bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Géographie politique, géopolitique et géostratégie: distinctions opératoires
Authors: Rosière Stéphane 
Published: April 2013

Conformément à l'un de ces objectifs privilégiés, l'Information Géographique suit l'actualité conceptuelle et méthodologique de la discipline. Cette livraison de notre revue propose un dossier «géopolitique et géoéconomie», aspects de la géographie très présents dans les discours médiatisés.
La «réintégration du politique dans l'ensemble du savoir géographique » (Stéphane Rosière) exprime un besoin maintenant bien admis par la communauté scientifique sans que se dégage un accord sur les objets ni même sur les finalités des approches qui y répondent. En proposant une clarification taxinomique, Stéphane Rosière avance des solutions opératoires susceptibles de borner le débat sans l'épuiser tout à fait. De son côté, Pascal Lorot observe comment, « dans
ce monde en train de devenir global, les intérêts politiques des nations se soumettent à leurs intérêts économiques, signant l'ouverture d'une ère nouvelle, celle de la géoéconomie», comme si l'État restait l'unité d'évaluation incontestable.
Les deux textes qui suivent sont là pour ouvrir un débat sur le monde d'aujourd'hui et la capacité de la géographie à répondre aux questions qu'il pose. Dans la prochaine livraison, une discussion reviendra sur ces mises au point avec l'espoir de susciter réactions et progrès. D'autres sujets comme celui de l'environnement et du développement durable, de la culture et de la mondialisation, de V aménagement du territoire devraient faire l'objet d'une tribune identique.
Literacy in the Athenian Democracy
Authors: Harvey F. D. 
Published: April 2013

How many Athenians in the fifth and fourth centuries B. C. could read and write ? The author discusses in detail the evidence of ostracism, the law-courts, the secretaries, inscriptions and public notices, drama, vase-painting, trade and business, private life, and individuals (§§ 3-11). Much of this evidence is inconclusive, but although many inhabitants of the country districts of Attica, and many Athenian women, were illiterate or semi-literate (§§ 12-13), it may safely be deduced that the majority of Athenian citizens could read and write. The evidence on which the author would lay the greatest stress is briefly recapitulated in § 15. In particular, the thesis of Hasebroek that Greek traders were illiterate is rejected (§ 9).
By contrast, the Spartans lacked the facility in reading and writing which the Athenians possessed (§ 14). The methods by which these skills were taught at Athens are also considered (§ 16) ; and a final note discusses the evidence for libraries and the book-trade.
The effect of screw angulation and insertion torque on the push-out strength of polyaxial locking screws and the single cycle to failure in bending of polyaxial locking plates
Authors: Barnhart M. D. , Kazanovicz A. J. , Naber S. J. , Kennedy S. C. , Bufkin B. W. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryObjective: To evaluate the mechanical properties of the Polyaxial Advanced Locking System (PAX) in screw push-out and four-point bending.Materials and methods: Screw push-out: PAX locking screws were applied to first generation PAX plates at three different insertion angles with two different insertion torques. A load was applied parallel to the screw axis, and screw push-out force was measured. Four-point bending: PAX plates were applied to a bone model and a fracture gap was simulated. Bending stiffness, bending strength, and bending structural stiffness were evaluated and compared to published data.Results: Screw push-out forces were significantly higher at 0 and 5 degree insertion angles when compared with an insertion angle of 10 degrees. An insertion torque of 3.5 Nm also produced significantly higher push-out forces compared to 2.5 Nm. Four-point bending: Qualitative comparison of the data gained in this study with previously published data suggests that the PAX system bending stiffness and bending structural stiffness seems to be higher than that of other veterinary orthopaedic implants, but the bending strength was similar.Clinical relevance: The PAX locking system offers the benefit of polyaxial screw insertion while maintaining comparable biomechanical properties to other currently available orthopaedic implants.
Clinique ethno-psychanalytique : prise en charge singulière et collective d'une famille aux multiples pertes
Authors: Feldman Marion 
Published: April 2013

L’article présente le suivi clinique d’une famille selon une approche pluridisciplinaire : approche systémique couplée à une approche qui s’appuie sur un éclairage pluriel : psychanalytique, anthropologique et historique. Il s’agit d’une famille reçue dans le cadre institutionnel du centre Monceau, qui propose un soin à des familles confrontées à une pathologie addictive. L’histoire familiale est marquée par une multitude de pertes dont la plupart sont liées à la persécution des Juifs pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. La substance toxique est un objet qui semble être liant et se transmet d’une génération à l’autre. Quatre intentions cliniques sont mises en œuvre pour tenter de reconstituer une enveloppe culturelle, familiale et psychique aux membres de la famille, et notamment à la jeune fille, « enfant symptôme » du dysfonctionnement familial.
An Overview of Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Authors: Long Beverly , Witterholt Suzanne 
Published: April 2013

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Describe the roles of various providers within dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) treatment, specific to the viewpoint of the prescriber involved in the patient’s care.

