bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Macrophage Activation by Corynebacterium anaerobium
Authors: Hanazawa Shigemasa , Kato Hideo , Yamaura Koichi , Yamaguchi Yasuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractKinetics and mechanisms of macrophage activation by heat‐killed Corynebacterium anaerobium (CA) in mice were investigated. The carbon clearance test revealed that the function of the reticuloendothelial system rose markedly on the 4th day after a single intravenous injection of CA and continued in a highly enhanced state until the 14th day. This activity declined gradually and dropped to a normal level around the 21st day. On the other hand, both lysosomal enzymes, β‐glucuronidase and acid phosphatase, of peritoneal macrophages decreased after the CA injection and then recovered, taking an almost inverse course to the function of the reticuloendothelial system. These results might be attributable to possible extracellular secretion of the lysosomal enzymes in accordance with macrophage activation by CA. A remarkable cytotoxicity of peritoneal macrophages, examined in vitro against L 929 cells, was detected on the 4th day following intraperitoneal administration of CA. It was maintained up to the 14th day and then declined rapidly. The mechanisms of macrophage activation by CA were also examined in vitro. CA‐homogenate, heat‐killed CA disrupted with an ultrasonicator, directly activated thioglycollate‐induced macrophages. The macrophages were also activated by simultaneous treatment with both CA‐homogenate and CA‐sensitized spleen cells. Furthermore, the supernatant obtained from the culture of CA‐sensitized spleen cells with CA‐homogenate was capable of inducing activation of the macrophages. Conversely, the culture supernatant of spleen cells from CA‐immunized athymic nude mice with CA‐homogenate was unable to activate them. It was ascertained from the above‐mentioned results that macrophages are activated initially by direct action of CA in a nonspecific way and subsequently by a soluble factor elaborated by CA‐sensitized lymphocytes in an immunological way.
Properties of the Erythrocyte Receptors for Influenza C Virus
Authors: Ohuchi Masanobu , Homma Morio , Muramatsu Michiko , Ohyama Shinobu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractProperties of the receptor for influenza C virus were studied. Although the receptor for influenza C virus on chicken erythrocytes was destroyed by the homologous virion, neuraminidase activity could not be detected in any of the influenza C virus strains tested. The receptor activity of chicken erythrocytes for influenza C virus was diminished by formaldehyde treatment but not by periodate oxidation. There was a considerable variation in the pattern and the titer of hemagglutination of influenza C virus when human erythrocytes of different blood types were used; the virus agglutinated most type B erythrocytes but not type A erythrocytes. By using human type B erythrocytes, differences among strains of influenza C virus in the hemagglutinating activity were also demonstrated. These results showed that both the receptor for and the receptor‐destroying activity of influenza C virus were completely different from those of influenza A or B virus and also that carbohydrates were not involved in the receptor for influenza C virus.
Proliferation of Hemolysin‐Plaque‐Forming Cells in Nude Mice and Normal Littermates Subjected to Antigenic Competition
Authors: Taniguchi Toru , Nomoto Kikuo , Miake Shunji , Takeya Kenji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe increase of PFC per spleen and the development of hemolytic foci were examined to clarify the patterns of clonal expansion of B‐lymphocytes in athymic nude mice (nu/nu) and normal littermates (nu/+) subjected to the procedure for antigenic competition between horse erythrocytes (HRBC) and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). In normal littermates without pretreatment with HRBC, a small number of PFC and hemolytic foci of small size were detected 2 days after the challenge with SRBC. The number of PFC increased progressively from day 2 to day 4, and hemolytic foci increased in the number and size during the period. In nude mice, a small number of PFC were detected on day 2 and the number increased only slightly from day 2 to day 4. No large hemolytic foci were detected during the period. In normal littermates subjected to the procedure for antigenic competition, the patterns of increase of PFC and development of hemolytic foci were similar to those in nude mice. In nude mice, the procedure for antigenic competition exerted almost no effect on the patterns.
