bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination IV: Scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy analyses of impact features in the Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector
Authors: Butterworth Anna L. , Westphal Andrew J. , Tyliszczak Tolek , Gainsforth Zack , Stodolna Julien , Frank David R. , Allen Carlton , Anderson David , Ansari Asna , Bajt Saša , Bastien Ron K. , Bassim Nabil , Bechtel Hans A. , Borg Janet , Brenker Frank E. , Bridges John , Brownlee Donald E. , Burchell Mark , Burghammer Manfred , Changela Hitesh , Cloetens Peter , Davis Andrew M. , Doll Ryan , Floss Christine , Flynn George , Grün Eberhard , Heck Philipp R. , Hillier Jon K. , Hoppe Peter , Hudson Bruce , Huth Joachim , Hvide Brit , Kearsley Anton , King Ashley J. , Lai Barry , Leitner Jan , Lemelle Laurence , Leroux Hugues , Leonard Ariel , Lettieri Robert , Marchant William , Nittler Larry R. , Ogliore Ryan , Ong Wei Ja , Postberg Frank , Price Mark C. , Sandford Scott A. , Sans͂ Tresseras Juan‐Angel , Schmitz Sylvia , Schoonjans Tom , Silversmit Geert , Simionovici Alexandre S. , Solé Vicente A. , Srama Ralf , Stadermann Frank J. , Stephan Thomas , Sterken Veerle J. , Stroud Rhonda M. , Sutton Steven , Trieloff Mario , Tsou Peter , Tsuchiyama Akira , Vekemans Bart , Vincze Laszlo , Von Korff Joshua , Wordsworth Naomi , Zevin Daniel , Zolensky Michael E. ,   >30,000 Stardust@home dusters
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe report the quantitative characterization by synchrotron soft X‐ray spectroscopy of 31 potential impact features in the aerogel capture medium of the Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector. Samples were analyzed in aerogel by acquiring high spatial resolution maps and high energy‐resolution spectra of major rock‐forming elements Mg, Al, Si, Fe, and others. We developed diagnostic screening tests to reject spacecraft secondary ejecta and terrestrial contaminants from further consideration as interstellar dust candidates. The results support an extraterrestrial origin for three interstellar candidates: I1043,1,30 (Orion) is a 3 pg particle with Mg‐spinel, forsterite, and an iron‐bearing phase. I1047,1,34 (Hylabrook) is a 4 pg particle comprising an olivine core surrounded by low‐density, amorphous Mg‐silicate and amorphous Fe, Cr, and Mn phases. I1003,1,40 (Sorok) has the track morphology of a high‐speed impact, but contains no detectable residue that is convincingly distinguishable from the background aerogel. Twenty‐two samples with an anthropogenic origin were rejected, including four secondary ejecta from impacts on the Stardust spacecraft aft solar panels, nine ejecta from secondary impacts on the Stardust Sample Return Capsule, and nine contaminants lacking evidence of an impact. Other samples in the collection included I1029,1,6, which contained surviving solar system impactor material. Four samples remained ambiguous: I1006,2,18, I1044,2,32, and I1092,2,38 were too dense for analysis, and we did not detect an intact projectile in I1044,3,33. We detected no radiation effects from the synchrotron soft X‐ray analyses; however, we recorded the effects of synchrotron hard X‐ray radiation on I1043,1,30 and I1047,1,34.
An increasing opine carbon bias in artificial exudation systems and genetically modified plant rhizospheres leads to an increasing reshaping of bacterial populations
Authors: Mondy Samuel , Lenglet Aurore , Beury‐Cirou Amelie , Libanga Celestin , Ratet Pascal , Faure Denis , Dessaux Yves 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTo investigate how exudation shapes root‐associated bacterial populations, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants that exuded the xenotopic compound octopine at low and high rates were grown in a nonsterile soil. Enumerations of both cultivable and octopine‐degrading bacteria demonstrated that the ratios of octopine degraders increased along with octopine concentration. An artificial exudation system was also set up in which octopine was brought at four ratios. The density of octopine‐degrading bacteria directly correlated with the input of octopine. Bacterial diversity was analysed by rrs amplicon pyrosequencing. Ensifer and Pseudomonas were significantly more frequently detected in soil amended with artificial exudates. However, the density of Pseudomonas increased as a response to carbon supplementation while that of Ensifer only correlated with octopine concentrations possibly in relation to two opposed colonization strategies of rhizosphere bacteria, that is, copiotrophy and oligotrophy.
HemR is an OmpR/PhoB‐like response regulator from Leptospira, which simultaneously effects transcriptional activation and repression of key haem metabolism genes
Authors: Morero Natalia R. , Botti Horacio , Nitta Kazuhiro R. , Carrión Federico , Obal Gonzalo , Picardeau Mathieu , Buschiazzo Alejandro 
Published: August 2014

