bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of β‐Hemolytic Streptococci Isolated from Hospitalized Children in Baghdad
Authors: Al‐Hindawi Nassir , Al‐Shibib Asfar 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo hundred and twenty four hospitalized children in Baghdad aged between 1 month and 10 years were examined for Streptococcal infections. Thirty‐four percent of the throat and saliva specimens were positive for β‐hemolytic streptococci. Males were more susceptible to infection with group A streptococci than females. Streptococcus of group A was isolated from 39.5% of the positive cases while group G was 47.4%. The etiological significance of the latter group in tonsillitis and otitis media is to be further investigated. Ninety six percent of the isolated streptococci were T typable and 13.3% of the strains were M typable. A high frequency of type T‐11 was found in streptococcal infections. T type 3875 was found to be a new provisional type. All isolates were M untypable, and anti‐opacity factor negative except for two isolates of T type 4 which were positive in both typings.
Susceptibility of Ad12‐Transformed S (+) and S (‐) Mouse Cells to Cell‐Mediated Immunity In Vitro
Authors: Maeta Yasunobu , Hamada Chuya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAdenovirus type 12 (Ad 12)‐transformed mouse cells were examined for their susceptibility to cell‐mediated immunity in vitro, with respect to the activity of the virus‐specific surface (S) antigen in the cells. A transformed cell line, C57AT1, was established from embryonic cells of C57BL/6 mice by Ad 12 infection. In fluorescent antibody tests, the transformed cells were positive for the S antigen when the cells were maintained as cultures, whereas when the cells were grown as tumors in animals they became negative for the antigen (referred to as S(+) and S(—) cells, respectively). These S(+) and S(‐) cells were subjected to the 51Cr‐release test for cell lysis by immune spleen cells (ISC) raised in syngeneic mice by Ad 12 infection. When the S(+) cells at various passage levels were exposed to ISC, all of them were lysed extensively and to a similar extent irrespective of their passage history. In contrast, the S(‐) cells were consistently refractory to the action of ISC. In addition, the cytotoxic action of ISC was markedly impeded by pretreating the S(+) cells with antiserum to the S antigen, or the ISC with anti‐Thy‐1,2 serum plus complement. Taken these findings together, the S(+) cells were assumed to be injured by ISC through direct interaction of the S antigen with T‐lymphocytes.
Comparison of Heterogeneities of Antitrinitrophenyl Antibodies in Strains of Mice Immunized by Various Methods
Authors: Kamiya‐Harada Yasuko , Kawakami Masaya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHeterogeneity of antibodies directed against the trinitrophenyl (TNP) determinant in immunized mice was analyzed by investigating the band groups of antibodies formed by thin layer isoelectric focusing of serum. The degree of heterogeneity in C57BL/6 mice was markedly higher than that in CBA mice under the following conditions of immunization: immunization with TNP conjugated with bovine gamma‐globulin or ovalbumin, interchange of these carrier proteins at the first and second injections, change of epitope density of the antigens, replacement of the hapten by dinitrophenyl group on the antigen for the secondary stimulation, and change of intervals of these injections from 15 days to five months. The degree of heterogeneity within a strain also varied with these immunizing conditions. Furthermore, the heterogeneity in C57BL/6 mice of any immunization group was greater than that in CBA mice in any group. This was also true when the heterogeneity was examined with the immune sera diluted to the same titer. These results indicate that the number of predominant clones of cells producing anti‐TNP antibody after immunization is larger in C57BL/6 than in CBA mice.