Studies on Delayed Hypersensitivity to Protein Antigen
Authors: Nakashima Shoichi , Sakai Yasuo , Take Nobuaki , Umeda Yukio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIt was shown in our previous paper that mice primed with chemically modified bacterial α‐amylase (BαA), which was neither cross‐reactive with anti‐BαA antibody nor able to induce a humoral anti‐BαA response, developed enhanced responses to a subsequent challenge with native BαA and that the magnitude of the immunological memory was closely related to the priming dose of modified BαA. This paper describes the experimental conditions for induction of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) by modified BαA in relation to the development of immunological memory for antibody response to native BαA.Mice primed with either an intraperitoneal (i.p.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of modified BαA in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) developed enhanced anti‐BαA responses to a subsequent challenge with BαA. In contrast, when mice were immunized with an s.c. injection of the modified BαA only, a significant level of DH to native BαA could be induced, as measured by the footpad reaction (FPR). The highest degree of DH was observed in mice given 50 μg of modified BαA. DH was detectable within 5 days and persisted for 25 days after immunization. In the reciprocal combination of native BαA as the immunogen and modified BαA as the eliciting antigen, the relationship of anti‐BαA responses to DH was examined. The primary anti‐BαA responses induced by an i.p. injection of large doses of BαA was markedly higher than those induced by an s.c. injection, while DH was exhibited only in mice given an s.c. injection of BαA in CFA.
Existence of 28R‐Antigen in a Certain Strain of Group F Streptococcus
Authors: Maekawa Shizue , Yaegashi Tazuko , Nakayama Yasuhiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn inter‐Group common antigen was detected between Group A type 28 (Small)‐ and Group F (21/58/O'Mahoney, Colindale)‐streptococcal cells by the T‐typing agglutination reaction. The characteristics of this antigen coincide with those of the 28R‐antigen, which was first detected in the Group A type 28 (Small) cells by Lancefield in 1943, in the following points: 1) It can beextract ed from the cells with HCl at pH 2.0 at 100 C in a stable state; 2) It can be kept in a stable state by heating in an alkaline solution at pH 7.8; 3) The antigen on the heat‐killed cells was not affected by trypsin digestion at pH 7.8 but was destroyed by pepsin digestion at pH 2.0.
Studies on the Lipid Components of Endotoxin II. Chemical Analyses and Biological Properties of Neutral, Polar‐I and Polar‐II Subfractions
Authors: Konno Seishi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLipid components obtained from Salmonella typhosa O‐901 endotoxin by acid hydrolysis were separated into neutral, polar‐I and polar‐II lipid fractions by silica gel column chromatography. These lipids were further separated by silica gel column and/or thin‐layer chromatography. The subfractions were analyzed by thin‐layer chromatography, gas chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry. Seven subfractions obtained from the neutral lipid fraction contained lauric, myristic, palmitic, 3‐OH‐myristic acid, artificial products of 3‐OH‐myristic acid, or a small amount of two unidentified fatty acids. These fatty acids and glucosamine were commonly detected in six subfractions obtained from the polar‐I lipid fraction. Fatty acids, glucosamine, and O‐phosphorylethanolamine were detected in all of the 13 subfractions obtained from the polar‐II lipid fraction. Chick embryo lethal activity, rabbit pyrogenicity and in vitro interferon inducing activity were found in three polar‐I lipid subfractions and five polar‐II lipid subfractions, but not in neutral lipids. The activities were highest in a polar‐II lipid subfraction, which contained smaller amounts of O‐phosphorylethanolamine and glucosamine than the other subfractions. However, no particular chemical constituent (s) related to the biological activities could be found. Prolonged acid hydrolysis of the polar‐II lipids gave rise to neutral and polar‐I lipids. Chemical and biological aspects of the lipid constituents of endotoxin are discussed.
Effects of Protamine Sulfate on Dengue Type 1 Viral Activities
Authors: Fujita Nobuya , Karabatsos Nick , Shope Robert E. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractProtamine treatment of type 1 dengue‐infected mouse brain suspension resulted in precipitation of several viral specific activities. Complement‐fixation activity was almost completely precipitated by protamine. The complement‐fixation components recovered in the precipitate were comparable to a non‐precipitated reference dengue 1 antigen in their homologous and heterologous reactions. Dengue hemagglutinin was also precipitated by the same treatment. The precipitated hemagglutinin was resolved into three components by buoyant density centrifugation, whose densities were 1.236, 1.215, and 1.178 g/ml, respectively. Three similar HA components were detected in non‐protamine treated virus preparations. In both instances the highest‐titered HA fraction possessed a buoyant density of 1.21–1.22 g/ml. These HA components were tested in the hemagglutination‐inhibition reaction and were proved to be virus‐specific. Cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation was shown to be useful for removing possible inhibitor(s) of viral specific hemagglutinin.
