bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Satellite detection, long‐range transport, and air quality impacts of volcanic sulfur dioxide from the 2014–2015 flood lava eruption at Bárðarbunga (Iceland)
Authors: Schmidt Anja , Leadbetter Susan , Theys Nicolas , Carboni Elisa , Witham Claire S. , Stevenson John A. , Birch Cathryn E. , Thordarson Thorvaldur , Turnock Steven , Barsotti Sara , Delaney Lin , Feng Wuhu , Grainger Roy G. , Hort Matthew C. , Höskuldsson Ármann , Ialongo Iolanda , Ilyinskaya Evgenia , Jóhannsson Thorsteinn , Kenny Patrick , Mather Tamsin A. , Richards Nigel A. D. , Shepherd Janet 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga‐Veiðivötn fissure eruption at Holuhraun produced about 1.5 km3 of lava, making it the largest eruption in Iceland in more than 200 years. Over the course of the eruption, daily volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions exceeded daily SO2 emissions from all anthropogenic sources in Europe in 2010 by at least a factor of 3. We present surface air quality observations from across Northern Europe together with satellite remote sensing data and model simulations of volcanic SO2 for September 2014. We show that volcanic SO2 was transported in the lowermost troposphere over long distances and detected by air quality monitoring stations up to 2750 km away from the source. Using retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), we calculate an average daily SO2 mass burden of 99 ± 49 kilotons (kt) of SO2 from OMI and 61 ± 18 kt of SO2 from IASI for September 2014. This volcanic burden is at least a factor of 2 greater than the average SO2 mass burden between 2007 and 2009 due to anthropogenic emissions from the whole of Europe. Combining the observational data with model simulations using the United Kingdom Met Office's Numerical Atmospheric‐dispersion Modelling Environment model, we are able to constrain SO2 emission rates to up to 120 kilotons per day (kt/d) during early September 2014, followed by a decrease to 20–60 kt/d between 6 and 22 September 2014, followed by a renewed increase to 60–120 kt/d until the end of September 2014. Based on these fluxes, we estimate that the eruption emitted a total of 2.0 ± 0.6 Tg of SO2 during September 2014, in good agreement with ground‐based remote sensing and petrological estimates. Although satellite‐derived and model‐simulated vertical column densities of SO2 agree well, the model simulations are biased low by up to a factor of 8 when compared to surface observations of volcanic SO2 on 6–7 September 2014 in Ireland. These biases are mainly due to relatively small horizontal and vertical positional errors in the simulations of the volcanic plume occurring over transport distances of thousands of kilometers. Although the volcanic air pollution episodes were transient and lava‐dominated volcanic eruptions are sporadic events, the observations suggest that (i) during an eruption, volcanic SO2 measurements should be assimilated for near real‐time air quality forecasting and (ii) existing air quality monitoring networks should be retained or extended to monitor SO2 and other volcanic pollutants.
Large‐eddy simulation in an anelastic framework with closed water and entropy balances
Authors: Pressel Kyle G. , Kaul Colleen M. , Schneider Tapio , Tan Zhihong , Mishra Siddhartha 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA large‐eddy simulation (LES) framework is developed for simulating the dynamics of clouds and boundary layers with closed water and entropy balances. The framework is based on the anelastic equations in a formulation that remains accurate for deep convection. As prognostic variables, it uses total water and entropy, which are conserved in adiabatic and reversible processes, including reversible phase changes of water. This has numerical advantages for modeling clouds, in which reversible phase changes of water occur frequently. The equations of motion are discretized using higher‐order weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) discretization schemes with strong stability preserving time stepping. Numerical tests demonstrate that the WENO schemes yield simulations superior to centered schemes, even when the WENO schemes are used at coarser resolution. The framework is implemented in a new LES code written in Python and Cython, which makes the code transparent and easy to use for a wide user group.
