bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Fatal Case of Hypermagnesemia Caused by Ingesting Magnesium Chloride as a Folk Remedy
Authors: Torikoshi‐Hatano Aiko , Namera Akira , Shiraishi Hiroaki , Maeno Yoshitaka , Kato Hideaki , Nagao Masataka 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe report a fatal case of hypermagnesemia caused by oral ingestion of milk containing magnesium chloride as a folk remedy. The autopsy of the 75‐year‐old woman showed no injury or illness as the cause of death. Neither alcohol nor controlled drugs were found by the toxicological analysis. Her posthumous serum magnesium concentration was 10.2 mg/dL. The concentration of magnesium in serum was higher than that of the previous reports. Therefore, the cause of death was considered to be hypermagnesemia. Recently, the prescription drugs, over‐the‐counter drugs, and health foods containing magnesium are consumed as supplements in the world, and their potential toxicity should be recognized.
Bushfire Smoke: An Exemplar of Coupled Human and Natural Systems
Authors: JOHNSTON FAY , BOWMAN DAVID 
Published: September 2013

AbstractCarbon‐based microscopic particles have provided a crucial line of evidence in understanding the coupling between humans and fires. Through the sedimentary record, they have informed our understandings of the patterns of climate and humans on fire activity through time. The extent of contemporary atmospheric biomass burning emissions has become apparent through satellite monitoring, motivated by concerns about the effect on the climate system. Sophisticated monitoring techniques designed to monitor industrial pollution have provided a data stream useful to determine the impacts on human health of wildfire smoke: we review this rapidly expanding field. The key findings are that biomass smoke is quantitatively and qualitatively different from urban air pollution and that there is no ‘safe’ level of biomass smoke exposure. Managing fires and smoke impacts will become increasingly challenging as the climate continues to warm and demands understanding the trade‐off between wildfire and planned burns. The health impacts from severe smoke events are substantial when large populations are affected resulting in measurable increases in illness, hospital admissions, and deaths. The health impacts are not evenly distributed, and large segments of the population fall into higher risk groups. People in these categories are also likely to be adversely affected by the comparatively minor episodes of pollution generated by smaller planned burns. Planned burns thus need active programmes of public communication and air quality monitoring to ensure that the overall public health benefits of the intervention can be achieved with the minimum possible adverse impacts on higher risk individuals.
Spray‐Dried Structured Lipid Containing Long‐Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Use in Infant Formulas
Authors: Nagachinta Supakana , Akoh Casimir C. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractHuman milk fat (HMF) analogs are structured lipids (SLs) modified to have palmitic acid content at the sn‐2 position of the triacylglycerol (TAG) and fatty acid composition comparable to HMF. Some of these SLs are also designed to incorporate long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) because of their important role in infant development. In this study, Maillard reaction products (MRPs), obtained from heated whey protein isolates and corn syrup solids (CSS) solution, were used as encapsulants for microencapsulation of 2 enzymatically synthesized SLs for infant formula applications. The encapsulated SL powders were obtained through spray‐drying and evaluated in terms of their microencapsulation efficiency, chemical and physical properties, oxidative stability, and dispersibility. The microencapsulation efficiency of the SLs was 90%. Dispersibility test using particle size measurement demonstrated that these powders dispersed quickly into a homogeneous suspension. The encapsulated SL powders had low peroxide and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances values. Lower oxidative stability was obtained in the powder containing SL with a higher degree of unsaturation and a lower concentration of tocopherols. The results demonstrated that the degree of fatty acid unsaturation and concentration of endogenous antioxidant in starting oils influenced the oxidative stability of the encapsulated SLs.
