bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, attitudes, and professional practices versus personal beliefs of pharmacists regarding chemically dependent patients
Authors: Tomko John R. , Giannetti Vincent J. 
Published: December 2014

Background: As pharmacists are increasingly involved in delivering services to chemically dependent populations, it is prudent to explore the perceptions community pharmacists have regarding such patients.
Methods: A random sample of one thousand pharmacists were sent a questionnaire
Results: Twenty-nine percent of responders report no formal education about chemical dependence in pharmacy school. Sixty-four percent of the sample believed that the pharmacist plays a vital role in the treatment of addiction; however slightly more than one third of the respondents admitted to being annoyed rather than sympathetic toward addicted patients.
Conclusions: This survey highlights the need for more extensive education in pharmacy school regarding chemical dependence.
A retrospective analysis of inpatient utilization of paliperidone palmitate and readmission rates
Authors: Klug Mikayla J. , Smith April N. , Price Paul L. 
Published: December 2014

Introduction: This study evaluated pharmacoeconomic considerations, specifically drug cost and patient readmission rates, of the non-formulary agent paliperidone palmitate, within the Alegent Creighton Health system. Pharmacy reimbursement rates for paliperidone palmitate are better on an outpatient versus inpatient basis. Given the low reimbursement rates for inpatient psychiatric care and the high cost of paliperidone palmitate, the drug cost could be justified if patients who received the injection demonstrated a subsequent reduction in readmission.
Methods: The electronic medical record was used to identify patients who received at least one inpatient injection of paliperidone palmitate within the Alegent Creighton Health system from January 2010 – April 2012. Indication, dose, administration date, concurrent antipsychotics, length of stay (LOS), discharge date, and time to readmission were also recorded. Finance reports determined hospital cost and reimbursement for each inpatient stay and pharmacy cost of each paliperidone palmitate injection.
Results: Thirty-two patients received paliperidone palmitate during the period specified. The average LOS was 18 days. The readmission rates for the paliperidone palmitate patients versus all patients at our institution with a diagnosis related group (DRG) of psychosis were as follows: within 30 days, 22% vs 12.5%; 60 days, 15% vs 15%; and 90 days, 25% vs 18%, respectively. The hospital experienced a net loss of roughly $5,610 per stay for the patients studied and paliperidone palmitate alone constituted approximately 16% of the total hospital cost per each patient stay.
Discussion: In this limited patient population, it appears inpatient administration of paliperidone palmitate increased hospital cost without significantly reducing readmission rates at 30, 60, or 90 days post-injection. If patients are due for their monthly maintenance dose while hospitalized, the injection should be deferred to outpatient care if discharge is anticipated within one week since product labeling states maintenance injections can be given seven days after the monthly due date and outpatient reimbursement for the drug is superior.
Numerical analysis of stratification and destratification processes in a tidally energetic inlet with an ebb tidal delta
Authors: Purkiani Kaveh , Becherer Johannes , Flöser Götz , Gräwe Ulf , Mohrholz Volker , Schuttelaars Henk M. , Burchard Hans 
Published: December 2014

AbstractStratification and destratification processes in a tidally energetic, weakly stratified inlet in the Wadden Sea (south eastern North Sea) are investigated in this modeling study. Observations of current velocity and vertical density structure show strain‐induced periodic stratification for the southern shoal of the tidal channel. In contrast to this, in the nearby central region of the channel, increased stratification is already observed directly after full flood. To investigate the processes leading to this different behavior, a nested model system using GETM is set up and successfully validated against field data. The simulated density development along a cross section that includes both stations shows that cross‐channel stratification is strongly increasing during flood, such that available potential energy is released in the deeper part of the channel during flood. An analysis of the potential energy anomaly budget confirms that the early onset of vertical stratification during flood at the deeper station is mainly controlled by the stratifying cross‐channel straining of the density field. In contrast to this, in the shallow part of the channel, the relatively weak cross‐channel straining is balanced by along‐channel straining and vertical mixing. An idealized analytical model confirms the following hypothesis: The laterally convergent flood current advecting laterally stratified water masses from the shallow and wide ebb tidal delta to the deep and narrow tidal channel has the tendency to substantially increase cross‐channel density gradients in the tidal channel. This process leads to stratification during flood.
