bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous exposure to chronic hypoxia and dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons results in reduced egg production and larval survival in the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)
Authors: Hedgpeth Bryan M. , Griffitt Robert J. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Estuarine fish in the northern Gulf of Mexico are exposed annually to hypoxic conditions. In addition to hypoxia, fish located throughout the northern Gulf of Mexico were potentially exposed to oil released during the Deepwater Horizon incident. Therefore, the interaction between oil exposure and hypoxia is worth investigating. To examine this interaction, the authors exposed adult and larval sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) to crude or dispersed oil under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The authors examined total egg production, egg hatching success, and larval survival post hatch. The authors' results indicate that co-exposure to crude or dispersed oil and hypoxia resulted in a significant decrease in egg production, as well as a significant decrease in both egg hatch success and larval survival post hatch. The significant impact on reproductive success following crude or dispersed oil and hypoxia exposure indicates the importance of including environmental parameters such as hypoxia when evaluating the impact of an oil spill. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:645–651. © 2015 SETAC
Review of existing terrestrial bioaccumulation models and terrestrial bioaccumulation modeling needs for organic chemicals
Authors: Gobas Frank APC , Burkhard Lawrence P , Doucette William J , Sappington Keith G , Verbruggen Eric MJ , Hope Bruce K , Bonnell Mark A , Arnot Jon A , Tarazona Jose V 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Protocols for terrestrial bioaccumulation assessments are far less-developed than for aquatic systems. This article reviews modeling approaches that can be used to assess the terrestrial bioaccumulation potential of commercial organic chemicals. Models exist for plant, invertebrate, mammal, and avian species and for entire terrestrial food webs, including some that consider spatial factors. Limitations and gaps in terrestrial bioaccumulation modeling include the lack of QSARs for biotransformation and dietary assimilation efficiencies for terrestrial species; the lack of models and QSARs for important terrestrial species such as insects, amphibians and reptiles; the lack of standardized testing protocols for plants with limited development of plant models; and the limited chemical domain of existing bioaccumulation models and QSARs (e.g., primarily applicable to nonionic organic chemicals). There is an urgent need for high-quality field data sets for validating models and assessing their performance. There is a need to improve coordination among laboratory, field, and modeling efforts on bioaccumulative substances in order to improve the state of the science for challenging substances. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:123–134. © 2015 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Key Points
The report reviews models available for assessing the bioaccumulation potential of organic compounds in terrestrial food webs. Major limitations in terrestrial bioaccumulation modeling include the lack of QSARs for biotransformation and dietary assimilation efficiencies for terrestrial species, and the lack of models and QSARs for important terrestrial species such as insects, amphibians and reptiles. Other limitations include the limited chemical domain of existing bioaccumulation models and QSARs, and the lack of standardized testing protocols for plants that has limited development of plant models.
A case study for evaluating potential soil sensitivity in aridland systems
Authors: Peterman Wendy L , Ferschweiler Ken 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Globally, ecosystems are subjected to prolonged droughts and extreme heat events, leading to forest die-offs and dominance shifts in vegetation. Some scientists and managers view soil as the main resource to be considered in monitoring ecosystem responses to aridification. As the medium through which precipitation is received, stored, and redistributed for plant use, soil is an important factor in the sensitivity of ecosystems to a drying climate. This study presents a novel approach to evaluating where on a landscape soils may be most sensitive to drying, making them less resilient to disturbance, and where potential future vegetation changes could lead to such disturbance. The drying and devegetation of arid lands can increase wind erosion, contributing to aerosol and dust emissions. This has implications for air quality, human health, and water resources. This approach combines soil data with vegetation simulations, projecting future vegetation change, to create maps of potential areas of concern for soil sensitivity and dust production in a drying climate. Consistent with recent observations, the projections show shifts from grasslands and woodlands to shrublands in much of the southwestern region. An increase in forested area occurs, but shifts in the dominant types and spatial distribution of the forests also are seen. A net increase in desert ecosystems in the region and some changes in alpine and tundra ecosystems are seen. Approximately 124 000 km2 of soils flagged as “sensitive” are projected to have vegetation change between 2041 and 2050, and 82 927 km2 of soils may become sensitive because of future vegetation changes. These maps give managers a way to visualize and identify where soils and vegetation should be investigated and monitored for degradation in a drying climate, so restoration and mitigation strategies can be focused in these areas. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:388–396. © 2015 SETAC
Key Points
Maps can be made to indicate where on the landscape soils are inherently sensitive to drying conditions. Vegetation simulations can help identify areas of the landscape where vegetation is likely to change in the future. The combination of vegetation change projections and soil sensitivity maps can indicate where on the landscape sensitive soils may be disturbed in a drying climate. Using these maps, managers can identify areas on the landscape where it would be most beneficial to allocate monitoring and mitigation strategies for soil erosion and dust emissions.
