bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV prevention and care services for female sex workers: efficacy of a targeted community‐based intervention in Burkina Faso
Authors: Traore Isidore T , Meda Nicolas , Hema Noelie M , Ouedraogo Djeneba , Some Felicien , Some Roselyne , Niessougou Josiane , Sanon Anselme , Konate Issouf , Van De Perre Philippe , Mayaud Philippe , Nagot Nicolas 
Published: September 2015

IntroductionAlthough interventions to control HIV among high‐risk groups such as female sex workers (FSW) are highly recommended in Africa, the contents and efficacy of these interventions are unclear. We therefore designed a comprehensive dedicated intervention targeting young FSW and assessed its impact on HIV incidence in Burkina Faso.MethodsBetween September 2009 and September 2011 we conducted a prospective, interventional cohort study of FSW aged 18 to 25 years in Ouagadougou, with quarterly follow‐up for a maximum of 21 months. The intervention combined prevention and care within the same setting, consisting of peer‐led education sessions, psychological support, sexually transmitted infections and HIV care, general routine health care and reproductive health services. At each visit, behavioural characteristics were collected and HIV, HSV‐2 and pregnancy were tested. We compared the cohort HIV incidence with a modelled expected incidence in the study population in the absence of intervention, using data collected at the same time from FSW clients.ResultsThe 321 HIV‐uninfected FSW enrolled in the cohort completed 409 person‐years of follow‐up. No participant seroconverted for HIV during the study (0/409 person‐years), whereas the expected modelled number of HIV infections were 5.05/409 person‐years (95% CI, 5.01–5.08) or 1.23 infections per 100 person‐years (p=0.005). This null incidence was related to a reduction in the number of regular partners and regular clients, and by an increase in consistent condom use with casual clients (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.19; 95% CI, 1.16–4.14, p=0.01) and with regular clients (aOR=2.18; 95% CI, 1.26–3.76, p=0.005).ConclusionsCombining peer‐based prevention and care within the same setting markedly reduced the HIV incidence among young FSW in Burkina Faso, through reduced risky behaviours.
No difference in learning retention in manikin-based simulation based on role
Authors: Giuliano Dominic , DC Marion McGregor 
Published: September 2015

Objective: We evaluated learning retention in interns exposed to simulation. It was hypothesized that learning would degrade after 6 months and there would be a difference in retention between interns who played a critical role versus those who did not.
Methods: A total of 23 groups of 5 to 9 interns underwent a cardiac scenario twice during 1 simulation experience and again 6 months later. We captured 69 recordings (23 before debrief at baseline [PrDV], 23 after debrief at baseline [PoDV], and 23 at 6-month follow-up [FUV]). Students were assigned different roles, including the critical role of “doctor” in a blinded, haphazard fashion. At 6-month follow-up, 12 interns who played the role of doctor initially were assigned that role again, while 11 interns who played noncritical roles initially were newly assigned to doctor. All videos of intern performance were scored independently and in a blinded fashion, by 3 judges using a 15-item check list.
Results: Repeated-measures analysis of variance for interns completing all 3 time points indicated a significant difference between time points (F2,22 = 112, p = .00). Contrasts showed a statistically significant difference between PrDV and PoDV (p = .00), and PrDV and FUV (p = .00), but no difference between PoDV and FUV (p = .98). This was consistent with results including all data points. Checklist scores were more than double for PoDV recordings (16) and FUV (15), compared to PrDV recordings (6.6). Follow-up scores comparing old to new doctors showed no statistically significant difference (15.4 vs 15.2 respectively, t21 = 0.26, p = .80, d = .11).
Conclusions: Learning retention was maintained regardless of role.
Paleoreconstruction of organic carbon inputs to an oxbow lake in the Mississippi River watershed: Effects of dam construction and land use change on regional inputs
Authors: Bianchi Thomas S. , Galy Valier , Rosenheim Brad E. , Shields Michael , Cui Xingqian , Van Metre Peter 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe use a dated sediment core from Lake Whittington (USA) in the lower Mississippi River to reconstruct linkages in the carbon cycling and fluvial sediment dynamics over the past 80 years. Organic carbon (OC) sources were characterized using bulk (δ13C, ramped pyrolysis‐oxidation (PyrOx) 14C, δ15N, and TN:OC ratios) and compound‐specific (lignin phenols and fatty acids, including δ13C and 14C of the fatty acids) analyses. Damming of the Missouri River in the 1950s, other hydrological modifications to the river, and soil conservation measures resulted in reduced net OC export, in spite of increasing OC concentrations. Decreasing δ13C values coincided with increases in δ15N, TN:OC ratios, long‐chain fatty acids, and lignin‐phenol concentrations, suggesting increased inputs of soil‐derived OC dominated by C3 vegetation, mainly resulting from changes in farming practices and crop distribution. However, ramped PyrOx 14C showed no discernible differences downcore in thermochemical stability, indicating a limited impact on soil OC turnover.
