bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Qualification of a Tandem FLNG Loading Terminal for Conventional LNG Carriers
Authors: Hellesmark Svein B. , Andersen Per Gunnar , Thorsen Tord Broms 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The first floating LNG (FLNG) projects are now in construction (Shell Prelude FLNG, Petronas FLNG and others) and more than 25 new FLNG projects are currently being planned World-wide. One of the most critical system for the overall safe and reliable operation of an FLNG is the LNG offloading system. The preferred option for most of the operators is to perform offloading in a tandem configuration. The challenge with such a solution is that it will normally require expensive dedicated LNG ships with DP (Dynamic Positioning) and LNG Bow Loading Systems.
This paper is describing the development and qualification of a tandem LNG offloading solution that solves this industry challenge. A dynamically positioned LNG Loading Terminal has been developed to enable a safe and reliable LNG transfer operation from a FLNG to any conventional LNG Carrier (LNGC) without any modification to the LNG ships.
Assessment of Pressurized Foamed Cement Used in Deep Offshore Wells
Authors: Kutchko Barbara , Crandall Dustin , Moore Johnathan , Gieger Connor , Gill Magdalena , Haljasmaa Igor , Spaulding Richard , Harbert William , Mergaman Alison , Dalton Laura , Rosenbaum Eilis , Mcintyre Dustin , Benge Glen , Buford Charles , Shine Joe 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) in conjunction with industry partners began a project to assess field-generated foamed cement at pressurized surface conditions. The collected samples were compared to previous field-generated samples as well as equivalent samples generated with current laboratory protocols following the recommended practices in American Petroleum Institute's Recommended Practice (API RP) 10B-4; atmospherically generated. In-situ samples of foamed cement were successfully captured in constant pressure (CP) cylinders under field conditions and analyzed while under pressure using multi-scale computed tomography (CT) scanning. The comparison of laboratory and field samples addresses changes to the cement under in situ conditions. Initial results highlight key differences in laboratory and field-generated foamed cements. Results of laboratory testing indicate a correlation between bubble size distribution, permeability, and strength. Field-generated samples show changes in pressure significantly influence the bubble size, while the flow of the slurry into the pressure cylinders created less homogeneous cured foamed cement. This paper discusses further research of in-situ field generated foamed cement behavior. These data provides insight to support the ongoing effort to help predict a method to correlate testing for foamed cement performance in the laboratory that would compare to more representative field behaviors.
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Collaborations to Improve Hurricane Forecasting and Environmental Monitoring in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Perry Ruth , McCall Walt , Leung Pak Tao , Martin Kevin , Vandermeulen Ryan , Sharma Neha , Watson Stephanie , Howden Stephan , Kirkpatrick RBarb , Satterlee Kent , Vogel Michael , Brzuzy Louis , Voparil Ian , Raye Robert , Abadie Randall 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Shell Exploration and Production Company is working with academic, non-profit, and federal stakeholders in the Gulf of Mexico to develop and implement long term environmental monitoring programs. One such program uses autonomous underwater gliders to provide near real-time oceanographic data to improve the understanding of the offshore physical environment and to improve estimates of upper ocean heat content for enhanced hurricane prediction and forecast models. Established in 2008, through a Memorandum of Agreement between Shell and NOAA, this partnership leverages the strengths of each collaborator to build a comprehensive and sustainable data collection system for providing real-time high resolution and baseline data to better assess environmental conditions and assure the environmental sustainability of Shell's activities in the Gulf of Mexico. An important element of the collaboration includes sharing data and results with the broader Gulf of Mexico stakeholder community. In this paper, we present the program framework, data and findings from three years of data collection (2012 — 2014), and identify future opportunities to leverage autonomous underwater gliders to improve understanding of the Gulf of Mexico offshore environment.
Terminal and Transportation Risk Assessment for LNG Export in North America
Authors: Hamedifar H. , Spitzenberger C. , Stahl C , Brown A , Nilberg B , Demay V. , Aspholm O. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This paper gives an overview of method development in quantitative risk analysis for marine terminals and transportation that have been applied to several of the planned LNG and LPG transportation projects in North America.
