bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capillary Endothelial Fatty Acid Binding Proteins 4 and 5 Play a Critical Role in Fatty Acid Uptake in Heart and Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Iso Tatsuya , Maeda Kazuhisa , Hanaoka Hirofumi , Suga Toshihiro , Goto Kosaku , Syamsunarno Mas Rizky A.A , Hishiki Takako , Nagahata Yoshiko , Matsui Hiroki , Arai Masashi , Yamaguchi Aiko , Abumrad Nada A. , Sano Motoaki , Suematsu Makoto , Endo Keigo , Hotamisligil Gökhan S. , Kurabayashi Masahiko 
Published: August 2013

Objective—
Fatty acids (FAs) are the major substrate for energy production in the heart. Here, we hypothesize that capillary endothelial fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and FABP5 play an important role in providing sufficient FAs to the myocardium.

Approach and Results—

Both FABP4/5 were abundantly expressed in capillary endothelium in the heart and skeletal muscle. The uptake of a FA analogue, 125I-15-(
p
-iodophenyl)-3-(R,S)-methyl pentadecanoic acid, was significantly reduced in these tissues in double-knockout (DKO) mice for FABP4/5 compared with wild-type mice. In contrast, the uptake of a glucose analogue, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, was remarkably increased in DKO mice. The expression of transcripts for the oxidative catabolism of FAs was reduced during fasting, whereas transcripts for the glycolytic pathway were not altered in DKO hearts. Notably, metabolome analysis revealed that phosphocreatine and ADP levels were significantly lower in DKO hearts, whereas ATP content was kept at a normal level. The protein expression levels of the glucose transporter Glut4 and the phosphorylated form of phosphofructokinase-2 were increased in DKO hearts, whereas the phosphorylation of insulin receptor-β and Akt was comparable between wild-type and DKO hearts during fasting, suggesting that a dramatic increase in glucose usage during fasting is insulin independent and is at least partly attributed to the post-transcriptional and allosteric regulation of key proteins that regulate glucose uptake and glycolysis.

Conclusions—
Capillary endothelial FABP4/5 are required for FA transport into FA-consuming tissues that include the heart. These findings identify FABP4/5 as promising targets for controlling the metabolism of energy substrates in FA-consuming organs that have muscle-type continuous capillary.
Saturated Fatty Acid Palmitate Aggravates Neointima Formation by Promoting Smooth Muscle Phenotypic Modulation
Authors: Shen Hua , Eguchi Kosei , Kono Nozomu , Fujiu Katsuhito , Matsumoto Sahohime , Shibata Munehiko , Oishi-Tanaka Yumiko , Komuro Issei , Arai Hiroyuki , Nagai Ryozo , Manabe Ichiro 
Published: August 2013

Objective—
Obesity is a major risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Circulating free fatty acid levels are known to be elevated in obese individuals and, along with dietary saturated fatty acids, are known to associate with cardiovascular events. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which free fatty acids are linked to cardiovascular disease.

Approach and Results—

We found that administration of palmitate, a major saturated free fatty acid, to mice markedly aggravated neointima formation induced by carotid artery ligation and that the neointima primarily consisted of phenotypically modulated smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In cultured SMCs, palmitate-induced phenotypic modulation was characterized by downregulation of SMC differentiation markers, such as SM α-actin and SM-myosin heavy chain, and upregulation of mediators involved in inflammation and remodeling of the vessel wall, such as platelet-derived growth factor B and matrix metalloproteinases. We also found that palmitate induced the expression of proinflammatory genes via a novel toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation primary response 88/nuclear factor-κB/NADPH oxidase 1/reactive oxygen species signaling pathway: nuclear factor-κB was activated by palmitate via toll-like receptor 4 and its adapter, MyD88, and once active, it transactivated
Nox1
, encoding NADPH oxidase 1, a major reactive oxygen species generator in SMCs. Pharmacological inhibition and small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of the components of this signaling pathway mitigated the palmitate-induced upregulation of proinflammatory genes. More importantly,
Myd88
knockout mice were resistant to palmitate-induced exacerbation of neointima formation.

