bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radbruch on the Origins of the Criminal Law
Authors: Hildebrandt Mireille 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to Radbruch’s seminal text on “The Origin of Criminal Law in the Class of Serfs.” It contains a number of counter intuitive insights on the relationship between public punishment and private revenge, derived from the domains of legal history and anthropological research in non-state societies. Radbruch’s aim was not to provide a historiography of punitive interventions in tribal Germanic society, but to remind his readers of the constitutive importance of sovereignty for the emergence of criminal law. This relates to Radbruch’s concern for legal certainty, and explains his inquiries into the continuity and discontinuities between the pater familias of the Germanic clan and the institution of the sovereign. My own investigations could similarly be understood as a kind of “historical jurisprudence,” highlighting the significance of the mutation that occurred when punitive interventions between equals (private revenge) were prohibited and became themselves punishable as criminal offences.
Criminal Law as an Efficiency-Enhancing Device
Authors: Harel Alon 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
This chapter explores the contributions of Gary Becker to criminal law and points out its limitations. In Becker’s view, crime ought to be understood as a rational behavior on the part of criminals which is triggered by calculating costs and benefits. Criminal law is a method for crime control; it is a service provided by the government and its provision ought to be efficient. Efficiency dictates that criminal law and criminal law enforcement policy ought to minimize the social costs of crime. The chapter explores the intellectual development of the economic paradigm represented by Becker, presents his main claims, and, last, examines some of the critiques directed against it. The chapter concludes by identifying the reasons for the failure of the economic approach to criminal law to influence the doctrine of criminal law. It establishes that some of the economic premises conflict sharply with the traditional ethos of criminal law.
Nils Christie
Authors: Halvorsen Vidar 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Nils Christie’s modern classic, “Conflicts as Property,” is a foundational document for the restorative justice and “community empowerment” movements, both as a normative critique of expert power and as a sketch of alternatives to traditional criminal justice practices. Although Christie’s article has mainly been interpreted with a view to its ideological and practical implications for modern criminal justice systems, this chapter takes his critical remarks on criminology and its dubious consequences as an invitation to reflect on the philosophical preconditions of criminology as a social science, its relation to—and contested conception of—its object field, and the possible consequences of criminological research for criminal justice politics. Because a kind of radical anti-essentialism about the nature of crime might be said to lurk in the background of “Conflicts as Property,” the chapter situates Christie’s distinct position in contemporary debates about social constructionism.
Indefinites in the scope of negation
Authors: Breitbarth Anne 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis chapter studies the patterns of interaction between negation markers and indefinites, and diachronic changes affecting this interaction. The chapter demonstrates that Old Low German in particular represents a type of interaction that has hardly been noticed so far in the literature, viz. the fact that there can be languages such as Old Low German with a negative head, but without negative concord. Negative concord is shown to only develop during the Old Low German period. It is furthermore argued that ‘negative concord’ (i.e. the multiple expression of negation with single semantic negation) should only refer to standard negators. This implies that Middle Low German had no negative doubling. The present chapter statistically analyses the language-internal and language-external factors influencing (a) the variation in the use of n-marked indefinites in the Heliand and (b) the language-internal and language-external factors influencing the loss of ‘ne/en’ in Middle Low German.
Conclusion
Authors: Breitbarth Anne 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis chapter summarises the empirical and theoretical findings of the book and points out their wider significance. The main developments regarding the expression of negation in historical Low German are the grammaticalization of a new negator from a negative indefinite (niouuiht &gt; nicht) (Jespersen’s Cycle), the loss of the original negator ne/en (and its exaptation in exceptive clauses as a C-element), and the changing interaction between the expression of sentential negation and indefinites in its scope (negative concord). The wider significance of the book lies in it being the first large-scale diachronic study of the development of negation in historical Low German, both empirically and theoretically. On the theoretical level, a novel proposal was made to treat the development of negative markers in terms of third-factor principles. The grammaticalization stages of negative markers are characterized by different internal structure affecting their external syntax, combined with a Minimalist feature system.
Bronze Age Origins
Authors: Redmond Geoffrey , Hon Tze-ki 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The Yijing shares with the Hebrew Old Testament and the Indian Vedas the distinction of being one of the three oldest books in continuous use. The texts in the early portion consist of a variety of elements such as omens, doggerel verse, and prognostic phrases. The texts were selected by means of the hexagrams, the famous six-line diagrams, which also came to play a role in interpretation. The historical background regarding early Zhou civilization that is needed to understand the various textual elements is provided in this chapter. The events of the Shang-to-Zhou transition, though not directly referred to in the Western Zhou text, later became central to its interpretation. This chapter will also describe several examples of Yijing divination as recorded in the Zuozhuan, a history of the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BCE). These anecdotes are of great interest in giving instances of use and interpretation of the Changes in early China. In the Zuozhuan, we can see that onto the bare prognostications of the early Western Zhou text, moral significance has been superimposed, a process sometimes referred to as Confucianization.
Ancient Meanings Reconstructed
Authors: Redmond Geoffrey , Hon Tze-ki 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The extant Chinese commentaries on the Yijing are at least 500 years later than the original early Western Zhou layer. Thus the standard, or received, readings and interpretations were created long after the Zhouyi itself. Research beginning in China in the 1920s by Gu Jiegang and others in the Doubting Antiquity Movement proposed meanings for many of the words in the early Western Zhou layer that differed considerably from the received ones. Analogous to critical biblical scholarship, this “modernist” approach to the Yijing, also referred to as “context criticism,” was used to reconstruct the ancient meanings and provide fresh insights into Bronze Age thought. Some examples of meaning shifts include the opening phrase, yuan heng li zhen. In the received interpretation this was a list of virtues: “sublimity, success, fitness, perseverance” (English translations vary). But in the Western Zhou this was an invocation, meaning something like, “Begin the offering, it is beneficial to divine.” Another example, a particularly surprising one, is the term fu, traditionally generally translated as “trust” but originally meaning “captives.” In context, the captives are usually being held for human sacrifice. Critical philology thus has proposed a radically revised understanding of the ancient text. This, however, does not supplant the received interpretation because it was the latter that was influential in the Warring States and later.
Seasonal dynamics of megafauna on the deep West Antarctic Peninsula shelf in response to variable phytodetrital influx
Authors: Sumida P. Y. G. , Smith C. R. , Bernardino A. F. , Polito P. S. , Vieira D. R. 
Published: November 2014

