bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatio-Temporal Prediction Modulates the Perception of Self-Produced Stimuli
Authors: Blakemore Sarah-J. , Frith Chris D. , Wolpert Daniel M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We investigated why self-produced tactile stimulation is perceived as less intense than the same stimulus produced externally. A tactile stimulus on the palm of the right hand was either externally produced, by a robot or self-produced by the subject. In the conditions in which the tactile stimulus was self-produced, subjects moved the arm of a robot with their left hand to produce the tactile stimulus on their right hand via a second robot. Subjects were asked to rate intensity of the tactile sensation and consistently rated self-produced tactile stimuli as less tickly, intense, and pleasant than externally produced tactile stimuli. Using this robotic setup we were able to manipulate the correspondence between the action of the subjects' left hand and the tactile stimulus on their right hand. First, we parametrically varied the delay between the movement of the left hand and the resultant movement of the tactile stimulus on the right hand. Second, we implemented varying degrees of trajectory perturbation and varied the direction of the tactile stimulus movement as a function of the direction of left-hand movement. The tickliness rating increased significantly with increasing delay and trajectory perturbation. This suggests that self-produced movements attenuate the resultant tactile sensation and that a necessary requirement of this attenuation is that the tactile stimulus and its causal motor command correspond in time and space. We propose that the extent to which self-produced tactile sensation is attenuated (i.e., its tickliness) is proportional to the error between the sensory feedback predicted by an internal forward model of the motor system and the actual sensory feedback produced by the movement.
A Signal-Flow-Graph Approach to On-line Gradient Calculation
Authors: Campolucci Paolo , Uncini Aurelio , Piazza Francesco 
Published: July 2002

A large class of nonlinear dynamic adaptive systems such as dynamic recurrent neural networks can be effectively represented by signal flow graphs (SFGs). By this method, complex systems are described as a general connection of many simple components, each of them implementing a simple one-input, one-output transformation, as in an electrical circuit. Even if graph representations are popular in the neural network community, they are often used for qualitative description rather than for rigorous representation and computational purposes. In this article, a method for both on-line and batch-backward gradient computation of a system output or cost function with respect to system parameters is derived by the SFG representation theory and its known properties. The system can be any causal, in general nonlinear and time-variant, dynamic system represented by an SFG, in particular any feedforward, time-delay, or recurrent neural network. In this work, we use discrete-time notation, but the same theory holds for the continuous-time case. The gradient is obtained in a straightforward way by the analysis of two SFGs, the original one and its adjoint (obtained from the first by simple transformations), without the complex chain rule expansions of derivatives usually employed. This method can be used for sensitivity analysis and for learning both off-line and on-line. On-line learning is particularly important since it is required by many real applications, such as digital signal processing, system identification and control, channel equalization, and predistortion.
THE HOLY MAN'S HUT AS A SYMBOL OF STABILITY IN JAPANESE BUDDHIST PILGRIMAGE
Authors: MacWilliams Mark 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this paper, I examine the way holy men's huts are portrayed in eighteenth century Buddhist tales from the Saikoku and Bandô Japanese Buddhist pilgrimage routes. These stories suggest that holy men's huts are ultimately located in places beyond the ordinary human life of suffering, marked as it is by impermanence and instability. That the hermit's hut transcends the transient world is indicated in two important ways in these tales. First, the holy men's statues of the Buddhist celestial bodhisattva Kannon, which they carry or carve while on the road, display a preternatural mobility or immobility which force the ascetics to stop their peregrination. Second, the places they build their huts to enshrine the statues are revealed as spiritual places (reijô), Pure Land paradises where the living Kannon has a permanent abode. These holy men's huts were the prototypes of the Saikoku and Bandô temples that continue to attract multitudes of Japanese pilgrims who travel there even today seeking freedom from the sorrows of transmigration.
