bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of cardiometabolic risk in children in population studies: underpinning developmental origins of health and disease mother–offspring cohort studies
Authors: Huang R.-C. , Prescott Susan L. , Godfrey Keith M. , Davis Elizabeth A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPregnancy and birth cohorts have been utilised extensively to investigate the developmental origins of health and disease, particularly in relation to understanding the aetiology of obesity and related cardiometabolic disorders. Birth and pregnancy cohorts have been utilised extensively to investigate this area of research. The aim of the present review was twofold: first to outline the necessity of measuring cardiometabolic risk in children; and second to outline how it can be assessed. The major outcomes thought to have an important developmental component are CVD, insulin resistance and related metabolic outcomes. Conditions such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and CHD all tend to have peak prevalence in middle-aged and older individuals but assessments of cardiometabolic risk in childhood and adolescence are important to define early causal factors and characterise preventive measures. Typically, researchers investigating prospective cohort studies have relied on the thesis that cardiovascular risk factors, such as dyslipidaemia, hypertension and obesity, track from childhood into adult life. The present review summarises some of the evidence that these factors, when measured in childhood, may be of value in assessing the risk of adult cardiometabolic disease, and as such proceeds to describe some of the methods for assessing cardiometabolic risk in children.
Recommended intakes of vitamin D to optimise health, associated circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and dosing regimens to treat deficiency: workshop report and overview of current literature
Authors: Balvers Michiel G. J. , Brouwer-Brolsma Elske M. , Endenburg Silvia , de Groot Lisette C. P. G. M. , Kok Frans J. , Gunnewiek Jacqueline Klein 
Published: July 2015

AbstractVitamin D is a fat-soluble hormone that traditionally has been linked to bone health. Recently, its involvement has been extended to other (extra-skeletal) disease areas, such as cancer, CVD, energy metabolism and autoimmune diseases. Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide problem, and several recommendation-setting bodies have published guidelines for adequate vitamin D intake and status. However, recommendations from, for example, the Health Council of the Netherlands do not provide advice on how to treat vitamin D deficiency, a condition that is often encountered in the clinic. In addition, these recommendations provide guidelines for the maintenance of ‘minimum levels’, and do not advise on ‘optimum levels’ of vitamin D intake/status to further improve health. The NutriProfiel project, a collaboration between the Gelderse Vallei Hospital (Ede, the Netherlands) and the Division of Human Nutrition of Wageningen University (Wageningen, the Netherlands), was initiated to formulate a protocol for the treatment of vitamin deficiency and for the maintenance of optimal vitamin D status. To discuss the controversies around treatment of deficiency and optimal vitamin D status and intakes, a workshop meeting was organised with clinicians, scientists and dietitians. In addition, a literature review was conducted to collect recent information on optimal intake of vitamins, their optimal circulating concentrations, and effective dosing regimens to treat deficiency. This information has been translated into the NutriProfiel advice, which is outlined in this article.
PEBBLE GAMES AND LINEAR EQUATIONS
Authors: GROHE MARTIN , OTTO MARTIN 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe give a new, simplified and detailed account of the correspondence between levels of the Sherali–Adams relaxation of graph isomorphism and levels of pebble-game equivalence with counting (higher-dimensional Weisfeiler–Lehman colour refinement). The correspondence between basic colour refinement and fractional isomorphism, due to Tinhofer [22; 23] and Ramana, Scheinerman and Ullman [17], is re-interpreted as the base level of Sherali–Adams and generalised to higher levels in this sense by Atserias and Maneva [1] and Malkin [14], who prove that the two resulting hierarchies interleave. In carrying this analysis further, we here give (a) a precise characterisation of the level k Sherali–Adams relaxation in terms of a modified counting pebble game; (b) a variant of the Sherali–Adams levels that precisely match the k-pebble counting game; (c) a proof that the interleaving between these two hierarchies is strict. We also investigate the variation based on boolean arithmetic instead of real/rational arithmetic and obtain analogous correspondences and separations for plain k-pebble equivalence (without counting). Our results are driven by considerably simplified accounts of the underlying combinatorics and linear algebra.
REAL HYPERSURFACES OF NON-FLAT COMPLEX SPACE FORMS WITH GENERALIZED ξ-PARALLEL JACOBI STRUCTURE OPERATOR
Authors: THEOFANIDIS TH. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe aim of the present paper is the classification of real hypersurfaces M equipped with the condition Al = lA, l = R(., ξ)ξ, restricted in a subspace of the tangent space TpM of M at a point p. This class is large and difficult to classify, therefore a second condition is imposed: (∇ξl)X = ω(X)ξ + ψ(X)lX, where ω(X), ψ(X) are 1-forms. The last condition is studied for the first time and is much weaker than ∇ξl = 0 which has been studied so far. The Jacobi Structure Operator satisfying this weaker condition can be called generalized ξ-parallel Jacobi Structure Operator.
