bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-resolution maps of forest-urban watersheds present an opportunity for ecologists and managers
Authors: Stueve Kirk M. , Hollenhorst Tom P. , Kelly John R. , Johnson Lucinda B. , Host George E. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Context
Green infrastructure may improve water quality and mitigate flooding in forest-urban watersheds, but reliably quantifying all benefits is challenging because most land cover maps depend on moderate- to low-resolution data. Complex and spatially heterogeneous landscapes that typify forest-urban watersheds are not fully represented with these types of data. Hence important questions concerning how green infrastructure influences water quality and quantity at different spatial scales remain unanswered.

Objectives
Demonstrate the feasibility of creating novel high-resolution land cover maps across entire watersheds and highlight deficiencies of standard land cover products.

Methods
We used object-based image analysis (OBIA) to create high-resolution (0.5 m) land cover maps and detect tree canopy overlapping impervious surfaces for a representative forest-urban watershed in Duluth, MN, USA. Unbiased estimates of accuracy and area were calculated and compared with similar metrics for the 30-m National Land Cover Database (NLCD).

Results
Mapping accuracies for the high-resolution land cover and canopy overlap maps were ~90 %. Error-adjusted estimates of area indicated that impervious surfaces comprised ~21 % of the watershed, tree canopy overlapped ~10 % of impervious surfaces, and that three high-resolution land cover classes differed significantly from similar NLCD classes.

Conclusions
OBIA can efficiently generate high-resolution land cover products of entire watersheds that are appropriate for research and inclusion in the decision-making process of managers. Metrics derived from these products will likely differ from standard land cover maps and may produce new insights, especially when considering the unprecedented opportunity to evaluate fine-scale spatial heterogeneity across watersheds.
Properties of a Binary System Containing Anionic and Cationic Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Xu Hujun , Liu Benna , Kang Peng , Bao Xinyan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSurface tension, fluorescence, and dynamic light scattering were used to investigate the properties of a binary surfactant system comprising an anionic gemini surfactant (DLMC) and cationic gemini surfactant (II‐12‐EO2). Surface tension measurements afforded the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the mixture and the values are all lower than those of pure constituent surfactants. For the mixtures of II‐12‐EO2/DLMC, the micelle aggregation number decreases with the increase of II‐12‐EO2, and the micropolarity of the micelle is lowest when the molar fraction of II‐12‐EO2 is 0.5; the hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of the mixed micelle first increases and then decreases with the addition of II‐12‐EO2, and larger micelles are obtained when the molar fraction of II‐12‐EO2 is 0.5 or 0.7.
Resource partitioning in a ladybird,Menochilus sexmaculatus: function of body size and prey density
Authors: Chaudhary D.D. , Kumar B. , Mishra G. , Omkar  
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn the present study, resource partitioning by natural conspecific size variants (small and large) of ladybird,Menochilus sexmaculatus(Fabricius) females, in response to varying prey densities was assessed using functional and numerical responses as measures of prey density. The prey provided was small (second) and large (fourth) instars ofAphis craccivoraKoch. Results revealed that under choice condition, small and large females ofM. sexmaculatusconsumed higher number of small and large instars, respectively. Small females exhibited a modified Type II functional response on small aphid instars and a Type II functional response on fourth aphid instars. Large females exhibited a Type II functional response when provided either second or fourth aphid instars. Numerical response in terms of numbers of eggs laid by both the females increased with increase in the density of either of the aphid instars. However, in small females, oviposition had a positive correlation with the numbers of small and large aphid instars consumed; being strong for the small aphid instars. While in large females, oviposition was positively correlated with the numbers of large aphid instars consumed and not small aphid instars. It therefore seems that intraspecific resource partitioning inM. sexmaculatusoccurs prominently in large females than the small females.
The cultural evolution of prosocial religions
Authors: Norenzayan Ara , Shariff Azim F. , Gervais Will M. , Willard Aiyana K. , McNamara Rita A. , Slingerland Edward , Henrich Joseph 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe develop a cultural evolutionary theory of the origins of prosocial religions and apply it to resolve two puzzles in human psychology and cultural history: (1) the rise of large-scale cooperation among strangers and, simultaneously, (2) the spread of prosocial religions in the last 10–12 millennia. We argue that these two developments were importantly linked and mutually energizing. We explain how a package of culturally evolved religious beliefs and practices characterized by increasingly potent, moralizing, supernatural agents, credible displays of faith, and other psychologically active elements conducive to social solidarity promoted high fertility rates and large-scale cooperation with co-religionists, often contributing to success in intergroup competition and conflict. In turn, prosocial religious beliefs and practices spread and aggregated as these successful groups expanded, or were copied by less successful groups. This synthesis is grounded in the idea that although religious beliefs and practices originally arose as nonadaptive by-products of innate cognitive functions, particular cultural variants were then selected for their prosocial effects in a long-term, cultural evolutionary process. This framework (1) reconciles key aspects of the adaptationist and by-product approaches to the origins of religion, (2) explains a variety of empirical observations that have not received adequate attention, and (3) generates novel predictions. Converging lines of evidence drawn from diverse disciplines provide empirical support while at the same time encouraging new research directions and opening up new questions for exploration and debate.
Humanitarian technology: a critical research agenda
Authors: Sandvik Kristin Bergtora , Gabrielsen Jumbert Maria , Karlsrud John , Kaufmann Mareile 
Published: December 2014

