bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining the Decline in Mexico-U.S. Migration: The Effect of the Great Recession
Authors: Villarreal Andrés 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe rate of Mexico-U.S. migration has declined precipitously in recent years. From 25 migrants per thousand in 2005, the annual international migration rate for Mexican men dropped to 7 per thousand by 2012. If sustained, this low migration rate is likely to have a profound effect on the ethnic and national-origin composition of the U.S. population. This study examines the origins of the migration decline using a nationally representative panel survey of Mexican households. The results support an explanation that attributes a large part of the decline to lower labor demand for Mexican immigrants in the United States. Decreases in labor demand in industrial sectors that employ a large percentage of Mexican-born workers, such as construction, are found to be strongly associated with lower rates of migration for Mexican men. Second, changes in migrant selectivity are also consistent with an economic explanation for the decline in international migration. The largest declines in migration occurred precisely among the demographic groups most affected by the Great Recession: namely, economically active young men with low education. Results from the statistical analysis also show that the reduction in labor demand in key sectors of the U.S. economy resulted in a more positive educational selectivity of young migrants.
Condiciones para el aprendizaje organizacional
Authors: Castañeda Delio Ignacio 
Published: November 2014

El propósito de esta investigación es contribuir al entendimiento de algunas condiciones que favorecen el aprendizaje en las organizaciones, específicamente el rol de la cultura del aprendizaje, la formación, la claridad estratégica y el soporte organizacional. Se emplea una metodología cuantitativa con 613 participantes, empleados de una organización pública y 2 compañías privadas, las 3 entidades ubicadas en Bogotá, Colombia. Para la realización del estudio se conformó una muestra por conveniencia, con el apoyo de los jefes de recursos humanos de 3 organizaciones con sede en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Para la recolección de los datos se utilizó una escala Likert de 5 niveles de respuesta. Los resultados sugieren que las 4 condiciones estudiadas contribuyen al aprendizaje organizacional. Los hallazgos de este trabajo orientan a profesionales sobre dónde focalizar esfuerzos para promover la adquisición y la generación de conocimiento organizacional y aporta al trabajo investigativo ampliando la evidencia empírica sobre este campo de relevancia organizacional.
Pharmaceutical industry interactions of psychiatric trainees from 20 European countries
Authors: Riese F. , Guloksuz S. , Roventa C. , Fair J.D. , Haravuori H. , Rolko T. , Flynn D. , Giacco D. , Banjac V. , Jovanovic N. , Bayat N. , Palumbo C. , Rusaka M. , Kilic O. , Augėnaitė J. , Nawka A. , Zenger M. , Kekin I. , Wuyts P. , Barrett E. , Bausch-Becker N. , Mikaliūnas J. , del Valle E. , Feffer K. , Lomax G.A. , Marques J.G. , Jauhar S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackground:Interactions between the pharmaceutical industry (PI) and psychiatrists have been under scrutiny recently, though there is little empirical evidence on the nature of the relationship and its intensity at psychiatry trainee level. We therefore studied the level of PI interactions and the underlying beliefs and attitudes in a large sample of European psychiatric trainees.Methods:One thousand four hundred and forty-four psychiatric trainees in 20 European countries were assessed cross-sectionally, with a 62-item questionnaire.Results:The total number of PI interactions in the preceding two months varied between countries, with least interactions in The Netherlands (M (Mean) = 0.92, SD = 1.44, range = 0–12) and most in Portugal (M = 19.06, SD = 17.44, range = 0–100). Trainees were more likely to believe that PI interactions have no impact on their own prescribing behaviour than that of other physicians (M = 3.30, SD = 1.26 vs. M = 2.39, SD = 1.06 on a 5-point Likert scale: 1 “completely disagree” to 5 “completely agree”). Assigning an educational role to the pharmaceutical industry was associated with more interactions and higher gift value (IRR (incidence rate ratio) = 1.21, 95%CI = 1.12–1.30 and OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.02–1.37).Conclusions:There are frequent interactions between European psychiatric trainees and the PI, with significant variation between countries. We identified several factors affecting this interaction, including attribution of an educational role to the PI. Creating alternative educational opportunities and specific training dedicated to PI interactions may therefore help to reduce the impact of the PI on psychiatric training.
