bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Injuries in Landslide- and Flood-Affected Populations in Uganda
Authors: Agrawal Shreya , Gopalakrishnan Tisha , Gorokhovich Yuri , Doocy Shannon 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIntroductionThe frequency of occurrence of natural disasters has increased over the past several decades, which necessitates a better understanding of human vulnerability, particularly in low-resource settings. This paper assesses risk factors for injury in the March 2010 floods and landslides in Eastern Uganda, and compares the effects of location, injury type, and severity.MethodsA stratified cluster survey of the disaster-affected populations was conducted five months after onset of the disasters. Probability proportional to size sampling was used to sample 800 households, including 400 affected by floods in Butaleja District and 400 affected by landslides in Bududa District.ResultsFlood- and landslide-affected populations were surveyed in July 2010 using a stratified cluster design. The odds of injury were 65% higher in the flood-affected groups than the landslide-affected groups in a logistic regression (OR = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.24-0.52; P < .001). The injury rate was greater in individuals under 42 years of age, and location of injury was a contributing factor. More people were injured in the flood-affected population as compared with the landslide-affected population, and injuries were more severe.ConclusionsThis study illustrates differences between populations injured by flood and landslide disasters that occurred simultaneously in Eastern Uganda in 2010. In areas where landslides are prone to occur due to massive rainfalls or floods, preventative measures, such as early warning systems and evacuation, are more likely to increase the likelihood of people surviving, while for areas with massive floods, immediate and effective medical attention can save lives and improve injury outcomes.AgrawalS, GopalakrishnanT, GorokhovichY, DoocyS. Risk factors for injuries in landslide- and flood-affected populations in Uganda. Prehosp Disast Med. 2013;28(4):1-9.
ON THE DEFINITION OF GRAPH INDEX
Authors: STOIMENOW A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis paper discusses a flaw in Murasugi–Przytycki’s Memoir ‘An index of a graph with applications to knot theory’ [Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 106 (1993)]. We point out and partly fix a gap occurring in the proof of Murasugi–Przytycki’s braid index inequalities involving the graph index. We explain why their notion of index fails to precisely reflect the reduction of Seifert circles by their diagram move, and redefine the index to account for that discrepancy.
THE AMBIVALENT GIFT
Authors: Jones Jane 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe question of who holds responsibility for racial uplift within African American communities is an enduring one. This paper investigates the understanding of racial obligation on the part of Black elite philanthropic donors. Through in-depth interviews with twenty elite donors, I investigate whether African American elite donors use philanthropic activity to realize their racial obligations by supporting Black nonprofit organizations and charitable causes that directly benefit Black people. I find that Black donors are deeply ambivalent about their position as members of a racial group that is marginalized while they are individually privileged because of their class position. They attempt to reconcile this ambivalence through their philanthropic giving. Donors at times embrace the importance of their racial identity as a principle that organizes their giving practices, but in other instances the very same donors reject race as a factor orienting how they think about their charity. Donors express this inconsistency through three different giving strategies. First, Black donors advocate for what they consider to be Black causes within mainstream organizations—initiatives they believe will directly and positively benefit Black people. Second, while they may support Black nonprofit organizations, they qualify the types of Black organizations worthy of their support. Third, donors reject race as an orienting principle altogether. Indeed, while there are few distinctive patterns among Black elite donors, no matter how they give they do so with an eye towards maintaining a mainstream sensibility that emphasizes integration, efficiency, and success. It is perhaps the diversity of contradictory strategies that poses the most fundamental challenge to the notion of community that permeates discussions of race and responsibility. I conclude by arguing that the ability to define when and how race matters to them is a particular privilege of the Black elite.
BIRTHRIGHT CITIZENSHIP AND THE RACIAL CONTRACT
Authors: Menzel Annie 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSince 1981, there has been a sea change in longstanding policies ofjus soli, or birthright citizenship, reinforcing the global divide between affluent spaces of whiteness and impoverished spaces of nonwhiteness. I argue that these moves highlight the global system of citizenship as an increasingly consequential aspect of what Charles Mills terms the Racial Contract: the set of agreements, historically explicit and currently tacit, that divides the earth's peoples into full persons—Whites—and subpersons—nonwhites—such that the latter are constitutive outsiders to the political, moral, and epistemological norms that structure the White social world. Mills posits that the present phase of the Racial Contract disconnects present geographies of inequality from the violent history of the earlier phase that brought them