bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion at a Holiday in an Organic Coated-Metal Substrate System
Authors: CRAIG B. D. , OLSON D. L. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The galvanic corrosion at a holiday in an organic coating was investigated by measuring the galvanic current as a function of time. It was found that an area of exposed metal (holiday) in the coating will be anodic to the coated areas. Water uptake and ion transport of the coating are significant factors affecting the corrosion taking place at a holiday. Thickness of the coating was also found to be an important influence on the corrosion rate at a holiday.
Endurance Limit Enhancement of Notched, 1018 Steel in Sea Water—Specimen Size and Frequency Effects
Authors: HARTT W. H. , HOOPER W. C. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Notched 1018 steel specimens of three different thicknesses have been fatigued at 31 Hz in sea water as a function of both stress and electrochemical potential. Additionally, specimens of one thickness were fatigued at 3.3 Hz. The phenomenon of endurance limit enhancement, whereby cathodic polarization renders notched steel more resistant to fatigue in sea water than in air, was found to be more pronounced for the lower frequency and for the thinnest specimen. It is projected that endurance limit enhancement is a consequence of calcareous deposits which accumulate within the fatigue crack. The extent to which such deposits occur is thought to depend upon the cathodic current density within the crack and the extent of mixing between the bulk and crack electrolytes, as the latter is ejected and ingested on each cycle. A possible influence from hydrogen is also discussed.
Surface Composition of a Type 316 Stainless Steel Related to Initiation of Crevice Corrosion
Authors: HULTQUIST G. , LEYGRAF C. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
On the basis of different surface treatments of a Type 316 stainless steel, results of protective film composition as obtained by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) are related to resistance to initiation of crevice corrosion. The nickel content of the protective film was similar after all treatments, whereas the chromium surface content was found to differ between different surface treatments. A direct relationship between chromium surface enrichment and the resistance against crevice corrosion initiation was found which was independent of the presence of nonmetallic inclusions. The results suggest that initiation of crevice corrosion and initiation of pitting corrosion are different in nature.
The Effect of Scan Rate on Pitting Potentials of High Performance Alloys in Acidic Chloride Solution
Authors: MANNING P. E. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The effect of potential scan rate on the pitting potential determination of several high performance alloys in acidic chloride solution at 70 C was documented. Materials from several alloy classifications were examined including austenitic stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, 20-type stainless steel, and nickel base alloys. The functional relationship of pitting potential versus scan rate was dependent on the material studied. Results at intermediate and rapid scan rates were dependent on the material studied and on the experimental procedure. The response of the pitting potential of a given alloy to intermediate and rapid scan rates appears to be a function of the kinetics of passive film formation at the corrosion potential and at applied potentials. Therefore, the most promising accelerated electrochemical tests for localized corrosion resistance are the slow scan rate and constant potential pitting tests. Hastelloy alloy G was found to be resistant to pitting corrosion at all applied potentials in this environment. Additionally, the microstructural sites most susceptible to stable pit initiation were determined for the alloys investigated.
The Effects of Sulfur and Phosphorus on the Intergranular Corrosion of 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: BRIANT C. L. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This paper reports a study of the effects of sulfur and phosphorus on the sensitization and intergranular corrosion of 304 stainless steel. It is shown that sulfur has little effect on the intergranular corrosion of the material, except at the high electrochemical potentials of the Huey test and oxalic acid test. At these potentials chromium sulfides precipitated at the grain boundaries and in the matrix are preferentially attacked. Phosphorus has little effect on intergranular corrosion as measured by the modified Strauss test, but it greatly accelerates intergranular corrosion in the Huey test. The magnitude of this effect depends on the extent of chromium depletion. It is also shown that in all of the alloys studied grain boundaries in a given sample corrode at varying rates. This variation appears to be a result of variation in grain boundary structure and hence in precipitation and segregation.