Tectonic and Climatic Inferences from the Terrace Staircase in the Meduna Valley, Eastern Southern Alps, NE Italy
Authors: Monegato Giovanni , Poli Maria Eliana 
Published: November 2014

AbstractResults of stratigraphic and morphotectonic analyses on fluvial terraces at the outlet of the Meduna valley in the eastern Southern Alps are used to investigate on the tectonics and paleoclimate. The Meduna valley, prone to destructive earthquakes, belongs to the front of the eastern Southern Alps, a south-verging fold and thrust belt in evolution from the Middle Miocene to the present, constructed by ENE–WSW striking, SSE-verging medium to low-angle thrusts, gradually propagating in the Venetian–Friulian plain. In the study area, located south of the Periadriatic thrust, the main structural element is the ENE–WSW striking Maniago–M. Jouf thrust system. Seven depositional units, ranging in age from Pliocene to Holocene, and a hierarchy of four numbered terrace complexes were identified. Stratigraphic and geometric relationships between sedimentary units, basal surfaces and terraces allow the reconstruction of the chronology of the depositional events. The study shows that the valley configuration has been shaped during the Pliocene–Quaternary with long-lasting steady intervals, interspaced with periodic tectonic pulses of the thrust front of the eastern Southern Alps. The most recent pulse related to the Maniago thrust shows an upper Pleistocene–Holocene slip rate of about 0.6 mm/yr.
Use of Smoking Cessation Interventions by Physicians in Argentina
Authors: Schoj Veronica , Mejia Raul , Alderete Mariela , Kaplan Celia P. , Peña Lorena , Gregorich Steven E. , Alderete Ethel , Pérez-Stable Eliseo J. 
Published: November 2014

Background: Physician-implemented interventions for smoking cessation are effective but infrequently used. We evaluated smoking cessation practices among physicians in Argentina.Methods: A self-administered survey of physicians from six clinical systems asked about smoking cessation counselling practices, barriers to tobacco use counselling and perceived quality of training received in smoking cessation practices.Results: Of 254 physicians, 52.3% were women, 11.8% were current smokers and 52% never smoked. Perceived quality of training in tobacco cessation counselling was rated as very good or good by 41.8% and as poor/very poor by 58.2%. Most physicians (90%) reported asking and recording smoking status, 89% advised patients to quit smoking but only 37% asked them to set a quit date and 44% prescribed medications. Multivariate analyses showed that Physicians' perceived quality of their training in smoking cessation methods was associated with greater use of evidence-based cessation interventions. (OR = 6.5; 95% CI = 2.2–19.1); motivating patients to quit (OR: 7.9 CI 3.44–18.5), assisting patients to quit (OR = 9.9; 95% CI = 4.0–24.2) prescribing medications (OR = 9.6; 95% CI = 3.5–26.7), and setting up follow-up (OR = 13.0; 95% CI = 4.4–38.5).Conclusions: Perceived quality of training in smoking cessation was associated with using evidence-based interventions and among physicians from Argentina. Medical training programs should enhance the quality of this curriculum.
Dietary nutrient profiles of wild wolves: insights for optimal dog nutrition?
Authors: Bosch Guido , Hagen-Plantinga Esther A. , Hendriks Wouter H. 
