bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trade liberalization, industry concentration and female workers: the case of Egypt
Authors: AlAzzawi Shireen 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The gender wage gap increased significantly in Egypt over the last two decades, while female labor force participation rates have steadily declined. This study investigates the relationship between women’s labor market outcomes in the manufacturing sector, the degree of industry concentration, and the trade reforms that took place simultaneously. Results indicate that industry concentration is detrimental to women in the labor market and that the impact of trade liberalization differs depending on the degree of concentration and the nature of the international competition. In initially competitive industries, increased import competition is associated with higher gender wage gaps and lower female employment. Increased export intensity on the other hand is associated with a lower gender wage gap, but lower female employment. Conversely, opening up to increased international import competition in initially concentrated industries is associated with falling gender wage gaps and rising female employment, while increased exports in these industries is associated with higher female employment as well. These findings have important implications for policy makers attempting to create more equitable labor market conditions in post-revolutionary Egypt.

JEL classifications

F1, F6, J7, J3
Aspectos do Comportamento da Cigarrinha-das-Pastagens Mahanarva spectabilis (Distant, 1909) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) na Produção de Espuma
Authors: Batista Elder , Auad Alexander Machado , Braga André Luis Furtado , Ferreira Roberta Botelho , Hallack Noelle Martins dos Reis 
Published: September 2014

A cigarrinha-das-pastagens Mahanarva spectabilis (Distant) produz uma espuma protetora contra inimigos naturais e à dessecação, ao longo da fase imatura. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do agrupamento e do tipo de forrageira na produção de espuma pela cigarrinha-das-pastagens, bem como os comportamentos exibidos durante este período, em duas diferentes forrageiras. Foram realizados testes com ninfas individualizadas no qual o tempo médio de cobertura total pela espuma foi de 38’55’’ e 40’00’’ em capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) e braquiária (Brachiaria ruziziensis Germain e Evrard), respectivamente; e testes com grupos de ninfas onde o tempo médio para cobertura total foi de 48’00’’ em capim-elefante e em braquiária 41’06’’. Por meio da análise de correlação observou-se que as ninfas que mais tardaram o início de produção de espuma foram aquelas que mais demoraram a concluí-la, nas duas forrageiras. Apresentou-se a sequência comportamental exibida pelas ninfas M. spectabilis desde a sua liberação no vaso até a total cobertura por espuma. O tempo total de cobertura não sofreu alteração significativa quando as ninfas se alimentaram de capim-elefante ou braquiária, ou ainda quando se alimentaram de forma solitária ou agregada.
Behavioral aspects of the spittlebug Mahanarva spectabilis (Distant, 1909) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in froth production.
Abstract. The spittlebug Mahanarva spectabilis (Distant) synthesizes a protective froth against natural enemies and dry along the immature stage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of grouping and forage type in the production of the froth made by the spittlebug, and the behavior exhibited during this period. Tests with individual nymphs were performed in which the average time to complete cover by the froth was 38’55’’ and 40’00’’ in elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schumach.) and signal grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis Germain e Evrard), respectively; as well as tests with groups of nymphs where the average time to complete cover was 48’00’’ in elephant grass and in signal grass 41’06’’. The correlation analysis showed that the nymphs who later initiated the production of froth were those that took the most time to complete the cover within the two forage. The behavioral sequence exhibited by the nymphs was presented, since its release in the pot until the complete cover of the froth. The total time of coverage does not suffer significant change whether the nymphs feed on elephant grass or signal grass, or feeding in solitary or aggregated way.
Custos de uma Biofábrica de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley para o Controle da Lagarta-do-Cartucho no Milho
Authors: Tavares Wagner de Souza 
Published: September 2014

