bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Irreversibility and dynamical response
Authors: Limmer David T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We have previously developed this framework in the context of static response, here we will generalize this perspective to dynamic response, and the evolution between distinct thermal equilibrium states. Of particular importance will be the derivation of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, which relates the response of a system to its time dependent fluctuations, clarifying an equivalence between how a system responds to a small perturbation and how it regresses back to equilibrium in the absence of a perturbation. With this framework we can develop linear models of relaxation, classically and quantum mechanically, and derive equa- tions of motion suitable for describing the dynamics of thermal ensembles held at fixed temperature rather than fixed energy. These models are Gaussian, and approximate the dynamical correlations of interacting systems. These effective equations of motion are rendered stochastic due to the incomplete description of the microscopic degrees of freedom that evolve the system.
Large deviations from equilibrium
Authors: Limmer David T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The developments in the previous chapters provide an open system description in the limit that the system and bath are weakly interacting such that the bath remains in equilibrium. Working within this assumption, we will show in this chapter that it is possible to make quantitative statements about systems far from equilibrium by constructing equations of motion for observables like heat and work. Further, using principles from probability like large deviation theory, we can develop a means of quantifying fluctuations of dynamical quantities like currents of mass, energy or charge that are outside the scope of traditional statistical mechanics, even if the system is at equilibrium. The combination of large deviation theory, dynamic definitions of thermodynamic quantities, and the structure they encode into ensembles of trajectories form the core of stochastic thermodynamics.
German Resistance to Hitler
Authors: Grint Keith 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
While much of the resistance literature focuses on those suffering German occupation, this chapter considers the resistance of those within Germany itself. We start with an overview of the rise of Hitler and the Nazis and look closely at the incremental dismantling of all the political and legal routes to resistance before considering the group that had the greatest chance of success: the German military. Despite the presence of several different factions intent on eliminating Hitler and calling for an end to the war, none of them managed to do so, often as much through luck as through misjudgement, but there was never an overwhelming military resistance to Hitler or the Nazis. From the Wehrmacht the chapter proceeds to consider the actions of the various ‘circles’ of resisters, as well as the Social Democratic and Communist Parties, all of whom were brutally dispersed and many of whom were executed. The role of the churches is then discussed, and, with a few notable exceptions, the established churches did little, if anything, to lead or encourage resistance. The Red Orchestra and the White Rose group were composed of much braver souls, but, again, their effect was minimal. Finally, we consider the only successful examples of resistance that relate to town and cities that rejected orders to defend their homes until the last person, and instead negotiated with the advancing Allies to save themselves. Those last two words are important: they did not act to save anyone else and only took the decision when it appeared that Germany was doomed—as were they.
Domesticating the Senatorial Elite
Authors: Weisweiler John 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In the first three centuries ad, the governing elite of the Roman empire was a small group of officeholders, living in one city. There were around six hundred senators, and all of them were legally required to establish their residence in Rome. But since the 320s, membership in the senate expanded massively. In the course of the fourth century, senatorial rank was conferred on ever-larger groups of officeholders. Around the year 400, total membership in the senate had increased almost sevenfold, to more than four thousand. Most of the new senators did not come from Rome, nor did they relocate there after their acquisition of senatorial rank. The governing elite of the Roman empire transformed from a face-to-face society, based in Rome, into a trans-regional aristocracy, whose members were dispersed throughout the provinces of the Mediterranean World.
Constantine, Rome, and the Christians
Authors: Bleckmann Bruno 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The relations between the emperor and various loyalty groups in the empire occupy a central place in accounts of the change in religious policy under Constantine. Particularly important are the phases after civil wars in which large territories were seized and new relations between ruler and ruled had to be established and negotiated, that is, after the caesuras of 312, 316–317, and 324. This chapter is dedicated to the years after 312 and the relations between the emperor and the newly conquered imperial capital. This period is special insofar as in these years the emperor not only had to reconstitute his relations with various population groups in Rome but also, at the same time, had to formulate a claim to sole rule that could be justified to the whole empire by possession of the capital. The capture of Rome by Constantine led to new forms of exaggerated self-representation that targeted partly the city of Rome and partly the empire, and thereby contributed to changes in the relationship of the emperor to the conventional (pagan, Roman, and civic) and to the Christian religions.
A Vain Quest for Unity
Authors: Diefenbach Steffen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
