bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear analysis and test validation on seismic performance of a recycled aggregate concrete space frame
Authors: Xiao J. Z. , Wang C. Q. , Pham T. L. , Yang Z. J. , Ding T. 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYThree‐dimensional recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) nonlinear finite element models are developed by OpenSees software to investigate the seismic responses of a 1/4‐scaled six‐story, two‐bay and two‐span RAC space frame, which has been tested on a shaking table subjected to various earthquake scenarios. The simulated natural frequencies and vibration modal shapes, the acceleration amplification factors, the maximum story displacements and the inter‐story drifts are carefully validated by and compared with the test data with overall good agreement. The simulated seismic responses of the RAC frame and the natural aggregate concrete (NAC) frame are also compared. The aseismic capacity of the NAC frame structure is better than that of the RAC frame structure in the early stage, and they behave almost the same in the severe stage under strong earthquake excitations. Both tested and simulated results indicate that not only the peak ground acceleration and duration and frequency of ground motion but also concrete material properties play a prominent role in the overall seismic performances of frame structures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling stable thermal stratification and its impact on wind flow over topography
Authors: Bleeg James , Digraskar Dnyanesh , Woodcock Jon , Corbett Jean‐François 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMicroscale flow models used in the wind energy industry commonly assume statically neutral conditions. These models can provide reasonable wind speed predictions for statically unstable and neutral flows; however, they do not provide reliable predictions for stably stratified flows, which can represent a substantial fraction of the available energy at a given site. With the objective of improving wind speed predictions and in turn reducing uncertainty in energy production estimates, we developed a Reynolds‐Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)‐based model of the stable boundary layer. We then applied this model to eight prospective wind farms and compared the results with on‐site wind speed measurements classified using proxies for stability; the comparison also included results from linear and RANS wind flow models that assume neutral stratification. This validation demonstrates that a RANS‐based model of the stable boundary layer can significantly and consistently improve wind speed predictions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate reductase (PYCR1) acts on Δ1‐piperideine‐6‐carboxylate generating L‐pipecolic acid
Authors: Struys Eduard A. , Jansen Erwin E. W. , Salomons Gajja S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe have conducted biochemical studies with commercial available pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate (P5C) reductase (PYCR1) to investigate whether this enzyme plays a role in L‐lysine degradation. Our recent studies with antiquitin/ALDH7A1 deficient fibroblasts revealed an alternative genesis of L‐pipecolic acid, and we then hypothesized that PYCR1 was responsible for the conversion of Δ1‐piperideine‐6‐carboxylate (P6C) into pipecolic acid. We here present evidence that PYCR1 is indeed able to produce L‐pipecolic acid from P6C preparations, and the observed Km for this conversion is of the same magnitude as the Km described for the conversion of P5C to L‐proline by PYCR1. Urine samples from antiquitin deficient individuals, who accumulate P6C, were also incubated with PYCR1 which resulted in a marked decrease of P6C and a huge increase of L‐pipecolic acid as measured by LC‐MS/MS, confirming that indeed PYCR1 generates L‐pipecolic acid from P6C.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CHOICE OF TEST FOR FINDING EVIDENCE OF ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION
Authors: Donnelly Catherine , Englund Martin , Nielsen Jens Perch 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe put one of the predictions of adverse-selection models to the test, using data from the Danish automobile insurance market: that there is a positive correlation between claims risk and insurance coverage. We can find a statistically significant insurance coverage--risk correlation when coverage is expressed relative to the insurance premium, but not when it is expressed in monetary terms.
