bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Big Data and the Implications for Government
Authors: Williamson Andy 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBig data is more than the sum of the parts; it is about scale but also how we inter-connect once disparate data sets, and mine and analyse them. It is something that has started to make a significant impact everywhere from financial markets to supermarkets. And, as Andy Williamson explains, it is starting to become an important factor in the development of public policy and for the delivery and analysis of public services. Big data offers us powerful new ways to see the world around us but this comes with the challenges of ownership, privacy and misuse: it can be used for good or to constrain people. We have to ensure that, as the uptake of big data increases, our legislation and practice keeps pace, ensuring that mistakes and misuse are prevented.
Visualization of Freezing Process in situ upon Cooling and Warming of Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Bogdan Anatoli , Molina Mario J. , Tenhu Heikki , Bertel Erminald , Bogdan Natalia , Loerting Thomas 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe freezing of aqueous solutions and reciprocal distribution of ice and a freeze-concentrated solution (FCS) are poorly understood in spite of their importance in fields ranging from biotechnology and life sciences to geophysics and climate change. Using an optical cryo-miscroscope and differential scanning calorimetry, we demonstrate that upon cooling of citric acid and sucrose solutions a fast freezing process results in a continuous ice framework (IF) and two freeze-concentrated solution regions of different concentrations, FCS1 and FCS2. The FCS1 is maximally freeze-concentrated and interweaves with IF. The less concentrated FCS2 envelops the entire IF/FCS1. We find that upon further cooling, the FCS1 transforms to glass, whereas the slow freezing of FCS2 continues until it is terminated by a FCS2-glass transition. We observe the resumed slow freezing of FCS2 upon subsequent warming. The net thermal effect of the resumed freezing and a reverse glass-FCS1 transition produces the Ttr2-transition which before has only been observed upon warming of frozen hydrocarbon solutions and which nature has remained misunderstood for decades.
Label-free and real-time imaging of dehydration-induced DNA conformational changes in cellular nucleus using second harmonic microscopy
Authors: Zhuo Shuangmu , Ni Ming 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDehydration-induced DNA conformational changes have been probed for the first time with the use of second harmonic microscopy. Unlike conventional approaches, second harmonic microscopy provides a label-free and real-time approach to detect DNA conformational changes. Upon dehydration, cellular DNA undergoes a transition from B- to A-form, whereas cellular nuclei change from invisible to visible under second harmonic microscopy. These results showed that DNA is a second order nonlinear optical material. We further confirmed this by characterizing the nonlinear optical properties of extracted DNA from human cells. Our findings open a new path for SHG imaging. DNA can change its conformations under many circumstances. For example: normal cells turning into cancerous cells and drug molecules binding with DNA. Therefore, the detection of DNA conformational changes with second harmonic microscopy will be a useful tool in cancer therapy and new drug discovery.
The Video Head Impulse Test in a Case of Suspected Bilateral Loss of Vestibular Function
Authors: Albernaz Pedro , Cusin Flavia 
Published: December 2014

