bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empathy, sympathy, and prosocial preferences in primates
Authors: Silk Joan B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDifferences in the deployment of altruism in human and non-human primate groups raise two different questions in this article. This article considers some of the factors that may limit the extent of cooperation in non-human primate groups. In particular, it focuses on the evidence for the features that are associated with altruistic behaviour in humans: the capacity for empathy, the existence of moral sentiments, and the concern for the welfare of others. The article also defines cooperation as equivalent to the biological definition of altruism, and uses these terms interchangeably. It distinguishes between empathy and sympathy. The definition of empathy corresponds to Stephanie Preston and Frans de Waal's concept of ‘cognitive empathy’. While one often conflates empathy and sympathy, the two can be uncoupled. Thus, empathy is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for sympathy.
Body Odours and Body Odour Preferences in Humans
Authors: Wedekind Claus 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBody odours seem to reveal different kinds of information about humans, and they typically behave as if they do not want to give this information away. This article briefly summarises the kind of information that may be revealed in odours. It then concentrates on the link between the MHC (major histocompatibility complex, a group of genes) and odours and odour preferences. It also shows that metabolism inevitably produces volatile chemicals that may be difficult to hide completely. Therefore, it may not be surprising that body odours reveal some information about human metabolism. Odours are, for example, of primary importance in the sexual life of mice and rats, and certainly not without importance for primate sexual behaviour. A large body of work suggests that a group of genes within the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) is important in the link between odours and mate preferences in several vertebrates, including humans.
Reproductive strategies and tactics
Authors: Gangestad Steven W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOptimality models seeks to specify which strategy of a strategy set is optimal under constraints. Broadly speaking, it takes two forms. Optimisation models are used to predict outcomes when individuals ‘play’ in the face of fixed constraints. An example is modelling the optimal number of offspring to produce in light of constraints on the overall amount of investment given to all offspring and the effect of investment on an offspring's probability of surviving. Second, game theoretical models are required to model outcomes when two or more players each attempt to optimize their outcomes is response to what the other players do. In a mating market, for instance, each individual competes against others of the same sex and in response to preferences of the other sex — the precise nature of which, in turn, may depend on what members of the first sex do to ‘please’ their preferences.
Explaining altruistic behaviour in humans
Authors: Gintis Herbert , Bowles Samuel , Boyd Robert , Fehr Ernst 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents evidence supporting strong reciprocity. It explains why, under conditions plausibly characteristic of the early stages of human evolution, a small fraction of strong reciprocators could invade a population of self-regarding types, and why strong reciprocity is an evolutionarily stable strategy. It uses the term ‘self-regarding’ rather than the more common term ‘self-interested’ to avoid the question as to whether it is selfish to help others if that is how one ‘maximizes utility’. Although most of the evidence it reports is based on behavioural experiments, the same behaviours are regularly observed in everyday life, and of great relevance for social policy. Despite the fact that strong reciprocity is altruistic, its results do not contradict traditional evolutionary theory. A gene that promotes self-sacrifice will die out unless those who are helped carry the mutant gene, or its spread is otherwise promoted.
Word processing in the brain as revealed by neurophysiological imaging
Authors: Pulvermüller Friedemann 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe advent of neuroimaging opened new research perspectives for the psycholinguist as it became possible to look at the neuronal mass activity that underlies language processing. Studies of brain correlates of psycholinguistic processes can complement behavioural results, and in some cases can lead to direct information about the basis of psycholinguistic processes. Even more importantly, the neuroscience move in psycholinguistics made it possible to advance language theorising to the level of the brain. This article discusses neurophysiological imaging with electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography. It examines behavioural and neurophysiological evidence in psycholinguistic research, focusing on lexical class membership and word frequency. The article also considers event-related potentials indicating language processing, early and late language potentials and their implications for psycholinguistics, the universe of psycholinguistic variables and its neurophysiological reality, and laterality of neurophysiological activity interpreted as the critical brain feature of language.
