bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linking the lytic and lysogenic bacteriophage cycles to environmental conditions, host physiology and their variability in coastal lagoons
Authors: Maurice C. F. , Bouvier C. , de Wit R. , Bouvier T. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryChanges in environmental conditions and prokaryote physiology can strongly affect the dynamics of both the lysogenic and lytic bacteriophage replication cycles in aquatic systems. However, it remains unclear whether it is the nature, amplitude or frequency of these changes that alter the phage replication cycles. We performed an annual survey of three Mediterranean lagoons with contrasting levels of chlorophyll a concentration and salinity to explore how these cues and their variability influence either replication cycle. The lytic cycle was always detected and showed seasonal patterns, whereas the lysogenic cycle was often undetected and highly variable. The lytic cycle was influenced by environmental and prokaryotic physiological cues, increasing with concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, chlorophyll a, and the proportion of respiring cells, and decreasing with the proportion of damaged cells. In contrast, lysogeny was not explained by the magnitude of any environmental or physiological parameter, but increased with the amplitude of change in prokaryote physiology. Our study suggests that both cycles are regulated by distinct factors: the lytic cycle is dependent on environmental parameters and host physiology, while lysogeny is dependent on the variability of prokaryote physiology. This could lead to the contrasting patterns observed between both cycles in aquatic systems.
Life politics, nature and the state: Giddens' sociological theory and The Politics of Climate Change
Authors: Thorpe Charles , Jacobson Brynna 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAnthony Giddens' The Politics of Climate Change represents a significant shift in the way in which he addresses ecological politics. In this book, he rejects the relevance of environmentalism and demarcates climate‐change policy from life politics. Giddens addresses climate change in the technocratic mode of simple rather than reflexive modernization. However, Giddens' earlier sociological theory provides the basis for a more reflexive understanding of climate change. Climate change instantiates how, in high modernity, the existential contradiction of the human relationship with nature returns in new form, expressed in life politics and entangled with the structural contradictions of the capitalist state. The interlinking of existential and structural contradiction is manifested in the tension between life politics and the capitalist nation‐state. This tension is key for understanding the failures so far of policy responses to climate change.
The Classification of Inkjet Inks Using AccuTOF™DART™ (Direct Analysis in Real Time) Mass Spectrometry—A Preliminary Study
Authors: Houlgrave Stephanie , LaPorte Gerald M. , Stephens Joseph C. , Wilson Justin L. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA novel approach for the analysis of inkjet inks is being reported. A time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer, coupled with a Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART™) ion source (AccuTOF™ DART™), was used to determine if inkjet inks from various manufacturers and models of printers could be reliably differentiated, characterized, and identified. A total of 217 ink standards were analyzed. As inkjet printing often involves the use of multiple colors (e.g., cyan, magenta, yellow, and black) to form an image or text, two different approaches to creating a library of standards and sampling methods were evaluated for implementation in a standard operating procedure. This research will show that a microscopic examination of the region of interest is requisite to identify what colors were utilized during the printing process, prior to comparing with known standards. Finally, blind testing was administered with 10 unknown samples to assess the validity and accuracy of the methodology.
A New Method for the Removal and Analysis of Small Particles Adhering to Carpet Fiber Surfaces,,
Authors: Bowen Andrew , Stoney David 
Published: March 2013

AbstractFibers are a commonly encountered evidence type and fiber comparisons are routinely conducted. When the characteristics of questioned and known fibers correspond, the probative value is limited because the characteristics compared are determined by their manufacture. It would be valuable to test the hypothesis that questioned fibers originated from a specific carpet. One means of testing this is to analyze fine particles on the fibers. A procedure was developed for removing adhering particles from fibers and preparing them for scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS) analysis. The efficacy of several fluids (acetone, ethanol, hexanes, aqueous ethanol, aqueous sodium hexametaphosphate) and agitation methods (sonication and vortexing) for removing particles from fibers was evaluated. The most effective method evaluated was sonication in ethanol for 10 min. The recovered particles were filtered onto a polycarbonate filter and analyzed by automated SEM/EDS analysis to generate data on the particle assemblage. This method makes possible future research to test the within‐item and between‐item variability of particle assemblages on fibers.
