bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and attitude of Saudi teachers of students with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder towards traumatic dental injuries
Authors: Pani Sharat Chandra , Hillis Hannan , Chaballout Tasneem , Al Enazi Wedad , AlAttar Youmna , Aboramadan Mona 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackground and AimAttention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood mental disorders that manifest with difficulties in staying focused and hyperactivity. Such children have been reported to have a higher incidence of traumatic dental injuries. The aim of this article was to study the knowledge and attitude of Saudi teachers of children with ADHD towards the management of traumatic dental injuries and compare them to their counterparts in mainstream schools.Material and MethodsA four‐part structured Arabic questionnaire was administered to 281 teachers of children with ADHD and 384 teachers in mainstream schools. The questionnaire recorded the demographic data, type of children taught, experience of the teacher in dealing with traumatic dental injuries, the teachers' perceived importance of managing traumatic dental injuries and their knowledge of emergency management of these injuries. The difference in knowledge and attitude between teachers of mainstream schools and schools for children with ADHD was assessed.Results and ConclusionsThe results of the study indicate that teachers of children with ADHD have a greater experience of witnessing traumatic dental injuries and place significantly more importance towards the management of these injuries than their counterparts in mainstream schools. The influence of demographic variables on knowledge seen in teachers from mainstream schools is absent in those teaching children with ADHD.
Responsiveness of cytogenetically discrete human myeloma cell lines to lenalidomide: lack of correlation with cereblon and interferon regulatory factor 4 expression levels
Authors: Greenberg Alexandra J. , Walters Denise K. , Kumar Shaji K. , Vincent Rajkumar S. , Jelinek Diane F. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe introduction of novel immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) has dramatically improved the survival of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). While it has been shown that patients with specific cytogenetic subtypes, namely t(4;14), have the best outcomes when treated with bortezomib‐based regimens, the relationship between cytogenetic subtypes and response to IMiDs remains unclear. Using DNA synthesis assays, we investigated the relationship between cytogenetic subtype and lenalidomide response in a representative panel of human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs). We examined HMCL protein expression levels of the lenalidomide target cereblon (CRBN) and its downstream target interferon regulatory factor‐4 (IRF4), which have previously been shown to be predictive of lenalidomide response in HMCLs. Our results reveal that lenalidomide response did not correlate with specific cytogenetic translocations. There were distinct groups of lenalidomide‐responsive and non‐responsive HMCLs, as defined by inhibition of cellular proliferation; notably, all of the hyperdiploid HMCLs fell into the latter category. Repeated dosing of lenalidomide significantly lowered the IC50 of the responsive HMCL ALMC‐1 (IC50 = 2.6 μm vs. 0.005 μm, P < 0.0001), but did not have an effect on the IC50 of the non‐responsive DP‐6 HMCL (P > 0.05). Moreover, no association was found between lenalidomide responsiveness and CRBN and IRF4 expression. Our data indicate that lenalidomide sensitivity is independent of cytogenetic subtype in HMCLs. While CRBN and IRF4 have been shown to be associated with response to lenalidomide in patients, these findings do not translate back to HMCLs, which could be attributable to factors present in the bone marrow microenvironment.
