bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of the CR100 Scale for Session Rating of Perceived Exertion in Soccer and Its Interchangeability With the CR10
Authors: Fanchini Maurizio , Ferraresi Ivan , Modena Roberto , Schena Federico , Coutts Aaron J. , Impellizzeri Franco M. 
Published: August 2015

Purpose:To examine the construct validity of the session rating perceived exertion (s-RPE) assessed with the Borg CR100 scale to measure training loads in elite soccer and to examine if the CR100 is interchangeable and can provide more-accurate ratings than the CR10 scale.Methods:Two studies were conducted. The validity of the CR100 was determined in 19 elite soccer players (age 28 ± 6 y, height 180 ± 7 cm, body mass 77 ± 6 kg) during training sessions through correlations with the Edwards heart-rate method (study 1). The interchangeability with CR10 was assessed in 78 soccer players (age 19.3 ± 4.1 y, height 178 ± 5.9 cm, body mass 71.4 ± 6.1 kg) through the Bland–Altman method and correlations between change scores in different sessions. To examine whether the CR100 is more finely graded than the CR10, the proportions of responses corresponding to the verbal expressions were calculated (study 2).Results:Individual correlations between the Edwards method and s-RPE were large to very large (.52–.85). The mean difference between the 2 scales was –0.3 ± 0.33 AU (90% CI –0.41 to –0.29) with 95% limits of agreements (0.31 to –0.96 AU). Correlations between scales and between-changes scores were nearly perfect (.95 and .91–.98). Ratings corresponding to the verbal anchors were 49% in CR10 and 26% in CR100.Conclusions:The CR100 is valid for assessing the training load in elite soccer players. It can be used interchangeably with the CR10 and may provide more-precise measures of exercise intensity.
Strength and Power Development in Professional Rugby Union Players Over a Training and Playing Season
Authors: Gannon Edward A. , Stokes Keith A. , Trewartha Grant 
Published: August 2015

Purpose:To investigate strength and power development in elite rugby players during the different phases of a professional season.Methods:Sixteen professional rugby union athletes from an English premiership team were monitored for measures of lower-body peak force, force at 50 ms, force at 100 ms (all isometric squat), and power (explosive hack squat). Athletes were assessed at the start of preseason (T1), postpreseason (T2), midway through the competitive season (T3), and at the end of the competitive season (T4). Effect-size (ES) statistics with magnitude-based inferences were calculated to interpret differences in physical performance between the different stages of the season.Results:Very likely beneficial increases in force at 50 ms (+16%, ES = 0.75 ± 0.4) and 100 ms (+14%, ES = 0.63 ± 0.4) were observed between T1 and T2. A likely beneficial increase in power was observed between T2 and T3 (+4%, ES = 0.31 ± 0.2). Between T3 and T4, decreases in force at 50 ms (–6%, ES = –0.39 ± 0.3) and 100 ms (–9%, ES = –0.52 ± 0.4) occurred, while peak force and power were maintained. Over the full season (T1–T4) clear beneficial increases in all measures of strength and power were identified.Conclusions:Meaningful increases in strength and power can be achieved in professional English premiership rugby players over a full playing season. The greatest opportunity for strength and power development occurs during pre- to midseason phases, while these measures are maintained or decrease slightly during the latter stages of a season.
Force Sense of the Knee Not Affected by Fatiguing the Knee Extensors and Flexors
Authors: Allison Katelyn F. , Sell Timothy C. , Benjaminse Anne , Lephart Scott M. 
Published: August 2015

Context:Knee injuries commonly occur in later stages of competition, indicating that fatigue may influence dynamic knee stability. Force sense (FS) is a submodality of proprioception influenced by muscle mechanoreceptors, which, if negatively affected by fatigue, may result in less-effective neuromuscular control.Objectives:To determine the effects of peripheral fatigue on FS of the quadriceps and hamstrings.Design:Quasi-experimental study design.Participants:20 healthy and physically active women and men (age 23.4 ± 2.7 y, mass 69.5 ± 10.9 kg, height 169.7 ± 9.4 cm).Interventions:Fatigue was induced during a protocol with 2 sets of 40 repetitions, and the last set was truncated at 90 repetitions or stopped if torque production dropped below 25% of peak torque.Main Outcome Measures:FS of the hamstrings and quadriceps was tested on separate days before and after 3 sets of isokinetic knee flexion and extension to fatigue by examining the ability to produce a target isometric torque (15% MVIC) with and without visual feedback (FS error). Electromyographic data of the tested musculature were collected to calculate and determine median frequency shift. T tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were conducted to examine prefatigue and postfatigue FS error for flexion and extension.Results:Despite verification of fatigue via torque-production decrement and shift in median frequency, no significant differences were observed in FS error for either knee flexion (pre 0.54 ± 2.28 N•m, post 0.47 ± 1.62 N•m) or extension (pre –0.28 ± 2.69 N•m, post –0.21 ± 1.78 N•m) prefatigue compared with the postfatigue condition.Conclusions:Although previous research has demonstrated that peripheral fatigue negatively affects threshold to detect passive motion (TTDPM), it did not affect FS as measured in this study. The peripheral-fatigue protocol may have a greater effect on the mechanoreceptors responsible for TTDPM than those responsible for FS. Further investigation into the effects of fatigue across various modes of proprioception is warranted.
A New Noncoding RNA Arranges Bacterial Chromosome Organization
Authors: Qian Zhong , Macvanin Mirjana , Dimitriadis Emilios K. , He Ximiao , Zhurkin Victor , Adhya Sankar 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

Repeated extragenic palindromes (
REP
s) in the enterobacterial genomes are usually composed of individual palindromic units separated by linker sequences. A total of 355 annotated
REP
s are distributed along the
Escherichia coli
genome. RNA sequence (RNAseq) analysis showed that almost 80% of the
REP
s in
E. coli
are transcribed. The DNA sequence of

REP
325

showed that it is a cluster of six repeats, each with two palindromic units capable of forming cruciform structures in supercoiled DNA. Here, we report that components of the

REP
325

element and at least one of its RNA products play a role in bacterial nucleoid DNA condensation. These RNA not only are present in the purified nucleoid but bind to the bacterial nucleoid-associated HU protein as revealed by RNA IP followed by microarray analysis (RIP-Chip) assays. Deletion of

REP
325

resulted in a dramatic increase of the nucleoid size as observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and expression of one of the

REP
325

RNAs, nucleoid-associated noncoding RNA 4 (naRNA4), from a plasmid restored the wild-type condensed structure. Independently, chromosome conformation capture (3C) analysis demonstrated physical connections among various
REP
elements around the chromosome. These connections are dependent in some way upon the presence of HU and the

REP
325

element; deletion of HU genes and/or the

REP
325

element removed the connections. Finally, naRNA4 together with HU condensed DNA
in vitro
by connecting

REP
325

or other DNA sequences that contain cruciform structures in a pairwise manner as observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). On the basis of our results, we propose molecular models to explain connections of remote cruciform structures mediated by HU and naRNA4.

IMPORTANCE
Nucleoid organization in bacteria is being studied extensively, and several models have been proposed. However, the molecular nature of the structural organization is not well understood. Here we characterized the role of a novel nucleoid-associated noncoding RNA, naRNA4, in nucleoid structures both
in vivo
and
in vitro
. We propose models to explain how naRNA4 together with nucleoid-associated protein HU connects remote DNA elements for nucleoid condensation. We present the first evidence of a noncoding RNA together with a nucleoid-associated protein directly condensing nucleoid DNA.
Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms Induce Macrophage Dysfunction Through Leukocidin AB and Alpha-Toxin
Authors: Scherr Tyler D. , Hanke Mark L. , Huang Ouwen , James David B. A. , Horswill Alexander R. , Bayles Kenneth W. , Fey Paul D. , Torres Victor J. , Kielian Tammy 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

The macrophage response to planktonic
Staphylococcus aureus
involves the induction of proinflammatory microbicidal activity. However,
S. aureus
biofilms can interfere with these responses in part by polarizing macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory profibrotic phenotype. Here we demonstrate that conditioned medium from mature
S. aureus
biofilms inhibited macrophage phagocytosis and induced cytotoxicity, suggesting the involvement of a secreted factor(s). Iterative testing found the active factor(s) to be proteinaceous and partially
agr
-dependent. Quantitative mass spectrometry identified alpha-toxin (Hla) and leukocidin AB (LukAB) as critical molecules secreted by
S. aureus
biofilms that inhibit murine macrophage phagocytosis and promote cytotoxicity. A role for Hla and LukAB was confirmed by using
hla
and
lukAB
mutants, and synergy between the two toxins was demonstrated with a
lukAB hla
double mutant and verified by complementation. Independent confirmation of the effects of Hla and LukAB on macrophage dysfunction was demonstrated by using an isogenic strain in which Hla was constitutively expressed, an Hla antibody to block toxin activity, and purified LukAB peptide. The importance of Hla and LukAB during
S. aureus
biofilm formation
in vivo
was assessed by using a murine orthopedic implant biofilm infection model in which the
lukAB hla
double mutant displayed significantly lower bacterial burdens and more macrophage infiltrates than each single mutant. Collectively, these findings reveal a critical synergistic role for Hla and LukAB in promoting macrophage dysfunction and facilitating
S. aureus
biofilm development
in vivo.

