bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing Sustainable Development in the Arctic: What Principles Should Guide Environmental Governance in Traditional Areas of Indigenous Peoples Facing the Impacts of Climate Change
Authors: Craig Donna 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The social and human rights implications of climate change, adaptation and mitigation have received relatively little attention. Yet the human costs of climate change directly threaten fundamental human rights. Equity issues also arise in the climate change context because of its disproportionate impact on already vulnerable people, Indigenous peoples and communities. This article commences with a review of human rights and sustainable development in the specific context of the rights of Indigenous Peoples. It does not undertake a comprehensive study of all aspects of Indigenous environmental governance in the Arctic. Rather, it seeks to explore the wider principles and international standards that are potentially applicable to the social and human rights dimensions of sustainable development in the Arctic in the context of the impacts of climate change.
Protecting Antarctica from Non-Native Species: The Imperatives and the Impediments
Authors: Potter Sandra 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The introduction of non-native species and disease into the Antarctic environment has long been recognised as a matter of concern within the Antarctic Treaty System. Yet the system’s forums have little-considered the policy implications and the practical means of addressing the issue – suggesting there is merit in revisiting the protection imperative as it exists for Antarctica, and in exploring the impediments to advancing the region’s biosecurity. Factors bearing on action taken to minimise introductions include the perspectives held as to where the introduction threats and management priorities lie, parties’ differing interpretations of the practical obligations arising from the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, the complexity of program operations coupled with the dictates of logistical expediency, the projected costs of implementing precautionary protection measures, the commitment of individuals to implementing quarantine procedures, and the realisation that no system can provide complete protection. Notwithstanding such issues, in May 2008, Australia, China, India, Romania and the Russian Federation jointly agreed upon a suite of measures aimed at minimising introductions to the Larsemann Hills, Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, where they all have operational bases. It is hoped that the development of this first multilateral Antarctic biosecurity initiative will prompt other parties to actively engage on determining the best means of providing Antarctica with an appropriate level of protection.
A Bird’s-Eye View of Arctic Governance: Reflecting on the Role of International Law in Arctic Cooperation from a Bird Conservation Perspective
Authors: Trouwborst Arie 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This article discusses the role of international law in environmental governance in the Arctic. It does so from the perspective of bird conservation. Challenges in the latter field are introduced, including the impact of climate change on Arctic bird habitats and the incidental mortality of seabirds in Arctic fisheries. The ability of the current international legal framework in the Arctic to meet these challenges is scrutinised, and future scenarios for its enhancement are explored, including the conclusion of (a) new legally binding agreement(s). Five species receive particular attention as part of this exercise: gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea), spoon-billed sandpiper (Eurynorhynchus pygmeus), Kittlitz’s murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) and Brünnich’s guillemot (Uria lomvia). Special attention is also devoted to the issue of seabird bycatch.
Arctic Fisheries Conservation and Management: Initial Steps of Reform of the International Legal Framework
Authors: Molenaar E.J. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The dramatic impacts that global climate change are expected to have in the future also extend to Arctic marine capture fisheries. Arctic marine ecosystems will change in various ways and this is among other things likely to create new or expanded fishing opportunities. This article assesses the adequacy of the current international legal and policy framework for Arctic fisheries conservation and management – both substantively and institutionally – in responding to the likely and potential impacts that such new or expanded fishing opportunities could have on target and nontarget species, the broader marine ecosystem and the livelihoods of indigenous peoples. The overview of the international legal and policy framework that is offered in this article is followed by the identification of gaps in this framework and in national regulation, and of options for addressing them. These options include increased efforts in the sphere of research and data gathering, bilateral fisheries management arrangements between Arctic Ocean coastal states, a declaration on new and existing fisheries in the Arctic Ocean and a state-of-the-art regional fisheries management organisation (RFMO) or Arrangement. Finally, some observations are made on integrated, cross-sectoral ecosystem-based oceans management.