Spirit as field of force
Authors: Whapham Theodore James 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIt is a familiar refrain in various theological conversations that pneumatology has been woefully underdeveloped in Western theology since the time of Augustine. However, some theologians are working to correct this situation and to develop new ways of understanding the person of the Holy Spirit in ways which are faithful to traditional theological sources. Wolfhart Pannenberg is one such theologian. One way in which he seeks to revitalise contemporary pneumatology is by appealing to field theory as it has been developed in modern physics. Pannenberg justifies such a move by investigating the etymological and philosophical roots of both field theory and pneumatology in the Stoic understanding of the doctrine of the πνεῦμα as the field of all material existence. While the Stoic notion of field was rejected by the apologists as a way of understanding, because of its inherent materialism, this possibility has been reopened by modern physicists who have developed field theories as a way of understanding the animating and binding qualities of nature which are devoid of materialism. Pannenberg takes up this language in a distinctive way to describe the unity of the Godhead in order to avoid modalism and to undo emphasis on rationality which has been the central feature of much of modern Western pneumatology. He also draws upon field theory to understand the activity of the Spirit in creation as its animating and unitive property, while preserving the freedom and individuality of creaturely existence. The author argues that this distinctive feature of Pannenberg's use of field theory in pneumatology has laid the ground work for a renewed understanding of the role of the Spirit in creation and a new avenue of conversation between theology and the natural sciences. In particular, field theory should be seen as an important way of understanding the loving relations between persons which is grounded in a mutual self-giving which respects the individual, in contrast to those who ground love primarily in compassionate suffering.
Lex orandi, lex credendi: worship and doctrine in Revelation 4–5
Authors: King Fergus 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA number of New Testament scholars, including John O'Neill and Larry Hurtado, have drawn attention to the prospects which worship texts in the writings of the New Testament offer in revealing the way in which the first Christians thought of Jesus. Whilst the impossibility of separating the Jesus of history from the Christ of faith has contributed to this development and has also been a central impulse in the so-called Third Quest, the ancient principle oflex orandi, lex credendi, coined by Prosper of Aquitaine, gives a further theological foundation for such explorations. However, its later distortion, particularly in the aftermath of the Reformation, has privileged doctrine (credendi) over experience (orandi), and diminished the reciprocity between the two demanded by the classical formulation.Revelation 4–5 are explored as two texts which are rooted in experience, both of Christian liturgy and themerkavahtraditions which drew on the heavenly visions of prophets like Ezekiel and Isaiah. Viewed from this perspective, the visions make claims about the divinity of the Lamb and the propriety of its worship on the basis of religious experience, embodied in authoritative claims for both ‘altered states of consciousness’ and literary tropes. They give pictorial descriptions and visions which should stand as authoritative theological claims in their own right.However, modern New Testament scholarship, following post-Reformation patterns, attempts to explain these visions in more technical and abstract theological terms such as binitarian or trinitarian. This, it is suggested, is undesirable because of the danger of importing anachronisms, with their attendant theological bag and baggage, of making overly bold claims for our knowledge of the individuals, communities and/or circumstances which produced these texts (given both the oscillation of New Testament writers between binitarian and trinitarian tendencies, and a degree of confusion caused by the role of the Spirit in related discourse), and of shifting the locus of meaning from the texts themselves to secondary explications (a phenomenon which appears peculiarly attractive to modern scholarship).Drawing on Wittgenstein's reflections on the study and analysis of religious experience, it is suggested that it may be wiser to leave the texts to stand in their own right, rather than to be interpreted via theological categories which may ultimately say more about the concerns of modern scholars than the producers of the texts.
Barriers to the adoption of ICT in teaching Chinese as a foreign language in US universities
Authors: Lin Chun-Yu , Huang Chung-Kai , Chen Chang-Hua 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study aims to investigate barriers to the adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) for teachers of Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) in US universities. Although the development of ICT for teaching is growing, few published studies address ICT specifically regarding CFL teaching. Therefore, this study has reviewed the existing ICT literature's treatment of important ICT-related matters, including barrier factors, and has examined them in the context of CFL teaching. The current study features a mixed method, consisting of a survey and semi-structured interviews. Of the 47 CFL teachers who participated in the study, five volunteered for in-depth interviews. According to our findings, the most critical barriers to these CFL teachers’ adoption of ICT were insufficient support and insufficient time for developing technology-driven pedagogy and activities. These issues are reflected in CFL teachers’ unique subject expertise and workloads in existing universities’ curricula and approaches to instruction. In addition, age influences CFL teachers’ confidence in their use of ICT for the preparation of subject material and for teaching, whereas gender influences their willingness to spend time working on ICT.
