bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Polyamine and Salicylic Acid on Growth and Yield of Chili Pepper Capsicum annuum L. Plant under Salt Stress
Authors: Subhi Fatima Haider , Kisko Mushtak F. Karomi 
Published: July 2024

الإجهاد الملحي له اثار سلبية على نمو وانتاجية الفلفل الحريف (Capsicum annuum L.) ، ويجب زيادة تحمل النبات ليتمكن من التكيف في ظروف إجهاد الملوحة. ولهذا الغرض أجريت تجربة عاملية بثلاثة عوامل وفق تصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة (RCBD) وبثلاث مكررات تضمنت التجربة ثلاثة مستويات من البولي امين P0،P1 ، P2 (0، 2، 3 ملغم.ل-1)، وثلاثة مستويات من حامض الساليسيلك A0، A1، A2(0، 75، 150 ملغم.ل-1) ، أما العامل الثالث فيتضمن ثلاثة مستويات من ملح كلوريد الصوديوم S0، S1، S2 (0، 2000، 4000 جزء في المليون). أظهرت نتائج التجربة أن اختلاف مستويات الملوحة كان له تأثير سلبي معنوي على الصفات المظهرية وحاصل الفلفل الحار، ولوحظ ان البولي امين P2 وحامض الساليسيليك A2 كانت متفوقة حيث اعطت أعلى قيمة في العديد من الصفات المدروسة، أما عند التداخل بين البولي امين وحامض الساليسيليك فقد لوحظ أن أعلى قيمة كانت P2A2 لنفس الصفات المدروسة عند مقارنتها بمعاملة السيطرة، بينما أعطى التداخل الثلاثي P2A2S0 أعلى قيمة مقارنة مع باقي الصفات المدروسة لجميع طرق المعالجة، باختصار، تشير هذه النتائج إلى أن اضافة البولي امين وحامض الساليسيليك يمكن أن يقلل بشكل فعال من التأثير الضار للإجهاد الملحي في الفلفل الحار.
Preparation of the Compound (Y1−xPbxBa2Cu2.85La0.15O6+δ) Superconductor and Research of the Impact of Partial Substitution on the Structural Properties
Authors: Hassan Ekhlas , M.J. Haider Haider 
Published: July 2024

الغرض من هذه الدراسة معرفة نسبة الاستبدال المثلى للرصاص مع الايتيريوم من خلال الخصائص التركيبية للمركبات المحضرة. تم تحضير المركب فائق التوصيل (Y1−xPbxBa2Cu2.85La0.15O6+δ) بطريقة تفاعل الحالة الصلبة (SSR). تمت دراسة تأثير الاستبدال الجزئي للرصاص على الخصائص التركيبية للمركب بنسب إستبدال (x= 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25). بضغط 7 طن لكل سنتيمتر مربع ، تم تشكيل المسحوق المتكون على شكل قرص بسمك (حوالي 0.2 سم). تم تلبيد العينات لمدة (24 ساعة) بمعدل تغير من درجة حرارة الغرفة(27 درجة مئوية) إلى (850 درجة مئوية). بالإعتماد على تحليل نتائج فحص حيود الأشعة السينية (XRD) ، تم اكتشاف أن جميع العينات تحتوي على بنية orthorhombic . ثبت أن التغيير في تراكيز الرصاص في كل عينة من عيناتنا تؤدي إلى تغير في مؤثرات الشبيكة,(c/a), dm, Tc, (a,b,c) وفجوة الطاقة. حيث تم تسجيل افضل قيم لها عند التركيز (x= 0.1) حيث كانت قيم ثوابت الشبيكة ب وحدة الأنجستروم (a,b,c) هي( 3.807346 , 3.886549 و11.70871 )على التوالي ,اعلى قيمة ل(Tc) هي (112.1),قيمة الكثافة (dm) هي (6.42604 gm/cm3) ,كما كانت أعلى نسبة ل(3.075295 = c/a) وأعلى فجوة طاقة هي (Eg = 0.03384 eV) لذلك يمكننا اعتبارها نسبة الاستبدال الأمثل ضمن ظروف هذا العمل . كما تم استخدام الفحص المجهري الإلكتروني لتحليل الصور المجهرية للمواد بتكبير عالٍ جدًا (SEM) و بقوة تكبير (5μm,200nm).
