bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microwave radiometer observations of interannual water vapor variability and vertical structure over a tropical station
Authors: Renju R. , Suresh Raju C. , Mathew Nizy , Antony Tinu , Krishna Moorthy K. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe intraseasonal and interannual characteristics and the vertical distribution of atmospheric water vapor from the tropical coastal station Thiruvananthapuram (TVM) located in the southwestern region of the Indian Peninsula are examined from continuous multiyear, multifrequency microwave radiometer profiler (MRP) measurements. The accuracy of MRP for precipitable water vapor (PWV) estimation, particularly during a prolonged monsoon period, has been demonstrated by comparing with the PWV derived from collocated GPS measurements based on regression model between PWV and GPS wet delay component which has been developed for TVM station. Large diurnal and intraseasonal variations of PWV are observed during winter and premonsoon seasons. There is large interannual PWV variability during premonsoon, owing to frequent local convection and summer thunderstorms. During monsoon period, low interannual PWV variability is attributed to the persistent wind from the ocean which brings moisture to this coastal station. However, significant interannual humidity variability is seen at 2 to 6 km altitude, which is linked to the monsoon strength over the station. Prior to monsoon onset over the station, the specific humidity increases up to 5–10 g/kg in the altitude region above 5 km and remains consistently so throughout the active spells.
Atypical pit craters on Mars: New insights from THEMIS, CTX, and HiRISE observations
Authors: Cushing Glen E. , Okubo Chris H. , Titus Timothy N. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMore than 100 pit craters in the Tharsis region of Mars exhibit morphologies, diameters, and thermal behaviors that diverge from the much larger bowl‐shaped pit craters that occur in most regions across Mars. These Atypical Pit Craters (APCs) generally have sharp and distinct rims, vertical or overhanging walls that extend down to their floors, surface diameters of ~50–350 m, and high depth to diameter (d/D) ratios that are usually greater than 0.3 (which is an upper range value for impacts and bowl‐shaped pit craters) and can exceed values of 1.8. Observations by the Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) show that APC floor temperatures are warmer at night and fluctuate with much lower diurnal amplitudes than nearby surfaces or adjacent bowl‐shaped pit craters. Kīlauea volcano, Hawai'i, hosts pit craters that formed through subsurface collapse into active volcanic dikes, resulting in pits that can appear morphologically analogous to either APCs or bowl‐shaped pit craters. Partially drained dikes are sometimes exposed within the lower walls and floors of these terrestrial APC analogs and can form extensive cave systems with unique microclimates. Similar caves in Martian pit craters are of great interest for astrobiology. This study uses new observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) and Context Camera to refine previous work where seven APCs were described from lower resolution THEMIS visible wavelength observations. Here we identify locations of 115 APCs, map their distribution across the Tharsis region, characterize their internal morphologies with high‐resolution observations, and discuss possible formation mechanisms.
Should hydraulic tomography data be interpreted using geostatistical inverse modeling? A laboratory sandbox investigation
Authors: Illman Walter A. , Berg Steven J. , Zhao Zhanfeng 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe robust performance of hydraulic tomography (HT) based on geostatistics has been demonstrated through numerous synthetic, laboratory, and field studies. While geostatistical inverse methods offer many advantages, one key disadvantage is its highly parameterized nature, which renders it computationally intensive for large‐scale problems. Another issue is that geostatistics‐based HT may produce overly smooth images of subsurface heterogeneity when there are few monitoring interval data. Therefore, some may question the utility of the geostatistical inversion approach in certain situations and seek alternative approaches. To investigate these issues, we simultaneously calibrated different groundwater models with varying subsurface conceptualizations and parameter resolutions using a laboratory sandbox aquifer. The compared models included: (1) isotropic and anisotropic effective parameter models; (2) a heterogeneous model that faithfully represents the geological features; and (3) a heterogeneous model based on geostatistical inverse modeling. The performance of these models was assessed by quantitatively examining the results from model calibration and validation. Calibration data consisted of steady state drawdown data from eight pumping tests and validation data consisted of data from 16 separate pumping tests not used in the calibration effort. Results revealed that the geostatistical inversion approach performed the best among the approaches compared, although the geological model that faithfully represented stratigraphy came a close second. In addition, when the number of pumping tests available for inverse modeling was small, the geological modeling approach yielded more robust validation results. This suggests that better knowledge of stratigraphy obtained via geophysics or other means may contribute to improved results for HT.
