bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Gd and Zr additions on the microstructures and high-temperature mechanical behavior of Mg–Gd–Y–Zr magnesium alloys in the product form of a large structural casting
Authors: Li Yanlei , Wu Guohua , Chen Antao , Nodooshan H.R. Jafari , Liu Wencai , Wang Yingxin , Ding Wenjiang 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Anthropology of Pilgrims with Regard to Accommodation and the Activities they Performed while Visiting Shahdra Sharief Shrine
Authors: Malik Sharaz Ahmed 
Published: October 2015

Tourism is a prosperous industry; tourism pilgrimage tourism is evolving a lot these days. It has been found that pilgrimage tourism increased many fold in every nook and corner of the world. May it be the case of Christine, Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist followers, pilgrimage of all of these has risen in these years. Pilgrims, like tourists, also spend money on traveling, accommodation, donation, eating, and purchasing. Spending of these pilgrims becomes a source for earning natives of pilgrimage destinations.
Keeping, this thing in mind, this study has been conducted to know various activities of pilgrims.
Herein this paper only accommodation related activities, the time duration of trip of pilgrims, and various activities which were performed by pilgrims have been recorded, specifically from those pilgrims who visit to Shahdra Sharief Shrine Rajouri of State Jammu and Kashmir.
FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES DA AMÉRICA LATINA NO CONTEXTO DO MUNDO GLOBALIZADO
Authors: Mascarello Vieira Marilandi Maria , Bagnara Ivan Carlos 
Published: October 2015

<p>Neste artigo, apresenta-se uma visão panorâmica sobre as ações propostas<br />pela Organização das Nações Unidas (Unesco) para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura com a temática formação de professores. O artigo foi elaborado a partir da pesquisa bibliográfica e da análise das Declarações e Recomendações da Unesco, aprovadas nas reuniões Promedlac e Prelac entre 1981 e 2007. Assim, traçou-se um retrato do processo de globalização, formação de blocos econômicos, atuação da Unesco em relação à educação e às ações e diretrizes propostas pelo órgão quanto à formação dos professores. Como resultados, tem-se que o organismo teve papel de destaque na definição de políticas educacionais nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, mas perdeu seu poder de atuação, pois os organismos financeiros de dimensão global assumiram o protagonismo na tarefa de definir princípios e estratégias em todos os âmbitos da vida política, econômica e cultural da região da região latino-americana.<br />Palavras-chave: Formação de professores. Globalização. América Latina.</p>
PARA UMA GENEALOGIA DA ESCOLA PRIMÁRIA RURAL: ENTRE O ESPAÇO E A CONFIGURAÇÃO PEDAGÓGICA (SÃO PAULO, 1889-1947)1
Authors: Pereira da Silva de Ávila Virgínia , De Souza Rosa Fátima 
Published: October 2015

<p> </p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>Resumo: Neste artigo problematiza-se a configuração da escola primária rural no Estado de São Paulo, no período de 1889 a 1947. Partindo do exame dos princípios de classificação adotados pelos órgãos da administração do ensino – nível de formação de professores, duração do curso primário, abrangência dos programas de ensino, localização das escolas e propostas pedagógicas –, discute-se no estudo sobre a produção da diferença entre a escola primária urbana e rural e a definição de propostas pedagógicas específicas que consolidaram uma identidade para as escolas rurais, muito além da localização espacial.<br />Palavras-chave: História da educação. Educação rural. História da educação rural. Escola primária rural. Ensino típico rural.</p><p> </p>
Monte Carlo estimation of stage structured development from cohort data
Authors: Knape Jonas , de Valpine Perry 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCohort data are frequently collected to study stage‐structured development and mortalities of many organisms, particularly arthropods. Such data can provide information on mean stage durations, among‐individual variation in stage durations, and on mortality rates. Current statistical methods for cohort data lack flexibility in the specification of stage duration distributions and mortality rates. In this paper, we present a new method for fitting models of stage‐duration distributions and mortality to cohort data. The method is based on a Monte Carlo within MCMC algorithm and provides Bayesian estimates of parameters of stage‐structured cohort models. The algorithm is computationally demanding but allows for flexible specifications of stage‐duration distributions and mortality rates. We illustrate the algorithm with an application to data from a previously published experiment on the development of brine shrimp from Mono Lake, California, through nine successive stages. In the experiment, three different food supply and temperature combination treatments were studied. We compare the mean duration of the stages among the treatments while simultaneously estimating mortality rates and among‐individual variance of stage durations. The method promises to enable more detailed studies of development of both natural and experimental cohorts. An R package implementing the method and which allows flexible specification of stage duration distributions is provided.
