bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interferon and Cytotoxic Factor (Cytotoxin) Released in the Blood of Mice Infected with Mycobacterium bovis BCG
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Nakashima Izumi , Ohta Michio , Nagase Fumihiko , Yokochi Takashi , Naito Setsuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe time course of development and decline of the ability of BCG‐infected mice to produce interferon in the serum in response to the intravenous injection of purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) was very similar to that of their systemic hypersensitivity to PPD. A cytotoxic factor (cytotoxin) was produced in parallel with interferon in the serum of BCG‐infected mice after stimulation with PPD. The duration of the period in which cytotoxin‐production responsiveness to PPD was definitely detectable was much shorter than that for interferon‐production responsiveness although the periods for the maximum production of interferon and cytotoxin coincided. The kinetics of release of interferon in the serum of BCG‐infected mice after stimulation with PPD did not parallel that of release of cytotoxin.The four kinds of activities, interferons and cytotoxins induced by PPD and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the serum of BCG‐infected mice, were compared for their stability to heating at 56 C and to treatment at pH 2. The kinetics of inactivation of these four activities differed significantly, when the serum was either heated at 56 C or treated at pH 2. Interferon produced in response to LPS could be neutralized by anti‐L cell(NDV) interferon rabbit serum as easily as L cell (NDV) interferon, 16 times as much antiserum was required to neutralize the same amount of interferon in response to PPD, but cytotoxins induced by PPD and LPS were not neutralized at all by the antiserum. From these findings it is thought likely that interferons and cytotoxins induced by PPD and LPS in the serum of BCG‐infected mice are different substances, although the antigenic relationship between cytotoxins induced by PPD and LPS remains unknown.
Studies on the Neutralization of Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Yoshino Kamesaburo , Urayama Mari , Abe Kazuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLate IgG and IgM from a rabbit immunized with herpes virus were tested for ordinary neutralizing (N) antibody, complement‐requiring neutralizing (CRN) antibody and in addition CRN antibody detectable by overnight sensitization at 0 C (s‐CRN antibody). Heat stability tests showed that IgG s‐CRN antibody was slightly less resistant to heating at 70 C than were N and CRN antibodies, whereas all three activities of IgM were quickly degraded at this temperature. Dose‐response curves with varying amounts of complement (C) or anti‐antibody revealed a marked difference between IgG s‐CRN and IgM s‐CRN antibodies. While 1‐hr sensitization at 37 C was insufficient to detect IgG s‐CRN antibody, it had the same effect as overnight sensitization at 0 C for IgM s‐CRN antibody. When sensitization at 0 C was prolonged to 3 days, unexpectedly high endpoints exceeding 1:10,000 were obtained even with IgM. Consequently, enhancement by C was several hundred‐fold with IgM in contrast to 5‐ to 10‐fold enhancement of IgG s‐CRN antibody, which was similar to that after overnight sensitization. Also IgM obviously required more C than did IgG. These results suggest that IgM of late serum is slower reacting and more C‐dependent than IgG s‐CRN antibody. Tests with early rabbit sera indicated that the s‐CRN antibody detectable by 3‐day sensitization reaches a high level before the appearance of N antibody.
Production and Properties of Immune Interferon from Spleen Cell Cultures of Toxoplasma‐Infected Mice
Authors: Shirahata Toshikazu , Shimizu Kiheiji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn response to antigenic stimulation, spleen cells from Toxoplasma‐infected mice produce a factor showing inhibitory activity against vesicular stomatitis virus infection in L cell cultures. When BALB/C and ICR mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with the low‐virulent S‐273 strain of T. gondii, such activity was first detected in 4 and 7 days and reached maximum levels at 10 and 14 days respectively, and retained these levels for at least three weeks. However, BALB/C mice, which are considerably more sensitive to Toxoplasma infection than ICR mice, produced significantly smaller amounts of interferon (IF) after challenge with the high virulent strain.The IF produced in this system possessed certain known properties of immune (type II) IF and was not neutralized by rabbit antiserum against mouse type I IF. The immune IF preparation also inhibited multiplication of Toxoplasma within nonphagocytic L cells in an IF‐like fashion, whereas Newcastle disease virus‐induced (type I) IF had no effect on this parasite. The antiviral and anti‐Toxoplasma activity in immune IF preparations could not be distinguished solely on the bases of their molecular weight and isoelectric point. The experiments with anti‐θ serum plus complement and with nylon wool column effluent cells strongly suggest that immune IF was produced by T lymphocytes and required the assistance of macrophages.
