bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compare the Efficacy of Two Commercially Available Mouthrinses in reducing Viable Bacterial Count in Dental Aerosol produced during Ultrasonic Scaling when used as a Preprocedural Rinse
Authors: Shetty Shamila K , Sharath Karanth , Shenoy Santhosh , Sreekumar Chandini , Shetty Rashmi N , Biju Thomas 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Aim
To evaluate and compare the efficacy of preprocedural mouthrinses (chlorhexidine digluconate and tea tree oil) in reducing microbial content of aerosol product during ultrasonic scaling procedures by viable bacterial count.

Settings and design
It was a randomized single blind, placebocontrolled parallel group study.

Materials and methods
Sixty subjects were randomly assigned to rinse 10 ml of any one of the mouthrinses (chlorhexidine digluconate or tea tree oil or distilled water). Ultrasonic scaling was done for a period of 10 minutes in presence of trypticase soy agar plates placed at standardized distance. Plates were then sent for microbiological evaluation for the aerosol produced.

Results
This study showed that all the antiseptic mouthwashes significantly reduced the bacterial colony forming units (CFUs) in aerosol samples. Chlorhexidine rinses were found to be superior to tea tree when used preprocedurally in reducing aerolized bacteria.

Conclusion
This study advocates preprocedural dural rinsing with an effective antimicrobial mouthrinse during any dental treatment which generates aerosols, reduces the risk of crosscontamination with infectious agents in the dental operatory.

Clinical significance
The aerolization of oral microbes occurring during dental procedures can potentially result in cross-contamination in the dental operatory and transmission of infectious agents to both dental professionals and patient. It is reasonable to assume therefore, that any stratagem for reducing the viable bacterial content of these aerosols could lower the risk of cross-contamination.

How to cite this article
Shetty SK, Sharath K, Shenoy S, Sreekumar C, Shetty RN, Biju T. Compare the Efficacy of Two Commercially Available Mouthrinses in reducing Viable Bacterial Count in Dental Aerosol produced during Ultrasonic Scaling when used as a Preprocedural Rinse. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):848-851.
The Effect of Different Bracket Base Cleaning Method on Shear Bond Strength of Rebonded Brackets
Authors: Maaitah Emad F Al , Alomari Sawsan , Alhaija Elham S Abu , Saf Ahmed AM 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Aim
To assess the effect of different bracket base conditioning method on shear bond strength (SBS) of rebonded brackets.

Materials and methods
Eighty brackets were bonded to freshly extracted premolar teeth using light cured composite adhesive. SBS was measured for 20 random samples as control group (G1). After debonding, 60 debonded brackets were allocated randomly into three groups of bracket base conditioning methods to remove the remaining adhesives. G2: bracket base cleaned with slow speed round carbide bur (CB), G3: cleaned with ultrasonic scaler (US), G4: cleaned with sandblasting (SB). After that, brackets were rebonded in the same manner as first bonding and SBS was measured. Modified adhesive remnant index (ARI) was recorded for all groups.

Results
SBS for new brackets was 11.95 MPa followed by 11.65 MPa for G2, 11.56 MPa for G4 and 11.04 MPa for G3 group. There were no statistically significant differences between all groups (p = 0.946). In all groups, failure mode showed that the majority of adhesive composite remained on the bracket base with ARI of 4. There was no statistically significant difference between all groups in ARI (p = 0.584).

Conclusion
In-office methods; slow speed CB and US are effective, quick and cheap methods for bracket base cleaning for rebonding.

How to cite this article
Al Maaitah EF, Alomari S, Alhaija ESA, Safi AAM. The Effect of Different Bracket Base Cleaning Method on Shear Bond Strength of Rebonded Brackets. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):866-870.
The Correction of Maxillary Deficiency with Internal Distraction Devices: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Öz A Alper , Özer Mete , Eroglu Lütfi , Özdemir Oguz Suleyman 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Aim
The purpose of this case report is to present the orthodontic, surgical and restorative treatments in the case of an operated cleft lip and palate and severe maxillary deficiency in a 14-year-old female patient.

