bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circulating and Dietary Omega‐3 and Omega‐6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Incidence of CVD in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: de Oliveira Otto Marcia C. , Wu Jason H. Y. , Baylin Ana , Vaidya Dhananjay , Rich Stephen S. , Tsai Michael Y. , Jacobs David R. , Mozaffarian Dariush 
Published: December 2013

Background

Dietary guidelines support intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (
PUFA
s) in fish and vegetable oils. However, some controversy remains about benefits of
PUFA
s, and most prior studies have relied on self‐reported dietary assessment in relatively homogeneous populations.

Methods and Results

In a multiethnic cohort of 2837
US
adults (whites, Hispanics,
A
frican
A
mericans,
C
hinese
A
mericans), plasma phospholipid
PUFA
s were measured at baseline (2000–2002) using gas chromatography and dietary
PUFA
s estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. Incident cardiovascular disease (
CVD
) events (including coronary heart disease and stroke; n=189) were prospectively identified through 2010 during 19 778 person‐years of follow‐up. In multivariable‐adjusted Cox models, circulating n‐3 eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were inversely associated with incident
CVD
, with extreme‐quartile hazard ratios (95%
CI
s) of 0.49 for eicosapentaenoic acid (0.30 to 0.79;
P
trend
=0.01) and 0.39 for docosahexaenoic acid (0.22 to 0.67;
P
trend
<0.001). n‐3 Docosapentaenoic acid (
DPA
) was inversely associated with
CVD
in whites and
C
hinese, but not in other race/ethnicities (
P
‐interaction=0.01). No significant associations with
CVD
were observed for circulating n‐3 alpha‐linolenic acid or n‐6
PUFA
(linoleic acid, arachidonic acid). Associations with
CVD
of self‐reported dietary
PUFA
were consistent with those of the
PUFA
biomarkers. All associations were similar across racial‐ethnic groups, except those of docosapentaenoic acid.

Conclusions

Both dietary and circulating eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, but not alpha‐linolenic acid or n‐6
PUFA
, were inversely associated with
CVD
incidence. These findings suggest that increased consumption of n‐3
PUFA
from seafood may prevent
CVD
development in a multiethnic population.
Aircraft Observations of the Marine Boundary Layer Adjustment near Point Arguello, California
Authors: Parish Thomas R. , Rahn David A. , Leon Dave 
Published: December 2013

