bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visceral Obesity: A “Civilization Syndrome”
Authors: Björntorp Per 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe controversial question of the relationship between obesity and disease has been considerably clearer after the demonstration in several prospective, epidemiological studies that the subgroup of central, visceral obesity is particularly prone to develop cardiovascular disease, stroke, and noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus.Visceral obesity is associated with multiple central endocrine aberrations. The hypothalamo‐adrenal axis is apparently sensitive to stimuli, sex steroid hormone secretion blunted, and hyperandrogenicity is found in women. In addition, there seem to be signs of central dysfunctions in the regulation of hemodynamic factors after stress, and growth hormone secretion appears to be particularly blunted.Several of these endocrine abnormalities are associated with insulin resistance, particularly glycogen synthesis in muscle. Fiber composition with low type I/type II ratio might be secondary to the prevailing hyperinsulinemia, but low capillary density in muscle may well be of importance. In combination with elevated turn‐over of free fatty acids (FFA) this will probably provide powerful mechanisms whereby insulin resistance is created. Portal FFA, from the highly lipolytic visceral depots may, in addition, affect hepatic metabolism to induce increased gluco‐neogenesis, production of very low density lipoproteins as well as to perhaps inhibit clearance of insulin. By these mechanisms a Metabolic Syndrome may arise in which visceral obesity is a central part.Visceral adipocytes seem to have a high density of several steroid hormone receptors, directing steroid hormone effects particularly to these depots. The net effect of cortisol is apparently a stimulation of lipid storage, with opposing effects of sex steroid hormones which also facilitate lipid mobilization, regulations most often found at the gene transcription level. Growth hormone inhibits cortisol effects on lipid accumulation, and amplifies the lipid mobilizing effects of steroid hormones. The combined perturbations of hormonal secretions will therefore probably direct triglycerides toward visceral depots. Circulatory and nervous regulatory mechanisms require, however, more attention.The multiple central endocrine and nervous aberrations of visceral obesity suggest neuroendocrine dys‐regulations, and have features characteristic of the hypothalamic arousal seen after certain types of stress, alcohol intake, and smoking. Such factors can be traced to subjects with visceral fat accumulation. Standardized stress, eliciting a “defeat reaction” in primates is followed by an apparently identical syndrome.This integrated picture of the multiple symptoms of visceral obesity is based on epidemiological, clinical, experimental, cellular, and molecular evidence. The ingredients of positive energy balance, including physical inactivity, stress, smoking, and alcohol consumption are frequent features of modern, urbanized society. Visceral obesity may therefore be an expression of a “Civilization Syndrome.”
Androgen Treatment of Abdominally Obese Men
Authors: Mårin Per , Holmtäng Sten , Gustafsson Carola , Jönsson ‡Lars , Kvist ‡Henry , Elander Anna , Eldh Jan , Sjöström Lars , Holm Göran , Björntorp Per 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMiddle‐aged men with abdominal obesity were treated in a double‐blind study with moderate doses of transdermal preparations of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or placebo. This resulted in moderately elevated T concentrations and marked decreases in follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones in the group treated with T, while the DHT group showed elevated DHT, markedly lower T values, and less diminution of gonadotropin concentrations. In the group treated with T visceral fat mass decreased (measured by computerized tomography) without significant changes in other depot fat regions. Lean body mass did not change. In the group treated with T, glucose disposal rate, measured with the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp method, was markedly augmented. Plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose concentrations as well as diastolic blood pressure decreased. There were no such changes in the DHT or placebo treatment groups. The men treated with T reported increased well‐being and energy. In none of the groups did prostate volume, specific prostate antigen concentration, genitourinary history, or urinary flow measurement change. It is suggested that supplementation of abdominal obese men with moderate doses of T might have several beneficial effects. (OBESITY RESEARCH 1993;1:245–251)
Hypothalamic Monoaminergic Activity in 11‐Week‐Old Cold‐Exposed Female Lean (Fa/Fa) and Obese (fa/fa) Zucker Rats