Thermodynamics versus Kinetics in Nanosynthesis
Authors: Wang Yawen , He Jiating , Liu Cuicui , Chong Wen Han , Chen Hongyu 
Published: December 2014

AbstractOne may discover a stone tool by chance but it takes more than luck to make a car or cell phone. With the advance of nanoscience, the synthesis of increasingly sophisticated nanostructures demands a rational design and a systems approach. In this Review, we advocate the distinction between thermodynamically and kinetically controlled scenarios, that is, whether a product forms because it is the most stable state or because the pathway leading to it has the lowest energy barrier. Great endeavours have been made to describe the multiple concurrent processes in typical nanosynthesis phenomena, so that the mechanistic proposals in the literature are brought into a common framework for easy contrast and comparison.
Insights into the Pamamycin Biosynthesis
Authors: Rebets Yuriy , Brötz Elke , Manderscheid Niko , Tokovenko Bogdan , Myronovskyi Maksym , Metz Peter , Petzke Lutz , Luzhetskyy Andriy 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPamamycins are macrodiolides of polyketide origin with antibacterial activities. Their biosynthesis has been proposed to utilize succinate as a building block. However, the mechanism of succinate incorporation into a polyketide was unclear. Here, we report identification of a pamamycin biosynthesis gene cluster by aligning genomes of two pamamycin‐producing strains. This unique cluster contains polyketide synthase (PKS) genes encoding seven discrete ketosynthase (KS) enzymes and one acyl‐carrier protein (ACP)‐encoding gene. A cosmid containing the entire set of genes required for pamamycin biosynthesis was successfully expressed in a heterologous host. Genetic and biochemical studies allowed complete delineation of pamamycin biosynthesis. The pathway proceeds through 3‐oxoadipyl‐CoA, a key intermediate in the primary metabolism of the degradation of aromatic compounds. 3‐Oxoadipyl‐CoA could be used as an extender unit in polyketide assembly to facilitate the incorporation of succinate.
Long jute fiber‐reinforced polypropylene composite: Effects of jute fiber bundle and glass fiber hybridization
Authors: Uawongsuwan Putinun , Yang Yuqiu , Hamada Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTTwo types of long jute fiber pellet consisting of twisted‐jute yarn (LFT‐JF/PP) and untwisted‐jute yarn (UT‐JF/PP) pellets are used to prepare jute fiber–reinforced polypropylene (JF/PP) composites. The mechanical properties of both long fiber composites are compared with that of re‐pelletized pellet (RP‐JF/PP) of LFT‐JF/PP pellet, which is re‐compounded by extrusion compounding. High stiffness and high impact strength of JF/PP composites are as a result of using long fiber. However, the longer fiber bundle consequently affects the distribution of jute fiber. The incorporation of 10 wt % glass fibers is found to improve mechanical properties of JF/PP composites. Increasing mechanical properties of hybrid composites is dependent on the type of JF/PP pellets, which directly affect the fiber length and fiber orientation of glass fiber within hybrid composites. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41819.
Differential diagnosis of liver tumours using intraoperative real-time tissue elastography
Authors: Omichi K , Inoue Y , Hasegawa K , Sakamoto Y , Okinaga H , Aoki T , Sugawara Y , Kurahashi I , Kokudo N 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Background
Real-time tissue elastography is an innovative tool that informs the surgeon about tissue elasticity by applying the principle of ultrasonography. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of intraoperative real-time tissue elastography (IORTE) for the detection and characterization of liver tumours.

Methods
Between October 2010 and November 2011, IORTE was performed for liver lesions after the completion of routine B-mode intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS). The elasticity images of all tumours, except those of cysts, were classified into six categories according to modified criteria (types 1–6), according to the degree of strain contrast with the surrounding liver. The concordance of IORTE with pathological examination of the tumour, B-mode IOUS and clinical diagnosis after follow-up was assessed.

