bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting malicious activities with user‐agent‐based profiles
Authors: Zhang Yang , Mekky Hesham , Zhang Zhi‐Li , Torres Ruben , Lee Sung‐Ju , Tongaonkar Alok , Mellia Marco 
Published: July 2015

SummaryHypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) has become the main protocol to carry out malicious activities. Attackers typically use HTTP for communication with command‐and‐control servers, click fraud, phishing and other malicious activities, as they can easily hide among the large amount of benign HTTP traffic. The user‐agent (UA) field in the HTTP header carries information on the application, operating system (OS), device, and so on, and adversaries fake UA strings as a way to evade detection. Motivated by this, we propose a novel grammar‐guided UA string classification method in HTTP flows. We leverage the fact that a number of ‘standard’ applications, such as web browsers and iOS mobile apps, have well‐defined syntaxes that can be specified using context‐free grammars, and we extract OS, device and other relevant information from them. We develop association heuristics to classify UA strings that are generated by ‘non‐standard’ applications that do not contain OS or device information. We provide a proof‐of‐concept system that demonstrates how our approach can be used to identify malicious applications that generate fake UA strings to engage in fraudulent activities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metformin effects on biochemical recurrence and metabolic signaling in the prostate
Authors: Winters Brian , Plymate Stephen , Zeliadt Steven B. , Holt Sarah , Zhang Xiaotun , Hu Elaine , Lin Daniel W. , Morrissey Colm , Wooldridge Bryan , Gore John L. , Porter Michael P. , Wright Jonathan L. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundMetformin has received considerable attention as a potential anti‐cancer agent. Animal and in‐vitro prostate cancer (PCa) models have demonstrated decreased tumor growth with metformin, however the precise mechanisms are unknown. We examine the effects of metformin on PCa biochemical recurrence (BCR) in a large clinical database followed by evaluating metabolic signaling changes in a cohort of men undergoing prostate needle biopsy (PNB).MethodsMen treated for localized PCa were identified in a comprehensive clinical database between 2001 and 2010. Cox regression was performed to determine association with BCR relative to metformin use. We next identified a separate case‐control cohort of men undergoing prostate needle biopsy (PNB) stratified by metformin use. Differences in mean IHC scores were compared with linear regression for phosphorylated IR, IGF‐IR, AKT, and AMPK.ResultsOne thousand seven hundred and thirty four men were evaluated for BCR with mean follow up of 41 months (range 1–121 months). “Ever” metformin use was not associated with BCR (HR 1.12, 0.77–1.65), however men reporting both pre/post‐treatment metformin use had a 45% reduction in BCR (HR = 0.55 (0.31–0.96)). For the tissue‐based study, 48 metformin users and 42 controls underwent PNB. Significantly greater staining in phosphorylated nuclear (p‐IR, p‐AKT) and cytoplasmic (p‐IR, p‐IGF‐1R) insulin signaling proteins were seen in patients with PCa detected compared to those with negative PNB (P‐values all <0.006). When stratified by metformin use, IGF‐1R remained significantly elevated (P = 0.01) in men with PCa detected whereas p‐AMPK (P = 0.05) was elevated only in those without PCa.ConclusionMetformin use is associated with reduced BCR after treatment of localized PCa when considering pre‐diagnostic and cumulative dosing. In men with cancer detected on PNB, insulin signaling markers were significantly elevated compared to negative PNB patients. The finding of IGF‐1R elevation in positive PNBs versus p‐AMPK elevation in negative PNBs suggests altered metabolic pathway activation precipitated by metformin use. Prostate 75:1694–1703, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring retailers' ordering decisions under delays
Authors: Villa Sebastián , Gonçalves Paulo , Arango Santiago 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWhen final customer demand exceeds available supply, retailers often hedge against shortages by inflating orders to their suppliers. While this amplification in orders is clearly described in the literature, there is little experimental research quantifying the factors influencing these amplifications. We use an experiment to test subjects’ ordering decisions under different ordering and supplier's capacity acquisition delays. Subjects in the experiment display limited ability to process the impact of delays and feedback. The order trajectories follow a pattern of overshoot and subsequent undershoot until reaching an equilibrium. However, the initial overshoot is less intense and lasts longer than the optimal behavior, when subjects face longer delays. In addition, subjects inflate their orders when the supplier faces longer capacity acquisition delays and when orders take longer to be perceived by the supplier. Econometric estimates show that the proposed anchoring and adjustment heuristic is a possible heuristic for explaining subjects’ ordering behavior. Copyright © 2015 System Dynamics Society
Ice detection on wind turbines using the observed power curve
Authors: Davis Neil N. , Byrkjedal Øyvind , Hahmann Andrea N. , Clausen Niels‐Erik , Žagar Mark 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIcing on the blades of a wind turbine can lead to significant production losses during the winter months for wind parks in cold climate regions. However, there is no standard way of identifying ice‐induced power loss. This paper describes three methods for creating power threshold curves that can be used to separate iced production periods from non‐iced production periods. The first approach relies on a percentage deviation from the manufacturer's power curve. The other two approaches fit threshold curves based on the observed variance of non‐iced production data. These approaches are applied to turbines in four wind parks and compared with each other and to observations of icing on the nacelle of one of the turbines in each park. It is found that setting an ice threshold curve using 0.1 quantile of the observed power data during normal operation with a 2‐h minimum duration is the best approach for icing identification. The quantile should be fit based on at least 1year of data, and a smoothing function should be applied to the quantile results to remove any outliers caused by limited numbers of data points. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distal Enteral Feeding Helps Blood Sugar Control in Pancreatectomized Patients
Authors: Wu Jin‐Ming , Yang Ching‐Yao , Kuo Ting‐Chun , Lai Hong‐Shiee , Chiang Pin‐Yi , Hsieh Su‐Hua , Tien Yu‐Wen 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe change in the route of food passage after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is quite similar to the change after gastric bypass surgery; both procedures bypass the duodenum and directly connect to the distal jejunum. Moreover, both procedures result in resolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, more distal enteral anastomosis after PD may further improve glycemic status.Methods
To test the effect of distal enteral feeding on glucose metabolism in patients after PD, we performed a meal test on 20 patients via a nasogastric tube [proximal feeding group (PFG)] on post‐operative day 5 and then via an intra‐operatively placed jejunostomy feeding tube [distal feeding group (DFG)] on post‐operative day. Blood samples were assessed for hormones and glucose.ResultsThe AUC0–120 min levels of GLP‐1, C‐peptide, and insulin after distal feeding were significantly higher than after proximal feeding. The AUC0–120 min levels of glucose in the DFG were significantly lower than in the PFG.ConclusionsMore distal enteral feeding contributed to better glucose metabolism after PD.
Cognitive testing in older primary care patients: A cluster‐randomized trial
Authors: Fowler Nicole R. , Morrow Lisa , Chiappetta Laurel , Snitz Beth , Huber Kimberly , Rodriguez Eric , Saxton Judith 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIntroductionThis study investigated whether neuropsychological testing in primary care (PC) offices altered physician‐initiated interventions related to cognitive impairment (CI) or slowed the rate of CI progression.MethodsThis 24‐month, cluster‐randomized study included 11 community‐based PC practices randomized to either treatment as usual (5 practices) or cognitive report (CR; 6 practices) arms. From 2005 to 2008, 533 patients aged ≥65 years and without a diagnosis of CI were recruited; 423 were retested 24 months after baseline.ResultsCR physicians were significantly more likely to order cognitive‐related interventions (P = .02), document discussions about cognition (P = .003), and order blood tests to rule out reversible CI (P = .002). At follow‐up, significantly more CR patients had a medication for cognition listed in their chart (P = .02). There was no difference in the rate of cognitive decline between the groups.DiscussionProviding cognitive information to physicians resulted in higher rates of physician‐initiated interventions for patients with CI.
