bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo mapping of hippocampal subfields in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: Relation to histopathology
Authors: Schoene‐Bake Jan‐Christoph , Keller Simon S. , Niehusmann Pitt , Volmering Elisa , Elger Christian , Deppe Michael , Weber Bernd 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA particularly popular automated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hippocampal subfield mapping technique is the one described by Van Leemput et al. (2009: Hippocampus 19:549–557) that is currently distributed with FreeSurfer software. This method assesses the probabilistic locations of subfields based on a priori knowledge of subfield topology determined from high‐field MRI. Many studies have applied this technique to conventionally acquired T1‐weighted MRI data. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between this technique applied to conventional T1‐weighted MRI data acquired at 3 T and postsurgical hippocampal histology in patients with medically intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) and hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Patients with mTLE (n = 82) exhibited significant volume loss of ipsilateral CA1, CA2‐3, CA4‐dentate gyrus (DG), subiculum, and fimbria relative to controls (n = 81). Histopathological analysis indicated that the most significant neuronal loss was observed in CA1, then CA4 and CA3, and more subtle neuronal loss in CA2, consistent with classical HS. Neuronal density of CA1 significantly correlated with MRI‐determined volume of CA1, and increasingly so with CA2‐3 and CA4–DG. Patients with increased HS based on histopathology had greater volume loss of the ipsilateral hippocampal regions on MRI. We conclude by suggesting that whilst time efficient and fully reproducible when applied to conventional single acquisition sequences, the use of the automated subfield technique described here may necessitate the application to multiacquisition high‐resolution MR sequences for accurate delineation of hippocampal subfields. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4718–4728, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Satellite perspectives on the spatial patterns of new snowfall in the Southern Appalachian Mountains
Authors: Sugg Johnathan W. , Perry L. Baker , Hall Dorothy K. , Riggs George A. , Badurek Christopher A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe Southern Appalachian Mountains (SAM) are a heavily forested mid‐latitude mountain region that provide an ideal location for assessing the suitability of satellite‐derived snow maps and explicitly linking atmospheric circulation to the spatial patterns of new snowfall. Although a variety of synoptic‐scale circulation regimes contribute to mean annual snowfall, which ranges from roughly 25 cm in the lowest valleys to over 250 cm at the highest elevations, atmospheric circulation processes have largely been absent from efforts seeking to quantify the spatial patterns of new snowfall. In this paper, we examine the suitability of fractional snow cover (FSC) maps from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and determine the spatial extent of snowfall according to synoptic‐scale circulation. FSC maps are analysed after 122 snow events from 2006 to 2012 to provide a suitability analysis of MODIS products for use in the SAM. For each event, we calculate FSC distribution and total snow‐covered area and compare it with available in situ observations. Results indicate that the SAM presents unique meteorological, physical, and spectral characteristics that are ideal for evaluating the suitability of MODIS for measuring snow cover. Out of 122 observed snow events, 63 are considered suitable for analysis with the FSC maps. The highest FSC values are observed after Gulf/Atlantic lows and south‐eastward tracking clipper systems. We conclude that MODIS data can be successfully used to link broader atmospheric circulation processes of snowfall with the spatial patterns of snow cover. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of bone marrow adipocytes on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation
Authors: Muruganandan Shanmugam , Sinal Christopher J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThroughout life, bone is constantly remodeled through the complementary processes of bone resorption and bone formation. Highly coordinated regulation of these activities is essential for maintaining consistent bone quality and quantity. Normally, the development and function of bone‐forming (osteoblast) and bone‐resorbing (osteoclast) cells are tightly regulated by signaling molecules secreted by these two cell types. Within the bone marrow microenvironment, osteoblasts arise from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are in close contact with the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) precursors that differentiate into mature osteoclasts. Signaling