bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital Materiality and the Emergence of an Evolutionary Science of the Artificial
Authors: Yoo Youngjin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAn important consequence of the pervasive digitalization of artifacts is that artifacts become generative due to the unique materiality of digital technology. As result, digital artifacts evolve once created, often in ways that surprise even those who designed them. We are at the cusp of a new artificial world that is inundated with digital artifacts that are continuously evolving. As biology emerged as an evolutionary science of nature, we need a new discipline focusing on the evolution of digital artifacts. The chapter uses an empirical study as a way of sketching out what might emerge as an evolutionary science of the artificial. Through the example, the chapter demonstrates how the basic ideas of evolutionary biology can be used as a basis to study the evolution of digital artifacts.
Soul‐Leading: The Unity Of The Phaedrus, Again
Authors: Moss Jessica 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The Phaedrus claims that good logoi must be “put together like a living creature”, with parts that suit one another and the whole; but the dialogue itself seems to be a misshapen jumble. It begins as a series of elegant rhetorical speeches about love, and ends as a dry philosophical discussion of rhetoric. What makes it hang together? This essay argues for a new reading: the Phaedrus is a treatise on the kind of persuasion that Plato calls soul-leading (psuchagōgia). Here as in other dialogues Plato is concerned with how a philosopher can lead people’s souls (that is, their attention and concern) away from worldly things and toward the goods of philosophy – a task at which Socrates’ typical methods often fail. The two parts of the Phaedrus consider two methods of such soul-leading, love and rhetoric, and the dialogue as a whole asks how either or both can be successful. The events of the dialogue dramatize the endeavour, and unify the two proposed methods: we see Socrates engaged in an attempt at soul-leading, using as his tool Phaedrus’s love, not of another person, but of rhetoric.
Darwin et al. on Developmental Optimization
Authors: Loye David 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThere exists a disastrous discrepancy between the prevailing Darwinism of survival of the fittest and selfishness above all and implications for science, and education about the fact that Darwin actually wrote only twice of survival of the fittest but 95 times about love, and only 12 times about selfishness but 92 times about moral development, in The Descent of Man. It shows how reclamation of Darwin's “lost theory” reveals new relevance to the works of Bowlby, Erickson, Damon, de Waal, Harlow, Hoffman, Lewontin, Narvaez, Oliner, Rest, Schore, Yarrow, Montessori, Piaget, Kohlberg, Gilligan, and Seldin and Epstein, in moral development and education; to Maslow's classic study of self-actualizers as moral exemplars; to the global ethic “movement” of theologian Hans Kung; to the development of the Global Sounding measure and companion moral code by Loye; and to the work of cultural transformation theorist Eisler identifying the child developmental impact of partnership versus domination systems.
“Now, where were we?”: Ideal and Actual Early Cinema Lecturing Practices in Britain, Germany and the United States
Authors: Buchanan Judith 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates that there could be a considerable gap between the ideal film lecture advocated in the trade press, and real-life instances of less-than-perfect actual lecturing. Like the lanternist before him, the film lecturer was able to draw on his live showmanship effectively to “author” a film by an analogous speech act, making and remaking the show as required by the particular live situation. Campaigns in the trade press which promoted the erudition and eloquence of the lecturer, and the publication of set lectures to accompany particular films, contributed to a standardized notion of the cinematic lecture. However, an examination of a detailed transcription of one that accompanied the screening of a film of Othelloin Berlin in 1912 shows that the reality could be very far from ideal.
The Art of Not “Playing to Pictures” in British Cinemas, 1906–1914
Authors: Burrows Jon 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIt is traditionally thought that during the first ten years in which permanent cinemas became established in Britain, the accompaniment to silent films was typically supplied by lone pianists who improvised musical themes that subserviently complemented narrative developments as they unfolded on screen. This chapter acknowledges that, following a period in which mechanical musical devices predominated, this model was widely espoused around 1909–10. But it argues that such practices quickly fell out of fashion. Using the evidence of cinema licensing records, as well as debates published in the film-industry trade press, the chapter demonstrates that miniature orchestras had been installed in the majority of cinemas in London by 1913 and that such orchestras rarely attempted to tightly synchronize their music with the films they accompanied.
Animating the Audience: Singalong Films in Britain in the 1920s
Authors: Cook Malcolm 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the brief but vigorous popularity of singalong films in Britain in the mid-1920s. This alternate sonic practice utilized an animated “bouncing ball” or similar device to indicate the lyrics of a song with the intent of promoting a communal singalong. Communal singing was not in itself an innovation and the chapter examines a number of precedents, which provide an important context for these films. The films also coincided with the broader cultural trend of community singing, indicating a geographically and historically specific moment. Both the singalong films and the community-singing movement engaged with the new technologies of sound reproduction: gramophone, telephone, and especially radio. These technologies would play a central role in the arrival of synchronized sound in cinemas and the singalong films may be considered a reflection of the debates about what the emerging sound cinema would sound and look like.