Published: November 2014

Domestic dogs diverged from grey wolves between 13 000 and 17 000 years ago when food waste from human settlements provided a new niche. Compared to the carnivorous cat, modern-day dogs differ in several digestive and metabolic traits that appear to be more associated with omnivorous such as man, pigs and rats. This has led to the classification of dogs as omnivores, but the origin of these ‘omnivorous’ traits has, hitherto, been left unexplained. We discuss the foraging ecology of wild wolves and calculate the nutrient profiles of fifty diets reported in the literature. Data on the feeding ecology of wolves indicate that wolves are true carnivores consuming a negligible amount of vegetal matter. Wolves can experience prolonged times of famine during low prey availability while, after a successful hunt, the intake of foods and nutrients can be excessive. As a result of a ‘feast and famine’ lifestyle, wolves need to cope with a highly variable nutrient intake requiring an adaptable metabolism, which is still functional in our modern-day dogs. The nutritive characteristics of commercial foods differ in several aspects from the dog's closest free-living ancestor in terms of dietary nutrient profile and this may pose physiological and metabolic challenges. The present study provides new insights into dog nutrition and contributes to the ongoing optimisation of foods for pet dogs.
A preface on advances in diagnostics for infectious and parasitic diseases: detecting parasites of medical and veterinary importance
Authors: STOTHARD J. RUSSELL , ADAMS EMILY 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYThere are many reasons why detection of parasites of medical and veterinary importance is vital and where novel diagnostic and surveillance tools are required. From a medical perspective alone, these originate from a desire for better clinical management and rational use of medications. Diagnosis can be at the individual-level, at close to patient settings in testing a clinical suspicion or at the community-level, perhaps in front of a computer screen, in classification of endemic areas and devising appropriate control interventions. Thus diagnostics for parasitic diseases has a broad remit as parasites are not only tied with their definitive hosts but also in some cases with their vectors/intermediate hosts. Application of current diagnostic tools and decision algorithms in sustaining control programmes, or in elimination settings, can be problematic and even ill-fitting. For example in resource-limited settings, are current diagnostic tools sufficiently robust for operational use at scale or are they confounded by on-the-ground realities; are the diagnostic algorithms underlying public health interventions always understood and well-received within communities which are targeted for control? Within this Special Issue (SI) covering a variety of diseases and diagnostic settings some answers are forthcoming. An important theme, however, throughout the SI is to acknowledge that cross-talk and continuous feedback between development and application of diagnostic tests is crucial if they are to be used effectively and appropriately.
Universality and language-specific experience in the perception of lexical tone and pitch
Authors: BURNHAM DENIS , KASISOPA BENJAWAN , REID AMANDA , LUKSANEEYANAWIN SUDAPORN , LACERDA FRANCISCO , ATTINA VIRGINIA , RATTANASONE NAN XU , SCHWARZ IRIS-CORINNA , WEBSTER DIANE 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTTwo experiments focus on Thai tone perception by native speakers of tone languages (Thai, Cantonese, and Mandarin), a pitch–accent (Swedish), and a nontonal (English) language. In Experiment 1, there was better auditory-only and auditory–visual discrimination by tone and pitch–accent language speakers than by nontone language speakers. Conversely and counterintuitively, there was better visual-only discrimination by nontone language speakers than tone and pitch–accent language speakers. Nevertheless, visual augmentation of auditory tone perception in noise was evident for all five language groups. In Experiment 2, involving discrimination in three fundamental frequency equivalent auditory contexts, tone and pitch–accent language participants showed equivalent discrimination for normal Thai speech, filtered speech, and violin sounds. In contrast, nontone language listeners had significantly better discrimination for violin sounds than filtered speech and in turn speech. Together the results show that tone perception is determined by both auditory and visual information, by acoustic and linguistic contexts, and by universal and experiential factors.