Dynamics of the high‐latitude ionospheric irregularities during the 17 March 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm: Ground‐based GPS measurements
Authors: Cherniak Iurii , Zakharenkova Irina , Redmon Robert J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe report first results on the study of the high‐latitude ionospheric irregularities observed in worldwide GPS data during the St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm (17 March 2015). Multisite GPS observations from more than 2500 ground‐based GPS stations were used to analyze the dynamics of the ionospheric irregularities in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The most intense ionospheric irregularities lasted for more than 24 h starting at 07 UT of 17 March. This period correlates well with an increase of the auroral Hemispheric Power index. We find hemispheric asymmetries in the intensity and spatial structure of the ionospheric irregularities. Over North America, the ionospheric irregularities zone expanded equatorward below ~45°N geographic latitude. Additionally, the strong midlatitude and high‐latitude GPS phase irregularities in the auroral oval were found to be related to the formation of storm enhanced density and deepening of the main ionospheric trough through upper atmosphere ionization by energetic particle precipitation. Significant increases in the intensity of the irregularities within the polar cap region of both hemispheres were associated with the formation and evolution of the storm enhanced density/tongue of ionization structures and polar patches.
Phosphine‐Catalyzed Regioselective and Stereoselective Hydrohalogenation Reaction of 2‐(1‐Alkynyl)‐2‐alken‐1‐ones: Synthesis of 2‐Halo‐1,3‐dienes
Authors: Li Wenbo , Gao Lihua , Yue Zhenting , Zhang Junliang 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA triphenylphosphine (PPh3)‐catalyzed, regioselective and stereoselective hydrohalogenation reaction of 2‐(1‐alkynyl)‐2‐alken‐1‐ones with metal halides in the presence of acetic acid is described, furnishing functionalized 3,4‐disubstituted 2‐halo‐1,3‐dienes in moderate to good yields with high stereoselectivity and regiospecificity. The simple execution, mild conditions and the potential utilization of the products make this protocol attractive.magnified image
The association between economic development, lifestyle differentiation, and C‐reactive protein concentration within rural communities in Hainan Island, China
Authors: Inoue Yosuke , Stickley Andrew , Yazawa Aki , Li Dandan , Du Jianwei , Jin Yuming , Chen Yan , Watanabe Chiho 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveEarlier fieldwork in rural areas of Hainan Island, China, demonstrated that during the course of economic development increasing differences had emerged in lifestyles within communities. It is possible that these variations might have stratified residents into subpopulations with different health attributes. This study examined the association between C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentration, a biomarker of future cardiovascular events, and personal lifestyle parameters and the degree of community‐level economic development among rural communities.MethodsA cross‐sectional field survey was undertaken in 19 rural communities in Hainan. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 1,744 participants. Dried blood spot samples were collected to measure high‐sensitivity CRP concentration. Sex‐stratified multilevel regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with CRP concentration among the participants.ResultsWhile CRP concentration was negatively associated with being married and (more) education among men, for women CRP concentration was associated with the frequency of poultry consumption (P = 0.014) and the experience of migratory work in the previous year (P = 0.009). In addition, for females, living in communities with a greater degree of inequality, as indexed by the Gini coefficient, was also associated with increased CRP concentration (P = 0.003).ConclusionGiven that CRP concentration is a marker of future CVD risk, this study suggests that within these previously homogenous rural communities, economic development might have stratified people into population subgroups with a different CVD risk. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:186–196, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copy number variations in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica
Authors: Sato Shinya , Yamamoto Ken , Matsushita Takuya , Isobe Noriko , Kawano Yuji , Iinuma Kyoko , Niino Masaaki , Fukazawa Toshiyuki , Nakamura Yuri , Watanabe Mitsuru , Yonekawa Tomomi , Masaki Katsuhisa , Yoshimura Satoshi , Murai Hiroyuki , Yamasaki Ryo , Kira Jun‐ichi ,   and the Japan Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveTo clarify the potential association of copy number variations (CNVs) with multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) in Japanese cases.MethodsGenome‐wide association analyses of CNVs among 277 MS patients, 135 NMO/NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patients, and 288 healthy individuals as a discovery cohort, and among 296 MS patients, 76 NMO/NMOSD patients, and 790 healthy individuals as a replication cohort were performed using high‐density single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays.ResultsA series of discovery and replication studies revealed that most identified CNVs were 5 to 50kb deletions at particular T cell receptor (TCR) gamma and alpha loci regions. Among these CNVs, a TCR gamma locus deletion was found in 16.40% of MS patients (p = 2.44E‐40, odds ratio [OR] = 52.6), and deletion at the TCR alpha locus was found in 17.28% of MS patients (p = 1.70E‐31, OR = 13.0) and 13.27% of NMO/NMOSD patients (p = 5.79E‐20, OR = 54.6). These CNVs were observed in peripheral blood T‐cell subsets only, suggesting the CNVs were somatically acquired. NMO/NMOSD patients carrying the CNV tended to be seronegative for anti–aquaporin‐4 antibody or had significantly lower titers than those without CNV.InterpretationDeletion‐type CNVs at specific TCR loci regions contribute to MS and NMO susceptibility. Ann Neurol 2015;78:Ann Neurol 2015;78:679–696
Dendronized Hyperbranched Macromolecules: Soft Matter with a Novel Type of Segmental Distribution
Authors: Lederer Albena , Burchard Walther , Hartmann Tobias , Haataja Johannes S. , Houbenov Nikolay , Janke Andreas , Friedel Peter , Schweins Ralf , Lindner Peter 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDendronization of a hyperbranched polyester with different generation dendrons leads to pseudo‐dendritic structures. The hyperbranched core is modified by the divergent coupling of protected monomer units to the functional groups. Compared to dendrimers, the synthetic effort is significantly less, but the properties are very close to those of high‐generation dendrimers. The number of functional groups, molar mass, and rheology behavior even in the early generation (G1–G4) pseudo‐dendrimers strongly resembles the behavior of dendrimers in higher generations (G5–G8). Comparison of the segmental and internal structure with perfect dendrimers is performed using SANS, dynamic light scattering and viscosity analysis, microscopy and molecular dynamics simulation. The interpretation of the results reveals unique structural characteristics arising from lower segmental density of the core, which turns into a soft nano‐sphere with a smooth surface even in the first generation.
Observation of a Thermally Accessible Triplet State Resulting from Rotation around a Main‐Group π Bond
Authors: Kostenko Arseni , Tumanskii Boris , Karni Miriam , Inoue Shigeyoshi , Ichinohe Masaaki , Sekiguchi Akira , Apeloig Yitzhak 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe report the first direct spectroscopic observation by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of a triplet diradical that is formed in a thermally induced rotation around a main‐group π bond, that is, the SiSi double bond of tetrakis(di‐tert‐butylmethylsilyl)disilene (1). The highly twisted ground‐state geometry of singlet 1 allows access to the perpendicular triplet diradical 2 at moderate temperatures of 350–410 K. DFT‐calculated zero‐field splitting (ZFS) parameters of 2 accurately reproduce the experimentally observed half‐field transition. Experiment and theory suggest a thermal equilibrium between 1 and 2 with a very low singlet–triplet energy gap of only 7.3 kcal mol−1.
Detection of dependence patterns with delay
Authors: Chevallier Julien , Laloë Thomas 
Published: August 2015

The Unitary Events (UE) method is a popular and efficient method used this last decade to detect dependence patterns of joint spike activity among simultaneously recorded neurons. The first introduced method is based on binned coincidence count (Grün, 1996) and can be applied on two or more simultaneously recorded neurons. Among the improvements of the methods, a transposition to the continuous framework has recently been proposed by Muiño and Borgelt (2014) and fully investigated by Tuleau‐Malot et al. (2014) for two neurons. The goal of the present paper is to extend this study to more than two neurons. The main result is the determination of the limit distribution of the coincidence count. This leads to the construction of an independence test between neurons. Finally, we propose a multiple test procedure via a Benjamini and Hochberg approach (Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995). All the theoretical results are illustrated by a simulation study, and compared to the UE method proposed by Grün et al. (2002). Furthermore our method is applied on real data.
