bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Case Study of Measuring the Improvement/Decrease in Compression of Rods after Putting the Rod Pump in Two-Speed Mode Remotely
Authors: Janjua H. , Poythress M. , Jordan R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Multi-frac horizontal wells have uneven DLS (dog leg severity), inconsistent reservoir flow, high gas content, and sand infiltration. In conditions like these, uniform speed through the pump stroke may not an effective option. This arises the need for a two-speed mode where we can constantly monitor well performance against operator presets and then adjust pumping speed during the downstroke and upstroke separately.
A two-speed mode for a sucker rod pumping system is introduced to lower compression forces in rods and power consumption. Numerical modeling and an extensive field test verify the concept. This solution for variable speed drive systems reduces energy to rod string and can be applied in the controller without requiring any hardware adjustments.
During the down stroke, the plunger in a rod pump must descend through a barrel that is filled with fluid. The plunger must be pushed down into the barrel by a compressive force in order to match the pumping velocity. The compressive force may be large enough to cause buckling in the pull rod and the lowest section of the sucker rods. This paper is based on the idea of setting the VFD in two separate modes: normal in upstrokes and slow in the downstrokes. And we will perform measurements of the free fall velocity of a plunger in a liquid-filled barrel and the pushing force necessary to exceed the free fall velocity of the plunger in the barrel.
In this case study, compression measurement in rods is performed in 3 wells after putting them on two-speed mode. The down stroke and up stroke values in each well is evaluated by operating parameters such as: Rod air weight.Buckling forces.
The challenges of putting these wells in two-speed modes, both in the field and online, are discussed separately. A rubric-based comparison was performed on pumping efficiency among the three wells. A systematic approach of measuring wells performance based on nodal analysis is performed. The performance of wells before and after putting them in two-speed mode is discussed.
Preliminary Fluid Viscosity Correction Factor for Progressing Cavity Pumps
Authors: Swaffield C. , Sheldon J. , Noble E. , Skoczylas P. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Since the invention of the progressing cavity pump (PCP), there has been a desire to accurately model its downhole performance. This work aims to improve the pump performance model by proposing a preliminary correction factor that can be used to estimate the effect of produced fluid viscosity on downhole pump fluid slippage.
Previous efforts to model the effect of fluid viscosity on pump fluid slippage have required precise knowledge of the pump's downhole geometry. Those efforts assumed that pump fluid slippage can be modelled as Poiseuille flow, such as is found in pipes or between parallel plates, where the rate of pump fluid slippage is presumed to be inversely proportional to the fluid viscosity. This work proposes a different approach where pertinent experimental test data is collected for elastomeric and all-metal PCPs that were tested with fluids of varying viscosities and analyzed to create a simplified correction factor that can be used to estimate the effect of fluid viscosity on pump fluid slippage without needing to know the exact downhole pump geometry. It also looks to ascertain if the assumption that Poiseuille flow is a valid model for modelling fluid viscosity effects on pump fluid slippage or whether an alternative mathematical relationship better represents the relationship between fluid viscosity and pump fluid slippage.
The analysis of experimental test data gathered from various pumps that were operated at varying speeds and with fluids of varying viscosities, conducted at C-FER Technologies and with available published test data, enables the development of a preliminary viscosity correction factor, which challenges the conventional belief in an inversely proportional relationship between fluid viscosity and pump fluid slippage. Based on the resulting preliminary viscosity correction factor, the authors propose an alternative relationship between fluid viscosity and pump fluid slippage. The preliminary fluid viscosity correction factor serves as a tool for estimating the impact of changes in fluid viscosity on downhole pump fluid slippage and, thus, pump efficiency.
The proposed preliminary viscosity correction factor can be used to estimate how the downhole pump efficiency can change based on changes in the produced fluid viscosity. This viscosity correction factor can be used to help users of PCP systems optimize the design and operation of their PCP systems.
Combining Gas Lift, PAGL, and Plunger Lift Optimizes Production Across Tight Oil Well Lifecycle
Authors: Cope Brent , Gilmore David 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a "full lifecycle" approach to well production that encompasses three interrelated forms of artificial lift ‒ gas lift, plunger-assisted gas lift (PAGL), and plunger lift ‒ applied at distinct phases to collectively span the entire slope of the tight oil well decline curve:
Gas lift in early life PAGL in the mid-life "plateau" Plunger lift in late life
The authors provide recommendations on well design and equipment to seamlessly transition from gas lift, to PAGL to plunger lift in response to changing production profiles as wells mature. They also examine considerations for deciding when the time is right to transition a well from gas lift to PAGL to plunger lift without having to interrupt production or make capital investments in workovers to change out surface or downhole equipment. The discussion includes surface and downhole equipment, as well as automated controls.
