bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing the Microwave‐Induced Expansion of Starch‐Based Extruded Pellets under Vacuum
Authors: Kraus Stefan , Schuchmann Heike P. , Gaukel Volker 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe microwave‐induced expansion of starch‐based extruded pellets under vacuum was investigated in order to understand the underlying mechanisms. Microwave power (400, 600 and 800 W), system pressure (20, 50, 100 and 190 mbar) and initial sample mass (100, 200 and 300 g) were selected as influencing factors. During processing, the surface temperature of the matrix mainly depended on the moisture content, independent of the process parameters applied. A kinetic factor τ was calculated, which accounts for the time necessary to remove 1 g of water from the product. This factor is a reasonable measure for the kinetics of mass transfer. The higher the power absorption of the product, the smaller the values for τ and the faster the kinetics for heat and mass transfer. This can cause a higher supersaturation of the matrix before nucleation occurs. In turn, a higher number of bubbles can be nucleated, and the resulting pore areas are shifted to smaller values. While decreasing τ from 22.6 to 5.9 s/g H2O, volume expansion increases from 0.82 to 1.49 with an increased number of pores (1.7/mm2 to 3.4/mm2) created, even when the pore areas are comparably smaller. System pressure does not significantly alter the expansion because in the investigated range, neither nucleation nor bubble growth is changed. However, it is important to keep the system pressure below a certain value (190 mbar); otherwise, coagulation of the moist pellets occurs, thus rendering the process unstable.Practical ApplicationsIn contrast to directly expanded extruded snacks, third‐generation snacks are produced by predrying nonexpanded, extruded pellets, followed by expansion to achieve a crispy and porous texture. Using this process route, extrusion can be performed at high moisture content, moderate temperature and shearing condition. This is beneficial in terms of preserving thermally and mechanically sensitive ingredients. A special feature of the process investigated in this study is that the expansion is achieved using microwave vacuum process, which allows an indirect expansion without the time‐ and energy‐consuming predrying process. This study shows that the total volume and inner structure of the pellets is influenced by process parameters in the expansion step, thus allowing producers to turn structure‐related properties, such as crispiness and crunchiness, into target values.
Abdominal obesity increases the risk of hip fracture. A population‐based study of 43 000 women and men aged 60–79 years followed for 8 years. Cohort of Norway
Authors: Søgaard A. J. , Holvik K. , Omsland T. K. , Tell G. S. , Dahl C. , Schei B. , Falch J. A. , Eisman J. A. , Meyer H. E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe question as to whether abdominal obesity has an adverse effect on hip fracture remains unanswered. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations of waist circumference, hip circumference, waist‐hip ratio, and body mass index with incident hip fracture.MethodsThe data in this prospective study is based on Cohort of Norway, a population‐based cohort established during 1994–2003. Altogether 19,918 women and 23,061 men aged 60–79 years were followed for a median of 8.1 years. Height, weight, waist and hip circumference were measured at baseline using standard procedures. Information on covariates was collected by questionnaires. Hip fractures (n = 1,498 in women, n = 889 in men) were identified from electronic discharge registers from all general hospitals in Norway between 1994 and 2008.ResultsThe risk of hip fracture decreased with increasing body mass index, plateauing in obese men. However, higher waist circumference and higher waist‐hip ratio were associated with an increased risk of hip fracture after adjustment for body mass index and other potential confounders. Women in the highest tertile of waist circumference had an 86% (95% CI: 51–129%) higher risk of hip fracture compared to the lowest, with a corresponding increased risk in men of 100% (95% CI 53–161%). Lower body mass index combined with abdominal obesity increased the risk of hip fracture considerably, particularly in men.ConclusionAbdominal obesity was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture when body mass index was taken into account. In view of the increasing prevalence of obesity and the number of older people suffering osteoporotic fractures in Western societies, our findings have important clinical and public health implications.