Plasmid‐Mediated Sulfanilamide Resistance
Authors: Nagate Takatoshi , Inoue Matsuhisa , Inoue Kunio , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) is specified by a substrain of Escherichia coli K12, ML1410. This enzyme activity is inhibited by sulfanilamides (Sa) and is known to be heat‐stable, i.e., an Sa‐sensitive normal enzyme. Another DHPS activity specified by E. coli ML1410 carrying drug resistance plasmids is Sa‐resistant but heat‐sensitive, i.e., an Sa‐resistant enzyme. Most plasmids encoding single Sa or double (Sa. Tc or Sa. Sm) (Tc, tetracycline; Sm, streptomycin) resistance mediate the formation of this type of DHPS. Therefore, E. coli carrying these plasmids becomes diploid for DHPS, i.e., an Sa‐resistant and an Sa‐sensitive normal enzyme. The biochemical mechanism of Sa resistance mediated by plasmids encoding triple (Cm.Sm.Sa; Tc.Sm.Sa) and quadruple (Cm.Tc.Sm.Sa) resistance is not due to the formation of an altered DHPS but probably due to the decrease in permeation of the drug into the cell. The evolutionary process of the formation of Sa‐resistance determinants on plasmids is discussed based on the presence of two types of Sa resistance mechanism.
Physico‐Chemical Properties of Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV‐2) Grown on DBT Cell Culture
Authors: Hirano Norio , Hino Shigeo , Fujiwara Kosaku 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSome properties of a strain of mouse hepatitis virus, MHV‐2, grown on DBT cells were determined using a plaque assay on the cells. Viral growth was not inhibited by the presence of actinomycin D or 5‐iodo‐2‐deoxyuridine. MHV‐2 was completely inactivated by ether, chloroform, sodium deoxycholate or beta‐propiolactone, but showed a moderate resistance to trypsin. Heating at 56 C for 30 min did not completely abolish the virus infectivity. The virus was stable after heating at 50 C for 15 min in 1m‐MgCl2 or 1m‐MgSO4 as well as at 37 C for 60 min at pH 3.0 to 9.0. Infectivity was decreased to 1/100 and 1/400 after storing at 4 C for 30 days and 37 C for 24 hr, respectively. The virus passed through a 200‐nm but not a 50‐nm Sartorius membrane filter. The buoyant density of MHV‐2 was 1.183 g/cm3 in sucrose gradient, and the fraction contained coronavirus‐like particles measuring 70 to 130 nm in diameter. Survival rate was 10% after exposure to ultraviolet at 150 ergs/mm2. Freezing and thawing or sonication at 20 kc for 3 min did not affect the virus titer. No hemagglutinin was demonstrable with red blood cells of the chicken, Japanese quail, mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig, sheep, bovine or human.
A New Microplate Neutralization Test for Typing of Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Tada Aiko , Yoshino Kamesaburo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA microplate serum neutralization test for estimation of complement‐requiring neutralizing (CRN) antibody was established as the first step for simplification of typing of herpes simplex virus (HSV). When guinea pigs were immunized with type 2 HSV, the late sera could mostly differentiate the types of HSV better than hyperimmune rabbit sera, the CRN titer against the heterologous type 1 HSV being much lower than the homologous titer. Sera of guinea pigs immunized with type 1 HSV showed about the same level of cross reaction against type 2 HSV as did rabbit antisera. Guinea pig sera having minimal levels of cross reaction were selected, and their high dilution (1:160) and complement were added to serial 10‐fold dilutions of virus in the microplate titration of virus infectivity. Selective reduction of virus titer by either antiserum could determine the type of HSV. No equivocal intermediate case was found among a number of stock strains including many fresh isolates. The typing result coincided with that determined by a modification of Yang et al's method based on virus titers obtained with Vero and primary chick embryo cells. The typing based on plaquing in chick embryo cells sometimes failed to identify type 1 HSV.
