bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to Reverse the Italian Brain Drain: A Master Class from Australia
Authors: Breda Vito 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the limits of Italian immigration policies and their effects on the Italian market of highly skilled individuals. Italian statutory provisions aimed at regulating immigration focus on limiting immigration without a reasoned distinction being made between skilled and unskilled immigrants. The first part of the article argues that a combination of historical and sociological factors makes Italy uncompetitive in the global market of highly skilled individuals. The second part suggests two pilot schemes for policies that might help in addressing the issue. First, the introduction of a medium‐/long‐term visa for highly skilled individuals, and second, the establishment of private multinational universities modelled on the European Institute (EI) in Florence. These new institutions would open up the academic job market to overseas researchers and, at the same time, would provide a more solid base for the retrieval of Italian academics working abroad.
The up side of decidual natural killer cells: new developments in immunology of pregnancy
Authors: Jabrane‐Ferrat Nabila , Siewiera Johan 
Published: November 2013

SummaryEarly phases of human pregnancy are associated with the accumulation of a unique subset of natural killer (NK) cells in the maternal decidua. Decidual NK (dNK) cells that are devoid of cytotoxicity play a pivotal role in successful pregnancy. By secreting large amounts of cytokines/chemokines and angiogenic factors, dNK cells participate in all steps of placentation including trophoblast invasion into the maternal endometrium and vascular remodelling. In this review, we summarize some of dNK cell features and discuss more recent exciting data that challenge the conventional view of these cells. Our new data demonstrate that dNK cells undergo fine tuning or even subvert their classical inhibitory machinery and turn into a real defence force in order to prevent the spread of viruses to fetal tissue. Today it is not clear how these phenotypic and functional adaptations impact cellular cross‐talk at the fetal–maternal interface and tissue homeostasis. Ultimately, precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern dNK cell plasticity during congenital human cytomegalovirus infection should lead to the design of more robust strategies to reverse immune escape during viral infection and cancer.
Nursing typhus victims in the Second World War, 1942–1944: a discussion paper
Authors: Brooks Jane 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimsThis article explores the care British nurses provided to victims of typhus during the Second World War.BackgroundTyphus is associated with poverty and overcrowding. During wars in the pre‐antibiotic era, civilians were particularly susceptible to epidemics, which military governments feared would spread to their troops.DesignThis discussion paper draws on archival data from three typhus epidemics in the Second World War to examine the expert work of British nurses in caring for victims during these potential public health disasters.Data SourcesThe published sources for the paper include material from nursing and medical journals published between 1940–1947. Archival sources come from the National Archives in Kew, the Wellcome Library and the Army Medical Services Museum, between 1943–1945. Of particular interest is the correspondence with Dame Katharine Jones from nurses on active service overseas.Implications for NursingWhilst epidemics of typhus are now rare, nurses in the present day may be required to care for the public in environments of extreme poverty and overcrowding, where life‐threatening infectious diseases are prevalent. This article has demonstrated that it is possible for expert and compassionate nursing to alleviate suffering and prevent death, even when medical technologies are unavailable.ConclusionExpert and compassionate care, adequate nutrition and hydration and attention to hygiene needs are crucial when there are limited pharmacological treatments and medical technologies available to treat infectious diseases. The appreciation of this could have implications for nurses working in current global conflicts.
European Governance and the European Parliament: From Talking Shop to Legislative Powerhouse
Authors: Kohler Manfred 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article provides an insight into the status quo and functions of the European Parliament (EP) in the European Union (EU) multi‐level governance system in order to better locate the structural issues the EP is facing in terms of accountability and legitimacy in the EU. The study mainly finds that the EP's extension of powers by the treaties and non‐treaty‐based inter‐institutional agreements has led it to become a legislative powerhouse, the work of which is concentrated in the less visible committees. This development, however, comes at the cost of the EP's function as a public arena of debate and conflict, with the big party groups mainly voting like a singular bloc in the plenary because decisions had already been agreed in the committees. In sum, increasing competences and workloads do not lead to more legitimacy and accountability.