Quantifying demographic uncertainty: Bayesian methods for integral projection models
Authors: Elderd Bret D. , Miller Tom E. X. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Integral projection models (IPMs) are a powerful and popular approach to modeling population dynamics. Generalized linear models form the statistical backbone of an IPM. These models are typically fit using a frequentist approach. We suggest that hierarchical Bayesian statistical approaches offer important advantages over frequentist methods for building and interpreting IPMs, especially given the hierarchical nature of most demographic studies. Using a stochastic IPM for a desert cactus based on a 10‐year study as a worked example, we highlight the application of a Bayesian approach for translating uncertainty in the vital rates (e.g., growth, survival, fertility) to uncertainty in population‐level quantities derived from them (e.g., population growth rate). The best fit demographic model, which would have been difficult to fit under a frequentist framework, allowed for spatial and temporal variation in vital rates and correlated responses to temporal variation across vital rates. The corresponding posterior probability distribution for the stochastic population growth rate (λS) indicated that, if current vital rates continue, the study population will decline with nearly 100% probability. Interestingly, less supported candidate models that did not include spatial variance and vital rate correlations gave similar estimates of λS. This occurred because the best fitting model did a much better job of fitting vital rates to which the population growth rate was weakly sensitive. The cactus case study highlights several advantages of Bayesian approaches to IPM modeling, including that they: (1) provide a natural fit to demographic data, which are often collected in a hierarchical fashion (e.g., with random variance corresponding to temporal and spatial heterogeneity); (2) seamlessly combine multiple data sets or experiments; (3) readily incorporate covariance between vital rates; and, (4) easily integrate prior information, which may be particularly important for species of conservation concern where data availability may be limited. However, constructing a Bayesian IPM will often require the custom development of a statistical model tailored to the peculiarities of the sampling design and species considered; there may be circumstances under which simpler methods are adequate. Overall, Bayesian approaches provide a statistically sound way to get more information out of hard‐won data, the goal of most demographic research endeavors.
New Approach for the Classification of Rock Typing Using a New Technique for Iso-Pore Throat Lines in Winland's Plot
Authors: Al-Qenae Khaled J. , Al-Thaqafi Salman H. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The new approach aids in assigning the location of the iso-pores throat lines on Winland's plot. The approach was verified with a total number of conventional core analysis data that exceeded 1960 data points from three different sandstones reservoirs. The utilization of the R35 plot will guide through the number of rock types and their corresponding pore-throat ranges which will aid us in minimizing the human error while optimizing these iso-pore throat lines locations. Winland's equation is one of the powerful methods used to utilize the reservoir properties to classify the number of rock types in a reservoir. Winland's plot is a semi-log plot of permeability versus porosity overlaid by the iso-pore throat lines, R35. These iso-pore throat lines could be shifted based on the reservoir characterizations. The simplicity of the new approach makes it a must step in every analysis prepared on Winland's plot. Plotting a semi-log of sorted R35 versus serial numbers; then, observing the change in the slope of the line, each change in the slope indicates a new rock type. When applying this approach on three different sandstone reservoirs, Reservoir A; showed seven detailed rock types. Eight detailed rock types were indicated in reservoir B and nine detailed rock types were indicated in reservoir C. It also gives the engineers and petro-physicists the choice of combining similar rock types together resulting in an optimum rock system. These rock types were confirmed with the static models and proves the solidity of the new approach in categorizing the optimum number of rock types. The value added in the new approach aids in the determination of where these iso-pore throat lines should be placed to give the optimum classification on the rock typing, as a substitute to the current subjective approach. An automated process was programmed to assist the user in the classification of the rock types and it automatically displays the values for any given reservoir.
A Petrophysical Technique to Estimate Archie Saturation Exponent (n); Case Studies In Carbonate and Shaly-Sand Reservoirs – IRAQI Oil Fields
Authors: Al-Hilali Mazin Mohlab , Zein Al-Abideen Mohammed Jawad , Adegbola Femi , Li Weidong , Avedisian Antwan Mahran 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Archie's assumption of saturation exponent equal 2 is valid only when the reservoir and the core are strongly water wet, the saturation exponent has been proven by many researchers, its strongly related to the reservoir wettability, pore-size distribution and displacement history and it can vary between 2 to 10 in value.