On the assessment of reliability in probabilistic hydrometeorological event forecasting
Authors: DeChant Caleb M. , Moradkhani Hamid 
Published: April 2015

AbstractProbabilistic forecasts are commonly used to communicate uncertainty in the occurrence of hydrometeorological events. Although probabilistic forecasting is common, conventional methods for assessing the reliability of these forecasts are approximate. Among the most common methods for assessing reliability, the decomposed Brier Score and Reliability Diagram treat an observed string of events as samples from multiple Binomial distributions, but this is an approximation of the forecast reliability, leading to unnecessary loss of information. This article suggests testing the hypothesis of reliability via the Poisson‐Binomial distribution, which is a generalized solution to the Binomial distribution, providing a more accurate model of the probabilistic event forecast verification setting. Further, a two‐stage approach to reliability assessment is suggested to identify errors in the forecast related to both bias and overly/insufficiently sharp forecasts. Such a methodology is shown to more effectively distinguish between reliable and unreliable forecasts, leading to more robust probabilistic forecast verification.
Coseismic compression/dilatation and viscoelastic uplift/subsidence following the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes quantified from satellite gravity observations
Authors: Han Shin‐Chan , Sauber Jeanne , Pollitz Fred 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe 2012 Indian Ocean earthquake sequence (Mw 8.6, 8.2) is a rare example of great strike‐slip earthquakes in an intraoceanic setting. With over a decade of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data, we were able to measure and model the unanticipated large coseismic and postseismic gravity changes of these events. Using the approach of normal mode decomposition and spatial localization, we computed the gravity changes corresponding to five moment tensor components. Our analysis revealed that the gravity changes are produced predominantly by coseismic compression and dilatation within the oceanic crust and upper mantle and by postseismic vertical motion. Our results suggest that the postseismic positive gravity and the postseismic uplift measured with GPS within the coseismic compressional quadrant are best fit by ongoing uplift associated with viscoelastic mantle relaxation. Our study demonstrates that the GRACE data are suitable for analyzing strike‐slip earthquakes as small as Mw 8.2 with the noise characteristics of this region.
Reentrant albedo proton fluxes measured by the PAMELA experiment
Authors: Adriani O. , Barbarino G. C. , Bazilevskaya G. A. , Bellotti R. , Boezio M. , Bogomolov E. A. , Bongi M. , Bonvicini V. , Bottai S. , Bruno A. , Cafagna F. , Campana D. , Carlson P. , Casolino M. , Castellini G. , Donato C. De , De Santis C. , De Simone N. , Di Felice V. , Formato V. , Galper A. M. , Karelin A. V. , Koldashov S. V. , Koldobskiy S. , Krutkov S. Y. , Kvashnin A. N. , Leonov A. , Malakhov V. , Marcelli L. , Martucci M. , Mayorov A. G. , Menn W. , Mergé M. , Mikhailov V. V. , Mocchiutti E. , Monaco A. , Mori N. , Munini R. , Osteria G. , Palma F. , Panico B. , Papini P. , Pearce M. , Picozza P. , Ricci M. , Ricciarini S. B. , Sarkar R. , Scotti V. , Simon M. , Sparvoli R. , Spillantini P. , Stozhkov Y. I. , Vacchi A. , Vannuccini E. , Vasilyev G. I. , Voronov S. A. , Yurkin Y. T. , Zampa G. , Zampa N. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe present a precise measurement of downward going albedo proton fluxes for kinetic energy above ∼70 MeV performed by the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light‐nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) experiment at an altitude between 350 and 610 km. On the basis of a trajectory tracing simulation, the analyzed protons were classified into quasi‐trapped, concentrating in the magnetic equatorial region, and untrapped spreading over all latitudes, including both short‐lived (precipitating) and long‐lived (pseudotrapped) components. In addition, features of the penumbra region around the geomagnetic cutoff were investigated in detail. PAMELA results significantly improve the characterization of the high‐energy albedo proton populations at low‐Earth orbits.
