bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Myths, Models, and Molecular Mechanisms
Authors: Dutta Noton K. , Karakousis Petros C. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYThe aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge on human latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) based on clinical studies and observations, as well as experimentalin vitroand animal models. Several key terms are defined, including “latency,” “persistence,” “dormancy,” and “antibiotic tolerance.” Dogmas prevalent in the field are critically examined based on available clinical and experimental data, including the long-held beliefs that infection is either latent or active, that LTBI represents a small population of nonreplicating, “dormant” bacilli, and that caseous granulomas are the haven for LTBI. The role of host factors, such as CD4+and CD8+T cells, T regulatory cells, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), in controlling TB infection is discussed. We also highlight microbial regulatory and metabolic pathways implicated in bacillary growth restriction and antibiotic tolerance under various physiologically relevant conditions. Finally, we pose several clinically important questions, which remain unanswered and will serve to stimulate future research on LTBI.
Systems Biology Perspectives on Minimal and Simpler Cells
Authors: Xavier Joana C. , Patil Kiran Raosaheb , Rocha Isabel 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYThe concept of the minimal cell has fascinated scientists for a long time, from both fundamental and applied points of view. This broad concept encompasses extreme reductions of genomes, the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), the creation of semiartificial cells, and the design of protocells and chassis cells. Here we review these different areas of research and identify common and complementary aspects of each one. We focus on systems biology, a discipline that is greatly facilitating the classical top-down and bottom-up approaches toward minimal cells. In addition, we also review the so-called middle-out approach and its contributions to the field with mathematical and computational models. Owing to the advances in genomics technologies, much of the work in this area has been centered on minimal genomes, or rather minimal gene sets, required to sustain life. Nevertheless, a fundamental expansion has been taking place in the last few years wherein the minimal gene set is viewed as a backbone of a more complex system. Complementing genomics, progress is being made in understanding the system-wide properties at the levels of the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. Network modeling approaches are enabling the integration of these different omics data sets toward an understanding of the complex molecular pathways connecting genotype to phenotype. We review key concepts central to the mapping and modeling of this complexity, which is at the heart of research on minimal cells. Finally, we discuss the distinction between minimizing the number of cellular components and minimizing cellular complexity, toward an improved understanding and utilization of minimal and simpler cells.
Clinical handovers between prehospital and hospital staff: literature review
Authors: Wood Kate , Crouch Robert , Rowland Emma , Pope Catherine 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundClinical handover plays a vital role in patient care and has been investigated in hospital settings, but less attention has been paid to the interface between prehospital and hospital settings. This paper reviews the published research on these handovers.MethodsA computerised literature search was conducted for papers published between 2000 and 2013 using combinations of terms: ‘handover’, ‘handoff’, ‘prehospital’, ‘ambulance’, ‘paramedic’ and ‘emergency’ and citation searching. Papers were assessed and included if determined to be at least moderate quality with a primary focus on prehospital to hospital handover.Findings401 studies were identified, of which 21 met our inclusion criteria. These revealed concerns about communication and information transfer, and themes concerning context, environment and interprofessional relationships. It is clear that handover exchanges are complicated by chaotic and noisy environments, lack of time and resources. Poor communication is linked to behaviours such as not listening, mistrust and misunderstandings between staff. While standardisation is offered as a solution, notably in terms of the use of mnemonics (alphabetical memory aids), evidence for benefit appears inconclusive.ConclusionsThis review raises concerns about handovers at the interface between prehospital and hospital settings. The quality of existing research in this area is relatively poor and further high-quality research is required to understand this important part of emergency care. We need to understand the complexity of handover better to grasp the challenges of context and interprofessional relationships before we reach for tools and techniques to standardise part of the handover process.
Node-Capture Resilient Key Establishment in Sensor Networks: Design Space and New Protocols
Authors: Newell Andrew , Yao Hongyi , Ryker Alex , Ho Tracey , Nita-Rotaru Cristina 
Published: September 2014

Key management is required for basic security services of confidentiality, integrity, and data source authentication. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a challenging environment to provide such services due to the resource constraints and the increased likelihood of nodes to be captured. Various key management techniques were proposed that trade off resilience to node capture and overhead in terms of communication and memory.
We identify the main factors influencing the design space of key management protocols for sensor networks and describe representative protocols that trade off the number of links established, communication overhead, and resilience to node capture. These trade-offs are due to using direct, pathbased, or multipath-based communication to establish secure links. We propose a new multipath protocol relying on an encoding scheme tailored for WSNs and analyze the effects of key pre-distribution on multipath key establishment.
We provide extensive simulations to understand the trade-offs between resilience to node compromise and communication overhead under numerous network scenarios. This comparison highlights the trade-offs between these vastly different key management schemes. For the newer class of key management schemes—multipath based—we quantify experimentally the additional communication overhead required for extra paths and the improvement in resilience from using these paths.
Energy Analysis of Hardware and Software Range Partitioning
Authors: Wu Lisa , Polychroniou Orestis , Barker Raymond J. , Kim Martha A. , Ross Kenneth A. 
Published: September 2014