A statistical evaluation of the safety factor and species sensitivity distribution approaches to deriving environmental quality guidelines
Authors: Zajdlik Barry Alan 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) distribution approach to estimating water quality guidelines (WQGs) is the preferred method in all jurisdictions reviewed (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] members, South Africa, United States) and is one of the recommended methods for European Commission members for 33 priority and priority hazardous substances. In the event that jurisdiction-specific criteria for data quality, quantity, and taxonomic representation are not met, all of these jurisdictions endorse the use of additional safety factors (SFs) applied to either the SSD-based WQG or, the lowest suitable toxicity test endpoint. In Canada, the British Columbia Ministry of Environment endorses this latter approach as the preferred approach in the belief that so-derived WQGs are more protective than SSD-based WQGs. The level of protection afforded by the latter SF approach was evaluated by statistically sampling minima from random samples of the following distributions: normal, Gumbel, logistic, and Weibull, using a range of coefficients of variation (cVs) and applying the SFs of 2 or 10 used in British Columbia. The simulations indicate that the potentially affected fraction of species (PAF) can be as high as 20%, or, approach 0%. The PAF varies with sample size and CV. Because CVs can vary systematically with mode of toxic action, the PAF using SF-based WQGs can also vary systematically with analyte class. The varying levels of protection afforded by SF-based WQGs are generally inconsistent with the common water quality management goal that allows for a small degree of change under long-term exposure. The findings suggest that further efforts be made to develop high-quality WQGs that support informed decision making and are consistent with the environmental management goal instead of using SFs in the hope of achieving an acceptable but unknown, degree of environmental protection. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:380–387. © 2015 SETAC
Key Points
Application of safety factors to the “lowest available” toxicity test endpoint is either preferred or fall-back method for estimating environmental quality guidelines. It is believed that the safety factor method is more protective than other methods such as using the 5th percentile of a species sensitivity distribution. The level of protection using the safety factor method is inconsistent, varying with dataset sample size, degree of variability, and the underlying statistical distribution of the toxicity test endpoint. The safety factor approach can protect (as a limit) 100% of species or less than 55% of species.
Mixed Oxides FeVOx for Selective Oxidation of Octanol to Octanal under Solvent‐free Condition
Authors: Zhang Hongyu , Lu Bin , You Xuelin , Ma Fengyu , Zhao Jingxiang , Cai Qinghai 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe two‐component mixed oxides FeVOx with various molar ratio of Fe to V were prepared and their phase composition, structure and morphology were determined by XRD and SEM. This prepared material was employed for liquid‐phase oxidation of octanol using H2O2 as oxidant. The mixed oxide FeVOx with 2.5 : 1 of Fe to V molar ratio was found to be an effective catalyst with high selectivity to octanal under solvent‐free condition. The relationship between the catalytic performance and phase compositions of the mixed oxides was investigated by the test of its activity and XRD characterization. The catalytic action of the active sites including redox and acidic sites formed by interaction between VOx and FeOx on the surface of the catalyst was discussed. The catalyst was easily recovered and reused.
