bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Homozygous and heterozygous GH transgenesis alters fatty acid composition and content in the liver of Amago salmon (Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae)
Authors: Sugiyama Manabu , Takenaga Fumio , Kitani Yoichiro , Yamamoto Goshi , Okamoto Hiroyuki , Masaoka Tetsuji , Araki Kazuo , Nagoya Hiroyuki , Mori Tsukasa 
Published: August 2012

Summary
Growth hormone (GH) transgenic Amago (Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae), containing the sockeye GH1 gene fused with metallothionein-B promoter from the same species, were generated and the physiological condition through lipid metabolism compared among homozygous (Tg/Tg) and heterozygous GH transgenic (Tg/+) Amago and the wild type control (+/+). Previously, we have reported that the adipose tissue was generally smaller in GH transgenic fish compared to the control, and that the Δ-6 fatty acyl desaturase gene was down-regulated in the Tg/+ fish. However, fatty acid (FA) compositions have not been measured previously in these fish. In this study we compared the FAs composition and content in the liver using gas chromatography. Eleven kinds of FA were detected. The composition of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (SFA and MUFA) such as myristic acid (14:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), and cis-vaccenic acid (cis-18:1n-7) was significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased in GH transgenic Amago. On the other hand, the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as linoleic acid (18:2n-6), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) was significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased. Levels of serum glucose and triacylglycerol were significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased in the GH transgenics compared with +/+ fish. Furthermore, 3′-tag digital gene expression profiling was performed using liver tissues from Tg/Tg and +/+ fish, and showed that Mid1 interacting protein 1 (Mid1ip1), which is an important factor to activate Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), was down-regulated in Tg/Tg fish, while genes involved in FA catabolism were up-regulated, including long-chain-fatty-acid–CoA ligase 1 (ACSL1) and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 3 (ACOX3). These data suggest that liver tissue from GH transgenic Amago showed starvation by alteration in glucose and lipid metabolism due to GH overexpression. The decrease of serum glucose suppressed Mid1ip1, and caused a decrease of de novo FA synthesis, resulting in a decrease of SFA and MUFA. This induced expression of ACSL1 and ACOX3 to produce energy through β-oxidation in the GH transgenic Amago.
vasa is expressed in somatic cells of the embryonic gonad in a sex-specific manner in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Renault Andrew D. 
Published: August 2012

Summary
Vasa is a DEAD box helicase expressed in the Drosophila germline at all stages of development. vasa homologs are found widely in animals and vasa has become the gene of choice in identifying germ cells. I now show that Drosophila vasa expression is not restricted to the germline but is also expressed in a somatic lineage, the embryonic somatic gonadal precursor cells. This expression is sexually dimorphic, being maintained specifically in males, and is regulated post-transcriptionally. Although somatic Vasa expression is not required for gonad coalescence, these data support the notion that Vasa is not solely a germline factor.
Acute hemodynamic effects of erythropoietin do not mediate its cardioprotective properties
Authors: Ahmet Ismayil , Lakatta Edward G. , Talan Mark I. 
Published: August 2012

Summary
Activation of nitric oxide (NO) signaling is considered, at list partially, a mechanistic basis for EPO-induced cardioprotection. Surprisingly, hemodynamic response subsequent to NO activation after EPO administration has never been reported. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the acute hemodynamic and cardiovascular responses to EPO administration, to confirm their NO genesis, and to test the hypothesis that EPO-induced cardioprotection is mediated through cardiovascular changes related to NO activation. In Experiment 1, after 3000 U/kg of rhEPO was administered intravenously to Wistar rats, arterial blood pressure, monitored via indwelling catheter, progressively declined almost immediately until it leveled off 90 minutes after injection at 20% below control level. In Experiment 2 the 25% reduction of mean blood pressure, compared to control group, was observed 2 hours after intravenous injection of either 3000 or 150 U/kg of rhEPO. Detailed pressure–volume loop analyses of cardiac performance (Experiment 3) 2 hours after intravenous injection of human or rat recombinant EPO (3000 U/kg) revealed a significant reduction of systolic function (PRSW was 33% less than control). Reduction of arterial blood pressure and systolic cardiac function in response to rhEPO were blocked in rats pretreated with a non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (L-NAME). In Experiment 4, 24 hours after a permanent ligation of a coronary artery, myocardial infarction (MI) measured 26±3.5% of left ventricle in untreated rats. MI in rats treated with 3000 U/kg of rhEPO immediately after coronary ligation was 56% smaller. Pretreatment with L-NAME did not attenuate the beneficial effect of rhEPO on MI size, while MI size in rats treated with L-NAME alone did not differ from control. Therefore, a single injection of rhEPO resulted in a significant, NO-mediated reduction of systemic blood pressure and corresponding reduction of cardiac systolic function. However, EPO-induced protection of myocardium from ischemic damage is not associated with NO activation or NO-mediated hemodynamic responses.
A cell-based fascin bioassay identifies compounds with potential anti-metastasis or cognition-enhancing functions
Authors: Kraft Robert , Kahn Allon , Medina-Franco José L. , Orlowski Mikayla L. , Baynes Cayla , López-Vallejo Fabian , Barnard Kobus , Maggiora Gerald M. , Restifo Linda L. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThe actin-bundling protein fascin is a key mediator of tumor invasion and metastasis whose activity drives filopodia formation, cell-shape changes, and cell migration. Small-molecule inhibitors of fascin block tumor metastasis in animal models. Conversely, fascin deficiency may underlie the pathogenesis of some developmental brain disorders. To identify fascin-pathway modulators we devised a cell-based assay for fascin function and used it in a bi-directional drug screen. The screen utilized cultured fascin-deficient mutant Drosophila neurons, whose neurite arbors manifest the "filagree" phenotype. Taking a repurposing approach, we screened a library of 1,040 known compounds, many of them FDA-approved drugs, for filagree modifiers. Based on scaffold distribution, molecular-fingerprint similarities, and chemical-space distribution, this library has high structural diversity, supporting its utility as a screening tool. We identified 34 fascin-pathway blockers (with potential anti-metastasis activity) and 48 fascin-pathway enhancers (with potential cognitive-enhancer activity). The structural diversity of the active compounds suggests multiple molecular targets. Comparisons of active and inactive compounds provided preliminary structure-activity relationship information. The screen also revealed diverse neurotoxic effects of other drugs, notably "Beads-on-a-String" induced solely by statins. Statin-induced neurotoxicity is enhanced by fascin deficiency. In summary, we provide evidence that primary neuron culture using a genetic model organism can be valuable for early-stage drug discovery and developmental neurotoxicity testing. Furthermore, we propose that, given an appropriate assay for target-pathway function, bi-directional screening for brain-development disorders and invasive cancers represents an efficient, multipurpose drug-discovery strategy.
The Preparation of Nanostructured ZrO2 Microspheres
Authors: Chang Ying , Dong Shijie , Wang Huihu , Du Kuanhe 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Spherical reunion powders composed of tetragonal and cubic phase ZrO2 have been prepared for the first time via a coupling route of w/o (water in oil) emulsion with dimethyl oxalate homogenous precipitation. The as-prepared ZrO2 microspheres and the precursor powders were analyzed and characterized by TG-DTA, XRD, and SEM. The formation mechanism of these powders is discussed in detail. Experimental results indicate that the coupling route may accomplish the one-step synthesis of ZrO2 microspheres possessing well-rounded spherical shape and narrow size distribution, which consists of closely attached nanoparticles, the microspheres are approximately 5–10 µm in size.
One-path and Selective Conversion of Ethanol to Propene on Scandium-modified Indium Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Mizuno Shouta , Kurosawa Mika , Tanaka Masashi , Iwamoto Masakazu 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The direct and stable conversion of ethanol to propene with yields up to 60 mol % was achieved on scandium-modified indium oxide catalysts at 823 K in the presence of water and hydrogen. The reaction pathways are also suggested, ethanol → acetaldehyde → acetone → propene, which is quite different from those on zeolites and on nickel ion-loaded silica catalysts.
Synthesis of Novel pH-Responsive Magnetic Nanocomposites as Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Fenton Catalysts
Authors: Wang Wei , Wang Yuan , Liu Ying , Li Tielong 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Intelligent polymer was extendedly applied to fabricate a novel environmentally responsive Fenton catalyst in this study. The obtained magnetite/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic acid) (Fe3O4/CMC-g-PAA) nanocomposites showed perfect superparamagnetism, pH response, and superior catalytic activity. In a wide range of pH (3–9), the highly swollen polymer coating not only favored the dispersion of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and protected them from leaching but also promoted interface mass transfer with large amounts of hydrophilic ingredients.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution of Arenes with CO2 Mediated by R3SiB(C6F5)4
Authors: Konno Megumi , Chiba Masafumi , Nemoto Koji , Hattori Tetsutaro 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The Friedel–Crafts-type carboxylation of arenes has been achieved by activating CO2 with silylium borates. The reaction exhibits broader substrate applicability than does our previously reported AlX3/R3SiX-mediated carboxylation.
Paying the price for an incentive: An exploratory study of smokers’ reasons for failing to complete an incentive based smoking cessation scheme
Authors: Allan Caroline , Radley Andrew , Williams Brian 
Published: August 2012

