bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuning of perpendicular exchange bias for magnetic memory applications
Authors: Meng H. , Naik V. B. , Sbiaa R. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPerpendicular exchange bias (PEB) between [Co 0.3 nm/Pd 0.8 nm]5 multilayers and IrMn antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer is studied as functions of thickness of the interface layer and the AFM layer. It is found that increasing the thickness of a CoFe interface layer up to 2.1 nm could effectively improve the PEB. The achieved PEB field (Hbias) is more than 500 Oe. On the other hand, the coercivity (Hc) exhibits an opposite trend as a function of CoFe interface layer thickness, which might promote the integration of PEB structure with the perpendicular magnetic memory stack. It is also found that PEB is sensitive to the thickness of the AFM layer. The thickness window is only around 2 nm to achieve the largest Hbias. Moreover, for a very thin IrMn layer, a ferromagnetic nature is observed at low magnetic fields, which is likely owing to the net spins at the surface that might have been magnetized by the CoFe interface layer.
Momentum‐space instantons and maximally localized flat‐band topological Hamiltonians
Authors: Jian Chao‐Ming , Gu Zheng‐Cheng , Qi Xiao‐Liang 
Published: November 2012

Abstractmagnified imageRecently, two‐dimensional band insulators with a topologically nontrivial (almost) flat band in which integer and fractional quantum Hall effect can be realized without an orbital magnetic field have been studied extensively. Realizing a topological flat band generally requires longer range hoppings in a lattice Hamiltonian. It is natural to ask what is the minimal hopping range required. In this letter, we prove that the mean hopping range of the flat‐band Hamiltonian with Chern number $ C_1 $ and total number of bands N has a universal lower bound of $ \sqrt {4\vertC_1 {|/\pi }N}. $ Furthermore, for the Hamiltonians that reach this lower bound, the Bloch wavefunctions of the topological flat band are instanton solutions of a $ CP^{N - 1} $ non‐linear σ model on the Brillouin zone torus, which are elliptic functions up to a normalization factor. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cardiovascular and skeletal events in men treated with ADT for advanced prostate cancer: survivorship issues
Authors: Jefferies Edward , Bahl Amit , Hounsome Luke , Eylert Maike , Verne Julia , Persad Raj 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWith increasing recognition that androgen deprivation therapy has deleterious side‐effects to cardiovascular, metabolic and bone health, the authors advocate taking a more active role in the management of men who have been treated for prostate cancer, to help them live with and beyond cancer. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
The spatial pattern of light determines the kinetics and modulates backpropagation of optogenetic action potentials
Authors: Grossman Nir , Simiaki Vasiliki , Martinet Claire , Toumazou Christofer , Schultz Simon R. , Nikolic Konstantin 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Optogenetics offers an unprecedented ability to spatially target neuronal stimulations. This study investigated via simulation, for the first time, how the spatial pattern of excitation affects the response of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expressing neurons. First we described a methodology for modeling ChR2 in the NEURON simulation platform. Then, we compared four most commonly considered illumination strategies (somatic, dendritic, axonal and whole cell) in a paradigmatic model of a cortical layer V pyramidal cell. We show that the spatial pattern of illumination has an important impact on the efficiency of stimulation and the kinetics of the spiking output. Whole cell illumination synchronizes the depolarization of the dendritic tree and the soma and evokes spiking characteristics with a distinct pattern including an increased bursting rate and enhanced back propagation of action potentials (bAPs). This type of illumination is the most efficient as a given irradiance threshold was achievable with only 6 % of ChR2 density needed in the case of somatic illumination. Targeting only the axon initial segment requires a high ChR2 density to achieve a given threshold irradiance and a prolonged illumination does not yield sustained spiking. We also show that patterned illumination can be used to modulate the bAPs and hence spatially modulate the direction and amplitude of spike time dependent plasticity protocols. We further found the irradiance threshold to increase in proportion to the demyelination level of an axon, suggesting that measurements of the irradiance threshold (for example relative to the soma) could be used to remotely probe a loss of neural myelin sheath, which is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases.
