bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Laboratory Technique for Investigating Corrosion by Recirculating Cooling Water
Authors: FISHER A. ORMAN 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A description of an improved testing loop for the evaluation of cooling water corrosion inhibitors for open recirculating systems is given, together with the performance characteristics of the laboratory apparatus. The test equipment included heat transfer surfaces and permitted velocities of 2 to 3 feet per second. Corrosion rate comparisons are made with data previously obtained in a screening test loop operated under less severe test conditions.
Attempts are made to detect the extent of scale build-up on heat transfer surfaces through losses in heat transfer and increased friction losses in the system. Results indicate that scaling and fouling characteristics of inhibited open cooling water systems were not satisfactorily measured in the apparatus described.
Influence of Oxygen on High Temperature Aqueous Corrosion of Iron
Authors: RUTHER W. E. , HART R. K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosion of pure iron in distilled water was investigated over a range of temperature (50–315 C) and oxygen content of the water (&lt;0.1 – 540 ppm).
A uniform brown-black coating formed in water of low oxygen content at 260 C. The corrosion rate was low after the initial period.
Severe pitting of the iron was encountered in water containing intermediate concentrations of oxygen over the entire range of temperature. The average metal loss rates were also much higher than that obtained in a low oxygen environment.
A thin protective film formed when adequate oxygen was present. No significant pitting was noted. The total corrosion at 30 days' exposure was lower for samples in a 26OC–540 ppm oxygen test than for those with very little oxygen at the same temperature.
The protective film forming ability of iron in a pitting oxygen-water environment was improved by alloying, particularly with chromium and carbon. The improved corrosion performance of some mild and low alloy steels over pure iron at intermediate oxygen concentrations was also noted.
The thin films formed on pure iron in adequately oxygenated water were composed of α-Fe2O3 (hematite) as contrasted with the Fe3O4 (magnetite) coatings produced in deoxygenated water. Distinctive growth habits for the various iron oxides were found on the outer surfaces of the protective coatings.
Effect of Solution Heat Treatment on Corrosion Kinetics Of Zirconium in 20 Percent Hydrochloric Acid At High Temperature and Pressure
Authors: KUHN WILLIAM E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
An investigation has been made of the influence of amount and distribution of precipitate phase on the corrosion kinetics of “low purity” zirconium in 20 percent hydrochloric acid at 200 C. It was found that minimum corrosion rates, coincident with minimum values of activation energy and frequency factor in the Arrhenius relationship, were obtained by solution heat treatment at 700 C followed by water quenching. Such heat treatment gave a corrosion rate equivalent to that of alpha annealed iodide zirconium. A maximum corrosion rate was obtained by a beta solution treatment at 890 C followed by water quenching, whereas beta solution treatment at 1000 C gave sharply reduced corrosion rates. Nature of distribution of the precipitate phase profoundly influenced corrosion rate. A discontinuous pattern of intergranular and transgranular globular particles was substantially less deleterious than the same amount of impurity phase finely disseminated throughout the microstructure.
The results of the investigation are discussed in terms of the possible roles of chlorine and hydroxyl ions in the corrosion mechanism. Relative effects on corrosion kinetics of statistical distributions of active sites (each characteristic of lattice configurations produced by lattice defects, solute atoms and precipitation phenomena) are also considered.
Corrosion Engineering And Corrosion Science
Authors: FONTANA M. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosion scientist and corrosion engineer are complementary; their efforts are synergistic in solving problems of corrosion control.
The broad background of a corrosion engineer capable of covering the entire field of corrosion engineering includes knowledge of chemistry, metallurgy, physical, chemical and mechanical properties of materials, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, biology, stress analysis, economics, human nature and many other fields.
The corrosion scientist and corrosion engineer should regard each other with equal esteem, the only basis for evaluating the other's efforts being quality of work.
