bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FDI Spillovers at the National and Subnational Level: The Impact on Product Innovation by Chinese Firms
Authors: Li Jing , Chen Dong , Shapiro Daniel M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe investigate the degree to which the presence of inward foreign direct investments (FDI) influences product innovation by emerging market firms. We begin with FDI spillover effects at the national level, the common approach in the literature. We further examine spillover effects at the subnational level because knowledge spillovers have been found to be localized. We study both intra-industry and inter-industry FDI spillovers in a subnational location, based on the distinction in the cluster literature between Marshall–Arrow–Romer specialization externalities and Jacobian diversification externalities. Using information from more than 346,000 Chinese manufacturing firms from 2000 to 2006, we find that Chinese firms improve product innovation when they are located in cities with concentrated foreign innovative activities in the same industry. These intra-industry spillover benefits decrease quickly, however, as foreign presence increases and, at high levels of foreign concentration, are dominated by the crowding-out effect. We also find evidence of inter-industry spillover benefits in a city; diversity of industries with a foreign presence contributes to product innovation by Chinese firms.
Transient impact of omalizumab in pollen allergic patients undergoing specific immunotherapy
Authors: Kopp Matthias Volkmar , Hamelmann Eckard , Bendiks Meike , Zielen Stefan , Kamin Wolfgang , Bergmann Karl‐Christian , Klein Christian , Wahn Ulrich ,   The DUAL study group
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundRecently, we showed that combination of omalizumab with specific immunotherapy (SIT) for treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) and comorbid seasonal allergic asthma (SAA) is safe and reduced the symptom load in a statistically significant and clinically meaningful manner during the first pollen season.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate long‐lasting effects of an initial combination treatment with SIT+omalizumab, a monoclonal anti‐IgE antibody, in a follow‐up period with SIT treatment only in patients with SAR and comorbid SAA incompletely controlled by conventional pharmacotherapy.MethodsA randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicenter trial was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of omalizumab (Xolair®) vs. placebo in combination with SIT (depigmented allergoid vaccine, Depigoid®) during the first grass pollen season. Omalizumab or placebo therapy was started 2 wk before SIT; the whole treatment lasted 18 wk. After the first pollen season, SIT was given for two subsequent years without omalizumab. Primary end‐point was daily ‘symptom load’, the sum of daily scores for symptom severity and rescue medication use in the second and third year.ResultsA total of 140 patients (age 11–46 yr) were randomized; 130, 128, and 114 patients finished the study after 1, 2, and 3 yr, respectively. The main efficacy variable was the mean daily symptom load as assessed in the patients' diary. No systematic differences between both analysis groups were detected in the findings from symptom load, symptom severity score, or rescue medication score. Further subjective data did not show differences between both groups in the quality‐of‐life data as assessed with the ACQ, AQLQ, and the RQLQ. Investigators' assessment of treatment effectiveness in the first and second year of study extension showed more patients with favorable long‐term treatment outcome (‘excellent’ and ‘good’) in the SIT plus omalizumab group than in the SIT plus placebo group. In line with these findings, FEV1 improved at the end of both years in the group which was treated with the combination therapy in the double‐blind study compared with the Depigoid plus placebo group.ConclusionEighteen weeks' treatment of omalizumab in combination with SIT in patients with SAR and comorbid SAA reduced the symptom load during the treatment period but showed no prolonged effect during treatment with SIT only. A slight increase in lung function (FEV1) in patients formerly treated with the omalizumab/SIT combination therapy should encourage further evaluation of long‐term effects of omalizumab.
Financial industry groups' adaptation to the post‐crisis regulatory environment: Changing approaches to the policy cycle
Authors: Young Kevin 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis article explores the advocacy efforts of financial industry groups since the financial crisis. I describe key changes in the post‐crisis financial regulatory environment and argue that financial industry groups have adapted their advocacy strategies to these new conditions in innovative ways. Faced with a more challenging environment, financial industry groups have shifted their emphasis along the different stages of the policy cycle. Specifically, increased issue salience and a strained policy network have weakened financial industry groups' capacity to veto regulatory proposals at the stage of actual policy formulation. Focusing on the advocacy strategies of the global banking and derivatives industries, I show evidence that the response has been to invest in more subtle advocacy strategies which focus on other stages of the policymaking cycle. Self‐regulatory moves attempt to affect the agenda setting stage of policymaking, and a strong focus on the timing, rather than the content of new regulations, has attempted to affect the implementation stage. Such a transformation of advocacy strategies differs sharply from most depictions of financial industry groups simply “blocking” regulatory change since the global financial crisis.
Health risk factors and the incidence of hypertension: 4-year prospective findings from a national cohort of 60 569 Thai Open University students
Authors: Thawornchaisit Prasutr , de Looze Ferdinandus , Reid Christopher M , Seubsman Sam-ang , Sleigh Adrian C 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveThis study evaluates the impact of a number of demographic, biological, behavioural and lifestyle health risk factors on the incidence of hypertension in Thailand over a 4-year period.DesignA 4-year prospective study of health risk factors and their effects on the incidence of hypertension in a national Thai Cohort Study from 2005 to 2009.SettingAs Thailand is transitioning from a developing to a middle-income developed country, chronic diseases (particularly cardiovascular disease) have emerged as major health issues. Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart attack and stroke and cross-sectional studies have indicated that the prevalence is increasing.Study participantsA total of 57 558 Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University students who participated in both the 2005 and 2009 questionnaire surveys and who were normotensive in 2005 were included in the analysis.MeasuresAdjusted relative risks associating each risk factor and incidence of hypertension by sex, after controlling for confounders such as age, socioeconomic status, body mass index (BMI) and underlying diseases.ResultsThe overall 4-year incidence of hypertension was 3.5%, with the rate in men being remarkably higher than that in women (5.2% vs 2.1%). In both sexes, hypertension was associated with age, higher BMI and comorbidities but not with income and education. In men, hypertension was associated with physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol and fast food intake. In women, hypertension was related to having a partner.ConclusionsIn both men and women, hypertension was strongly associated with age, obesity and comorbidities while it had no association with socioeconomic factors. The cohort patterns of socioeconomy and hypertension reflect that the health risk transition in Thais is likely to be at the middle stage. Diet and lifestyle factors associate with incidence of hypertension in Thais and may be amenable targets for hypertension control programmes.
Can nutrition be promoted through agriculture-led food price policies? A systematic review
Authors: Dangour Alan D , Hawkesworth Sophie , Shankar Bhavani , Watson Louise , Srinivasan C S , Morgan Emily H , Haddad Lawrence , Waage Jeff 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveTo systematically review the available evidence on whether national or international agricultural policies that directly affect the price of food influence the prevalence rates of undernutrition or nutrition-related chronic disease in children and adults.DesignSystematic review.SettingGlobal.Search strategyWe systematically searched five databases for published literature (MEDLINE, EconLit, Agricola, AgEcon Search, Scopus) and systematically browsed other databases and relevant organisational websites for unpublished literature. Reference lists of included publications were hand-searched for additional relevant studies. We included studies that evaluated or simulated the effects of national or international food-price-related agricultural policies on nutrition outcomes reporting data collected after 1990 and published in English.Primary and secondary outcomesPrevalence rates of undernutrition (measured with anthropometry or clinical deficiencies) and overnutrition (obesity and nutrition-related chronic diseases including cancer, heart disease and diabetes).ResultsWe identified a total of four relevant reports; two ex post evaluations and two ex ante simulations. A study from India reported on the undernutrition rates in children, and the other three studies from Egypt, the Netherlands and the USA reported on the nutrition-related chronic disease outcomes in adults. Two of the studies assessed the impact of policies that subsidised the price of agricultural outputs and two focused on public food distribution policies. The limited evidence base provided some support for the notion that agricultural policies that change the prices of foods at a national level can have an effect on population-level nutrition and health outcomes.ConclusionsA systematic review of the available literature suggests that there is a paucity of robust direct evidence on the impact of agricultural price policies on nutrition and health.
Virus-associated apoptosis of blood neutrophils as a risk factor for invasive meningococcal disease
Authors: Smith Harry , Rogers Sharon L , Smith Helen V , Gillis David , Siskind Victor , Smith Judith A 
Published: June 2013

