bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of magnetopause motion on fast mode resonance
Authors: Hartinger M. D. , Welling D. , Viall N. M. , Moldwin M. B. , Ridley A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe Earth's magnetosphere supports several types of ultralow frequency (ULF) waves. These include fast mode resonance (FMR): cavity modes, waveguide modes, and tunneling modes/virtual resonance. The magnetopause, often treated as the outer boundary for cavity/waveguide modes in the dayside magnetosphere, is not stationary. A rapidly changing outer boundary condition—e.g., due to rapid magnetopause motion—is not favorable for FMR generation and may explain the sparseness of FMR observations in the outer magnetosphere. We examine how magnetopause motion affects the dayside magnetosphere's ability to sustain FMR with idealized Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) simulations using the BATS‐R‐US global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code coupled with the Ridley Ionosphere Model (RIM). We present observations of FMR in BATS‐R‐US, reproducing results from other global MHD codes. We further show that FMR is present for a wide range of solar wind conditions, even during periods with large and rapid magnetopause displacements. We compare our simulation results to FMR observations in the dayside magnetosphere, finding that FMR occurrence does not depend on solar wind dynamic pressure, which can be used as a proxy for dynamic pressure fluctuations and magnetopause perturbations. Our results demonstrate that other explanations besides a nonstationary magnetopause—such as the inability to detect FMR in the presence of other ULF wave modes with large amplitudes—are required to explain the rarity of FMR observations in the outer magnetosphere.
Density stratification influences on generation of different modes internal solitary waves
Authors: Chen Zhi‐Wu , Xie Jieshuo , Wang Dongxiao , Zhan Jie‐Min , Xu Jiexin , Cai Shuqun 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAn ideal tide‐topography interaction model is utilized for studying the influence of density stratification (pycnocline depth
, thickness
, and the density difference
across the pycnocline) on nonlinear disintegration of the first (mode‐1) and second (mode‐2) baroclinic mode internal tides into internal solitary waves (ISWs). The solution methods include weakly nonlinear analysis and fully nonlinear simulation. It is found that as d increases, even though the energy flux into mode‐1 internal tides is always larger than that into mode‐2 ones at generation, mode‐2 ISWs emerge and mode‐1 ISWs are suppressed. As
increases, the total energy conversion and the fluxes into both mode‐1 and mode‐2 tides all increase first and then decrease. During propagation, a thick pycnocline is actually not favorable for the emergence of mode‐2 ISWs, and the simulated well‐developed mode‐2 ISWs for a pycnocline of intermediate thickness are due to the tide generation process. As
increases, the total conversion and the fluxes into both mode‐1 and mode‐2 tides all increase almost linearly. Even though the flux into mode‐1 tides is always larger than that into mode‐2 ones at generation, mode‐1 tides cannot disintegrate but mode‐2 ISWs develop very well. During propagation,
has no influence on the generation of ISWs. The present work systematically investigates the influence of density stratification on formation of ISWs by considering both internal tide generation and propagation processes.
Comparison of Ellison and Thorpe scales from Eulerian ocean temperature observations
Authors: Cimatoribus Andrea A. , van Haren Hans , Gostiaux Louis 
Published: September 2014

AbstractOcean turbulence dissipation rate is estimated either by means of microstructure shear measurements, or by adiabatically reordering vertical profiles of density. The latter technique leads to the estimate of the Thorpe scale, which in turn can be used to obtain average turbulence dissipation rate by comparing the Thorpe scale to the Ozmidov scale. In both cases, the turbulence dissipation rate can be estimated using single vertical profiles from shipborne instrumentation. We present here an alternative method to estimate the length scale of overturns by using the Ellison length scale. The Ellison scale is estimated from temperature variance just beyond the internal wave band, measured by moored instruments. We apply the method to high resolution temperature data from two moorings deployed at different locations around the Josephine seamount (North Eastern Atlantic Ocean), in a region of bottom‐intensified turbulence. The variance of the temperature time series just above the internal wave frequency band is well correlated with the Thorpe scale. The method is based on the time‐frequency decomposition of variance called “maximum overlap discrete wavelet transform.” The results show that the Ellison length scale can be a viable alternative to the Thorpe scale for indirectly estimating turbulence dissipation rate from moored instruments in the ocean if time resolution is sufficiently high. We suggest that fine structure contaminated temperature measurements can provide reliable information on turbulence intensity.
Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy in Natural Product Research
Authors: Huck Christian W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe properties of natural products are related to certain classes of compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and essential oils. Traditionally, separation techniques including thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE) even hyphenated to mass spectrometry (MS) were used for the elucidation and qualitative and quantitative analyses of individual compounds. In the food industry, spectroscopic investigations using infrared radiation have been used to monitor and evaluate the composition and quality since the early 1960s. During the last four decades, near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (800–2500 nm; 12,500–4000 cm−1) has become one of the most attractive and used methods for analysis for the following reasons: It represents a noninvasive analytical tool allowing a fast and simultaneous qualitative and quantitative characterization of natural products and their constituents. In this contribution, the principle, technique, and methodology are described followed by a discussion of quantitative and qualitative application possibilities. Finally, some hints to helpful regulatory issues and advantages and limitations are critically evaluated.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Small Molecules in Natural Products
Authors: Seger Christoph 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides basic guidance to understand nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the context of natural product analysis. It is intended to provide the reader an introduction to the field and also to the following chapters of this handbook. The most important 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments are described; pitfalls of the structure elucidation process are sketched.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Large Molecules in Natural Products
Authors: Wunderlich Christoph H. , Grutsch Sarina , Tollinger Martin , Kreutz Christoph 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this chapter, we briefly describe the history of biomolecular solution NMR spectroscopy focusing on the milestones making it possible to study large molecules with high molecular weight. We then discuss the fundamentals and perspectives of NMR spectroscopy as a tool in the drug discovery, for example, for the characterization of the binding of small molecules isolated from plants to biomolecules. First, the currently most popular NMR methods for ligand screening and hit validation are discussed followed by a short description of NMR spectroscopic tools for hit and lead optimization. In the last two sections, magnetic resonance methods for monitoring ligand binding to the two major classes of biomolecules, proteins and nucleic acids, are described.
New Developments of Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry in Plant Analysis
Authors: Schinkovitz Andreas , Séraphin Denis , Richomme Pascal 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

The structural identification of natural products is one of the major focus areas of analytical chemistry research. Mass spectrometry (MS) has long been used to obtain molecular weights and further molecular formulae. In the past, former ionization sources such as electronic impact unfortunately limited MS analysis to predominately volatile, polar, and thermostable compounds. However, recent developments in soft ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), or laser desorption/ionization (LDI) have gradually extended MS analysis to a much wide range of chemical structures. As far as small natural compounds are concerned, LDI sources are still seldom used because of specific technical limitations. Indeed, the photoionization process of LDI is generally assisted by a matrix, which is a small molecule carrying strong UV chromophore. The process is then called
matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization
(MALDI) process. MALDI ionization therefore induces the formation of numerous matrix ions that commonly appear in the range 0–600 Da, and consequently interfere with molecular ions originating from many natural products. For this reason, the correct signal assignment is highly impaired in the critical region of interest. As LDI and MALDI are not only soft ionization processes but also quite sensitive techniques yielding high resolution spectra when coupled to a time‐of‐flight (TOF) analyzer, different attempts have been made to adapt these techniques for the analysis of natural products. Three of them will be more specifically discussed in this chapter: (i) LDI on neat gold surfaces obtained by physical vapor diffusion (PVD), (ii) desorption/ionization on self‐assembled monolayer surfaces (DIAMS), and (iii) the use of specific matrices for the selective detection of alkaloids.
Identification and Characterization of Hydroxycinnamates of Six
Galium
Species from the
R
ubiaceae Family
Authors: Jaiswal Rakesh , Matei Marius F. , Deshpande Sagar , Kuhnert Nikolai 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Hydroxycinnamates form a large class of low molecular weight secondary plant metabolites. In this study, 39 hydroxycinnamates present in the leaves of
Galium odoratum
L. Scop.,
Galium verum
L.,
Galium glaucum
L.,
Galium mollugo
L.,
Galium boreale
L., and
Galium harcynicum
L. (syn.
Galium saxatile
L.) were identified qualitatively, and 25 of them were identified to their regioisomeric level without any purification or isolation; assignment was based on their LC‐MS

n

behavior and the change in the peak intensity in UV chromatograms after the UV irradiation. Chlorogenic acids common to these herbal remedies were identified and will, in future studies, be selected for further detailed biological screening.
Plant Sesquiterpenes and other Terpenoids
Authors: Kouloura Eirini , Tchoumtchoua Job , Halabalaki Maria , Skaltsounis Alexios‐Leandros 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTerpenoids constitute one of the most numerous and structurally varied chemical group of natural products (>40,000) broadly abundant in the plant kingdom. Among them, sesquiterpenoids and other related low mass terpenoids encompass a largely studied and widely distributed subgroup. Apart from their essential physiological role in plant organisms, these secondary metabolites demonstrate important physicochemical and biological properties, enabling their exploitation as medicinal, cosmetic, or agrochemical agents. Mainly owing to their unique structural features, they comprise a highly promising area among natural products and, especially, in the discovery of novel pharmacological active compounds. During this effort, several analytical techniques, approaches, and methodologies have been applied, and numerous new have been lately introduced.In this chapter, the main techniques that are incorporated in the analysis of sesquiterpenoids and small terpenoids are presented with emphasis in recent advances and approaches. Specifically, new extraction and separation techniques, methodologies for the analysis and characterization, and detection and identification of sesquiterpenoids and related compounds are discussed using examples from the plant kingdom.
