bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association studies of cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily E, polypeptide 1 (CYP2E1) gene polymorphisms with acute rejection in kidney transplantation recipients
Authors: Kim Su Kang , Park Hae Jeong , Seok Hosik , Jeon Hye Sook , Lee Tae Won , Lee Sang Ho , Moon Ju Young , Ihm Chun Gyoo , Kim Tae Hee , Kim Yeong Hoon , Kang Sun Woo , Park Seok Ju , Jeong Kyung Hwan , Chung Joo‐Ho 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRecent studies have shown that single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with allograft rejection in kidney transplantation recipients. We evaluated the possible association between SNPs of the cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily E, polypeptide 1 (CYP2E1) gene, and acute rejection (AR) among renal transplant patients in a Korean population. We conducted a case–control association study in 63 AR and 284 non‐AR kidney transplant recipients. The SNPs of CYP2E1 were genotyped by direct sequencing. Recipient sex (p = 0.023) and the use of tacrolimus (p = 0.017) were significantly different between the two groups. The use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and antibody induction therapy was significantly lower in the AR group. Multiple logistic regression models (codominant, dominant, recessive, and log‐additive models) adjusted by sex and type of immunosuppressive regimens were applied to determine the odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and p‐values. The rs2515641 of CYP2E1 showed significant differences between the AR patient group and non‐AR group (p = 0.003, OR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.37–4.75 in the codominant 1 model; p = 0.002, OR = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.43–4.77 in the dominant model; p = 0.0035, OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.29–3.50 in the log‐additive model). The allele of the rs2515641 SNP also showed a significant association (p = 0.004, OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.24–3.21). This study suggests that the CYP2E1 polymorphism may be related to the development of AR in Korean kidney transplantation recipients.
Geographical surrogates of genetic variation for selecting island populations for conservation
Authors: Ponce‐Reyes Rocío , Clegg Sonya M. , Carvalho Silvia B. , McDonald‐Madden Eve , Possingham Hugh P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimThreatened species often exist in small numbers in isolated populations. Limited financial resources usually constrain conservationists to allocate funds to a subset of these populations. Because obtaining information required to maximize the amount of genetic and phenotypic variation protected can be costly and time‐consuming, the utility of surrogates should be explored. This study tests the efficacy of three simple and cost‐effective geographical measures in capturing genetic and phenotypic variation in fragmented populations when setting conservation priorities.LocationVanuatu archipelago.MethodsWe used neutral genetic data (mtDNAand microsatellites) and morphometric data (a proxy for functional variation) for two bird species displaying different patterns of regional population genetic structure:Zosterops flavifronsandZosterops lateralis. We tested the performance of three geographical surrogates (maximizing: geographical distance between islands; area of islands; geographical representation of islands), in representing divergence between and diversity within populations, constrained to the number of islands being protected.ResultsMaximizing geographical separation of sites provided the best surrogate for a constrained budget (< 50% of the populations) for both species. For a larger protected area system (> 50% of the populations), the spatially most representative sites were often more effective. Selecting islands based on size retained about half of within‐population genetic diversity; however, this was not much higher than selecting the islands randomly.Main conclusionsThe ability of surrogates to capture genetic or phenotypic variation varied depending on the species, genetic markers and number of islands selected. While imperfect, selection of populations based on simple geographical surrogates for genetic and phenotypic variation will generally be better than random selection for conserving the evolutionary potential of threatened populations when time and money limit a more thorough and direct analyses of genetic and phenotypic variation.
The health and service needs of older veterans: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Feldman Susan , Dickins Marissa L. , Browning Colette J. , DeSoysa Tiasha S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundWith substantial numbers of older people within the Australian veteran population continuing to age well within the community, appropriate planning of community support and health services is important for this ageing population.ObjectiveThe purpose of this research study was to investigate the health and service usage of a group of older Australian war veterans who receive Australian Government support for their health‐care needs and conditions.DesignThis paper reports on qualitative data gathered from the longitudinal MELSHA study. Utilizing thematic analysis and the theoretical framework of locus of control, this article reports on 25 qualitative interviews of veterans and their widows about their DVA‐related health and service usage.ResultsParticipants within this study were determined to maintain a sense of control and independence in relation to their living circumstances and service usage. In doing so, they attempted to maintain their current community living circumstances and independence while minimizing their utilization of services and perceived ‘burden’ on family members and friends. Participants accepted that a decline in health status was inevitable, but engaged in a number of different strategies to maintain their current way of life for as long as possible.Discussion & ConclusionParticipants, while valuing an internal locus of control, generally engaged in an integrative locus of control to maintain a sense of control and independence in their daily lives. In addition, participants were very grateful of the services provided by the DVA and acknowledged their role in maintaining their independence within the community.
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri as a predator of the striped mealybug, Ferrisia virgata, reared on two hosts
Authors: Wu H. , Zhang Y. , Liu P. , Xie J. , He Y. , Deng C. , De Clercq P. , Pang H. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe striped mealybug, Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is a cosmopolitan pest of a variety of agricultural crops including cotton. To investigate the biological control potential of the predatory ladybird Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) against this pest, we evaluated its developmental and reproductive fitness when feeding on F. virgata reared on pumpkin fruits or on cotton leaves and compared this to a diet of Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) reared on pumpkin fruits. F. virgata and P. citri reared on pumpkins were equally suitable prey for the pre‐imaginal stages of C. montrouzieri. Duration of total immature development was 1 day longer in C. montrouzieri offered F. virgata reared on cotton as compared with F. virgata or P. citri reared on pumpkin, whereas no significant difference was observed in survival rates. Diet significantly influenced the reproductive fitness of C. montrouzieri. Females offered P. citri reared on pumpkin had significantly shorter pre‐oviposition periods and higher fecundity and fertility than those given F. virgata reared on pumpkin or cotton leaves. F. virgata grown on cotton leaves supported the reproduction of C. montrouzieri better than F. virgata reared on pumpkin. Our study established that C. montrouzieri can successfully complete its development and reproduction when fed exclusively on F. virgata and indicates its potential as a biological control agent of this emerging cotton pest.
