Characterization of Aeromonas hydrophila Wound Pathotypes by Comparative Genomic and Functional Analyses of Virulence Genes
Authors: Grim Christopher J. , Kozlova Elena V. , Sha Jian , Fitts Eric C. , van Lier Christina J. , Kirtley Michelle L. , Joseph Sandeep J. , Read Timothy D. , Burd Eileen M. , Tall Ben D. , Joseph Sam W. , Horneman Amy J. , Chopra Ashok K. , Shak Joshua R. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTAeromonas hydrophilahas increasingly been implicated as a virulent and antibiotic-resistant etiologic agent in various human diseases. In a previously published case report, we described a subject with a polymicrobial wound infection that included a persistent and aggressive strain ofA. hydrophila(E1), as well as a more antibiotic-resistant strain ofA. hydrophila(E2). To better understand the differences between pathogenic and environmental strains ofA. hydrophila, we conducted comparative genomic and functional analyses of virulence-associated genes of these two wound isolates (E1 and E2), the environmental type strainA. hydrophilaATCC 7966T, and four other isolates belonging toA. aquariorum,A. veronii,A. salmonicida, andA. caviae. Full-genome sequencing of strains E1 and E2 revealed extensive differences between the two and strain ATCC 7966T. The more persistent wound infection strain, E1, harbored coding sequences for a cytotoxic enterotoxin (Act), a type 3 secretion system (T3SS), flagella, hemolysins, and a homolog of exotoxin A found inPseudomonas aeruginosa. Corresponding phenotypic analyses withA. hydrophilaATCC 7966Tand SSU as reference strains demonstrated the functionality of these virulence genes, with strain E1 displaying enhanced swimming and swarming motility, lateral flagella on electron microscopy, the presence of T3SS effector AexU, and enhanced lethality in a mouse model ofAeromonasinfection. By combining sequence-based analysis and functional assays, we characterized anA. hydrophilapathotype, exemplified by strain E1, that exhibited increased virulence in a mouse model of infection, likely because of encapsulation, enhanced motility, toxin secretion, and cellular toxicity.IMPORTANCEAeromonas hydrophilais a common aquatic bacterium that has increasingly been implicated in serious human infections. While many determinants of virulence have been identified inAeromonas, rapid identification of pathogenic versus nonpathogenic strains remains a challenge for this genus, as it is for other opportunistic pathogens. This paper demonstrates, by using whole-genome sequencing of clinicalAeromonasstrains, followed by corresponding virulence assays, that comparative genomics can be used to identify a virulent subtype ofA. hydrophilathat is aggressive during human infection and more lethal in a mouse model of infection. This aggressive pathotype contained genes for toxin production, toxin secretion, and bacterial motility that likely enabled its pathogenicity. Our results highlight the potential of whole-genome sequencing to transform microbial diagnostics; with further advances in rapid sequencing and annotation, genomic analysis will be able to provide timely information on the identities and virulence potential of clinically isolated microorganisms.