Correlation of Nerve Ultrasound, Electrophysiological and Clinical Findings in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
Authors: Kerasnoudis A. , Pitarokoili K. , Behrendt V. , Gold R. , Yoon M.‐S. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEWe present the nerve ultrasound findings in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) and examine their correlation with electrophysiology and functional disability.METHODSA total of 75 healthy controls and 48 CIDP patients underwent clinical, sonographic and electrophysiological evaluation a mean of 3.9 years(SD+/−2.7) after disease onset.RESULTSNerve ultrasound revealed statistically significant higher cross‐sectional area (CSA) values of the median (P<.0001), ulnar (P<.0001), radial (P<.0001), tibial (P<.0001), fibular nerve(P<.0001) in most of the anatomic sites and brachial plexus (supraclavicular, P<.0001;interscalene space, P = .0118),when compared to controls. The electroneurography documented signs of permanent axonal loss in the majority of peripheral nerves. A correlation between sonographic and electrophysiological findings was found only between the motor conduction velocity and CSA of the tibial nerve at the ankle (r = −.451, P = .007). Neither nerve sonography nor electrophysiology correlated with functional disability. The CSA of the median nerve in carpal tunnel and the ulnar nerve in Guyon's canal correlated with disease duration (P = .036, P = .027 respectively).DISCUSSIONCIDP seems to show inhomogenous CSA enlargement in brachial plexus and peripheral nerves, with weak correlation to electrophysiological findings. Neither nerve sonography nor electrophysiology correlated with functional disability in CIDP patients. Multicenter, prospective studies are required to proof the applicability and diagnostic values of these findings.
Effect of Number of Acquisitions in Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Pediatric Brain: Optimizing Scan Time and Diagnostic Experience
Authors: Soman Salil , Holdsworth Samantha J. , Skare Stefan , Andre Jalal B. , Van Anh T. , Aksoy Murat , Bammer Roland , Rosenberg Jarrett , Barnes Patrick D. , Yeom Kristen W. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is useful for multiple clinical applications, but its routine implementation for children may be difficult due to long scan times. This study evaluates the impact of decreasing the number of DTI acquisitions (NEX) on interpretability of pediatric brain DTI.METHODS15 children with MRI‐visible neuropathologies were imaged at 3T using our motion‐corrected, parallel imaging‐ accelerated DT‐EPI technique with 3 NEX (scan time 8.25 min). Using these acquisitions, NEX = 1 (scan time 2.75 min) and NEX = 2 (scan time 5.5 min) images were simulated. Two neuroradiologists scored diffusion‐weighted images (DWI), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA), and first eigenvector color‐encoded (EV) images from each NEX for perceived SNR, lesion conspicuity and clinical confidence. ROI FA/ADC and image SNR values were also compared across NEX.RESULTSNEX = 2 perceived SNR, lesion conspicuity, and clinical confidence were not inferior to NEX = 3 images. NEX = 1 images showed comparable lesion conspicuity and clinical confidence as NEX = 3, but inferior perceived SNR. FA and ADC ROI measurements demonstrated no significant difference across NEX. The greatest SNR increase was seen between NEX = 1 and NEX = 2.CONCLUSIONReducing NEX to shorten imaging time may impact clinical utility in a manner that does not directly correspond with SNR changes.
Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging Volume as the Best Predictor of the Diffusion–Perfusion Mismatch in Acute Stroke Patients within 8 Hours of Onset
Authors: Aoki Junya , Tateishi Yohei , Cummings Christopher L. , Cheng‐Ching Esteban , Ruggieri Paul , Hussain Muhammad Shazam , Uchino Ken 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDDiagnostic accuracies of standard NCCT, CTA, CTA‐SI, FLAIR, and DWI to detect the diffusion–perfusion mismatch (DPM) were compared.METHODSStroke patients considered for endovascular therapy within 8 hours of onset were enrolled. DPM was defined as at least 160% mismatch between DWI and PWI volume.RESULTSDPM was seen in 35 (71%) of 49 patients. ASPECTS on NCCT, CTA‐SI, and DWI was 9 (8‐9), 8 (6‐9), and 7 (5‐9) in mismatch group, and 6 (4‐9), 6 (2‐7), 5 (2‐6) in nonmismatch group, respectively (P = .027, .006, and .001). Ischemic volume on CTA‐SI and DWI was 4.6 (.2‐13.0) cm3 and 21.5 (9.7‐44.0) cm3 in mismatch group, and 61.5 (6.6‐101.1) cm3 and 94.9 (45.7‐139.8) cm3 in nonmismatch group (P = .003 and <.001). Significant collateralization on CTA‐SI and FLAIR was seen in 80% and 88% in mismatch group, and 42% and 58% in nonmismatch group (P = .026 and .039). Odds ratios (95% CI) of DWI volume of ≤70 cm3 to predict the mismatch was 30.17 (2.06‐442.41) after adjusting for ASPECTSs on NCCT, CTA‐SI, and DWI, 44.90 (2.75‐732.73) for ischemic volume on CTA‐SI, and 42.80 (3.05‐601.41) for significant collateralization on CTA‐SI and FLAIR (P = .013, .008, and .005).CONCLUSIONSDWI volume was the best predictor of DPM.
