bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scaled boundary polygons with application to fracture analysis of functionally graded materials
Authors: Chiong Irene , Ooi Ean Tat , Song Chongmin , Tin‐Loi Francis 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYThis study presents a framework for the development of polygon elements based on the scaled boundary FEM. Underpinning this study is the development of generalized scaled boundary shape functions valid for any n‐sided polygon. These shape functions are continuous inside each polygon and across adjacent polygons. For uncracked polygons, the shape functions are linearly complete. For cracked polygons, the shape functions reproduce the square‐root singularity and the higher‐order terms in the Williams eigenfunction expansion. This allows the singular stress field in the vicinity of the crack tip to be represented accurately. Using these shape functions, a novel‐scaled boundary polygon formulation that captures the heterogeneous material response observed in functionally graded materials is developed. The stiffness matrix in each polygon is derived from the principle of virtual work using the scaled boundary shape functions. The material heterogeneity is approximated in each polygon by a polynomial surface in scaled boundary coordinates. The intrinsic properties of the scaled boundary shape functions enable accurate computation of stress intensity factors in cracked functionally graded materials directly from their definitions. The new formulation is validated, and its salient features are demonstrated, using five numerical benchmarks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergence analysis of a new mixed finite element method for Biot's consolidation model
Authors: Yi Son‐Young 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this article, we propose a mixed finite element method for the two‐dimensional Biot's consolidation model of poroelasticity. The new mixed formulation presented herein uses the total stress tensor and fluid flux as primary unknown variables as well as the displacement and pore pressure. This method is based on coupling two mixed finite element methods for each subproblem: the standard mixed finite element method for the flow subproblem and the Hellinger–Reissner formulation for the mechanical subproblem. Optimal a‐priori error estimates are proved for both semidiscrete and fully discrete problems when the Raviart–Thomas space for the flow problem and the Arnold–Winther space for the elasticity problem are used. In particular, optimality in the stress, displacement, and pressure has been proved in when the constrained‐specific storage coefficient is strictly positive and in the weaker norm when is nonnegative. We also present some of our numerical results.Copyright © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 30: 1189–1210, 2014
Coupling of mixed finite element and stabilized boundary element methods for a fluid–solid interaction problem in 3D
Authors: Gatica Gabriel N. , Heuer Norbert , Meddahi Salim 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe introduce and analyze the coupling of a mixed finite element and a boundary element for a three‐dimensional time‐harmonic fluid–solid interaction problem. We consider a formulation in which the Cauchy stress tensor and the rotation are the main variables in the elastic structure and use the usual pressure formulation in the acoustic fluid. The mixed variational formulation in the solid is completed with boundary integral equations relating the Cauchy data of the acoustic problem on the coupling interface. A crucial point in our formulation is the stabilization technique introduced by Hiptmair and coworkers to avoid the well‐known instability issue appearing in the boundary element method treatment of the exterior Helmholtz problem. The main novelty of this formulation, with respect to a previous approach, consists in reducing the computational domain to the solid media and providing a more accurate treatment of the far field effect. We show that the continuous problem is well‐posed and propose a conforming Galerkin method based on the lowest‐order Arnold–Falk–Winther mixed finite element. Finally, we prove that the numerical scheme is convergent with optimal order.Copyright © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 30: 1211–1233, 2014
Fault Tolerant Control of Power Grids
Authors: Odgaard P.F. , Aubrun C. , Majanne Y. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYThis special issue contains article on fault detection and isolation and fault tolerant control methods applied to different aspects of modern power grids, both for detection, isolation and accommodating faults in the power grid, and for detection, isolation and accommodation of faults in power generating units. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proximal and time‐varying effects of cigarette, alcohol, marijuana and other hard drug use on adolescent dating aggression
Authors: McNaughton Reyes H. Luz , Foshee Vangie A. , Bauer Daniel J. , Ennett Susan T. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTAlthough numerous studies have established a link between substance use and adult partner violence, little research has examined the relationship during adolescence and most extant research has not examined multiple substance use types. The current study used hierarchical growth modeling to simultaneously examine proximal (between‐person) and time‐varying (within‐person) relations between cigarette, alcohol, marijuana and hard drug use and physical dating aggression across grades 8 through 12 while controlling for demographic covariates and shared risk factors. Proximal effects of marijuana use on dating aggression were found for girls and proximal effects of hard drug use on dating aggression were found for boys. Time‐varying effects were found for alcohol for both boys and girls and for hard drug use for boys only. Overall, findings suggest that alcohol, marijuana and hard drug use predict whether and when adolescents engage in dating aggression and should be targeted by prevention interventions.
