bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Odanacatib increases mineralized callus during fracture healing in a rabbit ulnar osteotomy model
Authors: Pennypacker Brenda L. , Gilberto David , Gatto Nicholas T. , Samadfam Rana , Smith Susan Y. , Kimmel Donald B. , Duong Le Thi 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThe effects of the cathepsin K inhibitor odanacatib (ODN) on fracture healing were monitored for ∼6 and 15 weeks post‐fracture in two separate studies using the unilateral transverse mid‐ulnar osteotomy model in skeletally mature female rabbits. Rabbits were pre‐treated for 3–4 weeks with vehicle (Veh), ODN (2 mg/kg, po, daily), or alendronate (ALN) (0.3 mg/kg, sc, twice‐weekly) prior to osteotomy. In Study 1, the animals were maintained on the same respective treatment for ∼6 weeks. In Study 2, the animals were also continued on the same therapy or switched from Veh to ODN or ODN to Veh for 15 weeks. No treatment‐related impairment of fracture union was seen by qualitative histological assessments in the first study. Cartilage retention was detected in the calluses of ALN‐treated rabbits at week‐6, while calluses in the ODN and Veh groups contained bony tissue with significantly less residual cartilage. ODN treatment also markedly increased the number of cathepsin K‐(+) osteoclasts in the callus, indicating enhanced callus remodeling. From the second study, ex vivo DXA and pQCT confirmed that ODN treatment pre‐ and post‐osteotomy increased callus bone mineral content and bone mineral density (BMD) versus Veh (p < 0.001) and discontinuation of ODN post‐surgery returned callus BMD to Veh. Peak load of ODN‐ or ALN‐treated calluses were comparable to Veh. ODN increased callus yield load (20%, p = 0.056) and stiffness (26%, p < 0.05) versus Veh. These studies demonstrated that ODN increased mineralized callus during the early phase of fracture repair without impairing callus formation or biomechanical integrity at the fracture site. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 34:72–80, 2016.
Modulation of gut microbiota in rats fed high‐fat diets by processing whole‐grain barley to barley malt
Authors: Zhong Yadong , Nyman Margareta , Fåk Frida 
Published: July 2015

ScopeThe gut microbiota is linked with human health, and by manipulating its composition, health conditions might be improved. The aim of this study was to investigate whether two barley products, whole‐grain barley and barley malt, caused differentiation of the cecal microbiota in rats fed high‐fat diets and whether there were correlations with the short‐chain fatty acids formed.Methods and resultsMale Wistar rats were given barley or malt (7‐8 dietary fiber/100 g) for 4 weeks. Cellulose was used as a control, and the cecal microbiota was analyzed with next‐generation sequencing of 16S rDNA. The barley group had higher abundances of Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacteria and lower abundances of Firmicutes and Deferribacteres than the control group; the alpha diversity was also lower. At the genus level, the barley group had higher abundances of Akkermansia, Ruminococcus, Blautia, and Bilophila. Turicibacter and Roseburia were more abundant in the malt group, and Parabacteroides, Dorea and rc4‐4 were enriched in the control group. Most genera correlated with acetic and propionic acids, but Roseburia and Turicibacter instead correlated with butyric acid. Succinic acid correlated with Clostridium and Akkermansia.ConclusionBioprocessing is a potential method to modulate the gut microbiota for enhanced effects on human health.
