bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An algorithm for computing minimal Geršgorin sets
Authors: Kostić Vladimir R. , Międlar Agnieszka , Cvetković Ljiljana 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe existing algorithms for computing the minimal Geršgorin set are designed for small and medium size (irreducible) matrices and based on Perron root computations coupled with bisection method and sampling techniques. Here, we first discuss the drawbacks of the existing methods and present a new approach based on the modified Newton's method to find zeros of the parameter dependent left‐most eigenvalue of a Z‐matrix and a special curve tracing procedure. The advantages of the new approach are presented on several test examples that arise in practical applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystalline silicon on glass—interface passivation and absorber material quality
Authors: Gabriel Onno , Frijnts Tim , Preissler Natalie , Amkreutz Daniel , Calnan Sonya , Ring Sven , Stannowski Bernd , Rech Bernd , Schlatmann Rutger 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThin crystalline silicon solar cells prepared directly on glass substrates by means of liquid‐phase crystallization of the absorber utilize only a small fraction of the silicon material used by standard wafer‐based silicon solar cells. The material consists of large crystal grains of up to square centimeter area and results in solar cells with open‐circuit voltages of 650 mV, which is comparable with results achieved with multi‐crystalline silicon wafers. We give a brief status update and present new results on the electronic interface and bulk properties. The interrelation between surface passivation and additional hydrogen plasma passivation is investigated for p‐type and n‐type absorbers with different doping concentrations. Internal quantum efficiency measurements from both sides on bifacial solar cells are used to extract the bulk‐diffusion length and surface‐recombination velocity. Finally, we compare various types of solar cell devices based on 10 µm thin crystalline silicon, where conversion efficiencies of 11–12% were achieved with p–type and n‐type liquid‐phase crystallized absorbers on glass. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical method for simultaneous determination of bulk and intramolecular 13C‐isotope compositions of acetic acid
Authors: Nimmanwudipong Tarin , Gilbert Alexis , Yamada Keita , Yoshida Naohiro 
Published: November 2015

RationaleHeadspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) combined with gas chromatography/pyrolysis‐gas chromatography/combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/Py‐GC/C‐IRMS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of the intramolecular and molecular carbon‐isotopic composition (δ13C value) of acetic acid.MethodsThe δ13C values of carboxyl and methyl carbon were standardized using calibration curves constructed from the regression between the measured δ13C values and the δ13C values of working standards determined in a previous study. We applied this developed HS‐SPME‐GC/Py‐GC/C‐IRMS technique to commercial vinegars.ResultsIn one injection analysis, the bulk and intramolecular δ13C values of pure acetic acid standards can be obtained. The repeatability (1σ) of the bulk δ13C values is within ±0.4‰, and that of the δ13Ccarboxyl and δ13Cmethyl values is within ±0.6‰. The intramolecular δ13C values of acetic acid in vinegars exhibit a similar pattern. The average Δδ value (δ13CCOOH – δ13CCH3) is 4.3 ± 2.0‰.ConclusionsThe approach presented herein for the molecular and intramolecular δ13C determination of acetic acid avoids switching between configuration systems and thereby reduces systematic errors. It is expected to be useful for examining isotope fractionation associated with processes related to organic acid (bio)transformations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian meta‐analytical methods to incorporate multiple surrogate endpoints in drug development process
Authors: Bujkiewicz Sylwia , Thompson John R. , Riley Richard D. , Abrams Keith R. 
Published: November 2015

