bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Gap Interpolation Methodologies for water Level time Series using perl/PDL
Authors: Mostella Aimee , Sadovski Alexey , Duff Scott , Michaud Patrick , Tissot Philippe , Steidley Carl 
Published: August 2014

Extensive time series of measurements are often essential to evaluate long term changes and averages such as tidal datums and sea level rises. As such, gaps in time series data restrict the type and extent of modeling and research which may be accomplished. The Texas A&M University Corpus Christi Division of Nearshore Research (TAMUCC-DNR) has developed and compared various methods based on forward and backward linear regression to interpolate gaps in time series of water level data.
We have developed a software system that retrieves actual and harmonic water level data based upon user provided parameters. The actual water level data is searched for missing data points and the location of these gaps are recorded. Forward and backward linear regression are applied in relation to the location of missing data or gaps in the remaining data. After this process is complete, one of three combinations of the forward and backward regression is used to fit the results. Finally, the harmonic component is added back into the newly supplemented time series and the results are graphed. The software created to implement this process of linear regression is written in Perl along with a Perl module called PDL (Perl Data Language).
Generally, this process has demonstrated excellent results in filling gaps in our water level time series. The program was tested on existing data under three typesof typical weather conditions: calm summers, frontal passages and extreme weather conditions, such as hurricanes. The parameters varied in order to test the accuracy of the methodology included the number of coefficients utilized in the linear regression processes as well as the size of the gaps to be filled. Results are presented for the different weather conditions and the different gap size and coefficient combinations.
Elaboración de una metodología para la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad sísmica
Authors: Aldama Ojeda Alejandro , Gómez Soberón Consuelo , Guillén López Briseida 
Published: August 2014

En el presente trabajo se presenta una metodología para evaluar la vulnerabilidad sísmica de las estructuras en un área específica. Mediante un método simplificado de inferencia se obtiene una estimación de las condiciones de las estructuras para recomendar una rehabilitación o bien un análisis detallado. El procedimiento se basa en la aplicación de diferentes esquemas de muestreo sobre la zona de estudio considerada como la población objetivo. La condición estimada para las estructuras en la muestra es comparada con la condición observada del censo de la población total, con la intención de mostrar que el procedimiento es económico y confiable. Adicionalmente se presenta un método para el cálculo y la asignación de un índice de Vulnerabilidad (IV).
Posteriormente este IV se utiliza para la construcción de mapas de vulnerabilidad. Se pretende además que los resultados aquí obtenidos contribuyan a la implementación de estudios futuros sobre riesgo sísmico.
Descripción de dos métodos de rellenado de datos ausentes en series de tiempo meteorológicas
Authors: Alfaro Eric J. , Soley F. Javier 
Published: August 2014

Se presentan dos metodologías para el rellenado de datos ausentes, enfocadas hacia su uso en series de tiempo geofísicas. La primera se basa en la descomposición en componentes principales de la matriz de correlación de datos de una misma variable entre estaciones cercanas y en periodos de tiempo comunes. Este método multivariable permite incorporar en los valores rellenados los fenómenos de mayor escala a partir de la información de las estaciones cercanas. El segundo método es para ser utilizado cuando no hay estaciones cercanas y el rellenado se debe hacer con la información de la misma estación. Consiste en ajustar un modelo autoregresivo a la serie de tiempo y utilizar ese modelo como estimador de los datos ausentes. Se evaluaron dos algoritmos para calcular los coeficientes autoregresivos: el estimador de Burg y el propuesto por Ulrych y Clayton. El primero es apropiado para procesos estocásticos y el segundo para series determinísticas. Las dos metodologías descritos en este trabajo son recursivas: se hace una primera estimación a los datos ausentes corriendo el algoritmo ignorando los datos ausentes si es posible ó aproximándolos de forma grosera. El algoritmo se continúa ejecutando con los nuevos valores sustituyendo los valores estimados en la corrida anterior. La ejecución termina cuando la diferencia máxima de los valores estimados entre dos corridas sucesivas es menor que un valor fijado de antemano por el usuario. Los datos rellenados conservan la media y la desviación estándar original de la serie de tiempo. Estos algoritmos se adaptaron y modificaron, por medio del uso de Interfaces Gráficas con el usuario, para su uso en SCILAB, que es una plataforma similar a MATLAB pero de fuente abierta y que corre indistintamente en Windows y Linux. Ellos fueron elaborados como una actividad de extensión de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
Predicción estacional del clima en Centroamérica mediante la reducción de escala dinámica. Parte II: aplicación del modelo MM5v3
Authors: Rivera Erick R. , Amador Jorge A. 
Published: August 2014

