bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical illness induces nutrient-independent adipogenesis and accumulation of alternatively activated tissue macrophages
Authors: Marques Mirna Bastos , Perre Sarah Vander , Aertgeerts Annelies , Derde Sarah , Güiza Fabian , Casaer Michael P , Hermans Greet , Van den Berghe Greet , Langouche Lies 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Introduction
We previously reported that in artificially-fed critically ill patients, adipose tissue reveals an increase in small adipocytes and accumulation of M2-macrophages. We hypothesized that nutrient-independent factors of critical illness explain these findings, and that the M2-macrophage accumulation may not be limited to adipose tissue.

Methods
In a long-term cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mouse model of sepsis, we compared the effect of parenteral nutrition (CLP-fed, n = 13) with nutrient restriction (CLP-restricted, n = 11) on body composition, adipocyte size and macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue, liver and lungs. Fed healthy mice (n = 11) were studied as controls. In a human study, in vivo adipose tissue biopsies were studied from ICU patients (n = 40) enrolled in a randomized control trial which compared early initiation of parenteral nutrition (PN) versus tolerating nutrient restriction during the first week of ICU stay. Adipose tissue morphology was compared with healthy human controls (n = 13).

Results
Irrespective of nutritional intake, critically ill mice lost weight, fat and fat-free mass. Adipocyte number, proliferation marker Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and adipogenic markers PPARγ and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β (C/EBPβ) increased with illness, irrespective of nutritional intake. M2-macrophage accumulation was observed in adipose tissue, liver and lungs of critically ill mice. Macrophage M2-markers correlated with CCL2 expression. In adipose tissue biopsies of critically ill patients, increased adipogenic markers and M2 macrophage accumulation were present irrespective of nutritional intake.

Conclusions
Adipogenesis and accumulation of tissue M2-macrophages are hallmarks of prolonged critical illness, irrespective of nutritional management. During critical illness, M2-macrophages accumulate not only in adipose tissue, but also in the liver and lungs.
Early propranolol treatment induces lung heme-oxygenase-1, attenuates metabolic dysfunction, and improves survival following experimental sepsis
Authors: Wilson Joel , Higgins David , Hutting Haley , Serkova Natalie , Baird Christine , Khailova Ludmila , Queensland Kelly , Vu Tran Zung , Weitzel Lindsay , Wischmeyer Paul E 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Pharmacological agents that block beta-adrenergic receptors have been associated with improved outcome in burn injury. It has been hypothesized that injuries leading to a hypermetabolic state, such as septic shock, may also benefit from beta-blockade; however, outcome data in experimental models have been contradictory. Thus, we investigated the effect of beta-blockade with propranolol on survival, hemodynamics, lung heat shock protein (HSP) expression, metabolism and inflammatory markers in a rat cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis.

Methods
Sprague-Dawley rats receiving either repeated doses (30 minutes pre-CLP and every 8 hours for 24 hours postoperatively) of propranolol or control (normal saline), underwent CLP and were monitored for survival. Additionally, lung and blood samples were collected at 6 and 24 hours for analysis. Animals also underwent monitoring to evaluate global hemodynamics.

Results
Seven days following CLP, propranolol improved survival versus control (P < 0.01). Heart rates in the propranolol-treated rats were approximately 23% lower than control rats (P < 0.05) over the first 24 hours, but the mean arterial blood pressure was not different between groups. Metabolic analysis of lung tissue demonstrated an increase in lung ATP/ADP ratio and NAD+ content and a decreased ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids (PUFA/MUFA). Cytokine analysis of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) demonstrated decreased expression of TNF-alpha in both lung and plasma at 24 hours post CLP induced sepsis. Finally, propranolol led to a significant increase in lung hemeoxygenase-1 expression, a key cellular protective heat shock protein (HSP) in the lung. Other lung HSP expression was unchanged.

