bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased physical activity severely induces osteoarthritic changes in knee joints with papain induced sulfate-glycosaminoglycan depleted cartilage
Authors: Siebelt Michiel , Groen Harald C , Koelewijn Stuart J , de Blois Erik , Sandker Marjan , Waarsing Jan H , Müller Cristina , van Osch Gerjo JVM , de Jong Marion , Weinans Harrie 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Articular cartilage needs sulfated-glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) to withstand high pressures while mechanically loaded. Chondrocyte sGAG synthesis is regulated by exposure to compressive forces. Moderate physical exercise is known to improve cartilage sGAG content and might protect against osteoarthritis (OA). This study investigated whether rat knee joints with sGAG depleted articular cartilage through papain injections might benefit from moderate exercise, or whether this increases the susceptibility for cartilage degeneration.

Methods
sGAGs were depleted from cartilage through intraarticular papain injections in the left knee joints of 40 Wistar rats; their contralateral joints served as healthy controls. Of the 40 rats included in the study, 20 rats remained sedentary, and the other 20 were subjected to a moderately intense running protocol. Animals were longitudinally monitored for 12 weeks with in vivo micro-computed tomography (μCT) to measure subchondral bone changes and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT to determine synovial macrophage activation. Articular cartilage was analyzed at 6 and 12 weeks with ex vivo contrast-enhanced μCT and histology to measure sGAG content and cartilage thickness.

Results
All outcome measures were unaffected by moderate exercise in healthy control joints of running animals compared with healthy control joints of sedentary animals. Papain injections in sedentary animals resulted in severe sGAG-depleted cartilage, slight loss of subchondral cortical bone, increased macrophage activation, and osteophyte formation. In running animals, papain-induced sGAG-depleted cartilage showed increased cartilage matrix degradation, sclerotic bone formation, increased macrophage activation, and more osteophyte formation.

Conclusions
Moderate exercise enhanced OA progression in papain-injected joints and did not protect against development of the disease. This was not restricted to more-extensive cartilage damage, but also resulted in pronounced subchondral sclerosis, synovial macrophage activation, and osteophyte formation.
Paracrine signaling in mammary gland development: what can we learn about intratumoral heterogeneity?
Authors: Rosen Jeffrey M , Roarty Kevin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractParacrine signaling mechanisms play a critical role in both normal mammary gland development and breast cancer. Dissection of these mechanisms using genetically engineered mouse models has provided significant insight into our understanding of the mechanisms that guide intratumoral heterogeneity. In the following perspective, we briefly review some of the emerging concepts in this field and emphasize why elucidation of these pathways will be important for future progress in devising new and improved combinatorial therapeutic approaches for breast and other solid cancers.
Primary Treatment Regimen and Diabetes Insipidus as Predictors of Health Outcomes in Adults With Childhood-Onset Craniopharyngioma
Authors: Yuen Kevin C. J. , Kołtowska-Häggström Maria , Cook David M. , Fox Janet L. , Jönsson Peter J. , Geffner Mitchell E. , Abs Roger 
Published: January 2014

Context:Craniopharyngiomas are often associated with significant morbidity due to their location and treatment effects. Little is known of the effects of primary treatment regimen and diabetes insipidus (DI), a clinical surrogate of hypothalamic obesity, on health outcomes in adults with childhood-onset craniopharyngioma (COCP).Objective:The objective of the study was to examine health outcomes of adults with COCP based on primary treatment regimens and the presence of DI.Design:This study included a retrospective KIMS (Pfizer International Metabolic Database) data analysis of 180 adults with COCP according to the primary treatment regimen [one surgery (1Surg) vs complex treatment regimen (CTrR) of more than 1Surg and/or radiotherapy] and the presence of DI.Results:The majority of COCP patients underwent transcranial surgery (77%) without receiving radiotherapy (84%). Compared with the 1Surg group, more CTrR patients developed visual field defects and ophthalmoplegia (all P &lt; .01). Compared with patients without DI, those with DI had higher rates of anterior pituitary hormone deficits, body mass index, and fat mass (all P &lt; .01). By contrast, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c, lipid panel, and quality of life were comparable among 1Surg vs CTrR patients, and patients with vs without DI. Regardless of primary treatment received, the presence of DI in either group was associated with higher rates of anterior pituitary hormone deficits and obesity.Conclusion:CTrR and DI predicted health outcomes differently. CTrR predisposed to the development of visual dysfunction, whereas DI was associated with higher rates of anterior pituitary dysfunction and weight gain. Higher body mass index and fat mass in patients with DI further implicate the role of hypothalamic damage as an important causal factor of obesity in these patients.
