bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of subglacial hydrology on the flow of Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica
Authors: van der Wel Narelle , Christoffersen Poul , Bougamont Marion 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIce streams on the Siple Coast, West Antarctica, have a complex history of flow because their basal motion is governed by time‐varying basal conditions. Although the mechanical interaction between ice and till is well established, very little is known about the potential effect of regionally scaled water transport in a basal water system, which has only recently become apparent. To investigate the combined effect of hydrological and mechanical processes, we developed the Hydrology, Ice and Till model, in which ice flow is coupled to a Coulomb‐plastic till layer and a basal water system consisting of discrete conduits. When the model is applied to Kamb Ice Stream (KIS), results confirm that it is capable of oscillating between fast and stagnant modes of flow. We show that when subglacial conduits are disregarded or do not extend to the grounding line, the oscillatory behavior of the ice stream is governed by the basal thermal regime. When conduits extend to the grounding line, the modelled ice stream oscillation period is increased, peak speeds are reduced, and oscillations may ultimately cease if the volume of water supplied is sufficiently high. Three different hydrological states characterize the behavioral patterns of ice flow and these states are distinguished by conditions at the grounding line. Modelled ice stream velocities were found to oscillate with fast and slow periods typically lasting a few hundred years, although varying according to hydrological activity. Our results indicate that KIS could reactivate this century, given its hydrological setting and ~170 years of stagnation.
Influence of Sex and Reproductive Status on Seasonal Movement of Lake Sturgeon in Namakan Reservoir, Minnesota–Ontario
Authors: Shaw Stephanie L. , Chipps Steven R. , Windels Steve K. , Webb Molly A. H. , McLeod Darryl T. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe evaluated the influence of sex and reproductive condition on seasonal distribution and movement patterns of Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in Namakan Reservoir, Minnesota–Ontario. Blood samples were collected from 133 Lake Sturgeon prior to spawning and plasma concentrations of testosterone and estradiol‐17ß were analyzed using radioimmunoassay. Steroid concentrations were used to determine sex and the reproductive stage of each sturgeon. A subset of 60 adults were implanted with acoustic transmitters prior to spawning in 2007 and 2008. Movement was monitored using an array of 15 stationary receivers covering U.S. and Canadian waters of Namakan Reservoir and its tributaries. Of the monitored sturgeon, there was no significant difference in the minimum distance traveled between sexes or among seasons. Site residency did not differ between sexes but differed significantly among seasons, and Lake Sturgeon of both sexes had higher residency during winter (mean = 24 d). Five females implanted with transmitters were characterized as presumed reproductive and 14 as nonreproductive based on plasma steroid concentrations. In general, movement patterns (i.e., migration) of presumed reproductive females corresponded positively with availability of spawning habitat in tributaries. Moreover, presumed reproductive females traveled greater distances than nonreproductive females, particularly during prespawn, spawning, and fall time periods. Distance traveled by presumed reproductive females was highest in the fall compared with other seasons and may be linked to increased energy requirements during late oogenesis before spawning in spring. Combining movement data with information on Lake Sturgeon reproductive status and habitat suitability provided a robust approach for understanding their seasonal migration patterns and identifying spawning locations.
Use of Dual-Frequency Identification Sonar to Monitor Adult River Herring in a Small Coastal Stream
Authors: Magowan Kevin , Reitsma Joshua , Murphy Diane 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
