bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel framework for linking functional diversity of plants with other trophic levels for the quantification of ecosystem services
Authors: Lavorel Sandra , Storkey Jonathan , Bardgett Richard D. , de Bello Francesco , Berg Matty P. , Le Roux Xavier , Moretti Marco , Mulder Christian , Pakeman Robin J. , Díaz Sandra , Harrington Richard 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA novel conceptual framework is presented that proposes to apply trait‐based approaches to predicting the impact of environmental change on ecosystem service delivery by multi‐trophic systems. Development of the framework was based on an extension of the response–effect trait approach to capture functional relationships that drive trophic interactions. The framework was populated with worked examples to demonstrate its flexibility and value for linking disparate data sources, identifying knowledge gaps and generating hypotheses for quantitative models.
Medical students' tobacco use and attitudes towards tobacco control
Authors: Do Young Kyung , Bautista Mary Ann 
Published: May 2013

ContextDespite their important roles as future doctors in tobacco cessation counselling, the high prevalence of tobacco use among medical students may hinder them from advocating tobacco control policies and providing cessation counselling. Promoting this role among medical students is especially important in low‐ and middle‐income countries with high burdens of tobacco use but limited resources for cessation programmes. This study examined the associations between medical students' tobacco use and their attitudes towards tobacco control policies and the roles of health professionals in the provision of tobacco cessation advice.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included data from the large multi‐country dataset generated by the Global Health Professions Student Survey, 2005−2008 (n = 36 533 medical students). Thirteen binary dependent variables related to medical students' attitudes towards tobacco control policies and the health professional's role in cessation counselling were examined using random‐effects logistic regression, with tobacco use status as the key explanatory variable. Covariates included gender, receipt of cessation training, country‐level and gender‐specific smoking prevalence, region, and country income group.ResultsCurrent tobacco use was consistently associated with less favourable attitudes towards tobacco control policy and cessation advice. Compared with never users, daily users were less likely to agree that the sale of tobacco products to adolescents should be banned (odds ratio [OR] 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39−0.58) and that health professionals should routinely advise patients to quit smoking (OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.41−0.52) or other forms of tobacco use (OR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.72−0.97). Daily users were less likely to agree that health professionals who smoke are less likely to advise patients to stop smoking (OR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.39–0.41).ConclusionsMedical schools may benefit from a thorough re‐evaluation of the scope of tobacco cessation training in their curricula in order to support students in smoking cessation and to shape their attitudes towards tobacco control. Targeting medical students who are current tobacco users in tobacco control efforts may be beneficial, given the cost‐effectiveness of providing cessation advice.
Does student confidence on multiple‐choice question assessments provide useful information?
Authors: Curtis Donald A , Lind Samuel L , Boscardin Christy K , Dellinges Mark 
Published: May 2013

ContextFeedback from multiple‐choice question (MCQ) assessments is typically limited to a percentage correct score, from which estimates of student competence are inferred. The students' confidence in their answers and the potential impact of incorrect answers on clinical care are seldom recorded. Our purpose was to evaluate student confidence in incorrect responses and to establish how confidence was influenced by the potential clinical impact of answers, question type and gender.MethodsThis was an exploratory, cross‐sectional study conducted using a convenience sample of 104 Year 3 dental students completing 20 MCQs on implant dentistry. Students were asked to select the most correct response and to indicate their confidence in it for each question. Identifying both correctness and confidence allowed the designation of uninformed (incorrect and not confident) or misinformed (incorrect but confident) responses. In addition to recording correct/incorrect responses and student confidence, faculty staff designated incorrect responses as benign, inappropriate or potentially harmful if applied to clinical care. Question type was identified as factual or complex. Logistic regression was used to evaluate relationships between student confidence, and question type and gender.ResultsStudents were misinformed more often than uninformed (22% versus 8%), and misinformed responses were more common with complex than factual questions (p < 0.05). Students were significantly more likely to be confident of correct than incorrect benign, incorrect inappropriate or incorrect harmful answers (p < 0.001), but, contrary to expectations, confidence did not decrease as answers became more harmful.ConclusionsRecording student confidence was helpful in identifying uninformed versus misinformed responses, which may allow for targeted remediation strategies. Making errors of calibration (confidence and accuracy) more visible may be relevant in feedback for professional development.
Beyond individualism: professional culture and its influence on feedback
Authors: Watling Christopher , Driessen Erik , van der Vleuten Cees P M , Vanstone Meredith , Lingard Lorelei 
Published: May 2013

ContextAlthough feedback is widely considered essential to learning, its actual influence on learners is variable. Research on responsivity to feedback has tended to focus on individual rather than social or cultural influences on learning. In this study, we explored how feedback is handled within different professional cultures, and how the characteristics and values of a profession shape learners' responses to feedback.MethodsUsing a constructivist grounded theory approach, we conducted 12 focus groups and nine individual interviews (with a total of 50 participants) across three cultures of professional training in, respectively, music, teacher training and medicine. Constant comparative analysis for recurring themes was conducted iteratively.ResultsEach of the three professional cultures created a distinct context for learning that influenced how feedback was handled. Despite these contextual differences, credibility and constructiveness emerged as critical constants, identified by learners across cultures as essential for feedback to be perceived as meaningful. However, the definitions of credibility and constructiveness were distinct to each professional culture and the cultures varied considerably in how effectively they supported the occurrence of feedback with these critical characteristics.ConclusionsProfessions define credibility and constructiveness in culturally specific ways and create contexts for learning that may either facilitate or constrain the provision of meaningful feedback. Comparison with other professional cultures may offer strategies for creating a productive feedback culture within medical education.
Virtual patient design: exploring what works and why. A grounded theory study
Authors: Bateman James , Allen Maggie , Samani Dipti , Kidd Jane , Davies David 
Published: May 2013

ObjectivesVirtual patients (VPs) are online representations of clinical cases used in medical education. Widely adopted, they are well placed to teach clinical reasoning skills. International technology standards mean VPs can be created, shared and repurposed between institutions. A systematic review has highlighted the lack of evidence to support which of the numerous VP designs may be effective, and why. We set out to research the influence of VP design on medical undergraduates.MethodsThis is a grounded theory study into the influence of VP design on undergraduate medical students. Following a review of the literature and publicly available VP cases, we identified important design properties. We integrated them into two substantial VPs produced for this research. Using purposeful iterative sampling, 46 medical undergraduates were recruited to participate in six focus groups. Participants completed both VPs, an evaluation and a 1‐hour focus group discussion. These were digitally recorded, transcribed and analysed using grounded theory, supported by computer‐assisted analysis. Following open, axial and selective coding, we produced a theoretical model describing how students learn from VPs.ResultsWe identified a central core phenomenon designated ‘learning from the VP’. This had four categories: VP Construction; External Preconditions; Student–VP Interaction, and Consequences. From these, we constructed a three‐layer model describing the interactions of students with VPs. The inner layer consists of the student's cognitive and behavioural preconditions prior to sitting a case. The middle layer considers the VP as an ‘encoded object’, an e‐learning artefact and as a ‘constructed activity’, with associated pedagogic and organisational elements. The outer layer describes cognitive and behavioural change.ConclusionsThis is the first grounded theory study to explore VP design. This original research has produced a model which enhances understanding of how and why the delivery and design of VPs influence learning. The model may be of practical use to authors, institutions and researchers.
Activity‐Based Travel Scenario Analysis with Routing Problem Reoptimization
Authors: Chow Joseph Y. J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractActivity‐based travel scenario analysis and network design using a household activity pattern problem (HAPP) can face significant computational cost and inefficiency. One solution approach, called reoptimization, makes use of an optimal solution of a prior problem instance to find a new solution faster and more accurately. Although the method is generally NP‐hard as well, the approximation bound has been shown in the literature to be tighter than a full optimization for several traveling salesman problem variations. To date, however, there have not been any computational studies conducted with the method for scenario analysis with generalized vehicle routing problems, nor has there been any metaheuristics designed with reoptimization in mind. A generalized, selective household activity routing problem (G‐SHARP) is presented as an extension of the HAPP model to include both destination and schedule choice for the purpose of testing reoptimization. Two reoptimization algorithms are proposed: a simple swap heuristic and a new class of evolutionary algorithms designed for reoptimization, dubbed a Genetic Algorithm with Mitochondrial Eve (GAME). The two algorithms are tested against a standard genetic algorithm in a computational experiment involving 100 zones that include 400 potential activities (resulting in a total of 802 nodes per single‐traveler household). Five hundred households are synthesized and computationally tested with a base scenario, a scenario where an office land use in one zone is dezoned, and a scenario where a freeway is added onto the physical network. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of reoptimization heuristics, particularly GAME, and the capability of G‐SHARP to capture reallocations of activities and schedules with respect to spatiotemporal changes.
Fenitrothion: an alternative insecticide for the control of deltamethrin‐resistant populations of Triatoma infestans in northern Argentina
Authors: GERMANO M. , PICOLLO M. I. , SPILLMANN C. , MOUGABURE‐CUETO G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDeltamethrin‐based campaigns to control Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) have decreased in success as a result of the development of insecticide resistance. We compared the in vitro effects of the pyrethroid deltamethrin and two doses of the organophosphate fenitrothion, presented on different materials, on T. infestans from La Esperanza, Argentina. Laboratory tests demonstrated a decrease in susceptibility to deltamethrin in the field population [LD50: 30.32 nanograms per insect (ng/i)] compared with the reference population (LD50: 0.13 ng/i), giving a high resistance ratio of 233.42. By contrast, similar susceptibility to fenitrothion was assessed in both the field and reference populations (LD50: 21.65 ng/i and 21.38 ng/i, respectively). The effectiveness of the formulated insecticides varied according to the surfaces to which they were applied. The application of fenitrothion formulations to glass or brick resulted in mortality of 90–100%. The application of fenitrothion formulations to wood or mud caused mortality in the range of 6.7–56.7%. Resistant insects presented low mortality when exposed to the deltamethrin formulation and high mortality when exposed to fenitrothion formulations. Moreover, the insecticides demonstrated residual activity only when applied to glass. The present work demonstrates that fenitrothion is an alternative to pyrethroids for the management of deltamethrin‐resistant insects in La Esperanza. However, this effectiveness is not sustained over time.
American rural women's exercise self‐efficacy and awareness of exercise benefits and safety during pregnancy
Authors: Melton Bridget , Marshall Elaine , Bland Helen , Schmidt Michael , Guion W. Kent 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThough the positive link between physical activity and maternal health is well documented, physical activity declines during pregnancy and, internationally, rural mothers are less likely than urban mothers to engage in physical activity. Some evidence suggests that self‐efficacy is related to sustained engagement in physical activity. The purpose of this study was to examine self‐efficacy, perceived benefits, and knowledge of safe exercise among 88 rural pregnant women in a southeastern region of the United States. Exercise self‐efficacy was significantly related to maternal age and gestation. Women over age 26 years, and those in the second and third trimesters, scored significantly higher than younger women or those in the first trimester. Fifty‐two percent (n = 46) of participants perceived that activity would decrease energy levels, 37.5% (n = 33) did not know that exercise can decrease the risk of gestational diabetes, and 47.6% (n = 41) were unaware that a mother who is overweight is more likely to have an overweight child. Results confirm a need for education to improve women's knowledge about health benefits and safety information related to physical activity during pregnancy.
Bioengineering of plant (tri)terpenoids: from metabolic engineering of plants to synthetic biology in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Moses Tessa , Pollier Jacob , Thevelein Johan M. , Goossens Alain 
Published: May 2013

