bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prompted Production
Authors: Rebuschat Patrick , Mackey Alison 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Prompted production refers to language use that occurs in tasks which encourage, or “prompt,” participants to produce particular linguistic structures. Prompted production tasks are widely used in language research (including child language development, second language research, psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics) and represent a convenient way of collecting linguistic data. In contrast to naturalistic data collection procedures (e.g., classroom observations, diary studies), prompted production tasks are generally designed to elicit particular language structures (for example, English plural ‐
s
), which greatly facilitates the data collection process. In this entry, we describe four of the most common prompted production procedures, from the more structured to the less structured: elicited imitation, interactive tasks, narratives, and role plays.
Psycholinguistic Studies of Literacy
Authors: Peshkam Annie , Rapp David N. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Literacy can be defined as the sets of skills or abilities that operate in the service of comprehension for information we read or hear or see. This includes moment‐by‐moment understanding of that information, as well as the potential application of any knowledge acquired from that information in future settings. Studies of literacy have often focused on the types of activities that are necessary to ensure successful reading experiences. These have included case studies of classroom behavior, investigations of teacher practices, analyses of the processes that underlie visual encoding of letter stimuli, and interventions designed to remediate struggling readers' difficulties (to name a few areas of interest). In line with the simple view of reading, as offered by Gough and Tunmer (1986) and Hoover and Gough (1990), many of these projects have focused on two core sets of reading activities—basic‐level processes that underlie the types of pattern recognition activities necessary to decode and identify words and sounds, and higher‐order processes that are necessary to extract meaning from words and sentences. Additionally, these projects might be broadly categorized as investigating two aspects of reading experiences: (a) the study of the
learning
products
that result from reading, as measured by tests of reader comprehension and memory
after reading is completed
; and (b) investigations of the internal
mental
processes
that individuals engage in
as they read a text
.
Qualitative Methods: Overview
Authors: Benson Phil 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDiscussions of qualitative research usually begin by contrasting qualitative with quantitative approaches. Quantitative research may best be defined as research that relies on the reduction of data to numbers and statistical argument, and typically aims to produce knowledge that holds true of relatively large populations. In applied linguistics, quantitative approaches are often underpinned by theoretical assumptions about universal language learning processes and the influence of contextual factors such as gender, culture, and sociopsychological differences. Qualitative research in applied linguistics takes many forms and may best be defined as research that relies mainly on the reduction of data to words (codes, labels, categorization systems, narratives, etc.) and interpretative argument. In applied linguistics, qualitative research is also associated with a focus on the individual and the particular in regard to “cases” as subject matter, the visibility of the researcher and the specificity of findings. Whereas quantitative research findings are, in principle, unrelated to the identity of the researcher, qualitative findings are always contingent upon particular processes of data collection, analysis, and interpretation carried out by particular individuals in particular settings.
Quebec Charter of the French Language and Canadian Language Policy
Authors: Vaillancourt François 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The language policy of Quebec differs from those of other Canadian provinces and of the federal government since it is aimed at protecting and enhancing the use of the Francophone majority languages within its territory, while the other policies are aimed at helping the territorial minorities (Francophone outside Quebec, Anglophone within for the federal policy) preserve their language, mainly through transmission to their children by minority‐language education.
Research Methods and World Englishes
Authors: Berns Margie 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
World Englishes (WE) is a multidisciplinary field, and as such involves a wide variety of research traditions. The approaches to inquiry adopted and the methodologies and techniques selected for gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data and information are as varied as the disciplines within which studies on the Englishes of the world are conducted. For example, social science‐based investigations usually adopt qualitative and quantitative methodologies. More language‐based projects may draw on descriptive and historical methods of information‐gathering and analysis while literary studies may choose from dominant critical theoretical frameworks. Thus, an attempt at cataloging the research methods associated with World Englishes is not a straightforward task.
Risager, Karen
Authors: Guilherme Manuela 
Published: December 2012

AbstractKaren Risager is well known to researchers working in language and culture education and intercultural dialogue across Europe and beyond. She is a Danish scholar, with a global approach to the field, whose work on the relationship between language and culture within the scope of language education (second and foreign language) has inspired and contributed to structure theoretical research and teaching practice in the field all over the world.
