bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The wheat Lr34 gene provides resistance against multiple fungal pathogens in barley
Authors: Risk Joanna M. , Selter Liselotte L. , Chauhan Harsh , Krattinger Simon G. , Kumlehn Jochen , Hensel Goetz , Viccars Libby A. , Richardson Terese M. , Buesing Gabriele , Troller Anna , Lagudah Evans S. , Keller Beat 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe Lr34 gene encodes an ABC transporter and has provided wheat with durable, broad‐spectrum resistance against multiple fungal pathogens for over 100 years. Because barley does not have an Lr34 ortholog, we expressed Lr34 in barley to investigate its potential as a broad‐spectrum resistance resource in another grass species. We found that introduction of the genomic Lr34 sequence confers resistance against barley leaf rust and barley powdery mildew, two pathogens specific for barley but not virulent on wheat. In addition, the barley lines showed enhanced resistance against wheat stem rust. Transformation with the Lr34 cDNA or the genomic susceptible Lr34 allele did not result in increased resistance. Unlike wheat, where Lr34‐conferred resistance is associated with adult plants, the genomic Lr34 transgenic barley lines exhibited multipathogen resistance in seedlings. These transgenic barley lines also developed leaf tip necrosis (LTN) in young seedlings, which correlated with an up‐regulation of senescence marker genes and several pathogenesis‐related (PR) genes. In wheat, transcriptional expression of Lr34 is highest in adult plants and correlates with increased resistance and LTN affecting the last emerging leaf. The severe phenotype of transgenic Lr34 barley resulted in reduced plant growth and total grain weight. These results demonstrate that Lr34 provides enhanced multipathogen resistance early in barley plant development and implies the conservation of the substrate and mechanism of the LR34 transporter and its molecular action between wheat and barley. With controlled gene expression, the use of Lr34 may be valuable for many cereal breeding programmes, particularly given its proven durability.
Gestational Age and Cognitive Ability in Early Childhood: a Population‐based Cohort Study
Authors: Poulsen Gry , Wolke Dieter , Kurinczuk Jennifer J , Boyle Elaine M , Field David , Alfirevic Zarko , Quigley Maria A 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundRecent studies suggest that children born at late preterm (34–36 weeks gestation) and early term (37–38 weeks) may have poorer developmental outcomes than children born at full term (39–41 weeks). We examined how gestational age is related to cognitive ability in early childhood using the UK Millennium Cohort Study.MethodsCognitive development was assessed using Bracken School Readiness Assessment at age 3 years, British Ability Scales II at ages 3, 5 and 7 years and Progress in Mathematics at age 7 years. Sample size varied according to outcome between 12 163 and 14 027. Each gestational age group was compared with the full‐term group using differences in z‐scores and risk ratios for scoring more than −1 SD below the mean.ResultsChildren born at <32 weeks gestation scored lower (P < 0.05) than the full‐term group on all scales with unadjusted z‐score differences ranging between −0.8 to −0.2 SD. In all groups, there was an increased risk (P < 0.05) of scoring less than −1 SD below the mean compared with the full‐term group for some of the tests: those born at < 32 weeks had a 40–140% increased risk in seven tests, those born at 32–33 weeks had a 60–80% increased risk in three tests, those born at 34–36 weeks had a 30–40% increased risk in three tests, and those born at 37–38 weeks had a 20% increased risk in two tests.ConclusionsCognitive ability is related to the entire range of gestational age, including children born at 34–36 and 37–38 weeks gestation.
Fantastically plastic: fish larvae equipped for a new world
Authors: Pittman Karin , Yúfera Manuel , Pavlidis Michail , Geffen Audrey J. , Koven Willian , Ribeiro Laura , Zambonino‐Infante José L. , Tandler Amos 
Published: May 2013

AbstractTeleost fish are more diverse than any other vertebrate group, and yet only a limited number of species are fished and farmed globally. Efforts to expand the quantity and diversity of fish produced are hampered by the extreme diversity of ontogenetic responses of fish, especially during larval development. This review looks at advances in molecular phylogeny, endocrine and nutrient influences and long‐term studies of the phenotypes of commercially important fish to put the sources and consequences of this plasticity into context. This nested context of evolutionary forces of the fish‐specific genome duplication, epigenetic influences, ontogenetically conserved processes like metamorphosis and cell determination is further presented in relation to how fish larvae translate the environment into somatic signals, the teleostian diversity of internal processes like sex differentiation and somatogenesis, and the long‐term practical consequences of changes in timing or anthropogenic influences. This review aims to present a new baseline of knowledge of marine fish larvae which is useful to scientists, managers and producers.
