bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fruit and vegetable purchasing and the relative density of healthy and unhealthy food stores: evidence from an Australian multilevel study
Authors: Mason Kate E , Bentley Rebecca J , Kavanagh Anne M 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundEvidence of a relationship between residential retail food environments and diet-related outcomes is inconsistent. One reason for this may be that food environments are typically defined in terms of the absolute number of particular store types in an area, whereas a measure of the relative number of healthy and unhealthy stores may be more appropriate.MethodsUsing cross-sectional data from the VicLANES study conducted in Melbourne, Australia, multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the independent associations between absolute measures (numbers of healthy and unhealthy stores) and a relative measure (relative density of healthy stores) of the food environment, and self-reported variety of fruit and vegetable purchasing in local households. Purchasing behaviour was measured as the odds of purchasing above the median level of fruit and vegetables.ResultsCompared to households in areas where healthy food stores made up no more than 10% of all healthy and unhealthy stores, households in areas with 10.1–15.0% healthy food stores and >15% healthy stores had increased odds of healthier purchasing (OR=1.48 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.96) and OR=1.45 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.91), respectively). There was less evidence of an association between absolute numbers of healthy or unhealthy stores and fruit and vegetable purchasing.ConclusionsWe found strong evidence of healthier fruit and vegetable purchasing in households located in areas where the proportion of food stores that were healthy was greater. Policies aimed at improving the balance between healthy and unhealthy stores within areas may therefore be effective in promoting greater consumption of fruit and vegetables.
eIF4E/4E-BP Ratio Predicts the Efficacy of mTOR Targeted Therapies
Authors: Alain Tommy , Morita Masahiro , Fonseca Bruno D. , Yanagiya Akiko , Siddiqui Nadeem , Bhat Mamatha , Zammit Domenick , Marcus Victoria , Metrakos Peter , Voyer Lucie-Anne , Gandin Valentina , Liu Yi , Topisirovic Ivan , Sonenberg Nahum 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Active-site mTOR inhibitors (asTORi) hold great promise for targeting dysregulated mTOR signaling in cancer. Because of the multifaceted nature of mTORC1 signaling, identification of reliable biomarkers for the sensitivity of tumors to asTORi is imperative for their clinical implementation. Here, we show that cancer cells acquire resistance to asTORi by downregulating eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF4E)-binding proteins (4E-BPs—EIF4EBP1, EIF4EBP2). Loss of 4E-BPs or overexpression of eIF4E renders neoplastic growth and translation of tumor-promoting mRNAs refractory to mTOR inhibition. Conversely, moderate depletion of eIF4E augments the anti-neoplastic effects of asTORi. The anti-proliferative effect of asTORi in vitro and in vivo is therefore significantly influenced by perturbations in eIF4E/4E-BP stoichiometry, whereby an increase in the eIF4E/4E-BP ratio dramatically limits the sensitivity of cancer cells to asTORi. We propose that the eIF4E/4E-BP ratio, rather than their individual protein levels or solely their phosphorylation status, should be considered as a paramount predictive marker for forecasting the clinical therapeutic response to mTOR inhibitors. Cancer Res; 72(24); 6468–76. ©2012 AACR.
Critical Role of Northern Off-Equatorial Sea Surface Temperature Forcing Associated with Central Pacific El Niño in More Frequent Tropical Cyclone Movements toward East Asia
Authors: Jin Chun-Sil , Ho Chang-Hoi , Kim Joo-Hong , Lee Dong-Kyou , Cha Dong-Hyun , Yeh Sang-Wook 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Observational records reveal that the number of tropical cyclones (TCs) approaching East Asia in July–October is positively correlated with sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the equatorial and northern off-equatorial central Pacific (CP) oceans, indicating the significant impact of CP El Niño (CP-EN). Through experiments using a Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model–based regional climate model, this study demonstrates that it is northern off-equatorial CP warming, rather than equatorial CP warming, that effectively induces local anomalous steering flows pertinent to the observed increase in TC activity over East Asia during CP-EN. Sensitivity experiments, in which the prescribed CP-EN-related SST anomaly is confined near the equator, do not capture the observed TC increase over East Asia, whereas those including the off-equatorial region successfully reproduce observed atmospheric and TC variabilities. The off-equatorial CP SST anomaly acts to expand the anomalous cyclonic response in the Philippine Sea farther northward. This produces a tunnel effect in the East China Sea, by which more TCs move to East Asian coastal regions (e.g., east China, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan).
Non-FOOSH Scaphoid Fractures in Young Athletes
Authors: Johnson Michael R. , Fogarty Brian T. , Alitz Curt , Gerber John P. 
Published: October 2012

