bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The anatomy of vocal divergence in North American Elk and European red deer
Authors: Frey Roland , Riede Tobias 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLoud and frequent vocalizations play an important role in courtship behavior in Cervus species. European red deer (Cervus elaphus) produce low‐pitched calls, whereas North American elk (Cervus canadensis) produce high‐pitched calls, which is remarkable for one of the biggest land mammals. Both species engage their vocal organs in elaborate maneuvers but the precise mechanism is unknown. Vocal organs were compared by macroscopic and microscopic dissection. The larynx is sexually dimorphic in red deer but not in elk. The laryngeal lumen is more constricted in elk, and narrows further during ontogeny. Several elements of the hyoid skeleton and two of four vocal tract segments are longer in red deer than in elk allowing greater vocal tract expansion and elongation. We conclude that elk submit the larynx and vocal tract to much higher tension than red deer, whereby, enormously stressed vocal folds of reduced effective length create a high resistance glottal source. The narrow, high impedance laryngeal vestibulum matches glottal and vocal tract impedance allowing maximum power transfer. In red deer longer and relaxed vocal folds create a less resistant glottal source and a wider vestibulum matches the low glottal impedance to the vocal tract, thereby also ensuring maximum power transfer. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconstruction of oceanographic changes based on diatom records of the core MD012380 since Marine Isotopic Stage 11 in the Banda Sea
Authors: Chang Yuan‐Pin , Liao Chung‐Ching , Wang Wei‐Lung 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCurrent surface production in the Banda Sea is primarily controlled by monsoonal forcing, the strength of the Indonesian throughflow and surface salinity, and is sensitive to global climate changes. Therefore, variations of paleoproductivity represented by the abundance of diatoms are estimated to assist in understanding possible hydrological changes during glacial–interglacial cycles since Marine Isotopic Stage 11 (MIS 11). During the interglacials, the enhanced austral winter monsoon (southeast monsoon) encourages deepening of the mixed layer and uplifting of the thermocline, thereby increasing surface production. However, accompanied enhancement of the Indonesian throughflow (ITF) within the interglacials brings warm and less‐saline water from the central part of the warm pool water entering the Banda Sea to mitigate development of the upwelling system. Conversely, cooling of the Northern Hemisphere forces the strengthening of the austral summer monsoon (northwest monsoon) to depress the upwelling and reduce production during glacial intervals, whereas the weakening flow of the ITF reduces the influence of low‐salinity capping effects and benefits production. Higher abundance of Chaetoceros sp., dominant in upwelling environments, observed in glacials suggests that strength of the ITF is the most important factor in controlling the vertical thermostructure of the Banda Sea. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Speleothem evidence for temporal–spatial variation in the East Asian Summer Monsoon since the Medieval Warm Period
Authors: Chu Peter C. , Li Hong‐Chun , Fan Chenwu , Chen Yong‐Heng 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPublished annual‐to‐decadal‐resolution stalagmite δ18O records since AD 900 from six caves (Dongge, Furong, Heshang, Buddha, Shihua and Wanxiang) in China were analyzed to detect temporal and spatial variability of the East Asian Summer Monsoon strength, which strongly affects wet/dry conditions in eastern China. The empirical mode decomposition method was used to obtain trends of the six cave records. After the base trend was determined, δ18O anomalies of each record were computed by subtracting the base trend. Mean δ18O anomaly values of the detrended time series for each cave record were calculated for four periods: (i) Medieval Warm Period (MWP; AD 900–1250): (ii) Little Ice Age phase 1 (LIA‐1; AD 1250–1550); (iii) Little Ice Age phase 2 (LIA‐2; AD 1550–1850); and (iv) modern period (MD; AD 1850–2000). From these anomalies, the temporal and spatial variability of wet/dry conditions has been identified. Positive values of the mean δ18O anomalies indicating drier conditions appeared in the lower Yangtze River Drainage Area and Southeast Coast Area during MD‐1, LIA‐1 and MWP, whereas negative values existed in north, south and Yangtze areas of eastern China during LIA‐2. The results agree with the dryness/wetness index