bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Filling the Void: Sharīʿa in Mixed Courts in Egypt: Jurisprudence (1876-1949)
Authors: Petricca Francesca 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Mixed courts were an internationally staffed bench that represented the diplomatic alliances between capitulary powers and the Egyptian government. Decisions delivered by these courts were based on the so-called “mixed codes,” which provided parties to a dispute with substantial scope for legal maneuvering. On the basis of a case study concerning a mortgage on a waqf (charitable endowment), I shall explain how legal actors, in spite of the state strong presence as regulatory agent, took advantage of the loopholes in the mixed-court system. Far from being an obstacle in the quest of justice, legal vagueness became an opportunity for anyone able to expand his own legal horizons beyond the limits imposed by the colonial rule.
Introduction Hospitality: Imagining the Stranger
Authors: Yates Christopher 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis introductory essay sets forth the meaning of hospitality as a matter of philosophical reflection ever wedded to concrete experience. Drawing upon approaches from recent work in phenomenology, psychoanalysis, aesthetics, and hermeneutics, the event or scene of encounter with the stranger or other is positioned as a moment of profound interrogation and imagination. The introduction to this special section of articles on hospitality is set forth as an invitation to join in the renewal of this longstanding interdisciplinary issue for our time.
Geoffrey Hill, René Girard, and the Logic of Sacrifice
Authors: Johnsen William A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
According to René Girard, the logic of sacrifice is scapegoating, the logic of self-sacrifice is self-transcendency true or deviated. Ibsen completed his unfinished epic poem “Brand” by rewriting it as a dramatic poem; dramatization clarified the mutually complicit nature of Brand’s useless self-sacrifice to and by his community. Ibsen rewrote Brand with great speed and facility and, ten years later, perhaps with the lesson of Brand’s unnecessary self-sacrifice in mind, achieved that regularity of intense focus that produced a play every two years. Geoffrey Hill’s stage version completes the process of dramatizing Brand. By his own accounting in a 1979 interview Hill wrote his Brand with great speed and facility; ten years later, he began the current period of unrivalled periodic productivity.
Sklaven und Freigelassene von Römern in Iudaea und den angrenzenden Provinzen
Authors: Eck Werner 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Concrete information about Roman slavery in the eastern provinces is very rare. In the literary sources there is almost nothing. Only in inscriptions do we find reflections of this phenomenon. In most cases only manumitted slaves are mentioned, which reflects the importance manumission had for the Roman type of slavery. It also becomes clear that slaves do not form a clear category in the social reality; in fact their social standing depends largely on the social position of the master.
“ὅτι πνευµατικῶς ἀνακρίνεται”
Authors: Dingeldein Laura B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Most English translations of and commentaries on Paul’s first letter to the Corinthians interpret the final clause of 1 Cor 2:14 causally: the psychic man is unable to know the things of God’s pneuma “because they are pneumatically examined.” Due to the flexibility of the Greek, however, three alternative, grammatically acceptable translations exist. Although the causal interpretation is supported by later Christian interpreters of the first centuries CE, Paul’s own grammatical preferences, the surrounding context of 1 Cor 2:6-16, and philosophical parallels contemporary with Paul’s thought suggest that the following translation best reflects Paul’s intentions: “the psychic man is unable to know that he is pneumatically examined.”
