bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between dental development and skeletal growth in modern humans and its implications for interpreting ontogeny in fossil hominins
Authors: Šešelj Maja 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDental development and skeletal growth are central aspects used by anthropologists when investigating the ontogeny of a population or species. The interrelatedness of the two phenomena is often assumed to be high, but the nature of their relationship is obscured by the fact that they are both highly dependent upon chronological age. The exact relationship between the tempo of dental development and skeletal growth is unclear even in modern humans, which limits the ability to extrapolate to archaeological or fossil forms. It is clear that the influence of chronological age on these two aspects of ontogeny must be accounted for before examining their relationship to one another. This study tests whether dental development and skeletal growth are conditionally independent given age using known‐age modern human skeletal samples and proportional odds logistic regression. The results suggest that dental development and skeletal growth are moderately correlated and thus not conditionally independent given age. That is, individuals that are dentally advanced relative to their peers also tend to be skeletally advanced. However, this relationship is moderate at best, so dental development does not appear to be a highly reliable proxy for skeletal growth, or vice versa, in modern humans. These findings have implications for the reconstruction of ontogeny and life history of fossil hominin taxa, since the pace of dental development is often used as a life history proxy. Implications of this study suggest that the proposed accelerated dental development in Pleistocene hominins was not necessarily accompanied by faster skeletal growth. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparing the Distribution of Strains with the Distribution of Bone Tissue in a Human Mandible: A Finite Element Study
Authors: Gröning Flora , Fagan Michael , O'higgins Paul 
Published: December 2012

AbstractComparative anatomy and experimental studies suggest that the mass and distribution of tissue within a bone is adapted to the strains the bone experiences during function. Finite element analysis is a powerful tool that can be used to investigate this since it allows the creation of hypothetical models with unadapted morphology. Here we use FE models of a human mandible with modified internal morphology to study the relationships between the gross distribution of bone tissue (i.e., the presence or absence of bone in a certain area), the variation of cortical bone thickness within the mandible and the distribution of strain magnitudes. We created one model in which all internal cavities were filled with cortical bone material and a second, hollow model with constant cortical bone thickness. In both the models, several load cases representing bites at different positions along the tooth row were applied and peak strain magnitudes across these load cases were calculated. The peak strain distributions in both models show striking similarities with the gross distribution of bone tissue and the variation of cortical thickness in the real mandible, but the correlation coefficients are rather low. These low coefficients could be explained by confounding factors and by the limited spectrum of load cases that were simulated. However, the correspondences we find between strain magnitude and bone tissue distribution suggest that models with altered internal geometry are useful in studying the mechanical adaptation of bone, especially in the absence of any in vivo strain data. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Some Hydrazones of 2‐Aroylamino‐3‐methylbutanohydrazide: Synthesis, Molecular Modeling Studies, and Identification as Stereoselective Inhibitors of HIV‐1
Authors: Tatar Esra , Küçükgüzel İlkay , Daelemans Dirk , Talele Tanaji T. , Kaushik‐Basu Neerja , De Clercq Erik , Pannecouque Christophe 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn accordance with our antiviral drug development attempt, acylhydrazone derivatives bearing amino acid side chains were synthesized for the evaluation of their antiviral activity against various types of viruses. Among these compounds, 8S, 11S, and 12S showed anti‐HIV‐1 activity with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 123.8 µM (selectivity index, SI > 3), IC50 = 12.1 µM (SI > 29), IC50 = 17.4 µM (SI > 19), respectively. Enantiomers 8R, 11R, and 12R were inactive against the HIV‐1 strain IIIB. Hydrazones 8S, 11S, and 12S which were active against HIV‐1 wild type showed no inhibition against a double mutant NNRTI‐resistant strain (K103N;Y181C). Molecular docking calculations of R‐ and S‐enantiomers of 8, 11, and 12 were performed using the hydrazone‐bound novel site of HIV‐1 RT.