“Now is the time to speak, because the time for silence has passed. Let one expect Christ, because the Antichrist has prevailed.” With these apocalyptic words Hilary of Poitiers opened a famous pamphlet, written in 360 or 361 and directed against the religious policy of Emperor Constantius II, who is openly identified with the Antichrist. The reason for Hilary’s harsh criticism was the emperor’s attempt to put an end to the enduring controversy over the Trinitarian doctrine and its most pugnacious champion Athanasius of Alexandria. Constantius’ backing of the so-called Homoean Creed or the “Creed of Constantinople” from late 359 was intended to end all discussion of these matters once and for all—a hope that would be disappointed in the event, however, as the ongoing debates and the bouleversement of imperial church politics from the early 380s onward would come to make clear.
Effects-Based Discrimination
Authors: Fredman Sandra 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The acknowledgement that equal treatment can lead to disparate results signalled a key development in discrimination law. Since its articulation by the US Supreme Court, effects-based discrimination has been incorporated into discrimination law in many jurisdictions. Beneath the surface consensus, however, lurks an ambiguity of purpose. This chapter argues that effects-based discrimination law could be more coherently applied if it were explicitly based on a four-dimensional substantive understanding of equality, which simultaneously aims to redress disadvantage; address stigma, stereotyping, and prejudice; facilitate voice and participation; and accommodate difference and achieve structural change. The chapter gives an account of the development of the concept in the US, UK, EU, ECHR, Canada, South Africa, and India. It examines the role of intention; considers the criteria for determining disparate impact; considers how effects-based discrimination is justified; and examines the aims of effects-based discrimination in the light of the four-dimensional understanding of substantive equality.
Transnational Unions and Labour Framework Agreements
Authors: Topo Adriana 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The subject of this chapter—labour framework agreements (LFAs)—falls within the category of transnational private regulations. Using real examples, LFAs are classified into different categories that may be useful for understanding the impact of the contractual choices made by the parties in regulating labour rights and industrial relations through LFAs. Employees may find it impossible to legally enforce LFAs’ rights in some states. The traditional interpretation of LFAs as contracts regulating only third parties’ interests—the workers’ rights—underestimates the relevance of MNCs’ and trade unions’ interests. This chapter discusses whether or not LFAs regulate also the signatory parties’ commercial interest in reputation and the consequence of this solution.
Alt-Labour and Worker Centres
Authors: Rosado Marzán César F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Working-class disorganization has been a fact in most of the OECD region for many decades. Outcomes of disorganization include increasing economic inequality and the precarization of work. But increasing precarization has also led to a surge in low-wage, often immigrant worker advocacy, not least by so-called ‘alt-labour’ groups that work outside of the collective bargaining framework. Some of these ‘alt-labour’ groups include ‘worker centres’. This chapter describes some of these organizations in the US, Canada, and Australia, and how they might benefit and contribute to labour law. It concludes with research questions to understand how law, including but not limited to labour law, helps to constitute these groups, and how they might impact labour law.
Brain Plasticity and Cognitive Enhancement
Authors: Posner Michael I. , Rothbart Mary K. , Weible Aldis P. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to explore brain mechanisms that might improve the learning and performance of skills. Most of the data related to this goal comes from learning some arbitrary skill and observing how this alters the brain with practice. This chapter discusses how learning brings together the networks related to attention and memory in the process of acquiring a skill. At the behavioral level, psychological data clearly show that performance or a skill, such as playing chess, improves gradually over many hours of training. However, much of this form of network training is rather specific to the task studied. If the trained networks are general ones, such as attention or working memory, there is a better possibility of enhancing performance on related tasks that use that network. Transfer to other tasks has more often been observed with children or the elderly, for whom initial performance is often lower. There are also methods designed to alter brain states such as physical exercise or meditation. These state-changing methods affect the brain more broadly, impacting many networks. We also examine efforts to alter brain networks by low-frequency stimulation. In rodents, this has involved techniques such as optogenetics that activate or inhibit individual neurons. In humans, less invasive methods such as electrical (EEG) or magnetic stimulation (TMS) have been used. Although there is evidence that changes in brain connectivity can improve some clinical issues such as addiction, future studies need to confirm and expand upon this effort.
Facial Swelling and Neuritis After Internal Carotid Endarterectomy in an 81-Year-Old Woman With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Report
Authors: Simpson Jennifer A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objective
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) may develop carotid artery stenosis, requiring surgical intervention. Nerve injury following carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a rare and often unrecognized postoperative side effect. This case report describes the diagnostic process and rehabilitation course of a patient with greater auricular and trigeminal neuritis symptoms following internal CEA.