Whole blood manganese concentrations in dogs with primary hepatitis
Authors: Kilpatrick S. , Jacinto A. , Foale R. D. , Tappin S. W. , Burton C. , Frowde P. E. , Elwood C. M. , Powell R. , Duncan A. , Mellanby R. J. , Gow A. G. 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesIncreased whole blood manganese concentrations have been reported in humans with primary liver disease. Due to the neurotoxic effects of manganese, altered manganese homeostasis has been linked to the development of hepatic encephalopathy. Whole blood manganese concentrations are increased in cases of canine congenital portosystemic shunts, but it remains unclear whether dogs with primary hepatopathies also have altered manganese homeostasis.MethodsWhole blood manganese concentrations were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in 21 dogs with primary hepatitis, 65 dogs with a congenital portosystemic shunt, 31 dogs with non‐hepatic illnesses and 18 healthy dogs.ResultsThe whole blood manganese concentrations were significantly different between dogs with primary hepatitis, dogs with non‐hepatic illnesses and healthy dogs (P=0·002). Dogs with primary hepatitis had significantly increased whole blood manganese concentrations compared with healthy dogs (P<0·05) and dogs with non‐hepatic illnesses (P<0·01). Dogs with primary hepatitis had significantly lower whole blood manganese concentration compared with dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts (P=0·0005).Clinical SignificanceDogs with primary hepatopathies have increased concentrations of whole blood manganese although these concentrations are not as high as those in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts. The role of altered manganese homeostasis in canine hepatic encephalopathy is worthy of further study.
In Vivo Histologically Equivalent Evaluation of Gastric Mucosal Topologic Morphology in Dogs By using Confocal Endomicroscopy
Authors: Sharman M.J. , Bacci B. , Whittem T. , Mansfield C.S. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundConfocal endomicroscopy (CEM) is an endoscopic technology permitting in vivo cellular and subcellular imaging. CEM aids real‐time clinical assessment and diagnosis of various gastrointestinal diseases in people. CEM allows in vivo characterization of small intestinal mucosal morphology in dogs.ObjectiveTo determine the feasibility of CEM to evaluate gastric mucosal morphology in dogs and to characterize the appearance in healthy dogs.AnimalsFourteen clinically healthy research colony dogs.MethodsExperimental study. Under general anesthesia, dogs underwent standard endoscopic evaluation and CEM of the gastric mucosa. In the initial 6 dogs, fluorescent contrast was provided with the fluorophore acriflavine (0.05% solution), applied topically. Subsequently, 8 dogs were assessed using a combination of fluorescein (10% solution, 15 mg/kg IV), followed by acriflavine administered topically. For each fluorophore, a minimum of 5 sites were assessed.ResultsConfocal endomicroscopy provided high quality in vivo histologically equivalent images of the gastric mucosa, but reduced flexibility of the endoscope tip limited imaging of the cranial stomach in some dogs. Intravenous administration of fluorescein allowed assessment of cellular cytoplasmic and microvasculature features. Topical application of acriflavine preferentially stained cellular nucleic acids, allowing additional evaluation of nuclear morphology. Identification of Helicobacter‐like organisms was possible in 13 dogs.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceConfocal endomicroscopy provides in vivo images allowing assessment of gastric mucosal morphology during endoscopy, potentially permitting real‐time diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease.