Effects of different oocyte retrieval andin vitromaturation systems on bovine embryo development and quality
Authors: Bernal Sandra Milena , Heinzmann Julia , Herrmann Doris , Timmermann Bernd , Baulain Ulrich , Großfeld Rudolf , Diederich Mike , Lucas-Hahn Andrea , Niemann Heiner 
Published: January 2014

SummaryCyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) modulators have been used to avoid spontaneous oocyte maturation and concomitantly improve oocyte developmental competence. The current work evaluated the effects of the addition of cAMP modulators forskolin, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and cilostamide duringin vitromaturation on the quality and yields of blastocysts. The following experimental groups were evaluated: (i) slicing or (ii) aspiration and maturation in tissue culture medium (TCM)199 for 24 h (TCM24slicing and TCM24aspiration, respectively), (iii) aspiration and maturation in the presence of cAMP modulators for 30 h (cAMP30aspiration) andin vivo-produced blastocysts.In vitro-matured oocytes were fertilized and presumptive zygotes were culturedin vitroto assess embryo development. Cleavage, blastocyst formation, blastocyst cell number, mRNA abundance of selected genes and global methylation profiles were evaluated. Blastocyst rate/zygotes for the TCM24aspiration protocol was improved (32.2 ± 2.1%) compared with TCM24slicing and cAMP30aspiration (23.4 ± 1.2% and 23.3 ± 2.0%, respectively,P<0.05). No statistical differences were found for blastocyst cell numbers. The mRNA expression for theEGR1gene was down-regulated eight-fold in blastocysts that had been producedin vitrocompared with theirin vivocounterparts. Gene expression profiles forIGF2R,SLC2A8,COX2,DNMT3BandPCK2did not differ among experimental groups. Bovine testis satellite I andBos taurusalpha satellite methylation profiles from cAMP30aspiration protocol-derived blastocysts were similar to patterns that were observed in theirin vivoequivalents (P> 0.05), while those from the other groups were significantly elevated. It is concluded that retrieval, collection systems and addition of cAMP modulators can affect oocyte developmental competence, which is reflected not only in blastocyst rates but also in global DNA methylation and gene expression patterns.
Diagnosis According to Time of Arrival at “The Great New York State Fair”
Authors: Nacca Katherine , Scott Jay , Grant William 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo study the diagnoses of patients presenting to a medical facility within a mass-gathering public event, “The Great New York State Fair” (NYSF) based on chief complaints, diagnoses, and time of arrival. The goal of the study was to assess the need for increased staffing, services, or supplies during certain times of day for an event that gathers approximately 1 million patrons over a 12-day span. Patrons occupy the grounds between the hours of 10 am and 11 pm, while workers and staff are on the grounds around the clock.MethodTriage data gathered by trained medical students was collected from all of the patients seen during the 2009 NYSF from 12 am to 11:59 pm. Triage information was categorized based on the nature of complaint, physician impression, and time of arrival to assess for trends in the distribution of common chief complaints and diagnoses at a mass-gathering medical care facility.ResultsThe early hours of the NYSF were occupied mostly with treatment of minor first aid complaints, while later hours were occupied more commonly by orthopedic complaints. Insect stings were the most frequent complaint throughout the day.ConclusionDaytime and evening hours at the fair have a significant number of orthopedic diagnoses and may benefit from specific staff and equipment sufficient to handle these complaints. Stings and minor first aid injuries are also significant and may benefit from adequate stocking of the infirmary for such events. Major medical complaints, including cardiac and neurological complaints, did occur but were a minor part of the total patient population.NaccaK, ScottJ, GrantW. Diagnosis according to time of arrival at “The Great New York State Fair.”Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(1):1-3.
