bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 3D Canopy Radiative Transfer Model for Global Climate Modeling: Description, Validation, and Application
Authors: Yuan Hua , Dickinson Robert E. , Dai Yongjiu , Shaikh Muhammad J. , Zhou Liming , Shangguan Wei , Ji Duoying 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The process of solar radiative transfer at the land surface is important to energy, water, and carbon balance, especially for vegetated areas. Currently the most commonly used two-stream model considers the plant functional types (PFTs) within a grid to be independent of each other and their leaves to be horizontally homogeneous. This assumption is unrealistic in most cases. To consider canopy three-dimensional (3D) structural effects, a new framework of 3D canopy radiative transfer model was developed and validated by numerical simulations and shows a good agreement. A comparison with the two-stream model in the offline Community Land Model (CLM4.0) shows that an increase of canopy absorption mainly happens with sparse vegetation or with multilayer canopies with a large sun zenith angle θsun and is due to increases of the ground and sky shadows and of the optical pathlength because of the shadow overlapping between bushes and canopy layers. A decrease of canopy absorption occurs in densely vegetated areas with small θsun. For a one-layer canopy, these decreases are due to crown shape effects that enhance the transmission through the canopy edge. For a multilayer canopy, aside from these shape effects, transmission is also increased by the decreased ground shadow due to the shadow overlapping between layers. Ground absorption usually changes with opposite sign as that of the canopy absorption. Somewhat lower albedos are found over most vegetated areas throughout the year. The 3D model also affects the calculation of the fraction of sunlit leaves and their corresponding absorption.
Resolved Turbulence Characteristics in Large-Eddy Simulations Nested within Mesoscale Simulations Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model
Authors: Mirocha Jeff , Kosović Branko , Kirkil Gokhan 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
One-way concurrent nesting within the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) is examined for conducting large-eddy simulations (LES) nested within mesoscale simulations. Wind speed, spectra, and resolved turbulent stresses and turbulence kinetic energy from the nested LES are compared with data from nonnested simulations using periodic lateral boundary conditions. Six different subfilter-scale (SFS) stress models are evaluated using two different nesting strategies under geostrophically forced flow over both flat and hilly terrain. Neutral and weakly convective conditions are examined. For neutral flow over flat terrain, turbulence appears on the nested LES domains only when using the two dynamic SFS stress models. The addition of small hills and valleys (wavelengths of 2.4 km and maximum slopes of ± 10°) yields small improvements, with all six models producing some turbulence on nested domains. Weak convection (surface heat fluxes of 10 W m−2) further accelerates the development of turbulence on all nested domains. However, considerable differences in key parameters are observed between the nested LES domains and their nonnested counterparts. Nesting of a finer LES within a coarser LES provides superior results to using only one nested LES domain. Adding temperature and velocity perturbations near the inlet planes of nested domains shows promise as an easy-to-implement method to accelerate turbulence generation and improve its accuracy on nested domains.
Outcomes of Isolated Basilar Skull Fracture: Readmission, Meningitis, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak
Authors: McCutcheon Brandon A. , Orosco Ryan K. , Chang David C. , Salazar Francesca R. , Talamini Mark A. , Maturo Stephen , Magit Anthony 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveTo determine rates of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, meningitis, and readmission in pediatric and adult patients with isolated basilar skull fracture.Study DesignCross‐sectional analysis of a statewide database.SubjectsPatients with isolated basilar skull fracture (1995‐2010).MethodsPatients were identified within the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database using ICD‐9 diagnosis codes.ResultsA total of 3563 pediatric and 10,761 adult patients met inclusion criteria. In‐hospital rates of meningitis (0.48% and 0.64%, P =. 3360) and CSF leak (2.33% and 1.75%, P =. 0270) were similar among children and adults, respectively. Rates of 90‐day meningitis (0.17% and 0.37%, P =. 0714) and CSF leak (0.40% and 0.40%, P =. 9823) were also similar. Thirty‐day readmission was 4.6% for children compared with 12.4% for adults (P <. 001). For both pediatric and adult patients, extra‐axial hematoma (odds ratio [OR] [confidence interval {CI}] 1.65 [1.05‐2.59] and 1.61 [1.34‐1.95]) and comorbidities (OR [CI] 2.19 [1.11‐4.34] and 1.28 [1.04‐1.59]) were associated with significant increases in 30‐day readmission. Loss of consciousness greater than 1 hour (OR, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.53‐6.08) and CSF leak (OR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.41‐7.64) increased the likelihood of pediatric readmissions. Lack of insurance (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.50‐0.90) and female gender (OR 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70‐0.99) reduced the likelihood of adult readmission.ConclusionMeningitis and CSF leak following isolated basilar skull fractures are uncommon. Readmission within 30 days was more common in adults than in children. CSF leak, hematoma, and prolonged loss of consciousness increased the likelihood of readmission in children. Intracranial injury, male gender, having insurance, and comorbidities increased the likelihood of readmission in adults.
Left atrial reduction in modified maze procedure with concomitant mitral surgery
Authors: Kasemsarn Choosak , Lerdsomboon Piyawat , Sungkahaphong Vibhan , Chotivatanapong Taweesak 
Published: October 2013

