bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizational and Environmental Factors Influencing an HSE Culture
Authors: Pachiyannakis Alexandros Karim 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Over 90% of all recorded incidents are attributed to the Human Element, however little effort is made to address the organizational and environmental factors influencing on the individuals behavior, for example; poor morale, lack of HSE belief, distrust in management's commitment, inadequate resources, conflicting organizational policy and objectives, and endless obstacles in the way to hinder real improvement.
This paper will demonstrate through three independent HSE Climate Surveys (conducted on three Oil and Gas companies), that by identifying and addressing the influencing factors impacting human behaviors, a real improvement can be achieved in an organization or team HSE culture. This can be done through moral building and developing teamwork, entrenching employee responsibility and supervisor accountability, empowering employees to ‘stop work’, and continually making the benefits of an incident free workplace clearly understood.
Through these surveys, it was found that there are certain prerequisites to such improvements; First and foremost, management must be accessible and willing to listen to the employees’ needs and wants. Secondly, management decisions must be transparent; they must address all moral issues and demonstrate visible and passionate safety leadership on a day-to-day basis. Thirdly, providing the necessary resources and processes to the employees is crucial for them to move towards a sustainable and healthy work environment.
By addressing root causes influencing the Human behaviors all three companies have measured an overall reduction in high potential incidents with an increase in identified substandard practices and conditions. The company and its contractors’ HSE culture have improved due to management's vision and commitment to address the underlying human behavior influences and to move their workforce from ‘understanding HSE, to believing in HSE’.
This paper is a follow up study form a previous presented paper (SPE 111848), the main content is repeated but the results include the third study.
Identify Safe Drilling Margin, Detect and Distinguish Kicks from Ballooning and Better Well Control for Deepwater, Through Independent Downhole Measurements
Authors: Veeningen Daan 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Well control events are predominantly detected through surface measurements. Measuring an increase in the ‘closed loop’ mud circulation system, a standpipe pressure decrease or changes in a variety of drilling parameters provide identification of a kick. Especially in deepwater, where the riser comprises a substantial section of the wellbore, early kick detection is paramount to limiting the severity of a wellbore influx and improving the ability to regain well control.
While downhole data is presently available from downhole tools near the bit, available data rates are sparse as mud pulse telemetry bandwidth is limited and wellbore measurements compete with transmission of other subsurface data. Further, data transfer is only in one-direction, latency is significant and conditions along the string are unknown.
This paper describes the use of a high-bandwidth downhole data transmission system via a wired or networked drillstring system that is uniquely equipped with real-time pressure and temperature measurement capability at many locations all along the drillstring. This system provides high-resolution downhole data available at a very high speed, eliminating latency and restrictions that typically limit the availability of downhole data.
The along-string data acquisition and broadband communication via the networked drillstring provides real-time downhole data independently from surface measurements which aid to identify, analyze, and control a wellbore influx. First, the system aids in identifyingpore pressure, fracture gradient and safe drilling margin. Second, the independent measurement capability provides early kick detection with distinction from ballooning and improves the ability to analyze and control an influx – even with heterogeneous mud column – through the ‘direct measurement method’. Third, during tripping operations that are associated with approximately 25% of all well control events, downhole data is now available to provide early kick detection.
Nord Stream: Ensuring Compliance with International HSE Standards and Managing Contractor HSE Performance
Authors: Haynes Michael , Daetwyler Neil 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Nord Stream Project ("the Project") comprises two 48" sub-sea pipelines (the longest in the world so far) and landfalls in Russia and Germany, and is currently Europe's largest infrastructure project. The 1 224 km long offshore pipelines will together carry 55 billion cubic metres (bcm) of natural gas each year through the Baltic Sea, supplying European consumers with Russian gas. Nord Stream recently entered operation with commissioning of the first pipeline and the second pipeline is scheduled to become operational in late 2012.
The Project is debt financed to the tune of EUR 6.4 billion and is subject to international as well as national standards and guidelines, including the Equator Principles and the OECD Common Approaches on the Environment and Officially Supported Export Credits. In practice, this has meant compliance with international environmental and social benchmarks, including the Performance Standards of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group.