Context: The scaphoid is the most commonly fractured bone in the wrist and can often be difficult to treat and manage, making healing of this fracture problematic. Evidence Acquisition: A search of the entire PubMed (MEDLINE) database using the terms scaphoid fracture management and scaphoid fracture evaluation returned several relevant anatomic and imaging references. Results: Wrist fractures most commonly occur in the scaphoid, which is implicated approximately 60% of the time. The most common mechanism of injury leading to a scaphoid fracture is a fall on an outstretched hand (FOOSH), causing a hyperextension force on the wrist. The following 2 cases, which occurred within 3 months of each other, highlight the difficulty of managing patients with possible scaphoid fractures. Neither patient had a typical FOOSH-related mechanism of injury, and neither was initially tender over the scaphoid. Conclusion: Differential diagnoses should include a scaphoid fracture with any hyperextension traumatic injury (FOOSH or non-FOOSH), even in the absence of scaphoid tenderness and when initial radiographic findings are normal.
Head movements during conversational speech in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Leask Stuart John , Park Bert , Khana Priya , DiMambro Ben 
Published: October 2012

Background: Motor abnormalities are frequently described in schizophrenia, and work by Altorfer and colleagues suggests that measuring head movements during conversational speech shows differences at the level of the individual. We wished to see whether their findings, conducted using computer analysis of video obtained in motion capture suites, could be replicated using compact, portable movement sensors, in a case–control study comparing the mean amplitude of head movements during general conversation. Methods: A referred sample of inpatients and outpatients with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia was identified from case note information. Movement sensors, mounted in a baseball cap worn by subjects, transmitted data via Bluetooth to a laptop, which simultaneously captured audio to identify who was speaking. Subjects also completed a series of rating scales. Results: Data from the final 11 cases and 11 controls demonstrated a substantial group difference in mean amplitude of head movement velocity during speech ( p < 0.0001), although this was not significant at the level of the individual. Conclusions: Movement sensors proved well suited to capturing head movements, demonstrating a large effect size in subjects with schizophrenia.
A case-control study to assess the risk of immune thrombocytopenia associated with vaccines
Authors: Grimaldi-Bensouda Lamiae , Michel Marc , Aubrun Elodie , Leighton Pamela , Viallard Jean-Francois , Adoue Daniel , Magy-Bertrand Nadine , Tisserand Guillaume , Khellaf Mehdi , Durand Jean-Marc , Quittet Philippe , Fain Olivier , Bonnotte Bernard , Morin Anne Sophie , Limal Nicolas , Costedoat-Chalumeau Nathalie , Morel Nathalie , Pan-Petesch Brigitte , Decaux Olivier , Mahevas Matthieu , Ruel Michel , Sacre Karim , Lefrere Francois , Abenhaim Lucien , Godeau Bertrand 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe cause of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) remains unknown. Studies have suggested immunizations as possible triggering factors of ITP through molecular mimicry. This case-control study explored potential associations between adult ITP and various routinely administered vaccines. A network of internal medicine and hematology centers across France recruited 198 incident (ie, newly diagnosed) cases of ITP between April 2008 and June 2011. These cases were compared with 878 age- and sex-matched controls without ITP recruited in general practice. Information on vaccination was obtained from patients' standardized telephone interviews. Sixty-six of 198 cases (33.3%) and 303 of 878 controls (34.5%) received at least 1 vaccine within the 12 months before the index date. We found no evidence of an increase in ITP after vaccination in the previous 6 or 12 months (adjusted odds ratio [OR] for the previous 12 months = 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.7-1.4). When the 2-month time window was used, higher ORs were observed for all vaccines (OR = 1.3). This increase was mainly attributable to the vaccination against diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-poliomyelitis (OR = 1.5) and was not statistically significant. The results of the present study show that in an adult population, the exposure to common vaccines is on average not associated with an observable risk of developing ITP.
Cell cycle dependence of ACE-2 explains downregulation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Uhal Bruce D. , Dang MyTrang , Dang Vinh , Llatos Roger , Cano Esteban , Abdul-Hafez Amal , Markey Jonathan , Piasecki Christopher C. , Molina-Molina Maria 
Published: October 2012

