bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Directed genetic modification of African horse sickness virus by reverse genetics
Authors: Vermaak Elaine , Paterson Duncan J. , Conradie Andele , Theron Jacques 
Published: July 2015

African horse sickness virus (AHSV), a member of the Orbivirus genus in the family Reoviridae, is an arthropod-transmitted pathogen that causes a devastating disease in horses with a mortality rate greater than 90%. Fundamental research on AHSV and the development of safe, efficacious vaccines could benefit greatly from an uncomplicated genetic modification method to generate recombinant AHSV. We demonstrate that infectious AHSV can be recovered by transfection of permissive mammalian cells with transcripts derived in vitro from purified AHSV core particles. These findings were expanded to establish a genetic modification system for AHSV that is based on transfection of the cells with a mixture of purified core transcripts and a synthetic T7 transcript. This approach was applied successfully to recover a directed cross-serotype reassortant AHSV and to introduce a marker sequence into the viral genome. The ability to manipulate the AHSV genome and engineer specific mutants will increase understanding of AHSV replication and pathogenicity, as well as provide a tool for generating designer vaccine strains.
El aparato cultural del imperio. C. Wright Mills, la Revolución Cubana y la Nueva Izquierda
Authors: Rojas Rafael 
Published: July 2015

Este ensayo intenta reconstruir el debate que suscitó el libro Listen, Yankee (1960), del sociólogo norteamericano C. Wright Mills, en la opinión pública de Estados Unidos. Elprofesor de la Universidad de Columbia fue uno de los primeros intelectuales en viajar a la isla, luego del triunfo de la Revolución Cubana, y en interesarse en esa experienciade cambio social. La solidaridad de Wright Mills no era, sin embargo, acrítica con ciertos elementos autoritarios que observaba en el socialismo cubano y estaba fundamentalmente dirigida a defender una política comprensiva y respetuosa hacia el nacionalismo revolucionario del Caribe desde Estados Unidos. Esa política y esa crítica, defendidas por Wright Mills en el contexto de la Guerra Fría, formaron parte del repertorio de valores yprácticas que él mismo identifico con el concepto de “Nueva Izquierda”.
México, ¿Hacia la consolidación de un modelo de igualdad de oportunidades para una sociedad fragmentada?
Authors: Vite Pérez Miguel Ángel 
Published: July 2015

Este ensayo tiene como propósito la construcción de explicaciones acerca de los fundamentos de la asistencia social estatal dirigida a la atención de una parte de los grupossociales vulnerables, en un contexto de crisis del modelo de la igualdad de posiciones y su sustitución por el modelo de la igualdad de oportunidades, donde lo más importanteson los méritos individuales. Esto permite estudiar el asistencialismo estatal mexicano y su impacto en la reproducción de una sociedad fragmentada, que se caracteriza por laexistencia de situaciones de excepción y vulnerabilidad.
Determinación de la competitividad en países de América Latina: aplicación de un nuevo método
Authors: Daza Aramayo Lourdes Gabriela 
Published: July 2015

En este trabajo se calculó un índice de competitividad para diecisiete países de América Latina que denota la posición de cada uno de ellos, considerando la comparación de ocho indicadores en cuatro dimensiones y el peso de las mismas durante los años 1999- 2010. Sobre la base de la secuencia y el valor de estos indicadores se calcula el índice de competitividad de estos países. Compartimos la idea de que otros índices de competitividad calculados en el mundo son demasiado complicados y no cubren todos los países. En este trabajo calculamos un índice de competitividad y tratamos de demostrar que es posible encontrar otros métodos más sencillos para hacerlo.
Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma—an update
Authors: Chi Angela C. , Day Terry A. , Neville Brad W. 
Published: July 2015