Membrane‐induced structure of novel human tachykinin hemokinin‐1 (hHK1)
Authors: Ganjiwale Anjali , Cowsik Sudha M. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTPPT‐C encoded hemokinin‐1(hHK‐1) of Homo sapiens (TGKASQFFGLM) is a structurally distinct neuropeptide among the tachykinin family that participate in the NK‐1 receptor downstream signaling processes. Subsequently, signal transduction leads to execution of various effector functions which includes aging, immunological, and central nervous system (CNS) regulatory actions. However the conformational pattern of ligand receptor binding is unclear. The three‐dimensional structure of the hemokinin‐1 in aqueous and micellar environment has been studied by one and two‐dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance (2D 1H‐NMR spectroscopy) and distance geometry calculations. Data shows that hemokinin‐1 was unstructured in aqueous environment; anionic detergent SDS induces α‐helix formation. Proton NMR assignments have been carried out with the aid of correlation spectroscopy (gradient‐COSY and TOCSY) and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY and ROESY) experiments. The inter proton distances and dihedral angle constraints obtained from the NMR data have been used in torsion angle dynamics algorithm for NMR applications (CYANA) to generate a family of structures, which have been refined using restrained energy minimization and dynamics. Helical conformation is observed from residue K3‐M11. The conformational range of the peptide revealed by NMR studies has been analyzed in terms of characteristic secondary features. Observed conformational features have been compared to that of Substance P potent NK1 agonist. Thus the report provides a structural insight to study hHK‐1‐NK1 interaction that is essential for hHK1 based signaling events. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 702–710, 2015.
Biomimetic repeat protein derived from Xenopus tropicalis for fibrous scaffold fabrication
Authors: Kwon Yunkyeoung , Yang Yun Jung , Jung Dooyup , Hwang Byeong Hee , Cha Hyung Joon 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTCollagen, silk, and elastin are the fibrous proteins consist of representative amino acid repeats. Because these proteins exhibited distinguishing mechanical properties, they have been utilized in diverse applications, such as fiber‐based sensors, filtration membranes, supporting materials, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Despite their infinite prevalence and potential, most studies have only focused on a few repeat proteins. In this work, the hypothetical protein with a repeat motif derived from the frog Xenopus tropicalis was obtained and characterized for its potential as a novel protein‐based material. The codon‐optimized recombinant frog repeat protein, referred to as ‘xetro’, was produced at a high rate in a bacterial system, and an acid extraction‐based purified xetro protein was successfully fabricated into microfibers and nanofibers using wet spinning and electrospinning, respectively. Specifically, the wet‐spun xetro microfibers demonstrated about 2‐ and 1.5‐fold higher tensile strength compared with synthetic polymer polylactic acid and cross‐linked collagen, respectively. In addition, the wet‐spun xetro microfibers showed about sevenfold greater stiffness than collagen. Therefore, the mass production potential and greater mechanical properties of the xetro fiber may result in these fibers becoming a new promising fiber‐based material for biomedical engineering. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 659–664, 2015.
