bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multicontrast High-Resolution Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Its Value in Differentiating Intracranial Vasculopathic Processes
Authors: Mossa-Basha Mahmud , Hwang William D. , De Havenon Adam , Hippe Daniel , Balu Niranjan , Becker Kyra J. , Tirschwell David T. , Hatsukami Thomas , Anzai Yoshimi , Yuan Chun 
Published: May 2015

Background and Purpose—
Although studies have attempted to differentiate intracranial vascular disease using vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (VWI), none have incorporated multicontrast imaging. This study uses T1- and T2-weighted VWI to differentiate intracranial vasculopathies.

Methods—
We retrospectively reviewed patients with clinically defined intracranial vasculopathies causing luminal stenosis/irregularity who underwent VWI studies. Two blinded experts evaluated T1 precontrast and postcontrast and T2-weighted VWI characteristics, including the pattern of wall thickening; presence, pattern, and intensity of postcontrast enhancement; and T2 signal characteristics.

Results—

Twenty-one cases of atherosclerosis (intracranial atherosclerotic disease [ICAD]), 4 of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, and 4 of vasculitis were identified, with a total of 118 stenotic lesions (81 ICAD, 22 reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, and 15 vasculitic lesions). There was substantial to excellent inter-reader agreement for the assessment of lesional T2 hyperintensity (
κ
=0.80), pattern of wall thickening (
κ
=0.87), presence (
κ
=0.90), pattern (
κ
=0.73), and intensity (
κ
=0.77) of enhancement. ICAD lesions were significantly more likely to have eccentric wall involvement (90.1%) than reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (8.2%;
P
<0.001) and vasculitic lesions (6.7%;
P
<0.001) and were also more likely to have T2 hyperintensity present than the other 2 vasculopathies (79% versus 0%;
P
<0.001). There were also significant differences in the presence, intensity, and pattern of enhancement between all lesion types. Combining T1 and T2 VWI increased the sensitivity of VWI in differentiating ICAD from other vasculopathies from 90.1% to 96.3%.

Conclusions—
Multicontrast VWI can be a complementary tool for intracranial vasculopathy differentiation, which often leads to more invasive workups when reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and vasculitis are in the differential diagnosis.
Ratio of Apolipoprotein A-II/B Improves Risk Prediction of Postoperative Survival After Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Duschek Nikolaus , Stojakovic Tatjana , Ghai Samarth , Strassegger Johann , Basic Jelena , Scharnagl Hubert , Falkensammer Jürgen , Huber Kurt , Assadian Afshin 
Published: May 2015

Background and Purpose—
Even in patients with high-grade carotid stenosis, cardiovascular morbidity causes more deaths than strokes do. Despite successful low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lowering, a significant risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains, eventually rendering other lipid or lipoprotein ratios more efficient treatment targets. This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of the ratio of serum apolipoprotein A-II/B for overall mortality (primary outcome) of carotid surgery patients.

Methods—
This single-center, nonrandomized, prospective cohort study comprised 327 consecutive patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy for high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis. Baseline lipoprotein concentrations were measured, and patients were observed for the occurrence of the primary outcome until the census date (January, 2003 to January, 2012; median follow-up, 102.3 months).

Results—

The ratio of apolipoprotein A-II/B (hazard ratio, 0.74 per SD; confidence interval, 0.60–0.91;
P
=0.004) showed the highest association with the primary outcome compared with other lipid-risk parameters, significantly improving a prognostic model based on major cardiovascular risk factors, including LDL, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides in terms of overall performance, calibration, and discrimination. This led to a significantly improved reclassification of 8.9% of all patients (net reclassification improvement, 0.137;
P
=0.006 and integrated discrimination improvement, 0.041;
P
<0.001) and of 13.6% of patients with a serum baseline concentration of <100 mg/dL LDL (net reclassification improvement, 0.270;
P
=0.030 and integrated discrimination improvement, 0.061;
P
=0.002).

