bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HCV Council – critical appraisal of data: recommendations for clinical practice in a rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape
Authors: Reau Nancy , Fried Michael W. , Nelson David R. , Brown Robert S. , Everson Gregory T. , Gordon Stuart C. , Jacobson Ira M. , Lim Joseph K. , Pockros Paul J. , Reddy K. Rajender , Sherman Kenneth E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsHCV Council 2014, like its predecessor HCV Council 2011, assembled leading clinicians and researchers in the field of hepatitis C to critically evaluate current data regarding best practices for managing patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV).MethodsClinical practice statements were developed that reflect the areas of potential controversy with high clinical impact. Faculty members were responsible for reviewing the literature to support or reject these statements. After a review and comprehensive discussion of the data, the HCV Council faculty voted on the nature of the evidence and the level of support for each statement.ResultsThe results of the detailed analysis with expert opinion are summarized in this article.ConclusionNumerous questions regarding optimal management of certain populations and clinical scenarios remain unanswered. The discussion in the article provides a summary of evidenced‐based expert opinion that may help guide clinicians as additional information is developed.
A smartphone version of the Faces Pain Scale‐Revised and the Color Analog Scale for postoperative pain assessment in children
Authors: Sun Terri , West Nicholas , Ansermino J. Mark , Montgomery Carolyne J. , Myers Dorothy , Dunsmuir Dustin , Lauder Gillian R. , von Baeyer Carl L. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackgroundEffective pain assessment is essential during postoperative recovery. Extensive validation data are published supporting the Faces Pain Scale‐Revised (FPS‐R) and the Color Analog Scale (CAS) in children. Panda is a smartphone‐based application containing electronic versions of these scales.ObjectivesTo evaluate agreement between Panda and original paper/plastic versions of the FPS‐R and CAS and to determine children's preference for either Panda or original versions of these scales.MethodsASA I–III children, 4–18 years, undergoing surgery were assessed using both Panda and original versions of either the FPS‐R or CAS. Pain assessments were conducted within 10 min of waking from anesthesia and 30 min later.ResultsSixty‐two participants, median (range) age 7.5 (4–12) years, participated in the FPS‐R trial; Panda scores correlated strongly with the original scores at both time points (Pearson's r > 0.93) with limits of agreement within clinical significance (80% CI). Sixty‐six participants, age 13 (5–18) years, participated in the CAS trial. Panda scores correlated strongly with the original scores at both time points (Pearson's r > 0.87); mean pain scores were higher (up to +0.47 out of 10) with Panda than with the original tool, representing a small systematic bias, but limits of agreement were within clinical significance. Most participants who expressed a preference preferred Panda over the original tool (81% of FPS‐R, 76% of CAS participants).ConclusionThe Panda smartphone application can be used in lieu of the original FPS‐R and CAS for assessment of pain in children. Children's preference for Panda may translate to improved cooperation with self‐report of pain.
Surgical complications due to postnatal cytomegalovirus infection in a preterm infant with malrotation
Authors: Torregrossa Anaïs , Reinberg Olivier , Alamo Leonor , Sarro Rosella , Meylan Pascal , Roth‐Kleiner Matthias 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe report a case of an extremely preterm infant with intestinal malrotation who contracted postnatal systemic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection with a complicated intestinal evolution requiring repeated surgical interventions and antiviral treatment. This report is to emphasize that prolonged gastrointestinal symptoms in extremely preterm infants fed with non‐pasteurized breast milk should lead to suspicion of CMV infection. The importance of preventive measures when feeding very preterm infants with breast milk needs to be considered. Furthermore, the indications for antiviral treatment, in particular in preterm infants, need to be clarified.
The Predicate View of Proper Names
Authors: Bach Kent 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe Millian view that the meaning of a proper name is simply its referent has long been popular among philosophers of language. It might even be deemed the orthodox view, despite its well‐known difficulties. Fregean and Russellian alternatives, though widely discussed, are much less popular. The Predicate View has not even been taken seriously, at least until fairly recently, but finally, it is receiving the attention it deserves. It says that a name expresses the property of bearing that name. Despite its apparent shortcomings, it has a distinct virtue: It straightforwardly reckons with the fact that proper names generally have multiple bearers and are sometimes used to ascribe the property of bearing a name rather than to refer to a particular bearer of the name. It holds that proper names are much the same as common nouns, both semantically and syntactically, with only superficial differences. They both can be quantified and modified. The main difference, at least in English (and some other languages), is that when used to refer a proper name, unlike a common noun, is not preceded by the definite article. The Predicate View accounts for manifestly predicative uses, but to be vindicated, it needs to do justice to the fact that the main use of proper names is to refer.
Identification of eight effector candidate genes involved in early aggressiveness of the barley powdery mildew fungus
Authors: Aguilar G. B. , Pedersen C. , Thordal‐Christensen H. 
Published: October 2015