AimsTo quantify a range of haematological indicators of viral infection (leucocyte apoptosis, cytopenia of normal lymphocytes, reactive lymphocyte increase, neutropenia) in patients with recent onset invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), with a view to test the association of viral infection with IMD and identify possible haematological risk factors for its development.Subjects and methods88 patients with recent onset IMD, classified on clinical severity as fatal (n=14), septic shock survived (n=26) and no shock (n=48), and 50 healthy controls were studied. Blood film microscopy and leucocyte counts were used to quantify the virus-associated indicators. Cocci-containing neutrophils were also quantified.ResultsAll viral parameters were significantly more frequent or higher in patients than controls, with leucocyte apoptosis found only in the patients. A significant gradient in accord with clinical severity was found for neutrophil and lymphocyte apoptosis, neutropenia and cocci-containing neutrophils. Crucially, apoptotic neutrophils did not contain cocci, and cocci-containing neutrophils were not apoptotic.ConclusionsThe correlation between magnitude of neutrophil apoptosis and severity of IMD suggests a cause–effect relationship. We propose that neutrophil apoptosis is more likely a facilitator rather than an effect of IMD for these reasons: (1) apoptotic neutrophils did not contain cocci and cocci-containing neutrophils were not apoptotic, (2) leucocyte apoptosis is a recognised viral effect and (3)Neisseria meningitidisis incapable of producing a Panton–Valentine type leucocidin. The lymphocyte apoptosis which accompanies neutrophil death may contribute to risk by impairing the generation of microbicidal antibody. Leucocyte apoptosis is a morphological expression of viral immunosuppression and, we suggest, is a likely contributor to a range of viral effects.
Taxonomic diversity of Eocene Antarctic penguins: a changing picture
Authors: Jadwiszczak Piotr 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Eocene Antarctic penguins, at least 10 species in six genera, are known only from the La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. They are most numerous (in terms of individuals, body sizes and taxa) in Late Eocene strata. Specimens from three species and phylogenetic analysis presented in this work shed new light on the systematics and evolution of Antarctic Sphenisciformes. The earliest reported bones of giant penguins from the genus
Anthropornis
set the conservative estimate of its divergence time at
c
. 53 Ma (Early Eocene). They also document the oldest known appearance of quite a high diversity of Sphenisciformes; altogether, three morphotypes (differing in size) have been found within the same sampling locality. A newly described, relatively small and intriguingly elongated, tarsometatarsus from the Late Eocene of the La Meseta Formation, belonging to another genus of large-sized Antarctic penguins (
Palaeeudyptes
), suggests the possible existence of an unnamed species within this long-established genus. The phylogenetic analysis based on tarsometatarsal features shows that the relationship between ‘
Archaeospheniscus
’
wimani
and three species of
Delphinornis
(all of them co-existed during the Late Eocene time period) does not appear to be close enough to justify merging them into a single genus (as was recently postulated).

