bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Distribution and Production of Submerged Macrophytes in Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Jupp B. P. , Spence D. H. N. , Britton R. H. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe distribution and production of submerged macrophytes in Loch Leven has been investigated using drag-rake surveys and biomass measurements. Survey data suggest that changes in the species diversity of the loch have occurred since the earlier records. There appears to have been a decline in some species with an increase in others.In general there has been an overall loss in species diversity which may be correlated with the increasingly eutrophic status of Loch Leven. At present the macrophyte flora is dominated by a few species, notably Potamogeton filiformis, Zannichellia palustris, Nitella opaca and algal periphyton, with declining, though still significant amounts of Chora aspera. It is probable that the species diversity is in the process of adjusting to the eutrophic status of the loch and that P. filiformis in particular is in an expanding condition.
The Vertical Distribution of Ciliophora and Nematoda in the Sediments of Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Bryant Victoria M. T. , Laybourn Johanna E. M. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe species composition of ciliates and nematodes in the mud of Loch Leven was investigated: 59 species of Ciliophora and 14 species of Nematoda were recorded. The ciliate species composition varied widely throughout the 11-month sampling period, whereas that of the nematodes was more constant.The vertical distribution of ciliates and nematodes at four sites is described and related to the findings of other workers. Two distinct patterns of vertical distribution occurred, one typical of ciliates, the other of nematodes.
The Zooplankton of Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Johnson D. , Walker A. F. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisImportant qualitative changes that have occurred in the zooplankton of Loch Leven within the present century are described, together with the methods and results of routine quantitative sampling during 1969 and 1972. In 1969, the crustacean zooplankton was a virtual monoculture of the carnivorous cyclopoid copepod Cyclops strenuus abyssorum and showed a marked absence of filter-feeders. This contrasts drastically with the situation in 1972 when the filter-feeding cladoceran Daphnia hyalina var. lacustris co-dominated with Cyclops. The standing crop data for the 2 years are compared and the important rotifers mentioned.
Trout and Perch Populations at Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Thorpe J. E. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe annual production of trout in Loch Leven lies between 2·2 and 3·9 g(wet).m−2, and of perch between 5·1 and 67·4 g(wet).m−2. Between June and September adult trout consumed 3·7 times their own wet body weight of food, and adult perch 6·58 times, the daily intake decreasing from the beginning to the end of the period. The principal dietary components of the two species were the same,Asellusand perch fry being quantitatively the most important. Comparisons are made between field estimates of food consumption, laboratory estimates of food requirement, and field estimates of food production.
The Energy Requirements of Trout and Perch Populations in Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Morgan R. I. G. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe minimum energy requirements of trout and perch populations in Loch Leven, Kinross, were calculated for the year 1970–71. Use was made of laboratory data relating to oxygen consumption and ammonium nitrogen (NH3–N) output. Estimates of the specific dynamic action (SDA) of food material were made at 5°, 10° and 15°C and used to predict periods of growth. It was found that optimum growth would take place at 10°C, as opposed to 15°C, and that negative somatic production in the overwintering trout population was due to the energy content of the food intake being less than the minimum energy requirements of metabolism.
I.—Blood and Blood Products
Authors: Cumming R. A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe use of blood has greatly increased during the past 25 years. One of the most important advances during this period is related to the development of methods of isolating, concentrating and storing the individual components of blood for specific clinical requirements. Along with this, new problems in science and technology, blood-donor organisation and medical care and the recruitment and training of staff have emerged. The opinion is advanced, that in the future, the efficiency of blood transfusion lies in its establishment as a separate discipline.
Probabilistic sensitivity analysis of in-vehicle reach tasks for digital human models considering anthropometric measurement uncertainty
Authors: Cloutier Aimee , Gragg Jared , Yang James 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYFor design using digital human models, human anthropometry data are required as input and are extracted from measurements. There is inherent error associated with these measurements which impacts the output of the simulation. Current techniques in digital human modeling applications primarily employ deterministic methods which are not well suited for handling variability in anthropometric measurement. An alternative to deterministic methods is probabilistic/sensitivity analysis. This study presents a probabilistic sensitivity approach to gain insights into how uncertainty in anthropometric measurements can affect the results of a digital human model with the specific application of vehicle-related reach tasks. Sensitivity levels are found to determine the importance of variability in each joint angle and link length to the final reach. A55-degree of freedom (DOF) digital human model is introduced to demonstrate the sensitivity approach for reach tasks. Seven right-hand reach target points and two left-hand reach target points (creating a total of 14 reach tasks) within a vehicle are used to compare the sensitivities in the joint angles and link lengths resulting from measurement uncertainty. The results show that the importance of each joint angle or link length is dependent on the characteristics of the reach task and sensitivities for joint angles, and link lengths are different for each reach task.
A new feature parametrization for monocular SLAM using line features
Authors: Zhao Liang , Huang Shoudong , Yan Lei , Dissanayake Gamini 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYThis paper presents a new monocular SLAM algorithm that uses straight lines extracted from images to represent the environment. A line is parametrized by two pairs of azimuth and elevation angles together with the two corresponding camera centres as anchors making the feature initialization relatively straightforward. There is no redundancy in the state vector as this is a minimal representation. A bundle adjustment (BA) algorithm that minimizes the reprojection error of the line features is developed for solving the monocular SLAM problem with only line features. A new map joining algorithm which can automatically optimize the relative scales of the local maps is used to combine the local maps generated using BA. Results from both simulations and experimental datasets are used to demonstrate the accuracy and consistency of the proposed BA and map joining algorithms.
Design of a novel 3-DoF parallel kinematic mechanism: type synthesis and kinematic optimization
