bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aspiration Induced by Remifentanil
Authors: Savilampi Johanna , Ahlstrand Rebecca , Magnuson Anders , Geijer Håkan , Wattwil Magnus 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background:
Remifentanil is widely used for monitored anesthesia care in spontaneously breathing patients. However, the authors’ previous studies have shown that remifentanil induces subjective swallowing difficulties, which may increase the risk of aspiration.

Methods:
Twenty-five healthy volunteers participated in a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial at the University Hospital in Örebro, Örebro, Sweden. The volunteers were studied on two different occasions during which they received either remifentanil with an effect-site target concentration of 3 ng/ml or saline over 1 h. A radionuclide tracer was infused simultaneously into the nasopharynx at a rate of 0.1 ml/min. Aspiration was determined by lung scans, and subjective swallowing difficulties and grip strength were evaluated. The primary outcome was the difference in occurrence of aspiration between remifentanil and placebo treatments. The secondary outcomes were differences in swallowing difficulty and grip strength and the association between aspiration and swallowing difficulty.

Results:
During remifentanil and placebo infusion, 48 and 12% of the volunteers aspirated, respectively, difference: 36% (95% CI, 10 to 62%). A similar significant difference was found for swallowing difficulties but not for the association between aspiration and swallowing. No difference was found in grip strength between the two treatments.

Conclusions:
Remifentanil infusion at concentrations used in monitored anesthesia care increases the incidence of aspiration. However, the subjective swallowing difficulty induced by remifentanil is not indicative of the aspiration risk.
Long-term Application of Glycine Transporter Inhibitors Acts Antineuropathic and Modulates Spinal N-methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Subunit NR-1 Expression in Rats
Authors: Barthel Franziska , Urban Andrea , Schlösser Lukas , Eulenburg Volker , Werdehausen Robert , Brandenburger Timo , Aragon Carmen , Bauer Inge , Hermanns Henning 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background:
Dysfunction of spinal glycinergic neurotransmission is a major pathogenetic factor in neuropathic pain. The synaptic glycine concentration is controlled by the two glycine transporters (GlyT) 1 and 2. GlyT inhibitors act antinociceptive in various animal pain models when applied as bolus. Yet, in some studies, severe neuromotor side effects were reported. The aim of the current study was to elucidate whether continuous inhibition of GlyT ameliorates neuropathic pain without side effects and whether protein expression of GlyT1, GlyT2, or N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit NR-1 in the spinal cord is affected.

Methods:
In the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain, male Wistar rats received specific GlyT1 and GlyT2 inhibitors (ALX5407 and ALX1393; Sigma-Aldrich®, St. Louis, MO) or vehicle for 14 days via subcutaneous osmotic infusion pumps (n = 6). Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed before, after chronic constriction injury, and every 2 days during substance application. At the end of behavioral assessment, the expression of GlyT1, GlyT2, and NR-1 in the spinal cord was determined by Western blot analysis.

Results:
Both ALX5407 and ALX1393 ameliorated thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Respiratory or neuromotor side effects were not observed. NR-1 expression in the ipsilateral spinal cord was significantly reduced by ALX5407, but not by ALX1393. The expression of GlyT1 and GlyT2 remained unchanged.

