bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-week referrals for suspected head and neck cancer: two cycles of audit, 10 years apart, in a district general hospital
Authors: Williams C , Byrne R , Holden D , Sherman I , Srinivasan V R 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjective:To analyse trends in two-week rule referrals for head and neck cancer over 10 years.Method:Data from two-week referrals received by the Wirral University Hospital NHS Trust between 1 January and 30 June 2012 were compared with similar data from 2002.Results:A total of 357 referrals were received during the 6-month audit period, compared with 149 during the whole of 2002. Cancer pick-up rates were 9 per cent and 5 per cent in the first and second cycles, respectively.Conclusion:The annual number of two-week referrals made to our department increased by over 450 per cent in 10 years, but the resulting cancer pick-up rate fell by nearly 50 per cent. Whilst cancer patients need to be seen quickly, the current system is inefficient in parts. Modifications to the treatment pathway should be considered to improve patient care quality and reduce pressure on ENT departments.
New records and a taxonomic review prompts reassessment ofLonchophylla bokermanni, a rare bat endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Teixeira Tiago Souto Martins , Dias Daniela , Vale Mariana M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLonchophylla bokermanniis a nectar-feeding bat endemic to south-east Brazil that is currently categorized as Vulnerable in Brazil but as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List. Originally described in the Cerrado savannah of Minas Gerais state in 1978, the species is known to occur in only two other nearby localities. In the last 2 decades individuals identified asL. bokermanniwere recorded in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, increasing the known range of the species. A recent taxonomic review, however, has shown that Atlantic Forest individuals belong to a separate, new species,Lonchophylla peracchii. L. bokermanni, therefore, is known from only three localities, with an Extent of Occurrence of 1,506 km2. Because this EOO is < 5,000 km2, the species is known from <5 localities, and there is a presumed continued decline in its habitat extent and quality, it should be categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. We recommend that the state of the three known populations ofL. bokermannibe evaluated, and that surveys for further populations are required, particularly in Serra do Cipó National Park.
Functional and usability assessment of a robotic exoskeleton arm to support activities of daily life
Authors: Ambrosini Emilia , Ferrante Simona , Rossini Mauro , Molteni Franco , Gföhler Margit , Reichenfelser Werner , Duschau-Wicke Alexander , Ferrigno Giancarlo , Pedrocchi Alessandra 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYAn assistive device for upper limb support was developed and evaluated in terms of usability, user satisfaction and motor performance on six end-users affected by neuro-motor disorders (three spinal cord injury; one multiple sclerosis; two Friedreich's ataxia). The system consisted of a lightweight 3-degrees-of-freedom robotic exoskeleton arm for weight relief, equipped with electromagnetic brakes. Users could autonomously control the brakes using a USB-button or residual electromyogram activations. The system functionally supported all of the potential users in performing reaching and drinking tasks. For three of them, time, smoothness, straightness and repeatability were also comparable to healthy subjects. An overall high level of usability (system usability score, median value of 90/100) and user satisfaction (Tele-healthcare Satisfaction Questionnaire - Wearable Technology, median value of 104/120) were obtained for all subjects.
Special Education and the Charter: The Right to Equal Benefit of the Law.
Authors: Sussel Terri , Manley-Casimir Michael 
Published: July 2014

… the problem of providing full educational opportunities to handicapped children is a task that has, with few honourable exceptions, been grievously neglected in Canada.
It is essential that we take just a moment to say a few words about the right to an appropriate education. Many Canadians are denied this basic right referred to in the International Covenant and subscribed to by Canada and the Provinces…. There is indeed the need to entrench the right to an appropriate education…. Without the entrenchment of that value… Canadians who live with a handicap condition are at the outset denied the means of access to many of the benefits of Canadian society.
Stealing Conflicts in Juvenile Justice: Contrasting France and Canada.