A General Network Pharmacodynamic Model–Based Design Pipeline for Customized Cancer Therapy Applied to the VEGFR Pathway
Authors: Zhang X‐Y , Birtwistle MR , Gallo JM 
Published: January 2014

A unified approach to optimize multidrug chemotherapy using a pharmacokinetic (PK)/enhanced pharmacodynamic model was developed using the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) signaling system. The base VEGFR network model, characterized by ligand–receptor interactions, enzyme recruitment (Grb2‐Sos, phospholipase C γ (PLCγ), and phosphoinositide‐3 kinase (PI3K)), and downstream mitogen‐activated protein kinase and Akt cascade activation, was linked to a sunitinib (VEGFR inhibitor) PK model and underwent Sobol sensitivity analysis that revealed potential sunitinib‐enhancing mechanisms. Drugs targeting these mechanisms (a VEGF inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a PLCγ inhibitor, and a mitogen‐activated protein kinase inhibitor) and sunitinib were input to optimization‐based control analyses to design multidrug regimens that maintained 80% pERK and pAkt inhibition for 28 days while minimizing drug dose. The resultant combination regimens contained both continuous and discontinuous schedules, mostly at low doses, and were altered by oncogenic mutations. This pipeline of computational analyses demonstrates how model‐based methods can capture the complexities of drug action, tailor cancer chemotherapy, and empower personalized medicine.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e92; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.65; published online 15 January 2014
New adaptive digital relaying scheme to tackle recloser–fuse miscoordination during distributed generation interconnections
Authors: Shah Pragnesh H. , Bhalja Bhavesh R. 
Published: January 2014

Nuisance fuse blowing because of miscoordination between fuse and recloser in power distribution network is very critical issue particularly when distributed generations (DGs) are incorporated. This study presents a new adaptive digital relaying scheme for power distribution network containing DG, which circumvents miscoordination between recloser and fuse. It is based on calculation of the ratio of feeder current and recloser current. With the help of this philosophy, the proposed scheme automatically modifies the time dial setting of the relay and hence enhances margin between fuse and recloser in order to avoid miscoordination between fuse and recloser. The proposed scheme has been extensively tested for various types of faults in radial distribution network containing DG. Fault data are generated by modelling an existing part of 11 kV Indian power distribution network using PSCAD/EMTDC software package. Furthermore, the impact of different DG capacities on the margin (coordination) between fuse and recloser are also analysed. It has been observed that the proposed scheme maintains proper coordination between fuse and recloser for all types of fault. Moreover, it also provides satisfactory operation during high resistance single line‐to‐ground faults.
Checkpoint kinase 1 negatively regulates somatic hypermutation
Authors: Frankenberger Samantha , Davari Kathrin , Fischer-Burkart Sabine , Böttcher Katrin , Tomi Nils-Sebastian , Zimber-Strobl Ursula , Jungnickel Berit 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) diversification by somatic hypermutation in germinal center B cells is instrumental for maturation of the humoral immune response, but also bears the risk of excessive or aberrant genetic changes. Thus, introduction of DNA damage by activation-induced cytidine deaminase as well as DNA repair by multiple pathways need to be tightly regulated during the germinal center response to prevent lymphomagenesis. In the present study, we show that DNA damage checkpoint signaling via checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) negatively regulates somatic hypermutation. Chk1 inhibition in human B cell lymphoma lines as well as inactivation of Chk1 alleles by gene targeting in DT40 B cells leads to increased somatic hypermutation. This is apparently due to changes in DNA repair pathways regulated by Chk1, such as a decreased homologous recombination efficiency that also leads to decreased Ig gene conversion in DT40. Our data show that Chk1 signaling plays a crucial role in regulation of Ig diversification and sheds unexpected light on potential origins of aberrant somatic hypermutation in B cell lymphomagenesis.
