bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF CATHETER-DIRECTED THERAPIES IN THE TREATMENT OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Authors: Rome, M.D Jonathan J. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Over the past decade, transcatheter interventions have become increasingly important in the treatment of patients with congenital heart defects. These procedures may be broadly grouped as dilations (valvuloplasty, angioplasty, and endovascular stenting) or as closures (vascular embolizations and device closure of defects). Balloon valvuloplasty has become the treatment of choice for simple valvar pulmonic stenosis in all age groups and, although not curative, appears at least comparable to surgery for noncalcific aortic stenosis in newborns through young adults. Balloon angioplasty is successfully applied to a wide range of aortic, pulmonry artery, and venous stenoses. Catheter-delivered coils are used to embolize a wide range of arterial, venous, and prosthetic vascular connections. Although still investigational, devices have been successfully used for closure of large numbers of atrial and ventricular septal defects. In this review, the current role of each major catheter intervention is discussed and results are compared with alternative forms of therapy. Catheter-based therapeutics are then placed in context in a discussion of combined catheter-surgical treatment of patients with complex congenital heart defects.
PERSPECTIVES ON NUTRITIONAL IRON DEFICIENCY
Authors: Hallberg Leif 
Published: July 2002

Nutritional iron deficiency (ID) is caused by an intake of dietary iron insufficient to cover physiological iron requirements. Studies on iron absorption from whole diets have examined relationships between dietary iron bioavailability/absorption, iron losses, and amounts of stored iron. New insights have been obtained into regulation of iron absorption and expected rates of changes of iron stores or hemoglobin iron deficits when bioavailability or iron content of the diet has been modified and when losses of iron occur. Negative effects of ID are probably related to age, up to about 20 years, explaining some of earlier controversies. Difficulties in establishing the prevalence of mild ID are outlined. The degree of underestimation of the prevalence of mild ID when using multiple diagnostic criteria is discussed. It is suggested that current low-energy lifestyles are a common denominator for the current high prevalence not only of ID but also of obesity, diabetes, and osteoporosis. [Figure: see text]
Operator Performance in Surgical Telemanipulation
Authors: Kazi Arif 
Published: July 2002

The application of telemanipulator systems in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) poses high demands on the quality of force feedback. Forces exerted on the tissue are often small and should be reflected back amplified to the surgeon. The dynamic behavior of a telemanipulator system can be adjusted in three basic ways to guarantee sufficient stability robustness in spite of high force scaling factors: by scaling down the surgeon's input motion, by increasing the compliance at the slave arm, and/or by increasing the motion resistance at the master arm. More “transparent” telemanipulator dynamics can be achieved when the damping provided by the surgeon's hand-arm-system is taken into account (for example, the motion resistance necessary to guarantee stability robustness can be reduced). This paper investigates the effect of the three basic types of telemanipulator dynamics on operator performance in surgical tasks. The impact of improving transparency by making use of operator damping is also studied. Three experiments imitating elementary surgical procedures were conducted: inserting a catheter tip into a vessel, puncturing a membrane, and detecting differences in tissue hardness through palpation. Subjects exerted significantly higher forces when inserting a catheter without force feedback, which shows the benefit of force feedback in surgical telemanipulation. Performance of the subjects was also greatly influenced by the basic type of telemanipulator dynamics. However, differences in outcome between the experiments indicate that the best basic type will generally depend on the surgical task at hand. Improving the transparency of the telemanipulator system by making use of operator damping did not improve performance of the subjects any further. Thus, it appears that providing the appropriate basic type of telemanipulator dynamics for a given task may be even more critical to the performance of the surgeon than an optimized transparency of the telemanipulator dynamics.