A number of meta‐analytical methods have been proposed that aim to evaluate surrogate endpoints. Bivariate meta‐analytical methods can be used to predict the treatment effect for the final outcome from the treatment effect estimate measured on the surrogate endpoint while taking into account the uncertainty around the effect estimate for the surrogate endpoint. In this paper, extensions to multivariate models are developed aiming to include multiple surrogate endpoints with the potential benefit of reducing the uncertainty when making predictions. In this Bayesian multivariate meta‐analytic framework, the between‐study variability is modelled in a formulation of a product of normal univariate distributions. This formulation is particularly convenient for including multiple surrogate endpoints and flexible for modelling the outcomes which can be surrogate endpoints to the final outcome and potentially to one another. Two models are proposed, first, using an unstructured between‐study covariance matrix by assuming the treatment effects on all outcomes are correlated and second, using a structured between‐study covariance matrix by assuming treatment effects on some of the outcomes are conditionally independent. While the two models are developed for the summary data on a study level, the individual‐level association is taken into account by the use of the Prentice's criteria (obtained from individual patient data) to inform the within study correlations in the models. The modelling techniques are investigated using an example in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis where the disability worsening is the final outcome, while relapse rate and MRI lesions are potential surrogates to the disability progression. © 2015 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
An Approach to the Examination of the Fetal Congenitally Malformed Heart at Autopsy
Authors: Erickson Lance K. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractExamination of the congenitally malformed fetal heart at autopsy presents many unique challenges. A systematic approach is needed to identify accurately the underlying morphology of the fetal heart, with adjustment to the routine cardiac exam as necessary in the most extreme malformed cases. In situ examination can provide details of pre-mortem function, based on what is seen externally, and direct the internal examination. Ultimately, an accurate morphological description of the fetal heart at any gestational age is necessary for correct diagnosis. Information that confirms or adds to prenatal imaging or testing provides a bridge for communication in diverse clinical settings including the care of other patients with similar presentations. The heart findings should be integrated into interdisciplinary discussions of major findings and during counseling sessions with parents who seek explanations for fetal loss and risk of recurrence in future pregnancies.
Using florbetapir positron emission tomography to explore cerebrospinal fluid cut points and gray zones in small sample sizes
Authors: Weston Philip S.J. , Paterson Ross W. , Modat Marc , Burgos Ninon , Cardoso Manuel J. , Magdalinou Nadia , Lehmann Manja , Dickson John C. , Barnes Anna , Bomanji Jamshed B. , Kayani Irfan , Cash David M. , Ourselin Sebastien , Toombs Jamie , Lunn Michael P. , Mummery Catherine J. , Warren Jason D. , Rossor Martin N. , Fox Nick C. , Zetterberg Henrik , Schott Jonathan M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIntroductionWe aimed to assess the feasibility of determining Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cut points in small samples through comparison with amyloid positron emission tomography (PET).MethodsTwenty‐three individuals (19 patients, four controls) had CSF measures of amyloid beta (Aβ)1–42 and total tau/Aβ1–42 ratio, and florbetapir PET. We compared CSF measures with visual and quantitative (standardized uptake value ratio [SUVR]) PET measures of amyloid.ResultsSeventeen of 23 were amyloid‐positive on visual reads, and 14 of 23 at an SUVR of ≥1.1. There was concordance (positive/negative on both measures) in 20 of 23, of whom 19 of 20 were correctly classified at an Aβ1–42 of 630 ng/L, and 20 of 20 on tau/Aβ1–42 ratio (positive ≥0.88; negative ≤0.34). Three discordant cases had Aβ1–42 levels between 403 and 729 ng/L and tau/Aβ1–42 ratios of 0.54–0.58.DiscussionComparing amyloid PET and CSF biomarkers provides a means of assessing CSF cut points in vivo, and can be applied to small sample sizes. CSF tau/Aβ1–42 ratio appears robust at predicting amyloid status, although there are gray zones where there remains diagnostic uncertainty.
Dynamics of the interface between miscible liquids subjected to horizontal vibration
Authors: Gaponenko Y. A. , Torregrosa M. , Yasnou V. , Mialdun A. , Shevtsova V. 
Published: November 2015

