bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seclusion experienced by mental health professionals
Authors: Kuosmanen L. , Makkonen P. , Lehtila H. , Salminen H. 
Published: May 2015

Accessible summary
Seclusion in psychiatric inpatient care means confining service users in a locked room.
Service users and staff seem to have different opinions on the usefulness of seclusion.
This is possibly the first time when two mental health nurses went voluntarily into seclusion and reported their experiences.
The nurses felt that the seclusion room was inhumane and proposed improvements to seclusion in general and to the seclusion facilities in particular.
AbstractSeclusion in psychiatric hospital care refers to isolating a service user from other service users and staff, most often in a locked and unfurnished room. Service users' experiences of seclusion are mostly negative, and although some have seen a rationale for its use, mental health nurses should be encouraged to evaluate current seclusion practices from the service user's perspective. In this small‐scale experiment, two mental health nurses were voluntarily secluded for 24 h. The aim was to explore the experience of being secluded, to understand and evaluate the impact of seclusion in greater detail, and to encourage discussion on one of the controversies in mental health nursing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to evaluate the impact of seclusion based on mental health nurses' firsthand experiences. The nurses received usual seclusion treatment and described their experiences of this every 6 h. Based on the nurses' experiences, seclusion, even in voluntary, safe and planned circumstances, may increase anxiety and frustration. Seclusion was viewed negatively and the physical environment was considered inhumane. The nurses offered some practical suggestions for updating seclusion practices and re‐designing seclusion facilities. Mental health nurses, who frequently decide on and invariably implement seclusion, are key to improving seclusion practices.
Legacy effects of no‐analogue disturbances alter plant community diversity and composition in semi‐arid sagebrush steppe
Authors: Ripplinger Julie , Franklin Janet , Edwards Thomas C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractQuestions(i) What role does the type of managed disturbance play in structuring sagebrush steppe plant communities? (ii) How does the composition of post‐disturbance plant communities change with time since disturbance? (iii) Does plant community diversity change over time following managed disturbance?LocationField study within the sagebrush steppe ecosystem. Rich County, Utah, USA.MethodsWe developed a chronosequence spanning up to 50 yrs post‐treatment to study sagebrush steppe vegetation dynamics. Direct ordination was used to examine plant community composition by managed disturbance type and time since disturbance, and factorial analysis of covariance was used to examine diversity dynamics following disturbance. Indicator species values were calculated in order to identify characteristic species for each disturbance type.ResultsPlant communities experienced a shift toward distinct community composition for each of the three managed disturbance types, and gave no indication of returning to untreated community composition or diversity. Small post‐disturbance increases in the number of non‐native grass species were observed in the treatments relative to reference, with native forb species making the largest contribution to altered composition. On fire‐ and chemically‐treated sites the proportional native forb species richness increased over time since disturbance, while the proportional contribution of non‐native forbs to total species richness decreased. For all three treatment types, native grasses contributed less on average to total richness than on reference sites, while non‐native grasses made up a higher proportion of total richness.ConclusionsCommon shrubland management techniques have legacy effects on the composition and diversity of sagebrush steppe plant communities, and no‐analogue disturbances, such as chemical or mechanical treatments, have more pronounced legacy effects than treatments similar to natural disturbance regimes (fire). This study informs a broader understanding of how management actions affect natural systems by highlighting the importance of long‐term management legacies as drivers of plant community structure and function.
The predictive and incremental validity of the German adaptation of the Static‐2002 in a sexual offender sample released from the prison system
Authors: Martens Ronja , Rettenberger Martin , Eher Reinhard 
Published: May 2015

PurposeThe aim of this study was to examine the predictive validity of the German adaptation of the Static‐2002 and to compare it with the results of the Static‐99.MethodThe predictive validity of Static‐2002 was investigated in a sample of n = 452 sexual offenders released from the Austrian Prison System. The instrument was coded retrospectively using file information. Afterwards, the predictive estimates of the Static‐2002 were related to officially documented reconviction data.ResultsThe Static‐2002 was found to have large effect sizes for predicting sexual, violent, and general recidivism (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = .78, .75, .75, respectively) for the total offender sample. For the general sexual offender sample, it did not predict reoffence significantly better than the Static‐99 ([AUC] = .77, .72, and .72, respectively). However, the Static‐2002 was found to perform better in the child molesters subsample (AUC = .83, .74, .75, respectively) than in rapists (AUC = .66, .72, .73, respectively), even though these differences did not reach statistical significance. The Static‐2002 was found to have incremental predictive validity beyond the Static‐99, but only for general and not for sexual or violent recidivism.ConclusionsAlthough a replacement of the Static‐99 by the Static‐2002 cannot be recommended, it has to be emphasized that the Static‐2002 yielded large effect sizes in predicting general, violent, and sexual recidivism and, therefore, nevertheless represents an excellent measure for capturing the reoffence risk of sexual offenders.
Bile duct‐ligated mice exhibit multiple phenotypic similarities to acute decompensation patients despite histological differences
Authors: O'Brien Alastair , China Louise , Massey Karen A. , Nicolaou Anna , Winstanley Alison , Newson Justine , Hobbs Adrian , Audzevich Tatsiana , Gilroy Derek W. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsPatients with decompensated cirrhosis are susceptible to infection. Innate immune dysfunction and development of organ failure are considered to underlie this. A rodent model of liver disease sharing these phenotypic features would assist in vivo study of underlying mechanisms and testing of therapeutics. We evaluated three models to identify which demonstrated the greatest clinical and immunological phenotypic similarity to patients with acutely decompensated (AD) cirrhosis.MethodsWe selected Bile Duct Ligation (BDL) rats at 4 weeks, BDL mice at 14 days and Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) mice at 10 weeks (with studies performed 7 days after final CCl4 infection). We examined organ dysfunction, inflammatory response to carrageenan‐in‐paw, plasma eicosanoid concentrations, macrophage cytokine production and responses to peritoneal infection.ResultsBile duct ligation caused sarcopenia, liver, cardiovascular and renal dysfunction whereas CCl4 mice demonstrated no clinical abnormalities. BDL rodents exhibited depressed response to carrageenan‐in‐paw unlike CCl4 mice. BDL rats have slightly elevated plasma eicosanoid levels and plasma showed partial PGE2‐mediated immune suppression whereas CCl4 mice did not. Plasma NOx was elevated in patients with acute or chronic liver failure (AoCLF) compared to healthy volunteers and BDL rodents but not CCl4 mice. Elevated nitric oxide (NO) via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mediates defective leucocyte trafficking in BDL rodent models.ConclusionsWe conclude that BDL mice and rats are not simply models of cholestatic liver injury but may be used to study mechanisms underlying poor outcome from infection in AD and have identified elevated NO as a potential mediator of depressed leucocyte trafficking.
Modeling Perfusion Dynamics in the Skin During Iontophoresis of Vasoactive Drugs Using Single‐Pulse and Multiple‐Pulse Protocols
Authors: Iredahl Fredrik , Sadda Veeranjaneyulu , Ward Liam J. , Hackethal Johannes , Farnebo Simon , Tesselaar Erik , Sjöberg Folke 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveAfter iontophoresis of vasoactive drugs into the skin, a decrease in perfusion is commonly observed. We delivered vaso‐active drugs by iontophoresis using different delivery protocols to study how these affect this decrease in perfusion as measured using LDF.MethodsWe measured skin perfusion during iontophoresis of (ACh), MCh, and NA using a single pulse or separate pulses at different skin sites, and during repeated delivery of ACh at the same site.ResultsPerfusion half‐life was 6.1 (5.6–6.6) minutes for ACh and 41 (29–69) minutes for MCh (p < 0.001). The maximum response with multiple pulses of ACh iontophoresis was lower than with a single pulse, 30 (22–37) PU vs. 43 (36–50) PU, p < 0.001. Vasoconstriction to NA was more rapid with a single pulse than with multiple pulses. The perfusion half‐life of ACh decreased with repeated delivery of ACh at the same site—first 16 (14–18), second 5.9 (5.1–6–9) and third 3.2 (2.9–3.5) minutes, p < 0.001.ConclusionsThe drug delivery protocol affects microvascular responses to iontophoresis, possibly as a result of differences in the dynamics of local drug concentrations. Perfusion half‐life may be used as a measure to quantify the rate of perfusion recovery after iontophoresis of vasoactive drugs.
