bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between body mass and field metabolic rate among individual birds and mammals
Authors: Hudson Lawrence N. , Isaac Nick J. B. , Reuman Daniel C. 
Published: May 2013

Summary

The power‐law dependence of metabolic rate on body mass has major implications at every level of ecological organization. However, the overwhelming majority of studies examining this relationship have used basal or resting metabolic rates, and/or have used data consisting of species‐averaged masses and metabolic rates. Field metabolic rates are more ecologically relevant and are probably more directly subject to natural selection than basal rates. Individual rates might be more important than species‐average rates in determining the outcome of ecological interactions, and hence selection.

We here provide the first comprehensive database of published field metabolic rates and body masses of individual birds and mammals, containing measurements of 1498 animals of 133 species in 28 orders. We used linear mixed‐effects models to answer questions about the body mass scaling of metabolic rate and its taxonomic universality/heterogeneity that have become classic areas of controversy. Our statistical approach allows mean scaling exponents and taxonomic heterogeneity in scaling to be analysed in a unified way while simultaneously accounting for nonindependence in the data due to shared evolutionary history of related species.

The mean power‐law scaling exponents of metabolic rate vs. body mass relationships were 0·71 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 0·625–0·795] for birds and 0·64 (95% CI 0·564–0·716) for mammals. However, these central tendencies obscured meaningful taxonomic heterogeneity in scaling exponents. The primary taxonomic level at which heterogeneity occurred was the order level. Substantial heterogeneity also occurred at the species level, a fact that cannot be revealed by species‐averaged data sets used in prior work. Variability in scaling exponents at both order and species levels was comparable to or exceeded the differences 3/4−2/3 = 1/12 and 0·71−0·64.

Results are interpreted in the light of a variety of existing theories. In particular, results are consistent with the heat dissipation theory of Speakman & Król (2010) and provided some support for the metabolic levels boundary hypothesis of Glazier (2010).

Our analysis provides the first comprehensive empirical analysis of the scaling relationship between field metabolic rate and body mass in individual birds and mammals. Our data set is a valuable contribution to those interested in theories of the allometry of metabolic rates.
Modelling the effect of landscape heterogeneity on the efficacy of vaccination for wildlife infectious disease control
Authors: Rees Erin E. , Pond Bruce A. , Tinline Rowland R. , Bélanger Denise 
Published: May 2013