AbstractNew technology may offer many opportunities for humanitarian action, but it also presents a number of challenges. Currently, most of the critical analysis of these potential challenges takes place in the blogosphere, on tweets and on listservs. There is a strong need for more scholarly engagement on the subject. This article offers an agenda for critical inquiry into the emergent field of humanitarian technology as applied to a broadly defined context of crises, encompassing both natural disasters and conflict zones, by identifying what technology does to the humanitarian enterprise, and by reflecting on the key challenges that emerge.
Three-dimensional periodic supramolecular organic framework ion sponge in water and microcrystals
Authors: Tian Jia , Zhou Tian-You , Zhang Shao-Chen , Aloni Shaul , Altoe Maria Virginia , Xie Song-Hai , Wang Hui , Zhang Dan-Wei , Zhao Xin , Liu Yi , Li Zhan-Ting 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSelf-assembly has emerged as a powerful approach to generating complex supramolecular architectures. Despite there being many crystalline frameworks reported in the solid state, the construction of highly soluble periodic supramolecular networks in a three-dimensional space is still a challenge. Here we demonstrate that the encapsulation motif, which involves the dimerization of two aromatic units within cucurbit[8]uril, can be used to direct the co-assembly of a tetratopic molecular block and cucurbit[8]uril into a periodic three-dimensional supramolecular organic framework in water. The periodicity of the supramolecular organic framework is supported by solution-phase small-angle X-ray-scattering and diffraction experiments. Upon evaporating the solvent, the periodicity of the framework is maintained in porous microcrystals. As a supramolecular ‘ion sponge’, the framework can absorb different kinds of anionic guests, including drugs, in both water and microcrystals, and drugs absorbed in microcrystals can be released to water with selectivity.
HER2 confers drug resistance of human breast cancer cells through activation of NRF2 by direct interaction
Authors: Kang Hyo Jin , Yi Yong Weon , Hong Young Bin , Kim Hee Jeong , Jang Young-Joo , Seong Yeon-Sun , Bae Insoo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractOverexpression and/or activation of HER2 confers resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. NRF2 also gives drug resistance of cancer cells through induction of detoxification and/or drug efflux proteins. Although several upstream effectors of NRF2 overlapped with the downstream molecules of HER2 pathway, no direct link between HER2 and NRF2 has ever been established. Here, we identified that co-expression of a constitutively active HER2 (HER2CA) and NRF2 increased the levels of NRF2 target proteins, HO-1 and MRP5. We also identified HER2CA activated the DNA-binding of NRF2 and the antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated transcription in an NRF2-dependent manner. In addition, NRF2 and HER2CA cooperatively up-regulated the mRNA expression of various drug-resistant and detoxifying enzymes including GSTA2, GSTP1, CYP3A4, HO-1, MRP1 and MRP5. We also demonstrated that NRF2 binds to HER2 not only in transiently transfected HEK293T cells but also in HER2-amplified breast cancer cells. Functionally, overexpression of HER2CA gave resistance of MCF7 breast cancer cells to either paraquat or doxorubicin. Overexpression of dominant negative NRF2 (DN-NRF2) reduced the HER2CA-induced resistance of MCF7 cells to these agents. Taken together, these results suggest that active HER2 binds and regulates the NRF2-dependent transcriptional activation and induces drug resistance of cancer cells.
Wave instabilities in the presence of non vanishing background in nonlinear Schrödinger systems
