bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unexpected Function of the Glucanosyltransferase Gas1 in the DNA Damage Response Linked to Histone H3 Acetyltransferases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Eustice Moriah , Pillus Lorraine 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Chromatin organization and structure are crucial for transcriptional regulation, DNA replication, and damage repair. Although initially characterized in remodeling cell wall glucans, the β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase Gas1 was recently discovered to regulate transcriptional silencing in a manner separable from its activity at the cell wall. However, the function of Gas1 in modulating chromatin remains largely unexplored. Our genetic characterization revealed that GAS1 had critical interactions with genes encoding the histone H3 lysine acetyltransferases Gcn5 and Sas3. Specifically, whereas the gas1gcn5 double mutant was synthetically lethal, deletion of both GAS1 and SAS3 restored silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The loss of GAS1 also led to broad DNA damage sensitivity with reduced Rad53 phosphorylation and defective cell cycle checkpoint activation following exposure to select genotoxins. Deletion of SAS3 in the gas1 background restored both Rad53 phosphorylation and checkpoint activation following exposure to genotoxins that trigger the DNA replication checkpoint. Our analysis thus uncovers previously unsuspected functions for both Gas1 and Sas3 in DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation.
Neandertal Admixture in Eurasia Confirmed by Maximum-Likelihood Analysis of Three Genomes
Authors: Lohse Konrad , Frantz Laurent A F 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAlthough there has been much interest in estimating histories of divergence and admixture from genomic data, it has proved difficult to distinguish recent admixture from long-term structure in the ancestral population. Thus, recent genome-wide analyses based on summary statistics have sparked controversy about the possibility of interbreeding between Neandertals and modern humans in Eurasia. Here we derive the probability of full mutational configurations in nonrecombining sequence blocks under both admixture and ancestral structure scenarios. Dividing the genome into short blocks gives an efficient way to compute maximum-likelihood estimates of parameters. We apply this likelihood scheme to triplets of human and Neandertal genomes and compare the relative support for a model of admixture from Neandertals into Eurasian populations after their expansion out of Africa against a history of persistent structure in their common ancestral population in Africa. Our analysis allows us to conclusively reject a model of ancestral structure in Africa and instead reveals strong support for Neandertal admixture in Eurasia at a higher rate (3.4−7.3%) than suggested previously. Using analysis and simulations we show that our inference is more powerful than previous summary statistics and robust to realistic levels of recombination.
Orbitally-induced changes of the Atlantic and Indian monsoons over the past 20,000 years: New insights based on the comparison of continental and marine records
Authors: Lézine Anne-Marie , Bassinot Franck , Peterschmitt Jean-Yves 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Variations of Atlantic and Indian monsoon systems since the last glacial period are investigated by comparing eolian fluxes from two marine cores (ODP site 658 off western Africa and core 74KL off the Arabian peninsula) with 2147 hydrological records (lacustrine, palustrine, spring and fluvial, arid) gathered over a large continental area extending between 10 and 30°N across Africa, Arabia and western India. We show that the hydrological response to the Holocene humid phase in the northern tropics strongly differs from a region to another. The humid period is significantly shorter in the Arabian peninsula and the horn of Africa compared to northern Africa even though its maximum is contemporaneous (11,000–7,000 cal yr BP). Western India displays a specific hydrological signal characterized by the importance of well-developed fluvial systems from the Himalayas and the paucity of lakes compared to the other regions. In western India, the humid peak is shifted toward the mid Holocene (8,000–6,000 cal yr BP). Both marine records show a peak between ~ 11,000 and 7,000 cal yr BP for the Holocene humid period, in good accordance with African-Arabian records. However, while continental hydrological data suggest that the onset and termination of this humid period might have been relatively progressive, the marine windborne records indicate abrupt transitions, somewhat out-of-phase with continental evidence (e.g. abrupt decrease of aeolian proxies as early as ~ 15,000 cal yr BP). Discrepancies between marine and continental likely result from the fact that aeolian fluxes at a given marine location do not simply record monsoon-related changes of humidity over the adjacent continental sources but could be affected also by changes of the source area (e.g., emersion of the Arabo-Persian gulf associated to the glacial, low sea-level stand), and changes in wind intensity and/or direction.
Gut Microbiota Metabolites of Dietary Lignans and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Investigation in Two Cohorts of U.S. Women
Authors: Sun Qi , Wedick Nicole M. , Pan An , Townsend Mary K. , Cassidy Aedin , Franke Adrian A. , Rimm Eric B. , Hu Frank B. , van Dam Rob M. 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE
To examine urinary levels of enterolactone and enterodiol, intestinal microbial metabolites of dietary lignans, in relation to type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Urinary concentrations of the lignan metabolites were assayed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry among 1,107 T2D and 1,107 control subjects in a nested case-control study conducted in participants from the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and NHSII. Subjects were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at urine sample collection in 1995–2001. Incident self-reported T2D cases identified through 2008 were confirmed with a validated questionnaire.

