bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Astrocytes Promote Oligodendrogenesis after White Matter Damage via Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Authors: Miyamoto Nobukazu , Maki Takakuni , Shindo Akihiro , Liang Anna C. , Maeda Mitsuyo , Egawa Naohiro , Itoh Kanako , Lo Evan K. , Lok Josephine , Ihara Masafumi , Arai Ken 
Published: October 2015

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in the adult brain contribute to white matter homeostasis. After white matter damage, OPCs compensate for oligodendrocyte loss by differentiating into mature oligodendrocytes. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully defined. Here, we test the hypothesis that, during endogenous recovery from white matter ischemic injury, astrocytes support the maturation of OPCs by secreting brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Forin vitroexperiments, cultured primary OPCs and astrocytes were prepared from postnatal day 2 rat cortex. When OPCs were subjected to chemical hypoxic stress by exposing them to sublethal CoCl2for 7 d,in vitroOPC differentiation into oligodendrocytes was significantly suppressed. Conditioned medium from astrocytes (astro-medium) restored the process of OPC maturation even under the stressed conditions. When astro-medium was filtered with TrkB-Fc to remove BDNF, the BDNF-deficient astro-medium no longer supported OPC maturation. Forin vivoexperiments, we analyzed a transgenic mouse line (GFAPcre/BDNFwt/fl) in which BDNF expression is downregulated specifically in GFAP+astrocytes. Both wild-type (GFAPwt/BDNFwt/flmice) and transgenic mice were subjected to prolonged cerebral hypoperfusion by bilateral common carotid artery stenosis. As expected, compared with wild-type mice, the transgenic mice exhibited a lower number of newly generated oligodendrocytes and larger white matter damage. Together, these findings demonstrate that, during endogenous recovery from white matter damage, astrocytes may promote oligodendrogenesis by secreting BDNF.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe repair of white matter after brain injury and neurodegeneration remains a tremendous hurdle for a wide spectrum of CNS disorders. One potentially important opportunity may reside in the response of residual oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). OPCs may serve as a back-up for generating mature oligodendrocytes in damaged white matter. However, the underlying mechanisms are still mostly unknown. Here, we use a combination of cell biology and an animal model to report a new pathway in which astrocyte-derived BDNF supports oligodendrogenesis and regeneration after white matter damage. These findings provide new mechanistic insight into white matter physiology and pathophysiology, which would be broadly and clinically applicable to CNS disease.
Optogenetic Dissection of the Basal Forebrain Neuromodulatory Control of Cortical Activation, Plasticity, and Cognition
Authors: Lin Shih-Chieh , Brown Ritchie E. , Hussain Shuler Marshall G. , Petersen Carl C.H. , Kepecs Adam 
Published: October 2015

The basal forebrain (BF) houses major ascending projections to the entire neocortex that have long been implicated in arousal, learning, and attention. The disruption of the BF has been linked with major neurological disorders, such as coma and Alzheimer's disease, as well as in normal cognitive aging. Although it is best known for its cholinergic neurons, the BF is in fact an anatomically and neurochemically complex structure. Recent studies using transgenic mouse lines to target specific BF cell types have led to a renaissance in the study of the BF and are beginning to yield new insights about cell-type-specific circuit mechanisms during behavior. These approaches enable us to determine the behavioral conditions under which cholinergic and noncholinergic BF neurons are activated and how they control cortical processing to influence behavior. Here we discuss recent advances that have expanded our knowledge about this poorly understood brain region and laid the foundation for future cell-type-specific manipulations to modulate arousal, attention, and cortical plasticity in neurological disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAlthough the basal forebrain is best known for, and often equated with, acetylcholine-containing neurons that provide most of the cholinergic innervation of the neocortex, it is in fact an anatomically and neurochemically complex structure. Recent studies using transgenic mouse lines to target specific cell types in the basal forebrain have led to a renaissance in this field and are beginning to dissect circuit mechanisms in the basal forebrain during behavior. This review discusses recent advances in the roles of basal forebrain cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons in cognition via their dynamic modulation of cortical activity.
Disrupted Sleep: From Molecules to Cognition
Authors: Van Someren Eus J.W. , Cirelli Chiara , Dijk Derk-Jan , Van Cauter Eve , Schwartz Sophie , Chee Michael W.L. 
Published: October 2015

Although the functions of sleep remain to be fully elucidated, it is clear that there are far-reaching effects of its disruption, whether by curtailment for a single night, by a few hours each night over a long period, or by disruption in sleep continuity. Epidemiological and experimental studies of these different forms of sleep disruption show deranged physiology from subcellular levels to complex affective behavior. In keeping with the multifaceted influence of sleep on health and well-being, we illustrate how the duration of sleep, its timing, and continuity can affect cellular ultrastructure, gene expression, metabolic and hormone regulation, mood, and vigilance. Recent brain imaging studies provide some clues on mechanisms underlying the most common cause of disrupted sleep (insomnia). These insights should ultimately result in adequate interventions to prevent and treat sleep disruption because of their high relevance to our most prevalent health problems.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDisruption of the duration, timing, and continuity of sleep affects cellular ultrastructure, gene expression, appetite regulation, hormone production, vigilance, and reward functions.
Memory and Space: Towards an Understanding of the Cognitive Map
Authors: Schiller Daniela , