bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Upper‐extremity deep venous thrombosis after whole blood donation: report of three cases from a single blood center
Authors: Newman Bruce , Rajpurkar Madhvi , Ozgonenel Bulent , Lal Anup , Kuriakose Philip 
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUNDThere are two upper‐extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT) cases after whole blood donation reported in the English medical literature. Three additional UEDVT cases after whole blood donation were reported to our blood center within a 13‐month period.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA case study was done for each case in collaboration with a clinical physician. A description of the donation event, donor demographics, risk factors for thrombosis, treatment, and outcome were described.RESULTSA 33‐year‐old woman and two 17‐year‐old, first‐time‐donating men presented with arm pain, swelling, and bruising within hours to 3 days after donation. Two had distal UEDVTs in the basilic or brachial veins, and one had a proximal UEDVT in the subclavian and axillary veins extending into the basilic vein. One donor (woman) had known risk factors for DVT and the other two did not. Anticoagulant therapy was initiated on all patients and was continued for 3, 4, and 9 months. Two donors with the distal UEDVTs recovered completely while the donor with the proximal UEDVT was treated with anticoagulation for 9 months and continued to have a slight residual, nonobstructive thrombosis. The donor was switched to low‐dose aspirin prevention. The two donors reported in the literature had complete resolution of thrombosis.CONCLUSIONSFour of five donors recovered completely after anticoagulation treatment for UEDVT, including two of three donors in this study. A review of all cases in the medical literature, including 20 recent Australian cases described in an abstract, provides a more complete description of this adverse donation injury.
Interleukin‐10 limits intense acute swimming‐induced muscle mechanical hyperalgesia in mice
Authors: Borghi Sergio M. , Pinho‐Ribeiro Felipe A. , Zarpelon Ana C. , Cunha Thiago M. , Alves‐Filho Jose C. , Ferreira Sergio H. , Cunha Fernando Q. , Casagrande Rubia , Verri Waldiceu A. 
Published: February 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
This study investigated the role of the endogenous anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐10 in intense acute swimming‐induced muscle mechanical hyperalgesia in mice.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Endogenous interleukin‐10 has a key role in limiting exercise‐induced muscle pain in a model presenting similarities to delayed‐onset muscle soreness in mice. Interleukin‐10 reduced muscle pain by diminishing leucocyte recruitment, hyperalgesic cytokine production, oxidative stress and myocyte damage.

Interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) is an antihyperalgesic cytokine. In this study, IL‐10‐deficient (IL‐10−/−) mice were used to investigate the role of endogenous IL‐10 in intense acute swimming‐induced muscle mechanical hyperalgesia, which presents similarities with delayed‐onset muscle soreness. An intense acute swimming session of 1 or 2 h induced significant muscle mechanical hyperalgesia in a time‐dependent manner in wild‐type mice compared with the sham group 24 h after the session, which was further increased in IL‐10−/− mice (P ˂ 0.05). Intraperitoneal treatment of wild‐type mice with IL‐10 (1–10 ng) reduced muscle mechanical hyperalgesia in a dose‐dependent manner and reversed the enhanced muscle hyperalgesia in IL‐10−/− mice (P ˂ 0.05). The 2 h swimming session induced increases in tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐1β and IL‐10 production in the soleus muscle. However, tumour necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1β production in the soleus muscle were even higher in IL‐10−/− mice between 2 and 6 h after the stimulus (P ˂ 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the levels of the antihyperalgesic cytokines interleukin‐4, interleukin‐5, interleukin‐13 and transforming growth factor‐β between wild‐type and IL‐10−/− mice (P ˃ 0.05). Interleukin‐10 deficiency also resulted in increased myeloperoxidase activity, greater depletion of reduced glutathione levels, increased superoxide anion production and the maintenance of high plasma concentrations of creatine kinase (until 24 h after the swimming session) in soleus muscle (P ˂ 0.05). These results demonstrate that endogenous IL‐10 controls intense acute swimming‐induced muscle mechanical hyperalgesia by limiting oxidative stress and cytokine production.
Estimation of Vibration at Critical Locations Using Available Measurements and Machine Configuration Data
Authors: Franklin Wesley , Muszynska Agnes , Bently Donald E. 
Published: February 2015

This paper discusses one of the problems associated with establishing acceptable vibration levels for rotating machinery related to non collocation of critical vibration and available measurement locations. A critical vibration location is any point along the rotor which has a reduced clearance or a high potential for rubbing, such as seal locations. Non collocation occurs because the physical and/or environmental conditions at the critical locations prohibit the installation of suitable measurement transducers at those points. This leads to the dilemma of correlating the critical and measured vibration responses so the machine can be protected at the critical locations using the known responses at the measurement positions. This paper presents a method for estimating the vibration amplitudes and phases, either synchronous or nonsynchronous, at the critical locations using the known vibration responses at the measurement points, the current operating speed, the machine configuration data, and optimization techniques. A computer program has been developed for a personal computer running Windows 3.1 under DOS 5.0 which uses finite element modeling of the rotor to create a calculated rotor response and a data acquisition system to get the actual measured responses. A local convergence algorithm is then implemented to minimize the error between the calculated and measured vibration responses at the measured locations. The calculated responses at the critical locations then become the estimated vibration response for these points. To evaluate the accuracy of the technique, experiments were conducted using a rotor rig in which the vibration responses at both the critical and measurement locations were measured.
The computer program was then used to estimate the vibration responses at the critical locations. The estimated vibration responses were then compared with the measured responses at the same location to evaluate the effectiveness of the technique.
The results of these experiments are also included in this paper.
Development of 300 kW Class Ceramic Gas Turbine (CGT 301)
Authors: Saito Masayasu , Sasa Tadashi , Sakakida Masaru , Kurata Kimio 
Published: February 2015

CGT 301 is a recuperated single shaft ceramic gas turbine for cogeneration use, which has characteristics suited for continuous full load application. The ceramic parts are designed according to the axisymmetric structure design–concept to reduce size, thermal stress and deformations. One of the leading features of this constructive design is that it does not have a large scroll and combustor is located on the shaft axis.
The primary type ceramic gas turbine of turbine inlet temperature (TIT) 1200 °C was designed. The configuration and structure of the ceramic turbine were improved on the basis of the data obtained in the fundamental experiments as well as the results of the numerical analysis. Ceramic combustor liners were designed and the NOx emission tests were also successfully carried out. Tests and flow performance evaluations of ceramic heat exchanger tubes were carried out. The combination of axial and centrifugal stages of compressor was evaluated by a compressor test facility. These results were described in this paper.
Investigation of Failures in Gas Turbines: Part 1 — Techniques and Principles of Failure Investigation
Authors: Dundas Robert E. 
Published: February 2015

This paper is Part 1 of a two-part paper on the principles and methods of failure investigation in gas turbines. The qualities of a successful failure investigator are presented, and the most efficacious approaches to an investigation are discussed. An example of an aircraft accident that might have been avoided is used to support the necessity for thorough and conclusive investigations into failures.
Two case histories involving heavy-duty industrial gas turbines are described to demonstrate different aspects of the logical approach to construction of hypotheses and the determination of the essential cause of a failure — the one event without which the failure would not have occurred.
An Analytical Model of Axial Compressor Off-Design Performance
Authors: Camp T. R. , Horlock J. H. 
Published: February 2015

An analysis is presented of the off-design performance of multistage axial-flow compressors. It is based on an analytical solution, valid for small perturbations in operating conditions from the design point, and provides an insight into the effects of choices made during the compressor design process on performance and off-design stage matching.
It is shown that the mean design value of stage loading coefficient (ψ = Δho/U2) has a dominant effect on off-design performance, whereas the stage-wise distribution of stage loading coefficient and the design value of flow coefficient have little influence. The powerful effects of variable stator vanes on stage-matching are also demonstrated and these results are shown to agree well with previous work.
The slope of the working line of a gas turbine engine, overlaid on overall compressor characteristics, is shown to have a strong effect on the off-design stage-matching through the compressor. The model is also used to analyse design changes to the compressor geometry and to show how errors in estimates of annulus blockage, decided during the design process, have less effect of compressor performance than has previously been thought.
Blading Design Procedure for Centrifugal Impellers
Authors: Al-Zubaidy Sarim N. 
Published: February 2015

