bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex in an uncertain world: environmental stochasticity helps restore competitive balance between sexually and asexually reproducing populations
Authors: Park A. W. , Vandekerkhove J. , Michalakis Y. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLike many organisms, individuals of the freshwater ostracod species Eucypris virens exhibit either obligate sexual or asexual reproductive modes. Both types of individual routinely co‐occur, including in the same temporary freshwater pond (their natural habitat in which they undergo seasonal diapause). Given the well‐known two‐fold cost of sex, this begs the question of how sexually reproducing individuals are able to coexist with their asexual counterparts in spite of such overwhelming costs. Environmental stochasticity in the form of ‘false dawn’ inundations (where the first hydration is ephemeral and causes loss of early hatching individuals) may provide an advantage to the sexual subpopulation, which shows greater variation in hatching times following inundation. We explore the potential role of environmental stochasticity in this system using life‐history data analysis, climate data, and matrix projection models. In the absence of environmental stochasticity, the population growth rate is significantly lower in sexual subpopulations. Climate data reveal that ‘false dawn’ inundations are common. Using matrix projection modelling with and without environmental stochasticity, we demonstrate that this phenomenon can restore appreciable balance to the system, in terms of population growth rates. This provides support for the role of environmental stochasticity in helping to explain the maintenance of sex and the occurrence of geographical parthenogenesis.
Morphological integration in the forelimb of musteloid carnivorans
Authors: Fabre Anne‐Claire , Goswami Anjali , Peigné Stéphane , Cornette Raphaël 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe forelimb forms a functional unit that allows a variety of behaviours and needs to be mobile, yet at the same time stable. Both mobility and stability are controlled, amongst others, at the level of the elbow joint. This joint is composed of the humero‐ulnar articulation, mainly involved during parasagittal movements; and the radio‐ulnar articulation, mainly allowing rotation. In contrast, the humero‐radial articulation allows both movements of flexion–extension and rotation. Here, we study the morphological integration between each bone of the forelimb at the level of the entire arm, as well as at the elbow joint, in musteloid carnivorans. To do so, we quantitatively test shape co‐variation using surface 3D geometric morphometric data. Our results show that morphological integration is stronger for bones that form functional units. Different results are obtained depending on the level of investigation: for the entire arm, results show a greater degree of shape co‐variation between long bones of the lower arm than between the humerus and either bone of the lower arm. Thus, at this level the functional unit of the lower arm is comprised of the radius and ulna, permitting rotational movements of the lower arm. At the level of the elbow, results display a stronger shape co‐variation between bones allowing flexion and stability (humerus and ulna) than between bones allowing mobility (ulna and radius and humerus and radius). Thus, the critical functional unit appears to be the articulation between the humerus and ulna providing the stability of the joint.
Patient experience in the emergency department: inconsistencies in the ethic and duty of care
Authors: Moss Cheryle , Nelson Katherine , Connor Margaret , Wensley Cynthia , McKinlay Eileen , Boulton Amohia 
Published: May 2014

Aims and objectivesTo understand how people who present on multiple occasions to the emergency department experience their health professionals' moral comportment (ethic of care and duty of care); and to understand the consequences of this for ‘people who present on multiple occasions’ ongoing choices in care.BackgroundPeople (n = 34) with chronic illness who had multiple presentations were interviewed about the role that emergency departments played within their lives and health–illness journey. Unprompted, all participants shared views about the appropriateness or inappropriateness of the care they received from the health professionals in the emergency departments they had attended. These responses raised the imperative for specific analysis of the data regarding the need for and experience of an ethic of care.DesignQualitative description of interview data (stage 3 of a multimethod study).MethodsThe methods included further analysis of existing interviews, exploration of relevant literature, use of Tronto's ethic of care as a theoretical framework for analysis, thematic analysis of people who present on multiple occasions' texts and explication of health professionals' moral positions in relation to present on multiple occasions' experiences.ResultsFour moral comportment positions attributed by the people who present on multiple occasions to the health professionals in emergency department were identified: ‘sustained and enmeshed ethic and duty of care’, ‘consistent duty of care’, ‘interrupted or mixed duty and ethic of care’, and ‘care in breach of both the ethic and duty of care’.ConclusionsPeople who present on multiple occasions are an important group of consumers who attend the emergency department. Tronto's phases/moral elements in an ethic of care are useful as a framework for coding qualitative texts. Investigation into the bases, outcomes and contextual circumstances that stimulate the different modes of moral comportment is needed.Relevance to clinical practiceFindings carry implications for emergency department care of people who present on multiple occasions and for emergency department health professionals to increase awareness of their moral comportment in care.
