bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia delays hematopoiesis: retention of embryonic hemoglobin and erythrocytes in larval rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, during chronic hypoxia exposure
Authors: Bianchini Kristin , Wright Patricia A. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryIn rainbow trout development, a switch occurs from high-affinity embryonic hemoglobin (Hb) and round, embryonic erythrocytes to lower-affinity adult Hb and oval, adult erythrocytes. Our study investigated the early ontogeny of rainbow trout blood properties and the hypoxia response. We hypothesized that hypoxia exposure would delay the ontogenetic turnover of Hb and erythrocytes because retention of high-affinity embryonic Hb would facilitate oxygen loading. To test this hypothesis we developed a method of efficiently extracting blood from individual embryos and larvae and optimized several techniques for measuring hematological parameters on microliter (0.5 - 2.0 μl) blood samples. In chronic hypoxia (30% of oxygen saturation), stage-matched embryos and larvae possessed half the Hb concentration, erythrocyte counts, and hematocrit observed in normoxia. Hypoxia-reared larvae also had 3 to 6 fold higher mRNA expression of the embryonic Hb α-1, β-1, and β-2 subunits relative to stage-matched normoxia-reared larvae. Furthermore, in hypoxia the round embryonic erythrocytic shape persisted into later developmental stages. Despite these differences, Hb-oxygen affinity (P50), cooperativity, and the Root effect were unaltered in hypoxia-reared O. mykiss. The data support our hypothesis that chronic hypoxia delays the ontogenetic turnover of Hb and erythrocytes but without the predicted functional consequences (i.e. higher than expected P50). These results also suggest that the Hb-oxygen affinity is protected during development in chronic hypoxia to favour oxygen unloading at the tissues. We conclude that in early trout development, the blood-oxygen transport system responds very differently to chronic hypoxia relative to adults, possibly because respiration depends relatively more on oxygen diffusion than convection.
Visual stimulus characteristics that elicit tracking and striking in the Praying Mantises, Parasphendale affinis (Giglio-Tos), Popa spurca (Stål), and Sphodromantis lineola (Burmeister)
Authors: Prete Frederick R. , Theis Robert , Dominguez Salina , Bogue Wil 
Published: September 2013

Summary
We tested three species of praying mantis, Parasphendale affinis (Giglio-Tos), Popa spurca (Stål), and Sphodromantis lineola (Burmeister) with computer generated stimuli that differed in size, contrast, configuration and movement pattern to determine the effects of these parameters on visual tracking and striking behavior. Overall, black disks moving erratically against a white background were strong releasers of both behaviors. When stimulus presentation order was randomized by size, P. affinis and P. spurca struck at progressively higher rates as the stimuli enlarged up to 44 deg; S. lineola struck most at intermediate sized (10-20 deg) disks. When disks were size-ordered from small to large, P. affinis and S. lineola struck at higher rates to the smaller disks; however, when the order was reversed, the early appearance of large disks suppressed subsequent responses to the smaller. Stimulus order did not differentially affect the responses of P. spurca. All species responded at higher rates to black disks moving against a white background versus the reverse. However, only P. spurca and S. lineola responded at higher rates to relatively darker grey disks, only P. affinis responded to mottled grey disks moving against an identically patterned background, and only P. spurca struck more frequently in response to rectangular stimuli oriented parallel (versus perpendicular) to their direction of movement. In conjunction with data on other species, these results support the hypothesis that praying mantises recognize prey based on assessing several category-specific, spatiotemporal features, e.g., size, contrast, speed, movement pattern, and leading edge length.
