bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activating calcium‐sensing receptor gene variants in children: a case study of infant hypocalcaemia and literature review
Authors: Thim Signe B , Birkebæk Niels H , Nissen Peter H , Høst Christian 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAutosomal dominant hypocalcaemia (ADH) is caused by activating variants in the calcium‐sensing receptor (CASR) gene, but detailed information on the paediatric phenotype is limited. The current paper presents a case of severe ADH and systematically reviews the literature on ADH in children.ConclusionWe found that the severity of clinical neurological symptoms was inversely related to serum calcium levels and a high prevalence of renal calcifications and/or basal ganglia calcifications in children with ADH.
Older siblings as potential supervisors of younger siblings: sibling supervisors' recognition of injury‐risk behaviours and beliefs about supervisee risk taking and potential injury outcomes
Authors: Morrongiello B. A. , Schell S. L. , Stewart J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundPast research has shown that increased injury risk for supervisees during sibling supervision is in part due to the supervision practices of older siblings.MethodsThe current study used a photo sorting task to examine older siblings' recognition of injury‐risk behaviours, their perceived likelihood of supervisees engaging in, or being injured while engaging in, these behaviours, and awareness of past risk‐taking behaviours of supervisees. Mothers completed the same measures and an interview about sibling supervision in the home.ResultsMothers reported that sibling supervision occurred most frequently in the kitchen, living room, and children's bedrooms, for approximately 39 min/day, and that the more time the children spent together in a room, the more frequently the older sibling supervised the younger one. The most common reasons mothers gave for why sibling supervision was allowed included beliefs that the older child knows about hazards and unsafe behaviours and that the child could provide adequate supervision. Photo sort results revealed that older siblings were able to correctly identify about 98% of risk behaviours, with these scores significantly higher than what mothers expected (79%). However, compared with mothers, older siblings were less aware of risk behaviours that their younger siblings had engaged in previously. In addition, mothers rated supervisees as ‘fairly likely’ both to engage in risk behaviours and to experience an injury if they tried these behaviours, whereas sibling supervisors rated both supervisee risk behaviour and injury outcomes as ‘not likely’ to occur.ConclusionOlder siblings showed good knowledge of hazards but failed to realize that younger children often engage in injury‐risk behaviours. Efforts to improve the supervision practices of sibling supervisors need to include changing their perception of supervisees' injury vulnerability and potential injury severity, rather than targeting to increase knowledge of injury‐risk behaviours per se.
Alternate scoring of the Bayley‐III improves prediction of performance on Griffiths Mental Development Scales before school entry in preschoolers with developmental concerns
Authors: Milne S. L. , McDonald J. L. , Comino E. J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe Bayley‐III is widely used as an assessment tool in young children; however, its standard composite scores appear to under‐estimate delay, severe and profound delay cannot be identified, and the lack of an overall score makes it difficult to compare results with later assessments.AimsTo explore the use of Bayley‐III quotient subtest and average scores, compared with composite subtest and average scores for both clinical and research purposes, comparing their ability to predict performance on the Griffiths Mental Development Scales (Griffiths) before school entry.MethodOne hundred preschoolers referred for a diagnosis were assessed on the Bayley‐III before 3.5 years. They were reassessed before school entry on the Griffiths. Composite and quotient scores were calculated and their ability to predict outcome compared across the score range.ResultsAveraging the three subscale quotient scores (Bayley‐AQS) gave a similar mean score for this sample (61.1, SD 16.2) as for the Griffiths general quotient (Griffiths‐GQ) (61.1, SD 19.6). The average composite scores (Bayley‐ACS) had a significantly higher mean (74.2, SD 12.1). Correlations between the average scores on the Bayley‐III and the Griffiths‐GQ (0.8) were at least as strong as any of the individual subscale scores. Kappa coefficients showed that Bayley‐AQS was superior to Bayley‐ACS for predicting moderate and severe delay. Average change in scores was −0.1 for Bayley‐AQS, and −13.2 for Bayley‐ACS. Improvement in category of delay was seen in 28% of children using Bayley‐AQS, and deterioration in 22%. In contrast, 5% improvement was seen using Bayley‐ACS, and 65% deterioration.ConclusionsThe three directly assessed subscales of the Bayley‐III can be averaged to give an overall score. Bayley‐AQS are a better measure of development in young children with delay than Bayley‐ACS, and most children maintain their developmental classification using this method of scoring when re‐assessed before school entry.
Normal long‐term health‐related quality of life can be achieved in patients with functional pituitary adenomas having surgery as primary treatment
Authors: Ritvonen Elina , Karppinen Atte , Sintonen Harri , Vehkavaara Satu , Kivipelto Leena , Roine Risto P. , Niemelä Mika , Schalin‐Jäntti Camilla 
Published: July 2014

