bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of ICRH scenarios for thermal ion heating in JET D–T plasmas
Authors: Kazakov Ye.O. , Kiptily V.G. , Sharapov S.E. , Van Eester D. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Various ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) scenarios relevant for the D–T phase of the JET tokamak are studied. Recent ICRH experiments in JET (3He)–D and (3He)–H plasmas confirmed the possibility of electron heating enhancement in the mode conversion (MC) regime due to the constructive interference of the reflected fast waves. Such a heating enhancement in D–T plasma is investigated first for JET-like conditions for both dipole and +π/2 ICRH antenna phasing, and for T concentration varied from 0% to 100%. It is shown that most of the MC scenarios at comparable concentrations of D and T species suffer from a parasitic absorption by fusion-born alpha-particles and NBI-produced fast ions whereas the impact of such fast ions in the minority heating (MH) ICRH schemes is substantially smaller. A possibility of ion heating enhancement due to the interference effect is shown for the MH scenarios. It is found that thermal ion heating becomes dominant in tritium-rich plasmas with T concentration ∼80%. The efficiency of ion heating in such a scenario is compared with the alternative 3He minority ICRH scenario in D : T = 50 : 50 plasmas.
Magnetic configuration effects on TAE-induced losses and a comparison with the orbit-following model in the Large Helical Device
Authors: Ogawa Kunihiro , Isobe Mitsutaka , Toi Kazuo , Spong Donald A. , Osakabe Masaki 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Fast-ion losses from Large Helical Device (LHD) plasmas due to toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) were measured by a scintillator-based lost fast-ion probe (SLIP) to understand the loss processes. TAE-induced losses measured by the SLIP appeared in energy E ranges of around 50–180 keV with pitch angles χ between 35°–45°, and increased with the increase in TAE amplitudes. Position shifts of the magnetic axis due to a finite plasma pressure led not only to an increase in TAE-induced losses but also to a stronger scaling of fast-ion losses on TAE amplitudes. Characteristics of the observed fast-ion losses were compared with a numerical simulation based on orbit-following models in which the TAE fluctuations are taken into account. The calculation indicated that the number of lost fast ions reaching the SLIP increased with the increase in the TAE amplitude at the TAE gap. Moreover, the calculated dependence of fast-ion loss fluxes on the fluctuation amplitude became stronger in the case of large magnetic axis shifts, compared with the case of smaller shifts, as was observed in the experiments. The simulation results agreed qualitatively with the experimental observations in the LHD.
Observation of fast ion behaviour with a neutron emission profile monitor in MAST
Authors: Cecconello M. , Sangaroon S. , Turnyanskiy M. , Conroy S. , Wodniak I. , Akers R.J. , Ericsson G. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Preliminary measurements of neutron emissivity at the Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak (MAST) along collimated lines-of-sight show a clear correlation between the neutron emissivity temporal and spatial evolution and the evolution of different MHD instabilities. In particular, the variations in neutron emissivity during sawtooth oscillations are compared with changes in the classical fast ion slowing-down time, while fast ion losses are observed in bursts during fishbones or as a continuous process during long-lived modes.
Assessment of turbulent beam ion redistribution in tokamaks through velocity space-dependent gyrokinetic analyses
Authors: Albergante M. , Fasoli A. , Graves J.P. , Brunner S. , Cooper W.A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
We present the interface between a gyrokinetic code and a guiding centre code dedicated to the study of fast ion turbulent transport. A set of velocity space-dependent (kinetic) transport quantities, representing the link between the two codes, is presented. The code suite is applied to DEMO and TCV plasmas. While negligible alpha particle transport is observed for both tokamaks, important beam ion redistribution is obtained for simulations of DEMO. Results for the TCV tokamak demonstrate that the influence of turbulent fields on fast ion transport strongly depends on the plasma scenario.
