bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La protection d’une vitalité fragile : les droits linguistiques autochtones en vertu de l’article 35
Authors: Poliquin Gabriel 
Published: September 2013

L’auteur propose d’interpréter l’article 35 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 et la jurisprudence pertinente à cet article à la lumière de certains principes généraux issus de la jurisprudence de la Cour suprême du Canada portant sur l’article 23 de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, qui garantit des droits linguistiques aux communautés de langue officielle. La thèse suivante se dégage de cette interprétation : les droits autochtones garantis à l’article 35 comprennent des droits linguistiques, dont une obligation positive de l’État de favoriser la vitalité des langues autochtones. Cette obligation de favoriser la vitalité des langues autochtones se démarque de l’obligation de l’État en matière de langues officielles qui est d’assurer l’égalité des deux communautés de langue officielle. L’obligation positive de l’État à l’égard des communautés de langues autochtones est de mettre en place les structures nécessaires à la préservation des patrimoines linguistiques autochtones pour assurer leur transmission d’une génération à l’autre. Le contenu de cette obligation pourra varier d’une communauté linguistique autochtone à l’autre selon l’écologie linguistique propre à cette communauté. L’auteur propose en outre que cette interprétation de l’article 35 est conforme aux principes promulgués par les accords internationaux auxquels le Canada est partie en matière de droits autochtones.
Two Roads Diverged: A Comparative Analysis of Indigenous Rights in a North American Constitutional Context
Authors: Vicaire Peter Scott 
Published: September 2013

Fuelled by contrasting political backdrops, indigenous tribes on opposite sides of what has become the Canadian-American border have travelled upon very different trajectories, receiving dissimilar treatment from the respective governments that have laid claim to their lands.
Indian tribes in the United States have sometimes had progressive legislators and high-ranking government officials enact bold laws and policies that were instrumental in creating positive change. Inversely, Aboriginal peoples in Canada have generally had to muddle through decade after decade of middling, indifferent, or occasionally even malicious bureaucrats who have continued to be too sheepish or backward-thinking to make any significant improvements. Further, the Canadian Parliament has yet to offer any substantive legislation in the vein and magnitude of that which was vital in making positive changes for American Indian tribes, even though numerous independent sources have pointed to such an approach. Rather, decades of piecemeal legislation have served only as a half-hearted attempt to counter the more odious effects of the archaic Indian Act, while those laudable governmental voices that have called for bold, substantial change have been largely ignored.
Synthesis of RF Circuits with Negative Time Delay by Using LNA
Authors: Ravelo B. 
Published: September 2013

A demonstration of the negative time-delay by using active circuit topologies with negative group delay (NGD) is described in this paper. This negative time delay is realized with two different topologies operating in base band and modulated frequencies. The first NGD topology is composed of an RL-network in feedback with an RF/microwave amplifier. Knowing the characteristics of the amplifier, a synthesis method of this circuit in function of the desired NGD values and the expected time advance is established. The feasibility of this extraordinary physical effect is illustrated with frequency- and time-domain analyses. It is shown in this paper that by considering an arbitrary waveform signal, output in advance of about 7 ns is observed compared to the corresponding input. It is stated that such an effect is not in contradiction with the causality. The other NGD topology is comprised of a microwave amplifier associated with an RLC-series resonant. The theoretical approach illustrating the functioning of this NGD circuit is established by considering the amplifier S-parameters. Then, synthesis relations enabling to choose the NGD device parameters according to the desired NGD and gain values are also established. To demonstrate the relevance of the theoretic concept, a microwave device exhibiting NGD function of about -1.5 ns at around 1.19 GHz was designed and analyzed. The NGD device investigated in this paper presents advantages on its faculty to exhibit positive transmission gain, the implementation of the bias network and matching in the considered NGD frequency band.
Operating Parameters Affecting the Formation of Kaolin Aerated Flocs in Water and Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Oliveira Cristiane , Rodrigues Rafael Teixeira , Rubio Jorge 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe formation of aerated flocs (aeroflocs) and the main operating parameters involved were studied to improve the rapid solid/liquid separation by flocculation–flotation. A continuous flow system at the laboratory scale was used that coupled micro‐bubbles dissolved air flotation and a flocs generator reactor (FGR). The aerated floc characterization technique was employed to characterize the aggregates obtained using a non‐ionic polymer (920SH SNF‐Floerger®). Flocculation–flotation studies evaluated the effect of the suspension flow rates (Qs: 0.12, 0.24, 0.36, and 0.48 m3/h, the air/solid rates (A/S: 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 mg/mg) and the forms of flocculation (flocculation form I: a primary flocculation after coagulation inside a stirred tank, followed by mixture with air bubbles into the FGR and flocculation form II: full flocculation in the FGR). The main results demonstrated that the mixture of particles, air micro‐bubbles and polymeric macromolecules in a proper turbulent flow inside the FGR was the key to the effective generation of very light aerated flocs. These aggregates had higher uprising rates, which ranged between 70 and 150 m/h and represented 83% of the flocs population at an air/solid rate of 0.02 mg/mg and a flow rate of 0.24 m3/h. It is believed that, by maximizing operating parameters, improvements are achieved, mainly, both increasing the removal efficiencies and the design of the equipment that can be more compact requiring fewer areas than conventional units.