The Japanese voluntary sector's responses to the increasing unmet demand for home care from an ageing population
Authors: HAYASHI MAYUMI 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTAs Japan faces the challenge of the increasing demand for home care from its ageing population in an era of economic constraints, the expectation has evolved that the voluntary sector will fill the shortfall in statutory provision through semi-volunteers providing affordable home care. Drawing on qualitative interviews with managers from 15 voluntary organisations, this article explores their experiences in trying to meet this expectation. Even though most organisations provided supplementary home-care services, the empirical evidence indicates a limited capacity to deliver this expectation, with respondents aware of the deteriorating situation. It has been ascertained that supply mechanisms differ between the traditional voluntary – and the new hybrid – organisations. The former employ ‘cost-efficient’ labour such as ‘paid volunteers’ on below minimum pay rates. In contrast, the ‘hybrids’ use paid employees at regular pay rates, a finding that contradicts optimistic assumptions about the ideological role of ‘traditional’ voluntary organisations. This article suggests the importance of acknowledging diverse responses from the voluntary sector, including the new hybrids with their acknowledgement of voluntary and commercial imperatives. Open mindedness and a preparedness to revise interpretations of the earlier ‘models’ of the voluntary sector are essential. The conclusion proposes that the best strategy to unlock the voluntary sector's full potential to deliver supplementary home care is a multi-platformed approach, with adequate public purse funding, which pragmatically maximises resources.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF AN INFLUENZA IMMUNIZATION STRATEGY OF HEALTHY CHILDREN
Authors: Gregg Meghann , Blackhouse Gordon , Loeb Mark , Goeree Ron 
Published: November 2014

Objectives: Vaccinating healthy children is proposed as a strategy to produce a herd effect and protect vulnerable groups. The Hutterite Influenza Prevention Study investigated this strategy, comparing communities with or without childhood influenza immunization programs. There are costs associated with vaccination therefore there may be a trade-off between these costs and the benefits of avoiding influenza cases. This evaluation estimates the cost-effectiveness of immunizing only healthy children in preventing cases of influenza within entire communities.Methods: Effect data and resource utilization were collected during the trial. Cost data were collected from payer, literature and Internet sources. A two-stage bootstrap (TSB) with shrinkage correction was used to estimate average costs and effects. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) and sample uncertainty around this estimate were calculated from the TSB results.Results: Mean costs per patient for the treatment and control arms were $69.07 and $32.66 (difference $36.41). Mean number of influenza cases for the treatment and control arms were 0.04 and 0.27 (difference 0.23). ICER was $164.12 ($28.38, $2767.75) per case of influenza averted.Conclusions: Immunizing healthy children for influenza is more costly, yet more effective than no immunization in preventing cases in the sample. At a cost of $164.12 to prevent a case of influenza, immunizing healthy children to protect all community members may be considered costeffective. Estimated results are conservative as the influenza season was mild and the sample population was healthy. In a more severe season with a less healthy population the ICER is expected to decrease.
Experimental measurements and Monte Carlo modelling of the XSTRAHL 150 superficial X-ray therapy unit
Authors: Al-Ghorabie Fayez H. H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundSuperficial X-ray therapy units are used for the treatment of certain types of skin cancer and some severe dermatological conditions. The performance assessment and beam characteristics of the superficial unit are very important to ensure accurate dose delivery during patient treatment. Both experimental measurements and Monte Carlo calculations can be used for this purpose.PurposeThis study aims to investigate whether it is possible to reproduce experimentally measured data for the XSTRAHL 150 superficial X-ray unit with simulations using the BEAMnrc Monte Carlo code.Materials and MethodsThe experimental procedure applied in this study included the following: experimental measurements of different X-ray spectra, half-value layers, percentage depth dose and beam profiles. Monte Carlo modelling of the XSTRAHL 150 unit was performed with the BEAMnrc code. The validity of the model was checked by comparing the theoretical calculations with experimental measurements.ResultsThere was good agreement (∼1%) between experimentally measured and simulated X-ray spectra. Results of half-value layers obtained from simulated and measured spectra showed that there was a maximum of 3·6% difference between BEAMnrc and measurements and a minimum of 2·3%. In addition, simulated percentage depth dose and profile curves have been compared against experimental measurements and show good agreement (within 2% for the depth dose curves and 3–5% for beam profile curves, depending on the applicator size).ConclusionThe results of this study provide information about particles’ interaction in different kilovoltage and filter combinations. This information is useful for X-ray tube design and development of new target/filter combinations to improve beam quality in superficial X-ray radiotherapy. The data presented here may provide a base for comparison and a reference for other or potential new users of the XSTRAHL 150 X-ray unit.
