bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Surface Temperature and Extreme Rainfalls: A Multi-Time-Scale and Event-Based Analysis*
Authors: Panthou Gérémy , Mailhot Alain , Laurence Edward , Talbot Guillaume 
Published: June 2014

AbstractRecent studies have examined the relationship between the intensity of extreme rainfall and temperature. Two main reasons justify this interest. First, the moisture-holding capacity of the atmosphere is governed by the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) equation. Second, the temperature dependence of extreme-intensity rainfalls should follow a similar relationship assuming relative humidity remains constant and extreme rainfalls are driven by the actual water content of the atmosphere. The relationship between extreme rainfall intensity and air temperature (Pextr–Ta) was assessed by analyzing maximum daily rainfall intensities for durations ranging from 5 min to 12 h for more than 100 meteorological stations across Canada. Different factors that could influence this relationship have been analyzed. It appears that the duration and the climatic region have a strong influence on this relationship. For short durations, the Pextr–Ta relationship is close to the CC scaling for coastal regions while a super-CC scaling followed by an upper limit is observed for inland regions. As the duration increases, the slope of the relationship Pextr–Ta decreases for all regions. The shape of the Pextr–Ta curve is not sensitive to the percentile or season. Complementary analyses have been carried out to understand the departures from the expected Clausius–Clapeyron scaling. The relationship between dewpoint temperature and extreme rainfall intensity shows that the relative humidity is a limiting factor for inland regions, but not for coastal regions. Using hourly rainfall series, an event-based analysis is proposed in order to understand other deviations (super-CC, sub-CC, and monotonic decrease). The analyses suggest that the observed scaling is primarily due to the rainfall event dynamic.
Long-Lived Concentric Eyewalls in Typhoon Soulik (2013)
Authors: Yang Yi-Ting , Hendricks Eric A. , Kuo Hung-Chi , Peng Melinda S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe authors report on western North Pacific Typhoon Soulik (2013), which had two anomalously long-lived concentric eyewall (CE) episodes, as identified from microwave satellite data, radar data, and total precipitable water data. The first period was 25 h long and occurred while Soulik was at category 4 intensity. The second period was 34 h long and occurred when Soulik was at category 2 intensity. A large moat and outer eyewall width were present in both CE periods, and there was a significant contraction of the inner eyewall radius from the first period to the second period. The typhoon intensity decrease was partially due to encountering unfavorable environmental conditions of low ocean heat content and dry air, even though inner eyewall contraction would generally support intensification. The T–Vmax diagram (where T is the brightness temperature and Vmax is the best track–estimated intensity) is used to analyze the time sequence of the intensity and convective activity. The convective activity (and thus the integrated kinetic energy) increased during the CE periods despite the weakening of intensity.
The “New” Head and Neck Cancer Patient—Young, Nonsmoker, Nondrinker, and HPV Positive: Evaluation
Authors: Deschler Daniel G. , Richmon Jeremy D. , Khariwala Samir S. , Ferris Robert L. , Wang Marilene B. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveThe near epidemic rise of the incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) presents the practitioner with a “new” head and neck cancer patient, vastly different from those with the traditional risk factors who formed the basis of most practitioners’ training experience. Accordingly, a thorough and disease‐specific evaluation process is necessitated. This article will review the evaluation of the HPV‐related cancer patient, including a review of the HPV‐positive oropharyngeal cancer epidemic from the surgeon's perspective, evaluation of the primary lesion, evaluation of the neck mass, and role of imaging, to provide a framework for addressing the challenging questions patients may ask.Data SourcesAvailable peer‐reviewed literature and practice guidelines.Review MethodsAssessment of selected specific topics by authors solicited from the Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology Committee of the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation and the American Head and Neck Society.Conclusions and Implications for PracticeThe dramatic rise in OPSSC related to HPV is characterized by a “new” cancer patient who is younger and lacks traditional risk factors. Today's caregiver must be prepared to appropriately evaluate, counsel, and treat these patients with HPV‐positive disease with the expectation that traditional treatment algorithms will evolve to maintain or improve current excellent cure rates while lessening treatment related side effects.
Clinical effectiveness of Novolin® 30R versus Lantus® combined with Glucobay® treatment in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus controlled by oral hypoglycaemic agents: A randomized study
Authors: Sun Yixuan , Shao Li , Niu Xianping , Liu Yue , Ge Jianli , Jiang Hua , Zhang Hua 
Published: June 2014

