bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Winter Atmospheric Rivers along the North American West Coast in CMIP5 Climate Models
Authors: Warner Michael D. , Mass Clifford F. , Salathé Eric P. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Most extreme precipitation events that occur along the North American west coast are associated with winter atmospheric river (AR) events. Global climate models have sufficient resolution to simulate synoptic features associated with AR events, such as high values of vertically integrated water vapor transport (IVT) approaching the coast. From phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), 10 simulations are used to identify changes in ARs impacting the west coast of North America between historical (1970–99) and end-of-century (2070–99) runs, using representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5. The most extreme ARs are identified in both time periods by the 99th percentile of IVT days along a north–south transect offshore of the coast. Integrated water vapor (IWV) and IVT are predicted to increase, while lower-tropospheric winds change little. Winter mean precipitation along the west coast increases by 11%–18% [from 4% to 6% (°C)−1], while precipitation on extreme IVT days increases by 15%–39% [from 5% to 19% (°C)−1]. The frequency of IVT days above the historical 99th percentile threshold increases as much as 290% by the end of this century.
Testing the Situational Explanation of Victimization among Adolescents
Authors: Averdijk Margit , Bernasco Wim 
Published: September 2014

Objectives: This study aimed to test situational theories of victimization by answering three research questions, namely to what extent victims are actually victimized while being exposed to risky situations, whether the relation between victimization and situational elements is causal, and which elements of a situation are risky. We distinguished the type of activity, the company that individuals keep, the place of the activity, and the time of the activity. Methods: Data were collected among adolescents in The Hague, the Netherlands, using space–time budgets. These provided detailed information on situational elements for each hour across a period of four days. Multivariate fixed effects logit analyses were used to ensure that the results were not due to stable differences between individuals. Results: A total of 55 individuals reported 63 incidents of victimization. Results confirmed most hypotheses. Especially, the relation between delinquency and victimization was extraordinarily strong. Alcohol consumption, presence of peers, absence of authority figures, and being in a public place also increased the risk of victimization. Conclusions: Confirming major victimization theories, victimization was shown to occur during and because of exposure to risky situations. The hypothesized elements of risky situations were shown to have independent effects on victimization.
Electroencephalographic Evaluation for Early Diagnosis of Limbic Encephalitis
Authors: Pessa Maria Elena , Janes Francesco , Gigli Gian Luigi 
Published: September 2014