The MultiTEP platform–based Alzheimer's disease epitope vaccine activates a broad repertoire of T helper cells in nonhuman primates
Authors: Davtyan Hayk , Ghochikyan Anahit , Petrushina Irina , Hovakimyan Armine , Davtyan Arpine , Cribbs David H. , Agadjanyan Michael G. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundAs a prelude to clinical trials we have characterized B‐ and T‐cell immune responses in macaques to AD vaccine candidates: AV‐1955 and its slightly modified version, AV‐1959 (with 3 additional promiscuous Th epitopes).MethodsT‐ and B‐cell epitope mapping was performed using the ELISPOT assay and competition ELISA, respectively.ResultsAV‐1955 and AV‐1959 did not stimulate potentially harmful autoreactive T cells, but instead activated a broad but individualized repertoire of Th cells specific to the MultiTEP platform in macaques. Although both vaccines induced robust anti‐Aβ antibody responses without producing antibodies specific to Th epitopes of MultiTEP platforms, analyses of cellular immune responses in macaques demonstrated that the addition of Th epitopes in the case of AV‐1959 created a more potent, superior vaccine.ConclusionAV‐1959 is a promising vaccine candidate capable of producing therapeutically potent anti‐amyloid antibody in a broader population of vaccinated subjects with high MHC class II gene polymorphisms.
“How I Had Liked This Villain! How I Had Admired Him!”: A. J. Raffles and the Burglar as British Icon, 1898–1939
Authors: Moss Eloise 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article analyzes the literary, theatrical, and film versions of E. W. Hornung's fictional “gentleman” burglar Raffles produced between 1898 and 1939. It argues that the character functioned as a nexus for the articulation of a pleasure culture surrounding burglary, highlighting how approbatory and sexualized versions of burglars pervaded popular and official discourse in Britain and, through the character's commercial success, throughout Europe and America. Depictions of Raffles's triumphs over law and order invited successive audiences to vicariously test, and transgress, the legal, social, cultural, political, gendered, and economic constraints of everyday life. As newspapers labelled real-life burglars “Raffles,” both criminologists and criminals around the globe appropriated this title to refashion burglars as glamorous celebrity personae through academic texts and autobiographies. This article thus demonstrates how notions of respectable masculinity were challenged by sympathetic portrayals of burglars fostered under the “new” journalism, human interest journalism, and the true-crime genre of entertainment.
Copulation order, density cues and variance in fertilization success in a cestode
Authors: ANDREOU D. , BENESH D. P. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYSimultaneous hermaphrodites maximize their fitness by optimizing their investment into male or female functions. Allocation of resources to male function (tissues, traits, and/or behaviours increasing paternity) is predicted to increase as density, and the associated level of sperm competition, increases. We tested whether the simultaneous hermaphroditic cestodeSchistocephalus solidususes cues of potential partner densities in its fish intermediate host to improve its male reproductive success in the final host. We had two worms, one originating from a multiple infection in the fish intermediate host and one from a single infection, sequentially compete to fertilize the eggs of a third worm. The fertilization rates of the two competitors nearly always differed from the 50–50 null expectation, sometimes considerably, implying there was a ‘winner’ in each experimental competition. However, we did not find a significant effect of density in the fish host (singlevsmultiple) or mating order on paternity. Additional work will be needed to identify the traits and environmental conditions that explain the high variance in male reproductive success observed in this experiment.
