bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skull Fractures in Fatalities Due to Motor Vehicle Collisions
Authors: Shkrum MJ , Green RN , McClafferty KJ , Nowak ES 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A retrospective analysis of 89 fatalities with skull fracture resulting from motor vehicle-pedestrian and various single passenger car frontal, side, rear and rollover collisions was done. Passenger compartment intrusion and occupant ejection were responsible for most, but not all, cranial fractures occurring in impacted motor vehicles. Victims of frontal collisions usually were unrestrained; however, a majority of individuals in cars hit by heavy trucks were wearing seatbelts. Vehicles involved in frontal crashes had crush profiles reflecting a barrier equivalent velocity (BEV) of at least 50 km/h (about 30/mph). In side impacts, most ejected occupants were unrestrained, whereas many of those intruded upon were belted. The minimum BEV calculated in these collisions approached 20 km/h (12 mph). The observation of a skull fracture intregrated with accident investigation (that is, determination of head contacts) was useful in the reconstruction of various collisions. Skull fracture patterns, as documented by autopsy, reflected certain kinematic trajectories described in motor vehicle-pedestrian frontal collisions.
Preliminary Observations of the Effects of Phencyclidine in Decomposing Tissues on the Development of Parasarcophaga ruficornis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
Authors: Lee Goff M , Brown WA , Omori AI , LaPointe DA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Larvae of Parasarcophaga ruficornis (Fabricius) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) were reared on tissues from rabbits administered different dosages of phencyclidine to study the effects of this drug on the development of this insect species. The rabbits were given 3.66, 7.31, and 14.62 mg of phencyclidine via ear vein infusion. No significant differences in larval growth rate were observed among the colonies, although the duration of the non-feeding portion of the third instar was shorter for larvae fed on tissues containing the drug. Mortality during the larval stage was directly related to the dosage of phencyclidine administered, ranging from 0 in the control colony to 29.0% in the colony fed on tissues from the rabbit receiving 14.62 mg of phencyclidine. Durations of the puparial stage were longer for colonies fed on tissues containing the drug. Presence of phencyclidine was detected in larvae from all colonies fed on tissues from rabbits receiving the phencyclidine using GC/MS.
A Fentanyl Epidemic in Maryland 1992
Authors: Smialek JE , Levine B , Chin L , Wu SC , Jenkins AJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In early 1992, the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, State of Maryland, encountered 30 cases where fentanyl was identified in the postmortem specimens. Twenty-five of the decedents were found in Baltimore City and five were found in the surrounding counties. Four of the decedents were female and eight of the victims were white. The blood fentanyl concentrations ranged from 2.2 to 100 µg/L. Ethanol and other abused drugs were detected in 28 of these cases. The cause of death in all cases was ethanol-, drug intoxication, or both.
New Application for the Quantitation of Cocaine Base by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Krueger ST 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The analysis of cocaine base is a major part of the forensic drug chemist's workload. Simplifying quantitative methodology can assist the drug chemist. Methods currently employed for quantitation of cocaine base utilize either an internal standard or a direct comparison. This gas chromatographic method for the quantitation of cocaine base employs a non-controlled reference standard and linear transformations. As a result, cocaine base can be quantitated by a single injection of a solution containing the analyte and a non-controlled reference standard of known concentration. Use of this methodology would minimize time expenditures, lower exposure to hazardous solvents and reduce expense of procuring diffcult-to-obtain controlled reference standards while limiting detector response variations that can occur with multiple injections.
Detection of Trace Levels of Gasoline in Arson Cases by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with an Automatic On-Line Thermal Desorber
Authors: Kärkkäinen M , Seppälä I , Himberg K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A method for the analysis of trace levels of gasoline in arson debris using an automatic thermal desorber (TD) and commercial Tenax adsorbent tubes is described. First, a static headspace screening test is performed by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Suspected gasoline is reanalyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Gasoline traces smaller than 10 μL in a 1 liter volume are analyzed by a dynamic heated headspace procedure with thermal desorption and GC-MS after adsorption on 45 mg Tenax tubes. The desorption of adsorbed vapors is carried out by heating the tubes; the analytes are focused in cryogenic units cooled with liquid nitrogen. The cryofocused vapor sample is flash-heated for injection into the capillary column of the GC. The dynamic heated headspace technique (TD-GC-MS) is suitable for analyses of trace amounts of gasoline (0.1–10 µL in 1 liter volume).
Extraction and Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Alcohols and Acetone from Fire Debris Using Passive Headspace Concentration
Authors: Phelps JL , Chasteen CE , Render MM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Passive headspace concentration was utilized for recovering methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and acetone from materials commonly found in fire debris. Gas Chromatography/Flame Ionization Detection was used for screening the extracts, followed by Gas Chromatography/Ion Trap Detection to confirm the presence of an alcohol or acetone with mass spectra.