Objectives: In 2009, one Scottish region launched a smoking cessation programme offering a weekly financial incentive of £12.50 over a 12-week period. However, a significant proportion of registered participants dropped out of the programme, some even failing to collect the financial reward they were owed. We explore reasons for disengagement and failure to re-engage within this group. Method: Individuals (n =14) were interviewed in depth. Transcripts from recorded interviews formed the dataset and were analysed using the “Framework” method. Results: Incentives appeared to introduce a potential change/reversal in the felt contractual relationship between service provider and client: the client was now the provider and being paid to quit. This led to an increased sense of obligation towards the service, and enhanced feelings of failure, guilt and shame post-relapse, and reluctance to continue engagement or re-engagement. Other service factors promoting disengagement included issues of practical delivery through location, timing, administrative burden and incentive preference. Conclusion: The future design of incentive-based schemes should be cognisant of the potential impact on the client-professional relationship. Increasing the value of the incentive may overcome clients’ antipathy towards bureaucracy and monitoring, but may simultaneously exacerbate the sense of failure and resultant stigma associated with relapse. It may be more cost-effective to reduce barriers/costs such as inconvenience, lack of privacy, timing and embarrassment of association of attendance at the pharmacy with methadone use. Alternatively, risks may be managed by reframing weekly rewards as three separate month-long stages, increasing a sense of achievement that a particular stage has been achieved before any relapse.
Mediator Probe PCR: A Novel Approach for Detection of Real-Time PCR Based on Label-Free Primary Probes and Standardized Secondary Universal Fluorogenic Reporters
Authors: Faltin Bernd , Wadle Simon , Roth Günter , Zengerle Roland , von Stetten Felix 
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND
The majority of established techniques for monitoring real-time PCR amplification involve individual target-specific fluorogenic probes. For analysis of numerous different targets the synthesis of these probes contributes to the overall cost during assay development. Sequence-dependent universal detection techniques overcome this drawback but are prone to detection of unspecific amplification products. We developed the mediator probe PCR as a solution to these problems.

METHODS
A set of label-free sequence-specific primary probes (mediator probes), each comprising a target-specific region and a standardized mediator tag, is cleaved upon annealing to its target sequence by the polymerases' 5′ nuclease activity. Release of a mediator triggers signal generation by cleavage of a complementary fluorogenic reporter probe.

