bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant Capacities, Phenolic Contents, and GC/MS Analysis of Rhodiola imbricata Edgew. Root Extracts from Trans‐Himalaya
Authors: Tayade A.B. , Dhar P. , Sharma M. , Chauhan R.S. , Chaurasia O.P. , Srivastava R.B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract Our aim was to assess the antioxidant capacities and phenolic constituents of methanol and aqueous extracts of Rhodiola imbricata Edgew. root from Trans‐Himalayan cold desert of Ladakh. The 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging capacity of the root extracts increased in a dose‐dependent manner (up to 0.1 mg/mL) and root extract concentrations required for 50% inhibition of radical scavenging effect (IC50) were recorded as 0.013 and 0.014 mg/mL (for DPPH) and 0.016 and 0.017 mg/mL (for ABTS) for methanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. The total antioxidant power of the extract was determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Total polyphenol and phenolic acid content of methanol and aqueous extracts were 112.24, 59.06, 39.02, and 16.95 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of extract, respectively. Total flavonoid and flavonol contents were estimated to be 30.2, 17.67, 20.68, and 7.38 mg quercetin equivalent/g of extract, respectively. In all antioxidant capacity assays, the methanol extract exhibited significantly higher antioxidant capacity than that of aqueous extract due to the presence of significantly higher amount of vital phytoconstitiuents, viz. polyphenol, phenolic acid, and flavonol. GC/MS analysis showed that phytosterols, alkyl halide, phenols, and fatty acid esters were major phytochemical clusters. On the other hand, monoterpenes, fatty acids, tocopherols, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and ethers were found to be present in comparatively less amount in the methanol extract. Hence, our study signifies that this high‐altitude medicinal herb could be used as the natural source of antioxidants and supports its use in traditional system of medicine to ameliorate oxidative stress and high‐altitude maladies.
Live feed is not a major determinant of the microbiota associated with cod larvae (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Bakke Ingrid , Skjermo Jorunn , Vo Tu Anh , Vadstein Olav 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThe gastrointestinal (GI) tract of newly hatched fish is probably colonized by bacteria present in the water, but how environmental and internal factors affect the development of the GI microbiota is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of diet and of rearing in separate tanks on the cod larval microbiota. Cod larvae were fed three different live feed diets. For each diet, larvae were reared in three replicate tanks. The microbial communities were investigated for water, live feed and individual larvae using a PCR/DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) strategy. Statistical tests were applied to investigate differences in the larval microbiota between groups of individuals. We found no differences in the larval microbiota due to diet after 8 dph (days post hatching). Moreover, the larval microbiota was similar at 17 and 32 dph, despite a change in live feed at 18 dph. The larval microbiota was generally more similar to the water microbiota than to live feed microbiota. We further found that rearing of larvae in replicate tanks with identical diet could result in significant differences in larval microbiota. These findings indicate that diet does not entail major changes to the composition of cod larval microbiota.
Peri‐implant conditions and their relationship with periodontal conditions in Chinese patients: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Wang R. , Zhao W. , Tang Z. H. , Jin L. J. , Cao C. F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo analyze the relationships between peri‐implant conditions and periodontal conditions in Chinese patients with dental implants in place for at least 1 year.Material and methodsSeventy‐six patients (mean age, 41 ± 10 years; range, 21–69 years) who received placement of 120 dental implants (Straumann®), (mean 1.6 implants per subject; range, 1–5 implants per subject) after a mean period of 25 months (range, 12–66 months) responded to recall. Clinical examinations were performed around the implants and natural teeth. Periapical radiographs were taken by the long cone technique for implants, and radiographic bone level (BL) was measured. Comparisons of the peri‐implant conditions were performed between the patients with different periodontal conditions by t‐test and chi‐square test. The relative risk of periodontal condition as a risk factor for peri‐implant conditions was analyzed by logistic regression.ResultsSubjects who presented with ≥5% sites with probing depth (PD) ≥ 4 mm and ≥30% sites with bleeding on probing (BoP) in the dentition showed significantly poorer peri‐implant conditions (58% vs. 18% subjects who had maximum modified gingival index (mGI) 2 or 3, P = 0.003; 94% vs. 62% subjects who had maximum PD ≥ 4 mm, P = 0.008; 100% vs. 79% subjects who had BoP, P = 0.044; mean PD 3.36 ± 0.66 vs. 2.75 ± 0.66 mm, P = 0.002; and sites% with BoP 68 ± 23% vs. 36 ± 31%, P < 0.001), as compared with those who had <5% sites with PD ≥ 4 mm and <30% sites with BoP on the remaining teeth. The relative risk for subjects with the more severe and extensive periodontal conditions compared to those with better periodontal conditions to have PD ≥ 5 mm with BoP at peri‐implant sites was 23.3 (P = 0.003, 95% CI, 2.8–192.3.ConclusionsThe peri‐implant conditions were significantly related to the periodontal conditions around the remaining natural teeth, which implies that control of periodontal disease is essential for successful implant treatment.