En la primera parte de este trabajo se determinó que el modelo de circulación general (MCG) ECHAM4.5 posee más habilidad para simular aspectos dinámicos y termodinámicos de la estructura de la atmósfera asociados a las características climáticas de la región de Centroamérica, en comparación con el CCM3.6. Por tal motivo, la información proveniente de este MCG se utilizó para conducir un experimento de reducción de escala dinámica con el modelo regional MM5v3, en el cual se generó un conjunto de simulaciones (realizaciones estadísticas) de alta resolución espacial (30 km) para el mes de enero del año 2000.
Los resultados de la reducción de escala dinámica con el MM5v3 permiten establecer que este modelo regional es capaz de reproducir adecuadamente aspectos del clima centroamericano que los MCG no pueden capturar debido a que poseen limitaciones de resolución espacial y a que no representan adecuadamente los rasgos topográficos y las interacciones físicas y dinámicas asociadas a la meso escala. La comparación con datos derivados de observaciones indica que el MM5v3 simula la región de máximo de viento de bajo nivel que está relacionada con la corriente en chorro de los Mares Intra-Americanos, aunque la intensidad de ésta es subestimada. En cuanto a los patrones de precipitación, éstos coinciden con los obtenidos de las observaciones (seco en el Pacifico, más lluvioso en el Caribe), sin embargo, existe un exceso generalizado en la cantidad de lluvia simulada producto de los esquemas de parametrización utilizados (Grell y Kain-Fritsch). En el análisis de la desviación estándar de la muestra de doce miembros, se detectan las ´áreas en las que este modelo regional tiene mayor dispersión o incertidumbre, entre ellas destaca una localizada principalmente al sur de Panamá.
A non-standard generating function for continuous dual q-Hahn polynomials
Authors: Atakishiyeva Mesuma , Atakishiyev Natig 
Published: August 2014

We study a non-standard form of generating function for the three-parameter continuous dual q-Hahn polynomials pn(x; a, b, c | q), which has surfaced in a recent work of the present authors on the construction of lifting q-difference operators in the Askey scheme of basic hypergeometric polynomials. We show that the resulting generating function identity for the continuous dual q-Hahn polynomials pn(x; a, b, c | q) can be explicitly stated in terms of Jackson’s q-exponential functions eq(z).
Métodos tiempo-frecuencia basados en la transformada Wavelet
Authors: Serrano Eduardo P. , Fabio Marcela , Figliola Alejandra 
Published: August 2014

La información contenida en una señal analógica se evidencia por su representación numérica. El par de Fourier en dos representaciones complementarias explicita las estructuras temporales y frecuenciales. Para detectar y caracterizar eventos que combinan esas estructuras en diversos y complejos patrones es necesario implementar métodos más refinados de representación conjunta tiempo-frecuencia.
Entre diversas opciones, la transformada wavelet (en onditas u ondaletas) brinda una eficiente herramienta tiempo-escala. Sus extensiones conducen a apropiadas representaciones conjuntas en un unico contexto analítico permiten implementar estrategias flexibles y bien adaptadas a las características de la señal.
Mortality among young nicaraguan immigrants to Costa Rica: an application of geographically weighted statistical regression
Authors: Bonilla Roger E. , Chavarría Juan B. 
Published: August 2014

This paper applies a geographically weighted statistical regression (GWR) model to young Nicaraguan immigrant homicides in Costa Rica during the period 1998-2008 and identifies possible covariates. The parameters for the GWR model are:

Yi(g)=β0(g)+β1(g)x1 +β2(g)x2 +...+βk(g)xk +ε,

which may be obtained from the solution of

β(g) = (XT W (g)X)−1 XT W (g)Y.

