bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic and Molecular Weight Modeling of Miniemulsion Polymerization Initiated by Oil‐Soluble Initiators
Authors: Shang Yue , Shan Guorong , Pan Pengju 
Published: February 2015

A mathematical model for the miniemulsion polymerization initiated by oil‐soluble initiators is described in detail with comparisons to experiment results. The desorption of primary radicals and particle population balance are introduced to illustrate the distribution of radical per particles. The effects of different variable factors including the particle size, surfactant layer, initiator, and aqueous phase inhibitor are considered, and the model predictions coincide well with experiment results under different above‐mentioned conditions. The model is found to be useful in explaining the ongoing debate about the origin of effective radical in miniemulsion polymerization initiated by oil‐soluble initiators. It is found that the effective radicals are originated from the primary radicals desorbed from the particles, and the contribution of the small amount of initiator dissolved in the aqueous phase can be ignored.
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Polyethylene‐Assisted Exfoliation of Hexagonal Boron Nitride in Composite Fibers: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study
Authors: Meng Jiangsha , Tajaddod Navid , Cranford Steven W. , Minus Marilyn L. 
Published: February 2015

A joint experimental and computational approach is used to explore the exfoliation mechanism for hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) in polyethylene (PE)/h‐BN composite fibers during hot‐drawing. A shear‐flow gel‐spinning apparatus is utilized to fabricate PE/h‐BN composite fibers with 11 wt% h‐BN loading. Different exfoliation states of the h‐BN platelets before and after hot‐drawing are experimentally examined using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Compared with the undrawn (as‐spun) fibers, both analyses show that the intensity of the major h‐BN peaks attributed to interlayer interaction significantly decreased for the drawn fibers, suggesting exfoliation of the h‐BN. A full atomistic steered molecular dynamics approach is used to obtain baseline force and work required for h‐BN layer separation, as well as to simulate the h‐BN exfoliation behavior as a result of the PE matrix shearing effect in the composite. Computational results indicate that a large interactive area between the polymer and the fillers is required to induce enough stress transfer to exceed the h‐BN exfoliation force/energy threshold. Once this threshold is achieved, complete exfoliation of the platelets to monolayer h‐BN is demonstrated. By understanding the relationship between interfacial area and interaction strength between polymer matrix and fillers, this work provides new insight toward use of polymers for producing mono‐ and few‐layered h‐BN.
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Kinetic Investigations of Cu‐Mediated ATRP in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Smolne Sebastian , Buback Michael 
Published: February 2015

Cu‐mediated atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is studied via on‐line vis/NIR spectroscopy in an aqueous solution of a monomer‐free model system, with CuBr/2,2′‐bipyridine acting as the catalyst, and 2‐hydroxyethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate as the initiator, at a pressure of up to 2000 bar. Excess NaBr is added to avoid the water‐assisted dissociation of the Br–Cu(II)/L bond. The activation–deactivation equilibrium constant, Kmodel, is measured at different compositions of the water–poly(ethylene glycol) dimethylether (PEO) solvent mixture, in which PEO mimics a water‐soluble monomer. Kmodel increases by about three orders of magnitude in passing from a PEO to a water environment. The change in Kmodel is essentially due to the effect on the activation rate coefficient. Kinetic analysis of the model system upon variation of NaBr concentration in conjunction with predici simulations shows that the NaBr content has no significant impact on the activation and deactivation rate coefficients and thus on Kmodel, but on dispersity and on the degree of chain‐end functionality.
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Condensed Mode Cooling for Ethylene Polymerization: Part I. The Effect of Different Induced Condensing Agents on Polymerization Rate
Authors: Alizadeh Arash , Namkajorn Montree , Somsook Ekasith , McKenna Timothy F. L. 
Published: February 2015

The effect of commonly used induced condensing agents (ICAs) on the rate of polymerization of ethylene on a supported Ziegler–Natta catalyst in a gas‐phase process is investigated. It is observed that the instantaneous rate of ethylene polymerization is promoted in presence of all ICAs studied. This is attributed to the effect of the heavy ICAs in enhancing the local concentration of ethylene at the active polymerization sites that are dispersed within the growing polymer particles. It is found that the higher the solubility of ICA in the polymer, the greater the observed effect. It is also observed that the enhancement due to the presence of an ICA is greater during the initial phase of the polymerization.
