bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Effect of 3-Dimensional Color Doppler Echocardiography for the Quantification of Mitral Regurgitation According to the Severity and Characteristics
Authors: Choi Jaehuk , Heo Ran , Hong Geu-Ru , Chang Hyuk-Jae , Sung Ji Min , Shin Sang Hoon , Cho In Jeong , Shim Chi-Young , Chung Namsik 
Published: April 2014

Background—
The aim of this study is to explore the differential effect of 3-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography for the quantification of mitral regurgitation (MR). Two-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography–based MR quantification has well-documented limitations.

Methods and Results—

We consecutively enrolled 221 patients with MR. Adequate image quality was obtained by 2D- and 3D-color Doppler echocardiography in 211 (95.5%) patients. The quantitative differences between the MR volumes obtained by 2D- and 3D-proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) were analyzed in various MR subgroups. In the validation cohort (n=52), MR volume obtained by 3D-PISA showed a better agreement with phase-contrast cardiac MRI than 2D-PISA (
r
=0.97 versus 0.84). In all 211 patients, 2D-PISA underestimated the MR volume when compared with 3D-PISA (52.4±19.6 versus 59.5±25.6 mL;
P
=0.005). A total of 33.3% with severe MR based on 3D-PISA were incorrectly assessed by 2D-PISA as having nonsevere MR. In the subgroup analysis, the MR severity (odds ratio, 6.96; 95% confidence interval, 3.04–15.94;
P
<0.001) and having an asymmetrical orifice (odds ratio, 11.48; 95% confidence interval, 3.72–35.4;
P
<0.001), and an eccentric jet (odds ratio, 3.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.27–11.48;
P
=0.017) were predictors of significant difference in MR volume (>15 mL) between 2D- and 3D-PISA methods.

Conclusions—
Quantification of MR by 3D-PISA method is clinically feasible and more accurate than the current 2D-PISA method. MR quantification by 2D-PISA significantly underestimated MR volume with severe, eccentric MR with an asymmetrical orifice. This article demonstrates that 3D-color Doppler echocardiography could be used as a valuable tool to confirm treatment strategy in patients with significant MR.
Building on Prior Knowledge: Schema-dependent Encoding Processes Relate to Academic Performance
Authors: van Kesteren Marlieke T. R. , Rijpkema Mark , Ruiter Dirk J. , Morris Richard G. M. , Fernández Guillén 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The acquisition and retention of conceptual knowledge is more effective in well-structured curricula that provide an optimal conceptual framework for learning new material. However, the neural mechanisms by which preexisting conceptual schemas facilitate learning are not yet well understood despite their fundamental importance. A preexisting schema has been shown to enhance memory by influencing the balance between activity within the medial-temporal lobe and the medial pFC during mnemonic processes such as encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. Specifically, correctly encoding and retrieving information that is related to preexisting schemas appears rather related to medial prefrontal processing, whereas information unrelated or inconsistent with preexisting schemas rather relates to enhanced medial temporal processing and enhanced interaction between these structures. To further investigate interactions between these regions during conceptual encoding in a real-world university setting, we probed human brain activity and connectivity using fMRI during educationally relevant conceptual encoding carefully embedded within two course programs. Early second-year undergraduate biology and education students were scanned while encoding new facts that were either related or unrelated to the preexisting conceptual knowledge they had acquired during their first year of study. Subsequently, they were tested on their knowledge of these facts 24 hr later. Memory scores were better for course-related information, and this enhancement was associated with larger medial-prefrontal, but smaller medial-temporal subsequent memory effects. These activity differences went along with decreased functional interactions between these regions. Furthermore, schema-related medial-prefrontal subsequent memory effects measured during this experiment were found to be predictive of second-year course performance. These results, obtained in a real-world university setting, reveal brain mechanisms underlying acquisition of new knowledge that can be integrated into preexisting conceptual schemas and may indicate how relevant this process is for study success.