Synthesis, Spectroscopy, Semi‐empirical and Biological Activities of Organotin(IV) Complexes with o‐Isopropyl Carbonodithioic Acid
Authors: Javed Fatima , Ali Saqib , Shahzadi Saira , Khalid Nasir , Tabassum Saira , Khan Imran , Sharma Saroj K. , Qanungo Kushal 
Published: August 2015

AbstractNew organotin(IV) complexes have been synthesized by treating potassium o‐isopropyl carbonodithioate with R2SnCl2/R3SnCl in 1 : 2/1 : 1 M/L ratio. All complexes have been characterized by IR and NMR (1H, 13C) spectroscopy. IR results shows that ligand acts as bidentate which is also confirmed by semi‐empirical study. NMR data reveals four coordinated geometry in solution. Computed positive heat of formation shows that complex 5 is thermodynamically unstable. UV/visible spectroscopy was used to assess the mode of interaction and binding of the complexes with DNA which shows that complex 5 exhibits higher binding constant as compared to complex 3. In protein kinase inhibition assay, compound 3 was found most active, while other biological activities shows that triorganotin(IV) complexes are biologically more active as compared to diorganotin(IV) complexes.
Exploratory effects of a strong CYP3A inhibitor (ketoconazole), a strong CYP3A inducer (rifampicin), and concomitant ethanol on piragliatin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Zhi Jianguo , Zhai Suoping , Georgy Angela , Liang Zhenming , Boldrin Mark 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPiragliatin is a CYP3A substrate; its inactive metabolite M4, formed through cytosolic reductase, is reversibly metabolized back to piragliatin through CYP3A. The impact of concomitant CYP3A modifiers thus cannot be predicted. Drinking alcohol under fasting conditions is associated with a recognized glucose‐lowering effect, which might be synergistic with piragliatin's hypoglycemic effect. Two exploratory studies were conducted to examine these potential interactions in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients: 16 completed an open‐label, sequential 2‐way crossover, 2‐arm (randomized to ketoconazole and rifampicin) CYP3A study; another 18 participated in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized 3‐way crossover ethanol study. Administration of piragliatin (100‐mg single dose) resulted in a 32% Cmax and 44% area under the curve (AUC∞) increase in piragliatin exposure without affecting glucose AUC0‐6h following ketoconazole (400 mg QD × 5 days); 30% Cmax and 72% AUC∞ decrease in piragliatin exposure with a 13% increase in glucose AUC0‐6h following rifampicin (600 mg QD × 5 days); and, unexpectedly, a 32% Cmax and 23% AUC0‐6h decrease (no change in AUC∞) in piragliatin exposure with a 13% increase in glucose AUC0‐6h following alcohol (40‐g single dose). In conclusion, a strong CYP3A modifier or concomitant alcohol could lead to a change in exposure to piragliatin with a potential alteration in glucose‐lowering effect.
What Makes Rural Co‐operatives Resilient in Developing Countries?