Do the Continental Shelf Developments Challenge the Polar Regimes?
Authors: Koivurova Timo 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The article will provide a study of the continental shelf submissions that have been made in the polar regions and an evaluation as to whether these pose a challenge to the two polar regimes: the Arctic Council and the Antarctic Treaty System. This will be done by comparing these regimes, examining the development of the law of the sea as regards seabed rights and studying what sort of challenge the polar regimes face from the continental shelf activity in both polar regions and how serious that challenge is. Conclusions are finally drawn as to what types of effects may ensue for the polar regimes from the continental shelf submissions by various states.
Reactions and Overreactions to the Russian Flag on the Seabed at the North Pole
Authors: Serdy Andrew 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Despite alarmist media reports and rhetoric from some who should know better, there is no cause for concern about Russian activities on the Arctic seabed. While the melting Arctic Ocean ice cover will have profound consequences for navigation, there is no reason for the resources regime of the continental shelf (including the part beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines) to be affected, and whatever happens on the seabed will have no effect on sovereignty over the land. The gimmickry of the flag-planting aside, most of the criticism of Russian activities incorrectly assumes they depart from the established international legal framework. In fact they are a good example of compliance with the framework that will have the beneficial effect of contributing to legal certainty about jurisdictional boundaries. Under the rules in Article 76 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea for establishing the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, Russia and other coastal States are not making “claims” but merely technical submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on where the outer limits of their shelves run. The geological circumstances of the Lomonossov Ridge traversing the North Pole may well support the enclosure of at least part of it within Russia’s continental shelf, and possibly the same would apply to a submission by Denmark from the other (Greenland) end of the Ridge, which it has until 2014 to make. In practice, the distance of the central Arctic Ocean from markets, extreme conditions and high extraction costs make hydrocarbon exploitation there unlikely even at the high oil prices of mid-2008.
The Barents Sea 2010 Norway-Russia Border: The Triumph of the Negotiation Principle at the Expense of the Median- and Sector Line Pretentions
Authors: Ørebech Peter 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The delimitation line that after 40 years of negotiation (2010) marks the offshore border between Norway and Russia is resulting from longstanding talks according to the negotiation principle as manifest in UNCLOS (1982) Article 74 and 83. Beyond the territorial sea the function of the median (equidistance)- and the sector line is nothing but diplomatic pretensions at the negotiation table. This article illustrates the demise of the sector line as a delimitation principle of the law of the sea in the Barents Sea. The reference point of the outcome of the negotiation is not geodetic nor geographic physical points, but simply the “half way solution” between two politically based claims, the sector line (Russia) and the median line (Norway). This solution is not contradictory to court practice.
Material Talk: The Arctic Continental Shelf in the Law of the Sea Convention Discussion of the United States
Authors: Torssonen Sami 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The legal status of a large area of the Arctic seafloor is currently being redefined as the rapid melting of polar ice is enabling the exploitation and study of resource-rich underwater areas. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea contains legal rules for establishing exploitation rights to the newly accessible seafloor. The United States has not joined the Law of the Sea Convention but may be legally entitled to areas of the Arctic seafloor, which has caused an upsurge of political discussion among U.S. political elites. In this article, I examine the process by which Arctic seafloor and ice come to influence policy discussion in the United States. I highlight the way in which material policy influence can be treated as historical rather than monocausal by using new materialist theory.
The Colors of Sound: Poikilia and Its Aesthetic Contexts
Authors: LeVen Pauline A. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Poikilos and poikilia are, respectively, an adjective and a noun commonly used to describe characteristics of both visual and aural phenomena. But how do the two uses (as term of color and term of sound) relate to each other, and does poikilos metaphorically describe the “colors” of sounds? In examining the semantics and ideological connotations of poikilos and poikilia, as well as the contribution they make to an archaeology of the senses, this paper reflects on the connection between senses, language, experience and representation. It argues for a transformation, between the archaic and late classical period, in the way poikilos is used to qualify aspects of the musical experience. In archaic and early classical poetry, poikilos captures, rather than a specific feature of sound, a certain mode of relationship with an object, a rapt pleasure in the experience of the beauty of the object through all senses. Later uses of poikilos however, especially in connection with the New Music, rely on the (negative) ideological, rather than sensual, dimension of the term, while technical musical vocabulary adopts the metaphor of colors (chrōmata) to describe specific features of music and sound.
