bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of global cancer burden: Trends, challenges, strategies, and a role for surgeons
Authors: Are Chandrakanth , Rajaram Shireen , Are Madhuri , Raj Hemanth , Anderson Benjamin O. , Chaluvarya Swamy Ramesh , Vijayakumar Manavalan , Song Tianqiang , Pandey Manoj , Edney James A. , Cazap Eduardo L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractCancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The global cancer burden (GCB) is expected to rise significantly and will disproportionately affect the less developed world (LDW). The aim of this review is to analyze the trends in GCB and describe the types, estimates, and causes of new cancer cases. The challenges and strategies associated with tackling this rising GCB are described in which surgeons can play a vital role. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:221–226. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental Semiotics
Authors: Galantucci Bruno , Garrod Simon , Roberts Gareth 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn the last few years, researchers have begun to study novel human communication systems in the laboratory (Experimental Semiotics, ES). The first goal of this article is to provide a primer to ES, which we will do by reviewing the experimental paradigms developed by experimental semioticians, as well as the main research themes that have emerged in the discipline. A second goal is to illustrate what implications ES has for linguistics. In particular, we will argue that ES has the potential to complement linguistics in important ways and illustrate such potential in the context of each of the themes we review.
Dystonia with brain manganese accumulation resulting from SLC30A10 mutations: A new treatable disorder
Authors: Stamelou Maria , Tuschl Karin , Chong W. K. , Burroughs Andrew K. , Mills Philippa B. , Bhatia Kailash P. , Clayton Peter T. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackground:The first gene causing early‐onset generalized dystonia with brain manganese accumulation has recently been identified. Mutations in the SLC30A10 gene, encoding a manganese transporter, cause a syndrome of hepatic cirrhosis, dystonia, polycythemia, and hypermanganesemia.Methods:We present 10‐year longitudinal clinical features, MRI data, and treatment response to chelation therapy of the originally described patient with a proven homozygous mutation in SLC30A10.Results:The patient presented with early‐onset generalized dystonia and mild hyperbilirubinemia accompanied by elevated whole‐blood manganese levels. T1‐sequences in MRI showed hyperintensities in the basal ganglia and cerebellum, characteristic of manganese deposition. Treatment with intravenous disodium calcium edetate led to clinical improvement and reduction of hyperintensities in brain imaging.Conclusions:We wish to highlight this rare disorder, which, together with Wilson's disease, is the only potentially treatable inherited metal storage disorder to date, that otherwise can be fatal as a result of complications of cirrhosis. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
An explicitly coupled hydro‐geomechanical model for simulating hydraulic fracturing in arbitrary discrete fracture networks
Authors: Fu Pengcheng , Johnson Scott M. , Carrigan Charles R. 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYModeling hydraulic fracturing in the presence of a natural fracture network is a challenging task, owing to the complex interactions between fluid, rock matrix, and rock interfaces, as well as the interactions between propagating fractures and existing natural interfaces. Understanding these complex interactions through numerical modeling is critical to the design of optimum stimulation strategies. In this paper, we present an explicitly integrated, fully coupled discrete‐finite element approach for the simulation of hydraulic fracturing in arbitrary fracture networks. The individual physical processes involved in hydraulic fracturing are identified and addressed as separate modules: a finite element approach for geomechanics in the rock matrix, a finite volume approach for resolving hydrodynamics, a geomechanical joint model for interfacial resolution, and an adaptive remeshing module. The model is verified against the Khristianovich–Geertsma–DeKlerk closed‐form solution for the propagation of a single hydraulic fracture and validated against laboratory testing results on the interaction between a propagating hydraulic fracture and an existing fracture. Preliminary results of simulating hydraulic fracturing in a natural fracture system consisting of multiple fractures are also presented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on a System with a Neutral Barrier for High Explosives and a Zirconium‐Based Solid Incendiary
Authors: Nagarkar Ashok G. , Bora Brijesh , Thosar Ramdas B. , Shirwalkar Sanjay V. , Shekhar Himanshu , Nath Tribhuvan , Asthana Srinandan 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn the aim of defeating targets protected by fortification, it is necessary to develop systems that are able to create a leak in the fortification and destroy targets inside the fortification. A boat‐tailed hemispherical high explosive charge was designed to create the leak and an incendiary charge was prepared to burn the targets inside the fortification. A metallic neutral barrier was used to attenuate the back pressure generated by the front end hemispherical high explosive charge. In order to reduce the back blast, a boat‐tailed hemispherical charge with the composition cyclotrimethylene trinitramine and trinitrotoluene (RDX/TNT 60/40) was prepared. The blast pressure obtained from unconfined boat‐tailed high explosive charges using a linear pressure gauge brought to light that the pressure at the front end had a value of 2.3 MPa at 100 cm; and a value of 0.4 MPa at 75 cm distance at the rear end. A hemispherical boat tailed shaped charge with a mild steel liner of 1 mm thickness and 40 mm curvature radius was prepared. The incendiary composition comprised of finely divided metal powder dispersed in a polymer matrix consisting of 77 % zirconium and 20 % ester gum resin with 3 % polymeric binder (SBR, PIB). The incendiary composition was prepared and pelletized. Experiments for the design of the neutral barrier were conducted with the boat‐tailed hemispherical charge. A mild steel plate of 7.5 mm thickness was selected as neutral barrier. Static evaluation of the system against a hard target was carried out. It created a hole of 190 mm diameter in a reinforced concrete cement (RCC) target of 100 mm thickness. A neutral barrier of 7.5 mm thickness attenuates the back blast of the hemispherical boat‐tailed charge. Burning incendiary cinders were passed through this hole and dispersed at approx. 5 m distance. These cinders burnt for > 3 min with a temperature output of 1873 K.
