bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First record of the Indo-Pacific sponge genus Rhaphidhistia (Demospongiae, Hadromerida, Trachycladidae) from the Caribbean Sea, with description of a new species
Authors: Díaz Christian M. , Zea Sven 
Published: August 2013

Exploration of continental shelves may produce unexpected faunal records. In shelf waters of La Guajira peninsula, Colombia, in the northern tip of South America, southern Caribbean Sea, we found a new species of Rhaphidhistia (Demospongiae, Hadromerida, Trachycladidae) a genus previously thought to be restricted to the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Rhaphidhistia guajiraensis sp. nov. is thickly encrusting, agglutinating bottom debris; it possesses asymmetric oxea as megascleres (465–757 μm by 6.3–17.5 μm) and spiraster-like spinispirae (15–37 μm by 2–5 μm). It is closely similar to the type species of the genus, R. spectabilis Carter, 1879, both standing apart from a third species, R. mirabilis (Dendy, 1924), thus conforming a natural group whose taxonomic placement needs to be reassessed. There are numerous cases of sponge genera with sister species in the Indo-Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans, possibly split since the Tethys Sea breakup; owing to their restricted or deep distribution, they are just starting to be discovered.
Differential rates of killer whale attacks on humpback whales in the North Atlantic as determined by scarification
Authors: McCordic Jessica A. , Todd Sean K. , Stevick Peter T. 
Published: August 2013

As in other populations of killer whales, Orcinus orca, prey selectivity in the North Atlantic population may indicate behaviourally or ecologically distinct types of killer whales. Some killer whale ecotypes are known to prey on large whales, but the ecological impact of such predation events is unknown. Since killer whale attacks on humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, are rarely witnessed, resultant scars may be used to determine the frequency of non-fatal predatory interactions. Using images from the North Atlantic Humpback Whale Catalogue (NAHWC), we examined humpback whale flukes for the presence of rake marks from killer whales (N = 5040). Scarring frequencies range from 2.7 to 17.4% and differ significantly among five regions of the North Atlantic (Gulf of Maine, Canada, West Greenland, Iceland and Norway). The scarring rate in the Canada region is significantly higher than all other regions, and Norway has a significantly lower scarring rate than all other regions, despite more frequently reported killer whale sightings in that region. Within the western North Atlantic, Canada has a scarring rate nearly twice that of either the Gulf of Maine or West Greenland. These data may reflect differential prey choice among killer whale ecotypes and/or the distribution of specific ecotypes across the North Atlantic basin.
Media coverage of management of the black bearUrsus thibetanusin Japan
Authors: Sakurai Ryo , Jacobson Susan K. , Carlton J. Stuart 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAsiatic black bearsUrsus thibetanusare threatened in Japan but are generally considered to be nuisance animals because of the damage they cause to agriculture and property, and because they cause human casualties. We analysed media coverage of black bears in Japan to understand social discourse and potential influences on public perceptions about conservation of bears. Content analysis of a total of 348 articles in a local and a national newspaper revealed that the number of articles regarding black bears and the proportion of negative articles that describe the risks posed by bears increased concomitant with a rise in sightings of bears. Local newspapers included more articles about the risks posed by bears than national newspapers. This potentially reflects and can amplify local residents' perceptions of risk. The proportion of thematic and episodic articles was unrelated to increases in bear appearances. More extensive communications with media representatives by biologists, government officials and police are needed to enhance public knowledge of bears and lead to broader perspectives on their management.
Facultative and obligate parasite communities exhibit different network properties
Authors: POISOT TIMOTHÉE , STANKO MICHAL , MIKLISOVÁ DANA , MORAND SERGE 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYNetwork theory is gaining momentum as a descriptive tool in community ecology. Because organisms with the same lifestyle can still exhibit ecological differences, it is crucial to determine the scale at which networks should be described. Here we show that networks of hosts (mammals) and parasites (ectoparasitic gamasid mites) differ when either facultative or obligatory parasites only are considered. More importantly, the structure of these networks is opposed, with obligatory parasites networks being more modular, and facultative parasites networks being more nested. Our results have consequences for the way we define which species to include in ecological networks, which we discuss in the light of community ecology and epidemiology.
