bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Airway Uric Acid Is a Sensor of Inhaled Protease Allergens and Initiates Type 2 Immune Responses in Respiratory Mucosa
Authors: Hara Kenichiro , Iijima Koji , Elias Martha K. , Seno Satoshi , Tojima Ichiro , Kobayashi Takao , Kephart Gail M. , Kurabayashi Masahiko , Kita Hirohito 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Although type 2 immune responses to environmental Ags are thought to play pivotal roles in asthma and allergic airway diseases, the immunological mechanisms that initiate the responses are largely unknown. Many allergens have biologic activities, including enzymatic activities and abilities to engage innate pattern-recognition receptors such as TLR4. In this article, we report that IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin were produced quickly in the lungs of naive mice exposed to cysteine proteases, such as bromelain and papain, as a model for allergens. IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin sensitized naive animals to an innocuous airway Ag OVA, which resulted in production of type 2 cytokines and IgE Ab, and eosinophilic airway inflammation when mice were challenged with the same Ag. Importantly, upon exposure to proteases, uric acid (UA) was rapidly released into the airway lumen, and removal of this endogenous UA by uricase prevented type 2 immune responses. UA promoted secretion of IL-33 by airway epithelial cells in vitro, and administration of UA into the airways of naive animals induced extracellular release of IL-33, followed by both innate and adaptive type 2 immune responses in vivo. Finally, a potent UA synthesis inhibitor, febuxostat, mitigated asthma phenotypes that were caused by repeated exposure to natural airborne allergens. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the development of type 2 immunity to airborne allergens and recognize airway UA as a key player that regulates the process in respiratory mucosa.
Diagnosis and Referral of Orthodontic Cases: An Institutional Survey among Dental Graduates
Authors: AlShahrani Ibrahim 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
General dentists play an important role in intercepting the progression of malocclusion. The right stage of referral to specialist orthodontist is considered key to the success of orthodontic treatment. The objective of this study was to assess the preparedness of fresh dental graduates in dealing with orthodontic patients in general dental practice. A total of 80 general dentists who had recently completed the BDS program formed the study group. They were asked to respond to a self-administered questionnaire consisting of case scenarios to evaluate their knowledge of Angles classification, occlusal characteristics, the ideal stage of treatment and need for referral to specialist orthodontist. The response rate was 75% (n = 60). 87% (n = 52) correctly identified the Angles Classification of the presented cases. 87% (n = 52) and 100% (n = 60) correctly identified overbite and over-jet cases. Cross bite and deviated midline was correctly identified by 68% (n = 41) and 65% (n = 39) of the respondents respectively while 93% (n = 56) diagnosed median diastema correctly. Almost all the respondents (97%) identified the cases which have to be referred to the orthodontist while, more than half (55%) did not know the ideal time to initiate orthodontic treatment. The graduates recognized their limits of personal competence and successfully identified the cases that need to be referred to the orthodontist. Proper emphasis should be placed on the ‘the ideal time of referral and initiation of treatment’ during undergraduate orthodontic training.

How to cite this article
AlShahrani I. Diagnosis and Referral of Orthodontic Cases: An Institutional Survey among Dental Graduates. World J Dent 2014;5(1):33-36.
Microbial Evaluation of a Single Subgingival Irrigation with Chlorhexidine and Benzydamine in Advanced Periodontitis
Authors: Wesley Swarnalatha J 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Background
This study evaluated the microbial effects of a single subgingival irrigation of chlorhexidine and benzydamine in advanced periodontitis on a comparative basis in the absence of physical debridement using the microbiological parameter.

Methods
Patients who attended the Department of Periodontia, Madras Dental College were selected. The experimental site consisted of two teeth with Chronic Periodontitis, a pocket depth of 4 to 6 mm and a Gingival Index score of 2. The study has been designed to cover the following three groups:

Group I: Irrigated with physiological saline (Control group).
Group II: Irrigated with 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate solution.
Group III: Irrigated with 0.15% benzydamine hydrochloride solution.

