bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CYP2C8*3 Polymorphism and Donor Age are Associated With Allograft Dysfunction in Kidney Transplant Recipients Treated With Calcineurin Inhibitors
Authors: Gervasini Guillermo , Garcia Montserrat , Macias Rosa María , Benitez Julio , Caravaca Francisco , Cubero Juan Jose 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEpoxieicosatrienoic acids (EETs) play a protective role against damaging processes in the kidney. We have assessed the effect of polymorphisms in EETs‐producing enzymes (CYP2C8 and CYP2J2) and other proteins involved in calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) disposition (CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1) on graft function and clinical outcome in 166 renal transplant recipients treated with CNIs. Both CYP2C8*3 and donor age greater than 48 years were associated to a higher incidence of delayed graft function (DGF) [OR = 2.01 (1.1–4.1), P = .04 and 5.14 (2.4–10.9), P < .0001; respectively] and worse creatinine clearance 1 year after grafting (P < .05 and P < .001, respectively). In addition, carrying 4–6 variants in the 3 ABCB1 loci and older donor age were individually associated to higher incidence of calcineurin‐inhibitor‐induced nephrotoxicity [OR = 2.38 (1.1–5.4), P = .03 and OR = 1.03 (1.01–1.06), P = .038]. Regression analyses confirmed the relevant effect of both CYP2C8*3 and donor age on graft dysfunction. Carrying the 2C8*3 allele and having a donor older than 48 years was defined as a high‐risk status and observed to be highly related to DGF [OR = 3.91 (1.46–10.48), P < .01] and worse creatinine clearance (P = .033). Our results show that genetic and clinical parameters can be combined to identify risk factors for allograft dysfunction in renal transplant recipients.
The Effect of Multiple Doses of Ketoconazole or Rifampin on the Single‐ and Multiple‐Dose Pharmacokinetics of Vorapaxar
Authors: Kosoglou Teddy , Statkevich Paul , Kumar Bharath , Xuan Fengjuan , Schiller James E. , Johnson‐Levonas Amy O. , Young Sophia , Cutler David L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis randomized, open‐label, parallel‐group study evaluated the effects of multiple‐dose ketoconazole or rifampin on the single‐ and multiple‐dose pharmacokinetics of vorapaxar. Healthy subjects randomly received one of the following three treatments (N = 12/group): (1) ketoconazole 400 mg once daily (QD) for 28 days (Days 1–28) and single‐dose vorapaxar 20 mg on Day 7 followed by vorapaxar 2.5 mg QD for 21 days (Days 8–28); (2) rifampin 600 mg QD for 28 days (Days 1–28) and single‐dose vorapaxar 20 mg on Day 7 followed by vorapaxar 2.5 mg QD for 21 days (Days 8–28); and (3) placebo QD for 28 days (Days 1–28) and single‐dose vorapaxar 20 mg on Day 7 followed by vorapaxar 2.5 mg QD for 21 days (Days 8–28). Ketoconazole increased the steady‐state vorapaxar AUC0–24 h and Cmax by approximately twofold (GMR [90% CI]: 196% [173,222]; 193% [166,223], respectively), while rifampin decreased vorapaxar AUC0–24 h and Cmax by approximately 50% (GMR [90% CI]: 45.5% [40,52]; 61.4% [52,72], respectively) versus vorapaxar alone. Potent CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers may cause moderate increases or decreases in vorapaxar exposure, respectively, which may have safety and/or efficacy implications; therefore, their concomitant use with vorapaxar is not recommended.
Population Pharmacodynamics of IPX066: An Oral Extended‐Release Capsule Formulation of Carbidopa–Levodopa, and Immediate‐Release Carbidopa–Levodopa in Patients With Advanced Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Mao Zhongping , Hsu Ann , Gupta Suneel , Modi Nishit B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA pharmacodynamic model is presented to describe the motor effects (tapping rate, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [UPDRS] Part III, and investigator‐rating of ON/OFF, including dyskinesia) of levodopa (LD) in patients with advanced idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) treated with immediate‐release (IR) carbidopa–levodopa (CD–LD) or an extended‐release (ER) formulation of CD–LD (IPX066). Twenty‐seven patients participated in this open‐label, randomized, single‐ and multiple‐dose, crossover study. The pharmacodynamic models included a biophase effect site with a sigmoid Emax transduction for tapping and UPDRS and an ordered categorical model for dyskinesia. The pharmacodynamics of LD was characterized by a conduction function with a half‐life of 0.59 hours for tapping rate, and 0.4 hours for UPDRS Part III and dyskinesia. The LD concentration for half‐maximal effect was 1530 ng/mL, 810 ng/mL, and 600 ng/mL for tapping rate, UPDRS Part III, and dyskinesia, respectively. The sigmoidicity of the transduction was 1.53, 2.5, and 2.1 for tapping rate, UPDRS Part III, and dyskinesia, respectively. External validation of the pharmacodynamic model using tapping rate indicated good performance of the model.
The Influence of Bypass Procedures and Other Anatomical Changes in the Gastrointestinal Tract on the Oral Bioavailability of Drugs
Authors: De Smet Julie , Van Bocxlaer Jan , Boussery Koen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays an important role in the absorption of orally administered drugs. However, in some cases the anatomy of the GI tract is changed due to GI surgery, which has the potential of influencing drug bioavailability. In this review, we aim to compile, review, and comment the existing but sometimes fragmented scientific data regarding the impact of GI surgery on the oral bioavailability of drugs. Relevant reports were gathered through the PubMed database from database inception through January 2012. Drugs for which at least one trial or case report suggested a change in oral bioavailability or absorption caused by GI surgery are discussed in detail. Major methodological differences, such as study design, number of subjects and choice of reference group, were observed in the reported studies. Predicting the impact of GI surgery on the oral bioavailability was therefore difficult to perform, even the most sophisticated classification systems could not be used for predicting purposes.
Response of soil nitrogen retention to the interactive effects of soil texture, hydrology, and organic matter
Authors: Castellano Michael J. , Lewis David Bruce , Kaye Jason P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAdvances in nitrogen (N) saturation and retention theories have focused on soil organic matter (SOM) biogeochemistry in the absence of dynamic soil hydrology. Here we exploit two soil types with contrasting textures that span a hillslope gradient to test hypotheses that suggest N saturation symptoms are regulated by the interactive effects of soil texture, OM, and hydrology on N retention capacity (maximum pool size) and N retention kinetics (N retention rate). Down the hillslope gradient, soil solution nitrate (NO3) concentrations sampled with lysimeters increased, while 15NO3‐N retention decreased. Landscape location (upland, hillslope, and toeslope) and soil type interacted to affect soil solution NO3 concentrations so that the downslope increase in NO3 was greater in sandy versus silty soils. These patterns manifest despite a downslope increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) and C/N ratios. A positive correlation between saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil solution NO3 sampled in zero‐tension lysimeters during precipitation events suggested that high hydraulic conductivity promotes periodic rapid NO3 transport at rates that exceed retention kinetics. The downslope increase in soil solution NO3 in spite of a concomitant increase in SOC and C/N ratios provides an important contrast with previous N saturation research that highlights negative correlations between SOM C/N ratios and NO3 concentrations and suggests NO3 transport along connected hillslope flow paths may overwhelm stoichiometric sinks for inorganic N retention in SOM. Our results reveal important gaps in N retention theory based on SOM biogeochemistry alone and demonstrate how coupled biogeochemical and hydrological models can improve predictions of N saturation, particularly when considering periodic advective NO3 transport in the vadose zone. We show that in coarse‐textured soils, low capacity for protection of SOM N by association with fine mineral particles interacts with rapid hydrological flushing of NO3 to enhance the expression of ecosystem N saturation symptoms.
Effects of repeated fires on ecosystem C and N stocks along a fire induced forest/grassland gradient
Authors: Cheng Chih‐Hsin , Chen Yung‐Sheng , Huang Yu‐Hsuan , Chiou Chyi‐Rong , Lin Chau‐Chih , Menyailo Oleg V. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRepeated fires might have different effect on ecosystem carbon storage than a single fire event, but information on repeated fires and their effects on forest ecosystems and carbon storage is scarce. However, changes in climate, vegetation composition, and human activities are expected to make forests more susceptible to fires that recur with relatively high frequency. In this study, the effects of repeated fires on ecosystem carbon and nitrogen stocks were examined along a fire‐induced forest/grassland gradient wherein the fire events varied from an unburned forest to repeatedly burned grassland. Results from the study show repeated fires drastically decreased ecosystem carbon and nitrogen stocks along the forest/grassland gradient. The reduction began with the disappearance of living tree biomass, and followed by the loss of soil carbon and nitrogen. Within 4 years of the onset of repeated fires on the unburned forest, the original ecosystem carbon and nitrogen stocks were reduced by 42% and 21%, respectively. Subsequent fires caused cumulative reductions in ecosystem carbon and nitrogen stocks by 68% and 44% from the original ecosystem carbon and nitrogen stocks, respectively. The analyses of carbon budgets calculated by vegetation composition and stable isotopic δ13C values indicate that 84% of forest‐derived carbon is lost at grassland, whereas the gain of grass‐derived carbon only compensates 18% for this loss. Such significant losses in ecosystem carbon and nitrogen stocks suggest that the effects of repeated fires have substantial impacts on ecosystem and soil carbon and nitrogen cycling.