A Dynamic Integrated Analysis of Truck Tires in Western Europe
Authors: van Beukering Pieter J. H. , Janssen Marco A. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryBy evaluating tires from a perspective of industrial metabolism, potential novel and practical ways to reduce their environmental impact can be found. This may be achieved by focusing on technological issues such as choosing materials, designing products, and recovering materials, or by looking at institutional and social barriers and incentives such as opening waste markets or changing consumer behavior. A model is presented for the life cycle of truck tires in Western Europe that is dynamic in nature and values both environmental and economic consequences. Various scenarios are simulated including longer tire lifetimes, better maintenance of tire pressure, increased use of less‐expensive Asian tires, and increased use of fuel efficiency‐enhancing tires (“eco‐tires”). Tentative results indicate that, among other things, more than 95% of the overall environmental impact during the life of a tire occurs during the use of the tire, due to the impact of tires on automotive fuel efficiency. Better maintenance of tire pressure and use of eco‐tires produce greater environmental and economics benefits than more‐durable and/or less‐expensive (Asian) tires. These results imply that the emphasis in environmental policies related to tires should shift from the production and the waste stages to the consumption stage. It also suggests that the focus on materials throughput and associated improvements through factor 4 or factor 10 advances in reduction in mass are less important than the quality of the tires and their management.
THE EXCLUSION OF WOMEN IN THE MITHRAIC MYSTERIES: ANCIENT OR MODERN?
Authors: David Jonathan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe following paper deals with the scholarly supposition that females were excluded from the ancient mystery cult of Mithraism. This notion has been part of scholarly dialogue about the religion since Franz Cumont, the father of modern Mithraic studies, introduced it in the late nineteenth century. Though many of his conclusions about Mithraism have been challenged or refuted in the past thirty years, the particular idea that the cult excluded women has persisted, and actually has become taken for granted by most scholars. Thanks to the publication of much important archaeological and epigraphical evidence during the past fifty years, a reexamination of this notion is now possible. By surveying a few examples of Mithraic inscriptions and iconography in light of heretofore discounted textual clues from such ancient authors as Porphyry, Jerome, and Tertullian, it will be argued that the theory of universal female exclusion from Mithraism is untenable. In order to demonstrate this, it will be necessary to challenge and scrutinize the work of the only modern scholar to explore gender within ancient Mithraism, Richard Gordon. Instead of starting from a preconceived notion of exclusion and attempting to explain away the various exceptions to this rule, this article will tally these "exceptions" to conclude simply that women were involved with Mithraic groups in at least some locations of the empire. Some possible implications of this conclusion then will be suggested.
ETYMOLOGY AND MAGIC: YĀSKA'S NIRUKTA, PLATO'S CRATYLUS, AND THE RIDDLE OF SEMANTIC ETYMOLOGIES
Authors: Bronkhorst Johannes 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSemantic etymologies are to be distinguished from historical etymologies. A historical etymology presents the origin or early history of a word. Semantic etymologies do something completely different. They connect one word with one or more others which are believed to elucidate its meaning. Semantic etymologies are practically universal in pre-modern cultures, and there are treatises in some cultures - such as Yāska's Nirukta in ancient India, Plato's Cratylus in ancient Greece - that specifically deal with them. This article addresses the question how modern scholarship should try to understand semantic etymologizing. It is argued that, being a universal phenomenon, semantic etymologizing is in need of a universal explanation. Drawing inspiration from certain pre-modern philosophies, it is proposed to study this phenomenon in the light of another category of phenomena that is often called "magical".
Legislating a Solution to Animal Shelter Euthanasia: A Case Study of California's Controversial SB 1785
Authors: Balcom Sarah 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOn September 22, 1998, California Governor Pete Wilson signed Senate Bill 1785 into law, dramatically affecting the entire California animal sheltering community. Dubbed the "Hayden law" by the animal protection community after the bill's sponsor, it represents the state of California's attempt to legislate a solution to both the companion animal overpopulation problem and the friction between the agencies trying to end it. The persistence of the bill's primary supporters, a Los Angeles veterinarian and a UCLA law school professor and the overall lack of opposition to it helped SB 1785 sail through the California legislature. Because of the scope of the bill and the immense cost of implementation, its passage shocked many in the sheltering community. This case study highlights the consequences of legislation that was crafted based on worse case scenarios and over which there was little collaborative effort. It concludes with suggestions that might be useful to other states contemplating similar such legislation.