Antigenic Analysis of Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis Viruses (Enterovirus Type 70)
Authors: Kawamoto Hiroyoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe antigenic characteristics of enterovirus type 70 (EV 70) were investigated by means of cross and kinetic neutralization tests (NT). Twelve strains of EV 70 isolated in a period from 1971 to 1976 were analyzed using seven rabbit and one monkey hyper‐immune sera. All the strains investigated were found to possess a common and prime variant antigens in varying proportions.Accordingly, EV 70 isolates were devided intratypically into three antigenic subgroups; (1) prototype‐like (four strain from 1971 to 1972), (2) intermediate, G‐10/72‐like (two strains from 1972 to 1973), and (3) prime variant, G‐2/74‐like (six strains from 1974 to 1976) groups.Thus it was considered that EV 70 might represent a virus type with antigenic heterogeneity, and that antigenic drift from the prototype to the prime type may have occurred successively after 1971.
Continuous Survey of the Distribution of RNA Coliphages in Japan
Authors: Furuse Kohsuke , Ando Asako , Osawa Satoshi , Watanabe Itaru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn order to demonstrate the stability and continuity of RNA coliphages (phages) in their natural habitats, we investigated the amount and group types of RNA phages in sewage samples collected continuously from domestic drainage in Japan proper and islands in the seas adjacent to Japan (abbreviated simply as islands, hereafter) over a 5‐yr period from 1973 to 1977. It was found that the frequencies of isolation of RNA phages were fairly high and constant. The group types of RNA phages isolated were also stable in the three cities, Choshi, Niigata, and Toyama in Japan proper. The average for the three cities was group II: III = 3: 1. The investigation in islands revealed that the frequencies of isolation of RNA phages were fairly high as in the case of the above three cities in Japan proper and the group types of RNA phages isolated were also stable. That is to say, group II phages were predominant on Rishiri Island, Rebun I., Iki I., and Tsushima I., which are located relatively near to mainland Japan, while group III phages were predominant on Amamiohshima I., mainland Okinawa, Ishigakijima I., and Iriomotejima I., which are located south of Kyushu. It can thus be said that the RNA phages in the domestic drainage of Japan proper and islands remained more or less stable over at least the 5‐yr period, and an apparent difference in the geographical distribution of RNA phages in Japan exists between Kyushu and Amamiohshima I.
Antigenic Analysis of Human Cytomegalovirus Isolates from Japanese Women and Infants
Authors: Tanaka Akira , Numazaki Yoshio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe antigenic differences among human cytomegalovirus (CMV), two laboratory strains (Davis, AD 169), isolates from pregnant women's cervical secretions, mother's milk, infants' throat swabs and urine were analyzed by means of the plaque reduction assay using human sera which were assumed to contain monotypic antibodies by primary infection and boosted antibodies by reinfection or reactivation of the latent virus. In the cross‐neutralization tests, there were no remarkable differences among the CMV strains examined. Moreover, in the neutralization kinetics, normalized k values among the strains constantly exceeded 80. Therefore, it is suggested that the human CMV strains examined in the study were serologically identical or very closely related.
Pyomelanin Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Arai Taketoshi , Hamajima Hajime , Kuwahara Shogo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa was successfully transformed from a pyomelanin‐producing strain to a non‐pyomelanin‐producing strain by genetic transformation, with an average frequency of 1.17 × 1−3/recipient. Although the transformation frequency was not affected by doses of DNA between 17 and 51 μg/ml, it was influenced by the growth phase of the recipient bacteria, i.e., it was highest in the late logarithmic phase. Biochemical functions of the transformants were the same as those of the recipient strain except for pyomelanin production. Some of them, however, showed an intermediate growth behavior and cell arrangement between the donor and recipient. The serological type of the donor strain was sometimes contransduced although a few transformants became nonagglutinable with either donor or recipient type antiserum. The pyomelanin producing activity and serological type gained of some transformants were eliminated by either subculturing in nutrient broth or acridine treatment. The results obtained suggested that the pyomelanin productivity of P. aeruginosa is controlled by a plasmid.
