bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Ourselves to Future Generations
Authors: Matthes Erich Hatala 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter defends the role of universal value in our thinking about conservation. It acknowledges the ways that the appeal to universal value has been abused in conservation contexts, but argues that a multifaceted approach to thinking about universality can avoid the concept’s historical associations with Eurocentrism and elitism. In doing so, it argues that the world is rich with universally valuable things, and shows how promoting conservation projects that allow people to confront change on amenable terms can aid in the collective project of preserving as many of these valuable objects, practices, and places as possible. It also argues that in saving these things for the future, we offer future generations the broadest set of materials out of which to fashion their own sense of identity on their own terms.
Exposing Bunk
Authors: Stea Jonathan N. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter exposes pseudoscientific assessments, diagnoses, and treatments in the world of mental health. Readers are taken down a rabbit hole as they learn the science behind examples of a variety of popular and inaccurate psychological assessment tools (e.g., the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the Rorschach inkblot) as well as fake and controversial mental health–related diagnoses (e.g., adrenal fatigue, leaky brain, Wi-Fi allergies). Readers then tour the minefield of pseudoscientific therapies that exist both within and outside of the mental health care system, with some of those mines more clearly visible than others. They are guided through the science behind various examples ranging from crystal-clear cases, such as past life regression therapy, homeopathy, and Reiki, to more controversial ones that are more scientifically plausible and promising but still plagued with some pseudoscientific features and low-quality evidence to support their use, such as eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), mindfulness meditation, hypnosis, and psychedelics.
Amazing graces
Authors: Klitzman Robert L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Since doctors commonly avoid existential, spiritual, and religious issues, hospital chaplains have come to fill critical voids. Chaplains start their journeys from widely differing points, beliefs, and personal and professional backgrounds. Patients also range widely in their needs. Pastoral care providers work to find each patient’s sources of meaning, establishing relationships and trust, asking open-ended questions, actively listening, and helping patients construct and reframe narratives of experiences. These professionals try to gauge how much to remain a neutral blank slate (e.g., whether to wear religious symbols or clothing) and when to choose silence. These approaches may seem simple and straightforward, but can be hard. This chapter explores how contemporary chaplaincy embraces varied and supple forms of belief, providing useful, wide-encompassing approaches (distinct from what many clergy offer). These professionals work in a “post-religious world” in which countless people feel that traditional religious institutions no longer wholly meet their needs.
The Libertarian Spectrum (Part I)
Authors: Kane Robert 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter and the next two contrast the view of this book with other contemporary libertarian views, showing how these others fall short, but also how features of them can be accommodated in the libertarian view developed in this book. This chapter begins with so-called deliberative or non-centered libertarian views which place the indeterminism earlier in the deliberation process, at various times prior to decision. It explains how such deliberative views might play a role in an overall account of libertarian free will, but also why they can only be part of such an account. The chapter also considers how the role of self-forming-actions developed thus far may be expanded beyond their crucial “centered” role in terminating deliberations. Finally, it explores important connections suggested by these topics between libertarian free will, on the one hand, and human evolution and creative problem-solving, on the other.
The Compatibilist Spectrum
Authors: Kane Robert 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Compatibilist views of freedom and responsibility have proliferated and become more sophisticated to an astonishing degree in the last half of the twentieth century and into this century. The aim in this chapter is to discuss interesting patterns in this proliferation that throw further light on the view developed in this book and on debates about free will and responsibility in general. It discusses “hierarchical motivation” and “mesh theories” of compatibilist kinds inspired by Frankfurt, “reason views” and “reasons-responsive” compatibilisms of a variety of thinkers, Strawsonian compatibilist views, newer “dispositional compatibilist” views, and a newer “libertarian compatibilism.” Finally the chapter considers “revisionist views” which argue that since incompatibilist views are impossible, we must revise our views in a compatibilist direction. The chapter argues throughout that while many aspects of these compatibilist views must also play essential roles in any adequate libertarian view of free will, none can be the whole story.
Intensional Metametaphysics
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
One traditional critique of metaphysics, going back to Wittgenstein’s Tractatus, is that non-contingent propositions are either trivially true or trivially false, leaving no room for a substantive science of the non-contingent. This also creates problems for mathematics, logic, and other branches of philosophy. The problem arises most obviously in intensional frameworks, but generalizes to settings of Russellian structured propositions. Attempts to resolve the difficulty by metalinguistic reinterpretations or by dividing minds are seen to fail. It is argued that the focus on non-contingent propositions radically misconceives the problem, which really concerns necessary equivalence between propositions whatever their modal status and is in no way specific to metaphysics or to inquiry into non-contingent matters more generally. The solution is to maintain intensionalism while tracking cognitive differences by registering the guises under which propositions are entertained. For metaphysics, such guises are normally sentences. Guises as such play no role in the semantics.
