bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mother–infant interaction in post-partum women with schizophrenia
and affective disorders
Authors: RIORDAN D. , APPLEBY L. , FARAGHER B. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Psychiatric mother and baby units are increasingly asked to assess parenting in people
with severe mental illness, particularly schizophrenia, but little research evidence exists on which to
base assessments.Method. Mother–infant interaction was assessed in 26 women who had recovered from the acute
phase of severe post-partum mental disorder, a validated rating scale based on direct observation
was used.Results. Women with schizophrenia showed greater interaction deficits than those with affective
disorders, being more remote, insensitive, intrusive and self-absorbed. The 4-month-old infants of
women with schizophrenia were more avoidant, and the overall quality of mother–infant
interaction in schizophrenia was poorer.Conclusion. The long-term significance of these preliminary findings is not known but they raise
concerns about the parenting capacity of women with schizophrenia and suggest the need for an
intervention to improve parenting skills in this group.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Parental Bonding
Instrument in a Japanese population
Authors: SATO T. , NARITA T. , HIRANO S. , KUSUNOKI K. , SAKADO K. , UEHARA T. 
Published: July 2002

Background. There is controversy surrounding the factor
structure of the Parental Bonding
Instrument (PBI), a widely used instrument for assessing perceived parental
rearing behaviours.
Recent studies have proposed five different factor structures, including
Parker et al.'s original two-factor model.Methods. Four hundred and eighteen employed Japanese adults
filled out the PBI. Maximum
likelihood confirmatory factor analyses were performed to compare the five
different factor
structures in terms of model-fit.Results. Parker's original two-factor structure fitted
the data poorly. In general, three-factor
structures showed better fit. Among the three-factor structures, Murphy's
model and Kendler's
model were superior (the adjusted goodness-of-fit index >0·8),
with the latter providing the best fit
to the data (the goodness-of-fit index >0·9). When considering
invariance of factor structure across
gender subgroups and across age subgroups, only Kendler's model was
acceptable.Conclusions. Parker's two-factor structure of the PBI
may not be appropriate for assessing perceived
parental rearing behaviours in a Japanese population. Three-factor structures,
in particular
Murphy's model and Kendler's model, are preferable. Kendler's
model provided the best fit to the
data and was relatively invariant across the subgroups in this study. Thus,
Kendler's model might
prove to be very important for obtaining a factor structure invariant across
different cultures.
Modelling a loss event: effect of imagined bereavement on the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
Authors: McCLEERY J. M. , BHAGWAGAR Z. , SMITH K. A. , GOODWIN G. M. , COWEN P. J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Loss events are the stressors most closely associated with the onset of depressive
illnesses. The acute cortisol response to loss has been little studied although it could be an important
mediator of the effects of environmental stress on psychological state.Methods. The salivary cortisol response to an established negative mood induction procedure
involving music and an imagined bereavement was measured in 30 healthy volunteers.Results. Considerable but transient mood lowering in response to the negative mood induction was
associated with a small increase in cortisol output over 30 min.Conclusions. This procedure has some potential as a tool to investigate individual differences in the
neuroendocrine response to loss events, but this is limited. There remains a need for laboratory
models of relevant psychosocial stressors in mood disorders research.
Perception of threat in schizophrenics with
persecutory delusions: an investigation using
visual scan paths
Authors: PHILLIPS M. L. , SENIOR C. , DAVID A. S. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Cognitive theories of persecutory delusions in schizophrenia include increased
attention to threat and reduced re-appraisal of information during decision-making.Methods. We employed visual scan path measurements, an ‘on-line’ marker of attention, in
schizophrenic patients with persecutory delusions (N = 19), negative symptom- and medication-matched patients with non-persecutory delusions (N = 8), and normal controls (N = 18). Stimuli
comprised black-and-white photographs of social scenes rated as depicting either neutral,
ambiguous or overtly threatening activity. Foreground areas containing salient information with
regard to the overall scene were rated independently as either threatening or non-threatening in both
the overtly threatening and ambiguous scenes; all foreground areas were rated as non-threatening
in the neutral scene.Results. For the ambiguous scene only, schizophrenics with persecutory delusions directed gaze to
less threatening areas, and, for all three scenes, demonstrated reduced re-appraisal of information
compared with both control groups. All subjects showed similar viewing strategies for the overtly
threatening and neutral scenes.Conclusions. These findings suggest abnormal information gathering and evaluation in schizophrenics,
specifically related to the presence of persecutory delusions. In particular, the results point
to biased processing of contextual information in an ambiguous setting in these patients, and
perhaps perception of threat in inappropriate places.
Dimensions of the Mini-Mental State Examination
among community dwelling older adults
Authors: JONES RICHARD N. , GALLO JOSEPH J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Little work has been published on the internal structure of the Mini-Mental State
Examination (MMSE), one of the most widely used instruments for grading cognitive status in
clinical settings and field research.Methods. MMSE responses from a sample of older adults (50–98 years) in five US sites (N = 8556)
were analysed.Results. A five-factor solution was found to be most appropriate. The first factor (concentration)
had large loadings with serial sevens and spell world backwards items. The second factor (language
and praxis) had large loadings with naming, follow command and praxis items. The third factor
(orientation) had loadings with orientation to time and place items. The fourth factor (memory) had
large loadings with delayed recall items and the fifth (attention) had large loadings with immediate
registration items.Conclusions. We found that the MMSE is essentially unidimensional; nevertheless, evidence was
revealed suggesting that the MMSE is a multidimensional assessment instrument. Dimensions
revealed in this sample correspond directly to MMSE sections articulated by the developers of the
instrument. These findings have not been reported in previous factor analyses of the MMSE. The
findings support the construct validity of the MMSE as a measure of cognitive mental state among
community dwelling older adults.
Getting on in the BBC: a case study of older workers
Authors: PLATMAN KERRY , TINKER ANTHEA 
Published: July 2002