Authors: Hackler Jim , Garapon Antoine 
Published: July 2014

In 1976 Nils Christie gave a lecture at the University of Sheffield and suggested that conflicts in society performed certain positive functions. Conflicts are “property,” he argued, and belong to the people involved. The participants in conflict may wish to see them resolved in ways that satisfy them, but sometimes those conflicts are taken away and become the property of courts, judges, lawyers or social workers. Christie contends that conflicts make an important contribution to society, and that highly industrialized societies have too little rather than too much internal conflict. He feels that we must organize social systems so that conflicts are nurtured and made visible. In particular we must see to it that professionals do not monopolize the handling of conflicts. In our criminal justice systems, the victims of crime have in particular lost their rights to participate in conflict resolution.In this paper we use Christie's concept of “stealing conflicts” as a tool for analysing the consequences of the increased use of lawyers in the juvenile justice system as a result of theYoung Offenders Act. TheActpurports to enhance juveniles' responsibility and accountability for their actions, but this end is undermined to the extent that lawyers steal the conflicts. Furthermore, we argue that this trend toward legalism, which characterizes North America today, is different from patterns in some European countries such as France.
Law Making in Canada: Capitalism and Legislation in a Democratic State.
Authors: O'Malley Patrick 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper outlines and critically assesses some of the principal attempts to explain state law making in Canada in terms of its constitution as an advanced capitalist democracy. While generally retaining a conception of relative autonomy of the state, stress is laid on the fact that this can be no more than an heuristic approach. Because it cannot be known in advance whether specific conditions represent an authentic threat to capital reproduction and because interpretation of such conditions is a necessary part of the mobilisation of resistance to such conditions, the so-called limits to autonomy represent no more than a shorthand for politically invoked strategies of opposition by agents of capital. Moreover, focus on relative autonomy and the concept of limits focuses attention on the externalities of state agencies and constitutes these as distinct from the processes relativising state autonomy. The paper therefore works toward a conceptualisation of discursive and non-discursive practices which tend to generate capitalistic-reproductive actions by state agencies.
Juvenile Prostitution and Mental Health: Policing Delinquency or Treating Pathology?.
Authors: Brannigan Augustine , Fleischman John 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Juvenile prostitution has been characterized alternatively as an expression of delinquency based on opportunity, and, as a form of pathological work chosen by adolescent victims of sexual abuse. Analysis of the trends in arrests for solicting in Canada suggest that the majority of persons arrested for soliciting are not juveniles. In addition, estimates of abuse in the background of prostitutes are extremely inconsistent. Questions are raised both about the relevance of the pathological model and the utility of treating soliciting as a crime.
Self-Regulation in the Legal Profession: Funnel In, Funnel Out, or Funnel Away?.
Authors: Brockman Joan , McEwen Colin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSelf-regulation in the legal profession has recently, as it has on previous occasions, come under a barrage of criticism. This paper examines a narrow aspect of self-regulation, the processing of complaints through to dispositions within the disciplinary system of the Law Society of British Columbia between 1978-1988. Statistics and case reports of the Law Society are used to examine the disciplining of lawyers in light of a model which encompasses the benefits of self-regulation (funnel in) and criticism of it (funnel out and funnel away). While suggestions are made for improving the present system there is some question as to whether self-regulation will survive the rapidly changing nature of the legal profession as it bends to national and international pressures.
Les «droits sociaux»: De la divine providence à l'État Providence
Authors: Marion Normand 
Published: July 2014

RésuméLe discours sur les droits sociaux n'intègre pas la prise en charge par l'Église des besoins sociaux à l'époque féodale, car cette prise en charge relève de l'obligation morale. Le présent article a pour but de montrer qu'il y a lieu de rechercher les fondements des droits sociaux actuels dans les institutions sociales féodales. Pour ce faire, l'auteur aborde le discours religieux qui a conduit à l'institutionnalisation de l'entraide et propose un regard sur les institutions féodales qui ne découle pas de la conception moderne du droit.
