bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
System forIn SituUV-Visible Illumination of Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy Samples
Authors: Miller Benjamin K. , Crozier Peter A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA system for illuminating a samplein situwith visible and ultraviolet light inside a transmission electron microscope was devised to study photocatalysts. There are many mechanical and optical factors that must be considered when designing and building such a system. Some of the restrictions posed by the electron microscope column are significant, and care must be taken not to degrade the microscope's electron-optical performance or to unduly restrict the other capabilities of the microscope. We discuss the nature of the design considerations, as well as the practical implementation and characterization of a solution. The system that has been added to an environmental transmission electron microscope includes a high brightness broadband light source with optical filters, a fiber to guide the light to the sample, and a mechanism for precisely aligning the fiber tip.
Religious Group Cues and Citizen Policy Attitudes in the United States
Authors: Adkins Todd , Layman Geoffrey C. , Campbell David E. , Green John C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe public opinion literature shows that cues about the policy positions of social groups influence citizens’ political attitudes. We assess whether cues about religious groups’ positions affect attitudes on three issues: protection of homosexuals in the workplace, improving the socio-economic conditions of African-Americans, and government-provided health insurance. We argue that such cues should shape issue attitudes and condition the impact of religious and political orientations on those attitudes. That should be especially true on issues closely connected to religion and for citizens with low levels of political awareness. We assess this argument with a survey experiment pitting pairs of religious groups on opposite sides of issues. We find that religious group cues matter primarily for cultural attitudes, among less politically-aware individuals, and for the religiously unaffiliated, Democrats, and liberals. The dominant effect is negative, moving these groups away from the positions of religious leaders and especially evangelical leaders.
Religiosity-of-Interviewer Effects: Assessing the Impact of Veiled Enumerators on Survey Response in Egypt
Authors: Blaydes Lisa , Gillum Rachel M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhile public opinion research has expanded rapidly in the Islamic world since 2001, little scholarly work has examined interviewer effects related to an enumerator's religious adherence. We find that the perceived religiosity of an interviewer impacts respondents' expressions of personal piety and adherence to Islamic cultural norms in a sample of approximately 1,200 women in Greater Cairo. Muslim women indicate that they are more religious and adherent to Islamic cultural norms when interviewed by an enumerator donning the Islamic headscarf. Conversely, members of Egypt's minority Coptic Christian community report that they are less adherent to Christianity when interviewed by a veiled enumerator. Through psychological processes of strategic self-presentation of identity and impression management, the veil may trigger Muslim respondents to express what they perceive to be socially desirable (i.e., more devout) responses; in contemporary Egypt, being perceived as pious may elicit social and economic benefits. Christians appear to deemphasize their religious identity to avoid appearing at odds with the dominant, Muslim majority to which the enumerator appears to belong. Younger, poorer and less educated women — who may be most susceptible to concerns about social desirability — show the largest effects.
Using Matching to Investigate the Relationship between Religion and Tolerance
Authors: Burge Ryan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractExamining religion in the study of political behavior has produced varied results because of a lack of clarity on the conceptualization of religion and a methodology that cannot adequately untangle the multiple meanings of religion. Using the technique of propensity score matching, this work breaks apart the three B's in a number of analyses in order to properly understand how behavior, belief, and belonging impacts political tolerance. The results of this analysis indicate that a belief in biblical literalism decreases political tolerance, while church attendance often increases tolerance.
Celecoxib modifies glomerular basement membrane, mesangium and podocytes in OVE26 mice, but ibuprofen is more detrimental
Authors: Nasrallah Rania , Robertson Susan J. , Karsh Jacob , Hébert Richard L. 
