bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High HIV incidence in the postpartum period sustains vertical transmission in settings with generalized epidemics: a cohort study in Southern Mozambique
Authors: De Schacht Caroline , Mabunda Nédio , Ferreira Orlando C , Ismael Nália , Calú Nurbai , Santos Iolanda , Hoffman Heather J , Alons Catharina , Guay Laura , Jani Ilesh V 
Published: March 2014

IntroductionAcute infection with HIV in the postpartum period results in a high risk of vertical transmission through breastfeeding. A study was done to determine the HIV incidence rate and associated risk factors among postpartum women in Southern Mozambique, where HIV prevalence among pregnant women is 21%.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted in six rural health facilities in Gaza and Maputo provinces from March 2008 to July 2011. A total of 1221 women who were HIV‐negative on testing at delivery or within two months postpartum were recruited and followed until 18 months postpartum. HIV testing, collection of dried blood spot samples and administration of a structured questionnaire to women were performed every three months. Infant testing by DNA‐PCR was done as soon as possible after identification of a new infection in women. HIV incidence was estimated, and potential risk factors at baseline were compared using Poisson regression.ResultsData from 957 women were analyzed with follow‐up after the enrolment visit, with a median follow‐up of 18.2 months. The HIV incidence in postpartum women is estimated at 3.20/100 women‐years (95% CI: 2.30–4.46), with the highest rate among 18‐ to 19‐year‐olds (4.92 per 100 women‐years; 95% CI: 2.65–9.15). Of the new infections, 14 (34%) were identified during the first six months postpartum, 11 (27%) between 6 and 12 months and 16 (39%) between 12 and 18 months postpartum. Risk factors for incident HIV infection include young age, low number of children, higher education level of the woman's partner and having had sex with someone other than one's partner. The vertical transmission was 21% (95% CI: 5–36) among newly infected women.ConclusionsIncidence of HIV is high among breastfeeding women in Southern Mozambique, contributing to increasing numbers of HIV‐infected infants. Comprehensive primary prevention strategies targeting women of reproductive age, particularly pregnant and postpartum women and their partners, will be crucial for the elimination of paediatric AIDS in Africa.
Bioarchaeology of the middle Neolithic: Evidence for archery among early european farmers
Authors: Thomas Aline 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on Neolithic skeletons associated with the first monumental cemeteries of Western Europe and specifically those of the Cerny culture (Paris Basin, France). While this cultural context is an agrarian one, numerous arrowheads derived from complete hunting equipment are present in numerous graves. The goal of this work is to evaluate the morphological and pathological differences among the individuals according to the presence of arrowheads in their graves. It is postulated that those buried with such artifacts practiced archery, unlike their counterparts. Only adult males were selected for study to limit the effect of non‐mechanical factors such as age‐ and sex‐related modifications. The corpus consists of 36 males reliably identified among the 101 Cerny adults currently available. Thirteen men are associated with arrowheads. Variations in morphology and robusticity are evaluated on the basis of the external geometric properties of the appendicular skeleton. Entheseal changes to fibrocartilaginous attachment sites of upper and lower limbs are also examined. Both nonpathological skeletal adaptations and pathological indicators are consistent and reveal significant differences between the two groups compared. Functional adaptation is observed in the forearm bones and the clavicle in response to mechanical loads, and enthesopathies suggest repeated forceful use of upper limb muscles. These osteological changes specifically reflect the higher intensity upper limb activity of the men buried with arrowheads and correspond with the medical data on known archers, suggesting that this specific forceful task is linked to the practice of archery. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:279–290, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ambulance calls and prehospital transportation time of emergency patients with cardiovascular events in Osaka City
Authors: Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Iwami Taku , Kawamura Takashi , Nishiyama Chika , Sakai Tomohiko , Tanigawa‐Sugihara Kayo , Sasaki Mie , Kajino Kentaro , Irisawa Taro , Hayashida Sumito , Nishiuchi Tatsuya , Hiraide Atsushi 
Published: March 2014

AimThis study investigated the association between the number of phone calls made to hospitals from ambulances requesting if they can accept prehospital emergency patients with cardiovascular events, and the prehospital transportation time.MethodsUsing ambulance records, we retrospectively enrolled adult patients suffering acute myocardial infarction from 1998 to 2007, and out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin from 2000 to 2007, transported to medical institutions by the emergency medical service in Osaka City.ResultsDuring the study period, 8,596 patients with acute myocardial infarction without arrest and 9,283 out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests of cardiac origin were registered. The hospital arrival time (from patient's call until hospital arrival) increased along with the increasing number of phone calls to hospitals from ambulances for patients with acute myocardial infarction (from 23.2 min with one phone call to 39.7 min with ≥5 phone calls; P for trend <0.001), and for those with out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (from 24.4 min with one phone call to 36.6 min with ≥5 phone calls; P for trend <0.001). In a multivariable analysis, chronological factors such as weekend and night‐time were significantly associated with an increment in the phone calls to hospitals from ambulances.ConclusionsFrom ambulance records in Osaka City, we showed that the increased number of phone calls to hospitals from ambulances led to prolongation of the hospital arrival time.