The Routine Analysis of Breast Milk for Drugs of Abuse in a Clinical Toxicology Laboratory
Authors: Dickson PH , Lind A , Studts P , Nipper HC , Makoid M , Therkildsen D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Drug screening of breast milk in a clinical toxicology laboratory is reported. Findings from three cases include cocaine, ethylbenzoylecgonine (cocaethylene), ethanol, oxycodone, codeine, and nicotine. We believe this to be the first report of ethylbenzoylecgonine in human breast milk. One other specimen submitted for analysis was screened with negative results. Screening and confirmation procedures adapted for use with breast milk are described. Finally, the potential for cocaine intoxication from mother to baby is discussed. Estimates of infant blood cocaine concentration are given which may increase awareness of the need to monitor milk and blood cocaine concentrations in the infant when the situation warrants.
Platen Information Revealed: A Technique for Locating Latent Text on Typewriter (or Printer) Platens
Authors: Sperry GR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The implementation of a technique, utilizing an arc lamp and filters, designed to reveal latent text impressions on typewriter and printer platens. This technique allows for the location and decipherment of text on platens which are undetectable utilizing conventional sources (for example, side light techniques, VSC-1, etc.).
Sex Offender Case Study: The Truth?
Authors: Dwyer SM , Bockting WO , Robinson B , Miner MH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
At a prominent university clinic that has treated sex offenders for 15 years, an offender and his wife appeared for therapy and faked engagement in treatment for two years. Details given in this case study serve as an extreme example of the manipulation, collusion, and deception that often occurs in sex offender treatment programs. This case study gives cause to reflect on the individual's denial system, society's criminal justice system, and the difficulty for therapists in ascertaining the truth.
The purpose of this paper is to report our experience with a patient who may have simulated pedophilic symptoms.
Artefact in Forensic Medicine: Postmortem Rodent Activity
Authors: Patel F 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The human body may be attacked by a variety of animals. It is a potential source of confounding marks for forensic practitioners when unmasking criminal activity. A case that posed some problems for the crime scene investigators on discovering a dead body indoors, which had both ears missing is discussed. The suspicion initially was that of homicidal mutilation of the corpse. A general awareness of artefactual postmortem animal activity may avoid their misinterpretation. This short report acknowledges a persistent paucity in the forensic literature on the subject of human remains and postmortem animal activity.
Ethyl Chloride: Possible Misidentification as Ethanol
Authors: Laferty PI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ethyl chloride, in a blood sample, was identified as ethanol on three out of six occasions using headspace gas chromatography. The peak matching tolerance (PMT) for ethanol was set at approximately 0.500 min ±0.0225 min. Three test results fell within the PMT for ethanol. The retention time (RT) for these test results was 0.44 min, and the relative retention time (RRT) was 0.478 min. Three test results, however, fell outside the PMT for ethanol. Two had RTs of 0.48 min and RRTs of 0.523 min, and one had a RT of 0.44 min and a RRT of 0.476 min. To prevent ethyl chloride from being identified as ethanol, the PMT was changed to approximately 0.500 min ±0.012 min.
Mixture samples containing deionized water, ethyl chloride and ethanol were tested with the new PMT. Ethyl chloride and ethanol coeluted, forming one peak that was identified as ethanol. The peak areas of the two compounds in mixture were additive and gave falsely elevated ethanol results. The RT of the samples was 0.45 min and the RRT was 0.492 min ±0.005 min. Carrier gas flow rate was decreased, lengthening the RTs and RRTs, but this failed to separate the two compounds.
Death Following Colchicine Poisoning
Authors: McIntyre IM , Ruszkiewicz AR , Crump K , Drummer OH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A 45-year-old male was admitted to hospital after 2 to 3 days of vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea following an apparent overdose of colchicine tablets. During hospitalization his white blood cell count fell dramatically. At death, 33 h following initial hospitalization, pleural effusion with bilateral bronchopneumonia was evident, together with numerous bacterial colonies and marked hypocellularity of bone marrow and reduced megakaryocytes, erythroid, and myeloid cells. The most striking histological findings were numerous metaphasic mitotic figures in gastric and small bowel epithelia. Colchicine was detected, confirmed by high pressure liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection, and quantitated in antemortem plasma collected 3.3 h following hospitalization and in postmortem blood and bile. Colchicine was not detected in liver, vitreous humor, or stomach contents.