Authors: Xie Fugui , Liu Xin-Jun , Wang Chao 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYThis paper deals with the design of a three-degree-of-freedom (3-DoF) parallel kinematic mechanism (PKM) with high orientational capability. First, a type synthesis method based on Grassmann line geometry and a line-graph method is proposed, and a novel 3-DoF PKM is derived based on this method. Thereafter, the parasitic motions of the derived mechanism are identified under two different orientation description methods, i.e., Tilt-and-Torsion angles (T&T angles) and Roll-Pitch-Yaw angles (RPY angles), and the kinematic optimization considering the motion/force transmissibility is carried out. On this basis, the orientational capability of the discussed mechanism is investigated, and the high orientational capability is demonstrated. The design of the 3-DoF PKM in this paper is very meaningful to the development of the five-axis machine tools with hybrid architectures. The design methods of type synthesis and kinematic optimization can also be used in the design of other PKMs.
Surgical gonadectomy of salmonid fish and subsequent prevention of diseases associated with sexual maturation
Authors: Brown Lydia A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe development of various secondary sexual characteristics in salmonids is described, together with a method of preventing sexual maturation by surgical gonadectomy. The major problem in the application of this technique is the regeneration of male testicular tissue, and it is suggested that the practical solution is the use of hormonal feminisation techniques prior to gonadectomy.
Convection in the oceanic waters west of Britain
Authors: Meincke J. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisPreliminary results from a winter and a summer cruise in 1984 to the area west of the U.K. continental slope are presented to discuss the structure and the spatial scales of convection. Winter convection events were found to reach a depth of 630 m with horizontal scales of the order of 50 km. The number of areas with actual convection to maximum depth was small at the particular time of the cruise, but the vertical structure in the investigated area indicated numerous convection events over a longer period. The principal vertical structure of the upper 600 m in winter was preserved until the following summer, which agreed with the age of the summer upper layer water estimated from the tritium/helium ratio. This characterises the area to be one of low advection, which can also be indirectly concluded from the fact that the northward flow of 4 Sverdrup of Atlantic Water through the Faeroe-Shetland Channel is supplied by 2 Sverdrup from the current over the continental slope west of U.K. and 2 Sverdrup of flow along the Arctic Front between Iceland and the Faeroes.
The Flotta Terminal and its effects on the marine environment
Authors: Johnston C. S. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisAlthough the main theme of this Symposium centres on the environmental impact of the Sullom Voe Terminal in Shetland, it was considered desirable, in this last session, to give brief attention to the Flotta Terminal in Orkney. Several aspects of the development have been discussed elsewhere (Johnston and Halliwell 1976; Trainer et al. 1976; Moore 1980).Three key sources of marine pollution could be recognised from the terminal operations:1. Tanker accidents with resultant spillage in the approaches to Scapa Flow.2. Spillage at the S.P.M.s.3. Effluent discharges from terminal operations.Since little has been said about effluent discharge at Sullom Voe, it seems appropriate to consider this aspect of our Flotta experience.The basis to pre-operational and subsequent monitoring studies will be discussed.
A comparison of the fauna retained on 0·5 mm and 1·0 mm meshes from benthic samples taken in the Beatrice Oilfield, Moray Firth, Scotland
Authors: Bishop J. D. D. , Hartley J. P. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe identity and abundance of animals passing through a 1·0 mm mesh but retained on a 0·5 mm mesh is detailed for a number of seabed samples of medium, fine and very fine sand taken in the Beatrice Oilfield in 1981. Comparisons are made with the corresponding 1·0mm-sieved fractions, and the effects on community parameters of combining the two data sets are considered.In general fewer animals were found on the 0·5 mm mesh than on the 1·0 mm mesh above it. The 0·5 mm mesh samples added comparatively few taxa to the faunal list of the survey. The quantitatively-scored taxa from the 0·5 mm mesh were therefore essentially a sub-set of those already recorded on the 1·0 mm mesh. Several taxa of Foraminiferida were found only on the 0·5 mm mesh, and one of these appeared to be relatively abundant. However. Foraminiferida were not scored quantitatively in this study.In all samples, when 0·5 mm and 1·0 mm data were combined an increase was noted in the number of taxa recorded compared with 1·0 mm data alone. This recruitment of taxa was largely a reflection of the greater number of individuals in the combined data, rather than the inclusion of taxa unique to the 0·5 mm material. Similarly, the improved precision of abundance estimates of dominant taxa in replicate samples in the combined data probably resulted from the greater number of individuals included in the analysis.It is argued that the choice of a particular mesh size imposes an essentially arbitrary cut-off along the size spectrum of benthic organisms. A 1·0 mm mesh has been found to yield adequate data in a number of offshore surveys undertaken by the Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU). Although a greater number of animals per sample is collected by sieving on a 0·5 mm mesh, the time taken to extract and identify this material must be considered. The alternative of spending an equivalent time analysing extra 1·0 mm samples may in fact yield a greater increase in confidence in the results.
Degradation of low-toxicity oil-based drilling mud in benthic sediments around the Beatrice Oilfield
Authors: Tibbetts P. J. C. , Large R. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisHydrocarbon analyses, using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), have been conducted on benthic sediments from around the Beatrice A platform immediately after completion of the first well using low-toxicity oil-based drilling mud. These analyses, as expected, showed the major organic contaminant in the sediments to be fresh base oil from the drilling mud. It could be detected to a distance of 3 km from the platform in the direction of the prevailing currents.A year later, after the completion of five additional wells using low-toxicity oil-based mud, a repeat survey showed the drilling mud base-oil could be detected in similar concentrations (by gravimetry) over the same spatial area. GLC analysis, however, showed that the base-oil had been severely biodegraded at many stations. The degree to which the n-alkanes had been biodegraded varied considerably between stations but appeared to be related to the distance from the platform and/or the total concentration of oil in the sediments. This has resulted in a discrete ring around the platform within which there was a rapid (and in many cases complete) loss of n-alkanes through biodegradation. Possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed.
How Participatory is Participatory Heritage Management? The Politics of Safeguarding the AleviSemahRitual as Intangible Heritage
Authors: Aykan Bahar 
Published: March 2014

