bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optoelectronic properties of thiazole‐based polythiophenes
Authors: Camurlu Pinar , Guven Nese 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTIn this work, two thiazole‐containing monomers N‐(thiazol‐2‐yl)−2‐(thiophen‐3‐yl)acetamide (ThDBTH) and N,N′‐([4,4′‐bithiazole]‐2,2′‐diyl)bis(2‐(thiophen‐3‐yl)acetamide) (Th2DBTH) were synthesized through amidification reaction of 2‐(thiophen‐3‐yl)acetyl chloride with aminothiazole derivatives and characterized by FTIR and 1H and 13C‐NMR. The monomers were subjected to electrochemical polymerization and optoelectronic properties of the resultant conducting polymers were investigated. Additionally, copolymerization of ThDBTH in the presence of thiophene was achieved. PThDBTH, PTh2DBTH, and P(ThDBTH‐Th) exhibited optical band gaps of 2.15, 2.30, and 1.95 eV, respectively. Switching time and optical contrast of the polymers were evaluated via kinetic studies. The P(ThDBTH‐Th) revealed satisfactory switching time and appropriate optical contrast of 1.27 s and 24.97%, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42206.
Biometallization‐Based Electrochemical Magnetoimmunosensing Strategy for Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus Particle Detection
Authors: Zhou Chuan‐Hua , Wu Zhen , Chen Jian‐Jun , Xiong Chaochao , Chen Ze , Pang Dai‐Wen , Zhang Zhi‐Ling 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for avian influenza A (H7N9) virus (H7N9 AIV) detection was proposed by using electrochemical magnetoimmunoassay coupled with biometallization and anodic stripping voltammetry. This strategy could accumulate the enzyme‐generated product on the surface of the magneto electrode by means of silver deposition, which amplified the detection signal about 80 times. The use of magnetic beads (MBs) and the magneto electrode could also amplify the detection signal. Furthermore, a bi‐electrode signal transduction system was introduced into this immunosensor, which is also beneficial to the immunoassay. A concentration as low as 0.011 ng mL−1 of H7N9 AIV could be detected in about 1.5 h with good specificity. This study not only provides a simple and sensitive approach for virus detection but also offers an effective signal enhancement strategy for the development of highly sensitive MB‐based electrochemical immunoassays.
Peripherally Hexasulfanylated Subporphyrins
Authors: Yoshida Kota , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPeripherally hexachlorinated meso‐triphenyl subporphyrin 4 was prepared by chlorination of meso‐triphenyl subporphyrin 1 with N‐chlorosuccinimide and was effectively transformed to hexasulfanylated subporphyrins 5–8 via nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions with the corresponding thiols under basic conditions. The structures of 5–8 have been all well characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. 1H NMR studies indicated that the meso‐phenyl substituents undergo restricted rotation for 5–8, while the β‐sulfanyl substituents are conformationally flexible in 5, 6, and 8, and are strictly regulated to an anti‐conformation in 7. Judging from the absorption spectra, the oxidation and reduction potentials, and the DFT calculations, the substituent effects decrease in the order of 5>6>7>8. Subporphyrin 8 effectively captures C60 in a 1:1 manner in [D8]toluene solution.