SMILES‐Based QSAR Models for the Calcium Channel‐Antagonistic Effect of 1,4‐Dihydropyridines
Authors: Veselinović Aleksandar M. , Milosavljević Jovana B. , Toropov Andrey A. , Nikolić Goran M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe activity of 72 1,4‐dihydropyridines as calcium channel antagonists was examined. The simplified molecular input‐line entry system (SMILES) was used as representation of the molecular structure of the calcium channel antagonists. Quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) were developed using CORAL software (http://www.insilico.eu/CORAL) for four random splits of the data into the training and test sets. Using the Monte Carlo method, the CORAL software generated the optimal descriptors for one‐variable models. The reproducibility of each model was tested performing three runs of the Monte Carlo optimization. The obtained results reveal good predictive potential of the applied approach: The correlation coefficients (r2) for the test sets of the four random splits are 0.9571, 0.9644, 0.9836, and 0.9444.
The use of linear ion trap for qualitative analysis of phytochemicals in Korean ginseng tea
Authors: Stavrianidi Andrey , Rodin Igor , Braun Arkady , Shpigun Oleg 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTA new approach to qualitative analysis of ginsenosides in challenging matrices was developed on the basis of high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Using the extracts from samples of ginseng tea, the approach was validated. Analysis of extracts was carried out using a reversed‐phase chromatography with SB‐C18 sorbent. For compound identification, electrospray ionization and a quadrupole/linear ion trap mass‐spectrometer in different modes were used. A meticulous study of the fragmentation of ginsenosides in the linear ion trap and its application for analysis of these compounds was performed in this work. The accuracy of the identification was proven with standards of ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Re, Rf, Rd, Rb2, Rb3 and Rc. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating hazardous concentrations by an informative Bayesian approach
Authors: Ciffroy Philippe , Keller Merlin , Pasanisi Alberto 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach is recommended for assessing chemical risk. In practice, however, it can be used only for the few substances for which large-scale ecotoxicological results are available. Indeed, the statistical frequentist approaches used for building SSDs and for deriving hazardous concentrations (HC5) inherently require extensive data to guarantee goodness-of-fit. An alternative Bayesian approach to estimating HC5 from small data sets was developed. In contrast to the noninformative Bayesian approaches that have been tested to date, the authors' method used informative priors related to the expected species sensitivity variance. This method was tested on actual ecotoxicological data for 21 well-informed substances. A cross-validation compared the HC5 values calculated using frequentist approaches with the results of our Bayesian approach, using both complete and truncated data samples. The authors' informative Bayesian approach was compared with noninformative Bayesian methods published in the past, including those incorporating loss functions. The authors found that even for the truncated sample the HC5 values derived from the informative Bayesian approach were generally close to those obtained using the frequentist approach, which requires more data. In addition, the probability of overestimating an HC5 is rather limited. More robust HC5 estimates can be practically obtained from additional data without impairing regulatory protection levels, which will encourage collecting new ecotoxicological data. In conclusion, the Bayesian informative approach was shown to be relatively robust and could be a good surrogate approach for deriving HC5 values from small data sets. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:602–611. © 2012 SETAC
Estrogenic effects along the river saale
Authors: Buchinger Sebastian , Heininger Peter , Schlüsener Michael , Reifferscheid Georg , Claus Evelyn 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Sediments along the river Saale, one of the main tributaries of the river Elbe, were characterized with the yeast estrogen screen to elucidate possible sources of endocrine-disrupting compounds that might contribute to the downstream contamination of the river Elbe. At two sampling sites, elevated levels of estrogenic activity up to 55,000 ng ethinylestradiol equivalents per kilogram sediment dry weight were detected in the respective sediment extracts. Aliquots of the sediment extracts were analyzed for 4-nonylphenols and natural steroidal estrogens as possible candidates with an estrogenic potential. The maximal concentrations of 4-iso-nonylphenol and estrone were 115 mg/kg dry weight and 20 µg/kg dry weight at the sampling site Luppe, which showed in accordance the highest biological activity. Under consideration of compound concentration and compound specific estrogenic activity the 4-iso-nonylphenols contributed most to the observed estrogenic effect. A strong correlation between the measured estrogenic activity and the concentration of the sediment-associated 4-iso-nonylphenol underlines the relevance of this compound class as a xenoestrogen in the catchment area of the river Saale. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:526–534. © 2012 SETAC
Fossil apes from the vallès‐penedès basin
Authors: Alba David M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCurrently restricted to Southeast Asia and Africa, extant hominoids are the remnants of a group that was much more diverse during the Miocene. Apes initially diversified in Africa during the early Miocene, but by the middle Miocene they extended their geographical range into Eurasia, where they experienced an impressive evolutionary radiation. Understanding the role of Eurasian hominoids in the origin and evolution of the great‐ape‐and‐human clade (Hominidae) is partly hampered by phylogenetic uncertainties, the scarcity and incompleteness of fossil remains, the current restricted diversity of the group, and pervasive homoplasy. Nevertheless, scientific knowledge of the Eurasian hominoid radiation has significantly improved during the last decade. In the case of Western Europe, this has been due to the discovery of new remains from the Vallès‐Penedès Basin (Catalonia, Spain). Here, I review the fossil record of Vallès‐Penedès apes and consider its implications. Although significant disagreements persist among scholars, some important lessons can be learned regarding the evolutionary history of the closest living relatives of humans. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Primate origins, human origins, and the end of higher taxa
Authors: Cartmill Matt 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWhen people learn that I study human evolution and we start talking about it, they sometimes ask me, “How long ago did the first humans live?” My answer is usually another question: “What do you mean by 'humans'?” That response seems as baffling and wrong‐headed to them as their question seems to me, and it usually takes us a while to straighten things out. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protective Role of Quercetin on Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclor‐1254) Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Liver of Adult Male Rats
Authors: Sekaran Suganya , Kandaswamy Selvakumar , Gunasekaran Krishnamoorthy , Perumal Elumalai , Afsar Basha Fariya Yasmine , Madhan Mohan Balasakthi Janani , Jagadeesan Arunakaran 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThe present study aims to investigate the protective effect of quercetin against Aroclor‐1254–induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Male Wistar rats were grouped into Group I control received vehicle (corn oil; 1 mL/kg bwt); Group II quercetin alone (50 mg/kg bwt/day orally); Group III Aroclor‐1254 (2 mg/kg bwt/day intraperitoneally); Group IV Aroclor‐1254 + quercetin treated for 30 days. The Aroclor‐1254 treatment caused significant alteration in the biochemical parameters (hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione levels, and alkaline phosphatase activity). The expressions of apoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins and the liver histology of Aroclor‐1254–exposed rats showed cytoplasmic degeneration along with infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells. Whereas simultaneous treatment with quercetin normalized all the biochemical parameters, consequently it inhibited apoptosis mediated by Aroclor‐1254 by downregulating aryl hydrocarbon receptor, p53 and apoptotic protein (Bax, caspase‐9, caspase‐3) and upregulating the antiapoptotic protein (Bcl‐2) expression patterns; thereby, quercetin reduces alteration in hepatocellular morphology. Thus quercetin exhibited hepatoprotective effect. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J BiochemMol Toxicol 26:522‐532, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.21466
Influence of pig slurry characteristics on ammonia stripping efficiencies and quality of the recovered ammonium‐sulfate solution
