bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity Of Mandibular Morphology In Some Carnivorans
Authors: Rahmat S. J. , Koretsky I. A. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Comparison of mandibular morphology of some aquatic (seals, walruses, and sea otters) and terrestrial (hyenas and pandas) carnivorans demonstrates a rather general pattern correlating size of condyloid angle, size of gape, and diet. Structural differences of carnivoran jaws reveal morphological and ecological adaptations that are directly correlated with availability of prey, diving depth, feeding competition and specialized feeding methods. Specifically, the inclination of the condyloid process relative to the axis of the alveolar row (= condyloid angle) can be used to determine dietary preferences, including size of prey. Generally, carnivorans with a large condyloid angle feed on larger prey, while a low condyloid angle suggests feeding on small prey or can be an advantageous feeding mechanism. Mirounga angustirostris (Northern elephant seal) displays sex-specific characters in cranial and postcranial elements. Likewise, significant sexually dimorphic differences in the size of condyloid angle imply that deeper-diving male Northern elephant seals have a feeding niche dissimilar to that of females. Morphological assessment of male M. angustirostris suggests they are bottom-feeding seals that utilize a suction-feeding mechanism to capture small prey and crush shells with their teeth, which become weaker as they age.
“Was de tael gansch het volk?” Comparatief onderzoek naar de Vlaamse en Slowaakse nationale beweging in de 19e eeuw: Een pleidooi om cultuurhistorisch te vergelijken in de neerlandistiek/ “Was the Language Representing the Whole Nation?” A Comparative Approach of the Flemish and Slovak National Movements in the 19th Century: A Plea for Comparative Research in Dutch Studies
Authors: Bossaert Benjamin 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In this ongoing research we are going to have a look at the starting point for the burgeoning national feelings with two smaller nations: the Slovak and the Flemish national movement. Building on the methodological framework of nationalism researcher Miroslav Hroch, one can discern a threefold stage - model in the national movements of the smaller nations in Europe, which is a thesis still needing more empirical evidence. This article attempts to compare at least one aspect of early nineteenth-century nation - building: How were the literary societies functioning in both national movements? We are working in a time scope of the first half of the 19th century and ask ourselves the questions: until which extend reached literary societies? What was their impact? Which people were their readers, their public? Was their language, and their language-spreading aim representative for the whole nation? What similarities and differences can be found in Flanders and Slovakia in this field?
Important support can be obtained from the NISE - network, which attempts to create a database on a European scale in order to stimulate and optimize comparative and transnational research on nation building.
Logic and the Structure of the Web of Belief
Authors: Carlson Matthew 
Published: July 2015

