bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The blue light receptor complex WC‐1/2 of Schizophyllum commune is involved in mushroom formation and protection against phototoxicity
Authors: Ohm Robin A. , Aerts David , Wösten Han A. B. , Lugones Luis G. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryBlue light is necessary for initiation of mushroom formation in Schizophyllum commune. The genome of this basidiomycete contains homologues of the blue light receptor genes wc‐1 and wc‐2 of Neurospora crassa. Here, it is shown that inactivation of either or both of these genes in S. commune results in a blind phenotype. Mushroom formation was abolished in dikaryons and they formed symmetrical instead of asymmetrical colonies. Development was restored in a temperature dependent way in a Δwc‐2Δwc‐2 strain by introducing a construct encompassing the wc‐2 gene under control of the promoter of the heat shock gene hsp3. A genome‐wide expression analysis showed that the transcription factor genes c2h2 and hom1 as well as many hydrophobin genes are downregulated in light‐grown colonies of the Δwc‐2Δwc‐2 mutant when compared with the wild‐type dikaryon. Inactivation of wc‐1 and/or wc‐2 also resulted in sensitivity of the mycelium to intense light. Monokaryotic mutant strains only survived exposure to 6500 lux of light by growing into the agar. Expression analysis indicates that the photosensitivity of the Δwc‐1 and Δwc‐2 strains is due to lower levels of photolyase and ferrochelatase.
Metabolic programming of insulin action and secretion
Authors: Martin‐Gronert M. S. , Ozanne S. E. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractType 2 diabetes (T2D), also known as non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, arises as a consequence of peripheral insulin resistance in combination with an inability of pancreatic islet β‐cells to secrete adequate amounts of insulin. It is widely recognized that the current environment (e.g. an unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle) contributes to this process. In recent years, however, the role of the early environment, particularly nutrition, has emerged as an important factor capable of influencing health and disease risk of an individual, including risk of T2D. The impact of early environment on glucose metabolism has been extensively studied. Compelling evidence from epidemiological studies and animal models suggests that early nutrition can affect insulin action as a mediator of glucose homeostasis in peripheral tissues and as an important regulator of appetite and body weight. The early environment can also affect β‐cell mass and function, and hence insulin secretion. The molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between a suboptimal early environment and impaired insulin action and secretion is thought to include epigenetic modifications of the foetal genome, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Emerging roles of non‐coding RNAs in pancreatic β‐cell function and dysfunction
Authors: Guay C. , Jacovetti C. , Nesca V. , Motterle A. , Tugay K. , Regazzi R. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPancreatic β‐cells play a central role in glucose homeostasis by tightly regulating insulin release according to the organism's demand. Impairment of β‐cell function due to hostile environment, such as hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia, or due to autoimmune destruction of β‐cells, results in diabetes onset. Both environmental factors and genetic predisposition are known to be involved in the development of the disease, but the exact mechanisms leading to β‐cell dysfunction and death remain to be characterized. Non‐coding RNA molecules, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), have been suggested to be necessary for proper β‐cell development and function. The present review aims at summarizing the most recent findings about the role of non‐coding RNAs in the control of β‐cell functions and their involvement in diabetes. We will also provide a perspective view of the future research directions in the field of non‐coding RNAs. In particular, we will discuss the implications for diabetes research of the discovery of a new communication mechanism based on cell‐to‐cell miRNA transfer. Moreover, we will highlight the emerging interconnections between miRNAs and epigenetics and the possible role of long non‐coding RNAs in the control of β‐cell activities.
Conflicting mitochondrial and nuclear paraphyly in small‐sized West African house bats (Vespertilionidae)
Authors: VALLO PETER , BENDA PETR , ČERVENÝ JAROSLAV , KOUBEK PETR 
Published: August 2012

Vallo, P., Benda, P., Červený, J. & Koubek, P. (2012). Conflicting mitochondrial and nuclear paraphyly in small‐sized West African house bats (Vespertilionidae). —Zoologica Scripta, 42, 1–12.Hybridization between species may result in introgression of mitochondrial DNA from one species to another. Phylogenetic inference, therefore, may not recover true evolutionary relationships. In bats, there are only a few reported cases of introgressive hybridization. House bats are a genus with obscure phylogeny and taxonomy, caused mainly by morphological similarity. We undertook a detailed analysis of small‐sized West African house bats (Scotophilus), tentatively identified as S. nigritellus, to clarify relationships between two sympatric colour forms. These forms were recovered in paraphyletic position to each other in both mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies, signifying that they are two distinct species. While the yellow‐bellied form could be assigned beyond doubt to S. nigritellus s. str., the white‐bellied form may be an as yet undescribed species. Moreover, the white‐bellied form clustered as a sister mitochondrial lineage to another species, Scotophilus leucogaster. These sister lineages differed by only 2.6–2.8% sequence divergence, which lies within the intraspecific range for this genus. Two nuclear markers, however, contradicted the sister relationship, showing them instead to be distantly related. The apparent conflict between the mitochondrial and nuclear signals suggests that past hybridization may have occurred between these morphologically distinct species.