Extended Monopole antenna Array with individual Shield (EMAS) coil: An improved monopole antenna design for brain imaging at 7 tesla MRI
Authors: Woo Myung‐Kyun , Hong Suk‐Min , Lee Jongho , Kang Chang‐Ki , Park Sung‐Yeon , Son Young‐Don , Kim Young‐Bo , Cho Zang‐Hee 
Published: July 2015

PurposeTo propose a new Extended Monopole antenna Array with individual Shields (EMAS) coil that improves the B1 field coverage and uniformity along the z‐direction.MethodsTo increase the spatial coverage of Monopole antenna Array (MA) coil, each monopole antenna was shielded and extended in length. Performance of this new coil, which is referred to as EMAS coil, was compared with the original MA coil and an Extended Monopole antenna Array coil with no shield (EMA). For comparison, flip angle, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and receive sensitivity maps were measured at multiple regions of interest (ROIs) in the brain.ResultsThe EMAS coil demonstrated substantially larger flip angle and receive sensitivity than the MA and EMA coils in the inferior aspect of the brain. In the brainstem ROI, for example, the flip angle in the EMAS coil was increased by 45.5% (or 60.0%) and the receive sensitivity was increased by 26.9% (or 14.9%), resulting in an SNR gain of 84.8% (or 76.3%) when compared with the MA coil (or EMA).ConclusionThe EMAS coil provided 25.7% (or 24.4%) more uniform
field distribution compared with the MA (or EMA) coil in sagittal. The EMAS coil successfully extended the imaging volume in lower part of the brain. Magn Reson Med 75:2566–2572, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TH17 predominant T‐cell responses in radiation‐induced bowel disease are modulated by treatment with adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Bessout Raphaëlle , Demarquay Christelle , Moussa Lara , René Alice , Doix Bastien , Benderitter Marc , Sémont Alexandra , Mathieu Noëlle 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRadiation proctitis is an insidious disease associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. It may develop following the treatment of several cancers by radiotherapy when normal colorectal tissues are present in the irradiation field. There is no unified approach for the assessment and treatment of this disease, partly due to insufficient knowledge about the mechanism involved in the development of radiation proctitis. However, unresolved inflammation is hypothesized to have an important role in late side effects. This study aimed to analyse the involvement of specific immunity in colorectal damage developing after localized irradiation, and evaluate the benefit of immunomodulatory mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from adipose tissue (Ad‐MSCs) for reduction of late side effects. Our experimental model of colorectal irradiation induced severe colonic mucosal damage and fibrosis that was associated with T‐cell infiltration. Immune cell activation was investigated; adoptive transfer of T cells in nude rats showed stronger colonization by T cells isolated from irradiated rats. The predominant role of T cells in late radiation‐induced damage and regeneration processes was highlighted by in vivo depletion experiments. Treatments using Ad‐MSCs reduced T‐cell infiltration in the colon and reduced established colonic damage as measured by histological score, functional circular muscle contractibility, and collagen deposition. Here, we have demonstrated for the first time the predominance of the TH17 population compared to TH1 and TH2 in radiation‐induced bowel disease, and that this is reduced after Ad‐MSC treatment. Additionally, we demonstrated in vitro that IL17 acts directly on colonic smooth muscle cells to induce expression of pro‐inflammatory genes that could participate in the development of radiation‐induced injury. Our data demonstrate that the TH17 population is specifically induced during development of radiation‐induced side effects in the colon. Moreover, Ad‐MSC treatment modulates the TH17 population and reduces the extracellular matrix remodelling process induced following irradiation. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does Urbanisation Matter? A Temporal Analysis of the Socio‐demographic Gradient in the Rising Adulthood Overweight Epidemic in China, 1989–2009
Authors: Fu Qiang , Land Kenneth C. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractUsing eight successive waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey, this study applies hierarchical age–period–cohort models to investigate the rising prevalence rates of adulthood overweight in China. We find that overweight prevalence rates increase throughout adulthood until the early 50s. Period effects are very strong with a virtually monotonic increase from 1989 to 2009. Yet, as posited by the reversal hypothesis (a diminishing positive association between overweight prevalence and socioeconomic status alongside development), this increase is levelling off or absent in most recent survey waves for women, urban residents, and individuals with higher educational attainment. Most importantly, substantial period variations are explained by rapid urbanisation, and the period increases in overweight prevalence closely track the pace of urbanisation in China. Cohorts born in the beginning years of the Great Chinese Famine (1958–1961) have the highest overweight prevalence rates, whereas cohorts experiencing the Famine during the childhood ages of adiposity rebound (the next rise in body mass index after infancy, typically from age 5 to 7 years) are significantly less likely to be overweight. These cohort patterns lend support to the critical‐period hypothesis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Optical Property of the Quaternary Semiconductor La4Cd4In2S13
Authors: Zhao Hua‐Jun 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe sulfide La4Cd4In2S13 in the quaternary RE/M/N/Q (RE = rare‐earth metal; M = Zn, Cd; N = Ga, In; Q = chalcogenides) system was prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of the elements by solid‐state reactions at 1223 K in an evacuated silica tube. The La4Cd4In2S13, crystallizing in the Pbam space group, is isostructural with Pb4Bi4In2S13. The structure of La4Cd4In2S13 consists of double chains of CdS6 octahedra extending along [001] direction that are interconnected by single chains of InS6 octahedra by edge‐sharing into 1D ribbons. These ribbons are further fused by the infinite one‐dimensional chains of InS4 tetrahedra by corner‐sharing into Z‐shaped [Cd4In2S13]12– layers perpendicular to the b direction separated by the La3+ ions. UV/Vis/NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy study shows its optical gap of around 2.27 eV.