Background
Only orthodontic treatment could be inefficient for cleft lip and palate patients characterized with maxillary hypoplasia. Orthodontic and surgical treatment shows sufficient results, especially with severe skeletal deficiency.

Case report
A cleft lip and palate patient required complex multidisciplinary treatment to preserve health and restore esthetics. Dental leveling and alignment of the maxillary and mandibular teeth were provided before the surgery. Maxillary advancement and clockwise rotation of the maxillary-mandibular complex was applied by a Le Fort 1 osteotomy with two internal distraction devices. After the active treatment including orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery, upper full mouth ceramic restoration was applied.

Conclusion
This report shows the efficiency of internal distraction devices in cleft lip palate patients and exemplifies the multidisciplinary care required for such difficult cases.

Clinical significance
Stable improved occlusion and skeletal relations were observed after a follow-up examination period of 12 months.

How to cite this article
Öz AA, Özer M, Eroglu L, Özdemir OS. The Correction of Maxillary Deficiency with Internal Distraction Devices: A Multidisciplinary Approach. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):957-962.
Extra Roots and Root Canals in Premolar and Molar Teeth: Review of an Endodontic Challenge
Authors: Jafarzadeh Hamid , Mohammadi Zahed , Shalavi Sousan 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe main goal of endodontic treatment is healing of the periapical tissues which are gained by elimination of bacteria and their byproducts from the canal and prevention from reinfection. Understanding of root canal anatomy is an essential part in endodontic treatment. Anatomic forms and variations in special teeth should be well known, one of them is extra roots/ canals. Although possible aberrations of canal anatomy should be considered for all teeth, some teeth should be highlighted. This review addresses the prevalence, diagnosis (clinical and radiographic), and endodontic management of teeth with extra roots/canals.How to cite this articleMohammadi Z, Shalavi S, Jafarzadeh H. Extra Roots and Root Canals in Premolar and Molar Teeth: Review of an Endodontic Challenge J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):980-986.
Conservation Laws, Financial Entropy and the Eurozone Crisis
Authors: Cockshott Paul , Zachariah David 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The article starts by examining the idea of conservation laws as applied to market economies. It formulates a measure of financial entropy and gives numerical simula-tions indicating that this tends to rise. We discuss an analogue for free energy released during this process. The concepts of real and symbolic appropriation are introduced as a means to analyse debt and taxation. We then examine the conflict between the conservation laws that apply to commodity exchange with the exponential growth implied by capital accumulation and how these have necessitated a sequence of evolutionary forms for money, and go on to present a simple stochastic model for the formation of rates of interest and a model for the time evolution of the rate of profit.
Working-Week Flexibility: Implications for Employment and Productivity
Authors: Osuna Victoria 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This paper evaluates the effects for the Spanish case of allowing greater flexibility regarding the weekly hours worked on the working week, employment and productivity. A baseline model economy is calibrated to reproduce the cross-sectional distribution of workweeks across plants, as well as certain features of the Spanish economy. The author compares the steadystate status quo, where a forty-hour workweek is imposed and no flexibility is allowed, and the steady-state of economies with a higher degree of flexibility in weekly hours. The 2012 reform is found to preserve employment and generate a 1.72% increase in productivity. In the work-sharing scenario, the increase in employment (1.86%) comes at the expense of a lower increase in productivity (1.31%). Finally, the full flexibility scenario preserves employment and generates a substantial increase in productivity (2.6%).
Prospectively Isolated NGN3-Expressing Progenitors From Human Embryonic Stem Cells Give Rise to Pancreatic Endocrine Cells
Authors: Cai Qing , Bonfanti Paola , Sambathkumar Rangarajan , Vanuytsel Kim , Vanhove Jolien , Gysemans Conny , Debiec-Rychter Maria , Raitano Susanna , Heimberg Harry , Ordovas Laura , Verfaillie Catherine M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Pancreatic endocrine progenitors obtained from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) represent a promising source to develop cell-based therapies for diabetes. Although endocrine pancreas progenitor cells have been isolated from mouse pancreata on the basis of Ngn3 expression, human endocrine progenitors have not been isolated yet. As substantial differences exist between human and murine pancreas biology, we investigated whether it is possible to isolate pancreatic endocrine progenitors from differentiating hESC cultures by lineage tracing of NGN3. We targeted the 3′ end of NGN3 using zinc finger nuclease-mediated homologous recombination to allow selection of NGN3eGFP+ cells without disrupting the coding sequence of the gene. Isolated NGN3eGFP+ cells express PDX1, NKX6.1, and chromogranin A and differentiate in vivo toward insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin single hormone-expressing cells but not to ductal or exocrine pancreatic cells or other endodermal, mesodermal, or ectodermal lineages. This confirms that NGN3+ cells represent pancreatic endocrine progenitors in humans. In addition, this hESC reporter line constitutes a unique tool that may aid in gaining insight into the developmental mechanisms underlying fate choices in human pancreas and in developing cell-based therapies.