The correlation between micro-RNA 146a and IL-17 in the serum of Iraqi patients with cystic echinococcosis
Authors: Mahmoud Nisreen shaker , Idan Ekhlas M. , Ali Muhanned K 
Published: July 2024

داء المشوكات الكيسي (CE) هو مرض وبائي يسبب مرضًا خطيرًا وخسائر اقتصادية في معظم بلدان العالم. MiRNAs هي عامل جيني ضروري لتنظيم الاستجابة المناعية من خلال قدرته على التدخل في التعبير الخلوي ؛ واحد هذه الحوامض النووية الدقيقة -146 أ. هدفت الدراسة الحالية تقييم إذا كان بإمكاننا استخدام microRNA 146a كمؤشر حيوي للكشف عن CEو تحديد العلاقة بين التعبير الجيني microRNA 146a و IL-17 في مرضى CE.حيث اشتملت الدراسة على 50 مريضًا من CE تم إدخالهم إلى المستشفى في بغداد ، العراق و 50 من الأصحاء. تم جمع المصل للفترة من ايلول 2022 إلى حزيران 2023 . تراوحت أعمار العينات بين 20 - 55 سنة. بلغت اعلى نسبة الاصابة بالمشوكات الكيسية عند الاشخاص الذين يعيشون بالمناطق الريفية مقارنة بالذين يعيشون في المدن الحضرية (74.00٪ و 42.00٪) ، وشكلت الرئة العضو الأكثر إصابة (74٪) ، يليها الكبد (18٪) ، ثم الكبد والرئة معًا (8٪). لوحظ بان التعبير الجيني لل miRNA-146a في مرضى CE أعلى بكثير من أعضاء المجموعة الضابطة (4.33 ± 1.01 و 1.00 ± 0.23 على التوالي). هذا كما اظهرت النتائج بان مستوى IL-17 زاد بشكل ملحوظ في امصال المجموعة الضابطة 129.15 ± 4.73 نانوغرام / لتر مقارنة بالمرضى 105.99 ± 5.81 نانوغرام / لتر. الخلاصة: وفقًا للنتائج التي توصلنا إليها ،ارتفاع التعبير الجيني miRNA-146a في مصل مرضى CE يمكن ان يعد عاملا حيويا في تشخيص المشوكات، وهذا الزيادة تؤثر سلبًا بمستويات IL-17 المنخفضة مما يؤثر ويتداخل مع الاستجابة الالتهابية لجهاز المناعة وبالنتيجة يسهم في التسبب في CE.
–Mixed Modulus of Smoothness
Authors: Kamel Rehab Amer , Bhaya Eman Samir 
Published: July 2024

يعتبر معامل او مقياس النعومة من المواضيع الاساسية والمهمة في التحليل الرياضي وتطبيقاته المتعددة. حيث يستخدم قياس نعومة الدوال معامل النعومة لاستنتاج الخصائص التقريبية للدوال التي يتعذر ايجاد قيمة دقيقة لها. لمقياس النعومة دور اساسي في العديد من مجالات الرياضيات وله تطبيقات مختلفة في نظرية التقريب و في التحليل العددي وخاصة في تحليل الطرق العددية لحل المعادلات التفاضلية ومشاكل التحسين والمعادلات التكاملية و ومعدل التقارب . تناول العديد من الباحثين في دراستهم معامل النعومة لدالة ذات متغير واحد ولكن قلة من الباحثين الذين تناولوا مقياس النعومة لدالة ذات عدة متغيرات. يهدف هذا البحث الى ملئ هذه الفجوة حيث عرف مقياس نعومة مختلط جديد لدالة تنتمي لفضاء الدوال القابلة للتكامل لبيكيا ذات d من المتغيرات. كما اثبتت العديد من الخصائص الاساسية لمقياس النعومة ولكن باستخدام مقياس نعومة مختلط لدالة ذات فرق منتهي مختلط ولـ d من المتغيرات كالخاصية الخطية والرتابة اضافة الى ذلك دراسة خاصية اساسية وهي المحدودية لدوال تنتمي لفضاء الدوال القابلة للتكامل والقياس.