Spectrum of pathogens in native liver, bile, and blood during pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Schukfeh Nagoud , Doerner Judith M. , Heintschel von Heinegg Evelyn , Steinmann Joerg , Metzelder Martin L. , Kathemann Simone , Hoyer Peter F. , Paul Andreas , Gerner Patrick 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDuring LTX, there may be a risk that pathogens of the native liver are released into the systemic circulation. No investigations on incidence/spectrum of pathogens in native livers have been published. We hypothesized that pathogens are found in the native liver of a large proportion of pediatric patients during LTX and investigated the microbiology of native livers. These data may help optimize antibiotic therapy. Twenty‐two consecutive pediatric patients (median age 14 months, range, 5 months–15 yr) receiving LTX in our department from October 2010 to October 2011 were included in this prospective study. Tissue and bile were collected from the explanted liver and were cultivated on different media. All liver tissues were investigated using a broad‐range PCR (SepsiTest®). In 16 patients, blood cultures were collected post‐transplantation. Eleven patients (50%) had at least one pathogen detected; nine of these patients had an underlying diagnosis of biliary atresia. SepsiTest® was positive in seven patients. In four patients it was the only test detecting any pathogen. In detail, the positivity rate for liver tissue in all patients was 41% (n = 9); for bile 25% (n = 3); and for blood 25% (n = 4). Thirteen different pathogens (69% bacterial, 31% fungal) were isolated. A highly‐sensitive broad‐range PCR appears to be an effective method to detect pathogens in native livers of patients undergoing LTX. A high number and variety of microbes, including a high proportion of fungal pathogens, were detected.
Medical Paternalism – Part 2
Authors: Groll Daniel 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMedical clinicians – doctors, nurses, nurse practitioners etc. – are charged to act for the good of their patients. But not all ways of acting for a patient's good are on par: some are paternalistic; others are not. What does it mean to act paternalistically, both in general and specifically in a medical context? And when, if ever, is it permissible for a clinician to act paternalistically? In Medical Paternalism Part 1, I answered the first question. This paper answers the second.The place of paternalism in clinical medicine is best understood, I argue, in terms of the potential for conflict between the autonomy principle and the beneficence principle. The first enjoins clinicians to respect the decisions of patients with respect to their (the patients') own care. The second enjoins clinicians to act for the good of their patients. Clinicians act paternalistically, I argue, when they act on the beneficence principle to the exclusion of the autonomy principle. Understanding just what these principles amount to (particularly the autonomy principle) reveals that the autonomy principle defeasibly trumps the beneficence principle and that, as a result, acting paternalistically (at least when it comes to competent patients) is presumptively impermissible.
Validation of Sysmex XT‐2000iV generated quantitative bone marrow differential counts in untreated Wistar rats
Authors: Criswell Kay A. , Bock Jeffrey H. , Wildeboer Samantha E. , Johnson Kjell , Giovanelli Richard P. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundPreclinical drug trials frequently require assessment of bone marrow toxicity in animals to evaluate hematopoietic safety. Since the gold standard, cytologic evaluation, is time consuming and requires highly trained individuals, automated methods remain intriguing.ObjectiveThe Sysmex XT‐2000iV hematology analyzer allows user‐developed customizable gating. This study was conducted to validate the gating of bone marrow cell populations in Sysmex cytograms from untreated rats.MethodsB‐ and T‐lymphocytes and myeloid cells were experimentally depleted from Charles River Wistar Han IGS (CRL: WI [Han]) rat whole bone marrow suspension using a magnetic cell sorting (MACS) method. The positively and negatively selected populations were used to verify select gates within the Sysmex cytogram. Intra‐ and inter‐animal precision, comparability between right and left femur, as well as agreement with microscopic myelograms based on 500 counted cells, were determined.ResultsIntra‐sample precision and right‐to‐left femur comparability confirmed that gating was reproducible and stable. In 50 tested rats, myeloid to erythroid ratios (M:E) were 1.32 ± 0.33 in males and 1.38 ± 0.29 in females by Sysmex compared to 1.36 ± 0.32 in males and 1.42 ± 0.32 in females by microscopic evaluations. Bland–Altman differences between methods was ≤ ±0.35 units for M:E, ≤ 5.4% for maturing myeloid cells, ≤ 3.4% for proliferating myeloid cells, ≤ 6.0% for maturing myeloid cells, ≤ 3.4% for proliferating myeloid cells, and ≤ 4.1% for lymphocytes.ConclusionsIn untreated control Charles River Wistar Han IGS (CRL: WI [Han]) rats, the Sysmex XT‐2000iV produced an automated M:E and 5‐part differential count equivalent to microscopic differential counts.