Methods
The patient is an 81-year-old woman with DM2 who underwent a left internal CEA. She subsequently developed swelling in her left neck and face, and pain along the greater auricular and trigeminal nerve pathways. Pertinent examination findings included incision placement across the path of the greater auricular nerve and cervical lymphatic vessels that drain the face, with overlying scar adhesion. A course of physical therapy was initiated 12 days after surgery, and included mobilization and manual lymphatic drainage, modalities, and application of kinesiotape.

Results
The Patient-Specific Functional Scale improved from 10/30 at evaluation to 27/30 at discharge. Swelling and pain were significantly reduced, with patient reporting no difficulty with sleeping, chewing, or talking at discharge. The reported pain level consistently correlated with fluctuations in face swelling throughout treatment.

Conclusion
Patients with DM2 may present with symptoms of cardiovascular disease, requiring invasive surgical procedures. DM2 can cause damage to neural and vascular structures, predisposing patients to nerve injuries or hypersensitivity following procedures. This case report demonstrates a likely connection between postoperative facial swelling and nerve irritation in the head and neck. Mobilization and manual lymphatic drainage, modalities, and kinesiotape were effective to reduce pain and swelling.

Impact
Physical therapists are uniquely qualified to identify, evaluate, and treat postoperative swelling and nerve pain associated with CEA.

Lay Summary
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus may develop carotid artery stenosis, requiring surgical intervention. Nerve injury following carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a rare and often unrecognized postoperative side effect. Physical therapists diagnose and provide treatment to patients with greater auricular and trigeminal neuritis symptoms following internal CEA.
What Drives Demand for State-Run Lotteries? Evidence and Welfare Implications
Authors: Lockwood Benjamin B , Allcott Hunt , Taubinsky Dmitry , Sial Afras 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We use natural experiments embedded in state-run lotteries and a new nationally representative survey to provide reduced-form and structural estimates of risk preferences and behavioural biases in lottery demand, and to explore the implications for optimal lottery design. We find that sales respond more to the expected value of the jackpot than to price but are unresponsive to variation in the second prize—a pattern that is consistent with probability weighting but is inconsistent with standard parameterizations. In the survey, we find that lottery spending decreases modestly with income and is strongly associated with measures of innumeracy, poor statistical reasoning, and other proxies for behavioural bias, which also decline with income. Regression predictions suggest that Americans would spend 43% less on lotteries if they were unbiased, while the remaining lottery demand is due to other factors such as anticipatory utility or entertainment value. We use these empirical moments to estimate a model of socially optimal lottery design. In the model, current multi-state lottery designs increase welfare but may harm heavy spenders.
Correction factors for induced radioactivity: comparing simplified continuous and periodic irradiation scenarios in medical cyclotron decommissioning
Authors: Fang Po-Wen , Sheu Rong-Jiun 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The use of a Monte Carlo code in the assessment of residual radioactivity for decommissioning of a medical cyclotron facility requires a reasonable approximation to the facility’s history of operations. A periodic irradiation scenario simulating the cyclotron’s daily operation for radioisotope production is generally considered reasonable, but its implementation in the code’s input file can be cumbersome because more than thousands of irradiation cycles must be modeled. In practice, two simplified scenarios with continuous irradiation are commonly used instead: (i) omitting the downtime between two irradiation periods and (ii) extending the irradiation duration across the entire operational lifespan of the facility, albeit with a reduced beam current to maintain workload consistency. A systematic comparison of residual radionuclide productions across various half-lives under these three scenarios was performed. This technical note presents the resulting correction factors for the two simplified continuous irradiation models, enhancing their applicability in estimating radioactive inventories under a range of circumstances.
Altered dynamic functional connectivity of nucleus accumbens subregions in major depressive disorder: the interactive effect of childhood trauma and diagnosis
Authors: Zou Yurong , Yu Tong , Zhu Liwen , Xu Qing , Li Yuhong , Chen Juran , Luo Qianyi , Peng Hongjun 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) with childhood trauma represents a heterogeneous clinical subtype of depression. Previous research has observed alterations in the reward circuitry centered around the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in MDD patients. However, limited investigations have focused on aberrant functional connectivity (FC) within NAc subregions among MDD with childhood trauma. Thus, this study adopts analyses of both static FC (sFC) and dynamic FC (dFC) to examine neurobiological changes in MDD with childhood trauma. The bilateral nucleus accumbens shell (NAc-shell) and nucleus accumbens core (NAc-core) were selected as the seeds. Four participant groups were included: MDD with childhood trauma (n = 48), MDD without childhood trauma (n = 30), healthy controls (HCs) with childhood trauma (n = 57), and HCs without childhood trauma (n = 46). Our findings revealed both abnormal sFC and dFC between NAc-shell and NAc-core and regions including the middle occipital gyrus (MOG), anterior cingulate cortex, and inferior frontal gyrus in MDD with childhood trauma. Furthermore, a significant correlation was identified between the dFC of the left NAc-shell and the right MOG in relation to childhood trauma. Additionally, abnormal dFC moderated the link between childhood abuse and depression severity. These outcomes shed light on the neurobiological underpinnings of MDD with childhood trauma.
Associations Between Genetic Risk, Physical Activities, and Distressing Psychotic-like Experiences
Authors: Ku Benson S , Yuan Qingyue , Arias-Magnasco Angelo , Lin Bochao D , Walker Elaine F , Druss Benjamin G , Ren Jiyuan , van Os Jim , Guloksuz Sinan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background and hypothesis
Persistent distressing psychotic-like experiences (PLE) are associated with impaired functioning and future psychopathology. Prior research suggests that physical activities may be protective against psychopathology. However, it is unclear whether physical activities may interact with genetics in the development of psychosis.

