bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Race, poverty, and the traffic ticket cycle
Authors: C. Regoeczi Wendy , Kent Stephanie 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– Through systematic observation of police decision-making behavior, the aim of this paper is to investigate what factors differentiate between citizens who receive a warning vs a ticket from police and whether the influence of those factors varies by race. The paper also explores the context of those decisions for both blacks and whites to further the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of any observed differences in the likelihood of receiving a ticket vs a warning.

Design/methodology/approach
– Data were collected during police ridealongs conducted in a sample of cities within Cuyahoga County, Ohio. A total of 140 ridealongs were completed, yielding a total of 312 vehicle or citizen stops.

Findings
– The paper finds that black citizens are more likely to receive a ticket than white citizens. However, the paper also finds important differences in the situational context of traffic stops for blacks and whites and uncover evidence of a cycle of traffic tickets and license suspensions among some black drivers.

Research limitations/implications
– The study demonstrates the importance of examining the underlying situational context in analyses of decision making in traffic stops. The main limitation of the analyses is that the data were limited to one county in the state of Ohio.

Practical implications
– The data suggests that one of the causes of the racial disparities in tickets vs warnings involves a cycle of tickets and license suspensions that occurs among some black drivers. These drivers appear to become caught up in a cycle where a compilation of prior tickets from traffic infractions, driving without insurance, or defaulting on child support payments leads to high numbers of points and subsequent license suspensions. The paper discusses some practical implications for addressing this pattern, including specific programs that could be adopted by municipalities that seek to break the cycle of repeated violation of driver's license laws.

Originality/value
– Beyond identifying the impact of citizen race on the likelihood of receiving a warning vs a ticket during a traffic stop, this study contributes to the existing literature by exploring the situational context of these decisions, and identifying the ways in which variations in situational contexts help explain racial differences in outcomes in traffic stops. The identification of a traffic ticket cycle among some black drivers appears to be an original finding.
Sensors stand out as an important key to improving manufacturing quality and productivity at the latest IMTS show
Authors: Bloss Richard 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– Review of the IMTS show in Chicago with emphasis on the new sensor innovations and applications on display. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– In-depth interviews with exhibitors of sensors and sensor integrators at the show.

Findings
– Sensors continue to match an ever-increasing number of manufacturing tasks to improve quality and productivity at every step in the manufacturing and inspection process.

Practical implications
– Customers may be surprised at the sensor innovations and new applications to which sensors are being applied in the manufacturing environment.

Originality/value
– A review of some of the latest sensor innovations and applications that one might have seen if they had been on the exhibition floor at the Chicago IMTS show.
Deficits in narrative abilities in child British Sign Language users with specific language impairment
Authors: Herman Ros , Rowley Katherine , Mason Kathryn , Morgan Gary 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis study details the first ever investigation of narrative skills in a group of 17 deaf signing children who have been diagnosed with disorders in their British Sign Language development compared with a control group of 17 deaf child signers matched for age, gender, education, quantity, and quality of language exposure and non‐verbal intelligence. Children were asked to generate a narrative based on events in a language free video. Narratives were analysed for global structure, information content and local level grammatical devices, especially verb morphology. The language‐impaired group produced shorter, less structured and grammatically simpler narratives than controls, with verb morphology particularly impaired. Despite major differences in how sign and spoken languages are articulated, narrative is shown to be a reliable marker of language impairment across the modality boundaries.
The materiality of mathematics: Presenting mathematics at the blackboard
Authors: Greiffenhagen Christian 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSociology has been accused of neglecting the importance of material things in human life and the material aspects of social practices. Efforts to correct this have recently been made, with a growing concern to demonstrate the materiality of social organization, not least through attention to objects and the body. As a result, there have been a plethora of studies reporting the social construction and effects of a variety of material objects as well as studies that have explored the material dimensions of a diversity of practices. In different ways these studies have questioned the Cartesian dualism of a strict separation of ‘mind’ and ‘body’. However, it could be argued that the idea of the mind as immaterial has not been entirely banished and lingers when it comes to discussing abstract thinking and reasoning. The aim of this article is to extend the material turn to abstract thought, using mathematics as a paradigmatic example.This paper explores how writing mathematics (on paper, blackboards, or even in the air) is indispensable for doing and thinking mathematics. The paper is based on video recordings of lectures in formal logic and investigates how mathematics is presented at the blackboard. The paper discusses the iconic character of blackboards in mathematics and describes in detail a number of inscription practices of presenting mathematics at the blackboard (such as the use of lines and boxes, the designation of particular regions for specific mathematical purposes, as well as creating an ‘architecture’ visualizing the overall structure of the proof). The paper argues that doing mathematics really is ‘thinking with eyes and hands’ (Latour 1986). Thinking in mathematics is inextricably interwoven with writing mathematics.
Preparation and Characterization of Carvacrol Loaded Polyhydroxybutyrate Nanoparticles by Nanoprecipitation and Dialysis Methods
Authors: Shakeri Fatemeh , Shakeri Shahryar , Hojjatoleslami Mohammad 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this investigation, preparation of carvacrol loaded polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) nanoparticles was performed by nanoprecipitation and dialysis methods. PHB particles were obtained by nanoprecipitation method without and with low concentration of Tween 80 or pluronic as surfactant. Nano‐ and micro‐sized particles were formed with trimodal distribution and large aggregates. Size and distribution of nanoparticles were decreased when concentration of Tween 80 was increased to 1% (v/v) in water as polar phase. PHB nanoparticles had narrow size (157 nm) with monomodal distribution. Nanoparticles, which were prepared by dialysis method had 140 nm in diameter with monomodal distribution. Carvacrol was used as a lipophilic drug and entrapped in optimized nanoparticles formulation by nanoprecipitation and dialysis methods. Entrapment efficacy was 21% and 11%, respectively. Morphology of PHB nanoparticles was spherical. The results of kinetic release study showed that carvacrol was released for at least 3 days. Release kinetic parameters showed a simple Fickian diffusion behavior for both formulations. Carvacrol loaded PHB nanoparticles had good dispersion into the agar medium and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. This study describes the 1st work on loading of carvacrol into the PHB nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation and dialysis methods.
Content Validation of the Nursing Diagnosis Acute Pain in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
Authors: Zeleníková Renáta , Žiaková Katarína , Čáp Juraj , Jarošová Darja 
Published: March 2014

