bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anglo‐Saxon migrations
Authors: Hills Catherine M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDuring the 5th centuryCEBritain ceased to be part of the Roman empire and became a group of small warring territories, from which eventually emerged the medieval kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Wales. This process involved population movements around the Irish and North Sea coastal regions, of which the most substantial was that of the Anglo‐Saxons from northern Germany and southern Scandinavia into eastern England. The historical, archaeological, linguistic, and biological evidence for that migration is often read as telling a simple story of the replacement of native Briton by Germanic Anglo‐Saxon in the south and east of England. This origin myth of the English has had continuing political power because it has been seen as the basis for the distinction between the English, Scots, and Welsh. The political dimension has also been a factor in alternative versions of the story, stressing the unity of all British people rather than their differences, and playing down the scale of the migrations. It is the reason why the story still has significance and is still hotly debated, with no consensus yet agreed to as to the absolute or relative numbers of natives or immigrants.
Anthropology of migration
Authors: Brettell Caroline B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPhysical anthropologists would argue that the migration of human populations is as old as the emergence of hominids. Anthropological archaeologists point to early migratory movements among prehistoric hunters and gatherers as well as among the people who built the ancient civilizations of the old and new worlds. Historical anthropologists who have worked with archival records have demonstrated that the movement of individuals in and out of local communities in Europe, Latin America, China, and Japan has been going on for centuries. Assumptions about migratory human populations were also clearly embedded in the diffusionist theoretical approaches of early 20th century cultural anthropology in both Europe and the United States. However, much of the research carried out by social and cultural anthropologists during the first half of the 20th century paid little attention to migration because many ethnographers were working with a bounded concept of culture and a static structural‐functional theoretical paradigm.
Arab Gulf Cooperation Council in Southwest Asia migration
Authors: Dito Mohammed 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFew countries in the world have debated as long and hard on the nature and consequences of migration as have the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): the United Arab Emirates, the State of Bahrain, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Sultanate of Oman, the State of Qatar, the State of Kuwait. The discovery of oil in the countries around the Gulf countries in the mid‐20th century was a strategic geopolitical factor that shaped much of the modernization process of these countries, a process that has witnessed a radical acceleration especially in the aftermath of the oil crisis of October 1973. Labor migration to these countries opened new opportunities for millions of migrant workers, especially from other Arab and later from Southeast Asian countries.
Argentina, migration, mid‐19th century to present
Authors: Cegarra Susana Novick and Vanina Modolo, translated by Carlos 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The territory of the current Argentine Republic has a long‐standing migratory tradition, which has played – and still plays – a key role in the way its society, culture, and population are structured. Historically we can differentiate three periods: the early migrations, from the 18th century to 1880; the mass migrations, from 1881 to World War I; and the contemporary migrations, from the beginning of World War I onwards (Devoto 2003).
Armenian diaspora
Authors: Gevorkyan Aleksandr V. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe republic of Armenia is a small and landlocked post‐Soviet country of roughly three million people at the southern tip of the Caucasus Mountains. Armenia is also a large internationally dispersed expatriate population – the Armenian diaspora (spjurq), stitched in the nation's history. With a conceptual homeland as unifying ideal, Armenian is one of the “classic” diasporas (Brubaker 2005), with the Jewish and Greek. The relationship between the country and its diaspora intensified with Armenia's independence in 1991.
Ascetics, missionaries, and pilgrims, medieval era
Authors: Lohse Tillmann 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEvery year during the medieval millennium thousands of men and women in Europe, Asia, and northern Africa were on the move for religious reasons. Monks, nuns, and other ascetics traveled many miles to certain confraternities or isolated areas in search of spiritual guidance, theological instruction, solitude, homelessness, and alienation. Missionaries left their homes to propagate their own religious beliefs to strangers in other lands. Pilgrims headed for sacred places to observe religious rules; to do penance; to fulfill a vow; to receive a conditional bequest; to make a request; to seek a cure, an indulgence, fertility, or purification; to pursue meditation; to achieve merit or other (sometimes also rather profane) goals. Thus ascetics, missionaries, and pilgrims may well be distinguished with respect to their specific objectives, but frequently the boundaries between these three groups were rather fluid. Furthermore ascetics, missionaries, and pilgrims were not migrants per se; some of them might be better characterized as travelers, while others never left their homes at all. Therefore, given the current state of global historical research, generalizing statements are difficult to make and each case requires close examination.