2.
Recognize the benefits of encouraging patients with borderline personality disorder to engage in DBT programs as a treatment to reduce suicide.

3.
List a behavioral treatment hierarchy for a psychiatric clinician treating a patient in DBT.

Psychiatrists often work with patients who have borderline personality disorder (BPD), commonly with co-occurring disorders, who may be receiving Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). This discussion will provide an overview of DBT and the roles of various providers within the treatment, specific to the viewpoint of the prescriber involved in the patient’s care.
« Patron voyou » : de la désignation publique à la sanction juridique
Authors: Mazade Olivier 
Published: April 2013

C’est notamment avec l’affaire Metaleurop (fonderie de métaux non ferreux fermée en 2003) que s’est diffusée dans les médias l’expression de « patron voyou ». La fermeture brutale de cette entreprise et le licenciement de 800 personnes avaient suscité une vague d’indignations. Le cas Metaleurop illustre une forme « d’illégalisme des droits » dans le domaine des affaires, marquée par des stratégies de contournement des obligations fiscales et sociales, des pratiques de fraude (délit d’initié, diffusion d’informations fausses ou trompeuses) et une accusation de « prédation » par l’actionnaire de référence du groupe auquel cette usine appartenait. Cependant, malgré la stigmatisation publique des « méthodes de patron voyou », ce cas montre les difficultés de la justice à repérer des fraudes et des délits dans les stratégies de jeu avec les règles. Les processus de décision se sont opacifiés et les responsabilités se sont diluées avec l’éclatement des organisations en de multiples entités (maison mère, ensemble de filiales, participations croisées, etc.). De plus, les causes qui ont participé à la fermeture brutale de cette entreprise sont diverses. La « prédation » de l’actionnaire de référence n’a pu s’imposer qu’en raison d’une insuffisante vigilance collective vis-à-vis de ses stratégies et de ses pratiques de direction. Ce manque de vigilance s’explique par les défaillances de l’organisation interne de l’entreprise et une désolidarisation progressive de ses soutiens locaux en raison d’une pollution historique.
Hemodialysis Patient Preference for Type of Vascular Access: Variation and Predictors across Countries in the DOPPS
Authors: Fissell Rachel B. , Fuller Douglas S. , Morgenstern Hal , Gillespie Brenda W. , Mendelssohn David C. , Rayner Hugh C. , Robinson Bruce M. , Schatell Dori , Kawanishi Hideki , Pisoni Ronald L. 
Published: April 2013

Purpose Catheters are associated with worse clinical outcomes than fistulas and grafts in hemodialysis (HD) patients. One potential modifier of patient vascular access (VA) use is patient preference for a particular VA type. The purpose of this study is to identify predictors of patient VA preference that could be used to improve patient care. Methods This study uses a cross-sectional sample of data from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS 3, 2005-09), that includes 3815 HD patients from 224 facilities in 12 countries. Using multivariable models we measured associations between patient demographic and clinical characteristics, previous catheter use and patient preference for a catheter. Results Patient preference for a catheter varied across countries, ranging from 1% of HD patients in Japan and 18% in the United States, to 42% to 44% in Belgium and Canada. Preference for a catheter was positively associated with age (adjusted odds ratio per 10 years=1.14; 95% 0=1.02-1.26), female sex (OR 1.49; 95% 0=1.15-1.93), and former (OR=2.61; 95% 0=1.66-4.12) or current catheter use (OR=60.3; 95% 0=36.5-99.8); catheter preference was inversely associated with time on dialysis (OR per three years=0.90; 95% 0=0.82-0.97). Conclusions Considerable variation in patient VA preference was observed across countries, suggesting that patient VA preference may be influenced by sociocultural factors and thus could be modifiable. Catheter preference was greatest among current and former catheter users, suggesting that one way to influence patient VA preference may be to avoid catheter use whenever possible.
Les minorités francophones canadiennes face à l’immigration : particularismes et représentations de la diversité ethnoculturelle dans les milieux associatifs
Authors: Traisnel Christophe , Violette Isabelle , Gallant Nicole 
Published: April 2013

Dans cet article, nous documentons la manière dont, au sein des minorités francophones canadiennes, les discours identitaires produits par les militants du milieu associatif articulent la notion de « diversité culturelle » et l’immigration. À travers une comparaison entre l’Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick, la francophonie ontarienne et la francophonie de Colombie-Britannique, nous faisons ressortir les convergences et les divergences quant aux types de critères mobilisés pour définir et légitimer l’appartenance à la francophonie locale. Nous analysons en particulier la place occupée par la diversité culturelle dans la formalisation de discours identitaires marqués tout à la fois par leur dimension ethnique et civique.
Echo Graphic Evaluation of Retinoblastoma and its Management Modalities
Authors: Delhiwala Kushal S , Thakkar Hansa H 
Published: April 2013

Aim:
To establish efficacy of echography in diagnosis of Retinoblastoma and study the outcome of different management options.

Material and Methods:
Retrospective evaluation of data of 100 Retinoblastoma patients for demographic data, clinical presentations, B scan (10MHz) ultrasonography (USG) findings, treatment outcome and follow up examination was carried out. Histopathology was correlated.

Results:
Out of 100 patients from 4 months to 6 years, 57 % were male and 43 % female. Fifty six percent patients were in age group of 1-3 years. Total 148 eyes of 200 had Retinoblastoma. Leucocoria (75, 51%) was the commonest presentation followed by ocular swelling/proptosis (29, 20 %). Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis in all enucleated eyes. Five patients had no calcification in either eye. Thirty three patients showing mass in 43 eyes could be followed up from 6 months to 4 years. Of 18 enucleated eyes, 2(11%) showed regrowth that responded to radiation therapy. Out of 28 eyes receiving laser and/or chemotherapy, (10.7 %) eyes had full regression, 10(35.7 %) partial regressions, 3(10.7 %) became atrophic, 3(10.7 %) showed progression, 1(3.6%) had regrowth in enucleated eye.

