bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogenic Significance of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus: Analysis of Experimental Infection in Mice
Authors: Obana Yoshiki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe phenomenon that mixed infection with certain species of bacteria and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus is more virulent than single infection was analyzed experimentally. In mixed infections with A. calcoaceticus paired with either Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the virulence of the latter three organisms was markedly increased over that of single infections only by slime‐producing strains of A. calcoaceticus. Of the 100 strains of A. calcoaceticus tested, 14 had slime‐producing ability. There was scarcely any difference in the chemical components of the slimes of the two strains tested, but the components of the slime of P. aeruginosa were different from those of these strains. The slime of these two strains exhibited lethal activity in mice, but no correlation was found between the amount of slime produced and the virulence. The slime enhanced the virulence of E. coli, S. marcescens, and P. aeruginosa when it was inoculated along with their viable cells. Furthermore, the slime exhibited potent cell‐impairing activity against mouse neutrophils both in vitro and in vivo. This activity was considered to be mainly responsible for the enhancement of virulence in mixed infections.
Staining of O‐Specific Polysaccharide Chains of Lipopolysaccharides with Ruthenium Red
Authors: Kuno Tsuneharu , Naito Setsuko , Ohta Michio , Kido Nobuo , Ito Hideo , Kato Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractS‐form lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Klebsiella strain LEN‐1 (O3: K1 —) and from Salmonella minnesota strain 1114 were positively stained with ruthenium red, whereas R‐form LPS from Klebsiella strain LEN‐111 (O3— : K1 —) and Ra, Rb1, RcP+, Rd1P‐, and Re LPS from the respective mutant strains of S. minnesota were not or only faintly stained by such treatment. From these results it was concluded that ruthenium red stains the O‐specific polysaccharide chains of LPS. The appearance of stained preparations of S‐form LPS suggested that the material responsible for this positive staining corresponded to the surface projections which were seen by the negative staining technique as attached to the ribbon‐like structures and spherules of the LPS.
Modification of Susceptibility to Klebsiella pneumoniae during Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection
Authors: Leung Wai Chi Teresa , Hashimoto Kazuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection on susceptibility to bacterial infection was studied in mice by a combination of intraperitoneal (ip) inoculation of a sublethal dose of MCMV with subsequent ip challenge of 2 × 103 cfu of a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP). When given alone, KP produced a mortality of 30–40%. Mortality was increased when KP was given 1 to 7 days after MCMV injection with the peak increase at the 4th to 5th day when 100% mortality occurred. Virus levels in various organs of mice infected with MCMV alone, or superinfected with KP did not differ. Bacterial counts on the other hand, showed that increased mortality in mixed MCMV and KP infected mice was due to an uncontrolled growth of bacteria at the site of primary lodgment, i.e., the peritoneum, and severe systemic infection. Neutrophil response to growth of KP during the first 3 days of bacterial infection was defective in MCMV infected mice. While the initial clearance of KP from the blood was more efficient in MCMV infected mice, probably due to activated reticuloendothelial function, it did not protect the mice against KP infection. Using the in vivo model, it was shown that poor neutrophil response and possibly other defective neutrophil functions were responsible for increased mortality to KP infection in MCMV infected mice.
Lipid Metabolism in Endotoxic Rats
Authors: Kawakami Masanobu , Murase Toshio , Itakura Hiroshige , Yamada Nobuhiro , Ohsawa Nakaaki , Takaku Fumimaro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractStudies were conducted to investigate the effect of E. coli endotoxin administration on hepatic triglyceride lipase (H‐TGL) activity in rats, since H‐TGL activity is known to behave differently from lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in various situations. Plasma triglyceride and free fatty acid concentrations were markedly elevated in animals after injection of endotoxin. Cholesterol and phospholipids were also increased significantly. Lipoprotein analysis by ultracentrifugation showed that the most pronounced increase of lipoproteins was in the VLDL and IDL fractions. Triglyceride lipase activities in post‐heparin plasma were markedly decreased. A selective assay for H‐TGL activity using a specific antibody revealed that this enzyme as well as LPL is significantly decreased (26% of control) in endotoxic animals. Thus, the increase of VLDL and IDL appears to result from the decrease of both of LPL and H‐TGL.
