bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactive Effects of Hand Weeding, Tine and Sweep Cultivation for Weed Control in Organic Peanut Production
Authors: Wann D. Q. , Tubbs R. S. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
Previous research has shown that mechanical cultivation is the most effective and affordable method of weed control in organic peanut production. However, growers are in need of more information on specific integrated cultivation regimes for effective season-long weed control with minimal hand-weeding requirements. Therefore, field trials were conducted in 2010–2012 to evaluate the effects of various tine and sweep cultivation treatments combined with or without hand-weeding on season-long weed control, stand establishment, and yield and grade of an organically-managed peanut crop. Tine cultivation treatments consisted of no cultivation or weekly cultivations for 5 wks after planting (WAP). Sweep treatments consisted of no cultivation, weekly cultivations (for 5 WAP), cultivations at 2 and 5 WAP only, or cultivation at 5 WAP only. Hand-weeding treatments were no hand-weeding or hand-weeding of the entire plot. There were numerous significant interactions among tine and sweep treatments on weed control. Initial weed species composition greatly affected cultivation effects on overall weed control. Tine cultivation was most effective at controlling annual grass weeds. Sweep cultivation was effective at reducing weeds (Amaranthus spp., southern crabgrass, and Florida pusley), but primarily when tine cultivation was absent. Hand-weeding significantly improved weed control for every weed species every year. Additionally, inclusion of certain cultivation regimes significantly reduced the hand-weeding time requirement over the control. However, cultivation treatments did not improve pod yield or grade in any year. The most significant benefit in cultivation from these data is in the reduction in hand-weeding requirements. Based on this research, a regime consisting of weekly tine cultivations for 5 WAP, combined with two timely sweep cultivations provided the best overall balance of weed control and minimization of hand-weeding. Hand-weeding is the most critical weed control method, followed by tine cultivation, and finally sweep cultivation, which primarily served as an aid in the event of missed tine cultivations or failure.
Improving Positive Blood Culture Removal Time Significantly Decreases Total Processing Time
Authors: Salazar Eric , Divatia Mukul , Cernoch Patricia L. , Olsen Randall J. , Long S. Wesley , Land Geoffrey A. , Davis James R. , Musser James M. 
Published: May 2014

Context
Timely processing of blood cultures with positive results, including Gram staining and notification of clinicians, is a critical function of the clinical microbiology laboratory. Analysis of processing time in our laboratory revealed opportunities to enhance workflow efficiency. We found that the average time from positive blood culture result to removal of the bottle for processing (positive-to-removal [PR] time) was inadequate for our rapid pathogen identification program.

Objective
To determine whether increased vigilance about PR time and prioritization of laboratory resources would decrease PR time and total processing time.

Design
We performed a retrospective analysis of blood culture PR time 7 months before and 7 months after an in-service meeting during which the importance of PR time was emphasized, and corrective measures were implemented.

Results
Before the in-service meeting, the average PR time for 5057 samples was 38 minutes, with an aggregate time of 192 251 minutes. Unexpectedly, we discovered that only 51.8% (2617 of 5057) of the positive blood cultures were removed in less than 10 minutes. After the in-service meeting, for 5293 samples, the average PR time improved to 8 minutes, the aggregate time improved to 44 630 minutes, and 84.5% (4470 of 5293) of the positive blood cultures were removed in less than 10 minutes. These improvements reduced the time to telephone notification of the Gram stain results to a caregiver by 46.7% (from 105 minutes to 56 minutes).

Conclusions
Increased awareness of barriers to rapid pathogen identification and interventions for improving performance time significantly enhanced care of patients with bloodstream infections.
New and noteworthy moss records for Turkey and Southwest Asia
Authors: Özdemir Turan , Batan Nevzat 
Published: May 2014

Following a recent bryological foray to northern Turkey Rhizomnium striatulum (Mitt.) T.J.Kop., Leucodon coreensis
Cardot and Leucobryum bowringii Mitt. are reported new to Turkey, the Mediterranean and Southwest Asia. Cyrtomnium Holmen is a new genus record for Turkey and Southwest Asia and Cyrtomnium hymenophylloides (Hübener) T.J.Kop. a new record for Turkey and Southwest Asia. Illustrations, ecology, geographic distribution and brief comparisons with morphologically similar taxa are given.
Audit and feedback intervention: An examination of differences in chiropractic record-keeping compliance
Authors: Homb Nicole M. , Sheybani Shayan , Derby Dustin , Wood Kurt 
Published: May 2014

Objective
The objective of this study was to investigate the association of a clinical documentation quality improvement program using audit–feedback with clinical compliance to indicators of quality chart documentation.