Published: January 2013

The role of COXs/PGs (cyclo-oxygenases/prostaglandins) in diabetic kidneys remains unclear. NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) that inhibit COXs/PGs are known for their renal toxicity, and COX-2 inhibitors worsen cardiovascular outcomes in susceptible individuals. Given the renal controversies concerning COX-2 inhibitors, we compared the effect of chronic NSAIDs (non-selective, ibuprofen; COX-2-selective, celecoxib) on diabetic kidneys in OVE26 mice from 8 weeks of age. Systolic BPs (blood pressures) were increased by NSAIDs in diabetic mice at 20 weeks, but were unchanged at 32 weeks. Although NSAIDs further increased diabetic kidney/body weight ratios, they did not affect albuminuria. Mesangial matrix was increased 2-fold by celecoxib but not ibuprofen. Electron microscopy revealed that NSAIDs reduced GBM (glomerular basement membrane) thickness and slit pore diameters. Although diabetics had increased glomerular diameters and reduced foot process densities, these were unaltered by NSAIDs. Celecoxib does not exacerbate the diabetic state, but PG inhibition may contribute to disease progression by modifying the GBM, mesangial area and podocyte structure in OVE26 mice. Despite these findings, celecoxib remains safer than a similar dose of ibuprofen. The present study substantiates the need to more closely consider selective COX-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib as alternatives to non-selective NSAIDs for therapeutic management in a setting of chronic kidney disease.
Perspective sociolinguistique des emprunts de l´anglais dans la section économique du quotidien espagnol El País.
Authors: Le Poder Marie-Evelyne 
Published: January 2013

The linguistic loan is a social phenomenon which reflects the cultural influence exercised by a society on the other one. The economic, political and cultural relations that weave between communities contribute to the linguistic exchange between States, in particular through cultural exchanges of every type which, in turn, pull the incorporation of elements of a language in the other one. Spanish takes more and more words and forms from the English language; this is true in a lot of domains, of which the domain of the economy. From a terminological perspective, this article treats loans of the English language in the economic language in Spanish.
We realize a work of observation, analysis and description of the lexical loans in a corpus of articles published in the economic section of the daily paper El Pais over the period included between January 2007 and December 2010. The theoretical framework of our study deals, on the one hand, with the category of loans which, broadly speaking, conform to units from other linguistic codes, and secondly, we approach this linguistic phenomenon from the perspective of sociolinguistic language that is interested in the relationship between language and society. We then present our objectives (main and specific), and the methodology we have followed throughout our investigation. Finally, we discuss the results.
Résumé
L’emprunt est un phenomene social qui reflete l’influence culturelle exercee par une societe sur une autre. Les relations d’ordre economique, politique et culturelle qui se tissent entre les communautes contribuent aux echanges linguistiques entre les Etats, notamment au travers d’echanges culturels de tout type lesquels, a leur tour, entrainent l’incorporation d’elements d’une langue dans une autre. L’espagnol emprunte de plus en plus de mots et de tournures a la langue anglaise ; ceci est vrai dans bon nombre de domaines, dont le domaine de l’economie. Depuis une perspective terminologique, cet article traite des emprunts de la langue anglaise dans le langage economique en espagnol.
Nous realisons un travail d’observation, d’analyse et de description des emprunts lexicaux presents dans un corpus d’articles publies dans la section economique du quotidien El Pais sur la periode entre janvier 2007 et decembre 2010. Le cadre theorique de notre etude traite, d’une part, la categorie des emprunts qui, au sens large, conforment aux unites provenant d’autres codes linguistiques et, d’autre part, nous abordons ce phenomene linguistique par la perspective sociolinguistique qui s’interesse aux rapports entre le langage et la societe. Nous presentons ensuite nos objectifs (principaux et specifiques), puis la methodologie que nous avons suivie tout au long de notre investigation. Enfin, nous discutons des resultats obtenus.
Diminutives in Arabic-to-English Translation
Authors: al-Ghazalli Mehdi F. 
Published: January 2013

Diminutives serve a variety of semantic functions such as preference, satire, affection, endearment etc. The present study endeavours to highlight similarities and differences between both languages and the affect they have on how diminutives are translated from Arabic to English. It is hypothesized that the use of noun phrases preceded by adjectives could be more recurrent than those preceded by quantifiers in rendering diminutives from Arabic into English.