Applications of Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science
Authors: Kuptsov AH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A number of possible new applications for the use of Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) in forensic science have been investigated. The evidence materials studied were fragments of broken plastic automobile lenses, paint coatings, paper and others.
Raman spectroscopy was not only able to distinguish between the types of polymers employed in the manufacture of the lenses but, was also found to be sensitive to the thermal history impared to the item during its production. The detection of these internal stress conditions and their characterization by FT-Raman led to the differentiation of manufacturers of the same products.
When inherent background fluorescence does not interfere (white, yellow, light colors) the Raman spectra of paint coatings supplies complementary information to that of FT-IR about the polymer binder while being a more useful technique for mineral pigment and extender component analyses.
The FT-Raman technique is useful in forensic document examination of paper because of its ability to identify mineral components and some of the minor components which are associated with the origin of the cellulose and technology of paper production.
De Clérambault Syndrome (Erotomania) in the Criminal Justice System: Another Look at This Recurring Problem
Authors: Leong GB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
While de Clérambault syndrome (erotomania) has long been a subject of scientific study, it has only recently become a frequent topic of media attention. A series of five individuals who were arrested for crimes related to their erotomanic delusion are presented. The psychiatric findings from this sample have potential social policy implication.
Time and Distance as Solvability Factors in Murder Cases
Authors: Keppel RD , Weis JG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
There is no empirical research on solvability factors in murder investigations. This paper analyzes data collected in the first study to provide such, focusing specifically on the extent to which information on time and distance among locations of a murder incident are related to solvability. The results show that the more information on the times and distances separating where the victim was last seen, the location of the original contact between the victim and the killer, where the initial assault occurred, the murder site, and the body recovery site the more likely a murder case will be solved. These findings have profound implications for the management and conduction of murder investigations.
Handling and Interpretation of Crossbow Injuries
Authors: Downs JCU , Nichols CA , Scala-Barnett D , Lifschultz BD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The longbow and crossbow are infrequently encountered by the forensic pathologist. As these weapons become more popular for sport and hunting, more fatalities may be anticipated. Three crossbow deaths (two homicides and one suicide) are presented. Included is the first report of a multiple shot death. The design and physics of the crossbow are described. The proper preservation of evidence, as well as wound analysis and interpretation, in such deaths are detailed.
Microanalysis of Carbon Monoxide in Blood by Head-Space Capillary Gas Chromatography
Authors: Van Dam J , Daenens P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A gas chromatographic procedure for the determination of carboxyhaemoglobin in blood was improved by using a capillary system in combination with a micro thermal conductivity detector. This system is very sensitive with high resolutions. The analytical time is reduced to approximately two minutes. Using sulphuric acid as the liberating agent of carbon monoxide, a gradual and reproducible release of carbon monoxide was seen. This shortens the time in emergency cases for sample preparation.
Genetic Typing of the DQA1*4 Alleles by Restriction Enzyme Digestion of the PCR Product Obtained with the DQ Alpha Amplitype™ Kit
Authors: Salazar M , Williamson J , Bing DH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The three DQ Alpha 4 alleles, 4.1 (0501), 4.2 (0401), and 4.3 (0601) cannot be distinguished with the reverse dot blot DQ Alpha Amplitype™ Kit. A previous report (Yunis, I. et al., Tissue Antigens, Vol. 39, 1992, pp. 182–186) indicated that the typing of these three alleles can be accomplished by endonuclease digestion of the PCR product that is produced following amplification with the DQ Alpha primers with Fok I and Rsa I. We report here the use of this method to type the DQA1*0401, 0501 and 0601 alleles in the PCR product obtained with the DQ Alpha-Amplitype™ Kit. We have analyzed the PCR product obtained in over 200 forensic samples. We have found that in all of these cases, it is possible to assign a type to those samples that type as DQ Alpha 4 with the Amplitype Kit. Furthermore, we have found the technique to be useful in some cases where it has not been previously possible to distinguish individuals or samples that have the DQ Alpha 4 allele and type identically with respect to all other DQ Alpha alleles.
Violent Suicide in South Yorkshire, England
Authors: Cooper PN , Milroy CM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Differences in the characteristics of those individuals choosing violent methods of suicide in South Yorkshire were studied. With the exception of jumping from a height, these methods were more frequently used by males, with a particular male predominance in deaths due to self-immolation, railway collision, hanging, firearms, and electrocution. The most potentially painful/disfiguring methods of suicide, jumping from a height, self-immolation, and railway deaths, were favored by the young. Drowning, stabbing and cutting and electrocution were common among the elderly. Severe mental illness was common amongst those choosing some of the most painful or disfiguring modes of death (jumping from a height; self-immolation; cutting/stabbing and road traffic “accidents”) particularly when compared to the principal alternative of hanging. The same group of causes of death was associated with a high proportion of individuals who had previously attempted suicide. Severe mental illness was not so obviously a feature of the railway or firearm deaths.
