bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lebewesen verstehen
Authors: Gutmann Mathias 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Artefacts are made whereas living entities generate themselves: the extent to which this distinction seems obvious is the extent to which it tends to transform the relation between living entities on the one hand and artefacts on the other into a contradiction, a tendency which in consequence conceals the intricate dialectics between φύσις and τέχνη.
The aim of this paper is to develop the dialectical relations between life - in terms of living entities - and artefacts from a constructivist point of view. The explication of the functionalistic structure of an Aristotelian concept leads to a constructivist reconstruction of the epistemic relation between living entities and artefacts on the one hand and living entities and organisms on the other hand. The resulting argumentation avoids some restrictions of Aristotelian approaches as well as of their modern counterpart (i. e. synthetic biology).
Brief aus Ungarn
Authors: Boros Gábor 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
My “Letter” collects some facts concerning the 20th century history of Hungarian Philosophy as a basis for understanding its situation now. Progressive and conservative systems of thought dominated the first half of the century alternately, until the post-war communist regime refused to tolerate independent thinking. The new regime after 1956 was unpredictably hostile or tolerant towards philosophical dissenters. All this resulted in a multifaceted philosophical life in the period after 1989. Its basic tendency has been a historical approach issuing in various disciplines like phenomenology and hermeneutics, analytical philosophy, postmodern thought, philosophy of religion, while ethics and aesthetics became disciplines in their own right. The “Letter” maps out some of the institutional bases of philosophizing as well as some of the dangers threatening independent philosophy.
Short and efficient synthesis of 5-aminothiazole-4-carboxamide
Authors: Wang Jin , Guo Jianyu , Tang Yihong , Zhang Suxia , Tao Jianwei , Lu Yan 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
5-Aminothiazole-4-carboxamide is a precursor for the synthesis of thiazole [4,5-d] pyrimidines. In this work, a new synthesis method with a high total yield (79%) of 5-aminothiazole-4-carboxamide was reported. The starting material is aminocyanacetamide. This synthesis method is environment-friendly and is suitable for industrial production.
Intergenerational Communities
Authors: Alexander Gregory S. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Under the human flourishing theory of property, owners have obligations, positive as well as negative, that they owe to members of the various communities to which they belong. But are the members of those communities limited to living persons, or do they include non-living persons as well, i.e., future persons and the dead? This Article argues that owners owe two sorts of obligation to non-living members of our generational communities, one general, the other specific. The general obligation is to provide future generations with the basic material background conditions that are necessary for them to be able to carry out what I call life-transcending projects that their forebears have transmitted to them. The specific obligation is project-specific; that is, its purpose is to enable successive generational community members to whom particular life-transcending projects have been forwarded to be carried out in their way. The future generational members to whom the project is transferred must also be given whatever resources or goods are necessary to carry the project forward in its intended way. I argue further that each generational community owes its predecessors the obligation to accept life-transcending projects transmitted to them by their forebears and make reasonable efforts to carry those projects forward into the future. The obligation is based on the past generational community members’ dependency on their successors for the projects to continue into the future, a matter that is constitutive of the project creators’ flourishing. This obligation is defeasible, rather than absolute, however.
Intergenerational Justice for Children: Restructuring Adoption, Reproduction and Child Welfare Policy
Authors: Bartholet Elizabeth 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
An intergenerational justice perspective requires that we look at the condition of the existing generation of children and those to be born in the future. Many millions of the existing generation of children are now in trouble and at high risk of never fulfilling their human potential. These children are in turn unlikely, if they live to produce children, to be capable of providing the nurturing parenting that the next generation will need.
The article’s starting premises are that we should count child interests as of equivalent value to adult interests and that we do owe justice not just to the existing generation of children but to the next generations as well. Justice to the next generations means encouraging the creation of children who will have a good chance to enjoy the pleasures of life, children who will be born healthy and will be brought up by nurturing parents. Given these premises, there is much wrong with current reality and related policy.
We now encourage the reproduction of more children than we can care for, provide limited child welfare enabling poor parents to better care for their children, and discourage adoption both domestic and international. We should reverse these policies. We should change the pronatalist and anti-contraception policies that encourage the reproduction of children who won’t likely be born healthy or receive nurturing care. We should provide child welfare so that poor parents who want to keep and raise their children can do so. We should encourage adoption, both domestic and international.
Parfit on the Non-identity Problem, Again
Authors: Heyd David 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In his recent work, Parfit returns to the examination of the non-identity problem, but this time not in the context of a theory of value but as part of a Scanlonian theory of reasons for action. His project is to find a middle ground between pure impersonalism and the narrow person-affecting view so as to do justice to some of our fundamental intuitions regarding procreative choices. The aim of this article is to show that despite the sophisticated and challenging thought experiments and conceptual suggestions (mainly that of a “general person”), Parfit’s project fails and that we are left with the stark choice between personalism and impersonalism.
A note on nonparametric estimation of bivariate tail dependence
Authors: Bücher Axel 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Nonparametric estimation of tail dependence can be based on a standardization of the marginals if their cumulative distribution functions are known.
In this paper it is shown to be asymptotically more efficient if the additional knowledge of the marginals is ignored and estimators are based on ranks. The
discrepancy between the two estimators is shown to be substantial for the popular Clayton and Gumbel–Hougaard models. A brief simulation study indicates that the asymptotic conclusions transfer to finite samples.
Entwicklung des Strömungszustandes an einer
gravimetrischen Kalt- und Warmwasser-Normalmessanlage für große
Volumenströme
Authors: Eichler Thomas , Lederer Thomas 
Published: May 2014

