bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trading Renewable Energy by using CO2: An Effective Option to Mitigate Climate Change and Increase the use of Renewable Energy Sources
Authors: Barbato Lucia , Centi Gabriele , Iaquaniello Gaetano , Mangiapane Alessia , Perathoner Siglinda 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe utilization of carbon dioxide (CO2) to produce methanol (to be used as energy vector and raw material for chemical production) in remote areas, where cheap renewable H2 could be produced from renewable sources, is a technology with a potential impact estimated to be more than 7 Gt CO2 equivalents. By using a techno‐economic analysis, it is possible to evidence that methanol can be produced at competitive costs with respect to deriving energy from fossil fuels. This result, together with an analysis of the potential unexploited sources of renewable energy that are too far from users and grids, shows that the impact on the mitigation of climate change by this route is large, up to potentially 7 Gt CO2 equivalents, and at least comparable with that of carbon capture and storage (CCS). There are also advantages in terms of i) lower costs, ii) reduced impact on the environment, and iii) enhanced energy security. Further benefits are in terms of effective integration with the actual energy and chemical production value chains. The technology may be also used to store energy to solve the issue of generation intermittency present in most of the renewable energy sources. These aspects make this CO2 conversion path using renewable energy a potentially valuable approach to mitigate climate change and increase the use of renewable energy.
Solar power in Quebec: a unique potential soon to be fulfilled
Authors: Pagliaro Mario 
Published: April 2014

AbstractQuebec's large solar power potential markedly contrasts with its poor achievements in using solar energy in this large and wealthy region of the world. Reviewing recent developments and putting discussion in the socioeconomic context, we provide arguments that justify our viewpoint that solar energy will soon be a relevant source of power in this Province of Canada. The rapid fall in price of both main solar power technologies, photovoltaics, and solar thermal, along with significant levels of insolation and the pronounced environmental awareness of Quebec's population support the conclusions of this study.
Rohtang Tunnel – Intermediate report at half distance / Rohtang‐Tunnel – Zwischenbilanz nach halber Strecke
Authors: Reichenspurner Peter 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Rohtang Tunnel has been advancing into the Himalaya Mountains in the northern state of Himachal Pradesh since autumn 2010. After the completion of almost 50 % of the alignment, it is time for an intermediate report. The article will intentionally not only describe technical matters but also describe the local aspects of tunnelling in India.Im Himalaja‐Gebirge im nordindischen Bundesstaat Himachal Pradesh wird seit Herbst 2010 der Rohtang‐Tunnel in den Berg getrieben. Nach fast 50 % der Strecke ist es Zeit für eine Zwischenbilanz. Der Beitrag will dabei bewusst nicht nur auf die Technik eingehen, sondern gemäß dem Thema Indien auch die lokalen Aspekte beleuchten.
Understanding the Electronic Structure of Larger Azaacenes through DFT Calculations
Authors: Gao Junkuo , Zhang Qichun 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAlthough azapentacenes have been widely demonstrated as promising candidates for n‐type organic semiconductor devices, the exploration of larger azaacenes is still a challenge. In particular, theoretical studies on the electronic structures of larger azaacenes and the influence of N substitution on the ground states are still rare. Herein, we reported our investigation on the electronic ground‐state characters of larger azaacenes through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our results indicated that larger azaacenes (fused aromatic rings larger than 6) would show open‐shell singlet biradical characters and the introduction of more N atoms into the backbone of large acenes could favor their closed‐shell ground states. Interestingly, azahexacenes with three or more N atoms (compounds N64–N68) and azaheptacenes (compound N74) with fourteen N atoms displayed closed‐shell singlet ground states compared with the open‐shell singlet diradical ground states for larger acenes. Our theoretical studies may guide the design and synthesis of larger azaacenes, which are the promising n‐type organic semiconducting materials.
