bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ACUTE BILATERAL SPONTANEOUS FOREARM COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
Authors: Dalton David M. , Munigangaiah Sudarshan , Subramaniam Tava , McCabe John P. 
Published: March 2014

Acute spontaneous compartment syndrome of the forearm is rarely reported in the literature. It is typically associated with trauma or thromboembolism in the acute setting and repetitive exertional stress in the chronic setting. However it is rare for it to present bilaterally with no apparent underlying cause. We report the case of a young 31-year-old lady who presented to our Emergency Department with bilateral compartment syndrome of the forearm. Her presenting complaints included acute severe pain and swelling of the forearms bilaterally, with a decreased range of movement of the wrist and fingers. She also complained of numbness in all fingers. She had no history of recent trauma and ultrasound scans showed no evidence of vascular compromise. Past medical history was notable only for idiopathic hypertension and coeliac disease. The patient was taken to theatre urgently where flexor and extensor compartments and carpal tunnel were decompressed. Pronator Teres was found to be dusky initially but turned pink after decompression. All other muscles were normal. An interesting fact of this case was that combination of the high compartment pressures and anaesthetic related hypotension caused the forearm pulses to become impalpable at induction, these returned intra-operatively. The patient has been seen in the outpatient department following discharge. She is well apart from some mildly reduced grip strength in her right hand likely due to carpal tunnel decompression. No cause was found for the scenario after extensive medical investigation.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A PROJECTILE PENETRATION INTO THE HUMAN HEAD VIA MESHLESS METHOD
Authors: PEKEDIS MAHMUT , YILDIZ HASAN 
Published: March 2014

In recent years, physicists, engineers and medical scientists have tried to demonstrate the biomechanics of gunshot wounds with numerical methods and experimental observations. Currently, the finite element method (FEM) is the most widely used numerical method among the studies related to ballistic wound injuries. However, when the FEM is used for the penetration analysis, the path of the projectile in the skull is subjected to extremely large deformations which will introduce errors due to distortion of elements. To overcome this error, the meshfree technique was established to simulate the gunshot wound as a preliminary study in which the skull was modeled by smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and the projectile was modeled by nondeformable rigid elements. In order to simulate a realistic penetration phenomenon, orthotropic material properties were defined for different regions (forehead, zygomatic and mandible) with material principal axis along the surface of the bones. Human response to the ballistics impacts were determined in terms of force occurring along the pathway of the bullet in the skull, residual velocity of the projectile and penetration depth. The obtained results were compared with the data reported in literature. As a result, mechanical behavior of the head under ballistic impacts simulated by the SPH, compared well with the results determined by the data given in literature, which indicates the applicability of the SPH method as a powerful technique in simulating different gunshot wound mechanisms.
Mechanical Discordance of the Left Atrium and Appendage
Authors: Warraich Haider J. , Gandhavadi Maheer , Manning Warren J. 
Published: March 2014

Background and Purpose—
Thromboembolism in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) has often been attributed to occult AF. We hypothesized that the surface ECG may not always reflect left atrial appendage (LAA) mechanical function.

Methods—
Transesophageal echocardiographic images from 201 consecutive patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiography by a single operator were reviewed. LAA pulse wave Doppler phenotype, ECG rhythm, and mitral valve motion for rhythm of the body of the left atrium and the electronic medical record were reviewed by 3 blinded, independent observers.

Results—

Of 201 patients (63.4±15 years; 61% men) undergoing transesophageal echocardiography, 15 (7.5%) demonstrated LA–LAA discordance including 7 (3.5%) with a sinus rhythm ECG/mitral valve motion and an AF LAA pulse wave Doppler phenotype. Of 24 patients with a clinical history of AF but sinus rhythm ECG, 25% demonstrated a discordant AF LAA pulse wave Doppler phenotype. Compared with concordant AF, the AF discordant group had greater CHA2DS2-VASc (CHADS2, vascular disease, age, sex category;
P
=0.008) and lower LAA ejection velocity (
P
=0.02).

Conclusions—
A quarter of patients with paroxysmal AF demonstrate a prothrombotic AF LAA pulse wave Doppler phenotype, despite concurrent sinus rhythm ECG. These findings provide a novel explanation for ongoing thromboembolism in the paroxysmal AF population, despite apparent ECG maintenance of sinus rhythm.
Effects of fasting and re-feeding on energy metabolism and thermogenesis in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri)
Authors: Gao Wen-rong , Zhu Wan-long , Zhang Di , Sun Shu-ran , Wang Zheng-kun 
Published: March 2014