SummarySeveral Leptospira species cause leptospirosis, the most extended zoonosis worldwide. In bacteria, two‐component systems constitute key signalling pathways, some of which are involved in pathogenesis. The physiological roles of two‐component systems in Leptospira are largely unknown, despite identifying several dozens within their genomes. Biochemical confirmation of an operative phosphorelaying two‐component system has been obtained so far only for the Hklep/Rrlep pair. It is known that hklep/rrlep knockout strains of Leptospira biflexa result in haem auxotrophy, although their de novo biosynthesis machinery remains fully functional. Haem is essential for Leptospira, but information about Hklep/Rrlep effector function(s) and target(s) is still lacking. We are now reporting a thorough molecular characterization of this system, which we rename HemK/HemR. The DNA HemR‐binding motif was determined, and found within the genomes of saprophyte and pathogenic Leptospira. In this way, putative HemR‐regulated genes were pinpointed, including haem catabolism‐related (hmuO – haem oxygenase) and biosynthesis‐related (the hemA/C/D/B/L/E/N/G operon). Specific HemR binding to these two promoters was quantified, and a dual function was observed in vivo, inversely repressing the hmuO, while activating the hemA operon transcription. The crystal structure of HemR receiver domain was determined, leading to a mechanistic model for its dual regulatory role.
Diverse chemotypes disrupt ion homeostasis in the malaria parasite
Authors: Lehane Adele M. , Ridgway Melanie C. , Baker Eileen , Kirk Kiaran 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe antimalarial spiroindolones disrupt Plasmodium falciparum Na+ regulation and induce an alkalinization of the parasite cytosol. It has been proposed that they do so by inhibiting PfATP4, a parasite plasma membrane P‐type ATPase postulated to export Na+ and import H+ equivalents. Here, we screened the 400 antiplasmodial compounds of the open access ‘Malaria Box’ for their effects on parasite ion regulation. Twenty eight compounds affected parasite Na+ and pH regulation in a manner consistent with PfATP4 inhibition. Six of these, with chemically diverse structures, were selected for further analysis. All six showed reduced antiplasmodial activity against spiroindolone‐resistant parasites carrying mutations in pfatp4. We exposed parasites to incrementally increasing concentrations of two of the six compounds and in both cases obtained resistant parasites with mutations in pfatp4. The finding that diverse chemotypes have an apparently similar mechanism of action indicates that PfATP4 may be a significant Achilles' heel for the parasite.
Acid infusion into the esophagus increases the number of meal‐induced transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) in healthy volunteers
Authors: Halicka J. , Banovcin P. , Halickova M. , Demeter M. , Hyrdel R. , Tatar M. , Kollarik M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundTransient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR) is the major mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) but the regulation of TLESR by stimuli in the esophagus is incompletely understood. If stimuli in the esophagus can influence TLESR, then such regulation may perpetuate or limit GER. We addressed the hypothesis that acid in the esophagus enhances TLESRs.MethodsWe evaluated the effect of acid infusion into the distal esophagus on TLESRs evoked by a standard meal in a paired randomized study in healthy subjects. TLESRs were evaluated by using high resolution manometry (HRM).Key ResultsWe found that acid in the esophagus enhanced meal‐induced TLESRs. Compared to control infusion the number of TLESRs (median [interquartile range]) was increased during 2 h following the acid infusion (11 [9–14] vs 17 [12.5–20], p < 0.01). The average duration of individual TLESRs was not affected. The time‐course analysis revealed that a robust increase in TLESRs occurred already in the first hour when the number of TLESRs nearly doubled (6 [5.5–7.5] vs 11 [7.5–12.5], p < 0.05). In contrast to the enhancement of TLESRs, the number of swallows was not changed.Conclusions & InferencesThe acid infusion into the esophagus increases the number of meal‐induced TLESRs in healthy subjects. Our results provide evidence for the concept that the stimuli in the esophagus can influence TLESRs. The regulation of TLESR by stimuli in the esophagus may contribute to pathogenesis of GER in some patients.
MPK6 controls H2O2‐induced root elongation by mediating Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane of root cells in Arabidopsis seedlings
Authors: Han Shuan , Fang Lin , Ren Xuejian , Wang Wenle , Jiang Jing 
Published: August 2014

Summary

Mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MPKs) play critical roles in signalling and growth, and Ca2+ and H2O2 control plant growth processes associated with abscisic acid (ABA). However, it remains unclear how MPKs are involved in H2O2‐ and Ca2+‐mediated root elongation.

