bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language, Culture, and Society
Authors: Deumert Ana 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the genesis and theoretical development of sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology. For the nineteenth century, the focus is on Humboldt, Whitney, and Schuchardt as well as early dialectological work. The argument then turns to the early twentieth century and considers Boas and Sapir in North America, as well as Bakhtin and Voloshinov in Russia. The paper concludes with the consolidation of socio-cultural linguistics in the 1960s, and three main approaches are discussed in detail: the sociology of language, variationist sociolinguistics, and the ethnography of communication.
The History of Corpus Linguistics
Authors: McEnery Tony , Hardie Andrew 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe modern field of corpus linguistics – based around the computer-aided analysis of extremely large databases of text – is largely a phenomenon of the late 1950s onwards. Its early history was marked by opposition from, in particular, Noam Chomsky, who favored a rationalist view over the empiricism associated with corpus-based approaches. However, corpora have been shown to be highly useful in a range of areas of linguistics (but perhaps most notably lexicography and grammatical description). Modern corpus linguistics was formed in the context of work on English, though it is now applied to many different languages; it was in this context that techniques such as corpus annotation, and important concepts such as collocation, emerged. Alongside this history of corpus linguistics considered as a methodology stands the history of an alternative approach, sometimes called neo-Firthian, within which the study of words, phraseology and collocation in corpora are the keystone of linguistic theory.
Diverse Forms of Difference
Authors: Lambert Jason R. , Bell Myrtle P. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide a review of the state of diversity in management literature, including the most recent conceptualizations and measures developed for studying diversity among individuals within organizations. Background on the theoretical and empirical development of surface-level and deep-level diversity is provided. Turning then to separation, variety, and disparity, the chapter will discuss the meaning, form, and assumptions underlying each type of diversity, and offers guidelines for conceptualization, measurement, and theory testing of each. The authors summarize the findings and suggest ideas for future research to move the diversity field forward.
An Examination of Categorization Processes in Organizations: The Root of Intergroup Bias and a Route to Prejudice Reduction
Authors: Ferguson Melissa J. , Porter Shanette C. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
To understand how people experience diversity, researchers have focused on category-based perceptions of others who belong to different social groups and the subsequent impact on intergroup dynamics. Specifically, scholars have focused on the automaticity of such categorizations, including stereotyping and implicit bias. This chapter will discuss these automatic, nonconscious processes, including their antecedents and their association with and effects on individual, group, and organizational outcomes. Given the automaticity of such processes, measurement strategies and suggestions for their use in future research will also be discussed.
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: From Naturalized Presumption to Analytical Categories
Authors: Hawkesworth Mary 
Published: January 2014

AbstractContrary to popular opinion, sex is not only a physical or biological characteristic but also a legal status and a political category. This article studies the various debates found in feminist scholarship that concern gender, sex, and sexuality as both analytical categories and lived experiences. The first section discusses the vocabulary feminist scholars have created to “denaturalize” embodiment and to show how physical capacities have been included in national orders of well-honed hierarchies of difference. The article then differentiates sex from sexuality and gender and highlights the power dimensions present in these concepts. It also studies competing accounts of gender as a cultural mechanism and other uses of sex, gender, and sexuality as overlapping analytical categories.
Citizenship
Authors: Siim Birte 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article addresses the joint challenge presented by migration, globalization, and multilevel governance, where citizenship within and beyond the nation state is renegotiated. It illustrates the classic national citizenship models, the extension of rights—as defined by recent citizenship scholarship—and the differences in citizenship rights in multicultural societies. The article provides an analysis of the gendering of citizenship and discusses citizenship in a global age. It also considers European integration and the politics of human rights.