A standard dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) was deployed in the Herring River, Harwich, Massachusetts, for 3 d in late April 2011 to capture video-like images of migrating adult river herring (alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and blueback herring Alosa aestivalis). Images recorded 24 h a day were used to manually count and assign species based on DIDSON images of fish size, shape, and behavior. From these counts, the run size was estimated to be 1,976–2,059 individuals during the study. At first, river herring often hesitated to swim through the sample area where the weirs and DIDSON were deployed; however, they eventually did pass, often multiple times. This unique hesitation behavior complicated counting efforts, though it was beneficial to discerning species using DIDSON images. In addition, extremely shallow water upstream of the study site, lack of tree cover, and a high threat of avian predation likely contributed to river herring milling activity at the study site. By providing many clear images of river herring, DIDSON proved to be an effective type of sonar with which to monitor and count river herring continuously in a small coastal stream.
Received January 19, 2012; accepted July 30, 2012
The First Billion Years project: proto-galaxies reionizing the Universe
Authors: Paardekooper Jan-Pieter , Khochfar Sadegh , Dalla Claudio Vecchia 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The contribution of stars in galaxies to cosmic reionization depends on the star formation history in the Universe, the abundance of galaxies during reionization, the escape fraction of ionizing photons and the clumping factor of the intergalactic medium. We compute the star formation rate and clumping factor during reionization in a cosmological volume using a high-resolution hydrodynamical simulation. We post-process the output with detailed radiative transfer simulations to compute the escape fraction of ionizing photons. Together, this gives us the opportunity to assess the contribution of galaxies to reionization self-consistently. The strong mass and redshift dependence of the escape fraction indicates that reionization occurred between z = 15 and 10 and was mainly driven by proto-galaxies forming in dark matter haloes with masses between 107 and 108 M⊙. More massive galaxies that are rare at these redshifts and have significantly lower escape fractions contribute less photons to the reionization process than the more-abundant low-mass galaxies. Star formation in the low-mass haloes is suppressed by radiative feedback from reionization, therefore these proto-galaxies only contribute when the part of the Universe they live in is still neutral. After z ∼ 10, massive galaxies become more abundant and provide most of the ionizing photons. In addition, we find that Population III stars are too short-lived and not frequent enough to have a major contribution to reionization. Although the stellar component of the proto-galaxies that produce the bulk of ionizing photons during reionization is too faint to be detected by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), these sources are brightest in the Hα and Lyα recombination lines, which will likely be detected by JWST in deep surveys.
Gene Regulation of Carbon Fixation, Storage, and Utilization in the DiatomPhaeodactylum tricornutumAcclimated to Light/Dark Cycles
Authors: Chauton Matilde Skogen , Winge Per , Brembu Tore , Vadstein Olav , Bones Atle M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe regulation of carbon metabolism in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum at the cell, metabolite, and gene expression levels in exponential fed-batch cultures is reported. Transcriptional profiles and cell chemistry sampled simultaneously at all time points provide a comprehensive data set on carbon incorporation, fate, and regulation. An increase in Nile Red fluorescence (a proxy for cellular neutral lipids) was observed throughout the light period, and water-soluble glucans increased rapidly in the light period. A near-linear decline in both glucans and lipids was observed during the dark period, and transcription profile data indicated that this decline was associated with the onset of mitosis. More than 4,500 transcripts that were differentially regulated during the light/dark cycle are identified, many of which were associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Genes not previously described in algae and their regulation in response to light were integrated in this analysis together with proposed roles in metabolic processes. Some very fast light-responding genes in, for example, fatty acid biosynthesis were identified and allocated to biosynthetic processes. Transcripts and cell chemistry data reflect the link between light energy availability and light energy-consuming metabolic processes. Our data confirm the spatial localization of processes in carbon metabolism to either plastids or mitochondria or to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, which are localized to the cytosol, chloroplast, and mitochondria. Localization and diel expression pattern may be of help to determine the roles of different isoenzymes and the mining of genes involved in light responses and circadian rhythms.
