bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectral Analysis of Demodulated Ultrasound Returns: Detection of Scatterer Periodicity and Application to Tissue Classification
Authors: Roth Scott L. , Hastings Harold M. , Evans Steven J.L. , Esposito Michael , Gladstone Clifford , Rathod Sharad , Bodenheimer Monty M. 
Published: March 2013

Ultrasound returns from tissue display variations in amplitude on several spatial scales. Although large-scale variations result from factors such as attenuation, variations on smaller scales are caused by tissue characteristics such as variations in scatterer spacing and reflectance. These small scale variations cause a corresponding variation in the amplitude of the ultrasound return. A simple and direct method for detecting and quantifying periodicity in these variations in the presence of attenuation is described. The radiofrequency ultrasound return is first demodulated by full-wave rectification. The normalized power spectrum of the demodulated return then yields an index that we call the relative Fourier energy. Both computer simulations and in vitro experiments were performed in order to study how relative Fourier energy performed in discriminating between periodic and random scatterer distributions. Computer simulations demonstrated significant differences between the returns from periodic and random scatterer distributions. Ultrasound returns from aortic tissue yielded a relative Fourier energy index that was significantly different between normal vs. atherosclerotic tissue (normal: 0.868 ± 0.076, mean ± s.d., fibrofatty plaque: 0.705 ±0.109, p< 0.01 vs. normal, calcified plaque: 0.753 ± 0.078, p < 0.01 vs. normal). In contrast, no difference was found in comparisons of overall reflectance. SUMMARY
Use of Computed Tomography and Histopathologic Review for Lung Lesions Produced by the Interaction Between Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Pigs
Authors: Pósa R. , Magyar T. , Stoev S. D. , Glávits R. , Donkó T. , Repa I. , Kovács M. 
Published: March 2013

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae has a primary role in the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). The objective of this study was to determine whether fumonisin mycotoxins influence the character and/or the severity of pathological processes induced in the lungs of pigs by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Four groups of pigs ( n = 7/group) were used, one fed 20 ppm fumonisin B1 (FB1) from 16 days of age (group F), one only infected with M. hyopneumoniae on study day 30 (group M), and a group fed FB1 and infected with M. hyopneumoniae (group MF), along with an untreated control group (group C). Computed tomography (CT) scans of infected pigs (M and MF) on study day 44 demonstrated lesions extending to the cranial and middle or in the cranial third of the caudal lobe of the lungs. The CT images obtained on study day 58 showed similar but milder lesions in 5 animals from group M, whereas lungs from 2 pigs in group MF appeared progressively worse. The evolution of average pulmonary density calculated from combined pixel frequency values, as measured by quantitative CT, was significantly influenced by the treatment and the age of the animals. The most characteristic histopathologic lesion in FB1-treated pigs was pulmonary edema, whereas the pathomorphological changes in Mycoplasma-infected pigs were consistent with catarrhal bronchointerstitial pneumonia. FB1 aggravated the progression of infection, as demonstrated by severe illness requiring euthanasia observed in 1 pig and evidence of progressive pathology in 2 pigs (group MF) between study days 44 and 58.
Development: The Third Way
Authors: Omo-Fadaka Jimoh 
Published: March 2013

The coming of independence to new nations means, besides self-government and management of resources, responsibility for the total welfare of the population as a whole and minimum disruption of the ecosystem. When options are available, what is the wisest way to development? The problem confronting the developing countries today is poverty. This poverty is characterized by unemployment, under-employment, illiteracy, malnutrition, disease, starvation and bad housing. How is this problem to be solved? The urban way or the rural way to development? The imitation of the patterns of development of the industrialized nations or the adoption of development patterns suited to indigenous traditional and cultural conditions? The lessons of the First United Nations Development Decade have shown quite clearly that given the pressure of time (constantly aggravated by the increase in population) the urban way to development and the imitation of the patterns of development of the industrialized nations are incapable of handling problems as complex and deep-rooted as those faced by many developing countries. What is required is the rural way to development from the bottom up (at micro-economic level) and not the urban way from top to bottom (at macro-economic level).
Armaments Dynamics: An Issue in Development Strategies
Authors: Lock Peter 
Published: March 2013

