bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of RCM Spatial Resolution on the Reproduction of Local, Subdaily Precipitation
Authors: Olsson Jonas , Berg Peter , Kawamura Akira 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Many hydrological hazards are closely connected to local precipitation (extremes), especially in small and urban catchments. The use of regional climate model (RCM) data for small-scale hydrological climate change impact assessment has long been nearly unfeasible because of the low spatial resolution. The RCM resolution is, however, rapidly increasing, approaching the size of small catchments and thus potentially increasing the applicability of RCM data for this purpose. The objective of this study is to explore to what degree subhourly temporal precipitation statistics in an RCM converge to observed point statistics when gradually increasing the resolution from 50 to 6 km. This study uses precipitation simulated by RCA3 at seven locations in southern Sweden during 1995–2008. A positive impact of higher resolution was most clearly manifested in 10-yr intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves. At 50 km the intensities are underestimated by 50%–90%, but at 6 km they are nearly unbiased, when averaged over all locations and durations. Thus, at 6 km, RCA3 apparently generates low-frequency subdaily extremes that resemble the values found in point observations. Also, the reproduction of short-term variability and less extreme maxima were overall improved with increasing resolution. For monthly totals, a slightly increased overestimation with increasing resolution was found. The bias in terms of wet fraction and wet spell characteristics was overall not strongly dependent on resolution. These metrics are, however, influenced by the cutoff threshold used to separate between wet and dry time steps as well as the wet spell definition.
Impact of Storm-Scale Lightning Data Assimilation on WRF-ARW Precipitation Forecasts during the 2013 Warm Season over the Contiguous United States
Authors: Fierro Alexandre O. , Clark Adam J. , Mansell Edward R. , MacGorman Donald R. , Dembek Scott R. , Ziegler Conrad L. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
This work evaluates the performance of a recently developed cloud-scale lightning data assimilation technique implemented within the Weather Research and Forecasting Model running at convection-allowing scales (4-km grid spacing). Data provided by the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network for the contiguous United States (CONUS) were assimilated in real time over 67 days spanning the 2013 warm season (May–July). The lightning data were assimilated during the first 2 h of simulations each day. Bias-corrected, neighborhood-based, equitable threat scores (BC-ETSs) were the chief metric used to quantify the skill of the forecasts utilizing this assimilation scheme. Owing to inferior observational data quality over mountainous terrain, this evaluation focused on the eastern two-thirds of the United States.
During the first 3 h following the assimilation (i.e., 3-h forecasts), all the simulations suffered from a high wet bias in forecasted accumulated precipitation (APCP), particularly for the lightning assimilation run (LIGHT). Forecasts produced by LIGHT, however, had a noticeable, statistically significant (α = 0.05) improvement over those by the control run (CTRL) up to 6 h into the forecast with BC-ETS differences often exceeding 0.4. This improvement was seen independently of the APCP threshold (ranging from 2.5 to 50 mm) and the neighborhood radius (ranging from 0 to 40 km) selected. Past 6 h of the forecast, the APCP fields from LIGHT progressively converged to that of CTRL probably due to the longer-term evolution being bounded by the large-scale model environment. Thus, this computationally inexpensive lightning assimilation scheme shows considerable promise for routinely improving short-term (≤6 h) forecasts of high-impact weather by convection-allowing forecast models.
An international systematic mapping review of fieldwork education in occupational therapy
Authors: Roberts Michael E. , Hooper Barbara R. , Wood Wendy H. , King Robin M. 
Published: November 2014

Background. Owing to its importance in preparing occupational therapists, fieldwork education has generated numerous studies. These have not been collected and reviewed, leaving researchers without a map for growing a science of fieldwork education. Purpose. This study aimed to systematically categorize the topics, research designs, methods, levels of impact, and themes that have and have not been addressed in fieldwork education scholarship. Method. Guided by a systematic mapping review design, 124 articles, identified through database searches and inclusion coding, were studied. Data were collected using a data extraction instrument and analyzed using Microsoft Access queries. Findings. Papers primarily addressed curriculum ( n = 51) and students ( n = 32). Conceptual/descriptive inquiry methods ( n = 57) were predominant. Qualitative ( n = 48) and quantitative methods ( n = 49) were used equally. Research outcomes mainly targeted perceived participation in fieldwork. Recurring themes included student perceptions, external influences, and transition to practice. Implications. Three recommendations were identified: strengthen procedures for studying singular fieldwork experiences, broaden rationales for studying fieldwork, and translate educational concepts for occupational therapy.
Developing a cancer prevention programme for African-American daughters and mothers
Authors: Annang Lucy , Spencer S Melinda , Jackson Dawnyéa , Rosemond Tiara N , Best Alicia L , Williams Leah R , Carlos Bethany 
Published: November 2014