Saturation of a toroidal Alfvén eigenmode due to enhanced damping of nonlinear sidebands
Authors: Todo Y. , Berk H.L. , Breizman B.N. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This paper examines nonlinear magneto-hydrodynamic effects on the energetic particle driven toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) for lower dissipation coefficients and with higher numerical resolution than in the previous simulations (Todo et al 2010 Nucl. Fusion
50 084016). The investigation is focused on a TAE mode with toroidal mode number n = 4. It is demonstrated that the mechanism of mode saturation involves generation of zonal (n = 0) and higher-n (n ⩾ 8) sidebands, and that the sidebands effectively increase the mode damping rate via continuum damping. The n = 0 sideband includes the zonal flow peaks at the TAE gap locations. It is also found that the n = 0 poloidal flow represents a balance between the nonlinear driving force from the n = 4 components and the equilibrium plasma response to the n = 0 fluctuations. The spatial profile of the n = 8 sideband peaks at the n = 8 Alfvén continuum, indicating enhanced dissipation due to continuum damping.
Experimental measurements of ion cyclotron range of frequency minority-heated fast-ion distributions on Alcator C-Mod
Authors: Bader A. , Granetz R.S. , Parker R.R. , Bonoli P.T. , Hutchinson I.H. , Sears J. , Wukitch S.J. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Ion cyclotron resonance heating is the primary auxiliary heating on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak and is commonly used on other devices, and is planned for use on ITER. The RF-power density on C-Mod is above 5 MW m−3 providing for a unique opportunity to study wave–particle effects in the high RF power per particle regime. Minority heating produces a highly energetic tail in the minority distribution function which is measured using a compact neutral particle analyser. In this paper, we present the measurements of the fast-ion spectrum between 200 and 2 MeV, compiled over an entire experimental campaign. We also estimate the effective tail temperatures for the fast-ion distribution. We find that the fast-ion distribution is less energetic and less dense with increasing electron density; is more energetic with increasing plasma current; and is more dense but has no measurable change in energy with increasing RF power. Some possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
Adiabatic description of long range frequency sweeping
Authors: Nyqvist R.M. , Lilley M.K. , Breizman B.N. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
A theoretical framework is developed to describe long range frequency sweeping events in the 1D electrostatic bump-on-tail model with fast particle sources and collisions. The model includes three collision operators (Krook, drag (dynamical friction) and velocity space diffusion), and allows for a general shape of the fast particle distribution function. The behaviour of phase space holes and clumps is analysed in the absence of diffusion, and the effect of particle trapping due to separatrix expansion is discussed. With a fast particle distribution function whose slope decays above the resonant phase velocity, hooked frequency sweeping is found for holes in the presence of drag collisions alone.
Gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements of confined fast ions on ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Nocente M. , Garcia-Munoz M. , Gorini G. , Tardocchi M. , Weller A. , Akaslompolo S. , Bilato R. , Bobkov V. , Cazzaniga C. , Geiger B. , Grosso G. , Herrmann A. , Kiptily V. , Maraschek M. , McDermott R. , Noterdaeme J.M. , Podoba Y. , Tardini G. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Evidence of γ-ray emission from fast ions in ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) is presented. The plasma scenarios developed for the experiments involve deuteron or proton acceleration. The observed γ-ray emission level induced by energetic protons is used to determine the effective tail temperature of the proton distribution function that can be compared with neutral particle analyser measurements. More generally the measured emission rate is used to assess the confinement of protons with energies <400 keV in discharges affected by toroidal Alfvén eigenmode instabilities. The derived information on confined ions is combined with observations made with the AUG fast ion loss detector.
