bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A statistical analysis of Pi2‐band waves in the plasma sheet and their relation to magnetospheric drivers
Authors: Wang G. Q. , Ge Y. S. , Zhang T. L. , Nakamura R. , Volwerk M. , Baumjohann W. , Du A. M. , Lu Q. M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe use the Cluster data from 2001 to 2009 to investigate the occurrence of Pi2‐band waves in the plasma sheet. To study the generation mechanisms of these waves, we examine the association between Pi2‐band waves and dynamic processes in the plasma sheet (fast flows and substorm activity) and the direction of the solar wind velocity. For a total of 80 large‐amplitude Pi2‐band waves in the plasma sheet, we find that Cluster records fast flows during 62 events, 11 waves without fast flows occur during substorm time, 3 events occur when the solar wind velocity significantly changes its direction, and 4 events are not associated with any of the above activities. Most of the observed Pi2‐band waves are predominantly compressional, while 2 events are transverse. Based on this statistical study, we suggest that fast flows maybe the main driver of Pi2‐band waves/oscillations in the plasma sheet, especially considering that most of these waves are compressional. The relatively small number of other events indicates that other mechanisms also play a role in creating Pi2‐band waves/oscillations in the plasma sheet but are relatively rare. In all wave events of this study, the plasma pressure and magnetic pressure vary in antiphase, suggesting that these waves have the slow‐mode feature.
Field‐aligned neutral wind bias correction scheme for global ionospheric modeling at midlatitudes by assimilating FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC hmF2 data under geomagnetically quiet conditions
Authors: Sun Yang‐Yi , Matsuo Tomoko , Maruyama Naomi , Liu Jann‐Yenq 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis study demonstrates the usage of a data assimilation procedure, which ingests the FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC (F3/C) hmF2 observations to correct the model wind biases to enhance the capability of the new global Ionosphere Plasmasphere Electrodynamics (IPE) model under geomagnetically quiet conditions. The IPE model is built upon the field line interhemispheric plasma model with a realistic geomagnetic field model and empirical model drivers. The hmF2 observed by the F3/C radio occultation technique is utilized to adjust global thermospheric field‐aligned neutral winds (i.e., a component of the thermospheric neutral wind parallel to the magnetic field) at midlatitudes according to a linear relationship between time differentials of the field‐aligned wind and hmF2. The adjusted winds are further applied to drive the IPE model. The comparison of the modeled electron density with the observations of F3/C and ground‐based GPS receivers at the 2012 March equinox suggests that the modeled electron density can be significantly improved in the midlatitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere, if the wind correction scheme is applied. Moreover, the F3/C observation, the IPE model, and the wind bias correction scheme are applied to study the 2012 Southern Hemisphere Midlatitude Summer Nighttime Anomaly (southern MSNA)/Weddell Sea Anomaly (WSA) event at December solstice for examining the role of the neutral winds in controlling the longitudinal variation of the southern MSNA/WSA behavior. With the help of the wind bias correction scheme, the IPE model better tracks the F3/C‐observed eastward movement of the southern MSNA/WSA feature. The apparent eastward movement of the southern MSNA/WSA features in the local time coordinate is primarily caused by the longitudinal variation in the declination angle of the geomagnetic field that controls the field‐aligned projection of both geographic meridional and zonal components of the neutral wind. Both the IPE simulations and the F3/C observations show the significant longitudinal variation in the speed of the eastward movement of the southern MSNA/WSA.
