bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity and Inactivity and Risk of Hip Fractures in Men
Authors: Feskanich Diane , Flint Alan J. , Willett Walter C. 
Published: February 2014

Objectives. We assessed associations between activity and hip fracture in men. Methods. The Health Professionals Follow-up Study reported time spent walking, sitting, and in 10 other discretionary activities every 2 years in 35 996 men aged 50 years and older from 1986 to 2010. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) for risk of hip fracture by amount of activity and sitting in Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking, medication use, disease diagnoses, and diet. Results. Over 24 years, participants reported 490 low-trauma hip fractures. Energy expenditure from all activities was weakly associated with lower risk of fracture. More walking time, with little other exercise, lowered risk by 43% (HR = 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.39, 0.83 for ≥ 4 vs < 1 hours/week), and risk decreased linearly with more frequent walking (P < .001). Brisk (vs leisurely) pace lowered risk by 47%. Sitting lowered risk (HR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.43, 0.89 for ≥ 50 vs < 20 hours/week), primarily among those who also walked for exercise. We observed no benefit of strenuous activity. Conclusions. Walking is a relatively safe and easy activity for hip fracture prevention.
Life Course Socioeconomic Status and Longitudinal Accumulation of Allostatic Load in Adulthood: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Merkin Sharon Stein , Karlamangla Arun , Diez Roux Ana V. , Shrager Sandi , Seeman Teresa E. 
Published: February 2014

Objectives. We examined the association of childhood and adult socioeconomic status with longitudinal change in allostatic load (AL), a measure of biological dysfunction. Methods. The study sample included 6135 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, aged 45 to 84 years, recruited in 2000 from 6 US counties; 3 follow-up examinations took place through September 2011. We calculated standardized scores for several metabolic and cardiovascular components relative to accepted clinical cut points for “higher risk” and then summed them to create an overall index of AL. We used mixed effects growth curve models to assess the relationship between socioeconomic status and AL as a linear function of time passed since the baseline examination; we included random effects for the intercept and slope. Results. Among those with lower baseline AL (< median), high adult education was associated with a significantly slower increase in AL over time, whereas there was no significant association among those with higher baseline AL. Conclusions. The relationship between socioeconomic status and patterns of change in health parameters may vary over time and with the accumulation of biological risk.
State Indoor Tanning Laws and Adolescent Indoor Tanning
Authors: Guy Gery P. , Berkowitz Zahava , Jones Sherry Everett , O’Malley Olsen Emily , Miyamoto Justin N. , Michael Shannon L. , Saraiya Mona 
Published: February 2014

Objectives. Recently, several state indoor tanning laws, including age restrictions, were promulgated to reduce indoor tanning among minors. We examined the effects of these laws on adolescent indoor tanning. Methods. We used nationally representative data from the 2009 and 2011 national Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (n = 31 835). Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined the association between state indoor tanning laws and indoor tanning among US high school students. Results. Female students in states with indoor tanning laws were less likely to engage in indoor tanning than those in states without any laws. We observed a stronger association among female students in states with systems access, parental permission, and age restriction laws than among those in states without any laws. We found no significant association among female students in states with only systems access and parental permission laws or among male students. Conclusions. Indoor tanning laws, particularly those including age restrictions, may be effective in reducing indoor tanning among female high school students, for whom rates are the highest. Such reductions have the potential to reduce the health and economic burden of skin cancer.
The Influence of Impurities in Feed Ingots on the Quality of Castings Made from Nickel Superalloy IN-713C
Authors: Binczyk F. , Cwajna J. , Sozańska M. , Gradoń P. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The paper presents the results of research on the impact of impurities in the feed ingots (master heat) on the precipitation of impurities in the ATD thermal analysis probe castings. This impurities occur mostly inside shrinkage cavities and in interdendritic space. Additionally, insufficient filtration of liquid alloy during pouring promotes the transfer of impurities into the casting. The technology of melting superalloys in vacuum furnace prevents the removal of slag from the surface of molten metal. Because of that, the effective method of quality assessment of feed ingots in order to evaluate the existence of impurities is needed. The effectiveness of ATD analysis in evaluation of purity of feed ingots was researched. In addition the similarities of non-metallic inclusions in feed ingots and in castings were observed.