Emergent Properties in Locally Ordered Molecular Materials
Authors: Jackson Nicholas E. , Heitzer Henry M. , Savoie Brett M. , Reuter Matthew G. , Marks Tobin J. , Ratner Mark A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe two classic structural classifications of solid matter, crystalline and amorphous, are quite useful for inorganic solids, from antimony trichloride to zinc dibromide and beyond. However, for many molecular materials, especially those based on components containing ten or more non‐hydrogen atoms, ordered single crystals are less common, and intermediate structures that are neither amorphous nor crystalline frequently dominate. Herein, we discuss several situations in which there is local (or partial) ordering in such molecular materials. These materials go beyond the standard concepts concerning polymers and must account for imperfect but substantial local ordering, such as that caused by weak intermolecular interactions (e.g., π stacking, H‐bonding, and/or dispersion forces). This local ordering has important implications for, and applications in, materials properties: we specifically consider dielectric response, electron transport, and exciton transfer. Finally, we discuss the fundamental importance of the effective dimensionality of partially ordered domains in molecular materials.
Transesterification of Soybean Oil to Biodiesel Catalyzed by Waste Silicone Solid Base Catalyst
Authors: Dai Yong‐Ming , Hsieh Jung‐Hang , Chen Chiing‐Chang 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study uses waste silicone as a low‐cost material to prepare the solid base catalyst using Li2CO3 as an activating agent through a solid state reaction for the biodiesel production. A sample of waste silicone is converted into SiO2 powder by being heated at 800 °C for 4 h. The results show that a highly active solid catalyst could be obtained by mixing and well grinding SiO2 powder with Li2CO3 calcined in air for 4 h. The prepared solid base catalysts are characterized by XRD, BET, SEM and FTIR for the physical and chemical properties. In the present study, the biodiesel is synthesized from soybean oil through a transesterification reaction catalyzed by the solid base catalyst. Under the optimal reaction conditions of methanol/oil molar ratio 12:1, 6% (wt/wt oil) catalyst amount, and a reaction temperature of 62 °C for 3 h, there is a 99.04 ± 0.9% conversion to the biodiesel from soybean oil. The waste silicone as the solid base catalyst demonstrates excellent catalytic activities and stable catalytic activities in transesterification reactions.
Seasonal influenza vaccination and technologies
Authors: Nafziger Anne N. , Pratt David S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSeasonal influenza is a serious respiratory illness that causes annual worldwide epidemics resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Influenza pandemics occur about every 40 yrs, and may carry a greater burden of illness and death than seasonal influenza. Both seasonal influenza and pandemic influenza have profound economic consequences. The combination of current vaccine efficacy and viral antigenic drifts and shifts necessitates annual vaccination. New manufacturing technologies in influenza vaccine development employ cell culture and recombinant techniques. Both allow more rapid vaccine creation and production. In the past 5 years, brisk, highly creative activity in influenza vaccine research and development has begun. New vaccine technologies and vaccination strategies are addressing the need for viable alternatives to egg production methods and improved efficacy. At present, stubborn problems of sub‐optimal efficacy and the need for annual immunization persist. There is an obvious need for more efficacious vaccines and improved vaccination strategies to make immunization easier for providers and patients. Mitigating this serious annual health threat remains an important public health priority.
Biomechanical and microstructural benefits of physical exercise associated with risedronate in bones of ovariectomized rats