Pharmacotherapy effects on smoking cessation vary with nicotine metabolism gene (CYP2A6)
Authors: Chen Li‐Shiun , Bloom A. Joseph , Baker Timothy B. , Smith Stevens S. , Piper Megan E. , Martinez Maribel , Saccone Nancy , Hatsukami Dorothy , Goate Alison , Bierut Laura 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackground and aimsEvidence suggests that both the nicotinic receptor α5 subunit (CHRNA5) and Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) genotypes influence smoking cessation success and response to pharmacotherapy. We examine the effect of CYP2A6 genotype on smoking cessation success and response to cessation pharmacotherapy, and combine these effects with those of CHRNA5 genotypes.DesignPlacebo‐controlled randomized smoking cessation trial.SettingAmbulatory care facility in Wisconsin, USA.ParticipantsSmokers (n = 709) of European ancestry were randomized to placebo, bupropion, nicotine replacement therapy or combined bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy.MeasurementsSurvival analysis was used to model time to relapse using nicotine metabolism derived from CYP2A6 genotype‐based estimates. Slow metabolism is defined as the lowest quartile of estimated metabolic function.FindingsCYP2A6‐defined nicotine metabolic function moderated the effect of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy on smoking relapse over 90 days [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.32–5.99, P = 0.0075], with pharmacotherapy significantly slowing relapse in fast (HR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.28–0.55, P = 1.97 × 10−8), but not slow metabolizers (HR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.55–2.17, P = 0.80). Further, only the effect of nicotine replacement, and not bupropion, varies with CYP2A6‐defined metabolic function. The effect of nicotine replacement on continuous abstinence is moderated by the combined genetic risks from CYP2A6 and CHRNA5 (Wald = 7.44, d.f. = 1, P = 0.0064).ConclusionsNicotine replacement therapy is effective among individuals with fast, but not slow, CYP2A6‐defined nicotine metabolism. The effect of bupropion on relapse likelihood is unlikely to be affected by nicotine metabolism as estimated from CYP2A6 genotype. The variation in treatment responses among smokers with genes may guide future personalized smoking cessation interventions.
Endophthalmitis and severe blebitis following trabeculectomy. Epidemiology and risk factors; a single‐centre retrospective study
Authors: Wallin Örjan , Al‐ahramy Abdullah M. , Lundström Mats , Montan Per 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPurposeTo study the epidemiology and risk factors of early‐ and late‐onset postoperative endophthalmitis (PE) and severe blebitis following trabeculectomy.MethodsRetrospective, single‐centre, observational study with a case–control design in part. Patients sustaining PE and severe blebitis following trabeculectomy or a combined trabeculectomy with a cataract extraction procedure performed from 1990 through 2008 and diagnosed from 1990 through 2012 were recorded at St Erik Eye Hospital. Incidence data were calculated with help from the hospital records. Notes data of cases and of six randomly selected but procedure matched control patients for each case were compared.ResultsThe joint rate of infection was 0.46% or 34 incidents in 7402 procedures. The frequency of early (occurring <6 weeks after surgery) onset PE was 0.19%, late PE was 0.19% and severe blebitis was 0.08%. Dominating aetiologies were staphylococci and streptococci. Overall, the infection severely impaired the visual function. Combined cataract and fistulating operations were less prone to develop late infections, p = 0.04, but no other decisive factors were identified in the case–control study. Data collection for all trabeculectomy surgeries from 1998 and onward identified an increased rate for late infection with the use of mitomycin C (MMC), 8 in 1171 surgeries or 0.7%, versus no such use, 0 case of late PE in 2136 surgeries, p < 0.001.ConclusionsPostoperative endophthalmitis is a devastating complication after trabeculectomy. The use of MMC increases the risk for delayed infection. Early PE after trabeculectomy is clearly more common than PE after cataract surgery. Developing efficacious prophylactic antibiotic regimens to reduce early PE after penetrating filtering procedures should be a major priority in ophthalmic surgery.