Subunits B′γ and B′ζ of protein phosphatase 2A regulate photo‐oxidative stress responses and growth in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Konert Grzegorz , Rahikainen Moona , Trotta Andrea , Durian Guido , Salojärvi Jarkko , Khorobrykh Sergey , Tyystjärvi Esa , Kangasjärvi Saijaliisa 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPlants survive periods of unfavourable conditions with the help of sensory mechanisms that respond to reactive oxygen species (ROS) as signalling molecules in different cellular compartments. We have previously demonstrated that protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) impacts on organellar cross‐talk and associated pathogenesis responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. This was evidenced by drastically enhanced pathogenesis responses and cell death in cat2 pp2a‐b′γ double mutants, deficient in the main peroxisomal antioxidant enzyme CATALASE 2 and PP2A regulatory subunit B′γ (PP2A‐B′γ). In the present paper, we explored the impacts of PP2A‐B′γ and a highly similar regulatory subunit PP2A‐B′ζ in growth regulation and light stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. PP2A‐B′γ and PP2A‐B′ζ display high promoter activities in rapidly growing tissues and are required for optimal growth under favourable conditions. Upon acclimation to a combination of high light, elevated temperature and reduced availability of water, however, pp2a‐b′γζ double mutants grow similarly to the wild type and show enhanced tolerance against photo‐oxidative stress. We conclude that by controlling ROS homeostasis and signalling, PP2A‐B′γ and PP2A‐B′ζ may direct acclimation strategies upon environmental perturbations, hence acting as important determinants of defence responses and light acclimation in plants.
Evidence for ACD5 ceramide kinase activity involvement in Arabidopsis response to cold stress
Authors: Dutilleul Christelle , Chavarria Heidy , Rézé Nathalie , Sotta Bruno , Baudouin Emmanuel , Guillas Isabelle 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAlthough sphingolipids emerged as important signals for plant response to low temperature, investigations have been limited so far to the function of long‐chain base intermediates. The formation and function of ceramide phosphates (Cer‐Ps) in chilled Arabidopsis were explored. Cer‐Ps were analysed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) following in vivo metabolic radiolabelling. Ceramide kinase activity, gene expression and growth phenotype were determined in unstressed and cold‐stressed wild type (WT) and Arabidopsis ceramide kinase mutant acd5. A rapid and transient formation of Cer‐P occurs in cold‐stressed WT Arabidopsis plantlets and cultured cells, which is strongly impaired in acd5 mutant. Although concomitant, Cer‐P formation is independent of long‐chain base phosphate (LCB‐P) formation. No variation of ceramide kinase activity was measured in vitro in WT plantlets upon cold stress but the activity in acd5 mutant was further reduced by cold stress. At the seedling stage, acd5 response to cold was similar to that of WT. Nevertheless, acd5 seed germination was hypersensitive to cold and abscisic acid (ABA), and ABA‐dependent gene expression was modified in acd5 seeds when germinated at low temperature. Our data involve for the first time Cer‐P and ACD5 in low temperature response and further underline the complexity of sphingolipid signalling operating during cold stress.
How can research on pathogen population biology suggest disease management strategies? The example of barley scald (Rhynchosporium commune)
Authors: McDonald B. A. 
Published: May 2015

Barley scald fungus, Rhynchosporium commune, belongs to a host‐specialized species complex infecting grasses. Coalescent analyses of several genes indicate that R. commune originated c. 2500 years ago, after the domestication of barley. Phylogeographical analyses identified a diversity hotspot in Scandinavia, indicating an origin in northern Europe. After its emergence, R. commune became distributed globally on infected seeds, eventually invading the Fertile Crescent and infecting wild barley progenitors. Analyses of gene flow identified historical routes of migration out of Scandinavia and indicate a high degree of modern gene flow among South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. About 76% of global species diversity is found within barley fields, with all field populations showing a genetic structure consistent with sexual recombination. High levels of regional gene flow suggest wind‐dispersed ascospores and movement of infected seed. Quantitative traits, including pathogen aggressiveness, thermal sensitivity and fungicide resistance, showed high heritability and high levels of diversity within nine globally representative populations. Field experiments provided evidence for a fitness cost associated with complex virulence and a trade‐off between pathogenic and saprophytic fitness. All findings indicate that global R. commune populations have significant potential to evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes, including deployment of resistant cultivars, fungicide applications and global warming. Specific recommendations to improve management of barley scald include: (i) focus resistance breeding efforts in northern Europe, which offers the best location to screen germplasm and may provide useful sources of scald resistance; (ii) improve seed treatment, certification and quarantine programmes to limit long distance pathogen movement; (iii) manage barley stubble to decrease pathogen population size, limit production of sexual inoculum and reduce the pathogen's evolutionary potential.
Bedside Ultrasonography for Arteriovenous Fistula Cannulation
Authors: Patel Roshan A. , Stern Aaron S. , Brown Maritza , Bhatti Saad 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDifficulty in accessing a new arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a common technical issue in hemodialysis patients, which often leads to interventional radiology and/or vascular surgery referral. As a consequence, the patient who needs dialysis may require a temporary dialysis catheter with its known potential complications. We present a case where bedside ultrasonography facilitated successful cannulation of a difficult AVF. Ultrasonography (US) training in this procedure may allow early cannulation of new AVFs when the venous diameter is large enough (>0.6 cm) but the fistula is too deep (>0.6 cm). Real‐time, US‐guided AVF cannulation may also decrease the number of failed venous punctures per hemodialysis (HD) session minimizing vessel wall damage and subsequent potential hematoma and aneurysm formation.
Subcutaneous infection caused by Blastoschizomyces capitatus post allogeneic hematopoietic transplant and its successful treatment with voriconazole
Authors: Devadas S.K. , Bhat V. , Khattry N. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe describe a 33‐year‐old man with relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia who developed subcutaneous nodules >6 months after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. These nodules were caused by Blastoschizomyces capitatus. The lesions progressed after treatment with a posaconazole suspension. The lesions resolved after switching to voriconazole, which was given for 21 weeks. B. capitatus is a rare infection affecting immunocompromised patients, which responds to azoles.
Validation of Sensititre Dry-Form Broth Microdilution Panels for Susceptibility Testing of Ceftazidime-Avibactam, a Broad-Spectrum-β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combination
Authors: Jones Ronald N. , Holliday Nicole M. , Krause Kevin M. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Ceftazidime-avibactam is a broad-spectrum-β-lactamase inhibitor combination in late-stage clinical development for the treatment of serious infections. In preparation for clinical microbiology laboratory use, a validation experiment was initiated to evaluate a commercial broth microdilution product (Sensititre dried MIC susceptibility system) compared to reference panels using 525 recent clinical isolates. Among 11 pathogen groups, all had Sensititre MIC/reference MIC ratios predominantly at 1 (47.5% to 97.5%), and automated and manual endpoint results did not differ.
Enterobacteriaceae
MIC comparisons showed a modest skewing of Sensititre MIC results toward an elevated MIC (33.9%), but the essential agreement was 98.9% with 100.0% reproducibility. In conclusion, Sensititre panels produced accurate ceftazidime-avibactam MIC results, allowing quality MIC guidance for therapy following regulatory approvals.
Flow Cytometry-Based Method To Detect Persisters in Candida albicans
Authors: Chang Wenqiang , Zhang Ming , Li Ying , Lou Hongxiang 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Candida albicans
biofilms contain a subpopulation whose members are defined as persisters, displaying great tolerance of fungicides. To directly observe such persisters, an effective method using green fluorescent protein (GFP) strain labeling by mutation of the gene encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (
TDH3
), combined with propidium iodide (PI) staining, was established. Amphotericin B-tolerant persisters harbor the characteristics of both GFP positivity [GFP (+)] and propidium iodide (PI) negativity [PI (−)], which are easily visualized using a fluorescence microscope and measured by flow cytometry.
In Vitro
Susceptibility of Leishmania infantum to Artemisinin Derivatives and Selected Trioxolanes
Authors: Cortes Sofia , Albuquerque Andreia , Cabral Lília I. L. , Lopes Liliana , Campino Lenea , Cristiano Maria L. S. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Leishmaniasis is among the world's most neglected diseases. Currently available drugs for treatment present drawbacks, urging the need for more effective, safer, and cheaper drugs. A small library of artemisinin-derived trioxanes and synthetic trioxolanes was tested against promastigote and intramacrophage amastigote forms of
Leishmania infantum
. The trioxolanes LC50 and LC95 presented the best activity and safety profiles, showing potential for further studies in the context of leishmanial therapy. Our results indicate that the compounds tested exhibit peroxide-dependent activity.
A Simulation Study Reveals Lack of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment in De-escalated Antibiotic Therapy in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Carlier Mieke , Roberts Jason A. , Stove Veronique , Verstraete Alain G. , Lipman Jeffrey , De Waele Jan J. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

De-escalation of empirical antibiotic therapy is often included in antimicrobial stewardship programs in critically ill patients, but differences in target attainment when antibiotics are switched are rarely considered. The primary objective of this study was to compare the fractional target attainments of contemporary dosing of empirical broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics and narrower-spectrum antibiotics for a number pathogens for which de-escalation may be considered. The secondary objective was to determine whether alternative dosing strategies improve target attainment. We performed a simulation study using published population pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in critically ill patients for a number of broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics and narrower-spectrum antibiotics. Simulations were undertaken using a data set obtained from critically ill patients with sepsis without absolute renal failure (
n
= 49). The probability of target attainment of antibiotic therapy for different microorganisms for which de-escalation was applied was analyzed. EUCAST MIC distribution data were used to calculate fractional target attainment. The probability that therapeutic exposure will be achieved was lower for the narrower-spectrum antibiotics with conventional dosing than for the broad-spectrum alternatives and could drastically be improved with higher dosages and different modes of administrations. For a selection of microorganisms, the probability that therapeutic exposure will be achieved was overall lower for the narrower-spectrum antibiotics using conventional dosing than for the broad-spectrum antibiotics.
First Report of OXA-181-Producing Escherichia coli in China and Characterization of the Isolate Using Whole-Genome Sequencing
Authors: Liu Yanbin , Feng Yu , Wu Wenjing , Xie Yi , Wang Xiaohui , Zhang Xiaoxia , Chen Xinchuan , Zong Zhiyong 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

We report the first OXA-181-producing strain in China.
bla
OXA-181
was found in sequence type 410 (ST410)
Escherichia coli
strain WCHEC14828 from a Chinese patient without recent travel history. Genome sequencing and conjugation experiments were performed.
bla
OXA-181
was carried on a 51-kb self-transmissible IncX3 plasmid and was linked with
qnrS1
, a quinolone resistance gene.
bla
OXA-181
was introduced onto the IncX3 plasmid from a ColE2-type plasmid, and IncX3 plasmids have the potential to mediate the dissemination of
bla
OXA-181
.