Productivity
Authors: Broadberry Stephen N. , Giordano Claire , Zollino Francesco 
Published: January 2014

AbstractItaly's economic growth over its 150 years of unified history did not occur at a steady pace, nor was it balanced across sectors. Relying on an entirely new input (labor and capital) database, this chapter evaluates the different labor productivity growth trends within the Italian economy's sectors, as well as the contribution of structural change to productivity growth. Italy's performance is then set in an international context: a comparison of sectoral labor productivity growth rates and levels within a selected sample of countries (United Kingdom, United States, Germany, Japan, India) allows us to better time, quantify, and gauge the causes of Italy's catching-up process and subsequent more recent slowdown. Finally, the paper analyzes the proximate sources of Italy's growth, relative to the other countries, in a standard growth accounting framework, in an attempt also to disentangle the contribution of both total factor productivity growth and capital deepening to the country's labor productivity dynamics.
Innovation and Foreign Technology
Authors: Barbiellini Amidei Federico , Cantwell John , Spadavecchia Anna 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe chapter explores the long-run evolution of Italy's performance in technological innovation as a function of international technology transfer, reconstructing the different phases and dimensions of Italian innovative activity, tracking the transfer of foreign technological knowledge through a number of channels, analyzing the impact of imported technology. The study is based on a newly constructed dataset, over the 1861-2009 period, composed of variables related to innovation activity performance, foreign technology transfer, and domestic absorptive and innovative capability. The analysis highlights, also by econometric assessment, the significant contribution of foreign technology to innovation activity results. Machinery imports and the accumulation of technical human capital contributed positively to innovation activity; inward FDI contributed positively to productivity growth, but not to indigenous innovation activity results. Differences across channels of technology transfer and historical phases emerge, also in connection with the evolution of human capital endowment and domestic innovative capacity.
Old and New Italian Manufacturing Multinational Firms
Authors: Onida Fabrizio , Berta Giuseppe , Perugini Mario 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOnly two Italian multinationals born in very early twentieth century are surviving today (Fiat and Pirelli), while a number of public and private business that in the early post-war period had reached significant positions in the global business environment (such as Olivetti, Montecatini, SNIA, IRI-Ilva, Farmitalia) gradually disappeared or were sold to either Italian or foreign ownership. Since the mid-1980s a new wave of private SMEs ("fourth capitalism") became new protagonists of a rapid transformation from strong exporters to growing multinationals competing in sizeable world market niches. The chapter provides an overview of successes and failures of this peculiar pattern of multinational growth and decline of Italian firms.
Why the Italian Administrative System Is a Source of Competitive Disadvantage
Authors: Bianco Magda , Napolitano Giulio 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe development of the Italian administrative system showed some initial weaknesses: Italy was a latecomer, not having a strong administrative tradition; a substantial role of lawyers and legal administrative formalism strongly affected the evolution of the administration; the interaction between administration and politics was not always virtuous. All these factors had an impact on some of the expected outputs: we show as an example the evolution of the length, and quality, of civil justice decisions. Some reactions to these weaknesses-such as the development of "parallel" administrations, less subject to formal constraints-accompanied and sustained the country industrial growth at the beginning of the twentieth century and in the 1950s. But then again the inefficiencies and inadequacy of the responses prevailed. Parallel administrations slowly became similar to the formal public administration; overregulation, partly a reaction to inefficient law enforcement, followed; corruption strongly increased. Reforming the system proved more and more difficult.