Quantitative measures of operational risk: an application to funds management
Authors: Brown Stephen J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBasel II defines operational risk as the risk of direct or indirect loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people or systems or from external events. In the past decade, there have appeared a number of quantitative approaches to measuring this risk, approaches that abstract from market risk and reputational risk. The challenge is to develop operational risk measures in an asset management context where there is only limited information available about the incidence and severity of operational loss events. We survey different approaches to this problem and argue that managing this risk through operational due diligence is a source of alpha in this funds management context.
DUAL‐OBJECTIVE OPTIMAL MIXTURE DESIGNS
Authors: Zhang Chongqi , Wong Wengkee , Peng Heng 
Published: August 2012

SummaryMixture experiments are widely used in many industries and particularly in the manufacture of consumer products. Almost all work to date assumes a single study objective, which is unrealistic. Researchers may want to estimate model parameters and make predictions or extrapolations at the same time. We discuss design issues for determining the optimal proportions of the mixture components when there are two or more objectives in the study and there is a large sample size. We present a general methodology for constructing two types of dual‐objective optimal design for mixture experiments and discuss the general applicability of the design strategy to more complicated types of mixture design problems, including mixture experiments.
Balancing Employee Religious Freedom in the Workplace with Customer Rights to a Religion‐free Retail Environment
Authors: Adams Ronald J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn October of 2009, Trevor Keezer was terminated by Home Depot for refusing to remove a pin from his uniform declaring “One Nation under God, Indivisible.” Mr. Keezer, a cashier with Home Depot, contended that the button he had worn for over one year before any action was taken by his employer expressed his support for American troops and his Christian faith. Were the actions taken by his employer warranted or was Mr. Keezer the victim of arbitrary religious discrimination unrelated to job performance? Religion is becoming an increasingly polarizing issue in the workplace, forcing retail managers to balance the respective interests of employees, coworkers, and patrons of retail establishments. And from all indications, if legislation pending in Congress is enacted, maintaining the balance will become more problematic.
Discerning Possibilities for Action: A Typology of Approaches to Moral Imagination
Authors: Hargrave Timothy J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe existing literature on moral imagination proposes that actors can best respond to ethical dilemmas by tailoring their actions to the practical demands of the situation. It has done little to develop this insight, however. To address this gap, I used institutional theory to identify six ideal type approaches to moral imagination. I proposed that in addressing ethical dilemmas, the morally imaginative actor takes account of two situational factors: first, the social construction of the unmet ethical claim or obligation which constitutes the ethical dilemma, and in particular whether or not it is broadly perceived to be legitimate; and second, its own degree of power. The framework presented represents the first attempt to systematically enumerate approaches to moral imagination and identify their boundary conditions.
Beyond Empiricism: Realizing the Ethical Mission of Management
Authors: Friedland Julian 
Published: August 2012

AbstractResearch into the proper mission of business falls within the context of theoretical and applied ethics. And ethics is fast becoming a part of required business school curricula. However, while business ethics research occasionally appears in high‐profile venues, it does not yet enjoy a regular place within any top management journal. I offer a partial explanation of this paradox and suggestions for resolving it. I begin by discussing the standard conception of human nature given by neoclassical economics as disseminated in business schools; showing it is a significant obstacle to an accurate conception of ethics and how this limits consideration of sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR). I then examine the scope of the top management journals, showing how their empirical and descriptive focus leaves little room for ethics, which is an essentially conceptual and prescriptive discipline. Finally, I suggest avenues for research into the ethical mission of business, generally—and sustainability and CSR, in particular—by appeal to the precepts of Harvard Business School’s Master’s in Business Administration ethics oath modeled on the medical and legal professions.
Globalization and Its Challenges for Business and Business Ethics in the Twenty‐first Century
Authors: Werhane Patricia H. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe global expansion of free enterprise has been underway for some time, and the challenges for global companies are well‐known. Companies often operate in economically blighted communities and in corrupt environments without a rule of law. At the same time Western‐based global corporations are under increasing public pressure to take on responsibilities to these communities that are often beyond their expertise or economic purview. For example, at the 2008 Davos meetings Bill Gates proposed the idea of “creative capitalism, challenging business to ‘meet the needs of the poor in ways that generate profits’...” In what follows I shall argue that while there have been many successful global ventures, the Gates’ challenge requires academics and managerial leaders to rethink their mind sets and expand their thinking about what we mean by globalization, poverty, and the multiple dimensions of free enterprise.
