bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La résistance à une innovation sociale, cadre d’analyse des problèmes de diffusion du commerce équitable
Authors: Gurviez Patricia , Sirieix Lucie 
Published: June 2013

Résumé Conceptualiser le commerce équitable (CE) comme une innovation sociale permet d’éclairer ses problèmes de diffusion en étudiant la résistance à l’innovation. Une étude terrain en deux volets (quasi-expérimentation et entretiens qualitatifs) montre que lever les freins individuels ne suffit pas à vaincre la résistance aux produits issus du CE. Les failles dans le processus d’innovation sociale (appropriation, identification) sont mises au jour et discutées, ce qui débouche sur des recommandations pour faciliter la diffusion du CE et des innovations sociales.
Reorienting health services in the Northern Territory of Australia: a conceptual model for building health promotion capacity in the workforce
Authors: Judd Jenni , Keleher Helen 
Published: June 2013

Introduction: Reorienting work practices to include health promotion and prevention is complex and requires specific strategies and interventions. This paper presents original research that used ‘real-world’ practice to demonstrate that knowledge gathered from practice is relevant for the development of practice-based evidence. The paper shows how practitioners can inform and influence improvements in health promotion practice. Practitioner-informed evidence necessarily incorporates qualitative research to capture the richness of their reflective experiences. Methods: Using a participatory action research (PAR) approach, the research question asked ‘what are the core dimensions of building health promotion capacity in a primary health care workforce in a real-world setting?’ PAR is a method in which the researcher operates in full collaboration with members of the organisation being studied for the purposes of achieving some kind of change, in this case to increase the amount of health promotion and prevention practice within this community health setting. The PAR process involved six reflection and action cycles over two years. Data collection processes included: survey; in-depth interviews; a training intervention; observations of practice; workplace diaries; and two nominal groups. The listen/reflect/act process enabled lessons from practice to inform future capacity-building processes. Results: This research strengthened and supported the development of health promotion to inform ‘better health’ practices through respectful change processes based on research, practitioner-informed evidence, and capacity-building strategies. A conceptual model for building health promotion capacity in the primary health care workforce was informed by the PAR processes and recognised the importance of the determinants approach. Conclusion: Practitioner-informed evidence is the missing link in the evidence debate and provides the links between evidence and its translation to practice. New models of health promotion service delivery can be developed in community settings recognising the importance of involving practitioners themselves in these processes. (Global Health Promotion, 2013; 20(2): 53–63)
Screen more or screen more often? Using mathematical models to inform syphilis control strategies
Authors: Tuite Ashleigh R , Fisman David N , Mishra Sharmistha 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background
Syphilis incidence among men who have sex with men (MSM) continues to rise despite attempts to increase screening and treatment uptake. We examined the marginal effect of increased frequency versus increased coverage of screening on syphilis incidence in Toronto, Canada.

Methods
We developed an agent-based, network model of syphilis transmission, representing a core population of 2,000 high-risk MSM. Epidemiological and biological parameters were drawn from regional surveillance data and literature-derived estimates. The pre-intervention period of the model was calibrated using surveillance data to identify 1000 credible simulations per strategy. Evaluated strategies included: annual syphilis screening at baseline coverage, increased screening frequency at baseline coverage, and increased coverage of annual screening. Intervention impact was measured as annual prevalence of detected infectious cases and syphilis incidence per year over 10 years.

Results
Of the strategies evaluated, increasing the frequency of syphilis screening to every three months was most effective in reducing reported and incident syphilis infections. Increasing the fraction of individuals tested, without increasing test frequency, resulted a smaller decline in incidence, because reductions in infectious syphilis via treatment were counterbalanced by increased incident syphilis among individuals with prior latent syphilis. For an equivalent number of additional tests performed annually, increased test frequency was consistently more effective than improved coverage.