Two theoretical surveys of diminutives in both languages were introduced and professional translators were handed a literary text to render into English. On the basis of the linguistic and statistical analysis of the translations involving diminutives, it has been found out that diminutives have been mainly translated into noun phrases preceded by adjectives more than those noun phrases preceded by quantifiers.
Résumé
Les diminutifs ont toute une serie de fonctions semantiques telles que la preference, la satire, l’affection, la tendresse, etc. Cette etude s’efforce de mettre en exergue les ressemblances et les differences entre les deux langues et leur impact sur la maniere dont les diminutifs sont traduits de l’arabe en anglais. On part de l’hypothese que dans la traduction des diminutifs de l’arabe en anglais, l’utilisation de phrases nominatives precedees par des adjectifs pourrait etre plus courante que celles precedees par des quantificateurs.
Deux etudes theoriques sur les diminutifs dans les deux langues ont ete presentees, et des traducteurs professionnels ont recu un texte litteraire a traduire en anglais. L’analyse linguistique et statistique des traductions contenant des diminutifs a revele que les diminutifs etaient principalement traduits par des phrases nominatives precedees par des adjectifs, plutot que par des phrases nominatives precedees par des quantificateurs.
First Translation and Retranslation in the Historical, Social and Cultural Context: A case study of two Chinese versions of Tess of the D'Urbervilles
Authors: Rengdong Xiang 
Published: January 2013

The case study examined in depth is a comparison analysis of the classical English novel Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy, which has been translated into Chinese seven times, with seven versions preserving the novel form of the original. The present study will elaborate on the differences between two Chinese versions of Tess of the D’Urbervilles, one is Zhang Guruo’s version translated in 1934, and the other is Sun Zhili’s version translated in 1999, with regard to language style, literature, concept, acceptance of context, as well as the different translation strategies translators adopted in different historical, social and cultural contexts. The study also examines the special role played in the process by the two translations. The present paper thus contributes both to translation studies and to literary theory. The comparison is carried out by answering the following questions:
– What are the social cultural impacts on the first translation and the retranslation?
– What kind of selection tendencies do the two translators have?
– What are the specific translation strategies adopted by the translators in the field of social customs, history and religion, literature and art, Bible and other allusions, literature and historical figures? Why?
Résumé
L’etude de cas examinee en detail est une analyse comparative du roman anglais classique Tess of the D’Ubervilles de Thomas Hardy, qui a ete traduit sept fois en chinois, avec sept versions preservant la forme originale du roman. Cette etude exposera dans le detail les differences entre deux versions chinoises de Tess of the D’ Ubervilles, l’une etant la version de Zhang Guro traduite en 1934 et l’autre celle de Sun Zhili traduite en 1999, en ce qui concerne le style de la langue, la litterature, le concept, l’acceptation du contexte, ainsi que les differentes strategies de traduction que les traducteurs ont adoptees dans differents contextes historiques, sociaux et culturels. L’etude examine egalement le role special joue dans le processus par les deux traductions. Par consequent, cet article contribue tant a la traductologie qu’ a la theorie litteraire. La comparaison est effectuee en repondant aux questions suivantes :
– Quels sont les impacts socio-culturels sur la premiere traduction et la retraduction ?
– Quel type de tendances de selection les deux traducteurs ont-ils ?
– Quelles sont les strategies de traduction specifiques, adoptees par les traducteurs dans le domaine des coutumes sociales, de l’histoire et de la religion, de la litterature et de l’art, de la bible et d’autres allusions, des personnages litteraires et historiques ? Pourquoi ?
A steroidal molecule present in the egg wax of the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus inhibits bacterial biofilms
Authors: Zimmer Karine R. , Macedo Alexandre J. , Giordani Raquel B. , Conceição Jordan M. , Nicastro Gianlucca G. , Boechat Ana Laura , Baldini Regina L. , Abraham Wolf‐Rainer , Termignoni Carlos 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThe cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus lays eggs in the soil near the roots of grass, or in similar highly moist environments that are prone to biofilm formation. Tick eggs have a protective wax coating that may be a source of nutrients for microorganisms. However, as the eggs remain viable and show no visible signs of microbial colonization, we hypothesized that the coating might have anti‐biofilm properties. We show here that the coating inhibits biofilm formation by both Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria, though by different mechanisms. We have identified the anti‐biofilm molecule as N‐(3‐sulfooxy‐25‐cholest‐5‐en‐26‐oyl)‐L‐isoleucine (boophiline), and we show that it inhibits the expression of fliC (flagellin) and cdrA (biofilm scaffold), whose products are necessary for biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Boophiline is a novel biofilm inhibitor being also effective against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm. In our study we show evidences of the boophiline mode of action in the protection of arthropod eggs against biofilm colonization.
