bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inter‐laboratory Study of Particle Size Distribution Measurements by Laser Diffraction
Authors: Kuchenbecker Petra , Gemeinert Marion , Rabe Torsten 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPresented are results of an inter‐laboratory study (ILS) for measurements of the particle size distribution of fine powders in wet dispersion by laser diffraction. In this proficiency test 32 participants from four countries took part. They utilized 13 different devices from 7 manufacturers.Three commercial powders (glass spheres and two silicon carbide powders) showing a median diameter of about 30, 10 and 1 μm (volume distribution), respectively, were chosen for the procedure. A homogeneity study was carried out after the units had been separated and bottled.All participants received their test samples including a description of the standard operating procedures based on ISO 13320:2009 – to ensure that experiments were performed in a consistent manner. Results were calculated using the Mie Theory. The general means and the precision of the results were estimated in accordance with ISO 5725‐2:2002.The evaluation showed excellent values of repeatability standard deviation. Values of 4 to 21 % of the reproducibility standard deviation of the results were found in the particle size range above 1 μm. Much larger deviation between the labs was detected in the case of smaller particles. Differences in the design of the analyzers were unambiguously identified as the main reason for the large deviations.
Harpocration of Argos: Etymology and Metaphysics in the Platonist Revival
Authors: Boys-Stones George 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper shows that our principal ancient source for the metaphysical views of the second-century Platonist Harpocration of Argos drew on his interpretation of Plato's Cratylus. This is important because there is no other evidence of the Cratylus being read for its metaphysical content until Proclus, 300 years later. It also changes our understanding of Harpocration: he is generally supposed to share the metaphysical views of Numenius, but his exegesis of the Cratylus reveals him to be a faithful student of Atticus.
The Byzantine Role in the Making of the Corpus of Classical Greek Historiography: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe selective survival of the corpus of ancient Greek historiography was in large part due to Byzantine historical and religious interests, combined with the ancient valorization, on literary grounds, of the three Classical historians. Our corpus generally reflects the Byzantine interest in Roman history, especially regime-changes, and sacred history, especially the Hellenistic context of Jewish history. Selections from ancient historians dealing with those themes were, in some cases, circulating independently already from the tenth century. The Byzantines had little interest in Hellenistic or local histories. This paper concludes by examining two moments (or ‘indices’) of survival and selection, Photios' Bibliotheke and the Constantinian Excerpta. Our corpus was largely in place by the time of the Excerpta, and the loss of some texts read by Photios may have been facilitated by the process of transliteration but was due to the same selective interests.
Synchronized observations of cloud‐to‐ground lightning using VHF broadband interferometer and acoustic arrays
Authors: Qiu Shi , Zhou Bi‐Hua , Shi Li‐Hua 
Published: September 2012

A single‐station‐based lightning discharge channel reconstruction system by combining a two‐dimensional (2D) VHF broadband interferometer and a three‐dimensional (3D) acoustic lighting mapping system has been developed and used for lightning observations. Two cloud‐to‐ground (CG) flashes with highly branched leaders recorded by the system are analyzed and presented in this paper. VHF radiation could well delineate the development of simultaneous leader branches, while acoustic emissions mainly located on the main channel which was traversed by return stroke (RS) process. Localizations by VHF and acoustic emissions agree well with each other. The mapping results confirm that audible acoustic emission of lightning discharge is mainly associated with high current process like RS. Leaders could generate detectable acoustic signals, with amplitude at least an order weaker than ensuing RS, but they are hard to identify except in closer ranges than the main channel. As a significant phenomenon, this paper provides the first 3D locations associated with sources of tearing sounds, which are inferred to be generated by downward negative leaders when they approach ground. The synchronized observation enable VHF interferometer locate lightning development in spatially quasi 3D, and three stepped leaders, five dart leaders and two dart‐stepped leaders are identified, with the 3D velocity (1.3–3.9) × 105 m/s, (1.0–2.9) × 107 m/s and from (1.0–1.3) × 107 m/s to (2.4–2.6) × 106 m/s, respectively. In addition, the application of this approach in improving the accuracy of thunder ranging is discussed.
