bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of moral reasoning skills in police recruits
Authors: De Schrijver Annelies , Maesschalck Jeroen 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– Police officers are frequently confronted with moral dilemmas in the course of their job. The authors assume new police officers need guidance, and need to be taught at the police academy how to deal with these situations. The purpose of this paper is to obtain insight into the impact of socialization on police recruits’ knowledge of the code of ethics and their moral reasoning skills.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study applied a longitudinal mixed methods design, using two methods. The first method was a qualitative observation of integrity training sessions at five police academies in Belgium. The second method was a quantitative survey-measurement of recruits’ knowledge of the code of ethics and their moral reasoning skills at three points in time: the beginning of their theoretical training, before their field training and afterwards.

Findings
– The analyses show differences between the police academies in their integrity training sessions. Some of these differences are reflected in different levels of knowledge of the code of ethics. As for the development pattern of recruits’ moral reasoning skills, the study found almost no differences between the academies. Perhaps this is because recruits already have relatively high scores when they start, leaving little room for improvement during the one year training program. This suggests an important role of the police selection procedure.

Originality/value
– Previous research on socialization and police culture has focussed on recruits being socialized in a negative police culture where misconduct is learned. This is a negative interpretation of police integrity. A positive one refers to ethical decision making generally, and moral reasoning specifically. The impact of the socialization process on recruits’ moral reasoning is empirically understudied.
The 2011 Stanley Cup Riot: police perspectives and lessons learned
Authors: Davies Garth , Dawson Stephanie E 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine crowd violence in relation to the 2011 Stanley Cup Riot from the perspective of those police officers who were involved in the event, and identify any lessons that can be learned from this incident.

Design/methodology/approach
– A total of 460 Vancouver police officers participated in this study. Police perceptions of the riot were elicited via mailed questionnaires, which focused on key themes related to crowd disorder and police response, including preparations, deployment, training, safety, causes, and future prevention. Questionnaire responses were analyzed using descriptive approaches and one-sample t-tests.

Findings
– The study findings revealed that, in general, police felt ill-prepared prior to the riot, and ill- and unsafe during the riot. Their responses also suggested that their negative perceptions of the riot were the result of a few prominent factors, namely inadequate deployment, a lack of operational planning, and the presence of a large and belligerent crowd.

Research limitations/implications
– This study represents an important first step in understanding the issues associated with preventing and containing disorderly crowds from the perspective of police officers. Although valuable, this study does have a few limitations, including post hoc data collection.

Practical implications
– This study provides important insights into the causes of riots and the particular difficulties officers face during the course of a riot. These insights may be used by departments to assist with planning and preparations related to preventing riots and effectively limiting crowd disorder.

Originality/value
– This is the first study to examine police perceptions in a Canadian context. It utilizes a comparatively large sample, and is among the very few studies that includes the views of officers who have actually experienced a riot.
The Role of Parents in Public Views of Strategies to Address Childhood Obesity in the United States
Authors: WOLFSON JULIA A. , GOLLUST SARAH E. , NIEDERDEPPE JEFF , BARRY COLLEEN L. 
Published: March 2015

Policy Points:
The American public—both men and women and those with and without children in the household—holds parents highly responsible and largely to blame for childhood obesity.
High attributions of responsibility to parents for reducing childhood obesity did not universally undermine support for broader policy action. School‐based obesity prevention policies were strongly supported, even among those viewing parents as mostly to blame for childhood obesity.
Americans who viewed sectors outside the family (such as the food and beverage industry, schools, and the government) as helping address childhood obesity were more willing to support a wider range of population‐based obesity prevention policies.
