bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavior of Contents of High-pressure Reservoirs
Authors: Stephenson Eugene A. 
Published: June 2014

In most instances the fluids produced from underground reservoirs have beendescribed as they appear at the surface, and usually it has not been necessaryto distinguish between surface and reservoir phases. More recently it hasbecome imperative to recognize the fact that changes in phase may occur betweenthe reservoir and the receiving unit.
The simple terminology of "wet" and" dry" gases and" crudepetroleum oil "served our needs fairly well in the shallow, low-temperatureand low-pressure fields. It has been left to the legislatures, regulatorycommissions, and courts to decide whether a field is or was a gas field, an oilfield, or both. This they have done by direct definition and also byimplication. For example, in Texas:
The term "gas well" is any well which produces natural gas notassociated or blended with crude petroleum oil at the time of production, orwhich produces more than one hundred thousand (100,000) cubic feet of naturalgas to each barrel of crude petroleum oil from the same producing horizon, orwhich produces natural gas from a formation or producing horizon productive ofgas only encountered in a well bore through which crude petroleum oil is alsoproduced through the inside of another string of casing.
The term "oil well" is any well which produces one (1) barrel or moreof crude petroleum oil to each one hundred thousand (100,000) cubic feet ofnatural gas.
In the state of Louisiana, the same general result is achieved largely by thefollowing paragraph:
Wells producing both oil and gas shall not waste or blow into the air an amountof gas of more value at three cents per thousand cubic feet, than the marketvalue of the oil recovered. The Commissioner of Conservation shall allow areasonable time to determine the status of any well.
T.P. 916
Sulphate-resistant Cement
Authors: Rordam Svend , Willson Cedric 
Published: June 2014

The development of a cement that will resist the destructive action of seawater and other corrosive waters is a problem that has occupied cement chemistsfor the past one hundred years. It has been found that of the various saltsthat commonly occur in corrosive waters, sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphateand magnesium chloride are most destructive to cement. Many investigations havebeen carried out in the United States, in Canada, and in Europe to solve theproblem of what constitutes a sulphate-resistant cement, and during the past 10years some of the findings give definite information in this respect.

Composition of Cement
Portland cement is composed of four major compounds:Tricalcium silicateDicalcium silicateTricalcium aluminateTetracalcium aluminoferrite
The two calcium silicates are the main contributors of strength. Thetricalcium aluminate contributes some to the early strength of the cement buthas the least resistance of the four compounds toward the attack of sulphatewaters. The tetracalcium aluminoferrite does not contribute very much to thestrength, but is far more resistant to sulphate waters than the tricalciumaluminate.
When hardened cement is exposed to water containing sodium or magnesiumsulphates, these salts will react with the hydrated tricalcium aluminate in thecement and form compounds that will cause a swelling, disruption and crumblingof the hardened cement.
It has now-been established that a cement having from 0 to 3 per centtricalcium aluminate may be considered practically immune to the attacks ofsulphate solutions, but when the tricalcium aluminate content exceeds 4 to 5per cent failures can be expected.
T.P. 1029
Economic Equilibrium in Petroleum Refining Operations
Authors: Fitz Gerald Norman 
Published: June 2014

The lack of a continuous operating balance in petroleum refining, which isanalyzed in this paper, is by no means a feature solely of this division of theoil industry. Serious disequilibria of a capital as well as an operating natureexist both in the producing and marketing departments, while problems in theformer and to some degree the latter are complicated by political involvements.Attention has previously been directed to the unstabilizing influence ofpresent proration formulas in stimulating unnecessary drilling. Whileequilibrium in petroleum refining operations has been fairly well maintained inthe past decade, examination of departures may prove fruitful.
Economic analysis is the application of time and motion study to thefunctioning of management, rather than labor. Properly applied it may revealchanges in policies that would increase the utility of the properties andfacilities of the industry for stockholders, employees and the public, whilecontributing a stabilizing influence to the general economy. The study ofeconomic equilibrium is essentially one of measurement and interpretation, requiring adequate data and the development of a technique of analysis thatemploys statistical and mathematical methods as a supplement to the broaddescriptive phase of economics.
Economic equilibrium in petroleum refining is a dual concept. It embracesboth the over-all balance between total storage and total demand for majorproducts and the internal balance between the demands and inventories of thevarious products. The latter is the more complex of the two for it is concernedwith proportionating the supplies of the several products stemming from thejoint source to the demands for the individual products which are subject towide variations. All the products are essentially nondurable goods, and theyare used both by producers and consumers but in varying proportions. Motor fuelis very largely a consumer's good, while residual fuel oil is almost entirely aproducer's good, the other products falling between these extremes.
T.P. 1030
Core Analysis
Authors: Pyle Howard C. , Sherborne John E. 
Published: June 2014

