bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluations of the Spheroidal Particle Model for Describing Cloud Radar Depolarization Ratios of Ice Hydrometeors
Authors: Matrosov Sergey Y. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractInformation on ice cloud particle nonsphericity is important for many practical applications ranging from modeling the cloud radiation impact to remote sensing of hydrometeor microphysical properties. Scanning cloud radars, which often measure depolarization ratio as a sole polarization variable, can provide a means for retrieving this information. The applicability of a spheroidal particle model (i.e., a regular ellipsoid that has two principal axes of the same length) is evaluated for describing depolarization properties of ice particles. It is shown that this simple model, which uses an aspect ratio as a single parameter characterizing particle nonsphericity, explains reasonably well the scatter of slant 45° linear depolarization ratio (SLDR) measurements versus direct estimates of the zenith direction backscatter enhancement observed during the Storm Peak Laboratory Cloud Property Validation Experiment (StormVEx) with the scanning W-band cloud radar (SWACR). Observed SLDR elevation angle patterns are also approximated reasonably well by this shape model. It is suggested that an SLDR difference between slant and zenith radar pointing can be used for prospective remote sensing methods of inferring particle aspect ratio from cloud radar depolarization measurements. Depending on mass–size relations, the value of this difference corresponding to median zenith reflectivity enhancement observed during StormVEx relates to aspect ratios of about 0.5 ± 0.2, which generally agrees with typical aspect ratios of ice particles. Expected aspect ratio retrieval uncertainties within the spheroidal shape model and the use of different types of radar depolarization ratio measurements are discussed. A correction for estimated zenith direction reflectivity enhancements due to particle nonsphericity is suggested.
Observations of a Nondeveloping Tropical Disturbance in the Western North Pacific during TCS-08 (2008)
Authors: Penny Andrew B. , Harr Patrick A. , Bell Michael M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Large uncertainty still remains in determining whether a tropical cloud cluster will develop into a tropical cyclone. During The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Pacific Asian Regional Campaign (T-PARC)/Tropical Cyclone Structure-2008 (TCS-08) field experiment, over 50 tropical cloud clusters were monitored for development, but only 4 developed into a tropical cyclone. One nondeveloping tropical disturbance (TCS025) was closely observed for potential formation during five aircraft research missions, which provided an unprecedented set of observations pertaining to the large-scale and convective environments of a nondeveloping system.
The TCS025 disturbance was comprised of episodic convection that occurred in relation to the diurnal cycle along the eastern extent of a broad low-level trough. The upper-level environment was dominated by two cyclonic cells in the tropical upper-tropospheric trough (TUTT) north of the low-level trough in which the TCS025 circulation was embedded. An in-depth examination of in situ observations revealed that the nondeveloping circulation was asymmetric and vertically misaligned, which led to larger system-relative flow on the mesoscale. Persistent environmental vertical wind shear and horizontal shearing deformation near the circulation kept the system from becoming better organized and appears to have allowed low equivalent potential temperature () air originating from one of the TUTT cells to the north (upshear) to impact the thermodynamic environment of TCS025. This in turn weakened subsequent convection that might otherwise have improved alignment and contributed to the transition of TCS025 to a tropical cyclone.
Fe3+/Al3+ partitioning between tetrahedral and octahedral sites in dioctahedral smectites
Authors: Decarreau A. , Petit S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe distribution of Al3+ and Fe3+ between octahedral and tetrahedral sites of dioctahedral smectites was shown to be controlled by a partition coefficient Kd(4/6) = [(Fe3+)4×(Al3+)6]/[(Fe3+)6×(Al3+)4]. The Kd(4/6) value is near 0.006 for natural dioctahedral smectites, formed between 2 and ~100°C, and near 0.0174 for smectites synthesized at 200°C. These Kd(4/6) values, obtained from both chemical and spectroscopic data, were consistent with those calculated using the ionic radii of cations and Brice’s model (Brice, 1975). The partition coefficient approach explained well why for natural and synthetic dioctahedral smectites no tetrahedral Fe3+ is detected when the total Fe3+ content is below 3 atoms per unit cell (24 oxygen atoms).
Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) allows patient-ventilator synchrony during pediatric noninvasive ventilation: a crossover physiological study
Authors: Ducharme-Crevier Laurence , Beck Jennifer , Essouri Sandrine , Jouvet Philippe , Emeriaud Guillaume 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Introduction
The need for intubation after a noninvasive ventilation (NIV) failure is frequent in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). One reason is patient-ventilator asynchrony during NIV. Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) is a mode of ventilation controlled by the patient’s neural respiratory drive. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and tolerance of NIV-NAVA in children and to evaluate its impact on synchrony and respiratory effort.