Osteopenic consequences of botulinum toxin injections in the masticatory muscles: a pilot study
Authors: Raphael K. G. , Tadinada A. , Bradshaw J. M. , Janal M. N. , Sirois D. A. , Chan K. C. , Lurie A. G. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryPatients with temporomandibular muscle and joint disorder (TMJD) increasingly seek and receive treatment for their pain with botulinum toxin (BoNTA; botulinum toxin A). Used intramuscularly in therapeutic doses, it produces localised paresis. Such paresis creates risk of reduced bone mineral density, or ‘disuse osteopenia’. Animal studies have frequently used BoNTA as a model of paralysis to induce bone changes within short periods. Osteopenic effects can be enduring in animals but have yet to be studied in humans. This is the first study in humans to examine bone‐related consequences of BoNTA injections in the masticatory muscles, comparing oral and maxillofacial radiologists’ ratings of trabecular bone patterns in the condyles of patients with TMJD exposed to multiple masticatory muscle injection sessions with BoNTA to a sample of patients with TMJD unexposed to masticatory muscle injections with BoNTA. Cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT)‐derived images of bilateral condyles were evaluated in seven patients with TMJD receiving 2+ recent BoNTA treatment sessions for facial pain and nine demographically matched patients with TMJD not receiving BoNTA treatment. Two oral and maxillofacial radiologists evaluated CBCT images for evidence of trabecular changes consistent with osteopenia. Both evaluators noted decreased density in all participants exposed to BoNTA and in none of the unexposed participants (P < 0·001). No other abnormalities associated with reduced loading were detected. These findings need replication in a larger sample and over a longer time period, to ensure safety of patients with TMJD receiving multiple BoNTA injections for their pain.
Analytical technologies for real-time drug dissolution and precipitation testing on a small scale
Authors: Kuentz Martin 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Objectives
This review focuses on real-time analytics of drug dissolution and precipitation testing on a comparatively small scale.

Key findings
Miniaturisation of test equipment is an important trend in pharmaceutics, and several small-scale experiments have been reported for drug dissolution and precipitation testing. Such tests typically employ analytics in real-time. Fibre optic ultraviolet (UV) analytics has become a well-established method in this field. Novel imaging techniques are emerging that use visible or UV light; also promising is Fourier transform infrared imaging based on attenuated total reflection. More information than just a rate constant is obtained from these methods. The early phase of a dissolution process can be assessed and drug precipitation may eventually be observed. Some real-time techniques are particularly well suited to studying drug precipitation during formulation dispersion; for example, turbidity, focused beam reflectance measurement and Raman spectroscopy.

Summary
Small-scale dissolution tests equipped with real-time analytics have become important to screen drug candidates as well as to study prototype formulations in early development. Future approaches are likely to combine different analytical techniques including imaging. Miniaturisation started with mini-vessels or small vials and future assays of dissolution research will probably more often reach the level of parallel well plates and microfluidic channels.