A New Hat for Hārītī
Authors: Schopen Gregory 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNo matter where one looks in Buddhist monastic literature there are indications that the monks who wrote it were concerned in a variety of ways with safe childbirth and sick children, and had devised a number of practices to deal with both. Several examples are given here, but the main focus is on a practice for which the converted demonness Hārītī is presented as the model. Although she is said to be the protector of children in the secondary literature, in an important account that has been largely overlooked but can be shown to have circulated in India, Hārītī herself is said to have given her own children to the monastic community when they were in need of protection. Buddhist monks and nuns are represented as the real protectors of children. Detailed instructions are provided for sending threatened children to monks and nuns and how the children should be treated.
Picturing Buddhism
Authors: Derris Karen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractStorytelling has served as a primary resource for cultivating children’s religious and ethical worldviews in Buddhist cultures across Asia. Children growing up in Buddhist societies hear stories about the Buddha, (in)famous monks and nuns, and Buddhist legends from their parents and grandparents. This chapter explores how Buddhist worldviews may be cultivated in children growing up in Western cultural contexts where parents or grandparents may not have knowledge of or investment in narrative resources for children’s religious and ethical formation. A considerable number of children’s Buddhist storybooks have been published in English. By considering the Buddhist teachings, practices, and values expressed in these stories, we can begin to describe what a Buddhist worldview of children raised as Buddhists in the West might be. This analysis suggests the role a newly emerging corpus of Buddhist children’s literature might play in the generational development of Western Buddhism.
Once We Were…
Authors: Cheng Wei-yi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn Tibetan and Theravada traditions, there exist only the bhikkhu sangha (fully ordained monks) but not the bhikkhuni sangha (fully ordained nuns). Efforts to establish the bhikkhuni sangha have been undertaken by Buddhist feminists in recent year and have borne fruit in Sri Lanka. In Dambulla the ordination of bhikkhuni has taken place each year since 1998. The author visited Dambulla Bhikkhuni Sangha in the summer of 2008. The chapter discusses the image of bhikkhuni in Sri Lankan textual discourse 100-year development of Dambulla Bhikkhuni Sangha.
Beyond the Strong Program in the Sociology of Religion
Authors: Smilde David 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the issue of cultural autonomy as it relates to our portrayals of religion. First, it looks at the recent move toward a more robust view of religion and culture. Then it considers at some of the critiques of the idea of cultural autonomy that have taken place over the last few decades. Finally, it reviews some alternatives for understanding the causal impact of religious culture.
Religious Self-Constitution: A Relational Perspective
Authors: Pagis Michal 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter promotes an understanding of religious self-constitution as a relational and embodied process. The aim is to de-center the emphasis on belief in the commonly used category of the religious self and re-center it on an approach that studies the self as an embodied process contextualized in ongoing social relations. The chapter explores three dimensions of the embodied space in which religious selves develop: the importance of collective practice, the relation to the body, and the engagement with the material environment. Examples are provided from ethnographic research on the practice of Vipassana meditation, a Theravada Buddhist meditation of mindfulness. These examples are further supported by references to ethnographic studies that explore other religious practices such as Muslim fasting or Christian prayer.
Religion on the Move: Mapping Global Cultural Production and Consumption
Authors: Levitt Peggy 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMany studies assert that aspects of religious life are “on the move” and that some kind of encounter—be it hybridization, syncretization, convergence, or transculturization—takes place. Others suggest ways of thinking about the spaces, networks, or flows that drive religious movement. In general, this work stops short of explaining what happens at these sites of encounter where what is moving bumps up against what is already there. We need a way to unpack and explain that contingent clustering, which holds the local, the national, the global, and all the layers of social experience in between in conversation with each other. We need a way of identifying systematic patterns of convergence, if they exist, and of explaining how power and history create them. We need to understand why some things move easily while others fail to launch or get blocked along the way. This chapter begins by laying out a transnational optic that helps elucidate aspects of these social relations and processes. It then outlines how “religion” can be understood and the carriers, geographies, and pathways that influence religious assemblage construction. It concludes with a discussion of how religious and ethnic movement compare, and reflects on how these different diversity markers are conceived and managed supports existing power hierarchies.
Liberalism versus Postliberalism
Authors: Knight John Allan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe divide between liberal and postliberal theology is one of the most important and far-reaching methodological disputes in twentieth-century theology. Their divergence in method brought related differences in their approaches to hermeneutics and religious language. The split between liberals and postliberals in their understanding of religious language is widely acknowledged, but rigorous philosophical analysis and assessment of these divergent understandings is seldom seen. Liberalism vs. Postliberalism provides just such analyses, using remarkable developments in analytic philosophy of language over the past forty years. The book provides an original analysis of the “theology and falsification” debates of the 1950s and 60s, placing them in the context of developments in analytic philosophy of language out of which they arose. These debates then supply the philosophical lens that brings into focus the centrality of the issue of religious language in the methodological dispute between liberal and postliberal theologians in the latter part of the twentieth century. Knight argues that recent developments in analytic philosophy of language reveal serious problems with both positions. In the course of the argument, the author makes important recent work in analytic philosophy accessible to theologians, religious studies scholars and their students. This philosophical work clears the ground for a more inclusive method that takes seriously the aspirations of both liberal and postliberal theologians. The book thus makes an important contribution to contemporary theological method, to the understanding of liberal and postliberal theologies in their similarities and differences, and to our understanding of the role of analytic philosophy in contemporary theology and religious studies.
Le Style en arabesque d'Assia Djebar
Authors: Boutaghou Maya 
Published: January 2013

Résumé

Assia Djebar utilise, pour les détourner, des représentations appartenant au genre de la peinture ‘orientaliste’, comme dans
Femmes d'Alger dans leur appartement
(1980) et
Vaste est la prison
(1995). Comment réécrire, en langue française et sans le trahir, un monde de femmes dont les représentations historiques sont particulièrement informées par le discours orientaliste? Cette première interrogation qui sous-tend notre article se développera en une réflexion autour du rapport entre l'usage des différentes langues (arabe, français) et la mémoire des représentations algériennes d'abord orientalistes. Assia Djebar, contre toute forme d'amnésie historique et linguistique, tente de rassembler les différentes mémoires et langues algériennes accumulées au fil des conquêtes. Le ‘style en arabesque’ serait une tentative linguistique et poétique de détourner les représentations prises dans le filet de ce qui reste encore considéré par les Algériens comme un discours colonial. La figure de l'arabesque trahit le travail d'une structure en palimpseste; simultanément, elle désigne le mouvement subtil et ambivalent d'une présence entrelacée des langues et des représentations, visible pour le lecteur bilingue. Cette stratégie pour une Algérie plurielle et transculturelle s'oppose au discours monolithique de la construction identitaire algérienne officielle, nécessaire pour affirmer une arabité transcendante.
Crime sans châtiment: cinéma contemporain et éthique d'Emmanuel Levinas
Authors: Klekovkina Vera A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Sous l'éclairage de l'éthique de la responsabilité d'Emmanuel Levinas et des études récentes centrées sur le lien entre l'esthétique et l'éthique de Colin Davis, Michele Aaron et Sam B. Girgus, cette étude analyse deux films français contemporains dont les protagonistes sont des
social serial killers
.
Elle est des nôtres
de Siegrid Alnoy et
Le Couperet
de Constantin Costa-Gavras interrogent l'agencivité de leurs protagonistes criminels autant que celle des spectateurs. Le premier film offre une rencontre visuelle avec l'altérité à travers Christine Blanc, un personnage déroutant et étranger. L'esthétique du film, surtout le décadrage, la discontinuité narrative et la primauté des gros plans, illustre comment l'indifférence humaine engendre l'aliénation individuelle et la déshumanisation collective. Ce film montre, au niveau thématique comme visuel, la transformation de l'héroïne à l'identité problématique en un sujet éthique qui, finalement, cherche sa rédemption. La comparaison entre l'adaptation cinématographique de Costa-Gavras et le roman de Donald E. Westlake,
The Ax
, montre comment les ajouts cinématographiques créent un surplus de signification éthique. Le cinéaste traduit visuellement le manque d'éthique générale dans une société ouroborique où l'altéricide devient principe de survie. Une question se pose: comment exercer notre propre agencivité spectatorielle devant de tels spectacles?
An Employer’s Duty to Provide Information and Advice on Economic Risks?
Authors: van Bever Aline 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This paper considers whether, and if so, to what extent the employer has an implied duty to provide information and advice to the employee on the existence and extent of their legal and contractual rights and on measures they may need to take to protect the economic interests of the employee. The paper explores the traditional reluctance of the courts to imply such a duty, and argues that this position should be reassessed in the light of the evolution of the duty of mutual trust and confidence. After providing an account of the relevant case law, the paper submits that strong arguments exist in defence of the imposition of a minimum duty of information and advice on the employer, but stresses that the imposition of such a duty in a concrete case must be ‘necessary’ or ‘reasonable’ given the legitimate expectations of the employee and the employer. Moreover, the content and extent of this duty depends on an assessment of those expectations in light of a standard of reasonableness – a standard which must be applied with respect to labour law’s normative functions and foundations.