Restriction of parent body heating by metal‐troilite melting: Thermal models for the ordinary chondrites
Authors: Mare Eleanor R. , Tomkins Andrew G. , Godel Belinda M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractOrdinary chondrite meteorites contain silicates, Fe,Ni‐metal grains, and troilite (FeS). Conjoined metal‐troilite grains would be the first phase to melt during radiogenic heating in the parent body, if temperatures reached over approximately 910–960 °C (the Fe,Ni‐FeS eutectic). On the basis of two‐pyroxene thermometry of 13 ordinary chondrites, we argue that peak temperatures in some type 6 chondrites exceeded the Fe,Ni‐FeS eutectic and thus conjoined metal‐troilite grains would have begun to melt. Melting reactions consume energy, so thermal models were constructed to investigate the effect of melting on the thermal history of the H, L, and LL parent asteroids. We constrained the models by finding the proportions of conjoined metal‐troilite grains in ordinary chondrites using high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography. The models show that metal‐troilite melting causes thermal buffering and inhibits the onset of silicate melting. Compared with models that ignore the effect of melting, our models predict longer cooling histories for the asteroids and accretion times that are earlier by 61, 124, or 113 kyr for the H, L, and LL asteroids, respectively. Because the Ni/Fe ratio of the metal and the bulk troilite/metal ratio is higher in L and LL chondrites than H chondrites, thermal buffering has the greatest effect in models for the L and LL chondrite parent bodies, and least effect for the H chondrite parent. Metal‐troilite melting is also relevant to models of primitive achondrite parent bodies, particularly those that underwent only low degrees of silicate partial melting. Thermal models can predict proportions of petrologic types formed within an asteroid, but are systematically different from the statistics of meteorite collections. A sampling bias is interpreted to explain these differences.
The amino acid composition of the Sutter's Mill CM2 carbonaceous chondrite
Authors: Burton Aaron S. , Glavin Daniel P. , Elsila Jamie E. , Dworkin Jason P. , Jenniskens Peter , Yin Qing‐Zhu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe determined the abundances and enantiomeric compositions of amino acids in Sutter's Mill fragment #2 (designated SM2) recovered prior to heavy rains that fell April 25–26, 2012, and two other meteorite fragments, SM12 and SM51, that were recovered postrain. We also determined the abundance, enantiomeric, and isotopic compositions of amino acids in soil from the recovery site of fragment SM51. The three meteorite stones experienced terrestrial amino acid contamination, as evidenced by the low d/l ratios of several proteinogenic amino acids. The d/l ratios were higher in SM2 than in SM12 and SM51, consistent with rain introducing additional l‐amino acid contaminants to SM12 and SM51. Higher percentages of glycine, β‐alanine, and γ‐amino‐n‐butyric acid were observed in free form in SM2 and SM51 compared with the soil, suggesting that these free amino acids may be indigenous. Trace levels of d+l‐β‐aminoisobutyric acid (β‐AIB) observed in all three meteorites are not easily explained as terrestrial contamination, as β‐AIB is rare on Earth and was not detected in the soil. Bulk carbon and nitrogen and isotopic ratios of the SM samples and the soil also indicate terrestrial contamination, as does compound‐specific isotopic analysis of the amino acids in the soil. The amino acid abundances in SM2, the most pristine SM meteorite analyzed here, are approximately 20‐fold lower than in the Murchison CM2 carbonaceous chondrite. This may be due to thermal metamorphism in the Sutter's Mill parent body at temperatures greater than observed for other aqueously altered CM2 meteorites.
Particle aggregation in microgravity: Informal experiments on the International Space Station
Authors: Love Stanley G. , Pettit Donald R. , Messenger Scott R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe conducted experiments in space to investigate the aggregation of millimeter‐ and submillimeter‐sized particles in microgravity, an important early step in planet formation. Particulate materials included salt (NaCl), sugar (sucrose), coffee, mica, ice, Bjurböle chondrules, ordinary and carbonaceous chondrite meteorite fragments, and acrylic and glass beads, all triply confined in clear plastic containers. Angular submillimeter particles rapidly and spontaneously formed clusters strong enough to survive turbulence in a protoplanetary nebula. Smaller particles generally aggregated more strongly and quickly than larger ones. We observed only a weak dependence of aggregation time on particle number density. We observed no strong dependence on composition. Round, smooth particles aggregated weakly or not at all. In a mixture of particle types, some phases aggregated more readily than others, creating selection effects that controlled the composition of the growing clumps. The physical process of aggregation appears to be electrostatic in nature.
On the origin of the Norwegian lemming
Authors: Lagerholm Vendela K. , Sandoval‐Castellanos Edson , Ehrich Dorothee , Abramson Natalia I. , Nadachowski Adam , Kalthoff Daniela C. , Germonpré Mietje , Angerbjörn Anders , Stewart John R. , Dalén Love 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe Pleistocene glacial cycles resulted in significant changes in species distributions, and it has been discussed whether this caused increased rates of population divergence and speciation. One species that is likely to have evolved during the Pleistocene is the Norwegian lemming (Lemmus lemmus). However, the origin of this species, both in terms of when and from what ancestral taxon it evolved, has been difficult to ascertain. Here, we use ancient DNA recovered from lemming remains from a series of Late Pleistocene and Holocene sites to explore the species' evolutionary history. The results revealed considerable genetic differentiation between glacial and contemporary samples. Moreover, the analyses provided strong support for a divergence time prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), therefore likely ruling out a postglacial colonization of Scandinavia. Consequently, it appears that the Norwegian lemming evolved from a small population that survived the LGM in an ice‐free Scandinavian refugium.
A model of plant isoprene emission based on available reducing power captures responses to atmospheric CO2
Authors: Morfopoulos Catherine , Sperlich Dominik , Peñuelas Josep , Filella Iolanda , Llusià Joan , Medlyn Belinda E. , Niinemets Ülo , Possell Malcolm , Sun Zhihong , Prentice Iain Colin 
Published: March 2014

