bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An exploration of pregnant teenagers' views of the future and their decisions to continue or terminate their pregnancy: implications for nursing care
Authors: Bell Emily R , Glover Lesley , Alexander Tim 
Published: December 2013

Aims and objectivesTo explore teenagers' views of the future in relation to their choices to continue or terminate pregnancy.BackgroundDespite recent decreases in the numbers of teenage pregnancies, across the world, the teenage pregnancy rate remains high. Consideration of views of the future (future orientation) appears to play an important part in teenage girls' decisions to continue with pregnancy. To date, no study has explored this in teenage pregnant girls at the time they make their decision to continue with or terminate their pregnancy.DesignCross‐sectional mixed methods design.MethodsThree groups were included: termination of pregnancy (n = 19), antenatal (n = 9) and never pregnant (n = 23). Participants were 13–18 years old. The termination of pregnancy and antenatal groups were interviewed, and the never pregnant group completed postal questionnaires.ResultsGroups differed in individual aspects of future orientation, that is, education, career and family, and reasons for pregnancy resolution choice. The termination group had more clearly developed and longer‐term plans for the future with a focus on career. The never pregnant group shared aspects of their future orientation with both the antenatal and termination of pregnancy groups. The impact of negative discourses about teenage pregnancy from others was identified as a significant issue.ConclusionsHow pregnant teenage girls view the future has a relationship with their decision to terminate or continue with their pregnancy.Relevance to clinical practiceThe findings suggest that working with teenage girls to clarify their views of the future may be useful both in preventing future unwanted pregnancy and in supporting teenagers in making pregnancy decisions. Supporting pregnant teenagers in distancing themselves from negative stereotypes of teenage mothers may also be beneficial.
Genetic factors may play a prominent role in the development of coronary heart disease dependent on important environmental factors
Authors: Song C. , Chang Z. , Magnusson P. K. E. , Ingelsson E. , Pedersen N. L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the study was to examine whether various lifestyle factors modify genetic influences on coronary heart disease (CHD).DesignThe effect of lifestyle factors [including smoking, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol intake and body mass index (BMI)] on risk of CHD was evaluated via Cox regression models in a twin study of gene–environment interaction. Using structure equation modelling, we estimated genetic variance of CHD dependent on lifestyle factors.SubjectsIn total, 51 065 same‐sex twins from 25 715 twin pairs born before 1958 and registered in the Swedish Twin Registry were eligible for this study. During the 40‐year follow‐up, 7264 incident CHD events were recorded.ResultsSmoking, sedentary lifestyle and above average BMI were significantly associated with increased CHD incidence. The heritability of CHD decreased with increasing age, as well as with increasing levels of BMI, in both men and women.ConclusionsThe difference in the genetic component of CHD as a function of BMI suggests that genetic factors may play a more prominent role for disease development in the absence of important environmental factors. Increased knowledge of gene–environment interactions will be important for a full understanding of the aetiology of CHD.
The formulation, chemical and physical characterisation of clarithromycin-based macrolide solution pressurised metered dose inhaler
Authors: Saadat Alessandro , Zhu Bing , Haghi Mehra , King Gregory , Colombo Gaia , Young Paul M , Traini Daniela 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Objectives
The formulation of a clarithromycin (CLA) pressurised metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) solution formulation opens up exciting therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of inflammation in chronic obstructive lung diseases. In this study, we have formulated and tested a low dose macrolide formulation of CLA for treatment of inflammation and studied its physicochemical and aerosol properties.

Methods
The system was characterised for in-vitro aerosol performance using an Andersen cascade impactor. Short-term chemical and physical stability was assessed by dose content uniformity over a range of temperatures. Standard physicochemical characteristics were also investigated using scanning electron microscopy, thermo analysis and laser diffraction techniques.

Key findings
The formulation had a relatively high fine particle fraction (47%) and produced a particle size distribution suitable for inhalation drug delivery. Particles had an irregular morphology and were predominately amorphous. Furthermore, the short-term stability showed the formulation to be stable from 4 to 37°C.