Changes in plant species richness following reduced fire frequency and drought in one of the most species‐rich savannas in North America
Authors: Palmquist Kyle A. , Peet Robert K. , Weakley Alan S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractQuestionsHow has plant species richness changed over two decades in one of the most species‐rich savannas in North America? Is an altered disturbance regime, environmental stress, or both, driving these changes? In what ways can observations in this savanna inform management of other species‐rich plant communities?LocationLongleaf pine savannas in southeast North Carolina, USA.MethodsIn 2011–2013, we re‐surveyed permanent plots established in the 1980s and 1990s in a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) savanna in North Carolina to quantify changes in species richness at multiple spatial scales following 15 yr of reduced fire frequency plus periodic drought. For comparison, we re‐sampled other longleaf pine savannas in the region that had not experienced reduced fire frequency, but had experienced similar drought. In addition, we identified which types of species were lost and gained, and summarized changes in species frequency by growth form, plant height, and habitat affinity.ResultsWe detected substantial declines in small‐scale species richness and species frequency from the 1980s to 2011, representing a loss of 33% to 41% of the flora, depending on the spatial scale. Small herbaceous species had become particularly scarce. Additional re‐sampling in the wetter years of 2012 and 2013 after consecutive years of fire revealed that species richness had increased slightly from 2011, but was still considerably lower than that in the 1980s. Other savannas did not exhibit such dramatic declines in species richness, suggesting reduced fire frequency in addition to drought contributed to species loss in Big Island Savanna over time.ConclusionsOur work suggests that nearly annual fire is necessary for the maintenance of high plant species richness in mesic longleaf pine savannas, and even a modest reduction in fire frequency can have dramatic negative impacts. This study also suggests that drought is an important factor structuring grassland ecosystems in the southeastern US, despite relatively high regional precipitation. We believe these findings can be generalized to other species‐rich grasslands that are sensitive to changes in disturbance regimes and may require frequent disturbance to maintain plant species richness.
Dairy and cardiovascular health: Friend or foe?
Authors: Markey O. , Vasilopoulou D. , Givens D. I. , Lovegrove J. A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence at a global level is predicted to increase substantially over the next decade due to the increasing ageing population and incidence of obesity. Hence, there is an urgent requirement to focus on modifiable contributors to CVD risk, including a high dietary intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA). As an important source of SFA in the UK diet, milk and dairy products are often targeted for SFA reduction. The current paper acknowledges that milk is a complex food and that simply focusing on the link between SFA and CVD risk overlooks the other beneficial nutrients of dairy foods. The body of existing prospective evidence exploring the impact of milk and dairy consumption on risk factors for CVD is reviewed. The current paper highlights that high milk consumption may be beneficial to cardiovascular health, while illustrating that the evidence is less clear for cheese and butter intake. The option of manipulating the fatty acid profile of ruminant milk is discussed as a potential dietary strategy for lowering SFA intake at a population level. The review highlights that there is a necessity to perform more well‐controlled human intervention‐based research that provides a more holistic evaluation of fat‐reduced and fat‐modified dairy consumption on CVD risk factors including vascular function, arterial stiffness, postprandial lipaemia and markers of inflammation. Additionally, further research is required to investigate the impact of different dairy products and the effect of the specific food matrix on CVD development.
Survey of trend and factors in perinatal maternal fatigue
Authors: Cheng Ching‐Yu , Chou Yu‐Hua , Wang Panchalli , Tsai Jung‐Mei , Liou Shwu‐Ru 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFew studies have investigated maternal fatigue, particularly fatigue throughout the duration of pregnancy and the postpartum period. The purpose of this study was to explore changes related to maternal fatigue from pregnancy to postpartum and the factors influencing fatigue. This prospective longitudinal study surveyed 197 pregnant women beyond 24 gestational weeks monthly until one month postpartum. The Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue scale and one question about fatigue were used. Women at late pregnancy experienced a significant increase in level of fatigue, which remained high after childbirth. Those who were not happy about the pregnancy or were multiparas experienced a higher level of prenatal fatigue than their counterparts. At postpartum, mothers who were unemployed, had no one to help with childcare, or felt that the baby's night‐time sleep pattern was a serious problem had a higher level of fatigue. Interventions can be planned and implemented at early pregnancy to reduce the prevalence of fatigue. Encouraging pregnant women to share experiences and thoughts about pregnancy and being a mother is suggested. Further studies that evaluate culturally sensitive instruments for fatigue are needed.