Nord Stream, assisted by its consultant ENVIRON, has developed and is implementing a construction phase Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS), which draws on national ESIAs and construction permits issued in Russia, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, and Germany and a trans-boundary (Espoo) report, which assessed potential trans-boundary impacts on the five transit countries as well as Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland.
The core of the Nord Stream ESMS comprises 18 discrete construction management plans (CMPs) which document key mitigation, monitoring, and other Project obligations covering a wide range of topics, including conventional and chemical munitions (dumped in the Baltic Sea), marine pollution prevention, biodiversity, hydrotesting, emergency preparedness, cultural resources, waste management, stakeholder engagement and working conditions for construction personnel.
To maintain close surveillance of contractor performance and ensure compliance with Project commitments, Nord Stream has to date conducted more than 40 HSES audits and inspections in the field and tracked over 250 Opportunities For Improvement. Key lessons learned include: the need to maintain a coherent HSES Commitments Register during the ESIA phase and a robust Project change management process; early and ongoing engagement with contractors; and rigorous follow-up of audit findings.
Marine Bio-Security and Australian Innovation
Authors: Luchetti Mark A 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Marine Bio-Security is a global concern with significant relevance to the off-shore gas and oil production and exploration sector. An avalanche of legislation and regulation is delivering enforceable laws which compel ship owners/operators to adopt prescriptive procedures, protocols and practices to ensure that ballast water is eliminated, or at least substantially reduced as a major vector for the translocation of non-indigenous marine pests (NIMPS).
The other main vector for the translocation of NIMPS has been identified as the wetted hull of commercial and military shipping and includes offshore support vessels, mobile offshore drilling units, crew transfer vessels, barges, landing craft and pipe laying vessels. Hull bio-fouling and associated niche areas are presently under the scientific microscope…and will follow the same path in terms of legislation and regulation.
Australia, through its Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) released the "Proposed Australian Biofouling Management Requirements – Consultation Regulation Impact Statement 2011", where at page 39 it, " recommends regulation, because it is more likely to substantively contribute to reducing the risk of non-indigenous marine species establishing in Australia's marine environment, than an alternate education program" . And in June 2012, the Federal Government announced the Final Commonwealth Marine Reserves Network, which – once proclaimed under national environmental law – will increase the number of marine reserves from 27 to 60, expanding the national network to cover more than a third of Commonwealth Waters, covering 3.1 million square kilometers that would make up the biggest ocean conservation sanctuary in the world. The 2012 NSW Marine Parks Independent Scientific Audit made numerous recommendations relating to the identification, management and eradication of marine invasive species where it recommended legislative power enabling "Closure" powers across the NSW Marine Park Estate to support management of pest or disease outbreaks.
Ultimately, the industry's positive attitude to embracing new and innovative technology will further highlight and enhance its environmental credentials and stewardship in pioneering new ways of dealing with old problems. Marine bio-security in the sector will continue to increase in importance as legislation and regulation drive compliance within the Offshore Oil & Gas exploration and production industry. Improving and maintaining the health of marine eco-systems, demands an innovative environmentally sustainable solution!
Australian innovation has delivered a dramatic and viable in-water solution for the reduction and/or elimination of non-indigenous marine species presenting as a bio-security risk. The (patented) process of delivering a ‘thermal shock’ through the encapsulation of heated sea water to the relevant wetted surfaces has proven to deliver a 100% mortality rate.
Challenges of Oil and Gas E&P Operations in Environmentally & Socially Sensitive Area: Lessons Learned from Mahakam
Authors: Asmaradewi Gayatri , Rusjanto Juli , Argubie Benyamin 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Total E&P Indonesie (TEPI) has been operating for more than 40 years in Mahakam Contract Area located at Mahakam Delta, Kutai Kartanegara District, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, despite the local environmental and social challenges. Mahakam Delta was initially covered with dense and diverse mangrove forests. The delta is ecologically and economically important for nursery & spawning ground of fish and shrimps and hence for supporting the livelihood of local communities from fishing activities. However in the last decades there has been a marked increase of local population activities and degradation of mangrove ecosystem due to the extensive use of natural resources resulting in the deforestation of mangrove. Despite the growing complexity of oil and gas operations along with more mature oil and gas fields, TEPI is consistently committed to protect the environment and to live in harmony with surrounding communities as its paramount priorities. Successful oil and gas E&P operations in such environmentally and socially sensitive area require careful and intensive approach to minimize impacts to surrounding environment as well as to surrounding communities. This involves comprehensive environment and social baseline assessment and impact assessment studies, best practice in environment management for effective impacts reduction and mitigations, effective environment monitoring, intensive coordination with local authorities and socialization to local communities to obtain legal and public approval, acceptance, and support for the operations from the very beginning phase of operations planning until after the completion of the operations.
