bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Longitudinal Study of Growth, Sex Steroids, and IGF-1 in Boys With Physiological Gynecomastia
Authors: Mieritz Mikkel G. , Rakêt Lars L. , Hagen Casper P. , Nielsen John E. , Talman Maj-Lis M. , Petersen Jørgen H. , Sommer Stefan H. , Main Katharina M. , Jørgensen Niels , Juul Anders 
Published: August 2015

Context:
Physiological gynecomastia is common and affects a large proportion of otherwise healthy adolescent boys. It is thought to be caused by an imbalance between estrogen and testosterone, although this is rarely evident in analyses of serum.

Objective:
This study aimed to describe the frequency of physiological gynecomastia and to determine possible etiological factors (eg, auxology and serum hormone levels) in a longitudinal setup.

Design, Settings, and Participants:
A prospective cohort study of 106 healthy Danish boys (5.8–16.4 years) participated in the longitudinal part of the COPENHAGEN Puberty Study. The boys were examined every 6 months during an 8-year follow-up. Median number of examinations was 10 (2–15).

Main outcome measurements:
Blood samples were analyzed for FSH, LH, testosterone, estradiol, SHBG, inhibin B, anti-Müllerian hormone, IGF-1, and IGF binding protein-3 by immunoassays. Auxological parameters, pubertal development, and the presence of gynecomastia were evaluated at each visit.

Results:
Fifty-two of 106 boys (49%) developed gynecomastia, of which 10 (19%) presented with intermittent gynecomastia. Boys with physiological gynecomastia reached peak height velocity at a significantly younger age than boys who did not develop gynecomastia (13.5 versus 13.9 years, P = .027), and they had significantly higher serum levels of IGF-1 (P = .000), estradiol (P = .013), free testosterone (P &lt; .001), and FSH (P = .030) during pubertal transition. However, no differences in serum LH or in the estradiol to testosterone ratio were found.

Conclusions:
Gynecomastia is frequent in pubertal boys. Increased IGF-1 levels and pubertal growth appear to be associated, whereas changes in estrogen to testosterone ratio seem negligible.
Probability distributions of whisker–surface contact: quantifying elements of the rat vibrissotactile natural scene
Authors: Hobbs Jennifer A. , Towal R. Blythe , Hartmann Mitra J. Z. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
Analysis of natural scene statistics has been a powerful approach for understanding neural coding in the auditory and visual systems. In the field of somatosensation, it has been more challenging to quantify the natural tactile scene, in part because somatosensory signals are so tightly linked to the animal's movements. The present work takes a step towards quantifying the natural tactile scene for the rat vibrissal system by simulating rat whisking motions to systematically investigate the probabilities of whisker–object contact in naturalistic environments. The simulations permit an exhaustive search through the complete space of possible contact patterns, thereby allowing for the characterization of the patterns that would most likely occur during long sequences of natural exploratory behavior. We specifically quantified the probabilities of ‘concomitant contact’, that is, given that a particular whisker makes contact with a surface during a whisk, what is the probability that each of the other whiskers will also make contact with the surface during that whisk? Probabilities of concomitant contact were quantified in simulations that assumed increasingly naturalistic conditions: first, the space of all possible head poses; second, the space of behaviorally preferred head poses as measured experimentally; and third, common head poses in environments such as cages and burrows. As environments became more naturalistic, the probability distributions shifted from exhibiting a ‘row-wise’ structure to a more diagonal structure. Results also reveal that the rat appears to use motor strategies (e.g. head pitches) that generate contact patterns that are particularly well suited to extract information in the presence of uncertainty.
Diurnality as an energy-saving strategy: energetic consequences of temporal niche switching in small mammals
Authors: van der Vinne Vincent , Gorter Jenke A. , Riede Sjaak J. , Hut Roelof A. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
Endogenous daily (circadian) rhythms allow organisms to anticipate daily changes in the environment. Most mammals are specialized to be active during the night (nocturnal) or day (diurnal). However, typically nocturnal mammals become diurnal when energetically challenged by cold or hunger. The circadian thermo-energetics (CTE) hypothesis predicts that diurnal activity patterns reduce daily energy expenditure (DEE) compared with nocturnal activity patterns. Here, we tested the CTE hypothesis by quantifying the energetic consequences of relevant environmental factors in mice. Under natural conditions, diurnality reduces DEE by 6–10% in energetically challenged mice. Combined with night-time torpor, as observed in mice under prolonged food scarcity, DEE can be reduced by ∼20%. The dominant factor determining the energetic benefit of diurnality is thermal buffering provided by a sheltered resting location. Compared with nocturnal animals, diurnal animals encounter higher ambient temperatures during both day and night, leading to reduced thermogenesis costs in temperate climates. Analysis of weather station data shows that diurnality is energetically beneficial on almost all days of the year in a temperate climate region. Furthermore, diurnality provides energetic benefits at all investigated geographical locations on European longitudinal and latitudinal transects. The reduction of DEE by diurnality provides an ultimate explanation for temporal niche switching observed in typically nocturnal small mammals under energetically challenging conditions. Diurnality allows mammals to compensate for reductions in food availability and temperature as it reduces energetic needs. The optimal circadian organization of an animal ultimately depends on the balance between energetic consequences and other fitness consequences of the selected temporal niche.
Androgenetic alopecia: new insights into the pathogenesis and mechanism of hair loss
Authors: Sinclair Rodney , Torkamani Niloufar , Jones Leslie 
Published: August 2015

