bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Albuterol delivery via metered dose inhaler in a spontaneously breathing pediatric tracheostomy model
Authors: Berlinski Ariel , Chavez Alma 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRationaleLittle data are available regarding efficiency of drug delivery devices and techniques despite their widespread use in spontaneously breathing tracheostomized patients. We compared patient dose achieved with different devices, inhalation techniques, tracheostomy tube sizes and breathing patterns using a spontaneously breathing tracheostomized pediatric model.MethodsA tracheostomy model was connected in series to a breathing simulator with a filter interposed (patient dose). Breathing patterns of a 16‐month‐old and a 6‐ and 12‐year‐old child with tracheostomy with internal diameters (mm) of 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 were used. Albuterol HFAp MDI was used. Aerotrach Plus, MediBag, Aerochamber MV, Aerochamber Mini, and inline adapter with 6‐inch tubing were tested. The latter 3 devices were also tested with assisted technique. Albuterol was analyzed via spectrophotometry.ResultsAerotrach Plus outperformed almost all devices tested. Aerochamber MV with unassisted technique was the second best and the adapter was the worst. Comparison of efficiency between best and worst performer ranged from 3‐ to 17.2‐fold. The 16‐month‐old breathing pattern and the 3.5 mm tracheostomy tube had the lowest patient dose. The use of assisted technique decreased patient dose by 18–67% for the 4.5 and 5.5 mm but not for 3.5 mm tracheostomy tubes. A median of 7.4% of the nominal dose was deposited in the tracheostomy tubes.ConclusionsAerotrach Plus and the adapter were the most and least efficient devices respectively. Tracheostomy size and breathing pattern affected drug delivery. The use of assisted technique reduced aerosol delivery. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:1026–1034. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neutrino mixings and the S4 discrete flavour symmetry
Authors: Bazzocchi F. , Merlo L. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDiscrete non‐Abelian Symmetries have been extensively used to reproduce the lepton mixings. In particular, the S4 group turned out to be suitable to describe predictive mixing patterns, such as the well‐known Tri‐Bimaximal and the Bimaximal schemes, which all represent possible first approximations of the experimental lepton mixing matrix. We review the main application of the S4 discrete group as a flavour symmetry, first dealing with the formalism and later with the phenomenological implications. In particular, we summarize the main features of flavour models based on S4, commenting on their ability in reproducing a reactor angle in agreement with the recent data and on their predictions for lepton flavour violating transitions.
Non‐Abelian discrete symmetry for flavors
Authors: Ishimori H. , Kobayashi T. , Shimizu Y. , Ohki H. , Okada H. , Tanimoto M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe present a mathematical short review on non‐Abelian discrete groups that could be used as reference introduction to the actual flavor models proposed to account for the observed flavor structure of quarks and leptons. For the practical purpose of flavor model building, we present group‐theoretical aspects of S3, S4, A4, D4, Δ(27) and Δ(54).
Polymorphisms in CYP17 and CYP3A4 and prostate cancer in men of African descent
Authors: Taioli Emanuela , Sears Vestra , Watson Alexis , Flores‐Obando Rafael E. , Jackson Maria D. , Ukoli Flora A. , de Syllos Cólus Ilce M. , Fernandez Pedro , McFarlane‐Anderson Norma , Ostrander Elaine A. , Rodrigues Iara S. , Stanford Janet L. , Taylor Jack A. , Tulloch‐Reid Marshall , Ragin Camille C.R. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDA meta and pooled analysis of published and unpublished case–control studies was performed to evaluate the association of CYP17 (rs743572) and CYP3A4 (rs2740574) polymorphisms and prostate cancer (PCa) in men from the USA, Caribbean, and Africa.METHODSEight publications (seven studies) and two unpublished studies for CYP17 included 1,580 subjects (559 cases and 1,021 controls) and eleven publications and three unpublished studies for CYP3A4 included 3,400 subjects (1,429 cases and 1,971 controls).RESULTSOverall, the CYP17 heterozygous and homozygous variants were not associated with PCa, but they confer a 60% increased risk of PCa in a sub‐group analysis restricted to African‐American men (T/C + C/C, OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.4). No associations were observed for CYP3A4, overall and in stratified analyses for African‐Americans and Africans. The pooled analysis suggests that after adjusting for study, age, PSA, and family history of PCa, CYP17 was associated with PCa for men of African ancestry (Adjusted OR: 3.5, 95% CI: 1.2–10.0).CONCLUSIONSOur findings suggest that genetic factors involved in the androgen pathway play a role in PCa risk among men of African ancestry. Prostate 73: 668–676, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Site‐controlled quantum dot growth on buried oxide stressor layers