B Cell Tolerance
Authors: Uchiyama Takehiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe mechanisms of B cell tolerance were studied in an attempt to learn whether B cells rendered tolerant are present in the immune system in a potentially responsive form. The author tested the in vitro anti‐trinitrophenyl (TNP) antibody‐forming cell (anti‐TNP AFC) response to TNP‐immunogens and polyclonal B cell activators (PBA) of spleen cells taken from mice injected with a tolerogen, TNP‐carboxymethylcellulose (TNP‐CMC). Spleen cells from mice injected 5 days previously with 10 μg of TNP‐CMC did not respond to TNP‐sheep red blood cells (TNP‐SRBC), T‐dependent (TD) antigen or TNP‐Ficoll, T‐independent (TI) antigen. However, the same spleen cells responded to PBA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella enteritidis and purified protein derivative (PPD) of BCG. The results indicate that B cells specific for TNP are present in a potentially responsive form. Spleen cells from mice injected with 500 μg of TNP‐CMC did not respond to either TNP‐immunogens or PBA. The state of unresponsiveness to PBA lasted for 12 days after the tolerogen injection. Responsiveness to PBA reappeared within the short period of 2 days, whereas unresponsiveness to TNP‐immunogens lasted much longer. Unresponsiveness to PBA was relieved considerably by treating tolerant spleen cells with the proteolytic enzyme trypsin before in vitro stimulation. These results indicate that B cells rendered refractory are present in the immune system in a potentially responsive form.
Formation of Mononuclear Phagocyte (Macrophage) Colonies by Mouse Spleen Cells in Liquid Culture
Authors: Yokochi Takashi , Nakashima Izumi , Ohta Michio , Hasegawa Takaaki , Fujii Yasuaki , Kato Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae type 1 Kasuya strain (CPS‐K) on the formation of macrophage colonies in cultures of mouse spleen cells was investigated by the liquid culture technique during an incubation period of 7–8 days. CPS‐K markedly inhibited further generation of macrophage colonies when added at any time after the beginning of culture, whereas it showed no destructive effect on macrophage colonies which were already formed before its addition. When CPS‐K was present throughout the incubation period, such a low concentration as 0.05 μg/ml significantly inhibited colony formation, and the intensity of its inhibitory effect depended on its dose in the range of 0.005–50 μg/ml. The inhibitory effect persisted even if CPS‐K was washed out after spleen cells were kept in contact with 20 μg of CPS‐K per ml at 37 C for 6 hr. It was found that the inhibitory effect of CPS‐K on colony formation was not mediated through its action on T cells, B cells or macrophages, and that it was not due to the generation of suppressor cells capable of inhibiting colony formation. It is concluded therefore that CPS‐K directly inhibits the proliferation of macrophage colony‐forming cells. The active substance responsible for the inhibitory effect of CPS‐K on colony formation is the neutral polysaccharide fraction of CPS‐K.
Effect of Monovalent Cations on the Aggregation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Chondroitin Sulfate
Authors: Sano Yoh , Inoue Hideo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe mechanism of precipitation of tobacco mosaic virus by chondroitin sulfate in the presence of various monovalent cations was investigated kinetically by means of turbidimetry. The virus solution became turbid on the addition of chondroitin sulfate, and led to separation of the virus as a crystalline phase. In the presence of monovalent cations the degree of precipitation of the virus by chondroitin was reduced with the increase in monovalent cation concentration. The order of the reduction was Li+<Na+<K+, which is reversely analogous to the lyotropic series. The least hydrated cation, K+, reduced the degree of precipitation of tobacco mosaic virus the most because the radius of the sphere equivalent to chondroitin sulfate was diminished most strongly by K+ ion. The effect of the monovalent cations on the precipitation supports our assumption that the virus precipitation results from incompatibility and mutual spatial exclusion between the virus and chondroitin. The maximum turbidities, the initial slopes, and the aggregation half‐time were measured by varying the monovalent cation concentrations. The former two parameters decreased with the increase in cation concentration, whereas the aggregation half‐time increased. A lag time was present and the effect of the cations increased in the order K+<Na+<Li+.