Authors: Routh Vanessa H. , Horwitz Barbara A. , Gietzen Dorothy W , Stern Judith S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe previously reported that serotonergic activity was reduced in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) of obese vs. lean male Zucker rats. To verify that this reduction was associated with genotype rather than gender, we measured monoamines and their major metabolites in hypothalamic nuclei of ll‐week‐old female lean (Fa/Fb) and obese (fa/fb) Zucker rats. In addition, since the thermic response to cold is reported to differ between lean and obese rats, some rats were also exposed to 9° or 22° C for 2h to determine if cold exposure altered hypothalamic monoaminergic activity. As in males, levels of 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid [5‐HIAA; major metabolite of serotonin (5‐HT)] and the ratio of 5‐HIANS‐HT were lower in the VMN of obese vs. lean females (P = 0.008, 0.001, respectively). S‐HIANS‐HT was also reduced in the paraventricular (PVN) and suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the obese compared to the lean females. Cold exposure significantly stimulated brown fat mitochondria1 GDP binding in lean but not obese rats. Similarly, levels of norepinephrine, dopamine (DA), 5‐HIAA, and 5‐HT in the PVN, and 5‐HIAA in the SCN increased in cold‐exposed lean but not obese rats. In contrast, VMN and preoptic 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC; major metabolite of DA) increased in the cold‐exposed obese but not lean animals. We conclude that: (1) the blunted peripheral response to cold in obese vs. lean Zucker rats is accompanied by altered hypothalamic monoaminergic activity, the physiological role of which needs further evaluation; and 2) depressed VMN serotonergic activity is associated with the obese genotype (fa/fa) rather than gender and as such may contribute to the reduced sympathetic and enhanced parasympathetic outflow from the VMN.
Racial Differences in Selection of Ideal Body Size by Adolescent Females
Authors: Wilson Diane B. , Sargent Roger , Dias Jim 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCultural differences may partially account for the fact that more black women than white women are overweight in the United States. This study measured perceptions of ideal body size among 93 black and 80 white females, 14–17 years old, who were randomly selected from three public high schools in a southeastern state. The subjects' height and weight were measured along with their estimates of their mother's body size, weight control attitudes, and demographic variables.Blacks preferred a significantly larger body sue than whites when asked to select ideal body size (p=0.045). Subjects who estimated their mother's size to be larger, also selected a larger ideal body size (p=.047). Those who perceived themselves as too fat were more likely to skip meals to help control their weight, compared with those who perceived themselves as normal or too thin (p=.003). Approximately 30% of the sample was overweight or obese. There were not significant racial differences in weight or BMI.These results suggest that overweight is more acceptable among black females than among white females and may help explain why more black females are obese.
Energy Intake and Physical Activity in Pima Indians: Comparison with Energy Expenditure Measured by Doubly‐Labeled Water
Authors: Schulz Leslie O. , Harper Ingeborg T. , Smith Cynthia J. , Kriska Andrea M. , Ravussin Eric 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTo test the validity of survey techniques for measuring diet and activity patterns of Pima Indians, sequential 24‐hour recalls, a food frequency ques tionnaire (FFQ), and an activity questionnaire were compared to free‐living energy expenditure. Total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by doubly labeled water was 13.27 ± 2.95 MJ/d for the 12 males (mean±SD: 35 ± 14 yr; 97 ± 35 kg; 32 + 9% body fat) and 11.67 ± 1.85 MJ/d for the 9 females (31 ± 13 yr; 106 ± 32 kg; 49 ± 6% body fat). Energy intake assessed by 24‐hour recall was 13.59 ± 7.81 MJ/d for men and 9.29 ± 2.77 MJ/d for women, compared to 12.84 ± 2.85 and 9.40 ± 2.61 MJ/d for men and women, respectively, by FFQ. Both dietary methods indicated significant underreporting by women when compared to TEE. Energy intake assessed by FFQ was significantly correlated with TEE (r=0.48, p=0.03). This was true with 24‐hour recall energy intake only when data from two extremely large alcohol consumers were eliminated (r=0.64, p=0.03, N=19). Although a low level of activity was apparent, the activity questionnaire produced significant correlations with measurements of energy expenditure and therefore represents an important tool for examining the relationship between physical activity and diseases.