Replacing AgTSSCH2‐R with AgTSO2C‐R in EGaIn‐Based Tunneling Junctions Does Not Significantly Change Rates of Charge Transport
Authors: Liao Kung‐Ching , Yoon Hyo Jae , Bowers Carleen M. , Simeone Felice C. , Whitesides George M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper compares rates of charge transport by tunneling across junctions with the structures AgTSX(CH2)2nCH3 //Ga2O3 /EGaIn (n=1–8 and X= SCH2 and O2C); here AgTS is template‐stripped silver, and EGaIn is the eutectic alloy of gallium and indium. Its objective was to compare the tunneling decay coefficient (β, Å−1) and the injection current (J0, A cm−2) of the junctions comprising SAMs of n‐alkanethiolates and n‐alkanoates. Replacing AgTSSCH2‐R with AgTSO2C‐R (R=alkyl chains) had no significant influence on J0 (ca. 3×103 A cm−2) or β (0.75–0.79 Å−1)—an indication that such changes (both structural and electronic) in the AgTSXR interface do not influence the rate of charge transport. A comparison of junctions comprising oligo(phenylene)carboxylates and n‐alkanoates showed, as expected, that β for aliphatic (0.79 Å−1) and aromatic (0.60 Å−1) SAMs differed significantly.
Direct Borylation of Primary CH Bonds in Functionalized Molecules by Palladium Catalysis
Authors: Zhang Li‐Sheng , Chen Guihua , Wang Xin , Guo Qing‐Yun , Zhang Xi‐Sha , Pan Fei , Chen Kang , Shi Zhang‐Jie 
Published: March 2014

AbstractOrganoborane compounds are among the most commonly employed intermediates in organic synthesis and serve as crucial precursors to alcohols, amines, and various functionalized molecules. A simple palladium‐based system catalyzes the conversion of primary C(sp3)H bonds in functionalized complex organic molecules into alkyl boronate esters. Amino acids, amino alcohols, alkyl amines, and a series of bioactive molecules can be functionalized with the use of readily available and removable directing groups in the presence of commercially available additives, simple ligands, and oxygen (O2) as the terminal oxidant. This approach represents an economic and environmentally friendly method that could find broad applications.
Direkte UV‐induzierte Funktionalisierung oberflächengebundener Hydroxygruppen mithilfe von Thiol‐Alkohol‐Chemie
Authors: Li Linxian , Li Junsheng , Du Xin , Welle Alexander , Grunze Michael , Trapp Oliver , Levkin Pavel A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWir beschreiben ein neues UV‐initiiertes Verfahren, das eine direkte Funktionalisierung von oberflächengebundenen Hydroxygruppen mit Thiolen ermöglicht (hier als Thiol‐Alkohol‐Modifizierung bezeichnet). Diese Methode beruht auf einer oxidativen Kupplung von Thiol‐ an Hydroxygruppen. Wir zeigen, dass verschiedene Moleküle, die Thiolgruppen tragen, z. B. Fluorophore, thiolterminiertes Polyethylenglycol (PEG‐SH) oder Cystein enthaltende Peptide auf der Oberfläche von porösem Poly(2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylat‐co‐ethylendimethacrylat) gebunden werden können. Die direkte Funktionalisierung anderer Hydroxygruppen tragender Oberflächen sowie die Herstellung von Mikrostrukturen oder zweifache Strukturierungen sind ebenfalls mit der Thiol‐Alkohol‐Chemie möglich.