SummaryZoonotic disease control presents significant costs and challenges in human and wildlife populations. Although spatial variability and temporal variability in host populations play a significant role influencing the spread and persistence of pathogens, their impact on the effectiveness of disease control are not well understood.Field studies are impractical for many zoonotic diseases; thus, simulation modelling is an alternative. Some research has experimented with metapopulation models of host–pathogen systems, with discrete host populations distributed on a network of connections or on a one‐dimensional transect of contiguous cells. Little attention has been paid to treating geographic space as a fine‐grained two‐dimensional continuum, a more appropriate spatial model for many generalist host and vector species.Using raccoon rabies as an example, we apply an individual‐based spatially explicit stochastic simulation model to evaluate effectiveness of vaccination barrier strategies to control rabies. Barrier width and immunization levels are varied over landscapes with habitats of varying quality and spatial heterogeneity, resulting in varying degrees of host connectivity.Our results demonstrate that spatial heterogeneity in the landscape does affect vaccination efficacy. The probability that rabies will breach a vaccination barrier is greater and rabies incidence is higher in landscapes with (i) overall good‐quality homogeneous habitat and (ii) overall poor‐quality habitat with high spatial heterogeneity, than in landscapes with overall good‐quality habitat and high spatial heterogeneity. The influence of landscape conditions on disease dynamics decreases with increasing population immunity.Synthesis and applications. Using a spatially explicit stochastic simulation model, we demonstrated that landscape spatial heterogeneity and vaccination control will interact to influence the success of controlling infectious disease outbreaks. Further, under some landscape conditions, insufficient vaccination is counter‐productive because immunized individuals (i) reduce the number of disease transmitting contacts, preventing the disease from growing rapidly thus depleting the susceptible population; and (ii) survive to replenish the stock of susceptible animals through reproduction, facilitating disease persistence.
Private hospital emergency departments in Australia: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: FitzGerald Gerry , Toloo Ghasem , He Jun , Doig Gavin , Rosengren David , Rothwell Sean , Sultana Ron , Costello Steve , Hou Xiang‐Yu 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundPublic hospital EDs in Australia have become increasingly congested because of increasing demand and access block. Six per cent of ED patients attend private hospital EDs whereas 45% of the population hold private health insurance.ObjectivesThis study describes the patients attending a small selection of four private hospital EDs in Queensland and Victoria, and tests the feasibility of a private ED database.MethodsDe‐identified routinely collected patient data were provided by the four participating private hospital and amalgamated into a single data set.ResultThe mean age of private ED patients was 52 years. Males outnumbered females in all age groups except > 80 years. Attendance was higher on weekends and Mondays, and between 08.00 and 20.00 h. There were 6.6% of the patients triaged as categories 1 and 2, and 60% were categories 4 or 5. There were 36.4% that required hospital admission. Also, 96% of the patients had some kind of insurance. Furthermore, 72% were self‐referred and 12% were referred by private medical practitioners. Approximately 25% arrived by ambulance. There were 69% that completed their ED treatment within 4 h.ConclusionThis study is the first public description of patients attending private EDs in Australia. Private EDs have a significant role to play in acute medical care and in providing access to private hospitals which could alleviate pressure on public EDs. This study demonstrates the need for consolidated data based on a consistent data set and data dictionary to enable system‐wide analysis, benchmarking and evaluation.
Genomic Resources Notes accepted 1 February 2013–31 March 2013
Authors:   Genomic Resources Development Consortium, King Matthew G. , Renaut Sébastien , Rieseberg Loren H. , Rowe Heather C. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article documents the public availability of three transcriptome sequences. These genomic resources were developed for the following species: Helianthus anomalus, Helianthus deserticola and Helianthus paradoxus.
Comparison between poor and long‐term survivors with glioblastoma: Review of an Australian dataset
Authors: Field Kathryn Maree , Rosenthal Mark Andrew , Yilmaz Merve , Tacey Mark , Drummond Kate 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimsDespite the largely poor prognosis for patients with glioblastoma, 5‐year survival approaches 10%. In many circumstances the reasons for discrepant outcomes remain unknown. This retrospective cohort study compared clinical and socio‐demographic variables between long‐term and poor survivors with glioblastoma.MethodsData from patients with glioblastoma diagnosed from 1998–2010 were accessed from two institutions. The cohort was divided into poor (<6 months), average (6–24 months) and long‐term (>24 months) survivors. Clinical and socio‐demographic variables were compared.ResultsIn total 529 patients were included; 221 (42%) were poor, 260 (49%) average and 48 (9%) long‐term survivors. Those surviving >24 months were younger and significantly more likely to be in a higher socioeconomic status group; be of a better performance status; have a frontal lobe tumor; have a craniotomy (rather than a biopsy); have a macroscopic resection; have two or more operations; and participate in a clinical trial. Country of birth, regional versus city residence and public versus private hospital treatment were not associated with differential survival outcomes. An ordered logistic regression analysis showed that age, performance status, extent of resection and clinical trial participation were independently associated with survival.ConclusionReassuringly, no statistically significant socio‐demographic differences exist when comparing long‐term and poor survivors with glioblastoma. Patients surviving more than 2 years were significantly more likely to have participated in a clinical trial. This research could contribute towards informing further research on prognostic variables for patients with glioblastoma.
A UK retrospective observational study of clinical outcomes and healthcare resource utilisation of infliximab treatment in Crohn's disease
Authors: Lindsay J. O. , Chipperfield R. , Giles A. , Wheeler C. , Orchard T. ,   The INDIGO study investigators
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYBackgroundCrohn's disease (CD) places a substantial burden on healthcare systems, with the majority of costs arising from hospitalisation and surgery.AimTo evaluate the ‘real‐world’ clinical effectiveness, impact on healthcare utilisation and cost of infliximab for the treatment of CD in UK practice.MethodsA non‐interventional, retrospective analysis of medical records from patients with CD treated with infliximab at 18 hospital centres across the UK. The primary objective was to compare cumulative clinical outcomes and healthcare resource utilisation for the 0‐ to 24‐month post‐infliximab period with the 12 months preceding infliximab treatment. Predefined outcomes included the number of elective surgical procedures, hospitalisations and healthcare provider consultations. Costs associated with healthcare utilisation were collected from the perspective of the UK National Health Service (NHS).ResultsThe study involved 380 patients. Infliximab significantly reduced the mean number of elective (from 0.18 to 0.11; P = 0.0035) and non‐elective (from 0.46 to 0.29; P < 0.0001) hospitalisations, and the number of consultations with gastroenterologists, gastrointestinal surgeons and radiologists (from 4.0 to 3.5, from 0.7 to 0.5 and from 0.5 to 0.2, respectively; all P < 0.001); all decreases were associated with significant cost reductions. The mean number of elective surgical procedures (including correction of severe anal fistulae and abscess drainage) was significantly reduced.ConclusionsThe observed reductions in numbers of hospitalisations, surgical procedures and consultations with healthcare professionals are key indicators of the clinical effectiveness of infliximab for the treatment of CD. These benefits result in overall decreases in healthcare resource utilisation, which translate into cost savings for the NHS.
Outcome in patients with exclusive carcinoma in situ (CIS) after radical cystectomy
Authors: Zehnder Pascal , Moltzahn Felix , Daneshmand Siamak , Leahy Marya , Cai Jie , Miranda Gus , Bartsch Georg , Mitra Anirban P. , Skinner Donald G. , Skinner Eila C. , Gill Inderbir S. 
Published: May 2013