Regeneration Potential of Floodplain Forests Under the Influence of Nonnative Tree Species: Soil Seed Bank Analysis in Northern Italy
Authors: Skowronek Sandra , Terwei André , Zerbe Stefan , Mölder Inga , Annighöfer Peter , Kawaletz Heike , Ammer Christian , Heilmeier Hermann 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSoil seed banks are the ecological memory of plant communities and might represent their regeneration potential. This study examines the soil seed bank in hardwood floodplain forests of the biosphere reserve “Valle del Ticino” (Northern Italy) to find out whether the natural forest vegetation can potentially be restored by the soil seed bank. We compared near natural forests of the phytosociological association Polygonato multiflori–Quercetum roboris with stands dominated by the nonnative tree species Robinia pseudoacacia and Prunus serotina in order to investigate whether the composition of the soil seed bank is significantly influenced by the composition of the main canopy tree species and soil properties. Soil seed bank samples were taken from 20 randomly selected plots in stands that were differentiated into four groups related to the dominant forest canopy species. The germinated plants were counted and their species determined. A total of 2,427 plants belonging to 84 species were recorded. The composition of the dominant tree species and soil parameters significantly influence the composition of the seed bank. The similarity with the standing vegetation was very low. Only 13% of the species in the soil seed bank represent the target vegetation. The low percentage of target species and the high percentage of nonnative species imply that the regeneration of near‐natural forest vegetation from the soil seed bank is not feasible. Consequently, disturbances that may activate the soil seed bank should be minimized. Thus, we recommend stopping the mechanical removal of the nonnative tree species in the Ticino Park.
COSMIC PURPOSE AND THE CONTINGENCY OF HUMAN EVOLUTION
Authors: McMullin Ernan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSome understand the evolutionary process as more or less predictable; others stress its contingency. I argue that both Christian evolutionists who have assumed that the purposes of the Creator can be realized only through more or less predictable processes as well as those who infer from the contingency of the evolutionary process to the lack of purpose in the universe generally, are mistaken if the Creator escapes from the limits imposed on the creature by temporality, as the traditional Augustinian account supposes. The notion of “purpose” must itself be reinterpreted in such a case. It makes no difference whether the appearance of Homo sapiens is the inevitable result of a steady process of complexification stretching over billions of years, or whether it comes about through a series of coincidences that would have made it entirely unpredictable from the (causal) human standpoint. Either way, the outcome is of God's making, and from the biblical standpoint may appear as part of God's plan.
SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE AND THEISTIC EVOLUTION: INTERSUBJECTIVITY, LOVE, AND THE SOCIAL SPHERE
Authors: Spezio Michael L. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAfter providing a brief overview of social neuroscience in the context of strong embodiment and the cognitive sciences, this paper addresses how perspectives from the field may inform how theological anthropology approaches the origins of human persons‐in‐community. An overview of the Social Brain Hypothesis and of simulation theory reveals a simultaneous potential for receptive/projective processes to facilitate social engagement and the need for intentional spontaneity in the form of a spiritual formation that moves beyond simulation to empathy and love. Finally, elements of a virtue science that draws on Dietrich Bonhoeffer's relational imago Dei are shown to be helpful in framing and motivating theological approaches to human origins.