Enantioselective Degradation of (2RS, 3RS)‐Paclobutrazol in Rat Liver Microsomes
Authors: Wu Shuchun , Yu Miao , Zhang Hu. , Han Jianzhong , Qian Mingrong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPaclobutrazol, with two stereogenic centers, but gives only (2R, 3R) and (2S, 3S)‐enantiomers because of steric‐hindrance effects, is an important plant growth regulator in agriculture and horticulture. Enantioselective degradation of paclobutrazol was investigated in rat liver microsomes in vitro. The degradation kinetics and the enantiomer fraction were determined using a Lux Cellulose‐1 chiral column on a reverse‐phase liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry system. The t1/2 of (2R, 3R)‐paclobutrazol is 18.60 min, while the t1/2 of (2S, 3S)‐paclobutrazol is 10.93 min. Such consequences clearly indicated that the degradation of paclobutrazol in rat liver microsomes was stereoselective and the degradation rate of (2S, 3S)‐paclobutrazol was much faster than (2R, 3R)‐paclobutrazol. In addition, significant differences between the two enantiomers were also observed in enzyme kinetic parameters. The Vmax of (2S, 3S)‐paclobutrazol was more than 2‐fold of (2R, 3R)‐paclobutrazol and the Clint of (2S, 3S)‐paclobutrazol was higher than that of (2R, 3R)‐paclobutrazol after incubation in rat liver microsomes. These results may have potential implications for better environmental and ecological risk assessment for paclobutrazol. Chirality 27:344–348, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metformin reduces ovarian cancer risk in Taiwanese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Tseng Chin‐Hsiao 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundWhether metformin therapy affects ovarian cancer risk in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus has not been investigated.MethodsData analysis was performed in 2014. The reimbursement databases of Taiwanese female patients with a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus between 1998 and 2002 (n = 479 475) were retrieved from the National Health Insurance for follow‐up of ovarian cancer until the end of 2009. Metformin was treated as a time‐dependent variable; and of these patients, 286 106 were never‐users, and 193 369 were ever‐users. A time‐dependent approach was used to calculate ovarian cancer incidence and estimate hazard ratios by Cox regression for never‐users (as referent group), ever‐users and subgroups of metformin exposure (tertiles of cumulative duration and cumulative dose).ResultsDuring follow‐up, 601 metformin ever‐users and 2600 never‐users developed ovarian cancer, representing an incidence of 49.4 and 146.4 per 100 000 person‐years, respectively. The overall fully adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) for ever‐users versus never‐users was 0.658 (0.593–0.730). The fully adjusted hazard ratios for the first, second and third tertiles of cumulative duration of metformin therapy were 1.169 (1.019–1.341), 0.761 (0.644–0.898) and 0.276 (0.225–0.340), respectively (p trend < 0.01) and 1.220 (1.067–1.395), 0.610 (0.513–0.725) and 0.305 (0.248–0.374), respectively (p trend < 0.01), for a cumulative dose of metformin. In additional analyses, sulfonylureas but not the other antidiabetic drugs were associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer.ConclusionsMetformin use is associated with a decreased risk of ovarian cancer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explaining forest productivity using tree functional traits and phylogenetic information: two sides of the same coin over evolutionary scale?
Authors: Paquette Alain , Joly Simon , Messier Christian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractGiven evidences that diverse ecosystems provide more services than depauperate ones, much attention has now turned toward finding meaningful and operational diversity indices. We ask two questions: (1) Does phylogenetic diversity contain additional information not explained by functional traits? And (2) What are the strength and nature of the correlation between phylogeny and functional traits according to the evolutionary scale considered? We used data from permanent forest plots of northeastern Canada for which these links have been demonstrated and important functional traits identified. We show that the nature of the relationship between traits and phylogeny varies dramatically among traits, but also according to the evolutionary distance considered. The demonstration that different characters show phylogenetic autocorrelation at different evolutionary depths suggests that phylogenetic content of traits may be too crude to determine whether phylogenies contain relevant information. However, our study provides support for the use of phylogenies to assess ecosystem functioning when key functional traits are unavailable. We also highlight a potentially important contribution of phylogenetics for conservation and the study of the impact of biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning and the provision of services, given the accumulating evidence that mechanisms promoting diversity effects shift over time to involve different traits.
Clinical picture and risk prediction of short‐term mortality in cardiogenic shock
Authors: Harjola Veli‐Pekka , Lassus Johan , Sionis Alessandro , Køber Lars , Tarvasmäki Tuukka , Spinar Jindrich , Parissis John , Banaszewski Marek , Silva‐Cardoso Jose , Carubelli Valentina , Di Somma Salvatore , Tolppanen Heli , Zeymer Uwe , Thiele Holger , Nieminen Markku S , Mebazaa Alexandre ,   for the CardShock study investigators and the GREAT network
Published: March 2015

AimsThe aim of this study was to investigate the clinical picture and outcome of cardiogenic shock and to develop a risk prediction score for short‐term mortality.Methods and resultsThe CardShock study was a multicentre, prospective, observational study conducted between 2010 and 2012. Patients with either acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or non‐ACS aetiologies were enrolled within 6 h from detection of cardiogenic shock defined as severe hypotension with clinical signs of hypoperfusion and/or serum lactate >2 mmol/L despite fluid resuscitation (n = 219, mean age 67, 74% men). Data on clinical presentation, management, and biochemical variables were compared between different aetiologies of shock. Systolic blood pressure was on average 78 mmHg (standard deviation 14 mmHg) and mean arterial pressure 57 (11) mmHg. The most common cause (81%) was ACS (68% ST‐elevation myocardial infarction and 8% mechanical complications); 94% underwent coronary angiography, of which 89% PCI. Main non‐ACS aetiologies were severe chronic heart failure and valvular causes. In‐hospital mortality was 37% (n = 80). ACS aetiology, age, previous myocardial infarction, prior coronary artery bypass, confusion, low LVEF, and blood lactate levels were independently associated with increased mortality. The CardShock risk Score including these variables and estimated glomerular filtration rate predicted in‐hospital mortality well (area under the curve 0.85).ConclusionAlthough most commonly due to ACS, other causes account for one‐fifth of cases with shock. ACS is independently associated with in‐hospital mortality. The CardShock risk Score, consisting of seven common variables, easily stratifies risk of short‐term mortality. It might facilitate early decision‐making in intensive care or guide patient selection in clinical trials.Trial registrationNCT01374867.
