bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Invention of Work in Modernity: Hegel, Marx, and Weber
Authors: Just Daniel 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn the modern era, a wide range of human activities has been redefined as work. This essay traces a genealogy of the modern conception of work, from early Protestant ethic of work as worship of God, through secularization of this ethic and the emergence of the idea of progress, to the later model of work as personal duty and source of stability. Analyzing Hegel, Marx, and Weber's interpretations of the growing centrality of work in the modern epoch, as well as later reflections on these interpretations by Kojève, Arendt, and Foucault, the paper argues that in modernity work is no longer a mere instrument of power and tool for repressing human life, but a mode of power of its own accord: a privileged means of shaping life by cultivating and regulating its productive potential. Modern society is reorganized according to the principles of productivity, efficiency, and economic welfare of population as a whole that recalibrate individual existence and posit virtually all activities as a form of work.
Quantification of Global Cerebral Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis from 3T MRI Using SPM: The Role of Misclassification Errors
Authors: Dell’Oglio Elisa , Ceccarelli Antonia , Glanz Bonnie I. , Healy Brian C. , Tauhid Shahamat , Arora Ashish , Saravanan Nikila , Bruha Matthew J. , Vartanian Alexander V. , Dupuy Sheena L. , Benedict Ralph H.B. , Bakshi Rohit , Neema Mohit 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTPURPOSEWe tested the validity of a freely available segmentation pipeline to measure compartmental brain volumes from 3T MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Our primary focus was methodological to explore the effect of segmentation corrections on the clinical relevance of the output metrics.METHODSThree‐dimensional T1‐weighted images were acquired to compare 61 MS patients to 30 age‐ and gender‐matched normal controls (NC). We also tested the within patient MRI relationship to disability (eg, expanded disability status scale [EDSS] score) and cognition. Statistical parametric mapping v. 8 (SPM8)‐derived gray matter (GMF), white matter (WMF), and total brain parenchyma fractions (BPF) were derived before and after correcting errors from T1 hypointense MS lesions and/or ineffective deep GM contouring.RESULTSMS patients had lower GMF and BPF as compared to NC (P<.05). Cognitively impaired patients had lower BPF than cognitively preserved patients (P<.05). BPF was related to EDSS; BPF and GMF were related to disease duration (all P<.05). Errors caused bias in GMFs and WMFs but had no discernable influence on BPFs or any MRI‐clinical associations.CONCLUSIONSWe report the validity of a segmentation pipeline for the detection of MS‐related brain atrophy with 3T MRI. Longitudinal studies are warranted to extend these results.
Paradoxical (REM) sleep deprivation in mice using the small‐platforms‐over‐water method: polysomnographic analyses and melanin‐concentrating hormone and hypocretin/orexin neuronal activation before, during and after deprivation
Authors: Arthaud Sebastien , Varin Christophe , Gay Nadine , Libourel Paul‐Antoine , Chauveau Frederic , Fort Patrice , Luppi Pierre‐Herve , Peyron Christelle 
Published: December 2014

SummaryStudying paradoxical sleep homeostasis requires the specific and efficient deprivation of paradoxical sleep and the evaluation of the subsequent recovery period. With this aim, the small‐platforms‐over‐water technique has been used extensively in rats, but only rare studies were conducted in mice, with no sleep data reported during deprivation. Mice are used increasingly with the emergence of transgenic mice and technologies such as optogenetics, raising the need for a reliable method to manipulate paradoxical sleep. To fulfil this need, we refined this deprivation method and analysed vigilance states thoroughly during the entire protocol. We also studied activation of hypocretin/orexin and melanin‐concentrating hormone neurones using Fos immunohistochemistry to verify whether mechanisms regulating paradoxical sleep in mice are similar to those in rats. We showed that 48 h of deprivation was highly efficient, with a residual amount of paradoxical sleep of only 2.2%. Slow wave sleep and wake quantities were similar to baseline, except during the first 4 h of deprivation, where slow wave sleep was strongly reduced. After deprivation, we observed a 124% increase in paradoxical sleep quantities during the first hour of rebound. In addition, 34% of hypocretin/orexin neurones were activated during deprivation, whereas melanin‐concentrated hormone neurones were activated only during paradoxical sleep rebound. Corticosterone level showed a twofold increase after deprivation and returned to baseline level after 4 h of recovery. In summary, a fairly selective deprivation and a significant rebound of paradoxical sleep can be obtained in mice using the small‐platforms‐over‐water method. As in rats, rebound is accompanied by a selective activation of melanin‐concentrating hormone neurones.
