bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prejudice Toward Fat People: The Development and Validation of the Antifat Attitudes Test
Authors: Lewis Robin J. , Cash Thomas F. , Bubb‐Lewis Cristina 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLEWIS, ROBIN J, THOMAS F CASH, LORA JACOBI, CRISTINA BUBB‐LEWIS. Prejudice toward fat people: The development and validation of the Antifat Attitudes Test.Although the stigma of obesity in our society in well documented, the measurement of antifat attitudes has been a difficult undertaking. Two studies were conducted to construct and validate the Antifat Attitudes Test (AFAT). In study 1, college students (110 men and 175 women) completed the preliminary 54‐item AFAT and specific indices of body image and weight‐related concerns. Psychometric and factor analysis revealed a 47‐item composite scale and three internally consistent factors that were uncorrelated with social desirability: Social/Character Disparagement, Physical/Romantic Unattractiveness, and Weight Control/Blame. Several body image correlates of antifat prejudice were identified, and men expressed more negative attitudes than women. Study 2 experimentally examined the effects of information about the controllability of weight on the antifat attitudes of 120 participants. Exposure to information on behavioral vs. biogenetic control led to greater blame of persons who are fat for their body size. The implications of the findings and the potential utility of the AFAT are discussed.
Genetic Influences on Changes in Body Mass Index: A Longitudinal Analysis of Women Twins
Authors: Austin Melissa A. , Friedlander Yechiel , Newman Beth , Edwards Karen , Mayer‐Davis Elizabeth J. , King Mary‐Claire 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAUSTIN, MELISSA A, YECHIEL FRIEDLANDER, BETH NEWMAN, KAREN EDWARDS, ELIZABETH J MAYER‐DAVIS, MARY‐CLAIRE KING. Genetic influences on changes in body mass index: a longitudinal analysis of women twins.Numerous studies have demonstrated genetic influences on body fat, but there also may be genetic effects on its intraindividual variation over time. This study examined changes in body mass index (BMI) using longitudinal data from two examinations of the Kaiser Permanente Women Twins Study, performed a decade apart. The analysis included 630 women, 185 monozygotic and 130 dizygotic twin pairs, with average ages of 41 years and 51 years at the two examinations, respectively. Age adjusted heritability estimates for the change in BMI over the decade ranged from 0.57 to 0.86 (all ρ≤0.001) using three different statistical analysis approaches, indicating that at least half, and possibly as much as 85%, of the variance in the change in BMI is attributable to genetic influences under a polygenic model. These estimates remained statistically significant after adjusting for environmental factors (ranging from 0.57 to 0.78) and with additional adjustment for BMI at baseline (ranging from 0.41 to 0.79), although dizygotic intraclass correlations were low after these adjustments. Thus, in addition to known environmental and behavioral influences, these results provide evidence for genetic influences on changes in BMI over a decade in women.
Suppression of Sympathetic Nervous System During Fasting
Authors: Young James B. , Landsberg Lewis 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTwo days of fasting in rats significantly reduces the turnover of norepinephrine in the heart. In contrast to the effects of ganglionic blockade in fed controls, similar blockade in fasted animals is without significant effect on [3H]‐norepinephrine retention or endogenous norepinephrine in the heart. These data are consistent with suppression of centrally mediated sympathetic activity in the fasted state. The decrease in norepinephrine turnover during fasting is completely reversed by 1 day of refeeding.
Relationship of a Novel Polymorphic Marker Near the Human Obese (OB) Gene to Fat Mass in Healthy Women
Authors: Lapsys K.M. , Furler S.M. , Moore K.R. , Kguyen T.V. , Herzog H. , Howard G. , Samaras K. , Carey D.G. , Morrison K.A. , Eisman J.A. , Chisholm D.J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLAPSYS, NM, SM FURLER, KR MOORE, TV NGUYEN, H HERZOG, G HOWARD, K SAMARAS, DG CAREY, NA MORRISON, JA EISMAN, DJ CHISHOLM. Relationship of a novel polymorphic marker near the human obese (OB) gene to fat mass in healthy women.The cloning of the murine obese (ob)gene and its human homologue has recently been reported. Mutations in the mouse obgene result in hereditary obesity; however, the role of variations of OBin the regulation of bodyweight in humans has yet to be determined. The contribution of putative genetic variations in the human OBgene to total and regional fat mass in a normal twin population has been analyzed through linkage and association with a novel polymorphic marker, located in proximity to this gene. The polymorphic dinucleotide repeat, isolated from a PI clone containing the human OB gene, was physically localized by long‐range restriction mapping to within 30 kilobases of the OB locus. The marker was genotyped in a population of 47 healthy female/female dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs for which direct measures of central abdominal and whole body fat had been obtained by dual X‐ray absorbtiometry. Possible linkage between the microsatellite marker and whole‐body (p=0.008), but not central abdominal (p=0.09), fat deposits was indicated. No association between fat depot phenotype and marker genotype was detected. These results suggest that genetic variation in or close to the human OB gene may play a role in the size of body fat stores in healthy women.