Perspectives québécoises sur la Cour suprême du Canada
Authors: Bzdera André 
Published: July 2014

RésuméLes juges de la Cour suprême fédérale se trouvent de nos jours au centre de l'évolution constitutionnelle du Canada, que ce soit par le biais de leurs interprétations du partage du pouvoir législatif ou de la nouvelle Charte canadienne des droits et libertés de 1982. Or la science politique québécoise met traditionnellement l'accent sur les négociations intergouvernementales en vue de la réforme de la constitution canadienne et il n'existait pas jusqu'à tout récemment d'analyse politique de l'influence des juges sur le pouvoir législatif de l'Assemblée nationale et les valeurs politiques québécoises. Les quelques chercheurs travaillant sur le pouvoir judiciaire apportent néanmoins une nouvelle perspective critique du rôle politique d'une haute cour en régime fédéral binational. Cette approche québécoise fait ressortir la dépendance de la Cour suprême du Canada envers le gouvernement fédéral et caractérise sa jurisprudence de centralisatrice et nationaliste—bref, le reflet de la volonté politique de la majorité canadienne anglaise. La cour n'est plus perçue comme arbitre neutre des conflits. Ceci dit, au Québec le paradigme juridique continue à imprégner l'analyse politique et le discours public.
“Resistance by the Club” to the Feminization of the Legal Profession
Authors: Brockman Joan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the growth in numbers of lawyers in Canada and British Columbia, and the attrition rates of members from the Law Society of British Columbia. It then reports on the results of a survey of former members of the Law Society of British Columbia which examines the reasons why these former members did not renew their memberships in the Law Society, their perceptions of gender bias in the legal profession in British Columbia, their suggestions for improving the legal profession, and some of the implications of such recommendations.
Canadian Prostitution Control Between 1914 and 1970: An Exercise in Chauvinist Reasoning
Authors: Larsen E. Nick 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper conducts a feminist analysis of Canadian prostitution control during the period between 1914 and 1970. The major intent of this analysis is to outline the manner in which the prostitution-related vagrancy provisions were enforced from the beginning of the First World War through to their repeal in the early 1970s. The effects of two world wars, the eugenics movement of the 1920s, the Great Depression and the liberalized sexual mores of the 1960s on prostitution control are assessed. Throughout this analysis, it is noted that Canadian prostitution control was characterized by an underlying chauvinist bias which overrode all other factors. Furthermore, it is also noted that feminists generally declined to become involved in the prostitution debate, and that many women's groups and organizations sided with the male-dominated military and criminal justice systems.
Canadian Divorce before Reform: The Case of Prince Edward Island, 1946–67
Authors: Owen Wendy J. , Bumsted J. M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper represents the first scholarly effort to explore the meaning and practice of divorce in Canada between the end of World War II and the coming of divorce reform in 1968. It is based on a thorough analysis of the case files of the divorce court of Prince Edward Island, resurrected in 1946 to deal with divorce in that province. The paper attempts to place the law and practice of divorce in Prince Edward Island in a national context. It also discusses social patterns of divorce 1946–67 (based upon data never before collected for the period), generally finding them consistent with other available information for the periods immediately preceding and following the one under discussion. The paper concludes with an examination of patterns of divorce among farm families on the Island, exploring other explanatory variables besides traditional morality to explain their distinctiveness
Mediation of Divorce in China
Authors: Bailey Martha J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWestern mediators have accepted at face value claims as to the general acceptability and voluntariness of Chinese mediation. Their failure to attend to the cultural context in which Chinese mediation practices are embedded has led to a partial and uncritical impression. Those who cite current mediation practices in China either as positive examples or as models to follow should note mediation's implication in the social control exercised by an authoritarian government and the maintenance of feudal, or patriarchal, norms.