Methods
This was an analysis of differences between adherence to quality indicators of chiropractic record documentation and audit–feedback intervention (feedback report only vs. feedback report with one-on-one educational consultation) at different campuses. Comparisons among groups were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey or Dunnett post hoc tests, and Cohen's d effect size estimates.

Results
There was a significant increase in the mean percentile compliance in 2 of 5 compliance areas and 1 of 11 compliance objectives. Campus B demonstrated significantly higher levels of compliance relative to campus A and/or campus C in 5 of 5 compliance areas and 7 of 11 compliance objectives. Across-campus comparisons indicated that the compliance area Review (Non-Medicare) Treatment Plan [F(2,18) = 17.537, p &lt; .001] and compliance objective Treatment Plan Goals [F(2,26) = 5.653, p &lt; .001] exhibited the highest practical importance for clinical compliance practice.

Conclusions
Feedback of performance improved compliance to indicators of quality health record documentation, especially when baseline adherence is relatively low. Required educational consultations with clinicians combined with audit–feedback were no more effective at increasing compliance to indicators of quality health record documentation than audit–feedback alone.
Hydrocarbon seepage and its sources at mud volcanoes of the Kumano forearc basin, Nankai Trough subduction zone
Authors: Pape Thomas , Geprägs Patrizia , Hammerschmidt Sebastian , Wintersteller Paul , Wei Jiangong , Fleischmann Timo , Bohrmann Gerhard , Kopf Achim J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTwelve submarine mud volcanoes (MV) in the Kumano forearc basin within the Nankai Trough subduction zone were investigated for hydrocarbon origins and fluid dynamics. Gas hydrates diagnostic for methane concentrations exceeding solubilities were recovered from MVs 2, 4, 5, and 10. Molecular ratios (C1/C2 < 250) and stable carbon isotopic compositions (δ13C‐CH4 >−40‰ V‐PDB) indicate that hydrate‐bound hydrocarbons (HCs) at MVs 2, 4, and 10 are derived from thermal cracking of organic matter. Considering thermal gradients at the nearby IODP Sites C0009 and C0002, the likely formation depth of such HCs ranges between 2300 and 4300 m below seafloor (mbsf). With respect to basin sediment thickness and the minimum distance to the top of the plate boundary thrust we propose that the majority of HCs fueling the MVs is derived from sediments of the Cretaceous to Tertiary Shimanto belt below Pliocene/Pleistocene to recent basin sediments. Considering their sizes and appearances hydrates are suggested to be relicts of higher MV activity in the past, although the sporadic presence of vesicomyid clams at MV 2 showed that fluid migration is sufficient to nourish chemosynthesis‐based organisms in places. Distributions of dissolved methane at MVs 3, 4, 5, and 8 pointed at fluid supply through one or few MV conduits and effective methane oxidation in the immediate subsurface. The aged nature of the hydrates suggests that the major portion of methane immediately below the top of the methane‐containing sediment interval is fueled by current hydrate dissolution rather than active migration from greater depth.
Collisionless resistivity in a bifurcated current sheet
Authors: Andriyas T. , Spencer E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe collisionless resistivity due to charged particle chaos in spatially inhomogeneous magnetic fields is calculated for two frequently observed magnetotail current sheets, the X line, and a bifurcated current sheet (BCS) over varying strengths of cross‐tail electric field. The calculation is done for two charged species, protons and O+ ions, found in the magnetotail specially during active times. Chaotic behavior of the particles is studied for the chaos parameter κ≈1defined by Buchner and Zelenyi (1989) as the square root of minimum radius of curvature to the maximum particle gyroradius. The surface of section plot and maximal Lyapunov exponents are analyzed to compare the particle behavior in the two magnetic field topologies. It is found that the particle behavior in a BCS is chaotic around the two humps located at ±z0 and that the configuration is more chaotic than the X line (maximum Lyapunov exponent for X line is around 0.25 compared to 0.34 for BCS). The collisionless resistivity is calculated using the technique developed by Numata and Yoshida (2003). The method relies on a phenomenological equivalence between the particle loss rate from the chaos region and rate of change of momentum in the chaos region under steady state conditions. Rapid decay of the particles from the chaos region is modeled with exponential fits, and it is found that a double exponent is needed for O+ ions in an X line and for both species in the BCS. The resistivity thus calculated is found to be 9–10 orders of magnitude higher than the Spitzer resistivity.