Relationship Between Circulating Leptin and Energy Expenditure in Adult Men and Women Aged 18 Years to 81 Years
Authors: Roberts Susan B. , Nicholson Margery , Staten Myrlene , Dallal Gerard E. , Sawaya Ana L. , Heyman Melvin B. , Fuss Paul , Greenberg Andrew S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSUSAN B. ROBERTS, MARGERY NICHOLSON, MYRLENE STATEN, GERALD E. DALLAL, ANA L. SAWAYA, MELVIN B. HEYMAN, PAUL FUSS, ANDREW S. GREENBERG. Relationship between circulating leptin and energy expenditure in adult men and women aged 18 years to 81 years.Recent studies suggest that leptin may be an important metabolic signal for energy regulation in rodents, but the role of leptin in human energy regulation remains uncertain. Because adaptive variations in energy expenditure play an important role in human energy regulation, we investigated the relationship between leptin and energy expenditure parameters in 61 weight‐stable men and women aged 18 years to 81 years who were not obese. Measurements were made of circulating leptin in the fasting state, body fat and fat free mass, resting metabolic rate (n=61), free‐living total energy expenditure (n=52), and the thermic effect of feeding (n=33). After statistically accounting for age, body fat, and fat free mass, there was no association between leptin and any measured energy expenditure parameter. In addition, there was no effect of age on the relationship between circulating leptin and body fat mass. These results indicate that physiological variations in circulating leptin are not linked with adaptive variations in energy expenditure in humans, in contrast to indications of this phenomenon in the ob/ob mouse.
Composition of Dietary Fat Affects Blood Pressure and Insulin Responses to Dietary Obesity in the Dog
Authors: Truett Alycia A. , Borne Agatha T. , Monteiro Michelle P. , West David B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCardiovascular and metabolic parameters were evaluated in 15 female spayed dogs before and after they became obese on either a saturated fat (LD, lard, n=8) or unsaturated fat (CO, corn oil, n=7) diet. Body weight and body fat increased significantly in both groups, although no differences occurred between diet groups. Dogs receiving the LD diet exhibited a greater increase in mean arterial pressure than those receiving the CO diet (p<0. 01; 15. 9 ± 2. 1 vs. 9. 8 ± 3. 3 mm Hg increase). The CO diet stimulated a greater increase in heart rate than the LD diet (p<0. 05; 32. 8 ± 7. 8 vs. 14. 1 ± 5. 8 bpm increase). Ganglionic blockade with chlorisondamine caused an increase in HR in both lean groups and in the obese CO group, but not the obese LD group, consistent with a decrease in parasympathetic tone to the heart in the dogs overfed saturated fat. Obesity enhanced the heart rate response to β‐badrenergic stimulation by isoproterenol in the LD, but not CO group. The LD diet increased circulating insulin and decreased insulin sensitivity, whereas the CO diet had no effect on either parameter. These findings suggest that the composition of dietary fat can modulate the autonomic and metabolic adaptations induced by dietary obesity.