Alfvén eigenmode stability and fast ion loss in DIII-D and ITER reversed magnetic shear plasmas
Authors: Van Zeeland M.A. , Gorelenkov N.N. , Heidbrink W.W. , Kramer G.J. , Spong D.A. , Austin M.E. , Fisher R.K. , García Muñoz M. , Gorelenkova M. , Luhmann N. , Murakami M. , Nazikian R. , Pace D.C. , Park J.M. , Tobias B.J. , White R.B. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Neutral beam injection into reversed-magnetic shear DIII-D plasmas produces a variety of Alfvénic activity including toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) and reversed shear Alfvén eigenmodes (RSAEs). With measured equilibrium profiles as inputs, the ideal MHD code NOVA is used to calculate eigenmodes of these plasmas. The postprocessor code NOVA-K is then used to perturbatively calculate the actual stability of the modes, including finite orbit width and finite Larmor radius effects, and reasonable agreement with the spectrum of observed modes is found. Using experimentally measured mode amplitudes, fast ion orbit following simulations have been carried out in the presence of the NOVA calculated eigenmodes and are found to reproduce the dominant energy, pitch and temporal evolution of the losses measured using a large bandwidth scintillator diagnostic. The same analysis techniques applied to a DT 8 MA ITER steady-state plasma scenario with reversed-magnetic shear and both beam ion and alpha populations show Alfvén eigenmode instability. Both RSAEs and TAEs are found to be unstable with maximum growth rates occurring for toroidal mode number n = 6 and the majority of the drive coming from fast ions injected by the 1 MeV negative ion beams. AE instability due to beam ion drive is confirmed by the non-perturbative code TAEFL. Initial fast ion orbit following simulations using the unstable modes with a range of amplitudes (δ
B/B = 10−5–10−3) have been carried out and show negligible fast ion loss. The lack of fast ion loss is a result of loss boundaries being limited to large radii and significantly removed from the actual modes themselves.
An integrated approach for service quality and effectiveness improvement with a case study in the recycling pavilion service process of Isfahan municipality
Authors: Shahin Arash , Attafar Ali , Samea Monireh 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to propose a systematic and integrative approach for evaluating, assessing, analysing, and improving service quality and effectiveness.Design/methodology/approachA new approach is proposed, in which SERVQUAL and overall administration effectiveness (OAE) are integrated. The recycling pavilion service process of Isfahan municipality is examined. By distributing 120 questionnaires containing the 22 questions of the SERVQUAL instrument developed by Parasuraman et al. in four pavilions of four different regions of the city of Isfahan, the services quality gap was measured and the OAE indicator performance was calculated. In OAE, the quality ratio was measured based on the quality gap, and performance and availability ratios were measured based on the characteristics of the recycling pavilion services.FindingsThe empirical findings imply that the application of the proposed approach has resulted in a reduction of 0.59 of the gap average and a 36 per cent improvement of the OAE indicator.Research limitations/implicationsWhile a general approach is proposed for service application, the results of the case study may not be generalisable.Originality/valueThe proposed approach of this study presents a method for simultaneous analysis of service quality and effectiveness.
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) associated drug hypersensitivity: consequences of drug binding to HLA
Authors: Yun J. , Adam J. , Yerly D. , Pichler W. J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRecent publications have shown that certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles are strongly associated with hypersensitivity to particular drugs. As HLA molecules are a critical element in T‐cell stimulation, it is no surprise that particular HLA alleles have a direct functional role in the pathogenesis of drug hypersensitivity. In this context, a direct interaction of the relevant drug with HLA molecules as described by the p‐i concept appears to be more relevant than presentation of hapten‐modified peptides. In some HLA‐associated drug hypersensitivity reactions, the presence of a risk allele is a necessary but incomplete factor for disease development. In carbamazepine and HLA‐B*15:02, certain T‐cell receptor (TCR) repertoires are required for immune activation. This additional requirement may be one of the ‘missing links’ in explaining why most individuals carrying this allele can tolerate the drug. In contrast, abacavir generates polyclonal T‐cell response by interacting specifically with HLA‐B*57:01 molecules. T cell stimulation may be due to presentation of abacavir or of altered peptides. While the presence of HLA‐B*58:01 allele substantially increases the risk of allopurinol hypersensitivity, it is not an absolute requirement, suggesting that other factors also play an important role. In summary, drug hypersensitivity is the end result of a drug interaction with certain HLA molecules and TCRs, the sum of which determines whether the ensuing immune response is going to be harmful or not.