Modeling burned area in Europe with the Community Land Model
Authors: Migliavacca M. , Dosio A. , Kloster S. , Ward D. S. , Camia A. , Houborg R. , Houston Durrant T. , Khabarov N. , Krasovskii A. A. , San Miguel‐Ayanz J. , Cescatti A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this study, we present simulations of a burned area at a European scale for the period 1990–2009 conducted with the Community Land Model (CLM). By using statistics on fire counts and mean fire suppression time from the European Fire Database, we refined the parameterization of the functions describing human ignition/suppression, and we modified the description of biomass availability for fires. The results obtained with the modified model show an improvement of the description of the spatial and interannual variability of the burned area: the model bias is reduced by 45%, and the explained variance is increased by about 9% compared to the original parameterization of the model. The observed relationships between burned area, climate (temperature and precipitation), and aboveground biomass are also reproduced more accurately by the modified model. This is particularly relevant for the applicability of the model to simulate future fire regimes under different climate conditions. However, results showed an overestimation of the burned area for some European countries (e.g., Spain and France) and an underestimation in years with an extreme fire season in Mediterranean countries. Our results highlight the need for refining the parameterization of human ignition/suppression and fuel availability for regional application of fire models implemented in land surface models.
Interannual, seasonal, and retrospective analysis of the methane and carbon dioxide budgets of a temperate peatland
Authors: Olson D. M. , Griffis T. J. , Noormets A. , Kolka R. , Chen J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThree years (2009–2011) of near‐continuous methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes were measured with the eddy covariance (EC) technique at a temperate peatland located within the Marcell Experimental Forest, in northern Minnesota, USA. The peatland was a net source of CH4 and a net sink of CO2 in each year with annual carbon budgets of −26.8 (±18.7), −15.5 (±14.8), and −14.6 (±21.5) g C m−2 yr−1 for 2009–2011, respectively. Differences in the seasonal hydrometeorological conditions among the three study years were most pronounced during 2011, which was considerably warmer (+1.3°C) and wetter (+40 mm) than the 30 year average. The annual CH4 budget was +11.8 (±3.1), +12.2 (±3.0), and +24.9 (±5.6) g C m−2 yr−1 for the respective years and accounted for 23%–39% of the annual carbon budget. The larger CH4 emission in 2011 is attributed to significant warming of the peat column coupled with a high water table position throughout the entire growing season. Historical (1991–2011) CH4 emissions were estimated based on long‐term hydrometeorological records and functional relationships derived from our 3 year field study. The predicted historical annual CH4 budget ranged from +7.8 to +15.2 (±2.7) g CH4‐C m−2 yr−1. Recent (2007–2011) increases in temperature, precipitation, and rising water table at this site suggest that CH4 emissions have been increasing, but were generally greater from 1991 to 1999 when average soil temperature and precipitation were higher than in recent years. The global warming potential (considering CO2 and CH4) for this peatland was calculated based on a 100 year time horizon. In all three study years, the peatland had a net positive radiative forcing on climate and was greatest (+187 g C m−2) in 2011. The interannual variability in CH4 exchange at this site suggests high sensitivity to variations in hydrometeorological conditions.