Limbic encephalitis (LE) is an inflammation of structures of limbic system. It may be an autoimmune disease or secondary to a neoplasia. Onset is subacute within a few weeks and clinical presentation is characterized by behavioral changes, psychiatric symptoms, short-term memory loss, and epileptic seizures. Diagnosis is typically set after a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, revealing hyperintensity in limbic structures on T2, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences or detection of antineuronal antibodies; EEG aspecific alterations on temporal areas usually match with MRI and laboratory findings. Specific diagnostic criteria are still under debate. We describe a case presenting with EEG alterations before MRI ones. A 36-year-old woman came to our attention for a first generalized tonic–clonic seizure, several episodes of likely epigastric auras and memory loss. Her clinical history was unremarkable. Neurological examination and brain MRI with gadolinium were normal. Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings showed theta activity and sharp elements in frontotemporal regions. Therapy with levetiracetam 1000 mg/day was started, but she had another generalized seizure and episodes of epigastric auras increased to 10 per day. After 2 months, another cerebral MRI revealed areas of swelling and signal alteration in deep left temporal areas, especially in hippocampal and parahippocampal gyrus. A spectroscopic evaluation revealed decreased N-acetyl aspartate peak and increased choline and myo-inositol peaks in left frontotemporal areas. These findings were consistent with LE. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was normal; viral serology and onconeuronal antibodies on CSF and blood were negative. Patient was treated with high-dosage steroids, with improvement in memory, epileptic seizures and auras. A third MRI revealed no signal alterations. In conclusion, the clinical picture initially did not meet accepted diagnostic criteria for LE. Effective steroid therapy was consequently delayed. With this case report we would emphasize diagnostic relevance of EEG alterations early in suspected LE in order to start immunosuppressive therapy as soon as possible.
Accuracy of liquid cytology in the diagnosis and monitoring of eosinophilic oesophagitis
Authors: Rodríguez-Sánchez Joaquín , García Rojo Marcial , López Viedma Bartolomé , de la Santa Belda Eva , Palomar Pilar Olivencia , Torrijos Elisa Gómez , López Lucia González , Camacho José Olmedo 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundOesophagoscopy with biopsy is considered the gold standard for diagnosing and monitoring eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE). Therefore is important to discover less‐invasive diagnostic methods.MethodsCytology specimens were obtained in patients with active EoE (AEoE) (≥15 eos/hpf) and EoE in remission (EoER) (<15 eos/hpf). The samples were assessed by two independent pathologists and were compared with biopsy samples. EoE cytology specimens were compared with specimens obtained from patients with GERD.ResultsSpecimens of 36 patients (69.4% male, mean age 30.88 years) were included. AEoE (17, 47.2%), EoER (11, 30.5%) and GERD (22.2%). eos/hpf in cytology (AEoE 9.23 vs. EoER 1.54 vs. GERD 2, p  = 0.01). Linear correlation between eos/hpf average biopsy and cytology eos/hpf: r  = 0.57, p  < 0.001. For diagnosis of EoE ≥3 eos/hpf in cytology obtained a sensitivity of 70%, specificity 81%, PPV 86% and NPV 60% (AUC = 0.81, p  = 0.01). For detection of AEoE, ≥3 eos/hpf in LBC obtained a sensitivity of 70%, specificity 82%, PPV 81% and NPV 66% (AUC = 0.87, p  = 0.001).ConclusionsLBC in oesophageal aspirate seems to be effective for the diagnosis and monitoring activity in EoE. These results support the usefulness of non‐invasive methods for the diagnosis and monitoring of EoE.
Note on certain inequalities for Neuman means
Authors: Chen Shu-Bo , He Zai-Yin , Chu Yu-Ming , Song Ying-Qing , Tao Xiao-Jing 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we give the explicit formulas for the Neuman means

N

A
H

,

N

H
A

,

N

A
C

, and

N

C
A

, and present the best possible upper and lower bounds for these means in terms of the combinations of harmonic mean H, arithmetic mean A, and contraharmonic mean C.

MSC:26E60.
Hepatitis B virus X protein specially regulates the sialyl lewis a synthesis among glycosylation events for metastasis
Authors: Chung Tae-Wook , Kim Seok-Jo , Choi Hee-Jung , Song Kwon-Ho , Jin Un-Ho , Yu Dae-Yeul , Seong Je-Kyung , Kim Jong-Guk , Kim Keuk-Jun , Ko Jeong-Heon , Ha Ki-Tae , Lee Young-Choon , Kim Cheorl-Ho 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background
The metastasis of hematogenous cancer cells is associated with abnormal glycosylation such as sialyl lewis antigens. Although the hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) plays important role in liver disease, the precise function of HBx on aberrant glycosylation for metastasis remains unclear.

Methods
The human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues, HBx transgenic mice and HBx-transfected cells were used to check the correlation of expressions between HBx and Sialyl lewis antigen for cancer metastasis. To investigate whether expression levels of glycosyltransferases induced in HBx-transfected cells are specifically associated with sialyl lewis A (SLA) synthesis, which enhances metastasis by interaction of liver cancer cells with endothelial cells, ShRNA and siRNAs targeting specific glycosyltransferases were used.

Results
HBx expression in liver cancer region of HCC is associated with the specific synthesis of SLA. Furthermore, the SLA was specifically induced both in liver tissues from HBx-transgenic mice and in in vitro HBx-transfected cells. HBx increased transcription levels and activities of α2-3 sialyltransferases (ST3Gal III), α1-3/4 fucosyltransferases III and VII (FUT III and VII) genes, which were specific for SLA synthesis, allowing dramatic cell-cell adhesion for metastatic potential. Interestingly, HBx specifically induced expression of N-acetylglucosamine-β1-3 galactosyltransferase V (β1-3GalT 5) gene associated with the initial synthesis of sialyl lewis A, but not β1-4GalT I. The β1-3GalT 5 shRNA suppressed SLA expression by HBx, blocking the adhesion of HBx-transfected cells to the endothelial cells. Moreover, β1-3GalT 5 silencing suppressed lung metastasis of HBx-transfected cells in in vivo lung metastasis system.