Root elongation in seedlings of the loss‐of‐function mutant Atmpk6 (Arabidopsis thaliana MPK6) was less sensitive to moderate H2O2 or ABA than that in wild‐type (WT) plants. The enhanced elongation was a result of root cell expansion. This effect disappeared when ABA‐induced H2O2 accumulation or the cytosolic Ca2+ increase were defective.

Molecular and biochemical evidence showed that increased expression of the cell wall peroxidase PRX34 in Atmpk6 root cells enhanced apoplastic H2O2 generation; this promoted a cytosolic Ca2+ increase and Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane damage caused by high levels of H2O2 was ameliorated in a Ca2+‐dependent manner.

These results suggested that there was intensified PRX34‐mediated H2O2 generation in the apoplast and increased Ca2+ flux into the cytosol of Atmpk6 root cells; that is, the spatial separation of apoplastic H2O2 from cytosolic Ca2+ in root cells prevented H2O2‐induced inhibition of root elongation in Atmpk6 seedlings.
Monitoring and benchmarking government policies and actions to improve the healthiness of food environments: a proposed Government Healthy Food Environment Policy Index
Authors: Swinburn B. , Vandevijvere S. , Kraak V. , Sacks G. , Snowdon W. , Hawkes C. , Barquera S. , Friel S. , Kelly B. , Kumanyika S. , L'Abbé M. , Lee A. , Lobstein T. , Ma J. , Macmullan J. , Mohan S. , Monteiro C. , Neal B. , Rayner M. , Sanders D. , Walker C. ,   INFORMAS
Published: August 2014

SummaryGovernment action is essential to increase the healthiness of food environments and reduce obesity, diet‐related non‐communicable diseases (NCDs), and their related inequalities. This paper proposes a monitoring framework to assess government policies and actions for creating healthy food environments. Recommendations from relevant authoritative organizations and expert advisory groups for reducing obesity and NCDs were examined, and pertinent components were incorporated into a comprehensive framework for monitoring government policies and actions. A Government Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food‐EPI) was developed, which comprises a ‘policy’ component with seven domains on specific aspects of food environments, and an ‘infrastructure support’ component with seven domains to strengthen systems to prevent obesity and NCDs. These were revised through a week‐long consultation process with international experts. Examples of good practice statements are proposed within each domain, and these will evolve into benchmarks established by governments at the forefront of creating and implementing food policies for good health. A rating process is proposed to assess a government's level of policy implementation towards good practice. The Food‐EPI will be pre‐tested and piloted in countries of varying size and income levels. The benchmarking of government policy implementation has the potential to catalyse greater action to reduce obesity and NCDs.
Monitoring the health‐related labelling of foods and non‐alcoholic beverages in retail settings
Authors: Rayner M. , Wood A. , Lawrence M. , Mhurchu C. N. , Albert J. , Barquera S. , Friel S. , Hawkes C. , Kelly B. , Kumanyika S. , L'Abbé M. , Lee A. , Lobstein T. , Ma J. , Macmullan J. , Mohan S. , Monteiro C. , Neal B. , Sacks G. , Sanders D. , Snowdon W. , Swinburn B. , Vandevijvere S. , Walker C. ,   INFORMAS
Published: August 2014

