bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergistic cytotoxic effects of ions released by zinc–aluminum bronze and the metallic salts on osteoblastic cells
Authors: Grillo Claudia A. , Morales María L. , Mirífico María V. , Fernández Lorenzo de Mele Mónica A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe use of copper‐based alloys for fixed dental crowns and bridges is increasingly widespread in several countries. The aim of this work is to study the dissolution of a zinc–aluminum–bronze and the cytotoxic effects of the ions released on UMR‐106 osteoblastic cell line. Two sources of ions were used: (1) ions released by the metal alloy immersed in the cell culture and (2) salts of the metal ions. Conventional electrochemical techniques, atomic absorption spectroscopy [to obtain the average concentration of ions (AC) in solution], and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy analysis were used to study the corrosion process. Corrosion tests revealed a strong influence of the composition of the electrolyte medium and the immersion time on the electrochemical response. The cytotoxicity was evaluated with (a) individual ions, (b) combinations of two ions, and (c) the mixture of all the ions released by a metal disc of the alloy. Importantly, synergistic cytotoxic effects were found when Al–Zn ion combinations were used at concentration levels lower than the cytotoxic threshold values of the individual ions. Cytotoxic effects in cells in the vicinity of the metal disc were also found. These results were interpreted considering synergistic effects and a diffusion controlled mechanism that yields to concentration levels, in the metal surroundings, several times higher than the measured AC value. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Pikaia gracilens Walcott: Stem Chordate, or Already Specialized in the Cambrian?
Authors: MALLATT JON , HOLLAND NICHOLAS 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTFor the past 35 years, the Cambrian fossil Pikaia gracilens was widely interpreted as a typical basal chordate based on short descriptions by Conway Morris. Recently, Conway Morris and Caron (CMC) (2012, Biol Rev 87:480–512) described Pikaia extensively, as a basis for new ideas about deuterostome evolution. This new Pikaia has characters with no clear homologues in other animals, so they could be phylogenetically uninformative autapomorphies. These characters include a dorsal organ, posterior ventral area, posterior fusiform structure, and anterior dorsal unit. Yet CMC interpret most of the unusual characters as primitive for chordates, thereby interpreting Pikaia as an even more convincing stem chordate than before. Moreover, they claim that segment (myomere) shape is a reliable guide for defining a chordate and even for assigning animals to their correct place in deuterostome phylogeny. By defining sigmoidal segments as a basal chordate character, they situate Pikaia at the base of the chordates and banish fossil yunnanozoans (which have straight segments) to a position deep within the deuterostomes. In addition, they consider amphioxus, with its conspicuously chevron‐shaped segments, to be so highly derived that it is of little use for reconstructing the first chordates. We question their overemphasis on the phylogenetic value of segment shape and their marginalizing of amphioxus. We deduce that Pikaia, not amphioxus, is specialized. We performed a cladistic analysis that showed the character interpretations of CMC are consistent with their wide‐ranging evolutionary scenario, but that these interpretations leave unresolved the position of Pikaia within chordates. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 320B:247–271, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist: Bone and cartilage injury
Authors: Hayter Catherine L. , Gold Stephanie L. , Potter Hollis G. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is particularly useful for imaging the wrist due to its superior soft tissue contrast and ability to detect subtle bone marrow changes and occult fractures. A high field (1.5T or greater) strength, dedicated wrist coil, and high in‐plane and through‐plane resolution must be utilized to successfully visualize the relatively thin cartilage of the wrist. MRI can be used to detect occult carpal bone fractures, identify complications following scaphoid fractures, and assess for avascular necrosis in the setting in Kienböck's and Preiser's disease. MRI is useful to identify secondary soft tissue and chondral pathology in impaction/impingement syndromes. The use of an intermediate‐echo time fast spin echo sequence allows for accurate assessment of articular cartilage, allowing evaluation of chondral wear in the setting of primary osteoarthritis and posttraumatic degenerative arthrosis. MRI is the most sensitive imaging modality for the detection of early inflammatory arthropathies and can detect synovitis, bone marrow edema, and early erosions in the setting of negative radiographs. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:1005–1019. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technical investigation of 15thand 19thcentury Chinese paper currencies: Fiber use and pigment identification
