bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entreprises innovantes, culture régionale et acteurs sociaux habiles
Authors: Dias Blanco Gabriela , Guimarães Sônia Maria Karam 
Published: September 2015

Ce chapitre examine une expérience réussie d’incubation d’entreprises développée depuis plus de dix ans dans le centre entrepreneurial d’élaboration de technologies (Celta) situé à Florianópolis, dans l’État de Santa Catarina, au Brésil. Le Celta est un incubateur multisectoriel à base technologique, qui comptait, en 2011, 32 entreprises incubées, ainsi que 70 entreprises consolidées sur le marché. Il s’agit de l’un des premiers incubateurs technologiques du Brésil, et il s’est illustré dès le début par les performances de ses entreprises en termes d’innovation. Ce chapitre analyse la constitution d’une culture d’innovation dans une région sans tradition industrielle. Il s’agit d’un cas atypique au Brésil, qui, de ce fait, ne peut pas être généralisé, en raison de la nature des innovations produites (qui se distinguent par leur contribution au pays, comme l’alcootest et l’urne électronique) et des relations étroites établies entre entreprises et universités. Certaines études réalisées sur des entreprises incubées mettent en évidence le fait qu’au Brésil les innovations sont principalement destinées à l’entreprise ou au marché local, alors que les interactions formelles et informelles entre université et entreprise sont encore peu importantes. Quels facteurs auraient contribué à surmonter les lacunes historiques du milieu industriel brésilien, favorisant au sein de l’incubateur des innovations technologiques ayant conquis le marché international ? Cette interrogation s’avère pertinente dès lors que l’on considère les caractéristiques de la région où est installée cette structure, région qui ne se démarquait pas par rapport aux autres dans le secteur industriel. Par conséquent, il n’est pas légitime de supposer que les transformations subies s’expliquent par la consolidation d’une base industrielle et entrepreneuriale préexistante. Il serait également abusif de considérer qu’une structure institutionnelle puisse expliquer à elle seule la création, l’expansion et la consolidation d’entreprises à base technologique ainsi que le renforcement des activités de R & D En effet, on trouve dans d’autres régions du pays de pareilles structures, bien que les résultats ne soient pas les mêmes en termes d’innovation. On cherchera ainsi à fonder notre analyse sur une approche qui intègre les trajectoires des acteurs, les ressources territoriales et les systèmes institutionnels préexistants. Nous nous appuierons : a) sur les thèses de Muller, Héraud et Rafanomezantsoa concernant la culture régionale d’innovation et b) sur le concept d’« acteurs stratégiques habiles » ou d’« entrepreneurs institutionnels » développé par Fligstein et similaire au concept de « performance habile » de Giddens, qui définit les acteurs capables de faire émerger des coopérations en vue de créer de nouveaux ordres et de nouvelles significations sociales.
B7-H1 Selectively Controls TH17 Differentiation and Central Nervous System Autoimmunity via a Novel Non–PD-1–Mediated Pathway
Authors: Herold Martin , Posevitz Vilmos , Chudyka Daria , Hucke Stephanie , Groß Catharina , Kurth Frank , Leder Christoph , Loser Karin , Kurts Christian , Knolle Percy , Klotz Luisa , Wiendl Heinz 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
It is currently acknowledged that TH17 cells are critically involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). In this article, we demonstrate that signals delivered by the coinhibitory molecule B7-homologue 1 (B7-H1) via a B7-homologue 1 mouse-IgG2aFc (B7-H1-Ig) fusion protein nearly abolish TH17, but not TH1 and TH2, differentiation via direct interaction with the T cell. These effects were equally pronounced in the absence of programmed death-1 or B7.1 and B7.2 on the T cell side, thus providing clear evidence that B7-H1 modulates T cell differentiation via a novel receptor. Mechanistically, B7-H1 interfered with early TCR-mediated signaling and cytokine-mediated induction of the TH17-determining transcription factors retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ t and IFN regulator factor-4 in a programmed death-1 and B7-independent fashion. In an animal model of MS, active myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein–induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, B7-H1-Ig exhibited a significant and long-lasting effect on disease severity upon administration during the first 5 d of the priming phase, which was accompanied by reduced TH17 responses in the periphery and within the CNS. Importantly, B7-H1-Ig was even capable of interfering with T cell encephalitogenicity when interaction with the T cells occurred after priming using an adoptive transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. In line with this, both naive human CD4+ T cells and differentiated TH17 effector cells from MS patients were highly sensitive toward B7-H1-Ig–mediated TH17 suppression. Together, we propose the existence of a novel B7-H1–mediated immune-regulatory pathway in T cells, which selectively limits murine and human TH17 cell responses and might be therapeutically exploited to control TH17-mediated autoimmunity.