SummaryFood labelling on food packaging has the potential to have both positive and negative effects on diets. Monitoring different aspects of food labelling would help to identify priority policy options to help people make healthier food choices. A taxonomy of the elements of health‐related food labelling is proposed. A systematic review of studies that assessed the nature and extent of health‐related food labelling has been conducted to identify approaches to monitoring food labelling. A step‐wise approach has been developed for independently assessing the nature and extent of health‐related food labelling in different countries and over time. Procedures for sampling the food supply, and collecting and analysing data are proposed, as well as quantifiable measurement indicators and benchmarks for health‐related food labelling.
Immunotherapy – risk/benefit in food allergy
Authors: Kostadinova Atanaska I. , Willemsen Linette E. M. , Knippels Léon M. J. , Garssen Johan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFood allergy is a growing health concern in the westernized world with approx. 6% of children suffering from it. A lack of approved treatment has led to strict avoidance of the culprit food proteins being the only standard of care. Nowadays in‐depth research is conducted to evaluate the possible use of allergen‐specific immunotherapy (SIT) as an active therapeutic option for food allergy. Various routes of administration for the immunotherapy are investigated, including subcutaneous, oral, sublingual, and epicutaneous, and some appear to be successful in inducing a temporary tolerant state. Most research has been conducted with oral immunotherapy due to its efficacious and relatively safe profile. Increasing interest is dedicated to safer and more convenient approaches, such as sublingual and epicutaneous SIT; however, doubts exist about their possible capacity to induce temporary tolerant state and permanent oral tolerance. The high frequency of allergic adverse reactions of the various approaches and the inability to achieve permanent oral tolerance have highlighted the need of refinements in the strategies. A promising strategy for preventing IgE cross‐linking and thus enhancing safety of SIT, while still activating T cells, is the use of tolerogenic peptides. The implementation of such an immunotherapy approach has the potential of not only increasing the chance of achieving a permanent state of tolerance, but also improving the safety and tolerability of the therapy. Immunotherapy for food allergy is still not ready for the clinic, but current and upcoming studies are dedicated to collect enough evidence for the possible implementation of allergen‐SIT as a standard treatment for food allergy.
How to reintroduce cow′s milk?
Authors: Dupont Christophe 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn a child that is allergic to milk, the natural next step, following the elimination diet, is the reintroduction of cow's milk. Several questions may arise. When feasible, this reintroduction has many benefits for the child and his family. However, the disease needs to be well defined by physicians and explained to parents. They need to understand that there are different types of allergy to cow's milk, specifically IgE‐ and non‐IgE‐mediated, and each of these may exhibit both a variable duration and frequently an incomplete recovery. Deciding where to first reintroduce cow's milk to a child who has previously followed a milk‐free diet, whether it be at home or in a hospital, also frequently presents an issue. Following this first reintroduction, the progressive increase of milk into the diet needs to be managed properly, as not all children will go back to a normal dairy products intake. Recent studies show that most children with milk allergy tolerate products containing baked milk and that their consumption might speed up recovery. Hence, the purpose of the milk challenge in a child on a milk‐free diet is becoming, even in a child still reactive to milk, the first step of gradual and individually adapted reintroduction of milk or dairy products. When reintroduction of cow's milk does not work, immunotherapy becomes an option, and this is carried out in specialized centers.
TheQQSorphan gene of Arabidopsis modulates carbon and nitrogen allocation in soybean
Authors: Li Ling , Wurtele Eve Syrkin 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe genome of each species contains as high as 8% of genes that are uniquely present in that species. Little is known about the functional significance of these so‐called species specific or orphan genes. TheArabidopsis thalianagene Qua‐Quine Starch (QQS) is species specific. Here, we show that alteringQQSexpression in Arabidopsis affects carbon partitioning to both starch and protein. We hypothesizedQQSmay be conserved in a feature other than primary sequence, and as such could function to impact composition in another species. To test the potential ofQQSin affecting composition in an ectopic species, we introducedQQSinto soybean. Soybean T1 lines expressingQQShave up to 80% decreased leaf starch and up to 60% increased leaf protein; T4 generation seeds from field‐grown plants contain up to 13% less oil, while protein is increased by up to 18%. These data broaden the concept ofQQSas a modulator of carbon and nitrogen allocation, and demonstrate that this species‐specific gene can affect the seed composition of an agronomic species thought to have diverged from Arabidopsis 100 million years ago.
Rootstock‐to‐scion transfer of transgene‐derived small interfering RNAs and their effect on virus resistance in nontransgenic sweet cherry
Authors: Zhao Dongyan , Song Guo‐qing 
Published: August 2014

