bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agritourism and off‐farm work: survival strategies for small farms
Authors: Khanal Aditya R. , Mishra Ashok K. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study considers agritourism and off‐farm work as income diversification choices simultaneously and analyzes factors influencing such choices. Further, the study assesses the impact of agritourism, off‐farm work, and both on gross cash farm income and total farm household income. We utilized large set of nationwide farm survey data and selectivity‐based multinomial choice model. An important finding of our study is that small farms have higher household income if they choose both income diversification strategies rather than a single strategy. Results suggest that education, age of the operator, financial condition, and location of the farm are important factors driving income diversification alternatives. Finally, our study indicates that accounting for selectivity is essential to ensure unbiased and consistent estimates.
Specific spatial distribution of caspase‐3 in normal lenses
Authors: Talebizadeh Nooshin , Yu Zhaohua , Kronschläger Martin , Hallböök Finn , Söderberg Per 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPurposeTo determine the distribution of active caspase‐3 in rat eye lens epithelium.MethodsIn total, 120 sagittal sections from forty rats were assessed for active caspase‐3 labelling using immunohistochemistry. Lens epithelial cells were counted, and the fraction of active caspase‐3 labelled cells and their relative positions were identified in each section.ResultsActive caspase‐3 is present in normal lens epithelium. The active caspase‐3 expression was higher in the anterior pole of the lens. Probability of radial spatial distribution of labelling was fitted with a logistic model. The increase rate and the inflection point were estimated as CI (0.95) to 23 ± 3 cells and 114 ± 3 cells, respectively.ConclusionThe gradually decreasing active caspase‐3 labelling from the anterior pole to the periphery suggests that active caspase‐3 may be involved in normal protein turnover caused by, for example, incident light.
Central hydrogen sulphide mediates ventilatory responses to hypercapnia in adult conscious rats
Authors: da Silva G. S. F. , Soriano R. N. , Kwiatkoski M. , Giusti H. , Glass M. L. , Branco L. G. S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimHydrogen sulphide (H2S) is endogenously produced and plays an important role as a modulator of neuronal functions; however, its modulatory role in the central CO2 chemoreception is unknown. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of endogenously produced H2S in the ventilatory response to hypercapnia in adult conscious rats.MethodsCystathionine β‐synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ‐lyase (CSE) inhibitors (aminooxyacetate: AOA and propargylglycine: PAG respectively) and a H2S donor (sodium sulphide: Na2S) were microinjected into the fourth ventricle (4V). Ventilation (), oxygen consumption () and body temperature were recorded before (room air) and during a 30‐min CO2 exposure (hypercapnia, 7% CO2). Endogenous H2S levels were measured in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).ResultsMicroinjection of Na2S (H2S donor), AOA (CBS inhibitor) or PAG (CSE inhibitor) did not affect baseline of the measured variables compared to control group (vehicle). In all experimental groups, hypercapnia elicited an increase in . However, AOA microinjection, but not PAG, attenuated the ventilatory response to hypercapnia (P < 0.05), whereas Na2S elicited a slight, not significant, enhancement. Moreover, endogenous H2S levels were found higher in the NTS after hypercapnia (P < 0.05) compared to room air (normoxia) condition.ConclusionThere are a few reports on the role of gaseous transmitters in the control of breathing. Importantly, the present data suggest that endogenous H2S via the CBS–H2S pathway mediates the ventilatory response to hypercapnia playing an excitatory role.
