bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizational and Financial Considerations of Wildlife Operations During Two Orphan Spills Off California1
Authors: Gautier Peter , Bauer Kent , Tarpley John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In November 1997 and again in January 1998, U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office San Francisco Bay, California Department of Fish and Game Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR), the National Park Service, and the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary responded to “mystery” oil spill incidents in the Point Reyes National Seashore, California area. These spill responses were unique because they were primarily wildlife recovery and rehabilitation operations; very little oil was sighted despite wildlife impacts that rank the event as the fourth worst in California history. A large-scale investigation including the use of multiple laboratories to identify the source of the oil has established a connection between the two spills, but no responsible party has been identified to defray the response costs. As a result of the spills, a significant effort is underway in Northern California to better define the role of wildlife operations within the incident command system and to rethink its organization and protocols. Other lessons to apply to future responses involve the funding issues revolving around the difference between response efforts and natural resource damage assessment when the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) is the primary source of funding.
A Statistical Model for Estimating Natural Resource Damages from Oil Spills
Authors: Dunford Richard W. , Freeman Miranda L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a statistical model using multiple-regression analysis that explains variations in past natural resource damage (NRD) settlements (excluding assessment costs) for oil spills in the United States based on a variety of factors, such as the amount of oil spilled, the type of oil spilled, and the geographic location of the spill. The results of this statistical model indicate that, other things being equal, NRD settlements are higher for larger oil spills, spills in California, spills that occur in the winter months (December, January, and February), and when endangered species are injured. Alternatively, other things being equal, NRD settlements are lower for spills of light crude oil than for other types of petroleum products (mainly heavy crude oil), and spills with unvalued compensatory restoration projects.
In this paper, the authors use their statistical model to predict a point estimate and range for the NRD settlement for two hypothetical oil spills. This demonstrates that their statistical model could be used to predict the NRD settlement for future oil spills within a few weeks of occurring, which could significantly shorten the time required to reach a settlement.
A Maritime Oil Spill Risk Assessment Model
Authors: Yudhbir Lalit , Iakovou Eleftherios 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Mantime oil transportation decision-making models that integrate with oil spill risk assessment methodologies are scarce. Recently, first time quantitative efforts have been developed for the maritime transportation of petroleum products. However, there still exists a serious gap in the literature concerning risk assessment models that provide a rather significant input to any maritime oil transportation model, namely the estimation and assignment of risk costs to the links of such a network. The authors first present a critical review of oil spill risk assessment efforts found in the literature and then the development of a novel oil spill risk assessment model. The goal of this risk assessment methodology is twofold: first, to determine and assign risk costs to the links of a maritime transportation network, and second, to provide insights into contributors that lead to spills. Such insights may further lead to guidelines for the prevention of future incidents leading to spills. A federal regulatory agency (such as the U.S. Coast Guard) and/or a commercial shipper may use the identification of the dominant contributors to oil spills to evaluate the merits of alternative regulatory and shipping policies that could lead to improved safety performance of the marine system. The authors finally exhibit the usage of the proposed methodology on a real case scenario.
Tabletop Exercises-Preparing Through Play
Authors: Patrick Laura , Barber Cliff 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Vancouver International Airport (the Airport) is Canada's second busiest airport, handling approximately 16 million passengers, 370,000 aircraft movements. and 1.5 billion liters (400 million gallons) of aviation fuel annually. The Airport is located on an island in the estuary of the Fraser River, a major migration corridor for salmon. The Fraser River estuary is on the Pacific Flyway. Twice in the past 20 years, a major fuel spill on the Airport has reached the Fraser River.
The Vancouver International Airport Authority's (Airport Authority) Environmental Emergency Response Program places a dual emphasis on prevention and emergency response. Key objectives include:Fostering cooperation among tenants, response agencies, and the Airport AuthorityEnsuring a quick, safe, and effective response to spillsReducing the severity and frequency of spills
One of the program tools used, and the subject of this paper, is a tabletop exercise. A tabletop exercise brings together various response organizations in an environment where a scripted scenario can be worked from the comfort of a meeting room. The Airport Authority has used tabletop exercises for the past 8 years to practice various emergency scenarios that can occur at an airport (e.g., plane crashes, bomb threats, and hazardous material incidents).
The frequency of exercises is planned. The specific scenario to be exercised purposely is not identified too far in advance, allowing for a timely response to actual incidents or near incidents. For example, a tenant had a major fuel spill involving a mobile refueler. The incident response was well managed, with the tenant undertaking responsibility for the long-term site remediation. However, other fueling tenants were not sure they were as well prepared. Therefore, the next tabletop exercise was tailored to allow all fuel-handling tenants, including government agencies and Airport Authority response management to take part in an event mimicking the actual spill, thus adding an element of reality and urgency to the tabletop exercise.
Participants appreciate the opportunity to participate in the tabletop exercises. They come away with a solid understanding of their responsibilities and what resources they would bring to a real incident. Most of all, it is an opportunity for the individuals who have taken part in an actual incident to share their experience. While there continues to be more effort on preventing hazardous material spills, well-scripted and facilitated tabletop exercises are excellent tools for preparing for the real thing.
Developing Epa's Core Oil Spill Program
Authors: Valdes Dennisses , Stalcup Dana , Christopherson Wendy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The purpose of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Core Oil Spill Program effort is to help define core or fundamental Oil Spill Program activities nationwide to ensure that EPA maintains a well-trained, dedicated staff with the necessary resources to prevent, prepare for, and respond to oil and hazardous substance incidents the threaten the waters of the United States. It is especially important that sound oil spill programs are in place in all EPA regions and headquarters to adequately address the changing industry culture and to prevent future disasters comparable to the Ashland tank collapse, the Exxon Valdez spill, and recent major pipeline spills. Emphasis on these core activities should help the regional oil spill programs prioritize activities in an era of reduced funding for EPA's Oil Spill Program and aging oil industry infrastructure.
Petroleum Industry's Use of Seagrass Restoration as Mitigation for Construction and as a Potential Cleanup Tool
Authors: Thorhaug Anitra 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Laguna Madre in Corpus Christi, Texas has a great deal of petroleum and natural gas activity while housing a national seashore. The area is a flyway for a wide array of bird species, as well as heavily fished. Historically, the laguna had a series of infrastructure modifications, gas and oil rigs, and real estate development. In the process of placing a drilling rig, a winter storm blew the vessel with the rig off a narrow channel. To remove the vessel, other vessels had to be called. A 35-acre accident occurred. In mitigation, 75 acres of the seagrass Halodule wrightii was planted in three areas: (1) a 15-acre dredge island where a portion of the island was scraped down from upland-spoil deposit to −2 ft mlw; (2) a mile-long channel where seagrasses were restored from −7 to 10 ft mlw to −3 to ft mlw; and (3) a persistently barren site for decades (scraped by another petroleum company's vessel) was restored in the shallows while holes were filled in and seagrass planted on top. The fill throughout was from the scraping from the dredge islands. The fill was transmitted several miles by a new device. Planting of Halodule plugs proceeded from March to July 1999. Within 3 months, the shallow sites had been covered with the restored Halodule,. Endangered species of roseate spoonbills, brown pelicans, great white herons and other wading and fishing birds were regularly feeding at two sites. The deeper sites had heavy fish populations return to the area, fished by man, seagulls and pelicans. Despite a direct hit by Hurricane Bret in 1999, lateral growth at all depths was deemed governmentally satisfactory. This same procedure with seagrasses is recommended for after-effects of estuarine oil spill cleanup, and mitigation banks of seagrasses are recommended for construction or operations mitigation.
Turkey-Oil Spill Response Following an Earthquake
Authors: Harmer Tony 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper provides an overview of the incident at the Tupras Oil Refinery in Izmit, Turkey following the August 1999 earthquake, including the scenarios encountered and lessons learned. Oil spill operations are not simply confined to “at-sea incidents” and can be situated within areas of complete devastation, where priority for the cleanup of leaking oil is simply an afterthought. A good example of this would be Kuwait during the Gulf War and the strategic destruction of the oil fields.
Dispersant Testing at Ohmsett: Feasibility Study and Preliminary Testing
Authors: Ross Sy , Buist Ian , Potter Steve , Belore Randy , Lewis Alun 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Minerals Management Service (MMS), U.S. Department of the Interior, operates a wave tank facility in Leonardo, New Jersey known as OHMSETT (Oil and Hazardous Material Simulated Environmental Test Tank), which is used primarily for testing oil spill booms and skimmers. This paper summarizes two studies undertaken to examine the feasibility of testing dispersants at the facility as well. The first study included: (1) interfacial tension laboratory tests, (2) turbidity tests, (3) laboratory tests to evaluate filtering materials for removing dispersant and chemically dispersed oil, and (4) full-scale evaluation testing at OHMSETT. The results indicated that dispersant testing at OHMSETT could be done with good success if the testing program were carefully designed and implemented. It was determined that a number of dispersant tests could be conducted over several days, after which the tank water would have to thoroughly cleaned to remove dispersed oil (with a cellulose-based filter) and dispersant (with an activated carbon system).
Following the feasibility study, the project moved to the second study, namely the design and validation of an experimental protocol for dispersant effectiveness testing at the facility. Full-scale tank work was conducted in April 2000. Preliminary results, provided in this paper, indicate that OHMSETT is an attractive facility for determining dispersant effectiveness.
Using the Pieces to Solve the Puzzle: A Framework for Making Decisions About Applied Response Technologies
Authors: Walker Ann Hayward , Scholz Debra , Boyd John N. , Levine Ed , Moser Eric 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The National Contingency Plan (NCP) Product Schedule, the Applied Response Tool Evaluation System (ARTES), and the Selection Guide for Oil Spill Applied Technologies (Selection Guide) are information and evaluation resources that, used together, provide spill response decision makers with a comprehensive framework to assess the potential uses and effects of applied response technologies either during an oil spill emergency or in advance. The applied response technologies addressed by these response tools include fastwater booming strategies, nonfloating oil strategies, water-intake monitoring, alternative sorbents, bioremediation agents, dispersants, elasticity modifiers, emulsion treating agents, firefighting foams, in situ burning on land and inland waters, solidifiers, surface-collecting agents, surface-washing agents, and shoreline pretreatment agents. The U.S. NCP regulates the use of any chemical/biological product as a spill response tool.
In most instances, decision makers are aware of these information resources, but many government and industry users are unclear on the relationship among the three, that is, what does each do, how are they similar and/or different, and how can each be used in relation to the others. To make a well-reasoned decision, decision makers need to understand the functions of each.
This paper provides an overview of the NCP Product Schedule, which is a regulatory requirement for considering the use of biological and chemical additives on oil spills in the United States, and how the Product Schedule can be used in conjunction with decision aids, like ARTES and the Selection Guide, to select the proper response products and strategies for oil spills. The paper reviews the functions, limitations, and flexibility of each component in this decision framework and discusses ways to use all three information resources to reason through when the use of applied response tools might be ecologically appropriate.
Reengineering of A Stainless-Steel Fire Boom for Use in Conjunction With Conventional Fire Booms
Authors: Buist Ian , Potter Steve , McCourt James , Lane P. , Newsom P. , Hillebrand L. , Buffington Sharon 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Many existing refractory fabric fire booms will deteriorate quickly in use and may require frequent replacement in a large-scale burn operation. These problems can be minimized, or even eliminated, by using a highly durable and fire-resistant material in the pocket of the boom where the highest heat and stress loads exist.
In this project, an existing, large stainless steel boom was reengineered to reduce its size, weight, and cost. The large boom was designed, constructed, and tested successfully in the early 1980s; however, because of the rigorous criteria used for the original design, it is expensive, heavy, and cumbersome to deploy. The project was completed in nine phases:The existing boom was redesigned to reduce its cost, size, weight, and handling problems, and to make it compatible with existing boom systems.A prototype section of the reengineered boom was constructed for testing.The boom was tested in Lake Erie to evaluate its towing and sea-keeping characteristics.The prototype was tested at OHMSETT to quantify its oil-containment capability.Three hours of burn tests in waves were conducted in a diesel fire at the U.S. Coast Guard Fire and Safety Test Detachment in Mobile, Alabama.Postburn tow tests were performed at OHMSETT to confirm the containment capability of the boom after the diesel-fire exposure.Three hours of burn tests in waves were carried out in enhanced propane flames at OHMSETT.Destructive testing was used to estimate the operational life of the flexible connector sections, and the tensile strength of several key load-bearing components.Finally, the design of the boom was refined, and final detailed engineering drawings and a report were produced.
The boom passed all tests. The final design is presented in the paper. The boom may be purchased commercially from Applied Fabrics Technologies, Inc.
The Use of Scenarios in Contingency Planning
Authors: Holt William (Biff) 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Prior to the enactment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), predesignated On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) prepared local contingency plans (LCPs) with little opportunity for participation outside the OSC's staff by affected stakeholders. OPA 90 changed the fundamental structure of this vitally important planning tool used to articulate the policies and arrangements for oil spill and hazardous material release in a geographic area. A new plan, called an Area Contingency Plan (ACP), was envisioned to be developed by Area Committees that generally include the principle stakeholders in an area.