Biochar–root interactions are mediated by biochar nutrient content and impacts on soil nutrient availability
Authors: Prendergast‐Miller M. T. , Duvall M. , Sohi S. P. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryRoots are the first point of contact between biochar particles and growing plants, yet detailed studies of biochar–root interactions are few. Biochar may affect root growth, and therefore plant performance, through two mechanisms: (i) as a direct nutrient source and (ii) through impacts on nutrient availability. To test the hypothesis that biochar–root interactions occur and are determined by biochar nutrient supply and impacts on soil nutrients, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was grown with and without biochar addition in rhizobox mesocosms. Biochar from unaltered and artificially weathered Miscanthus or willow (Salix sp) biochar types was used and was manipulated to alter its structure and nutrient content. After 28 days of plant growth, biochar nutrient content, soil nutrient content and the amount of biochar were measured in the bulk soil, the rhizosphere and the rhizosheath. Plants in biochar‐amended soils had larger rhizosphere zones than the control treatment. The rhizosphere contained more biochar particles than the bulk soil, an indication that roots preferred soil containing biochar particles. Biochar particles retained soil nitrogen (N) in the form of nitrate, and also supplied phosphorus (P) to the soil and plant. Miscanthus biochar had a larger extractable P content than the Salix biochar, with different effects on plant growth and root responses. Although artificial physical weathering had no effect on overall plant growth, weathering effects on N retention and P content were dependent on biochar type. Our results indicate that roots are attracted towards biochar, resulting in its partitioning between bulk and rhizosphere soil. Biochar thus controls plant root nutrient acquisition directly as a nutrient source and indirectly by altering soil nutrient content.
Impact of biochar addition on water retention, nitrification and carbon dioxide evolution from two sandy loam soils
Authors: Ulyett J. , Sakrabani R. , Kibblewhite M. , Hann M. 
Published: September 2013

SummarySome intensive agricultural practices result in soil degradation through loss of soil organic matter. Organic farming may mitigate this problem, if managed properly, but may result in a yield penalty compared with conventional systems. Biochar addition to soil could influence both agricultural systems, but previous studies are not definitive about its impact on soil processes. Sandy soils are more susceptible to the effects of reduced soil organic matter on soil hydrology and nutrient dynamics. Nitrogen (N) is important for crop growth and soil water content can influence its transformation and cycling. This study explored the effect of biochar amendment on soil water retention and nitrification processes in soils under organic and conventional management. Carbon dioxide evolution was used as an indicator of related microbial activity. A water release curve study and a 60‐day incubation experiment were set up to consider the effect of biochar application on organically and conventionally managed sandy loam soils. The results showed that addition of biochar increased water retention for both soils and this is attributed to its porous structure. On incubation of an organically managed soil, with green‐waste compost, initial ammonium level was small, reflecting microbial demand for N. The large cation exchange capacity of the organically managed soil retained ammonium, reducing availability for nitrification. Carbon dioxide evolution increased with continuing small contents of ammonium and nitrate when biochar was added to the organically managed soil. Biochar enhanced nitrification without increased respiration during incubation of a conventionally managed soil with added mineral N; a possible explanation for this enhancement is the increase in pH resulting from the biochar addition.
Debates: The Aggressive Spillover Hypothesis: Existing Ailments and Putative Remedies
Authors: Pruitt Jonathan N. , Keiser Carl N. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe aggressive spillover hypothesis posits that precopulatory sexual cannibalism could evolve as a byproduct of directional selection on aggressiveness in a foraging context. In this debates piece we consider the critique of Kralj‐Fišer and collaborators on the existing evidence in favor of the aggressive spillover hypothesis. Like Kralj‐Fišer et al., we are of the opinion that the evidence in favor of the aggressive spillover hypothesis is still fairly weak. Despite this fact, the hypothesis remains one of the most widely celebrated examples of how behavioral syndromes can generate adaptive trade‐offs. We describe herein several opportunities to build upon the existing data in favor of the aggressive spillover hypothesis and more critically evaluate its assumptions and predictions.
Debates: Challenging a Recent Challenge to the Aggressive Spillover Hypothesis
Authors: Johnson James Chadwick 
Published: September 2013

AbstractKralj‐Fiser et al. recently reviewed the lack of evidence in favor of the aggressive spillover hypothesis, an animal personality/behavioral syndrome explanation for pre‐copulatory sexual cannibalism. In doing so, they evaluated past tests of the hypothesis, set forth their ideas for criteria that need to be met to accept the spillover hypothesis, and conclude that the hypothesis is not generally supported. Here, I comment on several aspects of their position. In doing so, I identify areas in which we differ and point out several strengths of past tests of the spillover hypothesis. In particular, I suggest that researchers testing the spillover hypothesis have done an excellent job of studying sexual cannibalism in the broader context of a movement within behavioral ecology to understand where an animal's behavior falls along a continuum of plasticity.