Core analysis is a recent development in the field of petroleum technology.The earliest work on this subject was done in connection with evaluating andplanning secondary oil recovery by water-flooding. Present-day analysis ofsands of flush fields requires new and independent interpretations of the dataprovided by cored material. Particular attention is being paid to thedevelopment of rapid, routine methods for measuring physical characteristics ofsandstone, such as permeability, porosity and grain size, as well as the sand's fluid content.
Permeability may be defined as the fluid-passing capacity of a rock.
For a sandstone to be permeable it must be possible to pass a measurablequantity of fluid through the material in a finite period of time. The commonunit of permeability is the darcy, which may be defined as the rate of viscousflow, in milliliters per second, of a fluid of one centipoise viscosity througha porous medium having a cross section of one square centimeter, under apressure gradient of one atmosphere (76.0 cm. Hg) per centimeter. 1 Forconvenience the subunit millidarcy, or one-thousandth darcy, is often used.Porosity is defined as the fluid-containing capacity of a rock and is usuallyexpressed as a percentage ratio of the total pore volume to the rock or bulkvolume. Since measurement of only the effective or communicating pore volume isoften made, porosities are distinguished as total or effective. Net effectiveporosity is defined as the net pore volume available for oil and gas. Oil andwater content of sand is measured and expressed either as the percentagesaturation of the total pores or of the bulk rock. The oil content may also beexpressed as the percentage saturation of the net effective pores.
In connection with water-flooding, methods of core analysis were developed tofurnish data that could be used in determining the quantity of recoverable oil, and the probable rates at which various sands or divisions of a sand open tothe wells would take water or produce oil. In flush fields, the analytical dataare used to predict the productivity of a cored interval.
T.P. 1024
A New Device for Determining Porosity by the Gas-expansion Method
Authors: Stevens A.B. 
Published: June 2014

In the calculation of oil and gas reserves by volumetric methods, it isnecessary to know the volume of the reservoir available for the storage of theoil or gas. To obtain this information, a number of methods for determiningboth total and effective porosity of reservoir rocks are used. For thedetermination of the total porosity, or the porosity that considers all of thepore spaces, connected and isolated, the Russell and the Melcher-Nuttingmethods are the best known and most widely used in the petroleum industry.These methods have disadvantages in that they give the total porosity of thesamples and in that the samples are reduced to grain size in the determination.In many sands there may be little or no difference between total and effectiveporosity but in other sands there may be considerable difference between thetwo. For the estimation of oil and gas reserves the effective porosity of thereservoir rock always should be used.
Of the methods that have been developed for the determination of theeffective porosity of reservoir rocks, or the porosity that considers onlythose pore spaces that are connected, the best known are the so-called Boyle'slaw and the Washburn-Bunting methods. The Washburn- Bunting method is probablythe most widely used because it gives effective porosity, it is rapid, and theapparatus is inexpensive. This method employs a special porosimeter in whichthe core sample is placed in direct contact with mercury. This method hasdisadvantages in that, as a result of the high vacuum created in the porespaces, mercury is drawn into the openings, making it impossible to use thesample for a check determination and also ruining the sample for any furthertest, such as permeability. The purpose of this paper is to describe anapparatus employing the same principle as the Washburn-Bunting method but sodesigned that the core sample does not come in contact with the mercury in theporosimeter.
T.P. 1061
Bottom-hole Measurements in Pumping Wells
Authors: Jakosky J.J. 
Published: June 2014

The fundamental hydrodynamic principles governing the production of oil fromwells have been carefully studied and evaluated by many investigators. Theseprior studies are quite complete and cover virtually the entire field of oilproduction and recovery. One of the most important measurements in productionstudies is that of the bottom-hole pressure at various rates of production. 2It is the purpose of this paper to outline the technique and economics offluid-level measurements as applied to pumping wells and to review brieflyother methods for obtaining bottom-hole data.
The applications of bottom-hole pressure or fluid-level measurements are basedon simple hydrodynamic principles. Under equilibrium conditions,Pbh = hd + pg + pch whenPbh = bottom-hole pressure, lb. per sq. in.absolute,h = height of fluid in well, ft.d = average fluid density, lb. per sq. in. per foot,pg = weight of section of gas column 1 in. square from fluid level tocasinghead,Pch = casinghead pressure, lb. per sq. in. absolute.
In words, equation 1 states that the bottom-hole pressure is equal to theweight hd of the column of fluid plus the weight of the column of gas betweenthe fluid and the casinghead plus the casinghead pressure.
At moderate rates of flow, the rate of production is approximately proportionalto the difference between the reservoir, or static bottom-hole, pressure andthe flowing or producing pressure. However, at production rates approachingzero and also at high rates the proportionality may break down.
T.P. 1058
Effect of Acid Treatment upon Ultimate Recovery of Oil from Some Limestone Fields of Kansas
Authors: Heithecker R.E. 
Published: June 2014

