bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grafting of poly[styrene‐co‐N‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐N,N‐diethylamine] polymer film onto the surface of silica microspheres and their application as an effective sorbent for lead ions
Authors: Tang Jianxin , Sun Jingjing , Xu Jianxiong , Li Wen 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTAmino containing polymer of poly[styrene‐co‐N‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐N,N‐diethylamine] (PS‐co‐PVEA) was successfully grafted onto the surface of silica microspheres via the seed dispersion polymerization of styrene and N‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐N,N‐diethylamine in the presence of divinylbenzene employing the 3‐(methacryloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane activated silica microspheres as the seed. The polymerization led to thin chelating polymer films (30 nm) coated silica microspheres (silica@polymer) as determined by transmission electron microscopy. The synthesized silica@polymer composites were used as sorbents for lead ions (Pb2+). The adsorption properties, such as the pH effect, the adsorption kinetic, adsorption isotherm as well as the reuse of the silica@polymer sorbent were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the optimized adsorption condition was under neutral and the silica@polymer sorbent was efficient since it showed higher adsorption amounts (8.0 mg/g) and shorter adsorption equilibrium time (8 h) than that of the PS‐co‐PVEA microspheres and the pristine silica microspheres. Moreover, the silica@polymer sorbent was reusable even after four cycles of adsorption. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39973.
Preparation of highly uniform self‐standing submicrometer polyimide films and an investigation of their antibulging capabilities
Authors: Sun Qingrong , Chen Tianxiang , Hu Wei , Chen Yong , Qi Shengli , Wu Dezhen , Jin Riguang 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTAiming for X‐ray astronomy applications, we prepared large‐area submicrometer polyimide (PI) films [diameter (Φ) = 8 cm] with great thickness uniformity via the spin‐coating technique by using a PI precursor, poly(amic acid) (PAA) derived from 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, and p‐phenylenediamine as the starting materials. The effects of the spinning speed, apparent viscosity of the PAA solution (η), and spinning time on the PI film thickness and its uniformity, as characterized by the measurement of the film thickness every 0.5 cm along the diameter direction, were investigated. By optimizing the spin‐coating conditions, we prepared final submicrometer PI films with average thicknesses in the range of 200–850 nm and with film thickness fluctuations of less than 1.3%. The pressure bulge test results indicate that at a thickness of 805 nm and an inside test aperture diameter of 2.64 cm, the prepared PI films reached a final burst pressure of 20.2 KPa; this suggested excellent mechanical performances in the self‐standing submicrometer PI film. This study makes a contribution by providing a typical example and opening the way for the preparation of robust self‐standing submicrometer PI films with great thickness uniformities for X‐ray astronomy applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39977.
The effect of surface treatment on graphite nanoplatelets used in fiber reinforced composites
Authors: Zaldivar Rafael J. , Nokes James P. , Kim Hyun I. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTAtmospheric plasma treatment (APT) was used to surface‐activate graphite nanoplatelets (GnP) as well as highly graphitic P100 fibers used to manufacture composites. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed an increase in the O/C ratio of the treated surfaces when using either CO or O2 as the active gas, whereas CO exhibited less damage to the treated reinforcement carbon material. APT of P100 fibers resulted in a 75% increase in composite tensile strength when compared to composites using untreated fibers. Surface treatment of GnPs also resulted in GnP/epoxy composites with significantly higher glass transition temperatures (Tg's) and 50% higher flexural strengths than those with no surface treatment because of stronger particle‐to‐resin coupling, which was also evidenced by the fracture surfaces. The effect of GnP loading concentration and plasma treatment duration was also evaluated on the tensile strength of fiber‐reinforced composites. The addition of untreated GnP filler resulted in a decrease in strength up to the 1% loading. However, higher loading conditions resulted in a 20% improvement because of GnP orientation effects. Fracture surfaces suggest that the fibers provided a mechanism for the GnPs to orient themselves parallel to the fiber axis, developing an oriented matrix microstructure that contributes to added crack deflection. Incorporating surface‐treated GnPs in these composites resulted in tensile strengths that were as high as 50% stronger than the untreated systems for all loading conditions. Increased GnP‐to‐matrix bonding as well as enhanced orientation of the GnPs resulted in multifunctional composites with improved mechanical performance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39994.