Systematic review: the role of the gut microbiota in chemotherapy‐ or radiation‐induced gastrointestinal mucositis – current evidence and potential clinical applications
Authors: Touchefeu Y. , Montassier E. , Nieman K. , Gastinne T. , Potel G. , Bruley des Varannes S. , Le Vacon F. , de La Cochetière M. F. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryBackgroundGastrointestinal mucositis is defined as inflammation and/or ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract occurring as a complication of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and affects about 50% of all cancer patients.AimTo assess the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucositis and the potential for manipulations of the microbiota to prevent and to treat mucositis.MethodsSearch of the literature published in English using Medline, Scopus and the Cochrane Library, with main search terms ‘intestinal microbiota’, ‘bacteremia’, ‘mucositis’, ‘chemotherapy‐induced diarrhoea’, ‘chemotherapy‐induced mucositis’, ‘radiotherapy‐induced mucositis’.ResultsThe gut microbiota plays a major role in the maintenance of intestinal homoeostasis and integrity. Patients receiving cytotoxic and radiation therapy exhibit marked changes in intestinal microbiota, with most frequently, decrease in Bifidobacterium, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and increase in Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroides. These modifications may contribute to the development of mucositis, particularly diarrhoea and bacteraemia. The prevention of cancer therapy‐induced mucositis by probiotics has been investigated in randomised clinical trials with some promising results. Three of six trials reported a significantly decreased incidence of diarrhoea. One trial reported a decrease in infectious complications.ConclusionsThe gut microbiota may play a major role in the pathogenesis of mucositis through the modification of intestinal barrier function, innate immunity and intestinal repair mechanisms. Better knowledge of these effects may lead to new therapeutic approaches and to the identification of predictive markers of mucositis.
A technique for tracking the reading rate to identify the e‐book reading behaviors and comprehension outcomes of elementary school students
Authors: Huang Yueh‐Min , Liang Tsung‐Ho 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTracking individual reading behaviors is a difficult task, as is carrying out real‐time recording and analysis throughout the reading process, but these aims are worth pursuing. In this study, the reading rate is adopted as an indicator to identify different reading behaviors and comprehension outcomes. A reading rate tracking technique is thus developed with an Interactive E‐book Learning System (IELS), and this study examines whether the reading rate detected by this system can properly reflect the actual reading behaviors and comprehension outcomes of users. A total of 500 quantitative records were collected from the reading profiles of 43 fifth‐grade students, separated into two groups for oral and silent reading behaviors, and then analyzed to reveal the reading rates accounting for specific reading behaviors and comprehension outcomes. Our findings indicate that the reading rate can accurately reflect students' reading behaviors. In addition, a somewhat positive correlation between reading rates and comprehension outcomes was only found in the silent reading group. By using the technique presented in this work, the reading behaviors related to e‐books can be easily interpreted based on the reading rate over time throughout the reading process, something that is much more difficult when using printed books. Based on the results of this work, it is anticipated that educators can get better insights into students' behaviors with regard to reading, so as to deliver more personalized and effective instruction.
Culture: Copying, Compression, and Conventionality
Authors: Tamariz Mónica , Kirby Simon 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThrough cultural transmission, repeated learning by new individuals transforms cultural information, which tends to become increasingly compressible (Kirby, Cornish, & Smith, ; Smith, Tamariz, & Kirby, ). Existing diffusion chain studies include in their design two processes that could be responsible for this tendency: learning (storing patterns in memory) and reproducing (producing the patterns again). This paper manipulates the presence of learning in a simple iterated drawing design experiment. We find that learning seems to be the causal factor behind the increase in compressibility observed in the transmitted information, while reproducing is a source of random heritable innovations. Only a theory invoking these two aspects of cultural learning will be able to explain human culture's fundamental balance between stability and innovation.