Conclusions
These results suggest that propranolol treatment may decrease mortality during sepsis potentially via a combination of improving metabolism, suppressing aspects of the inflammatory response and enhancing tissue protection.
β-Catenin mediates tumor-induced immunosuppression by inhibiting cross-priming of CD8+ T cells
Authors: Liang Xinjun , Fu Chunmei , Cui Weiguo , Ober-Blöbaum Julia L , Zahner Sonja P , Shrikant Protul A , Clausen Björn E , Flavell Richard A , Mellman Ira , Jiang Aimin 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTWhereas CD8+ T cells are essential for anti-tumor immunity, tumors often evade CD8+ T cell surveillance by immunosuppression. As the initiators of antigen-specific immune responses, DCs are likely to play a central role in regulating the balance between immunity and tolerance to tumor antigens and are specialized in their ability to cross-present exogenous tumor antigens on MHC class I molecules to initiate CD8+ T cell immunity. However, it remains unclear whether and how tumors modulate DC functions to suppress CD8+ T cell responses. We have shown previously that β-catenin signaling in DCs promotes DC-mediated CD4+ T cell tolerance. Here, we tested the hypothesis that β-catenin in DCs mediates tumor-induced suppression of CD8+ T cell immunity by inhibiting the ability of DCs in cross-priming. β-Catenin was activated in DCs by multiple tumors in vivo and in vitro. B16 melanoma-bearing mice, when vaccinated with DC-targeting anti-DEC-205 mAb fused with tumor antigens, exhibited dampened CD8+ immunity, similar to DC-β-cateninactive mice. DCs from DC-β-cateninactive and tumor-bearing mice were deficient in cross-priming, and antigen-specific CD8+ T cells primed in these mice resulted in dampened CD8+ memory responses. Importantly, DC-β-catenin−/− mice completely abrogate tumor-mediated inhibition of cross-priming, suggesting that tumor-induced inhibition of cross-priming is dependent on β-catenin. Finally, enhancing cross-priming at the priming or recall phase rescued β-catenin-suppressed CD8+ immunity in DC-β-cateninactive and tumor-bearing mice. Thus, β-catenin-mediated inhibition of cross-priming represents a new and potentially general mechanism that tumors employ to achieve immunosuppression.
Chemical Stability of Secondary-alkanolamine-based CO2 Solvents under Stripping Conditions
Authors: Yamamoto Shin , Higashii Takayuki 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Chemical stabilities of secondary alkanolamine substrates in CO2 solvents under stripping conditions and generation pathways of thermal degradation products have been studied. The two products generated in each amine solution have been proven to be oxazolidone and dimer of each amine. The thermal degradation of secondary alkanolamine proceeds in two steps as consecutive reactions. The carbamate compound, which is CO2-absorbing amine, cyclodehydrates to generate oxazolidone, and the oxazolidone further reacts with another amine to generate dimer through decarbonation condensation.
Oedema is associated with clinical outcome following emergency abdominal surgery
Authors: Vaughan-Shaw PG , Saunders J , Smith T , King AT , Stroud MA 
Published: September 2013

Introduction Oedema is observed frequently following surgery and may be associated with worse outcomes. To date, no study has investigated the role of oedema in the emergency surgical patient. This study assesses the incidence of oedema following emergency abdominal surgery and the value of early postoperative oedema measurement in predicting clinical outcome. Methods A prospective cohort study of patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery at a university unit over a two-month period was undertaken. Nutritional and clinical outcome data were collected and oedema was measured in the early postoperative period. Predictors of oedema and outcomes associated with postoperative oedema were identified through univariate and multivariate analysis. Results Overall, 55 patients (median age: 66 years) were included in the study. Postoperative morbidity included ileus (n=22) and sepsis (n=6) with 12 deaths at follow-up. Postoperative oedema was present in 19 patients and was associated with prolonged perioperative fasting (107 vs 30 hours, p=0.009) but not with body mass index (24kg/m2 vs 27kg/m2, p=0.169) or preadmission weight loss (5% vs 3%, p=0.923). On multivariate analysis, oedema was independently associated with gastrointestinal recovery (B=6.91, p=0.038), artificial nutritional support requirement (odds ratio: 6.91, p=0.037) and overall survival (χ2=13.1, df=1, p=0.001). Conclusions Generalised oedema is common after emergency abdominal surgery and appears to independently predict gastrointestinal recovery, the need for artificial nutritional support and survival. Oedema is not associated with commonly applied markers of nutritional status such as body mass index or recent weight loss. Measurement of oedema offers utility in identifying those at risk of poor clinical outcome or those requiring artificial nutritional support following emergency abdominal surgery.
A critical inventory of preoperative skull replicas
Authors: Fasel JHD , Beinemann J , Schaller K , Gailloud P 
Published: September 2013

