bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Droplet infiltration and organic matter composition of intact crack and biopore surfaces from clay‐illuvial horizons
Authors: Leue Martin , Gerke Horst H. , Godow Sophie C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe organic matter (OM) in biopore walls and aggregate coatings may be important for sorption of reactive solutes and water as well as for solute mass exchange between the soil matrix and the preferential flow (PF) domains in structured soil. Structural surfaces are coated by illuvial clay‐organic material and by OM of different origin, e.g., earthworm casts and root residues. The objectives were to verify the effect of OM on wettability and infiltration of intact structural surfaces in clay‐illuvial horizons (Bt) of Luvisols and to investigate the relevance of the mm‐scale distribution of OM composition on the water and solute transfer. Intact aggregate surfaces and biopore walls were prepared from Bt horizons of Luvisols developed from Loess and glacial till. The mm‐scale spatial distribution of OM composition was scanned using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. The ratio between alkyl and carboxyl functional groups in OM was used as potential wettability index (PWI) of the OM. The infiltration dynamics of water and ethanol droplets were determined measuring contact angles (CA) and water drop penetration times (WDPT). At intact surfaces of earthworm burrows and coated cracks of the Loess‐Bt, the potential wettability of the OM was significantly reduced compared to the uncoated matrix. These data corresponded to increased WDPT, indicating a mm‐scaled sub‐critical water repellency. The relation was highly linear for earthworm burrows and crack coatings from the Loess‐Bt with WDPT > 2.5 s. Other surfaces of the Loess‐Bt and most surfaces of the till‐derived Bt were not found to be repellent. At these surfaces, no relations between the potential wettability of the OM and the actual wettability of the surface were found. The results suggest that water absorption at intact surface structures, i.e., mass exchange between PF paths and soil matrix, can be locally affected by a mm‐scale OM distribution if OM is of increased content and is enriched in alkyl functional groups. For such surfaces, the relation between potential and actual wettability provides the possibility to evaluate the mm‐scale spatial distribution of wettability and sorption and mass exchange from DRIFT spectroscopic scanning.
Response of cotton root growth and yield to root restriction under various water and nitrogen regimes
Authors: Luo Hong Hai , Tao Xian Ping , Hu Yuan Yuan , Zhang Ya Li , Zhang Wang Feng 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWater and nitrogen (N) are two major factors limiting cotton growth and yield. The ability of plants to absorb water and nutrients is closely related to the size of the root system and the rooting space. Better understanding of the physiological mechanisms by which cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) adapts to water and N supply when rooting volume is restricted would be useful for improving cotton yield. In this study, cotton was grown in soil columns to control rooting depth to either 60 cm (root‐restriction treatment) or 120 cm (no‐root‐restriction treatment). Four water–N combinations were applied to the plants: (1) deficit irrigation and no N fertilizer (W0N0), (2) deficit irrigation and moderate N fertilizer rate (W0N1), (3) moderate irrigation and no N fertilizer (W1N0), and (4) moderate irrigation and moderate N fertilizer rate (W1N1). Results revealed that root restriction reduced root length density (RLD), root volume density (RVD), root mass density (RMD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, total plant biomass, and root : shoot ratio. In contrast, root restriction increased aboveground biomass and yield. The RLD, RVD, RMD, and root : shoot ratio decreased in the order W0N0 > W1N0 > W0N1 > W1N1 in both the root‐restriction and no‐root‐restriction treatments. However, the opposite order (i.e., W1N1 > W0N1 > W1N0 > W0N0) was observed for SOD activity, NR activity, aboveground biomass, and seed yield. Our results suggest that, when N and water supplies are adequate, root restriction increases both root activity and the availability of photosynthates to aboveground plant parts. This increases shoot growth, the shoot : root ratio, and yield.