Improved Psychological Well‐Being, Quality of Life, and Health Practices in Moderately Overweight Women Participating in a 12‐Week Structured Weight Loss Program
Authors: Rippe James M. , Price Janet M. , Hess Stacey A. , Kline Greg , DeMers Kimberly A. , Damitz Susanne , Kreidieh Imad , Freedson Patty 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: To study the effects of a 12‐week weight loss strategy involving increased physical activity, self‐selected hypocaloric diet, and group support on psychological well‐being, quality of life, and health practices in moderately obese women.Methods; Eighty women aged 20–49 years weighing between 20–50% above 1983 Metropolitan Life Insurance Tables were randomly assigned to a weight loss intervention (6279 kJ/week of physical activity, 33,258‐41,462 kJ/week diet and weekly meetings) or served as controls. Subjects were tested pre and post 12‐weeks.Results: The intervention group lost significant (p<0.001) body weight (kg) and body fat (%) compared to controls (‐6.07 ± 4.01 kg vs. 1.31 ± 1.28 kg; 36.8%‐32.5% vs. 36.2%‐36.0%). Intervention subjects vs. controls achieved significant improvements (p<0.001) in body cathexis (X Change 18.6 ± 16.7 vs. 0.7 ± 8.6) and estimation of ability to achieve physical fitness (X Change 8.1 ± 7.1 vs. 0.9 ± 5.9). Various quality of life indices also improved (p<0.01) in the intervention group compared to controls (physical function: X Change 13.5.2 ± 16.7 vs. 1.4 ± 9.5; vitality: X change 21.7 ± 17.9 vs. 2.9 20.8; mental health: X change 10.4 ± 16.0 vs. 2.3 ± 10.1). Similarly, physical activity levels also improved significantly (p<0.0001) in the intervention group (4.4 ± 2.3 vs. 0.6 ± 1.3; on NASA 0–7 scale).Conclusions: Practical weight loss practices such as increased activity, self‐selected hypocaloric diet, and group support are effective for weight loss and yield significant health and psychological benefits in moderately obese females.
Reproducibility of Dual‐Energy X‐ray Absorptiometry Measurements in Prepubertal Girls
Authors: Figueroa‐Colon Reinaldo , Mayo Matthew S. , Treuth Margarita S. , Aldridge Ruby A. , Weinsier Roland L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: Regulation of growth and development, clinical assessment, and obesity are among the areas of nutritionrelated research, wherein accurate assessment of body composition is important. We want to test the hypothesis that dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements are reproducible in healthy girls.Research Methods and Procedures: We determined total body composition measurements in healthy prepubertal girls using DXA twice, 6 weeks apart.Results: We studied 61 healthy, normal‐weight, prepubertal girls, aged 4.8 years to 10.3 years. The girls' DXA‐derived mean weight between visits 1 and 2 significantly increased (27.14 kg vs. 27.80 kg, P<0.0001). The increased weight was due to significant increases in total body fat‐free mass (FFM) (19.53 kg vs. 19.89 kg,P<O.001), total body bone mass (1.05 kg vs. 1.07 kg, P<0.0001), and total body fat mass (7.61 kg vs. 7.91 kg,P<0.03). The girls' DXA‐derived mean total trunk mass between visits 1 and 2 significantly increased (11.23 kg vs. 11.63 kg, p<<0.0001), as did total leg mass (9.33 kg vs. 9.53 kg, p<<0.001), although no significant differences were observed in total arm mass (2.52 kg vs. 2.54 kg, p< = 0.37). The Pearson coefficient of correlation (r) and total coefficient of variation (CV) for intraindividual measurements by DXA were: weight—r = 0.99, CV= 1.97%; total body FFM—r = 0.96, CV = 2.30%; total body bone mass—r = 0.99, CV = 2.08%; total body fat mass—r = 0.96, CV = 6.55%; percentage total body fat— r = 0.91, CV = 5.69%; total trunk mass—r = 0.96, CV = 3.59%; total arm mass—r = 0.95, CV = 4.09%; and total leg mass—r = 0.99, CV = 2.75%.Discussion: Total body FFM, total body bone mass, total body fat mass, percentage of total body fat mass, as well as regional mass determinations by DXA, were highly reproducible in healthy, normal‐weight, prepubertal girls. We highly recommend the use of DXA for total body composition studies in girls aged 5 years to 10 years.
