bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The formation process and mechanism of coaxial electrostatic atomization of nanofluid oil film droplets
Authors: Liu Jinyu , Su Yu , Liu Pan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In coaxial electrostatic atomization cutting, the atomization effect of nanofluid oil film droplets directly affects the cooling and lubrication performance. To further understand the formation process of tiny oil film water droplets in coaxial electrostatic atomization, this paper takes LB2000/water, LB2000/0.1 vol.% graphite water-based nanofluids, LB2000/0.3 vol.% graphite water-based nanofluids, LB2000/0.5 vol.% graphite water-based nanofluids as the research object. Coaxial electrostatic atomization simulation is carried out based on the determined common voltage of the conical jet (-6.5 kV). The formation process of nanofluid oil film water droplets was analyzed using electric field force, charge concentration, and volume force, and the droplet states under different fluid types were compared. The results show that when nanoparticles are added to the inner fluid, the charge concentration increases, the electric field force and volume increase, and the formation speed of the cone jet increases significantly.
Raman spectroscopy of atomically thin HfX2 (X=S, Se)
Authors: Ly Chhor Yi , Vong Chenda , Sriv Tharith , Cheong Hyeonsik 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We investigated interlayer modes of few-layer HfX2 (X = S, Se) by using low-frequency micro-Raman spectroscopy with three excitation energies (1.96 eV, 2.33 eV, 2.54 eV) under vacuum condition (∼10−6Torr). We observed interlayer modes in HfSe2 when the 2.54 eV excitation energy was used. The low-frequency Raman spectra reveal a series of shear and breathing modes (<50 cm−1) that are helpful for identifying the number of layers. The in-plane E
g and out-of-plane A
1g modes of HfSe2 are located at ∼150 cm−1 and ∼200 cm−1, respectively. In HfS2, in-plane E
g and out-of-plane A
1g optical phonons are observed at ∼260 cm−1 and ∼337 cm−1, respectively. The in-plane and out-of-plane force constants of atomically thin HfSe2 are obtained to be 1.87 × 1019N m−3 and 6.55 × 1019N m−3, respectively, by fitting the observed interlayer modes using the linear chain model. These results provide valuable information on materials parameters for device designs using atomically-thin layered HfX2 (X = S, Se).
Britons and their Battlefields
Authors: Atherton Ian 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
While much attention has been paid to the commemoration of conflict in the twentieth century, this book is the first to consider conflict memory in the long term, arguing that modern practices were not created out of the mud of the trenches, but evolved from much longer customs. Memories are first shaped through a series of post-battle rituals that begin on the battlefield as soon as the fighting ends. Three key periods of memory are delineated. In the later Middle Ages battlefields were consecrated by the burial of the fallen and often by the erection of a battlefield cross or chapel to pray for the dead. Second, the abolition of pilgrimage and prayers for the dead in the sixteenth-century Reformation meant that battlefield chapels were dissolved and many battlefield crosses demolished. The third phase began in the eighteenth century when antiquaries and others established new monuments on past battlefields. Fields of conflict were made to speak about identity and liberty. As such ideas spread, in the nineteenth century monuments to survivors and the dead were established on contemporary battlefields such as Waterloo, once again hailed as sacred ground hallowed by bloodshed, fit destinations for a pilgrimage. Even ordinary soldiers began to be memorialized by name. These ideas intensified in the twentieth century to produce the cult of the names of the dead enshrined by the creation of the War Graves Commission in 1917 and the idea that battlefields should be preserved unchanged seen in modern heritage management.
Introduction
Authors: Atherton Ian 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The introduction raises the often contradictory attitudes within contemporary British society to the battlefields of the recent and historic past. Romanticized and revered, they are seen as places of both tranquil reflection on the horrors of bloodshed and sites for carnivalesque re-enactment of war. But they are rarely properly historicized—something that this book sets out to achieve. Using Thomas Laqueur’s concept of ‘the work of the dead’, this chapter asks, what is the work of a battlefield? Answering that question requires a range of sources from monuments to folklore, but the latter must be understood as a changing and sometimes invented response to attitudes to a battlefield across time, rather than an unsullied repository of pure memories of the battle itself. Only by taking a perspective over a long period can analysis of attitudes to place in conflict memory escape presentism and the prism of the First World War.
