bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per les comarques del Baix Camp i del Priorat: des del Coll Roig de Pratdip, a Pratdip, Colldejou i a la Torre de la Fontaubella
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim 
Published: May 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 6 d’abril de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut de l´itinerari discorrerà, en la seva major part pel Sistema Mediterrani (i més concretament per la seva subunitat més interna, la Serralada Prelitoral Catalana). Així, discorrerà pràcticament entre les immediacions de la localitat de Pratdip (Baix Camp) i les proximitats de la de la Torre de Fontaubella (Priorat). Així doncs, el recorregut de l´itinerari s´iniciarà a la Serralada Prelitoral Catalana, per la qual es circularà, en tota la resta del recorregut, entre les immediacions de les dues localitats abans esmentades. Per altra banda el recorregut s´iniciarà dintre de la comarca del Baix Camp (a Pratdip), per a finalitzar a la comarca del Priorat (per les immediacions de Falset). Es passarà de la primera a la segona comarca al Coll Roig, entre Colldejou i la Torre de la Fontaubella.
Effects of Low‐Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on Spinal Pseudarthrosis Created by Nicotine Administration
Authors: Liao Jen-Chung , Chen Wen-Jer , Niu Chi-Chien , Chen Lih-Hui 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesLow‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (US) can enhance spinal fusion and fracture healing; however, its effect on spinal pseudarthrosis has not been reported in the literature. We hypothesized that low‐intensity pulsed US could overcome spinal pseudarthrosis created by nicotine administration.MethodsThirty‐two rabbits underwent posterolateral fusion with an iliac bone graft and nicotine administration. At 5 weeks, the spines were examined by computed tomography (CT) to determine the presence of pseudarthrosis. All rabbits with pseudarthrosis were randomly divided into groups A, B, C, and D according to treatment: no second graft, iliac autograft only, low‐intensity pulsed US only, and iliac autograft and low‐intensity pulsed US, respectively. At 10 weeks, the rabbits were euthanized, and the specimens were assessed with radiography, CT, manual palpation, and histologic analysis.ResultsOne rabbit was lost because of severe infection. Twenty‐seven (87%) had pseudarthrosis on CT at 5 weeks. On manual palpation at 10 weeks, the fusion rates were 0%, 29%, 0%, and 57% in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively. Group D had highest radiographic scores (mean ± SD, 2.87 ± 0.92), and the difference was statistically significant compared to the other groups (P < .001). Computed tomography confirmed that group D had the most fused segments at 10 weeks. Histologic specimens from group D also showed the most mature bone formation inside the fusion mass.ConclusionsLow‐intensity pulsed US can enhance spinal fusion but cannot overcome spinal pseudarthrosis created by nicotine administration. Stopping nicotine consumption or administering a more powerful bone substitute might be an alternative method for overcoming spinal pseudarthrosis.
Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency
Authors: Kim Esther S. H. , Diaconu Claudiu , Baus Leasa , Fox Robert J. , Grattan Alia , Katzan Irene , Raber Larry , Rae-Grant Alexander , Lu Mei 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesDuplex sonography has been proposed as a diagnostic modality for detection of chronic cerebrovascular venous insufficiency, a recently proposed hypothesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. We reviewed potential challenges of duplex sonography for diagnosis of chronic cerebrovascular venous insufficiency and used interim pooled data from a study aimed to apply cerebrovascular venous insufficiency criteria to a group of patients with MS and control patients without MS.MethodsDuplex sonography for chronic cerebrovascular venous insufficiency was performed in patients with MS and controls. Extracranial and deep cerebral veins were studied by using a published chronic cerebrovascular venous insufficiency protocol and criteria. Comparative imaging was performed to explore how physiologic factors and imaging techniques could affect key parameters. The effects of varying definitions on fulfilling chronic cerebrovascular venous insufficiency diagnostic criteria were also explored.ResultsForty‐two patients were enrolled. Twenty‐five (60%) had a reduction in internal jugular vein cross‐sectional area by 50% or more, cross‐sectional area of 0.3 cm2 or less, and/or a B‐mode abnormality. No patients had reflux longer than 0.88 seconds in both sitting and supine positions, the presence of duplex sonographic reflux on transcranial Doppler imaging, or a larger internal jugular vein cross‐sectional area in the sitting versus supine position. Fourteen patients (33.3%) had either a flap or septum, and 1 had a web. Collateral veins to the vertebral veins were identified in 14 of 42 patients (33.3%). The use of transcranial Doppler imaging versus quality Doppler profiles resulted in fewer patients meeting criteria for chronic cerebrovascular venous insufficiency.ConclusionsThere are several important variables, including physiologic, technical, and criterion definitions, in the application of sonographic assessment of chronic cerebrovascular venous insufficiency that may affect diagnostic accuracy.
