bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Organocatalytic Synthesis of Highly Substituted Cyclohexenols by Domino Double‐Michael Reactions of 1‐Hydroxy‐1,4‐dien‐3‐ones and 2‐Alkylidenemalononitriles
Authors: Jang Yeong‐Jiunn , Chen Yu‐Shan , Lee Chia‐Jui , Chen Chi‐Han , Reddy Ganapuram Madhusudhan , Ko Chi‐Ting , Lin Wenwei 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA facile asymmetric synthetic protocol to afford 2,6‐disubstituted 4‐hydroxy‐3‐oxocyclohex‐3‐ene‐1,1‐dicarbonitriles has been developed through the domino double‐Michael addition of 1,5‐disubstituted 1‐hydroxy‐1,4‐dien‐3‐ones to 2‐alkylidenemalononitriles using quinine as the catalyst. This simple organocatalytic domino process provides access to various highly functionalized chiral 4‐hydroxy‐3‐oxocyclohex‐3‐enes, which are the rarely reported chiral diketo cyclohexane analogues, in moderate‐to‐good yields and enantioselectivities and with excellent diastereoselectivities (>25:1 dr).
Can we really reduce ethnic prejudice outside the lab? A meta‐analysis of direct and indirect contact interventions
Authors: Lemmer Gunnar , Wagner Ulrich 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe present meta‐analysis tested the effectiveness of contact‐based interventions for the reduction of ethnic prejudice. Up to now, a meta‐analysis summarizing the results of real‐world interventions that rest on the intergroup contact theory has been missing. We included evaluations of programs realizing direct (i.e., face‐to‐face) and/or indirect (i.e., extended or virtual) contact in real‐world settings outside the lab. The interventions' effectiveness was tested shortly after their end (k = 123 comparisons, N = 11 371 participants) and with a delay of at least 1 month (k = 25, N = 1650). Our data show that contact interventions improve ethnic attitudes. Importantly, changes persist over time. Furthermore, not only direct but also indirect contact interventions are successful. In addition, contact programs are effective even in the context of a serious societal conflict (e.g., in the Middle East). Although changes are typically larger for ethnic majorities, there is an impact on minorities, too. Finally, contact interventions not only improve attitudes toward individuals involved in the program, their effects also generalize to outgroups as a whole. In sum, social psychology provides an intervention for prejudice reduction that can be successfully implemented in the practical field. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In the name of democracy: The value of democracy explains leniency towards wrongdoings as a function of group political organization
Authors: Pereira Andrea , Falomir‐Pichastor Juan Manuel , Berent Jacques , Staerklé Christian , Butera Fabrizio 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAccording to the “democracy‐as‐value” hypothesis, democracy has become an ideological belief system providing social value to democratic individuals, groups and institutions, granting legitimacy to their actions (even if dishonest or violent), and protecting them from consecutive punishments. The present research investigates the extent to which this legitimizing process is based on the individual endorsement of democratic principles. Across four experiments, following the misdeed of a (few) group member(s), respondents who valued democratic group organization and democracy in general expressed more lenient retributive justice judgments towards democratic (as compared with nondemocratic) offender groups. These findings shed light on the ways in which democratic ideology infuses justice judgments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Properties of a Gold Nanoseed Particle‐Attached Nickel Electrode
Authors: Uemoto Takahiro , Nakayama Yosuke , Chen Xiaomei , Chang Gang , Oyama Munetaka 
Published: February 2015

AbstractGold nanoseed particles (AuNSPs) of ca. 3.5 nm were attached on a Ni disk electrode, and the electrochemical properties of the thus‐prepared AuNSP‐attached nickel (AuNSP/Ni) electrode were investigated. As a remarkable effect of AuNSPs, cyclic voltammograms of Fe(CN)${{{4- \hfill \atop 6\hfill}}}$ recorded with an AuNSP/Ni electrode was reversible and almost identical to those recorded with an Au disk electrode, while a reversible response was not observed with a Ni disk electrode. The similar tendency was observed for the electrochemical oxidation of uric acid and glucose. Also, AuNSPs was proved to suppress the redox reactions of the Ni electrode in alkaline solutions.