Asian and minority banks
Authors: Hum Tarry 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe United States has a long history of minority banks formed to meet the credit needs of populations excluded from mainstream financial institutions. For example, mutual aid associations such as the African Union Society, established in 1780, were the earliest form of a minority‐owned financial institution, and black‐owned banks became significant in numbers starting in the late 1880s (Immergluck 2004).
Asian indentured immigration to the Caribbean, 1838–1917
Authors: Lai Walton Look 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Indian and Chinese immigration into the Caribbean region is intimately bound up with the fortunes of the regional sugar industry, the elements of which by the mid‐19th century were at various different stages of development. All had been affected by the British abolition of the slave trade in 1807. In Cuba, where the industry was still in high‐growth mode, with an insatiable demand for labor which kept expanding precisely when the drying up of traditional supplies became a real prospect, the slave trade continued under Portuguese and Spanish flags until mid‐century, when indentured Chinese importation picked up, after 1847. In Trinidad and British Guiana, taken over by the British in 1797 and 1815 respectively, the potential of the industry for further development was threatened not only by the ending of the slave trade, but by Emancipation in 1833, which led to a wholesale exodus of ex‐slave labor out of the estates and into the larger colonial economy. In the older British sugar islands (Jamaica, Barbados, and the Leeward islands), the results were the same, but there was also the added factor of soil exhaustion and outmoded production methods in a century when expanding global sugar demand and new sources of global production were threatening to make all the sugar islands uncompetitive. Added to this, the entire British West Indian industry suffered when the British government, as part of its general movement towards free trade and elimination of protection for its agricultural sector, abolished traditional preferential access to the British market with the passing of the Sugar Duties Act in 1846.
Asylum
Authors: Oxford Connie 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Asylum is a distinctive immigration status that is granted to migrants who fear that they will be persecuted if they return to their home country. Asylum‐seekers are different from other migrants, such as those who leave their country for economic reasons or to reunite with family members, because they have either been persecuted or fear that they will be persecuted if they remain in their country of origin. Asylum is often classified as a form of forced migration. The assumption is that the fear of persecution is so dire that one is left with no other choice except to migrate. Asylum is certainly not the only form of forced migration as many are driven from their homes as a result of civil war or environmental catastrophe without having suffered persecution.
Atlantic early modern migrations and economic globalization
Authors: Rönnbäck Klas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThroughout the early modern period, from about the 16th to the 18th centuries, there was a steady stream of people migrating across the Atlantic to the Americas, both voluntarily and involuntarily. Some migrants were fleeing from religious or political persecution. Migrants in the form of soldiers, administrators, and other servants of the state of were also necessary for the European nations to colonize the continent. Labor migration was, however, for a long time, the most important factor.
Australia, internal migration
Authors: Bell Martin 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Australia is a nation of immigrants and mobility has long been an essential dimension of its social and economic life. The indigenous Aboriginal population displays a distinctive form of mobility that dates back as far as 40,000 years, reflecting a close relationship with the land, traditional cultural practice, and strong kin networks (Taylor & Bell 2004). However, it was the coming of European settlement, from 1788, coupled with the unique physical geography of the continent that has shaped contemporary patterns and processes of internal migration.
Australia, migration, early 20th century to present
Authors: Mason Robert 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAustralia's modern history has been defined by the country's experience of migration and its associated sociocultural debates. The Australian constitution, enacted in 1901, created the new Commonwealth of Australia from the six hitherto separate British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. The new country's identity was far from settled however, despite its shared imperial British heritage. The new nation was acutely conscious of its whiteness and the land's supposedly rugged and underdeveloped nature. The consequence was to be a highly masculinized society, predicated on the need to preserve and expand its north European pioneering values. The new Commonwealth of Australia was profoundly conscious of its geographical position, close to Asia and far from other white populations (with the exception of New Zealand).
Belgium, migration, 1946 to present
Authors: Martiniello Marco 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The small piece of land in the heart of Europe that came to be known as Belgium when the Belgian state was created in 1830 has always been a region of invasion, immigration, emigration, and transit (Morelli 2004). For example, the Roman empire extended to Belgium and left traces that are still visible in several Belgian cities. Immigration never ceased but it has taken different forms over time. The aim of this essay is not to describe Belgian migration history in an exhaustive manner but to show how immigration has shaped Belgian society since the end of World War II by distinguishing three periods: 1946–74, 1974–89, and 1989–2011. The final part of the essay will deal with the issue of immigrant integration.