The paper proposes a direct method for the aerothermodynamic design of centrifugal flow impellers (based on a prescribed space rate of diffusion) that can be used to aid the design methodology of radial impellers. The design procedure employs the basic laws of fluid motion to determine the required flow path and thus the detailed passage coordinates. Numerical optimization techniques were used to control the manner by which the relative velocity components were allowed to vary so that a simple loss criteria (entropy generation) was kept minimum throghout the solution.
The development of the method was undertaken with the idea of obtaining a self sufficient design method which would be influenced as little as possible by the preconceived notions of what the optimum impeller blading should look like.
Effect of Pressure on Combustion Characteristics in LBG–Fueled 1300°C–Class Gas Turbine
Authors: Nakata Toshihiko , Sato Mikio , Ninomiya Toru , Yoshine Toshiyuki , Yamada Masahiko 
Published: February 2015

Developing integrated coal gasification combined cycle systems ensures that Japan will have cost–effective and environmentally sound options for supplying future power generation needs. The reduction of NOx emissions and increasing the inlet temperature of gas turbines are the most significant issues in gas turbine development in IGCC. The coal gasified fuel, which is produced in a coal gasifier of air–blown entrained–flow type has calorific value as low as 1/10 of natural gas. Furthermore the fuel gas contains ammonia when a gas cleaning system is a hot type, and ammonia will be converted to nitrogen oxides in the combustion process of a gas turbine.
The study is performed in 1300°C–class gas turbine combustor firing coal–gasified fuel in IGCC power generation systems. In the previous study the advanced rich–lean combustor of 150–MW class gas turbine was designed to hold stable combustion burning low–Btu gas fuel and to reduce fuel NOx emission that is produced from the ammonia in the fuel. By testing it under atmospheric pressure conditions, we have studied the effects of fuel parameters on combustor performances and listed the basic data for development applications. In this study, by testing it under pressurized conditions, we have obtained a very significant result through investigating the effect of pressure on combustion characteristics and wish to provide herein a summary of our findings.
Measurement of Turbine Blade-Tip Rotordynamic Excitation Forces
Authors: Martinez-Sanchez Manuel , Jaroux Belgacem , Song Seung Jin , Yoo Soomyung 
Published: February 2015

This paper presents results of a program to investigate the magnitude, origin and parametric variations of destabilizing forces which arise in high power turbines due to blade-tip leakage effects.
Five different unshrouded turbine configurations and one configuration shrouded with a labyrinth seal were tested with static offsets of the turbine shaft. The forces along and perpendicular to the offset were measured directly with a dynamometer, and were also inferred from velocity triangles and pressure distributions obtained from detailed flow surveys. These two routes yielded values in fair agreement in all cases. For unshrouded turbines, the cross-forces are seen to originate mainly (∼2/3) from the classical Alford mechanism (nonuniform work extraction due to varying blade efficiency with tip gap) and about 1/3 from a slightly skewed hub pressure pattern. The direct forces arise mainly (3/4) from this pressure pattern, with the rest due to a slight skewness of the Alford mechanism. The pressure nonuniformity (lower pressures near the widest gap) is seen to arise from a large-scale redistribution of the flow as it approaches the eccentric turbine.
The cross-forces are found to increase substantially when the gap is reduced from 3.0% to 1.9% of blade height, probably due to viscous blade-tip effects. The forces also increase when the hub gap between stator and rotor decreases. The force coefficient decreases with operating flow coefficient.
In the case of the shrouded turbine, most of the forces arise from nonuniform seal pressures. This includes about 80% of the transverse forces. The rest appears to come from uneven work extraction (Alford mechanism). Their level is about 50% higher than in the unshrouded cases.
Numerical Investigation of Enhanced Dilution Zone Mixing in a Reverse Flow Gas Turbine Combustor
Authors: Crocker D. Scott , Smith Clifford E. 
Published: February 2015

