bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total Syntheses of Laevigatins A and E
Authors: Hirokane Tsukasa , Ikeuchi Kazutada , Yamada Hidetoshi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe describe the first total syntheses of two ellagitannins, laevigatins A and E. Laevigatin A comprises a 2,3‐O‐(S)‐hexahydroxydiphenoyl‐α‐D‐glucose unit, whose anomeric oxygen atom forms a dehydrodigalloyl ester. Laevigatin E is a dimeric ellagitannin with structural motifs similar to those of laevigatin A. A recently developed method for synthesizing C–O digallates allowed the synthesis of more than 1 g of laevigatin A. The abundant supply allowed the synthesis of laevigatin E, an achievement that implies that more complex ellagitannins could be accessible.
From pulses to pain relief: an update on the mechanisms of rTMS‐induced analgesic effects
Authors: Moisset X. , de Andrade D.C. , Bouhassira D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non‐invasive technique that allows cortical stimulation. Recent studies have shown that rTMS of the primary motor cortex or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreases pain in various pain conditions. The aim of this review was to summarize the main characteristics of rTMS‐induced analgesic effects and to analyse the current data on its mechanisms of action.DatabasesMedline, PubMed and Web of Science were searched for studies on the analgesic effects and mechanisms of rTMS‐induced analgesic effects. Studies on epidural motor cortex stimulation (EMCS) were also included when required, as several mechanisms of action are probably shared between both techniques.ResultsStimulation site and stimulation parameters have a major impact on rTMS‐related analgesic effects. Local cortical stimulation is able to elicit changes in the functioning of distant brain areas. These modifications outlast the duration of the rTMS session and probably involve LTP‐like mechanisms via its influence on glutamatergic networks. Analgesic effects seem to be correlated to restoration of normal cortical excitability in chronic pain patients and depend on pain modulatory systems, in particular endogenous opioids. Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine and GABAergic circuitry may also be involved in its effects, as well as rostrocaudal projections.ConclusionsrTMS activates brain areas distant from the stimulation site. LTP‐like mechanisms, dependence on endogenous opioids and increase in concentration of neurotransmitters (monoamines, GABA) have all been implicated in its analgesic effects, although more studies are needed to fill in the still existing gaps in the understanding of its mechanisms of action.
Genomic predictors of remission to antidepressant treatment in geriatric depression using genome‐wide expression analyses: a pilot study
Authors: Eyre Harris A. , Eskin Ascia , Nelson Stanley F. , St. Cyr Natalie M. , Siddarth Prabha , Baune Bernhard T. , Lavretsky Helen 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveThis first pilot study of genome‐wide expression as predictor of antidepressant response in late‐life depression examined genome‐wide transcriptional profiles in a randomized placebo‐controlled trial of combined methylphenidate and citalopram.MethodsGenome‐wide transcriptional profiles were examined in peripheral blood leukocytes sampled at baseline and 16 weeks from 35 older adults with major depression, who were randomized to methylphenidate + citalopram, citalopram + placebo, or methylphenidate + placebo. Methylphenidate doses ranged between 10 and 40 mg/day, and citalopram doses ranged between 20 and 60 mg/day. Remission was defined as Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score of 6 or below. Early remission was achieved in the first 4 weeks of treatment. We hypothesized that differential gene expression at baseline can predict antidepressant response.ResultsWe analyzed gene expression in 24 remitters and 11 non‐remitters. At baseline, we found three genes showing higher expression in all remitters versus non‐remitters that satisfied the established level of significance: a fold change of 2 and p‐value of 0.05 that included HLA‐DRB5, SELENBP1, and LOC388588. Two gene transcripts showed higher expression in early remitters at baseline compared with non‐remitters. The first gene was CA1 carbonic anhydrase gene, on chromosome 8 involved in respiratory function (fold change 2.54; p = 0.03). The second gene was the SNCA‐α‐synuclein gene, implicated, which binds to dopamine transporter (fold change 2.1; p = 0.03).ConclusionsRemission to antidepressants in geriatric depression may be associated with a particular gene expression profile in monoaminergic and metabolic pathways and needs to be replicated in a larger sample. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Give Me a Hand: Adult Involvement During Object Exploration Affects Object Individuation in Infancy
Authors: Johnson Kristin M. , Woods Rebecca J. 