reconstructed by Chinese historic records in general. These results illustrate that wet and dry conditions in different regions of eastern China could be opposite under monsoon influence, so that no single speleothem δ18O record could represent the monsoonal climate in this vast region. Climatic patterns in the monsoonal region can be either a combination of warm/wet and cold/dry or a combination of cold/wet and warm/dry on annual‐to‐centennial scales. A 128‐year periodic cycle exists in all six cave records, whereas 64‐year (possibly a harmonic of 128‐year periodicity) and 42‐year periodicities appear in Shihua, Heshang and Dongge records. These cycles may reflect the influence of solar activity on the East Asian Summer Monsoon. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strengthening of paleo‐typhoon and autumn rainfall in Taiwan corresponding to the Southern Oscillation at late Holocene
Authors: Chen Huei‐Fen , Wen Shie‐Ying , Song Shen‐Rong , Yang Tien‐Nan , Lee Teh‐Quei , Lin Sue‐Fen , Hsu Shih‐Chieh , Wei Kuo‐Yen , Chang Ping‐Yu , Yu Pai‐Sen 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to improve prehistoric knowledge of paleo‐typhoon and winter monsoon activity in the western North Pacific after 8 cal. ka BP. We examine two sediment cores derived from lakes located to the south and north of the Ilan Plain in northeastern Taiwan. Seasonal and typhoon rainfall data over the past several decades are collected for this study region. We also use mineral indicators, K/Rb ratios and grain size to estimate sediment sources, intensity of chemical weathering and rainfall intensity. The results show that the chemical weathering index (K/Rb ratio) of Meihua Lake indicates the continuing effects of autumn rainfall, while coarse grain sizes of Dahu Lake sediments suggest increased intensity in typhoon rainfall. Grain size results reveal that increasing El Niño–Southern Oscillation intensity in the tropical Pacific has intensified the activity of super typhoons in the western North Pacific. Finally, we find that frequent activity of super paleo‐typhoons occurred in Taiwan during the La Niña‐like state, and the strengthening winter monsoon activity and higher sea surface temperature enhanced plentiful autumn rainfall in El Niño‐like state. After comparing our results with the paleo‐typhoon data in Japan and south China, we suggest that the tracks of super typhoon are mainly affected by variations in the warm pool and subtropical Northwestern Pacific High in the western Pacific. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between polyphenol content and anti‐influenza viral effects of berries
Authors: Sekizawa Haruhito , Ikuta Kazufumi , Mizuta Katsumi , Takechi Seiichi , Suzutani Tatsuo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundBerries are known to have many kinds of biological activities. We focused on their antiviral effect, which has not yet been well evaluated.ResultsWe compared the anti‐influenza viral effects of berries belonging to the genus Vaccinium – 35 species of blueberry (Vaccinium cyanococcus), the Natsuhaze (Vaccinium oldhamii), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos)– with those belonging to the genus Ribes, i.e. blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum). Only Elliott and Legacy among Northern Highbush varieties but many Rabbiteye varieties such as Austin, Baldwin, Brightblue, Festival, T‐100 and Tifblue showed anti‐influenza viral activity. Natsuhaze, bilberry, cranberry and blackcurrant had high antiviral effects. A relationship was observed between the antiviral effect and total polyphenol content.ConclusionsAntiviral effects were found to differ markedly between berry species. Rabbiteye varieties tended to have higher antiviral effects than Northern, Southern and Half Highbush blueberry varieties. We also found that Natsuhaze, which has recently been harvested in Japan as a potential functional food, had an antiviral effect comparable to that of bilberry, cranberry and blackcurrant. There was a positive relationship between antiviral activity and polyphenol content, indicating the possibility that polyphenol is one of the key factors in the antiviral effects of berries. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Greater sage‐grouse winter habitat use on the eastern edge of their range