Conclusion
HBx targets the specific glycosyltransferases for the SLA synthesis and this process regulates hematogenous cancer cell adhesion to endothelial cells for cancer metastasis.
Peanut immunotherapy
Authors: Anagnostou Katherine , Clark Andrew 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPeanut allergy is common and can be a cause of severe, life‐threatening reactions. It is rarely outgrown like other food allergies, such as egg and milk. Peanut allergy has a significant effect on the quality of life of sufferers and their families, due to dietary and social restrictions, but mainly stemming from fear of accidental peanut ingestion. The current management consists of strict avoidance, education and provision of emergency medication, but a disease‐ modifying therapy is needed for peanut allergy. Recent developments involve the use of immunotherapy, which has shown promise as an active form of treatment. Various routes of administration are being investigated, including subcutaneous, oral, sublingual and epicutaneous routes. Other forms of treatment, such as the use of vaccines and anti‐IgE molecules, are also under investigation. So far, results from immunotherapy studies have shown good efficacy in achieving desensitisation to peanut with a good safety profile. However, the issue of long‐term tolerance has not been fully addressed yet and larger, phase III studies are required to further investigate safety and efficacy. An assessment of cost/benefit ratio is also required prior to implementing this form of treatment. The use of immunotherapy for peanut allergy is not currently recommended for routine clinical use and should not be attempted outside specialist allergy units.
Challenging script concordance test reference standard by evidence: do judgments by emergency medicine consultants agree with likelihood ratios?
Authors: Ahmadi Seyed-Foad , Khoshkish Shahin , Soltani-Arabshahi Kamran , Hafezi-Moghadam Peyman , Zahmatkesh Golara , Heidari Parisa , Baba-Beigloo Davood , Baradaran Hamid R , Lotfipour Shahram 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background
We aimed to compare the clinical judgments of a reference panel of emergency medicine academic physicians against evidence-based likelihood ratios (LRs) regarding the diagnostic value of selected clinical and paraclinical findings in the context of a script concordance test (SCT).

Findings
A SCT with six scenarios and five questions per scenario was developed. Subsequently, 15 emergency medicine attending physicians (reference panel) took the test and their judgments regarding the diagnostic value of those findings for given diseases were recorded. The LRs of the same findings for the same diseases were extracted from a series of published systematic reviews. Then, the reference panel judgments were compared to evidence-based LRs. To investigate the test-retest reliability, five participants took the test one month later, and the correlation of their first and second judgments were quantified using Spearman rank-order coefficient.
In 22 out of 30 (73.3%) findings, the expert judgments were significantly different from the LRs. The differences included overestimation (30%), underestimation (30%), and judging the diagnostic value in an opposite direction (13.3%). Moreover, the score of a hypothetical test-taker was calculated to be 21.73 out of 30 if his/her answers were based on evidence-based LRs.
The test showed an acceptable test-retest reliability coefficient (Spearman coefficient: 0.83).