Regional Disparities: Internal Geography and External Trade
Authors: A’Hearn Brian , Venables Anthony J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter explores the interactions between external trade and regional disparities in the Italian economy since unification. It argues that the advantage of the North was initially based on natural advantage (in particular the endowment of water, intensive in silk production). From 1880 onwards, the share of exports in GDP stagnated and then declined; domestic market access therefore became a key determinant of industrial location, inducing fast growing new sectors (especially engineering) to locate in regions with a large domestic market, i.e. in the North. From 1945 onwards, trade growth and European integration meant that foreign market access was the decisive factor; the North had the advantage of proximity to these markets
The interactive effects of soil transplant into colder regions and cropping on soil microbiology and biogeochemistry
Authors: Liu Shanshan , Wang Feng , Xue Kai , Sun Bo , Zhang Yuguang , He Zhili , Van Nostrand Joy D. , Zhou Jizhong , Yang Yunfeng 
Published: January 2014

SummarySoil transplant into warmer regions has been shown to alter soil microbiology. In contrast, little is known about the effects of soil transplant into colder regions, albeit that climate cooling has solicited attention in recent years. To address this question, we transplanted bare fallow soil over large transects from southernChina (subtropical climate zone) to central (warm temperate climate zone) and northernChina (cold temperate climate zone). After an adaptation period of 4 years, soil nitrogen components, microbial biomass and community structures were altered. However, the effects of soil transplant on microbial communities were dampened by maize cropping, unveiling a negative interaction between cropping and transplant. Further statistical analyses with Canonical correspondence analysis and Mantel tests unveiled annual average temperature, relative humidity, aboveground biomass, soilpHandNH4+‐Ncontent as environmental attributes closely correlated with microbial functional structures. In addition, average abundances ofamoA‐AOA(ammonia‐oxidizing archaea) andamoA‐AOB(ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria) genes were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with soil nitrification capacity, hence bothAOAandAOBcontributed to the soil functional process of nitrification. These results suggested that the soil nitrogen cycle was intimately linked with microbial community structure, and both were subjected to disturbance by soil transplant to colder regions and plant cropping.
Intravenous ferrous sucrose versus placebo in addition to oral iron therapy for the treatment of severe postpartum anaemia: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Perelló MF , Coloma JL , Masoller N , Esteve J , Palacio M 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous iron versus placebo added to standard oral iron therapy in the treatment of severe postpartum anaemia.DesignA randomised, double‐blind, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled clinical trial was performed in a single centre.SettingHospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.PopulationA cohort of 72 women with severe postpartum anaemia (6.0–8.0 g/dl) treated with oral ferrous sulphate (two tablets of 525 mg).MethodsWomen were randomised to receive either intravenous ferrous sucrose (200 mg/24 hours for two consecutive days) or intravenous placebo, in addition to standard iron therapy. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained at 1, 2, and 6 weeks.Main outcome measuresHaemoglobin and haematocrit at 1, 2, and 6 weeks. Other haematological and clinical parameters, psychological status, and adverse side effects were also evaluated.ResultsHaemoglobin and haematocrit values were comparable in women receiving intravenous iron or placebo in addition to oral iron therapy at any of the time points. At 6 weeks, haemoglobin level (mean ± SD) was 12.2 ± 1.0 versus 12.2 ± 0.9 g/dl, with a mean difference of −0.03 (95% CI −0.6 to 0.6), in the placebo and in the intravenous iron groups, respectively. No differences were found between clinical symptoms of anaemia, psychological status, and adverse side effects between groups.ConclusionsIntravenous iron added to oral iron therapy did not show significant benefits over placebo, neither in haemoglobin rise nor in symptoms or adverse side effects.
Angioplasty of the anterior tibial artery through an incidentally discovered persistent sciatic artery
Authors: H'ng Martin Weng Chin , Punamiya Sundeep 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThe persistent sciatic artery (PSA) is a rare arterial variant. Patients may present with a spectrum of atherosclerotic disease, but aneurysm formation with thromboembolic complications is more common. Although no intervention is required for asymptomatic individuals, stenting for stenosis, thrombolysis for occlusion and even utilisation of the PSA for intrapelvic embolisation have been reported. Angioplasty via an incidentally discovered PSA has rarely been described.
