bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Uncertainty in Physical Habitat Modelling in a High‐Gradient Mountain Stream
Authors: Turner D. , Bradford M. J. , Venditti J. G. , Peterman R. M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPredictions of habitat‐based assessment methods that are used to determine instream flow requirements for aquatic biota are uncertain, but instream flow practitioners and managers often ignore those uncertainties. Two commonly recognized uncertainties arise from (i) estimating the way in which physical habitat within a river changes with discharge and (ii) the suitability of certain types of physical habitat for organisms. We explored how these sources of uncertainty affect confidence in the results of the British Columbia Instream Flow Methodology (BCIFM), which is a commonly used transect‐based habitat assessment tool for small‐scale water diversions. We calculated the chance of different magnitudes of habitat loss resulting from water diversion using a high‐gradient reach of the North Alouette River, BC, as a case study. We found that uncertainty in habitat suitability indices for juvenile rainbow trout generally dominated uncertainty in the results of the BCIFM when large (>15) numbers of transects were used. In contrast, with small numbers of transects, variation in physical habitat among sampled transects was the major source of uncertainty in the results of the BCIFM. Presentations of results of the BCIFM in terms of probabilities of different amounts of habitat loss for a given flow can help managers prescribe instream flow requirements based on their risk tolerance for fish habitat loss. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro push‐out bond strength of resin cement in roots exhibiting the butterfly effect
Authors: Arslan Hakan , Uygun Ahmet Demirhan , Gündüz Hicran Ateş , Karataş Ertugrul , Cakici Fatih , Alsancak Meltem 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine the bond strength of resin cement in root sections with or without butterfly effect. Fifteen single‐rooted human maxillary central incisors were decoronated and prepared up to size 40. After post space preparation, the resin cement was placed into the post space and the fiber posts were luted. 1 mm thickness slices were obtained and the presence of the butterfly effect was recorded. A push‐out test was then used to measure the bond strength between the resin cement and root dentin. Data were analyzed using independent samples of t and χ2 tests (p = 0.05). The sections exhibiting butterfly effect showed higher push‐out bond strength values than those of without butterfly effect (p < 0.05). Butterfly effect can influence the push‐out bond strength. Thus, this phenomena should be taken into account, when push‐out bond strength test is performed. Root sections exhibiting butterfly effect resulted in higher push‐out bond strength values to root sections without butterfly effect. SCANNING 37:406–408, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Genetic Overlap of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autistic-like Traits: an Investigation of Individual Symptom Scales and Cognitive markers
Authors: Pinto Rebecca , Rijsdijk Fruhling , Ronald Angelica , Asherson Philip , Kuntsi Jonna 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) frequently co-occur. However, due to previous exclusionary diagnostic criteria, little is known about the underlying causes of this covariation. Twin studies assessing ADHD symptoms and autistic-like traits (ALTs) suggest substantial genetic overlap, but have largely failed to take into account the genetic heterogeneity of symptom subscales. This study aimed to clarify the phenotypic and genetic relations between ADHD and ASD by distinguishing between symptom subscales that characterise the two disorders. Moreover, we aimed to investigate whether ADHD-related cognitive impairments show a relationship with ALT symptom subscales; and whether potential shared cognitive impairments underlie the genetic risk shared between the ADHD and ALT symptoms. Multivariate structural equation modelling was conducted on a population-based sample of 1312 twins aged 7–10. Social-communication ALTs correlated moderately with both ADHD symptom domains (phenotypic correlations around 0.30) and showed substantial genetic overlap with both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity (genetic correlation = 0.52 and 0.44, respectively). In addition to previously reported associations with ADHD traits, reaction time variability (RTV) showed significant phenotypic (0.18) and genetic (0.32) association with social-communication ALTs. RTV captured a significant proportion (24 %) of the genetic influences shared between inattention and social-communication ALTs. Our findings suggest that social-communication ALTs underlie the previously observed phenotypic and genetic covariation between ALTs and ADHD symptoms. RTV is not specific to ADHD symptoms, but is also associated with social-communication ALTs and can, in part, contribute to an explanation of the co-occurrence of ASD and ADHD.
