bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proper Postsurgical Pain Management in Orthopaedics: Reviewing the Efficacy of Wound Infiltration with Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL)
Authors: Sabesan Vani , Jelsema Timothy R , Lombardo Daniel J 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Adequate postoperative pain management after an orthopaedic procedure is critical for patient well-being, acceptable clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. Current literature suggests over 80% of surgical patients’ state they have moderate to severe pain within 24 hours postoperatively. The standard in pain management for more than 40 years has been opioids, medications known for their many adverse effects and limited efficacy. Recently, a multimodal approach to pain control has been sought after for optimal postoperative pain management. This approach utilizes multiple methods of pain management, such as nerve blocks, wound infiltration with local anesthetics and oral analgesics, to concomitantly reduce postoperative pain. Liposomal bupivacaine, EXPAREL, has been shown to reduce pain for as long as 96 hours postoperatively in select studies. These studies have included both hard and soft-tissue procedures. The goal of this review is to examine the literature on EXPAREL and provide a comprehensive presentation for orthopaedic surgeons to apply to their practices.
Sabesan V, Jelsema TR, Lombardo DJ. Proper Postsurgical Pain Management in Orthopaedics: Reviewing the Efficacy of Wound Infiltration with Liposomal Bupivacaine (EXPAREL). The Duke Orthop J 2015;5(1):6-9.
Pantalar Arthrodesis: Surgical Technique and Review of Literature
Authors: Parekh Selene G , Gross Christopher E , Shi Glenn , Huh Jeannie 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Surgical options for treatment of tibiotalar, subtalar, and trans verse tarsal joint arthritis are limited. Pantalar arthrodesis can produce a stable and braceable if not painless foot in the planti grade position. This article presents a review of etiology, clinical evaluation, procedural technique and outcomes reported in literature.
Shi G, Gross CE, Huh J, Parekh SG. Pantalar Arthrodesis: Surgical Technique and Review of Literature. The Duke Orthop J 2015;5(1):4852.
Cervical Spine Injuries in Sports
Authors: Blizzard Daniel J , Gallizzi Michael A , Kleeman Lindsay T , Erickson Melissa M 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Injuries to the cervical spine in athletes are rare but potentially devastating outcomes resulting from involvement in sports activities. New rules and regulations implemented by national sports organizations have helped to decrease the rate of cervical spine and spinal cord injuries sustained by athletes. A basic understanding of cervical spine anatomy, physical examination and spine precautions is necessary for any physi cian evaluating athletes on the field to determine if transfer to higher level of care is needed. It is particularly important to know the systematic protocol for spine immobilization, neuro logic exam and helmet removal in a patient with a suspected cervical spine injury. While cervical strain is the most common cervical spine injury, physicians should be familiar with the presentation for other injuries, such as Burner's syndrome (Stinger), cervical disk herniation, transient quadriplegia and cervical spine fractures or dislocations. Special consideration is needed when evaluating patients with Down syndrome as they are at higher risk for atlantoaxial instability. Determination of when an athlete can return to play is patient-specific with early return to play allowed only in a completely asymptomatic patient.
Kleeman LT, Gallizzi MA, Blizzard DJ, Erickson MM. Cervical Spine Injuries in Sports. The Duke Orthop J 2015;5(1):5862.