A Sensitive Solid Phase Radioimmunoassay for Secretory IgA
Authors: Shibata Rumiko , Onoue Kaoru , Goya Nagahide 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay method was established for the specific quantitative determination of secretory IgA (sIgA) by taking advantage of the dual antigenicities of sIgA, one specific for α‐chain and the other for secretory component (SC). The sIgA and IgA in the sample were first bound by anti‐IgA antibodies coated on the polystyrene tube, then the amount of bound sIgA was quantified by the use of 125I‐labeled anti‐SC antibodies. This method is quite sensitive and allows us to distinguish sIgA from IgA and free SC which usually coexist in exocrine secretions. Linear relationship was observed between the bound radioactivity of radioiodinated anti‐SC and the amount of sIgA in the range of 5 to 60 ng of sIgA.With this method, the urinary sIgA levels in normal children and adults were measured. Urinary sIgA was detected in half of infants within 7 days after birth, while it could be demonstrated in almost all of the infants by 14th day. Then, it gradually increased and reached about a half of the adult level by the age of puberty.This method will be useful for the sensitive and specific measurement of sIgA in various exocrine secretions.
Serological Studies on the Major Histocompatibility Complex of New Inbred Strains of the Guinea Pig1
Authors: Chiba Joe , Otokawa Minoru , Nakagawa Masao , Egashira Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNew inbred strains of guinea pigs, JY 1, JY 2, JY 3, JY 6, JY 9 and JY 10 have been established in this Institute. Serologic studies of guinea pig leukocyte antigens (GPLA antigens) were carried out in order to examine their major histocompatibility complex (GPLA complex). Antisera specific for Ia antigens were raised by cross‐immunization of NIH strain 2 (NIH 2) and NIH strain 13 (NIH 13) guinea pigs, well known inbred guinea pigs. The sera identified four distinct Ia specificities, which were designated as Ia.2a, Ia.2b, Ia.13a and Ia.13b. Six antigenic specificities different from the above Ia specificities were identified by sera obtained by appropriate immunization of the inbred guinea pigs and were designated as P.1, P.2, P.3, P.4, P.5 and P.6. Antigenic specificities of GPLA antigens recognized in inbred guinea pigs were: NIH 2 (Ia.2a, Ia.2b, P.1, P.2, P.3, P.4), NIH 13 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.1, P.2, P.3, P.4), JY 1 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.5), JY 2 (Ia.2b, Ia.13b, P.3, P.4, P.6), JY 3 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.2, P.4, P.5), JY 6 (Ia.2b, Ia.13b, P.3, P.6), JY 9 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.4, P.5), JY 10 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.2, P.3, P.4, P.6). The correspondence of these specificities to those already reported was discussed and the P.2 or P.4 was considered to be an additional specificity of GPLA antigens that have not been reported yet. As the new inbred strains of guinea pigs were thus found to possess characteristic GPLA complex, which differ from each other and from those of NIH 2 and NIH 13 strain, they should be useful for studies of roles of the major histocompatibility complex in the immune system.
Concanavalin A‐Mediated Agglutination of 3T3 Cells After Exposure to UV‐Irradiated Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Taguchi Fumiaki , Hara Kazuya , Nagaki Daizo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractStudies were made to determine the effect of UV‐irradiation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) on Concanavalin A (Con‐A)‐mediated agglutination of 3T3 cells. There were three different phases of agglutination by Con‐A of cells infected with HSV. The agglutinability began to increase from 3 or 4 hr, or 72 hr after exposure of cells to HSV. The early‐appearing agglutinability was further divided into two phases, based on its sensitivity to metabolic inhibitors. These were tentatively called “Early 1 or inhibitor sensitive”, “Early 2 or inhibitor insensitive” and “Late” agglutinability.“Early 1” agglutination, detected from 3 hr post infection (pi), was induced by treating cells with HSV, either active or UV‐irradiated for less than 5 min and was inhibited when actinomycin D (1 μg/ml) or cycloheximide (50 μg/ml) was added to the cultures. “Early 2” agglutination began to increase from 4 hr pi when cells were inoculated with HSV irradiated for 7 to 20 min and was not affected by either inhibitor. HSV irradiated for 6 min failed to induce either agglutinability. “Late” agglutination, observed 72 hr pi, was detected in cultures which had been treated with HSV irradiated for 4 to 15 min. Among those, virus irradiated for 6 to 8 min was most efficient. HSV‐transformed cells were also agglutinated without exception by low concentrations of Con‐A.