Thermospheric and geomagnetic responses to interplanetary coronal mass ejections observed by ACE and GRACE: Statistical results
Authors: Krauss S. , Temmer M. , Veronig A. , Baur O. , Lammer H. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractFor the period July 2003 to August 2010, the interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) catalogue maintained by Richardson and Cane lists 106 Earth‐directed events, which have been measured in situ by plasma and field instruments on board the ACE satellite. We present a statistical investigation of the Earth's thermospheric neutral density response by means of accelerometer measurements collected by the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites, which are available for 104 ICMEs in the data set, and its relation to various geomagnetic indices and characteristic ICME parameters such as the impact speed (
), southward magnetic field strength (Bz). The majority of ICMEs causes a distinct density enhancement in the thermosphere, with up to a factor of 8 compared to the preevent level. We find high correlations between ICME Bz and thermospheric density enhancements (≈0.9), while the correlation with the ICME impact speed is somewhat smaller (≈0.7). The geomagnetic indices revealing the highest correlations are Dst and SYM‐H(≈0.9); the lowest correlations are obtained for Kp and AE (≈0.7), which show a nonlinear relation with the thermospheric density enhancements. Separating the response for the shock‐sheath region and the magnetic structure of the ICME, we find that the Dst and SYM‐H reveal a tighter relation to the Bz minimum in the magnetic structure of the ICME, whereas the polar cap indices show higher correlations with the Bz minimum in the shock‐sheath region. Since the strength of the Bz component—either in the sheath or in the magnetic structure of the ICME—is highly correlated (≈0.9) with the neutral density enhancement, we discuss the possibility of satellite orbital decay estimates based on magnetic field measurements at L1, i.e., before the ICME hits the Earth magnetosphere. These results are expected to further stimulate progress in space weather understanding and applications regarding satellite operations.
Boron: Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Schubert David M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBoron is unique among the elements and displays remarkable chemistry in all of its compounds. It is widely distributed in low concentrations throughout the Earth's crust and is nearly always found bound to oxygen in its natural forms. Boron enters the life cycle of plants and animals and is important for the normal growth of plants, and possibly all living things. The vast majority of industrial uses of boron involve boron–oxygen compounds, including metal borates, boric oxide, boric acid, and boric acid esters. These have large‐scale applications in many industries, most notably in the manufacture of glasses, ceramics, and other vitreous materials. Boric acid is a weak Lewis acid that does not display Brønsted acidity in aqueous solution. Condensation of B(OH)3and its conjugate base B(OH)4−to form polyborate anions in aqueous solution has important implications for the solubilities and other solution properties of metal and nonmetal borate salts and provides the structural basis of numerous natural and synthetic borate compounds. Boric acid reacts with alcohols and other hydroxyl group‐bearing compounds to form esters, which have many industrial uses. Reversible borate ester formation with 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diols provides the basis for crosslinked polymers used in adhesives and oilfield applications as well as the essential biological roles of boron. Although much smaller in scale compared to boron oxides, nonoxide compounds of boron have many important industrial uses. These include refractory compounds, such as boron carbide, boron nitrides, boron phosphides, elemental boron, metal borides, and metal‐boron alloys, as well as nonrefractories such as the boron halides and boron hydrides. Although many nonrefractory compounds, such as boron–sulfur compounds, are yet to find significant industrial uses, they nonetheless exhibit fascinating chemistries.
Carbon: Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Huskić Igor , Friščić Tomislav 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe article provides a brief and general overview of the chemical and physical properties of carbon, relevant to inorganic chemistry and mineralogy. Several allotropes of carbon are noted, and general properties are discussed. The characteristics and synthetic methods for the preparation of simple compounds involving carbon, or carbon and hydrogen, with halogens, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, are provided. This is complemented by brief overviews of metal carbides and mineral chemistry of carbon compounds, excluding metal carbonates. Finally, developments in supramolecular chemistry to construct ladderlike carbon frameworks are outlined.
