bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natura 2000 Within Discursive Space: The case of the Ria de Aveiro
Authors: Sumares David , Fidelis Teresa 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Ria de Aveiro, a Portuguese estuary protected under Natura 2000, has suffered strong development pressures in recent decades which, in combination with the decline of traditional activities, have caused severe environmental problems. To produce a description of the context's discursive dimension and identify obstacles for collaborative and coherent management of this complex socio‐ecological system, we have analysed the consultations related to the environmental assessment of five development projects and a programme for ‘integrated redevelopment and enhancement operations’ in priority coastal areas. The exact meaning of sustainability regarding the estuary is far from consensual among the different participants, and is often in conflict with the vision behind the planned interventions. In this paper, we identify and discuss key themes in local discourses that dialectically interrelate in ways that need to be considered by this territory's environmental governance and argue for the importance of discursive explorations on a case‐by‐case basis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
What Roles are There for Government in Voluntary Environmental Programmes?
Authors: van der Heijden Jeroen 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis article seeks to understand to a greater extent why and how governments are involved in voluntary environmental programmes (VEPs). A better understanding of the role(s) of government in VEPs is of relevance because the current VEP literature considers such involvement one of the key conditions that may explain VEP performance. Building on the existing VEP literature, the article maps, describes and contrasts the roles of governments in 40 VEPs in the building sector in Australia, the Netherlands, Singapore and the United States. It finds that governments are involved in almost all of these VEPs (95 per cent) and that governments predominantly take up traditional roles (i.e. initiating and leading VEPs and monitoring and enforcing VEPs), sometimes combined with innovative roles (i.e. supporting VEPs or assembling VEPs). This, the article argues, leaves opportunities for other modes of involvement unexplored, particularly those in which governments take up only innovative roles in VEPs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Modulating Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reactivity in Four‐Coordinate Nickel Complexes by Using Geometric Control
Authors: Petuker Anette , Merten Christian , Apfel Ulf‐Peter 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHerein, we present the synthesis of nickel complexes with tripodal phosphine ligands, CH3Si(CH2PPh2)3 and CH3C(CH2PPh2)3, and their application as catalysts in Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions in water. Although both types of nickel complexes are based on similar tripodal ligands, the Si‐derived compounds adopt stable tetrahedral coordination geometries, whereas the C‐derived counterparts adopt a square‐planar coordination environment. This structural and electronic difference has an important effect on the catalytic properties of the complexes. Our study demonstrates that C‐derived complexes are catalytically inactive, whereas the complexes [CH3Si(CH2PPh2)3NiX2] (X = Cl–, Br–) are competent catalysts for cross‐coupling reactions of aryl halides with phenylacetylenes. This investigation reveals the importance of structural tuning on catalysis and strongly supports the theory that tetrahedral (PR3)2NiCl2 complexes are the active species in Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions.
Modular Synthesis of Dihydroxyacetone Monoalkyl Ethers and Isosteric 1‐Hydroxy‐2‐alkanones
Authors: Güclü Deniz , Rale Madhura , Fessner Wolf‐Dieter 
Published: March 2015

AbstractStraightforward methods for the efficient, systematic preparation of libraries of the title compound classes have been evaluated. A general and efficient modular route to dihydroxyacetone monoethers was developed based on trityl glycidol, which, through epoxide opening, oxidation, and deprotection, provided variously alkylated ethers by three routine operations in good overall yields (eight examples, 24–59 %). The preparation of structurally related 1‐hydroxyalkanones depends on the availability of the most economic starting materials and on their physicochemical properties. Thus, the most practical one‐step approaches consisted of the sec‐selective oxidation of short‐chain 1,2‐diols (≤ C6) using NaOCl, and the direct ketohydroxylation of 1‐alkenes (≥ C6) using buffered stoichiometric KMnO4 or catalytic RuO4 with reoxidation by oxone, for which mostly good overall yields were achieved on a multigram scale (nine examples, 15–78 %).
Synthesis of 3,5,5‐Trisubstituted 4‐Hydroxy‐4H,5H‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoles through the Condensation of N‐Hydroxyamidoximes and Ketones or Aldehydes
Authors: Liu Ning , Zhai Lian‐Jie , Lian Peng , Li Hui , Wang Bo‐Zhou 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn interesting class of heterocyclic compounds, 1,2,4‐oxadiazoles and their derivatives have attracted the attention of chemists because of their use in the development of new pharmaceuticals and functional materials. Herein, a catalyst‐free reaction of N‐hydroxyamidoxime with various ketones or aldehydes has been investigated. The reaction was carried out in methanol under mild conditions and gave 3,5,5‐trisubstituted 4‐hydroxy‐4H,5H‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole derivatives in excellent yields. The structure of product 3f was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies.