Pengaruh Pembelajaran Online Terhadap Prestasi Dan Keterampilan Sosial Dilihat Dari Karakteristik Gaya Berfikir
Authors: Fauzi Mohamad Nur 
Published: July 2024

Dalam penelitian ini membahas tentang pengaruh model pembelajaran online terhadap prestasi dan keterampilan sosial siswa dilihat dari karakteristik gaya berfikir. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitiaan quasi eksperiment. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan tes dan kuisioner. Setelah data terkumpul, selanjutnya diuji menggunakan uji manova. Adapun hasil penelitian ini adalah prestasi belajar siswa dengan karakteristik gaya berpikir AA pada pembelajaran online lebih baik daripada pembelajaran langsung, sedangkan prestasi belajar siswa dengan karakteristik Gaya berpikir SK, SA, dan AK memiliki prestasi belajar yang sama baiknya dengan pembelajaran online dan pembelajaran langsung. Keterampilan sosial siswa SK, SA, AK, dan AA yang menggunakan pembelajaran online lebih baik daripada keterampilan sosial yang menggunakan pembelajaran langsung.
Efek Cross-Sectional Pembelajaran Berbasis Teknologi Water Filtration System Berbantuan Calculator Debit Apps: Peran Keterampilan Reflektif Berbasis Socio Scientific Issue
Authors: Ayuni Nabella Siska , Fadly Wirawan 
Published: July 2024

Pembelajaran abad 21 menuntut peserta didik memiliki kemampuan berpikir reflektif. Karena dengan keterampilan reflektif peserta didik mampu mengidentifikasi masalah dan memilih alternatif atau strategi untuk menginterpretasikan suatu masalah tersebut serta mempunyai solusi yang dapat dipertanggung jawabkan. Berdasarkan hasil preliminary study kemampuan reflektif salah satu Mts di Kabupaten Ponorogo masih tergolong rendah. Berdasarkan pernyataan tersebut, peneliti menggunakan pembelajaran berbasis teknologi water filtration system dengan bantuan calculator debit apps untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir reflektif peserta didik. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efektivitas pembelajaran berbasis teknologi water filtration system dengan bantuan calculator debit apps untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir reflektif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain quasi experimental. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian keterlaksaan atau aktivitas guru dalam penggunaan media ini diperoleh rata-rata 83,5% dan aktivitas peserta didik 88%, keduanya dalam kriteria sangat baik. Berdasarkan analisis ANOVA mendapatkan nila sig. adalah 0,000 atau dikatakan lebih kecil dari 0,05. Sehingga keputusan pengujian kelas eksperimen maupun kelas kontrol terdapat perbedaan nikai rata-rata yang signifikan. Hal ini didukung dengan uji cohen’s yang menunjukkan angka 0,81 yang memiliki efektifitas dalam kategori tinggi. Dapat disimpulkan dari penelitian bahwa pembelajaran berbasis teknologi water filtration system dengan bantuan calculator debit apps efektif dalam kategori tinggi digunakan dalam meningkatkan kemampuan reflektif peserta didik.
Application of WASP model to assess the benefits of sewer construction on river water quality in Taoyuan City — a case study of the Dahan River, Nankan River, and Laojie River
Authors: Chen Yu-Jie , Huang Sheng-Shon , Wang Hui-Ju , Liu Chen-Wuing , Hung Su , Chang Chia-Ling 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

In order to improve river water quality, the most effective approach is to control pollution sources and reduce the amount of pollution discharged into rivers. This study utilizes the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) model to simulate the water quality of the Dahan River, Nankan River, and Laojie River in Taoyuan City. After simulating the short, medium, and long-term effects of sewer construction (i.e., household connection rates) on water quality improvement, as well as the effects of sewer construction on greenhouse gas emissions, the analysis reveals several key findings. Under government improvement schemes aimed at increasing household connection rates to sanitary sewers, the Dahan River is expected to have continuous good water quality; after 2032, due to expected increases in household connection rates, the river pollution index at the Dakuaixi Bridge monitoring station on the Nankan River is expected to improve from severely-polluted to moderately-polluted; and on the Laojie River, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) is projected to decrease at both the Zhongzheng Bridge and Xucuogang No. 1 Bridge monitoring stations. Furthermore, river water quality affects greenhouse gas emissions. Simulation results indicate that as household connection rates increase, greenhouse gas emissions along all three rivers will decrease, thereby reducing the energy demand associated with wastewater treatment facilities and benefitting long-term efforts in Taiwan geared toward achieving net zero emissions.