Computed tomographic features of apical infection of equine maxillary cheek teeth: A retrospective study of 49 horses
Authors: Bühler M. , Fürst A. , Lewis F. I. , Kummer M. , Ohlerth S. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studyComputed tomographic (CT) studies evaluating the relevance of individual CT features of apical infection in maxillary cheek teeth are lacking.ObjectivesTo study the prevalence and relationship of single CT features in horses with and without clinical evidence of apical infection in maxillary cheek teeth.Study designRetrospective case–control study.MethodsMultislice CT scans of the head of 49 horses were evaluated retrospectively. Changes of the infundibulum, pulp, root, lamina dura, periodontal space and alveolar bone in maxillary cheek teeth were recorded.ResultsSingle CT changes were much more prevalent in the 28 horses with clinical signs. However, infundibular changes and a nondetectable lamina dura were also common in the 21 horses without clinical evidence of apical infection. Computed tomographic abnormalities of the pulp, root, periapical bone and periodontal space and the presence of a tooth fracture were significantly related. Infundibular changes were not associated with other CT signs of apical infection. Although nondetectable lamina dura was the most frequent CT change in all teeth in both studied groups, it was most commonly a solitary feature in otherwise normal teeth. Apical infections, defined as ≥3 CT changes, occurred mainly in the 108/208, 109/209 and 110/210 (Triadan numbers) and were found only in horses with clinical evidence of apical infection, except in one horse without clinical signs that had one affected root.ConclusionsCombined CT changes of the pulp, root, lamina dura, periapical bone and periodontal space and the presence of a tooth fracture appear to be reliable features to diagnose apical infection in maxillary cheek teeth. As a solitary feature, a nondetectable lamina dura should be interpreted cautiously and may even be considered normal due to its minor thickness and/or too low resolution of the imaging modality.
ATP binding to human serine racemase is cooperative and modulated by glycine
Authors: Marchetti Marialaura , Bruno Stefano , Campanini Barbara , Peracchi Alessio , Mai Nicole , Mozzarelli Andrea 
Published: September 2013

The N‐methyl d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a key role in excitatory neurotransmission, and control learning, memory and synaptic plasticity. Their activity is modulated by the agonist glutamate and by the co‐agonists d‐serine and glycine. In the human brain, d‐serine is synthesized from l‐serine by the dimeric pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate‐dependent enzyme serine racemase, which also degrades l‐ and d‐serine to pyruvate and ammonia. The dependence of l‐ and d‐serine β‐elimination and l‐serine racemization activities on ATP concentration was characterized, and was found to be strongly cooperative, with Hill coefficients close to 2 and apparent ATP dissociation constants ranging from 0.22 to 0.41 mm. ATP binding to the holo‐enzyme, monitored by the fluorescence changes of the coenzyme, was also determined to be cooperative, with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.24 mm. Glycine, an active‐site ligand, increased the serine racemase affinity for ATP by ~ 22‐fold, abolishing cooperativity. Conversely, ATP increased the non‐cooperative glycine binding15‐fold. These results indicate cross‐talk between allosteric and active sites, leading to the stabilization of two alternative protein conformations with ATP affinities of ~ 10 μM and 1.8 mm, as evaluated within the Monod, Wyman and Changeux model. Therefore, intracellular ATP and glycine control d‐serine homeostasis, and, indirectly, NMDA receptor activity. Because hyper‐ and hypo‐activation of NMDA receptors are associated with neuropathologies, the development of allosteric drugs modulating serine racemase activity is a promising therapeutic strategy.
