bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capacity to Stand Trial
Authors: Finch Indra 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe legal construct of competency to stand trial requires that a defendant has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding and a rational and factual understanding of the legal proceedings against him. The trier of fact (usually a judge) is responsible for interpreting what capacities are sufficient to meet the legal standard of trial competency. Forensic examiners who assist the court in establishing whether or not a defendant is competent to proceed are in a position to explain how mental health issues factor into a defendant's capacities in relation to the relevant legal concepts. There are three primary capacities that are relevant to a defendant's trial competency: general capacity, decisional capacity, and particular capacities in reference to a defendant's specific case. General capacities speak to a defendant's intrinsic abilities, including his level of psychiatric, intellectual, cognitive, and interpersonal functioning. Decisional capacities consider the manner in which a defendant makes everyday decisions and how this may impact his conceptualization of his case, the rationality of his legal decisions, and his ability to work with his attorney. Particular capacities speak to the unique elements of a defendant's legal case, requiring a direct analysis of relevant case facts and how these may interact with the defendant's mental status. Defendants who are found by the court to be incompetent to stand trial may be referred for competency restoration treatment, depending on the guidelines of the particular jurisdiction. If treatment with psychiatric medications is required, a judicial hearing may be held to determine whether this treatment will meet established criterion to authorize involuntary treatment. Legal standards for competency to stand trial are the same as competency to plead guilty, to waive an insanity defense, to waive privilege, and to waive the right to counsel. Competency to be executed parallels general competency standards but it is unconstitutional and unethical to execute an insane or mentally retarded person. The decision to proceedpro se(represent self) also must be made voluntarily and intelligently, although a court may insist upon representation for a competent defendant who lacks sufficient capacity for self‐representation.
Eyewitness Testimony
Authors: Berkowitz Shari R. , Enright Kally , Bowman‐Fowler Nicci , Loftus Elizabeth F. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractReal‐life cases demonstrate that mistaken eyewitness memory is one of the leading causes of wrongful convictions. Over the past 40 years, eyewitness memory researchers have investigated the myriad factors that can influence and distort eyewitnesses' memories. In addition, researchers have identified certain lineup procedures that can reduce the possibility of a mistaken identification. The following article summarizes this large body of scientific research and highlights a couple of emerging issues in the field of eyewitness memory.
Interrogation
Authors: Costanzo Mark , Leo Richard A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPolice interrogators persuade a suspect to confess by manipulating his perception of the nature and gravity of his situation, the limited choices available to him, and the consequences that follow from each of these choices. Interrogators typically express unwavering confidence in the suspect's guilt and may confront suspects with fabricated evidence such as nonexistent eyewitnesses, false fingerprints, phony videos, or false polygraph results. These tactics are likely to have the effect of causing the disoriented suspect to believe that he bears the burden of proving his innocence. Detectives seek to create the impression that confessing will actually improve the suspect's otherwise hopeless situation, and they offer honorable or sympathetic reasons why the suspect might have committed the crime. Throughout the interrogation, police misrepresent their role as allies instead of adversaries, and suggest that they will help the suspect minimize the consequences of his crime. Most interrogation training offers little consideration of false confessions. However, researchers have documented the existence of false confessions and have suggested several reforms to reduce the probability of false confessions leading to wrongful convictions. Video recording of interrogations may be the single most important reform. A second important reform is the use of expert testimony in cases involving a disputed confession. The inherently manipulative process of interrogation requires careful monitoring to ensure the reliability of confessions.
A Facile and Universal Top‐Down Method for Preparation of Monodisperse Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenide Nanodots
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Lai Zhuangchai , Liu Zhengdong , Tan Chaoliang , Huang Ying , Li Bing , Zhao Meiting , Xie Linghai , Huang Wei , Zhang Hua 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDespite unique properties of layered transition‐metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheets, there is still lack of a facile and general strategy for the preparation of TMD nanodots (NDs). Reported herein is the preparation of a series of TMD NDs, including TMD quantum dots (e.g. MoS2, WS2, ReS2, TaS2, MoSe2 and WSe2) and NbSe2 NDs, from their bulk crystals by using a combination of grinding and sonication techniques. These NDs could be easily separated from the N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone when post‐treated with n‐hexane and then chloroform. All the TMD NDs with sizes of less than 10 nm show a narrow size distribution with high dispersity in solution. As a proof‐of‐concept application, memory devices using TMD NDs, for example, MoSe2, WS2, or NbSe2, mixed with polyvinylpyrrolidone as active layers, have been fabricated, which exhibit a nonvolatile write‐once‐read‐many behavior. These high‐quality TMD NDs should have various applications in optoelectronics, solar cells, catalysis, and biomedicine.
