bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hearing results in the second stage of open mastoidectomy: A comparison of the different techniques
Authors: CristÔBal Fernando , Gômez‐Ullate Rafael , CristÔBal Isabel , Arcocha Alfredo , ArrÔO Ramon 
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVEThe goal of this study was to compare the hearing results obtained through different hearing‐restoration techniques in open‐cavity mastoidectomy.METHODS AND MATERIALA total of 116 ears operated on during the second stage of open mastoidectomy were studied. The hearing gain was registered as the difference between preoperative and 1‐year postoperative conversational frequency means (500, 1000, 2000 Hz). High‐pitched frequencies (4000 Hz) were used equally. Two groups of studies were carried out: in one study the stapes was intact, and in the other the stapes arch was absent. The columella techniques we examined, from a hearing point of view, are total and partial ossicular replacement prostheses, ossiculoplasty, cartilage with or without perichondrium, and the myringostapediopexy.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSIn the group of patients in whom the stapes was intact, the differences in high‐pitched frequencies found between the different techniques were negligible, but the differences were quite significant in conversational frequencies, where the partial ossicular replacement prosthesis turned out to be the technique with the worst results. In ears in which only the footplate was present, the total ossicular replacement prosthesis gave better results than any other technique, both in conversational frequencies and in 4000‐Hz frequency.
Brain Death
Authors: Laureys Steven 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The use of high-tech intensive care in the 1960s led to the dissociation between cardiac, respiratory, and brain function in patients who would have previously died from apnoea. As a consequence, death had to be re-defined determined by neurological criteria. Ever since, brain death raises diverse neuroethical issues, from estate law and religious practices to patient care and organ donation. Such controversies naturally stem from the exact formulation of brain death. This chapter argues that a neocortical definition of brain death is conceptually inadequate and cannot characterize patients in vegetative or minimally conscious states. The chapter provides some suggestions as to how the medical community can act to promote advanced medical care planning. Finally, the chapter speculates that in the future, improving technologies for brain repair and prosthetic support for brain functions might change our current ideas of irreversibility and eventually force medicine and society to once again revise its definition of death.
Introduction
Authors: Zimmer Oliver 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The Introduction outlines the concepts and themes that frame the book's narrative, situating them within the context of the historiography on modern Germany during this period, and explaining the distinctive nature of its focus and arguments. The book's central concern with the place-making activities of urban residents is discussed, and the concepts guiding the analysis in its three successive parts—journey, place, and rhythm—are introduced and explained
Remaking the Bürgergemeinde
Authors: Zimmer Oliver 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the political implications of municipal citizenship. In this regard, the invention of universal manhood suffrage (1867/71) created a new situation. Suddenly a large part of Germany's adult male population could take part in national elections, which contrasted sharply with the political exclusion that continued at the municipal level. Intriguingly, the economically more traditional Ulm proved much more inclusive than either Augsburg or Ludwigshafen am Rhein. But local citizenship was about more than place-making through political exclusion. It was also about men and women organizing themselves in electoral associations and consumer co-operatives.
Brain networks for the encoding of emotions in communication sounds of human and nonhuman primates
Authors: Rauschecker Josef P. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter builds on the notion of processing hierarchies and processing streams that was developed in auditory cortical neurophysiology of primates over the last 20 years. The anterior-ventral stream is involved in the decoding and identification of complex auditory patterns or ‘objects’. Species-specific communication sounds, including speech in humans, are one such category of complex sounds, so their decoding and identification also happens along the ventral stream, i.e. in the anterior superior temporal region and in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. The anterior-ventral stream also gives rise to a projection into medial prefrontal areas, where emotional content of vocalizations is processed. This medial prefrontal network is well characterized anatomically, but its neurophysiological analysis lags far behind. As things stand, this chapter can only provide a framework for further investigation of the neural basis of emotion-related communication sound processing in primates and of the interactions between perceptual and limbic networks.
