bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histological skin morphology enhancement base on molecular hyperspectral imaging technology
Authors: Li Q. , Sun Z. , Wang Y. , Liu H. , Guo F. , Zhu J. 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundMost traditional skin histological analysis methods are based on the light microscopy images, which can only provide limited information and low contrast results for pathology evaluation. Molecular hyperspectral imaging technology can provide both spatial and spectral information of skin sections, which is a new method for histological skin analysis.MethodsThe molecular hyperspectral imaging system was developed by coupling an acousto‐optic tunable filters adapter to microscopy and the molecular hyperspectral images were analyzed by home‐written software with image processing algorithms. Then, the histological structures in skin sections were investigated in several locations to evaluate the potential application of the molecular hyperspectral imaging technique to dermatology.ResultsMolecular hyperspectral images of skin sections were obtained. Single‐band images, false color images, virtual 3D surface view images, and color‐coded spectral clustering results were produced to highlight the skin structures for histological evaluation.ConclusionUnlike traditional histological analysis with light microscopy, the molecular hyperspectral imaging technology can enhance the visualization of skin structures using their spectral signatures and their gray values. This technology has potential for the diagnosis and histopathologic characterization of different kind of skin cells.
Japanese Causatives are Not Relevant To Lexical Integrity
Authors: Ackema Peter 
Published: November 2013

AbstractProductive Japanese causative verbs appear to form a problem for the idea that the relation between morphology and syntax is characterised by lexical integrity, meaning that the internal structure of complex words is opaque to syntax. This is because such causatives show behaviour that indicates the verb and the causative morpheme head separate syntactic clauses underlyingly, so their structure must be syntactically transparent, but nevertheless the combination of verb and causative morpheme seems to be a morphological complex. In this paper I argue that, given a modular architecture of grammar, the module in which verb and causative morpheme might be argued to be a complex word is morpho‐phonology, which is not the module to which lexical integrity pertains. In the module to which this does pertain, morpho‐syntax, the productive causative morpheme is a free morpheme, rather than an affix, at all levels of representation. The construction is therefore not relevant to the question of whether or not lexical integrity holds. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relationship between the productive causative and the ‘lexical’ causative, which arguably does involve a morphological complex in morpho‐syntax as well as morpho‐phonology. It is argued that the occurrence of the same morpheme in syntactic causatives and some lexical causatives does not imperil its status as a free morpheme in the syntactic causative.
An in vitro system for the rapid functional characterization of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation
Authors: Bai Chao , Rivera Sol M. , Medina Vicente , Alves Rui , Vilaprinyo Ester , Sorribas Albert , Canela Ramon , Capell Teresa , Sandmann Gerhard , Christou Paul , Zhu Changfu 
Published: November 2013

SummaryWe have developed an assay based on rice embryogenic callus for rapid functional characterization of metabolic genes. We validated the assay using a selection of well‐characterized genes with known functions in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, allowing rapid visual screening of callus phenotypes based on tissue color. We then used the system to identify the functions of two uncharacterized genes: a chemically synthesized β–carotene ketolase gene optimized for maize codon usage, and a wild‐type Arabidopsis thaliana ortholog of the cauliflower Orange gene. In contrast to previous reports (Lopez, A.B., Van Eck, J., Conlin, B.J., Paolillo, D.J., O'Neill, J. and Li, L. () J. Exp. Bot. 59, 213–223; Lu, S., Van Eck, J., Zhou, X., Lopez, A.B., O'Halloran, D.M., Cosman, K.M., Conlin, B.J., Paolillo, D.J., Garvin, D.F., Vrebalov, J., Kochian, L.V., Küpper, H., Earle, E.D., Cao, J. and Li, L. () Plant Cell 18, 3594–3605), we found that the wild‐type Orange allele was sufficient to induce chromoplast differentiation. We also found that chromoplast differentiation was induced by increasing the availability of precursors and thus driving flux through the pathway, even in the absence of Orange. Remarkably, we found that diverse endosperm‐specific promoters were highly active in rice callus despite their restricted activity in mature plants. Our callus system provides a unique opportunity to predict the effect of metabolic engineering in complex pathways, and provides a starting point for quantitative modeling and the rational design of engineering strategies using synthetic biology. We discuss the impact of our data on analysis and engineering of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.
ABC1K1/PGR6 kinase: a regulatory link between photosynthetic activity and chloroplast metabolism
Authors: Martinis Jacopo , Glauser Gaétan , Valimareanu Sergiu , Stettler Michaela , Zeeman Samuel C. , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Shikanai Toshiharu , Kessler Felix 
Published: November 2013