The Synthesis and Energetic Properties of 5,7‐Dinitrobenzo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrazine‐1,3‐dioxide (DNBTDO)
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Piercey Davin G. , Stierstorfer Jörg , Weyrauther Michael 
Published: August 2012

AbstractEnergetic tetrazine‐1,3‐dioxide, 5,7‐dinitrobenzo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrazine‐1,3‐dioxide (DNBTDO), was synthesized in 45 % yield. DNBTDO was characterized as an energetic material in terms of performance (Vdet 8411 m s−1; pCJ 3.3×1010 Pa at a density of 1.868 g cm−3), mechanical sensitivity (impact and friction as a function of grain size), and thermal stability (Tdec 204 °C). DNBTDO exhibits a sensitivity slightly higher than that of RDX, and a performance slightly lower (96 % of RDX).
When do wholly owned subsidiaries perform better than joint ventures?
Authors: Chang Sea‐Jin , Chung Jaiho , Moon Jon Jungbien 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis study explores when wholly owned subsidiaries outperform joint ventures with local partners. In order to avoid the endogeneity problem inherent in foreign subsidiaries' operating mode decisions that might confound performance measurement, we employ the propensity score matching method, along with the difference‐in‐differences approach, and compare the performances of joint ventures turned wholly owned subsidiaries vis‐à‐vis continuing joint ventures. Based on foreign subsidiaries' financial data in China for 1998–2006, we find strong evidence that converted wholly owned subsidiaries outperform continuing joint ventures in industries characterized by high levels of intangible assets such as technology or brand, after controlling for factors that may affect the conversion decision. This finding is consistent with the prediction of transaction cost theory. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Threat of entry, asymmetric information, and pricing
Authors: Seamans Robert C. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of asymmetric information on incumbent firms' propensity to engage in limit pricing when faced with threat of entry. I draw from information economics to argue that incumbents will use price to respond ex ante to entry in situations characterized by asymmetric information. I suggest two situations in which asymmetric information can arise: when potential entrants are from outside the primary industry and when incumbent firms are members of R&D consortia. I then study pricing in the U.S. cable TV industry to show that pricing patterns of incumbent cable TV systems are consistent with limit pricing when the relationship between the incumbent and potential entrant is characterized by asymmetric information. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A framework for benchmarking competency assessment models
Authors: Kasser Joseph , Hitchins Derek , Frank Moti , Zhao Yang Yang 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper discusses the need for competent systems engineers, the differences between nine current ways of assessing competencies (competency models) and the difficulty of comparing the competency models due to the different ways each model groups the competencies. The paper then introduces a competency model maturity framework (CMMF) for benchmarking competency models of systems engineers. The paper benchmarks the nine models using the CMMF and a surprising finding was an error of omission in all nine models. The paper shows that the CMMF can also be used as the basis for developing an original model for a specific organization in a specific time and place and concludes with suggestions for future research. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 15
An ontological framework for clarifying flexibility‐related terminology via literature survey
Authors: Ryan Erin T. , Jacques David R. , Colombi John M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDespite its ubiquity in the systems engineering literature, flexibility remains an ambiguous concept. There exist a multitude of definitions, which vary not only by domain, but within domains as well. Furthermore, these definitions often conflict with one another, making it difficult to discern the intended meaning in a given study or to form generalizations across studies. Complicating matters, there is a plethora of related terminology that is often used carelessly and/or inter‐changeably with flexibility. In this paper, we employ a novel ontological framework for clarifying salient aspects of extant flexibility‐related terminology. While it was not possible to distill consensus definitions from the literature, we did identify certain dominant characteristics that enabled us to formulate a set of democratic definitions for flexibility, adaptability, and robustness, as well as recommended definitions for agility and versatility. We believe that the proposed definitions of these key system design principles may provide a baseline for improving analysis and communication among systems engineering practitioners and academics. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 16:
One‐Pot/Sequential Native Chemical Ligation Using N‐Sulfanylethylanilide Peptide
Authors: Otaka Akira , Sato Kohei , Ding Hao , Shigenaga Akira 
Published: August 2012