Concise Review: Drug Discovery in the Age of the Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
Authors: Ko Huaising C. , Gelb Bruce D. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
For decades, the paradigm of drug discovery and development has relied on immortalized cell lines, animal models of human disease, and clinical trials. With the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology in 2007, a new human in vitro drug testing platform has potentially augmented this set of tools by providing additional ways to screen compounds for safety and efficacy. The growing number of human disease models made with patient-specific iPSCs has made it possible to conduct research on a wide range of disorders, including rare diseases and those with multifactorial origin, as well as to simulate drug effects on difficult-to-obtain tissues such as brain and cardiac muscle. Toxicity and teratogenicity assays developed with iPSC-derived cells can also provide an additional layer of safety before advancing drugs to clinical trials. The incorporation of iPSC technology into drug therapy development holds promise as a more powerful and nuanced approach to personalized medicine.
Effects of entrainment and mixing on droplet size distributions in warm cumulus clouds
Authors: Krueger Steven K. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA long‐standing problem in cloud physics is the broadening of the cloud droplet spectrum in warm cumulus clouds. To isolate the changes of the droplet size distribution (DSD) due to entrainment and turbulent mixing, we used the Explicit Mixing Parcel Model (EMPM). The EMPM explicitly represents spatial variability due to entrainment and turbulent mixing down to the smallest turbulence scales in a one‐dimensional domain. Several thousand individual droplets evolve by condensation or evaporation according to their local environments. We used EMPM results to characterize the evolution of the DSD due to entrainment and isobaric mixing for a wide range of conditions in a 20 m domain, including variations in entrained environmental air fraction, the turbulence dissipation rate, the size of the entrained blobs, and the relative humidity of the entrained air. We found that the broadening of the DSD due to entrainment and isobaric mixing for a specific value of the entrained air relative humidity depends only on the eddy mixing time scale and the LWC after mixing. Broadening increases substantially as the evaporation time scale decreases due to decreasing relative humidity of the entrained air. Our results also show that it is possible to parameterize the effects of entrainment and mixing on the droplet number concentration. The comprehensive results obtained for one set of values of entrained air relative humidity, droplet size, and droplet concentration should be extended to other values.
Patterns of regional hydroclimatic shifts: An analysis of changing hydrologic regimes
Authors: Coopersmith E. J. , Minsker B. S. , Sivapalan M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTemporal shifts in precipitation and runoff regime curves appear throughout the continental United States, but differ from region to region. This paper explores these regime shifts by building upon a hydroclimatic classification system that partitions the United States into clusters of similarly behaved catchments using four simple hydroclimatic indicators. Hydroclimate data from over four hundred catchments over a 55 year period (belonging to the MOPEX data set) are analyzed to reveal how the indicators have shifted before and after 1970, before and after 1975, and before and after 1980. Statistically significant hydroclimatic changes in these indicators are explored qualitatively, suggesting which catchments today might resemble other catchments tomorrow. Thus, a preview of current locations in one class under future conditions is provided by observing existing locations of another class. The classification system structure enables organization of these data, allowing patterns of regime change to emerge without highly specified models at each individual site. Regional analyses explore changes in mean seasonal precipitation/runoff regimes, including shifts in the daily variability of precipitation and runoff. Additionally, changes in regime curves of minimum and maximum precipitation/runoff observations are analyzed and discussed. Results indicate that after 1980, classifications typically found in the southeastern quarter of the United States have expanded northward and westward. Regionally, the Midwest and Rocky Mountains seem to demonstrate more frequent, but less intense storms after 1980, while southeastern catchments receive much less water in the form of precipitation and runoff than in previous years.
Introducing a terrestrial carbon pool in warm desert bedrock mountains, southwestern USA