Grazing resistant freshwater bacteria profit from chitin and cell‐wall‐derived organic carbon
Authors: Eckert Ester M. , Baumgartner Michael , Huber Iris M. , Pernthaler Jakob 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThe rise of grazing resistant planktonic bacteria in freshwater lakes during vernal phytoplankton blooms is favoured by predation of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF). The spring period is also characterized by increased availability of organic carbon species that are in parts derived from cellular debris generated during bacterivory or viral lysis, such as peptidoglycan, chitin and their subunit N‐acetylglucosamine (NAG). We tested the hypothesis that two dominant grazing resistant bacterial taxa, the ac1 tribe of Actinobacteria (ac1) and filamentous bacteria from the LD2 lineage (Saprospiraceae), profit from such carbon sources during periods of intense HNF predation. The abundances of ac1 and LD2 rose in parallel with HNF, and disproportionally high fractions of cells from both lineages were involved in NAG uptake. Members of ac1 and LD2 were significantly more enriched after NAG addition to lake water. However, highest growth rates of both bacterial lineages were found on chitin and peptidoglycan. Moreover, the direct or indirect transfer of organic carbon from peptidoglycan to LD2 filaments could be demonstrated. We thus provide evidence that these taxa may benefit twofold from protistan predation: by removal of their competitors, and by specific physiological adaptations to utilize carbon sources that are released during grazing or viral lysis.
Prokaryotic responses to hydrostatic pressure in the ocean – a review
Authors: Tamburini Christian , Boutrif Mehdi , Garel Marc , Colwell Rita R. , Deming Jody W. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryEffects of hydrostatic pressure on pure cultures of prokaryotes have been studied extensively but impacts at the community level in the ocean are less well defined. Here we consider hydrostatic pressure effects on natural communities containing both unadapted (piezosensitive) prokaryotes originating from surface water and adapted (including piezophilic) prokaryotes from the deep sea. Results from experiments mimicking pressure changes experienced by particle‐associated prokaryotes during their descent through the water column show that rates of degradation of organic matter (OM) by surface‐originating microorganisms decrease with sinking. Analysis of a much larger data set shows that, under stratified conditions, deep‐sea communities adapt to in situ conditions of high pressure, low temperature and low OM. Measurements made using decompressed samples and atmospheric pressure thus underestimate in situ activity. Exceptions leading to overestimates can be attributed to deep mixing events, large influxes of surface particles, or provision of excessive OM during experimentation. The sediment–water interface, where sinking particles accumulate, will be populated by a mixture of piezosensitive, piezotolerant and piezophilic prokaryotes, with piezophilic activity prevailing deeper within sediment. A schematic representation of how pressure shapes prokaryotic communities in the ocean is provided, allowing a reasonably accurate interpretation of the available activity measurements.
