bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescents' expected civic participation: The role of civic knowledge and efficacy beliefs
Authors: Manganelli Sara , Lucidi Fabio , Alivernini Fabio 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIn the present study we examined the role of civic knowledge and efficacy beliefs as factors that can promote adolescents' expectations to participate in civic activities, while also taking into consideration the influences of socio‐economic background and gender differences. Structural equation modelling techniques were used to examine data from the International Civic and Citizenship Study, collected from 3352 eighth grade Italian students. Gender was found to significantly moderate some relationships between the variables, while efficacy beliefs, rather than civic knowledge, positively influenced expected civic participation. Socio‐economic background influenced all the variables included in the study, but it had a very small direct influence on adolescents' expected civic participation. It therefore appears that adolescents' expected civic participation can be encouraged by making them more confident about their civic and political abilities. These results extend our understanding of civic engagement in adolescents, and can inform policies aiming to promote it.
Why recommend a brand face‐to‐face but not on Facebook? How word‐of‐mouth on online social sites differs from traditional word‐of‐mouth
Authors: Eisingerich Andreas B. , Chun HaeEun Helen , Liu Yeyi , Jia He (Michael) , Bell Simon J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe examine the conceptual difference between consumer electronic word‐of‐mouth on online social sites (sWOM) such as Facebook and traditional face‐to‐face word‐of‐mouth (WOM). We find that consumers are less willing to engage in sWOM than WOM. Such a difference in willingness to offer word‐of‐mouth can be explained by social risk associated with different communication modes. We show that the difference between people's desire to engage in sWOM and WOM is mediated by perceived social risk and amplified when social risk is made salient. Furthermore, we show that consumers' need to self‐enhance mitigates the difference in willingness to offer sWOM versus WOM.
Last glacial maximum environments in northwestern Patagonia revealed by fossil small mammals
Authors: Tammone Mauro N. , Hajduk Adan , Arias Pablo , Teta Pablo , Lacey Eileen A. , Pardiñas Ulyses F.J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractComparisons of historical and modern assemblages of mammals can yield important insights into patterns and processes of environmental change. Here, we present the first analyses of small mammal assemblages present in northern Patagonia during the last glacial maximum (LGM). Using remains obtained from owl pellets excavated from an archeological cave site (Arroyo Corral I, levels VII–V, carbon dates of 22,400–21,530 cal yr BP), we generate estimates of the minimum number of individuals for all species detected; these estimates, in turn are used to determine relative species abundances. Comparisons of these data with similar analyses of small mammal remains obtained from a second archeological site (ACoII, levels IV–V, carbon dates of 10,010–9220 cal yr BP) as well as from modern owl pellets reveal pronounced changes in relative species abundance since the LGM. In particular, Euneomys chinchilloides and Ctenomys sociabilis – the predominant species during the LGM – declined markedly, suggesting a change from open, bare habitat punctuated by patches of wet meadows and shrubs to the more densely vegetated mosaic of ecotone habitats found in this region today. These data provide important new insights into the environmental changes that have occurred in northern Patagonia over the last 20,000 years.
Coherent X-ray mirage: discovery and possible applications
Authors: Pikuz Tatiana , Faenov Anatoly , Magnitskiy Sergey , Nagorskiy Nikolay , Tanaka Momoko , Ishino Masahiko , Nishikino Masaharu , Fukuda Yuji , Kando Masaki , Kato Yoshiaki , Kawachi Tetsuya 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In the far field of the intensity distribution of the beam delivered by a two-stage transient–collisional excitation X-ray laser (XRL), a non-expected interference pattern that is stable from shot to shot has been discovered. It is demonstrated that the interference is caused by the emergence of an imaginary source in the amplifying plasma, which is phase matched to the radiation of the generator. The observed phenomenon is called an X-ray coherent mirage. To explain the obtained results, a new theoretical approach is developed. The basic essential conditions for formation of the X-ray mirage are formulated, and possible applications are discussed. This paper details the experiments, including the formulation of the necessary and sufficient conditions for formation of the X-ray mirage, and possible applications are discussed.
