bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
F
rankfurt School
Authors: Langman Lauren 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
For Marx, the defining moment of the nineteenth century was the rise of industrial capitalism, which had transformed the nature of work, governance, values, and indeed the routines of everyday life. Capitalism spread throughout the world; it overthrew dynastic rule, battered down traditions, ended the “idiocy of rural life,” and, above all, created vast wealth – at least for capitalists. However, this wealth was based on the sale of commodities that were produced by workers who sold their labor to capitalists for wages; thus labor became a commodity that greatly increased the value of raw materials turned into commodities for markets. But workers received very little of that increased value as wages; indeed, workers lived in poverty and destitution. Marx's fundamental concern was not simply the exploitation or poverty of the workers, but the alienation, objectification, and estrangement that left workers powerless, without recognition or dignity as human beings, bereft of community, and incapable of realizing their nature as members of the human species.
Generation Y
Authors: den Bergh Joeri Van 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Generation Y is also known as “the Millennials.” Generational labels are often the result of popular culture. Some are linked to a historic event, others derived from drastic social or demographic changes or from a big turn in the calendar. Millennials belong to the third category.
The terms “Gen Y” and “Millennials” refer to those born between 1980 and 1996, although different authors use different data. It is the first generation to come of age in the new millennium. “Y” was chosen as a popular label as this generation is the successor of Generation X, but there are many synonyms, such as Generation Why, Generation Search, Generation Next, the Net generation, the digital natives, the dot‐com generation, Echo Boomers, etc. They are the children of Baby Boomer parents, which explains why there are so many in spite of the declining fertility rates.
Hollywood
Authors: Dalecki Linden 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Hollywood – a name coined by real estate developer H. J. Whitley in 1886 – refers both to the Los Angeles, California district developed by Whitley and to a set of evolving motion picture industry firms, players, practices, technologies, and modes of finance, production, and distribution that emerged in and around the district. The heavy concentration of activities in Hollywood (Los Angeles) related to the motion picture industry – and eventually to the mediated entertainment sector more generally – resulted in an economic cluster effect that continues to drive industrial efficiencies and offer access to specialized talent, technology, and other resources. Despite increasingly online workflows, contemporary Hollywood‐based entertainment media firms continue to maintain a global competitive advantage over entertainment media firms based elsewhere.
Homogenization and Heterogenization
Authors: Michael Ryan J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThose who see the world as ever more homogenized argue that more of the world is growing increasingly similar. They see the global spread of things likeMcDonald's, Starbucks, Wal‐Mart, Puma, Lady Gaga, and Hollywood as evidence that local differences are being washed away by universal sameness. As global organizations, corporations, and political and economic domination – particularly that of the United States – increase their reach, the ability of local governments, cultures, and individuals to resist becoming the same is weakened.
Mass Media
Authors: Siciliano Michael , Gruys Kjerstin 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Mass media have been a core social institution throughout modern history and in contemporary life. The term “mass media” refers to an array of technological systems, industries, cultural forms, and practices of production and consumption characterized by the transmission of information from a few producers to large groups of consumers. Technologically, mass media include the printing press, telegraphy, telephony, music recording, film projection, radio and television transmission systems, and the World Wide Web or internet. Cultural forms associated with mass media include cinema, recorded popular music, newspapers, broadcast journalism, popular literature, television programming, video games, computer software, and advertisements.
Modernization Theory
Authors: Martinez Martha A. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Modernization theory is a social science paradigm created after World War
II
by researchers in the United States to study and explain the social change from traditional to modern societies. Modern societies are defined as fitting the characteristics of mid‐twentieth‐century United States and Western Europe, while all other types of societies are characterized as traditional. The theory became the cornerstone of
US
foreign policy until the 1980s, based on the premise that a close relationship with Western countries would accelerate modernization in the rest of the world. Social scientists in Third World countries developed dependency theory as an opposing paradigm, insisting that it was contact with Western countries that created dependencies and slow rates of development. Neoliberalism and globalization have rendered the theory mostly obsolete, with the exception of environmental sociology. Environmental modernization theory states that the solution to environmental problems is the continuation of the modernization process. This latest application of modernization theory is criticized because it ignores the impact of conspicuous consumption.
Money
Authors: Polillo Simone 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWhile money sits at the intersection of culture, politics, and economics, it is sociology that has generated some of the most novel insights over the past few decades. Like the broader field of economic sociology within which it is located, the sociology of money has grown by leaps and bounds, benefiting from the theoretically eclectic and multi‐method nature of the field. This growth was not achieved by defining the sociological study of money in opposition to mainstream economics. Rather, it resulted from theoretical concerns generated within sociology itself. This is partly because economists have long stopped treating money as a topic worthy of exploration in its own terms. Since the demise of the German Historical School at the turn of the twentieth century, economists have embraced marginal analysis, utility functions, and general equilibrium. Money subsequently ceased capturing the attention of the mainstream: when it was analyzed, it was in the context of critiques of monetary policy. Concerned with “real” as opposed to the “financial,” economists gave money little analytical attention.
