bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal degradation kinetics, mechanical, and flame retardant properties of epoxy‐HDPE fabric‐clay composite laminates
Authors: Niranjana Prabhu T. , Demappa T. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTAddition of particulates into laminates has been found to influence thermal and mechanical properties. Composite laminates of epoxy‐high density polyethylene (HDPE) fabric‐clay were prepared by reinforcing clay in the range of 0.1–0.7 phr into epoxy‐HDPE fabric laminates. These laminates are characterized for their mechanical, thermal, and flame retardant performances. With the addition of clay, an increase was found in impact resistance, tensile strength, flexural strength, and Young's modulus to an extent of 0.2 phr clay, after which there is a decrease in these properties. The thermal stability is found to decrease with the addition of clay. The improved mechanical properties are obtained at the slight expense of thermal stability. UL‐94 tests indicate a reduction in the burning rate. Morphology of the broken samples indicate better dispersion at lower clay load and tactoid formation at higher clay loading. These materials have potential applications in agriculture, construction, and decorative purposes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40751.
The influence of viscoelastic property measurements on the predicted rolling resistance of belt conveyors
Authors: O'Shea Jayne I. , Wheeler Craig A. , Munzenberger Paul J. , Ausling Daniel G. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis article discusses how determining the viscoelastic properties of the cover material of a conveyor belt, using different rheological test modes, can result in significant differences in properties for the same material and testing conditions. The viscoelastic properties are applied to two mathematical models used to predict and compare the indentation rolling resistance performance of two rubber compounds. This article demonstrates how inaccuracies in the testing of the viscoelastic properties could result in a material with higher indentation rolling resistance properties being selected for a conveying system, making the power consumption of the system larger than necessary. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40755.
The Structural Robustness of the Induction Motor Stator Currents Subsystem
Authors: Amezquita‐Brooks Luis , Liceaga‐Castro Eduardo , Liceaga‐Castro Jesús 
Published: April 2014

AbstractStator‐currents control is essential for several high‐performance induction motor control schemes such as field oriented control. There are numerous reports dealing with sophisticated control schemes for this subsystem. However, classical linear controllers remain widely used due to their experimental success and simplicity. Considering that the induction motor stator currents subsystem is normally represented by a fifth order non‐linear multivariable model, it is remarkable that simple fixed linear controllers, such as typical proportional integral schemes, are able to provide adequate robustness and performance in practice. In fact, it is normally assumed that this subsystem is “easy” to control, and the difficulties are mostly technical. Moreover, it is common practice to consider a stable first order linear single input single output (SISO) system as a design model. On the other hand, it is widely known that stable and minimum phase uncertain SISO systems are also “easy” to control. In this article it is formally demonstrated that the stator currents subsystem of the induction motor is the multivariable equivalent of such SISO systems. That is, it is formally demonstrated that this process is “easy” to control. This result may assist with better induction motor control and may serve as an example of the evaluation of similar multivariable systems. Real time experimental results are included.
In vitro ketamine CYP3A‐mediated metabolism study using mammalian liver S9 fractions, cDNA expressed enzymes and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Santamaria Raphaël , Pailleux Floriane , Beaudry Francis 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTKetamine is widely used in medicine in combination with several benzodiazepines, including midazolam. The objectives of this study were to develop a novel HPLC‐MS/selected reaction monitoring (SRM) method capable of quantifying ketamine and norketamine using an isotopic dilution strategy in biological matrices and study the formation of norketamine, the principal metabolite of ketamine with and without the presence of midazolam, a well‐known CYP3A substrate. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a Thermo Betasil Phenyl 100 × 2 mm column combined with an isocratic mobile phase composed of acetonitrile, methanol, water and formic acid (60:20:20:0.4) at a flow rate of 300 μL/min. The mass spectrometer was operating in selected reaction monitoring mode and the analytical range was set at 0.05–50 μm. The precision (CV) and accuracy (NOM) observed were 3.9–7.8 and 95.9–111.1% respectively. The initial rate of formation of norketamine was determined using various ketamine concentrations and Km values of 18.4, 13.8 and 30.8 μm for rat, dog and human liver S9 fractions were observed, respectively. The metabolic stability of ketamine on liver S9 fractions was significantly higher in human (T1/2 = 159.4 min) compared with rat (T1/2 = 12.6 min) and dog (T1/2 = 7.3 min) liver S9 fractions. Moreover significantly lower IC50 and Ki values observed in human compared with rat and dog liver S9 fractions. Experiments with cDNA expressed CYP3A enzymes showed that the formation of norketamine is mediated by CYP3A but results suggest an important contribution from other isoenzymes, most likely CYP2C particularly in rat. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perioperative chemotherapy for muscle‐invasive bladder cancer: A population‐based outcomes study
Authors: Booth Christopher M. , Siemens D. Robert , Li Gavin , Peng Yingwei , Tannock Ian F. , Kong Weidong , Berman David M. , Mackillop William J. 
