bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress analysis and tectonic trends of southern Sinai Peninsula, using potential field data analysis and anisotropy technique
Authors: Saleh Salah , Saleh Ahmed 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The aim of the present work is to evaluate the stress direction and the tectonic trends of the study area using magnetic anisotropy and potential field data interpretations (Bouguer and aeromagnetic). The specific objective of the gravity and aeromagnetic interpretation is to establish the trend and depth of the structural configuration of the basement rocks. Horizontal gradient techniques could to delineate directions of deep sources and enabled tracing several faults, lineaments and tectonic boundaries of basement rocks. The trend analysis shows N40°–50°W, N10°–20°W and N10°–20°E which may be related to the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba stresses. However, Euler Deconvolution technique was applied using the aeromagnetic data to provide reliable information about penetrated source depth (100 m and ∼10.0 km) and trends of the subsurface sources (principally in NW and NE directions). Moreover, representative 72 oriented rock samples have been collected from seven sites in the study area. The rock magnetic properties and magnetic anisotropy analysis have been determined for all the studied samples. The interpretation clearly defined magnetic lineation at all sites and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) parameters. The stress direction of the studied area has been evaluated using magnetic anisotropy and geophysical analysis. Generally the estimated geophysical data analysis (Bouguer and aeromagnetic) are well consistent with the AMS interpretations of this study. The results indicated that the directions of predominant faults and foliations are NW-SE (related to the Gulf of Suez and Red Sea rifting) which indicate that the main stress and tectonic trend is NE-SW, which is more predominant in southern Sinai region. Moreover, it is clear that, the studied area was affected also by less predominant sources trended in NE-SW direction, which related to the tectonic activity of Gulf of Aqaba. The least predominant is north 40°–50° east that is probably due to the Syrian Arc system. Finally, our results are extremely coincided with the previous stress directions derived from geological, seismological and tectonic analysis in northern Red Sea rift, Gulf of Suez and Sinai regions.
Refinement of genetic and structural models of the Úrkút manganese ore deposit (W-Hungary, Europe) using statistical evaluation of archive data
Authors: Bíró Lóránt , Polgári Márta , Tóth Tivadar , Vigh Tamás 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Although the Úrkút manganese ore deposit in western placecountry-regionHungary has been exploited for at least 90 years, there are still numerous open questions concerning ore genetics as well as structure and geometry of the ore body. A large set of available archive data for the deposit have been reviewed and evaluated in order to solve some of the most crucial problems. For processing, besides diverse GIS approaches, univariate and multivariate statistical methods were used on the created unified database. The main aims of the mathematical treatment were giving a classification scheme for the wide spectrum of Mn-ores based on their chemical composition (Mn, Fe, Si, P) as well as evaluation of their spatial distribution. For the ore characterization and understanding the genetic processes, cluster and discriminant function analyses were used. Results of the multivariate treatment verified the existence of different ore types and provided an exact chemical definition for all of them. It alsoinferred that the main geochemical processes that took place in ore genesis were similar for all sample groups (ore types) with significantly different weights in each case.
A 3D evaluation of the Úrkút mine heading map system shows that the ore body covers the footwall surface as a stratiform sheet throughout the study area. Palaeo-relief studies suggest a significant difference between the footwall and hanging wall morphologies which clearly implies tectonic activity following ore deposition. The deposit was affected by an E-W compression stress field near the Aptian-Albian transition causing folding of the Mn deposit.