Variation in Methods of Cardiac Dissection—A Potential Confounder in Measuring Cardiac Weight at Autopsy
Authors: Lee Vivian , Byard Roger W. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractTo evaluate whether the weight of the heart measured at autopsy may be affected by the type of dissection, a prospective study was undertaken of the weights of sequential cases of nonpediatric hearts. Four hundred fifty‐eight hearts were examined (age range 17–96 years; mean 55.9 years; M:F = 3:1). The hearts were each weighed fresh, once the apex had been sliced, the auricles of the atria opened and blood drained, and again once the cardiac chambers had been opened completely. The difference in the partially and fully opened heart weights (range 146–1028 g; mean 434.8 g; range 134–1011 g; mean 420.8 g, respectively) (p < 0.05) ranged from 0 to 100 g (mean 14 g). In the most extreme example, the weight of the partially opened heart was 30.3% higher than that of the fully opened specimen. Failure to fully open the heart prior to weighing may result in significant error.
Highly Sensitive Detection of Blood by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering,,
Authors: Boyd Samantha , Bertino Massimo F. , Ye Dexian , White Lauren S. , Seashols Sarah J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractRaman spectroscopy for forensic body fluid analysis has received some attention due to the nondestructive nature and potential application for identification at the crime scene; however, its usage has been limited by low detection sensitivity. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was evaluated for blood identification for forensic applications. Specifically, a SERS‐active substrate was fabricated, composed of nickel nanotips coated with Ag nanoparticles. Compared with a conventional substrate, the SERS substrate enhanced Raman scattering by more than two orders of magnitude and allowed blood to be identified to a dilution of 1:100,000. Blood was also successfully detected by swabbing the SERS substrate directly on mock evidence. Most importantly, Raman spectra obtained by swabbing the SERS substrate on blood stains were free of luminescence even when blood was deposited on luminescent fabrics. The nondestructive character, simplicity of sample preparation, and high sensitivity make SERS a prime candidate for field and laboratory‐based blood identification.
Accelerated Aging against Conventional Storage: Effects on the Volatile Composition of Chardonnay White Wines
Authors: Cejudo‐Bastante María Jesús , Hermosín‐Gutiérrez Isidro , Pérez‐Coello María Soledad 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe effects of time (storage period) and temperature (accelerated aging) on Chardonnay white wines have been evaluated. Attention was focused on a large extent of individual volatile compounds, scarcely previously reported in that kind of wines. On the one hand, several volatile compounds (mainly esters, benzenic compounds, C13‐norisoprenoids, acids, and terpenes) showed the same behavior when temperature and time were applied separately. Therefore, the effect of 1 y of storage could be predicted by temperature application during short time, just analyzing those volatile compounds. Moreover, the formation of some volatile compounds (such as dioxanes, dioxolanes, and 1,2‐dihydro‐1,1,6‐trimethylnaphtalene (TDN)) and the disappearance of some alcohols, terpenes, and furanic compounds occurred in both conventional stored and accelerated‐aged wines. On the other hand, wines submitted to high temperature differed from 1‐y stored wines on several volatile compounds, such as β‐damascenone, C6‐alcohols, dioxolanes, γ‐butyrolactone, and TDN. Therefore, it is possible to assert that the analysis of these compounds could allow checking the possible inadequate handling by employing an excessive temperature.