The World Bank and China: Future Prospects
Authors: Huenemann Ralph W. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe time has come (is arguably long overdue) to develop a new basis for the World Bank's work in China. For nearly two decades, the Bank and China have been engaged in a mutual game of ‘let's pretend’, because the annual increments to China's foreign exchange reserves have been larger than the Bank's annual loans to China since about 1994. Now China's national income per capita measured on the purchasing power parity basis is rapidly approaching the high‐income level at which China will ‘graduate’ (receive no further World Bank loans). In this context, two alternatives may usefully be discussed. First possibility: shift the qualification for Bank lending from national units to subunits like provinces. Second possibility: continue the Bank's analytical and advisory activities even after the lending ceases.
Oedipus in Midian: Analyzing Ancient Israel
Authors: Propp William H. C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis study tests the existence of the Oedipus complex in ancient Israel by examining biblical texts. We find in various passages two key themes associated with Freud's theory: father‐son competition for a mother's affection and a man's fear of castration.The most striking case is Exodus 4:24–26. In the manner of an initiation or a dream, the episode of the “Bridegroom of Bloodshed” clearly articulates the anxieties of the Oedipus complex. Exodus 4:24–26 is analyzed through two psychological‐anthropological creative writing exercises: first as an ethnographer's description of an Israelite initiation ritual, then as a mock dream analysis by Freud. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unconscious and Game Theory
Authors: Flabbi Luca , Pediconi Maria Gabriella 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe paper compares psychoanalysis and non‐cooperative Game Theory and asks if the concepts used in Game Theory are compatible with and add to the knowledge about human thinking and human actions provided by psychoanalysis. We propose a common and novel ground in which this interdisciplinary comparison can be articulated: both Game Theory and the unconscious posit a Law. Our main result is that the law of satisfaction describing the Freudian unconscious and the law of strategic interaction implied by Game Theory are not simply incompatible but in frontal opposition to each other; they create a crossroad at which the imputable individual has the possibility to choose either one law or the other. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utility of rostra in the identification of Australian sawfishes (Chondrichthyes: Pristidae)
Authors: Whitty Jeff M. , Phillips Nicole M. , Thorburn Dean C. , Simpfendorfer Colin A. , Field Iain , Peverell Stirling C. , Morgan David L. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTEffective management of critically endangered sawfishes can be a difficult task, in part due to interspecies misidentification. Current methods for identifying sawfishes can be impractical as they are based on morphological features that are often unobservable. Further exploration is required to develop a more reliable means of identification.This study explored the utility of sawfish rostra in determining the species, size and sex of sawfishes, as rostra are commonly the only feature of a sawfish observed by fishers or present in public and private collections.A morphometric and meristic database consisting of over 1100 narrow sawfish (Anoxypristis cuspidata), dwarf sawfish (Pristis clavata), largetooth (or freshwater) sawfish (Pristis pristis; formerly Pristis microdon) and green sawfish (Pristis zijsron) rostra from Australian waters, was statistically analysed.Identification of sawfishes was found to be possible through the use of the variables: inter‐tooth spacing, standard rostrum width/standard rostrum length, standard rostrum length/total rostrum length, rostrum tip width/standard rostrum length, and/or rostral tooth count range, although the distinguishing variables were species‐dependent.The relationship between standard rostrum length and total length was also observed to vary substantially between most species. Models for estimating total length from standard rostrum length are provided.This study has provided a tool that can be used to identify accurately the species and size of sawfishes by their rostra, and therefore can assist in clarifying historical and contemporary sawfish records, nomenclature and distributions. A better understanding of these issues should allow sawfish conservation strategies to become more focused, and thus more effective. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fish farming and its appeal to common bottlenose dolphins: modelling habitat use in a Mediterranean embayment