SummaryBackgroundPrevious studies report impaired health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with functional pituitary adenomas (FPA). We assessed HRQoL in FPA patients having undergone surgery at our University Central Hospital between 2000 and 2010, with combined adjuvant treatment given to achieve strict hormonal control.DesignA cross‐sectional study including a large control population.Patients and methodsHRQoL was assessed by the 15D in 100 FPA patients (acromegaly n = 47, Cushing's disease n = 21, prolactinoma n = 26, TSH‐adenoma n = 2, gonadotropinoma n = 4), operated on a mean 7·4 (range 2·1–13·0) years earlier. An age‐ and gender‐standardized sample of the general population (n = 4924) served as controls. HRQoL determinants were assessed by independent samples t‐test and multiple regression analysis.ResultsHormonal remission rate was 90·9% and 43·9% of the patients received replacement therapy. The mean 15D scores were similar in patients and controls (0·917 vs 0·922, P = 0·568). On single dimensions, patients were worse off regarding speech and sexual activity (both P < 0·05) and better off regarding discomfort and symptoms (P < 0·05). Age (P = 0·001), co‐morbidities (P = 0·009), Cushing's disease (P = 0·034), and thyroxine dose (P = 0·002) predicted impaired HRQoL, but not hypopituitarism, hydrocortisone replacement, radiotherapy, or time after surgery.ConclusionsIt is possible to achieve near‐normal HRQoL in surgically treated FPA patients given adjuvant treatment to achieve strict hormonal remission. However, in addition to age and co‐morbidities, Cushing's disease and need for thyroxine replacement therapy predict impaired HRQoL.
Elevated hair cortisol concentrations in children with adrenal insufficiency on hydrocortisone replacement therapy
Authors: Noppe G. , van Rossum E.F.C. , Vliegenthart J. , Koper J.W. , van den Akker E.L.T. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryBackgroundGlucocorticoid replacement therapy in patients with adrenal insufficiency needs to be tailored to the individual patient based on body composition and clinical signs and symptoms as no objective method for assessment of treatment adequacy is available. Current treatment regimens are often not satisfactory, which is shown by the adverse metabolic profile and doubled mortality rates in treated adrenal insufficiency patients. Measurement of cortisol concentrations in hair reflect the long‐term systemic cortisol exposure and may be of use in refinement of hydrocortisone treatment.ObjectiveWe aimed to study whether long‐term cortisol (hydrocortisone) levels, as measured in scalp hair, are similar in children with adrenal insufficiency and healthy children.Material and methodsWe set up a case control study, measuring anthropometric characteristics and hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) in 54 hydrocortisone substituted children with adrenal insufficiency (AI patients) in the age of 4–18 years and 54 healthy children matched for gender and age.ResultsMean HCC were significantly higher in AI patients compared with healthy controls (mean 13·3 vs 8·2 pg/mg, P = 0·02). AI patients also had a higher BMI (P < 0·001) and waist circumference (WC) (P = 0·02). HCC was significantly associated with BMI (P = 0·002) and WC (P = 0·002). HCC explained 13% of the difference in BMI and 29% of the difference in WC between AI patients and controls.ConclusionHydrocortisone‐treated AI patients have increased HCC and adverse anthropometric characteristics compared with healthy controls. HCC measurement may be of value in identifying overtreatment and thereby improve hydrocortisone replacement therapy.
The Ultrastructural Relationship Between Osteocytes and Dental Implants Following Osseointegration
Authors: Du Zhibin , Ivanovski Saso , Hamlet Stephen M. , Feng Jian Q. , Xiao Yin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundOsteocytes, the most abundant cells in bone, have multiple functions, including acting as mechanosensors and regulating mineralization. It is clear that osteocytes influence bone remodeling by controlling the differentiation and activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Determining the relationship between titanium implants and osteocytes may therefore benefit our understanding of the process of osseointegration.PurposeThe aim of this study was to visualize the ultrastructural relationship between osteocytes and the titanium implant surface following osseointegration in vivo.Materials and MethodsTitanium implants were placed in the maxillary molar regions of eight female Sprague Dawley rats, 3 months old. The animals were sacrificed 8 weeks after implantation, and undecalcified tissue sections were prepared. Resin‐cast samples were subsequently acid‐etched with 37% phosphoric acid prior to examination using scanning electron microscopy.ResultsCompared with mature bone, where the osteocytes were arranged in an ordered fashion, the osteocytes appeared less organized in the newly formed bone around the titanium implant. Further, a layer of mineralization with few organic components was observed on the implant surface. This study shows for the first time that osteocytes and their dendrites are directly connected with the implant surface.ConclusionsThis study shows the direct anchorage of osteocytes via dendritic processes to a titanium implant surface in vivo. This suggests an important regulatory role for osteocytes and their lacunar‐canalicular network in maintaining long‐term osseointegration.
