bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modifiziertes Verkehrslastmodell für kommunale Brückenbauwerke
Authors: Boros Vazul , Novák Balthasar , Decker Ulrich 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDas Straßenverkehrslastmodell des neuen Eurocodes 1, Teil 2 [1] für Deutschland gewährleistet eine zukunftssichere Bemessung für neue Brückenbauwerke. Es wurde so ausgelegt, dass eine prognostizierte weitere Zunahme im Gesamtgewicht der Fahrzeuge sowie der genehmigungspflichtige Schwerverkehr bereits berücksichtigt werden. Somit sind auch beispielsweise Neubauten von Großbrücken an Autobahnen mit zwei bis drei Fahrstreifen und sehr hoher Verkehrsstärke durch dieses Modell abgedeckt. Zwangsläufig ergeben sich bei einer solchen Vereinheitlichung im Bereich der kommunalen Brücken, die typischerweise kleinere Stützweiten und geringere Verkehrsstärken aufweisen, sehr hohe Sicherheiten. Daher wurde vom Tiefbauamt Stuttgart ein Forschungsvorhaben ins Leben gerufen, mit dem Ziel, für definierte Brückentypen mit geringen Spannweiten, die gerade im Bereich der Kommunen häufig vorkommen, das Sicherheitsniveau des neuen Verkehrslastmodells zu untersuchen. Auf der Grundlage dieser Ergebnisse wird ein Vorschlag formuliert, wie unter gewissen Randbedingungen das Verkehrslastmodell so angepasst werden kann, dass die Zuverlässigkeitsanforderungen der Eurocodes weiterhin erfüllt werden, die Bauwerke jedoch ihre Wirtschaftlichkeit bewahren.Adjusted traffic load model for bridges in urban areasThe traffic load model of the new German national annex to the Eurocode 1 Part 2 ensures a prudent design for new bridges, considering even a prognosticated increase in gross vehicle weight and exceptionally heavy vehicles requiring individual permit. Therefore this model covers for example the construction of wide‐span highway bridges with two to three lanes and high traffic density. As a direct consequence of this unified approach however, urban bridges with typically small spans and low traffic show rather high reliabilities. Hence the Civil Engineering Office of the city of Stuttgart initiated a research project to investigate the level of safety provided by the new traffic load model in case of specific types of small‐span bridges, commonly present in urban areas. Based on these results recommendations are made in order to adjust the traffic load model for small bridges fulfilling certain criteria. This enables economic design of these structures, while still meeting the requirements on reliability defined in the Eurocodes.
Überprüfung der zusätzlichen Regeln für ∅︁40 mm nach EC2
Authors: Schäfer Martin , Schnell Jürgen 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn hoch bewehrten Stahlbetonbauteilen kann es sinnvoll sein, Betonstahl mit großen Stabdurchmessern ∅︁ > 32 mm einzusetzen. Ein Bewehrungsstab ∅︁40 mm (12,56 cm2) kann im Vergleich der Querschnittsflächen 2∅︁28 mm, 4∅︁20 mm, 8∅︁14 mm, 11∅︁12 mm, 16∅︁10 mm oder 25∅︁8 mm ersetzen. Durch die Verwendung großer Stabdurchmesser können wirtschaftliche Vorteile, aber auch Nachteile bei der Rissbreitenbeschränkung entstehen. Abgesicherte Regeln zur Rissbreitenbeschränkung fehlen bisher. Im Eurocode 2 wird zur Rissbreitenbeschränkung pauschal eine Oberflächenbewehrung mit Stabdurchmessern ∅︁ ≤ 10 mm gefordert. In einem Forschungsvorhaben wurden Versuche durchgeführt, die zeigen, dass eine Rissbreitenberechnung nach Eurocode 2, bei der große Stabdurchmesser und Oberflächenbewehrung über einen Ersatzdurchmesser berücksichtigt werden, unzureichende Ergebnisse liefert. Aufbauend auf insgesamt 60 Zugversuchen und mehr als 30.000 Rissbreitenmesswerten wurden Berechnungsvorschläge ausgearbeitet, welche das Zusammenwirken großer Stabdurchmesser mit einer Oberflächenbewehrung wirklichkeitsnah berücksichtigen. Bei dem Forschungsprojekt handelte es sich um ein Verbundprojekt, welches gemeinsam mit der RWTH Aachen sowie der TU Braunschweig durchgeführt wurde. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeitspakete “Verbund und Zugstöße” sowie “Druckglieder” sind in [1, 2] dargestellt.Checking of additional rules for ∅︁40 mm according to EC2. Part 2: Crack widths and surface reinforcementIn highly reinforced concrete elements, it might be reasonable to use bars with large bar diameters ∅︁ > 32 mm. Only one bar ∅︁ 40 mm (12,56 cm2) can replace the cross section areas 2∅︁28 mm, 4∅︁20 mm, 8∅︁14 mm, 11∅︁12 mm, 16∅︁10 mm or 25∅︁8 mm. Due to the use of large bar diameter, economic advantages but also disadvantages concerning the crack width limitation may occur. Verified rules for the crack width limitation are still missing. Eurocode 2 requires a cross‐the‐board surface reinforcement with bar diameters ∅︁ = 10 mm to limit crack widths. In a research project, tests were conducted that display the fact that the crack width calculation according to EC2, where large bar diameters and surface reinforcement are considered by an equivalent diameter, gives inadequate results. Based on 60 tensile strength tests and more than 30 000 crack widths measurements, a calculation suggestion was developed that considers the coaction between large bar diameters and surface reinforcement realistically. The research project was carried out together with RWTH Aachen (Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Josef Hegger) and the Technical University of Braunschweig (Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Martin Empelmann). The results of the work packages “bond behaviour” and “colums” are documented in [1, 2].