Acknowledging the "Zoological Connection": A Sociological Analysis of Animal Cruelty
Authors: Flynn Clifton 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSociologists have largely ignored the role of animals in society. This article argues that human-animal interaction is a topic worthy of sociological consideration and applies a sociological analysis to one problematic aspect of human-animal relationships - animal cruelty. The article reformulates animal cruelty, traditionally viewed using a psychopathological model, from a sociological perspective.The article identifies social and cultural factors related to the occurrence of animal cruelty. Ultimately, animal cruelty is a serious social problem that deserves attention in its own right, not just because of its association with human violence.
BTS‘: BRIBE, EXTORTION OR PROFIT?
Authors:   Harland
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis article is an examination of BTS‘ in the Old Testament to see whether the root has a negative or neutral meaning. The verb is used sometimes with a negative sense such as unjust gain or violent extortion (e.g. Ezek. xxii 12, 27), but at other times has a neutral or positive meaning such as finish, prevent, cut off or die (e.g. Isa. x 12). The noun is also used with a negative sense, and can refer in particular to contexts of violence. There are two examples in particular, Job xxii 3 and Ps. xxx 10 (9), where a neutral meaning is possible and fits the context, but a more negative meaning need not be excluded. The conclusion of this article is that BTS‘ is a noun with usually, possibly always, a negative meaning. The word would best be rendered "unjust gain" or "extortion".
THE COMMISSIONING STORIES OF SAUL AND DAVID AS THEOLOGICAL ALLEGORY
Authors:   Rudman
Published: July 2002

AbstractThere is a scholarly tendency to regard the stories of the commissioning of Saul David as simply as folk traditions concerning Israel's first two kings. This article that by concentrating on the fairytale elements of these narratives, scholars overlooked the allegorical function of Saul and David's occupations as reflections the perceived situation between Yahweh and his people, and on the different purposes for which Saul and David were commissioned. Just as Saul is sent in search of father's wandering donkeys, so he is intended as the one who will return a wandering Israel to Yahweh. Just as David cares for his father's sheep, protecting them predators, so he is commissioned as the one who will protect Yahweh's people the surrounding nations. Each story is carefully crafted for its context and serves distinct literary-theological purpose.
Determination of cellular DNA content of Iberian salamanders by flow cytometry
Authors: Lizana Miguel , Martín-Sánchez Roberto , Márquez Rafael , Ciudad Juana , López Antonio , Orfao Alberto 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe DNA content per diploid nucleus (2 C-value) was determined for the eight species of Iberian salamanders by flow cytometry. All species showed high values, which are characteristic of Caudata. The species with the lowest value was Pleurodeles waltl (48.25 pg DNA/cell) and Salamandra salamandra had the highest values (70.55 pg DNA/cell). There were no statistical differences between sexes in any of the eight species and DNA content was not directly related with phylogeny. The values obtained are often higher than previously published estimates obtained with older and potentially less accurate methodologies. We discuss the possible relationship between cellular DNA content and reproductive biology. Se determinó el contenido en ADN por núcleo diploide (valor 2-C) por citometría de flujo de ocho especies de salamandras ibéricas. Todas las especies mostraron altos valores, lo que es característico de Caudata. La especie con el menor valor fue Pleurodeles waltl (48,25 pg ADN/célula) mientras Salamandra salamandra tuvo las valores más altos (70,55 pg ADN/célula). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre sexos en ninguna de las 8 especies y el contenido en ADN no se relacionó directamente con la filogenia. Los valores obtenidos son, a menudo, más altos que los publicados previamente con técnicas más antigüas, y potencialmente menos precisas. Discutimos las posibles relaciones entre el contenido en ADN celular y la biología reproductiva de cada especie.
