bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age Estimations from Diaphyseal Lengths: Two Months to Twelve Years
Authors: Hoffman JM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Accurate identification of individuals by skeletal structures requires estimations of age, sex, race, and stature plus the presence or absence of such distinguishing features as healed or healing fractures (or other pathologies), restorative or reparative dental work, skeletal anomalies, and others. Correct identification, within limits, is maximized when the investigator has the remains of a complete adult skeleton. As skeletal parts diminish in number and as the age of the individual decreases, accuracy in identification also decreases. When found in combination, that is, with fragmentary skeletons of subadults, these features make for the least desirable situation if accurate individual identification is to be made or even attempted. Kerley [1] has recently reminded us of the inherent difficulties of determining sex, race, and stature in subadults even when complete remains are available. As the remains become more fragmentary these parameters become most difficult to evaluate.
Acute Epiglottitis (Supraglottitis)
Authors: Rivers RL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Acute inflammation and edema of the epiglottis is a catastrophic illness, often leading to a sudden and unexpected asphyxia. Many victims die too quickly for medical attention or receive improper medical assistance. This report presents seven cases of fatal epiglottitis from a coroner's autopsy service (Table 1). None of the victims had been hospitalized. Six victims had sought medical assistance. The cases stress the fulminant course and the difficult diagnosis of acute epiglottitis. Accurate records on the incidence of acute epiglottitis may be supplemented by coroner-medical examiners' investigations. Failure to examine the epiglottis during the postmortem examination may disguise the true incidence of this disease.
Psychiatric Observations and Interpretations of Bite Mark Evidence in Multiple Murders
Authors: Morrison HL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
There are many reports in the literature of the study of murder and murderers from multiple viewpoints [1–13]. Few of these reports have been based on extensive periods of evaluation. This current paper is a partial report of the study of a man who can be termed a nonspecific mass murderer. His case is one in a series of the study of male mass murderers currently undergoing extensive investigation from multiple viewpoints. All of these cases have in common several elements and they compose a very selective subpopulation of those who murder. All persons selected for study have committed a minimum of 10 and as many as 30 murders over a period of more than five years. Most of the victims were not well known to the murderer. The victims were most often females, ranging in age from ten weeks to approximately 35 years of age. The mode of murder was violent, sexual, and sadistic, often including multiple behaviors such as strangulation, stabbing, and mutilation as well as other destructive actions. The personalities of these men are the focus of study with a major focus on the psychiatric evaluation of developmental processes. The evaluations included psychologic, genetic, and physiologic measures as well as any other areas of exploration deemed to be necessary.
Laser Detection of Latent Fingerprints—Treatment with Phosphorescers
Authors: Menzel ER 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Previous articles in this journal [1,2] have described the detection of latent fingerprints by argon-ion laser. Basically, the procedure involves illumination of the exhibit under scrutiny with the light from a continuous-wave argon-ion laser followed by observation and photography of the luminescence from the latent print. The luminescence can be inherent fingerprint luminescence, fluorescence arising from treatment of the print with fluorescers (fluorescent dusting powders or fluorescent dyes) [1–3], or fluorescence resulting from chemical treatment of latent prints. Such chemicals (fluorescamine, o-phthalaldehyde, p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde) react with fingerprint material in a manner analogous to ninhydrin to form fluorescent reaction products [2]. Thus, laser detection of latent prints takes on a wide range of applicability.
Case Analysis of Fingerprint Detection by Laser
Authors: Dalrymple BE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Laser detection of fingerprints, as described in an earlier paper [1], entails exposure of crime scene exhibits to laser light and photography (or direct viewing) of any fingerprints thereby induced. The Ontario Provincial Police Force has initiated laser examination of exhibits for fingerprints to evaluate the effectiveness of this technique and to obtain additional data that might further exploit the luminescence of fingerprints on materials under examination. Glass, metal, wood, cloth, stone, and plastic exhibits were examined for fingerprints under laser light. Many of these surfaces yielded localized luminescence that may or may not have been the result of fingerprint deposit.
Moving Towards Professionalization of Latent Print Examiners
Authors: Cowger JF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Latent print comparison is the oldest and most trusted practice within the forensic sciences. Age has not, however, imbued it with nearly the professional stature that should be accorded an art or science that has contributed so much to law enforcement and criminal justice. Many of the problems that stand in the way of professionalization for latent print examiners can be addressed only with long-term solutions. There are, however, some things that latent print examiners should do, as individuals, that will help to accelerate their recognition as forensic scientists, just as firearms examiners, handwriting examiners, and even general criminalists are so recognized.
