bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel mitogenomic rearrangement for Odorrana schmackeri (Anura: Ranidae) and phylogeny of Ranidae inferred from thirteen mitochondrial protein-coding genes
Authors: Li Yongmin , Zhang Huabin , Wu Xiaoyou , Xue Hui , Yan Peng , Wu Xiaobing 
Published: September 2014

We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Odorrana schmackeri (family Ranidae). The O. schmackeri mitogenome (18 302 bp) contained 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 21 tRNA genes and a single control region (CR). In the new mitogenome, the distinctive feature is the loss of tRNA-His, which could be explained by a hypothesis of gene substitution. The new sequence data was used to assess the phylogenetic relationships among 23 ranid species mostly from China using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). The phylogenetic analyses support two families (Ranidae, Dicroglossidae) for Chinese ranids. In Ranidae, we support the genus Amolops should be retained in the subfamily Raninae rather than in a distinct subfamily Amolopinae of its own. Meanwhile, the monophyly of the genus Odorrana was supported. Within Dicroglossidae, four tribes were well supported including Occidozygini, Dicroglossini, Limnonectini and Paini. More mitochondrial genomes and nuclear genes are required to decisively evaluate phylogenetic relationships of ranids.
The King’s Power Dominating Society—A Re-examination of Ancient Chinese Society
Authors: Zehua Liu 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In terms of social formation, the most important characteristic of traditional Chinese society was how the king’s power dominated the society. Ever since the emergence of written records, we see that ancient China has had a most prominent interest group, that of the nobility and high officials, centered around the king (and later the emperor). Of all the kinds of power exerted on Chinese society, the king’s was the ultimate power. In the formation process of kingly power, a corresponding social structure was also formed. Not only did this central group include the king or emperor, the nobles, and the bureaucratic landlords, but the “feudal landlord ecosystem” which was formed within that group also shaped the whole society in a fundamental way. As a special form of economic redistribution, corruption among officials provided the soil for the growth of bureaucratic landlords. At the foundation of this entire bureaucratic web was always the king and his authority. In short, ancient Chinese society is a power-dependent structure centered on the king’s power. The major social conflict was therefore the conflict between the dictatorial king’s power and the rest of society.
NOAA’s African Desk: Twenty Years of Developing Capacity in Weather and Climate Forecasting in Africa
Authors: Thiaw Wassila M. , Kumar Vadlamani B. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Drought is one of the leading causes of death in Africa because of its impact on access to sanitary water and food. This challenge has mobilized the international community to develop famine early warning systems (FEWS) to bring safe food and water to populations in need. Over the past several decades, much attention has focused on advance risk planning in agriculture and water and, more recently, on health. These initiatives require updates of weather and climate outlooks. This paper describes the active role of NOAA’s African Desk in FEWS and in enhancing the capacity of African institutions to improve forecasts. The African Desk was established in 1994 to provide services to U.S. agencies and African institutions. Emphasis is on the operational products across all time scales from weather to climate forecasts in support of humanitarian relief programs. Tools to provide access to real-time weather and climate information to the public are described. These include the downscaling of the U.S. National Multimodel Ensemble (NMME) to improve seasonal forecasts. The subseasonal time scale has emerged as extremely important to many socioeconomic sectors. Drawing from advances in numerical models, operational subseasonal forecasts are included in the African Desk product suite. These capabilities along with forecast skill assessment, verifications, and regional hazards outlooks for food security are discussed. Finally, the African Desk residency training program, an effort aimed at enhancing the capacity of African institutions to improve forecasts, and supported by this seamless approach to operational forecasting, is described.
Spatiotemporal Snowfall Trends in Central New York
Authors: Hartnett Justin J. , Collins Jennifer M. , Baxter Martin A. , Chambers Don P. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCentral New York State, located at the intersection of the northeastern United States and the Great Lakes basin, is impacted by snowfall produced by lake-effect and non-lake-effect snowstorms. The purpose of this study is to determine the spatiotemporal patterns of snowfall in central New York and their possible underlying causes. Ninety-three Cooperative Observer Program stations are used in this study. Spatiotemporal patterns are analyzed using simple linear regressions, Pearson correlations, principal component analysis to identify regional clustering, and spatial snowfall distribution maps in the ArcGIS software. There are three key findings. First, when the long-term snowfall trend (1931/32–2011/12) is divided into two halves, a strong increase is present during the first half (1931/32–1971/72), followed by a lesser decrease in the second half (1971/72–2011/12). This result suggests that snowfall trends behave nonlinearly over the period of record. Second, central New York spatial snowfall patterns are similar to those for the whole Great Lakes basin. For example, for five distinct regions identified within central New York, regions closer to and leeward of Lake Ontario experience higher snowfall trends than regions farther away and not leeward of the lake. Third, as compared with precipitation totals (0.02), average air temperatures had the largest significant (ρ < 0.05) correlation (−0.56) with seasonal snowfall totals in central New York. Findings from this study are valuable because they provide a basis for understanding snowfall patterns in a region that is affected by both non-lake-effect and lake-effect snowstorms.
Equatorial Pacific Easterly Wind Surges and the Onset of La Niña Events*
Authors: Chiodi Andrew M. , Harrison D. E. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The processes responsible for the onset of La Niña events have not received the same attention as those responsible for the onset of El Niño events, for which westerly wind events (WWEs) in the tropical Pacific have been identified as important contributors. Results here show that synoptic-scale surface easterly wind surges (EWSs) play an important role in the onset of La Niña events, akin to the role of WWEs in the onset of El Niño events. It is found that EWSs are a substantial component of zonal wind stress variance along the equatorial Pacific. Using reanalysis wind stress fields, validated against buoy measurements, 340 EWS events are identified between 1986 and 2012. Their distributions in space, time, and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) state are described. About 150 EWSs occur during ENSO-neutral conditions, during the months associated with La Niña initiation and growth (April–December). Composites of changes in sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) following these ~150 events show statistically significant cooling (0.1°–0.4°C) along the oceanic waveguide that persists for 2–3 months following the EWSs. Experiments with EWS forcing of an ocean general circulation model show SSTA patterns like those in the observations. It is suggested that EWSs play an important role in the onset of La Niña waveguide surface cooling and deserve additional study.
Utility of the Transnasal Esophagoscope in the Management of Chemoradiation-Induced Esophageal Stenosis
Authors: Peng Kevin A. , Feinstein Aaron J. , Salinas Jonathan B. , Chhetri Dinesh K. 
Published: September 2014

