bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annual sea level variability of the coastal ocean: The Baltic Sea‐North Sea transition zone
Authors: Passaro M. , Cipollini P. , Benveniste J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe annual cycle is a major contribution to the nontidal variability in sea level. Its characteristics can vary substantially even at a regional scale, particularly in an area of high variability such as the coastal ocean. This study uses previously validated coastal altimetry solutions (from ALES data set) and the reference ESA Sea Level Climate Change Initiative data set to improve the understanding of the annual cycle during the Envisat years (2002–2010) in the North Sea‐Baltic Sea transition area. This area of study is chosen because of the complex coastal morphology and the availability of in situ measurements. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the improvements brought by coastal satellite altimetry to the description of the annual variability of the sea level have been evaluated and discussed. The findings are interpreted with the help of a local climatology and wind stress from a reanalysis model. The coastal amplitude of the annual cycle estimated from ALES altimetry data is in better agreement with estimations derived from in situ data than the one from the reference data set. Wind stress is found to be the main driver of annual cycle variability throughout the domain, while different steric contributions are responsible for the differences within and among the subbasins. We conclude that the ALES coastal altimetry product is a reliable data set to study the annual cycle of the sea level at a regional scale, and the strategy described in this research can be applied to other areas of the coastal ocean where the coverage from the tide gauges is not sufficient.
Shift of anammox bacterial community structure along the Pearl Estuary and the impact of environmental factors
Authors: Fu Bingbing , Liu Jiwen , Yang Hongmei , Hsu Ting Chang , He Biyan , Dai Minhan , Kao Shuh Ji , Zhao Meixun , Zhang Xiao‐Hua 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAnaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) plays an important role in the marine nitrogen cycle. The Pearl Estuary, a typical subtropical estuary characterized by hypoxia upstream and high loads of organic matter and inorganic nutrients caused by anthropogenic activities, has received extensive attention. In this study, anammox bacterial community structures in surface sediments along the Pearl Estuary were investigated using 16S rRNA and hydrazine oxidoreductase (HZO) genes. In addition, abundance of anammox bacteria in both water and surface sediments was investigated by quantitative PCR. Obvious anammox bacterial community structure shift was observed in surface sediments, in which the dominant genus changed from “Candidatus Brocadia” or “Candidatus Anammoxoglobus” to “Candidatus Scalindua” along the salinity gradient from freshwater to the open ocean based on 16S rRNA gene and HZO amino acid phylotypes. This distribution pattern was associated with salinity, temperature, pH of overlying water, and particularly C/N ratio. Phylogenetic analysis unraveled a rich diversity of anammox bacteria including four novel clusters provisionally named “Candidatus Jugangensis,” “Candidatus Oceanicum,” “Candidatus Anammoxidans,” and “Candidatus Aestuarianus.” The abundance of anammox bacteria in surface sediments, bottom and surface waters ranged from 4.22 × 105 to 2.55 × 106 copies g−1, 1.24 × 104 to 1.01×105 copies L−1, and 8.07×103 to 8.86×105 copies L−1, respectively. The abundance of anammox bacteria in the water column was positively correlated with
and
, and negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen, although an autochthonous source might contribute to the observed abundance of anammox bacteria.
Effects of lateral nitrate flux and instream processes on dissolved inorganic nitrogen export in a forested catchment: A model sensitivity analysis
Authors: Lin Laurence , Webster Jackson R. , Hwang Taehee , Band Lawrence E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe importance of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in controlling nitrogen dynamics in streams is a key interest of ecologists studying dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) export from watersheds. In this study, we coupled a stream model with a terrestrial ecohydrological model and conducted a global sensitivity analysis to evaluate the relative importance of both ecosystems to nitrogen export. We constructed two scenarios (“normal” and high nitrate loads) to explore conditions under which terrestrial (lateral nitrate flux) or aquatic ecosystems (instream nutrient processes) may be more important in controlling DIN export. In a forest catchment, although the forest ecosystem controls the nitrogen load to streams, sensitivity results suggested that most nitrogen output from the terrestrial ecosystem was taken up by instream microbial immobilization associated with benthic detritus and retained in detritus. Later the immobilized nitrogen was remineralized as DIN. Therefore, the intra‐annual pattern of DIN concentration in the stream was low in fall and became high in spring. Not only was instream microbial immobilization saturated with the high nitrogen load scenario, but also the net effect of immobilization and mineralization on DIN export was minimized because nitrogen cycling between organic and inorganic forms was accelerated. Overall, our linked terrestrial‐aquatic model simulations demonstrated that stream process could significantly affect the amount and timing of watershed nitrogen export when nitrogen export from the terrestrial system is low. However, when nitrogen export from the terrestrial system is high, the effect of stream processes is minimal.