A sample of 30 were selected, 10 samples in each group. The experimental sites of the three groups were assessed using the following Microbiological parameters: (1) spirochetes, (2) motile bacteria, (3) cocci, (4) other microorganisms.

Results
The microbiological analysis showed that the response of the Saline and Chlorhexidine with regard to the Spirochetes followed a concave pattern. But Benzydamine showed a slow tapering effect in annihilating the Spirochetes. In the case of Motile bacteria also the variation in the Saline was negligible and in the chlorhexidine group the trough occurred between first week and second week and then revived, whereas in Benzydamine alone there was no question of revival but the Motile bacteria followed the pattern of sine curve. With regard to Cocci though Saline showed good response it was not significant, whereas chlorhexidine and benzydamine recorded a highly appreciable response. In the case of other microorganisms Saline had no significant effect, whereas Chlorhexidine had significant effect at the end of 1 week and Benzydamine had a sea-saw effect throughout the different periods of time.

Conclusion
The subgingival action of Benzydamine can be favored and preferred to that of Chlorhexidine and Saline because of its sustained progressive response.

How to cite this article
Wesley SJ. Microbial Evaluation of a Single Subgingival Irrigation with Chlorhexidine and Benzydamine in Advanced Periodontitis. World J Dent 2014;5(1):37-41.
Impact of Estradiol Monitoring on the Prediction of Intrauterine Insemination Outcome
Authors: Atilgan Remzi , Ekinci Mustafa , Sapmaz Ekrem , Ozkan Zehra Sema 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTPurposeTo evaluate the predictive value of estradiol levels on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration on intrauterine insemination success rate.Materials and methodsThe present study included 200 intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles performed between June 2011 and October 2012. All IUI cycles were preceded by ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins starting on cycle day 3. A single IUI was performed 24 to 36 hours after hCG administration. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to define the covariates of IUI success. The main outcome measure, the clinical pregnancy rate per cycle, was assessed according to the estradiol level.ResultsWith LR ± 2 and AUC=0.73, ROC analysis revealed out the estradiol level as 465 pg/ml to predict the pregnancy with 60% sensitivity and 66% specificity. Binary logistic regression analysis identified the presence of estradiol levels higher than 465 pg/ml (p < 0.01, 95% CI = 0.147 – 0.687) and stimulation duration (p < 0.01, 95% CI = 0.201 – 0.705) as the covariates approached statistical significance for IUI success.ConclusionEstradiol level >465 pg/ml on the day of hCG administration might point out advanced outcome on mild ovarian stimulation combined with insemination.How to cite this articleAtilgan R, Ekinci M, Sapmaz E, Ozkan ZS. Impact of Estradiol Monitoring on the Prediction of Intrauterine Insemination Outcome. Int J Infertility Fetal Med 2013;4(3):88-92.
Acardiac Acephalus with Single Umbilical Artery in Acardiac Twin
Authors: Govindraj Sampath Kumar , Thimmaiah Rajini 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTTwin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence (acardiac twin) is one of the rare complications of multifetal gestation which is unique to monochorionic placentation. It affects about 1% of multifetal gestation and prevalence is one in 35,000 pregnancies. We are presenting a case of acardiac acephalus with ventricular hypertrophy and polyhydramnios of pump twin. Autopsy of acardiac twin was done and various anomalies associated with it were described. Acardiac twin showed anomalies consistent with VACTERL anomalies and single umbilical artery. This case is reported because of the rarity of presentation and to stress the importance of early diagnosis for the proper management of the case. This is taken as an opportunity to describe various modalities of treatment of acardiac twin.How to cite this articleMuralidhar L, Govindraj SK, Venkatesh S, Thimmaiah R. Acardiac Acephalus with Single Umbilical Artery in Acardiac Twin. Int J Infertility Fetal Med 2013; 4(3):93-95.
