bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Home as Homeland
Authors: Antrim Zayde 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter argues that the works most centrally occupied with crafting home as a category of belonging in the discourse of place were Arabic literary anthologies from the world of adab dedicated to the theme of homesickness (al-ḥanīn ilā l-awṭān). In order to associate the idea of home with land, they adopt the term waṭan, or “homeland,” as their organizing principle and elaborate on it with a lexicon of other terms designating some form of territoriality. In so doing, they represent homes as land-based categories of belonging that provided physical, social, material, political, or spiritual nurture. This idea of homeland was both geographically and conceptually flexible and allowed a wide variety of people to use attachment to land as a means of petitioning a prince, winning a patron, or expressing religious or political loyalty.
Routes and Realms
Authors: Antrim Zayde 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter begins by considering three tenth-century geographies of the Mamlakat al-Islām, or “Realm of Islam,” by al-Iṣṭakhrī, Ibn Ḥawqal, and al-Muqaddasī. These works may be distinguished from others in the discourse of place by their systematic and consistent division of the “Realm of Islam” into regions and their representation of each region in both map and writing. Through a comparative analysis of their maps and commentaries, this chapter argues that they portray the regions of the Islamic world as widely recognizable and meaningful territorial entities that were understood as both bounded and connective. It moves on to consider a small group of works devoted to the representation of a single region, most prominently Egypt. These works suggest that some regions were particularly useful in this period for declaring political or religious loyalty and claiming belonging in an expansive, even expansionist, but not exclusive, manner.
Introduction: The Discourse of Place
Authors: Antrim Zayde 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s conceptual framework, the “discourse of place,” the genres of texts it includes, and their shared commitment to the representation of territories as categories of belonging. It also discusses the methodology of close reading used in the book and the related ideas of textual and extratextual performance that make it possible to view written and graphic texts as acts of creativity that were intended to interact with audiences. Viewing texts as performances sheds light on the various modes of reception and reproduction of knowledge in this period. This chapter also considers the open-ended processes of manuscript redaction and transmission that have made texts from the ninth through the eleventh centuries available for analysis. Finally, it presents the book’s main argument, that in a period characterized by political fragmentation the discourse of place gave Muslims a powerful language to assert connectivity and belonging.
Media and Early Childhood Development
Authors: Lemish Dafna , Kolucki Barbara 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role media can play in bettering the lives of young children globally. Although media can have negative influences on child development, we emphasize the positive potential that holistic and developmentally appropriate communication can have on young children and caregivers. Communication for, with, and about young children that is inclusive and culturally sensitive can help them develop cognitively, socially, and emotionally, especially the most disadvantaged and vulnerable. It can also strengthen, be supportive of, and complement broader integrated early child development strategies and specific development goals. We review research and suggest four principles and supporting guidelines for using communication to achieve these goals. The chapter describes several examples of successful communication for young children from low- and middle-income countries. We conclude with recommendations for policymakers and programmers who wish to support similar initiatives.
Improving Policies and Programs for Educational Quality
Authors: Wagner Daniel A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Culture and context are increasingly important in developmental science research, but are often poorly understood when applied to policy contexts in low-income countries. This chapter considers the expanding role that learning assessments play in understanding and promoting early childhood development (ECD) and education. The vast majority of reading research is based on a small number of international languages, which makes it inapplicable to designing educational policies in poor, multilingual contexts. In recent years, international, regional, and local (or hybrid) reading assessments have been developed to greatly expanded our knowledge about how, when, and under what conditions children learn to read. Important debates continue over the credibility of data, especially for very poor and marginalized children. Conducting context- and intervention-relevant research on learning quality is critically important in policy planning to support ECD and basic education. By fostering greater information transparency and an expanded group of stakeholders, learning assessments can more broadly empower communities to improve educational quality.
National Agency Systems
Authors: Homsi Maha B. , Hussein Lara A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Holistic development comes as a result of good health, nutrition, early stimulation, positive social and emotional interactions with significant adults/caregivers, play, learning opportunities, and protection from violence. Coordinating these sectors in policy development and implementation is essential for ensuring holistic child development and efficient use of national resources. The presence of a national agency will ensure that all programs maintain a unified pedagogy that guarantees the holistic approach, continuity, and reliability of these programs and allows the smooth transition of children from one program or stage to another. This chapter examines the effectiveness of the Jordanian National Council for Family Affairs (NCFA)’s work in the field of early childhood and analyzes those factors and roles that contribute to or hinder the operation of a national agency.