Conclusion:
Outcome of chemotherapy and laser in retinoblastoma management is promising but not predictable in all patients. They need to be monitored regularly for a long time. Role of echography to diagnose and monitor such patients is indispensable. Enucleation has important role in retinoblastoma management.
Iron(III)‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction between Nitroolefins and 2‐Aminopyridines: Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines and Easy Access towards Zolimidine
Authors: Santra Sougata , Bagdi Avik Kumar , Majee Adinath , Hajra Alakananda 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe iron(III)‐catalyzed one‐pot cascade reaction between nitroolefins and 2‐aminopyridines has been demonstrated for the synthesis of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines by exploiting the bielectrophilic nature of nitroolefins. This methodology could be successfully applicable for the synthesis of zolimidine, a useful drug for the treatment of peptic ulcer. The reaction proceeds through Michael addition followed by intramolecular cyclization and in situ denitration.
Mesoporous Gallosilicate with 3 D Architecture as a Robust Energy‐Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Diphenylmethane Production
Authors: Anand Chokkalingam , Joseph Stalin , Lawrence Geoffrey , Dhawale Dattatray S. , Wahab Md. Abdul , Choy Jin‐Ho , Vinu Ajayan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHerein, we report the preparation of 3 D mesoporous gallosilicate with Ia3d symmetry (GaKIT‐6) and different gallium contents using Pluronic P123. The incorporation of gallium into the silica framework of KIT‐6 is difficult if the usual synthesis method of KIT‐6 is followed, because it requires a large amount of HCl in the synthesis mixture. Therefore, the amount of HCl in the synthesis mixture is reduced to suitably adjust the solution pH so as to incorporate a large amount of gallium into the silica framework of KIT‐6. The low‐angle powder XRD results confirm that all the samples demonstrate well‐ordered and a cubic 3 D structure with Ia3d symmetry. However, the wide‐angle XRD patterns show no peaks at the higher angle, which confirms the absence of gallium oxide nanoparticles in the nanochannels and the incorporation of gallium atoms into the silica framework. The nitrogen adsorption and electron microscopy studies reveal that the samples demonstrate excellent textural features with well‐ordered mesoporous structures having spherical morphology. The analysis of the solid‐state 29Si MAS NMR spectra confirms that the gallium atoms are bonded tetragonally with the silica framework of KIT‐6. Furthermore, the catalytic performance of the materials has been investigated in the benzylation of benzene, with benzyl chloride as a benzylating agent. The catalytic activity of GaKIT‐6 increases with an increase in gallium content in the catalyst. GaKIT‐6 with a Si/Ga molar ratio of 7 demonstrates much better catalytic activity than do several reported 1 D and 2 D heteroatom‐incorporated mesoporous materials. In addition, the GaKIT‐6 catalyst is found to be highly active even at reaction temperatures as low as 313 K, which demonstrates a high benzyl chloride conversion and diphenylmethane selectivity. The catalytic activity of the GaKIT‐6 catalyst is retained even after the recyclability test, which confirms that the GaKIT‐6 catalyst is highly stable and can be used thrice without affecting its structural order.
Arylboronic Acid Chemistry under Electrospray Conditions
Authors: Wang Lifang , Dai Chaofeng , Burroughs Sarah Kathryn , Wang Siming Liu , Wang Binghe 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBoronic acids are important in the organic and biological arenas. Thus, their identification and characterization are important. ESI‐MS is a well‐known tool for such uses. Herein we report a systematic analysis of the chemical behavior of arylboronic acids under ESI‐MS conditions. Such information will be very critical to understanding the gas‐phase chemistry of boronic acids in an ESI mass spectrometer ion source in general and the MS analysis of boronic acids and their macromolecular conjugates in particular.
Siamese‐Twin Porphyrin: A Pyrazole‐Based Expanded Porphyrin of Persistent Helical Conformation
Authors: Blusch Lina K. , Hemberger Yasmin , Pröpper Kevin , Dittrich Birger , Witterauf Franziska , John Michael , Bringmann Gerhard , Brückner Christian , Meyer Franc 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe 3+3‐type synthesis of a pyrazole‐based expanded porphyrin 22 H4, a hexaphyrin analogue named Siamese‐twin porphyrin, and its homobimetallic diamagnetic nickel(II) and paramagnetic copper(II) complexes, 22 Ni2 and 22 Cu2, are described. The structure of the macrocycle composed of four pyrroles and two pyrazoles all linked by single carbon atoms, can be interpreted as two conjoined porphyrin‐like subunits, with the two opposing pyrazoles acting as the fusion points. Variable‐temperature 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses suggested a conformationally flexible structure for 22 H4. NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopic evidence as well as structural parameters proved the macrocycle to be non‐aromatic, though each half of the molecule is fully conjugated. UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopic titrations of the free base macrocycle with acid showed it to be dibasic. In the complexes, each metal ion is coordinated in a square‐planar fashion by a dianionic, porphyrin‐like {N4} binding pocket. The solid‐state structures of the dication and both metal complexes were elucidated by single‐crystal diffractometry. The conformations of the three structures are all similar to each other and strongly twisted, rendering the molecules chiral. The persistent helical twist in the protonated form of the free base and in both metal complexes permitted resolution of these enantiomeric helimers by HPLC on a chiral phase. The absolute stereostructures of 22 H62+, 22 Ni2, and 22 Cu2 were assigned by a combination of experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) investigations and quantum‐chemical ECD calculations. The synthesis of the first member of this long‐sought class of expanded porphyrin‐like macrocycles lays the foundation for the study of the interactions of the metal centers within their bimetallic complexes.