Answer questions and earn CME/CNEOral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OC‐SCC) is the most common malignancy of the head and neck (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer). Recent trends have shown a dramatic rise in the incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OP‐SCC), with a marked increase in lesions related to human papillomavirus infection. This update presents the latest evidence regarding OC‐SCC and OP‐SCC. In particular, the authors compare and contrast tumors at these two sites with respect to epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinicopathologic presentation, clinical assessment, imaging, management, and prognosis. It is important for clinicians to be aware of differences between OC‐SCC and OP‐SCC so that appropriate patient education and multidisciplinary care can be provided to optimize outcomes. CA Cancer J Clin 2015;65:401–421. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
L‐ and CORNER‐arrays for 3D electric resistivity tomography: an alternative for geophysical surveys in urban zones
Authors: Tejero‐Andrade Andrés , Cifuentes Gerardo , Chávez René E. , López‐González Aideé E. , Delgado‐Solórzano Cecilia 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThree‐dimensional electric resistivity tomography surveys carried out on heavily urbanized areas represent a cumbersome task since buildings, houses, or other types of obstacles do not allow parallel electric resistivity tomography lines to be deployed. This paper proposes applying any four‐electrode configuration to provide subsurface information in complex urban areas. Such a procedure allows acquiring information beneath a construction by simply surrounding the structure of interest by a series of electric resistivity tomography profiles. Apparent resistivity is obtained from ‘L’‐ and ‘Corner’‐shaped profiles, where alternations between current and potential electrodes are carried out in an automatic way. Four ‘L’‐arrays and four ‘Corner’‐arrays are employed in a square geometry that allows surrounding the studied target to cover the subsurface. The first mentioned array will provide deep information. The second array will cover more of the shallow subsurface information. For the ‘L‐’ and ‘Corner’‐arrays, a mixture of traditional arrays are employed, like the Wenner–Schlumberger, axial, equatorial, azimuthal, and perpendicular dipole arrays.Two synthetic examples are presented to demonstrate the possibilities of the proposed electric arrays. A resistive cube set at the centre of a working cube is modelled. The ‘L‐’ and ‘Corner‐’ arrays are capable to detect such a model; however, dimensions are exaggerated. Later on, an extended wall model is dealt with. Similar results as in the first synthetic example are obtained in terms of geometry and resistivity. However, depth to the top of the wall model is not adequately recovered in comparison with the traditional methodology.Finally, the ‘L’‐ and ‘Corner’‐arrays are applied in an archaeological site named El Pahñu, located in Central Mexico. The new methodology described here is compared with the traditional 3D procedure employing a grid of electric resistivity tomography transects. As expected, the approach discussed in this investigation produced a reasonable solution towards the central portion of the working cube. However, shallow resistive anomalies (size about the electrode interval) were not fully detected, in comparison to a traditional 3D survey, where parallel lines forming a grid could be deployed. The reason is that no electrodes were set towards the central portions of the structure under study. However, the L‐ and Corner‐arrays are more sensitive to anomalies produced by deeper objects, which cannot be observed in the traditional method, especially when objects are located in between the electric resistivity tomography transects.
Dead wood characteristics influencing macrofungi species abundance and diversity in Caspian natural beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests
Authors: Sefidi Kiomars , Etemad Vahid 
Published: July 2015

Aim of study: This study aimed to examine the dead wood inhabiting macrofungi communities occurring on dead beech and hornbeam trees in Caspian forests.Area of study: The Kheiroud forest in the north of Iran.Material and Methods: Data from 205 sampling dead tree were analyzed by means of Generalized Linear Models (GLM) to test the effects of decay stage, DBH, Length or Height on macrofungi diversity. Additionally, tree species, dead wood size, log position, decay stage were used as predictor factors for the number of sporocarps species (NSS) as a fungal species richness and diversity in each dead log using analysis of varianceMain results: The number of sporocarps species (NSS) varied in different dead wood size and decay classes. The different stages of decay and the different size classes of dead wood had significantly different species richness of macrofungi. Deadwood in the high-decayed stages contained the highest diversity of fungi. Most of fungi identified on both logs and snags belonged to Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes. The highest value for richness and evenness indices calculated in large diameter dead wood in decay class III. The results indicated the size and decay class of dead wood describe the greatest variance of the model that means the highest number of sporocarps species inhabited on the large dead wood in advanced stage of decaying.Research highlights: Macrofungi diversity varied significantly across pieces of dead wood with downed logs, larger pieces, and wood in later stages of decay having the highest macrofungi diversity. Keywords: Caspian forest; coarse woody debris; down woody debris; Iran.
Accuracy of Anterior Superior Iliac Spine Symmetry Assessment by Routine Structural Examination
Authors: Lee Albert S. , Pyle Casey W. , Redding David 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Context: Assessment of the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) is a key component in generating the pelvic diagnosis of somatic dysfunction, but studies have shown poor reliability between examiners.

