bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expelling Future Threats: Some Observations on the Magical World of Vitamins
Authors: Falk Pasi 
Published: May 2014

The chapter focuses on the consumption motives and marketing strategies of a specific category of contemporary magical substances, that is, the expanding range of vitamin (and mineral) products. The consumption of these products—located ambiguously in the demarcation of ‘medicine’ and ‘nutrition’ (symptomatically also characterized as ‘protective foods’)—has increased very dramatically in the Western world during the last two decades. The trend is most articulated among the educated middle classes whose diets are hardly characterized by nutritional deficiencies. Thus the grounds for the consumption boom must lie elsewhere, indicating other kind of motivational factors. On the other hand, even though the marketing strategies of these products cannot be conceived of as the manipulative force causing the increase in consumption, the advertising arguments promoting the use of vitamin products may be analysed as (implicit) reflections and interpretations of the actual motivational factors. The analysis of these advertising arguments—related to the historical roots of nineteenth century patent medicine advertising—acts as a starting point for the interpretation of the motivational factors of consumption (of these products) then contextualized in the changing meaning structure of ‘food’—broken down into four dimensions: fuel, poison, medicine and (oral) ‘pleasurable’ (corresponding to the German term Genussmittel)—as it has evolved from early twentieth century to the present configuration. As it appears, the tendency manifests a shift in the meaning of ‘food’ giving an ever more emphasized role to the duality of medicine/poison. This tendency is expressed not only in the ‘nutritional scientific’ discourse—especially in its mass mediated versions—but also within two other related (and more recent) discursive lines: ‘environmental’ and ‘fitness & beauty’ discourses, as I have named them. The interesting point is, as I am arguing in this chapter, that the motivational disposition towards the use of vitamin products fits well with the behavioural patterns outlined by these three discursive lines. Whether these products are used as substitutes or supplements, their specific magical character appears to lie in their future orientation and specifically in their supposed efficiency in keeping the evils to come afar—in the last instance, postponing not only ageing but death itself. In this respect the use of vitamin products resembles the more traditional case of talismans and amulets protecting against the evil eye ( mat occhio) etc. Who wants to live forever … Freddie Mercury ( Queen)
The Consumption View of Self: Extension, Exchange and Identity
Authors: Munro Rolland 
Published: May 2014

This paper explores self as a site of consumption. Arguing that most views of self are caught in a production metaphor, the paper goes on to suggest that the limitations to Mary Douglas's theory of consumption lies in its lack of theorizing in terms of consumption of self. The paper then examines the notions of extension and exchange as they have been elaborated by Marilyn Strathern. Pointing out that there can be no ‘return’ from extension to a core self, merely exchange to another configuration, the paper illustrates how appropriation of artefacts makes possible performance on a scale. When the ‘inner’ life of a person which is opposed to the externality of the social life is exalted, when the individual is called upon to return to himself, in order to become emancipated from pressure, briefly, when the ‘social I’ is characterized as the ‘superficial I’, as opposed to the ‘profound V … a flagrant error of analysis is committed.