Mothers/Motherhood
Authors: O'Donohoe Stephanie 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

By definition, “mother” is a relational identity, and as soon as others are aware of a pregnancy, mothers‐to‐be are subject to external scrutiny and embroiled in societal norms and cultural discourses of motherhood. Thus, mothering as an experience is intertwined with motherhood as an institution or ideal, with many studies highlighting women's concerns about being, and being seen to be, a good mother. The maternal and the material are also closely bound together, as consumption pervades experiences and practices of mothering, at least in contemporary Western cultures. The challenges of consumer “choice” are particularly evident for new and low‐income mothers, since lack of knowledge, experience, or buying power, combined with powerful discourses of the good/bad mother, make it difficult to “get
THINGS
right” (Miller). The incursion of the market into some paths toward motherhood, such as fertility treatment or adoption, is highly contested.
Nostalgia
Authors: Autio Minna 
Published: March 2015

“Nostalgia” comes from the Greek words
nostos
, meaning to return home, and
algia
, a painful condition. Thus, it refers to a sentimental yearning for the “dear departed past,” which causes longing for things missing from one's personal life (e.g., homesickness). In modern times, however, the meaning of nostalgia has evolved, and the concept has many connotations. In consumer research, nostalgia has mainly been interpreted as a positive feeling and experience – longing for a happy former time or place.
Pets
Authors: Blouin David D. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The term “pet” (also “companion animal”) is used to distinguish between different categories of animals (e.g., livestock, wild animals) and different human–animal relations. Although dogs and cats are by far the most prevalent, many other types of animal are kept as pets, including reptiles, birds, and fish. There are three criteria that differentiate pets from other animals: pets are allowed in homes, they are given names, and they are never eaten; they are animals that people treat the way they do infants and children. Indeed, many pet owners prefer to adopt baby animals and may be drawn to pets because they elicit parental tendencies. Pets, unlike other domestic animals, are valued for the emotional support they provide, not for their economic utility.
Scarcity and Artificial Scarcity
Authors: Daoud Adel 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn its simplest form, scarcity refers to the quantitative relationship between means and ends. When the means available to satisfy some ends are not enough, then a situation of scarcity arises. If the reverse is true, then a situation of abundance is present. Sufficiency arises when means and ends are just about equal. Of these three, scarcity seems to have played the most central role in social science theories. Scarcity is thus a different concept to the concept of limited resources. The qualitative dimensions of scarcity refer to several things, including: (1) the ontological nature of the means and ends; (2) the level of analysis (individual, household, country, etc.); and (3) a system of entitlements for access to resources. When individuals are excluded from accessing sufficient resources in a given system, those individuals are said to experience artificial scarcity. Artificial scarcity can also refer to a situation when scarcity is induced into a system, when it potentially could have sufficiency or abundance.
Supermarkets
Authors: Schwartz Rachel 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In less than a century after their genesis, supermarkets have grown from their roots as regional chains to be transnational corporations. The supermarkets have become the gatekeepers, influencing production, distribution, and consumption, of the global food and nutrition system. Vertical integration within the food retailing industry has resulted in supermarkets developing new manufacturing practices and privatizing new markets.
Cities, Visual Consumption of
Authors: Zuev Dennis 
Published: March 2015

Visual consumption brings together three somewhat different research areas: the cultural history of consumption, tourism research, and research in advertising and marketing. The idea of the power of the gaze and the look is central to visual consumption, as is the development of visual technologies (camera and the internet), images, and changes in the commodity industry – such as the development and establishment of department stores, the packaging industry, branding, and tourism. The image economy of visual consumption is made up of shopping windows, advertisements, souvenirs, postcards, websites, brands, and so forth. It also concerns managerial strategies for visualizing commodities and consumer gazes. Visual consumption focuses on the visual aestheticization and visual symbolism of consumption.
W
illiams,
R
aymond
Authors: Dassopoulos Andrea 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Raymond Williams was a founder of cultural studies. He was among the first scholars to take popular culture seriously. He redefined culture as an entire way of life, deconstructing the distinction between high and low culture. His body of work spanned 30 years and was ever evolving. His key contributions were the theory of cultural materialism, the concept of structure of feeling, and his politics of representation. He thought of culture as inherently political and was personally politically active with the British Left and a devoted Marxist his entire life.