Creating a behavioural classification module for acceleration data: Using a captive surrogate for difficult to observe species
Authors: Campbell Hamish , Gao Lianli , Bidder Owen , Hunter Jane , Franklin Craig 
Published: September 2013

Summary
Distinguishing specific behavioural modes from data collected by animal-borne tri-axial accelerometers can be a time consuming and subjective process. Data synthesis can be further inhibited when the tri-axial acceleration data cannot be paired with the corresponding behavioural mode through direct observation. Here we explored the use of a tame surrogate (domestic dog) to build a behavioural classification module, and then used that module to accurately identify and quantify behavioural modes within acceleration collected from other individuals/species. Tri-axial acceleration data were recorded from a domestic dog whilst it was commanded to walk, run, sit, stand, and lie-down. Through video synchronisation, each tri-axial acceleration sample was annotated with its associated behavioural mode; the feature vectors were extracted, and used to build the classification module through the application of support vector machines (SVM). This behavioural classification module was then used to identify and quantify the same behavioural modes in acceleration collected from a range of other species (alligator, badger, cheetah, dingo, echidna, kangaroo, and a wombat). Evaluation of the module performance, using a binary classification system, showed there was a high capacity (&gt; 90 %) for behaviour recognition between individuals of the same species. Furthermore, a positive correlation existed between SVM capacity and the extent by which the individual had a spinal length-to-height above the ground ratio (SL:SH) similar to that of the surrogate. The study describes how to build a behavioural classification module and highlights the value of using a surrogate for studying cryptic, rare or endangered species.
Complex response in size-related traits of the bulb mites (Rhizoglyphus robini) in elevated thermal conditions - an experimental evolution approach
Authors: Plesnar-Bielak Agata , Jawor Anna , Kramarz Paulina E. 
Published: September 2013

Summary
Temperature is a key environmental factor affecting almost all aspects of life histories in ectotherms. The theory predicts that they grow faster, reach smaller sizes and produce smaller offspring when temperature increases. In addition, temperature changes, through their effects on metabolism, may also influence the expression of alternative reproductive phenotypes (ARP) in ectotherms. Although many studies investigated phenotypic plasticity of life history traits in relation to temperature change, little is known about how those traits and phenotypic plasticity may evolve together. In our study we subjected the bulb mites (non-model, soil organisms that normally experience rather stable thermal conditions) to experimental evolution in two temperature treatments: control (24°C) and elevated (28°C). After 18 generations we measured adult body size, eggs size and development time of both treatments at control as well as at elevated temperature (test temperatures). Thus, we were able to detect genetic changes (the effect of selection temperature) and environmental effects (the effects of test temperature). We also observed the ARP expression throughout the experimental evolution. Our results revealed quite complex patterns of life history in traits response to temperature. Mites developed faster and reached smaller sizes at increased temperature, but evolutionary responses to increased temperature were not always parallel to the observed phenotypic plasticity. Additionally, despite smaller body sizes females laid larger eggs at higher temperature. This effect was more pronounced in animals evolving at elevated temperature. Evolution at increased temperature affected also ARP expression with the proportion of armored fighters decreasing from generation to generation. We propose that this could be the consequence of temperature sensitivity of cost to benefits ratio of the expressing ARPs.
Lactate kinetics of rainbow trout during graded exercise: Do catheters affect the cost of transport?
Authors: Teulier Loïc , Omlin Teye , Weber Jean-Michel 
Published: September 2013

SummaryChanges in lactate kinetics as a function of exercise intensity have never been measured in an ectotherm. Continuous infusion of tracer is necessary to quantify rates of lactate appearance (Ra) and disposal (Rd), but it requires double catheterization that could interfere with swimming. Using rainbow trout, our goals were: (1) to determine the potential effects of catheters and blood sampling on metabolic rate (MO2), total cost of transport (TCOT), net cost of transport (NCOT), and critical swimming speed (Ucrit), and (2) to monitor changes in lactate fluxes during prolonged, steady-state swimming or graded swimming from rest to Ucrit. This athletic species maintains high baseline lactate fluxes of 24 μmol kg-1min-1 that are only increased at intensities &gt;2.4 body lengths per s (BL s-1) or 85% Ucrit. As the fish reaches Ucrit, Ra lactate is more strongly stimulated (+67% to 40.4 μmol kg-1 min-1) than Rd lactate (+41% to 34.7 μmol kg-1 min-1), causing a 4-fold increase in blood lactate concentration. Without this stimulation of Rd during intense swimming, lactate accumulation would double. By contrast, steady-state exercise at 1.7 BL s-1 increases lactate fluxes to ~30 μmol kg-1 min-1, with a trivial mismatch between Ra and Rd that only affects blood concentration minimally. Results also show that the catheterizations and blood sampling needed to measure metabolite kinetics in exercising fish have no significant impact on MO2 or TCOT. However, these experimental procedures affect locomotion energetics by increasing NCOT at high speeds and by decreasing Ucrit.
