bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taxonomy of literacies
Authors: Stordy Peter 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– Digital technologies have transformed what it means to be literate and to experience literacy. Various literacies have been coined to capture this transformation including established literacies like computer literacy, information literacy, digital literacy, media literacy and internet literacy, to newer conceptions like transliteracy, metaliteracy and multimodal literacy. The purpose of this paper is to assimilate the various conceptions of literacy and literacy types is becoming increasingly more complex. There is a need for a taxonomy of literacies that reflects more recent developments, one that more comprehensively captures the current literacy landscape and one that might have affordances in the future.

Design/methodology/approach
– “Library and Information Science Abstracts” (LISA), “Education Resources Information Center” (ERIC) and “British Education Index” were searched for documents relating to digital technologies and literacy. Relevant documents were retrieved and reviewed. This was followed by selective backward and forward citation searching and a further review of relevant documents.

Findings
– Based on a review of the literature, two significant dimensions of literacy were identified. These dimensions were used to create a literacy framework to enable the classification of literacies and literacy types, i.e. a taxonomy of literacies. This taxonomy was successfully applied to various prominent literacies and literacy types.

Research limitations/implications
– The literacy framework was only applied to those literacies and literacy types that are directly or indirectly related to digital technologies.

Originality/value
– There have been a few attempts to classify some literacy types. When conceived, these classifications comprehensively captured some aspect of the literacy landscape. However, they are now dated and there is a need for a taxonomy of literacies that meets the needs identified above. This paper proposes a taxonomy that meets these criteria.
Debating reliable sources: writing the history of the Vietnam War on Wikipedia
Authors: Luyt Brendan 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to use selected discussions appearing on the talk pages of the Wikipedia entry on the Vietnam War to shed light on how the wider epistemological context of this online encyclopaedia affects the nature of debate about sources and subsequently how this knowledge could be used to improve information literacy instruction.Design/methodology/approach– My broad approach to the study of the Wikipedia talk pages on the Vietnam War is qualitative in nature and explores the debate over sources through a textual analysis.Findings– Although much of the debate over sources is conducted without acrimony, the level of analysis one finds in the talk pages is rather shallow while the attention of individual contributors is not overly concentrated.Originality/value– There have been few studies of individual Wikipedia entries and their talk pages, rather the focus of most of the literature has been on a broad overview of the entire encyclopaedia or a concentration on a set of entries for a particular topic area.
Enhancement of electrical properties of vanadyl phthalocyanine derivative by PCBM
Authors: Aziz F. , Sulaiman K. , Al-Rawi Wissam Khayer , Ahmad Z. , Sayyad M.H. , Karimov Kh. S. , Wei L.L. , Tahir M. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) on improvement of physical and electrical properties of vanadyl phthalocyanine derivative. The correlation between the physical characteristics of the active layers, comprising vanadyl 2,9,16, 23-tetraphenoxy-29H,31H-phthalocyanine (VOPcPhO) and PCBM, and the electrical properties of metal/organic/metal devices have been studied. The use of soluble vanadyl phthalocyanine derivative makes it very attractive for a variety of applications due to its tunable properties and high solubility.

Design/methodology/approach
– The sandwich type structures Al/VOPcPhO/Al and Al/VOPcPhO:PCBM/Al were fabricated by spin casting the active organic layers between the top and bottom (aluminum) electrodes. The stand-alone (VOPcPhO) and composite (VOPcPhO:PCBM) thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, UV/Vis and Raman spectroscopy. The electronic properties of the metal/organic/metal devices were studied using current-voltage (I-V) characteristics in dark at room temperature.

Findings
– The values of barrier height for Al/VOPcPhO/Al and Al/VOPcPhO:PCBM/Al devices were obtained from the forward bias I-V curves and were found to be 0.7 eV and 0.62 eV, respectively. The present study indicates that the device employing VOPcPhO:PCBM composite film as the active layer, with better structural and morphological characteristics, results in reduced barrier height at the metal-organic film interface as compared to the one fabricated with the stand-alone film.