Objective
To evaluate oncological outcomes of patients with carcinoma in situ (CIS) exclusively at radical cystectomy (RC) and no previous history of ≥T1 disease.
Patients and Methods
Patients undergoing RC with curative intent for CIS between 1971 and 2008 at the University of Southern California were included if they met all the following criteria: (i) pathological CIS‐only disease at RC, (ii) preoperative clinical stage cCIS and/or cCIS + cTa, and (iii) no previous history of lamina propria invasion (≥pT1).
Kaplan–Meier plots were used to estimate the probabilities of recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS).
Results
Of the 1964 consented patients 52 met the inclusion criteria with a median (range) follow‐up of 8.5 (0.008–34) years.
A median (range) of 36 (10–95) lymph nodes were identified per patient but no metastases found.
Estimated 5‐ and 10‐year RFS rates were 94% and 90%, respectively and estimated 5‐ and 10‐year OS rates were 85% and 66%, respectively.
Different mechanisms of recurrence were found in four (8%) patients after a median (range) interval of 2.4 (0.6–7.1) years. While two patients had metachronous recurrence within the urinary tract, the first of the other two had early systemic recurrence and the second late local recurrence.
Conclusions
We noticed excellent outcomes after RC for CIS‐only disease.
However, patients may have synchronous and/or develop metachronous tumours, as well as local and/or distant/systemic recurrence that can be cured but may also lead to fatal outcomes.
Histology core‐specific evaluation of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) standardised scoring system of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of the prostate
Authors: Kuru Timur H. , Roethke Matthias C. , Rieker Philip , Roth Wilfried , Fenchel Michael , Hohenfellner Markus , Schlemmer Heinz‐Peter , Hadaschik Boris A. 
Published: May 2013

