bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die vier Nicaanse merktekens van die kerk as rigtingwysers in ‘n ekklesiologiese diskoers
Authors: Schalekamp M. Etienne , De Klerk Ben J. 
Published: November 2012

Die ondersoek het rondom die vier begrippe in die Geloofsbelydenis van Nicea gesentreer, naamlik eenheid, heiligheid, katolisiteit en apostolisiteit. Die vraag wat nagegaan was, is of hierdie vier merktekens kan dien as riglyne in ’n ekklesiologiese diskoers. In die artikel was eerstens aandag gegee aan die Belydenis van Nicea oor die merktekens van die kerk, daarna was nagevors of die vier merktekens reeds in beginsel in die brief aan die Efesiërs gevind kan word, en laastens is die merktekens kursories openbarings-histories getoets volgens die briewe aan die sewe gemeentes in Openbaring. Die bevindings wat gemaak is kom op die volgende neer: die kerk in die eerste eeue, volgens die merktekens van die kerk, het sy identiteit vanuit haar oorsprong missionêr geïdentifiseer en daarom was die merktekens in hulle gerigtheid op die aktiwiteit (taak) van die kerk steeds missionêr, om uitdrukking te gee aan die missionêre identiteit van die kerk. Die vier merktekens van die kerk, naamlik eenheid, heiligheid, katolisiteit en apostolisiteit, behoort steeds bepalend vir die kerk se missionêrekklesiologiese identiteit te wees.The four marks of the church in the Confession of Nicea as guidelines in an ecclesiological discours. The research centred around the four concepts in the Confession of Nicea namely unity, holiness, catholicity and apostolicity. The question investigated was whether these four marks could serve as guidelines for an ecclesiological discourse. In this article attention was firstly paid to the Confession of Nicea about the marks of the church, next it was looked into whether these marks could in principle be traced in the letter to the Ephesians. Lastly, the the marks were tested in a revelation-historically, cursory manner and in accordance with the letters to the seven congregations in Revelations. The conclusions reached amounted to the following: during the earliest centuries and/or ages the church identified, in accordance with the marks of the church, its identity as being missionary. That is why the marks in their alignment to the activities of the church, are still missionary, to give expression to the missionary identity of the church. The four marks of the church namely unity, holiness, catholicity and apostolicity should still be determining the missionary ecclesiological identity of the church.
Food uses of ferns in China: a review
Authors: Liu Yujing , Wujisguleng Wujisguleng , Long Chunlin 
Published: November 2012

Edible ferns are some of the most important wild vegetables in China. This paper reviews their food uses. The history of eating ferns in China may go back as far as 3000 years. An ethnobotanical inventory of edible ferns was created, with 52 species (including 4 varieties), which were traditionally used. The potential species number of edible ferns was estimated as 144 species (including 4 varieties). The cuisines, products and chemical components of ferns were also summarized. The most commonly eaten fern, <em>Pteridium aquilinum </em>var. <em>latiusculum</em>, was discussed in terms of its toxicity, massive productivity and development strategies. Suggestions and recommendations were proposed for the future development of edible ferns in China.
L’appareil analytique et ses modèles
Authors: Gauthier Yvon 
Published: November 2012

Cet article propose une notion constructiviste de modèle dans la théorie physique applicable à la théorie scientifique en général, c’est-à-dire aussi bien dans les sciences exactes que dans les sciences sociales et humaines. La distinction entre appareil analytique et appareil expérimental par la médiation des modèles permet en effet de généraliser une notion qui est d’abord apparue dans les fondements de la physique chez David Hilbert et John von Neumann. Si l’on consent à inverser les flèches ou homomorphismes qui vont de l’appareil analytique, ensemble des structures logicomathématiques, à l’appareil expérimental, ensemble des données empiriques et des procédures expérimentales, on peut remonter par la modélisation des données jusqu’à l’appareil analytique qui assure la consistance ou cohérence logique de la théorie scientifique, qu’elle relève des sciences exactes ou des sciences sociales.