An advanced method for dilution zone mixing in a reverse flow gas turbine combustor was numerically investigated. For long mixing lengths associated with reverse flow combustors (X/H > 2.0), pattern factor was found to be mainly driven by nozzle-to-nozzle fuel flow and/or circumferential airflow variations; conventional radially injected dilution jets could not effectively mix out circumferential non-uniformities.
To enhance circumferential mixing, dilution jets were angled to produce a high circumferential (swirl) velocity component. The jets on the outer liner were angled in one direction while the jets on the inner liner were angled in the opposite direction, thus enhancing turbulent shear at the expense of jet penetration. 3-D CFD calculations were performed on a three-nozzle (90°) sector, with different fuel flow from each nozzle (90%, 100% and 110% of design fuel flow). The computations showed that the optimum configuration of angled jets reduced the pattern factor by 60% compared to an existing conventional dilution hole configuration. The radial average temperature profile was adequately controlled by the inner-to-outer liner dilution flow split.
Phased Construction of an IGCC Plant With Pre-Investment in the CC Plant
Authors: Dechamps P. J. , Mathieu Ph. 
Published: February 2015

After the Chernobyl accident in April 1986, most western countries have slowed down, suspended or sometimes stopped their nuclear programme. In many cases, natural gas has been regarded as the best alternative to nuclear fuel in the short and mean term and numerous countries have opted for CC plants. However, and it is the case in Belgium, decision-makers and operators want to diversify their fuel sources. Presently, CC plants are not multi-fuel and are the most efficient when fed with natural gas. A good strategy is to avoid a too strong dependence on this fuel, which would lead to a situation with natural gas similar to the one we previously experienced with oil. In that respect, the IGCC technique allows a come back to coal: starting with a CC plant, it is possible to add gasification units several years later and hence to switch from natural gas to coal. However, the price to pay will be capital cost but also a loss of performances of the resulting plant.
A first option which consists in adding a gasification unit to a genuine CC unit several years later has been investigated in a previous paper (4). In this paper, we examine a second option, when a CC plant is built with some of its components oversized in order to allow easy integration of the future connections from and to the gasification unit erected in the second stage of the construction. We calculate the performances of the CC plant for various pre-investment options, inside the heat recovery boiler, in the steam turbine and in the gas turbine. We compare the performances of the resulting IGCC plants when four types of gasifiers are used, i.e. Texaco, Shell, Dow and British-Gas-Lurgi. The performances of the same plants built in stages without pre-investment and built as genuine IGCC plants provide the yardsticks for comparison.
Smoke Number Prediction in Gas Turbine Exhaust
Authors: De Champlain Alain , Tsogo Joseph , Kretschmer Detlef 
Published: February 2015

From a large number of experimental data, an equation was developed for prediction of the smoke number as measured in gas turbine exhaust according to the well established SAE standard. Two different scales of combustors were used with inlet temperatures and pressures ranging from 300 to 600 K and from 0,1 to 0,9 MPa respectively. The formulation is based on the residence time which is calculated from the mass flow rate, density and volume of the primary and secondary zones of the combustor. The reaction rate has an Arrhenius form with the global equivalence ratio to account for the air and fuel flow rates. All these parameters can be evaluated from desired operating conditions. Nineteen different types of fuel were used varying from a paraffinic mixture to a pure aromatic compound. The fuel is characterized by its calorific value and hydrogen mass fraction.
With the wide range of fuels burned in the experiment giving a smoke number variation from 0 to 100, the accuracy of the equation (Standard Deviation of 40%) is acceptable for most purposes. The formulation should be particularly useful in assessing the efficiency of new systems for smoke reduction or in calculating the smoke number from older experimental data where it was not measured.
Design of the EGT Typhoon 2-Shaft Power Turbine Using Concurrent Engineering Techniques
Authors: Carson S. J. 
Published: February 2015