Evaluation of predictive tools for cell culture clarification performance
Authors: Senczuk Anna , Petty Krista , Thomas Anne , McNerney Thomas , Moscariello John , Yigzaw Yinges 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTRecent advances in the productivity of industrial mammalian cell culture processes have resulted in part in increased cell density. This increase and the associated increase in cellular debris are known to challenge harvest operations, however this understanding is limited and largely qualitative. Part of the issue arises from the heterogeneous size and composition of cellular debris, which makes harvest feed stream extremely difficult to characterize. Improved characterization methods would facilitate the development of clarification approaches that are consistent and scalable. This work describes how both particle size and cholesterol analysis can be used to characterize the feed stream. Particle size analysis by focused beam reflectance and dynamic light scattering are shown to be predictive of centrate filterability under certain harvest conditions. Because of the particle size range limitations of each detector, their applicability is limited to a particular stage or method of clarification. The measurement of cholesterol present in the cell culture supernatant or centrate was successfully used in providing relative amount of lysed cellular debris and enabled us to predict clarification performance of acid precipitated harvest regardless of particle size distribution profile. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 568–575. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fibrous proteins: At the crossroads of genetic engineering and biotechnological applications
Authors: Yigit Sezin , Dinjaski Nina , Kaplan David L. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTFibrous proteins, such as silk, elastin and collagen are finding broad impact in biomaterial systems for a range of biomedical and industrial applications. Some of the key advantages of biosynthetic fibrous proteins compared to synthetic polymers include the tailorability of sequence, protein size, degradation pattern, and mechanical properties. Recombinant DNA production and precise control over genetic sequence of these proteins allows expansion and fine tuning of material properties to meet the needs for specific applications. We review current approaches in the design, cloning, and expression of fibrous proteins, with a focus on strategies utilized to meet the challenges of repetitive fibrous protein production. We discuss recent advances in understanding the fundamental basis of structure‐function relationships and the designs that foster fibrous protein self‐assembly towards predictable architectures and properties for a range of applications. We highlight the potential of functionalization through genetic engineering to design fibrous protein systems for biotechnological and biomedical applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 913–929. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Numerical investigation of dynamic microorgan devices as drug screening platforms. Part I: Macroscale modeling approach & validation
Authors: Tourlomousis Filippos , Chang Robert C. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe dynamic nature of in vitro drug metabolism models demands reliable numerical tools to determine key design parameter values towards high‐fidelity cell‐based platforms of in vivo drug metabolism. This paper represents the first of a two‐part model‐based investigation of a 3D dynamic microorgan device (DMD). The prescribed tissue model in this paper is precisely embedded within a DMD by 3D bioprinting hydrogel encapsulated liver cells into a patterned array of microchannels. A perfusing drug substrate is biotransformed by liver cells encapsulated within porous hydrogel walls. Therefore, the free and porous flow regime equations are first solved in tandem to derive the laminar velocity profile and wall shear stresses in the entire shear‐mediated flow regime. These equations are then coupled with a convection‐diffusion equation and Michaelis‐Menten reaction terms, resulting in an effective convection‐diffusion‐cell kinetics model. A key consideration addressed herein is mechanotransduction where shear stresses on the encapsulated cells alter subcellular liver enzyme reaction rates. Cells are incorporated into the geometric model implicitly (macroscale) as enzyme reaction structures uniformly distributed throughout the DMD length. Transient simulations enable effluent drug metabolite profile determination wherein the proposed macroscale modeling approach is validated with an experimental drug flow study. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 612–622. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nitrogen polishing in a fully anoxic anammox MBBR treating mainstream nitritation–denitritation effluent