SummarySmall interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are silencing signals in plants. Virus‐resistant transgenic rootstocks developed through siRNA‐mediated gene silencing may enhance virus resistance of nontransgenic scions via siRNAs transported from the transgenic rootstocks. However, convincing evidence of rootstock‐to‐scion movement of siRNAs of exogenous genes in woody plants is still lacking. To determine whether exogenous siRNAs can be transferred, nontransgenic sweet cherry (scions) was grafted on transgenic cherry rootstocks (TRs), which was transformed with an RNA interference (RNAi) vector expressing short hairpin RNAs of the genomic RNA3 of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV‐hpRNA). Small RNA sequencing was conducted using bud tissues of TRs and those of grafted (rootstock/scion) trees, locating at about 1.2 m above the graft unions. Comparison of the siRNA profiles revealed that the PNRSV‐hpRNA was efficient in producing siRNAs and eliminating PNRSV in the TRs. Furthermore, our study confirmed, for the first time, the long‐distance (1.2 m) transfer of PNRSV‐hpRNA‐derived siRNAs from the transgenic rootstock to the nontransgenic scion in woody plants. Inoculation of nontransgenic scions with PNRSV revealed that the transferred siRNAs enhanced PNRSV resistance of the scions grafted on the TRs. Collectively, these findings provide the foundation for ‘using transgenic rootstocks to produce products of nontransgenic scions in fruit trees'.
What Caused the Formation of the Absorption Maximum at 421 nm in vivo Spectra of Rhodopseudomonas palustris
Authors: Zhao Chungui , Yue Huiying , Cheng Qianru , Chen Shicheng , Yang Suping 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA spectral peak at ~421 nm appeared in vivo spectrum of Rhodopseudomonas palustris CQV97 cultured in acetate–glutamate medium (M1) but not in acetate–ammonium sulfate medium (M2). However, the spectral origin of 421 nm peak was not clear and frequently attributed to carotenoid component(s). In this study, comparative analysis of the extracted components showed that magnesium protoporphyrin IX monomethylester (MPE) was accumulated as one of the predominate components in M1 culture. The amounts of bacteriochlorophyll a in M1 culture were higher than that in M2, whereas the amounts of carotenoids were nearly identical in both cultures. A simple, rapid and minimum interference with carotenoid and bacteriochlorophyll method to efficiently extract the compounds involving in the formation of 421 nm peak was developed in this study. Assembly of purified MPE with protein components from R. palustris in vitro demonstrated that MPE caused the formation of 421 nm peak. The localization analysis in vivo demonstrated it is MPE associating to protein components and accounting for the peak at ~421 nm. This work clarified the 421 nm peak in vivo mainly originated from MPE accumulation, and will be very helpful to further explore the physiological roles of MPE or its derivatives in photosynthesis.
Role of strawberry volatile organic compounds in the development of Botrytis cinerea infection
Authors: Neri F. , Cappellin L. , Spadoni A. , Cameldi I. , Algarra Alarcon A. , Aprea E. , Romano A. , Gasperi F. , Biasioli F. 
Published: August 2014

Botrytis cinerea, the main pathogen of strawberry, has the ability to remain quiescent in unripe tissue and develop disease symptoms in ripe fruit. As strawberry ripening is characterized by an increase of aroma compounds, the role of volatile emission in the development of infection was investigated. Thirty‐five strawberry volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were tested on B. cinerea in vitro and volatile emission was analysed in strawberry harvested at four ripening stages by headspace solid‐phase microextraction/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and proton transfer reaction–time of flight–mass spectrometry. The coupling of such data sets made it possible to conclude that key strawberry aroma compounds stimulate B. cinerea conidial germination and some typical wound‐volatiles stimulate pathogen conidial germination or mycelial growth. This study is the first report of fungal stimulation by some VOCs naturally occurring in strawberry: the esters ethyl butanoate, cis‐3‐hexenyl acetate, trans‐2‐hexenyl acetate, methyl butanoate and hexyl butanoate, the furanones furaneol and mesifurane, and the alcohol trans‐2‐hexenol. The results of this work provide advances in understanding the functional role of fruit VOCs and suggest, for the first time, that fruit VOCs may influence the development of B. cinerea from the latent phase and that they could favour the invasive growth of B. cinerea after wounding. In particular, ethyl butanoate and furaneol could signal strawberry ripening, and the green leaf volatiles trans‐2‐hexenol, trans‐2‐hexenyl acetate and cis‐3‐hexenyl acetate could signal the presence of damaged tissues that are easier sites for penetration by B. cinerea.