Une telle articulation des savoirs peut apparaître formelle, mais elle a l’avantage de rassembler les entreprises scientifiques dans un schème unificateur qui jette une lumière nouvelle sur le débat majeur en philosophie des sciences contemporaine, la confrontation du réalisme et de l’antiréalisme, qui a des répercussions tant en philosophie de la physique qu’en philosophie du langage et en philosophie de la logique, ou encore en philosophie des sciences sociales, si l’on en croit Jürgen Habermas ou les tenants du contructionnisme appelé jadis constructivisme social ou socioconstructivisme.
L’article conclut sur la distinction qu’il faut opérer entre le constructivisme logicomathématique et le contructionnisme, comme le dénomme Ian Hacking, pour bien marquer la distance qui sépare les postures fondationnelles ou les options philosophiques dans ce qu’il faut bien appeler « logique de la science », selon l’expression du grand philosophe pragmatiste Charles Sanders Peirce reprise par des empiristes logiques comme Rudolf Carnap.
Palindromic Structure in the “Pardoner's Tale”
Authors: TREANOR LUCIA 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT
This paper explains the medieval writing process known as palindromic structure, a face of anagogy that, as far as we can determine, has largely been ignored in literary criticism. It begins by examining the “little verses” of Augustine of Dacia that were a staple of schoolboy studies, and demonstrates how the verses were used to teach the creative process to students of Latin composition. Then, after introducing Mary Douglas's criteria for identifying the structure, it sets forth Chaucer's “Pardoner's Tale” as a well-balanced palindrome, arguing for authorial intentionality by referencing a section of the “Parson's Tale.” It offers John Dryden's observations about Chaucer's characters—which he has written in palindromic structure—to show that later British authors were aware of Chaucer's method, and concludes by giving evidence that Chaucer knew some Greek.
Conductive PANi/PEGDA Macroporous Hydrogels For Nerve Regeneration
Authors: Guarino Vincenzo , Alvarez‐Perez Marco Antonio , Borriello Anna , Napolitano Teresa , Ambrosio Luigi 
Published: November 2012

AbstractOnly recently polymers with intrinsic conductive properties have been studied in relation to their incorporation into bioactive scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. The reason for this interest is that such scaffolds could electrically stimulate cells and thus regulate specific cellular activities, and by this means influence the process of regeneration of those tissues that respond to electrical impulses. In our work, macroporous hydrogels are developed with controlled pore morphology and conductive properties to enable sufficient cell signaling to supply events inherent to nerve regeneration. A hybrid material has been prepared by in situ precipitation of polyaniline (PANi) in polyethyleneglycol diacrylate (PEGDA) solution, followed by crosslinking via UV irradiation. A porous architecture, characterized by macropores from 136 μm to 158 μm in size, has been achieved by sodium chloride particle leaching. In this work, we demonstrate that PANi synthesis and hydrogel crosslinking combine to enable the design of materials with suitable conductive behaviour. The presence of PANi evidently increased the electrical conductivity of the hybrid material from (1.1 ± 0.5) × 10−3 mS/cm with a PANi content of 3wt%. The hydrophilic nature of PANi also enhanced water retention/proton conductivity by more than one order of magnitude. In vitro studies confirmed that 3 wt% PANi also improve the biological response of PC12 and hMSC cells. Hybrid PANi/PEGDA macroporous hydrogels supplement new functionalities in terms of morphological and conductive properties, both of which are essential prerequisites to drive nerve cells in regenerative processes.
Towards Smart Tattoos: Implantable Biosensors for Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Authors: Heo Yun Jung , Takeuchi Shoji 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDiabetes can strike at any age, from childhood to adulthood, and lasts a lifetime. Thus, it is important to find ways to increase the quality of life for diabetic patients through intensive, continuous care of blood glucose concentrations. Glucose biosensors that are implanted under the skin are promising for continuous glucose monitoring because they can constantly read blood glucose concentrations and signal a warning in case of hypo‐ or hyperglycemia. The demand for subcutaneous glucose biosensors has led to the development of many glucose‐sensing principles and sensor designs. This Review covers the effort to develop subcutaneous glucose biosensors, including the glucose‐sensing principles, and discusses their current status for in vivo monitoring. In addition, the Review examines the future prospects for intensive diabetes care.