Comparison of acid degumming and enzymatic degumming process for Silybum marianum seed oil
Authors: Mei Lin , Wang Liang , Li Qianqian , Yu Jiangnan , Xu Ximing 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn this study the effects of processing conditions of acid degumming and enzymatic degumming on the removal of phospholipids from Silybum marianum seed oil were investigated and the degumming efficiency was compared based on the phospholipid content.RESULTSAn orthogonal array experimental design was performed to optimise the process of citric acid degumming. Based on range analysis and analysis of variance, the optimal processing conditions were determined to be a citric acid dosage of 3 g kg−1, a degumming temperature of 70 °C, a water addition of 40 mL kg‐1 and a degumming time of 30 min. Under these conditions the phospholipid content of degummed S. marianum seed oil was reduced from 273.0 to 128.1 mg kg−1. In the case of enzymatic degumming, the effects of enzyme reaction time and enzyme dosage were investigated using single‐factor experiments. The optimal processing conditions were found to be an enzyme reaction time of 6 h and an enzyme dosage of 100 mg kg−1 oil. Under these conditions the phospholipid content of degummed S. marianum seed oil was reduced to 17.95 mg kg−1.CONCLUSIONThe results indicated that enzymatic degumming is more effective than acid degumming. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
A Practical Proposal for a “Competence Plan Fulfillment” Key Performance Indicator
Authors: Capece Guendalina , Bazzica Paolo 
Published: February 2013

This paper deals with the creation of a framework for competence management research with specific emphasis on firm context. We consider that the traditional approaches to competence assignment planning lack in the development of appropriate tools for the management of the competence. Nowadays there is, indeed, a need for research into competence and the management of competence. In this paper, we develop a framework for competence management. Because no universally accepted framework exists yet, the following article proposes various aspects of competence management and illustrates a new approach to characterize and manage competency.Building a tool oriented towards competency allocation allows the development of a dynamic competency database and is a first step to improving the achievement of relevant goals such as competence allocation or project team building (matching of tasks and competencies), and the development and transfer of competencies (e.g., by supporting reflective practice). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
School Vouchers and Student Outcomes: Experimental Evidence from Washington, DC
Authors: Wolf Patrick J. , Kisida Brian , Gutmann Babette , Puma Michael , Eissa Nada , Rizzo Lou 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSchool vouchers are the most contentious form of parental school choice. Vouchers provide government funds that parents can use to send their children to private schools of their choice. Here we examine the empirical question of whether or not a school voucher program in Washington, DC, affected achievement or the rate of high school graduation for participating students. The District of Columbia Opportunity Scholarship Program (OSP) has operated in the nation's capital since 2004, funded by a federal government appropriation. Because the program was oversubscribed in its early years of operation, and vouchers were awarded by lottery, we were able to use the “gold standard” evaluation method of a randomized experiment to determine what impacts the OSP had on student outcomes. Our analysis revealed compelling evidence that the DC voucher program had a positive impact on high school graduation rates, suggestive evidence that the program increased reading achievement, and no evidence that it affected math achievement. We discuss the implications of these findings in light of recent policy developments including the reauthorization of the OSP and the enactment or expansion of more than a dozen school voucher or voucher‐type programs throughout the United States in 2011 and 2012.
Festansprache des Präsidenten
Authors: Schmidt‐Tiedemann K. J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNach der Begrüßung der Ehrengäste — beginnend mit der Frau Bundesminister für Bildung und Wissenschaft, Dr. Dorothee Wilms –, der ausländischen Gäste und der Teilnehmer sowie einem Dank an die Gastgeber und die Organisatoren der Tagung folgte der Hauptteil der Ansprache.
Hahn‐Meitner‐Institut für Kernforschung 25 Jahre alt
Authors: Greulich W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIm März dieses Jahres wurde das Hahn‐Meitner‐Institut für Kernforschung (HMI) in Berlin‐Wannsee 25 Jahre alt. Auf dem Programm der zweitägigen Jubiläumsfeier Mitte Juni standen ein wissenschaftliches Kolloquium (14. Juni) mit Vorträgen über den derzeitigen Stand und zukünftige Entwicklungen der Forschung im HMI, ein Festakt in der Berliner Urania (15. Juni), an dern fast 900 eingeladene Gäste teilnahmen, und im Anschluß daran eine Gaudi auf dem Gelände des HMI, zu der auch die Bewohner von Berlin‐Wannsee eingeladen waren.
Physik und Abrüstung: Eindrücke von der „Arms Control and Disarmament”︁‐Diskussion an einer amerikanischen Universität
Authors: Bienlein J. K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDie Vorlesungen des „Arms Control and Disarmament Program”︁ der Stanford University sowie studentische Aktivitäten dort werden beschrieben. Aus der sachlichen Diskussion ist ein Gesichtspunkt herausgegriffen: Die Chance, die Wissenschaft und Technik bieten, um das gegenseitige Mißtrauen in der Welt abzubauen und die Verifizierung von Rüstungskontrollabkommen zu ermöglichen. Die Abkommen über den Teststopp oberirdischer Kernwaffenversuche sowie der SALT‐II‐Vertrag werden als Beispiele erläutert. Zur Erleichterung des Verständnisses des Umfelds der US‐Diskussion sind einige Bemerkungen über Amerika und die Rolle der großen Universitäten vorangestellt.