The deep West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) shelf is characterized by intense deposition of phytodetritus during spring/summer months, while very little food material reaches the seafloor during winter. The response of the shelf benthic megafauna to this highly variable food supply is still poorly understood. In order to characterize the deposition of phytodetritus and the megabenthic community response, we deployed a seafloor time-lapse camera at approximately 590 m depth on the mid WAP shelf west of Anvers Island for 15 months. Seafloor photographs were taken at intervals of 12 or 24 h nearly continuously from 9 December 1999 (austral winter) to 20 March 2001 (summer) and analysed for phytodetritus deposition and megafaunal dynamics. Seafloor images indicated a marked seasonal arrival of greenish phytodetritus, with large interannual and seasonal variability in the coverage of depositing phytodetrital particles. The surface-deposit-feeding elasipod holothurians
Protelpidia murrayi
and
Peniagone vignoni
dominated the epibenthic megafauna throughout the year, frequently constituting more than 80% of the megafaunal abundance, attaining total densities of up to 2.4 individuals m
−2
. Elasipod abundances were significantly higher in summer than winter. During summer periods of high phytodetrital flux,
Pr. murrayi
produced faecal casts at higher rates, indicating intensified population-level feeding activity. In March–June 2000, faecal casts lasted longest, suggesting lower horizontal bioturbation activity during autumn–winter. Our data indicate that the
Pr. murrayi
population increases its feeding rates in response to increasing amounts and/or lability of organic matter on the sediment surface. Assuming that this species feeds on the top millimetre of the sediment, we estimate that, during periods of high phytodetrital flux, the
Pr. murrayi
population reworks one square metre of sediment surface in approximately 287 days. We suggest that
Pr. murrayi
is an important species for organic-carbon recycling on the deep WAP shelf, controlling the availability of deposited labile phytodetritus to the broader shelf benthic community.
Designing appropriate contracts for achieving efficient winter road and railway maintenance with high performance quality
Authors: Abdi Adel , Lind Hans , Birgisson Björn 
Published: November 2014