Esterification of oleic acid by heteropolyacid/TiO2SiO2 catalysts synthesized from less expensive precursors
Authors: Sheikh Rizwan , Shao Godlisten N. , Khan Zakir , Abbas Nadir , Kim Hee‐Taik , Park Yeung‐Ho 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA series of 12‐tungstophosphoric acid [HPW, H3PW12O40 (HPW)] catalysts supported on mesoporous titania–silica composite (TSC) were prepared by impregnation method. Primarily, TSC with mesostructure was successfully prepared by a modified sol–gel process using a less expensive silica precursor (sodium silicate) and titanium oxychloride as a titania source. In order to develop catalysts with various properties, the HPW loading over mesoporous TSC was controlled between 5 and 50 wt%. The surface morphology and structural properties of the prepared catalysts were characterized using N2 gas physisorption analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, ultraviolet spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The X‐ray diffraction and ultraviolet spectroscopy results were useful in determining the HPW dispersion on the support material. The catalytic activities of the samples were tested in liquid phase esterification of oleic acid with methanol. The results suggested that HPW dispersion on the support material was essential for the stability and performance of the catalysts during the esterification reaction. Even though the activity of the synthesized catalysts increased with increasing HPW loading, the homogeneity decreased in the samples with higher HPW content (30–50 wt%). The 20%HPW/TSC sample was found to be an active and catalytically stable catalyst, which was successfully regenerated and recycled for three consecutive runs. Copyright © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The investigation of thermal decomposition pathway and products of poly(vinyl alcohol) by TG‐FTIR
Authors: Taghizadeh Mohammad Taghi , Yeganeh Nazanin , Rezaei Mostafa 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTA generalized form of a semiquantitative method has been developed based on the multilinear least‐squares regression technique applied on the entire FTIR absorbance spectrum of a gaseous mixture to determine components concentration. Thermal degradation of poly(vinyl alcohol) samples with high, PVA(98), and low degree of hydrolysis, PVA(80), has been investigated by TG‐FTIR simultaneous analysis performed in an inert atmosphere. Analysis of gaseous products was carried out using a routine developed in Matlab and this routine returns the product concentration with a reasonable RMS error. The correlation coefficients of the original mixture spectrum with the mixed output were obtained at some specific peak temperatures using irAnalysis software. The first process is the loss of physically adsorbed water which followed by two main processes of thermal degradation. In spite of the similarity of evolved gaseous products, two samples showed some differences in components concentrations identified in the volatile mixture. Acetaldehyde has been identified as the main volatile product in the first thermal degradation step of PVA(98) and PVA(80). The second major degradation product of PVA(80) is acetic acid due to presence of more residual acetate group while 2‐butenal have been identified for PVA(98). Water was mainly produced in the first stage of thermal degradation of PVA(98) while it was identified in the first and second stages for PVA(80). This might be attributed to existence of a competition between water and residual acetate group for elimination that postpones the complete elimination of OH group to the second degradation stage. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42117.
Preparation of antibacterial silk fibroin membranes via tyrosinase‐catalyzed coupling of ε‐polylysine
Authors: Wang Ping , Deng Chao , Yuan Jiugang , Yu Yuanyuan , Cui Li , Su Mengting , Wang Qiang , Fan Xuerong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSilk fibroins have good biocompatibility and could be used to form a variety of regenerated functional biomaterials. In this study, enzymatic oxidization of silk fibroins with tyrosinase (TYR) was carried out, followed by coupling of ε‐polylysine (ε‐PLL) for improving antibacterial ability of the fibroin‐based biomaterial. Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) was selectively used to incubate with silk fibroins prior to TYR treatment, aiming at preventing the self‐crosslinking of silk fibroins during enzymatic oxidation. The results indicated that tyrosine residues in silk fibroins could be converted to reactive dioxyphenylalanine and o‐quinone residues TYR successively. TNBS pretreatment inhibited the self‐crosslinks of silk fibroins and promoted the successive coupling of ε‐PLL to fibroin proteins with high graft yield. The combined use of TNBS, TYR, and ε‐PLL treatments endowed fibroin membrane with satisfactory antibacterial ability against Staphylococcus aureus, and the obtained durability was also acceptable. The changes in surface potential and amine acid composition for the fibroin membranes verified the favorable actions of the combined treatment. The present method could be potentially utilized for enzymatic functionalization of various fibroin‐based biomaterials.