By and large, the ACP process is working, although the quality of plans varies greatly around the United States. A new planning concept, however, currently in use by some of the leading and most successful businesses in the world, has yet to find its way into planning for oil spills and hazardous substance releases. That new concept, scenario planning, creates the means for capturing the potential for a variety of futures without attempting to predict the future.
The Julian N spill in Portland, Maine in 1996 was considered a success in large measure because the incident followed on the heels of a scenario-driven area exercise. Scenario planning formalizes that process in such a way as to make the ACP reflect the consensus—what incidents might occur, what are the critical areas of concern, and how might they be dealt with in an efficient way. It brings together the response community and others in a way that ensures participation, understanding, and cooperation in the planning process when it is most needed—before an incident occurs.
Quantifying the Scale of Restoration Required to Compensate for the Impacts of the North Cape Oil Spill on Fish and Invertebrates
Authors: McCay Deborah P. French , Manen Carol-Ann , Gibson Mark , Catena John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) seeks to make the environment and public whole for injury to or loss of natural resources and services as a result of a discharge of oil. This means that restoration projects implemented as part of a natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) must be of a sufficient scale to produce resources and services of the same type and quality and of comparable value to those that were lost. Services, for an NRDA, include both the ecological and human uses of the resources. Also, the loss must be quantified from the time of impact until the resource returns to baseline conditions—the level in the absence of the impact. This paper details a series of methods that may be used for scaling NRDA restoration projects and describes how these methods were used in the restoring the injuries incurred as a result of the North Cape oil spill.
Improving Global Response: The Alliance of the Tier 3 Centers1
Authors: Mead Lindsay 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In a paper presented at the 1999 International Oil Spill Conference in Seattle, Washington, Capt. J. Irvine described the industry Tier 3 centers and finished with a vision of the independent centers coming together. That vision has become a reality with the global Alliance formed between Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) and East Asia Response Pte Ltd. (EARL).
Under the Alliance, OSRL and EARL agreed to pool all their resources and expertise, and make the combined resources available to all their customers wherever they may be required. The resources now available to customers comprise some 70 personnel and over $24 million of response equipment including two Hercules aircraft with aerial dispersant equipment.
The benefits for industry from this Alliance are:Improved spill response times for shareholders in both OSRL and EARL wherever in the world that response is requiredEnhanced dispersant capability through the availability of two Aerial Dispersant Delivery System (ADDS) pack systems and L382G Hercules aircraftIncreased resources available in the “pool”Access to more options for servicesConsistency of approach and operating standardsAll services available at preferential rates for members of either organization
This paper describes the value added by the Alliance, discusses the pitfalls, and looks to the future and how the vision may be further developed.
Coping With Technological Disasters: Helping Communities Help Themselves
Authors: aihue Lisa Ka' 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Major technological disasters, such as oil spills, create many situations that are addressed in typical government and industry contingency plans—for example, how to boom a beach, clean a bird, or lighter a tanker. What is not addressed in contingency plans is how to mitigate the social and psychological impacts of such a disaster on residents of affected communities. Technological disasters have been shown to produce what have come to be known as “corrosive communities” characterized by unusually high levels of tension, conflict, ongoing litigation, and chronic psychological stress.
Having experienced a major oil spill firsthand, the members of the Prince William Sound Regional Citizens' Advisory Council (PWS RCAC) initiated a project to fill this large gap in oil spill response planning. In addition to drawing on personal experience, PWS RCAC consulted experts in the fields of socioeconomic and technological disaster research to help in the development of a guidebook titled Coping with Technological Disasters.
The guidebook was released in 1999 and contains information to help communities and individuals understand what a technological disaster is, how it differs from a natural disaster, and what to expect during and in the years following the disaster. Information, resources, and proven programs are presented in the guidebook for use by local governments, civic groups, mental health organizations, individuals, or just about anyone responding to a major disaster.
Since its release, the guidebook has been requested by communities, state and federal agencies, organizations, and companies throughout Alaska, the United States, and internationally. Community leaders, mental health professionals, and emergency responders have praised the guidebook as an excellent reference and resource. By sharing what the communities of the Exxon Valdez oil spill region have learned, PWS RCAC believes that this guidebook will enhance already existing contingency plans, not only for spill response, but for other emergencies as well.