Determining Sequence of Fire in Gunshot Wounds: Two Case Reports
Authors: Sexton JS , Hennigar GR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
There are many facts that can usually be learned about a gunshot wound during a forensic autopsy. These include the range of fire (contact, near, or distant range), the path through which the bullet entered the body, what caliber bullet or bullets were used (and which was probably the fatal shot), and, finally, specifically, what gun fired the fatal shot if the bullet removed at autopsy is found to match a suspected weapon. Sometimes, when a defective weapon has been used, the bullet holes and the bullet will show that the firearm was defective. All of these facts are very helpful in understanding the circumstances surrounding a death.
Trace Amounts of Lead and Bromine in Soot Studied by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Hagström AL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Forensic science laboratories are sometimes confronted with the question of whether or not a flammable solvent has been used to initiate a fire. One of the most efficient accelerants is gasoline. Some gasoline for use in motor vehicles contains lead and bromine (tetraethyl lead, tetramethyl lead, and ethylene dibromide) as additives amounting to about 0.4 g/litre. The lead alkyls are added to improve the resistance against knocking, whereas ethylene dibromide is used to expel the lead from the cylinder walls.
Spot Tests: A Color Chart Reference for Forensic Chemists
Authors: Johns SH , Wist AA , Najam AR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Spot tests, the most common of preliminary screening tests, have been of long-standing use in forensic analysis. With the advent of technological instrumentation, the importance of this utilitarian, albeit basic, test procedure has diminished. In the early development of currently accepted laboratory technique, the spot test (also referred to as the color test) was often employed as a conclusive method for substance identification. Advanced technology has demonstrated that color tests alone indicate nothing but the possible presence or absence of a particular molecular grouping. Consequently, the color test must be considered inconclusive for purposes of positive identification. Thus the main purpose of the spot test is to narrow the list of substances possibly present in any given unknown.
Application of the Le Rosen Test to Paint Analysis
Authors: Linde HG , Stone RP 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Reliable, discriminating spot tests can be important in rapidly determining differences involving paint sample comparisons. Reagents offering high color intensity with a broadranged spectrum obviously produce the best basis for sample analysis. The Le Rosen reaction [1, pp. 137–140] is such a test, offering definitive discrimination of many aromatic compounds. Application of this test to small paint samples offers a clearer differentiation than sulfuric acid [2] and a wider applicability than diphenylamine-type reagents, both accepted color-solubility tests for paint classifications.
Application of the Tri-Ess Mini Metal Detector to Forensic Autopsies (or, How to Find the Elusive Projectile)
Authors: Wetli CV 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Locating and recovering projectiles and projectile fragments from cadavers can sometimes be difficult, frustrating, and time-consuming. Precisely locating a projectile by X-ray is usually not accomplished because of the difficulty in obtaining accurate oblique and lateral projections. The forensic pathologist is thus occasionally faced with a situation where the general location of a projectile is known but the track is lost or becomes inapparent during the course of dissection. Further X-rays are generally useless, and one must then embark on a lengthy and frequently mutilating dissection to locate and retrieve the projectile. In such autopsy situations, we have found the Tri-ess metal detector to be of definite help. This instrument was initially chosen because of its purported sensitivity, small size, and low cost.
A Review of Detective Work:A Study of Criminal Investigations
Authors: Osterburg JW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The author, a sociologist, spent a year as a participant-observer studying detectives at work in a county sheriff's office. The result is the best writing about criminal investigation this reviewer has read. It stands in direct and favorable contrast to the regrettable study released in 1975 by the Rand Corporation of “The Criminal Investigation Process.” Sanders' work, a major contribution to the literature, is a typical piece of good academic (yet practical) research—the kind that seldom seems to be supported by the federal government. On the other hand, the half-million dollar funding of the Rand Study by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration resulted in a product that charitably can be described as less than memorable.
A Review of Medicolegal Investigation of the President John F. Kennedy Murder
Authors: Rupp JC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This book presents a rehash of the same old material we have heard and read over and over again for the past 15 years. The book suffers from two glaring deficiencies. First, the author is a forensic biologist, not a forensic pathologist, and second, the author has taken his material almost exclusively from the Warren Commission Report because he had no access to any of the material contained in the National Archives.
