bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ordered nanostructures at two different length scales mediated by temperature: A triphenylene‐containing mesogen‐jacketed liquid crystalline polymer with a long spacer
Authors: Zhu Yu‐Feng , Tian Hai‐Jian , Wu Hong‐Wei , Hao De‐Zhao , Zhou Yu , Shen Zhihao , Zou De‐Chun , Sun Ping‐Chuan , Fan Xing‐He , Zhou Qi‐Feng 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA mesogen‐jacketed liquid crystalline polymer (MJLCP) containing triphenylene (Tp) moieties in the side chains with 12 methylene units as spacers (denoted as PP12V) was synthesized. Its liquid crystalline (LC) phase behavior was studied with a combination of solution 1H NMR, solid‐state NMR, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, polarized light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and one‐ and two‐dimensional wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. By simply varying the temperature, two ordered nanostructures at sub‐10‐nm length scales originating from two LC building blocks were obtained in one polymer. The low‐temperature phase of the polymer is a hexagonal columnar phase (ΦH, a = 2.06 nm) self‐organized by Tp discotic mesogens. The high‐temperature phase is a nematic columnar phase with a larger dimension (a′ = 4.07 nm) developed by the rod‐like supramolecular mesogen—the MJLCP chain as a whole. A re‐entrant isotropic phase is found in the medium temperature range. Partially homeotropic alignment of the polymer can be achieved when treated with an electric field, with the polymer in the ΦH phase developed by the Tp moieties. The incorporation of Tp moieties through relatively long spacers (12 methylene units) disrupts the ordered packing of the MJLCP at low temperatures, which is the first case for main‐chain/side‐chain combined LC polymers with MJLCPs as the main‐chain LC building block to the best of our knowledge. The relationship of the molecular structure and the novel phase behavior of PP12V has implications in the design of LC polymers containing nanobuilding blocks toward constructing ordered nanostructures at different length scales. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 295–304
Synthesis of well‐defined, soluble poly(3‐alkyl‐4‐benzamide) by chain‐growth condensation polymerization
Authors: Ohta Yoshihiro , Karasawa Makoto , Niiyama Tetsurou , Yokoyama Akihiro , Yokozawa Tsutomu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWell‐defined poly(3‐alkyl‐4‐benzamide) was synthesized by means of chain‐growth condensation polymerization of phenyl 3‐octyl‐4‐(4‐octyloxybenzyl(OOB)amino)benzoate (1c) from initiator 2, followed by removal of the OOB groups on amide nitrogen of poly1c. Polymerization of 1c with phenyl 4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzoate (2b) in the presence of 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) and LiCl in THF at −10 °C gave poly1c with a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.08) and a well‐defined molecular weight (Mn = 4480–12,700) determined by the feed ratio of monomer to initiator (from 10 to 30). The OOB groups of poly1c were removed with H2SO4 to give the corresponding N‐unsubstituted poly(p‐benzamide) (poly1c′) with low polydispersity. The solublity of poly1c′ in polar organic solvents was dramatically higher than that of poly(p‐benzamide), demonstrating that introduction of an alkyl group on the aromatic ring is very effective for improving the solubility of poly(p‐benzamide). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 360–365
Phosphinated phenols from acid‐fragmentation of bisphenols and their unsymmetrical diamine derivatives for copolyimides
Authors: Lin Ching Hsuan , Hsu Chin Kuang , Wang Meng Wei , Dai Shenghong A. , Juang Tzong Yuan 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTFour novel diamines (9–12) were prepared by a two‐step procedure from phosphinated phenols (1–4) that were prepared from acid‐fragmentation of four bisphenols, including bisphenol A, 4,4′‐isopropylidenebis(2,6‐dimethylphenol), cis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane, and 9,9′‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)fluorene, followed by nucleophilic addition of 9,10‐dihydro‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO). Copolyimides based on (9–12)/4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA)/dianhydride were prepared. The structure‐property relationship on the copolyimides was discussed. Due to the structural similarity, (9)/ODA‐based copolyimides were compared with (10)/ODA‐based copolyimides, while (11)/ODA‐based copolyimides were compared with (12)/ODA‐based copolyimides. The dimethyl substitutents cause (10)/ODA‐based copolyimides to display higher Tg, modulus, dimensional stability, contact angle, and better solubility than (9)/ODA‐based copolyimides. (12)/ODA‐based copolyimides that exhibit fluorene moieties display higher Tg and thermal stability, but a lower contact angle and poorer solubility than (11)/ODA‐based copolyimides that exhibit cyclohexane moieties. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 390–400
Functional 1,3‐benzoxazine bearing 4‐pyridyl group: Synthesis and thermally induced polymerization behavior
Authors: Kawaguchi Asei William , Sudo Atsushi , Endo Takeshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT1,3‐benzoxazine 1, bearing 4‐pyridyl moiety on the nitrogen atom, was synthesized from p‐cresol, 4‐aminopyridine, and paraformaldehyde. The efficient synthesis was achieved by adding acetic acid to suppress the strong basicity caused by the presence of 4‐aminopyridine derivatives. Upon heating 1 at 180 °C, it underwent the thermally induced ring‐opening polymerization. The resulting polymer was composed of two types of repeating unit, i.e., (1) Mannich‐type one (‐phenol‐CH2‐NR‐CH2‐) that can be expected from the general ring‐opening polymerization of conventional benzoxazines and (2) a typical phenolic resin‐type one (‐phenol‐CH2‐phenol‐) induced by release of 4‐aminopyridine and paraformaldehyde (unit B). Another structural feature of the polymer was that it possessed a benzoxazine moiety at the chain end. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 410–416
Application of de novo sequencing tools to study abiogenic peptide formations by tandem mass spectrometry. The case of homo‐peptides from glutamic acid complicated by substitutions of hydrogen by sodium or potassium atoms
Authors: Terterov Ivan , Vyatkina Kira , Kononikhin Alexey S. , Boitsov Vitali , Vyazmin Sergey , Popov Igor A. , Nikolaev Eugene N. , Pevzner Pavel , Dubina Michael 
Published: November 2013

RATIONALEPeptides and proteins are among the most important components of living systems. Different attempts have been made to experimentally model the formation of peptides from amino acid monomers in investigation of the origin of life. Detailed characterization of peptides formed under various conditions in such reactions is very important for understanding processes of abiogenic peptide formation.METHODSWe used liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for an accurate study of homo‐peptides formed in a model reaction: glutamic acid oligomerization catalyzed by 1,1'‐carbonyldiimidazole in aqueous solution with 1 M of sodium or potassium chloride and without any salts. We used de novo sequencing software for peptide identification. In addition we propose an approach that uses more spectral information for de novo sequencing then standard methods.RESULTSPeptides up to 9 amino acids long were found in the experiments with KCl, while in experiments with NaCl and without salts only peptides of up to 7 amino acids were detected. Due to high salt concentrations in samples a high number of singly charged peptide ions with up to 4 substitutions of hydrogen atoms by sodium or potassium atoms were observed. De novo sequencing software provided correct identifications even for peptide ions with substitutions.CONCLUSIONSMultiple substitutions of hydrogen by alkali metal atoms in peptide ions strongly change their fragmentation patterns. Proposed approach for de novo sequencing was found very effective, even for ions with substitutions. So, it may be useful in more complicated cases like sequencing abiogenic peptides consisting of different amino acids. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric study of thermodynamic properties in the Yb2O3‐ZrO2 system at high temperatures
Authors: Stolyarova Valentina L. , Lopatin Sergey I. , Fabrichnaya Оlga В. , Shugurov Sergey M. 