Direct Interaction between a Precursor Mature Domain and Transport Component Tha4 during Twin Arginine Transport of Chloroplasts
Authors: Pal Debjani , Fite Kristen , Dabney-Smith Carole 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Proteins destined for the thylakoid lumen of chloroplasts must cross three membranes en route. The chloroplast twin arginine translocation (cpTat) system facilitates the transport of about one-half of all proteins that cross the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts. Known mechanistic features of the cpTat system are drastically different from other known translocation systems, notably in its formation of a transient complex to transport fully folded proteins utilizing only the protonmotive force generated during photosynthesis for energy. However, key details, such as the structure and composition of the translocation pore, are still unknown. One of the three transmembrane cpTat components, Tha4, is thought to function as the pore by forming an oligomer. Yet, little is known about the topology of Tha4 in thylakoid, and little work has been done to detect precursor-Tha4 interactions, which are expected if Tha4 is the pore. Here, we present evidence of the interaction of the precursor with Tha4 under conditions leading to transport, using cysteine substitutions on the precursor and Tha4 and disulfide bond formation in pea (Pisum sativum). The mature domain of a transport-competent precursor interacts with the amphipathic helix and amino terminus of functional Tha4 under conditions leading to transport. Detergent solubilization of thylakoids post cross linking and blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis shows that Tha4 is found in a complex containing precursor and Hcf106 (i.e. the cpTat translocase). Affinity precipitation of the cross-linked complex via Tha4 clearly demonstrates that the interaction is with full-length precursor. How these data suggest a role for Tha4 in cpTat transport is discussed.
High Light Acclimation in the Secondary Plastids Containing Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum is Triggered by the Redox State of the Plastoquinone Pool
Authors: Lepetit Bernard , Sturm Sabine , Rogato Alessandra , Gruber Ansgar , Sachse Matthias , Falciatore Angela , Kroth Peter G. , Lavaud Johann 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
In diatoms, the process of energy-dependent chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (qE) has an important role in photoprotection. Three components are essential for qE: (1) the light-dependent generation of a transthylakoidal proton gradient; (2) the deepoxidation of the xanthophyll diadinoxanthin (Dd) into diatoxanthin (Dt); and (3) specific nucleus-encoded antenna proteins, called Light Harvesting Complex Protein X (LHCX). We used the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to investigate the concerted light acclimation response of the qE key components LHCX, proton gradient, and xanthophyll cycle pigments (Dd+Dt) and to identify the intracellular light-responsive trigger. At high-light exposure, the up-regulation of three of the LHCX genes and the de novo synthesis of Dd+Dt led to a pronounced rise of qE. By inhibiting either the conversion of Dd to Dt or the translation of LHCX genes, qE amplification was abolished and the diatom cells suffered from stronger photoinhibition. Artificial modification of the redox state of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool via 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and 5-dibromo-6-isopropyl-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone resulted in a disturbance of Dd+Dt synthesis in an opposite way. Moreover, we could increase the transcription of two of the four LHCX genes under low-light conditions by reducing the PQ pool using 5-dibromo-6-isopropyl-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone. Altogether, our results underline the central role of the redox state of the PQ pool in the light acclimation of diatoms. Additionally, they emphasize strong evidence for the existence of a plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling mechanism in an organism with plastids that derived from secondary endosymbiosis.
Foxes are now widespread in Tasmania: DNA detection defines the distribution of this rare but invasive carnivore
Authors: Sarre Stephen D. , MacDonald Anna J. , Barclay Candida , Saunders Glen R. , Ramsey David S. L. 
Published: December 2012