ContextThe public's views of parents’ behaviors and choices—and the attitudes held by parents themselves—are likely to influence the success of efforts to reverse obesity rates.MethodsWe analyzed data from 2 US national public opinion surveys fielded in 2011 and 2012 to examine attributions of blame and responsibility to parents for obesity, both among the general public and parents themselves, and we also explored the relationship between views of parents and support for obesity prevention policies.FindingsWe found that attribution of blame and responsibility to parents was consistently high, regardless of parental status or gender. Support for policies to curb childhood obesity also did not differ notably by parental status or gender. Multivariable analyses revealed consistent patterns in the association between public attitudes toward parents’ responsibility and support for policies to curb childhood obesity. High parental responsibility was linked to higher support for school‐targeted policies but generally was not associated with policies outside the school setting. Attribution of greater responsibility to entities external to children and their parents (schools, the food and beverage industry, and the government) was associated with greater support for both school‐targeted and population‐based obesity prevention policies.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the high attribution of responsibility to parents for reducing childhood obesity does not universally undermine support for broader policy action. But appealing to parents to rally support for preventing obesity in the same way as for other parent‐initiated social movements (eg, drunk driving) may be challenging outside the school setting.
The Enclave, The Citadel and the Ghetto: The Threefold Segregation of Upper‐Class Muslims in India
Authors: Galonnier Juliette 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe urban sociology literature has identified three types of segregated spaces: the ghetto, the enclave and the citadel. While the ghetto stems from a high constraint, the enclave accounts for a more intentional form of segregation and the citadel refers to a deliberate attempt to exclude undesirable populations. While these three figures are often contrasted in the American literature, this article focuses on a specific type of neighbourhood that combines all of these: the upper‐class minority neighbourhood. By introducing the main results of an interview study I conducted in the Indian city of Aligarh, I show that Muslim upper‐class residential choices are informed by contradictory feelings: while the threat of Hindu–Muslim riots forces them to segregate in homogenous neighbourhoods (the ghetto), their segregation also stems from a genuine desire to live in an Islamic environment (the enclave). Finally, the Muslim upper classes also indulge in a sharp process of socio‐spatial differentiation from their poorer coreligionists (the citadel). These processes of compelled segregation, self‐aggregation and social distancing lead to an enduring spatial concentration along religious and class lines. The simultaneity of these three logics indicates that the categories of the ghetto, the enclave and the citadel, framed in reference to the American context, can be applied to the Indian city of Aligarh if understood as dynamic processes rather than static spatial units. Such a reformulation allows theory to travel across the North–South divide in a more productive way.
Correlation Between Average Tissue Depth Data and Quantitative Accuracy of Forensic Craniofacial Reconstructions Measured by Geometric Surface Comparison Method
Authors: Lee Won‐Joon , Wilkinson Caroline M. , Hwang Hyeon‐Shik , Lee Sang‐Mi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAccuracy is the most important factor supporting the reliability of forensic facial reconstruction (FFR) comparing to the corresponding actual face. A number of methods have been employed to evaluate objective accuracy of FFR. Recently, it has been attempted that the degree of resemblance between computer‐generated FFR and actual face is measured by geometric surface comparison method. In this study, three FFRs were produced employing live adult Korean subjects and three‐dimensional computerized modeling software. The deviations of the facial surfaces between the FFR and the head scan CT of the corresponding subject were analyzed in reverse modeling software. The results were compared with those from a previous study which applied the same methodology as this study except average facial soft tissue depth dataset. Three FFRs of this study that applied updated dataset demonstrated lesser deviation errors between the facial surfaces of the FFR and corresponding subject than those from the previous study. The results proposed that appropriate average tissue depth data are important to increase quantitative accuracy of FFR.