Music and Language Expertise Influence the Categorization of Speech and Musical Sounds: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Measurements
Authors: Elmer Stefan , Klein Carina , Kühnis Jürg , Liem Franziskus , Meyer Martin , Jäncke Lutz 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In this study, we used high-density EEG to evaluate whether speech and music expertise has an influence on the categorization of expertise-related and unrelated sounds. With this purpose in mind, we compared the categorization of speech, music, and neutral sounds between professional musicians, simultaneous interpreters (SIs), and controls in response to morphed speech–noise, music–noise, and speech–music continua. Our hypothesis was that music and language expertise will strengthen the memory representations of prototypical sounds, which act as a perceptual magnet for morphed variants. This means that the prototype would “attract” variants. This so-called magnet effect should be manifested by an increased assignment of morphed items to the trained category, by a reduced maximal slope of the psychometric function, as well as by differential event-related brain responses reflecting memory comparison processes (i.e., N400 and P600 responses). As a main result, we provide first evidence for a domain-specific behavioral bias of musicians and SIs toward the trained categories, namely music and speech. In addition, SIs showed a bias toward musical items, indicating that interpreting training has a generic influence on the cognitive representation of spectrotemporal signals with similar acoustic properties to speech sounds. Notably, EEG measurements revealed clear distinct N400 and P600 responses to both prototypical and ambiguous items between the three groups at anterior, central, and posterior scalp sites. These differential N400 and P600 responses represent synchronous activity occurring across widely distributed brain networks, and indicate a dynamical recruitment of memory processes that vary as a function of training and expertise.
The Neural Basis of Involuntary Episodic Memories
Authors: Hall Shana A. , Rubin David C. , Miles Amanda , Davis Simon W. , Wing Erik A. , Cabeza Roberto , Berntsen Dorthe 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Voluntary episodic memories require an intentional memory search, whereas involuntary episodic memories come to mind spontaneously without conscious effort. Cognitive neuroscience has largely focused on voluntary memory, leaving the neural mechanisms of involuntary memory largely unknown. We hypothesized that, because the main difference between voluntary and involuntary memory is the controlled retrieval processes required by the former, there would be greater frontal activity for voluntary than involuntary memories. Conversely, we predicted that other components of the episodic retrieval network would be similarly engaged in the two types of memory. During encoding, all participants heard sounds, half paired with pictures of complex scenes and half presented alone. During retrieval, paired and unpaired sounds were presented, panned to the left or to the right. Participants in the involuntary group were instructed to indicate the spatial location of the sound, whereas participants in the voluntary group were asked to additionally recall the pictures that had been paired with the sounds. All participants reported the incidence of their memories in a postscan session. Consistent with our predictions, voluntary memories elicited greater activity in dorsal frontal regions than involuntary memories, whereas other components of the retrieval network, including medial-temporal, ventral occipitotemporal, and ventral parietal regions were similarly engaged by both types of memories. These results clarify the distinct role of dorsal frontal and ventral occipitotemporal regions in predicting strategic retrieval and recalled information, respectively, and suggest that, although there are neural differences in retrieval, involuntary memories share neural components with established voluntary memory systems.
Attention Allocation and Task Representation during Joint Action Planning
Authors: Kourtis Dimitrios , Knoblich Günther , Woźniak Mateusz , Sebanz Natalie 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We investigated whether people take into account an interaction partner's attentional focus and whether they represent in advance their partner's part of the task when planning to engage in a synchronous joint action. The experiment involved two participants planning and performing joint actions (i.e., synchronously lifting and clinking glasses), unimanual individual actions (i.e., lifting and moving a glass as if clinking with another person), and bimanual individual actions. EEG was recorded from one of the participants. We employed a choice reaction paradigm where a visual cue indicated the type of action to be planned, followed 1.5 sec later by a visual go stimulus, prompting the participants to act. We studied attention allocation processes by examining two lateralized EEG components, namely the anterior directing attention negativity and the late directing attention positivity. Action planning processes were examined using the late contingent negative variation and the movement-related potential. The results show that early stages of joint action planning involve dividing attention between locations in space relevant for one's own part of the joint action and locations relevant for one's partner's part of the joint action. At later stages of joint action planning, participants represented in advance their partner's upcoming action in addition to their own action, although not at an effector-specific level. Our study provides electrophysiological evidence supporting the operation of attention sharing processes and predictive self/other action representation during the planning phase of a synchronous joint task.