Determination of fluid saturations from electric well logs adopts a calculation procedure, which is highly sensitive to several parameters one in a particular saturation exponent (n). An accurate determination of initial oil in place in the early life of reservoirs or an evaluation of a developed reservoir is requires high accuracy water saturations (Sw) values.
This paper presents innovative petrophysical workflow using water saturation, true resistivity and reservoir total porosity values as inputs data; the geological zonation is critical; each selected zone will be cross-plotted to evaluate cementation exponent through Pickett plot and the irreducible water saturation factors using Sw-Phi crossplot. The mathematical derivation was done to develop a relation between the true formation resistivity (Rt) and the reservoir porosity in the irreducible water saturation intervals to predict saturation exponent utilizing the crossplot.
Case studies from three different giant oil fields located in the south of IRAQ have been selected to represent various applications scenarios of carbonate and shaly-sand oil-bearing formations to test the applicability of the proposed model.
Each field has a different set of data and requires a special treatment, varied from special and convectional core analysis, pressure test and NMR to only fullset of wireline data.
A quality verification for Archie saturation exponent "n" values has been done quantitatively with core analysis and qualitatively with in-situ and/or core wettability.
The proposed model success to evaluate saturation exponent for the studied reservoirs and show convergence with the verification methods.
It is concluded that the developed petrophysical workflow of this study provides a significant contribution to the determination of water saturation exponent (n) in simplified-robust way and consequently leads to better water saturation (Sw) estimation values, and it can be applied in any carbonate or shaly-sand reservoirs worldwide.
Nuclear Attribute and Tool Modelling for Enhancing Reservoir and Well Surveillance
Authors: Alkhasov Emin , Han Xiaogang , Webster Michael , Zett Adrian 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Recent developments in pulsed neutron instrumentation open up new opportunities for petrophysical surveillance. Understanding the relation between a nuclear attribute and a recovery mechanism is a key element in selecting the appropriate running mode for a specific instrument. Developing a nuclear modelling capability allows us to screen various nuclear attributes for a given environment taking into account, specific rock, fluid and completion conditions to investigate the sensitivity of attributes to different recovery scenarios.
There are a limited number of experimental tests pits limiting our ability to replicate the complexity of nuclear attribute responses to the variety of fluid displacements and well completions. Imperfections with cement and gravel pack further complicate the nuclear attribute response and should be taken into account during the nuclear model process. Benchmarking the nuclear models against controlled environments (man-made defects) provide some confidence in utilising nuclear forward modelling to design the logging program ahead of the job. This allows us to optimise rig time and maximise the data acquisition during well work opportunities.
This method can be used in feasibility studies and petrophysical interpretation utilizing nuclear tools in different areas of petrophysical surveillance. Nuclear modelling can help to engineer gravel pack (specify the amount of Gadolinium enrichment), define the nuclear attributes that can be further used for gravel pack evaluation, and can also help in selecting the right tool from suppliers for monitoring multicomponent fluid saturations. In this paper we present some case studies to illustrate the application of nuclear modelling in the selection of attributes and tools for completion and reservoir surveillance.
The results from experimental tests provide us with confidence in the quality of results from nuclear modelling. A robust model requires detailed information from core, fluids and completion.
While all multidetector pulsed neutron instruments utilize the same physical principles and record similar basic measurements, there are differences due to tool geometry, electronics and interpretation algorithms. Screening nuclear attributes and selecting the appropriate tool for the job has a significant impact on rig time and acquiring quality data. Improving the quality of the acquired data will have a direct impact on the quality of the calculated results which will in turn lead to more effective well work and reservoir management.
Huge Mature Fields Rejuvenation
Authors: Golovatskiy Yuriy , Petrashov Oleg , Syrtlanov Vil , Vafin Ilnur , Mezhnova Natalia 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The paper considers the experience of huge mature field development optimization by the example of oil Field Y in the Western Siberia.
The approach for automation selection the prospective wells for workover program for the multi-formation field was developed. The automated waterflooding optimization was constructed to increase the sweep efficiency and to balance the injection values by wells. This approach has a significant potential to minimize time expenditures for routine operations, and enables improvement of field development strategies quality.