Authors: Borda‐Rodriguez Alexander , Johnson Hazel , Shaw Linda , Vicari Sara 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIt has been argued that current interest in co‐operatives is because they can reduce poverty and are resilient organisations. However, histories of co‐operatives' successes and failures suggest that co‐operative organisational resilience needs better understanding. This article reviews the literature, particularly with respect to sub‐Saharan Africa. It argues that co‐operative organisational resilience centres on co‐operatives' multidimensionality and the development of collective capability in five mutually reinforcing areas of activity. These are membership, networks, collective skills in governance, innovation and engagement with governments. Together, they strengthen co‐operatives' resilience, but where lacking, they undermine it. The article adds to thinking about ‘co‐operative advantage’. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diffusion tensor imaging and T2 mapping in early denervated skeletal muscle in rats
Authors: Ha Dong‐Ho , Choi Sunseob , Kang Eun‐Ju , Park Hwan Tae 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundTo evaluate the temporal changes of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) indices, T2 values, and visual signal intensity on various fat suppression techniques in the early state of denervated skeletal muscle in a rat model.MethodsInstitutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval was obtained. Sciatic nerves of eight rats were transected for irreversible neurotmesis model. We examined normal lower leg and denervated muscles at 3 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks on a 3 Tesla MR. fractional anisotropy (FA), mean apparent diffusion coefficient (mADC), and T2 values were measured by using DTI and T2 mapping scan. We subjectively classified the signal intensity change on various fat suppression images into the following three grades: negative, suspicious, and definite change. Wilcoxon‐sign rank test and Kruskal‐Wallis test were used for the comparison of FA, mADC, T2 values. McNemar's test was used for comparing signal intensity change among fat suppression techniques.ResultsFA values of denervated muscles at 3 days (0.35 ± 0.06), 1 week (0.29 ± 0.04), and 2 weeks (0.34 ± 0.05) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in the control group (0.54 ± 0.17). mADC of denervated muscles decreased without statistically significant (P > 0.05) change. T2 values were significantly increased at 1 week (38.11 ± 6.42 ms, P = 0.017) and markedly increased at 2 weeks (46.53 ± 5.17 ms, P = 0.012). The grade of visual signal intensity change on chemical shift selective fat saturation, STIR and IDEAL images were identical in all cases (P = 1.000).ConclusionFA and T2 values can demonstrate the early temporal changes in denervated rat skeletal muscle. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:617–623
The importance of the proximal resection margin distance for proximal gastric adenocarcinoma: A multi‐institutional study of the US Gastric Cancer Collaborative
Authors: Postlewait Lauren M. , Squires Malcolm H. , Kooby David A. , Poultsides George A. , Weber Sharon M. , Bloomston Mark , Fields Ryan C. , Pawlik Timothy M. , Votanopoulos Konstantinos I. , Schmidt Carl R. , Ejaz Aslam , Acher Alexandra W. , Worhunsky David J. , Saunders Neil , Swords Douglas , Jin Linda X. , Cho Clifford S. , Winslow Emily R. , Cardona Kenneth , Staley Charles A. , Maithel Shishir K. 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundA 5 cm margin is advocated for distal gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). The optimal proximal resection margin (PM) length for proximal GAC is not established.MethodsPatients who underwent curative‐intent resection for proximal GAC from 2000 to 2012 at 7 centers in the US Gastric Cancer Collaborative were included. PM length was sequentially dichotomized and analyzed at 0.5 cm increments (0.5–6.5 cm). Outcomes after negative margin (R0) and positive microscopic margin (R1) resections were compared. Primary endpoints were local recurrence (LR) and overall survival (OS).ResultsAll patients (n = 162) had R0 distal margins. 151 (93.2%) had an R0‐PM with mean length of 2.6 cm (median:1.7 cm; range:0.1–15 cm). A greater PM distance was not associated with LR or OS. An R1‐PM was associated with higher N‐stage (N3:73% vs. 26%; P = 0.007) and increased LR (HR6.1; P = 0.009) but not associated with decreased OS. On multivariate analysis, an R1‐PM was also not independently associated with LR.ConclusionsFor resection of proximal gastric adenocarcinoma, proximal margin length is not associated with local recurrence or overall survival. An R1 margin is associated with advanced N‐stage but is not independently associated with recurrence or survival. When performing resection of proximal gastric adenocarcinoma, efforts to achieve a specific margin distance, especially if it necessitates an esophagectomy, should be abandoned. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:203–207. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Web‐Based Early Intervention Can Prevent Long‐Term PTS Reactions in Children With High Initial Distress Following Accidental Injury
Authors: Kenardy Justin A. , Cox Catherine M. , Brown Felicity L. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe present study explored the targeting of a preventative information provision intervention delivered to children following accidental injury by assessing the impact of initial traumatic distress on response to treatment. Analyses were based on baseline and 6‐month outcome of child traumatic stress in a control (n = 28) and an intervention group (n = 31). Moderation of treatment outcome by initial levels of child traumatic stress was assessed through multiple hierarchical regression analyses. Results indicated the interaction between treatment provision and initial level of posttraumatic stress significantly predicted 6‐month outcome (β = −.42, p = .019). When initial distress was high, children in the control group demonstrated an increase in trauma symptoms, and had significantly higher trauma symptoms at follow‐up than those in the treatment group (d = 0.94, p = .008). When initial distress was not elevated, no significant differences were noted between the groups. These results indicate that a preventative early intervention may be best targeted at children presenting with the specific risk factor of high initial distress.