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine related lymphadenitis in children
Authors: Elsidig Nagi , Alshahrani Dayel , Alshehri Mohammed , Alzahrani Mohammed , Alhajjar Sami , Aljummah Suliman , Hussain Ibrahim Bin , Alshaalan Mohammad , Alzamil Fahad , Alodyani Abdularahman , Aljobair Fahad 
Published: May 2015

The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine contains live attenuated Mycobacte-rium bovis; was first used in humans to prevent tuberculosis (TB) in 1921. The World Health Organization (WHO) established the Expanded Program on Immunization in 1974 to ensure that all children have access to routinely recommended vaccines including BCG. Each year 120 million doses of BCG vaccine are administered worldwide. Intradermal BCG vaccine gives rise to a classic primary complex that consists of a cutaneous nodule at the site of injection and subclinical involvement of the regional lymph nodes, which is self-limiting and requires no treatment.
However, ipsilateral regional lymph node enlargement may follow BCG vaccine and is consid-ered as the most common complication, some progress to suppuration. Rarely a disseminated BCG infection may develop in immunocompromised individuals resulting in a devastating outcome. Within the last decades, variable strategies have been applied in treating lymphad-enitis related to BCG vaccine, ranging from observation, anti-mycobacterial therapy, aspira-tion, incision and drainage to lymph node surgical excision.
We are presenting these guidelines that intended to optimize and standardize management of various types of BCG related lymph adenitis in children. They are based upon the best avail-able evidence in literature beside our experience in this field.
Clinical presentation and course of long QT syndrome in Thai children
Authors: Saprungruang Ankavipar , Vithessonthi Kanyalak , La‐orkhun Vidhavas , Lertsapcharoen Pornthep , Khongphatthanayothin Apichai 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundCongenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a genetically transmitted cardiac channelopathy that can lead to lethal arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in healthy young people. The clinical characteristics of LQTS are variable and depend on the subtype of long QT syndrome, which differ among populations. This single hospital‐based case review study examined the clinical presentation of long QT syndrome and the outcomes of its treatment in 20 Thai children at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand.MethodsInpatient and outpatient records of children (aged 0–14 years) diagnosed with long QT syndrome from January 1, 1998, to September 30, 2013, were retrospectively reviewed. Presentation at diagnosis, treatments, and clinical courses were collected and analyzed. In the 20 subjects, total Schwartz scores totaled 5.2±0.9 points, and mean age at diagnosis was 7.6±4.4 years (range, 1 day–13.8 years). The patients were assigned to one of 3 groups based on trigger events: 50% of patients had events at rest (sleep or at rest), 35% experienced adrenergic‐mediated events (e.g., stress, exercise, startle), and 15% were asymptomatic. Excluding the 3 patients who died at first presentation, 100% of patients received a beta blocker, and 47.1% were treated with an automatic implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (AICD).ResultsAt follow‐up (median=959 days; range, 1–4170 days), 4 patients (20%) were known to have died, 3 of whom died shortly after the diagnosis. Among patients who survived the initial event, 52.9% (9 of 17) experienced cardiac events (appropriate AICD shock, death, and/or syncope) during the follow‐up period. The mean duration from diagnosis to cardiac event was 1420±759 days (range, 497–2499 days).ConclusionsAll 20 patients with LQTS were mostly symptomatic at presentation. Owing to the geographical region and ethnicity of the Thai population, we conclude that the ratio of patients who develop cardiac symptoms at rest or during sleep might be higher than in other Asian countries.
Recurrent syncope in two patients with a sigmoid‐shaped interventricular septum and no left ventricular hypertrophy
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoshiaki , Mizumaki Koichi , Iwamoto Jotaro , Nishida Kunihiro , Sakamoto Tamotsu , Nakatani Yosuke , Kataoka Naoya , Inoue Hiroshi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSigmoid‐shaped interventricular septum (SIS) is not uncommon in elderly patients and is considered a normal part of the aging process. However, several patients have been reported to have clinical symptoms due to the narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). Two patients with SIS presented with recurrent episodes of syncope after drinking or taking sublingual nitroglycerin (NG). In both patients, a head‐up tilt test involving provocation with alcohol, NG, or isoproterenol induced the vasovagal reflex along with an increase in the pressure gradient between the apex and LVOT. The patients experienced no further episodes of syncope after initiating bisoprolol treatment. In patients with SIS, induction of the vasovagal reflex via an increase in left ventricular (LV) pressure due to LVOT obstruction concomitant with increased LV construction is a potentially important cause of syncope, which may be effectively prevented by beta‐blockers.