Love and its Place in Virtue
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The fundamental claim of the book is that love is central to virtue. Beginning with an account of love it argues that there are many criteria for love which feature in various ways in the different forms of love. Central is the distinction between relational love between individuals and lovingness (in its various forms) as a fundamental emotional orientation towards the world as a whole (a Grundstimmung). Central too is the distinction between love as an emotion and virtuous forms of love. How love features in virtue in general, including virtues which are not virtues of love, is the main theme. The book discusses “foundational” loves (universal love, self-love, and dwelling love), some of the impartial virtues of love, and the relation between love and justice, arguing that justice should be loving. The major ideas in the book have been inspired by a number of great philosophers, notably Aristotle, Kant, Hume, Nietzsche, and Heidegger.
Justice and Virtue
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that justice as a personal virtue should be seen as loving justice. The problem is that unlike beneficence, benevolence, caring, and forgiveness justice is not a virtue of love. Excellent manifestations of love in appropriate forms are not the target of justice. Rather, using Kant’s conception of the two moral forces, we should say that justice is a virtue of respect rather than love. To show that concern for justice can, however, be integrated with both caring and proper respect for autonomy we first show that love and respect as moral forces can be integrated through a Kantian account of proper forbearance. The argument then requires positing a conception of institutional justice as the field of the personal virtue and a clearer understanding of the nature and point of loving justice in society. This discussion proceeds with an analysis of Buber’s I/It I/Thou distinction.
Heterogeneous dynamics of diffusive motion in organic ionic plastic crystal studied using spin–spin relaxation time: N,N-diethylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide
Authors: Nishikawa Keiko , Fujii Kozo , Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Abe Hiroshi , Yoshizawa-Fujita Masahiro 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The temperature dependences of the spin–spin relaxation times (T2) of 1H and 19F nuclei were measured for N,N-diethylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide with a plastic crystal phase. In the plastic crystal phase, 2 types of T2 were observed in both 1H and 19F experiments, which were considered to be the appearance of heterogeneous dynamics of diffusive motion. By examining temperature dependences of the T2 values and the existence ratios, the following conclusions were reached. (i) The prepared plastic crystal sample was in a polycrystalline state, and each crystallite comprised 2 phases: the core phase (plastic crystal phase) and the surface phase formed to relieve surface stress. (ii) The 1H-T2 (19F-T2) values of the 2 phases differed, and ions in the surface phase were more mobile. The 1H-T2 (19F-T2) values for the 2 phases increased with temperature rise. In particular, the 1H-T2 (19F-T2) values of the surface phase were smoothly connected to the liquid T2 values. (iii) The cations and anions exhibited a cooperative diffusive motion. (iv) When the temperature was considerably lower than the melting point, the ratio of the surface phase did not significantly differ from when it first formed. However, it rapidly increased near the melting point and became liquid.
Proteome profiling reveals opportunities to investigate biomarkers of oxidative stress and immune responses in blubber biopsies from free-ranging baleen whales
Authors: Kershaw Joanna , Ramp Christian , Sears Richard , Hall Ailsa , Derous Davina 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Over 25% of cetacean species worldwide are listed as critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Objective and widely applicable tools to assess cetacean health are therefore vital for population monitoring and to inform conservation initiatives. Novel blubber biomarkers of physiological state are examples of such tools that could be used to assess overall health. Proteins extracted from blubber likely originate from both the circulation and various cell types within the tissue itself, and their expression is responsive to signals originating from other organs and the nervous system. Blubber proteins can therefore capture information on physiological stressors experienced by individuals at the time of sampling. For the first time, we assess the feasibility of applying shotgun proteomics to blubber biopsy samples collected from free-ranging baleen whales. Samples were collected from minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) (n = 10) in the Gulf of St Lawrence, Canada. Total protein was extracted using a RIPA cell lysis and extraction buffer-based protocol. Extracted proteins were separated and identified using nanoflow Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization in tandem with Mass Spectrometry. We mapped proteins to known biological pathways and determined whether they were significantly enriched based on the proteome profile. A pathway enrichment map was created to visualize overlap in tissue-level biological processes. Amongst the most significantly enriched biological pathways were those involved in immune system function: inflammatory responses, leukocyte-mediated immunity and the humoral immune response. Pathways associated with responses to oxidative stress were also enriched. Using a suite of such protein biomarkers has the potential to better assess the overall health and physiological state of live individuals through remote biopsy sampling. This information is vital for population health assessments to predict population trajectories, and ultimately guide and monitor conservation priorities and initiatives.
The relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and coronary artery calcification to cardiovascular disease events in CARDIA participants
Authors: Gerber Yariv , Gabriel Kelley Pettee , Jacobs David R , Liu Jennifer Y , Rana Jamal S , Sternfeld Barbara , Carr John Jeffrey , Thompson Paul D , Sidney Stephen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Aims
Moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and coronary artery calcification (CAC) are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. While a U-shaped relationship between CRF or MVPA and CAC has been reported, the presence of CAC among highly fit individuals might be benign. We examined interactive associations of CRF or MVPA and CAC with outcomes and evaluated the relationship of CRF and MVPA to CAC incidence.

Methods and results
CARDIA participants with CAC assessed in 2005–06 were included (n = 3,141, mean age 45). MVPA was assessed by self-report and accelerometer. CRF was estimated with a maximal graded exercise test. Adjudicated CVD events and mortality data were obtained through 2019. CAC was reassessed in 2010–11. Cox models were constructed to assess hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), and mortality in groups defined by CAC presence/absence and lower/higher CRF or MVPA levels. Logistic models were constructed to assess associations with CAC incidence. Adjustment was made for sociodemographic and CVD risk factors. Relative to participants with no CAC and higher CRF, the adjusted HRs for CVD were 4.68 for CAC and higher CRF, 2.22 for no CAC and lower CRF, and 3.72 for CAC and lower CRF. For CHD, the respective HRs were 9.98, 2.28, and 5.52. For mortality, the HRs were 1.15, 1.58, and 3.14, respectively. Similar findings were observed when MVPA measured either by self-report or accelerometer was substituted for CRF. A robust inverse association of CRF and accelerometer-derived MVPA with CAC incidence was partly accounted for by adjusting for CVD risk factors.

Conclusion
In middle-aged adults, CRF and MVPA demonstrated an inverse association with CAC incidence, but did not mitigate the increased cardiovascular risk associated with CAC, indicating that CAC is not benign in individuals with higher CRF or MVPA levels.
Caterpillar–parasitoid interactions: species-specific influences on host microbiome composition
Authors: Gloder Gabriele , Bourne Mitchel E , Cuny Maximilien A C , Verreth Christel , Crauwels Sam , Dicke Marcel , Poelman Erik H , Jacquemyn Hans , Lievens Bart 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
There is increasing evidence that host–parasitoid interactions can have a pronounced impact on the microbiome of host insects, but it is unclear to what extent this is caused by the host and/or parasitoid. Here, we compared the internal and external microbiome of caterpillars of Pieris brassicae and Pieris rapae parasitized by Cotesia glomerata or Cotesia rubecula with nonparasitized caterpillars. Additionally, we investigated the internal and external microbiome of the parasitoid larvae. Both internal and external bacterial densities were significantly higher for P. brassicae than P. rapae, while no differences were found between parasitized and nonparasitized caterpillars. In contrast, parasitism significantly affected the composition of the internal and external microbiome of the caterpillars and the parasitoid larvae, but the effects were dependent on the host and parasitoid species. Irrespective of host species, a Wolbachia species was exclusively found inside caterpillars parasitized by C. glomerata, as well as in the corresponding developing parasitoid larvae. Similarly, a Nosema species was abundantly present inside parasitized caterpillars and the parasitoid larvae, but this was independent of the host and the parasitoid species. We conclude that parasitism has pronounced effects on host microbiomes, but the effects depend on both the host and parasitoid species.