The biocognition of the mental lexicon
Authors: Ullman Michael T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe mental lexicon is rooted in the biology of the brain. Therefore, understanding the biological bases of the lexicon is critical for a full understanding of the lexicon itself. The vast majority of research on the biology of the mental lexicon and other aspects of language has thus far focused on the level of structural brain anatomy. However, the roles of many other substrates, from cells to molecules to genes, must also be elucidated. One can ask a number of different questions about the biocognition of the mental lexicon. This article examines four broad issues, most—but not all—of which have been and continue to be major areas of research: biological substrates, separability, redundancy, and domain specificity. It also discusses brain regions other than the temporal lobes that underlie aspects of lexically related knowledge and processing. In addition, the article considers how acetylcholine and estrogen modulate aspects of the lexicon and conceptual semantics. Finally, it analyses the link between lexical memory and declarative memory.
Alignment in dialogue
Authors: Garrod Simon , Pickering Martin J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article argues that psycholinguists need to think in a different way to understand processing in dialogue. According to this view, interlocutors do not use language to encode and decode messages, but rather as a means by which they can align their mental states, so that they come to have the same ideas about the topic under discussion. It would in principle be possible to decompose this task into discrete acts of comprehension and production, but in practice real dialogue involves constant overlaying of production and comprehension. It is much better to understand dialogue as a joint activity, like ballroom dancing or using a two-handed saw, and to assume that alignment follows from this inherently interactive process. On the assumption that the goal of dialogue is alignment, this article discusses ways in which interlocutors come to achieve this state. First, it considers alignment via beliefs about one's interlocutor, and then discusses alignment via imitation. The article also looks at alignment via agreements between interlocutors, alignment via feedback, and alignment via physical co-presence.
Word form retrieval in language production
Authors: Meyer Antje S. , Belke Eva 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCurrent models of word form retrieval converge on central assumptions. They all distinguish between morphological, phonological, and phonetic representations and processes; they all assume morphological and phonological decomposition, and agree on the main processing units at these levels. In addition, all current models of word form postulate the same basic retrieval mechanisms: activation and selection of units. Models of word production often distinguish between processes concerning the selection of a single word unit from the mental lexicon and the retrieval of the associated word form. This article explores lexical selection and word form retrieval in language production. Following the distinctions in linguistic theory, it discusses morphological encoding, phonological encoding, and phonetic encoding. The article also considers the representation of phonological knowledge, building of phonological representations, segmental retrieval, retrieval of metrical information, generating the phonetic code of words, and a model of word form retrieval.
Cross-linguistic research on language production
Authors: Costa Albert , Alario F.-Xavier , Sebastián-Gallés Núria 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA full description of the language faculty requires uncovering both the universal characteristics of the language system and the modulations imposed by language specific properties. This second requirement can only be achieved by conducting cross-linguistic research. This article reviews some of the recent research conducted in the field of language production that bears on cross-linguistic issues. It focuses on psycholinguistic experiments in which chronometric and/or accuracy performance is registered in normal speakers. The article also assesses several studies which have addressed the processes involved in the retrieval from the lexicon of open-class words (that is, lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, certain adverbs, etc.). Moreover, it discusses how closed-class words are retrieved from the lexicon (closed-class words are grammatical words such as determiners, prepositions, and conjunctions); how speakers compute agreement during speech production; the processes involved in the construction of syntactic structures during speech planning; some research addressing the structure of the phonological and phonetic representations; and research addressing the issue of phonological planning in speech production.
Spoken language processing by machine
Authors: Moore Roger K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe past twenty-five years have witnessed a steady improvement in the capabilities of spoken language technology, first in the research laboratory and more recently in the commercial marketplace. Progress has reached a point where automatic speech recognition software for dictating documents onto a computer is available as an inexpensive consumer product in most computer stores, text-to-speech synthesis can be heard in public places giving automated voice announcements, and interactive voice response is becoming a familiar option for people paying bills or booking cinema tickets over the telephone. This article looks at the main computational approaches employed in contemporary spoken language processing. It discusses acoustic modelling, language modelling, pronunciation modelling, and noise modelling. The article also considers future prospects in the context of the obvious shortcomings of current technology, and briefly addresses the potential for achieving a unified approach to human and machine spoken language processing.