Placing Food Systems in First World Political Ecology: A Review and Research Agenda
Authors: Galt Ryan E. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn this paper, I review recent political ecological scholarship on first world agrifood systems and advocate for further development of the field. To do so, I first briefly examine the themes of first world political ecology and argue that food systems is an underdeveloped topic in first world political ecology relative to other themes because of the existence of agrarian political economy, a strongly allied field. This requires interrogating and teasing apart the relationship between political ecology and agrarian political economy. I then turn to review the current “political ecology of first world food systems” literature, which is both in line with established political ecological contours — examining global–local connections, conservation and degradation, and the utility of ecological metrics — but also recently extending analysis to alternative food networks and to the body–consumption nexus. In the conclusion, I outline an agenda for political ecological research praxis focused on increased interdisciplinary work with biophysical and technical scientists; the spatial, social, economic margins; the “invisible middle” of the food industry and the “end” of the food system in human waste and the necessity of mending the metabolic rift; and the need for increased societal engagement by political ecologists.
Oral varix: a review
Authors: Lazos Jerónimo P. , Piemonte Eduardo D. , Panico René L. 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundAgeing produces several changes on the oral cavity, and oral varix (OV) is among the most common, and they are related with some medical diseases; however, this association is not clear.ObjectiveThe aim of this article is to offer a review of OV, regarding aetiology, clinical and histological features, associated factors, treatment and its clinical significance.ConclusionExcept for a higher incidence of OV in elder individuals, there is limited evidence that supports its relationship with medical conditions such us cardiovascular diseases or portal hypertension. Also, there is no consensus regarding its pathogenesis, but the hemodynamic theory embodies the most comprehensive approach. The high prevalence in elderly people stresses the need for regular oral examination, but more detailed studies regarding OV in relation to systemic diseases are needed.
Improving forensic mental health care for Aboriginal Australians: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Durey Angela , Wynaden Dianne , Barr Lesley , Ali Mohammed 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMental illnesses constitute a major burden of disease in Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders (hereafter Aboriginal Australians), who are also overrepresented in the prison system. A legacy of colonization compounds such prevalence, and is further exacerbated by the persistence of racial discrimination and insensitivity across many sectors, including health. This research completed in a Western Australian forensic mental health setting identifies non‐Aboriginal health professionals' support needs to deliver high‐quality, culturally‐safe care to Aboriginal patients. Data were collected from health professionals using an online survey and 10 semistructured interviews. Survey and interview results found that ongoing education was needed for staff to provide culturally‐safe care, where Aboriginal knowledge, beliefs, and values were respected. The findings also support previous research linking Aboriginal health providers to improved health outcomes for Aboriginal patients. In a colonized country, such as Australia, education programmes that critically reflect on power relations privileging white Anglo‐Australian cultural dominance and subjugating Aboriginal knowledge, beliefs, and values are important to identify factors promoting or compromising the care of Aboriginal patients and developing a deeper understanding of ‘cultural safety’ and its clinical application. Organizational commitment is needed to translate the findings to support non‐Aboriginal health professionals deliver high‐quality care to Aboriginal patients that is respectful of cultural differences.
The experiences of palliative care health service provision for people with non‐malignant respiratory disease and their caregivers: an all‐Ireland study
Authors: Mc Veigh Clare , Reid Joanne , Hudson Peter , Larkin Philip , Porter Sam , Marley Ann Marie 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAimTo explore the perception of palliative care provision for people with non‐malignant respiratory disease from the perspective of bereaved caregivers.BackgroundIt is recognized that the majority of patients diagnosed with a malignant disease will have access to palliative care provision. However, it is less clear if the same standards of palliative care are available to those with non‐malignant respiratory disease in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.DesignA qualitative study based on broad interpretivism.MethodsThis research is a PhD study funded by the Department of Education and Learning in Northern Ireland (awarded February 2011). Data collection will consist of two stages; interviews with 20 bereaved caregivers of people who have died 3–18 months previously with a diagnosis of non‐malignant respiratory disease and four focus groups with healthcare professionals involved in the care of this client group. This study will be carried out at four healthcare sites across the Island of Ireland. The data will be analysed using thematic content analysis. Research Ethics committee approval was obtained (March 2012).DiscussionThis research will explore the experiences of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Interstitial Lung Disease and Bronchiectasis and their caregivers from the perspective of the bereaved caregiver. The outcomes of this study will provide a critical first step in the development of more responsive palliative care for this client group and have important implications for future practice and policy in the palliative care provided to this client group.