into being, thereby moving them outside the realm of redress. I focus on formal citizenship as a central locus of such erasure, using the figuration of the undocumented mother in the controversy over U.S. birthright citizenship as a case study. I argue that the global regime of citizenship perpetuates White supremacy in two ways: first, through a Westphalian map of citizenship, and second, through gendered and raced neoliberal norms of citizenship. The alchemy between these two rationalities both entrenches and hides the violence of the Racial Contract. Building upon Mills' standpoint epistemology, I analyze arguments from both sides of a 1995 congressional hearing on birthright citizenship. I argue that the arguments opposing birthright citizenship exhibit what can be thought of as aWhite epistemology of citizenship, which relies upon a profound amnesia about the exclusionary and violent history of the global regime of citizenship.
RACIAL ‘BOUNDARY-POLICING’
Authors: Osuji Chinyere K. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAs people who cross racial boundaries in the family formation process, the experiences of interracial couples can actually reveal the nature of racial boundaries within and across societies. I draw on in-depth qualitative interviews with eighty-seven respondents in interracial Black and White couples in Los Angeles and Rio de Janeiro to compare perceptions of public stigmatization by outsiders, a term I call “boundary-policing.” I find that couples in Los Angeles perceive gendered, Black individuals as perpetrators of this boundary-policing. In Rio de Janeiro, couples perceive regionalized and classed, White perpetrators. These findings suggest that in the United States and Brazil, racial boundaries are intertwined with class and gender boundaries to shape negotiation of boundary-policing in the two contexts. This analysis builds on previous studies of ethnoracial boundaries by showing how individuals reinforce and negotiate them through interpersonal relations. It demonstrates the similarities and differences in the negotiation and reinforcement of racial boundaries in the two sites.
HOT GAS LINES IN T TAURI STARS
Authors: Ardila David R. , Herczeg Gregory J. , Gregory Scott G. , Ingleby Laura , France Kevin , Brown Alexander , Edwards Suzan , Johns-Krull Christopher , Linsky Jeffrey L. , Yang Hao , Valenti Jeff A. , Abgrall Hervé , Alexander Richard D. , Bergin Edwin , Bethell Thomas , Brown Joanna M. , Calvet Nuria , Espaillat Catherine , Hillenbrand Lynne A. , Hussain Gaitee , Roueff Evelyne , Schindhelm Rebecca N. , Walter Frederick M. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT
For Classical T Tauri Stars (CTTSs), the resonance doublets of N v, Si iv, and C iv, as well as the He ii 1640 Å line, trace hot gas flows and act as diagnostics of the accretion process. In this paper we assemble a large high-resolution, high-sensitivity data set of these lines in CTTSs and Weak T Tauri Stars (WTTSs). The sample comprises 35 stars: 1 Herbig Ae star, 28 CTTSs, and 6 WTTSs. We find that the C iv, Si iv, and N v lines in CTTSs all have similar shapes. We decompose the C iv and He ii lines into broad and narrow Gaussian components (BC and NC). The most common (50%) C iv line morphology in CTTSs is that of a low-velocity NC together with a redshifted BC. For CTTSs, a strong BC is the result of the accretion process. The contribution fraction of the NC to the C iv line flux in CTTSs increases with accretion rate, from ∼20% to up to ∼80%. The velocity centroids of the BCs and NCs are such that V
BC ≳ 4 V
NC, consistent with the predictions of the accretion shock model, in at most 12 out of 22 CTTSs. We do not find evidence of the post-shock becoming buried in the stellar photosphere due to the pressure of the accretion flow. The He ii CTTSs lines are generally symmetric and narrow, with FWHM and redshifts comparable to those of WTTSs. They are less redshifted than the CTTSs C iv lines, by ∼10 km s−1. The amount of flux in the BC of the He ii line is small compared to that of the C iv line, and we show that this is consistent with models of the pre-shock column emission. Overall, the observations are consistent with the presence of multiple accretion columns with different densities or with accretion models that predict a slow-moving, low-density region in the periphery of the accretion column. For HN Tau A and RW Aur A, most of the C iv line is blueshifted suggesting that the C iv emission is produced by shocks within outflow jets. In our sample, the Herbig Ae star DX Cha is the only object for which we find a P-Cygni profile in the C iv line, which argues for the presence of a hot (105 K) wind. For the overall sample, the Si iv and N v line luminosities are correlated with the C iv line luminosities, although the relationship between Si iv and C iv shows large scatter about a linear relationship and suggests that TW Hya, V4046 Sgr, AA Tau, DF Tau, GM Aur, and V1190 Sco are silicon-poor, while CV Cha, DX Cha, RU Lup, and RW Aur may be silicon-rich.
Phenotypic links among life‐history stages are complex and context‐dependent in a marine invertebrate: interactions among offspring size, larval nutrition and postmetamorphic density
Authors: Allen Richard M. , Marshall Dustin J. 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Examples of simple phenotypic relationships, where variation in one stage directly affects phenotypic variation in a subsequent stage, are documented in most taxa. However, environmental variation can mediate these relationships, and because most organisms develop through multiple life‐history stages, each stage‐dependent environment has the potential to create new phenotypic relationships and interfere with existing relationships.

