bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Trade with China Have an Impact on African Countries' Growth?
Authors: Kummer‐Noormamode Sabina 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe results of growth regressions using panel data econometric models for 37 African countries from 1985 to 2012 show that trade with China has had a positive impact on African GDP, but only during the final decade of that period. They also suggest that during this period, trade with China tended to have more impact on African economies than trade with the EU. Furthermore, several robustness tests are performed and confirm these conclusions.
Cities in Contemporary Capitalism
Authors: Krätke Stefan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article outlines essential concepts of the political economy approach of urban research and offers critical modifications and clarifications to some of its contentions concerning the functioning of cities as ‘strategic places’ of capital accumulation. The interrelations between contemporary capitalism and urban economic development are discussed at the scale of a transnationally extended urban system. Based on the general context of the global economic downturn, I focus on the role of cities in distinct circuits of capital, the switching of capital flows within the urban system and the different functional roles of cities within the world city network that interconnects cities both in the global North and South. I call into question the established focus of urban economic research on the role of cities as financial and service centres, arguing that cities might redirect their economic development trajectories towards ‘real economy’ activities, in contrast to relying on the disastrous development model of finance‐dominated capitalism.
Using inter‐institutional practice variation to understand the risks and benefits of routine labour induction at 41+0 weeks
Authors: Hutcheon JA , Harper S , Strumpf EC , Lee L , Marquette G 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate the risks and benefits of routine labour induction at 41+0 weeks' gestation for mother and newborn.DesignPopulation‐based retrospective cohort study of inter‐institutional variation in labour induction practices for women at or beyond 41+0 weeks' gestation.PopulationWomen in British Columbia, Canada, who remained pregnant ≥41+0 weeks and delivered at one of the province's 42 hospitals with >50 annual deliveries, 2008–2012 (n = 14 627).MethodsThe proportion of women remaining pregnant a week or more past the expected delivery date who were induced at 41+0 or 41+1 weeks' gestation for an indication of ‘post‐dates’ was calculated for each institution. We used instrumental variable analysis (using the institutional rate of labour induction at 41+0 weeks as the instrument) to estimate the effect of labour induction on maternal and neonatal health outcomes.Main outcome measuresCaesarean delivery, instrumental delivery, post‐partum haemorrhage, 3rd or 4th degree lacerations, macrosomia, neonatal intensive care unit admission, and 5‐minute Apgar score <7.ResultsInstitutional rates of labour induction at 41+0 weeks ranged from 14.3 to 46%. Institutions with higher (≥30%) and average (20–29.9%) induction rates did not have significantly different rates of caesarean delivery, instrumental delivery, or other maternal or neonatal outcomes than institutions with lower induction rates (<20%). Instrumental variable analyses also demonstrated no significantly increased (or decreased) risk of caesarean delivery (0.69 excess cases per 100 pregnancies [95% CI −10.1, 11.5]), instrumental delivery (8.9 per 100 [95% CI −2.3, 20.2]), or other maternal or neonatal outcomes in women who were induced (versus not induced).ConclusionsWithin the current range of clinical practice, there was no evidence that differential use of routine induction at 41+0 weeks affected maternal or neonatal health outcomes.
Surge Capacity: Analysis of Census Fluctuations to Estimate the Number of Intensive Care Unit Beds Needed
Authors: Olafson Kendiss , Ramsey Clare , Yogendran Marina , Fransoo Randall , Chrusch Carla , Forget Evelyn , Garland Allan 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo compare methods of characterizing intensive care unit (ICU) bed use and estimate the number of beds needed.Study SettingThree geographic regions in the Canadian province of Manitoba.Study DesignRetrospective analysis of population‐based data from April 1, 2000, to March 31, 2007.MethodsWe compared three methods to estimateICUbed requirements. Method 1 analyzed yearly patient‐days. Methods 2 and 3 analyzed day‐to‐day fluctuations in patient census; these differed by whether each hospital needed to independently fulfill its own demand or this resource was shared across hospitals.Principal FindingsThree main findings were as follows: (1) estimates based on yearly average usage generally underestimated the number of beds needed compared to analysis of fluctuations in census, especially in the smaller regions where underestimation ranged 25–58 percent; (2) 4–29 percent fewer beds were needed if it was acceptable for demand to exceed supply 18 days/year, versus 4 days/year; and (3) 13–36 percent fewer beds were needed if hospitals within a region could effectively shareICUbeds.ConclusionsCompared to using yearly averages, analyzing day‐to‐day fluctuations in patient census gives a more accurate picture ofICUbed use. Failing to provide adequate “surge capacity” can lead to demand that frequently and severely exceeds supply.
Contrasting assignment of migratory organisms to geographic origins using long‐term versus year‐specific precipitation isotope maps
Authors: Vander Zanden Hannah B. , Wunder Michael B. , Hobson Keith A. , Van Wilgenburg Steven L. , Wassenaar Leonard I. , Welker Jeffrey M. , Bowen Gabriel J. 
Published: July 2014