Corrosion Resistance in Sea Water Of Medium Strength Aluminum Bronzes
Authors: UPTON B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosion resistance of aluminum bronzes of the 90/10 type is good, providing eutectoid decomposition of the beta phase to alpha + gamma2 is prevented. If gamma2 is present, it is highly anodic to the alpha matrix and rapid corrosion will occur. Retention of beta is favored by a fast cooling rate and a high manganese content. Nickel and iron are of less significance and the effect of aluminum is dependent upon the percentages of other elements present. In general, however, beta retention is favored by a low percentage of aluminum. Silicon additions give rise to a close-packed-hexagonal kappa phase which is not easily decomposed to alpha + gamma2. The result is that the microstructures of certain Cu-Al-Si alloys are less sensitive to cooling rate; hence, a reliable corrosion resistance is more easily obtained.
Corrosion Resistance of Molybdenum Modified Cr-Ni-Mn Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: NAIR F. , SEMCHYSHEN M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosion resistance of nine Cr-Ni-Mn austenitic and duplex austenitic-ferritic stainless steels, containing up to 5 percent molybdenum, in hot deaerated sulfuric acid and boiling concentrated nitric acid was determined and compared to the behavior of recognized commercial grades. A limited evaluation of mechanical properties was performed.
The corrosion resistance of these alloys was affected by molybdenum additions in a manner similar to that observed in Cr-Ni austenitic steels:The ability to tolerate minimal oxidizing environments such as sulfuric acid was markedly improved.The resistance toward strongly oxidizing acidic conditions was reduced.
The presence of delta ferrite effected improved resistance in sulfuric acid and materially diminished corrosion resistance in hot nitric acid.
Influence of pH on Corrosion and Passivation of Nickel
Authors: DAVIES D.E. , BARKER W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Anodic and cathodic polarizations of nickel have been studied using a galvanostatic technique with low current densities and an atmosphere of hydrogen. Polarization experiments have been conducted using 0.1 N sodium hydroxide, 1 N sodium carbonate and 0.1 N sodium borate solutions. It has been shown that passivation is caused by the formation of a monomolecular layer of Ni(OH)2 in alkaline solutions and by 1–2 molecular layers in borate solution. On further oxidation, the Ni(OH)2 becomes oxidized to Ni2O3 and finally to a nonstoichiometric oxide corresponding to NiO1.8. This final oxidation state is unstable and decomposes as soon as the electrode is made cathodic. It has been shown that current density has a critical effect on polarization characteristics in the borate solution. No evidence was found for the existence of the intermediate oxide Ni3O4.
Effect of Heat Treatment, Composition and Microstructure on Corrosion of 18Cr-8Ni-Ti Stainless Steels in Acids
Authors: STREICHER MICHAEL A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Titanium additions to 18Cr-8Ni steels can effectively eliminate susceptibility to intergranular attack associated with the precipitation of chromium carbides. However, these additions also drastically reduce the grain size of these steels and promote the formation of sigma phase. Both of these factors modify the behavior of titanium-stabilized steels in corrosive environments. A detailed investigation of the influence of heat treatment and microstructure on the corrosion resistance of four titanium-stabilized, AISI 321, heats is described.
Incomplete stabilization of carbon by titanium leads to precipitation of chromium carbides on heating in the range of 800 F to 1600 F. This type of susceptibility is readily detected in the oxalic acid etch test, the nitric-hydrofluoric acid test, the copper sulfate-sulfuric acid test, the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test, and in the nitric acid test.
A second type of susceptibility to intergranular attack is associated with the formation of sigma phase, which may precipitate in a sub-microscopic form during heating in the range of 1150 to 1550 F. It is detected only in the nitric acid test and, to a lesser extent, in the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test.
The action of various acid solutions on titanium-stabilized stainless steels are compared by means of metallographic studies of microstructures and of progressive corrosion, and by measurements of weight loss and change in electrical resistance of corroding specimens. The data obtained are used to explain the action of acids on these steels and to recommend procedures for evaluation testing.