Sclero-topometry Metrology in Valorisation of Waste Oil for Micro-machining of Ductile Cast Iron
Authors: Eymard S. , Ignaszak Z. , Mathia T.G. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
During the time, the specific characteristics and the efficient lifetime of oil progressively decrease, due to complex pollution, ultimately making the oil unsuitable for the initial applications. The strategy to regenerate and to valorise waste oils is investigated using improved combinations of sclerometric and topometric tests on ductile nodular cast iron. Tribo-abrasive tests are performed in critical conditions, with base oil, waste oil and regenerated oil, of similar viscosities in order to discriminate their interfacial performances. The forms of the scratch traces indicate wear resistance and tendency to elasto-plastic deformation. The mechanisms of deformation and frictional behaviours were evaluated using optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy and measured for various tribological conditions with tactile and optical profilometry. The Energy Dispersive X ray Spectroscopy completes the chemical superficial distribution of pertinent elements. The surface topography metrology is used to characterize the scratch profiles and to determine the volume of the displaced and removed material, as well as maximum pit height. The originality of this paper is that it is a unique approach specifically devoted to transformer oil concerning tribological conditions.
Elution of Mixed Moulding Sands with the GEOPOL Binder and Core Sands with the Phenolic Resin
Authors: Holtzer M. , Żymankowska-Kumon S. , Dańko R. , Kmita A. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Out of moulding and core sands used in the foundry industry, sands with organic binders deserve a special attention. These binders are based on synthetic resins, which ensure obtaining the proper technological properties and sound castings, however, they negatively influence the environment. Depending on the kind of the applied resin under an influence of a temperature such compounds as for example BTEX group and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be formed and released. During storing or economic utilization of used sand is possibility of eluting harmful substances into the environment. Therefore at assessing an influence of the used sand on the environment two above elements should be taken into consideration. Only such investigations provide the complete assessment of the given sand harmfulness.
Integration of Computer Tomography and Simulation Analysis in Evaluation of Quality of Ceramic-Carbon Bonded Foam Filter
Authors: Karwiński A. , Małysza M. , Tchórz A. , Gil A. , Lipowska B. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Filtration of liquid casting alloys is used in casting technologies for long time. The large quantity of available casting filters allows using them depending on casting technology, dimensions of casting and used alloys. Technological progress of material science allows of using new materials in production of ceramic filters. In this article the Computed Tomography (CT) technique was use in order to evaluate the thickness of branch in cross section of 20ppi ceramic-carbon bonded foam filter. Than the 3D image of foam filter was used in computer simulation of flow of liquid metal thru the running system.
The Quality of Compressed Air as the Necessary Condition the Improving the Process Efficiency in Foundry Plants
Authors: Wrona R. , Ziółkowski E. , Smyksy K. , Brzeziński M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
A foundry plant as a manufacturing system operates in accordance with the methods and principles making up the entire process of casting production, involving the use of machines and installations. One of the factors transforming the foundry plant’s static structure into the dynamic -processing structure is the compressed air. Practically each procedure making up the casting manufacturing process involves compressed air. Its sources include compressor machines connected to the receiving tanks, making up the compressed air transport installation. Two major aspects are to be addressed in compressed air management: the engineering and economic ones. The engineering aspect involves the manufacturing of compressed air with the required quality features and in the amount balancing its demand, whilst the economic aspect is associated with cost minimisation. This paper investigates the engineering aspects: air quality, with the main focus on air treatment processes to satisfy the constructional and operational requirements of air receivers present in the casting processes.
“A THING LIKE DEATH”: MEDICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF FEMALE BODIES IN SHAKESPEARE’S PLAYS
Authors: Perletti Greta 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
While the hysterical ailments of women in Shakespeare’s works have often been read from psychoanalytical standpoints, early modern medicine may provide new insights into the ‘frozen’, seemingly dead bodies of some of his heroines, such as Desdemona, Thaisa, and Hermione. In the wake of recent critical work (Peterson, Slights, Pettigrew), this paper will shed fresh light on the ‘excess’ of female physiology and on Shakespeare’s creative redeployment of some medical concepts and narratives.
An assessment of hydrodynamic and simulated race performance features of three C-1 hull designs
Authors: Robinson Michael G. , Holt Laurence E. , Pelham Thomas W. 
Published: February 2014

PurposeRecently engineered Canadian Single (C-1) canoe hull designs have been found to produce less resistive drag than the traditional Delta design in tow tank test conditions. If these laboratory findings were found to be similar to on-water performance tests, then these new hull designs could give canoe sprint athletes a competitive advantage. However, these claims have not been independently confirmed nor has it been shown that these new designs result in improved performance under race conditions. Three C-1 hull designs (traditional Delta and the recently engineered Armageddon and Ergo-Starlight) were compared in order to detect differences in C-1 boat dynamics.MethodsThe C-1 canoes were propelled by eleven national- and international-class paddlers who performed 350-m all-out trials from a dead start in each of the three crafts. One-way ANOVA compared differences in means for individual 50-meter segment and 350-meter performance times.ResultsPerformance times over the 350-meter race simulations were significantly faster (<i>p</i> = 0.038) among international-class paddlers with the Armageddon and Ergo-Starlight designs compared with the Delta.ConclusionsInternational level canoeists should expect improved performance times by choosing the Armageddon and Ergo-Starlight versus the Delta-designed C-1.