A Novel Method to Enhance the Performance of Quasi-solid-state Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Based on Polyacrylonitrile Gel Electrolyte and Nanoparticles of ZnO with Indoline D-358 as the Dye
Authors: Asoka Kumara G R , Kehelpannala Cheka , Ranasinghe C S Kumara , Jayaweera E Nirmada , Rajapakse R M Gamini , Ileperuma Oliver A 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A novel way to overcome incomplete pore filling when using polymer gel electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells is herein described. The pores of the indoline D-358-coated ZnO nanostructure were first filled with the liquid electrolyte, the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) gel electrolyte was subsequently placed on it, and the quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell was fabricated in the usual manner. In other cells, the PAN film was subjected to hot pressing without the liquid electrolyte filling and pressing (without heating) with the gel electrolyte. Out of several different cell configurations studied, the cell containing hot-pressed polymer film without the liquid electrolyte gave an efficiency of 2.80% with D-358 dye while the introduction of a thin film of the liquid electrolyte followed by pressing the gel polymer film increased the efficiency to 4.31%.
Post-fire nutrient availability in the sub-tropical forest ecosystem of the Koubru Hills, Manipur
Authors: Sitlhou Alice , Singh Thingbaijam Binoy 
Published: January 2014

Forest fires are known to significantly alter soil nutrient availability. The study investigated the post-fire nutrient availability in the sub-tropical forest ecosystem of Koubru Hills, Manipur (North-East India). The forested ecosystem was disturbed by forest wildfire in January 2010.To study the fire effect, collection of burned and unburned soil samples from three soil depths (0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm) was started approximately three months after the fire event and continued at monthly intervals for a period of one year. The collected soil samples were analyzed for soil organic carbon (SOC), NH4+-N, Bray-extractable phosphorus, available potassium and micronutrients such as Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn. Results of the ANOVA test showed significant reduction in the SOC, NH4+-N and available K contents of the surface (0-5 cm) and sub-surface (5–10 and 10-15 cm) soil layers of the burned area. However, significant increases in the Bray-extractable phosphorus were observed in all the three soil depths studied. With respect to the effect of forest fire on soil micronutrient availability, results are contradictory. The available Fe depleted in all the three soil depths, whilst the available Cu declined in the 0-5 cm but increased in the 10-15 cm soil layer. The available Cu content of the 5-10 cm soil layer did not vary between the burned and unburned areas. While no significant effect of fire was observed on the available Mn contents of the 0-5 and 10-15 cm soil layers, there was a significant post-fire decrease in the Mn availability of the 5-10 cm soil layer of the burned area compared with the unburned area. Forest fire also resulted in a significant loss of the available Zn from the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers of the burned area but in the 10-15 cm soil layer, no significant variation was observed between the burned and unburned areas.
