bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Most common patterns of acne in male adolescents: a population‐based study
Authors: Duquia Rodrigo P. , de Almeida Hiram L. , Breunig Juliano A. , Souzat Paulo R. M. , Göellner Caroline D. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackground  Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease affecting more than 85% of adolescents and often continuing into adulthood. Population‐based studies to assess the patterns and severity of acne have not been achieved.Objectives  The aim of this study was to assess the most common patterns of facial and trunk acne in young (18‐year‐old) men in a representative sample of male adolescents in a city in southern Brazil and to investigate the severity of inflammatory and non‐inflammatory lesions in these individuals.Methods  In Brazil, military service is compulsory for all males. Every adolescent male must report to his military service headquarters to submit to a medical screening examination. The study included 2201 adolescents, each of whom underwent a skin examination conducted by a dermatologist to identify and quantify all non‐inflammatory (comedones) and inflammatory (papules, pustules, and nodules) lesions.Results  Non‐inflammatory lesions (comedones) were observed on 1487 individuals, and inflammatory lesions (papules and pustules) were noted on 1497 individuals. The most common patterns of facial acne were the full‐face, bilateral malar and frontal mentonian distributions.Conclusions  This is the first population‐based study to evaluate patterns of acne. Facial involvement was very prevalent, and the frontal region was found to dominate patterns of distribution of acne vulgaris. Comedonian acne of the face was much more intense and affected the entire face. In inflammatory facial acne, the majority of the study subjects exhibited up to five lesions in the region under study.
Campaigning on Public Security in Latin America: Obstacles to Success
Authors: Uang Randy Sunwin 
Published: April 2013

AbstractCrime and violence have made public security a major concern to voters throughout Latin America. Existing research predicts that such widespread concerns should make public security a consistently successful issue in presidential election campaigns. Yet recent empirical reality in Latin America has been more varied. This study argues that success on public security is not so automatic. Human rights concerns combine with low trust in security forces to make success on security contingent on the correct conditions. Two key conditions affect the use of the issue: the degree to which security threats are organized and the degree to which recent repression has occurred. Then, winning votes depends on two further conditions: having a civilian background and a campaign that balances security with other issues. Together, these factors explain the dramatic variation in success, and suggest a key change from Latin America's past.
Local representation of global diversity in a cosmopolitan lichen‐forming fungal species complex (Rhizoplaca, Ascomycota)
Authors: Leavitt Steven D. , Fernández‐Mendoza Fernando , Pérez‐Ortega Sergio , Sohrabi Mohammad , Divakar Pradeep K. , Vondrák Jan , Thorsten Lumbsch H. , Clair Larry L. St. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimThe relative importance of long‐distance dispersal versus vicariance in determining the distribution of lichen‐forming fungi remains unresolved. Here, we examined diversity and distributions in a cosmopolitan lichen‐forming fungal species complex, Rhizoplaca melanophthalma sensu lato (Ascomycota), across a broad, intercontinental geographical distribution. We sought to determine the temporal context of diversification and the impacts of past climatic fluctuations on demographic dynamics within this group.LocationAntarctica, Asia, Europe, North America and South America.MethodsWe obtained molecular sequence data from a total of 240 specimens of R. melanophthalma s.l. collected across five continents. We assessed the monophyly of candidate species using individual gene trees and a tree from a seven‐locus concatenated data set. Divergence times and relationships among candidate species were evaluated using a multilocus coalescent‐based species tree approach. Speciation probabilities were estimated using the coalescent‐based species delimitation program bpp. We also calculated statistics on molecular diversity and population demographics for independent lineages.Main conclusionsOur analyses of R. melanophthalma s.l. collected from five continents supported the presence of six species‐level lineages within this complex. Based on current sampling, two of these lineages were found to have broad intercontinental distributions, while the other four were limited to western North America. Of the six lineages, five were found on a single mountain in the western USA and the sixth occurred no more than 200 km away from this mountain. Our estimates of divergence times suggest that Pleistocene glacial cycles played an important role in species diversification within this group. At least three lineages show evidence of recent or ongoing population expansion.
