bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Bring Out Your Dead’: Law, Human Remains and Memory
Authors: Ariss Rachel 
Published: August 2014

RésuméLes systèmes de droit canadiens et américains reconnaissent la mémoire principalement comme un outil et un objet de preuve, alors que pour les anthropologues se souvenir est un acte moral et culturel. Cet article analyse la jurisprudence des causes historiques et contemporaines ainsi que des lois consacrées à la manière de traiter les cadavres dans la perspective d'une reconnaissance légale de la mémoire comme “pratique morale”. La jurisprudence contemporaine considère le traitement indigne de corps humains comme un affront à la mémoire du défunt. L'interprétation duNative American Graves and Repatriation Actdes États-Unis a permis de reconnaître des liens entre le monde des vivants et celui des morts. LaLoi sur les cimetièresde l'Ontario, par contre, qui règle les procédures administratives de tombes anonymes, n'a pas donné lieu à une interprétation inclusive des visions autochtones sur la connexion entre les vivants et les morts. Dans ces cas, la reconnaissance légale de la mémoire des morts ouvre une voie bien étroite à ceux qui réclament justice.
An Update on Self-Regulation in the Legal Profession (1989–2000): Funnel In and Funnel Out
Authors: Brockman Joan 
Published: August 2014

RésuméL'article analyse le traitement des plaintes contre des avocats par le système disciplinaire de laLaw Societyde la Colombie Britannique, de 1989 à 2000. Il pose aussi un regard sur les contextes changeants dans lesquels ce système a opéré entre le moment d'une enquête antérieure (1978 à 1988) et celle-ci. Le traitement réservé aux plaintes est examiné dans une perspective qui tient compte de la manière dont elles sont entrées (funnel in) et ensuite réduites en nombre par le système disciplinaire (funnel out). Finalement, l'avenir de l'autorégulation est évalué à la lumière de négociations et d'ajustements de l'autorégulation de la profession qui se sont produits ailleurs.
Note de recherche: les droits des jeunes en centre de réadaptation au (Québec – bilan des enquêtes
Authors: Lemonde Lucie 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe author presents the main results of a research project concerning inquiries conducted by the Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse du Québec concerning rights violations in youth readaptation centres. She goes on to discuss the efficacy of the inquiry mechanism as guarantor of the rights of youth housed in these facilities. Over the ten year period in question the Commission repeatedly affirmed that the use of solitary confinement as a disciplinary measure violated the fundamental rights of these youth. Nevertheless, an examination of the inquiry files demonstrates that this measure is still employed, despite changes in terminology and overall policy. The analysis also reveals that Commission pronouncements are sometimes contradictory and that their recommendations are often not followed-up on with much diligence.
The Accountability of Transnational Policing Institutions: The Strange Case of Interpol
Authors: Sheptycki James 
Published: August 2014

RésuméInterpol est la «griffe» la plus reconnue en matière depolicingtransnational, mais à qui, ou à quoi, cette organisation rend-elle des comptes? Dans les démocraties occidentales, les débats sur la responsabilité [accountability] des agences policières portent habituellement sur des institutions dont le domaine de compétence et les pouvoirs sont définis et strictement limités par un cadre juridique précis: c'est ce que nous nommons ici le «paradigme standard» de responsabilité de la police. La littérature est toutefois lacunaire en ce qui concerne les quelques institutions opérant au niveau transnational et qui, par certains aspects importants mais mal compris, ne sont soumises que partiellement à la juridiction des États-nations souverains. Cet article analyse le cadre de responsabilité d'Interpol, notamment par référence à son statut historiquement discutable d'organisation intergouvernementale (OIG). Examinant lemodus operandid'Interpol, nous montrons que son fonctionnement pourrait devenir l'objet d'ardentes controverses politiques. Considérant certains des articles parmi les plus importants de la constitution d'Interpol, nous nous interrogeons sur la transformation du rôle de cette agence dans lepolicingdu monde post-11 septembre 2001. Nous caractérisons la responsabilité d'Interpol à la lumière d'une typologie des mécanismes de reddition de comptes internes, externes, formels et informels. Notre thèse veut que l'établissement et le maintien des principes de responsabilité démocratique fondateurs de légitimité constituent un défi essentiel pour les institutions transnationales.
Race, Justice, and the Production of Knowledge: A Critical Realist Consideration
Authors: Frauley Jon 
Published: August 2014