Knowledge sharing: influences of trust, commitment and cost
Authors: Casimir Gian , Lee Karen , Loon Mark 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThis paper's aim is to examine the influence of perceived cost of sharing knowledge and affective trust in colleagues on the relationship between affective commitment and knowledge sharing.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology used was a survey of 496 employees from 15 organizations across ten industries.FindingsAffective trust in colleagues moderates the relationship between affective commitment and knowledge sharing and the relationship between cost of knowledge sharing and knowledge sharing.Research limitations/implicationsFuture researchers should operationalize the perceived cost of knowledge sharing construct to include other potential group barriers; for instance, politics and organizational barriers, management commitment and lack of trust.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study suggest that employees who value social relationships and social resources tend to view knowledge as a collectively owned commodity. As such, their knowledge sharing behavior reflects the model of reciprocal social exchanges.Social implicationsThe results of this study indicate that an organizational culture that encourages affect‐based trust between colleagues will facilitate knowledge sharing.Originality/valueThe paper bridges the gap between the literature on knowledge sharing, perceived cost of knowledge sharing, affective organizational commitment and trust in a single model.
From home to home: homelessness during austere times
Authors: Daly Angela , Anderson John , O'Driscoll Denis , Pitt Kathleen 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThis paper aims to illustrate realities of homeless people's lives during a time of significant change in UK public sector funding and welfare policy.Design/methodology/approachA participatory research approach was used including working with two co‐researchers; two people who have direct experience of homelessness. A sustainable livelihoods approach was adapted to provide a framework for analysis. The research was undertaken during May to October 2011.FindingsThe paper interrogates five areas of assets held by people themselves that support sustainable livelihoods, an existing approach used in other research. Life journey narratives show that a connected range of services, operating through an empowerment model, promote human dignity.Research limitations/implicationsFindings resonate with issues identified in larger studies; however, as the funding and policy context is rapidly changing it is recommended that additional local qualitative studies could be conducted during the next three years to illustrate impacts in people's lives.Practical implicationsThe paper suggests front‐line services must include resettlement as well as crisis and stabilising services in order to ensure homeless people can successfully move from home to home.Social implicationsThe research identified negative attitudes towards homeless people. By illustrating homeless people's achievements the study provides evidence of the impact of, and the value of continuing to fund, homeless services.Originality/valueThe paper suggests that people who have experienced homelessness achieve a successful life with support by drawing on their considerable life experience and personal talents. This message is important for practitioners, commissioners and policy makers working through a period of change for homeless services.
Prevalence of Low Vitamin D Levels in an Urban Midwestern Obstetric Practice
Authors: Collins‐Fulea Catherine , Klima Katherine , Wegienka Ganesa Rebecca 
Published: September 2012

Introduction: This study describes the prevalence of low vitamin D levels in pregnancy in a diverse urban population.Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of 2839 women who gave birth at a Michigan hospital between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2009 and had at least 1 vitamin D (25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]) measurement during their pregnancies. Race/ethnic group, wearing the hijab, and season of 25(OH)D sample collection were used in the descriptive analysis.Results: Most women (92.5%) in this study had documented insufficient levels of 25(OH)D (defined as < 30 mL), and 71.7% of all women had deficient levels of 25(OH)D (defined as < 20 ng/mL). Subgroups with the highest percentage of women who were vitamin D deficient were: Middle Eastern (91.8%), African American (81.6%), and Asian (74.3%). Overall, women who wore the hijab were more likely to be deficient (89.5% vs 68.7; P < .0001) and insufficient (98.8% vs 91.4%; P < .0001) compared with women who did not wear the hijab.Discussion: The data demonstrate the high rate of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in this white and nonwhite urban population in which samples were collected in both winter and nonwinter months. The percentage of woman who had 25(OH)D levels below 30 ng/mL was significantly higher than that reported in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III) (92.5% compared to 69%), although NHANES did not sample women in northern climates in the winter months. Even using new diagnostic definitions for vitamin D deficiency from the Institute of Medicine, the proportion of women with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was 40% and 31.6%, respectively. Clinicians caring for women in northern climates as well as women who are Middle Eastern, African American, and Asian need to be aware of the risk for vitamin D deficiency and the potential health effects for the mother and infant.