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUNDPractice guidelines recommend neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) for bladder cancer. However, the evidence in support of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) is less robust. Here we describe whether the evidence of efficacy for NACT/ACT was sufficient to change clinical practice and whether the efficacy demonstrated in clinical trials was translated into effectiveness in the general population.METHODSElectronic records of treatment were linked to the population‐based Ontario Cancer Registry to identify all patients with bladder cancer treated with cystectomy in Ontario 1994‐2008. Utilization of NACT/ACT was compared across 1994‐1998, 1999‐2003, and 2004‐2008. Logistic regression was used to analyze factors associated with NACT/ACT. Cox model and propensity score analyses were used to explore the association between ACT and survival.RESULTSTwo thousand forty‐four patients underwent cystectomy for muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Use of NACT remained stable (mean, 4%), whereas utilization of ACT increased over time (16%, 18%, 22%; P = .001). Advanced stage (T3/T4; OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.38‐2.46) and node‐positive disease (OR, 8.10; 95% CI, 6.20‐10.7) were associated with greater utilization of ACT. Five‐year overall survival (OS) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) for all patients was 29% (95% CI, 28%‐31%) and 33% (95% CI, 31%‐35%), respectively. Utilization of ACT was associated with improved OS (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.62‐0.81) and CSS (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.64‐0.84). Results were consistent in propensity score analyses.CONCLUSIONSNACT remains substantially underutilized in routine clinical practice. Our results suggest that perioperative chemotherapy is associated with a substantial survival benefit in the general population. Patients who are planning to undergo cystectomy for bladder cancer should be reviewed by a multidisciplinary team. Cancer 2014;120:1630–1638. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Analysis of flow changes in side branches jailed by flow diverters in rabbit models
Authors: Cebral Juan R. , Raschi Marcelo , Mut Fernando , Ding Yong‐Hond , Dai Daying , Kadirvel Ramanathan , Kallmes David 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYUnderstanding the flow alteration in side branches during flow diversion treatment of cerebral aneurysms is important to prevent ischemic complications and improve device designs. Flow diverters were placed in the aorta of four rabbits crossing the origin of side arteries. Subject‐specific computational models were constructed from 3D angiographies and Doppler ultrasounds (DUSs). Flow simulations were run before and after virtually deploying the flow diverters, assuming distal resistances remained unchanged after treatment. All jailed arteries remained patent angiographically 8 weeks after treatment. The computational models estimated decreases compared to pretreatment in the mean flow rates between 2% and 20% and in peak flow rates between 5% and 36%. The major changes were observed during systole. Flow patterns did not exhibit recirculation zones before treatment. Implantation of the flow diverters altered the flow structure only locally near the device wires. No major recirculation regions were created or destroyed. Flow diverters seem safe with respect to perforator or side branch occlusion. Relatively small changes in flow rates through jailed arteries are expected, even for moderate to large degrees of coverage of their origins. These results seem consistent with previous clinical experiences where no or very few complications related to perforator occlusion have been reported.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated detection of circulating tumor cells with naive Bayesian classifiers
Authors: Svensson Carl‐Magnus , Krusekopf Solveigh , Lücke Jörg , Thilo Figge Marc 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPersonalized medicine is a modern healthcare approach where information on each person's unique clinical constitution is exploited to realize early disease intervention based on more informed medical decisions. The application of diagnostic tools in combination with measurement evaluation that can be performed in a reliable and automated fashion plays a key role in this context. As the progression of various cancer diseases and the effectiveness of their treatments are related to a varying number of tumor cells that circulate in blood, the determination of their extremely low numbers by liquid biopsy is a decisive prognostic