Syncope paradox in the outcome of patients with pulmonary thromboembolism: short‐term and midterm outcome
Authors: Seyyedi Seyyed‐reza , Jenab Yaser , Tokaldany Masoumeh Lotfi , Shirani Shapoor , Sadeghian Saeed , Jalali Arash 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground and AimWe compare the early and midterm outcomes of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) in patients with and without syncope in our single‐center registry.MethodBetween December 2006 and May 2013, 351 consecutive patients (mean age = 60.21 ± 16.91 years, 55.3% male) with confirmed acute symptomatic PTE were divided in with and without syncope groups. Groups were compared in terms of the effect of syncope on 30‐day mortality and adverse events, and mortality in a median follow‐up time of 16.9 months.ResultsFrom 351 patients, 39 (11.1%) had syncope and 312 (88.9%) did not. Syncope group had less frequently chest pain (30.8% vs 51.4%; P value = 0.015). Also, the rates of 30‐day adverse events and mortality were 12.8% and 5.1% for the group with syncope, and 14.4% and 10.3% for the group without syncope, respectively, with no significant difference. At follow up, 65 patients died and mortality was 18.5% for 351 patients (5.1% in the group with syncope and 20.2% for the other group). After adjustment for confounding factors, the effect of syncope on 30‐day adverse events and mortality remained non‐significant and on the midterm mortality was significant, showing that the presence of syncope was associated with lower midterm mortality (P value = 0.038).ConclusionAmong PTE patients in our registry, 11.1% presented with syncope. Relationship between syncope and 30‐day adverse events and mortality remained non‐significant after adjustments for other factors. However, in midterm follow up, patients with syncope were significantly at decreased risk of mortality compared to those without syncope.
Early non‐invasive ventilation treatment for respiratory failure due to severe community‐acquired pneumonia
Authors: Nicolini Antonello , Ferraioli Gianluca , Ferrari‐Bravo Maura , Barlascini Cornelius , Santo Mario , Ferrera Lorenzo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground and AimsSevere community‐acquired pneumonia (sCAP) have been as defined pneumonia requiring admission to the intensive care unit or carrying a high risk of death. Currently, the treatment of sCAP consists of antibiotic therapy and ventilator support. The use of invasive ventilation causes several complications as does admission to ICU. For this reason, non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) has been used for acute respiratory failure to avoid endotracheal intubation. However, few studies have currently assessed the usefulness of NIV in sCAP.MethodsWe prospectively assessed 127 patients with sCAP and severe acute respiratory failure [oxygen arterial pressure/oxygen inspiratory fraction ratio (PaO2/FiO2) <250]. We defined successful NIV as avoidance of intubation and the achievement of PaO2/FiO2 >250 with spontaneous breathing. We assessed predictors of NIV failure and hospital mortality using univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsNIV failed in 32 patients (25.1%). Higher chest X‐ray score at admission, chest X‐ray worsening, and a lower PaO2/FiO2 and higher alveolar‐arteriolar gradient (A‐aDO2) after 1 h of NIV all independently predicted NIV failure. Higher lactate dehydrogenase and confusion, elevated blood urea, respiratory rate, blood pressure plus age ≥65 years at admission, higher A‐aDO2, respiratory rate and lower PaO2/FiO2 after 1 h of NIV and intubation rate were directly related to hospital mortality.ConclusionsSuccessful treatment is strongly related to less severe illness as well as to a good initial and sustained response to medical therapy and NIV treatment. Constant monitoring of these patients is mandatory.
Diagnostic value of suPAR in differentiating noncardiac pleural effusions from cardiac pleural effusions
Authors: Ozsu Savas , Oztuna Funda , Mentese Ahmet , Abul Yasin , Ozlu Tevfik 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIntroductionSoluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a newly discovered inflammatory biomarker. suPAR has not been previously studied in differentiating noncardiac pleural effusion (PF) from cardiac PF. The aim of our study was to assess the diagnostic value of suPAR in PF.MethodsThe concentration of PF‐suPAR was measured by a commercialized enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in a prospective cohort of 74 patients with PF, 18 patients with PF due to cardiac failure (CF) and 56 patients with noncardiac PF. The area under the curve quantified the overall diagnostic accuracy of the tests.ResultsThe median pleural fluid suPAR level was found as 23 (5.4–102.8) ng/mL. The median PF‐suPAR level in CF was significantly lower than that of noncardiac effusions [11.8 (5.4–28.9) ng/mL vs 26.7 (8.2–102.8) ng/mL, respectively, P < 0.001]. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.878 (95% confidence interval: 0795–0.962, P < 0.001) for noncardiac pleural fluid suPAR. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of PF‐suPAR for noncardiac effusions at the cutoff level of ≥17.6 n/mL was 88%, 83% and 94%, respectively. The suPAR level in PF was found to correlate with all of the biochemical parameters of PF.ConclusionssuPAR is a potential new marker for the discrimination between cardiac and noncardiac PF.
