bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hollywood's Presence in Latin America
Authors: Falicov Tamara L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter will examine contemporary film industries in Latin America more generally, to demonstrate what these industries share in common: dependence on state support to survive, and a relationship of subordination to Hollywood film, which dominates in exhibition, distribution, and, with more commercial fare, in production as well. Data concerning both production and various alliances between Hollywood studios and Latin American film industries – as reflected for instance in the history of runaway production in the region – will be juxtaposed to screen quota legislation passed in Argentina a decade later. These issues raise perennially thorny questions regarding Hollywood's history of hegemony in Latin America.
Global Ugly Betty
Authors: Mikos Lothar , Perrotta Marta 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe global television landscape in the first decade of the twenty‐first century is a complex terrain of contradictory developments and trends. On the one hand, there are globally successful formats and series. On the other hand, each national TV landscape presents its own adaptations of successful programs from other countries. From 2002, the Colombian telenovelaYo soy Betty, la fea(I Am Betty, the Ugly One) has traveled around the world in dubbed and adapted versions. This chapter deals with the comparative study of the original format and of four adaptations (in Germany, Russia, Spain, USA), focusing on licensing, production, and how these conditions have impacted the narrative, dramaturgical, and aesthetic structure of these different national adaptations. The global franchise of scripted and non‐scripted formats as a complex network of flows and counterflows frames the chapter.
Imagination and Censorship, Fiction and Reality
Authors: Acosta‐Alzuru Carolina 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTelenovelas seem an unlikely arena for political discourse. In 2003–2004 the Venezuelan telenovelaCosita Ricaaired, in the middle of the country's political crisis and its deep polarization around the figure of President Hugo Chávez. In addition to the usual love stories,Cosita Ricaincluded characters who were metaphors of the protagonists on the political scene (one character's story was an allegory for Chávez), plots that reflected the embedding of politics in Venezuelans' everyday life, and a storyline that mirrored the presidential recall referendum of August 2004. This chapter examines howCosita Ricawas produced in a time of political turmoil. It is an open window into the life span of telenovela production; through it we are able to observe the writing and the mise en scène processes and how the commercial demands of the genre, the audience's readings, the comments of the entertainment press, and the government's censorship played a fundamental role inCosita Rica's production.
Community Media Production
Authors: Rennie Ellie 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In policy terms, community media are known as the “third sector” of the media. The description reflects the historical expectation that community media can fulfill a need not met by the commercial and public service broadcasters. A defining element of this “need” has been the means to production for nonprofessionals, particularly groups not represented in the mainstream media. The historical construction of community media reveals production to be a guiding principle; both a means and an end in itself. This chapter examines the various rationales underpinning community media production, including empowerment, media diversity, and the independent producer movement. Using case studies from youth media, the chapter critiques producer‐centric models of community media. In the contemporary media environment, production alone cannot meet the social needs that community media were established to address. Instead, I propose a rationale that combines both production and consumption ethics.
Understanding Hypercommercialized Media Texts
Authors: McAllister Matthew P. , Smith Alexandra Nutter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews critical‐cultural media studies work on “hypercommercialized” media texts and offers an analysis of such a text. Given the incentives for commercial and promotional messages to grab the attention of consumers and integrate into their lives, we are seeing a variety of hybrid commercial forms in media. Product placement/integration, branded entertainment, sponsorship, cross‐promotion, and other hypercommercial texts appear in different media and contexts. This chapter examines reasons for the prominence of these hybrid forms, and integrates previous research to explicate their textual dynamics and cultural implications as well as theoretical concepts that can be useful in interrogating them. The NBC comedy30 Rockis used to illustrate how different commercial contexts influence the meaning of a hypercommercial text. A discussion of how increased interactivity and target marketing further complicate the study of hypercommercial texts concludes the chapter.
Women's Portraits Present in Print Fashion Advertisements
Authors: Soloaga Paloma Diaz , Muñiz Carlos 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter presents the findings of a content analysis of 568 luxury brand (e.g., Gucci, Dior, Loewe, Chanel) print advertisements published between 2002–2005 and 2007–2009 in high‐circulation Spanish women's magazines –Vogue,Telva,Elle,Cosmopolitan, andWoman. We address the following two research questions: (1) Which female stereotypes are used to portray women in the luxury fashion brands' print advertisements? (2) Do certain factors explain the use of each female stereotype in advertising? Our findings reveal the most frequently portrayed role for female models in these ads is the “hedonist and sensual,” which shows women above all as objects of pleasure who also narcissistically contemplate their own beauty. This advertising stereotype reinforces and crystallizes the social stereotype of the woman who isvaluableas long as she is physically attractive.