O objetivo desse trabalho foi orçamentar, no segundo semestre de 2009, os custos de produção diária, ininterrupta, de uma quantidade suficiente de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley para uma liberação em 50ha de milho (100.000 vespinhas/ha) para o controle da lagarta-do-cartucho e parte do pressuposto que, para a instalação da biofábrica, o usuário irá adquirir todo o material necessário, inclusive a construção de um galpão de 40m². O preço à vista de cada item semelhante foi pesquisado em, no mínimo, três lojas em Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brasil e aquele mais econômico, utilizado no somatório da despesa. Os itens pesquisados foram: A - Material permanente (R$488,20/ha); B - Material de consumo (mensal) (R$3.497,23/ha); C - Mão-de-obra (mensal) (R$1.645,25/ha) e D - Energia elétrica (mensal) (R$250,00/ha). O custo final de produção de T. pretiosum por hectare (uma liberação) foi de R$3,92. A vespinha T. pretiosum pode ser multiplicada em laboratório de maneira fácil e econômica para uma liberação em 50ha de milho.
Costs of a Biofactory of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley for the Control of Fall Armyworm in Maize
Abstract. The aim of this work was budgeted in the second half of 2009, the costs of daily production, uninterrupted, for a sufficient amount of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley for a release in 50ha of corn (100,000 wasps/ha) to control the fall armyworm and assumes that, for the installation of biofactory, the User will acquire all the necessary equipment, including the construction of a shed of 40m². The spot price of each item was investigated in similar, at least three stores in Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, and that cheaper, used in the sum of expenditure. The items surveyed were: A - Material constant (R$488.20/ha), B - Consumables (monthly) (R$3497.23/ha), C - Labor costs (monthly) (R$1645.25/ha) and D - Electricity (monthly) (R$250.00/ha). The final cost of production of T. pretiosum per hectare (a release) was R$3.92. The wasp T. pretiosum can be multiplied in the laboratory to easily and cost for a release in 50ha of maize.
Attitudes of student midwives caring for women with perinatal mental health problems
Authors: Jarrett Patricia 
Published: September 2014