We present experimental evidence of the existence of an interfacial instability between two miscible liquids of similar (but non-identical) viscosities and densities under horizontal vibration. A stably stratified two-layer system is composed of the same binary mixture with different concentrations placed in a confined cell (with length twice as large as the height). Unlike the case of immiscible fluids, here, the interface is a transient layer of small but non-zero thickness. In the experiments, the frequency and amplitude were varied within the ranges 2–24 Hz and 1.5–16 mm, respectively. When the value of the oscillatory forcing increases, the amplitudes of the interface perturbations grow continuously, forming a saw-tooth frozen structure. This evolution is also examined numerically. In addition to the solutions of full 3-D Navier–Stokes equations, an averaging approach with separation of time scales is used for situations in which the forcing period is very small compared to the natural time scales of the problem. The simulation of averaged equations provides the explanation of the instability development, the calculations of the full nonlinear equations shed light on the decay of a wavy pattern. The results of numerical modelling perfectly support the experimental observations.
Oxidation levels of North American over-the-countern-3 (omega-3) supplements and the influence of supplement formulation and delivery form on evaluating oxidative safety
Authors: Jackowski Stefan A. , Alvi Azhar Z. , Mirajkar Abdur , Imani Zahabia , Gamalevych Yuliya , Shaikh Nisar A. , Jackowski George 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the oxidation status of North Americann-3 (omega-3) PUFA nutritional supplements commercially available in Canada and evaluate the influence of product formulation and delivery form on oxidative safety. A total of 171 North American over-the-countern-3 PUFA nutritional supplements were analysed for oxidation safety. Primary and secondary oxidation and total oxidation (TOTOX) were determined using the American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) procedures. Comparisons between supplements’ final forms, oil source andn-3 PUFA concentration quartiles, as measures of product formulations and delivery forms, were compared using ANOVA. Of the products successfully tested, 50 % exceeded the voluntary recommended levels for markers of oxidation. Another 18 % of products were approaching the limits with 1–3 years before expiration. Encapsulated products without flavour additives had significantly lower secondary and TOTOX levels than bulk oils and flavoured products (P < 0·05). Children's products had significantly higher primary, secondary and TOTOX levels compared with all other products (P < 0·05). Markers of oxidation did not differ between oil sources (P > 0·05), with the exception of krill oil products having higher secondary oxidation levels than plant-based products (P > 0·05). Markers of oxidation did not differ betweenn-3 PUFA supplement concentration quartiles. Consumers may be at risk of exposure to higher levels of oxidative products. New regulatory mandates need to be introduced to ensure that alln-3 PUFA products, used as nutritional supplements, regardless of their formulation or delivery form, can be tested for oxidative safety and compliance.
Mineralogical composition of and trace-element accumulation in lower Toarcian anoxic sediments: a case study from the Bilong Co. oil shale, eastern Tethys
Authors: FU XIUGEN , WANG JIAN , FENG XINGLEI , CHEN WENBIN , WANG DONG , SONG CHUNYAN , ZENG SHENGQIANG 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe sediments of organic-rich oil shales in the Bilong Co. area can be correlated with those of the early Toarcian anoxic black-shale events in Europe. The Bilong Co. sediments are rich in trace elements Se, Mo, Cd, As and Ni, and, to a lesser extent, Li, F, V, Co, Cu, Cs, Hg and Bi, in comparison to the upper continental crust. Thirty-two oil shale samples were collected from the Bilong Co. oil shale to evaluate the controlling factors of trace-element enrichment in the lower Toarcian anoxic sediments. Minerals identified in the Bilong Co. oil shale include calcite, quartz, illite, feldspar and dolomite, and trace amounts of siderite, magnesite, halite, haematite, zeolite, amphibole, gypsum, anhydrite, apatite, pyrite, sphalerite, barite and mixed-layer illite/smectite. Mineralogical and geochemical data show that seawater and hydrothermal activities are the dominant influences on the mineralogical composition and elevated trace-element concentrations in the oil shale. The clay minerals, quartz and feldspar in the Bilong Co. oil shale were derived from the Nadi Kangri volcanic rocks. Input of sediment from this source may have led to enrichment of trace elements Li, Cr and Cs in the oil shale. Carbonate minerals and nodular- and framboidal-pyrite are authigenic phases formed from seawater. The enrichment of V, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, As, Se, Bi and U in the oil shale was owing to marine influence. Barite, sphalerite and fracture-filling pyrites were derived from hydrothermal solutions. High concentrations of F, Zn and Cd were probably derived from hydrothermal fluids.
‘Mundele, it is because of you’ History, Identity and the Meaning of Democracy in the Congo
Authors: De Goede Meike J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSince the signing of the Sun City peace agreement in 2002, the Democratic Republic of Congo has strived to democratise with limited success. This paper explores some of the challenges of the process of democratisation in the Congo. It does so not by looking at democratisation policies and practices, but by focusing on identity construction and how these identities manifest themselves in Congolese engagements with the process of democratisation as a process that is pursued in partnership with Western donors. The paper traces the construction of an understanding of democracy as a means to make an end to perpetual victimisation of Congolese people due to foreign interference in the Congo. The paper argues that the concept of democracy has acquired over time a meaning that creates a highly ambivalent engagement with the current democratisation process, and in particular with Western donors of this process, which are simultaneously perceived as the main obstacles to its successful realisation.
Aspirations and Occupational Opportunities for Aboriginals
Authors: Lewis G.K. 
Published: November 2015

The twin issues of education and employment are inextricably bound together for all Australian school students. In a recent issue, Mr. Hall discussed how Aboriginal students at Port Augusta High School are dealing with the problem; and he suggested that schools should engage in a program of pre-employment trainging.In this article, Mr. Lewis discusses the employment opportunities for and aspirations of Aboriginal school leavers in New South Wales. Most importantly, he tells us how his Department can assist these students to find the positions which they want.
Report On ….. The Cognition Symposium at the Biennial Conference of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Canberra – May, 1974.
Authors: Watts Betty H. 
Published: November 2015

The Cognition Seminar was held over two days in Canberra, May 27th. and May 28th.A wide range of papers was presented by Australian psychologists. Also we were fortunate to have the stimulation of a number of overseas speakers.The overseas visitors who are well known in studies involving various minority groups were Professor R.W. Brislin and Professor T. Ciborowski from the East-West Centre at Hawaii, Professor H.C. Triandis from the University of Illinois, U.S.A., Professor U. Pareek from India and Professor L.W. Doob from Yale University.Teachers will, I think, be interested to see the variety of issues that were discussed at the two-day symposium. The program for the two days indicates this diversity
Aboriginal Education in Victoria: An Evaluation of an Innovatory Emphasis
Authors: Bourke C.J. 
Published: November 2015