Hematology and serum chemistry values of sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys): comparison with rhesus monkeys
Authors: Sharma P. , Chennareddi L. , Greene‐Hartsfield E.Z. , Villinger F. , Cohen J.K. , Herndon J.G. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe sooty mangabey is a vulnerable West African species that naturally harbors simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) without pathological symptoms. We present normative hematology and serum chemistry values for this species.MethodsHematology analytes from 136 females and 96 males and serum chemistry analytes from 57 females and 26 males were studied.ResultsValues of several analytes fell outside published reference ranges in the rhesus monkey, a laboratory standard for Old World primates. Erythrocyte‐related parameters were higher in mangabeys than in rhesus monkeys, while platelet counts were lower. Mangabeys also had higher gamma‐glutamyltransferase levels and lower urea nitrogen levels. Males had higher erythrocyte‐associated values than females. Albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, calcium, and creatinine changed with age in patterns similar to those reported for the rhesus monkey.ConclusionsThe unique blood profile of the mangabey should be taken into account in clinical and experimental studies of this species.
Cheetah cub survival revisited: a re‐evaluation of the role of predation, especially by lions, and implications for conservation
Authors: Mills M. G. L. , Mills M. E. J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCheetah cub survival on the Serengeti Plains (SP) was found to be exceptionally low, because of high predation rates, thought to be especially by lions. These results have contributed to the perception that cheetah cubs are particularly vulnerable to predation, and that areas with large carnivores may not be suitable for cheetah conservation. Here we show that survival of cheetah cubs in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park was seven times higher than on the SP and, although predation was the most common form of mortality, lions were not found to be involved. Moreover, we suggest that scrutiny of the Serengeti data does not unequivocally prove the dominance of lions as predators of cheetah cubs there. We discuss these findings in the context of cheetah conservation, suggesting that further research on coexistence between cheetahs and other carnivores should receive attention and that the high mortality rates of cubs found on the SP may not be as widespread as is commonly believed. Furthermore, we recommend that maintaining the link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning should receive more attention in carnivore conservation.
Recipient perioperative cholesterolaemia and graft cholesterol metabolism gene expression predict liver transplant outcome
Authors: Ginanni Corradini Stefano , Siciliano Maria , Parlati Lucia , Molinaro Antonio , Cantafora Alfredo , Poli Edoardo , Mennini Gianluca , Melandro Fabio , Vestri Anna Rita , Merli Manuela , Bianco Paolo , Corsi Alessandro , Toniutto Pierluigi , Bitetto Davide , Falleti Edmondo , Attili Adolfo Francesco , Berloco Pasquale , Rossi Massimo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsWe analysed for the first time whether recipient perioperative serum total cholesterol (sTC) concentration is associated with liver transplantation outcome.MethodsWe studied noncholestatic cirrhotics submitted to primary deceased‐donor liver transplantation in a prospective group (n = 140) from Rome and in a validation retrospective cohort (n = 157) from Udine, Italy. Pre‐ischaemia and post‐reperfusion cholesterol metabolism gene mRNA was measured by RT‐PCR in 74 grafts of the study group.ResultsAt Cox regression analysis, independently from confounders including recipient MELD score, the recipient pre‐operative sTC pooled quintiles 2–5, compared with the lowest quintile showed HR (95% CI) and significances for overall graft loss (GL) of 0.215 (0.104–0.444) P < 0.001 in the study group and 0.319 (0.167–0.610) P = 0.001 in the validation cohort. Analysing sTC as a continuous variable, the risk of overall GL for every 10‐mg/dl decrease in pre‐operative sTC increased by 13% and by 9% in the study group and in the validation cohort respectively.In the study group, independent associations at multivariate analyses were: (a) high graft pre‐ischaemia expression of INSIG‐1, which indicates hepatocellular cholesterol depletion, with post‐reperfusion graft necrosis; (b) GL with inadequate graft post‐reperfusion response to cholesterol depletion, shown by a failure to reduce the PCSK9 to LDLR expression ratio; (c) GL with a relative increase of sTC on post‐operative day‐7, selectively because of the LDL fraction, which indirectly suggests poor cholesterol uptake from blood.ConclusionsLow recipient pre‐transplant sTC concentration, its post‐operative day‐7 increase and a genetically determined low graft cholesterol availability predict poor liver transplant outcome.