Authors: Harrison Emma J. , Dorn Ronald I. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractGrowth of the Phoenix metropolitan area led to road cut or house platform exposures of the internal bedrock material of surrounding semiarid mountain ranges. Similar exposures in the surrounding Sonoran and Mojave Deserts reveal the presence of sedimentary calcium carbonate infilling the preexisting fracture matrix of the bedrock. Field surveys at 31 sites with bedrock fractures filled with carbonate, referred to as BFFC in the following text, reveal an average of 0.079 ± 0.036 mTC/m2 stored in the upper 2 m of analyzed bedrock exposures. Backscattered electron microscopy images indicate the presence of carbonate at the micron scale, not included in this estimate of carbon storage. Pilot radiocarbon and Sr isotope analyses suggest that one of the surveyed BFFC veins was flushed into the bedrock from a nonbedrock source during the wetter last glacial period in the late Pleistocene.
CO2 and CH4 emissions from streams in a lake‐rich landscape: Patterns, controls, and regional significance
Authors: Crawford John T. , Lottig Noah R. , Stanley Emily H. , Walker John F. , Hanson Paul C. , Finlay Jacques C. , Striegl Robert G. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAquatic ecosystems are important components of landscape carbon budgets. In lake‐rich landscapes, both lakes and streams may be important sources of carbon gases (CO2 and CH4) to the atmosphere, but the processes that control gas concentrations and emissions in these interconnected landscapes have not been adequately addressed. We use multiple data sets that vary in their spatial and temporal extent during 2001–2012 to investigate the carbon gas source strength of streams in a lake‐rich landscape and to determine the contribution of lakes, metabolism, and groundwater to stream CO2 and CH4. We show that streams emit roughly the same mass of CO2 (23.4 Gg C yr−1; 0.49 mol CO2 m−2 d−1) as lakes at a regional scale (27 Gg C yr−1) and that stream CH4 emissions (189 Mg C yr−1; 8.46 mmol CH4 m−2 d−1) are an important component of the regional greenhouse gas balance. Gas transfer velocity variability (range = 0.34 to 13.5 m d−1) contributed to the variability of gas flux in this landscape. Groundwater inputs and in‐stream metabolism control stream gas supersaturation at the landscape scale, while carbon cycling in lakes and deep groundwaters does not control downstream gas emissions. Our results indicate the need to consider connectivity of all aquatic ecosystems (lakes, streams, wetlands, and groundwater) in lake‐rich landscapes and their connections with the terrestrial environment in order to understand the full nature of the carbon cycle.
Northern PMC brightness zonal variability and its correlation with temperature and water vapor
Authors: Rong P. P. , Russell J. M. , Randall C. E. , Bailey S. M. , Lambert A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPolar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) measured by the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size instrument on the AIM satellite show strong zonal asymmetries, with prominent planetary‐scale variations. The correlations between zonal variations of cloud brightness and temperature or water vapor (H2O) are determined in different stages of the PMC season. Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measured temperature and water vapor are used in the analysis. A zero‐dimensional (0‐D) PMC model was used to interpret the observation. Analyses of all days of the five northern seasons from 2007 to 2011 indicate that temperature and albedo daily zonal variations are anticorrelated in the season start and end, whereas in the core of the season the correlation is relatively poor. The albedo and H2O correlation in the zonal direction is poor throughout the season. Zero‐dimensional model physics indicates that when clouds are weaker, or the environment is warmer and drier, temperature plays an increasingly important role in determining the cloud ice mass variation, which explains the stronger correlation of temperature and albedo at the start and end of the season. Water vapor takes a strong role in determining the ice mass variation in the core of the season when the clouds are stronger and the environment is colder and wetter. However, on a daily basis the H2O depletion associated with the ice production will lead to significant shift of the ice maxima and “post‐ice” H2O maxima in the zonal direction, which leads to the poor correlation between the observed H2O and albedo.
An Efficient Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Cinnamyl Ethers from Aromatic Halides, Phenols, and Allylic Chloride
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhou Rong , Jiang Zhi‐Jie , Wang Kun , Fu Hai‐Yan , Zheng Xue‐Li , Chen Hua , Li Rui‐Xiang 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA one‐pot, two‐step catalytic protocol for the preparation of cinnamyl ethers from simple and readily available aryl halides, phenols and allyl chloride is reported for the first time. This simple and highly efficient palladium nanoparticles catalytic system shows good regio‐ and stereoselectivities and affords the desired products in good to high yields (49–85%) from aryl iodides. Furthermore, less reactive aryl bromides can also give the cinnamyl ethers in moderate yields (24–72%).magnified image
Modular Synthesis of Functionalisable Alkoxy‐Tethered N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands and an Active Catalyst for Buchwald–Hartwig Aminations
Authors: Krinsky Jamin L. , Martínez Alberto , Godard Cyril , Castillón Sergio , Claver Carmen 
Published: February 2014