On the Immunogenicity of Ribosomes and Ribosomal Proteins Isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Robert Daniel , Michel Serge , Ivanoff Bernard , Cozzone Alain J. , Fontanges Robert 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe two pathogenic species Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae were used to analyze the immunogenic role of proteins in ribosomal preparations. The protective activity of ribosomes prepared from either strain and further purified by washing with high‐salt concentrations, followed or not by sucrose gradient separation of the particles, was identical to that of crude unwashed ribosomes. Similarly, no substantial alteration of the level of protection was observed after treatment with the antibiotic puromycin. Therefore, the immunizing efficacy of ribosomes does not appear to be due either to the nonribosomal proteins adsorbed at the surface of organelles or to the growing polypeptide chain. It seems rather to be attributable to the structural ribosomal proteins themselves, which were indeed shown to induce alone a significant level of protection.
Studies on Thin‐Layer Chromatography after Incubation with [35S]Methionine as an Aid to Identification of Mycobacteria
Authors: Tsukamura Michio , Mizuno Shoji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThin‐layer chromatography (TLC) of ethyl ether‐ethanol extracts of mycobacteria obtained after incubation with [35S] methionine is useful for differentiation among mycobacterial species, as the distribution of radioactive spots in TLC shows a characteristic pattern except for a few species, including M. intracellulare and M. gordonae. Some supplementary studies have been carried out in the present investigation and the following results have been obtained.

Pretreatment of bacterial cells with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is required to remove radioactive sulfur‐containing amino acids.
The radioactive spots that appear in TLC of the ethyl ether‐ethanol extract are divided into the following groups: (1) Petroleum ether‐soluble fraction (the spot at Rf value 0.95); (2) acetone‐soluble (petroleum ether‐insoluble) fraction (the spots at Rf values 0.50, 0.30, and 0.13–0.20); (3) ethanol‐soluble (petroleum ether‐ and acetone‐insoluble) fraction (the spot at Rf value 0.10); (4) petroleum ether‐, acetone‐, and ethanol‐insoluble fraction (the spot at Rf value 0.00). The spot which appears in the region of Rf values 0.13–0.20 (it may appear as two spots) in the TLC of ethyl ether‐ethanol extracts is composed of two compounds, one soluble in acetone and the other insoluble in acetone but soluble in ethanol.
Strains of the M. avium‐M. intracellulare complex have been divided into three subgroups by the pattern of radioactive spots B, C, and D, which show Rf values of 0.13–0.20, 0.30, and 0.50, respectively, in the TLC of ethyl ether‐ethanol extracts. The first group shows none of these spots, and strains of the serotypes 1, 2, and 8 belong in this group. The second group shows spot B, and strains of the serotypes 4, 18, and 20 belong in this group. The third group shows spots B, C, and D, and strains of the serotype 16 belong in it.
Transformation of Bile Acids by Mixed Microbial Cultures from Human Feces and Bile Acid Transforming Activities of Isolated Bacterial Strains
Authors: Hirano Seiju , Masuda Noriyuki , Oda Hiroshi , Imamura Teisuke 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMicrobial transformation of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid by anaerobic mixed cultures of human fecal microorganisms was investigated, and the results were examined in relation to the bile acid transforming activities of 75 bacterial strains isolated from the same fecal cultures. The reactions involved in the mixed cultures were dehydrogenation and dehydroxylation of the 7α‐hydroxy group in both primary bile acids and epimerization of the 3α‐hydroxy group in all metabolic bile acids. Extensive epimerization of the 7α‐hydroxy group of chenodeoxycholic acid yielding ursodeoxycholic acid was also demonstrated by certain fecal samples. 7α‐Dehydrogenase activity was widespread among the fecal isolates (88% of 16 facultative anaerobes and 51% of 59 obligate anaerobes), and 7α‐dehydroxylase activity was revealed in one of the isolates, an unidentified gram‐positive nonsporeforming anaerobic bacterium. 3α‐Epimerization was effected by seven strains assigned to Eubacterium lentum, which were also active for 3α‐ and 7α‐dehydrogenations. No microorganism accounting for 7α‐epimerization was recovered among the isolates. Splitting of conjugated bile acid was demonstrated by the majority of obligate anaerobes but the activity was rare among facultative anaerobes.
