bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Challenge of Political Right
Authors: Winfield R. D. 
Published: April 2013

For politics to measure up to reason, two requirements have long been acknowledged: first, that the ends of political action be universal, and second, that the pursuit of such universal ends consist in political self-determination, that is, in self-government.Aristotle set the stage for all further political inquiry by distinguishing political association through the universality of its end or good, while identifying the end of politics with political activity itself, an activity in which citizens rule over one another while presiding over all other associations, which fall under political dominion owing to the particularity of their pursuits. Aristotle joined the universality of politics with the activity of self-rule by recognising political activity to be an end in itself that is also a master end for the sake of which all other conduct is to be pursued. As such, politics was itself the highest good, making ethics possible by overcoming the hegemony of instrumental action, whose every end is devoid of intrinsic value, leaving conduct ultimately pointless (see Aristotle 1984b: Nicomachean Ethics, 1094a18-1094b12).Two corollary difficulties, however, undermine Aristotle's enterprise. On the one hand, he is unable to give the universal end of political association a non-arbitrary content. Politics may claim universality by being both an end in itself and a master end, but this is just a recipe for ‘might makes right’, where any prevailing rule would be identical with the highest good. Appeal to a distinctly human function or to forms of rule that pursue the common good rather than the particular interests of some ruler can provide no remedy.
Hegel and Religion: Avoiding Double Truth, Twice
Authors: Kolb David 
Published: April 2013

When I was first studying Hegel, I encountered quite divergent readings of his views on religion. The teacher who first presented Hegel to me was a Jesuit, Quentin Lauer at Fordham University, who read Hegel as a Christian theologian providing a better metaphysical system for understanding the doctrines of the Trinity and Incarnation. When I studied at Yale University, Kenley Dove read Hegel as the first thoroughly atheistic philosopher who presented the conditions of thought without reference to any foundational absolute being. Meanwhile, also at Yale, John Findlay read us a deeply Neo-Platonic Hegel who taught about absolute forms held in a cosmic mind. In giving my own reading, I want to talkabout the ways Hegel redefines both metaphysics and religion. I would like to approach these issues by way of the medieval controversy over double truth, which was a previous conflict between religion and science.In the thirteenth century, Aristotle's scientific and philosophical texts were becoming available in European universities from the Muslims in Spain. These texts offered a well-argued, systematic, and more comprehensive scientific view of the universe and its god. Reading Aristotle, people quickly realised that his ideas contradicted some Christian (and Muslim) doctrines. For example, Aristotle argued that the world could not have had a beginning in time, while the religious revelations told of a first moment of divine creation. Aristotle's obscure treatment of the active intellect seemed to argue that there was no individual immortal soul, while the revelations spoke of individual survival after death. And Aristotle's god, the totally self-absorbed first mover, the pure actuality, seemed useless for religious purposes.
The Ruined Castle
Authors: Rosen Michael 
Published: April 2013

On the cover of Thom Brooks's admirable Hegel's Political Philosophy is a picture, taken by the author, of Tynemouth Castle, near where he lives on the northeast coast of England. It is an attractive image, yet it also has significance in relation to the argument of his book —one that only emerges at the end of his narrative.A basic question that faces all interpreters of The Philosophy of Right is: how far must we understand Hegel's views on politics in the light of his wider philosophical commitments? Behind that question lies a very simple argument:(1) If we take Hegel at his word, and his political philosophy is indeed integrated within his broader philosophical system; and,(2) if that philosophical system is a consistent realization of speculative idealism; then(3) everything will depend on how we evaluate speculative idealism.Hegel's ambitious metaphysics now finds few defenders, however. So, does his political philosophy fall with it?To this there are two kinds of reply. The first would make a separation between the political doctrines advanced in Hegel's work and the philosophical framework within which they are embedded. The second, while accepting that Hegel's philosophy is meant to form an integrated whole, disputes the idea that, for that reason, the “dialectical” treatment of particular areas of life and experience depends on our final verdict on the system as a whole. It is possible to enter his system at any point and to continue piecemeal, treating its arguments on their own terms without concern for its final resting point. Against this, Brooks argues that the piecemeal approach fails to do justice to Hegel's text.
Democracy Out of Joint? The Financial Crisis in Light of Hegel's Philosophy of Right
Authors: de Boer Karin 
Published: April 2013

