bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Harris Matthew L. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The epilogue traces the church’s effort to confront the residual effects of the priesthood ban, most notably by commissioning a study at BYU to assess structural racism at the church-owned school. The church also made its literature and paintings more culturally inclusive and published books by its publishing house, Deseret Book, allowing authors to discuss their experience with racism in the church. This parallels church president Russell M. Nelson’s and senior Apostle Dallin H. Oaks’s vigorous denunciations of racism during the Black Lives Matter movement. The epilogue also traces the church’s partnership with the NAACP in an effort to fight inequality and racism.
Faces and Institutions of the Tradition
Authors: Svensson Manfred 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In chapter 2, the tradition of Protestant commentary on Aristotle’s practical philosophy is presented in its full breadth. There is much to be gained by becoming aware of the tradition in such broad terms. Without the whole tradition in sight, it is tempting for those who know one of its parts to single out one commentator as the greatest of Protestant Aristotelians, to affirm a given moment as the real beginning, or to describe any given author as “the last great scholastic.” Instead, the focus of this chapter lies not on any one individual figure, but on the fact that this was an influential and even dominant tradition, exerting its influence over 140 years through strong centers and numerous satellites, with substantive shared commitments but also with great internal variation. Combining biographical discussion, literary output, and institutional history, this chapter offers an introduction to the wide-ranging presence of Aristotelian commentators across the Protestant world.
The Late Emergence of the Socioeconomic Gradient in Adult Mortality
Authors: Bengtsson Tommy , Dribe Martin , Helgertz Jonas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Previous research has shown that class differences in adult mortality in the study area emerged only in the mid-twentieth century. Such findings question a universal association between socioeconomic status and mortality. This chapter examines whether these class differences in adult mortality emerged at the same time in urban as in rural areas. The analysis shows that the social class gradient in mortality was more pronounced in the urban than in the rural area, and hence that it was primarily an urban phenomenon. The urban mortality penalty in the study area lasted considerably longer than has been found for Sweden as a whole, but presumably with changing explanations over time. In the early twentieth century, the higher urban mortality was probably connected to poor living conditions in the city, while in the late twentieth century it was likely more related to differences in lifestyle and possibly work-related stress.
The Voice of America
Authors: Wright Kate , Scott Martin , Bunce Mel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This historical chapter provides an overview of the evolution of the Voice of America (VOA), from its establishment in World War II until Michael Pack took office in June 2020. It outlines longstanding tensions about the direction, purpose, and governance of VOA. This discussion explores Republican concerns over the liberal “bias” of VOA and its potential infiltration by foreign spies, but it also shows that politicization of VOA has always been a bipartisan issue. Both parties have periodically sought to control VOA’s output, have advocated using VOA as a partisan form of strategic communication, and have used the network instrumentally within domestic struggles for power. It also explains why VOA’s Charter and related legislation have been left open to interpretation, as well as demonstrating that the Obama administration did not fully consider the potential consequences of transferring authority to a single political appointee.
Information Technologies at the Fringe
Authors: Whyte Christopher 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the motivation for and shape of the book’s study. It describes the meteoric rise in visibility of fringe narratives and activities in the public eye in the early years of the 21st century and aligns with others that attribute this development to the management and development of web technologies, as well as the shaping effects of those technologies on civil society and shifts in elite political behaviors. Of these, the second factor—the impact of the internet on fringe advocacy and antagonism—remains perennially underspecified. This chapter also addresses a set of necessary initial clarifications, particularly around the conceptual lens of the book, the focus on cyber activities of fringe actors around the world and the implications of the study.
Fringe 1.0
Authors: Whyte Christopher 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 describes the experiences of early fringe web colonizers. In an interview-aided exploration of diverse subversive digital experiences, the chapter shows that actors as distinct as countercultural artist collectives, White supremacist communities, neo-Marxist hacking groups, extreme conservationists, and jihadist sympathizers “figured out the network.” Specifically, early experiences and emergent fringe ecosystems online emphasized the construction of social control systems. Information presentation in social forums was, for many groups, increasingly geared toward funneling user attention to core rallying nomenclature and symbology. The value of automation for attempts to disrupt other fringe elements and the mainstream was likewise emphasized by those few elements that bowed to some form of central control, as was the need for close coordination between back-end moderation, information curation tactics, and the significance of rallying mechanisms. The result was the persistent goal of generating convergence cultures with distinct fringe-specific mechanisms of information control and manipulation.