Introduction Physical replicas of organs are used increasingly for preoperative planning. The quality of these models is generally accepted by surgeons. In view of the strong trend towards minimally invasive and personalised surgery, however, the aim of this investigation was to assess qualitatively the accuracy of such replicas, using skull models as an example. Methods Skull imaging was acquired for three cadavers by computed tomography using clinical routine parameters. After digital three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, physical replicas were produced by 3D printing. The facsimilia were analysed systematically and compared with the best gold standard possible: the macerated skull itself. Results The skull models were far from anatomically accurate. Non-conforming rendering was observed in particular for foramina, sutures, notches, fissures, grooves, channels, tuberosities, thin-walled structures, sharp peaks and crests, and teeth. Conclusions Surgeons should be aware that preoperative models may not yet render the exact anatomy of the patient under consideration and are advised to continue relying, in specific conditions, on their own analysis of the native computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.
Oxford elbow scores in an asymptomatic population
Authors: Guyver PM , Cattell AE , Hall MJ , Brinsden MD 
Published: September 2013

Introduction Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) are being used increasingly to assess the quality of healthcare delivery in the UK. It is important when using PROMs to know the score of the background population against which any clinical intervention may be benchmarked. The purpose of this study was to measure an elbow specific PROM for the population of the South West Peninsula. Methods A cross-sectional survey was undertaken of patients and healthcare professionals from the South West Peninsula population. Participants were asked to complete a simple demographic questionnaire and an Oxford elbow score for each elbow. Respondents with a history of elbow surgery, elbow injury, chronic elbow problems or an incomplete dataset were excluded from the study. Results A total of 1,765 respondents (3,530 elbows) completed the survey but 567 questionnaires were excluded due to incomplete datasets, pre-existing elbow pathology or age criteria, leaving 1,198 individuals (2,396 elbows) for analysis. The median scores for each decade group were 48, with mean scores ranging from 46.74 to 47.94. There was no significant clinical difference in the scores for age, sex or hand dominance. Conclusions When using the Oxford elbow score to assess outcomes after surgery, a normal score should be used as the benchmark. This benchmark is independent of age, sex and hand dominance.
Spiral Jetty, thirty-seven years later: The cinematic time of James Benning
Authors: Butler Alison 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This article considers cinematic time in James Benning’s film, casting a glance (2007), in relation to its subject, Robert Smithson’s 1970 earthwork Spiral Jetty, and his film of the same name. The radicalism of Smithson’s thinking on time has been widely acknowledged, and his influence continues to pervade contemporary artistic practice. The relationship of Benning’s films with this legacy may appear somewhat oblique, given their apparent phenomenological rendition of ‘real time’. However, closer examination of Benning’s formal strategies reveals a more complex temporal construction, characterized by uncertain intervals that interrupt the folding of cinematic time into the flow of consciousness. Smithson’s film uses cinematic analogy to gesture towards vast reaches of geological time; Benning’s film creates a simulated timescale to evoke the short history of the earthwork itself. Smithson’s embrace of the entropic was a counter-cultural stance at the end of the1960s, but under the shadow of ecological disaster, this orientation has come to appear melancholy and romantic rather than radical. Benning’s film returns the jetty to anthropic time, but raises questions about the ways we inhabit time. His practice of working with ‘borrowed time’ is particularly suited to the cultural and historical moment of his later work.
Warped product Einstein metrics on homogeneous spaces and homogeneous Ricci solitons
Authors: He Chenxu , Petersen Peter , Wylie William 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