This paper highlights the key lessons learned from the case study of Total E&P Indonesie (TEPI) operations in the environmentally and socially sensitive area of Mahakam Delta.
Angola Biodiversity of Bathyal Sea Bottoms
Authors: Cazes Laurent , Plisson-Saune Stephan , Canovas Sophie , Bamber Roger , Robbins Roni 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
At the request of TOTAL E&P Angola (TEPA), before developing oil and gas activity, independent contractors carried out seven environmental baseline studies between 1998 and 2009 on bathyal blocks 17 and 32 located off the coast of Angola. With this aim, biological analysis were done on seabed samples at depths ranging between 682 and 2630 m, and 515 benthic macrofaunal taxa from eleven phyla were discovered. The relative dominance on richness taxonomic and abundance was observed on Polychaetes, but referring to species’ abundance it was found the sipunculid Onchnesoma steenstrupi (78 ± 72 ind./m2) with the major representation in samples (94%). The general composition of benthic macrofauna communities was very similar between sites despite the wide range of depths. This suggested relatively high ecosystem homogeneity in space and time. Average taxon richness per station (41 ± 11) was relatively high and the Shannon-Weiner diversity index very high (4.5 ± 0.5). Total density was relatively low (409 ± 179 ind./m2), as well as dry weight total biomass (0.57 ± 1.27 g/m2). Such levels of structural indices were consistent with common deep-sea soft sediment records. Increasing biodiversity from deep offshore Block 17 sites to ultra-deep offshore Block 32 area also was concordant with previous deep Angola Basin observations. When performing the taxonomic identification of species encountered in this work, it was estimated that about 80% of species found in both blocks were new to science. In respect of trophic structure of the groups, it was found that there was dominance of detritus deposits in relation to suspension feeders. Finally, it was also concluded that the state of the environment was stable, the ecosystem was in equilibrium and there was a high level of biodiversity.
Providing access to low income households in remote areas: How an Oil and Gas Operator is addressing the issue in Indonesia
Authors: Laz Marie-Alix du 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
More than 4 billion people worldwide have only access to low efficient and expensive energy solutions but without energy people cannot satisfy basic needs such as cooking, lighting, education or transportation. It means that access to energy is one of the major drivers of development.
In this context Total is aiming, through its programme called TATS (Total Access To Solar), to develop and propose accessible energy solutions suited to the needs of low income households. TATS is a social business, as itcombines both a social and an economic approach. It offers a range of solar energy solutions for lighting and communication needs. These products are reliable, affordable and good quality. TATS is aiming to become a major actor on this market, through an innovative, profitable and sustainable business model. Indonesia is one of the pilot countries in which Total startedTATS.
Total has been one of the major Oil & gas companies in Indonesia in the last 40 years and is the first gas producer in the country. It produced 158 kboe/dof gas in 2011. Total has developed, as part of its Corporate Social Responsibility commitment, significant local development programs such as national education programs, HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns or medical consultations for local communities close to its operational sites.
Joint Industry Project on Angolan Coast Sensitivity Mapping for Oil Spill Response
Authors: Santosa Erwin , Plisson-Saune Stephan 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Coastal sensitivity mapping is the identification of coast line sensitivity based on the type of the coast, biological resources, economical activities, human use and types of human settlement. This mapping is an essential tool in oil spill response and will assist the response team in identifying the priority sites, technique of protection in corresponsing sites and recommendation on how to clean up polluted site.
The objectives of the project are – to update the existing map owned by Total EP Angola – to share the common perspective to the stake holders in Angola on the importance of this mapping – to build the authority capacity through a Joint Industry Project consists of the oil operators and the Angolan government.