Karl Hörmann zum 70. Geburtstag
Authors: Mucha Christian 
Published: November 2014

Die Kunsttherapie hat einen facettenreichen Entstehungsweg. Das Umdenken in der Kunst selbst und der Wandel in bestimmten Disziplinen der Medizin im 20. Jahrhundert führten zur Annäherung von künstlerischen und therapeutischen Prozessen. Schon früh wurde die Kunsttherapie in die Rehabilitationsmedizin einbezogen und ist inzwischen ein fester Bestandteil der integralen Therapiepläne. Die multimodalen Wirkungsebenen der Kunsttherapie: psychische-, kognitive- und verbale, motorische und Handlungsebenen sowie die soziale und Beziehungsebene, begründen ihre Indikationen in der Rehabilitationstherapie von Patienten mit unterschiedlichen und kombinierten physischen und psychischen Defiziten und Behinderungen. Hier kann die Kunsttherapie als kreativ-schöpferisches Handeln und Erleben auf physiologischer und psychologischer Ebene wirken und im Rehabilitationsprozess, insbesondere von Patienten mit multimodalen Behinderungen, durch Stimulation verbliebener Ressourcen entsprechende Defizite zu restituieren, bzw. Defekte durch Übungen zu kompensieren helfen. Mögliche Einflüsse der Kunsttherapie in der klinischen Rehabilitation, vor allem von Patienten mit schweren Hirnerkrankungen und -verletzungen, werden diskutiert und anhand ausgewählter Bildbeispiele besprochen.
Bacteria slingshot more on soft surfaces
Authors: Zhang Rongrong , Ni Lei , Jin Zhenyu , Li Jiahong , Jin Fan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAdaptive responses greatly improve the competitive capacities of bacteria in diverse environments. Here, we investigate whether bacteria can adapt to a microenvironment with distinctive softness by examining the type-IV pili (TFP)-mediated motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells on brush-like surfaces that are grafted with a layer of thermally sensitive polymer chains, where the softness of the brush-layer is tunable by applying a small temperature change (from 30 to 37 °C). We report that P. aeruginosa cells slingshot more on soft surfaces at a shear-thinning condition, which greatly facilitates their surface crawling by means of reducing energy dissipation. This adaptive response suggests that P. aeruginosa cells may be able to sense the local viscoelasticity and then deploy TFP to adapt to their physical surroundings.
Emergence of single-molecular chirality from achiral reactants
Authors: Steendam René R. E. , Verkade Jorge M. M. , van Benthem Tim J. B. , Meekes Hugo , van Enckevort Willem J. P. , Raap Jan , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. , Vlieg Elias 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of enantiopure molecules from achiral precursors without the need for pre-existing chirality is a major challenge associated with the origin of life. We here show that an enantiopure product can be obtained from achiral starting materials in a single organic reaction. An essential characteristic of this reaction is that the chiral product precipitates from the solution, introducing a crystal–solution interface which functions as an asymmetric autocatalytic system that provides sufficient chiral amplification to reach an enantiopure end state. This approach not only provides more insight into the origin of life but also offers a pathway to acquire enantiopure compounds for industrial applications.
VAV-1 acts in a single interneuron to inhibit motor circuit activity in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Fry Amanda L. , Laboy Jocelyn T. , Norman Kenneth R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe complex molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neuronal control of animal movement are not well understood. Locomotion ofCaenorhabditis elegansis mediated by a neuronal circuit that produces coordinated sinusoidal movement. Here we utilize this simple, yet elegant, behaviour to show that VAV-1, a conserved guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho-family GTPases, negatively regulates motor circuit activity and the rate of locomotion. Whilevav-1is expressed in a small subset of neurons, we find that VAV-1 function is required in a single interneuron, ALA, to regulate motor neuron circuit activity. Furthermore, we show by genetic and optogenetic manipulation of ALA that VAV-1 is required for the excitation and activation of this neuron. We find that ALA signalling inhibits command interneuron activity by abrogating excitatory signalling in the command interneurons, which is responsible for promoting motor neuron circuit activity. Together, our data describe a novel neuromodulatory role for VAV-1-dependent signalling in the regulation of motor circuit activity and locomotion.