In this paper we consider connections between Ricci solitons and Einstein metrics on homogeneous spaces. We show that a semi-algebraic Ricci soliton admits an Einstein one-dimensional extension if the soliton derivation can be chosen to be normal. Using our previous work on warped product Einstein metrics, we show that every normal semi-algebraic Ricci soliton also admits a k-dimensional Einstein extension for any k ≥ 2. We also prove converse theorems for these constructions and some geometric and topological structure results for homogeneous warped product Einstein metrics. In the appendix we give an alternative approach to semi-algebraic Ricci solitons which naturally leads to a definition of semi-algebraic Ricci solitons in the non-homogeneous setting.
Predicting the Liquid Film Thickness and Droplet–Gas Flow in Effervescent Atomization: Influence of Operating Conditions and Fluid Viscosity
Authors: Liu Meng , Duan Yufeng 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The droplet–gas flow in effervescent atomization was simulated using a comprehensive numerical model. Liquid film thicknesses in the nozzle exit orifice and droplet size distribution at the downstream of spray were calculated. The thickness of liquid film in the nozzle exit orifice increased and approached the droplet size in the primary atomization, as the air–liquid ratio increased. The primary breakup model can accurately predict the Sauter mean diameter in the primary atomization when gas–liquid two-phase flow belongs to the annular flow in the nozzle exit orifice. The viscosity of fluid had minimal influence on the liquid film thickness for spray with fluids, the viscosity of which is significantly greater than that of water. Droplet size initially decreased and then increased along the axial distance because of the secondary atomization and droplet coalescence at the downstream of spray.
Identification of the curve of discontinuity of the determinant of the anisotropic conductivity
Authors: Ikehata M. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
- Consider an anisotropic conductor of electric current which occupies a domain Ω ⊂ℝ2 with conductivity coefficient A = A0 +BχD, where D is a subdomain of Ω, A0 and A0+B are real, symmetric, uniformly positive definite and 2×2-matrix-valued functions. Denote by ΛA(f) the flux across ∂Ω induced by an electric potential f on ∂Ω. We prove that D can be uniquely determined by ΛA(f) for infinitely many f provided det A is discontinuous on ∂D and B is small on ∂D.
The problem of dynamical reconstruction of Dirichlet boundary control in semilinear hyperbolic equations
Authors: Maksimov V. , Pandolfi L. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
- The problems of dynamical reconstruction of unknown distributed and boundary controls acting upon nonlinear hyperbolic equations are discussed. Regularized algorithms which reconstruct unknown input during the evolution of the process are designed. These algorithms are stable with respect to informational noises and computational errors.
The problem of determining a coefficient in the parabolic equation and some properties of its solution
Authors: Belov Yu. Ya. , Shipina T.N. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
- An inverse problem of recovering a coefficient of the parabolic equation is considered in the case when the unknown coefficient depends only on the time variable t. The inverse problem is proved to be uniquely solvable “on the whole”. The behavior of its solution, when t →+∞, is investigated.
Unique continuation for over-determined Kirchoff plate equations and related thermoelastic systems
Authors: Eller M. , Lasiecka I. , Triggiani R. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
- We present unique continuation results for two over-determined problems: one involving a Kirchoff plate equation and one involving a related thermoelastic system, both with variable coefficient transmission coefficient and zero Cauchy data on an arbitrarily small portion of the boundary. Besides being of interest in themselves, both these two unique continuation results are critically invoked in the solution of a controllability problem (exact in the mechanical variables {w,wt} and, simultaneously, approximate in the thermal variable θ) of thermoelastic plates, by means of boundary controls, either in the hinged/Dirichlet boundary conditions, or else in the clamped/Dirichlet boundary conditions [E-L-T.1]-[E-L-T.3].
Iterative methods for an inverse heat conduction problem
Authors: Bastay G. , Kozlov V.A. , Turesson B.O. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
- We consider the problem of reconstruction of the temperature from measurements of the temperature and heat flux on a part of the boundary and present iterative methods for solving this problem. The characteristic feature of the methods is the fact that in each iteration step, well-posed problems for the same equation are solved. The regularizing character of the methods comes from suitable choice of boundary conditions. This fact allows one to use standard numerical packages. Some numerical experiments are given.
Identification of a special class of memory kernels in one-dimensional heat flow