Authors: Strittmatter André , Holzbecher André , Schliwa Andrei , Schulze Jan‐Hindrik , Quandt David , Germann Tim David , Dreismann Alexander , Hitzemann Ole , Stock Erik , Ostapenko Irina A. , Rodt Sven , Unrau Waldemar , Pohl Udo W. , Hoffmann Axel , Bimberg Dieter , Haisler Vladimir 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSite‐controlled growth of quantum dots (QDs) for single photon emitters (SPEs) is achieved applying a buried stressor approach. Theoretical and experimental analysis shows that site‐controlled QD growth on buried oxide stressor‐layers benefits enormously from a defect‐free growth interface. Laterally modulated strain fields at GaAs(001) growth surfaces are used to tailor surface morphologies at the centre of prescribed mesa structures for subsequent QD growth. Suitable morphologies for site‐controlled QD growth such as nano‐hillocks and nano‐holes are identified. Site‐controlled QD growth appears above the boundaries between the oxidised layer and the non‐oxidised semiconductor layer. Through fine tuning of wetting layer thickness and growth interruption high selectivity for QD nucleation is achieved. Thus, growth of single QDs at the centre of a current‐injection limiting aperture is demonstrated. Moreover, the QD growth on a defect‐free surface yields high quality optical properties in terms of narrow emission linewidth and temporal stability with no discernible difference to QDs grown on planar substrates. The technological simplicity of the buried stressor approach and the inherent integration of a current aperture for efficient carrier injection into site‐selected QDs enable mass production of SPEs on large substrate sizes.
Discrimination of psychotropic drugs over‐consumers using a threshold exceedance based approach
Authors: Bellanger Lise , Vigneau Caroline , Pivette Jacques , Jolliet Pascale , Sébille Véronique 
Published: November 2012

AbstractUse of some medication, such as tranquilizers or hypnotics may carry important risks for patients including the emergence of abuse and/or dependence. The problem we tackle consists of identifying and discriminating the group most “at risk” of abuse and/or dependence for a given drug, in order to provide an estimation of its prevalence and to develop preventive measures targeted toward the corresponding drug prescription. A criterion, currently employed to characterize patients' consumption of a drug, is the ratio between their daily average consumption and the maximum recommended daily dose as specified in the drug monograph, called theFfactor. In theory, any patient having anFfactor greater than 1 should be classified as an over‐consumer for the corresponding drug, but in practice this threshold might not be very relevant for all drugs. The proposed approach, combining different statistical methods (extreme value theory with the Peaks Over Threshold Model, logistic regression, ROC curve), is an innovative way to study consumption behaviors of psychotropic drugs. Two drugs are studied: an antidepressant, tianeptine and a hypnotic, zolpidem. From one drug to another, different thresholds for theFfactor and patient's characteristics associated with the risk of extreme consumption are found, revealing different consumption behaviors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 6: 91–101, 2013
Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow and Anxiety Associated with an 8‐week Mindfulness Programme in Women with Breast Cancer
Authors: Monti Daniel A. , Kash Kathryn M. , Kunkel Elisabeth J. S. , Brainard George , Wintering Nancy , Moss Aleezé S. , Rao Hengyi , Zhu Senhua , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) associated with the Mindfulness‐based Art Therapy (MBAT) programme and correlate such changes to stress and anxiety in women with breast cancer. Eighteen breast cancer patients were randomized to the MBAT or education control group. The patients received the diagnosis of breast cancer between 6 months and 3 years prior to enrollment and were not in active treatment. The age of participants ranged from 52 to 77 years. A voxel‐based analysis was performed to assess differences at rest, during meditation and during a stress task. The anxiety sub‐scale of the Symptoms Checklist‐90‐Revised was compared with changes in resting CBF before and after the programmes. Subjects in the MBAT arm demonstrated significant increases in CBF at rest and during meditation in multiple limbic regions, including the left insula, right amygdala, right hippocampus and bilateral caudate. Patients in the MBAT programme also had a significant correlation between increased CBF in the left caudate and decreased anxiety scores. In the MBAT group, responses to a stressful cue resulted in reduced activation of the posterior cingulate. The results demonstrate that the MBAT programme was associated with significant changes in CBF, which correlated with decreased anxiety over an 8‐week period. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direkte Ermittlung der erforderlichen Einspanntiefe von I‐förmigen Stahlquerschnitten in Betonkonstruktionen
Authors: Laumann Jörg , Mainz Stefan 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFür die Ermittlung der erforderlichen Einspanntiefe von eingespannten Stahlquerschnitten in Betonkonstruktionen existieren verschiedene Bemessungsmodelle. Diese basieren vorwiegend auf Grundlage nationaler Normen wie z. B. DIN 18800 [1] und DIN 1045 [2], die durch die europäische Normung ersetzt wurden. Aus diesem Grund wird in diesem Aufsatz ein Berechnungsmodell für die erforderliche Einspanntiefe von eingespannten Stahlquerschnitten in Betonkonstruktionen auf Grundlage des Eurocodes vorgestellt. Das Grundgerüst für dieses Berechnungsmodell bildet das Verfahren nach Kindmann und Laumann, welches in [3] behandelt wurde. Gleichzeitig werden neue Formeln zur direkten Ermittlung der Mindesteinspanntiefe vorgestellt. Behandelt werden gewalzte I‐Profile für einachsige Biegung um die starke Achse (y‐y) mit Drucknormalkraft.Direct calculation of the required length of restraint for steel columns in concrete constructions. For the calculation of the load carrying capacity of steel columns in concrete foundations several calculation models exist. Until now, these calculation models are based on national standards (e. g. DIN 18800 [1]; DIN 1045 [2]), whereas these standards will be replaced by European standards in 2012. This paper shows a calculation model based on the Eurocode refining the methods of Kindmann and Laumann [3]. The minimum length of restraint can be calculated directly for rolled I‐sections considering bending about the strong axis (y‐y) with compression normal force.
Technische und wirtschaftliche Alternativen zu den klassischen nichtrostenden, austenitischen Stählen unter atmosphärischen Einsatzbedingungen
Authors: Burkert Andreas , Lehmann Jens , Burkert Annette , Mietz Jürgen , Gümpel Paul 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDurch systematische Labor‐ und Auslagerungsuntersuchungen ist es möglich, sieben unterschiedliche nichtrostende Stahllegierungen hinsichtlich verschiedenster Anwendungen untereinander und auch in Bezug auf zwei austenitische Standardwerkstoffe (1.4301, 1.4404) zu vergleichen. Die parallele Untersuchung von fünf verschiedenen Oberflächenausführungen der jeweiligen Werkstoffe ermöglicht zudem, branchenspezifische Besonderheiten der Oberflächenausführung beim Werkstoffvergleich zu berücksichtigen. Der Einfluss der Oberflächenausführung wird überwiegend bei den Ergebnissen der Auslagerungsversuche in kritischen Atmosphären sichtbar, weniger bei den elektrochemischen Untersuchungen.Die drei Vertreter aus dem Bereich der Duplexstähle zeigten unter den meisten Untersuchungsbedingungen eine hervorragende Korrosionsbeständigkeit. Insbesondere für Anwendungen im Bauwesen können die Lean‐Duplexstähle deutliche Vorteile bieten. Der Manganaustenit 1.4376 sowie der Ferrit 1.4509 sind nur eingeschränkt als Alternativen geeignet, da die Werkstoffe bei einigen Versuchen signifikante Schwächen zeigten.Technical and economical alternatives to the classical austenitic stainless steels under atmospheric conditions. The systematic laboratory and field exposure tests allow to compare seven different stainless steels among each other and also regarding two standard austenitic materials (1.4301, 1.4401) with respect to various applications. Parallel investigations with five different surface finishes of the respective materials enable to consider also industry‐specific features of the surface finish. The influence of the surface finish can mainly be seen in the results of the exposure tests in critical atmospheres and less in the electrochemical investigations.The three duplex stainless steels showed under most of the test conditions excellent corrosion resistance. Especially for applications in civil engineering the lean duplex steels offer clear advantages. The manganese alloyed 1.4376 and the ferritic steel 1.4509 are only limited suitable as alternatives as these materials showed significant weaknesses in some of the tests.