In this paper, I examine Quine's views on the epistemology of logic. According to Quine's influential holistic account, logic is central in the “web of belief” that comprises our overall
theory of the world. Because of this, revisions to logic would have devastating systematic consequences, and this explains why we are loath to make such revisions. In section1, I clarify this idea and thereby show that Quine actually takes the web of belief to have asymmetrical internal structure. This raises two puzzles. First, as I show in section 2, Quine's mature thoroughly naturalized view has it that logic is simply obvious, and this is explains why we do not typically consider revising it. While Quine presents this naturalized view as a way to make good on his earlier metaphor of centrality in a web of belief, I argue that the resources of Quine's naturalized epistemology cannot adequately explain why we are reluctant to revise logic. And, Quine seems to recognize this point himself. In light of this, I explain in section 3 how Quine can allow that our overall scientific theory has systematic structure in a way that is consistent with his naturalistic strictures. Second, the asymmetrical internal structure of the web of belief seems to be inconsistent with its being a holistic web at all. I defuse this problem in section 4 by showing how Quine distinguishes between structural and confirmational considerations. I close by using this distinction to show how Quine's view can evade Michael Friedman’s criticisms, and allow for important methodological distinctions between areas of the web of belief.
Evolution of Mating Systems in Basidiomycetes and the Genetic Architecture Underlying Mating-Type Determination in the YeastLeucosporidium scottii
Authors: Maia Teresa M , Lopes Susana T , Almeida João M G C F , Rosa Luiz H , Sampaio José Paulo , Gonçalves Paula , Coelho Marco A 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn most fungi, sexual reproduction is bipolar; that is, two alternate sets of genes at a single mating-type (MAT) locus determine two mating types. However, in the Basidiomycota, a unique (tetrapolar) reproductive system emerged in which sexual identity is governed by two unlinked MAT loci, each of which controls independent mechanisms of self/nonself recognition. Tetrapolar-to-bipolar transitions have occurred on multiple occasions in the Basidiomycota, resulting, for example, from linkage of the two MAT loci into a single inheritable unit. Nevertheless, owing to the scarcity of molecular data regarding tetrapolar systems in the earliest-branching lineage of the Basidiomycota (subphylum Pucciniomycotina), it is presently unclear if the last common ancestor was tetrapolar or bipolar. Here, we address this question, by investigating the mating system of the Pucciniomycotina yeast Leucosporidium scottii. Using whole-genome sequencing and chromoblot analysis, we discovered that sexual reproduction is governed by two physically unlinked gene clusters: a multiallelic homeodomain (HD) locus and a pheromone/receptor (P/R) locus that is biallelic, thereby dismissing the existence of a third P/R allele as proposed earlier. Allele distribution of both MAT genes in natural populations showed that the two loci were in strong linkage disequilibrium, but independent assortment of MAT alleles was observed in the meiotic progeny of a test cross. The sexual cycle produces fertile progeny with similar proportions of the four mating types, but approximately 2/3 of the progeny was found to be nonhaploid. Our study adds to others in reinforcing tetrapolarity as the ancestral state of all basidiomycetes.
Variabilidade de plantas de soja originadas de sementes de diferentes níveis de qualidade fisiológica
Authors: Damero Cantareli Leandro , Braga Schuch Luis Osmar , Ciciliano Tavares Lizandro , De Araújo Rufino Cassyo 
Published: July 2015

O objetivo foi avaliar a variabilidade entre plantas dentro de populações de soja estabelecidas em semen-tes com diferentes níveis de qualidade fisiológica (germinação de 96, 82 e 70%, respectivamente). Foram utilizados lotes de sementes de soja, cultivar CD 202, em três níveis de qualidade (alta, média e baixa). As parcelas foram constituídas por 1 linha de 7 m de comprimento espaçadas das demais parcelas 0.45 m. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Dentro das linhas de semeadura foram dispostas cerca de 50 sementes visando obter uma emergência com excesso de plantas para posterior desbaste. A população inicial após o desbaste foi de 32 plantas/m2. Para avaliação das variáveis respostas coletou-se todas as plantas distribuídas nos 6 m dentro de cada parcela, sendo feita as seguintes determinações: estatura de planta, diâmetro do caule, número de hastes por planta e número de vagens por planta. As plantas colhidas foram avaliadas individualmente nos parâmetros men-cionados, e calculado o coeficiente de variação, que foi utilizado como um indicador da variabilidade entre plantas dentro das populações de plantas. Conclui-se que sementes de baixa qualidade fisiológica ocasi-onam diminuição na sobrevivência de plantas no campo e aumento da variabilidade entre plantas na co-munidade vegetal.<div id="__if72ru4sdfsdfrkjahiuyi_once" style="display: none;"> </div><div id="__zsc_once"> </div><div id="__if72ru4sdfsdfruh7fewui_once" style="display: none;"> </div><div id="__hggasdgjhsagd_once" style="display: none;"> </div>
Parameter Estimation of Power Function Distribution with TL-moments
Authors: Naveed-Shahzad Mirza , Asghar Zahid , Shehzad Farrukh , Shahzadi Mubeen 
Published: July 2015