Authors: Shimano Roberta Carminati , Macedo Ana Paula , Falcai Maurício José , Ervolino Edilson , Shimano Antônio Carlos , Mardegan Issa João Paulo 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTSeveral treatments have been developed aiming the prevention of bone loss. There are discussions about the best prophylactic and therapeutic procedures for osteoporosis. This study evaluated the effects of physical exercise associated with risedronate as a prophylactic and therapeutic procedure in osteopenic bones of rats submitted to ovariectomy. We used 48 Wistar rats divided into: ovariectomized or subjected to sham surgery. Ovariectomized rats were divided into the following sub‐groups: OVX, 12 weeks sedentary; OVX‐EX, treadmill training for 12 weeks; OVX‐RA, 12 weeks with risedronate administration; and OVX‐EX‐RA, 12 weeks with risedronate administration and treadmill training. Rats subjected to sham surgery were divided into the following sub‐groups: SH, 12 weeks sedentary; SH‐EX, treadmill training for 12 weeks; SH‐RA, 12 weeks with risedronate administration; and SH‐EX‐RA, 12 weeks with risedronate administration and training on the treadmill. The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated in tibias using biomechanical, radiological, histomorphometric, and immunohistochemical analyses. Data were analyzed by statistical tests, with significance level of P < 0.05. Results of mechanical tests showed that the SH‐RA group had lower values compared with OVX‐RA group; densitometry showed no significant differences; according to histomorphometric methods, OVX group presented lower results than the SH‐EX, OVX‐RA, SH‐EX‐RA, and OVX‐EX‐RA groups, and SH‐EX‐RA and OVX‐EX‐RA groups showed values higher than SH‐RA, SH, and OVX‐EX groups. The SH‐EX‐RA and OVX‐EX‐RA groups had decreased immunostaining for tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐B ligand and increased osteoprotegerin immunostaining. In this experimental model, it was concluded that the physical training associated with use of risedronate exerted positive effects on biomechanical and microstructural properties in bones of ovariectomized rats. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:431–438, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A multicenter, randomized, controlled, single‐blind comparison phase III study to determine the efficacy and safety of gadobutrol 1.0 M versus gadopentetate dimeglumine following single injection in patients referred for contrast‐enhanced MRI of the body regions or extremities
Authors: Kuwatsuru Ryohei , Takahashi Satoru , Umeoka Shigeaki , Sugihara Ryo , Zeng Mengsu , Huan Yi , Peng Weijun , Ma Lin , Guo Liang , Teng Gaojun , Yao Weiwu , Tozaki Mitsuhiro , Endo Masahiro , Kaji Shuichiro , Ro Tokugen , Tae Hahn Seong , Chul Kang Byung , Nishimura Hiroshi , Sugawara Yoshifumi , Katakami Nobuyuki , Breuer Josy , Aitoku Yasuko 
Published: April 2014

PurposeTo demonstrate the noninferiority of gadobutrol‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared with gadopentetate dimeglumine‐enhanced MRI in Asian patients referred for contrast‐enhanced imaging of the body or extremities.Materials and MethodsA multicenter, parallel‐group comparison study of Asian adults referred for contrast‐enhanced MRI were randomized (1:1) to either gadobutrol or gadopentetate dimeglumine. Lesions were assessed for three primary visualization variables: degree of contrast enhancement, border delineation, and internal morphology. Secondary efficacy variables included number of lesions detected, match of MRI diagnosis with final clinical diagnosis, and sensitivity and specificity for malignant lesion detection. Safety was monitored for 24 ± 4 hours after contrast agent administration.ResultsA total of 363 patients received either gadobutrol (n = 168) or gadopentetate dimeglumine (n = 178). Mean total scores for three primary visualization variables were 9.39 and 9.34 for gadobutrol and gadopentetate dimeglumine, respectively. The proportion of patients with matched MRI and final diagnosis and sensitivity for malignant lesion detection was greater for unenhanced versus combined images (gadobutrol: 72.2% vs. 81.7%; gadopentetate dimeglumine: 76.2% vs. 82.2%, respectively). Both contrast agents were well tolerated.ConclusionGadobutrol (0.1 mmol/kg BW) was well tolerated and effective in Asian patients referred for contrast‐enhanced MRI of the body or extremities. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:404–413.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Age and molecular subtypes: Impact on surgical decisions
Authors: Pilewskie Melissa , King Tari A. 