To investigate the effect of fasting and re-feeding on energy metabolism and thermogenesis in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri), the changes in body mass and body fat mass, resting metabolic rate (RMR), non-shivering thermogenesis (NST), body composition, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity in liver and brown adipose tissue (BAT), uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) content of BAT, serum leptin level and post-fasting food intake were monitored and measured. The results showed that fasting induced a significant reduction in body mass and body fat mass. Body mass was restored to the control level in re-feeding tree shrew except for the body fat. RMR and NST decreased significantly in response to fasting, and returned to the control level after re-feeding. Fasting induced significant reduction in total, but not specific, COX activity (nmol O2/min/total tissue) in liver and BAT, and UCP1 content in BAT, which was reversed after re-feeding 48 h. Fasting of 12 h induced a rapid reduction in serum leptin content. There were no post-fasting compensatory increases in food intake. Interestingly, the tree shrew did not recover adipose tissue mass, nor serum leptin levels, upon re-feeding. These results suggest that T. belangeri can adjust the status of its physiology integratively to cope with the lack of food by means of decreasing body mass, adaptive thermogenesis and serum leptin levels, and serum leptin level acted as a starvation signal to mediate predominantly the reduction in body mass and energy expenditure.
Responsiveness or Influence? Whom to Lobby in International Climate Change Negotiations
Authors: Betzold Carola 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
This article analyzes the lobbying behavior of nongovernmental organizations (ngos) during international climate change negotiations.2 With limited resources, these ngos need to strategically invest their resources to maximize impact. A key decision concerns the target of lobbying efforts: Whom do ngos lobby, and why? Two possible explanations are contrasted: influence and responsiveness. Accordingly, ngos can focus on responsive targets that are likely to bring ngo input to the table or they can focus on influential targets whose voice is heard at the negotiation table. These two explanations are tested using data from a survey of ngos active in international climate change negotiations. I find that ngos strategically target their lobbying efforts, approaching both responsive and, more importantly, influential delegations. However, given that ngos primarily contact their home delegation, as well as the president of the negotiation session, further information on the nature and content of contacts between ngos and government delegations is necessary for understanding ngo-government interactions in international climate change negotiations.
Negotiation Breakthrough Analysis: The Case of Climate Negotiations
Authors: Bjola Corneliu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe article addresses an important gap in the literature on climate negotiations, namely, the question of breakthroughs: what exactly counts as breakthroughs in climate negotiations, how do you measure them empirically, and what practical implications do they have for the negotiation process? To address these questions, the article draws on market trading theory and develops a framework of negotiation breakthrough analysis for defining, recognizing and measuring negotiation breakthroughs. The article argues that breakthroughs in climate negotiations occur when the outcomes breach the resistance or support level of parties’ expectations regarding the results of climate talks. It concludes with a discussion of the broader contributions that technical analysis can make to the theory and practice of international negotiations.
The Role of the Protestant Church in the US Refugee Resettlement Program during the Early Cold War Era: The Methodist Case
Authors: Chiba Hiromi 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The active involvement of Christian churches in the us refugee resettlement program originated and evolved soon after World War ii. Refugee relief was an instrument of America’s Cold War strategy. At the same time, the humanitarian and missionary impulses of American churches, which were at work independent of the diplomatic cause, provided impetus for their relief activities. While the state created the legislative framework, churches played a leading part in arranging and implementing the resettlement, sometimes lobbying and negotiating with the government. This paper, through a focus on the Methodist experience, examines how the American Protestant church reacted to the massive refugee problem, and discusses the missiology behind its participation in the resettlement program. Historical records reveal that the churches sponsored a sizable number of refugees with different traditions or faiths, encouraging a multicultural attitude leading to a more pluralistic identity. Sponsorship meant a test to follow a call to good neighborliness. This study thus rediscovers and assesses missions’ contribution to this internationalist endeavor.
Refugees as Guests and Hosts: Towards a Theology of Mission among Refugees and Asylum Seekers
Authors: Langmead Ross 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
This article aims to develop a theology of mission in the context of refugees and asylum seekers, using the Australian situation as an illustration. It suggests that hospitality is the most appropriate approach to such a theology of mission. Ten dimensions of hospitality are explored: defense of human rights, political action, settlement assistance, sanctuary, being welcoming multicultural churches, intercultural learning, interfaith dialogue, awareness of the ethics of welcome, meals and personal friendship, and openness to a transforming divine presence.
Bronchial Artery Pseudoaneurysm as an Unsuspected Cause of Hemoptysis in a Pediatric Patient
Authors: Patel Rusha , Uchida Derek , Feola G. Peter , Meier Jeremy D. 
Published: March 2014