After Ant: Complexity, Naming and Topology
Authors: Law John 
Published: May 2014

What is a theory? Or, more broadly, what is a good way of addressing intellectual problems? This paper explores the tension central to the notion of an ‘actor’ - ‘network’ which is an intentionally oxymoronic term that combines—and elides the distinction between—structure and agency. It then notes that this tension has been lost as ‘actor-network’ has been converted into a smooth and consistent ‘theory’ that has been (too) simply and easily displaced, criticised or applied. It recalls another term important to the actor-network approach—that of translation— which is another term in tension, since (the play of words works best in the romance languages) to translate is to also betray ( traductore, tradition). It is suggested that in social theory simplicity should not displace the complexities of tension. The chapter concludes by exploring a series of metaphors for grappling with tensions rather than wishing these away, and in particular considers the importance of topological complexity, and the notion of fractionality. Today we have naming of parts. Yesterday, We had daily cleaning. And tomorrow morning, We shall have what to do after firing. But today, Today we have naming of parts. Japonica Glistens like coral in all of the neighbouring gardens, And today we have naming of parts.' (Henry Reed, Lessons of the War: 1)
Yield Performance of Wheat Isolines with Different Dosages of the Short Arm of Rye Chromosome 1
Authors: Maheepala D. C. , Ehdaie B. , Waines J. G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTranslocations of the short arm of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 1 (1RS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Pavon 76) are known to increase root biomass. Such an increase enhances water and nutrient uptake and may improve grain yield. Two greenhouse experiments and a field experiment were carried out at the University of California, Riverside, in 2012 and 2013 under well‐watered and terminal drought treatments to evaluate phenotypic characters associated with varying dosages of 1RS, including grain yield. The genotypes used were cultivar Pavon 76 (R0), Pavon 76/Pavon1RS.1AL (F1 hybrid) with a single dosage of 1RS (R1A), Pavon 1RS.1AL with two dosages of 1RS (R2A), Pavon 1RS.1DL (R2D) also with two dosages of 1RS and Pavon 1RS.1AL‐1RS.1DL (R4AD) with four dosages of 1RS. There was a significant positive correlation between number of dosages of 1RS and root biomass. However, no correlation was found between root biomass and grain yield per plant. Drought in the field experiment reduced grain yield significantly. Under well‐watered field conditions, grain yield of R2A (215.9 g plant−1) was significantly greater than those of R2D (191.8 g plant−1) and R4AD (161.7 g plant−1). Also, grain yield of R4AD was significantly less than those of F1, Pavon 76 and R2D under well‐watered conditions. Under drought field conditions, no significant differences were found among the genotypes for grain yield was found between F1 (14.7 g plant−1) and R4AD (12.4 g plant−1). Harvest index was significantly greater in well‐watered (44.2 %) than in drought (34.6 %) field conditions. On average, genotypes F1 (42.3 %) and R2A (40.6 %) had higher harvest index than R2D (38.3 %) and R4AD (35.5 %) in the field. Also, Pavon 76 (40.2) and R2D (38.3) had higher harvest index than R4AD. Drought tolerance was lowest for R4AD due to its relatively lower grain yield potential. In general, Pavon 1RS.1AL carrying two dosages of 1RS showed higher grain yield under wet treatments. Pavon 1RS.1AL‐1RS.1DL carrying four dosages of 1RS produced the largest shoot and root biomasses, but the least grain yield.
Fragmentation of the Paced QRS Complex: A Marker of Antitachycardia Pacing Effectiveness Among ICD Patients
Authors: JIMÉNEZ‐CANDIL JAVIER , MORÍÑIGO JOSÉ L. , HERNÁNDEZ JESÚS , MARTÍN ANA , DURÁN OLGA , CARLOS RAMA JUAN , LEDESMA CLAUDIO , SÁNCHEZ PEDRO L. 
Published: May 2014

Fragmented Paced QRS and ATP EffectivenessIntroductionThe presence of notches in the paced QRS complex (P‐QRS) from the right ventricular apex (RVA) reflects delays in the activation of the left ventricle and may therefore be associated with longer times of stimulus conduction. Our objective was to determine prospectively the relationship between the duration of a notch ≥0.1 mV in the P‐QRS (DN) and the effectiveness of antitachycardia pacing (ATP).Methods and ResultsWe followed 286 implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) patients with left ventricular dysfunction (pacing site: RVA) for 41 ± 27 months. ICD programming was standardized. P‐QRS (100 bpm) was obtained at implant (50 mm/s). A total of 955 monomorphic ventricular tachycardias (VTs) with a cycle length of 335 ± 32 milliseconds occurred consecutively in 108 patients. ATP was successful in 84% of VTs. DN correlated with the probability of ineffective ATP (C = 0.67; P < 0.001), the cutoff point with the best sensitivity and specificity being 50 milliseconds. The adjusted mean ATP effectiveness per patient was 76% (95% CI: 72–85). Patients with a DN ≥ 50 milliseconds had a lower ATP efficiency: 67% (56–77) versus 92% (87–97) and a higher proportion of VTs terminated with shocks (SH): 31% (21–42) versus 8% (2–14); P < 0.001 for both. Although the occurrence of VT was similar (41% vs. 40%), the incidence of VT‐related SH was higher in patients with a DN ≥ 50 (25% vs. 14%; P = 0.01) in the overall study population (n = 286).ConclusionsWhen ATP is applied to the RVA, a DN ≥ 50 milliseconds is associated with a lower ATP effectiveness and a higher risk of SH due to VT.