Aetiological overlap between obsessive–compulsive and depressive symptoms: a longitudinal twin study in adolescents and adults
Authors: Bolhuis K. , McAdams T. A. , Monzani B. , Gregory A. M. , Mataix-Cols D. , Stringaris A. , Eley T. C. 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundDepression is commonly co-morbid with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). However, it is unknown whether depression is a functional consequence of OCD or whether these disorders share a common genetic aetiology. This longitudinal twin study compared these two hypotheses.MethodData were drawn from a longitudinal sample of adolescent twins and siblings (n = 2651; Genesis 12–19 study) and from a cross-sectional sample of adult twins (n = 4920). The longitudinal phenotypic associations between OCD symptoms (OCS) and depressive symptoms were examined using a cross-lag model. Multivariate twin analyses were performed to explore the genetic and environmental contributions to the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between OCS and depressive symptoms.ResultsIn the longitudinal phenotypic analyses, OCS at time 1 (wave 2 of the Genesis 12–19 study) predicted depressive symptoms at time 2 (wave 3 of the Genesis 12–19 study) to a similar extent to which depressive symptoms at time 1 predicted OCS at time 2. Cross-sectional twin analyses in both samples indicated that common genetic factors explained 52–65% of the phenotypic correlation between OCS and depressive symptoms. The proportion of the phenotypic correlation due to common non-shared environmental factors was considerably smaller (35%). In the adolescent sample, the longitudinal association between OCS at time 1 and subsequent depressive symptoms was accounted for by the genetic association between OCS and depressive symptoms at time 1. There was no significant environmental association between OCS and later depressive symptoms.ConclusionsThe present findings show that OCS and depressive symptoms co-occur primarily due to shared genetic factors and suggest that genetic, rather than environmental, effects account for the longitudinal relationship between OCS and depressive symptoms.
Aquinas, the a priori/a posteriori distinction, and the Kantian dependency thesis
Authors: ARCHAMBAULT JACOB 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article re-examines the applicability of Kant's dependency thesis to Aquinas’ cosmological proofs for the existence of God. The first part of the article provides a summary of Kant's dependency thesis, followed by a review of a defence of Aquinas by J. William Forgie. The second part of the article explains some of the logical apparatus upon which Aquinas’ argument hinges – specifically his understanding of the a priori/a posteriori distinction. I conclude by calling attention to certain distinct metaphysical assumptions within Kant's and Aquinas’ respective logical apparatus that would have to be addressed prior to the more specific question of whether Kant's critique of the cosmological argument is applicable to Aquinas.
The freedom of Christ and explanatory priority
Authors: PAWL TIMOTHY 
Published: August 2013

AbstractCall the claim, common to many in the Christian intellectual tradition, that Christ, in virtue of his created human intellect, had certain, infallible, exhaustive foreknowledgethe Foreknowledge Thesis. Now consider what I will callthe Conditional:if the Foreknowledge Thesis is true, then Christ's created human will was not free. In so far as many, perhaps all, of the people who affirm the Foreknowledge Thesis also wish to affirm the freedom of Christ's human will, the truth of the Conditional would be most unwelcome to them. I consider an argument in support of the Conditional; I argue that it is not successful.
Six-DOF parallel manipulators with maximal singularity-free joint space or workspace
Authors: Tsai K. Y. , Lin J. C. , Lo Yiting 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYSingularity-free workspace is a very important criterion for the design of manipulators, especially for parallel manipulators which are well known for their limited workspace and complex singularities. This paper studies geometric parameters and dexterity measures that affect the size of a singularity-free joint space and proposes methods for the development of 6-DOF Stewart–Gough parallel manipulators that have better singularity-free joint space. With a local dexterity measure as the objective function, a systematic method is employed to search for the design with a maximal singularity-free joint space. The related workspaces are also investigated. It is shown that the workspace is not proportional to the size of the joint space and that manipulators with a larger singularity-free workspace usually have relatively poor dexterity.
