bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Apothecaries Within: The Necessity of a Systematic Approach for Defining the Chemical Output of the Human Microbiome
Authors: Beebe Kirk , Sampey Brante , Watkins Steven M. , Milburn Michael , Eckhart Andrea D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe human microbiome harbors a massive diversity of microbes that effectively form an “organ” that strongly influences metabolism and immune function and hence, human health. Although the growing interest in the microbiome has chiefly arisen due to its impact on human physiology, the probable rules of operation are embedded in the roots of microbiology where chemical communication (i.e., with metabolites) is a dominant feature of coexistence. Indeed, recent examples in microbiome research offer the impression that the collective microbiome operates as an “apothecary,” creating chemical concoctions that influence health and alter drug response. Although these principles are not unappreciated, the majority of emphasis is on metagenomics and research efforts often omit systematic efforts to interrogate the chemical component of the complex equation between microbial community and host phenotype. One of the reasons for this omission may be due to the inaccessibility to high‐breadth, high‐throughput, and scalable technologies. Since these technologies are now available, we propose that a more systematic effort to survey the host–microbiota chemical output be embedded into microbiome research as there is strong likelihood, and growing precedence, that this component may often be integral to developing our understanding of these ultimate apothecaries and how they impact human health.
Influence of Elevated Levels of C‐Reactive Protein on Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cell Function
Authors: Fasing Kevin A. , Nissan Benjamin J. , Greiner Jared J. , Stauffer Brian L. , DeSouza Christopher A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn vitro, C‐reactive protein (CRP) impairs endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) function; however, the influence of CRP on EPCs in vivo is unclear. We determined whether EPC function is impaired in adults with elevated plasma CRP concentrations, independent of other risk factors. EPCs were harvested from 75 adults (43 males, 32 females): 25 with low CRP (<1.0 mg/L); 25 with moderate CRP (1.0–3.0 mg/L); and 25 with high CRP (>3.0 mg/L). The capacity of EPCs to form colonies (colony assay), migrate (Boyden chamber), release angiogenic growth factor (ELISA) and resist apoptosis (active caspase‐3) was determined. There were no significant differences between the CRP groups in EPC colony formation (CFU), migration (AU) or the ability to release vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; pg/mL): low (13 ± 3 CFU; 1255 ± 100 AU; 126 ± 24 pg/mL); moderate (11 ± 3 CFU; 1137 ± 85 AU; 97 ± 14 pg/mL); and high (13 ± 4 CFU; 1071 ± 80 AU; 119 ± 22 pg/mL) CRP. Staurosporine‐stimulated activation of caspase‐3 was also similar between the low (2.3 ± 0.2 ng/mL), moderate (2.1 ± 0.3 ng/mL), and high (2.2 ± 0.2 ng/mL) CRP groups. These results indicate that elevations in plasma CRP are not associated with impaired EPC function. EPC dysfunction may not play a role in CRP‐related cardiovascular risk.
Effects of HHP on Microorganisms, Enzyme Inactivation and Physicochemical Properties of Instant Oats and Rice
Authors: Gao Jiaqi , Yang Haixia , Rong A , Bao Xiaolan , Zhang Meili 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOats and rice grains were subjected to high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment at 300∼600 MPa at different times, and changes in the microorganism counts, inactivation of enzymes and selected physicochemical properties were investigated. HHP treatment (600 MPa, 5 min) resulted in a significant decrease of total bacterial count. With pressure of 300∼500 MPa for 0∼15 min, lipase activity (LA) was inhibited and the reaction by HHP fitted a first‐order kinetics model. HHP treatment (600 MPa, 5 min) inactivated 97.5% LA and 92.0% catalase activity of oats. Additionally, the pasting rate of rice and oats treated with 600 MPa for 5 min increased by 75% and 68%, respectively. Meanwhile, the time of pasting degree up to 85% were decreased by 46%, and heat absorption capacities were decreased by 36% and 43%, respectively.Practical ApplicationsAs a convenient food source, instant rice has many advantages that make them popular to people, such as being easy to carry, affordable, healthy, having a long shelf life, etc. With the development of modern food processing, refined flour and milled rice became the new type of health destroyer, sometimes leading people to nutrient imbalance and malnutrition. Oat is introduced into the diet as an alternative crop because of its nutritive and health‐promoting value. Therefore, we studied oats and rice as raw material compounds to novel instant rice. This study was based on high pressure treatment on oats and rice, for which we investigated changes on organisms, enzyme inactivation and physicochemical properties. We hope to provide a theoretical basis for rice and oats industrial development and to facilitate their production.
