likely to contribute to clinical lesions identified at this site.
Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Malformations among Newborns in Monchegorsk (North-West Russia): A Register-Based Study
Authors: Postoev Vitaly A. , Talykova Ljudmila V. , Vaktskjold Arild 
Published: August 2014

Background Cardiovascular malformations (CVM) are one of the most prevalent groups of birth defects. Knowledge about the prevalence, distribution and survival in Russia has been limited. The aim of our study was to assess the perinatal prevalence, structure and risk factors for CVM among newborns in Monchegorsk (Murmansk Oblast, Russia) and the mortality among the affected newborns in the period 1973-2008. Design and methods A register-based study on data from the Kola and Murmansk County Birth Registers. The study included 28,511 births. Results The registered perinatal prevalence was 3.0 per 1000 new-borns, with septal defects as the most prevalent. CVM was twenty times more prevalent among stillborn than live born, and one-third of the live born with a CVM died during the first week of life. The perinatal mortality rate with CVM was 442 per 1000 newborns. This indicator decreased over time. The mothers of newborns with a CVM were ten times more likely to have stillbirth in their anamnesis. The adjusted odds ratio between maternal smoking during pregnancy and CVM was 4.09 [95% confidence interval: 1.75-9.53]. Conclusions The diagnosed perinatal prevalence was relatively low. A previous stillbirth by the mother was highly associated with being born with a CVM. An adjusted elevated risk was also observed among smoking mothers. Perinatal survival increased over time, but varied to a large extent between the different types of CVM.
A Possible Correction of the Face Inversion Effect: A Methodological Commentary
Authors: Rakover SAM S. , CAHLON Baruch 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The face inversion effect is based on 2 phenomena: Recognition of faces presented upright (hair above, chin below) is better than that of faces presented inverted (chin above, hair below), and inversion impairs recognition of faces more than of nonfacial objects (buildings, cars). Based on theoretical and empirical considerations, this article suggests that in many cases the size of the second phenomenon is overestimated, because it is influenced by recognition of upright faces being higher than recognition of upright objects (i.e., a baseline-level effect). A mathematically based correction is suggested for the baseline-level effect. It rests on the assumption that recognition of inverted faces depends on recognition of upright faces. Theoretical and empirical support is offered for this assumption. Also, an empirical base for the proposed correction is provided.
Effects of Gender, Imagery Ability, and Sports Practice on the Performance of a Mental Rotation Task
Authors: HABACHA HAMDI , MOLINARO CORINNE , DOSSEVILLE FABRICE 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Mental rotation is one of the main spatial abilities necessary in the spatial transformation of mental images and the manipulation of spatial parameters. Researchers have shown that mental rotation abilities differ between populations depending on several variables. This study uses a mental rotation task to investigate effects of several factors on the spatial abilities of 277 volunteers. The results demonstrate that high and low imagers performed equally well on this tasks. Athletes outperformed nonathletes regardless of their discipline, and athletes with greater expertise outperformed those with less experience. The results replicate the previously reported finding that men exhibit better spatial abilities than women. However, with high amounts of practice, the women in the current study were able to perform as well as men.
Monetary and Affective Judgments of Consumer Goods: Modes of Evaluation Matter
Authors: SETA JOHN J. , SETA CATHERINE E. , MCCORMICK MICHAEL , GALLAGHER ASHLEIGH H. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Participants who evaluated 2 positively valued items separately reported more positive attraction (using affective and monetary measures) than those who evaluated the same two items as a unit. In Experiments 1–3, this separate/unitary evaluation effect was obtained when participants evaluated products that they were purchasing for a friend. Similar findings were obtained in Experiments 4 and 5 when we considered the amount participants were willing to spend to purchase insurance for items that they currently owned. The averaging/summation model was contrasted with several theoretical perspectives and implicated averaging and summation integration processes in how items are evaluated. The procedural and theoretical similarities and differences between this work and related research on unpacking, comparison processes, public goods, and price bundling are discussed. Overall, the results support the operation of integration processes and contribute to an understanding of how these processes influence the evaluation and valuation of private goods.
