bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review Paper: An outlook on the future of seismic imaging, Part III: Joint Migration Inversion
Authors: Berkhout A.J. (Guus) 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe next generation seismic imaging algorithms will consider multiple scattering as indispensable information, referred to as Full Wavefield Migration. In addition, these algorithms will also include autonomous velocity updating in the migration process, referred to as Joint Migration Inversion. Full wavefield migration and joint migration inversion address the industrial needs of improving images of very complex reservoirs as well as the industry ambition of producing these images in a more automatic manner (‘automation in seismic processing’).In this vision paper on seismic imaging, full wavefield migration and joint migration inversion are formulated in terms of a closed‐loop, estimation algorithm that can be physically explained by an iterative double focusing process (full wavefield Common‐Focus‐Point technology). A critical module in this formulation is forward modelling, allowing feedback from migrated output to unmigrated input (‘closing the loop’). For this purpose a full wavefield modelling module has been developed that utilizes an operator description of complex geology. Full wavefield modelling module is pre‐eminently suited to function in the feedback path of a closed‐loop migration algorithm.‘The Future of Seismic Imaging’ is presented as a coherent trilogy, proposing in three consecutive parts the migration framework of the future. In part I it was shown that the proposed full wavefield modelling module algorithm differs fundamentally from finite difference modelling, as velocities and densities need not be provided. Instead, full wavefield modelling module uses an operator description of the subsurface. In Part II it was shown how the theory of Primary Wavefield Migration can be extended to Full Wavefield Migration by correcting for elastic transmission effects and by utilizing multiple scattering. In Part III it is shown how the full wavefield migration technology can be extended to Joint Migration Inversion, allowing full wavefield migration of blended data without knowledge of the velocity. Velocities are part of the joint migration inversion output, being obtained by an operator‐driven parametric inversion process. The potential of the proposed joint migration inversion algorithm is illustrated with numerical examples.
James Hillman: the unmaking of a psychologist Part one: his legacy
Authors: Tacey David 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis two‐part essay offers a critical assessment of Hillman's archetypal psychology and enquires into its viability as a psychological model. The first part explores his legacy and reviews the metapsychological frame in which his work operates. It considers the relation between his thought and Jung's, and argues that Hillman's work is not so much post‐Jungian as pre‐Jungian. The second part is primarily intrapsychic; it explores Hillman's character, as discerned through his writings and interviews, and considers his work as an expression of the puer aeternus.It is argued that the puer prefers to live in an eternal dream‐state resistant to growing up: yet denial of the maturational impulse will only lead to it happening anyway but in a negative form. The paper considers how Hillman's model was ‘unmade’ by the missing developmental element of his thought. Development is an archetypal and bio‐psychological necessity, and if rejected it can ruin any system that refuses to take it seriously. In Hillman's case this manifested in the form of a repressed masculine shadow, destroying the credibility of his earlier work.The two‐part paper attempts to weave an objective appraisal with a running commentary based on the author's personal engagement with the man and his work.
Decentralized oceans: Sail‐solar shipping for sustainable development in SIDS
Authors: Teeter Jennifer Louise , Cleary Steven A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractConventional shipping is increasingly unable to address the social and economic needs of remote and underprivileged coastal and island communities. Barriers include rising fuel costs affecting the viability of on‐water activities, which are compounded by the challenges presented by a lack of deepwater ports and related infrastructure that prevent docking by larger more fuel‐efficient vessels. The environmental externalities of shipping‐related fossil‐fuel consumption, which harbour both local pollution and anthropogenic climate change impacts, adversely affect these communities. Amid limited research on strategies to address the challenges presented by conventional shipping methods to small island developing States (SIDS), this paper proposes the adoption of policy initiatives for the adoption of small, modern non‐fuel vessels that could assist these important yet underserved niches. One of several initiatives developing renewable‐energy based shipping solutions is the Greenheart Project, an international non‐profit organization in the process of developing an open‐source hybrid solar‐sail cargo vessel conforming to the conditions faced in coastal and island communities. This paper discusses the socio‐economic and environmental challenges presented by conventional shipping with reference to SIDS and the potential of non‐fuel shipping. Policy proposals to facilitate the beneficial adoption of such vessels in developing communities will also be offered.