Hanging represented more than half the cases included in the study and showed a sex ratio of over 4 to 1 in favor of males. However, all seven individuals of non-European origin, six of whom were female, chose to hang themselves. Whereas half of the females aged under 40 jumped from a height, hanging was the method of choice in the age group 40 to 59. Among males, hanging was particularly favored by those with what might be considered an impulsive reason for suicide, namely, the end of a relationship with a member of the opposite sex. A high proportion of these were intoxicated with alcohol and a high proportion left a suicide note.
The Significance of Morphine Concentrations in the Cerebrospinal Fluid in Morphine Caused Deaths
Authors: Logan BK , Lüthi R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Morphine analysis was performed using a variety of immunoassay methods in blood, urine and the cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 23 patients dying opiate-related deaths. Of these, 16 were a result of intravenous morphine or heroin use. The blood and CSF morphine concentrations were determined using both fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA), while urine was analyzed by enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT). Urine morphine concentrations were greater than 0.300 µg/mL in all but one case. Blood and CSF morphine concentrations were found to be poorly correlated, and it was concluded that one should not be used to predict the other. Following intravenous administration. CSF morphine concentrations of greater than 0.02 µg/mL were however found to be consistent with death from morphine related respiratory depression. As intrathecal or epidural administration of morphine can greatly influence the CSF concentration without inducing respiratory depression, the site of collection of the CSF must be known, as must the route of administration in order to properly interpret CSF morphine concentrations.
Validation Studies on the Forensic Analysis of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) on LE Agarose Gels Without Ethidium Bromide: Effects of Contaminants, Sunlight, and the Electrophoresis of Varying Quantities of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Authors: Laber TL , Giese SA , Iverson JT , Liberty JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study was designed to analyze the effects of sunlight, various contaminants (those found typically in forensic samples) and the electrophoresis of varying quantities of DNA on the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns produced from DNA isolated from blood and semen stains. The DNA RFLP patterns were obtained following Hae III restriction enzyme digestion, low electroendosmotic (LE) agarose gel electrophoresis (in the absence of ethidium bromide). Southern transfer, hybridization with DNA probes detecting highly polymorphic variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) and autoradiography. Computer assisted image analyses were used to detect variations in RFLP band sizes in relation to control samples. Comparisons between the samples were made for the presence of high molecular weight DNA, the ability to achieve a complete restriction digestion, and the RFLP fragment sizes obtained. The results demonstrate that high molecular weight DNA can be obtained when blood and semen stains are subjected to environmental and contaminating factors. The RFLP allele sizes were not significantly affected by environmental conditions, contamination factors or by loading varying amounts of DNA. This study serves to further document the reliability and validity of DNA typing for forensic applications.
Potential Forensic Applications of Minisatellite Variant Repeat (MVR) Mapping Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) at D1S8
Authors: Yamamoto T , Tamaki K , Kojima T , Uchihi R , Katsumata Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Minisatellite variant repeat (MVR) mapping using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at D1S8 (MS32) was applied to samples from various human tissues. All DNA samples obtained from an individual's organs at autopsy consistently gave the same digital diploid codes. Even 1 ng of genomic DNA was sufficient to obtain authentic diploid MVR coding ladders. MVR-PCR could be reliably applied to DNA isolated from bloodstains, saliva stains, seminal stains and plucked hair roots, and should become a powerful tool for individual identification in forensic investigations.
Anatomy and Viability of Cannabis sativa Stem Cuttings With and Without Adventitious Roots
Authors: Taylor R , Lydon J , Anderson JD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine the stage of root development of Cannabis sativa stem cuttings necessary to produce viable plants. Cuttings were made from one pistillate (female) plant and transplanted into pots when callus, newly emerging roots, or 1 to 2 mm long roots were present. Cuttings were grown for two weeks and survival and biomass accumulation were recorded. Cross sections of the stems and roots of cuttings and roots of seven-day-old seedlings were made for anatomical comparisons. Based on the cross sections, the general anatomical features of roots from seedlings and cuttings were similar. As in some other herbaceous species, adventitious roots of C. sativa stem cuttings develop from the vascular cambium. Two weeks after transplanting, all propagules from the three cutting types survived and grew. Total biomass accumulation and components of total biomass accumulation of the cuttings were not significantly different among cutting types. Thus, cuttings of C. sativa at the callus stage are capable of survival and growth comparable to rooted cuttings without any additional care beyond that normally given to plants established from seed.