Comportamiento de la audiencia de televisión en las redes sociales. Una aproximación al perfil y programas más comentados
Authors: Gómez-Aguilar Marisol , Paniagua Rojano Francisco Javier , Farias Batlle Pedro 
Published: September 2015

El artículo analiza el perfil de la audiencia de televisión y su comportamiento en las redes sociales desde diferentes puntos de vista, y según tipos de programas y según sus contenidos. Metodología. Se propone una encuesta telefónica asistida por ordenador (CATI, en sus siglas inglesas), cuyo universo es la población española mayor de 18 años. Se realizaron 1.201 entrevistas con un error de muestreo absoluto para las estimaciones de porcentajes referidas del total de la muestra del +2,8 por ciento, bajo un nivel de confianza del 95,5 por ciento. La elección del hogar se efectuó por muestreo aleatorio simple, y la selección de la persona atendiendo al sexo, edad y zonas geográficas. Resultados. Los programas más comentados en las redes sociales son los de ficción, entretenimiento y deportivos, aún así existen matices según se profundiza en la edad, el sexo y el nivel formativo de la audiencia. Conclusiones. Se constata que estamos ante una tendencia al alza, si bien es recomendable realizar un estudio de contenido detallado para profundizar en la actitud y los temas tratados en televisión que ganan fuerza también en el debate en la red.
De afstand tussen burger en rechter
Authors: Malsch Marijke 
Published: September 2015

The distance between the public and the judiciary
The distance between the public and the judiciary takes two forms: a punitivity gap and an accessibility gap. This article discusses both types of gap and elaborates on the issue of whether the existence of these gaps influences confidence in the judiciary. From the literature, it appears that the public is generally of the opinion that courts sentence too leniently. However, experiments show that when citizens receive information on a specific case, they become less punitive. Information provision may also help to bridge an accessibility gap, as does actual citizen involvement in the administration of justice. The relation between the gaps discussed and confidence in the judiciary is not clear as yet. The article discusses methods generally used to assess confidence and suggests that confidence may be increased by a reduction of the two gaps.
Molybdenum‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylations
Authors: Moberg Christina 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMolybdenum‐catalyzed nucleophilic substitutions of allylic acetates and carbonates proceed with high site‐ and stereoselectivity. Monosubstituted allylic substrates yield branched products, in contrast to what is commonly observed in reactions catalyzed by palladium complexes. High enantioselectivities are observed in the presence of pyridinylamide and oxazolinylamide ligands. The range of nucleophiles that undergo reaction is somewhat limited and includes malonates, cyano esters, α‐imino esters and lactones, oxalactimes, and oxindoles.The reactions proceed via oxidative addition of the substrate to a ligated Mo(0) species forming an asymmetric η3‐allylmolybdenum(II) complex, coordination of the nucleophile to the metal, and final reductive elimination to form the product. Overall retention of configuration is observed as a result of retentive oxidative addition and retentive nucleophilic attack.Equilibration of intermediate η3‐allyl complexes is usually rapid in comparison to nucleophilic attack, which leads to the formation of a single major η3‐allyl complex. As a consequence, close to equal mixtures of enantiomers and constitutional isomers are obtained from enantioenriched or racemic branched substrates as well as from linear substrates.