Authors: Shi Ji‐long , Li Tao 
Published: April 2013

Herzberg staining, a quick and convenient tool for distinguishing non‐wood fibers from wood pulp, and Raman spectroscopy were employed to investigate three paper currencies issued under the reign of the Chinese Ming and Qing Emperors between 15thand 19thcenturies ‐da ming bao chao(AMS C‐14 Date: 1410‐1435 AD, ±1σ) from the Early Ming Dynasty (1405–1433 AD) andda qing bao chao(1859 AD) andhu bu guan piao(1854–1858 AD) from the Late Qing Dynasty (1840–1911 AD). Fiber staining and microscopic examination revealed a predominance of bast fiber from probably mulberry trees and very few cotton fibers (supposed to be environment contamination) inda ming bao chao; fibers inda qing bao chaoandhu bu guan piaoturned out to be quite pure, which are also bast fibers but very likely came from ramie and paper mulberry trees, respectively.Raman analysis of red, blue, and black pigments on the investigated paper currencies showed that: (1) The reddish seal onda ming bao chaois not a vermilion (HgS) paste, as it is traditionally assumed, but instead a red lead (or minium, Pb3O4) one. The red pigments on bothda qing bao chaoandhu bu guan piaoare vermilion (HgS). (2) Prussian blue (Fe7(CN)18⋅14‐16H2O), a Western pigment, was identified as blue on bothda qing bao chaoandhu bu guan piao. (3) The black pigment on all these three paper currencies is amorphous carbon from soot. (4) Raman analysis of evenly distributed white pigment particles among the fibers inda qing bao chaoconfirmed the use of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as coating pigment or fillers. Both microscopic examination of stained fibers and Raman analysis allowed, for the first time, the understanding of fiber and pigment use in producing ancient Chinese paper currencies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation Y: An Agenda for Future Visitor Attraction Research
Authors: Leask Anna , Fyall Alan , Barron Paul 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThis study provides a comprehensive secondary‐based synthesis of previous studies on the profile and patterns of consumption of Generation Y, their consumption experiences and the role of information communication technologies and social media in determining their emerging patterns of behaviour at visitor attractions. The paper concludes by advancing a management‐oriented attraction research framework specific to Generation Y with a set of research propositions proposed to stimulate further research and management action on this specific and highly influential generational cohort. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective study of voice outcomes and patient tolerance of in‐office percutaneous injection laryngoplasty
Authors: Birkent Hakan , Sardesai Maya , Hu Amanda , Merati Albert L. 
Published: April 2013

Objectives/HypothesisIn‐office percutaneous injection laryngoplasty is a common treatment for glottal insufficiency. Our objective was to prospectively study voice outcomes and patient tolerance of the procedure.Study DesignProspective case series.MethodsConsecutive adult patients undergoing awake injection laryngoplasty were recruited. Voice Handicap Index (VHI)‐30; Consensus Auditory‐Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE‐V); and vocal Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia and Strain (GRBAS) were evaluated prior to injection and 2 months postinjection. Visual analog scale (VAS) was completed by the patient before and after the procedure to quantify the amount of discomfort.ResultsThirty‐five subjects enrolled; 26 (15 male, 11 female; mean age 61.6±13.2 years) had complete data. All components of VHI improved significantly: functional (P=0.0006), emotional (P=0.0004), physical (P=0.009), and total (P=0.0006). CAPE‐V also improved significantly (P=0.003). All components of GRBAS, except for roughness, improved significantly: grade (P=0.004), roughness (P=0.718), breathiness (P=0.023), asthenia (P=0.023), and strain (P=0.03). Patient expectations on the tolerance of the procedure was similar to what they reported immediately afterward (P=0.803).ConclusionsInjection laryngoplasty is an effective method of treating glottal insufficiency, as measured by voice outcomes. Patients have realistic expectations on the procedure experience and find it tolerable. This is the first prospective study of injection laryngoplasty outcomes.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 2013
Significance of anterior commissure involvement in early glottic squamous cell carcinoma treated with trans‐oral CO2 laser microsurgery
Authors: Hakeem Arsheed H. , Tubachi Jagadish , Pradhan Sultan A. 