The use of prebiotics during the first year of life for atopy prevention and treatment
Authors: de Moura Priscilla Negrão , Rosário Filho Nelson Augusto 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe incidence of allergic diseases has increased in recent decades. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of prebiotics for the prevention and treatment of allergic manifestations in children. We sought to conduct a systematic review of the effectiveness of prebiotics in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases in children. We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, LILACS, SciELO, IBECS, Web of Science and Clinical Trials databases as well as Google Scholar and the references of the articles identified. Randomised clinical trials, in which one of the treatments was performed with prebiotics and the control group was treated with placebo, were included in the review. The data selection were performed by two reviewers, and the study quality was evaluated according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) items, according to the recommendations for improving the quality of reports of randomised clinical trials. The selected studies showed heterogeneity with regard to the participants, albeit with similar outcomes. The treatment group size ranged from 134 to 259 children, and the studies compared prebiotic to placebo treatment in each group. In general, these articles showed a trend toward less allergic reactions in the groups receiving active therapy with prebiotics. Although there was a trend for reduced allergic symptoms following the administration of prebiotics, there was not sufficient evidence to establish that such treatment is effective for the prevention of allergies in children.
The Use of ROC Analysis for the Qualitative Prediction of Human Oral Bioavailability from Animal Data
Authors: Olivares-Morales Andrés , Hatley Oliver J. D. , Turner David , Galetin Aleksandra , Aarons Leon , Rostami-Hodjegan Amin 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Purpose
To develop and evaluate a tool for the qualitative prediction of human oral bioavailability (Fhuman) from animal oral bioavailability (Fanimal) data employing ROC analysis and to identify the optimal thresholds for such predictions.

Methods
A dataset of 184 compounds with known Fhuman and Fanimal in at least one species (mouse, rat, dog and non-human primates (NHP)) was employed. A binary classification model for Fhuman was built by setting a threshold for high/low Fhuman at 50%. The thresholds for high/low Fanimal were varied from 0 to 100 to generate the ROC curves. Optimal thresholds were derived from ‘cost analysis’ and the outcomes with respect to false negative and false positive predictions were analyzed against the BDDCS class distributions.

Results
We successfully built ROC curves for the combined dataset and per individual species. Optimal Fanimal thresholds were found to be 67% (mouse), 22% (rat), 58% (dog), 35% (NHP) and 47% (combined dataset). No significant trends were observed when sub-categorizing the outcomes by the BDDCS.

Conclusions
Fanimal can predict high/low Fhuman with adequate sensitivity and specificity. This methodology and associated thresholds can be employed as part of decisions related to planning necessary studies during development of new drug candidates and lead selection.
Affective dimensions as a diagnostic tool for bipolar disorder in first psychotic episodes
Authors: Arrasate M. , González-Ortega I. , Alberich S. , Gutierrez M. , Martínez-Cengotitabengoa M. , Mosquera F. , Cruz N. , González-Torres M.A. , Henry C. , González-Pinto A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the predictive diagnostic value of affective symptomatology in a first-episode psychosis (FEP) sample with 5 years’ follow-up.MethodAffective dimensions (depressive, manic, activation, dysphoric) were measured at baseline and 5 years in 112 FEP patients based on a factor structure analysis using the Young Mania Rating Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Patients were classified as having a diagnosis of bipolar disorder at baseline (BDi), bipolar disorder at 5 years (BDf), or “other psychosis”. The ability of affective dimensions to discriminate between these diagnostic groups and to predict a bipolar disorder diagnosis was analysed.ResultsManic dimension score was higher in BDi vs. BDf, and both groups had higher manic and activation scores vs. “other psychosis”. Activation dimension predicted a bipolar diagnosis at 5 years (odds ratio = 1.383; 95% confidence interval, 1.205–1.587; P = 0.000), and showed high levels of sensitivity (86.2%), specificity (71.7%), positive (57.8%) and negative predictive value (90.5%). Absence of the manic dimension and presence of the depressive dimension were both significant predictors of an early misdiagnosis.ConclusionThe activation dimension is a diagnostic predictor for bipolar disorder in FEP. The manic dimension contributes to a bipolar diagnosis and its absence can lead to early misdiagnosis.