Print News Coverage of School‐Based Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Mandates
Authors: Casciotti Dana M. , Smith Katherine C. , Andon Lindsay , Vernick Jon , Tsui Amy , Klassen Ann C. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDIn 2007, legislation was proposed in 24 states and the District of Columbia for school‐based human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine mandates, and mandates were enacted in Texas, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Media coverage of these events was extensive, and media messages both reflected and contributed to controversy surrounding these legislative activities. Messages communicated through the media are an important influence on adolescent and parent understanding of school‐based vaccine mandates.METHODSWe conducted structured text analysis of newspaper coverage, including quantitative analysis of 169 articles published in mandate jurisdictions from 2005 to 2009, and qualitative analysis of 63 articles from 2007. Our structured analysis identified topics, key stakeholders and sources, tone, and the presence of conflict. Qualitative thematic analysis identified key messages and issues.RESULTSMedia coverage was often incomplete, providing little context about cervical cancer or screening. Skepticism and autonomy concerns were common. Messages reflected conflict and distrust of government activities, which could negatively impact this and other youth‐focused public health initiatives.CONCLUSIONSIf school health professionals are aware of the potential issues raised in media coverage of school‐based health mandates, they will be more able to convey appropriate health education messages and promote informed decision‐making by parents and students.
From the Exclusion of Women to the Transformation of Philosophy: Reclamation and its Possibilities
Authors: Tyson Sarah 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn the mid‐1980s, feminist philosophers began to turn their critical efforts toward reclaiming women in the history of philosophy who had been neglected by traditional histories and canons. There are now scores of resources treating historical women philosophers and reclaiming them for philosophical history. This article explores the four major argumentative strategies that have been used within those reclamation projects. It argues that three of the strategies unwittingly work against the reclamationist end of having women engaged as philosophers. The fourth type, the one that seeks to transform philosophical practice and reconstruct its history, is the only strategy that will result in that engagement because it is the only strategy that pays sufficient attention to the mechanisms by which women have been excluded from philosophy and its history.
On a Neg‐Raising Fallacy in Determining Enthymematicity: If She Did not Believe or Want …
Authors: Paprzycka Katarzyna 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMany arguments that show p to be enthymematic (in an argument for q) rely on claims like “if one did not believe that p, one would not have a reason for believing that q.” Such arguments are susceptible to the neg‐raising fallacy. We tend to interpret claims like “X does not believe that p” as statements of disbelief (X's belief that not‐p) rather than as statements of withholding the belief that p. This article argues that there is a tendency to equivocate in arguments for the enthymematicity of arguments (e.g., Lewis Carroll's paradox, Hume's problem) as well as in arguments for the enthymematicity of action explanations (e.g., arguments for psychologism and for explanatory individualism). The article concludes with a warning, because the equivocation is often helpful in teaching and because neg‐raising verbs include philosophically vital verbs: desire, want, intend, think, suppose, imagine, expect, feel, seem, appear.