Regulation of proteorhodopsin gene expression by nutrient limitation in the marine bacterium Vibrio sp. AND4
Authors: Akram Neelam , Palovaara Joakim , Forsberg Jeremy , Lindh Markus V. , Milton Debra L. , Luo Haiwei , González José M. , Pinhassi Jarone 
Published: January 2013

SummaryProteorhodopsin (PR), a ubiquitous membrane photoprotein in marine environments, acts as a light‐driven proton pump and can provide energy for bacterial cellular metabolism. However, knowledge of factors that regulate PR gene expression in different bacteria remains strongly limited. Here, experiments with Vibrio sp. AND4 showed that PR phototrophy promoted survival only in cells from stationary phase and not in actively growing cells. PR gene expression was tightly regulated, with very low values in exponential phase, a pronounced peak at the exponential/stationary phase intersection, and a marked decline in stationary phase. Thus, PR gene expression at the entry into stationary phase preceded, and could therefore largely explain, the stationary phase light‐induced survival response in AND4. Further experiments revealed nutrient limitation, not light exposure, regulated this differential PR expression. Screening of available marine vibrios showed that the PR gene, and thus the potential for PR phototrophy, is found in at least three different clusters in the genus Vibrio. In an ecological context, our findings suggest that some PR‐containing bacteria adapted to the exploitation of nutrient‐rich micro‐environments rely on a phase of relatively slowly declining resources to mount a cellular response preparing them for adverse conditions dispersed in the water column.
Six Decades of Total Factor Productivity Change and Sources of Growth in Bangladesh Agriculture (1948–2008)
Authors: Rahman Sanzidur , Salim Ruhul 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis study applies the Färe–Primont index to calculate total factor productivity (TFP) indices for agriculture in 17 regions of Bangladesh covering a 61‐year period (1948–2008). It decomposes the TFP index into six finer components (technical change, technical‐, scale‐ and mix‐efficiency changes, residual scale‐ and residual mix‐efficiency changes). Results reveal that TFP grew at an average rate of 0.57% p.a. led by the Chittagong, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Dinajpur and Noakhali regions. TFP growth is largely powered by technological progress estimated at 0.74% p.a. Technical efficiency improvement is negligible (0.01% p.a.) due to stagnant efficiency in most of the regions. Decline in scale efficiency is also negligible (0.01% p.a.), but the decline in mix efficiency is high at 0.19% p.a. Decomposition of the components of TFP changes into finer measures of efficiency corrects the existing literature’s blame of a decline in technical efficiency as the main cause of poor TFP growth in Bangladesh. Among the sources, farm size, R&D investment, extension expenditure and crop specialisation positively influenced TFP growth, whereas the literacy rate had a negative influence on growth. Policy implications include encouraging investment in R&D and extension, land reform measures to increase average farm size, promotion of Green Revolution technology and crop diversification.
Enhancement of Aged and Denatured Fingerprints Using the Cyanoacrylate Fuming Technique Following Dusting with Amino Acid‐Containing Powders
Authors: Nixon Carly , Almond Matthew J. , Baum John V. , Bond John W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe have carried out experiments to investigate the aging of latent fingerprints deposited on black PVC over a period of 4–15 weeks. A thumbprint was used in each case and before deposition of the print the donor rubbed their thumb around their nose to add sebaceous deposits. We have studied the effect of heat, light, and moisture and we find that moisture is the most significant factor in the degradation of the latent print. We have attempted to enhance these latent prints by dusting with valine powder or powders composed of valine mixed with gold or red fluorescent commercial fingerprint powders. To make a direct comparison between “treated” and “untreated” prints, the prints were cut in half with one‐half being “treated” and one‐half not. Our studies show the best results being obtained when powders of valine and red fluorescent powders are applied prior to cyanoacrylate fuming.
Murder Followed by Suicide: Filicide–Suicide Mothers in Italy from 1992 to 2010
Authors: D'Argenio Alberto , Catania Giorgia , Marchetti Marco 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe international literature shows that in 40–50% of the cases, homicides–suicides involving children under the age of 10 are committed by mothers. Here, we report some results on homicides–suicides, in the mother–child relationship, occurred in Italy between 1992 and 2010.We examined 36 cases of filicide–suicide mothers by consulting the archives of RAI, daily newspapers, and the ANSA news agency. We focused on: mothers and children's age, place of residence, date and place of the murder, number and sex of the murdered children, and modality of the homicide–suicide.At the time of the homicide–suicide, the average age of mothers was 35.4. The number of children killed by each mother was one, except in seven cases. All the women had underestimated psychopathological disorders and only six women were regularly treated.The dynamics and characteristics of the events were much more similar to suicides than homicides, so we can consider them as “extensive suicides.”