Purpose– For a long time, the winter maintenance of the Swedish road and railway network had been performed in-house by Swedish Transport Administration, Swedish local authorities i.e. municipalities and Stockholm public transport. During the last 15 years the winter operation and maintenance of these state infrastructures have been performed by public procurement and contracting from independent contractors, where in practice the lowest price is the dominating selection criteria. The aim of this paper is to investigate and identify how these contracts are designed and how satisfied the parties are with the contract and the quality of the performed work during the winter and point our directions for improvement.Design/methodology/approach– The study was conducted by a literature review and followed by semi-structured interviews and electronic questionnaire.Findings– The results of the study which are based on the interviews and the online questionnaire show that there is widespread dissatisfaction with the contracts among both clients and contractors.Practical implications– The article prepares a basis showing how a contract affects the quality of the performed winter road and railway maintenance services.Originality/value– The findings lead to a number of suggestions about how to improve the contracts, e.g. having a separate winter maintenance contract to increase the quality of performed winter maintenance measures, a more partnering-like structure where consultations and adjustment can be made during the contract period. A partnering structure also makes it less important to get all the details right in the contract.
Leveraging everyday technology for people living with dementia: a case study
Authors: Astell A.J. , Malone B. , Williams G. , Hwang F. , Ellis M.P. 
Published: November 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to present the self-described “journey” of a person with dementia (Brian; author 3) in his re-learning of old technologies and learning of new ones and the impact this had on his life.Design/methodology/approach– This is a single case study detailing the participant's experiences collaborating with a researcher to co-create methods of facilitating this learning process, which he documented in the form of an online blog and diary entries. These were analysed using NVivo to reveal the key themes.Findings– Brian was able to relearn previously used technologies and learn two new ones. This lead to an overarching theme of positive outlook on life supported by person-centredness, identity and technology, which challenged negative perceptions about dementia.Research limitations/implications– The paper provides an example of how learning and technology improved the life of one person with dementia. By sharing the approach the authors hope to encourage others to embrace the challenge of designing and developing innovative solutions for people with a dementia diagnosis by leveraging both current mainstream technology and creating novel bespoke interventions for dementia.Originality/value– The personal perspective of a person with dementia and his experiences of (re-) learning provide a unique insight into the impact of technology on his life.
Cognitive mobile games for memory impaired older adults
Authors: Merilampi Sari , Sirkka Andrew , Leino Mirka , Koivisto Antti , Finn Enda 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– Cognitive self-rehabilitation lacks updated means and tools. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of cognitively simulating mobile games on the cognitive skills and recreation of older people with memory impairment.

Design/methodology/approach
– Mobile games that require cognitive skills were developed. The games were tested by memory-impaired older adults, average age of 90. Gaming interventions took place for three months on a daily basis. Game outcomes were automatically recorded and user feedback was collected by interviews. The progress of the testees was also evaluated by means of Trial Making Test A.

Findings
– Improvement in game scores was found. Other significant effects of game play were enhanced recreation and self-managed activity level. Game play did not have any effect on the traditional Trail Making Test results but the results of the Trail Making game showed improvement. The Trail Making game also showed a large variance in daily scores, which implies that performing just a single Trail Making Test might lead to misreading a person's condition.

Research limitations/implications
– The results are an encouragement for conducting further testing (on a larger test group, over a longer time) and continuing with game development for cognitively impaired older adults. A similar game trial will also be arranged for a younger population with better overall health condition.

Practical implications
– New business opportunities are also possible in game development and gaming services.

Social implications
– Games have the potential for self-rehabilitation and to support extending independent living at home.

Originality/value
– The paper provides a synopsis of novel cognitive recreation tools, an analysis of their effect and user feedback from professional staff as well as potential new ideas for game developers.
Appropriate talking pattern of an information support robot for people living with dementia: a case study
Authors: Nishiura Yuko , Inoue Takenobu , Nihei Misato 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The authors are in the process of exploring an information support robot to support daily activities of people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. The purpose of this paper is to reveal how the robot should talk to an older woman with dementia to make her perform daily activities.

Design/methodology/approach
– The robot asked to the participant to do some daily activities; Task A, taking medicine; Task B, measuring blood pressure; and Task C, cleaning up the room in three different ways for each task. In the talking pattern 1 (TP1), the robot simply informed what the tasks were. The talking patterns 2 and 3 (TP2 and TP3) were separated according to the process of activities in two and three steps, respectively. The participant was required to answer “Yes” if she understood what the robot talked to her, and perform the tasks.