The barley powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), expresses 491 candidate for secreted effector proteins (CSEPs), identified based on presence of a predicted signal peptide and relative sequence uniqueness. Virtually nothing is known about the mechanism of action of CSEPs. The present study used host‐induced gene silencing (HIGS) to identify genes involved in early fungal aggressiveness. Screening of 22 selected CSEP‐encoding genes suggested that CSEP0007, CSEP0025, CSEP0128, CSEP0211, CSEP0247, CSEP0345, CSEP0420 and CSEP0422 are individually required for normal levels of aggressiveness of Bgh. Expression data showed that these genes were up‐regulated at initial stages of infection, suggesting their involvement in early fungal aggressiveness. Altogether, the findings expand the current knowledge of genes contributing to Bgh pathogenesis and provide the basis for future functional characterization.
The rise and fall of tuberculosis in Malawi: associations with HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Kanyerere Henry , Harries Anthony D. , Tayler‐Smith Katie , Jahn Andreas , Zachariah Rony , Chimbwandira Frank M. , Mpunga James 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectivesSince 1985, Malawi has experienced a dual epidemic of HIV and tuberculosis (TB) which has been moderated recently by the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The aim of this study was to describe the association over several decades between HIV/AIDS, the scale‐up of ART and TB case notifications.MethodsAggregate data were extracted from annual reports of the National TB Control Programme, the Ministry of Health HIV Department and the National Statistics Office. ART coverage was calculated using the total HIV population as denominator (derived from UNAIDS Spectrum software).ResultsIn 1970, there were no HIV‐infected persons but numbers had increased to a maximum of 1.18 million by 2014. HIV prevalence reached a maximum of 10.8% in 2000, thereafter decreasing to 7.5% by 2014. Numbers alive on ART increased from 2586 in 2003 to 536 527 (coverage 45.3%) by 2014. In 1985, there were 5286 TB cases which reached a maximum of 28 234 in 2003 and then decreased to 17 723 by 2014 (37% decline from 2003). There were increases in all types of new TB between 1998–2003 which then declined by 30% for extrapulmonary TB, by 37% for new smear‐positive PTB and by 50% for smear‐negative PTB. Previously treated TB cases reached a maximum of 3443 in 2003 and then declined by 42% by 2014.ConclusionThe rise and fall of TB in Malawi between 1985 and 2014 was strongly associated with HIV infection and ART scale‐up; this has implications for ending the TB epidemic in high HIV–TB burden countries.
A retrospective analysis of false‐positive infectious screening results in blood donors
Authors: Vo Michelle T. , Bruhn Roberta , Kaidarova Zhanna , Custer Brian S. , Murphy Edward L. , Bloch Evan M. 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDFalse‐positive infectious transfusion screening results remain a challenge with continued loss of both donors and blood products. We sought to identify associations between donor demographic characteristics (age, race, sex, education, first‐time donor status) and testing false positive for viruses during routine blood donation screening. In addition the study assessed the prevalence of high‐risk behaviors in false‐positive donors.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSBlood Systems, Inc. donors with allogeneic donations between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2012, were compared in a case‐control study. Those with a false‐positive donation for one of four viruses (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], human T‐lymphotropic virus [HTLV], hepatitis B virus [HBV], and hepatitis C virus [HCV]) were included as cases. Those with negative test results were controls. For a subset of cases, infectious risk factors were evaluated.RESULTSBlack race and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with HCV and HTLV false‐positive results. Male sex and lower education were associated with HCV false positivity, and age 25 to 44 was associated with HTLV false positivity. First‐time donors were more likely to be HCV false positive although less likely to be HBV and HTLV false positive. No significant associations between donor demographics and HIV false positivity were observed. A questionnaire for false‐positive donors showed low levels of high‐risk behaviors.CONCLUSIONDemographic associations with HCV and HTLV false‐positive results overlap with those of true infection. While true infection is unlikely given current testing algorithms and risk factor evaluation, the findings suggest nonrandom association. Further investigation into biologic mechanisms is warranted.
English education in the era of Meiji Japan
Authors: FRIEDMAN JEFFREY 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the origins and internationalization objectives of methodologies used for English pedagogy in Meiji Japan. Curriculum during this period was designed to reinforce analytical, rote methodologies that resulted in the separation of language from culture. Texts tested intellectual acumen and promoted nationalistic sentiments, rather than communication skills, thereby limiting direct communication with the West and access to foreign ideas. A close examination of historical ties between English textbook methodology and the modernization agenda during Meiji helps us to better understand some of the practical challenges facing current foreign language policy and oral‐linguistic proficiency in Japan.
DETECTION OF FRACTURED AQUIFER USING COMBINATION OF RESISTIVITY AND INDUCED POLARIZATION ANALYSIS
Authors: Mohamed Zawawi Mohamed Azwan , Mat Toridi Noorellimia , Wayayok Aimrun 
Published: October 2015