Dynamical Downscaling of Austral Summer Climate Forecasts over Southern Africa Using a Regional Coupled Model
Authors: Ratnam J. V. , Behera S. K. , Ratna S. B. , Rautenbach C. J. de W. , Lennard C. , Luo J.-J. , Masumoto Y. , Takahashi K. , Yamagata T. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The prediction skill of dynamical downscaling is evaluated for climate forecasts over southern Africa using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. As a case study, forecasts for the December–February (DJF) season of 2011/12 are evaluated. Initial and boundary conditions for the WRF model were taken from the seasonal forecasts of the Scale Interaction Experiment-Frontier Research Center for Global Change (SINTEX-F) coupled general circulation model. In addition to sea surface temperature (SST) forecasts generated by nine-member ensemble forecasts of SINTEX-F, the WRF was also configured to use SST generated by a simple mixed layer Price–Weller–Pinkel ocean model coupled to the WRF model. Analysis of the ensemble mean shows that the uncoupled WRF model significantly increases the biases (errors) in precipitation forecasted by SINTEX-F. When coupled to a simple mixed layer ocean model, the WRF model improves the spatial distribution of precipitation over southern Africa through a better representation of the moisture fluxes. Precipitation anomalies forecasted by the coupled WRF are seen to be significantly correlated with the observed precipitation anomalies over South Africa, Zimbabwe, southern Madagascar, and parts of Zambia and Angola. This is in contrast to the SINTEX-F global model precipitation anomaly forecasts that are closer to observations only for parts of Zimbabwe and South Africa. Therefore, the dynamical downscaling with the coupled WRF adds value to the SINTEX-F precipitation forecasts over southern Africa. However, the WRF model yields positive biases (&gt;2°C) in surface air temperature forecasts over the southern African landmass in both the coupled and uncoupled configurations because of biases in the net heat fluxes.
PAOLO ANTONIO ROLLI PRIMO TRADUTTORE DI MILTON UN POETA, EDITORE, POLEMISTA E MAESTRO D'ITALIANO NELL'INGHILTERRA DEL SETTECENTO
Authors: Alcini Laura 
Published: March 2013

Il saggio intende ricostruire la vicenda biografica e letteraria di Paolo Antonio Rolli, intellettuale eclettico nella Londra del secolo diciottesimo, a cui spetta il merito, scarsamente riconosciuto, di precursore e fautore degli scambi letterari tra Italia e Gran Bretagna. Per almeno trenta anni Rolli fu infatti uno dei più autorevoli rappresentanti della lingua e della cultura italiana a Londra, diventandone principale ambasciatore. Oltre al Rolli poeta arcade, librettista ed editore-filologo esiste anche un Rolli docente di lingua italiana la cui vocazione maieutica si esprime nell'intento, assolutamente moderno, di rendere più vicini il mondo letterario inglese e quello italiano. Egli si colloca d'altronde nella scia di quella corrente culturale che, già dal secolo XVII, aveva visto la lingua italiana diventare fulcro della formazione culturale anglosassone. Tendenza che in John Milton aveva trovato il suo più illustre rappresentante. L'attività di traduttore, dai classici e dai moderni, costituisce senza dubbio la parte fondamentale della produzione di Paolo Rolli, particolarmente intensa durante la permanenza inglese. Il più importante lavoro traduttivo rimane la versione italiana del Paradise Lost di J. Milton che impegnò il poeta per circa quindici anni. L'opera, pionieristica per l'epoca, rappresenta una pietra miliare della critica italiana in rapporto alla letteratura inglese.