NSGC Practice Guideline: Prenatal Screening and Diagnostic Testing Options for Chromosome Aneuploidy
Authors: Wilson K. L. , Czerwinski J. L. , Hoskovec J. M. , Noblin S. J. , Sullivan C. M. , Harbison A. , Campion M. W. , Devary K. , Devers P. , Singletary C. N. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe BUN and FASTER studies, two prospective multicenter trials in the United States, validated the accuracy and detection rates of first and second trimester screening previously reported abroad. These studies, coupled with the 2007 release of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Practice Bulletin that endorsed first trimester screening as an alternative to traditional second trimester multiple marker screening, led to an explosion of screening options available to pregnant women. ACOG also recommended that invasive diagnostic testing for chromosome aneuploidy be made available to all women regardless of maternal age. More recently, another option known as Non‐invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) became available to screen for chromosome aneuploidy. While screening and testing options may be limited due to a variety of factors, healthcare providers need to be aware of the options in their area in order to provide their patients with accurate and reliable information. If not presented clearly, patients may feel overwhelmed at the number of choices available. The following guideline includes recommendations for healthcare providers regarding which screening or diagnostic test should be offered based on availability, insurance coverage, and timing of a patient's entry into prenatal care, as well as a triage assessment so that a general process can be adapted to unique situations.
Gambling Increases Self-Control Strength in Problem Gamblers
Authors: Bergen Anne E. , Newby-Clark Ian R. , Brown Andrea 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In two studies it is demonstrated that, in the short-term, slot machine gambling increases self-control strength in problem gamblers. In Study 1 (N = 180), participants were randomly assigned to either play slot machines or engage in a control task (word anagrams) for 15 min. Subsequent self-control strength was measured via persistence on an impossible tracing task. Replicating Bergen et al. (J Gambl Stud, doi:10.1007/s10899-011-9274-9, 2011), control condition participants categorized as problem gamblers persisted for less time than did lower gambling risk participants. However, in the slot machine condition, there were no significant differences in persistence amongst participants as a function of their gambling classification. Moreover, problem gambling participants in the slot machine condition persisted at the impossible tracing task longer than did problem gambling participants in the control condition. Study 2 (N = 209) systematically replicated Study 1. All participants initially completed two tasks known to deplete self-control strength and a different control condition (math problems) was used. Study 2 results were highly similar to those of Study 1. The results of the studies have implications for the helping professions. Specifically, helping professionals should be aware that problem gamblers might seek out gambling as a means of increasing self-control strength.
Loss of Fat with Increased Adipose Triglyceride Lipase‐Mediated Lipolysis in Adipose Tissue During Laying Stages in Quail
Authors: Yang Shujin , Suh Yeunsu , Choi Young Min , Shin Sangsu , Han Jae Yong , Lee Kichoon 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe goal of the current study was to investigate regulation of key genes involved in lipid metabolism in adipose and liver to relate lipolytic and lipogenic capacities with physiological changes at the pre‐laying, onset of laying, and actively laying stages of quail. Followed by a 50 % increase from pre‐laying to onset of laying, adipose to body weight ratio was significantly reduced by 60 % from the onset of laying to the actively laying stage (P < 0.05), mainly resulting from the significantly increased adipocyte size from the pre‐laying stage to the onset of laying and reduction of adipocyte size from the onset of laying to the actively laying stage (P < 0.05). In the adipose tissue of actively laying quail, increased protein expression and phosphorylation of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) together with an elevated mRNA expression of comparative gene identification‐58, an activator of ATGL, contributes to increased lipolytic activity, as proved by increased amounts of plasma non‐esterified fatty acid (P < 0.05). In addition, decreased mRNA expression of fatty acid transport protein in the actively laying quail could contribute to the adipocyte hypotrophy (P < 0.05). In the liver, relative mRNA expression of apo‐very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)‐II increased significantly from the pre‐laying to actively laying stages (P < 0.05), indicating increased apoVLDL‐II actively facilitated VLDL secretion in the actively laying quail. These results suggest that the laying birds undergo active lipolysis in the adipocyte, and increase VLDL secretion from the liver in order to secure a lipid supply for yolk maturation.