Conclusions
Strategies that focus on higher frequency of testing in smaller fractions of the population were more effective in reducing syphilis incidence in a simulated MSM population. The findings highlight how treatment-induced loss of immunity can create unexpected results in screening-based control strategies.
Biophysical characterization and crystal structure of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus p15 matrix protein
Authors: Serrière Jennifer , Robert Xavier , Perez Magali , Gouet Patrice , Guillon Christophe 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is a viral pathogen that infects domestic cats and wild felids. During the viral replication cycle, the FIV p15 matrix protein oligomerizes to form a closed matrix that underlies the lipidic envelope of the virion. Because of its crucial role in the early and late stages of viral morphogenesis, especially in viral assembly, FIV p15 is an interesting target in the development of potential new therapeutic strategies.

Results
Our biochemical study of FIV p15 revealed that it forms a stable dimer in solution under acidic conditions and at high concentration, unlike other retroviral matrix proteins. We determined the crystal structure of full-length FIV p15 to 2 Å resolution and observed a helical organization of the protein, typical for retroviral matrix proteins. A hydrophobic pocket that could accommodate a myristoyl group was identified, and the C-terminal end of FIV p15, which is mainly unstructured, was visible in electron density maps. As FIV p15 crystallizes in acidic conditions but with one monomer in the asymmetric unit, we searched for the presence of a biological dimer in the crystal. No biological assembly was detected by the PISA server, but the three most buried crystallographic interfaces have interesting features: the first one displays a highly conserved tryptophan acting as a binding platform, the second one is located along a 2-fold symmetry axis and the third one resembles the dimeric interface of EIAV p15. Because the C-terminal end of p15 is involved in two of these three interfaces, we investigated the structure and assembly of a C-terminal-truncated form of p15 lacking 14 residues. The truncated FIV p15 dimerizes in solution at a lower concentration and crystallizes with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The EIAV-like dimeric interface is the only one to be retained in the new crystal form.

Conclusion
The dimeric form of FIV p15 in solution and its extended C-terminal end are characteristic among lentiviral matrix proteins. Crystallographic interfaces revealed several interactions that might be involved in FIV replication. Further studies are needed to better understand their biological relevance in the function of FIV Gag during viral replication.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: RNAi targeting CXCR4 inhibits proliferation and invasion of esophageal carcinoma cells
Authors: Wang Tao , Mi Yanfang , Pian Linping , Gao Ping , Xu Hong , Zheng Yuling , Xuan Xiaoyan 
Published: June 2013

AbstractCXC chemokine receptor 4 was found to be expressed by many different types of human cancers and its expression has been correlated with tumor aggressiveness, poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy. However the effect of CXCR4 on the esophageal carcinoma cells remains unclear, the present study explored the effects of CXCR4 siRNA on proliferation and invasion of esophageal carcinoma KYSE-150 and TE-13 cells. Two siRNA sequence targeting CXCR4 gene were constructed and then were transfected into KYSE-150 and TE-13 cells by Lipofectamine™2000. Changes of CXCR4 mRNA and protein were analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Effect of CXCR4 siRNA on KYSE-150 and TE-13 cells proliferation was determined by MTT. Transwell invasion assay was used to evaluate the invasion and metastasis of KYSE-150 and TE-13 cells. Tumor growth was assessed by subcutaneous inoculation of cells into BALB/c nude mice. qRT-PCR and Western blot demonstrate that the expression level of CXCR4 gene were obviously decreased in KYSE-150 and TE-13 cells transfected with CXCR4 targeting siRNA expression vectors. The average amount of cells transfected with CXCR4 siRNA penetrating Matrigel was significantly decreased (p<0.05). Injection of CXCR4 siRNA transfected cells inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft model compared with blank and negative control groups (p <0.05). CXCR4 silenced by siRNA could suppress the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of esophageal carcinoma cell lines KYSE-150 and TE-13 in vitro and in vivo. The results provide a theoretical and experimental basis for the gene therapy of ESCC using RNAi technology based on CXCR4 target site.Virtual slidesThe virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here:http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/3502376691001138
Traditional medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes in rural and urban areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh – an ethnobotanical survey
Authors: Ocvirk Soeren , Kistler Martin , Khan Shusmita , Talukder Shamim Hayder , Hauner Hans 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background
The usage of medicinal plants is traditionally rooted in Bangladesh and still an essential part of public healthcare. Recently, a dramatically increasing prevalence brought diabetes mellitus and its therapy to the focus of public health interests in Bangladesh. We conducted an ethnobotanical survey to identify the traditional medicinal plants being used to treat diabetes in Bangladesh and to critically assess their anti-diabetic potentials with focus on evidence-based criteria.