Introduction A patient who had no symptoms suggestive of bilateral loss of vestibular function presented no responses in rotational and caloric tests.
Objectives To demonstrate the importance of the video head impulse test in neuro-otologic diagnosis.
Resumed Report This patient had a neuro-otologic evaluation and presented no responses in torsion swing tests, caloric tests, and rotational tests in a Bárány chair. The video head impulse test elicited responses in four of the six semicircular canals.
Conclusion Absent responses in caloric and rotatory tests alone are not sufficient to diagnose bilateral loss of vestibular function.
Molecular-dynamics simulations of urea nucleation from aqueous solution
Authors: Salvalaglio Matteo , Perego Claudio , Giberti Federico , Mazzotti Marco , Parrinello Michele 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Nucleation from solution is a ubiquitous process that plays important roles in physics, chemistry, engineering, and material science. Despite its importance, nucleation is far from being completely understood. In this work, we combine advanced molecular-dynamics simulation techniques and theory to provide a description of urea nucleation from aqueous solution. In particular, our analysis shows that a two-step nucleation mechanism is favorable and that two polymorphs are seen to compete in the early stages of the nucleation process. In our analysis, we have derived and validated a theoretical correction to finite-size effects to compute free-energy profiles in the limit of a macroscopic system at constant supersaturation.
NGC 7789: AN OPEN CLUSTER CASE STUDY
Authors: Overbeek Jamie C. , Friel Eileen D. , Jacobson Heather R. , Johnson Christian I. , Pilachowski Catherine A. , Mészáros Szabolcs 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTWe have obtained high-resolution spectra of 32 giants in the open cluster NGC 7789 using the Wisconsin–Indiana–Yale–NOAO Hydra spectrograph. We explore differences in atmospheric parameters and elemental abundances caused by the use of the linelist developed for the Gaia-ESO Survey (GES) compared to one based on Arcturus used in our previous work. [Fe/H] values decrease when using the GES linelist instead of the Arcturus-based linelist; these differences are probably driven by systematically lower (∼−0.1 dex) GES surface gravities. Using the GES linelist we determine abundances for 10 elements—Fe, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, Na, Ni, Zr, Ba, and La. We find the clusterʼs average metallicity [Fe/H] = 0.03 ± 0.07 dex, in good agreement with literature values, and a lower [Mg/Fe] abundance than has been reported before for this cluster (0.11 ± 0.05 dex). We also find the neutron-capture element barium to be highly enhanced—[Ba/Fe] = +0.48 ± 0.08—and disparate from cluster measurements of neutron-capture elements La and Zr (−0.08 ± 0.05 and 0.08 ± 0.08, respectively). This is in accordance with recent discoveries of supersolar Ba enhancement in young clusters along with more modest enhancement of other neutron-capture elements formed in similar environments.
TRANSITING PLANETS WITH LSST. I. POTENTIAL FOR LSST EXOPLANET DETECTION
Authors: Lund Michael B. , Pepper Joshua , Stassun Keivan G. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT
The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) is designed to meet several scientific objectives over a 10 year synoptic sky survey. Beyond its primary goals, the large amount of LSST data can be exploited for additional scientific purposes. We show that LSST data are sufficient to detect the transits of exoplanets, including planets orbiting stars that are members of stellar populations that have so far been largely unexplored. Using simulated LSST light curves, we find that existing transit detection algorithms can identify the signatures of Hot Jupiters around solar-type stars, Hot Neptunes around K-dwarfs, and (in favorable cases) Super-Earths in habitable-zone orbits of M-dwarfs. We also find that LSST may identify Hot Jupiters orbiting stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud—a remarkable possibility that would advance exoplanet science into the extragalactic regime.
Impact of therapy and strain type on outcomes in urinary tract infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: van Duin David , Cober Eric , Richter Sandra S. , Perez Federico , Kalayjian Robert C. , Salata Robert A. , Evans Scott , Fowler Vance G. , Kaye Keith S. , Bonomo Robert A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Objectives
Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) is an important healthcare-associated pathogen. We evaluated the impact of CRKP strain type and treatment on outcomes of patients with CRKP bacteriuria.

Patients and methods
Physician-diagnosed CRKP urinary tract infection (UTI)—defined as those patients who received directed treatment for CRKP bacteriuria—was studied in the multicentre, prospective Consortium on Resistance against Carbapenems in Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRaCKle) cohort. Strain typing by repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) was performed. Outcomes were classified as failure, indeterminate or success. Univariate and multivariate ordinal analyses to evaluate the associations between outcome, treatment and strain type were followed by binomial analyses.