Techno‐functional characterization of salad dressing emulsions supplemented with pea, lentil and chickpea flours
Authors: Ma Zhen , Boye Joyce I , Swallow Kevin , Malcolmson Linda , Simpson Benjamin K 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDSalad dressings supplemented with pulse flours are novel products. A three‐factor face‐centered central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the effect of pulse flour concentration (3.5%, 7%, 10.5% w/w), egg yolk concentration (3%, 5%, 7% w/w) and oil concentration (20%, 35%, 50% w/w) on the rheological and color characteristics of salad dressings supplemented with pulse flours.RESULTSThe consistency coefficient m, plateau modulus , recoverable strain Q(t) and color values were all affected by the concentrations of pulse flours used. Scanning electron microscopy showed that dressings with lower oil and egg yolk contents had a less densely packed network compared with dressings with higher oil and egg yolk contents. Sensory results were most promising for salad dressings supplemented with the whole green lentil, yellow pea with low flour content, and chickpea with high oil content.CONCLUSIONThis study should be useful for designing novel types of salad dressings to meet market requirements as well as helping to increase pulse consumption. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Market Profiling and Positioning of Park Brands in Kenya (Case of Premium and Under‐Utilized Parks)
Authors: Maingi Shem Wambugu , Ondigi Alice N. , Wadawi Joseph Kibuye 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe study sought to investigate the market profiling and positioning of park branding in Kenya. Tourism arrivals in Kenya are currently spatially concentrated in only six parks, which receive 81% of the total number of visitors to the country's 26 wildlife sanctuaries. A descriptive survey design was adopted in the study. Two‐stage cluster sampling technique was adopted. The focus of the study was on four protected areas within the Central Tourism region, Kenya. Cluster analysis indicated that the park brands attracted differentiated cluster segments. The results implied that tourism marketing and promotion ought to design, package and promote the brand differently to meet targeted needs of these segments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The transverse musculo‐cutaneous gracilis flap for breast reconstruction: How to avoid complications
Authors: Bodin Frédéric , Dissaux Caroline , Dupret‐Bories Agnes , Schohn Thomas , Fiquet Caroline , Bruant‐Rodier Catherine 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundThe transverse musculocutaneous gracilis (TMG) flap has become a common solution for breast reconstruction. However, the safe skin paddle limits are not yet understood. In this study, we attempted to address this issue based on our experiences with inferior and posterior skin paddle extension.MethodsForty‐four breast reconstructions with TMG flaps performed between November 2010 and January 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. For the first 20 cases, the flap skin paddle was extended 3 cm posteriorly to the middle thigh (group 1). For the next 20 flaps (group 2), the posterior tip was limited to this line, whereas more fat was recruited inferiorly. In the four cases of group 3, the skin flap was extended posteriorly with a second vascular pedicle from the profunda artery perforator (PAP) flap. The weights and the dimensions of the flaps, operating durations, and postoperative complications of the entire series were analyzed. Groups 1 and 2 were statistically compared.ResultsFlap complications were statistically more frequent in group 1 compared with group 2 (45 vs. 0%, P = 0.0012); 40% posterior flap tip necrosis was observed in group 1. Conversely, donor site complications were statistically more frequent in group 2 than in group 1 (40 vs. 5%, P = 0.019) with 35% inner thigh dehiscence. In the TMG with extended PAP flap group, the operating duration was 77 min longer compared with the rest of the series with no donor site complications. In one case, limited necrosis occurred at the anterior skin tip.ConclusionsHarvesting the posterior portion of the TMG up to the middle of the posterior thigh may lead to partial flap necrosis. Extending subcutaneous fat removal under the inferior skin incision may increase the risk of donor site complications. Adding a second vascular pedicle from the PAP flap may improve posterior TMG tip perfusion at the expense of a longer operation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:42–48, 2016.