Catechol‐Based Biomimetic Functional Materials
Authors: Sedó Josep , Saiz‐Poseu Javier , Busqué Felix , Ruiz‐Molina Daniel 
Published: November 2012

AbstractCatechols are found in nature taking part in a remarkably broad scope of biochemical processes and functions. Though not exclusively, such versatility may be traced back to several properties uniquely found together in the o‐dihydroxyaryl chemical function; namely, its ability to establish reversible equilibria at moderate redox potentials and pHs and to irreversibly cross‐link through complex oxidation mechanisms; its excellent chelating properties, greatly exemplified by, but by no means exclusive, to the binding of Fe3+; and the diverse modes of interaction of the vicinal hydroxyl groups with all kinds of surfaces of remarkably different chemical and physical nature. Thanks to this diversity, catechols can be found either as simple molecular systems, forming part of supramolacular structures, coordinated to different metal ions or as macromolecules mostly arising from polymerization mechanisms through covalent bonds. Such versatility has allowed catechols to participate in several natural processes and functions that range from the adhesive properties of marine organisms to the storage of some transition metal ions. As a result of such an astonishing range of functionalities, catechol‐based systems have in recent years been subject to intense research, aimed at mimicking these natural systems in order to develop new functional materials and coatings. A comprehensive review of these studies is discussed in this paper.
Solvated Graphenes: An Emerging Class of Functional Soft Materials
Authors: Cheng Chi , Li Dan 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFrom a materials science point of view, graphene is essentially a polymer having a giant, two‐dimensional molecular configuration. In this Progress Report, solvated graphene and its derivatives are illustrated from the perspective of soft matter. Firstly, the key appealing features of graphene as a molecular building block for assembling bulk soft materials are highlighed. It is then demonstrated how the intersheet interactions in solution are correlated with the molecular structure of graphene, and how a combination of the unique molecular structure and colloidal interactions can lead to simple, solution‐phase approaches for assembling graphenes into a variety of macroscopic nanoarchitectures. A number of new exciting functions and applications are also highlighted, which are enabled by the solvation effect and in particular, it is discussed why and how solvated graphenes can offer exciting functions that are unattainable with the dried, hard counterpart. The discussion is concluded with some personal perspectives on the future directions in which this emerging class of functional soft materials could be pursued.
Highly‐Tunable Nickel Cobalt Oxide as a Low‐Temperature P‐Type Contact in Organic Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Ndione Paul F. , Garcia Andres , Widjonarko N. Edwin , Sigdel Ajaya K. , Steirer K. Xerxes , Olson Dana C. , Parilla Philip A. , Ginley David S. , Armstong Neal R. , Richards Robin E. , Ratcliff Erin L. , Berry Joseph J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe report on the investigation of nickel cobalt oxide (NixCo3−xO4) thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition as hole‐transport interlayers (HTL) in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. Films of 7 nm thickness were grown under various oxygen deposition pressures (pO2) in the range of 2–200 mTorr. We explore both bulk and surface properties of these thin films. The workfunction (ϕ) for each of the films was statistically similar (∼4.7 eV), regardless of pO2. There was not a strong dependence of the power conversion efficiency (η) on the conductivities of the HTLs varying between 0.009 ‐ 10 S/cm. The observed differences in OPV efficiencies (ranging from 1.16 to 2.46%) were correlated to the near surface chemical composition of the NixCo3−xO4 HTL, as observed by differences in the relative surface hydroxyl concentration. The critical role of the near‐surface composition of the HTL at the HTL/organic interface was further explored by modifying the hydroxyl concentration using an oxygen plasma treatment. This treatment mitigated the impact of surface hydroxyl coverage, demonstrating either identical or increased values for ϕ and η, regardless of initial pO2 in the creation of the NixCo3−xO4 HTL. To further explore this we also employed a phosphonic acid surface modification agent on the HTL, increasing ϕ to 5.2 eV producing the best η value of 3.4%, equivalent to the PEDOT:PSS control devices. These results indicate that nickel cobalt oxide is a promising p‐type oxide for carrier‐selective interlayers in organic solar cells; however, for this to be fully realized the specific surface chemistry at the oxide/polymer interface must be controlled to increase ϕ and optimize device performance.