Dietary Fat Is Shunted Away from Oxidation, Toward Storage in Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Bessesen Daniel H. , Rupp Connie L. , Eckel Robert H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBESSESEN, DANIEL H, CONNIE L RUPP AND ROBERT H ECKEL. Dietary fat is shunted away from oxidation, toward storage in obese zucker rats. Obes Res. 1995;3:179–189.Previous measurements of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in adipose tissue (ATLPL) of lean and obese Zucker rats have consistently documented increased activity in obese rats relative to lean. Since LPL is considered to be rate limiting for the delivery of triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) to muscle and adipose tissue, these data have been used to suggest that the metabolic partitioning of TGFA favors storage over oxidation in obese rats. To document the partitioning of TGFA directly, the fate of 14C labeled oleic acid (42nmols) was fed to lean, obese, and obese Zucker rats fed a hypocaloric diet designed to chronically reduce weight 25% below that of obese controls (reduced‐obese). The amount of 14C recovered in CO2 over 6 hours following ingestion was significantly less in obese rats compared to lean (0.45 ± 0.06 vs. 0.88 ± 0.09nmols, p=.0004) and less still in the reduced obese group (0.34 ± 0.06nmols p=.00003). Six hours after ingestion, the quantity of label found in adipose tissue was significantly greater in the obese rats compared to lean (14.51 ± 1.92 vs. 1.38 ± 0.29nmols p<.00001), but was intermediate in the reduced‐obese group (9.23 ± 0.98nmols p=.0003). At 2.2 hours there was significantly more label in skeletal muscle of lean rats compared to either obese or reduced‐obese (2.33 ± 0.24; 1.35 ± 0.04nmols p=.01; 1.41 ± 0.27nm p=.02). However, at 6 hours these differences between groups were no longer present. These findings Indicate that dietary fat is shunted away from oxidation toward storage in obese Zucker rats. Additionally it appears that there may be a relative block in the oxidation of TGFA that is taken up by skeletal muscle in obese rats. Finally the relative normalization of this partitioning defect in reduced‐obese rats is at variance with what was suggested by previous measurements of tissue specific levels of LPL, and suggests an enhanced recirculation of fatty acids from adipose tissue to muscle in reduced‐obese rats. This could occur through increased delivery of non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) to muscle as a result of an increase in net lipolysis.
Physical Activity as a Predictor of Weight Maintenance in Previously Obese Subjects
Authors: Ewbank Philip P. , Darga Linda L. , Lucas Charles P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe examined the association between exercise and weight loss maintenance in a group of 45 previously obese subjects 2 years post very‐low‐calorie diet (VLCD) to suggest exercise goals for this population. At baseline, subjects weighed a mean 100 kg and had a mean total cholesterol (TC) of 5.8 mmol/L. With VLCD they lost an average 28 kg and decreased their TC by 1.6 mmol/L. Two years post‐VLCD their weight and lipids were measured and they completed a physical activity survey (Paffenbarger). Subjects were grouped into tertiles by reported exercise levels: low active (< 850 kcals per week), moderate active (850–1575 kcals per week) and high active (> 1575 kcals per week). Walking accounted for the greatest calorie expenditure (65%). Analysis of variance showed that baseline characteristics and weight and blood lipid changes during the VLCD did not differ (P>0.05) among groups. At follow‐up, high active patients maintained significantly greater weight loss, had a lower percent regain and a significantly greater decrease in total cholesterol (P < 0.05) than less active patients. Multiple regression analysis indicated that total exercise calories independently predicted overall weight loss and percent regain (r = 0.66 and r = 0.62, respectively). Exercise calories also predicted total cholesterol change (r=‐0.37).The high active group walked more miles (16.2 per week) than the low and moderate active groups (4.8 and 9.1 per week, respectively) and exercised more days per week (5.3 vs. 1.9 and 3.7). The low and moderate active groups regained virtually equal amounts of weight, even though the moderate group expended twice as many kcals per week as the low active group. These data demonstrate that increased exercise levels enhance weight loss maintenance.
Physical Training Improves Body Composition of Black Obese 7‐ to 11‐Year‐Old Girls
Authors: Gutin Bernard , Cucuzzo Nicholas , Islam Syed , Smith Clayton , Moffatt Robert , Pargman David 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe determined the effect of supervised physical training, without dietary intervention, on body composition of obese girls. The subjects were 25 obese 7‐to 11‐year‐old black girls, divided into physical training and lifestyle education groups which were comparable on baseline body composition; 22 girls finished all aspects of the study. Twelve girls engaged in aerobic training (10 weeks, 5 days/week) while 10 engaged in weekly lifestyle discussions without formal physical training. Total body and regional body composition were measured with dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry, skin folds and circumferences. Aerobic fitness was measured by heart rate response to sub maximal treadmill exercise. The physical training group attended 94% of scheduled sessions and kept their heart rates at an average of 163 bpm for 28 minutes/session. The lifestyle group attended 95% of their sessions; they remained stable in aerobic fitness and most body composition measurements. The physical training group showed a significant improvement in aerobic fitness and a significant decline of 1.4% body fat. Skin fold and circumference indices of fatness also declined significantly in physical training, without dietary intervention, improved the fitness and body composition of obese black girls.