The creation of virtual teeth with and without tooth pathology for a virtual learning environment in dental education
Authors: de Boer I. R. , Wesselink P. R. , Vervoorn J. M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPurposeTo describe the development and opportunities for implementation of virtual teeth with and without pathology for use in a virtual learning environment in dental education.Material and methodsThe creation of virtual teeth begins by scanning a tooth with a cone beam CT. The resulting scan consists of multiple two‐dimensional grey‐scale images. The specially designed software program ColorMapEditor connects these two‐dimensional images to create a three‐dimensional tooth. With this software, any aspect of the tooth can be modified, including its colour, volume, shape and density, resulting in the creation of virtual teeth of any type.ResultsThis article provides examples of realistic virtual teeth with and without pathology that can be used for dental education.ColorMapEditor offers infinite possibilities to adjust and add options for the optimisation of virtual teeth.DiscussionVirtual teeth have unlimited availability for dental students, allowing them to practise as often as required. Virtual teeth can be made and adjusted to any shape with any type of pathology. Further developments in software and hardware technology are necessary to refine the ability to colour and shape the interior of the pulp chamber and surface of the tooth to enable not only treatment but also diagnostics and thus create a greater degree of realism.ConclusionThe creation and use of virtual teeth in dental education appears to be feasible but is still in development; it offers many opportunities for the creation of teeth with various pathologies, although an evaluation of its use in dental education is still required.
Atypical Resting‐State Functional Connectivity of Affective Pain Regions in Chronic Migraine
Authors: Schwedt Todd J. , Schlaggar Bradley L. , Mar Soe , Nolan Tracy , Coalson Rebecca S. , Nardos Binyam , Benzinger Tammie , Larson‐Prior Linda J. 
Published: February 2013

Objective.—Chronic migraineurs (CM) have painful intolerances to somatosensory, visual, olfactory, and auditory stimuli during and between migraine attacks. These intolerances are suggestive of atypical affective responses to potentially noxious stimuli. We hypothesized that atypical resting‐state functional connectivity (rs‐fc) of affective pain‐processing brain regions may associate with these intolerances. This study compared rs‐fc of affective pain‐processing regions in CM with controls.Methods.—Twelve minutes of resting‐state blood oxygenation level‐dependent data were collected from 20 interictal adult CM and 20 controls. Rs‐fc between 5 affective regions (anterior cingulate cortex, right/left anterior insula, and right/left amygdala) with the rest of the brain was determined. Functional connections consistently differing between CM and controls were identified using summary analyses. Correlations between number of migraine years and the strengths of functional connections that consistently differed between CM and controls were calculated.Results.—Functional connections with affective pain regions that differed in CM and controls included regions in anterior insula, amygdala, pulvinar, mediodorsal thalamus, middle temporal cortex, and periaqueductal gray. There were significant correlations between the number of years with CM and functional connectivity strength between the anterior insula with mediodorsal thalamus and anterior insula with periaqueductal gray.Conclusion.—CM is associated with interictal atypical rs‐fc of affective pain regions with pain‐facilitating and pain‐inhibiting regions that participate in sensory‐discriminative, cognitive, and integrative domains of the pain experience. Atypical rs‐fc with affective pain regions may relate to aberrant affective pain processing and atypical affective responses to painful stimuli characteristic of CM.
Phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3 signaling: Shifting between tumor suppression and fibro‐carcinogenesis in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Yamaguchi Takashi , Matsuzaki Koichi , Inokuchi Ryosuke , Kawamura Rinako , Yoshida Katsunori , Murata Miki , Fujisawa Junichi , Fukushima Nobuyoshi , Sata Michio , Kage Masayoshi , Nakashima Osamu , Tamori Akihiro , Kawada Norifumi , Tsuneyama Koichi , Dooley Steven , Seki Toshihito , Okazaki Kazuichi 
Published: February 2013

AimInsight into hepatic fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis (fibro‐carcinogenesis) caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has come from recent analyses of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β signaling. TGF‐β type I receptor and pro‐inflammatory cytokine‐activated kinases differentially phosphorylate Smad2 and Smad3 to create C‐terminally (C), linker (L) or dually (L/C) phosphorylated (p) isoforms. This study aimed to elucidate how HCV infection affected hepatic fibro‐carcinogenesis, particularly via phospho‐Smad signaling.MethodsWe first studied phospho‐Smad2/3 positivity of 100 patients in different stages of HCV‐related chronic liver disease. To examine changes in phospho‐Smad2/3 after HCV clearance, we analyzed 32 paired liver biopsy samples obtained before and after sustained virological response (SVR), dividing patients into two groups: 20 patients not developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after attaining SVR (non‐HCC group), and 12 patients who developed HCC despite SVR (HCC group).ResultsHepatocytic tumor‐suppressive pSmad3C signaling shifted to carcinogenic pSmad3L and fibrogenic pSmad2L/C signaling as liver diseases progressed. In the non‐HCC group, 13 patients (65%) displayed fibrotic regression and inflammation reduction after SVR. Interestingly, SVR restored cytostatic pSmad3C signaling in hepatocytes, while eliminating prior carcinogenic pSmad3L and fibrogenic pSmad2L/C signaling. In the HCC group, seven patients (58%) displayed unchanged or even progressed fibrosis despite smoothened inflammatory activity, reflecting persistently high numbers of hepatocytes with pSmad3L‐ and pSmad2L/C‐signaling and low pSmad3C‐signaling.ConclusionHCV clearance limits fibrosis and reduces HCC incidence by switching inflammation‐dependent phospho‐Smad signaling from fibro‐carcinogenesis to tumor suppression. However, progression to HCC would occur in severely fibrotic livers if an inflammation‐independent fibro‐carcinogenic process has already begun before HCV clearance.
Experiences of the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis: a focused ethnography of Somali patients and healthcare professionals in the UK
Authors: Gerrish Kate , Naisby Andrew , Ismail Mubarak 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAimTo explore experiences of the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis from the perspective of Somali patients and healthcare professionals involved in their care.BackgroundThe Somali population has the third highest incidence of tuberculosis occurring in persons born outside the UK. Tuberculosis is a disease with sociocultural as well as physical consequences. Nurses should understand how the disease is experienced by people from different ethnic backgrounds to implement strategies for prevention and management of tuberculosis.DesignA focused ethnography.MethodIndividual interviews with 14 Somali patients and 18 healthcare professionals with experience of providing care to Somalis were undertaken in 2008–2009. Interviews explored the patient experience from onset of symptoms to completion of treatment. Data were analysed using Framework approach.FindingsDespite presenting in primary care early, patients experienced diagnostic delays due to low clinical suspicion of tuberculosis among general practitioners. Although patients reported felt and enacted stigma, it did not adversely affect concordance with treatment. Patients were reticent about sharing their diagnosis among wider networks due to perceived stigma. Psychological support from families and specialist nurses was valued highly. Healthcare professionals perceived that stigmatization of tuberculosis was diminishing among Somalis leading to improved management of tuberculosis. Patients and healthcare professionals raised concerns about the longer term physical and psychosocial implications of tuberculosis once treatment was completed.ConclusionNurses have a role in promoting early presentation, timely diagnosis, and treatment adherence through supporting Somali patients and raising awareness of the disease among primary care practitioners.