Quality of Life, Measurements of
Authors: Brown Clair 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Defining and measuring the standard of living has a long history in economics and sociology, and is essential for understanding the role that consumption plays in how people live and their quality of life. The most commonly used national measure to compare the quality of life across countries and across time is gross domestic product (
GDP
) per capita or the closely related national income per capita. This approach has several weaknesses, and researchers have devised alternative measurements of the standard of living that are more comprehensive at both the national level and the individual level. There is no consensus on the best measure to use, and this entry is an overview of three alternative models and measures of quality of life: neoclassical, institutional, and Buddhist.
Locavorism
Authors: Haedicke Michael A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe wordslocavoreandlocavorismare recent additions to American English, and they reflect concerns about the negative effects of the global food economy and popular celebrations of the virtues and pleasures of local foods consumption. The ethical arguments that underlie locavorist advocacy are contested, and locavorism reveals some of the contradictions of ethical consumerism. Nevertheless, locavore tastes and practices have significantly changed food retailing and marketing.
Consumers in Emerging Economies
Authors: Agarwal Sharad , Xavier M. J. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Emerging economies are nations with social or business activities in the process of rapid growth and industrialization, experiencing much higher growth than their developed counterparts. Emerging economies generally refer to the
BRIC
countries, comprising Brazil, Russia, India, and China. This entry discusses the growth in the size of the markets of these economies with a focus on the Indian consumer market, projected to grow to
INR70
trillion by 2025 (
US
$1 =
INR65
approx.). Consumption in emerging economies is largely influenced by the socioeconomic status of the consumers, which is explained through the consumer categories in the Indian markets and the growth projected in each consumer category. The entry also discusses the “Bottom‐of‐Pyramid” (
BoP
) consumers, who account for
US
$5 trillion in the global market, and their characteristics, along with an example of an innovative project, Shakti, aimed toward developing and penetrating the
BoP
markets in India.
Failing Consumption
Authors: Eisewicht Paul 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFailing consumption sums up the manifold problems that consumers encounter in the process of consumption, and the ways they resolve them. Risks of failing consumption include the diffusion of needs, problems with the retrieval of information, spatial/temporal/juridical limitations to the purchase, problems with the transfer of the money and/or good, disappointments at the expected usage, as well as problems when storing or disposing the good. Confronted with these problems, consumers draw on various routines of problem solving (including heuristics regarding the attribution of the cause as well as patterns of action to resolve them). Failing consumption emphasizes the constant struggle of wanting to have and having to choose, which is a characteristic consequence for the disembedded individual in contemporary society.
Synthesis of Chalcogenophenes via Cyclization of 1,3‐Diynes Promoted by Iron(III) Chloride and Dialkyl Dichalcogenides
Authors: Bilheri Filipe N. , Stein André L. , Zeni Gilson 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we report the iron(III) chloride and dibutyl diselenide‐mediated cyclization of 1,3‐diynes which leads to 3,4‐bis(butylselanyl)selenophenes. The optimization studies showed that the reaction was best performed with equimolar amounts of iron(III) chloride and dibutyl diselenide in dichloromethane at 40 °C for 4 h. The method allows the synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical selenophenes in moderate to good yields. A similar protocol was also extended to the synthesis of thiophene derivatives using dimethyl disulfide instead of dibutyl diselenide. The resulting selenophenes and thiophenes were further functionalized by selenium–halogen exchange reactions, Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions and electrophilic cyclizations.magnified image
The study of binary interaction parameters on VLE for alternative refrigerant mixtures
Authors: Sun Yanjun , Liu Zhigang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) + hydrocarbons (HCs) and HFCs + dimethyl ether (DME) are correlated by the Soave–Redlich–Kwong, Peng–Robinson, and Carnahan–Starling–DeSantis, respectively, with one adjustable binary interaction parameter kij, and each equation can represent the satisfactory results. For the three equations, the obtained optimum interaction parameter kij is almost the same for the binaries containing the same HFC component in the same class, and when the kij of the lack‐of‐data mixtures are needed, it just needs to know the kij of any binary in the same class on the basis of the phenomena and law. Moreover, a new equation for kij is developed that enables the three equations of state to predict the VLE properties for such mixtures within reasonable accuracy. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and properties of UV‐curable fluorinated polyurethane acrylates containing crosslinkable vinyl methacrylate for antifouling coatings
Authors: Jeon Jae‐Hwan , Park Young‐Gwang , Lee Young‐Hee , Lee Dong‐Jin , Kim Han‐Do 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTTo obtain highly effective antifouling coatings, a series of UV‐curable polyurethane acrylates containing diluents [heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate (PFA, 6 wt %)/isobornyl acrylate (IBOA, 34 wt %)/methyl methacrylate (MMA, 20‐5 wt %)/vinyl methacrylate (VMA, 0–15 wt %)] were prepared. This study examined the effect of bulky MMA (20‐5 wt %)/crosslinkable VMA (0–15 wt %) weight ratio on the properties of the UV‐curable polyurethane acrylates. The fluorine concentration in UV‐cured film surface increased with increasing VMA content up to 9 wt % and then decreased. TheTgα, transparency, elasticity, and mechanical properties of the UV‐cured film samples increased with increasing VMA content. The water/methylene iodide contact angles and surface tension of samples increased from 107/79 to 121/91° and decreased from 17.8 to 12.7 mN/m with increasing VMA content up to 9 wt % and then decreased/increased, respectively. From these results, it was found that the optimum VMA content was 9 wt % to obtain a high‐performance antifouling coating. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42168.