Accurate estimation of parameters of a probability distribution is of immense importance in statistics. Biased and imprecise estimation of parameters can lead to erroneous results. Our focus is to estimate the parameter of Power function distribution accurately because this density is now widely used for modelling various types of data. In this study, L-moments, TL-moments, LL-moments and LH-moments of Power function distribution are derived. In addition, the coefficient of variation, skewness and kurtosis are obtained by method of moments, L-moments and TL-moments. Parameters of the density are estimated using linear moments and compared with method of moments and MLE on the basis of bias, root mean square error and coefficients through simulation study. L-moments proved to be superior for the parameter estimation and this conclusion is equally true for different parametric values and sample size.
Fundamental Concepts on Classification and Statistical Implicative Analysis for Modal Variables
Authors: Zamora-Matamoros Larisa , Díaz-Silvera Jorge Rey , Portuondo-Mallet Lariza 
Published: July 2015

The present work offers some fundamental concepts of the Statistical Implicative Analysis for modal variables and proposes an index to establish the similarity between two modal variables. Expressions to calculate typicality and contribution of the individuals to the classes that are formed in the classification are also presented. This technique is illustrated by two examples, one with binary data, which allows the coincidence between the formulas presented and the existent for the binary case to be shown, and the other for modal data with more than two modalities.
Alpha-Skew Generalized t Distribution
Authors: Acitas Sukru , Senoglu Birdal , Arslan Olcay 
Published: July 2015

<p>The alpha-skew normal (ASN) distribution has been proposed recently in the literature by using standard normal distribution and a skewing approach. Although ASN distribution is able to model both skew and bimodal data, it is shortcoming when data has thinner or thicker tails than normal. Therefore, we propose an alpha-skew generalized t (ASGT) by using the generalized t (GT) distribution and a new skewing procedure. From this point of view, ASGT can be seen as an alternative skew version of GT distribution. However, ASGT differs from the previous skew versions of GT distribution since it is able to model bimodal data sest as well as it nests most commonly used density functions. In this paper, moments and maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of ASGT distribution are given. Skewness and kurtosis measures are derived based on the first four noncentral moments. The cumulative distribution function (cdf) of ASGT distribution is also obtained. In the application part of the study, two real life problems taken from the literature are modeled by using ASGT distribution.</p>
A Note on Generalized Exponential Type Estimator for Population Variance in Survey Sampling
Authors: Shabbir Javid , Gupta Sat 
Published: July 2015

<p>Recently a new generalized estimator for population variance using information on the auxiliary variable has been introduced by Asghar, Sanaullah &amp; Hanif (2014). In that paper there was some inaccuracy in the bias and MSE expressions. In this paper, we provide the correct expressions for bias and MSE of the Asghar et al. (2014) estimator, up to the first order of approximation. We also propose a new generalized exponential type estimator for population variance which performs better than the existing estimators. Four data sets are used for numerical comparison of efficiencies.</p>
Combining Some Biased Estimation Methods with Least Trimmed Squares Regression and its Application
Authors: Kan-Kilinç Betül , Alpu Ozlem 
Published: July 2015

<p>In the case of multicollinearity and outliers in regression analysis, the researchers are encouraged to deal with two problems simultaneously. Biased methods based on robust estimators are useful for estimating the regression coefficients for such cases. In this study we examine some robust biased estimators on the datasets with outliers in x direction and outliers in both x and y direction from literature by means of the R package ltsbase. Instead of a complete data analysis, robust biased estimators are evaluated using capabilities and features of this package.</p>
Using High Frequency LIMM to characterize the poling state of piezoelectric ceramic thin films
Authors: Stewart Mark , Cain Markys G 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThe Laser Intensity Modulation Method, LIMM, has been used to investigate the poling state of ceramic piezoelectric thin films. The frequency of the system has been extended to 70MHz to enable films of thicknesses down to 100nm to be measured. A unique development has been to sweep the DC bias applied to the sample whilst performing the LIMM measurement, thus giving pseudo PE loops. These PE loops are unique in that they represent the polarization state within a distinct depth of the film, whereas normally PE loops are a result of the complete film. This allows us to investigate processes occurring within different regions of the film.
3ω Measurements for Tracking Freezing Fronts in Biological Applications
Authors: Hodges Wyatt , Natesan Harishankar , Bischof John , Dames Chris 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTOne approach to treating atrial fibrillation relies on freezing tissue of the heart wall. This surgical technology requires sub-millimeter spatial resolution when dynamically tracking the freezing of pulmonary vein; conventional techniques such as ultrasound lack the necessary precision. Here we use an electrothermal “3ω” method to track propagating freezing fronts in nearly real time. The heater line is excited with multiple frequencies simultaneously, and the freezing front detected as it passes through the various penetration depths due to the contrast between thermal conductivities on either side of the front. Comparison of water freezing experiments with video images further suggests the accuracy of the method. Analysis and experiments show how the uncertainty, time response, and measurement range depend on the frequencies and thermal conductivity contrast. Finally, the method is demonstrated on biological tissue as further proof of principle for medical applications.
Manuscript Codices in the Library Collection of the Cistercian Abbey in Szczyrzyc
Authors: Marszalska Jolanta 
Published: July 2015