Intakes of vitamin C and carotenoids and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Pooled results from 5 cohort studies
Authors: Fitzgerald Kathryn C. , O'Reilly Éilis J. , Fondell Elinor , Falcone Guido J. , McCullough Marjorie L. , Park Yikyung , Kolonel Laurence N. , Ascherio Alberto 
Published: November 2012

ObjectivePrior research has suggested the possible role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Prospective data examining dietary antioxidants such carotenoids and vitamin C are limited.MethodsRisk of ALS associated with carotenoid and vitamin C intake was investigated in 5 prospective cohorts: the National Institutes of Health–Association of American Retired Persons Diet and Health Study, the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, the Multiethnic Cohort, the Health Professionals Follow‐up Study (HPFS), and the Nurses Health Study (NHS). ALS deaths were documented using the National Death Index, and confirmed nonfatal ALS cases were included from HPFS and NHS. A total of 1,153 ALS deaths occurred among 1,100,910 participants (562,942 men; 537,968 women). Participants were categorized into cohort‐specific quintiles of intake for dietary variables. We applied Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate cohort‐specific risk ratios (RRs), and pooled results using random‐effects methods.ResultsA greater total major carotenoids intake was associated with a reduced risk of ALS (pooled, multivariate‐adjusted RR for the highest to the lowest quintile = 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.61–0.91, p for trend = 0.004). Individually, higher dietary intakes of β‐carotene and lutein were inversely associated with ALS risk. The pooled multivariate RRs comparing the highest to the lowest quintile for β‐carotene and lutein were 0.85 (95% CI = 0.64–1.13, p for trend = 0.03) and 0.79 (95% CI = 0.64–0.96, p for trend = 0.01), respectively. Lycopene, β‐cryptoxanthin, and vitamin C were not associated with reduced risk of ALS.InterpretationConsumption of foods high in carotenoids may help prevent or delay onset of ALS. ANN NEUROL 2013;73:236–245
Effect of epoxidized natural rubber on the properties of rectorite/carbon black/natural rubber nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Lei , Xiang Pu‐Yu , Zhang Li‐Qun , Wu You‐Ping 
Published: November 2012

AbstractEpoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was introduced into rectorite (REC)/carbon black/natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites by two ways: (1) the direct incorporation of ENR and (b) the incorporation of a spray‐dried REC/ENR compound. Transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the REC layers presented a nanodispersion structure in the REC/ENR compound. The vulcanization characteristics indicated that ENR increased the crosslinking density of the composites. The stronger reaction between the REC layers and ENR was verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the spray‐dried REC/ENR compound blended with NR versus that in the REC/NR master batch blended with ENR. As a result, the physical properties, such as the mechanical properties, cutting and chipping resistance, and abrasion resistance, of the composites were greatly increased by the addition of the REC/ENR compound. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effect of PLA crystallization on the structure of biomimetic composites of PLA and clay
Authors: Boesel Luciano F. , de Geus Matthijs , Thöny‐Meyer Linda 
Published: November 2012

AbstractComposites of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and organoclays with clay loadings of up to 80% were prepared as self‐supporting films using a doctor‐blading approach. Depending on the properties of the used organoclay, either intercalated nanocomposites or conventional composites were obtained. The incorporation of such high amounts of clay resulted in up to 10‐fold decrease in the water vapor transmission rate when compared to the pristine polymer. The effect of clay platelets on the crystallization of PLA chains was also studied; it was found that high amounts of clay hinder only the melt crystallization of the polymer, whereas cold crystallization proceeds as usual. On the other hand, the crystallization of PLA also influenced the composite structure by increasing the extent of intercalation of polymer between clay layers. This study thus shows that the change in the extent of clay‐polymer interactions is also an important factor in controlling nanocomposite structure, especially for high loading. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The dominant role of polymer erosion in paclitaxel release from folate‐modified poly(ether‐anhydride) nanocarrier