Case history data from wells in the Mid-Continent and Permian Basin are presented to illustrate the benefits of adopting an integrated gas lift – PAGL - plunger lift approach as a flexible and economic to artificial lift and production management options in U.S. onshore horizontal tight oil resource plays. Applying a single artificial lift equipment design capable of seamlessly transitioning during every phase of the well lifecycle gives operators a highly efficient solution for optimizing rates and maximizing EURs without having to interrupt well operations or make capital investments in workovers to change out surface or downhole equipment as wells mature.
Differentiate Between Pump Off and Gas Interference with Real Time Plunger Velocity
Authors: Messer Russell 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This paper proposes an approach to diagnose pump-off condition versus gas interference condition utilizing an overlay [4] of real time plunger velocity on top of the real time downhole card via pump-off controller interface. Field results showing the impact of this methodology are presented.
Traditionally, the industry only looks at the surface and downhole card to optimize and achieve better well control. This requires a series of experts, dynograph interpretation and optimization processes. Even with access to this data, scenarios exist where a downhole condition is misidentified, and production is lost.
One of the major problems in sucker rod pump (SRP) wells is the well will shut down or slow down when the pump fillage goes below a certain predetermined (user set) value, which can either be attributed to gas interference or pump off condition. If the first scenario applies, the operator may have the option to pump through this condition and achieve more production and drawdown on the well without damaging the system. If the second, the well should be stopped immediately to avoid equipment damage and failures.
Unfortunately, knowing the difference between these two conditions is not always intuitive or obvious. Moreover, pump-off controllers (POCs) certainly cannot tell the difference. This causes the operator to lose potential production and revenue and leads to condition where too many wells are carrying thousands of feet of fluid over the pump and are not achieving effective drawdown or hitting their production target.
Field results show that gas interference can be distinguished from pump off to reduce the unnecessary shut down and improving drawdown in SRP wells.
The options available today for plunger velocity are only available through modeling software and sporadically gathered dynograph cards and are not in real time. This does not afford the operator effective control nor live decision-making capabilities. This paper demonstrates the pump velocity real time superposition and its benefit to the operator and today's optimization practices.
ESP Rotary Gas Separator Configuration for Harsh Environments, High Contents of Free Gas, High Temperatures and Viscous Conditions
Authors: Matheus Laura , Penagos Ingrid , Diaz Luisa , Rodriguez Juan , Pinzon Hyulder , Garzón Miguel , Ariza Iván , González Camilo , Aguinaga Pilar , Devia Néstor , Castro David 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The operation of Electric Submersible Pumps (ESP) in harsh reservoir conditions like high fluid viscosity, high bottom hole temperatures, and high free gas content is a constant challenge in an extra heavy oil Field located in Colombia. This is especially true in wells producing from the In-situ Combustion process that has been implemented in the Field to maximize ultimate oil recovery. Standard ESP configurations constantly faced gas-blocking events and had low system performance, reducing run life, and increasing operational project costs. This paper describes how a Rotary Gas Separator in addition to other gas handling technologies has successfully been implemented to overcome the described challenges in this Field.
This paper presents the results of the successful implementation of the Rotary Gas Separator in a Colombian Field with high oil viscosity, high percentages of free gas, and high temperatures, including case studies where air injection is used as an enhanced oil recovery method. Additionally, comparative analyses are performed with the conventional used Vortex Gas Separator.
ESP performance parameters achieved so far include better gas separation efficiency, handling up to 95% free gas at the pump intake; an increase of up to 19% in the drawdown; a reduction of up to 60% in downtime and shutdowns related to gas-blocking events; an average reduction of 30% in operating motor temperatures; and a significant increase in the run life compared with the previous runs that used Vortex Gas Separators.
The implementation of the Rotary Gas Separator and other gas handling technologies are allowing the Operator to increase production and improve the performance and reliability of the ESP systems; thus, plans are being made to continue expanding this configuration to other wells in the Field.
A Novel Plunger Data Analysis Methodology
Authors: Viggiano R. , Micozzi M. , Chaudhry F. , Pereyra E. , Sarica C. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A novel methodology for conventional plunger data analysis to evaluate the impact of multiple operational setpoint configurations on gas production is presented. The algorithm first interprets the time signature data of gas flow rate, tubing, casing, and line pressures from a well by recognizing and counting the plunger cycles. Afterward, it breaks the data cycle-wise by recognizing the conventional plunger lift stages: buildup, upstroke, and after flow. Once the algorithm organizes all the data, it normalizes and groups the different stages towards obtaining averaged stage curves. Stage-to-stage dependency is also evaluated from a data-driven perspective. The average normalized stage curves and stage-to-stage dependency evaluation are then used to build synthetic cycles at a given off-stage (time the well is shut-in) and on-stage (time the well is open) set point configuration. Multiple synthetic setpoint configurations are then explored, yielding gas flow rate responses that are used to create an operational map that can be used to optimize the well’s operation. The overall methodology is fully data-driven, therefore, operational constraints such as plunger fall time and required pressure for a full plunger upstroke trip are not predicted.
