bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reimagining Development 3.0 for a Changing Planet
Authors: Moris Jon 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThis working paper argues we need to reimagine development tactics to fashion Development 3.0, to match what business analysts now call World 3.0, a global system characterized by high turbulence and new threats. It begins by contrasting our former classification of countries spatially into First, Second and Third worlds with a new division of development epochs in sequence since the end of World War II. World 1.0 emphasized industrialization, urbanization, and modernization, lasting from 1945 to 1980. World 2.0 emphasized global trade, and a shift to private actors doing the work of development, from 1980 to the early 2000s. World 3.0 can be seen as superceding globalization by concern with emergent threats. World 1.0 privileged state actions to accelerate “nation building” within former colonies, whereas World 2.0 privileged private capital and free trade as engines for economic growth. Now, following wars, disasters, and the near meltdown of the global financial system in 2007/08, we enter World 3.0 as depicted by Ghemawat and others.We review thirteen major changes not recognized within World 2.0 or its accompanying Development 2.0 regime. The major changes include the rise of homeless capital, the Conservative counter‐revolution of the 1980s, the implosion of the USSR, rise of modern China, emergence of BRIC nations, a pan‐urban world, rise of identity politics, reemergence of Africa, shift to non‐state warfare, growing threat of climate change, MENA nations experience Arab Spring, digital worlds expand, and velocity increases. They suggest coming turbulence and unexpected outcomes, or “mashups” (Ramo).These changes suggest a different emergent system, becoming World 3.0 which has profound differences from how we view our planet's political economy (World 2.0).If so, the paper outlines implications which suggest the time has come to “take on board” our changed planetary circumstances, and thus begin crafting Development 3.0.“Where the wild things are”, introduces metaphors to change the ‘meta‐narratives’ used for viewing World 3.0: “herding elephants,” “taming feral capital”, “swimming with tides” and “avoiding mashups”. They help us realize that long recognized problems (or “elephants”) may show unexpected behaviors to pose new threats within World 3.0.The main argument of the paper then lays out a baker's dozen changes needed if we hope to fashion more effective ways to promote development for us all. We must “rebalance society” (ala Mintzberg), refashion aid, privilege sustainability, emphasize fair trade, tame feral capital, devise better metrics, include all nations & peoples, seat G‐20 not G‐8, recognize semi‐sovereigns, focus on a pan‐urban world, build coalitions in networks, involve women & youth, and rebuild community leadership. All of which assumes we can offset a strong tide towards return to the excesses of World 2.0.
The Politics of Mobilising for Gender Justice in Egypt from Mubarak to Morsi and Beyond
Authors: Tadros Mariz 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThis paper examines the nature of the political struggle over the status, role and identity of women in Egypt in between the two revolutions (January 2011 and June 2013). It presents a situational analysis of the various actors, relations and agendas that have both informed the backlash against women's rights and the mass movements of resistance. It acknowledges that while women's rights have historically suffered as a consequence of a hostile political will of the ruling authority and parts of political and civil society that are inimical to expanding women's rights (and sometimes mobilise around revoking what already exists), women's rights faced new threats after January 2011 because of the political settlement between the Supreme Council for Armed Forces and the Muslim Brotherhood. The threats to women's rights worsened under President Morsi's regime and while they were not the prime reason why women mobilised in the largest numbers ever to oust the president in June 2013, encroachments on their freedoms was a catalysing factor.The paper's principle argument is that while a constellation of factors influence prospects of advancing women's equality in Egypt, collective action matters both for policy and for building constituencies that grant legitimacy to the cause being championed. The fragmentation and internal rivalry that characterised the myriad civil society organisations and coalitions during Mubarak's reign left advocates of gender equality unequipped to exploit the (few) opportunities of influencing the political configuration of power after the revolution of 2011. The threats to women's rights thereafter propelled old and newly formed non‐state actors into a mass mobilisation of resistance. This represented a case where collective action in its various forms succeeded in challenging the status quo in critical ways. However, the political polarisation between supporters and opponents of the outcome of the 30 June revolution has led to a de‐collectivisation of efforts. If the opportunities for influence are to be seized, and threats to influencing a progressive gender agenda challenged in the next phase, prioritising local pathways of re‐building and strengthening collective action is of primary importance.