Biodiversity, climate change, and migration
Authors: Ogouwalé Euloge 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe presence of species in an environment largely depends on local climate. Global warming and reduced precipitation entail more and faster changes in regional climate, which species will not always have time to adjust to because of the loss of biodiversity. Some of them will tend to move, to find a favorable climate for their survival. This essay is based on an analysis of existing literature which provides insight into links between climate change, biodiversity, and the migration of human, animal, and plant populations, over time and space.
Brain drain, brain gain, India
Authors: Khadria Binod 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The origin of the concept of “brain drain” is often attributed to the large scale migration of British doctors to the US in the late 1950s and early 1960s, followed in turn by the exodus of Asian doctors from the Indian subcontinent to the UK in the 1960s (Khadria 2007). The value‐loaded concept implied loss of human capital, embodied in the human brain, when highly qualified people moved away from the country of origin that invested in their education (and health), settled down in a foreign land permanently, and contributed to the development and growth of that country of abode. The loss of human capital through brain drain has been primarily looked at in binary terms of a monetary “investment loss” and/or a “skill loss” of the workforce initially (Sen 1973), and later in generic terms of an erosion of the all‐encompassing index of average “productiveness” of the workforce (Khadria 1999). The concept of “brain gain” was simply the flip side of the brain drain, signifying the benefits that the relatively more developed countries of destination derived from the immigration of highly qualified foreign nationals. Ironically, it has been only recently that the connotation has shifted to imply the benefits that the country of origin could derive when its own nationals returned from abroad, presumably with value added in their human capital from the experience gained overseas.
Brazil: emigration, 1968 to present
Authors: Goza Franklin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThroughout much of its history, Brazil was a primary destination for both voluntary and involuntary immigrants from many corners of the globe. It is estimated that Brazil received more than three million African slaves from 1538 to 1850 (Telles 2004). During this 300‐year period large numbers of voluntary immigrants also arrived from Portugal and many other European nations. However, it was from the 1880s to the 1940s that Brazil experienced massive immigration from numerous nations, especially Italy, Portugal, Germany, Japan, Lebanon, and Spain. During this period, it is estimated that approximately 800,000 Italians and 200,000 Japanese arrived (Rios‐Neto 2005). Given that from the 1940s Brazil experienced significant improvements in economic and social conditions, culminating with the Brazilian “economic miracle” (a period that lasted from 1968 to 1974 and saw the Brazilian economy grow at rates of 10 percent or higher per year), few would have anticipated that Brazil would become a large‐scale exporter of citizens searching for a better life elsewhere. However, this is exactly what occurred. The main reason for the tremendous surge in outmigration was the worsening Brazilian economy (Goza 1994; Margolis 1994). The 1980s, sometimes referred to as the Brazilian “lost decade,” was a time when hyperinflation and recession prevailed and ultimately stimulated the exodus of hundreds of thousands of Brazilians.
Brazil: internal migration
Authors: de Lima Amaral Ernesto Friedrich 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Internal migration has been decisive in the process of rapid urbanization that has occurred throughout Brazil in recent decades. Between 1950 and 2000, Brazil's urban population grew from 36 percent to 81 percent of the total population (Table 1). During this period, the country underwent major transformations and became an industrial and urban, rather than an agricultural and rural, society. High levels of migration from the countryside to urban areas and agricultural frontiers occurred. Internal migration flows were heaviest in movements from the northeastern to the southeastern states. The usual explanation for this movement references poverty and the lack of job opportunities in the northeast combined with the concentration of industries in the southeast, mainly in the state of São Paulo. Migration from the northeast to the southeast was characterized by a rural‐to‐urban migration in the 1960s and 1970s.
Brazil: migration and demographic change, 1800–1975
Authors: Graham Douglas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBrazil stands out – along with the United States – as one of the few countries in the world to have experienced both large‐scale slave imports and substantial inflows of European immigrants – albeit at different stages of its history. Given its continent‐sized territory, it is not surprising that major migratory eras would have impacted regional growth throughout Brazilian history. In the 17th and 18th centuries northeast Brazil dominated the Portuguese colony through the cultivation and processing of sugar cane. The indigenous population proved unable or unwilling to withstand the rigors of plantation labor; therefore colonial authorities promoted the use of slave labor from Africa. From the inception of the imports of slave labor in the early 16th century until the termination of the trade in 1851, shipping records show that approximately 4.8 million Africans were coercively sent to Brazil from Africa (Eltis 2002: 61–64). This high number grows out of the high slave mortality rates in Brazilian conditions combined with the elastic supply of imported slaves. These slave imports constituted the first and the largest migratory inflow in Brazilian history. Africans, with their direct and indirect (mixed ancestry) descendants, through manumissions and assimilation with other ethnic groups, made up a majority of the Brazilian population until the early decades of the 20th century.