Development and investigation of skin melanoma phantoms for ultrasonic examination
Authors: Andrėkutė Kristina , Subotinaitė Ilona , Valiukevičienė Skaidra , Raišutis Renaldas 
Published: September 2013

Background. The purpose of this study was to develop skin mimicking phantoms with melanoma-like insertion with acoustic properties similar to the human skin. In order to guarantee that these phantoms are suitable for mimicking of the skin, we measured their parameters with an ultrasonography tool and compared with the human skin properties measured by other authors.
Materials and methods. Distilled water, gelatin and Intralipid® 20% IV fat emulsion were mixed in different proportions thus manufacturing four models of the skin tissue. For melanoma-mimicking insertion only gelatin and distilled water were used. Ultrasonic examinations of manufactured phantoms were performed with the ultrasound system DUB-USB equipped with a mechanically scanned single-element focused transducer.
Results. The speed of sound and the attenuation coefficient of all the manufactured phantoms were evaluated. This study demonstrates that the speed of sound decreases increasing concentration of Intralipid and it is close to the human skin tissue. The ultrasound velocity in the phantom material varied from 1 533.9 m/s up to 1 565.8 m/s depending on Intralipid fat emulsion concentration. The ultrasound velocity in the melanomalike insertion was 1 602.4 ± 23.5 m/s (mean ± SD). It was also found that the concentration dependent magnitude of attenuation increment matched the theoretically defined tendency. The attenuation in the range of 0.15–0.4 dB/mm/MHz was estimated in the phantoms possessing different concentrations of Intralipid. The attenuation in the melanomalike insertion region was 0.16 ± 0.02 dB/mm/MHz (mean ± SD). The magnitude of the attenuation coefficient is close to the attenuation in the human tissue.
Conclusions. The four skin tissue mimicking phantoms were developed and their acoustic properties were estimated during this study. The investigation showed that the estimated speed of sound and the attenuation coefficient were close to the values being estimated in the human skin tissue. Furthermore, it was noted that the acoustic proper­ties could be controlled by changing the concentration of Intralipid and such a flexible phantom could be used for mimicking of the external tissue of the human body.
Clinical Analysis, Management and Outcome of Duane's Retraction Syndrome at a Tertiary Eye Care Centre in South India
Authors: Ravindran Meenakshi , Pawar Neelam , Karkera Radhika P , Kunnatur Rajagopal 
Published: September 2013

Aim:
To study clinical features, management & outcome of Duane's retraction syndrome (DRS).

Materials & Methods:
This prospective, interventional, non randomised study of 102 patients diagnosed with DRS was done from September 2009 to August 2011. Various characteristics studied included sex, age at presentation, laterality, manifest primary position horizontal deviation, upshoot and downshoot, amblyopia, and associated ocular and systemic abnormalities. Follow up for non surgical patients was for minimum period of 6 months. Surgery was advised in patients with anomalous head posture of more than 15 degrees, cosmetically unacceptable upshoot or downshoot, significant deviation in primary position and globe retraction. Post operative follow up of surgical cases was done at 1 month and were followed up for a minimum period of 6 months.

Results:
Of the total 102 patients, 92 (90.2%) had unilateral and 10 (9.8%) had bilateral DRS. Type I (78.57 %) was the most common while Type II (2.68%) was the least common among unilateral as well as bilateral cases. Preponderance for the female gender was seen in unilateral and bilateral cases. Left eye preponderance was seen in unilateral cases. A significant association was found between type of unilateral DRS and type of ocular deviation in primary gaze, direction of face turn, presence of upshoot/downshoot. Exotropia (41.2%) was the most common ocular deviation in primary position in our study. Exotropia was more common in unilateral cases and esotropia more in bilateral cases. Surgical correction was done in 20 patients (22 eyes). Patients with both esotropia and exotropia who underwent surgical correction showed a significant improvement after surgery (p=0.0368 and 0.0011 respectively). There was a significant improvement of abnormal head posture (AHP) and globe retraction post operatively (p =0.014 and p =0.005 respectively).

Conclusion:
Unilateral types I, II, and III Duane syndrome and bilateral cases differs in the primary position horizontal deviation, upshoot and downshoot, and associated ocular abnormalities. Surgical intervention is recommended in patients with abnormal head posture (AHP), overshoot, globe retraction and significant deviation in primary position.