Alveolar epithelial type II cells, a major source of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 in the adult lung, are normally quiescent but actively proliferate in lung fibrosis and downregulate this protective enzyme. It was, therefore, hypothesised that ACE-2 expression might be related to cell cycle progression.To test this hypothesis, ACE-2 mRNA levels, protein levels and enzymatic activity were examined in fibrotic human lungs and in the alveolar epithelial cell lines A549 and MLE-12 studied at postconfluent (quiescent)versussubconfluent (proliferating) densities.ACE-2 mRNA, immunoreactive protein and enzymatic activity were all high in quiescent cells, but were severely downregulated or absent in actively proliferating cells. Upregulation of the enzyme in cells that were progressing to quiescence was completely inhibited by the transcription blocker actinomycin D or by SP600125, an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In lung biopsy specimens obtained from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, immunoreactive enzyme was absent in alveolar epithelia that were positive for proliferation markers, but was robustly expressed in alveolar epithelia devoid of proliferation markers.These data explain the loss of ACE-2 in lung fibrosis and demonstrate cell cycle-dependent regulation of this protective enzyme by a JNK-mediated transcriptional mechanism.
Bronchiolar epithelial catalase is diminished in smokers with mild COPD
Authors: Betsuyaku Tomoko , Fuke Satoshi , Inomata Takashi , Kaga Kichizo , Morikawa Toshiaki , Odajima Nao , Adair-Kirk Tracy , Nishimura Masaharu 
Published: October 2012

This study aimed to investigate bronchiolar catalase expression and its relationship with smoking and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in humans and to determine the dynamic change of bronchiolar catalase expression in response to cigarette smoke in mice.Lung tissue was obtained from 36 subjects undergoing surgery for peripheral tumours, consisting of life-long nonsmokers and smokers with or without COPD. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to cigarette smoke exposure for up to 3 months followed by a 28-day cessation period. We quantified bronchiolar catalase mRNA using laser capture microdissection and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. C22 club cells (Clara cells) in culture were exposed to cigarette smoke extract and monitored for viability when catalase expression was decreased by siRNA.Catalase was decreased at mRNA and protein levels in bronchiolar epithelium in smokers with COPD. In mice, bronchiolar catalase is temporarily upregulated at 1 day after cigarette smoke exposure but is downregulated by repeated cigarette smoke exposure, and is not restored long after withdrawal once emphysema is developed. Decreasing catalase expression in C22 cells resulted in greater cigarette smoke extract-induced cell death.Bronchiolar catalase reduction is associated with COPD. Regulation of catalase depends on the duration of cigarette smoke exposure, and plays a critical role for protection against cigarette smoke-induced cell damage.
Bronchial colonisation in patients with lung cancer: a prospective study
Authors: Laroumagne Sophie , Lepage Benoît , Hermant Christophe , Plat Gavin , Phelippeau Michael , Bigay-Game Laurence , Lozano Stéphanie , Guibert Nicolas , Segonds Christine , Mallard Valérie , Augustin Nathalie , Didier Alain , Mazieres Julien 
Published: October 2012

