bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐Represented Litigants, The Courts, and the Legal Profession: Myths and Realities
Authors: Greacen John M. 
Published: October 2014

Many general jurisdiction trial judges believe that family law litigants choose not to use lawyers and that this choice leads inevitably to their inability to obtain just results in their cases and constitutes an expensive, frustrating, and largely insoluble problem for the judicial branch. There is a parallel view within the family law bar which can be summarized: The provision of forms and information on the Internet has deceived self‐represented litigants into believing that they can and should handle their own family law cases. They not only sacrifice their legal rights, but also squander judges' time, which in turn jeopardizes the rights and raises the costs of those clients who retain lawyers. The self‐help phenomenon also threatens the financial livelihood of lawyers. Available data and experience contradict both beliefs. This article points out that (1) most self‐represented litigants do not choose to represent themselves, instead they have no alternative; (2) judges who follow recognized best practices for dealing with self‐represented litigants encounter no unusual ethical issues; (3) self‐represented litigants, when given appropriate accommodation, are able to obtain fair outcomes reflecting the facts and law applicable to their cases; (4) cases involving self‐represented litigants consume far less court and judicial resources than cases in which both sides are represented; and (5) self‐represented litigants constitute a potentially lucrative market for the delivery of limited‐scope representation by the private bar.
Key Points for the Family Court Community
most self‐represented litigants do not choose to represent themselves, instead they have no alternative;
judges who follow recognized best practices for dealing with self‐represented litigants encounter no unusual ethical issues;
self‐represented litigants, when given appropriate accommodation, are able to obtain fair outcomes reflecting the facts and law applicable to their case;
cases involving self‐represented litigants consume far less court and judicial resources than cases in which both sides are represented;
self‐represented litigants constitute a potentially lucrative market for the delivery of limited‐scope representation by the private bar.
Assessing The Relationship Between The Quality Of Juvenile Dependency Hearings And Foster Care Placements
Authors: Macgill Stephanie , Summers Alicia 
Published: October 2014

The current study examines the relationship between three hearing quality indicators—depth of discussion, judicial inquiry, and judicial engagement of parents—and placement outcomes for maltreated children and youth at early case hearings (i.e., preliminary protective and adjudication hearings). We find that higher levels of judicial engagement of parents during preliminary protective hearings was significantly related to increased placements with relatives and decreased placements in nonrelative foster care. Levels of judicial inquiry and hearing discussion had no apparent effect on where children were placed during preliminary protective hearings. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Key Point for the Family Court Community
This study deepens current understanding of the ways in which three juvenile dependency hearing quality indicators relate to foster care placement outcomes.
Parents Apart: Differences Between Unmarried and Divorcing Parents in Separated Families
Authors: Waller Maureen R. , Dwyer Emory Allison 
Published: October 2014

