bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One Electron Makes Differences: From Heme {FeNO}7 to {FeNO}8
Authors: Hu Bin , Li Jianfeng 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe first X‐ray single‐crystal structure of a {FeNO}8 porphyrin complex [Co(Cp)2][Fe(TFPPBr8)(NO)], and the structure of the {FeNO}7 precursor [Fe(TFPPBr8)(NO)] are determined at 100 K. The two complexes are also characterized by FTIR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. [Fe(TFPPBr8)(NO)]− shows distinct structural features in contrast to a nitrosyl iron(II) porphyrinate on the FeNO− moiety, which include a much more bent FeNO− angle (122.4(3)°), considerably longer FeNO− (1.814(4)) and NO− (1.194(5) Å) bond distances. These and the about 180 cm−1 downshift νN‐O stretch (1540 cm−1) can be understood by the covalently bonding nature between the iron(II) and the NO− ligand which possesses a two‐electron‐occupied π* orbital as a result of the reduction. The overall structural features of [Fe(TFPPBr8)(NO)]− and [Fe(TFPPBr8)(NO)] suggest a low‐spin state of the iron(II) atom at 100 K.
Melt blending of polylactide and poly(methyl methacrylate): Thermal and mechanical properties and phase morphology characterization
Authors: Anakabe Jon , Zaldua Huici Ane Miren , Eceiza Arantxa , Arbelaiz Aitor 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTBlends of polylactide with poly(methyl methacrylate), PLA/PMMA, were prepared by a semi‐industrial twin screw extruder and afterwards were injection molded. Blends were studied using different techniques as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and mechanical properties by means of tensile and impact tests, were also studied. This work helped better understanding of apparently contradictory results reported in the literature for PLA/PMMA blends prepared by melt compounding. DSC first heating scan and DMA results showed partially miscible blends, whereas the second DSC heating scan showed miscible blends. For miscible blends, Tg values were predicted using Gordon‐Taylor equation. On the other hand, Small and Van Krevelen approaches were used to estimate the solubility parameters of neat PLA and neat PMMA, and Flory‐Huggins interaction parameter was calculated from solubility parameters. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42677.
Comparison of the macroscale and microscale tests for measuring elastic properties of polydimethylsiloxane
Authors: Sharfeddin Asma , Volinsky Alex A. , Mohan Greeshma , Gallant Nathan D. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTPolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has many biomedical applications, since it is biocompatible, easy to fabricate and inexpensive. The response of biological cells and tissues is affected by the mechanical properties of the PDMS surface, which can be controlled by varying the crosslinking percentage. It is essential to find reliable ways to measure elastic properties of PDMS prepared with different surface conditions or stiffness gradients. In this paper, the elastic modulus of PDMS was measured at different scales as a function of the crosslinking percentage varied from 2% to 9%. Macroscopic compression and tension tests were used and compared with the nano‐JKR (Johnson‐Kendall‐Roberts) method applied to a microindentation test. Depending on the test, the PDMS elastic modulus increased from 10 to 85 fold with the crosslinking percentage change from 2% to 9%. The PDMS elastic modulus varied as a sigmoid function with the crosslinking percentage for each type of test. The compression macroscale test is the easiest way to estimate the elastic modulus of stiffer PDMS with higher crosslinking percentage. For the more compliant and tacky PDMS samples with lower crosslinking percentage the nano‐JKR test is more suitable, as it is sensitive and accounts for the surface adhesion forces. The samples with the lower crosslinking percentage are much less stiff in tension than in compression, resembling liquid‐like behavior. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42680.
Feasibility of recycled newspaper as cellulose source for regenerated cellulose membrane fabrication
Authors: Mohamed Mohamad Azuwa , Salleh W. N. W. , Jaafar Juhana , Ismail A. F. , Abd. Mutalib Muhazri , Jamil Siti Munira 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTAn environmental friendly regenerated cellulose membrane (RCM) was successfully prepared via NaOH/urea aqueous solution system by utilizing recycled newspaper (RNP) as the cellulose source. The morphological and chemical structure of resulting membrane were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results from FTIR and XRD verified that the transparent RCM possesses cellulose II structure. SEM observation revealed that the transparent RCM consist of homogeneous dense symmetric membrane structure and composed of a skin layer with mean roughness parameter Ra, obtained from AFM analysis of 29.53 nm. Pure water flux, water content, water contact angle, porosity, and pore size of the resulting membrane were also measured. This study promotes the potential of the cellulose‐based membrane obtained from low cost cellulose source for application in filtration and separation system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42684.