Authors: Laureni Michele , Palatsi Jordi , Llovera Montserrat , Bonmatí August 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBACKGOUNDProper treatment technologies are required to address the environmental issues associated with increasing volumes of slurries. Ammonia stripping reduces the nitrogen content of the slurries and allows for its recovery in a valuable form. Herein the influence of pig slurry characteristics on ammonia stripping efficiency and the quality of the recovered ammonia solution were assessed.RESULTSSubstrates characterized by low organic matter content, below 10 g COD L‐1, resulted in ammonia stripping efficiencies greater than 80%. Changing slurry pH to 9.5 significantly improved the process, even though high COD contents kept the efficiencies below 70%. Ammonium sulfate solutions could be concentrated up to nitrogen contents greater than 40 g N L‐1, while maintaining low organic contamination. Introducing a basic trap (pH > 12) before the acid one, allowed for the retention of more than 60% of the stripped organics with less than 3% of the stripped ammonia.CONCLUSIONSAmmonia stripping coupled with absorption proved to be a suitable technical solution for the recovery and valorization of the nitrogen contained in pig slurries. Clear enhancements in process efficiency were observed in the case of slurries with low organic matter content. The introduction of a basic trap, together with a slight increase in the operational pH level, further increased organics abatement. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
MR elastography of healthy liver parenchyma: Normal value and reliability of the liver stiffness value measurement
Authors: Lee Dong Ho , Lee Jeong Min , Han Joon Koo , Choi Byung Ihn 
Published: December 2012

PurposeTo investigate the normal liver stiffness value using MR elastography (MRE) and to compare the repeatability and reproducibility of three measurement methods.Materials and MethodsForty‐nine subjects who underwent liver MR imaging including elastography using a 1.5 Tesla scanner, who had normal laboratory test results, and who underwent liver donation, were included in this study. Two, independent readers measured the liver stiffness value of the hepatic parenchyma using three methods, including evaluating various liver parenchyma portions using different‐sized, regions‐of‐interest (ROIs): 2cm‐ROI‐per‐slice in the right lobe (2cm‐per‐slice); 1cm‐ROI‐per‐segment (1cm‐S); and 70%‐of‐the‐surface area (70% S). The mean liver stiffness values were compared between gender using the t‐test and among the age groups using one‐way analysis of variance. The reproducibility and repeatability of the three liver stiffness value measurement methods were determined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and the 95% Bland‐Altman limits of agreement.ResultsThe liver stiffness values in living liver donors ranged from 1.54 to 2.87 kPa. The mean stiffness value was 2.05 kilopascal using the 2cm‐per‐slice method, 2.01 kilopascal with the 1cm‐S method and 2.12 kilopascal using the 70% S method. There was no significant difference in the liver stiffness value according to the gender or age factors. For reproducibility, the ICCs were 0.416 with the 2cm‐per‐slice method, 0.800 using the 1cm‐S method, and 0.845 with the 70% S method. In terms of repeatability, the ICCs were 0.238 using the 2cm‐per‐slice method, 0.914 with the 1cm‐S method, and 0.852 using the 70% S method. The ICCs determined using the 2cm‐per‐slice method were significantly lower than those of the 1cm‐S or 70% S method for assessing both reproducibility and repeatability. The 95% limit of agreement was 54.0% with the 2cm‐per‐slice method, 24.0% using the 1cm‐S method, and 18.8% with the 70% S method, in terms of reproducibility. To assess the repeatability, the 95% limit of agreement was 63.3% using the 2cm‐per‐slice method, 20.6% with the 1cm‐S method, and 17.4% using the 70% S method.ConclusionThe mean liver stiffness values in living donors ranged from 2.05 to 2.12 kilopascals and did not differ significantly for either gender or age. The 1cm‐S and 70% S methods were significantly more reliable compared with the 2cm‐per‐slice method. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1215–1223. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of surface treatment on the corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys
Authors: Hoyer P. , Hassel T. , Bach F.‐W. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractZur Beschichtung von Magnesiumwerkstoffen werden gerade in der Medizintechnik in erster Linie Fluoridbeschichtungen erprobt, die ein vorhersagbares Degradationsverhalten zukünftiger Implantatmaterialien im menschlichen Organismus ermöglichen sollen. Die Fertigungsschritte einer solchen Beschichtung variieren deutlich, sodass sich noch kein Optimum zur Erzeugung definierter Schichtdicken ergeben hat. In den vorliegenden Versuchen wurden unterschiedlichen Vorbehandlungszeiten der Basismaterialien (Reinmagnesium und Magnesium‐Aluminium‐Kalzium als Vergleich) in 200 g/l Natriumhydroxid bei jeweils 96stündiger Immersion in 40 % Flusssäure untersucht und in einem ersten Schritt mittels Polarisationsmessungen bewertet. Basis der Untersuchungen bildeten die in der Literatur eingesetzten Verfahren, deren Parameter verglichen und anschließend in den Versuchen vergleichend eingesetzt wurden.