In vivo confocal microscopy of conjunctiva in preservative‐free timolol 0.1% gel formulation therapy for glaucoma
Authors: Frezzotti Paolo , Fogagnolo Paolo , Haka Gentiana , Motolese Ilaria , Iester Michele , Bagaglia Simone A. , Mittica Pietro , Menicacci Cristina , Rossetti Luca , Motolese Eduardo 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the effects at 1 year of preservative‐free timolol gel and preserved timolol eye drops on conjunctiva and tear parameters.MethodsForty patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension were randomized to the two treatment groups and compared with 20 healthy age‐matched controls. Clinical tests (IOP, Schirmer I test, and lacrimal film break‐up time BUT) and in vivo conjunctival confocal microscopy (IVCM) were performed in all patients at baseline and after 12 months. IVCM (HRT II Rostock Cornea Module; Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) was performed after topical anaesthesia in the four cardinal locations and at the corresponding limbus to analyse conjunctiva cells. The main IVCM outcomes were goblet cell density and epithelial regularity.ResultsIVCM and clinical parameters were similar in the three groups at baseline. After 12 months, intra‐epithelial goblet cell density was significantly lower in the preserved (48.25 ± 7.70) than in the preservative‐free beta‐blocker group (86.83 ± 22.17, p < 0.001) and controls (88.9 ± 18.33, p < 0.001). The epithelial layer was significantly more regular in the preserved beta‐blocker medication group than in the preservative‐free beta‐blocker group (p < 0.001) and the control group (p < 0.001). A significant reduction in both Schirmer I and BUT was found in the group of preserved timolol (respectively, 11.3 ± 2.97 and 8.12 ± 0.99) compared with preservative‐free timolol (16.8 ± 1.83 and 11.27 ± 1.27, p < 0.001) and controls (17.8 ± 1.87 and 12.10 ± 1.28, p < 0.001).ConclusionsBased on our IVCM data, preservative‐free beta‐blocker gel induces less changes at ocular surface than preserved beta‐blockers, a fact that should be considered to obtain less adverse effects and maximal adherence to treatment in a chronic condition such as glaucoma.
Towards Neoliberal Trade Unionism: Decline, Renewal and Transformation inNorthAmerican Labour Movements
Authors: MacDonald Ian Thomas 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe article argues that ‘renewal’ and ‘crisis’ are inadequate descriptors of the current state of the American and Canadian labour movements. Many of the structural and strategic shifts that have remade labour unions in North America over the past two decades — including new organizing strategies, bargaining outcomes and political strategies — speak rather to a contradictory reconstitution of organized labour along neoliberal lines and the impasse of the renewal project. If there is a crisis in the labour movement, it is a crisis in the nature of trade unions as working‐class organizations. The article builds this argument through, in turn, a historical overview, a critical reading of the labour renewal literature and a discussion of current trade union practice.
Inflammation and prostate cancer: the role of interleukin 6 (IL‐6)
Authors: Nguyen Daniel P. , Li Jinyi , Tewari Ashutosh K. 
Published: September 2013

Environmental and genetic aspects are reflected in the development of prostate cancer. In this context, there is growing evidence that chronic inflammation is involved in the regulation of cellular events in prostate carcinogenesis, including disruption of the immune response and regulation of the tumour microenvironment.
One of the best surrogates of chronic inflammation in prostate cancer is interleukin 6 (IL‐6). Serum IL‐6 levels are elevated in patients with untreated metastatic or castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and correlate negatively with tumour survival and response to chemotherapy. Via multiple signal pathways including the Janus tyrosine family kinase (JAK)‐signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2)‐mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3‐K) pathway, IL‐6 is able to promote prostate cancer cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.
IL‐6 is associated with aggressive prostate cancer phenotype and may be involved in the metastatic process through regulation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and homing of cancer cells to the bone.
A substantial body of evidence suggests that IL‐6 plays a major role in the transition from hormone‐dependent to CRPC, most notably through accessory activation of the androgen receptor.
Collectively, these data have stimulated the development of agents targeting IL‐6 signalling pathways. A chimeric anti‐IL‐6 monoclonal antibody has been tested in clinical trials, with mixed results.