MRI signatures of the frontotemporal lobar degeneration continuum
Authors: Agosta Federica , Galantucci Sebastiano , Magnani Giuseppe , Marcone Alessandra , Martinelli Daniele , Antonietta Volontè Maria , Riva Nilo , Iannaccone Sandro , Ferraro Pilar M. , Caso Francesca , Chiò Adriano , Comi Giancarlo , Falini Andrea , Filippi Massimo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjective. To identify overlapping and unique grey (GM) and white matter (WM) signatures within the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) continuum, and discriminate likely FTLD‐TAU and FTLD‐TDP patients using structural and diffusion tensor (DT) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods. T1‐weighted and DT MRI were collected from 121 subjects: 35 motor neuron disease (MND), 14 behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia, 12 semantic and 11 nonfluent primary progressive aphasia, 21 progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome patients, and 28 healthy controls. Patterns of GM atrophy were established using voxel‐based morphometry. Tract‐based spatial statistics was used to perform a WM voxelwise analysis of mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy. Results. In all clinical FTLD phenotypes, the pattern of WM damage was more distributed than that of GM atrophy. All patient groups, with the exception of MND cases with a pure motor syndrome, shared a focal GM atrophy centered around the dorsolateral and medial frontal cortex and a largely overlapping pattern of WM damage involving the genu and body of the corpus callosum and ventral frontotemporal and dorsal frontoparietal WM pathways. Surrounding this common area, phenotype (symptom)‐specific GM and WM regions of damage were found in each group. Conclusions. In the FTLD spectrum, WM disruption is more severe than GM damage. Frontal cortex and WM pathways represent the common target of neurodegeneration in these conditions. The topographic pattern of damage supports a “prion‐like” protein propagation through WM connections as underlying mechanism of the stereotyped progression of FTLD. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2602–2614, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How Do I Examine Rigidity and Spasticity?
Authors: Fearon Conor , Doherty Laura , Lynch Tim 
Published: March 2015

AbstractExamination of tone (increased resistance to the passive movement of a joint) is a clinically useful and occasionally neglected part of the neurological examination. Rigidity and spasticity are two distinct types of hypertonia that arise from distinct anatomical pathways. The ability to differentiate between these two entities therefore gives important information regarding localization. Whereas spasticity arises as a result of damage to the corticoreticulospinal (pyramidal) tracts, rigidity is caused by dysfunction of extrapyramidal pathways, most commonly the basal ganglia, but also as a result of lesions of the mesencephalon and spinal cord. Spasticity is characterized by abnormally high muscle tone, which often asymmetrically affects antagonistic muscle groups. It is both amplitude and velocity dependent and is therefore best assessed using rapid movements of the relevant joint to effect abrupt stretching of the muscle group involved. When a threshold velocity, angle, or amplitude is reached, a sudden increase in tone can be detected as a characteristic “catch.” Rigidity differs from spasticity in that the increased tone remains constant throughout the range of movement of the joint. It is independent of velocity and should even be detectable with very slow movements. It is present in flexors and extensor muscle groups equally, giving rise to a uniform quality in all directions often described as “lead pipe” rigidity. Given that rigidity frequently arises in diseases of the basal ganglia, a tremor can coexist, giving rise to an interrupted “cogwheeling” effect. We herein describe an approach to the examination of patients with rigidity and spasticity.