Numerical Classification of Rapidly Growing Nonphotochromogenic Mycobacteria
Authors: Tsukamura Michio , Ichiyama Satoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNumerical analysis of 211 strains of rapidly growing, nonphotochromogenic mycobacteria was carried out by using 116 characters. New species reported after 1981 and not yet compared with known species by numerical classification were included. At the level of 90% of the matching coefficient, the following species could be differentiated from each other and were shown as distinct clusters: Mycobacterium pulveris, M. moriokaense, M. chitae, M. diernhoferi, M. porcinum, M. fortuitum, M. chelonae subspecies chelonae, M. chelonae subspecies abscessus, M. smegmatis, M. agri, M. fallax, M. parafortuitum, M. fortuitum subspecies acetamidolyticum. Four taxa, M. fortuitum, M. porcinum, M. chelonae subsp. chelonae, and M. chelonae subsp. abscessus, were regarded as distinct. However, these were combined into one large cluster at a level of 90% of the matching coefficient and, therefore, were regarded as forming one series or complex. M. fortuitum subsp. acetamidolyticum was reported as a subspecies of M. fortuitum, but this was differentiated clearly from the other species including M. fortuitum.
Antigens Associated with Various Cytotoxic Activities of Murine Peripheral Macrophages
Authors: Okutomi Takafumi , Satoh Motonobu , Oshima Haruyuki , Yamazaki Masatoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBCG‐ or glucan‐elicited murine peripheral macrophages released a cytotoxin in the presence of loach egg lectin, whereas proteose peptone‐, glycogen‐, or thioglycollate‐elicited or resident macrophages did not. The macrophages that released cytotoxin coincided with those that showed lectin‐dependent macrophage‐mediated cytolysis (LDMC) in response to loach egg lectin. The cytotoxin released by BCG‐elicited macrophages in response to loach egg lectin had a molecular weight of 55 K daltons. The macrophages that released cytotoxin and other cytotoxic macrophages such as those that showed LDMC‐ and antibody‐dependent macrophage‐mediated cytolysis (ADMC) were examined by using several antibodies to surface antigens of macrophages. The results showed that murine peripheral macrophages could be divided into three types. Resident macrophages (Type I) which had common macrophage antigens (Mac‐1 and B12) showed only LDMC in response to wheat germ agglutinin. Some elicited macrophages (Type II) were asialo GM1‐positive and showed both ADMC and LDMC in response to wheat germ agglutinin. Activated macrophages (Type III) showed LDMC in response to loach egg lectin and cytotoxin‐release, but had no antigen detectable with monoclonal anti‐macrophage antibody (C14). These three types of macrophages were clearly distinguished diagrammatically by their roof‐shaped, rocket‐shaped and irregular‐shaped profiles of activities and antigens. These data suggest that several selected surface antigens of macrophages are associated with distinct cytotoxic stages of peripheral macrophages.