High‐throughput microarray mapping of cell wall polymers in roots and tubers during the viscosity‐reducing process
Authors: Huang Yuhong , Willats William G. , Lange Lene , Jin Yanling , Fang Yang , Salmeán Armando A. , Pedersen Henriette L. , Busk Peter Kamp , Zhao Hai 
Published: March 2015

AbstractViscosity reduction has a great impact on the efficiency of ethanol production when using roots and tubers as feedstock. Plant cell wall–degrading enzymes have been successfully applied to overcome the challenges posed by high viscosity. However, the changes in cell wall polymers during the viscosity‐reducing process are poorly characterized. Comprehensive microarray polymer profiling, which is a high‐throughput microarray, was used for the first time to map changes in the cell wall polymers of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), cassava (Manihot esculenta), andCanna edulisKer. over the entire viscosity‐reducing process. The results indicated that the composition of cell wall polymers among these three roots and tubers was markedly different. The gel‐like matrix and glycoprotein network in theC. edulisKer. cell wall caused difficulty in viscosity reduction. The obvious viscosity reduction of the sweet potato and the cassava was attributed to the degradation of homogalacturonan and the released 1,4‐β‐d‐galactan and 1,5‐α‐l‐arabinan.
First approximation to congenital malformation rates in embryos and hatchlings of sea turtles
Authors: Bárcenas‐Ibarra Annelisse , de la Cueva Horacio , Rojas‐Lleonart Isaias , Abreu‐Grobois F. Alberto , Lozano‐Guzmán Rogelio Iván , Cuevas Eduardo , García‐Gasca Alejandra 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundCongenital malformations in sea turtles have been considered sporadical. Research carried out in the Mexican Pacific revealed high levels of congenital malformations in the olive ridley, but little or no information is available for other species. We present results from analyses of external congenital malformations in olive ridley, green, and hawskbill sea turtles from Mexican rookeries on the Pacific coast and Gulf of Mexico.METHODSWe examined 150 green and hawksbill nests and 209 olive ridley nests during the 2010 and 2012 nesting seasons, respectively. Olive ridley eggs were transferred to a hatchery and incubated in styrofoam boxes. Nests from the other two species were left in situ. Number of eggs, live and dead hatchlings, and eggs with or without embryonic development were registered. Malformation frequency was evaluated with indices of prevalence and severity.ResultsMortality levels, prevalence and severity were higher in olive ridley than in hawksbill and green sea turtles. Sixty‐three types of congenital malformations were observed in embryos, and dead or live hatchlings. Of these, 38 are new reports; 35 for wild sea turtles, three for vertebrates. Thirty‐one types were found in hawksbill, 23 in green, and 59 in olive ridley. The head region showed a higher number of malformation types. Malformation levels in the olive ridley were higher than previously reported.ConclusionOlive ridleys seem more prone to the occurrence of congenital malformations than the other two species. Whether the observed malformation levels are normal or represent a health problem cannot be currently ascertained without long‐term assessments. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:203–224, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous measurement of methyl tert‐butyl ether and tert‐butyl alcohol in human serum by headspace solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Rui , Mei Yong , Liu Yanru , Dai Hao , Xia Hongfang , Zhang Xin , Wu Yukang , Gu Yingying , Peng Xiaowu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe abundant production of methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) and its widespread use have led to an increase in the potential for human exposure. This work described a simple, fast, sensitive, reliable and low‐cost method for the simultaneous measurement of MTBE and its metabolite, tert‐butyl alcohol (TBA) in human serum by headspace solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Extraction conditions were optimized and 40 °C, 10 min, 250 rpm and 0.3 g NaCl for a 1 mL sample were the optimal conditions. This method showed good analytical performance in terms of sensitivity with limits of detection in serum (1 mL) of 0.03 µg/L for MTBE and 0.05 µg/L for TBA, accuracy (mean recovery values) from 75.8% to 85.8%, precision (relative standard deviations) <10% and sample stability (biodegradation) <10% after 28 days. A verification experiment proved the reproducibility and stability of this method as well. Finally the method was used to detect 212 specimens, and the internal dose levels for MTBE in human serum were presented in China. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Resource Pathway to Action Against Discrimination: How Burnout and Work–Family Balance Form Obstacles to Action
Authors: Stroebe Katherine , Missler Marjolein 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWhy is it difficult for targets to act out against individual experiences of discrimination? Whereas prior research focuses on normative concerns or failure to perceive discrimination as determinants of (lack of) action, we hypothesize that perceiving frequent discrimination at work undermines the potential to act out against discrimination because it depletes one's resources. We study a sample that is underrepresented in research on discrimination, yet forms a large percentage of the working population: parents experiencing disadvantage in a working context. We measured self‐reported disadvantage because of parenthood, action against disadvantage, levels of burnout and work‐home self‐efficacy. Results reveal that perceptions of discrimination are related to lower levels of action. Importantly, lack of resources could explain this effect: we found simultaneous (and separate) mediation of the exhaustion (but not distancing) burnout subscale as well as separate mediation of work–home self‐efficacy. The implications of these results and the importance of studying potential resources in relation to action against discrimination are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rational Design to Improve Protein Thermostability: Recent Advances and Prospects
Authors: Yang Haiquan , Liu Long , Li Jianghua , Chen Jian , Du Guocheng 
Published: March 2015

AbstractResearch on proteins is in rapid development, but the use of wild‐type proteins under industrial conditions has limitations, low thermostability in particular. Thermal stability includes three types: thermodynamic, kinetic, and process stability. Several factors (e.g., hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds) affect the thermostability of proteins. The use of rational design to improve protein thermal stability is a hot topic in the field of computational biology and protein engineering. Several methods have been applied successfully to improve the thermal stability of protein, including introducing the number of disulfide bonds, optimizing protein surface charge, homologous comparison, and optimizing the free energy of unfolding. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the factors influencing protein thermostability, highlights its effective improvement strategies, and discusses future prospects in this field.
