bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Catalyst Support Made of Bauxite: Preparation and Catalytic
Properties
Authors: Jiang Lilong , Liu Xian , Hu Xiaoli , Cao Yanning , Ma Yongde , Wei Kemei 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Bauxite with a large surface area was successfully prepared from
natural bauxite using a hydrothermal process. Both
0.5% Pd/bauxite and 0.5% Pd/Al2O3
catalysts were prepared using an incipient-wetness impregnation method
for CO oxidation reaction. The characteristics of the samples were
determined by X-ray fluorescence, low temperature N2 physical
adsorption, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy,
H2 temperature-programmed reduction and X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy. The average pore diameter, BET surface area and pore
volume of the bauxite support at the optimum hydrothermal conditions
of temperature (170○) and time (72 h) were
found to be approximately 4.82 nm,
153 m2 g
–1 and 0.23 cm3 g
–1,
respectively. The activity of the 0.5% Pd/bauxite catalyst
was much higher than that of the 0.5% Pd/Al2O3
catalyst, it's due to that Fe2O3 itself contained in
bauxite was a good catalyst for CO oxidation and can interact with Pd
in the catalyst.
Case for Changing Reinforcing Bar Deformation Spacing Requirements
Authors: Darwin David , O’Reilly Matthew , Browning JoAnn , Xing Lihua 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The bond strength of four sets of reinforcing bars is evaluated, two each with No. 5 and No. 10 (No. 16 and No. 32) bars, which have, respectively, nominal diameters of 0.625 and 1.27 in. (15.9 and 32.3 mm). One bar of each size satisfies the criterion for maximum deformation spacing in ASTM reinforcing bar specifications, while the other has deformations that exceed the maximum spacing. All bars exceed the requirements for minimum deformation height. Research related to the effect of deformation properties on bond strength, including the research used to establish the requirements for deformations in ASTM reinforcing bar specifications, is also reviewed. The test results match earlier research and demonstrate that (1) bond strength is not governed by the specific value of deformation height or spacing, but by the combination of the two as represented by the relative rib area of the bars and (2) the bond strength of the bars with deformation spacings that exceed those in ASTM reinforcing bar specifications is similar to the bond strength of the bars that meet the specification. Based on this and prior research, it is recommended that ASTM reinforcing bar specifications be modified to allow for deformation spacing up to 90 % (currently a maximum of 70 %) of the bar diameter provided the ratio of deformation height to deformation spacing is greater than or equal to the minimum ratio for bar deformations meeting the current requirements in ASTM reinforcing bar specifications.
Evaluation of Damage Effects on Dynamic Characteristics of RC Buildings by Ambient Vibration Test
Authors: Türker Temel , Bayraktar Alemdar 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In this study, the dynamic behavior of a model building for different damage cases is studied based on the changes in the natural frequencies and mode shapes. The damage is assumed to occur on the walls and at the column-ends of the first story, because they are generally affected by earthquakes, explosions, etc. A ½-scale three-story reinforced-concrete (RC) building model is constructed in the laboratory. Different damage cases are applied to the model gradually by using mechanical cutting equipment. The wall damage is assumed to reach the interior of the walls and the column-end damage is created by removing the cover of columns. The ambient vibration tests are performed by using the operational modal analysis method under unknown random impact loads. The accelerometers are placed on the columns in the transverse and longitudinal directions to get the responses of the model in these directions. It is observed that the natural frequencies, corresponding mode shapes, and modal damping ratios of the building model vary depending on the damage location and damage extent. The natural frequencies show a decreasing trend with damage, and for the last damage case the natural frequencies are 60 % lower than for the undamaged case. In addition, the mode shapes are affected considerably by wall damage.