Investigation of cytotoxicity and in-vitro antioxidant activity of Asparagus racemosus root extract
Authors: Hossain Md. Ismail , Sharmin Farzana Anwar , Akhter Sadika , Bhuiyan Mohiuddin Ahmed , Shahriar Mohammad 
Published: August 2012

This attempt is made to address the phytoconstituents, free radical scavenging activity and brine shrimp lethality bioassay of five different extracts of Asparagus racemosus roots. Preliminary phytochemical examination of the crude extracts of Asparagus racemosus root disclosed the existence of different sort of chemical groups such as flavonoids, tannin, saponin, alkaloids, carbohydrate. The root displayed significant DPPH free radical scavenging activity with highest IC50 value showed by ethanol extract with a value of 78.15 µg/ml followed by methanol and petroleum ether having value of 106.44 µg/ml and 273.31 µg/ml respectively as opposed to that of the scavenging effects of ascorbic acid and BHT of 5.698 µg/ml and 8.816 µg/ml respectively. The highest reducing power was showed by ethanol extract followed by methanol and petroleum ether as opposed to that of the reducing potential of ascorbic acid and BHT. The fractions represented good cupric reducing capacity with increasing concentration taking ethanol extract in the top position. The ethanol extract yielded 108.78±2.77 mg/gm gallic acid equivalent phenolic content and methanol sub-fraction yielded 164.77±1.73 mg/gm quercetin equivalent flavonoid content that was highest among five extracts. Ethanol extract of Asparagus racemosus was found to possess the highest total antioxidant capacity (639.925±64.78) mg/gm followed by methanol (616.92±53.88) mg/gm and petroleum ether (469.17±52.95) mg/gm ascorbic acid equivalent respectively. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, LC50 values for ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, n-hexane and chloroform were found to be 0.674 µg/ml, 0.719 µg/ml, 0.984 µg/ml, 2.157µg/ml and 1.514 µg/ml respectively. N-hexane and chloroform extract showed least activity in all the measures. The results suggest that Asparagus racemosus is a valuable source of antioxidant and has significant cytotoxic activity hence could eliminate many diseases related to free radical.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i9.11615 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(9): 250-257
Pharmacokinetics and 48-Week Safety and Efficacy of Generic Lopinavir/Ritonavir in Thai HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Ramautarsing Reshmie A , van der Lugt Jasper , Gorowara Meena , Sophonphan Jiratchaya , Ananworanich Jintanat , Lange Joep MA , Burger David M , Phanuphak Praphan , Ruxthungtham Kiat , Avihingsanon Anchalee 
Published: August 2012

Background Generic products reduce the costs of HIV treatment. Few generic second-line antiretroviral products are available. We assessed pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of generic lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) produced by the Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO) of Thailand in Thai HIV-infected adults. Methods This was a single-arm prospective study. Patients with plasma HIV-1 RNA<50 copies/ml for ≥24 weeks, who were protease inhibitor (PI)-naive or experienced, were eligible. Patients started generic LPV/r tablets, 400/100 mg twice daily. At week 4, therapeutic drug monitoring was performed and analysed by validated HPLC. In patients using Kaletra® (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL, USA) soft gel capsules (SGC) or generic LPV/r tablets produced by Mylan (Canonsburg, PA, USA; formerly Matrix, Hyderabad, India) prior to study entry, we compared the plasma minimum concentrations (Cmin) of the different formulations. Plasma HIV-1 RNA and safety were assessed until week 48. Results A total of 70 patients (32 males) were enrolled. Mean (sd) age was 40.7 (7.9) years and mean (sd) body weight was 60.3 (9.0) kg. Before study entry, all patients were virologically suppressed using a PI-based regimen; 62 (88.6%) were using LPV/r (Kaletra® SGC n=22 and Mylan generic tablets n=40). Mean (sd) Cmin of GPO lopinavir and GPO ritonavir at week 4 were 7.1 (2.9) mg/l and 0.39 (0.21) mg/l, respectively, and not significantly different from the Cmin when taking Kaletra® SGC or Mylan generic tablets. After 48 weeks, 95.6% of patients maintained plasma HIV-1 RNA<50 copies/ml. Four grade 3 and no grade 4 adverse events were reported. Conclusions Generic LPV/r showed adequate levels, good tolerability and excellent 48-week efficacy.