Inoderma and related genera in Arthoniaceae with elevated white pruinose pycnidia or sporodochia
Authors: Frisch Andreas , Ohmura Yoshihito , Ertz Damien , Thor Göran 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe genus Inoderma (Ach.) Gray is lectotypified with Inoderma byssaceum and resurrected for a small group of species in Arthoniaceae with elevated, white pruinose pycnidia, immersed to adnate white pruinose apothecia and a weakly gelatinized hymenium. Inoderma nipponicum is described from Japan, I. afromontanum from Uganda and the European Lecanactis subabietina is transferred to the genus. Sporodophoron is described for a small group of species in Arthoniaceae related to Inoderma but with a unique type of sporodochia instead of pycnidia. Sterile specimens of this new genus resemble species of Tylophoron but differ in the rounded angular to elliptical to short cylindrical, 0–2-septate sporodochial conidia with unevenly thickened walls which are formed apically in zigzag-shaped and occasionally branched chains. Sporodophoron further differs in thallus chemistry and is genetically distinct. Tylophoron americanum and Schismatomma cretaceum are transferred to Sporodophoron, and the new species S. gossypinum from Japan and S. primorskiense from eastern Russia are described. The genus Glomerulophoron is described for a single species from Mauritius, G. mauritiae, differing from Sporodophoron in the tightly coiled chains of sporodochial conidia and being genetically distinct. A phylogenetic tree showing the position of Inoderma, Sporodophoron and Glomerulophoron in Arthoniaceae is presented. A key to all species of Arthoniaceae with sporodochia or elevated white pruinose pycnidia is presented. Arthothelium spectabile, the type of the large heterogeneous genus Arthothelium, is confirmed for the cryptothecioid subclade in Arthoniaceae.
Relativistic Gaussian laser beam self-focusing in collisional quantum plasmas
Authors: Zare S. , Rezaee S. , Yazdani E. , Anvari A. , Sadighi-Bonabi R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPropagation of Gaussian X-ray laser beam is presented in collisional quantum plasma and the beam width oscillation is studied along the propagation direction. It is noticed that due to energy absorption in collisional plasma, the laser energy drops to an amount less than the critical value of the self-focusing effect and consequently, the laser beam defocuses. It is found that the oscillation amplitude of the laser spot size enhances while passing through collisional plasma. For the greater values of collision frequency, the beam width oscillates with higher amplitude and defocuses in a shallower plasma depth. Also, it is realized that in a dense plasma environment, the laser self-focusing occurs earlier with the higher oscillation amplitude, smaller laser spot size and more oscillations.
“Not Rural but Not Urban”: Community Governance in China's Urban Villages
Authors: Tang Beibei 
Published: July 2015

AbstractChina's urbanization has created a large number of urban villages which, although they have been transferred to urban administration, have maintained their collective economies. Using a comparative perspective, this article investigates how villagers, the village collectives and the urban administration organize community governance in three urban villages on the fringes of the cities of Guangzhou, Wuhan and Shenyang. The findings suggest that successful village collective shareholding companies play a leading role in community governance by providing villagers with economic and social welfare, subsidizing community administration services, and mobilizing residents. The comparative analysis also shows that village shareholding companies employ different mechanisms based on the varied histories of their village collective economies, the ability of the village collectives to mobilize resources, and the degree to which the village collectives are engaged in the grassroots administrative structure. The article argues that the “not rural but not urban” governance mode of the urban villages illustrates China's fragmented urbanization planning. At the same time, it illuminates the dynamics of state–society relations during China's urbanization and how landless villagers and village collectives respond to urban transformation by adopting different strategies to preserve their individual and collective interests.
Relationship of polar bodies morphology to embryo quality and pregnancy outcome
Authors: Zhou Wenhui , Fu Lei , Sha Wei , Chu Dapeng , Li Yuan 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe aim of this study was to explore whether the morphology of polar bodies (PBs) estimated at 16–18 h after insemination can be used as an additional marker for predicting human embryo quality or pregnancy outcome. The data from 355 patients who received standardin vitrofertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation were recruited. Normal fertilized 3048 zygotes from 382 cycles were divided into two groups, PBs intact or fragmented, according to the morphology of PBs assessed at 16–18 h after insemination. Embryo quality and pregnancy outcome were compared between the two groups. It was shown that the day 3 (D3) good embryo rate, good quality blastocyst rate and available embryo rate of the PBs intact group were all significantly higher than that of the corresponding fragmented groups. However, no significant differences in pregnancy rate (PR) or implantation rate (IR) were observed between the intact and fragmented groups. Although PBs morphology estimated at 16–18 h after insemination had little effect on PR or IR in fresh embryo transfer cycles, a better embryo quality can be achieved in the PB-intact group, which is valuable for embryo selection.
