bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of acoustic myography in evaluation of biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscle function in nine skijoring dogs
Authors: Talbert C. , Manfredi J. , Tomlinson J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Studies have found pain and inflammation in the shoulder region of working sled dogs. As skijoring is a comparable, competitive winter sport, this act may result in injuries similar to those seen in sled dogs. The purpose of this study was to assess the duration of muscle contraction, temporal, and spatial summation (E-, S-, and T-scores) of the biceps and triceps brachii muscles and compare between skijoring and free-running. Nine skijoring dogs completed a free-run and skijoring trial on the same trail in random order. Acoustic myography (AMG), measuring on:off ratio (E-score), spatial summation (S-score), and temporal summation (T-score) of the biceps and triceps brachii was performed comparing the muscle work during skijoring and free-running tasks ensuring minimal acceleration during each recording period. Statistical analyses included Shapiro-Wilk tests, paired Student’s t-tests, two-way ANOVAs, and Mann-Whitney U tests. Significance was set at . When comparing the E-, S- and T-scores of the experienced dogs, the E-score of the triceps brachii was significantly lower during skijoring compared to free-running. When comparing the biceps versus the triceps in all dogs, T-score for the biceps was significantly lower than that of the triceps during skijoring. Males were significantly faster than the females during both the free-running and skijoring tasks. Males all fell in the experienced dog group. In experienced dogs, the increase in triceps workload during the task of skijoring with no apparent change in its antagonist, the biceps, could result in excess tension on the musculotendinous unit of the biceps. The relative workload of the biceps versus the triceps appears higher regarding temporal summation during skijoring.
Endurance exercise boosts Sirtuin 1 and PGC1α in mouse skeletal muscle amid nitric oxide synthesis inhibition
Authors: Sakita M. , Isobe W. , Nonaka K. , Murakami S. , Miyachi R. , Tsuji M. , Tsujimoto H. , Nomura H. , Honda A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Sarcopenia is an age-related condition characterised by muscle atrophy and loss of muscle mass. The degradation of myofibrils (atrophy) caused by the activation of myofibrillar degradation proteins, e.g. due to a decrease in nitric oxide (NO) associated with aging, contributes to sarcopenia. NO is involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and mitochondrial proliferation; however, whether endurance exercise increases NO production remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we examined whether endurance exercise promotes metabolic signalling in muscles during continuous suppression of NO production. Mice were assigned to three groups: control, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor administration (L-NAME), and L-NAME administration plus endurance exercise (L-NAME + Ex). The L-NAME group was administered an NO synthesis inhibitor, and the L-NAME + Ex group was administered the inhibitor and performed exercise. The relative amounts of calmodulin (CaM) and nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the soleus muscle were significantly increased in the L-NAME + Ex group compared with those in the control and L-NAME groups. In addition, the relative amounts of Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) in the L-NAME + Ex group were significantly higher than those in the L-NAME group and similar to those in the control group. CaM and nNOS are involved in NO production, whereas Sirt1 and PGC1α play facilitatory roles in glucose and lipid metabolism. These findings suggest that endurance exercise may enhance muscle metabolic signalling by increasing NO production, even with the suppression of NO synthesis.
The Status of Strategic Environmental Assessment in Tanzania
Authors: Pauline Noah M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Tanzania is one of the few African countries to formally adopt strategic environmental assessment (SEA) to integrate environmental factors into strategic actions and foster sustainable development. However, nearly two decades later, SEA development remains premature. This paper investigated the current state of the Tanzanian SEA system. More specifically, it examined the extent of practice and analyzed the SEA’s systems strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT s). Data were gathered through in-depth interviews, policy documents, literature review, and a workshop and analyzed thematically. The analysis reveals limited SEA use between 2004 and 2021. The SWOT analysis provides insights into the internal and external conditions driving SEA implementation in Tanzania, opening a window for SEA stakeholders to grasp the challenges and prospects. Based on the SWOT s identified, the author has proposed policy actions to advance SEA in Tanzania. The research contributes to the global SEA stocktaking efforts and ongoing refinement and continuous improvement of SEA systems in Tanzania and comparable jurisdictions.