Conclusions:
Continuous systemic inhibition of GlyT significantly ameliorates neuropathic pain in rats. Thus, GlyT represent promising targets in pain research. Modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor expression might represent a novel mechanism for the antinociceptive action of GyT1 inhibitors.
Systems Analysis of Guard Cell Membrane Transport for Enhanced Stomatal Dynamics and Water Use Efficiency
Authors: Wang Yizhou , Hills Adrian , Blatt Michael R. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Stomatal transpiration is at the center of a crisis in water availability and crop production that is expected to unfold over the next 20 to 30 years. Global water usage has increased 6-fold in the past 100 years, twice as fast as the human population, and is expected to double again before 2030, driven mainly by irrigation and agriculture. Guard cell membrane transport is integral to controlling stomatal aperture and offers important targets for genetic manipulation to improve crop performance. However, its complexity presents a formidable barrier to exploring such possibilities. With few exceptions, mutations that increase water use efficiency commonly have been found to do so with substantial costs to the rate of carbon assimilation, reflecting the trade-off in CO2 availability with suppressed stomatal transpiration. One approach yet to be explored in detail relies on quantitative systems analysis of the guard cell. Our deep knowledge of transport and homeostasis in these cells gives real substance to the prospect for reverse engineering of stomatal responses, using in silico design in directing genetic manipulation for improved water use and crop yields. Here we address this problem with a focus on stomatal kinetics, taking advantage of the OnGuard software and models of the stomatal guard cell recently developed for exploring stomatal physiology. Our analysis suggests that manipulations of single transporter populations are likely to have unforeseen consequences. Channel gating, especially of the dominant K+ channels, appears the most favorable target for experimental manipulation.
Peer‐Reviewed Forensic Consultation in Practice: Multidisciplinary Oversight in Common Expertise
Authors: Welner Michael , Davey Emily E. , Bernstein Adam 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe fallibility of forensic science consultation is an ongoing and major justice concern. Prospective peer‐reviewed forensic consultation has over 10 years of application in American criminal and civil courts, adapting from the traditional oversight of teaching hospitals, rules of evidence and discovery, conventions of testimony of expert witnesses, and attorneys' overall trial strategy. In systematizing heightened oversight, this process ensures greater accountability in forensic science consultation. The integration of peer reviewers' complementary expertise and experience enhances the sophistication and overall quality of assessment. Forensic examination frequently involves the interface of different specialties. Multidisciplinary peer review augments expert proficiency with that of professional peers having different vantage points from relevant scientific disciplines. This approach ensures greater sophistication of a case inquiry, built‐in accountability, and streamlined processes when multiple experts are necessitated. Here, the authors present examples of several cases and the primary and secondary benefits of this collaborative, rigorous, cross‐disciplinary exercise.
Comparing hands‐on and video training for postpartum hemorrhage management
Authors: Nilsson Cecilia , Sørensen Bjarke Lund , Sørensen Jette Led 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe objective was to compare two teaching methods for postpartum hemorrhage management: interactive hands‐on training and non‐interactive video training. In a controlled intervention study at a secondary health care center in Kenya, the two training methods, based on the Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics curriculum, were evaluated utilizing structured observation of a standardized scenario before and after training. Both intervention groups significantly increased in performance scores after receiving hands‐on training: 40% (95% CI 29.5–47.0) and video training: 34.5% (95% CI 25.0–42.0); likewise, pass rates improved significantly. No significant differences in performance score or pass rates were found between the two methods. The findings indicate that postpartum hemorrhage management training by mobile media might be just as effective as conventional hands‐on training and a feasible way to overcome the outreach gap in sub‐Saharan Africa's rural areas, where peripheral health facilities are generally difficult to reach with conventional training programs.
The prevalence of inflammatory sacroiliitis assessed on magnetic resonance imaging of inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective study performed on 186 patients
Authors: Leclerc‐Jacob S. , Lux G. , Rat A. C. , Laurent V. , Blum A. , Chary‐Valckenaere I. , Peyrin‐Biroulet L. , Loeuille D. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryBackgroundMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) colonography or enterography is increasingly used to assess disease activity and complications in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, no study has evaluated the role of this imaging technique to assess sacroiliitis.AimThe primary objective was to assess the prevalence of inflammatory sacroiliitis on MRI performed for IBD investigation. The secondary aim was to elucidate clinico‐biological factors associated with the presence of sacroiliitis.MethodsThis study was performed on 186 patients suffering from IBD followed in a gastroenterology department between 2004 and 2011: 131 with Crohn's disease and 55 with ulcerative colitis. Clinico‐biological and endoscopic data were collected and MR enterography or colonography was performed to assess IBD activity on axial and coronal fat suppressed injected T1‐weighted sequences. On MRI, sacroiliitis was scored blindly by two independent readers according to ASAS (Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society) criteria.ResultsThe prevalence of inflammatory sacroiliitis was 16.7% (n = 31). Sacroiliitis was bilateral in 14 cases and unilateral in 17 cases. The sacroiliac joints were considered normal in 144 cases and doubtful in 11 cases. Older age and female gender were significantly associated with the presence of sacroiliitis. Other factors such as type of IBD, disease duration and localisation of IBD, surgery history, biological inflammation, bowel disease activity and treatment were not associated with sacroiliitis.ConclusionInflammatory sacroiliitis was evidenced by MRI in 16.7% in patients suffering from IBD. Added to clinico‐biological data, MRI analysis should contribute to an earlier diagnosis of axial spondylarthritis in patients with IBD.
Assessing long‐term fish responses and short‐term solutions to flow regulation in a dryland river basin
Authors: Pool Thomas K. , Olden Julian D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWater resource development and non‐native species have been cited as primary drivers associated with the decline of native fishes in dryland rivers. To explore this topic, long‐term trends in the fish community composition of the Bill Williams River basin were studied over a 30‐year period (Arizona, USA). We sampled 31 sites throughout the basin that were included in fish surveys by Arizona Game and Fish in 1994–97 and the Bureau of Land Management in 1979–80. We found that non‐native species have proliferated throughout the entire basin, with greater densities in the lower elevations. Native species have persisted throughout most of the major river segments, but have experienced significant declines in frequency of occurrence and abundance in areas also containing high abundances of non‐native species. Next, we assessed the short‐term response of the fish assemblage to an experimental flood event from the system's only dam (i.e. Alamo Dam). In response to the flood, we observed a short‐term reduction in the abundance of non‐native species in sites close to the dam, but the fish assemblage returned to its preflood composition within 8 days of the event, with the exception of small‐bodied fish, which sustained lower postflood densities. Our findings demonstrate the importance of natural flow regime on the balance of native and non‐native species at the basin scale within dryland rivers and highlight minimal effects on non‐native fishes in response to short duration flood releases below dams.
