bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dionysius of Tel‐Mahré
Authors: Witakowski Witold 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDionysius of Tel‐Mahré, patriarch of the Syrian‐Orthodox Church (818–45CE), is mainly known for his historical work covering ecclesiastical and secular matters from the accession of the emperor Maurice (582) until the deaths of Theophilos and the caliph Al‐Mu'tasim (842).
Factories, Late Roman and Byzantine
Authors: Decker Michael J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Diocletian (r. 284–305
CE
) and the emperors of the Tetrarchy (r. 293–313) created imperial arms factories, the
fabricate
(singular,
fabrica
), throughout the empire by moving skilled specialists from legionary foundries and civilian artisans into urban compounds that contained workshops, warehouses, and barracks housing hundreds of workers.
Sabas, Great Lavra of
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The fifth century
CE
saw in Palestine a period of monastic expansion in the Judaean Desert to the south and east of Jerusalem. Our knowledge of this episode is derived largely from the
Lives of the Palestinian Saints
, written by Cyril of Skythopolis in the sixth century. Chief among these monastic saints was Sabas, who founded the Great Lavra in the Judaean Desert in 483 (?). The Great Lavra was a monastery at the core of which was a coenobitic house, rebuilt by Justinian in the sixth century, much of which survives, but many of the monks lived an eremitical (hermit) life in the caves of the Wadi Kedron, in which the monastery is situated.
Scripts, Byzantine
Authors: Gaul Niels 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Greek handwriting of the Middle Ages knew two basic scripts, majuscule (bilinear; i.e., most letters fitting between two virtual, lines), and minuscule (quadrilinear; i.e., most letters featuring ascending or descending strokes). Majuscule letters were the only acceptable book script of Antiquity and Late Antiquity. From the third through the eighth centuries
CE
and under the influence of Latin, which had already developed quadrilinear features, Greek minuscule script gradually evolved from a cursive version of documentary majuscule (De Gregorio 2000). Accordingly, minuscule script was first employed in the chancery context. The basic principle of majuscule was to write, or draw, each letter individually; that of minuscule was to “string together” (
syrmaiographein
) as many letters as possible (Cortassa 2003; Luzzatto 2002–3). “Scribal economy” guided the evolution of the initial minuscule canon; certain majuscule letters that were easily mistaken – rounded E, Ο, C, and diagonal Α, Δ, Λ, all differentiated by a single hairline, resulting in numerous scribal errors – became easily differentiable in the new alphabet. However, it produced its own “false friends,” such as H–K and, to a lesser degree, Μ–Ν, so that by the tenth century certain majuscule letters were reinserted into the minuscule canon (H, K, N, Λ, etc.), presumably also to satisfy the conservative taste of well‐to‐do patrons (Oikonomides 2000). Majuscule and minuscule scripts coexisted in various context‐bound styles and on a sliding scale from formal to informal.
S
inai,
M
onastery of
St
.
C
atherine
Authors: Hatlie Peter 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The Monastery of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai was among the most prominent and privileged institutions of its kind in Early Byzantium. Its reputation rested upon its special place in biblical geography, important works of religious art, relics, imposing architecture, an impressive manuscript collection, and significant financial and political patronage. Long before its founding, hermits gravitated to the region of Mount Sinai, both the peak associated with Moses’ reception of the Decalogue (Jabal Mūsā) and the valley below, identified with the miracle of the Burning Bush. Around 330
CE
, the empress Helena funded a shrine at the site of the Burning Bush, seen decades later by the traveler
Egeria
.
Theotokos (Virgin Mary)
Authors: Peltomaa Leena Mari 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTheotokos (lit. “The one who gives birth to God”) is an epithet of the Virgin Mary, the use of which was challenged by Nestorius (because no created being could give birth to God) but endorsed at the Council of Ephesos in 431 (on soteriological grounds: Jesus was both God and man).
Xenodocheion
Authors: Miller Timothy S. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Xenodocheion
was a Greek term for new Christian philanthropic institutions that appeared during the fourth century
CE
in the Eastern Roman Empire. Although
xenodocheion
occasionally served as a synonym for
pandocheion
(commercial inn), after 300
CE
it referred exclusively to hospices offering free lodging to travelers and homeless poor (Kislinger 1984: 171–5).
Zeno, emperor
Authors: Haarer F. K. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractZeno (b. 425/30, d. April 9, 491CE), originally Tarasicodissa of Rousamblada, emerged as emperor (474–91) after a power struggle in Constantinople between the Germanic powerbase, orchestrated by Aspar, and the Isaurians who, notorious for their plundering of imperial territory up to the fifth century, thereafter operated within the sphere of imperial politics. In 466 Zeno married Ariadne, Leo I's daughter, and in 469 became consul andmagister militum per Orientem. After Aspar's murder, and when the throne passed to Zeno following the deaths of Leo I and Leo II, it seemed that the Isaurians had finally achieved the transition from despised brigands on the periphery of empire to rulers of that empire.
Zonaras, John
Authors: Jeffreys Elizabeth 
Published: December 2012

AbstractJohn Zonaras (died after 1159CE) held high office under Alexios I Komnenos (reigned 1081–1118) but lost his position after that emperor's death. He retired as a monk to the monastery of St. Glykeria (probably on the Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara).
Aisymnetes
Authors: Wallace Robert W. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Aisymneteai
were obscure, mainly Archaic officials or rulers seemingly associated with the demos and mediation; the etymology is unknown. Among Homer's Phaeacians nine
aisymnetai, demioi
(“from the people”), “managed [
presseskon
] everything well in contests/ gatherings” (
Od
. 8.258–60). Homer's imperfect verb indicates that they were not
ad hoc;
despite scholastic suggestions, nowhere do they arbitrate contests (contrast
brabeus;
Achilles in
Il
. 23.270–897).
Apellai
Authors: Samotta Iris 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Apellai
(only in the plural form) refers to the religious Apellai festival of Apollo (“Apellon” in the Dorian dialect) held every year in the month of Apellaios in Delphi (Burkert 1975: 9–11) and probably in Lakonia (Luther 2006: 81), or to the Spartan political assembly of the people as exposed in the
Great Rhetra
of ca. 700
bce
, the constitutional document ascribed to the mythical lawgiver Lycurgus.
Archon/archontes
Authors: Taylor Martha C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractArchon (meaning, simply, “the ruling one”) was the title given to public officials in several Greek states. Archons are attested in Arcadia, Athens, Boiotia, Delos, Delphi, Thessaly (where four “tetrarchs” each ruled a “tetrad” or “fourth” of Thessaly), and elsewhere.
Areopagos
Authors: Wallace Robert W. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA rocky outcropping below Athens' Acropolis, the Areios Pagos (in early Greek, “solid hill,” later by popular etymology “hill of Ares”) included the site of a shrine to the Erinyes, underworld deities of the family curse, an early venue for homicide trials. It also became the site of a council with at least potentially important powers, removed in 462/1bce. From the later fifth century a symbol for conservatives of pre‐democratic government, during Athens' more conservative period after 350 and then in Roman times, it regained someauctoritasif few new powers.
Aristagoras of Miletos
Authors: Boffo Laura 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAristagoras (?‐ca. 496bce), son of Molpagoras, from a distinguished Milesian family, was the deputy tyrant (epitropos)of his relative Histiaios, detained in Susa, from ca. 511 to autumn 499. His aim was apparently to consolidate the role of Miletos and his own power in the eastern Mediterranean under Achaemenid rule.
Aristides (“the Just”)
Authors: Shear Julia L. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAristides, the son of Lysimachos of the Athenian deme Alopeke, was probably born in the 520sbceand died about 467. Prominent both as a general and as a politician in the 480s and 470s, he assessed the first Tribute to be paid by the members of the Delian League.His reputation for probity was known already to Herodotus, who described him as “the best and most just man among the Athenians” (Hdt. 8.79.1). His reputation was emphasized by later sources and Plutarch'sLife of Aristidescontains a series of anecdotes attesting to his upright character.
Ateleia
Authors: Migeotte Léopold 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

In the Greek world,
ateleia
was tax exemption and, more generally, dispensation from any charge. It was an original institution, common in Greek city‐states, but the numerous ancient texts, mainly epigraphic, that evoke it are often terse and difficult to interpret. However, together they allow us to identify many main types.
Diplomacy, Greek
Authors: Bolmarcich Sarah 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThere is no word in ancient Greek that approximates the sense of the English word “diplomacy.” Nor did the Greeks have a “science” of diplomacy as we do today; there may have been a number of fourth‐century BCE treatises instructing their readers on topics like siege warfare, but there was only one such tract on diplomacy, Demetrios of Phaleron's no‐longer‐extantPresbeutikos, “On Ambassadorship.” What can be discerned from our scanty evidence, however, are the physical procedures of Greek diplomacy.
Dorian tribes
Authors: Jones Nicholas F. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract“Tribes” is the conventional but misleading rendering of Greekphylai(singular,phyle), the principal units segmenting the populations and/or territories of many, perhaps originally all, city‐states. Just as in the case of the four ancestralphylaiof the Ionians, Dorians inherited a set of threephylai, with an attested historical distribution among the Peloponnesian city‐states and their colonial foundations, on the islands of the southern Aegean, and along the southwestern seaboard of Asia Minor.
Hipparchos, son of Peisistratos
Authors: Lavelle B. M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Nothing is known about his early life and sources are divided as to whether Hipparchos (ca. 565–514
bce
) succeeded Peisistratos in 528/7 as sole tyrant of Athens, as co‐ruler with his brother Hippias, or whether Hippias ruled alone after peisistratos.
Thirty Tyrants, at Athens
Authors: Németh György 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The Thirty Tyrants (404–403
BCE
) were an Oligarchy that overthrew the Athenian democracy and sent hundreds of Athenians to their deaths during its eight‐month rule (Xen.
Hell
. 2.4.21; [Arist.]
Ath. Pol
. 35.4).
Kallias, Peace of
Authors: Harris Edward M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

After the Athenian general Kimon died while on campaign in Cyprus around 449
bce
, there was no fighting between the Athenians and the forces of the Great King of Persia until 412, when the Persian satraps Tissaphernes and Pharnabazos started to support the Spartan forces in Ionia.
Kaulonia
Authors: Vido Stefania De 
Published: December 2012

AbstractKaulonia was a Greek city in southern Italy, on the Ionian Sea between Kroton and Lokroi (Monasterace Marina, RC). It was founded ca. 650bceby the Achaians from Kroton (Ps.‐Skymnos 318–22) and from Greek Achaia (OikistesTyphon from Aigion: Paus. 6.3. 11–12) in order to stop the northern territorial expansion of Lokroi Epizephyroi beyond the Sagra River.
Kimon
Authors: Henderson Thomas R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractKimon was a fifth‐centurybceAthenian statesman and general who elevated Athens to hegemony in the Aegean after the Persian wars. Born in Athens around 510bce, hewas the son of Miltiades, one of the heroes of the battle of Marathon (490), and Hegesipyle, daughter of the Thracian king Oloros. He married Isodike, an Alkmaionid. His sister Elpinike married Kallias, one of the wealthiest men in Athens.
Konon, Athenian
strategos
Authors: Asmonti Luca 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Athenian general and statesman (ca. 444–ca. 390
bce
). In 414/13 and 411/10, Konon served as archon at naupaktos,athens' main base in the Gulf of corinth (Thuc. 7.31.4–5).
Kyme, Asia Minor
Authors: Franco Carlo 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Greek
polis
in Asia Minor (Namurt Limani near Aliağa), on the Eleatic Gulf. Birthplace of Hesiod's father, of the historian Ephoros, and of Homer, according to local tradition. Member of the Aiolian League, ranked as “the largest and most important of Aiolian cities” (Strabo 13.3.6, 622).