Relating structure and time in linguistics and psycholinguistics
Authors: Phillips Colin , Wagers Matthew 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe field of psycholinguistics advertises its mentalistic commitments in its name. The field of linguistics does not. Psycholinguistic research frequently involves ingenious experimental designs, fancy lab equipment such as eye-trackers or electroencephalograms, large groups of experimental subjects, and detailed statistical analyses. Linguistic research typically requires no specialized equipment, no statistical analyses, and somewhere between zero and a handful of cooperative informants. This article examines issues in the representation of unbounded syntactic dependencies, as a case study of what psycholinguistic methods can and cannot tell us about linguistic questions, and vice versa. The status of constraints on long-distance dependencies, such as the ban on dependencies that span relative clause boundaries, is a major topic of linguistic research. This article discusses the effects of such constraints on language processing, and their implications for the relation between linguistic and psycholinguistic models. It reviews experimental studies of island constraints on dependencies.
Language and mirror neurons
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Craighero Laila 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBesides linguistic communication, which is at the core of human communication, humans communicate using arm gestures, body postures, facial expressions, eye contact, and head and body movements. Communication may be intentional or non-intentional. It is very plausible that intentional communication is an evolutionarily late development of non-intentional communication. In the motor cortex of the macaque monkey, it was discovered that there is a particular set of neurons that discharge both when the monkey observes a given motor act and when it does the same act. These neurons, called “mirror neurons,” represent a system that directly matches observed and executed actions. This article first provides an overview of the mirror neuron system in monkeys and then looks at its role in intention recognition. It also considers neurophysiological evidence of the mirror system in humans and discusses brain imaging studies of the human mirror system, the link between mirror neurons and language, the transition from gestures to sound, and the appearance of echo-mirror neurons.
Modern Approaches to Case
Authors: Butt Miriam 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAn example of a generalisation that has become standard knowledge within general linguistics is M. Silverstein's (1976) proposal of an implicational preference hierarchy for the appearance of ergative case on subjects, known as the NP-hierarchy. But perhaps the most influential idea has been the proposed classification of languages into types based on the case marking of their core arguments, including C. J. Fillmore's case relations. A comparative look at the underlying ideas contained in syntactic theories from antiquity to modern times identifies several major lines of enquiry that have been postulated to help understand the distribution of case. Some of these include the notion of semantic roles, lexical decomposition, proto-roles, grammatical relations, and linking.
Case in NSM
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) theory of language assumes, with Franz Boas, that the grammatical categories of a language represent a given speech community's interpretation and classification of experience. As Boas put it, ‘Since the total range of personal experience which language serves to express is infinitely varied, and its whole scope must be expressed by a limited number of phonetic groups, it is obvious that an extended classification of experiences must underlie all articulate speech’. To many contemporary linguists, especially cognitive linguists, Boas' view of grammatical categories may seem so uncontroversial as to be hardly worth recalling. For Boas, however, this view had important methodological consequences which are at variance with most contemporary approaches, ‘cognitivist’ or otherwise. This article considers case in NSM, focusing on the Polish dative. First, it discusses metalanguage as a central problem for semantic analysis, and then discusses NSM, psychologically cognitive scenarios for Polish cases, and Polish transitive constructions with the dative.
Asymmetry in Case Marking
Authors: Iggesen Oliver A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMany languages with nominal case inflection apply the same distinctions of case forms evenly across their entire nominal lexicon. Hence, all conceivable subclasses of nominals must unequivocally be analysed as exhibiting exactly the same inventory of case categories. This morphological state of affairs is known as case-symmetry. There are, however, languages in which certain (or all) case distinctions apply rather selectively to only a subset of their nominals, in such a way that the inflectional paradigms of the minority subclass can be envisaged as containing more, less, or substantially different case categories than the bulk of the nominals. In other words, certain morphological cases arguably fail to have scope over the entire nominal lexicon in such languages. This is known as case-asymmetry. This article discusses asymmetry in case marking, focusing on nominal vs. pronominal systems. It examines the theoretical implications and argumentative rationale of case-asymmetry and illustrates a case-asymmetrical paradigm structure: the opposition of direct case vs. objective case in English, which applies only to a small number of pronominal lexemes.
Case and Alternative Strategies
Authors: Siewierska Anna , Bakker Dik 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIt is often assumed and sometimes explicitly stated that both agreement marking and word order constitute viable alternatives to morphological case with respect to some subset of the functions that case marking may fulfil. This article examines the extent to which this is indeed so and how the three forms of marking interact with each other on a cross-linguistic basis. First, it provides an overview of what are typically considered to be the primary functions of case marking, agreement, and word order, and then considers the ways in which case marking interacts with word order and agreement. It discusses the relationship between case marking and basic clausal constituent order first noted by Greenberg (1966), namely, the predilection for case marking of core grammatical relations in languages with basic APV order and the scarcity of case marking in languages with basic AVP order. The article also explores core grammatical relations including those found in ditransitive clauses, focusing on the differences in the degree of overlap in case and agreement marking exhibited by the verbal arguments.