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Novel Hyperbranched Polysiloxanes Containing Acetoacetyl Groups Synthesized Through Transesterification Reaction
Authors: Niu Song , Yan Hongxia 
Published: February 2015

Development of an innovative strategy to prepare hyperbranched polysiloxanes (HBPS) is highly desirable due to the significant shortcomings of conventional fabrication approaches: the precursors need pre‐synthesis, the hydrosilylation reaction is conducted using costly catalysts, and hydrolysis of organosiloxanes easily results in gelation. Here, novel HBPS containing acetoacetyl groups (HBPS‐Ac) are synthesized through a cost‐efficient and easily controllable transesterification reaction. It is shown by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H NMR, and gas chromatography (GC) measurements that the polymerization process is a straightforward technique to prepare new HBPS. The polymers are capable to remove formaldehyde due to the highly efficient reaction of the active methylene in the acetoacetyl group with formaldehyde at room temperature. Notably, coatings incorporating 4 wt% of the polymers allow for formaldehyde absorption, while integrated performances are kept almost unaffected. Therefore, HBPS‐Ac are promising as scavengers for formaldehyde.
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Diversity of the causal genes in hearing impaired Algerian individuals identified by whole exome sequencing
Authors: Ammar‐Khodja Fatima , Bonnet Crystel , Dahmani Malika , Ouhab Sofiane , Lefèvre Gaelle M. , Ibrahim Hassina , Hardelin Jean‐Pierre , Weil Dominique , Louha Malek , Petit Christine 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe genetic heterogeneity of congenital hearing disorders makes molecular diagnosis expensive and time‐consuming using conventional techniques such as Sanger sequencing of DNA. In order to design an appropriate strategy of molecular diagnosis in the Algerian population, we explored the diversity of the involved mutations by studying 65 families affected by autosomal recessive forms of nonsyndromic hearing impairment (DFNB forms), which are the most prevalent early onset forms. We first carried out a systematic screening for mutations in GJB2 and the recurrent p.(Arg34*) mutation in TMC1, which were found in 31 (47.7%) families and 1 (1.5%) family, respectively. We then performed whole exome sequencing in nine of the remaining families, and identified the causative mutations in all the patients analyzed, either in the homozygous state (eight families) or in the compound heterozygous state (one family): (c.709C>T: p.(Arg237*)) and (c.2122C>T: p.(Arg708*)) in OTOF, (c.1334T>G: p.(Leu445Trp)) in SLC26A4, (c.764T>A: p.(Met255Lys)) in GIPC3, (c.518T>A: p.(Cys173Ser)) in LHFPL5, (c.5336T>C: p.(Leu1779Pro)) in MYO15A, (c.1807G>T: p.(Val603Phe)) in OTOA, (c.6080dup: p.(Asn2027Lys*9)) in PTPRQ, and (c.6017del: p.(Gly2006Alafs*13); c.7188_7189ins14: p.(Val2397Leufs*2)) in GPR98. Notably, 7 of these 10 mutations affecting 8 different genes had not been reported previously. These results highlight for the first time the genetic heterogeneity of the early onset forms of nonsyndromic deafness in Algerian families.