The GWR model is a more adequate model than the classic models, such as the log-linear Poisson model. In the GWR model, poverty was the most significant variable. The map of the estimators associated with the percentage of poor households suggests that the relationship between poverty and mortality by homicide for young Nicaraguan immigrants is stronger in the Caribbean region and neighboring zones. When the GWR model was run for homicides among young Costa Ricans, this effect was not observed, as it was among Nicaraguan immigrants.
Valores propios de Dirichlet asociados a la ecuación de Hill con potencial de ruido blanco
Authors: McKean Henry P. , Cambronero Santiago 
Published: August 2014

Mostramos que la ecuación de Hill con potencial de "ruido blanco" tiene una sucesión λn de valores propios de Dirichlet que se comporta casi como en el caso clásico, en el sentido que λn − n2π2 posee un crecimiento logarítmico, proveniente de una sucesión de variables gaussianas.
ACCPlot: gráficos del ACP con Mathematica
Authors: Arce S. Carlos L. 
Published: August 2014

ACPPlot es un comando para construir los gráficos propios del Análisis en Componentes Principales (ACP), planos principales y círculos de correlación; en ambos casos, agregando pociones para unir los puntos en trayectorias, agrupar conjuntos de puntos, etiquetar y en general pulir la presentación de los gráficos. Su desarrollo utiliza el lenguaje Mathematica y representa un ejemplo de aplicación del gran potencial de Mathematica en la investigación de los métodos matemáticos del análisis de datos. Paralelamente se muestran también, las facilidades que da Mathematica para hacer los cálculos del ACP y del Análisis Factorail de Correspondencias.
Goal problems in gambling theory
Authors: Hill Theodore P. 
Published: August 2014

Se da una breve introducción a problemas de metas en teoría abstracta del jugador, así como el enunciado de algunos de los principales teoremas y un número de ejemplos, problemas abiertos y referencias. Se hace énfasis en el caso de estado finito, contable aditivo, con objetivos clásicos como alcanzar una meta, alcanzar uan meta infinitamente abierta, permanecer en una meta. y maximizar el tiempo promedio premanecido en una meta.
Aplicación del método de selección de propuestas a la descomposición de tareas discretas de optimización de gran complejidad
Authors: Arzola Ruiz José , Fiol Zulueta Alberto 
Published: August 2014

En el artículo se estudia el método de Selección de Propuestas y su generalización, así como el problema de la organización de estructuras de conciliación de decisiones entre sistemas interelacionados, se brindan enfoques para la conciliación óptima de decisiones entre sistemas organizados en estructuras jerárquicas, coincidentes con los procedimientos de composición de decisiones de las subtareas resultantes de la descomposición de tareas de optimización de gran complejidad y se aplica el método de Selección de Propuestas a la solución de este problema.
La exposición se organiza en las siguientes etapas:
-Tarea de selección de propuestas, su generalización, métodos de solución y esquemas de descomposición de tareas de gran complejidad. -Enfoques para la conciliación de decisiones entre sistemas organizados en diferentes estructuras.
Resistance to Cigarette Smoke Is Increased in Periodontal Ligament Cells by Attachment to Collagen and Fibronectin
Authors: Lallier Thomas E. , Maturin Erin , Brady Matt , Stoute Diana , Ward Tyrous 
Published: August 2014