Inter‐microcarrier transfer and phenotypic stability of stem cell‐derived Schwann cells in stirred suspension bioreactor culture
Authors: Shakhbazau Antos , Mirfeizi Leila , Walsh Tylor , Wobma Holly M. , Kumar Ranjan , Singh Bhagat , Kallos Michael S. , Midha Rajiv 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTEmerging bioreactor technologies offer an effective way for scaled‐up production of large numbers of cells for cell therapy applications. One of the clinical paradigms where cell therapy can be an asset is restorative neurosciences. Nerve repair can benefit from the injections of stem cells and/or Schwann cells, acting as a source for axon myelination, myelin debris clearance, and trophic support. We have adapted microcarrier‐based suspension bioreactor culture for Schwann cells (SCs) differentiated from a new stem cell source – skin‐derived precursors (SKPs). SKP‐derived SCs attach and grow on different types of microcarriers in both static and stirred culture, with Cytodex 3 and CultiSpher‐S found most effective. Inter‐microcarrier migration of SKP‐SCs represents a key mechanism for rapid expansion and colonization in stirred suspension culture. We have shown that microcarrier‐expanded SKP‐SCs cells express Schwann cell markers p75‐NTR, GFAP and S100 and retain their key ability to myelinate axons both in vitro and in vivo. Scaled‐up microcarrier‐based production of SKP‐SCs in suspension bioreactors appears feasible for timely generation of sufficient cell numbers for nerve repair strategies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 393–402. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Too Little or too much? Exploring U‐shaped Relationships between Corporate Environmental Performance and Corporate Financial Performance
Authors: Trumpp Christoph , Guenther Thomas 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDespite 40 years of research on the relationship between corporate environmental performance (CEP) and corporate financial performance (CFP), there is no generally accepted theoretical framework that explains the contradictory results that have emerged. This unsatisfactory status may be attributed to the fact that linear models dominate the research. Based on an international sample of 2361 firm‐years from 2008 to 2012, we find empirical evidence of a non‐linear, specifically a U‐shaped, relationship between carbon performance and profitability as well as between waste intensity and profitability. The same result holds for the relationship between carbon performance and stock market performance, but solely for manufacturing industries. Our empirical findings provide evidence for the theoretical framework of a ‘too‐little‐of‐a‐good‐thing’ (TLGT) effect, which indicates that the type of relationship (positive, negative) depends on the level of CEP. More precisely, there is a negative CEP–CFP relationship for companies with low CEP and a positive association for high CEP. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Commitment to Sustainability in Small and Medium‐Sized Enterprises: The Influence of Strategic Orientations and Management Values
Authors: Jansson Johan , Nilsson Jonas , Modig Frida , Hed Vall Gabriella 
Published: August 2015

AbstractEcosystem degradation and social sustainability have become important issues in the corporate sphere during the last few decades. However, research discussing corporate social responsibility and related concepts has often focused on larger companies, sometimes neglecting the specifics of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). The main purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between two common strategic orientations, market orientation (MO) and entrepreneurial orientation (EO), in relation to sustainability commitment, sustainability practices and management values in SMEs. Questionnaire responses from 450 Swedish SMEs were analyzed, confirming the influence of MO, EO and sustainability practices on commitment to sustainability, implying that firms committed to sustainability see both market and entrepreneurial advantages of sustainability. The results also show that different parts of MO and EO differ in importance for commitment to sustainability among SMEs. Implications concern the importance for firms and policymakers to work with sustainability issues using both internal and external perspectives. © 2015 The Authors. Business Strategy and the Environment published by ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Munificence, Dynamism, and Complexity: How Industry Context Drives Corporate Sustainability
Authors: Chen Hongquan , Zeng Saixing , Lin Han , Ma Hanyang 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDoes external industry context exert an influence on the development of corporate sustainable development? In keeping with the view that environmental responsibility generates new and competitive resources for firms, we posit that three distinct industry contextual characteristics, namely munificence, dynamism, and complexity, can influence corporate environmentally responsible behaviors. Our conceptual framework is supported by empirical evidence that draws on a sample of 746 Chinese listed firms in manufacturing sectors. Our findings suggest that dynamism increases the likelihood of firms behaving in environmentally responsible ways, whereas complexity decreases this likelihood. The relationships between dynamism and environmental responsibility are stronger in firms with low levels of organizational slack. Moreover, we find that resource‐abundant firms are more likely to behave responsibly toward the natural environment in a high‐munificence industry context. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment