bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perivascular adipose tissue contains functional catecholamines
Authors: Ayala‐Lopez Nadia , Martini Marisa , Jackson William F. , Darios Emma , Burnett Robert , Seitz Bridget , Fink Gregory D. , Watts Stephanie W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe sympathetic nervous system and its neurotransmitter effectors are undeniably important to blood pressure control. We made the novel discovery that perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) contains significant concentrations of catecholamines. We hypothesized thatPVATcontains sufficient releasable catecholamines to affect vascular function. High‐pressure liquid chromatography, isometric contractility, immunohistochemistry, whole animal approaches, and pharmacology were used to test this hypothesis. In normal rat thoracic aorta and superior mesenteric artery, the indirect sympathomimetic tyramine caused a concentration‐dependent contraction that was dependent on the presence ofPVAT. Tyramine stimulated release of norepinephrine (NA), dopamine (DA) and the tryptamine serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine [5‐HT]) fromPVATisolated from both arteries. In both arteries, tyramine‐induced concentration‐dependent contraction was rightward‐shifted and reduced by the noradrenaline transporter inhibitor nisoxetine (1 μmol/L), the vesicular monoamine transporter inhibitor tetrabenazine (10 μmol/L), and abolished by theαadrenoreceptor antagonist prazosin (100 nmol/L). Inhibitors of theDAand 5‐HTtransporter did not alter tyramine‐induced,PVAT‐dependent contraction. Removal of the celiac ganglion as a neuronal source of catecholamines for superior mesenteric arteryPVATdid not significantly reduce the maximum or shift the concentration‐dependent contraction to tyramine. Electrical field stimulation of the isolated aorta was not affected by the presence ofPVAT. These data suggest thatPVATcomponents that are independent of sympathetic nerves can releaseNAin a tyramine‐sensitive manner to result in arterial contraction. BecausePVATis intimately apposed to the artery, this raises the possibility of local control of arterial function byPVATcatecholamines.
VS‐501: a novel, nonabsorbed, calcium‐ and aluminum‐free, highly effective phosphate binder derived from natural plant polymer
Authors: Wu‐Wong J. Ruth , Chen Yung‐wu , Gaffin Robert , Hall Andy , Wong Jonathan T. , Xiong Joseph , Wessale Jerry L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractInadequate control of serum phosphate in chronic kidney disease can lead to pathologies of clinical importance. Effectiveness of on‐market phosphate binders is limited by safety concerns and low compliance due to high pill size/burden and gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort. VS‐501 is a nonabsorbed, calcium‐ and aluminum‐free, chemically modified, plant‐derived polymer. In vitro studies show that VS‐501 has a high density and a low swell volume when exposed to simulated gastric fluid (vs. sevelamer). When male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats on normal diet were treated with VS‐501 or sevelamer, serum phosphate was not significantly altered, but urinary phosphate levels decreased by >90%. VS‐501 had no effect on serum calcium (Ca) or urinary Ca, while 3% sevelamer significantly increased serum and urine Ca. In 5/6 nephrectomized (NX) uremic SD rats on high‐phosphate diet, increasing dietary phosphate led to an increase in serum and urine phosphate, which was prevented in rats treated with VS‐501 or sevelamer (0.2–5% in food). High‐phosphate diet also increased serum fibroblast growth factor‐23 and parathyroid hormone in 5/6 NX rats that was prevented by VS‐501 or sevelamer. VS‐501 or sevelamer increased fecal phosphate in a dose‐dependent manner. More aortic calcification was observed in 5/6 NX rats treated with 5% sevelamer, while VS‐501 and sevelamer did not show significant effects on cardiac parameters, fibrosis, intestine histology, and intestinal sodium‐dependent phosphate cotransporter gene expression. These results suggest that VS‐501 is effective in binding phosphate with no effects on calcium homeostasis, and may have improved pill burden and GI side effects.
NL‐103, a novel dual‐targeted inhibitor of histone deacetylases and hedgehog pathway, effectively overcomes vismodegib resistance conferred by Smo mutations
Authors: Zhao Jie , Quan Haitian , Xie Chengying , Lou Liguang 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMisregulation of hedgehog (Hh) signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and medulloblastoma. Vismodegib, an orally bioavailable Hh signal pathway inhibitor targeting Smo, has been approved for the treatment of advanced BCC. However, acquired drug resistance to vismodegib induced by point mutation in Smo is emerging as a major problem to vismodegib treatment. In this study, we designed and synthesized a novel chimeric compound NL‐103, which comprises structural elements of Hh pathway inhibitor vismodegib, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat. NL‐103 simultaneously and significantly inhibited both HDACs and Hh pathway. Importantly, NL‐103, as well as vorinostat, effectively overcame vismodegib resistance induced by Smoothened point mutations. Moreover, NL‐103 and vorinostat, but not vismodegib, significantly downregulated the expression of Gli2 which plays an important role in Hh pathway. These results indicate that HDAC inhibitory activity is essential for NL‐103 to overcome vismodegib resistance and that dual inhibition of HDAC and Hh signaling pathway may be a rational strategy for overcoming vismodegib resistance. Our findings suggest that NL‐103 may be a promising compound for clinical development as a more effective Hh pathway inhibitor.
Dexmedetomidine preconditioning ameliorates kidney ischemia‐reperfusion injury
Authors: Lempiäinen Juha , Finckenberg Piet , Mervaala Elina E. , Storvik Markus , Kaivola Juha , Lindstedt Ken , Levijoki Jouko , Mervaala Eero M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractKidney ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common cause of acute kidney injury. We tested whether dexmedetomidine (Dex), an alpha2 adrenoceptor (α2‐AR) agonist, protects against kidney I/R injury. Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups: (1) Sham‐operated group; (2) I/R group (40 min ischemia followed by 24 h reperfusion); (3) I/R group + Dex (1 μg/kg i.v. 60 min before the surgery), (4) I/R group + Dex (10 μg/kg). The effects of Dex postconditiong (Dex 1 or 10 μg/kg i.v. after reperfusion) as well as the effects of peripheral α2‐AR agonism with fadolmidine were also examined. Hemodynamic effects were monitored, renal function measured, and acute tubular damage along with monocyte/macrophage infiltration scored. Kidney protein kinase B, toll like receptor 4, light chain 3B, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), sirtuin 1, adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expressions were measured, and kidney transciptome profiles analyzed. Dex preconditioning, but not postconditioning, attenuated I/R injury‐induced renal dysfunction, acute tubular necrosis and inflammatory response. Neither pre‐ nor postconditioning with fadolmidine protected kidneys. Dex decreased blood pressure more than fadolmidine, ameliorated I/R‐induced impairment of autophagy and increased renal p38 and eNOS expressions. Dex downregulated 245 and upregulated 61 genes representing 17 enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, in particular, integrin pathway and CD44. Ingenuity analysis revealed inhibition of Rac and nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 pathways, whereas aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway was activated. Dex preconditioning ameliorates kidney I/R injury and inflammatory response, at least in part, through p38‐CD44‐pathway and possibly also through ischemic preconditioning.
Causes and recommended management of acute diarrhoea
Authors: Ede Roland 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAcute diarrhoea is usually the result of a self‐limiting infection and can often be self‐managed; however, hospital admission is indicated for severe cases. In our Drug review, the author discusses the causes and types of acute diarrhoea and the available management options, followed by a review of the prescription data and sources of further information.
Physics‐based modeling and microwave characterization of graphene co‐planar waveguides
Authors: Heo Keun , Cho Kyung‐Sang , Lee Jae Hyun , Jang Yamujin , Kim Sangsig , Hwang Sung Woo , Whang Dongmok 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this study, large area mono‐, bi‐, and multi‐layer graphenes (MLG) were synthesized using low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) process and co‐planar waveguides (CPW) with graphenes being fabricated using conventional photolithography. The intrinsic room temperature radio frequency (RF) characteristics were measured via direct contact to the graphene surface with a probe–tip in the range of 0.1 GHz to 40 GHz without using metal electrodes. The device characteristics were also evaluated by physics‐based RLC equivalent circuit simulation. The proposed equivalent circuit model reproduced all of the measured characteristics within 3% of RMSE and we numerically extracted the set of component values which minimize the error between the measured data and the simulation results over the measured regime. Our findings demonstrate that MLG is an effective candidate in RF interconnect device applications. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Self‐catalysed growth of InAs nanowires on bare Si substrates by droplet epitaxy
Authors: Anyebe E. A. , Zhuang Q. , Sanchez A. M. , Lawson S. , Robson A. J. , Ponomarenko L. , Zhukov A. , Kolosov O. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe demonstrate the self‐catalyst growth of vertically aligned InAs nanowires on bare Si(111) by droplet epitaxy. The growth conditions of indium droplets suitable for nucleation and growth of nanowires have been identified. We have then realized vertically aligned and non‐tapered InAs nanowires on bare Si(111) substrates through optimal indium droplets. It was found that the lateral dimensions and density of nano‐wires are defined by the indium droplets. This technique unravels a controllable, cost‐effective and time‐efficient route to fabricating functional monolithic hybrid structures of InAs nanowires on silicon.magnified image(© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Radiographic Evaluation of Suspected Bladder Rupture following Blunt Trauma: Critical Review
Authors: Iverson Alan J. , Morey Allen F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIndications for urgent radiographic evaluation of suspected bladder injuries are poorly defined. Review of the existing literature reveals that traumatic bladder rupture is strongly correlated with the combination of pelvic fracture and gross hematuria. Nearly all patients with hematuria or pelvic fracture alone do not have bladder rupture. Bladder rupture is commonly associated with suprapubic discomfort or inability to void in coherent, responsive patients. Intoxicated or unresponsive patients should warrant a higher index of suspicion for bladder injury among clinicians treating patients with pelvic trauma. Similarly, patients having neurologic or preexisting urologic co‐morbidities may not manifest typical symptoms of bladder rupture. The above clinical indicators should be considered when clinicians determine the appropriateness of urgent cystography to detect bladder rupture.
Determinants of Early and Late Outcome after Surgery for Type A Aortic Dissection
Authors: Pompilio Giulio , Spirito Rita , Alamanni Francesco , Agrifoglio Marco , Polvani Gianluca , Porqueddu Massimo , Reali Matteo , Biglioli Paolo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to identify the most important variables associated with early and late mortality in patients operated on for type A aortic dissection over a 15‐year period. From January 1984 to March 1999, 110 patients underwent surgery for type A aortic dissection. The 88.1% of patients had an acute type A dissection (AD) and 11.8% had a chronic dissection (CD). Cardiac tamponade and shock occurred in 21.8% and 14.5% of the patients,
respectively. The location of the primary intimal tear was in the ascending aorta in 70.9% of cases, in the arch in 17.2%, and in the descending aorta in 7.2%. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify non‐embolic variables independently correlated to in‐hospital death. Kaplan‐Meier and Cox regression analyses and hazard function for death risk were used to analyze factors influencing overall and surgical survival. The overall in‐hospital mortality rate was 20.9% (23/110 patients), being 9% for CD and 21.6% for AD.
Emergent procedures had an in‐hospital mortality rate of 47.6%,
whereas nonemergent operations had an in‐hospital mortality rate of
13.7% (p < 0.01). Univariate analysis revealed 41
preoperative and operative variables, including age (years), age >70
years, remote myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular dysfunction,
diabetes, preoperative renal failure, shock, cardiopulmonary bypass time (minutes), emergency operation, as factors associated to in‐hospital death (p < 0.05). Stepwise logistic regression analysis for in‐hospital death selected as independent predicting variables (p < 0.05) remote myocardial infarction [p = 0.006, odds ratio
(OR) = 1.9], preoperative renal failure (p =
0.031; OR = 0.8), shock (p = 0.001; OR =
3.1), and age >70 years (p = 0.007; OR = 1.7).
Follow‐up ranged from 9 to 172 months (median 78 months), with Kaplan‐Meier survivals for all the patients and hospital survivors of
42% and 54% at 10 years, respectively. Cox regression analysis has identified postoperative stroke [relative risk (RR) = 3.7;
p = 0.012), intimal tear in the aortic arch (RR =
2.3; p = 0.036), and postoperative renal failure
(RR = 4.5; p = 0.007) as independent predictors of reduced survival at follow‐up. When this kind of analysis was performed on hospital survivors only, preoperative renal dysfunction
(RR = 1; p = 0.013), reoperation (RR = 1.7;
p = 0.004) and intimal tear in the aortic arch
(RR = 1.2; p = 0.002) emerged as risk factors.
The actuarial freedom from reoperation was 85.4% at 5 years. Multiple factors still influence early and late survival after surgery for type A aortic dissection. Preoperative renal impairment both affects early and late outcome. Early postoperative course affects late outcome in hospital survivors. The presence of the intimal tear in the aortic arch has a negative impact on late survival.
Mild or Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Risk in Elective Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery
Authors: Michalopoulos Argyris , Geroulanos Stefanos , Papadimitriou Lila , Papadakis Emmanouel , Triantafillou K. , Papadopoulos Kyrilos , Palatianos George 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is considered a risk factor in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of history of mild or moderate COPD on outcome in patients undergoing elective CABG surgery. In this prospective, case‐controlled study, we compared two groups of adult patients undergoing elective CABG surgery. In this prospective, case‐controlled study, we compared two groups of adult patients undergoing elective CABG surgery. There were no statistically significant differences regarding early postoperative complications between the groups (p > 0.05). The median duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay were 0.4 and 1 days, respectively, in the two groups. The mean (± SD) hospital stay was 7.8 ± 1.6 days in the COPD group and 7.5 ± 1.3 days in the control group (p = 0.1). The mortality rate was found
1.4% in COPD patients and 0.7% in the control group (p = 0.5). We concluded that patients with a history of mild or moderate COPD undergoing elective CABG had morbidity and mortality rates comparable with those of controls (p > 0.05).
Petroleum Prospects of Lamu Basin, South-Eastern Kenya
Authors: Nyaberi Mogaka D. , Rop Bernard K. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract:
The hydrocarbon potential of the sub-surface Lamu basin (SE Kenya) offshore sedimentary rock sequences of Mesozoic age formed the premise of this study. Major similarities and some differences in structural styles can be seen between the offshore Lamu and the Gondwana basins along the margins of Indian Ocean and Carnarvon basin along Australia’s North West Shelf, where oil pools have been discovered. The existing well results and recent 2-D seismic data have been interpreted to identify various structural styles and play fairway segments, which bolster the possibility that the Karroo to late Tertiary sedimentary mega-sequences (∼3000 – 13000 m thick), suitable for hydrocarbon exploration, could be visualized in both the onshore and offshore Lamu basin areas. Similarly, major reservoir-seal and potential source intervals have been identified in the present study. The hydrocarbon indicator from the well-log data shows that oil potential in complex multiple petroleum systems, ranging in age from Triassic to Tertiary, have tested gas deposits. Well control of only one exploratory well per 25,000 sq km in the offshore Lamu basin shows evidence of the existence of at least two active petroleum systems. The Lamu basin has evolved consequent to a complex tectonic activity related to continental rifting and block faulting of the Lamu-Anza and Central African rift systems. An attempt has been made to recommend the probable prognostic structural leads, which are controlled by NW-SE trending faults sympathetic to the Anza-Lamu rift systems, for future essential sub-surface features of source rocks, reservoir rocks and the cap rocks in the Lamu basin.