Published: November 2013

RATIONALEMaterials based on the Yb2O3‐ZrO2 system have many industrial applications such as high‐temperature solid electrolytes, ceramics with special properties and most importantly for thermal barrier coatings. As their synthesis and use take place at high temperatures, information on the vaporization processes, thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria of this system at high temperatures is of great importance.METHODSMeasurements were performed by high‐temperature Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry with a MS‐1301 mass spectrometer. Vaporization was carried out using two tungsten effusion cells containing the sample under study and pure Yb2O3. The values of component activities in the Yb2O3‐ZrO2 system were also calculated using the CALPHAD approach.RESULTSThe Yb and O vapor species were identified over the samples studied at 2400 K. Using these data the ZrO2 activities, chemical potentials of components and the Gibbs energies of the solid solution formation were calculated in this system. The thermodynamic values were also obtained as the result of modeling of the Yb2O3‐ZrO2 system based on the CALPHAD approach using the data available on the phase diagram of this system and calorimetric measurements only.CONCLUSIONSThe thermodynamic functions found in the Yb2O3‐ZrO2 system at 2400 K, such as the activities of components and the Gibbs energy of formation, displayed negative deviation from ideality. Mutual agreement was observed between the experimental thermodynamic values and the results of calculations based on the CALPHAD approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Projecting the Effect of Changes in Smoking and Obesity on Future Life Expectancy in the United States
Authors: Preston Samuel H. , Stokes Andrew , Mehta Neil K. , Cao Bochen 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
We estimate the effects of declining smoking and increasing obesity on mortality in the United States over the period 2010–2040. Data on cohort behavioral histories are integrated into these estimates. Future distributions of body mass indices are projected using transition matrices applied to the initial distribution in 2010. In addition to projections of current obesity, we project distributions of obesity when cohorts are age 25. To these distributions, we apply death rates by current and age-25 obesity status observed in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–2006. Estimates of the effects of smoking changes are based on observed relations between cohort smoking patterns and cohort death rates from lung cancer. We find that changes in both smoking and obesity are expected to have large effects on U.S. mortality. For males, the reductions in smoking have larger effects than the rise in obesity throughout the projection period. By 2040, male life expectancy at age 40 is expected to have gained 0.83 years from the combined effects. Among women, however, the two sets of effects largely offset one another throughout the projection period, with a small gain of 0.09 years expected by 2040.
Toward understanding the role of body dissatisfaction in the gender differences in depressive symptoms and disordered eating: A longitudinal study during adolescence
Authors: Ferreiro Fátima , Seoane Gloria , Senra Carmen 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThis study was aimed at examining whether body dissatisfaction in early adolescence contributes to the development of gender differences in depressive symptoms and disordered eating across early to mid‐adolescence, testing both a mediation hypothesis (higher levels of body dissatisfaction in girls, provided body dissatisfaction is a predictor of psychopathology beyond the effect of gender) and a moderation hypothesis (more detrimental effect of body dissatisfaction in girls). A community‐based sample initially comprising 882 (49.55% female) adolescents (Mage = 12.85) was followed‐up after 2 and 4 years. Multilevel models were used to analyze the data. Results supported the mediation hypothesis for depressive symptoms and disordered eating, and the moderation hypothesis for disordered eating. Whereas gender differences in depressive symptoms may be simply linked to dissimilar levels of body dissatisfaction in girls and boys, gender differences in disordered eating may arise from both dissimilar levels and effects of body dissatisfaction for each gender.
Use of Double Gloving to Reduce Surgical Personnel's Risk of Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens: An Integrative Review
Authors: Childs Tammy 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSurgical team members are known to have a higher incidence of percutaneous injuries compared with other health care workers, which increases surgical personnel's risk both of exposure to bloodborne pathogens and acquiring bloodborne illnesses. The purpose of this integrative review was to determine whether double gloving reduces the surgical team member's risk of percutaneous injury when compared with single gloving. Factors addressed are double gloving versus single gloving, use of an indicator glove system, optimum levels of protection, and policies and procedures to facilitate compliance with double gloving. Evidence supports the use of double gloving and double gloving with an indicator glove system to decrease the risk of percutaneous injury and therefore is an effective barrier to bloodborne pathogen exposure. Perioperative managers and educators should develop educational methods to support double‐gloving compliance; monitor and conduct periodic audits to evaluate compliance; and review and revise quality improvement strategies as necessary to protect surgical employees from percutaneous injuries.
