bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intellectual disability in young people in custody in New South Wales, Australia – prevalence and markers
Authors: Haysom L. , Indig D. , Moore E. , Gaskin C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundIntellectual disability (ID) is known to be more common in incarcerated groups, especially incarcerated youth. Aboriginal young people have higher rates of ID, and make up half of all youth in juvenile custody in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. We aimed to describe the prevalence of possible ID and borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) in young people in NSW custody, and to describe the association between possible ID and Aboriginality after adjusting for the inequalities in social disadvantage.MethodsBaseline study of all youth in NSW Custodial Centres between August and October 2009, with 18‐month follow‐up. Using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition (WISC‐IV) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Fourth Edition (WAIS‐IV) cognitive assessments, possible ID was defined as Extremely Low Intellectual Quotient range (Full Scale Intellectual Quotient, FSIQ < 70), and possible BIF was defined as Borderline IQ range (FSIQ < 80). Risk factors for possible ID and BIF included age, gender, Aboriginality, socio‐economic disadvantage, offending history and psychological disorders.ResultsN = 295 (65%) of all young people in NSW custody completed cognitive and psychological assessments (87% male, 50% Aboriginal, average age 17 years). Almost one half (45.8%) of young people had borderline or lower intellectual functioning (by IQ assessment), and 14% had an IQ in the extremely low range (FSIQ < 70), indicating a possible ID. Aboriginal participants were three times more likely than non‐Aboriginal participants to have a possible ID, but after accounting for the excess disadvantage in the Aboriginal group, Aboriginality was no longer a marker of ID. Incarceration from a young age and psychosis were significantly associated with possible ID in Aboriginal participants, compared with Aboriginal participants first incarcerated at a later age, and Aboriginal participants without psychosis.ConclusionThe inequalities in criminal justice between Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal youth may exacerbate or contribute to the intellectual impairment of those incarcerated from a young age. Aboriginal young people with psychosis are also at high risk of cognitive impairments that might indicate a possible co‐morbid ID, and these patients should be diverted at court into community assessment services, rather than incarcerated. These results highlight a need for better and earlier identification of young people (particularly Aboriginal youth) at risk of ID and other co‐morbidities in the juvenile justice system.
SEARCH FRICTIONS, UNEMPLOYMENT, AND HOUSING IN CITIES: THEORY AND POLICIES
Authors: Xiao Wei 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTWe propose an urban search‐matching model with land development. Wages, unemployment, prices of housing and land are endogenously determined. We characterize the steady‐state equilibrium and then discuss the issue of efficiency. To explore interactions among markets, we implement comparative static analysis. We also consider three policies: an entry‐cost policy that reduces firms' entry, a transportation policy that reduces commuting costs, and a housing policy that decreases rental prices. We find that the transportation and housing policies are more efficient if the unemployment rate is low, while the entry‐cost policy is more efficient if the unemployment rate is high.
Hydroxocobalamin supplementation and erythropoisis stimulating agent hyporesponsiveness in haemodialysis patients
Authors: Killen John P , Brenninger Vanessa L 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundLong‐term haemodialysis patients may be at risk of hydrosoluble vitamin deficiencies. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that in patients with serum B12 < 300 pmol/L, intramuscular hydroxocobalamin reduces erythropoietin requirements whilst maintaining haemoglobin concentrations (Hb).MethodsStudy design was prospective, non‐randomized, open label, with single group assignment. In 61 patients hydroxocobalamin 1000 μg was given weekly for 3 weeks and erythropoietin dose adjusted to target a Hb of 11–12 g/L. The primary outcome was the change in erythropoietin requirements at 2 years. Secondary outcomes included assessment of change in biochemical or clinical parameters.ResultsThe erythropoietin dose reduced from 11 000 ± 7000 (10 000) IU to 5000 ± 6000 (3000) IU per week (P < 0.001) with no change in Hb 116 ± 16 (117) g/L before and after 114 ± 15 (113) g/L (P = 0.488) hydroxocobalamin supplementation. Serum albumin rose from 35 ± 4 (35) g/L to 36 ± 4 (36) g/L (P = 0.03). A significant rise in red cell folate (RCF) and serum vitamin B12 levels was observed. Serum ferritin rose despite a reduction in intravenous iron usage and no significant change in c‐reactive protein or transferrin saturation.ConclusionsIn HD patients with B12 < 300 pmol/L, following treatment with hydroxocobalamin there was reduced erythropoietin requirements, maintained Hb and a small but significant rise in the serum albumin. RCF may be low in haemodialysis patients with metabolic cobalamin deficiency and rises significantly after supplementation. Hydroxocobalamin supplementation may have the potential to reduce the cost of anaemia management.
Gender Bias in the Media? An Examination of Local Television News Coverage of Male and Female House Candidates
Authors: Lavery Lesley 
Published: January 2014