Seasonal and microclimatic variation of the community of Apioninae (Coleoptera: Brentidae) in a tropical rainforest of the Sierra El Madrigal in state of Tabasco, Mexico
Authors: O-López Esbeidy Jazmin De la , Cruz-Pérez Aracely De la , Luna-Cozar Jesús , Anderson Robert S. , MAY MANUEL A. HERNÁNDEZ 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Apioninae (Coleoptera: Brentidae) are beetles commonly known as seed or clover weevils, and all species are phytophagous and important in natural ecosystems. The main objective of this study was to record the seasonal variation and microclimatic associations of the Apioninae community in the tropical rainforest of Tabasco, Mexico. Sampling was carried out in 12 sites of the ecosystem during an annual cycle (January-December, 2021), using the method of beating the vegetation with an entomological net. We collected 1,191 specimens belonging to 33 species and nine genera. Apion panamense Sharp, Coelocephalapion accentor (Kissinger), C. iteratum (Kissinger) and Neapion cretaceicolle (Sharp) are new records for Tabasco. The genus Trichapion (Wagner) was the most species-rich. Apionion sp2 was the most abundant species. The highest richness, abundance and diversity (1D and 2D) were recorded during the dry season. Fourteen species showed marked seasonality, of which 12 species were recorded only in the dry season and two in the north. Fluctuations in richness and abundance showed its maximum peak in April, the month with the lowest rainfall. Shaded sites had the highest richness (32 species) and abundance (861 individuals). Altitude, relative humidity, dew point temperature, temperature, wind speed and barometric pressure were the abiotic factors that influenced species distribution. The sampling coverage was 99%, indicating that most of the apionid species were documented. This study contributes to the knowledge of Apioninae by providing new ecological information on the subfamily. However, further studies of these beetles are needed to determine their geographic distribution and systematics.
The effect of family structure on the still-missing heritability and genomic prediction accuracy of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Roudbar Mahmoud Amiri , Vahedi Seyed Milad , Jin Jin , Jahangiri Mina , Lanjanian Hossein , Habibi Danial , Masjoudi Sajedeh , Riahi Parisa , Fateh Sahand Tehrani , Neshati Farideh , Zahedi Asiyeh Sadat , Moazzam-Jazi Maryam , Bonab Leila Najd Hassan , Mousavi Seyedeh Fatemeh , Asgarian Sara , Zarkesh Maryam , Moghaddas Mohammad Reza , Tenesa Albert , Kazemnejad Anoshirvan , Vahidnezhad Hassan , Hakonarson Hakon , Azizi Fereidoun , Hedayati Mehdi , Daneshpour Maryam Sadat , Akbarzadeh Mahdi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

This study aims to assess the effect of familial structures on the still-missing heritability estimate and prediction accuracy of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) using pedigree estimated risk values (ERV) and genomic ERV. We used 11,818 individuals (T2D cases: 2,210) with genotype (649,932 SNPs) and pedigree information from the ongoing periodic cohort study of the Iranian population project. We considered three different familial structure scenarios, including i) all families, ii) all families with ≥ 1 generation, and iii) families with ≥ 1 generation in which both case and control individuals are presented. Comprehensive simulation strategies were implemented to quantify the difference between estimates of h2 and h2 NSP). A proportion of still-missing heritability in T2D could be explained by overestimation of pedigree-based heritability due to the presence of families with individuals having only one of the two disease statuses. Our results indicated noticeable differences in prediction accuracy for different family structures, where families with generation ≥ 1 and having both cases and controls showed the highest prediction accuracy and the highest correlation with Polygenic Risk Scores. Our findings represent the first evidence of the important contribution of familial structure for heritability estimations and genomic prediction studies in T2D.