Background An association between mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation is common. Modifications of energy sources have simplified surgical ablation. Left atrial size reduction should improve outcomes of the maze operation. Methods Between 2004 and 2011, 236 patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and mitral valve disease underwent mitral valve surgery and modified biatrial radiofrequency ablation. The study evaluated cardiac rhythm, atrial size, atrial contractility, and survival. Results The mitral valve was repaired in 88 (37.3%) patients and replaced in 148 (62.7%). The left atrium was reduced in 192 (81.4%) patients: 31 (13.1%) had posterior wall reduction and 161 (68.2%) had right lateral and posterior wall resection. The 30-day mortality was 4.2% (10/236). The median follow-up was 41 months. Actuarial freedom from atrial fibrillation at 1 year and last follow-up was 87.7% and 84.9%, respectively. Predictors of recurrence were preoperative left atrial diameter >60 mm ( p = 0.002), postoperative diameter >50 mm ( p < 0.001), atrial fibrillation on day 7 ( p < 0.001), and technique of reduction (posterolateral/posterior) in patients with atrial size >60 mm ( p = 0.017). Atrial fibrillation during follow-up ( p = 0.002) and age >60 years ( p = 0.003) were significant predictors of poorer survival. During 5-year follow-up, non-atrial fibrillation patients survived significantly longer than atrial fibrillation patients ( p = 0.002). Conclusions Radiofrequency ablation is an effective option for treatment of permanent atrial fibrillation concomitant with mitral valve surgery. Atrial reduction to <50 mm improves success. Elimination of atrial fibrillation significantly prolongs patient survival.
Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid flow, ventricles morphology, and DTI properties in internal capsules: differences between Alzheimer's disease and normal-pressure hydrocephalus
Authors: Daouk Joël , Chaarani Bader , Zmudka Jadwiga , Capel Cyrille , Fichten Anthony , Bouzerar Roger , Gondry-Jouet Catherine , Jouanny Pierre , Balédent Olivier 
Published: October 2013

Background Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have some similar clinical features and both involve white matter and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) disorders. Purpose To compare putative relationships between ventricular morphology, CSF flow, and white matter diffusion in AD and NPH. Material and Methods Thirty patients (18 with AD and 12 with suspected NPH) were included in the study. All patients underwent a 3-Tesla MRI scan, which included phase-contrast MRI of the aqueduct (to assess the aqueductal CSF stroke volume) and a DTI session (to calculate the fractional anisotropy [FA] and apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC]) in the internal capsules). Results FA was correlated with ventricular volume in the suspected NPH population ( P < 0.001; rs = 0.88), whereas the ADC was highly correlated with the aqueductal CSF stroke volume in AD ( P < 0.001; rs = 0.79). Conclusion Although AD and NPH both involve CSF disorders, the two diseases do not have the same impact on the internal capsules. The magnitude of the ADC is related to the aqueductal CSF stroke volume in AD, whereas FA is related to ventricular volume in NPH.
Prominent hypointense veins on susceptibility weighted image in the cat brain with acute infarction: DWI, SWI, and PWI
Authors: Kim Yong-Woo , Kim Hak Jin , Choi Seon Hee , Kim Dong Chan 
Published: October 2013