RésuméLes textes à l'étude illustrent des problèmes méthodologiques et pédagogiques généraux considérés par les sciences sociales. En tant qu'exemples illustratifs, chacun de ces textes contribue de manière significative à notre compréhension de la façon dont les sociologues conçoivent et déploient la «race» comme catégorie analytique et comment cela influe sur la production des connaissances au sujet du contrôle de la criminalité et de la justice sociale. Ainsi, les textes montrent, en général, comment des catégories analytiques sont traités dans l'enseignement et la recherche. Adoptant une approche comparative à partir de trois textes récents, cet essai pose qu'on ne peut éviter de considérer les enjeux épistémologiques provenant de l'emploi de catégories analytiques centrales et que les tentatives de le faire mènent à un engagement passif plutôt qu'actif avec l'objet de l'analyse. Au surplus, des approches passives ne servent guère une enquête critique en sciences sociales.
A Constructed Peace: Narratives of Suture in the News Media
Authors: Madeira Jody Lyneé 
Published: August 2014

RésuméAprès tout crime violent, des questions de compréhension, de guérison, de normalité, d'imputabilité et de rétablissement se posent aux survivants. Les mêmes enjeux sont communiqués aux auditoires par la couverture que font les médias du crime et des procédures judiciaires tant qu'ils demeurent dans l'oeil du public et que les suspects sont sur le banc des accusés. De telles histoires donnent un visage humain aux premiers concernés par l'issue du procès et relatent leur implication et réaction au déroulement judiciaire, du moment de l'arrestation jusqu'à l'exécution. Cet article examine de telles chroniques dans la perspective de la théorie du récit, intégrant la communication et la mémoire humaine. Il analyse comment les médias de masse utilisent les pratiques narratives pour couvrir des crises, des événements qui exigent d'être mis en récit. Il se concentre ensuite sur le potentiel du récit de suturer, de nouer les différentes compréhensions de crises en débuts, fins et points intermédiaires. Une analyse de contenu de la couverture de presse de Dennis et Judy Shepard, du moment de l'assassinat brutal de leur fils Matthew, en 1998, à la condamnation des meurtriers et au-delà, illustre ce débat.
“Cleansing the Conscience of the People”: Reading Head Tax Redress in Multicultural Canada
Authors: Mawani Renisa 
Published: August 2014