The growth in natural gas production in North America has renewed interest in exporting natural gas, mostly in the form of LNG or LPG. However, this growth comes with transportation challenges as suppliers, and operators move products and equipment, to and from an expanding number of sites (many of them in remote locations). Maintenance of safety and security practices is increasingly important as operations become geographically dispersed and more diverse. Analyses of reliability and risk are potentially most valuable during the early stages of marine terminal projects in guiding the decision on siting, design, and operative risk controls to reduce the risk as low as reasonably practical in final development.
An important development in quantitative risk analysis for marine transport is the ability to utilize "big data" resources like Automatic Identification System (AIS) tracking. Utilizing AIS data provides the best available picture of existing traffic in a waterway. Quantitative risk analysis applies historical data as the basis for estimating risk of future accidents. This paper gives examples of how to combine historical data and advanced failure mode modeling to better estimate risk for loss of containment from LNG and LPG carriers.
Quantification of accidental release frequencies and consequences of a release are demonstrated in this paper. The risk level for gas terminals and transportation area expressed in terms of individual risk at the terminal and along the transportation route. Newly developed methods make it possible to show the risk along the sailing route, accounting for the variation in traffic and environmental parameters along the route. Understanding of the key drivers of risk is important for the decision-makers to establish adequate risk controls for new energy export projects.
Lucius Spar: Design to Delivery
Authors: Tule J. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the design and installation of Anadarko’s Lucius Truss Spar. This spar is the seventh spar designed and delivered in the operator’s fleet of offshore production facilities.
The design and engineering of the spar and mooring systems were performed using the most current environmental and regulatory requirements for floating facilities. The spar hull was fabricated in Finland and traveled to the gulf coast by dry transport. There it was outfitted and then wet towed to Keathley Canyon Block 875 in preparation for upending and mooring installation in 7,100 ft of water. The offshore campaign for the installation of the hull and mooring system was successfully completed in October of 2013 in preparation for the Topsides set in February of 2014.
This paper will summarize the design and fabrication of the Lucius spar as well as explore the project challenges for the delivery and installation of the facility, with special attention given to the issue of safety. The Lucius Spar is the operator’s largest spar to date and uses the latest technology to moor the hull in very challenging terrain. The installation contractor for the hull and mooring system, provided extensive engineering and project management to plan and execute the installation safely.
Offshore Wind Farm Case Study - How to Achieve Cost Reduction at Offshore Wind Farm Construction Projects
Authors: Cairney Jale 
Published: April 2015

Brief Abstract
Offshore Wind Farm projects are growing in complexity with deeper water installations and larger scale designs. We have been accumulating knowledge and best practice in designing and building offshore wind farms, hence we are getting better at managing mega projects with offshore challenges. With the ABS Group case study, we will share offshore wind farm construction lessons learned and address where and how cost savings can be achieved without compromising quality and project schedule within the project execution practices.
Performance Standards: Bridging the Gap between Safety Cases and Safety Critical Equipment
Authors: Schwartz T. , Fix H. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The pressure to operate safely in risk-sensitive industries such as oil and gas is always present, with many offshore drillers still struggling to define and practice effective safety-driven maintenance principles on a routine basis, given the dynamic and inherently dangerous nature of drilling hazards. This has given rise to the concept of establishing a performance-based approach to safety to directly tie global and regulatory standards to preventive maintenance tasks in the form of performance standards.
Numerical Simulation of Rollover in Floating LNG
Authors: Srinivasan Vedanth , Rahumathulla Lubeena , Joshi Shital , Lee Jeongwon 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In handling Floating LNG storage and transportation, the rollover phenomena, referred to the spontaneous mixing of stratified LNG layers leading to increased LNG boil off rates, is one of the major safety concerns in LNG storage tanks. Stratification occurs when the LNG in the tank forms in different layers with different densities and temperatures. Heat leaks through the tank insulation leads to sudden mixing of these various density layers. This causes a sudden release of large amount of vapor and over pressurization of the tank leading to tank damage and failure. In FLNGs, the motion of the cargo can advance the boil off rates further.