The Titans of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Titans of the Twentieth Century addresses an age-old question: What is the impact of individuals on history? The first half of the twentieth century offered political leaders enormous scope for changing the world. This book examines the lives of eight individuals who, for better and for worse, did just that. Woodrow Wilson had a vision for a cooperative world order that failed after the First World War but gained in influence after the Second. Vladimir Ilich Lenin founded the totalitarian communist political system that controlled a large part of the planet for much of the twentieth century. Adolf Hitler started history’s worst war and presided over history’s worst atrocity, the Holocaust. Winston Churchill provided inspiring leadership to Great Britain, which made it possible to defeat Nazi Germany in World War II. Franklin D. Roosevelt steered the United States through the Great Depression and the Second World War. Mohandas Gandhi led the movement, and developed the philosophy of nonviolence, that ended British rule in South Asia, paving the way for the end of empires throughout Asia and Africa. David Ben-Gurion led the miraculous restoration of Jewish sovereignty in the Holy Land. Mao Zedong imposed totalitarian communist rule on China and became history’s most egregious mass murderer. Individually each chapter offers fresh and often surprising portraits of the twentieth century’s Titans. Collectively the chapters present a vivid and revealing portrait of a turbulent half-century that shaped the world of today.
Mao Zedong
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Mao Zedong was the supreme leader first of the Chinese Communist Party and then, after it won power, of all of China, in which capacity he installed communist economic and political systems in the country and initiated policies that led to tens of millions of deaths. He led the Party on the “Long March” in the 1930s to evade its enemy, the Kuomintang. After defeating the Kuomintang in the Chinese Civil War, Mao became the dictator of China. He ordered the intervention of the People’s Liberation Army in the Korean War against the United States and South Korea. He also initiated the Great Leap Forward, which resulted in mass starvation, and inspired the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, which threw the country into chaos. Despite the damage he wreaked on China, he continued to hold power until his death in 1976.
The Master Plan
Authors: Conca Ken 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the watershed master plan produced for Ellicott City, a historic mill town in central Maryland that recently suffered two fatal flash flood disasters within 22 months. The first flood triggered the master-planning effort, while the second saw it pushed aside by a series of contentious infrastructure and land-use proposals. The plan’s initial ambition had been to develop an integrated strategy for flood resilience, combining elements of stormwater management, economic reinvention, and historic preservation. The chapter focuses on three key themes: the plan’s struggles to fashion a coherent sense of place out of a dizzying assemblage of scales and jurisdictions, its failure to engage questions around climate change, and its shortcomings as a comprehensive assessment of flood risk. The plan won awards for its work in placemaking and economic reinvention, but these themes illustrate how the ensuing controversies left it silent on some of the original questions triggering its formation.
Literacy Instruction for Students Who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Authors: S. Beal Jennifer , M. Dostal Hannah , R Easterbrooks Susan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Responsive, high-quality literacy instruction is critical for deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students as they may not be in an environment that provides full access to language and/or receive insufficient instruction. This second edition of Literacy Instruction for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing updates previous findings and describes current, evidence-based practices in teaching literacy to DHH learners. In addition to application examples across chapters, a stand-alone appendix provides brief explanations of each strategy, the areas of literacy to which they relate, and references in support of each strategy. Beal, Dostal, and Easterbrooks provide educators and parents with a process for determining which literacy and language assessments are appropriate for individual DHH learners and whether an instructional practice is supported by evidence or causal factors. They describe the literacy process with an overview of related learning theories, language and literacy assessments, and evidence-based instructional strategies across the following domains of literacy: phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension. They also weave evidence-based writing strategies and case vignettes that highlight application of assessments and instructional approaches within each of these literacy areas. Finally, they review lingering questions related to literacy instruction for DHH learners. Educators and caregivers who provide literacy instruction to DHH learners will benefit from the breadth and depth of literacy content provided in this concise literacy textbook.
Re-Dressing Achilles, Resisting Proserpina, Surpassing Virgil
Authors: Gianferrari Filippo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 confirms the key role of school texts in Dante’s Purgatorio by examining possible allusions to Statius’ Achilleid and Claudian’s De raptu Proserpinae in cantos 9, 21–22, and 28 of the second canticle. The chapter shows how references to the two poems mark the protagonist’s rite of passage to moral maturity and fulfill metapoetic functions by informing the poet’s emulative engagement with the genre of the Latin epic and his original harmonization of epic and elegy. By acknowledging Statius’ and Claudian’s models of emulation of the auctores maiores throught intertextual references and narrive rewriting of their works, Dante foregrounds his new vision of Christian epic poetry that has superseded the theoretical and narrative dichotomy between love and war.