AbstractNortherly winds set up by synoptic conditions are persistent in the marine boundary layer (MBL) off the California coast from late spring through summer. Wind, pressure, and MBL height are modulated as the low-level flow impinges on the points and capes along the California coast. The Precision Atmospheric Marine Boundary Layer Experiment was conducted in May and June of 2012 with the primary goal to directly measure the dynamics responsible for the wind field near Point Arguello and Point Conception. Detailed measurements of the horizontal pressure field within the MBL were made using the University of Wyoming King Air research aircraft. Airborne measurements made during cases of strong northerly wind show an abrupt adjustment of the MBL near Point Arguello, including a modulation of the horizontal pressure gradient force and a near collapse of the MBL. Airborne lidar measurements complement measurements of the horizontal pressure field and help to elucidate the large changes in the MBL height in the vicinity of Point Arguello. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model was used to simulate the 20 May 2012 case at a high resolution. Model results showed large-amplitude height perturbations near Point Arguello, similar to those observed from the airborne platform. In this case, the offshore flow played an important role in the local forcing.
Assessing the Twenty-First-Century Shift in ENSO Variability in Terms of the Bjerknes Stability Index*
Authors: Lübbecke Joke F. , McPhaden Michael J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A decadal change in the character of ENSO was observed around year 2000 toward weaker-amplitude, higher-frequency events with an increased occurrence of central Pacific El Niños. Here these changes are assessed in terms of the Bjerknes stability index (BJ index), which is a measure of the growth rate of ENSO-related SST anomalies. The individual terms of the index are calculated from ocean reanalysis products separately for the time periods 1980–99 and 2000–10. The spread between the products is large, but they show a robust weakening of the thermocline feedback due to a reduced thermocline slope response to anomalous zonal wind stress as well as a weakened wind stress response to eastern equatorial Pacific SST anomalies. These changes are consistent with changes in the background state of the tropical Pacific: cooler mean SST in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific results in reduced convection there together with a westward shift in the ascending branch of the Walker circulation. This shift leads to a weakening in the relationship between eastern Pacific SST and longitudinally averaged equatorial zonal wind stress. Also, despite a steeper mean thermocline slope in the more recent period, the thermocline slope response to wind stress anomalies weakened due to a smaller zonal wind fetch that results from ENSO-related wind anomalies being more confined to the western basin. As a result, the total BJ index is more negative, corresponding to a more strongly damped system in the past decade compared to the 1980s and 1990s.
A Comparison of OLR and Circulation-Based Indices for Tracking the MJO
Authors: Kiladis George N. , Dias Juliana , Straub Katherine H. , Wheeler Matthew C. , Tulich Stefan N. , Kikuchi Kazuyoshi , Weickmann Klaus M. , Ventrice Michael J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Two univariate indices of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) based on outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) are developed to track the convective component of the MJO while taking into account the seasonal cycle. These are compared with the all-season Real-time Multivariate MJO (RMM) index of Wheeler and Hendon derived from a multivariate EOF of circulation and OLR. The gross features of the OLR and circulation of composite MJOs are similar regardless of the index, although RMM is characterized by stronger circulation. Diversity in the amplitude and phase of individual MJO events between the indices is much more evident; this is demonstrated using examples from the Dynamics of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) field campaign and the Year of Tropical Convection (YOTC) virtual campaign. The use of different indices can lead to quite disparate conclusions concerning MJO timing and strength, and even as to whether or not an MJO has occurred. A disadvantage of using daily OLR as an EOF basis is that it is a much noisier field than the large-scale circulation, and filtering is necessary to obtain stable results through the annual cycle. While a drawback of filtering is that it cannot be done in real time, a reasonable approximation to the original fully filtered index can be obtained by following an endpoint smoothing method. When the convective signal is of primary interest, the authors advocate the use of satellite-based metrics for retrospective analysis of the MJO for individual cases, as well as for the analysis of model skill in initiating and evolving the MJO.
Identification of molecular species of cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides in very low-density and intermediate-density lipoproteins
Authors: Shrestha Rojeet , Hui Shu-Ping , Sakurai Toshihiro , Yagi Akiko , Takahashi Yuji , Takeda Seiji , Jin Shigeki , Fuda Hirotoshi , Chiba Hitoshi 
Published: December 2013

Background Oxidation of lipoproteins is thought to play a crucial role in atherogenesis. Role for triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in atherogenesis is unclear. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides (CEOOH) are present in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) by using highly sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Methods Total lipids were extracted from the plasma of healthy donors ( n = 6) and their fractions of VLDL and IDL. Additional three plasma samples were analysed freshly for CEOOH. Detection and identification of CEOOH was conducted by liquid chromatography/LTQ ion trap mass spectrometry/Orbitrap high mass accuracy mass spectrometry. Authentic standards of CEOOH were used for unequivocal identification on the basis of their mass spectra. Results We identified six molecular CEOOH species overall, namely, Ch18:1-OOH, Ch18:2-OOH, Ch18:3-OOH, Ch20:4-OOH, Ch20:5-OOH and Ch22:6-OOH. Of them, Ch18:2-OOH, Ch20:5-OOH, Ch20:4-OOH and Ch22:6-OOH were detected in all IDL samples, while only Ch20:4-OOH was detected in all VLDL samples. All of CEOOH species except for Ch18:3-OOH were detected in plasma, with constant detection of Ch20:5-OOH, and Ch22:6-OOH in all plasma samples. Conclusion The presence of CEOOH species in VLDL and IDL was confirmed with the analytical sensitivity of 0.1 pmol, showing the constant appearance of more CEOOH species in IDL than VLDL. This finding might add biochemical evidences of atherogenicity of these lipoproteins. Clinical utility of measuring CEOOH level in these lipoproteins need to be investigated for the risk assessment of the cardiovascular disease.
‘Difficulties come to humans and not trees and they need to be faced’: A study on resilience among Indian women experiencing intimate partner violence
Authors: Shanthakumari R Shobitha , Chandra Prabha S , Riazantseva Ekaterina , Stewart Donna E 
Published: December 2013