The impact of Thatcherism in popular culture
Authors: Tinwell Angela 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Margaret Thatcher’s (1925–2013) remarkable legacy marks a period of profound change in British history. As the longest serving and only female British prime minister of the twentieth century she held eleven and a half years of continuous power in office. Following her first electoral victory in May 1979, she won a further two elections for the Conservative Party until her deposition in November 1990. The radical social and economic reform that she designed and delivered as prime minister literally turned the Conservative Party and the country on its head. However, many were discontent with the perceived imbalance and wide devastation that her policies impaled on the country; being further aggrieved by her unsympathetic nature towards others. While politicians voiced their protests in parliament, others were left to find alternative ways to communicate their discontent. Professional artists were accompanied by the public in harnessing the power of aesthetic and acoustic media in popular culture to voice their discontent to the masses. This article explores the influence that Thatcher’s policies had in popular culture including British cinema, the arts and music in her time as prime minster and beyond.
James Bond: International man of gastronomy?
Authors: Strong Jeremy 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article is concerned with the representation of food and drink in Ian Fleming’s James Bond novels. In particular, it examines how the author uses Bond’s culinary knowledge and habits of consumption as an important constituent of his hero’s character. Similarly, the food choices of other characters, notably villains, are shown to be linked, by Fleming, to core aspects of their identity - principally their ethnicity. Bond’s impulse to observe and classify, very much in evidence in the novels’ food sequences, is examined in terms of the texts’ construction of Bond as a skilled identifier of signs.
‘Fatalitas!’ the criminal body in Belle Epoque crime serials: The strange case of Chéri-Bibi
Authors: Bielecki Emma 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century criminology and criminalistics were preoccupied with the criminal body, and Belle Epoque crime fiction refracts this concern through its focus on the body as a site of identity formation. This article examines this problematic through the optic of Gaston Leroux’s Chéri-Bibi serial. It argues that the text engages a number of different discourses of corporeality, reformulating the grotesque body of carnival (as theorized by Bakhtin) in the light of contemporary developments in criminology, where the followers of Lombroso saw criminality as physiologically determined, and surgery, where Alexis Carrel’s experiments in transplantation opened up the possibility of creating hybrid bodies, assembled out of bits and pieces of other bodies, and visceral organisms, bodies without brains. Leroux’s text constellates these different conceptions of corporeality to produce an image of the modern grotesque in the form of a body that is resistant to identification, a resistance that is profoundly ambivalent, for if it provokes anxieties surrounding the loss of identity, it also opens up endless narrative possibilities.
Effect of plasma treatment on cell-wall adhesion of urea-formaldehyde resin revealed by nanoindentation
Authors: Konnerth Johannes , Weigl Martin , Gindl-Altmutter Wolfgang , Avramidis Georg , Wolkenhauer Arndt , Viöl Wolfgang , Gilge Martin , Obersriebnig Michael 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Spruce wood surfaces were treated with plasma with the aim of increacing either hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity. The treatments resulted in significant changes in wettability compared to aged and reference samples. Wettability was found to be a very good indicator of macroscopic bond strength. Nanoindentation adhesion measurements identified significant changes in adhesion at the immediate wood surface as a primary source of changes of bond performance, whereas mechanical performance of bulk wood cells was not affected.
The globin superfamily: functions in nitric oxide formation and decay
Authors: Tejero Jesús , Gladwin Mark T. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Globin proteins are ubiquitous in living organisms and carry out a variety of functions related to the ability of their prosthetic heme group to bind gaseous ligands, such as oxygen, nitric oxide (NO), and CO. Moreover, they catalyze important reactions with nitrogen oxide species, such as NO dioxygenation and nitrite reduction. The formation of NO from nitrite is a reaction catalyzed by globins that has received increasing attention due to its potential as a hypoxic NO signaling mechanism. In this review, we revisit the current knowledge about the role of globins in NO formation and its physiological implications.
