bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2.2 Reactions with Cycloaddition as the Key Step (Not Involving α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compound Electrophiles)
Authors: Modha S. , Van der Eycken E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe cycloaddition reaction of a 1,3-dipole and a dipolarophile, commonly known as the [3 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction, has become well established over the years. Multicomponent reactions involving a [3 + 2] cycloaddition as the key step conveniently generate diversely substituted heterocycles. In contrast to Section 2.1.6, the focus here is on reactions not involving α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
2.5 Free-Radical-Mediated Multicomponent Reactions Involving Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Fusano A. , Ryu I. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis review describes free-radical-mediated multicomponent reactions leading to a variety of carbonyl compounds, such as ketones, esters, amides, and the related cyclic carbonyl compounds, with introduction of carbon monoxide as the carbonyl function. All reactions are carried out in a single vessel using a stainless steel autoclave with a glass liner, and are therefore one-pot synthetic processes.
2.6 Metal-Mediated Multicomponent Reactions
Authors: Xi C. , Chen C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMulticomponent reactions (MCRs) make possible the rapid synthesis of molecular libraries that have a high degree of structural diversity. Metal-mediated multicomponent reactions are particularly interesting as they give access to processes that occur with high chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity with excellent functional group tolerance. For example, reductive coupling of two unsaturated compounds on reduced zirconocene affords a variety of zirconacycles, which react with electrophiles to form various carbo- and heterocycles.
Clique topology reveals intrinsic geometric structure in neural correlations
Authors: Giusti Chad , Pastalkova Eva , Curto Carina , Itskov Vladimir 
Published: October 2015

Significance
Detecting structure in neural activity is critical for understanding the function of neural circuits. The coding properties of neurons are typically investigated by correlating their responses to external stimuli. It is not clear, however, if the structure of neural activity can be inferred intrinsically, without a priori knowledge of the relevant stimuli. We introduce a novel method, called clique topology, that detects intrinsic structure in neural activity that is invariant under nonlinear monotone transformations. Using pairwise correlations of neurons in the hippocampus, we demonstrate that our method is capable of detecting geometric structure from neural activity alone, without appealing to external stimuli or receptive fields.
General state-space population dynamics model for Bayesian stock assessment
Authors: Mäntyniemi Samu H. P. , Whitlock Rebecca E. , Perälä Tommi A. , Blomstedt Paul A. , Vanhatalo Jarno P. , Rincón Margarita María , Kuparinen Anna K. , Pulkkinen Henni P. , Kuikka O. Sakari 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study presents a state-space modelling framework for the purposes of stock assessment. The stochastic population dynamics build on the notion of correlated survival and capture events among individuals. The correlation is thought to arise as a combination of schooling behaviour, a spatially patchy environment, and common but unobserved environmental factors affecting all the individuals. The population dynamics model isolates the key biological processes, so that they are not condensed into one parameter but are kept separate. This approach is chosen to aid the inclusion of biological knowledge from sources other than the assessment data at hand. The model can be tailored to each case by choosing appropriate models for the biological processes. Uncertainty about the model parameters and about the appropriate model structures is then described using prior distributions. Different combinations of, for example, age, size, phenotype, life stage, species, and spatial location can be used to structure the population. To update the prior knowledge, the model can be fitted to data by defining appropriate observation models. Much like the biological parameters, the observation models must also be tailored to fit each individual case.