Objective: To assess the influence of homogeneous training, years of experience, and eye dominance on the percentage of correctness, sensitivity, and specificity of ASIS evaluation.

Methods: Osteopathic physicians, predoctoral teaching fellows, and first- and second-year osteopathic medical students from a single teaching institute assessed 3 plastic pelvic models with ASIS anatomic landmarks set at different levels: even and 5- and 10-mm descrepancies. Dominant and nondominant eyes were used independently to assess ASIS levels.

Results: A total of 147 examiners (participants) participated in this study (66 first-year and 61 second-year medical students, 15 fellows, and 5 osteopathic physicians). The overall percentages of correct results were 31.0% (even levels), 82.8% (5-mm discrepancy), and 91.7% (10-mm discrepancy). Differences by level of training were statistically significant only for the 5-mm ASIS discrepancy, where participants with more experience performed better. The overall sensitivity was 82.8% (5-mm discrepancy) and 91.7% (10-mm discrepancy), and the specificity was 31.0%. No statistically significant differences were found in the percentage of correct results by eye dominance.

Conclusion: Assessment of ASIS is sensitive but not specific at discrepancies of 5 mm or greater. Length of experience positively influences the percentage of correct results, and eye dominance does not significantly change this outcome. This form of assessment can be used to screen for ASIS asymmetry.
Longitudinal Analyses of Presenteeism and Its Role as a Predictor of Sick Leave in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Tran‐Duy An , Nguyen Thien T. V. , Thijs Herbert , Baraliakos Xenofon , Heldmann Frank , Braun Juergen , Boonen Annelies 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate, in a cohort of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) adequately treated with infliximab, changes over time in presenteeism and the role of presenteeism relative to that of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) in predicting sick leave.MethodsData were analyzed from 71 patients with paid work and taking a stable dose of infliximab participating in a 96‐week study with 5 assessment points. Covariates included presenteeism, sick leave, time, sex, age, BASDAI, BASFI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index, and part‐ or full‐time work. Presenteeism represented the AS impact on productivity (by visual analog scale, range 0–10, where 10 = completely unproductive). Sick leave represented the number of days absent from work due to AS in the last 6 months. A linear mixed‐effects model for presenteeism, and hurdle and zero‐inflated count models for sick leave were explored.ResultsMean ± SD presenteeism ranged from 2.2 ± 2.2 to 3.8 ± 7.8, and sick leave occurred in 8–17% of the patients during the 6‐month period. Presenteeism positively correlated with BASDAI and BASFI, but was not significantly influenced by time. The chance of incurring sick leave was affected by presenteeism but not by BASDAI and BASFI. Conditional on being absent from work, the effect of presenteeism on the length of sick leave (in days) was much stronger than BASDAI and BASFI. For presenteeism ≥5, an increase of 1 unit in presenteeism yielded an increase by 36–40% (or 2–12 days) in the length of sick leave during the following 6 months.ConclusionPresenteeism, even measured by a simple visual analog scale, was an important factor to explain future sick leave.