Published: April 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo study and compare the outcome of trans‐oral CO2 laser microsurgery for early glottic squamous cell cancer with and without the involvement of anterior commissure (AC).Study DesignThis is a retrospective analysis of 296 cases of early glottic squamous cancer treated by trans‐oral CO2 laser microsurgery.MethodsThe patients were divided into two groups depending on whether AC was involved or not. The impact of AC involvement on rates of local recurrence, laryngeal preservation, overall survival, and disease‐specific survival was compared in both the groups.ResultsOut of the 296 cases, 61 cases had AC involvement, while in 235 cases AC was free of disease. Local recurrence rate was significantly higher at 29.51% in the group with AC involvement, while only 18.3% cases had local recurrence in the group without AC involvement with P value of 0.0001. On T stage‐wise analysis, 34.8% cases of T2 lesions with AC involvement developed local recurrence, as compared to only 10.26% cases of T2 without AC involvement with significant P value of 0.007. Larynx preservation rate was 95.8% versus 93.26% in the AC‐involved and AC not‐involved cases, respectively, without any statistical significance (P=0.287). The overall survival was 90.16% versus 86.38% in the cases with and without AC involvement, respectively, without significant P value 0.642.ConclusionsTrans‐oral laser surgery is an excellent treatment option in patients with early glottic cancer irrespective of whether or not the AC is involved. Trans‐oral laser microsurgery for early glottic cancer involving AC requires adequate exposure, proper assessment, good experience, and advanced surgical skills.Level of Evidence4.Laryngoscope, 123:1912–1917, 2013
The prevalence and characteristics of tinnitus in the youth population of the United States
Authors: Mahboubi Hossein , Oliaei Sepehr , Kiumehr Saman , Dwabe Sami , Djalilian Hamid R. 
Published: April 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate the prevalence, characteristics, and associated risk factors of tinnitus in U.S. adolescents.Study DesignCross‐sectional analyses of U.S. representative demographic and audiometric data, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005 to 2008.MethodsThe study population consisted of 3,520 individuals aged 12 to 19 years with complete tinnitus‐related data. Tinnitus was defined as the presence of ringing or buzzing in the ears lasting for at least 5 minutes during the preceding 12 months. In addition, we defined a chronic tinnitus subgroup as being bothered by tinnitus for more than 3 months. Demographic and other data regarding tinnitus, smoking, body mass index (BMI), anemia, hypertension, history of ear infections, tympanostomy tube placement, otoscopy, tympanometry and hearing thresholds, history of firearm use, and recreational and occupational exposure to noise were extracted and analyzed.ResultsOverall, tinnitus lasting 5 minutes or more in the preceding 12 months was reported by 7.5% of the 12‐ to 19‐year‐old population. This represents about 2.5 million adolescents in the United States. The prevalence of chronic tinnitus was 4.7%, corresponding to about 1.6 million adolescents in the United States. Multivariable‐adjusted analysis revealed that both overall and chronic tinnitus were associated with female gender, low income, exposure to passive smoking, type A tympanogram, and occupational and recreational noise exposure. History of ≥3 ear infections and history of tympanostomy tube placement were associated only with overall tinnitus.ConclusionsTinnitus afflicts a substantial portion of the youth population. Further investigation of the association between tinnitus and the identified risk factors is warranted.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 123:2001–2008, 2013
Thermoplastic Healing in Epoxy Networks: Exploring Performance and Mechanism of Alternative Healing Agents
Authors: Varley Russell J. , Craze David A. , Mouritz Adrian P. , Wang Chun H. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis paper investigates thermally activated healing in an epoxy amine network using six thermoplastic modifiers; ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), poly (ethylene‐co‐glycidyl)‐methacrylate (PEGMA), poly(vinyl‐butyral) (PVB), styrene‐ethylene‐butadiene copolymer (SEBS), acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) and polyethylene‐co‐methacrylic acid (EMAA). They all exhibit healing but varied in efficiency, repeatability and mechanism. EMAA, PEGMA and EVA display superior healing or load recovery compared with ABS, SEBS and PVB with increasing healing events. For EMAA and PEGMA this is attributed to a pressure delivery mechanism, while for EVA, it is attributed to increased viscous flow and a highly elastomeric response to damage. Adhesive binding of the fracture surfaces is also critical in restoring load. magnified image