Direct assessment in bacteria of prionoid propagation and phenotype selection by Hsp70 chaperone
Authors: Gasset‐Rosa Fátima , Coquel Anne‐Sophie , Moreno‐del Álamo María , Chen Peipei , Song Xiaohu , Serrano Ana M. , Fernández‐Tresguerres M. Elena , Moreno‐Díaz de la Espina Susana , Lindner Ariel B. , Giraldo Rafael 
Published: January 2014

SummaryProtein amyloid aggregates epigenetically determine either advantageous or proteinopathic phenotypes. Prions are infectious amyloidogenic proteins, whereas prionoids lack infectivity but spread from mother to daughter cells. While prion amyloidosis has been studied in yeast and mammalian cells models, the dynamics of transmission of an amyloid proteinopathy has not been addressed yet in bacteria. Using time‐lapse microscopy and a microfluidic set‐up, we have assessed in Escherichia coli the vertical transmission of the amyloidosis caused by the synthetic bacterial model prionoid RepA‐WH1 at single cell resolution within their lineage context. We identify in vivo the coexistence of two strain‐like types of amyloid aggregates within a genetically identical population and a controlled homogeneous environment. The amyloids are either toxic globular particles or single comet‐shaped aggregates that split during cytokinesis and exhibit milder toxicity. Both segregate and propagate in sublineages, yet show interconversion. ClpB (Hsp104) chaperone, key for spreading of yeast prions, has no effect on the dynamics of the two RepA‐WH1 aggregates. However, the propagation of the comet‐like species is DnaK (Hsp70)‐dependent. The bacterial RepA‐WH1 prionoid thus provides key qualitative and quantitative clues on the biology of intracellular amyloid proteinopathies.
The role of thiol oxidative stress response in heat‐induced protein aggregate formation during thermotolerance in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Runde Stephanie , Molière Noël , Heinz Anja , Maisonneuve Etienne , Janczikowski Armgard , Elsholz Alexander K. W. , Gerth Ulf , Hecker Michael , Turgay Kürşad 
Published: January 2014

SummaryUsing Bacillus subtilis as a model organism, we investigated thermotolerance development by analysing cell survival and in vivo protein aggregate formation in severely heat‐shocked cells primed by a mild heat shock. We observed an increased survival during severe heat stress, accompanied by a strong reduction of heat‐induced cellular protein aggregates in cells lacking the ClpXP protease. We could demonstrate that the transcription factor Spx, a regulatory substrate of ClpXP, is critical for the prevention of protein aggregate formation because its regulon encodes redox chaperones, such as thioredoxin, required for protection against thiol‐specific oxidative stress. Consequently B. subtilis cells grown in the absence of oxygen were more protected against severe heat shock and much less protein aggregates were detected compared to aerobically grown cells. The presented results indicate that in B. subtilis Spx and its regulon plays not only an important role for oxidative but also for heat stress response and thermotolerance development. In addition, our experiments suggest that the protection of misfolded proteins from thiol oxidation during heat shock can be critical for the prevention of cellular protein aggregation in vivo.
Transgenic Brassica rapa plants over‐expressing eIF(iso)4E variants show broad‐spectrum Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) resistance
Authors: Kim Jinhee , Kang Won‐Hee , Hwang Jeena , Yang Hee‐Bum , Dosun Kim , Oh Chang‐Sik , Kang Byoung‐Cheorl 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThe protein–protein interaction between VPg (viral protein genome‐linked) of potyviruses and eIF4E (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E) or eIF(iso)4E of their host plants is a critical step in determining viral virulence. In this study, we evaluated the approach of engineering broad‐spectrum resistance in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) to Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), which is one of the most important potyviruses, by a systematic knowledge‐based approach to interrupt the interaction between TuMV VPg and B. rapa eIF(iso)4E. The seven amino acids in the cap‐binding pocket of eIF(iso)4E were selected on the basis of other previous results and comparison of protein models of cap‐binding pockets, and mutated. Yeast two‐hybrid assay and co‐immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that W95L, K150L and W95L/K150E amino acid mutations of B. rapa eIF(iso)4E interrupted its interaction with TuMV VPg. All eIF(iso)4E mutants were able to complement an eIF4E‐knockout yeast strain, indicating that the mutated eIF(iso)4E proteins retained their function as a translational initiation factor. To determine whether these mutations could confer resistance, eIF(iso)4E W95L, W95L/K150E and eIF(iso)4E wild‐type were over‐expressed in a susceptible Chinese cabbage cultivar. Evaluation of the TuMV resistance of T1 and T2 transformants demonstrated that the over‐expression of the eIF(iso)4E mutant forms can confer resistance to multiple TuMV strains. These data demonstrate the utility of knowledge‐based approaches for the engineering of broad‐spectrum resistance in Chinese cabbage.