British Isles, medieval colonization
Authors: Sarnowsky Jürgen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMuch of the political and ethnic structure of the British Isles today has been shaped by invasions and colonizations that happened during the medieval period, mainly in the early and central Middle Ages. When Roman rule in England broke down in the 4th century, the western parts of Scotland were conquered and settled from Ireland, and the Gaelic kingdom of Dalriada was established. In the south, the period of Romano‐British rule was finally ended by the invasions and settlement of the Angles, Saxons, and other people from northwestern Europe. In the struggle against the British, from about 500, they formed several kingdoms, of which Wessex rose to supremacy. This rise was related to the invasions of the Vikings, which already had started in the 8th century. While Norse invaders raided and settled in Scotland and Ireland, in England there were mostly Danish settlements, especially in the north and east. Within 30 years of Wessex overcoming the Norse domination of York, new Danish invasions started in 980, which led to the formation of an Anglo‐Danish kingdom under Cnut in 1016.
Canada: migration to the United States
Authors: Takai Yukari 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn his book entitledMingling of American and Canadian peoples, migration scholar Marcus Lee Hansen charts population movements across the Canada–US border since the 17th century. Over two and a half million Canadians are estimated to have moved and settled in the United States from 1840 to 1930 (Lavoie 1973). The extent of this human movement led Hansen to depict the phenomenon as one that constituted “the largest single reciprocity in international migration history” (Hansen 1940: v).
Canada: gender and migration
Authors: Stasiulis Daiva 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe multidisciplinary scholarship on migration to Canada is increasingly attentive to how gender – as ideology and a set of social relations – has centrally shaped immigration policies, patterns, and outcomes for different migrant and diasporic communities, regions, and the country as a whole. While some Canadian migration scholars have long argued that migration is gendered (Boyd 1986), researchers and policy‐makers have for the most part ignored female migrants and women left behind, and failed to consider how gender should be taken into account in analysis of male as well as female migration. Only recently has migration scholarship gone beyond counting women migrants to consider gender a key organizing principle of the reasons, processes, and outcomes of migration. This intensified interest has no doubt been provoked by the “feminisation of migration,” i.e., an increase in international female migration, that is, in the Canadian context, on a par with male migration (Castles & Miller 2009).
Caribbean migration to Canada
Authors: Flynn Karen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMigration has long been a feature of Caribbean societies. Created first as a result of the Atlantic slave trade, and later due to other involuntary forms of migration such as that produced by indentured servitude from India, Caribbean territories such as Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Jamaica, Barbados, and Haiti are generally viewed as migration‐oriented societies. Emancipation and independence from colonial powers did little to transform the economic and social reality of these societies. In response, Caribbean people began to move internally to find employment. With the agricultural expansion of fruit company production in Central America, Caribbean people found work on banana plantations in Costa Rica. Others moved to Panama, where their labor was critical in the construction of the Panama Canal and railways in the early 20th century.
Caribbean: culture and migration
Authors: Kempadoo Roshini 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAccording to the eminent cultural theorist Stuart Hall “Migration has been a constant motif of the Caribbean story” (1999: 1). Migration is the single most common trope that can be associated with the Caribbean. The Caribbean colonial plantation economies were mostly constituted as one of the earliest “planetary empires” producing what Mintz describes as “fare” and produce for its factory workers in Britain and France to stem their hunger and dissuade political unrest. Mintz uses Konetzke's term in order to refer to the way in which the European empires were reconceived as spanning whole oceans and continents since the 16th century (Mintz & Price 1985). With the decimation of the island's indigenous peoples, the Caribbean's current population mainly originates from European economic migrants as plantation owners, government officials, military personnel, and tradesmen; African slaves transported in their millions to the plantations; and hundreds of thousands of indentured laborers recruited for the post‐slavery plantations, mostly originating from India, China, and Portugal, under a semi‐negotiated economic arrangement with some promise of return.
Caribbean: gender and migration
Authors: Trotz Alissa 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMigration and movement are frequently described as a defining feature of the Caribbean and of Caribbean sensibilities (Carnegie 2002, Thomas‐Hope 1992), a space containing those countries in the Americas that were among the first to endure the displacement of indigenous peoples and the interruption of their movement across the region by the inauguration of European colonization. The establishment of new routes in the service of an emergent global capitalist economy would bring the world to the Caribbean, first through the development of the Atlantic slave trade that delivered populations from Africa, and then after the abolition of slavery, by the introduction of populations from China, India, Portugal, and the Middle East.