Re‐induction chemoimmunotherapy with epratuzumab in relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): Phase II results from Children's Oncology Group (COG) study ADVL04P2
Authors: Raetz Elizabeth A. , Cairo Mitchell S. , Borowitz Michael J. , Lu Xiaomin , Devidas Meenakshi , Reid Joel M. , Goldenberg David M. , Wegener William A. , Zeng Hui , Whitlock James A. , Adamson Peter C. , Hunger Stephen P. , Carroll William L. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundGiven the success of immunotherapeutic approaches in hematologic malignancies, the COG designed a phase I/II study to determine whether the addition of epratuzumab (anti‐CD22) to an established chemotherapy platform improves rates of second remission (CR2) in pediatric patients with B‐lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL) and early bone marrow relapse.ProcedureTherapy consisted of three established blocks of re‐induction chemotherapy. Epratuzumab (360 mg/m2/dose) was combined with chemotherapy on weekly × 4 (B1) and twice weekly × 4 [eight doses] (B2) schedules during the first re‐induction block. Remission rates and minimal residual disease (MRD) status were compared to historical rates observed with the identical chemotherapy platform alone.ResultsCR2 was achieved in 65 and 66%, of the evaluable B1 (n = 54) and B2 patients (n = 60), respectively; unchanged from that observed historically without epratuzumab. Rates of MRD negativity (<0.01%) were 31% in B1 (P = 0.4128) and 39% in B2 patients (P = 0.1731), compared to 25% in historical controls. The addition of epratuzumab was well tolerated, with a similar toxicity profile to that observed with the re‐induction chemotherapy platform regimen alone.ConclusionsEpratuzumab was well tolerated in combination with re‐induction chemotherapy. While CR2 rates were not improved compared to historical controls treated with chemotherapy alone, there was a non‐significant trend towards improvement in MRD response with the addition of epratuzumab (twice weekly for eight doses) to re‐induction chemotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1171–1175. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preventive antibiotics in pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
Authors: Nolt Dawn , Lindemulder Susan , Meyrowitz Jeffrey , Chang Bill H. , Malempati Suman , Thomas Gregory , Stork Linda 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundTreatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) comes with a significant risk of life‐threatening infection during periods of prolonged severe neutropenia. We studied the impact of preventive intravenous (IV) antibiotic administration at onset of absolute neutropenia on the incidence and outcome of life‐threatening infections during treatment of childhood AML.ProceduresThis is a retrospective study on pediatric patients (aged 0–18 years) consecutively diagnosed with de novo AML and treated at a single institution from April 2005 through February 2013. Patients were treated on the Children's Oncology Group (COG) AAML0531 protocol or with a modified United Kingdom Medical Research Council (UK MRC) AML 10 regimen. Pertinent data were extracted from hard copy or electronic chart review.ResultsA total of 76 chemotherapy phases were analyzed from 29 patients. In each phase reported, preventive antibiotics were initiated when the daily absolute neutrophil count was <500 cells/mcl, before onset of fever. Seven episodes of bacteremia were documented with predominantly coagulase‐negative staphylococci and viridans group streptococci. One infection‐related death occurred, attributed to progressive respiratory failure occurring months after documented candidal pneumonia.ConclusionsInitiation of preventive antibiotics at the onset of absolute neutropenia was associated with no mortality from bacteremia. This preventive approach appears feasible and safe. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1149–1154. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variant allele of HSD3B1 increases progression to castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Wu Gang , Huang Shengsong , Nastiuk Kent L. , Li Jinliang , Gu Jun , Wu Ming , Zhang Qimin , Lin Hanqing , Wu Denglong 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (3βHSD1), which is a rate‐limiting enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adrenal‐derived steroid dehydroepiandrosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), may be a promising target for treating castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).METHODSFrom 2004 to 2011, a total of 103 consecutive patients presenting with advanced prostate cancer were included in this study. All patients were treated with surgical castration as androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT). Germline DNA was extracted from archived tissue from each patient and sequenced. PSA half‐time (representing rate to PSA nadir after ADT), the incidence of, and time to CRPC occurrence, and cause‐specific mortality rates were determined during the 3–10 years follow‐up. The perioperative data and postoperative