Conclusions—
Palmitate seems to promote neointima formation by inducing inflammatory phenotypes in SMCs.
Expansion of the NKG2C+ Natural Killer–Cell Subset Is Associated With High-Risk Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques in Seropositive Patients for Human Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Martínez-Rodríguez Jose Enrique , Munné-Collado Jessica , Rasal Raquel , Cuadrado Elisa , Roig Luis , Ois Angel , Muntasell Aura , Baro Teresa , Alameda Francesc , Roquer Jaume , López-Botet Miguel 
Published: August 2013

Objective—
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a pathogen involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, promotes in some individuals a marked reconfiguration of the natural killer (NK)–cell compartment whose hallmark is a persistent expansion of a peripheral blood NK-cell subset expressing the CD94/NKG2C NK receptor. We aimed to evaluate whether the HCMV-associated NK-cell compartment reconfiguration is related to carotid atherosclerotic plaque (CAP) instability.

Approach and Results—

NK receptor expression (ie, LILRB1, NKG2A, NKG2C, and killer immunoglobulin-like receptors [KIR]) by peripheral NK and T cells was evaluated in 40 patients with HCMV+ with CAP, including nonatherosclerotic strokes (n=15) and healthy subjects (n=11) as controls. High-risk CAP (n=16), defined as carotid stenosis >50% with ipsilateral neurological symptomatology in the previous 180 days, compared with non–high-risk CAP had higher %NKG2C+ NK cells (29.5±22.4% versus 16.3±13.2%;
P
=0.026; odds ratio, 1.053; 95% confidence interval, 1.002–1.106;
P
=0.042), with a corresponding reduction in the NKG2A+ NK subset (31.7±17.8% versus 41.8±15.8%;
P
=0.072). The proportions of NKG2C+ NK cells in high-risk CAP were inversely correlated with the CD4+/CD8+ ratio (
R
Spearman
=−0.629;
P
=0.009) and directly with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (
R
Pearson
=0.591;
P
=0.012), consistent with higher subclinical systemic inflammation. The intraplaque inflammatory infiltrate, evaluated in 27 CAP obtained after endarterectomy, showed a higher presence of subintimal CD3+ lymphocytes in those patients with HCMV-induced changes in the peripheral NK- and T-cell compartments.

Conclusions—
The expansion of NKG2C+ NK cells in patients with CAP seems to be associated with an increased risk of plaque destabilization in some patients with chronic HCMV infection.
Smoking as a Risk Factor for Stroke in Women Compared With Men
Authors: Peters Sanne A.E. , Huxley Rachel R. , Woodward Mark 
Published: August 2013

Background and Purpose—
It is currently unknown whether the excess risk of stroke by smoking is the same for women and men. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the effect of smoking on stroke in women compared with men.

Methods—
PubMed MEDLINE was systematically searched for prospective population-based cohort studies published between January 1, 1966, and January 26, 2013. Studies that presented sex-specific estimates of the relative risk of stroke comparing current smoking with nonsmoking and its associated variability were selected. The sex-specific relative risks and their ratio (RRR), comparing women with men, were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis with inverse variance weighting. Similarly, the RRR for former versus never smoking was pooled.

Results—
Data from 81 prospective cohort studies that included 3 980 359 individuals and 42 401 strokes were available. Smoking was an independent risk factor for stroke in both sexes. Overall, the pooled multiple-adjusted RRR indicated a similar risk of stroke associated with smoking in women compared with men (RRR, 1.06 [95% confidence interval, 0.99–1.13]). In a regional analysis, there was evidence of a more harmful effect of smoking in women than in men in Western (RRR, 1.10 [1.02–1.18)] but not in Asian (RRR, 0.97 [0.87–1.09]) populations. Compared with never-smokers, the beneficial effects of quitting smoking among former smokers on stroke risk were similar between the sexes (RRR, 1.10 [0.99–1.22]).