Relative host body condition and food availability influence epidemic dynamics: aPoecilia reticulata-Gyrodactylus turnbullihost-parasite model
Authors: TADIRI CHRISTINA P. , DARGENT FELIPE , SCOTT MARILYN E. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYUnderstanding disease transmission is important to species management and human health. Host body condition, nutrition and disease susceptibility interact in a complex manner, and while the individual effects of these variables are well known, our understanding of how they interact and translate to population dynamics is limited. Our objective was to determine whether host relative body condition influences epidemic dynamics, and how this relationship is affected by food availability.Poecilia reticulata(guppies) of roughly similar size were selected and assembled randomly into populations of 10 guppies assigned to 3 different food availability treatments, and the relative condition index (Kn) of each fish was calculated. We infected 1 individual per group (‘source’ fish) withGyrodactyus turnbulliand counted parasites on each fish every other day for 10 days. Epidemic parameters for each population were analysed using generalized linear models. High hostKn—particularly that of the ‘source’ fish—exerted a positive effect on incidence, peak parasite burden, and the degree of parasite aggregation. Low food availability increased the strength of the associations with peak burden and aggregation. Our findings suggest that hostKnand food availability interact to influence epidemic dynamics, and that the condition of the individual that brings the parasite into the host population has a profound impact on the spread of infection.
On Arnol’d’s and Kazhdan’s equidistribution problems
Authors: GORODNIK ALEXANDER , NEVO AMOS 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe consider isometric actions of lattices in semisimple algebraic groups on (possibly non-compact) homogeneous spaces with (possibly infinite) invariant Radon measure. We assume that the action has a dense orbit, and demonstrate two novel and non-classical dynamical phenomena that arise in this context. The first is the existence of a mean ergodic theorem even when the invariant measure is infinite; this implies the existence of an associated limiting distribution, which can be different from the underlying invariant measure. The second is uniform quantitative equidistribution of all orbits in the space, which follows from a quantitative mean ergodic theorem for such actions. In turn, these results imply quantitative ratio ergodic theorems for isometric actions of lattices. This sheds some unexpected light on certain equidistribution problems posed by Arnol’d [Arnol’d’s Problems. Springer, Berlin, 2004] and also on the ratio equidistribution conjecture for dense subgroups of isometries formulated by Kazhdan [Uniform distribution on a plane. Tr. Mosk. Mat. Obs. 14 (1965), 299–305]. We briefly mention the general problem regarding ergodic theorems for actions of lattices on homogeneous spaces and its solution given by Gorodnik and Nevo [Duality principle and ergodic theorems, in preparation], and present a number of examples to demonstrate our results. Finally, we also prove results on quantitative equidistribution for absolutely continuous averages in transitive actions.
Impacts of land‐use changes on surface warming rates and rice yield in Shikoku, western Japan
Authors: Yoshida Ryuhei , Iizumi Toshichika , Nishimori Motoki , Yokozawa Masayuki 
Published: November 2012

We evaluated the impacts of historical land‐use changes (LUCs) from 1987 to 2006 on surface warming rates and rice yields on the island of Shikoku, Japan. We performed two types of numerical simulations (with historical LUCs and with fixed land uses) using a regional atmospheric model (JMA‐NHM) and a large‐area rice‐growth model (PRYSBI). During our study period in Shikoku, the area of paddy fields decreased markedly and the area of building lots and roads increased. Our evaluation suggests that these LUCs caused warming rates in and around paddy fields that were five times those in and around other land uses. The simulated rice yield in 2006 was 0.27% lower (0.012 t ha−1) than in 1987 in response to the change in thermal and solar radiation conditions. These results suggest that decreases of crop yield due to environmental deterioration will be found in other regions where similar LUCs are occurring.