Linking bed morphology changes of two sediment mixtures to sediment transport predictions in unsteady flows
Authors: Waters Kevin A. , Curran Joanna Crowe 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFlume experiments were conducted to measure bed morphology adjustments in sand/gravel and sand/silt sediment mixtures during repeated hydrographs and to link these changes to sediment transport patterns over multiple time scales. Sediment composition and hydrograph flow magnitude greatly influenced channel morphology, which impacted sediment yield, hysteresis, and transport predictions. Bed load yields were larger and more variable for the sand/silt mixture, as gravel in the sand/gravel sediment inhibited grain entrainment, limited bed form growth, and acted to stabilize the bed. Hysteresis patterns varied due to bed form and surface structure adjustments, as well as the stabilizing effect of antecedent low flows. Using half the data set, a dimensionless fractional transport equation was derived based on excess shear stress. Dimensionless reference shear stresses were estimated in two ways: as bulk values from all transport measurements and by applying a separate limb approach in which values were estimated for each limb of each hydrograph. For the other half of the data set, transport predictions with the separate limb approach were more accurate than those from six existing transport equations and the fractional relationship applied with bulk reference shear stresses. Thus, hydrograph limb‐dependent dimensionless reference shear stress links changing bed morphology and sediment transport, providing a parameter to improve transport predictions during individual flood events and in unsteady flow regimes. This approach represents a framework with which to develop site‐specific transport relationships for varying flow regimes, particularly in cases where detailed bed morphology measurements are not feasible and heterogeneous sediment complicates bed structure over time.
Potential accumulation of contaminated sediments in a reservoir of a high‐Andean watershed: Morphodynamic connections with geochemical processes
Authors: Contreras María Teresa , Müllendorff Daniel , Pastén Pablo , Pizarro Gonzalo E. , Paola Chris , Escauriaza Cristián 
Published: March 2015

AbstractRapid changes due to anthropic interventions in high‐altitude environments, such as the Altiplano region in South America, require new approaches to understand the connections between physical and geochemical processes. Alterations of the water quality linked to the river morphology can affect the ecosystems and human development in the long term. The future construction of a reservoir in the Lluta River, located in northern Chile, will change the spatial distribution of arsenic‐rich sediments, which can have significant effects on the lower parts of the watershed. In this investigation, we develop a coupled numerical model to predict and evaluate the interactions between morphodynamic changes in the Lluta reservoir, and conditions that can potentially desorb arsenic from the sediments. Assuming that contaminants are mobilized under anaerobic conditions, we calculate the oxygen concentration within the sediments to study the interactions of the delta progradation with the potential arsenic release. This work provides a framework for future studies aimed to analyze the complex connections between morphodynamics and water quality, when contaminant‐rich sediments accumulate in a reservoir. The tool can also help to design effective risk management and remediation strategies in these extreme environments.
Spatiotemporal decomposition of solute dispersion in watersheds
Authors: Riml Joakim , Wörman Anders 
Published: March 2015

AbstractInformation about the effect of different dispersion mechanisms on the solute response in watersheds is crucial for understanding the temporal dynamics of many water quality problems. However, to quantify these processes from stream water quality time series may be difficult because the governing mechanisms responsible for the concentration fluctuations span a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. In an attempt to address the quantification problem, we propose a novel methodology that includes a spectral decomposition of the watershed solute response using a distributed solute transport model for the network of transport pathways in surface and subsurface water. Closed form solutions of the transport problem in both the Laplace and Fourier domains are used to derive formal expressions of (i) the central temporal moments of a solute pulse response and (ii) the power spectral response of a solute concentration time series. By evaluating high‐frequency hydrochemical data from the Upper Hafren Watershed, Wales, we linked the watershed dispersion mechanisms to the damping of the concentration fluctuations in different frequency intervals reflecting various environments responsible for the damping. The evaluation of the frequency‐dependent model parameters indicate that the contribution of the different environments to the concentration fluctuations at the watershed effluent varies with period. For the longest periods (predominantly groundwater transport pathways) we found that the frequency typical transport time of chloride was 100 times longer and that sodium had a 2.5 times greater retardation factor compared with the shortest periods (predominantly shallow groundwater and surface water transport pathways).