Marketing Militarism to Moms
Authors: Vavrus Mary Douglas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis essay fuses a feminist analysis of news media with political economy and branding research to examine a case study of how a group of mothers – “Security Moms” – became branded and pressed into profitable service for the Republican Party and a “peace through strength” think tank. I argue that constructed identities like this one, which come in and out of vogue in mainstream news media, tell important stories about the media's relationship to feminism. Since the 1990s, news stories in the United States have popularized groups of women and men supposedly cohering around particular practices: “Soccer Moms” and “NASCAR Dads,” for example. Such identities not only prove to be profitable for corporations, they also politicize identities and reinforce both neoliberalism and self‐surveilling governance.
Chinese Cinema at the Millennium
Authors: Marchetti Gina 
Published: January 2013

AbstractChinese‐language cinema has been undergoing dramatic changes since 2000. Many of these changes parallel economic, political, social, and other cultural developments that have radically transformed the Chinese‐speaking world. As Chinese cinema develops out of this diverse population, transnational exchanges, diasporic alliances, and immigrant connections complicate any picture of a “national” or unitary Chinese cinema (Zhang, 2004). However, culture, language, ethnicity, and history link Chinese communities together, and the dynamics of a marketplace in which Chinese‐language films circulate make the study of Chinese cinema a fecund research topic. From popular commercial features to esoteric exercises in film art for cultured elites, Chinese cinema continues to make a mark on world film screens. In addition to looking at the current scholarship on contemporary Chinese‐language cinema, this essay explores the key themes, issues, and concerns found on Chinese screens at the millennium.
Violent Content onUSTelevision
Authors: Signorielli Nancy 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis essay examines the portrayal of violence on US television from both a historical and current perspective. It reviews the results of 40 years of content analysis research conducted as part of the Cultural Indicators Study as well as research conducted by the National Television Violence Study between 1993 and 1996. The essay focuses on violence in television programs as well as those characters who commit and/or are victimized by violence. Finally, the essay examines contextual elements of violence portrayals in terms of programs and characters.
Reflexivity in Data Analysis
Authors: Clark Lynn Schofield 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Drawing from a large study of digital and mobile media use among US teens and their families, this chapter reflexively traces the way in which a particular research narrative about media use came into being. The narrative in question focuses on a young woman who engaged in extensive and troubling digital and mobile media use. Various stakeholders – university students, research assistants, members of the public, and members of various academic research communities – offered differing and sometimes conflicting interpretations and explanations of this narrative, in effect becoming collaborators in the process of data analysis and in the narrative's reconstruction. The chapter argues that it can be helpful to consider such contradictory responses to potentially polarizing research narratives, since, in an era of reflexive media scholarship, researchers are accountable for the ways in which their writings might contribute critical perspectives to public debate. By reflexive data analysis I mean an act of recognizing that the researcher, as a socialized agent, shapes her analysis in accordance with the creativities and constraints afforded in relation to her place in the social structure. The chapter therefore argues that how a researcher understands the audiences of research narratives contributes to the construction of such narratives, and a reflexive approach to this process can prepare scholars to contribute productively to public conversations about the role of media in the lives of young people.
Media Ethnography
Authors: Briggs Matt 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores some of the contributions that media ethnography can make to theorization in media and cultural studies, while also highlighting the need for continuing methodological inventiveness in audience research. Initially the issue of “thickness” is highlighted in order for the chapter to explore the multiple practices that are articulated in and through media use. In doing this, the chapter also explores some of the relationships between identity, media texts, and media consumption by tracing the ways in which the practices, roles, and activities that make up our everyday lives both shape and are shaped by the meanings that we make both of the act of watching television and of television's content. Second, by proposing the concept of “force,” the chapter explores one way of researching the experiential and embodied aspects of meaning‐making, as well as the emotional investments and attachments that audiences hold in relation to their media. The methodological problems inherent in rendering the concepts of “thickness” and “force” are highlighted throughout, as well as the opportunities that are afforded by methodological creativity in this area. The case study is drawn from research in the field of children's television and parenting practices.
