bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of intimate partner violence on women's health—a population based study in Nepal
Authors: Sunil Kumar Joshi , Aakriti Malla , Umesh Raj Aryal , Dudani Indur 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundWHO defines Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) as any behaviour within an intimate relationship that causes physical, psychological or sexual harm to those in the relationship.ObjectivesObjectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of physical, psychological and sexual violence by the intimate partners in women and its‘ impact on their health in Nepal.MethodsA population based cross-sectional survey was carried out in three districts of Kathmandu valley during May-July 2011. A pretested, and anonymous, structured questionnaire on IPV adopted from WHO/NORAQ was administered to a representative sample of 408 women of reproductive age from both rural and urban area by probability proportion to size technique. The collected data was analysed using descriptive statistics and χ2test.ResultsOut of 408 women, 35.5% women have experienced psychological violence, 16.7% physical violence, and 3.6% sexual violence by their intimate partners. The prevalence of different form of violence was similar in women from both the urban and rural areas (p>0.05). Around 28.6% of the women complained of different physical health problems followed by reproductive (28.2%) and mental health problems (16.3%).SignificanceThis is one of the few scientific studies on IPV in Nepal. The study findings have provided data on IPV faced by Nepalese women of reproductive age.
Community response to Domestic Violence (DV): lessons learnt from interventions in Vietnam and policy suggestions
Authors: Mai Le Thi Phuong 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundDomestic violence (DV) is a problem in Vietnam. During last decades, DV has been given greater attention by community as well as authorities at different levels as its seriousness is recognised by public. In 2007, Vietnam issued DV law. In addition, there have been several interventions addressing DV in several provinces.ObjectivesThis paper reviewed the lessons learnt from pilot intervention models in community and health care facilities and provides recommendations for a comprehensive strategy to address DV in Vietnam.MethodsReview and analysis existing data, reports on intervention on DV in Vietnam.ResultsCommunity interventions conducted by NGOs and Government during 2000–2010 included campaigns, operation of social support network (legal support, shelter houses, clubs of survivors, etc). The interventions in health facilities include screening, assessing, treatment, counseling, and referring victims to other supporting addresses.Although interventions have brought positive changes in community in addressing DV, there are several challenges: Traditional norms and values supporting gender inequality still exist, especially in rural area. Health care response to DV has yet to be widely implemented in hospitals. Lack of human resources and collaboration mechanism between sectors affect to sustainability of interventions.Significance/Contribution to the FieldRecommendations for a comprehensives strategy to response to DV include: (i) strengthening evidence based advocacy for policy response to DV and monitoring the policy implementation; (ii) implementing a minimum package on DV including safety planning, emergency shelter, support and/or counseling, and legal and health services; (iii) advocacy for community responsibility to addressing DV.At the end of this session, participants will be able to learn more best practices and challenges for implementation of interventions addressing the DV in the community, how to best support to victims and encourage health providers actively participate into battle with DV. In addition, recommendations for a comprehensives strategy responding to violence against women in community in Viet Nam will be shared and considered by countries that having a similar culture context situation.
The epidemiology of child homicides in South Africa
Authors: Abrahams N , Mathews S , Jewkes R 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThere is a lack of national data on child homicides in South Africa and child abuse is considered to be a major problem. Yet, there is a limited understanding of the relationship between child deaths and abuse.AimTo describe the incidence of both overall child homicide and fatal child abuse by age and gender.MethodsA national retrospective study at a stratified random sample of 38 mortuaries was conducted to identify all child homicides for the year 2009. Data was gathered from mortuary files, autopsy reports and police interviews.ResultsSouth Africa has a child homicide rate of 5.5 per 100 000 under 18 years. The age pattern indicates a bimodal age distribution with child homicides more likely to occur in the age group 0–4 years for females, 8.3 per 100 000, while older males were more likely to be victims, 21.7 per 100 000 in the 15–17 age group for males. Nearly half (45%) of all child homicides are due to child abuse, with such murders more likely to occur in the 0–4 age group. Children who were killed due to abuse were more likely to be killed at home with 64% of these children were killed by a mother.SignificanceRates of child homicide in South Africa are higher than the global average in particular for younger children with such deaths more likely to be child abuse related.