Microarrays Formed by Microfluidic Spinning as Multidimensional Microreactors
Authors: Xu Ling‐Ling , Wang Cai‐Feng , Chen Su 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe exploration of methods allowing chemical reactions to be carried out at ultrasmall scales is of great scientific and technological interest. We report herein a microfluidic spinning technique for the fabrication of softened‐polymer microarrays for use as multidimensional microreactors and the application of these microreactors in the synthesis of fluorescent nanocrystals. Highly aligned microarrays and controlled‐angle grids were readily constructed from microfluidically spun polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) microfibers. One–zero dimensional (1D–0D), one–one dimensional (1D–1D), and one–two dimensional (1D–2D) microreactors were then produced by the intersections between microfibers and droplets, crossed microfibers, and microfibers and a PVP film, respectively; each component can be doped with different reagents. Specific examples show that these multidimensional microreactors enable the in situ generation of fluorescent nanocrystals without ligands within minutes.
Redox‐Responsive Macroscopic Gel Assembly Based on Discrete Dual Interactions
Authors: Nakahata Masaki , Takashima Yoshinori , Harada Akira 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe macroscopic self‐assembly of polymeric hydrogels modified with β‐cyclodextrin (βCD gel), ferrocene (Fc gel), and styrenesulfonic acid sodium salt (SSNa gel) was investigated. Under reductive conditions, the Fc gel selectively adhered to the βCD gel through a host–guest interaction. On the other hand, the oxidized ferrocenium (Fc+) gel selectively adhered to the SSNa gel through an ionic interaction under oxidative conditions. The adhesion strength was estimated by a tensile test. We finally succeeded in forming an ABC‐type macroscopic assembly of all three gels through two discrete noncovalent interactions.
2 D Manganese Vanadate Nanoflakes as High‐Performance Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Deng Dingrong , Zhang Yanjun , Li Gen , Wang Xueyun , Gan Li‐Hua , Jiang Li , Wang Chun‐Ru 
Published: March 2014

AbstractNanometer‐sized flakes of MnV2O6 were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. No surfactant, expensive metal salt, or alkali reagent was used. These MnV2O6 nanoflakes present a high discharge capacity of 768 mA h g−1 at 200 mA g−1, good rate capacity, and excellent cycling stability. Further investigation demonstrates that the nanoflake structure and the specific crystal structure make the prepared MnV2O6 a suitable material for lithium‐ion batteries.
Sidestream Analysis and Optimization of Full Tower Internal Thermally Coupled Air Separation Columns
Authors: Chang Liang , Liu Xinggao 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAn appropriate sidestream is the key to improve the yields and purities of products in the cryogenic air separation process. The sidestream of a full tower internal thermally coupled air separation column is characterized. Sensitivity analysis indicates that heat duty distribution, purities, and yields of the products are strongly influenced by the withdrawn position and the flow rate of the sidestream. Optimization models are proposed by adopting the minimum flow rate of the low‐purity liquid nitrogen product and with maximum flow rates of the oxygen product or nitrogen product as optimization target. The optimization research allows selecting the optimum operating conditions with different production requirements.
Regioselective Hydrolysis of Human Serum Albumin by ZrIV‐Substituted Polyoxotungstates at the Interface of Positively Charged Protein Surface Patches and Negatively Charged Amino Acid Residues
Authors: Stroobants Karen , Absillis Gregory , Moelants Eva , Proost Paul , Parac‐Vogt Tatjana N. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractComplexes comprising the Lewis acidic ZrIV metal and protein binding polyoxotungstate ligands of Lindqvist‐, Keggin‐ and Wells–Dawson‐type were found to region selectively hydrolyze human serum albumin at four distinct positions. Higher reactivities were found for structures with higher polyoxometalate charges and the cleavage positions were found in protein regions of mixed charge. Both findings suggest an electrostatic nature of the observed reactivity.
Iron(III)‐Quantity‐Dependent Aggregation–Dispersion Conversion of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Bai Linyi , Zhu Liangliang , Ang Chung Yen , Li Xin , Wu Shaojue , Zeng Yongfei , Ågren Hans , Zhao Yanli 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDeveloping gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with well‐designed functionality is highly desirable for boosting the performance and versatility of inorganic–organic hybrid materials. In an attempt to achieve ion recognition with specific signal expressions, we present here 4‐piperazinyl‐1,8‐naphthalimide‐functionalized AuNPs for the realization of quantitative recognition of FeIII ions with dual (colorimetric and fluorescent) output. The research takes advantage of 1) quantity‐controlled chelation‐mode transformation of the piperazinyl moiety on the AuNPs towards FeIII, thereby resulting in an aggregation–dispersion conversion of the AuNPs in solution, and 2) photoinduced electron transfer of a naphthaimide fluorophore on the AuNPs, thus leading to reversible absorption and emission changes. The functional AuNPs are also responsive to pH variations. This strategy for realizing the aggregation–dispersion conversion of AuNPs with returnable signal output might exhibit application potential for advanced nanoscale chemosensors.