Touching Female Memories in the Purification Funerary Chapel in Burgos (c. 1482–1531)
Authors: Paulino Montero Elena 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Late medieval women were able to promote highly sophisticated funerary ensembles, which included architecture, painting, sculpture, liturgy, textiles, lighting and other ephemeral elements, and to adapt them to their specific ideas and needs. These material and ephemeral elements were manipulated to create complex spaces so as to generate sensory experience. This article will focus on the Purification Chapel in the Cathedral of Burgos (Spain) built by the Countess of Haro, Mencía de Mendoza, at the end of the fifteenth century. We will use art historical analysis to understand the relation between gender and the senses, and the ways in which intersensorial interaction shapes experience and memory. The analysis of the construction and design of spaces by actors like Mencía de Mendoza shows that robust models of perception and cognition were tacitly operating in the medieval era in ways that are not adequately captured by textually-focused approaches.
Contact Groups as Diplomatic Intervention Tools in Civil Wars: US Diplomacy
Authors: Nabil Ahmed 
Published: July 2024

Summary
American diplomacy employs contact groups to secure the United States’ national interests and fulfil its role as a superpower in several regions worldwide. This article explores three examples of contact groups formed by US diplomacy to intervene in the civil wars in Libya, Syria and Yemen. It tracks the groups’ formation process, meetings’ content and the US assessment of their influence on American interests and the course of the conflicts. The article concludes that the formation process was developed under sensitive compromises among the stakeholders of each conflict and led to the exclusion of some essential actors. The contact groups were influential at the tactical level and impacted the course of the conflicts in the short term, preventing humanitarian disasters, taking de-escalation steps and securing American interests, but they failed to achieve successful settlements.
Intuition Is Not Enough
Authors: Kuukkanen Jouni-Matti 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This comment discusses Branko Mitrović’s view of historical anti-realism and realism. It identifies several interpretative errors and philosophical infelicities in Mitrović’s account, in particular regarding colligation, and realism itself. It is suggested that the debate between the realist and the anti-realist pertains to the statuses attributed to scientific and historical claims. Provided that anti-realism is not general skepticism about them, the burden of proof to show that such notions as ‘real,’ ‘fact,’ and ‘counterpart’ contribute to the philosophical discussion about the statuses of the claims rests on the shoulders of the realist. Furthermore, the realist should establish that the historian’s colligations can be uniquely correct and yet independent of the historian. This comment also is a plea for a more measured and rigorous philosophy of historiography.
Hebrew Manuscripts as a Source of Knowledge
Authors: Prebor Gila 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Hebrew Manuscripts Catalogue of the National Library of Israel holds a wealth of information about Jewish history, literature, and culture. However, its complex structure and limited accessibility have resulted in underutilized data. This study aims to harness new digital approaches to unlock the potential of this valuable resource. Specifically, we focus on 275 Yemenite Jewish manuscripts related to ‘sciences’ to explore complex relationships within the data. We began by consolidating metadata from the Hebrew Manuscripts Catalogue, often found scattered within the ‘notes’ field of the records. We supplemented this data with information from linked open data (LOD) entities as well as previous research. This comprehensive approach reveals details about copyists, authors, and owners, even identifying lesser-known figures. Our methodology involved using Nodegoat for data management and visualization. This platform allowed us to create a comprehensive data model for manuscript provenance and explore relationships between objects, transactions, persons, and organizations, along with geographical data.