Conclusions—
Compared with nonsmokers, the excess risk of stroke is at least as great among women who smoke compared with men who smoke.
The Impact of Recent Heat Waves on Human Health in California
Authors: Guirguis Kristen , Gershunov Alexander , Tardy Alexander , Basu Rupa 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis study examines the health impacts of recent heat waves statewide and for six subregions of California: the north and south coasts, the Central Valley, the Mojave Desert, southern deserts, and northern forests. By using canonical correlation analysis applied to daily maximum temperatures and morbidity data in the form of unscheduled hospitalizations from 1999 to 2009, 19 heat waves spanning 3–15 days in duration that had a significant impact on health were identified. On average, hospital admissions were found to increase by 7% on the peak heat-wave day, with a significant impact seen for several disease categories, including cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, dehydration, acute renal failure, heat illness, and mental health. Statewide, there were 11 000 excess hospitalizations that were due to extreme heat over the period, yet the majority of impactful events were not accompanied by a heat advisory or warning from the National Weather Service. On a regional basis, the strongest health impacts are seen in the Central Valley and the north and south coasts. The north coast contributes disproportionately to the statewide health impact during heat waves, with a 10.5% increase in daily morbidity at heat-wave peak as compared with 8.1% for the Central Valley and 5.6% for the south coast. The temperature threshold at which an impact is seen varies by subregion and timing within the season. These results suggest that heat-warning criteria should consider local percentile thresholds to account for acclimation to local climatological conditions as well as the seasonal timing of a forecast heat wave.
Fast and Slow Responses to Global Warming: Sea Surface Temperature and Precipitation Patterns
Authors: Long Shang-Min , Xie Shang-Ping , Zheng Xiao-Tong , Liu Qinyu 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The time-dependent response of sea surface temperature (SST) to global warming and the associated atmospheric changes are investigated based on a 1% yr−1 CO2 increase to the quadrupling experiment of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model, version 2.1. The SST response consists of a fast component, for which the ocean mixed layer is in quasi equilibrium with the radiative forcing, and a slow component owing to the gradual warming of the deeper ocean in and beneath the thermocline. A diagnostic method is proposed to isolate spatial patterns of the fast and slow responses. The deep ocean warming retards the surface warming in the fast response but turns into a forcing for the slow response. As a result, the fast and slow responses are nearly opposite to each other in spatial pattern, especially over the subpolar North Atlantic/Southern Ocean regions of the deep-water/bottom-water formation, and in the interhemispheric SST gradient between the southern and northern subtropics. Wind–evaporation–SST feedback is an additional mechanism for the SST pattern formation in the tropics. Analyses of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) multimodel ensemble of global warming simulations confirm the validity of the diagnostic method that separates the fast and slow responses. Tropical annual rainfall change follows the SST warming pattern in both the fast and slow responses in CMIP5, increasing where the SST increase exceeds the tropical mean warming.
Alternative Payment Models and Academy Advocacy
Authors: Setzen Michael , Denneny James C. , Waguespack Richard W. , Koopmann Charles F. , Lorenz Robert R. , Boss Emily F. , Lafreniere Denis C. 
Published: August 2013

Program Description:The physician payment landscape is changing as quality measures become more intertwined with payment. This miniseminar outlines the efforts of the Physician Payment Policy Work Group (3P) to prepare members for the implementation of the Affordable Care Act by giving them the tools to participate in diverse payment systems. Topics include public and private payment models including accountable care organizations (ACOs), bundling, and the importance of measures in the future of quality and payment initiatives. Presenters will discuss strategies including how resources such as Clinical Indicators and Policy Statements are used to advocate for appropriate policies by health insurance companies for coverage of services.Educational Objectives:1) Comprehend future healthcare reform initiatives, new payment models, and Academy efforts to prepare members for changes to how they will receive payment for services. 2) Recognize the measure sets we have formally developed in otolaryngology (sinusitis, otitis externa/otitis media) and how many providers can and will apply these measures to practice. 3) Be aware of Academy strategies for interaction with public and private payers and effective membership involvement.
Reconstruction of MOHS Defects
Authors: Jordan James R. , Wayne Ivan , Lazor John B. 
Published: August 2013

Program Description:Mohs defects are a common reconstructive challenge for head and neck surgeons. This panel will present a variety of options for reconstruction of defects based on the location and size of the defect. Extensive use of images will enhance the presentations.Educational Objectives:1) Compare the various options for reconstruction of Mohs defects based on location. 2) Compare the various options for reconstruction of Mohs defects based on size. 3) Avoid pitfalls in reconstruction of Mohs defects.
Challenging Cough Cases: A New Frontier in Otolaryngology
Authors: Altman Kenneth W. , Krouse John H. , Luong Amber U. , Carroll Thomas L. , Merati Albert L. 
Published: August 2013