The hair follicle is a complete mini-organ that lends itself as a model for investigation of a variety of complex biological phenomena, including stem cell biology, organ regeneration and cloning. The arrector pili muscle inserts into the hair follicle at the level of the bulge- the epithelial stem cell niche. The arrector pili muscle has been previously thought to be merely a bystander and not to have an active role in hair disease.Computer generated 3D reconstructions of the arrector pili muscle have helped explain why women with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) experience diffuse hair loss rather than the patterned baldness seen in men. Loss of attachment between the bulge stem cell population and the arrector pili muscle also explains why miniaturization is irreversible in AGA but not alopecia areata.A new model for the progression of AGA is presented.
Internal audit of of fixed assets of organization
Authors: Бородина  , Borodina Valyentina 
Published: August 2015

This article describes how the internal audit on the basis of laws and regulations in their areas of accounting of fixed assets: valuation (original, subsequent
revaluation, revaluation surplus reduction); depreciation; restoration of fixed assets; lease; disposal; selecting and determining the overall scheme of fixed assets;
workflow, as well as recommendations on the formation of the program of internal audit.
Features of application of erp-systems in management accounting
Authors: Харакоз  , Kharakoz Yu. 
Published: August 2015

The article is devoted to problems of application in the account field of automated systems to support management activities, which provide standardized business
processes, different algorithms for data analysis and decision-making in order to improve management of the organization. Based on the research was made
a reasoned conclusion about the need to unite the theory of management accounting methodology formalization and optimization of business processes, technology
development and implementation of enterprise information systems taking into account the specifics of the company.
Legal framework of contracting audit
Authors: Ткаченко  , Tkachenko D. , Кожухов  , Kozhukhov V. 
Published: August 2015

One of the most important innovations in the field of public procurement system control and auditing is the concept of a contracting audit. Contracting audit is
a sequence of procedures and actions aimed at confirming the validity, accuracy and legality of a state contract, verifying its execution and evaluation of its outcomes.
This article examines the legal framework for contracting audit.
Adaptation lending mechanism and methodological approaches to assessing the creditworthiness of small businesses implementing the strategy for innovation and growth
Authors: Филобокова  , Filobokova L. 
Published: August 2015