Accelerated glacier melt on Snow Dome, Mount Olympus, Washington, USA, due to deposition of black carbon and mineral dust from wildfire
Authors: Kaspari Susan , McKenzie Skiles S. , Delaney Ian , Dixon Daniel , Painter Thomas H. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAssessing the potential for black carbon (BC) and dust deposition to reduce albedo and accelerate glacier melt is of interest in Washington because snow and glacier melt are an important source of water resources, and glaciers are retreating. In August 2012 on Snow Dome, Mount Olympus, Washington, we measured snow surface spectral albedo and collected surface snow samples and a 7 m ice core. The snow and ice samples were analyzed for iron (Fe, used as a dust proxy) via inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry, total impurity content gravimetrically, BC using a single‐particle soot photometer (SP2), and charcoal through microscopy. In the 2012 summer surface snow, BC (54 ± 50 µg/L), Fe (367±236 µg/L) and gravimetric impurity (35 ± 18 mg/L) concentrations were spatially variable, and measured broadband albedo varied between 0.67–0.74. BC and dust concentrations in the ice core 2011 summer horizon were a magnitude higher (BC = 3120 µg/L, Fe = 22000 µg/L, and gravimetric impurity = 1870 mg/L), corresponding to a modeled broadband albedo of 0.45 based on the measured BC and gravimetric impurity concentrations. The Big Hump forest fire is the likely source for the higher concentrations. Modeling constrained by measurements indicates that the all‐sky 12 h daily mean radiative forcings in summer 2012 and 2011 range between 37–53 W m−2 and 112–149 W m−2, respectively, with the greater forcings in 2011 corresponding to a 29–38 mm/d enhancement in snowmelt. The timing of the forest fire impurity deposition is coincident with an increase in observed discharge in the Hoh River, highlighting the potential for BC and dust deposition on glaciers from forest fires to accelerate melt.
Desert dust transported over Europe: Lidar observations and model evaluation of the radiative impact
Authors: Pitari Giovanni , Di Genova Glauco , Coppari Eleonora , De Luca Natalia , Di Carlo Piero , Iarlori Marco , Rizi Vincenzo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThree years of measurements of aerosol vertical profiles (2007–2009) made at the lidar station of L'Aquila, a site in central Italy that is part of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network, are studied by means of well‐tested radiative transfer models to analyze the radiative impact of mineral dust aerosols transported from the Sahara desert. Sixteen major episodes of desert dust transport are considered; the radiative analysis is conducted in terms of diurnal averages of the top‐of‐atmosphere radiative flux changes (TOARFC) with respect to a reference “clean” aerosol profile not perturbed by long‐range transported desert particles. The aerosol size distribution, needed as an input parameter for the Mie scattering program to obtain single‐scattering albedo, asymmetry parameter, and extinction scaling over the whole wavelength spectrum, is obtained from simultaneous surface measurements with a multichannel aerosol spectrometer. The calculated average net TOARFC is +2.3 and +3.0 W/m2 in clear‐ and total‐sky conditions, respectively. Solar, planetary components account for −0.42 and +2.7 W/m2 in clear‐sky conditions and +0.93 and +2.1 W/m2 in total‐sky conditions, respectively. The large effective radius of these coarse mode soil dust particles (reff = 1.5 µm) makes the longwave planetary component of the TOARFC dominant over the solar component, at least for typical continental surface albedo values (0.18 on average, at L'Aquila). The solar component, however, shows a pronounced sensitivity to the surface albedo and becomes dominant over the longwave component for both an ocean albedo (0.07) and a typical surface‐snow albedo (0.4), with TOARFC values of −6.3 and +10.6 W/m2, respectively.
Cognitive Load in Cross‐Modal Dual‐Task Processing
Authors: Morrison Natalie M. V. , Burnham Denis , Morrison Ben W. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryUnitary‐resource models posit a collective attentional resource responsible for sustaining information processing across all modalities. In contrast, multiple‐resource models presume a system of modality‐independent resources. The two models predict similar within‐modal performance, but seemingly contradictory cross‐modal performance. Discordant outcomes in past research are here hypothesized to result from inconsistent levels of cognitive load imposed within experimental tasks. Participants monitored two simultaneously presented alphabetic letter arrays consisting of the serial presentation of a target and multiple distractors. The dual‐task design required the identification of targets in within‐modal and cross‐modal trials. Cognitive load was manipulated by altering the presentation rate of the letters. While cross‐modal performance was generally superior and cognitive load was associated with decreasing performance, the cross‐modal advantage prominent at low levels of cognitive load was absent under high cognitive load. Therefore, neither resource model can alone account for dual‐task processing, suggesting the role of a hierarchical resource model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changed Responses Under Cross‐examination: The Role of Anxiety and Individual Differences in Child Witnesses