Summary

We present a unifying model for isoprene emission by photosynthesizing leaves based on the hypothesis that isoprene biosynthesis depends on a balance between the supply of photosynthetic reducing power and the demands of carbon fixation.

We compared the predictions from our model, as well as from two other widely used models, with measurements of isoprene emission from leaves of Populus nigra and hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × P. tremuloides) in response to changes in leaf internal CO2 concentration (Ci) and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) under diverse ambient CO2 concentrations (Ca).

Our model reproduces the observed changes in isoprene emissions with Ci and PPFD, and also reproduces the tendency for the fraction of fixed carbon allocated to isoprene to increase with increasing PPFD. It also provides a simple mechanism for the previously unexplained decrease in the quantum efficiency of isoprene emission with increasing Ca.

Experimental and modelled results support our hypothesis. Our model can reproduce the key features of the observations and has the potential to improve process‐based modelling of isoprene emissions by land vegetation at the ecosystem and global scales.
Identifying and Explaining Different Poverty Trajectories Using a Group‐based Trajectory Analysis – A Case Study of South Korea
Authors: Kim Do Han , Shin Dong‐Myeon 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this study, we propose a group‐based trajectory analysis to examine why and how people fall into and out of poverty despite spiralling public expenditure on anti‐poverty policies. By analyzing the poverty experiences of 1,001 low‐income households between 1999 and 2008 in Korea, we identify five groups based on their poverty trajectories: exiting, declining, slowly rising, rapidly rising and chronic. Household members in each group demonstrate heterogeneous labour market experiences, educational levels and demographic factors. The exiting group has a high proportion of full‐time workers, high school graduates, and younger and male‐headed households, whereas the chronic group has more part‐time workers, high school dropouts, and older and female‐headed households. Among the declining, slowly rising and rapidly rising groups, educational background, age and sex are factors that differentiate the poverty dynamics of household members. Lastly, a number of social policies for helping low‐income households to leave and stay out of poverty are proposed.
A red and far‐red light receptor mutation confers resistance to the herbicide glyphosate
Authors: Sharkhuu Altanbadralt , Narasimhan Meena L. , Merzaban Jasmeen S. , Bressan Ray A. , Weller Steve , Gehring Chris 
Published: March 2014