Seasonal foraging responses of beavers to sodium-enhanced foods: an experimental assessment with field feeding trials
Authors: Strules Jennifer , DeStefano Stephen 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSalt drive is a seasonal phenomenon common to several classes of wild herbivores. Coincident with shifts of nutrient quality when plants resume growth in the spring, sodium is secondarily lost as surplus potassium is excreted. The beaver ( Castor canadensis ) is an herbivore whose dietary niche closely follows that of other herbivores that are subject to salt drive, but no published studies to date have assessed the likelihood of its occurrence. To quantify if beavers experience seasonal salt drive, we designed a field experiment to measure the foraging responses of beavers to sodium-enhanced foods. We used sodium-treated (salted) and control (no salt) food items (aspen [ Populus tremuloides ] and pine [ Pinus spp.] sticks) during monthly feeding trials at beaver-occupied wetlands. If conventional ontogeny of salt drive was operant, we expected to observe greater utility of sodium-treated food items by beavers in May and June. Further, if water lilies ( Nymphaea spp. and Nuphar spp.) supply beavers with sodium to meet dietary requirements as is widely speculated, we expected foraging responses to sodium-treated food items at wetlands where water lilies were absent to be greater than at wetlands where water lily was present. Aspen was selected by beavers in significantly greater amounts than pine. There was no difference between the mean percent consumed of salted and control aspen sticks by beavers at lily and non-lily wetlands, and no differences in temporal consumption associated with salted or control pine sticks at either wetland type. Salted pine was consumed in greater amounts than unsalted pine. We propose that the gastrointestinal or renal physiology of beavers may preclude solute loss, thereby preventing salt drive.
A comparison of morphological and molecular diet analyses of predator scats
Authors: Mumma Matthew A. , Adams Jennifer R. , Zieminski Chris , Fuller Todd K. , Mahoney Shane P. , Waits Lisette P. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
An understanding of a species’ diet is required to make sound conservation and management decisions. Traditionally, morphological analyses of undigested hard parts from food items remaining in scats have been used to assess diets. More recently, molecular analyses of scats have been used to identify plant and prey species’ DNA, but no studies have compared morphological and molecular diet analyses for large, terrestrial carnivores. We used molecular tools to determine the percentage of black bear and coyote scats that contained 3 common prey species (caribou, moose, and snowshoe hares) in Newfoundland and compared the results to a traditional morphological analysis. We found that a ranking of relative prey frequencies was consistent between the 2 methods, but molecular methods tended to detect prey species in a greater percentage of scats for all prey species. However, there were individual scats in which a prey species was detected by morphological methods only, and we provide evidence that molecular methods could result in false negatives if prey DNA is not uniformly distributed throughout a scat or as a result of PCR inconsistency. We also found that the per sample cost comparison between morphological and molecular analyses was dependent upon whether or not a molecular test was needed to identify scats to the predator species, the cost of developing molecular methods, and the number of samples being processed. We recommend that controlled feeding studies be performed to validate molecular methods and investigate the utility of molecular techniques to estimate the proportions of food items consumed.
A business model approach to supply chain management
Authors: Trkman Peter , Budler Marko , Groznik Aleš 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to extend the topics from a 2007 paper to stimulate debate on strategic issues vital for the long-term success of supply chains (SCs). The authors upgraded from SC process modelling towards SC business model management; from information to knowledge transfer and from the maturity of SC to dynamic capabilities. The paper attempts to identify and connect the elements of SC business model and the key issues for development of dynamic capabilities to enable future redesign of business models.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper develops two frameworks showing the elements of an SC business model and the interconnection of those elements and dynamic capabilities. The use of these frameworks is demonstrated in a case study of Post of Slovenia. The case uses both primary and secondary data gathered from interviews, publicly accessible articles and internal reports.

Findings
– An SC should develop the elements of its business model in such a way that it will be able to continually change its existing or add a new business model from the AS-IS state to a currently unpredictable “TO-BE” state as a response to currently unknown changes in its business model.

Research limitations/implications
– The selection of the elements in the frameworks is partly arbitrary. A single case study was conducted.

Practical implications
– SCs should not simply focus on improving the maturity/efficiency of current processes but can use the findings to carefully design their current business model and develop dynamic capabilities for future changes.

Originality/value
– This paper summarises and extends the recent literature through the dynamic capabilities approach and business model management and proposes two frameworks and identifies topics relevant for future development of the SCM field.