“Be Silent, Ovid” (You, Too, Statius and Claudian)
Authors: Gianferrari Filippo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 highlights the extensive intertextual allusions to both the Achilleid and the De raptu Proserpinae in the first two cantos of Paradiso. While rewriting Ovid in the opening of the Commedia’s last cantica, Dante also engages with the models of Ovidian emulation established by Statius and Claudian. Dante’s intertextual dialogue creates a poetic genealogy that begins with Ovid, outdoes the epic poems endorsed by contemporary teachers, and culminates in the Commedia. Paradiso thus emerges as an alternative to these didactic models and the new standard for vernacular epic poetry. This evidence also suggests a new understanding of Dante’s distinctive emulative stance toward his poetic models as a legacy of his Latin education rather than simply a peculiar feature of his vernacular poetics.
Party Organizational Development in Poland, 2001–2021
Authors: Gagatek Wojciech 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the organizational development of two major Polish parties, Law and Justice (PiS) and the Civic Platform (PO), linking it with the broader question of the interconnections between the choices for their own organizations and their preferred vision of the political system. This chapter identifies such a link rather clearly for PiS and with some nuancing also for PO, while showing huge differences in how the two parties organize. The particularly strongly centralized and hierarchical organization of PiS in many ways resembles the way in which it envisages the system and how it practises the governing of the country.
The Colombian Party System, 1991–2022
Authors: Wills-Otero Laura 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The political party system in Colombia is a multi-party one. It is deinstitutionalized, since it exhibits high electoral volatility due to the entrance of new parties and decline of traditional ones, with low levels of partisan attachment and trust. However, unlike other countries in the region, Colombia’s party system has not collapsed, and the existence of alternative parties has revitalized the country’s representative democracy. This chapter focuses on the political and electoral performance of two parties, Centro Democrático and Comunes, that were created at a critical juncture triggered by peace negotiations between the national government and FARC-EP guerrillas between 2012 and 2016. These parties illustrate the volatility of the Colombian party system, but also its flexibility and resilience. The chapter shows that internal party organizations have a significant impact on electoral results. Overall, the chapter concludes that while the system faces challenges, it remains flexible and resilient, allowing for the emergence of new parties and preventing the crises seen in other countries in the region.
The Challenges to Democracy in India
Authors: Sridharan Eswaran 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The largest democracy in the world is threatened by clear signs of democratic backsliding. The dominance of the Hindu-nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) since 2014 has brought about some worrying developments that undermine the functioning of democracy, above all the guarantee of civil rights for all citizens. In 2021, three major international organizations that monitor the condition of democracy worldwide—Freedom House (USA), the Economist Intelligence Unit (UK) and V-Dem (Sweden)—issued reports that downgraded India’s ranking as a democracy and its rankings on rights and liberties. This chapter discusses the challenges that liberal democracy in India faces in the light of these reports and the role of political parties, principally that of the ruling BJP but also that of opposition parties.
Labour Law Beyond Growth and Productivism: An Introduction
Authors: Bueno Nicolas , ter Haar Beryl , Zekić Nuna 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter to the edited volume Labour Law Utopias: Post-Growth and Post-Productive Work Approaches explains how the authors in the book use the idea of utopia as a method to offer forward-looking ideas for a more human-centred and green world of work and what that could mean for labour law. After explaining why there is a need for the use of utopias, the authors elaborate on the two approaches that underlie those utopias: post-growth and post-productive work. These approaches have been chosen because they respond to important issues for the future of work and present serious challenges to labour law. The chapter concludes with trends identified by most authors in the book, such as the need for a socioecological labour law and a re-evaluation of the meaning of work; conflicting ideas, such as whether there will be less work or lower economic productivity; and issues for further research, particularly how to realize some ideas of the labour law utopias.
Greek nominal compounds in the Gothic Gospels
Authors: Wolfe Brendan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the Gothic translation of nominal compounds in the Greek Gospels. Various strategies involved in this process include borrowing, calquing (translating the individual units of the compound separately, producing a new Gothic compound), and periphrasis. Every Greek nominal compound whose translation into Gothic does not match the typical rule of one Gothic word for every Greek word is examined. The resulting structures may involve the translation of multiple Greek words that include at least one compound with a single Gothic word or the translation of Greek compounds with multiple Gothic words. This procedure may involve phenomena of linguistic contact, such as semantic extension and matching, whereby existing words in the target language take on new characteristics from formally equivalent words in the source language.