Objective: To describe how nominal group technique was used to inform the development of a breast and cervical cancer awareness programme for African-American adult daughters and mothers. Design: A qualitative approach using nominal group technique. Setting: A mid-sized city in the Southern USA. Method: Nominal group technique was used with 30 African-American daughters (ages 18–35 years) and 19 mothers (mothers of women aged 18–35 years). Daughter groups and mother groups were conducted separately. Responses were tallied and audio recordings were reviewed to provide context and/or clarity to participant responses. Results: In many cases, daughters and mothers had similar thoughts about what African-American women should be aware of, challenges of sharing breast/cervical cancer information between daughter and mother, and thoughts on what would make it easier to share such information. Many responses centred on elements of the communication dynamic between daughters and mothers, rather than specific content messaging about cancer. Recommendations are offered to inform the development of future programmes. Conclusion: Findings illustrate the potential to use upstream intergenerational communication effectively to relay health information between African-American daughters and mothers. Given that breast and cervical cancers have better survival rates when detected and treated early, and that late detection is associated with higher mortality among African-American women, conveying important health-related information from a trusted source (such as an adult daughter) is an important consideration for addressing the cancer prevention and control needs of African-American women.
Urban Development Programmes in India: A Critique of JnNURM
Authors: Kundu Debolina 
Published: November 2014

This article analyses the present urban development policies with a focus on the extent of equity in the delivery of basic services especially in the context of effectiveness of the programme of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM). The programme was designed as a reform-linked investment mission to ensure financially sustainable development of the cities through efficient governance, better infrastructure and improved service delivery. Further, the article analyses the infrastructural investment and geographical coverage of this programme and summarises the lessons learnt and attempts to delineate a policy perspective for inclusive urban development across the country. The big city bias of the mission is very evident from the analysis. Also, the developed states and big cities could take advantage of the mission and improve their infrastructural requirements of water supply, sewerage and transportation. The spending for the urban poor declined over the years and they became partners in this programme in a very cosmetic sense. The small towns and poorer states could take little advantage of this programme because of their limited capacity to understand and implement reforms and prepare city development plans and detailed project reports which were contingent for qualifying for funds.
Effect of a Community Pharmacist–Delivered Diabetes Support Program for Patients Receiving Specialty Medical Care
Authors: Jahangard-Rafsanjani Zahra , Sarayani Amir , Nosrati Marzieh , Saadat Navid , Rashidian Arash , Hadjibabaie Molouk , Ashouri Asieh , Radfar Mania , Javadi Mohammadreza , Gholami Kheirollah 
Published: November 2014

Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate the efficacy of a community pharmacist–delivered diabetes support program for patients receiving specialty medical care in a middle-income country (Iran). Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 101 patients who received diabetes care from an endocrinologist. A qualified community pharmacist educated patients about medications, clinical goals, self-care activities, and self-monitoring of blood glucose. The pharmacist trained patients in the intervention group for 5 months (5 follow-up visits and 5 phone calls) and recommended physician visits when necessary. The primary outcome was A1C, and the secondary outcomes included self-care activities, medication adherence, blood pressure, and body mass index. Satisfaction and willingness to pay was assessed in the intervention group. Results Eighty-five patients completed the study, and baseline A1C was similar between groups (intervention: 7.6 ± 1.6 [59 mmol/mol] vs control: 7.5 ± 1.9 [58 mmol/mol]). No significant difference was observed between study groups at the end of the trial period; however, the amount of A1C reduction was higher in the intervention group (1.0% ± 1.5% vs 0.5% ± 1.5%). Self-care activity was improved in general diet, blood glucose monitoring, and foot care subcategories in the intervention group. Medication adherence and body mass index were significantly improved in the intervention group at the end of study. Conclusions A community pharmacist intervention improved self-care activity, medication adherence, and body mass index in patients receiving specialty medical care. Baseline A1C values and the presence of specialty medical care should be considered in the interpretation of clinical findings.
Clinical Characteristics of Keratosis Obturans and External Auditory Canal Cholesteatoma
Authors: Park So Young , Jung Young Hoon , Oh Jeong‐Hoon 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveKeratosis obturans (KO) and external auditory canal cholesteatoma (EACC) have been considered separate entities. While the disorders are distinct, they share many overlapping characteristics, making a correct diagnosis difficult. In the present study, we compared their clinical characteristics and radiological features to clarify the diagnostic criteria.Study DesignRetrospective case series.SettingAcademic medical center.Subjects and MethodsThe clinical data of 23 cases of EACC and KO were retrospectively reviewed. The following clinical characteristics were compared between the 2 groups: sex, age, onset of symptoms, follow‐up period, audiometric results, and imaging findings on temporal bone computed tomography including bilaterality, location, and the presence of extension to adjacent tissue.ResultsThe mean age of the EACC group was significantly older than that of the KO group. All of the cases of EACC occurred unilaterally, and bilateral occurrences of KO were observed in 4 of 9 cases. All of the lesions in the KO group were circumferential, and no lesion in the EACC group invaded the superior canal wall. No significant differences in symptoms, such as acute otalgia, otorrhea, and hearing loss, were noted between the 2 groups. The incidence of conductive hearing impairment more than 10 dB was higher in the KO group than in the EACC group.ConclusionThus, KO and EACC are 2 distinct disease entities that share common features in clinical characteristics except for predominant age and bilaterality. Conservative treatment with meticulous cleaning of the lesion was successful in most cases with a long‐term follow‐up.
Patency of the Aditus Ad Antrum in Tubotympanic Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
Authors: Bahgat Mohammed 
Published: November 2014