Development and Application of the 2010 Chesapeake Bay Watershed Total Maximum Daily Load Model
Authors: Shenk Gary W. , Linker Lewis C. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe Phase 5.3 Watershed Model simulates the Chesapeake watershed land use, river flows, and the associated transport and fate of nutrient and sediment loads to the Chesapeake Bay. The Phase 5.3 Model is the most recent of a series of increasingly refined versions of a model that have been operational for more than two decades. The Phase 5.3 Model, in conjunction with models of the Chesapeake airshed and estuary, provides estimates of management actions needed to protect water quality, achieve Chesapeake water quality standards, and restore living resources. The Phase 5.3 Watershed Model tracks nutrient and sediment load estimates of the entire 166,000 km2 watershed, including loads from all six watershed states. The creation of software systems, input datasets, and calibration methods were important aspects of the model development process. A community model approach was taken with model development and application, and the model was developed by a broad coalition of model practitioners including environmental engineers, scientists, and environmental managers. Among the users of the Phase 5.3 Model are the Chesapeake watershed states and local governments, consultants, river basin commissions, and universities. Development and application of the model are described, as well as key scenarios ranging from high nutrient and sediment load conditions if no management actions were taken in the watershed, to low load estimates of an all‐forested condition.
Predictive factors of durability to sitagliptin: Slower reduction of glycated hemoglobin, older age and higher baseline glycated hemoglobin
Authors: Chung Hye Soo , Suh Sunghwan , Kim Mi Yeon , Kim Soo Kyoung , Kim Hee Kyung , Lee Ji In , Hur Kyu Yeon , Kim Jae Hyeon , Min Yong‐ki , Lee Myung‐shik , Kim Kwang‐Won , Kim Sun Wook , Chung Jae Hoon , Lee Moon‐Kyu 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe goal of the present study was to evaluate predictive factors for good efficacy and durability to sitagliptin with ongoing metformin or metformin plus glimepiride therapy in a real practice situation. The present observational study was carried out over a 60‐week period and involved Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Materials and MethodsA total of 100 mg of sitagliptin were added once daily to the two most popular therapy regimens (group 1: metformin, group 2: metformin plus glimepiride). Before adding sitagliptin, mean initial glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were 7.8% (62 mmol/mol) and mean diabetes duration was 8.3 years.ResultsAfter 60 weeks, the mean change in HbA1c from baseline was −0.9% (−10 mmol/mol) in group 1 and −1.0% (−11 mmol/mol) in group 2. Decreased HbA1c levels were significantly associated with higher initial HbA1c and lower log‐transformed C‐peptide levels in a multivariate regression analysis. Logistic regression analysis showed that a sustained reduction in HbA1c levels after 12 weeks was significantly associated with older age (≥60 years), higher baseline HbA1c (group 1 ≥ 7.0% [53 mmol/mol], group 2 ≥ 7.5% [58 mmol/mol]) and slower reduction of HbA1c (ΔHbA1c <1.0% [11 mmol/mol]) in group 1 and group 2. In group 2, a higher ratio of reduction of postprandial glucose/reduction of fasting plasma glucose (ΔPPG/ΔFPG) during 12 weeks was also associated with a sustained reduction in HbA1c levels after 12 weeks.ConclusionsThe effects of sitagliptin lasted more than 12 weeks in older patients with a higher baseline HbA1c, and slower reduction of HbA1c during 12 weeks.