The financial crisis that currently besets Europe not only disturbs the life of many citizens, but also affects our economic, political and philosophical theories. Clearly, many of the contributing causes, such as the wide availability of cheap credit after the introduction of the euro, are contingent. Analyses that aim to move beyond such contingent factors tend to highlight the disruptive effects of the neoliberal conception of the market that has become increasingly dominant over the last few decades. Yet while the financial sector has received most of the blame, and rightly so, few commentators seem willing to take into account the role played by representative democracy in its current form. Even if it is granted that actual democratic policies fall short of what they ought to achieve, contemporary representative democracy itself is seldom regarded as part of the tangle it was supposed to resolve. David Merill touches upon this issue when he notes, in the preceding issue of this Bulletin, that ‘the economic dilemmas faced today may be ultimately the consequences of state failure’. The state that has failed to regulate the markets is described as ‘weak’ and ‘subject to external blows, blind to its ends, merely one actor among many in the events of the day’ (Merill 2012: 28). Yet Merill does not seem to consider this weakness to be an inherent feature of the constellation of which contemporary democracy is a part.There are, of course, excellent reasons not to take this path. First, representative democracy has in many cases proved to be the best way of preventing small elites from acquiring political power, and many of the impressive social and political achievements of the twentieth century are the result of democratic processes.
Subjective Thinking: Kierkegaard on Hegel's Socrates
Authors: Watts Daniel 
Published: April 2013

One of the more surreal moments in Kierkegaard's journals involves a scene from the Underworld. Hegel has been reading Trendelenburg's Logical Investigations, and goes over to Socrates to complain. Alas, the conversation has trouble getting off the ground:Socr.: Should we begin by being altogether in disagreement, or should we agree on something we could call a presupposition?…. What do you presuppose as your starting-point?H.: Nothing at all.Socr: That's quite something! So perhaps you don't start at all?H.: I not start, I who have written 21 volumes?Socr: Ye gods, what a hecatomb you have offered!H.: But I start from nothing.Socr.: Is that not something?H.: No – on the contrary. That first makes its appearance in the conclusion of the whole, in the course of which I discuss science, world history etc.Socr.: How might I be able to master this difficult task for many remarkable things may well be included which would show up my stupidity… You know that I did not even allow Polos to talk more than 5 minutes at a time, and you want to talk XXI volumes.
Signs of the Times: Kierkegaard's Diagnosis and Treatment of Hegelian Thought
Authors: Carlisle Clare 
Published: April 2013