SIERI RIGENERANTI E ALTRA FANTASCIENZA INGLESE IN UN RACCONTO DI ITALO SVEVO
Authors: Francone Graziana 
Published: March 2013

Several critics have argued that Italo Svevo's Lo specifico del dottor Menghi follows some well-known science fiction works, which were published in Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth century. This essay intends to discuss an unexplored influence of this literary genre on Svevo's short story, in particular the influence of Edward George Bulwer-Lytton's The Coming Race (1871), a work in which science fiction combines with utopian and esoteric ingredients. In spite of the ideological and stylistic differences between the two works, a comparative study shows that The Coming Race and Lo specifico del dottor Menghi share two basic themes: the manipulation of the body by means of serums and fluids in order to prolong life, and the potential evil resulting from these pseudo-scientific experimentations. In fact, on the one hand, these substances seem to be elixirs of life, since they enhance mental and physical activities and weaken the emotional sphere; on the other hand, they can produce degenerative effects, as they paralyze feelings and actions and thus become fatal poisons, especially in the case of Menghi's specific.
Et in Arcadia Ego: Gina Lagorio's L'RCADIA AMERICANA as the Reflection of a European Literary Self
Authors: Alfano Barbara 
Published: March 2013

In L'arcadia americana (1999) Gina Lagorio reproposes the myth of Arcadia, in particular the “Et in Arcadia Ego” theme as the metaphor that serves her description of American university campus life and of the United States at large. Traveling through a world that he feels is impermeable to real life — university campuses in the United States — the first-person narrator of L'arcadia americana relates to American Academia as the Ego of the Arcadian tomb, a reminder of death and of historical time. Assuming the position of the outsider inside the picture, the protagonist himself remains impermeable to the landscape that he describes, so that the America we see through his eyes amounts to a reflection of his often prejudicial constructs, partly made of the dreamy America belonging to his youth, and partly of reiterated stereotypes immediately recognizable by the novel's implied reader, the Italian audience. Although he crosses the Ocean for a photographic reportage of US campuses, the narrator clings to Europe with all the cultural might he feels capable of, and thus never really leaves the Old World.
STELLA
Authors: Betocchi Carlo 
Published: March 2013

Di Carlo Betocchi si vuol ricordare il primo libro di poesie, pubblicato a trentatré anni, Realtà vince il sogno (Il Frontespizio, 1932), e le due recenti raccolte di poesie, L'estate di San Martino (Mondadori, 1961), Un passo, un altro passo (Mondadori, 1967). Il mondo poetico di Betocchi è stato descritto da Mario Luzi come “La profonda letizia cristiana che erompe … con festosa naturalezza dal male conosciuto e sofferto” (La Fiera Letteraria, 17 Giugno, 1956). Un altro poeta fiorentino, il giovanissimo Silvio Ramat, nella presentazione, fatta al Vieusseux, di Un passo, un altro passo, parlando del cristianesimo betocchiano ha affermato che bisogna intenderlo non come “una struttura dogmatica, ma solo come tensione alla verità, alla perfettibilità.” Come manifestazione di simpatia per quella nuova iniziativa culturale americana, che è Forum Italicum, il grande poeta fiorentino ha voluto offrire questa sua recente, inedita poesia.
DA UN COMMENTO AL CANZONIERE DEL PETRARCA
Authors: Noferi Adelia 
Published: March 2013

Si danno qui degli exempla di un Commento al Canzoniere petrarchesco a cura di Adelia Noferi, con la collaborazione di Enza Biagini. Nella comune direzione di ricerca e di interpretazione, le annotazioni sono di piena responsabilità di ciascuna delle curatrici, che si spartiscono i testi da annotare, firmando debitamente il proprio commento. Sarà utile tener presente che, provenendo da un unicum che li contiene, gli estratti possono mancare sia dei riferimenti esterni che dei rimandi teorici: nel commento, i primi dipendono dalla varia contiguitá dei componimenti e i secondi sono presentati globalmente come guida alla lettura. I testi sono disposti secondo l'ordine numerico dei componimenti.