AbstractModular syntheses of functionalised, alkoxy‐tethered 1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazolium (IMes⋅H+) and 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium (IPr⋅H+) derivatives 1,3‐bis(4‐alkyloxy‐2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazolium (IXyOR⋅H+) and 1,3‐bis(4‐alkyloxy‐2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium (IPrOR⋅H+) are reported. A reliable synthesis of the key starting material 4‐amino‐3,5‐diisopropylphenol is also described. Etherification of hydroxy‐decorated ligand intermediates before formation of the imidazolium core and subsequent modification, or direct etherification of the versatile synthon IPrOH⋅HCl, allowed access to various linker types including triethoxysilyl, primary amino and norbornenyl, which are not accessible by other methods. An IPrOR–palladium(II) complex was prepared, and its catalytic activity was evaluated in challenging Buchwald–Hartwig aminations of aryl chlorides. This precatalyst displayed excellent activity and selectivity under mild reaction conditions, achieving in some cases a 10‐fold improvement in TOF relative to the IPr‐based version. An unexpected activity profile was observed wherein sterically demanding anilines were coupled more easily than those lacking ortho‐substitution.magnified image
Application of “Click” Chemistry to the Construction of Supramolecular Functional Systems
Authors: Xu Liang , Li Yongjun , Li Yuliang 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe aim of this article is to summarize the recent advances in the synthesis of functional systems based on CuI‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition reaction. This reaction has the ability to exclusively afford 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles regioselectively, which have several features. First, such triazoles have a polarized CH bond, which could be used as a H‐bond donor. Second, its atom arrangement and electronic properties are similar to those of a peptide bond, making it a candidate for an amide surrogate. Third, it has three nitrogen atoms, two of which could be used as coordinating sites for metal ions. Based on these features, 1,2,3‐triazoles have potential applications in the construction of supramolecular functional systems. The design and synthesis strategies for anion receptors, bioactive macrocycles, and molecular machines are reviewed here. And in this scope we focus on foldamer‐based receptors, macrocycle‐based receptors, macrocyclic carbohydrates, macrocyclic peptides, catenanes, and rotaxanes.