Supplementary material:

An annotated data matrix used for the phylogenetic analysis is available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18599
Factors Associated With 28-Day Hospital Readmission After Stroke in Australia
Authors: Kilkenny Monique F. , Longworth Mark , Pollack Michael , Levi Christopher , Cadilhac Dominique A. 
Published: June 2013

Background and Purpose—
Understanding the factors that contribute to early readmission after discharge following stroke is limited. We aimed to describe the factors associated with 28-day readmission after hospitalization for stroke.

Methods—

Factors associated with readmission were classified from the medical record standardized audits of 50 to 100 consecutively admitted patients with stroke from 35 Australian hospitals during multiple time periods (2000–2010). Factors were compared between patients readmitted and not readmitted after stroke hospitalization (n=43) grouped using 5 categories: patient characteristics (n=16; eg, age), clinical processes of care (n=13; eg, admitted into a stroke unit), social circumstances (n=3; eg, living home alone prior), health system (n=6; eg, location of hospital), and health outcome (n=5; eg, length of stay). Multilevel logistic regression modeling was used to examine the association with these independent factors selected if statistical significance
P
<0.15 or if considered clinically important and readmission status.

Results—
Among 3328 patients, 6.5% were readmitted within 28 days (mean age, 75; 48% female; 92% ischemic). After bivariate analyses 14/43 factors from 4/5 categories were associated with readmission after hospitalization for stroke. Two factors from patient and health outcome categories remained independently associated with readmission after multivariable analyses. These were dependent premorbid functional status (adjusted odds ratio, 1.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.25–2.81) and having a severe adverse event during the initial hospitalization for stroke (adjusted odds ratio, 2.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.55–5.12).