Objective: This study aimed to describe management of esophageal stenosis after chemoradiation therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), with particular emphasis on techniques and outcomes with the use of the transnasal esophagoscope (TNE) in the office as well as operating room settings. Methods: Retrospective analysis of all patients with esophageal stenosis following head and neck cancer radiation, with or without chemotherapy, and managed with TNE-assisted esophageal dilation over a 5-year period. Preoperative and postoperative swallowing function were assessed objectively with the Functional Outcome Swallowing Scale (FOSS; ranging from score 0, a normal diet, to score 5, complete dependence on nonoral nutrition). Results: Twenty-five patients met inclusion criteria. The mean pretreatment FOSS score was 4.4, whereas the mean posttreatment FOSS score was 2.7 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P < .001). Prior to dilation, 16 patients were completely gastrostomy-tube dependent (FOSS 5), of whom 12 (75%) were able to tolerate oral nutrition for a majority of their diet following treatment according to our protocol. No complications were noted. Conclusion: Dysphagia following chemoradiation therapy for HNSCC is often related to esophageal stenosis. With the aid of TNE, we have developed a successful treatment strategy for esophageal stenosis with improved success rates.
Effects of propofol versus isoflurane on liver function after open thoracotomy
Authors: Dabir Shideh , Mohammad-Taheri Zohreh , Parsa Tahereh , Abbasi-Nazari Mohammad , Radpay Badiozaman , Radmand Golnar 
Published: September 2014

Background Anesthetic agents and type of surgery may contribute to postoperative hepatic injury. Inhalational anesthetics have been associated with hepatic dysfunction after surgery, however, propofol is expected to have a lower potential for postoperative liver injury. This prospective double-blind randomized clinical study was planned to determine whether postoperative liver function differs after anesthesia with isoflurane and total intravenous anesthesia with propofol in patients undergoing a posterolateral thoracotomy. Methods Eighty-eight patients in American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 or 2, aged 16–60 years, and scheduled for an elective posterolateral thoracotomy, were randomly assigned to an anesthetic protocol: propofol ( n = 44) or isoflurane ( n = 44). Induction of anesthesia was similar in both groups. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, and γ-glutamyltransferase were measured before induction of anesthesia and on the first and third days after either propofol or isoflurane anesthesia. Results Mild changes in postoperative serum levels of liver enzymes were significant within each group but the differences between groups were not significant. Conclusions Propofol and isoflurane anesthesia have a comparable minor effect on liver function after an elective posterolateral thoracotomy.
Life goal attainment in the adaptation process after acquired brain injury: the influence of self-efficacy and of flexibility and tenacity in goal pursuit
Authors: Brands Ingrid , Stapert Sven , Köhler Sebastian , Wade Derick , van Heugten Caroline 
Published: September 2014