THE COMPOSITION OF CYCLOPOID ASSEMBLAGES IN ECOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT GROUNDWATER HABITATS OF A DANUBE RIVERINE WETLAND IN AUSTRIA
Authors: Pospisil Peter 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe cyclopoid assemblages of three groundwater monitoring sites in the Danube wetlands were investigated from mid 1996 to end 1997. One of these sites, located 200 m from surface waters, represents a stable, oligotrophic habitat (characterized by low temperature fluctuations and low dissolved organic carbon (DOC)-values). Six groundwater cyclopoids permanently inhabit this habitat. At two other sites, located closely to a backwater of the Danube and characterized by strong surface water influences, only four stygobitic cyclopoids occur altogether. These data support modern opinions, which stress that groundwater habitats are more heterogeneous and display higher biodiversity (i. e., higher species richness) of selected crustacean taxocoenoses (in this case, Cyclopoida) than expected earlier. Die Grundwassercyclopiden dreier Untersuchungsstellen in den Donauauen wurden von Juni 1996 bis Dezember 1997 untersucht. Eine dieser Stellen reprasentierte ein stabiles, oligotrophes Habitat (charakterisiert durch geringe Temperaturschwankungen und niedrige ''dissolved organic carbon'' (DOC)-Werte). Dieses Habitat wurde von sechs Grundwassercyclopiden standig besiedelt, im Vergleich zu nur vier Arten an den beiden anderen Stellen zusammen, die durch das nahe Oberflachengewasser stark beeinflusst wurden. Diese Beobachtungen bestatigen die moderne Ansicht, dass im Grundwasser eine grossere Habitatdiversitat sowie eine grossere Biodiversitat (d. h., Artenreichtum) von ausgewahlten Crustaceen-Taxozonosen (in diesem Fall Cyclopoida) zu finden ist als bisher angenommen.
Electropharyngeograms and stylet activity of second stage juveniles of Globodera rostochiensis
Authors: Perry Roland , Rolfe Richard 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAnalysis of the contraction and relaxation of pharyngeal musculature derives from measurements of electrical currents, termed electropharyngeograms (EPG). EPG of stylet protractor muscle activity of second stage juveniles (J2) of Globodera rostochiensis, in response to 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg ml-1 concentrations of the neurotransmitter serotonin, have now been obtained and correlated with stylet protrusion and retraction using video analysis. The antagonist, gramine (10 mg ml-1), incorporated with 10 mg ml-1 serotonin, almost completely eliminated stylet thrusting by J2. Stylet movement can be determined accurately over extended periods with EPG and this approach has potential for investigating factors involved in activation and perturbation of stylet protrusion.
Molecular and morphological characterisation of two reproductively isolated species with mirror-image anatomy (Nematoda: Cephalobidae)
Authors: Ley Paul De , Felix Marie-Anne , Frisse Linda , Nadler Steven , Sternberg Paul , Thomas W. Kelley 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Detailed descriptions are given of the amphimictic nematode strains PS1158,
PS2052 and PS2160, which are unusual in that they only differ in predominant
body handedness. Although these strains are morphologically identical in all
other respects, published reproductive data and new DNA sequence data of the
D2/D3 region of the large subunit rRNA gene show that they do represent two
separate species. On the basis of comparison with type material, the
left-handed strains PS1158 and PS2160 are identified as Acrobeloides
bodenheimeri, and the right-handed strain PS2052 as A. camberenensis, which
is re-instated as a valid species. A. bodenheimeri and its relatives exhibit
various types of diagnostic and taxonomic problems at species level, and it
is shown that D2/D3 sequence data provide an important new diagnostic tool
for addressing these problems. Phylogenetic analysis shows that two
right-handed parthenogenetic strains identified as A. maximus represent a
third species which is more closely related to A. camberenensis than to A.
