bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a Powerful Nation: Neoliberalism andGreek Nationalism inThrace at the Turn of the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Gkintidis Dimitrios 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article retraces the permutations ofGreek nationalism from the early 1990s up to the late 2000s using the example of theWorldThracianCongresses – localized public events of ostentatious nationalist display that were organized from the early 1990s in theGreek border region ofThrace. New discourses on a ‘PowerfulGreece’ and flexible geopolitics reflect the particular ways in whichGreek nationalism and neoliberalism were configured among local and national elites. By understanding the ways in which aspirations of national grandeur, rationality, and accountability have been constructed for the last twenty years, we can begin to develop a deeper insight into the dilemmas ofGreek nationalism during the economic crisis of the early 2010s.
On Orientalist Terms: Malays in Singapore and Textbook Prescriptions
Authors: Miharja Nurhidayahti Mohammad 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article examines the influence of Orientalism on Singaporean historiography, specifically on textbook representations of the indigenous Malay population and the implications for the wider historical imagination. Central to analysing such Orientalist influence is a critical reflection on changes in the way the minority Malays have been portrayed from pre‐separation to National Education textbook narratives. The article finds that Orientalist portrayals of the Malays that started during colonial times have been sustained through an increasingly Sinocentric national narrative. Common to both colonial and postcolonial history is the reliance on Orientalism as the dominant mode of discourse.
A prospective study of trends in consumption of cigarettes and alcohol among adults in a rural Ugandan population cohort, 1994–2011
Authors: Asiki Gershim , Baisley Kathy , Kamali Anatoli , Kaleebu Pontiano , Seeley Janet , Newton Robert 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo characterise trends over time in smoking and alcohol consumption in a rural Ugandan population between 1994 and 2011.MethodsWe used self‐reported data from a long‐standing population cohort – the General Population Cohort. From 1989 to 1999, the study population comprised about 10 000 residents of 15 adjacent villages. From 1999, 10 more villages were added, doubling the population. Among adults (≥13 years, who comprise about half of the total study population), data on smoking were collected in 1994/1995, 2008/2009 and in 2010/2011. Data on alcohol were collected in 1996/1997, 2000/2001, 2009/2010 and 2010/2011.ResultsThe reported prevalence of smoking among men was 17% in 1994/1995, 14% in 2008/2009 and 16% in 2010/2011; equivalent figures for women were 1.5%, 1% and 2%. In the most recent time period, for both sexes combined, prevalence of smoking increased from 1.5% in those aged <29 years, to 18% in those 50+ years (P < 0.001); prevalence was 14.8% in the lowest tertile of socio‐economic status, decreasing to 3.7% in the highest (P < 0.001). For alcohol consumption, current drinking was reported by 39% in 1996/1997, 35% in 2000/2001 and 28% in 2010/2011; men were more likely to drink than women (32.9% vs. 23.5% in 2010/2011) and consumption increased with age (P < 0.001); and was associated with low socio‐economic status, riskier sexual behaviour and being HIV positive (P < 0.001).ConclusionsIn this rural Ugandan population, consumption of cigarettes and alcohol is higher among men than women, increases with age and is more frequent among those with low socio‐economic status. We find no evidence of increases in either exposure over time.
Soybean DREB1/CBF‐type transcription factors function in heat and drought as well as cold stress‐responsive gene expression
Authors: Kidokoro Satoshi , Watanabe Keitaro , Ohori Teppei , Moriwaki Takashi , Maruyama Kyonoshin , Mizoi Junya , Myint Phyu Sin Htwe Nang , Fujita Yasunari , Sekita Sachiko , Shinozaki Kazuo , Yamaguchi‐Shinozaki Kazuko 
Published: December 2014