This article addresses the problem of military dominance in the Third World from the perspective of historical and structural linkages with the West. The author argues that military trends can be traced to the Cold War period when the U.S. poured military aid into newly emergent states willing to join the anti-communist campaign. This stimulated the development of large and sophisticated militaries within otherwise underdeveloped states, severely burdening local economies. As internal conditions worsened, hard-pressed Third World states employed the philosophy of total war built into Cold War diplomacy to shift their image of “the enemy” from external actors exclusively, to domestic social groups, using the military to maintain social control. Today, “security and development” is a prominent Third World slogan but it is a goal frustrated by three interrelated factors: globalization of the East/West conflict which is epitomized by interventions and regional arms races; reduction in foreign military aid; and consequent subordination of development needs to the demands of military preparedness. Rather than experiencing development, Third World states face chronic balance of payments problems and unemployment, largely because they are sectorally linked with the world market in a spiral of military-related economic relationships. Attempts to counter this trend must take into account the complex dynamic of the new international military order by planning for alternative security arrangements as well as alternative economic policies. To this end, the author suggests that a system of taxation of arms or military spending would be useful; it would provide incentives to convert arms industries into more socially productive enterprises without forcing the Third World to abandon all arms purchases.
The Role of Enforcement of Law in the Establishment of a New International Order: A Proposal for a Transnational Police Force
Authors: Johansen Robert C. , Mendlovitz Saul H. 
Published: March 2013

This essay examines the need to supplement national self-help in enforcing desirable global norms, explains the potential contributions of a transnational enforcement agency to the creation of a more just and peaceful world polity, describes how such an agency might function, and explores steps for establishing such an agency. The proposed transnational enforcement agency is discussed within the context of a comprehensive process of change that aims to domesticate international politics and transnationalize national politics. By gradually reinforcing preferred norms through more effective monitoring and enforcement of them, it is possible to increase the governability of and to humanize world society, as well as to increase the governing ability of political institutions at all levels. The authors examine the problem of unequal enforcement and emphasize that the proposed transnational agency, even imperfectly functioning, holds more promise for helping to establish justice and keep the peace than do present diplomatic and military practices. The agency's long-range utility for transforming the international system is no less important than its short-term potential for alleviating structural and direct violence.
The Moving Cultural Frontier of World Order: From Monotheism to North-South Relations
Authors: Mazrui Ali A. 
Published: March 2013

This essay argues that the history of the international system has revolved around a moving frontier of cultural exclusivity. Originating under monotheism, the cultural frontier has been characterized by a persistent “us/them” dichotomy. Civilizations which anthropomorphized God in monarchical terms tended to divide the world between the God-fearing and the sinner. This tendency was reinforced by the culture of politics which differentiated supporters from adversaries. Both were embodied in early international law such that a system of rules for civilized nations did not apply to ‘them’ – the rest of the world, thus opening the door to imperialism and eventual class stratification in the international system. Although the cultural frontier has been moving due to secular challenges, the major challenges to Judaeo-Christian monotheism – Marxism and Islam – are themselves dualistic: the Marxist dialectic is inherently of this nature as is the tension between good and evil in Islam. The interrelationship between major cultural themes in today's world, coupled with a developmental system of stratification which is based on technical know-how, suggests that important but hidden problems of a cultural nature are contained in the world order agenda.
Elites, Public Opinion, and Empire: On Lions, Foxes and Mass Politics in the Post-Vietnam Era
Authors: Sanders Jerry W. 
Published: March 2013

This essay analyzes the replacement of ‘managerialism’ with ‘militarism’ as the dominant ideology within the US foreign policy establishment. At issue for both sides in the post-Vietnam power struggle was how best to combat centrifugal forces at work in the international order that threatened further erosion of the US empire. The resolution of the debate in favor of “containment militarism,” the paper contends, emerged from a decisive shift in the domestic political climate that, after a brief interregnum, restored US foreign policy to its familiar adversary role vis-a-vis global reform and transformation. In support of this thesis, the essay focuses attention on the “Soviet threat” mobilization campaign of the elite Committee On The Present Danger (CPD). As the parameters of policy debate moved steadily to the right during Carter's term in office, the Administration's rhetoric and doctrine evolved accordingly from global interdependence to global confrontation. The paper argues that the deepening crisis of capital accumulation acted as an added constraint on Carter, which, in combination with the domestic mood, forced abandonment of managerialism and with it all pretense of elite reform. It concludes by suggesting that the political impetus for meaningful global reform will have to come from a popular democratic movement. Conversely, the domestic concerns of the latter can only be realized in a world beyond empire.
The African Crisis: Alternative Development Strategies for the Continent
Authors: Shaw Timothy M. 
Published: March 2013