RESULTS
In both cohorts, T2D subjects had significantly lower concentrations of both enterolactone and enterodiol than control subjects. After multivariate adjustment for lifestyle and dietary risk factors of T2D, urinary concentrations of enterolactone were significantly associated with a lower risk of T2D (pooled odds ratio [OR] comparing the extreme quartiles 0.62 [95% CI 0.44, 0.88], P for trend = 0.003). Higher urinary concentrations of enterodiol were also marginally significantly associated with a lower T2D risk (pooled OR comparing extreme quartiles 0.67 [95% CI 0.48, 0.96], P for trend = 0.08). When concentrations of both metabolites were combined to reflect total lignan intake, the OR was 0.70 (95% CI 0.53, 0.92) for each SD increment of total lignan metabolites.

CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that lignan metabolites, especially enterolactone, are associated with a lower risk of T2D in U.S. women. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings and to explore potential mechanisms underlying the observed association.
The variability of body composition characteristics in pre- and postmenopausal women from Slovakia
Authors: Danková Zuzana , Siváková Daniela , Luptáková Lenka , Cvíčelová Marta , Čerňanová Veronika 
Published: February 2014

Various changes in body composition and body fat distribution are accompaniments of biological ageing, presented mostly in the middle age and significantly notable during the menopause transition. This study aimed to examine the effect of menopausal status on body composition characteristics in 368 apparently healthy women aged 38–61 years. Bioelectrical parameters were measured with a bioimpedance monofrequency analyser (BIA 101) and bioelectric impedance vector analysis (BIVA) was used to analyse tissue electric properties. Data dealing with menopausal status and symptoms as well as life style variables were obtained by the Menopause specific questionnaire.
Statistical analysis adjusted for age did not show differences either in the body composition characteristics or in the nutrition and obesity indices between pre– and post–menopausal women. Regression analyses pointed on statistically significant effect (p<0.05) of physical exercise on Xc (B=2.353), FM % (B=–1.746) and MM % (B=1.201), of hypertension on R (B=–22.381), FM % (B=4.468), MM % (B=–2.306), of smoking on Xc (B=1.835), FM % (B=–1.227), MM % (B=0.767), of muscle and joint ache on the FM % (B=1.923) and on MM % (B=–1.061). The age had impact on Xc (B=–13.468) and on the phase angle (B=–1.320).
To conclude, in our study group of pre- and postmenopausal Slovak women, age, health and life style factors seem to have more important effect on the body composition characteristics than menopausal status alone.
Is the secular trend reflected in early stages of human ontogenesis?
Authors: Domagała Zygmunt , Dąbrowski Paweł , Porwolik Michał , Porwolik Krystian , Gworys Bohdan 
Published: February 2014