Agape
Authors: Finn Thomas M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The Greek noun
agapê
means “love.” Although the verb (
agapân
) is fairly common in classical Greek, the noun, occasionally found in inscriptions, is seldom found except in Hellenistic Jewish and early Christian literature. In the former it has a variety of meanings: romantic love (Song of Songs), piety (
Letter of Aristeas
), the love of Wisdom personified (Wis 6:17–20), fear and love of God (Philo
Unchangeableness of God
14.69), and the love of neighbor expressed in philanthropy (1 Sam 6:2 LXX). In the New Testament, agape generally means “self‐giving love”, as distinct from
philia
, “affection”, and erôs, “passionate love.” The epistles of Paul (1 Cor 13; Gal 5; Rom 12) and the Gospel and letters of John (Jn 15; 1 Jn 4; 2 Jn) propose a distinctive theology of agape: God, who is love, is embodied in Christ, who, in turn, is embodied in the community of believers, the church, especially in giving of themselves to others. In early Christian literature subsequent to the New Testament, agape reflects the variety of meanings in Hellenistic Judaism, yet self‐giving love (Latin
caritas
) underlies its use, as is evident in the paean on agape in
First Clement
(Holmes 1999: 49–50), the earliest extant document outside the New Testament (95–97
ce
), and in the letters of Ignatius of Antioch, a decade later (110), where agape embodies the unity between Christ and the churches he addresses (
Ephesians
1–4; Holmes 1999: 137–9). This usage continues to underlie the literature of the early centuries.
Clement of Rome
Authors: Maier Harry O. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractClement of Rome (flourished 96ce), is an otherwise unknown figure variously assigned by Christian tradition as the third or fourth Bishop of Rome (Lightfoot 1989: 203–345), though either attribution is anachronistic since there is no compelling evidence of monarchical episcopacy in Rome until the later second century (Lampe 2003: 397–408).
Quartodeciman Controversy
Authors: Finn Thomas M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Quartodecimans were primarily Jewish Christians in the Roman province of Asia (western Turkey) who, observing their lunar Jewish calendar, celebrated the Christian Passover (Easter) on the 14th day (Latin,
die decima quarta
) of the Jewish month of Nisan, the day of Passover: thus the term “Quartodecimans.”
Apophthegmata Patrum
Authors: Schroeder Caroline T. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTheApophthegmata Patrumconsists of collections of sayings attributed to fourth and fifth century Christian monks, primarily in Egypt. Originating as oral traditions, these “sayings of the fathers” were compiled and written down during the fifth and sixth centuries in Palestine. As the introduction to the Alphabetical Collection explains, the traditions were recorded to provide models for later monks who wished to imitate early ascetics. TheApophthegmatahas informed Christian monastic spirituality and practice from the Late Antique period to modernity, influencing figures from Benedict of Nursia to Thomas Merton.
Alluviation
Authors: Bintliff John 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The erosion of the Earth's surface deposits, soil, bedrock, and human debris, through weathering (rain, ice, wind) and gravity forms slopewash (
colluvium
) or is carried into rivers, to be borne downstream until water velocity decreases sufficiently to make the rivers gradually drop their sediment “bedload” (
alluvium
).
Clinical and Ultrasound‐Based Composite Disease Activity Indices in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From a Multicenter, Randomized Study
Authors: Mandl P. , Balint P. V. , Brault Y. , Backhaus M. , D'Agostino M. A. , Grassi W. , van der Heijde D. , de Miguel E. , Wakefield R. J. , Logeart I. , Dougados M. 
Published: December 2012

ObjectiveTo evaluate the metrologic properties of composite disease activity indices in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), utilizing information derived from clinical, gray‐scale (GS), and power Doppler (PD) ultrasound examinations, and to assess the classification of patients according to disease activity using such indices.MethodsThis ancillary study utilized data from a multicenter, prospective, randomized, parallel‐group study conducted in subjects with moderate RA randomized to receive etanercept and methotrexate (ETN + MTX) or usual care (various disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs [DMARDs]). In multimodal indices, the 28 swollen joint count was either supplemented or replaced by clinically nonswollen joints in which the presence of synovitis was detected either by GS and/or PD and was calculated according to the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) or the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI). Reliability, external validity, and discriminative capacity were calculated at baseline/screening by intraclass correlation coefficient, Pearson's correlation, and standardized response mean, respectively.ResultsData from 62 patients (mean ± SD age 53.8 ± 13.2 years, mean ± SD disease duration 8.8 ± 7.7 years, mean ± SD disease activity 4.6 ± 0.5 [DAS28] and 20.9 ± 5.9 [SDAI]) were analyzed, with 32 receiving ETN + MTX and 30 receiving DMARDs. The metrologic properties were at least as good for GS‐ and/or PD‐based indices as for their clinical counterparts. Using GS‐ and PD‐supplemented indices, an additional 67.8% and 32.3% of patients (DAS28‐derived and SDAI‐derived indices, respectively) could be classified as having high disease activity at the screening visit.ConclusionMultimodal indices incorporating ultrasound and clinical data had similar metrologic properties to their clinical counterparts; certain indices allowed for a significantly larger number of patients to be classified to either high or moderate disease activity at the screening visit.