Distribution of Epididymal Involvement in Mumps Epididymo‐orchitis
Authors: Park Seong Jin , Kim Hyun Cheol , Lim Joo Won , Moon Sung Kyoung , Ahn Sung Eun 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate characteristic sonographic findings for mumps orchitis with epididymal involvement.MethodsThis study included 18 patients (aged 12–18 years) with mumps orchitis. We assessed the volume, echogenicity, and vascularity of the testes and the transverse diameter, echogenicity, and vascularity of the epididymal head, body, and tail. We classified 4 types of epididymal involvement: 1A, focal swelling of the epididymal head with hypervascularity only on the swollen head; 1B, focal swelling of the epididymal head with hypervascularity on the entire epididymis; 1C, diffuse swelling of the entire epididymis with hypervascularity; and 2, no epididymal involvement. The Student t test was used to evaluate the significance of the size of each part of the epididymis and the epididymal head‐to‐tail diameter ratio.ResultsOrchitis was unilateral in 13 patients and bilateral in 5. Of 23 affected hemiscrotums, 7 (30.4%) were type 1A, 4 (17.4%) type 1B, 2 (8.7%) type 1C, and 10 (43.5%) type 2. In 11 patients with unilateral epididymal involvement, the mean diameters ± SDs of the epididymal heads on the affected and contralateral sides were 1.11 ± 0.19 (range, 0.7–1.7) and 0.65 ± 0.14 (0.3–0.9) cm (significantly different, P <.001). The diameters of the epididymal tails on the affected and contralateral sides were 0.51 ± 0.41 (0.2–0.8) and 0.46 ± 0.21 (0.3–0.6) cm (not statistically different, P = .106). The mean head‐to‐tail ratios on the affected and contralateral sides were 2.28 ± 0.49 (1.29–3.00) and 1.41 ± 0.22 (1.00–1.75; significantly different, P < .001). In all types 1A and 1B, the ratio was higher than 2.00; in 22 of 23 unaffected epididymides, the ratio was lower than 2.00.ConclusionsFocal swelling of epididymal heads was a characteristic sonographic finding of mumps epididymo‐orchitis, and a head‐to‐tail ratio higher than 2.00 can be a useful diagnostic finding.
Threshold behavior of a marine‐based sector of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet in response to early Pliocene ocean warming
Authors: Hansen Melissa A. , Passchier Sandra , Khim Boo‐Keun , Song Buhan , Williams Trevor 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe investigate the stability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) on the Wilkes Land continental margin, Antarctica, utilizing a high‐resolution record of ice‐rafted debris (IRD) mass accumulation rates (MAR) from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1359. The relationship between orbital variations in the IRD record and climate drivers was evaluated to capture changes in the dynamics of a marine‐based ice sheet in response to early Pliocene warming. Three IRD MAR excursions were observed and confirmed via scanning electron microscope microtextural analysis of sand grains. Time series analysis of the IRD MAR reveals obliquity‐paced expansions of the ice sheet to the outer shelf prior to ~4.6 Ma. A decline in the obliquity and a transition into a dominant precession response of IRD MAR occur at ~4.6 Ma along with a decline in the amplitude of IRD MAR maxima to low background levels between ~4.0 and ~3.5 Ma. We speculate that as sea surface temperatures began to peak above 3°C during the early Pliocene climatic optimum, the ice shelves thinned, leading to a greater susceptibility to precession‐forced summer insolation and the onset of persistent retreat of a marine‐based portion of the EAIS.
Dynamics of river mouth deposits
Authors: Fagherazzi Sergio , Edmonds Douglas A. , Nardin William , Leonardi Nicoletta , Canestrelli Alberto , Falcini Federico , Jerolmack Douglas J. , Mariotti Giulio , Rowland Joel C. , Slingerland Rudy L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBars and subaqueous levees often form at river mouths due to high sediment availability. Once these deposits emerge and develop into islands, they become important elements of the coastal landscape, hosting rich ecosystems. Sea level rise and sediment starvation are jeopardizing these landforms, motivating a thorough analysis of the mechanisms responsible for their formation and evolution. Here we present recent studies on the dynamics of mouth bars and subaqueous levees. The review encompasses both hydrodynamic and morphological results. We first analyze the hydrodynamics of the water jet exiting a river mouth. We then show how this dynamics coupled to sediment transport leads to the formation of mouth bars and levees. Specifically, we discuss the role of sediment eddy diffusivity and potential vorticity on sediment redistribution and related deposits. The effect of waves, tides, sediment characteristics, and vegetation on river mouth deposits is included in our analysis, thus accounting for the inherent complexity of the coastal environment where these landforms are common. Based on the results presented herein, we discuss in detail how river mouth deposits can be used to build new land or restore deltaic shorelines threatened by erosion.
Changes in ocean vertical heat transport with global warming
Authors: Zika Jan D. , Laliberté Frédéric , Mudryk Lawrence R. , Sijp Willem P. , Nurser A. J. G. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHeat transport between the surface and deep ocean strongly influences transient climate change. Mechanisms setting this transport are investigated using coupled climate models and by projecting ocean circulation into the temperature‐depth diagram. In this diagram, a “cold cell” cools the deep ocean through the downwelling of Antarctic waters and upwelling of warmer waters and is balanced by warming due to a “warm cell,” coincident with the interhemispheric overturning and previously linked to wind and haline forcing. With anthropogenic warming, the cold cell collapses while the warm cell continues to warm the deep ocean. Simulations with increasingly strong warm cells, set by their mean Southern Hemisphere winds, exhibit increasing deep‐ocean warming in response to the same anthropogenic forcing. It is argued that the partition between components of the circulation which cool and warm the deep ocean in the preindustrial climate is a key determinant of ocean vertical heat transport with global warming.
