bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OIL SPILL CLEANUP ASSESSMENT FOR THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN*
Authors: Miller J. Wesley , McCracken Edward , Solomon Robert L. , Hutchins Harry 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A systematic and detailed evaluation of oil spill control and cleanup capabilities for the Columbia River Basin was conducted to meet the specific directives of Congress in Public Law 95–308. Planned increases in oil tanker traffic caused concern that transportation, production, and handling of oil in, on, and near the navigable and ocean waters of the Columbia River Basin system create substantial environmental risks. Therefore, a thorough, detailed assessment of the current plans and capabilities to best prevent, contain, clean up, or mitigate the damages resulting from possible oil spills and discharges was required to protect this marine, estuarine, and fresh water system. The overall objective of the project was to provide an example of state-of-the-art spill risk management planning for an important region, so that the similar work can be performed for other regions in the near future. The U.S. Coast Guard presented the conclusions and recommendations to the Congress, as required.
STATUTORY CRITERIA: COAST GUARD PENALTY ASSESSMENTS UNDER THE FEDERAL POLLUTION CONTROL ACT, SECTION 311(b)
Authors: Delaney Steven J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses those particular statutory criteria that determine whether a civil penalty will be assessed by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) for an alleged discharge of oil or a hazardous substance. Under Section 311(b) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA), as amended, the USCG is responsible for assessing a monetary civil penalty when a prohibited quantity of oil/has been discharged into jurisdictional waters. Since 1970, there have been significant statutory, regulatory, and policy changes that have affected the exercise of this USCG responsibility. These changes are explained in such a way that the reader may determine the present state of this particular enforcement program, as viewed by the USCG and the courts.
The principal inquiries addressed in this paper are:Has there been a violation?Is a particular party liable to the assessment of a civil penalty?What factors affect the size of the penalty that may be assessed?
DEVELOPMENT OF A FLARING BURNER OIL DISPOSAL SYSTEM*
Authors: Beach Robert L. , Goldman Kenneth R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A flaring burner for disposal of oil recovered from spill cleanup operations has been built and tested, and is being incorporated into a prototype Flaring Burner Disposal System for the U.S. Coast Guard. This system will meet Coast Guard requirements for air transportability, rapid deployment, and safe operation in remote arctic or offshore locations.
Tests demonstrated that the burner was capable of the following:Smokeless burning of light oil at a design rate of 180 gallons per minute (gpm), with water spray addition.Burning of 200-centistoke (cs) oils with acceptable smoke and low droplet fallout at rates up to 90 gpm.Burning of 1600-cs oil with smoke and droplet-fallout levels that may be acceptable under certain circumstances. This viscosity was in excess of the Coast Guard design objectives for viscosity level.Smokeless burning of low-viscosity water-in-oil emulsions.Nearly smokeless burning of light oils at reduced rates without water spray addition (a consideration for arctic usage).
COHERENT, PLUNGING WATER JETS FOR OIL SPILL CONTROL
Authors: Nash J. H. , Johnson M. G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) has designed a wide variety of water jet applications for control of spilled oil. This latest study reveals the advantage of using a simple nozzle consisting of a standard pipe mounted to produce a coherent vertical jet of water downward. Examples are illustrated with test data for several cost effective, field erectable systems using standard available water pumps and hardware. One system uses a series of jets to converge a 4.5-meter wide, 1-millimeter thick slick to 0.6 meter wide by 8 millimeters thick, moving at 6 knots in waves.
The report reviews experience and test data obtained With a small barge, weir-type skimmer, mounted on a diverting inflatable boom system. This can be used to simulate the new USCG-ZRV fast current skimmer, the Bennett advancing belt skimmer, the U.S. Navy offshore spill tests, and dock simulations with the OHMSETT main bridge.