Applicable Law in Investor-State Arbitration
Authors: Kjos Hege Elisabeth 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This book examines the law, national and/or international, that arbitral tribunals apply on the merits to settle disputes between foreign investors and host states. In light of the freedom that the disputing parties and the arbitrators have when designating the applicable law, and because of the hybrid nature of legal relationship between investors and states, there is significant interplay between the national and the international legal order in investor-state arbitration. The book contains a comprehensive analysis of the relevant jurisprudence, legal instruments, and scholarship surrounding arbitral practice with respect to the application of national law and international law. It investigates the awards in which tribunals referred to consistency between the legal orders, and suggests alternatives to the traditional doctrines of monism and dualism to explain the relationship between the national and the international legal order. The book also addresses the territorialized or internationalized nature of the tribunals; relevant choice-of-law rules and methodologies; and the scope of the arbitration agreement, including the possibility of host states presenting counterclaims in investment treaty arbitration. Ultimately, it argues that in investor–state arbitration, national and international law do not only coexist but may be applied simultaneously; they are also interdependent, each complementing and informing the other both indirectly and directly for a larger common good: enforcement of rights and obligations regardless of their national or international origin.
Patmos in Eastern Traditions from the 5th Century
Authors: Boxall Ian 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The chapter examines Eastern interpretations of Patmos from the 5th century onwards, treated separately in recognition of their unique character. This is a wide-ranging discussion, which includes examination of how the highly influential apocryphal Acts of John by Prochorus create a whole narrative world for Patmos, typological readings which connect John’s experience on Patmos with that of Moses on Sinai, and Greek commentaries by Oecumenius, Andreas of Caesarea, and Arethas. There is also some consideration of Oriental Orthodox (Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, and Armenian) commentaries and hagiographical texts. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the foundation of the Patmos monastery in 1088 by St Christodoulos as an example of actualization, and the consequent importance of Patmos for the Eastern hesychast tradition.
Making of the International Minimum Standard (–1930s)
Authors: Paparinskis Martins 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter addresses the pre-Second World War creation and development of the international minimum standard, identifying a number of ways of approaching the issue. The first approach, adopted by Elihu Root in a famous speech, was simultaneously explicit about the non-exhaustive nature of the non-discriminatory aspect of the international standard and uncertain and contradictory about the source and content of this exception that could go further and apply to outrageous cases. The second approach is exemplified by the award in the Neer case where the US-Mexican General Claims Commission attempted to define the international standard by means of analogy. The Commission derived criteria of procedural outrage from the better-established rules of denial of justice and then applied them more generally. However, the focus on procedural outrages made it more complicated to develop rules that fell outside this paradigm, particularly regarding the standard on the protection of property.
Icons and Iconoclasm in Japanese Buddhism
Authors: Winfield Pamela D. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This study crosses the disciplinary lines of religious studies and art history/visual studies as it juxtaposes and qualifies two representative voices for and against the role of imagery in the enlightenment experience. Kūkai (774–835) believes that real and imagined forms are indispensable to his new esoteric Mikkyō method for “becoming a Buddha in this very body” (sokushin jōbutsu), yet he also deconstructs the significance of such imagery in his poetic and doctrinal works. Conversely, Dōgen (1200–1253) believes that “just sitting” in Zen meditation without any visual props or mental elaborations can lead one to realize that “this very mind is Buddha” (sokushin zebutsu), but then he also privileges select Zen icons as worthy of veneration. In considering the nuanced views of these two premodern Japanese Buddhist masters, this study updates previous comparisons of Kūkai’s and Dōgen’s oeuvres and engages both their texts and images together for the first time. It thereby liberates them from their respective sectarian scholarship that has pigeonholed them into iconographic/ritual vs. philological/philosophical categories, and it restores the historical symbiosis between religious thought and artistic expression well before the nineteenth-century invention of the academic disciplines of religious studies vs. art history. Theoretically speaking as well, this study breaks new methodological ground by proposing space and time as organizing principles for analyzing both meditative experience, as well as visual/material culture, and it presents a broader vision of how Japanese Buddhists themselves understood the role of imagery before, during, and after awakening.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Winfield Pamela D. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Chapter Five: Concluding Remarks directly addresses the opening questions to this comparative study and tentatively offers new directions in the study of icons and iconoclasm beyond the scope of Kūkai’s and Dōgen’s oeuvres. The qualifier “tentatively” is used here deliberately. The space-time analytical model, the text-image methodology, and the experience-expression feedback loop advanced here may indeed have significant implications for the study of mystical experience and artistic expression in other religious traditions as well. At the same time, however, it should not be assumed that the conclusions drawn from this study are universally applicable. Juxtaposing the spiritual trajectories and associated arts of other kataphatic and apophatic examples may, or may not, be illumined by a similar approach taken here.
International Finance: An Overview
Authors: BAKER H. KENT , RIDDICK LEIGH A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Understanding the current state of affairs and tools available in the study of international finance is increasingly important as few areas in finance can be divorced completely from international issues. This chapter provides an introduction to international finance and discusses the purpose of the book as well as its key features and intended audience. It also differentiates the book from others in the field of international finance. The chapter then outlines the book's structure and provides an abstract of the remaining 27 chapters.