Myelin Basic Protein-Specific TCR/HLA-DRB5*01:01 Transgenic Mice Support the Etiologic Role of DRB5*01:01 in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Quandt Jacqueline A. , Huh Jaebong , Baig Mirza , Yao Karen , Ito Naoko , Bryant Mark , Kawamura Kazuyuki , Pinilla Clemencia , McFarland Henry F. , Martin Roland , Ito Kouichi 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) has been linked to the HLA-DR15 haplotype consisting of DRB1*15:01(DR2b) and DRB5*01:01(DR2a) alleles. Given almost complete linkage disequilibrium of the two alleles, recent studies suggested differential roles in susceptibility (DR2b) or protection from MS (DR2a). Our objective was to assess the potential contribution of DR2a to disease etiology in MS using a humanized model of autoimmunity. To assess the potential contribution of DR2a to disease etiology, we created DR2a humanized transgenic (Tg) mice and subsequently crossed them to Tg mice expressing TL3A6, an MS patient-derived myelin basic protein 83-99–specific TCR. In TL3A6/DR2a Tg mice, CD4 Tg T cells escape thymic and peripheral deletion and initiate spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) at low rates, depending on the level of DR2a expression. The ability to induce active EAE was also increased in animals expressing higher levels of DR2a. Inflammatory infiltrates and neuronal damage were present throughout the spinal cord, consistent with a classical ascending EAE phenotype with minor involvement of the cerebellum, brainstem, and peripheral nerve roots in spontaneous, as well as actively induced, disease. These studies emphasize the pathologic contribution of the DR2a allele to the development of autoimmunity when expressed as the sole MHC class II molecule, as well as strongly argue for DR2a as a contributor to the CNS autoimmunity in MS.
Lung T Lymphocyte Trafficking and Activation during Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Lie Mihaela L. , White Laura E. , Santora Rachel J. , Park Jong M. , Rabb Hamid , Hassoun Heitham T. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Despite advances in renal replacement therapy, the mortality rate for acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unacceptably high, likely owing to extrarenal organ dysfunction. Kidney ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) activates cellular and soluble mediators that facilitate organ crosstalk and induce caspase-dependent lung apoptosis and injury through a TNFR1-dependent pathway. Given that T lymphocytes mediate local IRI in the kidney and are known to drive TNFR1-mediated apoptosis, we hypothesized that T lymphocytes activated during kidney IRI would traffic to the lung and mediate pulmonary apoptosis during AKI. In an established murine model of kidney IRI, we identified trafficking of CD3+ T lymphocytes to the lung during kidney IRI by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. T lymphocytes were primarily of the CD3+CD8+ phenotype; however, both CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes expressed CD69 and CD25 activation markers during ischemic AKI. The activated lung T lymphocytes did not demonstrate an increased expression of intracellular TNF-α or surface TNFR1. Kidney IRI induced pulmonary apoptosis measured by caspase-3 activation in wild-type controls, but not in T cell-deficient (Tnu/nu) mice. Adoptive transfer of murine wild-type T lymphocytes into Tnu/nu mice restored the injury phenotype with increased cellular apoptosis and lung microvascular barrier dysfunction, suggesting that ischemic AKI-induced pulmonary apoptosis is T cell dependent. Kidney–lung crosstalk during AKI represents a complex biological process, and although T lymphocytes appear to serve a prominent role in the interorgan effects of AKI, further experiments are necessary to elucidate the specific role of activated T cells in modulating pulmonary apoptosis.
Genetically Driven Target Tissue Overexpression of CD40: A Novel Mechanism in Autoimmune Disease
Authors: Huber Amanda K. , Finkelman Fred D. , Li Cheuk Wun , Concepcion Erlinda , Smith Eric , Jacobson Eric , Latif Rauf , Keddache Mehdi , Zhang Weijia , Tomer Yaron 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The CD40 gene, an important immune regulatory gene, is also expressed and functional on nonmyeloid-derived cells, many of which are targets for tissue-specific autoimmune diseases, including β cells in type 1 diabetes, intestinal epithelial cells in Crohn’s disease, and thyroid follicular cells in Graves’ disease (GD). Whether target tissue CD40 expression plays a role in autoimmune disease etiology has yet to be determined. In this study, we show that target tissue overexpression of CD40 plays a key role in the etiology of autoimmunity. Using a murine model of GD, we demonstrated that thyroidal CD40 overexpression augmented the production of thyroid-specific Abs, resulting in more severe experimental autoimmune GD (EAGD), whereas deletion of thyroidal CD40 suppressed disease. Using transcriptome and immune–pathway analyses, we showed that in both EAGD mouse thyroids and human primary thyrocytes, CD40 mediates this effect by activating downstream cytokines and chemokines, most notably IL-6. To translate these findings into therapy, we blocked IL-6 during EAGD induction in the setting of thyroidal CD40 overexpression and showed decreased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor-stimulating Abs and frequency of disease. We conclude that target tissue overexpression of CD40 plays a key role in the etiology of organ-specific autoimmune disease.