Chemo‐Enzymatic Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Alkyloxy Propanol Amine‐Based Cationic Ether Lipids
Authors: Reddy J. R. C. , Rao B. V. S. K. , Karuna M. S. L. , Kumar K. P. , Murthy U. S. N. , Prasad R. B. N. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe present study involved the synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of alkyloxy propanol amine‐based cationic lipids N,N‐dimethyl‐1‐octadecylamino‐3‐alkyloxy‐2‐propanol (series A, 7a–e) and N‐methyl‐N,N‐di‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐alkyloxy‐2 propyl) octadecylamine (series B, 9a–e) and their acetylated derivatives (8a–e and 10a–e). A simple three‐step chemo‐enzymatic approach was employed for the synthesis of 7a–e and 9a–e in 71–80 and 67–88 % yields, respectively. The first step involved the synthesis of a series of glycidyl ethers from a series of alcohols (C4, C8, C10, C12, C14) which were opened in the second step with octadecylamine to obtain 1‐octadecylamino‐3‐alkyloxy‐2 propanol (5a–e) and N,N‐di‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐alkyloxypropyl) octadecylamine (6a–e). In the third step, alkyloxy propanolamines (5a–e, 6a–e) were quaternized using methyl iodide to yield quaternized ammonium salts. The quaternized ammonium salts were enzymatically acetylated using Candida antarctica lipase‐B based immobilized enzyme Novozym 435 to obtain their acetylated derivatives. The quaternized salts as well as their acetylated derivatives were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal properties. The title compounds were found to possess moderate to good antibacterial activities against all the studied bacterial strains namely, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella aerogenes compared to streptomycin and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The title compounds exhibited relatively good antifungal activities against Candida albicans and no significant activities against other fungal strains namely, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus oryzae and Aspergillus niger when compared to amphotericin B and CTAB.
Climate reconstruction in the Urals from geothermal data
Authors: Golovanova I.V. , Sal’manova R.Yu. , Demezhko D.Yu. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractResults of paleoclimatic analysis of geothermal data in the Middle and Southern Urals for different time intervals are presented. Climate reconstruction for the past millennium was made using data from 44 boreholes, and the magnitude of the Wurm–Holocene warming event was estimated based on data from two deep boreholes. The method of functional space inversion was used. The resolution of the method for reconstruction of various climatic events in the past was investigated. Parameters specified a priori and the required duration of the period to be reconstructed were chosen from the results of numerical modeling. According to the inversion results, the ground surface temperature at the maximum of the Medieval Warm Period in 1100–1200 was approximately the same as the present temperature, and at the minimum of the Little Ice Age around 1720, it was 1.2–3 °C lower than at present. The subsequent temperature rise was more pronounced in the past century. The magnitude of the Wurm–Holocene warming event, reconstructed using data from two deep boreholes is 10–11 °C.
Lexically specific knowledge and individual differences in adult native speakers’ processing of the English passive
Authors: STREET JAMES A. , DĄBROWSKA EWA 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThis article provides experimental evidence for the role of lexically specific representations in the processing of passive sentences and considerable education-related differences in comprehension of the passive construction. The experiment measured response time and decision accuracy of participants with high and low academic attainment using an online task that compared processing and comprehension of active and passive sentences containing verbs strongly associated with the passive and active constructions, as determined by collostructional analysis. As predicted by usage-based accounts, participants’ performance was influenced by frequency (both groups processed actives faster than passives; the low academic attainment participants also made significantly more errors on passive sentences) and lexical specificity (i.e., processing of passives was slower with verbs strongly associated with the active). Contra to proposals made by Dąbrowska and Street (2006), the results suggest that all participants have verb-specific as well as verb-general representations, but that the latter are not as entrenched in the participants with low academic attainment, resulting in less reliable performance. The results also show no evidence of a speed–accuracy trade-off, making alternative accounts of the results (e.g., those of two-stage processing models, such as Townsend & Bever, 2001) problematic.