Insights on earthquake triggering processes from early aftershocks of repeating microearthquakes
Authors: Lengliné O. , Ampuero J.‐P. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCharacterizing the evolution of seismicity rate of early aftershocks can yield important information about earthquake nucleation and triggering. However, this task is challenging because early aftershock seismic signals are obscured by those of the mainshock. Previous studies of early aftershocks employed high‐pass filtering and template matching but had limited performance and completeness at very short times. Here we take advantage of repeating events previously identified on the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield and apply empirical Green's function deconvolution techniques. Both Landweber and sparse deconvolution methods reveal the occurrence of aftershocks as early as few tenths of a second after the mainshock. These events occur close to their mainshock, within one to two rupture lengths away. The aftershock rate derived from this enhanced catalog is consistent with Omori's law, with no flattening of the aftershock rate down to the shortest resolvable timescale ∼0.3 s. The early aftershock rate decay determined here matches seamlessly the decay at later times derived from the original earthquake catalog, yielding a continuous aftershock decay over timescales spanning nearly 8 orders of magnitude. Aftershocks of repeating microearthquakes may hence be governed by the same mechanisms from the earliest time resolved here, up to the end of the aftershock sequence. Our results suggest that these early aftershocks are triggered by relatively large stress perturbations, possibly induced by aseismic afterslip with very short characteristic time. Consistent with previous observations on bimaterial faults, the relative location of early aftershocks shows asymmetry along strike, persistent over long periods.
Quantitative assessment of fine‐grid kinetic‐theory‐based predictions of mean‐slip in unbounded fluidization
Authors: Fullmer William D. , Hrenya Christine M. 
Published: September 2015

SignificanceThe quantitative ability of a kinetic‐theory‐based, two‐fluid model is demonstrated in a clustering (unstable) gas‐solid system via highly resolved simulations. Unlike previous works, this assessment is validated against ideal computational fluid dynamics‐discrete element method data to minimize sources of discrepancy. Overall, good agreement in mean‐slip velocities is observed with relative errors less than 20% over a mean solids concentration range of 0.02–0.25. Local concentration gradient distributions are also studied, showing a distinct shift toward higher gradients at higher mean solids concentrations which is proposed as the bottleneck in obtaining grid‐independence rather than the cluster length scale. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 11–17, 2016
A Four‐Component Domino Reaction: An Eco‐Compatible Access to Diversified Imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazin‐5‐ones
Authors: Kaur Tanpreet , Wadhwa Preeti , Sharma Anuj 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA multicomponent domino reaction of thiourea, alkyl propiolates, aldehydes, and isocyanides has been established, providing direct access to 2‐aryl‐5 H‐imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazin‐5‐one scaffolds. The simplicity of execution, readily available substrates, cheap reagents, high yields, excellent functional group tolerance, scalability, and good scores of environmental parameters make this synthetic strategy more efficient and worthy of further attention.
A General Synthetic Approach for Designing Epitope Targeted Macrocyclic Peptide Ligands
Authors: Das Samir , Nag Arundhati , Liang JingXin , Bunck David N. , Umeda Aiko , Farrow Blake , Coppock Matthew B. , Sarkes Deborah A. , Finch Amethist S. , Agnew Heather D. , Pitram Suresh , Lai Bert , Yu Mary Beth , Museth A. Katrine , Deyle Kaycie M. , Lepe Bianca , Rodriguez‐Rivera Frances P. , McCarthy Amy , Alvarez‐Villalonga Belen , Chen Ann , Heath John , Stratis‐Cullum Dimitra N. , Heath James R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe describe a general synthetic strategy for developing high‐affinity peptide binders against specific epitopes of challenging protein biomarkers. The epitope of interest is synthesized as a polypeptide, with a detection biotin tag and a strategically placed azide (or alkyne) presenting amino acid. This synthetic epitope (SynEp) is incubated with a library of complementary alkyne or azide presenting peptides. Library elements that bind the SynEp in the correct orientation undergo the Huisgen cycloaddition, and are covalently linked to the SynEp. Hit peptides are tested against the full‐length protein to identify the best binder. We describe development of epitope‐targeted linear or macrocycle peptide ligands against 12 different diagnostic or therapeutic analytes. The general epitope targeting capability for these low molecular weight synthetic ligands enables a range of therapeutic and diagnostic applications, similar to those of monoclonal antibodies.