SummarySoybean (Glycine max) is a globally important crop, and its growth and yield are severely reduced by abiotic stresses, such as drought, heat, and cold. The cis‐acting element DRE (dehydration‐responsive element)/CRT plays an important role in activating gene expression in response to these stresses. The Arabidopsis DREB1/CBF genes that encode DRE‐binding proteins function as transcriptional activators in the cold stress responsive gene expression. In this study, we identified 14 DREB1‐type transcription factors (GmDREB1s) from a soybean genome database. The expression of most GmDREB1 genes in soybean was strongly induced by a variety of abiotic stresses, such as cold, drought, high salt, and heat. The GmDREB1 proteins activated transcription via DREs (dehydration‐responsive element) in Arabidopsis and soybean protoplasts. Transcriptome analyses using transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing GmDREB1s indicated that many of the downstream genes are cold‐inducible and overlap with those of Arabidopsis DREB1A. We then comprehensively analyzed the downstream genes of GmDREB1B;1, which is closely related to DREB1A, using a transient expression system in soybean protoplasts. The expression of numerous genes induced by various abiotic stresses were increased by overexpressing GmDREB1B;1 in soybean, and DREs were the most conserved element in the promoters of these genes. The downstream genes of GmDREB1B;1 included numerous soybean‐specific stress‐inducible genes that encode an ABA receptor family protein, GmPYL21, and translation‐related genes, such as ribosomal proteins. We confirmed that GmDREB1B;1 directly activates GmPYL21 expression and enhances ABRE‐mediated gene expression in an ABA‐independent manner. These results suggest that GmDREB1 proteins activate the expression of numerous soybean‐specific stress‐responsive genes under diverse abiotic stress conditions.
Prospective surveillance of D− recipients of D+ apheresis platelets: alloimmunization against D is not detected
Authors: Weinstein Robert , Simard Amie , Ferschke Jillian , Vauthrin Michelle , Bailey, Jeffrey A. , Greene Mindy 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundRecent retrospective studies indicate that D− recipients of D+ apheresis platelets (PLTs) are not alloimmunized to D. Our hospital policy is to offer RhIG to D− women of childbearing age who received D+ apheresis PLTs but not to other D− recipients of D+ apheresis PLTs. We instituted prospective surveillance of the D− recipients who were not given RhIG.Study Design And MethodsAll apheresis PLT recipients were prospectively entered into a database that recorded the patient's age, sex, diagnosis, D status, apheresis PLT transfusions, and antibody screen results from before and after PLT transfusions. Data are reported for PLTs transfused between October 16, 2012, and April 16, 2014, and antibody screens obtained through June 16, 2014. The analysis excludes neonates; women not more than 50 years of age; and patients who also received D+ red blood cells, received only D− PLTs, received RhIG, were previously alloimmunized to D, and did not have a follow‐up antibody screen after the first D‐incompatible apheresis PLT transfusion.ResultsA total of 158 of 1107 apheresis PLT recipients were D−. Seventy‐nine were eligible for analysis based on the exclusion criteria listed above. None became alloimmunized to D during the observation interval. In 45 (57%) cases the last follow‐up antibody screen was obtained at least 4 weeks after the first D‐incompatible apheresis PLT transfusion.ConclusionProspective surveillance confirms prior retrospective observations that D− patients do not appear to risk D alloimmunization after receiving D+ apheresis PLTs.
Stereotactic radiation therapy for treatment of canine intracranial meningiomas
Authors: Griffin L.R. , Nolan M.W. , Selmic L.E. , Randall E. , Custis J. , LaRue S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe objective of this study is to determine the rate of toxicity, median survival time (MST) and prognostic factors in dogs with presumed intracranial meningiomas that were treated with stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT). Patient demographics, neurological history, details of SRT plans and response to treatment (including toxicity and survival times) were examined for potential prognostic factors. Overall MST (MST) due to death for any cause was 561 days. There was a mild to moderate exacerbation of neurological symptoms 3‐16 weeks following SRT treatments in 11/30 (36.7%) of dogs. This presumed adverse event was treated with corticosteroids, and improvement was seen in most of these dogs. Death within 6 months of treatment as a result of worsening neurologic signs was seen in 4/30 (13.3%) of dogs. Volume of normal brain that received full dose at a prescription of 8Gy × 3 fractions was predictive of death due to neurological problems within this 6‐month period.
AN APPLICATION OF BONE‐MARROW CULTURES TO TOXICOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS
Authors: Harrison K. , Randoll F. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. A method of cultivating bone marrow in vitro is described, together with its applications to toxicology and therapeutics.2. BAL and BAL‐Intrav have been compared as antidotes to arsenicals. BAL‐Intrav is less toxic than BAL, but is less potent as an antidote to lewisite oxide, and the range of effective therapeutic concentrations is smaller. The reaction product of BAL and Mapharside is toxic; the toxicity is diminished by an excess of BAL. The reaction product between BAL‐Intrav and Mapharside appears to be less toxic.3. Extending the comparison to mercury and antimony, it appears that BAL‐Intrav is superior as an antidote to BAL. Both substances form toxic reaction products with antimony potassium tartrate and with Neostam; it is suggested that in the intact animal every effort should be made to encourage the excretion of these products.4. Benzene is not toxic to bone marrow; of its oxidation products, the dihydric phenols are much more toxic than the trihydric phenols or than phenol itself.We are indebted to Surgeon‐Lieut. N. M. Hancox, R.N.V.R., for allowing us to make use of his work on the culture of bone marrow; to Mr. P. D. Mitchell, Dr. L. N. Owen, and Dr. L. A. Stocken for gifts of chemicals; to Mr. R. M. Weston, F.R.P.S., for the photographs; to Professor R. A. Peters, F.R.S., Professor G. R. Cameron, F.R.S., and Surgeon‐Captain A. Fairley, R.N., for advice and criticism; and to the Chief Scientist, Ministry of Supply, for permission to publish this paper, the substance of which has already appeared in Porton Reports (1944‐45).
Membrane potential measurement in cells of the adrenal gland
Authors: Matthews E. K. 
Published: December 2014