RESULTS
Real-time PCR amplification of human papillomavirus 18 (HPV18), Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Homo sapiens DNA dilution series showed exceptional linearity when detected either by novel mediator probes (r2 = 0.991–0.999) or state-of-the-art hydrolysis probes (TaqMan probes) (r2 = 0.975–0.993). For amplification of HPV18 DNA the limits of detection were 78.3 and 85.1 copies per 10-μL reaction when analyzed with the mediator probe and hydrolysis probe, respectively. Duplex amplification of HPV18 target DNA and internal standard had no effects on back calculation of target copy numbers when quantified with either the mediator probe PCR (r2 = 0.998) or the hydrolysis probe PCR (r2 = 0.988).

CONCLUSIONS
The mediator probe PCR has equal performance to hydrolysis probe PCR and has reduced costs because of the use of universal fluorogenic reporters.
Genetics and molecular biology in laboratory medicine, 1963–2013
Authors: Whitfield John B. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The past 50 years have seen many changes in laboratory medicine, either as causes or consequences of increases in productivity and expansion of the range of information which can be provided. The drivers and facilitators of change in relation to clinical applications of molecular biology included the need for diagnostic tools for genetic diseases and technical advances such as PCR and sequencing. However, molecular biology techniques have proved to have far wider applications, from detection of infectious agents to molecular characterization of tumors. Journals such as Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine play an important role in communication of these advances to the laboratory medicine community and in publishing evaluations of their practical value.
The role of decompressive craniectomy in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
Authors: Rajan Vivakaran Thanga Thirupathi , Srinivas Dwarakanath , Kulkarni Girish Baburao , Somanna Sampath 
Published: August 2012

Object
Studies on the role of decompressive craniectomy for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) in the literature are scanty. Randomized trials face a lot of drawbacks, including ethical issues. In this article the authors discuss their experience with this procedure for CVST and review the available literature.

Methods
This study was a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy for CVST between August 2006 and June 2008 at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences. The cases were evaluated for demographic and clinicoradiological features, operative findings, and outcome of surgery. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional ethics committee. The data for each patient were obtained from the database of the department. Follow-up data were obtained either through direct clinical evaluation or mailed self-report questionnaire. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and the Rankin Disability Scale were used to assess the outcome.

Results
A total of 34 patients (13 men and 21 women) were included; their mean age was 31.6 years, with a range from 18 to 65 years. In univariate analysis, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score prior to surgery and that in the immediate postoperative period had a statistically significant correlation with poor outcome. The GCS score immediately postoperatively was the only independent, significant predictor of poor outcome on multivariate analysis.

Conclusions
Decompressive craniectomy in a selected cohort of patients had a good outcome in a majority of the patients: 26 of 34 in this study had a GOS score of 4 or 5. In this series, which is the largest in the available literature, the authors review their experience and recommend usage of this procedure in selected patients.
Treatment-related morbidity and the management of pediatric craniopharyngioma
Authors: Clark Aaron J. , Cage Tene A. , Aranda Derick , Parsa Andrew T. , Auguste Kurtis I. , Gupta Nalin 
Published: August 2012

Object
Craniopharyngiomas are benign tumors but their close anatomical relationship with critical neurological, endocrine, and vascular structures makes gross-total resection (GTR) with minimal morbidity difficult to achieve. Currently, there is controversy regarding the extent, timing, and modality of treatment for pediatric craniopharyngioma.

Methods
The authors performed a systematic review of the published literature on pediatric craniopharyngioma to determine patterns of clinical practice and the reported outcomes of standard treatment strategies. This yielded 109 studies, which contained data describing extent of resection for a total of 531 patients. Differences in outcome were examined based upon extent of resection and choice of radiation treatment.

Results
Gross-total resection was associated with increased rates of new endocrine dysfunction (OR 5.4, p < 0.001), panhypopituitarism (OR 7.8, p = 0.006), and new neurological deficits (OR 9.9, p = 0.03) compared with biopsy procedures. Subtotal resection (STR) was not associated with an increased rate of new neurological deficits. Gross-total was associated with increased rates of diabetes insipidus (OR 7.7, p = 0.05) compared with the combination of STR and radiotherapy (RT). The addition of RT to STR was associated with increased rates of panhypopituitarism (OR 9.9, p = 0.01) but otherwise similar rates of morbidities.