The collection of manuscripts at the Cistercian library in Szczyrzyc amounts to 100 volumes, including four medieval codices dated between 1460-1494; 12 manuscript books dated to the 17th century; 57 dated to the 18th century, and 27 manuscripts dated to the 19th century. Most of them are textbooks, copies of theological, philosophical and legal treatises, works on rhetoric, liturgy, world history, mathematics and herbal medicine, as well as books of homilies for special occasions and feasts. The collection of manuscripts at the monastery in Szczyrzyc is mostly a functional one – it was used by the monks to study and broaden their philosophical, theological, legal and liturgical knowledge. Several codices contain the texts of homilies delivered at various churches on feast days and solemnities, written down by the monks of Szczyrzyc. The surviving codices are bound in simple covers made of damaged folios taken out from liturgical codices, including antiphonaries and graduals. Considering the small number of surviving books, it is difficult to discuss the interests or influences of particular authors and their works on the intellectual level of the religious community of Szczyrzyc.
Nutritional Status, Body Surface, and Low Lean Body Mass/Body Mass Index Are Related to Dose Reduction and Severe Gastrointestinal Toxicity Induced by Afatinib in Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Arrieta Oscar , De la Torre-Vallejo Martha , López-Macías Diego , Orta David , Turcott Jenny , Macedo-Pérez Eleazar-Omar , Sánchez-Lara Karla , Ramírez-Tirado Laura-Alejandra , Baracos Vickie E. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Background.
The main reason for dose reduction of afatinib is gastrointestinal toxicity (GT). In a phase II study, we analyzed anthropometrical, nutritional, and biochemical factors associated with GT induced by afatinib.

Materials and Methods.
Patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer who progressed to prior chemotherapy received 40 mg of afatinib. Malnutrition was determined by Subjective Global Assessment, and lean body mass (LBM) was determined by computed tomography scan analysis using a pre-established Hounsfield unit threshold. Toxicity was obtained during four cycles by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events.

Results.
Eighty-four patients were enrolled. Afatinib was administered as the second, third, and fourth line of treatment in 54.8%, 38.1%, and 7.12% of patients, respectively. Severe diarrhea, mucositis, and overall severe GT were present in 38.9%, 28.8%, and 57.5%, respectively. Of the patients, 50% developed dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Patients with malnutrition have higher risk for severe GT. Patients with lower LBM and body mass index developed more DLT (71.4% vs. 18.8%).

Conclusion.
Malnutrition is associated with a higher risk of severe GT induced by afatinib. Determination of nutritional status and body composition are helpful in identifying patients at higher risk of severe GT and could allow initiating treatment with lower doses according to tolerance.