Several decades of scholarship suggest that by covering male and female candidates differently, the news media may influence the success of female candidates for higher office. I employ a content analysis to assess gender differences in the local television news coverage of 172U.S. House candidates in the nation's top 50 media markets in 2002. The results of the study suggest that female candidates for theU.S. House were covered with the same frequency as male candidates, and received equitable issue‐based and personal coverage.Related ArticlesBode,Leticia, andValerie M.Hennings.2012. “.”Politics & Policy40():221‐257.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00350.x/abstractJalalzai,Farida.2006. “.”Politics & Policy34():606‐633.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2006.00030.x/abstractRelated Media.2008. “.”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g‐IrhRSwF9U.2013.http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/
The Relationship between National Elections and the Delay in Transposition of E.U. Directives
Authors: Thomas Martha 
Published: January 2014

This article examines the relationship between national elections and the delay in transposition of E.U. directives. It posits that elections, on their own, and when compounded with other factors, significantly affect transposition. First, it argues that upcoming elections, in general, increase the likelihood of nontransposition of directives with transposition deadlines around election time. The article further contends that economic hardship in the year prior to an election increases the likelihood of nontimely transposition of directives with deadlines in that election year, and that complex directives with deadlines in an election year are also more likely not to be transposed on time. Finally, the article posits that a change in the ruling coalition reduces the likelihood of transposition delays. Empirical analysis finds that upcoming elections, economic hardship around election time, and directive complexity in the face of upcoming elections all increase nontransposition, while a change in the governing coalition decreases nontransposition.Related Articles
Thomas, Martha. 2013. “.” Politics & Policy 41 (): 155‐188. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12011/abstract

Legler, Thomas. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 848‐870. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00382.x/abstract