The Canadian Regulatory System and Corporatism: Empirical Findings and Analytical Implications
Authors: Johnson David 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article directs attention to the regulatory system in Canada and highlights certain important organizational developments that have been largely ignored by political scientists and legal academics in their studies of this system. Most analysts assessing the nature and functioning of the regulatory system in this country have used pluralist approaches to understand the political and legal phenomena in question, and have explicitly or implicitly rejected the validity of corporatist approaches to this task. This is unwise. Evidence from various regulatory agencies in this country indicates that meso corporatist forms of organization are present in this country's regulatory system. The presence of these forms thus calls for recognition and analysis. The author argues that while a modest degree of corporatism does not invalidate the general worth of pluralist interpretative approaches, our understanding of the regulatory system can only be enhanced through an appreciation of how and why meso corporatist forms of organization arise in particular regulatory agencies and how these developments pose a challenge to agency accountability
The “Adversary System”: Rhetoric or Reality?
Authors: Coughlan Stephen G. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOur system of justice is generally referred to as an “adversary system,” although this term is used very loosely. At times, the term is used in a technical way to refer to a system with structured rules of evidence, party presentation of evidence, and a neutral decision-maker. At other times, the phrase seems to be given a broader meaning, referring to the way in which law is practised—that hard-headed competitiveness is the proper, and normal, approach. In fact, neither the rules of our justice system, whether criminal or civil, nor the way in which lawyers behave most of the time are best described as “adversarial.” The current situation, in which largely nonadversarial behavior and rules are described as an adversary system, gives rise to confusion and, more importantly, to unethical action. A possible solution is to cease calling our system an adversary one, and to acknowledge that other rules and behavior are more defining.
Féminisme, sexualité et droit: analyse d'un mythe
Authors: Bertrand Marie-Andrée 
Published: July 2014

RésuméL'auteure a intitulé son article «Féminisme, sexualité et droit» pour bien indiquer que c'est le travail accompli par les féministes sur la représentation masculine de leur identité et sur leurs rapports au droit qui en constitue la trame et la dynamique. À titre d'illustration de ce travail des femmes, l'auteure présente l'analyse qu'ont faite deux féministes professeures de droit, d'abord du pouvoir du regard mâle sur leur sexualité et leur identité, ensuite sur les effets de ces représentations sur le traitement des femmes devant les tribunaux. L'auteure soutient que le pouvoir mâle est un mythe, une construction ouverte à d'autres formes de représentations. Concernant les rapports des femmes au droit, elle préconise une pratique d'asymétrie éthique et de symétrie phénoménologique.
Plaisir, liberté, égalité: trilogie phallocentrique
Authors: Gagnon Nathaly 
Published: July 2014

RésuméLa trilogie «plaisir/liberté/égalité» sert d'élément d'analyse de la sexualité des femmes dans la réflexion et la lutte féministes pour une transformation radicale de notre société. À partir de la réinterprétation de données recueillies en 1989, l'analyse tente de mieux cerner l'organisation des rapports sociaux de sexe dans notre société. Cette réflexion s'inspire des travaux de MacKinnon, Eisenstein, Cornell et privilégie le cadre théorique suivant: «la sexualité est au féminisme ce que le travail est au marxisme». Les possibilités d'une transformation radicale de la société impliquent une déconstruction / reconstruction des éléments de la trilogie. Pour les féministes, égalité signifie non pas la suppression de la différentiation des genres mais de la hiérarchie basée sur les genres. Le mouvement des femmes, en imposant sa vision d'une morale sexuelle égalitaire, démontre les limites des transformations libérales et se confronte au phallocentrisme dominant. Le droit, en tant que discours légal, crée une définition de l'égalité sexuelle et contribue à déterminer la ligne de démarcation entre ce qui constitue une sexualité légitime et une sexualité illégitime. Ultimement, une reconstruction féministe de la société libérerait la personnalité humaine des restrictions imposées par les stéréotypes sexuels tout en éliminant la misogynie du légalisme libéral.