PurposeThe main purpose of the study was to validate the defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis acute pain in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.MethodsThis is a descriptive study. The validation process involved was based on Fehring's diagnostic content validity model.FindingsFour defining characteristics were classified as major by Slovak nurses and eight defining characteristics were classified as major by Czech nurses.ConclusionValidation of the nursing diagnosis acute pain in the Czech and Slovak sociocultural context has shown that nurses prioritize characteristics that are behavioral in nature as well as patients' verbal reports of pain.Practice ImplicationsVerbal reports of pain and behavioral indicators are important for arriving at the nursing diagnosis acute pain.
Aggravation of Alzheimer's disease due to the COX‐2‐mediated reciprocal regulation of IL‐1β and Aβ between glial and neuron cells
Authors: Wang Pu , Guan Pei‐Pei , Wang Tao , Yu Xin , Guo Jian‐Jun , Wang Zhan‐You 
Published: March 2014

SummaryAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and displays the characteristics of chronic neurodegenerative disorders; amyloid plaques (AP) that contain amyloid β‐protein (Aβ) accumulate in AD, which is also characterized by tau phosphorylation. Epidemiological evidence has demonstrated that long‐term treatment with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) markedly reduces the risk of AD by inhibiting the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2). Although the levels of COX‐2 and its metabolic product prostaglandin (PG)E2 are elevated in the brain of AD patients, the mechanisms for the development of AD remain unknown. Using human‐ or mouse‐derived glioblastoma and neuroblastoma cell lines as model systems, we delineated the signaling pathways by which COX‐2 mediates the reciprocal regulation of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and Aβ between glial and neuron cells. In glioblastoma cells, COX‐2 regulates the synthesis of IL‐1β in a PGE2‐dependent manner. Moreover, COX‐2‐derived PGE2 signals the activation of the PI3‐K/AKT and PKA/CREB pathways via cyclic AMP; these pathways transactivate the NF‐κB p65 subunit via phosphorylation at Ser 536 and Ser 276, leading to IL‐1β synthesis. The secretion of IL‐1β from glioblastoma cells in turn stimulates the expression of COX‐2 in human or mouse neuroblastoma cells. Similar regulatory mechanisms were found for the COX‐2 regulation of BACE‐1 expression in neuroblastoma cells. More importantly, Aβ deposition mediated the inflammatory response of glial cells via inducing the expression of COX‐2 in glioblastoma cells. These findings not only provide new insights into the mechanisms of COX‐2‐induced AD but also initially define the therapeutic targets of AD.
Effect of MicroEEG on Clinical Management and Outcomes of Emergency Department Patients With Altered Mental Status: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Zehtabchi Shahriar , Abdel Baki Samah G. , Omurtag Ahmet , Sinert Richard , Chari Geetha , Roodsari Gholamreza S. , Weedon Jeremy , Fenton André A. , Grant Arthur C. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectivesAltered mental status (AMS) is a common presentation in the emergency department (ED). A previous study revealed 78% electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities, including nonconvulsive seizure (NCS; 5%), in ED patients with AMS. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of EEG on clinical management and outcomes of ED patients with AMS.MethodsThis was a randomized controlled trial at two urban teaching hospitals. Adult patients (≥18 years old) with AMS were included. Excluded patients had immediately correctable AMS (e.g., hypoglycemia) or were admitted before enrollment. Patients were randomized to routine care (control) or routine care plus EEG (intervention). Research assistants used a scalp electrode set with a miniature, wireless EEG device (microEEG) to record standard 30‐minute EEGs at presentation, and results were reported to the ED attending physician by an off‐site epileptologist within 30 minutes. Primary outcomes included changes in ED management (differential diagnosis, diagnostic work‐up, and treatment plan from enrollment to disposition) as determined by surveying the treating physicians. Secondary outcomes were length of ED and hospital stay, intensive care unit (ICU) requirement, and in‐hospital mortality.ResultsA total of 149 patients were enrolled (76 control and 73 intervention). Patients in the two groups were comparable at baseline. EEG in the intervention group revealed abnormal findings in 93% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 85% to 97%), including NCS in 5% (95% CI = 2% to 13%). Using microEEG was associated with change in diagnostic work‐up in 49% (95% CI = 38% to 60%) of cases and therapeutic plan in 42% (95% CI = 31% to 53%) of cases immediately after the release of EEG results. Changes in probabilities of differential diagnoses and the secondary outcomes were not statistically significant between the groups.ConclusionsAn EEG can be obtained in the ED with minimal resources and can affect clinical management of AMS patients.