Nomadic Scholarship
Authors: Darling‐Wolf Fabienne 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter reflects on the challenges of developing a translocal approach to audience research. After providing a short critical review of the literature outlining the benefits of such an approach from a theoretical point of view, this essay goes on to discuss the difficulties arising from the attempt to develop an understanding of audiences' experiences in different environments informed by a truly comparative lens. An approach, in other words, that considers how the experiences of audiences in different parts of the world relate to one another. Informed by the author's experience as a white European US‐educated scholar employed by a US university – a scholar whose work has extensively focused on Japan, but who is also significantly influenced by her French citizenship and familiarity with francophone academic literature – the chapter considers the practical implications of conducting fieldwork in multiple cultural contexts, as well as the consequences of approaching research with a keen awareness of our (and our informants') complex identities.
Beyond the Active Audience
Authors: Thiel‐Stern Shayla 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe digital media landscape presents unprecedented opportunity for research on media audiences, as the latter navigate and make sense of the new media. Although studies on how audiences make sense of news, information, and commercial discourses are very important, scholarship must take into account that – particularly in the era of Web 2.0 – the audience is neither “passive” nor simply “active” in how it makes sense of the media. Rather, the new media have almost fully collapsed the differences between audience and producer. This chapter applies Bourdieu's understanding of cultural production to the study of new media audiences, reflexively focusing on research on girls' use of one interactive media tool: instant messaging. However, the chapter also acknowledges how patriarchal hegemonic structures within the “old” media, the corporatization of the Internet, and issues of access prevent a universal interpretation of any new media audience; and, although spaces of resistance are available through the audience's power to produce cultural artifacts, the scope of this resistance is still limited.
Audiences as Citizens
Authors: Schrøder Kim Christian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter traces the insights about citizenship offered by audience reception research since its inception in the 1980s, through a theoretical and analytical portrait of five historical stages of reception research about mediated citizenship: (1) hegemonic citizenship; (2) monitorial citizenship; (3) popular citizenship; (4) participatory citizenship; and (5) ubiquitous citizenship. Maintaining a strong empirical commitment throughout, mostly to the findings of qualitative research, the chapter also reports substantially from recent and ongoing reception research into the ways in which the news media – and popular and entertainment media in a broader sense – may serve as resources for a political and cultural citizenship that is anchored in everyday life. The five stages of reception research, conceptualized as scientific paradigms, are modeled into a historical typology that synthesizes, for each historical stage, its aims, its theoretical foundation, the preferred methods, the key scholars, and the approximate year in which the paradigm became visible in the scholarly landscape.
Citizenship, Communication, and Modes of Audience Engagement
Authors: Garlough Christine L. , Shah Dhavan V. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores how citizens in Western and Eastern democracies are transforming communication messages and modalities to provoke audiences to engage in public life. These individuals are using a range of communication strategies and systems, some ancient and others nascent, to add their own voices and their constituents' voices to the public sphere. Reflecting on this orientation, we begin by considering how street theater is used throughout the world as a form of political rhetoric and as a venue for the creation of spaces where audiences may participate in thoughtful discussion. We focus on the use of theater by marginalized groups, as a medium for speaking about social injustices. We then consider how documentary film has been deployed across a range of countries as a tool in struggles for recognition and acknowledgment. Both “outsider” and mainstream efforts are explored, as sites for community building and maintenance. We end by examining how digital media are used in advanced societies as a means of populating the marketplace of ideas. Here we focus on how the Internet is used both as a source of information and as a sphere for audience interaction. In all of these cases, citizens are transforming the features and the form of media messages and modes, in an effort to incite their target audiences' interest and shape political outcomes and public policies.
Studying the Elusive Audience
Authors: Parameswaran Radhika 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis introductory chapter outlines the recent evolution of audience research, focusing on the ways in which the field has addressed the theoretical, economic, cultural, and technological currents of the moment. I argue that audience studies has not only survived the backlash against its populist tendencies in the late eighties to mid‐nineties, but it has also thrived and expanded to include a range of audiences, media genres, modes of audience engagement, and institutional and international sites of reception. This chapter explains the volume's contributions, its organizational structure, and the intellectual and empirical terrain of audience studies that the book's remaining chapters cover.