Characterisation of sorghum cultivated in Hungary: potential health risk resulting from the occurrence of toxigenic fungi and effect of endogenous lipophilic antioxidants on mycotoxin production
Authors: Szabó B.K. , Atanasova V. , Ducos C. , Kismányoky A. , Pinson-Gadais L. , Ponts N. , Savignac J.-M. , Körösi K. , Richard-Forget F. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Fusarium grain mould, or FGM, is caused by Fusarium species that most frequently infect sorghum during the early stages of grain development. Several toxigenic Fusarium species have been shown to be involved in FGM, the most frequently isolated being Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium andiyazi, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium thapsinum, and Fusarium sacchari. The aim of the present study was to provide new insights on the occurrence of toxigenic fungi infecting sorghum cultivated in Hungary and the risk of contamination with mycotoxins. To reach this objective, the presence of toxigenic Fusarium isolates in sorghum samples was investigated; fungal species and capacity to produce mycotoxins were characterised for each isolated Fusarium strain. In a second step, the profile in tocochromanols and carotenoids of the two most widely cultivated sorghum varieties in Hungary was detailed and the effect of the predominant compounds on the biosynthesis of fumonisins and type B trichothecenes was investigated.
Promoting Peace and Conceptualizing Human Security Diplomacy
Authors: Christie Kenneth , Hanlon Robert J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article draws on the concept of human security and argues that it can serve as a foundational doctrine within the fields of peacekeeping and peacebuilding. The chapter comprises three main parts which include 1) an introduction to the concept of human security; 2) a call for greater accountability and a strengthening of the duty to care across the peacebuilding landscape to counterbalance the militarization of peacekeeping; and finally 3) a proposal for what we call ‘human security diplomacy’ and the role that Canada can play as a middle power struggling to find its role within the nexus of these different strands. While human security has been a foundational principal of the United Nations for decades, the authors are particularly interested in how countries advance principles of peacebuilding in a globalized world to provide a more practical, rather than just suggested theoretical relationship, in terms developing a stronger identity through the lens of a new approach which we call human security diplomacy.
Karl von Richthofen’s Altfriesisches Wörterbuch (1840): A Milestone in Germanic Lexicography
Authors: Bremmer Rolf H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Karl von Richthofen’s voluminous Altfriesisches Wörterbuch was published in 1840, when the author was only 29 years old. It marked a major achievement in the field of Old Frisian studies and well beyond that discipline. This article introduces the author, his study at the universities of Berlin and Göttingen and how the dictionary evolved from what was originally intended to be a subject index to accompany his critical and comparative edition of all the then known legal texts pertaining to medieval Frisia, Friesische Rechtsquellen (1840). Much information about the genesis of the dictionary can be extracted from the intense discussion which Richthofen in numerous entries entertains with contemporary scholars. The article furthermore presents an analysis of the dictionary’s macro- and micro-structure and finally discusses how this highly innovative dictionary was received upon publication.
Old Frisian Studies in the Seventeenth Century: The Oxford Manuscripts
Authors: Dekker Kees 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Bodleian library at Oxford is one of the most important repositories of manuscripts and early printed books documenting the study of Old Frisian in the seventeenth century. Together with primary texts, two copies of the incunable print of the Frisian land laws, Codex Aysma and transcripts of the now lost Codex Unia, the collection includes annotations and glossaries by three pioneers of Old Frisian philology: Franciscus Junius (1591–1677), Jan van Vliet (1622–1666) and Thomas Marshall (1621–1685). This contribution explores Junius’s and van Vliet’s appraisal of the Old Frisian texts, their plans for an edition, and their interest in the narrative aspects of texts, such as the Statutes of Magnus and the Book of Rudolf. By analysing van Vliet’s and Junius’s annotations in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MSS Junius 109 and Marshall 60, it becomes apparent that these seventeenth-century philologists studied Old Frisian texts not only for lexicographical reasons or to compare Frisian with the other Old Germanic languages, but also for their fascinating historical and literary qualities.