SummaryGlyphosate is a widely applied broad‐spectrum systemic herbicide that inhibits competitively the penultimate enzyme 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate 3‐phosphate synthase (EPSPS) from the shikimate pathway, thereby causing deleterious effects. A glyphosate‐resistant Arabidopsis mutant (gre1) was isolated and genetic analyses indicated that a dysfunctional red (R) and far‐red (FR) light receptor, phytochrome B (phyB), caused this phenotype. This finding is consistent with increased glyphosate sensitivity and glyphosate‐induced shikimate accumulation in lowR:FRlight, and the induction of genes encoding enzymes of the shikimate pathway in highR:FRlight. Expression of the shikimate pathway genes exhibited diurnal oscillation and this oscillation was altered in the phyB mutant. Furthermore, transcript analysis suggested that this diurnal oscillation was not only dependent on phyB but was also due to circadian regulatory mechanisms. Our data offer an explanation of the well documented observation that glyphosate treatment at various times throughout the day, with their specific composition of light quality and intensity, results in different efficiencies of the herbicide.
The sucrose transporter SlSUT2 from tomato interacts with brassinosteroid functioning and affects arbuscular mycorrhiza formation
Authors: Bitterlich Michael , Krügel Undine , Boldt‐Burisch Katja , Franken Philipp , Kühn Christina 
Published: March 2014

SummaryMycorrhizal plants benefit from the fungal partners by getting better access to soil nutrients. In exchange, the plant supplies carbohydrates to the fungus. The additional carbohydrate demand in mycorrhizal plants was shown to be balanced partially by higher CO2 assimilation and increased C metabolism in shoots and roots. In order to test the role of sucrose transport for fungal development in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tomato, transgenic plants with down‐regulated expression of three sucrose transporter genes were analysed. Plants that carried an antisense construct of SlSUT2 (SlSUT2as) repeatedly exhibited increased mycorrhizal colonization and the positive effect of plants to mycorrhiza was abolished. Grafting experiments between transgenic and wild‐type rootstocks and scions indicated that mainly the root‐specific function of SlSUT2 has an impact on colonization of tomato roots with the AM fungus. Localization of SISUT2 to the periarbuscular membrane indicates a role in back transport of sucrose from the periarbuscular matrix into the plant cell thereby affecting hyphal development. Screening of an expression library for SlSUT2‐interacting proteins revealed interactions with candidates involved in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling or biosynthesis. Interaction of these candidates with SlSUT2 was confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Tomato mutants defective in BR biosynthesis were analysed with respect to mycorrhizal symbiosis and showed indeed decreased mycorrhization. This finding suggests that BRs affect mycorrhizal infection and colonization. If the inhibitory effect of SlSUT2 on mycorrhizal growth involves components of BR synthesis and of the BR signaling pathway is discussed.
Sexual dimorphism in autonomic changes and in the renin–angiotensin system in the hearts of mice subjected to thyroid hormone‐induced cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: Bezerra da Silveira Anderson Luiz , de Souza Miranda Manuela França , Mecawi André Souza , Melo Roberto Laureano , Marassi Michelle Porto , Matos da Silva Alba Cenélia , Antunes‐Rodrigues José , Olivares Emerson Lopes 
Published: March 2014

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Based on the relevance of the renin–angiotensin system and the controversy regarding the role of the sympathetic nervous system in thyroid hormone‐related cardiac hypertrophy, the present study sought to establish whether there is a gender difference in activation of these systems and the degree of cardiac hypertrophy in mice.
What is the main finding and its importance?
Triiodothyronine increased sympathetic modulation and induced higher levels of cardiac angiotensin II in male than in female mice. This could explain the greater degree of cardiac hypertrophy induced by thyroid hormone found in the male mice.
Based on the relevance of the renin–angiotensin system and the ongoing controversy regarding the role of the sympathetic nervous system in thyroid hormone‐induced cardiac hypertrophy, the aim of the present study was to establish whether the putative difference in the degree of cardiac hypertrophy exhibited by males and females might be related to differences in the sympathetic–vagal balance and/or in the cardiac renin–angiotensin system in mice of different genders. Male and female mice (n = 117) were given 0.1 mg kg−1 of triiodothyronine or normal saline each day for 10 days consecutively. At the end of that period, study of the heart rate variability, spectral analysis and histopathological examination were performed to assess the sympathetic–vagal balance and the diameter of cardiomyocytes. The cardiac levels of angiotensin I and II were also measured. Treatment with triiodothyronine induced a greater degree of cardiac hypertrophy in male (∼73%) than in female mice (∼42%). This difference was attributed to greater modulation of the sympathetic nervous system and higher levels of angiotensin I and II in male than in female mice. Our data indicate that thyroid hormone‐induced cardiac hypertrophy was more intense in male mice due to the synergic effect of the sympathetic nervous system and the cardiac renin–angiotensin system.