A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is proposed to capture the rollover phenomenon and its impact on boil off rate under static LNG conditions. The CFD model is first validated against experimental data for density distribution and is subsequently used to conduct a series of CFD studies to evaluate the rollover in different operating pressure conditions inclusive of heat leakage through wall. The study involves a fully thermodynamics and phase change coupled multiphase model accounting for the presence of multi-component system and is used to predict the boil off rate during a rollover occurrence in a static storage tank.
CFD analysis provides a comprehensive time dependent mixing behavior, inclusive of flow, density temperature distributions and mass transfer effects, of an LNG system under different conditions of feed rate, thermal gradients and storage pressure. In particular, with rollover event, the sudden change in density variations and boil off rates are captured.
There were many accidents reported in the LNG plants due to rollover. Different methods exist to monitor and prevent the rollover such as equipment installation to promote mixing, avoiding long stoppage time etc. The proposed CFD model can model the rollover phenomenon accurately while being able to predict the feasibility and efficiency of various rollover prevention methods.
IS THE INCIDENCE TREND OF HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA DECREASED BY THE INCREASED USE OF LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT-HEPARIN?
Authors: Al-Eidan Fahad 
Published: April 2015

Background: The increasing trend of using low-molecular-weight-heparin (LMWH) versus unfractionated heparin (UFH) in hospitalized adult patients is raising concerns about the incidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Method: A retrospective study analyzed the requests for heparin-induced antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) among adult hospitalized patients during the period from January 2011 to December 2013. These patients received either UFH or LMWH for prevention or therapeutic indications. Those with positive immune-mediated HIT were identified and considered as case patients. Result: The usage of LMWH and UFH and development of HIT was determined during the study period. The incidence of HIT in patients receiving UFH and those receiving LMWH was 4.09 per thousand patients and 0.48 per thousand patients, respectively, (p<0.0001) with an overall incidence of 2.49 per thousand patients. Conclusion: The increased trend of using LMWH over UFH among hospitalized adult patients was observed and can be said to contribute to the diminished overall incidence of HIT.
An unusual cause of anemia and encephalopathy
Authors: Sharma Sanjeev Kumar , Choudhary Dharma , Handoo Anil , Dhamija Gaurav , Kharya Gaurav , Khandelwal Vipin , Dhamija Mayank , Kothari Sweta 
Published: April 2015

The authors present here an interesting case of recent onset anemia that was associated with an encephalopathy of the unusual cause.Although severe anemia can theoretically result in anemic hypoxia and can then lead to hypoxic encephalopathy, it is not a primary cause of encephalopathy. More frequently anemia can contribute together with other multiple causes of encephalopathy, such as infections, metabolic abnormalities, trauma, hepatic dysfunction, hypertension, toxins.