Background: The toxic effects of cigarette smoke often presents in smokers as increased incidence and severity of periodontal disease. These patients demonstrate symptomatic inflammation, increased probing depth, and tooth loss likely attributable to the direct effects of cigarette smoke on periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts. The goal of this in vitro study is to investigate the direct effects of smoking on PDL fibroblasts, focusing on cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions and cell survival.Methods: PDL cells were plated for various times on tissue culture plastic, PDL‐derived ECMs, collagen Type I, or fibronectin. Cells were exposed to various concentrations of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) at different times during the cell attachment process. Subsequently, cell survival was quantified using calcein‐acetoxymethyl ester compound and a fluorescent plate reader.Results: After exposure to CSE, PDL cell survival increased with increased cell attachment time to plastic. These observations were independent of soluble factors present in PDL cell–conditioned media. PDL‐derived ECMs and collagen Type I–pretreated plates promoted increased cell survival after 1 day of cell attachment. Fibronectin‐pretreated plates demonstrated increased cell survival after 3 days of cell attachment.Conclusions: Cell–ECM interactions increase survival of PDL cells exposed to CSE. It is suggested that the increased survival is attributable to PDL cells altering their ECM, potentially by depositing collagen and fibronectin. This may imply that cells embedded in an ECM would be more resistant to the toxic effects of cigarette smoke, leading to increased cell death near the exposed edges of a wound.
Effects of Statewide Job Losses on Adolescent Suicide-Related Behaviors
Authors: Gassman-Pines Anna , Ananat Elizabeth Oltmans , Gibson-Davis Christina M. 
Published: August 2014