Objective To compare the treatment effects of Novolin® 30Ra, versus Lantus®a combined with acarbose (Glucobay®), in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Patients (aged > 60 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to receive either Novolin® 30Ra (initial dose 0.5 IU/kg) or Lantus®a (initial dose 0.2 IU/kg) combined with 50 mg acarbose. After a 32-week treatment period, the following parameters were measured: blood glucose control; blood lipid levels; body mass index; proportion of patients achieving a glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level <7.5%; rate of hypoglycaemic events; change in fasting blood glucose levels from baseline in patients stratified according to their baseline HbA1c level. Results A total of 188 patients were enrolled in the study. After 32 weeks’ treatment, compared with baseline levels, there were significant reductions in FBG, 2 h-postprandial blood glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values in both groups. Although there were fewer hypoglycaemic events in the Lantus® combined with Glucobay® group compared with the Novolin® 30R group, the difference was not significant. Conclusion Novolin® 30R and Lantus® combined with acarbose both had beneficial effects on blood glucose control and blood lipid levels in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Relationship between toll-like receptor 4 levels in aorta and severity of atherosclerosis
Authors: Xing Shanshan , Zheng Fei , Zhang Wei , Wang Dong , Xing Qichong 
Published: June 2014

Objective To investigate the relationship between levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein in aortic tissue and the severity of atherosclerosis in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods Samples of ascending aorta and renal artery were collected from patients undergoing CABG surgery or kidney donation, respectively. TLR4 levels were determined by immunohistochemistry. Coronary angiography was performed to determine atherosclerosis severity via Gensini score. Results TLR4 was present at high levels in aortic tissues from patients ( n = 46), and was absent from renal artery tissue (controls; n = 11). There was a significant positive correlation between Gensini score and TLR4 level in the patient group. Conclusions TLR4 may play an important role in atherosclerosis and could be a potential therapeutic target for treatment of coronary artery disease. Discarded aortic tissue obtained during CABG surgery provides a new approach to the study of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Cardiovascular Effects of Continuous Dexmedetomidine Infusion Without a Loading Dose in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Cummings Brian M. , Cowl Allison S. , Yager Phoebe H. , El Saleeby Chadi M. , Shank Erik S. , Noviski Natan 
Published: June 2014

Background: Use of dexmedetomidine in pediatric critical care is common, despite lack of prospective studies on its hemodynamic effects. Objective: To describe cardiovascular effects in critically ill children treated with a constant continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine without a loading dose at highest Food and Drug Administration-approved adult dose. Methods: Prospective, pilot study of 17 patients with dexmedetomidine infused at a rate of 0.7 μg/kg/h for 6 to 24 hours. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) values over time were analyzed by a random effects mixed model. Results: Patients with median age of 1.6 years (1 month to 17 years) and median weight of 11.8 kg (2.8-84 kg) received an infusion for a mean of 16 ± 7.2 hours. There were no cardiac conduction abnormalities. One patient required discontinuation of infusion for predetermined low HR termination criteria at hour 13 of infusion; there was no clinical compromise and it coincided with planned extubation. Decreased HR of 20% from baseline was found in 35% of patients. The mean HR reduction was largest at hour 13 of infusion with a decrease of 13 ± 17 bpm from baseline, but HR changes over time were not statistically significant. Blood pressure effects included a decrease in 12% and an increase in 29%. There was a small but statistically significant increase in systolic BP of 0.4 mm Hg/h of infusion, P < .001. Conclusion: A continuous infusion of 0.7 μg/kg/h of dexmedetomidine without a loading dose for up to 24 hours in critically ill children had tolerable effects on HR and BP.
Relationship of Fiber Content and Fabric Properties to Comfort of Socks
Authors: Morris Mary Ann , Prato Harriet H. , White Nancy L. 
Published: June 2014

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship of fiber content and fabric properties to the subjective evaluation of comfort of socks and to determine the subjective evaluations and laboratory measurements that best predict comfort. Socks made from all synthetic or predominantly cotton fibers were worn during exercise. Laboratory measurements were made on samples of sock fabrics which had been washed but not worn. Subjective evaluations obtained from the participants during the wear study indicated that the socks made from synthetic fibers were slightly more comfortable than the predominantly cotton socks. Prior to the wear study the majority of participants had indicated that they would select cotton socks for maximum comfort. The subjective evaluations of sock softness and foot dryness were found to be the significant determinants of comfort. Neither fiber content nor any of the laboratory measurements (weight, thickness, moisture absorption, air permeability, compressibility, and compressional resiliency) were found to be good predictors of comfort.
An Evaluation of Antioxidants for the Conservation of Museum Textiles
Authors: Asche Kimberly , Cox Crews Patricia 
Published: June 2014