Eclosion gates progression of the adult ecdysis sequence ofDrosophila
Authors: Peabody Nathan C. , White Benjamin H. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryAnimal behavior is often organized into stereotyped sequences that promote the goals of reproduction, development, and survival. However, for most behaviors, the neural mechanisms that govern the order of execution of the motor programs within a sequence are poorly understood. An important model in understanding the hormonal determinants of behavioral sequencing is the ecdysis sequence, which is performed by insects at each developmental transition, or molt. The adult ecdysis sequence in Drosophila includes the emergence of the insect from the pupal case followed by expansion and hardening of the wings. Wing expansion is governed by the hormone bursicon, and stimulation of the bursicon-expressing neurons in newly eclosed flies induces rapid wing expansion. Here we show that that such stimulation delivered prior to eclosion has no immediate effect, but does cause rapid wing expansion after eclosion if the stimulus is delivered within 40 min of that event. We observe a similar delayed effect upon stimulation of a single pair of bursicon-expressing neurons previously identified as command neurons for wing expansion. We conclude that command neuron stimulation enables the motor output pathway for wing expansion, but that this pathway is blocked prior to eclosion. By manipulating the time of eclosion, we demonstrate that some physiological process tightly coupled to adult ecdysis releases the block on wing expansion. Eclosion thus serves as a behavioral checkpoint and complements hormonal mechanisms to ensure that wing expansion strictly follows eclosion in the ecdysis sequence.
Atmosphere-controlled Dual Reactivity of Triarylphosphine in the Photoexcited State: P–C Bond Cleavage vs. Electron Transfer
Authors: Yasui Shinro , Ogawa Yuya , Shioji Kosei , Yamazaki Shoko 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Steady-state photolysis of an acetonitrile solution of triarylphosphine (Ar3P) was carried out using a xenon lamp. The major products resulting from photolysis under deoxygenated conditions and under air were diaryl(cyanomethyl)phosphine Ar2PCH2CN and triarylphosphine oxide Ar3P=O, respectively. Intrinsically, Ar3P in the excited state undergoes homolytic cleavage of a P–C bond; however, electron transfer to O2 is predominant under air. Reactivity of Ar3P in the excited state is readily controlled by the choice of atmosphere used in the reaction.
56π-Electron Hydrofullerene Derivatives as Electron Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Abe Yoko , Hata Rieko , Matsuo Yutaka 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
56π-Electron fullerene derivatives possessing both a hydrogen and an electron-withdrawing cyano addend were synthesized by the reaction of 58π-electron fullerenes with NaCN and subsequent protonation and used as acceptors in bulk heterojunction solar cells containing a low-band-gap polymer donor. The device showed power conversion efficiency of 5.2%.
Highly Thermally Resistant and Flexible Polyimide Aerogels Containing Rigid-rod Biphenyl, Benzimidazole, and Triphenylpyridine Moieties: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Shen Dengxiong , Liu Jingang , Yang Haixia , Yang Shiyong 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Polyimide (PI) aerogels containing rigid-rod biphenyl, benzimidazole, and triphenylpyridine moieties have been developed. The flexible PI aerogels exhibited excellent thermal stability with glass-transition temperatures (Tg) higher than 350 °C. Initial porous structures in the PI aerogels could be maintained even after isothermal aging at 300 °C for 24 h in nitrogen. Furthermore, the weight losses of the aerogels after isothermal aging at 300 and 400 °C for 24 h in nitrogen were below 5 and 10 wt %, respectively.
