bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personas and Performance in Gower's Confessio Amantis
Authors: Barrington Candace 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This article argues that the Ricardian version of Gower's Confessio Amantis moves from didactic allegory to disenchanted prayers via three transformations of the authorial persona. After introducing himself as a moralizing advisor, Gower stages a commission whereby he changes himself into a courtier poet. Within that poet's courtly verse, Gower next masquerades as the courtier Amans and uses the lover's shrift to expose the Ricardian court's ethical shortcomings. Finally, Amans is unmasked to reveal John Gower senex. In this final role, Gower abandons his previous parts and relies instead on prayer to shape Richard into the king he resists becoming.
“Ain't gonna study war no more”:
Authors: Chism Christine 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This article compares the treatment of war and nationalism in two of Geoffrey of Monmouth's texts, the Historia regum Britanniae (ca. 1136) and Vita Merlini (ca. 1148–50), arguing that the Vita Merlini critiques the earlier text's problematics of colonial sovereignty. By contrast, the Vita explores a politics of the local, the natural, and the geographically and emotionally connective. It renounces the war-producing dynastic rivalries of the Historia and instead imagines healing through a local community of friendly exchange and knowledge production. The Vita's critique illuminates the unanswerable ambiguities of the Historia and witnesses further to the human and political futilities of its version of British nationalism.
The Diesel Cowboy in New England: Source and Symbol of Dick Curless’s "A Tombstone Every Mile"
Authors: Murphy Clifford R. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This article examines the sources and symbolic meaning of "A Tombstone Every Mile," a song written by Dan Fulkerson and recorded by Dick Curless in Bangor, Maine, in 1964. The song relates the dangers of trucking goods along the Haynesville Road in Aroostook County, Maine. The hit song galvanized a regional and national sub-genre of trucker music and transformed Curless from regional star to national symbol of Maine’s country music authenticity.
The Impact of Community Involvement, Religion, and Spirituality on Happiness and Health among a National Sample of Black Lesbians
Authors: Battle Juan , DeFreece Alfred 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The health and health-care research community is slowly turning its attention to LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) people of color. This study advances such efforts by exploring the relative impact of engagement in the LGBT community, religiosity, and spirituality on self-reported happiness and overall health among a national sample of black lesbians. Employing OLS (ordinary least squares) regression analysis, we find that having a higher household income, being in a romantic relationship, and having higher levels of spirituality are robust predictors of happiness, while being younger, having a higher household income, a regular health-care provider, no religious affiliation, and higher levels of spirituality all predict increased levels of self-reported overall health. We conclude that access and spirituality are key factors shaping happiness and health among black lesbian women. Future research should build upon this finding and the limited number of works exploring the unique capacities of spirituality as practiced among this population to promote positive health behaviors and shape health-related policy.
An improved coupling model for the lithosphere‐atmosphere‐ionosphere system
Authors: Kuo C. L. , Lee L. C. , Huba J. D. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn our previous model for the lithosphere‐atmosphere‐ionosphere coupling, the background magnetic field was assumed to be perpendicular to the horizontal plane. In the present paper, we improve the calculation of currents in the atmosphere by solving the current density J directly from the current continuity equation ∇  •  J  =  0. The currents in the atmosphere can be solved for any arbitrary angle of magnetic field, i.e., any magnetic latitude. In addition, a large ratio (~10) of Hall to Pedersen conductivities is used to generate a large Hall electric field. The effects of atmospheric currents and electric fields on the ionosphere with lithosphere current source located at magnetic latitudes of 7.5°, 15°, 22.5°, and 30° are obtained. For upward (downward) atmospheric currents flowing into the ionosphere, the simulation results show that the westward (eastward) electric fields dominate. At magnetic latitude of 7.5° or 15°, the upward (downward) current causes the increase (decrease) of total electron content (TEC) near the source region, while the upward (downward) current causes the decrease (increase) of TEC at magnetic latitude of 22.5°or 30°. The dynamo current density required to generate the same amount of TEC variation in the improved model is found to be smaller by a factor of 30 as compared to that obtained in our earlier paper. We also calculate the ionosphere dynamics with imposed zonal westward and eastward electric field based on SAMI3 code. It is found that the eastward (westward) electric field may trigger one (two) plasma bubble(s) in the nighttime ionosphere.