Height‐dependent ionospheric variations in the vicinity of nightside poleward expanding aurora after substorm onset
Authors: Oyama S. , Miyoshi Y. , Shiokawa K. , Kurihara J. , Tsuda T. T. , Watkins B. J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHigh‐latitude ionospheric variations at times near auroral substorms exhibit large temporal variations in both vertical and horizontal extents. Statistical analysis was made of data from the European Incoherent Scatter UHF radar at Tromsø, Norway, and International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects magnetometer for finding common features in electron density, ion and electron temperatures and relating these to currents and associated heating. This paper particularly focused on the height dependencies. Results show clear evidences of large electric field with corresponding frictional heating and Pedersen currents located just outside the front of the poleward expanding aurora, which typically appeared at the eastside of westward traveling surge. At the beginning of the substorm recovery phase, the ionospheric density had a large peak in the E region and a smaller peak in the F region. This structure was named as C form in this paper based on its shape in the altitude‐time plot. The lower altitude density maximum is associated with hard auroral electron precipitation probably during pulsating aurora. We attribute the upper F region density maximum to local ionization by lower energy particle precipitation and/or long‐lived plasma that is convected horizontally into the overhead measurement volume from the dayside hemisphere.
Infrasonic sounds excited by seismic waves of the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake as visualized in ionograms
Authors: Maruyama Takashi , Shinagawa Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAfter the M 9.0 Tohoku‐oki earthquake in 2011, strong deformation of ionogram echo traces, forming multiple cusp signatures (MCSs), were observed at three stations 790–1880 km from the epicenter. The vertical structure of the ionospheric disturbances was determined by true height analysis and compared with broadband seismograph records at stations close to the ionosondes. These ionospheric disturbances were caused by vertically propagating acoustic waves excited by the up/down ground motion of seismic waves. Numerical simulations have shown that acoustic waves with a period of 15–40 s and amplitude of order 1 mm/s at the ground level were sufficient to create MCSs as sharp as those observed. These acoustic wave parameters are consistent with the seismic records if the motion of the air mass on the ground level is assumed to be the same as the ground motion. The travel time diagram of the seismic records along the line connecting the epicenter and ionosondes showed that the first MCS ionogram detected at each station was caused by P waves, while the others were caused by Rayleigh waves.
Thermo‐poro‐mechanics of chemically active creeping faults. 1: Theory and steady state considerations
Authors: Alevizos S. , Poulet T. , Veveakis E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we study the behavior of a fluid‐saturated fault under shear, based on the assumption that the material inside exhibits rate‐ and temperature‐dependent frictional behavior. A creeping fault of this type can produce excess heat due to shear heating, reaching temperatures which are high enough to trigger endothermic chemical reactions. We focus on fluid‐release reactions and incorporate excess pore pressure generation and porosity variations due to the chemical effects (a process called chemical pressurization). We provide the mathematical formulation for coupled thermo‐hydro‐chemo‐mechanical processes and study the influence of the frictional, hydraulic, and chemical properties of the material, along with the boundary conditions of the problem on the behavior of the fault. Regimes of stable‐frictional sliding and pressurization emerge, and the conditions for the appearance of periodic creep‐to‐pressurization instabilities are then derived. The model thus extends the classical mechanical stick‐slip instabilities by identifying chemical pressurization as the process governing the slip phase. The different stability regimes identified match the geological observations about subduction zones. The model presented was specifically tested in the Episodic Tremor and Slip sequence of the Cascadia megathrust, reproducing the displacement data available from the GPS network installed. Through this process, we identify that the slow slip events in Cascadia could be due to the in situ dehydration of serpentinite minerals. During this process, the fluid pressures increase to sublithostatic values and lead to the weakening of the creeping slab.