When Events Change Their Nature: The Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Aspectual Coercion
Authors: Paczynski Martin , Jackendoff Ray , Kuperberg Gina 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The verb “pounce” describes a single, near-instantaneous event. Yet, we easily understand that, “For several minutes the cat pounced…” describes a situation in which multiple pounces occurred, although this interpretation is not overtly specified by the sentence's syntactic structure or by any of its individual words—a phenomenon known as “aspectual coercion.” Previous psycholinguistic studies have reported processing costs in association with aspectual coercion, but the neurocognitive mechanisms giving rise to these costs remain contentious. Additionally, there is some controversy about whether readers commit to a full interpretation of the event when the aspectual information becomes available, or whether they leave it temporarily underspecified until later in the sentence. Using ERPs, we addressed these questions in a design that fully crossed context type (punctive, durative, frequentative) with verb type (punctive, durative). We found a late, sustained negativity to punctive verbs in durative contexts, but not in frequentative (e.g., explicitly iterative) contexts. This effect was distinct from the N400 in both its time course and scalp distribution, suggesting that it reflected a different underlying neurocognitive mechanism. We also found that ERPs to durative verbs were unaffected by context type. Together, our results provide strong evidence that neural activity associated with aspectual coercion is driven by the engagement of a morphosyntactically unrealized semantic operator rather than by violations of real-world knowledge, more general shifts in event representation, or event iterativity itself. More generally, our results add to a growing body of evidence that a set of late-onset sustained negativities reflect elaborative semantic processing that goes beyond simply combining the meaning of individual words with syntactic structure to arrive at a final representation of meaning.
Plectranthias alcocki, a new anthiine fish species (Perciformes: Serranidae) from the Arabian Sea, off southwest India
Authors: BINEESH K. K. , AKHILESH K. V. , GOPALAKRISHNAN A. , JENA J. K. 
Published: April 2014

A new species of anthiine fish, Plectranthias alcocki n. sp. is described and illustrated based on two specimens, (63.7–72.5 mm SL), recently collected from deep-waters of the Arabian Sea, off Kollam, Kerala, India. The following combination of characters distinguishes it from all other congeners: Dorsal-fin rays X, 15; anal-fin rays III, 7; pectoral-fin rays 14, all unbranched; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; lateral-line complete, the pored lateral-line scales 28; scales above lateral line to origin of dorsal fin 1; scales dorsally on head extending to posterior nostrils; no scales on maxilla or chin; gill rakers 5 + 11 (2 + 7 developed); circumpeduncular scales 10; fourth dorsal spine longest, 2.8 (2.6) in head length (HL), longest dorsal-fin soft ray (second) 2.4 (2.7) in head length; body depth 34.4 (35)% SL; head length 46 (49.8)% SL; orbital length 8.6 in SL; margin of preopercle finely serrate, the serrae 33 (28), ventral edge without antrorse spines; dorsal fin continuous and notched; first anal-fin spine 4.9 (5.6) in HL, second anal-fin spine 2.2 (2.6) in HL; pelvic fins relatively short, 4.0–4.3 in SL; the dorsal fin with a black blotch at base of fourth to eighth spines, one at base of the last three spines, and two at base of soft portion of fin, the dark pigment extending onto adjacent body.