Children with SLI exhibit delays resolving ambiguous reference
Authors: ESTIS JULIE M. , BEVERLY BRENDA L. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTFast mapping weaknesses in children with specific language impairment (SLI) may be explained by differences in disambiguation, mapping an unknown word to an unnamed object. The impact of language ability and linguistic stimulus on disambiguation was investigated. Sixteen children with SLI (8 preschool, 8 school-age) and sixteen typically developing age-matched children selected referents given familiar and unfamiliar object pairs in three ambiguous conditions: phonologically distinct word (PD), phonologically similar word (PS), no word (NW). Preschoolers with SLI did not disambiguate, unlike typically developing age-matched participants, who consistently selected unfamiliar objects given PD. School-age children with SLI disambiguated given PD. Delays in disambiguation for young children with SLI suggest limitations in processes that facilitate word learning for typically developing children. School-age children with SLI consistently selected familiar objects for PS, unlike typically developing children, suggesting differences in phonological activation for word learning.
Reduced tillage in temperate organic farming: Effects on soil nutrients, nutrient content and yield of barley, rye and associated weeds
Authors: Vakali Christina , Zaller Johann G. , Köpke Ulrich 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn temperate regions, reduced tillage is still not broadly accepted in organic farming although the guidelines often recommend the reduction of tillage intensity. During the years 5–7 of a long-term experiment, we studied the effects of the three tillage systems moldboard plowing (MP, soil inversion to 30 cm depth), two-layer plowing (TP, inversion to 15 cm, loosening to 30 cm) and layer cultivation (LC, loosening to 30 cm) on soil nutrients, nutrient content of barley, rye and associated weeds, and yield on a clay loam soil. Crops were cultivated within a five-course crop rotation consisting of green fallow, winter wheat, field peas, winter rye and spring barley; no additional fertilizers were applied. Tillage affected only soil nitrate under barley, which decreased with decreasing tillage intensity. Soil humus, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were unaffected by tillage under both crops. Barley shoot nitrogen content was significantly influenced by tillage, with, across years, 38 and 83% higher values under MP than under TP or LC, respectively. Weeds in barley had a higher P and K content at LC than at MP or TP. This resulted, across years, in 73% higher barley yields in MP than in LC. The TP showed a 29% higher barley yield than the LC. Tillage methods had no effect on rye nutrient contents, rye yields or on weeds associated with rye. The significant interaction between tillage and year for rye yield suggests that weather conditions in a given year (e.g., amount of rainfall) can considerably alter the effect of reduced tillage.
Cell differentiation versus cell death: extracellular glucose is a key determinant of cell fate following oxidative stress exposure
Authors: Poulsen R C , Knowles H J , Carr A J , Hulley P A 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCells, particularly mechano-sensitive musculoskeletal cells such as tenocytes, routinely encounter oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can not only stimulate tissue repair, but also cause damage leading to tissue degeneration. As diabetes is associated with increased oxidative damage as well as increased risk of tendon degeneration, the aim of this study was to determine if extracellular glucose levels alter the response of tendon cells to oxidative stress. Primary human tenocytes were cultured in either high (17.5 mM) or low (5 mM) glucose and treated with 100 μM hydrogen peroxide. In low glucose, peroxide-treated cells remained fully viable and collagen synthesis was increased, suggesting an anabolic response. In high glucose, however, peroxide treatment led to increased bim-mediated apoptosis. The activities of both forkhead box O (FOXO1) and p53 were required for upregulation of bim RNA expression in high glucose. We found that both p53-mediated inhibition of the bim repressor micro RNA (miR17-92) and FOXO1-mediated upregulation of bim transcription were required to permit accumulation of bim RNA. High glucose coupled with oxidative stress resulted in upregulation of miR28-5p, which directly inhibited expression of the p53 deacetylase sirtuin 3, resulting in increased levels of acetylated p53. In peroxide-treated cells in both high and low glucose, protein levels of acetylated FOXO1 as well as HIF1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α) were increased. However, under low-glucose conditions, peroxide treatment resulted in activation of p38, which inhibited FOXO1-mediated but promoted HIF1α-mediated transcriptional activity. In low glucose, HIF1α upregulated expression of sox9 and scleraxis, two critical transcription factors involved in establishing the tenocyte phenotype, and increased collagen synthesis. The switch from FOXO1-mediated (proapoptosis) to HIF1α-mediated (prodifferentiation) transcription occurred at an extracellular glucose concentration of 7 mM, a concentration equivalent to the maximum normal blood glucose concentration. Extracellular glucose has a profound effect on the cellular response to oxidative stress. A level of oxidative stress normally anabolic may be pathological in high glucose.