On the Oxidation of the Three‐Dimensional Aromatics [B12X12]2− (X=F, Cl, Br, I)
Authors: Boeré René T. , Derendorf Janis , Jenne Carsten , Kacprzak Sylwia , Keßler Mathias , Riebau Rainer , Riedel Sebastian , Roemmele Tracey L. , Rühle Monika , Scherer Harald , Vent‐Schmidt Thomas , Warneke Jonas , Weber Stefan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe perhalogenated closo‐dodecaborate dianions [B12X12]2− (X=H, F, Cl, Br, I) are three‐dimensional counterparts to the two‐dimensional aromatics C6X6 (X=H, F, Cl, Br, I). Whereas oxidation of the parent compounds [B12H12]2− and benzene does not lead to isolable radicals, the perhalogenated analogues can be oxidized by chemical or electrochemical methods to give stable radicals. The chemical oxidation of the closo‐dodecaborate dianions [B12X12]2− with the strong oxidizer AsF5 in liquid sulfur dioxide (lSO2) yielded the corresponding radical anions [B12X12]⋅− (X=F, Cl, Br). The presence of radical ions was proven by EPR and UV/Vis spectroscopy and supported by quantum chemical calculations. Use of an excess amount of the oxidizing agent allowed the synthesis of the neutral perhalogenated hypercloso‐boranes B12X12 (X=Cl, Br). These compounds were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction of dark blue B12Cl12 and [Na(SO2)6][B12Br12]⋅B12Br12. Sublimation of the crude reaction products that contained B12X12 (X=Cl, Br) resulted in pure dark blue B12Cl12 or decomposition to red B9Br9, respectively. The energetics of the oxidation processes in the gas phase were calculated by DFT methods at the PBE0/def2‐TZVPP level of theory. They revealed the trend of increasing ionization potentials of the [B12X12]2− dianions by going from fluorine to bromine as halogen substituent. The oxidation of all [B12X12]2− dianions was also studied in the gas phase by mass spectrometry in an ion trap. The electrochemical oxidation of the closo‐dodecaborate dianions [B12X12]2− (X=F, Cl, Br, I) by cyclic and Osteryoung square‐wave voltammetry in liquid sulfur dioxide or acetonitrile showed very good agreement with quantum chemical calculations in the gas phase. For [B12X12]2− (X=F, Cl, Br) the first and second oxidation processes are detected. Whereas the first process is quasi‐reversible (with oxidation potentials in the range between +1.68 and +2.29 V (lSO2, versus ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc0/+))), the second process is irreversible (with oxidation potentials ranging from +2.63 to +2.71 V (lSO2, versus Fc0/+)). [B12I12]2− showed a complex oxidation behavior in cyclic voltammetry experiments, presumably owing to decomposition of the cluster anion under release of iodide, which also explains the failure to isolate the respective radical by chemical oxidation.
Are Triphenylamine‐Functionalized or Carbazole‐Functionalized Iridium Complexes the More Effective Phosphorescent Materials? A Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Li Yan , Zou Lu‐Yi , Ren Ai‐Min , Ma Ming‐Shuo , Fan Jian‐Xun 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe ground and excited states, charge injection/transport, and phosphorescence properties of eleven carbazole‐ and triphenylamine‐functionalized IrIII complexes were investigated by using the DFT method. By analyzing the spin–orbit coupling (SOC) matrix elements, radiative decay rate constants kr, and the electronic structures and energies at the ${{\rm{S}}_{\rm{0}}^{{\rm{opt}}} }$ and ${{\rm{T}}_{\rm{1}}^{{\rm{opt}}} }$ states, it was possible to rationalize the order of the experimental phosphorescence quantum yields of a series of IrIII complexes and to predict that [Ir(Nph‐2‐Cz‐tz)3] has a higher phosphorescence quantum yield than [Ir(TPA‐tz)3] (TPA=triphenylamine, tz=thiazolyl, Cz=carbazole, Nph=N‐phenyl). Carbazole‐functionalized IrIII complexes were shown to be efficient phosphorescent materials that have not only fast but also balanced electron/hole‐transport performance as well as high phosphorescence quantum yields. The phosphorescence emission spectra can be modulated by modifying or replacing a pyridyl substituent.