Authors: Bettenay Caroline , Ridley Anne M. , Henry Lucy A. , Crane Laura 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe present study explored whether levels of anxiety, and a range of individual differences measures (age, IQ and suggestibility), could predict performance during cross‐examination questioning. Eighty‐three children (aged 4–11 years) witnessed a staged event before being interviewed (3–6 days later) and cross‐examined (10 months later). Results demonstrated that cross‐examination induced a significant rise in anxiety levels. Further, recall of unchallenged details (based on children's initial testimony, which they reviewed prior to cross‐examination) and anxiety levels were the only significant predictors of cross‐examination performance. Further research is needed to explore the interrelationship between anxiety and other individual difference measures on cross‐examination performance, and to determine how to alleviate the anxiety of child witnesses (to enable them to achieve their best evidence in court). Preparation to ensure children understand the importance of attending to the recording of their original evidence may improve children's resilience under cross‐examination and reduce anxiety levels. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental Evaluation of Near‐ and Far‐Transfer Effects of an Adaptive Multicomponent Working Memory Training
Authors: Lange Stefanie , Süß Heinz‐Martin 
Published: March 2015

SummaryAn important question in cognitive science today is whether working memory training leads to transfer effects. Training studies reported no transfer as well as far transfer to untrained abilities (e.g., reasoning), but different methodological problems have not allowed reliable conclusions to be drawn. Furthermore, most samples have consisted of young adults, whereas older adults have rarely been included. This study attempted to address these limitations. Ninety‐one older adults were randomly assigned to a training group or an active or passive control group. Short‐term memory, speed, and reasoning were assessed as far‐transfer criteria. In addition, transfer to everyday life was investigated using an ambulatory assessment method. Although there were significant training effects, no transfer effects were found. Instead, the active control group showed the same increase in the near‐transfer tasks (i.e., working memory) as the experimental group indicating that unspecific factors explain the training gains of older adults. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Presence, Content, and Characteristics of Memories of Individuals with Dental Phobia
Authors: van Houtem Caroline M. H. H. , van Wijk Arjen J. , de Jongh Ad 
Published: March 2015

SummaryKnowledge about memories of distressing events underlying fears and specific phobias is limited. This study assessed (1) the presence, content, and characteristics of memories of events that initiated or exacerbated dental anxiety levels; and (2) the relationship between dental trait anxiety and some key features of these memories. This study used a semi‐structured interview and included dental phobics (n = 42), subthreshold dental phobics (n = 41), and normal controls (n = 70). Dental phobics were more likely to report a memory underlying their anxiety than the normal controls. Moreover, dental phobics' memories were reported as more vivid, disturbing, and more intensely relived than the memories of the normal controls. Greater severity of dental trait anxiety was significantly associated with greater disturbance of patients' memories. The results suggest that memories of distressing events play a significant role in the development of dental phobia and that their characteristics are associated with severity of dental trait anxiety. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tryptophan C5‐, C6‐ and C7‐Prenylating Enzymes Displaying a Preference for C‐6 of the Indole Ring in the Presence of Unnatural Dimethylallyl Diphosphate Analogues
Authors: Winkelblech Julia , Liebhold Mike , Gunera Jakub , Xie Xiulan , Kolb Peter , Li Shu‐Ming 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe behavior of four dimethylallyltryptophan synthases (DMATSs) (5‐DMATS and 5‐DMATSSc as tryptophan C5‐prenyltransferases, and 6‐DMATSSa and 6‐DMATSSv as C6‐prenyltransferases) and one L‐tyrosine prenyltransferase with a tryptophan C7‐prenyltransferase activity was investigated in the presence of two unnatural alkyl donors (methylallyl and 2‐pentenyl diphosphate) and one benzyl donor (benzyl diphosphate). Detailed biochemical investigations revealed the acceptance of these dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) analogues by all tested enzymes with different relative activities. Enzyme products with the allyl or benzyl moiety attached to different positions were identified in the reaction mixtures, whereby C‐6 alkylated or benzylated L‐tryptophan was found as one of the main products. This observation demonstrates a preference of the five prenyltransferases toward C‐6 of the indole ring in the presence of unnatural DMAPP derivatives. Molecular dynamics simulation experiments with a homologous model of 5‐DMATS explained well its reactions with methylallyl and 2‐pentenyl diphosphate. Furthermore this study expands significantly the potential usage of tryptophan prenylating enzymes as biocatalysts for Friedel–Crafts alkylation.magnified image