Methods
This prospective, physiologic, crossover study included 13 patients requiring NIV in the PICU of Sainte-Justine’s Hospital from October 2011 to May 2013. Patients were successively ventilated in conventional NIV as prescribed by the physician in charge (30 minutes), in NIV-NAVA (60 minutes), and again in conventional NIV (30 minutes). Electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi) and airway pressure were simultaneously recorded to assess patient-ventilator synchrony.

Results
NIV-NAVA was feasible and well tolerated in all patients. One patient asked to stop the study because of anxiety related to the leak-free facial mask. Inspiratory trigger dys-synchrony and cycling-off dys-synchrony were significantly shorter in NIV-NAVA versus initial and final conventional NIV periods (both P <0.05). Wasted efforts were also decreased in NIV-NAVA (all values expressed as median and interquartile values) (0 (0 to 0) versus 12% (4 to 20) and 6% (2 to 22), respectively; P <0.01). As a whole, total time spent in asynchrony was reduced to 8% (6 to 10) in NIV-NAVA, versus 27% (19 to 56) and 32% (21 to 38) in conventional NIV before and after NIV-NAVA, respectively (P =0.05).

Conclusion
NIV-NAVA is feasible and well tolerated in PICU patients and allows improved patient-ventilator synchronization. Larger controlled studies are warranted to evaluate the clinical impact of these findings.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02163382. Registered 9 June 2014.
Anatomical examination of the fibula: Digital imaging study for osseointegrated implant installation
Authors: Ide Yoshiaki , Matsunaga Satoru , Harris Jeffrey , Connell Daniel O’ , Seikaly Hadi , Wolfaardt Johan 
Published: February 2015

Background Free vascularized fibular flaps are commonly used in jaw reconstruction. CT scan images of the fibula are used in digital planning of jaw reconstruction. In order to fully describe the anatomy of the fibula, an imaging study of the fibula was undertaken. The purpose of the present study was to examine the anatomical structure of the fibula using patient CT images. Methods The CT scan images of fibulae of 20 patients were used for the study. The results of the analysis showed that, of the widths, the anterior border of the fibula to the posterior surface was the largest dimension. The shape type analysis showed that the triangular type was most prominent near the head of the fibula, and the irregular type was most prominent towards the lateral malleolus. Results The results of height and width related to the long axis of implant installation showed that the width of the central section was the largest. With respect to the length of available bone volume, the length near the lateral malleolus was larger than that near the head of the fibula. The results showed that there were significant differences in size between male and female fibulae. Conclusion The present study provides a CT scan based analysis of the anatomy of the fibula. Important information for the optimal site of installation of osseointegrated implants in fibular free flap reconstructions is also provided.
A seismic vertical vibrator driven by linear synchronous motors
Authors: Noorlandt Rik , Drijkoningen Guy , Dams Johan , Jenneskens Rob 
Published: February 2015

A linear synchronous motor (LSM) is an electric motor that can produce large controllable forces and is therefore suitable as a driving engine for a seismic vibrator. This motor consists of two independent elements, a magnet track and a coil track, allowing practically unlimited motor displacements. This makes the LSM very suitable for expanding the source frequency band to the lower frequencies in which larger strokes are needed. In contrast to hydraulic engines, the LSM performs equally well over the whole frequency range, making possible a smaller amount of signal distortion, especially at the low frequencies. To find the feasibility of an LSM-driven vibrator, we successfully designed and built a multi-LSM prototype vibrator of some 1200 kg. We addressed the synchronization between the individual motor tracks and the different motors. To lower the energy consumption, a spring mechanism was implemented that delivered the force needed to lift the vibrator mass to its neutral position. The resonance belonging to this spring mechanism was successfully suppressed with the help of a position feedback control that also suppressed the temperature effects. The seismic data acquired in the field tests proved that the prototype LSM vibrator acted very well as a seismic source. It has no trouble generating pseudorandom sweeps, and even given its limited size, it generated signals within the low-frequency regime, down to 2 Hz, rather easily.
Reforming the culture of healthcare: the case for intelligent kindness
Authors: Campling Penelope 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThere has been increasing interest in the culture of healthcare in the light of the two reports by Robert Francis into the care at Mid Staffordshire. This editorial encourages a comprehensive exploration of the conditions that promote a benign caring culture and make outbreaks of cruel neglect and abuse of patients less likely. Creating and sustaining such a culture is dependent on being honest and realistic about the forces that threaten to undermine it. The editorial argues that being able to confidently articulate the positive values that should define healthcare culture is particularly important at this time. The case is made for a conscious focus on the concept of intelligent kindness.
Management of Intellectual Property Rights in academia: The Estonian and Swedish perspectives
Authors: Kelli Aleksei , Mets Tõnis , Jonsson Lars 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The objective of this research paper is to assess the impact of intellectual property (IP) ownership regimes (professor’s privilege vs institutional ownership) on the knowledge transfer and academia–industry collaboration. One of the aims is also to define the advantages and challenges of both ownership regimes and different reward policies. The article analyses IP management systems at Uppsala University and the University of Tartu. Management of IP rights is not a thing in itself and its functioning and effectiveness cannot be evaluated without understanding its objectives. The basic idea behind the establishment of IP management systems in academia is to support academia–industry collaboration, which should result in increased welfare in a country and region.
Development of teaching expertise viewed through the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition
Authors: Lyon Lucinda J 
Published: February 2015