Clinical equivalence of budesonide dry powder inhaler and pressurized metered dose inhaler
Authors: Srichana Teerapol , Juthong Siwasak , Thawithong Ekawat , Supaiboonpipat Supot , Soorapan Suchada 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIntroductionA delivery device is the most important factor that determines the local/systemic bioavailability of inhaled corticosteroids. Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) and pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) are the most commonly used delivery devices for localized drug delivery to the airways.ObjectiveThis study was to compare the clinical equivalence of budesonide delivered by the Pulmicort TurbuhalerTM (DPI) and the AeronideTM inhaler (pMDI).Materials and MethodsThe two inhalers were compared for their pharmaceutical equivalence and clinical equivalence. The in vitro test included the uniformity of the delivered dose and determination of the aerodynamic particle size of budesonide. The in vivo test was carried out in 36 patients with mild to moderate asthma. This was a randomized, single‐blinded study conducted for a period of 3 months. This included assessment of the spirometric parameters [forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced expiratory flow 25–75% (FEF25–75)], the severity of asthma symptoms, adverse events, frequency of short‐acting inhaled bronchodilator usage and measurement of urinary cortisol levels.ResultsThe aerodynamic particle size was slightly different between the two inhalers (2.3 ± 0.2 µm for Pulmicort TurbuhalerTM and 2.2 ± 0.2 µm for AeronideTM inhaler). Both inhalers passed the uniformity of delivered dose (95.4% and 97.4%) specified in the British Pharmacopoeia. There was no statistically significant difference observed between the two inhalers in terms of the spirometric parameters, symptom‐free days, frequency of bronchodilator usage and the level of urinary cortisol.ConclusionIn addition to pharmaceutical equivalence, no clinical difference observed between the two budesonide inhalers.
Effects of interval and continuous exercise training on autonomic cardiac function in COPD patients
Authors: Rodríguez Diego A. , Arbillaga Ane , Barberan‐Garcia Anael , Ramirez‐Sarmiento Alba , Torralba Yolanda , Vilaró Jordi , Gimeno‐Santos Elena , Gea Joaquim , Orozco‐Levi Mauricio , Roca Josep , Marco Ester 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground and AimBoth interval (IT) and continuous (CT) exercise training results in an improvement of aerobic capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, their effects on cardiac autonomic function remains unclear. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of a supervised CT vs IT on autonomic cardiac function in COPD patients.MethodsCOPD patients were divided into two different groups according to training modality (IT or CT). Autonomic cardiac dysfunction (ACD) was defined as a heart rate recovery lower than 12 bpm heart rate after the first minute of maximal exercise (HRR1) and an abnormal chronotropic response (CR) to exercise (<80%).ResultsA total of 29 patients {mean [standard deviation (SD)] age: 68 (8) years, %FEV1: 42 (13) predicted} were trained (15 subjects in the CT group, 14 subjects in the IT group). After training, both groups increased peak oxygen consumption [mean difference ΔVO2 peak: 156 mL/min (P = 0.04) on IT; and 210 mL/min (P = 0.01) on CT], HRR1 [IT, from 10.4 (5) to 13.8 (5) bpm (P = 0.04); and CT, from 14.3 (5) to 17.7 (5) bpm (P = 0.04)] and CR [IT, from 57% (22) to 81% (9) (P = 0.001); and CT, from 48% (28) to 73% (17) (P = 0.001)]. Sixteen patients showed ACD. Among these patients, HRR1 (P = 0.01 for IT and P = 0.04 for CT) and CR (P = 0.001 for IT and P = 0.002 for CT) were enhanced after training.ConclusionsBoth IT and CT exercise training improve heart rate recovery and CR in COPD patients. These benefits could help to individualize exercise training.
