bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zr‐Containing Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Mesoporous Materials: Hydrophobic Acid Catalysts for Biodiesel Production.
Authors: Sánchez‐Vázquez Rebeca , Pirez Cyril , Iglesias Jose , Wilson Karen , Lee Adam F. , Melero Juan A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractZirconium‐containing periodic mesoporous organosilicas (Zr‐PMOs) with varying framework organic content have been synthesized through a direct synthesis method. These materials display the excellent textural properties of the analogous inorganic solid acid Zr‐SBA‐15 material. However, the substitution of silica by organosilicon species provides a strong hydrophobic character. This substitution leads to meaningful differences in the environment surrounding the zirconium metal sites, leading the modification of the catalytic properties of these materials. Although lower metal incorporation is accomplished in the final materials, leading to a lower population of metal sites, hydrophobisation leads to an impressive beneficial effect on the intrinsic catalytic activity of the zirconium sites in biodiesel production by esterification/transesterification of free fatty acid ‐containing feedstock. Moreover, the catalytic activity of the highly hybridised materials is hardly affected in presence of large amounts of water, confirming their very good water‐tolerance. This makes Zr‐PMO materials interesting catalysts for biodiesel production from highly acidic water‐containing feedstock.
Women at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Lack Knowledge of Heart Attack Symptoms
Authors: Flink Laura E. , Sciacca Robert R. , Bier Michael L. , Rodriguez Juviza , Giardina Elsa‐Grace V. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackground:It is not known whether cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk level is related to knowledge of the leading cause of death of women or heart attack symptoms.Hypothesis:Women with higher CVD risk estimated by Framingham Risk Score (FRS) or metabolic syndrome (MS) have lower CVD knowledge.Methods:Women visiting primary care clinics completed a standardized behavioral risk questionnaire. Blood pressure, weight, height, waist size, fasting glucose, and lipid profile were assessed. Women were queried regarding CVD knowledge.Results:Participants (N = 823) were Hispanic women (46%), non‐Hispanic white (37%), and non‐Hispanic black (8%). FRS was determined in 278: low (63%), moderate (29%), and high (8%); 24% had ≥3 components of MS. The leading cause of death was answered correctly by 54%, heart attack symptoms by 67%. Knowledge was lowest among racial/ethnic minorities and those with less education (both P< 0.001). Increasing FRS was inversely associated with knowing the leading cause of death (low 72%, moderate 68%, high 45%, P = 0.045). After multivariable adjustment, moderate/high FRS was inversely associated with knowing symptoms (moderate odds ratio [OR] 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28‐0.98; high OR 0.29, 95% CI: 0.11–0.81), but not the leading cause of death. MS was inversely associated with knowing the leading cause of death (P< 0.001) or heart attack symptoms (P = 0.018), but not after multivariable adjustment.Conclusions:Women with higher FRS were less likely to know heart attack symptoms. Efforts to target those at higher CVD risk must persist, or the most vulnerable may suffer disproportionately, not only because of risk factors but also inadequate knowledge. Clin. Cardiol. 2011 DOI: 10.1002/clc.22092This work was supported in part by the US Department of Health and Human Services (1HHCWH05003‐01‐11); Arlene and Joseph Taub Foundation, Paterson, New Jersey; Edwina and Charles Adler Foundation; and by Columbia University's CTSA grant, UL1‐RR024156 from the NCRR/NIH.The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
The role of inner and internal radiation on the melt growth of sapphire crystal
Authors: Tavakoli Mohammad Hossein , Abasi Talaye Arjmand , Omid Shirin , Mohammadi‐Manesh Ebrahim 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this paper, for an inductively heated Czochralski furnace used to grow sapphire single crystal, influence of the inner (wall‐to‐wall) and crystal internal (bulk) radiation on the characteristics of the growth process such as temperature and flow fields, structure of heat transfer and crystal‐melt interface has been studied numerically using the 2D quasi‐steady state finite element method. The obtained results of global analysis demonstrate a strong dependence of thermal field, heat transport structure and crystal‐melt interface on both types of radiative heat transfer within the growth furnace.