On Literary Worlds
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Though literature is not a technology, the historical models literary scholars use to describe literary history owe a great deal to the languages of originality, novelty, progress, and invention that form the core of the idea of technological development. No real surprise: putting progress at the center of historicity is one of the things that makes us modern. But if you think like a modern person then it's very hard to ever really make a good case for why someone interested in the history of modern literary aesthetics ought to read the literature of the non-Western world. This book makes that case. It does so by rethinking from the ground up our concepts of literary history and progress, redescribing the history we know (or think we know) in a new language that requires us to be far more worldly and global in our arguments about literary change. To do, so, the book begins with an argument that literature is a world-creating activity. Connecting the cosmographical imagination to the historical shifts in world-view caused by the Columbian discoveries and Copernican revolutions, the book shows how the very notion of the modern is, at heart, a cosmographical social form.
The World and the Work of Art
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Heidegger and Jean-Luc Nancy' conceptions of the world and the work of art. The history of the world of the work of art is always, simultaneously, a history of the idea of the world, and a history of the world as a material substrate, and object of human practice. This book proceeds toward a historicization of the world-concept (and its appearances in works of art) that recognizes that its history is not, or not simply, the history of a philosophical concept, but rather a history of the intersection between such a concept and its practical appearance in the realm of human life. Heidegger's work recalls how widely modernity is understood as a fracture in the world-idea. This fracture is literal and metaphorical. Nancy's work on the history of the world-concept confirms for a new era the ways a material understanding of the actual world situation can function as a complement to and subtending force of the world's apprehension as a philosophical concept.
Cigarette smoking is associated with high prevalence of chronic rhinitis and low prevalence of allergic rhinitis in men
Authors: Eriksson J. , Ekerljung L. , Sundblad B.‐M. , Lötvall J. , Torén K. , Rönmark E. , Larsson K. , Lundbäck B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe harmful effects of tobacco smoke on human health, including respiratory health, are extensive and well documented. Previous data on the effect of smoking on rhinitis and allergic sensitization are inconsistent. We sought to investigate how smoking correlates with prevalence of allergic and chronic rhinitis among adults in Sweden.MethodsThe study population comprised 27 879 subjects derived from three large randomly selected cross‐sectional population surveys conducted in Sweden between 2006 and 2008. The same postal questionnaire on respiratory health was used in the three surveys, containing questions about obstructive respiratory diseases, rhinitis, respiratory symptoms and possible determinants of disease, including smoking habits. A random sample from one of the cohorts underwent a clinical examination including skin prick testing.ResultsSmoking was associated with a high prevalence of chronic rhinitis in both men and women and a low prevalence of allergic rhinitis in men. These associations were dose dependent and remained when adjusted for a number of possible confounders in multiple logistic regression analysis. Prevalence of chronic rhinitis was lowest in nonsmokers and highest in very heavy smokers (18.5% vs 34.5%, P < 0.001). Prevalence of sensitization to common airborne allergens was lower in current smokers (25.9%, P = 0.008) and ex‐smokers (28.2%, P = 0.022) than in nonsmokers (38.5%).ConclusionWe found that smoking was associated with a high prevalence of chronic rhinitis in both sexes and a low prevalence of allergic rhinitis in men. The associations were dose dependent and remained when adjusting for several possible confounders.
Precision medicines for B‐cell leukaemias and lymphomas; progress and potential pitfalls
Authors: Dyer Martin J. S. , Vogler Meike , Samuel Jesvin , Jayne Sandrine , Wagner Simon , Pritchard Catrin , Macip Salvador 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThere is now a plethora of new precision medicines for B‐cell malignancy including ‘classical’ kinase inhibitors, rationally designed inhibitors of anti‐apoptotic proteins and antibody or antibody drug/toxin conjugates with functional properties. Some are showing spectacular single agent activity in early phase clinical studies and may reduce or, in combination, even obviate the need for chemotherapy. Nevertheless, significant problems remain if these medicines are to be introduced into routine clinical practice in a rational and affordable manner. Firstly, precision medicines must be carefully matched in a mechanistic fashion with specific subtypes of disease. Whilst sensitivity may be predicted by the detection of key mutations or by expression of target molecules, for therapies that depend on intact intracellular signalling pathways, functional assessment on viable primary malignant cells will be necessary using assays that faithfully mimic in vivo conditions. A second, but no less important challenge is to define mechanism‐based synergistic combinations associated with minimal toxicities rather than simply adding new precision medicines to existing chemotherapeutic regimens. Finally, a closer, open, two‐way interaction between academic medicine and the pharmaceutical industry will be necessary to achieve these aims. Implementing such changes would change radically how and where patients with B‐cell malignancies are managed.