Precessional forced evolution of the Indian Ocean Dipole
Authors: Wang Yue , Jian ZhiMin , Zhao Ping , Chen JunMing , Xiao Dong 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn a transient accelerated simulation of a coupled climate model, we identified a zonal dipole‐like pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean, which is forced by precessional insolation changes since 300 ka and named as the paleo‐IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole). A positive paleo‐IOD mean state at 23 kyr precessional band exhibits warmer and wetter conditions over the western Indian Ocean and cooler and drier conditions over the eastern tropical Indian Ocean from August to October. This zonal thermal seesaw at the sea surface can extend downward to the subsurface ocean between 60 and 80 m and accompanies stronger oceanic upwelling in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean. The associated boreal summer‐autumn tropospheric circulation anomalies are characterized by anomalous ascent over the western Indian Ocean and anomalous descent over the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean, with anomalous easterlies at the surface along the equatorial Indian Ocean. The positive paleo‐IOD largely originates from local air‐sea interactions that are induced by the increased summer insolation, and is also contributed by the reduced boreal winter insolation through an oceanic “heat memory effect.” Our simulated dipole mode index (DMI) of SST is qualitatively consistent with the paleoceanographic reconstructed DMI based on the UK37 proxy of SST at precessional band and provides a possible explanation for the in‐phase precessional variation between boreal winter insolation and the UK37 proxy of SST in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean.
Debates—Perspectives on socio‐hydrology: Socio‐hydrologic modeling: Tradeoffs, hypothesis testing, and validation
Authors: Troy Tara J. , Pavao‐Zuckerman Mitchell , Evans Tom P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSocio‐hydrology focuses on studying the dynamics and co‐evolution of coupled human and water systems. Recently, several new socio‐hydrologic models have been published that explore these dynamics, and these models offer unique opportunities to better understand these coupled systems and to understand how water problems evolve similarly in different regions. These models also offer challenges, as decisions need to be made by the modeler on trade‐offs between generality, precision, and realism. In addition, traditional hydrologic model validation techniques, such as evaluating simulated streamflow, are insufficient, and new techniques must be developed. As socio‐hydrology progresses, these models offer a robust, invaluable tool to test hypotheses about the relationships between aspects of coupled human‐water systems. They will allow us to explore multiple working hypotheses to greatly expand insights and understanding of coupled socio‐hydrologic systems.
Hydrology: The interdisciplinary science of water
Authors: Vogel Richard M. , Lall Upmanu , Cai Ximing , Rajagopalan Balaji , Weiskel Peter K. , Hooper Richard P. , Matalas Nicholas C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe live in a world where biophysical and social processes are tightly coupled. Hydrologic systems change in response to a variety of natural and human forces such as climate variability and change, water use and water infrastructure, and land cover change. In turn, changes in hydrologic systems impact socioeconomic, ecological, and climate systems at a number of scales, leading to a coevolution of these interlinked systems. The Harvard Water Program, Hydrosociology, Integrated Water Resources Management, Ecohydrology, Hydromorphology, and Sociohydrology were all introduced to provide distinct, interdisciplinary perspectives on water problems to address the contemporary dynamics of human interaction with the hydrosphere and the evolution of the Earth's hydrologic systems. Each of them addresses scientific, social, and engineering challenges related to how humans influence water systems and vice versa. There are now numerous examples in the literature of how holistic approaches can provide a structure and vision of the future of hydrology. We review selected examples, which taken together, describe the type of theoretical and applied integrated hydrologic analyses and associated curricular content required to address the societal issue of water resources sustainability. We describe a modern interdisciplinary science of hydrology needed to develop an in‐depth understanding of the dynamics of the connectedness between human and natural systems and to determine effective solutions to resolve the complex water problems that the world faces today. Nearly, every theoretical hydrologic model introduced previously is in need of revision to accommodate how climate, land, vegetation, and socioeconomic factors interact, change, and evolve over time.