Effective Treatment for Rapid Improvement of Both Disease Activity and Self‐Reported Physical Activity in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Konijn Nicole P. C. , van Tuyl Lilian H. D. , Boers Maarten , den Uyl Debby , ter Wee Marieke M. , Kerstens Pit , Voskuyl Alexandre E. , Nurmohamed Michael , van Schaardenburg Dirkjan , Lems Willem F. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate the longitudinal relationship between disease activity and self‐reported physical activity (PA) in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis during the first year of treatment with combination therapy.MethodsPA was measured with the Short Questionnaire to Assess Health‐Enhancing Physical Activity at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, and 52 weeks after start of treatment in the context of the Combinatietherapie Bij Reumatoïde Artritis–Light trial. The reported PA classified patients as meeting or not meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) PA guideline (cutoff: 150 minutes of moderate‐to‐intense activity per week). Other measurements included the Disease Activity Score (DAS). Since both treatment arms showed equal treatment effect, these were analyzed as 1 group with simple before–after analyses and generalized estimating equations (GEE).ResultsIn these analyses, 140 patients (86% of the trial population, 66% women, mean age 52 years) with complete data were included. At entry, 69% of the patients met the WHO PA guideline, increasing to 90% at week 13, and remaining stable at 89% after 1 year (P < 0.001). Mean DAS improved from 4.0 to 1.8 during the first year of treatment (P < 0.001). In GEE analyses, DAS decreases were significantly associated with PA increases (P = 0.008). Patients with clinically relevant responses (expressed as DAS remission, European League Against Rheumatism good response or American College of Rheumatology criteria for 70% improvement response) showed higher PA levels compared to nonresponders, regardless of the definition of response, for both the WHO and Dutch PA guideline.ConclusionEarly rheumatoid arthritis patients using combination therapy improved both disease activity and PA, a beneficial effect persisting for at least 1 year.
Structure Analyses of Poly(styrene‐ran‐butadiene) Rubber Crosslinked by Sulfur with Small‐Angle Neutron Scattering
Authors: Takenaka Mikihito , Nishitsuji Shotaro , Amino Naoya , Ishikawa Yasuhiro , Yamaguchi Daisuke , Koizumi Satoshi , Kanaya Toshiji 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe inhomogeneous structure of poly(styrene‐ran‐butadiene) (SBR) rubber crosslinked by sulfur has been investigated with the combination of Focusing small angle neutron scattering (Focusing SANS) and conventional small angle scattering (SANS) methods. A new inhomogeneous structure is found at smaller q‐region in the SBR rubber in swollen state with Focusing SANS method, in addition to crosslinked network mesh and crosslinking inhomogeneity, which have already been found in chemical gels by several authors. The new inhomogeneous structure may be originated from the inhomogeneity of Sulfur or ZnO.
Synthesis of Sunflower Oil Based Elastomer and Its Characterization by Using Spectroscopic Techniques
Authors: Purbaya Mili , Nor Hussin Mohd , Suwardin Didin 
Published: July 2015