Accelerating 4D flow MRI by exploiting vector field divergence regularization
Authors: Santelli Claudio , Loecher Michael , Busch Julia , Wieben Oliver , Schaeffter Tobias , Kozerke Sebastian 
Published: February 2015

PurposeTo improve velocity vector field reconstruction from undersampled four‐dimensional (4D) flow MRI by penalizing divergence of the measured flow field.Theory and MethodsIterative image reconstruction in which magnitude and phase are regularized separately in alternating iterations was implemented. The approach allows incorporating prior knowledge of the flow field being imaged. In the present work, velocity data were regularized to reduce divergence, using either divergence‐free wavelets (DFW) or a finite difference (FD) method using the ℓ1‐norm of divergence and curl. The reconstruction methods were tested on a numerical phantom and in vivo data. Results of the DFW and FD approaches were compared with data obtained with standard compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction.ResultsRelative to standard CS, directional errors of vector fields and divergence were reduced by 55–60% and 38–48% for three‐ and six‐fold undersampled data with the DFW and FD methods. Velocity vector displays of the numerical phantom and in vivo data were found to be improved upon DFW or FD reconstruction.ConclusionRegularization of vector field divergence in image reconstruction from undersampled 4D flow data is a valuable approach to improve reconstruction accuracy of velocity vector fields. Magn Reson Med 75:115–125, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polarized multichannel transmit MRI to reduce shading near metal implants
Authors: Bachschmidt Theresa J. , Köhler Michael , Nistler Jürgen , Geppert Christian , Jakob Peter M. , Nittka Mathias 
Published: February 2015

PurposeTo investigate the benefit of a two‐channel transmit system on shading close to total hip replacements and other elongated metal structures in parallel to the magnet bore.MethodsAn analytical model comprising a water cylinder and a metal rod is introduced to describe the B1 effects close to elongated metal structures and it is verified. The dependence of the optimal polarization, which induces minimum shading, on the position of the metal is analyzed. Furthermore, the optimal polarization for two patients is determined both on the basis of the model and experimentally and its benefit compared with circular polarization is investigated.ResultsThe cylindrical model approximates the modification of the B1 field due to the metal well, and the optimal polarization strongly depends on the position of the rod. In vivo, shading can be ameliorated by the use of the optimal polarization; for total hip replacements with shafts of titanium, this polarization can be determined on the basis of both the analytical model and the experimental data.ConclusionParallel transmission offers the possibility of a substantial reduction of shading close to long metal structures in parallel to the magnet bore. Magn Reson Med 75:217–226, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trends, Victims, and Injuries in Injurious Patient Assaults on Adult, Geriatric, and Child/Adolescent Psychiatric Units in US Hospitals, 2007–2013
Authors: Staggs Vincent S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWhile rates of other nurse‐sensitive adverse outcomes have declined in recent years, little is known about trends in rates of assault by psychiatric inpatients. The primary purpose of this study was to examine recent trends in injurious assault rates against patients and staff on adult, geriatric, and child/adolescent psychiatric units, using data from a nationwide sample of hospitals. A secondary aim was to assess the frequency with which patients and various types of hospital staff were reported as the most severely injured victim. National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators® data from 2007 to 2013 were extracted. The sample comprised 345 hospitals (324 general, 5 pediatric, 16 psychiatric), 438 adult, 75 geriatric, and 105 child/adolescent units, each with assault rate data from at least three of the seven study years. All but four states in the United States were represented. Spearman's rank coefficients were used to test for time trends. In 16.3 million patient days, nearly three‐quarters of the 14,877 injurious assaults by patients involved injury only to hospital staff, whereas one‐fifth resulted in injury only to patients. A registered nurse was named most frequently as the most severely injured victim (32.1% of assaults), and nursing staff of all types accounted for 64.9% of the most severely injured. Assault rates did not change significantly over time. Unlike several other nursing‐sensitive adverse outcomes that have been the focus of policymakers, assault rates have not declined in recent years and remain a problem in need of more focused attention. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oral leukoplakia in patients with Fanconi anaemia without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Grein Cavalcanti Laura , Lyko Karine Fátima , Araújo Renata Lins Fuentes , Amenábar José Miguel , Bonfim Carmem , Torres‐Pereira Cassius Carvalho 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundFanconi anaemia is a genetic disease characterized by congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure, and a higher predisposition of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of oral mucosa lesions in patients with Fanconi anaemia without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).ProcedurePatients with Fanconi anaemia who had not undergone HSCT was cross‐sectional evaluated for the presence of oral lesions.ResultsThe sample was composed of 78 male and 60 female patients, with a median age of 9 years. Of the 138 patients, approximately 45% manifested at least one oral mucosa abnormality: 35 patients (25%) presented with traumatic injuries, and 16 (12%) exhibited leukoplakia. The following lesions were observed in low prevalence: aphthous ulcers, atrophic tongue, petechiae and hematomas, gingival hyperplasia, mucoceles, herpes, hyperpigmentation, haemangioma, non‐neoplastic proliferative lesions, neutropenic ulcers, papilloma, and candidiasis.ConclusionThere was a high prevalence of oral leukoplakias in patients with Fanconi anaemia who had not undergone HSCT. It highlights the need of regular oral screenings in this cohort of concern for head and neck malignancies and suggests that oral leukoplakias should be further investigated as part of the syndrome phenotype. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1024–1026. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Psychiatric disorders in 130 survivors of childhood cancer: Preliminary results of a semi‐standardized interview
Authors: Bagur J. , Massoubre C. , Casagranda L. , Faure‐Conter C. , Trombert‐Paviot B. , Berger C. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundAlthough psychological sequelae are well known among survivors of childhood cancer, psychiatric sequelae remain inadequately explored. Long‐term psychiatric sequelae and their main risk factors in this population were evaluated.ProcedureInitially, 483 survivors of childhood cancer, except leukemia, were invited to complete a questionnaire assessing their health and quality of life. Of them, 130 completed the survey, subsequently consulted with a pediatric oncologist and an internist, and met with a psychologist for a semi‐standardized interview based on the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), which allowed diagnosis of DSM‐IV Axis 1 psychiatric disorders. The collected data were compared with those of the French general population.ResultsSeventy‐three of the 130 survivors (56.2%) who completed the MINI interview reported experiencing at least one psychiatric disorder since cancer diagnosis, mostly anxiety (39.2%), mood (27.7%), or major depressive (24.6%) disorders; 46 reported at least one current disorder (35.4%). Agoraphobia (P = 0.02) and psychotic disorders were more common (P = 0.003) and general anxiety disorder less common (P < 0.001) among survivors than the general population. Most disorders correlated significantly with survivors’ ratings of lower quality of life. Smoking, cancer type, and treatments significantly influenced the prevalence of psychiatric disorders.ConclusionsResults were consistent between the self‐questionnaire and MINI interview responses, though time may have biased memory. Vulnerability to and high risk for developing DSM‐IV Axis 1 psychiatric disorders of childhood cancer survivors can persist long after diagnosis and treatment. Thus, systematic and general psychological screening of survivors may facilitate long‐term psychological restoration. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:847–853. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anti‐inflammatory properties of Lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon®) in a mouse model of prostate hyperplasia
Authors: Bernichtein Sophie , Pigat Natascha , Camparo Philippe , Latil Alain , Viltard Mélanie , Friedlander Gérard , Goffin Vincent 
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUNDPermixon®, the hexanic lipidosterolic extract of saw palmetto Serenoa repens (LSESr), has shown properties that highlight its benefit in the management of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). To address its actual anti‐inflammatory potency, we used a unique pro‐inflammatory mouse model of prostate hyperplasia involving prostate‐specific over‐expression of prolactin transgene (Pb‐Prl).METHODSSix month‐old Pb‐Prl males were administered with Permixon® per os at the daily dose of 100 mg/kg for 28 days. Body and prostate weights were measured weekly and at sacrifice, respectively. Prostate histology was carefully assessed by a pathologist and detailed quantifications of epithelial and stromal compartments were performed using image analysis software. Luminal cell proliferation index was determined using Ki‐67 immunostaining, and apoptosis using Bax/Bcl2 mRNA ratio. Tissue inflammation and fibrosis were assessed by histological analyses then quantified using CD45 immunostaining and picrosirius staining, respectively. Expression profiling of selected pro‐inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and chemokine receptors was performed by quantitative RT‐PCR.RESULTSIn this model, Permixon® significantly decreased tissue weight and proliferation index specifically in the ventral lobe. Although treatment had no noticeable effect on epithelial histology of any lobe, it markedly reduced the histological hallmarks of inflammation in