ObjectivesTo evaluate the patency of the aditus ad antrum in cases of tubotympanic chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and to measure its dimensions. Also, to examine its mucosa histologically for the presence of granulation tissue or occult cholesteatoma.Study DesignProspective case series.SettingMain Alexandria University Hospital (tertiary referral center).Subjects and MethodsFifty adult patients with tubotympanic CSOM without evidence of cholesteatoma, after adequate medical control of otorrhea, presented with mild or moderate conductive hearing loss. In all patients, tympanoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy was performed. The patency and dimensions of the aditus ad antrum were assessed using a 30° endoscope. Biopsies were obtained from unhealthy mucosa to detect the presence of granulation tissue or occult cholesteatoma.ResultsTen cases (20%) had a blocked aditus ad antrum by unhealthy and edematous mucosa. Biopsies revealed granulation tissue in all cases. No occult cholesteatoma was detected. The results were further analyzed in relation to multiple variables to detect any clinical clues of a blocked aditus.ConclusionOf the studied cases, 20% had a blocked aditus. The prevalence of an obstructed aditus was higher among older patients with a long history (>1 year) of ear discharge. Marginal and subtotal central perforations and the presence of myringosclerosis increase the probability of an obstructed aditus ad antrum.
Inequities in Milk-Based Prelacteal Feedings in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Boccolini Cristiano Siqueira , Pérez-Escamilla Rafael , Giugliani Elsa Regina Justo , Boccolini Patricia de Moraes Mello 
Published: November 2014

Background: Prelacteal feeds (ie, foods other than breast milk offered before the milk comes in) have been identified as a risk factor for shorter breastfeeding duration and neonatal mortality. Objective: This study aimed to test for socioeconomic inequities on the risk of milk-based prelacteal feeding associated with cesarean section delivery. Methods: We conducted secondary cross-sectional data analyses of 7 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Latin American and Caribbean countries between 2005 and 2010 (N = 49 253 women with children younger than 3 years of age). Multivariate logistic regression was used to test the association between cesarean section delivery and the risk of milk-based prelacteal feeding in the total samples as well as within the lowest and highest wealth quintile subsamples by country and in the pooled sample. Results: Almost one-third of newborns received milk-based (22.9%) prelacteal feeds. Prelacteal feeding prevalence varied from 17.6% in Guiana to 55% in Dominican Republic. Cesarean section delivery was associated with significantly higher odds of introduction of milk-based prelacteals in all countries (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] range, 2.34 in Bolivia to 4.50 in Peru). The association between cesarean section delivery and risk of milk-based prelacteal feeds was stronger among the poorest than wealthiest women (AOR [95% confidence interval], 2.94 [2.58-3.67] vs 2.17 [1.85-2.54]). Conclusion: Women of lower socioeconomic status may need additional breastfeeding support after cesarean section delivery to prevent the introduction of milk-based prelacteals. Reducing the rates of cesarean section deliveries is likely to reduce the prevalence of prelacteal feeding.
Self-Report Measures in the Assessment of Antiretroviral Medication Adherence
Authors: Kabore Lassane , Muntner Paul , Chamot Eric , Zinski Anne , Burkholder Greer , Mugavero Michael J. 
Published: November 2014

Background: Adherence is a major determinant of the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We determined the association between self-reported adherence (SRA) and medication possession ratio (MPR), a pharmacy-based adherence measure, and their respective associations with viral load. Methods: Adherence to ART was assessed by MPR over 6 months and by self-report which included a question with a Likert-type scale response, a visual analogue scale (VAS), and an inquiry about the last time the patients skipped any prescribed medications. Results: Taking MPR as the “gold standard,” all 3 SRA measures displayed high specificity but low sensitivity. The prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval) for viral load ≥50 copies/mL was 2.19 (1.07-4.50) for MPR <90%, 1.98 (1.04-3.78) for poor/fair/good versus excellent/very good ability to take antiretroviral drugs, 1.47 (0.79-2.75) for skipping medications within the past 2 weeks, and 2.51 (1.39-4.53) for VAS <95%. Conclusion: These data suggest various SRA measures hold clinical value in screening for poor ART adherence.
Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries by Major League Soccer Team Physicians
Authors: Farber Joseph , Harris Joshua D. , Kolstad Kaare , McCulloch Patrick C. 
Published: November 2014