Interferon Production in Human Diploid Cell Strains Derived from Embryonic Lungs
Authors: Machida Haruhiko , Kuninaka Akira , Yoshino Hiroshi , Yamada Ken‐Ichiro , Okumura Hideo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwenty‐three strains of human diploid cells derived from embryonic lungs were tested for production of interferon by “superinduction.” Strain HAIN‐55 produced a relatively high level of interferon. The optimal concentration of cycloheximide for superinduction was essentially equal to that reported with foreskin fibroblasts. On the other hand, actinomycin D at a concentration of 4 to 16 μg/ml enhanced the production of interferon more strikingly than at a concentration of 1 μg/ml, which was usually employed for superinduction in the foreskin fibroblasts. Inhibition of interferon production was observed when fetal bovine serum was added to the medium during treatment with metabolic inhibitors for superinduction. Minimal essential medium was superior to Eagle's basal medium as growth medium for interferon production, and serum added after removal of metabolic inhibitors could be replaced by bovine serum albumin. The yield of interferon produced under the best conditions in this study, with strain HAIN‐55, was more than 10,000 reference units/ml.
Studies on the Bacterial Spore Coat
Authors: Nishihara Tsutomu , Tomita Masafumi , Yamanaka Noriyasu , Ichikawa Tomio , Kondo Masaomi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractProperties of alkali‐soluble components from the spore coat of Bacillus megaterium were examined by physicochemical methods. They were composed of acidic polypeptides of various molecular weights with small amounts of phosphorus and sugar. They were allowed to dissociate to unit components by incubation with SDS. The major component was partially purified by gel filtration, and shown to have a mean molecular weight of about 11,000.
Comparative Studies on Subtypes of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBs Ag) in Two Regions of Southern Japan, Okinawa and Kumamoto
Authors: Katsuki Kazuko , Maeda Mitsuyoshi , Dohke Sunao , Yonamine Hirotatsu , Hinuma Yorio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA total of 209 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag)‐positive sera from two possibly ethnologically different regions of southern Japan, Okinawa and Kumamoto, were subtyped by counterelectrophoresis using monospecific antisera to a, d, y, w, and r antigenic determinants. There was a marked difference in the prevalence of the w and r determinants in the two regions; the frequency of the HBs Ag/adr subtype was 95% in Kumamoto and 47% in Okinawa, suggesting that HBs Ag subtypes may be one of the markers reflecting an ethnological difference between the peoples of the two regions. Seven and three serum specimens in Okinawa and Kumamoto respectively showed unusual HBs Ag subtypes: four carried adwr (two specimens), aywr, or adyw determinants, five had only a, and the remaining one carried ar.
Delayed Germination of Bacillus cereus T Spores after Treatment with Trichloroacetic Acid and Their Reactivation by Heating
Authors: Shibata Hirofumi , Murakami Hiromi , Tani Isamu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTreatment of Bacillus cereus T spores with trichloroacetic acid delayed their germination. The extent of retardation depended on the concentration of trichloroacetic acid, and the temperature, pH and duration of treatment. The effect was completely reversed by subsequent heating, and this restoration of germination also depended on the temperature and duration of heat treatment. Fourteen compounds were examined for their ability to suppress germination of spores. The halogenated fatty acids tested, such as trifluoro‐, tribromo‐, and dichloroacetic acid, caused suppression of germination, whereas other compounds, i.e., free fatty acids and amino acids, did not. It is concluded that the charge distribution of fatty acid molecules is important for their effect in suppressing germination of spores.
Modification of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Polyornithine and Lecithin
Authors: Kiho Yukio , Abe Tetsuya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCombined action of polyornithine and lecithin modified tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) virions making them sensitive to ribonuclease (RNase), pronase or Triton X‐100. Sedimentational analysis and examination of the fluorescence spectrum revealed that the reaction product obtained after RNase treatment of modified TMV was a three‐component complex made of coat protein, polyornithine and lecithin. The minimum requirement for the modification was completely fulfilled by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, suggesting that a positively charged nitrogen group and an alkyl group of moderate size, C10–18, are necessary components. These components react with the surface region of TMV which is considered to have an important role in connecting coat protein subunits in TMV virions.