Virologic response and haematologic toxicity of boceprevir‐ and telaprevir‐containing regimens in actual clinical settings
Authors: Butt A. A. , Yan P. , Shaikh O. S. , Freiberg M. S. , Lo Re V. , Justice A. C. , Sherman K. E. ,   the ERCHIVES (Electronically Retrieved Cohort of HCV Infected Veterans) Study Team
Published: December 2014

SummaryEffectiveness, safety and tolerability of boceprevir (BOC) and telaprevir (TPV) in actual clinical settings remain unknown. We determined rates of sustained virologic response (SVR) and haematologic adverse effects among persons treated with BOC‐ or TPV‐containing regimens, compared with pegylated interferon/ribavirin (PEG/RBV). Using an established cohort of hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected persons, Electronically Retrieved Cohort of HCV Infected Veterans (ERCHIVES), we identified those treated with a BOC‐ or TPV‐containing regimen and HCV genotype 1‐infected controls treated with PEG/RBV. We excluded those with HIV coinfection and missing HCV RNA values to determine SVR. Primary endpoints were SVR (undetectable HCV RNA ≥12 weeks after treatment completion) and haematologic toxicity (grade 3/4 anaemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia). We evaluated 2288 persons on BOC‐, 409 on TPV‐containing regimen and 6308 on PEG/RBV. Among these groups, respectively, 31%, 43% and 9% were treatment‐experienced; 17%, 37% and 14% had baseline cirrhosis; 63%, 54% and 48% were genotype 1a. SVR rates among noncirrhotics were as follows: treatment naïve: 65% (BOC), 67% (TPV) and 31% (PEG/RBV); treatment experienced: 57% (BOC), 54% (TPV) and 13% (PEG/RBV); (P‐value not significant for BOC vs TPV; P < 0.0001 for BOC or TPV vs PEG/RBV). Haematologic toxicities among BOC‐, TPV‐ and PEG/RBV‐treated groups were as follows: grade 3/4 anaemia 7%, 11% and 3%; grade 4 thrombocytopenia 2.2%, 5.4% and 1.7%; grade 4 neutropenia 8.2%, 5.6% and 3.4%. SVR rates are higher and closer to those reported in pivotal clinical trials among BOC‐ and TPV‐treated persons compared with PEG/RBV‐treated persons. Haematologic adverse events are frequent, but severe toxicity is uncommon.
Application of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in a European setting. What can we learn from clinical practice?
Authors: Edenvik Pia , Davidsdottir Loa , Oksanen Antti , Isaksson Bengt , Hultcrantz Rolf , Stål Per 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsSurveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis is recommended in clinical guidelines. In real‐life management, surveillance rates below 20% have been reported from the United States. We aimed to determine the use of HCC‐surveillance in patients diagnosed with HCC in a European setting, and to identify the reasons for surveillance failures.MethodsAge, gender, tumour characteristics, BCLC classification, Child–Pugh stage, pre‐existing liver disease, treatment, survival, frequency of HCC surveillance and reasons for surveillance failures were retrospectively determined in 616 patients diagnosed with HCC at Karolinska University Hospital 2005‐2012.ResultsHepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were the most common diagnoses. The proportion of HCC patients diagnosed through surveillance was 22%. In 35% of cases, surveillance was missed due to doctor′s failure to order surveillance or to diagnose the underlying liver disease. Diagnosis of NAFLD or alcoholic liver disease increased the risk of not receiving surveillance more than two‐fold. Undiagnosed liver disease was most common in NAFLD patients. Patients who underwent surveillance had smaller tumours, more frequently received curative treatment, and had better survival compared to those in whom surveillance was indicated but missed.ConclusionIn a European setting, only 22% of HCCs were diagnosed by surveillance, and in more than one‐third of cases, surveillance was indicated but missed. NAFLD and alcoholic liver disease were associated with deficient surveillance. Survival was significantly better in patients who underwent surveillance compared with those in whom surveillance was missed although indicated.