With 2 in 5 births in the United States occurring outside of marriage, parents who were never married to each other are entering the family court system in increasing numbers. This study draws on data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine how the circumstances of unmarried parents who are living apart 5 years after having a child together compare to those of previously married parents, as well as important variations among unmarried parents. Our results show that unmarried parents are younger, have fewer children in common, are more likely to have children with other partners, and are more likely to report paternal incarceration than previously married parents. Unmarried parents who did not have a close relationship at the time of their child's birth had the weakest connections 5 years later, reporting lower levels of nonresident father contact, parental relationship quality, paternity establishment, and in‐kind support than other parents living apart.
Key Points for the Family Court Community
An increasing number of separated parents were never married to each other, and these parents may have different needs and experiences than divorcing parents when they come into contact with the family court system.
Unmarried parents living apart have more barriers to father involvement and co‐parenting than previously married parents who live apart.
Unmarried fathers who did not have a close relationship with mother at the time of the birth have weaker connections to mothers and children 5 years later.
Greater shrub dominance alters breeding habitat and food resources for migratory songbirds in Alaskan arctic tundra
Authors: Boelman Natalie T. , Gough Laura , Wingfield John , Goetz Scott , Asmus Ashley , Chmura Helen E. , Krause Jesse S. , Perez Jonathan H. , Sweet Shannan K. , Guay Kevin C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractClimate warming is affecting the Arctic in multiple ways, including via increased dominance of deciduous shrubs. Although many studies have focused on how this vegetation shift is altering nutrient cycling and energy balance, few have explicitly considered effects on tundra fauna, such as the millions of migratory songbirds that breed in northern regions every year. To understand how increasing deciduous shrub dominance may alter breeding songbird habitat, we quantified vegetation and arthropod community characteristics in both graminoid and shrub dominated tundra. We combined measurements of preferred nest site characteristics for Lapland longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus) and Gambel's White‐crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) with modeled predictions for the distribution of plant community types in the Alaskan arctic foothills region for the year 2050. Lapland longspur nests were found in sedge‐dominated tussock tundra where shrub height does not exceed 20 cm, whereas White‐crowned sparrows nested only under shrubs between 20 cm and 1 m in height, with no preference for shrub species. Shrub canopies had higher canopy‐dwelling arthropod availability (i.e. small flies and spiders) but lower ground‐dwelling arthropod availability (i.e. large spiders and beetles). Since flies are the birds' preferred prey, increasing shrubs may result in a net enhancement in preferred prey availability. Acknowledging the coarse resolution of existing tundra vegetation models, we predict that by 2050 there will be a northward shift in current White‐crowned sparrow habitat range and a 20–60% increase in their preferred habitat extent, while Lapland longspur habitat extent will be equivalently reduced. Our findings can be used to make first approximations of future habitat change for species with similar nesting requirements. However, we contend that as exemplified by this study's findings, existing tundra modeling tools cannot yet simulate the fine‐scale habitat characteristics that are critical to accurately predicting future habitat extent for many wildlife species.
Acute renal failure in a patient with mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Peddi Sandeep , Ram Rapur , Kataru Sudheer Reddy , Chennu Krishna Kishore , Nandyala Rukumangadha , Kottu Radhika , Kumar V. Siva 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMantle cell lymphoma is a rare form of B‐cell lymphoma. We present a 54‐year‐old gentleman with mantle cell lymphoma. It was diagnosed based on the demonstration of B‐cell antigens CD20 and CD5. It was further confirmed by demonstration of overexpression of cyclin D1 on these atypical lymphocytes in the immunohistochemical staining. He also had acute renal failure and proteinuria. Renal biopsy revealed crescents and lymphomatous infiltration of tubulointerstitium. The presence of infiltrating cells with similar markers in both the lymph node and the kidney confirmed the infiltration of kidney with lymphomatous cells. Our present patient, after a thorough literature search, is found to be the second one with a glomerular lesion and tubulointerstitial infiltration by malignant lymphoma cells.
Identification and characterization of a fatty acyl reductase from a Spodoptera littoralis female gland involved in pheromone biosynthesis
Authors: Carot‐Sans G. , Muñoz L. , Piulachs M. D. , Guerrero A. , Rosell G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFatty acyl‐CoA reductases (FARs), the enzymes that catalyse reduction of a fatty acyl‐CoA to the corresponding alcohol in insect pheromone biosynthesis, are postulated to play an important role in determining the proportion of each component in the pheromone blend. For the first time, we have isolated and characterized from the Egyptian cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) a FAR cDNA (Slit‐FAR1), which appeared to be expressed only in the pheromone gland and was undetectable in other female tissues, such as fat body, ovaries, wings, legs or thorax. The encoded protein has been successfully expressed in a recombinant system, and the recombinant enzyme is able to produce the intermediate fatty acid alcohols of the pheromone biosynthesis of S. littoralis from the corresponding acyl‐CoA precursors. The kinetic variables Km and Vmax, which have been calculated for each acyl‐CoA pheromone precursor, suggest that in S. littoralis pheromone biosynthesis other biosynthetic enzymes (e.g. desaturases, acetyl transferase) should also contribute to the final ratio of components of the pheromone blend. In a phylogenetic analysis, Slit‐FAR1 appeared grouped in a cluster of other FARs involved in the pheromone biosynthesis of other insects, with little or non‐specificity for the natural pheromone precursors.
Statistical Issues in Assessing Forensic Evidence
Authors: Kafadar Karen 
Published: October 2014