Study design
This study included 4679 participants of European ancestry from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Persistent distressing PLE was derived from the Prodromal-Questionnaire-Brief Child Version using four years of data. Generalized linear mixed models tested the association between polygenic risk score for schizophrenia (PRS-SCZ), physical activities, and PLE. The models adjusted for age, sex, parental education, income-to-needs ratio, family history of psychosis, body mass index, puberty status, principal components for PRS-SCZ, study site, and family.

Study results
PRS-SCZ was associated with a greater risk for persistent distressing PLE (adjusted relative risk ratio (RRR) = 1.14, 95% CI [1.04, 1.24], P = .003). Physical activity was associated with less risk for persistent distressing PLE (adjusted RRR = 0.87, 95% CI [0.79, 0.96], P = .008). Moreover, physical activities moderated the association between PRS-SCZ and persistent distressing PLE (adjusted RRR = 0.89, 95% CI [0.81, 0.98], P = .015), such that the association was weaker as participants had greater participation in physical activities.

Conclusions
These findings demonstrate that the interaction between genetic liability and physical activities is associated with trajectories of distressing PLE. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of physical activities and genetic liability for schizophrenia in the development of psychosis.
Being internationally mobile while keeping domestic social capital: how postdocs from China manage precarity
Authors: Li Liping , Shen Wenqin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
International academic mobility has surfaced as a new factor in the mechanism of cumulative advantages in early academic careers, yet its interplay with the role of doctoral mentors remains understudied compared to other factors. This research delves into the entanglement of international mobility and the doctoral mentor’s role through a 4-year longitudinal study encompassing ten postdocs from a prestigious Chinese university’s department. By employing narrative analysis across diverse cases, we found doctoral mentors wield multifaceted impacts on the access, decisions, experiences, trajectories, and outcomes of a postdoctoral international mobility through their role as teachers, sponsors, and collaborators. PhD graduates, supervised by eminent mentors with extensive overseas experiences, can enjoy a significant advantage in managing precarity and domestic social capital through mentors’ impacts on international mobility. This study offers insights into the mechanisms underlying cumulative advantages fostered through international mobility, while revealing the enduring impact of doctoral mentors throughout the academic career development.
Morality policy at the frontier of science: legislators’ views on germline engineering
Authors: Johnson David R , O’Brien Timothy L 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Religion is increasingly relevant to science policy formation, but how lawmakers’ religious identities are related to their policy views remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we draw on a nationwide survey of state legislators (N = 691) to examine religious and ideological differences in support for germline gene editing (GGE) policy. GGE is an ideal context to examine the relationship between religion, politics, and science policy due to its contemporary salience and moral dimensions. Fixed-effects regressions show that religious differences do not directly explain differences in lawmakers’ support for this technology. However, lawmakers’ political ideologies moderate the relationship between religion and support for GGE. Among the least religious lawmakers, the results reveal only minor differences in liberals’ and conservatives’ support for GGE. Among the most religious lawmakers, however, liberals are nearly five times more likely than conservatives to support this technology.