Thermally Induced, Rapid Wettability Switching of Electrospun Blended Polystyrene/Poly(N‐Isopropylacrylamide) Nanofiber Mats
Authors: Muthiah Palanikkumaran , Boyle Timothy J. , Sigmund Wolfgang 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe response time (to change from maximum to minimum contact angle—CA for a drop of water) on the electrospun poly(N‐isoporpylacrylamide) (PNIPA)/polystyrene (PS) fiber mats of 380, 990, and 1500 nm diameter fibers was found to be 4–5 s; whereas, on the 16 µm diameter fiber it was more than five times slower. While the reported switching times were limited by the experimental design, they are in the micro‐ to millisecond for fiber diameters ranging between 100 and 500 nm, in theory. The temperature‐dependent‐switch in CA values is attributed to the hydrogen bonding capability of PNIPA with water. The closer to superhydrophobic CA values at 65 °C was successfully described by the Cassie–Baxter (CB) state equation. The superhydrophilicity at RT was explained by hydrogen bonding as well as capillary forces provided by the fiber mat. The variations in the larger fibers' changes are attributed to lower surface area with reduced capillary driving forces for droplet spread.
On the global weak solutions for a modified two‐component Camassa‐Holm equation
Authors: Guan Chunxia , Yin Zhaoyang 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the existence of global weak solutions to the Cauchy problem of a modified two‐component Camassa‐Holm equation with the initial data satisfying limx → ±∞u0(x) = u±. By perturbing the Cauchy problem around a rarefaction wave, we obtain a global weak solution for the system under the assumption u− ≤ u+. The global weak solution is obtained as a limit of approximation solutions. The key elements in our analysis are the Helly theorem and the estimation of energy for approximation solutions in \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$H^1(\mathbb {R})\times H^1(\mathbb {R})$\end{document} and some a priori estimates on the first‐order derivatives of approximation solutions.
Bearing capacity of strip foundations reinforced with geogrid sheets by using upper bound finite‐element limit analysis
Authors: Kumar Jyant , Sahoo Jagdish Prasad 
Published: April 2013

SUMMARYBy using the upper bound finite‐elements limit analysis, with an inclusion of single and two horizontal layers of reinforcements, the ultimate bearing capacity has been computed for a rigid strip footing placed over (i) fully granular, (ii) cohesive‐frictional, and (iii) fully cohesive soils. It is assumed that (i) the reinforcements are structurally strong so that no axial tension failure can occur, (ii) the reinforcement sheets have negligible resistance to bending, and (iii) the shear failure can take place between the reinforcement and soil mass. It is expected that the different approximations on which the analysis has been based would generally remain applicable for reinforcements in the form of geogrid sheets. A method has been proposed to incorporate the effect of the reinforcement in the analysis. The efficiency factors, ηc and ηγ, to be multiplied with Nc and Nγ , for finding the bearing capacity of reinforced foundations, have been established. The results have been obtained (i) for different values of ϕ in case of fully granular and cohesive‐frictional soils, and (ii) for different rates at which the cohesion increases with depth for a fully cohesive soil. The optimum positions of the reinforcements' layers have also been determined. The effect of the reinforcements' length on the results has also been analyzed. As compared to cohesive soils, the granular soils, especially with higher values of ϕ, cause a much greater increase in the bearing capacity. The results compare reasonably well with the available theoretical and experimental data from literature. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Development of Adolescent and Young Adult Participation Sort – Taiwanese Version