Comparative Sonographic Study of Cerebral Hemodynamic Differences and Changes After Oxygen Therapy in Healthy Youths of Different Ethnicities in Tibet
Authors: Wang Jia , Xu Shu Zhen , Zha Yong , Bbu Ciugene F. , Li Li Jun Yuan , Duan Yun You 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to sonographically assess the cerebral hemodynamic differences and changes after oxygen therapy in healthy youths of different ethnicities in Tibet.MethodsSixty‐six healthy young Han visitors and 29 healthy young Tibetan residents were divided into 4 groups. Basic information was collected. Pulsed Doppler sonography was used to record the cerebral hemodynamic parameters for the internal carotid, vertebral, and middle cerebral arteries. The participants were then instructed to inhale oxygen, and basic information and cerebral hemodynamic parameters were recorded at 1, 2, 4, and 8 minutes, respectively. Differences in these parameters between groups were analyzed.ResultsIn comparisons of the flow parameters between sex‐matched groups, the mean resistive index values for the internal carotid, vertebral, and middle cerebral arteries in the Han groups were significantly lower than those in the Tibetan groups (P <. 05). The mean peak systolic velocity, end‐diastolic velocity, and mean velocity values for the middle cerebral artery in the Han groups were significantly higher than those in the Tibetan groups (P < .05). After oxygen uptake, there were no significant differences in the mean arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, mean velocity, and resistive index values between the male groups, and similar changes were found for the arterial oxygen saturation and peak systolic velocity values between female groups after 8 minutes of oxygen uptake (P > .05).ConclusionsSonography is a useful modality for noninvasive and real‐time detection of changes in cerebral hemodynamics and can provide reference values for the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.
Ultrasound‐Guided Aspiration of Adnexal Cysts With a Low Risk of Malignancy
Authors: García-Tejedor Amparo , Castellarnau Marta , Burdio Fernando , Fernández Eulalia , Martí Dolores , Pla Maria J. , Ponce Jordi 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to establish the viability of ultrasound (US)‐guided adnexal cyst aspiration and identify a target group in which this procedure would be advisable.MethodsA prospective cohort of 96 women with a low risk of malignant adnexal cysts was studied between 2002 and 2009, using recurrence after the procedure as the primary outcome measure. All procedures were performed on an outpatient basis without anesthesia. Patients were followed by US imaging at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 months. Potential risk factors for recurrence (menopausal status, previous hysterectomy, symptoms, US pattern, cyst diameter, and aspirated fluid volume and color) were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. The association between recurrence and cyst size was calculated by Kaplan‐Meier curves.ResultsThe median diameter of the cysts was 61 (range, 30–150) mm. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that an increased risk of recurrence was associated with a cyst diameter of greater than 70 mm (odds ratio, 4.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–14.1) and the presence of symptoms (odds ratio, 5.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–24.6). The median follow‐up time was 24 (range, 2–78) months. Surgery was avoided in 64 patients (73.6%). Full cyst recurrence was observed in 34 patients (39.0%).ConclusionsUltrasound‐guided aspiration is a viable alternative to surgery for treatment of adnexal cysts with a low risk of malignancy, especially when the cyst diameter is less than 70 mm.