Cerami, Alfio. 2011. “.” Politics & Policy 39 (): 345‐372. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00294.x/abstract
Related Media
Harvey, Fiona. 2012. “.” The Guardian. January 5. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jan/05/spanish‐government‐derail‐eu‐fishing‐reform
Structural Operations and Net Migration Across European Union Member Countries
Authors: Egger Peter , Eggert Wolfgang , Larch Mario 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper analyzes the effects of international transfers to finance infrastructure on net migration flows among countries within theEU. A new economic geography model is employed with common pool financed infrastructure investments to derive a set of empirically testable hypotheses about the effects of transfer payments to finance infrastructure investments on migration. A significant effect of structural fund expenditures is identified on the bilateral net migration of workers among theEUmember countries. On average, a one percentage point increase in the expenditures on structural funds (in per cent of gross domestic product (GDP)) leads to a reduction in the measure of bilateral net migration by about 0.4–0.8%.
Earth's rotation variations: a wavelet analysis
Authors: Chao Benjamin F. , Chung WeiYung , Shih ZongRong , Hsieh YiKai 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHistorical to up‐to‐date data of the minute variations in the solid Earth's rotation are subjected to a comprehensive time‐frequency wavelet analysis. The length‐of‐day for the period 1962–2012 confirms the presence of a prominent, robust 6‐year periodicity and reveals an anomalously strong 18.6‐year tidal oscillation as well as a ~13‐year quasi‐periodic signal. The polar‐motion excitation for the period 1900–2012 validates the existence of the ~26‐year Markowitz wobble and shows an ~8‐year quasi‐periodic signal, but no appreciable 18.6‐year periodicity. Although it is known that exchanges of angular momentum with the geophysical fluids are responsible for the rotational variations of the solid Earth, the exact physical mechanisms involved on interannual‐to‐decadal timescales are still far from understood.
How Much Does Body Mass Index Affect Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen Concentration?
Authors: Li Feng , Shen Zhenhai , Lu Yun , Wang Ling , Song Wenjun 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Background: As the effect of obesity on serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentration and mass is uncertain, we designed the study in context of Chinese healthy males with no clinical evidence of any cancer.
Methods: Of note, 1,915 healthy males were retrospectively collected, with ages ranging from 18 to 84 years. Two equations, a body surface area (BSA)–based and a hematocrit-based, were applied, respectively, for plasma volume and CEA mass calculation. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to detect the associations of CEA concentration, and the two estimates of CEA mass with body mass index (BMI); possible confounding factors, including age, leucocyte count, and smoking status, were adjusted.
Results: CEA concentration significantly decreased with increasing BMI (P &lt; 0.001); however, CEA mass remained consistent or increased by using the BSA- or hematocrit-based equation. A screening level of CEA 5.0 ng/mL in normal-weight men was found to correspond to 4.52 ng/mL in overweight and obese men.
Conclusions: CEA may be affected in obese individuals by several factors, including but not limiting to hemodilution, inflammatory conditions, and insulin resistance. The relationship between CEA concentration and BMI might be highly dependent on which factor or factors have been predominant.
Impact: The BMI status of participants should be taken into account during assessment of serum CEA levels in healthy males. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(3); 555–60. ©2014 AACR.
Who Needs Laboratories and Who Needs Statins?
Authors: Pandya Ankur , Weinstein Milton C. , Salomon Joshua A. , Cutler David , Gaziano Thomas A. 
Published: January 2014

Background—
Early detection and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors produces significant clinical benefits, but no consensus exists on optimal screening algorithms. This study aimed to evaluate the comparative and cost-effectiveness of staged laboratory-based and non–laboratory-based total CVD risk assessment.

Methods and Results—
We used receiver operating characteristic curve and cost-effectiveness modeling methods to compare strategies with and without laboratory components and used single-stage and multistage algorithms, including approaches based on Framingham risk scores (laboratory-based assessments for all individuals). Analyses were conducted using data from 5998 adults in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey without history of CVD using 10-year CVD death as the main outcome. A microsimulation model projected lifetime costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for 60 Framingham-based, non–laboratory-based, and staged screening approaches. Across strategies, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.774 to 0.780 in men and 0.812 to 0.834 in women. There were no statistically significant differences in area under the receiver operating characteristic curve between multistage and Framingham-based approaches. In cost-effectiveness analyses, multistage strategies had incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of $52 000/QALY and $83 000/QALY for men and women, respectively. Single-stage/Framingham-based strategies were dominated (higher cost and lower QALYs) or had unattractive incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (>$300 000/QALY) compared with single-stage/non–laboratory-based and multistage approaches.