In Vitro Hexagonal Assembly of Lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli K‐12
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Ohta Michio , Kido Nobuo , Ito Hideo , Naito Setsuko , Kuno Tsuneharu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe examined Escherichia coli K‐12 lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is known to be an R‐form LPS, for its ability to form a hexagonal lattice structure in vitro. The LPS from E. coli K‐12 strain JE1011 did not form a hexagonal lattice structure when it was precipitated by addition of two volumes of 10 mm MgCl2‐ethanol, but it did form such a structure when it was electrodialyzed and then converted to the magnesium or calcium salt form. The lattice constant of the magnesium salt form was 15.2±0.3 nm and that of the calcium salt form 18.5±0.3 nm. Since prior treatment of the LPS with proteinase K in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate did not affect its capability of hexagonal assembly, the lattice formation by the LPS does not require the presence of proteins.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Split‐Product Trivalent A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B Influenza Vaccines
Authors: Ochiai Hiroshi , Shibata Mitsuo , Kamimura Katsura , Niwayama Seihachiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA total of 1,995 primary school children (1,464 vaccinees and 531 nonvaccinees) were studied to evaluate the protective efficacy of Tween‐ether split trivalent A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B influenza vaccines by comparison of the incidence of confirmed infection in two groups during 1980 to 1984. During the study period, epidemics caused by antigenically different influenza viruses, that is A(H1N1) epidemics in 1981 and 1984, a B epidemic in 1982 and an A(H3N2) epidemic in 1983, were experienced, and at the same time strains changed by antigenic drift were frequently isolated. In these epidemics, 61% to 87% of the children reported respiratory illnesses and 18% to 48% of the illnesses were influenza confirmed by seroconversion. Throughout these four epidemics, the incidence of confirmed infection among the vaccinees (7.8% to 33.8%) was 6.5% to 34.8% lower than that among the nonvaccinees (35.4% to 51.6%), demonstrating that the vaccine was effective (χ2=76.34, P<0.001). However, this effectiveness was not seen in an epidemic in one of the entrant schools in 1984, possibly caused by a strain with intense antigenic drift. On the basis of data on incidence of various symptoms, duration of fever and the number of days of absence from class, it was considered that clinical symptoms in the vaccinees were milder than those in the nonvaccinees. When the titers of hemagglutination‐inhibiting (HAI) antibody against the vaccine strains were measured, the protective level of HAI antibody giving ≦50% incidence of infection was 1:64, but it increased to 1:256 in the 1984 epidemic, reflecting the high rate of isolates with intense antigenic drift.
Microimmunofluorescence Using Terasaki Plates and Direct Plate Freezing Method—Rapid and Reliable Screening System of Hybridomas
Authors: Nakagawa Shoko , Tsuji Yoshiyuki , Nishiura Haruhiko , Isojima Shinzo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMicroimmunofluorescence using Terasaki plates and a direct plate freezing method were combined for effective screening of hybridoma supernatants. The microplates, in which the fused cells (myeloma and spleen cells) were cultured and hybridoma colonies were growing, were frozen after harvest of supernatants and saved at −80 C for several weeks without affecting antibody production ability of hybridomas. Microimmunofluorescence was performed in Terasaki plates on which target cells were attached by poly‐l‐lysine and glutaraldehyde or by short time culture of the cells in Terasaki plates. The direct plate freezing method prevented initial hybridoma cells from changes or disappearance of antibody productions during screening of hybridoma supernatants; the microimmunofluorescence staining method permits fast and detailed estimation of specificity of antibodies of hybridomas by saving time and minimal consumption of supernatant for checking. The combination of these two methods is a powerful tool for obtaining desired monoclonal antibodies.
Invasiveness of Salmonella typhi Strains in HeLa S3 Monolayer Cells
Authors: Yabuuchi Eiko , Ikedo Masanari , Ezaki Takayuki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe internalization and intracellular multiplication, i.e., the invasiveness, of Salmonella typhi strains recently isolated from typhoid fever patients were confirmed in HeLa cell monolayers. When stained with Giemsa solution, intracellular bacteria were 0.6 × 1.2 μm in size and stained purple, whereas extracellular bacteria associated or not with the HeLa cell surface were 1.0 × 3.0 μm and stained deep blue. Strain GIFU 10007 was internalized into 23% of the HeLa cells within 10 min after inoculation. About 90% of the HeLa cells were infected after 24 hr incubation in kanamycin (KM)‐containing medium. Intracellular multiplication of the challenge organism was verified by a large number of intracellular bacteria after 24 hr incubation in KM‐containing medium by both light‐microscopy of the Giemsa stained preparation and viable counts of intracellular bacteria. The viable counts of strain 10007 showed an increase of more than 40‐fold within 24 hr after inoculation, whereas in the four other less or non‐infective strains, recovery of viable bacteria was poor or nil. Strains which were highly invasive usually failed to show strong adhesion. The contribution of Vi antigen to the internalization of challenge organisms was not proved. Infective strains, when killed by formalin were still adhesive, but were not internalized. The same strains, when killed by boiling, were neither adhesive nor internalized. From these findings it was concluded that the internalization and multiplication of infective S. typhi strains in cultured HeLa cells should be regarded as an invasion rather than phagocytosis by host cells, and such invasiveness could be an indicator to estimate the virulence of S. typhi strains.