A novel video‐based paradigm to study the mechanisms underlying age‐ and falls risk‐ related differences in gaze behaviour during walking
Authors: Stanley Jennifer , Hollands Mark 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPurposeThe current study aimed to quantitatively assess differences in gaze behaviour between participants grouped on the basis of their age and measures of functional mobility during a virtual walking paradigm.MethodsThe gaze behaviour of nine young adults, seven older adults with a relatively low risk of falling and seven older adults with a relatively higher risk of falling was measured while they watched five first‐person perspective movies representing the viewpoint of a pedestrian walking through various environments. Participants also completed a number of cognitive tests: Stroop task, visual search, trail making task, Mini Mental Status Examination, and reaction time, visual tests (visual acuity and contrast sensitivity) and assessments of balance (Activities Balance Confidence Scale and Berg Balance Scale) to aid in the interpretation of differences in gaze behaviour.ResultsThe high risk older adult group spent significantly more time fixating aspects of the travel path than the low risk and young adult groups. High risk older adults were also significantly slower in performing a number of the cognitive tasks than young adults. Correlations were conducted to compare the extent to which travel path fixation durations co‐varied with scores on the tests of visual search, motor, and cognitive function. A positive significant correlation was found between the speed of response to the incongruent Stroop task and travel path fixation duration r21 = 0.44, p < 0.05.ConclusionsThe results indicate that our movie‐viewing paradigm can identify differences in gaze behaviour between participants grouped on the basis of their age and measures of functional mobility and that these differences are associated with cognitive decline.
Information processing during sleep and stress‐related sleep vulnerability
Authors: Lin Yen‐Hsuan , Jen Chun‐Hui , Yang Chien‐Ming 
Published: May 2014

AimsPrevious studies showed enhanced attention and decreased inhibitory processes during early non‐rapid eye movement sleep in primary insomnia patients, as measured by event‐related potentials. The current study aims to examine information processing during sleep in non‐insomniac individuals with high vulnerability (HV) to stress‐related sleep disturbances.MethodsTwenty‐seven non‐insomniac individuals were recruited, 14 with low vulnerability and 13 with HV. After passing a screening interview and polysomnographic recording, subjects came to the sleep laboratory for 2 nights (a baseline night and a stress‐inducing night) for event‐related potentials recordings.ResultsThe HV group demonstrated shorter P2 latency during the first 5 min of stage 2 sleep and higher P900 amplitudes under the stress condition during slow‐wave sleep, which indicates an increased level of inhibitory processes. In addition, they had shorter N1 latencies during slow‐wave sleep that could indicate an elevated level of attention processing during deep sleep.ConclusionsUnlike patients with chronic insomnia, individuals with high sleep vulnerability to stress show a compensatory process that may prevent external stimulation from interfering with their sleep. This may be one of the factors preventing their acute sleep disturbances from becoming chronic problems.