ASPP2 attenuates triglycerides to protect against hepatocyte injury by reducing autophagy in a cell and mouse model of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Xie Fang , Jia Lin , Lin Minghua , Shi Ying , Yin Jiming , Liu Yin , Chen Dexi , Meng Qinghua 
Published: September 2014

AbstractASPP2 is a pro‐apoptotic member of the p53 binding protein family. ASPP2 has been shown to inhibit autophagy, which maintains energy balance in nutritional deprivation. We attempted to identify the role of ASPP2 in the pathogenesis of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In a NAFLD cell model, control treated and untreated HepG2 cells were pre‐incubated with GFP‐adenovirus (GFP‐ad) for 12 hrs and then treated with oleic acid (OA) for 24 hrs. In the experimental groups, the HepG2 cells were pre‐treated with ASPP2‐adenovirus (ASPP2‐ad) or ASPP2‐siRNA for 12 hrs and then treated with OA for 24 hrs. BALB/c mice fed a methionine‐ and choline‐deficient (MCD) diet were used to generate a mouse model of NAFLD. The mice with fatty livers in the control group were pre‐treated with injections of GFP‐ad for 10 days. In the experimental group, the mice that had been pre‐treated with ASPP2‐ad were fed an MCD diet for 10 days. ASPP2‐ad or GFP‐ad was administered once every 5 days. Liver tissue from fatty liver patients and healthy controls were used to analyse the role of ASPP2. Autophagy, apoptosis markers and lipid metabolism mediators, were assessed with confocal fluorescence microscopy, immunohistochemistry, western blot and biochemical assays. ASPP2 overexpression decreased the triglyceride content and inhibited autophagy and apoptosis in the HepG2 cells. ASPP2‐ad administration suppressed the MCD diet‐induced autophagy, steatosis and apoptosis and decreased the previously elevated alanine aminotransferase levels. In conclusion, ASPP2 may participate in the lipid metabolism of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis and attenuate liver failure.
Both GPER and membrane oestrogen receptor‐α activation protect ventricular remodelling in 17β oestradiol‐treated ovariectomized infarcted rats
Authors: Lee Tsung‐Ming , Lin Shinn‐Zong , Chang Nen‐Chung 
Published: September 2014

AbstractClinical and experimental studies have established that gender is a factor in the development of ventricular hypertrophy. We investigated whether the attenuated hypertrophic effect of oestradiol was via activation of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) through non‐genomic action. Twenty‐four hours after coronary ligation, female Wistar rats were randomized into control, subcutaneous oestradiol treatment or a G‐protein coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER) agonist, G‐1 and treated for 4 weeks starting from 2 weeks after bilateral ovariectomy. Ventricular hypertrophy assessed by cardiomyocyte size after infarction was similarly attenuated by oestradiol or G‐1 in infarcted rats. The phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS was significantly decreased in infarcted rats and restored by oestradiol and G‐1, implying the GPER pathway in this process. Oestradiol‐induced Akt phosphorylation was not abrogated by G‐15 (a GPER blocker). Akt activation was not inhibited by actinomycin D. When a membrane‐impermeable oestrogen‐albumin construct was applied, similar responses in terms of eNOS activation to those of oestradiol were achieved. Furthermore, PPT, an ERα receptor agonist, activated the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS. Thus, membrane ERα receptor played a role in mediating the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS. The specific PI3K inhibitor, LY290042, completely abolished Akt activation and eNOS phosphorylation in infarcted hearts treated with either oestradiol or oestradiol + G‐15. These data support the conclusions that oestradiol improves ventricular remodelling by both GPER‐ and membrane‐bound ERα‐dependent mechanisms that converge into the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway, unveiling a novel mechanism by which oestradiol regulates pathological cardiomyocyte growth after infarction.
