bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal and Crystallization Properties of HDPE and HDPE/PP Blends Modified with DCP
Authors: Gu Jiaqi , Xu Haiyan , Wu Chifei 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe effect of peroxide on the thermal and crystallization properties of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and HDPE/polypropylene (PP) blends has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction techniques (XRD). Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was also employed to study the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of HDPE and HDPE/PP blends with or without dicumyl peroxide (DCP). It was observed that blending HDPE with PP increased the rate of crystallization as well as the crystallite size of HDPE, attributed to the lower molecular weight and melt viscosity of the system. A depression of the melting temperature, the degree of crystallinity as well as the rate of crystallization with increased DCP content, confirmed that crystallization was inhibited by the formation of cross‐links and branches in the system. The GPC measurement revealed that the molecular weight and its distribution were influenced by the addition of DCP and/or PP to PE, resulting in the differences in the rate of crystallization, and the size and the degree of perfection of the crystallite.
Structure–Property Relationship of Biobased Polyurethanes Obtained from Mixture of Naturally Occurring Vegetable Oils
Authors: Chethana M. , Madhukar B. S. , Siddaramaiah  , Somashekar R. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTA series of castor oil (CO)‐based polyurethanes (PUs) were prepared by reacting CO with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in the presence of coconut oil (CCO). The effects of CCO content viz., 5, 10, 20, and 30 wt% on the physico‐mechanical properties and chemical structure of PUs have been evaluated. The mechanical properties of the PUs indicate that the incorporation of CCO improves the tensile behaviors. The swelling behaviors of the PUs have been studied in organic solvents. The microcrystalline parameters, such as crystal size (<N>) and lattice disorder (g), of PUs have been estimated using wide‐angle X‐ray scattering studies. The results of tensile behaviors were corroborated with the microcrystalline parameters of the PUs. For a holistic view of the parameters involved in these systems, we have carried out the multivarient analysis that gives a better perspective of the result. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2014, 33, 21390; View this article online atwileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21390
Multicomponent Fabrication of Bone‐Like Composite Materials Using Chitosan/PMMA‐co‐PHEMA/Nano‐Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Bhowmick Arundhati , Kundu Patit Paban , Kumar Ratnesh , Das Manas 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we report a simple approach for the fabrication of bone‐like composite materials (BCMs) by blending chitosan (CTS), a natural polysaccharide, nano‐hydroxyapatite as bone mineral, and polymethylmethacrylate‐co‐polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (PMMA‐co‐PHEMA) as bone cement. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies were performed to determine the components of composites. Scanning electron microscopy study of composites revealed a well‐dispersed flake‐like structure with increasing content of PMMA‐co‐PHEMA. The water‐uptake ability of the BCMs was also found to increase with increasing the PMMA‐co‐PHEMA content. Study of mechanical properties revealed that the Young's modulus and stiffness increased significantly after the addition of PMMA‐co‐PHEMA in BCMs compared with CTS–HAP blend. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2014, 33, 21391; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21391
In Situ Synthesis and Characterization of 2,2′‐Methylenebis(6‐tert‐butyl‐4‐ethylphenol)‐Incorporated Polymeric Membranes
Authors: Rajesh Smitha , Murthy Z. V. P. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTSynthesis and characterization of asymmetric ultrafiltration membrane made from polysulfone (PS), with an antioxidant 2,2′‐methylenebis (6‐tert‐butyl‐4‐ethylphenol) (MBEP) as an additive, is reported in this work. The membrane was prepared by phase‐inversion process from casting solution containing PS polymer, dichloromethane solvent, and antioxidant MBEP as an additive. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (2 wt% concentration) was added in the casting solution as pore former. The membrane was characterized in terms of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry, oxidative‐induction time test, mechanical measurements and cross‐flow filtration for milk concentration, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From TGA, it is noted that volatilization of MBEP started before its boiling point (198°C), indicating that the antioxidant has interacted with the PS, and the results indicate that highest residual weight percentage was obtained for higher weight percent antioxidant filled membrane substantiating its higher thermal stability. From SEM images, it is observed that as MBEP content gets higher dispersion of particles in the membrane, the matrix becomes more homogeneous. The other results revealed that the addition of antioxidant MBEP produced a membrane with higher thermal stability. The presence of additive also affects the surface roughness, membrane morphology, and mechanical strength. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2014, 33, 21392; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21392
Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Kinetics of Polyvinyl Acetate Type Emulsions from Vinyl Acetate, N‐hydroxymethyl Acrylamide, and Montmorillonite