Insulin glargine in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes in Japan
Authors: Urakami Tatsuhiko , Naito Yusuke , Seino Yutaka 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundWe evaluated the safety and effectiveness of insulin glargine in Japanese pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes in clinical settings based on post‐marketing surveillance data.MethodsClinical data were collected from Japanese pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes for 24 weeks after initiation of glargine treatment. Baseline characteristics, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), previous/concomitant medication, height, bodyweight, and adverse events were analyzed.ResultsOne‐hundred and thirteen patients were enrolled from 20 medical institutions in Japan in 2003 and 2004. Of these patients, 73 were included in the safety analysis, and 70 of these patients were also included in the efficacy analysis. The 73 patients included 28 boys and 45 girls, with a mean age of 11.8 years at entry. Hypoglycemia occurred in three patients (three events) and was severe in two patients (two events); all patients recovered. In the efficacy evaluation, HbA1c at baseline and final assessment was 9.10% and 8.09% (P < 0.001) in all patients; 8.96% and 7.85% (P < 0.001) in patients aged 7–12 years (Group 1); and 9.28% and 8.37% (P = 0.010) in patients aged 13–15 years (Group 2). FPG significantly decreased in all patients and in Group 1. No significant changes were observed in body mass index or degree of obesity during the study.ConclusionsGlargine therapy for Japanese pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes resulted in good glycemic control in terms of HbA1c and FPG as well as good safety in clinical settings. Glargine had little effect on the physical build of patients.
Atopic disorders are more common in childhood migraine and correlated headache phenotype
Authors: Özge Aynur , Öksüz Nevra , Ayta Semih , Uluduz Derya , Yıldırım Veli , Toros Fevziye , Taşdelen Bahar 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe supportive clinical and pathophysiological data about the correlation between migraine and atopic disorders are far from a coincidence. In order to determine and investigate the correlates of atopic disorders in a specific dataset, we performed this retrospective cross‐sectional clinical‐based study.MethodsThe dataset was composed from three tertiary center web‐based databases (http://www.childhoodheadache.org). Headache diagnosis and differential diagnosis were made according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd version and the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition. Migraine with aura, migraine without aura, chronic migraine and episodic and chronic tension type headache (TTH) patients were included. All other causes of headache disorders, including comorbid headache disorders like migraine plus TTH or “possible” causes of headache, were excluded.ResultsThe study included 438 patients with migraine and 357 patients with TTH, whose age and sex distribution were identical. After descriptive statistics accordingly, 80 migraine (18.2%) and 23 TTH (6.4%) patients were found to have specific atopic disorders (P < 0.001). Atopic disorders are more commonly reported in patients with migraine with aura (21.6%) than those with migraine without aura and TTH (P < 0.001). The most common atopic disorders were seasonal rhinitis, conjunctivitis and asthma. There was also a close correlation between TTH with atopic disorders and psychiatric comorbid disorders of the patients.ConclusionsAlthough the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd version, does not specify, atopic disorders should be suspected in all migraine patients and their relatives, not only for accurate diagnosis but also for planning prophylactic medications, such as β‐blockers.
A Correlative Study of Conservation of Resources Among Tipat Halav Nurses in Israel
Authors: Ein‐Gal Yaffa , Pais Miriam , Gerber Ayala , Shabi Roxi , Karako Juli , Ben‐Shalom Yael 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectivePublic Health nurses have enabled Israel's mother and child health clinics, Tipat Halav (TH) to receive international recognition by the World Health Organization. Recruitment of nurses to work in these clinics is a long‐term challenge.Design and SampleThis cross‐sectional study with 186 TH nurses assessed stress factors, resource evaluation, level of burnout, and job satisfaction using Hobfoll's Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, which was chosen because it offers practical tools for assessing the resources required to alleviate stress.ResultsNurses reported greater resource gain than resource loss (Mean [M] = 4.14, SD = 2 vs. M = 3.56, SD = 0.71) and a low level of burnout (M = 2.2, SD = 0.77). Stress was significantly correlated with level of burnout: (r = 0.38, p < .001). Prominent components of resource loss in correlation with burnout were self‐efficacy (r = 0.315, p < .001) and sense of control (r = 0.339, p < .001). Linear regression predictors of burnout were religious observance (β = −0.26, p < .001), prevalence of stress factors (β = 0.25, p < .001), and level of job satisfaction (β = −0.51, p = .001).ConclusionsIdentifying specific stressors and COR can help to enhance the work environment of TH nurses. Advanced Public Health training was related to increased COR gain and to reduction in COR loss and of burnout.