Volcanic signatures in time gravity variations during the volcanic unrest on El Hierro (Canary Islands)
Authors: Sainz‐Maza Aparicio S. , Arnoso Sampedro J. , Gonzalez Montesinos F. , Martí Molist J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractGravity changes occurring during the initial stage of the 2011–2012 El Hierro submarine eruption are interpreted in terms of the preeruptive signatures during the episode of unrest. Continuous gravity measurements were made at two sites on the island using the relative spring gravimeter LaCoste and Romberg gPhone‐054. On 15 September 2011, an observed gravity decrease of 45 μGal, associated with the southward migration of seismic epicenters, is consistent with a lateral magma migration that occurred beneath the volcanic edifice, an apparently clear precursor of the eruption that took place 25 days later on 10 October 2011. High‐frequency gravity signals also appeared on 6–11 October 2011, pointing to an occurring interaction between a magmatic intrusion and the ocean floor. These important gravity changes, with amplitudes varying from 10 to −90 μGal, during the first 3 days following the onset of the eruption are consistent with the northward migration of the eruptive focus along an active eruptive fissure. An apparent correlation of gravity variations with body tide vertical strain was also noted, which could indicate that concurrent tidal triggering occurred during the initial stage of the eruption.
GRGM900C: A degree 900 lunar gravity model from GRAIL primary and extended mission data
Authors: Lemoine Frank G. , Goossens Sander , Sabaka Terence J. , Nicholas Joseph B. , Mazarico Erwan , Rowlands David D. , Loomis Bryant D. , Chinn Douglas S. , Neumann Gregory A. , Smith David E. , Zuber Maria T. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe have derived a gravity field solution in spherical harmonics to degree and order 900, GRGM900C, from the tracking data of the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) Primary (1 March to 29 May 2012) and Extended Missions (30 August to 14 December 2012). A power law constraint of 3.6 ×10−4/ℓ2 was applied only for degree ℓ greater than 600. The model produces global correlations of gravity, and gravity predicted from lunar topography of ≥ 0.98 through degree 638. The model's degree strength varies from a minimum of 575–675 over the central nearside and farside to 900 over the polar regions. The model fits the Extended Mission Ka‐Band Range Rate data through 17 November 2012 at 0.13 μm/s RMS, whereas the last month of Ka‐Band Range‐Rate data obtained from altitudes of 2–10 km fit at 0.98 μm/s RMS, indicating that there is still signal inherent in the tracking data beyond degree 900.
Subduction‐induced mantle flow, finite strain, and seismic anisotropy: Numerical modeling
Authors: Li Zhong‐Hai , Di Leo Jeanette F. , Ribe Neil M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSurface measurements of shear wave splitting patterns are widely used to infer the mantle circulation around subducting slabs; however, the relation between mantle flow and seismic anisotropy is still elusive. Finite strain is a direct measurement of time‐dependent deformation and has been proposed as a proxy for the crystal‐preferred orientation (CPO) of mantle minerals. We have conducted a series of numerical models to systematically investigate the mantle flow, finite strain, olivine CPO, and SKS wave splitting in oceanic subduction zones with variable slab width. They demonstrate that the preferred orientations of olivine a axes generally agree with the long (extensional) axes of the finite strain ellipsoid (FSE), even in these very complex mantle flow fields; however, neither the a axis nor the FSE axes necessarily aligns with the instantaneous mantle velocity vector. We identify two domains with distinct deformation mechanisms in the central subplate mantle, where simple shear induced by plate advance dominates at shallow depths and produces trench‐normal fast splitting, while pure shear induced by slab rollback dominates the deeper mantle and results in trench‐parallel fast splitting. The SKS splitting patterns are thus dependent on the competing effects of these two mechanisms and also on the subduction partition ratio γ = Xp/Xt: trench parallel when γ< 1 and trench normal when γ>1. In addition, different mantle deformation mechanisms and SKS splitting patterns are observed in the mantle wedge and around the slab edges, which may aid in the general interpretation of seismic anisotropy observations in natural subduction zones.