Processing of native and foreign language subtitles in films: An eye tracking study
Authors: BISSON MARIE-JOSÉE , VAN HEUVEN WALTER J. B. , CONKLIN KATHY , TUNNEY RICHARD J. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTForeign language (FL) films with subtitles are becoming increasingly popular, and many European countries use subtitling as a cheaper alternative to dubbing. However, the extent to which people process subtitles under different subtitling conditions remains unclear. In this study, participants watched part of a film under standard (FL soundtrack and native language subtitles), reversed (native language soundtrack and FL subtitles), or intralingual (FL soundtrack and FL subtitles) subtitling conditions while their eye movements were recorded. The results revealed that participants read the subtitles irrespective of the subtitling condition. However, participants exhibited more regular reading of the subtitles when the film soundtrack was in an unknown FL. To investigate the incidental acquisition of FL vocabulary, participants also completed an unexpected auditory vocabulary test. Because the results showed no vocabulary acquisition, the need for more sensitive measures of vocabulary acquisition are discussed. Finally, the reading of the subtitles is discussed in relation to the saliency of subtitles and automatic reading behavior.
Newly identified variability inBrucella canisfatty-acid content is associated with geographical origin
Authors: BROWER A. , LUCERO N. , OKWUMABUA O. , GOPAUL K. K. , WHATMORE A. M. , CRAVERO S. L. , TRANGONI M. D. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYThis study compared the fatty-acid profiles ofBrucella canisblood culture isolates obtained from infected dogs in the UK, Germany, Japan, South Africa, Peru, Mexico, Colombia, and Argentina, and from a human clinical case in Argentina, to a bank of isolates obtained from canine outbreaks in the USA. Analysis of a total of 42B. canisisolates and one reference strain found a marked variation within the species. Fatty-acid analysis showed that only the isolates from Argentina, Colombia, and Mexico, which included the humanB. canisisolate, contained a specific fatty acid, 19:0 cyclopropane (lactobacillic acid), w8c (cis-11,12-methylene octadecanoic acid), and that this fatty acid, when present, made up a large percentage of overall fatty-acid content. Prior to this study, the cellular fatty-acid 19:0 cyclopropane had been identified in all of the species ofBrucellaconsidered to be pathogenic to humans (B.abortus,B.melitensis,B.suis) except forB.canis. Discovering that this fatty acid not only occurs inB. canis, but also that it is only present in some strains of the species provides a new focus for investigations aimed at identifying the cause of reported geographical variability in humanB. canisinfection, and at finding predictors of biological behaviour and human pathogenicity within thisBrucellaspecies.
The combined treatment of calcium ionophore with strontium improves the quality of ovine SCNT embryo development
Authors: Choi Inchul , Zhu Jie , Campbell Keith H. S. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryPoor embryo quality is a major problem that contributes to the failure of pregnancy in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The aims of this study were to improve the quality of ovine SCNT embryos by modifying the conventional activation protocol with the addition of SrCl2. In order to achieve this objective we conducted a series of experiments with in vitro-matured oocytes to optimize conditions for oocyte activation with strontium, and subsequently applied the protocol to SCNT embryos. The results showed that in vitro-matured oocytes could be activated effectively by 10 mM SrCl2 + 5 mg/ml cytochalasin B (CB) for 5 h in the absence of Ca2+ and that the blastocyst rate on day 7 (33.2%) was similar to that in the control group (31.0%) (5 M calcium ionophore [IP] A23187 for 5 min and cultured in CB/cycloheximide [CHX] for 5 h; P > 0.05). In SCNT experiments, the total cell number/blastocyst (104.12 ± 6.86) in the IP + SrCl2/CB-treatment group was, however, significantly higher than that in the control group (81.07 ± 3.39; P < 0.05). Apoptotic index (12.29 ± 1.22%) was significantly lower than the control (17.60 ± 1.39%; P < 0.05) when a combination of IP and SrCl2/CB was applied to SCNT embryos. In addition, karyotyping of the SCNT embryos showed that the percentage of diploid blastocysts in the IP + SrCl2/CB-treatment group was slightly higher than that in the control (P > 0.05). We conclude that the modified activation protocol with IP + SrCl2/CB can improve significantly the quality of ovine SCNT embryos in terms of total cell number, apoptosis and ploidy.