Calcium dysregulation in relation to Alzheimer‐type pathology in the ageing brain
Authors: Garwood C. , Faizullabhoy A. , Wharton S. B. , Ince P. G. , Heath P. R. , Shaw P. J. , Baxter L. , Gelsthorpe C. , Forster G. , Matthews F. E. , Brayne C. , Simpson J. E. ,   MRC Cognitive Function and Ageing Neuropathology Study Group
Published: February 2013

AimsCalcium dyshomeostasis is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. However, much of the previous research has focused on changes in neuronal calcium signalling. In a recent microarray study we identified dysregulation of several key signalling pathways including the Ca2+ signalling pathway in astrocytes as Alzheimer‐type pathology developed. In this study we sought to determine the expression of calpain‐10 and calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinase alpha (CamKIIα) in relation to Alzheimer‐type pathology in a population‐based study.MethodsUsing post mortem temporal cortex samples derived from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC‐CFAS) ageing brain cohort we examined calpain‐10 and CamKIIα gene and protein expression using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry.ResultsWe demonstrate that astrocytic expression of calpain‐10 is up‐regulated, and CamKIIα down‐regulated with increasing Braak stage. Using immunohistochemistry we confirm protein expression of calpain‐10 in astrocytes throughout the temporal cortex and demonstrate that calpain‐10 immunoreactivity is correlated with both local and global measures of Alzheimer‐type pathology. In addition, we identify a subpopulation of calpain‐10 immunoreactive interlaminar astrocytes that extend processes deep into the cortex. CamKIIα is predominantly neuronal in localization and is associated with the presence of diffuse plaques in the ageing brain.DiscussionDysregulated expression of key calcium signalling molecules occurs with progression of Alzheimer‐type pathology in the ageing brain, highlighting the need for further functional studies of astrocytic calcium signalling with respect to disease progression.
Intragenesis and cisgenesis as alternatives to transgenic crop development
Authors: Holme Inger Bæksted , Wendt Toni , Holm Preben Bach 
Published: February 2013

SummaryOne of the major concerns of the general public about transgenic crops relates to the mixing of genetic materials between species that cannot hybridize by natural means. To meet this concern, the two transformation concepts cisgenesis and intragenesis were developed as alternatives to transgenesis. Both concepts imply that plants must only be transformed with genetic material derived from the species itself or from closely related species capable of sexual hybridization. Furthermore, foreign sequences such as selection genes and vector‐backbone sequences should be absent. Intragenesis differs from cisgenesis by allowing use of new gene combinations created by in vitro rearrangements of functional genetic elements. Several surveys show higher public acceptance of intragenic/cisgenic crops compared to transgenic crops. Thus, although the intragenic and cisgenic concepts were introduced internationally only 9 and 7 years ago, several different traits in a variety of crops have currently been modified according to these concepts. Five of these crops are now in field trials and two have pending applications for deregulation. Currently, intragenic/cisgenic plants are regulated as transgenic plants worldwide. However, as the gene pool exploited by intragenesis and cisgenesis are identical to the gene pool available for conventional breeding, less comprehensive regulatory measures are expected. The regulation of intragenic/cisgenic crops is presently under evaluation in the EU and in the US regulators are considering if a subgroup of these crops should be exempted from regulation. It is accordingly possible that the intragenic/cisgenic route will be of major significance for future plant breeding.