Despite the likelihood of complex phenotypic interactions among life‐history stages, and the potential for these interactions to resonate throughout the life history, there are few tests of the problem and few predictions of how these phenotypic interactions are resolved.

Here, we examined the interdependent effects of three sources of phenotypic variation on the performance of a marine tube worm. Sources of phenotypic variation included: offspring size, larval nutrition and juvenile density.

We found highly context‐dependent relationships between these factors and postmetamorphic performance. Within the overarching result of context dependence, we found: interactions could negate and reverse relationships; early‐stage phenotypes could persist to postmetamorphosis; later, life‐history environments could contribute more to recruit phenotypes than early‐stages; and late‐stage variation can depend on early‐stage phenotypes.

Our results demonstrate that while simple phenotypic links among the egg, larval and postrecruitment stages may be common and important contributors to growth and survival, these relationships should be considered in the context of the organism's life experience. Each phenotypic link among stages can potentially be complex and depend on prior experience, current state and the subsequent environments experienced.
Imaging improvement by prestack signal enhancement
Authors: Buzlukov Vadim , Landa Evgeny 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe quality of recorded seismic data depends on many factors and a low signal‐to‐noise ratio leads to a low quality of processing and imaging. The zero‐offset common‐reflection‐surface stack and multifocusing methods have been successfully applied to improve the prestack signal‐to‐noise ratio by the partial summation of coherent seismic events. However, in the case of non‐hyperbolic traveltime behaviour of seismic events these approaches can result in non‐optimal partial summation.We develop a local common‐offset approximation for the traveltime stacking surface. It allows us to adequately approximate the traveltimes of reflection events in the vicinity of an arbitrary offset. Here, the stacking operator is interpreted as a local second‐order traveltime approximation of the seismic event and it is used for the purpose of partial summation. An algorithm and a numerical implementation scheme are discussed. The proposed signal enhancement procedure was applied to synthetic and real 3D data. Imaging results of the enhanced data show a high potential for reliable imaging in complex subsurface environments.
Long‐term seed survival and dispersal dynamics in a rodent‐dispersed tree: testing the predator satiation hypothesis and the predator dispersal hypothesis
Authors: Xiao Zhishu , Zhang Zhibin , Krebs Charles J. 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Mast seeding in animal‐dispersed plants has previously been accounted for by two main hypotheses: the predator satiation hypothesis (that it increases seed survival and establishment before dispersal) and the predator dispersal hypothesis (that it increases seed dispersal or dispersal distance). However, neither hypothesis has been rigorously tested with simultaneous data on seed production, seed predation and seed dispersal by vertebrate seed predators.

We studied oil tea Camellia oleifera (Theaceae) seed production for eight years (2002–2009) in a subtropical forest in south‐west China, and investigated how annual seed and rodent abundance determined per capita seed availability for rodent seed predators and seed dispersers and how seed and rodent abundance were related to seed dispersal and seed survival via scatter‐hoarding. We predicted the patterns of seed dispersal and survival to test the two hypotheses about mast seeding. Edward's long‐tailed rat Leopoldamys edwardsi acted as the principal seed disperser of oil tea seeds because of scatter‐hoarding, while other sympatric rodent species acted only as seed predators.

We first provided a reasonable method to estimate per capita seed availability based on annual seed abundance and annual metabolic rodent abundance (corrected for metabolic‐scaling body mass of each rodent species). We found that annual seed abundance, annual metabolic rodent abundance and per capita seed availability all had some significant effects on different estimators of seed fates (including dispersal distances) across each stage from seedfall to seedling establishment. Both annual seed abundance and per capita seed availability were positively correlated with pre‐dispersal seed survival, but negatively correlated with scatter‐hoarding (and recaching), seed survival after dispersal and dispersal distances. However, annual metabolic rodent abundance had a positive effect on scatter‐hoarding, but had a negative effect on the time to cache recovery.