Two‐step statistical optimization for cold active β‐glucosidase production from Pseudomonas lutea BG8 and its application for improving saccharification of paddy straw
Authors: Tiwari Rameshwar , Pranaw Kumar , Singh Surender , Nain Pawan K.S. , Shukla Pratyoosh , Nain Lata 
Published: July 2015

Abstractβ‐Glucosidase is an essential part of cellulase enzyme system for efficient and complete hydrolysis of biomass. Psychrotolerant Pseudomonas lutea BG8 produced β‐glucosidase with lower temperature optima and hence can play important role in bringing down the energy requirement for bioethanol production. To enhance β‐glucosidase production, two statistical tools: Taguchi and Box–Behnken designs were applied to reveal the most influential factors and their respective concentration for maximum production of β‐glucosidase under submerged fermentation. The optimal medium composition for maximum β‐glucosidase production were 2.99% (w/v) bagasse, 0.33% (w/v) yeast extract, 0.38% (w/v) Triton X‐100, 0.39% (w/v) NaNO3, and pH 8.0 at temperature 30 °C. Under optimized conditions, β‐glucosidase production increased up to 9.12‐fold (17.52 ± 0.24 IU/g) in shake flask. Large‐scale production in 7‐L stirred tank bioreactor resulted in higher β‐glucosidase production (23.29 ± 0.23 IU/g) within 80 H of incubation, which was 1.34‐fold higher than shake flask studies. Commercial cellulase (Celluclast® 1.5L) when supplemented with this crude β‐glucosidase resulted in improved sugar release (548.4 ± 2.76 mg/gds) from paddy straw at comparatively low temperature (40 °C) of saccharification. P. lutea BG8 therefore showed great potential for cold active β‐glucosidase production and can be used as accessory enzyme along with commercial cellulase to improve saccharification efficiency.
Acting for the Greater Good: Identification with Group Determines Choices in Sequential Contribution Dilemmas
Authors: Arora Poonam , Logg Jennifer , Larrick Richard 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn mixed‐motive interactions, defection is the rational and common response to the defection of others. In some cases, however, group members not only cooperate in the face of defection but also compensate for the shortfalls caused by others' defection. In one field and two lab studies, we examined when group members were willing to compensate for versus match defection using sequential dilemmas. We found that the level of identification with the broader group increased willingness to compensate for intragroup defection, even when it was personally costly. Compensating for a defecting partner's actions, however, is not an act of unconditional cooperation: It is accompanied by a lack of trust in the errant group member and a desire to be perceived as more ethical. Cooperation by others, on the other hand, is matched independent of whether the cooperator was an in‐group or out‐group member. We find similar patterns of compensation and matching when the personal cost involved contributing money or effort. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evolution of sex: A new hypothesis based on mitochondrial mutational erosion
Authors: Havird Justin C. , Hall Matthew D. , Dowling Damian K. 
Published: July 2015

The evolution of sex in eukaryotes represents a paradox, given the “twofold” fitness cost it incurs. We hypothesize that the mutational dynamics of the mitochondrial genome would have favored the evolution of sexual reproduction. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exhibits a high‐mutation rate across most eukaryote taxa, and several lines of evidence suggest that this high rate is an ancestral character. This seems inexplicable given that mtDNA‐encoded genes underlie the expression of life's most salient functions, including energy conversion. We propose that negative metabolic effects linked to mitochondrial mutation accumulation would have invoked selection for sexual recombination between divergent host nuclear genomes in early eukaryote lineages. This would provide a mechanism by which recombinant host genotypes could be rapidly shuffled and screened for the presence of compensatory modifiers that offset mtDNA‐induced harm. Under this hypothesis, recombination provides the genetic variation necessary for compensatory nuclear coadaptation to keep pace with mitochondrial mutation accumulation.Also watch the Video Abstract.
Direct and Post‐Synthesis Incorporation of Chiral Metallosalen Catalysts into Metal–Organic Frameworks for Asymmetric Organic Transformations
Authors: Xi Weiqin , Liu Yan , Xia Qingchun , Li Zijian , Cui Yong 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTwo chiral porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) were constructed from [VO(salen)]‐derived dicarboxylate and dipyridine bridging ligands. After oxidation of VIV to VV, they were found to be highly effective, recyclable, and reusable heterogeneous catalysts for the asymmetric cyanosilylation of aldehydes with up to 95 % ee. Solvent‐assisted linker exchange (SALE) treatment of the pillared‐layer MOF with [Cr(salen)Cl]‐ or [Al(salen)Cl]‐derived dipyridine ligands led to the formation of mixed‐linker metallosalen‐based frameworks and incorporation of [Cr(salen)] enabled its use as a heterogeneous catalyst in the asymmetric epoxide ring‐opening reaction.