Communication and effectiveness in a US nursing home quality‐improvement collaborative
Authors: Arling Priscilla A. , Abrahamson Kathleen , Miech Edward J. , Inui Thomas S. , Arling Greg 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this study, we explored the relationship between changes in resident health outcomes, practitioner communication patterns, and practitioner perceptions of group effectiveness within a quality‐improvement collaborative of nursing home clinicians. Survey and interview data were collected from nursing home clinicians participating in a quality‐improvement collaborative. Quality‐improvement outcomes were evaluated using US Federal and State minimum dataset measures. Models were specified evaluating the relationships between resident outcomes, staff perceptions of communication patterns, and staff perceptions of collaborative effectiveness. Interview data provided deeper understanding of the quantitative findings. Reductions in fall rates were highest in facilities where respondents experienced the highest levels of communication with collaborative members outside of scheduled meetings, and where respondents perceived that the collaborative kept them informed and provided new ideas. Clinicians observed that participation in a quality‐improvement collaborative positively influenced the ability to share innovative ideas and expand the quality‐improvement program within their nursing home. For practitioners, a high level of communication, both inside and outside of meetings, was key to making measurable gains in resident health outcomes.
1H NMR Study of Hydrogen Abstraction in Model Compound Mimics of Polymers
Authors: Lancaster Jeffrey R. , Smilowitz Rachael , Turro Nicholas J. , Koberstein Jeffrey T. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSmall molecules representing common synthetic polymers were subjected to photochemically induced hydrogen abstraction by benzophenone. Reactions were monitored using 1H NMR to query the factors that influence preferential abstraction of protons in unique chemical environments. Differences in bond dissociation energies do not fully explain the observed hydrogen abstraction preferences. To that end, we identify contributions to abstraction from prereactive complexation, radical stability, steric effects and charge transfer effects. Using representative small molecule model compounds in lieu of polymeric materials is a novel approach to understanding photochemical reaction in polymers; however, it cannot probe the contributions of macromolecular effects—e.g. polymer rigidity or side chain and backbone mobility—to preferential hydrogen abstraction.
Reactive Attitudes as Communicative Entities
Authors: Macnamara Coleen 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMany theorists claim that the reactive emotions, even in their private form, are communicative entities. But as widely endorsed as this claim is, it has not been redeemed: the literature lacks a clear and compelling account of the sense in which reactive attitudes qua private mental states are essentially communicative. In this paper, I fill this gap. I propose that it is apt to characterize privately held reactive attitudes as communicative in nature because they, like many paradigmatic forms of communication, have representational content and the function of evoking uptake of this content in a recipient.
The Influence of Ovarian Stromal/Theca Cells During In Vitro Culture on Steroidogenesis, Proliferation and Apoptosis of Granulosa Cells Derived from the Goat Ovary
Authors: Qiu M , Liu J , Han C , Wu B , Yang Z , Su F , Quan F , Zhang Y 
Published: November 2013

ContentsEarly follicular development is closely related to oocyte‐granulosa cells‐ovarian stromal cells/theca cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ovarian cortical, medullary stromal and theca cells on oestradiol and progesterone biosynthesis, proliferation and apoptosis of goat ovary granulosa cells in vitro. Using Transwell coculture system, we evaluated steroidogenesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and some molecular expressions regarding steroidogenic enzyme, luteinizing hormone receptor and apoptosis‐related genes in granulosa cells. The results indicated that ovarian stromal/theca cells were able to stimulate oestradiol and progesterone production, promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of granulosa cells. Among all the three kinds of cells, theca cells affected strongly on granulosa cell function, and ovarian medullary stromal cells had the weakest effect on granulosa cells. These findings would provide an important knowledge of cell interaction among follicular cells during follicular development.