A Diels–Alder Approach to a Communesin Model: A/B‐Cyclization Route
Authors: Sanzone Angelo , Somfai Peter 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCompound 3, a model system for communesin F, was approached by using a Diels–Alder reaction for the introduction of the vicinal quaternary stereocentres. Subsequent introduction of A/B‐ring system followed by D/E‐ring closure gave hexacyclic system 22. All attempts to reduce this material to give compound 3 were, however, unproductive.
Orders of magnitude increase in soil erosion associated with land use change from native to cultivated vegetation in a Brazilian savannah environment
Authors: Oliveira Paulo Tarso S. , Nearing Mark A. , Wendland Edson 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Brazilian savanna (cerrado) is a large and important economic and environmental region that is experiencing significant loss of its natural landscapes due to pressures of food and energy production, which in turn has caused large increases in soil erosion. However the magnitude of the soil erosion increases in this region is not well understood, in part because scientific studies of surface runoff and soil erosion are scarce or nonexistent in the cerrado as well as in other savannahs of the world. To understand the effects of deforestation we assessed natural rainfall‐driven rates of runoff and soil erosion on an undisturbed tropical woodland classified as ‘cerrado sensu stricto denso’ and bare soil. Results were evaluated and quantified in the context of the cover and management factor (C‐factor) of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Replicated data on precipitation, runoff, and soil loss on plots (5 × 20 m) under undisturbed cerrado and bare soil were collected for 77 erosive storms that occurred over 3 years (2012 through 2014). C‐factor was computed annually using values of rainfall erosivity and soil loss rate. We found an average runoff coefficient of ~20% for the plots under bare soil and less than 1% under undisturbed cerrado. The mean annual soil losses in the plots under bare soil and cerrado were 12.4 t ha‐1 yr‐1 and 0.1 t ha‐1 yr‐1, respectively. The erosivity‐weighted C‐factor for the undisturbed cerrado was 0.013. Surface runoff, soil loss and C‐factor were greatest in the summer and fall. Our results suggest that shifts in land use from the native to cultivated vegetation result in orders of magnitude increases in soil loss rates. These results provide benchmark values that will be useful to evaluate past and future land use changes using soil erosion models and have significance for undisturbed savanna regions worldwide. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Inexorable Historical Press of the Developing Evaluation Profession
Authors: Altschuld James W. , Engle Molly 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe history of the field of evaluation is described over the past half century to set the context for examining accreditation, certification, and credentialing that are the foci of this New Directions for Evaluation issue. What have been and are the current forces that guide us in regard to thinking about the three concepts? Understanding how evaluation is evolving is crucial for considering actions that might or might not be taken. To the extent possible this is done from a neutral stance without advocating or endorsing what should or could be done next. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Accreditation, Certification, Credentialing: Does It Help?
Authors: Shackman Gene 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe content and discussion of the first six chapters along with some key literature provide the basis upon which the author formulates his views about accreditation, certification, and credentialing. His position is that anything done would have to lead to better evaluations, and at present there is insufficient evidence about whether accreditation, certification, and credentialing would do so. Thus, the main goal now is to gather further evidence. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Elevated temperature adhesion testing of spray‐applied fire‐resistive materials
Authors: White Christopher C. , Tan Kar Tean , Hunston Donald L. , Byrd Eric W. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryEffective fire protection of steel can be fully realized when spray‐applied fire resistive materials (SFRMs) are bonded sufficiently to structural steel during the event of a fire. The adhesion mechanisms and characterization at elevated temperatures, however, have remained elusive, owing to a shortage of quantitative experimental measurements of adhesion between SFRMs and structural steel. In complement with recent efforts aiming to measure the adhesion at ambient temperature, this contribution reports an experimental method based on a fracture mechanics approach to quantify temperature dependent adhesion behaviors of SFRMs adhered to steel substrates.Using this test method, it is shown that a sharp loss in adhesion occurs at temperatures well below 200 °C, and a less severe rate at higher temperatures. Thermogravimetric analysis and quasi‐state uniaxial compression tests reveal that SFRMs undergo pronounced losses in mass and modulus upon elevated temperature exposures, respectively. Additionally, the dependence of the bulk properties on temperature correlates strongly with that of fracture energy. A mechanism based on mechanical softening and dehydration of SFRMs is proposed to explain the thermally induced adhesion loss. Furthermore, a comparison with the ASTM E736 was made by invoking a fracture mechanics theory. Calculation of bond strengths reveals temperature dependence analogous to the fracture energy data. Also, the residual bond strengths above 150 °C fall below the threshold value (i.e., ≥ 7.2 kPa or 150 lb/ft2) described in the ASTM E736. Importantly, the SFRMs are found to retain appreciable bond strengths greater than their own body masses, permitting them to remain intact in the event of a fire, in the absence of external perturbations. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Constraining clay hydration state and its role in active fault systems