marker. To detect and enumerate circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in a reliable and automated fashion, we apply methods from machine learning using a naive Bayesian classifier (NBC) based on a probabilistic generative mixture model. Cells are collected with a functionalized medical wire and are stained for fluorescence microscopy so that their color signature can be used for classification through the construction of Red‐Green‐Blue (RGB) color histograms. Exploiting the information on the fluorescence signature of CTCs by the NBC does not only allow going beyond previous approaches but also provides a method of unsupervised learning that is required for unlabeled training data. A quantitative comparison with a state‐of‐the‐art support vector machine, which requires labeled data, demonstrates the competitiveness of the NBC method. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Precipitation event distribution in Central Argentina: spatial and temporal patterns
Authors: Magliano Patricio N. , Fernández Roberto J. , Mercau Jorge L. , Jobbágy Esteban G. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe annual amount of precipitation inputs received by a site during a full year is considered a dominant spatial and temporal control of primary productivity and other related process in arid to subhumid ecosystems. However, to be effectively used by plants, these inputs have to escape runoff, favoured by large and less frequent precipitation events, and evaporation losses, favoured by small and more frequent events. Thus, available water for plant transpiration is not only influenced by the annual sum of precipitation events but also by their frequency‐size distribution. In this paper, we characterize this distribution and its association to total annual precipitation inputs through space (five sites along a tenfold precipitation gradient across 1000 km) and time (1961–2010) in the plains of central Argentina. We decomposed total precipitation into two structural components, which are the frequency and mean size of events, showing that they have similar contributions (log–log slopes ≈ 0·5) explaining precipitation shifts in space. Over time, however, we found a preponderance of mean event size explaining precipitation fluctuations, particularly towards wetter sites (log–log slopes increasing from 0·61 to 0·88). The relative variability of event sizes, independent of their mean size (i.e. inequality), was numerically characterized with Gini coefficients derived from Lorenz curves, which showed highly constant values in space and time. Assuming fixed event‐size thresholds for evaporation and runoff, and ignoring other controls beyond precipitation structure, the proportion of water potentially available for plant transpiration grew with total precipitation, raising from 0·45 to 0·71 from the driest to the wettest sites, but displaying stronger responses to total precipitation in time, particularly in drier sites. No long‐term trends in any of the precipitation structure variables were detected. Response functions of frequency and mean size of events to annual precipitation together with Lorenz curves appeared to be robust descriptors of precipitation regimes that, not requiring any a priori assumptions, are useful to assess how spatial and temporal shifts in total precipitation may concurrently affect its relative availability for plant transpiration. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of a C1–C10 Building Block (“Southwestern Moiety”) for the Unnatural Enantiomers of the Polyene Polyol Antibiotics Filipin III and Pentamycin: A Sultone‐Forming Ring‐Closing Metathesis for Protection of Homoallylic Alcohols
Authors: Walleser Patrick , Brückner Reinhard 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn C2‐symmetric diol 10 one OH group was substituted by crotonic acid and the other was incorporated in an ethenesulfonate. A twofold ring‐closing metathesis under forcing conditions provided unsaturated lactone/unsaturated sultone 24. Conjugate addition of Li2(PhMe2Si)2Cu(CN) to both C=C bonds was followed by opening of the sultone moiety with Bu4N+F–. Resultant homoallylic alcohol 28 was carried on to acetonide‐containing lactone 31. Its CpTiCl2 enolate underwent a completely diastereoselective aldol addition to hexanal. Functional group interconversions rendered “southwestern” C1–C10 building block 37. The steps (1) ethenesulfonylation of a homoallylic alcohol, (2) sultone formation, (3) Li2(PhMe2Si)2Cu(CN) addition, and (4) alcohol release by fluoride‐induced fragmentation, from our main sequence represent a new protection/deprotection stragegy for a secondary homoallylic alcohol, as demonstrated with a model compound, too.