A novel approach for humanoid push recovery using stereopsis
Authors: Mahani Mohammad-Ali Nikouei , Jafari Shahram , Rahmatkhah Hadi 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYPush recovery is one of the most challenging problems for the current humanoid robots. The importance of push recovery can be well observed in the real environment. The critical issue for a humanoid is to maintain and recover its balance against any disturbances. In this research a new stereovision approach is proposed to estimate the robot deviation angle and consequently, the movement of center of mass of the robot is calculated. Then, two novel strategies have been devised to recover the balance of the humanoid which are called “knee strategy” and “knee-hip strategy.” Also, a mathematical model validates the efficiency of the proposed strategies as demonstrated in the paper. Experiments have been conducted on a humanoid robot and demonstrate that the predicted robot deviation angle, using stereovision technique, converges to the actual deviation angle. Stable regions of proposed strategies illustrate that the humanoid can recover its stability in a robust manner. Vision-based estimation also shows a higher correlation to actual deviation angle and a lower fluctuation compared with the output of the acceleration sensor.
Leaf decomposition and fine fuels in floodplain forests of the Rio Negro in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: dos Santos Aline Ramos , Nelson Bruce Walker 
Published: August 2013

Abstract:Despite being inundated for up to 9 mo of the year, black-water floodplain forests in the Brazilian Amazon are susceptible to fire. Post-fire tree mortality is higher and fire spreads further in the floodplain, compared with adjacent upland forest. To understand these differences between the two forest types, we compared how leaf decomposition and fine-fuel loads change with inundation and soil texture. Litterbags containing leaves of Clitoria fairchildiana were placed on upland forest floor and submerged at two depths in a backwater of the Rio Negro. We used 80 bags per treatment and retrieved subsets every ~16 d from which the contents were cleaned, dried, weighed and discarded. Over the 81-d experiment, upland leaves decomposed two to three times faster than submerged leaves. Fine-fuel biomass (litter + root mat) was measured at 28 upland forest sites and 29 floodplain forest sites of the middle Rio Negro. Floodplain forests held about twice the fine fuel (25.9 ± 10.6 Mg ha−1) of uplands (10.9 ± 2.3 Mg ha−1). Upland soils had more sand but a carpet of fine apogeotropic tree roots was more common and thicker in floodplains. We infer that slow decomposition of submerged leaves leads to high tree mortality from fire in black-water floodplains by (1) increasing fire intensity due to high fine-litter fuel load and (2) making tree roots more vulnerable to burning because they form a peat-like mat to absorb nutrients from the thick litter.
Visual reasoning with graph-based mechanisms: the good, the better and the best
Authors: Chein Michel , Mugnier Marie-Laure , Croitoru Madalina 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis paper presents a graph-based knowledge representation and reasoning language. This language benefits from an important syntactic operation, which is called a graph homomorphism. This operation is sound and complete with respect to logical deduction. Hence, it is possible to do logical reasoning without using the language of logic but only graphical, thus visual, notions. This paper presents the main knowledge constructs of this language, elementary graph-based reasoning mechanisms, as well as the graph homomorphism, which encompasses all these elementary transformations in one global step. We put our work in context by presenting a concrete semantic annotation application example.
