bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boronate affinity adsorption of cis‐diol‐containing biomolecules in nonaqueous solvent
Authors: Zhang Li , Wang Chaozhan , Wei Yinmao 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBoronate affinity has attracted much attention in recent years. It has been broadly used for selective isolation and enrichment of cis‐diol‐containing molecules. Conventionally, the cis‐diols are adsorbed in mild alkaline aqueous solutions. In this work, for the first time, we found that boronate affinity adsorption could also be performed in nonaqueous solvent at nonbasic pH. Cis‐diol‐containing compounds present in herbal medicines were used for the adsorption test. The results indicated that all compounds obtained higher recoveries in the organic solvents (methanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate) compared with alkaline buffer. The adsorption of vicinal cis‐diol‐containing molecules in organic solvents could be accomplished rapidly, with high selectivity and high recoveries (>80%). These results shed light on the possibility of boronate affinity adsorption in nonaqueous solvents. The results are very important for the isolation and enrichment of cis‐diols, which have poor solubility in water, especially for those in herbal medicines. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal relationships between financial difficulties and eating attitudes in undergraduate students
Authors: Richardson Thomas , Elliott Peter , Waller Glenn , Bell Lorraine 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivePrevious research has shown a relationship between financial difficulties and poor mental health in students, but there has been no research examining such a relationship for eating attitudes.MethodA group of 444 British undergraduate students completed the Index of Financial Stress and the Eating Attitudes Test (26‐item version) at up to four time points across a year at university.ResultsHigher baseline financial difficulties significantly predicted higher eating attitudes scores at Times 3 and 4 (up to a year), after adjusting for demographic variables and baseline eating attitudes score. Lower family affluence also predicted higher eating attitudes scores at Time 4 (up to a year). A higher eating attitudes score at baseline also significantly predicted greater financial difficulties at Time 2 (3–4 months). When considering these relationships by gender, they were significant for women only.DiscussionGreater financial difficulties and lower family affluence predict a worsening in eating attitudes over time in female students. The relationship appears to be partially bi‐directional, with financial difficulties driving poorer eating attitudes in the shorter term. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:517–521)
Glycogen synthase kinase‐3 controls IL‐10 expression in CD4+ effector T‐cell subsets through epigenetic modification of the IL‐10 promoter
Authors: Hill Elaine V. , Ng T. H. Sky , Burton Bronwen R. , Oakley Charly M. , Malik Karim , Wraith David C. 
Published: January 2015

The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK3) plays an important role in balancing pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines. We have examined the role of GSK3 in production of IL‐10 by subsets of CD4+ T helper cells. Treatment of naive murine CD4+ T cells with GSK3 inhibitors did not affect their production of IL‐10. However, treatment of Th1 and Th2 cells with GSK3 inhibitors dramatically increased production of IL‐10. GSK3 inhibition also led to upregulation of IL‐10 among Th1, Th2, and Th17 subsets isolated from human blood. The encephalitogenic potential of GSK3 inhibitor treated murine Th1 cells was significantly reduced in adoptive transfer experiments by an IL‐10‐dependent mechanism. Analysis of the murine IL‐10 promoter in response to inhibition of GSK3 in Th1 cells showed modification to a transcriptionally active state indicated by changes in histone H3 acetylation and methylation. Additionally, GSK3 inhibition increased expression of the transcription factors c‐Maf, Nfil3, and GATA3, correlating with the increase in IL‐10. These findings are important in the context of autoimmune disease since they show that it is possible to reprogram disease‐causing cells through GSK3 inhibition.