Conclusions—
Apolipoprotein A-II/B significantly improves risk prediction of overall survival, also in carotid surgery patients with lower LDL levels. Consequently, this ratio might provide an efficient diagnostic tool and eventually a treatment target for actual lipid-lowering therapies, which has to be addressed in future randomized controlled trials.
A new species of Hubera (Annonaceae) from Peninsular India
Authors: Ramachandran Muralidharan , NARASIMHAN DUVURU , BALACHANDRAN NATESAN 
Published: May 2015

Annonaceae, one of the most diverse plant families in tropical forests, comprise roughly 108 genera and 2400 species (Rainer et al. 2006, Chatrou et al. 2012). As per the current understanding, Annonaceae have four subfamilies: Anaxagoreoideae, Ambavioideae, Annonoideae and Malmeoideae (Chatrou et al. 2012). Phylogenetic studies on Annonaceae (Mols et al. 2004; Erkens et al. 2007; Su et al. 2008; Nakkuntod et al. 2009; Chatrou et al. 2012) have brought significant changes in circumscription and nomenclature of several genera due to the strict adherence to the principle of monophyly (Su et al. 2005, 2010; Rainer, 2007; Mols et al. 2008; Saunders, 2009; Chaowasku et al. 2011, 2012; Xue et al. 2012, 2014). The problematic case of the polyphyletic genus Polyalthia Blume s.l. (1830: 68) has recently been studied phylogenetically in detail and presently is fully solved; species of Polyalthia s.l. have been segregated into several smaller monophyletic genera, for example, Fenerivia Diels (1925: 355; Saunders et al. 2011), Hubera Chaowasku (2012: 46; Chaowasku et al. 2012), Maasia Mols, Keßler & Rogstad (2008: 493; Mols et al. 2008), Marsypopetalum Scheffer (1870: 342; Xue et al. 2011) and Monoon Miquel (1865: 15; Xue et al. 2012).
Climate Impacts of Large-Scale Wind Farms as Parameterized in a Global Climate Model
Authors: Fitch Anna C. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The local, regional, and global climate impacts of a large-scale global deployment of wind power in regionally high densities over land are investigated for a 60-yr period. Wind farms are represented as elevated momentum sinks as well as enhanced turbulence to represent turbine blade mixing in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5), a global climate model. For a total installed capacity of 2.5 TW, to provide 16% of the world’s projected electricity demand in 2050, minimal impacts are found both regionally and globally on temperature, sensible and latent heat fluxes, cloud, and precipitation. A mean near-surface warming of 0.12 ± 0.07 K is seen within the wind farms, with a global-mean temperature change of −0.013 ± 0.015 K. Impacts on wind speed and turbulence are more pronounced but largely confined within the wind farm areas. Increasing the wind farm areas to provide an installed capacity of 10 TW, or 65% of the 2050 electricity demand, causes further impacts; however, they remain slight overall. Maximum temperature changes are less than 0.5 K in the wind farm areas. To provide 20 TW of installed capacity, or 130% of the 2050 electricity demand, impacts both within the wind farms and beyond become more pronounced, with a doubling in turbine density. However, maximum temperature changes remain less than 0.7 K. Representing wind farms instead as an increase in surface roughness generally produces similar mean results; however, maximum changes increase, and influences on wind and turbulence are exaggerated. Overall, wind farm impacts are much weaker than those expected from greenhouse gas emissions, with very slight global-mean climate impacts.
A Wake due to the Maldives in the Eastward Wyrtki Jet
Authors: Nagura Motoki , Masumoto Yukio 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA wake due to islands in background zonal flow has been observed in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. This study detects and examines a wake due to the Maldives in the eastward Wyrtki jet in the Indian Ocean. Observations by acoustic Doppler current profilers deployed east of the Maldives show semiannual variability in cross-equatorial currents, which cannot be explained by annual monsoonal wind forcing. Output from a high-resolution ocean general circulation model (OGCM) shows that the semiannual current variability is a part of a stationary wavelike pattern of meridional currents, which appears east of the Maldives concurrently with the eastward Wyrtki jet. Idealized numerical experiments are conducted using a 1.5-layer model, in which an equatorial jet driven by wind forcing or steady inflow impinges islands that are similar to the Maldives in shape. The results show the meandering of the equatorial eastward jet east of the model islands, and the resulting cross-equatorial currents have a similar pattern compared to those in the OGCM simulation. The momentum budget analysis obtained from the OGCM simulation and the layer model experiments shows a significant contribution of momentum advection to the generation of the wake. Also, the layer model experiments exhibit that the wake is essentially stationary; its zonal wavelength becomes larger when the eastward jet is stronger, and the wake is absent when the equatorial jet is westward. The similarity of the wake in the equatorial jet to stationary damped Rossby waves in the quasigeostrophic barotropic ocean model is discussed.
Variational Correction of Aircraft Temperature Bias in the NCEP’s GSI Analysis System
Authors: Zhu Yanqiu , Derber John C. , Purser R. James , Ballish Bradley A. , Whiting Jeffrey 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Various studies have noted that aircraft temperature data have a generally warm bias relative to radiosonde data around 200 hPa. In this study, variational aircraft temperature bias correction is incorporated in the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation analysis system at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Several bias models, some of which include information about aircraft ascent/descent rate, are investigated. The results show that the aircraft temperature bias correction cools down the atmosphere analysis around 200 hPa, and improves the analysis and forecast fits to the radiosonde data. Overall, the quadratic aircraft ascent/descent rate bias model performs better than other bias models tested here, followed closely by the aircraft ascent/descent rate bias model.
Two other issues, undocumented in previous studies, are also discussed in this paper. One is the bias correction of aircraft report (AIREP) data. Unlike Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) data, where unique corrections are applied for each aircraft, bias correction is applied indiscriminately (without regard to tail numbers) to all AIREP data. The second issue is the problem of too many aircraft not reporting time in seconds, or too infrequently, to be able to determine accurate vertical displacement rates. In addition to the finite-difference method employed to estimate aircraft ascent/descent rate, a tensioned-splines method is tested to obtain more continuously smooth aircraft ascent/descent rates and mitigate the missing time information.
Aims, Objectives and Criteria of Undergraduate Project Work Incorporating Cai
Authors: Adderley K. J. 
Published: May 2015