Methods
In an ethnobotanical survey in defined rural and urban areas 63 randomly chosen individuals (health professionals, diabetic patients), identified to use traditional medicinal plants to treat diabetes, were interviewed in a structured manner about their administration or use of plants for treating diabetes.

Results
In total 37 medicinal plants belonging to 25 families were reported as being used for the treatment of diabetes in Bangladesh. The most frequently mentioned plants were Coccinia indica, Azadirachta indica, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia chebula, Ficus racemosa, Momordica charantia, Swietenia mahagoni.

Conclusion
Traditional medicinal plants are commonly used in Bangladesh to treat diabetes. The available data regarding the anti-diabetic activity of the detected plants is not sufficient to adequately evaluate or recommend their use. Clinical intervention studies are required to provide evidence for a safe and effective use of the identified plants in the treatment of diabetes.
Pre-Columbian treponemal infection in Denmark?- a paleopathological and archaeometric approach
Authors: Schwarz Susanne , Skytte Lilian , Rasmussen Kaare Lund 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate five new cases of possible treponematosis in early medieval Denmark. A total of 1018 skeletons from Danish and present day German cemeteries have been examined, and five candidates of pre-Columbian individuals have been selected from three Danish burial sites on Funen, Jutland and Zealand. The five individuals with a possible infection with treponematoses have been analysed anthropological and chemically.
Two of the skeletons exhibited cranial lesions, i.e. serpiginous and focal superficial cavitation. The other three only displayed periosteal reactions of varying degrees on the postcranial skeleton. Computed tomography scans showed focal obliteration of the periosteum on the long bones as well as on the affected skulls. Radiocarbon dates and stable isotope analyses indicate that three of the four analysed skeletons predate AD 1493. High levels of mercury in three of the individuals suggest that medical treatment with Hg-containing medicine took place.
Considering the climate and geography at the sites, venereal syphilis might be the treponemal disease causing the pathologies on the skeletal remains. However, the historical background, the bone lesions and their prevalence point to the presence of a less aggressive, maybe non-venereal, form of treponematosis. Consequently, the hypothesis that pre-Columbian venereal syphilis existed among the analysed skeletal material is rejected with the help of various archaeometric analyses.
Patient centered care in Islam: distinguishing between religious and sociocultural factors
Authors: Niazi Asfandyar Khan , Kalra Sanjay 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe use of patient centered care is promoted by Islam. Many of the countries with the highest percentage of diabetics are Muslim majority countries. The use of patient centered care in these areas is likely to reduce the burden of diabetes in these countries. However there are several challenges faced by the physicians working in these countries. Most of these challenges are sociocultural in origin and a thorough knowledge of the Islamic principles can help overcome these challenges.
New developments in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer
Authors: Schneider David F. , Chen Herbert 
Published: June 2013

Answer questions and earn CME/CNEThyroid cancer exists in several forms. Differentiated thyroid cancers include those with papillary and follicular histologies. These tumors exist along a spectrum of differentiation, and their incidence continues to climb. A number of advances in the diagnosis and treatment of differentiated thyroid cancers now exist. These include molecular diagnostics and more advanced strategies for risk stratification. Medullary cancer arises from the parafollicular cells and not the follicular cells. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment differs from those of differentiated thyroid tumors. Genetic testing and newer adjuvant therapies have changed the diagnosis and treatment of medullary thyroid cancer. This review will focus on the epidemiology, diagnosis, workup, and treatment of both differentiated and medullary thyroid cancers, focusing specifically on newer developments in the field. CA Cancer J Clin 2013;63:373‐394. ©2013 American Cancer Society, Inc.
Nanowires and Nanostructures that Grow like Polymer Molecules
Authors: Shaw Santosh , Cademartiri Ludovico 
Published: June 2013