Zinc‐Catalyzed Selective Reduction of Cyclic Imides with Hydrosilanes: Synthesis of ω‐Hydroxylactams
Authors: Ding Guangni , Lu Bin , Li Yuyuan , Wan Jun , Zhang Zhaoguo , Xie Xiaomin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCyclic imides were selectively reduced to the corresponding ω‐hydroxylactams in high yields with (EtO)3SiH (triethoxysilane) or PMHS (polymethylhydrosiloxane) under catalysis of zinc diacetate dehydrate [Zn(OAc)2⋅2 H2O] (10%) and tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) (10%). This catalytic protocol showed good functional group tolerance as well as excellent regioselectivity for unsymmetrical imides bearing coordinating groups adjacent to the carbonyl.magnified image
Copper‐Catalyzed N‐Aryl‐β‐enaminonitrile Synthesis Utilizing Isocyanides as the Nitrogen Source
Authors: Kim Seoksun , Hong Soon Hyeok 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA novel synthetic protocol for N‐aryl‐β‐enaminonitriles, which are useful building blocks for heterocycle synthesis, was developed using isocyanides as the nitrogen source. Using copper‐catalyzed one‐step reactions between isocyanides and benzyl cyanides under mild conditions, diverse N‐aryl‐β‐enaminonitriles could be synthesized in excellent yields and with high atom‐efficiency. N‐Alkyl‐β‐enaminonitriles were also synthesized in good yields. A mechanism involving an imidoyl‐copper intermediate was proposed based on mechanistic studies and previous reports. In addition, we demonstrated that a synthesized N‐aryl‐β‐enaminonitrile could be utilized for the synthesis of a β‐keto nitrile compound and 3‐aminopyrazole.magnified image
Enantioselective Organocatalyzed Oxa‐Michael–Aldol Cascade Reactions: Construction of Chiral 4H‐Chromenes with a Trifluoromethylated Tetrasubstituted Carbon Stereocenter
Authors: Zhang Jing , Ajitha Manjaly J. , He Lin , Liu Kai , Dai Bin , Huang Kuo‐Wei 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe first organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of 4H‐chromenes bearing a trifluoromethylated tetrasubstituted carbon center is presented. Chiral secondary amines promote the oxa‐Michael–aldol cascade reaction between alkynals and 2‐trifluoroacetylphenols via iminium–allenamine activation to produce pharmaceutically important heterocycles with excellent enantioselectivities. The proposed reaction can be scaled‐up easily with maintenance of the excellent enantioselectivity.magnified image
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Ethers Using Alcohols as Alkylating Reagents
Authors: Liu Yongxiang , Wang Xiaoyu , Wang Yanshi , Du Chuan , Shi Hui , Jin Shengfei , Jiang Chongguo , Xiao Jianyong , Cheng Maosheng 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA microwave‐irradiated alcohol‐protecting strategy based on gold catalysis utilizing benzyl alcohol, tert‐butyl alcohol and triphenylmethanol as alkylating reagents has been developed. This protecting strategy has wide functional group tolerance with satisfactory yields for the majority of the selected alcohols. The mechanism of this transformation was probed with oxygen‐18 isotope labelled alcohols assisted by GC‐MS techniques and chemical kinetic experiments. This strategy provides an efficient, straightforward and alternative approach to the preparation of benzyl, tert‐butyl and trityl ethers in organic synthesis.magnified image
Graded index photonic crystals: A review
Authors: Zhu Qingyi , Jin Lei , Fu Yongqi 
Published: March 2015

A new type of photonic crystal (PC) named graded index (GRIN) PC was proposed by E. Centeno in 2005. It is obtained by appropriately modifying the parameters of a regular PC, thus resulting in gradual index variation. Many applications are inspired by this notion. This review will introduce different ways of designing GRIN PCs from both theoretical and experimental point of views. Some typical applications based on GRIN PCs are presented, followed by the focusing mechanism of GRIN PC.
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Carbon nanohorn‐graphene nanoplate hybrid: An excellent electrode material for supercapacitor application
Authors: Maiti Sandip , Das Amit Kumar , Karan Sumanta Kumar , Khatua Bhanu B. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThis study describes the capacitor behavior of carbon nanohorn (CNH)/graphene nanoplate (GNP) hybrid (CNGN). The well‐CNH‐decorated GNP‐plate electrode materials show high capacitance value (≈677 F/g) and can be extensively used in new generation for energy storage. In the hybrid (CNGN), two nanofillers jointly affect the capacitance behavior and increase the capacitance value of the CNGN hybrid. Homogeneous coating of CNH over the GNP plate plays an effective role to enhance the capacitance behavior of the composite. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis of the composite confirmed the CNH coating on the GNP plate. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42118.