Results
One-hundred-and-fifty-seven patients with physician-diagnosed CRKP UTI were included. After adjustment for CDC/National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)-defined UTI, critical illness and receipt of more than one active antibiotic, patients treated with aminoglycosides were less likely to fail therapy [adjusted OR (aOR) for failure 0.34, 95% CI 0.15–0.73, P = 0.0049]. In contrast, patients treated with tigecycline were more likely to fail therapy (aOR for failure 2.29, 95% CI 1.03–5.13, P = 0.0425). Strain type data were analysed for 55 patients. The predominant clades were ST258A (n = 18, 33%) and ST258B (n = 26, 47%). After adjustment for CDC/NHSN-defined UTI and use of tigecycline and aminoglycosides, infection with strain type ST258A was associated with clinical outcome in ordinal analysis (P = 0.0343). In multivariate binomial models, strain type ST258A was associated with clinical failure (aOR for failure 5.82, 95% CI 1.47–28.50, P = 0.0113).

Conclusions
In this nested cohort study of physician-diagnosed CRKP UTI, both choice of treatment and CRKP strain type appeared to impact on clinical outcomes.
Added value of whole-genome sequencing for management of highly drug-resistant TB
Authors: Outhred Alexander C. , Jelfs Peter , Suliman Basel , Hill-Cawthorne Grant A. , Crawford Archibald B. H. , Marais Ben J. , Sintchenko Vitali 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Objectives
Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis takes several weeks to complete and second-line DST is often poorly reproducible, potentially leading to compromised clinical decisions. Following a fatal case of XDR TB, we investigated the potential benefit of using whole-genome sequencing to generate an in silico drug susceptibility profile.

Methods
The clinical course of the patient was reviewed, assessing the times at which phenotypic DST data became available and changes made to the therapeutic regimen. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on the earliest available isolate and variants associated with drug resistance were identified.

Results
The final DST report, including second-line drugs, was issued 10 weeks after patient presentation and 8 weeks after initial growth of M. tuberculosis. In the interim, the patient may have received a compromised regimen that had the potential to select for further drug resistance. The in silico susceptibility profile, extrapolated from evolving evidence in the literature, provided comparable or superior data to the DST results for second-line drugs and could be generated in a much shorter timeframe.

Conclusions
We propose routine whole-genome sequencing of all MDR M. tuberculosis isolates in adequately resourced settings. This will improve individual patient care, monitor for transmission events and advance our understanding of resistance-associated mutations.
Chemical variation in molecular cloud cores in the Orion A Cloud. III
Authors: Ohashi Satoshi , Tatematsu Ken'ichi , Choi Minho , Kang Miju , Umemoto Tomofumi , Lee Jeong-Eun , Hirota Tomoya , Yamamoto Satoshi , Mizuno Norikazu 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
We carried out mapping observations of N2H+, CCS, cyclic C3H2, H13CO+, HCO+, and HCN lines toward six cores in the Orion A cloud with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope and the KVN (Korean VLBI Network) 21 m telescope. The N2H+ and CCS data were observed with the Nobeyama 45 m and the other lines were observed with the KVN 21 m telescope. We examined the chemical characteristics of the cores and found a tendency for the column density ratio, N(c-C3H2)/N(CCS), to be low in starless regions while it is high in star-forming regions. We also found that N(H13CO+) is enhanced in cluster-forming regions compared with those in isolated star-forming regions. Furthermore, we found that the N(NH3)/N(CCS) and N(NH3)/N(HC3N) ratios are high in star-forming cores and low in starless cores in the Orion A cloud for a wide range of kinetic temperature, Tk = 10 to 60 K. We suggest that the N(NH3)/N(CCS), N(NH3)/N(HC3N), and N(N2H+)/N(CCS) ratios may be indicators of chemical evolution in giant molecular clouds, including warmer regions. From a comparison between cores associated with protostars and cores without protostars through virial analysis, we also suggest that the dissipation of turbulence initiates star formation. Finally, we found that the N(NH3)/N(CCS) ratio increases with the dissipation of turbulence. This may suggest that the chemical evolution can be an indicator of the dynamical evolution of the core.
Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Audu Grace K. , Nikaki Kornilia , Crespi Daniel , Spray Christine , Epstein Jenny 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTChronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) has been reported in association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), mostly in children. We describe the UK paediatric experience of CRMO and IBD and review the global literature. Three cases of CRMO and IBD were identified in UK children during the last 10 years. This adds to the previously published 24 cases worldwide (15 children). We provide further evidence for the true association of CRMO and IBD, and a greater understanding of disease course. CRMO may be considered a rare extraintestinal complication of IBD.
Bridging psychology and genetics using large-scale spatial analysis of neuroimaging and neurogenetic data
Authors: Fox Andrew S. , Chang Luke J. , Gorgolewski Krzysztof J. , Yarkoni Tal 
Published: December 2014