The corrosion behavior of copper in acid soil during soil acidification by simulated acid rain
Authors: Wu Y. H. , Luo S. X. , Gou H. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe corrosion behaviors of copper in acid soil during soil acidification by simulated acid rain (SAR) were studied by means of polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the SAR increased the corrosion rate of the copper in the acidic soil. The corrosion rate of the copper increased with decreasing pH value of SAR. Corrosive characteristics of the soil obviously increased because of the leaching of the acid rain. For the leaching of the distilled water, the corrosion rate of the copper decreased. EIS of copper was a capacitive loop in the early stage of corrosion. After 60 days exposure, EIS consisted of two capacitive arcs for copper in the acidic soil leached with SAR, the control step for corrosion of copper was charge transfer process. For the distilled water, EIS consisted of a capacitive loop at higher frequency and a Warburg impedance at lower frequency, and the control step for corrosion of copper was diffusion process.
Dual‐ascent and primal heuristics for production‐assembly‐distribution system design
Authors: Liang Dong , Wilhelm Wilbert E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article proposes two dual‐ascent algorithms and uses each in combination with a primal drop heuristic embedded within a branch and bound framework to solve the uncapacitated production assembly distribution system (i.e., supply chain) design problem, which is formulated as a mixed integer program. Computational results indicate that one approach, which combines primal drop and dual‐ascent heuristics, can solve instances within reasonable time and prescribes solutions with gaps between the primal and dual solution values that are less than 0.15%, an efficacy suiting it for actual large‐scale applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013
Statistical equivalency and optimality of simple step‐stress accelerated test plans for the exponential distribution
Authors: Hu Cheng‐Hung , Plante Robert D. , Tang Jen 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAccelerated life testing (ALT) is commonly used to obtain reliability information about a product in a timely manner. Several stress loading designs have been proposed and recent research interests have emerged concerning the development of equivalent ALT plans. Step‐stress ALT (SSALT) is one of the most commonly used stress loadings because it usually shortens the test duration and reduces the number of required test units. This article considers two fundamental questions when designing a SSALT and provides formal proofs in answer to each. Namely:(1)can a simple SSALT be designed so that it is equivalent to other stress loading designs?(2)when optimizing a multilevel SSALT, does it degenerate to a simple SSALT plan? The answers to both queries, under certain reasonable model assumptions, are shown to be a qualified YES. In addition, we provide an argument to support the rationale of a common practice in designing a SSALT, that is, setting the higher stress level as high as possible in a SSALT plan. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013
Higher‐order extended FEM for weak discontinuities – level set representation, quadrature and application to magneto‐mechanical problems
Authors: Kästner M. , Müller S. , Goldmann J. , Spieler C. , Brummund J. , Ulbricht V. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYIn this article, we present the application of bilinear and biquadratic extended FEM (XFEM) formulations to model weak discontinuities in magnetic and coupled magneto‐mechanical boundary value problems. For properly resolving the location of curved interfaces and the discontinuous physical behaviour, the major part of the contribution is devoted to review and develop methods for level set representation of curved interfaces and numerical integration of the weak form in higher‐order XFEM formulations. In order to reduce the complexity of the representation of curved interfaces, an element local approach that allows for an automated computation of the level set values and also improves the compatibility between the level set representation and the integration subdomains is proposed. Integration rules for polygons and strain smoothing are applied in conjunction with biquadratic elements and compared with curved integration subdomains. Eventually, a coupled magneto‐mechanical demonstration problem is modelled and solved by XFEM. For demonstration purposes, a magneto‐mechanical coupling due to magnetic stresses is considered. Errors and convergence rates are analysed for the different level set representations and numerical integration procedures as well as their dependence on the ratio of material parameters at an interface. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.