Metabolic balance of coastal Antarctic waters revealed by autonomous pCO2 and ΔO2/Ar measurements
Authors: Tortell Philippe D. , Asher Elizabeth C. , Ducklow Hugh W. , Goldman Johanna A. L. , Dacey John W. H. , Grzymski Joseph J. , Young Jodi N. , Kranz Sven A. , Bernard Kim S. , Morel François M. M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe use autonomous gas measurements to examine the metabolic balance (photosynthesis minus respiration) of coastal Antarctic waters during the spring/summer growth season. Our observations capture the development of a massive phytoplankton bloom and reveal striking variability in pCO2 and biological oxygen saturation (ΔO2/Ar) resulting from large shifts in community metabolism on time scales ranging from hours to weeks. Diel oscillations in surface gases are used to derive a high‐resolution time series of net community production (NCP) that is consistent with 14C‐based primary productivity estimates and with the observed seasonal evolution of phytoplankton biomass. A combination of physical mixing, grazing, and light availability appears to drive variability in coastal Antarctic NCP, leading to strong shifts between net autotrophy and heterotrophy on various time scales. Our approach provides insight into the metabolic responses of polar ocean ecosystems to environmental forcing and could be employed to autonomously detect climate‐dependent changes in marine primary productivity.
The extension of ionospheric holes into the tail of Venus
Authors: Collinson G. A. , Fedorov A. , Futaana Y. , Masunaga K. , Hartle R. , Stenberg G. , Grebowsky J. , Holmström M. , Andre N. , Barabash S. , Zhang T. L. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIonospheric holes are Cytherian nightside phenomena discovered by the NASA Pioneer Venus Orbiter, featuring localized plasma depletions driven by prominent and unexplained enhancements in the draped interplanetary magnetic field. Observed only during solar maximum, the phenomenon remains unexplained, despite their frequent observation during the first 3 years of the mission and more than 30 years having elapsed since their first description in the literature. We present new observations by the European Space Agency Venus Express showing that ionospheric holes can extend much further into the tail than previously anticipated (1.2 to 2.4 planetary radii) and may be observed throughout the solar cycle and over a wide range of solar wind conditions. We find that ionospheric holes are a manifestation of a deeper underlying phenomenon: tubes of enhanced draped interplanetary magnetic field that emerge in pairs from below the ionosphere and stretch far down the tail. We speculate on two possible explanations for the magnetic fields underlying the phenomena: magnetic pileup due to stagnation of ionospheric flow and internal draping around a metallic core.
PC index as a proxy of the solar wind energy that entered into the magnetosphere: Development of magnetic substorms
Authors: Troshichev O. A. , Podorozhkina N. A. , Sormakov D. A. , Janzhura A. S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe Polar Cap (PC) index has been approved by the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA XXII Assembly, Merida, Меxico, 2013) as a new index of magnetic activity. The PC index can be considered to be a proxy of the solar wind energy that enters the magnetosphere. This distinguishes PC from AL and Dst indices that are more related to the dissipation of energy through auroral currents or storage of energy in the ring current during magnetic substorms or storms. The association of the PC index with the direct coupling of the solar wind energy into the magnetosphere is based upon analysis of the relationship of PC with parameters in the solar wind, on the one hand, and correlation between the time series of PC and the AL index (substorm development), on the other hand. This paper (the first of a series) provides the results of statistical investigations that demonstrate a strong correlation between the behavior of PC and the development of magnetic substorms. Substorms are classified as isolated and expanded. We found that (1) substorms are preceded by growth in the РС index, (2) sudden substorm expansion onsets are related to “leap” or “reverse” signatures in the PC index which are indicative of a sharp increase in the PC growth rate, (3) substorms start to develop when PC exceeds a threshold level 1.5 ± 0.5 mV/m irrespective of the length of the substorm growth phase, and (4) there is a linear relation between the intensity of substorms and PC for all substorm events.