Subsurface geological formation is essential in investigating the groundwater occurrence. The formation can be determined from subsurface resistivity value through electrical survey. However, there is ambiguity in interpreting the subsurface resistivity. Therefore the purpose of this study is to delineate the subsurface geological formation through combination of resistivity and induced polarization analysis. The type of geological formation is determined from resistivity analysis and well lithology. Meanwhile the fracture, water in clayey soil and groundwater occurrence is identified through combination of resistivity and induced polarization analysis. It has been identified that the study areas consist of fractured aquifer. Possible groundwater fractured area can be indicated by low resistivity ranged from 700 to 2000 Ωm and overlapped with low chargeability ranged from 1 msec to 2 msec. This study provides useful information on nature of groundwater occurrence especially fractured aquifer.
DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT OCCURRENCE IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Authors: Mohd Rohani Jafri , Johari Mohamed Fitri , Wan Hamid Wan Harun , Atan Hood 
Published: October 2015

The objective of this paper is to analyze the demography aspect of occupational accident occurrence in Malaysia for manufacturing industry. High accident rate would give an adverse effect not only to the victims and their family but also to the organization as well. This study analyses various type of occupational accidents which limited to temporary disability with more than one day sick leave and cases recorded range between 2008 and 2013. The data is gathered from six different sectors within manufacturing industry by using local specific approach. Information related to each accident is obtained by checking past occupational accident record and interviewing site safety officer in charge, human resource representative, site supervisor and fellow workers. There are 342 cases in total have been gathered during data collection process before data analysis phase took place. This study provides a better perspective regarding to occupational accident occurrence to interested stakeholder such as enforcement body, occupational health and safety practitioner and company management itself. The findings from this study can be used to draft necessary preventive measures in order to provide safe working environment which can give significant impact through reduction of occupational accidents in the future.
EFFECT OF SPRAY DEPOSITION TIME ON OPTICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF P3HT: PCBM THIN FILMS
Authors: Aziz Farhana , Ismail Ahmad Fauzi 
Published: October 2015

This paper investigated the effect of spray deposition time on optical and morphological properties of P3HT: PCBM thin films. The effects of spray deposition time on the optical and morphological properties of thin films were investigated using optical microscopy, UV-Vis spectrophotometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM spectra show that the thin films prepared at 10s spray deposition time are more uniform while the 15s and 20s samples presented coffee ring shapes with inhomogeneous surface formation. The ridge-like features can be observed in the surface for all samples and become more pronounced with increasing spray deposition time. The root mean square (RMS) roughness of the samples increased with increasing spray deposition time. Based on the absorption results, it is concluded that higher spray coating times result in lower crystallinity of the thin film. The 10 s spray deposition time is the most suitable deposition time for producing thin films with good morphology and crystallinity for polymer solar cells (PSCs) with improved power conversion efficiency (PCE).
Conserved Role of an N-Linked Glycan on the Surface Antigen of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Modulating Virus Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against the Receptor and Coreceptor Binding Sites
Authors: Townsley Samantha , Li Yun , Kozyrev Yury , Cleveland Brad , Hu Shiu-Lok 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTHIV-1 establishes persistent infection in part due to its ability to evade host immune responses. Occlusion by glycans contributes to masking conserved sites that are targets for some broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Previous work has shown that removal of a highly conserved potential N-linked glycan (PNLG) site at amino acid residue 197 (N7) on the surface antigen gp120 of HIV-1 increases neutralization sensitivity of the mutant virus to CD4 binding site (CD4bs)-directed antibodies compared to its wild-type (WT) counterpart. However, it is not clear if the role of the N7 glycan is conserved among diverse HIV-1 isolates and if other glycans in the conserved regions of HIV-1 Env display similar functions. In this work, we examined the role of PNLGs in the conserved region of HIV-1 Env, particularly the role of the N7 glycan in a panel of HIV-1 strains representing different clades, tissue origins, coreceptor usages, and neutralization sensitivities. We demonstrate that the absence of the N7 glycan increases the sensitivity of diverse HIV-1 isolates to CD4bs- and V3 loop-directed antibodies, indicating that the N7 glycan plays a conserved role masking these conserved epitopes. However, the effect of the N7 glycan on virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies directed against the V2 loop epitope is isolate dependent. These findings indicate that the N7 glycan plays an important and conserved role modulating the structure, stability, or accessibility of bNAb epitopes in the CD4bs and coreceptor binding region, thus representing a potential target for the design of immunogens and therapeutics.IMPORTANCEN-linked glycans on the HIV-1 envelope protein have been postulated to contribute to viral escape from host immune responses. However, the role of specific glycans in the conserved regions of HIV-1 Env in modulating epitope recognition by broadly neutralizing antibodies has not been well defined. We show here that a single N-linked glycan plays a unique and conserved role among conserved glycans on HIV-1 gp120 in modulating the exposure or the stability of the receptor and coreceptor binding site without affecting the integrity of the Env in mediating viral infection or the ability of the mutant gp120 to bind to CD4. The observation that the antigenicity of the receptor and coreceptor binding sites can be modulated by a single glycan indicates that select glycan modification offers a potential strategy for the design of HIV-1 vaccine candidates.
VP24 Is a Chitin-Binding Protein Involved in White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection
Authors: Li Zaipeng , Li Fang , Han Yali , Xu Limei , Yang Feng 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT

Oral ingestion is the major route of infection for the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). However, the mechanism by which virus particles in the digestive tract invade host cells is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that WSSV virions can bind to chitin through one of the major envelope proteins (VP24). Mutagenesis analysis indicated that amino acids (aa) 186 to 200 in the C terminus of VP24 were required for chitin binding. Moreover, the P-VP24
186–200
peptide derived from the VP24 chitin binding region significantly inhibited the VP24-chitin interaction and the WSSV-chitin interaction, implying that VP24 participates in WSSV binding to chitin. Oral inoculation experiments showed that P-VP24
186–200
treatment reduced the number of virus particles remaining in the digestive tract during the early stage of infection and greatly hindered WSSV proliferation in shrimp. These data indicate that binding of WSSV to chitin through the viral envelope protein VP24 is essential for WSSV
per os
infection and provide new ideas for preventing WSSV infection in shrimp farms.

IMPORTANCE
In this study, we show that WSSV can bind to chitin through the envelope protein VP24. The chitin-binding domain of VP24 maps to amino acids 186 to 200 in the C terminus. Binding of WSSV to chitin through the viral envelope protein VP24 is essential for WSSV
per os
infection. These findings not only extend our knowledge of WSSV infection but also provide new insights into strategies to prevent WSSV infection in shrimp farms.
HIV-1 Adapts To Replicate in Cells Expressing Common Marmoset APOBEC3G and BST2
Authors: Fernández-Oliva Alberto , Finzi Andrés , Haim Hillel , Menéndez-Arias Luis , Sodroski Joseph , Pacheco Beatriz 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT

Previous studies have shown that a major block to HIV-1 replication in common marmosets operates at the level of viral entry and that this block can be overcome by adaptation of the virus in tissue-cultured cells. However, our current studies indicate that HIV-1 encounters additional postentry blocks in common marmoset peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Here, we show that the common marmoset APOBEC3G (A3G) and BST2 proteins block HIV-1 in cell cultures. Using a directed-evolution method that takes advantage of the natural ability of HIV-1 to mutate during replication, we have been able to overcome these blocks in tissue-cultured cells. In the adapted viruses, specific changes were observed in
gag
,
vif
,
env
, and
nef
. The contribution of these changes to virus replication in the presence of the A3G and BST2 restriction factors was studied. We found that certain amino acid changes in Vif and Env that arise during adaptation to marmoset A3G and BST2 allow the virus to replicate in the presence of these restriction factors. The changes in Vif reduce expression levels and encapsidation of marmoset APOBEC3G, while the changes in Env increase viral fitness and discretely favor cell-to-cell transmission of the virus, allowing viral escape from these restriction factors.

IMPORTANCE
HIV-1 can infect only humans and chimpanzees. The main reason for this narrow tropism is the presence in many species of dominant-acting factors, known as restriction factors, that block viral replication in a species-specific way. We have been exploring the blocks to HIV-1 in common marmosets, with the ultimate goal of developing a new animal model of HIV-1 infection in these monkeys. In this study, we observed that common marmoset APOBEC3G and BST2, two known restriction factors, are able to block HIV-1 in cell cultures. We have adapted HIV-1 to replicate in the presence of these restriction factors and have characterized the mechanisms of escape. These studies can help in the development of a novel animal model for
in vivo
infection of marmosets with HIV-1-like viruses.