Zusammenfassung
Die Ausbildung der Strömung fließenden Wassers einer
gravimetrischen Kalt- und Warmwasser-Normalmessanlage für große
Volumenströme wird anhand von Stereoscopic Particle Image
Velocimetry (SPIV)-Messungen an verschiedenen Positionen
gezeigt. Dabei wird nachgewiesen, dass an dieser Prüfanlage nahezu
optimale Strömungszustände zur Kalibrierung von Durchflusssensoren
gewährleistet werden. SPIV eignet sich als schnelles und präzises
Messverfahren zur zeitlich und räumlich hochaufgelösten Ermittlung
von 3D-Geschwindigkeitsverteilungen in Rohrleitungen.
Rauheitsmessung an pharmazeutischen Tabletten mittels Angularer
Speckle-Korrelation
Authors: Salazar Bloise Félix , Aulbach Laura , Jakobi Martin , Koch Alexander W. 
Published: May 2014

Zusammenfassung
Eine vollständige Charakterisierung von pharmazeutischen Tabletten
besteht nicht nur in der Analyse der chemischen Zusammensetzung, sondern
auch in der Untersuchung der Fertigung der inneren Struktur und der
Oberflächenstruktur. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die
Oberflächenrauheit von Tabletten an Originalpräparaten und Generika
mittels Angularer Speckle Korrelation (ASK) zu bestimmen. Die Ergebnisse
zeigen unterschiedliche Rauheitswerte bei Tabletten mit gleichem Wirkstoff
bei verschiedenen Trägerstoffen. Berührungslose
Speckle-Rauheitsmessung könnte eingesetzt werden, um die Regelung des
Produktionsprozesses zu verbessern, z. B. während die Tabletten aus
Pulver gepresst werden.
Tiefenscannende Weißlichtinterferometrie in maschinennaher Umgebung
Authors: Tereschenko Stanislav , Kühnhold Peter , Lehmann Peter , Zellmer Lisa , Brückner-Foit Angelika 
Published: May 2014