Spatiotemporal variation in the distribution of potential predators of a resource pulse: Black bears and caribou calves in Newfoundland
Authors: Rayl Nathaniel D. , Fuller Todd K. , Organ John F. , Mcdonald John E. , Otto Robert D. , Bastille‐Rousseau Guillaume , Soulliere Colleen E. , Mahoney Shane P. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTUnderstanding spatiotemporal variability in prey accessibility is important for disentangling predator‐prey interactions and is relevant to management interventions to reduce predation. Recently, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in Newfoundland declined by 66%, with calf predation by black bears (Ursus americanus) implicated as a major proximate mechanism of the decline. Most predation occurs when calves are aggregated on calving grounds. We used telemetry data from 271 caribou and 45 black bears in 2 caribou herd ranges to examine spatial variability in calf accessibility, identify the distribution of potentially predatory bears, and assess the aggregative response of bears to the calf resource. We predicted whether a bear was a visitor to a calving ground during the calving season (a potentially predatory bear) based upon its sex, the herd range it occupied, its distance to the calving grounds, and the season. The distribution of potentially predatory bears and their degree of segregation from non‐predatory bears varied seasonally. The probability of a bear visiting the calving grounds during calving decreased with increasing distance from the calving grounds, and was greater for males than for females in all seasons at distances beyond 2.4 km from the calving grounds. Residency time of bears increased in the calving grounds of 1 herd during calving, suggesting an aggregative response to neonates in that area. For both herds, the estimated distribution of potentially predatory bears was much larger than the calving grounds, illustrating that the relevant scale of predator‐prey interactions may extend far beyond the area where lethal encounters occur. Our work highlights the value of examining spatiotemporal dynamics of predator movements prior to implementing ecosystem manipulations designed to reduce predation and provides a modeling framework that can be used to guide management interventions in systems with aggregated prey. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Combining waterfowl and breeding bird survey data to estimate wood duck breeding population size in the Atlantic Flyway
Authors: Zimmerman Guthrie S. , Sauer John R. , Fleming Kathy , Link William A. , Garrettson Pamela R. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTWe combined data from the Atlantic Flyway Breeding Waterfowl Survey (AFBWS) and the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) to estimate the number of wood ducks (Aix sponsa) in the United States portion of the Atlantic Flyway from 1993 to 2013. The AFBWS is a plot‐based survey that covers most of the northern and central portions of the Flyway; when analyzed with adjustments for survey time of day effects, these data can be used to estimate population size. The BBS provides an index of wood duck abundance along roadside routes. Although factors influencing change in BBS counts over time can be controlled in BBS analysis, BBS indices alone cannot be used to derive population size estimates. We used AFBWS data to scale BBS indices for Bird Conservation Regions (BCR), basing the scaling factors on the ratio of estimated AFBWS population sizes to regional BBS indices for portions of BCRs that were common to both surveys. We summed scaled BBS results for portions of the Flyway not covered by the AFBWS with AFBWS population estimates to estimate a mean yearly total of 1,295,875 (mean 95% CI: 1,013,940–1,727,922) wood ducks. Scaling factors varied among BCRs from 16.7 to 148.0; the mean scaling factor was 68.9 (mean 95% CI: 53.5–90.9). Flyway‐wide, population estimates from the combined analysis were consistent with alternative estimates derived from harvest data, and also provide population estimates within states and BCRs. We recommend their use in harvest and habitat management within the Atlantic Flyway. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.