bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gradient and smoothness regularization operators for geophysical inversion on unstructured meshes
Authors: Lelièvre Peter G. , Farquharson Colin G. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe non-uniqueness of the underdetermined inverse problem requires that any available geological information be incorporated to constrain the results. Such information commonly comes in the form of a geological model comprising unstructured wireframe surfaces. Hence, we perform geophysical modelling on unstructured meshes, which provide the flexibility required to efficiently incorporate complicated geological information. Designing spatial matrix operators for unstructured meshes is a non-trivial task. Gradient operators are required for powerful inversion regularization schemes that allow for the incorporation of geological information. Other authors have developed simple regularization schemes for unstructured meshes but those approaches do not use true gradient operators and do not allow for the incorporation of structural information. In this paper we develop new methods for generating spatial gradient operators on unstructured meshes. Our approach is essentially to fit a linear trend in a small neighbourhood around each cell. This results in a small linear system of equations to solve for each cell. Solving for the linear trend parameters yields the required information to construct the stationary gradient operators. Care must be taken when setting up the linear systems to avoid potential numerical issues. We test and compare our methods against the rectilinear mesh equivalents using some simple illustrative 2-D synthetic examples. Our methods are then applied to more complicated 2-D and 3-D examples, including real earth scenarios. This work provides a new method for regularizing inversions on unstructured meshes while allowing for the incorporation of structural orientation information.
Application of an M-cell-targeting ligand for oral vaccination induces efficient systemic and mucosal immune responses against a viral antigen
Authors: Kim Sae-Hae , Jung Dae-Im , Yang In-Young , Jang Sun-Hee , Kim Ju , Truong Thang Thua , Pham Thuc Van , Truong Ninh Uyen , Lee Kyung-Yeol , Jang Yong-Suk 
Published: July 2013

AbstractOral mucosal vaccination is an alternative method to overcome the pitfalls of current injection-based vaccines, such as pain and high cost of vaccination. It is a feasible and economic vaccine application, especially in developing countries. However, achieving effective antigen delivery into mucosal lymphoid organs and efficient immune stimulation are prerequisites to successful oral mucosal vaccination. One promising approach for oral mucosal vaccine development is exploring the potential of M cells via M-cell-targeting ligands that have the potential to deliver ligand-conjugated antigens into mucosal lymphoid organs and evoke conjugated-antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses. Here, we investigated the M-cell-targeting ligand, Co1, in inducing specific immune responses against a pathogenic viral antigen, envelope domain III (EDIII) of dengue virus, to provide the foundation for oral mucosal vaccine development against the pathogen. After oral administration of Co1-conjugated EDIII antigens, we observed efficient antigen delivery into Peyer’s patches. We also report the elicitation of EDIII-specific immunity in systemic and mucosal compartments by Co1 ligand (located in the C-terminus of EDIII). Furthermore, the antibodies induced by the ligand-conjugated EDIII antigen showed effective virus-neutralizing activity. The results of this study suggest that the M-cell-targeting strategy using Co1 ligand as a mucosal adjuvant may be applicable for developing oral vaccine candidates against pathogenic viral antigen.
Finding core-collapse supernovae from the epoch of reionization behind cluster lenses
Authors: Pan Tony , Loeb Abraham 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Current surveys are underway to utilize gravitational lensing by galaxy clusters with Einstein radii &gt; 35 arcsec in the search for the highest redshift galaxies. Associated supernovae from the epoch of reionization would have their fluxes boosted above the detection threshold, extending their duration of visibility. We predict that the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be able to discover lensed core-collapse supernovae at redshifts exceeding z = 7–8.
First Report of Meloidogyne javanica on Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) in China
Authors: Wang Y. , Xie Y. , Cui H. D. , Dong Y. 
Published: July 2013

Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) is a plant native to the rain forest of the Peruvian Amazon region. Because of its high protein and oil content as well as general nutritional quality, it is regarded as a promising new crop. Successfully introduced from South America in 2006, Sacha inchi has been cultivated in Xishuangbanna, in the southwestern region of Yunnan Province, China. During an investigation from August to October of 2012, severely stunted and withered Sacha inchi plants with rotted and galled root were observed in fields. Dissection of galled root tissue revealed mature root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne sp) females with body cavity filled with red color contents. The population was extracted and quantified from soil and root samples and identified to species by morphology, esterase (EST) isozyme phenotypes, and molecular characterization (3). Mean populations of 774 ± 251 Meloidogyne second stage juveniles (J2) per 100 cm3 of soil were extracted from the rhizosphere of symptomatic plants. These juveniles (n = 20) were characterized by length (410 to 480 μm) and hyaline tail terminus length (11 to 17 μm). Females (n = 20) were characterized by stylet length (14.1 to 17.3 μm) and the perineal pattern (rounded with fine striae, low to moderately high dorsal arch, and a distinct lateral field clearly demarcated from striae by parallel lines). The distinct lateral lines of the perineal pattern are diagnostic for this species (3). Gravid females were used for esterase (Est) isoenzyme analysis, and showed the J3 phenotype (relative migration rate [Rm] = 1.0, 1.25, and 1.4), typical of M. javanica, a species-specific phenotype used to differentiate this species from other members of Meloidogyne (1). Additionally, three single egg masses associated with red body females were extracted from the field-collected Sacha inchi roots and inoculated onto three potted tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum ‘Rutgers’) and maintained in the greenhouse for 8 weeks until root galls and egg masses were visible. The observation of root-knot nematodes from tomato roots showed that all females' bodies were normal white, and the nematode species was also identified as M. javanica based on the esterase phenotype and the perineal pattern. It is suggested that the red body contents associated with females on Sacha inchi is the result of an unknown chemical compound acquired from that host. Although undetermined to species, Meloidogyne has been reported on Sacha inchi in Peru (2). To our knowledge, this is the first detection of M. javanica on this plant. Since M. javanica is widely distributed throughout the tropics, this root-knot nematode could be an important threat to the commercial cultivation of Sacha inchi. References: (1) R. M. Carneiro et al. Nematol. 2:645, 2000. (2) P. D. P. de Bienes. Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.). Base de datos, 2010. (3) R. N. Perry et al. Root-Knot Nematodes. CABI. Wallingford, UK, 2009.
Thermal conductance and basal metabolic rate are part of a coordinated system for heat transfer regulation
Authors: Naya Daniel E. , Spangenberg Lucía , Naya Hugo , Bozinovic Francisco 
Published: July 2013