SummaryArabidopsis proton gradient regulation (pgr) mutants have high chlorophyll fluorescence and reduced non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) caused by defects in photosynthetic electron transport. Here, we identify PGR6 as the chloroplast lipid droplet (plastoglobule, PG) kinase ABC1K1 (activity of bc1 complex kinase 1). The members of the ABC1/ADCK/UbiB family of atypical kinases regulate ubiquinone synthesis in bacteria and mitochondria, and impact various metabolic pathways in plant chloroplasts. Here, we demonstrate that abc1k1 has a unique photosynthetic and metabolic phenotype that is distinct from that of the abc1k3 homolog. The abc1k1/pgr6 single mutant is specifically deficient in the electron carrier plastoquinone, as well as in β–carotene and the xanthophyll lutein, and is defective in membrane antioxidant tocopherol metabolism. After 2 days of continuous high light stress, abc1k1/pgr6 plants suffer extensive photosynthetic and metabolic perturbations, strongly affecting carbohydrate metabolism. Remarkably, however, the mutant acclimates to high light after 7 days together with a recovery of carotenoid levels and a drastic alteration in the starch‐to‐sucrose ratio. Moreover, ABC1K1 behaves as an active kinase and phosphorylates VTE1, a key enzyme of tocopherol (vitamin E) metabolism in vitro. Our results indicate that the ABC1K1 kinase constitutes a new type of regulatory link between photosynthetic activity and chloroplast metabolism.
A Case Study: Construction of Bucket Foundations for Jackup Ships
Authors: Qiu Gang , Hamann Thorben , Grabe Jürgen , Hein Christian , Howe Robert 
Published: November 2013

Jackup ships are built to transport wind turbines foundation between offshore logistics center and the installation site. It require sufficiently stable seabed next to quay walls. Otherwise jackup processes may reduce the stability of the quay wall and remained footprints of the legs could induce unsafe jackup procedures in the future. Foundations have been planned to improve the strength of seabed in front of the quay wall. The numerical analyses of the penetration/extraction processes of the legs into/out of the foundations were presented in OMAE2011-49928 to study the bearing capacity of two foundation designs (open-ended cylinder and bucket foundation).
In consequence of the numerical studies, the bucket foundation was selected and was improved by reduction the height of the foundations and adjust the inclination of the inner wall to reduce the construction costs. Four bucket foundations have been built in Bremerhaven, Germany. This paper provided of a resume of design, construction and set-up process. The penetration and extraction processes of the jackup legs were tested the results were compared with the numerical predictions.
Reliability Based Deep Water Spool Piece Design
Authors: Juluri Naresh , Dib Elie , el-Gebaly Sherif , Cooper Philip 
Published: November 2013

Long spools are often required to absorb the end expansion of deep water high pressure and high temperature flowlines. These spools typically have significant metrology and fabrication tolerances. Metrology and spool fabrication tolerances lead to misalignments at the connector hub face. Residual loads then arise from spool deformation due to the installation forces that are required to match-up the connector faces.
It is a current industry practice to design the spools for multiple independent tolerances at extreme limits in all directions. Previous project experience shows that the Algebraic Sum (AS) combination of multiple independent tolerances at extreme limits may result in large spools where the probability of occurrence of these tolerances at extreme limits is quite low.
The use of less conservative SRSS (square root of sum of squares) combination has been suggested in this paper as an alternative to the Algebraic Sum combination. Due to the large number of misalignment components, the probability of exceeding the loads in the spool and at the connector obtained by the SRSS method is small and is within the applicable failure probabilities defined in DNV-OS-F101. The SRSS method is demonstrated in this paper by using a Monte Carlo simulation.
Five different spools have been analysed to demonstrate the suitability of using SRSS misalignments when the spools are designed to DNV-OS-F101. The spools considered include 10″, 16″ and 20″ outside diameter spools to represent different sizes at different loading combinations. Maximum bending moments in the spool and maximum moments at the connector have been considered to check the SRSS feasibility. The results indicate that it is acceptable to use SRSS misalignments as an alternative to AS misalignments. Considering SRSS misalignments in preference to AS leads to reduced spool size and reduced loadings on connectors.
Water Injection, Polymer Injection and Polymer Alternating Water Injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Laboratory Study
Authors: Zampieri Marcelo F. , Moreno Rosangela B. Z. L. 
Published: November 2013