Discovery of three woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) biotypes in Australia: the role of antixenosis and antibiosis in apple tree resistance
Authors: Costa Arnaud , Williams David G , Powell Kevin S 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe woolly apple aphid (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann, is a worldwide pest of apple orchards that has become widespread in apple‐growing regions of Australia. Several WAA populations that are geographically distant may have evolved into biotypes having different fitness (e.g. fecundity) in similar biotic and abiotic conditions. In this study, we investigated the performance of four different lines of WAA (designated as ALB, STA, BAT and YAR) originating from four locations in Victoria and New South Wales (Australia). Nymph establishment, nymph development to adult, nymph developmental time, female fecundity and adult weight of apterous virginoparae on apple trees (cv Granny Smith) were monitored under glasshouse conditions. Results showed that at least three lines examined here differ significantly in one or more performance parameters. Nymphs of the STA lineage showed a significantly higher establishment success after 7 days (64.3%) compared with lines BAT (53.1%) and YAR (43.6%). Nymph development to adulthood followed a similar trend. The average fecundity/female/7 days of the ALB lineage (19.7 ± 1.6 nymphs) was the lowest and significantly reduced relative to all other lines (from 36.6 to 40.5 nymphs). These results demonstrate the existence of at least three different biotypes in Australia. Antibiosis and antixenosis, respectively, could explain lower aphid establishment and lower female fecundity once settled. The characterisation of different WAA biotypes could have important implications for WAA management, and further studies should evaluate the overall diversity of biotypes, their geographical distribution and their growth characteristics to fully optimise pest control strategies.
Update of the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Database based on analysis of allergen sequences
Authors: Radauer C. , Nandy A. , Ferreira F. , Goodman R. E. , Larsen J. N. , Lidholm J. , Pomés A. , Raulf‐Heimsoth M. , Rozynek P. , Thomas W. R. , Breiteneder H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee, under the auspices of the World Health Organization and the International Union of Immunological Societies, maintains the systematic nomenclature of allergenic proteins and publishes a database of approved allergen names on its Web site, www.allergen.org. In this paper, we summarize updates of allergen names approved at the meetings of the committee in 2011 through 2013. These changes reflect recent progress in identification, cloning, and sequencing of allergens. The goals of this update were to increase consistency in the classification of allergens, isoallergens, and variants and in the incorporation of the evolutionary classification of proteins into allergen nomenclature, while keeping changes of established names to a minimum in the interest of continuity. Allergens for which names have been updated include respiratory allergens from birch and ragweed pollen, midge larvae, and horse dander; food allergens from peanut, cow's milk, and tomato; and cereal grain allergens. The IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee encourages researchers to use these updated allergen names in future publications.
Subcutaneous protein C concentrate in the management of severe protein C deficiency – experience from 12 centres
Authors: Minford Adrian , Behnisch Wolfgang , Brons Paul , David Michele , Gomez Gomez Natividad , Hertfelder Hans‐Joerg , Kruempel Anne , Kurnik Karin , Mathias Mary , Molines Honrubia Antonio , Monagle Paul , Morgan Mary , Nowak‐Göttl Ulrike , Olivieri Martin 
Published: January 2014

SummarySince the first description of subcutaneous protein C concentrate as treatment for severe protein C deficiency in 1996, further cases have been reported but there is no uniform approach to this form of treatment. In order to assess the safety and effectiveness of subcutaneous protein C concentrate and suggest recommendations for future use, patients who had received subcutaneous protein C concentrate were identified from the literature, by contacting the manufacturers and by personal communication. Treatment details were available from 14 cases. Apart from one case where the infusion interval was inadvertently increased, no thrombotic events occurred even when doses were subsequently reduced. Initially, a trough protein C level of >0·25 iu/ml should be aimed for. Subsequently, a smaller dose of subcutaneous protein C concentrate, especially if taken with an oral anticoagulant, may be protective maintenance treatment. The treatment was well tolerated with few side effects. Subcutaneous protein C concentrate on its own or combined with an oral anticoagulant appears to be safe and effective as maintenance treatment of severe protein C deficiency. A major advantage is the avoidance of central venous access devices. The incidence of neurodevelopmental handicap was high with blindness affecting the majority of patients.