The Fe–V Cofactor of Vanadium Nitrogenase Contains an Interstitial Carbon Atom
Authors: Rees Julian A. , Bjornsson Ragnar , Schlesier Julia , Sippel Daniel , Einsle Oliver , DeBeer Serena 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe first direct evidence is provided for the presence of an interstitial carbide in the FeV cofactor of Azotobacter vinelandii vanadium nitrogenase. As for our identification of the central carbide in the FeMo cofactor, we employed Fe Kβ valence‐to‐core X‐ray emission spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, and herein report the highly similar spectra of both variants of the cofactor‐containing protein. The identification of an analogous carbide, and thus an atomically homologous active site in vanadium nitrogenase, highlights the importance and influence of both the interstitial carbide and the identity of the heteroatom on the electronic structure and catalytic activity of the enzyme.
Thermal Dehydrogenation of Base‐Stabilized B2H5+ Complexes and Its Role in CH Borylation
Authors: Prokofjevs Aleksandrs 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThermally induced dehydrogenation of the H‐bridged cation L2B2H5+ (L=Lewis base) is proposed to be the key step in the intramolecular CH borylation of tertiary amine boranes activated with catalytic amounts of strong “hydridophiles”. Loss of H2 from L2B2H5+ generates the highly reactive cation L2B2H3+, which in its sp2‐sp3 diborane(4) form then undergoes either an intramolecular CH insertion with BB bond cleavage, or captures BH3 to produce L2B3H6+. The effect of the counterion stability on the outcome of the reaction is illustrated by formation of LBH2C6F5 complexes through disproportionation of L2B2H5+ HB(C6F5)3−.
Aromatic Esters of Bicyclic Amines as Antimicrobials against Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: de Gracia Retamosa María , Díez‐Martínez Roberto , Maestro Beatriz , García‐Fernández Esther , de Waal Bas , Meijer E. W. , García Pedro , Sanz Jesús M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA double approach was followed in the search of novel inhibitors of the surface choline‐binding proteins (CBPs) of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) with antimicrobial properties. First, a library of 49 rationally‐designed esters of alkyl amines was screened for their specific binding to CBPs. The best binders, being esters of bicyclic amines (EBAs), were then tested for their in vitro effect on pneumococcal growth and morphology. Second, the efficiency of EBA‐induced CBP inhibition was enhanced about 45 000‐fold by multivalency effects upon synthesizing a poly(propylene imine) dendrimer containing eight copies of an atropine derivative. Both approaches led to compounds that arrest bacterial growth, dramatically decrease cell viability, and exhibit a protection effect in animal disease models, demonstrating that the pneumococcal CBPs are adequate targets for the discovery of novel antimicrobials that overcome the currently increasing antimicrobial resistance issues.
Enzymatically Shifting Nitroxides for EPR Spectroscopy and Overhauser‐Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Audran Gérard , Bosco Lionel , Brémond Paul , Franconi Jean‐Michel , Koonjoo Neha , Marque Sylvain R. A. , Massot Philippe , Mellet Philippe , Parzy Elodie , Thiaudière Eric 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn vivo investigations of enzymatic processes using non‐invasive approaches are a long‐lasting challenge. Recently, we showed that Overhauser‐enhanced MRI is suitable to such a purpose. A β‐phosphorylated nitroxide substrate prototype exhibiting keto–enol equilibrium upon enzymatic activity has been prepared. Upon enzymatic hydrolysis, a large variation of the phosphorus hyperfine coupling constant (ΔaP=4 G) was observed. The enzymatic activities of several enzymes were conveniently monitored by electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Using a 0.2 T MRI machine, in vitro and in vivo OMRI experiments were successfully performed, affording a 1200 % enhanced MRI signal in vitro, and a 600 % enhanced signal in vivo. These results highlight the enhanced imaging potential of these nitroxides upon specific enzymatic substrate‐to‐product conversion.
Morphology‐Controlled Synthesis of Organometal Halide Perovskite Inverse Opals
Authors: Chen Kun , Tüysüz Harun 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe booming development of organometal halide perovskites in recent years has prompted the exploration of morphology‐control strategies to improve their performance in photovoltaic, photonic, and optoelectronic applications. However, the preparation of organometal halide perovskites with high hierarchical architecture is still highly challenging and a general morphology‐control method for various organometal halide perovskites has not been achieved. A mild and scalable method to prepare organometal halide perovskites in inverse opal morphology is presented that uses a polystyrene‐based artificial opal as hard template. Our method is flexible and compatible with different halides and organic ammonium compositions. Thus, the perovskite inverse opal maintains the advantage of straightforward structure and band gap engineering. Furthermore, optoelectronic investigations reveal that morphology exerted influence on the conducting nature of organometal halide perovskites.