First Palmer and Millstone Hill midlatitude conjugate observation of thermospheric winds
Authors: Wu Qian , Noto John , Kerr Robert , Kapali Sudha , Riccobono Juanita , Wang Wenbin , Talaat Elsayed R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe first midlatitude conjugate thermospheric wind observations in the American sector showed various degrees of conjugacy between Palmer (64°S, 64°W, magnetic latitude (MLAT) 50°S) and Millstone Hill (42.82°N, 71.5°W, MLAT 53°N) under three different geomagnetic conditions (recovery after a substorm, moderately active, and quiet). The agreement with the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) simulations also varies with the geomagnetic activity level. During substorm recovery, the observations at Palmer (PA) and Millstone Hill (MH) both showed strong westward zonal winds, which the standard TIEGCM greatly underestimated. Inadequate ion convection pattern size and lack of effect from Subauroral Polarization Streams (SAPS) may be the cause of the large discrepancy. The TIEGCM with a SAPS model produced stronger westward zonal winds near PA but did not change the zonal wind near MH. The empirical SAPS model needs further refinements. In general, there is better conjugacy with moderate geomagnetic activity levels. The TIEGCM also agrees better with the observations. Under geomagnetically quiet conditions, the meridional winds appear to be less conjugate. The agreement between the observations and model is reasonable. Optical conjugate observations are severely limited by the seasons and weather conditions in the two hemispheres. Yet they are necessary to understanding the thermospheric dynamics in the subauroral region and its relationship with geomagnetic activity levels. The comparisons with TIEGCM are necessary for future model improvements.
Validation of precipitation retrievals over land from satellite‐based passive microwave sensors
Authors: Tang Ling , Tian Yudong , Lin Xin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPrecipitation retrievals from spaceborne passive microwave (PMW) radiometers are the backbone of modern satellite‐based global precipitation data sets. The error characteristics in these individual retrievals directly affect the merged end products and applications but have not been systematically studied. This paper focuses on extensive and systematic validation of PMW precipitation retrievals and quantification of their error characteristics. Retrievals from 12 PMW radiometers were evaluated and intercompared at instantaneous scale (5 min) over continental United States. These precipitation‐sensing radiometers include both imagers (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager, Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System, Special Sensor Microwave Imager, and Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder) and sounders (advanced microwave sounding unit‐B and Microwave Humidity Sounders). A high‐resolution ground radar‐based data set over the continental United States was used as the ground reference data. The high spatial and temporal resolution of the reference data allows collocation within 5 min and relatively more precise comparison with the satellite overpasses. Our results show that PMW sensor retrievals exhibit fairly systematic biases depending on season and precipitation intensity, with overestimates in summer at moderate to high precipitation rates and underestimates in winter at low and moderate precipitation rates. Retrievals from the microwave imagers have notably better performance than those from the sounders. The latter tend to have a narrower dynamic range, higher biases, and random errors.
The thermal conductivity of Earth's lower mantle
Authors: Tang Xiaoli , Ntam Moses C. , Dong Jianjun , Rainey Emma S. G. , Kavner Abby 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe assess the thermal conductivity of the Earth's lower mantle anchored on our first‐principles calculations of lattice thermal conductivity of MgSiO3 perovskite. Our calculations agree with measurements of iron‐free perovskite at ambient conditions and show a lower pressure dependence compared with other recent calculations. In addition, we show that the effect of iron on the lattice thermal conductivity of silicate perovskite is likely to be small at high temperatures. To provide an assessment of thermal conductivity throughout the lower mantle, we reevaluate existing high‐pressure optical absorption data to constrain an upper bound radiative contribution to diffusive heat transfer and examine a composite model for combining thermal conductivity of oxide and perovskite phases in the lower mantle. We find that the overall thermal conductivity of the lower mantle is approximately constant between 2.5 and 3.5 W/m/K. These values imply that the mantle has a blanketing effect on heat flow across the core‐mantle boundary.