IMPORTANCE
Staphylococcus aureus
has a propensity to form multicellular communities known as biofilms. While growing in a biofilm,
S. aureus
displays increased tolerance to nutrient deprivation, antibiotic insult, and even host immune challenge. Previous studies have shown that
S. aureus
biofilms thwart host immunity in part by preventing macrophage phagocytosis. It remained unclear whether this was influenced solely by the considerable size of biofilms or whether molecules were also actively secreted to circumvent macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. This is the first report to demonstrate that
S. aureus
biofilms inhibit macrophage phagocytosis and induce macrophage death through the combined action of leukocidin AB and alpha-toxin. Loss of leukocidin AB and alpha-toxin expression resulted in enhanced
S. aureus
biofilm clearance in a mouse model of orthopedic implant infection, suggesting that these toxins could be targeted therapeutically to facilitate biofilm clearance in humans.
A qualitative review of sports concussion education: prime time for evidence-based knowledge translation
Authors: Mrazik Martin , Dennison Christopher R , Brooks Brian L , Yeates Keith Owen , Babul Shelina , Naidu Dhiren 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundEducating athletes, coaches, parents and healthcare providers about concussion management is a public health priority. There is an abundance of information on sports concussions supported by position statements from governing sport and medical organisations. Yet surveys of athletes, parents, coaches and healthcare providers continue to identify multiple barriers to the successful management of sports concussion. To date, efforts to provide education using empirically sound methodologies are lacking.PurposeTo provide a comprehensive review of scientific research on concussion education efforts and make recommendations for enhancing these efforts.Study designQualitative literature review of sports concussion education.MethodsDatabases including PubMed, Sport Discus and MEDLINE were searched using standardised terms, alone and in combination, including ‘concussion’, ‘sport’, ‘knowledge’, ‘education’ and ‘outcome’.ResultsStudies measuring the success of education interventions suggest that simply presenting available information may help to increase knowledge about concussions, but it does not produce long-term changes in behaviour among athletes. Currently, no empirical reviews have evaluated the success of commercially available sports concussion applications. The most successful education efforts have taken steps to ensure materials are user-friendly, interactive, utilise more than one modality to present information and are embedded in mandated training programmes or support legislation. Psychosocial theory-driven methods used to understand and improve ‘buy in’ from intended audiences have shown promise in changing behaviour.ConclusionsMore deliberate and methodologically sound steps must be taken to optimise education and knowledge translation efforts in sports concussion.
Why do patients with stroke not receive the recommended amount of active therapy (ReAcT)? Study protocol for a multisite case study investigation
Authors: Clarke David J , Tyson Sarah , Rodgers Helen , Drummond Avril , Palmer Rebecca , Prescott Matthew , Tyrrell Pippa , Burton Louisa , Grenfell Katie , Brkic Lianne , Forster Anne 
Published: August 2015

IntroductionIncreased frequency and intensity of inpatient therapy contributes to improved outcomes for stroke survivors. Differences exist in the amount of therapy provided internationally. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland it is recommended that a minimum of 45 min of each active therapy should be provided at least 5 days a week provided the therapy is appropriate and that the patient can tolerate this. Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (2014) data demonstrate this standard is not being achieved for most patients. No research been undertaken to explore how therapists in England manage their practice to meet time-specific therapy recommendations. The ReAcT study aims to develop an in-depth understanding of stroke therapy provision, including how the guideline of 45 min a day of each relevant therapy, is interpreted and implemented by therapists, and how it is experienced by stroke-survivors and their families.Methods and analysisA multisite ethnographic case study design in a minimum of six stroke units will include modified process mapping, observations of service organisation, therapy delivery and documentary analysis. Semistructured interviews with therapists and service managers (n=90), and with patients and informal carers (n=60 pairs) will be conducted. Data will be analysed using the Framework approach.Ethics and disseminationThe study received a favourable ethical opinion via the National Research Ethics Service (reference number: 14/NW/0266). Participants will provide written informed consent or, where stroke-survivors lack capacity, a consultee declaration will be sought. ReAcT is designed to generate insights into the organisational, professional, social, practical and patient-related factors acting as facilitators or barriers to providing the recommended amount of therapy. Provisional recommendations will be debated in consensus meetings with stakeholders who have not participated in ReAcT case studies or interviews. Final recommendations will be disseminated to therapists, service managers, clinical guideline developers and policymakers and stroke-survivors and informal carers.
Pre-exposure and postexposure prophylaxes and the combination HIV prevention methods (The Combine! Study): protocol for a pragmatic clinical trial at public healthcare clinics in Brazil
Authors: Grangeiro Alexandre , Couto Márcia Thereza , Peres Maria Fernanda , Luiz Olinda , Zucchi Eliana Miura , Castilho Euclides Ayres de , Estevam Denize Lotufo , Alencar Rosa , Wolffenbüttel Karina , Escuder Maria Mercedes , Calazans Gabriela , Ferraz Dulce , Arruda Érico , Corrêa Maria da Gloria , Amaral Fabiana Rezende , Santos Juliane Cardoso Villela , Alvarez Vivian Salles , Kietzmann Tiago 
Published: August 2015