Associations between adverse childhood experiences and attempted suicide in a National sample of students in Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Raleva M , Jordanova-Peshevska D , Sethi D , Filov I 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundEach year, about 4 million adolescents worldwide attempt suicide. The immediacy of the developmental stress and potential abuse and household dysfunction are experiences not easily elaborated by adolescents which at certain points may make appear the suicide to be the only solution.ObjectiveTo assess the association between adverse childhood experiences and later suicide attempts in a sample of students in R. Macedonia. Material and methods: ACE questionnaire has been used to assess child maltreatment in a sample of 1277 students attending the secondary school or first year of university.ResultsOverall suicide attempts were reported by 2.8% of respondents. Girls have attempted suicide in 4.7%, and by boys in 0.8% (p<0.05). The age when the suicide attempts were first enacted for both sexes was 14. 1.5% of girls and 0.4% of boys attempted suicide more than once. There are significant associations between attempted suicide and household dysfunction, primarily living with a family member who attempted suicide (p=0.000000), living with a family member who was mentally ill (p=0.000001) and having an alcoholic family member (p=0.000032) only for girls. There are statistically significant associations between attempted suicide and all types of abuse for both sexes. For both boys and girls there is a statistically significant association between suicide attempt and being physically abused (p=0.00000), and for girls also being emotionally abused (p=0.000000) and sexually abused (p=0.008356).ConclusionsThe impact of pain and anxiety caused by emotional, sexual and physical abuse or witnessing domestic violence are experiences that can be prevented.
Safer future for victims of intimate partner violence: evidence from an effective training program for teachers in Bulgaria
Authors: Trendafilova P 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIntimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a problem with serious health, psychological, social and economic consequences not only for victims but for the whole society.AimsThe aim of this study was to address teachers‘ training needs on IPV issue by providing additional information on prevention, recognition and combating violence, as well as teaching methods and tools specific for IPV.MethodsSeries of trainings have been organised to support teachers on this sensitive issue. The study is based on the data collected from health care teachers at age range 34–59-years-old who attended the training program.ResultsThe majority of participants with teaching experience between 1 year and 39 years agreed that during the training program they met new partners to collaborate with (92%). Secondly, they learned new information and research results and got support in teaching the problem of IPV. The study results show that 73% of participants will recommend the training program and 69% of the teachers will try to implement the issue in their curriculum or training courses. According to teachers role plays, case studies and examples are the best methods to teach IPV.SignificanceAcquiring up to date knowledge, new teaching methods and tools will contribute to better understanding of the problem and will result in effective interventions for victims of IPV.
Domestic violence in San Jose De Ocoa, Dominican Republic 2008–2011
Authors: Casado W , Skewes R 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundDomestic violence (VIF) is by its high rates and negative impact on family and society a health problem. On women negative repercussion are bigger than HIV/TB, presenting an average rate of 9 years less than women with normal life. In1997 the Dominican Republic enacted the Law 24–97 on Domestic Violence (PIV), thus constituting a crime, data were not recorded prior to this date. The aim is to describe domestic violence in San Jose de Ocoa during 2008–2011.MethodsWe describe the events of domestic violence in San Jose de Ocoa during 2008/2011.Investigation was made according to Dominican Republic norms, data were obtained from record books of the Provincial Prosecutor and institutions that provide assistance to victims. Data were analysed with Epi-Info 3.5, and Excel-97 and presented in tables, maps and graphs by epidemiological variables.ResultsThe annual rate was158 per 100 000 habitants, presenting the highest recorded for 2011.The municipality of San José de Ocoa reported 77% (339/439), providing the sectors increased incidence in ‘Down town/village up/San Antonio neighborhood.’ At home there were 62% of cases, the rest are reported on public roads, work and school. The 79% (345/439) of affected are women between 15–49 years and 82% (360/439) of the attacks came from the male, being familiarly linked as partners. Do Drug and Alcohol appear to influence in domestic violence. Psychological violence was reported in 49% (215/439) and physical 30% (134/439) were the main forms of presentation.
Drink driving prevention in Ha Nam and Ninh Binh provinces of Viet Nam
Authors: Nguyen N , Passmore J , Pham C , La Q , Nguyen V , Tran L , Luong A , Nguyen L 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundDrink driving is a major risk factor for road trauma in Viet Nam. Previous studies have shown up to 60% of road traffic injured patients admitted to hospital, had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) above the level limit.ActivitiesThis programme implemented an enhanced enforcement model where roadside police operations were supplemented by capacity building training for police, essential equipment (breathalysers), and an intensive mass media social marketing campaign on the dangers and consequences of drink–driving. Impact of the programme was measured through a variety of evaluation tools including enforcement data, hospital BAC results and KAP indicators.ResultsThe social marketing campaign was implemented from August 2010 to November 2011, coupled with almost 7000 person days of enforcement operations running from November 2010 to November 2011 during high alcohol times (12:00–14:00 and 18:00–21:00).Enforcement results from HaNam and NinhBinh showed 23.3% and 21.3% drivers/riders respectively were detected over the legal limit.There's a reduction in people's self reported drink driving between January and August 2011, HaNam from 34.1% to 20% and NinhBinh from 52.2% to 44.2%. However, the low perception of being caught drink driving (24.3%) could possibly add to the current high violation rate.The volume of intake among hospitalised victims reduced. Motorcycle victims having BAC level over 80 mg/dl declined from 21.5% to 11.5% in the 3rd quarter of 2011 in HaNam.ConclusionsDrink driving remains highly prevalent in Viet Nam. However, intensive social marketing coupled with sustained visible enforcement can bring positive changes to people's knowledge and likelihood of drinking and driving.