Authors: Trillo S. , Gongora J. S. Totero , Fratalocchi A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe investigate wave collapse ruled by the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation in 1+1 dimensions, for localized excitations with non-zero background, establishing through virial identities a new criterion for blow-up. When collapse is arrested, a semiclassical approach allows us to show that the system can favor the formation of dispersive shock waves. The general findings are illustrated with a model of interest to both classical and quantum physics (cubic-quintic NLS equation), demonstrating a radically novel scenario of instability, where solitons identify a marginal condition between blow-up and occurrence of shock waves, triggered by arbitrarily small mass perturbations of different sign.
Overexpression of Toll-like receptor 8 correlates with the progression of podocyte injury in murine autoimmune glomerulonephritis
Authors: Kimura Junpei , Ichii Osamu , Miyazono Kosuke , Nakamura Teppei , Horino Taro , Otsuka-Kanazawa Saori , Kon Yasuhiro 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMembers of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family serve as pathogen sensors and participate in local autoimmune responses. This study found a correlation between glomerular injury and TLR expression by analysing BXSB/MpJ-Yaa (BXSB-Yaa) lupus model mice. In isolated glomeruli, the mRNA expression of several TLRs was higher in BXSB-Yaa mice than in healthy control BXSB mice. In particular, the expression of Tlr8 and its downstream cytokines was markedly increased. In mouse kidneys, TLR8 protein and mRNA localized to podocytes and TLR8 protein expression in the glomerulus was higher in BXSB-Yaa mice than in BXSB mice. In BXSB-Yaa mice, the glomerular levels of Tlr8 mRNA negatively correlated with the glomerular levels of podocyte functional markers (Nphs1, Nphs2, and Synpo) and positively correlated with urinary albumin levels. Furthermore, the glomerular and serum levels of miR-21, a putative microRNA ligand of TLR8, were higher in BXSB-Yaa mice than in BXSB mice. The urinary levels of Tlr8 mRNA were also higher in BXSB-Yaa mice than in BXSB mice. In conclusion, the overexpression of TLR8 correlates with the progression of podocyte injury in glomerulonephritis. Thus, altered levels of urinary Tlr8 mRNA might reflect podocyte injury.
Cross-Linking Amine-Rich Compounds into High Performing Selective CO2 Absorbents
Authors: Andreoli Enrico , Dillon Eoghan P. , Cullum Laurie , Alemany Lawrence B. , Barron Andrew R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAmine-based absorbents play a central role in CO2 sequestration and utilization. Amines react selectively with CO2, but a drawback is the unproductive weight of solvent or support in the absorbent. Efforts have focused on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) reaching extremely high CO2 capacity, but limited selectivity to N2 and CH4 and decreased uptake at higher temperatures. A desirable system would have selectivity (cf. amine) and high capacity (cf. MOF), but also increased adsorption at higher temperatures. Here, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept where polyethyleneimine (PEI) is converted to a high capacity and highly selective CO2 absorbent using buckminsterfullerene (C60) as a cross-linker. PEI-C60 (CO2 absorption of 0.14 g/g at 0.1 bar/90°C) is compared to one of the best MOFs, Mg-MOF-74 (0.06 g/g at 0.1 bar/90°C) and does not absorb any measurable amount of CH4 at 50 bar. Thus, PEI-C60 can perform better than MOFs in the sweetening of natural gas.
Physical basis of spindle self-organization
Authors: Brugués Jan , Needleman Daniel 
Published: December 2014