MDM2 is a useful prognostic biomarker for resectable gastric cancer
Authors: Ye Yang , Li Xuan , Yang Jingjing , Miao Shuhan , Wang Shouyu , Chen Yansu , Xia Xiaowei , Wu Xuming , Zhang Jianbing , Zhou Yan , He Song , Tan Yongfei , Qiang Fulin , Li Gang , Røe Oluf Dimitri , Zhou Jianwei 
Published: January 2013

Expression of MDM2 protein appears to be increased in malignancy and correlated to prognosis of tumors, but its role in gastric cancer remains controversial. Our recent investigations indicated that JWA was a novel candidate biomarker for gastric cancer. To evaluate the impact of MDM2 protein expression alone, and in combination with JWA, on the prognostic and predictive of patients with resectable gastric cancer, expression of MDM2 and JWA were examined by immunohistochemistry in three large cohorts (total n = 1131) of patient with gastric cancer. We found that MDM2 protein levels were significantly upregulated in gastric cancer (70.4%, 57 of 81) compared with adjacent non‐cancerous tissues. High tumoral MDM2 expression significantly correlated with clinicopathologic characteristics, as well as with shorter overall survival (OS; P < 0.001 for all cohorts) in patients without adjuvant treatment. The effect of adjuvant fluorouracil–leucovorin–oxaliplatin (FLO) in improving OS compared with surgery alone was evident only in the high MDM2 group (hazard ratio = 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.37–0.89; P = 0.013). Furthermore, knockdown of MDM2 and overexpression of JWA had a synergistic effect on suppression of gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration. Patients with low MDM2 and high JWA expression had a better outcome of survival compared with the other groups (P < 0.001 for all cohorts). For the first time, our data suggest that MDM2 is a potent prognostic and predictive factor for benefit from adjuvant fluorouracil–leucovorin–oxaliplatin chemotherapy in resectable gastric cancer. The combination of MDM2 expression and JWA could serve as a more effective candidate prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer.
Human leucocyte antigen-defined microchimerism early post-transplant does not predict for stable lung allograft function
Authors: Rowntree L C , Bayliss J , Nguyen T H O , Kotsimbos T C , Mifsud N A 
Published: January 2013

Summary
Microchimerism is the presence of foreign cells in an individual below 1% of total cells, which can occur in the setting of solid organ transplantation. This study quantitated donor-derived cellular subsets longitudinally in human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched lung transplant recipients (LTR) during the first post-operative year and evaluated the pattern of peripheral microchimerism with clinical outcomes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from non-HLA-B44 LTR who received HLA-B44 allografts were sorted flow cytometrically into three cellular subsets. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q–PCR) demonstrated that donor-derived HLA-B44 microchimerism is a common phenomenon, observed in 61% of patients. The level of donor-derived cells varied across time and between LTR with frequencies of 38% in the B cells/monocytes subset, 56% in the T/NK cells subset and 11% in the dendritic cells (DC) subset. Observations highlighted that microchimerism was not necessarily associated with favourable clinical outcomes in the first year post-lung transplantation.
Graft incorporation and implant osseointegration following the use of autologous and fresh‐frozen allogeneic block bone grafts for lateral ridge augmentation
Authors: Spin‐Neto Rubens , Stavropoulos Andreas , Coletti Felipe Leite , Faeda Rafael Silveira , Pereira Luís Antônio Violin Dias , Marcantonio Elcio 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo compare autogenous bone (AT) and fresh‐frozen allogeneic bone (AL) in terms of histomorphometrical graft incorporation and implant osseointegration after grafting for lateral ridge augmentation in humans.Materials and methodsThirty‐four patients were treated with either AL (20 patients) or AT (14 patients) onlay grafts. During implant installation surgery 6 months after grafting, cylindrical biopsies were harvested perpendicularly to the lateral aspect of the augmented alveolar ridge. Additionally, titanium mini‐implants were installed in the grafted regions, also perpendicularly to the ridge; these were biopsied during second‐stage surgery. Histological/histomorphometric analysis was performed using decalcified and non‐decalcified sections.ResultsHistological analysis revealed areas of necrotic bone (NcB) occasionally in contact with or completely engulfed by newly formed vital bone (VB) in both AT and AL groups (55.9 ± 27.6 vs. 43.1 ± 20.3, respectively; P = 0.19). Statistically significant larger amounts of VB (27.6 ± 17.5 vs. 8.4 ± 4.9, respectively; P = 0.0002) and less soft connective tissue (ST) (16.4 ± 15.6 vs. 48.4 ± 18.1, respectively; P ≤ 0.0001) were seen for AT compared with AL. No significant differences were observed between the groups regarding both bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) and the bone area between implant threads (BA) on the mini‐implant biopsies.ConclusionAllogeneic bone block grafts may be an option in cases where a limited amount of augmentation is needed, and the future implant can be expected confined within the inner aspect of the bone block. However, the clinical impact of the relatively poor graft incorporation on the long‐term performance of oral implants placed in AL grafts remains obscure.