The Body Mass Index‐Mortality Relationship in White and African American Women
Authors: Stevens June , Plankey Michael W. , Williamson David F. , Thun Michael J. , Rust Philip F. , Palesch Yuko , O'Neil Patrick M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: To examine the association of body mass index to all‐cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in white and African American women.Research methods and procedures: Women who were members of the American Cancer Society Prevention Study I were examined in 1959 to 1960 and then followed 12 years for vital status. Data for this analysis were from 8,142 black and 100,000 white women. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from reported height and weight. Associations were examined using Cox proportional hazards modeling with some analyses stratified by smoking (current or never) and educational status (less than complete high school or high school graduate).Results: There was a significant interaction between ethnicity and BMI for both all‐cause (p<0.05) and CVD mortality (p<<0.001). BMI (as a continuous variable) was associated with all‐dause mortality in white women in all four groups defined by smoking and education. In black women with less than a high school education, there were no significant associations between BMI mortality. For high school‐educated black women, there was a significant association between BMI and all‐cause mortality. Among never smoking women with at least a high school education, models using the lowest BMI as the reference indicated a 40% higher risk of all‐cause mortality at a BMI of 35.9 in black women vs. 27.3 in white women.Discussion: The impact of BMI on mortality was modified by educational level in black women; however, BMI was a less potent risk factor in black women than in white women in the same category of educational status.
Characterization of Cyclic AMP Efflux from Swine Adipocytes In Vitro
Authors: Finnesan Richard B. , Carey Gale B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: A variety of cell types transport cyclic AMP (cAMP) to the extracellular fluid; the purpose of this study was to determine if and how this process occurs in adipocytes.Research Methods and Procedures: Adipocytes were isolated from 3‐month‐old swine and incubated with stimulators of adenylate cyclase for 2 to 120 minutes to promote cAMP synthesis and efflux. Efflux was characterized in the presence of agents that inhibit ATP production, anion transport, intracellular cAMP metabolism, and extracellular cAMP metabolism. Extracellular cAMP was measured by enzyme immunoassay, then corrected for cell lysis by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release.Results: cAMP efflux averaged 24.7 fmol/min/cm2 adipocyte surface area, was linear for 2 hours, and was proportional to adipocyte surface area (r = 0.94, p<0.05). Efflux was reduced by ∽35% in cells incubated with 1 4mUM antimycin, an inhibitor of ATP synthesis (p<0.05), and by ∼55% in cells incubated with 2 mM probenecid, an anionpecific transport blocker (p<0.05). Extracellular cAMP levels more than doubled by the addition of 1 μM 1,3‐dipropyl‐8‐p‐sulfophenylxanthine, a purported inhibitor of extracellular phosphodiesterase.Discussion: Our data demonstrate that cAMP is transported from swine adipocytes by an energy‐dependent anion transporter and can be metabolized extracellularly. Future studies will evaluate extracellular cAMP as a potential source of extracellular adenosine, a potent inhibitor of adipocyte lipolysis.
Increased Expression of Complement Component C3 in the Plasma of Obese Zucker fa and LA/N fef Rats Compared with Their Lean Counterparts
Authors: Boggs Roger D. , McCumbee William D. , Cobbs Scott L. , Todd Daniel G. , Kahle E. Bowie , Stewart Nancy L. , Bailey Mary , Reichenbecher Vernon E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectives: The objectives of this study were to determine whether there are differences in the electrophoretic profiles of plasma proteins from lean and obese rats and to identify a protein that was found to be more abundant in the plasma of obese rats.Research Methods and Procedures: Plasma proteins from lean and obese Zucker fa and LA/N/fafrats were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The identity of a band that was differentially expressed was determined by amino acid sequencing and Western blot analysis.Results: A band migrating approximately the same distance as the 116 kDa molecular weight marker was more prominent in plasma from obese rats than in plasma of lean rats. Partial sequencing of the peptide revealed that 17 of the first 18 amino acids at the amino terminus were identical with the corresponding residues in the α‐chain of complement component C3. Western blot analysis confirmed the identity of the peptide as complement component C3. Complement C3 activity was measured using a hemolytic assay to determine whether there was a corresponding increase in the biological activity of this component in the serum of obese rats. Serum from obese rats was found to have 1.8 times as much complement component C3 activity as serum from lean rats.Discussion: Elevated levels of complement C3 in genetically obese rats may be relevant because increased amounts of C3 could serve as a reservoir from which increased amounts of acylation stimulating protein, a cleavage product of complement C3, could be produced.