Background The multiple prominent hypointense veins on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) have been found in the ischemic territory of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Venous side is the unknown area in the hemodynamics of brain infarction. Purpose To evaluate the venous aspect in acute brain infarction through an animal study. Material and Methods The acute infarction in cat brains was induced with a bolus infusion of 0.25 mL of triolein through one side of the common carotid artery. The magnetic resonance (MR) images, including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map, SW, and perfusion-weighted (PWI) images, were obtained serially at 2 h ( n = 17), 1 day ( n = 11), and 4 days ( n = 4) after triolein infusion. The obtained MR images were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. For qualitative assessment, the signal intensity of the serial MR images was evaluated. The presence or absence and the location with serial changes of infarction were identified on DWI and ADC map images. The presence or absence of prominent hypointense veins and the serial changes of cortical veins were also evaluated on SWI. Quantitative assessment was performed by comparing the relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), cerebral blood flow (rCBF), and mean transit times (MTT) of the lesions with those of the contralateral normal side calculated on PWI. The serial changes of rCBV, rCBF, and MTT ratio were also evaluated. Results Acute infarction in the first and second medial gyrus of lesion hemisphere was found by qualitative evaluation of DWI and ADC map images. On the serial evaluation of SWI, the cortical veins of cat brain with infarction were obscured at 2 h and then re-appeared at 1 day. The hemorrhage transformation and prominent hypointense veins were seen at 4 days on SWI. The quantitative evaluation revealed increased MTT ratios and decreased rCBV and rCBF ratios on PWIs in the acute infarction of cat brain. Conclusion The prominent hypointense veins on SWI were seen in the half of the acute infarction at 4 days. The prominent hypointense veins on SWI may have good agreement with the increased MTT ratio.
Increasing Platelet Concentrations in Leukocyte-Reduced Platelet-Rich Plasma Decrease Collagen Gene Synthesis in Tendons
Authors: Boswell Stacie G. , Schnabel Lauren V. , Mohammed Hussni O. , Sundman Emily A. , Minas Tom , Fortier Lisa A. 
Published: October 2013

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is used for the treatment of tendinopathy. There are numerous PRP preparations, and the optimal combination of platelets and leukocytes is not known. Hypothesis: Within leukocyte-reduced PRP (lrPRP), there is a plateau effect of platelet concentration, with increasing platelet concentrations being detrimental to extracellular matrix synthesis. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Different formulations of lrPRP with respect to the platelet:leukocyte ratio were generated from venous blood of 8 horses. Explants of the superficial digital flexor tendon were cultured in lrPRP products for 96 hours. Platelet-derived growth factor–BB (PDGF-BB), tumor necrosis factor−α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor–β1 (TGF-β1), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) concentrations were determined in the media by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gene expression in tendon tissue for collagen type I and III ( COL1A1 and COL3A1, respectively), matrix metalloproteinase−3 and −13 ( MMP-3 and MMP-13, respectively), cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), and IL-1β was determined. Data were divided into 3 groups of lrPRP based on the ratio of platelets:leukocytes and evaluated to determine the effect of platelet concentration. Results: Complete blood counts verified leukocyte reduction and platelet enrichment in all PRP preparations. In the lrPRP preparation, the anabolic growth factors PDGF-BB and TGF-β1 were increased with increasing platelet concentrations, and the catabolic cytokine IL-1β was decreased with increasing platelet concentrations. Increasing the platelet concentration resulted in a significant reduction in COL1A1 and COL3A1 synthesis in tendons. Conclusion: Increasing the platelet concentration within lrPRP preparations results in the delivery of more anabolic growth factors and less proinflammatory cytokines, but the biological effect on tendons is diminished metabolism as indicated by a decrease in the synthesis of both COL1A1 and COL3A1. Together, this information suggests that minimizing leukocytes in PRP is more important than maximizing platelet numbers with respect to decreasing inflammation and enhancing matrix gene synthesis. Clinical Relevance: This study suggests that reducing leukocytes to minimize catabolic signaling appears to be more important than increasing platelets in an effort to maximize anabolic signaling. Further, a maximum biological threshold of benefit was demonstrated with regard to the number of platelets beyond which further increases in platelet concentration did not result in further anabolic upregulation. In vivo investigations documenting the use of platelets for the treatment of tendinopathy are justified as well as further in vitro characterization of the ideal PRP product for the treatment of tendinopathy and other musculoskeletal applications.
Injuries Among Spanish Male Amateur Soccer Players
Authors: Herrero Helena , Salinero Juan José , Del Coso Juan 
Published: October 2013