An Analysis of Spatial Clustering of Stroke Types, In-hospital Mortality, and Reported Risk Factors in Alberta, Canada, Using Geographic Information Systems
Authors: van Rheenen Susan , Watson Timothy W.J. , Alexander Shelley , Hill Michael D. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundDespite advances in the quality and delivery of stroke care, regional disparities in stroke incidence and outcome persist. Spatial analysis using geographic information systems (GIS) can assist in identifying high-risk populations and regional differences in efficacy of stroke care. The aim of this study was to identify and locate geographic clusters of high or low rates of stroke, risk factors, and in-hospital mortality across a provincial health care network in Alberta, Canada.MethodsThis study employed a spatial epidemiological approach using population-based hospital administrative data. Getis-Ord Gi* and Spatial Scan statistics were used to identify and locate statistically significant “hot” and “cold” spots of stroke occurrence by type, risk factors, and in-hospital mortality.ResultsMarked regional variations were found. East central Alberta was a significant hot spot for ischemic stroke (relative risk [RR] 1.43, p<0.001), transient ischemic attack (RR 2.25, p<0.05), and in-hospital mortality (RR 1.50, p<0.05). Hot spots of intracerebral hemorrhage (RR 1.80, p<0.05) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (RR 1.64, p<0.05) were identified in a major urban centre. Unexpectedly, stroke risk factor hot spots (RR 2.58, p<0.001) were not spatially associated (did not overlap) with hot spots of ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, or in-hospital mortality.ConclusionsIntegration of health care administrative data sets with geographic information systems contributes valuable information by identifying the existence and location of regional disparities in the spatial distribution of stroke occurrence and outcomes. Findings from this study raise important questions regarding why regional differences exist and how disparities might be mitigated.
“Grown-Ups on White Plastic Chairs:” Soccer and Separatism in Senegal, 1969–2012
Authors: Deets Mark 
Published: July 2015

Abstract:I argue that the postcolonial Senegalese soccer stadium became a space for imagining and performing the nation for separatists from the Casamance region who tied their separatist discourse to the fortunes of Casa-Sports, a soccer club based in Ziguinchor. The twin histories of Casamançais soccer and separatism demonstrate the interplay of “space” and “place” in the stadium – constructed originally for defining and controlling the Senegalese nation but commandeered by separatists for subverting it. Non-elite Casa-Sports supporters, however, contested or ignored separatist assertions that supporting Casa-Sports meant supporting separatism, and vice versa. Thus, these non-elites revealed the stadium as a “space-place” for simultaneous, multiple national imaginings.
Molecular genotyping ofEchinococcus granulosususing formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded preparations from human isolates in unusual tissue sites
Authors: Hizem A. , M'rad S. , Oudni-M'rad M. , Mestiri S. , Hammedi F. , Mezhoud H. , Zakhama A. , Mokni M. , Babba H. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCystic echinococcosis (CE) caused byEchinococcus granulosusremains a serious problem worldwide for issues relating to public health and the economy. The most predominantly affected sites are the liver and the lungs, but other organs such as the heart, the spleen and the peritoneum can also be infected. Access to cysts from uncommon sites has limited genomic and molecular investigations. In the present study, genotypes ofE. granulosussensu lato were identified from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (FF-PETs) implicated in human CE. Tissue samples were obtained from 57 patients with histologically confirmed CE. DNA samples were analysed using Egss 1 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific to the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene ofE. granulosussensu stricto. All cysts were typed asE. granulosussensu stricto with up to 35% of the liver and 16.6% of lungs being the most frequently infected, and up to 48.4% of samples being from rare sites. No correlation was found between cyst site and either the gender or the age of patients. This study demonstrates the possibility of exploiting atypical cysts using FF-PET samples and highlights the predominance ofE. granulosussensu stricto species in the Tunisian population, even in unusual infection sites.