Critical Appraisal of Emergency Medicine Education Research: The Best Publications of 2012
Authors: Lin Michelle , Fisher Jonathan , Coates Wendy C. , Farrell Susan E. , Shayne Philip , Maggio Lauren , Kuhn Gloria 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe objective was to critically appraise and highlight medical education research published in 2012 that was methodologically superior and whose outcomes were pertinent to teaching and education in emergency medicine (EM).MethodsA search of the English language literature in 2012 querying Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), PsychInfo, PubMed, and Scopus identified EM studies using hypothesis‐testing or observational investigations of educational interventions. Two reviewers independently screened all of the publications and removed articles using established exclusion criteria. This year, publications limited to a single‐site survey design that measured satisfaction or self‐assessment on unvalidated instruments were not formally reviewed. Six reviewers then independently ranked all remaining publications using one of two scoring systems depending on whether the study methodology was primarily qualitative or quantitative. Each scoring system had nine criteria, including four related to methodology, that were chosen a priori, to standardize evaluation by reviewers. The quantitative study scoring system was used previously to appraise medical education published annually in 2008 through 2011, while a separate, new qualitative study scoring system was derived and implemented consisting of parallel metrics.ResultsForty‐eight medical education research papers met the a priori criteria for inclusion, and 33 (30 quantitative and three qualitative studies) were reviewed. Seven quantitative and two qualitative studies met the criteria for inclusion as exemplary and are summarized in this article.ConclusionsThis critical appraisal series aims to promote superior education research by reviewing and highlighting nine of the 48 major education research studies with relevance to EM published in 2012. Current trends and common methodologic pitfalls in the 2012 papers are noted.
Does forest restoration in fragmented landscapes provide habitat for a wide‐ranging carnivore?
Authors: McGregor R. A. , Stokes V. L. , Craig M. D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe loss of suitable macro‐ and microhabitats can negatively affect an animal's ability to persist in an area, ultimately leading to range contractions. The western quoll Dasyurus geoffroii is a wide‐ranging Australian carnivore that has suffered a catastrophic range contraction since European settlement, partly due to landscape fragmentation. Bauxite mining in the jarrah forest of south‐western Australia, where western quoll currently persist, disturbs and fragments large areas, potentially reducing habitat available to quolls. We examined macro‐ and microhabitat use by western quolls in fragmented landscapes containing remnants of unmined jarrah forest and bauxite mine restoration to determine the impacts of this fragmentation on its ecology. Specifically, we aimed to identify the microhabitats required by western quoll for denning and movement and if post‐mining restored forests provided these microhabitats. Quolls used restoration of varying ages for denning. They were adaptable in den substrates used, selecting subterranean burrows associated with surface rocks in restoration where preferred substrates used in unmined forest (hollow logs and stumps) were less available. Logs were also an important microhabitat used by quolls to traverse through unmined forest and we recommend more logs are restored post‐mining. Our results suggest that post‐mining restoration provides a permeable matrix for western quolls, and individuals quickly re‐colonize restored areas and use available habitat, particularly for denning. Important microhabitats such as logs, stumps and large hollow‐bearing trees are relatively sparse in restored forest. Our study does not explicitly consider the potential effects of this on quoll survival and demography so further studies of breeding success and long‐term survival across multiple generations of quoll are recommended. We concluded that forest restoration can be an important strategy in managing fragmented landscapes for wide‐ranging species by providing pathways for movement, habitat for re‐colonization and improved landscape connectivity for these species.
Agency Costs and Equity Mispricing