Restoring fertility after ovarian tissue cryopreservation: a half century of research
Authors: Lunardi Franciele Osmarini , Araújo Valdevane Rocha , Bernuci Marcelo Picinin , Lunardi Luciane Osmarini , Gonçalves Raphael Fernando Braga , Carvalho Adeline de Andrade , de Figueiredo José Ricardo , Rodrigues Ana Paula Ribeiro 
Published: November 2012

SummaryTissue transplantation and in vitro ovarian follicle culture have been investigated as alternative techniques to restore fertility in young women who are facing fertility-threatening diseases or treatments following ovarian tissue cryopreservation. Although transplants of fresh or frozen ovarian tissue have successfully yielded healthy live births in different species including humans, the risks of reintroducing cancer cells back into the patient, post treatment, have limited its clinical purpose. The in vitro ovarian follicle culture minimizes these risks and provides a way to harvest more mature oocytes, however its clinical translation has yet to be determined. Not only is it possible for tissue cryopreservation to safeguard fertility in cancer patients, this technique also allows the maintenance of germplasm banks for animals of high commercial value or for those animals that are at risk of extinction. Given the importance of managing female genetic material, this paper reviews the progress of the methods used to preserve and restore female fertility in different species to demonstrate the results obtained in the past 50 years of research, the current achievements and the future directions on this field.
Effect of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate on reactive oxygen species and glutathione of porcine oocytes, apoptosis of cumulus cells, and embryonic development
Authors: Park Sang-Hyoun , Yu Il-Jeoung 
Published: November 2012

SummaryThe present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP) supplemented into porcine maturation medium on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) levels of oocytes, and apoptosis of cumulus cells (CC). In addition, the effect of dbcAMP on embryonic development following in vitro fertilization (IVF) or parthenogenetic activation (PA) was determined. Cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were cultured in 0 mM (control), 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 5 mM, or 10 mM dbcAMP-supplemented medium for 22 h, then for another 22 h without dbcAMP. GSH and ROS levels of oocytes were assessed at 44 h of culture by dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate or 4-chloromethyl-6,8-difluoro-7-hydroxycoumarin staining, respectively. Additionally, COCs were cultured in 0.5 mM or 1 mM dbcAMP and then fertilized in vitro or activated parthenogenetically. Embryonic development and blastocyst cell numbers and apoptosis levels on day 8 of culture were investigated. CC apoptosis at 44 h of culture and blastocyst apoptosis were assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. GSH levels in the 0.5 mM dbcAMP and control groups were increased (P < 0.05), while levels of oocyte ROS and CC apoptosis in the control, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM dbcAMP groups were significantly lower than the levels in other groups. Cleavage and blastocyst rates, cell numbers, and apoptosis levels were not significantly different in embryos derived by either IVF or PA among the groups, with the exception of significantly increased apoptotic levels in IVF blastocysts produced from oocytes treated with 1 mM dbcAMP. In conclusion, dbcAMP treatment during in vitro maturation (IVM) did not improve embryonic development under our study's parameters compared with control conditions, although 0.5 mM dbcAMP showed significantly higher GSH levels and lower blastocyst apoptotic levels compared with 1 mM dbcAMP.