AbstractN‐Sulfanylethylanilide (SEAlide) peptides were developed with the aim of achieving facile synthesis of peptide thioesters by 9‐fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)‐based solid‐phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc SPPS). Initially, SEAlide peptides were found to be converted to the corresponding peptide thioesters under acidic conditions. However, the SEAlide moiety was proved to function as a thioester in the presence of phosphate salts and to participate in native chemical ligation (NCL) with N‐terminal cysteinyl peptides, and this has served as a powerful protein synthesis methodology. The reactivity of a SEAlide peptide (anilide vs. thioester) can be easily tuned with or without the use of phosphate salts. This interesting property of SEAlide peptides allows sequential three‐fragment or unprecedented four‐fragment ligation for efficient one‐pot peptide/protein synthesis. Furthermore, dual‐kinetically controlled ligation, which enables three peptide fragments simultaneously present in the reaction to be ligated in the correct order, was first achieved using a SEAlide peptide. Beyond our initial expectations, SEAlide peptides have served in protein chemistry fields as very useful crypto‐peptide thioesters. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201200007
Investigative and clinical applications of synthetic immune synapses
Authors: Milone Michael C. , Kam Lance C. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe immune synapse (IS) has emerged as a compelling model of cell–cell communication. This interface between a T cell and antigen‐presenting cell (APC) serves as a key point in coordinating the immune response. A distinguishing feature of this interface is that juxtacrine signaling molecules form complex patterns that are defined at micrometer and submicrometer scales. Moreover, these patterns are highly dynamic. While cellular and molecular approaches have provided insight into the influence of these patterns on cell–cell signaling, replacing the APC with a synthetic, micro/nanoengineered surface promises a new level of sophistication to these studies. Micropatterning of multiple ligands onto a surface, for example, allowed the direct demonstration that T cells can sense and respond to microscale geometry of the IS. Supported lipid bilayers have captured the lateral mobility of natural ligands, allowing insight into this complex property of the cell–cell interface in model systems. Finally, engineered surfaces have allowed the study of forces and mechanosensing in T cell activation, an emerging area of immune cell research. In addition to providing new insight into biophysical principles, investigations into IS function may allow control over ex vivo T cell expansion. Bioreactors based on these concepts may find immediate application in enhancing cellular‐based immunotherapy. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:75–85. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1195This article is categorized under:

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Physico‐Chemical Investigations of Mixed Micelles of Cationic Gemini and Conventional Surfactants: a Conductometric Study
Authors: Azum Naved , Rub Malik Abdul , Asiri Abdullah M. , Khan Aftab Aslam Parwaz , Khan Anish 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe interaction of cationic gemini and cationic conventional surfactants by conductivity was systematically overviewed, paying attention to synergism observed in micellization. These mixed systems were found to show remarkable synergism in micelle formation. The experimental critical micelle concentration values being lower than the value predicted by ideal solution theory indicate that the mixed micellization is due to attractive interaction between the two components. Gemini/conventional systems form mixed micelle due to attractive interactions (negative β values). The values of micellar mole fraction of constituent 1 (X1) in surfactant mixtures are more than in the ideal state (X1ideal), which means that, the mixed micelles are rich in conventional surfactants in comparison to that in the ideal state.
Contraception hormonale masculine par les androgènes seuls. Acquis et perspectives
Authors: Soufir J. -C. 
Published: August 2012

Résumé
Il existe en France une demande de contraception masculine. Il est possible d’y répondre en utilisant des stéroïdes (androgènes, progestatifs). Des études effectuées dans plusieurs pays, dont la France, ont confirmé l’efficacité contraceptive de ces traitements — équivalente à celle des contraceptions féminines. On peut utiliser les androgènes seuls qui pourraient être indiqués, dans des conditions bien définies, à des couples pour lesquels les méthodes traditionnelles de contraception ne conviennent pas. Deux obstacles limitent un large usage des androgènes: les risques d’un état d’hyperandrogénie prolongé et le mode d’administration par injection. L’association de progestatifs à de faibles doses d’androgènes devrait réduire ces inconvénients.
LGBTQ adolescents and young adults raised within a Christian religious context: Positive and negative outcomes
Authors: Dahl Angie L. , Galliher Renee V. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTReligious contexts have traditionally been understood as protective for a variety of psychosocial health outcomes. However, the generalizability of these findings to youth who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer (LGBTQ) is questioned due to denominational teachings on same‐sex attractions and sexual behavior. Eight adolescents (15–17 years) and 11 young adults (19–24 years) who identify as LGBTQ raised in Christian religious affiliations (16 participants raised in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, 2 participants raised Catholic and 1 participant raised Presbyterian) participated in individual in‐depth interviews, journal writings, and focus groups to provide greater insight into the lived experiences of LGBTQ individuals raised within a Christian religious environment. Findings suggest the religious context is related to both positive and negative outcomes. Eight themes are explored using participant's own words and experiences. Directions for future research and implications are discussed.
