bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les coronaviroses des animaux, aspects cliniques et épidémiologiques
Authors: Vannier Philippe 
Published: October 2014

The author reviews the current clinical and epidemiological data on human and animal coronaviruses. The clinical expression of coronavirus infections is associated to their tissue tropism which varies from one virus to another (digestive and respiratory epithelia, nervous tissue, liver, peritoneum, pleura…). The tissue specificity is generally well defined and interspecies transmission appears to be very limited.
Two porcine coronaviruses provide a particularly interesting illustration of one of the hypotheses on the origin of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) : porcine Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV) and Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV), responsible for acute digestive disorders and pneumonia-like respiratory disorders, respectively. TGEV, first described in 1946, causes severe enteritis, especially in young piglets where the mortality rate is 100% ; its tissue tropism is mainly enteric and only mildly respiratory. PRCV, which appeared in 1986, causes extremely contagious but much less pathogenic respiratory disorders than TGEV. Molecular biology studies showed that this virus is a TGEV mutant, with a deletion on 2 RNA sites which changed its tropism radically to being predominantly respiratory and only mildly enteric, along with reduced virulence and enhanced contagiosity (mainly airborne transmission).
The PRCV epizoonosis coincided with the disappearance of TGEV, which suggests a cross-vaccination phenomenon, supported by the close antigenic relationship between the 2 viruses.
Un modèle animal d'étude in vivo d'une réponse immune innée à un coronavirus: la production d'interféron alpha en réponse au virus de la gastro-entérite transmissible (GET) du porc
Authors: Charley Bernard 
Published: October 2014

Les interférons constituent une famille de molécules naturelles dont la fabrication par les cellules est déclenchée par une agression virale. L’auteur traite ici de l’interféron α ; après un rappel de ses propriétés biologiques (antiviral, mais aussi immunomodulateur, antitumoral et responsable de certains effets secondaires comme la fièvre), il décrit les mécanismes d’induction et les cellules productrices. Un modèle d’infection expérimentale du porcelet par le coronavirus de la gastro-entérite transmissible (GET) ou «transmissible gastroenteritis virus» (TGEV) lui a permis de décrire la genèse de cette production chez le porcelet, la nature exacte des cellules productrices qui ne sont ni des lymphocytes T ni des lymphocytes B, mais qui expriment le complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité de classe II.
Des cellules ayant les mêmes propriétés existent dans l’appareil respiratoire de l’homme et dans sa muqueuse nasale. Compte tenu du fait que les coronavirus sont connus pour induire une très forte sécrétion d’interféron, l’auteur en tire quelques conclusions sur l’intérêt de l’exploration du niveau sanguin d’interféron comme aide au diagnostic du SRAS, sur la possibilité de sa participation à l’intensité des signes cliniques, sur son emploi pour une éventuelle vaccination et sur son rôle possible dans les différences individuelles de sensibilité au virus.
La recherche équine française
Authors: Clément Françoise 
Published: October 2014

Facts and figures on equine research in France :
- an annual budget of approximately 8 million Euros,
- 26 research teams including 112 scientists working in 10 different regions of France,
- 400 horses involved in studies,
- 4th in the world in terms of publications (120 articles published per year) ;
- French research is not so active in equine diseases, but its activity in reproduction, doping and social sciences exceeds the average in others countries.
Current trends reflect the new requirements of the industry, i. e. improve horses’ behaviour, combat doping, design breeding programs based on objective criteria and appropriate genetic indices, prevent osteoarticular diseases in young horses, prevent major diseases, and help public and private decisions with social sciences studies.
La leishmaniose canine à Leishmania infantum: essais d'immunothérapie
Authors: Bourdoiseau Gilles , Hugnet Christophe , Papierok Gérard-Marie , Lemesre Jean-Loup 
Published: October 2014