Phenotypic Characterization of Adenovirus Type 12 Temperature‐Sensitive Mutants in Productive Infection and Transformation
Authors: Hama Seiji , Kimura Genki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEleven temperature‐sensitive mutants of adenovirus type 12, capable of forming plaques in human cells at 33 C but not at 39.5 C, were isolated from a stock of a wild‐type strain after treatment with either nitrous acid or hydroxyl‐amine. Complementation tests in doubly infected human cells permitted a tentative assignment of eight of these mutants to six complementation groups. Temperature‐shift experiments revealed that one mutant is affected early and most of the other mutants are affected late. Only the early mutant, H12ts505, was temperature sensitive in viral DNA replication. Infectious virions of all the mutants except H12ts505 and two of the late mutants produced at 33 C, appeared to be more heat labile than those of the wild type.Only H12ts505 was temperature sensitive for the establishment of transformation of rat 3Y1 cells. One of the late mutants (H12ts504) had an increased transforming ability at the permissive temperature. Results of temperature‐shift transformation experiments suggest that a viral function affected in H12ts505 is required for “initiation” of transformation. Some of the growth properties of H12ts505‐transformed cells were also temperature dependent, suggesting that a functional expression of a gene mutated in H12ts505 is required to maintain at least some aspects of the transformed state.
In Vitro Studies on the Immunological Memory for Antibody Response to Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Nishikawa Shin‐Ichi , Takaoki Muneo , Katsura Yoshimoto 
Published: November 2013

AbstractImmunological memory for T and B cells was studied in an in vitro culture system with spleen cells from mice primed with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Spleen cells taken from mice immunized at various times previously with a single intravenous injection of alum‐precipitated (AP) BSA and bacterial endotoxin (ET) were cultured in Marbrook's system with dinitrophenylated (DNP) BSA as the in vitro antigen. In the cultures of spleen cells obtained from mice primed more than 14 days previously, an IgG‐predominant anti‐BSA response was generated. However, no anti‐BSA response was observed in the culture of spleen cells taken from mice primed 7 days previously (day 7 spleen cells). The failure of day 7 spleen cells to generate an antibody response in vitro was shown to be attributable to both the lack of B memory cells and the effect of “suppressive” macrophages induced by ET. On the other hand, anti‐BSA memory in the spleen of mice primed with AP‐BSA plus ET and 2 months later challenged with AP‐BSA matured within 7 days and declined rather quickly by 30 days after the challenge. The difference in the time course of the generation of memory between the spleen cells from primary and from secondary immunized mice might be attributable to the difference in the maturation of memory B cells, since the time course of the development of memory T cells after the secondary immunization was similar to that observed after primary immunization.
Metabolie Aspects in Mice Administered Live Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Sakaguchi Osamu , Hsu Cheng‐Chin , Sakaguchi Shuhei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe influence of intraperitoneal inoculation of live Salmonella typhimurium on carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms in mice was investigated at doses of 9.2 × 107 cells, 1.9 × 108 cells, and 3.8 × 108 cells. The hepatic glycogen content in mice at 18 hr after the inoculation decreased in inverse proportion to an increase in the injection dose. The activities of hepatic phosphorylase and G‐6‐Pase increased significantly after 2 hr, but after 18 hr the levels of both enzyme activities, especially G‐6‐Pase, declined in inverse porportion to an increase in dose of viable cells administered to the mice. The levels of serum glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) in mice markedly decreased at doses of 1.9 × 108 and 3.8 × 108 cells after a transient rise at early stage (1 hr) after the injection. Marked hypertriglyceridemia was seen in infected mice. However, the activity in serum lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was reduced by an increase in the injection dose. The effect of intraperitoneal administration of viable cells on the serum triglyceride level was prevented in mice immunized with S. typhimurium endotoxin or administered with the anti‐endotoxin serum. These results indicate that hypertriglyceridemia mainly results from the action of endotoxin in the pathogen. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity markedly increased at the dose of 3.8 × 108 cells within 8–16 hr, and the infected mice exhibited a leakage of isozymes LDH‐3 and 5 in the serum 16 hr post‐inoculation.