Mitogenic Effect of Cytoplasmic Membranes and a Cytoplasmic Fraction of Staphylococcus aureus L‐Forms on Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Takada Haruhiko , Hirachi Yoshiyuki , Hashizume Hideo , Kotani Shozo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe cytoplasmic membranes and a cytoplasmic fraction of Staphylococcus aureus L‐forms increased the incorporation of [3H] thymidine by human lymphocytes in the presence of fetal bovine serum. Both fractions stimulated cord blood lymphocytes as well as adult peripheral lymphocytes, suggesting the possibility that the observed effect was not due to an antigen‐specific reaction, but to an immunologically nonspecific action.The membrane mitogen(s) was resistant to trypsin, although it was partially solubilized by trypsin treatment. The mitogen (s) could not be extracted with a chloroform‐methanol mixture (2:1, v/v), although the chloroform‐methanol soluble fraction was strongly mitogenic to murine splenocytes.Human serum which was added to the assay system in place of fetal bovine serum definitely suppressed the mitogenic effect of both cytoplasmic membranes and the cytoplasmic fraction, especially the latter.
Immunopotentiating Activity of Whole Cells and Mini‐Cells of Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Kurashige Satonori , Yoshida Toshiharu , Kodama Kazue , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSalmonella typhimurium strain 9 produces mini‐cells during cell proliferation. Mini‐cells are viable but cannot proliferate since they do not contain chromosomal DNA. Effects of whole cells and mini‐cells of S. typhimurium on the immune responses were investigated, with the following results. Phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages was enhanced by in vivo stimulation of both whole cells and mini‐cells. Cellular immunity against L1210 cells (mouse leukemia cells) and Sarcoma 180 cells was also enhanced by both whole cells and mini‐cells. Mini‐cells slightly stimulated in vitro blast cell transformation of normal mouse lymphocytes. Whole cells of S. typhimurium induced antibody‐forming cells to produce IgG of higher affinity but mini‐cells did not. Mini‐cells were not directly cytotoxic for normal lymphocytes or L1210 cells.
Properties of the Biotin Transport System in Bifidobacterium breve N4
Authors: Yazawa Kouhei , Nakamura Hiroshi , Shibamura Seiichi , Tamura Zenzo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBinding of biotin to resting cells of Bifidobacterium breve N4, which grew in a biotin‐deficient medium, was independent of pH from 1 to 9 and of temperature below 50 C. It was not inhibited by metabolic inhibitors including sulfhydryl reagents, but it was inhibited by treatment with 80% ethanol or 5% trichloroacetic acid. It was also competitively inhibited by biotin‐sulfone, but not by tetrahydrothiophene nor dethiobiotin. The binding constant was calculated to be 3.3 × 108m−1.The amount of biotin unextractable with hot water, representing part of the transported biotin, increased gradually for 20 min, this increase was inhibited by NaF, hydroxylamine and low temperature.14C‐biotin on the cells was displaced by cold biotin and biotin‐sulfone; the displacement was not inhibited by metabolic inhibitors, but it was dependent on temperature.A few minutes after binding, the biotin was released to the medium. The release was dependent on pH and temperature, was affected by energy sources and was inhibited by metabolic inhibitors, e.g. NaF, p‐chloromercuribenzoic acid and hydroxylamine. It could be stopped at any time by cooling to 0 C or by adding NaF, and the amount of accumulated biotin did not increase under those conditions. These results suggest that the binding sites on the cell surface decreased in number or in their binding affinity for biotin through an energy‐dependent process.