RésuméCet article analyse les efforts déployés par des Canadiens d'origine chinoise pour obtenir compensation pour la taxe (head tax)qm leur fut imposée, en explorant les discours social et politique entourant ce débat ainsi que le cas judiciaire,Mack et al. v. The Attorney General of Canada. Même si cette cause n'a jamais été décidée par les cours, sauf pour déterminer si des demandes de réparation avaient un fondement en droit canadien, le raisonnement judiciaire accompagnant les contestations de l'État et du public révèle les voies complexes de mythologies nationales canadiennes par lesquelles ces requêtes peuvent être influencées. L'argument central est que les cours, les politiciens et le public ont lu la campagne pour obtenir réparation des Canadiens d'origine chinoise à travers deux mythes nationalo-raciaux qui nourrissent les discours canadiens sur le multiculturalisme. L'auteur montre comment ces deux mythes – d'une part, celui de l'immigration comme ‘choix’ et, d'autre part, que les Canadiens d'origine chinoise seraient une ‘minorité modèle’ –ont influencé et façonné les réponses judiciaire, politique et sociale à la demande de compensation et ainsi diminué leur quête d'obtenir justice.
Social capital, tolerance of diversity and adherence to Mediterranean diet: the Rhea Mother–Child Cohort in Crete, Greece
Authors: Kritsotakis George , Chatzi Leda , Vassilaki Maria , Georgiou Vaggelis , Kogevinas Manolis , Philalithis Anastassios E , Koutis Antonis 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the associations of individual maternal social capital and social capital dimensions (Participation in the Community, Feelings of Safety, Value of Life and Social Agency, Tolerance of Diversity) with adherence to the Mediterranean diet during pregnancy.DesignThis is a cross-sectional analysis of data from a prospective mother–child cohort (Rhea Study). Participants completed a social capital questionnaire and an FFQ in mid-pregnancy. Mediterranean diet adherence was evaluated through an a priori score ranging from 0 to 8 (minimal–maximal adherence). Maternal social capital scores were categorized into three groups: the upper 10 % was the high social capital group, the middle 80 % was the medium and the lowest 10 % was the low social capital group. Multivariable log-binomial and linear regression models adjusted for confounders were performed.SettingHeraklion, Crete, Greece.SubjectsA total of 377 women with singleton pregnancies.ResultsHigh maternal Total Social Capital was associated with an increase of almost 1 point in Mediterranean diet score (highest v. lowest group: β coefficient=0·95, 95 % CI 0·23, 1·68), after adjustment for confounders. Similar dose–response effects were noted for the scale Tolerance of Diversity (highest v. lowest group: adjusted β coefficient=1·08, 95 % CI 0·39, 1·77).ConclusionsIndividual social capital and tolerance of diversity are associated with adherence to the Mediterranean diet in pregnancy. Women with higher social capital may exhibit a higher sense of obligation to themselves and to others that may lead to proactive nutrition-related activities. Less tolerant women may not provide the opportunity to new healthier, but unfamiliar, nutritional recommendations to become part of their regular diet.
An In Situ SEM-FIB-Based Method for Contrast Enhancement and Tomographic Reconstruction for Structural Quantification of Porous Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Eswara-Moorthy Santhana K. , Balasubramanian Prasanth , van Mierlo Willem , Bernhard Jörg , Marinaro Mario , Wohlfahrt-Mehrens Margret , Jörissen Ludwig , Kaiser Ute 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA new in situ Scanning Electron Microscope-Focused Ion Beam-based method to study porous carbon electrodes involving Pt filling of pores from gaseous precursors has been demonstrated to show drastically improved image contrast between the carbon and porous phases when compared with the Si-resin vacuum-impregnation method. Whereas, the latter method offered up to 20% contrast, the new method offers remarkably higher contrast (42%), which enabled fast semi-automated demarcation of carbon boundaries and subsequent binarization of the images with very high fidelity. Tomographic reconstruction of the porous carbon electrode was then obtained from which several morphological parameters were quantified. The porosity was found to be 72±2%. The axial and radial tortuosites were 1.45±0.04 and 1.43±0.04, respectively. Pore size, which is defined to be the distance from the medial axis of the pore to the nearest solid boundary, was quantified. Average pore size determined from the pore size distribution was 90 nm and the corresponding 1 sigma ranges from 45 to 134 nm. Surface-to-volume ratio of the carbon phase was 46.5 µm−1. The ratio of total surface area to the total volume of electrode including pores (i.e., specific surface area) was 13 µm−1.
Effect of short chain fatty acids on the expression of free fatty acid receptor 2 (Ffar2), Ffar3 and early-stage adipogenesis
Authors: Frost G , Cai Z , Raven M , Otway D T , Mushtaq R , Johnston J D 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAdipose tissue has a major influence on insulin sensitivity. Stimulation of free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) has been proposed to influence adipocyte differentiation. We hypothesised that exposing preadipocytes to short chain fatty acids would induce earlier expression of nuclear receptors that co-ordinate adipogenesis, triglyceride accumulation and leptin secretion. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated in the presence of 1 μM acetate, 0.1–10 μM propionate or vehicle control. In experiment 1, expression of Ffar2 and nuclear receptor mRNA was measured by quantitative PCR over 48 h following onset of differentiation. In experiment 2, extracellular leptin concentration and intracellular triglyceride content were measured at days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 following the onset of differentiation. Control cells exhibited similar temporal dynamics of gene expression, triglyceride accumulation and leptin secretion as reported previously. We were unable to detect expression of Ffar3 mRNA at any stage of differentiation. Consistent with a lack of Ffar2 expression in the first 24 h of differentiation, acetate and propionate had no significant effect on nuclear receptor expression. Furthermore, acetate or propionate treatment did not alter leptin concentration or triglyceride content. In conclusion, we observed no significant effect of propionate or acetate on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells using validated quantitative techniques.
A draft genome for the African crocodilian trypanosome Trypanosoma grayi
Authors: Kelly Steven , Ivens Alasdair , Manna Paul T. , Gibson Wendy , Field Mark C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe availability of genome sequence data has greatly enhanced our understanding of the adaptations of trypanosomatid parasites to their respective host environments. However, these studies remain somewhat restricted by modest taxon sampling, generally due to focus on the most important pathogens of humans. To address this problem, at least in part, we are releasing a draft genome sequence for the African crocodilian trypanosome, Trypanosoma grayi ANR4. This dataset comprises genomic DNA sequences assembled de novo into contigs, encompassing over 10,000 annotated putative open reading frames and predicted protein products. Using phylogenomic approaches we demonstrate that T. grayi is more closely related to Trypanosoma cruzi than it is to the African trypanosomes T. brucei, T. congolense and T. vivax, despite the fact T. grayi and the African trypanosomes are each transmitted by tsetse flies. The data are deposited in publicly accessible repositories where we hope they will prove useful to the community in evolutionary studies of the trypanosomatids.
First Report of Pine Wilt in Colorado, USA
Authors: Blunt Tamla D. , Jacobi William R. , Appel Jon A. , Tisserat Ned , Todd Tim C. 
Published: August 2014