Summary

Invasive vertebrate species are a world‐wide threat to biodiversity and agricultural production. The presence of foxes, one of the most damaging invasive vertebrates introduced to Australia, has now been confirmed in the island state of Tasmania, placing at risk many species of native vertebrates and substantial agricultural industry.

Effective eradication of such a rare but elusive carnivore requires robust strategies informed by novel but systematic detection.

We combine DNA detection approaches for trace samples with systematic stratified and opportunistic surveys of carnivore scats to estimate the current distribution of foxes in Tasmania. We use that DNA evidence and other hard evidence provided by carcasses and other material to build a predictive model of fox habitat suitability for all of Tasmania.

We demonstrate that this destructive species is widespread in northern and eastern Tasmania but has not yet reached the limits of its range. The widespread nature of this distribution reveals that targeting fox activity hotspots only for eradication is unlikely to be successful and that a strategic and statewide approach is required. Our habitat suitability model can provide a basis for prioritizing areas for fox management.

Synthesis and applications. Our approach highlights the importance of early and pre‐emptive surveys of recently established, and therefore rare, invasive species and the necessity of providing a sound and defensible approach to determining the distribution of the invasive species. This approach provides a template for the systematic detection of rare cryptic carnivores.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Pain Care Quality Surveys (PainCQ©)
Authors: Pett Marjorie A. , Beck Susan L. , Guo Jia‐Wen , Towsley Gail L. , Brant Jeannine M. , Lavoie Smith Ellen M. , Berry Patricia H. , Donaldson Gary W. 
Published: December 2012

ObjectiveTo examine the reliability and validity and to decrease the battery of items in the Pain Care Quality (PainCQ©) Surveys.Data Sources/Study SettingPatient‐reported data were collected prospectively from 337 hospitalized adult patients with pain on medical/surgical oncology units in four hospitals in three states.Study DesignThis methodological study used a cross‐sectional survey design. Each consenting patient completed two PainCQ© Surveys, the Brief Pain Inventory‐Short Form, and demographic questions. Clinical data were extracted from the medical record.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsAll data were double entered into a Microsoft Access database, cleaned, and then extracted into SPSS, AMOS, and Mplus for analysis.Principal FindingsConfirmatory factor analysis using Structural Equation Modeling supported the initial factor structure. Modification indices guided decisions that resulted in a superior, parsimonious model for the PainCQ‐Interdisciplinary Care Survey (six items, two subscales) and the PainCQ‐Nursing Care Survey (14 items, three subscales). Cronbach's alpha coefficients all exceeded .80.ConclusionsCumulative evidence supports the reliability and validity of the companion PainCQ© Surveys in hospitalized patients with pain in the oncology setting. The tools may be relevant in both clinical research and quality improvement. Future research is recommended in other populations, settings, and with more diverse groups.
How Does Drug Treatment for Diabetes Compare between Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug Plans (MAPDs) and Stand‐Alone Prescription Drug Plans (PDPs)?
Authors: Erten Mujde Z. , Stuart Bruce , Davidoff Amy J. , Shoemaker J. Samantha , Bryant‐Comstock Lynda , Shenolikar Rahul 
Published: December 2012

ObjectiveTo compare the use of guideline‐recommended prescription medications for diabetes among Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in stand‐alone prescription drug plans (PDPs) with Medicare Advantage prescription drug plans (MAPDs) in the presence of potential selection bias.Data Sources/Study SettingCenters for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Chronic Condition Data Warehouse (2006, 2007).Study DesignRetrospective cross‐sectional comparison of drug use and proportion of days covered (PDC) for oral‐antidiabetics, ACE‐inhibitors/ARBs, and antihyperlipidemics among PDP and MAPD enrollees with diabetes. We estimated “naïve” regression models assuming exogenous plan choice and two‐stage residual inclusion (2SRI) models to study endogeneity in choice of Part D plan type.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsWe identified 111,290 diabetics based on ICD‐9 codes in Medicare claims from a random 5 percent sample of Medicare beneficiaries in 2005 excluding dual eligibles.Principal FindingsThe naïve regression models indicated lower probability of drug use for oral‐antidiabetics (−4 percent; p < .001) and ACE‐inhibitors/ARBS (−2 percent; p = .004) among PDP enrollees, but their PDC was higher (3–5 percent) for all drug classes (p < .001). 2SRI models produced no significant differences in any‐use equations, but significantly higher PDC values for PDP enrollees for oral‐antidiabetics and ACE‐inhibitors/ARBs.ConclusionsWe found similar overall use of recommended drugs in diabetes treatment and no consistent evidence of favorable or adverse selection into PDPs and MAPDs.
Characteristics, causes and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage in first and second pregnancies
Authors: Ford Jane B. , Shand Antonia W. , Roberts Christine L. 
Published: December 2012