Methodological approaches to assessing the creditworthiness of large and medium-sized enterprises do not provide objective opinions when appropriate estimates
of small businesses, distinctive, and the imperatives of transformation to an innovative type of reproduction necessitate the study of the adaptation mechanism
and the development of a formalized approach to the identification and differentiation of the creditworthiness, of the author’s rationale presented in this article, under
the proposed creditworthiness to understand the ability of the entity to preserve the solvency of the receipt of borrowed funds and their placement in the assets
(or to regroup liabilities) until full payment received prior lender obligations.
Internal control as a duty of the economic subject and object evaluation of the auditor
Authors: Коське  , Koske M. , Воюцкая  , Voyutskaya I. 
Published: August 2015

The article deals with the problem of the internal control system consciousness of any business unit or an auditor in compliance with the “Accounting Act”, Auditing Standards and
Global best practices. Also the conditions of recognition the reliable fact of the internal control system existence were set up.
International accounting practices of intellectual activity
Authors: Дмитриева  , Dmitrieva I. , Харакоз  , Kharakoz Yu. 
Published: August 2015

The article discusses methodologies for evaluating and reporting on International Standards of the results of intellectual activity as a part of the company’s intangible assets.
The main positions of the individual International Financial Reporting Standards in part of evaluation, recording and reporting of intangible assets are analyzed.
British ‘Bollocks’ versus American ‘Jerk’: Do native British English speakers swear more – or differently – compared to American English speakers?
Authors: Dewaele Jean-Marc 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The present study investigates the differences between 414 L1 speakers of British and 556 L1 speakers of American English in self-reported frequency of swearing and in the understanding of the meaning, the perceived offensiveness and the frequency of use of 30 negative words extracted from the British National Corpus. Words ranged from mild to highly offensive, insulting and taboo. Statistical analysies revealed no significant differences between the groups in self reported frequency of swearing. The British English L1 participants reported a significantly better understanding of nearly half the chosen words from the corpus. They gave significantly higher offensiveness scores to four words (including “bollocks”) while the American English L1 participants rated a third of words as significantly more offensive (including “jerk”). British English L1 participants reported significantly more frequent use of a third of words (including “bollocks”) while the American English L1 participants reported more frequent use of half of the words (including “jerk”). This is interpreted as evidence of differences in semantic and conceptual representations of these words in both variants of English.
Topic-as-script and Topic-as-action in Language Assessment and Teaching
Authors: Seedhouse Paul , Supakorn Sumita 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
‘Topic’ is a construct of great practical importance in the fields of language teaching and assessment. Topic organisation featured prominently as an object of early Conversation Analysis (CA) research (for example in Sacks’s (1992) lectures) but has fallen from the research agenda and become the Cinderella construct in discourse studies in recent years. This article considers two institutional settings in which ‘topic’ is foregrounded and becomes a prominent interactional organisation which drives the institutional business, namely language assessment and language teaching. The argument is that much remains to be discovered about how topic becomes adapted to institutional goals. In these specific settings, topic has developed a ‘dual personality’ in service to the institutional goals; ‘topic-as-script’ is the homogenised topic which examiners give to candidates and teachers give to learners, whereas ‘topic-as-action’ refers to the ways in which candidates and learners talk a topic into being. The movement from ‘topic’ as a single homogeneous script to a heterogeneous series of responses by different learners/candidates (topic-as-action) is the main focus of interest in this study. In both teaching and assessment settings, this transformation of ‘topic’ provides a basis for the analysis and evaluation of learner/candidate performance. Sacks (1992: 541) argues, in relation to ordinary conversation, that topical organisation is an “accessory” to turn-taking and sequence. By contrast, topic is, in the language classroom and language testing settings examined, employed in multiple ways on multiple levels as an organising principle for the interaction; topic is both a vehicle and a focus of the interaction. It is suggested that research into institutional talk should investigate more closely how topic becomes adapted to the institutional goal.
An epidemiology-based model as a tool to monitor the outbreak of inappropriateness in tumor marker requests: a national scale study
Authors: Gion Massimo , Peloso Lucia , Trevisiol Chiara , Squarcina Elisa , Zappa Marco , Fabricio Aline S.C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractEvaluation of appropriateness of laboratory tests on the basis of individual requests remains a serious problem as the clinical question is usually not reported with the test order. This study explored the comparison of the rate of tumor marker orders with cancer prevalence as a putative indicator of inappropriateness.Tumor marker orders (2011 and 2012) were obtained from the Ministry of Health and cancer prevalence from the Italian Association of Cancer Registries. The rate of tumor marker orders was matched with demographic data and tumor prevalence and examined by using the confidence interval approach. Region-to-region and year-to-year variations were also examined. Focus was placed on CEA, CA125, CA19.9 and CA15.3.Tumor markers ordered in Italy were 13,207,289 in 2012 (221.3/1000 individuals). Given an estimated prevalence of 2,243,953 cancer cases, 7.04 tumor markers appear to be requested for each prevalent case of epithelial cancer per year. The rate of requests of CEA, CA125, CA19.9 and CA15.3 (in aggregate 5,834,167 requests in 2012, 44.2% of total) from the first and the last ranked region (96 and 244/1000 individuals) are significantly different (p<0.01). Region-to-region differences do not correspond to any known variation of prevalence in the different regions.The developed approach provides a proxy indicator of inappropriateness showing that tumor markers are overused in Italy and their ordering pattern is not related to tumor prevalence. The model is suitable to be validated in other laboratory tests used in diseases whose prevalence is known.
Comparing the effect of isotopically labeled or structural analog internal standards on the performance of a LC-MS/MS method to determine ciclosporin A, everolimus, sirolimus and tacrolimus in whole blood
Authors: Valbuena Henar , Shipkova Maria , Kliesch Sophie-Maria , Müller Simon , Wieland Eberhard 
Published: August 2015

AbstractLiquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is routinely used for analysis of immunosuppressive drugs. This study investigated whether replacing analog internal standards (ANISs) with isotopically labeled internal standards (ILISs) has an impact on the performance of a LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of tacrolimus (TAC), sirolimus (SIR), ciclosporin A (CsA) and everolimus (EVE) in whole blood.Following hemolysis, protein precipitation, and extraction with either ANISs (ascomycin, desmethoxy-rapamycin, CsD), or ILISs (TAC-Within-day imprecision was <10%, between-day <8%, and trueness 91%–110% for all the analytes with both ISs. No carryover or matrix effects were observed. The median accuracy was −2.1% for CsA, 9.1% for EVE, 12.2% for SIR, and −1.2% for TAC with the ILISs; and −2% for CsA, 9.8% for EVE, 11.4% for SIR, and 0.2% for TAC with the ANISs. Results of patient and proficiency testing samples were not statistically different.: Although ILISs are generally considered superior to ANISs, they may not be always essential. When optimizing a LC-MS/MS method other factors must be also considered.
Repression and Moral Reasoning: An Outline of a New Approach in Ethical Understanding
Authors: Nykänen Hannes 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to show that moral reasoning is not really reasoning in the sense usually assumed in moral philosophy. Instead, moral reasoning is one aspect of repressing conscience. The formal dimensions of moral reasoning function as a repressive depersonalisation of our sense of being an I who stands in a relationship to a you. For instance, “moral principle” invokes a formal and hence impersonal understanding of a moral problem. The thinking person loses her sense of being a particular person related to another particular person and focuses instead on the moral principles with their inherent, systematic implications. However, and as I will show in connection to so-called moral dilemmas, the thinking person does not actually act in the rational manner that is presupposed by reasoning. Instead, moral reasoning will reveal itself as a discourse for repressing conscience. Part of the aim of the paper is to show that, contrary to what is generally assumed, repression is a morally related phenomenon that arises as a result of a person’s difficulties with acknowledging the character of a moral difficulty; an acknowledgement that is an essential aspect of moral understanding.
On Sensitivity and Disability: Political Consumerism, Social-Political Entrepreneurship and Social Justice
Authors: Shamir Omri 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWhy do entrepreneurs choose to use consumer power as an alternative political channel in order to create social and political change? What are the conditions that lead them to adopt this strategy? The main purpose of this article is to offer a theoretical framework to discuss political consumerism strategy used by social entrepreneurs, those who seek to influence political norms in society, the conduct of the business market, and the shaping of public policy. The theoretical model, which this article intends to propose, is based on the new institutional approach (Neo-Institutionalism) and on the principles of the rational choice theory. The article suggests an explanatory variable in the form of political consumerism as an alternative means for political participation (alternative politics), which is influenced by structural, political, economic, and cultural conditions as well as by rational cost-benefit calculations made by entrepreneurs. For an empirical study of the proposed theoretical framework, the article analyzes two campaigns where the entrepreneurs employed political consumerism as a primary action strategy to promote issues related to social justice as institutional changes in Israel. The first of these was the campaign launched by the “
Test-Retest Reliability and Validity of the Malay Version Life Habits Assessment (LIFE-H 3.1) to Measure Social Participation in Adults With Physical Disabilities
Authors: Goh Hui-Ting , Ramachandram Kavithah , Ahmad-Fauzi Aishah , Subamanian Pathmawati 
Published: August 2015