The History of Sign Language Linguistics
Authors: Woll Bencie 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOver the past 150 years, linguists have moved from considering sign languages as a primitive and universal type of gestural communication to a recognition that sign languages are complete, natural human languages. However, this recognition has gone through a number of stages. At first, linguists emphasized the similarities between sign languages and spoken languages, despite the differences in modality. More recent studies have turned to an exploration of the similarities and differences among sign languages, and between signed and spoken languages. Most importantly, this research has led linguists to a reconsideration of such issues as the effect of modality on linguistic structure, the nature of linguistic universals, and the roles of arbitrariness and iconicity. This chapter reviews the history of linguistic research on sign language, concluding with a consideration of the implications of recent approaches for our understanding of sign languages and of the nature of human languages.
Pedagogical Grammars Before the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Luhtala Anneli 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article deals with the development of pedagogical grammar from Late Antiquity to the early modern period. The unrivalled authority for elementary grammar was Donatus’ Ars minor, which provided a model for numerous other works well into the early modern period. Its systematic presentation of the word classes offered a basic framework, which the subsequent generations of grammarians reworked and supplemented with paradigms, Christian examples, and vernacular glosses. Elements from other ancient grammatical genres, parsing and regulae-grammars, were also integrated into its method, and commentaries continued to be written on all levels of teaching. Verse grammars were a peculiarly medieval innovation, being designed to supplement the study of Donatus. Its most popular representative, Alexander de Villa Dei’s Doctrinale, received more than 300 editions between 1470 and 1520. The introduction of a section on syntax into pedagogical grammars was among the major innovations of medieval grammar.
American Descriptivism (‘Structuralism’)
Authors: Blevins James P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAlthough the heyday of the American Descriptivist school was short, spanning the time between Bloomfield and Chomsky, this period was decisive for the development of modern linguistics. It was in this time that a distinctive American school emerged with an explicit focus on synchronic analysis. The challenge of interpreting Bloomfield led the Descriptivists to define many notions that are commonly identified as “Bloomfieldian,” from the structuralist phoneme (Hockett 1942) and morpheme (Harris 1942), to models of immediate constituent analysis (Wells 1947). In the course of assembling these notions into a new science of linguistics, the Descriptivists came to focus on the techniques and devices employed to construct linguistic analyses. This shift in orientation marked the advent of a recognizably modern approach to linguistics, one in which formal tools and analytic methods are primary objects of study. Descriptivists’ interest in statistical, information-theoretic, and corpus-based methods likewise has a strong contemporary resonance.
A Brief Sketch of the Historic Development of Pragmatics
Authors: Mey Jacob L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPragmatics, the youngest linguistic discipline, has a venerable past: all the way from the Greek sophists through the medieval nominalists and nineteenth-century pragmatic thinkers to today’s workers in various sub-disciplines of linguistics, sociology, psychology, literary research, and other branches of the humanities and social sciences. In the chapter, a line is drawn connecting these historical tendencies, converging in the contemporary interest in pragmatics as the science of linguistic social behavior in various situational and institutional contexts. Attention is paid to predecessors, both immediate and remote, as well as to the man protagonists on today’s pragmatic scene, and how they interact with the neighboring disciplines, especially under a societal perspective. In particular, it is shown how the classical theory of speech acts is in need of being revised and extended in various directions, such as relevance theory, the theory of pragmatic acts, the study of cooperation in interaction, and more.
Comparative, Historical, and Typological Linguistics since the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Jankowsky Kurt R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFrancis Bacon’s (1561–1626) demand for scientific language investigation, supplemented by Gottfried Leibniz’s (1646–1716) endorsement of natural scientific methodology, provided the theoretical framework, further elaborated by William Jones (1746–1794) and Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), for Friedrich von Schlegel’s (1772–1829) comparative grammar and facilitated Franz Bopp’s and Jacob Grimm’s (1785–1863) subsequent practical work for the Indo-European and Germanic languages, respectively, culminating in the Neogrammarians’ axiom of “Sound laws suffer no exception” and the development of language typology.