Phagotrophy by the picoeukaryotic green alga Micromonas: implications for Arctic Oceans
Authors: McKie-Krisberg Zaid M , Sanders Robert W 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPE) are recognized as major primary producers and contributors to phytoplankton biomass in oceanic and coastal environments. Molecular surveys indicate a large phylogenetic diversity in the picoeukaryotes, with members of the Prymnesiophyceae and Chrysophyseae tending to be more common in open ocean waters and Prasinophyceae dominating coastal and Arctic waters. In addition to their role as primary producers, PPE have been identified in several studies as mixotrophic and major predators of prokaryotes. Mixotrophy, the combination of photosynthesis and phagotrophy in a single organism, is well established for most photosynthetic lineages. However, green algae, including prasinophytes, were widely considered as a purely photosynthetic group. The prasinophyte Micromonas is perhaps the most common picoeukaryote in coastal and Arctic waters and is one of the relatively few cultured representatives of the picoeukaryotes available for physiological investigations. In this study, we demonstrate phagotrophy by a strain of Micromonas (CCMP2099) isolated from Arctic waters and show that environmental factors (light and nutrient concentration) affect ingestion rates in this mixotroph. In addition, we show size-selective feeding with a preference for smaller particles, and determine P vs I (photosynthesis vs irradiance) responses in different nutrient conditions. If other strains have mixotrophic abilities similar to Micromonas CCMP2099, the widespread distribution and frequently high abundances of Micromonas suggest that these green algae may have significant impact on prokaryote populations in several oceanic regimes.
Impact of better and worse eye damage on quality of life in advanced glaucoma
Authors: Okamoto Mizu , Sugisaki Kenji , Murata Hiroshi , Hirasawa Hiroyo , Mayama Chihiro , Asaoka Ryo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of VF and the VA on vision related quality of life (VRQoL) in advanced glaucoma. Subjects consist of 50 glaucoma patients with mean deviation (MD) less than −20 dB in at least one eye. Patients' VRQoL was assessed using the ‘Sumi questionnaire’. The impact of seven visual measures on VRQoL were compared using principal component regression: MDs of better and worse eyes with 10-2 and 24-2 Humphrey VFs, LogMAR VAs of better and worse eyes and the Esterman score. The root mean of the squared prediction error (RMSE) was calculated using leave-one-out cross validation. Better eye summary measurements were much more influential on VRQoL than corresponding worse eye measurements and Esterman score in every VRQoL task. In conclusion, in advanced glaucoma, VF parameters of the better eye are important for the VRQoL of the patient.
Parallel operation of photovoltaic power conditioning system modules for large‐scale photovoltaic power generation
Authors: Kim Kyu‐Tae , Kwon Jung‐Min , Kwon Bong‐Hwan 
Published: February 2014

In this study, parallel operation of photovoltaic (PV) power conditioning system (PCS) modules for large‐scale PV power generation is proposed. This system consists of PCS modules that are connected in parallel and share the dc‐link voltage. PCS modules can be easily connected in parallel for high‐power extension and independent control of the PCS module is achieved. Since this system does not use communication lines among the PCS modules, sensing signal noise and the mutual interference can be neglected. In addition, the number of PCS modules operating simultaneously can be controlled in accordance with the irradiance. Thus, system efficiency can be maximised and PCS module life time is extended. Further, the system has high availability since it has N + 1 redundancy that is achieved by increasing the power capacity of PCS modules through the use of an additional PCS module. A prototype of the proposed system is implemented at a rated power of 500 kW. Experimental results for parallel operation of PCS modules show the feasibility of the proposed control.