CoAl2O4 Nano Pigment Obtained by Combustion Synthesis
Authors: Salem Shiva , Jazayeri Seyed Hamid , Bondioli Federica , Allahverdi Ali , Shirvani Mansoor , Ferrari Anna Maria 
Published: September 2012

The aim of this research was to study the influence of pH (2.5, 7, 10.5), molar ratio of fuel to nitrates (0.36, 0.56, 0.75), and calcination temperature (600, 800, 1000, 1200°C) on the characteristics of CoAl2O4 nano pigments synthesized using a solution‐based combustion method. Gel formation, morphology, specific surface area, and color of the powder were characterized using TG–DTA (thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis), XRD (X‐ray diffraction), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller), and UV–Vis. The results indicate that spinel CoAl2O4 was formed independently of the different variables studied and that higher temperature promotes crystallite size. According to the TEM micrographs, most of particles calcined at 800 and 1000°C have average particle sizes <30 and 75 nm, respectively. Consistent with BET results, maximum specific surface area was obtained at pH of 7. Colorability tests demonstrate that the mixtures of glaze and calcined nano pigments are still dark blue after heating up to 1200°C.
Financial Crises and International Investment Agreements: The Case of Sovereign Debt Restructuring
Authors: Gallagher Kevin P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe global community still lacks a regime for sovereign debt restructuring. There is increasing concern that international investment agreements may become a ‘court’ for sovereign workouts. Are international investment agreements the appropriate place for the global community to resolve sovereign debt restructuring in the event of a financial crisis? It has been often overlooked that the definition of a covered investment within international trade and investment agreements often includes sovereign debt. In lieu of this, this article analyses the extent to which investment provisions in various treaties may hinder the ability of nations and private creditors to comprehensively negotiate sovereign debt restructurings when a debtor nation has defaulted or is close to default on its government debt. It is found that the treatment of sovereign debt varies considerably in terms of strength and applicability across the spectrum of now thousands of trade and investment treaties in the world economy. It is also found that most treaties may restrict the ability to restructure debt in the wake of a financial crisis. These findings could undermine the ability of nations to recover from financial crises and could thus broaden the impact of such crises.Policy Implications
Exclude sovereign debt from IIAs. The exclusion of sovereign debt from ‘covered’ investments under future treaties would relegate sovereign debt arbitration to national courts and to international financial bodies. Many IIAs already exclude sovereign debt, such as NAFTA and others.
Clarify that the essential security exceptions cover financial crises and that sovereign debt restructuring taken by host nations is ‘self‐judging’ and of ‘necessity’. Tribunals have recently acknowledged that nations acts to prevent and mitigate crises are acts of ‘essential security’, but need to make such decisions on their own (hence, ‘self‐judging’).
Create safeguards for Sovereign Debt Restructuring (SDR). A handful of recent IIAs have included explicit provisions regarding SDR. While this is a positive development, such provisions may not prove to be fully adequate.