AbstractUnderstanding how microscopic molecules give rise to complex cognitive processes is a major goal of the biological sciences. The countless hypothetical molecule-cognition relationships necessitate discovery-based techniques to guide scientists toward the most productive lines of investigation. To this end, we present a novel discovery tool that uses spatial patterns of neural gene expression from the Allen Brain Institute (ABI) and large-scale functional neuroimaging meta-analyses from the Neurosynth framework to bridge neurogenetic and neuroimaging data. We quantified the spatial similarity between over 20,000 genes from the ABI and 48 psychological topics derived from lexical analysis of neuroimaging articles, producing a comprehensive set of gene/cognition mappings that we term the Neurosynth-gene atlas. We demonstrate the ability to independently replicate known gene/cognition associations (e.g., between dopamine and reward), and subsequently use it to identify a range of novel associations between individual molecules or genes and complex psychological phenomena such as reward, memory and emotion. Our results complement existing discovery-based methods such as GWAS, and provide a novel means of generating hypotheses about the neurogenetic substrates of complex cognitive functions.
Host-parasite coevolution in populations of constant and variable size
Authors: Song Yixian , Gokhale Chaitanya S. , Papkou Andrei , Schulenburg Hinrich , Traulsen Arne 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe matching-allele and gene-for-gene models are widely used in mathematical approaches that study the dynamics of host-parasite interactions. Agrawal and Lively (Evolutionary Ecology Research 4:79-90, 2002) captured these two models in a single framework and numerically explored the associated time discrete dynamics of allele frequencies. Here, we present a detailed analytical investigation of this unifying framework in continuous time and provide a generalization. We extend the model to take into account changing population sizes, which result from the antagonistic nature of the interaction and follow the Lotka-Volterra equations. Under this extension, the population dynamics become most complex as the model moves away from pure matching-allele and becomes more gene-for-gene-like. While the population densities oscillate with a single oscillation frequency in the pure matching-allele model, a second oscillation frequency arises under gene-for-gene-like conditions. These observations hold for general interaction parameters and allow to infer generic patterns of the dynamics. Our results suggest that experimentally inferred dynamical patterns of host-parasite coevolution should typically be much more complex than the popular illustrations of Red Queen dynamics. A single parasite that infects more than one host can substantially alter the cyclic dynamics.
One device, one equation: The simplest way to objectively evaluate psoriasis severity
Authors: Choi Jae Woo , Kim Bo Ri , Choi Chong Won , Youn Sang Woong 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe erythema, scale and thickness of psoriasis lesions could be converted to bioengineering parameters. An objective psoriasis severity assessment is advantageous in terms of accuracy and reproducibility over conventional severity assessment. We aimed to formulate an objective psoriasis severity index with a single bioengineering device that can possibly substitute the conventional subjective Psoriasis Severity Index. A linear regression analysis was performed to derive the formula with the subjective Psoriasis Severity Index as the dependent variable and various bioengineering parameters determined from 157 psoriasis lesions as independent variables. The construct validity of the objective Psoriasis Severity Index was evaluated with an additional 30 psoriasis lesions through a Pearson correlation analysis. The formula is composed of hue and brightness, which are sufficiently obtainable with a Colorimeter alone. A very strong positive correlation was found between the objective and subjective psoriasis severity indexes. The objective Psoriasis Severity Index is a novel, practical and valid assessment method that can substitute the conventional one. Combined with subjective area assessment, it could further replace the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index which is currently most popular.
Weather‐driven dynamics in a dual‐migrant system: moths and bats
Authors: Krauel Jennifer J. , Westbrook John K. , McCracken Gary F. 
Published: December 2014

Summary

Animal migrations generate large spatial and temporal fluctuations in biomass that provide a resource base for many predator–prey interactions. These interactions are often driven by continent‐scale weather patterns and are difficult to study. Few studies have included migratory animals on more than a single trophic level or for periods spanning multiple entire seasons.