Authors: Cui Hui‐Wang , Fang Qun , Du Guan‐Ben 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study, we used vinyl acetate (VAc), N‐hydroxymethyl acrylamide (NMA), and montmorillonite (MMT) to prepare polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), PVAc–NMA, PVAc–MMT, and PVAc–NMA–MMT. Dynamic mechanical and thermogravimetric analysis revealed their glass transition, cold crystallization, and pyrolysis kinetics. PVAc–NMA, PVAc–MMT, and PVAc–NMA–MMT can be applied in harsh or low temperature conditions and surroundings. They are homogeneous amorphous linear polymers and all have cold crystallization phenomena. NMA and MMT did not have any significant effect on pyrolysis temperatures, but delayed the thermal degradation processes. The glass transition, cold crystallization, and pyrolysis kinetics were analyzed using Agrawal integral equation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2014, 33, 21393; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21393
Synthetically Important Alkali‐Metal Utility Amides: Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium Hexamethyldisilazides, Diisopropylamides, and Tetramethylpiperidides
Authors: Mulvey Robert E. , Robertson Stuart D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMost synthetic chemists will have at some point utilized a sterically demanding secondary amide (R2N−). The three most important examples, lithium 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS), lithium diisopropylamide (LiDA), and lithium 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP)—the “utility amides”—have long been indispensible particularly for lithiation (Li‐H exchange) reactions. Like organolithium compounds, they exhibit aggregation phenomena and strong Lewis acidity, and thus appear in distinct forms depending on the solvents employed. The structural chemistry of these compounds as well as their sodium and potassium congeners are described in the absence or in the presence of the most synthetically significant donor solvents tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N,N,N’,N’‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) or closely related solvents. Examples of hetero‐alkali‐metal amides, an increasingly important composition because of the recent escalation of interest in mixed‐metal synergic effects, are also included.
Extrusion processing of green biocomposites: Compounding, fibrillation efficiency, and fiber dispersion
Authors: Hietala Maiju , Rollo Pierre , Kekäläinen Kaarina , Oksman Kristiina 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe efficiency of twin‐screw extrusion process to fibrillate cellulose fibers into micro/nanosize in the same step as the compounding of green bionanocomposites of thermoplastic starch (TPS) with 10 wt % fibers was examined. The effect of the processing setup on micro/nanofibrillation and fiber dispersion/distribution in starch was studied using two types of cellulose fibers: bleached wood fibers and TEMPO‐oxidized cellulose fibers. A composite with cellulose nanofibers was prepared to examine the nanofiber distribution and dispersion in the starch and to compare the properties with the composites containing cellulose fibers. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and UV/Vis spectroscopy showed that fibers were not nanofibrillated in the extrusion, but good dispersion and distribution of fibers in the starch matrix was obtained. The addition of cellulose fibers enhanced the mechanical properties of the TPS. Moisture uptake study revealed that the material containing TEMPO‐oxidized fibers had higher moisture absorption than the other composites. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39981.
Thermal and mechanical properties of a polyhydroxyalkanoate plasticized with biobased epoxidized broccoli oil
Authors: Audic Jean‐Luc , Lemiègre Loïc , Corre Yves‐Marie 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTBroccoli oil was epoxidized through a simple process with performic acid generated in situ without any metal catalyst. The resulting epoxidized broccoli oil (EBO) was characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy and after a 72‐h reaction, and all initial double bonds were epoxidized without further degradation of the triglyceride. EBO was used thereafter as an additive in the formulation of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) films. The effects of EBO on the thermal and mechanical properties of PHA were studied with chromatography combined with thermal and mechanical analysis. From static and dynamic mechanical characterizations of PHA/EBO blends, EBO could be considered a good plasticizer for PHA. When blended with PHA, EBO caused a decrease in the elastic modulus, an increase in the elongation at break, and a decrease in the glass‐transition temperature. The beneficial effect of EBO on the thermal stability of the PHA was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis combined with size exclusion chromatography. The water vapor permeability of the PHA‐containing EBO films was also controlled by the EBO content. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39983.
Influence of residence time on performances of PVDF membranes prepared via free radical polymerization
Authors: Chen Gui‐E , Wu Wen‐Zhi , Zhang Ping‐Yun , Xu Zhen‐Liang 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTPoly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes were prepared with various residence times using water–ethanol (50 : 50, mass ratio) and pure ethanol coagulants as first coagulant, respectively. The physical properties of PVDF solution after free radical polymerization were investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), viscosity, precipitation kinetics, and surface tension. Resultant PVDF membranes were characterized by SEM, contact angle, mechanical properties, and filtration properties. The results showed that the longer residence time in the first coagulant contributed to the filtration properties improvement. Contact angles of the top‐surfaces and bottom‐surfaces of membranes decreased as residence time increasing in the first coagulant, and the top‐surface showed better hydrophilicity than that of the bottom‐surface. The pore size distributions of PVDF membranes showed that the dominating demixing process of the casting solution in water–ethanol coagulant was 5 s, and in that of ethanol was 10–15 s. Additionally, the short‐time delay demixing process in water–ethanol first coagulant resulted in a thin dense layer near the top surface, and the longer time delay demixing process in that of ethanol contributed to the shift of the inter‐globules to the cellular morphology in the case of the residence time increasing. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39987.