MPC‐based approximate dual controller by information matrix maximization
Authors: Rathouský Jan , Havlena Vladimír 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a method to approximate a dual controller by a computationally feasible algorithm. Dual control that optimally solves the problem of simultaneous control and identification of a system with uncertain parameters is known to be both analytically and computationally unsolvable. This paper proposes a multiple‐step active control algorithm that gives a suboptimal but tractable solution to the original dual control problem. The algorithm is based on model predictive control (MPC) and approximates persistent system excitation in terms of the increase of the lowest eigenvalue of the parameter estimate information matrix.The problem is formulated as a two‐phase optimization problem, where first an MPC solution is found and then the lowest eigenvalue of the information matrix is maximized in the next step within a given permitted input perturbation. Unlike similar methods, the proposed algorithm predicts the information matrix for more than one step of control, which makes it possible to uniformly excite the parameter space. The use of MPC in the first design phase instead of a cautious controller is justified by showing unfavorable properties of cautious control. The advantage of the multiple‐step prediction over single‐step prediction is shown by examples and simulations. The proposed algorithm is analyzed in terms of convergence and complexity, and stability issues are addressed. The formal proofs are included in the Appendix. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visible Light‐Induced Selective Generation of Radicals from Organoborates by Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Yasu Yusuke , Koike Takashi , Akita Munetaka 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA new strategy for the generation of carbon‐centered radicals via oxidation of alkyl‐, allyl‐, benzyl‐ and arylborates by visible‐light‐driven single electron transfer (SET) photoredox catalysis has been established. The generated radicals smoothly react with TEMPO and electron‐deficient alkenes to afford CO and CC coupling products, respectively. In this radical initiating system, cyclic organo(triol)borates turn out to be useful radical precursors.
Combining Transition Metal Catalysis with Radical Chemistry: Dramatic Acceleration of Palladium‐Catalyzed CH Arylation with Diaryliodonium Salts
Authors: Neufeldt Sharon R. , Sanford Melanie S. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis paper describes a photoredox palladium/iridium‐catalyzed CH arylation with diaryliodonium reagents. Details of the reaction optimization, substrate scope, and mechanism are presented along with a comparison to a related method in which aryldiazonium salts are used in place of diaryliodonium reagents. The unprecedentedly mild reaction conditions (25 °C in methanol), the requirement for light and a photocatalyst, the inhibitory effect of radical scavengers, and the observed chemoselectivity trends are all consistent with a radical‐mediated mechanism for this transformation. This stands in contrast to the analogous thermal reaction with diaryliodonium reagents that is believed to proceed via an ‘ionic’ 2e− pathway and requires a much higher reaction temperature (100 °C).
National survey on the use of preoperative systemic steroids in endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: González‐Castro Javier , Pascual Jeamarie , Busquets Jose 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundThe use of preoperative systemic steroids (PSS) in endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) has been a topic of debate among otolaryngologists for many years now. Until recently, most of the evidence to support PSS use in ESS was largely anecdotal and based on expert opinion. Although some recent randomized and blinded trials have been published, opinions among experts in the field are highly variable. The objective of this study is to identify and report the practice patterns of experts in the field regarding the use of PSS.MethodsA survey instrument was developed using SurveyMonkey® and sent to active members of the American Rhinologic Society (ARS). Responses to questions regarding PSS use, regimen, and benefits were recorded anonymously.ResultsA total of 173 members answered the questionnaire. Although most respondents believe that there is inadequate evidence to support their use, 88.82% of the study population does use PSS in their practice. The most common diagnosis among respondents for using PSS is chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps (CRSwNP), which is consistent with the literature available. We also found statistically significant differences between PSS use in private vs academic practice, showing a trend toward more aggressive management in academic‐affiliated physicians.ConclusionThe current study shows that most of the respondents in our group do in fact see an advantage in the use of PSS before ESS. The data also highlights the opinion of most experts that more research with higher levels of evidence is still lacking.