Natural IgM Mediates Complement-Dependent Uptake of Francisella tularensis by Human Neutrophils via Complement Receptors 1 and 3 in Nonimmune Serum
Authors: Schwartz Justin T. , Barker Jason H. , Long Matthew E. , Kaufman Justin , McCracken Jenna , Allen Lee-Ann H. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
A fundamental step in the life cycle of Francisella tularensis is bacterial entry into host cells. F. tularensis activates complement, and recent data suggest that the classical pathway is required for complement factor C3 deposition on the bacterial surface. Nevertheless, C3 deposition is inefficient and neither the specific serum components necessary for classical pathway activation by F. tularensis in nonimmune human serum nor the receptors that mediate infection of neutrophils have been defined. In this study, human neutrophil uptake of GFP-expressing F. tularensis strains live vaccine strain and Schu S4 was quantified with high efficiency by flow cytometry. Using depleted sera and purified complement components, we demonstrated first that C1q and C3 were essential for F. tularensis phagocytosis, whereas C5 was not. Second, we used purification and immunodepletion approaches to identify a critical role for natural IgM in this process, and then used a wbtA2 mutant to identify LPS O-Ag and capsule as prominent targets of these Abs on the bacterial surface. Finally, we demonstrate using receptor-blocking Abs that CR1 (CD35) and CR3 (CD11b/CD18) acted in concert for phagocytosis of opsonized F. tularensis by human neutrophils, whereas CR3 and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) mediated infection of human monocyte-derived macrophages. Altogether, our data provide fundamental insight into mechanisms of F. tularensis phagocytosis and support a model whereby natural IgM binds to surface capsular and O-Ag polysaccharides of F. tularensis and initiates the classical complement cascade via C1q to promote C3 opsonization of the bacterium and phagocytosis via CR3 and either CR1 or CR4 in a phagocyte-specific manner.
Protective Role of Commensals against Clostridium difficile Infection via an IL-1β–Mediated Positive-Feedback Loop
Authors: Hasegawa Mizuho , Kamada Nobuhiko , Jiao Yizu , Liu Meng Zhen , Núñez Gabriel , Inohara Naohiro 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive obligate anaerobic pathogen that causes pseudomembranous colitis in antibiotic-treated individuals. Commensal bacteria are known to have a significant role in the intestinal accumulation of C. difficile after antibiotic treatment, but little is known about how they affect host immunity during C. difficile infection. In this article, we report that C. difficile infection results in translocation of commensals across the intestinal epithelial barrier that is critical for neutrophil recruitment through the induction of an IL-1β–mediated positive-feedback loop. Mice lacking ASC, an essential mediator of IL-1β and IL-18 processing and secretion, were highly susceptible to C. difficile infection. ASC−/− mice exhibited enhanced translocation of commensals to multiple organs after C. difficile infection. Notably, ASC−/− mice exhibited impaired CXCL1 production and neutrophil influx into intestinal tissues in response to C. difficile infection. The impairment in neutrophil recruitment resulted in reduced production of IL-1β and CXCL1 but not IL-18. Importantly, translocated commensals were required for ASC/Nlrp3-dependent IL-1β secretion by neutrophils. Mice lacking IL-1β were deficient in inducing CXCL1 secretion, suggesting that IL-1β is the dominant inducer of ASC-mediated CXCL1 production during C. difficile infection. These results indicate that translocated commensals play a crucial role in CXCL1-dependent recruitment of neutrophils to the intestine through an IL-1β/NLRP3/ASC–mediated positive-feedback mechanism that is important for host survival and clearance of translocated commensals during C. difficile infection.
Cutting Edge: A Novel Mechanism Bridging Innate and Adaptive Immunity: IL-12 Induction of CD25 To Form High-Affinity IL-2 Receptors on NK Cells
Authors: Lee Seung-Hwan , Fragoso Maria F. , Biron Christine A. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
NK cell expression and use of the IL-2Rα–chain (CD25), required for the high-affinity IL-2R, remain poorly understood. The studies reported in this article demonstrate that infections with murine CMV (MCMV), but not with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, induce CD25 on NK cells, along with high levels of IL-12 and IL-18. The cytokines act ex vivo to increase CD25 levels, and IL-12, IL-12R, and STAT4, but not the NK activating receptor Ly49H, are required for peak induction in vivo. All examined NK cell populations are driven into proliferation and incorporate BrdU in response to high ex vivo concentrations of IL-2, but only those from MCMV infection respond to low ex vivo concentrations of IL-2. The numbers of NK cells elicited during MCMV infection are reduced by IL-2 neutralization. Thus, a link between innate and adaptive immunity is established by which composition of innate cytokine responses sets up to promote NK cell use of a factor supporting adaptive responses.