HPMC layered tablets modified with chitosan and xanthan as matrices for controlled‐release fertilizers
Authors: Melaj Mariana A. , Daraio Marta E. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTPolymeric matrices based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) with xanthan (X) or chitosan (Q) and using KNO3 as a model fertilizer were prepared as three‐layered tablets and assayed as controlled release fertilizers (CRFs). The dynamic swelling behavior was analyzed in order to interpret the water uptake mechanism, which in general proved to be non‐Fickian. The presence of HPMC allows a substantially constant rate of fertilizer release. The release mechanism of KNO3 was analyzed and can be described as non‐Fickian diffusion, with release exponents ranging from 0.85 to 1.01, suggesting polymer relaxation as the major process controlling fertilizer release. Durability in soil indicates the blend Q‐HPMC as the more long‐lasting matrix of those tested, remaining at least 34 weeks. Both blends improve HPMC properties for agronomical applications, with X‐HPMC increasing the swelling rate and Q‐HPMC extending the permanence in the soil. Therefore, layered X‐HPMC and Q‐HPMC matrices can be proposed as suitable materials for the development of CRFs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40839.
Evaluation of two chemical crosslinking methods of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels for injectable nucleus pulposus replacement
Authors: Binetti Valerie R. , Fussell Garland W. , Lowman Anthony M. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTLow back pain caused by intervertebral disc degeneration is one of the most common spinal disorders among patients seeking medical treatment. The most common surgical treatments are spinal fusion and total disc arthroplasty, both of which are very invasive surgical procedures. Nucleus pulposus replacement is an earlier stage intervention for disc degeneration. One of the material classes being studied for this application is hydrogels: a three‐dimensional hydrated network of polymer(s), which mimics the mechanical and physiological properties of the nucleus. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels have previously been shown to be great candidate materials for injectable nucleus pulposus replacement, but have experienced issues with swelling and mass retention. The addition of chemical crosslinking to the PVA/PVP/PEG hydrogel system will allow tailoring of the swelling, mechanical, injectability, and mass loss properties of the hydrogel network. Two chemical crosslinking methods were evaluated for the PVA/PVP/PEG hydrogel system by characterizing the hydrogels with compression, swelling, and spectroscopy experiments. The results of these experiments led to the selection of the difunctional crosslinking strategy using PEG functionalized with terminal epoxide group (PEG diglycidyl ether) as the preferred crosslinking method. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40843.
Recycling of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) into flame‐retardant rigid polyurethane foams
Authors: Li Mengjuan , Luo Jun , Huang Yanhong , Li Xiaoqiang , Yu Tianshi , Ge Mingqiao 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTWaste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) textiles were effectively chemical recycling into flame‐retardant rigid polyurethane foams (PUFs). The PET textile wastes were glycolytically depolymerized to bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) by excess ethylene glycol as depolymerizing agent and zinc acetate dihydrate as catalyst. The PUFs were produced from BHET and polymeric methane diphenyl diisocyanate. The structures of BHET and PUFs were identified by FTIR spectra. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the PUFs (≥23.27%) was higher than that of common PUFs (16–18%), because the aromatic substituent in the depolymerized products improved the flame retardance. To improve the LOI of the PUFs, dimethyl methylphosphonate doped PUFs (DMMP‐PUFs) were produced. The LOI of DMMP‐PUFs was approached to 27.69% with the increasing of the doped DMMP. The influences of the flame retardant on the foams density, porosity, and compression properties were studied. Furthermore, the influences of foaming agent, catalyst, and flame retardant on the flame retardation were also investigated. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40857.