Authors: Swanson Christopher C. , Rumble Mark A. , Grovenburg Troy W. , Kaczor Nicholas W. , Klaver Robert W. , Herman‐Brunson Katie M. , Jenks Jonathan A. , Jensen Kent C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGreater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) at the western edge of the Dakotas occur in the transition zone between sagebrush and grassland communities. These mixed sagebrush (Artemisia sp.) and grasslands differ from those habitats that comprise the central portions of the sage‐grouse range; yet, no information is available on winter habitat selection within this region of their distribution. We evaluated factors influencing greater sage‐grouse winter habitat use in North Dakota during 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 and in South Dakota during 2006–2007 and 2007–2008. We captured and radio‐marked 97 breeding‐age females and 54 breeding‐age males from 2005 to 2007 and quantified habitat selection for 98 of these birds that were alive during winter. We collected habitat measurements at 340 (177 ND, 163 SD) sage‐grouse use sites and 680 random (340 each at 250 m and 500 m from locations) dependent sites. Use sites differed from random sites with greater percent sagebrush cover (14.75% use vs. 7.29% random; P < 0.001), percent total vegetation cover (36.76% use vs. 32.96% random; P ≤ 0.001), and sagebrush density (2.12 plants/m2 use vs. 0.94 plants/m2 random; P ≤ 0.001), but lesser percent grass cover (11.76% use vs. 16.01% random; P ≤ 0.001) and litter cover (4.34% use vs. 5.55% random; P = 0.001) and lower sagebrush height (20.02 cm use vs. 21.35 cm random; P = 0.13) and grass height (21.47 cm use vs. 23.21 cm random; P = 0.15). We used conditional logistic regression to estimate winter habitat selection by sage‐grouse on continuous scales. The model sagebrush cover + sagebrush height + sagebrush cover × sagebrush height ($w_{i} $ = 0.60) was the most supported of the 13 models we considered, indicating that percent sagebrush cover strongly influenced selection. Logistic odds ratios indicated that the probability of selection by sage‐grouse increased by 1.867 for every 1% increase in sagebrush cover (95% CI = 1.627–2.141) and by 1.041 for every 1 cm increase in sagebrush height (95% CI = 1.002–1.082). The interaction between percent sagebrush canopy cover and sagebrush height (β = −0.01, SE ≤ 0.01; odds ratio = 0.987 [95% CI = 0.983–0.992]) also was significant. Management could focus on avoiding additional loss of sagebrush habitat, identifying areas of critical winter habitat, and implementing management actions based on causal mechanisms (e.g., soil moisture, precipitation) that affect sagebrush community structure in this region. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Cholesteatoma growth and proliferation: Relevance with serpin B3
Authors: Ho Kuen‐Yao , Huang Han Hsiang , Hung Kuo‐Feng , Chen Jiing‐Chuan , Chai Chee‐Yin , Chen Wan‐Tzu , Tsai Shih‐Meng , Chien Chen‐Yu , Wang Hsun‐Mo , Wu Yu‐Jen 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:The mechanisms of cholesteatoma proliferation and growth remain unclear. The objective of this study is to discover the potential mechanisms of the proliferation and growth of cholesteatoma by direct experimental assessments on cholesteatoma tissues from patients.Study Design:Retrospective study by the comparisons between cholesteatoma tissues and retroauricular skin tissues from the patients.Methods:Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis, LC‐MS/MS analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed to investigate specific protein expression in cholesteatoma tissues compared with retroauricular skin tissues collected from the patients. Western blotting analysis was conducted to verify the regulation of specific proteins found by 2‐DE, and to determine the changes of associated potential modulators in cholesteatoma proliferation and growth.Results:Twelve serpin B3 isoforms were found by 2‐DE and identified by LC‐MS/MS analysis, which is coherent with the results exhibited by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Up‐regulation of STAT3 and down‐regulations of cathepsin K and cathepsin L were represented using western blot.Conclusions:The data in this study suggested serpin B3, STAT3, cathepsin K, and cathepsin L are associated with the proliferation and growth of cholesteatoma, and these proteins may be influential factors in cholesteatoma growth. Laryngoscope, 2012
Determination of free fatty acids in edible oils by 1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Skiera Christina , Steliopoulos Panagiotis , Kuballa Thomas , Holzgrabe Ulrike , Diehl Bernd 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHere we describe a novel 1H NMR assay for the determination of FFAs in edible oils. The analytical performance of the NMR assay is similar to that of the commonly used acid value (AV) method. A total of 120 edible oil samples were analysed by both approaches. Except for pumpkin seed oil, showing slight deviations, there was a good compliance between the results obtained from the two methods.