SummaryA new elastomer was successfully materialized from sunflower oil (a vegetable oil). The reaction was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Fourier Transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (FTNMR) methods. FTIR analysis indicated that amine functional groups appear at 3325 cm−1 representing N‐H stretching of primary and secondary amines and at 1645 cm−1 representing N‐H deformation of primary amines. The hydrogen bonding was confirmed with the appearance a broad peak in the region 2500–3800 cm−1. FTNMR analysis also show the appearance amine functional groups at peak 5.4 ppm in 1H NMR representing proton in amine functional groups and peaks at 151 ppm and 156.6 ppm in 13C NMR representing carbon in amine functional groups.
Femoral head bone viability after free vascularized fibular grafting for osteonecrosis: SPECT/CT study
Authors: Fontecha Cesar G. , Roca Isabel , Barber Ignasi , Menendez Mariano E. , Collado Diego , Mascarenhas Vasco V. , Barrera‐Ochoa Sergio , Soldado Francisco 
Published: July 2015

PurposeTo evaluate femoral head bone viability following free vascularized fibular grafting (FVFG) for osteonecrosis using SPECT/CT imaging.MethodsTen hips (9 patients) with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) undergoing FVFG were prospectively enrolled. Four cases showed ARCO stage II, while six showed ARCO stage III. The mean age at surgery was 15.7 years (range, 13–22 years). Hip Harris Score (HHS) was measured pre‐ and post‐operative. Bone scintigraphy with SPECT/CT was performed at 2 weeks and 6 months following surgery.ResultsMean follow‐up was 4.0 years (range, 2–5.9 years). Mean HHS increased from 37.2 to 92.3. SPECT/CT findings revealed a progressive increase of femoral head uptake in all cases, suggesting subchondral graft bone viability. No progressive deformation of the femoral head was evidenced in radiographic evaluation at final follow‐up.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates FVFG's capacity for revitalizing femoral head subchondral bone grafting in patients with ONFH, surgically treated following Urbaniak's technique. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:573–577, 2016.
2D Compound Constructed by Cu3 Units with Mixed Azido and Tetrazole Double Bridges: Synthesis, Structure, and Theoretical Study on Magnetic Properties
Authors: Cheng Min , Lu Dongmei , Ding You‐Song , Jia Qin‐Xiang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe two‐dimensional (2D) layer CuII compound [Cu3(L)2(N3)4] (1) [L = 2‐amino‐3‐(5‐tetrazole)‐methyate‐N‐pyridine] was synthesized by in‐situ hydrothermal reaction of CuCl2·2H2O, NaN3, and 3‐(5‐tetrazole)‐methyate‐N‐pyridine. The central Cu1 and Cu2 atoms are located in five‐coordinate and six‐coordinate arrangements, respectively. Three CuII ions are linked by mixed double EO (end‐on)‐azido‐tetrazole bridges to give trinuclear CuII clusters, which are further extended by EE (end‐to‐end) azido bridges to form 2D metal‐organic layers. The magnetic exchange interactions in complex 1 were investigated by DFT calculations, and the calculated exchange interaction (J = –849 cm–1) revealed that the double EO‐azido‐tetrazole bridges transmit antiferromagnetic coupling between CuII ions.
Robustness and modular structure in networks
Authors: BAGROW JAMES P. , LEHMANN SUNE , AHN YONG-YEOL 
Published: July 2015

AbstractComplex networks have recently attracted much interest due to their prevalence in nature and our daily lives (Vespignani, 2009; Newman, 2010). A critical property of a network is its resilience to random breakdown and failure (Albert et al., 2000; Cohen et al., 2000; Callaway et al., 2000; Cohen et al., 2001), typically studied as a percolation problem (Stauffer & Aharony, 1994; Achlioptas et al., 2009; Chen & D'Souza, 2011) or by modeling cascading failures (Motter, 2004; Buldyrev et al., 2010; Brummitt, et al. 2012). Many complex systems, from power grids and the Internet to the brain and society (Colizza et al., 2007; Vespignani, 2011; Balcan & Vespignani, 2011), can be modeled using modular networks comprised of small, densely connected groups of nodes (Girvan & Newman, 2002). These modules often overlap, with network elements belonging to multiple modules (Palla et al. 2005; Ahn et al. 2010). Yet existing work on robustness has not considered the role of overlapping, modular structure. Here we study the robustness of these systems to the failure of elements. We show analytically and empirically that it is possible for the modules themselves to become uncoupled or non-overlapping well before the network disintegrates. If overlapping modular organization plays a role in overall functionality, networks may be far more vulnerable than predicted by conventional percolation theory.
Prognostic factors for conditional survival in patients with muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy
Authors: Kang Minyong , Kim Hyung Suk , Jeong Chang Wook , Kwak Choel , Kim Hyeon Hoe , Ku Ja Hyeon 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBecause only a few studies have evaluated conditional survival (CS) in bladder cancer patients, we examined conditional overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in these patients after radical cystectomy (RC) and determined which prognostic variables affect CS over time. We reviewed 487 patients treated with RC and pelvic lymph node dissection at our institution between 1991 and 2012. Cox regression models were used to identify the significant prognostic factors for CS depending on clinicopathological characteristics. As survival time increased after RC, conditional OS and CSS rates increased when compared with baseline survival probability. CS more significantly improved in the patients with unfavorable pathologic characteristics. While many variables were associated with survival at baseline, only age was found to be a significant prognostic factor for 5-year conditional OS in all given survivorships. In conclusion, conditional OS and CSS probabilities significantly improved over time, with greater improvements in the cases with unfavorable pathologic features. Moreover, age remained the key prognostic factor for conditional OS estimates from baseline to 5 years after surgery. Our results provide practical survival information to guide adjustments in our current follow-up strategy for bladder cancer patients after RC.