molecules secreted by osteoblasts (e.g., receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand and osteoprotegerin) and osteoclasts (e.g., bone morphogenetic protein 6, wingless‐type MMTV integration site family member 10B, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate, and ephrin‐B2) play a key role in bone remodeling by guiding the differentiation, localization, and function of bone cells. In addition to osteoblasts, bone marrow MSCs can also differentiate into adipocytes that affect bone remodeling by competitively suppressing intracellular osteogenic signals, including runt‐related transcription factor 2, osterix, and beta‐catenin, while simultaneously promoting the secretion of adipogenic signaling molecules such as leptin, adiponectin, chemerin, omentin‐1, resistin, and visfatin. Secreted adipogenic factors have also been shown to affect the osteoclastogenic differentiation of HSCs. Herein, we discuss the impact of bone marrow adipocytes on the coupling of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, and the relevance to bone‐loss disorders such as osteoporosis. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(3):147–155, 2014
Cytotoxicity of Imidazole Ionic Liquids in Human Lung Carcinoma A549 Cell Line
Authors: Chen Hsiu‐Liang , Kao Hui‐Fang , Wang Jiu‐Yao , Wei Guor‐Tzo 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDue to the unique property of ionic liquids (ILs), they have become attractive media for various types of chemical processes recently. ILs have become one of the hottest areas in chemistry recently. It is necessary to have a good understanding of the toxicity and environmental impact of ILs before employing them in industry on a larger scale. To enlarge the limited knowledge regarding the potential risk posed by ILs to the environment and the public, the cytotoxicities of 21 imidazole ILs were evaluated by sensitive colorimetric assay with Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8), WST‐8 2‐(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitro‐phenyl)‐3‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐5‐(2,4‐disulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium monosodium salt) in human lung carcinoma A549 cell line. The data indicated that the toxicity of 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium entities was dominated by the side chain length, with the longer alkyl chain of the compound having a higher toxicity. Similar results were also found for the 1‐vinylimidazole cation. At the same time, the toxicity of 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium and 1‐vinylimidazole ionic liquid also depends on the associated anion species. The EC50 values are largest for tetrafluoroborate, whereas bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide results in the lowest EC50 value.
Block copolymers as sequestering phases in two‐phase biotransformations: effect of constituent homopolymer properties on solute affinity
Authors: Dafoe Julian T. , Parent J. Scott , Daugulis Andrew J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDBlock copolymers can be effective extractants in solid–liquid two‐phase partitioning bioreactors (TPPBs) when selected on the basis of their partition coefficient toward target solutes, and their thermo‐mechanical properties. A series of Pebax® block copolymers, containing varying proportions of soft poly(tetramethylene oxide) and hard poly(amide‐12), was evaluated to determine the effect of hard segment proportion on solute affinity toward two biotransformation target molecules, carveol and carvone. Subsequently, representative homopolymers comprising the copolymers' soft segment were examined individually for the effects of molecular weight, crystallinity, and polymer end group polarity on affinity.RESULTSPartition coefficients decreased with greater proportions of copolymer hard segments and homopolymer crystallinity, both of which act as non‐absorptive domains, but which impart mechanical strength to the polymer. Partition coefficients increased with decreasing homopolymer molecular weight, which was ascribed to increased entropy of mixing. Hydroxyl vs. ether end group functionality had a variable effect on the partitioning of polar and non‐polar solutes, providing a basis for the rational design of selective oligomeric absorbents.CONCLUSIONBlock copolymers can provide an attractive, low‐cost option for polymeric sequestering phases in TPPBs, but commercial grades of these materials are not optimized for these applications. TPPB performance can be improved by selecting/fabricating polymers that minimize the molecular weight of the soft component, the proportion of hard segment, and by considering the effects of end group composition. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Biofortification of soybean sprouts with zinc and bioaccessibility of zinc in the sprouts