Identification of major factors associated with failed clinical molecular oncology testing performed by next generation sequencing (NGS)
Authors: Al-Kateb Hussam , Nguyen TuDung T. , Steger-May Karen , Pfeifer John D. 
Published: May 2015

PurposeDNA analysis by NGS has become important to direct the clinical care of cancer patients. However, NGS is not successful in all cases, and the factors responsible for test failures have not been systematically evaluated.Materials and methodsA series of 1528 solid and hematolymphoid tumor specimens was tested by an NGS comprehensive cancer panel during 2012–2014. DNA was extracted and 2×101 bp paired‐end sequence reads were generated on cancer‐related genes utilizing Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq platforms.ResultsTesting was unsuccessful in 343 (22.5%) specimens. The failure was due to insufficient tissue (INST) in 223/343 (65%) cases, insufficient DNA (INS‐DNA) in 99/343 (28.9%) cases, and failed library (FL) in 21/343 (6.1%) cases. 87/99 (88%) of the INS‐DNA cases had below 10 ng DNA available for testing. Factors associated with INST and INS‐DNA failures were site of biopsy (SOB) and type of biopsy (TOB) (both p < 0.0001), and clinical setting of biopsy (CSB, initial diagnosis or recurrence) (p < 0.0001). Factors common to INST and FL were age of specimen (p ≤ 0.006) and tumor viability (p ≤ 0.05). Factors common to INS‐DNA and FL were DNA purity and DNA degradation (all p ≤ 0.005). In multivariate analysis, common predictors for INST and INS‐DNA included CSB (p = 0.048 and p < 0.0001) and TOB (both p ≤ 0.003), respectively. SOB (p = 0.004) and number of cores (p = 0.001) were specific for INS‐DNA, whereas TOB and DNA degradation were associated with FL (p = 0.04 and 0.02, respectively).ConclusionsPre‐analytical causes (INST and INS‐DNA) accounted for about 90% of all failed cases; independent of test design. Clinical setting; site and type of biopsy; and number of cores used for testing all correlated with failure. Accounting for these factors at the time of tissue biopsy acquisition could improve the analytic success rate.
A Retrospective Review of Unintended Effects After Single‐Event Multi‐Level Chemoneurolysis With Botulinum Toxin‐A and Phenol in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Ploypetch Teerada , Kwon Jeong‐Yi , Armstrong Hilary F. , Kim Heakyung 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundSingle‐event multi‐level chemoneurolysis (SEMLC) is a single‐session procedure that treats various limbs of patients with spasticity at multiple levels with chemoneurolytic agents. Phenol is used in combination with botulinum toxin A (BTX‐A) to enable spastic muscles to be treated without overdosing with BTX‐A.ObjectiveTo review unintended effects (UEs) of SEMLC for children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP).DesignRetrospective chart review.SettingPediatric rehabilitation outpatient clinic at an academic medical center.ParticipantsThe study included 98 children with CP who underwent SEMLC on at least one occasion.InterventionsSEMLC.Main Outcome MeasuresUEs, the goal achievement for each SEMLC session, and the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS‐ER).ResultsA total of 98 subjects and 146 SEMLC procedures were reviewed. Patients had a mean age of 7.56 years (standard deviation, 4.28); 57% were male; and 14 had hemiplegia, 22 had diplegia, 8 had triplegia, and 54 had quadriplegia. Most SEMLCs (72%) were performed with a combination of BTX‐A and 5% phenol in a session. UEs were reported for 31/146 (21%) of SEMLC sessions, with 16 of 31 UEs being temporary weakness. The overall incidence of UEs of the group that received combined agent treatment was not different from the group that received BTX‐A only (P = .267). Transient pain occurred in 7 of 105 patients who were treated with the combined agents BTX‐A and phenol. Dysesthesia did not develop in any of the patients. The type of CP, GMFCS level, number of muscles injected, and doses of medications were not correlated with the incidence of UEs.ConclusionsSEMLC using combined BTX‐A and phenol is a safe procedure for children with spastic CP. It could be a treatment option for patients with diffuse spasticity, because combining agents allowed more muscles to be treated without enduring or serious UEs. Patient and family education is essential to prepare them for the occurrence of common UEs, such as temporary weakness and pain.