Autumn migration of soaring birds in North Dobrogea, Romania: a study with implications for wind farm development
Authors: Fülöp Attila , Bărbos Lőrinc , Bóné Gábor M. , Daróczi Szilárd J. , Dehelean Luca A. , Kiss Réka B. , Kovács István , Nagy Attila , Papp Tamás 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In Dobrogea, a core area for wind energy exploitation in Romania, existing knowledge regarding the intensity and pattern of bird migration is limited. In the absence of enumerated data, wind farms may be constructed in areas where large aggregations of migrants pass. In this study we recorded the intensity of the autumn migration of soaring birds in three locations within the Măcin Mountains, where wind farms are planned to be built. The locations chosen were at Văcăreni, Greci and Cerna villages. Furthermore we categorized all migrating individuals as threatened or non-threatened by the planned wind farms, based on their migration routes and height at local scale. At Văcăreni 4.716 individuals were counted, 3.394 raptors and 1.322 non-raptors, at Greci 2.387 individuals, 2.064 raptors and 323 non-raptors, and finally at Cerna, 5.268 individuals, 4.529 raptors and 739 non-raptors. At all three sites a significant proportion of birds, both raptors and non-raptors, were found to be threatened by the proposed wind farms. At Văcăreni 68.33% of raptors and 84.95% of non-raptors were at threat, at Greci 44.48% and 54.18% respectively, and at Cerna 59.37% and 94.86%. As such we conclude that intensive migration occurs in North Dobrogea and wind farms would have a considerable negative impact on migrants in the studied areas
Technological Alternatives or Use of Wood Fuel in Combined Heat and Power Production
Authors: Rusanova Jekaterina , Markova Darja , Bazbauers Gatis , Valters Kārlis 
Published: February 2014

Abstract Latvia aims for 40% share of renewable energy in the total final energy use. Latvia has large resources of biomass and developed district heating systems. Therefore, use of biomass for heat and power production is an economically attractive path for increase of the share of renewable energy. The optimum technological solution for use of biomass and required fuel resources have to be identified for energy planning and policy purposes. The aim of this study was to compare several wood fuel based energy conversion technologies from the technical and economical point of view. Three biomass conversion technologies for combined heat and electricity production (CHP) were analyzed:
• CHP with steam turbine technology;
• gasification CHP using gas engine;
• bio-methane combined cycle CHP.
Electricity prices for each alternative are presented. The results show the level of support needed for the analyzed renewable energy technologies and time period needed to reach price parity with the natural gas - fired combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) CHPss. The results also show that bio-methane technology is most competitive when compared with CCGT among the considered technologies regarding fuel consumption and electricity production, but it is necessary to reduce investment costs to reach the electricity price parity with the natural gas CCGT.
Concentration of Elements in Food: How Can It Reflect Impact of Environmental and Other Influencing Factors?
Authors: Vincevica-Gaile Zane , Klavins Maris 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Element content of food is variable and can be influenced by different factors. The aim of the present study was to discover the linkage between macro- and microelement concentrations in food produced in Latvia, and possible impacts of environmental factors. More than 300 fresh food samples such as eggs, cottage cheese, honey, root vegetables, apple juice, apple wine were collected in the time period from 2009 to 2011. Samples were mineralised or analysed directly by appropriate method of quantitative analysis: atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Statistical analysis of data revealed that food elemental content can be influenced by sitespecific factors such as geographical origin, seasonality, environmental pollution.
Analysis of the Validity of Environmental Kuznets Curve for the Baltic States
Authors: Lapinskienė Giedrė , Tvaronavičienė Manuela , Vaitkus Pranas 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The paper analyses a traditional Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) relationship between greenhouse gases (GHG) and gross domestic product (GDP), extending the research to include some additional factors, such as environmental tax, research and development expenditure, implicit tax rate on energy, primary production of coal and lignite, energy intensity of the economy taken from the Eurostat database. The EKC indicates that, at the early stages of economic growth, pollution increases with the growing use of resources, but when a certain level of income per capita is reached, the trend reverses so that, at a higher development stage, further economic growth leads to the improvement of the environment. In the first part of the research, the validity of the reduced EKC for the Baltic region for the period 1995-2008 is determined. In the second part, the impact of selected factors is statistically tested. In both cases, the standard cubic equation is used because it is believed that this model is the most accurate for the development stage of this region. The research results may be useful for climate change policy design.