Published: October 2015

The development of object individuation, a fundamental ability that supports identification and discrimination of objects across discrete encounters, has been examined extensively by researchers. There are significant advancements in infants' ability to individuate objects during the first year‐and‐a‐half. Experimental work has established a timeline of object individuation abilities and revealed some mechanisms underlying this ability. However, the influence of adult assistance during object exploration has not yet been explored. The current study investigates the effect of adult involvement during object exploration on infants' object individuation abilities.In Experiment 1a and 1b, we examined 9.5‐month‐old infants' colour‐based object individuation following adult‐assisted multisensory object exploration. Two components of adult interaction were of particular interest: facilitation of object manipulation (grasping, rotating, and attention‐getting behaviours) and social engagement (smiling, pointing, attention‐getting verbalizations, and object‐directed gaze). Experiment 2a and 2b assessed these components with 4.5‐month‐olds to examine their impact across development. The results showed that after adult‐guided object exploration, both 9.5‐ and 4.5‐month‐old infants successfully individuated previously undifferentiated objects. Results of Experiments 1b and 2b provide implications for the mechanisms underlying the scaffolding influence of adult interaction during infant behaviours. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decomposing the Bid–ask Spread in Multi‐Dealer Markets
Authors: Bleaney Michael , Li Zhiyong 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we modify the Huang and Stoll spread‐decomposing model to fit multi‐dealer markets. In a multi‐dealer market, individual dealers can rebalance their inventories either by trading with other dealers or by changing the quote price. Our modified model captures this feature. Using transaction data from the Reuters D2000‐1 system, we find that the order‐processing and inventory control components of the spread in the foreign exchange market are relatively small and dealers may tolerate the unwanted inventory to keep the spread small to attract informed orders. The asymmetric information component carries the biggest weight. We study the time pattern of the spread and its components. The spread varies significantly with the time of day, but the inventory control and asymmetric information components do not. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genome‐wide analysis of long noncoding RNA expression profiles in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Sun Chuanzheng , Liu Xunyang , Yi Zhongjie , Xiao Xuefei , Yang Mingshi , Hu Gui , Liu Huaizheng , Liao Liangkan , Huang Feizhou 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disorder poising burgeoning health problem to humans. Recent studies have shown that long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) plays critical roles in a myriad of biological processes and human diseases. Since the roles of lncRNA in NAFLD remain unknown, they were investigated in the study. Microarray expression profiling of mRNAs and lncRNAs was conducted using RNA extracted from patients with and without NAFLD. One thousand seven hundred thirty‐five lncRNAs and 1485 mRNA were found differentially expressed in NAFLD samples compared with those in control samples. Among them 535 and 1,200 lncRNAs were upregulated and downregulated in NAFLD, respectively; 760 and 725 mRNAs were upregulated and downregulated in NAFLD, respectively. Moreover, seven lncRNAs and seven mRNAs that were highly up‐ or downregulated in NAFLD samples were validated by quantitative real‐time polymer chain reactions. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis and Gene Ontology analysis for the differentially expressed mRNAs showed that these RNAs are involved in various metabolic processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. Our findings indicate that the expression profiles of lncRNAs have changed in NAFLD as compared with normal liver, and the identified regulated RNAs may provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease and potential novel diagnostic or therapeutic targets for NAFLD. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(11):847–852, 2015
Predictive performance of the Vitrigel‐eye irritancy test method using 118 chemicals