Assessing the role of oxygen on ring current formation and evolution through numerical experiments
Authors: Ilie R. , Liemohn M. W. , Toth G. , Yu Ganushkina N. , Daldorff L. K. S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe address the effect of ionospheric outflow and magnetospheric ion composition on the physical processes that control the development of the 5 August 2011 magnetic storm. Simulations with the Space Weather Modeling Framework are used to investigate the global dynamics and energization of ions throughout the magnetosphere during storm time, with a focus on the formation and evolution of the ring current. Simulations involving multifluid (with variable H+/O+ ratio in the inner magnetosphere) and single‐fluid (with constant H+/O+ ratio in the inner magnetosphere) MHD for the global magnetosphere with inner boundary conditions set either by specifying a constant ion density or by physics‐based calculations of the ion fluxes reveal that dynamical changes of the ion composition in the inner magnetosphere alter the total energy density of the magnetosphere, leading to variations in the magnetic field as well as particle drifts throughout the simulated domain. A low oxygen to hydrogen ratio and outflow resulting from a constant ion density boundary produced the most disturbed magnetosphere, leading to a stronger ring current but misses the timing of the storm development. Conversely, including a physics‐based solution for the ionospheric outflow to the magnetosphere system leads to a reduction in the cross‐polar cap potential (CPCP). The increased presence of oxygen in the inner magnetosphere affects the global magnetospheric structure and dynamics and brings the nightside reconnection point closer to the Earth. The combination of reduced CPCP together with the formation of the reconnection line closer to the Earth yields less adiabatic heating in the magnetotail and reduces the amount of energetic plasma that has access to the inner magnetosphere.
The two‐way relationship between ionospheric outflow and the ring current
Authors: Welling D. T. , Jordanova V. K. , Glocer A. , Toth G. , Liemohn M. W. , Weimer D. R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIt is now well established that the ionosphere, because it acts as a significant source of plasma, plays a critical role in ring current dynamics. However, because the ring current deposits energy into the ionosphere, the inverse may also be true: the ring current can play a critical role in the dynamics of ionospheric outflow. This study uses a set of coupled, first‐principles‐based numerical models to test the dependence of ionospheric outflow on ring current‐driven region 2 field‐aligned currents (FACs). A moderate magnetospheric storm event is modeled with the Space Weather Modeling Framework using a global MHD code (Block Adaptive Tree Solar wind Roe‐type Upwind Scheme, BATS‐R‐US), a polar wind model (Polar Wind Outflow Model), and a bounce‐averaged kinetic ring current model (ring current atmosphere interaction model with self‐consistent magnetic field, RAM‐SCB). Initially, each code is two‐way coupled to all others except for RAM‐SCB, which receives inputs from the other models but is not allowed to feed back pressure into the MHD model. The simulation is repeated with pressure coupling activated, which drives strong pressure gradients and region 2 FACs in BATS‐R‐US. It is found that the region 2 FACs increase heavy ion outflow by up to 6 times over the noncoupled results. The additional outflow further energizes the ring current, establishing an ionosphere‐magnetosphere mass feedback loop. This study further demonstrates that ionospheric outflow is not merely a plasma source for the magnetosphere but an integral part in the nonlinear ionosphere‐magnetosphere‐ring current system.