From Atlantic Creoles to African Nationalists: Reflections on the Historiography of Nineteenth-Century Fanteland
Authors: Shumway Rebecca 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay argues that the history of southern Ghana exhibits far more continuity from the era of the slave trade to the time of British colonization in the late-nineteenth century than one can find in the existing historiography. Emphases on the expansion of the Asante kingdom and on the increased activity of European missionaries, capitalists, and bureaucrats have obscured the steady growth of indigenous cultural, political and social institutions which culminated in the formation of the Fante Confederation of 1868.
Elusive History: Fractured Archives, Politicized Orality, and Sensing the Postcolonial Past
Authors: Ochonu Moses E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractInspired by my experiences in archives and research fields in Northern Nigeria, this essay analyzes four overlapping phenomena: archival fragmentation, the politicization of data and research transactions, the proliferation of memoirs and other texts of self-representation, and the question of sensing the African past beyond the recognized oral, written, and ethnographic corpus. At once familiar and novel, these trends present both problems and possibilities for historians of postcolonial Africa, and need to be negotiated carefully. I propose, in preliminary terms, that a complementary methodology of what I callsensingis not only possible but necessary if we want to fully capture the pace and flavor of postcolonial African experiences.
Trajan Places: Establishing Identity and Context for the Bosham and Hawkshaw Heads
Authors: Russell Miles , Manley Harry 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTTwo damaged, weathered marble portraits, both discovered in the 1780s at opposite ends of Roman Britain, one at Bosham in West Sussex, the other at Hawkshaw in Peeblesshire, are here re-examined and identified as portraits of the emperor Trajan. The Bosham head is interpreted as a post-mortem image of the deified Trajan set up at the margins of Chichester Harbour, probably during the visit to Britain by the emperor Hadrian in the earlya.d.120s. The Hawkshaw portrait of Trajan appears to have been refashioned from a likeness of Domitian and may originally have been part of a monument created to celebrate and commemorate the total conquest of Britain, in the earlya.d. 80s, which was decapitated and buried during a period of unrest on the northern frontier.
WARRAMOU’S CURSE: EPIC, DECADENCE, AND THE COLONIAL WEST INDIES
Authors: Stilling Robert 
Published: May 2015

Despite the recent revivalof interest in the Victorian epic, poems from the colonial periphery have played only a small role in the revised narrative of the epic's persistence across the nineteenth century. Part of the explanation for this may lie in the centralized imperial geography of the archives that inspired both nineteenth-century scholars and epoists. As Adelene Buckland and Anna Vaninskaya remark, “Britain was certainly the place to be for a nineteenth-century aficionado of epic poetry” (163). While scholars flocked to Oxford, Cambridge, the British Museum, and the Bodleian Library to pour over the texts ofGilgameshor old Icelandic sagas, a number of nineteenth-century poets began to see the epic itself as a tool for excavating a more geographically and archeologically localized national story. As Simon Dentith notes, “the nationalism of the nineteenth century seized upon epics – especially the old vernacular primary epics . . . and made them an expression of the national spirit (Epic67). William Morris'sSigurd the Volsung, for example, revives the mythology of the Old North to make a “Great Story” for the race of northern Europeans what the “Tale of Troy was to the Greeks” (Dentith, “Morris” 239).