Although the numbers of confirmed cases of pine wilt in Colorado are still small, its potential impact in the Rocky Mountain region is considerable. Approximately 75% of pines planted in urban areas in Colorado are Austrian pine, and a continuing trend toward higher average June and July temperatures could increase the prevalence of pine wilt in this region. Accepted for publication 20 May 2014. Published 22 July 2014.
Puccinia subnitens: An Obscure Rust Pathogen Little-Known for More than a Century
Authors: Harveson Robert M. 
Published: August 2014

Sugar beet seedling rust, caused by Puccinia subnitens, is a rarely occurring but essentially harmless disease in sugar beet production. However, it has caused substantial but sporadic losses to commercial spinach growers. It has the typically complex life cycle of a macrocyclic rust pathogen, but is also unusual because it is one of the few documented heteroecious rust diseases where the early spore stages (pycnial and aecial) occur on the economic host while the normally damaging, repeating, uredial stage is found on the feral, noneconomic host. Most significantly, it was one of the first heteroecious rust diseases recognized to have the ability to infect numerous, distinct host species with the aecial stage while maintaining a relatively narrow host range for its uredial and telial stages. Accepted 6 June 2014. Published 25 July 2014.
Interatrial Septum Motion but Not Doppler Assessment Predicts Elevated Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Haji Darsim L. , Ali Mohamed M. , Royse Alistair , Canty David J. , Clarke Sandy , Royse Colin F. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Background:
Left atrial pressure and its surrogate, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), are important for determining diastolic function. The role of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in assessing diastolic function is well established in awake subjects. The objective was to assess the accuracy of predicting PCWP by TTE and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during coronary artery surgery.

Methods:
In 27 adult patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery surgery, simultaneous echocardiographic and hemodynamic measurements were obtained immediately before anesthesia (TTE), after anesthesia and mechanical ventilation (TTE and TEE), during conduit harvest (TEE), and after separation from cardiopulmonary bypass (TEE).

Results:
Twenty patients had an ejection fraction (EF) of 0.5 or greater. With the exception of E/e′ and S/D ratios, echocardiographic values changed over the echocardiographic studies. In patients with low EF, E velocity, deceleration time, pulmonary vein D, S/D, and E/e′ ratios correlated well with PCWP before anesthesia. After induction of anesthesia using TTE or TEE, correlations were poor. In normal EF patients, correlations were poor for both TEE and TTE at all five stages. The sensitivity and specificity of echocardiographic values were not high enough to predict raised PCWP except for a fixed curve pattern of interatrial septum (area under the curve 0.89 for PCWP ≥17, and 0.98 for ≥18 mmHg) and S/D less than 1 (area under the curve 0.74 for PCWP ≥17, and 0.78 for ≥18 mmHg).