Extracellular vesicles release by cardiac telocytes: electron microscopy and electron tomography
Authors: Fertig Emanuel T. , Gherghiceanu Mihaela , Popescu Laurentiu M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTelocytes have been reported to play an important role in long‐distance heterocellular communication in normal and diseased heart, both through direct contact (atypical junctions), as well as by releasing extracellular vesicles (EVs) which may act as paracrine mediators. Exosomes and ectosomes are the two main types of EVs, as classified by size and the mechanism of biogenesis. Using electron microscopy (EM) and electron tomography (ET) we have found that telocytes in culture release at least three types of EVs: exosomes (released from endosomes; 45 ± 8 nm), ectosomes (which bud directly from the plasma membrane; 128 ± 28 nm) and multivesicular cargos (MVC; 1 ± 0.4 μm), the latter containing tightly packaged endomembrane‐bound vesicles (145 ± 35 nm). Electron tomography revealed that endomembrane vesicles are released into the extracellular space as a cargo enclosed by plasma membranes (estimated area of up to 3 μm2). This new type of EV, also released by telocytes in tissue, likely represents an essential component in the paracrine secretion of telocytes and may consequently be directly involved in heart physiology and regeneration.
Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome is Different from Transient Ischemic Attack on CT Perfusion
Authors: Vanacker Peter , Matias Gonçalo , Hagmann Patric , Michel Patrik 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDPRES is a reversible neurotoxic state presenting with headache, altered mental status, visual loss, and seizures. Delayed diagnosis can be avoided if radiological patterns could distinguish PRES from cerebral ischemia.METHODSClinical and radiological data were collected on all hospitalized patients who had (1) discharge diagnosis of PRES and (2) acute CTP/CTA. Data were compared with 10 TIA patients with proven cytotoxic edema on MRI.RESULTSOf the four PRES patients found, three were correlated with acute blood pressure and one with chemotherapy. At the radiological level, quantitative analyses of the CTP parameters showed that 2 out of 4 patients had bilaterally reduced CBF‐values (23.2‐47.1 ml/100g/min) in occipital regions, as seen in the pathological regions of TIA patients (27.3 ± 13.5 ml/100g/min). When compared with TIA patients, the pathological ROI's demonstrated decreased CBV‐values (3.4‐5.6 ml/100g). Vasogenic edema on MRI FLAIR imaging was seen in only one PRES patient, and cytotoxic edema on DWI‐imaging was never found. CT angiography showed in one PRES patient a vasospasm‐like unilateral posterior cerebral artery.CONCLUSIONSIf confirmed by other groups, CTP and CTA imaging in patients with acute visual loss and confusion may help to distinguish PRES from bi‐occipital ischemia. These radiological parameters may identify PRES patients at risk for additional tissue infarction.
Prenatal sex hormones, digit ratio, and face shape in adult males
Authors: Weinberg S. M. , Parsons T. E. , Raffensperger Z. D. , Marazita M. L. 
Published: September 2014

Structured AbstractObjectivesSeveral reports have demonstrated a relationship between second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) and facial shape, suggesting that prenatal sex hormones play a role in the development of the craniofacial complex. Using 3D surface imaging and geometric morphometrics, we test the hypothesis that decreased digit ratio (indicative of increased prenatal androgen exposure) is associated with a more masculine facial phenotype.Methods3D facial surface images and digit measures were collected on a sample of 151 adult males. Facial landmarks collected from the images were aligned by Procrustes superimposition and the resulting shape coordinates regressed on 2D:4D. Variations in facial shape related to 2D:4D were visualized with deformable surface warps.ResultsA significant statistical relationship was observed between facial shape variation and 2D:4D (p = 0.0084). Lower 2D:4D ratio in adult males was associated with increased facial width relative to height, increased mandibular prognathism, greater nasal projection, and increased upper and lower lip projection.ConclusionsA statistical relationship between 2D:4D and facial shape in adult males was observed. Faces tended to look more masculine as 2D:4D decreased, suggesting a biologically plausible link between prenatal androgen exposure and the development of male facial characteristics.