Safely expanding the donor pool: brain dead donors with history of temporary cardiac arrest
Authors: Hoyer Dieter P. , Paul Andreas , Saner Fuat , Gallinat Anja , Mathé Zoltan , Treckmann Juergen W. , Schulze Maren , Kaiser Gernot M. , Canbay Ali , Molmenti Ernesto , Sotiropoulos Georgios C. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsCardiac arrest (CA) in deceased organ donors can potentially be associated with ischaemic organ injury, resulting in allograft dysfunction after liver transplantation (LT). The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of cardiac arrest in liver donors.MethodsWe evaluated 884 consecutive adult patients undergoing LT at our Institution from September 2003 to December 2011. Uni‐ and multivariable analyses was performed to identify predictive factors of outcome and survival for organs from donors with (CA donor) and without (no CA donor) a history of cardiac arrest.ResultsWe identified 77 (8.7%) CA donors. Median resuscitation time was 16.5 (1–150) minutes. Allografts from CA donors had prolonged CIT (p = 0.016), were obtained from younger individuals (p < 0.001), and had higher terminal preprocurement AST and ALT (p < 0.001) than those of no CA donors. 3‐month, 1‐year and 5‐year survival for recipients of CA donor grafts was 79%, 76% and 57% and 72.1%, 65.1% and 53% for no CA donor grafts (log rank p = 0.435). Peak AST after LT was significantly lower in CA donor organs than in no CA donor ones (886U/l vs 1321U/l; p = 0.031). Multivariable analysis identified CIT as a risk factor for both patient and graft survival in CA donors.ConclusionThis analysis represents the largest cohort of liver donors with a history of cardiac arrest. Reasonable selection of these donors constitutes a safe approach to the expansion of the donor pool. Rapid allocation and implantation with diminution of CIT may further improve the outcomes of livers from CA donors.
Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Caucasian patients with non‐viral cirrhosis: the importance of prior obesity
Authors: Archambeaud Isabelle , Auble Hélène , Nahon Pierre , Planche Lucie , Fallot Guillaume , Faroux Roger , Gournay Jérôme , Samuel Didier , Kury Sebastien , Féray Cyrille 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsIn patients with cirrhosis, the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) depends upon age, gender and the etiology of liver disease. Few studies are available in Caucasian patients with alcoholic or metabolic cirrhosis without viral hepatitis.MethodsCross‐sectional clinical data from 905 HCV‐ and HBV‐negative Caucasian patients with alcoholic or metabolic cirrhosis were prospectively collected in four French centres. The risk factors for HCC were identified by logistic regression analysis in the whole population and in a nested case–control study.ResultsThe etiology of cirrhosis was alcoholic (48%), metabolic (7%) or mixed (45%). Patients were predominantly male (80%), mean age 62 years old and 31% had HCC. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 27 ± 5 and 30% were obese at inclusion. The maximum BMI reached throughout life was 31 ± 6 and 63% had been obese. Ninety percent of the population had daily alcohol consumption, 73% were smokers.Hepatocellular carcinoma was independently related to male gender (P < 0.0001), older age (P < 0.0001), past obesity (P = 0.007), diabetes (P = 0.037), abnormal levels of transaminases (P < 0.0001) and tobacco consumption (P = 0.007). The case–control study (200 HCC cases matched with 400 non‐HCC cases for gender, age and Child‐Pugh score) confirmed past obesity, tobacco and abnormal levels of transaminases.ConclusionsBeside diabetes, male gender and age, a past history of obesity, but not an existing overweight, as well as exposure to tobacco and elevated transaminases were three risk factors which could improve the strategy for HCC screening in Caucasian cirrhotic patients without hepatitis B or C.