Summary

As a result of predictable large‐scale continental gradients in the isotopic composition of precipitation, stable isotopes of hydrogen (δ2H) are useful endogenous markers for delineating long‐distance movements of animals. Models to predict patterns of δ2H in precipitation (δ2Hp), and consequently determine likely geographic origin of migratory animals, have traditionally used static, amount‐weighted long‐term average values of δ2Hp over the growing season. However, animal tissues reflect H incorporated from food webs that integrate precipitation over a single year's growing season or portions thereof. Inter‐annual variation in precipitation and other climatic variables may lead to deviations from predictions derived from long‐term mean precipitation isotopic values and could therefore lead to assignment errors for specific years and locations that are atypical.

We examined whether using biologically relevant short‐term δ2Hp isoscapes can improve estimates of geographic origin in comparison with long‐term isoscapes. Using δ2H data from known‐origin tissues of two migratory organisms in North America and Europe, we compared the accuracy, precision and similarity of assigned origins using both short‐ and long‐term δ2Hp isoscapes.

Relative to long‐term δ2Hp isoscapes, using short‐term isoscapes for assignment often resulted in dissimilar regions of likely origin but did not significantly improve accuracy or precision. This was likely due to reduced spatial coverage in the data used to generate the short‐term δ2Hp isoscapes.

We suggest that continued efforts to collect precipitation isotope data with a large spatiotemporal range will benefit future research on incorporating temporal variation in the amount and isotopic composition of precipitation into geospatial assignment models.
Applying computer‐aided photo‐identification to messy datasets: a case study of Thornicroft's giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti)
Authors: Halloran Kelly M. , Murdoch James D. , Becker Matthew S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDigital photography enables researchers to rapidly compile large quantities of data from individually identifiable animals, and computer software improves the management of such large datasets while aiding the identification process. Wild‐ID software has performed well with uniform datasets controlling for angle and portion of the animal photographed; however, few datasets are collected under such controlled conditions. We examined the effectiveness of Wild‐ID in identifying individual Thornicroft's giraffe from a dataset of photographs (n = 552) collected opportunistically in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia from March to October 2009. We assessed the programme's accuracy in correctly identifying individuals and the effect of five image quality factors on identification success: blurriness, background type and complexity, amount of sky and the presence of other giraffe. The programme correctly identified individuals in 71.6% of photographs. Background complexity was the only significant variable affecting identification success and removing background imagery reduced identification error by 52.8% (from 28.4 to 13.4%). Our results indicate higher levels of error than previously reported for Wild‐ID. However, they also suggest the programme is an effective tool for quickly identifying individuals in large field datasets, especially if photograph backgrounds are removed beforehand and postanalysis visual verification is performed.
Intramammary infusion of an Enterococcus faecium SF68 preparation promoted the involution of drying off Holstein cows partly related to neutrophil‐associated matrix metalloproteinase 9
Authors: Tiantong Attapol , Peng Hsing‐Yi , Chen Shuen‐Ei , Piamya Piya , Liu Wen‐Bor , Chen Ming‐Tsao , Yu Chi , Nagahata Hajime , Chang Chai‐Ju 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA problem for dairy cows following milk stasis is to cope with a high risk of intramammary infection and there is a need to initiate an extensive renewal of secretory modules in mammary glands so that milk production in next lactation may be optimized. We recently reported that ultrasonicated Enterococcus faecium SF68 (SF68) is compatible with cow mammary glands and an enhancer of innate immunity during the immediate post‐milk stasis period. The current study further examines the concomitant effect of ultrasonicated SF68 on mammary tissue remodeling. Four Holstein cows each received intramammary infusions of regular antibiotic dry‐cow formula (positive control) and two different doses of SF68 in different quarters. Analyses of individual quarter secretion samples showed faster neutrophil infiltration, earlier modifications in protein composition, including caseins and lactoferrins, as well as more prompt elevation of the specific unit of 92‐kDa matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in SF68‐infused quarters compared to the positive controls. Intramammary infusion of ultrasonicated SF68 seems able to accelerate the regression of mammary synthetic capacity and potentiate the breakdown of glandular extracellular matrix, indicating a more efficient mammary gland involution. Correlation analyses imply that the ability of ultrasonicated SF68 to induce faster neutrophil chemotaxis and the associated MMP9 release is partly responsible.
Targeting the histone orthography of cancer: drugs for writers, erasers and readers
Authors: Simó‐Riudalbas Laia , Esteller Manel 
Published: July 2014

