bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental thermal plasticity among Drosophila melanogaster populations
Authors: Fallis L. C. , Fanara J. J. , Morgan T. J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMany biotic and abiotic variables influence the dispersal and distribution of organisms. Temperature has a major role in determining these patterns because it changes daily, seasonally and spatially, and these fluctuations have a significant impact on an organism's behaviour and fitness. Most ecologically relevant phenotypes that are adaptive are also complex and thus they are influenced by many underlying loci that interact with the environment. In this study, we quantified the degree of thermal phenotypic plasticity within and among populations by measuring chill‐coma recovery times of lines reared from egg to adult at two different environmental temperatures. We used sixty genotypes from six natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster sampled along a latitudinal gradient in South America. We found significant variation in thermal plasticity both within and among populations. All populations exhibit a cold acclimation response, with flies reared at lower temperatures having increased resistance to cold. We tested a series of environmental parameters against the variation in population mean thermal plasticity and discovered the mean thermal plasticity was significantly correlated with altitude of origin of the population. Pairing our data with previous experiments on viability fitness assays in the same populations in fixed and variable environments suggests an adaptive role of this thermal plasticity in variable laboratory environments. Altogether, these data demonstrate abundant variation in adaptive thermal plasticity within and among populations.
Giving Consumers a Fair Chance: The Ideological Battle over Mandatory Grading in the 1930s and 1940s
Authors: STOLE INGER L. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article explores the more than decade‐long fight to establish quality standards for consumer products. Drawing on archival collections, trade publications, congressional hearings, and relevant secondary literature, it traces the ongoing debates over grading standards for consumer commodities in the 1930s and 1940s. It explores the arguments behind the creation of a mandatory grading system that would have aided citizens in their role as consumers, helped fight monopolistic tendencies during a severe economic depression, and supported government economic policies during a time of national crisis. While consumer advocates and a majority of the American public applauded the idea, advertisers, believing that the system would undermine their advertising claims, fought the proposals tooth and nail.
Individual Lithium Disilicate Crowns in a Full‐Arch, Implant‐Supported Rehabilitation: A Clinical Report
Authors: Maló Paulo , de Sousa Sérgio Tavares , De Araújo Nobre Miguel , Moura Guedes Carlos , Almeida Ricardo , Roma Torres António , Legatheaux João , Silva António 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis clinical report presents the clinical outcome of a maxillary full‐arch implant‐supported fixed rehabilitation with lithium disilicate reinforced glass ceramic monolithic crowns opposing a mandibular metal‐acrylic implant‐supported fixed rehabilitation in a 62‐year‐old woman. Eight implants were successfully placed (four maxillary, four mandibular), and no complications occurred in the postoperative or maintenance periods. Six months after delivery, the maxillary and mandibular prostheses were found to be clinically, biologically, and mechanically stable, and the patient was satisfied with the esthetics and her ability to function. Although the present indications for the use of lithium disilicate are still restricted to tooth‐borne restorations, it is possible to successfully rehabilitate edentulous patients through implant‐supported fixed prostheses using lithium disilicate reinforced glass ceramic monolithic crowns.
Inhibitory effects of sword bean extract on alveolar bone resorption induced in rats by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection
Authors: Nakatsuka Y. , Nagasawa T. , Yumoto Y. , Nakazawa F. , Furuichi Y. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundThe domesticated legume, Canavalia gladiata (commonly called the sword bean), is known to contain canavanine. The fruit is used in Chinese and Japanese herbal medicine for treating the discharge of pus, but its pharmacological mechanisms are still unclear.ObjectivesThis study examined the effect of sword bean extract (SBE) on (i) oral bacteria and human oral epithelial cells in vitro, and (ii) the initiation and progression of experimental Porphyromonas gingivalis‐induced alveolar bone resorption in rats.Material and MethodsA high‐performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet method was applied to quantitate canavanine in SBE. By assessing oral bacterial growth, we estimated the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of SBE, canavanine, chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) solution. The cytotoxicity of SBE, canavanine, CHX, leupeptin and cystatin for KB cells was determined using a trypan blue assay. The effects of SBE, canavanine, leupeptin and cystatin on Arg‐gingipain (Rgp) and Lys‐gingipain (Kgp) were evaluated by colorimetric assay using synthetic substrates. To examine its effects on P. gingivalis‐associated periodontal tissue breakdown, SBE was orally administered to P. gingivalis‐infected rats.ResultSword bean extract contained 6.4% canavanine. SBE and canavanine inhibited the growth of P. gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The cytotoxicity of SBE, canavanine and cystatin on KB cells was significantly lower than that of CHX. Inhibition of Rgp with SBE was comparable to that with leupeptin, a known Rgp inhibitor, and inhibition of Kgp with SBE was significantly higher than that with leupeptin at 500 μg/mL ( p < 0.05). P. gingivalis‐induced alveolar bone resorption was significantly suppressed by administration of SBE, with bone levels remaining comparable to non‐infected animals ( p < 0.05).ConclusionThe present study suggests that SBE might be effective against P. gingivalis‐associated alveolar bone resorption.