Paragangliomas: Presentation and management by radiotherapy at the Prince of Wales Hospital
Authors: Smee Robert I , Jayasekara Jayana , Williams Janet R , Hanna Claire 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntroductionParagangliomas are commonly treated with surgery, while radiotherapy is reserved for those that are inoperable or have relapsed. However, this retrospective study aims to determine whether radiotherapy is a viable initial treatment for paragangliomas.MethodsOf 73 tumours researched, 44 were diagnosed and treated from January 1967 to December 2012 at the Radiation Oncology Department at the Prince of Wales Hospital and thus were eligible for analysis. Median follow‐up time was 3.5 years with a range of 1 to 40 years. Thirty‐four tumours were treated with radiotherapy only, and 10 tumours were treated with both surgical resection and radiotherapy. Local control and cause‐specific survival were the primary end points measured.ResultsFive‐year local control rate for the population of 44 lesions was 89%; it was 100% in the group treated by radiotherapy alone, but only 50% in the group treated by surgery followed by radiotherapy, with radiation used for salvage. The difference in control rates between these two subset groups was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001). Cause‐specific survival rates for this eligible population at 5 and 10 years were 98% and 90%, respectively. After initial radiotherapy, 4 patients had improved cranial nerve function, there was clinical improvement in tinnitus, and one new cranial nerve deficit developed where a high dose was used.ConclusionsRadiotherapy has high local control rates and few complications. The local control and complication rates compare favourably to surgery.
Estimating BrAC from Transdermal Alcohol Concentration Data Using the BrAC Estimator Software Program
Authors: Luczak Susan E. , Rosen I. Gary 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundTransdermal alcohol sensor (TAS) devices have the potential to allow researchers and clinicians to unobtrusively collect naturalistic drinking data for weeks at a time, but the transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) data these devices produce do not consistently correspond with breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) data. We present and test the BrAC Estimator software, a program designed to produce individualized estimates of BrAC from TAC data by fitting mathematical models to a specific person wearing a specific TAS device.MethodsTwo TAS devices were worn simultaneously by 1 participant for 18 days. The trial began with a laboratory alcohol session to calibrate the model and was followed by a field trial with 10 drinking episodes. Model parameter estimates and fit indices were compared across drinking episodes to examine the calibration phase of the software. Software‐generated estimates of peak BrAC, time of peak BrAC, and area under the BrAC curve were compared with breath analyzer data to examine the estimation phase of the software.ResultsIn this single‐subject design with breath analyzer peak BrAC scores ranging from 0.013 to 0.057, the software created consistent models for the 2 TAS devices, despite differences in raw TAC data, and was able to compensate for the attenuation of peak BrAC and latency of the time of peak BrAC that are typically observed in TAC data.ConclusionsThis software program represents an important initial step for making it possible for non mathematician researchers and clinicians to obtain estimates of BrAC from TAC data in naturalistic drinking environments. Future research with more participants and greater variation in alcohol consumption levels and patterns, as well as examination of gain scheduling calibration procedures and nonlinear models of diffusion, will help to determine how precise these software models can become.