SummaryTerpenoids constitute a large and diverse class of natural products that serve many functions in nature. Most of the tens of thousands of the discovered terpenoids are synthesized by plants, where they function as primary metabolites involved in growth and development, or as secondary metabolites that optimize the interaction between the plant and its environment. Several plant terpenoids are economically important molecules that serve many applications as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, etc. Major challenges for the commercialization of plant‐derived terpenoids include their low production levels in planta and the continuous demand of industry for novel molecules with new or superior biological activities. Here, we highlight several synthetic biology methods to enhance and diversify the production of plant terpenoids, with a foresight towards triterpenoid engineering, the least engineered class of bioactive terpenoids. Increased or cheaper production of valuable triterpenoids may be obtained by ‘classic’ metabolic engineering of plants or by heterologous production of the compounds in other plants or microbes. Novel triterpenoid structures can be generated through combinatorial biosynthesis or directed enzyme evolution approaches. In its ultimate form, synthetic biology may lead to the production of large amounts of plant triterpenoids in in vitro systems or custom‐designed artificial biological systems.

Contents

Summary
27

I.
Introduction
27

II.
‘Natural’ terpenoid biology
28

III.
‘Synthetic’ terpenoid biology
32

IV.
Perspectives: ‘exploration of triterpenoids: the road ahead’
38

Acknowledgements
40

References
40
Malignant odontogenic tumors: a multicentric latin american study of 25 cases
Authors: Martínez Martínez M , Mosqueda‐Taylor A , Carlos R , Delgado‐Azañero W , de Almeida OP 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to show the epidemiological features of 25 malignant odontogenic tumors (MOT) in Latin America.Materials and MethodsWe retrieved 25 cases of MOT out of 2142 odontogenic tumors, from four oral diagnostic centers in Latin America, and described the main clinical and pathological characteristics.ResultsA total of 19 cases were carcinomas, including eight ameloblastic carcinomas, five primary intra‐osseous squamous cell carcinomas, three clear cell odontogenic carcinomas and three ghost cell odontogenic carcinomas. All six sarcomas corresponded to ameloblastic fibrosarcoma. Thirteen cases occurred in men and 12 in women, age ranged from 7 to 77 years old, with a mean of 41.4 years. The average age of patients with carcinomas and sarcomas were 48.53 and 19 years old, respectively.ConclusionAs malignant odontogenic tumors are very rare, this series helps to better clarify their relative frequency, predominant subtypes, and clinical characteristics in Latin America.
The time course of blur adaptation in emmetropes and myopes
Authors: Khan Kiren A , Dawson Katherine , Mankowska Aleksandra , Cufflin Matthew P , Mallen Edward AH 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPurpose/BackgroundThis study examined the effect of myopic defocus on visual acuity (VA) over time, with attention being paid to the first point at which blur adaptation had a significant and measurable effect on defocused VA. Visual acuity was sampled at a higher rate than previous studies in order to assess the time course of blur adaptation processes in myopic and emmetropic observers.MethodsParticipants were 24 normally‐sighted observers (12 emmetropes and 12 myopes, median age: 22.5 years). All ametropic participants wore their full refractive correction throughout the experiment. 1 D and 3 D of myopic defocus were introduced in two separate, randomised sessions. Visual acuity was measured using Test Chart 2000 at 2 min intervals over a 30 min session whilst looking through defocus lenses. Recovery clear VA was also measured every 2 min for a further 20 min.ResultsDefocused VA was found to improve significantly within 4 min after the introduction of defocus for both 1 D (P < 0.0001) and 3 D conditions (P < 0.0001). The improvements reached a plateau shortly after, with no significant further improvements in defocused VA after 6 min. There were no significant differences found in the temporal blur adaptation profiles between emmetropes and myopes (P = 0.267). Data were fitted with an exponential decay function; the lowest R2 value for this fit was 0.95.ConclusionsBlur adaptation has a clinically significant and measurable effect on VA within 4 min of exposure to defocus. This finding indicates that the visual system instigates the neural compensatory mechanisms shortly after the appearance of defocus. Our results relate particularly to real‐life vision of uncorrected myopes or myopes who remove their correction for part of the day.
Relative peripheral refraction in children: twelve‐month changes in eyes with different ametropias
Authors: Lee Tsui‐Tsui , Cho Pauline 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPurposeTo determine the peripheral refraction of children with different types of ametropias and to evaluate the relationship between central refractive changes, baseline relative peripheral refraction (RPR) and changes in RPR over a 12‐month monitoring period.MethodsCycloplegic central and peripheral refraction were performed biannually on the right eyes of children aged 6–9 for 12 months, using an open‐view autorefractor. Peripheral refraction were measured along 10°, 20° and 30° from central fixation in both nasal and temporal fields. Refractive data were transposed into M, J0 and J45 vectors for analyses. RPR was determined by subtracting the central measurement from each peripheral measurement.ResultsHyperopic eyes showed relative peripheral myopia while myopic eyes had relative hyperopia across the central 60° horizontal field at baseline. Emmetropic eyes had relative myopia within but showed relative hyperopia beyond the central 30° field. However, there was no significant correlation between central refractive changes and baseline RPR or between changes in central refraction and RPR over twelve months in any refractive groups. Correlations between changes in PR and central myopic shift were found mainly in the nasal field in different groups. In the subgroup analysis on the initially emmetropic and the initially myopic groups, the subgroups with faster myopic progression did not have significantly different RPR from the subgroups with slower progression. The RPR pattern of the initially emmetropic and the initially myopic groups became more asymmetric at the end of the study period with a larger increase in relative hyperopia in the temporal field.ConclusionsRPR patterns were different among hyperopic, emmetropic and myopic eyes. However, baseline RPR and changes in RPR cannot predict changes in central refraction over time. Our results did not provide evidence to support the hypothesis of RPR as a causative factor for myopic central refractive changes in children.
Zernike vs. Bessel circular functions in visual optics
Authors: Trevino Juan P , Gómez‐Correa Jesus E , Iskander D Robert , Chávez‐Cerda Sabino 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPurposeWe propose the Bessel Circular Functions as alternatives of the Zernike Circle Polynomials to represent relevant circular ophthalmic surfaces.MethodsWe assess the fitting capabilities of the orthogonal Bessel Circular Functions by comparing them to Zernike Circle Polynomials for approximating a variety of computationally generated surfaces which can represent ophthalmic surfaces.ResultsThe Bessel Circular Functions showed better modelling capabilities for surfaces with abrupt variations such as the anterior eye surface at the limbus region, and influence functions. From our studies we find that the Bessel Circular Functions can be more suitable for studying particular features of post surgical corneal surfaces.ConclusionsWe show that given their boundary conditions and free oscillating properties, the Bessel Circular Functions are an alternative for representing specific wavefronts and can be better than the Zernike Circle Polynomials for some important cases of corneal surfaces, influence functions and the complete anterior corneal surface.