Mutual Relationship between Antibiotics and Resting Spores of Bacillus subtilis: Morphological Changes and Macromolecular Synthesis after Germination of Spores Treated with Cyclic Polypeptide and Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
Authors: Hayakawa Yoshiaki , Tochikubo Kunio , Kozuka Satoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMorphological changes and synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein, and cell wall were investigated during germination of resting spores of Bacillus subtilis exposed transiently to the cyclic polypeptide antibiotics, polymyxin B and gramicidin S, and the aminoglycoside antibiotics, streptomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin. Normal germinated spores showed breaks of the spore coat, a diminution in size and a fibrillar appearance of the cortex, a swelling core, a cell wall as thick as that of vegetative cells, some mesosomes and DNA fibrils. On the other hand, no breaks of the spore coat, a spore core with a slight swelling and irregular form, a thin cell wall, no demonstration of the nuclear material and no granularity in the cytoplasm were characteristic of the germinated spores derived from polymyxin B‐ and gramicidin S‐treated resting spores. With gramicidin S‐treated germinated spores a few vacuoles were formed in the cytoplasm. Both polymyxin B‐ and gramicidin S‐treated germinated spores showed little or no synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein. The vegetative cells derived from streptomycin‐treated resting spores demonstrated several finely granular regions in the cytoplasm and a disorder of the fibrillar nucleoid, and their autolysis occurred early. Their DNA and RNA synthesis was normal, whereas protein synthesis was low. In spite of no occurrence of cell division and very low protein synthesis, the most striking characteristics of the outgrowing cells derived from kanamycin‐treated resting spores were a markedly thickened cell wall and a continuous incorporation of labeled d‐alanine suggesting cell wall synthesis; RNA synthesis was slightly lower and DNA synthesis was almost normal. The outgrowing cells from gentamicin‐treated resting spores also revealed relatively thick cell walls and a very slight incorporation of labeled d‐alanine. Their DNA and RNA synthesis was fairly low and protein synthesis was almost completely inhibited. These results coincide with the growth curves of individual antibiotic‐treated resting spores.
Production of Interferon by an SV40‐Transformed Macrophage Line, BB‐W‐531–2
Authors: Takayama Hisao , Tanigawa Takahiko , Takagi Atsushi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA simian virus 40‐transformed mouse macrophage line, BB‐W‐531–2, was examined for its ability to produce interferon. BB‐W‐531–2 cells showed a phenotypic change between the macrophage and the nonmacrophage states. A viral inhibitor (interferon) was produced by the cells during the phenotypic change from the nonmacrophage to the macrophage state. Cells having macrophage properties were well capable of producing interferon when they were stimulated with ultraviolet‐inactivated vaccinia virus, lipopolysaccharide, a streptococcal preparation (OK‐432) or polyinosinate polycytidylate. In contrast, cells that had lost their macrophage properties did not produce interferon even when they were given the same treatments as the cells having macrophage properties. The results suggest that the ability of BB‐W‐531–2 cells to produce interferon is associated with the expression of several macrophage properties.
Idiotypic Analysis of Antibodies to Hen Egg‐White Lysozyme (HEL): III. Further Studies on the Idiotypic Cross‐Reactivity among Anti‐HEL Antibodies in Mice
Authors: Sakato Nobuo , Semma Masanori , Fujio Hajime , Amano Tsunehisa 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn isolated antibody preparation directed to the native hen egg‐white lysozyme (HEL) from a single A/J mouse (#a‐11), termed IdHELa‐11, was inoculated into rabbits to produce anti‐idiotypic sera (anti‐Id). The antisera were extensively absorbed with normal A/J Ig to render them idiotype specific. Radioimmunoassay utilizing 125IdHELa‐11 and the anti‐Id sera (R103 and R104) was performed to examine the idiotypic cross‐reactivity of the humoral immune response to HEL in various mouse strains and other animal species. Idiotypes shared by IdHELa‐11 were detected in the sera of five mouse strains tested, but not in any of the examined sera of other animal species such as rats, goats, guinea pigs, or sheep, indicating the occurrence of species‐specific cross‐reactive idiotypes (CRI) of antibodies to HEL. Our experiments also suggested the presence of intrastrain CRI. The present experiments, along with our earlier results (15), suggest that idiotypic cross‐reactivity among murine antibodies to HEL appears to be weak. Thus when R103 and R104 were the anti‐Id sera used, the frequency of occurrence of CRI shared by IdHELa‐11 in 5 μg of anti‐HEL antibody in strain A mice was 74 ng and 111 ng; in other strains it was 25–44 ng and 60–98 ng, respectively.