1. Recordings of transmembrane potentials have been made in vitro from the cells of the adrenal gland using glass micro‐electrodes.2. There was only a small species variation in the mean membrane potential of the cortical cells of the rabbit, rat and kitten; 66·2, 70·5, and 71·4 mV respectively.3. The membrane potential of cortical cells was dependent upon the external potassium concentration, [K]o. Raising [K]o above the normal concentration of 4·7 m
M by addition of KCl decreased the membrane potential; lowering [K]o from normal increased it. The decrease in membrane potential was still evident when chloride was replaced by sulphate. Increasing [K]o 10‐fold decreased the membrane potential of rabbit cortical cells by 44 mV and of kitten cortical cells by 50 mV.4. The mean membrane potential measured in medullary chromaffin cells was for the rabbit 24·2 mV, rat 20 mV, and kitten 31·7 mV. The potentials of medullary cells were much less affected by changes in [K]o than were cortical cell potentials.5. Age had little influence upon either cortical or medullary membrane potentials of adrenal glands, at least in early life.
Evidence for the presence of 16α‐hydroxypregn‐4‐ene‐3,20‐dione in adrenal venous blood of young pigs
Authors: Holzbauer Margarethe , Newport Helen M. 
Published: December 2014

1. Evidence was obtained for the presence of 16α‐hydroxypregn‐4‐ene‐3,20‐dione in each adrenal venous blood sample collected from eight young pigs under conditions of operative stress.2. The chemical identity of this steroid was tested on μg amounts by paper and gas chromatographic methods before and after the formation of derivatives.
Vascular responses of the spleen to nerve stimulation during normal and reduced blood flow
Authors: Greenway C. V. , Lawson Anne E. , Stark R. D. 
Published: December 2014

1. The splenic artery flow, the splenic weight and the arterial blood pressure were recorded in cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone.2. Oscillations in splenic artery flow and splenic weight were observed. Following occlusion and release of the splenic artery, there was a brief increase in flow to above the pre‐occlusion level and the oscillations in flow were greatly increased in amplitude. It is suggested that the brief increase is a consequence of the reduction of arterial pressure and that the oscillations are due to synchronization of rhythmic activity of smooth muscle within the spleen.3. Stimulation of the splenic nerves resulted in decreases in splenic artery flow and splenic weight. The size of the responses varied with the frequency of stimulation and maximum responses in both flow and weight were obtained at about 3 impulses/sec.4. After stimulation for 10 min, the splenic weight response was maintained while the flow response showed some recovery towards the control level.5. When the splenic artery flow was reduced to about half the control level for periods up to 2 hr, the flow and weight responses to stimulation of the splenic nerves remained unchanged; the significance of this after a haemorrhage is discussed.6. Intravenous administration of atropine or propranolol did not affect the responses to nerve stimulation. After phenoxybenzamine, nerve stimulation caused a smaller decrease in splenic weight, while the splenic artery flow increased to above the control level. This increase was unaffected by atropine but abolished by propranolol.
Uptake of N‐ethylmaleimide and 1‐fluoro‐2, 4‐dinitrobenzene in relation to the irreversible inhibition of glucose transfer in the human erythrocyte
Authors: Forsling Mary L. , Remfry Jennifer C. , Widdas W. F. 
Published: December 2014