National (and international) trends in the employment of older
workers show
a decline in the economic participation of older people, and especially
older
men, since the 1970s, and general evidence of age discrimination in the

workplace. This case study of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

examines statistical patterns in the fortunes of staff aged 50 years and
over in
a company with good reason to buck the trends. The BBC is a large, publicly-funded, equal opportunities employer endeavouring to reflect a diverse
nation
in its staff composition. The research is in two parts. First, we carried
out a
comparison at five-year intervals of the age profile of the Corporation
and
observed trends in official retirement at age 60 and the employment of
staff
working beyond retirement age, from 1978 to 1993. Secondly, an age-related

analysis of departures, recruitment and part-time working was undertaken
for
a 12-month period, from 1992 to 1993.The research revealed the increasing marginalisation of older workers
at the
BBC. This accelerated during a period of substantial contraction in the
latter
part of the 15-year study period and led to an age profile far younger
than in
other public sectors such as Local Government. Pressures to become ‘lean
and
efficient’ appeared to have been at the expense of older workers,
who were
unprotected in the workplace.
WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR ARTHRITIS SYMPTOM ALLEVIATION
Authors: Slothuus Ulla , Larsen Mette L. , Junker Peter 
Published: July 2002

Objective: To compare two methods of measuring willingness to pay
(WTP): closed-ended questions with and without follow-up.Methods: A measurement experiment based on dichotomous choice
contingent valuation survey data is reported. Marginal WTP estimates for
alleviation of rheumatoid arthritis symptoms resulting from treatment with a
novel anti-rheumatic agent, cA2 (TNF-α blockade), were calculated. Monte
Carlo simulations were undertaken to evaluate the methods with respect to
their statistical power.Results: The estimated marginal WTP values using closed-ended
questions with and without follow-up were DKK 637 (US $91) and DKK 1,268 (US
$181), respectively. A Wilcoxon's signed-rank test showed that the
difference of DKK 631 was significant. Moreover, including a follow-up
question increases the precision of the result. Monte Carlo simulations showed
that trade-offs between power (i.e., the probability of a correct rejection of
a false null hypothesis), efficiency, and size may exist in the two models.Conclusions: There was a significant difference between the WTP
estimates when using closed-ended questions with and without follow-up. When
choosing between the models, however, power, efficiency, and size could be
used as selection criteria.
Disorderly nature
Authors: MARATSOS MICHAEL 
Published: July 2002