The added value of proficiency tests: choosing the proper method for extracting Meloidogyne second-stage juveniles from soil
Authors: den Nijs Loes , van den Berg Wim 
Published: February 2013

To gain insight into the different extraction processes used in laboratories in various European countries and the effect these methods might have on the number of Meloidogyne second-stage juveniles (J2) extracted from soil samples, a ring test with 2 elements was conducted. The first element used the Baermann funnel as a method performance test. The second element was a proficiency test, in which the laboratory’s standard technique was compared with the Baermann method. Chilled samples of 100 cm3 (10 per extraction method) were sent to participants in insulated containers. In the nematode counts distinction was made between Meloidogyne J2, other plant-parasitic nematodes and/or saprophytes. A total number of 18 participants took part in the method performance test and 13 institutes took part in the proficiency test using 11 different extraction techniques. The initial population density in the soil was 2025 J2 (100 cm3 soil)−1, determined by Oostenbrink elutriator and 4 weeks incubation. In the method performance test the institutes found Meloidogyne J2 numbers varied between 0 and 705 J2 (100 cm3)−1. Using the Baermann extraction method the median number per institute ranged from 0 to 377 J2 (100 cm3)−1. In the proficiency test comparison amongst the different methods showed an increase of more than 100-fold, with the highest median of 3733 J2 (100 cm3)−1 and the lowest of 34 J2 (100 cm3)−1; the difference was caused mainly by the incubation effect. For the other plant-parasitic nematodes and the saprophytes, the differences between the most and least efficient extraction methods were much smaller. The variance of the Meloidogyne counts was the highest for the standard Baermann extraction technique; other similar techniques also had high variances. The automated zonal centrifuge had the lowest variance. The Baermann method is not advisable for survey purposes.
Reconciliation as Process or Catalyst: Understanding the Concept in a Post-conflict Society
Authors: Abe Toshihiro 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
While the work of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission has brought various new issues in the study of post-conflict society and transitional justice, a problematic issue that remains is how we should understand the ideal of reconciliation. This paper first critically traces previous theoretical works on reconciliation policy in South Africa, particularly paying attention to the arguments in political philosophy that have been deployed to incorporate the post-TRC condition into a theoretical frame. This examination is followed by a discussion invoking René Girard’s notion of desire to capture the dilemma of people in a post-conflict society. Finally, the uniqueness and importance of the reconciliation project is inferred to have the possible function of affecting the collective relationships among former enemies.
Feminism in Islam: A Critique of Polygamy in Mariama Ba’s Epistolary Novel So Long A Letter
Authors: Ali Souad T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper calls for an understanding of feminism in Islam as a unique approach to feminism with potential contributions to world feminism. The paper analyzes Mariama Ba’s epistolary novelSo Long A Letterwithin the context of a feminist approach in Islam. This paper’s primary focus is Ba’s critique of polygamy and her celebration of female bonding in the face of male oppression. Ba explores her themes through an epistolary exchange between two intimate friends who both suffered the abuse of their polygamous husbands and highlights the contrasting reactions of the two women in regard to the mistreatment by their husbands. Within a distorted misinterpretation of religion, the analysis reflects on how Islamic teachings are exploited by some Muslim men in order to gratify and justify their base desires under the guise of a transcendent sanction.
The Role of Authentic Islam: The Way Forward for Women in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Hamdan Amani 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper explores the main reasons for which progressive Saudis can be optimistic that women will eventually achieve their rightful place in society in general and in the employment sector in particular. A critical analysis is performed of the social, cultural, and religious background to gender inequality as well as of the current state of women’s education and employment. The evidence considered of the everlasting gender discourses in Saudi Arabia includes examples from the girls’ home economics textbook for Grades 7 and 8. This paper confirms that Saudi society is witnessing a growing acknowledgment of the undeniable Scriptural basis for women’s participation in all aspects of public life and an accompanying dilution of the influence of the some conservativeUlamaas enforcers of a narrow and literal interpretation of Islam. This paper also confirms that important institutional and policy changes are underway that are creating new educational and employment opportunities for women. The result is that the deeply entrenched gender issues that has for so long characterized the Saudi education system and society as a whole is being challenged by progressive Islamic principles and by a variety of institutional reforms, among other factors.