The growing use of motorcycles for commercial transport and traffic safety in Ghana
Authors: Agyekum-Boamah P 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe use of motorcycles for commercial transport is an underground economy spreading in Ghana with traffic safety problems.Aims and ObjectivesTo verify the extent of traffic safety challenges from the use of motorcycle for commercial transport.MethodsField surveys were conducted with the 200 operators and 100 users of the services through random sampling in two urban centres and a rural community in the Greater Accra, Volta and Upper East Regions of Ghana using questionnaires.ResultsThe illegal operation of this mode of transport is increasing at a rate of about 100 times that of conventional vehicular commercial transport due to affordability at 80% cheaper and higher returns at 20%. Safety issues relate to violation of insurance coverage, improper clothing and non use of helmets. More than 50% of the operators have been involved in traffic crashes and 80% have had it more than once. Fatality rate is about 10%, injury rate is 77.6% wit maiming of victims. Users still patronise it due to affordability, availability speed and convenience. Effective enforcement will be by education, increased taxes on motorcycles, stiffer penalties for offenders and provision of alternate employment for operators.SignificanceThe practice will grow along with related problems if the ban on it is not effectively enforced. However the effectiveness of this will depend on addressing current problems with conventional commercial transport services in the country.
All-terrain vehicles on the road: a serious traffic safety concern
Authors: Jennissen C , Buresh C , Harland K , Ellis D , Denning G 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundOn-road all-terrain vehicle (ATV) crashes are frequent despite most US states having laws restricting road use.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo determine the demographics, and the mechanisms and outcomes of injuries of on-road versus off-road ATV crashes.MethodsData from our Iowa ATV injury surveillance database (2002–2009) was derived and statistically analysed.Results/Outcomes976 records were studied, with 38% of injured individuals from on-road crashes. Demographics were similar at each location. Females and youths under 16 were over four times more likely to be passengers (p<0.0001 for each). As compared to off-road crash victims, on-road victims were approximately ten times more likely to be involved in a vehicle-vehicle collision (p<0.001), three times more likely to have a severe brain injury with a GCS≤8 (p<0.001), and twice as likely to have suffered a major trauma with an ISS>15 (p<0.001). Adult operators in on-road crashes were also twice as likely to test positive for alcohol as those off-road (p<0.05). Helmet use significantly reduced the odds of sustaining a brain injury, and on-road victims were only half as likely to be protected by helmets (p<0.01).Significance/Contribution to the FieldOn-road crashes were significantly more likely to involve collision with another vehicle, suggesting on-road ATVs represent a traffic safety concern. Even controlling for helmet use, on-road crash victims suffered more severe injuries than those off-road. Our data reinforces the importance of laws restricting ATV road use and their enforcement, and the need to increase ATV user education about the dangers of on-road riding.
All-terrain vehicles: deadly on and off the road
Authors: Jennissen C , Harland K , Ellis D , Denning G 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe increasing popularity of all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) has been accompanied by an alarming rise in ATV-related deaths.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo compare fatal ATV crashes on and off the road in order to more fully understand the contributing factors for deaths at each location.MethodsA retrospective study was performed using national fatality data from the Consumer Product Safety Commission.Results/OutcomesOverall, 62% of US deaths from 1985 to 2009 resulted from on-road ATV crashes. After 1998, on-road deaths increased at a greater rate than off-road deaths (48+2.8 vs 20+1.8 deaths/year), and crashes on the road were three times more likely to result in multiple deaths (p<0.0001). Fatal on-road crashes were also more likely than those off-road to involve vehicles with multiple riders, higher alcohol use, more collision-related events, and more head injuries (p<0.0001 in each case). On-road fatality victims were 46% less likely to be helmeted (p<0.0001). In addition, passengers and operators with passengers were less likely to be helmeted than operators riding alone (p<0.0001), regardless of location. Overall, helmeted victims were half as likely to suffer a head injury (p<0.0001).Significance/Contribution to the FieldThe majority of US ATV-related deaths have resulted from on-road crashes. We hypothesise that risk factors, like passengers and alcohol, exacerbate the challenges of safely operating ATVs on road surfaces, and that higher crash forces from greater speed and lack of protective equipment on the road increase head injuries that result in death. Getting ATVs off the roads may be an effective way to reduce ATV-related deaths.