Differential sperm expenditure reveals a possible role for post‐copulatory sexual selection in a lekking moth
Authors: Cordes Nils , Yiğit Arzu , Engqvist Leif , Schmoll Tim 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMale reproductive success in the lesser wax moth Achroia grisella is strongly determined by pre‐copulatory mate choice, during which females choose among males aggregated in small leks based on the attractiveness of ultrasonic songs. Nothing is known about the potential of post‐copulatory mechanisms to affect male reproductive success. However, there is evidence that females at least occasionally remate with a second male and that males are unable to produce ejaculates quickly after a previous copulation. Here we investigated the effects of mating history on ejaculate size and demonstrate that the number of transferred sperm significantly decreased from first (i.e., virgin) to second (i.e., nonvirgin) copulation within individual males. For males of identical age, the number of sperm transferred was higher in virgin than in nonvirgin copulations, too, demonstrating that mating history, is responsible for the decrease in sperm numbers transferred and not the concomitant age difference. Furthermore, the number of transferred sperm was significantly repeatable within males. The demonstrated variation in ejaculate size both between subsequent copulations as well as among individuals suggests that there is allocation of a possibly limited amount of sperm. Because female fecundity is not limited by sperm availability in this system, post‐copulatory mechanisms, in particular sperm competition, may play a previously underappreciated role in the lesser wax moth mating system.
Effect of Metal Dilution on the Thermal Spin Transition of [FexZn1–x(bapbpy)(NCS)2]
Authors: Zheng Sipeng , Siegler Maxime A. , Sánchez Costa José , Fu Wen‐Tian , Bonnet Sylvestre 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis study reports on the effects of zinc dilution on the structure and magnetic properties of the mononuclear two‐step spin‐crossover compound [Fe(bapbpy)(NCS)2] (1; bapbpy = N6,N6′‐di(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine‐6,6′‐diamine). The zinc analogue of 1, [Zn(bapbpy)(NCS)2] (3), was synthesized and characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, which suggests different structural features from 1. The crystal structure of the related compound [Fe(bapbpy)(NCS)]2[Zn(NCS)4]·3DMF (4) was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Unlike the hexacoordinate FeII in 1, the ZnII ions in 4 are pentacoordinate. Nine diluted powder samples [FexZn1–x(bapbpy)(NCS)2] were prepared with iron fractions of x = 0.89, 0.81, 0.76, 0.65, 0.60, 0.53, 0.44, 0.38, and 0.24. According to powder X‐ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy, the phase of compound 1 is retained in the zinc‐diluted samples when x > 0.53. At higher dilutions (i.e., when x < 0.53), the phase of compound 3 gradually takes over, but the SCO of the iron complexes in the zinc phase remains observable at an iron fraction as low as x = 0.24. Powder X‐ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy data indicate the presence of the zinc phase only (i.e., compound 3) when x ≤ 0.24. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on the diluted samples show that upon decreasing the iron fraction x, both hysteresis cycles become initially narrower, and then vanish to lead to a single‐step SCO material at x = 0.76. Upon additional increase of the zinc contents, the cooperativity of the SCO gradually vanishes to lead to a noncooperative SCO material at the lowest iron fraction studied (x = 0.24). Despite the different coordination properties of the bapbpy ligand towards FeII and ZnII, the spin crossover of the hexacoordinate FeII complex is robust enough to withstand dilution into a magnetically silent ZnII phase that is structurally different from that of the iron compound.
Outrage towards whom? Threats to moral group status impede striving to improve via out‐group‐directed outrage
Authors: Täuber Susanne , van Zomeren Martijn 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThreats to group status can elicit different responses, ranging from those that motivate striving for improvement to those that motivate defending the threatened social identity. We examine why moral threats to group status may inhibit individuals' striving to improve. Specifically, we predicted that a threat to the group's moral status evokes a defensive emotional focus on the out‐group that impedes individuals' striving to improve. Two studies (N = 76 and N = 90) showed that moral (as opposed to nonmoral) threats elicited more outrage directed at the out‐group and, by trend, less outrage directed at the in‐group. The follow‐up study further demonstrated that moral threat impeded striving for improvement because of the relative focus of outrage on in‐group versus out‐group. Moreover, and consistent with our group‐based analysis, this pattern was most pronounced among strongly identified group members. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of framing groups' shortcomings in moral versus nonmoral terms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MAXIMIZING PRODUCTIVITY AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF ALFALFA UNDER PRECISE SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION IN ARID REGIONS