Differential expression of human placental neurotrophic factors in preterm and term deliveries
Authors: Dhobale Madhavi V. , Pisal Hemlata R. , Mehendale Savita S. , Joshi Sadhana R. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractNeurotrophic factors such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) are involved in development of the placenta and fetal brain. A series of human and animal studies in our department have shown that micronutrients (folic acid, vitamin B12) and omega 3 fatty acids like DHA are all interlinked in the one carbon cycle. Any alterations in one carbon components will lead to changes in methylation patterns that further affect the gene expression at critical periods of development resulting in complications during pregnancy. This may further contribute to risk for neurodevelopmental disorders in children born preterm. Therefore this study for the first time examines the mRNA levels from preterm and term placentae. A total number of 38 women delivering preterm (<37 weeks gestation) and 37 women delivering at term (=>37 weeks gestation) were recruited. The mRNA levels of BDNF and NGF were analyzed by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our results indicate that BDNF and NGF mRNA levels were lower in preterm group as compared to term group. There was a positive association of placental BDNF and NGF mRNA levels with cord plasma BDNF and NGF levels. The differential expression of BDNF and NGF gene in preterm placentae may also alter the vascular development in preterm deliveries. Our data suggests that the reduced mRNA levels of BDNF and NGF may possibly be a result of altered epigenetic mechanisms and may have an implication for altered fetal programming in children born preterm.
Interplay of magmatism, sedimentation, and collision processes in the Siberian craton and the flanking orogens
Authors: Dobretsov N.L. , Buslov M.M. , De Grave J. , Sklyarov E.V. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The interplay of geodynamic and sedimentation processes in the Central Asian orogen and the Siberian craton is discussed in several aspects: (i) general tectonics of the Central Asian orogen, (ii) correlation of deposition and collision events, (iii) deposition history and sediment sources on the northern and eastern margins of the Siberian craton, compared, and (iv) history of the Central Asian orogen (Altaids) and formation of Early Mesozoic sedimentary basins.
Chemical and isotope compositions and geochronology of Neoproterozoic–Paleozoic sedimentary sequences indicate deposition synchronicity in basins of different types, within both the craton and the orogen. Thus geodynamic models of deposition in separate basins provide reliable evidence of the history of orogens flanking the Siberian craton.
The study has confirmed the existence of the Vendian–Early Paleozoic Charysh–Terekta–Ulagan–Sayan–Olkhon strike-slip suture between the continental-margin complexes of Siberia and Kazakhstan, with the crust of juvenile and mixed types, respectively. Late Paleozoic large-scale strike-slip faulting deformed the previous tectonic framework and caused tectonic mixing of the older structures on different margins. This superposed deformation makes it difficult to decipher the paleogeography, paleotectonics, and paleogeodynamics of the Central Asian orogen.
Early evolution of the Paleoasian ocean: LA-ICP-MS dating of detrital zircon from Late Precambrian sequences of the southern margin of the Siberian craton
Authors: Gladkochub D.P. , Stanevich A.M. , Mazukabzov A.M. , Donskaya T.V. , Pisarevsky S.A. , Nicoll G. , Motova Z.L. , Kornilova T.A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
We present U–Pb (LA-ICP-MS) data on detrital zircon from the Late Precambrian terrigenous rocks of the Baikal Group and Ushakovka Formation, western Cisbaikalia (southern flank of the Siberian craton). The sources of clastic material for the studied sediments are interpreted. The youngest group of detrital zircon grains from the upper Baikal Group and Ushakovka Formation permits assigning these sediments to the Vendian. The lack of Mesoproterozoic detrital zircon in most of the analyzed samples confirms the hypothesis of a global (~1 Gyr) break in endogenic activity within the southern flank of the Siberian craton through the Precambrian. The abundance of Neoproterozoic zircon in sandstones from the upper horizons of the Baikal Group and the Ushakovka Formation might be due to the shrinkage of the ocean basin as a result of the convergence of the craton with the microcontinents and island arcs within the Paleoasian ocean.
The Vendian passive continental margin in the southern Siberian Craton: geochemical and isotopic (Sr, Sm–Nd) evidence and U–Pb dating of detrital zircons by the LA-ICP-MS method
Authors: Letnikova E.F. , Kuznetsov A.B. , Vishnevskaya I.A. , Veshcheva S.V. , Proshenkin A.I. , Geng H. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Geochemical and isotopic (Sm–Nd and Sr) studies of deposits of the Baikal and Oselok Groups in the southern Siberian Craton and LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of detrital zircons show that they accumulated in passive continental-margin settings in the Vendian. The time limits of sedimentation were assessed on the basis of Sr chemostratigraphy of carbonate deposits of the Baikal Group and LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of detrital zircons in first-cycle terrigenous deposits of the Oselok Group. The main provenances for rocks of these groups were constant. These were rocks of the cover and basement of the Siberian Craton. Tuffite horizons in upper portions of the groups are the only sign of Late Vendian activation of this block, which is reflected in changes of geochemical indices of terrigenous rocks and their younger Sm–Nd model ages.