Iron+folic acid distribution and consumption through antenatal care: identifying barriers across countries
Authors: Sununtnasuk Celeste , D’Agostino Alexis , Fiedler John L 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe prevalence of maternal anaemia remains unacceptably high in developing countries. At the same time, the percentage of women who consume one or more Fe+folic acid (IFA) tablets during pregnancy remains persistently low. The objective of the present study was to identify where, within antenatal care (ANC) programmes, pregnant women falter in obtaining and consuming an ideal minimum of 180 IFA tablets.DesignData from Demographic and Health Surveys were used to develop a schematic which identifies four sequential ‘falter points’ to consuming 180 IFA tablets: ANC attendance, IFA receipt or purchase, IFA consumption and the number of tablets consumed.SettingTwenty-two countries with high burdens of undernutrition.SubjectsA sample of 162 958 women, 15 to 49 years of age, with a live birth in the past 5 years.ResultsAcross all countries, 83 % of all pregnant women had at least one ANC visit, 81 % of whom received IFA tablets. Of those receiving IFA tablets, 95 % consumed at least one. Overall adherence to the ideal supplementation regimen, however, was extremely low: only 8 % consumed 180 or more IFA tablets. There were only two countries in which the percentage of pregnant women consuming 180 or more tablets exceeded 30 %.ConclusionsWhile most women receive and take some IFA tablets, few receive or take enough. The analysis identifies where ANC-based distribution of IFA falters in each country. It enables policy makers to design and prioritize follow-up activities to more precisely identify barriers, an essential next step to improving IFA distribution through ANC.
Primary-care-based social prescribing for mental health: an analysis of financial and environmental sustainability
Authors: Maughan Daniel L. , Patel Alisha , Parveen Tahmina , Braithwaite Isobel , Cook Jonathan , Lillywhite Rob , Cooke Matthew 
Published: May 2015

AimTo assess the effects of a social prescribing service development on healthcare use and the subsequent economic and environmental costs.BackgroundSocial prescribing services for mental healthcare create links with support in the community for people using primary care. Social prescribing services may reduce future healthcare use, and therefore reduce the financial and environmental costs of healthcare, by providing structured psychosocial support. The National Health Service (NHS) is required to reduce its carbon footprint by 80% by 2050 according to the Climate Change Act (2008). This study is the first of its kind to analyse both the financial and environmental impacts associated with healthcare use following social prescribing. The value of this observational study lies in its novel methodology of analysing the carbon footprint of a service at the primary-care level.MethodAn observational study was carried out to assess the impact of the service on the financial and environmental impacts of healthcare use. GP appointments, psychotropic medications and secondary-care referrals were measured.FindingsResults demonstrate no statistical difference in the financial and carbon costs of healthcare use between groups. Social prescribing showed a trend towards reduced healthcare use, mainly due to a reduction in secondary-care referrals compared with controls. The associations found did not achieve significance due to the small sample size leading to a large degree of uncertainty regarding differences. This study demonstrates that these services are potentially able to pay for themselves through reducing future healthcare costs and are effective, low-carbon interventions, when compared with cognitive behavioral therapy or antidepressants. This is an important finding in light of Government targets for the NHS to reduce its carbon footprint by 80% by 2050. Larger studies are required to investigate the potentials of social prescribing services further.
Notch strengthening or weakening governed by transition of shear failure to normal mode fracture
Authors: Lei Xianqi , Li Congling , Shi Xinghua , Xu Xianghong , Wei Yujie 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIt is generally observed that the existence of geometrical discontinuity like notches in materials will lead to strength weakening, as a resultant of local stress concentration. By comparing the influence of notches to the strength of three typical materials, aluminum alloys with intermediate tensile ductility, metallic glasses with no tensile ductility and brittle ceramics, we observed strengthening in aluminum alloys and metallic glasses: Tensile strength of the net section in circumferentially notched cylinders increases with the constraint quantified by the ratio of notch depth over notch root radius; in contrast, the ceramic exhibit notch weakening. The strengthening in the former two is due to resultant deformation transition: Shear failure occurs in intact samples while samples with deep notches break in normal mode fracture. No such deformation transition was observed in the ceramic and stress concentration leads to its notch weakening. The experimental results are confirmed by theoretical analyses and numerical simulation. The results reported here suggest that the conventional criterion to use brittleness and/or ductility to differentiate notch strengthening or weakening is not physically sound. Notch strengthening or weakening relies on the existence of failure mode transition and materials exhibiting shear failure while subjected to tension will notch strengthen.