Digestive absorption of silicon, supplemented as orthosilicic acid–vanillin complex
Authors: Marcowycz Aline , Housez Béatrice , Maudet Corinne , Cazaubiel Murielle , Rinaldi Guiseppe , Croizet Karine 
Published: March 2015

ScopeSilicon (Si) is an abundant element on earth. It is found naturally in water in the form of orthosilicic acid (OSA), however this form is not stable under certain conditions such as in highly concentrated and non‐neutral pH solutions, which lead to its polymerization and reduced bioavailability. This study aimed to assess the bioavailability of Si from OSA stabilized by vanillin (OSA‐VC).Methods and resultsThis was a single‐center, double‐blind, cross‐over randomized controlled trial. Fourteen healthy subjects were recruited and consumed either OSA‐VC or a placebo on two separate occasions. Blood and urine samples were collected during 6 h following ingestion and analyzed to determine Si absorption and excretion. Plasma Si area under the curve (0–6 h) was significantly higher after OSA‐VC ingestion compared to placebo ingestion (p = 0.0002). Significantly higher urinary Si excretion was also reported over the 6‐h period after OSA‐VC ingestion compared to placebo (p<0.0001). Approximately 21% of ingested Si was excreted in urine during this period.ConclusionAlthough many studies have investigated the metabolism and bioavailability of Si supplemented in foods or as a food ingredient, this was the first to investigate and demonstrate the digestibility of OSA administered in a complex form with vanillin.
Silafluorene‐based polymers for electrochromic and polymer solar cell applications
Authors: Erlik Ozan , Unlu Naime A. , Hizalan Gonul , Hacioglu Serife O. , Comez Seda , Yildiz Esra D. , Toppare Levent , Cirpan Ali 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, four novel silafluorene (SiF) and benzotriazole (Btz) bearing conjugated polymers are synthesized. In the context of electrochemical and optical studies, these polymers are promising materials both for electrochromic device (ECD) and polymer solar cell (PSC) applications. All of the polymers are ambipolar (both p‐ and n‐dopable) and multichromic. Electrochemistry experiments indicate that incorporation of selenophene instead of thiophene unit increases the HOMO energy level of the polymers. Power conversion efficiency of the PSCs reached 1.75% for PTBTSiF, 1.55% for PSBSSiF, 2.57% for PBTBTSiF, and 1.82% for PBSBSSiF. The hole mobilities of the polymers are estimated through space charge limited current (SCLC) model. PBTBTSiF has the highest hole mobility as 2.44 × 10−3 cm2 V s−1. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 1541–1547
Ring Opening of Epoxidized Soybean Oil with Compounds Containing Two Different Functional Groups
Authors: Karadeniz Kemal , Akı Hatice , Sen Mustafa Yasin , Çalıkoğlu Yakup 
Published: March 2015

AbstractEpoxidized vegetable oils are desirable chemicals due to their eco‐friendly characteristics and their being a major source of many green products. Ring opening is one of the ways to convert these epoxidized oils to some new intermediates. The use of mono‐functional amines, alcohols, acid anhydrides and thioethers for epoxy ring opening has been reported in the literature. In this study, thioglycolic acid (TGA) bearing thiol and carboxylic acid as two different functional groups and methyl ester of thioglycolic acid (TGAME) were used. Currently, there is no reported literature describing epoxy ring opening using chemicals bearing two different functional groups simultaneously. In this way, two new polyols were synthesized, one with TGA (polyol 1) and one with TGAME (polyol 2). FTIR and 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the ring was opened by the carboxylic acid group of TGA, and the thiol group was not involved in the ring opening whereas the ring was opened by the thiol group in the case of TGAME.