From a Language to a Theory of Resistance: Critical Pedagogy, the Limits of “Framing,” and Social Change
Authors: Tarlau Rebecca 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this article, Rebecca Tarlau attempts to build a more robust theory of the relationship between education and social change by drawing on the conceptual tools offered in the critical pedagogy and social movement literatures. Tarlau argues that while critical pedagogy has been largely disconnected from its roots in political organizing, social movement literature has shifted away from a theory of educational processes within movement building. Specifically, she suggests that the currently dominant “framing perspective” in the social movement literature is incredibly limited in its ability to analyze the pedagogical aspects of organizing. Conversely, while scholars of critical pedagogy are extremely convincing when critiquing U.S. schooling, the field is weaker when theorizing about how teachers using critical pedagogy can link to larger movements for social transformation. Critical pedagogues need more organizational thinking and social movement scholars need a more pedagogical focus. Tarlau suggests three conceptual frameworks for moving forward in this direction: the notion of social movements as pedagogical spaces, the role of informal educational projects in facilitating the emergence and strength of social movements, and the role of public schools as terrains of contestation that hold the possibility of linking to larger struggles for social justice.
Philosophical Reflections on Editing
Authors: Burbules Nicholas C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this essay Nicholas C. Burbules reviews his experiences and the lessons he learned as editor of Educational Theory for more than twenty years, and he explores some of the normative choices that are inevitably made by any editor in carrying out his or her role. Burbules examines the relationship of a journal to its intellectual field; the review process; communications and interactions with authors; the process of editing and revising manuscripts; questions of representativeness in a theoretically pluralistic field; the business of journal publishing; and the dilemmas that confront an editor in terms of his or her own position and identity within a field. In all of these reflections, he examines the ethical and political background of the choices made, and how these in turn reveal deeper assumptions about the nature and purpose of academic publishing. The result is to “lift up the curtain” and reveal how one philosophically reflective and self‐questioning editor handled his responsibilities.
Autonomy and the Ethical Status of Comprehensive Education
Authors: Bailey Adam D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOn grounds of autonomy, is comprehensive education — an approach to education that attempts to facilitate the acceptance of certain beliefs and ways of life as being correct, and refuses to sympathetically expose students to contrary beliefs and ways of life — ethically suspect? Recently, Bryan R. Warnick has argued that it is. In this essay, Adam D. Bailey critically evaluates Warnick's argument, and contends that it is unsuccessful. In particular, he argues that Warnick's argument from necessity does not succeed. Bailey then addresses a potential response to his critique of Warnick's argument — that of developing an argument from facilitation rather than necessity — and argues that, contrary to the argument from necessity, the argument from facilitation does provide support for the claim that comprehensive education is ethically suspect. However, Bailey attempts to show that even granting the facilitation argument, it is plausible to hold that, on grounds of autonomy, comprehensive education need not be seen as ethically suspect.
Prevalence of and risk factors for actinic cheilitis in Brazilian fishermen and women
Authors: de Oliveira Ribeiro Artur , da Silva Luiz Carlos Ferreira , Martins‐Filho Paulo Ricardo Saquete 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectivesThis study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for actinic cheilitis (AC) in Brazilian fishermen and women.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was carried out in a representative sample (n = 210) of fishermen and women. Data related to age, skin color, cumulative and daily exposure to solar radiation, smoking, sun protection measures, and the presence of AC were collected. A Poisson regression model was created to estimate the prevalence ratio of variables.ResultsThe prevalence of AC was 11.4% (95% confidence interval 7.8–16.4%). The disease was more prevalent in fishermen and women with fair skin and in those aged >50 years, those with cumulative exposure to solar radiation of >30 years, those with daily exposure of >4 hours, and those who did not use sunscreen.ConclusionsBrazilian fishermen and women constitute a population at risk for lip cancer. Public health programs that encourage the use of sunscreens and a lower daily exposure to solar radiation should be established.