Funding and Teaching Challenges Facing Faith-Based Organizing
Authors: Davaney Sheila Greeve , Bowlin John , Kerbel Jarrett , Valdez Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Faith-based organizing in the United States faces two major practical challenges: funding its work and teaching its approach to the next generation of pastors. With these challenges in mind, the editors asked Sheila Greeve Davaney, until recently a programme officer with the Ford Foundation, to reflect on her experience of funding the work of faith-based organizing networks. John Bowlin, a professor at Princeton Theological Seminary and Jarrett Kerbel, a pastor in Philadelphia, recently team taught a course on theology and organizing at the seminary; the editors asked them to reflect on their classroom experience. Their experience was enriched by the presence of Elizabeth Valdez, an organizing network leader from Texas, who was on sabbatical in Princeton at the time, and was invited by Bowlin, while she audited his class, to share her grass-roots experience with the students. It is fitting that Valdez has the last word in this special issue, as an organizer who is committed to the goal of fostering dialogue between theologians and researchers in the academy and citizens and leaders in the community.
The Image of Jacob in the Targum of Hosea 12
Authors: Van Ruiten Jacques 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article investigates the image of Jacob in Targum Jonathan’s interpretation of Hos 12. It presents a brief comparison between the Hebrew text of Hos 12 and the Targum’s translation, and focuses on those verses that are relevant to the image of Jacob (Hos 12:3-6; 12:13-14), looking first at the Hebrew text and then at their interpretation in the Targum. An analysis of the translation clearly shows the meturgeman’s concern to counteract any potential negative image of Jacob. The meturgeman does not present the relationship between Jacob and the prophet’s contemporary people as analogous, in the sense that the deceitful character of the people is a reflection of the character of their forefather. Instead, the relationship is seen as contrasting: Jacob functions as a role model.
Contempt: State Literati vs. Street Literati in Modern Iraq
Authors: Hanoosh Yasmeen 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The standard narrative of modern Iraqi culture posits a reciprocal exchange of contempt between Iraqi state literati and anti-state literati. Several literary critics tell us that for decades this contempt has redounded to the ideological polarization of the Iraqi literary corpus, diminishing the number of independent intellectuals. This essay takes up key debates in the Iraqi literary scene, charting the Hashemite monarchy, Qāsim regime, Baʿth dictatorship, embargo years, and post-2003 occupation, and in so doing retraces the multiple ideological schisms and fractious state-writer relationships. Considering the history of contempt in Iraqi culture and literature today, the essay sheds light on the emergence of civic society in Iraq, dynamics within the public sphere, and the role of state ideology in cultural projects. It interrogates the ideology of “freedom” and its correlate “commitment” in the literary scene and their proliferating discourses in light of past and present political unrest in Iraq. Under the broad rubric of the “art of freedom,” and its correlate “modernity,” which have been the quest of generations of Iraqi intellectuals despite the interruptions of despots, this study examines some current impasses that have augmented the blatant exchange of contempt among Iraq’s literati. These impasses include the discrepancy between conceptual freedom and freedom as a cultural or political practice, sectarian discourses, media, and self-censorship. Examining the role of conceptual freedom and contempt in literary production also necessarily invites the discussion of the binary shape of contemporary Iraqi literature contestably as a product of “inside” and “outside” sensibilities and cultures.
From Flying Carpets to No-Fly Zones: Libya’s Elusive Revolution(s), According to Ruth First, Hisham Matar, and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Harlow Barbara 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the complex and contested situation of Qadaffi’s Libya within a changing international order, from the 1969 revolution as narrated by South African historian and anti-apartheid activist Ruth First in Libya: The Elusive Revolution (1974) to its narrative reconstruction by exiled Libyan writer Hisham Matar in the semi-autobiographical novels In the Country of Men (2006) and Anatomy of a Disappearance (2011). Special attention is paid to contextualizing this historiography within the current debates emanating from international law—including international humanitarian and human rights law—regarding the disposition of multilateral forces, regional commitments, and the “responsibility to protect” (R2P) in responding to this latest of Libya’s “elusive revolutions.” Should Libya, that is, have been suspended from the United Nations Human Rights Council? Referred by the Security Council to the International Criminal Court for investigation? What are the stakes? And what to make of the eventual historical and precedent-setting outcomes, the global implications—and yes, even the inevitable “unintended consequences”. . . .?