Acid‐catalyzed Oxidation of Levulinate Derivatives to Succinates under Mild Conditions
Authors: Wang Yuran , Vogelgsang Ferdinand , Román‐Leshkov Yuriy 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLevulinate derivatives are an attractive platform for the production of renewable chemicals. Here we report on the oxidation of methyl levulinate into dimethyl succinate with peroxides under mild conditions using Brønsted and Lewis acid catalysts. Selectivities to succinate and acetate derivatives of approximately 60 and 40 %, respectively, were obtained with strong Brønsted acids in methanol. Although the molecular structure (i.e., carbon‐chain length and branching around the CO group) and the oxidant type affect the product distribution, solvent choice has the strongest impact on changing the location of oxygen insertion into the carbon backbone. Specifically, switching the solvent from methanol to heptane resulted in a decrease in the succinate/acetate ratio from 1.6 to 0.3. In contrast to Brønsted acids, we demonstrate that the nature of the metal cation is responsible for changing the reaction selectivity of water‐tolerant Lewis acidic triflate salts.
Dendrimer‐Encapsulated Palladium Nanoparticles for Continuous‐Flow Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Ricciardi Roberto , Huskens Jurriaan , Holtkamp Michael , Karst Uwe , Verboom Willem 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe front cover artwork for Issue 06/2015 is provided by the Molecular Nanofabrication group at the University of Twente and the Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry at the University of Münster. The image shows the encapsulation of stable Pd nanoparticles (NPs) inside dendrimer templates that are anchored within continuous‐flow microreactors. The Pd NPs are very efficient catalysts for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction. See the Full Paper itself at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201500017.
Response Surface Optimization of Biodiesel Production via Catalytic Transesterification of Fatty Acids
Authors: Mir Maliheh , Ghoreishi Seyyed M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOil from Jatropha seeds was extracted by supercritical CO2. A catalytic transesterification reactor was employed for biodiesel production from extracted oil in which fatty acids like palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid were converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with sodium methoxide as the catalyst. Gas chromatography‐flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) analysis identified and quantitatively determined the amount of FAMEs. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to find the optimal operating conditions in order to maximize the biodiesel yield. Under the RSM‐predicted optimum conditions, the maximum yields of four individual FAMEs and their combination as biodiesel were determined. The RSM model demonstrated that the linear and square terms of four variables and the interaction of flow rate and dynamic time significantly influence the biodiesel yield.
Oxidized Carbon Nitrides: Water‐Dispersible, Atomically Thin Carbon Nitride‐Based Nanodots and Their Performances as Bioimaging Probes
Authors: Oh Junghoon , Yoo Ran Ji , Kim Seung Yeon , Lee Yong Jin , Kim Dong Wook , Park Sungjin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) carbon nitride (C3N4)‐based materials show excellent performance in a wide range of applications because of their suitable band structures. To realize the great promise of two‐dimensional (2D) allotropes of various 3D materials, it is highly important to develop routes for the production of 2D C3N4 materials, which are one‐atom thick, in order to understand their intrinsic properties and identify their possible applications. In this work, water‐dispersible, atomically thin, and small carbon nitride nanodots were produced using the chemical oxidation of graphitic C3N4. Various analyses, including X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and combustion‐based elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis, confirmed the production of 3D oxidized C3N4 materials. The 2D C3N4 nanodots were successfully exfoliated as individual single layers; their lateral dimension was several tens of nanometers. They showed strong photoluminescence in the visible region as well as excellent performances as cell‐imaging probes in an in vitro study using confocal fluorescence microscopy.