Pulse Radiolytic Polarography: The Reduction of the Ascorbic Acid Radical and of the Ferrihexacyanide Anion at the Mercury Electrode
Authors: Grätzel M. , Henglein A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe relatively long lived ascorbic acid radical or the ferrihexacyanide anion were produced by a 20 ns pulse of high energy electrons in N2O saturated, 10−3 molar solutions of ascorbic acid or ferrohexacyanide anion, respectively. Their cathodic currents at a hanging mercury drop electrode were recorded as function of time in the micro to millisecond range. The analysis of current‐time curves at constant potential was carried out in the same way as in the single potential jump experiments of conventional electrochemistry. Absolute values of the rate constant of the transfer processes could be obtained for various potentials. The transfer coefficient was found to be 0.23 for the ascorbic acid radical and 0.15 for the ferrihexacyanide anion. The exchange current density at the standard potential of the system [Fe(CN)6]3‐ [Fe(CN)6]4‐ was calculated as 3.5 mA · cm−2 at a concentration of 10−3 M.
Kinetics of Electrode Processes in Pulse Radiolytic Polarography of Short‐Lived Free Radicals
Authors: Grätzel M. , Henglein A. , Bansal K. M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractElectrode processes of free radicals formed by a short pulse of high energy electrons are influenced bya) diffusion of the radicals,b) second order disappearance of the radicals,c) hindrance of the transfer reaction.Approximations for the evaluation of polarographic current‐time curves are discussed. The Birk‐Perone approximation developed for flash photo‐polarography is applied to describe the kinetics of electrode processes which have a large transfer rate constant. Experiments are carried out on the oxidation of the radical anions C6H5COCH3 and CH3COCH3 and on the reduction of CH3COCOCH3 (at potentials where the transfer reaction is fast). The second order rate constants for radical‐radical reactions derived from the polarographic current‐time curves agree to within 20% with the optically determined rate constants. The reduction of CH3COCOCH3 (at potentials where the rate of the transfer reaction is slow) is investigated as an example for electrode processes which depend on all three effects a), b), and c) mentioned above. The absolute rate constant of the transfer reaction was obtained for various potentials. The transfer coefficient amounts to 0.21 at pH = 6 for the reduction of CH3COCOCH3.
Pulse Radiolytic Polarography: The Kinetics of the Oxidation of the Ethanol Radical at the Mercury Electrode
Authors: Grätzel M. , Bansal K. M. , Henglein A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe ethanol radical was produced in N2O saturated, 2 · 10−3 molar aqueous ethanol solutions by a 20 ns pulse of high energy electrons. The anodic current of the radical was recorded as a function of time at various potentials of the mercury electrode and at various pH‐values of the solution. The concentration of the radical in the bulk of solution as a function of time was simultaneously recorded by optical measurements. Analysis of the data shows that the electrode process is reversible in the 10−5 s range at pH > 12, i.e. when the base form of the radical is mainly present. Transfer rate constants of more than 1.0 cm s−1 are calculated. Below pH = 12, the electrode process becomes more irreversible with decreasing pH. The kinetics of the oxidation of the acid form of the radical is strongly influenced by its adsorption at the mercury electrode. The influence of electrochemically inactive adsorbed solutes is also investigated: Adsorbed sulfate ions strongly decrease the anodic current at potentials more positive than ‐ 0.5 V. Fluorid ions exert a less pronounced effect. Adsorbed alcohol molecules have a promoting effect on the oxidation of the ethanol radical.