Intoxication‐ and Withdrawal‐Dependent Expression of Central and Peripheral Cytokines Following Initial Ethanol Exposure
Authors: Doremus‐Fitzwater Tamara L. , Buck Hollin M. , Bordner Kelly , Richey Laura , Jones Megan E. , Deak Terrence 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundEvidence has emerged demonstrating that ethanol (EtOH) influences cytokine expression within the central nervous system, although most studies have examined long‐term exposure. Thus, the cytokine response to an acute EtOH challenge was investigated, in order to characterize profiles of cytokine changes following acute exposure.MethodsRats pups were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 2‐g/kg EtOH, and IL‐1 mRNA and protein were assessed 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes post injection (Experiment 1). In Experiments 2 to 5, the expression of several cytokines was examined in adult male rats during acute intoxication (3 hours after 4‐g/kg EtOH), as well as withdrawal (18 hours post injection), after i.p. or intragastric (i.g.) EtOH administration.ResultsEarly in ontogeny, acute EtOH significantly decreased brain IL‐1 mRNA and protein. Subsequently, when adult rats were examined, significant and temporally dynamic alterations in central and peripheral cytokines were observed following acute i.p. EtOH exposure (4 g/kg). Although cytokine‐ and region‐dependent central IL‐6 expression was generally increased and tumor necrosis factor alpha decreased during intoxication, IL‐1 expression exhibited increases during withdrawal. In the periphery, acute i.p. EtOH elevated expression of all cytokines, with the response growing in magnitude as the time post injection increased. Following acute i.g. EtOH (4 g/kg), intoxication‐related increases in IL‐6 expression were again observed in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), although to a lesser extent. Long‐term, voluntary, intermittent EtOH consumption resulted in tolerance to the effects of an i.g. EtOH challenge (4 g/kg) on PVN IL‐6 expression, whereas these same elevations in IL‐6 expression were still seen in the amygdala in rats with a history of moderate EtOH intake. Treatment with minocycline did not significantly attenuate i.p. or i.g. EtOH‐induced changes in central cytokine expression.ConclusionsTogether, these studies provide a foundation for understanding fluctuations in central and peripheral cytokines following acute EtOH as potential contributors to the constellation of neural and behavioral alterations observed during EtOH intoxication and withdrawal.
Micro‐RNA‐155 Deficiency Prevents Alcohol‐Induced Serum Endotoxin Increase and Small Bowel Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Lippai Dora , Bala Shashi , Catalano Donna , Kodys Karen , Szabo Gyongyi 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundChronic alcohol impairs gut barrier function and induces inflammatory cytokines. The effects of acute alcohol binge on the gut are partially understood. Micro‐RNA‐155 (miR‐155), a modulator of cytokine and T‐cell immune response in the gut, stabilizes tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) mRNA. Here, we investigated the role of the inflammation modulator miR‐155 as well as the effects of acute binge and chronic alcohol feeding in the small bowel (SB) in mice.MethodsFor the acute alcohol binge, wild‐type (WT) mice received 5 g/kg 50% alcohol/d or equal amount of water oral gavage for 3 days. WT and miR‐155‐deficient (miR‐155‐knockout [KO]) mice received ethanol containing Lieber‐DeCarli or isocaloric control diet for 5 weeks. MiR‐155, antimicrobial peptide, regenerating islet‐derived 3‐beta (Reg3b), inflammation markers, Src homology 2‐containing inositol phosphatase‐1 (SHIP1), TNFα, and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) were measured in proximal intestinal tissue. Endotoxin was measured in the serum.ResultsAcute alcohol binge enhanced, whereas chronic alcohol feeding decreased, Reg3b mRNA and protein levels in the SB. Both acute binge and chronic alcohol feeding increased serum endotoxin levels, intestinal NF‐κB activation and TNFα mRNA levels. However, TNFα protein and miR‐155 were increased only after chronic alcohol feeding in the SB. Furthermore, miR‐155‐KO mice were protected from chronic alcohol‐induced increase in serum endotoxin, intestinal TNFα, and NF‐κB activation. Also, alcohol‐fed miR‐155‐KO mice had no decrease of Reg3b and SHIP1 levels.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that both acute binge and chronic ethanol administration result in increased serum‐endotoxin levels. Our study identifies a novel role for miR‐155 in chronic alcohol‐induced intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction.