Effect of Bordetella Heat‐Labile Toxin on Perfused Lung Preparations of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Endoh Masahiko , Nagai Masaaki , Nakase Yasukiyo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn vitro effects of the Bordetella HLT on the isolated perfused lung and some other tissue preparations from guinea pigs were examined. When HLT (30 to 300 MNDs/ml) was administered, an increase of the perfusion pressure was induced in the perfused lungs, indicating vasoconstriction. When 100 or 300 MNDs/ml of HLT was given, the pressure increase appeared after a lag period of 3.5 to 4 min, reached a maximum within 8 to 13 min, and then slowly decreased by 60 to 80% 25 min after exposure. In calcium‐free medium, the pressure increase dur to HLT did not occur, but these HLT‐treated lungs manifested an increase without any lag period immediately after the calcium‐free medium was replaced by normal medium containing calcium. No difference in the response of the perfused lungs to histamine was observed before and after exposure to HLT. The arterial strip did not respond to HLT, but after predigestion with a collagenase and elastase solution the contractive response to 100 MNDs/ml of HLT appeared with a lag period of 1 min. HLT had no effect on the pharmacological responses of the isolated atria, deferent canal or intestinal preparations, or on the ciliary movement of cultured tracheal rings.
Effect of Streptococcus parvulus and Peptostreptococcus magnus on Cytotoxin Levels of Clostridium difficile in Anaerobic Continuous Flow Culture
Authors: Yamamoto Takako , Takahashi Yasuyuki , Aiba Yuji , Ohnishi Nobuhiko , Ozawa Atsushi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn anaerobic continuous flow (CF) culture method was used in order to study the effect of Peptostreptococcus magnus and Streptococcus parvulus, anaerobic gram‐positive cocci which are members of intestinal bacterial flora, on growth and cytotoxin‐activity of Clostridium difficile. The growth‐ and the cytotoxin activity‐patterns of C. difficile in an established CF culture of P. magnus were similar to those of C. difficile alone. On the other hand, in the mixed culture system of C. difficile and S. parvulus, the cytotoxin levels were significantly lower as compared with C. difficile alone in spite of the fact that no differences existed between growth of C. difficile in mixed and single culture systems. The culture filtrate of P. magnus did not influence the growth and cytotoxin production of C. difficile, nor did that of S. parvulus have any effect on growth of C. difficile in static culture. The cytotoxin activity of C. difficile was, however, suppressed by the culture filtrate of S. parvulus. Furthermore, when P. magnus or S. parvulus was statically cultured in a medium containing cytotoxic culture filtrate of C. difficile, the toxin in the medium was not inactivated.
A Highly Sensitive Method for Detection of 32P Incorporation into Acid‐Soluble Compounds and Its Application to Evaluate ATP‐Forming Ability of Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 Spores at the Very Early Stage of Germination
Authors: Otani Mieko , Umezawa Chisae , Sano Keiji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA method for specific removal of [32P]orthophosphate (Pi) as phosphomolybdate‐triethylamine complex was slightly modified by repeating the Pi precipitation procedures in the presence of unlabeled Pi, which resulted in a complete removal of 32Pi (>99.98%). Using this modified method, we determined 32P incorporation into acid‐soluble compounds in order to evaluate the ATP‐forming ability of Bacillus megaterium spores at the very early stage of germination. Addition of fructose as a substrate started the 32P incorporation later than a few min after triggering germination. This delay of a few min was well coincident with the onset of 3‐phosphoglycerate (3PGA) breakdown, indicating that fructose metabolism and the accompanying aerobic ATP formation were initiated only after fructose phosphorylation by the ATP derived from anaerobic breakdown of endogenous 3PGA. In contrast, addition of glucose started incorporation of 32P into acid‐soluble compounds immediately after germination. In the latter case, NADH generated by glucose oxidation to gluconate (catalyzed by glucose dehydrogenase) might serve as an initial ATP source without depending on 3PGA breakdown and glucose metabolism via the Embden‐Meyerhof pathway.