Germanium: Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Weinert Charles S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis article is an update to the overview of germanium organometallic chemistry published in 2009 in theEncyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry. Major advances in the synthesis and chemistry of compounds containing Ge–C bonds are discussed, including simple organogermanes, germylenes, and oligo‐ and polygermanes containing either single or multiple germanium–germanium bonds. The generation of germanium‐centered radicals and cations is also discussed. Advances in the physical characterization of these compounds are also covered.
Cell Surface Antigen – Manganese‐Binding ProteinMntCfromStaphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Gribenko Alexey V , Liberator Paul , Anderson Annaliesa S , Matsuka Yury V , Mosyak Lidia 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMntC is the metal‐binding protein component of the Mn2+‐specific MntABC transporter from the human pathogenStaphylococcus aureus. MntC orthologs are found in all Gram positive bacteria, the protein is attached to the bacterial membrane through a lipid anchor and captures Mn2+ion from the environment with high affinity for subsequent transport across the transmembrane channel of the transporter. MntC consists of two homologous domains connected through a long ‘backbone’ α‐helix, with a metal‐binding site located at the interface of those domains. The long α‐helix restricts domain mobility, making it harder for the bound ligand (Mn2+) to escape the binding site and, correspondingly, increasing the metal‐binding affinity of the protein. The physiological role of Mn2+binding by MntC in bacterial resistance to oxidative stress is well documented. MntC is also able to bind other divalent metals (Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Cd2+), although it is not yet clear whether this has any biological relevance. Binding of divalent metals to the protein can be reversible and irreversible, depending on the nature of the metal. X‐ray data provide a plausible explanation for the two binding modes: the X‐ray structure contains two molecules in the asymmetric unit, with the metal‐binding site being solvent accessible in one molecule and inaccessible in the other. Serum antibodies to MntC (or orthologs of MntC) are detected following exposure to staphylococcal species in animal models as well as in human sera from patients withS. aureusinfections. Immunization with a recombinant expressed MntC protein antigen induces protective immunity againstS. aureusin preclinical models of infection. As such, MntC is a promising vaccine candidate and is currently being tested in human clinical trials as a component of a multiantigen vaccine for the prevention of staphylococcal infections.
Mammalian Cysteine Dioxygenase
Authors: Driggers Camden M , Stipanuk Martha H , Karplus P Andrew 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCysteine dioxygenase (CDO) is a mononuclear nonheme Fe(II) enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation ofl‐cysteine tol‐cysteinesulfinic acid (CSA) by addition of both atoms of molecular oxygen to the cysteine sulfur. Mammalian CDO is highly expressed in the liver, the pancreas, the adipose tissue, the kidney and the lungs, and the CSA produced is further converted to either taurine or sulfate plus pyruvate. To maintain cysteine levels within the narrow range required for health, mammalian CDO is regulated by the modulation of enzyme turnover and through formation of a Cys93‐Tyr157 crosslink that increases its activity over 10‐fold. Imbalances in cysteine metabolism have been observed in several neurological disorders, and CDO has been identified as a tumor suppressor. Bacterial CDOs also exist, as do a variety of related thiol dioxygenases that have been less well studied. High‐resolution crystal structures of CDO reveal iron coordination by three histidines. Cysteine coordinates the iron by its amino and thiolate groups, leaving a sixth coordination site open for dioxygen. A cysteine persulfenate has been trapped in the active site, but despite substantial spectroscopic studies and theoretical calculations, the details of the mechanism are still a matter of debate and it is uncertain if this is an intermediate.