Divergence in Age Patterns of Mortality Change Drives International Divergence in Lifespan Inequality
Authors: Gillespie Duncan O. S. , Trotter Meredith V. , Tuljapurkar Shripad D. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In the past six decades, lifespan inequality has varied greatly within and among countries even while life expectancy has continued to increase. How and why does mortality change generate this diversity? We derive a precise link between changes in age-specific mortality and lifespan inequality, measured as the variance of age at death. Key to this relationship is a young–old threshold age, below and above which mortality decline respectively decreases and increases lifespan inequality. First, we show for Sweden that shifts in the threshold’s location have modified the correlation between changes in life expectancy and lifespan inequality over the last two centuries. Second, we analyze the post–World War II (WWII) trajectories of lifespan inequality in a set of developed countries—Japan, Canada, and the United States—where thresholds centered on retirement age. Our method reveals how divergence in the age pattern of mortality change drives international divergence in lifespan inequality. Most strikingly, early in the 1980s, mortality increases in young U.S. males led to a continuation of high lifespan inequality in the United States; in Canada, however, the decline of inequality continued. In general, our wider international comparisons show that mortality change varied most at young working ages after WWII, particularly for males. We conclude that if mortality continues to stagnate at young ages yet declines steadily at old ages, increases in lifespan inequality will become a common feature of future demographic change.
Negative cognitive style and perceived social support mediate the relationship between aggression and NSSI in hospitalized adolescents
Authors: Wolff Jennifer C. , Frazier Elisabeth A. , Esposito‐Smythers Christianne , Becker Sara J. , Burke Taylor A. , Cataldo Andrea , Spirito Anthony 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTDespite the well‐documented association between aggression and NSSI among adolescents, relatively little research has been conducted on the mechanisms underlying this relationship. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential socio‐cognitive mechanisms through which aggression and NSSI are related. Participants were 186 adolescents (ages 13–18) recruited from a psychiatric inpatient facility in the northeastern United States. According to teen report, 57.5% of the sample endorsed NSSI in the previous year. Mediation was tested using the modern bootstrapping technique described by Hayes, using 5000 resamples with replacement, including sex and depression diagnosis as covariates. Results demonstrated that greater negative self‐talk, a more negative cognitive style, and lower perceived family support were all significant mediators of the relationship between aggression and greater frequency of NSSI, whereas perceived social support from friends was not a significant mediator. Limitations, clinical implications, and future research directions of the current research are discussed.
Noninvasive risk stratification of lethal ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction
Authors: Yodogawa Kenji , Shimizu Wataru 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPrediction of lethal ventricular arrhythmias leading to sudden cardiac death is one of the most important and challenging problems after myocardial infarction (MI). Identification of MI patients who are prone to ventricular tachyarrhythmias allows for an indication of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator placement. To date, noninvasive techniques such as microvolt T‐wave alternans (MTWA), signal‐averaged electrocardiography (SAECG), heart rate variability (HRV), and heart rate turbulence (HRT) have been developed for this purpose. MTWA is an indicator of repolarization abnormality and is currently the most promising risk‐stratification tool for predicting malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Similarly, late potentials detected by SAECG are indices of depolarization abnormality and are useful in risk stratification. However, the role of SAECG is limited because of its low predictive accuracy. Abnormal HRV and HRT patterns reflect autonomic disturbances, which may increase the risk of lethal ventricular arrhythmias, but the existing evidence is insufficient. Further studies of noninvasive assessment may provide a new insight into risk stratification in post‐MI patients.
God and the Great Reform Act: Preaching against Reform, 1831–32
Authors: Saunders Robert 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe struggle for the “Great” Reform Act was one of the most serious crises of the nineteenth century, stirring controversy not only in Parliament and the political unions but in churches and chapels across the country. For many of its supporters, reform was a holy cause; for its opponents, it was a “Satanic” measure. This article seeks to reestablish reform as a religious controversy, paying special attention to the religious press and to the hundreds of sermons preached by the Anglican clergy. Anglicans mobilized an array of scriptural authorities against the reform bill, contributing directly to the rising temperature of debate. This was a “Constitution in Church and State,” and the church possessed both an authority and an audience that few institutions could match. Restoring it to the center of debate helps us to understand what was at stake in the reform bill and why it aroused such bitter passions.