Aims: This study aimed to explore the attitudes of student midwives near completion of their midwifery training, in the care of women with mental health problems in the East end of London. Method: In this exploratory study using qualitative methods, seven student midwives who were near completion of a BSc in midwifery were interviewed in small groups. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Four themes were identified from the interviews: identification and assessment of women, asking women questions about perinatal health, using stereotypes in the care of women, caring for and responding to women with perinatal mental health problems. Conclusion: These findings are helpful in informing more conclusive research on midwives' training and practice in the care of women with perinatal mental health problems.
Art Education in Poland – between Jurassic Park and the ‘catering regime’
Authors: Wasilewski Marek 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Art schools in Poland and Eastern Europe after the collapse of Berlin Wall went through various changes, including liberalization of their educational programmes, modernization of buildings and equipment, commercialization of their educational content, and last but not least, the preservation of the old balance of power within the institution. Art schools are also facing a new demand: how to supply ‘workers’ for the new creative industries and art markets. According to the author, many questions from the beginning of the transformation still remain open to answer: What is an Academy of Arts? Does the Academy have to be a fossil devoid of life, a Jurassic Park where frightening and comical figures can be met? Save for odd exceptions, art schools are facing the dilemma of whether adherence to tradition is more important than subjection to current tendencies in art. Writing about the dilemmas facing art education in Poland he refers to the book Teaching Art in a Neoliberal Realm (2011) edited by Paul De Bruyne and Pascal Gielen, with a special focus on Daniel Muzyczuk’s article about neo-liberal changes in the Polish art education.
‘Art in the Library’: Interstitial readings between art education and artistic practice
Authors: Juanpere Salvador , Valera Albert , Viladomiu Àngels 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The growing interest of many artists in alternative spaces for artistic creation and the interdisciplinary nature of most educational curricula have encouraged the teaching staff at the University of Barcelona’s Faculty of Fine Arts to adopt a new methodology – an educational turn – that offers students the direct experience of creating ‘artworks in the user’s space’. This article reports on that experience, ‘Art in the Library’, which in recent years has formed part of the University’s Bachelor’s degree in Fine Art, in the subject Interdisciplinary Attitudes. The student artworks reported on in this paper are site-specific projects, which constitute a professional challenge for their creators and were exhibited to a general public. The authors of the paper propose that ‘Art in the Library’ meets a challenge in contemporary educational practice and understands art education as an act of creation.
Cognitive reserve in the healthy elderly: cognitive and psychological factors
Authors: Zihl Josef , Schmid Antonia , Almeida Osborne F.X. , Sousa Nuno , Walther Katrin , Fink Thomas 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Cognitive reserve (CR) helps explain the mismatch between expected cognitive decline and observed maintenance of cognitive functioning in older age. Factors such as education, literacy, lifestyle, and social networking are usually considered to be proxies of CR and its variability between individuals. A more direct approach to examine CR is through the assessment of capacity to gain from practice in a standardized challenging cognitive task that demands activation of cognitive resources. In this study, we applied a testing-the-limits paradigm to a group of 136 healthy elderly subjects (60–75 years) and additionally examined the possible contribution of complex mental activities and quality of sleep to cognitive performance gain. We found a significant but variable gain and identified verbal memory, cognitive flexibility, and problem-solving as significant factors. This outcome is in line with our earlier study on CR in healthy mental aging. Interestingly and contrary to expectations, our analysis revealed that complex mental activities and sleep quality do not significantly influence CR. Contrasting “high” and “low” cognitive performers revealed significant differences in verbal memory and cognitive flexibility; again, complex mental activities and sleep quality did not contribute to this measure of CR. In conclusion, the results of this study support and extend previous findings on CR in older age; further, they underline the need for improvements in existing protocols for assessing CR in a dynamic manner.
Mapping Sargassum beds off the coast of Chon Buri Province, Thailand, using ALOS AVNIR-2 satellite imagery
Authors: Noiraksar Thidarat , Sawayama Shuhei , Phauk Sophany , Komatsu Teruhisa 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Sargassum species grow on rocks and dead coral, forming dense seaweed beds in their growth seasons. Sargassum beds play a range of ecological roles in coastal waters, but their sustainability is threatened by pollution and reclamation within ASEAN countries with rapid economic growth. Before conservation initiatives can be implemented, it is necessary to establish their present distribution. These beds can be mapped using the noncommercial satellite, ALOS, which can provide multiband images using high spatial resolution optical sensors (sensitive to 10 m-2 plots), AVNIR-2. These images are of sufficient quality for examining coastal ecosystems and, in this study, for mapping the Sargassum beds in the waters off the coast of Sattahip, Chon Buri Province, Thailand. This coastal zone is a natural marine park reserve and protected from human activities such as fishery and reclamation. Biomass data were obtained in January, February, March, and December 2009 from quadrat sampling. The biomass of Sargassum aquifolium (Turner) C.Agardh at a bottom depth of 1 m and 1.5–2 m was determined to be 7.73 and 92.75 g dw m-2, while that of Sargassum oligocystum Montagne was found to be 44.05 and 87.97 g dw m-2, respectively. Ground truth data were obtained in February and October 2012 from serial images taken by manta tow. Supervised classification is a procedure for identifying spectrally similar areas on an image by identifying “training” sites of known targets and then extrapolating those spectral signatures to other areas of unknown targets. By applying this methodology, the Sargassum beds off Sattahip can be detected with an accuracy of about 70%. It is estimated that the error is caused by mixel effects of the bottom substrates in individual pixels, each of which covers an area of 10×10 m. Our results indicate that the images captured by ALOS AVNIR-2 are informative and useful for mapping the Sargassum beds in Southeast Asia.
Influence of educational, audit and feedback, system based, and incentive and penalty interventions to reduce laboratory test utilization: a systematic review
Authors: Kobewka Daniel M. , Ronksley Paul E. , McKay Jennifer A. , Forster Alan J. , van Walraven Carl 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLaboratory and radiographic tests are often ordered unnecessarily. This excess testing has financial costs and is a burden on patients. We performed a systematic review to determine the effectiveness interventions to reduce test utilization by physicians. The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for the years 1946 through to September 2013 for English articles that had themes of test utilization and cost containment or optimization. Bibliographies of included papers were scanned to identify other potentially relevant studies. Our search resulted in 3236 articles of which 109 met the inclusion criteria of having an intervention aimed at reducing test utilization with results that could be expressed as a percent reduction in test use relative to the comparator. Each intervention was categorized into one or more non-exclusive category of education, audit and feedback, system based, or incentive or penalty. A rating of study quality was also performed. The percent reductions in test use ranged from a 99.7% reduction to a 27.7% increase in test use. Each category of intervention was effective in reducing test utilization. Heterogeneity between interventions, poor study quality, and limited time horizons makes generalizations difficult and calls into question the validity of results. Very few studies measure any patient safety or quality of care outcomes affected by reduced test use. There are numerous studies that use low investment strategies to reduce test utilization with one time changes in the ordering system. These low investment strategies are the most promising for achievable and durable reductions in inappropriate test use.
Conic singularities, generalized scattering matrix, and inverse scattering on asymptotically hyperbolic surfaces
Authors: Isozaki Hiroshi , Kurylev Yaroslav , Lassas Matti 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe consider an inverse problem associated with some 2-dimensional non-compact surfaces with conical singularities, cusps and regular ends. Our motivating example is a Riemann surfaceℳ=Γ\ℍ2${\mathcal{M}=\Gamma\backslash\mathbb{H}^{2}}$associated with a Fuchsian group of the first kind Γ containing parabolic elements. The surfaceℳ${\mathcal{M}}$is then non-compact, and has a finite number of cusps and elliptic singular points, which is regarded as a hyperbolic orbifold. We introduce a class of Riemannian surfaces with conical singularities on its finite part, having cusps and regular ends at infinity, whose metric is asymptotically hyperbolic. By observing solutions of the Helmholtz equation at the cusp, we define a generalized S-matrix. We then show that this generalized S-matrix determines the Riemannian metric and the structure of conical singularities.
Measuring the Social Returns of Nonprofits and Social Enterprises: The Promise and Perils of the SROI
Authors: Cooney Kate , Lynch-Cerullo Kristen 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSocial Return on Investment (SROI) metrics are a new tool available to nonprofit and social enterprise organizations to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of their programs. After a short overview of three dominant methods for calculating the SROI, a case examining the implementation of an SROI study at a nationally recognized Boston-based nonprofit operating workforce development programs is presented to illuminate the methodological dilemmas across the arc of an SROI study. The case analysis centers on four key decision points in the implementation of the SROI study: identification of stakeholders, development of a method for estimating social value creation, determination of the time horizons, and selection of the discount rates. Next, to highlight the challenges in making comparisons across organizations, the second source of data is presented—a set of Yale SOM MBA student assignments conducting an SROI on a written case study found in the literature on workforce development. The student project results showcase how even when conducting SROI assessments on the same focal organization, the SROI calculation can vary widely depending on the outcome of the four decision points delineated above. The paper consequently offers two levels of analysis. First, it provides a detailed methodological overview of the reigning approaches to conducting an SROI. Second, it provides an assessment of the challenges to using SROI as a performance metric at this stage of the field’s development. Implications for use of the SROI are discussed from both the perspective of funders and the perspective of nonprofit organizations.
Centennial impacts of fragmentation on the canopy structure of tropical montane forest
Authors: Vaughn Nicholas R. , Asner Gregory P. , Giardina Christian P. 
Published: September 2014

