bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public acceptability of government intervention to change health-related behaviours: a systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Diepeveen Stephanie , Ling Tom , Suhrcke Marc , Roland Martin , Marteau Theresa M 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundGovernments can intervene to change health-related behaviours using various measures but are sensitive to public attitudes towards such interventions. This review describes public attitudes towards a range of policy interventions aimed at changing tobacco and alcohol use, diet, and physical activity, and the extent to which these attitudes vary with characteristics of (a) the targeted behaviour (b) the intervention and (c) the respondents.MethodsWe searched electronic databases and conducted a narrative synthesis of empirical studies that reported public attitudes in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand towards interventions relating to tobacco, alcohol, diet and physical activity. Two hundred studies met the inclusion criteria.ResultsOver half the studies (105/200, 53%) were conducted in North America, with the most common interventions relating to tobacco control (110/200, 55%), followed by alcohol (42/200, 21%), diet-related interventions (18/200, 9%), interventions targeting both diet and physical activity (18/200, 9%), and physical activity alone (3/200, 2%). Most studies used survey-based methods (160/200, 80%), and only ten used experimental designs.Acceptability varied as a function of: (a) the targeted behaviour, with more support observed for smoking-related interventions; (b) the type of intervention, with less intrusive interventions, those already implemented, and those targeting children and young people attracting most support; and (c) the characteristics of respondents, with support being highest in those not engaging in the targeted behaviour, and with women and older respondents being more likely to endorse more restrictive measures.ConclusionsPublic acceptability of government interventions to change behaviour is greatest for the least intrusive interventions, which are often the least effective, and for interventions targeting the behaviour of others, rather than the respondent him or herself. Experimental studies are needed to assess how the presentation of the problem and the benefits of intervention might increase acceptability for those interventions which are more effective but currently less acceptable.
Schoolyard physical activity of 6–11 year old children assessed by GPS and accelerometry
Authors: Dessing Dirk , Pierik Frank H , Sterkenburg Reinier P , van Dommelen Paula , Maas Jolanda , de Vries Sanne I 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Background
Children’s current physical activity levels are disturbingly low when compared to recommended levels. This may be changed by intervening in the school environment. However, at present, it is unclear to what extent schoolyard physical activity contributes towards reaching the daily physical activity guideline. The aim of this study was to examine how long and at what intensity children are physically active at the schoolyard during different time segments of the day. Moreover, the contribution of schoolyard physical activity towards achieving the recommended guideline for daily physical activity was investigated.

Methods
Children (n=76) between the age of 6–11 years were recruited in six different schools in five cities (>70.000 residents) in the Netherlands. During the weekdays of a regular school week, childrens’ physical activity and location were measured with ActiGraph accelerometers and Travelrecorder GPS receivers. Data was collected from December 2008 to April 2009. From the data, the amount of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on and outside the schoolyard was established. Moreover, the percentage of MVPA on the schoolyard was compared between the following segments of the day: pre-school, school, school recess, lunch break and post-school. Differences between boys and girls were compared using linear and logistic mixed-effects models.

Results
On average, children spent 40.1 minutes/day on the schoolyard. During this time, boys were more active on the schoolyard, with 27.3% of their time spent as MVPA compared to 16.7% among girls (OR=2.11 [95% CI 1.54 - 2.90]). The children were most active on the schoolyard during school recess, during which boys recorded 39.5% and girls recorded 23.4% of the time as MVPA (OR=2.55 [95% CI: 1.69 - 3.85]). Although children were only present at the schoolyard for 6.1% of the total reported time, this time contributed towards 17.5% and 16.8% of boys’ and girls’ minutes of MVPA.