Objective: Hemoptysis in the pediatric population may be caused by foreign body aspiration, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, or infection. Vascular causes are uncommon. We present a rare cause of hemoptysis related to a bronchial artery pseudoaneurysm. Methods: We report the case of a child with a bronchial artery pseudoaneurysm causing hemoptysis and describe the clinical evaluation, treatment, and outcome. Results: A 12-year-old girl presented to a tertiary children’s hospital with a history of daily, intermittent, moderate-volume hemoptysis. Rigid bronchoscopy showed a fresh clot occluding the right bronchus intermedius. Computed tomography angiogram was concerning for mild external vascular compression of the right mainstem bronchus. A bronchial arteriogram showed a right mid-bronchial pseudoaneurysm, which was embolized without complication. On repeat bronchoscopy, thrombus was removed from the bronchus intermedius with no new active bleeding. The patient was discharged in stable condition and did not have any more episodes of hemoptysis. Additional medical work-up did not reveal another source of the patient’s bleeding. Conclusion: Hemoptysis in the pediatric population can be inflammatory, infectious, or due to systemic disease. Although extremely rare, bronchial artery pseudoaneurysm should be considered in cases of moderate to severe intermittent hemoptysis without another identifiable cause. Bronchial angiography can be both diagnostic and therapeutic.
Compensatory Laryngeal Function and Airway Protection in Children Following Airway Reconstruction
Authors: Miller Claire Kane , Kelchner Lisa N. , de Alarcon Alessandro , Willging J. Paul 
Published: March 2014

Objectives: Laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) procedures for repair of complex congenital or acquired airway stenosis of the larynx and/or trachea in pediatric patients have advanced over recent decades. The aim of the present project was to investigate the relationships among diagnoses, type of surgical intervention, and laryngeal findings in a post-LTR patient cohort to identify factors associated with adequate airway protection and swallowing outcomes. Methods: A retrospective review of 30 airway patients undergoing simultaneous or close interval functional laryngeal and swallowing examinations was completed. Analyses of the data were performed to examine factors associated with postoperative airway protection and swallowing function. The patient cohort was separated into 2 groups according to the adequacy of their airway protection (aspiration and no aspiration) as judged by clinicians via instrumental examination. Results: Data analyses revealed statistically significant differences between the 2 groups for 3 key parameters: laryngeal closure, laryngeal closure timeliness (relative to bolus flow), and overall swallowing coordination. Conclusions: These findings contribute to the knowledge of laryngeal closure patterns present in patients undergoing airway reconstruction and the effect on the essential laryngeal function of airway protection during swallowing. Implications of the data for swallowing function in this population are discussed.
Vocal Process Granulomas
Authors: Karkos Petros D. , George Michael , Van Der Veen Jan , Atkinson Helen , Dwivedi Raghav C. , Kim Dae , Repanos Costa 
Published: March 2014

Objectives: Vocal process granulomas (VPGs) are benign laryngeal lesions with controversial treatment and a tendency to recur. There are several treatment options with unpredictable results, high recurrence rates, and disappointing long-term outcome. The aims of this article are to focus on evidence-based current treatment strategies for primary lesions and recurrences. Data Sources: The data came from a systematic review of the literature. Methods: Main outcome measures were recurrence rate, reduction, and/or complete resolution. Inclusion criteria included English literature, randomized and nonrandomized trials, prospective and retrospective studies, and primary and recurrent cases. Exclusion criteria included case reports, teaching reviews, and papers not focusing on treatment. Results: The time frame of the included studies was from 1997 to 2012. There are 6 different treatment options (single or combined) for VPG. Antireflux medication is the mainstay treatment and when combined with lifestyle changes and voice therapy results in the lowest recurrence rate. “Bloodless” in-office or in-theater laser techniques appear to have lower recurrence rates when compared to traditional cold steel microlaryngoscopy techniques, especially for recurrences. Conclusions: There is level 2A evidence that antireflux treatment is the main treatment strategy for vocal process granulomas with surgery reserved only for failures of medical treatment or airway obstruction or when diagnosis is in doubt.
Retrograde Air Escape via the Nasolacrimal System
Authors: Singh Narinder Pal , Walker Robbie James Eades , Cowan Fiona , Davidson Arthur Craig , Roberts David Newton 
Published: March 2014

Background: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the gold standard treatment for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Eye-related side effects of CPAP are commonly attributed to a poorly sealed mask, allowing leaked air to blow over the eye. Cases: We present 3 cases where attended polysomnography (A-PSG) demonstrated CPAP-associated retrograde air escape via the nasolacrimal system (CRANS) in the absence of any mask leaks. Symptoms included dry eye, epiphora, air escape from the medial canthus, and eyelid flutter. Symptoms were controlled with a variety of surgical and nonsurgical techniques. Conclusions: CRANS represents a previously undescribed clinical entity. CRANS may be responsible for some CPAP-related eye side effects and possibly for rarer secondary eye complications, including conjunctivitis and corneal ulceration. CRANS should be suspected in any patient on CPAP complaining of eye symptoms. CRANS may be diagnosed through careful observation during A-PSG and confirmed by performing a “saline bubble test.” Management options include nonsurgical (mask alternatives, humidification, nasopharyngeal airway) and surgical techniques (nasal airway surgery, inferior turbinate out-fracture and adhesion, injection of bulking agent around Hasner’s valve).
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Curcumin in Experimentally Induced Acute Otitis Media in Rats
Authors: Birdane Leman , Muluk Nuray Bayar , Cingi Cemal , Burukoglu Dilek , Fidan Vural , İncesulu Armagan 
Published: March 2014