Authors: Zou Tao , Xu Na , Hu Guanglin , Pang Jinwei , Xu Hangdan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDSoybean sprouts are a very popular vegetable in Southeast Asian countries and regions. Zinc‐rich soybean sprouts can help to improve Zn deficiency in humans. The aim of this study was to prepare Zn‐enriched soybean sprouts through agronomic biofortification (germination with ZnSO4 solution) in order to provide consumers with a dietary material for Zn supplementation.RESULTSA suitable Zn concentration in ZnSO4 solution used for cultivation of Zn‐enriched soybean sprouts was found to be less than or equal to 20 µg mL−1. Upon biofortification with 10 and 20 µg Zn mL−1 ZnSO4 solutions, Zn content (102 and 163 vs 32 mg kg−1 dry weight (DW)), bioaccessible Zn content (3.86 and 8.53 vs 1.11 mg kg−1 DW) and Zn bioaccessibility (3.8 and 5.2 vs 3.5%) in edible portions of Zn‐enriched soybean sprouts were significantly enhanced compared with those of water‐germinated soybean sprouts. Meanwhile, no significant differences were observed in Fe, Mn and Cu contents of edible portions of soybean sprouts between ZnSO4 solution and water germinations, although soaking leakages of minerals (Fe, Mn and Cu) from soybean seeds to steeping media occurred to some degree.CONCLUSIONSoybean sprouts biofortified with ZnSO4 solution at 10 or 20 µg Zn mL−1 contained appreciable quantities of Zn and had good Zn bioaccessibility, indicating that Zn‐enriched soybean sprouts may serve as a suitable dietary Zn source to improve the Zn intake of Zn‐deficient populations. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
PTSD Symptoms and Pain in Canadian Military Veterans: The Mediating Roles of Anxiety, Depression, and Alcohol Use
Authors: Irwin Kara C. , Konnert Candace , Wong May , O'Neill Thomas A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSymptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and pain are often comorbid among veterans. The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent symptoms of anxiety, depression, and alcohol use mediated the relationship between PTSD symptoms and pain among 113 treated male Canadian veterans. Measures of PTSD, pain, anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and alcohol use were collected as part of the initial assessment. The bootstrapped resampling analyses were consistent with the hypothesis of mediation for anxiety and depression, but not alcohol use. The confidence intervals did not include zero and the indirect effect of PTSD on pain through anxiety was .04, CI [.03, .07]. The indirect effect of PTSD on pain through depression was .04, CI [.02, .07]. These findings suggest that PTSD and pain symptoms among veterans may be related through the underlying symptoms of anxiety and depression, thus emphasizing the importance of targeting anxiety and depression symptoms when treating comorbid PTSD and pain patients.
Leading for the Long Future
Authors: Goleman Daniel 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLeaders with courage and foresight, Goleman contends, make decisions “with the long horizon in mind.” This requires consideration of such areas as public health and safety, the environment, and the common good. And the horizon can stretch to a century or even 500 years. “Reinventing business for the long future,” he writes, “could mean finding shared values supported by all stakeholders, from stock owners to employees and customers to communities where a company operates—to generations as yet unborn.” On an individual level, Goleman cites Jefferson, Lincoln, Gandhi, Mandela, Buddha, and Jesus as those leaving legacies far into the future.
What's Your Ripple Effect?
Authors: Jen Su Amy , Maignan Wilkins Muriel 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLeaders must recognize the “ripple effect” of what they say and do each day. Su and Wilkins contend that “the more senior you are, the more visible you are, and the higher your performance, the greater the impact of your ripple and the wake that you leave.” Pay attention to such techniques as framing, stories, analogies or metaphors, and bridging (using language that shows you are aware of what people care about, and that you can link their day‐to‐day work with the big picture). In addition, be serious about genuine “open door policies,” as well as 360‐degree feedback on yourself.
Creative Leadership
Authors: Miguel Messianu Luis 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMessianu describes himself as a “writer by conviction and a brand builder by definition, and I am a passionate believer that creativity is the most powerful force in business.” His field is advertising, but his core leadership principles apply across the board, such as establishing a vision, leading by example, empowering your people, recognizing that you are not perfect, staying current, staying humble, and giving back to your industry and community. Successful leaders are driven by high‐level passions and goals, and his is to elevate the image of Hispanics in the United States, particularly in the advertising world.