RNA‐seq reveals regional differences in transcriptome response to heat stress in the marine snail Chlorostoma funebralis
Authors: Gleason Lani U. , Burton Ronald S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTo investigate the role of gene expression in adaptation of marine ectotherms to different temperatures, we examined the transcriptome‐wide thermal stress response in geographically separated populations of the intertidal snail Chlorostoma funebralis. Snails from two southern (heat tolerant) and two northern (heat sensitive) populations were acclimated to a common thermal environment, exposed to an environmentally relevant thermal stress and analysed using RNA‐seq. Pooling across all populations revealed 306 genes with differential expression between control and heat‐stressed samples, including 163 significantly upregulated and 143 significantly downregulated genes. When considered separately, regional differences in response were widely apparent. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) were upregulated in both regions, but the magnitude of response was significantly greater in northern populations for most Hsp70s, while the southern populations showed greater upregulation for approximately half of the Hsp40s. Of 177 stress‐responsive genes in northern populations, 55 responded to heat stress only in northern populations. Several molecular chaperones and antioxidant genes that were not differentially expressed in southern populations showed higher expression under control conditions compared with northern populations. This suggests that evolution of elevated expression of these genes under benign conditions preadapts the southern populations to frequent heat stress and contributes to their higher thermal tolerance. These results indicate that evolution has resulted in different transcriptome responses across populations, including upregulation of genes in response to stress and preadaptation of genes in anticipation of stress (based on evolutionary history of frequent heat exposure). The relative importance of the two mechanisms differs among gene families and among populations.
Yersinia enterocolitica type III secretion injectisomes form regularly spaced clusters, which incorporate new machines upon activation
Authors: Kudryashev Mikhail , Diepold Andreas , Amstutz Marlise , Armitage Judith P. , Stahlberg Henning , Cornelis Guy R. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryBacterial type III secretion systems or injectisomes are multiprotein complexes directly transporting bacterial effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells. To investigate the distribution of injectisomes in the bacterium and the influence of activation of the system on that distribution, we combined in vivo fluorescent imaging and high‐resolution in situ visualization of Yersinia enterocolitica injectisomes by cryo‐electron tomography. Fluorescence microscopy showed the injectisomes as regularly distributed spots around the bacterial cell. Under secreting conditions (absence of Ca2+), the intensity of single spots significantly increased compared with non‐secreting conditions (presence of Ca2+), in line with an overall up‐regulation of expression levels of all components. Single injectisomes observed by cryo‐electron tomography tended to cluster at distances less than 100 nm, suggesting that the observed fluorescent spots correspond to evenly distributed clusters of injectisomes, rather than single injectisomes. The up‐regulation of injectisome components led to an increase in the number of injectisomes per cluster rather than the formation of new clusters. We suggest that injectisome clustering may allow more effective secretion into the host cells.
Vibrational spectroscopy of fossils
Authors: Olcott Marshall Alison , Marshall Craig P. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractOver the last two decades, there has an been increasing interest in applying vibrational spectroscopy in palaeontological research. For example, this chemical analytical technique has been used to elucidate the chemical composition of a wide variety of fossils, including Archaean putative microfossils, stromatolites, chitinozoans, acritarchs, fossil algae, fossil plant cuticles, putative fossil arthropods, conodonts, scolecodonts and dinosaur bones. The insights provided by these data have been equally far ranging: to taxonomically identify a fossil, to determine biogenicity of a putative fossil, to identify preserved biologically synthesized compounds and to elucidate the preservational mechanisms of fossil material. Vibrational spectroscopy has clearly been a useful tool for investigating various palaeontological problems. However, it is also a tool that has been misapplied and misinterpreted, and thus, this review is dedicated to providing a palaeontologist who is new to vibrational spectroscopy with a basic understanding of these techniques, and the types of chemical information that can be obtained. Two example applications of these techniques are discussed in detail, one looking into fossil palynomorph taxonomy and other into the enigmatic Burgess Shale‐type preservation.