The cloud‐radiative effect when simulating strength asymmetry in two types of El Niño events using CMIP5 models
Authors: Fang Xiang‐Hui , Zheng Fei , Zhu Jiang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIt has been suggested that the strength asymmetry of the Bjerknes feedback is responsible for the pronounced amplitude asymmetry between eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) El Niño events. Detailed analyses have indicated that this strength asymmetry is mainly derived from the weaker sensitivity of the zonal sea level pressure (SLP) anomaly to that of the diabatic heating anomaly during the development phase of CP El Niño events, which mainly results from the large cancelation induced by the negative sea surface temperature (SST)‐cloud thermodynamic feedback that negates the positive dynamical feedback. This study validates these conclusions by using historical runs of 20 models involved in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Our results suggest that the CMIP5 models generally depict the asymmetry in amplitude between the two types of El Niño events well, which is consistent with successfully simulating the strength asymmetry of the Bjerknes feedback. As observed during both types of El Niño events, variations in the total cloud amount and shortwave radiation also indicated that the cloud‐radiative effect is an important factor that causes amplitude asymmetry between CP and EP El Niño events. However, the CMIP5 models are severely biased when capturing realistic CP El Niño structures, namely few models can simulate the significantly weaker warming anomalies in the EP relative to the CP.
The impact of ground‐based glaciogenic seeding on clouds and precipitation over mountains: A case study of a shallow orographic cloud with large supercooled droplets
Authors: Pokharel Binod , Geerts Bart , Jing Xiaoqin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of ground‐based glaciogenic seeding on a shallow, lightly precipitating orographic cloud with rather large (~35 µm) supercooled droplets. The storm was observed on 22 February 2012 as part of the AgI (silver iodide) Seeding Cloud Impact Investigation experiment in Wyoming. The cloud base (top) temperature was about −5°C (−12°C). Vertical velocity data from an airborne Doppler W‐band (3 mm) profiling Wyoming Cloud Radar (WCR) indicate broad ascent due to the strong wind (20 m s‐1) impinging on the terrain and small pockets of intense updrafts. The large droplets, low droplet and ice particle concentrations, and strong updrafts lead to natural snow growth mainly by accretion (riming). The treated (seeded) period is compared with the preceding untreated period. The main target site, located on a mountain pass, was impacted by AgI seeding, according to a trace chemistry analysis of the falling snow. Data from three radar systems were used in the analysis of the impact of seeding on snow growth: the WCR, two Ka‐band (1.2 cm) profiling Micro Rain Radars , and an X‐band (3 cm) scanning polarization Doppler‐on‐Wheels radar. This case is complicated somewhat by a natural increase in cloud liquid water and in snow growth by riming, starting halfway during the seeding period, and continuing after seeding ended. Composite data from the centimeter‐wave radar systems indicate an increase in low‐level reflectivity during seeding, even after accounting for the natural trend observed in the upwind control region. A precipitation particle probe at the main target site shows an increase in concentration of both small and large hydrometeors.
Remote sensing of drought: Progress, challenges and opportunities
Authors: AghaKouchak A. , Farahmand A. , Melton F. S. , Teixeira J. , Anderson M. C. , Wardlow B. D. , Hain C. R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis review surveys current and emerging drought monitoring approaches using satellite remote sensing observations from climatological and ecosystem perspectives. We argue that satellite observations not currently used for operational drought monitoring, such as near‐surface air relative humidity data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder mission, provide opportunities to improve early drought warning. Current and future satellite missions offer opportunities to develop composite and multi‐indicator drought models. While there are immense opportunities, there are major challenges including data continuity, unquantified uncertainty, sensor changes, and community acceptability. One of the major limitations of many of the currently available satellite observations is their short length of record. A number of relevant satellite missions and sensors (e.g., the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) provide only a decade of data, which may not be sufficient to study droughts from a climate perspective. However, they still provide valuable information about relevant hydrologic and ecological processes linked to this natural hazard. Therefore, there is a need for models and algorithms that combine multiple data sets and/or assimilate satellite observations into model simulations to generate long‐term climate data records. Finally, the study identifies a major gap in indicators for describing drought impacts on the carbon and nitrogen cycle, which are fundamental to assessing drought impacts on ecosystems.