Post-breeding at-sea movements of three central-place foragers in relation to submesoscale fronts in the Southern Ocean around Bouvetøya
Authors: Lowther Andrew D. , Lydersen Christian , Biuw Martin , de Bruyn P.J. Nico , Hofmeyr Greg J.G. , Kovacs Kit M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAt-sea behaviour of central-place foraging fur seals and penguins in the Southern Ocean is understudied during the latter stages of parental care and the subsequent pre-moulting period. This biologically important period is costly to investigate due to the risk (or certainty) of losing tracking instruments when the animals moult. Early in this period, parents must meet the increasing demands of larger, more mobile offspring that are still nutritionally dependent and then the parents must recover lost body condition prior to the onset of their annual moult. This study reports late-season, at-sea movement patterns of macaroni penguins, chinstrap penguins and adult female Antarctic fur seals from the subantarctic island Bouvetøya, in relation to remotely-sensed oceanographic features. Foraging trips differing significantly in direction and distance travelled compared to those performed earlier in the breeding season, coincide with the time when offspring would be expected to become independent. On these trips, macaroni penguins moved towards the Polar Front while chinstrap penguins and Antarctic fur seals moved southward. Individuals from all three species appeared to target submesoscale ocean features once they were presumed to have been released from the constraints of feeding their young and were able to travel greater distances from the colony.
Parenclitic networks: uncovering new functions in biological data
Authors: Zanin Massimiliano , Alcazar Joaquín Medina , Carbajosa Jesus Vicente , Paez Marcela Gomez , Papo David , Sousa Pedro , Menasalvas Ernestina , Boccaletti Stefano 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe introduce a novel method to represent time independent, scalar data sets as complex networks. We apply our method to investigate gene expression in the response to osmotic stress of Arabidopsis thaliana. In the proposed network representation, the most important genes for the plant response turn out to be the nodes with highest centrality in appropriately reconstructed networks. We also performed a target experiment, in which the predicted genes were artificially induced one by one and the growth of the corresponding phenotypes compared to that of the wild-type. The joint application of the network reconstruction method and of the in vivo experiments allowed identifying 15 previously unknown key genes and provided models of their mutual relationships. This novel representation extends the use of graph theory to data sets hitherto considered outside of the realm of its application, vastly simplifying the characterization of their underlying structure.
Resistorless BJT bias and curvature compensation circuit at 3.4 nW for CMOS bandgap voltage references
Authors: Mattia O.E. , Klimach H. , Bampi S. 
Published: May 2014

A novel resistorless bipolar junction transistor (BJT) bias and curvature compensation circuit for ultra‐low‐power CMOS bandgap voltage references (BGRs) is introduced. It works in the nanoampere current consumption range and under 1 V of power supply. The analytical behaviour of the circuit is described and simulation results for a 0.18 μm CMOS standard process are analysed. A junction voltage of 550 mV at room temperature is obtained (at an emitter current of 3.5 nA), presenting an almost linear temperature dependence, whereas the power consumption of the whole circuit is 3.4 nW under a 0.8 V power supply at 27°C. The estimated silicon area is 0.00135 mm2.
Bandwidth enhancement technique for CMOS RGC transimpedance amplifier
Authors: Kim Young‐Ho , Jung Eui‐Suk , Lee Sang‐Soo 
Published: May 2014

A technique that can increase the bandwidth of a regulated cascode (RGC) transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is presented. The proposed new RGC input topology with a positive amplifier and an inductor enables the control of the input impedance of the circuit and isolates the large input parasitic capacitance. Using this mode the dominant pole of the input node is shifted up to a high frequency, and then the bandwidth of the CMOS RGC TIA is improved. To verify the feasibility of the proposed technique, the CMOS RGC TIA is implemented using a 1P6M 0.18 µm RF CMOS technology. The 3 dB bandwidth of 4.98 GHz is measured in the presence of a 0.5 pF photodiode capacitance with a 1.8 V supply voltage. The measured result shows that the bandwidth of the TIA can increase by about 2 GHz larger than that with the conventional RGC configuration.