As most methods currently available to treat and control canine leishmaniasis have a limited efficacy, researchers are testing immunotherapeutic methods with great interest. Excreted– secreted antigens (ES Ag) of promastigotes of Leishmania infantum cultured in a defined medium were selected.
Three Leishmania– infected dogs received two intradermal injections of 25 mg of ES Ag, at 3 weeks interval. This treatment was the first ever in one of the dogs, whereas the other two had previously received a standard treatment with Glucantime ® and Zyloric ® . Marked clinical improvement was noted as of Day 15 after the first injection, as well as an intense leishmanicide activity in collected monocytes, and a significant decrease of antibody titres. No clinical relapse was recorded over two years later.
Le chien, modèle de grand animal pour l'étude de l'insulinorésistance associée à l'obésité
Authors: Nguyen Patrick , Gayet Constance , Briand François , Bailhache Edwige , Leray Véronique , Serisier Samuel , Ouguerram Khadija , Magot Thierry , Siliart Brigitte 
Published: October 2014

Pour des raisons notamment éthiques, il n’est pas possible d’étudier chez l’homme les phénomènes physiopathologiques associés à l’évolution conjointe de l’obésité et de la baisse de sensibilité à l’insuline. L’établissement de modèles animaux reflétant la pathologie humaine paraît donc indispensable. Le chien soumis à un régime hyperlipidique semblait répondre aux critères de sélection d’un modèle adapté à l’étude de ce syndrome. Il n’avait cependant été que peu exploré. Le but de notre travail a été d’une part, d’étudier le métabolisme des lipoprotéines et le transport inverse du cholestérol chez le chien sain, puis chez le chien insulinorésistant (IR) et d’autre part, de caractériser l’évolution des modifications plasmatiques associées à l’insulinorésistance, puis de quantifier, au sein de certains tissus cibles de l’insuline (tissus adipeux viscéral et musculaire), l’expression de gènes impliqués dans ce désordre métabolique.
Chez le chien sain, l’apo B100 (apolipoprotéine B100) apparaît exclusivement dans les VLDL dont la production élevée est associée à un catabolisme important, égal à 5 fois celui de l’homme. Ces lipoprotéines subissent une lipolyse partielle, formant les LDL qui contiennent donc aussi de l’apoB100. L’apoB100 des LDL a un métabolisme similaire à celui de l’homme. Le chien sain ne manifeste pas d’activité CETP (cholesterol ester tranfer protein) in vivo, mais présente un transport inverse du cholestérol très actif, notamment associé à une importante capture sélective du cholestérol estérifié des HDL. Le chien pourrait donc s’avérer le meilleur modèle pour l’étude de la modulation de cette voie de retour du cholestérol. Les profils lipidiques des lipoprotéines, obtenus par chromatographie FPLC chez le chien obèse IR, ont montré les mêmes perturbations que chez l’homme IR. La production d’apo B100 dans les VLDL est augmentée et la lipolyse diminuée. La concentration en apo B100 des LDL est diminuée, conséquence d’une production réduite et d’un catabolisme augmenté. Les résultats obtenus aux niveaux transcriptionnel et plasmatique sont également conformes aux observations effectuées chez l’homme (surexpression du gène de la leptine, sous-expression de celui de l’adiponectine, du GLUT4, de la lipoprotéine lipase, des PPAR et des UCP notamment). Sur les deux plans de l’étude, nos résultats confirment que le chien pourrait constituer un bon modèle d’étude, notamment pour l’élucidation des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans le développement de l’insulinorésistance et des dyslipidémies.
Commerce mondial des animaux d'élevage et des viandes : principaux flux et facteurs d'évolution
Authors: Beaumond Nils 
Published: October 2014

The analysis of international meat and livestock trade is a complex task, and any summary review of world exchanges is necessarily over-simplistic. Although this trade is highly regulated and extremely sensitive to health scares and exchange rate movements, it has nevertheless grown significantly over the past 18 years.
Cattle and beef exchanges are currently estimated to represent 13% of world production, with similar results achieved by the ovine industry. However, trade in pork and poultry only accounts for 5 and 10% of the world production, respectively. Live animal trade represents only a small proportion of total exchanges. The strong competition between main exporters and monetary manipulations has pushed world prices down.
The European Union is progressively falling behind in the ranking of exporting countries (in terms of total exchanges as well as absolute figures as far as beef is concerned), while Brazil is positioning itself as the leading exporter of all species.
Maturation ovocytaire in vitro chez la chienne
Authors: Viaris de Lesegno Christine , Tanguy-Dezaux Cécile , Chebrout Martine , Reynaud Karine , Chastant-Maillard Sylvie 
Published: October 2014