Conclusions
This study demonstrated the feasibility of formulating a solution-based pMDI containing CLA for the treatment of lung inflammatory diseases.
Exploratory Study of Physicochemical, Textural and Sensory Characteristics of Sugar‐Free Traditional Plum Jams
Authors: Culetu A. , Manolache F.A. , Duta D.E. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe present study is an exploratory research conducted with the aim of identifying correlations between physicochemical characteristics, textural parameters (firmness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness and chewiness) and sensory attributes evaluated by trained panel and consumers. A qualitative study was conducted on eight sugar‐free traditional plum jam samples differing in plum species, geographical area and processing technique. Good correlation was found between the physicochemical indices and sensory attributes as well as between texture parameters and sensory scores. The electronic nose system was used as a valuable tool for discriminating the samples. The most preferred sample (overall acceptability of 7.07 on a scale from 1 to 9) was a certified traditional product obtained from the household, boiled in a pot on direct fire. It had a good taste, a moderate degree of sweetness, a very dark color, a moderate degree of sourness, a good balance of sweet and sour, a very hard consistency and a persistent flavor after eating.Practical ApplicationsThis study aimed to find correlations between the physicochemical–textural–sensory characteristics of sugar‐free plum jams. This may be helpful for the industry to understand the consumers' preferences, to manufacture traditional food products and to control the quality.
Acute scrotum in Kawasaki disease: Two case reports and a literature review
Authors: Jibiki Toshiaki , Sakai Takehiko , Saitou Takeshi , Kanazawa Masaki , Ide Tomoyuki , Fujita Mayuko , Iida Yukiko , Yamazaki Sayaka , Ishiwada Fumie , Sato Junichi 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAcute scrotum is a rare complication of acute Kawasaki disease (KD), less well recognized than other disease manifestations. We describe the cases of two patients, aged 59 months and 19 months, with hydrocele testis in the acute phase of KD. Scrotal ultrasound and trans‐illumination were used in the diagnosis of hydrocele testis. One patient underwent eventual surgical intervention. We reviewed the literature for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of scrotal symptoms in acute KD and investigated the clinical importance of hydrocele testis. Careful further clinical observation may elucidate the true incidence of this extracardiac symptoms, thereby clarifying the diagnostic value of this possible complication in acute KD.
Decreased sialylation of IgA1 O‐glycans associated with pneumococcal hemolytic uremic syndrome
Authors: Aoki Hisaaki , Shiomi Masashi , Ikeda Tae , Ishii Tsubura , Shimizu Nobuhiko , Togawa Masao , Okamoto Nobuhiko , Kadoya Machiko , Wada Yoshinao 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in children is usually caused by Shiga‐like toxin‐producing Escherichia coli, but approximately 5% of cases are caused by invasive pneumococcal infection (P‐HUS). Reported herein is the case of a 9‐month‐old HUS patient with pneumococcal meningitis who needed hemodialysis for 12 days. Decreased sialylation was characterized in both transferrin N‐glycans and IgA1 O‐glycans, analyzed in the acute phase on mass spectrometry, consistent with S. pneumonia‐produced sialidases hydrolyzing both α2,3‐ and α2,6‐linked sialic acids. The method will complement the T‐antigen activation test and help to understand the molecular pathology related to P‐HUS.
Asymptomatic methylmalonic acidemia in a homozygous MUT mutation (p.P86L)
Authors: Underhill Hunter R , Hahn Si Houn , Hale Susan L , Merritt J Lawrence 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDeficiency in methylmalonyl‐coenzyme A mutase (MCM) is associated with accumulation of methylmalonic acid (MMA) and clinical outcomes that include early death and neurological impairment. Reported here are two unrelated patients with a homozygous p.P86L mutation in the MUT gene, which encodes MCM, diagnosed following newborn screening. This is the first description of a homozygous mutation in the N‐terminal extended segment of the MCM apoenzyme. Both in vitro and in vivo testing did not find a response to supplemental hydroxocobalamin. After discontinuation of hydroxocobalamin in one patient, serum MMA level remained elevated but stable, while urine MMA increased. Both patients have remained asymptomatic with normal development. The observed homozygous p.P86L mutation in the N‐terminal extended segment may yield reduced MCM activity and is refractory to hydroxocobalamin supplementation, while not inducing a metabolically unstable phenotype. These genotype–phenotype associations further enhance the understanding of methylmalonic acidemia, which will continue to improve patient care.
Remarkably delayed occurrence of normal surfactant composition in an extremely preterm infant
Authors: Nakamura Toshihiko , Shimizu Hiroshi , Nishitani Chiaki , Yoshioka Toshiro 
Published: December 2013