Decapitation in Suicidal Hanging – Vital Reaction Patterns
Authors: Hejna Petr , Bohnert Michael 
Published: November 2012

AbstractComplete or incomplete decapitation as a consequence of suicidal hanging is very rare, few cases having been reported in the worldwide literature. Posthanging decapitation is typically related to a drop of several meters. Three cases of complete decapitation and one case of incomplete decapitation by suicidal hanging are reported with particular emphasis on internal findings and vital reaction patterns. Personal, circumstantial, autopsy, and toxicological data were analyzed to define basic characteristics of such extreme injuries. The crucial factor for the state of decapitation itself is the kinetic energy of the falling body, the strength of the human neck tissue, and the diameter and elasticity of the used ligature. Results of our case study suggest Simon's hemorrhage and air embolism as useful autopsy findings in posthanging beheading cases. Simon's hemorrhage was demonstrated in three cases of four. The test for air embolism was positive in all four cases.
Forensic Identification of Seal Oils Using Lipid Profiles and Statistical Models
Authors: Broadwater Margaret H. , Seaborn Gloria T. , Schwacke John H. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSeal blubber oils are used as a source of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in Canada but prohibited in the United States and (FA) European Union. Thus, a reliable method is needed to identify oils originating from seals versus fish. Two lipid profiling methods, fatty acid analysis using gas chromatography and triacylglycerol (TAG) analysis using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, were applied with statistical models to discriminate commercial oils and blubber samples harvested from marine fish and seals. Significant differences were observed among FA profiles, and seal samples differed from each of the fish oils (p ≤ 0.001). FA and TAG profiles were used to discriminate sample groups using a random forest classifier; all samples were classified correctly as seals versus fish using both methods. We propose a two‐step method for the accurate identification of seal oils, with preliminary identification based on FA profile analysis and confirmation with TAG profiles.
Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in glacier environments
Authors: Segawa Takahiro , Takeuchi Nozomu , Rivera Andres , Yamada Akinori , Yoshimura Yoshitaka , Barcaza Gonzalo , Shinbori Kunio , Motoyama Hideaki , Kohshima Shiro , Ushida Kazunari 
Published: November 2012

SummaryAntibiotic resistance genes are biologically transmitted from microorganism to microorganism in particular micro‐environments where dense microbial communities are often exposed to an intensive use of antibiotics, such as intestinal microflora, and the soil microflora of agricultural fields. However, recent studies have detected antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and/or antibiotic resistance genes in the natural environment geographically isolated from such areas. Here we sought to examine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in 54 snow and ice samples collected from the Arctic, Antarctic, Central Asia, North and South America and Africa, to evaluate the level of these genes in environments supposedly not affected by anthropogenic factors. We observed a widespread distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in samples from various glaciers in Central Asia, North and South America, Greenland and Africa. In contrast, Antarctic glaciers were virtually free from these genes. Antibiotic resistance genes, of both clinical (i.e. aac(3), blaIMP) and agricultural (i.e. strA and tetW) origin, were detected. Our results show regional geographical distribution of antibiotic resistance genes, with the most plausible modes of transmission through airborne bacteria and migrating birds.
PdMLE1, a specific and active transposon acts as a promoter and confers Penicillium digitatum with DMI resistance
Authors: Sun Xuepeng , Xu Qian , Ruan Ruoxin , Zhang Tianyuan , Zhu Congyi , Li Hongye 
Published: November 2012

SummaryPreviously, we found a 199 bp element which inserted into the promoter of PdCYP51B gene in Penicillium digitatum, was associated with the overexpression of this gene and DMI fungicides resistance. However, the mechanism how this 199 bp element upregulate the expression of downstream gene was completely unknown. In the current study, we confirmed that this 199 bp element was a MITE‐like element, designated as PdMLE1. blast searching and Southern blot showed that this 199 bp element was unique to P. digitatum. Genome‐wide localization of PdMLE1 showed that it preferentially inserted into A + T rich regions, and several copies localized at the coding or regulation regions of genes were found. Penicillium digitatum mutant harbouring the PdMLE1 fused GFP gene showed the strong green fluorescence, indicating the powerful promoter activity of PdMLE1. By promoter deletion method, we identified a 20 bp core sequence in PdMLE1 which was associated with its promoter activity. In addition, we also limited the core element of PdCYP51B promoter to a 368 bp region. Collectively, we proposed a model that PdMLE1 acted as a powerful promoter and most likely recruited the transcription factor(s), therefore led to the overexpression of PdCYP51B gene and conferred P. digitatum with DMI resistance. This is the first regulation model of transposon resulted fungicide resistance proved in plant pathogens.