This study was designed to explore development of skill acquisition in dental education, utilizing the Dreyfus and Dreyfus continuum. By identifying what skill progression may be recognized in the expert dental educator; and what experiences appear to influence this growth, the knowledge gained may inform more efficient, effective faculty support, development and life-long learning. Employing a qualitative approach, individual interviews were conducted with experienced educators and analyzed. Open coding of responses revealed that skill acquisition necessary to good teaching, as expressed by these experienced educators, reflects common themes and a learning curve similar to that noted by Dreyfus and Dreyfus and other investigators. In addition to supporting knowledge and technique development, dental faculty described working to share with students a wide range of non-cognitive competencies such as professionalism, communication, and an ethic of care and service. Findings increase understanding of teaching skill acquisition in dental education and may help provide support for health care faculty who desire to become excellent educators.
AKTIVITAS INULINASE OLEH Pichia manshurica DAN FUSAN F4 PADA FERMENTASI BATCH DENGAN UMBI DAHLIA (Dahlia sp) SEBAGAI SUBSTRAT
Authors: Wijanarka Wijanarka , Soetarto Endang Sutariningsih , Dewi Kumala , Indrianto Ari 
Published: February 2015

ACTIVITY OF INULINASE OF Pichia Manshuria AND FUSAN F4 ON BATCH FERMENTATION UDING DAHLIA TUBER (Dahlia sp) AS A SUBSTRATE. A dahlia tuber is one of the common inulin rich crops. Inulin is formed by units of fructans, which are polymers of D-fructose. Inulinases (EC 3.2.1.7) catalyze the hydrolysis of inulin, producing fructooligosaccharides (FOS), inulooligosaccharides (IOS), pulullan, acetone, butanol and sorbitol, therefore dahlia tubers are used as growth media. The inulin hydrolyzing activity has been reported from various microbial strains Pichia manshurica and Fusan F4 which is the result of fusion protoplast. The objective of this study was to determine the activity of inulinase Pichia manshurica and Fusan F4 on the substrate dahlia tubers. Fusan F4 to increase inulinase activity compared with Pichia manshurica and to investigate the kinetics of specific growth rate (μ) and time double (g) from of Pichia manshurica and Fusan F4. The results showed that the exponential phase occurs at 0-12 hour without a lag phase. P. manshurica has a specific growth rate (μ) of 0.18/hour with time double (g) 3.90 hours and the inulinase enzyme activity of 0.56 IU, while for Fusan F4 consecutive has a value μ of 0.20/hour, g of 3.49 hours and the activity of 0.69 IU. The conclusion of this research is to improve Fusan F4 inulinase activity and the ability has to be better than the Pichia manshurica.Umbi dahlia merupakan salah satu umbi yang mengandung inulin. Inulin merupakan polimer fruktan yang dapat dipecah oleh enzim inulinase (E.C. 3.2.1.7) menjadi fruktosa. Fruktosa merupakan bahan baku dasar untuk pembuatan FOS, IOS, pulullan, aseton dan sorbitol, oleh karena itu umbi dahlia digunakan sebagai media pertumbuhan. Enzim inulinase ini secara indigenous dimiliki oleh Pichia manshurica dan Fusan F4 yang merupakan hasil fusi protoplas.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas inulinase Pichia manshurica dan Fusan F4 pada substrat umbi dahlia, Fusan F4 mampu meningkatkan aktivitas inulinase dibandingkan dengan Pichia manshurica serta untuk mengetahui kinetika kecepatan pertumbuhan specifik (µ) dan waktu generasi (g) Pichia manshurica dan Fusan F4. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fase eksponensial terjadi pada jam ke-0 sampai jam ke-12 tanpa diikuti fase lag, Pichia manshurica mempunyai kecepatan pertumbuhan specific (µ) sebesar 0,18/jam dengan waktu generasi (g) 3,90 jam dan aktivitas enzim inulinase yang dihasilkan sebesar 0,56 IU, sedangkan untuk fusan F4 secara berturut-turut mempunyai nilai µ sebesar 0,20/jam, g sebesar 3,49 jam dan aktivitas sebesar 0,69 IU. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah Fusan F4 mampu meningkatkan aktivitas inulinase dan mempunyai kemampuan lebih baik dibanding dengan Pichia manshurica.
Update of D-dimer testing1)
Authors: Rosler Alexander Eduard , Orth Matthias 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
D-dimer concentrations are elevated in a variety of clinical situations with hypercoagulability, such as venous thromboembolism (VTE), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), ischemic cardiopathy, stroke, acute aortic dissection, malignomas, pregnancy, after surgery, traumas, and burns. D-dimer testing has become an essential tool for the diagnosis of VTE and pulmonary embolism because of its high negative predictive value, especially when used in conjunction with a clinical pretest score. D-dimer testing can be used for the diagnosis of DIC and other thrombotic diseases. It is also helpful for risk stratification in coronary artery disease, in first and recurrent thrombotic events, and for the timing of the duration of oral anticoagulation after a first episode of VTE. The use of D-dimer testing is limited in certain clinical conditions in which elevated D-dimer concentrations render the test unsuitable for the detection of acute thrombotic events.
Androgene und kardiovaskuläres Risiko/Androgens and cardiovascular risk
Authors: Lerchbaum Elisabeth 
Published: February 2015

Zusammenfassung
Bei Männern kommt es mit zunehmendem Alter zu einer Abnahme des Androgenspiegels. Zurzeit ist unklar, ob es sich hierbei um einen pathologischen Prozess oder einen physiologischen Alterungsvorgang handelt. Jedenfalls ist der männliche Hypogonadismus mit ungünstigen Konsequenzen verbunden, wie z.B. Abnahme der Knochendichte und Muskelmasse, Zunahme der Fettmasse und der Prävalenz von Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus und des metabolischen Syndroms. Auch hinsichtlich Mortalität wirken sich niedrige Androgenspiegel bei Männern sehr ungünstig aus. Eine Testosteronsupplementierung sollte bei Männern mit laborchemisch diagnostizierten niedrigen Androgenen sowie klinischen Zeichen eines Hypogonadismus durchgeführt werden. Bei prämenopausalen Frauen ist eine Hyperandrogenämie mit einem ungünstigen kardiovaskulären Risikoprofil verbunden. Die häufigste Ursache hierfür ist das polycystische Ovar-Syndrom (PCOS). Vom PCOS betroffene Frauen leiden neben dem Hyperandrogenismus an Fertilitätsproblem sowie metabolischen Störungen wie Insulinresistenz, zentraler Adipositas und Dyslipidämie. Bei postmenopausalen Frauen kommt es physiologisch zu einem Absinken des Androgenspiegels. Auch bei postmenopausalen Frauen sind hohe Androgenspiegel mit Insulinresistenz und Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) verbunden, der Zusammenhang mit Mortalität ist hingegen unklar. Auch der Stellenwert einer Androgensupplementierung bei postmenopausalen Frauen mit Hypoandrogenämie ist aktuell unklar.
Evaluation von mikroskopischen Systemen zur Erstellung automatisierter Blutbilder/Evaluation of computer assisted digital microscopes for evaluation of blood films
Authors: Nebe Thomas , Ossendorf Manfred , Stamminger Gudrun , Jansen Henk , Zerfaß Thorsten 
Published: February 2015

