bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Riding the crest of the wave: parallels between the neural crest and cancer in epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and migration
Authors: Powell Davalyn R. , Blasky Alex J. , Britt Steven G. , Artinger Kristin B. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe neural crest (NC) is first induced as an epithelial population of cells at the neural plate border requiring complex signaling between bone morphogenetic protein, Wnt, and fibroblast growth factors to differentiate the neural and NC fate from the epidermis. Remarkably, following induction, these cells undergo an epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), delaminate from the neural tube, and migrate through various tissue types and microenvironments before reaching their final destination where they undergo terminal differentiation. This process is mirrored in cancer metastasis, where a primary tumor will undergo an EMT before migrating and invading other cell populations to create a secondary tumor site. In recent years, as our understanding of NC EMT and migration has deepened, important new insights into tumorigenesis and metastasis have also been achieved. These discoveries have been driven by the observation that many cancers misregulate developmental genes to reacquire proliferative and migratory states. In this review, we examine how the NC provides an excellent model for studying EMT and migration. These data are discussed from the perspective of the gene regulatory networks that control both NC and cancer cell EMT and migration. Deciphering these processes in a comparative manner will expand our knowledge of the underlying etiology and pathogenesis of cancer and promote the development of novel targeted therapeutic strategies for cancer patients. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2013, 5:511–522. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1224This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates
Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling
Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease
Local genetic structure of a montane herb among isolated grassland patches: implications for the preservation of genetic diversity under climate change
Authors: Ernst Anna , Sauer Jan , Wittig Rüdiger , Nowak Carsten 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHabitat loss, fragmentation of meadow patches, and global climate change (GCC) threaten plant communities of montane grasslands. We analyzed the genetic structure of the montane herb Geranium sylvaticum L. on a local scale in order to understand the effects of habitat fragmentation and potential GCC impacts on genetic diversity and differentiation. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting and cpDNA sequencing was performed for 295 individuals of 15 G. sylvaticum populations spanning the entire distribution range of the species in the Taunus mountain range in Germany. We found patterns of substantial genetic differentiation among populations using 150 polymorphic AFLP markers (mean FST = 0.105), but no variation in 896 bp of plastid DNA sequences. While populations in the center of their local distribution range were genetically diverse and less differentiated, higher FST values and reduced genetic variability was revealed for the populations at the low‐altitudinal distribution margins. Projections of GCC effects on the distribution of G. sylvaticum in 2050 showed that GCC will likely lead to the extinction of most edge populations. To maintain regional genetic diversity, conservation efforts should focus on the diverse high‐altitude populations, although a potential loss of unique variations in genetically differentiated peripheral populations could lower the overall genetic diversity and potentially the long‐term viability in the study region. This study documents the usefulness of fine‐scale assessments of genetic population structure in combination with niche modeling to reveal priority regions for the effective long‐term conservation of populations and their genetic variation under climate change.
Influence of Spacer on Association Behavior and Thermodynamic Parameters of Dimeric Cationic Surfactants
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Parikh Kushan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractNew dimeric surfactants [16‐s‐16, s: (CH2)4; CH2–COO–(CH2)2–OCO–CH2; CH2–COO–ISO–OCO–CH2 (ISO = d‐isorbide) and CH2–CONH–(CH2)2–NHCO–CH2] were synthesized and characterized (I–IV, respectively). The micellization behavior of dimeric surfactants with various spacers was studied by conductance/steady‐state fluorescence quenching (SSFQ) measurement and compared with the conventional surfactant (cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide, CTAB). The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of several surfactants were found to be nearly the same by both techniques. Conductance measurements were used exclusively to obtain CMC and degree of dissociation (α) values at various temperatures, while SSFQ measurements were used to obtain a few CMC values (for comparison) and an aggregation number (Nagg). A decrease in CMC and Nagg values and an increase in α were observed for dimeric surfactants when compared with CTAB. CMC decreases and then increases with a continuous increase in temperature (U‐shaped behavior). The temperature of minimum CMC, Tm, was distinctly different for CTAB and the dimeric surfactants. Tm values were dependent on the nature of the spacer. The temperature dependence of CMC and α value was used to calculate the thermodynamic parameters of micelle formation for two classes of surfactant (conventional and dimeric). Enthalpy‐entropy compensation plots exhibited fair linearity except for IV. Compensation lines for spacers containing ester groups are parallel to one another. Micro‐polarity and apparent dielectric constant (εa) data suggest that the micellar environment felt by pyrene is similar to that of an alkanol with a 3–4 carbon chain.