In his 2003 book Kierkegaard's Relations to Hegel Reconsidered, Jon Stewart challenges the classical interpretation of Kierkegaard's response to Hegelian philosophy. Stewart convincingly argues that Kierkegaard's work addresses Danish Hegelians rather than Hegel himself. However, in my view the conclusion Stewart draws from this — that Kierkegaard's thought on the whole has much less to do with Hegel than earlier commentators have presumed — goes too far in undermining the philosophical and historical significance of Kierkegaard's work, and, perhaps more importantly, closes down too quickly the question of his relation to Hegelian philosophy. The following passage exemplifies Stewart's position:Given that the two are doing quite different things, it is not clear why a comparison of their views is supposed to be fruitful in the first place … The presumption for Kierkegaard having made a philosophical criticism of Hegel is that [Kierkegaard] himself is a philosopher and shares with Hegel a certain common understanding of the nature and office of the discipline. A genuinely philosophical criticism would only make sense if there were a common basis of this kind. If, by contrast, Kierkegaard is not a philosopher in the same sense of the word, then it is not clear why he should be conceived as giving a philosophical criticism of Hegel. It seems rather that given the disparate nature of their respective projects, such a criticism would be at cross-purposes. (Stewart 2003: 636–37, emphasis in original)
Effectiveness of Hospital Staff Mass-Casualty Incident Training Methods: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Hsu Edbert B. , Jenckes Mollie W. , Catlett Christina L. , Robinson Karen A. , Feuerstein Carolyn , Cosgrove Sara E. , Green Gary B. , Bass Eric B. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIntroduction:Recently, mass-casualty incident (MCI) preparedness and training has received increasing attention at the hospital level.Objectives:To review the existing evidence on the effectiveness of disaster drills, technology-based interventions and tabletop exercises in training hospital staff to respond to an MCI.Methods:A systematic, evidence-based process was conducted incorporating expert panel input and a literature review with the key terms: “mass casualty”, “disaster”, “disaster planning”, and “drill”. Paired investigators reviewed citation abstracts to identify articles that included evaluation of disaster training for hospital staff. Data were abstracted from the studies (e.g., MCI type, training intervention, staff targeted, objectives, evaluation methods, and results). Study quality was reviewed using standardized criteria.Results:Of 243 potentially relevant citations, twenty-one met the defined criteria. Studies varied in terms of targeted staff, learning objectives, outcomes, and evaluation methods. Most were characterized by significant limitations in design and evaluation methods. Seventeen addressed the effectiveness of disaster drills in training hospital staff in responding to an MCI, four addressed technology-based interventions, and none addressed tabletop exercises. The existing evidence suggests that hospital disaster drills are effective in allowing hospital employees to become familiar with disaster procedures, identify problems in different components of response (e.g., incident command, communications, triage, patient flow, materials and resources, and security) and provide the opportunity to apply lessons learned to disaster response. The strength of evidence on other training methods is insufficient to draw valid recommendations.Conclusions:Current evidence on the effectiveness of MCI training for hospital staff is limited. A number of studies suggest that disaster drills can be effective in training hospital staff. However, more attention should be directed to evaluating the effectiveness of disaster training activities in a scientifically rigorous manner.
CRITICAL TIMESCALES AND TIME INTERVALS FOR COUPLED LINEAR PROCESSES
Authors: SIMPSON MATTHEW J. , ELLERY ADAM J. , MCCUE SCOTT W. , BAKER RUTH E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn 1991, McNabb introduced the concept of mean action time (MAT) as a finite measure of the time required for a diffusive process to effectively reach steady state. Although this concept was initially adopted by others within the Australian and New Zealand applied mathematics community, it appears to have had little use outside this region until very recently, when in 2010 Berezhkovskii and co-workers [A. M. Berezhkovskii, C. Sample and S. Y. Shvartsman, “How long does it take to establish a morphogen gradient?”Biophys. J. 99(2010) L59–L61] rediscovered the concept of MAT in their study of morphogen gradient formation. All previous work in this area has been limited to studying single-species differential equations, such as the linear advection–diffusion–reaction equation. Here we generalize the concept of MAT by showing how the theory can be applied to coupled linear processes. We begin by studying coupled ordinary differential equations and extend our approach to coupled partial differential equations. Our new results have broad applications, for example the analysis of models describing coupled chemical decay and cell differentiation processes.
Radiographers relationship with head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Egestad Helen 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIntroductionHead and neck cancer patients face many demanding events, such as radiation therapy, which can cause anxiety and uncertainty. Studies report that relevant information decreases emotional distress and inadequate communication can lead to increased fear and anxiety. There is a lack of research that describes what radiographers do when they meet the patients. The aim is to explain what radiographers’ do that may lead to less anxiety and uncertainty for head and neck cancer patients.MethodThis study was conducted via qualitative interviews and took on a phenomenological, hermeneutic approach. Eleven head and neck cancer patients were interviewed 1-month post radiation therapy.ResultsSuccessful meetings are characterised by the radiographer smiling, being pleasant, referring to the patient by their name, informing the patient thoroughly, asking open questions and answering questions.ConclusionHead and neck cancer patients feel vulnerable and need the radiographer to create a safe atmosphere when they undergo treatment. Then radiographers reduce uncertainty, provide emotional support, reduce loneliness, provide information and create alliances.
Development and evaluation of a Perspex anthropomorphic head and neck phantom for three dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT)
Authors: Radaideh Khaldoon M. , Matalqah Laila M. , Tajuddin A. A. , Lee W. I. Fabian , Bauk S. , Eid Abdel Munem E. M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPurposesTo design, construct and evaluate an anthropomorphic head and neck phantom for the dosimetric evaluation of 3D-conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) dose planning and delivery, for protocols developed by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG).Materials and methodsAn anthropomorphic head and neck phantom was designed and fabricated using Perspex material with delineated planning target volumes (PTVs) and organs at risk (OARs) regions. The phantom was imaged, planned and irradiated conformally by a 3D-CRT plan. Dosimetry within the phantom was assessed using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). The reproducibility of phantoms and TLD readings were checked by three repeated identical irradiations. Subsequent three clinical 3D-CRT plans for nasopharyngeal patients have been verified using the phantom. Measured doses from each dosimeter were compared with those acquired from the treatment planning system (TPS).ResultsPhantom's measured doses were reproducible with <3·5% standard deviation between the three TLDs’ repeated measurements. Verification of three head and neck 3D-CRT patients’ plans was implemented, and good agreement between measured values and those predicted by TPS was found. The percentage dose difference for TLD readings matched those corresponding to the calculated dose to within 4%.ConclusionThe good agreement between predicted and measured dose shows that the phantom is a useful and efficient tool for 3D-CRT technique dosimetric verification.
A study of dosimetric characteristics for in vivo dosimetry with cylindrical n-type Isorad diode
Authors: Islam Kashif , Haque Asdar , Muhammad Khan , Murad Sohail , Hussain Muzaffar , Ashfaq Asma , Islam Atif 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackground and purposeThe objective was to determine diode characteristics before actual dose verification on human phantom and patients.Materials and methodsThe reliability and stability of equipment, signal stability, precision, dose response linearity, field flatness, perturbation of radiation dose, plastic to water conversion factor (Kpl), ionisation chambers (ICs) and diode calibration were determined. Correction factors for tray (CFtray), wedge (CFwedge), field size (CFFS), SSD (CFSSD), angle (CFangle) and block (CFblock) were found. Patient dose monitor, Isorad diode (n-type) and IC (PTW Frieburg), Co-60 unit (Theratron), ATOM Adult male human phantom (Model 701-D, CIRS) were used.Results and conclusionGood signal stability, precise data, and linear dose response, variation of 0·500% and 5·000% in field flatness and perturbation tests, respectively, were noted. Kpl was 1·006 for IC PTW Frieburg TW30013, 0114. The diode calibration factor was 0·989. CFtray, CFFS, CFSSD, CFangle, CFblock were 1·001, 1·001, 0·997, 1·006 and 0·990, respectively. CFwedge were 1·024, 1·030 and 1·038 for 30°, 45° and 60° wedges, respectively. The verification of above correction factors (CFs) on Nasopharynx and lung of human phantom was also done.
VMAT monthly QA using two techniques: 2D ion chamber array with an isocentric gantry mount and an in vivo dosimetric device attached to gantry
Authors: Myers P. , Stathakis S. , Buckey C. , Papanikolaou N. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPurposeVarian RapidArc is a volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) that obtains a conformal dose around the desired structure by employing variable gantry speed, dose rate and dynamic multileaf collimator (DMLC) speed as the gantry rotates about machine isocenter. This study is meant to build upon previous research by Ling et al. by completing the tests with an in vivo dosimetric device attached to the linac gantry and a 2D ionisation chamber array with an isocentric gantry mount.Materials and methodsTwo PTW detectors, seven29 array with gantry mount and DAVID, were attached to the linear accelerator gantry, allowing each device to remain perpendicular to the beam at all gantry angles. Three tests for RapidArc evaluation were performed on these devices including: dose rate and gantry speed variation, DMLC speed and dose rate variation and DMLC position accuracy. The reproducibility of the arc data was also reported.ResultsA picket fence plan varying dose rates (111 to 600 MU/minute) and gantry speeds (5·5 to 4·3°/second) was delivered consisting of seven sections of different combinations. These measurements were compared with static gantry, open field measurements and found to be within 2·39% for the DAVID device and 0·84% for the seven29. A four-section picket fence of varying DMLC speeds (0·46, 0·92, 1·84 and 2·76 cm/second) was similarly evaluated and found to be within 1·99% and 3·66% for the DAVID and seven29, respectively. For DMLC position accuracy, a picket fence arc plan was compared with a static picket fence and found to agree within 0.38% and 2.91%. Reproducibility for these three RapidArc plans was found to be within 0·30% and 2·70% for the DAVID and seven29.ConclusionThe DAVID and seven29 detectors were able to perform the RapidArc quality assurance tests efficiently and accurately and the results were reproducible. Periodic verification of DMLC movement, dose rate variation and gantry speed variation relating to RapidArc delivery can be completed in a timelier manner using this equipment.
Central orexin (hypocretin) 2 receptor antagonism reduces ethanol self-administration, but not cue-conditioned ethanol-seeking, in ethanol-preferring rats
Authors: Brown Robyn Mary , Khoo Shaun Yon-Seng , Lawrence Andrew John 
Published: April 2013

AbstractOrexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides which bind to two G-protein-coupled receptors, orexin-1 (OX1R) and orexin-2 (OX2R) receptor. While a role for OX1R has been established in both ethanol reinforcement and ethanol-seeking behaviour, the role of OX2R in these behaviours is relatively less-studied. The aim of this study was to determine the role of central OX2R in ethanol-taking and ethanol-seeking behaviour. Indiana ethanol-preferring rats were trained to self-administer ethanol (10% w/v) or sucrose (0.7–1% w/v) in the presence of reward-associated cues before being implanted with indwelling guide cannulae. The selective OX2R antagonist TCS-OX2-29 was administered i.c.v. to assess its effect on operant self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement following extinction. Following i.c.v. injection TCS-OX2-29 reduced self-administration of ethanol, but not sucrose. Despite reducing ethanol self-administration, TCS-OX2-29 had no impact on cue-induced reinstatement of ethanol seeking. To determine where in the brain OX2R were acting to modulate ethanol self-administration, TCS-OX2-29 was microinjected into either the shell or core of the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Intra-NAc core, but not shell, infusions of TCS-OX2-29 decreased responding for ethanol. Importantly, the doses of TCS-OX2-029 used were non-sedating. Collectively, these findings implicate OX2R in the NAc in mediating the reinforcing effects of ethanol. This effect appears to be drug-specific as antagonism of central OX2R had no impact on sucrose self-administration. Thus, OX2R in addition to OX1R may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ethanol-use disorders. However, unlike OX1R, no impact of OX2R antagonism was observed on cue-induced reinstatement, suggesting a more prominent role for OX2R in ethanol self-administration compared to cue-conditioned ethanol-seeking.