ON THE IMPORTANCE OF KARL CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH KRAUSE'S PANENTHEISM
Authors: Göcke Benedikt P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPanentheism is an often‐discussed alternative to Classical theism, and almost any discussion of panentheism starts by way of acknowledging Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781–1832) as the person who coined the term.1 However, apart from this tribute, Krause's own panentheism is almost completely unknown. In what follows, I first present a brief overview of Krause's life and correct some misconceptions of his work before I turn to the core ideas of Krause's own panentheistic system of philosophy. In brief, Krause elaborates a scientific holism that is anchored in intellectual intuition of the Absolute as the one principle of being and recognition. The task of philosophical speculation consequently is twofold: the analytic‐ascending part of philosophy proceeds by way of transcendental reflection and according to Krause enables us to obtain intellectual intuition. The synthetic‐descending part of philosophy starts by way of showing that science as a whole is an explication of the original union of the Absolute as apprehended in intellectual intuition. Once this is achieved, Krause argues that the emerging philosophy of science is most adequately referred to as “panentheism” since everything is what it is “in and through” the Absolute, while the Absolute itself is not reducible to anything in particular. I end by showing how to relate Krause's panentheism to recent philosophical discussion.
Neuronal transporter and astrocytic ATP exocytosis underlie activity‐dependent adenosine release in the hippocampus
Authors: Wall Mark J. , Dale Nicholas 
Published: May 2013

Key points
Using microelectrode biosensors we have directly measured the adenosine release induced by focal stimulation in stratum radiatum of area CA1 in mouse hippocampal slices.
Approximately 40% of stimulated‐adenosine release occurred by translocation of adenosine from neurons via equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs).
The remaining adenosine release arises from the extracellular metabolism of ATP released from astrocytes by exocytosis.
Isolation of the individual components of adenosine release revealed their different kinetics with adenosine release via ENTs markedly faster than the adenosine release that arises from ATP exocytosis.
These data illustrate the complexity of activity‐dependent adenosine release: in the hippocampus, adenosine release occurs by at least two distinct mechanisms with different cellular sources and kinetics.
Abstract  The neuromodulator adenosine plays an important role in many physiological and pathological processes within the mammalian CNS. However, the precise mechanisms of how the concentration of extracellular adenosine increases following neural activity remain contentious. Here we have used microelectrode biosensors to directly measure adenosine release induced by focal stimulation in stratum radiatum of area CA1 in mouse hippocampal slices. Adenosine release was both action potential and Ca2+ dependent and could be evoked with low stimulation frequencies and small numbers of stimuli. Adenosine release required the activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors and could be evoked by local application of glutamate receptor agonists. Approximately 40% of stimulated‐adenosine release occurred by translocation of adenosine via equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). This component of release persisted in the presence of the gliotoxin fluoroacetate and thus results from the direct release of adenosine from neurons. A reduction of adenosine release in the presence of NTPDase blockers, in slices from CD73−/− and dn‐SNARE mice, provides evidence that a component of adenosine release arises from the extracellular metabolism of ATP released from astrocytes. This component of release appeared to have slower kinetics than the direct ENT‐mediated release of adenosine. These data suggest that activity‐dependent adenosine release is surprisingly complex and, in the hippocampus, arises from at least two distinct mechanisms with different cellular sources.
Release of Arsenic from Soil by a Novel Dissimilatory Arsenate-Reducing Bacterium, Anaeromyxobacter sp. Strain PSR-1
Authors: Kudo Keitaro , Yamaguchi Noriko , Makino Tomoyuki , Ohtsuka Toshihiko , Kimura Kenta , Dong Dian Tao , Amachi Seigo 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT

A novel arsenate-reducing bacterium, designated strain PSR-1, was isolated from arsenic-contaminated soil. Strain PSR-1 was phylogenetically closely related to
Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans
2CP-1
T
with 16S rRNA gene similarity of 99.7% and coupled the oxidation of acetate with the reduction of arsenate. Arsenate reduction was inhibited almost completely by respiratory inhibitors such as dicumarol and 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline
N
-oxide. Strain PSR-1 also utilized soluble Fe(III), ferrihydrite, nitrate, oxygen, and fumarate as electron acceptors. Strain PSR-1 catalyzed the release of arsenic from arsenate-adsorbed ferrihydrite. In addition, inoculation of washed cells of strain PSR-1 into sterilized soil successfully reproduced arsenic release. Arsenic K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis revealed that the proportion of arsenite in the soil solid phase actually increased from 20% to 50% during incubation with washed cells of strain PSR-1. These results suggest that strain PSR-1 is capable of reducing not only dissolved arsenate but also arsenate adsorbed on the soil mineral phase. Arsenate reduction by strain PSR-1 expands the metabolic versatility of
Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans
. Considering its distribution throughout diverse soils and anoxic sediments,
Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans
may play a role in arsenic release from these environments.