There are a limited number of studies on secular changes in the neonatal period, and the majority of them concern research related to childhood and puberty The objective of our study was to carry out a comparative analysis of body weight and length at birth in neonates born in Wrocław in subsequent decades since 1950 to find out if these parameters are subject to secular trend, and what values they attained during the studied period of 50 years.
The study was carried out in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and in 2000 to analyse changes in body length, body weight and Rohrer index over time. The sample studied consisted of 7510 neonates, 3882 males and 3628 females, born in Wroclaw. Secular changes were tested using one-way variance analysis. The values of F statistics were compared to the critical values of the F Snedecor distribution. Changes in the features of neonates in subsequent study years were analysed using the modified z-score. Data were normalised for standard deviation in decade increments.
Results demonstrated very slight, though statistically insignificant increase in body weight at birth. Over the 50-year period the mean body weight of neonates was in the range of 3.3–3.4 kg, regardless of sex. Results demonstrated very slight, though statistically insignificant increase in body weight at birth. Over the 50-year period the mean body weight of neonates was in the range of 3.3–3.4 kg, regardless of sex. The acceleration in the body length of neonates caused a gradual decrease in the mean values of the Rohrer index.
No secular trend in body weight was found in Wrocław neonates over the 50-year period between 1950 and 2000 With regard to body length at birth, four waves of deceleration and acceleration were found: period 1 (1950s): deceleration in the increase of the analysed body parameters of neonates; period 2 (1960s): acceleration in neonates’ growth; period 3 (1970s and 1980s): economic crisis and political transformations in Poland; this is reflected by the stable mean values of body dimensions in neonates. The secular trend clearly decelerated, and period 4 (1990s and 2000) – very intense acceleration in both body weight and length and the Rohrer index.
Henri IV dévoilé. Le corps dé-voué du souverain ou la royauté sans sacrifice
Authors: Lignereux Yann 
Published: February 2014