SummaryIn 2009, the National Academy of Sciences released a report that emphasized the need for more scientific research in the evaluation of methods in the forensic science disciplines. This needed research includes statistical issues such as bias quantification, validation and estimates of accuracy and precision in different contexts. This article reviews statistical aspects of forensic science with particular reference to the design of studies that are essential to evaluate inferences from forensic evidence. Many sources can affect both the accuracy and the consistency of decisions at each stage of the process, from specimen collection to final decision. The article discusses the importance of identifying these sources and the statistical principles involved in the quantification of, and uncertainty in, estimated probabilities of error. By contrasting the design of a successful community clinical trial with two previous fingerprint studies and with bullet lead studies, this article emphasizes the need for reduced subjectivity, the types of measurements on physical evidence that can lead to more accurate and consistent decisions and the importance of carefully designed studies in the evaluation of forensic evidence.
A physical packing sequence algorithm for the container loading problem with static mechanical equilibrium conditions
Authors: Ramos A. Galrão , Oliveira José F. , Lopes Manuel P. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe container loading problem (CLP) is a combinatorial optimization problem for the spatial arrangement of cargo inside containers so as to maximize the usage of space. The algorithms for this problem are of limited practical applicability if real‐world constraints are not considered, one of the most important of which is deemed to be stability. This paper addresses static stability, as opposed to dynamic stability, looking at the stability of the cargo during container loading. This paper proposes two algorithms. The first is a static stability algorithm based on static mechanical equilibrium conditions that can be used as a stability evaluation function embedded in CLP algorithms (e.g. constructive heuristics, metaheuristics). The second proposed algorithm is a physical packing sequence algorithm that, given a container loading arrangement, generates the actual sequence by which each box is placed inside the container, considering static stability and loading operation efficiency constraints.
Aging Time and Temperature Effects on the Structure and Bioactivity of Gel‐Derived 45S5 Glass‐Ceramics
Authors: Zheng Kai , Solodovnyk Anastasiia , Li Wei , Goudouri Ourania‐Menti , Stähli Christoph , Nazhat Showan N. , Boccaccini Aldo R. 
Published: October 2014

Porous bioactive glass‐ceramics based on the 45S5 Bioglass® composition were fabricated by an acid‐catalyzed sol–gel method. The effects of aging time and temperature on the structure and in vitro bioactivity were investigated. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was carried out on the samples to understand the structure and to monitor the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). The bioactivity of gel‐derived 45S5 glass‐ceramic and amorphous 45S5 Bioglass® was compared. The results showed that an increase in both aging time and temperature can enhance crystallization, whereas bioactivity is reduced with increasing aging time but not significantly influenced by aging temperature. Compared with amorphous 45S5 Bioglass®, gel‐derived glass‐ceramic aged for 3 d at 60°C exhibited a more rapid rate of HA formation after immersion for less than 7 d. Amorphous 45S5 Bioglass® showed higher HA formation rate after immersion in SBF for more than 7 d, whereas the quantity of formed HA on gel‐derived 45S5 glass‐ceramic was still comparable to that of amorphous 45S5 Bioglass® after immersion for 14 d. It is suggested that the lower bioactivity of 45S5 glass‐ceramics could be outweighed by the higher surface area and higher content of Si–NBO groups in gel‐derived glass‐ceramics. The results thus confirm that gel‐derived 45S5 glass‐ceramic exhibiting bioactivity comparable to that of amorphous 45S5 Bioglass® can be fabricated by sol–gel method under suitable aging conditions.
Light‐Addressable Potentiometric Sensor with Nitrogen‐Incorporated Ceramic Sm2O3 Membrane for Chloride Ions Detection
Authors: Wang Jer‐Chyi , Ye Yu‐Ren , Lin Yu‐Hsuan 
Published: October 2014