Developing an efficient methodology for oil recovery is extremely important in this commodity industry, which may indeed lead to wide spread profitability. In the conventional water injection method, oil displacement occurs by mechanical behavior between fluids. Nevertheless, depending on mobility ratio, a huge quantity of injected water is necessary. Polymer injection aims to increase water viscosity and improve the water/oil mobility ratio, thus improving sweep efficiency. The alternating banks of polymer and water injection appear as an option for the suitable fields. By doing so, the bank serves as an economic alternative, as injecting polymer solution is an expensive process.
The main objective of this study is to analyze and comparison of the efficiency of water injection, polymer injection and polymer alternate water injection. For this purpose, tests were carried out offset in core samples of sandstones using paraffin oil, saline solution and polymer and were obtained the recovery factor and water-oil ratio for each method. The obtained results for the continuous polymer injection and alternating polymer and water injection were promising in relation to the conventional water injection, aiming to anticipate the oil production and to improve the water management with the reduction of injected and produced water volumes.
A Method for Modeling of Floating Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Authors: Wang Kai , Moan Torgeir , Hansen Martin Otto Laver 
Published: November 2013

It is of interest to investigate the potential advantages of floating vertical axis wind turbine (FVAWT) due to its economical installation and maintenance. A novel 5MW vertical axis wind turbine concept with a Darrieus rotor mounted on a semi-submersible support structure is proposed in this paper. In order to assess the technical and economic feasibility of this novel concept, a comprehensive simulation tool for modeling of the floating vertical axis wind turbine is needed.
This work presents the development of a coupled method for modeling of the dynamics of a floating vertical axis wind turbine. This integrated dynamic model takes into account the wind inflow, aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, structural dynamics (wind turbine, floating platform and the mooring lines) and a generator control. This approach calculates dynamic equilibrium at each time step and takes account of the interaction between the rotor dynamics, platform motion and mooring dynamics. Verification of this method is made through model-to-model comparisons. Finally, some dynamic response results for the platform motion are presented as an example for application of this method.
Modelling and Analysis of a Semi-Submersible Wind Turbine With a Central Tower With Emphasis on the Brace System
Authors: Luan Chenyu , Gao Zhen , Moan Torgeir 
Published: November 2013

This paper deals with analysis of the OC4 DeepCWind semi-submersible wind turbine, which is provided by NREL through the OC4 project. This concept is a three-column semi-submersible supporting a 5 MW wind turbine on an additional central column.
The fact that the semi-submersible floater needs a large water line restoring moment to achieve sufficient stability and the control of the cost based on the steel weight make the design of braces and pontoons very challenging. Effective methods are needed to check the strength of the brace system based on the response forces and moments in the braces under different design environmental conditions, while the floating wind turbine is needed to be considered as an aero-hydro-servo-elastic system.
A novel modeling methodology based on the code Simo/Riflex is introduced in this paper. Simo/Riflex is a state-of-the-art code that can account for the coupling effect between rigid body motions and slender structures (e.g. mooring lines, braces and blades) in the time-domain. Simo/Riflex can be combined with Aerodyn, which is a state-of-the-art aerodynamic code, to model the floating wind turbine as an aero-hydro-servo-elastic system, as well as be combined with simplified aerodynamic codes (e.g.TDHMILL) to improve the efficiency of the numerical simulation.
The novel modeling method can give the forces and moments in the brace system of the floater under hydrodynamic and aerodynamic loads in the time-domain. In order to get the structural response of the braces, the side columns and the central supporting column are modeled as independent rigid bodies in Simo while the braces are modeled by beam elements in Riflex. Master and slave relationship is applied at the joints in between of the columns and braces.
As an application example, the novel modeling method based on the code Simo/Riflex+TDHMILL, which is capable of modeling the floating wind turbine as an aero-hydro-elastic system, has been used to carry out Ultimate Limit State (ULS) design check for the brace system of the OC4 DeepCWind semi-submersible wind turbine based on relevant standards, i.e. NORSOK N00-3, NORSOK N-004, IEC61400-1, IEC61400-3.
The modeling method can also be used by other codes which have similar features as Simo/Riflex.
Experimental Investigation of VIM Characteristics on Column Type Floater in Super Critical Reynolds Number
Authors: Fujiwara Toshifumi , Saito Masakatsu , Maeda Katsuya , Sato Hiroshi , Ishida Kei 
Published: November 2013