Significant alteration of soil bacterial communities and organic carbon decomposition by different long‐term fertilization management conditions of extremely low‐productivity arable soil inSouthChina
Authors: Xun Weibing , Zhao Jun , Xue Chao , Zhang Guishan , Ran Wei , Wang Boren , Shen Qirong , Zhang Ruifu 
Published: October 2015

SummaryDifferent fertilization managements of red soil, a kind of Ferralic Cambisol, strongly affected the soil properties and associated microbial communities. The association of the soil microbial community and functionality with long‐term fertilization management in the unique low‐productivity red soil ecosystem is important for both soil microbial ecology and agricultural production. Here, 454 pyrosequencing analysis of 16S recombinant ribonucleic acid genes andGeoChip4‐NimbleGen‐based functional gene analysis were used to study the soil bacterial community composition and functional genes involved in soil organic carbon degradation. Long‐term nitrogen‐containing chemical fertilization‐induced soil acidification and fertility decline and significantly altered the soil bacterial community, whereas long‐term organic fertilization and fallow management improved the soil quality and maintained the bacterial diversity. Short‐term quicklime remediation of the acidified soils did not change the bacterial communities. Organic fertilization and fallow management supported eutrophic ecosystems, in which copiotrophic taxa increased in relative abundance and have a higher intensity of labile‐C‐degrading genes. However, long‐term nitrogen‐containing chemical fertilization treatments supported oligotrophic ecosystems, in which oligotrophic taxa increased in relative abundance and have a higher intensity of recalcitrant‐C‐degrading genes but a lower intensity of labile‐C‐degrading genes. Quicklime application increased the relative abundance of copiotrophic taxa and crop production, although these effects were utterly inadequate. This study provides insights into the interaction of soil bacterial communities, soil functionality and long‐term fertilization management in the red soil ecosystem; these insights are important for improving the fertility of unique low‐productivity red soil.
Using Bayesian Imputation to Assess Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Pediatric Performance Measures
Authors: Brown David P. , Knapp Caprice , Baker Kimberly , Kaufmann Meggen 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo analyze health care disparities in pediatric quality of care measures and determine the impact of data imputation.Data SourcesFive HEDIS measures are calculated based on 2012 administrative data for 145,652 children in two public insurance programs in Florida.MethodsThe Bayesian Improved Surname and Geocoding (BISG) imputation method is used to impute missing race and ethnicity data for 42 percent of the sample (61,954 children). Models are estimated with and without the imputed race and ethnicity data.Principal FindingsDropping individuals with missing race and ethnicity data biases quality of care measures for minorities downward relative to nonminority children for several measures.ConclusionsThese results provide further support for the importance of appropriately accounting for missing race and ethnicity data through imputation methods.
Ineffective erythropoiesis and regulation of iron status in iron loading anaemias
Authors: Camaschella Clara , Nai Antonella 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe definition ‘iron loading anaemias’ encompasses a group of inherited and acquired anaemias characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis, low hepcidin levels, excessive iron absorption and secondary iron overload. Non‐transfusion‐dependent β‐thalassaemia is the paradigmatic example of these conditions that include dyserythropoietic and sideroblastic anaemias and some forms of myelodysplasia. Interrupting the vicious cycle between ineffective erythropoiesis and iron overload may be of therapeutic benefit in all these diseases. Induction of iron restriction by means of transferrin infusions, minihepcidins or manipulation of the hepcidin pathway prevents iron overload, redistributes iron from parenchymal cells to macrophage stores and partially controls anaemia in β‐thalassaemic mice. Inhibition of ineffective erythropoiesis by activin ligand traps improves anaemia and iron overload in the same models. Targeting iron loading or ineffective erythropoiesis shows promise in preclinical studies; activin ligand traps are in clinical trials with promising results and may be useful in patients with ineffective erythropoiesis.