Advancing skimmers may use the water jet boom system for three reasons. First, it allows an encounter width wider than the skimmer. Next, it will cause a thin slick to become thicker, thereby possibly allowing the skimmer oil pickup techniques to be more efficient. A water jet system can be used to couple a boom-towed skimmer and prevent skirt losses at the skimmer entrance.
Future experiments are planned to field test the water jets in fixed and mobile applications on inland waterways.
OHMSETT RESEARCH OVERVIEW, 1979–1980*
Authors: Farlow John S. , Griffiths Richard A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper presents an overview of the 1979–1980 work performed at the OHMSETT spill research facility of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The experiences of these 2 years are discussed in the light of the purpose and objectives of OHMSETT, as is the probable direction of research there during the coming years.
Foremost among the objectives has been the evaluation and advancement of the state of the art for spill response. The bulk of the effort at OHMSETT, therefore, has been toward testing and investigating ways to improve equipment. This paper briefly summarizes the results of 12 equipment performance evaluations, 2 new equipment development programs, and an experimental oil weathering program.
The equipment evaluated was the U.S. Coast Guard high speed “zero relative velocity” skimmer prototype; the Sapiens Sirene skimming system; the Hydrovac System sweeper arm; the Soviet harbor oil/debris skimmer; the Oil Mop remote skimmer prototype; the Versatile Bennett Arctic skimmer prototype; the Petro-Fiber, Oljesanering, AB Sorbent Distribution/Recovery System; the Global Oil Recovery (DiPerna) skimmer; the Clean Atlantic Associates Fast Response Open Sea Skimming System; the University of Lowell oil gelation system; the Peabody Meyers Corp. Vactor air conveyor; and a Coleman Environmental Pollution Control Equipment Co. vacuum truck.
The equipment developed was the Johnson sampler for stratified liquids and the Johnson high speed skimmer.
Several new areas of work are anticipated for the near future. These include evaluation of cleanup equipment in the presence of ice, increased emphasis on testing at spills-of-opportunity, a study of some of the problems associated with high viscosity water-in-oil emulsions, testing separators and pumps for spill response, increased emphasis on smaller skimmers, and further testing with hazardous materials.
TOXICITY OF CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL TO SHRIMP EXPOSED TO CONSTANT AND DECREASING CONCENTRATIONS IN A FLOWING SYSTEM
Authors: Anderson J. W. , Kiesser S. L. , Bean R. M. , Riley R. G. , Thomas B. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The shrimp Pandalus danae was exposed, in a flowing system, to a water extract of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and to chemically dispersed dilutions of this oil. Mortality produced over a period of 10 hours to 9 days was followed to the point of 50 percent survival in each tank. The product of time to 50 percent mortality (in days) and the measured concentration (in parts per million (ppm)) in each tank was used to describe the toxicity of the solutions. This toxicity index (ppm-days) was 4.5 times higher in the winter and fall than in spring and summer tests with the same oil extract. In the warmer months, when shrimp were more sensitive, oil dispersed with chemicals was about half as toxic as the seawater extract of the oil. Differences in the concentrations of specific petroleum hydrocarbons in the seawater extract and the chemically dispersed oil aid in explaining the toxicity observed. Toxic aromatics represent 98 percent of the extract but only 67 percent of the dispersed oil since the latter is enriched with droplets of oil containing 33 percent saturated and other insoluble components. Linear dilution of dispersed oil to zero in 26 hours resulted in toxicity indices quite similar to those produced in constant exposures.
THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT COMPONENT OF AN OIL SPILL CLEANUP MODEL
Authors: Nyhart J. D. , Psaraftis Harilaos N. , Laird Walter S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An oil spill and its cleanup can be viewed as occurring within a legal environment separable into categories including legal aspects of planning, response action, environmental protection, liability, and compensation. Each may provide enabling rules and constraints that affect the delegation of authority and responsibility to a range of actors. These include the spiller, terminal/facility owner, local emergency cleanup personnel, the Coast Guard, other government officers, volunteers, cleanup contractors, equipment manufacturers, and those damaged by the spill.