Equatorial ionization anomaly variability over the Brazilian region during boreal sudden stratospheric warming events
Authors: Paes R. R. , Batista I. S. , Candido C. M. N. , Jonah O. F. , Santos P. C. P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis study refers to the connection between the stratosphere and ionosphere, investigating, specifically, the behavior of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) and ionospheric effects over the Brazilian region during sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. We studied three major warmings that occurred in the Northern Hemisphere winter 2007–2008, 2008–2009, and 2009–2010 and a minor warming that occurred in 2010–2011. The solar activity was low for the first two cases and relatively moderate for the last two. In this study the EIA behavior was investigated using the ΔTEC (total electron content) parameter, which expresses the EIA relative intensity for the Brazilian sector. The results for the Brazilian region show, mainly after SSW temperature peak, an increase in the EIA intensity in the morning, followed by a decrease in the afternoon. As identified through ΔTEC signatures and consistently confirmed through wavelet power spectra analysis, this semidiurnal behavior is preserved for a number of days equal to the polar region thermal stabilization phase and it is very similar to the results obtained in pioneer studies in the Peruvian sector, in which TEC data was also used. In some cases the TEC negative variation is stronger than the positive, being noticeably more intense around the prereversal enhancement time, when the EIA is strongly suppressed in the Brazilian sector.
Source scaling relations and along‐strike segmentation of slow slip events in a 3‐D subduction fault model
Authors: Liu Yajing 
Published: August 2014

AbstractScaling between slip event duration and equivalent moment is diagnostic of the underlying physics of rupture process. For episodic slow slip events (SSEs) in subduction zones, their moment‐duration relation is not clearly defined and shows considerable variation among individual margins where multiple episodes of SSEs are geodetically detected. Here I set up a 3‐D planar thrust fault model within the framework of rate‐state friction to study the spatiotemporal evolution of slip and stress during SSEs. SSE source properties, including along‐strike length, duration, equivalent moment, and stress drop, are quantified, and their scaling relations are compared to observations. Modeled SSEs have nearly constant stress drops of 0.001 to 0.01 MPa, due to near‐lithostatic pore pressure at the SSE depths. The modeled moment‐duration scaling is between 1 (linear) and 2 (squared). When multiple SSEs appear simultaneously along the strike, the stress interaction between approaching slip fronts results in higher average propagation speeds for longer lengths, which leads to a scaling close to 2. When SSEs are well offset in space and time, stress interaction is negligible and the scaling is close to 1. Two types of SSE along‐strike segmentation gaps are identified from model results. The “primary” gaps are persistent segmentation boundaries due to along‐strike variation of effective normal stress, while the “secondary” gaps evolve through SSE cycles and reflect the stress condition within a primary segment. This implies that some geodetically inferred SSE segmentation boundaries may result from slower slip velocities below the resolution limits of geodetic inversion models.
Computational analysis of nonlinear creep of polyphase aggregates: Influence of phase morphology
Authors: Cook A. C. , Vel S. S. , Gerbi C. , Johnson S. E. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe constitutive laws of polyphase aggregates dominantly depend on the operative deformation mechanisms, phase morphology and modes, and environmental conditions. Each of these factors has the potential to dramatically affect bulk mechanical properties as well as the local stress and strain rate distributions. To focus on the effects of phase morphology, we have developed a rigorous multiscale approach based on asymptotic expansion homogenization. The proposed methodology has two fundamental goals: (1) accurately predict bulk behavior in aggregates by explicitly taking into account phase morphology and (2) calculate detailed distributions of strain rates, stresses, and viscosities in heterogeneous materials. The methodology is able to consider general nonlinear phase constitutive laws that relate strain rates to stresses, temperature, and other factors such as water fugacity and grain size. We demonstrate the approach by analyzing power law creep of computer‐generated and natural polyphase systems and benchmarking the results against analytical solutions. As an outcome of this analysis, we find that the approximation of an aggregate as a power law material is reasonable for isotropic, homogeneous phase distributions but breaks down significantly with high degrees of phase organization. We also present distributions in strain rate, stress, and viscosity for different applied loading conditions. Results exhibit areas of high internal stresses and substantial localization. We describe and provide a freely available software package supporting these calculations.