Findings
– The participant was not able to prepare water in the Task A when the robot spoke the TP1 (performance rate (PR) was 71.4 per cent). However, she could perfectly take medicine in the case when the robot spoke the processes of the task by the TP3 (PR was 100.0 per cent). The similar tendencies were observed in the Tasks B and C.

Research limitations/implications
– Multicenter studies would be required to apply these findings to a larger population.

Originality/value
– The authors confirmed that it might be important to determine how the robot talked to people with dementia to properly facilitate their daily activities.
Implementation of an evidence-based parenting programme with a Latina population: feasibility and preliminary outcomes
Authors: Fawley-King Kya , Trask Emily , E. Calderón Nancy , A. Aarons Gregory , F. Garland Ann 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the implementation and adaptation of group Triple P, an evidence-based parenting intervention developed in Australia, for a Latina population living in the USA.

Design/methodology/approach
– Mothers with pre-school age children participated in the programme, which was offered by a community mental health agency. The final study sample consisted of 174 Latina mothers.

Findings
– Participation in group Triple P was associated with clinically significant improvements in maternal mental health, parenting styles, and child behaviour problems. Additionally, mothers reported high levels of satisfaction with the programme.

Practical implications
– Triple P is a promising intervention for Latina caregivers who are concerned about the behaviour of their young children. It can be implemented successfully into community-based mental health care systems.

Originality/value
– This is the first study to examine the applicability of Triple P to Latina caregivers.
Applying Ubuntu-Botho African ethics to stakeholder corporate social responsibility
Authors: Mofuoa Khali 
Published: November 2014

Purpose– This paper aims to explore, with the view to establish the prospects of applying Ubuntu-Botho African approach to stakeholder corporate social responsibility (CSR) for business organisations in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the experience of Basotho of Lesotho in using Ubuntu-Botho African principles and practices to pursue their socially responsible development fashioned in social responsibility (SR) terms.Design/methodology/approach– Using data mainly from desktop research, the theoretical or conceptual content of the paper was established to inform the discussions on the prospects of applying Ubuntu-Botho African principles and practices to stakeholder CSR for business organisations in SSA.Findings– Ubuntu-Botho African approach to stakeholder CSR could generate a very different notion of ideal SR of business organizations in the context of SSA as the experience of Basotho of Lesotho reveals. Whether or not one is persuaded by this Ubuntu-Botho approach to stakeholder CSR, the discussion serves to illuminate the need to broaden the terms of the debate over the appropriate role of business organizations, at least in the context of SSA, regarding their CSR and performance within which they operate.Originality/value– The paper mainly uses secondary data that is considered to be most relevant, valid and reliable to inform discussions on the prospects of the application of Ubuntu-Botho African ethics to stakeholder CSR for business organisations in the context of SSA. The author’s knowledge of Lesotho – where he lived, studied and worked – informed the writing of this paper, as well as discussions on the prospects of applying Ubuntu-Botho African approach to stakeholder CSR for business organisations in SSA using the experience of Basotho of Lesotho in engineering their socially responsible development to become the granary of Southern Africa in 1900s.
From cents to half-cents and its liquidity impact
Authors: Anderson Hamish D. , Peng Yuan 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact on stock liquidity following the reduction of minimum tick size from $0.01 to $0.005 for a selection of dual-listed and property stocks on the New Zealand Exchange (NZX) during 2011.

Design/methodology/approach
– Various liquidity measures were examined six months either side of the change in minimum tick size for the eligible stocks and these were compared to a sample of stocks matched on similar liquidity characteristics. Liquidity measures examined in the paper include quoted and effective spread, volume, depth and binding-constraint probability.

Findings
– After controlling for firms matched on similar pre-period liquidity characteristics both spread and depth decline significantly. Evidence that small firms experience significant declines in trading activity was also found, and while firms with higher binding-constraints probability have greater declines in spread, their decline in depth is greater still.

Research limitations/implications
– The small sample of 17 stocks eligible for the $0.005 minimum tick size potentially impacts on the strength of the statistical analysis. As such, it is harder to detect statistically significant changes in liquidity.

Practical implications
– These findings have important implications for policymakers as the hoped for benefits of smaller tick increments may only be fully realized by larger more active stocks.

Originality/value
– The paper examines the impact of a change in minimum tick size on eligible New Zealand Exchange (NZX) stocks to determine whether it meet the stated NZX goal of boosting liquidity.