Expectations about insulin therapy, perceived insulin‐delivery system social acceptability, and insulin treatment satisfaction contribute to decreases in insulin therapy self‐efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes after 36 weeks insulin therapy (2型糖尿病患者经过36周的胰岛素治疗后，患者对胰岛素治疗的期望、感知的胰岛素给药装置的社会接受性以及对胰岛素治疗的满意度都可以导致胰岛素治疗自我效能感的下降)
Authors: Hayes Risa P. , Curtis Bradley , Ilag Liza , Nelson David R. , Wong Mayme , Funnell Martha 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundSelf‐efficacy plays a critical role in diabetes self‐care. Herein we explore factors contributing to decreased insulin therapy self‐efficacy in insulin‐naïve patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) initiating and managing insulin therapy over 36 weeks.MethodsThe study was conducted within an international, randomized clinical trial comparing two insulin therapies administered by insulin pen in patients with T2DM inadequately controlled with oral antihyperglycemic medications. Patients completed the Self‐Efficacy about Insulin Therapy Questionnaire (SEITQ) at baseline and endpoint. Patients also completed patient‐reported measures assessing expectations about insulin therapy at baseline and perceptions about insulin therapy and insulin‐delivery system (IDS) satisfaction at endpoint. Baseline and endpoint SEITQ scores were compared. Using prespecified criteria, patients were classified as having “decreased” or “no change/improved” insulin self‐efficacy. Demographic, clinical, and patient‐reported variables were entered into a logistic regression model with decreased insulin self‐efficacy (yes or no) as the dependent variable.ResultsBaseline and endpoint SEITQ data were available for 450 insulin‐naïve T2DM patients (mean age 59 years; 53% female; 57% Caucasian; mean baseline HbA1c 9.4%; 80.0 mmol/mol). Insulin therapy self‐efficacy improved from baseline to endpoint (74.0 vs 77.5; P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that lower IDS satisfaction (P < 0.0001), lower IDS social acceptability (P = 0.004), and more positive expectations of insulin therapy (P < 0.0001) were associated with decreased insulin self‐efficacy.ConclusionsA candid discussion between clinicians and their insulin‐naïve T2DM patients about the benefits and challenges of insulin therapy may prevent unrealistic expectations that could potentially undermine insulin self‐efficacy.
Selenium supplementation has no effect on serum glucose levels in men at high risk of prostate cancer (在前列腺癌高风险的男性中补硒治疗对血糖水平没有影响)
Authors: Algotar Amit Mohan , Hsu Chui‐Hseih , Singh Parminder , Stratton Steven Paul 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundCurrent literature regarding the effect of selenium supplementation on the risk of diabetes is inconclusive. Hence, a longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the effect of selenium supplementation on serum glucose levels in elderly men.MethodsData were obtained from 699 men participating in a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled Phase 3 clinical trial investigating the effects of two doses of selenium (200 and 400 μg/day) compared with placebo on the incidence of prostate cancer. Subjects were followed every 6 months for up to 5 years. Serum glucose levels were obtained every 6 months. Mixed‐effects regression models were used to assess whether the rate of change of serum glucose levels was significantly different in the selenium‐supplemented groups compared with placebo. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of findings and to minimize the possibility of residual bias due to fasting status.ResultsOf the total 2893 glucose measurements, 734 were performed when the subject had been fasting for ≥8 h. Changes in serum glucose levels during the course of the trial did not differ significantly between the placebo and selenium 200 μg/day (P = 0.98) and 400 μg/day (P = 0.81) groups. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated comparable results for models using the total population and models restricted to subjects with only fasting glucose data.ConclusionThese results do not support a relationship between selenium supplementation and risk of diabetes. Hence, recommendations regarding selenium supplementation based on increased risk of diabetes seem premature.
Novel therapies for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Part 2. Addressing the incretin defect in the clinical setting in 2013 (新型2型糖尿病治疗药物：第2部分. 2013年临床上针对肠促胰岛素缺陷的治疗药物)
Authors: Grunberger George 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe present short review summarizes and updates clinical experience with two classes of drugs introduced for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus over the past 8 years: (i) the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists; and (ii) the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors. Both classes of agents address the so called “incretin defect” in patients with T2DM.
Jane Cave Winscom: Provincial Poetry and the Metropolitan Connection
Authors: SCHÜRER NORBERT 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMost criticism on provincial authors argues that they succeeded through connections to the London metropolis. The career of Jane Cave Winscom (c.1762‐1812) shows that another kind of provincial poet existed, one who moved through the provinces and eschewed metropolitan connections. New information on Winscom's biography and publications, and a close analysis of the content and rhetorical strategies of her poems, show her to have been a committed provincial author who interacted with the local community wherever she happened to be living.