Conclusions—
Non–laboratory-based CVD risk assessment can be useful in primary CVD prevention as a substitute for laboratory-based assessments or as the initial component of a multistage approach. Cost-effective multistage screening strategies could avoid 25% to 75% of laboratory testing used in CVD risk screening with predictive power comparable with Framingham risks.
Archetypal Arg169Cys Mutation in NOTCH3 Does Not Drive the Pathogenesis in Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leucoencephalopathy via a Loss-of-Function Mechanism
Authors: Cognat Emmanuel , Baron-Menguy Céline , Domenga-Denier Valérie , Cleophax Sabine , Fouillade Charles , Monet-Leprêtre Marie , Dewerchin Mieke , Joutel Anne 
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy, the most common heritable small vessel disease of the brain, is caused by dominant mutations in the NOTCH3 receptor that stereotypically lead to age-dependent Notch3
ECD
deposition in the vessels. NOTCH3 loss of function has been demonstrated for few mutations. However, whether this finding applies to all mutations and whether a loss-of-function mechanism drives the manifestations of the disease remain yet unknown. This study investigated the in vivo functionality of the Arg169Cys archetypal mutation.

Methods—

We used mice with constitutive or conditional reduction of NOTCH3 activity, mice harboring the Arg169Cys mutation at the endogenous
Notch3
locus (
Notch3

Arg170Cys

), and mice overexpressing the Arg169Cys NOTCH3 mutant (
TgPAC-Notch3

R169C

) on either a
Notch3
wild-type or a null background. NOTCH3 activity was monitored in the brain arteries by measuring the expression of NOTCH3 target genes using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Notch3
ECD
deposits were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Brain parenchyma was analyzed for vacuolation and myelin debris in the white matter and infarcts.

Results—

We identified a subset of genes appropriate to detect NOTCH3 haploinsufficiency in the adult. Expression of these genes was unaltered in
Notch3

Arg170Cys

mice, despite marked Notch3
ECD
deposits. Elimination of wild-type NOTCH3 did not influence the onset and burden of white matter lesions in 20-month-old TgPAC-Notch3
R169C
mice, and 20-month-old Notch3-null mice exhibited neither infarct nor white matter changes.

Conclusions—
These data provide strong evidence that cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy can develop without impairment of NOTCH3 signaling and argue against a loss of NOTCH3 function as a general driving mechanism for white matter lesions in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy.
Are Arterial Calcifications a Marker of Remodeling in Vertebrobasilar Territory?
Authors: Pikija Slaven , Magdič Jožef , Knific Alenka 
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—
Intracranial atherosclerosis is responsible for a substantial proportion of stroke, and vessel calcifications as seen on native computed tomographic scans could be an estimate of its burden. The presence of vertebrobasilar artery calcifications is associated with risk factors.

Methods—
This study is a retrospective clinical study on 449 consecutive patients with stroke. Native computed tomographic scans were assessed for the presence of calcification in the intracranial segment of vertebrobasilar artery, and the area of each vessel was calculated from 2 perpendicular diameters. A comprehensive assessment of standard risk factors was recorded.

Results—

A total of 245 (54.6%) patients had visible calcifications in vertebrobasilar artery. Calcifications were positively associated with advanced age (odds ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.06;
P
<0.001), larger total vessel area (odds ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–1.01;
P
<0.001), and history of previous transient ischemic attack/stroke (odds ratio, 1.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–3.07;
P
=0.024).

Conclusions—
Higher prevalence of calcifications in vertebrobasilar artery territory of patients with stroke is associated with advanced age, larger arterial area, and history of previous transient ischemic attack/stroke.
Stimulant side effects: prefrontal/basal ganglia circuit control at dopamine D1/D2 receptors
Authors: Levy Florence , Dadds Mark R 
Published: January 2014

Background: While side effects of stimulant medication used to treat children for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have been clinically described as mild but variable, there is little or no research or understanding of biological mechanisms involved. Method: The present short review extends the ‘tonic-phasic’ dopamine hypothesis in terms of prefrontal and subcortical dopamine receptor (D1/D2) imbalance. Results: The minor allele of the dopamine D1 receptor predicts the ‘zombie-like’ motor side effect clinically described in some children treated with stimulant medications. Conclusion: Stimulant side effects may be best understood as reflecting imbalance in parallel cortico-thalamic-striatal circuits, and motor side effects as a result of prefrontal D1/D2 imbalance allowing greater motor inhibitory effects at subcortical D2 receptors. This is a variation of the ‘tonic-phasic’ hypothesis, which takes D1 allelic variation into account.
Elavl1a regulates zebrafish erythropoiesis via posttranscriptional control of gata1
Authors: Li Xi , Lu Yi-Chien , Dai Kezhi , Torregroza Ingrid , Hla Timothy , Evans Todd 
Published: January 2014