Conclusions
On the schoolyard, children’s physical activity levels are higher than on average over the whole day. Physical activity levels are particularly high during school recess. The school environment seems to be an important setting for improving children’s physical activity levels. Further research on the facilitators of these high activity levels may provide targets for further promotion of physical activity among children.
Screening in silico predicted remotely acting NF1gene regulatory elements for mutations in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Hamby Stephen E , Reviriego Pablo , Cooper David N , Upadhyaya Meena , Chuzhanova Nadia 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a neuroectodermal disorder, is caused by germline mutations in the NF1 gene. NF1 affects approximately 1/3,000 individuals worldwide, with about 50% of cases representing de novo mutations. Although the NF1 gene was identified in 1990, the underlying gene mutations still remain undetected in a small but obdurate minority of NF1 patients. We postulated that in these patients, hitherto undetected pathogenic mutations might occur in regulatory elements far upstream of the NF1 gene. In an attempt to identify such remotely acting regulatory elements, we reasoned that some of them might reside within DNA sequences that (1) have the potential to interact at distance with the NF1 gene and (2) lie within a histone H3K27ac-enriched region, a characteristic of active enhancers. Combining Hi-C data, obtained by means of the chromosome conformation capture technique, with data on the location and level of histone H3K27ac enrichment upstream of the NF1 gene, we predicted in silico the presence of two remotely acting regulatory regions, located, respectively, approximately 600 kb and approximately 42 kb upstream of the NF1 gene. These regions were then sequenced in 47 NF1 patients in whom no mutations had been found in either the NF1 or SPRED1 gene regions. Five patients were found to harbour DNA sequence variants in the distal H3K27ac-enriched region. Although these variants are of uncertain pathological significance and still remain to be functionally characterized, this approach promises to be of general utility for the detection of mutations underlying other inherited disorders that may be caused by mutations in remotely acting regulatory elements.
CyclinD1, a prominent prognostic marker for endometrial diseases
Authors: Liang Shuo , Mu Kun , Wang Yan , Zhou Zhiqiang , Zhang Juan , Sheng Yan , Zhang Tingguo 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Purpose
Alteration of CyclinD1 was suggested to relate with development of endometrial carcinogenesis before, however CyclinD1 expression is not well defined in endometrial hyperplasia lesions. We checked the relationship between its expression and clinic-pathological variables of endometrial lesions to explore the possibility for CyclinD1 as a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker.

Methods
Cyclin D1 immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) was used to evaluate 201 fixed, paraffin-embedded endometrial samples which included simple hyperplasia (n = 27), atypical complex hyperplasia (ACH) (n = 41), endometrioid carcinoma (n = 103), endometrial serous carcinoma (ESC) (n = 21) and clear cell carcinoma (CCC) (n = 9). A breast cancer with known CyclinD1 expression was selected as a positive control in each immunohistochemistry run. We also performed follow-up study to estimate patients’ prognosis.

Results
CyclinD1 was significantly overexpressed in atypical complex hyperplasia (ACH), endometrioid carcinoma and clear cell carcinoma (CCC). The positive signaling of CyclinD1 was showed less than 40% in simple hyperplasia and endometrial serous carcinoma (ESC). The high expression of CyclinD1 was observed in metastasis carcinoma group more significantly than non-metastasis carcinoma group. Kaplan Meier analysis demonstrated that patients with high CyclinD1 expression had an obviously poor prognosis than patients without CyclinD1 staining (p < 0.05). Moreover, according to multivariate Cox regression analysis, CyclinD1 expression, as crucial as metastasis, was a risk marker for overall survival rate.

Conclusion
CyclinD1 exhibited a promising potential to predict the prognosis of patients with endometrial carcinoma. However, the statistical analysis demonstrated that CyclinD1 exhibited a poor ability to differentiate neoplastic lesions from non-neoplastic lesions; thus, the application of CyclinD1 only is not so credible for differentiation between benign and malignant lesions.