Authors: Bonizzoni Silvia , Furey Nathan B. , Pirotta Enrico , Valavanis Vasilis D. , Würsig Bernd , Bearzi Giovanni 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT1. Common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus interact with fish farms in the Mediterranean Sea. These interactions were investigated in a Greek bay by incorporating multiple geographic, bathymetric, oceanographic, and anthropogenic variables.2. Generalized additive models (GAMs) and generalized estimation equations (GEEs) were used to describe dolphin presence. Visual surveys were conducted over 2909 km under favourable viewing conditions that included 54 dolphin group follows for 457 km. Sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) data were obtained from remote sensing imagery, and distances to sources of human influences including fish farms, a ferro‐nickel plant, and a slag disposal area were calculated within a geographic information system (GIS).3. Bottlenose dolphins were encountered mainly in the south‐eastern portion of the study area, and occurrence was not clearly related to SST and Chl‐a, nor the ferro‐nickel plant or nearby slag disposal area.4. Dolphin occurrence generally increased within 20 km of fish farms, with four farms and dolphins displaying a positive relationship, seven no clear relationship, and two a negative one.5. While it is likely that uneaten food and other detritus attract dolphin prey, individual farms (or clusters of farms) clearly had a different appeal. The proximity of the ferro‐nickel plant and slag disposal area to ‘attractive’ fish farms could compromise dolphin health, but physiological data are unavailable.6. The modelling of multiple variables allowed for a description of dolphin habitat use and attraction to some fish farms. More such data analysed in similar manner would be instructive for other areas where marine mammals and fish farms co‐occur. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Tricyclic[2,1‐f]theophylline Derivatives
Authors: Zagórska Agnieszka , Pawłowski Maciej , Siwek Agata , Kazek Grzegorz , Partyka Anna , Wróbel Dagmara , Jastrzębska‐Więsek Magdalena , Wesołowska Anna 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe multireceptor strategy was implemented to obtain potential antipsychotics and/or antidepressants in a series of long‐chain arylpiperazines bearing a tricyclic theophylline fragment. Their binding profile toward monoaminergic receptors (α1, 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT2A, 5‐HT6, 5‐HT7, D2, D3) was determined as well. The selected compounds 7 and 9 were tested in functional in vivo models and showed, like atypical antipsychotic drugs, presynaptic 5‐HT1A receptor agonistic and postsynaptic 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT2A, and D2 receptor antagonistic activity.
Integrating Multi‐element Geochemical and Magnetic Survey at Ancient Sagalassos (Southwest Turkey): Anthropogenic Versus Natural Anomalies
Authors: Dirix K. , Muchez P. , Degryse P. , Mušič B. , Poblome J. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTSeveral studies in the field of archaeological prospection have suggested that multi‐element soil geochemical survey holds potential as an archaeological survey method, complementing more common techniques such as magnetometry and fieldwalking. Despite this, only limited research regarding this topic has been carried out. In this study, a geochemical survey was conducted in the Eastern Suburbium of the Roman to Byzantine city of Sagalassos, with the aim of investigating the possibilities and limitations of the technique in facilitating the interpretation of magnetic survey data. To explore the multivariate patterns present within the chemical dataset, the data were statistically analysed using a contiguity‐constrained spatial clustering algorithm. The resulting spatial clusters revealed that an area characterized by high‐frequency magnetic anomalies was spatially associated with a chemical cluster rich in Cu, K, P, Pb and Zn. This is interpreted as resulting from the accumulation and decomposition of occupational debris. Enhancements of Al, As and Ba helped to interpret an area with a low magnetic signal as a region where limestone bedrock was located close to the soil surface. Finally, two zones of enhanced magnetization were shown to spatially overlap with two clusters of soils containing elevated levels of Co, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni and (Fe) and Ti, V and (Fe), respectively, indicating the presence of two different types of mafic to ultramafic ophiolitic bedrock near the soil surface. This study confirms that multi‐element geochemistry has potential as a survey technique, because it offers direct information on soil bedrock or ancient human disturbance, thereby adding an extra dimension to the interpretation of geophysical survey data. It is shown that soil chemical data are particularly valuable for distinguishing anthropogenic and natural impacts creating geophysical anomalies. Contiguity‐constrained clustering was found to be a promising data analysis technique for multivariate geochemical survey data. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospecting for Prehistoric Gardens: Results of a Pilot Study
Authors: Nolan Kevin C. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTNon‐intensive agricultural systems leave little physical trace on the surface of the landscape. Geochemical analyses are useful in analysing known fields, but often cost‐prohibitive for prospection. A method of soil phosphate and magnetic susceptibility survey is proposed as a solution. Either or both soil characteristics should be altered by most agricultural systems. Anomalies in these two soil properties combined with archaeological data indicate at least one possible garden detected in the initial pilot study plot in central Indiana. The detected potential gardens match, in size and distribution, ethnographic accounts of non‐intensive agricultural fields. The promise of the proposed method of prospecting for gardens for the study of prehistoric impacts on our inherited landscapes is enormous. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2013 Classification Criteria for Systemic Sclerosis: An American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Collaborative Initiative
Authors: van den Hoogen Frank , Khanna Dinesh , Fransen Jaap , Johnson Sindhu R. , Baron Murray , Tyndall Alan , Matucci‐Cerinic Marco , Naden Raymond P. , Medsger Thomas A. , Carreira Patricia E. , Riemekasten Gabriela , Clements Philip J. , Denton Christopher P. , Distler Oliver , Allanore Yannick , Furst Daniel E. , Gabrielli Armando , Mayes Maureen D. , van Laar Jacob M. , Seibold James R. , Czirjak Laszlo , Steen Virginia D. , Inanc Murat , Kowal‐Bielecka Otylia , Müller‐Ladner Ulf , Valentini Gabriele , Veale Douglas J. , Vonk Madelon C. , Walker Ulrich A. , Chung Lorinda , Collier David H. , Csuka Mary Ellen , Fessler Barri J. , Guiducci Serena , Herrick Ariane , Hsu Vivien M. , Jimenez Sergio , Kahaleh Bashar , Merkel Peter A. , Sierakowski Stanislav , Silver Richard M. , Simms Robert W. , Varga John , Pope Janet E. 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveThe 1980 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for systemic sclerosis (SSc) lack sensitivity for early SSc and limited cutaneous SSc. The present work, by a joint committee of the ACR and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR), was undertaken for the purpose of developing new classification criteria for SSc.MethodsUsing consensus methods, 23 candidate items were arranged in a multicriteria additive point system with a threshold to classify cases as SSc. The classification system was reduced by clustering items and simplifying weights. The system was tested by 1) determining specificity and sensitivity in SSc cases and controls with scleroderma‐like disorders, and 2) validating against the combined view of a group of experts on a set of cases with or without SSc.ResultsIt was determined that skin thickening of the fingers extending proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints is sufficient for the patient to be classified as having SSc; if that is not present, 7 additive items apply, with varying weights for each: skin thickening of the fingers, fingertip lesions, telangiectasia, abnormal nailfold capillaries, interstitial lung disease or pulmonary arterial hypertension, Raynaud's phenomenon, and SSc‐related autoantibodies. Sensitivity and specificity in the validation sample were, respectively, 0.91 and 0.92 for the new classification criteria and 0.75 and 0.72 for the 1980 ACR classification criteria. All selected cases were classified in accordance with consensus‐based expert opinion. All cases classified as SSc according to the 1980 ACR criteria were classified as SSc with the new criteria, and several additional cases were now considered to be SSc.ConclusionThe ACR/EULAR classification criteria for SSc performed better than the 1980 ACR criteria for SSc and should allow for more patients to be classified correctly as having the disease.