Objective: To investigate attainment of important life goals and to examine whether self-efficacy, tenacity in goal pursuit and flexibility in goal adjustment contribute to adaptation by affecting levels of emotional distress and quality of life in patients with newly acquired brain injury. Methods: Data were collected from a prospective clinical cohort study of 148 patients assessed after discharge home (mean time since injury = 15 weeks) and one year later. At follow-up, attainment of life goals (set at baseline) and satisfaction with attainment was scored (10-point scale) and patients were asked how they adjusted unattained goals. Emotional distress was measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), quality of life with the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (LiSat-9), self-efficacy with the TBI Self-efficacy Questionnaire (SEsx) and tenacity and flexibility with the Assimilative/Accommodative Coping Questionnaire (AACQ). Random effects regression analyses and structural equation modelling were used. Results: In total, only 13 % of initial life goals were achieved in one year. Patients who maintained efforts to reach their original goals had higher average levels of tenacity, but did not differ in level of self-efficacy compared with patients that disengaged. Patients with higher self-efficacy were more successful in attaining important life goals, which correlated with higher quality of life. Patients with higher self-efficacy, higher tenacity in goal pursuit, and higher flexibility in goal adjustment were less emotionally distressed, again correlating with higher quality of life. Conclusions: To optimise adaptation it seems appropriate to promote self-efficacy and both tenacity and flexibility during rehabilitation treatment.
Migraine and stroke: In search of shared mechanisms
Authors: Mawet Jerome , Kurth Tobias , Ayata Cenk 
Published: September 2014

Background Migraine, particularly with aura, increases the risk for ischemic stroke, at least in a subset of patients. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood and probably multifactorial. Methods We carried out an extended literature review of experimental and clinical evidence supporting the association between migraine and ischemic stroke to identify potential mechanisms that can explain the association. Results Observational, imaging and genetic evidence support a link between migraine and ischemic stroke. Based on clinical and experimental data, we propose mechanistic hypotheses to explain the link, such as microembolic triggers of migraine and enhanced sensitivity to ischemic injury in migraineurs. Discussion We discuss the possible practical implications of clinical and experimental data, such as aggressive risk factor screening and management, stroke prophylaxis and specific acute stroke management in migraineurs. However, evidence from prospective clinical trials is required before modifying the practice in this patient population.
Living in the World as Humans
Authors: Boni Tanella 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHuman beings are not an artificial creation nor are genetically modified organisms. They are bodies which share in life with plants and animals and which possess certain characteristics such as language and the capacity for thought which provide the freedom to attain knowledge, to project and realize intentions, to act upon the world. They inhabit a world where men and women reveal themselves as human, or conversely, as inhuman. Humans, with male and female following their own particular paths, behave according to norms specific to their group. The question which remains unanswered is whether it is possible to derive a universal ethic which is valid for all, whatever one's distinct culture might be. This paper focus on this particular issue, providing philosophical as well as literary references, taken both from the Western and the African traditions.
Palliative Care in Neonatal Intensive Care, Effects on Parent Stress and Satisfaction
Authors: Petteys Annie R. , Goebel Joy R. , Wallace Joetta D. , Singh-Carlson Savitri 
Published: September 2014

Context: Approximately 1 in 10 infants require neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization, which causes parental stress. Palliative care (PC) provides an opportunity to alleviate suffering and stress. Objectives: This study examines the effects of PC on NICU parent stress and satisfaction. Methods: A prospective cohort design compares stress and satisfaction among families receiving or not receiving PC. Results: No significant differences in stress scores were found ( P = .27-1.00). Palliative care parents (100%) were more likely to report being “extremely satisfied” with care than usual-care parents (50%). Conclusion: This study supports the feasibility of evaluating NICU PC services. Infants referred for PC typically have higher morbidity/mortality; therefore, higher parental stress scores may be expected. Stress levels were similar in both cohorts, thus PC did not increase stress and may decrease PC parent stress.
Extensor Apparatus of the Lesser Toes
Authors: Dalmau-Pastor Miquel , Fargues Betlem , Alcolea Enric , Martínez-Franco Nerea , Ruiz-Escobar Patricia , Vega Jordi , Golanó Pau 
Published: September 2014

Lesser toe deformities are one of the most common conditions faced by orthopedic surgeons. Knowledge of the anatomy of the lesser toes is important for ensuring correct diagnosis and treatment of deformities, which are caused by factors such as muscle imbalance between the extensor apparatus and flexor tendons. However, this apparatus has not received sufficient attention in the literature. In addition, the large number of inaccurate and erroneous descriptions means that gaining an understanding of these structures is problematic. The objective of the present article is to clarify the anatomy of the extensor apparatus by means of a pictorial essay, in which the structures involved will be grouped and discussed in detail. The most relevant clinical implications will be addressed. Level of Evidence: Level V, expert opinion.
Computerized Clinical Decision Support Improves Warfarin Management and Decreases Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Woller Scott C. , Stevens Scott M. , Towner Steven , Olson Jeff , Christensen Paige , Hamilton Sharon , Newman Laurel , Mott Loren , Hu Ping , Brunisholz Kimberly D. , Long Yenh , Lloyd Jim , Evans R. Scott , Cannon Wayne , Elliott C. Greg 
Published: September 2014