Is ‘Candidacy’ a Useful Concept for Understanding Journeys through Public Services? A Critical Interpretive Literature Synthesis
Authors: Mackenzie Mhairi , Conway Ellie , Hastings Annette , Munro Moira , O'Donnell Catherine 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAcross the public sector there is concern that service uptake is inequitably distributed by socio‐economic circumstances and that public provision exacerbates the existence of inequalities either because services are not allocated by need or because of differential patterns of uptake between the most and least affluent groups.A concept that offers potential to understand access and utilization is ‘candidacy’ which has been used to explain access to, and utilization of, healthcare. The concept suggests that an individual's identification of his or her ‘candidacy’ for health services is structurally, culturally, organizationally and professionally constructed, and helps to explain why those in deprived circumstances make less use of services than the more affluent.In this article we assess the fit of candidacy to other public services using a Critical Interpretive Synthesis of three case studies literatures relating to: domestic abuse, higher education and environmental services.We find high levels of congruence between ‘candidacy’ and the sampled literatures on access/utilization of services. We find, however, that the concept needs to be refined. In particular, we distinguish between micro, meso and macro factors that play into the identification, sustaining and resolution of candidacy, and demonstrate the plural nature of candidacies. We argue that this refined model of candidacy should be tested empirically beyond and within health. More specifically, in the current economic context, we suggest that it becomes imperative to better understand how access to public services is influenced by multiple factors including changing discourses of deservedness and fairness, and by stringent reductions in the public purse.
Trust as a Means of Bridging the Management of Risk and the Meeting of Need: A Case Study in Mental Health Service Provision
Authors: Brown Patrick , Calnan Michael 
Published: August 2012

AbstractShifts in public policy towards an increasing focus on risk have been deemed problematic at a number of levels, particularly the tendency for concerns over reputational risk to institutions to trump the interests and needs of service‐users. This article explores the tension between these two dimensions, of risk and need, in a case study of local mental health services – a setting where conflicting objectives to manage risk and meet need are apparent. Media‐driven pressure to ward against the ‘risk’ represented by service‐users tends towards more coercive policy which may obstruct the meeting of need, which in turn may undermine service‐user engagement and hinder risk management. Drawing on qualitative data from interviews with service‐users, professionals and managers, the article explores the process of trust and its facilitative role in meeting need and managing risk. Findings suggest that while existing foci on risk are at times counter‐productive, trust plays a significant role in service‐users' initial and ongoing engagement, communication and co‐operation with professionals. Yet inherent obstacles to trust within mental healthcare contexts remain, due to cultural pressures on professionals, the nature of the illness experience and negative past experiences of in‐patient care.
Middle‐Class Political Activism and Middle‐Class Advantage in Relation to Public Services: A Realist Synthesis of the Evidence Base
Authors: Matthews Peter , Hastings Annette 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSince the late 1960s social policy scholarship has been concerned with the distribution of the resources or benefits across social gradients. This article presents a review of the literature on one mechanism by which inequity might be produced – activism by middle‐class service‐users enabling them to capture a disproportionate share of resources. The review used the methodology of realist synthesis to bring together evidence from the UK, the USA and Scandinavian countries over the past 30 years. The aim was to construct a ‘middle‐theory’ to understand how and in which contexts collective and individual activity by middle‐class service‐users might produce inequitable resource allocation or rationing decisions that disproportionately benefit middle‐class service‐users. The article identifies four causal theories which nuance the view that it is the ‘sharp elbows’ of the middle‐classes which confer advantage on this group. It shows how advantage accrues via the interplay between service‐users, providers and the broader policy and social context.
Opposite but analogous effects of road density on songbirds with contrasting habitat preferences
Authors: Butler L. K. , Ries L. , Bisson I.‐A. , Hayden T. J. , Wikelski M. M. , Romero L. M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractRoads are a widespread and growing form of habitat alteration, making their effects on wildlife a major conservation concern. We investigated effects of roads on occupancy patterns and stress physiology of the golden‐cheeked warbler Setophaga chrysoparia, an endangered songbird that depends on large tracts of old‐growth forest for breeding. We compared those effects in the white‐eyed vireo Vireo griseus, a common songbird that prefers to breed in scrubby habitat that is common along forest roads. In warblers, older, socially dominant males were more likely to occupy territories, but had higher baseline plasma concentrations of corticosterone, in less‐roaded habitats. In vireos, older males were equally likely to occupy territories, but, opposite to warblers, had lower baseline corticosterone concentrations, in less‐roaded habitats. In both species, the corticosterone response to acute stress was unrelated to road density, and body condition and fat stores either increased or were sustained across road density groups during the breeding season, suggesting that breeding near roads did not cause chronic stress. Our results suggest that roads can cause increased male–male competition for territories in nearby roadless habitat, and may result in higher corticosterone concentrations in dominant individuals defending preferred sites near or far from edge, depending on species habitat preferences. Increased competition and chronically elevated corticosterone levels may be of concern if they alter parental care or immunity of individuals breeding in the best habitat.