L’ovocyte de chienne constitue un modèle de méiose très particulier parmi les mammifères. Sa maturation
in vitro, étudiée depuis une dizaine d’années seulement, reste très mal maîtrisée : faible taux de métaphase II (10 à 20 % contre plus de 90 % chez les bovins) et fort taux de dégénérescence en culture (20 à 60 %) malgré les essais d’amélioration des milieux de culture. Or la maturation in vitro
est une étape indispensable pour avoir accès, tant chez le chien que chez les Canidés en voie de disparition, aux biotechnologies de la reproduction (fécondation et production d’embryons in vitro notamment). Il est indispensable de mieux comprendre la biologie de l’ovocyte chez la chienne pour améliorer les taux de maturation. Nous nous sommes intéressées, en premier lieu, au rôle de l’AMPc dans la reprise de la méiose in vitro. Nous avons modulé la concentration intraovocytaire d’AMPc en soumettant les ovocytes à des molécules qui la diminuent (Rp-AMPc) ou l’augmentent (dbAMPc et forskoline), ou en dénudant l’ovocyte pour arrêter tout apport par les cellules du cumulus. Nous avons ainsi montré que l’AMPc jouerait un rôle dans la poursuite de la méiose dont la reprise serait également contrôlée par une autre voie, peut-être calcique. En parallèle, nous explorons l’évolution de l’ultrastructure de l’ovocyte au cours de la maturation in vivo et in vitro, pour détecter les anomalies cytoplasmiques qui peuvent apparaître au cours de la maturation.
Traitements photopériodiques et reproduction chez les animaux d'élevage
Authors: Chemineau Philippe , Malpaux Benoît , Brillard Jean-Pierre , Fostier Alexis 
Published: October 2014

Photoperiodic treatments and reproduction in farm animals.
Farm animal productions are frequently tied to the seasons, which explain the seasonal variations in availability of fresh animal products (meat, milk, cheese and eggs). Among farmed species, fishes and birds are generally considered as more directly sensitive to external factors (mainly temperature in fish and photoperiod in birds). Artificial photoperiodic treatments are widely used in numerous species including mammals ; they consist in providing extra-light during natural short days (chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, sheep and goats), or in the administration of melatonin during long days (goats, sheep). These measures help adjust the breeding season to the requirements of the breeder and/ or cancel completely seasonal variations of sperm production in semen production centres (mammals) as well as in poultry and fish farms. Additionally, pure light treatments (without melatonin), especially when there is outside access, are non invasive and preserve the animals’ integrity and welfare.
Evolution du code de déontologie vétérinaire
Authors: Guérin Jacques , Rondeau Christian 
Published: October 2014

Changes in the veterinary code of ethics.
The transposition of Directive 2006/123/EC into national law applies to veterinarians. The Veterinary Council has raised the issue with the aim to provide the profession with new tools to regulate the practice of animal medicine and surgery. The proposals promote a simple idea, i. e. to let veterinarians open several private practices or several veterinary companies, in return for genuine regulation. They are based on the concept of a single administrator controlling the practices, backed by proper general terms and conditions. Six aspects were examined : practice limited to one company, limited number of practices and annexes, limited number of employees or self-employed collaborators, a single administrative office, location in commercial premises and communication. These proposals should be finalised by the publication of a new code of ethics expected in 2011.
L’histoire de Staphylococcus aureus ST398 : un paradigme médical du 21ème siècle
Authors: Armand-Lefèvre Laurence , Ruimy Raymond , Philippon Alain , Andremont Antoine 
Published: October 2014