Zinc Proteomics
Authors: Nowakowski Andrew , Karim Mohammad , Petering David 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe formation of the Zn‐proteome involves a complex array of interactions of Zn2+with cellular proteins, beginning with transporters that govern the movement of Zn2+into and from the cytosol and organelles. Within these compartments, free Zn2+concentration is maintained at nanomolar to picomolar levels through extensive buffering by components of the proteome such as metallothionein. Current information favors the buffer as the source of Zn2+for the constitution of native Zn‐proteins; but neither equilibrium nor kinetic results demonstrate clearly how trafficking of Zn2+to specific sites occurs. The chemical basis of Zn2+‐based signaling, illustrated with the transcription factor MTF‐1, is similarly ambiguous. Once formed, the Zn‐proteome is preserved under Zn2+‐deficient conditions, but is susceptible to widespread metal exchange with Cd2+and reaction with other xenobiotics. Zn‐proteomic research extensively utilizes fluorescent sensors for Zn2+. Two of these, TSQ and Zinquin, form adducts with significant fractions of the Zn‐proteome and thereby reveal their status and reactivity under a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. The next step in the evolution of zinc proteomics will be to deconvolute collective Zn‐proteomic behavior into the reactions of individual Zn‐proteins. Methods are discussed that support this advance.
Heat‐Induced Radiolabeling of Nanoparticles for Monocyte Tracking by PET
Authors: Normandin Marc D. , Yuan Hushan , Wilks Moses Q. , Chen Howard H. , Kinsella Joseph M. , Cho Hoonsung , Guehl Nicolas J. , Absi‐Halabi Nader , Hosseini Seyed Mohammadreza , El Fakhri Georges , Sosnovik David E. , Josephson Lee 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHeat‐induced radiolabeling (HIR) yielded 89Zr‐Feraheme (FH) nanoparticles (NPs) that were used to determine NP pharmacokinetics (PK) by positron emission tomography (PET). Standard uptake values indicated a fast hepatic uptake that corresponded to blood clearance, and a second, slow uptake process by lymph nodes and spleen. By cytometry, NPs were internalized by circulating monocytes and monocytes in vitro. Using an IV injection of HIR 89Zr‐FH (rather than in vitro cell labeling), PET/PK provided a view of monocyte trafficking, a key component of the immune response.
Bacterial Synthesis of Unusual Sulfonamide and Sulfone Antibiotics by Flavoenzyme‐Mediated Sulfur Dioxide Capture
Authors: Baunach Martin , Ding Ling , Willing Karsten , Hertweck Christian 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSulfa drugs, such as sulfonilamide and dapsone, are classical antibiotics that have been in clinical use worldwide. Despite the relatively simple architectures, practically no natural products are known to feature such aromatic sulfonamide or diarylsulfone substructures. We report the unexpected discovery of three fully unprecedented, sulfonyl‐bridged alkaloid dimers (sulfadixiamycins A–C) from recombinant Streptomyces species harboring the entire xiamycin biosynthesis gene cluster. Sulfadixiamycins exhibit moderate antimycobacterial activities and potent antibiotic activities even against multidrug‐resistant bacteria. Gene inactivation, complementation, and biotransformation experiments revealed that a flavin‐dependent enzyme (XiaH) plays a key role in sulfadixiamycin biosynthesis. XiaH mediates a radical‐based, three‐component reaction involving two equivalents of xiamycin and sulfur dioxide, which is reminiscent of radical styrene/SO2 copolymerization.
Protecting‐Group‐Free Enantioselective Synthesis of (−)‐Pallavicinin and (+)‐Neopallavicinin
Authors: Huang Bin , Guo Lei , Jia Yanxing 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe first enantioselective synthesis of (−)‐pallavicinin and (+)‐neopallavicinin has been achieved in 15 steps. The described synthesis avoids protecting‐group manipulations by synthesis designs predicated on highly chemo‐ and stereoselective transformations. Highlights of the synthesis include a palladium‐catalyzed enantioselective decarboxylative allylation to form the chiral all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter, a palladium‐catalyzed oxidative cyclization to assemble the [3.2.1]‐bicyclic moiety, and an unprecedented LiBHEt3‐induced fragmentation/protonation of an α‐hydroxy epoxide to form the α‐furan ketone with the desired configuration.
Catalytic Asymmetric Iodocyclization of N‐Tosyl Alkenamides using Aminoiminophenoxy Copper Carboxylate: A Concise Synthesis of Chiral 8‐Oxa‐6‐Azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes
Authors: Arai Takayoshi , Watanabe Ohji , Yabe Shinnosuke , Yamanaka Masahiro 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA newly developed aminoiminophenoxy copper carboxylate (L7‐Cu‐OAc)‐catalyzed asymmetric iodocyclization of N‐Tosyl alkenamides gave O‐cyclized products in good yields with high enantioselectivity. From the O‐cyclized products, a skeletal transformation was succeeded in the synthesis of biologically important chiral 8‐oxa‐6‐azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes. DFT calculations suggested that the acetoxy anion of the [L7‐Cu‐OAc] acts as a base to generate the anion of N‐Tosyl alkenamide substrates. The exchanged acetic acid reconstructs a new hydrogen‐bonding network between the catalyst and the substrates to accomplish the highly efficient asymmetric O‐iodocyclization of N‐Tosyl alkenamides.