Preparation, structure, and properties of end‐functionalized miktoarms star‐shaped polybutadiene–sn–poly(styrene–butadiene) rubber
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Zhao Suhe , Zhang Xingying , Zhang Liqun , Wu Youping 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTTwo miktoarm star‐shaped rubbers with large‐volume functional groups of 1,1‐diphenylhexyl at the ends of arms (DMS–PB–SBR) and one miktoarm star‐shaped rubber with n‐butyl groups at the ends of arms (BMS–PB–SBR) were prepared by 1,1‐diphenylhexyllithium (DPHLi) and n‐butyl lithium as initiators, respectively. The molecular structures and morphological properties of the three rubbers (MS–PB–SBR) were studied and compared with those acquired from the blend consisting of star‐shaped solution‐polymerized butadiene styrene rubber (S‐SSBR) and butadiene rubber (PBR) prepared by ourselves. The results showed that MS–PB–SBR exhibited a more uniform distribution of PBR phase and a smaller phase size of PBR than that of S‐SSBR/PBR blend. It is found that MS–PB–SBR composites filled with CB showed the lower Payne effect than that of S‐SSBR/PBR/CB composite, suggesting that the MS–PB–SBR/CB composite (particularly the DMS–PB–SBR/CB composites) would possess excellent mechanical properties, high wet‐skid resistance, and low rolling resistance. For the studied MS–PB–SBR systems, the contribution of large‐volume functional groups at the end of PBR molecular chains to decrease the rolling resistance was larger than that of Sn coupling effect. It is envisioned that the miktoarm star‐shaped rubbers with 1,1‐diphenylhexyl groups at the molecular ends would be useful for making treads of green tires. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40002.
Ketimido Metallophthalocyanines: An Approach to Phthalocyanine‐Supported Mononuclear High‐Valent Ruthenium Complexes
Authors: Huang Jie‐Sheng , Wong Kwok‐Ming , Chan Sharon Lai‐Fung , Tso Ken Chi‐Hang , Jiang Tao , Che Chi‐Ming 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA “metal–ketimine+ArI(OR)2” approach has been developed for preparing metal–ketimido complexes, and ketimido ligands are found to stabilize high‐valent metallophthalocyanine (MPc) complexes such as ruthenium(IV) phthalocyanines. Treatment of bis(ketimine) ruthenium(II) phthalocyanines [RuII(Pc)(HNCPh2)2] (1a) and [RuII(Pc)(HNQu)2] (1b; HNQu=N‐phenyl‐1,4‐benzoquinonediimine) with PhI(OAc)2 affords bis(ketimido) ruthenium(IV) phthalocyanines [RuIV(Pc)(NCPh2)2] (2a) and [RuIV(Pc)(NQu)2] (2b), respectively. X‐ray crystal structures of 1b and [RuII(Pc)(PhNCHPh)2] (1c) show RuN(ketimine) distances of 2.075(4) and 2.115(3) Å, respectively. Complexes 2a,2b readily revert to 1a,1b upon treatment with phenols. 1H NMR spectroscopy reveals that 2a,2b are diamagnetic and 2b exists as two isomers, consistent with a proposed eclipsed orientation of the ketimido ligands in these ruthenium(IV) complexes. The reaction of 1a,1b with PhI(OAc)2 to afford 2a,2b suggests the utility of ArI(OR)2 as an oxidative deprotonation agent for the generation of high‐valent metal complexes featuring MN bonds with multiple bonding characters. DFT and time‐dependent (TD)‐DFT calculations have been performed on the electronic structures and the UV/Vis absorption spectra of 1b and 2b, which provide support for the diamagnetic nature of 2b and reveal a significant barrier for rotation of the ketimido group about the RuN(ketimido) bond.
Development of an immuno‐based colorimetric assay for white spot syndrome virus
Authors: Loyprasert‐Thananimit Suchera , Saleedang Akrapon , Deachamag Panchalika , Waiyapoka Thanyaporn , Neulplub Maitee , Chotigeat Wilaiwan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWhite spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major cause of infectious disease in cultured shrimp. A fast and reliable method for detecting and monitoring the amount of WSSV during farming would be extremely useful. This work describes a sandwich immunoassay that uses anti‐GST‐VP26, a WSSV‐binding protein (WBP), and modified streptavidin magnesphere paramagnetic particles (SMPPs) to develop the technique. The WBP was immobilized on SMPPs and later bound to different copies of WSSV. The binding was detected using anti‐GST‐VP26 conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. This enzymatic reaction successfully changed the test solution to a concentration‐dependent yellow color that was measured at 405 nm. The sensitivity of this method was between 1.6 × 104 and 1.6 × 107 copies µL−1 of WSSV. In this study, the color for detection and semiquantitative analysis is easily observed and measured and can lead to the development of a test kit for screening WSSV during shrimp farming.