Conclusions—
This is the first study to comprehensively evaluate factors associated with 28-day readmission after stroke. The factors associated with 28-day readmission are diverse and include potentially modifiable and nonmodifiable factors.
Regional Power Revisited: How to Explain Differences in Coherency and Success of Regional Organizations in the United Nations General Assembly
Authors: Panke Diana 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The United Nations General Assembly is the International Organization (IO) with the broadest worldwide membership. While regional organizations are not members themselves, they can and often do become active through their own member states. This article addresses two questions: Do regional organizations differ in their ability to speak with one voice in IOs and, if so, why? Are some regional organizations more successful than others and, if so, why? Based on liberal theory and a mixed-methods approach, the research suggests, firstly, that regional organizations are in a better position to engage in collective action in IOs if they can develop group positions for a broad range of items. This is easier the greater the capacities and the stronger the incentives of the member states, the smaller the number of actors participating in regional organizations’ coordination meetings, and the more homogenous groups are. Secondly, regional organizations are especially successful in IOs if they have common positions that their experienced and knowledgeable member states can push via argumentative strategies and if regional organizations can rely on the larger membership when it comes to playing two-level games in UNGA negotiations (tied-hands strategy) and when it comes to voting in IOs.
The Influence of Narratives on Negotiations and Resolution of the Upper Jordan River Conflict
Authors: Zeitoun Mark , Talhami Michael , Eid-Sabbagh Karim 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This article tests the assertion that narratives constructed around international environmental issues serve to promote or reduce opportunities for their resolution. It does this by interpreting the influence of Lebanese and Israeli environmental narratives on resolution of and indirect negotiations over the Upper Jordan River conflict. Colonial archives, key informant interviews and academic and policy literature serve to identify and critically investigate the narratives. An official Lebanese narrative of adherence to international law is found to contradict the more popular nationalist narrative of Israeli ‘theft’ of the flows. An Israeli water security discourse is found to be built on earlier narratives that have long held water (and the Upper Jordan flows in particular) as both a physically scarce and strategic commodity necessary for continued existence of the Israeli state. Basic discourse, security studies and negotiation theory is developed to gauge the influence of the narratives during the 2002 informal negotiations over the Wazzani pumping station dispute. The more influential Israeli discourse is found to establish the starting point (no discussion on re-allocation of the flows) and process of the informal negotiations. The narratives are found to open or shut windows for resolution of the conflict, by politicizing or securitizing ideas about the flows, respectively. The conflict management approach favored by US and EU mediators is seen to align with the more dominant discourse, at the cost of enduring asymmetry and tensions, and missed opportunities for both resolution of the conflict and promotion of fair water-sharing norms.
Liabilities of a Physician Confronted with Child Abuse
Authors: Vansweevelt Thierry 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Several research questions raises when physicians are confronted with a possible case of child abuse. First, there is a problem of professional secrecy. In most European countries, physicians have the right to speak when confronted with a state of emergency. In other countries, physicians have a duty to speak and alert the police when the life or physical integrity of a person is at stake. A second topic to be discussed involves the possible liability of physicians who do not report child abuse. By not reporting a case of possible child abuse, the physician is respecting the family life of the parents, even though the child might continue to suffer damages. Third and essentially, I analyse the possible liability of physicians who do inform the prosecutor of a suspected child abuse. Specific criteria are elaborated to establish negligence when physicians report child abuse to the prosecutor.
Response of Tropical Cyclones to Idealized Climate Change Experiments in a Global High-Resolution Coupled General Circulation Model
Authors: Bell Ray , Strachan Jane , Vidale Pier Luigi , Hodges Kevin , Roberts Malcolm 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The authors present an assessment of how tropical cyclone activity might change owing to the influence of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, using the U.K. High-Resolution Global Environment Model (HiGEM) with N144 resolution (~90 km in the atmosphere and ~40 km in the ocean). Tropical cyclones are identified using a feature-tracking algorithm applied to model output. Tropical cyclones from idealized 30-yr 2×CO2 (2CO2) and 4×CO2 (4CO2) simulations are compared to those identified in a 150-yr present-day simulation that is separated into a five-member ensemble of 30-yr integrations. Tropical cyclones are shown to decrease in frequency globally by 9% in the 2CO2 and 26% in the 4CO2. Tropical cyclones only become more intense in the 4CO2; however, uncoupled time slice experiments reveal an increase in intensity in the 2CO2. An investigation into the large-scale environmental conditions, known to influence tropical cyclone activity in the main development regions, is used to determine the response of tropical cyclone activity to increased atmospheric CO2. A weaker Walker circulation and a reduction in zonally averaged regions of updrafts lead to a shift in the location of tropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere. A decrease in mean ascent at 500 hPa contributes to the reduction of tropical cyclones in the 2CO2 in most basins. The larger reduction of tropical cyclones in the 4CO2 arises from further reduction of the mean ascent at 500 hPa and a large enhancement of vertical wind shear, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, North Atlantic, and northeast Pacific.
Improving Ensemble-Based Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts for Topography-Enhanced Typhoon Heavy Rainfall over Taiwan with a Modified Probability-Matching Technique
Authors: Fang Xingqin , Kuo Ying-Hwa 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
In this paper, a modified probability-matching technique is developed for ensemble-based quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) associated with landfalling typhoons over Taiwan. The main features of this technique include a resampling of the ensemble realizations, a rainfall pattern adjustment, and a bias correction. Using this technique, a synthetic ensemble is created for the purpose of rainfall prediction from a large-size (32 members), low-resolution (36 km) ensemble and a small-size (8 members), high-resolution (4 km) ensemble. The rainfall pattern is adjusted based on the precipitation distribution of the 36- and 4-km ensembles. A bias-correction scheme is then applied to remove the known systematic bias from the resampled 4-km ensemble realizations as part of the probability-matching procedure. The modified probability-matching scheme is shown to substantially reduce or eliminate the intrinsic model rainfall bias and to provide better QPF guidance. The encouraging results suggest that this modified probability-matching technique is a useful tool for the QPF of the topography-enhanced typhoon heavy rainfall over Taiwan using ensemble forecasts at dual resolutions.