Authors: Schleicher Anja M. , Hofmann Heiko , van der Pluijm Ben A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTo understand the role of hydrated clay minerals in active fault systems, a humidity chamber connected to an X‐ray diffractometer was used to determine the adsorption of water onto and/or into the crystal structure of smectite. This new type of analysis was carried out under specific temperature and humidity conditions, using powdered clay size fractions (< 2 µm) of rock samples from the San Andreas Fault (USA) and the Nankai Trough (Japan). Pressure cannot be controlled, but does not significantly affect clay swelling at shallow conditions. Air‐dried samples show a discrete smectite phase that swells after traditional ethylene glycolation to an interlayer distance of 1.5 and 1.7 nm. Using the humidity chamber, however, the samples show a shorter interlayer distance, between 1.09 and 1.54 nm. Based on our analysis, we show that (i) ethylene glycol overestimates the size of the interlayer space, and therefore water content, so is a crude maximum only; (ii) interlayer swelling occurs in smectite clay minerals at all temperatures between 25 and 95°C; and (iii) particle orientation increases with increasing humidity, indicating a higher mobility of smectite from interlayer hydration. Detailed characterization of the hydration state of smectite under original conditions is critical for understanding of clay‐fluid interaction, the mechanical behavior during fault displacements, and fluid budgets at depth. We propose that humidity chamber experiments should be the new standard procedure to constrain swelling characteristics of natural and synthetic clay minerals.
The effects of cognitive reserve and lifestyle on cognition and dementia in Parkinson's disease—a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Hindle John V. , Hurt Catherine S. , Burn David J. , Brown Richard G. , Samuel Mike , Wilson Kenneth C. , Clare Linda 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveCognitive reserve theory seeks to explain the observed mismatch between the degree of brain pathology and clinical manifestations. Early‐life education, midlife social and occupational activities and later‐life cognitive and social interactions are associated with a more favourable cognitive trajectory in older people. Previous studies of Parkinson's disease (PD) have suggested a possible role for the effects of cognitive reserve, but further research into different proxies for cognitive reserve and longitudinal studies is required. This study examined the effects of cognitive lifestyle on cross‐sectional and longitudinal measures of cognition and dementia severity in people with PD.MethodsBaseline assessments of cognition, and of clinical, social and demographic information, were completed by 525 participants with PD. Cognitive assessments were completed by 323 participants at 4‐year follow‐up. Cognition was assessed using the measures of global cognition dementia severity. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal serial analyses of covariance for cognition and binomial regression for dementia were performed.ResultsHigher educational level, socio‐economic status and recent social engagement were associated with better cross‐sectional global cognition. In those with normal cognition at baseline, higher educational level was associated with better global cognition after 4 years. Increasing age and low levels of a measure of recent social engagement were associated with an increased risk of dementia.ConclusionsHigher cognitive reserve has a beneficial effect on performance on cognitive tests and a limited effect on cognitive decline and dementia risk in PD. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety and efficacy of concurrent neck dissection and transoral robotic surgery
Authors: Kucur Cuneyt , Durmus Kasim , Gun Ramazan , Old Matthew O. , Agrawal Amit , Teknos Theodoros N. , Ozer Enver 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe literature is scarce regarding transoral robotic surgery (TORS) with simultaneous neck dissection. This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of concurrent neck dissection in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) treated with TORS.MethodsAnalysis of 113 patients with oropharyngeal SCC treated with TORS and concurrent neck dissection.ResultsSix intraoperative communications between the pharynx and neck region were recognized. After pharyngeal mucosal flap advancement, 1 defect was closed primarily and another one was reinforced with acellular dermal matrix. In 1 case, submandibular gland was transposed posteriorly over the sutured defect as a support. One omohyoid and 2 digastric muscular pedicle rotation flaps were used in the remaining 3 patients for the reconstruction of pharyngeal communications. None of the patients developed postoperative pharyngocutaneous fistula.ConclusionThe advantage of TORS oropharyngectomy, when compared with open approaches, is the avoidance of pharyngocutaneous fistula even in the presence of concurrent neck dissection © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E519–E523, 2016
Orbital carcinomas treated with adjuvant intensity‐modulated radiation therapy