Fragmentation poses one of the greatest threats to tropical forests with short‐term changes to the structure of forest canopies affecting microclimate, tree mortality, and growth. Yet the long‐term effects of fragmentation are poorly understood because (1) most effects require many decades to materialize, but long‐term studies are very rare, (2) the effects of edges on forest canopy structure as a function of fragment size are unknown, and (3) edge effects are often confounded by fragment shape. We quantified the long‐term (centennial) effects of fragmentation on forest canopy structure using airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) of 1060 Hawaiian rain forest fragments ranging in size from 0.02 to 1000 ha, created more than 130 years ago by flowing lava. Along with distance from edge, we developed a metric, minimum span, to gain additional insight into edge effects on three measures of canopy structure: canopy height, height variation, and gap fraction.Fragment size was a strong determinant of the three structural variables. Larger fragments had greater average height, larger variation in height, and smaller gap fraction. Minimum span had a large effect on the depth and magnitude of edge effects for the three structural variables. Locations associated with high span values (those surrounded by more forest habitat) showed little effect of distance to fragment edge. In contrast, locations with low span values (those more exposed to edges) were severely limited in canopy height, showed lower height variation, and were associated with greater gap fraction values. The minimum span attribute allows for a more accurate characterization of edge as well as fragment‐level effects, and when combined with high resolution imagery, can improve planning of protected areas for long‐term ecological sustainability and biodiversity protection.
Using XBRL to Conduct a Large-Scale Study of Discrepancies between the Accounting Numbers in Compustat and SEC 10-K Filings
Authors: Chychyla Roman , Kogan Alexander 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT
Compustat is frequently used for both research and decision making. It has been documented that information found in the Compustat database differs from both the information found in other accounting databases and the information disclosed in corporate financial filings (San Miguel 1977; Rosenberg and Houglet 1974; Yang, Vasarhelyi, and Liu 2003; Tallapally, Luehlfing, and Motha 2011, 2012; Boritz and No 2013). In this study, we conduct the first large-scale comparison of Compustat and 10-K data. Specifically, we compare 30 accounting line items of approximately 5,000 companies for the period from October 1, 2011 to September 30, 2012. We find that the values reported in Compustat significantly differ from the values reported in 10-K filings. We also find that the amount and magnitude of the original data alterations introduced by Compustat depend on the type of the accounting item and company characteristics, such as industry and size.
Enamel loss following ceramic bracket debonding: A quantitative analysis in vitro
Authors: Suliman Sam N. , Trojan Terry M. , Tantbirojn Daranee , Versluis Antheunis 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To measure enamel surface changes after ceramic bracket debonding and after cleanup.