Long‐Term Survival of Dogs with Adrenal‐Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism: A Comparison between Mitotane and Twice Daily Trilostane Treatment
Authors: Arenas C. , Melián C. , Pérez‐Alenza M.D. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundTreatment of adrenal‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (ADH) involves either surgical resection of the adrenal tumor or medical therapy. For many years, mitotane has been considered the medical treatment of choice for dogs withADH.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine survival and prognostic factors for dogs withADHtreated with mitotane and trilostane.AnimalsTwenty‐six dogs withADHwere included in the study.MethodsFourteen dogs were treated with mitotane and 12 dogs were treated with trilostane. Medical records were reviewed. Epidemiologic factors, signalment, clinicopathologic abnormalities, endocrine test results, and treatment protocols were evaluated to identify potential predictive factors of overall survival time.ResultsSurvival times of dogs treated with mitotane (median, 15.6 months) or trilostane (median, 14.0 months) were not significantly different. Using univariate analysis, age and postadrenocorticotropic hormone cortisol concentrations were inversely correlated with survival time. The multivariate model also identified weakness at presentation as a negative prognostic indicator.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceThe type of medical treatment (mitotane versus trilostane) does not influence survival time in dogs withADH; therefore, trilostane, a drug with less frequent and milder adverse effects, might be used as the primary medical treatment when adrenalectomy cannot be performed.
Investigation of a Commercial ELISA for the Detection of Canine Procalcitonin
Authors: Floras A.N.K. , Holowaychuk M.K. , Hodgins D.C. , Marr H.S. , Birkenheuer A. , Sharif S. , Bersenas A.M.E. , Bienzle D. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundRapid identification of sepsis enables prompt administration of antibiotics and is essential to improve patient survival. Procalcitonin (PCT) is a biomarker used to diagnose sepsis in people. Commercial assays to measure canine PCT peptide have not been validated.ObjectiveTo investigate the validity of a commercially available enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) marketed for the measurement of canine PCT.AnimalsThree dogs with sepsis, 1 healthy dog, 1 dog with thyroid carcinoma.MethodsExperimental study. The ELISA's ability to detect recombinant and native canine PCT was investigated and intra‐assay and interassay coefficients of variability were calculated. Assay validation including mass spectrometry of the kit standard solution was performed.ResultsThe ELISA did not consistently detect recombinant canine PCT. Thyroid lysate yielded a positive ELISA signal. Intra‐assay variability ranged from 18.9 to 77.4%, while interassay variability ranged from 56.1 to 79.5%. Mass spectrometry of the standard solution provided with the evaluated ELISA kit did not indicate presence of PCT.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe results of this investigation do not support the use of this ELISA for the detection of PCT in dogs.