Conclusions
Although SCT is an interesting test to evaluate clinical decision-making in emergency medicine, our results raise concerns regarding whether the judgments of an expert panel are sufficiently valid as the reference standard for this test.
Does flip‐flop style footwear modify ankle biomechanics and foot loading patterns?
Authors: Price Carina , Andrejevas Vaidas , Findlow Andrew H , Graham‐Smith Philip , Jones Richard 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundFlip‐flops are an item of footwear, which are rubber and loosely secured across the dorsal fore‐foot. These are popular in warm climates; however are widely criticised for being detrimental to foot health and potentially modifying walking gait. Contemporary alternatives exist including FitFlop, which has a wider strap positioned closer to the ankle and a thicker, ergonomic, multi‐density midsole. Therefore the current study investigated gait modifications when wearing flip‐flop style footwear compared to barefoot walking. Additionally walking in a flip‐flop was compared to that FitFlop alternative.MethodsTesting was undertaken on 40 participants (20 male and 20 female, mean ± 1 SD age 35.2 ± 10.2 years, B.M.I 24.8 ± 4.7 kg.m‐2). Kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic gait parameters were collected while participants walked through a 3D capture volume over a force plate with the lower limbs defined using retro‐reflective markers. Ankle angle in swing, frontal plane motion in stance and force loading rates at initial contact were compared. Statistical analysis utilised ANOVA to compare differences between experimental conditions.ResultsThe flip‐flop footwear conditions altered gait parameters when compared to barefoot. Maximum ankle dorsiflexion in swing was greater in the flip‐flop (7.6 ± 2.6°, p = 0.004) and FitFlop (8.5 ± 3.4°, p < 0.001) than barefoot (6.7 ± 2.6°). Significantly higher tibialis anterior activation was measured in terminal swing in FitFlop (32.6%, p < 0.001) and flip‐flop (31.2%, p < 0.001) compared to barefoot. A faster heel velocity toward the floor was evident in the FitFlop (‐.326 ±. 068 m.s‐1, p < 0.001) and flip‐flop (‐.342 ±. 074 m.s‐1, p < 0.001) compared to barefoot (‐.170 ±. 065 m.s‐1). The FitFlop reduced frontal plane ankle peak eversion during stance (‐3.5 ± 2.2°) compared to walking in the flip‐flop (‐4.4 ± 1.9°, p = 0.008) and barefoot (‐4.3 ± 2.1°, p = 0.032). The FitFlop more effectively attenuated impact compared to the flip‐flop, reducing the maximal instantaneous loading rate by 19% (p < 0.001).ConclusionsModifications to the sagittal plane ankle angle, frontal plane motion and characteristics of initial contact observed in barefoot walking occur in flip‐flop footwear. The FitFlop may reduce risks traditionally associated with flip‐flop footwear by reducing loading rate at heel strike and frontal plane motion at the ankle during stance.
Diagnostic accuracy of delirium diagnosis in pediatric intensive care: a systematic review
Authors: Daoud Alia , Duff Jonathan P , Joffe Ari R ,   for the Alberta Sepsis Network
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Delirium is common in adult intensive care, with validated tools for measurement, known risk factors and adverse neurocognitive outcomes. We aimed to determine what is known about pediatric delirium in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

Methods
We conducted a systematic search for and review of studies of the accuracy of delirium diagnosis in children in the PICU. Secondary aims were to determine the prevalence, risk factors and outcomes associated with pediatric delirium. We created screening and data collection tools based on published recommendations.

Results
After screening 145 titles and abstracts, followed by 35 full-text publications and reference lists of included publications, 9 reports of 5 studies were included. Each of the five included studies was on a single index test: (1) the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale (PAED; for ages 1 to 17 years), (2) the Pediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (p-CAM-ICU; for ages ≥5 years), (3) the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAP-D; a modification of the PAED designed to detect hypoactive delirium), (4) the revised Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAP-D(R)) and (5) clinical suspicion. We found that all five studies had a high risk of bias on at least one domain in the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2). Sample size, sensitivity, specificity, and effectiveness (correct classification divided by total tests done) were: PAED 144, 91%, 98%, <91% (>16% of scores required imputation for missing data); p-CAM 68, 78%, 98%, 96%; CAP-D 50, 91%, 100%, 89%; CAP-D (R) 111, and of assessments 94%, 79%, <82% (it is not clear if any assessments were not included); and clinical suspicion 877, N/A (only positive predictive value calculable, 66%). Prevalence of delirium was 17%, 13%, 28%, 21%, and 5% respectively. Only the clinical suspicion study researchers statistically determined any risk factors for delirium (pediatric risk of mortality, pediatric index of mortality, ventilation, age) or outcomes of delirium (length of stay and mortality).

Conclusion
High-quality research to determine the accuracy of delirium screening tools in the PICU are required before prevalence, risk factors and outcomes can be determined and before a routine screening tool can be recommended. Direct comparisons of the p-CAM-ICU and CAP-D(R) should be performed.
Current and emerging therapeutic strategies for preventing inflammation and aggrecanase-mediated cartilage destruction in arthritis
Authors: Dancevic Carolyn M , McCulloch Daniel R 
Published: September 2014