Authors: Regmi Pusker , Holgate Becky , Miller Mark W. , Park Hongkeun , Chandran Kartik , Wett Bernhard , Murthy Sudhir , Bott Charles B. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTAs nitrogen discharge limits are becoming more stringent, short‐cut nitrogen systems and tertiary nitrogen polishing steps are gaining popularity. For partial nitritation or nitritation–denitritation systems, anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) polishing may be feasible to remove residual ammonia and nitrite from the effluent. Nitrogen polishing of mainstream nitritation–denitritation system effluent via anammox was studied at 25°C in a fully anoxic moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) (V = 0.45 m3) over 385 days. Unlike other anammox based processes, a very fast startup of anammox MBBR was demonstrated, despite nitrite limited feeding conditions (influent nitrite = 0.7 ± 0.59 mgN/L, ammonia = 6.13 ± 2.86 mgN/L, nitrate = 3.41 ± 1.92 mgN/L). The nitrogen removal performance was very stable within a wide range of nitrogen inputs. Anammox bacteria (AMX) activity up to 1 gN/m2/d was observed which is comparable to other biofilm‐based systems. It is generally believed that nitrate production limits nitrogen removal through AMX metabolism. However, in this study, anammox MBBR demonstrated ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate removal at limited chemical oxygen demand (COD) availability. AMX and heterotrophs contributed to 0.68 ± 0.17 and 0.32 ± 0.17 of TIN removal, respectively. It was speculated that nitrogen removal might be aided by denitratation which could be due to heterotrophs or the recently discovered ability for AMX to use short‐chain fatty acids to reduce nitrate to nitrite. This study demonstrates the feasibility of anammox nitrogen polishing in an MBBR is possible for nitritation–denitration systems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 635–642. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multicentre study of abdominal aortic aneurysm measurement and enlargement
Authors: Lederle F A , Noorbaloochi S , Nugent S , Taylor B C , Grill J P , Kohler T R , Cole L 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Background
No effective treatment is currently available to prevent progression of small and medium-sized abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Identification of drugs with sufficient promise to justify large expensive randomized trials remains challenging. One potentially useful strategy is to look for associations between commonly used drugs and AAA enlargement in appropriately adjusted observational studies.

Methods
Potential AAA measurements were identified from abdominal imaging reports in the electronic data files of three medical centres from 1995 to 2010. AAA measurements were extracted manually and patients with an aneurysm of 3 cm or larger, who had at least two measurements over an interval of at least 6 months, were identified. Other data were obtained from the electronic data files (demographics, co-morbidities, smoking status, drug use) to conduct a propensity analysis of the associations of drugs and other factors with AAA enlargement.

Results
From 52 962 abdominal imaging studies, 5362 patients with an AAA of 3 cm or more were identified, of whom 2428 had at least two measurements over at least 6 months. Mean AAA follow-up was 3·4 years and the mean AAA enlargement rate was 2·0 mm per year. Propensity analysis demonstrated no significant association of AAA enlargement with statins, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers. Diabetes was associated with a reduction in AAA enlargement of 1·2 mm per year (P = 0·008), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was associated with increased enlargement (0·5 mm per year; P = 0·050). Moderate AAA measurement variation and substantial terminal digit preference were also observed, but the digit preference became less pronounced after 2000.

Conclusion
This study confirms the negative association of diabetes with AAA progression. There was no evidence that commonly used cardiovascular drugs affect AAA enlargement.