Gene expression is dynamically controlled by epigenetics through post‐translational modifications of histones, chromatin‐associated proteins and DNA itself. All these elements are required for the maintenance of chromatin structure and cell identity in the context of a normal cellular phenotype. Disruption of epigenetic regulation is a common event in human cancer. Here, we review the key protein families that control epigenetic signalling through writing, erasing or reading specific post‐translational modifications. By exploiting the leading role of epigenetics in tumour development and the reversibility of epigenetic modifications, promising novel epigenetic‐based therapies are being developed. In this article, we highlight the emerging low MW inhibitors targeting each class of chromatin‐associated protein, their current use in preclinical and clinical trials and the likelihood of their being approved in the near future.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Epigenetics and Therapy. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue‐11
Identification of novel insulin mimetic drugs by quantitative total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy
Authors: Lanzerstorfer Peter , Stadlbauer Verena , Chtcheglova Lilia A , Haselgrübler Renate , Borgmann Daniela , Wruss Jürgen , Hinterdorfer Peter , Schröder Klaus , Winkler Stephan M , Höglinger Otmar , Weghuber Julian 
Published: July 2014

Background and PurposeInsulin stimulates the transport of glucose in target tissues by triggering the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane. Resistance to insulin, the major abnormality in type 2 diabetes, results in a decreased GLUT4 translocation efficiency. Thus, special attention is being paid to search for compounds that are able to enhance this translocation process in the absence of insulin.Experimental ApproachTotal internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy was applied to quantify GLUT4 translocation in highly insulin‐sensitive CHO‐K1 cells expressing a GLUT4‐myc‐GFP fusion protein.Key ResultsUsing our approach, we demonstrated GLUT4 translocation modulatory properties of selected substances and identified novel potential insulin mimetics. An increase in the TIRF signal was found to correlate with an elevated glucose uptake. Variations in the expression level of the human insulin receptor (hInsR) showed that the insulin mimetics identified stimulate GLUT4 translocation by a mechanism that is independent of the presence of the hInsR.Conclusions and ImplicationsTaken together, the results indicate that TIRF microscopy is an excellent tool for the quantification of GLUT4 translocation and for identifying insulin mimetic drugs.
An Integrative Theory of Numerical Development
Authors: Siegler Robert S. , Lortie‐Forgues Hugues 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUnderstanding of numerical development is growing rapidly, but the volume and diversity of findings can make it difficult to perceive any coherence in the process. The integrative theory of numerical development posits that a coherent theme does exist—progressive broadening of the set of numbers whose magnitudes can be accurately represented—and that this theme unifies numerical development from infancy to adulthood. From this perspective, development of numerical representations involves four major acquisitions: (a) representing magnitudes of nonsymbolic numbers increasingly precisely, (b) linking nonsymbolic to symbolic numerical representations, (c) extending understanding to increasingly large whole numbers, and (d) extending understanding to all rational numbers. Thus, the mental number line expands rightward to encompass larger whole numbers, leftward to encompass negatives, and interstitially to include fractions and decimals.
Stability of Dissipation Elements: A Case Study in Combustion
Authors: Gyulassy A. , Bremer P.T. , Grout R. , Kolla H. , Chen J. , Pascucci V. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRecently, dissipation elements have been gaining popularity as a mechanism for measurement of fundamental properties of turbulent flow, such as turbulence length scales and zonal partitioning. Dissipation elements segment a domain according to the source and destination of streamlines in the gradient flow field of a scalar function f : → ℝ. They have traditionally been computed by numerically integrating streamlines from the center of each voxel in the positive and negative gradient directions, and grouping those voxels whose streamlines terminate at the same extremal pair. We show that the same structures map well to combinatorial topology concepts developed recently in the visualization community. Namely, dissipation elements correspond to sets of cells of the Morse‐Smale complex. The topology‐based formulation enables a more exploratory analysis of the nature of dissipation elements, in particular, in understanding their stability with respect to small scale variations. We present two examples from combustion science that raise significant questions about the role of small scale perturbation and indeed the definition of dissipation elements themselves.
Visualization of Medicine Prescription Behavior