Using L‐Arginine‐Functionalized Gold Nanorods for Visible Detection of Mercury(II) Ions
Authors: Guan Jiehao , Wang Yi‐Cheng , Gunasekaran Sundaram 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA rapid and simple approach for visible determination of mercury ions (Hg2+) in aqueous solutions was developed based on surface plasmon resonance phenomenon using L‐arginine‐functionalized gold nanorods (AuNRs). At pH greater than 9, the deprotonated amine group of L‐arginine on the AuNRs bound with Hg2+ leading to the side‐by‐side assembly of AuNRs, which was verified by transmission electron microscopy images. Thus, when Hg2+ was present in the test solution, a blue shift of the typical longitudinal plasmon band of the AuNRs was observed in the ultra violet‐visible‐near infrared (UV‐Vis‐NIR) spectra, along with a change in the color of the solution, which occurred within 5 min. After carefully optimizing the potential factors affecting the performance, the L‐arginine/AuNRs sensing system was found to be highly sensitive to Hg2+, with the limit of detection of 5 nM (S/N = 3); it is also very selective and free of interference from 10 other metal ions (Ba2+, Ca2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cs+, Cu2+, K+, Li+, Ni2+, Pb2+). The result suggests that the L‐arginine‐functionalized AuNRs can potentially serve as a rapid, sensitive, and easy‐to‐use colorimetric biosensor useful for determining Hg2+ in food and environmental samples.
Evaluation of Protective Effect of Freeze‐Dried Strawberry, Grape, and Blueberry Powder on Acrylamide Toxicity in Mice
Authors: Zhao Mengyao , Liu Xin , Luo Yinghua , Guo Huan , Hu Xiaosong , Chen Fang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBerries are dietary plants with high antioxidant activity. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effect of berries (strawberry, grape, and blueberry) against the acrylamide (AA)‐induced general toxicity, genotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity in mice model, respectively. Mice were treated with 50 mg/kg b.w./day AA intraperitoneal injection for 5 d after feeding control diet or diet containing freeze‐dried strawberry, grape, and blueberry powder. The results showed that AA induced a significant general toxicity, genotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity in mice. Compared with the control diet, the diets containing berries could reverse the AA‐induced alterations in liver antioxidant enzymes activities (P < 0.05). Moreover, the AA‐induced genotoxicity could be prevented by the diet containing berries. The DNA damage in the lymphocyte and liver cells and the micronucleus formation in bone marrow cell were significantly alleviated (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the mice fed with diets containing berries showed a recovery in the sperm count, the sperm activity rate, sperm motility parameters, and the abnormal sperm rate (P < 0.05). Berry powders have remarkable intervention against the AA‐induced general toxicity, genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity. Abundant phenolics, especially anthocyanins, may contribute to the intervention.
Promotion of cardiorespiratory fitness in schizophrenia: a clinical overview and meta‐analysis
Authors: Vancampfort D. , Rosenbaum S. , Probst M. , Soundy A. , Mitchell A. J. , De Hert M. , Stubbs B. 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveCardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We conducted a clinical overview to highlight the reduced CRF expressed as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (or predicted) or peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in people with schizophrenia compared to the general population. We also aimed to identify correlates of and clinical strategies to improve CRF.MethodWe systematically searched major electronic databases from inception until November 2014. A meta‐analysis calculating the standardised mean difference (SMD) was employed.ResultsCRF was significantly reduced in people with schizophrenia (n = 154) with a SMD of −0.96 (95% CI −1.29 to −0.64) (N = 5) compared to controls (n = 182). Negative symptoms, increased body mass index and female gender were negatively associated with CRF. Promoting physical activity may improve CRF in people with schizophrenia by up to 4–4.5 ml/kg/min following a 6–8 weeks programme (N = 4, n = 98).ConclusionPeople with schizophrenia have a large and significantly reduced CRF. Given the overwhelming evidence for physical activity as the cornerstone of preventing and managing CVD in the general population, incorporating such interventions in the treatment of people with schizophrenia is justified and urgently required. We present clear practical strategies of how this can be achieved within clinical settings.
Multiple lichen planus‐like keratoses: Lichenoid drug eruption simulant and under‐recognised cause of pruritic eruptions in the elderly
Authors: Pitney Lucy , Weedon David , Pitney Michael 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe present six cases of multiple eruptive lichen planus‐like keratoses (LPLK), occurring in older individuals predominately confined to previously solar exposed areas. Diagnosis was often confounded by the frequent histological reporting of ‘lichenoid drug reaction’ (LDR), despite many of the patients being unmedicated. We review the literature regarding eruptive LPLK and reflect on their etiology, clinical aspects, management and importantly their clinicopathological differentiation from LDR.