Snow, Catherine
Authors: Burns M. Susan , Sherris Arieh 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Catherine Elizabeth Snow, born December 14, 1945, in Toledo, Ohio, received her BA in psychology in 1966 from Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio, and was awarded highest honors, Phi Beta Kappa, for her thesis titled “Effects of Luminance and Contrast on Contour Dependent Color After‐Effects.” In 1967, her thesis “Conjunctive and Disjunctive Thinking in Children” led to an MA in psychology from McGill University in Montreal, Quebec. In 1971 McGill University awarded Snow a PhD in psychology for her thesis “Language Acquisition and Mothers' Speech to Children.”
Sociolinguistic Studies of Literacy
Authors: Baynham Mike 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe connection between sociolinguistics and literacy studies is not as obvious as it might seem. Introductory textbooks in sociolinguistics tend not to mention literacy in their indexes, while books on literacy do not typically list sociolinguistics in theirs. Sociolinguistics of different sorts has, however, been a significant influence in the development of literacy studies, as this entry will show. To understand how, it is important to distinguish between a number of intellectual strands or traditions within sociolinguistics.
Sarangi, Srikant
Authors: Sissons Helen 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Srikant Sarangi is professor in language and communication and director of the Health Communication Research Centre at Cardiff University. He is also honorary professor, Faculty of Humanities, Aalborg University (Denmark; 2009–14) and professor in language and communication at Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (2009–11). His research interests are in discourse analysis and applied linguistics; language and identity in public life and institutional/professional communication studies.
Technology and Language: Mixed Methods
Authors: Chen Yu‐Li 
Published: December 2012

AbstractUsing technology for teaching and learning is a current challenge for language teachers, as evidenced by the various studies that have been conducted to understand why and how teachers have incorporated modern technology into their instruction (e.g., Groves & Zemel, 2000; Epper, 2001). This entry offers an overview of the advantages of applying a mixed methods research design to explore the ways language teachers adapt to current rapid technological advances. The portion of the study described in this entry used the quantitative technique of structural equation modeling (SEM) and the qualitative technique of interviews (see Chen, 2008a, 2008b, for details of the study).
Culture in Textbook Analysis and Evaluation
Authors: Risager Karen , Chapelle Carol A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTextbooks often play a central role in the formal teaching of foreign and second languages, especially at beginning level. To this day, much language teaching is structured by published textbooks, even if it is supplemented with other materials from the Internet or elsewhere. In view of the importance of textbooks in providing learners with their first authoritative glimpses of the target culture, only a little work in applied linguistics has explored issues concerning the choice of cultural content for textbooks. However, the research that has been conducted points to the importance of different ways of representing culture, the ideological dimensions of cultural choices authors make, as well as the variety of methodological perspectives that are useful.
Text‐to‐Speech Synthesis Development
Authors: Henton Caroline 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSpeech synthesis, as defined inThe International Encyclopaedia of Linguistics, “is the automatic generation of speech using linguistically salient acoustic or articulatory properties, or spoken units that are selected and controlled using computational commands” (Clark & Henton, 2003). Machines that synthesized speech (synthesizers) were unveiled first in 1939 at the New York World's Fair. In the following 50 years, early vocoder synthesis was improved upon by parametric synthesis and linear predictive coefficient (LPC) synthesis. Parametric (or formant) synthesizers get control information either by analyzing relevant acoustic parameters in speech, or by rules operating on a character string (i.e., text). LPC synthesis uses the representation of the speech signal as a set of coefficients that try to predict the signal from past values in the time domain; LPC accounts for resonance and pitch movements well, but fails in natural voice quality because of the invariant nature of glottal pulses. For a history of the development of, and progress in, speech synthesis, see Klatt (1987), van Santen, Sproat, Olive, and Hirschberg (1997), and Clark and Henton (2003).
Text‐to‐Speech Synthesis in Computer‐Assisted Language Learning
Authors: Handley Zöe 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn very simple terms, speech synthesis is the process of making the computer talk, and text‐to‐speech (TTS) synthesis is a specific type which takes raw text as input and aims to mimic the human process of reading. TTS is the technology which allows dictation software, such as IBM ViaVoice, toreadyour dictated texts back to you. It was also the technology behind Texas Instruments’ Speak & Spell spelling bee program launched in the 1980s. While interest in the use of TTS in computer‐assisted language learning (CALL) only really began to take hold around the year 2000, some of the potential benefits of the use of TTS in CALL had already been identified around the time that Speak & Spell was launched. At this time, Bruce Sherwood (1981) observed that typing/editing text is easier than (re)recording voice, that navigating through a textual database is easier than retrieving recorded samples from an audiotape, and that TTS synthesis has the capacity to generate speech models on demand—benefits which researchers continue to see in the use of TTS synthesis in CALL (Dutoit, 1997; Keller and Zellner‐Keller, 2000; Handley and Hamel, 2005; Kang, Kashiwagi, Treviranus, & Kaburagi, 2008). This entry discusses the way in which these benefits have been exploited to provide learners with tools to support them in their language‐learning activities as well as tutorial software focusing on the acquisition of specific areas of linguistic knowledge and language skills.