Plant Cardiotonic Glycosides
Authors: Krenn Liselotte 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCardiotonic glycosides from plants and esters from animal sources have a long‐standing use as positive inotropic agents in congestive heart failure and related diseases. Their potential as new anticancer therapeutics and the proof of endogenous cardiotonic steroids in humans have recently raised a lot of scientific interest for these compounds. For the analysis of cardenolides and bufadienolides and their glycosides or esters in natural sources, different chromatographic methods such as high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin layer chromatography, or gas chromatography as well as capillary electrophoresis, spectrophotometric methods, and immunoassays have been developed with HPLC being the most important technique. In this chapter, the different possibilities for qualitative and quantitative determinations of cardiotonic glycosides in plant material and toad venom are compiled. Sample preparation, modes of separation, and/or detection in well‐established methods are presented. The potential of the hyphenated techniques introduced during the past decade for the characterization of these compounds is presented. Advantages and disadvantages of the differing approaches are discussed.
Chemical Analysis of Bryophytes
Authors: Asakawa Yoshinori , Ludwiczuk Agnieszka , Toyota Masao 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
There are more than 20,000 species of bryophytes in the world. Among them, almost all of the liverworts (Marchantiophyta) possess beautiful cellular oil bodies from which over several hundred new terpenoids and phenolic compounds with more than 40 new carbon skeletons have been isolated. Some of the isolated terpenoids and aromatic compounds from liverworts show allergenic contact dermatitis, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, insect antifeedant and mortality, antioxidant, NO production and plant growth inhibitory, neurotrophic and piscicidal, tublin polymerization inhibitory, muscle‐relaxing, and liver X‐receptor alpha (LXRα) agonist and LXRβ antagonist activities among others. The bio‐ and chemical diversities, chemical analysis of bryophytes, including extraction, distillation, purification, thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of oil bodies of liverworts, and biosynthesis of typical bis‐bibenzyls, biological activities, chemosystematics, and chemical phylogeny of bryophytes are surveyed.
Cyclotide Analysis
Authors: Northfield Susan E. , Poth Aaron G. , D'Souza Charlotte , Craik David J. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of methods for the analysis of cyclotides, a structurally unique class of plant defense peptides. These peptides have been extensively analyzed over the last two decades, having been discovered in the Violaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae plant families. Cyclotides are characterized by their distinctive head‐to‐tail cyclic peptide backbone and the cystine knot formed by their three conserved disulfide bonds. Cyclotides exhibit a range of activities, including insecticidal, anti‐HIV, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities, and are thus of interest for applications in drug design and agriculture. We here report on methods for their discovery and characterization, as well as methods for their quantification in plant tissues and biofluids.
Phenotyping of Plants
Authors: Guo Qiaosheng , Zhu Zaibiao 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The purpose of phenotyping is to produce a description of the plant's anatomical, ontological, physiological, and biochemical properties. The description needs to be numerical, and the methodology needs to be rapid, repeatable, and inexpensive if a large number of samples need to be measured. In recent years, high throughput phenotyping analysis methods have become state of the art in the life sciences. The recent advancement in currently used new high throughput and high resolution phenotyping technologies is reviewed.
Transcriptome Analysis of Medicinal Plant with Next‐Generation Sequencing Technologies
Authors: Chen Shilin , Luo Hongmei 
Published: September 2014

AbstractNext‐generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, from the second‐generation sequencing platforms of 454/Roche, SOLiD/ABI (supported oligonucleotide ligation and detection/Applied Biosystems), and Solexa/Illumina to the transitioning system of Ion Torrent and to the third‐generation sequencing technologies of Helicos, PacBio, and Nanopore systems, have led the way in revolutionizing transcriptomics by providing unprecedented opportunities for high throughput transcriptomic research on medicinal plants, for most of which the genome/transcriptome data are not available. Transcriptome sequencing, analysis on the transcribed portion of the genome, has been used for applications ranging from gene expression profiling, protein‐coding gene annotation, and rearrangement detection to noncoding RNA discovery and genetic marker identification. This chapter discusses the characterization and application of NGS technologies in plant transcriptomic research and examples in the procedures of transcriptome analysis using 454 sequencing technology.