Development of children at risk for adverse outcomes participating in early intervention in developing countries: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wallander Jan L. , Bann Carla M. , Biasini Fred J. , Goudar Shivaprasad S. , Pasha Omrana , Chomba Elwyn , McClure Elizabeth , Carlo Waldemar A. 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundPrevious research has indicated positive effects of early developmental intervention (EDI) on the development of children in developing countries. Few studies, however, have examined longitudinally when differential treatment effects may be observed and whether differential outcomes are associated with exposure to different risk factors and country of implementation. Also, birth asphyxia as a risk condition has not been well studied. To address these limitations, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to test the hypothesis that there will be differential developmental trajectories favoring those who receive EDI versus a health education intervention in children in rural areas of India, Pakistan, and Zambia.MethodsChildren with and without birth asphyxia were randomized to EDI or control intervention, which was implemented by parents who received training in biweekly home visits initiated before child age 1 month and continuing until 36 months. Development was assessed in 376 children at ages 12, 24, and 36 months using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and Ages & Stages Questionnaire administered by evaluators blind to intervention assignment and risk condition.ResultsLongitudinal mixed model analysis indicated that EDI resulted in better development over 36 months in cognitive abilities, regardless of risk condition, maternal resources, child gender, or country. Psychomotor development and parent‐reported general development showed similar trends as for cognitive abilities, but were not statistically different between intervention conditions. Developmental differences were observed first at 36 months of age.ConclusionEarly developmental intervention has promise for improving development in children across developing countries when exposed to various risk conditions. EDI should be one prominent approach used to begin to address long‐term outcomes and intergenerational transmission of poverty.
Falls in hospital increase length of stay regardless of degree of harm
Authors: Dunne Tanya J. , Gaboury Isabelle , Ashe Maureen C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesAcute inpatient falls are common and serious adverse events that lead to injury, prolonged hospitalization and increased cost of care. To determine the difference in total acute hospital care length of stay (LOS) for patients with and without an in‐hospital fall (IHF), regardless of degree of harm.MethodsThis was a retrospective observational study at a 728‐bed acute care teaching hospital. We used propensity scores to match 292 patients with 330 controls by case mix group, sex, Resource Intensity Weights and week of admission. We used two administrative databases: hospital fall incident reporting system and Discharge Abstract Database. We reviewed all IHF incidents for patients 18 years and older, admitted to inpatient acute care hospital units/programs between 1 November 2009 and 31 August 2011.ResultsThe average LOS for IHF cases was 37.2 days [median 26.5 days; interquartile range (IQR) 14, 54] and 25.7 days (median 13 days; IQR 5, 33) for matched control patients. Survival analysis results indicated that patients who did not have an IHF were 2.4 times (95% CI 2.1, 2.7; P < 0.001) more likely to be discharged earlier from acute care than patients who had an IHF.ConclusionsExperiencing either an injurious or a non‐injurious fall during an acute care hospitalization was associated with prolonged LOS.