Research limitations/implications
– It is shown that doping VOPcPhO with PCBM improves the crystallinity, morphology and junction properties.

Practical implications
– The spin coating technique provides a simple, less expensive and effective approach for preparing thin films. The soluble VOPcPhO is conveniently dissolved in a number of organic solvents.

Originality/value
– The physical properties of the VOPcPhO:PCBM composite thin film and the electrical properties of the composite thin-film-based metal/organic/metal devices have not been reported in the literature, as far as our knowledge is concerned.
Climate policy and solutions for green supply chains: Europe’s predicament
Authors: Bonilla David , Keller Hartmut , Schmiele Juergen 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to measure carbon footprints (CFs) of products at the sectoral levels. The paper also aims to provide potential solutions to adopt greener supply chains to minimise CFs.

Design/methodology/approach
– The assessment of CFs uses a data set for nine sectors and environmental extended input output tables, as well as other six models. The analysis uses modules for regional economy, freight, logistics and mode choice, among other modules. The output of these modules includes increases or cuts in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions following a shift in supply chains.

Findings
– The authors identify five supply chains that are closely connected to the growth of CFs. The highest CF is found for the electronics and textiles products. Offshoring manufacturing capacity produces an increase of emissions (production and freight transport sectors) of 42 million tonnes of CO2 emissions, or 12 per cent of the Kyoto target of 341 million tonnes of CO2. Using a different metric to measure emissions, offshoring the same volume of production appears as a reduction in European Union (EU)-wide CO2 emissions. To reduce CO2 emissions, the authors propose a carbon tax on imports, increasing R&D subsidies to industry and freight sectors and on-shoring a greater volume of production into the EU economies, among other measures.

Research limitations/implications
– This paper only measures CFs at the sectoral level. Further work should include survey data on CFs, longer historical data series and larger set of products for assessment. Another limitation is the lack of analysis of freight transport flows of non-EU regions, (i.e. China and Latin America).

Practical implications
– The authors propose the following measures: at least five policies to offset offshoring of production, several measures to reduce carbon emissions, propose introducing mandatory audits for CFs and mandatory labelling. This work has implications for carbon taxation of exports and imports in an effort to decarbonise European and global supply chains.

Social implications
– Social implications include the need to lower personal goods consumption in the EU to minimise the impact of supply chains on carbon emissions; the need to tax exports/imports may have an impact on jobs in the EU, among other effects.

Originality/value
– This paper is the only study that uses the TRANS-TOOLS model and the only study to measure CFs of products within the context of freight transport flows within the EU. The analysis relies on inputs from several modules that apply data on 24 EU economies.
Subordinate plants mitigate drought effects on soil ecosystem processes by stimulating fungi
Authors: Mariotte Pierre , Robroek Bjorn J. M. , Jassey Vincent E. J. , Buttler Alexandre 
Published: April 2015

Summary

The subordinate insurance hypothesis suggests that highly diverse communities contain greater numbers of subordinate species than less diverse communities. It has previously been reported that subordinate species can improve grassland productivity during drought, but the underlying mechanisms remain undetermined.

Using a combination of subordinate species removal and summer drought, we show that soil processes play a critical role in community resistance to drought. Interestingly, subordinate species drive soil microbial community structure and largely mitigate the effect of drought on grassland soil functioning. Our results highlight subordinate species in shifting the balance within the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) microbial community towards more fungal dominance.

Fungal communities promoted by subordinate species were more resistant to drought and maintained higher rates of litter decomposition and soil respiration. These results emphasize the important role of subordinate species in mitigating drought effects on soil ecosystem functions. Reciprocal effects between fungi and subordinate species explain also how subordinate species better resisted to drought conditions.

Our results point to a delayed plant–soil feedback following environmental perturbation. Additionally, they extend the diversity insurance hypothesis by showing that more diverse communities not only contain species well adapted to perturbations, but also species with higher impacts on soil microbial communities and related ecosystem functions.
Angular Determination of Toolmarks Using a Computer‐Generated Virtual Tool
Authors: Spotts Ryan , Chumbley L. Scott , Ekstrand Laura , Zhang Song , Kreiser James 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA blind study to determine whether virtual toolmarks created using a computer could be used to identify and characterize angle of incidence of physical toolmarks was conducted. Six sequentially manufactured screwdriver tips and one random screwdriver were used to create toolmarks at various angles. An apparatus controlled tool angle. Resultant toolmarks were randomly coded and sent to the researchers, who scanned both tips and toolmarks using an optical profilometer to obtain 3D topography data. Developed software was used to create virtual marks based on the tool topography data. Virtual marks generated at angles from 30 to 85° (5° increments) were compared to physical toolmarks using a statistical algorithm. Twenty of twenty toolmarks were correctly identified by the algorithm. On average, the algorithm misidentified the correct angle of incidence by −6.12°. This study presents the results, their significance, and offers reasons for the average angular misidentification.
The Discovery of Diamonds in Chromitites of the Hegenshan Ophiolite, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Zhu HUANG , Jingsui YANG , ROBINSON Paul T. , Yongwang ZHU , Fahui XIONG , Zhao LIU , Zhongming ZHANG , Wei XU 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDiamond, moissanite and a variety of other minerals, similar to those reported from ophiolites in Tibet and northern Russia, have recently been discovered in chromitites of the Hegenshan ophiolite of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, north China. The chromitites are small, podiform and vein‐like bodies hosted in dunite, clinopyroxene‐bearing peridotite, troctolite and gabbro. All of the analysed chromite grains are relatively Al‐rich, with Cr# [100Cr/(Cr+Al)] of about 47–53. Preliminary studies of mainly disseminated chromitite from ore body No. 3756 have identified more than 30 mineral species in addition to diamond and moissanite. These include oxides (mostly hematite, magnetite, rutile, anatase, cassiterite, and quartz), sulfides (pyrite, marcasite and others), silicates (magnesian olivine, enstatite, augite, diopside, uvarovite, pyrope, orthoclase, zircon, sphene, vesuvianite, chlorite and serpentine) and others (e.g., calcite, monazite, glauberite, iowaite and a range of metallic alloys). This study demonstrates that diamond, moissanite and other exotic minerals can occur in high‐Al, as well as high‐Cr chromites, and significantly extends the geographic and age range of known diamond‐bearing ophiolites.
Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene Intrusions in East Gangdese, Lhasa, Tibet and Their Tectonic Significances
Authors: Xin LÜ , Zhenghua WANG , Yulin LIU , Hongfei LIU , Kaifeng XU , Jinshu ZHANG 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this study, we determined the granite ages in the middle to east Gangdese batholith. Zircon ages from these granites are 57.6–68.7 Ma, indicating that intrusions were formed in the Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene. The large‐ion lithophile elements are highly enriched, whereas some high‐field‐strength elements are depleted. The Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotopic characteristics are similar to those of the Dianzhong volcanics in the Linzhou Basin, indicating the same origin and tectonic environment. The samples show positive εHf(t) values that are slightly lower than the values for the Linzizong volcanics, the Quxu intrusion, and other intrusions in middle Gangdese. We conclude that our samples, the Linzizong volcanics, and most main‐collisional intrusions are derived from the same source with different ratios of crust and mantle input. On the basis of geological, geochemical, geochronological, and isotopic information, we conclude that the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene evolution of Gangdese can be divided into three stages. First, the collision began at 70–60 Ma, the same time as rollback of the Tethys Ocean slab. Second, during 60–50 Ma, slab breakoff triggered upwelling of the asthenosphere. Third, after 50 Ma, the Tethys Ocean slab's effect disappeared and the interaction between Indian and Asian crusts began influencing magmatism in Gangdese.
Crust and Upper Mantle Electrical Resistivity Structure in the Panxi Region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau and Its Significance
Authors: Gang ZHANG , Xuben WANG , Hui FANG , Ziming GUO , Zhaobin ZHANG , Wei LUO , Xuelin CAI , Jun LI , Zhong LI , Xing WU 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe Panxi region is located in the frontal zone of positive squeezing subduction and side squeezing shearing between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. The long‐period magnetotelluric (LMT) and broadband magnetotelluric (MT) techniques are both used to study the deep electrical conductivity structure in this region; magnetic and gravity surveys are also performed along the profile. According to the 2‐D resistivity model along the Yanyuan‐Yongshan profile, a high‐conductivity layer (HCL) exists widely in the crust, and a high‐resistivity block (HRB) exists widely in the upper mantle in general, as seen by the fact that a large HCL exists from the western Jinpingshan tectonic zone to the eastern Mabian tectonic zone in the crust, while the HRB found in the Panxi tectonic zone is of abnormally high resistivity in that background compared to both sides of Panxi tectonic zone. In addition, the gravity and magnetic field anomalies are of high value. Combined with geological data, the results indicate that there probably exists basic or ultrabasic rock with a large thickness in the lithosphere in the Panxi axial region, which indicates that fracture activity once occurred in the lithosphere. As a result, we can infer that the high‐resistivity zone in the Panxi lithosphere is the eruption channel for Permian Emeishan basalt and the accumulation channel for basic and ultrabasic rock. The seismic sources along the profile are counted according to seismic record data. The results indicate that the most violent earthquake sources are located at the binding site of the HRB and the HCL, where the tectonic activity zone is generally acknowledged to be; however, the earthquakes occurring in the HCL are not so violent, which reflects the fact that the HCL is a plastic layer, and the fracture threshold of a plastic layer is low generally, making high stress difficult to accumulate but easy to release in the layer. As a result, a higher number of smaller earthquakes occurred in the HCL at Daliangshan tectonic zone, and violent earthquakes occurred at the binding site of high‐ and low‐resistivity blocks at the Panxi tectonic zone.