Authors: Liu Xipan , Pan Dan , Guo Qian , Zhao Yanjun , Wang Zheng 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis study designed a photo‐crosslinkable poly(ether‐anhydride) nanocarrier with folate modification to achieve both biodegradability and active targeting. The nanocarrier consists of a hydrophobic polymer core and a shell of folate and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol). Nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to verify the synthesis and relevant intermediate products. The nanocarrier was characterized in terms of morphology and diameter using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The results showed that the size of spherical nanocarriers located within 200–400 nm. The cellular uptake profile of nanocarriers in HeLa cells was examined using fluorescence microscope with the help of a fluorescent molecule and the folate‐modified nanocarrier exhibited an enhanced uptake compared to that without modification. The nanocarrier degradation at physiological temperature was investigated gravimetrically and the in vitro release of model drug, paclitaxel (PTX) was examined via the dialysis method. The erosion rate of poly(ether‐anhydride) network was controlled by the crosslinking density and the hydrolytic susceptibility; the folate modification slightly slowed the degradation process. The time scale of PTX release perfectly matched with that of nanocarrier erosion; after 6 h more than 50% weight loss of nanocarrier was observed and meanwhile the drug release profile got plateaued, indicating the dominant role of polymer erosion in the release of the active agent from the nanocarriers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation and ionic conductive properties of all‐solid polymer electrolytes based on multiarm star block polymers
Authors: Ren Shitong , Chang Hefei , He Lijuan , Dang Xiaofei , Fang Yanyan , Zhang Liaoyun , Li Huayi , Hu Youliang , Lin Yuan 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA series of star block polymers with a hyperbranched core and 26 arms are successfully synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene (St), and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate from a hyperbranched polystyrene (HBPS) multifunctional initiator. All‐solid polymer electrolytes composed of these multiarm star polymers and lithium salts are prepared. The influences of polyoxyethylene (PEO) side‐chain length, PEO content, lithium salt concentration and type, and the structure of polymer on ionic conductivity are systematically investigated. The resulting polymer electrolyte with the longest PEO side chains exhibits the best ionic conductive properties. The maximum conductivity is 0.8 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25°C with EO/Li = 30. All the prepared multiarm star block polymers possess good thermal stability. The mechanical property is greatly improved owing to the existence of polystyrene blocks in the multiarm star polymer molecules, and flexible films can be obtained by solution‐casting technique. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
An easy method for the preparation of anion exchange membranes: Graft‐polymerization of ionic liquids in porous supports
Authors: Merle Géraldine , Chairuna Annisa , Ven Erik Van de , Nijmeijer Kitty 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA novel way for anion exchange membrane (AEM) preparation has been investigated, avoiding the use of expensive and toxic chemicals. This new synthetic approach to prepare AEMs was based on the use of a porous polybenzylimidazole membrane as support in which functionalized ILs were introduced and subsequently grafted on the polymer backbone. These new AEMs were prepared and their chemical structures and properties including morphology, thermal stability, and ionic conductivity were characterized. The hydroxyl ionic conductivity of the synthesized membranes can reach values upto 6.62 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 20°C. Although the ionic conductivity is not very high yet, the work shows the strength of the concept. Membrane properties can be easily tailored toward specific applications by choosing the proper chemistry, i.e., porous polymer support, ionic liquid, and method of initiation and polymerization. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013