IntroductionFew results from programmes based on combination prevention methods are available. We propose to analyse the degree of protection provided by postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for consensual sexual activity at healthcare clinics, its compensatory effects on sexual behaviour; and the effectiveness of combination prevention methods and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), compared with exclusively using traditional methods.Methods and analysisA total of 3200 individuals aged 16 years or older presenting for PEP at 5 sexually transmitted disease (STD)/HIV clinics in 3 regions of Brazil will be allocated to one of two groups: the PEP group—individuals who come to the clinic within 72 h after a sexual exposure and start PEP; and the non-PEP group—individuals who come after 72 h but within 30 days of exposure and do not start PEP. Clinical follow-up will be conducted initially for 6 months and comprise educational interventions based on information and counselling for using prevention methods, including PrEP. In the second study phase, individuals who remain HIV negative will be regrouped according to the reported use of prevention methods and observed for 18 months: only traditional methods; combined methods; and PrEP. Effectiveness will be analysed according to the incidence of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B and C and protected sexual behaviour. A structured questionnaire will be administered to participants at baseline and every 6 months thereafter. Qualitative methods will be employed to provide a comprehensive understanding of PEP-seeking behaviour, preventive choices and exposure to HIV.Ethics and disseminationThis study will be conducted in accordance with the resolution of the School of Medicine Research Ethics Commission of Universidade de São Paulo (protocol no. 251/14). The databases will be available for specific studies, after management committee approval. Findings will be presented to researchers, health managers and civil society members by means of newspapers, electronic media and scientific journals and meetings.
From many deaths to some few cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis: travelling with the systems quality improvement model in Lacs Health District, Togo
Authors: Afanvi Kossivi Agbelenko 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe ultimate goal of every tuberculosis (TB) treatment program is a high treatment success rate. Treatment success is extremely important because, when the rate is high, it significantly contributes to declining numbers of new cases by reducing the number and period of infectious cases, TB morbidity and mortality, and prevents the emergence of resistant strains. Our aim was to decrease TB mortality by increasing pulmonary TB patients’ treatment success rate to at least 85 % in Lacs Health District by end of July 2014.A systems and dialogic analysis of the public health system related to TB patients’ treatment revealed that it was not performing well; we found weak coverage and quality of TB services, a poorly-functioning TB health information system, poor-performing health workforce, poor availability of HIV tests and antiretroviral for TB patients, and low degree of patients’ participation in their care. We redesigned the system to correct those weaknesses. The effectiveness of these changes was monitored using plan, do, study, act (PDSA) cycles. We increased TB patient success rate from 80% to 95% between February 2012 and July 2014.The mortality rate dropped from 13% to 3% and the failure to follow-up rate dropped from 3% to 2%.In conclusion, district health systems performance depends on factors such as the closeness of services to population; skilled workforce; the ability to collect and analyze data and use information for action; population empowerment, and good management and improvement capabilities of management team especially the public health director. High TB patients’ success rate depends also on the availability of antiretroviral drugs. It is highly important that every district health management team member develops improvement capabilities.
Helmets for Kids: evaluation of a school-based helmet intervention in Cambodia
Authors: Ederer David J , Bui Truong Van , Parker Erin M , Roehler Douglas R , Sidik Mirjam , Florian Michael J , Kim Pagna , Sim Sophal , Ballesteros Michael F 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveThis paper analyses helmet use before and after implementing Helmets for Kids, a school-based helmet distribution and road safety programme in Cambodia.MethodsNine intervention schools (with a total of 6721 students) and four control schools (with a total of 3031 students) were selected using purposive sampling to target schools where students were at high risk of road traffic injury. Eligible schools included those where at least 50% of students commute to school on bicycles or motorcycles, were located on a national road (high traffic density), had few or no street signs nearby, were located in an area with a history of crash injuries and were in a province where other Cambodia Helmet Vaccine Initiative activities occur. Programme's effectiveness at each school was measured through preintervention and postintervention roadside helmet observations of students as they arrived or left school. Research assistants conducted observations 1–2 weeks preintervention, 1–2 weeks postintervention, 10–12 weeks postintervention and at the end of the school year (3–4 months postintervention).ResultsIn intervention schools, observed student helmet use increased from an average of 0.46% at 1–2 weeks preintervention to an average of 87.9% at 1–2 weeks postintervention, 83.5% at 10–12 weeks postintervention and 86.5% at 3–4 months postintervention, coinciding with the end of the school year. Increased helmet use was observed in children commuting on bicycle or motorcycle, which showed similar patterns of helmet use. Helmet use remained between 0.35% and 0.70% in control schools throughout the study period.ConclusionsSchool-based helmet use programmes that combine helmet provision and road safety education might increase helmet use among children.