bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Universal and culture-specific effects of display-control compatibility
Authors: PROCTOR ROBERT W. , VU KIM-PHUONG L. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Research on compatibility of displays and controls has been a staple of basic and applied experimental psychology since the work by Paul Fitts and colleagues in the 1950s. Compatibility is often defined in terms of natural response tendencies, and many behavioral studies have been conducted examining various determinants of compatibility effects. Some compatibility phenomena are universal because of constant properties of the physical environments in which people live. Others, often called population stereotypes (Loveless, 1962), are specific to particular cultural groups due to experience with unique display-control relations. Determining which compatibility phenomena are universal and which are limited to certain populations is necessary for knowing how widely various compatibility principles can be expected to hold for performance. In this article we examine the universal and cultural aspects of display-control compatibility with an emphasis on implications for understanding human performance in general and for applying the knowledge to design of interfaces that will be maximally compatible with the characteristics of the intended users
Evidence of mnemonic ability selectively affecting truthful and deceptive response dynamics
Authors: FARROW TOM F. D. , HOPWOOD MARIE-CLARE , PARKS RANDOLPH W. , HUNTER MICHAEL D. , SPENCE SEAN A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In the executive model of deception, the telling of a lie necessitates the inhibition of a veridical prepotent response (the truth), and such inhibition incurs a temporal penalty, manifest as a longer response time. If memory processes are engaged in generating such truths, then memory function should affect truthful and deceptive response times. To investigate this we examined the relationship between performance on a semantic knowledge deception task and a test of verbal memory in 40 college students. We found that verbal memory performance differentially affects the temporal parameters of truth and deception.
The effect of number of options on choices involving delayed causation
Authors: NGUYEN NAM , YOUNG MICHAEL E. , COLE JAMES J. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A video game was adapted to investigate the effect of the number of alternatives on causal judgment in a complex environment involving targets with delayed outcomes. Participants were presented with groups of potential targets. Each target (the candidate cause) fired at random relative to the others, with one target in each group causing a delayed explosion (the effect). The participants were tasked with discriminating which of the potential targets was producing the effect. Experiment 1 revealed a main effect of delay on discriminability but no effect of the number of alternatives. However, latencies did increase as the number of alternatives increased, suggesting that discriminability was maintained by compensating with longer observation times. But, a similar increase in latency for longer delays did not offset the detrimental impact of an increase in cause—effect delay. Experiment 2 replicated the outcome under conditions in which participants were always required to observe for 16 s before making a decision; under the most difficult conditions, however, the limited viewing time started to reveal an effect of the number of alternatives on the participants’ ability to discriminate a true cause from foils. Evidence suggests that participants’ decisions were determined primarily by differences in the number of cause-effect contiguities experienced for the true cause versus the foils.
Short-Term Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Learmonth Yvonne C. , Paul Lorna , McFadyen Angus K. , Marshall-McKenna Rebecca , Mattison Paul , Miller Linda , McFarlane Niall G. 
Published: April 2014

Background: This pilot study was conducted to determine whether a 15-minute bout of moderate-intensity aerobic cycling exercise would affect symptoms (pain and fatigue) and function (Timed 25-Foot Walk test [T25FW] and Timed Up and Go test [TUG]) in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) or chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and to compare these results with those of a healthy control group.
Methods: Eight people with MS (Expanded Disability Status Scale score 5–6; Karnofsky score 50–80), eight people with CFS (Karnofsky score 50–80), and eight healthy volunteers participated in the study. Pain and fatigue levels and results of the T25FW and TUG were established at baseline as well as at 30 minutes, 2 hours, and 24 hours following a 15-minute stationary cycling aerobic exercise test. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and covariance (ANCOVA) were used to analyze the findings over time.
Results: At baseline there were statistically significant differences between groups in fatigue (P = .039), T25FW (P = .034), and TUG (P = .010). A significant group/time interaction emerged for fatigue levels (P= .005). We found no significant group/time interaction for pain levels or function.