Efficient CS Cross‐Coupling of Thiols with Aryl Iodides Catalyzed by Cu(OAc)2·H2O and 2,2′‐Biimidazole
Authors: Zong Chenglong , Liu Jianli , Chen Shengyan , Zeng Runsheng , Zou Jianping 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe classical Ullmann CS cross coupling reaction of aryl iodides with aromatic/alkyl thiols under catalysis of 15 mol% Cu(OAc)2·H2O and 15 mol% 2,2′‐biimidazole works at 80°C in DMSO for 3 h to provide a variety of aryl sulfides in good to excellent yields.
Changes in Enzyme Activities and Microbial Community Structure in Heavy Metal‐Contaminated Soil under in Situ Aided Phytostabilization
Authors: Wasilkowski Daniel , Mrozik Agnieszka , Piotrowska‐Seget Zofia , Krzyżak Jacek , Pogrzeba Marta , Płaza Grażyna 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe effect of lignite and lime on the structural biodiversity and enzyme activities of soil microorganisms in heavy metal‐contaminated soil during an aided phytostabilization was studied. Over the experiment the amount of bioavailable fractions of Zn and Cd declined threefold and in the end reached the values of 87.8 and 4.2 mg kg−1 for Zn and Cd, respectively. The activities of enzymes increased markedly in soil under aided phytostabilization. On the last sampling day the activities of dehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, as well urease, were 15‐, 8‐, 4‐, and 19‐fold higher as compared to the initial values. The analyses of fatty acid methyl ester and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) patterns showed a shift in the structure of microbial populations in the treated soil as compared to untreated soil. In general, the microbial biomass of total, Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria (GNBB), as well actinomycetes and fungi (FB), was higher in the soil under aided phytostabilization in comparison with control soil. The highest biomass increase from 2.3 to 2.9 and from 0.4 to 0.8 nmol PLFA g−1 soil (dry weight), was found for GNBB and FB, respectively. Phytostabilization supported by lignite and lime appeared to be an effective method to decrease Zn and Cd content in heavy metal‐contaminated soil.
Visual comfort as a function of lightness difference between text and background: A cross‐age study using an LCD and a tablet computer
Authors: Ou Li‐Chen , Sun Pei‐Li , Huang Hsin‐Pou , Ronnier Luo M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTwo experiments were performed to investigate the effects of text‐background lightness difference on visual comfort. A panel of 21 young and 20 older observers in Taiwan participated in Experiment I, using an LCD TV (with a display luminance of 551.8 cd/m2) as the presentation media. The results show that on a light background, visual comfort increases as the lightness difference gets larger and larger. On a dark background, however, the highest visual comfort value can be obtained when there is a moderate lightness difference. There seems to be little effect of age on visual comfort using the LCD TV with regard to the lightness difference. In Experiment II, 20 young and 20 older Taiwanese observers participated, using a tablet computer (with a display luminance of 397.3 cd/m2). According to the results, the larger text‐background lightness difference, the higher visual comfort value for older observers. For young observers, however, the highest visual comfort value can be obtained when there is a moderate, rather than extremely high, lightness difference. These findings can help provide useful guidelines for graphic user interface design in modern e‐reading devices. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 125–134, 2015
National Center for Atmospheric Research storage accounting and analysis possibilities
Authors: Hart David L. , Gillman Pam , Thanhardt Erich 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYWhile most high‐performance computing system operators diligently track computing usage and utilization on a job‐by‐job basis, far fewer sites have implemented mechanisms for tracking and accounting for usage of their storage systems. As we enter an era of larger and larger data holdings, the need to monitor, track, and analyze users' consumption of storage resources becomes more critical for planning, operating, and managing petascale storage environments. The National Center for Atmospheric Research has long had a formal accounting mechanism in place for its archival storage system and has recently extended a similar mechanism to its recently acquired 11‐PB disk resource. The collected data help National Center for Atmospheric Research's users manage their data holdings, provide administrators with reporting and analysis capabilities to guide the use and management of these vital resources, and offer necessary information to support data management policies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.