Authors: Tao Randa , Ma Dominic , Takiar Vinita , Frank Steven J. , Fuller Clifton D. , Gunn G. Brandon , Beadle Beth M. , Morrison William H. , Rosenthal David I. , Edson Mark A. , Esmaeli Bita , Kupferman Michael E. , Hanna Ehab Y. , Garden Adam S. , Phan Jack 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to assess outcomes of patients with orbital carcinomas treated with orbital exenteration and intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).MethodsTwenty‐nine patients were treated with orbital exenteration and postoperative IMRT between 2002 through 2011; their medical records were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsAdenoid cystic carcinoma represented the most common histology (41%) followed by squamous cell carcinoma (21%). Perineural invasion (PNI) was identified in 22 patients (76%). The median radiation dose was 60 Gy (range, 60–70). Seven patients (24%) received neck radiation. The median follow‐up was 43 months (range, 5–102 months). Five‐year local control, overall survival (OS), and disease‐free survival rates were 83%, 60%, and 55%, respectively. PNI (p = .01) and especially involvement of a named nerve (p = .001) significantly correlated with worse OS.ConclusionFavorable disease control rates for orbital carcinomas are achievable with IMRT after orbital exenteration even for patients with advanced disease. Toxicity for the contralateral eye was minimal. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E580–E587, 2016
Prospective, randomized controlled trial on use of ropivacaine after robotic thyroid surgery: Effects on postoperative pain
Authors: Bae Dong Sik , Kim Su‐jin , Koo Do Hoon , Paek Se‐Hyun , Kwon Hyungju , Chai Young Jun , Choi June Young , Lee Kyu Eun , Youn Yeo‐Kyu 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundWe evaluated the effects of ropivacaine for pain relief after robotic thyroid surgery.MethodsOne hundred eight patients scheduled for robotic thyroid surgery were randomized into ropivacaine (n = 54) or control (n = 54) groups. After surgery, 40 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine or 0.9% saline (control) was instilled into the skin flap. Postoperative pain intensity (visual analog scale [VAS]), analgesic requirements (fentanyl), and adverse events were assessed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours postoperatively.ResultsOne hundred three patients completed the study protocol. VAS scores were lower in the ropivacaine group than the control group (p = .010); however, VAS scores were not significantly different after 8 hours postoperatively. Total analgesic consumption was higher in controls than ropivacaine‐treated patients (p = .01). Adverse events did not differ between the 2 groups.ConclusionRopivacaine instillation after robotic thyroid surgery reduces acute postoperative pain and analgesic requirements without adverse events. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E–E, 2016
Impact of resection margin status on outcome after salvage nasopharyngectomy for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Chan Jimmy Yu Wai , Wei William Ignace 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to present the postoperative local tumor control and survival with regard to the different resection margin statuses during salvage nasopharyngectomy.MethodsWe conducted a whole‐organ study of nasopharyngectomy specimens.ResultsBetween 2005 and 2010, 126 patients underwent maxillary swing nasopharyngectomy. The T classification of the recurrent tumor was: T1, 23.8%; T2, 41.3%; T3, 28.6%; and T4, 6.3%. The chance of clear, close, and involved resection margins at nasopharyngectomy was 44.4%, 31.0%, and 24.6%, respectively. At follow‐up, the corresponding risk of local tumor recurrence after surgery was 10.7%, 38.5%, and 67.7%, respectively. The local tumor control was significantly worse in patients with involved margins compared with those with close margins (p = .01), which was, in turn, significantly worse than those with clear margins (p = .04).ConclusionThe primary objective of salvage nasopharyngectomy is to achieve clear resection margins. Close and involved margins result in significantly inferior local tumor control and overall survival. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E594–E599, 2016
Coordinating with the “Inner GPS”
Authors: Fenton André A. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe 2014 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded for the discoveries that have elucidated the components of the internal positioning system that is centered on the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Here I provide a less than objective discussion of the importance of these accomplishments to systems neuroscience. By identifying positioning components like place, direction, distance, borders and the like, the field is given the opportunity to have a shot at piecing together how these components are integrated into the synthetic positioning sense. We are also given what is in my view, the most experimentally accessible and therefore potentially understandable, cognitive representation. Lest we feel too confident in the completeness of our understanding, and to inspire redoubled curiosity, I briefly describe a preliminary observation from our work with the psychosis‐inducing drug phencyclidine (PCP). While PCP does not disturb where individual place cells fire, it dramatically discoordinates how these cells discharge together in time. Trying to understand how the positioning component cells are coordinated to provide useful knowledge is an exciting and tenable problem to be working on. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.