The paper emphasizes the distinction between ‘aims’ and ‘operational objectives’ of project work and classifies both into behaviour-oriented and task-oriented sets. A particular project, in which a computer assisted instruction programme was compiled and evaluated, illustrates certain criteria which interrelate the project objectives, the learner variables, and the protection of students' interests.
Native Speakers: Identity, Grace, and Homecoming
Authors: Williams Rowan 
Published: May 2015

An address delivered on the occasion of the Archbishop receiving the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Conference on Christianity and Literature. Oh, it was the loneliness none of them could ever forget, that wry distance, as if there were injury for him in the fact that all of them were native to their life as he never could be. (Marilynne Robinson, Home, 249)
Computer Experiments in the Fluids Laboratory
Authors: Boysan F. , Savas D. , Cardew G. , Haider H. , Bullough W. A. 
Published: May 2015

An introductory course in computational fluid dynamics for undergraduate students is described. The content of the course is: two lectures; an assisted ‘on computer’ example; several common hands-on exercise tutorials done by the students and an individual task. The whole is intended to give students an appraisal of the potential of CFD rather than an in-depth training. Various modes of print out are used in order to show up two-dimensional flow features not easily envisaged from analytical or experimental sections of a first degree course. These (velocity) patterns are explained by the students in executive reports which serve as feedback on what the course has done for them and as a consolidation of the aims of the exercise.
Antiviral Activity against VZV and HSV Type 1 and Type 2 of the (+) and (−) Enantiomers of (R,S)-9-[4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]guanine, in Comparison to other Closely Related Acyclic Nucleosides
Authors: Abele G. , Cox S. , Bergman S. , Lindborg B. , Vissgården A. , Karlström A. , Harmenberg J. , Wahren B. 
Published: May 2015