A Primer on Exchange Rate Behavior
Authors: LOTHIAN JAMES R. , TAYLOR MARK P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractExchange rate behavior has been a major concern in international finance since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system of pegged exchange rates in the early 1970s. This chapter reviews the empirical evidence accumulated in the four decades that have elapsed since that event. It focuses first on behavior over the long run—periods of several years or more in length—and then turns to behavior over much shorter periods. To set the stage for these discussions, the chapter begins with an overview of some of the relevant economic theory and of historical antecedents of current exchange-rate research.
Corporate Risk Management in the Multinational Firm
Authors: HOMMEL ULRICH , PROKESCH TOBIAS 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMultinational companies are nowadays operating in a highly globalized and increasingly integrated business environment. They need to cope with rising volatilities, especially in currency markets, as well as a rising prevalence of structural breaks in all markets in which they operate. This chapter reviews the academic literature on corporate risk management activities as well as the limitations of academic research from a practitioner's perspective. Starting from a general discussion of the corporate risk universe, the chapter examines the contributions on risk exposure measurement and risk mitigation before turning attention to value-based rationales for firm-level risk management. Next, the chapter shows that the academic literature has provided few insights on two aspects of key relevance for corporate risk managers: (1) the proper mixing of financial and operative hedging strategies when dealing with currency risk exposures and (2) the maturity of corporate hedges. The chapter closes with a review of the norms and regulations governing the risk management function in the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany.
Links between International Financial Markets and Volatility
Authors: BUTLER KIRT C. , WILLIAM GERKEN 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe international financial crisis of 2008 focused attention on linkages between international financial markets as the crisis quickly propagated across countries and markets. Understanding the extent of financial market contagion during crisis times requires identifying normal interdependence; that is, how markets move during normal times. Normal interdependence includes price and volatility spillovers that may arrive contemporaneously or with a delay. Once normal interdependence is recognized, financial contagion can be measured relative to this base as a cross-market change in the transmission channels—particularly in asset price comovements—after a shock in one market. This chapter surveys the evidence on the linkages between international financial markets in an effort to characterize understanding of normal interdependence and contagion.
International Investment Patterns
Authors: BROOME SIMON J. , FLAVIN THOMAS J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractInternational investment patterns are an important indicator of financial linkages and integration. Country portfolios indicate how nations hold their financial wealth and thus provide information about the productivity and risk of a nation’s economic and financial sectors. This chapter reviews the literature on the composition of country portfolios and examines the asset and liability positions across countries. Many potential explanations of the observed heterogeneity in portfolios are reviewed by examining the extant literature on capital flows and asset allocation models. The chapter also looks at the role of fundamentals and informational asymmetries in restricting international capital flows, and how asset return predictability and investors’ risk aversion affect investors’ asset allocation.
Corporate Management of Foreign Currency Risk: Conceptual Framework, Policies, and Strategies
Authors: AGGARWAL RAJ 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In perfectly efficient markets, managing business exposure to losses associated with currency changes should not result in added value since unanticipated changes cannot be hedged costlessly. In practice, however, many reasons exist for managing such exposure because markets are not perfectly efficient. First, deviations often occur from parity conditions because foreign exchange markets are not perfectly efficient. Second, due to the nature of the costs associated with foreign exchange risks, managing foreign exchange exposure to reduce variability can increase firm value. Third, long-term and recurring exposure to foreign exchange risk cannot be managed using traditional financial market-based hedging techniques because the markets for such products are thin and inefficient. Firms must use more costly marketing, production, and financial strategies to manage economic exposure and protect against losses in value related to long-term changes in exchange rates. Further, this process must be integrated with strategic planning in each of these areas. This chapter discusses these issues and presents currency risk management strategies that account for well-documented agency costs and market imperfections.
Dividend Policy across Countries
Authors: FERRIS STEPHEN P. , SANJIV SABHERWAL 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe payment of dividends by firms remains a quandary for finance scholars because of tax implications for value and the near substitutability of repurchases. A review of the literature on international dividend policy does not suggest an answer to this paradox, but it does provide evidence that supports several important conclusions. First, the evidence fails to support a dominant explanation for why firms pay dividends. Rather, the existing empirical work suggests that there are elements of numerous theories present in the global payment of dividends. Second, the literature shows that what are often presented as stylized facts about dividends are really U.S. results and fail to hold for other countries. Finally, the literature reveals the importance of factors beyond the economic and financial on the design of corporate dividend policies. Increasingly, the empirical evidence shows that cultural, legal, and behavioral factors exert important influences on managerial decisions about dividends.