Data partitioning is a critical operation for manipulating large datasets because it subdivides tasks into pieces that are more amenable to efficient processing. It is often the limiting factor in database performance and represents a significant fraction of the overall runtime of large data queries. This article measures the performance and energy of state-of-the-art software partitioners, and describes and evaluates a hardware range partitioner that further improves efficiency.
The software implementation is broken into two phases, allowing separate analysis of the partition function computation and data shuffling costs. Although range partitioning is commonly thought to be more expensive than simpler strategies such as hash partitioning, our measurements indicate that careful data movement and optimization of the partition function can allow it to approach the throughput and energy consumption of hash or radix partitioning.
For further acceleration, we describe a hardware range partitioner, or HARP, a streaming framework that offers a seamless execution environment for this and other streaming accelerators, and a detailed analysis of a 32nm physical design that matches the throughput of four to eight software threads while consuming just 6.9% of the area and 4.3% of the power of a Xeon core in the same technology generation.
Anisotropic Charged Fluid Sphere in Isotropic Coordinates
Authors: Pant Neeraj , Pradhan N. , Singh Ksh. Newton 
Published: September 2014

We have presented a class of charged superdense star models, starting with a static spherically symmetric metric in isotropic coordinates for anisotropic fluid by considering Hajj-Boutros-(1986) type metric potential and a specific choice of electrical intensity E and anisotropy factor Δ which involve charge parameter K and anisotropy parameter α. The solution is well behaved for all the values of Schwarzschild compactness parameter u lying in the range 0<u≤0.2086, for all values of charge parameter K lying in the range 0.04≤K≤0.111 , and for all values of anisotropy parameter α lying in the range 0.016≥α≥0. With the increase in α, the values of K and u decrease. Further, we have constructed a superdense star model with all degree of suitability. The solution so obtained is utilized to construct the models for superdense star like neutron stars ρb=2.7×1014 g/cm3 and strange quark stars ρb=4.6888×1014 g/cm3 . For K=0.06 and α=0.01, the maximum mass of neutron star is observed as M=1.53 M⊙ and radius R=11.48 km. Further for strange quark stars M=1.16 M⊙ and R=8.71 km are obtained.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of microRNA-21 in Colorectal Cancer: An Original Study and Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Honghe , Li Peiwei , Ju Haixing , Pesta Martin , Kulda Vlastimil , Jin Wenjun , Cai Mao , Liu Changbao , Wu Han , Xu Jinming , Ye Yao , Zhang Guanglin , Xu Enping , Cai Jianting , Lai Maode , Xia Dajing , Yang Jun , Wu Yihua 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Background: We aimed to systematically summarize the diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating/tissue miR21 in patients with colorectal cancer.
Methods: An original study was conducted to explore the potential value of circulating miR21 in colorectal cancer diagnosis and tissue miR21 in colorectal cancer prognosis. PUBMED and EMBASE were searched (to August, 2013) to identify eligible studies. To explore the diagnostic performance of circulating miR21, meta-analysis methods were used to pool sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic OR and to construct a summary ROC curve. For prognostic meta-analysis, study-specific HRs of tissue miR21 for survival were summarized. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were applied to explore heterogeneity.
Results: Finally, 14 studies (including our study) were included in the meta-analyses. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of circulating miR21 were 0.76 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.59–0.88], 0.81 (95% CI, 0.76–0.85), and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.78–0.85) in diagnosing colorectal cancer. Patients with higher expression of tissue miR21 had significant inferior overall survival (OS; pooled HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.16–2.11) and disease-free survival (DFS; pooled HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.08–1.69). The individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis demonstrated that tissue miR21 level was independently associated with worse colorectal cancer OS (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.07–2.67; P = 0.023), whereas this association seems to be confined to males (P = 0.007) but not for females (P = 0.845).
Conclusions: Circulating miR21 level has potential value for colorectal cancer early detection, whereas high tissue miR21 level is associated with adverse colorectal cancer prognosis.
Impact: miR21 is a promising biomarker for early detection and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(12); 2783–92. ©2014 AACR.
A let-7 microRNA-Binding Site Polymorphism in KRAS Predicts Improved Outcome in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated with Salvage Cetuximab/Panitumumab Monotherapy
Authors: Saridaki Zenia , Weidhaas Joanne B. , Lenz Heinz-Josef , Laurent-Puig Pierre , Jacobs Bart , De Schutter Jef , De Roock Wendy , Salzman David W. , Zhang Wu , Yang Dongyun , Pilati Camilla , Bouché Olivier , Piessevaux Hubert , Tejpar Sabine 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Purpose: An inherited mutation in KRAS (LCS6-variant or rs61764370) results in altered control of the KRAS oncogene. We studied this biomarker's correlation to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy response in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Experimental Design: LCS6-variant and KRAS/BRAF mutational status was determined in 512 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with salvage anti-EGFR mAb therapy, and findings correlated with outcome. Reporters were tested in colon cancer cell lines to evaluate the differential response of the LCS6-variant allele to therapy exposure.
Results: In this study, 21.2% (109 of 512) of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer had the LCS6-variant (TG/GG), which was found twice as frequently in the BRAF-mutated versus the wild-type (WT) group (P = 0.03). LCS6-variant patients had significantly longer progression- free survival (PFS) with anti-EGFR mAb monotherapy treatment in the whole cohort (16.85 vs. 7.85 weeks; P = 0.019) and in the double WT (KRAS and BRAF) patient population (18 vs. 10.4 weeks; P = 0.039). Combination therapy (mAbs plus chemotherapy) led to improved PFS and overall survival (OS) for nonvariant patients, and brought their outcome to levels comparable with LCS6-variant patients receiving anti-EGFR mAb monotherapy. Combination therapy did not lead to improved PFS or OS for LCS6-variant patients. Cell line studies confirmed a unique response of the LCS6-variant allele to both anti-EGFR mAb monotherapy and chemotherapy.
Conclusions: LCS6-variant patients with metastatic colorectal cancer have an excellent response to anti-EGFR mAb monotherapy, without any benefit from the addition of chemotherapy. These findings further confirm the importance of this mutation as a biomarker of anti-EGFR mAb response in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, and warrant further prospective confirmation. Clin Cancer Res; 20(17); 4499–510. ©2014 AACR.
Numerical investigations of separation-induced transition on high-lift low-pressure turbine using RANS and LES methods
Authors: Marty J 
Published: September 2014