Linear repetitive learning controls for nonlinear systems by Padé approximants
Authors: Tomei P. , Verrelli C. M. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryWe discuss the use of [m,m]‐Padé approximants in the implementation of repetitive learning controls solving the output tracking problem (via output error feedback) in the presence of uncertain periodic reference and/or disturbance signals with known common period. The aim is to address the stability issues concerning those approximants when a linear learning controller—designed through a detailed stability proof (involving the use of a suitable Lyapunov‐like function) and described by a transfer function exhibiting all its poles with negative real part—is to be obtained as well as to evaluate the corresponding closed‐loop performances: robustness (for instance with respect to additive disturbance noises due to unmodeled sensor dynamics) is consequently achieved with improvements in the output tracking errors appearing as the approximation order m increases. Even though the case of any relative degree may be explicitly addressed, in this paper, for the sake of clarity, we restrict our attention to the learning problem for the class of single‐input, single‐output, minimum phase, time‐invariant systems with known relative degree ρ = 2, uncertain parameters and uncertain output‐dependent nonlinearities. Numerical simulation results illustrate the theoretical derivations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of methods for assessing mortality risk
Authors: Levine Morgan E. , Crimmins Eileen M. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesConcepts such as Allostatic Load, Framingham Risk Score, and Biological Age were developed to combine information from multiple measures into a single latent variable that can be used to quantify a person's biological state. Given these varying approaches, the goal of this article is to compare how well these three measures predict subsequent all‐cause and disease‐specific mortality within a large nationally representative U.S. sample.MethodsOur study population consisted of 9,942 adults, ages 30 and above from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves and Cox Proportional Hazard models for the whole sample and for stratified age groups were used to compare how well Allostatic Load, Framingham Risk Score, and Biological Age predict ten‐year all‐cause and disease‐specific mortality in the sample, for whom there were 1,076 deaths over 96,420 person years of exposure.ResultsOverall, Biological Age predicted 10‐year mortality more accurately than other measures for the full age range, as well as for participants ages 50 to 69 and 70+. Additionally, out of the three measures, Biological Age had the strongest association with all‐cause and cancer mortality, while the Framingham Risk Score had the strongest association with CVD mortality.ConclusionsMethods for quantifying biological risk provide important approaches to improving our understanding of the causes and consequences of changes in physiological function and dysregulation. Biological Age offers an alternative and, in some cases a more accurate summary approach to the traditionally used methods, such as Allostatic Load and Framingham Risk Score. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:768–776, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Area‐level socioeconomic disparities impact adult overweight and obesity risks of han ethnicity in China
Authors: Zhao Dapeng , Zheng Lianbin , Li Yonglan , Yu Keli , Zhang Xinghua 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesThe profound socioeconomic processes occurring in developing countries have been accompanied by the notable increase of overweight and obese populations. This study for the first time investigates the impact of area‐based socioeconomic status (SES) on adult overweight and obesity for both sexes of Han ethnicity in China.MethodsWe investigated 6,221 adult participants of Han ethnicity from 18 geographic areas in China, and measured stature and weight for each participant. The mean annual income per individual was chosen as the area‐level SES index. We adopted logistic regression analysis to explore the relationship of area‐level SES with overweight and obesity.ResultsThe age‐adjusted overweight and obesity prevalence was 32.46% for men and 29.27% for women respectively. Substantial area‐level SES disparity in overweight and obesity risks for both sexes exist in China. The overweight and obesity prevalence rates increased with increasing SES levels in men rather than in women.ConclusionMen living in high SES areas as well as women living at the lowest SES areas were most likely to be at the highest risk of overweight and obesity in China. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:129–132, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic testing and corresponding services among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Authors: Cuccaro Michael L. , Czape Kayla , Alessandri Michael , Lee Joycelyn , Deppen Abigail Rupchock , Bendik Elise , Dueker Nicole , Nations Laura , Pericak‐Vance Margaret , Hahn Susan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess use of genetic testing and corresponding genetic services for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Survey data from 397 parents of individuals with ASD was collected using the Center for Autism and Related Disabilities client registry. Participants reported that 41.2% of the individuals with ASD had undergone any type of genetic testing. However, only 21.3% of individuals with ASD had been referred to a genetics specialist. Diagnosis and level of functioning were significantly associated with both referral to a genetics specialist and having undergone any genetic testing. In addition, Hispanic ancestry was associated with increased referral to genetic testing. Concerns about the limited benefits of genetic testing and prohibitive costs were potential barriers to pursuing genetic testing. Overall, low numbers of individuals with ASD have a history of undergoing genetic testing or receiving genetic services. Possible reasons include low referral rates as well as concerns by parents about cost and relevance, and lack of availability. These findings confirm the historical trend for providing genetic testing and genetic services to those with the greatest impairments. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.