LEAF and Pornography: Litigating on Equality and Sexual Representations
Authors: Busby Karen 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn February 1991, the Supreme Court of Canada released R. v. Butler, a decision which upheld Canada's Obscenity Law by recognizing a relationship between pornography and sex inequality. This paper outlines the arguments made by the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund (LEAF) as intervenors in Butler, reviews how this decision could be interpreted, and offers for discussion arguments on some of the issues not addressed in Butler. In particular, it examines how LEAF's position affects lesbians and gay men and how the Butler decision can be used to advance equality arguments for sexual minorities. Given that Canada Customs have continued to discriminate against lesbians and gay men by targeting materials for these communities, feminists and other equality seekers must participate in the debate on how Butler will be interpreted and enforced.
Moral Capital
Authors: Valverde Mariana 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFoucault's innovative and influential explorations of sexual and moral regulation did not sufficiently explore the connections or contradictions between moral regulation and economic processes. This paper draws on Pierre Bourdieu's materialist concept of “cultural capital” in the elaboration of a model for the study of moral regulation based on the concept of “moral capital”. The accumulation of moral capital, it is argued here, mimics that of economic capital, and yet it also acts as an external limit to economic capital accumulation. This dialectical model is both elaborated and tested through a historical overview of philanthropic techniques for the moral regulation of the urban poor.
Paradigmes et innovation: les professeurs de droit et l'avenir des professions juridiques
Authors: Belley Jean-Guy 
Published: July 2014

RésuméLa thèse soutenue par l'auteur est que le paradigme du positivisme juridique qui a assuré le succès professionnel des juristes depuis le milieu du 19e siècle est devenu préjudiciable à leur capacité d'innover. Un processus de changement de paradigme se manifeste à trovers trois évolutions majeures: la spécialisation croissante des juristes universitaires et praticiens; le brouillage dialectique de la séparation entre le droit, la politique et la morale; le déclin de l'autonomie intellectuelle de la science du droit au contact des technosciences. La segmentation des intérêts et le conflit de classes qui oppose les nouvelles générations à leurs prédécesseurs annoncent peut-être la fin du corporatisme professionnel comme mode officiel de représentation et d'organisation de la communauté juridique. Les professeurs de droit et, de façon privilégiée, les spécialistes des rapports entre le droit et la société peuvent jouer un role névralgique en produisant une meilleure connaissance de la transition actuelle vers un nouveau paradigme du droit.
Droit constitutionnel et rapports de pouvoir: Les droits scolaires des francophones minoritaires du Canada avant 1960
Authors: Martel Angéline , Villeneuve Daniel 
Published: July 2014

RésuméLes droits constitutionnels conférés à l'intention des francophones minoritaires au Canada par l'article 23 de laCharte canadienne des droits et libertéss'avèrent fragiles dans leur reconnaissance et leur mise en oeuvre. Dans cet article, nous tentons de comprendre les raisons profondes de cette situation. À cet effet, nous analysons les forces idéologiques qui, historiquement, ont soustendu l'interprétation et la mise en oeuvre des droits constitutionnels relatifs à l'éducation des minorités francophones entre 1867 et 1960. Une idée de fond se dégage de cette analyse: les droits éducatifs des minorités, en dépit du caractère argumentatif et rationnel qui leur confère une apparente neutralité, ne sont pas à l'abri des rapports sociaux. Ils sont une construction sociale qui s'enracine profondément dans les oppositions idéologiques et les rapports de pouvoir traversant la société. Ainsi, l'élaboration, l'interprétation et la mise en oeuvre des droits scolaires consacrés aux minorités en vertu de l'article 93 de laLoi constitutionnelle de 1967sont largement influencées par les tensions qui, à travers l'histoire canadienne depuis les origines de la Confédération, ont opposé les tenants de l'idéologie homogénéiste et ceux de l'idéologie dualiste. Dans sa conception même, l'article 93 porte la marque des rapports de pouvoir qui prévalaient au moment de la Confédération. Pour leur part, les tribunaux ont entériné l'idéologie homogénéiste en interprétant l'article 93 de manière statique, ce qui a eu pour effet en pratique d'avaliser la vague d'homogénéisation qui a frappé les écoles des francophones minoritaires avant les années 1960.