A survey of thickened fluid prescribing and monitoring practices of Australian health professionals
Authors: Murray Jo , Doeltgen Sebastian , Miller Michelle , Scholten Ingrid 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesThis study aimed to describe (1) how thickened fluids are supplied to clients with dysphagia; (2) how clients' consumption of thickened fluids and hydration status is monitored; and (3) the impact of institutional factors on thickened fluid intake and hydration in Australian health care settings.MethodsSpeech pathologists, dietitians and nurses working in Australian health care settings were asked to voluntarily participate in an online survey that was advertised through their respective professional associations. The questions required a self‐report of their practice with respect to thickened fluids.ResultsFew health care facilities (17%) monitored thickened fluid consumption routinely even though, in the opinion of 51% the respondents, clients on thickened fluids at their facility do not drink enough. Palatability of the thickened fluid products and patients' dependence on others for drinking were thought to have a major impact on fluid intake. Respondents also highlighted institutional factors such as inadequate assistance from staff and inconsistent systems for monitoring fluid intake and signs of dehydration. The most common way to address inadequate intake was for nurses to ‘push fluids’ (87%). Free water protocols were used only 14% of the time and setting small oral fluid targets throughout the day was the least common strategy (11%).ConclusionsThere is a need for Australian health care facilities to educate all clinical staff about the risks of dehydration and develop clinical pathways for clients with dysphagia, which include routine monitoring of oral fluid consumption and dehydration and timely intervention.
Effects of oral nutritional supplementation in the management of malnutrition in hospital and post‐hospital discharged patients in India: a randomised, open‐label, controlled trial
Authors: Huynh D. T. T. , Devitt A. A. , Paule C. L. , Reddy B. R. , Marathe P. , Hegazi R. A. , Rosales F. J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundHospital malnutrition is a significant problem that still remains under‐recognised and under‐treated in India. The present study assessed the effects of oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) in conjunction with dietary counselling versus dietary counselling (control) alone in malnourished patients when given in hospital and post‐hospital discharge.MethodsThe present study was conducted in nine private and four public hospitals. Patients from various medical wards were screened for malnutrition using modified Subjective Global Assessment (mSGA) and randomised to control (n = 106) or ONS (n = 106) for 12 weeks. Two servings (460 mL) of ONS were prescribed daily, providing 432 kcal, 16 g of protein and 28 micronutrients. The primary outcome was weight gain over 12 weeks. Other outcomes included change in body mass index (BMI), serum pre‐albumin, albumin and C‐reactive protein levels, energy and nutrient intakes, and handgrip strength at weeks 4, 8 and 12, as well as mSGA score at week 12.ResultsThe mean age of patients was 39 years. Fifty‐five percent were males and 90.3% were moderately malnourished (mSGA score B) at baseline. At week 12, ONS significantly improved certain parameters compared to control: weight (2.0 versus 0.9 kg; P < 0.001), BMI (0.76 versus 0.37 kg m–2; P < 0.001) and energy intake per day (560 versus 230 kcal; P < 0.05). There were no differences in biochemical parameters and mSGA score between groups. Additionally, patients on ONS who were more functionally impaired at baseline had significantly greater weight gain and improved handgrip strength scores than controls.ConclusionsONS use throughout hospital stay and post‐hospital discharge significantly improved energy intake and weight in malnourished Indian patients. Those patients with poorer functional status at baseline demonstrated the most benefit.
Psychological interventions for women with intellectual disabilities and forensic care needs: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Hellenbach M. , Brown M. , Karatzias T. , Robinson R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveResearch evidence to date concerning offending by people with intellectual disabilities (ID) has concentrated on male perpetrators and little is known about their female counterparts. This systematic literature review examines evidence on psycho‐social therapies for the female intellectually disabled population within healthcare forensic facilities.MethodsA search of health, psychology and social science databases was conducted, using a varying combination of search words to detect relevant literature for this review. Four studies published between 2001 and 2012 were identified for inclusion. Articles were organised and compared in relation to study characteristics, sample, kind of treatment, instruments used to measure treatment impact, and study findings.FindingsIn total, four studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. A range of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)‐orientated group interventions for people with learning disabilities were evaluated and in most studies improvements were reported in relation to reducing problem behaviour. Evidence that has been generated by the studies is, however, limited in its explanatory value because of study design and related methodological issues.ConclusionsThis review has identified a significant gap in relation to research‐based therapies for women with ID and forensic care needs. In particular, more research is needed focusing on women with a dual diagnosis of ID and psychiatric disorder who present challenging or criminal behaviour.