Bronchial colonisation is frequently reported in patients with lung cancer, and has a potential impact on therapeutic management and prognosis. We aimed to prospectively define the prevalence and nature of bronchial colonisation in patients at the time of diagnosing lung cancer.210 consecutive patients with lung cancer underwent a flexible bronchoscopy for lung cancer. The type and frequency of bacterial, mycobacterial and fungal colonisation were analysed and correlated with the patients' and tumours' characteristics.Potential pathogens were found in 48.1% of samples: mainly the Gram-negative bacilliEscherichia coli(8.1%),Haemophilus influenzae(4.3%) andEnterobacterspp. (2.4%); Gram-positive cocci,Staphylococcusspp. (12.9%) andStreptococcus pneumoniae(3.3%); atypical mycobacteria (2.9%);Candida albicans(42.9%); andAspergillus fumigatus(6.2%). Aged patients (p=0.02) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p=0.008) were significantly more frequently colonised; however, tumour stage, atelectasis, bronchial stenosis and abnormalities of chest radiography were not associated with a higher rate of colonisation. Squamous cell carcinoma tended to be more frequently colonised than other histological subtypes. Airway colonisation was reported in almost half of patients presenting with lung cancer, mainly in fragile patients, and was significantly associated with worse survival (p=0.005).Analysing colonisation status of patients at the time of diagnosis may help improve the management of lung cancer.
The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis: a moving target
Authors: Wuyts Wim A. , Agostini Carlo , Antoniou Katerina M. , Bouros Demosthenes , Chambers Rachel C. , Cottin Vincent , Egan Jim J. , Lambrecht Bart N. , Lories Rik , Parfrey Helen , Prasse Antje , Robalo-Cordeiro Carlos , Verbeken Eric , Verschakelen Johny A. , Wells Athol U. , Verleden Geert M. 
Published: October 2012

Pulmonary fibrosis is the end stage of many diffuse parenchymal lung diseases. It is characterised by excessive matrix formation leading to destruction of the normal lung architecture and finally death. Despite an exponential increase in our understanding of potentially important mediators and mechanisms, the delineation of primary pathways has proven to be elusive.In this review susceptibility and injurious agents, such as viruses and gastro-oesophageal reflux, and their probable role in initiating disease will be discussed. Further topics that are elaborated are candidate ancillary pathways, including immune mechanisms, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, activation of the coagulation cascade and the potential role of stem cells. This review will try to provide the reader with an integrated view on the current knowledge and attempts to provide a road map for future research.It is important to explore robust models of overall pathogenesis, reconciling a large number of clinical and scientific observations. We believe that the integration of current data into a “big picture” overview of fibrogenesis is essential for the development of effective antifibrotic strategies. The latter will probably consist of a combination of agents targeting a number of key pathways.
Outpatientversusinpatient treatment in patients with pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis
Authors: Zondag Wendy , Kooiman Judith , Klok Frederikus A. , Dekkers Olaf M. , Huisman Menno V. 
Published: October 2012

Our aim was to study the safety of outpatient treatment in low risk patients with acute pulmonary embolism compared with inpatient treatment, the current clinical standard.We searched Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane and EMBASE databases and included studies on outpatient treatment of pulmonary embolism. The outcomes were 3-month recurrent venous thromboembolism, major bleeding and all-cause mortality. We identified 13 studies (1657 patients) with outpatients (discharge <24 h), three studies (256 patients) with early discharge patients (discharged within 72 h) and five studies (383 patients) with inpatients. The pooled incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism was 1.7% (95% CI 0.92–3.1%) in outpatients, 1.1% (0.22–5.4%) in patients discharged early and 1.2% (0.16–8.1%) in inpatients. The pooled incidence of major bleeding was 0.97% (0.58–1.6%) in outpatients, 0.78% (0.16–3.7%) in early discharge patients and 1.0% (0.39–2.8%) in inpatients. The pooled incidence of mortality was 1.9% (0.79–4.6%) in outpatients, 2.3% (1.1–5.1%) in early discharge patients and 0.74% (0.04–11%) in inpatients.Incidences of recurrent venous thromboembolism, major bleeding and, after correction for malignancies, mortality were comparable between outpatients, patients discharged early and inpatients. We conclude that home treatment or early discharge of selected low-risk patients with pulmonary embolism is as safe as inpatient treatment.
Serodiagnosis ofMycobacterium aviumcomplex pulmonary disease in the USA
Authors: Kitada Seigo , Levin Adrah , Hiserote Melissa , Harbeck Ron J. , Czaja Chris A. , Huitt Gwen , Kasperbauer Shannon H. , Daley Charles L. 
Published: October 2012