bodenheimeri. Caracterisation morphologique et moleculaire de deux especes
intersteriles de chiralite contraire (Nematoda: Cephalobidae) - Une
description detaillee est donnee des souches amphimictiques de nematodes
PS1158, PS2052 et PS2160, souches inhabituelles car differant par la
chiralite du corps. Bien que ces souches soient morphologiquement identiques
sous tout autre rapport, les resultats publies de tests de croisement et de
nouvelles donnees concernant la sequence d'ADN de la region D2/D3 du gene de
la grosse sous-unite d'ARN ribosomal montrent qu'elles representent en fait
deux especes distinctes. Se fondant sur une comparaison avec le materiel
type, les souches sinistres PS1158 et PS2160 sont identifiees comme
Acrobeloides bodenheimeri et la souche dextre PS2052 comme A. camberenensis,
ainsi retabli comme espece valide. A. bodenheimeri et les especes proches
posent differents problemes diagnostiques et taxinomiques au niveau
specifique, et nous montrons que les donnees de sequence D2/D3 fournissent
un nouvel outil diagnostique important pour aborder ces problemes. L'analyse
phylogenetique montre que deux souches parthenogenetiques dextres
identifiees comme A. maximus representent en fait une troisieme espece, plus
proche de A. camberenensis que de A. bodenheimeri.
Clay mineral diagenesis in sedimentary basins — a key to the prediction of rock properties. Examples from the North Sea Basin
Authors: Bjørlykke K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDissolution of feldspar and mica and precipitation of kaolinite require a through flow of meteoric water to remove cations such as Na+ and K+ and silica. Compaction driven pore-water flow is in most cases too slow to be significant in terms of transport of solids. The very low solubility of A1 suggests that precipitation of new authigenic clay minerals requires unstable Al-bearing precursor minerals. Chlorite may form diagenetically from smectite and from kaolinite when a source of Fe and Mg is present. In the North Sea Basin, the main phase of illite precipitation reducing the quality of Jurassic reservoirs occurs at depths close to 4 km (130-140°C) but the amount of illite depends on the presence of both kaolinite and K-feldspar. Clay mineral reactions in shales and sandstones are very important factors determining mechanical and chemical compaction and are thus critical for realistic basin modelling.
Geological controls on kaolin particle shape and consequences for mineral processing
Authors: Psyrillos A. , Howe J. H. , Manning D. A. C. , Burley S. D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe kaolinized granites of St. Austell, England, are worked to produce a range of china clay products, for some of which the kaolin has to meet stringent particle shape and size specifications. Systematic petrographic study indicates that kaolin occurs in the form of two textural types: (i) finely crystalline kaolin (typically <5 µm in average diameter), which infills dissolution porosity of granitic feldspars, and (ii) coarsely crystalline vermiform aggregates (up to 100 µm or more in length), which are closely associated with expanded micas. The vermiform aggregates are characterized by an intergrowth of mica and kaolin crystals, which can be observed at scales of resolution offered by TEM. Textural and chemical evidence suggest that the expanded mica texture is probably the result of preferential precipitation of kaolin along mica cleavage planes and is not simply a process of chemical replacement.Petrographic examination of kaolin slurries sampled at different points in a typical refinery circuit indicates that platy products with high aspect ratio are derived exclusively from raw materials rich in vermiform aggregates. The fine scale intergrowth of kaolin and mica within the aggregates results in circumstances where mica persists through to fine grained products. Furthermore, the absence of Fe or other chemical components in the kaolin structure suggests that any iron reported for the final products may be a consequence of the presence of Fe-bearing mica within a very fine grained intergrowth.
Applied clay mineralogy today and tomorrow
Authors: Murray H. H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe clay minerals kaolin, smectite and palygorskite-sepiolite are among the world's most important and useful industrial minerals. Clay minerals are important in a number of geological applications such as stratigraphic correlations, indicators of environments of deposition and temperature for generation of hydrocarbons. In agriculture, the clay minerals are a major component of soils and determinant of soil properties. The clay minerals are important in construction where they are a major constituent in brick and tile. The physical and chemical properties of the clay minerals determine their utilization in the process industries.What about tomorrow? Processing techniques will be improved and new equipment will be available so that improved clay mineral products will be available. Pillared clays and nanocomposites will become important. Further developments in organoclay technology and surface treatments will provide new usages for these special clays. Tomorrow will see further growth and utilization of the clay minerals.