We tracked migrations of three species of agricultural pest noctuid moths over the 2010–2012 autumn seasons as the moths travelled past a large colony of migratory Brazilian free‐tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) in Texas.

Increases in moth abundance, mass of bats and duration of bat activity outside of the cave were correlated with passage of cold fronts over the study area and related increases in northerly wind. Moth responses to weather patterns varied among species and seasons, but overall moth abundances were low in late summer and spiked after one or more cold front passages in September and October.

Changes in bat mass and behaviour appear to be consequences of bat migration, as cave use transitioned from summer maternity roost to autumn migratory stopover sites.

Weather‐driven migration is at considerable risk from climate change, and bat and moth responses to that change may have marked impacts on agricultural systems and bat ecosystem services.
Variations in Guideline‐Concordant Breast Cancer Adjuvant Therapy in Rural Georgia
Authors: Guy Gery P. , Lipscomb Joseph , Gillespie Theresa W. , Goodman Michael , Richardson Lisa C. , Ward Kevin C. 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveTo examine factors associated with guideline‐concordant adjuvant therapy among breast cancer patients in a rural region of the United States and to present an advancement in quality‐of‐care assessment in the context of multiple treatments.Data SourcesChart abstraction on initial therapy received by 868 women diagnosed with primary, invasive, early‐stage breast cancer in a largely rural region of southwest Georgia.Study DesignUsing multivariable logistic regression, we examined predictors of adjuvant chemo‐, radiation, and hormonal therapy regimens defined as guideline‐concordant according to the 2000 National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement.Principal FindingsOverall, 35.2 percent of women received guideline‐concordant care for all three adjuvant therapies. Higher socioeconomic status was associated with receiving guideline‐concordant care for all three adjuvant therapies jointly, and for chemotherapy. Compared with private insurance, having Medicaid was associated with guideline‐concordant chemotherapy. Unmarried women were more likely to be nonconcordant for chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Increased age predicted nonconcordance for adjuvant therapies jointly, for chemotherapy, and for hormonal therapy.ConclusionsA number of factors were independently associated with receiving guideline‐concordant adjuvant therapy. Identifying and addressing factors that lead to nonconcordance may reduce disparities in treatment and survival.
The Placental Immune Milieu is Characterized by a Th2‐ and Anti‐Inflammatory Transcription Profile, Regardless of Maternal Allergy, and Associates with Neonatal Immunity
Authors: Abelius Martina S. , Janefjord Camilla , Ernerudh Jan , Berg Göran , Matthiesen Leif , Duchén Karel , Nilsson Lennart J. , Jenmalm Maria C. 
Published: December 2014

ProblemHow maternal allergy affects the systemic and local immunological environment during pregnancy and the immune development of the offspring is unclear.Method of studyExpression of 40 genes was quantified by PCR arrays in placenta, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) from 7 allergic and 12 non‐allergic women and their offspring.ResultsPlacental gene expression was dominated by a Th2‐/anti‐inflammatory profile, irrespectively of maternal allergy, as compared to gene expression in PBMC. p35 expression in placenta correlated with fetal Tbx21 (ρ = −0.88, P < 0.001) and IL‐5 expression in PBMC with fetal galectin1 (ρ = 0.91, P < 0.001). Increased expression of Th2‐associated CCL22 in CBMC preceded allergy development.ConclusionsGene expression locally and systemically during pregnancy was partly associated with the offspring's gene expression, possibly indicating that the immunological milieu is important for fetal immune development. Maternal allergy was not associated with an enhanced Th2 immunity in placenta or PBMC, while a marked prenatal Th2 skewing, shown as increased CCL22 mRNA expression, might contribute to postnatal allergy development.