International online survey to assess current practice in equine anaesthesia
Authors: Wohlfender F. D. , Doherr M. G. , Driessen B. , Hartnack S. , Johnston G. M. , Bettschart‐Wolfensberger R. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyMulticentre Confidential Enquiries into Perioperative Equine Fatalities (CEPEF) have not been conducted since the initial CEPEF Phases 1–3, 20 years ago.ObjectivesTo collect data on current practice in equine anaesthesia and to recruit participants for CEPEF‐4.Study designOnline questionnaire survey.MethodsAn online questionnaire was prepared and the link distributed internationally to veterinarians possibly performing equine anaesthesia, using emails, posters, flyers and an editorial. The questionnaire included 52 closed, semiclosed and open questions divided into 8 subgroups: demographic data, anaesthetist, anaesthesia management (preoperative, technical equipment, monitoring, drugs, recovery), areas of improvements and risks and motivation for participation in CEPEF‐4. Descriptive statistics and Chi‐squared tests for comparison of categorical variables were performed.ResultsA total of 199 questionnaires were completed by veterinarians from 14 different countries. Of the respondents, 43% worked in private hospitals, 36% in private practices and 21% in university teaching hospitals. In 40 institutions (23%) there was at least one diplomate of the European or American colleges of veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia on staff. Individual respondents reported routinely employ the following anaesthesia monitoring modalities: electrocardiography (80%), invasive arterial blood pressures (70%), pulse oximetry (60%), capnography (55%), arterial blood gases (47%), composition of inspired and expired gases (45%) and body temperature (35%). Drugs administered frequently or routinely as part of a standard protocol were: acepromazine (44%), xylazine (68%), butorphanol (59%), ketamine (96%), diazepam (83%), isoflurane (76%), dobutamine (46%), and, as a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, phenylbutazone (73%) or flunixin meglumine (66%). Recovery was routinely assisted by 40%. The main factors perceived by the respondents to affect outcome of equine anaesthesia were the preoperative health status of the animal and training of the anaesthetist.ConclusionsCurrent practice in equine anaesthesia varies widely, and the study has highlighted important topics relevant for designing a future prospective multicentre cohort study (CEPEF‐4).The Summary is available in Chinese – see Supporting information.
Validation of the Spanish version of the 9‐item Shared Decision‐Making Questionnaire
Authors: De las Cuevas Carlos , Perestelo‐Perez Lilisbeth , Rivero‐Santana Amado , Cebolla‐Martí Ausiàs , Scholl Isabelle , Härter Martin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo translate and assess the psychometric properties of the 9‐item Shared Decision‐Making Questionnaire (SDM‐Q‐9) for measuring patients' perceptions of how clinicians' performance fits the SDM process.DesignCross‐sectional study.Setting and ParticipantsData were collected in primary care health centres. Patients suffering from chronic diseases and facing a medical decision were included in the study.MeasurementsThe original German SDM‐Q‐9 was translated to Spanish using the process of cross‐cultural adaptation of self‐reported measures as the methodological model for Spanish translation. Reliability (internal consistency) and construct validity [exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)] were assessed.ResultsThe final Spanish version of the SDM‐Q‐9 was tested in a primary care sample of 540 patients. The SDM‐Q‐9 presented adequate reliability and acceptable validity. Internal consistency yielded a Cronbach's alpha of 0.885 for the whole scale. EFA showed a two‐factorial solution, and for the CFA, the best solution was obtained with a one‐dimensional factor with the item 1 excluded, which produced the best indexes of fit.Discussion and ConclusionsThe Spanish version of the SDM‐Q‐9 showed adequate reliability and acceptable validity parameters among primary care patients. The SDM‐Q‐9 is suitable for use in Spain and other Spanish‐speaking countries with similarly organized health‐care systems. The use of the SDM‐Q‐9 may contribute to the evaluation of SDM process from the patient's perspective.
Origins and Transformations. Recent Historiography on the Nobility in the Medieval Low Countries I
Authors: van Steensel Arie 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe medieval Low Countries are not usually associated with nobility and knighthood, but historical research in the past decades has proven that they should be. This series of essays gives a historiographical overview of the recent literature on the nobility in the medieval Low Countries and links it with major international debates on the subject. This first of the three sections into which this survey is organised deals with the origins and evolution of the nobility, knighthood and ministeriality during the central Middle Ages. The early history of the nobility in the medieval Low Countries would benefit from trans‐regional approaches in order to understand general patterns of development and regional peculiarities, and would offer an opportunity to confront different historiographical traditions by making comparisons with other European regions.
“Neoclassical Architecture in Spanish Colonial America: A Negotiated Modernity”
Authors: Niell Paul 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe neoclassical style in Spanish Colonial architecture in the Americas emerged in the late 18th century under the impact of the reforms of the Bourbon monarchy. While subdued ornament, strict geometry, and Greco‐Roman revival motifs characterize this style internationally, few studies examine neoclassical architecture's translation in the Spanish Americas. Scholars such as Manuel Toussaint, George Kubler, and Jean Charlot have associated the Royal Academy of San Carlos with neoclassicism and a shifting away from prevalent baroque aesthetics. Yet neoclassicism's interplay with previous baroque idioms in the Spanish Americas calls into question its functions in colonial society, its reception by period audiences, and local impacts on international forms. Furthermore, the specific roles that neoclassicism played in projects of imperial reform and its negotiation by American societies requires revisionist approaches to the topic.
Culture, Class, and Revolution in China's Turbulent Decade: A Cultural Revolution State of the Field
Authors: Ho Denise Y. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis article surveys the recent scholarship on China's Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) from a variety of disciplines. It selects three keywords – culture, class, and revolution – and shows how contemporary research has reframed our understanding of each concept. Studies of culture argue that Cultural Revolution culture was an integral part of China's 20th century project of modernization, examinations of class challenge the role of class status in explaining action while offering new frameworks for understanding class, and analyses of the “revolution” in the Cultural Revolution question how we locate it within the history of 20th century China.
Critical role of the endogenous interferon ligand–receptors in type I and type II interferons response
Authors: Lasfar Ahmed , Cook Jeffry R. , Cohen Solal Karine A. , Reuhl Kenneth , Kotenko Sergei V. , Langer Jerome A. , Laskin Debra L. 
Published: March 2014