Program Description:Otolaryngologists are playing an increasingly important role in the evaluation and treatment of patients with chronic cough. This miniseminar will involve the use of challenging case presentations, panel discussion, and audience participation to emphasize evidence‐based practice and the “state‐of‐the‐art” for patients with chronic cough. Controversial areas will include the concept of prioritization and use of evidence‐based protocols, the importance of early diagnosis in value‐based healthcare, and basic science mechanisms for inter‐relatedness of aerodigestive disease. Also, the costs of care, time to diagnosis and resolution, and underlying risks to the patient will be addressed.Educational Objectives:1) Use evidence‐based treatment guidelines in the evaluation and treatment of chronic cough. 2) Recite the spectrum of common and uncommon causes with an appreciation of the basic science mechanisms. 3) Evaluate these complex patients, perform a procedure‐oriented evaluation, and prescribe appropriate pharmacotherapy at their home institution.
Clinical Practice Guideline: Bell's Palsy
Authors: Baugh Reginald F. , Basura Gregory J. , Ishii Lisa , Schwartz Seth R. 
Published: August 2013

Program Description:This miniseminar will consist of a lively panel discussion on the evidence‐based recommendations for the treatment and management of Bell's palsy as outlined in the recently published AAO‐HNS Clinical Practice Guideline. The guideline seeks to improve the quality of and reduce variation in the care Bell's palsy patients receive. The panel will present the key action statements that address patient presentation, history, and physical examination; laboratory testing; electrodiagnostic testing; diagnostic imaging; surgical decompression; oral steroids and antiviral therapy; and patient follow‐up. Case studies will also be presented to illustrate the application of the evidence‐based recommendations in clinical practice.Educational Objectives:1) Decrease harmful variation in care for Bell's palsy patients. 2) Improve the quality of care and outcomes for Bell's palsy patients. 3) Practice accurate and efficient diagnosis of Bell's palsy, and when applicable, increase the use of appropriate counseling and rehabilitative options for patients.
Cutaneous Carcinoma: Beyond Mohs Surgery
Authors: Renner Gregory J. , Weber Randal S. , Yom Sue , Schmalbach Cecelia E. , Migden Michael , Golda Nicholas 
Published: August 2013

Program Description:This miniseminar is intended to be a discussion of how best to manage patients with cutaneous carcinomas with aggressive growth features, with local invasion and metastasis that may not be controlled with either traditional extirpative surgery or Mohs micrographic resection. This presentation will be primarily focused on issues related to aggressive growth situations with basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, particularly those with perineural invasion. How far to go with extirpative surgery versus considerations for other treatments will be discussed.Educational Objectives:1) Recognize cutaneous carcinomas with aggressive growth features, including best tumor mapping and staging. 2) Interpret available treatment strategies when confronted with cutaneous carcinomas that are not likely to be controlled with surgical extirpation alone. 3) Define current concepts with use of targeted medical therapies in the treatment of advanced and metastatic cutaneous carcinomas.
Global Health 2013: Academy around the World
Authors: Randolph Gregory W. , Baek Chung‐Hwan , Benghalem Abdel‐Hamid , Chongkolwatana Cheerasook , Nassir Thana H. , Kameswaran Mohan 
Published: August 2013

Program Description:This international symposium will focus on the Academy's international relations and activities in a variety of key regions around the globe. President James L. Netterville, MD, will welcome the audience, and president‐elect Richard Waguespack, MD, and International Coordinator‐elect James E. Saunders, MD, will describe their vision for enhanced international collaboration. The AAO‐HNSF Regional Advisors for the Caribbean, Central America, Francophone Africa, the Middle East, and South Korea, as well as the Development Coordinator and Advisors for Young Professionals and Women Otolaryngologists, will introduce eminent speakers to describe the state of otolaryngology in these regions and subject areas, including socioeconomic and workforce issues.Educational Objectives:1) Recognize the myriad ways the Academy interacts with otolaryngology communities in different regions. 2) Consider the opportunities for collaboration in scientific exchange, research, fellowships, and observerships. 3) Articulate the Academy's resources available to members, subscribers, meeting attendees, and web visitors.
High‐Anxiety Head and Neck Trauma Cases: Lessons Learned
Authors: Brennan Joseph A. , Barrera Jose E. , Sniezek Joseph C. , Klem Christopher , Holt G. Richard , Donald Paul J. 
Published: August 2013