Sabbagh & Gelman have written an unusually thorough and careful commentary,

and furthermore, I agree with virtually everything they say. Most

of what I want to do in this commentary (given the space) is to try to situate

these issues in a broader perspective.To start with, I'll assume that my sympathy for statistical analytic

processes as an important part of children's language acquisition is well-established (Maratsos & Chalkley, 1980; Maratsos, 1998), even if I think

there are qualifications and limits of some sorts that are necessary (Maratsos,

1998). Simultaneously, I strongly agree with the implications of many of

Sabbagh & Gelman's remarks: these mechanisms may be variously biased or

specially set for various activities, and probably are not the only thing going

on, either.
Invasive meningococcal disease among university
undergraduates: association with universities providing
relatively large amounts of catered hall accommodation
Authors: NEAL K. R. , NGUYEN-VAN-TAM J. , MONK P. , O'BRIEN S. J. , STUART J. , RAMSAY M. 
Published: July 2002

The incidence of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) among UK university students and
non-students of similar age was investigated. In addition, we sought to identify structural risk
factors associated with high rates of IMD in individual universities. Cases were ascertained via
Consultants in Communicable Disease Control (or equivalent officers) between September 1994
and March 1997. Data on individual universities were obtained from university accommodation
officers.University students had an increased annual rate of invasive meningococcal disease
(13·2/105,
95% CI 11·2–15·2) compared with non-students of similar age in the same health districts
(5·5/105, CI 4·7–6·4) and in those health districts without universities
(3·7/105, CI 2·9–4·4).
This trend was highly significant. Regression analysis demonstrated catered hall
accommodation to be the main structural risk factor. Higher rates of disease were observed at
universities providing catered hall places for >10% of their student population (15·3/105,
CI 11·8–18·8) compared with those providing places for <10% of students (5·9/105,
CI 4·1–7·7). The majority of IMD amongst students was caused by serogroup B organisms.University students in the UK are at increased risk of IMD compared with non-students of
a similar age. The incidence of IMD tends to be greatest at universities with a high provision
of catered hall accommodation.
Factors affecting the hunting success of male and female lions in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Funston P. J. , Mills M. G. L. , Biggs H. C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLong‐term continuous observations of hunting lions Panthera leo in the Kruger National Park were used to assess the variables affecting hunting success of male and female lions. Generalized linear models revealed that seven variables had significant independent influences on hunting success, with the most important being the prey species hunted. Three types of variables were recognized: (1) lion related, where type of hunt, wind orientation, and the number of adults hunting; (2) prey related, where prey species and herd size; (3) environment related, where moon brightness, and grass height were significant. The sex of the lions had no effect on the overall probability of hunting success. Five second‐order interactions significantly influenced the probability of hunting success, with the most important being the interaction between sex and the type of prey. The only significant third‐order interaction containing the variable sex, was the inter‐relationship with prey species and shrub cover. After removing the over‐riding bias of the prey species, greater resolution of the factors affecting success was revealed. The major difference was that group size influences hunting success and concomitantly prey selection, promoting selection for medium‐sized ungulates like zebra Equus burchelli and wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus by females, and males mainly capturing buffalo Syncerus caffer. We conclude that in African ecosystems, the hunting success of male and female lions varies with a range of combinations of lion‐, prey‐ and environment‐related variables. We demonstrate the hunting ability of male lions, which has perhaps been understated in other studies.
Notes on the current distribution and the ecology of wild golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)