Separation of RRBC‐RFC and Non‐Rosette Forming Cells (non‐RFC) of Guinea Pig T‐Cell Populations and Their Functional Difference
Authors: Yokomuro Kozo , Mabuchi Ayako , Kimura Yoshitami 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGuinea pig lymph node cells suspension (LNC‐O) was filtered through a glass wool column and the effluent (LNC‐G) was further filtered through a nylon column. In this effluent (LNC‐NE) about 30 per cent of the lymphocytes was identified as non‐rosette forming cells (non‐RFC). The non‐RFC fraction was separated from LNC‐NE fraction by Ficol‐Conray specific gravity centrifugation of effluent cells reacted previously to rabbit red blood cells (RRBC). The upper layer after centrifugation, designated non‐RFC fraction, was separated. In this fraction 96% of the cells were lymphocytes and about 95% of them were non‐RFC, which lacked receptors for rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) or EAC and detectable surface immunoglobulin by conventional techniques.Though the response of the lymphocytes in the non‐RFC fraction to mitogenic (Con‐A, LPS) or antigenic stimulation was lower in comparison with that in RFC‐rich fraction, the response of non‐RFC to ConA exceeded the response to LPS.These facts suggest that at least a portion of the non‐RFC may be cells from the T‐cell line.
The Mode of Production of Endotoxin‐Induced Interferon in Rabbit Tissue Cells
Authors: Hashimoto Hiroshi , Shibukawa Nobuyuki , Kojima Yasuhiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn vitro production of endotoxin‐induced interferon in rabbit tissue cell cultures could be enhanced by pretreatment with interferon. The enhancible state developed from the first hr of incubation at 37 C and a maximal priming effect was attained at 6 hr of incubation. Yields of interferon from unprimed cultures were usually 20–200 units/ml. In contrast, the primed cultures constantly yielded 1,000–2,500 units/ml of interferon. The pretreatment with interferon seemed to cause an earlier appearance of detectable interferon and the primed cells became more sensitive to endotoxin.It turned out that 10–30 units/ml of rabbit interferon were enough to develop the maximal priming. Even when cells were pretreated with higher doses of rabbit interferon such as 1.0 × 104–1.0 × 105 units/ml, the same level of priming effect was always observed without diminution. Various types of homologous (rabbit) and heterologous (human and mouse) interferon preparations showed similar dose‐dependent enhancement of interferon production in proportion to the antiviral titers of these preparations as tested with RK‐13 cells of rabbit origin.
R Plasmids with Thermosensitive Transferability in Salmonella Strains Isolated from Humans
Authors: Yoshida Yoko , Terawaki Yoshiro , Nakaya Rintaro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTemperature dependence of transfer was examined with ten R plasmids originating from clinical isolates of Salmonella. Six of the plasmids were thermosensitive upon transfer, five of which were originally harbored in S. typhimurium and the remaining one in S. derby. One of these plasmids, pNR502, which conferred resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin (Sm) and tetracycline (Tc) on its host was stably maintained both in Salmonella and Escherichia coli at either 30, 37, or 43 C. Another plasmid, pNR516, which was resistant to chloramphenicol, sulfathiazole, Sm and Tc, was slightly unstable only at 43 C. The remaining four plasmids, pNR503, pNR510, pNR512 and pNR514, conferred resistance to Sm and Tc. Of these plasmids, the former two were stably maintained at both 30 and 37 C, but were unstable at 43 C. The latter two were slightly unstable at the lower temperatures and considerably unstable at 43 C. Kinetics of the transfer of the plasmid pNR503 revealed that the efficiency of transfer of the plasmid between E. coli strains was affected not only by the temperature of the conjugation but also by the preincubation temperature of the donor culture before the conjugation.
Leukocyte Migration Inhibition Test (LMIT) in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Tanaka Kohtaro , Yamauchi Yasutaka , Horimatsu Tohru , Isobe Takashi , Imura Hiroo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) utilizing the agarose gel technique was performed with native DNA as an antigen in ten patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and five normal subjects. Irrespective of disease activity, supernatants obtained at different time intervals during lymphocyte culture in eight patients with SLE showed significant alteration of migration, either enhancement or inhibition, of normal leukocytes. However, supernatants in the control experiments produced no significant alteration of migration. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of supernatants obtained from the SLE group revealed that the inhibitory activity was present in the albumin region, whereas the enhancement activity was found in the β‐globulin region. These results indicate that the hitherto employed estimation of the leukocyte migration inhibition test based on the total activity of these two factors is insufficient for accurate evaluation of chemical mediators from sensitized lymphocytes and that the separation of these two factors may be important for a greater understanding of cellular immunity.