Program Description:The management of head and neck trauma patients is challenging, and critically important trauma lessons have been learned in Iraq, Afghanistan, and busy U.S. trauma centers. These lessons learned are relevant to all otolaryngologists who may be faced with such challenges resulting from trauma to the airway, the neck, and the craniofacial skeleton. High‐anxiety head and neck trauma cases will be presented, and the audience will use an interactive format to generate discussion on the best treatment options. The goal is to review the trauma pearls learned in the combat zone and in busy U.S. trauma centers.Educational Objectives:1) Apply the lessons learned with the head and neck trauma surgery performed in Iraq, Afghanistan, and busy U.S. trauma centers. 2) Implement trauma surgery pearls dealing with the traumatic airway, penetrating neck trauma, and fractures of the craniofacial skeleton. 3) Select the safest and most effective treatment option for challenging head and neck trauma cases presented to the audience.
Integrative Approach to Atypical Facial Pain and Headache
Authors: Wang Marilene B. , Senior Brent A. , Nguyen Chau T. , Taw Malcolm B. 
Published: August 2013

Program Description:The otolaryngologist may frequently deal with patients who present with atypical facial pain and headache, with no obvious anatomic, infectious, or inflammatory etiology. Such patients are challenging and require a multidisciplinary approach for diagnosis and treatment. In this miniseminar, we will review the definition, differential diagnosis, workup, and treatment recommendations for patients with atypical facial pain and headache. An integrative approach to the management of atypical facial pain will be outlined, including role for surgery, pharmacotherapy, complementary/alternative methods, mind‐body approaches, and lifestyle changes. Challenging cases will be presented to the panel of experts for discussion.Educational Objectives:1) Define atypical facial pain based on the International Headache Society's classification. Other diagnoses, including cranial neuralgias, optic neuritis, and temporomandibular joint must be ruled out. 2) Recognize the etiology of rhinogenic headache and discuss the workup, controversies, and recommended treatment options. 3) Apply integrative approaches to treatment of atypical facial pain, including pharmacotherapy, role for surgery, complementary/alternative methods, mind‐body approaches, and lifestyle changes.
Off‐Label Uses of Drugs and Technology: What's the Stigma?
Authors: Zur Karen B. , Derkay Craig S. , Handler Steven D. , O'Malley Bert W. , Rutter Michael J. 
Published: August 2013

Program Description:The practice of otolaryngology is rapidly evolving with new technologies and pharmaceuticals introduced into use at an exponential rate. While most new interventions are Food and Drug Administration approved, some rely on their success in other fields of medicine and are applied into our field as experimental or are used in good faith with anecdotal benefits. The purpose of this multi‐expert panel is to share the ethical considerations and controversies of such tools, with a special emphasis on the pathway for approval by the hospital as well as credentialing, off‐label use of injectables and topical medications, and application of robotics in otolaryngology.Educational Objectives:1) Describe the process of introducing off‐label medications, devices, and technologies into everyday practice. 2) List some commonly used topical and injectable medications and their off‐label use in the various fields of otolaryngology. 3) Recognize the limitations that are inherent to the introduction of such innovations.
Locally Advanced Laryngeal Cancer
Authors: Myers Eugene N. , Cernea Claudio R. , Walder Fernando , Olsen Kerry D. , Dias Fernando L. , Lima Roberto A. , Dedivitis Rogerio A. 
Published: August 2013

Program Description:This miniseminar is designed to update general otolaryngologists on cutting edge advances in advanced laryngeal cancer.Educational Objectives:1) Improve knowledge of the treatment principles of advanced laryngeal cancer. 2) Surgical organ preservation treatment for advanced laryngeal cancer, including robotic surgery. 3) Post‐treatment functional outcomes.