bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host lifestyle affects human microbiota on daily timescales
Authors: David Lawrence A , Materna Arne C , Friedman Jonathan , Campos-Baptista Maria I , Blackburn Matthew C , Perrotta Allison , Erdman Susan E , Alm Eric J 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Background
Disturbance to human microbiota may underlie several pathologies. Yet, we lack a comprehensive understanding of how lifestyle affects the dynamics of human-associated microbial communities.

Results
Here, we link over 10,000 longitudinal measurements of human wellness and action to the daily gut and salivary microbiota dynamics of two individuals over the course of one year. These time series show overall microbial communities to be stable for months. However, rare events in each subjects’ life rapidly and broadly impacted microbiota dynamics. Travel from the developed to the developing world in one subject led to a nearly two-fold increase in the Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio, which reversed upon return. Enteric infection in the other subject resulted in the permanent decline of most gut bacterial taxa, which were replaced by genetically similar species. Still, even during periods of overall community stability, the dynamics of select microbial taxa could be associated with specific host behaviors. Most prominently, changes in host fiber intake positively correlated with next-day abundance changes among 15% of gut microbiota members.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that although human-associated microbial communities are generally stable, they can be quickly and profoundly altered by common human actions and experiences.
Misuse of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs in the UK
Authors: Kapil V. , Green J. L. , Lait C. Le , Wood D. M. , Dargan P. I. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryBenzodiazepines and Z-drugs are commonly prescribed for insomnia and anxiety
syndromes and there is increasing concern regarding their misuse. Using an
internet-based questionnaire we found that of 1500 respondents 7.7%
(n = 116) had misused one or more of these medications.
Almost 15% of those misusing at least one of these drugs did so once weekly
or more often. The main reasons reported for their use were to help sleep
(66.4%), to cope with stress (37.1%) and/or to get high (31.0%). A total of
31% obtained the medications from multiple sources; healthcare professionals
(55.2%) and friends/family (39.7%) most commonly. Our study can be used to
inform prevention measures for their misuse.
Genetic Manipulation of the Ghrelin Signaling System in Male Mice Reveals Bone Compartment Specificity of Acylated and Unacylated Ghrelin in the Regulation of Bone Remodeling
Authors: Delhanty Patric J. D. , van der Velde Martijn , van der Eerden Bram C. J. , Sun Yuxiang , Geminn Julia M. M. , van der Lely Aart-Jan , Smith Roy G. , van Leeuwen Johannes P. T. M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Ghrelin receptor-deficient (Ghsr−/−) mice that lack acylated ghrelin (AG) signaling retain a metabolic response to unacylated ghrelin (UAG). Recently, we showed that Ghsr-deficiency affects bone metabolism. The aim of this study was to further establish the impact of AG and UAG on bone metabolism. We compared bone metabolism in Ghsr−/− (lacking only AG signaling) and ghrelin-deficient (Ghrl−/−; both AG and UAG deficient) male mice. Ghrl−/− mice had lower cortical bone mass, whereas Ghsr−/− mice had lower trabecular bone mass. This demonstrates bone compartment-specific effects of AG and a role for UAG in bone metabolism. Also, Ghrl−/− but not Ghsr−/− mice had increased bone formation rate and increased osteogenic stem cell numbers in their bone marrow. In ex vivo bone marrow cultures both AG and UAG inhibited osteoblast differentiation. This indicated that bone resorption must be increased in these mice. Accordingly, osteoclastogenesis rate was faster in bone marrow cultures from Ghsr−/− and Ghrl−/− mice, and osteoclast formation was inhibited by AG signaling and partially suppressed by UAG. In osteoblast cultures, AG markedly induced osteoprotegerin gene expression and both peptides reduced RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio. These data describe unique cell-type specific effects of AG and UAG within a single tissue, supporting a tight and complex control of bone formation and resorption as well as a link between nutrition and bone metabolism. The balance between AG and UAG actions in the bone marrow may lead to bone compartmental-specific effects.
Surgical Specialty Choice Factors in Medical Higher Education Institution Students� Subjective Assessment
Authors: ���������  , Vasileva E. , �������  , Gaykina Mariya 
Published: July 2014

Results of a research directed on studying of factors, impacting on a students� choice related to doctor�s profession, medical high educational institution and medical specialty during training in educational institution are presented in this paper. The factors having the greatest impact on medical specialty choice in students� subjective representation at a training phase before thesis have been ranged. It has been established that pedagogical technologies of medical specialty choice formation have to be implemented purposefully for vocational guidance process management in higher education institution, and also that subjective external factors, such as pedagogical competence of clinical chairs� academic staff in the pedagogical technologies area, training conditions on clinical chairs and teachers� attitude towards the professional choice problem have dominating impact on students� medical
specialty choice at the present stage.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rand Graham K. 
Published: July 2014

In Book Reviews, we review an extensive and diverse range of books. They cover theory and applications in operations research, statistics, management science, econometrics, mathematics, computers, and information systems. In addition, we include books in other fields that emphasize technical applications. The editor will be pleased to receive an email from those willing to review a book, with an indication of specific areas of interest. If you are aware of a specific book that you would like to review, or that you think should be reviewed, please contact the editor. The following books are reviewed in this issue of Interfaces, 44(4), July–August 2014: Keeping Up With the Quants: Your Guide to Understanding + Using Analytics, Thomas H. Davenport and Jinho Kim; Analyzing Evolutionary Algorithms, Thomas Jansen; Systems Analysis Tools for Better Health Care Delivery, Panos M. Pardalos, Pando G. Georgiev, Petraq Papajorgji, and Britta Neugaard, eds.; Predictive Analytics: The Power to Predict Who Will Click, Buy, Lie, or Die, Eric Siegel; and Unrelenting Innovation: How to Build a Culture for Market Dominance, Gerald J. Tellis.
Chronic musculoskeletal pain and falls in community-dwelling older adults: The brief pain inventory shows promising discriminative validity
Authors: Stubbs B , Eggermont L , Patchay S , Schofield P 
Published: July 2014

Background: Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) and falls are common among community-dwelling older adults. Study aims were to: investigate the relationship between CMP and any (>1), single and recurrent falls (>2) in community dwelling older adults; and determine the discriminative validity of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) to differentiate between non-, any, and recurrent fallers. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study involving 295 community-dwelling participants (mean 77.5 ± 8.1 years, 66.4% female). CMP was assessed and classified as none (comparison group), single, and multisite (>2). The BPI severity and interference subscales were used and falls were recorded over 12 months. Data was analysed with logistic regression and receiver operator curves (ROC). Results: Over half of participants (154/295, 52.2%) had CMP (41.6% single and 58.4% multisite pain). Participants with CMP were at increased risk of recurrent falls (odds ratio [OR] 2.25, 95% CI=1.03–4.88) and this risk was highest in those with multisite CMP (OR=3.43, CI=1.34–8.65). The BPI severity subscale demonstrated good discriminative ability to differentiate between recurrent and non-fallers with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.761, (CI=0.685–0.836); a mean score of 2.7 had a sensitivity of 78.3% and specificity of 64.6%. The AUC for the BPI interference subscale was 0.767 (CI=0.693–0.840); a mean cut off score of 2.0 had a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 67.3%. Conclusions: Older adults with multisite CMP are at greatest risk of recurrent falls. In clinical settings, the BPI may prove useful for discriminating between recurrent and non-fallers. Implications: Pain is not yet recognised by major governing bodies (e.g. NICE, or the American or British Geriatrics Societies) as an important risk factor for falls. This research demonstrates that multisite CMP is indeed an important risk factor for falls and, in particular, recurrent falls. No author has previously considered using a pain assessment scales to identify those at risk of falls; however, this research demonstrates that the BPI may prove a useful tool to identify those most at risk from falling.
Home- and Community-Based Waivers for Children With Autism: Effects on Service Use and Costs
Authors: Cidav Zuleyha , Marcus Steven C. , Mandell David S. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We examined (a) the associations between Medicaid home and community-based waiver participation and service use and expenditures among children with ASD; and (b) how states' waiver spending moderates these effects. We used 2005 Medicaid claims to identify a sample of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We selected two comparison groups who had no waiver participation: (a) children who were eligible for Medicaid through disability (disability group), and (b) children who had at least one inpatient/long-term care (IP/LT) episode (IP/LT group). Waiver participants were less likely to use IP/LT services and had lower associated expenditures than the disability group. As states' waiver spending increased, waiver participants became increasingly less likely to use IP/LT services. Waiver participants had more outpatient visits and associated expenditures; this difference increased as state waiver spending increased. Compared with the IP/LT group, waiver participants had lower IP/LT expenditures, more outpatient visits, and associated expenditures. Higher state waiver generosity increased this effect on outpatient visits and expenditures.
Validity Evidence for Self-report With Assistance to Measure Physical Activity Behavior in Adults With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Johnson Marquell , Yun Joonkoo , McCubbin Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSelf-reported physical activity (PA) behavior with assistance from a secondary source has previously been used with adults with an intellectual disability (ID). Limited evidence of reliability and validity have been provided for this approach. This study examined evidence of convergent (CV) and discriminant (DV) validity for self-report with assistance from a secondary source as a measure of PA in adults with ID. PA of 37 participants with ID were assessed using (a) self-report, (b) accelerometers, and (c) pedometers. The multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analysis was used to evaluate validity. MTMM analysis revealed high reliability among variables, low to strong CV, and moderate DV. The study outcomes provide initial convergent and discriminant validity evidence for this measure of PA in adults with ID.
Empirically Derived Model of Social Outcomes and Predictors for Adults With ASD
Authors: Mehling Margaret H. , Tassé Marc J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This study used data from the National Core Indicators (NCI) Survey to derive an empirically validated measurement model for social outcomes and associated constructs for both individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and individuals with other disabilities. Items consistent with the survey structure of the NCI were selected as initial indicators of the latent constructs Social Relationships, Community Inclusion, and Opportunity for Choice in factor analyses. Results yielded a novel factor structure that is different from the original NCI survey structure. Three factors emerged as a result of these analyses: Personal Control, Social Determination, and Social Participation and Relationships. The factor structure of each of these constructs was consistent although not identical across individuals with ASD and individuals with developmental disabilities other than ASD.
Effect of Supported Employment on Vocational Rehabilitation Outcomes of Transition-Age Youth With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Case Control Study
Authors: Wehman Paul , Chan Fong , Ditchman Nicole , Kang Hyun-Ju 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of supported employment intervention on the employment outcomes of transition-age youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities served by the public vocational rehabilitation system using a case-control study design. Data for this study were extracted from the Rehabilitation Services Administration Case Service Report (RSA-911) database for fiscal year 2009. The sample included 23,298 youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities aged between 16 and 25 years old at the time of application. The classification and regression tree (CART) method was used to estimate propensity scores and to adjust for selection bias on the basis of all prominent covariates relevant to the dependent variable (i.e., competitive employment). Results yielded six homogeneous subgroups, and receipt of supported employment was found to increase the employment rates across all of the groups. The effect of supported employment was especially strong for youth who were Social Security beneficiaries, special education students, and individuals with intellectual disabilities or autism who were high school graduates. These findings suggest that supported employment is an effective service for enhancing the vocational rehabilitation outcomes of young adults and provides valuable information for policy makers, health care providers, rehabilitation counselors, and educators.
Facebooking the Egyptian elections: Framing the 2012 presidential race
Authors: Khamis Sahar , Mahmoud Abd El-Basit Ahmed Hashem 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
While most previous research on cyberactivism in the Arab Spring, in general, and the Egyptian revolution, in particular, focused on analysing the role of social media in mobilizing the masses for political action, coordinating protest movements and rallying support for regime change. Other aspects of social media use for different purposes, such as online campaigning and framing the image of presidential candidates who are running for office and competing in elections after regime change, have been largely understudied. Similarly, most previous research which tackled framing focused on ‘news framing’, rather than ‘image framing’, or how different media can be used to create images and conceptions of different individuals or groups. Therefore, this study tries to fill these gaps in prior research through conducting a content analysis of the Facebook pages of the five top runners in the Egyptian presidential race of 2012 to find out how and why they used them to frame their own images online before, during and after the elections. In doing so, it revealed how this process was influenced by several factors, such as emerging events, and how it had distinct functions, such as asserting the unique identity of each candidate, juxtaposing and comparing the ‘self’ to the ‘Others’, and launching attacks on other candidates.
Towards the development of the voter’s choice behaviour model: Analysis of the Egyptian 2012 presidential elections
Authors: El-Khoreiby Inas A. Hamid 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
An important stream of research in the political marketing field has focused on modelling how voters know about political parties and candidates and how they make their voting decisions which are based on received information. This article aims to reinterpret and test Newman and Sheth’s (1985) model of voter’s choice behaviour that assumes that voters’ behaviour can be driven by a combination of one or more of seven distinct cognitive domains. The study includes another two factors that may influence the choice of a given candidate: the media’s role and the candidates’ election campaigns during the election period. The results indicate a negative correlation between voting and having information about the presidential candidates and their electoral programmes in general, and this may refer to Egyptians’ desire to exercise their political rights after the revolution, despite their lack of knowledge about candidates. The article argues that the role of the media and candidates’ campaigns changed during various stages of the election, as they had limited effect in influencing the intentions of voters to elect a specific candidate and they had a bigger role in changing the intentions of some voters, which consequently persuaded them to vote for another candidate.
Islam in the West: A discourse analysis of American and British Muslim web content
Authors: Elmasry Mohamad Hamas 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This study sought to identify prominent discourses on four Islamic websites produced in the United States and Britain. The analysis looked specifically for discourses about identity, the religious ‘other’ and terrorism. The four Muslim organizations examined here – the Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR), the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) and the UK Islamic Mission (UKIM) – used the Web to construct discourses that describe them as authentically Islamic, in service to Muslims, in cooperation with non-Muslims and enemies of terrorism. The Muslim-produced web content studied here offers up a set of discourses that can be considered counter-hegemonic insofar as they challenge discursive formations that are dominant in both entertainment and news media. For instance, rather than associate Islam with terrorism, the sites denounce it in strong terms and distance the religion from the crime.
Conflict reporting and parachute journalism in Africa: A study of CNN and Al Jazeera’s coverage of the Boko Haram insurgency
Authors: Musa Aliyu Odamah , Yusha’u Muhammad Jameel 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The violent insurgence in Northern Nigeria linked to the group ‘Jama’atu Ahlussunna Lidda’wati wal Jihad’, also known as ‘Boko Haram’, has since its outbreak in July 2009 attracted a lot of international media attention. Two notable media channels that have consistently reported it are CNN and Al Jazeera English. By applying the critical discourse analysis technique this article focuses on how these reputable media organizations often rely on parachute reporting – whereby correspondents are only dispatched to the scene of the conflict from their offices or beats abroad – and the consequences. This tradition has a tendency to raise questions on the credibility of the reports as the correspondents’ access to local sources is hindered and their understanding of the local terrain and context of the conflict could be problematic. This article, therefore, postulates that CNN and Al Jazeera reportage of the Boko Haram conflict using reporters not fully based in the affected areas leads to misunderstanding and misreporting the crisis and misinforming the audience. This type of reporting is also found to lead to inadvertent polarization of the conflict due to the use of assumptions and stereotypes in news reporting, which questions the media’s role as neutral observers/reporters of the conflict.
Competing Activities in Social Networks
Authors: Belhaj Mohamed , Deroïan Frédéric 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We consider a society in which each agent has one unit of a resource to allocate between two activities. Agents are organized in a social network, and each activity generates complementarities between neighbors. We find multiplicity of equilibrium for high intensity of interaction, and we characterize equilibria in terms of specialization and polarization. Overall, results reveal the crucial role played by network geometry. The results also suggest that the structure of the social network should be taken into account for the design of a public policy in favor of a specific activity.
A Guest in the House: Nursing Instructors’ Experiences of the Moral Distress Felt by Students during Inpatient Psychiatric Clinical Rotations
Authors: Wojtowicz Bernadine , Hagen Brad 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSignificant research has been done on the impact of moral distress among nurses, particularly in acute and intensive care settings. However, little research to date has investigated the experiences that nursing students have with moral distress. Additionally, there is a dearth of research on the role of nursing instructors’ perceptions of their responsibilities to their students when encountering morally distressing situations. This manuscript describes a qualitative study conducted with eight mental health nursing instructors who acknowledged a responsibility for helping students deal with moral distress and ethical issues, but who also struggled with ways to do so. Additionally, instructors expressed frustration with their “guest” status on inpatient psychiatric units and their powerlessness to effect moral change in a medical model of psychiatric care.
A study on glass fiber reinforced composites from 2,3-epoxypropyl-3-(2-furyl) acrylate and methyl methacrylate
Authors: Patel Rakesh B. , Tarpada Umesh P. , Raval Dipak K. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
2,3-Epoxypropyl-3-(2-furyl) acrylate (EPFA) was synthesized from 3-(2-furyl) acrylic acid (FAA) and epichlorohydrin, followed by copolymerization of EPFA with methyl methacrylate (MMA) by varying the mole ratio of EPFA:MMA at different reaction times using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator at 80°C in toluene. The FAA, EPFA and copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, viscosity measurement, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) as well as epoxy equivalent weight (EEW). Mechanical properties, electrical properties and chemical resistance of the selected glass fiber reinforced composites were determined according to the ASTM method and discussed in light of copolymer composites.
Numerical study of polymer melt flow in a three-dimensional sudden expansion: viscous dissipation effects
Authors: Tutar Mustafa , Karakus Ali 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This numerical paper presents the effects of viscous dissipation on both hydrodynamic flow behavior and thermal flow characteristics of fluid included in rheological polymer flow analysis. The shear rate dependence of the viscosity is modeled using a modified form of the Cross constitutive equation, while the density changes are modeled using the modified Tait state of equation. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved in a sequential, decoupled manner with energy conservation equations using a finite volume method based fluid flow solver. Hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer developments in an asymmetric sudden expansion for different velocity and melt flow injection temperature boundary and geometry conditions are determined under the influence of viscous dissipation effects and the results are compared with each other to measure the relative effects of viscous dissipation on the interactions of these layers for a commercial polymer melt flow, namely polypropylene (PP). The numerical results demonstrate that proposed mathematical and numerical formulations for viscosity and density variations including viscous heating terms lead to more accurate representation of the polymer melt flow and heat transfer phenomena in plane channels or mold cavity associated with a sudden expansion.