Painful heat attenuates electrically induced muscle pain in men and women
Authors: Gullander Maria , Knardahl Stein , Matre Dagfinn 
Published: April 2013

Aabstract

Background and purpose
Women exhibit higher prevalence of most painful disorders. Several explanations have been proposed for this discrepancy, one being that endogenous pain modulatory pathways, which affect incoming nociceptive signals, act differently in men and women. A less efficient pain inhibitory system has been proposed as a contributing factor to explain why women exhibit higher prevalence of most painful disorders. The present study determined whether muscle pain, induced experimentally by electrical stimulation, is inhibited by a painful heat stimulus. This conditioned pain modulation (CPM) paradigm was used to determine whether women show signs of reduced inhibition compared to men.

Methods
Forty self-reported healthy individuals (20 female, 20 male) participated in a cross-over design with painful and non-painful heat as a conditioning stimulus. Test stimuli were painful intramuscular electrical stimulation of the tibialis anterior muscle at two intensities; low (1.1 × pain threshold) and high (1.6 × pain threshold). Painful conditioning was contact heat (45–49 ° C) to the contralateral forearm. Nonpainful conditioning was contact heat at 35 °C. Ten test stimuli were delivered in three blocks (before, during and after conditioning) in two sessions (painful and non-painful conditioning). The women were tested during days 12-14 of the menstrual cycle. This interval corresponds to the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, the interval during which women are reported to show the largest inhibitory effects.

Results
Test stimuli were rated significantly lower during painful conditioning, compared with before conditioning. This was found for both low and high test stimulus intensities. Anonspecific attenuation was seen during non-painful conditioning for the low test stimulus intensity. Test stimuli were rated significantly lower also 3 min after conditioning, compared with before conditioning. The inhibitory effects were not different between men and women. Similar findings were obtained also if six non-CPM-responders (subjects rating test stimuli higher during conditioning than before conditioning) were excluded.

Conclusions and implications
The present findings indicate that painful contact heat inhibits electrically induced muscle pain and that inhibition was not different between men and women, when women were tested in the interval 12-14 days after their last menstruation. Some inhibition of muscle pain was seen during non-painful conditioning, indicating that nonspecific inhibitory effects were triggered. Also the nonspecific inhibitory effects were similar in men and women.
Health-Related Quality of Life Domains and Household Preparedness for Public Health Emergencies: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2006-2010
Authors: Strine Tara W. , Neff Linda J. , Crawford Sara 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundThis study examined the association between self-reported levels of household disaster preparedness and a range of physical and mental health quality of life outcomes.MethodsData collected from 14 states participating in a large state-based telephone survey were analyzed (n = 104 654). Household disaster-preparedness items included having a 3-day supply of food, water, and prescription medications; a working battery-powered radio and flashlight; an evacuation plan; and a willingness to evacuate when instructed to do so. Quality-of-life items were categorized into 2 domains: physical health (general health, unhealthy physical days, and activity-limited days) and mental health (unhealthy mental days, social and emotional support, and life satisfaction).ResultsPersons with self-reported impaired mental health were generally less likely to report being prepared for a disaster than those who did not report impairment in each domain. Persons with low life satisfaction were among the least likely to be prepared, followed by those with inadequate social and emotional support, and then by those with frequent mental distress. Persons reporting physical impairments also reported deficits in many of the preparedness items. However, after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, some of the associations were attenuated and no longer significant.ConclusionPersons reporting impaired quality of life are vulnerable to increased mental and physical distress during a disaster, and their vulnerability is compounded if they are ill-prepared. Therefore, persons reporting impaired quality of life should be included in the list of vulnerable populations that need disaster preparedness and response outreach.