Theory Of Stainless Steel Pitting
Authors: SCHWENK W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Pit origin and formation in stainless steels are discussed according to results of investigations from the following points of view:
1. Conditions for the Existence of Pitting Corrosion.
Pitting potential range and pitting potentials. Functions dependent on the potential which are important for pitting corrosion, effect of inhibitors and results of different methods of investigation are described.
2. Kinetics of Pitting Corrosion.
Analysis of the current-time relationship gives information on dependence of potential on the anodic metal dissolution process. Pit growth under potentiostatic, galvanostatic and chemical corrosion conditions can be explained theoretically.
3. Physical Forms of Pitting Corrosion.
Shape of pits that can be observed in different potential ranges and under different corrosion conditions are discussed: regular etch pits, hemispherically-shaped pits, under-hollowing and elongated areal pits.
4. Theoretical Explanation of Pitting Corrosion.
In connection with the “all-or-none” principle of passivity, which holds that the active and passive states should not coexist at the same potential, it is shown under which circumstances stable pitting corrosion is possible. A concentration effect and a resistance polarization effect are discussed in detail. The origin of pitting corrosion and the pitting potentials are discussed in terms of a chemisorption process and a transport and/or transference theory.
Corrosion of Lead by Alternating Current
Authors: GALIMBERTI C. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
From laboratory tests, it appears that corrosion of buried, lead-sheathed cables by alternating current is due to current leakage through breaks in the insulating coating. Even though the current flow in the lead sheathing may be small, it becomes concentrated, i.e., its density increases considerably at small openings through which the current is grounded into the soil.
In tests in which direct current was superimposed on alternating current flowing to lead electrodes immersed in tap water, the corrosion of the electrode acting as anode was increased; corrosion of the cathode was decreased.
Lead may also be cathodically protected by connecting it with a less noble metal, such as Fe, Zn or Mg. In the case of Mg, when connected so that it conducts the current rectification occurs which results in increased corrosion of the lead.
The morphology of corrosion of lead by alternating current is characterized according to whether the anions present form soluble lead compounds (nitrate or acetate, for example) or insoluble products (sulfate or carbonate).
Preparation and Evaluation of Clean Metal Surfaces
Authors: LINFORD HENRY B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The improbability of preparing an absolutely clean metal surface, even in the laboratory, is discussed. In the light of the difficulties in achieving such a goal the methods used to prepare surfaces as nearly free of contaminants as possible are presented.
The contaminants most commonly found on metal surfaces are divided into two groups depending upon their wettability. They are hydrophobic (nonwettable) and hydrophilic (wet-table). The hydrophobic contaminants are, for the most part, polar organic compounds and mixtures of such materials. The polar group most commonly encountered is COOH, which is present in common oils, fats, greases, etc. These compounds are very strongly adsorbed onto metal; in fact, chemisorption is very common. The usual methods for removal of such surface contaminants are given, followed by a quantitative comparison of the various tests available for the resulting cleanliness. The hydrophilic contaminants, which can best be represented by oxides, are then discussed, including tests for their presence and methods of removal.
Corrosion of Gold-Palladium, Nickel and Type 347 Stainless Steel in Molten Alkali Carbonates
Authors: JANZ G. J. , CONTE A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Further to previously reported studies of corrosion of noble metals and refractories in molten alkali carbonates,1 similar studies were made on gold-20 percent palladium, nickel and Type 347 stainless steel at 600–700 C (1112–1292 F).
Type 347 stainless steel was found highly resistant to attack, possibly due to passivation by a film of LiFeO2. Nickel was embrittled at 600–700 C with the intergranular formation of NiO. The small but finite attack of the gold-20 percent palladium was accompanied by formation of sodium palladiate.