G1 fitting with clothoids
Authors: Bertolazzi Enrico , Frego Marco 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA new algorithm for the solution to the problem of Hermite G1 interpolation with a clothoid curve is herein proposed, that is, a clothoid that interpolates two given points in a plane with assigned unit tangent vectors. The interpolation problem is formulated as a system of three nonlinear equations with multiple solutions, which is difficult to solve even numerically. In this work the solution of this system is reduced to the computation of the zeros of only one single nonlinear function in one variable. The location of the relevant zero is tackled analytically: it is provided the interval containing the zero where the solution is proved to exist and to be unique. A simple guess function allows to find that zero with very few iterations in all of the possible instances. Computing clothoid curves calls for evaluating Fresnel‐related integrals, asymptotic expansions near critical values are herein conceived to avoid loss of precision. This is particularly important when the solution of the interpolation problem is close to a straight line or an arc of circle. The present algorithm is shown to be simple and compact. The comparison with literature algorithms proves that the present algorithm converges more quickly and accuracy is conserved in all of the possible instances, whereas other algorithms have a loss of accuracy near the transition zones. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Admissible frequency domain response functions of dielectrics
Authors: Caputo Michele , Fabrizio Mauro 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFew empirical formulae produced to represent the complex dielectric constant in the frequency domain are discussed here from the view point of the possibility of their representation in the time domain. Because a generic function of the frequency does not necessarily admit an inverse Fourier transform, it is not always possible to obtain the corresponding time domain representation of the constant defined in the time frequency. With the use of the fractional derivatives, we introduce a tentative model of the dielectric constant including a linear term, the complex dielectric constant with its loss, and the loss of the direct current electrical conductivity. With appropriate values of the parameters, the system reproduces in the frequency domain the K. Cole and R. Cole model, without the contribution of the loss of the direct current electrical conductivity, which is studied by an autonomous constitutive equation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimized three‐dimensional sodium imaging of the human heart on a clinical 3T scanner
Authors: Gai Neville D. , Rochitte Carlos , Nacif Marcelo S. , Bluemke David A. 
Published: March 2014

PurposeOptimization of sequence and sequence parameters to allow three‐dimensional (3D) sodium imaging of the entire human heart in vivo in a clinically reasonable time.Theory and MethodsA stack of spirals pulse sequence was optimized for cardiac imaging by considering factors such as spoiling, nutation angles, repetition time, echo time, T1/T2 relaxation, off‐resonance, data acquisition window, motion, and segmented k‐space acquisition. Simulations based on Bloch equations as well as the exact trajectory used for data acquisition provided the basis for choice of parameter combinations for sodium imaging. Sodium phantom scanning was used to validate the choice of parameters and for corroboration with simulations. In vivo cardiac imaging in six volunteers was also performed with an optimized sequence.ResultsPhantom studies showed good correlation with simulation results. Images obtained from human volunteers showed that the heart can be imaged with a nominal resolution of 5 × 5 × 10 mm3 and with a signal‐to‐noise ratio >15 (in the septum) in about 6–10 minutes. Long axis views of the reformatted human heart show true 3D imaging capability.ConclusionOptimization of the sequence and its parameters allowed in vivo 3D sodium imaging of the entire human heart in a clinically reasonable time. Magn Reson Med 73:623–632, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lipid elimination with an echo‐shifting N/2‐ghost acquisition (LEENA) MRI
Authors: Lu Lan , Donnola Shannon B. , Koontz Michaela , Griswold Mark A. , Duerk Jeffrey L. , Flask Chris A. 