Significance
The spindle segregates chromosomes during cell division and is composed of microtubules and hundreds of other proteins, but the manner in which these molecular constituents self-organize to form the spindle remains unclear. Here we use a holistic approach, based on quantitative measurements in spindles of the spatiotemporal correlation functions of microtubule density, orientation, and stresses, to identify the key processes responsible for spindle self-organization. We show that microtubule turnover and the collective effects of local microtubule interactions, mediated via motor proteins and cross-linkers, can quantitatively account for the dynamics and the structure of the spindle. We thus reveal the physical basis of spindle self-organization and provide a framework that may be useful for understanding cytoskeletal function in vivo.
The charged linker of the molecular chaperone Hsp90 modulates domain contacts and biological function
Authors: Jahn Markus , Rehn Alexandra , Pelz Benjamin , Hellenkamp Björn , Richter Klaus , Rief Matthias , Buchner Johannes , Hugel Thorsten 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Many proteins consist of domains that are connected by flexible linkers. Because of their flexibility they are usually unresolved in crystal structures. Using single-molecule force spectroscopy we were able to measure free energy changes around the thermal energy and obtained for the first time, to our knowledge, structural information on the linker connecting the N-domain and M-domain in Hsp90. We show a sequence-dependent rapid equilibrium between the docked and undocked state of these two domains. This is facilitated by transient binding of the linker to the N-domain. Single-molecule FRET, analytical ultracentrifugation, and cell viability assays show that the equilibrium between these two states affects intermolecular domain movement, client activation, cell viability, and stress tolerance.
Observation of ice-like water layers at an aqueous protein surface
Authors: Meister Konrad , Strazdaite Simona , DeVries Arthur L. , Lotze Stephan , Olijve Luuk L. C. , Voets Ilja K. , Bakker Huib J. 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) enable the survival of various organisms in freezing or subfreezing habitats by preventing the macroscopic growth of ice crystals. Understanding how AFPs recognize and bind ice crystals is the most important step to unravel their working mechanism. Using surface-specific sum frequency generation spectroscopy, we were able to directly probe the ice-binding site of the protein and discovered that, already at room temperature and in an aqueous solution, the antifreeze proteins arrange water molecules into an ice-like array, which they then use to bind to ice crystals.
RADIAL VELOCITIES OF SOUTHERN VISUAL MULTIPLE STARS*
Authors: Tokovinin Andrei , Pribulla Theodor , Fischer Debra 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT
High-resolution spectra of visual multiple stars were taken in 2008–2009 to detect or confirm spectroscopic subsystems and to determine their orbits. Radial velocities of 93 late-type stars belonging to visual multiple systems were measured by numerical cross-correlation. We provide the individual velocities, the width, and the amplitude of the Gaussians that approximate the correlations. The new information on the multiple systems resulting from these data is discussed. We discovered double-lined binaries in HD 41742B, HD 56593C, and HD 122613AB, confirmed several other known subsystems, and constrained the existence of subsystems in some visual binaries where both components turned out to have similar velocities. The orbits of double-lined subsystems with periods of 148 and 13 days are computed for HD 104471 Aa,Ab and HD 210349 Aa,Ab, respectively. We estimate individual magnitudes and masses of the components in these triple systems and update the outer orbit of HD 104471 AB.
The Daugavet property in rearrangement invariant spaces
Authors: Acosta M. , Kamińska A. , Mastyło M. 
Published: December 2014