Patterned arrays of lateral heterojunctions within monolayer two-dimensional semiconductors
Authors: Mahjouri-Samani Masoud , Lin Ming-Wei , Wang Kai , Lupini Andrew R. , Lee Jaekwang , Basile Leonardo , Boulesbaa Abdelaziz , Rouleau Christopher M. , Puretzky Alexander A. , Ivanov Ilia N. , Xiao Kai , Yoon Mina , Geohegan David B. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe formation of semiconductor heterojunctions and their high-density integration are foundations of modern electronics and optoelectronics. To enable two-dimensional crystalline semiconductors as building blocks in next-generation electronics, developing methods to deterministically form lateral heterojunctions is crucial. Here we demonstrate an approach for the formation of lithographically patterned arrays of lateral semiconducting heterojunctions within a single two-dimensional crystal. Electron beam lithography is used to pattern MoSe2 monolayer crystals with SiO2, and the exposed locations are selectively and totally converted to MoS2 using pulsed laser vaporization of sulfur to form MoSe2/MoS2 heterojunctions in predefined patterns. The junctions and conversion process are studied by Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy, atomically resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy and device characterization. This demonstration of lateral heterojunction arrays within a monolayer crystal is an essential step for the integration of two-dimensional semiconductor building blocks with different electronic and optoelectronic properties for high-density, ultrathin devices.
Combined crystal structure prediction and high-pressure crystallization in rational pharmaceutical polymorph screening
Authors: Neumann M. A. , van de Streek J. , Fabbiani F. P. A. , Hidber P. , Grassmann O. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractOrganic molecules, such as pharmaceuticals, agro-chemicals and pigments, frequently form several crystal polymorphs with different physicochemical properties. Finding polymorphs has long been a purely experimental game of trial-and-error. Here we utilize in silico polymorph screening in combination with rationally planned crystallization experiments to study the polymorphism of the pharmaceutical compound Dalcetrapib, with 10 torsional degrees of freedom one of the most flexible molecules ever studied computationally. The experimental crystal polymorphs are found at the bottom of the calculated lattice energy landscape, and two predicted structures are identified as candidates for a missing, thermodynamically more stable polymorph. Pressure-dependent stability calculations suggested high pressure as a means to bring these polymorphs into existence. Subsequently, one of them could indeed be crystallized in the 0.02 to 0.50 GPa pressure range and was found to be metastable at ambient pressure, effectively derisking the appearance of a more stable polymorph during late-stage development of Dalcetrapib.
Interaction-induced decay of a heteronuclear two-atom system
Authors: Xu Peng , Yang Jiaheng , Liu Min , He Xiaodong , Zeng Yong , Wang Kunpeng , Wang Jin , Papoular D. J. , Shlyapnikov G. V. , Zhan Mingsheng 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTwo-atom systems in small traps are of fundamental interest for understanding the role of interactions in degenerate cold gases and for the creation of quantum gates in quantum information processing with single-atom traps. One of the key quantities is the inelastic relaxation (decay) time when one of the atoms or both are in a higher hyperfine state. Here we measure this quantity in a heteronuclear system of 87Rb and 85Rb in a micro optical trap and demonstrate experimentally and theoretically the presence of both fast and slow relaxation processes, depending on the choice of the initial hyperfine states. This experimental method allows us to single out a particular relaxation process thus provides an extremely clean platform for collisional physics studies. Our results have also implications for engineering of quantum states via controlled collisions and creation of two-qubit quantum gates.
Predicting the stability of large structured food webs
Authors: Allesina Stefano , Grilli Jacopo , Barabás György , Tang Si , Aljadeff Johnatan , Maritan Amos 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe stability of ecological systems has been a long-standing focus of ecology. Recently, tools from random matrix theory have identified the main drivers of stability in ecological communities whose network structure is random. However, empirical food webs differ greatly from random graphs. For example, their degree distribution is broader, they contain few trophic cycles, and they are almost interval. Here we derive an approximation for the stability of food webs whose structure is generated by the cascade model, in which ‘larger’ species consume ‘smaller’ ones. We predict the stability of these food webs with great accuracy, and our approximation also works well for food webs whose structure is determined empirically or by the niche model. We find that intervality and broad degree distributions tend to stabilize food webs, and that average interaction strength has little influence on stability, compared with the effect of variance and correlation.