Selected antioxidants were evaluated for their ability to reduce yellowing, fading, and strength loss of textiles when applied by an immersion technique similar to cleaning procedures used by museum conservators. Undyed silk, wool, linen and cotton specimens, along with wool specimens dyed with three natural dyes, were treated with seven antioxidants representing three chemical classes—phenols, phosphites and propionates. The treated fabric specimens were exposed to 80 AFU's of xenon light, followed by instrumental color evaluations using a Hunterlab D25-M tristimulus colorimeter and breaking strengt. measurements using a CRE-500 Scott tensile strength tester. Results showed that two phosphite antioxidants significantly reduced yellowing of all four undyed natural fibers, but none of the antioxidants reduced fading of wool dyed with natural dyes. Some antioxidants slightly suppressed fiber degradation of undyed silk, wool, and linen. In general, antioxidant treatments did not reduce strength losses in naturally dyed wool. Based on these results antioxidants examined in the study cannot be recommended for use on colored museum textiles. However, two phosphite antioxidants showed promise for use on undyed museum textiles such as table linens, quilts and christening gowns.
What remains of the theory of demand management in a globalising world?
Authors: Bhaduri Amit 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis article explains a curious redirection of economic policies that uses the policy framework of Kalecki and Keynes only to undermine it. It does not negate their theory of demand management, but reformulates it to serve the powerful interests of finance in the era of financial globalisation. As a result, accountability to finance rather than to the citizens becomes more important for democratic governments, and credit rating dominates democratic performance.
Identifying individuals with multiple sclerosis in an electronic medical record
Authors: Krysko Kristen M , Ivers Noah M , Young Jacqueline , O’Connor Paul , Tu Karen 
Published: June 2014

Background: The increasing use of electronic medical records (EMRs) presents an opportunity to efficiently evaluate and improve quality of care for individuals with MS. Objectives: We aimed to establish an algorithm to identify individuals with MS within EMRs. Methods: We used a sample of 73,003 adult patients from 83 primary care physicians in Ontario using the Electronic Medical Record Administrative data Linked Database (EMRALD). A reference standard of 247 individuals with MS was identified through chart abstraction. The accuracy of identifying individuals with MS in an EMR was assessed using information in the cumulative patient profile (CPP), prescriptions and physician billing codes. Results: An algorithm identifying MS in the CPP performed well with 91.5% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 98.7% PPV and 100% NPV. The addition of prescriptions for MS-specific medications and physician billing code 340 used four times within any 12-month timeframe slightly improved the sensitivity to 92.3% with a PPV of 97.9%. Conclusions: Data within an EMR can be used to accurately identify patients with MS. This study has positive implications for clinicians, researchers and policy makers as it provides the potential to identify cohorts of MS patients in the primary care setting to examine quality of care.
Cystolithotripsy using the Holmium laser: Evolving uses for the laser lithotrite
Authors: Mains Edward AA , Carrera Ashley , Ramsay Alison , Halsall Andrew , Nalagatla Sarath K 
Published: June 2014

Objective: The optimal management of bladder stones remains unclear, with a range of approaches described. We aim to describe our results using Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for the management of bladder stones. Patients and methods: Data were collected prospectively on 20 (19 male, one female) patients undergoing laser lithotripsy for bladder calculi at a single centre from February 2013 to February 2014. The mean patient age was 69.75 years (range 51–87). Patient demographics, stone size, operative details and post-operative events and hospital stay were recorded. A 365 or 550 micron Holmium:YAG laser fibre, with a power setting of 1.0J and a frequency of 10Hz was used in all cases. Results: The mean stone size was 2.2cm (1–4cm). The mean operative time was 32.85 min (15–70 min). Operative time correlated positively with stone size ( r=0.74). Three patients underwent laser stone fragmentation followed by transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) during the same anaesthetic. Visibility remained clear in all these patients during lithotripsy, allowing complete fragmentation and stone clearance. Intra-operative bleeding was noted during the TURP procedure as expected. There were two episodes of self-limiting post-operative pyrexia but no reported cases of post-operative sepsis. Apart from the three patients undergoing TURP, there were no cases of post-operative bleeding and no cases required blood transfusion. Stone clearance was complete after a single procedure in 100% of cases. The mean hospital stay was 2.5 days (1–7 days), with a mean post-operative stay of 1.8 days. Conclusion: Laser lithotripsy offers a safe and effective management option for bladder stones, including those which are large and hard. It offers the key benefit of lithotripsy under direct vision, with no recorded mucosal injury in our series and thus no intra-operative or post-operative haematuria (outside of the TURP group).
Functional deficiency of NBN, the Nijmegen breakage syndrome protein, in a p.R215W mutant breast cancer cell line
Authors: Schröder-Heurich Bianca , Bogdanova Natalia , Wieland Britta , Xie Xiaoxi , Noskowicz Monika , Park-Simon Tjoung-Won , Hillemanns Peter , Christiansen Hans , Dörk Thilo 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Mutations in NBN, the gene for Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome (NBS), are thought to predispose women to developing breast cancer, but a breast cancer cell line containing mutations in NBN has not yet been described. The p.R215W missense mutation occurs at sub-polymorphic frequencies in several populations. We aimed to investigate its functional impact in breast cancer cells from a carrier of this NBN mutation.