Systematic review of anorectal varices
Authors: Maslekar S. , Toh E.‐W. , Adair R. , Bate J. P. , Botterill I. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAimAnorectal varices are an uncommon, but significant, source of bleeding in patients with portal hypertension. The aim of this article was to review systematically the available literature on the aetiology, clinical presentation and management of anorectal varices, and to suggest a simple treatment algorithm based on available evidence and local expertise.MethodA systematic literature search was carried out to identify articles on anorectal varices, and the search strategy identified 57 relevant references. The inclusion criteria included a consecutive cohort of patients having treatment for anorectal varices with details of success rates and the number of different techniques used. Exclusion criteria included papers published in languages other than English with no English version and results not reported separately for anorectal varices.ResultsAnorectal varices can occur in up to 89% of patients with portal hypertension, although the overall incidence in the general population is low. Diagnosis is best achieved with anoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy. The current evidence supports the use of local procedures, such as endoscopic band ligation, to arrest bleeding where feasible, with radiological or surgical procedures used in the event of failure.ConclusionAs there are no large series on this pathology, we present a systematic approach for the patient with anorectal varices.
Adaptive genetic markers discriminate migratory runs of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) amid continued gene flow
Authors: O'Malley Kathleen G. , Jacobson Dave P. , Kurth Ryon , Dill Allen J. , Banks Michael A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractNeutral genetic markers are routinely used to define distinct units within species that warrant discrete management. Human‐induced changes to gene flow however may reduce the power of such an approach. We tested the efficiency of adaptive versus neutral genetic markers in differentiating temporally divergent migratory runs of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) amid high gene flow owing to artificial propagation and habitat alteration. We compared seven putative migration timing genes to ten microsatellite loci in delineating three migratory groups of Chinook in the Feather River, CA: offspring of fall‐run hatchery broodstock that returned as adults to freshwater in fall (fall run), spring‐run offspring that returned in spring (spring run), and fall‐run offspring that returned in spring (FRS). We found evidence for significant differentiation between the fall and federally listed threatened spring groups based on divergence at three circadian clock genes (OtsClock1b, OmyFbxw11, and Omy1009UW), but not neutral markers. We thus demonstrate the importance of genetic marker choice in resolving complex life history types. These findings directly impact conservation management strategies and add to previous evidence from Pacific and Atlantic salmon indicating that circadian clock genes influence migration timing.
The ways in which fish use estuaries: a refinement and expansion of the guild approach
Authors: Potter Ian C , Tweedley James R , Elliott Michael , Whitfield Alan K 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis study refines, clarifies and, where necessary, expands details of the guild approach developed by Elliott et al. (2007, Fish and Fisheries 8: 241–268) for the ways in which fish use estuaries. The estuarine usage functional group is now considered to comprise four categories, that is, marine, estuarine, diadromous and freshwater, with each containing multiple guilds. Emphasis has been placed on ensuring that the terminology and definitions of the guilds follow a consistent pattern, on highlighting the characteristics that identify the different guilds belonging to the estuarine category and in clarifying issues related to amphidromy. As the widely employed term ‘estuarine dependent’ has frequently been imprecisely used, the proposal that the species found in estuaries can be regarded as either obligate or facultative users of these systems is supported and considered in the guild context. Thus, for example, species in the five guilds comprising the diadromous category and those in the guilds containing species or populations confined to estuaries are obligate users, whereas those in the marine and freshwater estuarine‐opportunistic guilds are facultative users.
National survey of the prevalence of swallowing difficulty and tube feeding use as well as implementation of swallowing evaluation in long‐term care settings in Japan
Authors: Sugiyama Michiko , Takada Kento , Shinde Manami , Matsumoto Nana , Tanaka Kazumi , Kiriya Yumiko , Nishimoto Etsuko , Kuzuya Masafumi 
Published: September 2013

AimThe present study was carried out to clarify tube feeding utilization and the prevalence of swallowing difficulty among residents in geriatric long‐term settings, and to elucidate the implementation of swallowing assessment at four different types of facilities in Japan.MethodsWe mailed a questionnaire to a total of 4334 facilities.ResultsWe received responses from 1137 (26.2%) facilities, including 440 (29.0%) from 1517 nursing homes, 275 (29.2%) from 941 long‐term care facilities, 205 (18.1%) from 1134 sanatorium medical facilities and 217 (29.2%) from 742 rehabilitation hospitals. The number of tube‐fed residents per 100 beds in each facility was 11.6 at the nursing homes, 7.4 at the long‐term care facilities, 36.3 at the sanatorium medical facilities and 7.9 at the rehabilitation facilities. The number of residents per 100 beds with swallowing difficulty was 23.7 in the nursing homes, 15.6 in the long‐term care facilities, 19.2 in the sanatorium medical facilities and 15.4 in the rehabilitation hospitals. The percentages of facilities that assessed swallowing difficulty were 31.8% of the nursing homes, 63.0% of the long‐term care facilities, 77.9% of the sanatorium medical facilities and 91.7% of the rehabilitation hospitals.ConclusionA large number of residents using a feeding tube and with difficult swallowing were observed in geriatric long‐term settings without adequate evaluation of swallowing function. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 577–581.