A Hospital‐Wide Initiative to Eliminate Preventable Causes of Immediate Use Steam Sterilization
Authors: Hutzler Lorraine , Kraemer Kandy , Iaboni Lou , Berger Nancy , Bosco Joseph A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractInstruments and implants sterilized by immediate use steam sterilization (IUSS), formerly called flash sterilization, can increase the patient's risk for acquiring a surgical site infection. We implemented a hospital‐wide initiative to determine the reasons that perioperative personnel use IUSS to sterilize items and then designed a program to reduce the hospital's rates. Program initiatives included educating perioperative personnel, improving scheduling processes, holding vendor discussions, purchasing additional instrument sets, and transitioning from paper wrap to metal containers for instrument sets. In addition, we instituted a policy whereby nursing leaders are required to approve IUSS before it can be used and developed guidelines for immediate and rapid processing in the sterile processing department, and we monitor compliance daily and communicate results regularly to all team members. These efforts decreased our facility use of IUSS for implants from 10.22% in January 2008 to 0.09% in August 2012, and we decreased our use of IUSS for instruments from 79% in May 2010 to 7.5% in February 2012. We simultaneously implemented a process to reduce surgical site infection rates and saw an improvement in surgical site infection from 5.4% in the first quarter of 2010 to 1.4% in the fourth quarter of 2012.
Endothelial dysfunction after pregnancy‐induced hypertension
Authors: Henriques Ana C.P.T. , Carvalho Francisco H.C. , Feitosa Helvécio N. , Macena Raimunda H.M. , Mota Rosa M.S. , Alencar Júlio C.G. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo carry out long‐term analysis of the presence of endothelial dysfunction after the development of pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH).MethodsIn a retrospective cohort study, data were analyzed from 60 women who delivered at a tertiary maternity hospital in Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, between 1992 and 2002. Thirty women had a history of PIH and 30 had no history of complications. Anthropometric and laboratory data were collected, and endothelial function was evaluated by flow‐mediated dilatation of the brachial artery. Continuous variables were analyzed via Student t test, and Mann–Whitney test was used to compare means. Clinical and metabolic measures were categorized according to cardiovascular risk by cutoff points determined by national consensus; χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used to compare the groups. Relative risk was calculated for variables that were statistically significant (P < 0.05).ResultsWomen with a history of PIH had higher body mass index (P = 0.03), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.03), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.02), and fasting glucose (P = 0.02) compared with women with no pregnancy complications. The frequency of endothelial dysfunction was 60% among all women, with a significant difference between the 2 groups (P = 0.01).ConclusionWomen with a history of PIH were found to have a higher frequency of long‐term endothelial dysfunction.
Religious Diversity, Education, and the “Crisis” in State Neutrality
Authors: Berger Benjamin L. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Education—and particularly public education—has become a crucible for the relationship between state and religious diversity, a principal site for contemporary debates about the meaning of secularism and the management of religious difference. This is so across a variety of national traditions, and despite wide differences in the historical and “emotional inheritances” surrounding the configuration of law, politics, and religion. Through an exploration of Hannah Arendt’s thought about responsibility and freedom in education, this article works towards a better understanding of why education is such a crucial and fraught field in the modern encounter between religion and law. The article turns to the recent jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Canada to draw out the implications of these ideas, arriving ultimately at a claim about the nature and limits of the concept of state neutrality.