Long‐term safety and efficacy of certolizumab pegol in the treatment of Crohn's disease: 7‐year results from the PRECiSE 3 study
Authors: Sandborn W. J. , Lee S. D. , Randall C. , Gutierrez A. , Schwartz D. A. , Ambarkhane S. , Kayhan C. , Pierre‐Louis B. , Schreiber S. , Lichtenstein G. R. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryBackgroundThe efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol (CZP) in moderate‐to‐severe Crohn's disease were demonstrated in two 26‐week double‐blind studies (PRECiSE 1 & 2).AimTo report the safety and efficacy outcomes of long‐term, CZP therapy from PRECiSE 3, in which patients received treatment up to 7 years treatment.MethodsPatients completing PRECiSE 1 or 2 were eligible to enter PRECiSE 3 in which they received CZP 400 mg, open‐label, every 4 weeks (without additional induction therapy) for up to 7 years, for up to 91 doses from study start. Safety (adverse events, including infections and malignancies) and efficacy (Harvey–Bradshaw Index, faecal calprotectin, C‐reactive protein) were prospectively monitored. Remission was analysed using observed cases, last observation carried forward imputation and nonresponder imputation.ResultsA total of 595 patients entered the study; 117 (20%) completed 7 years. Discontinuation rates were 29.2%, 13.6%, 16.1%, 7.9%, 5.0%, 4.5% and 3.9% (years 1–7 respectively). During 1920 patient‐years of exposure to CZP, no new safety signals were observed. Incidence rates (new cases/100 patient‐years) for serious infections and malignant neoplasms were 4.37 and 1.06 respectively. No lymphoproliferative malignancies were reported. Clinical remission rates were ≥68% at each year (observed cases); rates by last observation carried forward and nonresponder imputation were 58% and 45% at year 1, 56% and 26% at year 3 and 55% and 13% at year 7 respectively.ConclusionCertolizumab pegol was well tolerated in the long‐term treatment of Crohn's disease, with sustained remission in some patients continuing in the study for up to 7 years. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00552058.
Novel Points of Attack for Targeted Cancer Therapy
Authors: Røsland Gro Vatne , Engelsen Agnete Svendsen Tenfjord 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNew molecular insight reveals novel points of attack for targeted cancer therapy. The recent advances in cancer genomics and novel insight into the complex biology of cancer make the promise of personalized, targeted cancer medicine closer than ever. The massive parallel sequencing endeavours performed by The Cancer Genome Atlas, the International Cancer Genome Consortium and by numerous individual investigators have provided a comprehensive genomic characterization of a wide range of cancers. The joint efforts enabled by the improved sequencing technology have demonstrated that individual cancers comprise mutational repertoires with only a few frequently recurrent driver genes. Thus, the identification of new drug targets and novel drugs have accelerated and renewed the hopes of personalized cancer therapy achieving clinical reality for a wider range of cancers. Together with cost‐effective sequencing technology to perform comprehensive mutational profiling of each individual cancer, this provides the basis for a personalized cancer medicine revolution within the next few years. The aim of this MiniReview is to provide an overview of the history and evolution of targeted cancer therapy, exemplified by molecularly targeted drugs successfully implemented in the clinic. Furthermore, we aim to highlight novel molecular targets for therapeutic intervention, as well as the main present challenges including inter‐ and intratumor heterogeneity and cellular plasticity in addition to the importance of the tumor micro‐environment. Many cancer patients already receive some form of tailored therapy, and recent evidence suggests that novel and highly innovative, targeted approaches are on their way into the clinic.
Addition of bortezomib to standard dose chop chemotherapy improves response and survival in relapsed mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Furtado Michelle , Johnson Rod , Kruger Anton , Turner Deborah , Rule Simon 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, potentially increases cell sensitivity to chemotherapy. This study was performed to determine the overall response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS) and toxicity of CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone) compared to CHOP + bortezomib chemotherapy in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients at first relapse. Forty‐six patients were randomly assigned to standard dose CHOP ± bortezomib 1·6 mg/m2 given on a 21‐d cycle for up to eight cycles of treatment. Median age was 71 years (CHOP arm) and 69 years (CHOP‐bortezomib arm). Median Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status was 1 (CHOP) and 0 (CHOP‐bortezomib) with 65% and 52%, respectively, having a disease stage of IV. ORR was 47·8% (CHOP) and 82·6% (CHOP‐bortezomib). Complete response rate was 21·7% (CHOP) vs. 34·8% (CHOP‐bortezomib); partial response rate was 26·1% (CHOP) vs. 47·8% (CHOP‐bortezomib). Median OS was 11·8 months (CHOP) and 35·6 months (CHOP‐bortezomib) (P = 0·01, Hazard ratio [HR] 0·37 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·16–0·83)] and there was a non‐significant improvement in PFS: 8·1 months (CHOP) and 16·5 months (CHOP‐bortezomib) [P = 0·12, HR 0·60 (95% CI 0·31–1·15)]. Severe (≥grade 3) sensory neuropathy was similar in both arms (4·3% CHOP vs. 6·5% CHOP‐bortezomib). We conclude that the addition of bortezomib to CHOP chemotherapy for relapsed MCL significantly improves outcome with a manageable increase in toxicity.