Authors: Gattermann R. , Fritzsche P. , Neumann K. , Al‐Hussein I. , Kayser A. , Abiad M. , Yakti R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTwo expeditions were carried out during September 1997 and March 1999 to confirm the current existence of Mesocricetus auratus in northern Syria. Six females and seven males were caught at different sites near Aleppo. One female was pregnant and gave birth to six pups. Altogether, 30 burrows were mapped and the structures of 23 golden hamster burrows investigated. None of the inhabited burrows contained more than one adult. Burrow depths ranged from 36 to 106 cm (mean 65 cm). Their structure was simple, consisting of a single vertical entrance (gravity pipe) that proceeded to a nesting chamber and at least one additional food chamber. The mean length of the entire gallery system measured 200 cm and could extend up to 900 cm. Most burrows were found on agricultural fields preferentially on leguminous cultures. The distribution of golden hamsters is discussed in association with historical data, soil types, geography, climate and human activities. All 19 golden hamsters were transferred to Germany and, together with three wild individuals supplied by the University of Aleppo, form a new breeding stock.
Effects of Macrocheles mites on longevity of males of the dimorphic dung beetle Onthophagus binodis
Authors: Kotiaho Janne S. , Simmons Leigh W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this study we tested the nature of the phoretic relationship between the cosmopolitan mite Macrocheles merdarius and the dimorphic dung beetle Onthophagus binodis. We observed and experimentally manipulated the number of mites on individual beetles and tested how mite infestation affects male longevity. There was a significant effect of mites on male longevity: males in our mites‐added treatment died on average 15 days earlier than males in our mites‐removed treatment. Interestingly, the number of mites on males was significantly repeatable suggesting that individuals may differ in their susceptibility to infestation. Major males had more mites on them than minor males, and the proportion of mites on minor males was negatively density dependent.
Being alone in later life: loneliness, social isolation and living alone
Authors: Victor Christina , Scambler Sasha , Bond John , Bowling Ann 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionThe context for the review of loneliness and social isolation in later life is that of ‘successful aging’ and ‘quality of life’. The term ‘quality of life‘ includes a broad range of areas of life and there is little agreement about the definition of the term. Models of quality of life range from identification of ‘life satisfaction’ or ‘social wellbeing’ to models based upon concepts of independence, control, and social and cognitive competence. However, regardless of how the concept of quality of life is defined, research has consistently demonstrated the importance of social and family relationships in the definition of a ‘good quality of life’.
Restore habitat or reduce mortality? Implications from a population viability analysis of the Iberian lynx
Authors: Ferreras Pablo , Gaona Pilar , Palomares Francisco , Delibes Miguel 
Published: July 2002

AbstractManagers trying to preserve populations of endangered carnivores are often forced to choose between restoring habitat to allow larger breeding populations or reduce risks of mortality to increase survival rates. We modelled the viability of a metapopulation of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) under several scenarios (habitat restoration, anti‐poaching, reduction in road kills) in a real landscape to evaluate their relative effects. Increasing carrying capacity was highly effective when performed on the local populations that acted as sources but had no effect when carried out in the sinks. Realistic scenarios consisting of partial removal of the human‐related mortality (assuming additive effects of causes) predicted high risk of extinction. When combined, the effects of both management options are highly dependent on where they are carried out. If the sinks are the only targets of carrying capacity enlargement, a complete removal of human‐caused mortality is required, whereas increases in the carrying capacity of sources are always effective. The metapopulation risk of extinction decreases dramatically (from 45.5% to 2.1% in 100) if connectivity among source populations can be improved. According to our work, only a detailed knowledge of the spatial and demographic structure of the populations, combined with simulations of realistic situations, can help managers to select the a priori optimal strategy, which probably combines different management options.
Foreword by the Director-General of the WTO
Authors: Moore Mike 
Published: July 2002