Is seborrhoeic dermatitis associated with a diffuse, low‐grade folliculitis and progressive cicatricial alopecia?
Authors: Pitney Lucy , Weedon David , Pitney Michael 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn association between adult scalp seborrhoeic dermatitis and cicatricial hair loss has not previously been convincingly established. This study seeks to demonstrate a unique relationship between a clinically identifiable chronic scalp dermatitis‐folliculitis with the characteristic histological features of low‐grade inflammatory fibrosing alopecia, resulting in a distinctive progressive cicatricial alopecia which we believe is prevalent and hitherto unrecognised, and befits the description of seborrhoeic folliculitis. The clinical, epidemiological and histopathological features of seborrhoeic folliculitis are demonstrated to establish its unique status among the disorders of adult diffuse cicatricial alopecia.
A prospective study on the use of teledermatology in psychiatric patients with chronic skin diseases
Authors: Seghers Amelie C , Seng Kok Han , Chio Martin TW , Chia Emileen , Ng See Ket , Tang Mark BY 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundTo compare the use of live interactive teledermatology versus conventional face‐to‐face consultation in long‐term, institutionalised psychiatric patients with chronic skin diseases.MethodsAll institutionalised psychiatric patients at the Institute of Mental Health with follow‐up appointments at the National Skin Centre were assessed for eligibility and invited to participate. Recruited patients were first seen by a dermatologist via videoconferencing, and then by another dermatologist in person, within 1 week. Clinical outcome measures were then assessed by a third independent dermatologist. The following outcome measures were assessed for each paired patient visit: inter‐physician clinical assessment, diagnosis, management plan, adverse events and total patient turnaround time (PTAT) for each consultation.ResultsThere were a total of 13 patients (mean age, 64.6 years; range 44–80) with 27 patient visits. All were male patients with chronic schizophrenia. The predominant skin condition was chronic eczema and its variants (62%), followed by cutaneous amyloidosis (23%) and psoriasis (15%). The level of complete and partial agreement between the teledermatology and face‐to‐face consultation was 100% for history‐taking and physical examination and 96% for the investigations, diagnosis, management plan and the treatment prescribed. The PTAT for teledermatology was 23 min, compared to 240 min for face‐to‐face consultations. No adverse events were reported.ConclusionTeledermatology was as effective as face‐to‐face consultation and reduced the PTAT by 90%, resulting in increased patient convenience, operational efficiency and reduced manpower need. Our study supports the safe and cost‐effective use of teledermatology for the follow‐up of chronic skin conditions in psychiatric patients.
Evidence from enzymatic and meta‐analyses does not support a direct association between USP26 gene variants and male infertility
Authors: Zhang W. , Liu T. , Mi Y.‐J. , Yue L.‐D. , Wang J.‐M. , Liu D.‐W. , Yan J. , Tian Q. B. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryDo men who carry mutations in USP26 have an increased risk of infertility? The association between mutations in USP26 gene and male infertility has been studied intensively. However, the results from different groups are controversial. In particular, biological function of the mutant proteins remains to be elucidated. In this study, we conducted a USP cleavage assay and a meta‐analysis of the published literature (up to 31 May 2013) to evaluate the impact of five frequent mutations (NM_031907.1: c.363_364insACA, c.494T>C, c.1423C>T, c.1090C>T, c.1737G>A) on enzymatic activity of the USP26 and to assess the strength of the association between those mutations and male infertility. The USP cleavage assay showed that those mutations do not affect USP26 enzymatic activity. Moreover, the results of meta‐analysis of ten case‐control studies (in total 1716 patients and 2597 controls) revealed no significant association (P > 0.05) between USP26 mutations and male infertility. The pooled ORs were 1.58 (95% CI: 0.81, 3.10) for cluster mutations (c.363_364insACA, c.494T>C, c.1423C>T), 1.60 (95% CI: 0.93, 2.74) for c.1090 C>T and 2.64 (95% CI: 0.97, 7.20) for c.1737 G>A. Evidence from both enzymatic and meta‐analyses does not support a direct association between USP26 variants and male infertility. Further research is necessary to study the biological function of USP26, which may provide clues as to the regulation of androgen receptor signalling.