Observed relations between snowfall microphysics and triple‐frequency radar measurements
Authors: Kneifel Stefan , von Lerber Annakaisa , Tiira Jussi , Moisseev Dmitri , Kollias Pavlos , Leinonen Jussi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRecently published studies of triple‐frequency radar observations of snowfall have demonstrated that naturally occurring snowflakes exhibit scattering signatures that are in some cases consistent with spheroidal particle models and in others can only be explained by complex aggregates. Until recently, no in situ observations have been available to investigate links between microphysical snowfall properties and their scattering properties. In this study, we investigate for the first time relations between collocated ground‐based triple‐frequency observations with in situ measurements of snowfall at the ground. The three analyzed snowfall cases obtained during a recent field campaign in Finland cover light to moderate snowfall rates with transitions from heavily rimed snow to open‐structured, low‐density snowflakes. The observed triple‐frequency signatures agree well with the previously published findings from airborne radar observations. A rich spatiotemporal structure of triple‐frequency observations throughout the cloud is observed during the three cases, which often seems to be related to riming and aggregation zones within the cloud. The comparison of triple‐frequency signatures from the lowest altitudes with the ground‐based in situ measurements reveals that in the presence of large (>5 mm) snow aggregates, a bending away in the triple‐frequency space from the curve of classical spheroid scattering models is always observed. Rimed particles appear along an almost horizontal line in the triple‐frequency space, which was not observed before. Overall, the three case studies indicate a close connection of triple‐frequency signatures and snow particle structure, bulk snowfall density, and characteristic size of the particle size distribution.
Safe Removal of the Allyl Protecting Groups of Allyl Esters using a Recyclable, Low‐Leaching and Ligand‐Free Palladium Nanoparticle Catalyst
Authors: Takagi Koji , Fukuda Hayato , Shuto Satoshi , Otaka Akira , Arisawa Mitsuhiro 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA safe, facile and low‐leaching (up to 0.04 ppm) method has been developed for the removal of allyl, prenyl and benzyl protecting groups from the corresponding esters, using a sulfur‐modified gold‐supported palladium (SAPd) nanoparticle catalyst, which is known to be non‐flammable. The catalyst itself was found to be recyclable and the reaction appeared to proceed on the surface of the SAPd.magnified image
Umgekehrte Brennstoffzelle: Wasserstoffabtrennung aus einem Abgas mithilfe einer kurzgeschlossenen kommerziellen PEM‐Brennstoffzelle ohne Anlegen einer äußeren Spannung bei Raumtemperatur
Authors: Friebe Sebastian , Geppert Benjamin , Caro Jürgen 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEine kurzgeschlossene PEM‐Brennstoffzelle mit einer Nafionmembran wurde hinsichtlich der Abtrennung von Wasserstoff aus Abgasen bei Raumtemperatur untersucht. Der abgetrennte Wasserstoff kann entweder zurückgewonnen oder in einer In‐situ‐Olefinhydrierung verbraucht werden, wenn die Brennstoffzelle als katalytischer Membranreaktor betrieben wird. Es herrscht ein kontinuierlicher Wasserstofffluss durch die Nafionmembran von der Seite höheren zur Seite geringeren Partialdrucks, ohne dass eine äußere Spannung angelegt wird. Auf der Eingangsseite der Nafionmembran wird Wasserstoff durch den Pt/C‐Elektrokatalysator in Protonen und Elektronen gespalten. Die Protonen diffundieren durch die Nafionmembran, die Elektronen nehmen den Weg über den Kurzschluss zwischen den beiden Stromsammlern aus Messing. Auf der Kathodenseite rekombinieren Protonen und Elektronen, und Wasserstoff wird frei.
A perfusion bioreactor system efficiently generates cell‐loaded bone substitute materials for addressing critical size bone defects
Authors: Kleinhans Claudia , Mohan Ramkumar Ramani , Vacun Gabriele , Schwarz Thomas , Haller Barbara , Sun Yang , Kahlig Alexander , Kluger Petra , Finne‐Wistrand Anna , Walles Heike , Hansmann Jan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCritical size bone defects and non‐union fractions are still challenging to treat. Cell‐loaded bone substitutes have shown improved bone ingrowth and bone formation. However, a lack of methods for homogenously colonizing scaffolds limits the maximum volume of bone grafts. Additionally, therapy robustness is impaired by heterogeneous cell populations after graft generation. Our aim was to establish a technology for generating grafts with a size of 10.5 mm in diameter and 25 mm of height, and thus for grafts suited for treatment of critical size bone defects. Therefore, a novel tailor‐made bioreactor system was developed, allowing standardized flow conditions in a porous poly(L‐lactide‐co‐caprolactone) material. Scaffolds were seeded with primary human mesenchymal stem cells derived from four different donors. In contrast to static experimental conditions, homogenous cell distributions were accomplished under dynamic culture. Additionally, culture in the bioreactor system allowed the induction of osteogenic lineage commitment after one week of culture without addition of soluble factors. This was demonstrated by quantitative analysis of calcification and gene expression markers related to osteogenic lineage. In conclusion, the novel bioreactor technology allows efficient and standardized conditions for generating bone substitutes that are suitable for the treatment of critical size defects in humans.