White matter hyperintensity burden in elderly cohort studies: The Sunnybrook Dementia Study, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, and Three‐City Study
Authors: Ramirez Joel , McNeely Alicia A. , Scott Christopher J.M. , Masellis Mario , Black Sandra E. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: July 2015

AbstractGiven the recent acknowledgement of the complex mixed pathologies that contribute to the clinical expression of dementia, various cohort studies have aimed to examine Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease as comorbid pathologies, with neuroimaging playing a central role in these studies. Using white matter hyperintensities (WMH) as a biomarker of cerebrovascular disease, we compared WMH burden between the Sunnybrook Dementia Study, the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI‐1), the Three‐City Study, and various other studies around the world. Based on our findings, it was evident that ADNI‐1 had minimal WMH burden relative to other large studies that examine aging and dementia. This low WMH burden in ADNI‐1 may be considered as both an advantage, representing a relatively “pure” sample with little confounding vasculopathy, and a disadvantage, as it limits generalizability to “real‐world” patient populations with mixed pathologies and to nondemented groups with baseline vascular disease. We explore possible reasons for this distinction, including management of vascular risk factors, gaps in diagnostic criteria, and future directions for clinical research.
The protective effects of tadalafil on renal damage following ischemia reperfusion injury in rats
Authors: Erol Bulent , Turker Tugrul , Tok Adem , Bektas Sibel , Mungan Gorkem , Ozkanli Seyma , Karakas Bugra , Tokgoz Husnu , Akduman Bulent , Mungan Aydin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIschemia‐reperfusion injury can cause renal damage, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors are reported to regulate antioxidant activity. We investigated the prevention of renal damage using tadalafil after renal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. A total of 21 adult male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups of seven, including Group 1‐control, Group 2‐I/R, and Group 3‐tadalafil + I/R group (I/R‐T group) received tadalafil intraperitoneally at 30 minutes before ischemia. Inducible nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, malondialdehyde, and total antioxidant capacity levels were evaluated, and histopathological changes and apoptosis in the groups were examined. Tadalafil decreased malondialdehyde levels in the I/R group and increased the total antioxidant capacity level. Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings revealed that tadalafil decreased renal injury scores and the ratios of injured cells, as measured through apoptotic protease activating factor 1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase levels. We suggest that tadalafil has protective effects against I/R‐related renal tissue injury.
Alzheimer's disease progression model using disability assessment for dementia scores from bapineuzumab trials
Authors: Xu Steven X. , Samtani Mahesh N. , Russu Alberto , Adedokun Omoniyi J. , Lu Ming , Ito Kaori , Corrigan Brian , Raje Sangeeta , Brashear H. Robert , Styren Scot , Hu Chuanpu 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveDisability assessment for dementia (DAD) measurements from two phase‐3 studies of bapineuzumab in APOE ε4 noncarrier and carrier Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients were integrated to develop a disease progression model.MethodsWe evaluated longitudinal changes in DAD scores, baseline factors affecting disease progression, and bapineuzumab effect on disease progression.ResultsA beta regression model best described DAD disease progression. The estimated treatment effect of bapineuzumab was not significant, consistent with lack of clinical efficacy observed in the primary analysis. The model suggested that progression of DAD tended to decrease with increase in bapineuzumab exposure. The exposure‐response relationship was similar regardless of APOE ε4 status but more pronounced in patients with mild AD. Baseline disease status, age, memantine use, and years since onset (YSO) had significant effects on baseline DAD scores. AD concomitant medication use, baseline disease status, and YSO had significant effects on disease progression rate, measured by DAD score.ConclusionsThe beta regression model is a sensible modeling approach to characterize functional decline in AD patients. This analysis suggested a possible effect of bapineuzumab exposure on DAD progression. Further evaluation may be warranted in future studies.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00575055 and NCT00574132.