Effectiveness of individual‐focused interventions to prevent chronic disease
Authors: Saeed Sara , Golfam Mohammad , Beall Reed F. , Ashbury Fredrick D. , Palmer Lyle J. , Little Julian 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe burden of chronic disease is projected to assume crisis proportions in most parts of the world by the middle of the century, focusing attention on the need for preventive interventions. We identify and review published research on primary prevention individual‐level interventions in current practice and describe and discuss the limitations of the current evidence. The report facilitates prioritizing a research agenda for potential interventions that might be investigated within cohort studies.Materials and methodsThis study is a rapid review. Computerized database searches (PubMed and EMBASE) were performed in October 2012 to identify articles on primary prevention interventions that are directed at the individual level. Potentially, relevant International Agency of Research on Cancer handbooks and monographs were also reviewed. The review includes articles reported in English on the efficacy or effectiveness of a preventive intervention in an adult population. It excludes articles on alcohol or tobacco smoking.ResultsMany chronic disease interventions directed at individuals report a protective effect in the short term and some evidence for the efficacy of chemoprevention in chronic disease prevention exists. Evidence these effects persist in the longer term is inconsistent.ConclusionsThere are currently only limited evidence‐based preventions for most chronic diseases, for which a summary is available in Table A1 (see Appendix B). Most individual‐level intervention research studies have been conducted using case–control designs and some small, randomized studies. There are fewer impediments to lifestyle modifications when compared to prevention using chemoprevention and vaccination or other methods of prevention of persistent infection.
The roles of consolidation and maintenance therapy with novel agents after autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Joks Monika , Jurczyszyn Artur , Machaczka Maciej , Skotnicki Aleksander B. , Komarnicki Mieczysław 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNovel agents including immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors incorporated into induction regimens and subsequently followed by autologous stem cell transplantation in cases of multiple myeloma have resulted in enhancement of response rate and its depth. Maintaining or even improving the response is an important treatment goal. Most clinical trials have revealed increased progression‐free survival after consolidation and maintenance therapy. Some of them have also shown prolongation of overall survival. However, continuous therapy may be associated with significant side effects and costs, and therefore remains controversial. Treatment decisions should be individualized and based upon projected benefits and risks.
Developing bioelectrical impedance analysis methods for age‐0 brook trout
Authors: Hafs A. W. , Hartman K. J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractYear class strength of many fishes often is determined by survival through the first winter. Increased fat reserves improve survival and overall cohort success. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) methods are established for estimating proximate composition of adult brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), but none have been developed for early life stages. Small‐fish BIA would provide information about age‐0 percent dry weight, a proxy for fat reserves, allowing for better prediction of cohort success. The objective of this study was to develop BIA methods that provide reliable estimates of percent dry weight for age‐0 brook trout. BIA measurements were taken at seven anatomical locations from 48 to 115 mm fish. A model developed using BIA measures taken by subdermal needle electrodes precisely predicted percent dry weight (best model, RMSE = 1.03, R2 = 0.86). Although lacking support, as determined by information theoretical analysis, BIA measured with non‐invasive external rod electrodes also precisely predicted percent dry weight (RMSE = 1.09, R2 = 0.85). Models developed using two electrode locations performed better than models developed with only one location. For small brook trout, a dorsal to ventral pre‐dorsal fin electrode location should be used in conjunction with a dorsal total length location when measuring BIA to predict percent dry weight.
Environment and biogeography drive aquatic plant and cladoceran species richness across Europe
Authors: Viana Duarte S. , Santamaría L. , Schwenk K. , Manca M. , Hobæk A. , Mjelde M. , Preston C. D. , Gornall R. J. , Croft J. M. , King R. A. , Green A. J. , Figuerola J. 
Published: July 2014