Activity of botulinum toxin type A in cranial dura: implications for treatment of migraine and other headaches
Authors: Lacković Zdravko , Filipović Boris , Matak Ivica , Helyes Zsuzsanna 
Published: October 2015

Background and PurposeAlthough botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) is approved for chronic migraine treatment, its mechanism of action is still unknown. Dural neurogenic inflammation (DNI) commonly used to investigate migraine pathophysiology can be evoked by trigeminal pain. Here, we investigated the reactivity of cranial dura to trigeminal pain and the mechanism of BoNT/A action on DNI.Experimental ApproachBecause temporomandibular disorders are highly comorbid with migraine, we employed a rat model of inflammation induced by complete Freund's adjuvant, followed by treatment with BoNT/A injections or sumatriptan p.o. DNI was assessed by Evans blue‐plasma protein extravasation, cell histology and RIA for CGRP. BoNT/A enzymatic activity in dura was assessed by immunohistochemistry for cleaved synaptosomal‐associated protein 25 (SNAP‐25).Key ResultsBoNT/A and sumatriptan reduced the mechanical allodynia and DNI, evoked by complete Freund's adjuvant. BoNT/A prevented inflammatory cell infiltration and inhibited the increase of CGRP levels in dura. After peripheral application, BoNT/A‐cleaved SNAP‐25 colocalized with CGRP in intracranial dural nerve endings. Injection of the axonal transport blocker colchicine into the trigeminal ganglion prevented the formation of cleaved SNAP‐25 in dura.Conclusions and ImplicationsPericranially injected BoNT/A was taken up by local sensory nerve endings, axonally transported to the trigeminal ganglion and transcytosed to dural afferents. Colocalization of cleaved SNAP‐25 and the migraine mediator CGRP in dura suggests that BoNT/A may prevent DNI by suppressing transmission by CGRP. This might explain the effects of BoNT/A in temporomandibular joint inflammation and in migraine and some other headaches.
A Time and Place for Everything: Developmental Differences in the Building Blocks of Episodic Memory
Authors: Lee Joshua K. , Wendelken Carter , Bunge Silvia A. , Ghetti Simona 
Published: October 2015

This research investigated whether episodic memory development can be explained by improvements in relational binding processes, involved in forming novel associations between events and the context in which they occurred. Memory for item–space, item–time, and item–item relations was assessed in an ethnically diverse sample of 151 children aged 7–11 years and 28 young adults. Item–space memory reached adult performance by 9½ years, whereas item–time and item–item memory improved into adulthood. In path analysis, item–space, but not item–time best explained item–item memory. Across age groups, relational binding related to source memory and performance on standardized memory assessments. In conclusion, relational binding development depends on relation type, but relational binding overall supports episodic memory development.
Prospective case–control study of efficacy of bilateral selective neck dissection in primary surgical treatment of supraglottic laryngeal cancers with clinically negative cervical findings (N0)
Authors: Djordjevic V. , Bukurov B. , Arsovic N. , Dimitrijevic M. , Jesic S. , Nesic V. , Petrovic Z. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of bilateral selective neck dissection of levels II–IV in elective and therapeutic management of the neck as a part of primary surgical treatment of patients with supraglottic laryngeal cancer and clinically negative cervical findings (N0).DesignInstitutional, observational, case–control study with historic control of patients who underwent primary supraglottic tumour surgery, and a prospective cohort of patient, who underwent, besides the operation of primary tumour, bilateral selective neck dissection (level II–IV).SettingUniversity, tertiary level hospital, national referral centre.ParticipantsThe study included 193 patients with supraglottic cancer and without palpable or ultrasound positive cervical findings who were surgically treated from 1988 to 2005. Besides the operation of primary tumour, all patients in the study group underwent bilateral selective neck dissection (level II–IV). Patients in the control group (N = 51) underwent primary tumour operation only and were followed up regularly. In cases with postoperative regional recurrences, the radical neck dissection was performed. All patients with histopathological confirmation of occult metastases were administered radiotherapy treatment (60 Gy) in the postoperative period.Main outcome measuresFive‐year overall survival rate.ResultsOccult cervical metastases were found in 18% of patients. They were present in level II in 77.5%, in level III in 20% of cases and in one patient in level IV (2.5%); the extracapsular spread was observed in 20% of cases. Postoperative regional metastases were found in 4.15% of cases in the study group, and in 11.8% in the control group, which proved to be significantly higher. The five‐year overall survival rate showed no significant difference between the study group and the control group.ConclusionThe incidence of postoperative regional recurrences could be reduced by performing bilateral selective neck dissection simultaneously with primary tumour operation, but with no influence on the survival rate.