Background: Not much is known about factors that contribute to resilience among women facing intimate partner violence (IPV), particularly from countries where patriarchy predominates. This qualitative study aimed to gather the perspectives of Indian women self-identified as resilient in the face of IPV and tried to understand the strategies and resources that helped them to maintain or regain resilience. Materials: Data were collected from 16 consenting women who reported IPV and whose husbands were being treated for alcohol problems at a psychiatric centre in Bangalore, India. A semi-structured guided interview format that aimed at understanding factors that enabled them to feel resilient despite IPV in their challenging circumstances was used to gather narratives from the participants. Discussion: Six themes were identified using QSR NVivo software. They were as follows: the support of women, men and family; personal attributes; dignity and work; being strong for the children; and faith in God. Among these women, supportive social networks, personal attributes and aspirations were major clusters contributing to resilience. Conclusion: Attention to these factors may provide an important, strengths-based perspective for interventions to enhance women’s resilience when facing IPV.
Criminogenic Facilities and Crime across Street Segments in Philadelphia
Authors: Groff Elizabeth R. , Lockwood Brian 
Published: December 2013

Objectives: Test whether the exposure of street segments to five different potentially criminogenic facilities is positively related to violent, property, or disorder crime counts controlling for sociodemographic context. The geographic extent of the relationship is also explored. Method: Facility exposure is operationalized as total inverse distance from each street segment in Philadelphia, PA, to surrounding facilities within three threshold distances of 400, 800, and 1,200 feet. All distances are measured using shortest path street distance. Census block group data representing ethnic heterogeneity, concentrated disadvantage, and stability are proportionally allocated to each street block. Negative binomial regression is used to model the relationships. Results: Exposure to bars and subway stations was positively associated with violent, property, and disorder crime at all distance thresholds from street segments. Schools were associated with disorder offenses at all distance thresholds. The effects of exposure to halfway houses and drug treatment centers varied by distance and by crime type. Conclusions: Facilities have a significant effect on crime at nearby places even controlling for sociodemographic variables. The geographic extent of a facility’s criminogenic influence varies by type of facility and type of crime. Future research should examine additional types of facilities and include information about place management.
Metformin Reduces TGF‐β1–Induced Extracellular Matrix Production in Nasal Polyp–Derived Fibroblasts
Authors: Park Il‐Ho , Um Ji‐Young , Hong Sung‐Moon , Cho Jung‐Sun , Lee Seung Hoon , Lee Sang Hag , Lee Heung‐Man 
Published: December 2013

Background and ObjectsMetformin is widely used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, and adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK) is thought to be the target that mediates its effects. Recently, it has been demonstrated that metformin has antifibrotic effects beyond its antihyperglycemic action. The purposes of this study were to investigate the effect of metformin on TGF‐β1–induced myofibroblast differentiation (α‐smooth muscle actin [α‐SMA]) and extracellular matrix (ECM) production and to determine the underlying mechanism of the action of metformin in nasal polyp–derived fibroblasts (NPDFs).Study DesignBasic research.SettingThe rhinology laboratory of Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea.MethodsNPDFs from 7 patients were incubated with TGF‐β1 and treated with metformin or compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK. To determine the proliferation rate of nasal fibroblasts, a 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was performed. The expression levels of α‐SMA and fibronectin were determined by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), Western blotting, and immunofluorescent staining. Phosphorylation of AMPK and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 were evaluated by Western blot analysis.ResultsIn TGF‐β1–induced NPDFs, metformin inhibited the expression of α‐SMA and fibronectin, as confirmed by both RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis. Metformin increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and the expression levels of α‐SMA and fibronectin. However, compound C reversed these effects. Metformin inhibited TGF‐β1–induced phosphorylation of Smad2/3.ConclusionsThis study showed that metformin inhibits TGF‐β1–induced myofibroblast differentiation and ECM production in NPDFs via the Smad2/3 pathway. AMPK can be a therapeutic target for the prevention of ECM remodeling in nasal polyps.
Exclusive Breastfeeding among Canadian Inuit
Authors: McIsaac Kathryn E. , Lou Wendy , Sellen Daniel , Young T. Kue 
Published: December 2013