Conclusions: Undertaking 15 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic cycling exercise had no significant adverse effects on pain or function in people with MS and CFS (with a Karnofsky score of 50–80) within a 24-hour time period. These initial results suggest that people with MS or CFS may undertake 15 minutes of cycling as moderate aerobic exercise with no expected negative impact on pain or function.
Validation of Mood Measures for People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Watson Tessa M. , Ford Emma , Worthington Esme , Lincoln Nadina B. 
Published: April 2014

Background: Valid assessments are needed in order to identify anxiety and depression in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective of this study was to assess the validity of questionnaire measures of mood in people with MS.
Methods: People with MS were recruited from a clinic database and asked to complete and return a questionnaire containing the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI-II), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Those who returned the questionnaire were invited to complete a structured clinical interview, which was blind to the results of the questionnaire.
Results: The BDI-II and HADS were both found to be valid measures to detect depression and anxiety in people with MS. An optimum cutoff score of 23 for the BDI-II yielded high sensitivity (85%) and high specificity (76%). An optimum cutoff score of 11 for the HADS demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for both the Anxiety subscale (sensitivity 90%, specificity 92%) and the Depression subscale (sensitivity 77%, specificity 81%). The BAI had high sensitivity (80%) but poor specificity (46%) for detecting anxiety.
Conclusion: The BDI-II and HADS can be used to identify mood disorders in people with MS.
The Multiple Sclerosis Self-Management Scale
Authors: Ghahari Setareh , Khoshbin Lana S. , Forwell Susan J. 
Published: April 2014

Background: The Multiple Sclerosis Self-Management Scale (MSSM) is currently the only measure that was developed specifically to address self-management among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). While good internal consistency (α = 0.85) and construct validity have been demonstrated, other psychometric properties have not been established. This study was undertaken to evaluate the criterion validity, test-retest reliability, and face validity of the MSSM.
Methods: Thirty-one individuals with MS who met the inclusion criteria were recruited to complete a series of questionnaires at two time points. At Time 1, participants completed the MSSM and two generic self-management tools—the Partners in Health (PIH-12) and the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ)—as well as a short questionnaire to capture participants' opinions about the MSSM. At Time 2, approximately 2 weeks after Time 1, participants completed the MSSM again.
Results: The available MSSM factors showed moderate to high correlations with both PIH-12 and heiQ and were deemed to have satisfactory test-retest reliability. Face validity pointed to areas of the MSSM that need to be revised in future work. As indicated by the participants, some dimensions of MS self-management are missing in the MSSM and some items such as medication are redundant.
Conclusions: This study provides evidence for the reliability and validity of the MSSM; however, further changes are required for both researchers and clinicians to use the tool meaningfully in practice.
Value, Challenges, and Satisfaction of Certification for Multiple Sclerosis Specialists
Authors: Gulick Elsie E. , Halper June 
Published: April 2014

Background: Specialist certification among interdisciplinary multiple sclerosis (MS) team members provides formal recognition of a specialized body of knowledge felt to be necessary to provide optimal care to individuals and families living with MS. Multiple sclerosis specialist certification (MS Certified Specialist, or MSCS) first became available in 2004 for MS interdisciplinary team members, but prior to the present study had not been evaluated for its perceived value, challenges, and satisfaction.
Methods: A sample consisting of 67 currently certified MS specialists and 20 lapsed-certification MS specialists completed the following instruments: Perceived Value of Certification Tool (PVCT), Perceived Challenges and Barriers to Certification Scale (PCBCS), Overall Satisfaction with Certification Scale, and a demographic data form.
Results: Satisfactory reliability was shown for the total scale and four factored subscales of the PVCT and for two of the three factored PCBCS subscales. Currently certified MS specialists perceived significantly greater value and satisfaction than lapsed-certification MS specialists in terms of employer and peer recognition, validation of MS knowledge, and empowering MS patients. Lapsed-certification MS specialists reported increased confidence and caring for MS patients using evidence-based practice. Both currently certified and lapsed-certification groups reported dissatisfaction with MSCS recognition and pay/salary rewards.