Synthesis of Pyranonucleoside‐6′‐triphosphates through the cycloSal‐Method
Authors: Huchting Johanna , Meier Chris 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe high yielding synthesis of pyranonucleoside‐6′‐triphosphates by using the cycloSal‐method is described. Synthesis of the activated cycloSal‐pyranonucleoside‐6′‐phosphate triesters was achieved by applying a synthetic route that had been developed for the synthesis of cycloSal‐(glycopyranosyl‐6)‐phosphates by us. The route involved regioselective 6′‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyl protection and exchange of the silyl protecting group by the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group. The 6′‐Fmoc‐protected derivatives were selectively converted into the cycloSal‐triester. These were then very efficiently converted into triphosphates by a “titration‐like” reaction with pyrophosphate. Simple purification by first ion exchange followed by reversed phase (RP) column chromatography afforded the triphosphates in very good yields.
Effects of copper exposure on hatching success and early larval survival in marbled salamanders, Ambystoma opacum
Authors: Soteropoulos Diana L. , Lance Stacey L. , Flynn R. Wesley , Scott David E. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

The creation of wetlands, such as urban and industrial ponds, has increased in recent decades, and these wetlands often become enriched in pollutants over time. One metal contaminant trapped in created wetlands is copper (Cu2+). Copper concentrations in sediments and overlying water may affect amphibian species that breed in created wetlands. The authors analyzed the Cu concentration in dried sediments from a contaminated wetland and the levels of aqueous Cu released after flooding the sediments with different volumes of water, mimicking low, medium, and high pond-filling events. Eggs and larvae of Ambystoma opacum Gravenhorst, a salamander that lays eggs on the sediments in dry pond beds that hatch on pond-filling, were exposed to a range of Cu concentrations that bracketed potential aqueous Cu levels in created wetlands. Embryo survival varied among clutches, but increased Cu levels did not affect embryo survival. At Cu concentrations of 500 µg/L or greater, however, embryos hatched earlier, and the aquatic larvae died shortly after hatching. Because Cu concentrations in sediments increase over time in created wetlands, even relatively tolerant species such as A. opacum may be affected by Cu levels in the posthatching environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1631–1637. © 2014 SETAC
Partitioning of perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorohexanesulfonate in the aquatic environment after an accidental release of aqueous film forming foam at Schiphol Amsterdam Airport
Authors: Kwadijk Christiaan J.A.F. , Kotterman Michiel , Koelmans Albert A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

In summer 2008, an accidental release of aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) took place at Schiphol Amsterdam Airport (The Netherlands). After the release, water, fish, and sediment samples were collected and analyzed for perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs). In situ perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) sediment–water distribution factor (KD) values, bioaccumulation factor (BAF) values, and biota–sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values showed a remarkable agreement among reference and impacted sites, 10 wk after the incident as well as after 3 yr. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1761–1765. © 2014 SETAC
Canopy conductance in a two‐storey Siberian boreal larch forest, Russia
Authors: Xue Bao‐Lin , Li Zhanling , Yin Xin‐An , Zhang Tieliang , Iida Shin'ichi , Otsuki Kyoichi , Ohta Takeshi , Guo Qinghua 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA larch forest in eastern Siberia was characterized by the presence of two distinct storeys, the overstorey with a small leaf area index (LAI) and a dense understorey with a relatively large LAI. To understand the roles of the overstorey and understorey in forest–atmosphere water exchange, canopy conductance (Gc), a critical parameter used in determining the energy and mass exchange, was calculated on the basis of latent heat flux above the overstorey and understorey, measured separately. Results showed that Gc for the overstorey (Gco) and understorey (Gcu) experienced different seasonal fluctuations. Gco was smaller than Gcu during periods of leaf expansion and leaf fall and showed an increasing trend until 1 month after the onset of leaf expansion. In contrast, a sharp decrease