Abstract:This article addresses the shortcomings of UNESCO’s intangible heritage program in developing effective mechanisms for community participation in heritage management. Contrary to its original intentions, by prioritizing national perspectives and interests on heritage, UNESCO’s program inadvertently allows for strengthening the control of the state over the heritage of minorities and other marginalized groups. This article explores the complexities of state-led intangible heritage management, using theSemahritual of Turkey’s Alevi religious groups as a case in point. I first detail how Alevi voices were silenced duringSemah’s intangible heritage nomination process, despite those documents submitted by Turkey to UNESCO that claim Alevis’ active engagement and full support. Then I discuss in what ways the heritage making ofSemahplays into the ongoing efforts of the Turkish government to integrate Alevis into dominant Sunni majority. I conclude by arguing that UNESCO’s intangible heritage program, though unintentionally, assists nondemocratic countries in their efforts to force marginalized groups to adopt the mainstream culture.
The UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity: An Appraisal Five Years after Its Entry into Force
Authors: Burri Mira 
Published: March 2014

Abstract:The Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions was agreed upon with an overwhelming majority and after the swiftest ratification process in the history of the UNESCO entered into force on 18 March 2007. Now, five years later and with some 130 Members committed to implementing the convention, not only observers with a particular interest in the topic but also the broader public may be eager to know what has happened and in how far has the implementation progress advanced. This is the question that animates this article. It seeks to answer it by giving a brief background to the UNESCO Convention, clarifying its legal status and impact, as well as by looking at the current implementation activities in domestic and international contexts. The article sets this analysis in the frame of international regime complexity insights.
International Cultural Heritage Regimes, International Law, and the Politics of Expertise
Authors: Lixinski Lucas 
Published: March 2014