Pulse Radiolytic Polarography: Adsorption Effects in the Electrode Kinetics of Short‐Lived Free Radicals
Authors: Henglein A. , Gratzel M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMathematical solutions for the polarographic current as a function of time are given for the case of two‐step electrode reactions: R → Ra → P (R: radicals produced homogeneously in solution by a short pulse of high energy electrons; Ra: radical adsorbed at the electrode; P: product of oxidation or reduction). If R is long‐lived or disappears according to first order kinetics, the differential equations involved are amenable to solution. If R disappears by second order kinetics, an explicit solution cannot be given; the solution for first order disappearance, however, may well be applied to such cases at times shorter than the first half‐life time of the radical. The current‐time curves exhibit a maximum whose magnitude and position with respect to time can be expressed in terms of the ratio V = k/k1 where k is the transfer rate constant in s−1 and k1 the time constant of the disappearance of the radicals in the solution, k1 is measured by recording the optical absorption of the radicals as a function of time.The current‐time curves obtained for the oxidation of the ethanol radical at a mercury electrode are described by the above two‐step electrode reaction, k is obtained at different electrode potentials. The transfer coefficient for the oxidation of the ethanol radical at pH = 6 is 0.37.
Statistical Mechanics of a Three‐Component System: PdBH
Authors: Mehlmann R. , Husemann H. , Brodowsky H. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe mixing behavior of the binary systems Pd ‐ H and Pd ‐ B was previously interpreted in terms of three effects:The solute atoms H and B, respectively, occupy octahedral sites.They donate their valence electrons to the 4d and 5s bands of the palladium, raising its Fermi energy.There exists an energy of attraction between the interstitial particles.This model is now applied to the ternary system Pd ‐ B ‐ H. The Fermi energy contribution to the thermodynamic properties is treated strictly as a known function of the total valence electron concentration, which is in agreement with magnetic susceptibility measurements on these systems.The quasichemical approach, which was used to calculate the thermodynamic properties connected with the energy of attraction in the binary systems, is extended to the three‐component system Pd ‐ B ‐ H. In addition to the known energies of attraction between two like particles there appears a third parameter, the energy of attraction between unlike particles.The method is applied to hydrogen absorption measurements on Pd ‐ B alloys. Good fit is obtained with one adjustable parameter, the interaction energy between unlike particles. An interpretation is given for the three energies of attraction in terms of a lowering of the lattice strain energy for nearest neighbor interstitial atoms.
Developments in Quantitative Data Display and Their Implications for Evaluation
Authors: Lysy Christopher 
Published: September 2013

AbstractQuantitative displays discussed in this chapter can be used across multiple evaluation stages, although this chapter pays significant attention to visualization as a mechanism for communicating data and results. The chapter is split into two parts. The first part illustrates some newer chart types that have gained popularity over the last decade, and identifies evaluation situations where these new visualizations could be useful. The second part examines new display functionality made possible by the Web and discusses how these features can be used to increase the amount of data presented while maintaining visual simplicity. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Brain Volume and Fatigue in Patients With Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome
Authors: Trojan Daria A. , Narayanan Sridar , Francis Simon J. , Caramanos Zografos , Robinson Ann , Cardoso Mauro , Arnold Douglas L. 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundAcute paralytic poliomyelitis is associated with encephalitis. Early brain inflammation may produce permanent neuronal injury with brain atrophy, which may result in symptoms such as fatigue. Brain volume has not been assessed in postpoliomyelitis syndrome (PPS).ObjectiveTo determine whether brain volume is decreased compared with that in normal controls, and whether brain volume is associated with fatigue in patients with PPS.DesignA cross‐sectional study.SettingTertiary university‐affiliated hospital postpolio and multiple sclerosis (MS) clinics.ParticipantsForty‐nine ambulatory patients with PPS, 28 normal controls, and 53 ambulatory patients with MS.MethodsWe studied the brains of all study subjects with magnetic resonance imaging by using a 1.5 T Siemens Sonata machine. The subjects completed the Fatigue Severity Scale. Multivariable linear regression models were computed to evaluate the contribution of PPS and MS compared with controls to explain brain volume.Main Outcome MeasurementsNormalized brain volume (NBV) was assessed with the automated program Structured Image Evaluation, using Normalization, of Atrophy method from the acquired magnetic resonance images. This method may miss brainstem atrophy.ResultsTechnically adequate NBV measurements were available for 42 patients with PPS, 27 controls, and 49 patients with MS. The mean (standard deviation) age was 60.9 ± 7.6 years for patients with PPS, 47.0 ± 14.6 years for controls, and 46.2 ± 9.4 years for patients with MS. In a multivariable model adjusted for age and gender, NBV was not significantly different in patients with PPS compared with that in controls (P = .28). As expected, when using a similar model for patients with MS, NBV was significantly decreased compared with that in controls (P = .006). There was no significant association between NBV and fatigue in subjects with PPS (Spearman ρ = 0.23; P = .19).ConclusionsNo significant whole‐brain atrophy was found, and no association of brain volume with fatigue in PPS. Brain atrophy was confirmed in MS. It is possible that brainstem atrophy was not recognized by this study.