SummarySeparate ligand–receptor paradigms are commonly used for each type of interferon (IFN). However, accumulating evidence suggests that type I and type II IFNs may not be restricted to independent pathways. Using different cell types deficient in IFNAR1, IFNAR2, IFNGR1, IFNGR2 and IFN‐γ, we evaluated the contribution of each element of the IFN system to the activity of type I and type II IFNs. We show that deficiency in IFNAR1 or IFNAR2 is associated with impairment of type II IFN activity. This impairment, presumably resulting from the disruption of the ligand–receptor complex, is obtained in all cell types tested. However, deficiency of IFNGR1, IFNGR2 or IFN‐γ was associated with an impairment of type I IFN activity in spleen cells only, correlating with the constitutive expression of type II IFN (IFN‐γ) observed on those cells. Therefore, in vitro the constitutive expression of both the receptors and the ligands of type I or type II IFN is critical for the enhancement of the IFN activity. Any IFN deficiency can totally or partially impair IFN activity, suggesting the importance of type I and type II IFN interactions. Taken together, our results suggest that type I and type II IFNs may regulate biological activities through distinct as well as common IFN receptor complexes.
Psychological and Biological Processes in Children Associated with High Conflict Parental Divorce
Authors: Davidson Ryan D. , O'Hara Karey L. , Beck Connie J. A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSeveral factors impact a child's adjustment after a parental divorce; a well‐established one is the level of parental conflict during and after a divorce. Research is beginning to investigate the biological mechanisms that may be impacted by childhood trauma in general and parental high conflict specifically. This paper reviews the existing research concerning the relationship between exposure to high parental conflict/trauma and the biological stress response system (the hypothalamic‐pituitary adrenocortical axis and the sympathetic nervous system), sleep, and psychological maladjustment. We propose a conceptual model linking biological and psychological responses and discuss suggestions for future research.