Application of Plunger Lift Systems for Deliquification of Challenging Gas Wells in a Mature Gas Field
Authors: Verma Pramod Kumar , Lalnuntluanga Lalnuntluanga , Kumar Avinav , Verma Anjali 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The paper describes the application of Plunger lift system in a matured gas field. In gas wells, the natural decline in reservoir pressure over time is a fundamental challenge, particularly in mature fields. This decrease in reservoir pressure can be attributed to reservoir depletion, where the continuous extraction of hydrocarbons reduces the inherent pressure that drives fluids to the surface. At that point, the delivered fluid collects within the well bore and creates a static fluid column. In the absence of the removal of this built-up liquid, the hydrostatic head of the liquid exerts undesirable back pressure on the formation, leading to a decrease in gas from the formation. For the deliquification of these wells, the most suitable techniques were analyzed, and plunger lift system was to be found as the most suitable technique in gas wells.
The plunger lift system represents an elegant solution for gas wells struggling with liquid loading, a common issue where water or hydrocarbon liquids accumulate in the wellbore, hindering gas production. By using the well's own pressure to drive a plunger up and down the tubing, the system effectively removes liquids, ensuring the gas can flow unimpeded to the surface. One of the system's key benefits is its minimal energy requirements. Since it primarily uses the well's build-up pressure for operation, supplemented only by a small solar panel for controlling operations, it is both energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. The geographical challenges of ONGC's Tripura Asset, characterized by its scattered wells in hills, jungles, and areas with logistical constraints, necessitate a self-sufficient and reliable artificial lift method. The plunger lift system, with its stand-alone operation capability, meets these needs perfectly. This paper offers all the possible issues, criteria for the selection of wells, and the selection of suitable plunger type.
Effects of the Water Diversion Project from the Three Gorges Reservoir to the Hanjiang River on diatom blooms in Middle and Lower reaches of the Hanjiang River
Authors: Liu Yangyang , Lin Honghui , Wang Meng , Li Fei , Wang Zhongmin , Xiao Yang , Li Ran , Shen Dandan 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

The algal blooms in the Middle and Lower reaches of the Hanjiang River (MLHR) have become a great aquatic eco-environmental problem over recent years. The planned implementation of the Water Diversion Project from the Three Gorges Reservoir to the Hanjiang River (WDP-TH) would influence the growth and propagation of diatoms and the development of algal blooms. In this paper, a dynamic model of diatom growth is developed that considers factors such as light exposure, water temperature, total phosphorus, and flow velocity. The effects of the WDP-TH on algal density and blooms in the MLHR were predicted for a typical median year, a typical dry year, and an extremely dry year. The results showed that following the water recharge in a typical median year, the propagation of diatoms in the MLHR was significantly promoted because of an increase in total phosphorus concentration. However, following the water recharge in typical dry and extremely dry years, increased flow rate and improved hydrodynamic conditions significantly inhibited diatom growth and accelerated the transport process. The results of the hypothetical simulation showed that after the initiation of the WDP-TH, inhibition effects of improved hydrodynamic force on algae were more apparent than promotion effects of increased total phosphorus concentration in the MLHR.
Optimizing dual-layer composite membranes with functionalized CNT loadings using response surface methodology
Authors: Gholamzadeh Moghadam Fatemeh , Mohammadi Toraj , Asadi Amir Atabak 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

This study employed central composite design (CCD) within the framework of response surface methodology (RSM) to investigate the direct and interactive influences of critical synthesis parameters on the performance of polyethersulfone (PES)/polyamide (PA) double layer composite membranes for nanofiltration (NF) application. Independent variables included PES, piperazine (PIP), and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) concentrations, along with interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction time. The objective was to simultaneously optimize water permeability (WP) and salt rejection to achieve the highest NF membrane performance. Optimal parameters for maximum WP and salt rejection were determined: PES concentration at 14.0 wt%, PIP concentration at 1.5 w/v%, TMC concentration at 0.2 w/v%, and reaction time at 45 s. In addition, membrane performance was improved by incorporating functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) into the PES ultrafiltration substrate, enhancing hydrophilicity and porosity. The resulting PA NF membrane developed on a substrate containing 0.15 wt% f-MWCNT (TFNC) exhibited WP of 11.84 LMH/bar, surpassing the WP of the same NF membrane on an unloaded substrate (TFC) by approximately 20%, while maintaining nearly identical salt rejection levels. Salt rejection followed the order: Na2SO4 &gt; MgSO4 &gt; NaCl, suggesting Donnan-exclusion mechanisms primarily governed the separation process due to repulsion forces between the negatively charged membrane surface and anions.