Case Article—Acusis: Medical Transcription Outsourcing
Authors: Mirchandani Prakash , Ehlich Tobias (Tim) 
Published: September 2013

Rather than writing their observations as was traditionally the case, U.S. physicians increasingly dictate them after a patient visit. These audio files are then transcribed for inclusion in the patient's medical file. Since the transcription work is considered to be noncore, hospitals and other physician offices often outsource this activity. Acusis, headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is a provider of medical transcription services. This case is based on a real situation that Acusis faced. After providing an overview of the medical transcription outsourcing industry, the case describes Acusis' rather distinctive service model along with its quality advancement process. The case analysis requires qualitative and conceptual thinking, and exposes students to the benefits and pitfalls of service outsourcing. Through the real incident, it also discusses a unique, and perhaps unexpected, risk associated with medical transcription. The case is suited for introductory graduate-level or advanced undergraduate operations management, service management, procurement management, and supply chain management courses. Case Teaching Note: Interested Instructors please see the Instructor Materials page for access to the restricted materials. To maintain the integrity and usefulness of cases published in ITE, unapproved distribution of the case teaching notes and other restricted materials to any other party is prohibited.
Vibration behavior of a radially functionally graded annular disc with variable geometry
Authors: Çallıoğlu Hasan , Demir Ersin , Yılmaz Yasin , Girgin Zekeriya 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn this study, the free vibration behavior of an annular disc made of functionally graded material (FGM) with variable geometry is investigated. The elasticity modulus, density, and thickness of the disc are assumed to vary through the radial direction according to the power law so that the effects of their indexes on the natural frequency of the disc are investigated. The Poisson’s ratio is assumed as a constant. The natural frequencies of the disc are calculated for various boundary conditions by using classical plate theory, and the various types of mode shapes, which are described by the number of nodal diameters and nodal circles, are also discussed. Moreover, the effects of the ratio of the inner radius to the outer radius on the natural frequency are also considered. It is found that in order to increase the natural frequency, the elasticity modulus and thickness should be increased at the inner surface, whereas density should be increased at the outer surface. The natural frequency can also be increased by increasing the ratio of inner radius to outer radius. The results obtained are compared with the results of a finite-element-based commercial program, ANSYS®, and found to be consistent with each other.
Fuzzy-GIS Approach for Applying the AHP Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Model to Evaluate Real Estate Purchases
Authors: Lin Chin-Tsai , Lin Jun-Kun 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This work presents a novel housing performance evaluation approach for evaluating real estate purchases in Taipei. The proposed approach focuses on encouraging purchases to achieve better housing performance and supporting the decision-making ability of homebuyers in housing comparison and selection. The proposed approach compares the features of different houses by integrating the fuzzy geographic information systems (GIS) method with an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The comprehensive evaluation of uncertainty variable data comprises 20 objective housing performance indicators, which were selected from a review of existing evaluation models, and GIS that handle both spatial and non-spatial data, as well as a fuzzy set approach. The weights of each category and indicator are calculated using AHP analysis. Finally, the application model is established via a field case study. The proposed approach is applicable for objective and practical evaluations, as well as for the comparison of residential housing alternatives.
Loading Rate Concerns in ASTM C1609
Authors: Banthia N. , Islam S. T. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
ASTM C1609 remains one of the most prescribed tests for characterizing the performance of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). Although numerous deficiencies in this test have been addressed over the years, concerns persist regarding the loading rate prescribed in the current version of the test. A test program was carried out to investigate the influence of the loading rate in ASTM C1609-2010. Normal-strength FRCs with 1.0 kg/m3 (0.11 % by volume) and 3.0 kg/m3 (0.33 % by volume) polypropylene fiber were tested. The results indicate that although the prescribed loading rate is appropriate for the 3.0 kg/m3 fiber dosage rate, it is too high for FRC with a 1.0 kg/m3 fiber dosage rate. In order to obtain a stable load-deflection curve in FRC with a 1.0 kg/m3 fiber dosage rate, a reduced loading rate was required. In the context of these findings, this paper argues that either the loading rate in ASTM C1609 should be reduced or a minimum fiber dosage rate for which the test is valid should be specified.