Introduction
Authors: Holvikivi Aiko 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In recent decades, gender training has emerged as an institutional default solution to any number of gendered harms. Ranging from corporations to universities, and from the United Nations to national militaries, gender training is now a practice that disseminates feminist concepts and analyses across diverse spaces. But what happens to the concept of gender as it travels? This introductory chapter describes how gender training has become established practice for military and police peacekeepers and unpacks the feminist political anxieties the practice provokes. It provides an overview of the book’s research into gender training and argues that peacekeeper gender training is a paradoxical pedagogical exercise which co-opts the concept of gender to the service of martial logics at the same time as it provokes moments of instability for these same logics.
Resistance
Authors: Holvikivi Aiko 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Peacekeeper gender training is structured by a set of founding contradictions between feminist politics and analyses on the one hand; and the martial culture of institutions of hegemonic masculinity on the other. Against the backdrop of this contradiction, this chapter focuses on how training participants come to accept, modify, or reject knowledge presented to them in the training setting. It conceptualizes resistance as something that follows patterns or scripts that can be performed by both trainers and training audiences. Importantly, this conceptualization of resistance insists on keeping alive the political ambiguity that inheres to the term itself. Chapter 4 thus charts different scripts through which trainers and trainees alike seek to undermine the radical potential of gender knowledge, suggesting that resistance involves ways of undermining the training through humour, distancing gender from feminist politics, and projecting the issue of gender onto racialized others.
Poetry in the City with No Horizon
Authors: DeKoven Ezrahi Sidra 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This essay examines the poetry of three of the most prominent poets of modern Jerusalem. We begin with a glance at the ways Jerusalem is grounded in biblical and postbiblical sources and for two thousand years has remained the center of Jewish yearning. The lack of a horizon in this landlocked city contributes to the centripetal pull towards the Sacred Center. Operating in a culture defined by a binary mindset, modern Hebrew poetry has to soar to some heights in order to register other places. Beginning by evocating the spirit of Else Lasker-Schüler and the café culture of the 1940s, we move to consider a few of the most resonant poems of Goldberg, Zelda and Amichai, and examine the ways in which each of them, coming from elsewhere and writing in a particular idiom, invokes his/her place of origin while embedding their resonant lines in the particular landscape of Jerusalem.
The New “New Jerusalem” as Gateway to the East
Authors: Dubnov Arie M. , Rubin Noah Hysler 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Hebrew University is often described as a “German” university. What happens when we turn our attention to the somewhat forgotten British conceptions and visions of Jerusalem and its university? By exploring English romantic and religious revelations, the paper shows how the British “Garden City” movement and far-reaching theories of “applied sociology” set the stage for the earliest campus plans prepared in the wake of WWI by the Scottish sociologist and urban planner Patrick Geddes (1854–1932). The paper also reveals the critical role performed by the British-Jewish psychoanalyst and political activist Montagu David Eder (1865–1936), who invited Geddes to Jerusalem, and the way in which Geddes’s experiences in India were tied to his attempts to “re-orientalize” the Jews, casting them as those opening the gate to an enchanted “East.” Ultimately, these revelations also explain why the plan failed to materialize and was not endorsed by the Jews themselves.
The Wandering Hebrew University, 1914–1967
Authors: Selzer Assaf 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Between the Years 1914 – 1967 the Hebrew University of Jerusalem changed its location in the city. Its first location was a symbolic one, on a hill in the east part of the city (Mount Scopus) viewing on the old city. After the war of 1948 the university had to be moved from Mount Scopus and Between the years 1948 – 1958, the university faculties were located in many buildings all over the west side of the city. On June 8 1967, just one day after the conquest of the Old City by the Israel Defense Forces, university president announced the return of the university to mount Scopus! By revealing the reasons for the different locations of the university in the city the article will be conclude with explanation what we can learned from HU location within the changing borders of the city about the history of the institute and its relationship with the city.
Jerusalem, 1968
Authors: Shelleg Assaf 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The chapter discusses the first Testimonium concert, which was held at David’s Citadel on July 30, 1968, a year after the occupation of Jerusalem’s Old City. The commissioned works for the event, seven in number, amounted to a colossal 82-minute piece titled Jerusalem, for orchestra, mixed choir, soloists, tape (prerecorded music), and narrators (live and prerecorded) in various combinations. Six of the movements set textual portrayals of Jerusalem from the Bible, the Apocrypha, the Pseudepigrapha, the Koran, and the Zohar. Each movement resonated with contemporary compositional attitudes, yet the narrators’ recited parts (written by the librettist of the event and founder of Testimonium, Reicha Freier), engulfed these modernist formulations in a redemptive statist telos, which confirmed national territorialism while having the semantic overshadowed the semiotic. Thus, the “meaningful disharmonies” alluded to in the title point to a constituent transition for which Jerusalem (the composition) and Jerusalem (the city) had been a foreshadowing.