This paper describes the legal components of an oil spill cleanup model being developed in a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Sea Grant College Program project involving several representative actors from the above categories. It focuses on the relevant existing legal environment in the United States and its relationship to the different actors. It explores how these relationships, expressed as enabling rules or constraints, may be integrated into the project's strategic, tactical, operational, and damage assessment models.
THE MEDIA AND OIL SPILLS: DOES THE PRESS INFLUENCE DAMAGE PERCEPTIONS
Authors: Rappaport Allen , Zincone Louis H. , Fricke Peter 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Although it is generally accepted that there is no evidence of socioeconomic damages resulting from the Argo Merchant oil spill, a survey undertaken approximately one year revealed that perceptions of significant damage exist among residents of adjacent areas. Concurrently, critics suggest the media exaggerated potential damages. Our findings indicate that erroneous damage perceptions are associated with a number of cultural and demographic variables, including differences in exposure to new media. Persons with erroneous damage perceptions had been exposed to a much larger number of information media reporting on the effects of the spill. Those concerned with providing accurate information will have to supply facts and data to the media, to local public officials, and to residents who are opinion leaders.
THE MASSACHUSETTS OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING PROGRAM
Authors: Garry B. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since August 1979, Massachusetts has been involved in a unique oil spill contingency planning program. This program, which is funded through the Coastal Energy Impact Program, involves three phases.
Phase I entails the development of regional contingency plans. These plans, like others produced on larger and smaller scales, will include such information as the location of oil spill response equipment, the identification of Highly Vulnerable Areas (HVAs), including specific protection strategies and the identification of local personnel-either Harbormasters, shellfish officers, or firefighting personnel-available for a limited local response to any oil spill.
Phase II of the program involves training these local personnel in the basics of oil spill control. The training will emphasize hands-on deployment of boom under various weather and sea conditions and in various natural environments. The training course will be based at the Massachusetts Maritime Academy, will last for 3.5 days and will accommodate 12 to 15 students at each 3.5-day session.
Phase III, which will not be realized until contingency plans are printed and local personnel trained, involves the purchase of oil spill containment equipment for local use. Although a definite funding source has yet to be identified, legislation establishing a minimal per-barrel coastal oil transfer tax has been filed and will be considered by the state legislature in the near future.
The Massachusetts Oil Spill Contingency Planning Program is currently being implemented in Dukes, Nantucket, and Barnstable Counties. Over the next 2 years, the program will be expanded to include the entire Massachusetts coast, excluding Boston Harbor.
TEXAS A&M'S OIL SPILL TRAINING ACTIVITIES—A SIXTH YEAR PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Payne J. Larry , Krone Michael A. , Morris David V. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper will open by briefly tracing the initial development and subsequent evolution of the Texas Engineering Extension Service's (TEEX) oil spill control activities. The paper seeks to examine and evaluate the success of various phases of the activities including the basic 40-hour API Oil Spill Control Course and the newer specialized extension training programs covering oil and hazardous material spill control. Parameters of the evaluation include developmental rationale, audience analysis, educational validity, specific teaching and learning strategies, logistics and implementation, resource utilization, and program evaluation and planning strategies. Important differences and similarities between the basic 40-hour program and the spinoff extension programs are covered carefully in an attempt to provide useful data for those considering the development of similar programs. Finally, the expanded research and technical assistance of the TEEX Oil and Hazardous Material Control Training Division will be discussed briefly.