The Victorian Education Department is philosophically opposed to the unnecessary segregation of children. Consequently, and with the approval of the Victorian Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs, the two special schools for Aboriginal children at Lake Tyers and Framlingham were closed some years ago.During the existence of the Victorian Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs it had been traditional practice for that Ministry to undertake special projects, after consultation with the Education Department, to alleviate educational disadvantages of Aboriginal children. Generally this support took the form of funding specific school projects or school equipment. However, in relation to other states the Victorian funding for education was at a low level.The transfer of responsibility for Aboriginal Affairs from the Victorian State Government to the Australian Government on 1st January, 1975, made it imperative for the Victorian Education Department to assume full responsibility for the administration of all funding pertaining to the education of Aboriginal children. This step was necessary because the Commonwealth Department of Aboriginal Affairs does not seek to provide educational services for Aboriginal people. They believe that the provision of such services is the responsibility of existing State Government educational authorities. The Department of Aboriginal Affairs seeks to stimulate, co-ordinate and if necessary, support the extension, and where appropriate the accommodation of existing services to Aboriginals, and to ensure that special measures are taken to overcome any particular handicaps which Aboriginal people may suffer.
From Manual Training to Community Development: Seeking Relevance in Manual Training for Aboriginal Teenagers
Authors: McClelland Gary , Harris Stephen 
Published: November 2015

Teenagers in the Western world are increasingly vocal in their demands for “relevance” in their school experience. Young Aboriginal men in their teens (although perhaps not fully conscious of what they are doing, or able to verbalize their feelings) are also “demanding” relevance in their school experience by several kinds of passive resistance. Two examples of this resistance are, that attendance at some Northern Territory schools is extremely low, and that young men trained in various trade courses are generally working in other trades. The educational system, of course, is not solely responsible for this situation, but we should respond to this new “post colonial” mood in Aboriginal communities. Examples of the “post colonial” era are: that Aboriginals know they are free to resist white pressures to work or attend school, or in fact to do anything “white”; that local Aboriginal councils are assuming much more responsibility for local management; that local Aboriginals cherish their new found power to say which white people can or cannot live in their community, and so on. Our prediction is that if schools don’t move with the times we will find that schools in Aboriginal communities will soon begin to appear to Aboriginals as the last “white strongholds” in these communities; that is “white” in terms of initiatives, in terms of ultimate authority, in terms of environmental setting, materials used, times at which things are done and content of what is taught.For the white teacher to say, “But I’m open to Aboriginals taking more initiative”, is hardly practical because the Aboriginal teenager has not learned to be sufficiently aggressive or expressive to take initiatives in the face of the technologically dominant white teacher; therefore the first initiative-to-allow-initiative must be taken by the white teacher.
“The Living Walls” A Focus on Social Studies
Authors: Maguire T.M. 
Published: November 2015

The project I am about to describe was born out of a necessity to encourage children to realize that there are PEOPLE, PLACES and THINGS outside Camooweal. To most of us, this statement is obvious, but to some of the children of this insular community such an awareness appears to be neither important nor even necessary.At the very outset let me assure you that this project was not our only method of teaching Social Studies, but rather an approach which we thought might stimulate the children of this area firstly to accept and then to enjoy learning about the ways of life of other people. Social Studies in a remote area can be uninspiring if initially the only method of gathering knowledge is through books and an occasional out-dated film. Since the children I teach respond to the visual approach, I decided to “paint-out” our Social Studies discussions. The place we chose for such an experiment was under the school where there were available large panels of wall space as well as several cement columns.
A New Era in Tertiary Education
Authors: Battersby D. 
Published: November 2015

Aboriginal Studies at the Canberra College of Advanced Education has achieved a reputation as being one of the most favoured series of units available. Although it has immense popularity within Teacher Education, Aboriginal Studies also attracts a large number of students from other schools at the college. Its level of appeal is reflected in the content of the two units available. Unit I of the course aims at introducing students to a pre-contemporary understanding of the Aboriginal, his kinship, religion, habitat, livelihood, art, music and pre-history. Coincidentally, Unit 2 examines problems of Aboriginal-White contact in our society, its associated prejudices and cultural conflicts.Why is it that such a large number of students are seeking enrolment in Aboriginal Studies? I think interest predominates all other motives. In my case, as an undergraduate, this course filled a chasm in my education: it introduced me to an in-depth cultural and social analysis of a race different from my own. The urge to learn more about the Aboriginal, his culture and contact with white society, overshadowed the usual ambition of ‘study to pass’.It was this interest that generated an inner feeling of awareness for Aboriginal culture and a self-realization of my attitudes toward Aborigines. People I talked with had similar experiences, and it was agreed that this was a latent function of the course.