Propagation of lower‐band whistler‐mode waves in the outer Van Allen belt: Systematic analysis of 11 years of multi‐component data from the Cluster spacecraft
Authors: Santolík Ondřej , Macúšová Eva , Kolmašová Ivana , Cornilleau‐Wehrlin Nicole , de Conchy Yvonne 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLower‐band whistler‐mode emissions can influence the dynamics of the outer Van Allen radiation belts. We use 11 years of measurements of the STAFF‐SA instruments onboard the four Cluster spacecraft to systematically build maps of wave propagation parameters as a function of position. We determine probability distributions of wave vector angle weighted by the wave intensity. The results show that wave vector directions of intense waves are close to a Gaussian‐shaped peak centered on the local magnetic field line. The width of this peak is between 10 and 20 degrees. The cumulative percentage of oblique waves is below 10–15%. This result is especially significant for an important class of whistler‐mode emissions of lower‐band chorus at higher latitudes, well outside their source region, where a simple ray tracing model fails and another mechanism is necessary to keep the wave vectors close to the field‐aligned direction.
Enantioselective Addition of Silicon Nucleophiles to Aldimines Using a Preformed NHC–Copper(I) Complex as the Catalyst
Authors: Hensel Alexander , Nagura Kazuhiko , Delvos Lukas B. , Oestreich Martin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA remaining major challenge in the asymmetric addition of silicon nucleophiles to typical prochiral acceptors, the enantioselective 1,2‐addition to aldimines, is addressed. Activation of the SiB bond in the silicon pronucleophile by a copper(I) alkoxide with McQuade’s chiral six‐membered N‐heterocyclic carbene as a supporting ligand releases the silicon nucleophile, which adds to various aldimines with high levels of enantioselectivity. The new method provides a catalytic asymmetric access to α‐silylated amines.
Conductivity and intermolecular interactions in proton‐conducting gel electrolytes
Authors: Shmukler Liudmila E. , Van Thuc Nguyen , Fadeeva Yulia A. , Safonova Liubov P. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTProton‐conducting gel electrolytes based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF), and mixtures of PMMA with PVdF or poly(vinyl chloride) doped by acid solutions in aprotic solvents were synthesized and are discussed in this article. The gel conductivity as a function of the concentrations of acid and polymer and the polymeric matrix composition has been analyzed. Extreme dependence of the conductivity on acid and polymer concentrations was found. It was revealed that within the acid concentration range studied, the gel conductivity was higher than the conductivity of the corresponding liquid electrolytes used for the synthesis. The increase in the electrical conductivity with the growth of the systems viscosity is discussed as an indication of a certain involvement of the polymer matrix in the increase of the charge carrier mobility within the frame of a Grotthuss mechanism. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40674.
Preparation of charged mosaic membrane of sodium polystyrene sulfonate and poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) by conjugate electrospinning
Authors: Chen Yulu , Cui Yimeng , Jia Yuanshan , Zhan Kan , Zhang Hui , Chen Guoxia , Yang Yadong , Wu Min , Ni Henmei 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTConjugate electrospinning of two nozzles with opposite charges was used for the fabrication of charged mosaic membrane (CM membrane). Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PNaSS) and poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) were selected as anionic and cationic exchange elements, respectively. Polyvinyl alcohol was used as the common matrix for the enhancement of mechanical properties by formaldehyde crosslinking. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and tensile testing for nanofiber were used for the characterizations of CM membrane. Using the conjugate electrospinning, a simple equation was established to predict the mean diameters of nanofibers. It was proved that the calculated diameters fit well with the experimental data using electrospinning parameters such as concentration of spun solution, collecting speed, rate of solution supply, and distance of two nozzles. TEM picture showed a PNaSS nanofiber was incorporated with a P4VP nanofiber. However, SEM photo indicated that the alignment of composite nanofibers in CM membrane was greatly affected by the concentration of polyelectrolyte. As the concentration of PNaSS increased, the alignment degree decreased. After crosslinking with formaldehyde for 20 h, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of CM membrane reached 11.3 and 24.8 MPa, respectively. The water content and water insolubility of CM membrane were also investigated. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40716.