Serotoninergic Manipulation, Meal‐Induced Satiety and Eating Pattern: Effect of Fluoxetine in Obese Female Subjects
Authors: Lawto Clare L. , Wales John K. , Hill Andrew J. , Blundell John E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTwelve nondepressed healthy female obese subjects (BMI > 30kg/m2) took part in a study which conformed to a double‐blind randomized crossover design. Each subject acted as her own control across 2 weeks of treatment with either 60 mg of the 5‐HT reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine or matching placebo. On days 7 and 14 of both treatment phases subjects were provided with fixed energy lunch meals high in either CHO or fat. The effect of these meals on satiety during the fluoxetine and placebo phases was assessed by a battery of procedures. Subjects felt less hungry after consuming the high CHO meal than after consuming the high‐fat meal. They also felt less hungry when taking fluoxetine than when taking the placebo. Analysis of energy intake from the test meal revealed a main effect of prior lunch meal type (high CHO or high fat) and a main effect of drug treatment. Subjects consumed an average of 574 kcal following the high CHO meal compared to 689 kcal following the high‐fat meal. Subjects also consumed an average of 532 kcal when taking fluoxetine compared to 730 kcal when taking the placebo. Fluoxetine did not exert any significant effects on macronutrient selection. Mean daily energy intake, calculated from food diary records, was 1881 kcal when subjects were taking the placebo compared to 1460 kcal when taking fluoxetine (a reduction of 22.4%). Fluoxetine treatment produced a significant weight loss of 1.97 kg over the two weeks of treatment compared to a weight loss of only 0.04 kg on placebo.
Determination of β3‐Adrenoceptor Mediated Lipolysis in Human Fat Cells
Authors: Hoffstedt Johan , Shimizu Manabu , Sjöstedt Svante , Lönnqvist Fredrik 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe existence and relative importance of β3‐adrenoceptors in man is still controversial. The aim of the present study was 1) to find further evidence for the existence of functional β3‐adrenoceptors in human fat, and 2) to investigate factors that may influence this β3‐adrenoceptor function. Fifty individuals were examined. Lipolysis mediated by the selective β3‐adrenoceptor agonist CGP 12177 in omental fat cells correlated with the response in subcutaneous fat cells. However, lipolysis was more pronounced in omental as compared to subcutaneous adipocytes, the intrinsic activity for CGP 12177 was 41% and 33%, respectively, while dobutamine, terbutaline and norepinephrine were full agonists. Both the lipolytic response and the sensitivity to CGP 12177 correlated with the effects of norepinephrine in the omental fat cells (r2= 0. 68 and 0. 50, respectively, p=0. 0001). The β2‐adrenoceptor mediated lipolytic response did also correlate with the responses induced by β1‐ and β2‐agonists and by postreceptor acting agents. The antagonistic properties (pA2) of the β‐adrenoceptor subtypes were also investigated. The pA2 for the selective β1‐ and β2‐adrenoceptor antagonists versus CGP 12177‐induced lipolysis were 2 to 3 log units lower than those for the β1‐antagonist versus dobutamine or for the β2‐antagonist versus terbutaline. Furthermore, bupranolol had a significantly better antagonistic effect (pA2 7. 17, p<0. 001) on the CGP 12177‐induced lipolysis than had the β1‐ and β2‐adrenoceptor antagonists (pA2 6. 26 and 6. 05, respectively). These data clearly support the existence of a third human β‐adrenoceptor. Several factors may contribute to the contradictory β3‐adrenoceptor results in man. The sensitivity of the different lipolytic systems vary considerably. Omental fat cells are preferable to subcutaneous cells for β3‐adrenoceptor studies in man. The β3‐responses are more attenuated in isolated fat cell preparations than in tissue fragments. Furthermore, as the β3‐adrenoceptor activity correlates to the norepinephrine activity, more pronounced effects will be expected in catecholamine sensitive subjects. At present, the number of tools available for β3‐adrenoceptor studies are limited, and the receptor is hard to study, why it is essential to perform β3‐adrenoceptor studies under optimal conditions in order to obtain conclusive effects.