Implications for Practice:
Body composition analysis, specifically lean body mass quantification, and nutritional status assessment are significant clinical variables to take into account when assessing oncological patients. This study on patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with afatinib showed the important impact that malnutrition and low lean body mass have on the risk for developing dose-limiting toxicity and severe gastrointestinal toxicity. Still more research needs to be done to explore dose adjustment according to lean body mass, especially in drugs that are given at fixed doses, such as afatinib. However, this study presents evidence for the clinical oncologist to have a closer follow-up with malnourished patients and even to consider a lower starting dose until therapeutic dose is achieved.
Female Gymnasium Education in Kursk Governorate in the Second Half of the 19th Century Through the Early 20th Century
Authors: Vetchinova Marina 
Published: July 2015

In 1850, even Petersburg didn’t have any educational institution to teach daughters of poor noblemen and government servants. Female education became a major teaching innovation of the second half of the 19th century. Women’s colleges were established in Vologda, Tver, Ryazan, Samara, Tula, Smolensk, and Nizhny Novgorod in the late 1858. Female secondary education was organized very much due to Nikolay Vyshnegradsky, who was a Russian teacher, professor, advocate of egalitarian female education, and founder of the Russky pedagoguichesky vestnik magazine. Vyshnegradsky was the first to introduce women’s gymnasia and to develop a Charter in 1862 that was taken as a basis of gymnasium activities. The curriculum included the Divine Law, Russian grammar, Russian history and geography, arithmetic, French and German languages, calligraphy, music, dancing, and needlework. This curriculum differed considerably from the one in traditional men’s gymnasia. Although the level of education was rather high in some of women’s gymnasia, their graduates were not allowed to enter universities or any other governmental higher educational institutions. It was only in 1872–1876 when a number of higher female courses were initiated under the influence of progressive communities. In this paper, we have analyzed organization of teaching and learning processes based on the materials from State archives of Kursk and Belgorod Oblasts. We have also provided some examples of women’s gymnasium practices in Kursk Governorate in the second half of the 19th century through the early 20th century, including the First World War period.
Ardalyon Borisovich Peredonov and His Colleagues. A review of the book: Zubkov I. (2010) Rossiyskoye uchitelstvo. Povsednevnaya zhizn prepodavateley zemskikh shkol, guimnaziy i realnykh uchilishch. 1870–1916 [Teaching in Russia. Everyday Life of Teachers in Zemstvo Schools, Gymnasia, and Realschulen. 1870–1916]. Moscow: Novy khronograf.
Authors: Lyubzhin Aleksey 
Published: July 2015

We highly appreciate I. Zubkov’s book devoted to everyday life of Russian teachers in zemstvo schools, gymnasia, and realschulen at the turn of the 19th century, due to an extremely reader-friendly delivery of information and abundance of factual data. We find the most value in the narration scheme developed by the author: for each group, Zubkov first defines the legal status, then their financial situation, social characteristic (paying special attention to percentage of women in this traditionally male-dominated profession), motivation and fitness for teaching, and finally, conditions and specific aspects of working in relevant educational institutions, including contact with students’ parents, relationship with students, and conveniences. Based on the information given in the reviewed book, Zubkov compares the situations of teachers in secondary education institutions and zemstvo schools: their financial status and quality of life, their situation as compared to that of other educated class Russians, attitude of students’ arents, relationship with students at school. The conclusion is that primary village school and secondary city school are totally different worlds, and this contrast in the national education system was inevitable from the very beginning.
An Innovative Perspective on Learning and Teaching in Higher Education in the 21st Century
Authors: De Corte Erik 
Published: July 2015

The current perspective on our society as a learning society implies that education must focus more than has been traditionally the case on fostering in students adaptive competence, i. e. the ability to apply meaningfully learned knowledge and skills flexibly in a variety of contexts. Based on the available research this article first discusses the question: What should students learn to acquire adaptive competence in a domain? It is argued that developing adaptive competence requires the acquisition of several cognitive, affective, and motivational components, namely a well-elaborated domain-specific knowledge base, heuristic methods, metaknowledge of one’s cognitive functioning, motivation and emotions, self-regulation skills for regulating one’s cognitive, motivational and emotional processes, and positive beliefs about oneself as a learner and about learning in different domains. Next the questions is addressed: What are characteristics of productive learning processes for acquiring adaptive competence? In this respect the view of learning is presented as an Constructive, Self-regulated, Situated, and Collaborative (CSSC) process of knowledge and skill building. From a teaching perspective this leads to the question: How can such CSSC learning processes be stimulated through instructional intervention? An illustrative powerful learning environment for improving learning proficiency in beginning university students is presented.