Authors: Hsin‐Yen Wang , Berg Christine 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this pilot research was to translate the Adolescent and Young Adult Participation Sort into Taiwanese (AYAPS‐T), an assessment tool measuring the activity participation and the self‐identified barriers of youth transitioning into adulthood. The study included five phases: translation, cultural adaptation, taking photographs, field testing for content validity and pilot testing of test–retest reliability. A literature review, expert review and translation with back‐translation were conducted for the initial activities. The activities were then edited on the basis of the feedback of 23Taiwanese youth for content validity. Test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.91) of the AYAPS‐T reported by 22 Taiwanese youth was high. With the activities designed to meet the developmental needs of young adults, the methodology of sorting photographs, the barrier list to identify possible obstacles and some psychometric properties established, the AYAPS‐T serves as a reliable and valid tool to identify engagement of young adults in their occupations. Because of the nature of a pilot study, results are limited by a small sample size and limited evidence of psychometric properties. Psychometric properties such as interrater reliability and internal consistency as well as construct validity and concurrent validity need to be tested on a larger sample size. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EFFECT OF A MAJOR FLOOD ON BREEDING AND HABITAT OF THE CRIMSON FINCH (NEOCHMIA PHAETON): A RIPARIAN SPECIALIST
Authors: Houston W. A. , Black R. L. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTRiparian specialists, such as the Crimson Finch (Estrildidae: Neochmia phaeton), are vulnerable to declines in habitat quality, including alterations of flow regime associated with dam construction. Crimson Finches persisted and bred in substantial numbers following two large floods in the Isaac–Connors catchment in early 2008. Major flooding was not detrimental to nesting and breeding success, although the immediate post‐flood period was identified as a bottleneck in the availability of riparian grass seed. Crimson Finches nested at 16 m or more above the normal river level (compared with an average of 2–3 m elsewhere in Northern Australia); indicating that they have adapted to the extreme flood peaks in the Fitzroy River basin. The tall river‐associated grass Chionachne cyathopoda was a key habitat plant, retaining seed well into the dry season when most other grasses are expended. It also provided abundant seeds following floods, coinciding with peaks in abundance of dependent young finches. The adaptations of both Crimson Finches and Chionachne suggest that increased flooding, predicted by climate change, is unlikely to be a problem. In contrast, a proposed dam on the Connors River may be a threat. River regulation that reduces peaks of major floods may favour introduced riparian grasses over flood adapted native grasses such as Chionachne. Any change in the quantity of this species could be detrimental to persistence of Crimson Finches. Environmental managers should carefully consider the ecology of Chionachne when making decisions about river flows. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchically Nanoperforated Graphene as a High Performance Electrode Material for Ultracapacitors
Authors: Mhamane Dattakumar , Suryawanshi Anil , Unni Sreekuttan M. , Rode Chandrashekhar , Kurungot Sreekumar , Ogale Satishchandra 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHigh performance is reported for a symmetric ultracapacitor (UC) cell made up of hierarchically perforated graphene nanosheets (HPGN) as an electrode material with excellent values of energy density (68.43 Wh kg−1) and power density (36.31 kW kg−1). Perforations are incorporated in the graphite oxide (GO) and graphene system at room temperature by using silica nanoparticles as template. The symmetric HPGN‐based UC cell exhibits excellent specific capacitance (Cs) of 492 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 200 F g−1 at 20 A g−1 in 1M H2SO4 electrolyte. This performance is further highlighted by galvanostatic charge–discharge study at 2 A g−1 over a large number (1000) of cycles exhibiting 93% retention of the initial Cs. These property features are far superior as compared to those of symmetric UC cells made up of only graphene nanosheets (GNs), i.e. graphene sheets without perforations. The latter exhibit Cs of only 158 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and the cells is not stable at high current density.