Results
Images were obtained from 92 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), 92 adenocarcinomas, 19 other malignant tumours and 18 benign tumours in 158 patients. Using a minilinear probe, 73 of 88 HCCs were classified as having a ‘HCC pattern’ (type 3, 4 or 5), resulting in a sensitivity of 83·0 per cent, a specificity of 67·2 per cent and an accuracy of 73·7 per cent. Some 66 of 90 adenocarcinomas were classified as ‘adenocarcinoma pattern’ (type 6), resulting in a sensitivity of 73·3 per cent, specificity of 95·1 per cent and accuracy of 85·9 per cent. IORTE detected seven new lesions (8 per cent).

Conclusion
IORTE is useful for the detection and characterization of liver tumours.
Highly Enantioselective Catalytic Asymmetric [2+2] Cycloadditions of Cyclic α‐Alkylidene β‐Oxo Imides with Ynamides
Authors: Enomoto Kazuaki , Oyama Harufumi , Nakada Masahisa 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHighly enantioselective catalytic asymmetric [2+2] cycloadditions of cyclic α‐alkylidene β‐oxo imides with ynamides are described. The high reactivity of the cyclic α‐alkylidene β‐oxo imide allows the [2+2] cycloadditions of a hindered substrate with unreactive ynamides at low temperature. The X‐ray crystallographic analysis of the product suggests that the enantioselectivity of the [2+2] cycloaddition can be well explained by the chelate model comprising the intramolecular hydrogen bond, wherein the cyclic α‐alkylidene β‐oxo imide coordinates with CuII through the two imide carbonyls. The imide group in the product can be transformed to amide, nitrile, and ester groups; moreover, it is removable.
Novel Tacrine‐Grafted Ugi Adducts as Multipotent Anti‐Alzheimer Drugs: A Synthetic Renewal in Tacrine–Ferulic Acid Hybrids
Authors: Benchekroun Mohamed , Bartolini Manuela , Egea Javier , Romero Alejandro , Soriano Elena , Pudlo Marc , Luzet Vincent , Andrisano Vincenza , Jimeno María‐Luisa , López Manuela G. , Wehle Sarah , Gharbi Tijani , Refouvelet Bernard , de Andrés Lucía , Herrera‐Arozamena Clara , Monti Barbara , Bolognesi Maria Laura , Rodríguez‐Franco María Isabel , Decker Michael , Marco‐Contelles José , Ismaili Lhassane 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHerein we describe the design, multicomponent synthesis, and biological, molecular modeling and ADMET studies, as well as in vitro PAMPA‐blood–brain barrier (BBB) analysis of new tacrine–ferulic acid hybrids (TFAHs). We identified (E)‐3‐(hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)‐N‐{8[(7‐methoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroacridin‐9‐yl)amino]octyl}‐N‐[2‐(naphthalen‐2‐ylamino)2‐oxoethyl]acrylamide (TFAH 10 n) as a particularly interesting multipotent compound that shows moderate and completely selective inhibition of human butyrylcholinesterase (IC50=68.2 nM), strong antioxidant activity (4.29 equiv trolox in an oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay), and good β‐amyloid (Aβ) anti‐aggregation properties (65.6 % at 1:1 ratio); moreover, it is able to permeate central nervous system (CNS) tissues, as determined by PAMPA‐BBB assay. Notably, even when tested at very high concentrations, TFAH 10 n easily surpasses the other TFAHs in hepatotoxicity profiling (59.4 % cell viability at 1000 μM), affording good neuroprotection against toxic insults such as Aβ1–40, Aβ1–42, H2O2, and oligomycin A/rotenone on SH‐SY5Y cells, at 1 μM. The results reported herein support the development of new multipotent TFAH derivatives as potential drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer′s disease.
The Use of Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data in Drug Discovery: Decisive Insight or Increasing the Puzzlement?