Agensbildungen im Altfriesischen
Authors: Marti Heinzle Mirjam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In Germanic, the presence of various devices to express ‘agent’ implies that this was a fundamentally important cognitive category. These devices are mainly morphological, and we find various competing agentive word formation patterns. This article provides a corpus-based analysis of the morphological agentive word formation patterns in Old Frisian. These range from suffixal derivation with different suffixes such as Gmc *-(j)an- and the loan suffix Gmc *-ā̆rja-, to compounds with suffixoids such as -mon or -māster. The corpus for the analysis is gathered from the Altfriesische Handwörterbuch by Hofmann and Popkema (2008) and, as such, it offers an insight into the whole corpus of Old Frisian agent nouns.
New Non-legal Sources of Thet Autentica Riocht and Other Old Frisian Law Texts
Authors: Pelle Stephen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article identifies new Latin sources and new Latin and vernacular analogues for noteworthy non-legal passages in late Old Frisian law texts. Several items in Thet Autentica Riocht from Codex Unia and the related “Autentica-Sammlung” preserved in Codex Aysma are shown to descend from Insular catechetical triads (including a triad popularized by Alcuin) that were also adapted by the authors of Old English and Old Norse homilies. Other passages in the Autentica collections can be traced to the works of Gregory and Isidore (likely via a florilegium like the Liber scintillarum), to popular twelfth- and thirteenth-century theological texts like the Stella clericorum and Peter Cantor’s Verbum adbreviatum, and to the Disticha Catonis. Meanwhile, a late, variant conclusion to The Seventeen Statutes is shown to utilize an inexpressibility motif derived from the apocryphal Visio Sancti Pauli that is deployed in similar ways in Old English and Old Norse texts. The identification of these sources and analogues has significant implications for the textual criticism of the Old Frisian works and can also help improve our understanding of their relationship to other medieval European vernacular religious traditions.
On the Provenance of the Nine Extant Copies of the Freeska Landriucht [1484–1486]
Authors: Popkema Anne Tjerk , de Vries Herre 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article offers provenance details of the nine extant copies of the first printed book in the Frisian language, the incunable Freeska Landriucht [1484–1486]. It evaluates previous literature on the subject and contains results from archival research as well as codicological and paleographical analyses. A pattern in the profiles of the first known owners of the major part of the copies emerges: They were Frisian men of a relatively high social status – from both secular and clerical background – with legal tasks.
Impossible Love
Authors: Kinnas Miho 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article weaves the impossibilities of Dambudzo Marechera’s life under colonialism, racism, poverty, and violence, and of love between the Zimbabwean poet and the German scholar, Flora Veit-Wild. In this article, Veit-Wild is characterized as an “unreliable narrator” and “inside trader” due to her relationship with the poet. However, it is this position of Veit-Wild that allows us to decipher one of Marechera’s most difficult poems, “My Arms Vanished Mountains.” In using Veit-Wild as a window into my intepretation of Marechera, I also link Marechera’s poetics with that of a highly unlikely counterpart, Vladimir Nabokov. The impossibilities I allude to find their representation in Dambudzo Marechera’s “My Arms Vanished Mountains,” the poem Veit-Wild saved by chance.
Hybridization and introgression in deeply differentiated salamander species – molecular genetics and a reappraisal of Dr. Louis Vallée’s osteological data
Authors: Arntzen Jan W. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Two morphologically and genetically distinct salamander species (the crested newt, Triturus cristatus and the marbled newt, T. marmoratus) engage over a large area in the west of France where they hybridize at ca. 4%. The species interaction is characterized by ecological differentiation and limited gene flow beyond the F1 hybrid generation. Incompletely isolated species like these allow to investigate the genetic mechanisms and evolutionary forces that maintain their identity in the face of ongoing gene flow, to which a large mosaic hybrid zone provides excellent opportunities. A reanalysis of published morphological data supports the partial breakdown of the species barrier whereas extensive genetic data show that introgression is low yet asymmetric, in line with the dynamics of species replacement inferred earlier. The current work, with seven diagnostic nuclear markers studied for a large sample, revises the estimates of introgression in both T. cristatus (to 0.24%) and T. marmoratus (to 0.11%). Difficulties remain in the recognition of potential triploid hybrids versus backcross hybrids. Haldane’s rule is partially supported, but deeper analyses require the use of a molecular marker for sex that is not yet available.