The separate (+) and (−) enantiomers of the acyclic guanosine analogue 9-[4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-butyl]guanine (2HM-HBG) were tested for inhibition of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). In all cases the (−) enantiomer was the most active enantiomer. The (+) enantiomer was 10 times less active than the racemate against VZV and inactive against HSV-1 and -2. The parent compound, 9-(4-hydroxybutyl)guanine, containing an unbranched side chain, was inactive against VZV, whereas substitution with a hydroxymethyl group at the 2 or 3 position of the side chain conferred anti-VZV activity. The effect of hydroxymethyl substitution may increase the recognition of the compound by the VZV thymidine kinase by increasing its similarity to the natural substrate thymidine. Further substitution of the side chain of the parent compound with oxygen, fluorine or hydroxyl groups did not confer antiviral activity against VZV. Two VZV strains were isolated which could be grown in the presence of high concentrations of 2HM-HBG and which were also cross-resistant to other nucleoside analogues. These strains induced very little viral thymidine kinase activity in infected cells and thus were probably deficient for a functional thymidine kinase. 2HM-HBG exhibited a persistent antiviral effect even after the nucleoside was removed from the medium of VZV-infected cells, whereas acyclovir did not show this effect.
Relationship between Conformation and Antiviral Activity-II. 5-Methoxymethyl-2′-deoxycytidine and 5-methoxymethyl-N4-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine
Authors: Gupta V. S. , Aduma P. J. , Jia Z. , Stuart A. L. , Kumar V. P. S. , Tourigny G. , Delbaere L. T. J. 
Published: May 2015

5-methoxymethyl-N4-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine (N4-Me-MMdCyd) and 5-methoxymethyl-N4-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine-5′-monophosphate (N4-Me-MMdCMP) were synthesized to confer resistance to deamination by deaminating enzymes. N4-Me-MMdCyd and N4-Me-MMdCMP were inactive against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and also nontoxic to VERO cells up to 1796 μM (highest concentration tested). 5-methoxymethyl-2′-deoxycytidine-5′-monophosphate (MMdCMP) was more potent than the nucleoside against HSV-1 in VERO cells. In HSV-infected VERO cells (10 PFU/cell), N4-Me-MMdCyd caused only slight perturbations of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools. 5-methoxymethyl-N4-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine-5′-triphosphate (N4-Me-MMdCTP) was synthesized and the nature of interaction of N4-Me-MMdCTP and dCTP with DNA polymerase of Escherichia coli, HSV-1 and human α was investigated. N4-Me-MMdCTP was neither an effective substrate nor a strong inhibitor of Escherichia coli, HSV-1 or human α DNA polymerase. The relationship between molecular conformation and antiviral activity for MMdCyd and N4-Me-MMdCyd is discussed. The conformation of the deoxyribofuranose ring in MMdCyd and N4-Me-MMdCyd are different. In N4-Me-MMdCyd, the exocyciic C(5′) side chain has the t conformation whereas MMdCyd has the g+ rotomer conformation. The orientation of the N4-methyl group may also impede binding to the HSV-induced kinase by steric hindrance and/or by hindering hydrogen bonding between the enzyme and the lone pair of electrons at N(3). The results suggest that attempts to render resistance to deamination by alkylation at the N(4) position of the cytosine moiety is not likely to yield compounds with activity against HSV.
In vitro Toxicity of 2′,3′-Dideoxy-3′-Thiacytidine (BCH189/3TC), a New Synthetic Anti-HIV-1 Nucleoside
Authors: Lisignoli G. , Facchini A. , Cattini L. , Monaco M. C. G. , Degrassi A. , Mariani E. 
Published: May 2015

2′,3′-Dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (BCH189 or 3TC, IAF BioChem International Inc., Montreal, Canada) is a new synthetic anti-HIV-1 dideoxynucleoside with a sulphur atom in the heterocycle ring. Preclinical studies showed that this compound at 5–10 μM displays potent anti-retroviral activity in vitro against HIV-1 infected T (H9 and MT4) and monocyte/macrophage (U937) cell lines, associated with low acute and chronic myelotoxicity in animals. The present study evaluates the in vitro toxicity of BCH189 in comparison with 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT) on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal subjects and asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive patients. BCH189 and AZT were used at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 50 μM, and their action was analysed by: (1) proliferation assay using two activation pathways (concanavalin A and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody), (2) natural killer (NK) activity, and (3) IL2 receptor (CD25) expression after stimulation with concanavalin A (ConA). Exposure of PBL for 72 h to the two drugs resulted in decreased DNA synthesis only in cells treated with AZT. In particular, BCH189 did not modify significantly cellular proliferation, while a significant inhibition of PBL from normal subjects and HIV-1 positive patients, was observed at AZT concentrations ranging between 5 to 50 μM. Both 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (BCH189) and AZT had no effect on NK cytolytic activity. BCH189, at various doses, did not interfere with IL2 receptor (CD25) expression on CD3 positive cells, while AZT, only at very high concentration (50μM), caused a decrease in the number of CD25 positive cells. These studies suggest that BCH189 is less toxic in vitro to lymphocytes than AZT and further support its use in clinical trials on HIV-1 infected subjects as a good alternative to AZT.
Inhibition of Influenza A and B Viruses by 2′-Deoxy-2′-Fluororibosides
Authors: Tisdale M. , Appleyard G. , Tuttle J. V. , Nelson D. J. , Nusinoff-Lehrman S. , Nakib W. Al , Stables J. N. , Purifoy D. J. M. , Powell K. L. , Darby G. 
Published: May 2015