Feline atopic dermatitis: a retrospective study of 45 cases (2001–2012)
Authors: Ravens Philippa A. , Xu Bei J. , Vogelnest Linda J. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) is recognized as a common cause of pruritus in cats, but it remains incompletely characterized.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to evaluate cases of confirmed feline AD.AnimalsFourty‐five cats from a dermatology referral practice (2001–2012).MethodsA retrospective case record review was carried out using strict diagnostic criteria, including exclusion of flea‐bite hypersensitivity and adverse food reaction.ResultsDisease prevalence was 12.5%, with domestic mixed (n = 24), Abyssinian (n = 6) and Devon rex (n = 3) cat breeds predisposed. Median age of onset was 2 years (62% <3 years; 22% >7 years; range 3 months to 12 years). Common presentations were severe (82%), nonseasonal (82%), waxing/waning (36%) pruritus, with alopecia/crusting/excoriations and/or erosions/ulceration (73%). Miliary dermatitis (20%) and eosinophilic granuloma complex lesions (27%) occurred. The face/head (71%), ventral abdomen (51%), neck (51%), limbs (38%), pinnae (31%), dorsum/rump (31%) and feet (16%) were frequently affected sites; lesions were restricted to the head/neck in only five cats (11%). Concurrent otitis externa (16%), superficial bacterial pyoderma (49%), Malassezia dermatitis (7%), flea‐bite hypersensitivity (24%) and adverse food reaction (13%) occurred. Strong reactions on intradermal allergen testing were common (68%; 19 of 30), most frequently to pollens (61%) and/or insects (46%). Good response to ciclosporin (100%; 10 of 10), systemic glucocorticoids (55%; 22 of 40) and allergen‐specific immunotherapy (57%; 13 of 23) and good/partial response to antihistamines (67%; 22 of 33) were reported.Conclusions and clinical importanceThe prevalence of feline AD was higher than previously suggested, and breed predispositions were confirmed. Severe nonseasonal pruritus was most common, with a varied spectrum of lesions affecting a range of body areas.
Back to the Future: Reflecting on the Past and Envisioning the Future for Kinesiology Research
Authors: Freedson Patty 
Published: March 2014

The papers published in this issue of Kinesiology Review are based on presentations delivered at the 2013 National Academy of Kinesiology meeting held in Colorado Springs, CO from September 19–21, 2013. The theme for the conference was Back to the Future: Refecting on the Past and Envisioning the Future for Kinesiology Research. The goals of the meeting were (a) to provide evidence-based impressions describing the key research discoveries/innovations in kinesiology over the last half century and (b) to project/predict key directions for research over the next 10–20 years.In maintaining the strong multi-disciplinary spirit of the field of kinesiology, some of the presentations were specific to our sub-disciplines and other presentations were related to physical activity and movement in different populations. The presentations were designed to catalyze discussions about where we came from, how kinesiology has matured, and where we anticipate new knowledge and discovery will take us in the future.
DNA Repair Pathways in Trypanosomatids: from DNA Repair to Drug Resistance
Authors: Genois Marie-Michelle , Paquet Eric R. , Laffitte Marie-Claude N. , Maity Ranjan , Rodrigue Amélie , Ouellette Marc , Masson Jean-Yves 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARY
All living organisms are continuously faced with endogenous or exogenous stress conditions affecting genome stability. DNA repair pathways act as a defense mechanism, which is essential to maintain DNA integrity. There is much to learn about the regulation and functions of these mechanisms, not only in human cells but also equally in divergent organisms. In trypanosomatids, DNA repair pathways protect the genome against mutations but also act as an adaptive mechanism to promote drug resistance. In this review, we scrutinize the molecular mechanisms and DNA repair pathways which are conserved in trypanosomatids. The recent advances made by the genome consortiums reveal the complete genomic sequences of several pathogens. Therefore, using bioinformatics and genomic sequences, we analyze the conservation of DNA repair proteins and their key protein motifs in trypanosomatids. We thus present a comprehensive view of DNA repair processes in trypanosomatids at the crossroads of DNA repair and drug resistance.