Summary

The relative role of environmental and regional processes in determining patterns of biodiversity may vary across spatial scales. In inland aquatic communities, macrophytes and zooplankton have the potential to disperse over large spatial scales (hundreds of kilometres), but the role of environmental and regional processes in determining species richness (SR) at different spatial scales is poorly understood.

To assess the relative importance of environmental and regional processes acting on both regional (within‐region) and continental (among‐region) scales, we surveyed 139 waterbodies in five geographic regions (Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Scotland and Norway) and in each region measured environmental variables, descriptors of connectivity and SR of two aquatic taxa, namely aquatic plants and cladocerans.

Analyses using boosted regression trees and generalised linear models, integrated with multiple imputation of missing data, indicated that both environmental and regional processes were related to local SR.

Total phosphorus was the main environmental correlate of SR, showing a unimodal relationship with both taxonomic groups. Conductivity and lake depth were also related to cladoceran SR, and Secchi depth was related to aquatic plant richness.

The SR of aquatic plants and cladocerans were significantly correlated, but this relationship was mainly indirect (i.e. determined by the effect of common environmental variables).

The limited role of connectivity and space (lack of spatial autocorrelation in model residuals) relative to environment suggests that dispersal limitation is not as important as the environment in explaining richness patterns for both groups within regions. However, region identity strongly influenced SR, which suggests an important effect of biogeographic factors (e.g. the level of endemicity; the number of unique species in each region) and/or dispersal limitation at the continental scale.

We conclude that environmental factors and biogeographic processes largely determine the patterns of local and regional SR in aquatic plants and zooplankton.
The influence of environmental factors on abundance and prevalence of a commensal ostracod hosted by an invasive crayfish: are ‘parasite rules’ relevant to non‐parasitic symbionts?
Authors: Mestre Alexandre , Monrós Juan S. , Mesquita‐Joanes Francesc 
Published: July 2014

Summary

Symbiosis represents a widespread and successful lifestyle, but research on symbiotic associations has been mainly focused on parasites. Three general patterns in parasite ecology have been proposed: (i) aggregation, (ii) positive and tight correlation between mean symbiont abundance and its variance and (iii) positive correlation between abundance and prevalence of symbionts. The factors affecting abundance and prevalence within symbiont species can be grouped into host features and environmental conditions. According to research in parasite ecology, environmental conditions seem to play a minor role.