A series of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluororibosides were evaluated for anti-influenza activity in cell culture and in the mouse pneumonia model. Many were found to be potent inhibitors of Influenza A, in chick embryo fibroblast cells (IC50's 0.1–2.9 μM), and in reducing mouse lung virus titres (1–3 log10 units). Purine analogues proved the most effective, but their activity was an order of magnitude higher in MDCK cells. Anti-influenza activity correlated with intracellular triphosphate levels and with substrate specificity of 2′-deoxycytidine kinase. 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroguanosine selected for further study was active against all influenza A and B strains tested, including one clinical isolate which proved extremely sensitive when assayed in human tracheal cultures. In vivo, 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroguanosine (2′-fluorodGuo) was significantly more effective than amantadine or ribavirin in reducing mouse lung virus titre when treatment commenced after infection.
In vitro Resistance to an Inhibitor of HIV Proteinase (Ro 31-8959) Relative to Inhibitors of Reverse Transcriptase (AZT and TIBO)
Authors: Craig J. C. , Whittaker L. , Duncan I. B. , Roberts N. A. 
Published: May 2015

Serial passage of cell-free human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strain GB8 on CEM cells was carried out in the presence of increasing concentrations of the HIV proteinase inhibitor Ro 31-8959 in parallel with representative reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (AZT and the TIBO compound, R82150). In all instances, a significant increase in the concentration of compound required to produce a 90% reduction of syncytium formation (IC90) was found after seven to nine passages of virus. Reduced sensitivity to Ro 31 −8959 was confirmed by p24 ELISA. Virus passaged in the presence of RT inhibitors did not show a significant change in either the ability to grow in culture supplemented with step-wise increments of inhibitor concentration or the rate of growth in the presence of compound. In contrast, virus passaged in the presence of Ro 31 −8959 required, on average, more than 2.5-times the normal passage time and often did not replicate when increases in inhibitor concentration were applied during the initial passages. The results show that reduced sensitivity to an inhibitor of HIV proteinase, Ro 31–8959, can be generated, but it would seem to arise less readily than that found with either of the RT inhibitors studied. While this study indicates the potential for a reduction in sensitivity to proteinase inhibitors, it does not necessarily reflect the ability of mutant virus either to be selected for or to be propagated in the clinic.
Current Issues in the Management of Genital Herpes
Authors: Barton S. E. 
Published: May 2015

Genital infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV) produces a variety of clinical manifestations, patient presentations and management problems which differ in their severity and complexity. In the UK the currently available data for the incidence of genital HSV have been provided predominantly by the KC60 returns from diagnoses made in genitourinary (GU) medicine clinics. The increasing availability and recent publication of the first results, using HSV type-specific antibody tests within GU and non-GU patient populations, provide a tool to monitor trends in the epidemiology of HSV. It is, however, important to understand that the sexual behaviour which leads to this infection is variable and not necessarily general. The clinical availability of type-specific HSV antibody tests also gives rise to the possibility of screening individuals and informing those who test positive of their, previously undiagnosed, condition. The practicalities and problems of this approach need to be fully assessed. The possibility of uncovering previously undiagnosed cases through general practitioners is being considered, first, in terms of surveys of the general practitioners' management of genital HSV and, secondly, because the funding of health care in the UK has put the cost-effectiveness in GU medicine clinics under the spotlight. This paper will explore the new developments in the management of genital HSV and suggests adherence to the clear principles of diagnosis and treatment that is in the patient's best interest. This has the clear aim of improving the patient's quality of life, a factor which must remain paramount as new technologies, healthcare strategies and therapies become available.