Managing a food web: impacts on small mammals of managing grasslands for breeding waders
Authors: Laidlaw R. A. , Smart J. , Smart M. A. , Gill J. A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractConservation management of landscapes often targets species of conservation concern, but this can have repercussions for other components of the food web which may, in turn, indirectly influence the target species. In Western Europe, many lowland wet grasslands are managed to encourage declining breeding wader populations but the benefits of creating habitat conditions that attract waders are often limited by increased predation rates. As predator activity may be influenced by the relative availability of different prey sources, we investigate the influence of habitat management for waders on the distribution and activity of the small mammal prey of mammalian predators. Livestock grazing to create the short sward structure that attracts breeding waders on wet grasslands results in areas of tall, dense vegetation being largely restricted to verge areas outwith fields. Through both ink tracking tunnels and field‐sign searches, we found small mammal activity to be almost entirely restricted to swards of > 20 cm height and > 80% ground‐level cover which, in this landscape, is only found in verges and field edges. The creation of extensive areas of short grass to attract breeding waders may therefore be substantially reducing the abundance of mammal prey for the predators that are limiting wader productivity on many sites. Using this information to plan small mammal habitats within these landscapes may be a means of reducing the predation pressure on breeding waders, and there is an urgent need to establish whether predation rates on wader nests and chicks are lower when small mammals are abundant.
Annual Research Review: Resilient functioning in maltreated children – past, present, and future perspectives
Authors: Cicchetti Dante 
Published: August 2012

Background: Through a process of probabilistic epigenesis, child maltreatment progressively contributes to compromised adaptation on a variety of developmental domains central to successful adjustment. These developmental failures pose significant risk for the emergence of psychopathology across the life course. In addition to the psychological consequences of maltreatment, a growing body of research has documented the deleterious effects of abuse and neglect on biological processes. Nonetheless, not all maltreated children develop maladaptively. Indeed, some percentage of maltreated children develops in a resilient fashion despite the significant adversity and stress they experience.Methods: The literature on the determinants of resilience in maltreated children is selectively reviewed and criteria for the inclusion of the studies are delineated.Results: The majority of the research on the contributors to resilient functioning has focused on a single level of analysis and on psychosocial processes. Multilevel investigations have begun to appear, resulting in several studies on the processes to resilient functioning that integrate biological/genetic and psychological domains.Conclusions: Much additional research on the determinants of resilient functioning must be completed before we possess adequate knowledge based on a multiple levels of analysis approach that is commensurate with the complexity inherent in this dynamic developmental process. Suggestions for future research on the development of resilient functioning in maltreated children are proffered and intervention implications are discussed.
Anxiety in adolescents born preterm or with very low birthweight: a meta‐analysis of case–control studies
Authors: SØMHOVD MIKAEL J , HANSEN BO M , BROK JESPER , ESBJØRN BARBARA H , GREISEN GORM 
Published: August 2012

Aim  To determine if adolescents who are born very preterm (<32wks; of gestation) and/or with very low birthweight (VLBW; <1500g) have a higher risk of experiencing clinically significant anxiety problems.Method  We used a systematic review and meta‐analysis. We searched the databases ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, PsycNET, Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on the Health Sciences (LILACS), and Virtual Health Library (VHL) with equivalent search expressions (from the databases’ inception to June 2011). Also, we screened reference lists of identified articles. We selected case–control studies of adolescents 11 to 20 years old who were very preterm/VLBW and had a matched reference group born at term with normal birthweight that reported a validated anxiety outcome measure. For data extraction, two authors independently reviewed titles, abstracts, and full articles identified through the searches. Subsequently two authors independently extracted data.Results  We included six studies with 1519 adolescents (787 very preterm/VLBW, 732 comparisons). The general risk of developing clinically significant anxiety problems was nearly doubled (p<0.05) in the very preterm/VLBW population (OR 2.27, 95% confidence interval 1.15–4.47). The overall prevalences were 9.9% in the very preterm/VLBW group and 5.5% in the comparison group.Interpretation  Those born very preterm/VLBW have an increased risk of developing clinically significant anxiety problems in adolescence.