AbstractReported herein is the first case of a remarkably delayed occurrence of normal surfactant composition in an extremely preterm infant who required a total of 15 doses of artificial pulmonary surfactant (Surfacten®). A male infant, born at 26 weeks gestation, developed respiratory distress at birth. Chest radiography was consistent with respiratory distress syndrome. The infant required repeated doses of surfactant, each resulting in transient periods of decreased ventilator requirement and improved blood gas values. Surfactant proteins (SP)‐A, SP‐B, SP‐C, and SP‐D from tracheal aspirate samples were analyzed on the 13th day (deterioration period) and 36th day (recovery period) after birth. On the 13th day sufficient SP‐A and SP‐D but no SP‐B no SP‐C were detected on western blot analysis. SP‐B and SP‐C were eventually detected on the 36th day. This infant therefore required almost 3 months to achieve normal surfactant function.
Counting platelets at transfusion threshold levels: impact on the decision to transfuse. A BEST Collaborative ‐ UK NEQAS(H) International Exercise
Authors: Lozano M. , Mahon A. , van der Meer P. F. , Stanworth S. , Cid J. , Devine D. , Fung M. K. , de la Salle B. , Heddle N. M. ,   on behalf of Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion (BEST) Collaborative
Published: December 2013

Background and ObjectivesObtaining accurate and precise platelet enumeration in automatic platelet analysers at low platelet counts is a challenge. To explore the performance of current haematology analysers in counting platelet concentrations usually used as platelet transfusion threshold.Material and MethodsAn international exercise where four blood samples with platelet levels near usual platelet transfusion thresholds was prepared and distributed.ResultsThe samples shipped had a platelet count of 6·3, 13·3, 21·6 and 53·0 × 109/l according to the international reference method. We received 82 sets of results from nine countries. Instruments from six different manufacturers were represented. Although the mean count for each of the four samples was very similar to the values, according to the reference method (9·0, 16·2, 23·0 and 57·6 × 109/l), significant variability in the results was found. Assuming that these were patient samples and the result of the count used to indicate a prophylactic platelet transfusion, undertransfusion would have occurred for 24·5% of the LP1 samples at a transfusion threshold of 10 × 109/l and, at a threshold of 20 × 109/l, undertransfusion would have occurred for 7·2% of the LP1 and 16·2% of the LP2 samples and overtransfusion would have occurred with 23·1% of the LP3 samples.ConclusionThe results suggest that significant inaccuracy exists in counting low levels of platelets and that this inaccuracy might have a significant impact in under‐ and overtransfusion of platelet concentrates to patients.
Numerical Flow Simulation and Validation of an Electrical Submersible Pump
Authors: Rutter Risa , Sheth Ketan , O’Bryan Roshani 
Published: December 2013