Cytological variations and typical diagnostic features of endocervical adenocarcinomain situ: A retrospective study of 74 cases
Authors: Umezawa Takashi , Umemori Miyaka , Horiguchi Ayana , Nomura Kouichi , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Yamada Kyosuke , Ochiai Kazunori , Okamoto Aikou , Ikegami Masahiro , Sawabe Motoji 
Published: April 2015

Background:The sensitivity of Papanicolaou smears for detecting endocervical adenocarcinomain situ(AIS) is very low. A comprehensive cytological analysis of endocervical AIS is necessary to increase diagnostic accuracy.Methods:The subjects were 74 patients with pathologically-diagnosed AIS. A total of 140 Papanicolaou smears were reviewed to calculate the sensitivity of the Papanicolaou smears for detecting AIS and the incidence of sampling/screening/diagnostic errors. The cytological review was performed by 6 cytotechnologists, and the final cytological diagnosis was obtained at the consensus meeting. We classified the cases into three differentiation types; typical type (well-differentiated AIS), polymorphic type (poorly differentiated AIS), and mixed typical and polymorphic type. Three cytological subtypes (endocervical, endometrioid and intestinal subtypes) of AIS were also analyzed.Results:The sensitivity of the original Papanicolaou smears for the detection of AIS was 44.6%, while that for the detection of AIS and adenocarcinoma was 63.5%. The diagnostic accuracy of AIS increased to 78.5% in the final diagnosis. The common characteristic features were microbiopsies/hyperchromatic crowded groups (HCG) (82.0%) and mitotic figures (72.2%). The appearance of single cells (2.8%) was rare, and all the cervical cytology smears showed no evidence of necrotic tumor diathesis. The most common AIS was the typical type (41 cases, 67.2%) among all cytologically-diagnosed AIS or adenocarcinoma cases (61 cases). Although mixed typical and polymorphic AIS existed in 17 cases (27.9%), pure polymorphic AIS was very rare (3 cases, 4.9%). The endocervical subtype was the most predominant subtype (67.2%), followed by a few mixed subtypes. The important diagnostic keys for AIS cytology are as follows: (1) The appearance of microbiopsies/HCG (single-cell pattern is rare), (2) mitotic figures in the microbiopsies/HCG, (3) a lack of necrotic tumor diathesis in cases with polymorphic AIS, and (4) recognition of typical cytological subtypes.Conclusions:The relatively low diagnostic accuracy AIS was caused by the underestimation of microbiopsies/HCG and the overestimation of polymorphic components. The typical cytological features of AIS are the presence of microbiopsies/HCG with mitotic figures in the absence of necrotic tumor diathesis in specimens containing endocervical samples. The recognition of infrequent AIS subtypes (endometrioid and intestinal subtypes) is also important.
Density distribution of particles upon jamming after an avalanche in a 2D silo
Authors: Uñac Rodolfo O. , Sales José L. , Gargiulo María V. , Vidales Ana M. 
Published: April 2015

We present a complete analysis of the density distribution of particles in a two dimensional silo after discharge. Simulations through a pseudo-dynamic algorithm are performed for filling and subsequent discharge of a plane silo. Particles are monosized hard disks deposited in the container and subjected to a tapping process for compaction. Then, a hole of a given size is open at the bottom of the silo and the discharge is triggered. After a clogging at the opening is produced, and equilibrium is restored, the final distribution of the remaining particles at the silo is analyzed by dividing the space into cells with different geometrical arrangements to visualize the way in which the density depression near the opening is propagated throughout the system. The different behavior as a function of the compaction degree is discussed.Received: 9 December 2014, Accepted: 13 April 2015; Edited by: L. A. Pugnaloni; Reviewed by: F. Vivanco, Dpto. de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.070007Cite as: R. O. Uñac, J. L. Sales, M. V. Gargiulo, A. M. Vidales, Papers in Physics 7, 070007 (2015)This paper, by R. O. Uñac, J. L. Sales, M. V. Gargiulo, A. M. Vidales, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0.
Turning Doctors Into Employees
Authors: Anderson Matthew 
Published: April 2015

Background: Much of the contentious debate surrounding the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“Obamacare”) concerned its financing and its attempt to guarantee (near) universal access to healthcare through the private insurance market. Aside from sensationalist stories of “death panels,” much less attention went to implications of the bill for the actual provision of healthcare.Methodology: This paper examines the "patient-centered medical home" (PCMH) model which has been widely promoted as a means of reviving and improving primary care (i.e. general internal medicine, family medicine, and pediatrics).Argument: The PCMH and many of its components (e.g pay-for-performance, electronic medical records) were interventions that were implemented on a massive basis without any evidence of benefit. Recent research has not generally supported clinical benefits with the PCMH model. Instead it seems to designed to de-professionalize (make proletarians of) health care workers and enforce corporate models of health. The core values of professional work are undermined while the PCMH does nothing to address the structural marginalization of primary care within US health care.Conclusions: The development of alternative models will require political changes. Both doctors and teachers are in a position of advocate for more progressive systems of care and education.