Potential biovalorization techniques for olive mill biorefinery wastewater
Authors: ElMekawy Ahmed , Diels Ludo , Bertin Lorenzo , De Wever Heleen , Pant Deepak 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe industrial process of olive oil extraction produces huge amounts of wastes that have great negative impact on the environment, because of their high phytotoxicity against soil micro‐organisms and aquatic life. Valorization of olive mill waste water (OMWW) presents significant challenges mainly due to the high phenolic content of the wastewater which leads to high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dark color. There is an insistent requirement for strategies to control these wastes through technologies able to minimize their negative environmental effect and to convert them to sustainable resources. Different micro‐organisms and techniques have been tested to valorize OMWW. This review, after presenting a general overview, focuses critically on the most significant recent advances in the various types of biological valorization techniques of OMWW. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Expression of human butyrylcholinesterase with an engineered glycosylation profile resembling the plasma‐derived orthologue
Authors: Schneider Jeannine D. , Castilho Alexandra , Neumann Laura , Altmann Friedrich , Loos Andreas , Kannan Latha , Mor Tsafrir S. , Steinkellner Herta 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHuman butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is considered a candidate bioscavenger of nerve agents for use in pre‐ and post‐exposure treatment. However, the presence and functional necessity of complex N‐glycans (i.e. sialylated structures) is a challenging issue in respect to its recombinant expression. Here we transiently co‐expressed BChE cDNA in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana with vectors carrying the genes necessary for in planta protein sialylation. Site‐specific sugar profiling of secreted recombinant BChE (rBChE) collected from the intercellular fluid revealed the presence of mono‐ and di‐sialylated N‐glycans, which largely resembles to the plasma‐derived orthologue. Attempts to increase that sialylation content of rBChE by the over‐expression of an additional glycosylation enzyme that generates branched N‐glycans (i.e. β1,4‐N‐acetylglucosaminyl‐transferase IV), allowed the production of rBChE decorated with tri‐sialylated structures (up to 70%). Sialylated and non‐sialylated plant‐derived rBChE exhibited functional in vitro activity comparable to that of its commercially available equine‐derived counterpart. These results demonstrate the ability of plants to generate valuable proteins with designed sialylated glycosylation profiles optimized for therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, the efficient synthesis of carbohydrates present only in minute amounts on the native protein (tri‐sialylated N‐glycans) facilitates the generation of a product with superior efficacies and/or new therapeutic functions.
A factor analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms using data pooled from two venlafaxine extended‐release clinical trials
Authors: Stein Dan J. , Rothbaum Barbara O. , Baldwin David S. , Szumski Annette , Pedersen Ronald , Davidson Jonathan R. T. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundConfirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) (DSM‐IV) three‐factor posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic criteria was conducted to determine fit for this patient population. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of alternate symptom structures was planned to identify symptoms that cluster in this population. The response of symptom factors to treatment with venlafaxine extended release (ER) was explored.MethodsBaseline 17‐item Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS‐SX17) data were pooled from patients enrolled in two double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trials. The CFA was conducted using maximum likelihood and weighted, least‐squares factor extraction methods. The EFA was performed using a polychoric correlation covariance matrix and Pearson correlation matrix.ResultsData from a pooled population of 685 patients (venlafaxine ER: n = 339; placebo: n = 346) were analyzed. CFA rejected the DSM‐IV three‐factor structure. The EFA identified a different three‐factor structure as the best fit: factor 1 included reexperiencing symptoms, factor 2 included symptoms of altered mood and cognition, whereas factor 3 comprised avoidance and arousal symptoms. All DSM‐IV symptom factors and all factors in the identified three‐factor model responded positively to venlafaxine ER treatment.ConclusionsData are consistent with literature failing to confirm the three‐factor structure of DSM‐IV PTSD, and they support the DSM‐5 inclusion of a symptom cluster addressing altered mood and cognition in PTSD. The efficacy of venlafaxine ER in reducing a range of symptom clusters in PTSD is consistent with its multiple mechanisms of action.
Differentiated Customer Pressures and Environmental Policies in China
Authors: Wu Jie 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDrawing on the resource dependence theory, the stakeholder perspective and environmental management capabilities, this study examined the relationship between the heterogeneity of customer pressures and the varying levels of environmental policies in China. Data on 1215 Chinese manufacturing firms were analyzed to demonstrate that environmental pressures emanating from different types of customer have different impacts on firm environmental conduct and that the pressures from multinational consumers have a stronger effect on local Chinese suppliers’ propensity to reduce product environmental risks than those from local consumers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.