Authors: Janno J. , Wolfersdorf L.V. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
- We consider the inverse problem of identification of memory kernels in one-dimensional heat flow are dealt with where the kernel is represented by a finite sum of products of known spatially-dependent functions and unknown time-dependent functions. As additional conditions for the inverse problems observations of both heat flux and temperature are prescribed. Using the Laplace transform method we prove an existence and uniqueness theorem for the memory kernel.
Identification of a temperature dependent heat conductivity by Tikhonov regularization
Authors: Kügler P. , Engl H.W. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
- If one applies the standard theory of Tikhonov regularization to the nonlinear ill-posed problem of identifying a temperature-dependent heat conductivity from temperature measurements, one needs rather strong conditions for obtaining convergence rates. By using a problem-adapted adjoint, we can obtain convergence rates under substantially weaker and more realistic conditions.
Convergence rates of the continuous regularized Gauss—Newton method
Authors: Kaltenbacher B. , Neubauer A. , Ramm A.G. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
- In this paper a convergence proof is given for the continuous analog of the Gauss-Newton method for nonlinear ill-posed operator equations and convergence rates are obtained. Convergence for exact data is proved for nonmonotone operators under weaker source conditions than before. Moreover, nonlinear ill-posed problems with noisy data are considered and a priori and a posteriori stopping rules are proposed. These rules yield convergence of the regularized approximations to the exact solution as the noise level tends to zero. The convergence rates are optimal rates under the source conditions considered.
Generalized Arcangeli’s discrepancy principles for a class of regularization methods for solving ill-posed problems
Authors: Nair M. T. , Rajan M.P. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
- While applying regularization procedures for obtaining stable solutions of ill-posed problems, one of the crucial step is the choice of the regularization parameter. Among the well considered discrepancy principles in the literature, Morozov’s method and Arcangeli’s method are widely used because of their simplicity for the purpose of applications. Although Morozov’s method and their variations have been considered extensively in the literature for general class of regularization methods, the Arcangeli’s method is known to have applied only for Tikhonov regularization. The reason could be the belief that it can never yield a rate better than Morozov’s procedure, under any smoothness assumption on the solution. However, this belief was misplaced as it has been showed by Nair (1992) that Arcangeli’s method do provide the best rate O(δ
2/3) for Tikhonov regularization under sufficient smoothness assumption on the solution, while Morozov’s method gives the rate only up to O(δ
1/2).
The purpose of this paper is to consider a generalized form of Arcangeli’s method for a general class of regularization methods for the case when there is no error on the modeling, and then extend the procedure which allow error in the modeling as well.
On an inverse source problem for the heat equation. Application to a pollution detection problem
Authors: El Badia A. , Ha-Duong T. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
- We consider the problem of identification of a heat source in a bounded domain Ω. Assuming that the point sources became inactive after the time T∗, we prove that they can be identified by measurements of the heat flux on Γ0
× (0, T), where Γ0 is a part of the boundary of Ω, with non void interior, and T > T∗. By a standard trandformation, we derive from these results a method to identify the polluting sources on the surface of a river, a lake . . .
A research program in neuroimaging for an evolutionary theory of syntax
Authors: Tettamanti Marco 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe Mirror System Hypothesis of Michael Arbib (2012), with respect to the cultural evolutionary origins of syntactic structure, allows to make a set of predictions about the neural mechanisms that govern the processing of modern human languages. Neuroimaging techniques may be employed to test these predictions and inform an evolutionary theory of language syntax. In this commentary, I will argue that future neuroimaging research needs in particular to: i) clarify whether linear sequential versus non-linear hierarchical structure differentially depend on mirror neurons as opposed to higher-order heteromodal cortices; ii) challenge current neuroscientific evidence on multilingualism: as it stands, syntactic processing appears to be mediated by the same neural mechanisms across languages, independently of cross-linguistic idiosyncrasies; iii) devise longitudinal studies of grammar acquisition in newborns and children; iv) recreate in the laboratory nearly-ecological conditions for the emergence of syntactic constructions through cultural and social interaction, and exploit the “experiment of nature” of pidgin and creole languages.