Virtual slides
The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1871063048950173.
Stability properties of PrPScfrom cattle with experimental transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: use of a rapid whole homogenate, protease-free assay
Authors: Vrentas Catherine E , Greenlee Justin J , Baron Thierry , Caramelli Maria , Czub Stefanie , Nicholson Eric M 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Background
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), including scrapie in sheep, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), are fatal diseases of the nervous system associated with accumulation of misfolded prion protein (PrPSc). Different strains of TSEs exist, associated with different PrPSc conformations that can be probed by the stability assay, in which PrPSc is treated with increasing concentrations of the denaturant guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl).

Results
Here, we provide the first comprehensive application of a rapid, protease-free version of the GdnHCl stability assay to brain tissue from cattle experimentally infected with various TSE isolates. Consistent with previous findings from a single Japanese isolate, the L-type isolates of BSE are not distinguishable from classical BSE in this assay. In contrast, H-type isolates of BSE, including our unique isolate of E211K BSE, exhibit higher stability than classical BSE, suggesting that its increased protection against protease digestion at the BSE N-terminus is associated with a higher stability in GdnHCl. While the difference in stability in our version of the assay is likely not large enough for effective use in a diagnostic laboratory setting, the use of alternative experimental conditions may enhance this effect. TSEs from other natural host species that have been passaged in cattle, including CWD and TME, were not distinguishable from classical BSE, while isolates of cattle passaged scrapie exhibited a slight increase in stability as compared to classical BSE.

Conclusions
These results suggest that the core of PrPSc, as probed in this assay, has similar stability properties among cattle-passaged TSE isolates and that the conformational differences that lead to changes in the proteinase K cleavage site do not cause large changes in the stability of PrPSc from TSE-affected cattle. However, the stability differences observed here will provide a basis of comparison for new isolates of atypical BSE observed in the future and in other geographic locations, especially in the case of H-type BSE.
New network topology approaches reveal differential correlation patterns in breast cancer
Authors: Bockmayr Michael , Klauschen Frederick , Györffy Balazs , Denkert Carsten , Budczies Jan 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Background
Analysis of genome-wide data is often carried out using standard methods such as differential expression analysis, clustering analysis and heatmaps. Beyond that, differential correlation analysis was suggested to identify changes in the correlation patterns between disease states. The detection of differential correlation is a demanding task, as the number of entries in the gene-by-gene correlation matrix is large. Currently, there is no gold standard for the detection of differential correlation and statistical validation.

Results
We developed two untargeted algorithms ( and ) that identify differential correlation patterns by comparing the local or global topology of correlation networks. Construction of networks from correlation structures requires fixing of a correlation threshold. Instead of a single cutoff, the algorithms systematically investigate a series of correlation thresholds and permit to detect different kinds of correlation changes at the same level of significance: strong changes of a few genes and moderate changes of many genes. Comparing the correlation structure of 208 ER- breast carcinomas and 208 ER+ breast carcinomas, detected 770 differentially correlated genes with a FDR of 12.8%, while detected 630 differentially correlated genes with a FDR of 12.1%. In two-fold cross-validation, the reproducibility of the list of the top 5% differentially correlated genes in 140 ER- tumors and in 140 ER+ tumors was 49% for and 33% for .

Conclusions
We developed two correlation network topology based algorithms for the detection of differential correlations in different disease states. Clusters of differentially correlated genes could be interpreted biologically and included the marker genes hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) and acyl-CoA synthetase medium chain 1 (ACSM1) of invasive apocrine carcinomas that were differentially correlated, but not differentially expressed. Using random subsampling and cross-validation, and were shown to identify specific and reproducible lists of differentially correlated genes.
Genetic analysis of an elite super-hybrid rice parent using high-density SNP markers
Authors: Duan Meijuan , Sun Zhizhong , Shu Liping , Tan Yanning , Yu Dong , Sun Xuewu , Liu Ruifen , Li Yujie , Gong Siyu , Yuan Dingyang 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Background
With an increasing world population and a gradual decline in the amount of arable land, food security remains a global challenge. Continued increases in rice yield will be required to break through the barriers to grain output. In order to transition from hybrid rice to super-hybrid rice, breeding demands cannot be addressed through traditional heterosis. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate high yield loci from other rice genetic groups and to scientifically utilize intersubspecific heterosis in breeding lines. In this study, 781 lines from a segregating F2 population constructed by crossing the indica variety, “Giant Spike Rice” R1128 as trait donor with the japonica cultivar ‘Nipponbare’, were re-sequenced using high-throughout multiplexed shotgun genotyping (MSG) technology. In combination with high-density single nucleotide polymorphisms, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and genetic effect analysis were performed for five yield factors (spikelet number per panicle, primary branches per panicle, secondary branches per panicle, plant height, and panicle length) to explore the genetic mechanisms underlying the formation of the giant panicle of R1128. Also, they were preformed to locate new high-yielding rice genetic intervals, providing data for super-high-yielding rice breeding.