Fas Signaling in Macrophages Promotes Chronicity in K/BxN Serum–Induced Arthritis
Authors: Huang Qi‐Quan , Birkett Robert , Koessler Renee E. , Cuda Carla M. , Haines G. Kenneth , Jin Jian‐Ping , Perlman Harris , Pope Richard M. 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveA nonapoptotic role of Fas signaling has been implicated in the regulation of inflammation and innate immunity. This study was undertaken to elucidate the contribution of Fas signaling in macrophages to the development of arthritis.MethodsK/BxN serum–transfer arthritis was induced in a mouse line in which Fas was conditionally deleted in the myeloid lineage (CreLysMFasflox/flox mice). The arthritis was assessed clinically and histologically. Expression of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), CXCL5, IL‐10, IL‐6, and gp96 was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Bone marrow–derived macrophages were activated with IL‐1β and gp96. Cell phenotype and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry.ResultsArthritis onset in CreLysMFasflox/flox mice was comparable with that observed in control mice; however, resolution was accelerated during the chronic phase. The attenuated arthritis was associated with reduced articular expression of the endogenous Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR‐2) ligand gp96 and the neutrophil chemotactic chemokine CXCL5, and enhanced expression of IL‐10. Activation with IL‐1β or gp96 induced increased IL‐10 expression in Fas‐deficient murine macrophages compared with control macrophages. IL‐10 suppressed IL‐6 and CXCL5 expression induced by IL‐1β plus gp96. IL‐1β–mediated activation of ERK, which regulates IL‐10 expression, was increased in Fas‐deficient mouse macrophages.ConclusionTaken together, our findings indicate that impaired Fas signaling results in enhanced expression of antiinflammatory IL‐10 and reduced expression of gp96, and these effects are associated with accelerated resolution of inflammation during the chronic phase of arthritis. These observations suggest that strategies to reduce endogenous TLR ligands and increase IL‐10 may be beneficial in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Global Molecular Effects of Tocilizumab Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovium
Authors: Ducreux Julie , Durez Patrick , Galant Christine , Nzeusseu Toukap Adrien , Van den Eynde Benoît , Houssiau Frédéric A. , Lauwerys Bernard R. 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveTo investigate the global molecular effects of tocilizumab (TCZ) in comparison with methotrexate (MTX) treatment in synovial biopsy tissue obtained from patients with previously untreated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) before therapy (T0) and 12 weeks after the initiation of therapy (T12), and to compare the results with previous gene expression data obtained in synovial biopsy tissue from adalimumab (ADA)– and rituximab (RTX)–treated patients with RA.MethodsPaired synovial biopsy samples were obtained at T0 and T12 from the affected knee of TCZ‐treated RA patients and MTX‐treated RA patients. Gene expression studies were performed using GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays, and confirmatory quantitative real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction experiments were performed on selected transcripts. The effects of TCZ and MTX on synovial cell populations and histologic characteristics were assessed by immunohistochemistry.ResultsGene expression studies showed that blockade of the interleukin‐6 receptor (IL‐6R) gene (IL6R) using TCZ induced a significant decrease in the expression of numerous chemokine and T cell activation genes in the RA synovium. These effects strongly correlated with the molecular effects of MTX and RTX therapy on RA synovial tissue, but differed from the molecular changes induced by ADA (decreased expression of genes involved in cell proliferation).ConclusionThe molecular similarities between the effects of TCZ, RTX, and MTX therapies in the RA synovium indicate that B cell– and IL‐6–dependent pathways play synergistic roles in the pathogenesis of the disease, in particular through activation of T cell responses. Moreover, these results open perspectives for the individualization of therapeutic decisions, based on a better knowledge of the synovial molecular effects of each type of RA therapy.