New studies of second and fourth digit ratio as a morphogenetic trait in subjects with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Rivas M.P. , Moreira L.M.A. , Santo L.D.E. , Marques A.C.S.S. , El‐Hani C.N. , Toralles M.B.P. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesCongenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a disease that occurs during fetal development and can lead to virilization in females or death in newborn males if not discovered early in life. Because of this there is a need to seek morphological markers in order to help diagnose the disease. In order to test the hypothesis that prenatal hormones can affect the sexual dimorphic pattern 2D:4D digit ratio in individual with CAH, the aim of this study was to compare the digit ratio in female and male patients with CAH and control subjects.MethodsThe 2D:4D ratios in both hands of 40 patients (31 females—46, XX, and 9 males—46, XY) were compared with the measures of control individuals without CAH (100 males and 100 females).ResultsFemales with CAH showed 2D:4D ratios typical of male controls (0.950 and 0.947) in both hands (P < 0.001). In CAH males the left hand 2D:4D ratio (0.983) was statistically different from that of male controls (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThese finding support the idea that sexual dimorphism in skeletal development in early fetal life is associated with differences between the exposure to androgens in males and females, and significant differences associated with adrenal hyperplasia. Although the effects of prenatal androgens on skeletal developmental are supported by numerous studies, further investigation is yet required to clarify the disease and establish the digit ratio as a biomarker for CAH. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:559–561, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chiral β‐Lactam Synthesis through the Enantioselective Reduction of Iminocyclobutenones and the Thermal Rearrangement of Aminocyclobutenones
Authors: Hachiya Iwao , Ito Akinori , Shimizu Makoto 
Published: March 2014

AbstractChiral β‐lactam synthesis was achieved through the enantioselective reduction of iminocyclobutenones catalyzed by a chiral phosphoric acid and the subsequent thermal rearrangement of chiral aminocyclobutenones in the presence of appropriate amines.
Sinonasal mucosal melanoma: 20‐year experience at a tertiary referral center
Authors: Tajudeen Bobby A. , Vorasubin Nopawan , Sanaiha Yas , Palma‐Diaz Miguel Fernando , Suh Jeffrey D. , Wang Marilene B. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundSinonasal melanoma (SNM) is a rare cancer with extremely poor prognosis. Detecting melanoma on frozen section has historically been considered to be unreliable. A review of cases of sinonasal melanoma treated at a tertiary referral center was conducted to analyze treatment outcomes and identify prognostic factors for survival. In addition, an investigation was performed correlating sinonasal melanoma on frozen section and permanent analysis.MethodsAn institutional review board–approved search of the pathology database for cases of primary sinonasal melanoma treated between 1991 and 2011 was performed. Fourteen cases were identified and the medical charts were reviewed.ResultsEleven patients had tumors arising from the nasal cavity, 2 arose from the maxillary sinus, and 1 from the ethmoid sinuses. Mean duration of follow‐up was 20.7 (range, 1.4 to 84.5) months. Overall, 5‐year recurrence‐free survival and overall survival was 23% and 35%, respectively. All patients had surgical resection with intent for cure and all but 1 patient had adjuvant therapy. Survival analysis showed that positive margin status (log rank p = 0.031) and the presence of perineural/lymphovascular invasion (log rank p = 0.021) negatively affected recurrence‐free survival and overall survival, respectively. Nine cases had evaluation of intraoperative frozen sections with 32 total sections submitted for analysis. When compared with final pathology, there was a 0% false negative rate.ConclusionBased on this series, positive margins and the presence of perineural/lymphovascular invasion are negative predictors of survival. In addition, intraoperative frozen section analysis of sinonasal mucosal melanoma correlates well with final pathology.
Single Crystals Popping Under UV Light: A Photosalient Effect Triggered by a [2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Medishetty Raghavender , Husain Ahmad , Bai Zhaozhi , Runčevski Tomče , Dinnebier Robert E. , Naumov Panče , Vittal Jagadese J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe extremely rare examples of dynamic single crystals where excitation by light or heat induces macroscopic motility present not only a visually appealing demonstration of the utility of molecular materials for conversion of energy to work, but they also provide a unique opportunity to explore the mechanistic link between collective molecular processes and their consequences at a macroscopic level. Here, we report the first example of a photosalient effect (photoinduced leaping) observed with crystals of three coordination complexes which is induced by a [2+2] photocycloaddition reaction. Unlike a plethora of other dimerization reactions, when exposed to even weak UV light, single crystals of these materials burst violently, whereby they are propelled to travel several millimeters. The results point to a multistep mechanism where the strain energy that has been accumulated during the dimerization triggers a rapid structure transformation which ultimately results in crystal disintegration.