Key PointsElavl1 is a protein that binds to the 3′-UTR of RNA encoding Gata1. Elavl1 controls embryonic erythropoiesis by enhancing expression of Gata1.
A genome-wide scan for signatures of selection in Chinese indigenous and commercial pig breeds
Authors: Yang Songbai , Li Xiuling , Li Kui , Fan Bin , Tang Zhonglin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundModern breeding and artificial selection play critical roles in pig domestication and shape the genetic variation of different breeds. China has many indigenous pig breeds with various characteristics in morphology and production performance that differ from those of foreign commercial pig breeds. However, the signatures of selection on genes implying for economic traits between Chinese indigenous and commercial pigs have been poorly understood.ResultsWe identified footprints of positive selection at the whole genome level, comprising 44,652 SNPs genotyped in six Chinese indigenous pig breeds, one developed breed and two commercial breeds. An empirical genome-wide distribution of Fst (F-statistics) was constructed based on estimations of Fst for each SNP across these nine breeds. We detected selection at the genome level using the High-Fst outlier method and found that 81 candidate genes show high evidence of positive selection. Furthermore, the results of network analyses showed that the genes that displayed evidence of positive selection were mainly involved in the development of tissues and organs, and the immune response. In addition, we calculated the pairwise Fst between Chinese indigenous and commercial breeds (CHN VS EURO) and between Northern and Southern Chinese indigenous breeds (Northern VS Southern). The IGF1R and ESR1 genes showed evidence of positive selection in the CHN VS EURO and Northern VS Southern groups, respectively.ConclusionsIn this study, we first identified the genomic regions that showed evidences of selection between Chinese indigenous and commercial pig breeds using the High-Fst outlier method. These regions were found to be involved in the development of tissues and organs, the immune response, growth and litter size. The results of this study provide new insights into understanding the genetic variation and domestication in pigs.
Atorvastatin treatment attenuates renal injury in an experimental model of ischemia–reperfusion in rats
Authors: Wu Kefei , Lei Wenjing , Tian Jianwei , Li Hongyan 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
Recent studies in animal models have shown that statins can protect against renal failure independent of their lipid-lowering actions, and there is also an association between statin use and improved renal function after suprarenal aortic clamping. We investigated the hypothesis that post-ischemic acute renal failure could be ameliorated with atorvastatin (ATO) treatment and the possible molecular mechanisms in a model of ischemia–reperfusion (IR) in rats.

Methods
Twenty-four male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups: sham, IR, and IR + ATO. ATO was given by a single intraperitoneal injection (10 mg/kg) 30 min before reperfusion in the IR + ATO group. The IR group and sham group received saline vehicle via the intraperitoneal route.

Results
After 24 h of IR, serum creatinine levels were increased in the IR group compared with the sham group (p < 0.001). ATO treatment reduced the elevation of serum creatinine level by 18% (p < 0.05) and significantly increased the creatinine clearance rate (p < 0.001). Concentrations of advanced oxidation protein products and malondialdehyde were reduced in the ATO group, approaching levels observed in sham-group rats. ATO treatment alleviated pathological changes in renal tubular cells. Protein and mRNA levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 were reduced significantly.

Conclusions
These data suggest that direct protection of injured kidneys by ATO was possible even though the drug was injected 30 min before reperfusion, and that ATO may reduce IR injury by anti-inflammatory effects and by reducing oxidation stress.