State‐to‐state dispute resolution for SDR and crisis related instances may be more prudent given that governments need to weigh a host of issues in such circumstances. States attempt to examine the economy wide or public welfare effects of crises whereas individual firms rationally look out for their own bottom line. Investor‐state tips the cost‐benefit upside down, giving power to the ‘losers’ even when the gains to the winners of an orderly restructuring may far outweigh the costs to the losers.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Mycobacterium marinum: New Insights into Host and Environmental Specificities
Authors: Broutin Vincent , Bañuls Anne-Laure , Aubry Alexandra , Keck Nicolas , Choisy Marc , Bernardet Jean-François , Michel Christian , Raymond Jean-Christophe , Libert Cédric , Barnaud Antoine , Stragier Pieter , Portaels Françoise , Terru Dominique , Belon Claudine , Dereure Olivier , Gutierrez Cristina , Boschiroli Maria-Laura , Van De Perre Philippe , Cambau Emmanuelle , Godreuil Sylvain 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium marinum
causes a systemic tuberculosis-like disease in fish and skin infections in humans that can spread to deeper structures, resulting in tenosynovitis, arthritis, and osteomyelitis. However, little information is available concerning (i) the intraspecific genetic diversity of
M. marinum
isolated from humans and animals; (ii)
M. marinum
genotype circulation in the different ecosystems, and (iii) the link between
M. marinum
genetic diversity and hosts (humans and fish). Here, we conducted a genetic study on 89
M. marinum
isolates from humans (
n
= 68) and fish (
n
= 21) by using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) typing. The results show that the
M. marinum
population is genetically structured not only according to the host but also according to the ecosystem as well as to tissue tropism in humans. This suggests the existence of different genetic pools in the function of the biological and ecological compartments. Moreover, the presence of only certain
M. marinum
genotypes in humans suggests a different zoonotic potential of the
M. marinum
genotypes. Considering that the infection is linked to aquarium activity, a significant genetic difference was also detected when the human tissue tropism of
M. marinum
was taken into consideration, with a higher genetic polymorphism in strains isolated from patients with cutaneous forms than from individuals with deeper-structure infection. It appears that only few genotypes can produce deeper infections in humans, suggesting that the immune system might play a filtering role.
Seroprevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Type 6 and 16 Vary by Anatomic Site of HPV Infection in Men
Authors: Lu Beibei , Viscidi Raphael P. , Wu Yougui , Nyitray Alan G. , Villa Luisa L. , Lazcano-Ponce Eduardo , Carvalho da Silva Roberto J. , Baggio Maria Luiza , Quiterio Manuel , Salmerón Jorge , Smith Danelle C. , Abrahamsen Martha , Papenfuss Mary , Giuliano Anna R. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Background: It is largely unknown if antihuman papillomavirus (HPV) serum antibody responses vary by anatomic site of infection in men.
Methods: This study assessed type-specific anti-HPV serum antibody prevalence associated with corresponding HPV DNA detection in the external genitalia and the anal canal of 1,587 heterosexual men and 199 men who have sex with men (MSM).
Results: We observed that HPV 6 and 16 seroprevalence was higher in the presence of same HPV-type infection in the anal canal compared with same HPV-type infection in the external genitalia only, and among MSM compared with the heterosexual men. Seropositivity to HPV 6 was strongly associated with HPV 6 DNA detection in the anal canal but not in the external genitalia alone among both heterosexual men [adjusted prevalence ratio (APR), anal+/genital+ vs. anal−/genital−: 4.2, 95% confidence interval (CI), 11.7–10.5; anal+/genital− vs. anal−/genital−: 7.9 (95% CI, 3.7–17.0)] and MSM [APR, anal+/genital+ vs. anal−/genital−: 5.6 (95% CI, 2.7–11.9); anal+/genital− vs. anal−/genital−: 3.2 (95% CI, 2.1–4.9)]. Similar associations between seropositivity to HPV 16 and anal HPV 16 DNA detection were only observed in MSM [anal+/genital+ vs. anal−/genital−: 3.1 (95% CI, 2.0–5.0); anal+/genital− vs. anal−/genital−: 2.2 (95% CI, 1.3–3.5)].
Conclusion: Our data showed that seroprevalence varied by anatomic site of HPV infection, suggesting differences in epithelium type present at these anatomic sites may be relevant.
Impact: Our finding is instrumental in advancing our understanding of immune mechanism involved in anatomic site–specific antibody response. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(9); 1542–6. ©2012 AACR.