Premature thymic involution is independent of structural plasticity of the thymic stroma
Authors: Franckaert Dean , Schlenner Susan M. , Heirman Nathalie , Gill Jason , Skogberg Gabriel , Ekwall Olov , Put Karen , Linterman Michelle A. , Dooley James , Liston Adrian 
Published: January 2015

The thymus is the organ devoted to T‐cell production. The thymus undergoes multiple rounds of atrophy and redevelopment before degenerating with age in a process known as involution. This process is poorly understood, despite the influence the phenomenon has on peripheral T‐cell numbers. Here we have investigated the FVB/N mouse strain, which displays premature thymic involution. We find multiple architectural and cellular features that precede thymic involution, including disruption of the epithelial–endothelial relationship and a progressive loss of pro‐T cells. The architectural features, reminiscent of the human thymus, are intrinsic to the nonhematopoietic compartment and are neither necessary nor sufficient for thymic involution. By contrast, the loss of pro‐T cells is intrinsic to the hematopoietic compartment, and is sufficient to drive premature involution. These results identify pro‐T‐cell loss as the main driver of premature thymic involution, and highlight the plasticity of the thymic stroma, capable of maintaining function across diverse interstrain architectures.
Studies on N‐Activation for the Lipase‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Preparation of β‐Amino Esters from 4‐Phenylazetidin‐2‐one
Authors: Sundell Riku , Kanerva Liisa T. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe effect of N‐substitution was examined for the enantioselective lipase‐catalyzed ring‐opening reaction of racemic 4‐phenylazetidin‐2‐one with methanol in dry organic solvents. Marked differences in the reactivity of various N‐protected 4‐phenylazetidin‐2‐ones were observed. Preparative‐scale reactions with Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435 preparation) yielded N‐acylated methyl (R)‐3‐amino‐3‐phenylpropanoates with enantiomeric excess (ee) values >99 % in up to a 49 % isolated yield, whereas Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (Lipozyme TM IM) gave enantiomerically enriched methyl (S)‐3‐acetamido‐3‐phenylpropanoate. Candida antarctica lipase A catalyzed the cleavage of the N‐chloroacetyl protective group, whereas all of the other examined lipases underwent the ring‐opening reaction.
Determination of critical shear stress of non‐cohesive soils using submerged jet test and turbulent kinetic energy
Authors: Sang Joseph , Allen Peter , Dunbar John 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLaboratory tests using Jet Erosion Testing (JET) apparatus, impinging normally on a horizontal boundary, were conducted to determine the critical shear stress (τc) of non‐cohesive soil samples. A three‐dimensional (3D) SonTek/YSI 16 MHz Micro‐Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (MicroADV) was used to measure turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) at a radial limit of entrainment in the wall jet zone and the measurements were used to calculate τc of the samples. The results showed that TKE increases exponentially with increasing particle size. The τc from this study were comparable (R2 = 0.8) to the theoretical τc from Shields diagram after bed roughness scale ratio (D/ks), due to the non‐uniform bed conditions, was accounted for. This study demonstrated that JET and TKE can be used to determine τc of non‐cohesive soils. The use of JET and TKE was found to be faster and easier when compared to the conventional approach of using flumes. A relationship of TKE at the onset of incipient motion (TKEc) and samples’ D50 developed in this study can be used to predict τc of non‐cohesive soils under similar non‐uniform conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy and efficiency of two numerical methods of solving the potential flow problem for highly nonlinear and dispersive water waves
Authors: Yates Marissa L. , Benoit Michel 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe accuracy and efficiency of two methods of resolving the exact potential flow problem for nonlinear waves are compared using three different one horizontal dimension (1DH) test cases. The two model approaches use high‐order finite difference schemes in the horizontal dimension and differ in the resolution of the vertical dimension. The first model uses high‐order finite difference schemes also in the vertical, while the second model applies a spectral approach. The convergence, accuracy, and efficiency of the two models are demonstrated as a function of the temporal, horizontal, and vertical resolutions for the following: (1) the propagation of regular nonlinear waves in a periodic domain; (2) the motion of nonlinear standing waves in a domain with fully reflective boundaries; and (3) the propagation and shoaling of a train of waves on a slope. The spectral model approach converges more rapidly as a function of the vertical resolution. In addition, with equivalent vertical resolution, the spectral model approach shows enhanced accuracy and efficiency in the parameter range used for practical model applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Structure of Clinical Translation: Efficiency, Information, and Ethics