Africa is currently undergoing a crisis characterized by economic recession, political decline, and social tension which will have grave international as well as national and regional consequences. The World Bank and the Organization of Africa Unity (OAU) have proposed divergent development paths for the continent that must be evaluated in light of this crisis. The World Bank, as outlined in its Agenda for Action, favors externally-oriented development whereas the OAU in its Lagos Plan of Action calls for collective self reliance. This article reviews the debate framed by these two alternative strategies and examines the implications for both Africa and the industralized world. In doing so, it discusses which African and Northern interests are likely to favor increased external interaction and continued dependence (the World Bank Agenda) and which prefer disengagement and increased intra-regional relationships (OAU Lagos Plan). The author draws distinctions between the development priorities of the minority “semi-peripheral” countries such as Nigeria, Kenya and Egypt and the majority “peripheral” states such as Zambia and Senegal: the former being more externally-oriented than the latter. The countries also differ on the degree of self-reliance they seek. Another important factor is related to the recent emergence of a variety of bourgeois classes-national, bureaucratic, military—who, having more propertied interests than the disadvantaged proletarian classes, may prefer the lassez-faire Agenda over the more structured Plan. This divisive dynamic is in turn exacerbated by rivalries between various Center factions.
The Peace Movement and the Third World
Authors: Hutchful Eboe 
Published: March 2013

This paper explores the nature of the relationship between the peace movement in the West and the Third World. Western countries lack, individually and collectively, the materials essential for the smooth functioning of their armament industries and require easy access to cheap supplies from well-endowed Third World countries. This appropriation is facilitated by their manipulation of the capitalist world economy which is dominated, after all, by the United States and, where possible, by their control over Third World countries, often with the collusion of their ruling elites. Liberation from this asymmetric relationship is imperative for the peoples of the Third World who are engaged in a desperate struggle for survival. However, Western countries do not tolerate such developments and, in fact, consider any nation that supports liberation struggles (especially the Soviet Union) as an enemy to be destroyed—if necessary, in a “winnable nuclear war.” Since the Soviet Union, China, and their allies support liberation movements as a matter of course, the Third World, instead of being peripheral, is actually central to the current climate of nuclear confrontation and superpower rivalry. And actually, the liberation struggles in the Third World are the corollary of the struggles of the peace movement in the West: that is, if the focus of the peace movement in the West were adjusted to stress liberty and justice as vital ingredients of peace. It is important to grasp this nexus, not only to preclude one party working against the other, but also to encourage their joining forces to work toward their goals more effectively. Clearly, this sort of cooperation will require the peace movement to enlarge its program of action. The paper concludes on this note by proposing some amendments to the current agenda of the peace movement.
Struggles for a Just World Peace: A Transition Strategy
Authors: Mendlovitz Saul H. 
Published: March 2013

Over the past 20 years, Saul H. Mendlovitz has been actively engaged in research, teaching, dialogue, advocacy, and political action in the struggles for a just world peace. Recently, he has been involved in the work of the Committee for a Just World Peace (CJWP). The CJWP's primary purpose is stimulating various grass-roots, social action, and citizen movements throughout the globe to interact in ways which will contribute to the formation of a global social movement in the struggles for a just world peace. More recently, with his initiative, the World Order Models Project in collaboration with the Soviet Political Science Association and with the cooperation of four institutes in Chile, India, Japan, and the United States, embarked on a new project called “The Coming Global Civilization: Challenges to Polity.” The project seeks to develop cross-cultural and multidisciplinary perspectives on the coming global civilization, to analyze the consequent challenges to existing forms of polity, and to articulate both a normative vision and practical guidelines for action in a period of rapid transition. This essay is a result of these various engagements. We publish it here in the hope that it will encourage further dialogue and generate some response.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome due to exposure to high-concentration mixture of ethenone and crotonaldehyde
Authors: Huang Jun-Feng , Zhu Du-Ming , Ma Jie-Fei , Zhong Ming 
Published: March 2013

Introduction: Acute inhalational exposure leads to rapidly progressive acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This report is the first one to present a patient with ARDS in relation to long-standing exposure to a high-concentration mixture of ethenone and crotonaldehyde. Case report: A male worker in a chemical plant was accidentally exposed to the mixture of high-concentrated ethenone and crotonaldehyde for 5 min in an open space and worked continuously in the polluted area for approximately 12 h. On admission, he was conscious with the following vital parameters: blood pressure, 151/91 mmHg; pulse rate, 107 beats/min; respiratory rate, 30 breaths/min; temperature, 37.6°C; oxygen saturation, 92% supported by mask saturation 10 L/min; arterial blood gases showed P/F oxygen ratio of less than 200. Physical examination disclosed decreased bilateral vesicular sounds. A chest computed tomography revealed bilateral nonsegmental ground-glass opacities. The patient was mechanically ventilated and treated with corticosteroid. The patient was discharged without any symptoms. Conclusion: Exposure to mixtures of ethenone and crotonaldehyde can cause severe pulmonary injury leading to delayed ARDS.
The hazardous effects of three natural food dyes on developmental stages and longevity of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Uysal Handan , Semerdöken Sıdıka , Çolak Deniz Altun , Ayar Arif 
Published: March 2013