THE EFFECT OF ACTIVE AND FUNCTIONAL EXERCISE TO IMPROVE FITNESS, BALANCE AND FLEXIBILITY IN ELDERLY
Authors: Rismayanthi Cerika , Prasetyo Yudik , Hastuti Tri Ani 
Published: August 2024

The elderly will become vulnerable, apart from not being equipped with basic knowledge of specific physical activities to overcome the storm of aging symptoms, especially if psychological support is very lacking, this will clearly burden the body and soul of the elderly. Innovation in physical exercise models for the elderly needs to bridge the void of varied exercise in suppressing aging which is a healthy spirit for the elderly. This study investigate how innovations in the influence of active and functional exercise can have a positive influence on reducing symptoms of degenerative diseases. Method: The research used a pre test and post test design. Instruments for measuring fitness include 30 second-Chair stand (number of stands), Chain Sit Reach (inches +/-), Back Scratch (inches +/-), 8-Foot Up Go (seconds). Analysis of statistical data calculations using normality, homogeneity and paired t-test. The effect of active training and functional exercise which aims to improve fitness (strength and balance) so that the elderly are motivated to do physical exercise with exercise levels that are appropriate to the elderly's abilities. Development of an exercise model that is carried out with light-moderate intensity, duration/time of exercise is not too long, only around 20 to 30 minutes, exercise intensity is light, very simple movements are carried out in three positions, namely sitting, standing and lying down (supine and prone). The training model carried out is also a form of coordination that is close to daily activities. The physical training model, active training and functional exercise, is stated to have an effect on improving physical fitness (with the results of data analysis with the help of SPSS. Based on the results of the paired t test and Wilcoxon, the overall p value (sig.) for all variables is 0.000. The significance value is 0.000 0.05, then there is a significant influence. Active and functional exercise models have been proven to have an effect on improving physical fitness. Active and functional exercise models are effective for improving physical fitness for the elderly.
Moral Intelligence –Theory and in Education
Authors: Dacka Monika 
Published: August 2024

Morality and intelligence influence various aspects of human life and action. They contribute to a certain stabilisation of a young person's functioning in a given society. The development and technological progress that is taking place is conducive to the development of young people, the satisfaction of certain needs, but it cannot guarantee the possibility of shaping basic values such as freedom, justice or responsibility. Currently, material and individualistic values are increasingly promoted. References to moral ideals based on truth, honesty and love, on the other hand, are less frequent. These are important when making future choices or decisions. A particularly important task today, in the face of various threats, addictions and value crises, is to shape the moral intelligence of young people. It involves having strong ethical and moral convictions and acting in accordance with them.
The purpose of this article is to introduce the concept of moral intelligence, to provide a definition and a conception of the research issue under consideration on a psychological level. It also shows some conditions of its formation during childhood and adolescence. The considerations undertaken in the article show the importance of moral intelligence in developing appropriate social attitudes, behaviour, acquiring moral principles, teaching responsibility, sensitivity to the suffering of others in adolescents.
The effect of e-service quality on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty: A study on mobile banking application in Indonesia
Authors: Beanning Lindsay , Zulkarnain  
Published: August 2024

In the current globalization, technology and information are one of the most rapidly developing aspects of world life. Technological advances facilitate customers and companies in many fields, one of which is in banking sector. Some banking transactions that can be done via the internet or online include fund transfers, payment of electricity/water bills and e-commerce, investment and top-up of credit/data packages. In the last 5 years from January 2018 to April 2023, digital banking transactions in Indonesia grew by 158% as, for instance, seen in the growth of BNI Mobile Banking users in February 2023 reaching 14.03 million users. This number jumped 25% (YoY) when compared to the same period of the previous year by 11.22 million users. The effectiveness and efficiency of e-service quality in facilitating online shopping, buying, and delivery processes define its interaction with services. This concept encompasses two main dimensions: utilitarian and hedonistic. The utilitarian aspect focuses on practical elements such as security, privacy, and user-friendliness, while the hedonistic dimension is more subjective and individualized, emphasizing the enjoyment and emotional satisfaction derived from the shopping experience, rather than merely accomplishing a task. This aspect highlights the potential for pleasure and emotional value in both the process of shopping and the use of purchased items. This research used the PLS-SEM approach. The results of the analysis in this study revealed a number of variables that can optimally improve e-service quality and customer loyalty for BNI mobile banking in Indonesia.