Thermal conductance measures the ease with which heat leaves or enters an organism's body. Although the analysis of this physiological variable in relation to climatic and ecological factors can be traced to studies by Scholander and colleagues, only small advances have occurred ever since. Here, we analyse the relationship between minimal thermal conductance estimated during summer (Cmin) and several ecological, climatic and geographical factors for 127 rodent species, in order to identify the exogenous factors that have potentially affected the evolution of thermal conductance. In addition, we evaluate whether there is compensation betweenCminand basal metabolic rate (BMR)—in such a way that a scale-invariant ratio between both variables is equal to one—as could be expected from the Scholander–Irving model of heat transfer. Our major findings are (i) annual mean temperature is the best single predictor of mass-independentCmin. (ii) After controlling for the effect of body mass, there is a strong positive correlation between log10(Cmin) and log10(BMR). Further, the slope of this correlation is close to one, indicating an almost perfect compensation between both physiological variables. (iii) Structural equation modelling indicated thatCminvalues are adjusted to BMR values and not the other way around. Thus, our results strongly suggest that BMR and thermal conductance integrate a coordinated system for heat regulation in endothermic animals and that summer conductance values are adjusted (in an evolutionary sense) to track changes in BMRs.
CGIJ review
Authors: MacVane Phipps Fiona 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this review is to enable busy health professionals to gain a rapid overview of the content contained in the current issue of CGIJ.Design/methodology/approachThe design is a review, providing a brief summary of each of the major papers contained in the current issue of CGIJ.FindingsClinical governance continues to be an important facet of healthcare in the UK and around the world. In some developing countries however, implementation of clinical governance continues to be a work in progress with some senior managers expressing concerns that it is merely a “paper exercise” in their areas. Areas where components of the clinical governance agenda have been used to improve services in the UK include an acute gynaecology dashboard developed for an EPAU in London, prevention of sudden death in epilepsy (SUDEP) and evaluation of an out‐of‐hours GP service where some GP consultations are now done by ANPs and pharmacists. Finally, adopting a clinical governance approach to accountancy auditing has led to improvements in the island nation, Solomon Islands where geographic spread and low per capita income add challenges to national healthcare management.Originality/valueThe value of this review is that it enables readers to quickly identify articles of interest to them which they can then be read in their entirety.
It's good to talk: auditing clinicians' interactions with patients in a primary care setting
Authors: Donnellon Kay , Hurford Grace , Cox Diane L. 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyse the effect on clinical practice of auditing doctors, advanced nurse practitioners and pharmacist consultations within an out of hours primary care organisation and the resultant effects this may have on clinical practice and the quality of care provision.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilises a multi method time series case study approach using the results from the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) audit tool analysis, alongside focus group analysis and participant observation.FindingsThe results demonstrate that there is a clear link between implementation of a clinical audit strategy within a wider clinical governance framework and improved standards of all clinician's work. This study also demonstrates how the analysis can inform a definition of quality.Research limitations/implicationsThe definition of quality is limited and is one of the limitations of the study since it is related to out of hours primary care only.Practical implicationsResults may be extrapolated to other care providers both out of hours and in traditional GP practices.Originality/valueThis case study demonstrates how the time series analysis of audit results can assist in assuring commissioners of health services of the quality of the services they appoint.
Suggestions for alternative tropical cyclone warning graphics in the USA
Authors: Radford Laura , Senkbeil Jason C. , Rockman Meganne 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThe cone of uncertainty (COU) warning graphic has created confusion for people trying to make evacuation and safety decisions. The purpose of this research was to create several alternative tropical cyclone graphics and present them to the public and college students via face‐to‐face surveys and polling.Design/methodology/approachSurveys depicting hypothetical landfall scenarios were administered in Pensacola and Jacksonville, FL. Respondents ranked five graphics in order of preference, and were encouraged to discuss their rankings. Following this initial field research, the most popular graphic of these five was compared to a graphic resembling the one used by The Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Comments were recorded for respondents favoring or disliking the Australian graphic in two separate analyses. A final graphic emphasizing post‐landfall hazards was also created as a suggestion for future research and evaluated directly against the most popular graphics from field research.FindingsA graphic called the color‐probability‐cone was the most popular graphic in field research. There were subtle differences in graphic preference resulting from age and gender influences, with only one significant result. Comments from subsequent analyses reveal that the Australian graphic causes mixed reactions. A final analysis with a larger sample of college students revealed that the color‐probability‐cone was the most popular choice; however, comments reveal that many respondents who had used hurricane graphics before liked the specificity presented by the Australian graphic and the hazards graphic.Originality/valueThis research represents a possible initial step in the process of establishing a tropical cyclone warning graphic that is informative, visually appealing, and effective.
Optimization of wastewater treatment technology selection using hybrid MCDM
Authors: Ilangkumaran M. , Sasirekha V. , Anojkumar L. , Sakthivel G. , Boopathi Raja M. , Ruban Sundara Raj T. , Siddhartha CNS. , Nizamuddin P. , Praveen Kumar S. 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThis paper aims to describe an application of hybrid Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique for the selection of wastewater treatment (WWT) technology for treating wastewater.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed approach is based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) under fuzzy environment, Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) and hierarchy Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) techniques. Two models are proposed to evaluate the best WWT. The first model, Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is integrated with Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) technique. The second model, FAHP is integrated with hierarchy Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) technique. The Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is used to determine the weights of criteria and then ranking of the WWT technology is determined by PROMETHEE and GRA.FindingsAn efficient pair‐wise comparison process and ranking of alternatives can be achieved for WWT technology selection through the integration of FAHP and PROMETHEE, FAHP and GRA.Originality/valueThe paper highlights a new insight into MCDM techniques to select an optimum WWT technology selection for the paper manufacturing industry.
Assessment of the applicability of the Pay As You Throw system into current waste management in Estonia
Authors: Voronova Viktoria , Piirimäe Kristjan , Virve Mailis 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThis paper aims to assess the current waste management situation in Estonian municipalities and outlines the main constraints hindering the implementation of the Pay‐As‐You‐Throw (PAYT) system into the existing waste management model.Design/methodology/approachData pertaining to the treatment methods of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the ability to implement the PAYT system were gathered from 150 of the 226 local municipalities, whilst statistical data related to the amounts of MSW generated and separately collected at a municipal level were obtained from the Estonian Environmental Information Centre.FindingsThe results of the study showed that 39 per cent of the municipalities sort waste before landfilling. To increase the sorting ability of inhabitants, 43 per cent of those municipalities that responded to the questionnaire suggested enhancing awareness among people in regard to waste handling. It was found that people are not economically motivated to sort their waste due to the fact that differences in charges between separately collected and unsorted waste are negligible. It was estimated that implementing the PAYT system in one rural municipality would increase the cost of emptying containers by approximately 20‐45 per cent.Practical implicationsResults of the study can be used in countries with a comparable economic situation to improve their current economic and legislative context in the field of sustainable waste management.Originality/valueThe novelty is that the authors aimed to assess the possibility of implementation of the Pay‐As‐You‐Throw system in practice, using Estonian municipalities as a case area, including economic feasibility and willingness of stakeholders to apply the system.
Optimization of thick layers photopolymerization systems applying experimental and analytical approach
Authors: Wesley Machado Cunico Marlon , de Carvalho Jonas 
Published: July 2013