Breed Differences in Natriuretic Peptides in Healthy Dogs
Authors: Sjöstrand K. , Wess G. , Ljungvall I. , Häggström J. , Merveille A‐C. , Wiberg M. , Gouni V. , Lundgren Willesen J. , Hanås S. , Lequarré A‐S. , Mejer Sørensen L. , Wolf J. , Tiret L. , Kierczak M. , Forsberg S. , McEntee K. , Battaille G. , Seppälä E. , Lindblad‐Toh K. , Georges M. , Lohi Hannes , Chetboul V. , Fredholm M. , Höglund K. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundMeasurement of plasma concentration of natriuretic peptides (NPs) is suggested to be of value in diagnosis of cardiac disease in dogs, but many factors other than cardiac status may influence their concentrations. Dog breed potentially is 1 such factor.ObjectiveTo investigate breed variation in plasma concentrations of pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide 31‐67 (proANP 31‐67) and N‐terminal B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) in healthy dogs.Animals535 healthy, privately owned dogs of 9 breeds were examined at 5 centers as part of the European Union (EU) LUPA project.MethodsAbsence of cardiovascular disease or other clinically relevant organ‐related or systemic disease was ensured by thorough clinical investigation. Plasma concentrations of proANP 31‐67 and NT‐proBNP were measured by commercially available ELISA assays.ResultsOverall significant breed differences were found in proANP 31‐67 (P < .0001) and NT‐proBNP (P < .0001) concentrations. Pair‐wise comparisons between breeds differed in approximately 50% of comparisons for proANP 31‐67 as well as NT‐proBNP concentrations, both when including all centers and within each center. Interquartile range was large for many breeds, especially for NT‐proBNP. Among included breeds, Labrador Retrievers and Newfoundlands had highest median NT‐proBNP concentrations with concentrations 3 times as high as those of Dachshunds. German Shepherds and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels had the highest median proANP 31‐67 concentrations, twice the median concentration in Doberman Pinschers.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceConsiderable interbreed variation in plasma NP concentrations was found in healthy dogs. Intrabreed variation was large in several breeds, especially for NT‐proBNP. Additional studies are needed to establish breed‐specific reference ranges.
Roles of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Angiotensin II‐Enhanced Microvascular Thrombosis
Authors: Senchenkova Elena Y. , Russell Janice , Esmon Charles T. , Granger D. Neil 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjectiveAngII‐induced HTN is associated with accelerated thrombus development in arterioles. This study assessed the contributions of different components of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis to AngII‐mediated microvascular thrombosis.MethodsLight/dye‐induced thrombus formation (the time of onset and flow cessation) was quantified in cremaster muscle arterioles of AngII infused (two weeks) WT/AngII mice, EPCR‐TgN, and mice deficient in PAI‐1. WT/AngII mice were also treated with either tissue factor antibody, antithrombin III, heparin, hirudin, or murine APC.ResultsTF immunoblockade or hirudin treatment did not prevent the AngII‐induced acceleration of thrombosis. While antithrombin III treatment prevented the acceleration in both thrombus onset and flow cessation, heparin only improved the time for blood flow cessation. Neither WT mice treated with murine APC nor EPCR‐TgN were protected against AngII‐induced thrombus development. A similar lack of protection was noted in PAI‐1deficient mice.ConclusionThese findings implicate a role for thrombin generation pathway in the accelerated thrombosis induced by AngII and suggest that an impaired protein C pathway and increased PAI‐1 do not make a significant contribution to this model of microvascular thrombosis.
New Psychological Paradigm for Conditionals and General de Finetti Tables
Authors: BARATGIN J. , OVER D. , POLITZER G. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe new Bayesian paradigm in the psychology of reasoning aims to integrate the study of human reasoning, decision making, and rationality. It is supported by two findings. One, most people judge the probability of the indicative conditional, P(if A then B), to be the conditional probability, P(B|A), as implied by the Ramsey test. Two, they judge if A then B to be void when A is false. Their three‐valued response table used to be called ‘defective’, but should be termed the de Finetti table. We show how to study general de Finetti truth tables for negations, conjunctions, disjunctions, and conditionals.