Authors: Pantzalis Christos , Park Jung Chul 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe investigate a link between agency costs and equity mispricing. We employ comprehensive, multi‐dimensional measures of agency costs and mispricing, and find that mispricing is significantly and positively related to agency costs. We also explore the effect of equity‐based compensation on the impact of agency costs on mispricing. Our investigation extends previous studies that do not separately account for the options and restricted stock grants components of equity‐based compensation. We show that stock options, originally intended to resolve conflicts of interest, exaggerate the problem and this phenomenon is pronounced especially when firms are overvalued. Overall, our results imply that compensation packages that are not structured optimally could lead to greater mispricing.
Gender, race and diet affect platelet function tests in normal subjects, contributing to a high rate of abnormal results
Authors: Miller Connie H. , Rice Anne S. , Garrett Katherine , Stein Sidney F. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryTo assess sources of variability in platelet function tests in normal subjects, 64 healthy young adults were tested on 2–6 occasions at 2 week intervals using four methods: platelet aggregation (AGG) in platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) in the Bio/Data PAP‐4 Aggregometer (BD) and Chrono‐Log Lumi‐Aggregometer (CL); and AGG in whole blood (WB) in the CL and Multiplate Platelet Function Analyser (MP), with ATP release (REL) in CL‐PRP and CL‐WB. Food and medication exposures were recorded prospectively for 2 weeks prior to each blood draw. At least one AGG abnormality was seen in 21% of 81 drug‐free specimens with CL‐PRP, 15% with CL‐WB, 13% with BD‐PRP and 6% with MP‐WB, increasing with inclusion of REL to 28% for CL‐PRP and 30% for CL‐WB. Epinephrine AGG and REL were significantly reduced in males (P < 0·0001). Ristocetin AGG and collagen and thrombin REL were significantly reduced in Blacks (P < 0·0001). One‐third of specimens drawn following flavonoid‐rich food exposures had aberrant results, compared to 8·5% of specimens without such exposures (P = 0·0035). PRP tests had less intra‐individual variation than WB tests. Gender, race, diet and test system affected results of platelet function testing in healthy subjects, suggesting caution when interpreting the results of platelet function testing in patients.
Hair curvature: a natural dialectic and review
Authors: Nissimov Joseph N. , Das Chaudhuri Asit Baran 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTAlthough hair forms (straight, curly, wavy, etc.) are present in apparently infinite variations, each fibre can be reduced to a finite sequence of tandem segments of just three types: straight, bent/curly, or twisted. Hair forms can thus be regarded as resulting from genetic pathways that induce, reverse or modulate these basic curvature modes. However, physical interconversions between twists and curls demonstrate that strict one‐to‐one correspondences between them and their genetic causes do not exist. Current hair‐curvature theories do not distinguish between bending and twisting mechanisms. We here introduce a multiple papillary centres (MPC) model which is particularly suitable to explain twisting. The model combines previously known features of hair cross‐sectional morphology with partially/completely separated dermal papillae within single follicles, and requires such papillae to induce differential growth rates of hair cortical material in their immediate neighbourhoods. TheMPCmodel can further help to explain other, poorly understood, aspects of hair growth and morphology. Separate bending and twisting mechanisms would be preferentially affected at the major or minor ellipsoidal sides of fibres, respectively, and together they exhaust the possibilities for influencing hair‐form phenotypes. As such they suggest dialectic for hair‐curvature development. We define a natural‐dialectic (ND) which could take advantage of speculative aspects of dialectic, but would verify its input data and results by experimental methods. We use this as a top‐down approach to first define routes by which hair bending or twisting may be brought about and then review evidence in support of such routes. In particular we consider the wingless (Wnt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways as paradigm pathways for molecular hair bending and twisting mechanisms, respectively. In addition to theWntcanonical pathway, theWnt/Ca2+and planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways, and others, can explain many alternatives and specific variations of hair bending phenotypes. Mechanisms for hair papilla budding or its division by bisection or fission can explainMPCformation. Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal (EMT) and mesenchymal‐to‐epithelial (MET) transitions, acting in collaboration with epithelial‐mesenchymal communications are also considered as mechanisms affecting hair growth and its bending and twisting. These may be treated as sub‐mechanisms of an overall development from neural‐crest stem cell (NCSC) lineages to differentiated hair follicle (HF) cell types, thus providing a unified framework for hair growth and development.