Background and Purpose:
Social participation restriction is a common barrier encountered by older adults and individuals with physical disabilities. To best direct the limited resource to support social services for individuals with disability, there is a need to objectively measure social participation restriction. A number of tools to measure levels of social participation are available, but none of them has been translated into the Malay language. This cross-sectional study examined the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the Life Habits Assessment (LIFE-H 3.1) that had been translated and culturally adapted to the Malay language.

Methods:
Seventy-five individuals with physical disabilities (age, mean [standard deviation] = 58 [10] years; 49 males) participated in this study. Participants were interviewed twice with the Malay version LIFE-H 3.1, approximately 1 week apart. The Barthel Index (BI) and the World Health Organization Assessment of Quality of Life-Brief version (WHOQoL-BREF) were administered in the first interview as well. Intraclass correlation coefficients and the Bland-Altman Bias D were used to examine test-retest reliability. The Spearman correlation coefficients were computed to quantify the correlation between the Malay version LIFE-H 3.1 and the BI and the WHOQoL-BREF, respectively, to examine the concurrent validity of the Malay version LIFE-H 3.1. Furthermore, standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change were calculated.

Results:
The Malay version LIFE-H 3.1 had excellent test-retest reliability as evidenced by good to excellent intraclass correlation coefficients (0.71-0.95) and minimal Bland-Altman biases (0.01-0.12). The correlations between the Malay version LIFE-H 3.1 and the BI were fair to good (r = 0.28-0.69). The correlations between the Malay version LIFE-H 3.1 and the WHOQoL-BREF were weak to fair, ranging from 0.02 to 0.57.

Conclusions:
The Malay version LIFE-H 3.1 demonstrates excellent test-retest reliability and satisfactory validity. This questionnaire is an appropriate tool to assess social participation in rehabilitation for native Malay language speakers.
Mixing Mechanism and Evaluation of the Dispersion Effect of a 3D Dynamic Mixer
Authors: Jiang Zhaohui , Guo Zengge , Jia Zhao , Wang Jing , Pu Congcong , Xiao Changfa , Jin Jian 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
For homogeneous mixing of a polymer melt and micro/nano-inorganic particles, the researchers in our group developed a three-dimensional dynamic mixer with comprehensive effects of dispersion and distribution. To evaluate the distributive mixing effect, the expressions of diversion number and mixing degree were deduced according to the structure parameters of the mixer. To further investigate the diversion state of the melt and its velocity field in the mixer, this process was simulated with computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) software. In a pilot study, the working curves of the mixer were plotted according to the actual running state. Among other things, the pressure drop before and after mixing is discussed. This is helpful for formulating an extensional flow field and relevant to the dispersive mixing effect. Through laboratory and industrialized scale experiments it was determined with either very high or very low additions of inorganic particles, that the mixer can provide uniform and ultrafine dispersions.