Identity and Function in Sino-Vietnamese Piracy: Where Are the Minh Hư ơng?
Authors: Wheeler Charles 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In 1773, a group of rebels sparked a civil war that disrupted the Vietnamese-speaking world for thirty years. Historians recognize that “Chinese” pirates played a key role in the campaigns of the Tay Son, after whom the war was named. This article attempts to clarify Chinese participation by analyzing a little-known Sino-Vietnamese community named Minh Hương or Ming Loyalists, who evolved from the same water world as the Chinese pirates, yet appear absent from the conflict. Findings suggest that we have overlooked the depth and complexity of “Chinese” and Minh Hương involvement.
Effect of copper exposure on histamine concentrations in the marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax forma virginalis)
Authors: Soedarini Bernadeta , Klaver Linda , Giesen Daniel , Roessink Ivo , Widianarko Budi , van Straalen Nico M. , van Gestel Cornelis A.M. 
Published: February 2013

Crustaceans can store excess copper in the hepatopancreas, an organ playing a role in digestive activity as well as in neurosecretory control. Here, we studied the effect of copper exposure on the level of histamine, an indicator of food spoilage in edible crustaceans. Histamine is also a neuromodulator in the intestinal nervous system of crustaceans, and a human allergen. Marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax forma virginalis) were exposed to average measured values of 0.031 mg Cu/l and 0.38 mg Cu/l, respectively, for 14 days and then transferred to copper-free water for another 14 days. Concentrations of copper and histamine in the hepatopancreas and muscle were evaluated at different time points. Histamine levels were significantly higher in hepatopancreas and muscle tissues at the highest exposure level, but only after transfer of the animals to copper-free water. The increased histamine concentration following copper exposure may be explained by a (delayed) stress response, and by up-regulated histidine synthesis induced by copper, followed by decarboxylation to histamine.
The Persistence of a Concept: Maximum Sustainable Yield
Authors: Hey Ellen 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This essay explores the persistence of the concept of maximum sustainable yield (MSY) in global multilateral fishing law. It argues that MSY has contributed to the unsustainable governance of fishing activities by focusing on open access and catch-based management, instead of effort-based management. In response to the dire state of world fish stocks, it has been proposed to cut subsidies to the sector, restrict trade in endangered fish species, install marine protected areas and mainstream the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). This essay proposes that the FAO’s EAF, which links in to social-ecological resilience thinking, suggests a new philosophy for fisheries management that offers a basis for introducing the aforementioned measures.
The LOSC Framework for Maritime Jurisdiction and Enforcement 30 Years On
Authors: Stephens Tim , Rothwell Donald R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Rules of jurisdiction and immunity are central to public international law, and equally vital to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). The LOSC established an extensive framework to regulate legislative and enforcement jurisdiction over ocean space; one that has proven to be remarkably durable, despite lingering uncertainties in the compromise reached between coastal and maritime states. State practice diverging from the LOSC’s jurisdictional scheme has been isolated and infrequent, and the scheme has been strengthened and elaborated by regional and global treaties addressing contemporary oceans governance challenges, especially in the arenas of pollution control and fisheries management. As the LOSC turns thirty, a key challenge will be keeping in check the designs of coastal states over adjacent maritime space as they look seawards to address pressing concerns of resource, food, energy and environmental security.
The reception of Justinian's legislation on the Edict unde vir et uxor in the reformed statutes of certain provinces of the (northern) Netherlands in the 17th century
Authors: Roes Sebastiaan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRoman law has always had a moderate influence on Dutch customary law. The reception of Roman law can be found mainly in the Dutch provinces of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, and most of all in Friesland. This was manifested inter alia by the reception of canonic testamentary law and Justinianic intestate succession law into the reformed statutes of certain provinces and cities in the Early modern period. In some cases even a reception of the Edict unde vir et uxor can be found, e.g. in the Dutch provinces of Groningen (1601, 1618), Drenthe (1712) and in the northern part of Limburg (upper Guelders, 1620). But generally speaking this Edict's claim to fame is limited to a select group of renowned 17th century Dutch jurists, who mentioned it in their scholarly works.