Authors: Yamaguchi Hiroyuki , Kojima Hajime , Takezawa Toshiaki 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe recently developed a novel Vitrigel‐eye irritancy test (EIT) method. The Vitrigel‐EIT method is composed of two parts, i.e., the construction of a human corneal epithelium (HCE) model in a collagen vitrigel membrane chamber and the prediction of eye irritancy by analyzing the time‐dependent profile of transepithelial electrical resistance values for 3 min after exposing a chemical to the HCE model. In this study, we estimated the predictive performance of Vitrigel‐EIT method by testing a total of 118 chemicals. The category determined by the Vitrigel‐EIT method in comparison to the globally harmonized system classification revealed that the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 90.1%, 65.9% and 80.5%, respectively. Here, five of seven false‐negative chemicals were acidic chemicals inducing the irregular rising of transepithelial electrical resistance values. In case of eliminating the test chemical solutions showing pH 5 or lower, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were improved to 96.8%, 67.4% and 84.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, nine of 16 false‐positive chemicals were classified irritant by the US Environmental Protection Agency. In addition, the disappearance of ZO‐1, a tight junction‐associated protein and MUC1, a cell membrane‐spanning mucin was immunohistologically confirmed in the HCE models after exposing not only eye irritant chemicals but also false‐positive chemicals, suggesting that such false‐positive chemicals have an eye irritant potential. These data demonstrated that the Vitrigel‐EIT method could provide excellent predictive performance to judge the widespread eye irritancy, including very mild irritant chemicals. We hope that the Vitrigel‐EIT method contributes to the development of safe commodity chemicals. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Applied Toxicology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Uninformed consent: Do medicine residents lack the proper framework for code status discussions?
Authors: Binder Adam F. , Huang Grace C. , Buss Mary K. 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDConversations eliciting patient preferences about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are among the most common examples of informed consent. However, this is rarely recognized and therefore may not include all key elements of informed consent, namely, details and benefits of the procedure, significant risks involved, likelihood of the outcome, and alternative therapeutic options.OBJECTIVEAssess the content of code status discussions as reported by residents to examine whether residents meet requirements of informed consent.DESIGNProspective, observational, single‐center survey study.SETTINGInternal medicine residents at an academic medical center.INTERVENTIONMedicine residents were surveyed and data were anonymously collected.MEASUREMENTSContent of code status discussions and knowledge of CPR outcomes.RESULTSAmong 100 respondents, 66% have code status discussions with most patients upon hospital admission. Two main barriers to discussing code status were lack of time (49%) and lack of rapport (29%). Only 8% reported discussing all 5 elements of informed consent. Less than 10% of the residents correctly answered questions testing knowledge regarding outcomes after cardiac arrest. In logistical regression analyses, residents who included all key elements of informed consent reported more confidence that they provided the information needed for patients to make an informed decision (odds ratio 1.7 [95% confidence interval: 1.2‐2.3]).CONCLUSIONSResident conversations regarding CPR are insufficient in the 5 key elements of informed consent. Framing code status discussions as examples of informed consent may be an effective strategy for educating residents or may improve the quality of these discussions, potentially leading to better patient decisions. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:111–116. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
3D FEM analysis, dynamic modeling, and performance assessment of transverse flux PMSG for small‐scale gearless wind energy conversion systems
Authors: Behjat Vahid , Amroony Boushehry Mohammad Javad 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe transverse flux permanent magnet synchronous generator has a great potential for use in direct‐drive wind energy conversion systems due to its large pole numbers, high torque, and power density. This research work develops dynamic model of a single‐side transverse flux permanent magnet synchronous generator for use in a small‐scale gearless wind energy conversion system. For acquiring the parameters of the considered generator, required for dynamic modeling, 3D finite element model of the machine is developed and analyzed in both magneto‐static and transient modes. Field‐oriented control approach is employed for tracking maximum power point from the variable wind speed. The simulation results illustrate an accurate response of the system to the wind speed variation and proper performance of the developed dynamic model and control approach of the system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical model for predicting friction in line contacts