Shore‐based observations of seasonality, movements, and group behavior of southern right whales in a nonnursery area on the South African west coast
Authors: Barendse Jaco , Best Peter B. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe southern right whale's (Eubalaena australis) demography, occurrence, habitat use, and behavior off South Africa are known predominantly from an ongoing aerial survey data set that started in 1971. The fixed timeframes of these surveys and their geographical bias towards south coast nursery areas have constrained our knowledge about the right whale's seasonal distribution elsewhere. We present shore‐based observations and tracking of right whales at Saldanha Bay on the west coast (2001–2003) that reveal a near year‐round presence and strongly nearshore distribution. With seasonal progression from winter to summer we observed a gradual increase in sighting rate, reduction in swimming speed, less directionality of movement, an increase in group size, and more surface active groups. The area appears to be important for feeding and socializing but not as a calving or nursery area. Individual transits between the south and west coasts, bidirectional alongshore movements, and extended seasonal presence may all be indicative of reoccupation of their former range along the west coast. This is important given the increasing ship traffic at Saldanha Bay, the rapid expansion of the region's oil and gas industry, and the known vulnerability of the closely related North Atlantic right whale (E. glacialis) to ship strikes.
Stable isotope cellular imaging reveals that both live and degenerating fungal pelotons transfer carbon and nitrogen to orchid protocorms
Authors: Kuga Yukari , Sakamoto Naoya , Yurimoto Hisayoshi 
Published: February 2014

Summary

The objective of this study was to elucidate the transfer of nutrient elements in orchid symbiotic protocorms at the cellular level by imaging of stable isotope tracers. We address the long‐standing question of whether nutrients move by transport across the symbiotic interface or solely by lysis of fungal pelotons.

[U‐13C]glucose and 15NH415NO3 were added to Ceratobasidium sp. hyphae extending from symbiotic protocorms of Spiranthes sinensis. Isotope images were taken from resin‐embedded sections of protocorms using ultra‐high spatial resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Analyses of regions of interest were conducted on isotope ratio images for fungal and host structures.

Amyloplasts adjacent to young pelotons showed elevated 13C/12C, which indicated that fungal carbon (C) was transferred from live hyphae. Senescent pelotons and their surrounding host cytoplasm showed significantly higher isotope ratios than young pelotons and surrounding host cytoplasm. These results indicate an inflow of C to senescent hyphae, which was then transferred to the host.

The findings of this study provide some support for each of the two contradictory hypotheses concerning nutrient exchange in the symbiotic protocorm: the interface between the symbionts is involved before fungal senescence, and peloton degradation also releases a significant amount of C and nitrogen to host cells.
Similar in vitro effects and pulp regeneration in ectopic tooth transplantation by basic fibroblast growth factor and granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor
Authors: Takeuchi N , Hayashi Y , Murakami M , Alvarez FJ , Horibe H , Iohara K , Nakata K , Nakamura H , Nakashima M 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesGranulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) has been shown to have combinatorial trophic effects with dental pulp stem cells for pulp regeneration. The aim of this investigation is to examine the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in vitro and in vivo compared with those of G‐CSF and to assess the potential utility of bFGF as an alternative to G‐CSF for pulp regeneration.Materials and methodsFive different types of cells were examined in the in vitro effects of bFGF on cell migration, proliferation, anti‐apoptosis, neurite outgrowth, angiogenesis, and odontogenesis compared with those of G‐CSF. The in vivo regenerative potential of pulp tissue including vasculogenesis and odontoblastic differentiation was also compared using an ectopic tooth transplantation model.ResultsBasic fibroblast growth factor was similar to G‐CSF in high migration, proliferation and anti‐apoptotic effects and angiogenic and neurite outgrowth stimulatory activities in vitro. There was no significant difference between bFGF and G‐CSF in the regenerative potential in vivo.ConclusionsThe potential utility of bFGF for pulp regeneration is demonstrated as a homing/migration factor similar to the influence of G‐CSF.