Authors: Klebe Gerhard 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe prime property to rate the success of hit‐to‐lead‐to‐drug optimization in drug discovery is binding affinity. Rational approaches try to relate this property with structure. Affinity can be linked to the thermodynamic property, Gibbs free energy of binding, which itself factorizes into enthalpy and entropy. With respect to kinetic properties, affinity can be associated with the ratio of koff and kon of complex formation. Do these features help to obtain better insight into affinity? The present viewpoint assesses our current understanding of thermodynamics– or kinetics–structure relationships and questions the accuracy of data collected to learn about the thermodynamic and kinetic basis to comprehend affinity.
Single‐cycle induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy or surgery in patients with head and neck cancer: What are the best predictors of remission and prognosis?
Authors: Semrau Sabine , Haderlein Marlen , Schmidt Daniela , Lell Michael , Wolf Walburga , Waldfahrer Frank , Uder Michael , Iro Heinrich , Kuwert Torsten , Fietkau Rainer 
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUNDThere is controversy over the concept of function and organ preservation by chemotherapy/chemoradiation instead of surgery in locally advanced cancer of the larynx or pharynx. Tumor response to induction chemotherapy (ICT) can help in choosing between conservative and surgical treatment. This study compared 3 methods of assessing response to ICT: endoscopy, computed tomography, and 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT.METHODSPrimary response to 1 cycle of ICT with docetaxel plus platinum was assessed by the aforementioned methods in 62 laryngopharyngeal cancer patients. Endoscopic response was the deciding factor for selecting further treatment: surgery for endoscopic nonresponders (<30% tumor response) versus chemoradiotherapy for endoscopic responders.RESULTSICT achieved endoscopic response in 48 of 62 patients (77%). Individual relative residual tumor activity of standardized uptake value (resSUVmax) in 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT was a median 0.38 of baseline (0.09‐1.71), whereas residual tumor extent in CT (resCT) was 0.75 of baseline (0.32‐1.20). Endoscopic responders and nonresponders differed significantly in SUVmax after ICT (postSUVmax, 6.0 vs 14.5; P < .001), resSUVmax (0.34 vs 0.81, P < .001), and resCT (0.71 vs 0.87, P = .004), but not in maximum tumor diameter after ICT (14 vs 20 mm, P = .11). resSUVmax <0.8 and absolute postSUVmax <10 provided the best discriminatory power for long‐term success criteria (tumor‐free survival, overall survival).CONCLUSIONSMetabolic tumor response showed very good correlation with clinical tumor response to ICT. The value of metabolic response detected by 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT should be explored in a prospective clinical trial. Cancer 2015;121:1214–1222. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Challenging the paradigm of nitrogen cycling: no evidence of in situ resource partitioning by coexisting plant species in grasslands of contrasting fertility
Authors: Wilkinson Anna , Hill Paul W. , Vaieretti María V. , Farrar John F. , Jones Davey L. , Bardgett Richard D. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn monoculture, certain plant species are able to preferentially utilize different nitrogen (N) forms, both inorganic and organic, including amino acids and peptides, thus forming fundamental niches based on the chemical form of N. Results from field studies, however, are inconsistent: Some showing that coexisting plant species predominantly utilize inorganic N, while others reveal distinct interspecies preferences for different N forms. As a result, the extent to which hypothetical niches are realized in nature remains unclear. Here, we used in situ stable isotope tracer techniques to test the idea, in temperate grassland, that niche partitioning of N based on chemical form is related to plant productivity and the relative availability of organic and inorganic N. We also tested in situ whether grassland plants vary in their ability to compete for, and utilize peptides, which have recently been shown to act as an N source for plants in strongly N‐limited ecosystems. We hypothesized that plants would preferentially use NO3−‐N and NH4+‐N over dissolved organic N in high‐productivity grassland where inorganic N availability is high. On the other hand, in low‐productivity grasslands, where the availability of dissolved inorganic N is low, and soil availability of dissolved organic N is greater, we predicted that plants would preferentially use N from amino acids and peptides, prior to microbial mineralization. Turves from two well‐characterized grasslands of contrasting productivity and soil N availability were injected, in situ, with mixtures of 15N‐labeled inorganic N (NO3− and NH4+) and 13C15N labeled amino acid (l‐alanine) and peptide (l‐tri‐alanine). In order to measure rapid assimilation of these N forms by soil microbes and plants, the uptake of these substrates was traced within 2.5 hours into the shoots of the most abundant plant species, as well as roots and the soil microbial biomass. We found that, contrary to our hypothesis, the majority of plant species across both grasslands took up most N in the form of NH4+, suggesting that inorganic N is their predominant N source. However, we did find that organic N was a source of N which could be utilized by plant species at both sites, and in the low‐productivity grassland, plants were able to capture some tri‐alanine‐N directly. Although our findings did not support the hypothesis that differences in the availability of inorganic and organic N facilitate resource partitioning in grassland, they do support the emerging view that peptides represent a significant, but until now neglected, component of the terrestrial N cycle.