Time Series
Authors: Mellow J. Dean 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe time‐series design (TSD) allows applied linguists to investigate two issues: (a) the nature of language use or acquisition over time; and (b) the effect of a specific variable or session of learning on that use or acquisition. The time period of investigation could be seconds and milliseconds, as in applied phonetics research that measures vocal‐fold vibrations (e.g., Mergell, Herzel, & Titze, 2000) and spoken discourse research that measures stages in speech planning and production (e.g., Roberts & Kirsner, 2000). This entry focuses on the study of language use and development across days and weeks and in response to particular sessions of instruction.
WordNet
Authors: Fellbaum Christiane 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWordNet (Miller, Beckwith, Fellbaum, Gross, & Miller 1990; Miller & Fellbaum, 1991; Miller, 1995; Fellbaum, 1998), a lexical database for English, can be thought of as a large electronic dictionary. It contains information about some 155,000 nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, including simplex words likeput, phrasal verbs likeput up, and idioms likeput out the dog.Its digital format frees WordNet from the constraints of traditional paper dictionaries, whose entries have to be arranged according to their spelling (and thus, to some extent, their pronunciation). But since an important function of dictionaries is to inform users about word meanings, entries in WordNet are organized in terms of their semantics. Specifically, words in WordNet that are similar in meaning are interlinked by means of pointers that stand for a semantic relation. Formally, WordNet is a semantic network, an acyclic graph.
World Englishes and Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages
Authors: MATSUDA AYA 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTeaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) and World Englishes (WE) have both established themselves as important areas of inquiry within applied linguistics, with their own professional organizations (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages and International Association for World Englishes [IAWE]), annual conferences, and affil‐iated journals fully dedicated to the scholarship in their disciplines (TESOL QuarterlyandWorld Englishes, respectively). The articulation between the two fields, however, began only in the last decade or so, except for the work of a few individuals who crossed over the two areas (e.g. Kachru, 1976, 1984; Sridhar, 1994). This entry traces the history of the (inter)disciplinary relationship between the two fields as evident from scholarly publications that attempted to bring them together. It also identifies future research areas where cross‐fertilization is particularly needed.
Canagarajah, A. Suresh
Authors: Jerskey Maria 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA. Suresh Canagarajah (1957– ) is a language/literacy teacher and prolific scholar whose joint appointment in the English and applied linguistics departments at Pennsylvania State University indicates the range and application of his research and pedagogical practices as well as his ability to negotiate disparate worlds, a hallmark feature of his significant contributions to the field.
Norton, Bonny
Authors: Higgins Christina 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Bonny Norton is Professor and Distinguished University Scholar in the Department of Language and Literacy Education at the University of British Columbia (UBC), Canada, where she has received both the Killam Teaching Award and the Killam Research Prize for her exemplary contributions to the field of applied linguistics. In 2011, Norton became the inaugural recipient of the “Second Language Leadership Through Research” Award from the American Educational Research Association.
World Englishes: Overview
Authors: KACHRU BRAJ B. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The global diffusion of the English language represents two dimensions of the language: one of
multicanonicity
and the other of
multiculturalism
. These two constructs of what is called a global language have yet to be seriously recognized by the English‐language teaching (ELT) profession. The reasons for this attitude are essentially ideological, economic and, of course, attitudinal. This ominous indifference is sustained and encouraged within what Susan Butler has characterized as “the ESL Empire” (Butler, 1997).
Grain Refinement of Magnesium Alloys by Mg–Zr Master Alloys: The Role of Alloy Chemistry and Zr Particle Number Density
Authors: Sun Ming , Easton Mark A. , StJohn David H. , Wu Guohua , Abbott Trevor B. , Ding Wenjiang 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAlthough refinement of the as‐cast grain size of magnesium alloys by Zr is well established commercially, little research has been undertaken to optimize this refinement technology and to quantify the relative performance of different Mg–Zr master alloys. The performance of Mg–Zr master alloys was found to be related to (1) the number density of Zr particles between 1 and 5 µm in size where the master alloy with the largest number density of these particles exhibits the best refinement, and (2) the alloy's growth restriction factor (Q) where a linear relationship between grain size and 1/Q, was found to exist for each master alloy. An equation for predicting grain size based on the Interdependence model was developed. Further, the Interdependence Model was improved to be able to cater for an increasing Zr particle number density with increasing values of Q.