in Gco was observed immediately before onset of leaf fall. Furthermore, Gco was slightly larger than Gcu during the fully foliated period. A simple model using solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit (D) as inputs successfully reproduced the Gc in fully foliated periods with acceptable accuracy. Furthermore, both the understorey and overstorey in this study have a large reference Gc (Gc at D = 1 KPa) than their counterparts of other boreal forests and would not be able to sustain a constant leaf–soil water potential difference as D increases. We speculated that this confers the forest with an advantage allowing it to be able to sustain carbon assimilation during large D days and thus provides for the survival of the ecosystem during the short growing season at this site. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological model uncertainty due to precipitation‐phase partitioning methods
Authors: Harder Phillip , Pomeroy John W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPrecipitation‐phase partitioning methods (PPMs) that are used in simulating cold‐region hydrological processes vary significantly. Typically, PPMs are based on empirical algorithms that are driven by readily available near‐surface air temperature but ignore the physical processes controlling precipitation phase by not incorporating humidity. Because these lack any physical basis, there is uncertainty in their spatial and temporal transferability. Recently, humidity‐based methods that have a stronger physical basis and smaller uncertainty have been developed. To quantify the uncertainty that empirical PPMs introduce into hydrological simulations, a cold‐region hydrological modelling platform was used with a physically based PPM and a selection of empirical PPMs to calculate a set of snow regime and streamflow regime indices. The empirical PPMs included a single air temperature threshold and a double air temperature threshold, whereas the physically based PPM used a psychrometric energy balance model. All calculations were run with near‐surface meteorological observations that typically drive hydrological models. Intercomparison of the hydrological responses to the PPMs highlighted substantial differences between the wide range of responses to empirical algorithms and the very small uncertainty due to physically based methods. Uncertainty of hydrological processes, quantified by simulating over a range of air temperature thresholds, reached 20% for the rainfall fraction, 0.4 mm/day for basin discharge, 160 mm of peak snow water equivalent, 36 days for hydrological uncertainty snow cover duration, 26 days for snow‐free date and 10 days for peak discharge date. The implication of this research is that the reduced uncertainty derived from implementing physically based PPMs, for operational or research purposes, are greatest for snowpack prediction in mountain basins. However for streamflow discharge calculations, the reduced uncertainty was greatest in prairie and alpine basins due to the additional effects of precipitation phase calculations on frozen soil infiltration and summer snowmelt processes respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of land use on the quality of runoff along Israel′s coastal strip (demonstrated in the cities of Herzliya and Ra′anana)
Authors: Goldshleger Naftaly , Maor Alon , Garzuzi Jamil , Asaf Lior 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study presents an analysis of the quality of urban runoff from various land uses by remote‐sensing and GIS technology coupled with hydrological and chemical monitoring. The study areas were located in the cities of Herzliya and Ra′anana, in Israel′s coastal plain, where extensive urbanization has occurred over the last 30 years. Land uses in urban basins were analysed; rain and runoff were measured and sampled at measurement stations representing different land uses (residential, industrial, commercial and roads). The aim was to analyse uses by different remote‐sensing and GIS techniques, to evaluate the quality of urban storm water from various land uses and to verify a method for predicting the impact of urban land uses on the quantity and quality of urban storm water. The quality of urban storm water from residential areas was generally very high, and the water is suitable for reuse or direct recharge into the local aquifer. In light of the serious state of the Israeli water sector and the large amounts of unused runoff produced by Israel′s cities, together with the high quality of urban storm water drained from the residential areas, it is important to exploit this water source. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.