The gradient effect of context on language switching and lexical access in bilingual production
Authors: OLSON DANIEL J. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTPrevious research on bilingual language switching costs has demonstrated asymmetrical switch costs, driven primarily by language dominance, such that switches into a more dominant language incur significantly greater reaction time delays than switches into a less dominant language. While such studies have generally relied on a fixed ratio of switch to nonswitch tokens, it is clear that bilinguals operate not in a fixed ratio, but along a naturally occurring bilingual continuum of modes or contexts. Bridging the concepts of language switching and language context, the current study examines language switching costs through a cued picture-naming study with variable contexts or modes. The results demonstrate that switch costs are dependent upon both language dominance and language context, with asymmetrical costs found in more monolingual modes and symmetrical costs found in bilingual modes. Implications are discussed with respect to language mode and gradient inhibitory mechanisms of language selection.
Pernicious Manipulation of Performance Measures in China's Cadre Evaluation System
Authors: Gao Jie 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe implementation of China's reform era target-based cadre evaluation system has instigated various types of gaming behaviour on the part of local officials. How do these gaming strategies differ from each other? Why do local officials sacrifice the public interest for target fulfilment in some cases but not in others? This article argues that gaming is not monolithic and should not be treated as such. It develops a typology that distinguishes between pernicious and benign gaming, and looks into the symptoms and motives of pernicious gaming in particular. It finds that the distinct design of the measurement system – the combination of result-oriented targets imposed from above and high-powered incentives for target fulfilment – induces pernicious gaming. In addition, the system's implementation practically compels local officials to misrepresent their performance, even though they are aware of the negative impact of such behaviour on the public interest. This study shows that to understand the strategies, motivations and implications of gaming better, a more nuanced approach is needed.
Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence in pregnant women delivering live-born infants in North Thames, England in 2012
Authors: CORTINA-BORJA M. , WILLIAMS D. , PECKHAM C. S. , BAILEY H. , THORNE C. 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYTo estimate HCV seroprevalence in subpopulations of women delivering live-born infants in the North Thames region in England in 2012, an unlinked anonymous (UA) cross-sectional survey of neonatal dried blood spot samples was conducted. Data were available from 31467 samples from live-born infants received by the North Thames screening laboratory. Thirty neonatal samples had HCV antibodies, corresponding to a maternal seroprevalence of 0·095% (95% confidence interval 0·067–0·136). Estimated HCV seroprevalences in women born in Eastern Europe, Southern Asia and the UK were 0·366%, 0·162% and 0·019%, respectively. For women born in Eastern Europe seroprevalence was highest in those aged around 27 years, while in women born in the UK and Asia-Pacific region, seroprevalence increased significantly with age. HCV seroprevalence in UK-born women whose infant's father was also UK-born was 0·016%. One of the 30 HCV-seropositive women was HIV-1 seropositive. Estimated HCV seroprevalence for women delivering live-born infants in North Thames in 2012 (0·095%) was significantly lower than that reported in an earlier UA survey in 1997–1998 (0·191%). Data indicate that the cohort of UK-born HCV-seropositive women is ageing and that, in this area of England, most perinatally HCV-exposed infants were born to women themselves born in Southern Asia or Eastern Europe.