The Genome of the Anaerobic Fungus Orpinomyces sp. Strain C1A Reveals the Unique Evolutionary History of a Remarkable Plant Biomass Degrader
Authors: Youssef Noha H. , Couger M. B. , Struchtemeyer Christopher G. , Liggenstoffer Audra S. , Prade Rolf A. , Najar Fares Z. , Atiyeh Hasan K. , Wilkins Mark R. , Elshahed Mostafa S. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT

Anaerobic gut fungi represent a distinct early-branching fungal phylum (Neocallimastigomycota) and reside in the rumen, hindgut, and feces of ruminant and nonruminant herbivores. The genome of an anaerobic fungal isolate,
Orpinomyces
sp. strain C1A, was sequenced using a combination of Illumina and PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) technologies. The large genome (100.95 Mb, 16,347 genes) displayed extremely low G+C content (17.0%), large noncoding intergenic regions (73.1%), proliferation of microsatellite repeats (4.9%), and multiple gene duplications. Comparative genomic analysis identified multiple genes and pathways that are absent in Dikarya genomes but present in early-branching fungal lineages and/or nonfungal Opisthokonta. These included genes for posttranslational fucosylation, the production of specific intramembrane proteases and extracellular protease inhibitors, the formation of a complete axoneme and intraflagellar trafficking machinery, and a near-complete focal adhesion machinery. Analysis of the lignocellulolytic machinery in the C1A genome revealed an extremely rich repertoire, with evidence of horizontal gene acquisition from multiple bacterial lineages. Experimental analysis indicated that strain C1A is a remarkable biomass degrader, capable of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions in multiple untreated grasses and crop residues examined, with the process significantly enhanced by mild pretreatments. This capability, acquired during its separate evolutionary trajectory in the rumen, along with its resilience and invasiveness compared to prokaryotic anaerobes, renders anaerobic fungi promising agents for consolidated bioprocessing schemes in biofuels production.
Ca
2+
-Citrate Uptake and Metabolism in Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334
Authors: Mortera Pablo , Pudlik Agata , Magni Christian , Alarcón Sergio , Lolkema Juke S. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT

The putative citrate metabolic pathway in
Lactobacillus casei
ATCC 334 consists of the transporter CitH, a proton symporter of the citrate-divalent metal ion family of transporters CitMHS, citrate lyase, and the membrane-bound oxaloacetate decarboxylase complex OAD-ABDH. Resting cells of
Lactobacillus casei
ATCC 334 metabolized citrate in complex with Ca
2+
and not as free citrate or the Mg
2+
-citrate complex, thereby identifying Ca
2+
-citrate as the substrate of the transporter CitH. The pathway was induced in the presence of Ca
2+
and citrate during growth and repressed by the presence of glucose and of galactose, most likely by a carbon catabolite repression mechanism. The end products of Ca
2+
-citrate metabolism by resting cells of
Lb. casei
were pyruvate, acetate, and acetoin, demonstrating the activity of the membrane-bound oxaloacetate decarboxylase complex OAD-ABDH. Following pyruvate, the pathway splits into two branches. One branch is the classical citrate fermentation pathway producing acetoin by α-acetolactate synthase and α-acetolactate decarboxylase. The other branch yields acetate, for which the route is still obscure. Ca
2+
-citrate metabolism in a modified MRS medium lacking a carbohydrate did not significantly affect the growth characteristics, and generation of metabolic energy in the form of proton motive force (PMF) was not observed in resting cells. In contrast, carbohydrate/Ca
2+
-citrate cometabolism resulted in a higher biomass yield in batch culture. However, also with these cells, no generation of PMF was associated with Ca
2+
-citrate metabolism. It is concluded that citrate metabolism in
Lb. casei
is beneficial when it counteracts acidification by carbohydrate metabolism in later growth stages.