„Niewolnicy świętego Mikołaja”. Eskalacja debaty społecznej wokół holenderskiej tradycji
Authors: Kargól Marta 
Published: April 2014

The slaves of Sinterklaas. The escalation of the public debate on Dutch traditionThis paper examines the public debate about Dutch tradition of Sinterklaas (Saint-Nicolas) and particularly the character of Zwarte Piet, the black-faced helper. His apparent racist nature has been subject of debate in Dutch media for years. However, in 2013 the debate escalated and provoked social conflicts and verbal aggression. The paper gives some explanations why this happened. The case of Zwarte Piet is noteworthy because it shows that Dutch society, well-known for being tolerant and open-minded, is not entirely free of ethnic and national tensions. This Old Dutch tradition that had been shaped in the times of colonialism and slavery, has become a hot issue in todays’ multicultural society. The paper includes considerations concerning the emergence of social conflicts and the meaning of postmodern national and ethnic identity. Additionally, it discusses the role of social media in fuelling the debate. Conclusions are based on analysis of social media content (television, Internet) and publications in the Dutch press from October to December 2013. „Niewolnicy świętego Mikołaja”. Eskalacja debaty społecznej wokół holenderskiej tradycjiArtykuł dotyczy debaty społecznej toczącej się wokół holenderskiej tradycji Sinterklaasa (świętego Mikołaja), a szczególnie wokół postaci Zwarte Piet – pomocnika z uszminkowaną na czarno twarzą. Jego wyraźnie negroidalny wygląd rodzi oskarżenia o rasizm i dlatego od wielu już lat wywołuje dyskusje w holenderskich mediach. W roku 2013 miała miejsce szczególnie ostra dyskusja, która prowadziła do konfliktów oraz agresji słownej. W artykule podjęto próbę wyjaśnienia przyczyny tej sytuacji. Problem postaci Zwarte Piet jest godny uwagi, ponieważ pokazuje, że społeczeństwo holenderskie, uchodzące za tolerancyjne i otwarte, nie jest całkowicie wolne od napięć o charakterze etnicznym i narodowym. Dawna holenderska tradycja, która ukształtowała się w czasach kolonializmu i niewolnictwa, stała się poważnym problemem we współczesnym wielokulturowym społeczeństwie. Artykuł zawiera rozważania na temat powstawania konfliktów społecznych oraz nowoczesnej świadomości etnicznej i narodowej. Ponadto porusza zagadnienie roli mediów w zaostrzaniu dyskusji i towarzyszącej jej agresji. Wnioski zostały oparte o analizę treści medialnych (telewizja, internet) oraz artykułów prasowych, które pojawiały się od października do grudnia 2013 roku.
Symbolika leszczyny w polskiej kulturze ludowej. Fragment definicji kognitywnej
Authors: Kielak Olga 
Published: April 2014

The symbolism of hazel in Polish folk culture. A fragment of cognitive definitionThe article discusses the symbolism of the hazel plant which constitute a segment (one facet) of the cognitive definition of a hazel bush. The symbolism of the hazel is a category which terminate and gather in together other facets constituting the entry ‘Hezel’ in the Lublin ethnolinguistics dictionary (Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych, red. J. Bartmiński, S. Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska): i.e. the plants’ provenance, image, time and place of flourishing; its magical, apotropaical, therapeutical, ritual and practical use etc. The symbol is thus – next to the stereotype – the second key concept in this dictionary. The author shows the different symbolic meanings attributed to hazel in Polish folk culture – the symbolism of the space tree, the symbolism of sacredness, a symbol of life, duration, recovery and growth; symbol of power and health, the symbolism of fertility and abundance, and a symbol of girl. Symbolika leszczyny w polskiej kulturze ludowej. Fragment definicji kognitywnejW artykule omówiona została symbolika leszczyny stanowiąca wycinek (jedną fasetę) definicji kognitywnej leszczynowego krzewu. Symbolika leszczyny jest kategorią, która wieńczy hasło, bazując na pozostałych fasetach - dotyczących m. in. pochodzenia, wyglądu, czasu i miejsca kwitnienia, zastosowania apotropeicznego, magicznego, leczniczego, obrzędowego i praktycznego - spina je wspólną klamrą. Symbol jest bowiem, obok stereotypu, drugim kluczowym pojęciem w lubelskim słowniku etnolingwistycznym (Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych, red. J. Bartmiński, S. Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska). Autorka prezentuje różne sensy symboliczne przypisywane w polskiej kulturze ludowej leszczynie – symbolikę drzewa kosmicznego; symbolikę świętości; symbol życia, trwania, regeneracji i wzrastania; symbol mocy i zdrowia, symbolikę płodności i obfitości oraz symbol dziewczyny.
