bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Employee Satisfaction in Influencing Patient Satisfaction
Authors: John Shibu , Sharma Rasika , Dhingra Manoj Kumar 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
The proposed study is an attempt to understand the link between Outpatient Department (OPD) patient satisfaction and job satisfaction among front office executives of the OPD. The study was conducted in a 300 bedded multispecialty hospital in Delhi. The study is very important as the OPD is considered to be the mirror of any hospital, which reflects the functioning of the hospital being the first point of contact between the patient and the hospital staff. A structured questionnaire was used in conducting the study. Total 158 patients were interviewed during 2 months period. Stratified random sampling technique used in selecting the samples. Both type of patients, first timers and old patient participated in the study. As second part of the study, all 22 front office executives from the above-mentioned three concerned departments were participated. The age group of the employees ranged from 20 to 50 years.

How to cite this article
John S, Sharma R, Dhingra MK. Role of Employee Satisfaction in Influencing Patient Satisfaction. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2013;1(1):13-18.
Laws Applicable to Medical Practice and Hospitals in India
Authors: Singh Madhav Madhusudan , Garg Uma Shankar 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
Healthcare in India features a universal healthcare care system run by the constituent states and territories. Law is an obligation on the part of society imposed by the competent authority, and noncompliance may lead to punishment in the form of monetary fine or imprisonment or both. The earliest known code of laws called the code of Hammurabi governed the various aspects of health practices including the fees payable to physician for satisfactory services. The first ever code of medical ethics called the Hippocratic oath was laid down 2500 years ago, in the 5th century BC, by Hippocrates'the Greek physician. The modern version of Hippocratic Oath (called the declaration of Geneva), devised by the WHO after the second world war and is accepted by international medical fraternity. The process of establishment of healthcare system during the colonial rule also necessitated creation of legislative framework for practitioners of medicine. As the number of doctors qualified in Indian medical colleges increased, creation of laws for them became necessary. The medical council of India, a national level statutory body for the doctors of modern medicine, was constituted after the enactment of Indian Medical Council Act 1933. The first legal recognition and registration for the Indian systems of medicine came when the Bombay Medical Practitioner’ Act was passed in 1938.
Laws governing the commissioning of hospital are the laws to ensure that the hospital facilities are created after due process of registration, the facilities created are safe for the public using them, have at least the minimum essential infrastructure for the type and volume of workload anticipated and are subject to periodic inspections to ensure compliance. There are other laws pertaining to governing to the qualification/practice and conduct of professionals, sale, storage of drugs and safe medication, management of patients, environmental safety, employment and management of manpower, medicolegal aspects and laws pertaining to safety of patients, public and staff within the hospital premises. There are laws governing professional training and research, business aspects, licences/certifications required for hospitals, etc. A hospital administrator should be aware about all these laws, regulations, policies, procedures, reports and returns and keep abreast with the latest amendments to be on the safe side of law and provide quality care to the patients.

How to cite this article
Singh MM, Garg US, Arora P. Laws Applicable to Medical Practice and Hospitals in India. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2013;1(1):19-24.
M‐component currents of first return strokes in natural negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning
Authors: Visacro Silverio , Araujo Listz , Guimarães Miguel , Vale Maria Helena Murta 
Published: October 2013

AbstractRecords of M‐component currents of first return strokes in natural negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning measured in a short instrumented tower are shown along with correlated video records, electric field changes, and relative luminosity. The synchronized fast‐camera records clearly match the increase of luminosity of the faint lightning channel. The parameters of these M components are all consistent with those of triggered lightning. According to records of electric field change of lightning events near Morro do Cachimbo Station and of currents measured at the instrumented tower, the frequency of first return strokes exhibiting M components is within the range of tens of percent and not of a few percent, as usually accepted. This expectation of a few percent is based on a very low number of first return strokes expected to be followed by continuing currents. It was found that most of the analyzed first‐return‐stroke M components of natural lightning occur at the final phase of the return‐stroke process and not during the flow of continuing currents. Apparently, this also holds true for most of the first M components of subsequent return strokes.
Adler, Leonore Loeb
Authors: Hogan John D. , Brucato Gary 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Leonore Loeb Adler is professor emerita of psychology, and the founder and director of the Institute for Cross‐Cultural and Cross‐Ethnic Studies at Molloy College in Rockville Centre, New York. An active researcher, writer, and editor, she has been the author or editor of 18 books, and has written more than 70 chapters and articles, mostly in the area of cross‐cultural psychology, but in several other areas, as well.
Allik, Juri
Authors: Draguns Juris G. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Juri Allik was born on March 3, 1949 in Tallinn, Estonia. He began his study of psychology at the University of Tartu in Estonia and received Ph.D. degrees from the University of Moscow in 1976 and the University of Tampere in Finland in 1991. He has taught at the University of Tartu throughout his career, and is now professor of psychology and chair of the Department of Psychology. He is a foreign member of the Finnish Academy of Sciences and Letters and a member of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. He served as president of the Estonian Psychological Association and is a recipient of the Estonian National Science Award in the Social Science category.
Antipoff, Helena Wladimira
Authors: Cirino Sergio Dias , Miranda Rodrigo Lopes 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Helena Wladimirna Antipoff was born in Russia in 1892. She attended school in Petrograd, where she graduated as a teacher. In 1909, she went to Paris and worked with Théodore Simon at Binet and Simon's psychology laboratory. In 1912, she moved to Geneva and earned a degree in psychology from
Institut Jean‐Jacques Rousseau
, where Edouard Claparède was one of her professors. Between 1919 and 1924, Antipoff worked in Russia as a psychologist, promoting psychological diagnosis and re‐education of children who lost their families in military conflicts. In 1929, she moved to Brazil to serve first as a teacher of psychology and then as chairperson of the Experimental Psychology Laboratory at
Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Professores
(Teachers Training School) in Belo Horizonte City.
Appraisal
Authors: Chao Ruth Chu‐Lien , Harris Elizabeth 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAppraisal refers to a series of psychological processes and behaviors that involve evaluating the nature of a given situation. An individual determines whether the situation is controllable and assesses his or her ability to respond effectively. According to theory of emotions, appraisal includes the cognitive and behavioral factors associated with emotion and involves a continuous sequence of reactions. Thus, appraisal encompasses a series of information processes having both cognitive and behavioral factors necessary to evaluate events in a step‐by‐step manner.
Assimilation (cultural)
Authors: No Sun 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Assimilation refers to the psychological and behavioral melding of immigrant groups into the dominant mainstream group such that the immigrant groups cannot be identified as separate from the mainstream group. The “melting‐pot” metaphor has been used to elaborate on the concept of assimilation, as it requires that immigrants relinquish their heritage identity and shift identification and loyalty to that of the mainstream group and nation. It is thought that with sufficient passage of time, particularly across generations lived in the host country, all immigrants will become interchangeable with the host population.
Assimilation (developmental)
Authors: Inoue Noriyuki 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In developmental psychology, assimilation refers to the process in which schemas (mental representations) already available to a child are used to achieve a new purpose. For example, a child could use a schema for riding a tricycle (i.e., using pedals to move forward, controlling the movement) to ride a bicycle. In this case, we could say the child assimilated the task of riding a bicycle to the task of riding a tricycle that the child had previously acquired. Similarly, a child could assimilate multiplying two numbers (e.g., 4 × 3) to the schema of repeated addition that is available to the child (e.g., 4 + 4 + 4).
Attachment
Authors: Pena‐Shaff Judith B. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAttachment is an enduring emotional bond that develops between two people and is characterized by a tendency to seek and maintain closeness, particularly during times of stress such as when the person is frightened, tired, or sick. Although attachment is often used to describe the relationship between infants or young children and their caregivers, attachment, as Bowlby emphasized, is an essential, lifelong need. Infants, through countless interactions, develop an internal working model of attachment, a framework of thoughts, feelings, plans, and goals that help organize their interactions in relationships with others across the lifespan. This working model of attachment that develops during the early years of life has often been associated with a wide range of children's and adults' adaptive and maladaptive socioemotional functioning and patterns of future relationships with others. Thus, attachment theory is a theory of relationships.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Norvilitis Jill M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder characterized by difficulties in attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD and the related ICD‐10 diagnosis, Hyperkinetic Disorder, are predictive of increased rates of numerous negative outcomes, including social and academic problems and antisocial activities.
Barry, Herbert
III
Authors: Draguns Juris G. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Herbert Barry III, born on June 2, 1930 in New York City, graduated with a B.A. degree in social relations from Harvard University in 1952 and earned his Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Yale University in 1957. He has been on the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh since 1963. In 1970 he became Professor in the School of Pharmacy and Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, and in 2001 he became Professor Emeritus. Over more than half a century, Barry simultaneously pursued two parallel research careers as a psychopharmacological researcher and a cross‐cultural investigator. His cross‐cultural research began earlier, when John Whiting was the advisor of his undergraduate honors thesis, 1951–1952, on the relation between child training and the pictorial arts.