Conclusions: The results of this study can be used in efforts to encourage initial certification and recertification of interdisciplinary MS team members.
Correlation of core field polarity of magnetotail flux ropes with the IMF By: Reconnection guide field dependency
Authors: Teh W.‐L. , Nakamura R. , Karimabadi H. , Baumjohann W. , Zhang T. L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe relationship between the core field and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By has been addressed by spacecraft observations in the magnetotail, but it is not yet fully clear since observations by Slavin et al. (2003) and Borg et al. (2012) show controversial results. In this study, we examine 13 flux ropes from the Cluster observations to show for the first time that the correlation between the core field Bcore and the IMF By depends on the guide field Bg. For large guide fields (> 20% of the reconnecting field), we show that the Bcore is found to correlate with the IMF By. However, for weak guide fields (< 10% of the reconnecting field) we show that the core fields have either a positive or negative polarity, irrespective of the IMF By. This result indicates that for weak guide field reconnection the core field generation of the magnetotail flux rope is not governed by the external IMF By. We can explain the previous controversy in terms of the guide field dependency. We also confirm earlier suggestions that for weak guide field reconnection the flux ropes can have a significant core field whose polarity agrees with the ambient quadrupole Hall field. In addition, the Grad‐Shafranov reconstruction results suggest that the axis of the flux rope may have been kinked. Our findings are crucial and can help advance theoretical simulations of the core field generation for weak guide reconnection. Discussions of the possible core field generation for weak guide field will be given in terms of 3‐D reconnection.
Corotating interaction regions and the 27 day variation of galactic cosmic rays intensity at 1 AU during the cycle 23/24 solar minimum
Authors: Guo X. , Florinski V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe investigate the formation and evolution of corotating interaction regions (CIRs) in the solar wind and their effects on galactic cosmic rays (GCR) during the recent solar cycle 23/24 solar minimum. The output from a three‐dimensional MHD model serves as background for kinetic time‐dependent simulations of GCR transport based on the Parker equation. The results show that the CIR forward/reverse shock pairs or compression/rarefaction regions play important roles in the transport of GCR particles and directly control the observed 27 day periodic intensity variations. We find that stream interfaces (SIs) in CIRs and the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) are both closely associated with the GCR depression onset, in agreement with the observations at 1 AU. The HCS is more important when its tilt angle becomes small during the declining phase of the solar minimum, while the passages of SIs control the onset of GCR depressions for larger HCS tilt angles. The mechanism of GCR intensity variation near 1 AU can be explained through an interplay between the effects of particle drift and diffusion. The simulated plasma background and GCR intensity are compared with the observations from spacecraft and a neutron monitor on the ground, to find good qualitative agreement. Evidently, CIRs had a substantial modulational effect on GCR during the recent solar minimum.
Biological modulation of upper ocean physics: Simulating the biothermal feedback effect in Monterey Bay, California
Authors: Jolliff Jason K. , Smith Travis A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMarine phytoplankton and associated organic materials absorb a substantial quantity of solar shortwave energy penetrating the upper ocean. Most of this absorbed energy is lost as heat and thereby contributes to the warming of near‐surface waters. Here we examine this biothermal feedback effect on upper ocean physics and air‐sea energy exchange using a fully integrated ocean‐atmosphere‐biological modeling system. Our model simulations show that a local phytoplankton bloom may impact upper ocean physics in such a way as to promote the spatiotemporal persistence of the bloom itself within a semi‐enclosed coastal embayment. This is accomplished primarily via enhanced thermal stratification that promotes vertical stability and more efficient utilization of macronutrients. Modulations of wind stress patterns due to perturbations in the local surface pressure gradients also arise as a result of the simulated biothermal warming of surface waters. The model evidence suggests that the observed persistence of phytoplankton blooms in the northern Monterey Bay, California, may be enhanced by similar synergistic interactions between ocean biology and physics.