1. The uptake of the inhibitors N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM) and 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (DNFB) by human red cells has been correlated with the inhibition of glucose exit.2. With both inhibitors there was an initial rapid uptake by the cells with little inhibition; this was followed by a phase when inhibition was developing rapidly but uptake continued at a steady rate even after the development of inhibition had flattened off.3. The rate of uptake of DNFB during the rapid development of inhibition corresponded to about 4 × 108 molecules/cell for 100% inhibition, irrespective of the temperature of incubation. This cannot be used as an estimate of the number of glucose transfer sites in the cell membrane because of the lack of specificity.4. In an examination of lipids from red cells incubated with [14C]DNFB, labelling associated with lipids was eluted with peaks in chloroform—methanol 4:1 and 1:4 respectively. Thus, although DNFB is normally regarded as a protein reagent, involvement of lipids in the transfer of glucose could not be excluded.
Observation of changes in volume of a congested limb as a means of studying the behaviour of capacity vessels
Authors: Ardill B. L. , Bhatnagar V. M. , Fentem P. H. 
Published: December 2014

1. Experiments have been performed to determine whether the volume of a forearm congested by a cuff inflated to a low pressure (15‐30 mm Hg) reflects active changes in the vascular capacity of the part while remaining relatively insensitive to the passive effects of changes in perfusion.2. Conditions were chosen in which existing evidence suggests that blood flow and capacity vary independently of each other.3. The results of these experiments suggested that active changes in capacity can be studied by the continuous observation of the volume of a congested limb, provided that the associated change in blood flow is a reduction from the basal level and is not an increase above the basal level.
The effect of noradrenaline on the end‐plate potential in twitch fibres of the frog
Authors: Jenkinson D. H. , Stamenović B. A. , Whitaker Beatrice D. L. 
Published: December 2014

1. The action of noradrenaline in increasing the amplitude of the end‐plate potential (e.p.p.) has been studied in magnesium‐blocked frog skeletal muscle.2. Noradrenaline (10−5
M) increased the e.p.p. by about 20% without causing any comparable change in the amplitude of the miniature end‐plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s). It was concluded that noradrenaline acts by potentiating the release of acetylcholine by the nerve impulse, rather than by increasing the sensitivity of the end‐plate.3. In support of this, it was found that the increase in e.p.p. amplitude was associated with a reduction in the variability of successive e.p.p.s, as is to be expected if the quantal content of the e.p.p. became larger. Further, noradrenaline was without effect on the response to iontophoretically‐applied acetylcholine, although it potentiated depolarizations elicited by acetylcholine applied for much longer periods in the bathing fluid.4. Noradrenaline increased the frequency of occurrence of m.e.p.p.s, and unusually large m.e.p.p.s. were occasionally observed.
A renally active substance from heart muscle and from blood
Authors: Ilett K. F. , Lockett Mary F. 
Published: December 2014

1. A steroid‐like compound has been isolated from cat heart muscle by thin‐layer chromatography.2. This compound has been characterized by measurement of its RF values in two solvent systems.3. No similar substance could be detected in the 1 hr venous outputs of cat adrenals.4. It could not be detected in heart‐lung circuit blood when the heart had been perfusing for 1¼‐1½ hr at constant venous input and peripheral resistance. The compound was however extractable from the circuit blood 10‐15 min after reduction in venous input.5. The actions of this compound on the isolated kidney resemble those of aldosterone but are of much shorter latency.6. The heart substance differs from aldosterone in RF values and has more than 10 times the renal activity of aldosterone when the two substances are equated (visually) for ability to reduce blue tetrazolium.
The effects of prostaglandins E1, F1α and F2α on monosynaptic reflexes
Authors: Duda P. , Horton E. W. , McPherson Angus 
Published: December 2014