Looking like a proper baby: nurses' experiences of caring for extremely premature infants
Authors: Green Janet , Darbyshire Philip , Adams Anne , Jackson Debra 
Published: May 2014

Aims and objectivesTo explore the ways in which neonatal nurses draw meaning and deal with the challenges associated with caring for extremely premature babies.BackgroundCurrent literature suggests that nurses face challenges providing care to certain patients because of their appearance. This article will focus on those difficulties in relation to neonatal nurses caring for infants ≤24 weeks of gestation in the neonatal intensive care unit. Extremely premature babies often have more the appearance of a foetus than the appearance of a baby, and this presented challenges for the neonatal nurses.DesignThis paper has used interviews and drew insights from interpretative phenomenology.MethodsThis paper used a series of interviews in a qualitative study informed by phenomenology. The analysis of the interview data involved the discovery of thematic statements and the analysis of the emerging themes.ResultsThis paper outlines the difficulties experienced by neonatal nurses when caring for a baby that resembles a foetus more than it does a full‐term infant. The theme the challenges of caregiving was captured by three subthemes: A foetus or a viable baby?; protective strategies and attributing personality.ConclusionThis study identified that neonatal nurses experience a range of difficulties when providing care for an infant who resembled a foetus rather than a full‐term baby. They employed strategies that minimised the foetal appearance and maximised the appearance and attributes associated with a newborn baby.Relevance to clinical practiceIncreasing survival of extremely premature infants will see nurses caring for more babies ≤24 weeks of gestation. Caring for extremely premature babies has been reported as being stressful. It is important to understand the nature of stress facing this highly specialised neonatal nursing workforce. Supportive work environments could help to ameliorate stress, facilitate better care of tiny babies and decrease staff turnover.
A review of conceptualisation of expressed emotion in caregivers of older adults with dementia
Authors: Li Chao‐Yin , Murray MaryAnne 
Published: May 2014

Aims and ObjectivesTo clarify the concept of ‘expressed emotion’ and its application to caregivers of older adults with dementia.BackgroundExpressed emotion has been a useful construct for understanding the quality of family relationships affecting patients with mental illness and their caregivers. However, this concept has been developed without precisely defining ‘expressed emotion’ as it pertains to dementia patients. Clarity regarding expressed emotion will enable nurses to apply knowledge of expressed emotion and provide important information for the development of new clinical interventions for this specific population.DesignIntegrative review.MethodsA review of literature on expressed emotion by caregivers of older adults with dementia. The inclusion criteria were: (1) published in English or Chinese during 1970–2012; (2) included both research and theoretical review articles on expressed emotion in nursing and other disciplines such as psychology, psychiatry and sociology. Initially, 236 articles were screened, and finally, 32 articles were evaluated for this review.ResultsEmotional expression and expressed emotion were discussed to clarify the distinctions and address overlap between these two similar terms. In addition, expressed emotion was examined further from three different aspects: trait or state, social control and cross‐cultural. Finally, the results of reviewed papers for expressed emotion on dementia patients were explored and synthesised.ConclusionA conceptual definition and a theoretical framework for the concept of expressed emotion are urgently needed to further our understanding of this critical phenomenon. With increasing attention to caregiving for patients with dementia, including the concept of expressed emotion in the research of this field may accelerate understanding of the importance of the family dynamics in advanced ageing caregiving.Relevance to clinical practiceThe expressed emotion concept could guide much of current clinical practice and help professional nurses understand the family's experience and perspective on mental illness, especially regarding dementia within the family.