Background: Soccer is the most popular sport worldwide, with about 265 million players, both professionals and amateurs. Most research investigating soccer injuries has focused on professional players because they have greater exposure time, but most soccer players are at the recreational level. Purpose: To undertake a retrospective epidemiological study of the injuries sustained in Spanish amateur soccer during the 2010-2011 season. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: Any injuries incurred by the 134,570 recreational soccer players (aged 18-55 years) registered with the Spanish Football Federation were reported to the federation’s medical staff. A standardized medical questionnaire, based on the Fédération International de Football Association (FIFA) Medical and Research Centre (F-MARC) consensus for collection procedures in studies of soccer injuries, was used to classify the injury according to type, severity, location, and treatment. Results: A total of 15,243 injuries were reported, with an average of 0.11 injuries per player and per year. From the total number of injuries, 67.2% were classified as injuries that resulted in time loss, while the remaining 32.7% were injuries that required medical attention. Most injuries led to a minimum of 1 competitive match being missed (87%), and only 2.5% were recurrent injuries. The rate of injuries per 1000 hours of play was double during games (1.15/1000 hours) compared with during training (0.49/1000 hours). From the total number of injuries reported, 7.7% corresponded to goalkeepers, 24.2% to forwards, 33.8% to defenders, and 34.3% to midfielders. The knee (29.9%) and ankle joints (12.4%) were the most common body locations injured, while ligament sprains and ruptures accounted for 32.1% of the total injuries attended. Older amateur players (age ≥30 years) had a greater number of injuries per year and per 1000 hours of play than their younger counterparts. Conclusion: The risk of injury in amateur soccer is lower than that previously reported in professional players. The most common complaints in amateur players are knee ligament injuries. Further research is needed to investigate ways of reducing the incidence of injuries in amateur soccer.
The effect of acute physical exercise on cytokine levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: da Silva AE , dos Reis-Neto E Torres , da Silva NP , Sato EI 
Published: October 2013

Background Acute exercise increases IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α levels in healthy subjects. There is no study evaluating the effect of exercise on cytokines level in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Objective Our aim was to assess IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α levels at baseline and after acute physical exercise in patients with SLE. Methods In total, 27 female SLE patients and 30 healthy controls were evaluated. Serum levels of IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α at baseline and soon after the ergospirometric test were measured by ELISA test. Student's t-tests and Mann–Whitney test were used for intra- and inter-group comparisons; p values <0.05 were considered significant. Results Patients with SLE presented worse ergospirometric parameters compared with controls: VO2max (25.78 ± 5.51 vs. 32.74 ± 5.85 ml/kg/min, p < 0.001); maximum heart rate (174.18 ± 12.36 vs. 185.15 ± 2.07 bpm, p = 0.001); maximum ventilation (65.51 ± 15.68 vs. 80.48 ± 18.98 l/min, p = 0.001) and maximum speed (7.70 ± 1.24 vs. 9.40 ± 1.22 km/h, p < 0.001). At baseline, SLE patients presented higher levels of IL-6 (2.38 ± 1.70 vs. 1.71 ± 0.29 pg/ml, p = 0.035) and IL-10 (1.09 ± 1.55 vs. 0.30 ± 0.11 pg/ml, p = 0.037) than controls. Acute exercise in controls increased IL-6 level (1.71 ± 0.29 vs. 2.01 ± 0.27 pg/ml, p = 0.003) without change in IL-10 and TNF-α levels. However, no significant change in cytokine levels was observed in SLE patients after acute exercise. Conclusion This is the first study evaluating the effect of acute exercise on cytokine levels in patients with SLE. In contrast to healthy controls, acute physical exercise did not increase the levels of IL-6 in patients with SLE, and seems to be safe in those patients with inactive or mild active disease.
A phase I/II seamless dose escalation/expansion with adaptive randomization scheme (SEARS)
Authors: Pan Haitao , Xie Fang , Liu Ping , Xia Jielai , Ji Yuan 
Published: October 2013