The Lithic Imagination from More to Milton
Authors: Werth Tiffany Jo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Lithic Imagination from More to Milton explores how stones, rocks, and the broader mineral realm play a vital role in early modern England’s religious and cultural systems that in turn informs the period’s poetic and visual imagination. The twin buttresses of a human lifespan and the gyre-like turns of England’s long Reformation provide a broad dome under which to locate the many textual and visual archives this book studies. These texts and images participate in specifically English histories (literary, artistic, political, religious), although Continental influences are frequently in dialogue. The religious orbit tracks the rivalries firstly between Jewish and Christian culture, touches on Christianity’s tension with Islam, but most intently follows the antagonisms of Catholic and variants of Reformed or Protestant belief. The bibliography features canonical names such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Donne, Wroth, Herbert, Milton, and Pulter, but puts them in company with lesser-known religious polemicists, alchemists, anatomists, painters, mothers, and stonemasons. The visual archive attends to biblical illustration, tapestries, church furniture, and paintings, anatomical drawings, as well as statues to form a multimedia archive. Similarly, the lithic embraces a wide continuum of mineral forms from bodily encrustations like the kidney and bezoar stone, to salt, iron, limestone, marble, flint, and silicon. The assemblage of materials speaks to aspirational imperial fantasies, looming colonial conquests, syncretism, and supersession, as well as issues of gender and the race-making category of hue, alongside elitist ideologies of an elect, chosen people. All connect via the storied pathways of stone as densely material and a foundation for the abstract imaginary along the scala naturae. Across these human–stone encounters, stone fascinates and betrays and is equal parts damnation and salvation.
Lithic Intimacies and Marmorization
Authors: Werth Tiffany Jo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
“Lithic Intimacies and Marmorization” studies how an embodied organ of masculine anatomy, the testes, or stones, animate lithic intimacies. It begins with anatomical manuals that represented the testes as a principal body part responsible for humankind’s propagation. The chapter argues—via the Mechanical’s play in A Midsummer Night’s Dream—that such literal anatomical baseness provides the material grounding for gendered frictions. It next explores the Ovidian and Petrarchan donna petrosa tropes that eroticize “marmorization” (Patricia Philllippy). Fantasies of a stony beloved may appear to vivify masculine reproductive capacities at the expense of a petrified, marmoreal female figure. Yet, by analyzing Lot’s mineralized wife, the petrified heroines in Lady Mary Wroth’s Urania, and Shakespeare’s Hermione, preserved and reanimated as a miraculous statue, the chapter highlights the multivalences of the Latin root “dūrāre” of “perdure:” to harden but also to endure. Marmorization preserves human futurity in complex ways. It simultaneously fixes gender norms even as it renders them fluid and thus troubles normative taxonomies of human desire and queers sex practice.
“Not Marble, Nor the Gilded Monuments”: Sepúlchred Verse
Authors: Werth Tiffany Jo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
“‘Not Marble, nor the gilded monuments’: Sepúlchred Verse” challenges the classical rhetorical claim that scripta manent (writing lasts) while marble and stone monuments crumble. It explores the material paradox of lyric claims to supersede mineral monuments. Rather than seeing the quarrel as antagonistic and rivalrous, this chapter explores how a rich cultural habitus reveals the claims to instead be symbiotic and constitutive. Through a reading of the biblical inheritance of the Mosaic tablets alongside the occult traditions surrounding the seminal text of alchemy, the emerald tablet, the chapter argues that engraved stone held intercessory powers capable of binding celestial and terrestrial realms. Within this matrix, the chapter then reads two oft-recruited lyric examples of linguistic, as opposed to lithic, continua: Shakespeare’s sonnet 55 and Milton’s “On Shakespeare.” It argues that both poems recruit petrification in order to perdure and in so doing imagine a distinctly inhuman posterity.
Non-Recognition
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Non-recognition is a stance whereby States refuse to acknowledge a situation as producing legal consequences. Where a new State has been created in violation of jus cogens norms, especially the prohibition of aggression and the right of self-determination, international law obliges States not to recognise it. If the creation of a new State did not violate peremptory rules of international law, third States may nevertheless refuse to recognise it so that their legal position towards the entity in question would not change. Chapter 4 considers the role of non-recognition in international law, focusing particularly on the importance of jus cogens and resolutions of the UN Security Council in this regard.