Staphylococus Aureus ST 398 : a medical paradigm of the 21st century.
The potential for nasal and pharyngeal colonization by the bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus, has increased over the last decade, particularly among pigs. The frequency of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains varies, but they constitute a non-negligible risk for those involved in pig production, i. e. pig-keepers, veterinarians, and slaughterhouse workers. Molecular identification by MLST (Multi Locus Sequence Typing) of isolates originally non-typeable (NT) by Pulse Field Electrophoresis clearly showed the predominance in Europe, North America and Asia of the ST398 (CC398) type. So far, this strain does not appear to be highly resistant to antibiotics, with the exception of tetracyclines, and perhaps macrolides, nor does it produce the virulence factors generally associated with CA-MRSA, such as the Panton-Valentine leukocidin. Various types of human infection were reported in several European countries, producing skin and mucous membranes, lungs, endocardium and bacteremic infections. Some experts suggest that, despite their low risk of spreading to humans, these LA (Livestock-Associated) isolates may lead to «a new zoonosis» .
Différences entre les enregistrements des médicaments vétérinaires et humains
Authors: Delaveau Jean 
Published: October 2014

Differences in the registration of veterinary and human pharmaceutical products.
Despite close similarities in the registration procedures and in the development of veterinary and human pharmaceutical products, there are differences in the preparation of the drug master files, as well as in the role of the veterinarians, physicians and pharmacists. The registration of veterinary products must also involve the fate of drugs in the food chain and in the environment. Due to the very large diversity of animal species and diseases, the veterinary pharmaceutical industry cannot maintain easily all necessary skills with the available resources. To remain innovative and efficient at a global level, animal health laboratories must work in close contact with human health laboratories to benefit from their research and development. Furthermore, as exchanges between continents and people increase, collaboration between the two health sectors is increasingly necessary to treat zoonoses on a global level.
Actualités sur la paratuberculose bovine
Authors: Brugère-Picoux Jeanne 
Published: October 2014

La paratuberculose des ruminants est une maladie due à Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
(Map) et connue depuis longtemps, mais elle demeure toujours un problème pour les éleveurs. Cette affection digestive cachectisante est rencontrée principalement chez les ruminants adultes, domestiques et sauvages. Les échanges commerciaux ont favorisé l’installation progressive de cette infection dans des régions considérées auparavant comme indemnes. L’une des causes principales de transmission de Map est la contamination de l’environnement due à l’excrétion fécale de cette bactérie, surtout par les vaches adultes, en particulier les vaches diarrhéiques et les vaches asymptomatiques et super-excrétrices. Ce sont surtout ces animaux qui doivent faire l’objet des mesures de contrôle, et une surveillance continue est nécessaire pour détecter les animaux nouvellement infectés dans le troupeau. Cette revue concerne la survie de Map dans l’environnement et les facteurs de transmission, ainsi que l’amélioration des moyens de diagnostic et de contrôle de la paratuberculose. L’hypothèse d’un risque zoonotique lié à Map est également considérée du fait de sa présence dans le lait et la viande.
Produire de l’eau en milieu aride : solutions alternatives issues de l’étude des écosystèmes
Authors: Bornert Gilles , Boukbir Lahcen , Calvet Florence , Koehle Olivier , Jaafar Makram , Bornert Pauline 
Published: October 2014

Water production in arid surroundings : alternative solutions coming from ecosystems study
The scarcity of raw water natural resources for human consumption, global warming and the increasing human population lead to developing alternative solutions to exploit atmospheric water. The observing of ecosystems in arid environments makes it possible to submit various strategies for fog and dew use. Water nets and passive dew collectors are characterized by low production costs, but their productivity remains limited and depends on meteorological conditions. They must be regarded as helper solutions for the most vulnerable populations. Active atmospheric water condensing devices make great autonomous water production possible, if air hygrometry is sufficient. They are to be considered as a major perspective for water production in the future.
Étude bibliométrique de la recherche scientifique dans les écoles vétérinaires françaises (2000-2010)
Authors: Adam Cécile , Toutain Pierre-Louis 
Published: October 2014