Late Quaternary fluvial terraces near the Daocheng Ice Cap, eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Xu Liubing , Zhou Shangzhe 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe timing of terrace formation relative to the glacial–interglacial cycle and what factors control that timing, such as changes in climate and/or uplift, are controversial. Here we present a study of the terraces along the Yazheku River using electron spin resonance (ESR) dating and analysis of the sedimentary characteristics in order to establish the timing of terrace formation and to assess the forcing mechanisms that have been proposed. The Yazheku River flows in glacial trough leading from the Haizi Shan, on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The range was uplifted during the Quaternary and repeatedly glaciated by ice caps. The four highest major terraces (T5, T4, T3, and T2) are the result of both climatic and tectonic influences. Strath terraces T5–T2 were created during Haizi Shan glacial expansions during MIS 16, 12, 6 and 3–4, respectively. The major aggradation phases of the four terraces occurred during the deglaciations at the ends of MIS 16, 12, 6, and 2. Down-cutting, which led to the generation of the four terraces, immediately followed the deposition of the T5–T2 gravel units. These incisions occurred during the transitions between MIS 16–15, MIS 12–11, MIS 6–5, and MIS 2–1.
Influence of aspect ratio on tumbling plates
Authors: Wang W. B. , Hu R. F. , Xu S. J. , Wu Z. N. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe tumbling motion of freely falling plates with aspect ratio ranging from 2 to 10 is studied using both experimental measurement and simplified lifting line theory. The trajectories of plates are recorded by high-speed video camera and analysed to obtain instantaneous and average kinematic and aerodynamic parameters, including the descent angle, rotating speed, descent velocities, lift and drag coefficients, and their fluctuation spectrums. A double period rotation with period doubling is observed here for some range of aspect ratio and the double frequency is determined from a Fourier analysis. By adding a correction from the inducing effect of trailing vortices and wing-tip vortices to the corresponding two-dimensional force and torque expressions, a simplified kinematic model is obtained which successfully predicts the qualitative influence of aspect ratio on the averaged kinematics, that the descent angle and the vertical descent velocity component are decreasing functions of the aspect ratio, while the rotation speed and horizontal velocity component are increasing functions of the aspect ratio. For decreasing aspect ratio, the induced drag due to the trailing and tip vortices reduces the lift to drag ratio and thus increases the descent angle, while the dissipative torque due to translational induced drag decreases the rotation speed.
Decrease in the incidence of culture-positive meningitis and cerebral tuberculomas in France from 1990 to 2007
Authors: BUI T. V. , MEYSSONNIER V. , BOELLE P. Y. , CHE D. , ANTOINE D. , JARLIER V. , ROBERT J. 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYWe evaluated the incidence rate of culture-positive central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS TB) in France in 2007 and its time trend between 1990 and 2007. We used a capture–recapture analysis by using data recorded in 2007 by the mandatory notification system and the national network of the National Reference Centre (NRC). The 2007 sensitivity of the NRC was 79·4%. The previous sensitivity for 2000 (75·6%) and that for 2007 yielded a pooled estimate of 77·4% (95% confidence interval 64·8–88·0), which was used to extrapolate the number of culture-positive CNS TB cases from those reported in four surveys (1990, 1995, 2000, 2007). The extrapolated number of culture-positive CNS TB cases fell from 90 to 35 between 1990 and 2007, and the extrapolated incidence rates fell from 1·6 to 0·55 cases/million (P < 0·001). This favourable trend should be closely monitored following the change of the BCG vaccination policy in 2007.
Response to farmer mass selection in early generation progeny of bread wheat landrace crosses
Authors: Rivière Pierre , Goldringer Isabelle , Berthellot Jean-François , Galic Nathalie , Pin Sophie , De Kochko Patrick , Dawson Julie C. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA participatory plant breeding (PPB) program involving the French farmers' association ‘Réseau Semences Paysannes’ and the French National Agricultural Research Institute (INRA) at Le Moulon was initiated in 2005. In the process of designing the breeding scheme, we evaluated the impact of farmer selection at an early stage (F2) on bread wheat cross progeny populations. The objectives were to characterize the effect of farmer selection, to evaluate the impact of farmer selection on intra-varietal diversity, to provide farmers with relevant information that they can use to improve their selection practices. Early selection was found efficient for some traits and for some of the 35 F2-derived F3 families. For traits of interest such as thousand kernel weight or grain weight per spike, when the response was significant, it was always positive. For most of the traits studied, the among-family genetic variance increased after selection while the average within-family genetic variance decreased. This study provides the first quantitative results for this PPB program and information that will help optimize it in the future.