Effect of Antibiotics on Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions in vitro: Suppression of IgE‐Mediated Histamine Release from Peripheral Blood Basophils by Fosfomycin
Authors: Ida Shiroh , Shindoh Yuriko , Takishima Tamotsu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of antibiotics on allergic reactions was studied in vitro using the release of histamine from human peripheral blood leukocytes (basophils) after incubation with anti‐IgE. For the several antibiotics we tested, including beta‐lactams and aminoglycosides, none had the capacity to enhance antigen‐induced histamine release, but some of them (minocycline, polymyxin B, and fosfomycin) suppressed the release of histamine in a dose‐dependent manner. Since fosfomycin has proved to be capable of suppressing IgE‐mediated histamine release non‐cytotoxically, the effect of fosfomycin on histamine release induced by other secretagogues was further studied. The suppression of histamine release was also demonstrated when the leukocytes, preincubated with fosfomycin, were challenged with either Ca ionophore A 23187 or a synthetic peptide, formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (FMLP). We concluded that some antibiotics, particularly fosfomycin, have the capacity to suppress histamine release mediated by various secretagogues, suggesting they may possess an anti‐allergic property as well as a bactericidal activity.
A Simple Method for Quantitative Determination of Bacterial Adherence to Human and Animal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Valentin‐Weigand Peter , Chhatwal Gursharan S. , Blobel Hans 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA simple quantitative method for determining bacterial adherence to epithelial cells was devised. The method involved incubation of fluorescein‐labeled bacteria with oral epithelial cells. Non‐adherent bacteria were subsequently removed by Percoll density centrifugation. The degree of bacterial adherence was then determined fluorospectrophotometrically by measuring the fluorescein extracted from the adherent bacteria. The degree of adherence corresponded well with the microscopic counts of adherent bacteria. The method proved to be suitable for assaying adherence of both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria to human as well as animal epithelial cells.
Low Molecular Weight Factors Displaying Augmenting Activity for Human Antibody Production in vitro
Authors: Haraguchi Soichi , Hongo Teruaki , Ishihara Hideki , Matsuo Tetsumichi , Yoshida Takato O. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDialyzable low molecular weight antibody‐augmenting factors (LMAAF) were found in the culture supernatant of human tonsillar lymphocytes which were not stimulated by antigen and/or mitogen in vitro. Phagocyte‐depleted nylon wool‐adherent lymphocytes (M−Ny+ cells) were responsible for the release of the LMAAF. Marbrook's culture system was adopted to assay for the LMAAF. The M−Ny+ cells, which were cultured without antigen and/or without mitogen in the reservoir of Marbrook's diffusion culture vessel, released the LMAAF, which diffused across a dialysis membrane and significantly augmented the pokeweed mitogen (PWM)‐induced plaque‐forming cell (PFC) response of phagocyte‐depleted lymphocytes (M− cells) cultured in the inner vessel. Phagocyte‐depleted nylon wool‐passed lymphocytes (M−Ny− cells) cultured in the reservoir could not augment the PWM‐induced PFC response of the M− cells cultured in the inner vessel. The exuded fluid, which was the dialysate of the culture supernatant of the M−Ny+ cells ultrafiltrated with dialysis tubing, also enhanced the PFC response of M− cells cultured in 24‐well multi plates. The exuded fluid also augmented the total IgM and IgG production of human tonsillar and peripheral blood lymphocytes measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems. Gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G‐25 Superfine column showed that the LMAAF activity was demonstrated in the fractions corresponding to a molecular weight (m.w.) of 362 to 1,355 and a m.w. of 3,560 to 5,700, with a peak activity at about 4,500 dalton. The LMAAF were inactivated by treatment with proteinase K, but not by trypsin, α‐chymotrypsin, RNase, and DNase, and were stable when treated at 56 C for 60 min. The dialysates of culture supernatants from two out of seven Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐transformed M−Ny+ cell lines showed LMAAF‐like activity. These results indicate that phagocyte‐depleted nylon wool‐adherent lymphocytes, possibly B cells, release low molecular weight factors displaying augmenting activity for human antibody production in vitro.