Why will China and Russia not form an alliance? The balance of beliefs in peacetime
Authors: Feng Huiyun , He Kai 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The ongoing war in Ukraine has thrust China–Russia relations into the global spotlight, with both nations asserting their stance against forming a military alliance. This article introduces a novel ‘balance-of-beliefs’ framework, positing that the foundation of peacetime alliances lies in leaders' shared beliefs. Using operational code analysis, this study quantifies the philosophical and instrumental beliefs of leaders from the United States (Barack Obama), Australia (Tony Abbott), China (Xi Jinping) and Russia (Vladimir Putin) between 2013 and 2015, and includes additional comparison between Putin and Xi between 2016 and 2022. This research examines the essential role of aligned world-views on ‘the nature of the political universe’ (which we label a P-1 belief) and ‘the strategic approach to achieving political objectives’ (an I-1 belief). The findings reveal that such congruence is crucial for fostering like-minded alliances in peacetime, as evidenced by the US–Australia alliance. In contrast, the divergent P-1 beliefs of Xi and Putin hinder a Sino-Russian military alliance; yet, their aligned I-1 beliefs facilitate pragmatic cooperation on specific issues. This analysis underscores the need for US and European policy-makers to devise nuanced strategies in response to the evolving dynamics of a rising China and a resurgent Russia.
Beyond SIRD models: a novel dynamic model for epidemics, relating infected with entries to health care units and application for identification and restraining policy
Authors: Tsiliyannis Christos 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Epidemic models of susceptibles, exposed, infected, recovered and deceased (SΕIRD) presume homogeneity, constant rates and fixed, bilinear structure. They produce short-range, single-peak responses, hardly attained under restrictive measures. Tuned via uncertain I,R,D data, they cannot faithfully represent long-range evolution. A robust epidemic model is presented that relates infected with the entry rate to health care units (HCUs) via population averages. Model uncertainty is circumvented by not presuming any specific model structure, or constant rates. The model is tuned via data of low uncertainty, by direct monitoring: (a) of entries to HCUs (accurately known, in contrast to delayed and non-reliable I,R,D data) and (b) of scaled model parameters, representing population averages. The model encompasses random propagation of infections, delayed, randomly distributed entries to HCUs and varying exodus of non-hospitalized, as disease severity subdues. It closely follows multi-pattern growth of epidemics with possible recurrency, viral strains and mutations, varying environmental conditions, immunity levels, control measures and efficacy thereof, including vaccination. The results enable real-time identification of infected and infection rate. They allow design of resilient, cost-effective policy in real time, targeting directly the key variable to be controlled (entries to HCUs) below current HCU capacity. As demonstrated in ex post case studies, the policy can lead to lower overall cost of epidemics, by balancing the trade-off between the social cost of infected and the economic contraction associated with social distancing and mobility restriction measures.