Clothing-related motorised two-wheeler crashes: results from a traffic injury surveillance study, Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Uzma Rahim , Nukhba Zia , Junaid Bhatti , Shahzad Shamim , Rashid Jooma , Junaid Abdul Razzak 
Published: October 2012

IntroductionRecently, cases of clothing-related entanglement in motorcycles have been increasingly reported from India and Pakistan but no epidemiological studies are available for such crashes.ObjectiveTo assess the injury burden and severity of clothing-related two-wheeler crashes in Pakistan.MethodsThe study setting was Karachi, Pakistan. Cases were defined as riders and pillion riders of motorised two-wheelers involved in a crash as a result of entangling of clothing in parts of the vehicle. Cases were selected from an ongoing traffic injury surveillance study. For each case, Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) of involved body parts was recorded and used in computation of New Injury Severity Score (NISS).ResultsA total of 986 injuries were reported from January 2007 to December 2009. Most were females (73.9%) and pillion riders (80.6%). These crashes were mostly single vehicle (98.5%) and involved head (41.5%), face (35.9%), limbs (51.0%), and external body that is, skin (60.3%). As per NISS, one-third of injuries were moderate (26.7%) to severe (10.2%). A total of 10 deaths were reported and head and face injuries were reported in nine of them. Female gender, age≥45 years (21.5%), pillion riders (80.6%) and crashes occurring at intersections (34.3%) were more likely to result in severe NISS than other users (p<0.001).SignificanceClothing-related motorised two-wheeler injuries are common in Karachi indicating the risks associated with wearing traditional clothing when riding motorcycles. Promotion of appropriate, conspicuous clothing by both riders and pillion riders might prevent such injuries.
European Safer Urban Motorcycling (ESUM) project: benefits from mobility advantages pertaining to reduction of injuries among powered two wheelers in urban areas
Authors: Petridou Ε , Germeni E , Vassileva V , Pierini M 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundPowered Two Wheelers (PTWs) use has increased by an amazing 34% in the last decade in European cities, exceeding that of any other transport mode. PTWs, tailored for urban mobility, are cheaper, cleaner and more flexible transport means. Yet, compared to other modes of transport, PTWs have shown a slower rate of safety improvement.Aims/Objectives/PurposesThe project represents a collaborative venture involving four principal motorcycling cities (Barcelona, Paris, London and Rome), the PTW industry and academic/research organisations aiming to show that reduction in PTW collisions/casualties is feasible, provided user behaviour, vehicle design and road infrastructure are tackled.Results/OutcomeThe readily applicable tools (www.esum.eu) include (a) MAIDS Urban Accident Report, (b) Good Practice Guide, examples of >200 projects (c) Action Pack—simple methodology for designing PTW casualty reduction programme and (d) a series of videos on how participating cities handled the project.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThe comprehensive package of readily available tools offers a unique opportunity for follower cities toit from the mobility advantages offered by PTWs and to reduce safety related risks.
Using attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours to shape a Cambodian motorcycle helmet campaign
Authors: Roehler D , Sann S , Kim P , Florian M , Sidik M , Ballesteros M. 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundAs the number of motorcyclists in Cambodia increases, so do motorcycle-related injuries. Injuries decrease as helmet use increases. Campaigns addressing this issue will be more effective if they are based on prior knowledge and barrier of helmet use.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo determine the prevalence of helmet use and reasons for non-use among motorcycle riders in Cambodia.MethodsWe conducted helmet observations and roadside interviews in five Cambodian provinces.Results/OutcomesTrained researchers observed helmet use for drivers of 71.4% at 9:00, 68.2% at noon, 62.7% at 17:00, and 47.8% at 19:00. For passengers, researchers observed rates of 6.6% at 9:00, 7.9% at noon, 6.3% at 17:00, and 4.7% at 19:00. Most drivers and passengers older than 16 years who reported that they regularly wear a helmet said they do so because it can save their life (96% and 98%, respectively). The most common reasons for not consistently wearing a helmet were: (1) ‘factors that depend on where I drive,’ (2) ‘I forgot’, (3) ‘inconvenient/uncomfortable’. We found that 91% of riders get their road safety information from the television. Parents reported their children do not regularly wear a helmet because they are ‘too young’ (37%) or they are ‘riding close to home in their neighborhood’ (17%).Significance/Contribution to the FieldHelmet use varied greatly between drivers and passengers by time of day. As a result of these data, we have launch a television campaign focused on passengers and emphasising the importance of wearing a helmet anytime they are on a motorcycle.