Synthesis. Since greater seed production was associated with improvement in pre‐dispersal survival of oil tea seeds but a reduction in dispersal (including secondary dispersal and dispersal distance), our long‐term study indicates that, compared with the predator dispersal hypothesis, the predator satiation hypothesis provides a better mechanism predicting seed dispersal and seed survival in animal‐dispersed plants by integrating seed abundance and animal abundance.
Recurrent motifs as resonant attractor states in the narrative field: a testable model of archetype
Authors: Goodwyn Erik 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAt the most basic level, archetypes represented Jung's attempt to explain the phenomenon of recurrent myths and folktale motifs (Jung 1956, 1959, para. 99). But the archetype remains controversial as an explanation of recurrent motifs, as the existence of recurrent motifs does not prove that archetypes exist. Thus, the challenge for contemporary archetype theory is not merely to demonstrate that recurrent motifs exist, since that is not disputed, but to demonstrate thatarchetypesexist andcauserecurrent motifs. The present paper proposes a new model which is unlike others in that it postulateshowthe archetype creates resonant motifs. This model necessarily clarifies and adapts some of Jung's seminal ideas on archetype in order to provide a working framework grounded in contemporary practice and methodologies. For the first time, a model of archetype is proposed that can be validated on empirical, rather than theoretical grounds. This is achieved by linking the archetype to the hard data of recurrent motifs rather than academic trends in other fields.
Mobility impairment is associated with urge but not stress urinary incontinence in community‐dwelling older women: results from the Ossébo study
Authors: Fritel X , Lachal L , Cassou B , Fauconnier A , Dargent‐Molina P 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveTo assess the association between functional limitations related to mobility and urinary incontinence (UI) in elderly women.DesignAn observational cross‐sectional study.SettingNine ‘balance’ workshops in France.PopulationA total of 1942 community‐dwelling women aged 75–85 years, who were invited, based on voter registration lists, to a ‘balance assessment’.MethodsMobility and balance test results for incontinent women were compared with those for continent women according to the severity and type of incontinence.Main outcome measuresData on UI were collected using a self‐administered questionnaire (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire—Short Form). Motor‐related physical abilities were assessed using standardised balance and functional gait tests.ResultsForty‐two per cent of women had involuntary urine leakage, with daily leaks in 57% of them; 24% had stress UI, 31% had urge UI, and 37% had mixed UI. Results for each functional test were poorer for women with UI and the limitation was more pronounced when the incontinence was severe. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that balance and gait impairments were significantly and independently associated with urge UI (walking speed, lower versus higher quartile, odds ratio (OR) 2.2; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.4–3.5; walking balance, unable versus able to do four tandem steps (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.2–2.2) but not with stress UI.ConclusionsIn this large population of older women living at home, there was a strong association between limitation of motor and balance skills and UI, which was proportional to the severity of incontinence and related specifically to urge incontinence. These results offer new perspectives on the prevention and treatment of urge incontinence in elderly women.
Reducing nutrient loads from dairy farms: a bioeconomic model with endogenous feeding and land use
Authors: Helin Janne Antero 
Published: June 2013

AbstractGrowth trends of animal farming pose a threat to water quality around the world. To find cost‐efficient means to reduce nutrient loads from agriculture, detailed information on the abatement measures need to be incorporated in bioeconomic models. This study presents a theoretical framework that covers both animal and crop operations on farms. It describes the farmer decision making problem and incorporates nonlinear functions to capture the economic and biological aspects of the problem. The model is applied to Finnish dairy farms. The abatement cost functions are derived for nitrogen and phosphorus. Results indicate that abatement measures on fields should precede dietary changes.
Heart Rate Variability and Heart Rate Turbulence in HIV‐Infected Patients Receiving Combination Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Wongcharoen Wanwarang , Khienprasit Kolakrit , Phrommintikul Arintaya , Sukonthasarn Apichard , Chattipakorn Nipon 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated the presence of autonomic dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients. However, the data in those receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) are conflicting. The aim of this study was to assess the autonomic function using heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate turbulence (HRT) analysis in HIV‐infected patients receiving cART.MethodsEighty‐one HIV‐infected patients receiving cART and 42 control subjects were enrolled in the study. The HRV and HRT parameters were assessed on 24‐hour digital Holter electrocardiogram recordings.ResultsBaseline characteristics were comparable between HIV‐infected and control subjects, except the higher fasting glucose and triglyceride and lower high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol observed in HIV‐infected patients. All components of HRV were significantly reduced in HIV‐infected patients. After adjustment with biochemical parameters, most of the HRV parameters were still significantly reduced in HIV‐infected patients. However, HRV parameters reflecting vagal activity were no longer different between 2 groups. In addition, HRT parameters did not differ between HIV‐infected and control subjects. The standard deviation of normal‐to‐normal intervals significantly correlated with CD4 lymphocyte counts in HIV‐infected patients but did not with protease inhibitors therapy.ConclusionsWe demonstrated the overall decrease in HRV in HIV‐infected patients receiving cART. The metabolic disturbance observed in HIV‐infected patients possibly accounted for decreased vagal activity.