Authors: Echávarri Otero Javier , de la Guerra Ochoa Eduardo , Chacón Tanarro Enrique , Díaz Lantada Andrés , Munoz‐Guijosa Juan M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper presents the development of an analytical model for the prediction of the friction coefficient in line contacts under thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (TEHL). A new theoretical equation is deduced for determining the friction coefficient, taking into account the rheology of common lubricants under TEHL. This approach also considers the heat generated and its penetration into the bulk of the contacting solids. Therefore, the increase in temperature and ensuing variations in the operating conditions are determined.In order to illustrate the use of the new model and verify its accuracy, an experimental stage is performed in a tribological test rig. The predictions of the proposed model are compared with the results obtained in the test rig and other data reported in the literature for diverse lubricants, showing a good agreement in every case. © 2015 The Authors Lubrication Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Load performance analysis of three‐pad fixing pad aerodynamic journal bearings with parabolic grooves
Authors: Liu Fuxi , Lu Yanjun , Zhang Qimeng , Zhang Yongfang , Gupta Parag , Müller Norbert 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThree‐pad fixing pad aerodynamic journal bearings (TPFPAJBs) have been widely used in precision instruments due to their low friction, high stability and non‐pollution. In order to improve the load performance of TPFPAJBs, parabolic grooves are opened in the bearing pad surfaces. By opening parabolic grooves in various bearing pad surfaces, the effects of the orientation angle, distance, width and depth of the grooves on the load performance of micro‐grooved TPFPAJBs can be investigated. The numerical results show that the location of the micro‐grooved bearing pads can greatly affect the load performance of micro‐grooved TPFPAJBs. When the given bearing pad surface is grooved, the effects of the bearing number and width‐to‐diameter ratio on the load performance of micro‐grooved TPFPAJBs can be studied. The bearing number and width‐to‐diameter ratio are observed to have significant influences on the load performance of micro‐grooved TPFPAJBs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the class of infinite horizon optimal control problems affine, which are structurally stable
Authors: Kesri M'hamed 
Published: October 2015

We prove in this article that there is in the set of all problems we consider a subset, which is residual. Every problem in this subset is shown to be structurally stable and defines a dynamical system, which looks like the graph of the figure given in Section 1, contrary to what happens for ordinary dynamical systems, that is, the ones associated with ODEs. There, the initial value problem (in the smooth case) is uniquely solvable; the structurally stable systems look like the figure given in Section 1, but sources are equilibria. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of cleaved SNAP‐25 after bladder wall injection of onabotulinumtoxina or abobotulinumtoxina: A comparative study in the mice
Authors: Oliveira Raquel , Coelho Ana , Charrua Ana , Avelino António , Cruz Francisco 
Published: October 2015

AimsTo study the expression of cleaved synaptosomal associated protein of 25 kDa (cSNAP‐25) in the bladder wall injected with onabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA) or abobotulinumtoxinA (abobotA) and compare the relative potency of these two brands.MethodsOne injection of 0.5 U of onabotA or abobotA diluted in 2 µl of saline was carried out in the bladder dome of adult female mice, whose bladders were exposed by laparotomy. Three days later bladders were collected, divided in five segments (dome, upper, middle and lower body, and trigone) and each one was sectioned and immunoreacted against cSNAP‐25, the end product of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) activity. From each of the five segments one section was taken at random and the number of cSNAP‐25 immunoreactive (IR) fibers was determined.ResultsEach injection resulted in the cleavage of SNAP‐25 in all bladder sections, including those of the more distant segment from the injection point. The average number of cSNAP‐25 positive fibers was higher in the onabotA, 341 ± 301, than in the abobotA‐treated mice, 208 ± 152 (P = 0.003). The number of cSNAP‐25 IR fibers varied three to five‐fold between animals of each experimental group.ConclusionsThese findings confirm that, when injected in the bladder wall, in the same unit amount and same volume, onabotA is 1.6 times more potent to cleave SNAP‐25 than abobotA. The conversion ratio suggested by these experiments is 1:1.6 between onabotA and abobotA. Each injection, although preformed in the same way, may induce substantially different amounts of cSNAP‐25. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:86–90, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Psychometric evaluation of an online and paper accidental bowel leakage questionnaire: The ICIQ‐B questionnaire
Authors: Markland Alayne D. , Burgio Kathryn L. , Beasley T. Mark , David Shannon L. , Redden David T. , Goode Patricia S. 