Relationships between Dietary Fat, Body Fat, and Serum Lipid Profile in Prepubertal Children
Authors: Ku Ching‐Yi , Gower Barbara A. , Nagy Tim R. , Goran Michael I. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractKU, CHING YI, BARBARA A. GOWER, TIM R. NAGY, MICHAEL I. GORAN. Relationships between dietary fat, body fat, and serum lipid profile in prepubertal children. Obes Res. 1998;6:400–407.Objective: The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that dietary fat components were associated with the serum lipid profile independent of ethnicity, body fat, and fat distribution in prepubertal children.Research Methods and Procedures: Sixty‐six children (45 African American and 21 Caucasian), aged from 4 to 10 years, were recruited into the study. Dietary total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat were estimated by averaging two 24‐hour diet recalls. Fasting serum triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were analyzed, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) was calculated by the method of Friedewald. Body composition and fat distribution were measured by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry and computed tomography.Results: Children in both ethnic groups tended to overreport their dietary intake relative to total energy expenditure by 18%. African American children consumed more energy from total fat (35.3% vs. 31.5%, p<0.05), saturated fat (13.7% vs 12.2%, p<0.05), protein (16.4% vs. 13.2%, p = 0.02), and less from carbohydrate (48% vs. 57.1%, p<0.01) than Caucasian children. There was no significant correlation between dietary fat and either serum lipids or body fat indices after adjusting for nonfat energy intake and total lean tissue mass. Total body fat (r = 0.32), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (r = 0.39), and intraabdominal adipose tissue (r = 0.42) were positively related to serum triacylglycerol; these associations remained significant in a multiple linear regression model in which body fat indices were adjusted for ethnicity, total lean tissue, dietary total fat, and nonfat intake.Discussion: Our results do not support a link between dietary fat and serum lipids; instead, our data suggest that body fat may play a more important role than dietary fat in the course of cardiovascular disease development in prepubertal children.
Relative Body Weight and Self‐Esteem among African Americans in Four Nationally Representative Samples
Authors: Faith Myles S. , Manibay Elizabeth , Kravitz Meredyth , Griffith John , Allison David B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFAITH, MYLES S., ELIZABETH MANIBAY, MEREDYTH KRAVITZ, JOHN GRIFFITH, DAVID B. ALLISON. Relative body weight and self‐esteem among African Americans in four nationally representative samples. Obes. Res. 1998;6:430–437.Objective: Obesity is an increasingly common health problem among African Americans, especially women, in the United States. However, limited data are available on the psychological correlates of obesity in this population. This study examined the association between self‐esteem and relative body weight (RBW) in four large nationally representative samples of African American individuals.Research Methods and Procedures: Data from The Adolescent Health Care Evaluation Study, The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, The High School and Beyond, and The National Survey of Black Americans were analyzed. Within each database, regression analyses tested the association between RBW and self‐esteem while adjusting for age and sex.Results: In three of the four databases, there was no significant association between RBW and self‐esteem. In the only database detecting a statistically significant effect, the magnitude of the effect was small. The combined effects of RBW and its interaction with age and sex accounted for <2% of the variance in self‐esteem across databases.Discussion: Results suggest that elevated RBW is not associated with a poorer general self‐concept, on average, among African American individuals.
The Case for Medical Management of Obesity: A Call for Increased Physician Involvement
Authors: Rippe James M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe United States is in the midst of an escalating epidemic of obesity. Over one‐third of the adult population in the United States is currently obese and the prevalence of obesity is growing rapidly. By any criteria, obesity represents a chronic disease which is associated with a wide range of comorbidities, including coronary heart disease (CHD), Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemias. The comorbidities of obesity are common, occurring in over 70% of individuals with a BMI of ≥ 27. In addition to obesity itself, excessive accumulation of visceral abdominal fat and significant adult weight gain also represent health risks. Physicians have an important role to play in the treatment of obesity. Unfortunately, the medical community has not been involved actively enough to help stem the major epidemic of obesity occurring in the United States. This article puts forth a proposed model for the treatment of obesity in clinical practice, including obtaining the “vital signs” of obesity, recommending lifestyle measures, and instituting pharmacologic therapy when appropriate. By utilizing a chronic disease treatment model, physicians can join other health care professionals to effectively treat the chronic disease of obesity. Relatively modest weight loss, on the order of 510% of initial body weight can result in significant health improvements for many patients and represent an achievable goal for most obese patients.