Acute myocardial infarction in the elderly: Treatment strategies and 28‐day‐case fatality from the MONICA/KORA myocardial infarction registry
Authors: Amann Ute , Kirchberger Inge , Heier Margit , von Scheidt Wolfgang , Kuch Bernhard , Peters Annette , Meisinger Christa 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesAim of this observational study was to analyze today's real‐life treatment strategies in elderly patients with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and to assess the association between 28‐day‐case fatality and invasive strategy (percutaneous coronary intervention/coronary artery bypass grafting).BackgroundElderly patients increasingly constitute a large proportion of the AMI population.MethodsThe present study is an analysis of all patients aged 75–84 years, who were enrolled in the German population‐based MONICA/KORA MI registry between 2009 and 2012 and who were defined as nonfatal at least 24 hours surviving AMI cases according to MONICA definition. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted for the total study population and stratified by type of AMI (ST‐segment elevation MI [STEMI], Non‐ST‐segment elevation MI [NSTEMI], and bundle branch block [BBB]).ResultsOut of the 1,191 elderlies, 61.9% were treated invasively. In the multivariable analysis, the odds ratio (OR) for 28‐day‐case fatality in patients treated with invasive versus conservative strategy was 0.43 (95% CI 0.27–0.69). Stratified analyses revealed an OR of 0.27 (95% CI 0.13–0.56) for patients with NSTEMI. In patients with STEMI or BBB also a positive trend for invasive strategy was observed (OR 0.40; 95% CI 0.13–1.27 and OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.16–3.66, respectively).ConclusionsInvasive revascularization therapy was independently associated with short‐term survival in elderly patients, particularly in those with NSTEMI. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of anticoagulation regimen prior to revascularization in patients with non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: The ACUITY trial
Authors: Geisler Tobias , Droppa Michal , Gawaz Meinrad , Steinhubl Steven R. , Bertrand Michel E. , Lincoff A. Michael , Cequier Angel R. , Desmet Walter , Rasmussen Lars H. , Hoekstra James W. , Bernstein Debra , Deliargyris Efthymios N. , Mehran Roxana , Stone Gregg W. 
Published: September 2015

AimTo evaluate the impact of antithrombotic regimens during the medical phase of treatment among 13,819 patients with non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE‐ACS) treated with an early invasive strategy in the acute catheterization and urgent intervention triage strategy (ACUITY) trial.Methods and resultsEndpoints included composite major adverse cardiac events (MACE), major bleeding, and net adverse clinical events (NACE; MACE or major bleeding). The median (interquartile range) duration of antithrombin use in the medical only treatment phase was 6.5 (1.8–22.5) hours. MACE, major bleeding, and NACE during the medical only phase occurred in 63 (0.5%), 117 (0.9%), and 178 (1.3%) patients, respectively. MACE rates in the medical‐treatment‐only phase were not significantly different between the four randomized medical regimens used (heparin alone, bivalirudin alone, heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor [GPI], and bivalirudin plus GPI) (Ptrend = 0.65). The lowest rates of major bleeding and NACE during the medical treatment phase occurred in patients treated with bivalirudin alone (Ptrend = 0.0006 and Ptrend = 0.0004, respectively).ConclusionsIn patients with NSTE‐ACS undergoing an early invasive strategy, treatment with bivalirudin alone significantly reduced major bleeding and improved net clinical outcomes during the upstream medical management phase with comparable rates of MACE. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recurrent peritoneal serous carcinoma that was unmanageable with paclitaxel–carboplatin therapy responded to autologous formalin‐fixed tumor vaccine
Authors: Chen Jui‐Tung , Ohno Tadao 
Published: September 2015

Key Clinical MessagePaclitaxel–carboplatin therapy (TC) usually controls primary peritoneal serous carcinoma (PPSC) but not recurrent disease. In this case, PPSC recurred after three courses of TC, responded dramatically to additional autologous formalin‐fixed tumor vaccine (AFTV), and resulted in prolonged, progression‐free survival without visible lesions detected by positron emission tomography–computed tomography.