Hyoid Bone Development: An Assessment Of Optimal CT Scanner Parameters and Three‐Dimensional Volume Rendering Techniques
Authors: COTTER MEGHAN M. , WHYMS BRIAN J. , KELLY MICHAEL P. , DOHERTY BENJAMIN M. , GENTRY LINDELL R. , BERSU EDWARD T. , VORPERIAN HOURI K. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe hyoid bone anchors and supports the vocal tract. Its complex shape is best studied in three dimensions, but it is difficult to capture on computed tomography (CT) images and three‐dimensional volume renderings. The goal of this study was to determine the optimal CT scanning and rendering parameters to accurately measure the growth and developmental anatomy of the hyoid and to determine whether it is feasible and necessary to use these parameters in the measurement of hyoids from in vivo CT scans. Direct linear and volumetric measurements of skeletonized hyoid bone specimens were compared with corresponding CT images to determine the most accurate scanning parameters and three‐dimensional rendering techniques. A pilot study was undertaken using in vivo scans from a retrospective CT database to determine feasibility of quantifying hyoid growth. Scanning parameters and rendering technique affected accuracy of measurements. Most linear CT measurements were within 10% of direct measurements; however, volume was overestimated when CT scans were acquired with a slice thickness greater than 1.25 mm. Slice‐by‐slice thresholding of hyoid images decreased volume overestimation. The pilot study revealed that the linear measurements tested correlate with age. A fine‐tuned rendering approach applied to small slice thickness CT scans produces the most accurate measurements of hyoid bones. However, linear measurements can be accurately assessed from in vivo CT scans at a larger slice thickness. Such findings imply that investigation into the growth and development of the hyoid bone, and the vocal tract as a whole, can now be performed using these techniques. Anat Rec, 298:1408–1415, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
π‐Conjugated [2]Catenanes Based on Oligothiophenes and Phenanthrolines: Efficient Synthesis and Electronic Properties
Authors: Götz Günther , Zhu Xiaozhang , Mishra Amaresh , Segura Jose‐Luis , Mena‐Osteritz Elena , Bäuerle Peter 
Published: March 2015

AbstractNovel π‐conjugated topologies based on oligothiophenes and phenanthroline have been assembled by combining their outstanding electronic and structural benefits with the specific properties of the topological structure. Macrocycles and catenanes are prepared by using an optimized protocol of transition metal‐templated macrocyclization followed by efficient Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction steps. By using this method, [2]catenanes comprising two interlocked π‐conjugated macrocycles with different ring sizes have been synthesized. The structures of the [2]catenanes and corresponding macrocycles are confirmed by detailed 1H NMR spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry. Single crystal X‐ray structural analysis of the quaterthiophene–diyne macrocycle affords important insight into the packing features and intermolecular interaction of the new systems. The fully conjugated interlocked [2]catenanes are fully characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements.
Fabrication of Supramolecular Semiconductor Block Copolymers by Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization
Authors: Elacqua Elizabeth , Weck Marcus 
Published: March 2015

Abstractω‐Telechelic poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) species (PPVs) are prepared by living ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of a [2.2]paracyclophane‐1,9‐diene in the presence of Hoveyda–Grubbs 2nd generation initiator, with terminating agents based on N1,N3‐bis(6‐butyramidopyridin‐2‐yl)‐5‐hydroxyisophthalamide (Hamilton wedge), cyanuric acid, PdII–SCS‐pincer, or pyridine moieties installing the supramolecular motifs. The resultant telechelic polymers are self‐assembled into supramolecular block copolymers (BCPs) via metal coordination or hydrogen bonding and analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The optical properties are examined, whereby individual PPVs exhibit similar properties regardless of the nature of the end group. Upon self‐assembly, different behaviors emerge: the hydrogen‐bonding BCP behaves similarly to the parent PPVs whereas the metallosupramolecular BCP demonstrates a hypsochromic shift and a more intense emission owing to the suppression of aggregation. These results demonstrate that directional self‐assembly can be a facile method to construct BCPs with semiconducting networks, while combating solubility and aggregation.