At low Reynolds numbers, laminar-turbulent transition occurs on the suction side of high-lift low-pressure turbine blades. The prediction of this flow is an important step in low-pressure turbine design. Thus, the laminar-turbulent transition must be modeled or resolved. The flow around the high-lift low-pressure turbine blade T106C is predicted using Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations, without and with transition model, and large-eddy simulations (LES). LES are performed in order to predict the laminar separation bubble (LSB) without any laminar-turbulent transition modeling. Only two Reynolds numbers are investigated with LES, and the current study concerns also the validation of the turbulent random flow generation technique of Smirnov et al. Reynolds number and freestream turbulence effects are studied using the analysis of the unsteady behavior of the separated shear layer and the bubble. The steady flow predicted by RANS simulation with transition model and by the time-averaged LES are in good agreement with isentropic Mach number distribution at mid-span, except for the lowest Reynolds number (Re2is = 80,000). For this last case, the separation and transition points are predicted downstream of the experimental points. The spectral analysis of LES results at different locations allows determining specific frequencies of physical mechanisms. LES are able to predict LSB over the high-lift low-pressure turbine blade T106C as RANS simulation with transition model and to capture the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability which is the cause of the transition mechanism.
How to avoid interface problems in acute noninvasive ventilation
Authors: Brill Anne-Kathrin 
Published: September 2014

SummaryNoninvasive ventilation (NIV) appliedviadifferent interfaces is increasingly used in the treatment of acute respiratory failure. One of the key factors determining the success of NIV is the choice of interface. Interface selection, fitting and handling can be challenging as NIV application can be complicated by discomfort, air leaks, skin damage or conjunctivitis. The aim of this article is to provide practical information on interface choice, technical aspects of mask fitting and prevention of mask-related problems during the acute delivery of NIV.Educational aimsTo help the reader to recognise the different features of interfaces and to discuss common interface-related problemsTo provide practical recommendations to facilitate the choice and application of interfaces in order to reduce complications
Delivering telemedicine interventions in chronic respiratory disease
Authors: Hernandez Carme , Mallow Jennifer , Narsavage Georgia L. 
Published: September 2014