A light‐addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) with ceramic samarium oxide (Sm2O3)‐sensing membrane treated by nitrogen plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) has been proposed for chloride ion detection. For the pure Sm2O3‐LAPS, a potassium ion sensitivity of 39.21 mV/pK is obtained. With the nitrogen PIII treatment on Sm2O3‐sensing membrane, the N–O peak is observed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, implying the formation of positive charges, (N‐O)+ and (N‐O‐N)+, within the Sm2O3 film. The positive charges can attract the chloride ions to react with the surface sites of OH2+, achieving a superior chloride ion sensitivity of 36.17 mV/pCl for the Sm2O3‐LAPS with nitrogen PIII treatment. The LAPS structure with ceramic Sm2O3‐sensing membrane can be used for future biosensing applications, especially for the potassium and chloride ions detection in serum.
Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification‐associated PDGFRB mutations impair the receptor signalling
Authors: Arts Florence A. , Velghe Amélie I. , Stevens Monique , Renauld Jean‐Christophe , Essaghir Ahmed , Demoulin Jean‐Baptiste 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPlatelet‐derived growth factors (PDGF) bind to two related receptor tyrosine kinases, which are encoded by the PDGFRA and PDGFRB genes. Recently, heterozygous PDGFRB mutations have been described in patients diagnosed with idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC or Fahr disease), a rare inherited neurological disorder. The goal of the present study was to determine whether these mutations had a positive or negative impact on the PDGFRB activity. We first showed that the E1071V mutant behaved like wild‐type PDGFRB and may represent a polymorphism unrelated to IBGC. In contrast, the L658P mutant had no kinase activity and failed to activate any of the pathways normally stimulated by PDGF. The R987W mutant activated Akt and MAP kinases but did not induce the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) after PDGF stimulation. Phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ was also decreased. Finally, we showed that the R987W mutant was more rapidly degraded upon PDGF binding compared to wild‐type PDGFRB. In conclusion, PDGFRB mutations associated with IBGC impair the receptor signalling. PDGFRB loss of function in IBGC is consistent with recently described inactivating mutations in the PDGF‐B ligand. These results raise concerns about the long‐term safety of PDGF receptor inhibition by drugs such as imatinib.
Critical Components of Uncertainty Communication in Life Cycle Assessments of Emerging Technologies
Authors: Gavankar Sheetal , Anderson Sarah , Keller Arturo A. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryBecause of their recognition as a comprehensive tool of environmental assessments and their increasing use by governments and industries, life cycle assessments (LCAs) are positioned to be prominent sources of mass media information on new products and technologies. The LCA studies underlying media reports are often viewed by nonexperts after the initial reporting. However, uncertainty is rife in early assessments of emerging technologies, and LCA's ability to inform environmental opinions and decisions is limited without the accompanying communication on uncertainty. Though approaches to the technical aspects of uncertainty analysis in LCA are available in the literature, those on communicating that uncertainty, in ways that are cognitively accessible to the nonexperts, are still lacking despite their highlighted importance across various disciplines. With the focus on communication, this article uses the existing literature to derive five criteria for making uncertainty communication accessible to a nonexpert audience. Then, LCAs on engineered nanomaterial (ENM) and ENM‐enabled products, as a case study of emerging technologies where uncertainties abound, are reviewed for whether they meet these five criteria. The study concludes with recommendations for communicating uncertainty in LCAs in order to enhance their role as decision‐ and public opinion–informing assessments.
Clinical Integration of Next Generation Sequencing: A Policy Analysis
Authors: Kaufman David , Curnutte Margaret , McGuire Amy L. 
Published: October 2014

In 1996, President Clinton offered a promissory vision for human genetics when he said: “I think it won't be too many years before parents will be able to go home from the hospital with their newborn babies with a genetic map in their hands that will tell them, here's what your child's future will likely be like.”The rapid evolution of genetic sequencing technologies has advanced that vision. In October 2006, the cost of sequencing an entire human genome was $10.4 million; by 2014 the cost had decreased a thousand fold. The term next generation sequencing (NGS) describes a variety of laboratory methods that allow efficient determination of the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA sequence. The papers in this issue of the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics focus on “clinical NGS,” which refers to rapid DNA sequencing using second-, third- and fourth-generation sequencing technologies to perform genome-wide sequencing of multiple genes or alleles for clinical prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes.
Midwife–Physician Collaboration: A Conceptual Framework for Interprofessional Collaborative Practice
Authors: Smith Denise Colter 
Published: October 2014

IntroductionSince the passage of the Affordable Care Act, collaborative practice has been cited as one method of increasing access to care, decreasing costs, and improving efficiency. How and under what conditions might these goals be achieved? Midwives and physicians have built effective collaborative practice models over a period of 30 years. Empirical study of interprofessional collaboration between midwives and physicians could be useful in guiding professional education, regulation, and health policy in women's health and maternity care.MethodsConstruction of a conceptual framework for interprofessional collaboration between midwives and physicians was guided by a review of the literature. A theory derivation strategy was used to define dimensions, concepts, and statements of the framework.ResultsMidwife–physician interprofessional collaboration can be defined by 4 dimensions (organizational, procedural, relational, and contextual) and 12 concepts (trust, shared power, synergy, commitment, and respect, among others). The constructed framework provides the foundation for further empirical study of the interprofessional collaborative process.DiscussionThe experiences of midwife–physician collaborations provide solid support for a conceptual framework of the collaborative process. A conceptual framework provides a point from which further research can increase knowledge and understanding about how successful outcomes are achieved in collaborative health care practices. Construction of a measurement scale and validation of the model are important next steps.