We study rearrangement invariant spaces with the Daugavet property. The main result of this paper states that under mild assumptions the only nonseparable rearrangement invariant space

X
X

over an atomless finite measure space with the Daugavet property is

L

∞

L_{\infty }

endowed with its canonical norm. We also prove that a uniformly monotone rearrangement invariant space over an infinite atomless measure space with the Daugavet property is isometric to

L
1

L_1

. As an application we obtain that an Orlicz space over an atomless measure space has the Daugavet property if and only if it is isometrically isomorphic to

L
1

L_1

.
Limits of positive flat bivariate moment matrices
Authors: Fialkow Lawrence 
Published: December 2014

The bivariate moment problem for a sequence

β
≡

β

(
6
)

\beta \equiv \beta ^{(6)}

of degree

6
6

remains unsolved, but we prove that if the associated

10
×
10

10 \times 10

moment matrix

M

3

(
β
)

M_{3}(\beta )

satisfies

M

3

⪰
0

M_{3}\succeq 0

and

r
a
n
k

M

3

≤
6

rank~M_{3}\le 6

, then

β
\beta

admits a sequence of approximate representing measures, and

β

(
5
)

\beta ^{(5)}

has a representing measure. More generally, let

F

d

¯

\overline {\mathcal {F}_{d}}

denote the closure of the positive flat moment matrices of degree

2
d

2d

in

n
n

variables. Each matrix in

F

d

¯

\overline {\mathcal {F}_{d}}

admits computable approximate representing measures, and in 2013, Jiawang Nie and the author began to study concrete conditions for membership in this class. Let

β
≡

β

(
2
d
)

=
{

β

i

}

i
∈

Z

+

n

,

|

i

|

≤
2
d

\beta \equiv \beta ^{(2d)}=\{\beta _{i}\}_{ i\in \mathbb {Z}_{+}^{n},|i| \leq 2d }

,

β

0

>
0

\beta _{0}>0

, denote a real

n
n

-dimensional sequence of degree

2
d

2d

. If the corresponding moment matrix

M

d

≡

M

d

(
β
)

M_{d}\equiv M_{d}(\beta )

is the limit of a sequence of positive flat moment matrices

{

M

d

(
k
)

}

\{M_{d}^{(k)}\}

, i.e.,

M

d

(
k
)

⪰
0

M_{d}^{(k)}\succeq 0

and

r
a
n
k

M

d

(
k
)

=
r
a
n
k

M

d
−
1

(
k
)

rank~M_{d}^{(k)} = rank~M_{d-1}^{(k)}

, then i)

M

d

⪰
0

M_{d}\succeq 0

, ii)

r
a
n
k

M

d

≤

ρ

d
−
1

≡
d
i
m

R

[

x

1

,
…
,

x

n

]

d
−
1

rank~M_{d} \le \rho _{d-1} \equiv dim~\mathbb {R}[x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}]_{d-1}

, and iii)

β

(
2
d
−
1
)

\beta ^{(2d-1)}

admits a representing measure. We extend our earlier results by proving, conversely, that for

n
=
2

n=2

, if

M

d

M_{d}

satisfies certain positivity and rank conditions related to i)-iii), then

M

d

M_{d}

is the limit of positive flat moment matrices.
Untreated Masked Hypertension and Subclinical Cardiac Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Cuspidi Cesare , Sala Carla , Tadic Marijana , Rescaldani Marta , Grassi Guido , Mancia Giuseppe 
Published: December 2014

AIM
Data on the association of masked hypertension (MH) (i.e., normal office and elevated out-of-office blood pressure (BP)) with cardiac damage are scanty. We performed a meta-analysis in order to provide a comprehensive information on subclinical cardiac alterations in subjects with MH.

DESIGN
Studies were identified by the following search terms: “masked hypertension,” “white coat normotension,” “isolated ambulatory hypertension,” “left ventricular mass,” “left ventricular hypertrophy,” “cardiac damage,” and “echocardiography.” Full articles published in English language providing data on left ventricular (LV) mass and/or prevalence of LV hypertrophy in MH, as assessed by ambulatory BP monitoring, were considered.

RESULTS
Overall, 4,884 untreated subjects (2,467 normotensive, 776 MH, and 1,641 sustained hypertensive individuals) of both genders included in 12 studies were analyzed. LV mass index showed a progressive increase from normotensive (79.2±0.35g/m2) to MH (91.6±4.0g/m2) (standard difference in means (SDM): 0.50±0.11, confidence interval (CI): 0.28–0.73, P &lt; 0.01) and to hypertensive subjects (102.9±3.3g/m2) (SDM: 0.22±0.07, CI: 0.09–0.35, P &lt; 0.01). After assessing data for publication bias, the difference between groups was still significant.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings support an association between MH and increased risk of LV structural alterations compared to true normotensive individuals. Due to the worse cardiovascular prognosis associated with subclinical cardiac damage, subjects with MH should be carefully screened in order to detect hypertensive organ damage and provide appropriate therapeutic interventions.