Occurrence and impact ofAgrilusspp. and associated egg parasitoids in hazel groves of Northwest Italy
Authors: Moraglio S. T. , Corte M. , Tavella L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn several hazel (Corylus avellanaL.) groves in the area ofLanghe (Piedmont,NorthwestItaly), many hazel branches suddenly withered, and in some cases, the whole tree died, with heavy economic losses for the farmers. Symptoms of jewel beetle attacks were detected on the trees. EightAgrilusspecies were caught by traps from 2007 to 2009 in the surveyed hazel groves; among them, only four species have been known to develop on hazel. On the traps,Agrilus olivicolorKiesenwetter was the most abundant species, while almost onlyAgrilus viridis(L.) was sampled by plant beating from 2008 to 2010. Moreover, almost all adults emerged from field‐collected hazel wood belonged to this latter species that proved to be the main responsible for the severe attacks on the hazel trees.Agrilus viridisadults emerged from lateMay to lateJune, and generally lived until the end ofAugust, while egg masses were observed from lateMay to lateJuly. The egg parasitoidOobius zahaikevitshiTrjapitzin was found in all of the investigated groves; adults emerged already from the first egg masses collected on hazel trees in lateMay‐early June.O. zahaikevitshiwas able to largely reduceA. viridispopulations, with a parasitism rate of more than 50% in some groves. Recent attacks ofA. viridiswere related to a long period of drought; however, appropriate agronomic practices to minimize the effects of water stress and to conserve natural enemies, such asO. zahaikevitshi, could be more effective to protect hazel groves against boring beetle attacks.
Inhibition of autophagy enhances cisplatin cytotoxicity in human adenoid cystic carcinoma cells of salivary glands
Authors: Ma Ben , Liang Li‐zhong , Liao Gui‐qing , Liang Yu‐jie , Liu Hai‐chao , Zheng Guang‐sen , Su Yu‐xiong 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundThe relationship between autophagy and chemotherapy in cancer has been studied a lot recent years. However, there is currently no study on the role of autophagy in chemotherapy of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of human salivary glands. We hypothesized that autophagy plays a protective role for human salivary gland ACC cells during chemotherapy, diminishes the effect of treatment, and ultimately results in poor sensitivity to chemotherapy.Materials and MethodsAfter inhibition of autophagy by 5 mM 3‐methyladenine (3MA), 20 μM Chloroquine (CQ), or Beclin‐1 shRNA, we examined the sensitivity of human salivary gland ACC cells to different concentrations of cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) using MTT assay. Also, levels of autophagy in ACC cells treated by CDDP were assessed by western blot, GFP‐LC3 fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).ResultsInhibition of autophagy induced by 3MA, CQ, or Beclin‐1 shRNA could all enhance human salivary gland ACC cell death treated by CDDP. And, levels of autophagy in these cells showed a significant increase after treated by CDDP.ConclusionAutophagy played a protective role for human salivary gland ACC cells during CDDP chemotherapy. Inhibition of autophagy in these cells could enhance cisplatin cytotoxicity‐effects. These findings indicate a novel and promising way to reduce chemotherapy resistance and improve treatment outcome in human salivary gland ACC.
Fusarium Species Associated with Mango Malformation in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Mohamed Nor Nik M. I. , Salleh Baharuddin , Leslie John F. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMango malformation has become the most important global disease on mango. Fusarium species previously associated with this disease include F. mangiferae, F. mexicanum, F. sterilihyphosum, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and F. tupiense. A few strains of F. proliferatum have been reported from Malaysia, but in this study, we report the results of more extensive sampling. The recovered strains were evaluated with morphology, mating tester strain cross‐fertility, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), and partial DNA sequences of the genes encoding translation elongation factor 1‐α (tef‐1α) and β‐tubulin (tub‐2). Amongst the 43 strains evaluated, three species were identified – F. proliferatum, F. mangiferae and F. subglutinans – with F. proliferatum being the most frequent (69%). None of the Fusarium species that appear to originate in the Americas were recovered in Malaysia, which suggests special measures may be warranted to keep these species from entering the country.