Comparison of complete and minimal mediastinal lymph node dissection for non‐small cell lung cancer: Results of a prospective randomized trial
Authors: Zhang Junhua , Mao Teng , Gu Zhitao , Guo Xufeng , Chen Wenhu , Fang Wentao 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundTo compare surgical results, pathological staging, and survival between complete and minimal mediastinal lymph node dissection for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).MethodsA randomized controlled trial was carried out in 202 patients who were assigned to undergo either skeletonized complete mediastinal lymph node dissection (CLD) or minimal mediastinal lymph node dissection (MLD). Clinical and pathological characteristics, surgical results, postoperative staging, and five‐year survival were recorded for statistical analysis.ResultsSignificantly more stations of lymph nodes were harvested through CLD, than MLD (8.9 vs. 6.2, P < 0.001). There was no difference in major complications (CLD 14.7% vs. MLD 14.0%, P = 0.884) or postoperative death (CLD 2.1% vs. MLD 1.9%, P = 0.904). No significant difference was detected in pathological staging between the two groups. The pN2 rates (27.1% vs. 24.2%), skip‐mediastinal metastasis (9.3% vs. 7.4%), and multi‐stational mediastinal involvement (15.0% vs. 16.8%) were similar between MLD and CLD. However, CLD had significantly better five‐year survival than MLD (55.7% vs. 37.7%, P = 0.005), especially in patients with a tumor size >3 cm, pleural invasion, pN1‐N2, stage II‐III, adenocarcinoma, and low‐differentiation carcinoma. Upon multivariate analysis, CLD, along with stage I and high‐differentiation, were independent prognostic factors for better overall survival.ConclusionsComplete and minimal mediastinal dissections have similar surgical risks and mediastinal staging effect in patients with NSCLC. Minimal dissection is enough for early stage high‐differentiation tumors. For patients with stage II‐III or low‐differentiation carcinoma, skeletonized complete mediastinal dissection may improve survival compared with minimal dissection.
Effects of naltrexone on adolescent alcohol cue reactivity and sensitivity: an initial randomized trial
Authors: Miranda Robert , Ray Lara , Blanchard Alexander , Reynolds Elizabeth K. , Monti Peter M. , Chun Thomas , Justus Alicia , Swift Robert M. , Tidey Jennifer , Gwaltney Chad J. , Ramirez Jason 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAdolescent alcohol use is associated with myriad adverse consequences and contributes to the leading causes of mortality among youth. Despite the magnitude of this public health problem, evidenced‐based treatment initiatives for alcohol use disorders in youth remain inadequate. Identifying promising pharmacological approaches may improve treatment options. Naltrexone is an opiate receptor antagonist that is efficacious for reducing drinking in adults by attenuating craving and the rewarding effects of alcohol. Implications of these findings for adolescents are unclear; however, given that randomized trials of naltrexone with youth are non‐existent. We conducted a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled cross‐over study, comparing naltrexone (50 mg/daily) and placebo in 22 adolescent problem drinkers aged 15–19 years (M = 18.36, standard deviation = 0.95; 12 women). The primary outcome measures were alcohol use, subjective responses to alcohol consumption, and alcohol–cue‐elicited craving assessed in the natural environment using ecological momentary assessment methods, and craving and physiological reactivity assessed using standard alcohol cue reactivity procedures. Results showed that naltrexone reduced the likelihood of drinking and heavy drinking (P's ≤ 0.03), blunted craving in the laboratory and in the natural environment (P's ≤ 0.04), and altered subjective responses to alcohol consumption (P's ≤ 0.01). Naltrexone was generally well tolerated by participants. This study provides the first experimentally controlled evidence that naltrexone reduces drinking and craving, and alters subjective responses to alcohol in a sample of adolescent problem drinkers, and suggests larger clinical trials with long‐term follow‐ups are warranted.