Reactions of Terpenes Catalyzed by Heteropoly Compounds: Valorization of Biorenewables
Authors: Gusevskaya Elena V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHeteropoly compounds (HPCs) have already proved their high potential for the clean synthesis of commercially valuable chemicals. However, the use of HPCs for the transformations of terpenic substrates became a research topic only about 20 years ago. Terpenes, natural products available from essential oils, are an important biomass‐based feedstock for the pharmaceutical, flavor, and fragrance industries.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydroaroylation of Styrenes in Water through Directed CH Bond Activation
Authors: Tlili Anis , Schranck Johannes , Pospech Jola , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSelective CH bond‐functionalization reactions of arenes offer the potential for a more benign synthesis of fine chemicals and organic building blocks for the life science industries. In this respect, direct carbonylative coupling reactions of (hetero)arenes allow for the straightforward synthesis of (hetero)aromatic ketones and related derivatives. Herein, we present an efficient ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed carbonylative hydroarylation of alkenes through directed CH functionalization. More specifically, the carbonylative hydroarylation of styrenes with 2‐aryl‐ (heteroaryl)pyridines and related derivatives proceeds selectively and with 100 % atom efficiency in water as the solvent.
Optimal Positioning of the Circulating Load Input along the Tube Mill Length
Authors: Mizonov Vadim , Zhukov Vladimir , Zaitsev Victor 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA method was sought that allows for coordinating the particle grinding time and the particle size in a closed milling circuit. This can be achieved by placing the input of the return flow from an end classifier at an intermediate position of the tube mill length. A simple model to estimate the efficiency of the approach is proposed. It is shown that such an optimal position exists and depends on the classifier efficiency.
Grinding of Vegetal Fibers to Micrometer Size
Authors: Marin Bernard J. , Deleu Hélène 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWheat bran is a vegetal fibrous material rich in different chemicals (e.g. arabinoxylan) that can be used as food ingredient. To increase the extractability of these compounds, production of small fiber particles and therefore milling for long periods of time have been proposed. Different laboratory‐ and pilot‐scale technologies for fine and ultrafine grinding of wheat bran were evaluated in this publication. Various milling tools were applied both under wet and dry conditions. Generally better results were obtained when grinding the wheat bran under dry condition. Optimum results were achieved by a combination of ball milling followed by treatment of the powder with a jet air mill. Electron microscopic evaluation confirmed the sub‐micrometer size of most particles and the presence of agglomerates.
Influence of Different Grinding Devices on the Reactivity of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
Authors: Reformat Martin , Ludwig Horst‐Michael 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTo reduce environmental impact of cement production, granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) can be used as a cement clinker substitution. Its reactivity of can be increased by adequate fine grinding. The impact of different conventional laboratory‐scaled mills (ball mill, vertical mill, and roller press) on the material properties was researched. Granulometrical, structural, and calorimetrical investigations were done. It could be demonstrated that at the same fineness the grinding unit does not significantly influence the cement performance like hydration heat release and compressive strength. On the other hand, particle properties like particle size distribution, particle shape, and thus workability characteristics of composite cements have been changed.
Size Reduction as Integral Element for Development and Manufacturing of Engineered Drug Particles
Authors: Juhnke Michael , John Edgar 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA general overview for the process development and manufacturing of engineered drug particles by size reduction techniques is provided. Drug compound and drug product characteristics are reviewed, which may need an engineered drug particle size. Drug particle attributes are introduced which are affected by size reduction techniques and potentially require additional downstream processing effort. The development of drug particle size specifications is described, including adequate size control. A brief overview is given on dry‐ and wet‐milling technologies currently applied in drug development and manufacturing, including selected application examples. Finally, the processing of highly active drug compounds is introduced with respect to equipment design, worker protection, cleaning and waste management to minimize worker exposure and environmental impact.