Conclusions
Although subject to the limitations of a literature review, this report suggests that GTR is associated with increased rates of endocrinopathies compared with STR + RT, and this should be considered when planning goals of surgery.
Clinical and radiological profiles and outcomes in pediatric patients with intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Mehrotra Anant , Nair Anup P. , Das Kuntal Kanti , Srivastava Arun , Sahu Rabi Narayan , Kumar Raj 
Published: August 2012

Object
Intracranial aneurysms are extremely uncommon in the pediatric population, their characteristics are not well studied, and certain features make them unique. The authors analyzed pediatric patients with aneurysms to try to understand their clinical, radiological, and outcome profile.

Methods
Sixty-three pediatric patients (≤ 18 years of age) with ages ranging from 4 to 18 years and features (clinical and radiological) suggestive of aneurysm presented to, and were treated at, the authors' center in the past 20 years (1991–2011). Included in the present study were only those patients who underwent surgical intervention, and thus data for 57 patients were analyzed.

Results
Seventy-three aneurysms in 57 patients were surgically treated. There was a slight female predominance (M/F 1:1.2), and the mean age among all patients was 12.69 ± 3.75 years. Fifty patients (87.72%) presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 4 (7.02%) with mass effect, and 3 (5.26%) with seizure. On presentation the majority of patients (45 [78.95%]) had a good clinical grade. Eleven patients had multiple aneurysms. The internal carotid artery (ICA) bifurcation was the most common aneurysm site (18 cases [24.66%]), followed by the middle cerebral artery (MCA) bifurcation (11 cases [15.07%]). At a mean follow-up of 18.58 ± 10.71 months (range 1.5–44 months), 44 patients (77.19%) had a favorable outcome, and 5 patients had died.

Conclusions
Pediatric patients with intracranial aneurysms most commonly presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage, and there was a slight female predominance. The ICA bifurcation followed by the MCA bifurcation was the most common aneurysm site. The incidence of posterior circulation and giant aneurysms is higher in pediatric patients than in the adult population. Children tend to present with better clinical grades and have better overall survival results and good functional outcomes.
Clinal variation in stomatal characteristics of an Arctic sedge, Eriophorum vaginatum (Cyperaceae)
Authors: Peterson Caitlin A. , Fetcher Ned , McGraw James B. , Bennington Cynthia C. 
Published: August 2012

• Premise of the study: In a large reciprocal transplant experiment, Eriophorum vaginatum tussocks transplanted along a latitudinal gradient in Alaska's interior exhibited genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity for vegetative traits. Using the same tussocks 30 yr later, we used estimates of growing season temperature at each site to ask whether there was a climatic cline for stomatal density, size, and conductance.• Methods: We created impressions of the abaxial leaf surfaces of the transplanted individuals for viewing under a microscope and measured stomatal density (SD) and length (SL) for 224 individuals. We used SD and SL to estimate stomatal conductance (C). Separate one‐way analyses of variance were performed to quantify the effect of population genetic differences and latitudinal environmental variation on stomatal characteristics.• Key results: Our data suggest that stomatal size was influenced by both genetics and environment and that plasticity for stomatal density produced highest densities at the coolest sites. Stomatal conductance increased with decreasing temperature of site from which the populations originated.• Conclusions: Our results demonstrate a cline in stomatal conductance in E. vaginatum, with some ability of populations to plastically produce an appropriate phenotypic response in a new environment. Because the species is a dominant species in many arctic plant communities, its ability to produce an appropriate stomatal phenotype and to optimize water use efficiency by decreasing stomatal conductance in warmer environments could affect both community composition and total primary productivity in future, warmer climates.