Throughput Times for Adults and Children During Two Drive-Through Influenza Vaccination Clinics
Authors: Banks Laura L. , Crandall Cameron , Esquibel Luke 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectivesSuccessful planning for public health emergencies requires knowledge of effective methods for mass distribution of medication and supplies to the public. We measured the time required for the key components of 2 drive-through vaccination clinics and summarized the results as they applied to providing medical countermeasures to large populations of children and adults. We hypothesized that vaccinating children in addition to adults would affect throughput time.MethodsUsing 2 separate drive-through vaccination clinics, we measured elapsed time for vehicle flow and vaccination procedures. We calculated the median length of stay and the time to administer vaccinations based on the number of individual vaccinations given per vehicle, and compared the vehicles in which children (aged 9-18 years) were vaccinated to those in which only adults were vaccinated.ResultsA total of 2174 vaccinations and 1275 vehicles were timed during the 2 clinics. The number of vaccinations and vehicles per hour varied during the course of the day; the maximums were 200 and 361 per hour, respectively. The median throughput time was 5 minutes, and the median vaccination time was 48 seconds. Flow over time varied by the hour, and the optimum number of vaccinations per vehicle to maximize efficiency was between 3 and 4. Our findings showed that the presence of children raised the total number of vaccinations given per vehicle and, therefore, the total vaccination processing time per vehicle. However, the median individual procedure time in the vehicles with children was not significantly increased, indicating no need to calculate increased times for processing children 9 years of age or older during emergency planning.ConclusionsDrive-through clinics can provide a large number of seasonal influenza vaccinations in a relatively efficient manner; provide needed experience for students and practitioners in techniques for mass administration of medical countermeasures; and assist public health and emergency management personnel with disaster planning. Including children older than 9 years does not reduce efficiency. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;0:1–7)
Potential enstrophy in stratified turbulence
Authors: Waite Michael L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDirect numerical simulations are used to investigate potential enstrophy in stratified turbulence with small Froude numbers, large Reynolds numbers, and buoyancy Reynolds numbers ($R{e}_{b} $) both smaller and larger than unity. We investigate the conditions under which the potential enstrophy, which is a quartic quantity in the flow variables, can be approximated by its quadratic terms, as is often done in geophysical fluid dynamics. We show that at large scales, the quadratic fraction of the potential enstrophy is determined by $R{e}_{b} $. The quadratic part dominates for small $R{e}_{b} $, i.e. in the viscously coupled regime of stratified turbulence, but not when $R{e}_{b} \gtrsim 1$. The breakdown of the quadratic approximation is consistent with the development of Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities, which are frequently observed to grow on the layerwise structure of stratified turbulence when $R{e}_{b} $ is not too small.
On the internal vorticity and density structures of miscible thermals
Authors: Zhao B. , Law A. W. K. , Lai A. C. H. , Adams E. E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMiscible thermals are formed by instantaneously releasing a finite volume of buoyant fluid into stagnant ambient. Their subsequent motion is then driven by the buoyancy convection. The gross characteristics (e.g. overall size and velocity) of a thermal have been well studied and reported to be self-similar. However, there have been few studies concerning the internal structure. Here, turbulent miscible thermals (with initial density excess of 5 % and Reynolds number around 2100) have been investigated experimentally through a large number of realizations. The vorticity and density fields were quantified separately by particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) techniques. Ensemble-averaged data of the transient development of the miscible thermals are presented. Major outcomes include: (i) validating Turner’s assumption of constant circulation within a buoyant vortex ring; (ii) measuring the vorticity and density distributions within the miscible thermal; (iii) quantifying the effect of baroclinicity on the generation and destruction of vorticity within the thermal; and (iv) identifying the significantly slower decay rate of the peak density as compared to the mean.
Medically unexplained symptoms and somatisation in ENT
Authors: Ullas G , McClelland L , Jones N S 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackground:Somatisation has been described as the perception of a physiological event influenced by emotion.Method:A review of the medical literature was carried out using the following Medical Subject Headings: somatisation (which identified 357 articles), medically unexplained symptoms (749 articles), unexplained or idiopathic dizziness (142 articles), tinnitus (360 articles), catarrh (1068 articles) and globus pharyngeus (3114 articles).Results:Up to 40 per cent of out-patient attendances have medically unexplainable symptoms. In ENT clinics, this includes patients with dizziness, tinnitus, ‘pseudo’ eustachian tube dysfunction, being ‘unable to hear’, catarrh and postnasal drip, atypical facial pain, globus pharyngeus, and functional dysphonia. Medical explanations of these symptoms often differ from patients' perceptions. Demonstrating normal test results and providing reassurance have little effect on patients' doubts and anxieties. Consultations that recognise the symptoms and their impact, and offer a tangible and involving explanation are more likely to satisfy and empower patients.Conclusion:The treatment of medically unexplained symptoms has changed in recent years; there is now more emphasis on psychological factors due to an association with anxiety and depression.