Attribution of streamflow trends in snow and glacier melt‐dominated catchments of the Tarim River, Central Asia
Authors: Duethmann Doris , Bolch Tobias , Farinotti Daniel , Kriegel David , Vorogushyn Sergiy , Merz Bruno , Pieczonka Tino , Jiang Tong , Su Buda , Güntner Andreas 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObserved streamflow of headwater catchments of the Tarim River (Central Asia) increased by about 30% over the period 1957–2004. This study aims at assessing to which extent these streamflow trends can be attributed to changes in air temperature or precipitation. The analysis includes a data‐based approach using multiple linear regression and a simulation‐based approach using a hydrological model. The hydrological model considers changes in both glacier area and surface elevation. It was calibrated using a multiobjective optimization algorithm with calibration criteria based on glacier mass balance and daily and interannual variations of discharge. The individual contributions to the overall streamflow trends from changes in glacier geometry, temperature, and precipitation were assessed using simulation experiments with a constant glacier geometry and with detrended temperature and precipitation time series. The results showed that the observed changes in streamflow were consistent with the changes in temperature and precipitation. In the Sari‐Djaz catchment, increasing temperatures and related increase of glacier melt were identified as the dominant driver, while in the Kakshaal catchment, both increasing temperatures and increasing precipitation played a major role. Comparing the two approaches, an advantage of the simulation‐based approach is the fact that it is based on process‐based relationships implemented in the hydrological model instead of statistical links in the regression model. However, data‐based approaches are less affected by model parameter and structural uncertainties and typically fast to apply. A complementary application of both approaches is recommended.
Optimal residential water conservation strategies considering related energy in California
Authors: Escriva‐Bou Alvar , Lund Jay R. , Pulido‐Velazquez Manuel 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAlthough most freshwater resources are used in agriculture, residential water use is a much more energy intensive user. Based on this, we analyze the increased willingness to adopt water conservation strategies if energy cost is included in the customers' utility function. Using a Water‐Energy‐CO2 emissions model for household water end uses and probability distribution functions for parameters affecting water and water‐related energy use in 10 different locations in California, this research introduces a probabilistic two‐stage optimization model considering technical and behavioral decision variables to obtain the most economical strategies to minimize household water and water‐related energy bills and costs given both water and energy price shocks. Results can provide an upper bound of household savings for customers with well‐behaved preferences, and show greater adoption rates to reduce energy intensive appliances when energy is accounted, resulting in an overall 24% reduction in indoor water use that represents a 30% reduction in water‐related energy use and a 53% reduction in household water‐related CO2 emissions. Previous use patterns and water and energy rate structures can affect greatly the potential benefits for customers and so their behavior. Given that water and energy are somewhat complementary goods for customers, we use results of the optimization to obtain own‐price and cross‐price elasticities of residential water use by simulating increases in water and energy prices. While the results are highly influenced by assumptions due to lack of empirical data, the method presented has no precedent in the literature and hopefully will stimulate the collection of additional relevant data.