Resumptive elements aid comprehension of object relative clauses: evidence from Persian
Authors: RAHMANY RAMIN , MAREFAT HAMIDEH , KIDD EVAN 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThe current study investigated the role of resumption in the interpretation of object relative clauses (RCs) in Persian-speaking children. Sixty-four (N=64) children aged 3;2–6;0 (M=4;8) completed a referent selection task that tested their comprehension of subject RCs, gapped object RCs, and object RCs containing either a resumptive pronoun or an object clitic. The results showed that the presence of a resumptive element (pronoun or clitic) had a facilitative effect on children's processing of object RCs. In both cases object RCs with resumptive elements were interpreted more accurately than gapped subject and object RCs, suggesting that resumptive elements ease processing burden in syntactically complex contexts because they provide local cues to thematic role assignment.
Entre système et usage en discours: nouvelles perspectives sur la localisation de l'oppositionmassif/comptable. Le cas des noms de fruits et de légumes
Authors: VERMOTE TIMOTHEUS 
Published: August 2013

RÉSUMÉUn sujet crucial concernant l'opposition massif/comptable est l'apparente flexibilité morphosyntaxique régulière de certaines classes sémantiques, comme celle des noms d'animaux (Kleiber, 1999; Nicolas, 2002 et références incluses), ou celle des noms de fruits et de légumes. C'est cette dernière que nous examinons ici, par le biais d'une vaste étude de corpus comprenant l'analyse quantitative (profils distributionnels) et qualitative (effets de sens) des acceptions massives et comptables de 18 items lexicaux. Nos observations nous amènent à postuler un modèle original de la localisation de l'opposition massif/comptable, rendant compte des phénomènes de flexibilité régulière sans recourir à la notion de polysémie, et basé sur un Principe de Double Héritage. Ainsi, nos données suggèrent que les noms de fruits et de légumes présentent de manière intrinsèque les deux acceptions, et hériteraient leur caractère comptable au niveau lexical (propriétés ontologiques) et leur caractère massif à un niveau supra-lexical, de par leur appartenance à une certaine classe sémantico-pragmatique (objets de consommation culinaire).
The registry of anomalous aortic origin of the coronary artery of The Congenital Heart Surgeons’ Society
Authors: Brothers Julie A. , Gaynor J. William , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Caldarone Christopher , Jegatheeswaran Anusha , Jacobs Marshall L. ,   The Anomalous Coronary Artery Working Group
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the wrong sinus of Valsalva with interarterial, intramural, and/or intraconal course is a rare congenital anomaly that is associated with a high risk of sudden death in children. The Congenital Heart Surgeons’ Society established the Registry of Anomalous Aortic Origin of the Coronary Artery to help determine the outcome of children and young adults managed with surgical intervention versus observation and to test the hypothesis that subsets of patients with anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery can be identified in whom the risk of intervention is less than the risk of observation. All institutional members of the Congenital Heart Surgeons’ Society were recruited for participation. The registry consists of a retrospective cohort of patients diagnosed between 1 January, 1998 and 20 January, 2009 and a prospective, population-based cohort of patients newly diagnosed from 21 January, 2009 onwards. Baseline demographics, diagnoses, and results of tests will be obtained through a review of the medical records. Annual follow-up data will be collected. Data will be analysed for different factors of risk at diagnosis, different strategies of treatment, and the impact of both on the outcomes of the patients. As of June 2010, 28 institutions had applied for approval from their institutional review board and 16 institutions had received approval from their institutional review board. Seventy-four patients have enrolled to date. We hope to use the established Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry as a guide to successful implementation, with a cooperative effort between institutions. The overall purpose of the Registry of Anomalous Aortic Origin of the Coronary Artery is to determine the outcome of surgical intervention versus observation in children and young adults with anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery, and to describe the natural and “unnatural” history of these patients over the course of their lifetime. In this report, we describe the creation and design of the Registry of Anomalous Aortic Origin of the Coronary Artery. Data from the registry will be published at a later date.