Results
QTL mapping and genetic effect analysis for five yield factors in the population gave the following results: 49 QTLs for the five yield factors were distributed on 11 of 12 chromosomes. The super-hybrid line R1128 carries multiple major genes for good traits, including Sd1 for plant height, Hd1 and Ehd1 for heading date, Gn1a for spikelet number and IPA1 for ideal plant shape. These genes accounted for 44.3%, 21.9%, 6.2%, 12.9% and 10.6% of the phenotypic variation in the individual traits. Six novel QTLs, qph1-2, qph9-1, qpl12-1, qgn3-1, qgn11-1 and qsbn11-1 are reported here for the first time.

Conclusions
High-throughout sequencing technology makes it convenient to study rice genomics and makes the QTL/gene mapping direct, efficient, and more reliable. The genetic regions discovered in this study will be valuable for breeding in rice varieties because of the diverse genetic backgrounds of the rice.
Ring testing of the AnBUSDiC test; a new screening method for the anaerobic degradability of surfactants
Authors: Eadsforth Charles , Austin Tom , Bouvy Alain , Cassani Giorgio , DeFerrer Juanantonio , Hager Claus-Dierk , Schowanek Diederik , Taeger Klaus , Willing Andreas 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Background
Surfactants are widely used across the globe both in industrial and consumer products; their biodegradation characteristics are therefore of high importance. Upon entering a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), the majority of surfactants are aerobically mineralized to CO2 and H2O. However, a small fraction is inevitably left non-degraded and adheres to the remaining sludge. This sludge is usually further treated in anaerobic digester tanks. Assessment of existing methods for determining anaerobic biodegradability has led to the development of a new test method, which is in principle based on the method DIN 38414 part 8. This new test, named the anaerobic biodegradation under sludge digester conditions test (abbreviated to AnBUSDiC test) allows for a quantification of the degradation of surfactants under conditions encountered in the anaerobic digester tank of municipal WWTPs. The AnBUSDiC test has several advantages over existing methods. The main advantage is that it is particularly suitable for surfactants, because the two-step design minimizes possible unspecific digester gas formation caused by the surface activity of the test substances, therefore avoiding false positive results.

Results
In order to further standardize the AnBUSDiC test and gain regulatory acceptance, a ring test was organized involving seven laboratories, and five model surfactants from different surfactant classes (anionic, non-ionic (branched and linear) and amphoteric) plus a positive control, glucose. The AnBUSDiC test produced reliable repeatable results between laboratories; however, some additional modifications were suggested. It was identified that the original test method did not identify a clear endpoint from which a biodegradation value should be taken. It was proposed that a new more concise endpoint be defined in combination with the AnBUSDiC test to allow better comparability between test results.