In Vitro Transfection Mediated by Dendrigraft Poly(L‐lysines): The Effect of Structure and Molecule Size
Authors: Hofman Jakub , Buncek Martin , Haluza Radovan , Streinz Ludvik , Ledvina Miroslav , Cigler Petr 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDendritic poly(L‐lysines) (DGL) constitute promising nanomaterials applicable as a nonviral gene‐delivery vector. In this study, we evaluate the transfection abilities of four DGL generations with special emphasis on the systematic description of the relationship of how generation (i.e., molecule size) affects the transfection efficacy. Using Hep2 cells, we demonstrated that the capability of unmodified DGL to deliver plasmid is of a magnitude lower than that of jetPEI. On the other hand, employing the Hep2 cell line stably transduced with eGFP, we observed that DGL G5 delivers the siRNA oligonucleotide with the same efficiency as Lipofectamine 2000. In further experiments, it was shown that DGL affords excellent ability to bind DNA, protect it against DNase I attack, and internalize it into cells. magnified image
Human Mesenchymal Stem‐Cell Behaviour On Direct Laser Micropatterned Electrospun Scaffolds with Hierarchical Structures
Authors: Li Huaqiong , Wong Yee Shan , Wen Feng , Ng Kee Woei , Ng Gary Ka Lai , Venkatraman Subbu S. , Boey Freddy Yin Chiang , Tan Lay Poh 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDirect laser machining and electrospinning are utilized to obtain a bi‐layered hybrid scaffold with hierarchical topographical features to mimic extracellular matrix‐like microenvironment of cells. Adult bone marrow derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are cultured in vitro in these hybrid scaffolds, and cell orientation, proliferation, viability, and differentiation are evaluated. The results show that this novel hybrid scaffold not only supports cell growth like traditional scaffolds, but also elicits positive responses from the cells, like lineage commitment and alignment, which are essential features of future scaffolds. magnified image
Temperature‐Responsiveness and Antimicrobial Properties of CNT–PNIPAM Hybrid Brush Films
Authors: Pangilinan Katrina D. , Santos Catherine M. , Estillore Nicel C. , Rodrigues Debora F. , Advincula Rigoberto C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTemperature‐responsive carbon nanotube (CNT)/poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hybrid brush films were prepared by combining the layer‐by‐layer and surface‐initiated polymerization (LbL‐SIP) techniques. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is employed for the preparation of PNIPAM polymer brushes. Antibacterial activity of the CNT/PNIPAM films are investigated against Exiguobacterium sp. AT1b and Exiguobacterium sibiricum strains. Dead assay results show high microbial inactivation on coated surfaces with CNT films, while very low microbial inactivation is observed in PNIPAM films at all temperatures tested. The CNT–PNIPAM films, on the other hand, have antibacterial properties below 32 °C, which is below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), but allows biofilm formation above the LCST.
Thermochromic and Photovoltaic Properties of an Alternating Copolymer of Dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene and Thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione
Authors: Li Zhao , Malenfant Patrick , Tao Ye , Ding Jianfu 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of a new alternating conjugated polymer, PDTTTPD, based on electron‐donating dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene (DTT) and electron‐withdrawing thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione (TPD) units is reported. This polymer shows strong thermochromic effect in chlorobenzene with a peak shift up to 170 nm. This phenomenon is studied with fluorescence spectroscopy and related to the steric hindrance along the polymer main chain. Polymer solar cells are fabricated from its blends with PC71BM, and shows modest power conversion efficiency up to 2.1%. The low efficiency is due to the low short‐circuit current, which is also attributed to the steric effect. Based on these results, a general design rule for polymer photovoltaic material with controlled backbone conformation is proposed.