Effects of betaine supplementation on dry matter intake, milk characteristics, plasma non-esterified fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyric acid in dairy cattle: a meta-analysis
Authors: Malik Muhammad I , Bilal Muhammad , Anwar M Z , Hassan Talal , Rashid Muhammad A , Tarla Divine , Dunshea Frank R , Cheng Long 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Betaine supplementation in dairy cattle has gained attention due to its potential benefits to production and health as a methyl donor, which can play a crucial role in the metabolism of dairy cows. The objective of the current meta-analysis was to quantify the effects of betaine supplementation on milk production, composition, β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). A systematic literature search was carried out, all relevant studies were retrieved, and the meta-analysis was carried out. The mean difference (MD) for dry matter intake (DMI) using the random-effects model was 0.499 kg/d (P &lt; 0.0001). The subgroup analysis indicated that supplementing betaine in heat-stressed cows increased DMI by 0.584 kg/d (P &lt; 0.001), while in cows not exposed to heat stress, DMI was increased by 0.381 kg/d (P = 0.007). The energy-corrected milk (ECM) increased by 1.36 kg/d (P &lt; 0.0001). The milk fat yield was significantly increased in betaine-supplemented cows (MD = 0.040 kg/d, 95% CI = 0.015 to 0.065). The milk protein yield (kg/d) (MD = 0.014, P = 0.138) was increased (MD = 0.035, P = 0.0005) by betaine supplementation. The lactose yield (kg/d) was also significantly higher (MD = 0.055, P = 0.020) in betaine-supplemented cows. The standardized mean difference (SMD) for NEFA (SMD = − 0.447, 95% CI = − 1.029 to 0.135, P = 0.114) and BHBA (SMD = − 0.130, 95% CI = − 0.491 to 0.234). In conclusion, the findings from this meta-analysis suggest that betaine supplementation positively influences DMI, ECM, milk fat yield, milk lactose yield, and milk protein yield. Subgroup analysis further indicated that the positive effects on DMI are greater in heat-stressed cows compared to those not exposed to heat stress. The analysis did not find significant effects on the levels of NEFA or BHBA, suggesting that betaine supplementation may not directly influence these metabolic parameters.
Presentation and Outcomes of Lassa Fever in Children in Nigeria: A Prospective Cohort Study (LASCOPE)
Authors: Duvignaud Alexandre , Etafo Ijeoma C , Jaspard Marie , Salau Qasim , Serra Béatrice , Kareem Abiodun J , Juchet Sylvain , Jegede Tolulope O , Gabillard Delphine , Abidoye Abiodun T , Le Gal Camille , Abejegah Chukwuyem , Owhin Sampson , Okwaraeke Kevin , Doutchi Mahamadou , Katembo Vihundira Jackson , Besong-Lache Rene-M , Seri Benjamin , Bérerd-Camara Marion , Salam Alex P A , Olayinka Adebola , Horby Peter , Ogbaini-Emovon Ephraim , Duraffour Sophie , Ahmed Liasu A , Günther Stephan , Adedosu Akinola N , Anglaret Xavier , Malvy Denis , Lang Hans J , Ayodeji Oladele O 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Data on the presentation, management, and outcomes of Lassa fever (LF) in children are limited.

Methods
Description of the clinical and biological features, treatment, and outcomes of reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed LF in children aged under 15, enrolled in the LASsa fever clinical COurse and Prognostic factors in an Epidemic context (LASCOPE) prospective cohort study in Nigeria between April 2018 and February 2023.

Results
One hundred twenty-four children (aged under 12 months: 19; over 12 months: 105) were hospitalized with RT-PCR-confirmed LF. All received intravenous ribavirin. During follow-up, 99/124 (80%) had fever; 71/124 (57%) had digestive symptoms, vomiting (n = 56/122, 46%) and abdominal pain (n = 34/78 aged ≥5 years, 44%) more often than diarrhea (n = 19/124, 15%); 17/124 (14%) had hemorrhagic signs; 44/112 (39%) had a hematocrit lower than 25%, of whom 32/44 (73%) received transfusions; 44/88 (50%) developed hypotension; 18/112 (16.1%) developed kidney disease improving global outcome (KDIGO) ≥2 acute kidney injury; 10/112 (8.9%) had KDIGO 3 acute kidney failure; 4/124 (3.2%) underwent renal replacement therapy. Seven children died, including 4 aged under 12 months (case fatality rate: under 12 months—22%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7%–48%; over 12 months—2.9%, 95% CI: 0.7%–8.7%). In univariable analysis, age (P = .003), impaired consciousness (P = .026), and Lassa RT-PCR Ct value (P = .006) were associated with Day 30 mortality.

Conclusions
The fatality rate for children over 12 months hospitalized with LF was lower than that previously reported for adults. Hypotension and acute kidney injury were the most frequent organ dysfunctions. Bleeding was relatively infrequent. Anemia and the need for transfusion were common, the relative contribution of ribavirin-induced hemolysis being unknown.