Cancer survival extension from drug treatments
Authors: Oliver Nicola , Chung Helen 
Published: August 2013

AbstractCancer causes one in four of all deaths in the UK. Advances in biologic and pharmaceutical therapies over recent years have increased achievable survival gain in most life-limiting cancers, ranging from modest incremental improvements to step changes in life expectancy. The realised and anticipated impact of treatment advances on survival is of wide-ranging interest, from informing decisions about healthcare to understanding influences on mortality trends. This paper presents an overview of evidence for survival extension from a range of therapies that have become available in recent years for the treatment of lung, colorectal and breast cancer. The evidence considered includes short-term empirical evidence from clinical trials as well as longer-term estimates from models extrapolating over a lifetime horizon. The core data source is the evidence base supporting guidance published by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), UK. This evidence has already been subject to appraisal by NICE; the aim of this paper is to collate the existing estimates submitted to NICE in order to appreciate the wide range in survival extension resulting from systematically identified cancer treatments.
The contribution of three components of nutrition knowledge to socio-economic differences in food purchasing choices
Authors: McKinnon Loretta , Giskes Katrina , Turrell Gavin 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo assess socio-economic differences in three components of nutrition knowledge, i.e. knowledge of (i) the relationship between diet and disease, (ii) the nutrient content of foods and (iii) dietary guideline recommendations; furthermore, to determine if socio-economic differences in nutrition knowledge contribute to inequalities in food purchasing choices.DesignThe cross-sectional study considered household food purchasing, nutrition knowledge, socio-economic and demographic information. Household food purchasing choices were summarised by three indices, based on self-reported purchasing of sixteen groceries, nineteen fruits and twenty-one vegetables. Socio-economic position (SEP) was measured by household income and education. Associations between SEP, nutrition knowledge and food purchasing were examined using general linear models adjusted for age, gender, household type and household size.SettingBrisbane, Australia in 2000.SubjectsMain household food shoppers (n1003, response rate 66·4 %), located in fifty small areas (Census Collectors Districts).ResultsShoppers in households of low SEP made food purchasing choices that were less consistent with dietary guideline recommendations: they were more likely to purchase grocery foods comparatively higher in salt, sugar and fat, and lower in fibre, and they purchased a narrower range of fruits and vegetables. Those of higher SEP had greater nutrition knowledge and this factor attenuated most associations between SEP and food purchasing choices. Among nutrition knowledge factors, knowledge of the relationship between diet and disease made the greatest and most consistent contribution to explaining socio-economic differences in food purchasing.ConclusionsAddressing inequalities in nutrition knowledge is likely to reduce socio-economic differences in compliance with dietary guidelines. Improving knowledge of the relationship between diet and disease appears to be a particularly relevant focus for health promotion aimed to reduce socio-economic differences in diet and related health inequalities.
Rapid and Accurate Analysis of an X-Ray Fluorescence Microscopy Data Set through Gaussian Mixture-Based Soft Clustering Methods
Authors: Ward Jesse , Marvin Rebecca , O'Halloran Thomas , Jacobsen Chris , Vogt Stefan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractX-ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy is an important tool for studying trace metals in biology, enabling simultaneous detection of multiple elements of interest and allowing quantification of metals in organelles without the need for subcellular fractionation. Currently, analysis of XRF images is often done using manually defined regions of interest (ROIs). However, since advances in synchrotron instrumentation have enabled the collection of very large data sets encompassing hundreds of cells, manual approaches are becoming increasingly impractical. We describe here the use of soft clustering to identify cell ROIs based on elemental contents, using data collected over a sample of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum as a test case. Soft clustering was able to successfully classify regions in infected erythrocytes as “parasite,” “food vacuole,” “host,” or “background.” In contrast, hard clustering using the k-means algorithm was found to have difficulty in distinguishing cells from background. While initial tests showed convergence on two or three distinct solutions in 60% of the cells studied, subsequent modifications to the clustering routine improved results to yield 100% consistency in image segmentation. Data extracted using soft cluster ROIs were found to be as accurate as data extracted using manually defined ROIs, and analysis time was considerably improved.