Evolutionary history of the Chilean frog genus Telmatobufo (Leptodactylidae): an immunological approach
Authors: Formas J. Ramón , Nuñez José 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe quantitative micro-complement fixation technique was used to estimate degrees of relatedness and times of divergence between Caudiverbera and Telmatobufo. The data suggest that the lineages leading to Caudiverbera and Telmatobufo diverged about 35 million years ago. The divergence time among the three species of Telmatobufo was estimated to be 20-25 million years. Ouchterlony tests did not show immunological identity among T. australis and T. bullocki with Caudiverbera, while T. venustus showed partial identity. These analyses suggest that two groups can be recognized within the genus Telmatobufo. The molecular weights of albumins were similar among the Telmatobufo species and slightly lower in C. caudiverbera. Se estimó el grado de parentesco y tiempo de divergencia entre Caudiverbera y Telmatobufo a través del ensayo de microfijación de complemento. Los resultados sugieren que el linaje que condujo a Caudiverbera y Telmatobufo divergió hace 35 millones de años. El tiempo de divergencia entre las especies de Telmatobufo se estimó entre 20-25 millones de años. El ensayo de Ouchterlony no mostró identidad inmunológica entre T. australis y T. bullocki con Caudiverbera, mientras que T. venustus mostró identidad parcial. Mediante estos análisis fue posible reconocer dos grupos dentro de Telmatobufo. Los pesos moleculares de las albúminas fueron similares entre las especies de Telmatobufo y un poco más bajo en Caudiverbera.
A new species of Alsodes (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae) from Central Chile
Authors: Formas J. Ramón , Cuevas César 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA new species of frog, Alsodes hugoi, from the temperate Nothofagus forest of Central Chile, is described. Up to now, no sympatric occurrence of other congeneric species is known from the type locality. Karyotypically, this new species is included in the monticola group, whose species have 26 chromosomes. Una nueva especie de rana, Alsodes hugoi, es descrita para el bosque temperado de Nothofagus de Chile Central. Hasta hoy no se ha encontrado otra especie congenérica en la localidad típica. Desde el punto de vista cariológico, la nueva especie es incluida en el grupo monticola cuyas especies tienen 26 cromosomas.
ANALYSIS OF COURTSHIP SUCCESS IN THE FUNNEL-WEB SPIDER AGELENOPSIS APERTA
Authors: Singer Fred , Riechert Susan , Xu Hongfa , Morris Anthony , Becker Elizabeth , Hale Jeanette , Noureddine Maher 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLaboratory studies of the funnel-web spider Agelenopsis aperta were conducted to determine the action patterns displayed by males and females during courtship, and to identify the elements of courtship associated with subsequent acceptance by the female. When placed on a female's web, a male usually went through a courtship sequence that included lateral swaying of his abdomen and flexing the web with his walking legs. These displays were punctuated with rest periods of varying duration. In all successful matings, females entered a cataleptic state in which they collapsed and appeared unconscious. In some courtships, males began mating with the female immediately after inducing catalepsis. But in most successful courtships (79%) males abandoned the cataleptic female and resumed the courtship sequence. Successful males were more active than unsuccessful males during the early stages of courtship. Successful males also tended to sway their abdomens with higher frequency than unsuccessful males during the courtship dance. We hypothesize that females are selecting males on the basis of vibratory performance during courtship, but that other factors, including chemical communication, may also play a role in mate selection.
THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING LARGER: INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION FOR PRIME WEB SITES IN ORB-WEB SPIDERS (ARANEAE, ARANEIDAE)
Authors: Heiling  , Herberstein  
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe effects of two contrasting habitats on the distribution and the body condition of Larinioides sclopetarius (Clerck, 1757) were studied in an urban area. Throughout the season, significantly more spiders of all size classes were found in the prime habitat, which was characterised by the presence of artificial light and, consequently, a superabundance of prey. The higher food intake in the prime habitat also resulted in a better body condition of immature spiders. During periods of high spider density, small immatures were found more frequently than expected in the lower ranked habitat, which contained no artificial light and significantly less prey, while larger conspecifics exclusively foraged in the prime habitat. High females density in the prime habitat coincided with decreasing density and decreasing territory sizes of smaller immatures.
Infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) to mushroom phorid fly (Megaselia halterata) larvae
Authors: Edmondson Rodney , Richardson Paul , Willmott Deena , Long Steve 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTen isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes were screened for infectivity to phorid larvae in beakers of spawned mushroom compost. The sex ratio of emerging flies was unaffected by nematode application. Compared to untreated controls, three isolates (Steinernema D1, Steinernema C1 and S. feltiae A2) reduced phorid numbers. These isolates were tested further at two dose rates (50 000 and 100 000 infective juveniles per beaker) and three fly densities. Compared to the untreated control, all isolates reduced the numbers of flies emerging from the compost; there was a positive dose response but no significant differences between isolates. The nematodes were also bioassayed at three dose rates (100, 200 and 400 infective juveniles per dish) against individual phorid larvae, in dishes of agar containing mushroom mycelium. LD50 values indicated no significant differences in pathogenicity between the isolates. Le pouvoir infestant de nématodes entomopathogènes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) envers les larves de la mouche phoride des champignons (Megaselia halterata) - Dix isolats de nématodes entomopathogènes ont été testés pour leur pouvoir infestant envers des larves de phorides dans des béchers contenant du compost avec du blanc de champignon. Le quotient sexuel des mouches émergentes n'est pas affecté par la présence du nématode. En comparaison avec un témoin non traité, trois isolats (Steinernema D1, Steinernema C1 et S. feltiae A2) réduisent le nombre de phorides. Ces isolats ont été ensuite testés à deux doses (50 000 et 100 000 juvéniles infestants par bécher) et trois densités de mouches: en comparaison du témoin non traité, tous les isolats réduisent le nombre de mouches émergeant du compost; si la dose influe sur les résultats, il n'y a pas de différence significative entre les isolats. Les nématodes ont été testés à trois doses (100, 200 et 400 juvéniles infestants par récipient) envers une seule larve de phoride, sur agar contenant du mycelium de champignon. La valeur LD50 n'indique aucune différence significative entre les isolats en ce qui concerne leur pouvoir pathogène.
Variation in root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in Crete in relation to control with resistant tomato and pepper
Authors: Tzortzakakis EmmanueL A. , Blok Vivian C. , Phillips Mark S. , Trudgill David L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A targeted survey of vegetable production areas in Crete, Greece, showed that
the majority of infestations of rootknot nematodes (RKN) were Meloidogyne
javanica. M. incognita appeared to be limited to areas growing pepper that
is a host for M. incognita but not for M. javanica. Tests with resistant
tomato carrying the Mi gene showed that the M. incognita and the majority of
the M. javanica populations were avirulent, and that virulent nematodes
could not be selected from them. However, three populations of M. javanica,
including some previously identified, were virulent. An AFLP study of the
DNA from 22 populations of M. javanica produced 264 scorable amplification
products and gave a very high mean similarity (99.4%) between populations,
indicating that both virulent and avirulent populations probably derived
from the same founder population. Mi-resistant tomato and pepper appear to
have considerable utility in the integrated management of RKN in Crete,
provided care is taken to monitor the species and virulence or reproductive
ability of the nematode populations. Die Variation bei Wurzelgallennematoden
(Meloidogyne spp.) auf Kreta in Bezug auf ihre Bekampfung mit resistenten
Tomaten und Paprika - Eine gezielte Untersuchung von Gemuseanbaugebieten auf
Kreta Griechenland, ergab, dass die Mehrzahl der von Wurzelgallennematoden
(RKN) befallenen Flachen mit Meloidogyne javanica verseucht war. M.
incognita was offentsichtlich auf Gebiete des Paprikaanbaus beschrankt.
Paprika ist ein Wirt fur M. incognita aber nicht fur M. javanica . Versuche
mit resistenten Tomaten, die das Mi-Gen besassen, zeigten, dass M. incognita
und die Mehrzahl der Populationen von M. javanica avirulent waren, und dass
aus ihnen keine virulenten Nematoden selektiert werden konnten. Drei
Populationen von M. javanica, darunter schon einige schon vorher
identifizierte, waren virulent. Eine AFLP-Untersuchung der DNA von 22
Populationen von M. javanica ergab 264 unterscheidbare
Amplifikationsprodukte und zeigte eine hohe mittlere Ahnlichkeit (99,4%)
zwischen den Populationen. Dies deutete daraufhin, das virulente and
avirulente Populationen wahrscheinlich von der gleichen Grunderpopulation
abstammten. Mi-resistente Tomaten und Paprika sind offensichtlich von
betrachtlichen Nutzen bei der integrierten Bekampfung von RKN auf Kreta.
Voraussetzung ist, dass die Arten und die Virulenz oder die
Vermehrungsfahigkeit der Populationen sorgfalting festgestell werden.