Background: Very little population-based research has been conducted around the exclusive breastfeeding practices of Inuit Canadians. Objectives: This research aims to assess the distribution of exclusive breastfeeding among Inuit Canadians and to identify factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding as recommended. Methods: We use data from 188 infant-mother dyads who completed the Nunavut Inuit Child Health Survey, a cross-sectional, population-based survey of Inuit children aged 3 to 5 years. A series of multinomial logistic regression models were run to identify factors associated with 4 exclusive breastfeeding durations (≤ 1 month, > 1-< 5.5 months, 5.5-6.5 months, and > 6.5 months). Results: Of infants, 23% were exclusively breastfed as recommended (ie, between 5.5 and 6.5 months; 95% CI, 16.2-29.3). Many infants (61%) were exclusively breastfed for less than 5.5 months and 16% (95% CI, 10.9-22.0) were exclusively breastfed for more than 6.5 months. Families receiving income support were less likely to discontinue exclusive breastfeeding before 5.5 months (pOR1- < 5.5 months = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.13, 0.85) relative to those not receiving income support, in adjusted models. No other measured factors were significantly related to exclusive breastfeeding duration. Conclusions: The majority of Inuit Canadian infants receive suboptimal exclusive breastfeeding. National, provincial, and community-specific interventions to protect, promote, and support exclusive breastfeeding should emphasize not only the benefits of exclusively breastfeeding to 6 months but also the importance of timely introduction of complementary foods into the infant’s diet.
Body Composition Changes in the First 6 Months of Life According to Method of Feeding
Authors: Giannì Maria Lorella , Roggero Paola , Orsi Anna , Piemontese Pasqua , Garbarino Francesca , Bracco Beatrice , Garavaglia Elisa , Agosti Massimo , Mosca Fabio 
Published: December 2013

Background: Early feeding choices may affect long-term health outcomes. Therefore, understanding body composition changes in healthy breastfed infants has become an important research focus. Objectives: The aims of this review were to investigate the body composition changes that occur during weight loss in breastfed term newborns and to examine body composition differences between exclusively/predominantly breastfed and exclusively formula-fed infants in the first 6 months of life. Methods: We performed a review of the existing literature using PubMed. We searched for studies published in English since January 1, 2000, that involved human infants ranging in age from birth to 6 months. We used the following MEDLINE Medical Subject Headings: ((breastfeeding) OR (infant formula)) AND ((body composition) OR (bioelectrical impedance) OR (absorptiometry, photon) OR (total body potassium) OR (isotope dilution) OR (air-displacement plethysmography)). Our search yielded 6 studies. Results: Two studies reported that newborn weight loss was due to a reduction in the quantity of both fat mass and fat-free mass. Three out of 4 articles that evaluated body composition changes according to method of feeding reported no differences in body composition between exclusively/predominantly breastfed and exclusively formula-fed infants in the first 4.5 months of life. One study reported that exclusively breastfed infants at 3 months of age and exclusively breastfed boys at 6 months of age had higher fat mass contents compared to exclusively formula-fed infants. Conclusion: Because of the limited number of studies available, larger studies are needed to clarify the differences in body composition between exclusively/predominantly breastfed and exclusively formula-fed infants.
Limited spread of hepatitis C among HIV-negative men who have sex with men in Stockholm, Sweden
Authors: Blaxhult A , Samuelson A , Ask R , Hökeberg I 
Published: December 2013

Summary Reported cases of hepatitis C (HCV) have been increasing among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in many cities worldwide, including Stockholm, Sweden. This study was performed in order to see whether there is also an increase of HCV among HIV-negative MSM. A total number of 1008 MSM attending a clinic for sexually transmitted infections (STI) were screened for HCV. A confirmed positive HCV antibody screening test was found in five cases. Two of these also tested positive for HCV-RNA. We conclude that there is limited spread of HCV among MSM in Stockholm, and the prevalence of HCV among HIV-negative MSM is similar to that found in the general population.
Exploration of gender differences of Chlamydia trachomatis infection amongst young people reveals limitations of using sexual histories to assess risk in high-prevalence areas
Authors: Syred Jonathan , Engler Birgit , Campbell Lucy , Baraitser Paula , Sheringham Jessica 
Published: December 2013