A Review of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, Volume II
Authors: Standefer J 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The objective of the two-volume series Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man is to provide reference information on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of drugs commonly encountered in forensic and clinical practice as well as to provide useful interpretative and diagnostic information for the toxicologist. Volume I provides this information on commonly encountered centrally acting drugs while Volume II provides information on peripherally acting drugs and toxins not commonly requested in toxicology laboratories. Because these drugs are not frequently encountered, Volume II is a valuable reference source. For example, the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and analysis of pancuronium is well described and in a brief study one can adequately review its pharmacology. Other peripheral toxins that are well referenced include anions (such as cyanide and nitrate), metals (such as arsenic and thallium), pesticides (such as aldrin, lindane, and paraquat), and volatiles (such as ethylene glycol and fluorocarbons). The data for each toxin include pharmacokinetics, metabolism, postmortem concentrations, and analytical approaches. while this information is provided in a brief format, adequate references are included. A very useful addition to Volume II is an appendix that contains a list of the therapeutic and toxic concentrations of common drugs in a format similar to that published by Baselt et al in Clinical Chemistry, Vol. 21, 1975, pp. 44–62. This list relates drug dose to blood and tissue concentrations and provides the clinical conditions associated with blood concentrations.
Suicide by Intravenous Injection of a Veterinary Euthanasia Agent: Report of a Case and Toxicologic Studies
Authors: Clark MA , Jones JW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Suicide by the intravenous self-administration of an overdose of therapeutic drugs has been rarely reported in the literature. All such cases to date have involved the use of short-acting barbiturates normally used in the induction of anesthesia; the victims have been either medical or paramedical personnel [1–3]. To our knowledge, the present case represents the first report of the suicidal intravenous self-administration of a veterinary euthanasia agent.
Death Associated with Nitrite Ingestion: Report of a Case
Authors: Standefer JC , Jones AM , Street E , Inserra R 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Sodium nitrite reacts with the ferrous iron of hemoglobin and oxidizes it to ferric (Fe3+) iron. This converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which does not react with oxygen, and thus the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced. Poisoning from accidental ingestion of sodium nitrite has been reported [1–5], and although it has been suggested that a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight will cause toxic symptons [1], recovery was reported when up to 30 mg/kg body weight (2 to 30 mg/kg body weight) was ingested and medical treatment was available within minutes. Death was reported following an accidental ingestion by a four-month-old infant of a “small amount” of 4% ethyl nitrite in liquid formula. The concentration of methemoglobin in blood from this infant was 80% of the total hemoglobin, while that of the surviving twin who had consumed less of the formula was 38% [2]. Generally, survivors have had methemoglobin levels of less than 60%, and prompt treatment with methylene blue has limited the morbidity. We present a case of suicidal sodium nitrite poisoning that caused death within 1 h and resulted in detectable concentrations of both nitrite and nitrate in certain tissues.
Pyrolysis Analysis of the Herbicide Paraquat on Cannabis by Coupled Gas Chromatography-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Beutler JA , Varano A , DerMarderosian A 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The recent furor over paraquat contamination of Mexican marijuana imported into this country has involved some controversy over how much of the herbicide survives pyrolysis in marijuana cigarettes and how much danger the unknown amount of paraquat poses to the Cannabis smoker [1–5]. While much is known about the pulmonary toxicity of ingested paraquat [6–9], little is known about the toxicity of inhaled paraquat, and even less about the physiological activity of its pyrolysis products.
Possible Characterization of Samples of Cannabis sativa L. by Their Carbon Isotopic Distributions
Authors: Liu JH , Lin W-F , Fitzgerald MP , Saxena SC , Shieh YN 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
To achieve the ultimate goal in “individualizing” drug samples, qualitative and quantitative composition determinations are commonly used [1–5]. Based on quantitative analysis of major cannabinoids, pharmaceutical scientists [2,3] have concluded that Cannabis sativa L. can be chemically categorized into drug and fiber types. These investigators [2,3] further established that the phenotype of a plant is determined by the genetic origin of the seed, and the location of cultivation is irrelevant. On the other hand, according to geochemists, environmental factors seem to control isotope distribution in plants of the same species. Although the category of a plant is controlled by the adopted carbon fixation pathway [6–8], the carbon isotope ratio 13C/12C within a category reflects the environmental conditions such as humidity, temperature, photoperiod, and isotope composition of ambient carbon dioxide [7–14] in which the plant has grown. It is therefore interesting to analyze the isotopic distribution in Cannabis sativa L. of different origins grown under various conditions for possible characterization of seed origin and location of cultivation.
Radiographic Interpretation of Contrast-Media-Enhanced Bite Marks
Authors: Rawson RD , Bell A , Kinard JG 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Radiography has been a diagnostic and interpretive instrument of the scientific community for many years [1]. The forensic science applications are numerous and varied, with a primary focus on identification problems [2]. Forensic odontologists rely heavily on dental radiography to match or exclude antemortem and postmortem films for identification [3]. Medical examiners have often been aided in their identifications by radiographic discoveries of broken bones, implants, and other foreign objects [4]. Recent work has expanded the experimental use of radiography to include the examination of fingerprints on skin [2, pp. 123–135] and the accurate mapping of incisal contours for comparisons [5]. Current opinion discounts any radiographic application in interpreting the tissue change caused by bites [6, p. 81].