The initial years of the implementation of the Basic Education Assistance Module in Zimbabwe: 2001-2005
Authors: Mutasa Florence 
Published: April 2015

Illiteracy is thought to be one of the biggest causes of the poverty cycle. Thus education is perceived as a tool of breaking the poverty cycle. Literature on poverty also advocates bottom-up participatory approaches to development as a lasting solution to poverty alleviation Hence, BEAM is one of the programmes that the Government of Zimbabwe put in place to improve the conditions of the majority blacks through education with the involvement of communities in the identification of intended beneficiaries. The objective of the research is to assess the effectiveness of BEAM as a poverty alleviation strategy. Through the review of literature and interviews, a general overview of the concept of beneficiary participation (an important component of BEAM) is given and the initial years of the implementation of BEAM is assessed. Results of the study indicated that some children who initially failed to start school due to financial constrains were able to do so due to the BEAM programme through community involvement. Thus access to education assistance improved. However, the implementation of BEAM had its own share of problems, thus limiting its effectiveness. Key words: policy, implementation, participation, community, beneficiary
DESEJO DE LUZ: O CRISTIANISMO E O SURGIMENTO DA FILOSOFIA MODERNA EM LUDWIG FEUERBACH
Authors: Figueiredo Chrysantho 
Published: April 2015

Este trabalho é uma resenha da introdução do livro de Ludwig Feuerbach Geshichte der Neuern Philosophie von Bacon bis Spinoza. O texto original é em alemão; a resenha, em português. Apresentamos, entretanto, em anexo, a tradução do texto, também inédita e original. Em A Essência do Cristianismo, de 1841, Feuerbach apresenta de maneira mais acabada sua versão do humanismo radical que entusiasmou os jovens hegelianos de sua geração. Entretanto, é entre 1833 e 1838 que Feuerbach formula seu próprio ponto de vista filosófico a partir da crítica sistemática dos principais sistemas filosóficos da modernidade. História da Filosofia Moderna de Bacon a Spinoza, obra de 1833, é a primeira das obras histórico-filosóficas de Feuerbach que, além da crítica aos filósofos apresentados no próprio título da obra, traz também a visão singular feuerbachiana da história como um todo, mostrando como a filosofia moderna surge das contradições inerentes ao espírito religioso cristão.
Distribution of C26 norcholestanes in Ordovician crude oils from Tahe Oilfield and its geological significance
Authors: Li Meijun , Wang Tieguan , Zhang Weibiao 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
A series of C26 norcholestanes was detected in the Ordovician crude oils from the Tahe Oilfield, the Tarim Basin, northwest China. The abundance of 24-norcholestanes in most of the Ordovician crude oils was lower than that of 27-norcholestanes. The oils from well T904 in the eastern Tahe Oilfield and well TD2 in the eastern Tarim Basin, however, were characterized by relatively higher 24-norcholestane abundance. The distribution of C26 norcholestane of the Upper Ordovician marls from the wells LN46 and BD2 resembled that of the most Ordovician crude oils from the Tahe Oilfield. The distribution of C26 norcholestanes in typical Cambrian black shales and gray limestones from the wells TD2, He4 and outcrops from Keping profile resembled that of the crude oils from the wells T904 and TD2. Criteria are proposed relative to C26 norcholestanes that could be used to classify oil families within the Ordovician reservoirs. Oils with NCR (defined as 24/ (24+27)-norcholestanes) >0.50 and NDR (defined as 24/ (24+27)-nordia-cholestanes) >0.35 were thought to be derived from the Cambrian source rocks, and oils with NCR<0.40 and NDR<0.35 were thought to be derived from the Upper Ordovician source rocks. Therefore, C26 norcholestanes were effective molecular markers to classify oil genetic families in the Tahe Oilfield. They could also provide molecular evidence for the origin and evolution of diatoms and dinoflagellates and the plate drift of the Tarim Basin.