Demographic effects of extreme weather events: snow storms, breeding success, and population growth rate in a long‐livedAntarctic seabird
Authors: Descamps Sébastien , Tarroux Arnaud , Varpe Øystein , Yoccoz Nigel G. , Tveraa Torkild , Lorentsen Svein‐Håkon 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWeather extremes are one important element of ongoing climate change, but their impacts are poorly understood because they are, by definition, rare events. If the frequency and severity of extreme weather events increase, there is an urgent need to understand and predict the ecological consequences of such events. In this study, we aimed to quantify the effects of snow storms on nest survival in Antarctic petrels and assess whether snow storms are an important driver of annual breeding success and population growth rate. We used detailed data on daily individual nest survival in a year with frequent and heavy snow storms, and long term data on petrel productivity (i.e., number of chicks produced) at the colony level. Our results indicated that snow storms are an important determinant of nest survival and overall productivity. Snow storm events explained 30% of the daily nest survival within the 2011/2012 season and nearly 30% of the interannual variation in colony productivity in period 1985–2014. Snow storms are a key driver of Antarctic petrel breeding success, and potentially population dynamics. We also found state‐dependent effects of snow storms and chicks in poor condition were more likely to die during a snow storm than chicks in good condition. This stresses the importance of considering interactions between individual heterogeneity and extreme weather events to understand both individual and population responses to climate change.
Intensity‐modulated radiotherapy for early‐stage glottic cancer
Authors: Berwouts Dieter , Swimberghe Martijn , Duprez Fréderic , Boterberg Tom , Bonte Katrien , Deron Philippe , De Gersem Werner , De Neve Wilfried , Madani Indira 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to report on treatment outcome of intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for early‐stage (cT1–2 cN0 M0) squamous cell carcinoma of the glottis, as compared with patients treated with conventional radiotherapy.MethodsBetween November 2007 and December 2011, 40 consecutive patients were treated with IMRT with daily cone‐beam CT position verification. The median prescription to the planning target volume (PTV) was 63 Gy/28 fractions and 67.5 Gy/30 fractions for T1 and T2 tumors, respectively. The historical control comprised 81 consecutive patients treated with conventional radiotherapy to total doses of 66 Gy/33 fractions (66 patients) and 70 Gy/35 fractions (15 patients) for T1 and T2 tumors, respectively.ResultsThe median follow‐up of living patients was 3.8 years (range, 1.0–5.0 years) in the IMRT group and 9.0 years, (range, 5.2–12.7 years) in the conventional group. Five‐year actuarial local control was equal compared to the conventional group: 83% versus 74% (p = .64). Five‐year actuarial ultimate local control was 100% in the IMRT group and 95% in the conventional group (p = .17). Five‐year actuarial overall and disease‐specific survival was 85% after IMRT versus 65% after conventional radiotherapy (p = .15) and 97% versus 89% (p = .31), respectively. Incidence and severity of acute dermatitis was significantly less during IMRT than in the control group (p < .001). Two patients receiving IMRT had late grade 3 hoarseness.ConclusionIMRT is as efficient as conventional radiotherapy in terms of disease control and overall survival. It has the potential to reduce toxicity as compared to conventional radiotherapy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E179–E184, 2016