Authors: Ismail Saleh M. , Almarshadi Mohammed H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTA field experiment studying the effect of water stress on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) productivity and water use efficiency was conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Station of King Abdelaziz University. The design of the experiment was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. It consisted of three treatments, namely: field capacity treatment (FC) as a control, 85% FC and 70% FC as stress treatments. The irrigation water for all treatments was precisely supplied using recent technology known as the water electronics module (WEM).Results indicated that decreasing water supply decreased fresh and dry yield of alfalfa but increased irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). As a result, 13 and 27% of irrigation water were saved from 85% FC and 70% FC treatments respectively in each cut compared with the FC treatment. The reduction of water supply resulted in a yield reduction of 12 and 21.7% for 85% FC and 70% FC, respectively. The results also proved that WEM is a practical tool to precisely supply irrigation water and can be used effectively to control deficit irrigation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PROJECTING FUTURE PADDY IRRIGATION DEMANDS IN KOREA
Authors: Sang‐Ok Chung 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTClimate change will introduce changes in air and sea water temperature, rainfall, among others. This will affect water resources, food production, public health, etc. To assess the impacts of climate change is a prerequisite to developing adaptation and mitigation strategies. In this study the impacts of climate change on paddy irrigation water demands in Korea have been analyzed. Dynamically downscaled 27 × 27 km grid future climate data for the SRES A2 scenario and the observed baseline climatology dataset were used. A geographic information system was used to produce maps showing the spatial changes in irrigation water requirements for rice paddies. The results showed that the growing season mean temperature and rainfall for future scenarios were projected to increase. The effect of ETo increase due to temperature increase was larger than that of rainfall increase on paddy irrigation requirement. Therefore the paddy irrigation requirement was projected to increase in the future. The total volumetric irrigation water demand was projected to increase by 2.8% (2020s), 4.9% (2050s) and 4.5% (2080s). The temporal and spatial variations were large and should be considered in irrigation water resource planning and management in the future. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nature or nurture in low back pain? Results of a systematic review of studies based on twin samples
Authors: Ferreira P.H. , Beckenkamp P. , Maher C.G. , Hopper J.L. , Ferreira M.L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTwin studies are becoming popular to investigate risk factors for low back pain (LBP) because they consider the genetic factor and allow for more precise estimates of risks. We aimed to identify and summarize the results of studies based on twin samples investigating risk factors for LBP. The MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, Web of Science and EMBASE databases were searched. Prospective and cross‐sectional observational studies of LBP involving twins were included. The exposure factors could be genetics (heritability) or environmental such as smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index and medical history. Pooling was attempted using an inverse variance weighting and fixed effects model. Twenty‐seven studies were included. Estimates of heritability effects ranged from 21% to 67%. The genetic component was higher for more chronic and disabling LBP than acute and less disabling LBP. Smoking was significantly associated with LBP [pooled odds ratio (OR) = 3.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8–3.3] with a longitudinal and a cross‐sectional study also identifying a dose–response relationship in people with chronic LBP. Obesity was associated with LBP (pooled OR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.6–2.2) with a cross‐sectional study identifying a dose–response relationship. No association between alcohol consumption and LBP was identified. Co‐morbidities such as asthma, diabetes and osteoarthritis were associated with LBP (pooled OR ranging from 1.6 to 4.2). The contribution of genetics to LBP appears to be dependent on the severity of the condition. Twin studies could be better used to explore possible causation paths between lifestyle factors, co‐morbidities and LBP.
Light‐emitting diode therapy induces analgesia and decreases spinal cord and sciatic nerve tumour necrosis factor‐α levels after sciatic nerve crush in mice
Authors: Cidral‐Filho F.J. , Martins D.F. , Moré A.O.O. , Mazzardo‐Martins L. , Silva M.D. , Cargnin‐Ferreira E. , Santos A.R.S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundNeuropathic pain is severely debilitating and resistant to pharmacological approaches; therefore, the study of therapies to complement its treatment is especially relevant. In a case report study, light‐emitting diode therapy (LEDT) has shown analgesic activity as well as reduced the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in a rabbit osteoarthritis model and in calcaneal tendinitis in rats. Although LEDT stimulated morphofunctional recovery after nerve injury in rats, its effect against neuropathic pain has not been tested.MethodsTo that purpose, mice under anaesthesia were subjected to the sciatic nerve crush (SNC) model. On the seventh post‐operative day, after determining analgesic dose (energy density in joules), LEDT (950 nm, 80 mW/cm2, 2.5 J/cm2) was irradiated, daily for a period of 15 days, on the skin over the crush site.ResultsCompared with the SNC group, LEDT reduced mechanical hypersensitivity but not cold hypersensitivity which is induced by SNC, decreased spinal cord and sciatic nerve levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) but did not alter interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐10 levels, and finally, failed to accelerate motor functional recovery and morphological nerve regeneration.ConclusionTaken together, these data provide first‐hand evidence of LEDT effectiveness against neuropathic pain induced by SNC, with corresponding decrease of pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels, both in the sciatic nerve and in the spinal cord, although at a small analgesic dose, LEDT failed to accelerate nerve regeneration.