AbstractUnique properties (e.g., rubber elasticity, viscoelasticity, folding, reptation) determine the utility of polymer molecules and derive from their morphology (i.e., one‐dimensional connectivity and large aspect ratios) and flexibility. Crystals do not display similar properties because they have smaller aspect ratios, they are rigid, and they are often too large and heavy to be colloidally stable. We argue, with the support of recent experimental studies, that these limitations are not fundamental and that they might be overcome by growth processes that mimic polymerization. Furthermore, we (i) discuss the similarities between crystallization and polymerization, (ii) critically review the existing experimental evidence of polymer‐like growth kinetic and behavior in crystals and nanostructures, and (iii) propose heuristic guidelines for the synthesis of “polymer‐like” crystals and assemblies. Understanding these anisotropic materials at the boundary between molecules and solids will determine whether we can confer the unique properties of polymer molecules to crystals, expanding them with topology, dynamics, and information and not just tuning them with size.
Association of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations with human papillomavirus 16/18 E6 oncoprotein expression in non–small cell lung cancer
Authors: Tung Min‐Che , Wu Heng‐Hsiung , Cheng Ya‐Wen , Wang Lee , Chen Chih‐Yi , Yeh Sauh‐Der , Wu Tzu‐Chin , Lee Huei 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUNDLung cancers in women, in nonsmokers, and in patients with adenocarcinoma from Asia have more prevalent mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene than their counterparts. However, the etiology of EGFR mutations in this population remains unclear. The authors hypothesized that the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16/18 (HPV16/18) E6 oncoprotein may contribute to EGFR mutations in Taiwanese patients with lung cancer.METHODSOne hundred fifty‐one tumors from patients with lung cancer were enrolled to determine HPV16/18 E6 and EGFR mutations using immunohistochemistry and direct sequencing, respectively. Levels of 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐oxo‐dG) in lung tumors and cells were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. An supF mutagenesis assay was used to determine H2O2‐induced mutation rates of lung cancer cells with or without E6 expression.RESULTSPatients with E6‐positive tumors had a greater frequency of EGFR mutations than those with E6‐negative tumors (41% vs 20%; P = .006). Levels of 8‐oxo‐dG were correlated with EGFR mutations (36% vs 16%; P = .012). Two stable clones of E6‐overexpressing H157 and CL‐3 cells were established for the supF mutagenesis assay. The data indicated that the cells with high E6 overexpression had higher H2O2‐induced SupF gene mutation rates compared with the cells that expressed lower levels of E6 and compared with vector control cells.CONCLUSIONSHPV16/18 E6 may contribute in part to EGFR mutations in lung cancer, at least in the Taiwanese population. Cancer 2013;119:3367–76. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Adolescent Identity Development and Distress in a Clinical Sample
Authors: Wiley Rachel E. , Berman Steven L. 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of identity development and identity distress to psychological adjustment within adolescents affected by psychological problems.MethodParticipants included 88 adolescents (43.2% female) ranging from 11 to 20 years of age who were receiving services from a community mental health center.ResultsA high proportion of the participants (22.7%) met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition Text Revision criteria for Identity Problem. Regression analyses found psychopathology symptom score was associated with identity distress, identity exploration, and identity commitment, while identity distress was only related to psychopathology symptom score and not the other two identity variables.ConclusionsAdolescents with a clinical diagnosis may report significant levels of identity distress. Given that the relationship between psychopathology and identity distress may be reciprocal, assessing for identity issues might be prudent when conducting clinical diagnostic interviews and useful in treatment planning.
Enhanced chemical weathering as a geoengineering strategy to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide, supply nutrients, and mitigate ocean acidification
Authors: Hartmann Jens , West A. Joshua , Renforth Phil , Köhler Peter , De La Rocha Christina L. , Wolf‐Gladrow Dieter A. , Dürr Hans H. , Scheffran Jürgen 
Published: June 2013