Uses and Gratifications
Authors: Haridakis Paul 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFor several decades uses and gratifications (U&G) has been a predominant theory guiding research on media use and effects. U&G emphasizes the centrality of the individual in the audience–media use–effects relationship. Research guided by this audience‐centered perspective has suggested that understanding media effects requires consideration of audience members' individual differences, expectations, goals, level of purposiveness and activity when using media to satisfy their needs and desires. Though much U&G research has focused on how and why people use media, it is, ultimately, a media‐effects theory. In this chapter, I review the theory's origins, evolution, and application in the study of media effects. Finally, I discuss the social significance and new and enduring directions of U&G research in the study of newer media environments in which people have a growing number of media choices for consuming, sharing and creating media fare; and connecting with each other.
Media Message Processing And The Embodied Mind
Authors: Lang Annie 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter critically reviews research which uses physiological and behavioral measures as covert, real‐time measures of motivated cognitive processing. It is written from the common perspective in psychophysiological research that the mind is an embodied organ and therefore is sustained by the body. As a result, things which occur in the mind can be “seen” in the body. Thinking, feeling, and being are all dependent on the continuous electrical, chemical, and biological functioning of the brain. As the amount of thinking and feeling varies, so do the metabolic demands of the brain. As those metabolic demands vary, so does the autonomic functioning of the body. Careful measurement of bodily responses in controlled contexts can yield fine‐grained information about thinking and feeling. Recent research has applied these measures to the problem of understanding media psychology. This chapter will discuss how variations in media structure and content influence motivational activation, which in turn influences emotional responses and cognition, and how psychophysiological and behavioral measures can be used to track the real‐time processing of mediated messages.
Thoughtless Vigilantes
Authors: Murray John P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThere is a long history of research on the topic of the impact of media violence and children. Concerns first surfaced in the early 1900s with questions about comic books, and then concerns about films, radio serials, and television programs emerged. More recently, concern has been focused on the graphic violence in videogames. In each instance, there have been valid reasons for the concerns and various studies have shown some link between media violence and aggression. However, the recent debates have become particularly heated because the nature of the violence presented to children and youth has become especially graphic and pervasive in various media formats. This review provides a description of the evolving consensus on research findings as the nature and specificity of research strategies have evolved over the past century. The review ends with a discussion of findings from the most recent research which points to neurological evidence of changes leading to disruptions in processing video violence and changes in attitudes, values, and behavior. The resultant pattern of neurological processing leads to the production of what may be called “thoughtless vigilantes” who lack remorse and understanding of the effects of violence on others.
Race and News Revisited
Authors: Dixon Travis L. , Josey Christopher S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOver the past many decades, scholars have extensively studied the portrayal of persons of color in the media and its effect on the individual. In this chapter we will devote particular attention to the ways in which race has been framed within the context of news in traditional (e.g., televised or print) and new media (e.g., online). A critical synthesis of the extant literature will be offered for traditional media, followed by a discussion of findings from effects‐based studies. Next, we provide an overview of what is known from the study of persons of color in online news, drawing similarities and contrasts where appropriate to traditional media. Lastly, we discuss the shortcomings of current research paradigms, pointing to directions for future research.
The Relationship between the Media, the Military, and the Public
Authors: Haigh Michel M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe media play an important role in times of conflict. How the media tell the story influences the public. This chapter discusses the relationship between the media, the military, and the public. Topics examined include the historical relations between the press and the military, the impact of embedded reporters during the war in Iraq, how visual images of war impact public support for the war, how media coverage impacts public opinion, and how nontraditional forms of media such as late night comedy and military blogs impact the public's knowledge and attitudes.
Understanding the Role of Cognition and Media in Body Image Disturbance and Weight Bias in Children, Adolescents, and Adults
Authors: Bissell Kim 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the role of cognition and media as it relates to body image disturbances and weight bias in children, adolescents, and adults. Specifically, this chapter examines the multidimensional factors related to an individual's body image and further examines how these variables relate to prejudice or anti‐fat bias against others. Exposure to thin‐ideal media and related effects on an individual's self‐perception are examined in the areas of self‐discrepancy, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and body self‐esteem. This chapter further examines the relationship between media and obesity with a look at the role media potentially play in the development of overweight or obesity in children. Lastly, this chapter will synthesize work in the area of media, cognition, and body image from a theoretical perspective and offer suggestions for the direction of future research.