Prevalence of nutritional risk in the non-demented hospitalised elderly: a cross-sectional study from Norway using stratified sampling
Authors: Eide Helene K. , Šaltytė Benth Jūratė , Sortland Kjersti , Halvorsen Kristin , Almendingen Kari 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThere is a lack of accurate prevalence data on undernutrition and the risk of undernutrition among the hospitalised elderly in Europe and Norway. We aimed at estimating the prevalence of nutritional risk by using stratified sampling along with adequate power calculations. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the period 2011 to 2013 at a university hospital in Norway. Second-year nursing students in acute care clinical studies in twenty hospital wards screened non-demented elderly patients for nutritional risk, by employing the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS2002) form. In total, 508 patients (48·8 % women and 51·2 % men) with a mean age of 79·6 (sd 6·4) years were screened by the students. Mean BMI was 24·9 (sd 4·9) kg/m2, and the patients had been hospitalised for on average 5·3 (sd 6·3) d. WHO's BMI cut-off values identified 6·5 % as underweight, 48·0 % of normal weight and 45·5 % as overweight. Patients nutritionally at risk had been in hospital longer and had lower average weight and BMI compared with those not at risk (all P < 0·001); no differences in mean age or sex were observed. The prevalence of nutritional risk was estimated to be 45·4 (95 % CI 41·7 %, 49·0) %, ranging between 20·0 and 65·0 % on different hospital wards. The present results show that the prevalence of nutritional risk among elderly patients without dementia is high, suggesting that a large proportion of the hospitalised elderly are in need of nutritional treatment.
ALMOST GALOIS ω-STABLE CLASSES
Authors: BALDWIN JOHN T. , LARSON PAUL B. , SHELAH SAHARON 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTheorem. Suppose that k = (K, $$\prec_k$$) is an ℵ0-presentable abstract elementary class with Löwenheim–Skolem number ℵ0, satisfying the joint embedding and amalgamation properties in ℵ0. If K has only countably many models in ℵ1, then all are small. If, in addition, k is almost Galois ω-stable then k is Galois ω-stable. Suppose that k = (K, $$\prec_k$$) is an ℵ0-presented almost Galois ω-stable AEC satisfying amalgamation for countable models, and having a model of cardinality ℵ1. The assertion that K is ℵ1-categorical is then absolute.
SAFE RECURSIVE SET FUNCTIONS
Authors: BECKMANN ARNOLD , BUSS SAMUEL R. , FRIEDMAN SY-DAVID 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe introduce the safe recursive set functions based on a Bellantoni–Cook style subclass of the primitive recursive set functions. We show that the functions computed by safe recursive set functions under a list encoding of finite strings by hereditarily finite sets are exactly the polynomial growth rate functions computed by alternating exponential time Turing machines with polynomially many alternations. We also show that the functions computed by safe recursive set functions under a more efficient binary tree encoding of finite strings by hereditarily finite sets are exactly the quasipolynomial growth rate functions computed by alternating quasipolynomial time Turing machines with polylogarithmic many alternations.We characterize the safe recursive set functions on arbitrary sets in definability-theoretic terms. In its strongest form, we show that a function on arbitrary sets is safe recursive if and only if it is uniformly definable in some polynomial level of a refinement of Jensen's J-hierarchy, relativized to the transitive closure of the function's arguments.We observe that safe recursive set functions on infinite binary strings are equivalent to functions computed by infinite-time Turing machines in time less than ωω. We also give a machine model for safe recursive set functions which is based on set-indexed parallel processors and the natural bound on running times.
DIFFERENTIAL-ALGEBRAIC JET SPACES PRESERVE INTERNALITY TO THE CONSTANTS
Authors: CHATZIDAKIS ZOE , HARRISON-TRAINOR MATTHEW , MOOSA RAHIM 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSuppose p is the generic type of a differential-algebraic jet space to a finite dimensional differential-algebraic variety at a generic point. It is shown that p satisfies a certain strengthening of almost internality to the constants. This strengthening, which was originally called “being Moishezon to the constants” in [9] but is here renamed preserving internality to the constants, is a model-theoretic abstraction of the generic behaviour of jet spaces in complex-analytic geometry. An example is given showing that only a generic analogue holds in the differential-algebraic case: there is a finite dimensional differential-algebraic variety X with a subvariety Z that is internal to the constants, such that the restriction of the differential-algebraic tangent bundle of X to Z is not almost internal to the constants.