Grignard Reagents and Non‐Precious Metals: Cheap and Eco‐Friendly Reagents for Developing Industrial Cross‐Couplings. A Personal Account
Authors: Cahiez Gérard , Moyeux Alban , Cossy Janine 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGrignard reagents are probably the best organometallics to develop large‐scale eco‐friendly cross‐couplings compatible with the requirements of sustainable development. This account aims to highlight some reactions having an interesting industrial potential and gives the personal point of view of the authors on some attractive fields of research in this area.magnified image
Copper‐Catalyzed β‐Selective Hydroborylation of Ynamides: A Facile Access to (E)‐β‐Alkenylamide Boronates
Authors: Bai Yihui , Zhang Fang , Shen Jiajia , Luo Fang , Zhu Gangguo 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA Cu‐catalyzed, highly β‐selective borylation of ynamides with bis(pinacolato)diboron as the hydroboration reagent is reported, giving (E)‐β‐alkenylamide boronates in excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity under mild reaction conditions, which provides a complementary regioselectivity to the existing methods.
Intrahospital transport of mechanically ventilated intensive care patients using new equipment attached to a transfer board
Authors: Matsumura Yosuke , Nakada Taka‐aki , Hayashi Yosuke , Oshima Taku , Oda Shigeto 
Published: April 2015

AimMultiple lines and tubes often complicate bed transfer in critically ill patients. To solve this problem, the authors developed medical equipment attached to a transfer board (“transfer board tree”) that integrates the patient, transfer board, and medical equipment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency and safety of the transfer board tree.MethodsForty mechanically ventilated patients (20 transfer board tree, 20 conventional) in the intensive care unit who were transported for computed tomography were enrolled. Transfer times and adverse events were recorded.ResultsTransfer board tree patients had significantly shorter transfer times. There were two adverse events only in the conventional group.ConclusionsThe transfer board tree enables rapid intrahospital transport of intensive care patients with sufficient monitoring.
Successful treatment of a case with concurrent ingestion of carbamazepine overdose and grapefruit juice
Authors: Mochizuki Katsunori , Hamano Yujiro , Miyama Hiroshi , Arakawa Kazuki , Kobayashi Takashi , Imamura Hiroshi 
Published: April 2015

CaseWe report a case with concurrent ingestion of carbamazepine (CBZ) overdose and grapefruit juice. A 23‐year‐old man, with a history of epilepsy, was admitted to our emergency department 2 h after ingesting 10 g CBZ with 1 L grapefruit juice. On arrival, the patient's Glasgow Coma Scale score was 9 and he showed signs of restlessness. Grapefruit juice‐like gastric fluid, with tablet residue, was observed in his stomach after we inserted a gastric tube. Our initial test detected a blood CBZ level of 41.5 mg/L.OutcomeWe treated the patient with gastric lavage, activated charcoal, and charcoal hemoperfusion. His blood CBZ level began to decrease after gastrointestinal decontamination, and he was discharged without any sequelae on day 9.ConclusionGastric lavage or aspiration may be considered in cases where drug residue is found in the stomach, especially if materials are involved that might exacerbate the drug's toxicity.
Electrostatic Assembly/Disassembly of Nanoscaled Colloidosomes for Light‐Triggered Cargo Release
Authors: Li Song , Moosa Basem A. , Croissant Jonas G. , Khashab Niveen M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractColloidosome capsules possess the potential for the encapsulation and release of molecular and macromolecular cargos. However, the stabilization of the colloidosome shell usually requires an additional covalent crosslinking which irreversibly seals the capsules, and greatly limits their applications in large‐cargos release. Herein we report nanoscaled colloidosomes designed by the electrostatic assembly of organosilica nanoparticles (NPs) with oppositely charged surfaces (rather than covalent bonds), arising from different contents of a bridged nitrophenylene‐alkoxysilane [NB; 3‐nitro‐N‐(3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl)‐4‐(((3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl)‐amino)methyl)benzamid] derivative in the silica. The surface charge of the positively charged NPs was reversed by light irradiation because of a photoreaction in the NB moieties, which impacted the electrostatic interactions between NPs and disassembled the colloidosome nanosystems. This design was successfully applied for the encapsulation and light‐triggered release of cargos.