A more national representation of place in Canadian daily newspapers
Authors: Buchanan Carrie M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn their design and content, North American daily newspapers construct a complex representation of the locality they serve and its place in the world. That construct involves the quality and quantity of local news, relative to news in other geographic categories, and how stories from each category are displayed in the newspaper's pages. This article describes a content analysis that quantified and compared the representations of locality and place in the print versions of two Canadian metropolitan daily newspapers between 1894 and 2005. The results show a marked increase in both the number of national stories and the priority given to national news in the final decades of the 20th century, mirrored by a sharp decline in the number of local stories and the priority accorded to them in the Ottawa Citizen. The same trends were seen to a lesser extent in the Toronto Star, a longtime champion of the local. The article concludes with a discussion of possible reasons for this phenomenon and its relationship to political and technological developments in the final decades of the 20th century and the start of the 21st.
The Effects of Word‐Learning Biases on Children's Concept of Angle
Authors: Gibson Dominic J. , Congdon Eliza L. , Levine Susan C. 
Published: August 2014

Despite evidence that young children are sensitive to differences in angle measure, older students frequently struggle to grasp this important mathematical concept. When making judgments about the size of angles, children often rely on erroneous dimensions such as the length of the angles' sides. The present study tested the possibility that this misconception stems from the whole‐object word‐learning bias by providing a subset of children with a separate label to refer to the whole angle figure. Thirty preschoolers (M = 4.86 years, SD = .53) were tested with a pretest–training–posttest design. At pretest, children showed evidence of the whole‐object misconception. After training, children who were given a novel‐word label for the whole object improved significantly more than those trained on the meaning of “angle” alone.
Clinical practice patterns in the assessment and management of low testosterone in men: an international survey of endocrinologists
Authors: Grossmann Mathis , Anawalt Bradley D. , Wu Frederick C.W. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryObjectiveTo document current practices in the approach to low testosterone in older men. Given that recommendations are based on low‐level evidence, we hypothesized that there would be a wide variability in clinical practice patterns.DesignMembers of all major endocrine and andrological societies were invited to participate in a Web‐based survey of the diagnostic work‐up and management of a hypothetical index case of a 61‐year old overweight man presenting with symptoms suggestive of androgen deficiency, without evidence of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal (HPT) axis disease.ResultsNine hundred and forty‐three respondents (91·2% adult endocrinologists) from Northern America (63·7%), Europe (12·7%), Oceania (8·2%), Latin America and Caribbean (7·6%), and the Middle East, Asia, or Africa (7·8%) completed the survey. Response rates among participating societies ranged from 4·1–20·0%. There was a wide variability in clinical practice patterns, especially regarding biochemical diagnosis of androgen deficiency, exclusion of HPT axis pathology, and monitoring for prostate cancer. In a man with suggestive symptoms, 42·4% of participants would offer testosterone treatment below a serum total testosterone of 10·4 nmol/l (300 ng/dl). A total of 46·0% of participants were, over the last five years, ‘less inclined’ to prescribe testosterone to men with nonspecific symptoms and borderline testosterone levels, compared to ‘no change’ (29·3%) or ‘more inclined’ (24·7%), P < 0·001.ConclusionsThis large‐scale international survey shows a wide variability in the management of lowered testosterone in older men, with deviations from current clinical practice guidelines, and a temporal trend towards increasing reluctance to prescribe testosterone to men without classical hypogonadism. These findings highlight the need for better evidence to guide clinicians regarding testosterone therapy.