The Core Technique in the Determination of Age at Death in Skeletons
Authors: Thompson DD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Determining age at death beyond 50 years in skeletons has posed problems for physical anthropologists, forensic scientists, and archeologists. Morphological aging methods such as pubic symphyseal remodeling [1–5], cranial suture closure [1,2,6,7], and the degree of osteoarthritis [8] are often inaccurate or not appropriate in aging skeletons of persons older than 50 years. Histological methods of estimating age at death in skeletons [9–13], overcoming many of the subjective criteria associated with morphological aging methods, are receiving increasing attention for their ability to age skeletons accurately from birth to old age. Of the histological methods that use cortical bone samples, Kerley's method [10] has been shown to be the most accurate. Current histological methods, however, have shortcomings that limit their widespread application by physical anthropologists and forensic scientists. The principal shortcoming is the need for complete cross sections of diaphyseal bone. With Ubelaker's recent finding [14] that age-related histological changes in bone may be population-specific, the need for a nondestructive technique of bone sample acquisition becomes important. To confirm or reject the findings that populations may vary in their rates of osteon turnover, thereby affecting age estimations obtained by histological methods, it is necessary to acquire bone samples from large skeletal series of known age at death. Access to these skeletons as well as forensically derived skeletons depends on a technique that minimizes the physical damage to a skeleton.
Sudden Death Due to Spontaneous Rupture of the Spleen from Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Bell JS , Mason JM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
An 18-year-old white male showing no external signs of trauma was discovered dead in his bathroom. A ten-day history of illness resulting in symptomatic treatment for viremia one day before death was elicited. Autopsy revealed splenic rupture, massive peritoneal hemorrhage, and atypical lymphocytes. Laboratory tests on postmortem samples confirmed the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis.
Postmortem Biochemical Changes in Canine Vitreous Humor
Authors: Schoning P , Strafuss AC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Time and temperature effects on postmortem vitreous humor from 60 adult mongrel dogs were studied. After death the dogs were held at 4, 20, or 37° for intervals of 3, 6, 12, 24, or 48 h. Antemortem and postmortem vitreous was analyzed for sodium, chloride, potassium, urea nitrogen, glucose, and creatinine. Potassium levels rose with increases in temperature and time. Sodium, chloride, and urea nitrogen values were stable at 4° for 48 h; they were less stable at higher temperatures. Glucose dropped to less than half within 3 h at all temperatures. Creatinine values were inconsistent. In that postmortem glucose and sodium levels remained below antemortem levels, diagnosis of hyperglycemia and hypernatremia should be possible. Consequently, a diagnosis of hypoglycemia could not be supported; the diagnosis of hyponatremia could be made in the early postmortem period.
Postmortem Biochemical Changes in Canine Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Schoning P , Strafuss AC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Time and temperature effects on postmortem cerebrospinal fluid samples from 60 adult mongrel dogs were studied. After death the dogs were held at 4, 20, or 37°C for intervals of 3, 6, 12, 24, or 48 h. Antemortem and postmortem cerebrospinal fluid was evaluated for sodium, chloride, potassium, urea nitrogen, glucose, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, and carbon dioxide. Sodium and urea nitrogen values remained stable. Chloride levels decreased. Potassium and phosphorus levels increased with postmortem interval and may be of forensic science value. Low levels of postmortem calcium might indicate antemortem hypocalcemia; high levels of postmortem glucose may indicate antemortem hyperglycemia. Calcium and creatinine levels increased slightly but continually after death; carbon dioxide values dropped.
Postmortem Behavior of Serum Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, and Parathormone
Authors: Rachut E , Rynbrandt DJ , Doutt TW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Comparison of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and parathormone levels in antemortem and postmortem sera was done by radioimmunoassay. In all but one of twelve cases, thyroxine levels irregularly declined after death, but this was statistically significant in only five patients. Triiodothyronine was assayed in eleven patients; two levels fell, six rose, and two remained unchanged as late as 17.75 h after death. One patient had a decline in hormone level, followed by an elevation. Five of the eleven patients assayed for parathormone maintained stable levels for as long as 17.75 h after death. Five levels showed an elevation, and one, a decline followed by an elevation. The erratic behavior of triiodothyronine and parathormone after death may be due to conversion from thyroxine or from heterologous forms of parathormone, respectively. It was noted that hormone levels from the inferior vena cava tended to be higher than those from femoral veins, with diffusion of hormone from decomposing glands in the neck as a possible cause.