Published: April 2014

Both young patient age and breast cancer molecular subtype impact local recurrence rates and long‐term prognosis for women with breast cancer. Although rates of local recurrence are consistently higher in young women and those with high‐risk molecular subtypes, this risk does not appear to be overcome by more extensive	surgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:8–14. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gemcitabine and docetaxel for the treatment of children and adolescents with recurrent or refractory osteosarcoma: Korea Cancer Center Hospital experience
Authors: Song Bong Sup , Seo Juhee , Kim Dong Ho , Lim Jung Sub , Yoo Ji Young , Lee Jun Ah 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundWe evaluated the efficacy of gemcitabine and docetaxel chemotherapy (GEM + DOC) in children and adolescents with recurrent or refractory osteosarcoma.MethodsData of 28 patients (20 male, 8 female) who received gemcitabine (675 or 900 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8) and docetaxel (100 mg/m2 on day 8) at Korea Cancer Center Hospital were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsPatients (ages 5.0–19.7 years) received a total of 96 courses of chemotherapy (median 3 courses; range, 1–8 courses) and were followed for a median of 14.9 months (range, 0.6–81.4 months). Eleven patients received GEM + DOC after surgery as adjuvant chemotherapy. Seventeen patients received GEM + DOC as palliative therapy, and were eligible for response evaluation; there were three (17.6%) complete response (CR, including two metabolic CR), one (5.9%) partial responses (PR), and three (29.4%) stable disease (SD). The objective response rate (CR + PR) and tumor control rate (CR + PR + SD) were 23.5% and 41.2%, respectively. The median duration of response was 11.2 months (range, 2.8–14.6 months). Dose of gemcitabine (675 or 900 mg/m2) did not influence the response rate. Overall survival at 1‐year was 53.6 ± 9.4% and patients who received GEM + DOC as adjuvant chemotherapy fared better than those who received GEM + DOC as palliative therapy (72.7 ± 13.4% vs. 35.3 ± 11.6%, P = 0.006).ConclusionGEM + DOC showed some activity in osteosarcoma. Better than expected survival after GEM + DOC was seen both in patients with and without surgery. These results may indicate that dose dense combinations of gemcitabine and taxanes (e.g., gemcitabine + nab‐paclitaxel) should be investigated in bone sarcomas. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:1376–1381. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A rheological and spectroscopic study on the kinetics of self‐healing in a single‐component diels–alder copolymer and its underlying chemical reaction
Authors: Bose Ranjita K. , Kötteritzsch Julia , Garcia Santiago J. , Hager Martin D. , Schubert Ulrich S. , van der Zwaag Sybrand 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIn this work, pendant groups with both furan and maleimide moieties were incorporated into a polymethacrylate copolymer with lauryl methacrylate as comonomer to yield a one‐system Diels–Alder (DA) polymer. A combined Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and rheological study was performed to quantify the extent of the reversible DA reaction and the resulting changes in mechanical properties of the polymer. The kinetics of the retro‐Diels–Alder (rDA) reaction was studied at different temperatures to determine an enthalpy of activation. Control polymers with only one functional moiety, that is, the furan or maleimide, were also synthesized to study the differences in viscoelastic behavior and the absence of self‐healing. Microscratch tests were performed to obtain information about the disappearance of well‐defined intentional surface scratches under different healing conditions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1669–1675
Diagnosis and treatment of pleuropulmonary blastoma—single center experience
Authors: Christosova Iskra R. , Avramova Boryana E. , Drebov Rosen S. , Shivachev Hristo I. , Kamenova Margarita A. , Bobev Dragan G. , Brankov Ognyan G. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryPleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare and potentially aggressive intrathoracic disembryonic neoplasm typically occurring in children less than 6 years of age. We assessed the relative incidence, clinical characteristics, treatment outcome, and the prognostic factors for long‐term survival in patients with PPB treated at our institution over a 25‐year period, and compared these data with reports in the literature. From 1985 to 2010, 11 children (4 males and 7 females), with a median age of 5.4 years (range, 1–12 years) were treated at our hospital. Here we described the main characteristics of these patients, the diagnostic methods, and treatment modalities used. During a median follow—up period of 80, 9 months, the overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) rates were 54, 6% and 45, 5%, respectively. Two patients survived for more than 20 years. The main prognostic factors for long‐term survival were the diseases type I and II and treatment with radical surgery. Our results show that in order to improve the prognosis of patients with PPB a timely in our opinion and accurate diagnosis needs to be established and treatment should be offered according to the disease type and extend of dissemination. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:698–703. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Orthovanadate‐induced vasocontraction is mediated by the activation of Rho‐kinase through Src‐dependent transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor
Authors: Yayama Katsutoshi , Sasahara Tomoya , Ohba Hisaaki , Funasaka Ayaka , Okamoto Hiroshi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOrthovanadate (OVA), a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) inhibitor, exerts contractile effects on smooth muscle in a Rho‐kinase‐dependent manner, but the precise mechanisms are not elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the potential roles of Src and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the OVA‐induced contraction of rat aortas and the phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1; an index of Rho‐kinase activity) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Aortic contraction by OVA was significantly blocked not only by Rho kinase inhibitors Y‐27632 [R‐[+]‐trans‐N‐[4‐pyridyl]‐4‐[1‐aminoethyl]‐cyclohexanecarboxamide] and hydroxyfasudil [1‐(1‐hydroxy‐5‐isoquinolinesulfonyl)homopiperazine] but also by Src inhibitors PP2 [4‐amino‐3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1‐(t‐butyl)‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine] and Src inhibitor No. 5 [4‐(3′‐methoxy‐6′‐chloro‐anilino)‐6‐methoxy‐7(morpholino‐3‐propoxy)‐quinazoline], and the EGFR inhibitors AG1478 [4‐(3‐chloroanilino)‐6,7‐dimethoxyquinazoline] and EGFR inhibitor 1 [cyclopropanecarboxylic acid‐(3‐(6‐(3‐trifluoromethyl‐phenylamino)‐pyrimidin‐4‐ylamino)‐phenyl)‐amide]. OVA induced rapid increases in the phosphorylation of MYPT1 (Thr‐853), Src (Tyr‐416), and EGFR (Tyr‐1173) in VSMCs, and Src inhibitors abolished these effects. OVA‐induced Src phosphorylation was abrogated by Src inhibitors, but not affected by inhibitors of EGFR and Rho‐kinase. Inhibitors of Src and EGFR, but not Rho‐kinase, also blocked OVA‐induced EGFR phosphorylation. Furthermore, a metalloproteinase inhibitor TAPI‐0 [N‐(R)‐[2‐(hydroxyaminocarbonyl) methyl]‐4‐methylpentanoyl‐l‐naphthylalanyl‐l‐alanine amide] and an inhibitor of heparin‐binding EGF (CRM 197) not only abrogated the OVA‐induced aortic contraction, but also OVA‐induced EGFR and MYPT1 phosphorylation, suggesting the involvement of EGFR transactivation. OVA also induced EGFR phosphorylation at Tyr‐845, one of residues phosphorylated by Src. These results suggest that OVA‐induced vasocontraction is mediated by the Rho‐kinase‐dependent inactivation of myosin light‐chain phosphatase via signaling downstream of Src‐induced transactivation of EGFR.
Learner‐Centered SEM and Competency‐Based Education: Exploring the Learning Frontier of Graduate Enrollment Futures
Authors: Snowden Monique L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn March 2013, the US Department of Education issued guidance to institutions on how to attain approval for competency‐based programs under the current title IV, Higher Education Act (HEA) regulations on direct assessment programs. This article considers the graduate enrollment futures of colleges and universities that have chosen and will elect to adopt and deliver competency‐based programs, and the potential role that strategic enrollment management (SEM) will play in advancing program enrollment and enhancing learner success. This SEM exploration originates at the founding institution, and subsequently emerges in the “academic context” before coming to rest at a liminal zone in the competency‐based learning frontier. Between the borders of student and academic SEM orientations, competency‐based learning figures and grounds the development of a learner‐centered SEM orientation and approach that is aligned with extant initiatives to advance graduate enrollments.
Quantitative SIMS Tiefenprofil Analyse
Authors: Schiffmann Kirsten Ingolf 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDünne Oberflächenbeschichtungen haben sich heute zu einem integralen Konstruktionsbestandteil in Maschinenbau, Optik, Elektronik, Automobilbau, usw. entwickelt. Die Schichtdicken reichen dabei von wenigen Nanometern, etwa bei optischen Filtern oder Wärmedämm‐Schichtsystemen, über reibungsmindernde und Verschleißschutzschichten im Mikrometerbereich, bis hin zu dicken galvanischen oder Spritzschichten von bis zu 100 μm Dicke oder mehr. Entscheidend für die Entwicklung und den Einsatz solcher Schichten ist eine Schichtanalytik, die in der Lage ist, die Schichten z. B. bezüglich ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzung mit hoher Orts‐ und Tiefenauflösung zu charakterisieren. Denn nur mit Kenntnis der inneren Zusammensetzung lassen sich Schichtsysteme optimieren oder Fehler in Beschichtungsprozessen identifizieren. Die quantitative SIMS Tiefenprofilanalyse ist ein Verfahren, welches die chemische Zusammensetzung von Einzel‐ oder Mehrfachschichtsystemen mit einer Tiefenauflösung im Nanometerbereich bestimmen kann und ist dadurch ein unabdingbares Werkzeug in der Schicht‐ und Oberflächentechnik. Dieser Artikel erläutert die technischen Grundlagen der Sekundärionen‐Massenspektroskopie (SIMS) und zeigt praktische Anwendungsbeispiele aus der Industrie.