Objectives. We investigated the impact of statewide job loss on adolescent suicide-related behaviors. Methods. We used 1997 to 2009 data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey and the Bureau of Labor Statistics to estimate the effects of statewide job loss on adolescents’ suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide plans. Probit regression models controlled for demographic characteristics, state of residence, and year; samples were divided according to gender and race/ethnicity. Results. Statewide job losses during the year preceding the survey increased girls’ probability of suicidal ideation and suicide plans and non-Hispanic Black adolescents’ probability of suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts. Job losses among 1% of a state’s working-age population increased the probability of girls and Blacks reporting suicide-related behaviors by 2 to 3 percentage points. Job losses did not affect the suicide-related behaviors of boys, non-Hispanic Whites, or Hispanics. The results were robust to the inclusion of other state economic characteristics. Conclusions. As are adults, adolescents are affected by economic downturns. Our findings show that statewide job loss increases adolescent girls’ and non-Hispanic Blacks’ suicide-related behaviors.
The Emergence of a New Rule of Customary Law: An Experimental Contribution
Authors: Engel Christoph 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
For most legal rules, an evolutionary perspective may be elucidating. Yet it would be hard to claim that otherwise one misses the essence of the rule-making procedure. This paper uses experimental data to show that customary law is different. While some doctrinal concepts of this source of law try to freeze the resulting rule, and to isolate it from the process of rule generation, Maurice Mendelson (in a 1998 paper in ‘Recueil des Cours’) forcefully argues that this conceptualization misses the very difference between statutory (treaty-based) and customary international law. Consequently, he also challenges the conventional claim that for a new rule of customary law to originate, two conditions must be met: there must be consistent practice, and it must be shown that this practice is motivated by the belief that such behavior is required in law. Mendelson claims that this doctrine misses the fundamentally incomplete nature of public international law. He claims that a new rule emerges when mere practice leads to convergent expectations. This paper uses data from public good experiments to back Mendelson’s theory. This evidence demonstrates that behavior converges even absent verbal communication; that convergence is guided by mean contributions in the previous round, which serve as an implicit norm; that free-riding on this implicit norm is regarded as illegitimate; that cooperation can be stabilized at a high level if the functional equivalent of what public international lawyers call “reprisals” are permitted. Hence the mechanism of norm formation proposed by Maurice Mendelson is fully borne out by the experimental data.
Is Law a Parasite? An Evolutionary Explanation of Differences among Legal Traditions
Authors: Smits Jan M. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
One of the most salient characteristics of law is that it can be seen as a tradition: law is passed on from one generation to another and, even though profound changes in the law may occur over time, its development is usually seen as a continuous one. Thus, in The Common Law, Oliver Wendell Holmes states that “‘the law embodies the story of a nation’s development through many centuries (...).” Alan Watson also emphasizes the extraordinary persistence of rules by noting that similar rules have been transplanted from one society to another. This paper seeks to explain differences among legal traditions by applying a specific evolutionary framework. This framework is based on ‘symbiosism,’ a Darwinian theory developed by linguists to explain the origins and development of language. The basis for this theory is that language is an organism residing in the human brain and therefore a memetic life form. In this respect, interesting parallels can be drawn between language and law. This theory can be used to help explain differences among jurisdictions, in particular why it is that these differences continue to exist over time.
Bio-Legal History, Dual Inheritance Theory and Naturalistic Comparative Law: On Content and Context Biases in Legal Evolution
Authors: Du Laing Bart 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
In this article, I take a closer look at what contemporary evolutionary approaches to human behavior and culture could have to offer comparative legal theory. I shall argue that these contemporary evolutionary approaches have reached a sufficient level of both sophistication and agreement to warrant their cautious re-inclusion into comparative legal theory. The article is structured as follows. In the first section I will introduce the concept of “bio-legal histories” as a new, but possibly better, variant – inspired by evolutionary psychology – of the much older idea that the “psychic unity of humankind” leads to “universal comparative law.” The contemporary evolutionary approaches to human behavior (and culture) underlying these views – evolutionary psychology and cultural epidemiology – will then be contrasted to dual inheritance theory – a contemporary evolutionary approach to human behavior that is, I believe, better geared towards understanding the mechanisms leading to cultural diversity. I aim to show that the differences between these approaches and their counterparts in the comparative law literature are in large part due to their differing views on the relative likely importance of two different classes of cultural evolutionary forces: content-based biases and context-based biases. This will also allow me to express some doubts as regards memetic approaches to (comparative) law and the application of Generalized Darwinism to evolutionary economics. Finally, some possible implications of the dual inheritance theoretical approach for comparative law are briefly discussed.
Evolutionary Theories in Law and Economics and Their Use for Comparative Legal Theory
Authors: von Wangenheim Georg 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Evolutionary Law and Economics explains how law evolves in possibly path dependent ways. The theory therefore seems apt to help comparative legal theory in understanding and evaluating legal variation across jurisdictions. This paper reviews evolutionary approaches in Law and Economics to study in a more precise way whether and how different strands of the approach may be useful for the comparative lawyer.
When "Stuff Happens" Isn't Enough: How An Evolutionary Theory of Doctrinal and Legal System Development Can Enrich Comparative Legal Studies
Authors: Goodenough Oliver R. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Comparative legal scholarship will benefit from better explanations of legal development. While the complications of legal systems are a challenge for cause and effect stories, evolutionary theory offers a powerful, yet relatively simple, set of explanatory principles that can be appropriately applied to both doctrinal topics and legal systems as a whole. The necessary starting point for an evolutionary analysis is to examine the three core components of evolution: descent, variation, and selection. Engaging these topics and developing good descriptions for each of them for the targeted system can be very helpful in providing good explanations to the “why” questions of comparative law analysis.
Comparison of chronic low-dose effects of alpha- and beta-emitting radionuclides on marine bacteria
Authors: Selivanova M. , Rozhko T. , Devyatlovskaya A. , Kudryasheva N. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEffects of Americium-241 (241Am), alpha-emitting radionuclide of high specific radioactivity, and tritium (3H), beta-emitting radionuclide, on luminous bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum were compared. Bioluminescence intensity served as a marker of bacterial physiological activity. Three successive stages in the bioluminescence response to 241Am and 3H were found under conditions of lowdose irradiation: (1) absence of effects, (2) activation, and (3) inhibition. They were interpreted in terms of bacterial response to stressfactor as stress recognition, adaptive response/syndrome, and suppression of physiological function (i.e. radiation toxicity). Times of bioluminescence activation (TBA) and inhibition (TBI) were suggested as parameters to characterize hormesis and toxic stages in a course of chronic low-dose irradiation of the microorganisms. Values of TBA and TBI of 241Am were shorter than those of 3H, revealing higher impact of alpha-irradiation (as compared to beta-irradiation) under comparable radiation doses. Increases of peroxide concentration and NADH oxidation rates in 241Am aquatic solutions were demonstrated; these were not found in tritiated water. The results reveal a biological role of reactive oxygen species generated in water solutions as secondary products of the radioactive decay. The study provides a scientific basis for elaboration of bioluminescence-based assay to monitor radiotoxicity of alpha- and beta-emitting radionuclides in aquatic solutions.