Mixed miniature postsynaptic currents resulting from co‐release of glycine and GABA recorded from glycinergic neurons in the neonatal respiratory network
Authors: Rahman Jamilur , Latal A. Tobias , Besser Stefanie , Hirrlinger Johannes , Hülsmann Swen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractInhibitory neurons are involved in the generation and patterning of the respiratory rhythm in the adult animal. However, the role of glycinergic neurons in the respiratory rhythm in the developing network is still not understood. Although the complete loss of glycinergic transmission in vivo is lethal, the blockade of glycinergic transmission in slices of the medulla has little effect on pre‐Bötzinger complex network activity. As 50% of the respiratory rhythmic neurons in this slice preparation are glycinergic, they have to be considered as integrated parts of the network. We aimed to investigate whether glycinergic neurons receive mixed miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) that result from co‐release of GABA and glycine. Quantification of mixed mIPSCs by the use of different objective detection methods resulted in a wide range of results. Therefore, we generated traces of mIPSCs with a known distribution of mixed mIPSCs and mono‐transmitter‐induced mIPSCs, and tested the detection methods on the simulated data. We found that analysis paradigms, which are based on fitting the sum of two mIPSC templates, to be most acceptable. On the basis of these protocols, 20–40% of all mIPSCs recorded from respiratory glycinergic neurons are mixed mIPSCs that result from co‐release of GABA and glycine. Furthermore, single‐cell reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction revealed that 46% of glycinergic neurons co‐express mRNA of glycine transporter 2 together with at least one marker protein of GABAergic neurons. Our data suggest that significant co‐transmission occurs in the pre‐Bötzinger complex that might be involved in the shaping of synaptic inhibition of respiratory glycinergic neurons.
Sources of organic nitrogen at the serpentinite‐hosted Lost City hydrothermal field
Authors: Lang S. Q. , Früh‐Green G. L. , Bernasconi S. M. , Butterfield D. A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe reaction of ultramafic rocks with water during serpentinization at moderate temperatures results in alkaline fluids with high concentrations of reduced chemical compounds such as hydrogen and methane. Such environments provide unique habitats for microbial communities capable of utilizing these reduced compounds in present‐day and, possibly, early Earth environments. However, these systems present challenges to microbial communities as well, particularly due to high fluid pH and possibly the availability of essential nutrients such as nitrogen. Here we investigate the source and cycling of organic nitrogen at an oceanic serpentinizing environment, the Lost City hydrothermal field (30°N, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge). Total hydrolizable amino acid (THAA) concentrations in the fluids range from 736 to 2300 nm and constitute a large fraction of the dissolved organic carbon (2.5–15.1%). The amino acid distributions, and the relative concentrations of these compounds across the hydrothermal field, indicate they most likely derived from chemolithoautotrophic production. Previous studies have identified the presence of numerous nitrogen fixation genes in the fluids and the chimneys. Organic nitrogen in actively venting chimneys has δ15N values as low as 0.1‰ which is compatible with biological nitrogen fixation. Total hydrolizable amino acids in the chimneys are enriched in 13C by 2–7‰ compared to bulk organic matter. The distribution and absolute δ13CTHAA values are compatible with a chemolithoautotrophic source, an attribution also supported by molar organic C/N ratios in most active chimneys (4.1–5.5) which are similar to those expected for microbial communities. In total, these data indicate nitrogen is readily available to microbial communities at Lost City.
Over‐expression of ATR causes autophagic cell death
Authors: Mori Chihiro , Yamaguchi Yoshihiro , Teranishi Mika , Takanami Takako , Nagase Takahiro , Kanno Shinichiro , Yasui Akira , Higashitani Atsushi 
Published: January 2013

ATR is highly conserved in all eukaryotes and functions as a cell‐cycle checkpoint kinase to stabilize the nuclear genome. In addition, knockout mouse models indicate that ATR is essential for viability. Here, it is shown that moderate overproduction of ATR, but not of the other phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase‐related kinases, ataxia‐telangiectasia‐mutated, mTOR and SMG‐1, and a downstream target p53, resulted in cell death. ATR over‐expression induced cellular vacuolization from 12 to 48 h after transfection, before cell death progression. A series of deletion analyses showed that overproduction of the N‐terminal HEAT repeat segments of ATR was sufficient for the induction of the vacuolization. Moreover, post‐transcriptional modification of LC3, a marker of autophagy, and autophagosomes with double membranes were evident in ATR‐overproducing cells. The vacuolization was also suppressed in autophagy‐deficient MCF7 cells. In addition, both cellular vacuolization and cell death were reduced by inhibition of Ras activity using farnesyl thiosalicylic acid. Conversely, neither inhibition of mTOR nor activation of the checkpoint system could be observed in the vacuolated cells. These results suggest that the Ras signaling pathway is involved in the autophagic response caused by ATR overproduction, and tight regulation of ATR protein expression is crucial for cell viability.