Challenges in Nanogrinding of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Authors: Bitterlich André , Laabs Christina , Busmann Eike , Grandeury Arnaud , Juhnke Michael , Bunjes Heike , Kwade Arno 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe production of nanosuspensions via stirred‐media milling has proved to be an effective method to overcome bioavailability challenges of poorly water‐soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The fine‐grinding of the APIs cinnarizine and fenofibrate was investigated. Important process parameters were varied and the influence on product quality was studied. Different challenges were identified prior to and during milling: Foaming inside the milling equipment and agglomeration of fenofibrate occurred, and a long‐term grinding experiment for cinnarizine revealed an increase in particle size, caused by ripening of the drug crystals during milling. Thus, the stability against ripening during the process is a newly identified challenge for the fine‐grinding of APIs.
Synthesis and Electronic Properties of 1,2‐Hemisquarimines and Their Encapsulation in a Cucurbit[7]uril Host
Authors: De Filippo Christian C. , Tang Hao , Ravotto Luca , Bergamini Giacomo , Salice Patrizio , Mba Miriam , Ceroni Paola , Galoppini Elena , Maggini Michele 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of a new class of robust squaraine dyes, colloquially named 1,2‐hemisquarimines (1,2‐HSQiMs), through the microwave‐assisted condensation of aniline derivatives with the 1,2‐squaraine core is reported. In CH3CN, 1,2‐HSQiMs show a broad absorption band with a high extinction coefficient and a maximum at around λ=530 nm, as well as an emission band centered at about λ=574 nm, that are pH dependent. Protonation of the imine nitrogen causes a redshift of both absorption and emission maxima, with a concomitant increase in the lifetime of the emitting excited state. Encapsulation of the chromophore into a cucurbit[7]uril host revealed fluorescence enhancement and increased photostability in water. The redox characteristics of 1,2‐HSQiMs indicate that charge injection into TiO2 is possible; this opens up promising perspectives for their use as photosensitizers for solar energy conversion.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Crystal Structures of the Cyclotriphosphate Hydrates Nd(P3O9)·3H2O, Nd(P3O9)·4.5H2O, RE(P3O9)·5H2O (RE: Pr, Nd), and Na3RE (P3O9)2·6H2O (RE: Pr, Nd).
Authors: Daub Michael , Kazmierczak Karolina , Hoeppe Henning A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe title cyclotriphosphate hydrates are obtained from aqueous solutions of LnCl3 (Ln: Pr, Nd) and Na3(P3O9) and characterized by single crystal XRD and vibrational spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Spectroscopic Investigations of POF3.
Authors: Feller Michael , Lux Karin , Kornath Andreas 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMatrix isolated POF3 is prepared by condensation of POCl3 to SbF3 (steel reactor, ‐196 °C, warming to room temperature within 3 h) followed by vacuum purification from HCl or PF5 (‐70 °C, 100 mbar).
ChemInform Abstract: Two Modifications of (TeO)(HAsO4) and Its Dehydration Product (Te3O3)(AsO4)2 — Three More Examples of Tellurium(IV) with a Fivefold Oxygen Coordination.
Authors: Weil Matthias 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTwo modifications of (TeO)(HAsO4) are prepared by reactions of TeO2 with aqueous H3AsO4.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Characterization of the Copper Iron Phosphate Cu8Fe2O5(PO4)4.
Authors: Weimann Iren , Jahn Thorsten , Feller Joerg , Zak Zdirad 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe phase diagram of the CuO—Fe2O3—P2O5 system is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Immobilization of Ru(III) Complex on Silica: A Heterogenized Catalyst for Selective Oxidation of Alcohols in Water at Room Temperature.
Authors: Ganesamoorthy S. , Tamizh M. Muthu , Shanmugasundaram K. , Karvembu R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe novel title catalyst is successfully employed to the selective oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols with periodic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Efficient One‐Step Protocol for the Preparation of Alkyl‐Substituted Ammonium Tetrafluoroborate and Hexafluorophosphate Salts.
Authors: Saba Shahrokh , Hernandez Renee , Choy Christine Chin , Carta Kristine , Bennett Yaasmin , Bondi Steven , Kolaj Sebastian , Bennett Caitlin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA high yielding protocol allows the synthesis of a series of mono‐, di‐, and trisubstituted ammonium salts under nonaqueous conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Cyanoacryloyl Chloride and Its Interaction with O‐ and S‐Nucleophiles.