UNIFICATION IN INTERMEDIATE LOGICS
Authors: IEMHOFF ROSALIE , ROZIÈRE PAUL 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper contains a proof–theoretic account of unification in intermediate logics. It is shown that many existing results can be extended to fragments that at least contain implication and conjunction. For such fragments, the connection between valuations and most general unifiers is clarified, and it is shown how from the closure of a formula under the Visser rules a proof of the formula under a projective unifier can be obtained. This implies that in the logics considered, for the n-unification type to be finitary it suffices that the m-th Visser rule is admissible for a sufficiently large m. At the end of the paper it is shown how these results imply several well-known results from the literature.
REFLECTIONS ON AILEEN KRADITOR'S LEGACY: FIFTY YEARS OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE HISTORIOGRAPHY, 1965–2014
Authors: Newman Louise M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article assesses the impact that Aileen Kraditor's classic monograph,The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement(1965) has had on fifty years of suffrage historiography. Kraditor is best known among scholars for offering the terms “justice” and “expediency” to distinguish between two strains of suffragist argumentation, the former of which she associated with the nineteenth century and the latter with the Progressive Era. Although specialists no longer believe in a firm divide between the two periods, many continue to differentiate between principled (egalitarian) arguments that called for suffrage as a universal right of citizenship and instrumental (expedient) claims that often contained racist assumptions about white women's superiority. The majority of scholars now accept Kraditor's fundamental insight that a political movement devoted to the extension of democracy contained within it antidemocratic and racist elements, but they have challenged other key aspects of Kraditor's work, including her characterization of white southern women's advocacy of suffrage and her Turnerian assumptions about why statewide suffrage referenda succeeded first (and primarily) in the West. In addition, scholars have expanded the terrain of women's political activism to include analyses of black women's suffrage activities and understandings of citizenship; in so doing they have connected the regional histories of the South and the Midwest, displacing Kraditor's national narrative. Collectively the field has moved far beyond Kraditor's focus on the National American Woman Suffrage Association to emphasize the enormous range of suffrage activities that took place before the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, demonstrating how woman suffrage encompassed new understandings of citizenship that were inseparable from the histories of Reconstruction, U.S. expansion, and western imperialism.
Investment behavior and status quo bias of conventional and organic hog farmers: An experimental approach
Authors: Hermann Daniel , Mußhoff Oliver , Agethen Katrin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDespite the economic benefits of organic farming, the conversion rates to this production method are low. The reasons for this reluctance are largely unknown; however, understanding this behavior is important for policy recommendations. Therefore, we experimentally investigate and compare the investment behavior of organic and conventional hog farmers. We examine whether the investment behavior depends on the organic or conventional farmers’ status quo of their production method. Our results show that farmers are more reluctant to invest in production methods they are not currently using compared with those already in use on their farm. Conventional, more risk-averse farmers, and those farmers holding a university degree, invest later in a hog barn. The results provide evidence that investment decisions depend on the status quo production method of a farmer and, thus, reveal that current subsidy structures may be ineffective in encouraging farmers to invest in production methods they are not currently using on their farms.
‘Economic property rights’ as ‘nonsense upon stilts’: a comment on Hodgson
Authors: COLE DANIEL H. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHodgson's (2015) critique of extra-legal ‘property rights’ – in this case, so-called ‘economic property rights’ – is right on target. This Comment contributes two further points to his critique. First, the notion of ‘economic property rights’ is based on what Gilbert Ryle (1949) referred to as a ‘category mistake’, conflating physical possession, which is a brute fact about the world, with the right or entitlement to possession, which is a social or institutional fact that cannot exist in the absence of some social contract, convention, covenant, or agreement. The very notion of a non-institutional ‘right’ is oxymoronic. Second, the fact that property is an institutional fact does not mean it must exist with the structure of a ‘state’ (as Bentham suggested). Rather, institutions like ‘property rights’ only require some community, however large or small, operating with what Searle (1995; 2005) calls collective intentionality and collective acceptance, according to shared ‘rules of recognition’ (Hart, 1997).