Zusammenfassung
Weißlichtinterferometer sind hochauflösende optische Messgeräte zum
dreidimensionalen Messen von Mikrostrukturen. Der Einsatz solcher
Messgeräte in maschinennaher Umgebung abseits schwingungsgedämpfter
Labore wird durch Umgebungsschwingungen erschwert oder sogar unmöglich
gemacht. Daher wird nach Algorithmen oder modifizierten Anordnungen
gesucht, um den Einfluss der Störschwingungen zu kompensieren bzw. aus
den Ergebnissen herauszurechnen. In diesem Beitrag wird ein passives
Kompensationsverfahren vorgestellt, mit dem der Einfluss einer
monofrequenten Störschwingung kompensiert werden kann. Dazu wird ein
punktförmig messendes Laserinterferometer verwendet, das in das
Weißlichtinterferometer (WLI) integriert ist und parallel zur
Weißlichtmessung mit höherer zeitlicher Auflösung das
Interferenzsignal des Lasers aufzeichnet. Die Bestimmung des
jeweiligen Abstands zwischen WLI und Messobjekt erfolgt nachträglich
durch Fourieranalyse, wobei die erforderlichen Parameter wie Frequenz,
Amplitude und Phasenlage der Störschwingung aus dem Amplituden-
bzw. Phasenspektrum des Interferenzsignals ermittelt werden. Diese
Information wird genutzt, um die gestörten WLI-Korrelogramme zu
korrigieren. Anschließend kann die Oberflächentopographie auf
konventionelle Weise mit Hilfe der Hüllkurven- und der
Phasenauswertung bestimmt werden.
miRNAs at the interface of cellular stress and disease
Authors: Emde Anna , Hornstein Eran 
Published: May 2014

AbstractmicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small, non‐coding RNAs, which provides broad silencing activity of mRNA targets in a sequence‐dependent fashion. This review explores the hypothesis that the miRNA machinery is intimately linked with the cellular stress pathway and apparatus. Stress signaling potentially alters the function of the miRNA‐bioprocessing core components and decompensates regulation. In addition, dysregulation of miRNA activity renders the cell more prone to stress and emerges as a new pathway for age‐related insults and diseases, such as neurodegeneration.
An Evaluation of the Participatory Action‐oriented Training (PAOT) Program in Small Enterprises in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Toai Phuong , Khai Ton That 
Published: May 2014

An Evaluation of the Participatory Action-oriented Training (PAOT) Program in Small Enterprises in Vietnam: Toai Phuong NGUYEN, et al. The Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, UK—ObjectivesParticipatory Action‐Oriented Training (PAOT) has been known as a practical training methodology for improving health and safety at work, particularly for small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Our hypothesis is that PAOT is a better approach than a traditional local method, and the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of PAOT and to make suggestions for improvement.MethodsAn intervention was performed for one year at 20 volunteer SMEs. PAOT was applied in 10 factories, and a traditional local method was applied in the other 10 SMEs as a control. Two cross‐sectional studies were performed consisting of a questionnaire and environmental measurements. Data were also collected on the number of factory improvements, productivity, worker income, accidents, and health costs.ResultsThere were significant improvements among the intervention factories in terms of work environment, number of improvements and health costs between the pre‐ and post‐intervention phases. In terms of productivity, significant increases were seen in the civil engineering, metal, garment, and rice mill industries in the intervention group, while the metal casting and, garment industries in the control group also showed significant increase in productivity.ConclusionsThe findings support the idea that a PAOT program produces better outcomes in SMEs. It is recommended that a PAOT program be widely applied to SMEs to improve health and safety. A fuller examination could be obtained with more environmental measurements taken over a much longer period of time, together with data on sickness absence and accidents that have been independently validated.
High‐altitude Pulmonary Edema: Review
Authors: Bhagi Shuchi , Srivastava Swati , Singh Shashi Bala 
Published: May 2014