The Interactions of Porcine and Ovine, Serum and Colostral Immunoglobulins with Staphylococcal Protein A
Authors: Bennell Moria Ann , Watson Dennis Leslie 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe purpose of these studies was to determine the proportion of each immunoglobulin class/subclass in blood and colostrum of the pig and sheep, which would bind to staphylococcal Protein A. The concentrations of porcine IgG, IgM, and IgA were determined for serum and colostral whey from five sows. Similar measurements were made on two fractions produced by elution of the sample through a Protein A‐Sepharose column: fraction 1, immunoglobulins which did not bind to Protein A, and fraction 2, immunoglobulins which bound to Protein A. The concentrations of ovine IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA were measured for serum and colostral whey from six ewes, and again similar measurements were made after elution of each ovine sample through Protein A‐Sepharose.All classes/subclasses of porcine and ovine serum and colostral immunoglobulins bound to Protein A to some extent. More than 90% of IgG from both porcine colostral whey and serum bound to Protein A. Ovine IgG1 from most ewes possessed a low affinity for Protein A whereas ovine IgG2 generally possessed a high affinity; 100% of the IgG2 in ovine colostral whey samples bound to Protein A. There was remarkable variation between individuals in the binding capacity of porcine IgM and each of the ovine immunoglobulins. For the ovine samples, in particular there were distinct differences between Protein A binding capacity of serum and colostral immunoglobulins of the same class/subclass.
Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte‐Inhibitory Factor of Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Imagawa Tadashi , Kanoh Makoto , Sonoda Shunro , Utsumi Sayaka 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn vivo biologic effects of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte‐inhibitory factor (PIF) of Bordetella pertussis were tested by using two experimentally induced inflammatory processes in mice. The intravenous injection of a partially purified extract from phase I bacteria strongly inhibited the glycogen‐induced peritoneal infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and the Arthus reactions, whereas little inhibitory activity was found in the extract from phase III bacteria. The activity was localized in the outer membrane of phase I bacteria, as was the in vitro PIF activity, and the two activities gave the same behavior in DEAE‐cellulose chromatography. Therefore the observed suppression of inflammatory processes in mice is probably due to the inhibitory action of PIF on the function of PMN in vivo.
Recognition of Heterologous Cells by Macrophages
Authors: Sugimoto Masanobu , Sano Katsuyuki , Enomoto Takemi , Yamada Masaatsu , Egashira Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMouse and guinea pig macrophages cultured in vitro actively phagocytize non‐opsonized thymocytes from certain heterologous animals including chickens, as shown in the accompanying paper (11). The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism of this phenomenon, using the phagocytosis of chicken thymocytes (c‐thymocytes) by mouse and guinea pig macrophages.The involvement in this phenomenon of natural IgG passively adsorbed in situ to macrophages was excluded, since the phagocytosis of c‐thymocytes was not significantly affected by the treatment of macrophages with homologous IgG or rabbit anti‐sera directed toward homologous IgG. The involvement of lectin‐ or sugar‐like receptors seems also to be unlikely, since various glycoproteins showed no significant effect. c‐Thymocytes treated with normal mouse serum (NMS) but not with heat‐inactivated NMS were strongly stained with goat anti‐mouse C3 by an indirect immunofluorescent technique, and became extremely vulnerable to adherence to and phagocytosis by mouse macrophages, suggesting that c‐thymocytes are an activator of the alternative pathway of mouse complement. These results as a whole raise the possibility that mouse and guinea pig macrophages can phagocytize c‐thymocytes by recognizing their activating surfaces of the alternative complement pathway without the participation of exogenously added IgG or complement, as proposed by others in the phagocytosis of rabbit and mouse red blood cells by human monocytes.