AbstractArthritis is a multifactorial disease for which current therapeutic intervention with high efficacy remains challenging. Arthritis predominately affects articular joints, and cartilage deterioration and inflammation are key characteristics. Current therapeutics targeting inflammatory responses often cause severe side effects in patients because of the systemic inhibition of cytokines or other global immunosuppressive activities. Furthermore, a lack of primary response or failure to sustain a response to treatment through acquired drug resistance is an ongoing concern. Nevertheless, treatments such as disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, biological agents, and corticosteroids have revealed promising outcomes by decreasing pain and inflammation in patients and in some cases reducing radiographic progression of the disease. Emerging and anecdotal therapeutics with anti-inflammatory activity, alongside specific inhibitors of the A Disintegrin-like And Metalloproteinase domain with Thrombospondin-1 repeats (ADAMTS) cartilage-degrading aggrecanases, provide promising additions to current arthritis treatment strategies. Thus, it is paramount that treatment strategies be optimized to increase efficacy, reduce debilitating side effects, and improve the quality of life of patients with arthritis. Here, we review the current strategies that attempt to slow or halt the progression of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, providing an up-to-date summary of pharmaceutical treatment strategies and side effects. Importantly, we highlight their potential to indirectly regulate ADAMTS aggrecanase activity through their targeting of inflammatory mediators, thus providing insight into a mechanism by which they might inhibit cartilage destruction to slow or halt radiographic progression of the disease. We also contrast these with anecdotal or experimental administration of statins that could equally regulate ADAMTS aggrecanase activity and are available to arthritis sufferers worldwide. Finally, we review the current literature regarding the development of synthetic inhibitors directed toward the aggrecanases ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5, a strategy that might directly inhibit cartilage destruction and restore joint function in both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
Expansion of regulatory GITR+CD25low/-CD4+ T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Authors: Nocentini Giuseppe , Alunno Alessia , Petrillo Maria Grazia , Bistoni Onelia , Bartoloni Elena , Caterbi Sara , Ronchetti Simona , Migliorati Graziella , Riccardi Carlo , Gerli Roberto 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Introduction
CD4+CD25low/-GITR+ T lymphocytes expressing forkhead box protein P3 (FoxP3) and showing regulatory activity have been recently described in healthy donors. The objective of the study was to evaluate the proportion of CD4+CD25low/-GITR+ T lymphocytes within CD4+ T cells and compare their phenotypic and functional profile with that of CD4+CD25highGITR- T lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.

Methods
The percentage of CD4+CD25low/-GITR+ cells circulating in the peripheral blood (PB) of 32 patients with SLE and 25 healthy controls was evaluated with flow cytometry. CD4+CD25low/-GITR+ cells were isolated with magnetic separation, and their phenotype was compared with that of CD4+CD25highGITR- cells. Regulatory activity of both cell subsets was tested in autologous and heterologous co-cultures after purification through a negative sorting strategy.

Results
Results indicated that CD4+CD25low/-GITR+ cells are expanded in the PB of 50% of SLE patients. Expansion was observed only in patients with inactive disease. Phenotypic analysis demonstrated that CD4+CD25low/-GITR+ cells display regulatory T-cell (Treg) markers, including FoxP3, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and interleukin (IL)-10. In contrast, CD4+CD25highGITR- cells appear to be activated and express low levels of Treg markers. Functional experiments demonstrated that CD4+CD25low/-GITR+ cells exert a higher inhibitory activity against both autologous and heterologous cells as compared with CD4+CD25highGITR- cells. Suppression is independent of cell contact and is mediated by IL-10 and TGF-β.

Conclusions
Phenotypic and functional data demonstrate that in SLE patients, CD4+CD25low/-GITR+ cells are fully active Treg cells, possibly representing peripheral Treg (pTreg) that are expanded in patients with inactive disease. These data may suggest a key role of this T-cell subset in the modulation of the abnormal immune response in SLE. Strategies aimed at expanding this Treg subset for therapeutic purpose deserve to be investigated.
General decay rate estimates for a semilinear parabolic equation with memory term and mixed boundary condition
Authors: Li Changjun , Qiu Liru , Fang Zhong Bo 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This work is concerned with a mixed boundary value problem for a semilinear parabolic equation with a memory term. Under suitable conditions, we prove that the energy functional decays to zero as the time tends to infinity by the method of perturbation energy, in which the usual exponential and polynomial decay results are only special cases.