Application of heat stress in situ demonstrates a protective role of irradiation on photosynthetic performance in alpine plants
Authors: BUCHNER OTHMAR , STOLL MAGDALENA , KARADAR MATTHIAS , KRANNER ILSE , NEUNER GILBERT 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe impact of sublethal heat on photosynthetic performance, photosynthetic pigments and free radical scavenging activity was examined in three high mountain species, Rhododendron ferrugineum, Senecio incanus and Ranunculus glacialis using controlled in situ applications of heat stress, both in darkness and under natural solar irradiation. Heat treatments applied in the dark reversibly reduced photosynthetic performance and the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), which remained impeded for several days when plants were exposed to natural light conditions subsequently to the heat treatment. In contrast, plants exposed to heat stress under natural irradiation were able to tolerate and recover from heat stress more readily. The critical temperature threshold for chlorophyll fluorescence was higher under illumination (Tc′) than in the dark (Tc). Heat stress caused a significant de‐epoxidation of the xanthophyll cycle pigments both in the light and in the dark conditions. Total free radical scavenging activity was highest when heat stress was applied in the dark. This study demonstrates that, in the European Alps, heat waves can temporarily have a negative impact on photosynthesis and, importantly, that results obtained from experiments performed in darkness and/or on detached plant material may not reliably predict the impact of heat stress under field conditions.
Components and Completion of Partially Observed Functional Data
Authors: Kraus David 
Published: September 2014

SummaryFunctional data are traditionally assumed to be observed on the same domain. Motivated by a data set of heart rate temporal profiles, we develop methodology for the analysis of incomplete functional samples where each curve may be observed on a subset of the domain and unobserved elsewhere. We formalize this observation regime and develop the fundamental procedures of functional data analysis for this framework: estimation of parameters (mean and covariance operator) and principal component analysis. Principal scores of a partially observed function cannot be computed directly and we solve this challenging issue by estimating their best predictions as linear functionals of the observed part of the trajectory. Next, we propose a functional completion procedure that recovers the missing part by using the observed part of the curve. We construct prediction intervals for principal scores and bands for missing parts of trajectories. The prediction problems are seen to be ill-posed inverse problems; regularization techniques are used to obtain a stable solution. A simulation study shows the good performance of our methods. We illustrate the methods on the heart rate data and provide practical computational algorithms and theoretical arguments and proofs of all results.
Changing Rates of Suicide Ideation and Attempts Among Inuit Youth: A Gender‐Based Analysis of Risk and Protective Factors
Authors: Fraser Sarah L. , Geoffroy Dominique , Chachamovich Eduardo , Kirmayer Laurence J. 
Published: September 2014

Inuit in Canada currently suffer from one of the highest rates of suicide in the world. The objective of this study was to explore the prevalence of suicide ideations and attempts among 15–24 year olds living in Nunavik, Québec, and to explore risk and protective factors of suicide attempts as a function of gender. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in 2004 across Nunavik. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted. A total of 22% of young males and 39% of females adults reported past suicidal attempts. Gender differences were observed in relation to associated risk and protective factors as well as degree of exposure to risk factors. Suicide prevention must include alcohol and drug prevention programs and rehabilitation services, interventions to reduce physical and sexual violence and their long‐term impacts on Inuit youth, as well as exposure to culturally meaningful activities.