Microarrays in Medicinal Plant Analysis
Authors: Liu Chang , Chen Haimei , Li Jianqin , Xu Xiaolan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThere are several different types of microarray technologies, such as DNA microarray, protein microarray, cell microarray, tissue microarray, and so on, based on what are immobilized on the microarray chips and what are to be detected. This review is divided into five sections. The first section provides a brief introduction. In the second section, we describe these various types of microarray technologies in terms of their principles and summarize their potential applications. Among these technologies, DNA microarray technology is the best developed and has been used extensively in a wide range of applications related to medicinal plants. So, the following sections will focus on the DNA microarray technologies. In the third section, various applications of DNA microarray technology in medicinal plant research are reviewed, hoping to give the readers ideas of using this technology. The fourth section describes practical protocol of using DNA microarray technology, particularly the usage of cDNA microarray. Last, we discuss the limitation of microarray technologies and the future directions.
Plant SmallRNAs
Authors: Lu Shanfa 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPlant small RNAs (sRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs with significant regulatory roles not only in plant development but also in plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses through direct cleavage of transcripts, translational inhibition, or epigenetic modification. sRNAs are abundant in cells and can be classified into microRNAs (miRNAs) and endogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) based on the distinct origins and biogenesis pathways. Plant endogenous siRNAs are a large class of sRNAs and can be classified into several subclasses, such as trans‐acting siRNAs (ta‐siRNAs), natural‐antisense‐transcript‐derived siRNAs (NAT‐siRNAs), and heterochromatic‐siRNAs (hc‐siRNAs). Many methods have been developed to identify RNAs and elucidate their functions. In this chapter, we briefly review various techniques currently used for plant sRNA analysis, including sRNA isolation and sequencing, computational characterization of sRNAs, computational prediction of sRNA targets, mapping of sRNA‐guided cleavage sites, and analysis of sRNA expression. We also provide two useful sRNA protocols, one for sRNA cloning and the other for sRNA Northern hybridization.
Quality Assessment of Herbal Drugs and Medicinal Plant Products
Authors: Ahmad Iqbal , Ahmad Khan Mohd Sajjad , Cameotra Swaranjit Singh 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe herbal drugs and medicinal plant products have been widely used for thousands of years in many parts of the world. Medicinal plants constitute a source of raw material for both traditional and modern systems of medicine. In recent few decades, growth and popularity of herbal medicine and plant products have taken a significant share of the healthcare. Various systems of traditional medicines have been recognized in many countries such as India, Japan, Korea, China, USA, and some European countries. Each country has its own set of guidelines to assess the quality control of the herbal medicine depending on the system they adapt to prepare herbal medicine. The importance of quality control and standardization of botanical products is of utmost concern for global acceptability of these drugs in the modern system of medicine. These assessments are needed at different levels of drug‐manufacturing processes and post‐manufacturing stages. As herbal medicinal products are complex mixtures that originate from biological sources, great efforts are necessary to guarantee a constant and adequate quality. The morphological and microscopic identifications are utilized to determine the authenticity of herbal medicines, and the physical and chemical characters are used to evaluate the quality of herbs in the existing quality standards. The fingerprint analyses have been internationally accepted as one of the efficient methods to control the quality of herbal medicines. In addition to fingerprinting, other parameters such as microbiological and chemical contaminations, adulterants, and toxicity including genotoxicity are to be assessed. In this chapter, the current scenario of the quality control assessment of herbal medicine and medicinal plant products is reviewed. Botanical parameters such as sensory or organoleptic evaluation, histological observations and measurements are discussed. An overview covering various techniques employed in quantitative characterization of herbal medicines such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy is reported. Potential of metabolomics in the developments of improved phytotherapeutic agents, and DNA‐based molecular markers in adulterants, is described. Pharmacological and toxicological parameters such as pesticide residue, heavy metals, aflatoxins, and microbial and radioactive contaminations are also addressed.
The Collision Auto Repair Safety Study (CARSS): A health and safety intervention
Authors: Parker David L. , Bejan Anca , Brosseau Lisa M. , Skan Maryellen , Xi Min 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundCollision repair employs approximately 205,500 people in 33,400 shops. Workers are exposed to a diverse array of chemical, physical, and ergonomic hazards.MethodsCARSS was based on a random and purposeful sample. Baseline and one baseline and one‐year evaluations consisted of 92 questions addressing issues, such as Right‐to‐Know, fire protection, painting‐related hazards, ergonomics, electrical safety, and personal protective equipment. Owners received a report and selected at least 30% of items found deficient for remediation. In‐person and web‐based services were provided.ResultsForty‐nine shops were evaluated at baseline and 45 at follow‐up. At baseline, 54% of items were present. This improved to 71% at follow‐up (P < 0.0001). Respiratory protection improved 37% (P < 0.0001) and Right‐to‐Know training increased 30% (P < 0.0001). Owners completed 61% of items they selected for remediation.ConclusionsSmall businesses' interventions should address the lack of personnel and administrative infrastructure. Tailored information regarding hazards and easy‐to‐use training and administrative programs overcome many barriers to improvement. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:88–100, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.