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to investigate the hydraulic performance of a centrifugal pump within the electrical submersible pump (ESP) unit in single-phase flow. The geometry consists of a three-stage centrifugal pump with an impeller and a diffuser in each stage. The stage performance is influenced by the inlet and outlet conditions of the stage, and therefore, three stages were modeled. The simulations were run at 3,500 RPM for various flow rates within the operating range. The k-ε turbulence model and the shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model were used to compare the capabilities of the model on performance predictions. Simulations were run in steady and unsteady flow conditions with a single vane and a full pitch model.
Hydraulic performance such as efficiency, pump head, and break horse power (BHP) obtained from numerical analysis were compared with the test results to validate the CFD model. The comparison results revealed that the CFD overpredicts the pump head and underpredicts the BHP by 5 to 10%. The discrepancy between measurements and predictions are reasonable because the hydraulic leakage and bearing power losses are not modeled in CFD. The overall predicted efficiency is higher than the measurements because of overpredicted head and underpredicted BHP. Comparing numerical simulations with different turbulent models showed no significant difference between the k-ε model and the SST model. The steady/ unsteady flow comparison also showed similarity in the hydraulic performance near the best efficiency point. For design purposes, steady flow simulation with a single vane and the k-ε model were used to cut computational time.
CFD Simulation of Water Flow Mixing With Discrete Phase in a Pump
Authors: Strongin Mikhail P. 
Published: December 2013

The mixing process is very common in many industrial applications. In some cases, two or more liquids or discrete phase (DP) set on the pump inlet. Liquid mixture is often occurred in sanitation and agriculture applications and mixture of water with DP (such as sand) are met in the case of water transportation from natural sources (rivers, wells, etc.). DP distribution in the centrifugal pump is the subject of this study. Full pump geometry is considered, due to unsymmetrical nature of volute of the pump.
Turbulence k-ε closure model and Lagrangian discrete phase model has been used for most simulations.
It was found that smaller particles trap inside the pump for longer time than larger ones. The distribution of the bigger diameter particles on the outlet is more asymmetrical in comparison with particles of smaller diameter. Relatively large areas with very small particle concentrations can be observed. Particle distribution on the outlet for lighter particles demonstrates more uniformity.
Flow in a Human Renal Artery Network With a Saccular Aneurysm
Authors: Armstrong Grant , Peno Samantha , Espinoza Wendy , Judd Eric , Lemley Evan 
Published: December 2013

Blood flow into the kidneys through the renal artery determines the systemic blood pressure which is regulated by the baroreceptors in the kidneys. When the baroreceptors sense decreases in local fluid pressure they stimulate the renin-angiotensin aldosterone (RAA) system, which increases systemic blood pressure by constricting blood vessels throughout the body.
An aneurysm in the renal artery leads to high systemic blood pressure in most patients with this condition, but the mechanisms by which the pressure increase occurs are not well understood. One explanation of the pressure increase could be a drop in local fluid pressure near the aneurysm itself causing the RAA system to “correct” this low pressure by systemically increasing the blood pressure.
The ongoing work reported here has focused on a model renal artery network with and without an aneurysm by simulating the flow with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The fluid for the simulations was meant to mimic blood in terms of density and viscosity for shear stresses where Non-Newtonian flow effects should not be a concern. Flow into the renal artery was at a Reynolds number of almost 700, to mimic the flow rate in the renal artery. The simulations were performed to determine the difference in pressure between an inlet to the renal network and the exits from the network. These results indicate that the pressure difference through the network differed by less than 10 Pa comparing networks with and without saccular aneurysm. The pressure change that would trigger the RAA system is nearly 1000 Pa. So we conclude that the effect of changing the geometry with only a saccular aneurysm is not responsible for triggering the RAA system alone. Other effects that could lead to triggering of the RAA system are discussed as well as our initial construction of a system to perform validation experiments of our CFD results.
Numerical Evaluation of Deformation and Stress in Impellers of Multistage Pumps by Means of Fluid Structure Interaction
Authors: Schneider Andreas , Will Björn-Christian , Böhle Martin 
Published: December 2013