Objectives
To evaluate the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PIRADS) in multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) based on single cores and single‐core histology.
To calculate positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of different modalities of mpMRI.
Patients and Methods
We performed MRI‐targeted transrectal ultrasound‐guided perineal prostate biopsies on 50 patients (mean age 66 years, mean PSA level of 9.9 ng/mL) with suspicion of prostate cancer. The biopsy trajectories of every core taken were documented in three dimensions (3D) in a 3D‐prostate model.
Every core was evaluated separately for prostate cancer and the performed biopsy trajectories were projected on mpMRI images.
PIRADS scores of 1177 cores were then assessed by a histology ‘blinded’ uro‐radiologist in T2‐weighted (T2W), dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE), diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).
Results
The PIRADS score was significantly higher in cores positive for cancer than in negative cores.
There was a significant correlation between the PIRADS score and histopathology for every modality.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed excellent specificity for T2W (90% peripheral zone/97% transition zone) and DWI (98%/97%) images regardless of the prostate region observed. These numbers decreased for DCE (80%/93%) and MRS (76%/83%).
All modalities had NPVs of 99%, if a PIRADS score threshold of 2 (for T2W, DCE, and MRS) or 3 (for DWI) was used. However, PPVs were low.
Conclusions
Our results show that PIRADS scoring is feasible for clinical routine and allows standardised reporting.
PIRADS can be used as a decision‐support system for targeting of suspicious lesions.
mpMRI has a high NPV for prostate cancer and, thus, might be a valuable tool in the initial diagnostic evaluation.
Discovery of Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A Inhibitors Using Virtual Screening and the Relaxed Complex Scheme
Authors: Chan Albert H. , Wereszczynski Jeff , Amer Brendan R. , Yi Sung Wook , Jung Michael E. , McCammon J. Andrew , Clubb Robert T. 
Published: May 2013

Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of hospital‐acquired infections in the United States. The emergence of multidrug‐resistant strains of S. aureus has created an urgent need for new antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus uses the sortase A enzyme to display surface virulence factors suggesting that compounds that inhibit its activity will function as potent anti‐infective agents. Here, we report the identification of several inhibitors of sortase A using virtual screening methods that employ the relaxed complex scheme, an advanced computer‐docking methodology that accounts for protein receptor flexibility. Experimental testing validates that several compounds identified in the screen inhibit the activity of sortase A. A lead compound based on the 2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐perimidine scaffold is particularly promising, and its binding mechanism was further investigated using molecular dynamics simulations and conducting preliminary structure–activity relationship studies.
Effects of directly autotransplanted tibial bone marrow aspirates on bone regeneration and osseointegration of dental implants
Authors: Payer Michael , Lohberger Birgit , Strunk Dirk , Reich Karoline M. , Acham Stephan , Jakse Norbert 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectivesAim of the pilot trial was to evaluate applicability and effects of directly autotransplanted tibial bone marrow (BM) aspirates on the incorporation of porous bovine bone mineral in a sinus lift model and on the osseointegration of dental implants.Material and methodsSix edentulous patients with bilaterally severely resorbed maxillae requiring sinus augmentation and implant treatment were included. During surgery, tibial BM was harvested and added to bone substitute material (Bio‐Oss®) at the randomly selected test site. At control sites, augmentation was performed with Bio‐Oss® alone. The cellular content of each BM aspirate was checked for multipotency and surface antigen expression as quality control. Histomorphometric analysis of biopsies from the augmented sites after 3 and 6 months (during implantation) was used to evaluate effects on bone regeneration. Osseointegration of implants was evaluated with Periotest® and radiographic means.ResultsMultipotent cellular content in tibial BM aspirates was comparable to that in punctures from the iliac crest. No significant difference in amount of new bone formation and the integration of bone substitute particles was detected histomorphometrically. Periotest® values and radiographs showed successful osseointegration of inserted implants at all sites.ConclusionDirectly autotransplanted tibial BM aspirates did not show beneficial regenerative effects in the small study population (N = 6) of the present pilot trial. However, the proximal tibia proved to be a potential donor site for small quantities of BM. Future trials should clarify whether concentration of tibial BM aspirates could effect higher regenerative potency.
Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs second study (DAWN2™): Cross‐national benchmarking indicators for family members living with people with diabetes
Authors: Kovacs Burns K. , Nicolucci A. , Holt R. I. G. , Willaing I. , Hermanns N. , Kalra S. , Wens J. , Pouwer F. , Skovlund S. E. , Peyrot M. ,   the DAWN2 Study Group
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimsThe second Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2) study examined the experiences of family members of people with diabetes for benchmarking and identifying unmet needs or areas for improvement to assist family members and those with diabetes to effectively self‐manage.MethodsIn total, 2057 family members of people with diabetes participated in an online, telephone or in‐person survey designed to assess the impact of diabetes on family life, family support for people with diabetes and educational and community support.ResultsSupporting a relative with diabetes was perceived as a burden by 35.3% (range across countries 10.6–61.7%) of respondents. Over half of respondents [51.4% (22.5–76.0%)] rated their quality of life as ‘good’ or ‘very good’. However, distress about the person with diabetes was high, with 61.3% (31.5–86.4%) worried about hypoglycaemia. The impact of diabetes on aspects of life was felt by 51.8% (46.9–58.6%). The greatest negative effect was on emotional well‐being [44.6% (31.8–63.0%)], although depression was less common [11.6% (4.2–20.0%)]. Many respondents did not know how to help the person with diabetes [37.1% (17.5–53.0%)] and wanted to be more involved in their care [39.4% (15.5–61.7%)]. Participation in diabetes educational programmes was low [23.1% (9.4–43.3%)], although most of those who participated found them helpful [72.1% (42.1–90.3%)].ConclusionsDiabetes has a negative impact on family members of people with diabetes. DAWN2 provides benchmarking indicators of family members' psychosocial needs that will help identify the support required for, and from, them to improve the lives of people with diabetes and their families.
The inhibitory effects of rose powdery mildew infection on the oviposition behaviour and performance of beet armyworms
Authors: Yang Fa‐zhong , Li Yan , Yang Bin 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn this study, we investigated whether the oviposition behaviour and performance of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on the rose cultivar Rosa chinensis Jacq. (Rosaceae) were affected when the plants were infected by rose powdery mildew, Podosphaera pannosa (Wallr.: Fr.) de Bary (Erysiphales). The bioassays revealed that the moths significantly avoided ovipositing on mildew‐infected rose leaves when compared to healthy leaves. Pupal weights, emergence rates, and fecundity decreased when the caterpillars were fed mildewed rose leaves. Further laboratory bioassays aimed to elucidate the effects of two volatile headspace extracts (separately collected from healthy and mildewed rose plants) on the oviposition behaviour and performance of the moths. The moths clearly preferred to oviposit on healthy rose leaves that were not sprayed with additional volatiles rather than on healthy leaves sprayed with the volatile extracts from mildewed plants. The mean number of eggs laid on the former leaves was more than six times higher than that laid on the latter leaves. Olfactory bioassays demonstrated that ovipositing moths were significantly more attracted to volatiles emitted by healthy rose leaves than to those emitted by mildew‐infected leaves. Similar results were obtained when comparisons were made between the volatile extracts collected from healthy and mildewed rose plants. Thus, volatiles from mildew‐infected roses have a strong inhibitory effect against the moths. These results indicated that rose volatiles play a role in the oviposition behaviour of the moths, and that the volatiles induced by powdery mildew might be used for insect control.
Resveratrol induces autophagy through death‐associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) in human dermal fibroblasts under normal culture conditions
Authors: Choi Min Sik , Kim Yoonkyung , Jung Ji‐Yong , Yang Seung Ha , Lee Tae Ryong , Shin Dong Wook 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAutophagy is an essential process degrading damaged components. Although resveratrol has various beneficial activities for health, little is known about the effects of resveratrol on autophagy in skin. We investigated whether resveratrol affects autophagy in human dermal fibroblasts grown in complete medium. We found that after the resveratrol treatment, LC3‐II reached a maximum level at 8 h and then gradually decreased. By PCR array analysis, we identified death‐associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) as a new target of resveratrol, and we confirmed that the expression level of DAPK1 was enhanced by resveratrol. We also demonstrated that DAPK1 knock‐down by siRNA was sufficient to reduce resveratrol‐induced autophagy but did not affect the phosphorylation level of AMP‐activated kinase (AMPK), a well‐known target of resveratrol. These data indicate that resveratrol‐induced autophagy can be mediated by DAPK1, raising the possibility that some of the beneficial effects of resveratrol may be due to its regulation of DAPK1.