Copper‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Amination of Heteroarenes and Arenes by CH Zincation
Authors: McDonald Stacey L. , Hendrick Charles E. , Wang Qiu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDirect amination of heteroarenes and arenes has been achieved in a one‐pot CH zincation/copper‐catalyzed electrophilic amination procedure. This amination method provides an efficient and rapid approach to access a diverse range of heteroaromatic and aromatic amines including those previously inaccessible using CH amination methods. The mild reaction conditions and good functional‐group compatibility demonstrate its great potential for the synthesis of important and complex amines.
Preparation and characterization of low environmental humidity sensitive ionic liquid polymer electrolytes
Authors: Zhang Yanyan , Xiang Jun , Hu Zeyu , Lei Jingxin , Zhou Changlin 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTMethyl 3‐(3‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)imidazole‐1‐yl)propanoate chloride salt (IL‐Cl), methyl 3‐(3‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)imidazole‐1‐yl)propanoate bromate salt (IL‐Br), and their derivatives modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG) through ester‐exchange reaction (IL‐PEGs) were synthesized. First, the properties of those materials, especially their conductivity, have been extensively studied. Second, using the IL‐PEG with the highest conductivity as a plasticizer and electrolyte, a series of gel polymer electrolytes were successfully fabricated from polyurethane, poly‐1,4‐butylene adipate glycol 2000, and IL‐PEGs by melting blends with different mass ratios in a Haake torque rheometer. The surface morphology, thermal properties, and the surface resistivity of gel polymer electrolytes were studied by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and surface resistivity test, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy pictures showed that the surface of polymer electrolyte is smoother than that without added IL‐PEGs. Thermogravimetric analysis results revealed that the polymer electrolytes will not decompose when the processing temperature is below 275°C. It was found that the surface resistivity of polymer electrolytes can be below 109 Ω, showing a good antistatic property, and it changes slightly as the relative humidity decreases from 40% to 0.1%, indicting that the material has low humidity sensitivity. This study is a new demonstration and development in ionic liquid based polymer electrolyte. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40675.
Compressive and thermal characterization of syntactic foams containing hollow silicon carbide particles with porous shell
Authors: Labella Matthew , Shunmugasamy Vasanth Chakravarthy , Strbik Oliver M. , Gupta Nikhil 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTSilicon carbide hollow particle (SiCHS) reinforced vinyl ester matrix syntactic foams are prepared and characterized for compressive properties and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Two types of SiCHS were utilized in 60 vol % to prepare syntactic foams. These SiCHS had ratio of inner to outer radius of 0.91 and 0.84 for the thin and thick walled particles. The specific compressive strength values were 33.4 and 38.8 kPa/kg/m3 and the specific compressive modulus values were 0.8 MPa/kg/m3 and 0.6 MPa/kg/m3 for the thin and thick walled SiCHS‐filled syntactic foams, respectively. The shell of the hollow particles contained microporous voids, and the porosity was estimated as 16.6% and 24.8% in the walls of the thin and thick walled particles, respectively. The shell porosity adversely affected the specific compressive strength and the modulus of the syntactic foam. However, the SiCHS‐filled syntactic foams exhibited low CTE values (26.7 and 15.9 × 10−6/°C). These CTE values were 65.1% and 79.3% lower than the CTE of the neat resin. Such properties can be useful for applications where syntactic foams are exposed to high temperatures and dimensional stability is important. A theoretical model is used to estimate the porosity level in the SiC shells and estimate the effective mechanical properties of the porous SiC material that forms the particle shell. Such analysis can help in using the models as predictive tools to estimate the mechanical properties of syntactic foams. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40689.