Highly Stable Nanoporous Sulfur‐Bridged Covalent Organic Polymers for Carbon Dioxide Removal
Authors: Patel Hasmukh A. , Karadas Ferdi , Byun Jeehye , Park Joonho , Deniz Erhan , Canlier Ali , Jung Yousung , Atilhan Mert , Yavuz Cafer T. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCarbon dioxide capture and separation requires robust solids that can stand harsh environments where a hot mixture of gases is often found. Herein, the first and comprehensive syntheses of porous sulfur‐bridged covalent organic polymers (COPs) and their application for carbon dioxide capture in warm conditions and a wide range of pressures (0–200 bar) are reported. These COPs can store up to 3294 mg g−1 of carbon dioxide at 318 K and 200 bar while being highly stable against heating up to 400 °C. The carbon dioxide capacity of the COPs is also not hindered upon boiling in water for at least one week. Physisorptive binding is prevalent with isosteric heat of adsorptions around 24 kJ mol−1. M06–2X and RIMP2 calculations yield the same relative trend of binding energies, where, interestingly, the dimer of triazine and benzene play a cooperative role for a stronger binding of CO2 (19.2 kJ mol−1) as compared to a separate binding with triazine (13.3 kJ mol−1) or benzene (11.8 kJ mol−1).
Meta‐analysis and literature review of techniques to achieve hemostasis in endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Khosla Akhil J. , Pernas Francisco G. , Maeso Patricia A. 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundFunctional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has been used as the standard of treatment for sinonasal disease in which medical therapy fails to ameliorate the disease. Intraoperative hemostasis is a crucial factor in FESS. Currently, ideal techniques for creating intraoperative hemostasis have yet to be clarified and standardized. We sought to better understand what variables can affect intraoperative blood loss and therefore improve surgical field outcomes.MethodsA literature search was conducted using PubMed, OVID, MD Consult, and Micromedex with keywords including: FESS, intraoperative blood loss, hemorrhage, and vasoconstriction. The articles were then evaluated with regard to blood loss, surgical grade, and operative time. Eleven articles were cross‐referenced to determine the most statistically significant techniques in 3 main categories: general anesthetics, preoperative steroids, and use of epinephrine.ResultsAnalysis of the articles indicate that total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is statistically more beneficial than balanced anesthesia (BA), providing an average difference in blood loss of 75.3057 mL; the use of preoperative steroids is statistically more beneficial than placebo, with an improved difference in blood loss of 28 mL; and a trend toward hemostasis with the use of local anesthetics at a concentration of 1:200,000.ConclusionMeta‐analysis of 1148 patients concludes that hemostasis during FESS is best conducted using TIVA, preoperative steroids, and topical local anesthetic at a 1:200,000 concentration.
Axial computed tomography evaluation of the internal nasal valve correlates with clinical valve narrowing and patient complaint
Authors: Moche Jason A. , Cohen Justin C. , Pearlman Steven J. 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundThe objective of this work was to explore the utility of axial computed tomography (CT) imaging to objectively define a narrow internal nasal valve, and compare those findings with clinical examination and patient complaint.MethodsRetrospective review from a single facial plastic surgery center. We reviewed 40 consecutive patients evaluated for either sinusitis or nasal airway obstruction for which a CT scan was obtained at a single radiology institution. Thirty‐six complete office records were examined for the presence of clinical internal valve narrowing and complaints of nasal obstruction. In total, 72 internal nasal valves were analyzed using axial plane CT and measurements were compared to clinical findings and presence of airway obstruction.ResultsMeasured valve areas for clinically normal internal nasal valves averaged 0.47 cm2 vs 0.28 cm2 for clinically narrow valves, a decrease of 40.4%. In unobstructed nasal airways the valve area averaged 0.51 cm2 vs 0.38 cm2 in obstructed airways, a difference of 25.5%. A radiographically measured valve area of <0.30 cm2 suggests clinical narrowing with a sensitivity of 71.4%, specificity of 88.9%, positive predictive value of 62.5%, and negative predictive value of 92.3%.ConclusionUsing standard axial CT imaging we describe an objective method of radiographically evaluating the nasal valve, demonstrating strong correlation with physical examination and patient complaint. Additionally, radiographic valve areas can be used to screen for clinically narrow nasal valves with good sensitivity and specificity, providing a novel straightforward method for nasal valve assessment.