Rare occurrence of occult hepatitis C virus in apparently uninfected injecting drug users: a two‐centre, masked, case–control study
Authors: Sugden P. B. , Pham T. N. Q. , Ratnarajah S. , Cameron B. , Bull R. , White P. A. , Michalak T. I. , Lloyd A. R. ,   the HITS investigators
Published: April 2013

SummaryOccult hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a phenomenon where serum HCV RNA is not detected by sensitive commercial assays, but viral RNA is detected by ultrasensitive techniques. Occult HCV infection has not previously been studied in highly exposed, but apparently uninfected (EU) individuals. Two studies examining occult infection in EU subjects were undertaken – an initial two‐centre, masked, case–control study based on cross‐sectional samples (n = 35 subjects) and a single‐centre confirmatory study based on longitudinal samples (n = 32 subjects). Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested for HCV RNA using an ultrasensitive nested polymerase chain reaction assays. Two EU subjects in the first study (10%) and one in the second study (3%) were found to have consistently detectable HCV RNA. Occult HCV infection occurs in high‐risk, apparently uninfected subjects.
Ecosystem‐level controls on root‐rhizosphere respiration
Authors: Hopkins Francesca , Gonzalez‐Meler Miquel A. , Flower Charles E. , Lynch Douglas J. , Czimczik Claudia , Tang Jianwu , Subke Jens‐Arne 
Published: April 2013

SummaryRecent advances in the partitioning of autotrophic from heterotrophic respiration processes in soils in conjunction with new high temporal resolution soil respiration data sets offer insights into biotic and environmental controls of respiration. Besides temperature, many emerging controlling factors have not yet been incorporated into ecosystem‐scale models. We synthesize recent research that has partitioned soil respiration into its process components to evaluate effects of nitrogen, temperature and photosynthesis on autotrophic flux from soils at the ecosystem level. Despite the widely used temperature dependence of root respiration, gross primary productivity (GPP) can explain most patterns of ecosystem root respiration (and to some extent heterotrophic respiration) at within‐season time‐scales. Specifically, heterotrophic respiration is influenced by a seasonally variable supply of recent photosynthetic products in the rhizosphere. The contribution of stored root carbon (C) to root respiratory fluxes also varied seasonally, partially decoupling the proportion of photosynthetic C driving root respiration. In order to reflect recent insights, new hierarchical models, which incorporate root respiration as a primary function of GPP and which respond to environmental variables by modifying C allocation belowground, are needed for better prediction of future ecosystem C sequestration.
Neurogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells using different induction protocols
Authors: Osathanon T , Sawangmake C , Nowwarote N , Pavasant P 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveAn investigation on neuronal differentiation capacity of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) was still lacking. In this study, two different neuronal induction protocols were investigated and compared.MethodsThe neuronal differentiation was induced using chemical or growth factor induction protocol. The differentiation was confirmed by the neurogenic mRNA and protein expression using polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry, respectively.ResultsChemical‐induced neuronal differentiation protocol promoted morphological change and β3‐TUBULIN protein expression. Though, SOX2, SOX9, and β3‐TUBULIN mRNA levels were not different compared with the control, indicating a defective differentiation. For growth factor induction protocol, the cells were exhibited neurite‐like cellular process and positively stained with β3‐TUBULIN. In addition, the increase in intracellular calcium was noted upon NMDA stimulation, implying the neuronal function. A dramatic increased mRNA expression of neurogenic markers [SOX2, SOX9, β3‐TUBULIN, and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA receptors)] was noted as compared to the control. In addition, a remarkable increased expression of Notch signaling target gene, HEY1, was observed in growth factor‐induced DPSCs derived neuronal‐like cells compared with the control.ConclusionThese data indicate that growth factor induction method is a preferable protocol for neuronal differentiation by DPSCs.