Non‐Invasive In Situ Dynamic Monitoring of Elastic Properties of Composite Battery Electrodes by EQCM‐D
Authors: Shpigel Netanel , Levi Mikhael D. , Sigalov Sergey , Girshevitz Olga , Aurbach Doron , Daikhin Leonid , Jäckel Nicolas , Presser Volker 
Published: April 2015

AbstractReversible Li‐ion intercalation into composite Li‐ion battery (LIB) electrodes is often accompanied by significant dimensional electrode changes (deformation) resulting in significant deterioration of the cycling performance. Viscoelastic properties of polymeric binders affected by intercalation‐induced deformation of composite LIB electrodes have never been probed in situ on operating electrochemical cells. Here, we introduce a newly developed noninvasive method, namely electrochemical quartz‐crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM‐D), for in situ monitoring of elastic properties of polymeric binders during charging of LIB electrodes. As such, we find EQCM‐D as a uniquely suitable tool to track the binder’s structural rigidity/softness in composite Li insertion electrodes in real‐time by the characteristic increase/decrease of the dissipation factor during the charging–discharging process. The binders partially swollen in aprotic solutions demonstrate intermediate viscoelastic charge‐rate‐dependent behavior, revealing rigid/soft behavior at high/low charging rates, respectively. The method can be adjusted for continuous monitoring of elastic properties of the polymeric binders over the entire LIB electrodes cycling life.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydroformylation of 1,1‐Disubstituted Allenes Employing the Self‐Assembling 6‐DPPon System
Authors: Köpfer Alexander , Breit Bernhard 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA rhodium‐catalyzed hydroformylation of 1,1‐disubstituted allenes is reported. Using a RhI/6‐DPPon catalyst system, one can obtain β,γ‐unsaturated aldehydes in high regio‐ and chemoselectivity. The Z‐configured product is formed with up to >95 % selectivity when unsymmetrically 1,1‐disubstituted allenes are submitted to the reaction conditions. This is the first time that these interesting building blocks are accessible by hydroformylation of allenes. The utility of this methodology is demonstrated by further transformations of one of the obtained products.
Oxygen Reduction Mediated by Single Nanodroplets Containing Attomoles of Vitamin B12: Electrocatalytic Nano‐Impacts Method
Authors: Cheng Wei , Compton Richard G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe report the use of single Vitamin B12 nanodroplets to mediate the reduction of oxygen in neutral buffer. Electron transfer to single Vitamin B12 nanodroplets is observed using the nano‐impacts method and shown to be quantitative. The mechanism of mediated oxygen reduction by single VB12 droplets is revealed as via both CoII and CoI reduced from CoIII in VB12 through one or two electron transfer followed by the four‐electron reduction of oxygen.
Five‐Membered Cyclic Metal Carbyne: Synthesis of Osmapentalynes by the Reactions of Osmapentalene with Allene, Alkyne, and Alkene
Authors: Zhu Congqing , Yang Yuhui , Wu Jingjing , Luo Ming , Fan Jinglan , Zhu Jun , Xia Haiping 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe synthesis of small cyclic metal carbynes is challenging due to the large angle strain associated with the highly distorted nonlinear triple bonds. Herein, we report a general route for the synthesis of five‐membered cyclic metal carbyne complexes, osmapentalynes, by the reactions of an osmapentalene derivative with allene, alkyne, and alkene. Experimental observations and theoretical calculations document the aromaticity in the fused five‐membered rings of osmapentalynes. The realization of transforming osmapentalene to osmapentalyne through this general route would not only allow further exploration of metallapentalyne chemistry but also show promising applications of this novel aromatic system with broad absorption band and high molar absorption coefficient.