Diagnosis ofMycobacterium aviumcomplex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD) can be difficult. A previous study from Japan reported the usefulness of a serodiagnostic test for MAC-PD. The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the test in similar patients in the USA.100 patients with known or suspected MAC-PD and 52 healthy volunteers were enrolled into the study at National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA. Serum glycopeptidolipid core immunoglobulin A antibody levels were measured with an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit and routine clinical evaluations were performed.The patients were divided into two groups based on clinical evaluation: 87 patients with MAC-PD that met American Thoracic Society criteria, and 13 who did not meet the criteria. The sensitivity and specificity (cut-off point 0.3 U·mL−1) of the serodiagnostic test for diagnosing MAC-PD were 70.1% and 93.9%, respectively. Among the 44 patients in the MAC-PD group with two or more positive sputum cultures within the previous 6 months, sensitivity was 81.8%.The EIA kit demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity for the identification of MAC-PD, particularly in patients with two or more positive cultures, and may be useful for rapid MAC-PD diagnosis.
Evaluation of co-trimoxazole in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
Authors: Alsaad Noor , van Altena Richard , Pranger Arianna D. , van Soolingen Dick , de Lange Wiel C.M. , van der Werf Tjip S. , Kosterink Jos G.W. , Alffenaar Jan-Willem C. 
Published: October 2012

Co-trimoxazole (SXT), a combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, has shownin vitroactivity againstMycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of SXT in multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) are, thus far, lacking. Therefore, we evaluated its pharmacokinetics and drug susceptibility, along with its tolerability during treatment.Based on drug susceptibility testing, MDR-TB patients received SXT as a part of their MDR treatment. The pharmacokinetic parameters of sulfamethoxazole, the effective component of SXT againstM. tuberculosis, were evaluated. The ratio of the area under the curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0–24) to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was used as the best pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameter to predict the efficacy of sulfamethoxazole. Adverse effects of SXT were also evaluated.10 patients with MDR-TB (one of whom had extensively drug-resistant TB) received 480 mg of SXT with a median dosage of 6.5 mg·kg−1of SXT (range 6.1–6.8 mg·kg−1) once daily for a median treatment period of 381 days (range 129–465 days). In two patients, the dose was escalated to 960 mg. The free AUC0–24/MIC of sulfamethoxazole exceeded 25 in only one patient. SXT was safe and well-tolerated, except for one patient who had gastrointestinal side-effects after receiving 960 mg of SXT. Additional studies are needed to find the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic targets, and consequently to set the optimal dose, of SXT for MDR-TB treatment.
Recovery of neutrophil apoptosis by ectoine: a new strategy against lung inflammation
Authors: Sydlik Ulrich , Peuschel Henrike , Paunel-Görgülü Adnana , Keymel Stefanie , Krämer Ursula , Weissenberg Alexander , Kroker Matthias , Seghrouchni Samira , Heiss Christian , Windolf Joachim , Bilstein Andreas , Kelm Malte , Krutmann Jean , Unfried Klaus 
Published: October 2012

The life span of neutrophilic granulocytes has a determining impact on the intensity and duration of neutrophil driven lung inflammation. Based on the compatible solute ectoine, we aimed to prevent anti-apoptotic reactions in neutrophils triggered by the inflammatory microenvironment in the lung.Neutrophils from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and control individuals were exposed to inflammatory mediators and xenobiotics in the presence or absence of ectoine. Thein vivorelevance of this approach was tested in xenobiotic-induced lung inflammation in rats.The reduction of apoptosis rates ofex vivo-exposed neutrophils from all study groups was significantly restored in the presence of ectoine. However, natural apoptosis rates not altered by inflammatory stimuli were not changed by ectoine. Mechanistic analyses demonstrated the preventive effect of ectoine on the induction of anti-apoptotic signalling. Neutrophilic lung inflammation induced by single or multiple expositions of animals to environmental particles was reduced after the therapeutic intervention with ectoine. Analyses of neutrophils from bronchoalveolar lavage indicate that thein vivoeffect is due to the restoration of neutrophil apoptosis.Ectoine, a compound of the highly compliant group of compatible solutes, demonstrates a reproducible and robust effect on the resolution of lung inflammation.