Experiment and Simulation Analysis of Multi-layer Glass/Aluminum Anodic Bonding
Authors: Liu Cuirong , Li Juan , Chen Huiqin , Wu Zhisheng 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Micro-machined multilayered structure plays a significant role as sensing or actuating components in MEMS. Since different thermal expansion parameters and uneven cooling processes in anodic bonding films, it is important to analyze and measure residual stress of the multi-layer glass/aluminum anodic bonding in the cooling process. In this paper, experiments of three-layer, five-layer glass and aluminum anodic bonding samples were made by the public anode method at 400 °C, 600 V and 0.05∼1 MPa for 15 min. Chemical element analysis of the transition layer formed between glass and aluminum during anodic bonding process was analyzed by Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS). Subsequently, residual stresses and strains in cooled three-layer, five-layer and seven-layer anodic bonding samples was analyzed using nonlinear finite element simulation software MARC. Finite element analysis showed that the residual stress and strain distribution in different multi-layer glass and aluminum samples was similar. Simultaneously, finite element analysis indicated that three-layer glass and aluminum anodic bonding samples had smallest residual stress and equivalent strain values in all samples, an important advantage in MEMS fabrication.
Development of Health Care in Lithuania and Estonia: Similar Conditions, Different Results
Authors: Gudžinskas Liutauras 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe article deals with the health systems of Lithuania and Estonia by evaluating their historical context, describing their development after regaining independence, presenting data on how the health care resources are distributed and what are the results of these systems. Although health care in these countries is financed at a similar level, the Estonian health system exceeds its Lithuanian (and Latvian) counterparts in many important aspects. It is argued that an essential impact on the differences in health care of the Baltic countries has been exerted by decisions regarding the financing and governance of the health system at the early period of the post-communist transformation.
The Equilibrium Allele Frequency Distribution for a Population with Reproductive Skew
Authors: Der Ricky , Plotkin Joshua B 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
We study the population genetics of two neutral alleles under reversible mutation in a model that features a skewed offspring distribution, called the Λ-Fleming–Viot process. We describe the shape of the equilibrium allele frequency distribution as a function of the model parameters. We show that the mutation rates can be uniquely identified from this equilibrium distribution, but the form of the offspring distribution cannot itself always be so identified. We introduce an estimator for the mutation rate that is consistent, independent of the form of reproductive skew. We also introduce a two-allele infinite-sites version of the Λ-Fleming–Viot process, and we use it to study how reproductive skew influences standing genetic diversity in a population. We derive asymptotic formulas for the expected number of segregating sites as a function of sample size and offspring distribution. We find that the Wright–Fisher model minimizes the equilibrium genetic diversity, for a given mutation rate and variance effective population size, compared to all other Λ-processes.
The Between-Population Genetic Architecture of Growth, Maturation, and Plasticity in Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Debes Paul Vincent , Fraser Dylan John , Yates Matthew , Hutchings Jeffrey A 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The between-population genetic architecture for growth and maturation has not been examined in detail for many animal species despite its central importance in understanding hybrid fitness. We studied the genetic architecture of population divergence in: (i) maturation probabilities at the same age; (ii) size at age and growth, while accounting for maturity status and sex; and (iii) growth plasticity in response to environmental factors, using divergent wild and domesticated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Our work examined two populations and their multigenerational hybrids in a common experimental arrangement in which salinity and quantity of suspended sediments were manipulated to mimic naturally occurring environmental variation. Average specific growth rates across environments differed among crosses, maturity groups, and cross-by-maturity groups, but a growth-rate reduction in the presence of suspended sediments was equal for all groups. Our results revealed both additive and nonadditive outbreeding effects for size at age and for growth rates that differed with life stage, as well as the presence of different sex- and size-specific maturation probabilities between populations. The major implication of our work is that estimates of the genetic architecture of growth and maturation can be biased if one does not simultaneously account for temporal changes in growth and for different maturation probabilities between populations. Namely, these correlated traits interact differently within each population and between sexes and among generations, due to nonadditive effects and a level of independence in the genetic control for traits. Our results emphasize the challenges to investigating and predicting phenotypic changes resulting from between-population outbreeding.
Carrier Dynamics in Self-Assembled InAs QD Laser Structures and Broad-Area InAs QD Lasers Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Authors: Sin Yongkun , LaLumondiere Stephen , Lotshaw William , Moss Steven C. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTWe investigated carrier dynamics in both proton-irradiated InAs-GaAs quantum dot laser structures and in high power broad-area InAs-GaAs quantum dot lasers with windowed n-contacts using time-resolved PL (TR-PL) techniques.