In Japan, floating wind turbine facilities are planned to be set in the offshore, where bottom-mounted type’s one is not feasible, to generate natural resource electricity. One of the ways for application is that the facilities are mounted on a column type floater to keep buoyancy and stability in the sea that is called as Spar type. At that time, the characteristic of VIM, i.e. Vortex Induced Motion, on the column type floater is concerned about to maintain mooring safety of the wind turbine.
VIM characteristic on the column type floater was investigated using a huge experimental model in supper critical Reynolds number at the large towing tank in the National Maritime Research Institute, Japan.
The results of the experiment were compared with ones of a small similar figure model under critical Reynolds number, and VIM amplitudes against reduced velocity parameter are clearly understood. The amplitude distribution relating to duration time for large VIM amplitude is also investigated to assess the effect on fatigue damage of mooring lines. These unique and precious results have important role for making the safety guideline on mooring requirement on a column type floater.
Development of an Economic and Efficient Installation Vessel for Tidal Stream Energy Converter Arrays
Authors: Nicholls-Lee Rachel , Hindley Simon , Parkinson Richard 
Published: November 2013

In order for tidal stream technology to develop into a viable and cost effective energy solution, the overall cost of tidal array installation, operations and maintenance must be driven down. The key issues which drive the cost are the time required to conduct operations and susceptibility to weather risk coupled with the expense of marine assets.
Current vessels have limited operational windows due to weather and tidal constraints, which result in considerable cumulative costs due to high charges for such vessels. The marine renewable industry is currently reliant on vessels of opportunity from the offshore oil and gas sector; which, while sufficient for single device demonstration deployments, are not viable for array installations. De-coupling the tidal sector from this market place offers the opportunity to reduce the volatility of vessel day rates.
This paper presents the concept design of an efficient and economic, fit for purpose installation vessel for tidal stream energy converters. The vessel has good dynamic positioning capabilities for operation in strong tidal currents thus broadening the operational window. The environmental impact of the vessel is reduced when compared to existing vessels. A key criterion throughout the design process is minimizing the cost of the vessel to tidal turbine site developers.
An Experimental Study of the Hydrodynamic Effects of Marine Growth on Wave Energy Converters
Authors: Tiron Roxana , Gallagher Sarah , Doherty Kenneth , Reynaud Emmanuel G. , Dias Frédéric , Mallon Fionn , Whittaker Trevor 
Published: November 2013

Even though the outstanding energy resource provided by ocean surface waves has long been recognized, the extraction of wave power is still in its infancy. Meanwhile, the increased interest in sustainable energy alternatives could lead to large-scale deployments of wave energy convertors (WECs) worldwide in the near future. In this context, the interaction of WECs with the marine environment is an issue that has come under increased scrutiny. In particular, the accumulation of biological deposits on the device (commonly referred to as biofouling) could lead to a modification in the behaviour and performance of the device design.
For coastal devices in the North-Eastern Atlantic region, the main contributors to biofouling are likely to be the brown algae from the genus Laminaria. In the experimental study described in this paper, we have investigated the effects of algal growth on a scale model of the Oyster 800 WEC, a technology developed by Aquamarine Power. The experiments were carried out in the wave tank at Queens University Belfast. The algal growth on the device has been emulated with plastic stripes attached on the surface of the device. Several configurations with various placements and stripe dimensions were tested, in sea states typical to the targeted deployment sites. Our experiments were designed as a worst-case scenario and provide first insights into the potential effects of biofouling on the performance of a WEC. The experiments indicate that the effects of biofouling could be significant and suggest the need for further investigation.
Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis of 2D Current Transects in the Fehmarn Belt
Authors: Golestani Maziar , Sørensen Jacob Tornfeldt 
Published: November 2013

Describing spatial coherence of hydrodynamic conditions typically includes analysis of long time series of model results and site specific bathymetric and hydrodynamic features. This complex task often involves a time-consuming qualitative analysis to identify the critical physical processes for normal and extreme conditions. A methodology for skillful reduction of the system dimensions and determination of the most important current patterns can provide a more quantitative analysis of the coherence and variability of complex spatial time series. The objective of this study is to decompose transects of velocity in the hydrodynamically complex Fehmarn Belt area into Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) and determine their relative contribution to the total variance. This will help marine engineers and contractors to gain a more quantitative and accessible picture of the changes in the current transects and to obtain an overview of current shear pattern while performing complex and exquisite operations.
18 years of hindcast data from a three-dimensional flow model are used for performing the EOF analysis. After performing the EOF analysis, the most important and dominant current patterns are extracted. The analysis reveals that the first eigenmode explains about 89 % of the variance and resembles the barotrpic flow at the cross-section while other EOF modes represent various modes of the baroclinic flow. The results are compared to EOF analysis of two ADCP measurements installed on the seabed and comparisons with similar analysis of model output are performed.
It is shown that the whole time series can be reconstructed with much fewer degrees of freedom and almost no data loss by using only the first five EOF modes.