Planned or Emergent Strategy Making? Exploring the Formation of Corporate Sustainability Strategies
Authors: Neugebauer Friederike , Figge Frank , Hahn Tobias 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn strategy research, there is a consensus that strategy making resides on a continuum from planned to emergent where most strategies are made in a mixed way. Different contingency factors have been suggested to explain the factors that influence strategy making. Sustainability research seems to overlook most of this development and assumes instead that sustainability strategies are made in a purely planned way. We contribute to a better understanding of the role of different strategy making modes for sustainability in three ways. First, we point to the bias towards planned strategy formation in sustainability research. Second, we propose a new contingency factor to help explain sustainability strategy making based on the nature of the problem addressed. Third, we discuss strategy making for different types of sustainability problems. We argue that planned strategy making is expected for salient and non‐wicked problems while emergent strategy making is likely for non‐salient and wicked problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Bioprospection of Cytotoxic Compounds in Fungal Strains Recovered from Sediments of the Brazilian Coast
Authors: Rodrigues Bárbara S. F. , Sahm Bianca D. B. , Jimenez Paula C. , Pinto Francisco C. L. , Mafezoli Jair , Mattos Marcos C. , Rodrigues‐Filho Edson , Pfenning Ludwig H. , Abreu Lucas M. , Costa‐Lotufo Letícia V. , Oliveira Maria C. F. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe cytotoxic activities of extracts (50 μg/ml) from 48 fungal strains, recovered from sediments of Pecém's offshore port terminal (Northeast coast of Brazil), against HCT‐116 colon cancer cell lines were investigated. The most promising extract was obtained from strain BRF082, identified as Dichotomomyces cejpii by phylogenetic analyses of partial RPB2 gene sequence. Thus, it was selected for bioassay‐guided isolation of the cytotoxic compounds. Large‐scale fermentation of BRF082 in potato dextrose broth, followed by chromatographic purification of the bioactive fractions from the liquid medium, yielded gliotoxin (4) and its derivatives acetylgliotoxin G (3), bis(dethio)bis(methylsulfanyl)gliotoxin (1), acetylgliotoxin (5), 6‐acetylbis(dethio)bis(methylsulfanyl)gliotoxin (2), besides the quinazolinone alkaloid fiscalin B. All isolated compounds were tested for their cytotoxicities against the tumor cell lines HCT‐116, revealing 4 and 3 as the most cytotoxic ones (IC50 0.41 and 1.06 μg/ml, resp.).
A Comparative Study on Hulled Adlay and Unhulled Adlay through Evaluation of Their LPS‐Induced Anti‐Inflammatory Effects, and Isolation of Pure Compounds
Authors: Choi Goeun , Han Ah‐Reum , Lee Joo Hee , Park Ji‐Youn , Kang Unwoo , Hong Jongki , Kim Yeong Shik , Seo Eun‐Kyoung 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCoicis semen (=the hulled seed of Coix lacryma‐jobi L. var. ma‐yuen (Rom.Caill.) Stapf; Gramineae), commonly known as adlay and Job's tears, is widely used in traditional medicine and as a nutritious food. Bioassay‐guided fractionation of the AcOEt fraction of unhulled adlays, using measurement of nitric oxide (NO) production on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, led to the isolation and identification of two new stereoisomers, (+)‐(7′S,8′R,7″S,8″R)‐guaiacylglycerol β‐O‐4′‐dihydrodisinapyl ether (1) and (+)‐(7′S,8′R,7″R,8″R)‐guaiacylglycerol β‐O‐4′‐dihydrodisinapyl ether (2), together with six known compounds, 3–8. Compounds 3 and 4 exhibited inhibitory activities on LPS‐induced NO production with IC50 values of 1.4 and 3.7 μM, respectively, and suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) protein expressions in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Simple high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV) was used to compare the AcOEt fraction of unhulled adlays responsible for the anti‐inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 cells and the inactive AcOEt fraction of hulled adlays.