Tracking morphologies at the nanoscale: Self-assembly of an amphiphilic designer peptide into a double helix superstructure
Authors: Kornmueller Karin , Letofsky-Papst Ilse , Gradauer Kerstin , Mikl Christian , Cacho-Nerin Fernando , Leypold Mario , Keller Walter , Leitinger Gerd , Amenitsch Heinz , Prassl Ruth 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Hierarchical self-assembly is a fundamental principle in nature, which gives rise to astonishing supramolecular architectures that are an inspiration for the development of innovative materials in nanotechnology. Here, we present the unique structure of a cone-shaped amphiphilic designer peptide. While tracking its concentration-dependent morphologies, we observed elongated bilayered single tapes at the beginning of the assembly process, which further developed into novel double-helix-like superstructures at high concentrations. This architecture is characterized by a tight intertwisting of two individual helices, resulting in a periodic pitch size over their total lengths of several hundred nanometers. Solution X-ray scattering data revealed a marked 2-layered internal organization. All these characteristics remained unaltered for the investigated period of almost three months. In their collective morphology, the assemblies are integrated into a network with hydrogel characteristics. Such a peptide-based structure holds promise as a building block for next-generation nanostructured biomaterials.
Declining semen quality and steadying seminal plasma ions in heat‐stressed boar model
Authors: Li Yansen , Wang Aihua , Taya Kazuyoshi , Li ChunMei 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPurposeThere are increasing concerns about infertility of male exposure to high environmental temperatures. Nevertheless, the relationship between heat and accessory sex gland secretion underlying the high ambient temperature‐induced poor semen quality has not yet been addressed.MethodsIn the present study, five boars were used as an animal model to evaluate semen quality and the secretory function of accessory sex glands. After the boars received 3 days of heat exposure, semen collection was standardized to 18 continual times with a 3‐day interval to determine the semen variables of semen volume, semen concentration, abnormal spermatozoa, seminal plasma composition, and testosterone level in the seminal plasma and serum.ResultsThe total sperm count was lowest by the end of week 2. The higher abnormal spermatozoa percentage were observed by the end of week 2 and persisted until week 6 after heat exposure. Additionally, there was no significant change in semen volume, testosterone level, and concentrations of ions and total protein in the seminal plasma before and after heat exposure.ConclusionsA single 3‐day heat exposure caused poor semen quality, but did not disturb accessory sex gland secretion in boars. Declining semen quality might be mainly due to the damaged germ cells, which were sensitive to elevated temperature in hot summer months.
Brief report: Correlates of inpatient psychiatric admission in children and adolescents with eating disorders
Authors: Hamilton Matthew J. , Watson Hunna J. , Egan Sarah J. , Hoiles Kimberley J. , Harper Emily , McCormack Julie , Shu Chloe , Forbes David A. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo examine the prevalence and importance of psychological, behavioural, and situational correlates of impending psychiatric inpatient admissions in children and adolescents with eating disorders.MethodThe sample consisted of 285 patients (8–17 years, M = 14.4, SD = 1.49) with DSM‐5 eating disorders assessed between 2006 and 2013 from the Helping to Outline Pediatric Eating Disorders (HOPE) Project. The sample was split into two groups, those with (n = 38) and without (n = 247) impending psychiatric admission; Discriminant function analysis was used to examine correlates.ResultsThe prevalence of impending psychiatric admission was 13.3%. Suicidal ideation provided the greatest discriminating power, followed by eating pathology, depressive symptoms, anxiety, multiple methods of weight control, binge eating, and family functioning.ConclusionsEarlier recognition of comorbid symptoms in eating disorders in the community may reduce the number of young people with eating disorders who present needing critical psychiatric care.
International note: The relationship between achievement goals and academic‐related boredom
Authors: Liu Yangyang 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTIn a sample of 520 Chinese high school students, the present study aimed to replicate the prior Western findings about the relationship between achievement goals and academic boredom. Our findings indicated that mastery‐approach goals and performance‐avoidance goals predicted academic boredom, but mastery‐avoidance goals and performance‐approach goals did not.
I Can't Read That! Improving Perioperative Literacy for Ambulatory Surgical Patients
Authors: Liebner Laura Traylor 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLow literacy and low health literacy are surprisingly rampant problems facing health care providers. Patient educators in all settings should consider the need for improved patient education materials that are easy to read and understand for the majority of patients. In the ambulatory surgery setting, patients often have time to prepare for scheduled outpatient surgery, yet education is provided primarily in the postoperative period. This article highlights the need for incorporating education into all phases of the perioperative process, beginning in the preoperative period. Perioperative educators should address all learning styles that provide education in a simple and cost‐effective way to appeal to all patients and help to reduce postoperative complications and increase patient satisfaction in the ambulatory surgery setting.