Slip Rate of Yema River–Daxue Mountain Fault since the Late Pleistocene and Its Implications on the Deformation of the Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Hao LUO , Wengui HE , Daoyang YUAN , Yanxiu SHAO 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe slip rate of Yema River–Daxue Mountain fault in the western segment of Qilian Mountains was determined by the dated offset of river risers or gullies. Results indicate that the left‐lateral fault slip rate is 2.82 ± 0.20 mm/a at Dazangdele site, 2.00 ± 0.24 mm/a at Shibandun site, and 0.50 ± 0.36 and 2.80 ± 0.33 mm/a at two sites in Zhazihu. The ideal average slip rate of the whole fault is 2.81 ± 0.32 mm/a. The lower slip rate confirms part of the displacement of Altyn Tagh fault was transformed into an uplifting of the strap mountains in the western segment of Qilian Mountains, whereas another part transformed into sinistral displacement of Haiyuan fault. This study illustrates that the slip of large strike‐slip faults in the northeastern margin of the plateau transforms into crust thickening at the tip of the fault without large‐scale propagation to the outer parts of the plateau.
Ethnography for aging societies: Dignity, cultural genres, and Singapore's imagined futures
Authors: FISCHER MICHAEL M. J. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTSocial theory generated in and about Singapore lies in psychic depths and archive fevers of an immigrant society subjected to accelerated social changes that devalue the lives of those marked by aging. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Singapore, weaving together four kinds of data sets—gerontology psychiatric research and intervention; changing ritual forms; analytically phenomenological, paraethnographic theater and stories; and student video and drama projects—I argue that new literacies, pedagogies, and practices can foster enriched community life in posttraumatic, aging societies. Focusing on meaning and affect, and referencing Derrida on hauntology, archive fever, sur‐vie, and grammatology (as syntax of social configurations within which aging occurs, or, sociocultural texts, narratives, and symbols), I build on the ethnographic literatures on aging and explore strong metaphors of monstrous history (taowu), ghosts (hantu), obliviousness brought by prosperity (fat years), and intercultural repetition compulsions of unfilial children (Lear).
Infrastructures of legitimacy: The political lives of marriage contracts in Jordan
Authors: HUGHES GEOFFREY 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTDocumentary practices legitimizing marriage in what is now Jordan have taken different forms from the late Ottoman period to the present. I analyze the formal characteristics and materiality of these practices to show how initiatives to standardize, aggregate, and circulate information about marriage introduce new notions of personhood, state, and society. Such legitimizing infrastructures entail new forms of accountability that go beyond and even challenge the intentions of those who promulgate such initiatives. The shift in emphasis in Jordan from oral to written contracts and the subsequent aggregation and circulation of those records reifies categories of individual, state, and society while drawing them into a wide array of gendered, generational, and political conflicts. Ironically, the state's legitimation of marriage may even draw its own legitimacy into question. [quantification, legitimacy, the state, personhood, sharia, bureaucracy, graphic artifacts, circulation]
Embryonic development of adriatic sturgeon, Acipenser naccarii (Bonaparte 1836), in farming conditions: a guide
Authors: Cabrera Remedios , Soriguer Milagrosa Casimiro , Domezain Alberto , Hernando José Antonio 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe sequence and timing of the embryonic development of Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) are described at a constant temperature (17 ± 1 °C), from fertilisation to hatch in a hatchery. Fertilised eggs, obtained from one female and two males, were held in a flow‐through system. On the first day, embryos were sampled every 20 min during the first 12 h, and every 40 min in the following 12 h. Embryos were sampled hourly on the second day. On the third and fourth days, embryos were sampled every 2 h, and every 3 h on the fifth and sixth days. The first cleavage furrow appeared at 1 h 40 min postfertilisation. Blastulation concluded at 12 HPF (hours postfertilisation), when the dorsal blastopore lip formed. The completion of gastrulation was at 18 HPF, closing of the neural tube at 23 HPF and formation of the s‐shape heart at 31 HPF. The mass hatch occurred at 120 HPF. A. naccarii is a relatively common sturgeon species in aquaculture and possesses similar developmental patterns to those of other sturgeons; hence, we can use this species as a model for further studies about sturgeon species which are more difficult to breed artificially. Information about the embryonic development of the Adriatic sturgeon could assist restocking programmes.
Early glycaemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes and initial glucose‐lowering treatment: a 13‐year population‐based cohort study
Authors: Thomsen R. W. , Baggesen L. M. , Svensson E. , Pedersen L. , Nørrelund H. , Buhl E. S. , Haase C. L. , Johnsen S. P. 
Published: April 2015