We investigated whether the three most recognised parasite patterns were also evident in a non‐parasitic freshwater ectosymbiont and analysed the effects of host features (sex, body size, density and ecdysis) and environmental conditions (climate and water chemistry) on abundance and prevalence of the symbiont. Our species model was an exotic ectocommensal ostracod, Ankylocythere sinuosa, inhabiting the invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii in Europe. We sampled 373 crayfish from 26 Spanish localities. We modelled both abundance per occupied host (i.e. intensity) and prevalence using zero‐altered models and a backward model selection of host and environmental variables, and assessed model performance through graphical analyses of Pearson residuals and the relationship between observed and fitted values of the finally selected model.

We observed all three parasite patterns in A. sinuosa. Abundance of A. sinuosa was most strongly related to conductivity (negative effect), followed by host density (positive) and ecdysis (negative), with moderate relationships to variables related to water chemistry ( concentration, alkalinity/(Cl− + ) and Cl−/ ratios). Prevalence was related mainly to crayfish density (positive effect) and also to climatic conditions (maximum temperature of warmest month, annual precipitation and precipitation seasonality).

Our results suggest that some ‘parasite rules’ may actually be general ‘symbiont rules’. Moreover, our symbiont model was markedly affected by climatic conditions at a regional scale acting on prevalence, and water chemistry at a local level acting on symbiont abundance. This supports the hypothesis of a prominent role of environmental conditions influencing population parameters of non‐parasitic freshwater ectosymbionts. Physiological tolerances to highly unstable environmental factors, together with dependence on highly variable external food sources, probably underlie the high sensitivity to environmental conditions of this category of symbiont.
The Anthropocene and Geography III: Future Directions
Authors: Castree Noel 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis is the last of three papers that explore the relevance of ‘the Anthropocene’ (and the related idea of ‘planetary boundaries’) to present and future research in Geography. The first paper (The Anthropocene and Geography I: The back story) summarised the origins and evolution of the proposition that the Holocene has ended. The second paper (The Anthropocene and Geography II: Current contributions) then mapped‐out the relatively few, but varied, contributions that geographers have so far made to assessing or advancing this proposition. This final instalment looks ahead. It offers readers informed speculation on how future discussions of the Anthropocene might take shape in Geography. These discussions may matter for a great many others besides geographers in the years ahead. Given their epochal meanings and enormous implications for humans, the Anthropocene and planetary boundaries ideas stand to become societal keywords that, along with some other collateral terms, might organise debate and action about one of the greatest human questions, namely: ‘how should we live?’.
‘Teaching Young Consumers’ – food safety in home and consumer studies from a teacher's perspective
Authors: Lange Marie , Göranzon Helen , Marklinder Ingela 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn Swedish compulsory school, the subject home and consumer studies (HCS) is an opportunity to create conscious consumers for the future. In Sweden, it has been estimated that half a million cases of foodborne infections occur each year, which has an impact on public health. The numbers of foodborne infections are affected by actions connected to the four Cs in food safety: cooking, cleaning, chilling and cross‐contamination. As foodborne infections in many cases are suspected to occur in private households, it is of research interest to study food safety teaching in HCS. The aim of this study was to investigate food safety as a part of HCS education and to provide insights regarding self‐reported food safety attitude, knowledge and behaviour among HCS teachers in Swedish compulsory schools. A web‐based questionnaire was distributed online in April 2012. A total of 335 teachers across the country participated, representing about one in five HCS teachers in Sweden. A majority of the responding teachers stated food safety as an important part of HCS education. The study indicates that food safety teaching can be done in different ways depending on factors such as working years, formal HCS education and daily routines in the classroom. The food safety routines relevant to a specific learning situation might determine the didactic choices, and thus some other important issues within the framework of the four Cs i.e. cold food storage, heating, storing leftovers, best before date, cooling and cross‐contamination might be neglected. When it comes to teaching food safety, there is no guarantee that the four Cs in food safety will be covered. Issues connected to cleaning seemed to occur more frequently in HCS teaching rather than the broader aspects of food safety.