Toward “optimal” integration of terrestrial biosphere models
Authors: Schwalm Christopher R. , Huntzinger Deborah N. , Fisher Joshua B. , Michalak Anna M. , Bowman Kevin , Ciais Philippe , Cook Robert , El‐Masri Bassil , Hayes Daniel , Huang Maoyi , Ito Akihiko , Jain Atul , King Anthony W. , Lei Huimin , Liu Junjie , Lu Chaoqun , Mao Jiafu , Peng Shushi , Poulter Benjamin , Ricciuto Daniel , Schaefer Kevin , Shi Xiaoying , Tao Bo , Tian Hanqin , Wang Weile , Wei Yaxing , Yang Jia , Zeng Ning 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMultimodel ensembles (MME) are commonplace in Earth system modeling. Here we perform MME integration using a 10‐member ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) from the Multiscale synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP). We contrast optimal (skill based for present‐day carbon cycling) versus naïve (“one model‐one vote”) integration. MsTMIP optimal and naïve mean land sink strength estimates (−1.16 versus −1.15 Pg C per annum respectively) are statistically indistinguishable. This holds also for grid cell values and extends to gross uptake, biomass, and net ecosystem productivity. TBM skill is similarly indistinguishable. The added complexity of skill‐based integration does not materially change MME values. This suggests that carbon metabolism has predictability limits and/or that all models and references are misspecified. Resolving this issue requires addressing specific uncertainty types (initial conditions, structure, and references) and a change in model development paradigms currently dominant in the TBM community.
The evolution of the equatorial thermocline and the early Pliocene El Padre mean state
Authors: Ford Heather L. , Ravelo A. Christina , Dekens Petra S. , LaRiviere Jonathan P. , Wara Michael W. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe tropical Pacific thermocline strength, depth, and tilt are critical to tropical mean state and variability. During the early Pliocene (~3.5 to 4.5 Ma), the Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP) thermocline was deeper and the cold tongue was warmer than today, which resulted in a mean state with a reduced zonal sea surface temperature gradient or El Padre. However, it is unclear whether the deep thermocline was a local feature of the EEP or a basin‐wide condition with global implications. Our measurements of Mg/Ca of Globorotalia tumida in a western equatorial Pacific site indicate Pliocene subsurface temperatures warmer than today; thus, El Padre included a basin‐wide thermocline that was relatively warm, deep, and weakly tilted. At ~4 Ma, thermocline steepening was coupled to cooling of the cold tongue. Since ~4 Ma, the basin‐wide thermocline cooled/shoaled gradually, with implications for thermocline feedbacks in tropical dynamics and the interpretation of TEX86‐derived temperatures.
Estimation of structural changes in nonlinear time series models by using particle filters and genetic programming
Authors: Lu Jianjun , Tokinaga Shozo 
Published: May 2015

SummarySeveral works have demonstrated detection of changes of state equations (called structural changes) based on statistical measures but have given no suggestions regarding the functional forms of the state equations after changes. This paper deals with the estimation of structural changes in nonlinear time series models by using particle filters, genetic programming (GP), and its applications. We consider the problems of state estimation from the observed time series that are generated based on nonlinear state equations. It is assumed that structural changes can be detected by some measure of likelihood and that the state equation after changes is modified from its current functional form. Individuals corresponding to functional forms in the GP pool are generated at random, and we apply the crossover operation between the current functional form and the individuals by giving possible multiple functional forms. Then, we have the optimal functional form among the possible functional forms generated by GP from the current form. As an application, we show the estimation of structural change for an artificially generated time series and also discuss the estimation of functional forms for a real economic time series before and after structural changes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new approach for estimation of electrical parameters and flux observation of permanent magnet synchronous motors
Authors: Bobtsov Alexey , Pyrkin Anton , Ortega Romeo 
Published: May 2015

SummaryIn this paper, a new class of estimators for permanent magnet synchronous motors is proposed. Using a novel representation of the permanent magnet synchronous motor dynamics and some suitable filtering, we obtain new solutions to two important problems: (a) estimation of the stator resistance and inductance and (b) flux estimation with known electrical parameters. Neither one of the schemes requires knowledge of the mechanical parameters nor of the magnetic flux constant. Conditions for global convergence are given in terms of persistency of excitation requirements that, for the flux observation problem, is imposed only to the rotor speed. Both stability proofs require the availability of rotor speed. However, for the flux observer, extensive simulations using the speed estimate obtained from the estimator (instead of the actual rotor speed) illustrate the robustness of the proposed scheme vis‐à‐vis this assumption. Simulations also show that the new flux observer outperforms other existing designs. Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.