1. Experiments, using electrophysiological recording techniques, were carried out to confirm the report that prostaglandins affect spinal reflexes in cats.2. Ventral root potentials evoked by stimulation of the ipsilateral dorsal root were recorded. Those with a latent period corresponding to a monosynaptic pathway were used primarily in this investigation.3. Prostaglandin E1 (3·5‐17·8 μg/kg) injected into the aorta reduced the amplitude of monosynaptic responses in six out of ten cats. The effect began about 15 min after injection and lasted over 3 hr. In one cat E1 caused potentiation of the reflex and in three cats there was no effect.4. Prostaglandin F1α (2·4‐3·5 μg/kg) inhibited the monosynaptic response in four cats but in one of these a subsequent large dose (19·6 μg/kg) greatly potentiated the reflex.5. Prostaglandin F2α (1·4‐17·8 μg/kg) injected into the aorta was followed by significant but variable changes in monosynaptic response. In one experiment an intravenous injection (30·3 μg/kg) was followed by a long‐lasting potentiation of the reflex response.6. It is concluded that prostaglandins, two of which have previously been identified in cat brain extracts, have pronounced and long‐lasting effects on monosynaptic spinal reflexes.
Conditions governing the pulmonary vascular response to ventilation hypoxia and hypoxaemia in the dog
Authors: Daly I. de Burgh , Michel C. C. , Ramsay D. J. , Waaler B. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. Isolated lung lobes of the dog perfused through the pulmonary circulation only with atropinized autologous blood obtained by bleeding out the animal under general anaesthesia or following premedication with morphine hydrochloride were subjected to repetitive tests of ventilation hypoxia, the control and test gas mixtures containing similar concentrations of CO2.2. The pulmonary vasomotor response to ventilation hypoxia depended upon the temperature of the perfusate and the time which had elapsed from the death of the animal to the start of perfusion, termed the ‘ischaemic period’. The higher blood temperatures and shorter ischaemic periods favoured a pulmonary vasopressor response to hypoxia, and the lower temperatures and longer ischaemic periods a vasodepressor response or an absence of response.3. The vasopressor responses to hypoxia were associated with a rise in the pH (average, 0·09 in 5 experiments) and a fall in the PCO2 of the blood. There were no consistent changes in the pH and PCO2 of the blood accompanying vasodepressor responses.4. The vasopressor responses could be obtained over periods of perfusion lasting 4 hr or longer.5. It is suggested that changes in the composition of blood equilibrated in the isolated perfused lung cannot be predicted from in vitro dissociation curves.
Intracellular distribution of submaxillary kallikrein
Authors: Bhoola K. D. 
Published: December 2014

1. Differential centrifugation and sucrose density‐gradient data indicate that kallikrein in the submaxillary gland is associated with particles which sediment with the nuclear and heavy mitochondrial fractions and equilibrate with 1·7‐1·8
M sucrose.2. The sedimentation properties of the kallikrein containing particles differ from those of mitochondria and lysosomes, but resemble those of the pancreatic zymogen granules.3. Histological observations indicate that kallikrein is associated with basophilic particles which stain positively with Periodic Acid‐Schiff reagent.4. Pilocarpine causes a preferential secretion of kallikrein and amylase into saliva.5. The results would support an exocrine role for submaxillary kallikrein.
Influence of sodium ions on the membrane potential of the sino‐atrial node in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation
Authors: Toda Noboru 
Published: December 2014

1. Sympathetic nerve‐atrial preparations isolated from rabbits were used in the present study. Transmembrane potentials were recorded from sino‐atrial (S‐A) nodal pace‐maker fibres.2. A reduction of [Na+]o (extracellular concentration of sodium ions) decreased the maximal diastolic potential, reduced the size of the overshoot, prolonged the depolarization time, increased the rate of early repolarization and decreased the rate of late repolarization.3. A Na+‐deficiency markedly augmented the positive chronotropic effect of stimulation of post‐ganglionic sympathetic nerves at a frequency of 5/sec but slightly augmented the effect of stimulation at 1 and 20/sec.4. The marked membrane effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation at low [Na+]o was an increase in the slope of slow depolarization during diastole. Corresponding to an induced acceleration of S‐A nodal rate, the 90% duration of the action potential was decreased but the other action potential parameters measured were not influenced.5. A reduction of [Na+]o to 51·7 m
M produced in the pace‐maker membrane, subthreshold oscillations the rate and the amplitude of which were increased by sympathetic nerve stimulation until conducted potentials were generated.6. It is presumed that cardiac noradrenaline elicits an increase in the slope of slow depolarization during late diastole which is due to an increase in Na+ permeability, a decrease in K+ permeability or a non‐selective increase in ion permeability, but that it does not influence the pace‐maker membrane during systole.