Genome‐wide identification of candidate phosphate starvation responsive genes and the development of intron length polymorphism markers in maize
Authors: He Chunmeng , Liu Hailan , Su Shunzong , Lu Yanli , Luo Bowen , Nie Zhi , Wu Ling , Liu Dan , Zhang Xiao , Rong Tingzhao , Gao Shibin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTo develop genetic markers associated with tolerance to low phosphorus, we identified candidate phosphate starvation responsive (PSR) genes and developed their intron length polymorphism (ILP) markers in maize on a genome‐wide scale. Based on the known plant PSR genes, 161 candidate PSR genes were identified. Of these genes, 138 genes contained at least one intron and were then used to develop 606 PSR‐ILP markers by designing PCR primers to the intron‐flanking exonic regions. PCR evaluation was performed on 43 randomly selected PSR‐ILP markers in 30 maize inbred lines. Of the primers, 88.4% amplified stable and pure products in all maize inbred lines, and 53.5% of the markers showed ILP, with PIC values ranging from 0.06 to 0.80. The result of clustering analysis of the 30 maize inbred lines, based on the polymorphism of 23 ILP markers, suggests that the ILP markers developed in this study are not only efficient for genetic diversity analysis but also potentially useful for marker assisted selection for tolerance to low phosphorus.
Motion blur disturbs – the influence of motion‐blurred images in photogrammetry
Authors: Sieberth T. , Wackrow R. , Chandler J. H. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become an interesting and active research topic for photogrammetry. Current research is based on images acquired by UAVs which have a high ground resolution and good spectral resolution due to low flight altitudes combined with a high‐resolution camera. One of the main problems preventing full automation of data processing of UAV imagery is the unknown degradation effect of blur caused by camera movement during image acquisition. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the influence of blur on photogrammetric image processing. Images with precisely known motion blur were produced to determine the effect. It was found that even small blurs affect normal photogrammetric processes significantly. Although operator intervention might be time consuming, it can ensure that the results are still of acceptable accuracy.
Public Incentives, Market Motivations, and Contaminated Properties: New Public Management and Brownfield Liability Reform
Authors: Eckerd Adam , Heidelberg Roy L. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBrownfields pose challenges to both communities and policy makers. Public funds are insufficient to remediate these contaminated sites, but, given the uncertainty of contamination and the complexity of liability, private interests are reluctant to become involved for fear of future litigation. From a New Public Management perspective, market incentives can be used to encourage private sector remediation of sites. However, this change implies a shift in administrative function from regulation to “getting the incentives right.” In this research, the authors investigate whether state and federal reforms aimed at increasing private sector involvement have actually done so, and they consider the implications for other goals of brownfield remediation, such as providing economic development assistance in communities where such change is needed. Findings show that developers respond to insurance and tax incentives, but the authors question whether public incentives are making unattractive redevelopment opportunities worth investing in or simply making profitable redevelopment opportunities more profitable.
The Control of Reactive Oxygen Species Influences Porcine Oocyte In Vitro Maturation
Authors: Alvarez GM , Morado SA , Soto MP , Dalvit GC , Cetica PD 
Published: December 2014

ContentsThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of varying intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels during oocyte in vitro maturation with enzymatic ROS production systems (xanthine + xanthine oxidase or xanthine + xanthine oxidase + catalase), scavenger systems (catalase or superoxide dismutase + catalase) or cysteine on porcine oocyte maturation. Oocyte ROS levels showed an increase when H2O2 or O2∙‐ production systems were added to the culture medium (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the presence of ROS scavengers in the maturation medium did not modify oocyte ROS levels compared with the control after 48 h of maturation, but the addition of cysteine induced a decrease in oocyte ROS levels (p < 0.05). The ROS production systems used in this work did not modified the percentage of oocyte nuclear maturation, but increased the decondensation of sperm head (p < 0.05) and decreased the pronuclear formation (p < 0.05). In turn, the addition of O2∙‐ and H2O2 scavenging systems during in vitro maturation did not modify the percentage of oocytes reaching metaphase II nor the oocytes with decondensed sperm head or pronuclei after fertilization. However, both parameters increased in the presence of cysteine (p < 0.05). The exogenous generation of O2∙‐ and H2O2 during oocyte in vitro maturation would not affect nuclear maturation or later sperm penetration, but most of the spermatozoa cannot progress to form the pronuclei after fusion with the oocyte. The decrease in endogenous ROS levels by the addition of cysteine would improve pronuclear formation after sperm penetration.