Aberrant expression of myogenin in inclusion body myositis: Immunohistochemical studies of transcription factors regulating myogenesis in inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Kubota Akatsuki , Shimizu Jun , Iwata Atsushi , Tsuji Shoji 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectivesWe aimed to assess the immunohistochemistry of transcription factors that regulate myogenesis (Pax7, MyoD1, and myogenin) in inflammatory myopathies in relation to histopathological severity, and to determine whether there are some differences in immunohistochemical findings between idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) and inclusion body myositis (IBM).MethodsWe assessed 49 biopsied muscle specimens: 32 from IIM patients, 13 from IBM patients, and four from control subjects. Each specimen was classified into one of four grades of histopathological severity. The numbers of regenerative myofibers and nuclei positive for Pax7, MyoD1, or myogenin were counted.ResultsPax7, MyoD1, and myogenin showed specific nuclear staining patterns. Moreover, myogenin‐positive plaque‐shaped signals were observed within degenerative myofibers in IBM patients, and double immunofluorescence staining showed aggregation of myogenin within Aβ42‐positive inclusion bodies. The number of nuclei positive for Pax7, MyoD1, or myogenin correlated with histopathological severity. In the specimens with moderate to severe histopathological changes, specimens from IBM patients showed less regenerative myofibers (IIM, mean ± SD, 45.0 ± 22.9 per 100 myofibers; IBM, 17.7 ± 7.8 per 100 myofibers; P = 0.0007) and less myogenin‐positive nuclei (IIM, mean ± SD, 7.28 ± 3.70 per 100 myofibers; IBM, 4.70 ± 1.40 per 100 myofibers; P = 0.0352) than those from IIM patients.ConclusionAberrant localization of myogenin within degenerative myofibers in IBM may be related to the reduced numbers of regenerative fibers and myogenin‐positive nuclei in IBM. Further study is necessary to determine whether the expression of myogenin might be impaired in IBM.
Implants of 6 mm vs. 11 mm lengths in the posterior maxilla and mandible: a 1‐year multicenter randomized controlled trial
Authors: Guljé Felix , Abrahamsson Ingemar , Chen Stephen , Stanford Clark , Zadeh Homayoun , Palmer Richard 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground and aimIn cases with limited bone height, short implants could be a good alternative to augmentation procedures. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to compare the clinical performance of implants of 6 mm or 11 mm in length in the posterior region.Materials and methodsIn this multicenter trial (six study sites), 95 subjects were included. Subjects were randomly allocated to receiving implants with lengths of either 6 or 11 mm both with a diameter of 4 mm (OsseoSpeed™ 4.0 S; Astra Tech AB; Mölndal, Sweden). In all cases, there had to be sufficient bone height to allow placement of an implant of at least 11 mm in length. Two or three implants were placed per subject using one‐stage surgery with a 42–48 days' healing period before loading. They were restored with a screw‐retained splinted fixed prosthesis. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed preoperatively, postsurgery, at loading, and 6 and 12 months after prosthesis placement.ResultsA total of 208 implants were inserted in 49 subjects receiving 6‐mm implants (test) and in 46 subjects receiving 11 mm implants (control). Two 6‐mm implants failed before loading and one 6 and 11 mm implants failed before 1‐year evaluation. From loading to the 12 months' follow‐up, a mean marginal bone gain of 0.06 mm in the 6 mm group and 0.02 mm in the 11 mm group was found (P = 0.478). Soft tissue behavior was equal in both groups (Bleeding and plaque [P = 1.0] probing depth [P = 0.91]).ConclusionOne‐year data indicate that treatment with the 6 mm implants is as reliable as treatment with the 11 mm implants. This provides a good treatment option in situations with limited bone height in the premolar and molar regions. Whether or not short implants provide a predictable treatment alternative to bone augmentation procedures remains to be investigated in the future randomized controlled clinical trials.