Abstract:The article examines the problematic politics of expertise in the formation of international legal rules in the field of heritage, looking specifically at international conventions made under the auspices of UNESCO. The article shows that, even within this seemingly small and cohesive universe, there is a lot of room for disagreement, and much of it can be traced back to what Laurajane Smith has called “the Authorized Heritage Discourse” (AHD). The AHD is responsible for the dichotomization of heritage between intangible and tangible, as heritage professionals strive to hold on to and expand their self-created professional legitimacy and importance. Heritage professionals, in striving to maintain their relevance, tend to create self-referential regimes that exclude heritage holders and communities. I argue that lawyers, because of their own professional tendencies, might be in a position to offer a counterpoint to rule by experts in international cultural heritage management.
Field method for rapid quantification of labile organic carbon in hyper-arid desert soils validated by two thermal methods
Authors: Fletcher Lauren E. , Valdivia-Silva Julio E. , Perez-Montaño Saul , Condori-Apaza Renee M. , Conley Catharine A. , Navarro-Gonzalez Rafael , McKay Christopher P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe objective of this work was to develop a field method for the determination of labile organic carbon in hyper-arid desert soils. Industry standard methods rely on expensive analytical equipment that are not possible to take into the field, while scientific challenges require fast turn-around of large numbers of samples in order to characterize the soils throughout this region. Here we present a method utilizing acid-hydrolysis extraction of the labile fraction of organic carbon followed by potassium permanganate oxidation, which provides a quick and inexpensive approach to investigate samples in the field. Strict reagent standardization and calibration steps within this method allowed the determination of very low levels of organic carbon in hyper-arid soils, in particular, with results similar to those determined by the alternative methods of Calcination and Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Field testing of this protocol increased the understanding of the role of organic materials in hyper-arid environments and allowed real-time, strategic decision making for planning for more detailed laboratory-based analysis.
Influence of the contact potential and space-charge effect on the performance of a Stoffel-Johnson design electron source for inverse photoemission spectroscopy
Authors: Maniraj M. , Barman Sudipta Roy 
Published: March 2014

By imaging the spatial intensity distribution of the electrons from a Stoffel-Johnson (SJ) type low energy electron source for inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES), we find that the focus is distorted when the beam current exceeds the limiting value due to space charge effect. The space charge effect and the contact potential difference suppress the beam current at low energies (&lt;10 eV). In this work, we show that these limitations of the SJ source can be overcome by compensation of the contact potential difference between the cathode and the lens electrodes and an uniform well focused electron beam with the set kinetic energy can be obtained. The size of the electron beam is around 1 mm full width at half maximum over the whole energy range of 5 to 30 eV generally used for IPES. The compensation of the contact potential difference also enhances the beam current substantially at low energies (&lt;10 eV) and uniform beam current is achieved for the whole energy range. We find that the drift in the electron beam position is sensitive to the lens electrode separation and it is about 1 mm over the whole energy range. By measuring the n = 1 image potential state on Cu(100), we show that the resolution is better when the cathode filament current is set to lower values.
Identification of ocular dominance domains in New World owl monkeys by immediate-early gene expression
Authors: Takahata Toru , Miyashita Masanobu , Tanaka Shigeru , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Ocular dominance columns (ODCs), the segregation of activation patterns from each eye in primary visual cortex, are variable in form but are present in most studied primates. However, their existence seems to be weak or absent in nocturnal owl monkeys, raising questions about the significance of ODCs. Using the highly sensitive method of immediate-early genes after monocular deprivation, we revealed an unusual pattern of eye-dependent activity in V1, providing further evidence for the widespread presence and variability of ODCs in primates and raising further questions about their development and functions.
Empirical studies on the effectiveness of assistive technology in the care of people with dementia: a systematic review
Authors: Fleming Richard , Sum Shima 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to assess the empirical support for the use of assistive technology in the care of people with dementia as an intervention to improve independence, safety, communication, wellbeing and carer support.

Design/methodology/approach
– A total of 232 papers were identified as potentially relevant. Inclusion criteria were: studies published between 1995 and 2011, incorporated a control group, pre-test-post-test, cross sectional or survey design, type of interventions and types of participants. The 41 papers that met criteria were subjected to an assessment of their validity using the model provided by Forbes. Following the assessment seven papers were considered as strong, ten moderate and 24 weak. The review is presented around the following topics: independence, prompts and reminders; safety and security; leisure and lifestyle, communication and telehealth; and therapeutic interventions.

Findings
– The literature exploring the use of assistive technologies for increasing independence and compensating for memory problems illustrate the problems of moving from the laboratory to real life. The studies are usually limited by very small samples, high drop-out rates, very basic statistical analyses and lack of adjustment for multiple comparisons and poor performance of the technology itself.

Originality/value
– Research to date has been unable to establish a positive difference to the lives of people with dementia by the general use of the assistive technology reviewed here.