Postoperative Recovery with Bispectral Index versus Anesthetic Concentration–guided Protocols
Authors: Fritz Bradley A. , Rao Preetika , Mashour George A. , Abdallah Arbi ben , Burnside Beth A. , Jacobsohn Eric , Zhang Lini , Avidan Michael S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background:
Use of the bispectral index (BIS) monitor has been suggested to decrease excessive anesthetic drug administration, leading to improved recovery from general anesthesia. The purpose of this substudy of the B-Unawareand BAG-RECALL trials was to assess whether a BIS-based anesthetic protocol was superior to an end-tidal anesthetic concentration–based protocol in decreasing recovery time and postoperative complications.

Methods:
Patients at high risk for awareness were randomized to either BIS-guided or end-tidal anesthetic concentration–guided general anesthesia in the original trials. Outcomes included time to postanesthesia care unit discharge readiness, time to achieve a postoperative Aldrete score of 9–10, intensive care unit length of stay, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and severe postoperative pain. Univariate Cox regression and chi-square tests were used for statistical analyses.

Results:
The BIS cohort was not superior in time to postanesthesia care unit discharge readiness (hazard ratio, 1.0; 95% CI, 1.0–1.1; n = 2,949), time to achieve an Aldrete score of 9–10 (hazard ratio, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.0–1.4; n = 706), intensive care unit length of stay (hazard ratio, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.9–1.1; n = 2,074), incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (absolute risk reduction, −0.5%; 95% CI, −5.8 to 4.8%; n = 789), or incidence of severe postoperative pain (absolute risk reduction, 4.4%; 95% CI, −2.3 to 11.1%; n = 759).

Conclusions:
In patients at high risk for awareness, the BIS-guided protocol is not superior to an anesthetic concentration–guided protocol in time needed for postoperative recovery or in the incidences of common postoperative complications.
Evaluating measures of global coherence ability in stories in adults
Authors: Wright Heather Harris , Capilouto Gilson J. , Koutsoftas Anthony 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundDiscourse coherence is a reflection of the listener's ability to interpret the overall meaning conveyed by the speaker. Measuring global coherence (maintenance of thematic unity of the discourse) is useful for quantifying communication impairments at the discourse level in clinical populations and for measuring response to discourse‐level treatments.AimsThe aim was to determine feasibility of a four‐point global coherence scale developed by the authors. Specifically, they were (1) to estimate measurement reliability of the four‐point global coherence scale; and (2) to estimate construct validity for the four‐point global coherence scale.Method & ProceduresFifty cognitively healthy adults aged between 28 and 58 years participated in the study. Participants viewed and then told the stories depicted in two wordless picture books. Participants’ stories were orthographically transcribed and segmented into communication units (C‐unit). Raters scored each participant's story for global coherence using two global coherence scales (four‐ and five‐point scales). Each C‐unit received an individual score, then the mean global coherence score was computed, resulting in two mean global coherence scores for each coherence scale, one for each story, for all participants.Outcomes & ResultsResults indicated high reliability estimates for the scale. In addition, construct validity, specifically face validity and convergent validity, was effectively estimated for using the four‐point scale as a measure of maintenance of global coherence in stories told by cognitively healthy adults. Lastly, it was found that the wordless picture books elicited stories that are comparable and can be reliably interchanged as different forms to evaluate maintenance of global coherence.Conclusions & ImplicationsThe assumptions that the measure is feasible were achieved and face and convergent validity were adequately estimated. Future investigations should consider estimating predictive validity, concurrent validity and discriminant validity of the measure.
SURFACE: detecting convergent evolution from comparative data by fitting Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck models with stepwise Akaike Information Criterion
Authors: Ingram Travis , Mahler D.Luke 
Published: January 2013

SummaryWe present a method, ‘SURFACE’, that uses the Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck stabilizing selection model to identify cases of convergent evolution using only continuous phenotypic characters and a phylogenetic tree.SURFACEuses stepwise Akaike Information Criterion first to locate regime shifts on a tree, then to identify whether shifts are towards convergent regimes. Simulations can be used to test the hypothesis that a clade contains more convergence than expected by chance.We demonstrate the method with an application to HawaiianTetragnathaspiders, and present numerical simulations showing that the method has desirable statistical properties given data for multiple traits.Therpackagesurfaceis available as open source software from the Comprehensive R Archive Network.