What motivates adherence to medical recommendations? The procedural justice approach to gaining deference in the medical arena
Authors: Tyler Tom , Mentovich Avital , Satyavada Sagarika 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAlthough it is within their long‐term interest, patients often fail to follow health care recommendations made by medical experts. This failure results in the widespread occurrence of preventable health problems and a significant increase in health care costs. Taking a new approach to confronting this issue, this paper examines whether the procedural justice model, which has been useful in explaining cooperation with legal and managerial authorities, can provide a basis for increasing patients' willingness to voluntarily adhere to health care recommendations. Three studies tested and supported this proposition. Study 1 experimentally manipulated physicians' procedural fairness or unfairness to explore its influence on patients' acceptance of doctors' recommendations. Study 2 used patients' reports about the fairness of their personal physicians and linked those evaluations to their willingness to follow their doctor's recommendations. Finally, study 3 explored the role of general procedural justice judgments in promoting willingness to accept health policies when they are advocated by private doctors and government health care authorities. The results of all three studies support the argument that when health care authorities use fair procedures, patients are more likely to accept their recommendations. Importantly, this procedural justice effect is distinct from, and in some cases stronger than, the influence of competence.
Metacognitive therapy in recurrent depression: A case replication series in Denmark
Authors: Callesen Pia , Jensen Anne Backhausen , Wells Adrian 
Published: November 2013

Metacognitive therapy (MCT) for depression is derived from the Wells and Matthews (1994) self‐regulatory model, in which a Cognitive‐Attentional Syndrome (CAS) is the cause of psychological disorders. MCT for depression focuses on identifying patients' CAS and helps them to stop it. The CAS consists of worry, rumination and dysfunctional coping strategies. The focus in MCT is on removing the CAS by challenging positive and negative metacognitive beliefs and eliminating dysfunctional behaviors. In this case series, MCT was delivered to four depressed Danes and treatment was evaluated in 5–11 sessions of up to one hour each. An A‐B design with follow‐up at 3 and 6 months was conducted and the primary outcome was Beck's Depression Inventory II (BDI‐II). We measured CAS processes with the Major depressive Disorder Scale (MDD‐S). The results of the case series showed clinically significant improvements in depressive symptoms, rumination and metacognitive beliefs and the effects were still present at follow‐up for all patients. The small number of patients and decreasing baselines observed in some cases limits the conclusions. However, the results suggest that this treatment is feasible and was associated with large improvements in symptoms when delivered away from its point of origin and in a Danish help‐seeking sample.
On Selective Influences, Marginal Selectivity, and Bell/CHSH Inequalities
Authors: Dzhafarov Ehtibar N. , Kujala Janne V. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe Bell/CHSH inequalities of quantum physics are identical with the inequalities derived in mathematical psychology for the problem of selective influences in cases involving two binary experimental factors and two binary random variables recorded in response to them. The following points are made regarding cognitive science applications: (1) compliance of data with these inequalities is informative only if the data satisfy the requirement known as marginal selectivity; (2) both violations of marginal selectivity and violations of the Bell/CHSH inequalities are interpretable as indicating that at least one of the two responses is influenced by both experimental factors.
Complementarity of Mental Observables
Authors: Basieva Irina , Khrennikov Andrei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe aim of this note is to complete the discussion on the possibility of creation of quantum‐like (QL) representation for the question order effect which was presented by Wang and Busemeyer (2013). We analyze the role of a fundamental feature of mental operators (given, e.g., by questions), namely, their complementarity.