A New Low‐Bandgap Polymer Containing Benzene‐Fused Quinoxaline: Significantly Enhanced Performance Caused by One Additional Benzene Ring
Authors: Li Shuang , Li Aiyuan , Yu Jian , Zhong Aoshu , Chen Su'an , Tang Runli , Deng Xianyu , Qin Jingui , Li Qianqian , Li Zhen 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTwo new alkoxy‐substituted quinoxaline (Qx)‐based copolymers, PBDTQx and PBDTPz, are designed and synthesized. The only difference between these two polymers is that two methyl groups of the Qx are replaced by one additional fused benzene ring. The UV–Vis absorptions, thermal stability, energy levels, field‐effect carrier mobility, and photovoltaic characteristics of the two copolymers are systematically evaluated to understand the relationships between the polymer structure at the molecular level and the photovoltaic performances. Photovoltaic cells based on the PBDTPz with a structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Polymer:PC71BM/PEO/Ca/Al exhibit a promising efficiency of 4.40%, while that of PBDTQx is relatively much poorer.
A Polymer Reaction Engineering Approach to Polynucleotide Replication
Authors: Schork F. Joseph 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIt is often interesting to look at specific scientific questions from the perspective of other, related technologies. The problem of nonenzymatic RNA replication can be viewed from the perspective of classical polymer science and with some interesting insights. This communication will show that current mechanism of stalling, which is used to account for the fact that the rate of insertion errors in nonenzymatic RNA replication are much lower than would be expected, can be modeled by using the Mayo–Lewis equation for calculating copolymer composition in copolymerizations of synthetic polymers. Using kinetic parameters from the literature, it is possible to independently predict the error threshold for RNA replication. Agreement with the accepted model for nonenzymatic replication is surprisingly good. magnified image
Aus der Zwickmühle zur Innovation
Authors: Kaiserswerth Matthias 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWie kann die Forschung widersprüchlich scheinenden Erwartungen — kurzfristig Wert schaffen und langfristig Neues hervorbringen — gerecht werden? Ein Blick auf das strategische Forschungsmanagement bei IBM zeigt, wie der Spagat als Antrieb genutzt werden kann.
Risk of upper gastrointestinal complications in a cohort of users of nimesulide and other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy
Authors: Castellsague Jordi , Pisa Federica , Rosolen Valentina , Drigo Daniela , Riera‐Guardia Nuria , Giangreco Manuela , Clagnan Elena , Tosolini Francesca , Zanier Loris , Barbone Fabio , Perez‐Gutthann Susana 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeInformation on the risk of upper gastrointestinal complications (UGIC) in users of nimesulide, the most used nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) in Italy, is scarce. In the context of the European regulatory review on nimesulide, we estimated and compared the risk associated with nimesulide and other individual NSAIDs with the risk in nonusers.MethodsWe used 2001–2008 data from regional health databases in Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG), Italy, to conduct a cohort and nested case–control study of users of NSAIDs. Cases were identified by specific and nonspecific hospital discharge diagnoses in primary and secondary position and validated through hospital records. Ten controls per case were selected using density‐based sampling from the cohort. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsThe cohort included 588 827 NSAIDs users and 3031 UGIC cases. Nonspecific codes contributed to 23% of cases and secondary codes to 5%. Among current users, IR per 1000 person‐years decreased from 4.45 cases in 2001 to 2.21 cases in 2008. The RR (95%CI) for current use of NSAIDs was 3.28 (2.86, 3.76). RR was <2 for rofecoxib, celecoxib, and nimesulide; 2 to <5 for naproxen, ibuprofen, diclofenac, etoricoxib, and meloxicam; and ≥5 for ketoprofen, piroxicam, and ketorolac.ConclusionsIRs of UGIC in FVG decreased about 50% between 2001 and 2008. Nimesulide was in the low–medium range of RR. A complete ascertainment of UGIC cases in databases may require validation of nonspecific codes, secondary codes, and additional codes such as peritonitis and acute posthemorrhagic anemia. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.