Loss of quaternary structure is associated with rapid sequence divergence in the OSBS family
Authors: Odokonyero Denis , Sakai Ayano , Patskovsky Yury , Malashkevich Vladimir N. , Fedorov Alexander A. , Bonanno Jeffrey B. , Fedorov Elena V. , Toro Rafael , Agarwal Rakhi , Wang Chenxi , Ozerova Nicole D. S. , Yew Wen Shan , Sauder J. Michael , Swaminathan Subramanyam , Burley Stephen K. , Almo Steven C. , Glasner Margaret E. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
The rate at which proteins accumulate amino acid substitutions during evolution depends on the likelihood that mutations will disrupt structure or affect function. Many mutations affect the ability of proteins to fold correctly, and previous studies showed that the burden imposed by misfolded proteins in cells heavily influences evolutionary rates of proteins. However, these studies could not examine the influence of function on evolutionary rates. The work described here examines the relationship between structural and functional divergence in a rapidly evolving protein family. This analysis revealed that family members that evolved a new function retained more ancestral sequence and structural characteristics, suggesting that the rate of protein evolution is not proportional to the capacity to evolve new functions.
SSpro/ACCpro 5: almost perfect prediction of protein secondary structure and relative solvent accessibility using profiles, machine learning and structural similarity
Authors: Magnan Christophe N. , Baldi Pierre 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Motivation: Accurately predicting protein secondary structure and relative solvent accessibility is important for the study of protein evolution, structure and function and as a component of protein 3D structure prediction pipelines. Most predictors use a combination of machine learning and profiles, and thus must be retrained and assessed periodically as the number of available protein sequences and structures continues to grow.
Results: We present newly trained modular versions of the SSpro and ACCpro predictors of secondary structure and relative solvent accessibility together with their multi-class variants SSpro8 and ACCpro20. We introduce a sharp distinction between the use of sequence similarity alone, typically in the form of sequence profiles at the input level, and the additional use of sequence-based structural similarity, which uses similarity to sequences in the Protein Data Bank to infer annotations at the output level, and study their relative contributions to modern predictors. Using sequence similarity alone, SSpro’s accuracy is between 79 and 80% (79% for ACCpro) and no other predictor seems to exceed 82%. However, when sequence-based structural similarity is added, the accuracy of SSpro rises to 92.9% (90% for ACCpro). Thus, by combining both approaches, these problems appear now to be essentially solved, as an accuracy of 100% cannot be expected for several well-known reasons. These results point also to several open technical challenges, including (i) achieving on the order of ≥80% accuracy, without using any similarity with known proteins and (ii) achieving on the order of ≥85% accuracy, using sequence similarity alone.
Availability and implementation: SSpro, SSpro8, ACCpro and ACCpro20 programs, data and web servers are available through the SCRATCH suite of protein structure predictors at http://scratch.proteomics.ics.uci.edu .
Contact: pfbaldi@uci.edu
The Making of the Chartists: Popular Politics and Working-class Autobiography in Early Victorian Britain.
Authors: Griffin Emma 
Published: May 2014

Chartism has generated one of the liveliest historiographies of the twentieth century, with the development of new linguistic and cultural approaches in the 1980s proving to be a particularly innovative line of enquiry. Yet the shift towards language and meaning has not been without a price. In particular, the tendency to frame Chartism as an intellectual force has led scholars to overlook the fact that Chartism was also a social movement, constituted, quite literally, of millions of working men and women, who had traditionally been excluded from the political sphere.
This article uses working-class autobiography to restore a social-history dimension to our understanding of Chartism. It asks how a body of men with no experience of bourgeois forms of civic engagement orchestrated such a large-scale and sophisticated political campaign. How had a working-class ‘public’, with the capacity for effective political action, been created? And how, if at all, was the emergence of the world’s first workers’ movement related to the broader socio-economic context—in particular, to the processes of industrialisation and urbanisation with all the social flux they entailed?