Hydrogen Absorption by and Dissolution Rate Of Low-Carbon Steel In Sulfuric, Hydrochloric, Phosphoric and Nitric Acids
Authors: HUDSON R. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The dissolution rate of steel in 2 N and 10 N solutions of nitric acid at 100 F (38 C) was much faster than for the same concentrations of the other acids studied, although for 0.05 N and 0.5 N solutions the rate was not significantly different than that for sulfuric acid. Dissolution in H2SO4 solutions of 0.5 N and 2 N at 100 F was more rapid than dissolution in hydrochloric acid, but for 10 N acid the rate in HCI was greater than for H2SO4. Dissolution rates in phosphoric acid solutions at 100 F were slower over the entire concentration: range than for other acids at comparable concentrations. The dissolution rates in 2 N acid solutions increased with an increase in temperature.
The amount of hydrogen introduced into the steel during dissolution in HNO3 solutions was much lower than for the other acids. Although the dissolution rates at 100 F differ between H2SO4, HCI and H3PO4 solutions at the various concentration levels, the percentage of theoretically available hydrogen absorbed by the steel after a given weight loss did not differ significantly between these three acids. For each acid, particularly when the weight loss was low, the amount of hydrogen absorbed at a given weight loss decreased with increase in temperature.
Oxidation of 80Ni–20Cr Alloys In Carbon Monoxide at High Temperatures
Authors: OSTHAGEN K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Thermodynamic calculations were made of the reaction of Nimonic 75 with CO at 750, 900 and 1000 C (1382, 1652 and 1832F). The reaction was studied at gas pressures ranging from 760 to 10−2 mm Hg. The thermodynamic calculations were compared to experimental work by P. Kofstad and K. Piene at the Central Institute for Industrial Research in Oslo, Norway. This experimental work includes thermo-gravimetric reaction rate measurements, characterization of reaction products by X-ray diffraction and metallographic studies of reacted specimens.
From existing partial molar free energy values for the solution of Cr in Ni-Cr alloys critical CO pressures of 0.7 and 9 mm Hg at 900 and 1000 C (1652 and 1832 F) were calculated. Below the critical pressures a weight loss is expected for the reaction in CO. Above the critical pressures, however, a weight increase due to the formation of Cr2O3 and Cr7C3 on the surface is expected at 900 and 1000 C
At 750 C no weight loss is expected. The reaction products at this temperature are expected to be Cr2O3, Cr7C3 or free carbon.
Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility Of Stainless Steels and Nickel-Base Alloys In Polythionic Acids and Acid Copper Sulfate Solution
Authors: SAMANS C. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Intergranular cracking tendencies of fourteen stainless steels and two high-nickel alloys have been evaluated by exposing numerous specimens to polythionic acid and standard acid copper sulfate solutions. The sensitization curves for solution-annealed wrought stainless steels, which had been held for varying times at temperatures from 800 to 1700 F (427 to 927 C), had the same lower temperature limit for both solutions. The higher temperature limit for acid copper sulfate was significantly higher than for polythionic acid so the more standard acid copper sulfate test can be used for control. Decreasing the carbon content shifted the sensitization curve to longer times. Times in excess of 1000 to 4000 hours were required to sensitize steels stabilized with columbium or titanium. Molybdenum additions decrease the sensitization range, but the higher-carbon molybdenum-bearing stainless steels had an unexplained sensitization zone from 900 to 1000 F (482 to 538 C) for holding times exceeding 200 hours. The 25 percent Cr-Ni materials became sensitized over a narrower range of temperature than the plain 18 percent Cr-Ni alloys and, for a given carbon content, were more stable. If 1200 F (649 C) sensitizing followed thermal stabilization, the low-carbon Type 310 and Types 347 and 321 steels were sensitized the least. Two high-nickel alloys and a cast stainless steel failed when sensitized for 4 hours at 1200 F.