Highly Efficient Hybrid White Tandem Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with MoO3 Layer
Authors: Duan Lian , Tsuboi Taiju , Qiu Yong 
Published: July 2015

AbstractElectroluminescence (EL) characteristics have been studied for a hybrid tandem white organic light emitting diode (OLED) with a blue emitting fluorescent EL1 unit based on BCzVBi and a yellow emitting phosphorescent EL2 unit based on (fbi)2Ir(acac), where a MoO3 layer is inserted between EL1 and EL2 units as charge generation layer (CGL). Maximum current and power efficiencies of 68.1 cd/A and 29.2 lm/W were obtained, respectively, while the current and power efficiencies at luminance of 1000 cd/m2 were 68.0 cd/A and 24.6 lm/W. The yellow emission appears from about 4.5 V firstly, while the blue emission starts to appear from about 5.4 V. It was found that charge generation from CGL of MoO3/NPB bilayer occurred at high voltages of above 5.4 V but not at low voltages below 5.2 V.
The ubiquity of phenotypic plasticity in plants: a synthesis
Authors: Palacio‐López Kattia , Beckage Brian , Scheiner Samuel , Molofsky Jane 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAdaptation to heterogeneous environments can occur via phenotypic plasticity, but how often this occurs is unknown. Reciprocal transplant studies provide a rich dataset to address this issue in plant populations because they allow for a determination of the prevalence of plastic versus canalized responses. From 31 reciprocal transplant studies, we quantified the frequency of five possible evolutionary patterns: (1) canalized response–no differentiation: no plasticity, the mean phenotypes of the populations are not different; (2) canalized response–population differentiation: no plasticity, the mean phenotypes of the populations are different; (3) perfect adaptive plasticity: plastic responses with similar reaction norms between populations; (4) adaptive plasticity: plastic responses with parallel, but not congruent reaction norms between populations; and (5) nonadaptive plasticity: plastic responses with differences in the slope of the reaction norms. The analysis included 362 records: 50.8% life‐history traits, 43.6% morphological traits, and 5.5% physiological traits. Across all traits, 52% of the trait records were not plastic, and either showed no difference in means across sites (17%) or differed among sites (83%). Among the 48% of trait records that showed some sort of plasticity, 49.4% showed perfect adaptive plasticity, 19.5% adaptive plasticity, and 31% nonadaptive plasticity. These results suggest that canalized responses are more common than adaptive plasticity as an evolutionary response to environmental heterogeneity.
Temporal dynamics of linkage disequilibrium in two populations of bighorn sheep
Authors: Miller Joshua M. , Poissant Jocelyn , Malenfant René M. , Hogg John T. , Coltman David W. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractLinkage disequilibrium (LD) is the nonrandom association of alleles at two markers. Patterns of LD have biological implications as well as practical ones when designing association studies or conservation programs aimed at identifying the genetic basis of fitness differences within and among populations. However, the temporal dynamics of LD in wild populations has received little empirical attention. In this study, we examined the overall extent of LD, the effect of sample size on the accuracy and precision of LD estimates, and the temporal dynamics of LD in two populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) with different demographic histories. Using over 200 microsatellite loci, we assessed two metrics of multi‐allelic LD, D′, and χ′2. We found that both populations exhibited high levels of LD, although the extent was much shorter in a native population than one that was founded via translocation, experienced a prolonged bottleneck post founding, followed by recent admixture. In addition, we observed significant variation in LD in relation to the sample size used, with small sample sizes leading to depressed estimates of the extent of LD but inflated estimates of background levels of LD. In contrast, there was not much variation in LD among yearly cross‐sections within either population once sample size was accounted for. Lack of pronounced interannual variability suggests that researchers may not have to worry about interannual variation when estimating LD in a population and can instead focus on obtaining the largest sample size possible.
Improving inferences from short‐term ecological studies with Bayesian hierarchical modeling: white‐headed woodpeckers in managed forests
Authors: Linden Daniel W. , Roloff Gary J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPilot studies are often used to design short‐term research projects and long‐term ecological monitoring programs, but data are sometimes discarded when they do not match the eventual survey design. Bayesian hierarchical modeling provides a convenient framework for integrating multiple data sources while explicitly separating sample variation into observation and ecological state processes. Such an approach can better estimate state uncertainty and improve inferences from short‐term studies in dynamic systems. We used a dynamic multistate occupancy model to estimate the probabilities of occurrence and nesting for white‐headed woodpeckers Picoides albolarvatus in recent harvest units within managed forests of northern California, USA. Our objectives were to examine how occupancy states and state transitions were related to forest management practices, and how the probabilities changed over time. Using Gibbs variable selection, we made inferences using multiple model structures and generated model‐averaged estimates. Probabilities of white‐headed woodpecker occurrence and nesting were high in 2009 and 2010, and the probability that nesting persisted at a site was positively related to the snag density in harvest units. Prior‐year nesting resulted in higher probabilities of subsequent occurrence and nesting. We demonstrate the benefit of forest management practices that increase the density of retained snags in harvest units for providing white‐headed woodpecker nesting habitat. While including an additional year of data from our pilot study did not drastically alter management recommendations, it changed the interpretation of the mechanism behind the observed dynamics. Bayesian hierarchical modeling has the potential to maximize the utility of studies based on small sample sizes while fully accounting for measurement error and both estimation and model uncertainty, thereby improving the ability of observational data to inform conservation and management strategies.