Genetic structure of the lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus across the North Atlantic
Authors: Pampoulie Christophe , Skirnisdottir Sigurlaug , Olafsdottir Guðbjorg , Helyar Sarah J. , Thorsteinsson Vilhjálmur , Jónsson Sigurður Þ. , Fréchet Alain , Durif Caroline M. F. , Sherman Sally , Lampart-Kałużniacka Magdalena , Hedeholm Rasmus , Ólafsson Halldór , Daníelsdóttir Anna K. , Kasper Jacob M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLumpfish, or lumpsucker, Cyclopterus lumpus (Linnaeus, 1758) is widely distributed in the North Atlantic Ocean. It has a considerable economic value and substantial fisheries occur in several North Atlantic regions owing to the use of its fully ripe internal egg masses in the ovaries as an alternative to sturgeon caviar. Despite being intensively fished in several locations, biological knowledge is limited and no genetic structure information is available. In this study, the stock structure of C. lumpus was investigated across the North Atlantic using ten microsatellite loci. Out of ten loci, two exhibited higher level of differentiation but their inclusion/exclusion from the analyses did not drastically change the observed genetic pattern. A total of three distinct genetic groups were detected: Maine–Canada–Greenland, Iceland–Norway and Baltic Sea. These results, discussed in terms of origin of differentiation, gene flow, and selection, showed that gene flow was rather limited among the detected groups, and also between Greenland and Maine–Canada.
NKG2D functions as an activating receptor on natural killer cells in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Watanabe Masamichi , Kudo Yohei , Kawano Mitsuko , Nakayama Masafumi , Nakamura Kyohei , Kameda Mai , Ebara Masamune , Sato Takeki , Nakamura Marina , Omine Kaito , Kametani Yoshie , Suzuki Ryuji , Ogasawara Kouetsu 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The natural killer group 2 membrane D (NKG2D) receptor is an NK-activating receptor that plays an important role in host defense against tumors and viral infections. Although the marmoset is an important and reliable animal model, especially for the study of human-specific viral infections, functional characterization of NKG2D on marmoset NK cells has not previously been conducted. In the present study, we investigated a subpopulation of marmoset NK cells that express NKG2D and exhibit cytolytic potential. On the basis of their CD16 and CD56 expression patterns, marmoset NK cells can be classified into three subpopulations: CD16+ CD56−, CD16− CD56+ and CD16− CD56− cells. NKG2D expression on marmoset CD16+ CD56− and CD16− CD56+ splenocytes was confirmed using an NKG2D ligand composed of an MHC class I chain-related molecule A (MICA)-Fc fusion protein. When marmoset splenocytes were cultured with IL-2 for 4 days, NKG2D expression was retained on CD16+ CD56− and CD16− CD56+. In addition, CD16+ CD56+ cells within the marmoset NK population appeared which expressed NKG2D after IL-2 stimulation. IL-2-activated marmoset NK cells showed strong cytolytic activity against K562 target cells and target cells stably expressing MICA. Further, the cytolytic activity of marmoset splenocytes was significantly reduced after addition of MICA-Fc fusion protein. Thus, NKG2D functions as an activating receptor on marmoset NK cells that possesses cytotoxic potential, and phenotypic profiles of marmoset NK cell subpopulations are similar to those seen in humans.
Lipopeptides are signaled by Toll-like receptor 1, 2 and 6 in endolysosomes
Authors: Motoi Yuji , Shibata Takuma , Takahashi Koichiro , Kanno Atsuo , Murakami Yusuke , Li Xiaobing , Kasahara Tadashi , Miyake Kensuke 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize a variety of microbial products and induce defense responses. Pathogen sensing by TLRs occurs either on the cell surface or in endolysosomes. TLR-dependent responses are greatly influenced by the site of pathogen sensing. TLR heterodimers TLR1/TLR2 and TLR2/TLR6 recognize tri- or diacylated microbial lipopeptides, respectively. Although TLR1, 2 and 6 are believed to localize on the cell surface of immune cells, little is known about where lipopeptides are signaled. In this study, we established mAbs to TLR1, 2 and 6. TLR1, 2 and 6 were expressed on the surface of B cells, monocytes and dendritic cells in a manner dependent on a TLR-specific chaperone PRAT4A (protein associated with TLR4 A). Cell surface localization of TLR1 or TLR6 was not necessarily required for TLR2 response. Furthermore, a dynamin inhibitor ‘Dynasore’ abolished the lipopeptide responses by preventing lipopeptide internalization into LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 positive compartments. Our findings suggest that lipopeptides elicit TLR1/2 and TLR2/6 signaling in the endolysosomes, but not on the cell surface.