Gut Microbiota and Kidney Function in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Participants in Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Nwaga Inès Obolo , Nzana Victorine Bandolo , Bughe Rhoda Nsen , Dah Isaac , Cheboh Cho-Fon , Mahamat Maimouna , Ndjong Emmanuelle , Nono Aristide , Mballa Jean Claude , Abongwa Acho-Fon , Moor Vicky Ama , Mbacham Wilfred Fon , Kaze François Folefack 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background and hypothesis:
Gut dysbiosis characterized by an imbalance in pathobionts (Enterobacter, Escherichia and Salmonella) and symbionts (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Prevotella) can occur during chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. We evaluated the associations between representative symbionts (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) and pathobionts (Enterobacteriaceae) with kidney function in persons with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD).
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, 29 ADPKD patients were matched to 15 controls at a 2:1 ratio. Clinical data and biological samples were collected. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated from the serum creatinine concentration using the 2009 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Microbial DNA extracted from stool specimens and amplified by qPCR was used to quantify Enterobacteriaceae, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus abundance. Differences between ADPKD subgroups and controls were assessed using nonparametric tests.
Results
The mean age (SD) of the 44 participants was 40.65 (± 11.9) years. Among the participants with ADPKD, 62.1% experienced flank pain, and 48.3% had hypertension. Their median eGFR [IQR] was 74.4 [51.2–94.6] ml/min/1.73 m2. All stool samples had Enterobacteriaceae. Lactobacillus abundance was lower in ADPKD participants with more pronounced kidney function decline (CKD G3-5: 0.58 ng/µL) than in those with milder damage and controls (G1-2: 0.64 ng/µL, p = 0.047; controls: 0.71 ng/µL, p = 0.043), while Enterobacteriaceae abundance was greater in ADPKD patients with lower kidney function (CKD G3-5: 78.6 ng/µL) than in the other two groups (G1-2: 71.6 ng/µL, p = 0.048; controls: 70.5 ng/µL, p = 0.045).
Conclusion
Decreased kidney function was associated with decreased symbiont and increased pathobiont abundance in ADPKD patients, suggesting a potential role for the microbiota in disease progression and possible targets for further research.
Trial registration
: Not applicable
Highly prevalent pulmonary perfusion defect in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Marin Flávia Luiza , Moriguchi Sonia Marta , Koga Katia Hiromoto , Prudente Robson Aparecido , Malagutte Karina Nogueira Dias Secco , Bazan Silmeia Garcia Zanati , Martin Luis Cuadrado , Yoo Hugo Hyung Bok 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective
Evaluate pulmonary function, functional capacity, profile, and clinical aspects in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with chronic pulmonary thromboembolism (CPTE) and correlate them with pulmonary perfusion defect (PPD).
Methods
A cross-sectional study from March 2018 to December 2019, with retrospective electronic data retrieval. 72 consecutive outpatients with SLE underwent chest radiography and lung perfusion (Q) scan. PPD was calculated by the Meyer et al. criteria. Data from spirometry, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class results were compared with reference.
Results
Patients studied were divided into groups, PPD < 10% (n = 32; 2,3 ± 3%) and PPD ≥ 10% (n = 35; 24 ± 12%). Univariate analysis included: the ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1)/ forced vital capacity, FEV1, anti-RO/SSA, chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Linear regression analysis showed lupus nephritis as an independent predictor inversely associated with PPD ≥ 10% (OR: 0,23; CI: 0,06 − 0,85; p = 0,02). There was no correlation between the extension of PPD and right ventricular function assessed by TTE and functional parameters (6MWD and NYHA class).
Conclusion
SLE is an important risk factor for CPTE, we found high percentage (73%) of PPD on (Q) scan in outpatients with SLE without previous lung disease. Furthermore, PPD ≥ 10% occurred in more than half of the sample (52%), which is the clinically relevant cut-off point. Lupus nephritis is a protective factor possibly related to more aggressive immunosuppressive treatment, which leads to considering an inflammatory factor in CPTE in these patients.