Scale-adaptive simulation of liquid mixing in an agitated vessel equipped with eccentric HE 3 impeller
Authors: Dománski Marek , Karcz Joanna , Bitenc Marcelina 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe current study presents the results of a numerical simulation of hydrodynamics in an agitated vessel equipped with an eccentric HE 3 impeller. CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations were carried out using ANSYS 14.0 software. Time-dependent simulations of turbulent flow were carried out using the SAS-SST (scale adaptive simulation-shear stress transport) method coupled with the SM (sliding mesh) method. The results of the calculations are presented as contours of velocity in different cross-sections of the agitated vessel, as well as profiles of components of velocity vector and turbulence kinetic energy and its dissipation rate. The iso-surface of vorticity, which shows the region of possible vortex existence, is also presented. A numerically obtained data set of impeller power number was used to calculate the averaged impeller power number. This value was compared with the experimental data with good results. The relationship between impeller position and fluctuation of the impeller power number was also analysed.
Natural radioactivity distribution and gamma radiation exposure of beach sands from Sithonia Peninsula
Authors: Papadopoulos Argyrios , Christofides Georgios , Koroneos Antonios , Stoulos Stylianos 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the activity concentrations of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, 228Th and 40K along the beaches of Sithonia Peninsula which are adjacent to the rock-types of the Sithonia Plutonic Complex. These range from 6–673, 5–767, 5–1750, 6–1760 and 185–875 Bq/kg respectively. The (% wt.) heavy magnetic (HM) fraction (epidote, allanite, hornblende, biotite and garnet), the heavy non-magnetic (HNM) fraction (monazite, zircon, titanite and apatite) and the total heavy (TH) fraction, were correlated with the concentrations of the measured radionuclides in the bulk samples. The HNM fraction seems to control the activity concentrations of 238U in all samples, while the HM fraction, at least for the heavy mineral rich samples bearing high amounts of epidote crystals with allanite cores, controls their 232Th content. The measured radionuclides in beach sands were normalized to the respective values measured in the granitic rocks, which are their most probable parent rocks, in order to provide data on their enrichment or depletion. The annual effective dose varies from 0.013 to 0.688 mSv y−1 for local people working on the beach, while for tourists the annual external effective dose ranges between 0.003 and 0.165 mSv y−1.
Finance Capitalism, Landnahme and Discriminating Precariousness – Relevance for a New Social Critique
Authors: Dörre Klaus 
Published: February 2014

Abstract This contribution discusses the return of the ‘social question’ to the basically still wealthy and secure societies of the Global North. Referring to the case of German welfare capitalism, a historically new form of discriminating precariousness is being identified. This type of precariousness results from processes of a market driven, capitalist Landnahme. The paper argues that this specific form of precariousness should be the subject matter of a renewed, scientific social critique.
ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL MAPS OF GEOLOGICAL FACTORS OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN SLOVAKIA
Authors: Baliak František , Brček Martin 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In recent years, we have witnessed very frequent natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, storms and similar. In most cases, disasters are caused by geological factors, especially geobarriers. Geobarriers threaten the life and works of man or reduce the effectiveness of the construction and operation of technical works, or harm the environment by negative anthropogenic influences. An important task in assessing the technical and environmental aspects of particular engineering activity is to assess the impact of constructions on the production and protection of the environment. The important part of the environment is the geological environment. In this paper, we give an overview of geological factors of the environment and the way how they are illustrated in the engineering-geological maps made in Slovakia.
REDUCTION OF DERIVATIVE PIPELINE EFFORT IN WATER TURBINE
Authors: Flis Leszek , Dobrociński Stanisław , Kiełczyński Wojciech 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The article presents an approach to evaluate and reduce the effort of the derivative pipeline in a water turbine of a hydroelectric power station in its vulnerable spots. Potential places of the biggest effort of the structure, as well as the coefficient of displacement and safety factor related to them were identified using FEM numerical method. Pipeline reinforcement was designed and made based on FEM analysis and non-destructive tests.
SHAPE OPTIMIZATION OF UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION BY SIMULATED ANNEALING
Authors: Sobótka Maciej , Łydżba Dariusz , Różański Adrian 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The paper deals with the problem of shape optimization of underground tunnel excavation. In the pioneering work of Sałustowicz, the elliptic shape was assumed a priori to be an optimal one and then a determination of suitable semi-axes ratio was only the question. Two cases were distinguished there: self-supporting excavation and excavation with the structural support. An evolutionary structural optimization (ESO) procedure, employed in 2005 to optimize shape of underground excavation, confirms the assumptions concerning the case of self-supporting excavations. The case of supported excavation is considered in the present work. Optimization procedure of the simulated annealing (SA) is incorporated in the study. An energetic optimality condition, formulated in the authors’ previous papers is also adopted. Itasca FLAC software is utilized in numerical examples. Four different in situ stress ratios are investigated. The numerical results obtained confirm that the optimal shape tends to be an ellipse. The semi-axes ratio demonstrates compliance with the assumptions already existing in literature.