An enriched mantle source for Italy's melilitite-carbonatite association as inferred by its Nd-Sr isotope signature
Authors: Castorina F. , Stoppa F. , Cundari A. , Barbieri M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNew Sr-Nd isotope data were obtained from Late Pleistocene carbonatite-kamafugite associations from the Umbria-Latium Ultra-Alkaline District of Italy (ULUD) with the aim of constraining their origin and possible mantle source(s). This is relevant to the origin and evolution of ultrapotassic (K/Na ≫2) and associated rocks generally, notably the occurrences from Ugandan kamafugites,Western Australian lamproites and South African orangeites. The selected ULUD samples yielded 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd ranging from 0.7100 to 0.7112 and from 0.5119 to 0.5121 respectively, similar to cratonic potassic volcanic rocks with higher Rb/Sr and lower Sm/Nd ratios than Bulk Earth. Silicate and carbonate fractions separated from melilitite are in isotopic equilibrium, supporting the view that they are cogenetic. The ULUD carbonatites yielded the highest radiogenic Sr so far reported for carbonatites. In contrast, sedimentary limestones from ULUD basement formations are lower in radiogenic Sr, i.e. 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70745–0.70735. The variation trend of ULUD isotopic compositions is similar to that reported for Ugandan kamafugites and Western Australian lamproites and overlaps the values for South African orangeites in the εSr-εNd diagram. A poor correlation between Sr/Nd and 87Sr/86Sr ratios in ULUD rocks is inconsistent with a mantle source generated by subduction-driven processes, while the negligible Sr and LREE in sedimentary limestones from the ULUD region fail to account for a hypothetical limestone assimilation process. The Nd model ages of 1.5–1.9 Ga have been inferred for a possible metasomatic event, allowing further radiogenic evolution of the source, a process which may have occurred in isolation until eruption time. While the origin of this component remains speculative, the Sr-Nd isotope trend is consistent with a simple mixing process involving an OIB-type mantle and a component with low εNd and high εSr.
Carbonatite-melilitite association in the Italian collision zone and the Ugandan rifted craton: significant common factors
Authors: Bailey D. K. , Collier J. D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractItalian carbonatites form part of a suite with melilitites, normally an association characteristic of continental interiors; the perfect analogue of the Italian suite being the kamafugites (from the type area in SW Uganda, where the western branch of the East African Rift Zone cuts across the craton). The latter are commonly attributed to plume generation, whereas the Italian carbonatites, strung along the Appennine front, are usually linked to subduction. Evidently these two mechanisms are not essential, since neither can apply in both provinces. This conclusion is re-inforced by the related magmatism registered in both provinces in the Cretaceous. Phlogopite is ubiquitous in the mantle debris, and compositions from the two provinces overlap. Xenolithic phlogopites are distinct from cognate micas in the lavas, and from the carrier melt compositions, with similar distribution patterns in both suites. Kamafugitic magmas must be products of exceptional conditions, and added to the many near-identical magmatic features, the Italian and Ugandan volcanoes have sampled similar mantle conditions. Although the large scale geodynamic regimes are in total contrast, as are the deep mantle tomographic structures, the crucial common factor at the igneous province level is extensional tectonics. Extension, promoting release of volatiles (esp. CO2), is the vital trigger for this small volume, primary magmatism.