Pain distribution and predictors of widespread pain in the immediate aftermath of motor vehicle collision
Authors: Bortsov A.V. , Platts‐Mills T.F. , Peak D.A. , Jones J.S. , Swor R.A. , Domeier R.M. , Lee D.C. , Rathlev N.K. , Hendry P.L. , Fillingim R.B. , McLean S.A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundMusculoskeletal pain is common after motor vehicle collision (MVC). The study objective was to evaluate distribution of pain and predictors of widespread musculoskeletal pain in the early aftermath (within 48 h) of collision.MethodsEuropean American adults aged 18–65 years presenting to the emergency department (ED) after collision who were discharged to home after evaluation were eligible. Evaluation included an assessment of reported pre‐collision psychological characteristics, crash characteristics, current pain severity and location, and current psychological symptoms. Adjusted risk ratios were estimated using generalized linear models.ResultsAmong 890 participants included in the study, 589/890 (66%) had pain in three or more regions, and 192/890 (22%) had widespread musculoskeletal pain (pain in seven or more regions). In adjusted analyses, the presence of widespread pain was strongly associated with depressive and somatic symptoms prior to collision, pain catastrophizing, and acute psychological symptoms, and was not associated with most collision characteristics (road speed limit, extent of vehicle damage, collision type, driver vs. passenger, airbag deployment). The reported number of body regions that struck an object during the collision was associated with both reported pre‐collision depressive symptoms and with widespread pain.ConclusionMore than one in five individuals presenting to the ED in the hours after MVC have widespread pain. Widespread pain is strongly associated with patient characteristics known to be modulated by supraspinal mechanisms, suggesting that stress‐induced hyperalgesia may influence acute widespread pain after collision.
Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization of visible‐light‐driven α‐Bi2O3 enhanced by Pr3+ doping
Authors: Wu Shuxing , Fang Jianzhang , Xu Weicheng , Cen Chaoping 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundWater pollution is a serious problem for the entire world. Photocatalysis is an accepted way to decontaminate water. As the key factor influencing photocatalysis, an environmentally friendly photocatalyst should possess good visible‐light‐response. Additionally, an efficient catalyst should have good separation of e‐/h+ pairs. On account of the special f electron orbital structure, the ions of rare earths exhibit the ability to accelerate the abruption of photogenerated e‐/h+ pairs. In this work, visible‐light‐driven α‐Bi2O3 enhanced using Pr3+ doping was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis.ResultsThe as‐prepared catalysts calcined at 500 °C exhibited only the characteristic peaks of Bi2O3 and presented irregular plate‐like structures. The separation efficiency for electron–hole was enhanced when α‐Bi2O3 was doped with Pr. The photocatalytic activities, which were evaluated by degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) and 2,4‐dichlorophenol (2,4‐DCP) under visible light irradiation, was enhanced significantly by doping Pr into α‐Bi2O3.ConclusionDoping α‐Bi2O3 with Pr significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity. The optimum percentage of doped pr was 3.0 mol %. ·OH radicals were the dominant photooxidant. This study demonstrates an efficient pathway to improve the photocatalytic performance of α‐Bi2O3. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Changes in terrestrial water storage versus rainfall and discharges in the Amazon basin
Authors: Frappart Frédéric , Ramillien Guillaume , Ronchail Josyane 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis study examines how the interannual variability of rainfall impacts the land water storage in the Amazon basin during the 2003–2010 time span at monthly time‐scale using respectively, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite observations. Monthly estimates of GRACE‐based terrestrial water storage (TWS) are compared to (1) TRMM rainfall, (2) in situ discharges at the outlet of the major sub‐basins of the Amazon over 2003–2010 to characterize the redistribution of precipitation on land water. The time‐variations of land water storage derived from GRACE are consistent with those of rainfall and discharges at basin and sub‐basin scales even at interannual time‐scales (correlation generally greater than 0.7). The study of the relationship between these two quantities reveals large differences in terms of rainfall amount, water storage, time delays, resulting of the water transport among the sub‐basins of the Amazon. The analysis of GRACE data has enabled identification of the signature of the recent extreme climatic events (droughts of 2005 and 2010, flood of 2009) on the land water storage, in terms of spatial patterns and intensity. These results are in good agreement with what was observed on independent datasets (water levels and discharges, vegetation activity, forest fires, and drought index), highlighting the interest of gravimetry from space missions for the characterization of the interannual variability of the TWS. GRACE data offer the unique opportunity to monitor the hydrological cycle in ungauged basins where reliable observations of rainfall and discharges are missing.