Authors: van der Corput Paul , Arends Johan , van Wijk Jarke J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMedicine prescriptions play an important role in medical treatments. More insight in medicine prescription behavior can lead to more efficient and effective treatments, as well as reflection on prescription behavior for specific physicians, types of medicines, or classes of patients. Most current medical visualization systems show health data only from the perspective of patients, whereas to understand prescription behavior multiple perspectives are relevant. We present a new approach to visualize prescription data from four different perspectives: physician, patient, medicine, and prescription. Information about physicians, patients, and medicines is shown in three tables; relations between selected items in these tables are shown using custom glyphs and histograms. These tables can also be used to define selections of prescriptions which can be compared to each other by showing a variety of metrics. This enables physicians and possibly other stakeholders to perform a wide variety of queries and inspections, while the use of familiar metaphors, such as tables and histograms, enables them to use the system in short time. This was confirmed by an evaluation session with six neurologists from an institute of epileptology. Our system is tailored to medicine prescription data, but we argue that the underlying pattern in the data is ubiquitous, and that hence our approach can be useful for many other cases where A provides B to C.
Visualizing Validation of Protein Surface Classifiers
Authors: Sarikaya A. , Albers D. , Mitchell J. , Gleicher M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMany bioinformatics applications construct classifiers that are validated in experiments that compare their results to known ground truth over a corpus. In this paper, we introduce an approach for exploring the results of such classifier validation experiments, focusing on classifiers for regions of molecular surfaces. We provide a tool that allows for examining classification performance patterns over a test corpus. The approach combines a summary view that provides information about an entire corpus of molecules with a detail view that visualizes classifier results directly on protein surfaces. Rather than displaying miniature 3D views of each molecule, the summary provides 2D glyphs of each protein surface arranged in a reorderable, small‐multiples grid. Each summary is specifically designed to support visual aggregation to allow the viewer to both get a sense of aggregate properties as well as the details that form them. The detail view provides a 3D visualization of each protein surface coupled with interaction techniques designed to support key tasks, including spatial aggregation and automated camera touring. A prototype implementation of our approach is demonstrated on protein surface classifier experiments.
Visualizing Multidimensional Data with Glyph SPLOMs
Authors: Yates A. , Webb A. , Sharpnack M. , Chamberlin H. , Huang K. , Machiraju R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractScatterplot matrices or SPLOMs provide a feasible method of visualizing and representing multi‐dimensional data especially for a small number of dimensions. For very high dimensional data, we introduce a novel technique to summarize a SPLOM, as a clustered matrix of glyphs, or a Glyph SPLOM. Each glyph visually encodes a general measure of dependency strength, distance correlation, and a logical dependency class based on the occupancy of the scatterplot quadrants. We present the Glyph SPLOM as a general alternative to the traditional correlation based heatmap and the scatterplot matrix in two examples: demography data from the World Health Organization (WHO), and gene expression data from developmental biology. By using both, dependency class and strength, the Glyph SPLOM illustrates high dimensional data in more detail than a heatmap but with more summarization than a SPLOM. More importantly, the summarization capabilities of Glyph SPLOM allow for the assertion of “necessity” causal relationships in the data and the reconstruction of interaction networks in various dynamic systems.
Sparse Representation and Visualization for Direct Numerical Simulation of Premixed Combustion
Authors: Oster Timo , Lehmann Dirk J. , Fru Gordon , Theisel Holger , Thévenin Dominique 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDirect Numerical Simulations of premixed combustion produce terabytes of raw data, which are prohibitively large to be stored, and have to be analyzed and visualized. A simultaneous and integrated treatment of data storage, data analysis and data visualization is required. For this, we introduce a sparse representation tailored to DNS data which can directly be used for both analysis and visualization. The method is based on the observation that most information is located in narrow‐band regions where the chemical reactions take place, but these regions are not well defined. An approach for the visual investigation of feature surfaces of the scalar fields involved in the simulation is shown as a possible application. We demonstrate our approach on multiple real datasets.
Object Repositioning Based on the Perspective in a Single Image
Authors: Iizuka S. , Endo Y. , Hirose M. , Kanamori Y. , Mitani J. , Fukui Y. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe propose an image editing system for repositioning objects in a single image based on the perspective of the scene. In our system, an input image is transformed into a layer structure that is composed of object layers and a background layer, and then the scene depth is computed from the ground region that is specified by the user using a simple boundary line. The object size and order of overlapping are automatically determined during the reposition based on the scene depth. In addition, our system enables the user to move shadows along with objects naturally by extracting the shadow mattes using only a few user‐specified scribbles. Finally, we demonstrate the versatility of our system through applications to depth‐of‐field effects, fog synthesis and 3D walkthrough in an image.