A PORTABLE INSTRUMENT FOR SCREENING SPILL AND SOURCE OIL SAMPLES1
Authors: Jadamec J. Richard , Kleineberg Gerd A. , Marble Duane A. , Wargo Lisa A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Coast Guard Research and Development Center recently completed a laboratory and field evaluation of a portable (battery-powered) Field Identification Luminescence Monitor (FILM) developed for oil spill identification. This instrument, a simplified fluorescence spectrometer, features high resolution, portability, operational simplicity, and sample-handling versatility. It is designed to record the fluorescence emission spectrum of oil from 280 to 650 nanometers (nm) directly on Polaroid® film for rapid comparisons of spill and suspected source samples directly at the spill site. Samples can be in the form of neat oils, solutions of oil in water, or as deposits on various substrates. Laboratory and field tests indicate that use of this instrument by pollution investigators both reduces the number of samples requiring laboratory analysis and increases the probability that the correct source has been sampled at or in the vicinity of the spill site. This system also can detect other fluorescing materials such as industrial solvents, specific hazardous chemicals, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons.
ENHANCED OIL BIODEGRADATION: A NEW OPERATIONAL TOOL TO CONTROL OIL SPILLS
Authors: Tramier Bernard , Sirvins Andre 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Biodegradation of oil is a natural and universal process. Unfortunately, it is a slow one, and most attempts to enhance it have failed.
A new approach has been devised to try to render this enhancement process operational. A nutrient including nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon has been developed and formulated as an oleophilic micro-emulsion. It is, therefore, not dispersed in seawater.
The nutrient has been tested in laboratory and field situations in temperate and cold climates. Biodegradation rates have ranged from 60 percent to 85 percent depending on conditions. Combined with natural evaporation, enhanced oil biodegradation can lead to a reduction in oil content of at least 65 percent in less than one week.
OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING FOR GEORGES BANK
Authors: Danenberger Elmer P. , Eldridge R. Barry , Crocker Marshall 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Lease Sale #42, held on December 18, 1979, provided the North Atlantic District of the Minerals Management Service (MMS) and the U. S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office, Boston, an opportunity to develop oil spill contingency planning requirements for companies exploring for oil and gas on Georges Bank, one of the world's most productive fisheries.
After extensive consultation with the Coast Guard's Marine Safety Office and Atlantic Strike Team representatives, Clean Atlantic Associates (CAA), an oil industry cleanup cooperative for the Atlantic outer continental shelf, received specific criteria regarding response times, sea-state capabilities, uptake rates, support vessels, storage capabilities, training, and drills. These criteria were developed with the assistance of a technical review board approved by the Commandant of the Coast Guard. CAA met the criteria by purchasing additional response equipment and further demonstrating the capabilities of existing equipment.
Response equipment was maintained at two offshore locations to ensure that the specified six-hour response times could be achieved under normal conditions. The offshore response equipment was deployed by drilling personnel at offshore well sites. CAA and the Atlantic Strike Team successfully conducted a coordinated response exercise on July 30, 1981, in Rhode Island Sound. Additional training classes and a surprise offshore drill have been held subsequently.
METHOD FOR RANKING BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES IN OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING1
Authors: Adams J. K. , Heikamp A. J. , Hannah R. P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A method for identifying and ranking biologically important geographic areas in spill response planning is described. Although this project was conducted to minimize environmental risks due to accidental spillage from the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP), the methodology is widely applicable. The method has three important characteristics: it is driven by the existing information base and easily updated, applicable to all coastal and aquatic environments, and capable of producing a list of priorities within a specific spill response planning area.
The rationale of selecting ranking units and ranking criteria is presented. Habitat was selected as the best available ranking unit for oil spill response planning. “Habitat” is defined, and the attributes of habitats that make them useful analytical units are described. The ranking criteria selected (habitat recovery, persistence of oil, cleanup damage, important species supported, and habitat rarity) are defined and their evaluation explained.
An application of the method is described for the LOOP spill response planning area. Habitats are identified and delineated, and values are assigned to the ranking criteria. The resultant habitat ranking is presented with recommendations for the incorporation of this analysis into a comprehensive oil spill contingency plan using a computerized geographic information system.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESOURCE PROTECTION PLANS: AN ANALYSIS OF METHODS1
Authors: Smith Randall W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the past 10 years, a variety of plans have been developed for the evaluation, assessment and protection of natural resources and wetlands from the impacts of oil spills. Each plan has contributed to our knowledge of resource evaluation and planning. Several methods have been used to develop and organize the information available, as it applies to spill response.