The operational reliability of centrifugal pumps strongly depends on an adequate structural design of every single component. Therefore, the design process requires trustworthy information about the expected stresses and deformations.
The numerical evaluation of the deformations and the stresses in the impellers of multistage centrifugal pumps is the topic of this report. The loads acting on the impeller under operating conditions can be subdivided into structural and hydrodynamic components, which are considered by means of one-way coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations. For the investigations, an exemplary multistage pump with a specific speed of nq = 30 has been chosen. The hydrodynamic pressure loads on the impeller are derived from the CFD solution for a single stage of the pump. These pressure loads are imposed on the impeller in the structural part of the simulation. In order to determine the resulting deformations and stresses of the impeller, static structural analyses are performed. Different operating conditions, i.e. flow rates and temperatures, are analyzed. Furthermore, the influence of structural impeller design parameters on the resulting deformations and stresses is investigated in detail. The thickness of the impeller shrouds as well as the fillet radii between the blades and the shrouds are considered as design parameters.
Intermittently Operated Oil Hydraulic Pump Unit With Accumulator to Save Energy and Hydraulic Assist for Restart
Authors: Suzuki Katsumasa , Ota Shinpei , Kasuya Shuji , Sugimura Ken 
Published: December 2013

Efforts to conserve energy have been made in a number of fields due to a shortage of energy resources, such as oil, and the need to protect the Earth’s environment. In the field of hydraulics, energy-saving pump units are very important because they consume less energy.
At present, variable displacement type hydraulic pump units (VD pump units) and inverter control type pump units (INV pump units) are widely used. The authors propose using an intermittently operated pump unit coupled with an accumulator (ACC pump unit). It is verified that the ACC pump unit is superior to the others in terms of efficiency, especially when the flow rate to the load is small or the duty ratio for the intermittent work is low.
However, the stop/restart operation of the electric motor for the pump drive is repeated frequently, and the instantaneous electric power consumed by the electric motor is more than six times the rated electricity when the pump is restarted. Therefore, we decreased the excess electricity consumption at pump restart using a method called “hydraulic assist”.
Before the electric motor is turned on, high-pressure fluid is supplied to the pump inlet from the accumulator. The pressure at the pump outlet is made to be zero by opening the valve to the tank. The pump essentially works as a hydraulic motor. Then, the electric motor is turned on. In this method, the instantaneous electric power consumption is reduced.
This method is also applied to a hydraulic pump unit driven by an internal combustion engine. The intermittent operation of the engine-driven hydraulic pump unit was accomplished using hydraulic assist to restart the pump. In this report, the energy-saving characteristics are shown.
Numerical Modeling of High-Speed Flows Over a Microsphere in the Slip and Early Transition Flow Regimes
Authors: Cheng Chi-Yang , Dai Yi , Li Genong , Richter Horst J. , Lai Ming-Chia 
Published: December 2013

The focus of this paper is on using computational fluid dynamics to investigate the drag and convection heat transfer of high-speed flows over a microsphere. The flow under investigation is steady-state, subsonic, transonic or supersonic laminar flow over a sphere. Due to the small size of the particle (< 80 microns), the flow is in the slip and early transition regimes. Typical Reynolds number based on sphere’s diameter is between 10 and 6000, and the Knudsen number is between 0.001 and 0.75.
For the slip flow as well as the early transition regimes, instead of using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo methods (DSMC) or lattice Boltzmann methods, we use ANSYS FLUENT, a Navier-Stokes-Fourier solver with the first-order velocity-slip and temperature-jump boundary conditions. In order to capture the non-equilibrium effects in the Knudsen layer, a constitutive scaling model for gas viscosity and conductivity is also implemented in the CFD model.
CFD simulations were performed at the free-stream Mach number from 0.6 to 3.0, with particle diameter from 1 to 80 microns and the Knudsen number from 1.4 × 10−3 to 0.14. The CFD results are in good agreement with experimental data. The deviations from the data are within 10%.
The numerical model also provides additional insight to the concept of the thermal recovery temperature in high-speed convection. Due to the nature of the temperature-jump boundary condition, the thermal recovery temperature in the slip flow regime can be obtained numerically only by solving the conjugate heat transfer problem. A “thin-wall” model is introduced in this paper in order to determine the thermal recovery temperature (or recovery factor) for the given Mach and Reynolds numbers.
Although a number of publications have been devoted to particle drag correlations as functions of particle Reynolds and Mach numbers, the dependence of drag on particle temperature has not been investigated. By using the rarefied gas flow model in this study, we have not only confirmed that the drag increases as particle temperature goes higher, but also found that rate of drag increase is higher for the transonic than for the supersonic flows.