L’absolutisme ne se définit pas seulement à travers des textes ou dans des pratiques et des gestes ; l’art supporte éloquemment la puissance d’affirmation de cette prétention royale à un pouvoir et à une autorité indépassables. L’étude proposée a donc pour but d’appréhender cette faculté d’expression non pas tant au travers de l’examen d’une architecture monumentale et spectaculaire ou par le biais de l’analyse d’une peinture éblouissante et remarquable mais depuis un petit objet, une statuette de bronze de Barthélemy Prieur, insolite et quasi invisible au regard de l’historiographie du règne d’Henri IV, à travers laquelle se joue, pourtant, la refondation de l’autorité monarchique après le régicide de 1589 dans sa prétention à un absolutisme établi bel et bien comme la vocation salvatrice et sacrée du Prince dans sa puissance d’affranchissement. C’est alors dans le paradoxal et silencieux dénuement du corps royal, loin de la « montre » emphatique d’un pouvoir souverain rempli de bruits et de fureurs, que sont établies pour la France des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles les assises les plus solides de l’imaginaire absolutiste moderne.
Regulatory T Cells Limit Induction of Protective Immunity and Promote Immune Pathology following Intestinal Helminth Infection
Authors: Sawant Deepali V. , Gravano David M. , Vogel Peter , Giacomin Paul , Artis David , Vignali Dario A. A. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a well-characterized role in limiting autoimmunity and dampening deleterious immune responses. However, a potential consequence of the immunosuppressive function of Tregs can be the limitation of protective immunity to infectious pathogens. Parasitic infections are a potent stimulus for the generation of Treg responses, which may be beneficial to both the parasite and the host by promoting persistence of infection and limiting immune-mediated pathology, respectively. In this study, we explore the functional role of Tregs post–low-dose infection with the intestinal helminth parasite Trichuris muris, which yields a chronic infection because of inefficient induction of Th2 responses. Early Treg depletion postinfection resulted in expedited worm clearance, and was associated with reduced Th1-mediated inflammation of the intestinal environment. Interestingly, this protective immunity was lost, and worm burden enhanced if Tregs were depleted later once the infection was established. Early and late Treg depletion resulted in enhanced Th2 and reduced Th1 cytokine and humoral responses. Blockade of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 resulted in a moderate increase in Th1 but had no effect on worm burden. Our findings suggest that Tregs preferentially limit Th2 cell expansion, which can impact infections where clear immune polarity has not been established. Thus, the impact of Treg depletion is context and time dependent, and can be beneficial to the host in situations where Th1 responses should be limited in favor of Th2 responses.
B Cells in Teleost Fish Act as Pivotal Initiating APCs in Priming Adaptive Immunity: An Evolutionary Perspective on the Origin of the B-1 Cell Subset and B7 Molecules
Authors: Zhu Lv-yun , Lin Ai-fu , Shao Tong , Nie Li , Dong Wei-ren , Xiang Li-xin , Shao Jian-zhong 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe long-held paradigm that B cells cannot uptake nonspecific particulate Ags for the initiation of primary adaptive immunity has been challenged by the recent discovery that teleost B cells have potent phagocytic and microbicidal abilities. This discovery provides preliminary clues that primitive B cells might act as initiating APCs in priming adaptive immunity. In this study, zebrafish B cells clearly showed a potent Ag-presenting ability to both soluble Ags and bacterial particles to prime naive CD4+ T cell activation. This finding demonstrates the innate-like nature of teleost B cells in the interface of innate and adaptive immunity, indicating that they might consist of a major population of initiating APCs whose performance is similar to that of dendritic cells. Given the functional similarities between teleost B cells and the mammalian B-1 subset, we hypothesize that B-1 lineage and teleost B cells might originate from a common ancestor with potent phagocytic and initiating APC capacities. In addition, CD80/86 and CD83 costimulatory signals were identified as being essential for B cell–initiated adaptive immunity. This result suggests that the costimulatory mechanism originated as early as the origin of adaptive immunity and is conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. In fish, only a single CD80/86 copy exists, which is similar to mammalian CD86 rather than to CD80. Thus, CD86 might be a more primordial B7 family member that originated from fish. This study provides valuable insights into the evolutionary history of professional APCs, B cell lineages, and the costimulatory mechanism underlying adaptive immunity as a whole.
Specific Recognition of Mycobacterial Protein and Peptide Antigens by γδ T Cell Subsets following Infection with VirulentMycobacterium bovis
Authors: McGill Jodi L. , Sacco Randy E. , Baldwin Cynthia L. , Telfer Janice C. , Palmer Mitchell V. , Waters W. Ray 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPromoting effective immunity to Mycobacterium bovis infection is a challenge that is of interest to the fields of human and animal medicine alike. We report that γδ T cells from virulent M. bovis–infected cattle respond specifically and directly to complex, protein, and nonprotein mycobacterial Ags. Importantly, to our knowledge, we demonstrate for the first time that bovine γδ T cells specifically recognize peptide Ags derived from the mycobacterial protein complex ESAT6:CFP10 and that this recognition requires direct contact with APCs and signaling through the T cell Ag receptor but is independent of MHC class I or II. Furthermore, we show that M. bovis infection in cattle induces robust IL-17A protein responses. Interestingly, in contrast to results from mice, bovine CD4 T cells, and not γδ T cells, are the predominant source of this critical proinflammatory mediator. Bovine γδ T cells are divided into subsets based upon their expression of Workshop Cluster 1 (WC1), and we demonstrate that the M. bovis–specific γδ T cell response is composed of a heterogeneous mix of WC1-expressing populations, with the serologically defined WC1.1+ and WC1.2+ subsets responding in vitro to mycobacterial Ags and accumulating in the lesions of M. bovis–infected animals. The results described in this article enhance our understanding of γδ T cell biology and, because virulent M. bovis infection of cattle represents an excellent model of tuberculosis in humans, contribute to our overall understanding of the role of γδ T cells in the mycobacterial-specific immune response.
Cytomorphometric analysis of exfoliated cells in oral lichen planus
Authors: Teja Chitturi Suryaprakash Ravi , Devy A. Santha , Nirmal R. Madhavan , Sunil P. M. , Deepasree M. 
Published: February 2014

Background:
Tumors are distinguished from normal tissues partly by their pronounced variability of cellular and nuclear dimensions. Therefore, such factors may be an indicator to assess whether the cells are malignant or not. Exfoliative cytology is a reliable tool in assessing such changes in the uterine cervix and has been used in the oral cavity also with success. The aims and objectives of the following study were to evaluate the malignant changes by assessing the quantitative parameters such as cytoplasmic diameter, cytoplasmic perimeter and cytoplasmic area (CD, CP, CA) and nuclear diameter, nuclear perimeter and nuclear area (ND, NP, NA) and cytoplasmic to nuclear ratio in the exfoliated cells of various subtypes of oral lichen planus (OLP) using cytomorphometry.

Materials and Methods:
Oral exfoliated cells from nineteen cases of histologically proven OLP (1 atrophic, 13 reticular, 4 erosive and 1 plaque) and ten controls with healthy mucosa were taken and stained by Feulgen-Rossenback reaction and cytomorphometric analysis was performed using an image analysis software. The parameters taken into account were CD, CP, CA and ND, NP, NA. Furthermore CA/NA was calculated. The parameters were statistically analyzed using the t-test.