Splenium development and early spoken language in human infants
Authors: Swanson Meghan R. , Wolff Jason J. , Elison Jed T. , Gu Hongbin , Hazlett Heather C. , Botteron Kelly , Styner Martin , Paterson Sarah , Gerig Guido , Constantino John , Dager Stephen , Estes Annette , Vachet Clement , Piven Joseph ,   for the IBIS Network
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe association between developmental trajectories of language‐related white matter fiber pathways from 6 to 24 months of age and individual differences in language production at 24 months of age was investigated. The splenium of the corpus callosum, a fiber pathway projecting through the posterior hub of the default mode network to occipital visual areas, was examined as well as pathways implicated in language function in the mature brain, including the arcuate fasciculi, uncinate fasciculi, and inferior longitudinal fasciculi. The hypothesis that the development of neural circuitry supporting domain‐general orienting skills would relate to later language performance was tested in a large sample of typically developing infants. The present study included 77 infants with diffusion weighted MRI scans at 6, 12 and 24 months and language assessment at 24 months. The rate of change in splenium development varied significantly as a function of language production, such that children with greater change in fractional anisotropy (FA) from 6 to 24 months produced more words at 24 months. Contrary to findings from older children and adults, significant associations between language production and FA in the arcuate, uncinate, or left inferior longitudinal fasciculi were not observed. The current study highlights the importance of tracing brain development trajectories from infancy to fully elucidate emerging brain–behavior associations while also emphasizing the role of the splenium as a key node in the structural network that supports the acquisition of spoken language.
Predictors of Future Atrial Fibrillation Development in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Prospective Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Tuluce Kamil , Yakar Tuluce Selcen , Kahya Eren Nihan , Kocabas Ugur , Akyildiz Akcay Filiz , Gunduz Ramazan , Akyildiz Zehra I. , Ergene Oktay 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundWe evaluated whether left atrial (LA) phasic functions, P‐wave dispersion (PWD), and plasma NT‐proBNP levels could predict future development of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).MethodsSeventy patients with HCM were evaluated. The LA phasic functions including the LA total emptying volume (LATEV), LA total emptying fraction (LATEF), LA active emptying volume (LAAEV), LA active emptying fraction (LAAEF), LA passive emptying volume (LAPEV), and LA passive emptying fraction (LAPEF) were evaluated. P‐wave dispersion was calculated. Plasma NT‐proBNP levels were measured on the same day with echocardiographic study.ResultsPatients were followed up 53.09 ± 1.87 months. Patients who developed AF (n = 18) had significantly higher PWD values, NT‐proBNP levels, LAVI, E/E' av, and resting LVOT gradients and significantly lower LATEF and LAAEF. In multivariate analysis, LATEF (P = 0.002), LAAEF (P = 0.007), logNT‐proBNP level (P = 0.022), and PWD (P = 0.018) were associated with AF development. The results of receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that a LATEF cutoff value 49% with 72% sensitivity and 81% specificity, a LAAEF cutoff value of 36% with 72% sensitivity and 71% specificity, and an NT‐proBNP cutoff value of 720 pg/mL predicted future AF development with 72% sensitivity and 60% specificity. A PWD cutoff value of 47.5 msecond predicted future AF development with 78% sensitivity and 72% specificity.ConclusionIn patients with HCM, LA phasic functions, PWD, and NT‐proBNP levels predict future development of AF. Assessment of LA phasic functions during routine echocardiographic evaluation and measuring NT‐proBNP levels and PWD values of patients with HCM during daily practice may provide important data in predicting those at high risk of AF occurrence.