A Study to Determine the Impact of Cracking on Load Transfer Efficiency of Rigid Airfield Pavements
Authors: Cunliffe C. , Joshi A. , Mehta Y. , Cleary D. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The mechanistic evaluation of pavement utilizing full-scale test data is an important component to the study of pavement behavior. This study focuses on the use of concrete strain gages (CSG) and crack location data to evaluate the effect of localized cracking on the stress-based load transfer efficiency (LTE (S)) of transverse doweled pavement joints. Concrete strain gage data generated from the full-scale testing carried out by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) at the National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) has been analyzed in this study. Load transfer efficiency was determined from paired concrete strain gages for the test vehicle moving in opposite directions at two specific locations, resulting in four distinct cases of LTE (S). It was found that LTE (S) varies as loading progresses on the test sections, especially after cracking near the joint has occurred on the slabs. The design constant of 25 % LTE (S) appears to be reasonably conservative before cracking occurs at the joint but overestimates joint LTE (S) thereafter. Additionally, peak strains from gages located at the joint can be used to evaluate the behavior of LTE (S) during the formation of cracks on the slab, in particular the case where the cracks have formed close to the doweled joint but are not yet visible on the surface.
Pre-operative role of BRAF in the guidance of the surgical approach and prognosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Danilovic Debora L S , Lima Erika U , Domingues Regina B , Brandão Lenine G , Hoff Ana O , Marui Suemi 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveThe p.V600E BRAF and RAS mutations are found in 30–80% of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). BRAF mutation has been associated with poor prognosis. This study investigated the role of molecular studies in preoperative diagnosis of DTC and the association of p.V600E mutation with prognostic factors.DesignProspective study.MethodsA total of 202 patients with cytological diagnosis of Bethesda III–VI underwent preoperative molecular studies and subsequent thyroidectomy. p.V600E and RAS mutations were studied in the cytology smears, using real-time PCR genotyping technique. The BRAF mutation (BRAF+ or BRAF−) was correlated with histological and clinical findings.ResultsMolecular study of 172 nodules with Bethesda III–V cytology improved negative predictive value and accuracy of Bethesda III and IV diagnosis. BRAF mutation was present in 65% of 94 DTC and p.Q61R NRAS in one. Except for age, BRAF+ and BRAF− did not differ in sex, tumor size, histological subtype, multifocality, vascular invasion, extrathyroidal extension, or prognostic staging. Among papillary carcinomas, lymph node (LN) metastasis was diagnosed in 23% BRAF+ and 37% BRAF−. Distant metastasis occurred in four BRAF−. Recurrent or persistent disease was more frequent in BRAF− (26.7 vs 3.3% BRAF+, P=0.002) along follow-up of 29.8±10 months. BRAF+ patients without LN metastasis by pre-operative evaluation submitted to thyroidectomy with central neck dissection (CND) had more frequent LN metastasis (45 vs 5% no CND, P=0.002), but no difference in clinical outcome was observed.ConclusionsPre-operative identification of BRAF mutation improved cytological diagnosis of DTC, but it was not associated with poor prognostic factors. Prophylactic CND did not guarantee better outcome in BRAF+ patients.
Improving Outcomes for Underserved Adolescents With Asthma
Authors: Britto Maria T. , Vockell Anna-Liisa B. , Munafo Jennifer Knopf , Schoettker Pamela J. , Wimberg Janet A. , Pruett Raymond , Yi Michael S. , Byczkowski Terri L. 
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood. Treatment adherence by adolescents is often poor, and their outcomes are worse than those of younger patients. We conducted a quality improvement initiative to improve asthma control and outcomes for high-risk adolescents treated in a primary care setting.

METHODS:
Interventions were guided by the Chronic Care Model and focused on standardized and evidence-based care, care coordination and active outreach, self-management support, and community connections.

RESULTS:
Patients with optimally well-controlled asthma increased from ∼10% to 30%. Patients receiving the evidence-based care bundle (condition/severity characterized in chart and, for patients with persistent asthma, an action plan and controller medications at the most recent visit) increased from 38% to at or near 100%. Patients receiving the required self-management bundle (patient self-assessment, stage-of-readiness tool, and personal action plan) increased from 0% to ∼90%. Patients and parents who were confident in their ability to manage their or their adolescent’s asthma increased from 70% to ∼85%. Patient satisfaction and the mean proportion of patients with asthma-related emergency department visits or hospitalizations remained stable at desirable levels.

CONCLUSIONS:
Implementing interventions focused on standardized and evidence-based care, self-management support, care coordination and active outreach, linkage to community resources, and enhanced follow-up for patients with chronically not-well-controlled asthma resulted in sustained improvement in asthma control in adolescent patients. Additional interventions are likely needed for patients with chronically poor asthma control.
Hospitalizations Due to Firearm Injuries in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Leventhal John M. , Gaither Julie R. , Sege Robert 
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Despite recent national attention on deaths from firearms, little information exists about children and adolescents who are hospitalized for firearm injuries. The objective was to determine the national frequency of firearm-related hospitalizations in the United States in children, compare rates by cause and demographics, and describe hospitalized cases.

METHODS:
We used the 2009 Kids’ Inpatient Database to identify hospitalizations from firearm-related injuries in young people &lt;20 years of age; International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, and external-cause-of injury codes were used to categorize the injuries and the causes as follows: assault, suicide attempt, unintentional, or undetermined. Incidences were calculated by using the weighted number of cases and the intercensal population. Risk ratios compared incidences.

RESULTS:
In 2009, 7391 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6523–8259) hospitalizations were due to firearm-related injuries. The hospitalization rate was 8.87 (95% CI: 7.83–9.92) per 100 000 persons &lt;20 years of age. Hospitalizations due to assaults were most frequent (n = 4559) and suicide attempts were least frequent (n = 270). Of all hospitalizations, 89.2% occurred in males; the hospitalization rate for males was 15.22 per 100 000 (95% CI: 13.41–17.03) and for females was 1.93 (95% CI: 1.66–2.20). The rate for black males was 44.77 (95% CI: 36.69–52.85), a rate more than 10 times that for white males. Rates were highest for those aged 15 to 19 years (27.94; 95% CI: 24.42–31.46). Deaths in the hospital occurred in 453 (6.1%); of those hospitalized after suicide attempts, 35.1% died.

CONCLUSIONS:
On average, 20 US children and adolescents were hospitalized each day in 2009 due to firearm injuries. Public health efforts are needed to reduce this common source of childhood injury.
Management of Febrile Neonates in US Pediatric Emergency Departments
Authors: Jain Shabnam , Cheng John , Alpern Elizabeth R. , Thurm Cary , Schroeder Lisa , Black Kelly , Ellison Angela M. , Stone Kimberly , Alessandrini Evaline A. 
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND:Blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures and admission for antibiotics are considered standard management of febrile neonates (0–28 days). We examined variation in adherence to these recommendations across US pediatric emergency departments (PEDs) and incidence of serious infections (SIs) in febrile neonates.METHODS:Cross-sectional study of neonates with a diagnosis of fever evaluated in 36 PEDs in the 2010 Pediatric Health Information System database. We analyzed performance of recommended management (laboratory testing, antibiotic use, admission to hospital), 48-hour return visits to PED, and diagnoses of SI.RESULTS:Of 2253 neonates meeting study criteria, 369 (16.4%) were evaluated and discharged from the PED; 1884 (83.6%) were admitted. Recommended management occurred in 1497 of 2253 (66.4%; 95% confidence interval, 64.5–68.4) febrile neonates. There was more than twofold variation across the 36 PEDs in adherence to recommended management, recommended testing, and recommended treatment of febrile neonates. There was significant variation in testing and treatment between admitted and discharged neonates (P &lt; .001). A total of 269 in 2253 (11.9%) neonates had SI, of whom 223 (82.9%; 95% confidence interval, 77.9–86.9) received recommended management.CONCLUSIONS:There was wide variation across US PEDs in adherence to recommended management of febrile neonates. One in 6 febrile neonates was discharged from the PED; discharged patients were less likely to receive testing or antibiotic therapy than admitted patients. A majority of neonates with SI received recommended evaluation and management. High rates of SI in admitted patients but low return rates for missed infections in discharged patients suggest a need for additional studies to understand variation from the current recommendations.
Responses of a tundra system to warming using SCAMPS: a stoichiometrically coupled, acclimating microbe–plant–soil model
Authors: Sistla Seeta A. , Rastetter Edward B. , Schimel Joshua P. 
Published: January 2014

Soils, plants, and microbial communities respond to global change perturbations through coupled, nonlinear interactions. Dynamic ecological responses complicate projecting how global change disturbances will influence ecosystem processes, such as carbon (C) storage. We developed an ecosystem‐scale model (Stoichiometrically Coupled, Acclimating Microbe–Plant–Soil model, SCAMPS) that simulates the dynamic feedbacks between aboveground and belowground communities that affect their shared soil environment. The belowground component of the model includes three classes of soil organic matter (SOM), three microbially synthesized extracellular enzyme classes specific to these SOM pools, and a microbial biomass pool with a variable C‐to‐N ratio (C:N). The plant biomass, which contributes to the SOM pools, flexibly allocates growth toward wood, root, and leaf biomass, based on nitrogen (N) uptake and shoot‐to‐root ratio. Unlike traditional ecosystem models, the microbial community can acclimate to changing soil resources by shifting its C:N between a lower C:N, faster turnover (bacteria‐like) community, and a higher C:N, slower turnover (fungal‐like) community. This stoichiometric flexibility allows for the microbial C and N use efficiency to vary, feeding back into system decomposition and productivity dynamics. These feedbacks regulate changes in extracellular enzyme synthesis, soil pool turnover rates, plant growth, and ecosystem C storage. We used SCAMPS to test the interactive effects of winter, summer, and year‐round soil warming, in combination with microbial acclimation ability, on decomposition dynamics and plant growth in a tundra system.Over 50‐year simulations, both the seasonality of warming and the ability of the microbial community to acclimate had strong effects on ecosystem C dynamics. Across all scenarios, warming increased plant biomass (and therefore litter inputs to the SOM), while the ability of the microbial community to acclimate increased soil C loss. Winter warming drove the largest ecosystem C losses when the microbial community could acclimate, and the largest ecosystem C gains when it could not acclimate. Similar to empirical studies of tundra warming, modeled summer warming had relatively negligible effects on soil C loss, regardless of acclimation ability. In contrast, winter and year‐round warming drove marked soil C loss when decomposers could acclimate, despite also increasing plant biomass. These results suggest that incorporating dynamically interacting microbial and plant communities into ecosystem models might increase the ability to link ongoing global change field observations with macro‐scale projections of ecosystem biogeochemical cycling in systems under change.
Effects of interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β on expression of growth differentiation factor-5 and Wnt signaling pathway genes in equine chondrocytes
Authors: Svala Emilia , Thorfve Anna I. , Ley Cecilia , Henriksson Helena K. Barreto , Synnergren Jane M. , Lindahl Anders H. , Ekman Stina , Skiöldebrand Eva S. R. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effects of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β stimulation on expression of growth differentiation factor (GDF)-5 and Wnt signaling pathway genes in equine chondrocytes.
Sample—Macroscopically normal articular cartilage samples from 6 horses and osteochondral fragments (OCFs) from 3 horses.
Procedures—Chondrocyte pellets were prepared and cultured without stimulation or following stimulation with IL-6 or IL-1β for 1, 2, 12, and 48 hours; expression of GDF-5 was determined with a quantitative real-time PCR assay. Expression of genes in various signaling pathways was determined with microarrays for pellets stimulated for 1 and 2 hours. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect GDF-5, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), and β-catenin proteins in macroscopically normal cartilage samples and OCFs.
Results—Chondrocytes stimulated with IL-6 had significantly higher GDF-5 expression within 2 hours versus unstimulated chondrocytes. Microarray analysis of Wnt signaling pathway genes indicated expression of GSK-3β and coiled-coil domain containing 88C increased after 1 hour and expression of β-catenin decreased after 2 hours of IL-6 stimulation. Results of immunohistochemical detection of proteins were similar to microarray analysis results. Chondrocytes in macroscopically normal articular cartilage and OCFs had immunostaining for GDF-5.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated IL-6 stimulation decreased chondrocyte expression of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway transactivator β-catenin, induced expression of inhibitors of the Wnt pathway, and increased expression of GDF-5. This suggested IL-6 may inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway with subsequent upregulation of GDF-5 expression. Anabolic extracellular matrix metabolism in OCFs may be attributable to GDF-5 expression. This information could be useful for development of cartilage repair methods.