Mehr Licht!: Neben BESSY und HASYLAB nehmen die Pläne für eine europäische Synchrotronstrahlungsquelle Gestalt an
Authors: Koch E. E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNach der Entwicklung von Speichermengen, die eigens für die Erzeugung von Synchrotronstrahlung optimiert wurden, bahnt sich jetzt durch den Einsatz spezieller Magnetstrukturen, sogenannter Wiggler und Undulatoren, ein neues Zeitalter in der Nutzung dieser einzigartigen Strahlungsquelle an. Diese Entwicklung wird weitreichende Auswirkungen auf die Spektroskopie und Strukturuntersuchung mit Vakuum‐Ultraviolett und Röntgenstrahlung haben, vergleichbar der ursprünglichen Einführung der Synchrotronstrahlung als spektroskopisches Werkzeug. Ausgehend von einer kurzen Beschreibung der bestehenden Einrichtungen in Deutschland, dem Berliner Speicherring für Synchrotronstrahlung BESSY und dem Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor HASYLAB, werden die Eigenschaften der geplanten Europäischen Synchrotronstrahlungsquelle (ESRF) beschrieben. Mit ihr wird elektromagnetische Strahlung insbesondere im Röntgenbereich verfügbar, mit Intensitäten an der Grenze des technisch Beherrschbaren.
Experimentelle Tests der Myon‐Leptonenzahl‐Erhaltung
Authors: Engfer R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractReaktionen und Zerfälle, bei denen die Myon‐Leptonenzahl (Lμ) nicht erhalten bleibt, sind in fast allen neueren Elementarteilchen‐Modellen, die über das Standardmodell hinausgehen, erlaubt, und es gibt auch keine ersichtliche Symmetrie, die eine strenge Lμ‐Erhaltung fordert. Solche Prozesse, die im folgenden der Kürze halber als „Lμ‐verletzend”︁ bezeichnet werden, sollten daher auftreten — wenn auch mit einer sehr geringen Wahrscheinlichkeit. Bis heute ist noch kein Lμ‐verletzender Prozeß beobachtet worden. Statt dessen ließen sich experimentell nur obere Grenzen bestimmen, die die Parameter der Teilchenmodelle einschränken, z. B. untere Grenzen der Massen von zusätzlich postulierten Eichbosonen liefern. Sollten künftig Lμ‐verletzende Prozesse beobachtet werden, so sind deren Verzweigungsverhältnisse sehr empfindliche Größen zum Test dieser Modelle und ihrer Parameter. Solche Beobachtungen wären dann eine wesentliche Ergänzung der Experimente mit Hochenergie‐Beschleunigern der neuen Generation und ein wichtiger Beitrag zur Lösung des Rätsels der Teilchenfamilien. Jede Möglichkeit, die oberen Wahrscheinlichkeitsgrenzen von Lμ‐verletzenden Prozessen experimentell zu präzisieren, sollte daher wahrgenommen werden.
Begegnungen mit den Physik‐Nobelpreisträgern des Jahres 1984
Authors: Faissner H. C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract„Für ihre entscheidenden Beiträge zu dem großen Projekt, das zur Entdeckung der Feldquanten W und Z, den Vermittlern der Schwachen Wechselwirkung, führte”︁, wurden Carlo Rubbia und Simon van der Meer, beide vom CERN (Genf), mit dem Physik‐Nobelpreis 1984 ausgezeichnet. Über die „entscheidenden Beiträge”︁ haben die Physikalischen Blätter in Heft 5/1983 und 11/1983 [1, 2] ausführlich berichtet. Dies soll hier nicht wiederholt werden. Statt dessen zeichnet Professor Faissner, der mit den beiden Laureaten seit über zwanzig Jahren durch gemeinsame Forschungsprojekte verbunden ist und zu den Autoren der ausgezeichneten Arbeiten gehört, im folgenden ein lebendiges Bild von den Persönlichkeiten Rubbias und van der Meers. Er berichtet über Begegnungen und Gespräche, an die er sich besonders gut erinnert; über einige davon hat er Tagebuch geführt. Er skizziert damit auch den weiten Weg, den CERN von den ersten tastenden Versuchen auf dem Gebiet der schwachen Wechselwirkung bis zur glanzvollen Bestätigung der einheitlichen elektroschwachen Theorie gegangen ist.