Ideal carrier multiplication in monolayer MoSe2
Authors: Kim Ji-Hee , Kim Joonsoo , Min Hong-Guk , Park Sehwan , Park Jin Cheol , Bang Junhyeok , Kim Youngkuk 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Carrier multiplication (CM), the process of generating multiple charge carriers from a single photon, offers an opportunity to exceed the Shockley-Queisser limit for solar cell efficiency. However, realizing significant efficiency improvements through CM in traditional semiconductors has proven challenging, necessitating fine-tuning of material properties. In this study, we utilize ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy to demonstrate that monolayer MoSe2 can achieve the theoretical maximum CM efficiency allowed by energy-momentum conservation laws. By resolving the spatiotemporal dynamics of hot carriers and employing first-principles calculations, we identify the cornerstone of optimal CM in MoSe2: superior hot carrier dynamics characterized by effective suppression of energy loss via carrier-lattice scattering, and the availability of abundant CM pathways facilitated by 2Eg band nesting. Our findings position monolayer MoSe2 as an exceptional candidate for advanced optoelectronic applications and as a pivotal platform for exploring quantum hot carrier dynamics.
Analysis of Mechanical and Microstructural properties of Electron Beam Welded dissimilar Ferrous alloys
Authors: Singh Shailendra , Singh Rajnish 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Electron Beam Welding (EBW) is an important welding process in the present scenario. It is applied to various fields, including the fabrication of difficult-to-weld materials in the engineering, aerospace, and automobile industries. It can weld similar and dissimilar material with fine Heat-affected zones and produces high-strength joints. The joining of dissimilar materials becomes very easy through the EBW route. The EBW welded samples achieved a high depth-to-width ratio & focused accurately on the area to be welded. Therefore, it minimizes the area of the heat-affected zone (HAZ). In this work, the study focused on optimizing the process parameters of EBW welding parameters like current, voltage, welding speed for strength, and hardness of weld bead. The materials selected were mild steel and EN8. A Taguchi technique-based experiment has been used to find the data. Then, welding parameters are optimized to get optimum strength, hardness on the weld bead, and hardness on the heat-affected zone of the welded joint. The Optimized tensile strength was 600MPa, at Voltage = 50KV, Beam Current = 4 mA, and welding speed = 75 mm/min. The weld bead hardness was 146.4 HV, at Voltage = 50KV, Beam Current = 4 mA, and welding speed = 75 mm/min at optimized conditions. The Optimized hardness on HAZ is 163.23 HV on EN-8 & 160.43 HV on Mild steel at Voltage = 45KV, Beam Current = 4 mA, and welding speed = 50 mm/min.
Predictive Modeling of Under-Five Mortality Determinants using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Saroj Rakesh , Yadav Pawan , Visi Vizovonuo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Under-five mortality is one of the major public health issues and directly influences the population’s health, social development, and economic status of countries. Thus, early detection is essential to find what efficient prevention can take to save it. Therefore, this study will explain how machine-learning techniques can help predict the important determinants of under-five mortality in India.
Methods
This study used data from the National Family Health Survey-V of India. We performed the tenfold cross-validation to assess the model’s capability in the dataset. The decision tree, random forest, logistic regression, neural network, ridge regression, k-nearest neighbor, and naive Bayes models were used in under-five mortality data, and metrics like confusion matrix, accuracy, recall, precision, F1-score, Cohen kappa, and the area under receiver operative characteristics (AUROC) were used to assess the predictive power of the models. The chi-square scores, recursive feature elimination, extra tree classifier, random forest importance, sequential feature selector, and traditional logistic regression were used to predict the important features(factors) of under-five mortality. All computational algorithms were done with the help of SPSS-27 and Jupiter notebook (inbuilt Python 3.3) software.
Result
The result reveals that the random forest model was the best predictive model compared to other ML models for under-five mortality. The Random Forest model’s precision was estimated to be 98.88% for all factors and 96.25% for important selected variables. After that, neural network accuracy was 96.52%, and accuracy was 94.83% with important variables. Traditional logistic regression accuracy was 93.99% and 93.51%, respectively. The number of living children, breastfeeding status, birth in the last five years, children ever born, time, antenatal care, region, size of children, number of household members, and birth order, were important factors of under-five mortality after using the feature selection methods.
Conclusions
This is the first study of India to use machine learning approaches to find the important ML predictive model and determine the causative factors for under-five mortality. The random forest model predicted the most important factors with the highest accuracy of under-five mortality. This machine-learning approach can be used as reference concepts to understand students, non-computing professionals, healthcare professionals, and decision-makers in various real-world situations and application areas, particularly from the technical point of view.