Sodium Nitrite as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel
Authors: LEGAULT R. A. , WALKER M. S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The effect of sodium nitrite on the corrosion rate of mild steel in chloride and sulfate media has been investigated. The results obtained support the view that passivity in these systems results from an oxide film maintained in a state of dynamic equilibrium, with protection dependent upon the rate of protective oxide film formation exceeding the rate of film deterioration. The data also indicate that the basic function of sodium nitrite is to assist the cathodic process and thereby provide that current necessary to form a protective oxide film, or expressed differently, to provide that current necessary to polarize above the critical potential for passivity.
Study of Aromatic Amine Inhibitors by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: COX P. F. , EVERY R. L. , RIGGS O. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Every and Riggs1,2 have reported the inhibitive properties of aniline and several of its derivatives. They found that the relative inhibitor effectiveness of these compounds was determined by the nature of the substituent group and its position in the aromatic ring. Some of the substituted anilines gave better than 95 percent protection to 1020 mild steel in 10 percent hydrochloric acid; a few of the substituted anilines accelerated the corrosion rate by as much as a factor of two. Differences in molecular area of these compounds were small. The observed corrosion rate could not be attributed to differences in surface area of the metal covered per molecule. No significant relationship was noted between the inhibitive properties and solubility, molecular weight or dipole moment.
High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra have been obtained for a group of these amine bases in cyclohexane solution. It was found that there is a linear correlation between the proton resonance frequency of the amine hydrogens and the observed inhibitor characteristics of these compounds.
Effect of Contaminants on Resistance To Stress Corrosion Cracking Of Ni-Cr Alloy 600 in Pressurized Water
Authors: COPSON H. R. , DEAN S. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Numerous tests have shown that Alloy 600, a 76 nickel-15 chromium-7 iron alloy, has excellent corrosion resist­ance in pressurized high temperature water. The present tests were undertaken to determine the influence of possible contaminants in 600 F (316 C) pressurized water on corrosion behavior, using both single and double U-bend specimens. The double U-bend provided a combined stress and crevice specimen. Contaminants were sodium fluoride, air, lead powder, lead oxide, a petroleum hydrocarbon, and a mixture of lead powder and the hydrocarbon. Contamination and aeration were much in excess of any condition likely to be encountered in pressurized water reactors. Under certain conditions, some contaminants induced stress corrosion cracking.
Corrosion of Tantalum and Tantalum-Tungsten Alloys in 20 Percent Hydrofluoric Acid
Authors: EBERTS R. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Experimental data reported show that tantalum and tantalum-tungsten alloys containing less than 22 percent tungsten are more susceptible to attack by 20 percent hydrofluoric acid than has been previously reported.
Kinetics, Microstructures and Mechanism of Internal Oxidation - Its Effect and Prevention in High Temperature Alloy Oxidation
Authors: RAPP ROBERT A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A review and evaluation of the role of internal oxidation in the oxidation of alloys is presented and five alloy types represented by Ag-In, Cu-Be, Ni-Cr, Nb-Zr and Cu-Zn-Al are considered in detail.
Internal oxidation is a diffusion-controlled process for which the kinetics may be predicted from solutions of the diffusion equation. Except for oxidations involving the formation of extremely stable solute oxide precipitates or oxidations at temperatures allowing only minimal solute mobility, the experimentally measured kinetics are in agreement with the calculated rates. The radius of a spherical internal oxide precipitate is expected to vary directly with the depth at which the precipitate is formed and inversely with the oxygen solubility at the external surface. Upon exceeding a critical solute content in a given binary alloy system, the occurrence of internal oxidation of the solute is replaced by the formation of an external scale of the solute metal oxide. A reduction in the oxygen content at the surface or the introduction of deformation into the surface of the alloy can reduce the solute content required for the transition from internal to external oxidation. In most cases, the prevention of internal oxidation by the formation of a compact surface layer of the solute oxide will result in a reduction of the oxidation rate of an alloy. When internal oxidation of a solute occurs in combination with external scale formation, the morphology of the precipitates in the microstructure of the oxidized alloy is determined both by the precipitation conditions and the mode of external scale formation. Internal oxide precipitates can affect both the mechanism and kinetics of external scale formation.