The field development based on secondary recovery methods like workovers, drilling and waterflooding optimization for the field Y (secondary recovery) allowed increasing recovery factor to some degree. For significant increase of recovery the enhancement oil recovery program (tertiary recovery) was prepared.
Statistical Modeling of Oil Reservoir Life Cycle
Authors: Suleimanov B. A. , Ismayilov F. S. , Dyshin O. A. , Keldibayeva S. S. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Traditional approaches to the problem of oil field life cycle partitioning onto the successive stages is mainly based on heuristic evaluations with no well-defined criteria. To solve this problem, we proposed a stage wise structuring based on the identification of the current oil production distribution in the individual stages and isolation of adjacent stages' boundary points defining the duration of each stage. Using statistical analysis of experimental data on development of a large number (more than twenty) of specific fields reduced into one "generalized deposit" followed The Savitzky–Golay smoothing filter shows that the life cycle of the field can be divided into four successive stages which are definitely described as logarithmically normal, exponential, Pareto and Weibull distributions
Using non-linear logistic model for the cumulative oil production in the last fourth stage of the life cycle a computational procedure has been developed for assessing the initial recoverable reserves, as well as the method for estimating the maximum level of oil production has been proposed. The method is based on finding inflection point of the curve describing the dynamics of cumulative oil production, by examining second order differences.
Based on the values of cumulative oil production in the later points of the final development stages oil production was predicted and the design parameters for the current development system were evaluated using adaptive Kalman filter in discrete time.
Sand Control in the Wells of SOCAR Oilfields
Authors: Kazimov Sh. P. , Ahmed Fariz 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Prevention of slightly cemented formation destruction and dispersed solids (sand and clay) removal is a complex and hitherto unsolved problem. The stability of the bottomhole zone is closely connected with geological and petrographic characteristics of the target formation and technological mode of producer wells operation. Sanding causes such complications like sanding-up, erosion of downhole and surface equipment, elimination of which requires significant financial costs. The adequate choice of bottom-hole zone stabilization, careful adherence to the elements of technological process are necessary conditions that guarantee technical and economic efficiency of works.
A variety of activities and methods are used in wells of "Azneft" PU to eliminate foregoing shortcomings, i.e. for sand control. Sand control activities mainly cover four areas: adaptation of gravel-slotted filter, drilling-in with no perforation, producing sand consolidation, sand plugs removal by means of tools.
Positive results have been obtained in the result of gravel-slotted filter application in 230 sanding wells. Drilling-in of weakly cemented formations with no perforation is carried out with or without the filter. Producing sand consolidation is realized using different technologies: control of physical and mechanical properties of the cement slurry, as well as cement slurries with various additives and polymer-based cement slurries.
Acid-based cement slurry is proposed to clean sand supplied from reservoir. Introduction of this technology creates a stable and permeable barrier in the near-wellbore zone that prevents or completely restricts sand entry.
In intake wells hydraulic, hydromechanical and wireline instrumentation is used to prevent the ingress of washing liquid for sand-bridge removal.
Case-study of Succesful Pilot Polymer Flooding in the South Turgay Basin's Oilfield
Authors: Abirov Zh. , Abirov R. , Mazbayev Y. , Engels A. , Nestyorkin A. , Ivakhnenko O. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This paper outlines implementation results of pilot polymer flooding project in the South Turgay basin's field in Kazakhstan. During pilot injection, production data and main parameters were gathered and analyzed.
In the paper contains description of general information about selection of the appropriate reservoir area, including geology, water quality and other main parameters for the best polymer selection. Based on screening of these parameters an area was selected for pilot polymer flooding implementation. Polymer flooding carried out using two injection wells.
After continuous injection, according to injection protocol, initial watercut decreased in the oil production of producing wells due to improvement in the reservoir sweep efficiency caused by flooding. Bottomhole pressures and injection rates in the injection wells varied insignificantly. Oil production increased comparing with the standard water flooding process that was applied initially.
Oil production was monitored and analyzed by Operator Company since the begging of the injection. Production history from the beginning of pilot polymer flooding project demonstrates efficiency of this EOR method. Considering positive results of this injection stage Operating Company plans to continue polymer solution injection in the next stages of the field developmet.