Zusammenfassung
Es gelangen zunehmend automatisierte Mikroskope mit automatischer Zellklassifikation von panoptisch gefärbten Blutausstrichen zum klinischen Einsatz, weshalb eine kritische Bewertung notwendig erscheint. Es wurden im Rahmen von drei Studien die zwei am weitesten entwickelten Systeme mit einem Hämatologieanalyzer, dem manuellen mikroskopischen Differentialblutbild und einem immunologischen Differentialblutbild verglichen. Die unterschiedliche Behandlung von Kernschatten führt zu den größten Diskrepanzen gefolgt von unterschiedlichen Klassifikationssystemen v.a. bei Lymphozyten und der Beurteilung von Erythrozyten und Thrombozyten. Der Einsatz dieser Geräte im Rahmen einer hämatologischen Stufendiagnostik wird diskutiert. Da die manuelle Beurteilung an niedrigen Zellzahlen eine fragliche Referenzmethode darstellt, wurden auch das automatisierte Differentialblutbild an großen Blutbildautomaten und ein immunologisches Differentialblut zum Vergleich herangezogen.
Blood glucose measurement for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: new and controversial consequences of updated DDG (German Diabetes Society)- and AWMF (Association of the Scientific Medical Societies)-guidelines1)
Authors: Koschinsky Theodor , Luppa Peter B. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
New DDG (Deutsche Diabetes-Gesellschaft) and AWMF (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften) guidelines have been established for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes. These are relevant for blood glucose (BG) measurements with reference to: distinction from HbA1c measurements; replacement of capillary BG values by venous plasma-derived BG values; and complete preanalytical inhibition of glycolysis. For the first time, BG values derived from standardized unit-use reagents and their related test systems are accepted (with a mandatory external ring trial system), but only for the screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes. The Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss recently recommended a standardized examination of all pregnancies for gestational diabetes and commanded reimbursement of the related costs by health insurers. As there are more than 600,000 pregnancies per year in Germany, this updated diagnostic procedure will expand considerably. It will require considerable competence in clinical chemistry to translate the new guideline standards into the analytical as well as the preanalytical and logistical settings in cooperation with the involved outpatient physicians.
Therapeutisches Drug-Monitoring der Natalizumab-Sättigung von Immunzellen mittels Durchflusszytometrie bei Multipler Sklerose/Flow cytometry and drug monitoring of natalizumab saturation of immune cells in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Harrer Andrea , Oppermann Katrin , Pilz Georg , Wipfler Peter , Afazel Shahrzad , Haschke-Becher Elisabeth , Trinka Eugen , Kraus Jörg 
Published: February 2015

ZusammenfassungNatalizumab (Tysabri) kann in seiner Eigenschaft als blockierender Antikörper des alpha-4-Integrins auf der Oberfläche von Immunzellen mittels Durchflusszytometrie nachgewiesen werden. Wir untersuchten, ob sich der Sättigungsgrad von Immunzellen mit Natalizumab als Biomarker für ein Therapieansprechen bei Multipler Sklerose (MS) eignet.Bei 11 MS-PatientInnen wurde vor Therapiebeginn und nach 4, 8 und 12 Wochen die Natalizumab-Sättigung von T-Zellen (CD3+) und wichtigen T-Zell Subpopulationen (naive (CD45RA+)/memory (CD45R0+) CD4+ und CD8+) mittels Durchflusszytometrie untersucht.Jeweils vier Wochen nach den ersten drei Infusionen war der mittlere Natalizumab-Sättigungsgrad (n=9) von T-Zellen jeweils knapp unter 80%. Eine Patientin mit neutralisierenden Antikörpern (NAB) gegen Natalizumab und ein Patient mit zu langen Infusionsintervallen wurden aufgrund von Auffälligkeiten im Natalizumab-Sättigungsgrad der Immunzellen identifiziert. Die unterschiedlich hohen alpha-4 Expressionswerte der einzelnen T-Zellsubpopulationen hatten keinen Einfluss auf den Sättigungsgrad mit Natalizumab.Wir konnten zeigen, dass ein Monitoring der Natalizumab-Sättigung von T-Lymphozyten mittels Durchflusszytometrie eine Routine-taugliche Methode ist, um PatientInnen mit einem möglichen suboptimalen Therapieerfolg aufgrund von NAB oder unregelmäßigen Infusionsintervallen zu identifizieren. Weiterführende Studien zur Bestimmung eines Schwellenwertes für eine unzureichende Nalizumab-Sättigung eröffnen die Möglichkeit für individualisierte Therapieschemata. Dies ist im Hinblick auf das Risiko opportunistischer Infektionen wichtig, um die Sicherheit dieses so hochwirksamen Therapeutikums für die Langzeitbehandlung in der MS zu erhöhen.