Host Cell Contact Induces Fur‐dependent Expression of Virulence Factors CagA and VacA in Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Raghwan  , Chowdhury Rukhsana 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundHelicobacter pylori, a gram negative bacterium, colonizes the stomach in a majority of the world population. The two major virulence factors of H. pylori VacA and CagA, thought to be associated with chronic inflammation and disease, have been extensively studied, but the regulation of the expression of these virulence genes in H. pylori remains poorly understood.MethodsqRT‐PCR was performed to quantify gene expression in unadhered and AGS‐adhered H. pylori. Δfur mutant was constructed by splicing by overlap extension PCR and allelic exchange.ResultsAdherence of H. pylori to the gastric epithelial cell line AGS strongly induces the expression of both cagA and vacA. Induction of cagA and vacA in the AGS cell‐adhered H. pylori Δfur mutant strain was consistently lower than in the adhered parent strain. However, expression of the genes was similar between the wild‐type and Δfur mutant strains in the unadhered state, suggesting that Fur has a role in the upregulation of cagA and vacA expression, especially in AGS‐adhered H. pylori. Consistent with these results, microscopic observations revealed that infection of AGS cells with H. pylori Δfur mutant strain produced much less damage as compared to that produced by the wild‐type H. pylori strain.ConclusionsThese results suggested that cagA and vacA gene expression is upregulated in H. pylori, especially by host cell contact, and Fur has a role in the upregulation.
Syndicated Leveraged Loans During and After the Crisis and the Role of the Shadow Banking System
Authors: Culp Christopher L. 
Published: September 2013

In an article published in this journal in 1998, Nobel laureate Merton Miller argued that one of the best weapons available to national economies in their defense against the macroeconomic effects of banking crises is the availability of non‐bank financial institutions and products—or what we now refer to as the “shadow banking system.” Although Miller may have exaggerated the independence of bank‐ and market‐based sources of financing, the author argues that events during and after the recent crisis have shown Miller's claims about the importance of non‐bank investors in the provision of credit to be fundamentally correct.Critics of securitization and the shadow banking system tend to focus on the subprime mortgage story in which the sudden re‐pricing of credit risk and the resulting disappearance of investment demand for ABCP, private‐label mortgage‐related ABS, and ABS CDOs created unexpected and significant downward price pressure on those asset types. But the leveraged loan market tells a very different story. In contrast to the near complete disappearance of private mortgage securitizations, the extraordinary recovery of the U.S. syndicated leveraged loan market demonstrates that the relation between commercial and shadow banking has proved to be a highly productive and resilient one—and very much a two‐way street. When leveraged loans and CLOs experienced problems from 2007 through 2009 due primarily to the widespread liquidity and credit market disruptions that affected essentially all structured credit products, institutional investors in leveraged loans disappeared and the leveraged loan primary market imploded. But when institutional participants recognized the value of the underlying asset—corporate loans—and regained confidence in shadow‐banking products, leveraged lending by banks recovered quickly and dramatically.This outcome is viewed as vindicating Professor Miller's statement about the benefits of shadow markets and securitization— namely, the role of non‐bank investors in diversifying the risk of credit creation while at the same time improving the price discovery process in different markets. The recent history of the U.S. leveraged loan market demonstrates that shadow banking system participants play a critical role in meeting the total demand for such loans, and that the ebbs and flows from institutional leveraged loan markets are strongly connected with the health and integrity of the underlying leveraged bank loan market.