Educational AimsTo explain the basic principles of telemedicine applicable to chronic respiratory diseasesTo review telemedicine interventions for patients with chronic respiratory diseasesTo outline the advantages and limitations (including cost and barriers to implementation) of telemedicine for patients with chronic respiratory diseasesTo propose recommendations for clinical management of patients receiving telemedicine for chronic respiratory diseases
Constructed nets with perturbations for equilibrium and fixed point problems
Authors: Yao Yonghong , Cho Yeol Je , Liou Yeong-Cheng , Agarwal Ravi P 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In this paper, an implicit net with perturbations for solving the mixed equilibrium problems and fixed point problems has been constructed and it is shown that the proposed net converges strongly to a common solution of the mixed equilibrium problems and fixed point problems. Also, as applications, some corollaries for solving the minimum-norm problems are also included.

MSC:47J05, 47J25, 47H09.
Hyponormal Toeplitz operators with polynomial symbols on weighted Bergman spaces
Authors: Hwang In Sung , Lee Jongrak , Park Se Won 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In this note we consider the hyponormality of Toeplitz operators

T
φ

on weighted Bergman space

A
α
2

(
D
)

with symbol in the class of functions

f
+

g
¯

with polynomials f and g.

MSC:47B20, 47B35.
Evolution of the sensitized Er3+ emission by silicon nanoclusters and luminescence centers in silicon-rich silica
Authors: Xu Lingbo , Li Dongsheng , Jin Lu , Xiang Luelue , Wang Feng , Yang Deren , Que Duanlin 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The structural and optical properties of erbium-doped silicon-rich silica samples containing different Si concentrations are studied. Intense photoluminescence (PL) from luminescence centers (LCs) and silicon nanoclusters (Si NCs), which evolves with annealing temperatures, is obtained. By modulating the silicon concentrations in samples, the main sensitizers of Er3+ ions can be tuned from Si NCs to LCs. Optimum Er3+ PL, with an enhancement of more than two, is obtained in the samples with a medium Si concentration, where the sensitization from Si NCs and LCs coexists.
Effects of intra-abdominal sepsis on atherosclerosis in mice
Authors: Kaynar Ata Murat , Yende Sachin , Zhu Lin , Frederick Daniel R , Chambers Robin , Burton Christine L , Carter Melinda , Stolz Donna Beer , Agostini Brittani , Gregory Alyssa D , Nagarajan Shanmugam , Shapiro Steven D , Angus Derek C 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Sepsis and other infections are associated with late cardiovascular events. Although persistent inflammation is implicated, a causal relationship has not been established. We tested whether sepsis causes vascular inflammation and accelerates atherosclerosis.

Methods
We performed prospective, randomized animal studies at a university research laboratory involving adult male ApoE-deficient (ApoE−/−) and young C57B/L6 wild-type (WT) mice. In the primary study conducted to determine whether sepsis accelerates atherosclerosis, we fed ApoE−/− mice (N = 46) an atherogenic diet for 4 months and then performed cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), followed by antibiotic therapy and fluid resuscitation or a sham operation. We followed mice for up to an additional 5 months and assessed atheroma in the descending aorta and root of the aorta. We also exposed 32 young WT mice to CLP or sham operation and followed them for 5 days to determine the effects of sepsis on vascular inflammation.

Results
ApoE−/− mice that underwent CLP had reduced activity during the first 14 days (38% reduction compared to sham; P < 0.001) and sustained weight loss compared to the sham-operated mice (-6% versus +9% change in weight after CLP or sham surgery to 5 months; P < 0.001). Despite their weight loss, CLP mice had increased atheroma (46% by 3 months and 41% increase in aortic surface area by 5 months; P = 0.03 and P = 0.004, respectively) with increased macrophage infiltration into atheroma as assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy (0.52 relative fluorescence units (rfu) versus 0.97 rfu; P = 0.04). At 5 months, peritoneal cultures were negative; however, CLP mice had elevated serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-10 (each at P < 0.05). WT mice that underwent CLP had increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in the aortic lumen versus sham at 24 hours (P = 0.01) that persisted at 120 hours (P = 0.006). Inflammatory and adhesion genes (tumor necrosis factor α, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) and the adhesion assay, a functional measure of endothelial activation, were elevated at 72 hours and 120 hours in mice that underwent CLP versus sham-operations (all at P <0.05).

Conclusions
Using a combination of existing murine models for atherosclerosis and sepsis, we found that CLP, a model of intra-abdominal sepsis, accelerates atheroma development. Accelerated atheroma burden was associated with prolonged systemic, endothelial and intimal inflammation and was not explained by ongoing infection. These findings support observations in humans and demonstrate the feasibility of a long-term follow-up murine model of sepsis.