Catalytic Cyclization of o‐Alkynyl Phenethylamines via Osmacyclopropene Intermediates: Direct Access to Dopaminergic 3‐Benzazepines
Authors: Álvarez‐Pérez Andrea , González‐Rodríguez Carlos , García‐Yebra Cristina , Varela Jesús A. , Oñate Enrique , Esteruelas Miguel A. , Saá Carlos 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA novel osmium‐catalyzed cyclization of o‐alkynyl phenethylamines to give 3‐benzazepines is reported. The procedure allows the straightforward preparation of a broad range of dopaminergic 3‐benzazepine derivatives. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the process takes place via osmacyclopropene intermediates, which were isolated and characterized by X‐ray crystallography.
Effect of multi‐branched PDLA additives on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of blends with PLLA
Authors: Torres Lennard , McMahan Colleen , Ramadan Lucas , Holtman Kevin M. , Tonoli Gustavo H. D. , Flynn Allison , Orts William J. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTStereocomplex formation between poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(d‐lactic acid) (PDLA) in the melt state was investigated and altered via the addition of multi‐branched poly(d‐lactide) (PDLA) additives. Two different multi‐branched PDLA additives, a 3‐arm and 4‐arm star‐shaped polymeric structure, were synthesized as potential heat resistance modifiers and incorporated into PLLA at 5, 10, and 20 (w/w) through melt blending. Mechanical and thermomechanical properties of these blends were compared with linear poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA) as well as with blends formed by the addition of two linear PDLA analogs that had similar molecular weights to their branched counterparts. Blends with linear PDLA additives exhibited two distinct melting peaks at 170–180°C and 200–250°C which implied that two distinct crystalline domains were present, that of the homopolymer and that of the stereocomplex, the more stable crystalline structure formed by the co‐crystallization of both d‐ and l‐lactide enantiomers. In contrast, blends of PLLA with multi‐branched PDLA formed a single broad melting peak indicative of mainly formation of the stereocomplex, behavior which was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The heat deflection temperature determined by thermal mechanical analysis was improved for all blends compared to neat PLLA, with increases of up to180°C for 20% addition of the 3‐arm PLLA additive. Rheological properties of the blends, as characterized by complex viscosity (η*), remained stable over a wide temperature range. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 132, 42858.
Role of the planar cell polarity gene Protein tyrosine kinase 7 in neural tube defects in humans
Authors: Wang Mingqin , De Marco Patrizia , Merello Elisa , Drapeau Pierre , Capra Valeria , Kibar Zoha 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundNeural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common congenital defects affecting approximately 1 in 1000 live births in North America. Their etiology is complex including environmental and genetic factors. Defects in the planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway have been strongly associated with NTDs in animal models and human cohorts. Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (Ptk7) was shown to cause a very severe form of NTDs called craniorachischisis in a mouse model and genetically interacts with a core PCP member Vangl2 where double heterozygotes suffer from spina bifida. In this study, we examined the role of PTK7 in human NTDs to determine whether variants at this gene predispose to these defects.MethodsWe sequenced the coding region and the exon‐intron junctions of PTK7 in a cohort of 473 patients affected with various forms of open and closed NTDs. Novel and rare variants(<1%) were genotyped in a cohort of 473 individuals. Their pathogenic effect was predicted in silico and functionally in an overexpression assay in a well‐established zebrafish model.ResultsWe identified in our cohort 6 rare variants, 3 of which were absent in public databases. One variant, p.Gly348Ser, acted as a hypermorph when overexpressed in the zebrafish model.ConclusionWe detected potentially pathogenic PTK7 variants in 1.1% of our NTD cohort. Our findings implicate PTK7 as a risk factor for NTDs and provide additional evidence for a pathogenic role of PCP signaling in these malformations. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 103:1021–1027, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.