Authors: Dyatlov Valerie A. , Rustamov Iskander R. , Grebeneva Tatiana A. , Maleev Viktor I. , Gololobov Yuri G. , Kireev Vyacheslav 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOxalyl chloride is shown to be the best chlorinating agent for the synthesis of title compound (II) which is used for the preparation of esters (VII) and (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Titanocene(III)‐Catalyzed 6‐exo versus 7‐endo Cyclizations of Epoxypolyprenes: Efficient Control and Synthesis of Versatile Terpenic Building Blocks.
Authors: Justicia Jose , Jimenez Tania , Miguel Delia , Contreras‐Montoya Rafael , Chahboun Rachid , Alvarez‐Manzaneda Enrique , Collado‐Sanz Daniel , Cardenas Diego J. , Cuerva Juan M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAdditionally a computational study of the regioselectivity is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Pushing Back the Limits of Hydrosilylation: Unprecedented Catalytic Reduction of Organic Ureas to Formamidines.
Authors: Pouessel Jacky , Jacquet Olivier , Cantat Thibault 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA novel catalytic transformation is designed to prepare formamidine derivatives by reduction of substituted symmetrical and unsymmetrical ureas with hydrosilane.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Synthesis of N‐Cyanobenzamides from Aryl Iodides/Bromides and Cyanamide.
Authors: Mane Rajendra S. , Nordeman Patrik , Odell Luke R. , Larhed Mats 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA novel and convenient method is developed for the aminocarbonylation of aryl halides using cyanamide and either Mo(CO)6 as the CO source or gaseous CO directly to give N‐cyanobenzamides in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Oxidative Catalysis by a Porphyrin‐Inspired Manganese Complex: Highly Enantioselective Sulfoxidation with a Wide Substrate Scope.
Authors: Dai Wen , Li Jun , Chen Bo , Li Guosong , Lv Ying , Wang Lianyue , Gao Shuang 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe first genuinely promising asymmetric sulfoxidation method using a manganese triflate/chiral ligand catalytic system is presented, suited for rapid oxidation of a wide variety of sulfides in high yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some 2‐Azetidinone Derivatives as Potential Antihyperlipidemic Agents.
Authors: Arya Nikhilesh , Dwivedi Jaya , Khedkar Vijay M. , Coutinho Evans C. , Jain Kishor S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSome of the title compounds (V) show significant lipid‐lowering effects comparable to ezetimibe.
ChemInform Abstract: N,N′‐Dioxide—Scandium(III)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael Addition of β,γ‐Unsaturated Butenolides to α,β‐Unsaturated γ‐Keto Esters.
Authors: Ji Jie , Lin Lili , Zhou Lin , Zhang Yuheng , Liu Yangbin , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe scalable title reaction affords the products with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Vinylogous Michael Addition/Cyclization Cascade Reaction for the Construction of Diversely Structured Spiro‐Oxindole Skeletons.
Authors: Shi Xiao‐Mei , Dong Wei‐Ping , Zhu Li‐Ping , Jiang Xian‐Xing , Wang Rui 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA convenient protocol is presented for the first organocatalytic asymmetric vinylogous Michael addition/cyclization cascade reaction of α,α‐dicyanoalkenes and 3‐alkylideneoxindoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Indole Synthesis by Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Hydrazine‐Directed C—H Activation: Redox‐Neutral and Traceless by N—N Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Zhao Dongbing , Shi Zhuangzhi , Glorius Frank 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis reaction yields unprotected indoles from 2‐acetyl‐1‐arylhydrazines and alkynes without the need for an external oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: A Green and Efficient Ammonium Acetate‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of 4‐[(2‐Hydroxynaphthalen‐1‐yl)(phenyl)methyl]‐3‐methyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐ol Derivatives
Authors: You Hanyun , Lei Min , Hu Lihong 
Published: April 2014

Abstractusing a three‐component reaction
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Benzimidazoles from 2‐Nitroanilines and Benzylic Alcohols.
Authors: Li Gang , Wang Jin , Yuan Baokun , Zhang Dongfeng , Lin Ziyun , Li Peng , Huang Haihong 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe reaction tolerates a wide range of the aromatic and heteroaromatic substituents in the benzylic alcohols and a phenylallylic alcohol but no reaction takes place when allyl‐ or alkyl alcohols are applied