Authors: Kimmelman Jonathan , London Alex John 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe last two decades have witnessed a crescendo of allegations that clinical translation is rife with waste and inefficiency. Patient advocates argue that excessively demanding regulations delay access to life‐saving drugs, research funders claim that too much basic science languishes in academic laboratories, journal editors allege that biased reporting squanders public investment in biomedical research, and drug companies (and their critics) argue that far too much is expended in pharmaceutical development.But how should stakeholders evaluate the efficiency of translation and proposed reforms to drug development? Effective reforms require an accurate model of the systems they aspire to improve—their components, their proper functions, and their pathologies. However, there is currently no explicit and well‐developed model of translation for evaluating such criticisms.In what follows, we offer an explicit model of clinical translation. Many discussions of clinical translation and its pathologies presume that its main output is tangible: new drugs, vaccines, devices, and diagnostics. We disagree. We argue that the principal output of clinical translation is information—in particular, information about the coordinated set of materials, practices, and constraints needed to safely unlock the therapeutic or preventive activities of drugs, biologics, and diagnostics. To develop this information calls for a process far different from a simple linear progression of clinical trials; it requires exploratory sampling of many different elements in this set. Our model points to some limitations and liabilities of influential proposals for reforming research. It also reveals some underrecognized opportunities for improving the efficiency of clinical translation.
Midline 1 controls polarization and migration of murine cytotoxic T cells
Authors: Boding Lasse , Hansen Ann K. , Nielsen Morten M. , Meroni Germana , Braunstein Thomas H. , Woetmann Anders , Ødum Niels , Bonefeld Charlotte M. , Geisler Carsten 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMidline 1 (MID1) is a microtubule‐associated ubiquitin ligase that regulates protein phosphatase 2 A levels. Loss‐of‐function mutations in MID1 lead to the human X‐linked Opitz G/BBB (OS) syndrome characterized by defective midline development during embryogenesis. We have recently shown that MID1 is strongly up‐regulated in murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and that it has a significant impact on exocytosis of lytic granules and the killing capacity of CTLs. The aims of the present study were to determine the localization of MID1 in migrating CTLs, and to investigate whether MID1 affects CTL polarization and migration. We found that MID1 mainly localizes to the uropod of migrating CTLs and that it has a substantial impact on CTL polarization and migration in vitro. Furthermore, analysis of contact hypersensitivity responses supported that MID1 controls effector functions of CTLs in hapten‐challenged skin in vivo. These results provide significant new knowledge on the role of MID1 in CTL biology.
Parents as Participants in Their Children's Learning
Authors: Njeru Margaret 
Published: January 2015

AbstractResearch has repeatedly proven that parental participation in the education of their children plays a major role in their academic performance and general development. Children whose parents and families in general stay engaged in their education have been shown to perform better than those who do not receive such family support. In Kenya, the subject of parental participation has not received much attention in terms of research, and roles of parents in their children's education are not normally well defined. Based on observation, parental participation remains low especially in the rural areas. This is a conceptual paper that provides a general background of the topic and then theorizes on some issues that hinder parental participation in their children's education. Field research on the topic is expected to follow.