Summary In England, chlamydia positivity in young men occurs at a slightly older age group (20–24 years) than positivity among young women (16–20 years) but total rates of infection among the population aged under 25 years are similar. Where there is variation, explanations often focus on individual sexual risk behaviours. We aimed to explore the extent to which variations in chlamydia positivity could be explained by reasons for attendance and sexual behaviour at a sexual health clinic in a high-prevalence area of England. Data routinely collected during clinic appointments were extracted retrospectively from the medical records of 952 clinic users (634 women) aged 16 to 24. We tested for associations with chlamydia positivity using the Chi square statistic and multiple logistic regression for men and women separately; 19.5% of men tested positive (95% CI: 15.1–23.8) compared to 11.5% of women (95% CI: 9.0–14.0). Reporting a partner with symptoms or a sexually transmitted infection diagnosis was significantly associated with a positive diagnosis (Men OR: 3.14, 95% CI: 1.5–6.25; Women OR: 3.78, 95% CI: 1.83–7.83). All other reasons for attendance and all sexual behaviour variables were not significantly associated with a positive diagnosis. Differences in chlamydia positivity between men and women attending this service cannot be explained by individual sexual behaviours found to be associated with higher risk of infection in national studies. Our findings question the utility of individual behavioural data routinely collected during clinic appointments for predicting risk of sexually transmitted infections in high-prevalence areas.
Large-scale HIV testing in the older population in China: findings from a cross-sectional study
Authors: Xie Tiansheng , Wang Guohua , Yan Haibo , Yang Liqun , Yu Wei , Fan Jun , Ruan Bing , Wu Nanping 
Published: December 2013

Summary Aiming to explore universal HIV testing, and to understand the exact HIV prevalence in the older general population, we conducted a community-based cross-sectional epidemiological investigation in two counties of Zhejiang province, China. Using census strategy and convenience sampling method, those participants who were older than 50 years and met eligibility criteria were enrolled, and HIV prevalence was presented as a crude infection rate. A total of 215,441 (64.82%) were enrolled into this study, HIV testing was added into their health exam plan and 18 were confirmed as HIV positive, giving a crude rate of 0.84/10,000. HIV prevalence was higher among men than among women in all age groups ( p < 0.05). Unlike previous research, 14 cases (78%) still had a relatively high CD4 + count; 17 cases (94%) had been infected by sexual transmission. Active large-scale HIV screening by integrating into routine health care can be an effective strategy to find people living with HIV at relative early stage of disease.
A meta-analysis of remote patient monitoring for chronic heart failure patients
Authors: Nakamura Naoto , Koga Tadashi , Iseki Hiroshi 
Published: December 2013

Summary We carried out a meta analysis of remote patient monitoring (RPM) for chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. A literature search was used to identify randomised controlled trials with more than 40 patients, published between February 2003 and February 2013. The primary outcome (mortality) was analysed using a random effect model. Thirteen studies were included (3337 patients). RPM resulted in a significantly lower mortality (risk ratio 0.76; 95% confidence interval 0.62 to 0.93) compared to usual care. The test for heterogeneity showed that articles had been extracted homogeneously (I2=0%, P=0.67). In order to determine which RPM model was most effective, subgroup analyses were conducted by age, severity of illness, measurement frequency, medication management and speed of intervention. The group with rapid intervention had the lowest mortality (rapid group risk ratio=0.59, non-rapid group risk ratio=0.88, P=0.05). The group with high measurement frequency had lower mortality (high frequency group risk ratio=0.62, low frequency group risk ratio=0.89, P=0.07). The group with medication management had lower mortality (medication group risk ratio=0.65, non medication group risk ratio=0.85, P=0.19). RPM is effective in chronic heart failure and rapid intervention was the most important factor in the RPM model.