General practitioners’ assessment of, and treatment decisions regarding, common mental disorder in older adults: thematic analysis of interview data
Authors: STRACHAN JENNIFER , YELLOWLEES GILL , QUIGLEY APRIL 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTPrimary and secondary care services are charged with failing to adequately detect and treat mental disorder in older adults due to the ‘understandability phenomenon’; the belief that mental disorder in old age is inevitable and therefore not worthy of intervention. Quantitative data appear to support this hypothesis but lack the explanatory power of detailed accounts. Nine general practitioners (GPs) participated in group interviews about their assessment and treatment of older patients, and their expectations and experience of referral to secondary care. Resulting transcripts were subject to Thematic Analysis. Respondents recognised the unique features of these clients, and their impact on the detailed, recursive processes of assessment, clinical decision-making and intervention. GPs described confidence in managing most cases of mental disorder, describing the role of secondary care as one of consultancy in extreme or unusual cases. GPs did view mental disorder as commonly originating in adverse circumstances, and queried the validity of pharmacological or psychological interventions in these cases. They did not, however, equate understandability with acceptability, and called for social interventions to be integrated with health-care interventions to tackle the cause of mental disorder in older adults. At a wider level, findings highlight the discrepancy between assumptions about GP attitudes and actions, and their own accounts. At a local level, findings will assist in focusing secondary care service development where need is perceived, into consultancy and training.
Clusters of cerebellar Purkinje cells control their afferent climbing fiber discharge
Authors: Chaumont Joseph , Guyon Nicolas , Valera Antoine M. , Dugué Guillaume P. , Popa Daniela , Marcaggi Paikan , Gautheron Vanessa , Reibel-Foisset Sophie , Dieudonné Stéphane , Stephan Aline , Barrot Michel , Cassel Jean-Christophe , Dupont Jean-Luc , Doussau Frédéric , Poulain Bernard , Selimi Fekrije , Léna Clément , Isope Philippe 
Published: September 2013

Significance
The inferior olive, one of the major source of inputs to the cerebellum, sends climbing fibers to Purkinje cells, the key processing units of cerebellar-dependent motor control. Using an optogenetic strategy, we demonstrate that Purkinje cells disinhibit their climbing-fiber afferents via a poly-synaptic circuit. These findings identify a functional closed-loop organization in the olivo-cerebellar circuits that is potentially important for cerebellar motor learning.
Inappropriate heat dissipation ignites brown fat thermogenesis in mice with a mutant thyroid hormone receptor α1
Authors: Warner Amy , Rahman Awahan , Solsjö Peter , Gottschling Kristina , Davis Benjamin , Vennström Björn , Arner Anders , Mittag Jens 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Patients with thyroid disease often report sensitivity to environmental temperature, feeling too hot or too cold in hyper- and hypothyroidism, respectively. Textbook knowledge attributes this to the role of thyroid hormone in basal metabolism. In this study, we show that a mouse model for hypothyroidism lacks proper control of tail vasoconstriction at room temperature, which causes inappropriate heat loss. This in turn activates heat-generating brown adipose tissue to maintain body temperature. Our study therefore demonstrates that changes in vascular control may in fact significantly contribute to the temperature hypersensitivity observed in patients with thyroid disorders and reveal a unique connection between vascular and metabolic effects of thyroid hormone.