First Report of Pepper vein yellows virus Infecting Hot Pepper in Sudan
Authors: Alfaro-Fernández A. , ElShafie E. E. , Ali M. A. , El Bashir O. O. A. , Córdoba-Sellés M. C. , Ambrosio M. I. Font San 
Published: May 2014

In two successive winters (2009 and 2010), 14 hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) samples showing unusual symptoms were surveyed in permanently irrigated seasonal vegetable gardens along the Blue Nile in central Sudan (specifically in Gezira State). Symptoms included leaf curling, leaf deformation, reduced leaf size, leaf puckering, interveinal yellowing, vein clearing, or yellow patches. Total RNA was extracted from symptomatic leaves and analyzed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with degenerate primer pairs that amplify different viral species within the family Luteoviridae (1). Amplification of a 340-bp fragment of the coat protein gene (CP) was obtained in all the collected samples analyzed. The amplified fragments were purified and sequenced (Accession Nos. KC685313 to 26), showing 99, 97, and 95 to 99% nucleotide identities to Pepper yellows virus (PYV, accession no. FN600344 from Turkey), Pepper vein yellows virus (PeVYV, AB594828 from Japan) and Pepper yellow leaf curl virus (PYLCV, HM439608 from Israel), respectively. These three viruses belong to the genus Polerovirus and are considered synonyms of the same virus species PeVYV described with those names in different countries (3). Two samples were also tested by RT-PCR with the general Polerovirus primer pair Pol-G-F and Pol-G-R, which amplified a 1.1-kb product spanning the 3′ half of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) to the 5′ half of CP and movement protein (2). The amplified fragments (KC692834 and KC692833) showed 97, 96, and 95% nt identity with PYV (FN600344), PeVYV (JX427533), and PYLCV (HM439608), respectively. The presence of the recently described Polerovirus PeVYV is the first report of detection in pepper in Sudan. PeVYV has recently been identified in seven other countries (India, Indonesia, Mali, the Philippines, Spain, Taiwan, and Thailand) and on one new host, Solanum nigrum, which suggests this new Polerovirus species poses a potentially wide geographical distribution and a global threat for pepper crops (3,4). References: (1) A. D. Abraham et al. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 7:414, 2008. (2) D. Knierim et al. Plant Pathol. 59:991, 2010. (3) D. Knierim et al. Arch. Virol. 158:1337, 2013. (4) F. Villanueva et al. Plant Dis. 97:1261, 2013.
Bio-inspired design of ice-retardant devices based on benthic marine invertebrates: the effect of surface texture
Authors: Mehrabani Homayun , Ray Neil , Tse Kyle , Evangelista Dennis 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTGrowth of ice on surfaces poses a challenge for both organisms and for devices that come into contact with liquids below the freezing point. Resistance of some organisms to ice formation and growth, either in subtidal environments (e.g. Antarctic anchor ice), or in environments with moisture and cold air (e.g. plants, intertidal) begs examination of how this is accomplished. Several factors may be important in promoting or mitigating ice formation. As a start, here we examine the effect of surface texture alone. We tested four candidate surfaces, inspired by hard-shelled marine invertebrates and constructed using a three-dimensional printing process. We screened biological and artifical samples for ice formation and accretion in submerged conditions using previous methods, and developed a new test to examine ice formation from surface droplets as might be encountered in environments with moist, cold air. It appears surface texture plays only a small role in delaying the onset of ice formation: a stripe feature (corresponding to patterning found on valves of blue mussels,Mytilus edulis, or on the spines of the Antarctic sea urchinSterechinus neumayeri)slowed ice formation an average of 25% compared to a grid feature (corresponding to patterning found on sub-polar butterclams,Saxidomas nuttalli). The geometric dimensions of the features have only a small (∼6%) effect on ice formation. Surface texture affects ice formation, but does not explain by itself the large variation in ice formation and species-specific ice resistance observed in other work. This suggests future examination of other factors, such as material elastic properties and coatings, and their interaction with surface pattern.