Background: An explicit approach to warfarin dose adjustment using computerized clinical decision support (CDS) improves warfarin management. We report metrics of quality for warfarin management before and after implementation of CDS in a large health care system. Methods: A total of 2591 chronically anticoagulated patients were eligible for inclusion. We compared interpatient time in therapeutic range (TTR) and international normalized ratio (INR) variability before and after implementation of CDS. We report outcomes of major bleeding, thrombosis, and health care utilization. Results: Implementation of CDS significantly improved TTR (from 63.99% to 65.13%; P = .04) and reduced out-of-range INRs (from 42.39% to 39.97%; P < .001). Venous thromboembolism (relative risk [RR] 0.41; P < .001) emergency department utilization (RR 0.62; P < .001), and hospitalization (RR 0.62; P < .001) were reduced after CDS implementation. Major hemorrhage was more frequent after CDS implementation (RR 1.42; P = .01). Conclusion: The CDS warfarin management was associated with improved TTR and decreased INR variability in a large cohort of chronically anticoagulated patients. Clinically relevant outcomes were broadly improved, although more bleeding events were observed.
Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Khair M. Michael , Dines Joshua S. , Dines David M. 
Published: September 2014

Context: Increasingly, total shoulder arthroplasty is being performed not only to treat the pain associated with glenohumeral arthritis but also to return patients to the level of activity and function they enjoyed prior to the development of arthritis. While return to sport and activity have been studied in the total knee and total hip replacement literature, it is only relatively recently that the same focus has been placed on total shoulder replacements. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed database from the years 2000 to 2014. All studies relevant to shoulder arthroplasty and return to sport were included in the review. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Results: An increasing number of patients seeking total shoulder arthroplasty are doing so with the expectation of not only decreased symptoms of glenohumeral arthritis but also of return to a high level of activity. The majority of patients are able to return to their prior level of activity within 6 months of surgery. In some series, patients saw an improvement in their ability to perform their chosen activity. Conclusion: Patients should be counseled that there is a high probability that they will be able to return to their preoperative activity level after total shoulder arthroplasty and, in some cases, see an improvement in their abilities to participate in sport. Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT): C.
miR-638 mediated regulation of BRCA1affects DNA repair and sensitivity to UV and cisplatin in triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Tan Xiaohui , Peng Jin , Fu Yebo , An Shejuan , Rezaei Katayoon , Tabbara Sana , Teal Christine B , Man Yan-gao , Brem Rachel F , Fu Sidney W 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents 15 to 20% of all types of breast cancer; however, it accounts for a large number of metastatic cases and deaths, and there is still no effective treatment. The deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) in breast cancer has been widely reported. We previously identified that miR-638 was one of the most deregulated miRNAs in breast cancer progression. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that miR-638 directly targets BRCA1. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miR-638 in breast cancer prognosis and treatment.

Methods
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast cancer samples were microdissected into normal epithelial and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) cells, and total RNA was isolated. Several breast cancer cell lines were used for the functional analysis. miR-638 target genes were identified by TARGETSCAN-VERT 6.2 and miRanda. The expression of miR-638 and its target genes was analyzed by real-time qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was employed to confirm the specificity of miR-638 target genes. The biological function of miR-638 was analyzed by MTT chemosensitivity, matrigel invasion and host cell reactivation assays.

Results
The expression of miR-638 was decreased in IDC tissue samples compared to their adjacent normal controls. The decreased miR-638 expression was more prevalent in non-TNBC compared with TNBC cases. miR-638 expression was significantly downregulated in breast cancer cell lines compared to the immortalized MCF-10A epithelial cells. BRCA1 was predicted as one of the direct targets of miR-638, which was subsequently confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Forced expression of miR-638 resulted in a significantly reduced proliferation rate as well as decreased invasive ability in TNBC cells. Furthermore, miR-638 overexpression increased sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, ultraviolet (UV) and cisplatin, but not to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and epirubicin exposure in TNBC cells. Host cell reactivation assays showed that miR-638 reduced DNA repair capability in post UV/cisplatin-exposed TNBC cells. The reduced proliferation, invasive ability, and DNA repair capabilities are associated with downregulated BRCA1 expression.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that miR-638 plays an important role in TNBC progression via BRCA1 deregulation. Therefore, miR-638 might serve as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer.
Toward better benchmarking: challenge-based methods assessment in cancer genomics
Authors: Boutros Paul C , Margolin Adam A , Stuart Joshua M , Califano Andrea , Stolovitzky Gustavo 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRapid technological development has created an urgent need for improved evaluation of algorithms for the analysis of cancer genomics data. We outline how challenge-based assessment may help fill this gap by leveraging crowd-sourcing to distribute effort and reduce bias.