Lagrangian Mixing Dynamics at the Cloudy–Clear Air Interface
Authors: Kumar Bipin , Schumacher Jörg , Shaw Raymond A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The entrainment of clear air and its subsequent mixing with a filament of cloudy air, as occurs at the edge of a cloud, is studied in three-dimensional direct numerical simulations that combine the Eulerian description of the turbulent velocity, temperature, and vapor fields with a Lagrangian cloud droplet ensemble. Forced and decaying turbulence is considered, such as when the dynamics around the filament is driven by larger-scale eddies or during the final period of the life cycle of a cloud. The microphysical response depicted in nd − 〈r3〉 space (where nd and r are droplet number density and radius, respectively) shows characteristics of both homogeneous and inhomogeneous mixing, depending on the Damköhler number. The transition from inhomogeneous to homogeneous mixing leads to an offset of the homogeneous mixing curve to larger dilution fractions. The response of the system is governed by the smaller of the single droplet evaporation time scale and the bulk phase relaxation time scale. Variability within the nd − 〈r3〉 space increases with decreasing sample volume, especially during the mixing transients. All of these factors have implications for the interpretation of measurements in clouds. The qualitative mixing behavior changes for forced versus decaying turbulence, with the latter yielding remnant patches of unmixed cloud and stronger fluctuations. Buoyancy due to droplet evaporation is observed to play a minor role in the mixing for the present configuration. Finally, the mixing process leads to the transient formation of a pronounced nearly exponential tail of the probability density function of the Lagrangian supersaturation, and a similar tail emerges in the droplet size distribution under inhomogeneous conditions.
Understanding Multidecadal Variability in ENSO Amplitude
Authors: Russell Alexandria M. , Gnanadesikan Anand 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical Pacific vary as a result of the coupling between ocean and atmosphere driven largely by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO amplitude is known to vary on long time scales, which makes it difficult to quantify its response to climate change and constrain the physical processes that drive it. To characterize the long-period variability in ocean–atmosphere coupling strengths, a linear regression of local SST changes is applied to the 4000-yr GFDL Climate Model, version 2.1 (CM2.1) and the 500-yr GFDL CM2 with Modular Ocean Model version 4p1 (MOM4p1) at coarse resolution (CM2Mc) preindustrial control runs, while also comparing to the observationally constrained Ensemble Coupled Data Assimilation (ECDA) dataset. The models produce regression coefficients that vary widely on multidecadal time scales. These variations are strongly reflected in the long-period modulation of ocean stratification and surface precipitation. During high variance periods, when there is stronger stratification and precipitation in the central equatorial Pacific, the ocean’s surface is less responsive to zonal wind stress perturbations, while the atmosphere is more responsive to SST perturbations. The mechanisms underlying this behavior are examined through an expansion of the linear regression equation to individual temperature tendency components. Long-term changes in ENSO amplitude are due to changes in both the oceanic response to the atmosphere, which is predominantly driven by regional changes in the advective and vertical diffusive heat tendencies, and the atmospheric response to the ocean.
Atmosphere and Ocean Origins of North American Droughts*
Authors: Seager Richard , Hoerling Martin 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The atmospheric and oceanic causes of North American droughts are examined using observations and ensemble climate simulations. The models indicate that oceanic forcing of annual mean precipitation variability accounts for up to 40% of total variance in northeastern Mexico, the southern Great Plains, and the Gulf Coast states but less than 10% in central and eastern Canada. Observations and models indicate robust tropical Pacific and tropical North Atlantic forcing of annual mean precipitation and soil moisture with the most heavily influenced areas being in southwestern North America and the southern Great Plains. In these regions, individual wet and dry years, droughts, and decadal variations are well reproduced in atmosphere models forced by observed SSTs. Oceanic forcing was important in causing multiyear droughts in the 1950s and at the turn of the twenty-first century, although a similar ocean configuration in the 1970s was not associated with drought owing to an overwhelming influence of internal atmospheric variability. Up to half of the soil moisture deficits during severe droughts in the southeast United States in 2000, Texas in 2011, and the central Great Plains in 2012 were related to SST forcing, although SST forcing was an insignificant factor for northern Great Plains drought in 1988. During the early twenty-first century, natural decadal swings in tropical Pacific and North Atlantic SSTs have contributed to a dry regime for the United States. Long-term changes caused by increasing trace gas concentrations are now contributing to a modest signal of soil moisture depletion, mainly over the U.S. Southwest, thereby prolonging the duration and severity of naturally occurring droughts.