Background Standard drug development conducts phase I dose finding and phase II dose expansion sequentially and separately. Information between the two phases is rarely shared. Administratively, such a sequential process is time-consuming and burdensome. Purpose We propose seamless dose escalation/expansion with adaptive randomization scheme (SEARS), a seamless design that combines phase I dose escalation based on toxicity with phase II dose expansion and dose comparison based on efficacy. SEARS allows extension from phase I to phase II under one design with no gap in between and employs a dynamic and parallel procedure involving simultaneous dose escalation, dose graduation, and adaptive randomization. Methods SEARS integrates three components into a seamless scheme. Specifically, in phase I, SEARS applies the modified toxicity probability interval (mTPI) method to monitor dose escalation based on toxicity outcome. Doses that show promising efficacy and safety are immediately graduated from phase I and placed to a phase II stage in which patients are adaptively randomized based on efficacy outcome. Phase I dose escalation, dose graduation, and phase II adaptive randomization proceed simultaneously throughout the entire trial. Results Examples are given comparing SEARS with two other designs, in which superior performance of SEARS is demonstrated. An important and promising finding is that SEARS reduces sample sizes without losing power. R program and demo slides of SEARS can be obtained at http://health.bsd.uchicago.edu/yji/soft.html Limitation We assume that the binary efficacy and toxicity response can be measured in the same time frame. This is often achievable with surrogate efficacy markers in practice.
The EBV oncogene LMP1 protects lymphoma cells from cell death through the collagen-mediated activation of DDR1
Authors: Cader Fathima Zumla , Vockerodt Martina , Bose Shikha , Nagy Eszter , Brundler Marie-Anne , Kearns Pamela , Murray Paul G. 
Published: October 2013

Key Points
Expression of the EBV oncogene LMP1 in primary human germinal center B cells, upregulates DDR1, a receptor tyrosine kinase activated by collagen Primary HRS cells overexpress DDR1, and its activation significantly increases lymphoma cell survival in vitro
Elevated expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome in neutrophilic asthma
Authors: Simpson Jodie L. , Phipps Simon , Baines Katherine J. , Oreo Kevin M. , Gunawardhana Lakshitha , Gibson Peter G. 
Published: October 2013

Asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory airways disorder where interleukin (IL)-1β is thought to be a key mediator, especially in the neutrophilic subtype of asthma. The generation of active IL-1β requires proteolytic cleavage typically mediated through the formation of a caspase-1-containing inflammasome. This study hypothesised that an IL-1β endotype associated with the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing family protein (NLRP)3/apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC)/caspase-1 inflammasome is characteristic of patients with the neutrophilic subtype of asthma.Participants with asthma (n=85) and healthy controls (n=27) underwent clinical assessment, spirometry and sputum induction. Sputum was processed for differential cell count, gene expression and protein mediators. NLRP3 and caspase-1 expression was also determined by immunocytochemistry. Sputum macrophages were isolated (n=8) and gene expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β determined.There was significantly elevated gene expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, caspase-4, caspase-5 and IL-1β in participants with neutrophilic asthma. Protein levels of IL-1β were significantly higher in those with neutrophilic asthma and correlated with sputum IL-8 levels. Sputum macrophages, as well as sputum neutrophils in neutrophilic asthma, expressed NLRP3 and caspase-1 protein.NLRP3 inflammasome is upregulated in neutrophilic asthma and may regulate the inflammation process observed in this asthma phenotype through production of IL-1β.