all lobes. This was confirmed by the global down‐regulation of prostate pro‐inflammatory cytokine profile, with significant reduction of CCR7, CXCL6, IL‐6, and IL‐17 expression.CONCLUSIONSIn this mouse model of prostate hyperplasia, Permixon® exerted potent anti‐inflammatory properties in the whole prostate while anti‐androgenic effects were lobe‐specific, suggesting that distinct LSESr components may be involved in these effects. Our results support the beneficial role of Permixon® treatment for BPH. The relevance of CCR7, CXCL6, IL‐6, and IL‐17 as potential biomarkers to follow up BPH inflammatory status needs to be assessed. Prostate 75:706–722, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prostate cancer screening using risk stratification based on a multi‐state model of genetic variants
Authors: Yen Amy Ming‐Fang , Auvinen Anssi , Schleutker Johanna , Wu Yi‐Ying , Fann Jean Ching‐Yuan , Tammela Teuvo , Chen Sam Li‐Sheng , Chiu Sherry Yueh‐Hsia , Chen Hsiu‐Hsi 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundRisk‐stratified screening for prostate cancer (PCa) with prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) testing incorporating genetic variants has received some attention but has been scarcely investigated. We developed a model to stratify the Finnish population by different risk profiles related to genetic variants to optimize the screening policy.MethodsData from the Finnish randomized controlled trial on screening for PCa with PSA testing were used to estimate a six‐state Markov model of disease progression. Blood samples from Finnish men were used to assess the risk of PCa related to three genetic variants (rs4242382, rs138213197, and rs200331695). A risk score‐based approach combined with a series of computer simulation models was applied to optimize individual screening policies.ResultsThe 10‐year risk of having progressive prostate cancer detected ranged from 43% in the top 5% risk group to approximately 11% in the bottom half of the population. Using the median group, with screening every four years beginning at 55 years‐old, as the reference group, the recommended age beginning screening was approximately 47 years‐old for the top 5% risk group and 55 years‐old for those in the lower 60% risk group. The recommended interscreening interval has been shortened for individuals in the high risk group. The increased availability of genomic information allows the proposed multistate model to be more discriminating with respect to risk stratification and the suggested screening policy, particularly for the lowest risk groups­.­­ConclusionsA multi‐state genetic variant‐based model was developed for further application to population risk stratification to optimize the interscreening interval and the age at which to begin screening for PSA. A small sub‐group of the population is likely to benefit from more intensive screening with early start and short interval, while half of the population is unlikely to benefit from such protocol (compared with four‐year interval after age 55 years). Prostate 75:825–835, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Safety of enzalutamide in patients with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer previously treated with docetaxel: Expanded access in North America
Authors: Joshua Anthony M. , Shore Neal D. , Saad Fred , Chi Kim N. , Olsson Carl A. , Emmenegger Urban , Scholz Mark , Berry William , Mukherjee Som D. , Winquist Eric , Haas Naomi B. , Foley Margaret A. , Dmuchowski Carl , Perabo Frank , Hirmand Mohammad , Hasabou Nahla , Rathkopf Dana ,   for The Enzalutamide Expanded Access Study Investigators
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUNDThe open‐label, single‐arm enzalutamide expanded access program (EAP) in the United States and Canada evaluated the safety of enzalutamide in patients with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) who had previously received docetaxel.METHODSPatients (n = 507) received enzalutamide 160 mg/day until disease progression, intolerable adverse events (AEs), or commercial availability occurred. AEs and other safety variables were assessed on day 1, weeks 4 and 12, and every 12 weeks thereafter. Data following transition to commercial drug were not collected.RESULTSMedian age was 71 years (range 43–97); 426 patients (83.9%) had a baseline ECOG score of ≤1. In addition to docetaxel, the majority of patients had received prior prostate cancer treatments such as abiraterone (76.1%) or cabazitaxel (28.6%). Median study treatment duration was 2.6 months (range 0.03–9.07). The most frequently reported reasons for discontinuation were commercial availability of enzalutamide (46.7%) and progressive disease (33.7%). A total of 88.2% of patients experienced AEs; 45.4% experienced AEs with a maximum grade of 1 or 2. Fatigue (39.1%), nausea (22.7%), and anorexia (14.8%) were the most commonly reported AEs. Seizure was reported in four patients (0.8%). The most commonly reported event leading to death was progression of metastatic prostate cancer (7.7%).CONCLUSIONIn this heavily pretreated EAP population with progressive mCRPC, enzalutamide was well tolerated and the safety profile was consistent with that of the AFFIRM trial. Prostate 75: 836–844, 2015. © 2015 The Authors. The Prostate, published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.