A systematic review of the influence of the retail food environment around schools on obesity‐related outcomes
Authors: Williams J. , Scarborough P. , Matthews A. , Cowburn G. , Foster C. , Roberts N. , Rayner M. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThe high prevalence of childhood obesity has led to questions about the influence of ‘obesogenic’ environments on children's health. Public health interventions targeting the retail food environment around schools have been proposed, but it is unclear if they are evidence based. This systematic review investigates associations between food outlets near schools and children's food purchases, consumption and body weight. We conducted a keyword search in 10 databases. Inclusion criteria required papers to be peer reviewed, to measure retailing around schools and to measure obesity‐related outcomes among schoolchildren. Thirty papers were included. This review found very little evidence for an effect of the retail food environment surrounding schools on food purchases and consumption, but some evidence of an effect on body weight. Given the general lack of evidence for association with the mediating variables of food purchases and consumption, and the observational nature of the included studies, it is possible that the effect on body weight is a result of residual confounding. Most of the included studies did not consider individual children's journeys through the food environment, suggesting that predominant exposure measures may not account for what individual children actually experience. These findings suggest that future interventions targeting the food environment around schools need careful evaluation.
Summertime scorcher: assessing and promoting sunscreen protection in an amusement park setting
Authors: Kirby Joslyn S. , Hansen Timothy J. , Sabella Colleen , Sisti Ashley J. , Fields Maxine 
Published: January 2014

SummaryBackground/PurposeIntense, intermittent exposure, the kind of exposure associated with attending an amusement park for example, is correlated with the development of basal cell carcinoma and melanoma. The goals of this study were to assess the use of the station by visitors and to identify opportunities to increase the utilization of the sunscreen station.MethodsThe study was a descriptive observational study of attendees at an amusement park in Pennsylvania. The study included a paper survey and observation of the station for frequency of use.ResultsThe station was very infrequently used; observation showed that 0.9% (8/879) of attendees in proximity used the station. There were numerous suggestions from attendees about increased utilization by improved station signage and locations as well as station advertising. Surveys were collected from 283 attendees and 59% (n = 165) had used sunscreen on the day of the study and 29% (n = 81) reported typical sunscreen use as ‘Never’ or ‘Rarely’ used. Once visitors were made aware of the station, 76% (201/263) reported that they would utilize it.ConclusionThis study showed that sunscreen use at an amusement park can be improved, especially among men and young adults. Therefore, men and younger visitors need to be purposefully encouraged in advertising and marketing the sunscreen stations.
Long‐term macrolides for non‐cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wu Qibiao , Shen Weixing , Cheng Haibo , Zhou Xiqiao 
Published: January 2014

AbstractLong‐term macrolides are increasingly being prescribed for stable bronchiectasis. This meta‐analysis assessed the clinical effect of this treatment in bronchiectasis. A systematic review and meta‐analysis were carried out. All randomized, controlled trials (RCT) comparing long‐term macrolides with placebo and/or usual medical care, with outcome measures relating to efficacy and safety were selected. Nine RCT recruiting 530 patients were included. Compared with placebo and/or usual medical care, long‐term macrolides significantly reduced the risk of the exacerbations (number of participants with exacerbations (relative risk = 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–0.82, P < 0.00001); average exacerbations per participant (weighted mean difference = −1.01, 95% CI −1.35 to −0.67, P < 0.00001)), the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire total scores (weighted mean difference = −5.39 95% CI −9.89 to −0.88, P = 0.02), dyspnoea scale (weighted mean difference = −0.31 95% CI −0.42 to −0.20, P < 0.00001), 24‐h sputum volume (P < 0.00001), and attenuated the decline of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (weighted mean difference 0.02 L, 95% CI 0.00–0.04, P = 0.01). Eradication of pathogens (P = 0.06), overall rate of adverse events (P = 0.61), and emergence of new pathogens (P = 0.61) were not elevated, while gastrointestinal events increased significantly with macrolides (P = 0.0001). Macrolide resistance increased, but a meta‐analysis was not possible due to the diversity of parameters. Long‐term use of macrolides appears to be a treatment option for stable bronchiectasis. The results of this review justify further investigation about adding this intervention to the treatment regimens of bronchiectasis.