Genotypic and Phenotypic Analysis of Dairy Lactococcus lactis Biodiversity in Milk: Volatile Organic Compounds as Discriminating Markers
Authors: Dhaisne Amandine , Guellerin Maeva , Laroute Valérie , Laguerre Sandrine , Cocaign-Bousquet Muriel , Le Bourgeois Pascal , Loubiere Pascal 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThe diversity of nine dairy strains ofLactococcus lactissubsp.lactisin fermented milk was investigated by both genotypic and phenotypic analyses. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing were used to establish an integrated genotypic classification. This classification was coherent with discrimination of theL. lactissubsp.lactisbv. diacetylactis lineage and reflected clonal complex phylogeny and the uniqueness of the genomes of these strains. To assess phenotypic diversity, 82 variables were selected as important dairy features; they included physiological descriptors and the production of metabolites and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Principal-component analysis (PCA) demonstrated the phenotypic uniqueness of each of these genetically closely related strains, allowing strain discrimination. A method of variable selection was developed to reduce the time-consuming experimentation. We therefore identified 20 variables, all associated with VOCs, as phenotypic markers allowing discrimination between strain groups. These markers are representative of the three metabolic pathways involved in flavor: lipolysis, proteolysis, and glycolysis. Despite great phenotypic diversity, the strains could be divided into four robust phenotypic clusters based on their metabolic orientations. Inclusion of genotypic diversity in addition to phenotypic characters in the classification led to five clusters rather than four being defined. However, genotypic characters make a smaller contribution than phenotypic variables (no genetic distances selected among the most contributory variables). This work proposes an original method for the phenotypic differentiation of closely related strains in milk and may be the first step toward a predictive classification for the manufacture of starters.
The FeoC Protein Leads to High Cellular Levels of the Fe(II) Transporter FeoB by Preventing FtsH Protease Regulation of FeoB in Salmonella enterica
Authors: Kim Hyunkeun , Lee Hwiseop , Shin Dongwoo 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT

In the gammaproteobacteria, the FeoA, FeoB, and FeoC proteins constitute the Feo system, which mediates ferrous iron [Fe(II)] import. Of these Feo proteins, FeoB is an inner membrane Fe(II) transporter that is aided by the small protein FeoA. However, the role of another small protein, FeoC, has remained unknown. Here we report that the FeoC protein is necessary for FeoB protein-mediated Fe(II) uptake in
Salmonella
experiencing low levels of oxygen and iron. The FeoC protein was found to directly bind to the FeoB transporter, leading to high cellular levels of FeoB. Depletion of the FtsH protease enabled high levels of FeoB in the absence of FeoC, suggesting that the FeoC protein protects the FeoB transporter from FtsH-mediated proteolysis. Our present study provides a singular example of bacteria that can control expression of iron uptake systems posttranslationally by employing a small iron transporter-binding protein.
Does effectiveness of exercise therapy and mobilisation techniques offer guidance for the treatment of lateral and medial epicondylitis? A systematic review
Authors: Hoogvliet Peter , Randsdorp Manon S , Dingemanse Rudi , Koes Bart W , Huisstede Bionka M A 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundOwing to the change in paradigm of the histological nature of epicondylitis, therapeutic modalities as exercises such as stretching and eccentric loading and mobilisation are considered for its treatment.ObjectiveTo assess the evidence for effectiveness of exercise therapy and mobilisation techniques for both medial and lateral epicondylitis.MethodsSearches in PubMed, Embase, Cinahl and Pedro were performed to identify relevant randomised clinical trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality.ResultsOne review and 12 RCTs, all studying lateral epicondylitis, were included. Different therapeutic regimes were evaluated: stretching, strengthening, concentric/eccentric exercises and manipulation of the cervical or thoracic spine, elbow or wrist. No statistical pooling of the results could be performed owing to heterogeneity of the included studies. Therefore, a best-evidence synthesis was used to summarise the results. Moderate evidence for the short-term effectiveness was found in favour of stretching plus strengthening exercises versus ultrasound plus friction massage. Moderate evidence for short-term and mid-term effectiveness was found for the manipulation of the cervical and thoracic spine as add-on therapy to concentric and eccentric stretching plus mobilisation of wrist and forearm. For all other interventions only limited, conflicting or no evidence was found.ConclusionsAlthough not yet conclusive, these results support the belief that strength training decreases symptoms in tendinosis. The short-term analgesic effect of manipulation techniques may allow more vigorous stretching and strengthening exercises resulting in a better and faster recovery process of the affected tendon in lateral epicondylitis.