Does land use change alter water and nutrient dynamics of phreatophytic trees in the Central Monte desert?
Authors: Meglioli Pablo A. , Villagra Pablo E. , Aranibar Julieta N. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn the woodlands of the Central Monte desert (Argentina), phreatophyte vegetation is exposed to different levels of disturbance. Livestock and settlement activity produce mainly nutrient inputs and partial vegetation removal, with a consequent reduction on water use by vegetation. We hypothesize that because of the increased soil water and nutrient resources associated with livestock stations, water stress will be relieved for the remaining Prosopis flexuosa trees, favouring water and nutrient status, and plant growth at the plant scale. The goal of this research was to analyse the physiological responses of P. flexuosa trees that grow in interdune valleys under different land uses, and the changes in relative importance of environmental factors controlling these responses. We compared the ecophysiological responses of adult P. flexuosa trees in two contrasting types of disturbance: disturbed (livestock stations) and relatively undisturbed (control woodlands) stands, in the 2011–2013 growing seasons. Pre‐dawn and midday leaf water potential and stomatal conductance were higher in livestock stations than in control woodlands, suggesting a better water status of P. flexuosa in livestock stations. Isotopic composition (lower δ13C, and higher δ15N) and foliar nitrogen concentration (lower C:N ratios) indicated lower water use efficiency and higher nitrogen absorption from the soil in livestock stations. Both growth of new leaves (foliar area) and the length of young branches were higher in the first season for both land uses, but branch length was higher in livestock stations. This is consistent with the idea that vegetation removal and nutrient contribution of settlement activities improved water and nutrient status of remaining vegetation, and modified the relative importance of factors controlling ecophysiological processes. We concluded that physiological responses and vegetative growth of P. flexuosa were not only affected by meteorological conditions (rainfalls, vapour pressure deficit), but also by the ecohydrological changes caused by changes in land use. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grazing increases the unsaturated fatty acid concentration of milk from grass‐fed cows: A review of the contributing factors, challenges and future perspectives
Authors: Elgersma Anjo 
Published: July 2015

Grazing animals walk outdoors and harvest fresh herbage from a three‐dimensional canopy. Botanical composition and grassland management in various farming systems affect herbage intake and milk fatty acid (FA) composition. Grazing animals encounter a vertical gradient while grazing down a sward; responses in milk FA composition are discussed. Grazing animals have diets rich in poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly α‐linolenic acid (C18:3n‐3). Concentrates and starch‐rich fodders affect rumen retention time of the feed, increase linoleic acid (C18:2n‐6) intake, and alter biohydrogenation pathways toward less n‐3 PUFA and less rumenic acid (conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer C18:2c9t11), leading to lower contents of these compounds in the milk. Milk from grazing‐based production systems including organic systems, therefore, has less saturated and more n‐3PUFA and CLAc9t11 which is considered beneficial for health. The occurrence of natural trans FA (t11) in milk predominates with grazing whereas intensive feeding practices enhance t10‐FA, with possible negative health effects. FA intake – output relations can differ among plant species due to rapid rumen passage rate or compounds protecting PUFA, resulting in more PUFA in milk. Methodological constraints for FA measurement in herbages are discussed. Trends in grazing and dairy farming systems and implications for milk FA composition are addressed.Practical applications: Grazing is important for fresh forage intake, animal health and natural behaviour, landscape values and grassland biodiversity. Grazing is a political, societal and marketing issue in The Netherlands where retailers since 2011 sell dairy products labelled as “pasture‐milk” and dairies pay a premium to farmers whose cows get access to pasture. Grazing affects green leaf intake because animals can select. Pasture allowance enhances α‐linolenic acid and CLAc9t11 (rumenic acid) concentrations in milk fat. FA need to be designated by unique names; CLA is a generic term and isomers give rise to different biological responses. As some forbs reduce biohydrogenation, grassland species diversity may improve PUFA transfer efficiency from feed to milk. Trends in animal genetics and increased herd size, TMR feeding and automated milking systems cause reduction of grazing in Europe, which can increase saturated and trans‐10 milk FA concentrations and reduce naturally occurring fat‐soluble vitamins and antioxidants in dairy products.Grazing (pasture‐feeding versus indoor with conserved forage and concentrates) increases n‐3 PUFA and trans‐11 over trans‐10 FA in cow milk when cows can select, as leaves have high n‐3 PUFA concentrations; biodiverse grasslands enhance this effect as some forbs show less PUFA rumen biohydrogenation than grasses, thus increasing efficiency of PUFA transfer from forage to milk.