The Typhoon is a high thermal efficiency, low component count gas turbine originally launched into service in 1990. The single shaft version, used for power generation (C.H.P.), is rated at 4.1 MW ISO zero loss with a thermal efficiency of 32 per cent. At the date of writing, the Typhoon single shaft machines have accumulated 60,000 hours and 2,500 starts in service with very high levels of reliability.
This paper describes the design of the two shaft version of the Typhoon, intended for operation primarily in the Oil and Gas Industry. The paper will concentrate on the “Concurrent Engineering” techniques used during the design process. The two shaft Typhoon will enter into service in 1994.
The MHTGR Gas Turbine: A Power Plant Ideally Suited to Meeting the Energy Needs of the Newly Industrializing Nations
Authors: McDonald Colin F. 
Published: February 2015

It has been estimated, that shortly after the year 2050, the energy use in the developing nations will exceed energy use in the industrialized countries. Utilization of the human resources in the newly industrializing nations will be a key factor to ensure global economic stability, and an important element towards an increase in their standard of living will be assurance of a secure and economic source of power. Lessons learned from the industrialized nations will include avoidance of fragility of their economy based on the dependence of fossil fuels, and the negative environmental consequences; simply stated the economic future of the newly industrializing nations is very dependent on the deployment of nuclear power.
The Modular High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (MHTGR), with its unquestionable safety, must be viewed as a leading candidate to meet the aforementioned energy needs. Utilizing a helium turbine power conversion system, the basic module rating is around 200 MW(e). The modular approach permits incremental expansion as the electrical grid infrastructure expands. The nuclear gas turbine plant has many attributes, including the following: (1) complete factory fabrication and assembly; (2) minimum site construction work; (3) siting flexibility (cooling water not required since economic dry cooling can be realized with the Brayton cycle); (4) operation in a cogeneration mode without loss of electrical output (i.e., steam production, desalination); and (5) increasing local participation in module fabrication as the system matures.
This paper highlights the advantages of the modular nuclear gas turbine plant, and emphasizes the fact that the major components are based on proven technology. With introduction of this inherently safe, high efficiency, nuclear power plant shortly after the turn of the century, the ever-increasing demand for power throughout the 21st century by the newly industrializing nations will be assured.
Substitution of Lightweight Ceramics for Alloy and Silicon Carbide in a Hot Gas Filter
Authors: Zievers J. F. , Eggerstedt P. , Aguilar P. , Zievers E. C. 
Published: February 2015

Ceramic candle filters have proven to be an effective means of removing particulates to levels exceeding New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) in high temperature applications. The traditional “hard” ceramic filter elements, typically formed from granules of silicon carbide, mullite, etc., however, have shown to be susceptible to failure from physical shock, thermal stress, and chemical attack. Additionally, these hard, dense candles can be costly and present internal filter design problems due to their relatively high weight.
A good deal has been written about the use of porous ceramics in the filtration of high temperature gases for removal of particulate matter. Unlike the dense, granular ceramic filter elements, vacuum formed chopped ceramic fiber (VFCF) filters represent an attractive alternative. Composed of commercially available chopped ceramic fibers and utilizing existing vacuum forming technology, low cost filter elements with excellent physical and thermal shock resistance are now available. The ceramic fiber filter “skeleton” can be “post-treated” with refractory materials to enhance strength and chemical resistance, as well as to change permeability to suit a particular application. Also, because the ceramic fiber skeleton has greater porosity and is composed of low density materials, the final product is significantly lighter in weight than the traditional dense ceramic elements, making overall filter design an easier task.
The use of ceramics extends beyond that of filter elements, however. Ceramics in the form of refractory have long been used to protect metal structures from high temperature and abrasion, and an extensive body of literature deals with this subject. Castable refractories, for example, can be utilized to achieve special shapes that exhibit excellent strength at high temperatures. Recently, several other papers have dealt with the use of lightweight ceramics as filter media as well as structural members.