High‐altitude Pulmonary Edema: Review: Shuchi BHAGI, et al. Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), India—ObjectiveAt High altitude (HA) (elevation >2,500 m), hypobaric hypoxia may lead to the development of symptoms associated with low oxygen pressure in many sojourners. High‐altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a potentially fatal condition, occurring at altitudes greater than 3,000 m and affecting rapidly ascending, non‐acclimatized healthy individuals. It is a multifactorial disease involving both environmental and genetic risk factors. Since thousands of lowlanders travel to high altitude areas for various reasons every year, we thought it would be interesting to review pathological aspects related to hypobaric hypoxia, particularly HAPE.MethodSince the pathogenesis of HAPE is still a subject of study, we systematically identified and categorized a broad range of facets of HAPE such as its incidence, symptoms, physiological effects, pathophysiology including physiological and genetic factors, prevention and treatment.ResultsThis review focuses on HA‐related health problems in general with special reference to HAPE, which is one of the primary causes of deaths at extreme altitudes. Hence, it is extremely important, as it summarizes the literature in this area and provides an overview of this severe HA malady for evaluation of physiological, biochemical and genetic responses during early induction and acclimatization to HA. This article could be of broad scientific interest for researchers working in the field of high altitude medicine.
Habitat Suitability Under Changing Climatic Conditions for the Exotic Ambrosia Beetle, Cnestus mutilatus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Olatinwo Rabiu , Streett Douglas , Carlton Christopher 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The camphor shot borer, Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford) is a nonnative ambrosia beetle first reported in the United States in 1999 at Oktibbeha County in Mississippi. Although, C. mutilatus is a major pest of several trees in its native habitat in Asia, it is not yet a major pest in the United States. However, the range expansion in recent years across the southeastern region indicates that C. mutilatus could be adapting quickly to the new environment, perhaps because of the availability of numerous host trees and suitable environmental conditions that support the population. As the population increases, future outbreaks of C. mutilatus may result in mortality of valuable hosts. Our objective was to identify potential suitable habitats for C. mutilatus in the southeastern United States under changing climate by 2020 and 2060 by examining C. mutilatus preferred conditions, host environmental requirements, precipitation, and temperature projections from an ensemble of general circulation model, and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change future climate scenarios. Our results indicated that suitable habitat for C. mutilatus in the southeastern United States will expand slightly under the A1B emission scenarios (i.e., moderate population growth and high-energy use balanced across all sources), and significantly under B1 emission scenarios (i.e., representing moderate population growth and an emphasis on global approaches to economic and environmental stability) by 2060. Whereas the opposite may occur under the A2 scenario (i.e., representing continuously increasing population, regionally focused economic growth, and slower introduction of alternative fuels technology). Nearly half of the parishes in Louisiana and counties in Mississippi will be suitable for C. mutilatus by 2020, under the A2 emission scenarios. However, suitable habitat range could decrease and become fragmented by 2060. These results could be useful in forest management efforts in places where C. mutilatus may become established in the future.
Phase II Study of Afatinib as Third-Line Treatment for Patients in Korea With Stage IIIB/IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Wild-Type EGFR
Authors: Ahn Myung-Ju , Kim Sang-We , Cho Byoung-Chul , Ahn Jin Seok , Lee Dae Ho , Sun Jong-Mu , Massey Dan , Kim Miyoung , Shi Yang , Park Keunchil 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Author Summary

Background.
This phase II single-arm trial evaluated afatinib, an irreversible inhibitor of the ErbB receptor family as third-line treatment of Korean patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and tumors with wild-type EGFR. Currently, no standard therapy exists for these patients.

Methods.
Eligible patients had stage IIIB/IV wild-type EGFR lung adenocarcinoma and had failed to benefit from two previous lines of chemotherapy but had not received anti-EGFR treatment. Patients received oral afatinib at 40 mg per day until disease progression or occurrence of intolerable adverse events (AEs). The primary endpoint was confirmed objective tumor response (OR) rate (confirmed complete response [CR] or partial response [PR]). Secondary endpoints included disease control rate (DCR; OR or stable disease for ≥6 weeks), progression-free survival (PFS), and safety.