Exploring Uranus
Authors: Hofstadter Mark , Lamy Laurent 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIce giant planets such as Uranus have become a hot topic in the planetary and exoplanetary communities. This interest is driven by several factors, including the realization that these planets are fundamentally different from terrestrial and gas giant planets, the fact that they challenge current understanding of solar system formation and planetary evolution, and the new discovery that ice giants are abundant in our galaxy.
Osteogenesis imperfecta: Clinical diagnosis, nomenclature and severity assessment
Authors: Van Dijk F.S. , Sillence D.O. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRecently, the genetic heterogeneity in osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), proposed in 1979 by Sillence et al., has been confirmed with molecular genetic studies. At present, 17 genetic causes of OI and closely related disorders have been identified and it is expected that more will follow. Unlike most reviews that have been published in the last decade on the genetic causes and biochemical processes leading to OI, this review focuses on the clinical classification of OI and elaborates on the newly proposed OI classification from 2010, which returned to a descriptive and numerical grouping of five OI syndromic groups. The new OI nomenclature and the pre‐and postnatal severity assessment introduced in this review, emphasize the importance of phenotyping in order to diagnose, classify, and assess severity of OI. This will provide patients and their families with insight into the probable course of the disorder and it will allow physicians to evaluate the effect of therapy. A careful clinical description in combination with knowledge of the specific molecular genetic cause is the starting point for development and assessment of therapy in patients with heritable disorders including OI. © 2014 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
A Practical Synthesis of Chiral Oxazolines through a Highly Diastereoselective Coupling–Cyclization Reaction of N‐(Buta‐2,3‐dienyl)amides and Aryl Iodides
Authors: Wang Nan , Chen Bo , Ma Shengming 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA highly trans diastereoselective synthesis of 2,4,5‐trisubstituted oxazoline derivatives is described that proceeds through a palladium‐catalyzed coupling–cyclization reaction of N‐(buta‐2,3‐dienyl)amides with aromatic iodides. The reaction with optically active substrates provides convenient access to highly enantioenriched oxazoline derivatives with excellent 1,2‐induction.
C‐H‐Funktionalisierung über intramolekularen Hydridtransfer
Authors: Haibach Michael C. , Seidel Daniel 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSeit über 100 Jahren sind Reaktionen bekannt, die intramolekulare Hydridtransfers umfassen. Weil solche Prozesse attraktive Möglichkeiten zur C‐H‐Funktionalisierung eröffnen, rücken sie in jüngster Zeit wieder in den Fokus. Diese komplexitätserhöhenden Umwandlungen sind redoxneutral und dadurch ideal für die Entwicklung nachhaltiger Verfahren. Dieser Aufsatz stellt historische Beiträge vor und fasst aktuelle Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet zusammen.
Mechanically Modulating the Photophysical Properties of Fluorescent Protein Biocomposites for Ratio‐ and Intensiometric Sensors
Authors: Brantley Johnathan N. , Bailey Constance B. , Cannon Joe R. , Clark Katie A. , Vanden Bout David A. , Brodbelt Jennifer S. , Keatinge‐Clay Adrian T. , Bielawski Christopher W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMechanically sensitive biocomposites comprised of fluorescent proteins report stress through distinct pathways. Whereas a composite containing an enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) exhibited hypsochromic shifts in its fluorescence emission maxima following compression, a composite containing a modified green fluorescent protein (GFPuv) exhibited fluorescence quenching under the action of mechanical force. These ratio‐ and intensiometric sensors demonstrate that insights garnered from disparate fields (that is, polymer mechanochemistry and biophysics) can be harnessed to guide the rational design of new classes of biomechanophore‐containing materials.
Desymmetrization of Diolefinic Diols by Enantioselective Amino‐thiocarbamate‐Catalyzed Bromoetherification: Synthesis of Chiral Spirocycles
Authors: Tay Daniel Weiliang , Leung Gulice Y. C. , Yeung Ying‐Yeung 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA facile, efficient, and highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective bromoetherification of diolefinic diols has been developed using an amino‐thiocarbamate catalyst. Further manipulations of the bromoether products enabled entry into a new class of spirocycles which are distinctively lacking in the literature.