Martial
Authors: Johnston Patricia A. 
Published: February 2014

Most of what we know of the origin and early life of Marcus Valerius Martialis (Martial) has been gleaned from his works: the 1561 short, witty poems known as Epigrams that he wrote and which established him as the creator of the modern epigram. He was born in Spain, at Bilbilis, on March 1 between 38 and 41 ce. He died (according to Pliny Epistles 3.21) in Spain between 101 and 104 ce. In Book 10.24 of his Epigrams, composed between 95 and 98, he mentions celebrating his fifty-seventh birthday, and hence he was born on March 1 in 38, 39, 40 or 41 ce. His twelve books of Epigrams were published in Rome between 86 and 103 ce, during the reigns of the emperors Domitian (81–96 ce), Nerva (96–98 ce), and Trajan (98–117 ce). In his poems he satirizes city life and the scandalous activities of his acquaintances, and romanticizes his provincial upbringing. Martial indicates that he came to Rome about 64 ce (Epigrams 10.103 and 10.104), where he appears to have been supported by the younger Seneca, Gaius Calpurnius Piso, and other important patrons (Epigrams 4.40, 12.36) and friends, including the poet Juvenal. The location of his farm at Nomentum (modern Mentana) near Rome, where Seneca and his family owned property, has been cited as evidence of his relationship to Seneca. It has been suggested that the real reason he left Rome was that he was too closely associated with Domitian, whose memory, after he was murdered in 96, was condemned by the Roman Senate. After the death of Domitian, Martial repudiated his earlier praise of this emperor, and instead turned to Emperor Nerva, to whom he dedicated Books 10 and 11, some of which have not survived. But Martial’s poetry and personal position were too closely associated with Domitian for him to be comfortable at Rome. After living in Rome for 34 years, he retired to Spain in 98 ce, and although he was disappointed by the absence of the advantages he had known at Rome, and by the lack of urban sophistication in small-town Bilbilis, he did not live long enough to return to Rome, even if he had wanted to do so.
Ambedkar Buddhism
Authors: Queen Christopher S. 
Published: February 2014

Ambedkar Buddhism, or Navayana (“new vehicle”) Buddhism, began on 14 October 1956 in Nagpur, India, when nearly 400,000 Dalits, formerly known as Untouchables, converted from Hinduism. Led by Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (b. 1891–d. 1956), the anti-caste activist, lawyer, politician, and scholar, the new Buddhists soon numbered in the millions, growing most notably in the populous states of Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh but also in poor villages and urban neighborhoods throughout India, and among Dalit expatriates abroad. Ambedkar believed that the ideals of universal human rights, self-reliance, and non-violent struggle (expressed in the slogans “liberty, equality, fraternity” and “educate, agitate, organize”) are grounded in the Dhamma, the ancient teaching of the Buddha. As Ambedkar gained recognition as a founding father of the Republic of India and principal draftsman of its Constitution, his Navayana Buddhism came to be identified as a form of socially engaged Buddhism, paralleling movements for self-determination and economic justice in Tibet, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand. Further parallels to the Humanistic Buddhism of China and Taiwan, the Nichiren-inspired New Religions of Japan, and many engaged Buddhist organizations in the West have been analyzed by scholars. Ambedkar Buddhism is not well represented in mainstream Buddhist Studies, however, possibly because its focus on social change appears at odds with the traditional Buddhist emphasis on personal transformation. Some scholars regard Ambedkar’s Navayana and other engaged Buddhist movements as a “fourth yana” or practice vehicle, in contrast with the individual path of Hinayana (Theravada) Buddhism, the messianic and missionary spirit of Mahayana Buddhism (including Pure Land and Zen traditions), and the ritualism and scholasticism of Vajrayana Buddhism.