AbstractChemical weathering is an integral part of both the rock and carbon cycles and is being affected by changes in land use, particularly as a result of agricultural practices such as tilling, mineral fertilization, or liming to adjust soil pH. These human activities have already altered the terrestrial chemical cycles and land‐ocean flux of major elements, although the extent remains difficult to quantify. When deployed on a grand scale, Enhanced Weathering (a form of mineral fertilization), the application of finely ground minerals over the land surface, could be used to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. The release of cations during the dissolution of such silicate minerals would convert dissolved CO2 to bicarbonate, increasing the alkalinity and pH of natural waters. Some products of mineral dissolution would precipitate in soils or be taken up by ecosystems, but a significant portion would be transported to the coastal zone and the open ocean, where the increase in alkalinity would partially counteract “ocean acidification” associated with the current marked increase in atmospheric CO2. Other elements released during this mineral dissolution, like Si, P, or K, could stimulate biological productivity, further helping to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. On land, the terrestrial carbon pool would likely increase in response to Enhanced Weathering in areas where ecosystem growth rates are currently limited by one of the nutrients that would be released during mineral dissolution. In the ocean, the biological carbon pumps (which export organic matter and CaCO3 to the deep ocean) may be altered by the resulting influx of nutrients and alkalinity to the ocean. This review merges current interdisciplinary knowledge about Enhanced Weathering, the processes involved, and the applicability as well as some of the consequences and risks of applying the method.
Global atmospheric downward longwave radiation at the surface from ground‐based observations, satellite retrievals, and reanalyses
Authors: Wang Kaicun , Dickinson Robert E. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAtmospheric downward longwave radiation at the surface (Ld) varies with increasing CO2and other greenhouse gases. This study quantifies the uncertainties of current estimates of globalLdat monthly to decadal timescales and its global climatology and trends during the past decades by a synthesis of the existing observations, reanalyses, and satellite products. We find that currentLdobservations have a standard deviation error of ~3.5 W m−2on a monthly scale. Observations ofLdby different pyrgeometers may differ substantially for lack of a standard reference. The calibration of a pyrgeometer significantly affects its quantification of annual variability. Compared with observations collected at 169 global land sites from 1992 to 2010, theLdderived from state‐of‐the‐art satellite cloud observations and reanalysis temperature and humidity profiles at a grid scale of ~1° has a bias of ±9 W m−2and a standard deviation of 7 W m−2, with a nearly zero overall bias. The standard deviations are reduced to 4 W m−2over tropical oceans when compared toLdobservations collected by 24 buoy sites from 2002 to 2011. The −4 W m−2bias of satelliteLdretrievals over tropical oceans is likely because of the overestimation ofLdobservations resulting from solar heating of the pyrgeometer. Our best estimate of global meansLdfrom 2003 to 2010 are 342 ± 3 W m−2(global), 307 ± 3 W m−2(land), and 356 ± 3 W m−2(ocean). Estimates ofLdtrends are seriously compromised by the changes in satellite sensors giving changes of water vapor profiles.
Application of bayesian statistics to decision making during a clinical trial
Authors: Freedman Laurence S. , Spiegelhalter David J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe describe the application of Bayesian methods to the monitoring and analysis of a trial of treatment for patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. We discuss the choice of prior distribution and justify the use of a truncated normal distribution with a probability mass at zero difference. The stopping rule, based on the trials of the posterior distribution and a chosen range of equivalence, yields an upper boundary very close to the Pocock group sequential boundary. The Bayes stopping rule is quite sensitive to the amount of probability mass at zero in the prior distribution.