Chronic renal outcome after living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Nishi Hiroshi , Shibagaki Yugo , Kido Ryo , Tamura Sumihito , Nangaku Masaomi , Sugawara Yasuhiko , Fujita Toshiro 
Published: September 2012

AbstractChronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the common complications after deceased donor liver transplantation. Although the worldwide pressing shortage in deceased donors has directed attention to living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), LDLT cohort data focusing on chronic renal dysfunction is limited. A total of 280 adult LDLT recipients (median 49 yr, 156 men) at the University of Tokyo hospital between 1996 and 2006 were reviewed. A total of 224 pre‐transplant liver failure patients (80.0%) showed an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of more than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. However, during follow‐up at a mean of 1222 d after transplantation, eGFR declined to 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 in 150 (53.2%) and 21 (7.5%), respectively, and four patients (1.4%) required maintenance renal replacement therapy. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard model regression analysis revealed that recipient age (HR, 3.42 per 10‐yr increment; p < 0.001) and pre‐transplant eGFR (HR, 0.85 per 10‐mL/min/1.73 m2 increment; p = 0.04) were associated independently with a post‐transplant decrease in eGFR to less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. We conclude that higher age and lower pre‐transplant eGFR of an LDLT recipient indicate a high likelihood of subsequent development of advanced CKD. Preventive or therapeutic intervention should be optimized for these high‐risk patients.
Scratching as a Window into the Emotional Responses of Wild Tufted Capuchin Monkeys
Authors: Polizzi di Sorrentino Eugenia , Schino Gabriele , Tiddi Barbara , Aureli Filippo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEmotional responses to social interactions and the associated behavioural measures (e.g., self‐directed behaviours,SDBs) have been little studied in New World monkeys, especially in wild settings. In this study, we investigated the factors affecting anxiety in a wild group of tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) using self‐scratching (hereafter scratching) as its measure. Scratching was more strongly affected by the social context than by individual characteristics. Indeed, inter‐individual variability was not explained by the age, sex and dominance rank of the monkeys. The monkeys scratched themselves more often when being distant from other group members than when in close proximity with them, suggesting that even short‐distance separation from group members may be an important factor affecting capuchins emotional response. The risk of receiving aggression seemed also to elicit anxiety, as scratching was higher when in proximity to more dominant individuals and females, which were the categories of group members that were more aggressive. By contrast, scratching was lower when in proximity to more secure partners, like kin. Finally, scratching rates following the receipt of aggression were higher than at baseline, indicating a post‐conflict increase in anxiety. Overall, our results contribute to the understanding of the factors affecting emotional responses in capuchin monkeys, confirming and expanding previous findings in other animal species.
Individual and Sex Differences in Habituation and Neophobia in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus)
Authors: Ensminger Amanda L. , Westneat David F. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHeterogeneity in the environment favours foragers that are flexible (phenotypically plastic). However, consistent individual differences in behaviour (personality), such as in risk‐taking, might affect an individual's ability to find food, avoid predators and adjust to new conditions. It is now well known that personalities exist in many taxa, but much less is known about individual variation in plasticity. We measured the tendency to begin foraging across different levels of risk in house sparrows (Passer domesticus), using a behavioural reaction norm framework to simultaneously assess personality and plasticity. We asked whether individuals were consistently different across risk levels, and whether they differed in habituation and neophobia, both of which were treated as cases of plasticity. We found that males habituated more than females by beginning to feed sooner after repeated instances of a human disturbance in the presence of an initially unfamiliar object. Individuals of both sexes also exhibited consistent differences across trials, but did not differ in the rate of habituation beyond the difference between the sexes. When a novel object was placed in the foraging area, both sexes exhibited similar degrees of neophobia by delaying feeding. The magnitude of this change varied among birds, indicating individual differences in neophobia. Our results indicate that both personality and individual variation in plasticity exist but should be treated as independent phenomena. The presence of variation in plasticity implies that the raw material necessary for selection on neophobia exists, and that if heritable, plasticity in risk‐taking across contexts could evolve.