Asymmetric Synthesis of trans‐β‐Lactams by a Kinugasa Reaction on Water
Authors: Chen Zhenling , Lin Lili , Wang Min , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe asymmetric Kinugasa reaction was performed on pure water for the first time without the need for any organic co‐solvents. In contrast to most asymmetric Kinugasa reactions, trans‐β‐lactams were obtained as the major products in good yields, enantioselectivities, and diastereoselectivities (up to 90 % yield, 98 % ee, and >99:1 d.r.). This reaction is atom‐economical, environmentally friendly, and affords synthetically useful but challenging products.
Conformation and Atropisomeric Properties of Indometacin Derivatives
Authors: Wakamatsu Shintaro , Takahashi Yuka , Tabata Hidetsugu , Oshitari Tetsuta , Tani Norihiko , Azumaya Isao , Katsumoto Yukiteru , Tanaka Takeyuki , Hosoi Shinzo , Natsugari Hideaki , Takahashi Hideyo 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe stereochemistry around the N‐benzoylated indole moiety of indometacin was studied by restricting the rotation about the NC7′ and/or C7′C1′ bond. In the 2′,6′‐disubstituted ones, an atropisomeric property was found and the atropoisomers were separated and isolated as stable forms. Their biological abilities to inhibit cyclooxygenase‐1 (COX‐1) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) were examined. Only the aR‐isomer showed specific inhibition of COX‐1, and COX‐2 was not inhibited by either atropisomer. Conformational analysis in NMR studies and X‐ray crystallography, and CD spectra in combination with calculations were utilized to elucidate the bioactive conformations.
Facile Fabrication of Nanoparticles Confined in Graphene Films and Their Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Chen Sheng , Zhu Junwu , Qiu Ling , Li Dan , Wang Xin 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe development of novel nanostructured electrode materials with high performance and based on abundant elements is a key element in the societal pursuit of sustainable energy. Graphene‐based structures with rich macroporosity and high conductive networks are promising components to develop novel electrode materials. Herein, we described a facile procedure to confine Ni(OH)2 particles in a graphene film, leading to a new sandwich‐like hybrid structure. The hybrid film offers simultaneously ordered ion diffusion channels and high electrical conductivity, which facilitate the improvement of both electrode kinetics and electrochemical stability, thus leading to high capacitance, fast rate capability, and stable cycle life as supercapacitor materials. This work provides a facile pathway for optimized structures for electrode materials, and represents a benefit for the global issues of energy shortage and environmental pollution.
Bonding in Diborane–Metal Complexes: A Quantum‐Chemical and Experimental Study of Complexes Featuring Early and Late Transition Metals
Authors: Wagner Arne , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe coordination chemistry of the doubly base‐stabilised diborane(4), [HB(hpp)]2(hpp=1,3,4,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐2H‐pyrimido‐[1,2‐a]pyrimidinate), was extended by the synthesis of new late transition‐metal complexes containing CuIand RhIfragments. A detailed experimental study was conducted and quantum‐chemical calculations on the metal–ligand bonding interactions for [HB(hpp)]2complexes of Group 6, 9, 11 and 12 metals revealed the dominant BHM interactions in the case of early transition‐metal fragments, whereas the BBM bonding prevails in the case of the late d‐block compounds. These findings support the experimental results as reflected by the IR and NMR spectroscopic parameters of the investigated compounds. DFT calculations on [MeB(hpp)]2and model reactions between [B2H4⋅2NMe3] and [Rh(μ‐Cl)(C2H4)2] showed that the bicyclic guanidinate allows in principle for an oxidative addition of the BB bond. However, the formation of σ‐complexes is thermodynamically favoured. The results point to the selective BH or BB bond‐activation of diborane compounds by complexation, depending on the chosen transition‐metal fragment.
Highly Selective Copper‐Catalyzed Hydroboration of Allenes and 1,3‐Dienes
Authors: Semba Kazuhiko , Shinomiya Masataka , Fujihara Tetsuaki , Terao Jun , Tsuji Yasushi 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe highly selective copper‐catalyzed hydroboration of allenes has been developed. Allylboranes and alkenylboranes were selectively prepared by the judicious choice of catalytic species (copper hydride and boryl copper). Furthermore, two types of alkenylboranes could be selectively synthesized by the choice of an appropriate ligand. Mechanistic studies confirmed that the protonation of a (Z)‐σ‐allyl copper species, which was isolated and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, was a key step in these reactions. Besides allenes, this method is also applicable to the selective hydroboration of 1,3‐diene derivatives to afford allylboranes and homoallylboranes.
Eine Unterrichtsreihe zur experimentgestützten Erarbeitung der Molekülformel des Wassers in der Sekundarstufe I des Gymnasiums
Authors: Pfangert‐Becker Ursula 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAuch wenn die Molekülformel des Wassers den meisten Schülern bekannt ist, so lässt dieses Unterrichtsbeispiel die Schüler erfahren, dass die chemische Formel einer Verbindung sukzessive aus experimentellen Ergebnissen hergeleitet werden kann.Though the molecular formula of water is usually known to most school students, the example lessons presented here allow the students to experience for themselves that the formulaic abstraction of a substance can be successively generated from experimental results.