Background: The treatment and rehabilitation procedures of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in elite soccer players are controversial. Points of debate include surgical timing, technique, graft choice, rehabilitation, and return-to-sport criteria and timing. Purpose: To identify practice preferences among current Major League Soccer (MLS) team orthopaedic surgeons for ACL injuries. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: The survey was administered at the MLS team physician annual meeting in January 2013. At least 1 orthopaedic surgeon representative from each of the 19 clubs (16 from the United States, 3 from Canada) was in attendance. Teams with more than 1 affiliated orthopaedic surgeon were given an additional survey to be completed either at the meeting or returned via e-mail. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney (return-to-play parameters, running, and ball drills), and Fisher exact tests (graft selection, bracing, continuous passive motion) were applied to the various data sets from the survey responses. Results: A 100% survey participation rate was achieved (22 team orthopaedic surgeons representing 19 MLS teams). A single-incision, arthroscopically assisted, single-bundle reconstruction was the most common technique (91%). Surgeons were split regarding femoral tunnel drilling (50% transtibial, 46% accessory medial). Autograft bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) was the most common preferred graft choice (68%). The biggest concerns about BPTB autograft and hamstring autograft were anterior knee pain (76%) and hamstring weakness (46%), respectively. Most surgeons did not recommend postoperative continuous passive motion (64%) or functional bracing (68%). Most surgeons permitted return to sport without restrictions at 6 to 8 months following surgery (82%). Surgeons who routinely used functional bracing after ACL surgery more frequently used hamstring autograft than those who used BPTB autograft ( P = .04). Conclusion: This article successfully describes current management of ACL injuries among MLS team orthopaedic surgeons. The preference for single-bundle BPTB autograft is similar to published data in the National Football League and National Basketball Association.
A Study of Effective Team Building in Relation to Organizational Culture and Organizational Climate in Universities in Delhi
Authors: Banerjee Priyanka 
Published: November 2014

Educational organizations are facing severe problems in terms of competition, quality degradation and deteriorating standards. There is a need to identify, define, develop strategy, initiate action and solve the problem. The present research holds significance in the rapidity of changing environment that affects our educational organizations today, which need to be continuously assessed for future requirements so that they can meet the demands of the changing world and remain inqstitutes of excellence by maintaining their standards. To establish the importance of organizational development (OD) interventions in the education arena was the primary aim of conducting this research so that education sector too is able to reap benefits as all others, be it industrial, business, scientific, etc.  Descriptive research method was employed wherein three variables—organizational culture, organizational climate and effective team building—were juxtaposed between one central and one state university in New Delhi. Sample was drawn from 10 academic departments of the universities and 10 teachers from each department; thus, the total sample size comprised 100 teachers. Results revealed that central universities have bureaucratic and autocratic culture with moderately favourable organizational climate and team effectiveness being high, while state university was diametrically opposite with technical, entrepreneurial culture, more favourable organizational climate and very high team effectiveness. This study proves to be an eye-opener for educationists, administrators, policy planners and academicians so as to help them understand the principles, practices, diagnose problems and bring about a paradigmatic shift in policy structures by accommodating the innovative changes for building empires out of organizations.
Enhanced photovoltaic property by forming p-i-n structures containing Si quantum dots/SiC multilayers
Authors: Cao Yunqing , Lu Peng , Zhang Xiaowei , Xu Jun , Xu Ling , Chen Kunji 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Si quantum dots (Si QDs)/SiC multilayers were fabricated by annealing hydrogenated amorphous Si/SiC multilayers prepared in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition system. The thickness of amorphous Si layer was designed to be 4 nm, and the thickness of amorphous SiC layer was kept at 2 nm. Transmission electron microscopy observation revealed the formation of Si QDs after 900°C annealing. The optical properties of the Si QDs/SiC multilayers were studied, and the optical band gap deduced from the optical absorption coefficient result is 1.48 eV. Moreover, the p-i-n structure with n-a-Si/i-(Si QDs/SiC multilayers)/p-Si was fabricated, and the carrier transportation mechanism was investigated. The p-i-n structure was used in a solar cell device. The cell had the open circuit voltage of 532 mV and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.28%.

PACS

81.07.Ta; 78.67.Pt; 88.40.jj