Order Effects in Dynamic Semantics
Authors: Graben Peter beim 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn their target article, Wang and Busemeyer (2013) discuss question order effects in terms of incompatible projectors on a Hilbert space. In a similar vein, Blutner recently presented an orthoalgebraic query language essentially relying on dynamic update semantics. Here, I shall comment on some interesting analogies between the different variants of dynamic semantics and generalized quantum theory to illustrate other kinds of order effects in human cognition, such as belief revision, the resolution of anaphors, and default reasoning that result from the crucial non‐commutativity of mental operations upon the belief state of a cognitive agent.
Cavernous sinus syndrome in a holstein bull
Authors: Jacob Sarah I. , Drees Randi , Pinkerton Marie E. , Bentley Ellison M. , Peek Simon F. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA 13‐month‐old Holstein bull was presented for right‐sided exophthalmos. Ophthalmologic examination noted that the animal was visual in both eyes, but that the right pupil was persistently dilated and very sluggish to constrict when stimulated with a bright light and that normal ocular motility was absent. Fundic examination of the right eye was normal as was a complete ophthalmologic examination of the left eye. Radiographs at presentation did not reveal the presence of sinusitis or other skull abnormalities. Initial treatment comprised intravenous antibiotics and anti‐inflammatories for orbital inflammation over a 14‐day period. There was no perceptible change in the appearance or neuro‐ophthalmologic examination of the right eye during hospitalization. The animal was discharged to the owner's care, but 3 weeks later was found recumbent with unilateral strabismus of the left eye and a fixed right pupil. Due to the inability to rise and rapid deterioration, humane euthanasia was performed, and a full postmortem examination, preceded by a MRI, was performed that identified abscesses extending bilaterally through the round foramina obliterating the cavernous sinus region, as well as abscessation of the right mandible, right trigeminal neuritis, right‐sided sinusitis, and right‐sided otitis media. Cavernous sinus syndrome should be considered in cattle with a combination of exophthalmos and neuro‐ophthalmologic abnormalities involving cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI, whose branches are located within the cavernous sinus.
EMBODIMENT AND REBIRTH IN THE BUDDHIST AND HINDU TRADITIONS
Authors: Gosling David L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe belief that humans are more than their bodies is to a large extent represented in the Hindu and Buddhist traditions by the notion of rebirth, the main difference being that the former envisages a more corporeal continuing entity than the latter. The author has studied the manner in which exposure to science at a postgraduate level impinges on belief in rebirth at universities and institutes in India and Thailand. Many Hindu and Buddhist scientists tend to believe less in a reincarnating entity because of their scientific work, but Buddhists can point to their empty self doctrine, which has resonances with models of an extended self, rejecting the notion of a core self (anattā) and replacing it with a system of interdependent parts (paṭicca samuppāda), which governs previous and future lives.
THE EXPLORATORY AND REFLECTIVE DOMAIN OF METAPHOR IN THE COMPARISON OF RELIGIONS
Authors: Martin Paul C. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThere has been a longstanding interest in discovering or uncovering resemblances among what are ostensibly diverse religious schemas by employing a range of methodological approaches and tools. However, it is generally considered a problematic undertaking. Jonathan Z. Smith has produced a large body of work aimed at explicating this and has tacitly based his model of comparison on metaphor, which is traditionally understood to connote similarity between two or more things, as based on a linguistic or pragmatic assessment. However, another possible approach is cognitive. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson have championed the view of “conceptual metaphor,” which regards metaphor as being pervasive not only in language, but also in thought and action. Indeed, according to them, it basically structures our conceptual operations and hence views of the world through partially mapping knowledge across ontological domains, generally from the concrete to the abstract. I shall argue that a similar mechanism can fruitfully be applied to comparing religious schemas, as based on the postulated relationship between the domains of human and divine, physical and abstract, and as realized through expressions of journeying and reflection.