outcomes are compared. The patients were retrospectively analyzed for survival time.RESULTSOf the 103 patient samples analyzed, 18 harbored a heterozygous variant (1245C) HSD3B1 gene, while 85 patients were homozygous wild‐type (1245A) for HSD3B1. The two groups were homogenous for age, PSA, Gleason and metastases rate preoperatively. The incidence of CRPC observed in the variant group was significantly higher than that of wild‐type group (100% vs. 64.7%, respectively; P = 0.003). Despite this higher incidence of CRPC, there were no significant differences in time to develop CRPC, or in cause‐specific mortality. Further, neither PSA half‐time, nor time to biochemical recurrence were different between the variant and wild‐type groups.CONCLUSIONProstate cancer patients who harbored the heterozygous variant HSD3B1 (1245C) are more likely to develop to CRPC, but do not have shorter time to biochemical recurrence, shorter survival time or higher mortality risk. Prostate 75:777–782, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Kazakh–German Social Space: Decreasing Transnational Ties and Symbolic Social Protection
Authors: Sienkiewicz Joanna J. , Sadovskaya Yelena , Amelina Anna 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThrough migration, expectations and obligations of social protection can change and migrants can be faced with the situation where they are not able to fulfil these new expectations, for example, because of a lack of (financial) resources. The sending of parcels to Kazakhstan will be used in this paper as an example of one form of symbolic protection – by which we mean protection where the symbolic value is very high whilst the material value is low – within the German–Kazakh social space, which allows migrants to maintain transnational ties and be the provider of protection to their relatives left behind. Drawing on interviews collected in a multi‐sited matched sample approach, we demonstrate that when family members in both countries compare life chances, a ‘transnational space of comparison’ emerges. Transnational comparisons in the German–Kazakh social space shape expectations of reciprocity in informal protection that often diverge from those within the national space. For example, migrants in Germany can be defined by their family members as in need of protection within a national network but at the same time as providers of protection within transnational networks. We argue that transnational comparisons can lead to inequalities within multi‐locally organised families, such as the exclusion of migrants in Germany from transnational informal protection. Our study contributes to the literature on social protection by drawing attention to a form of protection in transnational spaces that has low material but high symbolic value, indicating the symbolic dimension of social protection. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Gotta Go Visit Family’: Reconsidering the Relationship Between Tourism and Transnationalism
Authors: von Koppenfels Amanda Klekowski , Mulholland Jon , Ryan Louise 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA comparative examination of two groups of highly skilled Global North migrants – US citizens (Americans) in London, Berlin, and Paris and French citizens in London – this paper explores the nature of these migrants' visits home, situating these visits between tourism and transnationalism. We question whether there has been a tendency to conceptualise visits home by migrants from the Global North as tourism and those from the Global South as transnational engagement. We found that our study participants' visits home often incorporated visits to family, relaxation, tourism, and cultural transmission to children, suggesting there is not a clear distinction between tourism and transnationalism. At the same time, we noted a certain tension between transnationalism, here primarily familial obligations, and tourism, as migrants sought to balance a felt need to visit family and a desire to have some aspect of relaxation or tourism. Visits home also often necessitated negotiations of social relations – often in both home and host countries. Finally, we noted a bidirectionality in visits: migrants visited home, but family and friends visited them as well, which also serves to maintain social connections with home, suggesting that the implications of this bidirectionality for the nature of transnationalism are an area for future research. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robot‐assisted radical adrenalectomy with clamping of the vena cava for excision of a metastatic adrenal vein thrombus: a case report