International Trade, Offshoring and Heterogeneous Firms
Authors: Baldwin Richard E. , Okubo Toshihiro 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRecent trade models determine the equilibrium distribution of firm‐level efficiency endogenously and show that freer trade shifts the distribution towards higher average productivity because of entry and exit of firms. These models ignore the possibility that freer trade also alters the firm‐size distribution via international firm migration (offshoring); firms must, by assumption, produce in their “birth nation.” We show that when firms are allowed to switch locations, new productivity effects arise. Freer trade induces the most efficient small‐nation firms to move to the large nation. The large country gets an “extra helping” of the most efficient firms while the small nation's firm‐size distribution is truncated on both ends. This reinforces the large‐nation productivity gain while reducing or even reversing the small‐nation productivity gain. The small nation is nevertheless better off allowing firm migration.
FDI Location and the Relevance of Spatial Linkages: Evidence from Provincial and Industry FDI in China
Authors: Sharma Shalendra , Wang Miao , Wong M. C. Sunny 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this study both aggregate and industry‐level foreign direct investment (FDI) data are employed to investigate the spatial dependence of FDI hosts. The analysis contributes to the existing literature by focusing on the heterogeneous spatial correlation of FDI in different industries. Using more comprehensive FDI data across multiple industries and multiple provinces in China from 1999 to 2007, the results show a significant spatial correlation among provinces. Aggregate FDI tends to be regional trade platform oriented indicating neighboring provinces become competitors for FDI. In contrast, results based on industry‐level provincial FDI show stronger support for vertical or complex vertical FDI.
Nontraded Goods and Real Exchange Rates in a Multi‐Good Ricardian Model
Authors: Ruffin Roy J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe two‐country Ricardian trade model with discrete goods and uniform transport costs for tradable goods is applied to the decomposition of the real exchange rate into traded and nontraded components. The real exchange rate is driven almost entirely by changes in the productivity differentials in nontraded goods and also explains the Balassa–Samuelson effect of a lower cost of living in poor countries, but extraordinary transport costs for some nontraded goods are necessary to easily explain the Balassa–Samuelson effect.
Intertemporal Budget Policies and Macroeconomic Adjustment in Indebted Open Economies
Authors: Bianconi Marcelo , Fisher Walter H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper analyzes the role of government intertemporal budget policies in a growing open economy including nominal assets in the presence of an upward sloping supply of debt. This introduces transitional dynamics that influence the effects of government policy instruments on economic growth and the long term fiscal liability. It is shown that capital income taxes or a combination of tax‐cum‐expenditure or government expenditure alone can balance the long term intertemporal government budget constraint. However, those results are shown to depend critically upon the extent of distortion in capital flows brought about the upward sloping supply of debt.
Civil Wars and Party Systems
Authors: Ishiyama John 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveThis article examines the effects of civil wars on the characteristics of postconflict party systems, in terms of fractionalization, whether a dominant party emerges, and party systems stability.MethodsData were collected for 92 developing countries, 44 of which experienced a civil war from 1975 to 2009. Regression and logistic regression analyses are conducted to examine the impact of civil wars, while controlling for a number of other variables.ResultsThis article finds no relationship between civil war and fractionalization, but does find that intense, bloodier civil wars tend to produce party systems that are dominant‐party systems with less electoral volatility than transitional states that did not experience a civil war.ConclusionThese results suggest support for the argument that particularly bloody civil wars are likely to have an especially powerful freezing effect on party systems (and may not lead to fully competitive party politics).