A comparison of several methods in use on the Pacific Coast of the United States is made from existing protection plans. Analysis of the component methods shows that each plan contains elements of similarity to other plans, but each also includes some unique or innovative approaches to the common problems. Distinctive characteristics of each plan are noted, discussed, and compared. The convenience of each plan for use in the field is reviewed.
Each of the resource protection plans develops some needed contribution to interagency oil spill response efforts. There is a trend toward comprehensive planning efforts with practical field application; however, single-purpose plans are useful elements.
Few plans use high-level aerial photography, but low-level aerial photography is common. Few plans develop criteria for damage assessment, and few include archaeological sites which might be disturbed during cleanup activities. Identification of endangered species and critical habitat is gaining acceptance as a method for ordering the priorities for protection, although geomorphological categories also are important for this purpose. It is noteworthy that while sensitivity of habitat often is emphasized, sensitivity of organisms to the toxicity of oil usually is not used as a method for setting priorities.
The practical considerations for each type of planning or assessment method are compared and discussed.
MIRG ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENT: AN OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING TOOL FOR THE GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: Lindstedt-Siva June , Baca Bart J. , Getter Charles D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Several companies involved in the marine transportation of petroleum in the Gulf of Mexico have established the Marine Industry Group (MIRG). MIRG has funded two oil spill contingency planning information projects for the Gulf of Mexico. The Resources and Logistics Element identifies the location and accessibility of cleanup equipment in the area of interest. The Environmental Element describes Gulf of Mexico environments, identifies biologically and socioeconomically sensitive areas, and includes countermeasure considerations.
This paper examines the environmental element of the MIRG project. The purpose of this element is to provide environmental information on the Gulf of Mexico coastline in a form that can easily be used during an oil spill emergency. The information covers both U.S. and Mexican nearshore waters and coastal areas and is specific enough to provide meaningful guidance to spill response personnel.
The environmental element is divided into two volumes. Volume I is an environmental overview of the Gulf of Mexico, including physical processes that influence the movement of spilled oil, a description of Gulf of Mexico environments, an analysis of possible spill impacts, and spill cleanup considerations for each type of environment. Volume II is divided into regional sections. Each section includes overview maps of the area covered, detailed maps of identified sensitive areas, and accompanying data sheets which include reasons for sensitivity, access and possible launch points for equipment, and countermeasure considerations. These volumes are designed to function as field manuals during spills as well as reference documents for spill response planning.
RESULTS OF A FULL-SCALE SURPRISE TEST OF SUN'S MAJOR SPILL RESPONSE PLAN
Authors: Kazmierczak Leon J. , Crawford T. A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Marine Operations Division of Sun Refining and Marketing (formerly Sun Transport Co.), a division of Sun Company, Inc., has conducted a series of drills to assess the effectiveness of its response plan, originally published in 1976. The latest exercise, conducted in November 1981, was by far the most extensive and complicated. Papers presented at the 1979 and 1981 oil spill conferences described the plan, the rationale behind it, and the first test. This paper reports on the findings and experiences of this latest exercise.
The test (as with the original) was known only to a few beforehand to simulate as real-life a situation as possible. Involvement by people and organizations was extensive and included about 40 people representing Sun, the U. S. Coast Guard, the Delaware Bay Cooperative, the University of Delaware, reporters, and a few others. A number of problems identified will be discussed in detail. Two of the more important were early confusion about assignments and reporting; that is, people arriving were not sure where to go or to whom to talk.
In general, the test was a very positive learning experience for all involved. Probably the single most important benefit was that the Sun people acquired a level of experience which they can draw on with some degree of confidence in the event of a major spill.