Authors: Ploumidis Achilles , Spinoit Anne‐Françoise , De Naeyer Geert , Ficarra Vincenzo , Mottrie Alexandre 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundRenal or adrenal neoplastic vein thrombi are relative contra‐indications for laparoscopic treatment. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first robot‐assisted radical adrenalectomy (RARA) with the presence of a thrombus in the adrenal vein.MethodsA 54 year‐old male with a history of laparoscopic left radical nephrectomy for clear cell carcinoma was referred to our department with a diagnosed right adrenal tumour extending into the adrenal vein. A RARA was planned through a trans‐peritoneal approach, and an en bloc resection of the adrenal and its vein with clamping of the vena cava was performed.ResultsConsole time was 94 min and the estimated blood loss was 44 ml. The pathology report confirmed clear cell carcinoma with negative surgical margins. Convalescence was uneventful.ConclusionRARA with thrombectomy and vascular reconstruction can be safe, effective and feasible in experienced hands, using robotic bulldogs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing the genotoxicity of a potentially carcinogenic and a noncarcinogenic PAH, singly, and in binary combination, on peripheral blood cells of the European sea bass
Authors: Martins Marta , Ferreira Ana M. , Costa Maria H. , Costa Pedro M. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTResearch on the toxicological mechanisms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) deemed carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic has mostly been developed for individual compounds even though, in the environment, PAHs invariably occur in mixtures. The present work aimed at understanding the interaction effects of two model PAHs, the potentially carcinogenic benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F) and the noncarcinogenic phenanthrene (Phe) to a marine fish (the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax). The study endeavoured an ecologically‐relevant scenario with respect to concentrations and contaminant matrix, sediments, which are the main reservoirs of these substances in the environment, due to their hydrophobic nature. For the purpose, 28‐day laboratorial bioassays with spiked sediments (with individual and combined PAHs at equitoxic concentrations) were conducted. Genotoxicity was determined in peripheral blood through the “Comet” assay and by scoring erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA). The results showed that exposure to either PAHs induced similar levels of DNA strand breaks, although without a clear dose‐ or time‐response, likely due to the low concentrations of exposure and potential shits in PAH bioavailability during the assays. However, clastogenic/aneugenic lesions were only observed in fish exposed to B[b]F‐spiked sediments. Conversely, the combination assays revealed a supra‐additive effect especially at chromosome level, linked to concentrations of PAHs in water. A decrease in DNA‐strand breakage was observed over time during all assays, revealing some ability of fish to cope with this DNA lesion. Overall, the findings show that low‐moderate concentrations of sediment‐bound mixed PAHs may significantly increase the hazard of mutagenesis even when the individual concentrations indicate low risk, especially considering that chromosome‐level damage is unlikely to be repaired, leading to the fixation of DNA lesions upon prolonged exposures. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1307–1318, 2016.
Mutagenicity of cigarette butt waste in the bacterial reverse mutation assay: The protective effects of β‐caryophyllene and β‐caryophyllene oxide
Authors: Di Giacomo Silvia , Mazzanti Gabriela , Di Sotto Antonella 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTCigarette filters pose a serious litter and toxic waste disposal problem, because of their not biodegradability and to the leaching of toxins in the environment. Therefore, cigarette butts need to be manipulated as special waste, with potential risks to human health and environment. In the present study, the genotoxic potential of a methanol extract from commonly discharged cigarette butts (CBE) was evaluated in the bacterial reverse mutation assay on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA strains, both in the absence and presence of the S9 exogenous metabolic activator. Furthermore, the ability of the natural sesquiterpenes β‐caryophyllene (CRY) and β‐caryophyllene oxide (CRYO) to inhibit the mutagenicity of CBE was studied as a possible preventive strategy. In order to identify the potential antimutagenic mechanisms, three different protocols (pretreatment, cotreatment, and posttreatment) were applied. CBE showed to increase the number of revertant colonies in all the strains tested in presence of S9, so resulting mutagenic. In the antimutagenicity assay, both CRY and CRYO significantly reduced the revertant colonies induced by CBE, although with different potency and specificity. For both sesquiterpenes, the antimutagenicity was strong in all experimental conditions, except for the cotreatment of CRY with CBE in WP2uvrA, which produced a moderate inhibition. Both desmutagenic and bioantimutagenic mechanisms seem to be involved in the antimutagenicity of the test substances. Taking into account the potential genotoxicity of cigarette butts, CRY and CRYO appear as possible further candidates as environmental decontaminants against this hazardous waste. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1319–1328, 2016.