bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Formal Management Practices Impact the Emergence of Bootlegging Behavior?
Authors: Globocnik Dietfried , Salomo Søren 
Published: September 2014

Innovation in an organization often relies on initiatives by employees who take action to develop their ideas and obtain buy‐in by organizational decision‐makers. To achieve this, employees sometimes apply unorthodox approaches, ignoring formal structures to further elaborate their ideas' potential and promote their implementation. They work without formal legitimacy and gather their own resources until sufficient clarity allows for informed decisions. Finally, they bypass formal communication channels to convince top management of the merits of their ideas. Despite the significance of such bootlegging behavior, research has barely addressed the antecedents of this deviance.Drawing on strain theory and social cognitive theory, we study whether the emergence of bootlegging behavior is influenced by formal management practices, in particular, strategic autonomy, front‐end formality, rewards, and sanctions. Additionally, we investigate the role of employees' self‐efficacy related to innovation tasks at the entrepreneurial stage to explain the emergence of bootlegging. We tested the proposed relationships with empirical field survey data using structural equation modeling. In summary, this paper concludes that intrapreneurial self‐efficacy, strategic autonomy, and rewards for innovation accomplishments foster bootlegging. Front‐end formality has a positive effect on bootlegging by increasing intrapreneurial self‐efficacy, but it reduces the likelihood that employees will ignore formal structures when promoting their ideas and gathering their own resources to support their bootlegging efforts.
A Controlled Community‐Based Trial to Promote Smoke‐Free Policy in Rural Communities
Authors: Hahn Ellen J. , Rayens Mary Kay , Adkins Sarah , Begley Kathy , York Nancy 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPurposeRural, tobacco‐growing areas are disproportionately affected by tobacco use, secondhand smoke, and weak tobacco control policies. The purpose was to test the effects of a stage‐specific, tailored policy‐focused intervention on readiness for smoke‐free policy, and policy outcomes in rural underserved communities.MethodsA controlled community‐based trial including 37 rural counties. Data were collected annually with community advocates (n = 330) and elected officials (n = 158) in 19 intervention counties and 18 comparison counties over 5 years (average response rate = 68%). Intervention communities received policy development strategies from community advisors tailored to their stage of readiness and designed to build capacity, build demand, and translate and disseminate science. Policy outcomes were tracked over 5 years.FindingsCommunities receiving the stage‐specific, tailored intervention had higher overall community readiness scores and better policy outcomes than the comparison counties, controlling for county‐level smoking rate, population size, and education. Nearly one‐third of the intervention counties adopted smoke‐free laws covering restaurants, bars, and all workplaces compared to none of the comparison counties.ConclusionsThe stage‐specific, tailored policy‐focused intervention acted as a value‐added resource to local smoke‐free campaigns by promoting readiness for policy, as well as actual policy change in rural communities. Although actual policy change and percent covered by the policies were modest, these areas need additional resources and efforts to build capacity, build demand, and translate and disseminate science in order to accelerate smoke‐free policy change and reduce the enormous toll from tobacco in these high‐risk communities.
Serum metabolic signatures of primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: Bell Lauren N , Wulff Jacob , Comerford Megan , Vuppalanchi Raj , Chalasani Naga 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsA greater understanding of cholestatic disease is necessary to advance diagnostic tools and therapeutic options for conditions such as primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the serum metabolomes of patients with PBC (n = 18) or PSC (n = 21) and healthy controls (n = 10) and to identify metabolites that may differentiate these two cholestatic diseases.Methods and ResultsUsing a mass spectrometry‐based, non‐targeted biochemical profiling approach, we identified 420 serum metabolites, 101 that differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) between PBC and control groups, 115 that differed significantly between PSC and control groups, and 56 that differed significantly between PSC and PBC groups. Random forest classification analysis was able to distinguish patients with PBC or PSC with 95% accuracy with selected biochemicals reflective of protein and amino acid metabolism identified as the major contributors. Metabolites related to bile acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress/lipid peroxidation were also identified as differing significantly when comparing the disease groups and controls, with some of these pathways differentially affected in the PBC and PSC groups.ConclusionIn this study, we identified novel metabolic changes associated with cholestatic disease that were both consistent and different between PBC and PSC. Validation studies in larger patient cohorts are required to determine the utility of these biochemical markers for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of patients with PBC and PSC.
The Top 10 oomycete pathogens in molecular plant pathology
Authors: Kamoun Sophien , Furzer Oliver , Jones Jonathan D. G. , Judelson Howard S. , Ali Gul Shad , Dalio Ronaldo J. D. , Roy Sanjoy Guha , Schena Leonardo , Zambounis Antonios , Panabières Franck , Cahill David , Ruocco Michelina , Figueiredo Andreia , Chen Xiao‐Ren , Hulvey Jon , Stam Remco , Lamour Kurt , Gijzen Mark , Tyler Brett M. , Grünwald Niklaus J. , Mukhtar M. Shahid , Tomé Daniel F. A. , Tör Mahmut , Van Den Ackerveken Guido , McDowell John , Daayf Fouad , Fry William E. , Lindqvist‐Kreuze Hannele , Meijer Harold J. G. , Petre Benjamin , Ristaino Jean , Yoshida Kentaro , Birch Paul R. J. , Govers Francine 
Published: September 2014

SummaryOomycetes form a deep lineage of eukaryotic organisms that includes a large number of plant pathogens which threaten natural and managed ecosystems. We undertook a survey to query the community for their ranking of plant‐pathogenic oomycete species based on scientific and economic importance. In total, we received 263 votes from 62 scientists in 15 countries for a total of 33 species. The Top 10 species and their ranking are: (1) Phytophthora infestans; (2, tied) Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis; (2, tied) Phytophthora ramorum; (4) Phytophthora sojae; (5) Phytophthora capsici; (6) Plasmopara viticola; (7) Phytophthora cinnamomi; (8, tied) Phytophthora parasitica; (8, tied) Pythium ultimum; and (10) Albugo candida. This article provides an introduction to these 10 taxa and a snapshot of current research. We hope that the list will serve as a benchmark for future trends in oomycete research.
Visceral larva migrans syndrome: analysis of serum cytokine levels in children with hepatic lesions confirmed in radiological findings
Authors: Mazur‐Melewska K. , Jończyk K. , Modlińska‐Cwalińska A. , Figlerowicz M. , Służewski W. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryHuman toxocariasis is a helminth zoonosis resulting from accidental infection of humans by the roundworms Toxocara canis (T. canis) and cati (T. cati). The infection occurs in five forms: systemic (VLM), ocular, neurological, covert and asymptomatic. The aim of this study was to characterize the radiological and immunological findings in hepatic inflammation during the course of systemic infection by Toxocara sp. in children. Fifteen children, 2 to 17 years of age, with serological diagnosis of T. canis infection underwent abdominal ultrasonography and computer tomography (CT). Eosinophil counts, immunoglobulin E titres, interleukins IL‐1α, IL‐4, Il‐6, IL‐10 and interferon gamma were measured for all patients. Abdominal ultrasound revealed multiple hypoechoic areas in the livers of all patients. On the CT images, the hepatic lesions were seen as multiple, ill‐defined, oval low‐attenuating nodules that measured 6 to 9 millimetres in diameter. The nodules were usually best seen in the portal venous phase and were not seen on arterial‐phase images. Significant intergroup differences were observed in the concentrations of IL‐1α, IL‐4, IL‐6 and IL‐10. The level of IFN‐γ was not significantly elevated in patient sera relative to controls. The analysis shows that the production of anti‐inflammatory cytokines is insufficient for granuloma formation in children presenting liver lesions in the course of VLM.
“God … has sent me to Germany”: Salomon Maimon, Friedrich Jacobi, and the Spinoza Quarrel
Authors: Rosenstock Bruce 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSalomon Maimon's Versuch über die Transzendentalphilosophie [Essay in Transcendental Philosophy] (1790) challenges and reworks Kant's arguments in the Kritik der reinen Vernunft [Critique of Pure Reason] (1785, 2nd ed. 1787) about the foundations of natural science and of Newtonian physics in particular. Kant himself was impressed both with Maimon's grasp of his critical project and also with the force of his challenge to it. While Maimon's significance on the later development of German Idealism is now widely acknowledged, another aspect of Maimon's Versuch has not been fully appreciated, namely, its engagement with the central questions of the Spinozastreit [Spinoza Quarrel] that erupted in 1785 with the publication of Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi's Über die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen an den Herrn Moses Mendelssohn [Concerning the Doctrine of Spinoza in Letters to Moses Mendelssohn]. The Spinoza Quarrel centered on whether and to what extent philosophy's rational understanding of God needs to be grounded in an unmediated and suprarational revelatory experience. This paper is the first extended effort at placing Maimon's Versuch into the context of the Spinoza Quarrel. I argue that the Spinoza Quarrel and Maimon's self‐proclaimed philosophical mission in response to it—the replacement of revealed faith by reason—deeply inform the goals he pursues in his Versuch. I show how Maimon's Versuch can be read as not only a response to Kant, but also to Jacobi's defense of the revelatory nature of sense experience in David Hume über den Glauben (1787), the book in which Jacobi offers his own skeptical challenge to Kant's Kritik. Situating Maimon's Versuch as a response to Friedrich Jacobi's David Hume allows us to understand how one of Maimon's objectives in his Versuch is to keep Jacobian Glaube [faith] at bay by demonstrating, using a revised Kantian framework, the conditions of the impossibility of experiencing miracles.
Some Features of Promises and their Obligations
Authors: Pratt Michael G. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPromises raise two main philosophical problems, one moral and the other conceptual. The moral problem concerns the normative significance of promising: what is the nature and basis of the obligations and rights to which promises typically give rise? The conceptual problem is to say what a promise is: what is involved in making a promise? In this paper I defend three controversial claims about promising. One is about the moral problem of promising, one is about the conceptual problem, and the last one is about the relationship between my conceptual claim and my moral claim. My conceptual claim is that a speaker makes a promise only if he communicates an intention to undertake an obligation to the hearer. (I refer to this as the “Obligation Conception Thesis.”) My moral claim is that the obligations typically attached to promises are such that they can be acquired only by those who communicate an intention to undertake an obligation. (I refer to this as the “Voluntary Obligation Thesis.”) My third claim is that if the Obligation Conception Thesis is true, the Voluntary Obligation Thesis is true.
XTH20 and XTH19 regulated by ANAC071 under auxin flow are involved in cell proliferation in incised Arabidopsis inflorescence stems
Authors: Pitaksaringkarn Weerasak , Matsuoka Keita , Asahina Masashi , Miura Kenji , Sage‐Ono Kimiyo , Ono Michiyuki , Yokoyama Ryusuke , Nishitani Kazuhiko , Ishii Tadashi , Iwai Hiroaki , Satoh Shinobu 
Published: September 2014

SummaryOne week after partial incision of Arabidopsis inflorescence stems, the repair process in damaged tissue includes pith cell proliferation. Auxin is a key factor driving this process, and ANAC071, a transcription factor gene, is upregulated in the distal region of the incised stem. Here we show that XTH20 and the closely related XTH19, members of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases family catalyzing molecular grafting and/or hydrolysis of cell wall xyloglucans, were also upregulated in the distal part of the incised stem, similar to ANAC071. XTH19 was expressed in the proximal incision region after 3 days or after auxin application to the decapitated stem. Horizontal positioning of the plant with the incised side up resulted in decreased ProDR5:GUS, ANAC071, XTH20, and XTH19 expression and reduced pith cell proliferation. In incised stems of Pro35S:ANAC071‐SRDX plants, expression of XTH20 and XTH19 was substantially and moderately decreased, respectively. XTH20 and XTH19 expression and pith cell proliferation were suppressed in anac071 plants and were increased in Pro35S:ANAC071 plants. Pith cell proliferation was also inhibited in the xth20xth19 double mutant. Furthermore, ANAC071 bound to the XTH20 and XTH19 promoters to induce their expression. This study revealed XTH20 and XTH19 induction by auxin via ANAC071 in the distal part of an incised stem and their involvement in cell proliferation in the tissue reunion process.
Development of a bifunctional filter for prion protein and leukoreduction of red blood cell components
Authors: Yokomizo Tomo , Kai Takako , Miura Morikazu , Ohto Hitoshi 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundLeukofiltration of blood components is currently implemented worldwide as a precautionary measure against white blood cell–associated adverse effects and the potential transmission of variant Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (vCJD). A newly developed bifunctional filter (Sepacell Prima, Asahi Kasei Medical) was assessed for prion removal, leukoreduction (LR), and whether the filter significantly affected red blood cells (RBCs).Study Design and MethodsSepacell Prima's postfiltration effects on RBCs, including hemolysis, complement activation, and RBC chemistry, were compared with those of a conventional LR filter (Sepacell Pure RC). Prion removal was measured by Western blot after spiking RBCs with microsomal fractions derived from scrapie‐infected hamster brain homogenate. Serially diluted exogenous prion solutions (0.05 mL), with or without filtration, were injected intracerebrally into Golden Syrian hamsters.ResultsLR efficiency of 4.44 log with the Sepacell Prima was comparable to 4.11 log with the conventional LR filter. There were no significant differences between the two filters in hemoglobin loss, hemolysis, complement activation, and RBC biomarkers. In vitro reduction of exogenously spiked prions by the filter exceeded 3 log. The titer, 6.63 (log ID50/mL), of prefiltration infectivity of healthy hamsters was reduced to 2.52 (log ID50/mL) after filtration. The reduction factor was calculated as 4.20 (log ID50).ConclusionWith confirmed removal efficacy for exogenous prion protein, this new bifunctional prion and LR filter should reduce the residual risk of vCJD transmission through blood transfusion without adding complexity to component processing.
Picornavirus Morphogenesis
Authors: Jiang Ping , Liu Ying , Ma Hsin-Chieh , Paul Aniko V. , Wimmer Eckard 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARY

The
Picornaviridae
represent a large family of small plus-strand RNA viruses that cause a bewildering array of important human and animal diseases. Morphogenesis is the least-understood step in the life cycle of these viruses, and this process is difficult to study because encapsidation is tightly coupled to genome translation and RNA replication. Although the basic steps of assembly have been known for some time, very few details are available about the mechanism and factors that regulate this process. Most of the information available has been derived from studies of enteroviruses, in particular poliovirus, where recent evidence has shown that, surprisingly, the specificity of encapsidation is governed by a viral protein-protein interaction that does not involve an RNA packaging signal. In this review, we make an attempt to summarize what is currently known about the following topics: (i) encapsidation intermediates, (ii) the specificity of encapsidation (iii), viral and cellular factors that are required for encapsidation, (iv) inhibitors of encapsidation, and (v) a model of enterovirus encapsidation. Finally, we compare some features of picornavirus morphogenesis with those of other plus-strand RNA viruses.
Microbial Peptidyl-Prolyl
cis
/
trans
Isomerases (PPIases): Virulence Factors and Potential Alternative Drug Targets
Authors: Ünal Can M. , Steinert Michael 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARY

Initially discovered in the context of immunomodulation, peptidyl-prolyl
cis/trans
isomerases (PPIases) were soon identified as enzymes catalyzing the rate-limiting protein folding step at peptidyl bonds preceding proline residues. Intense searches revealed that PPIases are a superfamily of proteins consisting of three structurally distinguishable families with representatives in every described species of prokaryote and eukaryote and, recently, even in some giant viruses. Despite the clear-cut enzymatic activity and ubiquitous distribution of PPIases, reports on solely PPIase-dependent biological roles remain scarce. Nevertheless, they have been found to be involved in a plethora of biological processes, such as gene expression, signal transduction, protein secretion, development, and tissue regeneration, underscoring their general importance. Hence, it is not surprising that PPIases have also been identified as virulence-associated proteins. The extent of contribution to virulence is highly variable and dependent on the pleiotropic roles of a single PPIase in the respective pathogen. The main objective of this review is to discuss this variety in virulence-related bacterial and protozoan PPIases as well as the involvement of host PPIases in infectious processes. Moreover, a special focus is given to
Legionella pneumophila
macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) and Mip-like PPIases of other pathogens, as the best-characterized virulence-related representatives of this family. Finally, the potential of PPIases as alternative drug targets and first tangible results are highlighted.
DNA Repair Mechanisms and Their Biological Roles in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Lee Andrew H. , Symington Lorraine S. , Fidock David A. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARY

Research into the complex genetic underpinnings of the malaria parasite
Plasmodium falciparum
is entering a new era with the arrival of site-specific genome engineering. Previously restricted only to model systems but now expanded to most laboratory organisms, and even to humans for experimental gene therapy studies, this technology allows researchers to rapidly generate previously unattainable genetic modifications. This technological advance is dependent on DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR), specifically homologous recombination in the case of
Plasmodium
. Our understanding of DSBR in malaria parasites, however, is based largely on assumptions and knowledge taken from other model systems, which do not always hold true in
Plasmodium
. Here we describe the causes of double-strand breaks, the mechanisms of DSBR, and the differences between model systems and
P. falciparum
. These mechanisms drive basic parasite functions, such as meiosis, antigen diversification, and copy number variation, and allow the parasite to continually evolve in the contexts of host immune pressure and drug selection. Finally, we discuss the new technologies that leverage DSBR mechanisms to accelerate genetic investigations into this global infectious pathogen.
Searching for a link between the L-BMAA neurotoxin and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a study protocol of the French BMAALS programme
Authors: Delzor Aurélie , Couratier Philippe , Boumédiène Farid , Nicol Marie , Druet-Cabanac Michel , Paraf François , Méjean Annick , Ploux Olivier , Leleu Jean-Philippe , Brient Luc , Lengronne Marion , Pichon Valérie , Combès Audrey , El Abdellaoui Saïda , Bonneterre Vincent , Lagrange Emmeline , Besson Gérard , Bicout Dominique J , Boutonnat Jean , Camu William , Pageot Nicolas , Juntas-Morales Raul , Rigau Valérie , Masseret Estelle , Abadie Eric , Preux Pierre-Marie , Marin Benoît 
Published: September 2014

IntroductionAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neurone disease. It occurs in two forms: (1) familial cases, for which several genes have been identified and (2) sporadic cases, for which various hypotheses have been formulated. Notably, the β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (L-BMAA) toxin has been postulated to be involved in the occurrence of sporadic ALS. The objective of the French BMAALS programme is to study the putative link between L-BMAA and ALS.Methods and analysisThe programme covers the period from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2011. Using multiple sources of ascertainment, all the incident ALS cases diagnosed during this period in the area under study (10 counties spread over three French regions) were collected. First, the standardised incidence ratio will be calculated for each municipality under concern. Then, by applying spatial clustering techniques, overincidence and underincidence zones of ALS will be sought. A case–control study, in the subpopulation living in the identified areas, will gather information about patients’ occupations, leisure activities and lifestyle habits in order to assess potential risk factors to which they are or have been exposed. Specimens of drinking water, food and biological material (brain tissue) will be examined to assess the presence of L-BMAA in the environment and tissues of ALS cases and controls.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been reviewed and approved by the French ethical committee of the CPP SOOM IV (Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud-Ouest & Outre-Mer IV). The results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international conferences.