Why do clinical guidelines for probiotics differ?
Authors: Weizman Z. , Vandenplas Y. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Clinical guidelines are recommendations for healthcare providers regarding patients with specific conditions. These guidelines should be based on practice experience and the best available research evidence. However, guidelines developed by various health organisations worldwide often do not agree with each other. This is also true for the current guidelines for the clinical use of probiotics. This article aims to provide examples of conflicting clinical guidelines for probiotics, define reasons for this phenomenon, describe standard tools for improving their quality, and suggest ways to enhance the development and assessment of suitable clinical guidelines for the appropriate clinical use of probiotics in specific conditions.
Rethinking Power-Sharing in Post-War Lebanon: The Case for a Pluralist and Multi-Level Research Agenda
Authors: Fakhoury Tamirace , Aitken Miriam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
To what extent is power-sharing theory, used as one of the key conceptual frameworks for Lebanon’s political system, still relevant for charting a way forward amid the country’s cumulative crises? This article heeds the call to position research on Lebanon’s power-sharing in a pluralist research agenda that speaks to a wider knowledge base and to a broader set of everyday policy problems. This agenda articulates itself around three axes: first, building on interdisciplinary research perspectives; second, looking at post-war Lebanon through multi-level and relational perspectives beyond the focus on power-sharing theory and “deeply divided societies” as focal paradigms for exploring conflict mitigation; and third, feeding into critical policy perspectives that probe people’s everyday struggles.
Lebanon’s ‘Concomitant Crises’ and Consociationalism as a Leading Form of Conflict Management
Authors: McCulloch Allison 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Consociationalism is often perceived as a go-to response to ethnicized conflict, a form of ‘political prescription’ proffered by both external mediators and domestic constitutional designers alike. Power-sharing theory posits that extended periods of cross-community cooperation can lessen divisions, allowing the system to give way to more ‘normal’ politics. However, increasing evidence from Lebanon and elsewhere tracks a different set of incentives. Rather than facilitating a virtuous cycle of cooperation and consensus, a more vicious cycle of immobilism, intransigence, and institutional collapse emerges. In Lebanon, this has coincided with a set of intersecting political, economic, and humanitarian crises. This paper outlines how consociationalism’s causal logic has undergone a full reversal in Lebanon, maps the manifestations and implications for the country, and reflects on what power-sharing theory can learn from Lebanon’s consociational experience.
Exploring acoustic overlaps in Djibouti Somali
Authors: Green Christopher R. , Lampitelli Nicola 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Somali is well known to exhibit vowel harmony (Armstrong 1934), but linguists know remarkably little about how the system is implemented. Most presume that harmonic oppositions involve the tongue root and analyze the system relative to the feature [ATR], though the phonetic implementation of the contrast is complicated by a “quirky” (Krämer 2008) vocalic system. Reports also indicate that harmonic alternations vary between speakers and dialects, including in the bounds of the harmonic domain, but again, little systematic comparison has been pursued. To better understand the bearing that vowel quality and vocalic contrasts have on Somali vowel harmony, this paper reports the results of a study aimed at establishing details of the Djibouti Somali vocalic system. Our findings reveal that while a harmony system seems intact for all speakers studied, three consistent trends of acoustic (i.e., vowel space) overlap emerge from the data which may portend eventual mergers. These trends align in notable ways, but not entirely, with reports of harmonic decay elsewhere in the literature. They suggest that loss of harmonic distinctions in high vowels may be underway, but in different ways, in front vs. back vowels and that harmonic contrasts in long vowels are particularly susceptible to weakening. Our interpretation of these results, viewed alongside the typological literature on ATR harmony systems, is that Somali vowel harmony may be threatened or in decline as a result of these acoustic overlaps.