Nowadays, food dyes obtained from herbal, animal, microbial and mineral sources are widely used as food additives. In this study, the toxic effects of three different natural food dyes (carmine, turmeric and annatto) on 72 ± 4 h larvae of Oregon-R wild type of Drosophila melanogaster were investigated. For this purpose, four different application doses (50, 75, 100, 125 mg mL−1) were chosen by means of preliminary studies. It was determined that larval mortality increased with increasing concentration in the application groups and the toxicity order was carmine > turmeric > annatto. It was observed that the survival rate was highest in the control with 98% and lowest in 125 mg mL−1 carmine with 16%. In addition, the average lifespan of the adult individuals obtained from third instar larvae was also studied. While the average lifespan was 40.88 ± 1.44 days in the control group, these values were 10.81 ± 0.55–23.90 ± 1.27 days in the carmine group, 15.00 ± 0.80–22.42 ± 1.43 days in the turmeric group and 10.33 ± 1.03–35.68 ± 1.54 days in the annatto group, respectively. According to the obtained results, when both the developmental period from larvae into adults and the lifespan of the developing adults were compared with the control group, the food dyes were found to be toxic and the toxicity order of carmine > turmeric > annatto was identified.
A novel model approach for esophageal burns in rats
Authors: Kalkan Yildiray , Tumkaya Levent , Akdogan Remzi Adnan , Yucel Ahmet Fikret , Tomak Yakup , Sehitoglu İbrahim , Pergel Ahmet , Kurt Aysel 
Published: March 2013

Background: Corrosive esophageal injury causes serious clinical problems. We aimed to create a new experimental esophageal burn model using a single catheter without a surgical procedure. Materials and methods: We conducted the study with two groups of 12 male rats that fasted for 12 h before application. A modified Foley balloon catheter was inserted into the esophageal lumen. The control group was given 0.9% sodium chloride, while the experimental group was given 37.5% sodium hydroxide with the other part of the catheter. After 60s, esophagus was washed with distilled water. The killed rats were examined using histopathological methods after 28 days. Results: In comparison with the histopathological changes experienced by the study groups, the control groups were observed to have no pathological changes. Basal cell degeneration, dermal edema, and a slight increase in the keratin layer and collagen density of submucosa due to stenosis were all observed in the group subjected to esophageal corrosion. Conclusion: A new burn model can thus, we believe, be created without the involvement of invasive laparoscopic surgery and general anesthesia. The burn in our experiment was formed in both the distal and proximal esophagus, as in other models; it can also be formed optionally in the entire esophagus.
Effects of Urtica dioica on oxidative stress, proliferation and apoptosis after partial hepatectomy in rats
Authors: Oguz Serhat , Kanter Mehmet , Erboga Mustafa , Toydemir Toygar , Sayhan Mustafa Burak , Onur Hatice 
Published: March 2013

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of Urtica dioica (UD) on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) in rats. A total of 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups: sham-operated, PH and PH + UD; each group contains eight animals. The rats in UD-treated groups were given UD oils (2 ml/kg/day) once a day orally for 7 days starting 3 days prior to hepatectomy operation. At day 7 after resection, liver samples were collected. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were estimated in liver homogenates. Moreover, histopathological examination, mitotic index (MI), proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling, proliferation index (PI), transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling assay, apoptotic index (AI) were evaluated at day 7 after hepatectomy. As a result, UD significantly increased MI and PI, significantly decreased AI and also attenuated hepatic vacuolar degeneration and sinusoidal congestion in PH rats. UD treatment significantly decreased the elevated tissue MDA level and increased the reduced SOD activity and GSH level in the tissues. These results suggest that UD pretreatment was beneficial for rat liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.
Indicateur de valeur de marque et variables d'offre Analyse empirique sur données de panel de magasins
Authors: Bayle-Tourtoulou Anne-Sophie , Dietsch Michel 
Published: March 2013

Cette étude empirique, conduite sur une large base de données de panel de magasins, comporte deux parties. La première consiste à estimer, à partir de modèles d'attraction, un indicateur de valeur de marque par marque et par enseigne; la seconde a pour objectif de relier cet indicateur aux principales variables d'offre dont dispose une marque au sein des magasins où elle est offerte. Il ressort que la place octroyée en linéaire ainsi que l'importance numérique de la concurrence sont liées significativement (positivement dans le premier cas, négativement dans le second) à la valeur des marques. En revanche, le prix relatif de la marque et son activité promotionnelle ne sont pas liés à l'indicateur de sa valeur.