Health‐promoting compounds of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) plants as affected by nitrogen fertilisation in projected future climatic change environments
Authors: Zaghdoud Chokri , Carvajal Micaela , Moreno Diego A , Ferchichi Ali , del Carmen Martínez‐Ballesta María 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe complex interactions between CO2 increase and salinity were investigated in relation to decreased N supply, in order to determine the nutritional quality of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) plants under these conditions. Three different decreased N fertilisation regimes (NO3−/NH4+ ratios of 100:0, 50:50 and 0:100 respectively) were combined with ambient (380 ppm) and elevated (800 ppm) [CO2] under non‐saline (0 mmol L−1 NaCl) and saline (80 mmol L−1 NaCl) conditions. Nutrients (minerals, soluble protein and total amino acids) and natural antioxidants (glucosinolates, phenolic acids, flavonoids and vitamin C) were determined.RESULTSIn NH4+‐fed broccoli plants, a marked growth reduction was shown and a redistribution of amino acids to cope with NH4+ toxicity resulted in higher levels of indolic glucosinolate and total phenolic compounds. However, the positive effect of the higher [CO2] – ameliorating adverse effects of salinity – was only observed when N was supplied as NO3−. Under reduced N fertilisation, the total glucosinolates were increased by a decreased NO3−/NH4+ ratio and elevated [CO2] but were unaffected by salinity.CONCLUSIONUnder future climatic challenges, such as increased salinity and elevated [CO2], a clear genotypic dependence of S metabolism was observed in broccoli plants. In addition, an influence of the form in which N was supplied on plant nutritional quality was observed; a combined NO3−/NH4+ (50:50) supply allowed broccoli plants not only to deal with NH4+ toxicity but also to modify their glucosinolate content and profile. Thus, for different modes of N fertilisation, the interaction with climatic factors must be considered in the search for an optimal balance between yield and nutritional quality. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Graphene quantum dots as enhanced plant growth regulators: effects on coriander and garlic plants
Authors: Chakravarty Disha , Erande Manisha B , Late Dattatray J 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDWe report investigations on the use of graphene quantum dots for growth enhancement in coriander (Coriandrum sativam L.) and garlic (Allium sativum) plants. The as‐received seeds of coriander and garlic were treated with 0.2 mg mL−1 of graphene quantum dots for 3 h before planting.RESULTSGraphene quantum dots enhanced the growth rate in coriander and garlic plants, including leaves, roots, shoots, flowers and fruits, when the seeds were treated with graphene quantum dots.CONCLUSIONOur investigations open up the opportunity to use graphene quantum dots as plant growth regulators that can be used in a variety of other food plants for high yield. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
High‐resolution observations of precipitation from cumulonimbus clouds
Authors: Blyth Alan M. , Bennett Lindsay J. , Collier Christopher G. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTMaking high‐resolution observations of heavy rainfall from cumulonimbus clouds involves choosing a good location where convection occurs frequently and with some degree of predictability so that aircraft do not have to chase clouds, and radars and other ground‐based instruments can be optimally placed. It also requires significant resources, international collaboration and a good deal of serendipity. This paper describes several observational campaigns that were designed to understand relatively small‐scale convective clouds that produce heavy precipitation, and presents results that have been found over the years. It complements the companion papers in this special issue by giving an observational perspective. It is by no means comprehensive and is limited to cumulonimbus clouds. The Convective Storm Initiation Project (CSIP) was designed to understand the phenomena responsible for the initiation of convection in the maritime environment of southern England. There was a similar objective in the Convective Orographically‐induced Precipitation Study (COPS), but for the complex terrain of the Black Forest mountains, Germany, and the Vosges Mountains, France. The recent Convective Precipitation Experiment (COPE) was designed to understand the entire life cycle of convective clouds that formed along sea‐breeze convergence lines in the southwestern peninsula of England. Its particular focus was on the dynamics and microphysics of the convective clouds. Examples of observations from these and other field campaigns designed to study the initiation of convection, cumulonimbus clouds and convective precipitation are presented, with a view to demonstrating how they contribute to a physical understanding of the phenomena and the processes involved.