PurposeOver the last several years, the range of applications of photopolymerization process has been steadily increasing, especially in areas such as rapid prototyping, UV inks, UV coats and orthodontic applications. In spite of this, there are still several challenges to be overcome when the application concerns materials with thick layers. In this context, the main goal of this work is to outline a scheme to optimize the process of photopolymerizarion for thick layers, identifying its differences in relation to those applicable for thin layers.Design/methodology/approachFor this research, the authors have applied multivariable analysis methods which allow the identification of principal conclusions, based on analytical and experimental results. For analytical analysis, the authors applied numerical optimization for multivariables, while experimental analysis was done based on design of experiments. Both the analyses were based on methyl methacrylate as monomer and Omnirad 2500 as photoinitiator, with the adjustable variables being initiator concentration; power of light source; light wave length; and thickness of layer. The range of values chosen for initiator concentration was between 1 and 10 per cent, while for light power, the range was 5‐9 W. For light wave length, the authors selected 325 and 400 nm as limits for their study and 0.12 and 4 mm as the range for thickness of layers. For the analytical approach of their study, it was possible to identify optimum conditions for curing thick layers, besides looking at optimum condition at each step along the varying thickness. On the other hand, in the experimental approach, the authors just considered the initiator concentration and thickness as variables, applying gravimetric and photometric analysis to determine the conversion curve of material.FindingsIn conclusion based on these studies, it was possible to identify the influence of thickness and initiator concentration as function of penetration depth, polymerization rate and homogeneity of material, in addition to determining the effect of light power and light wave length over the process. As a result of these studies, it was possible to identify situations wherein the material will possibly undergo a high degree shrinkage in addition to showing consequences of high quantity of initiator. On the other hand, low concentration of initiator is shown to provide more homogeneous solution besides being more suitable for deep layers. It was also possible to compare analytical and experimental results, making it possible to predict the behaviour of material for other conditions.Originality/valueThe main value of this work is to show the possibility of optimizing photopolymerizable systems through an analytical approach. In addition, it emphasized the viability of the application of UV curable material for producing moulded parts.
Nutritional characteristics of soils on an inferred chronosequence. A comment on Laliberté et al. ()
Authors: Uren Nicholas C. , Parsons Robert F. 
Published: July 2013

Summary

We question the reasoning of the authors who claim that their evidence strongly supports a long‐term ecosystem development model in which phosphorus (P) is the factor that leads to the regression phase of the succession. Parent material, relief (topography and drainage) and climates (past and present) are key factors that were not considered sufficiently or critically.

Their choice of P as the most important factor determining the direction of the succession overlooks other likely critical determinants of primary productivity on sandy soils such as the supply of water and nutrients other than P, particularly trace elements on calcareous soils.

The use of crop species as phytometers to determine which nutrients were limiting the primary productivity of native species at each site inevitably raises significant problems of interpretation.

Synthesis. The main problems with the paper (Laliberté et al. 2012) are (i) that the large differences in soil parent material between the dune systems and other factors make the sites of doubtful use for chronosequence work and, (ii) that errors arise in the discussion of nutritional characteristics because important literature has been overlooked. The paper exemplifies a larger problem where modern long‐term chronosequence work tends increasingly to overlook the need for sites to be chosen which minimize changes in all the soil‐forming factors other than time as expounded by Jenny (1941).