United Kingdom immune thrombocytopenia registry: retrospective evaluation of bone marrow fibrosis in adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia and correlation with clinical findings
Authors: Rizvi Hasan , Butler Tom , Calaminici Mariarita , Doobaree Indraraj U. , Nandigam Raghava C. , Bennett Dimitri , Provan Drew , Newland Adrian C. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryFibrosis has been reported in some patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) treated with thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO‐RA). However, fibrosis has also been reported in patients with various stages of ITP, who were TPO‐RA treatment‐naïve. In our study, we looked for fibrosis in bone marrow trephine biopsies taken at initial diagnosis from 32 adult patients with ITP. Ten of the 32 evaluated samples (31·25%) showed increased reticulin (Grade 1–2 on Bauermeister scale and Grade 0–1 on the European Consensus scale), which showed a positive correlation with ethnicity (0·3%) but did not correlate with disease severity, any clinical features or co‐morbidities.
HOW HAS THE CRISIS OF 2008–09 AFFECTED SUBJECTIVE WELL‐BEING? EVIDENCE FROM 25 OECD COUNTRIES
Authors: Welsch Heinz , Kühling Jan 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper uses life satisfaction data of almost 140,000 individuals in 25 OECD countries to study how changes in the rates of GDP growth, unemployment, and inflation during the macroeconomic crisis of 2008–09 have affected subjective well‐being. The relative contributions of the three macroeconomic variables to individuals’ life satisfaction are used to assess how each country performed on balance during the crisis. This approach follows a recent trend of using subjective well‐being data for monitoring economic performance and for policy appraisal. We find that in the countries most strongly affected by the crisis, the effects on an average citizen's well‐being may be of a similar magnitude as the effects of the most serious personal life events. The main driver of these effects is the drop in GDP, whose impact is aggravated by the increase of unemployment. Though the inflation rate went down in several of the countries, the effect was too weak to significantly reduce the negative effect of the changes in GDP and unemployment. The results show that GDP fluctuations are important drivers of subjective well‐being.
Characterization of the major bacterial–fungal populations colonizing dandruff scalps in Shanghai, China, shows microbial disequilibrium
Authors: Wang Lili , Clavaud Cécile , Bar‐Hen Avner , Cui Meng , Gao Jun , Liu Yuanyuan , Liu Chen , Shibagaki Nakako , Guéniche Audrey , Jourdain Roland , Lan Ke , Zhang Chiyu , Altmeyer Ralf , Breton Lionel 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDandruff is a scalp disorder characterized by the formation of flaky white‐yellowish scales due to an altered proliferation and differentiation status; a disrupted barrier function; a decrease in the level of hydration and of natural moisturizing factors (NMF) in the scalp, with a persistent and relapsing inflammatory condition. It was recently reported that an imbalance between bacterial and fungal species colonizing the scalp of French volunteers was associated with dandruff condition. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the major bacterial and fungal species present on the scalp surface of Chinese volunteers and to investigate possible region‐related variation in the microbiota linked to dandruff condition. The data obtained from the Chinese populations were highly similar to those obtained in France, confirming that dandruff scalps are associated with a higher incidence of Malassezia restricta and Staphylococcal sp. The ratios of Malassezia to Propionibacterium and Propionibacterium to Staphylococcus were also significantly higher in the dandruff volunteers as compared to normal volunteers, suggesting that equilibrium between the major bacterial and fungal taxa found on the normal scalps is perturbed in the dandruff scalps. The main difference between the French and Shanghai subjects was in their Staphylococcal biota. The results obtained in China and in France suggest that targeting one particular Malassezia sp. by antifungals instead of using large spectrum antifungals and rebalancing the dandruff scalp microbiota could be common approach to improve dandruff condition in the two countries.