Published: March 2014

PurposeThe Dixon techniques provide uniform water‐fat separation but require multiple image sets, which extend the overall acquisition time. Here, an alternative rapid single acquisition method, lipid elimination with an echo‐shifting N/2‐ghost acquisition (LEENA), was introduced.MethodsThe LEENA method utilized a fast imaging with steady‐state free precession sequence to obtain a single k‐space dataset in which successive k‐space lines are acquired to allow the fat magnetization to precess 180°. The LEENA data were then unghosted using either image‐domain (LEENA‐S) or k‐space domain (LEENA‐G) parallel imaging techniques to reconstruct water‐only and fat‐only images. An off‐resonance correction technique was incorporated to improve the uniformity of the water‐fat separation.ResultsUniform water‐fat separation was achieved for both the LEENA‐S and LEENA‐G methods for phantom and human body and leg imaging applications at 1.5T and 3T. The resultant water and fat images were qualitatively similar to conventional 2‐point Dixon and fat‐suppressed images.ConclusionThe LEENA‐S and LEENA‐G methods provide uniform water and fat images from a single MRI acquisition. These straightforward methods can be adapted to 1.5T and 3T clinical MRI scanners and provide comparable fat/water separation with conventional 2‐point Dixon and fat‐suppression techniques. Magn Reson Med 73:711–717, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonconforming finite element approximation of time‐dependent Maxwell's equations in Debye medium
Authors: Shi Dongyang , Yao Changhui 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this article, a new nonconforming mixed finite element method (FEM) for approximating the Maxwell's equations with Debye medium in three‐dimension are developed. By employing traditional variational formula, without adding “stability” or “penalty” terms, we show that the discrete scheme is robust. With the help of the element's typical properties, interpolation and derivative transfer skills, the convergence analysis is presented and error estimates for semidiscrete and leap‐frog fully‐discrete schemes are obtained, respectively. Numerical example shows the validity of the proposed method. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 30: 1654–1673, 2014
Preparation of macrodiols and polyols by chopping high‐molecular‐weight aliphatic polycarbonates
Authors: Jeon Jong Yeob , Hwang Eun Yeong , Eo Seong Chan , Lee Bun Yeoul 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTHigh‐molecular‐weight poly(1,4‐butylene carbonate) (PBC) (Mn: 40,000−90,000) was prepared through the condensation polymerization of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and 1,4‐butanediol (BD) in the presence of 0.05 mol % sodium alkoxide catalyst. The subsequent feeding of 15 mol % HOAOH, such as 1,6‐hexanediol, 1,5‐pentanediol, 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol, or 1,4‐benzenedimethanol and stirring at 190–150 °C converted the extremely thick high‐molecular‐weight polymer to low‐molecular‐weight macrodiols with GPC‐measured Mn ∼2000. The analysis of the 1H NMR spectra indicated that the –A– units and 1,4‐butylene units were randomly distributed in the resulting oligomers. The chopping of the high‐molecular‐weight PBC using either triols or tetraols such as glycerol propoxylate, 1,1,1‐tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane, or pentaerythritol also afforded macropolyols containing branched chains with GPC‐measured Mn ∼2000. When the chopped polymers were genuine PBCs, the resulting macrodiols or polyols were in a waxy state at room temperature. However, permanently oily compounds were obtained when the chopped polymers were prepared using 0.90 mole fraction of BD admixed with various other diols. The macrodiols and polyols synthesized in this study may have potential applications in the polyurethane industry. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1570–1580
Iwasawa nilpotency degree of non compact symmetric cosets in \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathcal{N} $\end{document}‐extended supergravity
Authors: Cacciatori S.L. , Cerchiai B.L. , Ferrara S. , Marrani A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe analyze the polynomial part of the Iwasawa realization of the coset representative of non compact symmetric Riemannian spaces. We start by studying the role of Kostant's principal SU(2)P subalgebra of simple Lie algebras, and how it determines the structure of the nilpotent subalgebras. This allows us to compute the maximal degree of the polynomials for all faithful representations of Lie algebras. In particular the metric coefficients are related to the scalar kinetic terms while the representation of electric and magnetic charges is related to the coupling of scalars to vector field strengths as they appear in the Lagrangian. We consider symmetric scalar manifolds in &#55349;&#56489;‐extended supergravity in various space‐time dimensions, elucidating various relations with the underlying Jordan algebras and normed Hurwitz algebras. For magic supergravity theories, our results are consistent with the Tits‐Satake projection of symmetric spaces and the nilpotency degree turns out to depend only on the space‐time dimension of the theory. These results should be helpful within a deeper investigation of the corresponding supergravity theory, e.g. in studying ultraviolet properties of maximal supergravity in various dimensions.