The geographical scope of the project covers the coast from Luanda to the North of Angola until Soyo, the interior of Congo River up to Noqui, and the coastal area of Cabinda region with total length around 650 km of shoreline. Technical methodology recommended by international organization (IMO, IPIECA) is followed in performing this project.
The Project consists of 3 Phases, as follows:
Phase 1: Perform an aerial survey with high definition digital camera and helicopter geo-referential and a desktop interpretation work to produce an updated GIS map, complete with its Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) class;
Phase 2: Perform a ground truth of the result of the phase one including information on land mined area;
Phase 3: Prepare the site specific plans for protection and cleanup operation;
The GIS map is subsequently updated at the end of Phase 2 and Phase 3. The final map is shared between operators and Ministry of Petroleum to be made available for public on their discretion.
The result of this Joint Industry Project is an updated Angolan Coast Sensitivity Map for Oil Spill Response. It improves the preparedness of the country to respond to an oil spill and enhances the cooperation between the operators and the authority, and is an investment in the capacity building of all stakeholders.
Consistent Transparency Regarding Environmental Challenges In A Large Infrastructure Project
Authors: Haelg B. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Nord Stream Project is the world's longest sub-sea gas pipeline system. The twin 1,224 km offshore pipeline through the Baltic Sea delivers 55 bcm of natural gas each year, supplying European customers with Russian gas. The project is a major feat of engineering, involving complex logistics, suppliers and contractors from all over the world.
As this is the first pipeline system in the Baltic Sea, an environmentally sensitive area, and given that the Project is lender financed, Nord Stream had to demonstrate that the project had minor or no impact to the environment and could be built in accordance with the highest environmental and social standards. The entire process, including national Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) and UN ECE Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundry Context (Espoo 1991), along permitting, monitoring and reporting had to be robust and transparent.
The Baltic Sea is a focus area of governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO). It is highly sensitive, due to its unique water conditions and depths, (shallow brackish waters), density of protected areas, importance for fish and fisheries, marine traffic density and future infrastructure projects. Parts of the seabed are also strewn with mines and Chemical Warfare Agents which pose a hazard to the environment and the pipeline construction works.
For most countries around the Baltic Sea it was their first exposure to a large subsea pipeline, therefore national authorities and lenders were focused on the need for a transparent and defensible project planning process starting with a risk assessment and an EIA. It was an elementary requirement for Nord Stream to prove that such a huge project could be executed with no or only minor impact to the environment and to other stakeholders of the Baltic Sea region.
This paper addresses the environmental and social management framework in which the Project's implementation is managed, key aspects of the permitting and construction processes and the preliminary results of an extensive environmental monitoring programme. Key lessons learned include the need for a timely and transparent engagement with all stakeholders.
Well-specific Blowout Risk Assessment
Authors: Vandenbussche V. , Bergsli A. , Brandt H. , Nissen-Lie T. R. , Brude O. W. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
As oil and gas projects explore more and more challenging territories, and as public opinion is increasingly aware of risks from drilling operations, it is of furthermost importance to better understand and systematically manage these risks.
For every well project on the Norwegian sector, the risks from a blowout are studied from the safety and the environmental perspective, through Quantitative Risk Assessments and Environmental Risk Analyses, respectively. The blowout characteristics (probability, flow rates, durations) are among the most influent input parameters for these analyses. Traditionally these parameters have been extracted from available historical statistics from blowout databases. These databases provide generic data with very limited consideration for the well and operation specific characteristics (e.g. exploration, development, HPHT).
DNV has developed a methodology for the assessment of blowout risks in order to better understand them and to be able to provide a more realistic risk picture. A multidisciplinary approach is applied during the risk assessment process, assessing the drilling or well operations according to a set of predefined criteria or risk factors. This benchmarking analysis is used as a basis for assessing the probability of a leak or a blowout. Well flow simulations are used and adjusted in order to assess the well specific leak and blowout rates for the different operations. The potential leak and blowout durations are calculated using statistical models and taking into account the context of the drilling and well operations.
This new method considers the field specific reservoir challenges, best available technology and best operational practices in order to generate a more field and operation specific risk exposure. The results are more accurate risk predictions. Traditional analysis may be too conservative and would typically not reflect the actual well conditions, barriers and operational steps. Relevant examples from the Norwegian sector are presented.