Tissue Oxidative Capacity, Fuel Stores and Skeletal Muscle Fatty Acid Composition In Obesity‐Prone and Obesity‐Resistant Rats
Authors: Pagliassotti Michael J. , Pan David A. , Prach Piper A. , Koppenhafer Thad A. , Storlien LeonardH. , Hill James O. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to compare tissue oxidative capacity, skeletal muscle fatty acid composition, and tissue fuel stores in low‐fat fed (LFD, 12% of energy from corn oil) male Wistar rats, and in high‐fat fed (45% of energy from corn oil) obesity‐prone (OP) and obesity‐resistant (OR) male Wistar rats. Designation of OP and OR rats was based on body weight gain (upper tertile for OP; lower tertile for OR) after 5 weeks on the high‐fat diet. Body weight gain over the 5‐week dietary period was 91 ± 9 g in LFD, 98 ± 4 g in OR, and 158 ± 5 g in OP (p<0. 05 vs. LFD and OR). Energy intake over the 5‐week dietary period was 3099 ± 101 kcal in LFD, 3185 ± 51 kcal in OR, and 3728 ± 45 kcal in OP (p<0. 05 vs. LFD and OR). Maximal citrate synthase activity (μ. mol−1min−1) in the gastrocnemius muscle was not significantly different among groups: 12. 1 ± 2. 4 in LFD, 11. 4 ± 1. 9 in OR and 133 ± 2. 5 in OP rats. Similarly, citrate synthase activity in the heart, 59. 3 ± 7. 2, and liver, 6. 6 ± 0. 4, was also not significantly different among groups. Fatty acid composition of the gastrocnemius muscle was not significantly different among groups. Fasting glycogen levels in the liver, gastrocnemius muscle, and heart were 6. 4 ± 3. 7, 13. 2 ± 2. 3 and 6. 8 ± 1. 9 μmol/g in LFD, 21. 2 ± 5. 1 (p<0. 05 vs. LFD and OP), 10. 4 ± 1. 8 and 5. 9 ± 1. 1 mUmol/g in OR, and 36. 3 ± 4. 8 (p<0. 05 vs. LFD and OR), 10. 2 ± 23 and 53 ± 2. 1 μmol/g in OP rats, respectively. Triglyceride levels were similar among groups in plasma, heart and gastrocnemius muscle, but were significantly (p<0. 05) higher in the liver of OP (15. 5 ± 1. 9 (μmol/g) compared to OR (9. 1 ± 1. 1 μmol/g) and LFD (8. 1 ± 1. 4 μmol/g) rats. These data suggest that susceptibility to dietary obesity, in this rodent model, cannot be explained by differences in tissue oxidative capacity or muscle fatty acid composition.
Fiber Intake of Normal Weight, Moderately Obese and Severely Obese Subjects
Authors: Alfieri Margaret Anne Hay , Pomerleau Joceline , Grace D. Michael , Anderson Lorraine 
Published: September 2012

AbstractALFEERI, MARGARET AH, JOCELINE POMERLEAU, D MICHAEL GRACE AND LORRAINE ANDERSON. Fiber intake of normal weight, moderately obese and severely obese subjects. Obes Res.The lack of dietary fiber may be a contributing factor in obesity. This study examined the fiber intake of three weight groups: normal (20.0≤BMI≤27.0), moderately obese (27.1≤BMI≤39.9) and severely obese (BMI≥40.0). Each group contained 50 subjects. Detailed 3‐day food records were used to gather the nutritional data. Fiber intake in the normal weight group was 18.8 ± 9.3 grams, the moderately obese consumed 13.3 ± 5.8 grams of fiber and the severely obese 13.7 ± 5.7 grams. Total fiber intake in grams was found to be significantly higher in the lean group (p<0.05) and was positively associated with sex and education level with men and more highly educated individuals consuming more fiber. Using regression analysis total fiber in grams and fiber in g/1000 kcalories was inversely associated with BMI after adjusting for sex, age, education level and income (p<0.01). A high fiber diet may help to promote a negative energy balance by causing early satiety secondary to gastric distention. Dietitians and physicians need to emphasize the importance of a high fiber diet to their obese patients.