A bibliometric study of scientific research in the french veterinary schools from 2000 to 2010
The purpose of this article was to evaluate the impact of the 1992 reform of the status of staff faculty members on the scientific research results of the French veterinary schools. To this end, a quantitative assessment of the research conducted in the veterinary schools was made, along with an analysis of its main factors. To do this survey, the bibliographic database ''Web of Knowledge” was consulted and the collective and individual performances were quantified by different bibliometric indices such as the h-index. It was concluded that the 1992 reform had largely achieved its objectives.
Diagnostic par imagerie des lésions de la région thoracolombaire chez le cheval
Authors: Audigie Fabrice , Coudry Virginie , Jacquet Sandrine , Poupot Marie , Denoix Jean-Marie 
Published: October 2014

<i>Diagnostic imaging of equine thoracolumbar disorders
</i>
Equine thoracolumbar conditions represent a major cause of poor performance and locomotor disorders in sports and race horses. Advances in diagnostic imaging during the last 15 years allow today to diagnose most equine back lesions in the standing sedated horse. Radiography is the first choice imaging modality due to its high diagnostic performance. Ultrasonography is a complementary modality to further investigate back soft tissues and the caudal lumbar area not evaluable radiographically in the standing horse. Bone scintigraphy is a more complex and expensive technique and is usually dedicated to complicated clinical cases. The most frequent injuries diagnosed using these 3 modalities are kissing spines, osteo-arthrosis of the synovial intervetebral joints, vertebral spondylosis and muscle injuries. Clinical significance of these lesions should be interpreted with care considering the clinical signs exhibited by the horse but also its sports or racing use.
Unwanted Heroes? British Privateering, Commerce, and Diplomacy in the Mid-Eighteenth-Century Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Gounaris Basil C. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
This article argues that the legitimacy and the effectiveness of privateering in the mid-eighteenth-century Mediterranean were determined by high politics beyond the indispensable war status. After the presentation of four distinctive privateering stories involving individuals of different backgrounds, there follows an analysis of the Ottoman, French, and British factors that determined national and private interests in wartime Archipelago (the Aegean Islands). As the Ottoman Empire was the major commercial partner and a potentially desirable ally for both the French and the British, especially for the Levant Company, privateers were trapped between conflicting interests, beyond their own comprehension.
More Than a Messenger: Embodied Expertise in Mantuan Envoys to the Ottomans in the 1490s
Authors: Cevizli Antonia Gatward 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
The 1490s saw intense diplomatic activity between Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua (r. 1484–1519), and the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II (r. 1481–1512). Envoys are often overlooked while attention is paid to the messages or goods that they delivered. This article, however, examines two important envoys in detail and argues that they were chosen for the specific military and technical skills that they possessed. Both envoys delivered armor to the Ottomans in defiance of a papal ban. The nature of the goods that were sent and the backgrounds of the envoys bring nuance to the notion of a uniformly adversarial relationship between the Italian city-states and the Ottomans.
The Experience of Legal Injustice
Authors: Veraart Wouter 
Published: October 2014

The Experience of Legal Injustice
This paper shows that Fuller and Arendt converge on a different point than the point Rundle focuses on. What Fuller and Arendt seem to share in their legal thoughts is not so much an interest in the experience of law-as-such (the interaction between responsible agency and law as a complex institution), but rather an interest in the junction of law and injustice. By not sufficiently focusing on the experience of legal injustice, Rundle overlooks an important point of divergence between Arendt and Fuller. In particular, Arendt differs from Fuller in her conviction that ‘injustice in a legal form’ is an integral part of modern legal systems.
Fuller and Arendt: A Happy Marriage? Comment on Rundle
Authors: Mertens Thomas 
Published: October 2014

Fuller and Arendt: A Happy Marriage? Comment on Rundle
In her paper, Rundle seeks to develop a normative legal theory that is distinctively public. Building on her book, Forms Liberate, she seeks to bring Fuller’s legal theory into conversation with Arendt’s political theory. In this comment, I present some hesitations with regard to the fruitfulness of this conversation. It concludes with the suggestion to explore how Radbruch’s ‘idea of law’ could be fruitful for the overall jurisprudential project Rundle seeks to develop in her work.