Modelling C3 photosynthesis from the chloroplast to the ecosystem
Authors: BERNACCHI CARL J. , BAGLEY JUSTIN E. , SERBIN SHAWN P. , RUIZ‐VERA URSULA M. , ROSENTHAL DAVID M. , VANLOOCKE ANDY 
Published: April 2013

AbstractGlobally, photosynthesis accounts for the largest flux of CO2 from the atmosphere into ecosystems and is the driving process for terrestrial ecosystem function. The importance of accurate predictions of photosynthesis over a range of plant growth conditions led to the development of a C3 photosynthesis model by Farquhar, von Caemmerer & Berry that has become increasingly important as society places greater pressures on vegetation. The photosynthesis model has played a major role in defining the path towards scientific understanding of photosynthetic carbon uptake and the role of photosynthesis on regulating the earth's climate and biogeochemical systems. In this review, we summarize the photosynthesis model, including its continued development and applications. We also review the implications these developments have on quantifying photosynthesis at a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, and discuss the model's role in determining photosynthetic responses to changes in environmental conditions. Finally, the review includes a discussion of the larger‐scale modelling and remote‐sensing applications that rely on the leaf photosynthesis model and are likely to open new scientific avenues to address the increasing challenges to plant productivity over the next century.
Sexual reproduction of the pentaploid, short‐styled Oxalis pes‐caprae allows the production of viable offspring
Authors: Costa J. , Ferrero V. , Loureiro J. , Castro M. , Navarro L. , Castro S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractReproduction is a key factor for the successful establishment and spread of introduced species. Oxalis pes‐caprae is a tristylous species with a self‐ and morph‐incompatibility sexual system that, in the invaded range of the western Mediterranean Basin, has been found to reproduce asexually because only the pentaploid, short‐styled morph (5x S‐morph) was introduced. The objective of this study was to test the ability of the 5x S‐morph of O. pes‐caprae to produce viable offspring in the absence of compatible mates, exploring the hypothesis that new morphs could have emerged by sexual reproduction events of the initially introduced morph. Pollen germination, pollen tube development, fruit and seed production, seed germination and offspring ploidy levels were analysed after controlled hand‐pollinations to assess self‐ and morph‐incompatibility and production of viable gametes by the 5x S‐morph. The self‐incompatibility system is still operating, but a partial breakdown in the morph‐incompatibility system combined with the production of viable gametes was observed, allowing sexual reproduction of the 5x S‐morph in the invaded range. The ability of the 5x S‐morph to reproduce sexually may have major consequences for the dynamics of invasive populations of O. pes‐caprae and could be one of the factors involved in the occurrence of new floral morphs in this invaded range.
Leaf functional trait variation associated with salt tolerance in perennial ryegrass
Authors: Hu T. , Zhang X. Z. , Sun J. M. , Li H. Y. , Fu J. M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSalinity is one of major environmental stresses that dramatically threaten plant growth, and variations in genetic structure and functional traits have important effects on the salt tolerance of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.). The objectives of this study were to: (i) assess the inter‐clonal variation of functional traits of accessions among geographic groups or between wild and commercial groups in response to salt stress; (ii) develop a mathematical model to effectively assess salt tolerance of perennial ryegrass accessions originating from different geographic populations; and (iii) determine the relation between spatial genetic structure and salt tolerance in perennial ryegrass. Wide variations were found among the accessions for seven functional traits. One regression model (F = 0.49 × F1 + 0.303 × F2 + 0.207 × F3) was established to ascertain salt tolerance of each accession. The highest variation of the traits and salt tolerance were obtained for accessions from theEuropean group. Wild accessions exhibited more variation in functional traits and salt tolerance than commercial cultivars. Both molecular marker techniques and functional traits were used to conduct phylogenetic analysis, and the majority of accessions from the same or adjacent regions were clustered into the same group or subgroup. The perennial ryegrass accessions with similar salt tolerance had a close phylogenetic background. The patterns in functional trait variations associated with salt tolerance might allow acceleration of the process for improving salt stress resistance in perennial ryegrass.