Rod- and cone-isolated flicker electroretinograms and their response summation characteristics
Authors: MCANANY J. JASON , PARK JASON C. , CAO DINGCAI 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis study defined the amplitude and phase characteristics of rod- and cone-isolated flicker electroretinograms (ERGs) and determined how these responses summate to generate the nonreceptor-specific ERG. Full-field ERGs were obtained from six normally sighted subjects (age 26 to 44 years) using a four-primary LED-based photostimulator and standard recording techniques. The four primaries were either modulated sinusoidally in phase to achieve simultaneous rod and cone activation (ERGR+C; nonreceptor-specific) or in different phases to achieve rod-isolated (ERGR) and cone-isolated (ERGC) responses by means of triple silent substitution. ERGs were measured at two mean luminance levels (2.4 and 24 cd/m2), two contrasts (20 and 40%), and four temporal frequencies (2–15 Hz). Fundamental amplitude and phase for each condition were derived by Fourier analysis. Response amplitude and phase depended on the stimulus conditions (frequency, mean luminance, and contrast), however, for all conditions: 1) response phase decreased monotonically as stimulus frequency increased; 2) response amplitude tended to decrease monotonically as stimulus frequency increased, with the exception of the 24 cd/m2, 40% contrast ERGR+Cthat was sharply V-shaped; 3) ERGRphase was delayed (32 to 210 deg) relative to the ERGCphase; 4) ERGRamplitude was typically equal to or lower than the ERGCamplitude, with the exception of the 2.4 cd/m2, 40% contrast condition; and 5) the pattern of ERGR+Cresponses could be accounted for by a vector summation model of the rod and cone pathway signals. The results show that the ERGR+Camplitude and phase can be predicted from ERGRand ERGCamplitude and phase. For conditions that elicit ERGRand ERGCresponses that have approximately equal amplitude and opposite phase, there is strong destructive interference between the rod and cone responses that attenuates the ERGR+C. Conditions that elicit equal amplitude and opposite phase rod and cone responses may be particularly useful for evaluating rod–cone interactions.
A Method for Preparing Difficult Plant Tissues for Light and Electron Microscopy
Authors: Clode Peta L. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAlthough the advent of microwave technologies has both improved and accelerated tissue processing for microscopy, there still remain many limitations in conventional chemical fixation, dehydration, embedding, and sectioning, particularly with regard to plant materials. The Proteaceae, a family of plants widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere and well adapted to harsh climates and nutrient-poor soils, is a perfect example; the complexity of Proteaceae leaves means that almost no ultrastructural data are available as these are notoriously difficult to both infiltrate and section. Here, a step-by-step protocol is described that allows for the successful preparation ofBanksia prionotes(Australian Proteaceae) leaves for both light and transmission electron microscopy. The method, which applies a novel combination of vibratome sectioning, microwave processing and vacuum steps, and the utilization of an ultra low viscosity resin, results in highly reproducible, well-preserved, sectionable material from which very high-quality light and electron micrographs can be obtained. With this, cellular ultrastructure from the level of a leaf through to organelle substructure can be studied. This approach will be widely applicable, both within and outside of the plant sciences, and can be readily adapted to meet specific sample requirements and imaging needs.
Martin Brasier (1947–2014): astrobiologist
Authors: McMahon Sean , Cockell Charles 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHow did life on Earth begin? What does the search for life in the distant past tell us about the search for life on distant planets? How should the most ancient and ambiguous putative biosignatures be critically evaluated? How did the Earth–life system evolve through the dramatic upheavals of the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary? When and why did eukaryotes begin to produce mineralized skeletons? These are among the astrobiological questions to which palaeobiologist Martin Brasier made profound contributions in a career spanning nearly half a century and tragically cut short late last year. Here, we summarize and celebrate Martin's contributions to astrobiology.
Experience rating with Poisson mixtures
Authors: Brown Garfield O. , Buckley Winston S. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe propose a Poisson mixture model for count data to determine the number of groups in a Group Life insurance portfolio consisting of claim numbers or deaths. We take a non-parametric Bayesian approach to modelling this mixture distribution using a Dirichlet process prior and use reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo to estimate the number of components in the mixture. Unlike Haastrup, we show that the assumption of identical heterogeneity for all groups may not hold as 88% of the posterior probability is assigned to models with two or three components, and 11% to models with four or five components, whereas models with one component are never visited. Our major contribution is showing how to account for both model uncertainty and parameter estimation within a single framework.