Prediction in ungauged estuaries: An integrated theory
Authors: Savenije Hubert H. G. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMany estuaries in the world are ungauged. The International Association of Hydrological Sciences completed its science decade on Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB) in 2012 (Hrachowitz et al., ). Prediction on the basis of limited data is a challenge in hydrology, but not less so in estuaries, where data on fundamental processes are often lacking. In this paper, relatively simple, but science‐based, methods are presented that allow researchers, engineers, and water managers to obtain first‐order estimates of essential process parameters in estuaries, such as the estuary depth, the tidal amplitude, the tidal excursion, the phase lag, and the salt water intrusion, on the basis of readily obtainable information, such as topographical maps and tidal tables. These apparently simple relationships are assumed to result from the capacity of freely erodible water bodies to adjust themselves to external drivers and to dissipate the free energy from these drivers as efficiently as possible. Thus, it is assumed that these systems operate close to their thermodynamic limit, resulting in predictable patterns that can be described by relatively simple equations. Although still much has to be done to develop an overall physics‐based theory, this does not prevent us from making use of the empirical “laws” that we observe in alluvial estuaries.
Biology, Development, and Human Systems
Authors: Lickliter Robert , Honeycutt Hunter 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBiology has genetic, epigenetic, developmental, ecological, and evolutionary components. In addition to the scientific fields contributing to biology the philosophy of science also frames the field. As is the case with all the sciences, progress in biology depends on advances in theory building, empirical research, and modeling. Development, as one of the central processes of biology, has been the focus of both empirical and theoretical attention for centuries. Research techniques and methods used in biology to study development have evolved dramatically over the past several decades, generating a wealth of detailed empirical data. Metatheoretical frameworks, theories, and modeling have likewise advanced, calling into question established interpretations and assumptions about development, including the relation between genotype and phenotype, the nature and extent of heredity, the links between development and evolution, and the biological bases of behavior and cognition. In this chapter, we review the history and current status of biology's view of development and discuss the broader implications of this view for a psychobiological systems view of human development.
Neuroscience, Embodiment, and Development
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe chapter begins with a broad introduction to the concept of neuroscience as a different level of analysis, initially working from an account of how classical cognitivism resulted in a neglect of neuroscience in psychology. The emergence of developmental cognitive neuroscience is then considered and current theoretical perspectives in this area are briefly outlined. One key emphasis of the chapter is the embodied nature of development, which is considered here to be an essential part of any theory of developmental cognitive neuroscience. The argument is made that embodiment has the potential to reframe the ways in which neuroscience data are considered in relation to other kinds of data. However, important developmental features of this reframing are currently underspecified, and in the final part of the chapter it is suggested that a relational developmental systems perspective provides one way forward. The implications of this approach for forging a new biologically inspired direction for developmental science are profound, and are discussed in more detail toward the end of the chapter.
Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Cummings E. Mark , Valentino Kristin 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In the past 30 years the field of developmental psychopathology has emerged as a highly influential approach to understanding human development, including both normal development and the development of psychopathology. This chapter begins with a consideration of the definition of the field, the gaps it addresses in the study of child psychopathology, theoretical assumptions about the nature of human development, and its relation with other disciplines such as developmental science. The key conceptual components of developmental psychopathology are then examined. These include a dynamic, process‐oriented perspective on the development of psychopathology, the notions of developmental pathways and resilience, and the importance of considering both risk and protective factors. Another conceptual component is that the evaluation of what is considered disordered or adaptive must take into account the context in which the pattern occurs–for instance, the family and community. The implications for prevention, intervention, diagnosis, and classification are also discussed. We close with a consideration of new directions and emerging themes in the field.
Reflections on Cognitive Development
Authors: Liben Lynn S. , Müller Ulrich 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

This chapter begins by describing a fundamental way in which the study of cognitive development has changed between the publication of the first edition of the
Handbook of Child Psychology
in 1946 and of the volume on cognitive processes contained in this edition of the
Handbook
. Early scholars often tried to catalogue which specific, isolated cognitive process accounted for which particular cognitive outcome, whereas contributors to the latest volume reflect a relational‐systems framework that approaches cognitive processes within broader biological and sociocultural contexts. Several themes run through the volume chapters including the importance of symbols; the power and pervasiveness of inferential or logical processes; connections between cognition and emotion; and the importance of diversity with respect to both individuals' own characteristics and surrounding culture. The chapter closes with a précis of each of the individual chapters contained in the volume.