Almost every oil well drilled into limestone formations in Kansas is treatedwith hydrochloric (muriatic) acid upon completion: to increase potentialcapacity of well and thereby increase its "daily allowable" production;to shorten time required to produce recoverable oil; and to increase quantityof oil recovered ultimately from reservoir.
Acid treating marked a forward step in the producing fields of Kansas; in fact, many old limestone fields that almost had reached their economic producinglimit were "rejuvenated" with acid and their capacities to produceincreased several times. It also caused a marked increase in the ultimate oilrecovery of some old and nearly depleted fields of Kansas. The effect of theacid was due to the cleaning-out action by the acid at the face of thelimestone, the enlargement of the small drainage channels, and the apparentpenetration of the acid to previously undrained porous and saturated strata.Studies of the effects of acid were made in the Fairport field, three groups ofwells in the El Dorado field and the Shutts field. Estimation of increasedrecoveries resulting from acid in these fields and groups of wells ranged from1000 to 2400 bbl. per acre.
Limestone structures that had been tested by? drilling and found noncommercialwere later completed as commerical oil-producing formations through the use ofaoid. The Kansas City formation, Valley Center field of Kansas, is an example.Increased oil production and revenue from the old fields justified thereconditioning of equipment, which in most cases had become in poor mechanicalcondition.
The first treatment with 'hydrochloric acid of an oil well in Kansas was in October 1932, and by the end of 1937 almost 6000 wells had been treated. Manywells were treated more than once and the total number of treatments exceeded8000 by the end of 1937. Approximately 12% million gallons of acid was requiredfor these treatments.
Detection of Radioactive Cement in Cased Wells
Authors: Howell Lynn G. , Frosch Alex 
Published: June 2014

In a previous article we have described a technique for measuring therelative intensities of gamma rays from the radioactive elements occurringnaturally in geological formations along the walls of a borehole. The apparatusconsisted of two Geiger-Muller tubes mounted inside a pressure tight chamber.Each counter tube was coupled separately to an amplifier and a frequency meterat the surface by means of a multi-conductor cable upon which the chamber wassuspended. The output currents of the two frequency meters were recorded on aphotographic paper as the chamber was moved in the hole. These traces showedremarkable correlation with the geologic formations, as evidenced by comparisonwith commercial electrical logs. Owing to the penetrating power of the gammarays, logs may be taken in both open and cased boreholes.
The apparatus has recently been changed somewhat. One of the counter tubes hasbeen removed and a stage of amplification has been added inside the chamber.This arrangement seems to give a more favorable signal-to-noise ratio andsatisfactory logs can be now made in cased holes and also in open holes aspreviously. Briefly described, the chamber moving in the hole is made of 372-in. drill pipe and is about 10 ft. long. There is an additional extensionabout 2 ft. long at the top, inside which cable connections are made. TheGeiger-Muller tube is mounted inside the bottom end of the chamber. Above thisis the vacuum-tube amplifier with its batteries and transformer. In the toppart of the chamber, small 45-volt batteries are mounted, which in part supplythe high voltage for the counter tube. Additional voltage IS supplied from thesurface through the multi-conductor cable upon which the chamber is suspended.Also, the output of the transformer in the single-stage amplifier is coupled toanother single-stage amplifier at the surface through this cable.
T.P. 1113
Phase Diagram of a Mixture of Natural Gas and Natural Gasoline Near the Critical Conditions
Authors: Katz D.L. , Vink D.J. , David R.A. 
Published: June 2014

A phase diagram showing boundary curve and quantity of liquid in thetwo-phase region was determined for a mixture of natural gas and naturalgasoline in the region of its critical conditions. The temperatures andpressures of phase measurements were in the range of 850 to 2120 F. and 1300 to2600 lb. per sq. in., respectively, with the critical conditions at 169.50 F.and 2615 lb. per sq. in. abs. Color phenomena were observed in the region ofthe boundary curve from 1020 to 1920 F. Approximate densities of thesingle-phase and two-phase regions and analysis of the system areincluded.
Boundary curves between the single-phase and the two-phase regions have beendetermined for several binary mixtures containing hydrocarbons. Theseinvestigators did not report the relative amounts of liquid and vapor withinthe two-phase region. The equilibrium values obtained from the dew-point andbubble-point data can be used to compute the lines showing percentage of liquidon the pressure-temperature phase diagram but the positions of the lines nearthe critical temperature and pressure are uncertain. Relative amounts of vaporand liquid were obtained for a gasoline and a naphtha within the two-phase areabut not in the region of the critical temperature and pressure. Thebubble-point and dew-point lines, as well as the percentage liquid lines withinthe two-phase region, were determined by visual observations in glassapparatus.