Simultaneous determination of ginkgolides A, B, C and bilobalide by LC‐MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats
Authors: Li Jiachun , Li Dongpo , Hu Junhua , Bi Yuan , Xiao Wei , Wang Zhenzhong 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe study of pharmacokinetics of Ginkgo biloba extracts in Traditional Chinese Medicine was relatively recent. In this study, a simple, quick and sensitive LC‐MS/MS analytical method was developed for the determination of ginkgolides A, B, C and bilobalide in rat plasma. The analytes were completely separated from the endogenous compounds on an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse plus C18 column (50 mm × 3.0 mm, 1.8 µm) using an isocratic elution. The single‐run analysis time was as short as 5.0 min. Sample preparation for protein removal was accomplished used a simple methanol precipitation method, after SPE showing a simultaneous extraction and cleanup of extracts allowing for a direct analysis. Extraction recoveries in rat plasma for ginkgolides A, B, C and bilobalide ranged from 75.6% to 89.0%. The calibration curves were determined over the ranges 0.5–20,000 ng/mL for ginkgolides A, B, C and bilobalide respectively. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) of the analytes were 0.5 ng/mL. Inter‐day and intra‐day precision and accuracy were below 15% and between 85 and 115%, respectively. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study following oral administration of the Ginkgo biloba extracts to the male ICR rats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Harnessing Laccases for the Synthesis of Bisphenol A Biopolymers
Authors: Hautphenne Catherine , Debaste Frédéric 
Published: May 2015

AbstractOxidative enzymes like laccases are good candidates for the synthesis of biopolymers. Laccases are able to catalyze polymerization of bisphenol A (BPA) to produce BPA oligomers without addition of extra oxygen or mediators in reaction media. A polymerization protocol has been developed to monitor a time‐dependent formation of insoluble BPA polymers. This protocol was further optimized with the help of a Doehlert experimental plan considering two factors, i.e., BPA concentration and enzyme activity. The obtained experimental data were found to be fitted by a modified first‐order kinetic model. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments were performed and BPA polymers were identified as small oligomers with C–O bonds between the different constituting units.
Inline Monitoring of Taltirelin Crystallization in Batch Cooling Mode Using Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Nguyen Dang L. T. , Kim Kwang‐Joo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe polymorphic formation of taltirelin (TTL) was monitored inline by Raman spectroscopy in batch cooling crystallization. The concentrations of the polymorphic forms and supersaturation were measured during crystallization and transformation processes. Polymorphic transformation was detected by monitoring the Raman spectra of the two polymorphs in slurry state. The effect of cooling rate and concentration on the polymorphic crystallization was assessed. At a slow cooling rate and a low concentration, the stable form, i.e., the β‐form, was nucleated directly without transformation from the α‐form. The nucleation mechanism of the two TTL polymorphs was studied using the supersaturation profile tracked by Raman spectroscopy.
Hierarchically Structured Hole Transport Layers of Spiro‐OMeTAD and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Lee Jiyong , Menamparambath Mini Mol , Hwang Jae‐Yeol , Baik Seunghyun 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe low electrical conductivity of spiro‐OMeTAD hole transport layers impedes further enhancements of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells. We embedded multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in spiro‐OMeTAD (spiro‐OMeTAD/MWNTs) to increase carrier mobility and conductivity. However, direct electrical contact between CH3NH3PbI3 and the MWNTs created pathways for undesirable back‐electron transfer, owing to the large work function of MWNTs, limiting enhancements of the PCE. A hierarchical structure of pure spiro‐OMeTAD and spiro‐OMeTAD/MWNTs was designed to block back‐electron transfer and fully exploit the enhanced charge transport of spiro‐OMeTAD/MWNTs. The enhanced fill factor, short‐circuit current density, open‐circuit voltage, and PCE (15.1 %) were achieved by using this hierarchical hole transport layer structure (MWNT concentration=2 wt %). The perovskite solar cells were fabricated by a low‐temperature solution process, further decreasing their per‐Watt cost.