Conclusion:
Doppler assessment of PCWP was neither sensitive nor specific enough to be clinically useful in anesthetized patients with mechanical ventilation. The fixed curve pattern of the interatrial septum was the best predictor of raised PCWP.
Computer-assisted Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion May Be Better Than Open Surgery for Treating Degenerative Lumbar Disease
Authors: Tian Wei , Xu Yun-Feng , Liu Bo , Liu Ya-Jun , He Da , Yuan Qiang , Lang Zhao , Han Xiao-Guang 
Published: August 2014

Study Design:
This study was a retrospective review of prospectively collected clinical data.

Objective:
To evaluate the clinical and radiologic outcomes of computer-assisted minimally invasive spine surgery transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (CAMISS-TLIF) and open TLIF for the treatment of 1-level degenerative lumbar disease.

Summary of Background Data:
Minimally invasive TLIF is becoming increasingly popular; however, the limited space and high rate of hardware complications associated with this method are challenging to surgeons. Computer-assisted navigation has the potential to dynamically show the fine anatomic structures, which could theoretically facilitate minimally invasive spine procedures.

Methods:
Sixty-one patients underwent 1-level TLIF procedures (30, CAMISS-TLIF; 31, open TLIF). The computer-assisted navigation system was used for CAMISS-TLIF, whereas conventional fluoroscopy was used for open TLIF. Demographic, operative, visual analog scale, and Oswestry disability index data were collected. Screw insertion was assessed by computed tomography, and radiologic fusion based on Bridwell grading was evaluated 2 years after surgery by independent investigators.

Results:
The CAMISS-TLIF group had significantly less blood loss, postoperative drain, need for transfusion, and initial postoperative back pain; earlier rehabilitation; and shorter postoperative hospitalization than the open TLIF group, whereas CAMISS-TLIF took longer surgical time than open TLIF. However, no significant differences between the 2 groups in visual analog scale scores and Oswestry disability index were observed at 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years postoperatively. A total of 93.33% and 73.39% of screws in the CAMISS and open groups, respectively, had no pedicle perforation (P=0.016), and the fusion rate was similar in both groups (P=0.787).

Conclusions:
Computer-assisted navigation facilitated minimally invasive spine surgery-TLIF. CAMISS-TLIF was superior to open TLIF for treating 1-level degenerative lumbar disease, although it required longer operation time in the initial stage. CAMISS-TLIF showed several benefits compared with open TLIF, including less intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, and pain; earlier rehabilitation; and shorter postoperative hospitalization.
Expanding our view of genomic diversity in Candidatus Accumulibacter clades
Authors: Skennerton Connor T. , Barr Jeremy J. , Slater Frances R. , Bond Philip L. , Tyson Gene W. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryEnhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is an important industrial wastewater treatment process mediated by polyphosphate‐accumulating organisms (PAOs). Members of the genus Candidatus Accumulibacter are one of the most extensively studied PAO as they are commonly enriched in lab‐scale EBPR reactors. Members of different Accumulibacter clades are often enriched through changes in reactor process conditions; however, the two currently sequenced Accumulibacter genomes show extensive metabolic similarity. Here, we expand our understanding of Accumulibacter genomic diversity through recovery of eight population genomes using deep metagenomics, including seven from phylogenetic clades with no previously sequenced representative. Comparative genomic analysis revealed a core of shared genes involved primarily in carbon and phosphorus metabolism; however, each Accumulibacter genome also encoded a substantial number of unique genes (> 700 genes). A major difference between the Accumulibacter clades was the type of nitrate reductase encoded and the capacity to perform subsequent steps in denitrification. The Accumulibacter clade IIF genomes also contained acetaldehyde dehydrogenase that may allow ethanol to be used as carbon source. These differences in metabolism between Accumulibacter genomes provide a molecular basis for niche differentiation observed in lab‐scale reactors and may offer new opportunities for process optimization.