Improved Electrical Properties of Ga2O3:Sn/CIGS Hetero-Junction Photoconductor
Authors: Kikuchi Kenji , Imura Shigeyuki , Miyakawa Kazunori , Ohtake Hiroshi , Kubota Misao , Ohta Eiji 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTWe examined the potential application of CuIn1-xGaxSe1-ySy (CIGS) film for visible light image sensors. CIGS chalcopyrite semiconductors, which are representative of high efficiency thin film solar cells, have both a high absorption coefficient and high quantum efficiency. However, their dark current is too high for image sensors. In this study, we applied gallium oxide (Ga2O3) as a hole-blocking layer for CIGS thin film to reduce the dark current. The dark current of this hetero-junction was 10-9 A/cm2 at less than 7 V. Moreover, an avalanche multiplication phenomenon was observed at an applied voltage of over 8 V. However, this structure had sensitivity only in the ultraviolet light region due to the much lower carrier density of the Ga2O3 layer. We therefore used a tin-doped Ga2O3 (Ga2O3:Sn) layer deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) for the n-type layer to increase the carrier density. The sensitivity of the visible region was observed in the Ga2O3:Sn/CIGS hetero-junction. We also investigated the influence of the laser frequency of the PLD on the transmittance of Ga2O3:Sn and the quantum efficiency of this hetero-junction. Ga2O3:Sn film deposited at a 0.1-Hz laser repetition rate had higher transmittance than at a 10-Hz repetition rate. The Ga2O3:Sn/CIGS hetero-junction also had a higher quantum efficiency with the lower rate (50%) than with the higher rate (30%).
Cause of Forward Voltage Degradation for 4H-SiC PiN Diode with Additional Process
Authors: Hemmi Tetsuro , Nakayama Koji , Asano Katsunori , Miyazawa Tetsuya , Tsuchida Hidekazu 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe forward voltage degradation in 4H-SiC PiN diodes with a simplified process and that in 4H-SiC pin diodes with additional processes are investigated. Photoluminescence images were also observed to identify the cause of forward voltage degradation. The forward voltage degradations of 4H-SiC PiN diodes with additional processes were larger than those with a simplified process. Observing photoluminescence images of diodes after a current stress test showed that less than 25% of Shockley-type stacking faults in 4H-SiC PiN diodes with a simplified process are caused by half-loop dislocations, which are generated not only in the additional processes but also in the whole device fabrication process. With additional processes, those rates are over 65%, which may be reduced by eliminating half-loop dislocations due to the optimization of the process condition and sequence.
Leakage currents of large area InP/InGaAs heterostructures
Authors: Olsson Anders , Aierken Abuduwayiti , Oksanen Jani , Lipsanen Harri , Tulkki Jukka 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTLight-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on the conventional III-V compound semiconductors are known to exhibit internal quantum efficiencies (IQE) that are very close to unity. Ideally, the high IQE is expected to enable electroluminescent cooling with a cooling capacity of several Watts per cm2 of emitter area. One key requirement in enabling such cooling is the ability to fabricate high quality large area LEDs. However, detailed information on the performance of relevant large area devices and their yield is extremely scarce. In this report we present data on the yield and related large area scaling of InP/InGaAs LEDs by using current-voltage measurements performed on LED wafers fabricated at five different facilities. The samples were processed to contain square shaped mesas of sizes 0.25 mm2 and 16 mm2 operating as LEDs. While most of the smaller mesas showed relatively good electrical characteristics and low leakage current densities, some of them also exhibited very large leakage currents. In addition, in some cases the large area devices exhibited large, and even almost linearly behaving leakage currents. Such information on the scaling and unidealities of diodes fabricated using established fabrication technologies is crucial for the development of the optical cooling technologies relying on large area devices.