Biesheuvel, Simon
Authors: Taylor Nicola 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Simon Biesheuvel is credited as being one of South Africa's most prominent applied psychologists. His main concern was finding solutions to real‐world problems through the application of a deep understanding of psychology. He authored over 100 publications during his career. His paper on African attitudes toward European ethical concepts, customs, and laws earned him the Durban Medal from the South African Association for Advancement of Science (SAAAS) in 1956, and he received their South Africa Medal in 1962, which was awarded annually to recognize exceptional contributions to the advancement of science by a South African.
Big Five (The Five‐Factor Model and The Five‐Factor Theory)
Authors: Novikova Irina A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTheBig Fivefactors (the Five Factor Model, FFM; or the global factors of personality) is one of the contemporary versions of factor models of personality developed in the framework of trait theory. The Big Five personality traits are the most basic dimensions in the structure of human personality that determine the features of human thinking, feeling, and behavior. This model of personality suggests that all people, regardless of gender, age, or culture, share the same basic traits, but differ in the degree of their manifestation.
Bilingualism–Multilingualism
Authors: Mohanty Ajit 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Language is simultaneously an integral aspect of and a major influence on cultural processes. At an individual level it is evident that languages affect peoples' worldview, which in turn also influences the use of languages. Linguistic and cultural diversity often go together. There are 6,000 to 7,600 languages in the world today, according to various estimates, and the number of languages coexisting in various societies varies widely. For example, Papua New Guinea has 830 languages, whereas Cuba has four and North Korea only one. Asian and African countries together have more than 64% of the languages in the world. Thus, some societies are linguistically much more diverse than others. With globalization, large scale international migration, and information technology, modern societies have become increasingly multilingual; it is much more common now for people to use multiple languages for various purposes and for societies to have multiple languages in contact with one another. More than 50% of the people in the world are bilingual or multilingual. The dynamics of languages in a society and in the repertoire of language users have become significant for understanding cultures as well as cross‐cultural similarities and differences.
Categorization
Authors: Keith Kenneth D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Categorization is a universal psychological process involving the creation of groups of objects, people, or entities, based on common characteristics. Even when stimuli differ from one another in gradual ways (e.g., along a continuum), people naturally tend to divide them into categories. Although some categories (e.g., colors, emotional expressions, geometric shapes), like the process of categorization, may be universal, the way people group many other things differs across cultures. Categories may include such groupings as stereotypes (categorizing people based on perceived common characteristics) or concepts (categorizing objects based on common attributes).
Cheung, Fanny Mui‐Ching
Authors: Agler Lin‐Miao L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractGrowing up in a traditional Chinese family in Hong Kong, Fanny Mui‐Ching Cheung obtained her undergraduate degree at the University of California Berkeley and her Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Minnesota. Soon after completing her doctoral studies, Cheung returned to Hong Kong in the 1970s and became actively involved in promoting psychological education and Chinese mental health. Additionally, she has advocated for the rights of women and the disabled in Hong Kong.
Church, A. Timothy
Authors: Navarro Atoy M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAustin Timothy Church is an American psychologist, acknowledged as one of the leading scholars in cross‐cultural and indigenous psychology, especially in the area of culture and personality. Born in Illinois on November 1, 1948, he is the second child of Ralph Edwin Church Jr. and Janet Richardson. Church finished his primary education at Grant School, middle school education at Urban Middle School, and secondary education at North High School, all in Wisconsin. He earned his B.Sc. degree in mathematics at Lafayette College in 1970 and M.Sc. degree in computer science, with minor emphasis in psychology, at the University of Wisconsin in 1976. He then served as research assistant in the Psychometric Methods Program at the University of Minnesota, where he later worked as instructor in the department of psychology and subsequently received the Ph.D. in psychology in 1985.
Cognitive Psychology
Authors: Holfeld Brett , Hill, Kyle , Richard Ferraro F. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractCognition encompasses all of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering. What you are doing (reading and learning this explanation) is a type of cognition. A key issue to consider when discussing cognition is whether all human beings share similar cognitive processes. For example, do certain racial groups, ethnicities, or cultures have more or less developed cognitive processes and abilities than other groups? This is a very important question, yet neglected by many of the early psychologists who relied on the assumption of universality of cognitive processes.