Electrochemical Properties of Polypyrrole Doped by Alternating Polymer Micelles
Authors: Gryczan Piotr , Kisiel Anna , Michalska Agata , Maksymiuk Krzysztof 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMicelles composed of alternating polymer – poly(maleic anhydride alt‐1‐octadecene) (crosslinked and hydrolyzed) of diameter close to 200 nm were incorporated to polypyrrole films in course of potentiostatic polymerization. In this way a novel composite material was obtained with quite unique properties compared to typical polypyrrole. In the present case micelles possessing negatively charged carboxyl groups served as counter ions. The presence of micelles determines nontypical properties of the films such as separate potential ranges corresponding either to cation‐ and anion‐exchange or to low concentration of mobile ions. Factors affecting sensitivity to ions of different charges are discussed. Due to presence of carboxyl groups in the micelles, the obtained films exhibit pH sensitivity, both in potentiometric and voltammetric measurements mode.
Potentiometric Solid‐Contact Multisensor System for Simultaneous Measurement of Several Ions
Authors: Jasiński Artur , Urbanowicz Marcin , Guziński Marcin , Bocheńska Maria 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe design and performance of potentiometric multisensor system made in solid‐contact technology is described. Both, the measuring electrodes as well as the reference electrode are in a compact cell. The system allows for simultaneous measurement of various ions. The characteristics of the electrodes for Na+, K+ and Ca2+ ions were determined using the designed system and compared with ISEs of the same membrane composition in classical system. The potentiometric cells were used to determine the concentration of the ions in synthetic and real human sweat samples. The obtained results for synthetic samples were compared to the expected values and for collected real sample of sweat were compared to the results obtained by flame photometry (Na+, K+) and by AAS (Ca2+).
Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. A Status Assessment
Authors: Peter Laurence M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe basic concepts of light‐driven water splitting using semiconductor‐based photoelectrochemical devices are reviewed with the emphasis on the prospects of achieving solar to hydrogen (STH) efficiencies that will enable the development of competitive hydrogen generation technologies to begin to replace those based on fossil fuels. Examples of the calculation of conversion efficiencies are given for different approaches to solar photoelectrolysis, illustrating the need to use well‐defined figures of merit in all publications dealing with the photoelectrochemical generation of solar fuels.
Planar Impedancemetric NO Sensor with Thick Film Perovskite Electrodes Based on Samarium Cobaltite
Authors: Cvejin Katarina , Manjakkal Libu , Kulawik Jan , Zaraska Krzysztof , Szwagierczak Dorota 
Published: February 2015

AbstractImpedancemetric NO sensors were fabricated, comprising yttria stabilized zirconia disc with thick film Sm0.9Sr0.1CoO3−δ electrodes of different design. Impedance measurements were performed at 600–800 °C for frequencies 0.01 Hz–100 kHz, in gas mixtures with 0–400 ppm of NO. The smaller arc on Nyquist plots can be associated with solid electrolyte‐electrode interfacial phenomena, while the bigger one to the perovskite electrode reactions. As NO concentration increases, the bigger arc decreases and its maximum shifts toward higher frequencies. Both the sensitivity and the applicable NO concentration range were found to be dependent on the sensor design, temperature and chosen frequency.
Carbon Microsphere – Polystyrene Composite Electrode for Three‐Phase Boundary Oil Analysis: Quinizarin in Methyllaurate
Authors: Ahn Sunyhik D. , Kaluza Dawid , Jönsson‐Niedziólka Martin , Mitchels John M. , Marken Frank 
Published: February 2015

AbstractOil analysis for the case of quinizarin in methyllaurate is demonstrated with a disposable carbon microsphere – polystyrene composite electrode. Oxidation and reduction of quinizarin are observed as three‐phase boundary processes at the immiscible oil | water | carbon interface. Randomly packed glassy carbon microspheres (2–12 µm diameter) held together with a polystyrene binder (ca. 0.1 % by weight) are immobilized onto a pencil lead electrode and used for electrochemical oil analysis. Pore‐filling with oil is optimised for voltammetric detection and fluorescence spectroscopy is employed to support the mechanistic analysis based on voltammetry. Future applications for a wider range of oils and additives are proposed.
Potentiodynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Underpotential Deposition Processes
Authors: Ragoisha G. A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPotentiodynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy makes available, from cyclic potential scan combined with frequency response acquisition, a set of potentiodynamic profiles of characteristic electrochemical variables in addition to a voltammetric profile. Especially informative in the underpotential deposition is the double layer capacitance profile which characterises alterations of the interface status during the potential scan. Potentiodynamic profiles of charge transfer resistance and Warburg coefficient present complementary information about faradaic part of the electrochemical response. Profiles of adsorption capacitance are available in the reversible UPD.
Investigations into the Speciation of Inorganic Arsenic in Weakly Alkaline Medium by Voltammetry
Authors: Zakharova Elza A. , Noskova Galina N. , Moskaleva Marina L. , Elesova Elena E. , Wildgoose Gregory G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe speciation of inorganic forms of arsenic was studied using anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at a gold microelectrode in conjunction with photoreduction of As(V). Sodium sulfite (0.1 M) and ammonium buffer (pH≥9.5) were selected as both background electrolyte and photo‐reductive reagent. Oxygen was removed by radical chain reactions with sulfite. The proposed speciation method was validated for mixtures of arsenic As(III/V) at concentrations up to 1 mg L−1. The calculatedLODof As(III/V) was 0.06 µg L−1(3σ,tdep40 s). Any interference from nitrate anions present at up to millimolar concentration was minimized by their photoreduction.
Managing Internal Corrosion of Mild Steel Pipelines in CO2‐Enhanced Oil Recovery Multiphase Flow Conditions
Authors: Wang Zi Ming , Liu Xiao Tian , Han Xia , Zhang Jian 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe “carbon capture, utilization and storage” project has attracted considerable attention in recent years as the demands for reducing CO2 emissions increased. However, the produced fluids during CO2‐enhanced oil recovery (EOR) production are supersaturated with high‐pressure CO2 gas, which leads to serious corrosion damages of the pipelines. To model the corrosive conditions during CO2–EOR production, a self‐designed multiphase flow loop for internal corrosion evaluation was built. The role of flow patterns and emulsification that decisively influencing pipeline corrosion was systematically investigated. It was found that a higher gas‐to‐liquid ratio could be beneficial for reducing pipeline corrosion, which was attributed to a reduction in slug frequency and an enhancement in the stirring effect on the oil–brine mixtures. It was also found that corrosion can be completely inhibited if the transporting liquids were properly controlled under water‐in‐oil emulsion condition. A model considering the transport parameters that ensures the safety of crude‐oil transportation is proposed. It suggests that corrosion control by designing the transport parameters would be a suitable and economic method for tackling the corrosion damages to CO2–EOR pipelines. These ideas have been accepted for guiding the pipeline engineering in the CO2–EOR section of the Shengli oilfield.
Improved discrimination of subglacial and periglacial erosion using 10Be concentration measurements in subglacial and supraglacial sediment load of the Bossons glacier (Mont Blanc massif, France)
Authors: Guillon Hervé , Mugnier Jean‐Louis , Buoncristiani Jean‐François , Carcaillet Julien , Godon Cécile , Prud'homme Charlotte , van der Beek Peter , Vassallo Riccardo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDeciphering the complex interplays between climate, uplift and erosion is not straightforward and estimating present‐day erosion rates can provide useful insights. Glaciers are thought to be powerful erosional agents, but most published ‘glacial’ erosion rates combine periglacial, subglacial and proglacial erosion processes. Within a glaciated catchment, sediments found in subglacial streams originate either from glacial erosion of substratum or from the rock walls above the glacier that contribute to the supraglacial load. Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCN) are produced by interactions between cosmic ray particles and element targets at the surface of the Earth, but their concentration becomes negligible under 15 m of ice. Measuring TCN concentrations in quartz sand sampled in subglacial streams and in supraglacial channels is statistically compliant with stochastic processes (e.g. rockfalls) and may be used to discriminate subglacial and periglacial erosion. Results for two subglacial streams of the Bossons glacier (Mont Blanc massif, France) show that the proportion of sediments originating from glacially eroded bedrock is not constant: it varies from 50% to 90% (n = 6). The difference between the two streams is probably linked to the presence or absence of supraglacial channels and sinkholes, which are common features of alpine glaciers. Therefore, most of the published mean catchment glacial erosion rates should not be directly interpreted as subglacial erosion rates. In the case of catchments with efficient periglacial erosion and particularly rockfalls, the proportion of sediments in the subglacial stream originating from the supraglacial load could be considerable and the subglacial erosion rate overestimated. Here, we estimate warm‐based subglacial and periglacial erosion rates to be of the same order of magnitude: 0.39 ± 0.33 and 0.29 ± 0.17 mm a−1, respectively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupling patterns between para‐glacial and permafrost degradation responses in Antarctica