RETRACTED: Marginal bone loss evaluation around immediate non‐occlusal microthreaded implants placed in fresh extraction sockets in the maxilla: a 3‐year study
Authors: Calvo‐Guirado José L. , Gómez‐Moreno Gerardo , Aguilar‐Salvatierra Antonio , Guardia Javier , Delgado‐Ruiz Rafael A. , Romanos Georgios E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate marginal bone loss over 3 years around immediate microthreaded implants placed in the maxillary anterior/esthetic zone and immediately restored with single crowns.Material and methodsSeventy‐one implants (with microthreads up to the platform – rough surface body and neck, internal connection and platform switching) were placed in fresh extraction sockets in the maxillary arches of 30 men and 23 women (mean age 37.85 ± 7.09 years, range 27–60). All subjects had at least 3 mm of soft tissue to allow the establishment of adequate biologic width and to reduce bone resorption. Each patient received a provisional restoration immediately after implant placement with slight occlusal contact. Mesial and distal bone height was evaluated using digital radiography on the day following implant placement (baseline) and after 1, 2, and 3 years. Primary stability was measured with resonance frequency analysis.ResultsNo implants failed, resulting in a cumulative survival rate of 100% after 3 years. Marginal bone loss from implant collar to bone crest measured at baseline (peri‐implant bone defect at the fresh extraction socket) and after 3 years was 0.86 mm ± 0.29 mm. Mesial and distal site crestal bone loss ranged from 3.42 mm ± 1.2 mm at baseline to 3.51 mm ± 1.5 mm after 3 years (P = 0.063) and from 3.38 mm ± 0.9 mm at baseline to 3.49 mm ± 0.9 mm after 3 years, respectively (P = 0.086).ConclusionsThis prospective study found minimal marginal bone loss and a 100% implant survival rate over the 3‐year follow‐up for microthreaded immediate implants subjected to immediate non‐occlusal loading.
Sex‐associated differences in pancreatic β cell function in healthy preweaning pony foals
Authors: Jellyman J. K. , Valenzuela O. A. , Allen V. L. , Holdstock N. B. , Fowden A. L. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyPancreatic β cells are responsive to a range of stimuli during early post natal life in healthy pony foals. However, little is known about whether these responses are sex‐linked.ObjectivesTo determine pancreatic β cell responses to the insulin secretagogues, glucose, arginine and tolbutamide, in fillies and colts during the first 3 months after birth.Study designIn vivoexperiment examining sex differences in pancreatic β cell function in foals.MethodsFemale (n = 8) and male (n = 5) pony foals were infused i.v. with glucose (0.5 g/kg bwt 40% dextrose), arginine (100 mg/kg bwt) or tolbutamide (10 or 20 mg/kg bwt) over 5 min, at 48 h intervals, to assess pancreatic β cell function at ages 2 and 12 weeks. Blood samples (4 ml) were taken through a jugular catheter at ‐30, ‐15 and 0 min (immediately before) and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after glucose, arginine and tolbutamide administration for measurements of plasma glucose, α‐amino‐nitrogen and insulin concentrations.ResultsThe maximum increment in plasma insulin concentration in response to glucose was significantly higher in female (395 ± 58 ng/l) than male (172 ± 37 ng/l, P<0.05) pony foals 2 weeks after birth and the area under the insulin curve was significantly greater in females at this age. At 12 weeks, the insulin increment in response to glucose was significantly greater in fillies 45 min post infusion. The β cell responses to arginine and tolbutamide were not sex‐linked at either age.ConclusionsThese data show that in ponies, fillies have a greater β cell response to glucose than colts in early post natal life. Since glucose clearance was unaffected by sex, the results suggest that fillies may be less insulin sensitive than colts shortly after birth. Innate sex differences in the secretion and action of insulin in early post natal life may influence tissue development and growth with potentially more long‐term metabolic consequences.