Alternative Financing Methods
Authors: MOORE JAMES 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSmall and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in economic development in developing countries by furnishing needed goods and services to consumers, creating most employment opportunities, and driving innovation. Yet, these enterprises face numerous hurdles when seeking credit and debt options in the form of short- and medium-term financing. This problem is particularly acute in developing economies where SMEs represent a disproportionately small percentage of the overall number of private enterprises. Conversely, in many of these economies micro enterprises and large firms face a far less challenging environment for finance access due to structural legacies in the local banking industry and recent innovations in the area of microfinance. Despite the challenges faced by SMEs, a new breed of financial intermediary has begun to demonstrate successful lending relationships with firms once considered unbankable. Deploying a modified version of an existing lending technology known as "value chain lending," these financial players have introduced a new and effective tool whose use highlights new banking opportunities for both local and international firms in a market segment primed for growth.
Differences in Ownership Structures across Countries
Authors: KIM WOOJIN 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter summarizes stylized facts on corporate ownership and control structures around the world and their impact on managerial decisions and firm performance. Recent literature suggests that family control and pyramidal business groups are the two distinct organizational characteristics prevalent outside the United States and the United Kingdom. An important explanatory factor is the quality of investor protection, which determines the degree of private benefit extraction by the controlling party. Pyramidal business groups extend the boundaries of a firm beyond a single legal entity, raising challenges in disentangling group-level effect from other firm-level factors.
Bleak House and the Curious Secrets
Authors: Schor Hilary M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
From its first chapter, Bleak House provides a short history of realist fiction, not just for the sheer pleasure of showing off, but to suggest the myriad ways information reaches readers of the novel—and what the novel always makes us long to know. Curiosity in this novel is largely the work of temporal displacement, of information that over time has gone in different directions but must be brought back together by the two heroines. Dickens, as always, has his own solution—where one Fatima is good, two would be even better; where one narrator is good, two might also be better; and then, and only then, can Dickens say, as one of his curious heroines does, “Without thinking myself a Fatimah, and you a Bluebeard, I am a little curious.”
The Bluebeard of the Classroom
Authors: Schor Hilary M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Charles Dickens’s Hard Times is a novel of political and social representation, steeped in the problems of utilitarianism. But in this novel he also returns to the problems of novelistic representation within Bleak House with a difference. He takes on not only female curiosity but female knowledge; not only sentiment but statistics; and not only female adultery, but the question of how a woman gets to be a “person” in the eyes of the law. In doing so, he does not leave Bluebeard behind. For Louisa Bounderby, the daughter of the parliamentarian Thomas Gradgrind and the unhappily married heroine of the novel, the question of personality is one of social and fictional representations—and for Louisa, Dickens’s brilliant rethinking of John Stuart Mill, Bluebeard’s castle is an unexpected path to her own form of (parliamentary) representation.
Conclusion
Authors: Schor Hilary M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The conclusion of this book turns to the realist novel in the age of posthumanism, looking for what Michel Foucault calls the “dream … of a new age of curiosity.” By examining the fiction of Margaret Atwood and Kazuo Ishiguro in light of theorists like Foucault and Donna Haraway and works of speculative fiction, we see the other side of curiosity. The opposite of the curious heroine, it turns out, isn’t someone who doesn’t want to know; it is someone, as Foucault could have told us, who doesn’t care. Fiction is at the end only a made thing, an optical device, a device for feeling—but it is also a curiosity cabinet in the oldest sense, a place where everything that once had meaning can have meaning again, can be cared for, can even be loved.
“This Upstart Sect”: The Mormon Problem in American History
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the history of the nineteenth-century “Mormon problem” with its attendant violence and conflict from the perspective of one of its participants, Warren Foote. Foote was a meticulous diarist, and as a contemporary of Joseph Smith who would live to the age of eighty-four, he was eyewitness to most of the shaping events and personalities of Mormonism's first generations. He first grew interested in the church in 1830, and even though he would soon move into the Mormon community, he did not formally associate himself with the Saints until 1842. His perspective is therefore that of a seeker, sympathizer, and eventually faithful member, attempting to make sense of the Mormon experience to himself and an audience composed largely of friends and relatives.