Zwillingsrekombination als Photostabilisierungsmechanismus für Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe
Authors: Holzmeister Phil , Gietl Andreas , Tinnefeld Philip 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEntgegen der üblichen Annahme aufgrund von Photozerstörungswegen durch höher angeregte Zustände zeigen wir, dass eine weitere Verbesserung der Photostabilität mit diffusionsbasierten Photostabilisierungsstrategieren möglich ist. Einzelmolekül‐Fluoreszenzspektroskopie offenbart, dass Thiolationen effektiv Triplett‐Zustände durch photoinduzierten Elektronentransfer löschen. Dabei entsteht selten ein Radikalanion, sondern der Farbstoff kehrt durch einen nahezu instantan erfolgenden Elektronen‐Rücktransfer (Zwillingsrekombination) effizient in den Grundzustand zurück. Für gewöhnlich verwendete Reduktionmittel wie Ascorbinsäure oder Trolox wird hingegen keine Zwillingsrekombination beobachtet. Der Mechanismus vermeidet die Bildung von Radikalkationen und verbessert die Photostabilität von Fluorophoren. Wir zeigen, dass eine Kombination aus β‐Mercaptoethanol und klassischem reduzierenden und oxidierenden System für einige Farbstoffe die besten Resultate liefert.
A Shape‐Persistent Quadruply Interlocked Giant Cage Catenane with Two Distinct Pores in the Solid State
Authors: Zhang Gang , Presly Oliver , White Fraser , Oppel Iris M. , Mastalerz Michael 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDiscrete interlocked three‐dimensional structures are synthetic targets that are sometimes difficult to obtain with “classical” synthetic approaches, and dynamic covalent chemistry has been shown to be a useful method to form such interlocked structures as thermodynamically stable products. Although interlocked and defined hollow structures are found in nature, for example, in some viruses, similar structures have rarely been synthesized on a molecular level. Shape‐persistent interlocked organic cage compounds with dimensions in the nanometer regime are now accessible in high yields during crystallization through the formation of 96 covalent bonds. The interlocked molecules form an unprecedented porous material with intrinsic and extrinsic pores both in the micropore and mesopore regime.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization/SiC Activation Reaction for the Synthesis of Siloles
Authors: Zhang Qing‐Wei , An Kun , He Wei 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSiloles represent an important emerging class of photoluminescent materials. Reported herein is a new synthetic strategy involving a tandem cyclization/SiC activation reaction featuring high efficiency, wide substrate scope, and practical utility. This method enabled the first synthesis of benzofuran siloles as well as rapid access to conjugated siloles. During the course of the study we also uncovered an unusual yet general SiC(sp2) activation in the presence of π acids.
Molecular Engineering of Fracture Energy Dissipating Sacrificial Bonds Into Cellulose Nanocrystal Nanocomposites
Authors: McKee Jason R. , Huokuna Johannes , Martikainen Lahja , Karesoja Mikko , Nykänen Antti , Kontturi Eero , Tenhu Heikki , Ruokolainen Janne , Ikkala Olli 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEven though nanocomposites have provided a plethora of routes to increase stiffness and strength, achieving increased toughness with suppressed catastrophic crack growth has remained more challenging. Inspired by the concepts of mechanically excellent natural nanomaterials, one‐component nanocomposites were fabricated involving reinforcing colloidal nanorod cores with polymeric grafts containing supramolecular binding units. The concept is based on mechanically strong native cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) grafted with glassy polymethacrylate polymers, with side chains that contain 2‐ureido‐4[1H]‐pyrimidone (UPy) pendant groups. The interdigitation of the grafts and the ensuing UPy hydrogen bonds bind the nanocomposite network together. Under stress, UPy groups act as sacrificial bonds: simultaneously providing adhesion between the CNCs while allowing them to first orient and then gradually slide past each other, thus dissipating fracture energy. We propose that this architecture involving supramolecular binding units within side chains of polymer grafts attached to colloidal reinforcements opens generic approaches for tough nanocomposites.