Results.
Forty-two patients received afatinib treatment, and 38 of those were included in efficacy analyses. No confirmed CRs or PRs were reported. DCR was 24% (9 of 38 patients), with a median disease control duration of 19.3 weeks. Median PFS was 4.1 weeks (95% confidence interval: 3.9–8.0). Frequently reported AEs (mainly grades 1 and 2) were rash/acne (88%), diarrhea (62%), and stomatitis (57%).

Conclusion.
Heavily pretreated patients with wild-type EGFR NSCLC treated with afatinib monotherapy did not experience an objective response and only 24% had disease stabilization lasting more than 6 weeks. AEs were manageable and consistent with the expected safety profile.
Do plant defenses predict damage by an invasive herbivore? A comparative study of the viburnum leaf beetle
Authors: Desurmont Gaylord A. , Agrawal Anurag A. 
Published: May 2014

The impact of plant defenses on insect herbivores is widely accepted, but their relative effects on oviposition choice, survival, and larval growth in preventing pest damage, especially for invasive insects, is not fully understood. Here, we examined the potential for plant defenses to reduce the economic and environmental impacts of an invasive herbivore, the viburnum leaf beetle, VLB (Pyrrhalta viburni), on Viburnum species in North America. We used a common garden with 15 host Viburnum species of North American, European, and Asian origin and evaluated oviposition preferences, twig defense against oviposition (a reaction that crushes VLB eggs), larval performance in the lab and field, and foliar damage to mature shrubs in two consecutive years. VLB oviposition preference was the strongest predictor of plant damage, with twig defense and larval performance explaining little of the defoliation patterns. In particular, we showed that VLB females evade key defenses by choosing poorly defended twigs for oviposition; assays on the 15 Viburnum species revealed that adults laid over four times more eggs on dead (undefended) twigs than on living twigs. We additionally tested the hypothesis that shrubs with a higher proportion of dead twigs are preferentially chosen for oviposition, leading to more defoliation by larvae and increased dieback in the following year. We term this the infestation feedback hypothesis. Indeed, we report consistent positive correlations between percentage dieback, oviposition, and percentage defoliation across Viburnum species, and among individuals within two species tested separately (V. dentatum and V. opulus).Our results demonstrate that oviposition preference plays a major role in the susceptibility of Viburnum shrubs to the invasive VLB through adults choosing high‐quality species for their larvae (a strong preference–performance correlation) and avoiding well‐defended twigs among preferred species. More generally, where invasive insects can avoid plant defenses and when preference and performance are positively correlated, an infestation feedback loop can lead to persistent pest problems. Because dieback weakens Viburnum defenses by providing optimal oviposition sites, we recommend that Viburnum growers mechanically remove dead twigs from susceptible shrubs at the end of the growing season, especially in the early stages of VLB colonization.
Complementing geotechnical slope stability and land movement analysis using satellite DInSAR
Authors: Tripolitsiotis Achilleas , Steiakakis Chrysanthos , Papadaki Eirini , Agioutantis Zacharias , Mertikas Stelios , Partsinevelos Panagiotis 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper explores the potential of using satellite radar inteferometry to monitor time-varying land movement prior to any visible tension crack signs. The idea was developed during dedicated geotechnical studies at a large open-pit lignite mine, where large slope movements (10–20 mm/day) were monitored and large fissures were observed in the immediate area outside the current pit limits. In this work, differential interferometry (DInSAR), using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) ALOS images, was applied to monitor the progression of land movement that could potentially thwart mine operations. Early signs of land movements were captured by this technique well before their visual observation. Moreover, a qualitative comparison of DInSAR and ground geodetic measurements indicates that the technique can be used for the identification of high risk areas and, subsequently, for the optimization of the spatial distribution of the available ground monitoring equipment. Finally, quantitative land movement results from DInSAR are shown to be in accordance with simultaneous measurements obtained by ground means.