Effects of pentoxifylline on immediate and late-phase cutaneous reactions in response to anti–immunoglobulin E antibodies in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Pucheu-Haston Cherie M. , Kasparek Kaitlin A. , Stout Rhett W. , Kearney Michael T. , Hammerberg Bruce 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Objective—To characterize the effects of pentoxifylline on the gross and microscopic variables associated with immediate and late-phase inflammation following injection of IgE-specific antibodies in the skin of clinically normal dogs.
Animals—6 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs.
Procedures—Intradermal injections (0.1 mL each) of PBS solution, histamine phosphate, and cross-linking rabbit-origin anti-canine IgE antibodies (3 injections/dog) were administered at 0 hours on day 0; wheal sizes were evaluated at 20 minutes, 6 hours, and 24 hours. Biopsy specimens of injected and noninjected skin were collected 24 hours after injection. On day 2, treatment with pentoxifylline (20 mg/kg, PO, q 8 h) was initiated and continued until day 30. For each dog, injection, measurement, and biopsy procedures were repeated on days 30 to 31 and on days 37 to 38 (ie, after discontinuation of pentoxifylline administration).
Results—Pentoxifylline administration was associated with a significant decrease in wheal size at 6 and 24 hours (but not at 20 minutes) after injection of anti-canine IgE. Repeated injections performed 1 week after drug discontinuation revealed partial recovery of the 6-hour cutaneous reaction and complete recovery of the 24-hour cutaneous reaction. Pentoxifylline administration was also associated with inhibition of mast cell degranulation and significant decreases in the total numbers of cutaneous inflammatory cells and eosinophils, compared with pretreatment findings.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In clinically normal dogs, pentoxifylline effectively impaired late-phase reactions but not immediate reactions at sites of intradermal injection of IgE-specific antibodies by inhibiting mast cell degranulation and recruitment of cutaneous inflammatory cells, especially eosinophils.
Assessment of folate receptor expression and folate uptake in multicentric lymphomas in dogs
Authors: Childress Michael O. , Dhawan Deepika , Leamon Christopher P. , Miller Margaret A. , Ramos-Vara José A. , Naughton James F. , Low Philip S. , Knapp Deborah W. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine expression of folate receptors (FRs) and folate uptake in multicentric lymphomas in dogs.
Sample—10 dogs with histopathologically confirmed multicentric lymphoma and 20 archival lymph node biopsy specimens from dogs with multicentric lymphoma.
Procedures—Multicentric lymphomas in 10 dogs were prospectively evaluated for FR expression by use of immunohistochemical analysis and for in vivo folate uptake by use of nuclear scintigraphy. Dogs with FR-expressing tumors were eligible for FR-targeted chemotherapy. Twenty archival lymphoma biopsy specimens were also evaluated with immunohistochemical analysis.
Results—FRs were not detected with immunohistochemical analysis in lymph node samples obtained from the 10 dogs or in archival biopsy specimens. However, nuclear scintigraphy revealed uptake of radioactive tracer in 6 of 10 dogs. Five of these 6 dogs were treated with an FR-targeted chemotherapeutic agent; results of treatment were complete remission in 1 dog, stable disease in 2 dogs, and progressive disease in 2 dogs. Treatment-related toxicoses generally were mild.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This study provided strong evidence for folate uptake in a substantial portion of multicentric lymphomas of dogs and indicated the antitumor activity of FR-targeted chemotherapeutics for these cancers. Use of FR-targeted chemotherapeutics may be promising for the treatment of FR-expressing multicentric lymphomas in dogs. Further studies are needed to determine reasons for lack of immunoreactivity to currently identified anti-FR antibodies and to develop improved methods for detecting FRs in lymphomas of dogs.