AimTo examine real‐life time trends in early glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes between 2000 and 2012.MethodsWe used population‐based medical databases to ascertain the association between achievement of glycaemic control with initial glucose‐lowering treatment in patients with incident type 2 diabetes in Northern Denmark. Success in reaching glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) goals within 3–6 months was examined using regression analysis.ResultsOf 38 418 patients, 91% started with oral glucose‐lowering drugs in monotherapy. Metformin initiation increased from 32% in 2000–2003 to 90% of all patients in 2010–2012. Pretreatment (interquartile range) HbA1c levels decreased from 8.9 (7.6–10.7)% in 2000–2003 to 7.0 (6.5–8.1)% in 2010–2012. More patients achieved an HbA1c target of <7% (<53 mmol/mol) in 2010–2012 than in 2000–2003 [80 vs 60%, adjusted relative risk (aRR) 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.13], and more achieved an HbA1c target of <6.5% [(<48 mmol/mol) 53 vs 37%, aRR 1.07 95% CI 1.03–1.11)], with similar success rates observed among patients aged <65 years without comorbidities. Achieved HbA1c levels were similar for different initiation therapies, with reductions of 0.8% (from 7.3 to 6.5%) on metformin, 1.5% (from 8.1 to 6.6%) on sulphonylurea, 4.0% (from 10.4 to 6.4%) on non‐insulin combination therapies, and 3.8% (from 10.3 to 6.5%) on insulin monotherapy.ConclusionsPretreatment HbA1c levels in patients with incident type 2 diabetes have decreased substantially, which is probably related to earlier detection and treatment in accordance with changing guidelines. Achievement of glycaemic control has improved, but 20% of patients still do not attain an HbA1c level of <7% within the first 6 months of initial treatment.