Constraints on soluble aerosol iron flux to the Southern Ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Conway T.M. , Wolff E.W. , Röthlisberger R. , Mulvaney R. , Elderfield H.E. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRelief of iron (Fe) limitation in the Southern Ocean during ice ages, with potentially increased carbon storage in the ocean, has been invoked as one driver of glacial–interglacial atmospheric CO2 cycles. Ice and marine sediment records demonstrate that atmospheric dust supply to the oceans increased by up to an order of magnitude during glacial intervals. However, poor constraints on soluble atmospheric Fe fluxes to the oceans limit assessment of the role of Fe in glacial–interglacial change. Here, using novel techniques, we present estimates of water- and seawater-soluble Fe solubility in Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) atmospheric dust from the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dome C and Berkner Island ice cores. Fe solubility was very variable (1–42%) during the interval, and frequently higher than typically assumed by models. Soluble aerosol Fe fluxes to Dome C at the LGM (0.01–0.84 mg m−2 per year) suggest that soluble Fe deposition to the Southern Ocean would have been ≥10 × modern deposition, rivalling upwelling supply.
A draft network of ligand–receptor-mediated multicellular signalling in human
Authors: Ramilowski Jordan A. , Goldberg Tatyana , Harshbarger Jayson , Kloppmann Edda , Lizio Marina , Satagopam Venkata P. , Itoh Masayoshi , Kawaji Hideya , Carninci Piero , Rost Burkhard , Forrest Alistair R. R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCell-to-cell communication across multiple cell types and tissues strictly governs proper functioning of metazoans and extensively relies on interactions between secreted ligands and cell-surface receptors. Herein, we present the first large-scale map of cell-to-cell communication between 144 human primary cell types. We reveal that most cells express tens to hundreds of ligands and receptors to create a highly connected signalling network through multiple ligand–receptor paths. We also observe extensive autocrine signalling with approximately two-thirds of partners possibly interacting on the same cell type. We find that plasma membrane and secreted proteins have the highest cell-type specificity, they are evolutionarily younger than intracellular proteins, and that most receptors had evolved before their ligands. We provide an online tool to interactively query and visualize our networks and demonstrate how this tool can reveal novel cell-to-cell interactions with the prediction that mast cells signal to monoblastic lineages via the CSF1–CSF1R interacting pair.
Anion-Responsive Metallopolymer Hydrogels for Healthcare Applications
Authors: Zhang Jiuyang , Yan Jing , Pageni Parasmani , Yan Yi , Wirth Adam , Chen Yun-Ping , Qiao Yali , Wang Qian , Decho Alan W. , Tang Chuanbing 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMetallopolymers combine a processable, versatile organic polymeric skeleton with functional metals, providing multiple functions and methodologies in materials science. Taking advantage of cationic cobaltocenium as the key building block, organogels could be simply switched to hydrogels via a highly efficient ion exchange. With the unique ionic complexion ability, cobaltocenium moieties provide a robust soft substrate for recycling antibiotics from water. The essential polyelectrolyte nature offers the metallopolymer hydrogels to kill multidrug resistant bacteria. The multifunctional characteristics of these hydrogels highlight the potential for metallopolymers in the field of healthcare and environmental treatment.
Prediction of Links and Weights in Networks by Reliable Routes
Authors: Zhao Jing , Miao Lili , Yang Jian , Fang Haiyang , Zhang Qian-Ming , Nie Min , Holme Petter , Zhou Tao 
Published: July 2015

AbstractLink prediction aims to uncover missing links or predict the emergence of future relationships from the current network structure. Plenty of algorithms have been developed for link prediction in unweighted networks, but only a few have been extended to weighted networks. In this paper, we present what we call a “reliable-route method” to extend unweighted local similarity indices to weighted ones. Using these indices, we can predict both the existence of links and their weights. Experiments on various real-world networks suggest that our reliable-route weighted resource-allocation index performs noticeably better than others with respect to weight prediction. For existence prediction it is either the highest or very close to the highest. Further analysis shows a strong positive correlation between the clustering coefficient and prediction accuracy. Finally, we apply our method to the prediction of missing protein-protein interactions and their confidence scores from known PPI networks. Once again, our reliable-route method shows the highest accuracy.
Pushing back the limits of Raman imaging by coupling super-resolution and chemometrics for aerosols characterization
Authors: Offroy Marc , Moreau Myriam , Sobanska Sophie , Milanfar Peyman , Duponchel Ludovic 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe increasing interest in nanoscience in many research fields like physics, chemistry and biology, including the environmental fate of the produced nano-objects, requires instrumental improvements to address the sub-micrometric analysis challenges. The originality of our approach is to use both the super-resolution concept and multivariate curve resolution (MCR-ALS) algorithm in confocal Raman imaging to surmount its instrumental limits and to characterize chemical components of atmospheric aerosols at the level of the individual particles. We demonstrate the possibility to go beyond the diffraction limit with this algorithmic approach. Indeed, the spatial resolution is improved by 65% to achieve 200 nm for the considered far-field spectrophotometer. A multivariate curve resolution method is then coupled with super-resolution in order to explore the heterogeneous structure of submicron particles for describing physical and chemical processes that may occur in the atmosphere. The proposed methodology provides new tools for sub-micron characterization of heterogeneous samples using far-field (i.e. conventional) Raman imaging spectrometer.