We investigated characteristics, causes and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in a random sample of 294 women's first and second pregnancies involving at least one PPH. Among 588 pregnancies, PPH affected 169 first pregnancies, 105 second pregnancies only and recurrent PPH affected 48 pregnancies. In 34% of PPHs, atony was the primary cause. Second pregnancy PPH involved increased pharmacological therapy, blood transfusion and median blood loss. It is important to ascertain PPH history in parous women and be prepared for PPH recurrence.
Understanding the molecular sensitization for Cypress pollen and peach in the Languedoc‐Roussillon area
Authors: Caimmi D. , Barber D. , Hoffmann‐Sommergruber K. , Amrane H. , Bousquet P.‐J. , Dhivert‐Donnadieu H. , Demoly P. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundCypress allergy is a typical winter pollinosis and the most frequent one in the South of France. Main symptoms are rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma. Peach allergy is common too in Southern Europe. Allergic cross‐reactions between cypress and peach have been reported, including an oral allergy syndrome. We wanted to investigate whether a cross‐reactive allergen between cypress and peach might be responsible for the observed clinical association.MethodsWe analyzed 127 patients included over a 3‐month period, outside the pollen season, and we dosed specific IgE levels, for selected, individual allergens.ResultsPatients sensitized to peach were mainly positive for the peach‐nonspecific lipid‐transfer protein.ConclusionsProfilins or thaumatins could not explain the observed clinical association between cypress and peach.
Challenges in testing genetically modified crops for potential increases in endogenous allergen expression for safety
Authors: Panda R. , Ariyarathna H. , Amnuaycheewa P. , Tetteh A. , Pramod S. N. , Taylor S. L. , Ballmer‐Weber B. K. , Goodman R. E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPremarket, genetically modified (GM) plants are assessed for potential risks of food allergy. The major risk would be transfer of a gene encoding an allergen or protein nearly identical to an allergen into a different food source, which can be assessed by specific serum testing. The potential that a newly expressed protein might become an allergen is evaluated based on resistance to digestion in pepsin and abundance in food fractions. If the modified plant is a common allergenic source (e.g. soybean), regulatory guidelines suggest testing for increases in the expression of endogenous allergens. Some regulators request evaluating endogenous allergens for rarely allergenic plants (e.g. maize and rice). Since allergic individuals must avoid foods containing their allergen (e.g. peanut, soybean, maize, or rice), the relevance of the tests is unclear. Furthermore, no acceptance criteria are established and little is known about the natural variation in allergen concentrations in these crops. Our results demonstrate a 15‐fold difference in the major maize allergen, lipid transfer protein between nine varieties, and complex variation in IgE binding to various soybean varieties. We question the value of evaluating endogenous allergens in GM plants unless the intent of the modification was production of a hypoallergenic crop.
Anaesthesia for vascular emergencies
Authors: Ellard L. , Djaiani G. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryPatients presenting with vascular emergencies including acute aortic syndrome, ruptured thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysms, thoracic aortic trauma and acute lower limb ischaemia have a high risk of peri‐operative morbidity and mortality. Although anatomical suitability is not universal, endovascular surgery may improve mortality and the results of ongoing randomised controlled trials are awaited. Permissive hypotension pre‐operatively should be the standard of care with the systolic blood pressure kept to 50–100 mmHg as long as consciousness is maintained. The benefit of local anaesthesia over general anaesthesia is not definitive and this decision should be tailored for a given patient and circumstance. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage for prevention of paraplegia is often impractical in the emergency setting and is not backed by strong evidence; however, it should be considered postoperatively if symptoms develop. We discuss the pertinent anaesthetic issues when a patient presents with a vascular emergency and the impact that endovascular repair has on anaesthetic management.