A systematic review and analysis of data reduction techniques for the CReSS smoking topography device
Authors: De Jesus Stefanie , Hsin Agnes , Faulkner Guy , Prapavessis Harry 
Published: November 2013

Introduction: Characterising smoking behaviour in an objective and ecologically valid manner is integral to understanding health complications associated with tobacco use. Smoking topography (ST) provides a representation of the physical attributes of smoking. However, there is no clear guidance on ST data exclusion and reduction techniques and the impact of different techniques.Methods: A search was conducted using MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus and limited to studies published between 2001‒2012. The search identified 23 studies using the CReSS device.Results: Few studies reported data reduction (n= 9) and exclusion (n= 4) criteria. Four data reduction techniques emerged and were applied to an existing dataset (n= 193, Mage= 38.98, FTND = 5.19, mean 17.23 cigarettes/day). Using repeated measures ANOVA, there were significant (p< 0.05) differences among all techniques for puff volume, peak flow, puff duration and interpuff interval, which were attenuated upon controlling for puff count.Conclusions: This review highlights the inconsistency in the literature regarding the disclosure of smoking topography data treatment and provides clear evidence that outcomes vary depending on the technique used. Greater transparency is needed and consideration should be given by researchers to the potential impact of methodological decisions on study findings.
Semiclassical relativistic fluid theory for electrostatic envelope modes in dense electron–positron–ion plasmas: Modulational instability and rogue waves
Authors: KOURAKIS IOANNIS , MC KERR MICHAEL , UR-RAHMAN ATA 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA fluid model is used to describe the propagation of envelope structures in an ion plasma under the influence of the action of weakly relativistic electrons and positrons. A multiscale perturbative method is used to derive a nonlinear Schrödinger equation for the envelope amplitude. Criteria for modulational instability, which occurs for small values of the carrier wavenumber (long carrier wavelengths), are derived. The occurrence of rogue waves is briefly discussed.
Early feeding practices and family structure: associations with overweight in children
Authors: Hunsberger Monica 
Published: November 2013

The aim of this review is to examine two factors that may be associated with development of childhood overweight: early feeding, namely exclusive breastfeeding practices; family structure. Findings from the Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infantS (IDEFICS) study are presented in the context of the literature. IDEFICS is a multi-centre European study exploring the risks for overweight and obesity in children, which recruited 16 224 children aged 2–9 years from September 2007 to June 2008 at survey centres in Italy, Estonia, Cyprus, Belgium, Sweden, Hungary, Germany and Spain. Among the IDEFICS sample, after controlling for confounders, exclusive breastfeeding for 4–6 months was protective of overweight (including obesity) when compared with children never exclusively breastfed (OR 0·73, 95 % CI 0·63, 0·85). Family structure and number of siblings may also be associated with overweight. IDEFICS children without siblings were more likely (OR 1·52, 95 % CI 1·34, 1·72) to be overweight than their peers with siblings when controlling for factors related to childhood overweight such as country, parental education, parental weight, maternal age, child's age, birth weight and gender. Both early feeding practices and family structure play a role in the future development of obesity. The impact of breastfeeding on future development of overweight is dependent upon the dose. Exclusive breastfeeding for the recommended 6 months appears to be protective of overweight. Family structure is also an important component and emerging research suggests only children are at increased risk for overweight in comparison with those with siblings. In European countries, approximately 22 million children are overweight. Early dietary exposures, genetic, environmental and social factors have all been proposed as potential causal factors. Two such factors include exclusive breastfeeding and the impact of being an only child. We have investigated these two factors for associations with overweight; our studies, in the context of previous findings, are the focus of this review.
Dreaming is not controlled by hippocampal mechanisms
Authors: Solms Mark 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLinks with the Humanities are to be welcomed, but they cannot be exempted from normal scientific criteria. Any hypothesis regarding the function of dreams that is premised on rapid eye movement (REM)/dream isomorphism is unsupportable on empirical grounds. Llewellyn's hypothesis has the further problem of counter-evidence in respect of its claim that dreaming relies upon hippocampal functions. The hypothesis also lacks face validity.
REM sleep, hippocampus, and memory processing: Insights from functional neuroimaging studies
Authors: Spoormaker Victor I. , Czisch Michael , Holsboer Florian 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNeuroimaging studies show that episodic memory encoding is associated with increased activity in hippocampus and lateral prefrontal cortex; however, the latter structure shows decreased activity in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Together with few episodic memory traces in REM sleep, and REM sleep deprivation affecting hippocampus-independent emotional processes, this argues for generic information processing in REM sleep rather than linking episodic memory traces.