Development of an expanded‐field irradiation technique using a gimbaled x‐ray head
Authors: Ono Tomohiro , Miyabe Yuki , Yamada Masahiro , Yokota Kenji , Kaneko Shuji , Sawada Akira , Monzen Hajime , Mizowaki Takashi , Kokubo Masaki , Hiraoka Masahiro 
Published: September 2014

Purpose:The Vero4DRT has a maximum field size of 150.0 × 150.0 mm. The purpose of the present study was to develop expanded‐field irradiation techniques using the unique gimbaled x‐ray head of the Vero4DRT and to evaluate the dosimetric characteristics thereof.Methods:Two techniques were developed. One features gimbal swing irradiation and multiple static segments consisting of four separate fields exhibiting 2.39° gimbal rotation around two orthogonal axes. The central beam axis for each piecewise‐field is shifted 40 mm from the isocenters of the left–right (LR) and superior–inferior (SI) directions, and, thus, the irradiation field size is expanded to 230.8 × 230.8 mm. Adjacent regions were created at the isocenter (a center‐adjacent expandedfield) and 20 mm from the isocenter (an off‐adjacent expandedfield). The field gaps or overlaps of combined piecewise‐fields were established by adjustment of gimbal rotation and movement of the multileaf collimator (MLC). Another technique features dynamic segment irradiation in which the beam is delivered while rotating the gimbal. The dose profile is controlled by a combination of gimbal swing motion and opening and closing of the MLC. This enabled the authors to expand the irradiation field on the LR axis because the direction of MLC motion is parallel to that axis. A field 220.6 × 150.0 mm in dimensions was configured and examined. To evaluate the dosimetric characteristics of the expandedfields, films inserted into water‐equivalent phantoms at depths of 50, 100, and 150 mm were irradiated and field sizes, penumbrae, flatness, and symmetry analyzed. In addition, the expanded‐field irradiation techniques were applied to intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). A head‐and‐neck IMRT field, created using a conventional Linac (the Varian Clinac iX), was reproduced employing an expanded‐field of the Vero4DRT. The simulated dose distribution for the expanded‐IMRT field was compared to the measured dose distribution.Results:The field sizes, penumbrae, flatness, and symmetry of the center‐ and off‐adjacent expanded‐fields were 230.2–232.1 mm, 6.8–10.7 mm, 2.3%–5.1%, and −0.5% to −0.4%, respectively, at a depth of 100 mm. Similarly, the field sizes, penumbrae, flatness, and symmetry of dynamic segment irradiation on the LR axis were 219.2 mm, 6.0–6.2 mm, 3.4%, and −0.1%, respectively, at a depth of 100 mm. In the area of expanded‐IMRT dose distribution, the passing rate of 5% dose difference was 85.8% between measurements and simulation, and the 3%/3 mm gamma passing rate was 96.4%.Conclusions:Expanded‐field irradiation techniques were developed using a gimbaled x‐ray head. The techniques effectively extend target areas, as required when whole‐breast irradiation or head‐and‐neck IMRT is contemplated.
Immune Responses to Pertussis Antigens in Infants and Toddlers after Immunization with Multicomponent Acellular Pertussis Vaccine
Authors: Fadugba Olajumoke O. , Wang Li , Chen Qingxia , Halasa Natasha B. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTGiven the resurgence of pertussis despite high rates of vaccination with the diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine, a better understanding of vaccine-induced immune responses toBordetella pertussisis needed. We investigated the antibody, cell-mediated, and cytokine responses toB. pertussisantigens in children who received the primary vaccination series (at 2, 4, and 6 months) and first booster vaccination (at 15 to 18 months) with 5-component acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine. The majority of subjects demonstrated a 4-fold increase in antibody titer to all four pertussis antigens (pertussis toxin [PT], pertactin [PRN], filamentous hemagglutinin [FHA], and fimbriae [FIM]) following the primary series and booster vaccination. Following the primary vaccine series, the majority of subjects (52 to 67%) mounted a positive T cell proliferative response (stimulation index of ≥3) to the PT and PRN antigens, while few subjects (7 to 12%) mounted positive proliferative responses to FHA and FIM. One month after booster vaccination (age 16 to 19 months), our study revealed significant increase in gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production in response to the PT and FIM antigens, a significant increase in IL-2 production with the PT, FHA, and PRN antigens, and a lack of significant interleukin-4 (IL-4) secretion with any of the antigens. While previous reports documented a mixed Th1/Th2 or Th2-skewed response to DTaP vaccine in children, our data suggest that following the first DTaP booster, children aged 16 to 19 months have a cytokine profile consistent with a Th1 response, which is known to be essential for clearance of pertussis infection. To better define aP-induced immune responses following the booster vaccine, further studies are needed to assess cytokine responses pre- and postbooster in DTaP recipients.