Apparatus
An arrangement of the apparatus is given in Fig. 1, showing the Jerguson gaugeA with glass windows B.
T.P. 1114
Volumetric Behavior of Isobutane
Authors: Morris W.M. , Sage B.H. , Lacey W.N. 
Published: June 2014

The volumetric behavior of isobutane at temperatures below its criticaltemperature has been studied by several investigators. Seibert and Burrellmeasured the vapor pressure of isobutane from the ice point to the criticaltemperature. Dana and co-workers determined among other thermodynamicquantities the density of the saturated liquid and the saturated gas and thevapor pressure from approximately 0? to 130? F. Sage and Lacey studied a numberof the thermodynamic properties of this hydrocarbon from 70? to 250? F. Thespecific volume in the gas and liquid region was determined at pressures up to3000 lb. per sq. in. t throughout this temperature interval. In addition, thevapor pressures were measured at 30? intervals. These data taken together serveto establish the thermodynamic behavior of isobutane at temperatures between 0?and 250? F. with reasonable accuracy. However, apparently there are no dataavailable at the higher temperatures. For this reason an investigation of thevolumetric behavior of isobutane at temperatures between 100? and 460? F. wascarried out with apparatus that has been described in another paper (p. 136, this volume).

Materials
The isobutane used in this investigation was obtained from the Philgas Divisionof the Phillips Petroleum Co. That company's special analysis upon this sampleindicated it to contain less than 0.03 mol per cent of impurities. In order toavoid traces of noncondensable gases, this hydrocarbon material was subjectedto two successive fractionations at a high reflux ratio in a columnapproximately 4 ft. long and ~ in. in diameter, which was packed with smallglass rings. The middle portion of distillate from the first fractionation wasused in the second fractionation and a portion of the overhead from this seconddistillation process was repeatedly condensed at liquid-air temperatures at apressure only slightly above the sublimation pressure of isobutane at thistemperature.
T.P. 1128
A Study of Some Phases of Chemical Control in Clay Suspensions
Authors: Garrison Allen D. , Ten Brink K.C. 
Published: June 2014

A previous paper reviewed some of the properties of clays and shales andpresented some data on the nature of the gelling phenomenon. It included abrief discussion of origin of clays and shales, their composition, structure, retention of water, ionization, base exchange, and the nature of the gelling of water suspensions. Other publications of the Institute have discussed theproperties of clays and their relations to drilling-fluid behavior and control. It is the purpose of this article to present some new data obtained andarranged in a different manner and making possible a better understanding ofthe chemical reactions involved in the control of drilling-fluidcharacteristics during the normal drilling operations.

Experimental procedure
The difficulties involved in the measurements of the flow characteristics ofplastic fluids are too familiar to recite. The possible applications of some ofthe well-known instruments to this problem have been adequately discussed by Hobson and he has given an excellent bibliography. Although there are manyviscosimeters of varied design, none of them appear to fulfill the most obviousdemands of accuracy in the measurement of clay or shale suspensions. Since thefluid characteristics are dependent on the rate of flow of the fluid, and theviscosity usually falls off very rapidly as the rate is increased, it is clearthat the first requirement is that the instrument shall be capable of a widevariety of speeds. The viscosity of the fluid at any fixed and constant rate offlow is also a function of time, so that the second demand is that theinstrument shall be capable of a constant and continuous motion for a prolongedperiod of time.
T.P. 1124
Dispersion of Clays and Shales by Fluid Motion
Authors: Garrison Allen D. , Ten Brink K.C. , Elkin P.B. 
Published: June 2014

It is the purpose of this article to present the results of an investigation of certain clay and shale suspensions having viscosities that are materiallyinfluenced by fluid motion, and to discuss the bearing of these results uponthe choice of policy in the control of drilling fluids. A previous articledescribed the design and the characteristics of an instrument adapted tomeasure the viscosity of plastic suspensions during continuous uniform motionand at a variety of speeds.
It has long been recognized that the viscosity of a clay suspension depends onthe past history of the fluid motion. Since an abundance of literature isavailable on this phenomenon, it is not necessary to describe it in more thangeneral terms. It is usually observed that rapid motion reduces the viscosityof a clay suspension, and that some time is required for the viscosity to fallto its equilibrium value after the steady motion is started. On reducing thespeed of motion to some lower value, the viscosity again rises, but it alsorequires some time to attain a steady viscosity value at the slower rate ofmotion. Thus clay suspensions are usually observed to be increasing inviscosity as time passes when the measurement has been immediately preceded byfluid motion that was more rapid than that employed in the measurement. And itis usually observed that the viscosity falls as time passes when themeasurement has been preceded by more quiescent conditions. Reed, and Broughtonand Hand have reported a condition of observation of clay suspensions in whichthe viscosity was observed to fall during the first few moments of steadymotion, and rise thereafter.
T.P. 1125