Two rediscovered letters by Niebuhr from 23rd September 1816 and an anonymous publication in the 'Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung'
Authors: Varvaro Mario 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the archives of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften two letters by Barthold Georg Niebuhr of September 1816 are preserved which have never been published in a scholarly edition. The present transcription of the text is diplomatical. Furthermore the letters are examined in their historical context. The use made of these letters in an anonymous publication in the same year in the Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung is also discussed.
E.M. Meijers En De Herziening Van De Vertaling Van Het Belgisch Burgerlijk Wetboek Door Een Nederlands-Belgische Commissie (1938-1941)
Authors: Van Dievoet Guido 
Published: February 2013

AbstractE.M. Meijers et la révision de la traduction néerlandaise du Code civil belge par une Commission néerlando-belge (1938-1941) En 1923, le Gouvernement belge a chargé une commission de la traduction 'en flamand' des dispositions de la Constitution, des codes et des principales lois et arrêtés en vigueur, dont il n'avait pas été publié de texte officiel en cette langue. La Commission a rédigé une traduction du Code civil, qui a été publiée au Moniteur belge. Cette traduction n'était pas irréprochable au point de vue linguistique. Sa terminologie s'écartait par endroits de celle utilisée aux Pays-Bas. A l'initiative du président de la Commission belge, une commission officieuse belgonéerlandaise fut créée en 1938. Elle était composée de juristes hollandais et de juristes et de philologues belges. Les membres les plus actifs étaient les professeurs E.M. Meijers (Leyde), P. Scholten (Amsterdam), E. van Dievoet (Louvain) et R. Verdeyen (Liège). La commission s'est réunie alternativement en Belgique et aux Pays-Bas de fin 1938 à fin 1941. Le professeur Meijers examina la traduction du Code civil belge jusqu'à l'article 1314, il fit de nombreuses remarques et des suggestions qui donnèrent lieu à plusieurs échanges de vues. Les termes proposés par Meijers étaient en général ceux du Code civil néerlandais de 1838. De plus, il suggéra l'emploi de quelques termes nouveaux, p. ex. onbekwaamverklaring (interdiction) et onbekwaamverklaarde (interdit), termes qui ont fait leur chemin dans la langue juridique néerlandaise en Belgique. Après la guerre, Meijers n'eut plus l'occasion de participer à la révision de la traduction du Code civil belge. En 1954, le Gouvernement belge a créé une nouvelle commission chargée de l'élaboration du texte néerlandais de la Constitution, des codes et des lois et arrêtés principaux. Cette commission a préparé le texte néerlandais du Code civil belge, qui a été approuvé par le Parlement et est devenu la loi du 30 décembre 1961. Il a été tenu compte des remarques de Meijers, lors de la préparation du texte.
Post Mortem Makes a Difference: On a Redescription of Euhemerism and Its Place in the Study of Graeco-Roman Divine Kingship
Authors: Roubekas Nickolas P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Euhemerus of Messene is one of the most popular ancient theorists of religion. In his now lost work Sacred Inscription he formulated a theory of religion by arguing that the Olympian gods were nothing more than prominent kings that were deified due to their benefactions to mankind. On the other hand, true divinity was to be found in the natural phenomena. However, this theory – known as euhemerism – has been (ab)used in many ways due to the different interpretative agendas of various authors and critics. In this paper I argue that euhemerism needs a new interpretation, a redescription, based primarily on a rereading of the text. In addition, by showing the different usages of the text by Euhemerus’s contemporaries and the early Christian writers, I argue that the connection of his theory with the practice of deification of kings in the Graeco-Roman world should be dismissed and reexamined by taking into account contemporary responses to his work that show that his theory was not meant as a justification for the deification of the Graeco-Roman kings.