Signatures of malaria vaccine efficacy in ageing murine immune memory
Authors: Haussig J. M. , Burgold J. , Hafalla J. C. R. , Matuschewski K. , Kooij T. W. A. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryMalaria transmission occurs by mosquito bite. Thereafter, Plasmodium sporozoites specifically invade the liver, where they develop into thousands of merozoites that initiate blood‐stage infection and clinical malaria. The pre‐erythrocytic phase of a Plasmodium infection is the target of experimental whole‐parasite vaccines against malaria. Repeated immunizations with high doses of live, metabolically active sporozoites can induce protracted protection against Plasmodium reinfection. Parasites lacking a Plasmodium‐specific apicoplast protein, termed PALM, arrest very late during intrahepatic development just prior to liver merozoite release and can elicit sterile protection with two immunization doses only. In this report, we show in the robust Plasmodium berghei‐C57BL/6 model that partial protection extends beyond 1 year after the last immunization. In ageing mice, intracellular cytokine staining of Plasmodium peptide‐stimulated intrahepatic CD8+ T cells revealed elevated levels of interferon gamma in vaccinated mice. We conclude that antigen‐specific T cells persist in the target organ and are critical signatures of lasting protection. Our data also support the notions that memory T‐cell responses generated early in life remain largely intact well into old age and that murine Plasmodium vaccination and infection models are suitable to study the mechanisms of maintenance and efficiency of adaptive immunity during immunosenescence.
Dermal Versus Total Uptake of Benzene from Mineral Spirits Solvent During Parts Washing
Authors: Bogen Kenneth T. , Sheehan Patrick J. 
Published: February 2014

Quantitative approaches to assessing exposure to, and associated risk from, benzene in mineral spirits solvent (MSS), used widely in parts washing and degreasing operations, have focused primarily on the respiratory pathway. The dermal contribution to total benzene uptake from such operations remains uncertain because measuring in vivo experimental dermal uptake of this volatile human carcinogen is difficult. Unprotected dermal uptake involves simultaneous sustained immersion events and transient splash/wipe events, each yielding residues subject to evaporation as well as dermal uptake. A two‐process dermal exposure framework to assess dermal uptake to normal and damaged skin was applied to estimate potential daily dermal benzene dose (Dskin) to workers who used historical or current formulations of recycled MSS in manual parts washers. Measures of evaporation and absorption of MSS dermally applied to human subjects were modeled to estimate in vivo dermal uptake of benzene in MSS. Uncertainty and interindividual variability in Dskin was characterized by Monte Carlo simulation, conditioned on uncertainty and/or variability estimated for each model input. Dermal exposures are estimated to average 33% of total (inhalation + dermal) benzene parts washing dose, with approximately equal predicted portions of dermal dose due to splash/wipe and to continuous contact with MSS. The estimated median (95th percentile) dermal and total daily benzene doses from parts washing are: 0.0069 (0.024) and 0.025 (0.18) mg/day using current, and 0.027 (0.085) and 0.098 (0.69) mg/day using historical, MSS solvents, respectively.
Inference for Stable Isotope Mixing Models: A Study of the Diet of Dunlin
Authors: Erhardt Erik Barry , Bedrick Edward J. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryStable isotope sourcing is used to estimate proportional contributions of sources to a mixture, such as in the analysis of animal diets and plant nutrient use. Statistical methods for inference on the diet proportions by using stable isotopes have focused on the linear mixing model. Existing frequentist methods assume that the diet proportion vector can be uniquely solved for in terms of one or two isotope ratios. We develop large sample methods that apply to an arbitrary number of isotope ratios, assuming that the linear mixing model has a unique solution or is overconstrained. We generalize these methods to allow temporal modelling of the population mean diet, assuming that isotope ratio response data are collected over time. The methodology is motivated by a study of the diet of dunlin, a small migratory seabird.
The Relation of Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression to Suicidal Ideation and Suicidal Desire
Authors: Forkmann Thomas , Scherer Anne , Böcker Maren , Pawelzik Markus , Gauggel Siegfried , Glaesmer Heide 
Published: February 2014

The differential relations between the emotion regulation strategies “cognitive reappraisal” and “expressive suppression” and suicidality in a mixed inpatient sample (N = 232, 69.4% female) of a German psychotherapeutic hospital were examined. Patients filled in the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and items on suicidal ideation and desire. A structural equation model fitted the data (RMSEA = .044; CFI = .96) and revealed that “expressive suppression” significantly predicted increased suicidal ideation. Moderation analysis showed that results were independent from a current depressive episode. Potential implications for psychotherapeutic treatment of suicidality are discussed.