A Comparison of the Likelihood Ratio Test and the Variance‐Stabilising Transformation‐Based Tests for Detecting Association of Rare Variants
Authors: Xing Guan , Ku Hung‐Chih , Xing Chao 
Published: March 2013

SummaryIn a recent paper in this journal, the use of variance‐stabilising transformation techniques was proposed to overcome the problem of inadequacy in normality approximation when testing association for a low‐frequency variant in a case‐control study. It was shown that tests based on the variance‐stabilising transformations are more powerful than Fisher's exact test while controlling for type I error rate. Earlier in the journal, another study had shown that the likelihood ratio test (LRT) is superior to Fisher's exact test, Wald's test, and Pearson's χ2 test in testing association for low‐frequency variants. Thus, it is of interest to make a direct comparison between the LRT and the tests based on the variance‐stabilising transformations. In this commentary, we show that the LRT and the variance‐stabilising transformation‐based tests have comparable power greater than Fisher's exact test, Wald's test, and Pearson's χ2 test.
Evaluation of the frequency and obstetric risk factors associated with term neonatal admissions to special care units
Authors: Alkiaat Aseel , Hutchinson Maureen , Jacques Angela , Sharp Mary J. , Dickinson Jan E. 
Published: March 2013

IntroductionApproximately 10–15% of term babies may require admission to neonatal special care units. This level of care is frequently an unexpected event for parents.AimsTo review the frequency and obstetric risk factors associated with the admission of term neonates to a tertiary hospital special care unit (SCN).Materials and MethodsAll babies born ≥37‐weeks gestation admitted to the SCN at King Edward Memorial Hospital between 2004 and 2006 were identified from the institutional maternity and neonatal databases. Maternal and obstetric factors were reviewed to identify potential predictors of admission to the SCN.ResultsDuring the study period, 1671 term neonates born to 1624 women were admitted to the SCN (14.4% of term deliveries). Neonatal intensive care unit admissions accounted for 10.6% of the term admissions. The most common reasons for SCN admission were respiratory complications (n = 421, 25.2%), observation postresuscitation (n = 402, 24.1%) and hypoglycaemia (n = 152, 9.1%). Elective caesarean delivery was significantly associated with admission to the special care unit for respiratory complications compared with all other delivery modes (37 vs 23%, P < 0.001), particularly if the birth occurred at <39‐weeks gestation (38 vs 24%, P < 0.001).ConclusionsIn our population of women delivering at a tertiary maternity facility, approximately 1:8 term babies were admitted to the neonatal special care unit. Elective caesarean delivery was associated with a significant risk of admission for respiratory complications compared with other birth modes, especially when <39‐weeks gestation.
The Development of a Multiorgan Ex Vivo Perfused Model: Results With the Porcine Liver‐Kidney Circuit Over 24 Hours
Authors: Chung Wen Yuan , Gravante Gianpiero , Al‐Leswas Dhya , Arshad Ali , Sorge Roberto , Watson Chris C. , Pollard Cristina , Metcalfe Matthew S. , Dennison Ashley R. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe already developed an ex vivo liver‐kidney model perfused for 6 h in which the kidney acted as a homeostatic organ to improve the circuit milieu compared to liver alone. In the current study, we extended the multiorgan perfusions to 24 h to evaluate the results and eventual pitfalls manifesting with longer durations. Five livers and kidneys were harvested from female pigs and perfused over 24 h. The extracorporeal circuit included a centrifugal pump, heat exchanger, and oxygenator. The primary end point of the study was the evaluation of the organ functions as gathered from biochemical and acid‐base parameters. In the combined liver‐kidney circuit, the organs survived and maintained an acceptable homeostasis for different lengths of time, longer for the liver (up to 19–23 h of perfusions) than the kidney (9–13 h of perfusions). Furthermore, glucose and creatinine values decreased significantly over time (from the 5th and 9th hour of perfusion onward). The addition of a kidney to the perfusion circuit improved the biochemical environment by removing excess products from ongoing metabolic processes. The consequence is a more physiological milieu that could improve results from future experimental studies. However, it is likely that long perfusions require some nutritional support over the hours to maintain the organ's vitality and functionality throughout the experiments.