Gene flow from transgenic rice to red rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the field
Authors: Busconi M. , Baldi G. , Lorenzoni C. , Fogher C. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this study, we simulate a transgenic rice crop highly infested with red rice to examine transgene transfer from a transgenic line (A2504) resistant to glufosinate ammonium to cohabitant red rice. The red rice was sown along with the transgenic line at the highest density found in naturally infested crops in the region. Agricultural practices similar to those used to control red rice infestation in northern Italy rice fields were used to reproduce the local rice production system. During the first 2 years, the field was treated with herbicide at the appropriate time; in the first year the dosage of herbicide was three times the recommended amount. In this first year, detectable red rice plants that escaped herbicide treatment were manually removed. Nevertheless, two herbicide‐resistant hybrid plants (named 101 and 104) were identified in the experimental field during the second year of cultivation. Phenotypic and molecular characterisation suggests the hybrid nature of these two plants, deriving from crossing events involving A2504, respectively, with red rice (plant 101) and the buffer cultivar Gladio (plant 104). The progeny of two subsequent generations of the two plants were examined and the presence of the transgene detected, indicating stable transfer of the transgene across generations. In conclusion, despite control methods, red rice progeny tolerant to the herbicide can be expected following use of transgenic rice and, consequently, difficulties in controlling this weed with chemicals will emerge in a relatively short time.
Ontogenesis of the collapsed layer during haustorium development in the root hemi‐parasite Santalum album Linn
Authors: Yang X. , Zhang X. , Teixeira da Silva J. A. , Liang K. , Deng R. , Ma G. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe structure and development of collapsed layers of the haustorium were studied in Santalum album Linn. Through light and transmission electron microscopy, it was shown that the collapsed layers originated from starch‐containing cells when the haustorium developed an internal gland, thickened gradually and ultimately developed into the mantle, which, combined with the sucker, buckled the host root. We report on the presence of inter‐collapsed layers for the first time. These layers develop after penetration into the host and are located between the intrusive tissues and the vascular meristematic region, gradually linking the collapsed layers and remains around the sucker. The proliferation of cells in the meristematic region and the ‘host tropism’ of cortical layers contribute to pressure within the haustorium and result in development of the collapsed layers. Besides, starch‐containing cells that turn into collapsed layers are vulnerable to pressure as they lack a large vacuole, have uneven cell wall thickness and a loose cell arrangement. We proposed that the functions of collapsed layers are to efficiently assure that cell inclusion and energy concentrate at the inner meristematic region and are recycled to affect penetration, reinforce the physical connection between the sandalwood haustorium and host root, and supply space for haustorial development.
Co‐expression analysis as tool for the discovery of transport proteins in photorespiration
Authors: Bordych C. , Eisenhut M. , Pick T. R. , Kuelahoglu C. , Weber A. P. M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractShedding light on yet uncharacterised components of photorespiration, such as transport processes required for the function of this pathway, is a prerequisite for manipulating photorespiratory fluxes and hence for decreasing photorespiratory energy loss. The ability of forward genetic screens to identify missing links is apparently limited, as indicated by the fact that little progress has been made with this approach during the past decade. The availability of large amounts of gene expression data and the growing power of bioinformatics, paired with availability of computational resources, opens new avenues to discover proteins involved in transport of photorespiratory intermediates. Co‐expression analysis is a tool that compares gene expression data under hundreds of different conditions, trying to find groups of genes that show similar expression patterns across many different conditions. Genes encoding proteins that are involved in the same process are expected to be simultaneously expressed in time and space. Thus, co‐expression data can aid in the discovery of novel players in a pathway, such as the transport proteins required for facilitating the transfer of intermediates between compartments during photorespiration. We here review the principles of co‐expression analysis and show how this tool can be used for identification of candidate genes encoding photorespiratory transporters.