Materials and Methods:
Forty extracted teeth were scanned in three dimensions using an optical scanner (baseline). Two ceramic bracket systems were placed (19 metal-reinforced polycrystalline ceramic brackets; 21 monocrystalline ceramic brackets). Seven days later, brackets were debonded and teeth scanned (post-debond). Adhesive remnants and bracket fragments were recorded. Tooth surfaces were cleaned using a finishing carbide bur and scanned again (post-cleanup). Post-debond and post-cleanup scans were aligned with the baseline, and surface changes were quantified. Results were statistically compared using t-tests and Mann-Whitney tests (α  =  .05).

Results:
The depth of enamel loss (mean ± standard deviation) post-debond was 21 ± 8 µm and 33 µm and post-cleanup was 28 ± 14 µm and 18 ± 8 µm (P  =  .0191); the post-debond remnant thickness was 188 ± 113 µm and 120 ± 37 µm (P  =  .2381) and post-cleanup was 16 ± 5 µm and 15 µm for polycrystalline and monocrystalline ceramic brackets, respectively. The monocrystalline ceramic brackets predominantly left all adhesive on the tooth; the polycrystalline ceramic brackets were more likely to leave bracket fragments attached.

Conclusion:
Both systems allowed successful removal of the brackets with minimal enamel loss. However, the polycrystalline ceramic brackets left more fragments on the tooth, which complicated cleanup efforts.