Authors: Oliva Marc , Ruiz‐Fernández Jesús 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe recently deglaciated environments in maritime permafrost regions are usually affected by very active paraglacial processes. Elephant Point is an ice‐free area of 1.16 km2 located in the SW of Livingston island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). Between 1956–2010 the retreat of the ice cap covering most part of this island has exposed 17.3% of the land surface in this peninsula. Two geomorphological units were identified in this new ice‐free area: a moraine extending from the western to the eastern coastlines and a relatively flat proglacial surface. The glacier in 1956 sat in contact with the northern slope of the moraine, but its accelerated retreat ‐ in parallel to the warming trend recorded in the Antarctic Peninsula ‐ left these areas free of glacier ice. Subsequently, the postglacial evolution was controlled by the relaxation phase typical of paraglacial systems. The typology and intensity of geomorphological processes show a significantly different dynamics between the southern and northern slopes of the moraine. This pattern is related to the different stage of paraglacial adjustment in both slopes. In the southern side, on coarser sediments, pronival ramparts, debris flows and alluvial fans are distributed, with a low to moderate activity of slope processes. In the northern side, mass wasting processes are extremely active on fine‐grained unconsolidated sediments. Ice‐rich permafrost is being degraded by thermokarst processes. Landslides and mudflows transfer large amounts of sediments down‐slope. The surface affected by retrogressive‐thaw slumps in the moraine has been quantified in 24,172 m2, which accounts for 9.6% of its surface. The abundance of kettle‐lakes is also indicative of the degradation of the ground ice. Paraglacial processes are expected to continue in the moraine and proglacial area in the near future, although their intensity and duration will depend on the magnitude and rate of future climate trends in the northern Antarctic Peninsula. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling suspended sediment concentration and load in a transport‐limited alluvial gully in northern Queensland, Australia
Authors: Rose Calvin W. , Shellberg Jeffrey G. , Brooks Andrew P. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTAlluvial gullies are often formed in dispersible sodic soils along steep banks of incised river channels. Field data collected by Shellberg et al. (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 38: 1765–1778, 2013) from a gully outlet in northern Australia showed little hysteresis between water discharge and fine (<63 µm) and coarse (>63 µm) suspended sediment, indicating transport‐limited rather than source‐limited conditions. The major source of the fine (silt/clay) component was the sodic soils of upstream gully scarps, and the coarser (sand) component was sourced locally from channel bed material. In this companion paper at the same study site, a new method was developed for combining the settling velocity characteristics of these two sediment source components to estimate the average settling velocity of the total suspended sediment. This was compared to the analysis of limited sediment samples collected during flood conditions. These settling velocity data were used in the steady‐state transport limit theory of Hairsine and Rose (Water Resources Research 28: 237–243, 245–250, 1992) that successfully predicted field data of concentrations and loads at a cross‐section, regardless of the complexity of transport‐limited upstream sources (sheet erosion, scalds, rills, gullies, mass failure, bank and bed erosion, other disturbed areas). The analysis required calibration of a key model parameter, the fraction of total stream power (F ≈ 0.025) that is effective in re‐entraining sediment. Practical recommendations are provided for the prediction of sediment loads from other alluvial gullies in the region with similar hydrogeomorphic conditions, using average stream power efficiency factors for suspended silt/clay (Fw ≈ 0.016) and sand (Fs ≈ 0.038) respectively, but with no requirement for field data on sediment concentrations. Only basic field data on settling velocity characteristics from soil samples, channel geometry measurements, estimates of water velocity and discharge, and associated error margins are needed for transport limit theory predictions of concentration and load. This theory is simpler than that required in source‐limited situations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retracted: Using bald eagles to track spatial (1999–2008) and temporal (1987–1992, 1999–2003, and 2004–2008) trends of contaminants in Michigan's aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Wierda Michael R. , Leith Katherine F. , Grubb Teryl G. , Sikarskie James G. , Best David A. , Bowerman William 
Published: February 2015

Retraction: ‘Using bald eagles to track spatial (1999–2008) and temporal (1987–1992, 1999–2003, and 2004–2008) trends of contaminants in Michigan's aquatic ecosystems’ by Michael R. Wierda, Katherine F. Leith, Teryl G. Grubb, James G. Sikarskie, David A. Best, and William Bowerman
The above article from Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, published online on 10 February 2015 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, G.A. Burton, Jr., SETAC and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The retraction has been agreed since the authors determined that some of the plasma samples run at Clemson University had failed quality assurance/quality control and were retested. The concentrations have since been corrected and validated.