Published: October 2015

AimsTo evaluate the psychometric properties of an online versus paper US‐English version of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire‐Bowel (ICIQ‐B).MethodsThe ICIQ‐B includes 17 items under 3 domains: bowel pattern (5 items), bowel control (7 items), and quality of life (5 items). We recruited community‐dwelling adults seeking treatment for ≥monthly bowel leakage from specialty clinics within a VA medical center and university affiliate. An online versus paper version was evaluated at baseline, 2 weeks later, and 3 months after nonsurgical treatments per usual care. We assessed test‐retest reliability (Pearson correlations) at 2 weeks, internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), and convergent validity (Pearson correlations). Sensitivity to change was the difference between the baseline and post‐treatment (3‐month) scores.ResultsMean age was 58.0 ± 11.9; 36% Veterans, 52% women. At baseline, 2 weeks, and 3 months, we found no differences in the online vs paper scores for the bowel control and quality of life domains. The ICIQ‐B demonstrated fair internal consistency for the bowel pattern domain (Cronbach's α = 0.36–0.54). Internal consistency on the bowel pattern domain was better with the paper version than the online version at 2 weeks (P < 0.05) and 3 months (P < 0.01) with no difference at baseline. All other domains had good internal consistency (Cronbach's α > 0.80), good retest reliability (r ≥ 0.70, P < 0.001), domain‐specific convergent validity for stool consistency (P < 0.05), incontinence severity (P ≤ 0.002), and quality of life impact (P < 0.05). After nonsurgical treatments, we found a reasonable response to change (P ≤ 0.05).ConclusionsOnline and paper versions had robust psychometric data for use among U.S. men and women, including Veterans. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:166–170, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is bariatric surgery the answer to urinary incontinence in obese women?
Authors: Shimonov Mordechai , Groutz Asnat , Schachter Pinhas , Gordon David 
Published: October 2015

AimsTo investigate the effect of bariatric surgery on female pelvic floor disorders.MethodsEighty consecutive obese women who underwent a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy were prospectively enrolled. Four validated questionnaires (ICIQ‐UI, BFLUTS‐SF, PFDI‐20, PISQ‐12) were used to evaluate pelvic floor symptoms before and 6 months after surgery. Outcome results were analyzed according to the presence of preoperative urinary incontinence (UI), defined as a positive answer to the question “how often do you leak urine?” on the ICIQ‐UI questionnaire.ResultsSeventy‐seven women (age 41.3 ± 11.5 years; parity 1.9 ± 1.6) completed all pre‐ and postoperative questionnaires. Mean body mass index (BMI) before and 6 months after surgery was 42 ± 4.7 and 33 ± 4.7, respectively. Preoperatively, 29 (37.7%) women (mean age 45.6 ± 11, mean BMI 42.3 ± 5.2) had UI, 17 (59%) of whom had stress urinary incontinence. Surgically induced weight loss was associated with statistically significant improvement in UI and filling symptoms, pelvic organ prolapse and colorectal‐anal scores, and condition‐specific sexual function and quality of life parameters. Specifically, the total score of the ICIQ‐UI questionnaire decreased from 9.28 ± 3.6 preoperatively to 2.9 ± 3.8 postoperatively (P < 0.001), and the urinary score of the PFDI‐20 questionnaire decreased from 31.4 ± 17.9 preoperatively to 9.3 ± 12.3 postoperatively (P < 0.001). Furthermore, 15 (51.7%) women reported complete resolution of UI following weight loss.ConclusionSurgically induced weight loss resulted in resolution of UI in up to 52% of preoperatively incontinent women and subsequent improvement in other pelvic floor symptoms. Larger studies with longer follow‐up are required to investigate the possible impacts of bariatric surgery on various aspects of pelvic floor function. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:184–187, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.