Trade policy used to be a rather simple matter of defining conditions of access to
markets at the border. Little more was needed than rules defining non-discriminatory
tariff levels, circumscribing the use of quantitative trade restrictions, and protecting
the conditions of market access through the principle of national treatment. But the
very success of these simple rules in creating the conditions for successive bouts of
market-opening negotiations bred the complex and multi-faceted institution that is
the World Trade Organization of today. As tariffs tumbled, all manner of other
policies became crucial for continuing market integration. The rules had to follow
the reality. It is a brave person now who claims more than a passing familiarity with
each and every aspect of the WTO Agreements.In this fascinating labyrinth of what passes for policy relating to trade, it is
unconvincing to argue that there is ever enough research and analysis. There will
always be more that needs to be explored and better understood. Every effort to
illuminate, to clarify, and to explain the trading system must surely be welcome. But
if we are to advance our understanding of what makes sense and what does not, and
contribute effectively to international economic cooperation, the quality and
integrity of analysis is vital. This has become more especially true in recent years as
dozens of developing countries facing formidable development challenges seek
progress through meaningful participation in the world trading system. One of the
great strengths of the WTO is its commitment to universality. If we are to give
meaning to this vision and foster confidence in the fairness of the system, we must
ensure its proper design on solid conceptual foundations.I am proud to associate the WTO Secretariat with the birth of the World Trade
Review. The journal is committed to promoting high-quality policy analysis and
welcomes contributions from a wide range of disciplines and cross-section of
contributors. This is not an in-house journal devoted to selling pre-conceived ideas.
Its mission is to promote informed and honest debate and to deepen understanding.
The journal's editorial independence is central to these objectives. I wish the Editor
and the members of the Editorial Board of the World Trade Review well in this
important endeavour.
The Genomic Region Encompassing the Nephropathic Cystinosis Gene (CTNS): Complete Sequencing of a 200-kb Segment and Discovery of a Novel Gene within the Common Cystinosis-Causing Deletion
Authors: Touchman Jeffrey W. , Anikster Yair , Dietrich Nicole L. , Maduro Valerie V. Braden , McDowell Geraldine , Shotelersuk Vorasuk , Bouffard Gerard G. , Beckstrom-Sternberg Stephen M. , Gahl William A. , Green Eric D. 
Published: July 2002

Nephropathic cystinosis is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the defective transport of cystine out of lysosomes. Recently, the causative gene (CTNS) was identified and presumed to encode an integral membrane protein called cystinosin. Many of the disease-associated mutations inCTNSare deletions, including one >55 kb in size that represents the most common cystinosis allele encountered to date. In an effort to determine the precise genomic organization ofCTNSand to gain sequence-based insight about the DNA within and flanking cystinosis-associated deletions, we mapped and sequenced the region of human chromosome 17p13 encompassingCTNS. Specifically, a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based physical map spanningCTNSwas constructed by sequence-tagged site (STS)-content mapping. The resulting BAC contig provided the relative order of 43 STSs. Two overlapping BACs, which together contain all of theCTNSexons as well as extensive amounts of flanking DNA, were selected and subjected to shotgun sequencing. A total of 200,237 bp of contiguous, high-accuracy sequence was generated. Analysis of the resulting data revealed a number of interesting features about this genomic region, including the long-range organization ofCTNS, insight about the breakpoints and intervening DNA associated with the common cystinosis-causing deletion, and structural information about five genes neighboringCTNS(human ortholog of rat vanilloid receptor subtype 1 gene,CARKL, TIP-1, P2X5, andHUMINAE). In particular, sequence analysis detected the presence of a novel gene (CARKL) residing within the most common cystinosis-causing deletion. This gene encodes a previously unknown protein that is predicted to function as a carbohydrate kinase. Interestingly, bothCTNSandCARKLare absent in nearly half of all cystinosis patients (i.e., those homozygous for the common deletion).[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession nos.AF168787andAF163573.]