Eclogite facies relics in metabasites from the Sierra de Guadarrama (Spanish Central System): P-T estimations and implications for the Hercynian evolution
Authors: Barbero L. , Villaseca C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractRelics of HP-MT eclogitic assemblages related to the first metamorphic stage of the Hercynian orogeny in the Sierra de Guadarrama (Spanish Central System, SCS) are preserved as boudins of pre-Ordovician metabasites enclosed by felsic gneisses. Textures indicate a multi-stage metamorphic history starting in the MT eclogite facies (as deduced from the presence of omphacite and rutile included in garnet) and continuing through medium to low pressure granulite and retrograde amphibolite-greenschist facies. Thermobarometric calculations in the eclogitic paragenesis yield pressures of ∼14 kbar for temperatures in the range 725-775°C. Thermobarometry for the subsequent granulitic stage indicates a significant drop in pressure (P < 10 kbar) for similar temperatures of ∼750°C. Metabasites vary from gabbro to leucotonalites showing the typical Fe enrichment of the tholeiitic series. Chemical characteristics indicate a derivation from low-pressure crystallization of tholeiitic melts more enriched than typical MORB compositions. Their original location far from continental margins as evidenced by the absence of ophiolitic material in the area and their association with platform sediments suggests that eclogitization was related to intracontinental crustal subduction and thickening. The P-T conditions estimated in the metabasites for the first metamorphic stage are similar to ones deduced for the surrounding metasediments and suggest that the Hercynian crust could have reached a thickness of ∼70–80 km, which is more than the double the present thickness.
Wollastonite-bearing assemblages from the Dalradian at Fraserburgh, northeast Scotland and their bearing on the emplacement of garnetiferous granitoid sheets
Authors: Johnson T. E. , Hudson N. F. C. , Droop G. T. R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMetasediments of the Tayvallich Subgroup of the Dalradian at Kinnairds Head, Fraserburgh are metamorphosed to sillimanite + K-feldspar grade and form part of the classic high-T low-P Buchan metamorphic terrain. Pelitic samples constrain peak-metamorphic conditions to 615±13°C and 2.2±0.2 kbar. At or close to the metamorphic peak, irregular garnetiferous aplites and autopegmatite bodies intruded the metasediments. Thin marble bands within the sequence are dominated by calcite with diopside, and equilibrated with relatively CO2-rich, internally buffered fluids. Where these are in close proximity to granitoid pegmatites, wollastonite dominates the matrix, and fractures and veins running through the rock contain concentrations of grossular and vesuvianite. With increasing distance from the pegmatite, vesuvianite and then grossular disappear, and wollastonite is only patchily developed. Such occurrences require a flushing of the marble by metasomatic (siliceous and aluminous) aqueous fluids which were derived from the de-watering of the adjacent pegmatite as it crystallized. The large quantities of dissolved silica led to pervasive wollastonite formation for several metres. The smaller quantities of Al reacted to form Ca-Al-silicates which were confined to the fractures.
The mineralogy of waste and waste disposal
Authors: Hodson M. E. , Bloodworth A. 
Published: July 2002

Mineralogy has many applications in the business of waste and waste disposal:•precipitation of minerals and adsorption of elements and compounds to mineral surfaces can serve to immobilize pollutants or concentrate them for recycling•release of elements and compounds can occur by the converse processes of dissolution and desorption•minerals can act as impermeable barriers between pollutants and the environment•minerals can be used as analogues to determine the long-term stability of engineered materials used for the encapsulation of waste.The Applied Mineralogy Group of the Mineralogical Society organized a meeting ‘The mineralogy of waste and waste disposal’ held at the British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, on 25th September 2000. The meeting attracted members of both the academic (Earth Science, Chemistry and Material Science departments) and industrial communities. A wide variety of papers was presented dealing with such diverse issues as nuclear waste disposal and the recycling of phosphorus from wastewater. Seven of the papers are collected here.
A corundum-quartz assemblage in altered volcanic rocks, Bond Range, Tasmania
Authors: Bottrill R. S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractUnusual corundum-bearing rocks occur in the Bond Range, northern Tasmania, in a hydrothermally altered Cambrian quartz porphyry. The assemblage exhibits quartz and corundum in mutual contact, a rare phenomenon, in association with andalusite, pyrophyllite, diaspore and other minerals. This metastable assemblage apparently resulted from advanced argillic alteration at moderate temperature and low pressure, followed by rapid depressurisation accompanying boiling of hydrothermal, granite-derived fluids. This corundum occurrence appears to be unrelated to the sapphires in placer deposits in Tasmania.