Reference
Wierda MR, Leith KF, Grubb TG, Sikarskie JG, Best DA, Bowerman W. 2015. Using bald eagles to track spatial (1999–2008) and temporal (1987–1992, 1999–2003, and 2004–2008) trends of contaminants in Michigan's aquatic ecosystems. Environ ToxicolChem doi:10.1002/etc.2859.
Circumpolar contamination in eggs of the high-Arctic ivory gull Pagophila eburnea
Authors: Lucia Magali , Verboven Nanette , Strøm Hallvard , Miljeteig Cecilie , Gavrilo Maria V. , Braune Birgit M. , Boertmann David , Gabrielsen Geir W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

The ivory gull Pagophila eburnea is a high-Arctic species threatened by climate change and contaminants. The objective of the present study was to assess spatial variation of contaminant levels (organochlorines [OCs], brominated flame retardants [BFRs], perfluorinated alkyl substances [PFASs], and mercury [Hg]) in ivory gulls breeding in different areas across the Arctic region as a baseline for potential future changes associated with climate change. Contaminants were already determined in eggs from Canada (Seymour Island; except PFASs), Svalbard in Norway (Svenskøya), and 3 sites in Russia (Nagurskoe, Cape Klyuv, and Domashny). New data from Greenland allowed the investigation of a possible longitudinal gradient of contamination. The most quantitatively abundant OCs were p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and polychlorobiphenyls. Mercury concentrations were higher in Canada compared with other colonies. Eggs from Nagurskoe often were characterized by higher OC and BFR concentrations. Concentrations gradually decreased in colonies situated east of Nagurskoe. In contrast, PFAS concentrations, especially perfluorooctanoate and perfluorononanoate, were higher in Greenland. Some of the contaminants, especially Hg and p,p′-DDE, exceeded published thresholds known to disrupt the reproductive success of avian species. Overall, the levels of OCs, BFRs, and PFASs did not suggest direct lethal exposure to these compounds, but their potential synergetic/additive sublethal effects warrant monitoring. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1552–1561. © 2015 SETAC
Experimental Investigation into a Novel Modular PEMFC Fuel Cell Stack
Authors: Scott P. , Chen Y. , Calay R. , Bhinder F. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), despite being regarded as an ideal replacement to the internal combustion engine, is still not an economically attractive prime‐mover due to a number of key challenges that have yet to be fully resolved; such as degradation to cell components resulting in inadequate lifetimes, specialized manufacturing processes, and poor gravimetric/volumetric energy densities. This paper presents a stack concept which replaces the conventional bipolar plate (BPP), a component that is responsible for a large proportion of stack cost and volume in traditional fuel cell stack designs. The stack architecture compromises of active and passive components which are suited to mass manufacture and maintain functionality that the BPP fulfilled. Furthermore, the design allows the implementation of a fault tolerant system (FTS) which can bypass faulty cells while still ensuring electrical output. The stack architecture is presented and characterized over a number of operating scenarios. The experimental studies suggest that the performance of the new design is similar to that of traditional stacks over a number of operating conditions despite the removal of the BPP and the FTS continued to operate at a desired operating criterion despite the loss of a cell within the stack