Brain and Cognitive Development
Authors: Stiles Joan , Brown Timothy T. , Haist Frank , Jernigan Terry L. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis chapter presents a unified model of neurocognitive development beginning with the differentiation of the first neural cells and extending through the emergence of complex thought and behavior. It draws on the latest data from neurobiology, multimodal brain imaging, and cognitive neuroscience to construct a developmental model of the emergence of the human neurocognitive system from the dynamic interaction of diverse biological and experiential factors. The chapter begins with brief descriptions of the major methods for interrogating questions about brain‐behavior relations focusing primarily on neuroimaging technologies. The next section provides an overview of anatomical brain development beginning in the prenatal period and extending through adolescence. The third section represents the heart of this chapter using data from three major cognitive domains to explore principles that underlie the development of brain‐behavior relationships. The targeted domains are visuospatial processing, cognitive control, and language. The final sections present a synthesis of data from earlier sections offering a neurocognitive perspective on the nature of brain‐behavior relationships, and reflections on new trends and future directions for research in cognitive neuroscience.
The Development of Social Understanding
Authors: Carpendale Jeremy I. M. , Lewis Charlie 
Published: March 2015

AbstractUnderstanding others is an essential aspect of being human. We review research and theory on the development of a range of skills constituting social understanding beginning in infancy with gaze‐following and gestures such as pointing. Given the importance attributed to false belief understanding in preschoolers, we review accounts of this development as well as criticism of these theories. Such debates now extend to current claims that even infants understand others' false beliefs, raising questions about preconceptions of the nature and origins of social awareness. The later developing social skills we turn to next remain relatively neglected in this literature. We discuss contributions from neuroscience for understanding social cognitive development such as neuroimaging and research on mirror neurons. There are many links between social cognition and children's social relations and, in particular, we focus on the key role of language in social cognitive development. We also review ways in which social understanding may influence social conduct and this is linked to the issues of trust and deception, as well as cooperation and moral development. Throughout, we highlight ways that research traditions are influenced by worldviews or preconceptions about the nature of mind, meaning, and knowledge, and emphasize the interconnections between social understanding and all other aspects of human life.
Cognitive Development and Culture
Authors: Gauvain Mary , Perez Susan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCognitive development occurs in cultural context. This chapter describes the complex and multifaceted connection between culture and cognitive development and how it unfolds over ontogenesis. Sociocultural theory, which is unique in its focus on cognitive development in relation to culture, provides the conceptual foundation of the chapter. Following discussion of the historical foundations of contemporary research on culture and cognitive development, we describe how culture has been studied in psychological research, the importance of a developmental approach for understanding culture–cognition connections, and some considerations in studying the sociocultural basis of cognitive development. The capacities that human beings have that underlie participation in culture are discussed, including current understanding of relevant neural functioning and brain maturation and the social‐cognitive capabilities through which children learn from others. To illustrate the defining role of culture in human cognition, we describe empirical research in four areas of development: memory, executive functions, spatial cognition, and problem solving. General conclusions on theory and research about culture and cognitive development are offered along with suggestions for future research.
Atypical Cognitive Development
Authors: Pennington Bruce F. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis chapter reviews current key questions, issues, and findings in the study of atypical cognitive development, as well as the history of earlier research on this topic. Key questions include (1) How general versus specific are the processes of cognitive development and individual differences in cognition? (2) What is the etiology of cognitive development and individual cognitive differences? (3) How do these etiologies act on structural and functional brain development? (4) How malleable are developmental and individual cognitive outcomes? and (5) How similar are the answers to these four questions in youth and aging? A key issue that runs throughout the chapter is the role of nature versus nurture in the development of physical and psychological forms. The resolution to this issue is found in the principles of probabilistic epigenesis, constructivism, and complex systems that self‐organize to yield emergent properties. The chapter describes a multilevel, interdisciplinary approach that is needed to understand atypical cognitive development. Besides behavioral and cognitive development, these levels include (a) etiology (genetic and environmental influences and their interplay) and (b) brain mechanisms. Specific examples of atypical cognitive development are described to illustrate these levels of analysis and to address key issues. These examples include (a) amblyopia, (b) orphanage rearing, (c) three genetic syndromes that produce intellectual disability (i.e., Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and Williams syndrome; (d) early treated phenylketonuria; and (e) developmental dyslexia. The chapter concludes with a summary of current answers to the five key questions and implications for future research.