Single‐Nanoparticle Collision Events: Tunneling Electron Transfer on a Titanium Dioxide Passivated n‐Silicon Electrode
Authors: Ahn Hyun S. , Bard Allen J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSingle‐nanoparticle collisions were observed on an n‐type silicon electrode (600 μm diameter) passivated by a thin layer of amorphous TiO2, where the current steps occurred by tunneling electron transfer. The observed collision frequency was in reasonable agreement with that predicted from theory. The isolated electrode, after a collision experiment, with a Pt/TiO2/n‐Si architecture was shown to retain the photoelectrochemical properties of n‐Si without photocorrosion or current decay. The Pt/TiO2/n‐Si electrode produced 19 mA cm−2 of photocurrent density under 100 mW cm−2 irradiation from a xenon lamp during oxygen evolution without current fading for over 12 h.
A Bio‐inspired Approach for Chromophore Communication: Ligand‐to‐Ligand and Host‐to‐Guest Energy Transfer in Hybrid Crystalline Scaffolds
Authors: Dolgopolova Ekaterina A. , Williams Derek E. , Greytak Andrew B. , Rice Allison M. , Smith Mark D. , Krause Jeanette A. , Shustova Natalia B. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEfficient multiple‐chromophore coupling in a crystalline metal–organic scaffold was achieved by mimicking a protein system possessing 100 % energy‐transfer (ET) efficiency between a green fluorescent protein variant and cytochrome b562. The two approaches developed for ET relied on the construction of coordination assemblies and host–guest coupling. Based on time‐resolved photoluminescence measurements in combination with calculations of the spectral overlap function and Förster radius, we demonstrated that both approaches resulted in a very high ET efficiency. In particular, the observed ligand‐to‐ligand ET efficiency value was the highest reported so far for two distinct ligands in a metal–organic framework. These studies provide important insights for the rational design of crystalline hybrid scaffolds consisting of a large ensemble of chromophore molecules with the capability of directional ET.
Effect of liquid sheet and gas streams characteristics on the instability of a hollow cone spray using an improved linear instability analysis
Authors: Hosseinalipour Seyed Mostafa , Ghorbani Ramin , Karimaei Hadiseh 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe breakup of a liquid sheet or jet is led to atomization phenomenon. The liquid sheet surface instability controls spray formation and determines the spray characteristics. Therefore, the instability study of the liquid jet has attracted a lot of attentions so that a lot of works have been carried out on this subject. The instability study of a swirling annular liquid sheet exposed to inner and outer gas streams is represented in the paper. A three‐dimensional flow for the liquid sheet and a two‐dimensional flow for inner and outer gas streams have been considered. In previous studies, a cylindrical liquid sheet has been considered, but in this study, the instability theory is implemented on a conical liquid sheet for different cone angles. The effects of swirl velocity of the liquid sheet and axial velocity of the gas streams on the sheet instability and breakup length have been investigated. Results show that liquid swirl Weber number has a destabilizing effect on a conical liquid jet. Study of the effect of ambient pressure shows that disturbance growth rate increases with increasing gas‐to‐liquid density ratio. The effect of spray angle on the instability of the liquid sheet is a very important issue in combustion chamber design especially when the available space and/or weight is limited. Higher spray angle enhances the instability of the liquid sheet, and it leads to a shorter breakup length and larger ligaments. Sheet thickness is another parameter that has been considered. Increasing sheet thickness enhances the sheet instability. These behaviors are consistent with the experimental observations. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total Synthesis of (±)‐Englerin A Using An Intermolecular [3+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Platinum‐Containing Carbonyl Ylide
Authors: Kusama Hiroyuki , Tazawa Aoi , Ishida Kento , Iwasawa Nobuharu 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTotal synthesis of (±)‐Englerin A has been achieved starting from γ,δ‐ynone 5 in 14 steps. The key feature of this synthesis is the highly efficient and stereoselective preparation of 8‐oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivative 6, a core skeleton of Englerin A, based on an inverse electron‐demand [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of the platinum‐containing carbonyl ylide, which was developed in our laboratory.