A systems view of epigenetic networks regulating pancreas development and β‐cell function
Authors: Xie Ruiyu , Carrano Andrea C. , Sander Maike 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe development of the pancreas and determination of endocrine cell fate are controlled by a highly complex interplay of signaling events and transcriptional networks. It is now known that an interconnected epigenetic program is also required to drive these processes. Recent studies using genome‐wide approaches have implicated epigenetic regulators, such as DNA and histone‐modifying enzymes and noncoding RNAs, to play critical roles in pancreas development and the maintenance of cell identity and function. Furthermore, genome‐wide analyses have implicated epigenetic changes as a casual factor in the pathogenesis of diabetes. In the future, genomic approaches to further our understanding of the role of epigenetics in endocrine cell development and function will be useful for devising strategies to produce or manipulate β‐cells for therapies of diabetes. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2015, 7:1–11. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1287This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates
Developmental Biology > Lineages
Developmental Biology > Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration
Tuning the Structures of AsMo12 and AsW12 into Chiral Crystals by Introducing CH3CN and H2O
Authors: Wang Youlin , Lu Xiaoming , Min Tao , Feng Jun 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAbstract. The asymmetrical crystal [Na(15C5)2][Na(15C5)]2(AsMo12O40)]·CH3CN (1) was synthesized. Interestingly, the huge α‐keggin ion AsMo12 is distorted by introduction of CH3CN molecules and adopts a chiral assembly with space group P4. In contrast, the analogous compound AsW12 co‐crystallizes with trace H2O molecules. The hydrogen atoms of H2O are positionally disordered with 50 % occupation to correlate with AsW12 in space group P4/m. Solid and solution CD spectra indicate that the crystals of 1 are in R configuration. This leads to the conclusion that molybdenum has greater affinity toward organic CH3CN, whereas tungsten has greater affinity to inorganic H2O. Additionally, AsMo12 shows greater deformability than AsW12. It is suggested that POMo shows a greater potential as chiral material than POW because of the flexibility of Mo. As a highlight, CH3CN can function as a general chiral inducer for the innovation of other chiral crystals, if fixed along one dimension.
Preparation and Gas Separation Properties of Metal‐Organic Framework Membranes
Authors: Dou Zhongshang , Cai Jianfeng , Cui Yuanjing , Yu Jiancan , Xia Tifeng , Yang Yu , Qian Guodong 
Published: January 2015

AbstractContinuous and intergrown metal‐organic framework (MOF) membranes, MIL‐100(In) (MIL represents Materials Institute Lavoisier), were prepared directly on porous anodic alumina oxide (AAO) membranes using an in situ crystallization method. The pore surface of MIL‐100(In) is conferred with polarity due to the presence of the 1, 3,5‐benzenetricarboxylic acid. The thickness of MIL‐100(In) membranes was tuned by varying the reactant concentration of indium chloride and 1, 3,5‐benzenetricarboxylic acid. Single gas permeation measurements on this MOF membrane indicate the large permeances of 0.90 × 10–6 and 0.81 × 10–6 mol·m–2·s–1·Pa–1 for CO2 and CH4, and relatively high ideal selective factors of 3.75 and 3.38 for CO2/N2 and CH4/N2, respectively.
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Non-ICU Inpatient Wards: A 2-Year Analysis
Authors: Rhee Yoona , Heung Michael , Chen Benrong , Chenoweth Carol E. 
Published: January 2015

OBJECTIVELittle is known about patient-specific factors contributing to central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) outside of the intensive care unit (ICU). We sought to describe these factors and hypothesized that dialysis patients would comprise a significant proportion of this cohort.DESIGNRetrospective observational study from January 2010 to December 2011SETTINGAn 880-bed tertiary teaching hospitalPATIENTSPatients with CLABSI in non–ICU wardsMETHODSCLABSI patients were identified from existing infection-control databases and primary chart review was conducted. National Health and Safety Network (NHSN) definitions were utilized for CLABSI and pathogen classification. CLABSI rates were calculated per patient day. Total mortality rates were inclusive of hospice patients.RESULTSOver a 2-year period, 104 patients incurred 113 CLABSIs for an infection rate of 0.35 per 1,000 patient days. The mean length of hospital stay prior to CLABSI was 16±13.3 days, which was nearly 3 times that of hospital-wide non-ICU length of stay. Only 11 patients (10.6%) received dialysis within 48 hours of CLABSI. However, 67% of patients had a hematologic malignancy, and 91.8% of those admitted with a malignant hematologic diagnosis were neutropenic at the time of CLABSI. Enterococcus spp. was the most common organism recovered, and half of all central venous catheters (CVCs) present were peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC lines). Mortality rates were 18.3% overall and 27.3% among dialysis patients.CONCLUSIONSIn patients with CLABSIs outside of the ICU, only 10.6% received dialysis prior to infection. However, underlying hematologic malignancy, neutropenia, and PICC lines were highly prevalent in this population.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;00(0):1–7