The Religio-Cultural Soundtrack of an Urban Era
Authors: Gafni Reuven 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This essay focuses on the nature and public standing of Jerusalem’s Ashkenazic ḥazanut scene, during the first half of the 20th century. This, while aiming to determine the factors that caused the dramatic shifts in this scene`s scope and public significance, and how these changes reflected cultural, societal, and ideological processes taking place at the time, within the city`s Jewish community. As is shown, this process began during the years preceding the First World War and was symbolically concluded at the 10th-anniversary celebration of Israel’s independence, that took place at Hechal Shlomo, the newly inaugurated seat of the Israeli chief rabbinate. Among the main actors on the scene were a number of prominent figures, along with several major synagogues and institutions that served as venues for cantors and cantorial events. The essay is based on a wide variety of primary and literary sources, as well as on the local Jewish press of the time.
The Palestinians in Jerusalem, 1967–2022
Authors: Cohen Hillel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study is to analyse the various ways in which the Palestinians in Jerusalem face the complex challenge of life under Israeli rule, which denies them expressions of their nationality and culture and restricts their living space, while at the same time integrating them in the Israeli welfare state and in the country’s job market and education system, thus allowing many to improve their standards of living. The paper presents the various perceptions that inform political choices of the Maqdisyeen (Palestinian Jerusalemites), their practices of resistance and accommodation as they change over time, and the similarities and differences between them and other Palestinian communities. The ‘political schizophrenia’—as their situation was defined by Sari Nusseiba, explains both the desire to integrate in the Israeli job market and the violent waves of resistance to Israeli control.
Courts and Courtiers
Authors: Doran Susan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
On James’s accession, changes were introduced into the royal court. Two new households were immediately formed, and a new department, James’s bedchamber, was established. Because of James’s bounty to the Scots who were gentlemen of the bedchamber, anti-Scottish sentiment became rife both inside and outside the court. The courts of Anna and Henry were not sites of factional politics nor oppositional to James’s, and the contrast between father and son was one of emphasis rather than substance. With a few exceptions, the court calendar was the same as under Elizabeth, and each summer James continued the tradition of royal progresses. Masques became a vital part of winter entertainments, and the court was more cosmopolitan than it had been under Elizabeth. Although disorderly behaviour was occasionally observed at James’s court, it was not the everyday experience and ambassadors were impressed with its magnificence and grandeur.
Reconsidering nominative case in English
Authors: Duffield Nigel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The eighteenth century Hiberno-English folk ballad Arthur McBride, which sits at the intersection of synchronic and diachronic concerns, presents a rich selection of non-standard grammatical features found both in current Hiberno-English and Northern British varieties, as well as in Late Middle English/Early Modern English texts. Chief among these is NOM-INF, that is, nominative case-marked subjects of nonfinite clauses. Here it is argued that the emergence—and subsequent disappearance—of this construction in standard varieties of English is parametrically linked to other diachronic developments, including the loss of dative case, obligatory verb-raising, and quotative inversion with pronominal subjects. The analysis synthesizes recent proposals about Irish clausal syntax (McCloskey 2017, 2021) with an alternative view of phrase-structure and case licensing more generally—the ‘inverted specifiers hypothesis’. The resulting framework is claimed to provide a more satisfactory explanation for adjacency constraints than was previously available.
China
Authors: Sun Xiaowei 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
With the will to establish the rule of law, since the end of the 1980s, both ideological and cultural changes were made in the Chinese legal system: administrative legislation no longer aims only to guarantee the efficiency of the administration, but more and more to protect individual rights. From the beginning of the 1990s, a series of laws and regulations were instituted regarding relations between citizens and the administration—notably among these texts, the Administrative Litigation Law, described as a ‘Silent Revolutionary Act’, was the most decisive step. With the amendment of 2014, the legislator tends to erect the Administrative Litigation Law into a real instrument for the protection of individual rights. Beyond the legislative protection, doctrinal and political principles can also condition administrative activities, such as the principle of legality. Most of the principles known to Western systems can be observed in the Chinese notion of legality.