Pseudoaneurysm of pulmonary artery: rare complication of systemic chemotherapy
Authors: Garg Shivani , King Gentry , Varadi Gabor 
Published: September 2015

Key Clinical MessagePulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm is an uncommon yet fatal clinical entity. Its presentation can mimic a number of common diseases and can be easily missed. As pseudoaneurysm is associated with a number of fatal complications, clinicians should be aware of imaging features which distinguishes pseudoaneurysms from its close differentials. Early recognition and treatment of pseudoaneurysm can prevent fatal outcomes including hemothorax, rupture, or death.
Selective Synthesis of Phenol from Benzene with O2 by Switchover of the Reaction Pathway from Complete Oxidation to Selective Hydroxylation by NH3 on Ir/β and Ni/β Catalysts
Authors: Wang Linsheng , Yamamoto Sadaaki , Hayashizaki Kenichiro , Nagamatsu Shin‐ichi , Malwadkar Sachin , Sasaki Takehiko , Iwasawa Yasuhiro 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNew and selective IrO2 cluster/β and NiO cluster/β catalysts have been synthesized for the direct synthesis of phenol from benzene with O2 in gas‐phase single‐path flow reactions. Phenol is generated by switchover of the reaction pathway from complete oxidation of benzene to selective hydroxylation of benzene by NH3. The active oxide‐cluster structures in the β pores have been characterized by XAFS, XPS, STEM‐EDS, XRD, and DFT calculations. The reaction profile and the role of NH3 in the synthesis of phenol on the proposed Ni4O4 cluster have also been simulated by DFT calculations.
Stability of Transition‐metal Carbides in Liquid Phase Reactions Relevant for Biomass‐Based Conversion
Authors: Souza Macedo Luana , Stellwagen Daniel R. , Teixeira da Silva Victor , Bitter Johannes H. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTransition‐metal carbides have been employed for biobased conversions aiming to replace the rare noble metals. However, when reactions are in liquid phase, many authors have observed catalyst deactivation. The main routes of deactivation in liquid phase biobased conversions are coke deposition, crystallite growth, leaching and oxidation. This Minireview identifies and discusses the main trends between routes of deactivation and catalyst properties. The nature of the support can influence catalyst deactivation by coke deposition and leaching (role of acidity or electronic effects). Although carbon based supports seem to be a good choice for carbides in coke‐sensitive reactions, deactivation by leaching is facilitated. The crystallite size of the carbide is related to deactivation by oxidation, larger crystallites (10 nm) have a higher resistance to oxidation than smaller crystallites (< 2 nm).
Survival of the Fittest: Competitive Co‐crystal Reactions in the Ball Mill
Authors: Fischer Franziska , Joester Maike , Rademann Klaus , Emmerling Franziska 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe driving forces triggering the formation of co‐crystals under milling conditions were investigated by using a set of multicomponent competitive milling reactions. In these reactions, different active pharmaceutical ingredients were ground together with a further compound acting as coformer. The study was based on new co‐crystals including the coformer anthranilic acid. The results of the competitive milling reactions indicate that the formation of co‐crystals driven by intermolecular recognition are influenced and inhibited by kinetic aspects including the formation of intermediates and the stability of the reactants.
Target‐Specific Capture of Environmentally Relevant Gaseous Aldehydes and Carboxylic Acids with Functional Nanoparticles
Authors: Campbell McKenzie L. , Guerra Fernanda D. , Dhulekar Jhilmil , Alexis Frank , Whitehead Daniel C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAldehyde and carboxylic acid volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present significant environmental concern due to their prevalence in the atmosphere. We developed biodegradable functional nanoparticles comprised of poly(d,l‐lactic acid)‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(ethyleneimine) (PDLLA‐PEG‐PEI) block co‐polymers that capture these VOCs by chemical reaction. Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) preparation involved nanoprecipitation and surface functionalization with branched PEI. The PDLLA‐PEG‐PEI NPs were characterized by using TGA, IR, 1H NMR, elemental analysis, and TEM. The materials feature 1°, 2°, and 3° amines on their surface, capable of capturing aldehydes and carboxylic acids from gaseous mixtures. Aldehydes were captured by a condensation reaction forming imines, whereas carboxylic acids were captured by acid/base reaction. These materials reacted selectively with target contaminants obviating off‐target binding when challenged by other VOCs with orthogonal reactivity. The NPs outperformed conventional activated carbon sorbents.