Cognitive Development – Piagetian Stages
Authors: Molitor Adriana 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The prolific work of Jean Piaget (1896–1980) is credited for launching the field of cognitive development and for providing the roots of contemporary developmental inquiry into specific cognitive subfields. Perhaps the most renowned aspect of Piaget's theoretical perspective is his characterization of intellectual development as occurring in a fixed sequence of four qualitatively distinct stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational). Research across a wide range of cultures has replicated many of Piaget's observations and claims regarding behavioral features of these proposed stages, particularly those in very early childhood; however, research has also convincingly challenged some of his interpretations and propositions. Following decades of studies that can trace their inspiration back to Piaget, modern scholars have largely abandoned a traditional Piagetian account of comprehensive, stage‐based cognitive transformations in favor of domain‐specific theories that address conceptual advances in particular knowledge areas.
Cognitive Dissonance
Authors: Miller Richard L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTheory of cognitive dissonance suggests that people have a need for cognitive consistency and that inconsistency between two cognitions or between cognition and behavior elicits aversive feelings of dissonance, which in turn promote actions aimed at reducing these feelings. The extent to which dissonance occurs varies as a function of the importance of the conflict, the time and effort involved in resolving the inconsistency, the individual's confidence in the cognition, and the long‐term consequences of not resolving the conflict. Individuals who are likely to adopt new ideas are more likely to experience dissonance because they lack the psychological reinforcement that late adopters have available to them. Also, men are more likely (than women) to experience dissonance, as are younger people. According to Festinger, dissonance reduction can be achieved by (a) changing one's attitudes, (b) changing one's behavior, (c) searching for consonant information, or (d) trivializing the importance of the inconsistency.
Cognitive Map
Authors: Caswell James , M. Kennison Shelia 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
A cognitive map is a hypothetical mental representation of a physical space used for navigation. This representation includes routes, paths, environmental relationships, locations of cultural significance, and other information relevant to navigation. A cognitive map is formed by integrating perceptual information about the space it represents. Cognitive maps are generally considered part of long‐term memory; however, when one uses a cognitive map, working memory is involved. A cognitive map typically involves three elements: 1) an object must be identified and made distinct from other objects; 2) there must be structure such that objects relate to other objects (e.g., spatially); and 3) the objects used must have meaning to the individual forming the cognitive map.
Cognitive Style
Authors: Ponce‐Garcia Elisabeth , Kennison Shelia M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractCognitive style is a person's habitual, prevalent, or preferred way of thinking. Thinking may involve perceiving information, processing information, and applying information. The term cognitive style is used to refer to a person's habitual way of learning or teaching. The term cognitive style is synonymous withthinking styleas are the termsdecision‐making style,problem‐solving style,learning style,mind style,perceptual style, andconceptual tempo. Cognitive style differs from intellectual ability. Cognitive style refers to one's manner of performing, whereas intellectual ability refers to one's level of performance. Researchers believe that an individual's cognitive style is consistent over time; however, it may vary across situational contexts. For example, an individual may use one cognitive style the majority of the time, but use a different cognitive style to solve a particular problem or to handle a social situation.
Color Categorization
Authors: Lillo Julio A. , Moreira Humberto 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In a very famous experiment conducted by Isaac Newton, a white sunbeam turned into a rainbow after crossing an optical prism. Such a result can be described alternatively in physical or perceptual terms. In physical terms, the light leaving the prism, usually projected on a screen, undergoes a systematic change in wavelength. For example, the light on the upper part of the screen can be of 400 nanometers (nm), in a lower part it can be 450 nm, in a still lower part, 500 nm, and so on. On the other hand, in a perceptual description, we could say that different parts of the screen appear with different colors (hues). Specifically, the area receiving 400 nm light is seen as violet, but at 450 nm it will be seen as blue, and as green at 500 nm.
Commons Dilemma
Authors: Pope Jay W. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

The commons dilemma is a social dilemma in which individuals in a group each make decisions out of self‐interest, eventually causing unintended harm to the entire group. As such, the commons dilemma can be categorized as a
social trap
, defined by Myers (2009, p. 485) as “a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self‐interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.” An often used example of the commons dilemma is when individuals within a group each consume more than necessary amounts of a limited, valued, and shared natural resource (e.g., water, oil, coal) faster than the resource is able to be replenished. This results in rapid depletion and, eventually, the possible extinction of the resource, resulting in long‐term harm to the group.
Communication Channels
Authors: C. Fitch Jenelle 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Communication channels are the ways through which individuals communicate with each other. These communication channels can be labeled as visual channels, which include face‐to‐face communication and webcam conversation; vocal channels, which include phone conversation and voice mail; and synchronicity, which is the ability to respond in real time, such as through instant messaging (see Figure 1). Researchers have proposed that the various communication channels influence the group decision‐making process and are exhibited differently across cultures.