Conclusions
The inclusion of a second addition of test substance is a major step forward in the elimination of the variability produced by non-specific gas production. With the exception of one anomalous result for linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, for which an explanation can be provided, the AnBUSDiC method appears to provide overall robust and interpretable results.
Asymmetric Diarylethene as a Dual-Functional Device Combining Switch and Diode
Authors: Tsuji Yuta , Koga Junya , Yoshizawa Kazunari 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Diarylethenes are photosensitive π-conjugated molecules, being of great promise in potential applications to various molecular devices. Although the switching properties of diarylethenes have been widely investigated experimentally and theoretically, little is known about their rectifying diode-like behavior. In this study, electron-transport properties of asymmetric diarylethenes incorporating two different heterocyclic five-membered rings with opposite electronic demands are investigated with the nonequilibrium Green function combined with density functional theory. The aim of this study is to derive the effect of the heteroatomic defects on not only switching but also rectifying characteristics of the asymmetric diarylethenes. Obtained results show that a silicon atom involved in the diarylethenes plays an important role in the current rectifying as well as switching performance. It is found that maximum rectification ratios of the asymmetric diarylethenes increase linearly with an increase in electronegativity difference between the asymmetrically arranged heteroatoms. The silicon- and oxygen-containing asymmetric diarylethene is suggested to be a good potential candidate for a novel molecular electronic device combining a switch and a diode.
Hook Turns as a Solution to the Right-Turning Traffic Problem
Authors: Hounsell Nicholas Brian , Yap Yok Hoe 
Published: August 2013

In traffic systems where driving is on the left, right-turning movements tend to be difficult to efficiently accommodate at signal controlled junctions. A hook turn is one potential solution for this. A hook turn is where a right turn is made from the nearside lane rather than an offside lane at a four-leg signalised junction. After entering the junction, the turning vehicle waits at a nearside position in front of the side road stop line, and then proceeds toward the exit arm when the side road signal turns green. The research described in this paper uses microscopic simulation modelling in an innovative way to compare the traffic performance of a hypothetical hook-turn junction with an equivalent conventional junction with opposed right turns. The simulation model evaluated traffic performance under various combinations of demand flow, turning proportions, and signal timings. It was found that hook turns reduced delays to through traffic from the same approach in nearly all cases. Overall junction performance depended on the scale of any increased delays to left-turning traffic and side road traffic resulting from the hook-turn movement. It is concluded that hook turns could be used much more widely than at present—including where driving is on the right—offering significant operational benefits in the right circumstances.
The pleasure of immersion: Some thoughts on how The Singing Detective sustains narrative
Authors: Karpf Anne 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This article argues that while Dennis Potter’s television drama series The Singing Detective is commonly celebrated for its multi-layered narrative and the post-modern way that it played with genre, another of its critical features has remained relatively neglected: the sustained narrative pleasure that it afforded. It suggests that Potter allowed viewers the deep immersive experience of realist TV drama and storytelling, even while he was experimenting with narrative, so providing a bridge between modernist and traditional forms, and rewarding viewers (who had to try and integrate the series’ different fragments and layers into some sort of quasi-cohesive narrative) with abundant dramatic gratification. Narrative, it claims, is not effaced, only displaced, partly onto the central character of Marlow, whose subjectivity unifies the fragmented narrative. Potter broke radically with the conventions of TV medical drama, and the painful experience of Marlow-as-patient acts as another binding agent.
Mode of action of brown rot decay resistance in modified wood: a review
Authors: Ringman Rebecka , Pilgård Annica , Brischke Christian , Richter Klaus 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Chemically or physically modified wood materials have enhanced resistance to wood decay fungi. In contrast to treatments with traditional wood preservatives, where the resistance is caused mainly by the toxicity of the chemicals added, little is known about the mode of action of nontoxic wood modification methods. This study reviews established theories related to resistance in acetylated, furfurylated, dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea-treated, and thermally modified wood. The main conclusion is that only one theory provides a consistent explanation for the initial inhibition of brown rot degradation in modified wood, that is, moisture exclusion via the reduction of cell wall voids. Other proposed mechanisms, such as enzyme nonrecognition, micropore blocking, and reducing the number of free hydroxyl groups, may reduce the degradation rate when cell wall water uptake is no longer impeded.