Towards a comprehensive model of caste
Authors: Lindt Benjamin 
Published: March 2013

This article attempts to pioneer a better theoretical understanding of the social institution of caste. It argues that caste, in contrast to more conventional perspectives, is not a monolithic institution, but rather a compromise between economic, biological and ideational aspects of human existence. In its most abstract and basic form, caste systematically connects competing rationales—economic interdependence with biological separation—by a specific form of rationalisation. However, within the process of modernisation, the economic element is increasingly losing its importance, while the biological aspect of caste survives only in connection with a reduced, non-systematic form of rationalisation.  In its theoretical design, this model offers an opportunity to understand caste quite differently from that presented by conventional definitions. By breaking this institution into its essential ingredients, it is receptive to the inherent breaks and frictions of caste and hence, can account for the changes that caste is going through. Applied to the existing theories of caste and empirical research, it can provide the theoretical tools for a meta-analysis of all interpretations of caste and a guideline for empirical research on caste in modernity.
A Finite Element Model of Remote Palpation of Breast Lesions Using Radiation Force: Factors Affecting Tissue Displacement
Authors: Nightingale Kathryn R. , Nightingale Roger W. , Palmeri Mark L. , Trahey Gregg E. 
Published: March 2013

The early detection of breast cancer reduces patient mortality. The most common method of breast cancer detection is palpation. However, lesions that lie deep within the breast are difficult to palpate when they are small. Thus, a method of remote palpation, which may allow the detection of small lesions lying deep within the breast, is currently under investigation. In this method, acoustic radiation force is used to apply localized forces within tissue (to tissue volumes on the order of 2 mm3) and the resulting tissue displacements are mapped using ultrasonic correlation based methods. A volume of tissue that is stiffer than the surrounding medium (i.e., a lesion) distributes the force throughout the tissue beneath it, resulting in larger regions of displacement, and smaller maximum displacements. The resulting displacement maps may be used to image tissue stiffness. A finite-element-model (FEM) of acoustic remote palpation is presented in this paper. Using this model, a parametric analysis of the affect of varying tissue and acoustic beam characteristics on radiation force induced tissue displacements is performed. The results are used to evaluate the potential of acoustic remote palpation to provide useful diagnostic information in a clinical setting. The potential for using a single diagnostic transducer to both generate radiation force and track the resulting displacements is investigated.
Elastographic Imaging Using Staggered Strain Estimates
Authors: Srinivasan S. , Ophir J. , Alam S.K. 
Published: March 2013

Conventional techniques in elastography estimate strain as the gradient of the displacement estimates obtained through crosscorrelation of pre- and postcompression rf A-lines. In these techniques, the displacements are estimated over overlapping windows and the strains are estimated as the gradient of the displacement estimates over adjacent windows. The large amount of noise at high window overlaps may result in poor quality elastograms, thus restricting the applicability of conventional strain estimation techniques to low window overlaps, which, in turn, results in a small number of pixels in the image. To overcome this restriction, we propose a multistep strain estimation technique. It computes the first elastogram using nonoverlapped windows. In the next step, the data windows are shifted by a small distance (small fraction of window size) and another elastogram is produced. This is repeated until the cumulative shift equals/exceeds the window size and all the elastograms are staggered to produce the final elastogram. Simulations and experiments were performed using this technique to demonstrate significant improvement in the elastographic signal-to-noise ratio ( SNRe) and the contrast-to-noise ratio ( CNRe) at high window overlaps over conventional strain estimation techniques, without noticeable loss of spatial resolution. This technique might be suitable for reducing the algorithmic noise in the elastograms at high window overlaps.