Objectives: We investigated the effect of curcumin (CMN) in the treatment of experimentally induced acute otitis media (AOM) in rats. Method: Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley female rats were used, yielding 64 temporal bones. Group 1 was the control group. For groups 2 to 4, AOM was induced experimentally, and saline, antibiotics (sulbactam-ampicillin), or CMN were administered for 14 days to groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively. During the histological examination, thickening of the tympanic membrane, damage to the epithelium, inflammation, and sclerosis were evaluated. Results: The AOM+antibiotic and AOM+CMN groups exhibited reduced histological damage compared with the AOM+saline group. No significant differences in thickening of the tympanic membrane or damage to the epithelium or inflammation were observed between the AOM+antibiotic and the AOM+CMN groups. However, the sclerosis values of the AOM+CMN group were significantly lower than those of the AOM+antibiotic group. Conclusion: CMN treatment resulted in similar effects on the experimentally induced AOM model as did the antibiotic treatment. The efficacy of this treatment may be related to its effects on the production of various inflammatory cytokines. In light of the worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance and the mild side effects of CMN, we suggest that CMN therapy may be a promising option in AOM treatment.
Institutional facilities in national health research systems in sub-Saharan African countries: results of a questionnaire-based survey
Authors: Kebede Derege , Zielinski Chris , Mbondji Peter Ebongue , Sanou Issa , Kouvividila Wenceslas , Lusamba-Dikassa Paul-Samson 
Published: March 2014

Objective To describe the current status of institutional facilities and the supporting research infrastructure of surveyed health research institutions in Africa, including information on communication technologies and connectivity, library resources, and laboratory operations and resources. Design A structured questionnaire was used to solicit information on institutional facilities at health research institutions. Setting Health research institutions in 42 sub-Saharan African countries. Participants Key informants from 847 health research institutions. Main outcome measures The availability of laboratory, information and communication, and library facilities in health research institutions. Results Less than half of the respondent health research institutions had computer laboratories (49%), network computers (50%) and information technology support (38%). More than two-thirds (67%) had a library. Electronic subscriptions to international journals were observed to be very low, with an average of three subscriptions per institution. Almost two-thirds of the surveyed institutions (69%) reported having laboratories, about half of which (55%) were accredited nationally. Linkages and research collaborations were generally weak, particularly those with other laboratories in the Region. Challenges included financial and human resource constraints and the inability to communicate effectively with partners. Conclusions Health research institutions in the Region have insufficient access to essential facilities such as laboratories, libraries, computers and the Internet to generate, access and share information.
Clinicopathological and surgical experience with primary cardiac tumors
Authors: Barnes Hayley , Conaglen Paul , Russell Prue , Newcomb Andrew 
Published: March 2014

Background Intracardiac tumors are rare neoplasms that present with clinical features of obstruction, embolization, conduction disturbances, and constitutional symptoms. Complete surgical resection under cardiopulmonary bypass offers the best prospect of disease-free survival. Methods Data of 30 consecutive patients who underwent resection of an intracardiac mass at St. Vincent’s Hospital from 1990 to 2012 were reviewed. Results The patients presented with dyspnea (33%), palpitations or arrhythmias (20%), and recurrent pulmonary edema (6%). There was a history of embolic stroke in 46%. Intracardiac masses were identified using preoperative echocardiography. Resection was performed on cardiopulmonary bypass via a modified Dubost (superior transseptal) approach in 78%, a left atriotomy in 11%, and a biatrial approach in 5%. Twenty-eight (93%) masses were identified as neoplastic, predominantly myxomas (62%). There was no mortality at 30 days. On long-term follow-up (mean 9 years, range 1–19 years) there were 5 deaths; 83% of patients were still alive. Conclusions Cardiac tumors are rare and an important differential diagnosis in the context of unexplained obstructive symptoms, emboli, and conduction abnormalities. Myxomas are the most common cardiac neoplasm. Solid tumors are more common, more likely to be associated with heart failure, and best excised in one whole part, whereas papillary tumors are more likely to be associated with neurological symptoms, and more likely to be resected by piecemeal removal. Prompt and complete resection under cardiopulmonary bypass is the safest approach.