France
Authors: Saunier Sébastien 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the system of sources of French administrative procedure, which granted great procedural freedom to the public authorities and rested on quite dispersed sources. First, it considers the contribution of the case law of the Conseil d’Etat and the Conseil constitutionnel to the identification of a series of principles decisive for general procedure, even after the constitutionalization of this area due to the few rules of the Constitution applicable to administrative procedure. Then, as the general legislation regarding administrative adjudication is concerned, it is stressed how the French procedural law has long been characterized by patchy and dispersed written law. Finally, the general law of administrative procedure rather broadly excludes regulatory acts from its material field of application, as also numerous provisions do not apply to the so called ‘décisions d’espèce’, such as declarations of public interest—a reflection of the strongly subjectivist orientation of French procedural law.
Switzerland
Authors: Flückiger Alexandre 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In Switzerland, for more than a century the procedural guarantees in administrative law have been deduced by the Federal Supreme Court from the principle of equality. With the entry into force of the Federal Constitution in 2000, procedural rights (right to a fair trial, the right to an impartial authority, the right to be heard, the right to consult the file, the prohibition of undue delay, excessive formalism, and refusal to rule, and the right to free legal assistance) are codified in Article 29. These procedural guarantees have been codified also in the Federal Administrative Procedure Act of 20 December 1968 (APA), and in the cantonal legislations. The right to be heard stated by Article 29 of the Constitution and specified by federal and cantonal legislation applies to any procedure that leads to an individual and concrete legal act of a public authority.
The Silent Meddling of Algorithms
Authors: Prunkl Carina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Suppose AI is used in a company’s call centre to pair incoming customers with the most suitable employee—the goal is to maximise customer satisfaction. This seems to be a good result for the company and a good result for the customer. But the author suggests this process is not as unproblematic as it appears. We need to ask why certain inferences are being drawn by the AI algorithm—and whether these inferences are based on stereotypes and historical injustice.
Human in the Loop!
Authors: Chang Ruth 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the not-too-distant future, technology might help us decide which school to attend, what career path to pursue, and whether to marry and have children. It might also help our governments decide how much to tax their citizens, which regulations to impose on businesses, how to manage energy consumption and distribute healthcare resources, whether to go to war, and even how to manage deep political disagreements. What should be the role of humans in this decision-making process? The author argues that there are particular decisions—involving what she calls ‘hard choices’—where humans must be consulted. If they are, it’s possible for human values to remain aligned to algorithmic decisions.
The Literature of Lashkar-e-Tayyaba
Authors: Fair C. Christine , Ustaad Safina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Since its inception in Afghanistan in the late 1980s, the Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (LeT), also known as the Jamaat-ud-Dawah (JuD), has arguably been the most threatening and disruptive terrorist organization in the world. Under various guises, it operates throughout Central, Southwest, Southeast, and South Asia, and has strong logistical roots in North America, Europe, and beyond. While there is considerable scholarship on its history and operations, few scholars have explored the organization’s vast publications. This volume is the first scholarly effort to curate a sample of LeT’s Urdu-language publications and then translate them into English for the scholarly community studying this group and related organizations. While the original texts were written and published by Dar-ul-Andlus, that exclusively publishes LeT’s books, pamphlets, posters, speeches, and other materials, with the explicit intention of diffusing the group’s ideology, raising funds, and cultivating volunteers for the organization, the authors hope that by rendering this group’s materials more accessible this book can contribute to the myriad efforts to combat such groups and the violence they perpetrate. An extensive introduction explains how an understanding of the role of proselytizing is crucial to understanding the domestic politics of the LeT within Pakistan as well as the way in which it competes with other militant organizations. The volume concludes with a discussion of what one can learn from this exercise and what its varied implications are for India, the South Asian region, and the international community.
Highway to Heaven by Amir Hamza
Authors: Fair C. Christine , Ustaad Safina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter features the authors’ translations of important excerpts from Amir Hamza’s 2004 book titled Shahrah-e-Bahisht (Highway to Heaven), which aims to undermine local mystical traditions and beliefs. Amir Hamza is one of the founding ideologues of LeT/JuD and is currently the convener of the Tehreek-e-Hurmat-e-Rasool (Movement for the Sanctity of the Prophet), which opposes any reforms to Pakistan’s odious ‘blasphemy law’. This volume uses direct language, giving the sense that it intends to mock pervasive local traditions, while affirming the readers’ biases against these practices, and offering material to argue against ‘corrupting innovations’ in Islam. The content varies from a ‘scholarly’ socio-historical analysis of mystical practices, tracing them to Christian and Hindu rituals, to a farcical account of the author indulging in these practices himself only to realize they are hoaxes orchestrated by charlatans and witch doctors to exploit the uneducated masses.