Methods
Breast cancer cell lines were screened by immunoblotting for NBN protein levels, and the NBN coding region was sequenced for mutation analysis. Radiosensitivity assays and functional studies were performed through immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting, and flow cytometry was employed to assess cell cycle progression. Impedance measurements were used to study the consequences of PARP1 inhibition. Statistical comparisons between cell lines were performed using t-tests.

Results
HCC1395 breast cancer cells exhibited reduced NBN protein levels. Direct sequencing identified the NBN p.R215W mutation in the hemizygous state, in addition to a truncation in BRCA1. Mutations in both genes were already present in the heterozygous state in the patient’s germline. HCC1395 cells were highly radiosensitive, susceptible to apoptosis and were deficient in the formation of NBN foci. There was also evidence for some impairment in the formation of γH2AX, MDC1, and 53BP1 foci after irradiation; these foci appeared smaller and irregular compared with repair foci in wild-type cells, although ATM signalling was largely unaffected. In line with their deficiency in NBN and BRCA1, HCC1395 cells were particularly sensitive to PARP1 inhibition.

Conclusion
Our results indicate that the p.R215W mutation in the HCC1395 breast cancer cell line impairs NBN function, making this cell line a potentially useful cellular model for studying defective NBN protein within a mutant BRCA1 background.
Public funding and private investment for R&D: a survey in China’s pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Qiu Lan , Chen Zi-Ya , Lu Deng-Yu , Hu Hao , Wang Yi-Tao 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
In recent years, China has experienced tremendous growth in its pharmaceutical industry. Both the Chinese government and private investors are motivated to invest into pharmaceutical research and development (R&D). However, studies regarding the different behaviors of public and private investment in pharmaceutical R&D are scarce. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the current situation of public funding and private investment into Chinese pharmaceutical R&D.

Methods
The primary data used in the research were obtained from the China High-tech Industry Statistics Yearbook (2002–2012) and China Statistical Yearbook of Science and Technology (2002–2012). We analyzed public funding and private investment in five aspects: total investment in the industry, funding sources of the whole industry, differences between provinces, difference in subsectors, and private equity/venture capital investment.

Results
The vast majority of R&D investment was from private sources. There is a significantly positive correlation between public funding and private investment in different provinces of China. However, public funding was likely to be invested into less developed provinces with abundant natural herbal resources. Compared with the chemical medicine subsector, traditional Chinese medicine and biopharmaceutical subsectors obtained more public funding. Further, the effect of the government was focused on private equity and venture capital investment although private fund is the mainstream of this type of investment.

Conclusions
Public funding and private investment play different but complementary roles in pharmaceutical R&D in China. While being less than private investment, public funding shows its significance in R&D investment. With rapid growth of the industry, the pharmaceutical R&D investment in China is expected to increase steadily from both public and private sources.
Nanofibrous scaffolds in biomedical applications
Authors: Gupta Kailash Chandra , Haider Adnan , Choi Yu-ri , Kang Inn-kyu 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Nanofibrous scaffolds are artificial extracellular matrices which provide natural environment for tissue formation. In comparison to other forms of scaffolds, the nanofibrous scaffolds promote cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation more efficiently due to having high surface to volume ratio. Although scaffolds for tissue engineering have been fabricated by various techniques but electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds have shown great potential in the fields of tissue engineering and regeneration. This review highlights the applications and importance of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds in various fields of biomedical applications ranging from drug delivery to wound healing. Attempts have also been made to highlights the advantages and disadvantages of nanofirbous scaffolds fabricated for biomedical applications using technique of electrospinning. The role of various factors controlling drug distribution in electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds is also discussed to increase the therapeutic efficiency of nanofibrous scaffolds in wound healing and drug delivery applications.