Meeting the Occupational Needs of Mental Health Service Users: Indicative Care Packages and Actual Practice
Authors: Parkinson Sue , Morley Mary , Stewart Louise , Brockbank Helen 
Published: August 2012

Payment mechanisms in English mental health services require professionals to describe treatments and demonstrate cost-effectiveness. A national occupational therapy study has prepared the way by profiling the occupational needs of service users and describing indicative care packages. This practice analysis reports on a local survey, which was conducted in parallel with the national study. Treatment aims were found to correspond with key elements of the occupational profiles. This supports the accuracy of the profiles. It also provides evidence towards the effectiveness of the service being provided by demonstrating the ability of occupational therapists to target the proven needs of service users.
Bons video games e boa aprendizagem
Authors: Gee James Paul 
Published: August 2012

O artigo defende que os bons videogames incorporam bons princípios de aprendizagem, apoiados pelas pesquisas atuais em Ciência Cognitiva, e os lista: identidade; interação; produção; riscos; customização; agência; boa ordenação dos problemas; desafio e consolidação; “na hora certa” e “a pedido”; sentidos contextualizados; frustração prazerosa; pensamento sistemático; exploração, pensamento lateral, revisão dos objetivos; ferramentas inteligentes e conhecimento distribuído; equipes transfuncionais e performance anterior à competência. O artigo conclui com a seguinte pergunta: como podemos tornar a aprendizagem, dentro e fora das escolas, mais parecida com os games no sentido de que ela use os tipos de princípios de aprendizagem que os jovens vêem todos os dias nos bons videogames, quando e se estiverem jogando esses games de um modo reflexivo e estratégico?
Incidence of Pod Integrity on the Fungal Microflora and Ochratoxin-A Production in Cocoa
Authors: Mounjouenpou Pauline , Gueule Dominique , Tetmoun Suzanne Abeline Maboune , Guyot Bernard , Fontana-Tachon Angélique , Guiraud Joseph Pierre 
Published: August 2012

Ochratoxin-A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that has nephrotoxic, tetragenic, immunotoxic and carcinogenic effects in the human organism. It contaminates several foodstuffs, notably cocoa. The purpose of our study was to compare the incidence of cocoa pod integrity on the fungal microflora and ochratoxin- A production in Cameroon. Irrespective of pod condition, fermented cocoa beans were contaminated by OTA. The maximum mould content was obtained in beans from damaged pod. However, the fungal microflora was more diversified for beans from pod damaged during harvesting than for beans from intact pods, throughout the post-harvest process. The toxigenic strains isolated belonged to the genera Aspergillus. Aspergillus carbonarius isolated from damaged pods, displayed the greatest OTA production which was 110.7 ng.g-1 on cocoa medium and 2772,0 ng.g-1 on official medium. There was a good correlation between OTA presence in the beans and isolated toxigenic strains.
Using Analogies to Communicate Information about Health Risks
Authors: Galesic Mirta , Garcia‐Retamero Rocio 
Published: August 2012

SummaryAnalogies are often used to explain health‐related concepts in medical practice, but it is unclear whether they actually improve understanding and, if so, why. Here, we studied these issues in experiments on probabilistic national samples in two countries, focusing on two questions. First, we investigated whether analogies are helpful in communicating medical information to people with different levels of numeracy and for tasks of different levels of difficulty. Second, following existing theories of analogies, we studied what characteristics of analogies improve their helpfulness. Our results revealed that for difficult medical problems, analogies were helpful to high‐numeracy people but less so to low‐numeracy people. For easy medical problems, the results were reversed. Different analogies were successful in different cultural contexts. In accord with theoretical expectations, the most helpful analogies were those with high similarity of the relationships between objects in their target and base and those with highly familiar bases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.