Collateral thermal injury during endoscopic skull base surgery from endonasal CO2 laser and coblation
Authors: Chin D , Snidvongs K , Sacks R , Harvey R J 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIntroduction:Effective tissue removal techniques are essential in endoscopic skull base surgery. Improvements in technology permit more accurate application of CO2 laser and coblation during endonasal procedures. This study assessed the thermal injury patterns associated with fibre CO2 laser and coblation.Methods:Fresh frozen cadaveric heads were used. Mucosal removal was performed at the ethmoid roof. Structured lesions were created using either CO2 laser or coblation. The corresponding thermal injury patterns on dural tissue were assessed and compared between the two groups.Results:Five cadaveric heads were obtained; five sides received CO2 laser lesions and five coblation lesions. Forty per cent (n = two sides) of the CO2 specimens had macroscopic foci of grey-black discolouration on the dural aspect. No macroscopic dural changes were seen in the coblation specimens.Conclusion:Dural injury was seen following CO2 laser use despite attempts to avoid it. Both CO2 laser and coblation have their advantages; however, the lower thermal working power of coblation and superior depth control may make it more suitable for endoscopic endonasal periorbital and peridural surgery.
Cryptococcal infection of the larynx: case report
Authors: Mittal N , Collignon P , Pham T , Robbie M 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjective:Laryngeal cryptococcosis is a rare condition. In this report, we describe the findings for and treatment of a 58-year-old man withCryptococcus gattiiinfection of the right vocal fold.Method:Case report and review of the relevant English language literature.Results:The patient presented with persistent hoarseness of voice. Laryngoscopy demonstrated an irregular, red lesion on the right vocal fold. Histopathological examination identified cryptococcus. The patient was treated with oral fluconazole 400 mg/day for eight weeks.Conclusion:Laryngeal involvement byCryptococcus gattiican result from prolonged inhaled corticosteroid therapy and proximity to eucalyptus trees. The clinical presentation, laryngoscopic findings and imaging results of laryngeal involvement may mimic a neoplasm. Histopathological examination can demonstrate the causative organism. Management consists of advice from an infectious disease specialist together with adequate treatment by antifungal agents.
Disinfection of flexible fibre-optic endoscopes out-of-hours: confidential telephone survey of ENT units in England – 10 years on
Authors: Radford PD , Unadkat SN , Rollin M , Tolley NS 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjective:To audit out-of-hours flexible endoscope disinfection practice in England and compare the findings with a previously published first audit cycle, with the 2005 ENT UK guidelines as the key intervention.Methods:A telephone survey of the 104 ENT units in England was conducted out-of-hours, replicating the first cycle. The on-call clinician answered questions concerning access to flexible endoscopes, training, disinfection procedures and record keeping. Information regarding the clinician's trainee grade and their cross-covering duties was also acquired. Responses were compared to the first cycle results and published guidance.Results:In total, 72 of the 104 units agreed to participate. The on-call clinician cleaned the flexible endoscope in 43 per cent of units. However, adequate training in disinfection only occurred in a minority of units (37 per cent), though this was an improvement from the first cycle (12 per cent). Furthermore, 27 per cent of units used an inadequate method of disinfection out-of-hours. One confounding factor may be the increase in cross-cover out-of-hours, with 68 per cent of respondents covering one or more other specialties.Conclusion:An overall moderate improvement in the safety of out-of-hours endoscopy in the past 10 years cannot obscure the urgent need for universal compliance with national guidelines.
Contemporary evaluation and management of parapharyngeal space neoplasms
Authors: Eisele D W , Richmon J D 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjective:This review summarises the contemporary, multidisciplinary approach to managing parapharyngeal space neoplasms.Overview:Parapharyngeal space neoplasms are uncommon head and neck tumours and are most often benign. Most tumours are of either salivary gland or neurogenic origin. Patients tend to be asymptomatic even when tumours reach large sizes. Patients may present with a mass in the pharynx or neck, although frequently the tumour is found incidentally on an imaging study. Due to the limitations of physical examination in this anatomical area, imaging studies are essential to the evaluation of parapharyngeal space neoplasms. Cytopathology may provide additional diagnostic information. Open biopsy is rarely necessary and can be hazardous. Treatment is primarily surgical, and various surgical approaches can be tailored for a given neoplasm. Recently, a trend toward observation of select patients with asymptomatic neurogenic tumours has been advocated.Conclusion:The evaluation and management of parapharyngeal space tumours is best done by a multidisciplinary team. Treatment should be individualised, and the risks and benefits of surgical intervention need to be carefully weighed. Complications are best avoided by careful surgical planning.