Preliminary Evaluation of the Ergonomic Properties of Gloves for Protection Against Mineral Oils Based on Manual Dexterity Tests
Authors: Krzemińska Sylwia , Irzmańska Emilia 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The objective of this study was to conduct a preliminary evaluation of the ergonomic properties of gloves designed for protection against mineral oils. Two standardized tests were employed for assessing comfort of use: the finger dexterity test and the grip and pull test. The study was carried out under conditions simulating the real-life usage of gloves; mineral oil was spread on the gloves’ surface, which is a novelty relative to the methodology described in the relevant standards. Four types of gloves commonly used for protection against mineral oils were studied. The first test involved 10 human subjects, and the second 4 subjects. Preliminary evaluation of the ergonomic properties of gloves was conducted by means of the finger dexterity test (evaluation of fine finger movements) and a cylinder grip and pull test (evaluation of the gross movements of the arms and hands). These tests showed that mineral oil present on the surface of the gloves (in the dexterity test and the grip and pull test) negatively affected the ergonomic properties of the gloves. It was established that the glove material influenced the subjects’ evaluation of the effort put into gripping and pulling a cylinder while wearing oiled gloves. The study also showed that the cylinder grip and pull test, used to examine the gross movements of the arms and hands, is more sensitive than the finger dexterity test and allows for more accurate verification of a glove material in the case of exposure to oils. It should be noted that gloves made entirely of chloroprene rubber exhibited the smallest decrease in ergonomic properties in the most difficult test involving oiled gloves and a cylinder. This material provides greater comfort of use than a liner coated with acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber or nitrile rubber.
Impedance Spectroscopy Characterization of a Piezoresistive Structural Polymer Composite Bulk Sensor
Authors: Vipulanandan C. , Prashanth P. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
In this study, self-monitoring characteristics of a new piezoresistive structural polyester polymer composite bulk sensor were investigated under various loading conditions using impedance spectroscopy (IS). IS was used to estimate the bulk resistance of the piezoresistive polymer composite and the contact resistance of the two-probe measuring system used, along with the stress and shape dependence of these resistances. The piezoresistive behavior of cylindrical specimens in compression and circular disk specimens in bending and splitting tension showed repeatable characteristics. The contact resistances were about 1 % and 4.4 % of the bulk resistances for the cylindrical and circular disk specimens, respectively. The contact resistances were relatively small compared to the bulk resistances, and the change in contact resistance with applied stress was quantified. The average piezoresistivity coefficient for cylindrical specimens was 0.015 MPa−1 in compression, and for the circular disk specimens the coefficients were 3.1 × 10−4 MPa−1 and 4.62 × 10−4 MPa−1 under bending and splitting tensile loading, respectively. An incremental stress-resistivity model was used to predict the observed behavior of the piezoresistive polymer composite.
Concentration Effect on Photoluminescence Tests of the CdSe Colloid Nanocrystal System
Authors: Lin Zhonghai , Zhu Zhilin , Wang Minqiang , Wei Guangfen , Du Huiqiu , Wang Pinjian , Liu Yanwu , Yang Zhi 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
In this study, monodispersed CdSe nanocrystal (NCs) were prepared by means of solution-phase synthesis. CdSe/CdS NCs were synthesized via successive ion layer adsorption and reaction on CdSe core NCs. The optical properties of CdSe and CdSe/CdS core/shell NCs dissolved in different solvents were investigated. We discuss here the photoluminescence properties of an NC system that are affected by the NC concentration and the solvent variety, including photoluminescence intensity variation and photoluminescence peak shift. The change in emission intensity is due to the influence of the solvent polarity and the NC concentration quenching effect. The phenomenon of a large blue shift of photoluminescence peaks with NC concentration is caused by interactions among the NCs.