Results:
Cytomorphometric analysis of all the parameters showed no significant difference between the control group and the reticular/plaque subtypes, whereas statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences was obtained between the control group and the atrophic/erosive subtypes group when compared using t-test.

Conclusions:
The cytomorphometric analysis of OLP shows that erosive/atrophic subtypes of OLP are at more risk and exfoliative cytology and cytomorphometry can be used as a tool to assess the malignant changes.
Utility of total lymphocyte count as a surrogate for absolute CD4 count in the adult Indian HIV population: A prospective study
Authors: Karanth Suman S , Rau N R , Gupta Anurag , Kamath Asha , Shanbhogue Vikram , Pruthvi B C 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Background: Standard methods of CD4 counts and plasma viral load estimation require specialized equipment, highly trained personnel and are extremely expensive. This remains a major challenge for the initiation of anti-retroviral therapy for patients in resource-limited settings. Objective: To assess the clinical utility of the total lymphocyte count (TLC) to serve as a surrogate marker for predicting a CD4 counts <350 cell/mm 3 in patients with HIV. Materials and Methods: A prospective study of 200 consecutive newly detected highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) naïve HIV patients admitted over a one year period was conducted. Linear regression, Pearson correlation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to calculate the relationship between TLC and CD4 counts. Results: A significant correlation between TLC and CD4 count was observed (r = 0.682, P < 0.001). TLC cut off of 1200 cell/mm 3 as a predictor of CD4 count <350 cell/mm 3 had 73.1% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value (PPV) and 51.4% negative predictive value (NPV). Raising the cutoff to 1500 cells/mm 3 improved the sensitivity to 82.1% with 88.2% specificity, 96.5% PPV, 44.4% NPV. The ROC curve demonstrated highest area under curve (AUC = 0.8) for TLC of 1500 cell/mm 3 . Conclusion: The study showed that TLC cutoff value of 1500 cells/mm 3 was a cost effective surrogate marker for CD4 counts <350 cells/mm 3 in resource-limited settings.
Avicenna′s contribution to cardiology
Authors: Chamsi-Pasha Mohammed A.R , Chamsi-Pasha Hassan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIbn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna, was the most famous and influential of all the Islamic philosopher-scientists. His most important medical works are the Canon of Medicine medical encyclopedia and a treatise on cardiac drugs. His Canon of Medicine remained the standard text in both the East and West until the 16 th century. Avicenna′s description of cardiac diseases was logically presented perhaps for the first time in the history of medicine. Avicenna was the first to describe carotid sinus hypersensitivity, which presents with vasovagal syncope. He was a pioneer in pulsology and the first correct explanation of pulsation was given by Avicenna, after he refined Galen′s theory of the pulse. Besides, he discussed the action of available drugs on the heart in details and mentioned their indications and contraindications. In conclusion, Avicenna made important contributions to cardiology. This article describes some of his contributions in this field.
Kroniek van de taalkunde 2012
Authors: Hüning Matthias 
Published: February 2014

Mijmering, alweer.
Vorig jaar begon mijn kroniek (IN 50/1) met een mijmering, waarin ik aandacht heb besteed aan de gevolgen van het toenemende gebruik van het Engels als lingua franca voor het Nederlands, voor het taalkundig onderzoek naar het Nederlands en voor ons onderwijs. In een recent verschenen artikel heeft Marc van Oostendorp (2012a) de gevolgen van het gebruik van het lingua franca-Engels in Nederland vanuit een andere invalshoek onderzocht. Hij gaat na wat de gevolgen zijn niet zozeer voor het Nederlands, maar vooral voor het gebruik van andere talen. Hij concludeert dat het toenemend gebruik van het Engels niet schadelijk is voor het Nederlands, maar wel voor de kennis en het gebruik van andere talen, waar Nederlanders nog in de vorige eeuw om bekend stonden. Nederland is volgens hem op weg een tweetalig land te worden (en dus niet meertalig). Met deze analyse ben ik het eens, al denk ik dat het nog steeds toenemende gebruik van het Engels wel degelijk gevolgen heeft ook voor de positie en het gebruik van het Nederlands in een hele reeks van (vooral prestigieuze) functies.