Whole miRNome-Wide Differential Co-Expression of MicroRNAs
Authors: Stäehler Cord F. , Keller Andreas , Leidinger Petra , Backes Christina , Chandran Anoop , Wischhusen Jöerg , Meder Benjamin , Meese Eckart 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Co-regulation of genes has been extensively analyzed, however, rather limited knowledge is available on co-regulations within the miRNome. We investigated differential co-expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) based on miRNome profiles of whole blood from 540 individuals. These include patients suffering from different cancer and non-cancer diseases, and unaffected controls. Using hierarchical clustering, we found 9 significant clusters of co-expressed miRNAs containing 2–36 individual miRNAs. Through analyzing multiple sequencing alignments in the clusters, we found that co-expression of miRNAs is associated with both sequence similarity and genomic co-localization. We calculated correlations for all 371,953 pairs of miRNAs for all 540 individuals and identified 184 pairs of miRNAs with high correlation values. Out of these 184 pairs of miRNAs, 16 pairs (8.7%) were differentially co-expressed in unaffected controls, cancer patients and patients with non-cancer diseases. By computing correlated and anti-correlated miRNA pairs, we constructed a network with 184 putative co-regulations as edges and 100 miRNAs as nodes. Thereby, we detected specific clusters of miRNAs with high and low correlation values. Our approach represents the most comprehensive co-regulation analysis based on whole miRNome-wide expression profiling. Our findings further decrypt the interactions of miRNAs in normal and human pathological processes.
Postnatal growth hormone deficiency in growing rats causes marked decline in the activity of spinal cord acetylcholinesterase but not butyrylcholinesterase
Authors: Koohestani Faezeh , Brown Chester M. , Meisami Esmail 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe effects of growth hormone (GH) deficiency on the developmental changes in the abundance and activity of cholinesterase enzymes were studied in the developing spinal cord (SC) of postnatal rats by measuring the specific activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a marker for cholinergic neurons and their synaptic compartments, and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), a marker for glial cells and neurovascular cells. Specific activities of these two enzymes were measured in SC tissue of 21‐ and 90 day‐old (P21, weaning age; P90, young adulthood) GH deficient spontaneous dwarf (SpDwf) mutant rats which lack anterior pituitary and circulating plasma GH, and were compared with SC tissue of normal age‐matched control animals. Assays were carried out for AChE and BuChE activity in the presence of their specific chemical inhibitors, BW284C51 and iso‐OMPA, respectively. Results revealed that mean AChE activity was markedly and significantly reduced [28% at P21, 49% at P90, (p < 0.01)] in the SC of GH deficient rats compared to age‐matched controls. GH deficiency had a higher and more significant effect on AChE activity of the older (P90) rats than the younger ones (P21) ones. In contrast, BuChE activity in SC showed no significant changes in GH deficient rats at either of the two ages studied. Results imply that, in the absence of pituitary GH, the postnatal proliferation of cholinergic synapses in the rat SC, a CNS structure, where AChE activity is abundant, is markedly reduced during both the pre‐ and postweaning periods; more so in the postweaning than preweaning ages. In contrast, the absence of any effects on BuChE activity implies that GH does not affect the development of non‐neuronal elements, e.g., glia, as much as the neuronal and synaptic compartments of the developing rat SC.
The development of sensorimotor reflexes in albino mice; albino rats and black‐hooded rats
Authors: Allam Ahmed A. , Abo‐Eleneen Rasha E. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe present investigation aimed to show the differences in the development of sensorimotor reflexes and their relationship to the structural changes in spinal cord, cerebellum and cerebral cortex in three rodent species. The three species are albino rats (A‐Rats), black‐hooded rats (B‐Rats) and albino mice. The development of selected reflexes was examined from day (D1) to D21. The structural changes were investigated at D7, D14, and D21. The following reflexes were analyzed: fore‐limb/hind‐limb grasp, surface body righting, fore‐limb hopping, chin tactile placing, visual placing and body righting in the air. The developmental pattern of the reflexes was different in three rodent species. Although the black‐hooded rats and albino rats belong to the same species, they are different in their appearance and developmental pattern. The development of external features and sensorimotor reflexes appeared earlier in mice than in A‐Rats and B‐Rats. At D7, differentiation of neurons was observed in the spinal cord while in cerebellum and cerebrum the neurons were found to be undifferentiated. At D14 and D21, the differentiated neurons were observed in spinal cord, cerebellum and cerebrum. Our data indicate that the developmental pattern of the reflexes in rodents may not be species specific but may be related to the animal strain.