Varieties of Comitative
Authors: Stolz Thomas , Stroh Cornelia , Urdze Aina 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article describes the formal varieties and polysemy patterns of comitative case based on a worldwide convenience sample of 320 languages (including regional varieties). The inventory of formal means expressing Comitative comprises the following major strategies: affixation (both on [pro]nouns and verbs), adpositional constructions, adverbial constructions, and serial-verb constructions. For the present purpose, these strategies are considered instances of case relators. In the sample, bound morphology encodes Comitative in 50 per cent of those cases which do not display Comitative-Instrumental syncretism. As to affixation, suffixation expectedly predominates. However, prefixation and circumfixation are also attested more than just once. Similarly, the adpositional strategies include prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions. This article also discusses restrictions on the use of Comitative, uses of comitative markers in complex structures, and the diachrony of Comitative.
Differential Case Marking of Arguments in Amharic
Authors: Amberber Mengistu 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the case and agreement systems of Amharic with particular reference to the phenomena of differential subject marking (DSM) and differential object marking (DOM). It discusses two interrelated issues: the semantic factors that may be relevant to DSM and DOM, and the interaction between DSM/DOM and agreement on the verb. First, the article provides a brief typological and genetic background of the Amharic language and then establishes the presence of the grammatical relations subject and direct object on the basis of language-internal formal evidence. It also considers word order in Amharic, the accusative suffix -n, the distribution of the object/indirect object agreement suffix, the quirky (non-canonical) case marking of certain subjects, and experience predicates.
Anglo‐Saxon Timber Buildings and their Social Context
Authors: Hamerow Helena 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDespite the great progress made in the fifty years since Radford described the study of timber buildings as ‘one of the most intractable problems in the whole range of early medieval studies’, key issues remain unresolved regarding their origins, construction, and function, and consideration of the relationship between buildings and the social life of Anglo-Saxon communities has scarcely begun. Apart from churches and a handful of high-status late Saxon buildings, timber construction — mostly using oak — continued to dominate during the mid and late Saxon periods. Convincing examples of halls, kitchens, bakehouses, barns, granaries and latrines have all been identified in Anglo-Saxon buildings. If most Grubenhäuser possessed suspended floors and could have been as substantial as earthfast buildings, then this has enormous implications for the interpretations of Anglo-Saxon settlements. The distinction between earthfast timber buildings and Grubenhäuser may yet prove to have been less rigid than archaeologists have tended to assume.
Local Churches in the Anglo-Saxon Countryside
Authors: Morris Richard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe ‘Anglo-Saxon landscape’ was a realm of co-varying regions and economies, some quite uniform, others highly differentiated, within which hierarchies of settlement changed in shape, function, and complexity as time passed. Burial across a wide area followed by contraction or re-adjustment of boundaries is known in a number of places. The issue of extensive, cross-country quarrying has implications for landscape and church-building along the length of England's Jurassic stone outcrop. Anglo-Saxon church history was once conceptualized in two halves — pre- and post-Viking — and told as a story in three acts: a monastic flourishing in the seventh and eighth centuries, institutional decay and Viking destruction in the ninth, reform, renewal, and growing localism in the tenth and eleventh. Today, ‘the evolution of institutions through the whole period’ is told as ‘one continuous story’.
The Mid Saxon ‘Final Phase’
Authors: Welch Martin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWhether the terms Final Phase or Conversion Period should be assigned to the mid Saxon period, as implied in the heading of this article, is open to question. This article highlights the continuity of early Saxon furnished burial and use the term Final Phase to represent burial practices that have their origins towards the end of the sixth century and disappear early in the eighth century. The initial finding that women buried with ‘classic’ Final Phase dress fittings seem to belong to a single generation centred on the third quarter of the seventh century. For the Anglo-Saxon political elite, a recently established norm was barrow burial accompanied by the symbols of power and of the lifestyle of the warrior caste. Cremation was already going out of fashion during the sixth century and, where it survived, conversion to Christianity assured its disappearance.