Ambulatory ECG-based T-wave alternans and heart rate turbulence can predict cardiac mortality in patients with myocardial infarction with or without diabetes mellitus
Authors: Li-na Ren , Xin-hui Fang , Li-dong Ren , Jian Gong , Yong-quan Wang , Guo-xian Qi 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundMany patients who survive a myocardial infarction (MI) remain at risk of sudden cardiac death despite revascularization and optimal medical treatment. We used the modified moving average (MMA) method to assess the utility of T-wave alternans (TWA) and heart rate turbulence (HRT) as risk markers in MI patients with or without diabetes mellitus (DM).MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 248 consecutive patients: 96 with MI (post-MI patients); 77 MI with DM (post-MI + DM patients); 75 controls without cardiovascular disease (group control). Both TWA and HRT were measured on ambulatory electrocardiograms (AECGs). HRT was assessed by two parameters ─ turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence slope (TS). HRT was considered positive when both TO ≥0% and TS ≤2.5 ms/R-R interval were met. The endpoint was cardiac mortality.ResultsTWA values differed significantly between MI and controls. Post-MI + DM patients had higher TWA values than post-MI patients (58 ± 21 μV VS 52 ± 18 μV,P = 0.029). Impaired HRT--increased TO and decreased TS were observed in MI patients with or without DM. During follow-up of 578 ± 146 days, cardiac death occurred in ten patients and three of them suffered sudden cardiac death (SCD). Multivariate analysis determined that a HRT-positive outcome [HR (95% CI): 5.01, 1.33–18.85;P = 0.017], as well as the combination of abnormal TWA (≥47 μV) and positive HRT had significant association with the endpoint [HR (95% CI): 9.08, 2.21–37.2;P = 0.002)].ConclusionThis study indicates that AECGs-based TWA and HRT can predict cardiac mortality in MI patients with or without DM. Combined analysis TWA and HRT may be a convenient and useful method of identifying patients at high risk for cardiovascular death.
A possible primary cause of cancer: deficient cellular interactions in endocrine pancreas
Authors: Israël Maurice 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
Cancer is a devastating type of disease. New and innovative ways to tackle cancers that have so far proved refractive to conventional therapies is urgently needed. It is becoming increasingly clear that, in addition to conventional therapeutics targeting by small molecules, that tumor cell metabolism presents new opportunities to target selectively specific cancer cell populations. Metabolic defects in cancer cells can be manifested in many ways that might not be readily apparent, such as altering epigenetic gene regulation for example.
The complex rewiring of metabolic pathways gives tumor cells a special advantage over differentiated cells, since they deplete body stores as fuel for their growth and proliferation. Tumor metabolism looks simpler when we consider that some enzymatic switches are in a neoglucogenic direction thereby depleting body stores. However, these pathways may be inadequately switched on by catabolic hormones (glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol) in a specific situation where anabolism is activated by, for example insulin released from beta pancreatic cells or IGF, inducing mitosis and synthesis that are powered by glucose catabolism. Such a hybrid metabolic situation would be reached if a pancreatic beta cell mechanism, mediated by GABA, failed to silence neighboring alpha cells and delta cells. The inhibitory transmitter GABA hyperpolarizes alpha and delta cells via their GABA A receptors, and blocks the release of glucagon and somatostatin. Alternatively, an anomaly of alpha cell channels, would lead to a similar situation. Whatever is the alteration, anabolism fails to silence catabolism and enzymatic switches controlled by kinases and phosphatases adopt an inadequate direction, leading to a hybrid metabolic rewiring found in cancer. It is daring to formulate such a hypothesis as this. However, it is quite possible that the starting point in cancer is an alteration of the endocrine pancreas, suppressing the mechanism by which beta cells silence the neighboring alpha and delta cells, with GABA and Zn2+.
Messung von Geschwindigkeitsfeldern in Flüssigmetallen mit der Ultraschall-Doppler Methode
Authors: Eckert Sven , Gerbeth Gunter 
Published: September 2012

Zusammenfassung
Der Mangel an kommerziell verfügbarer Messtechnik zum Einsatz in heißen, nichtransparenten Fluiden erschwert Strömungsmessungen in einer Reihe von technologischen Prozessen, in denen Flüssigmetalle oder Halbleiterschmelzen eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Ultraschall-Methoden erscheinen für derartige Anwendungen äußerst attraktiv, da sie in der Lage sind, quantitative Messdaten aus opaken Schmelzen zu liefern. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über internationale Forschungsaktivitäten der letzten 3 Jahrzehnte, die auf eine Nutzung dieser Methode für Strömungsmessungen in Metallschmelzen abzielen.