C1 metabolism and the Calvin cycle function simultaneously and independently during HCHO metabolism and detoxification in Arabidopsis thaliana treated with HCHO solutions
Authors: SONG ZHONG‐BANG , XIAO SU‐QIN , YOU LAN , WANG SHA‐SHA , TAN HAO , LI KUN‐ZHI , CHEN LI‐MEI 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFormaldehyde (HCHO) is suggested to be detoxified through one‐carbon (C1) metabolism or assimilated by the Calvin cycle in plants. To further understand the function of the Calvin cycle and C1 metabolism in HCHO metabolism in plants, HCHO elimination and metabolism by Arabidopsis thaliana in HCHO solutions was investigated in this study. Results verified that Arabidopsis could completely eliminate aqueous HCHO from the HCHO solutions. Carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C‐NMR) analysis showed that H13CHO absorbed by Arabidopsis was first oxidized to H13COOH. Subsequently, a clear increase in [U‐13C]Gluc peaks accompanied by a strong enhancement in peaks of [2‐13C]Ser and [3‐13C]Ser appeared in Arabidopsis. Pretreatment with cyclosporin A or L‐carnitine, which might inhibit the transport of 13C‐enriched compounds into chloroplasts and mitochondria, caused a remarkable decline in yields of both [U‐13C]Gluc and [3‐13C]Ser in H13CHO‐treated Arabidopsis. These results suggested that both the Calvin cycle and the C1 metabolism functioned simultaneously during HCHO detoxification. Moreover, both functioned more quickly under high H13CHO stress than low H13CHO stress. When a photorespiration mutant was treated in 6 mm H13CHO solution, formation of [U‐13C]Gluc and [2‐13C]Ser was completely inhibited, but generation of [3‐13C]Ser was not significantly affected. This evidence suggested that the Calvin cycle and C1 metabolism functioned independently in Arabidopsis during HCHO metabolism.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi native from a Mediterranean saline area enhance maize tolerance to salinity through improved ion homeostasis
Authors: ESTRADA BEATRIZ , AROCA RICARDO , MAATHUIS FRANS J. M. , BAREA JOSÉ MIGUEL , RUIZ‐LOZANO JUAN MANUEL 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSoil salinity restricts plant growth and productivity. Na+ represents the major ion causing toxicity because it competes with K+ for binding sites at the plasma membrane. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can alleviate salt stress in the host plant through several mechanisms. These may include ion selection during the fungal uptake of nutrients from the soil or during transfer to the host plant. AM benefits could be enhanced when native AMF isolates are used. Thus, we investigated whether native AMF isolated from an area with problems of salinity and desertification can help maize plants to overcome the negative effects of salinity stress better than non‐AM plants or plants inoculated with non‐native AMF. Results showed that plants inoculated with two out the three native AMF had the highest shoot dry biomass at all salinity levels. Plants inoculated with the three native AMF showed significant increase of K+ and reduced Na+ accumulation as compared to non‐mycorrhizal plants, concomitantly with higher K+/Na+ ratios in their tissues. For the first time, these effects have been correlated with regulation of ZmAKT2, ZmSOS1 and ZmSKOR genes expression in the roots of maize, contributing to K+ and Na+ homeostasis in plants colonized by native AMF.
Brassica napus TT16 homologs with different genomic origins and expression levels encode proteins that regulate a broad range of endothelium‐associated genes at the transcriptional level
Authors: Chen Guanqun , Deng Wei , Peng Fred , Truksa Martin , Singer Stacy , Snyder Crystal L. , Mietkiewska Elzbieta , Weselake Randall J. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThe transcription factor TRANSPARENT TESTA 16 (TT16) plays an important role in endothelial cell specification and proanthocyanidin (PA) accumulation. However, its precise regulatory function with regard to the expression of endothelial‐associated genes in developing seeds, and especially in the PA‐producing inner integument, remains largely unknown. Therefore, we endeavored to characterize four TT16 homologs from the allotetraploid oil crop species Brassica napus, and systematically explore their regulatory function in endothelial development. Our results indicated that all four BnTT16 genes were predominantly expressed in the early stages of seed development, but at distinct levels, and encoded functional proteins. Bntt16 RNA interference lines exhibited abnormal endothelial development and decreased PA content, while PA polymerization was not affected. In addition to the previously reported function of TT16 in the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and dihydroflavonol reductase (TT3), we also determined that BnTT16 proteins played a significant role in the transcriptional regulation of five other genes involved in the PA biosynthetic pathway (P < 0.01). Moreover, we identified two genes involved in inner integument development that were strongly regulated by the BnTT16 proteins (TT2 and δ‐vacuolar processing enzyme). These results will better our understanding of the precise role of TT16 in endothelial development in Brassicaceae species, and could potentially be used for the future improvement of oilseed crops.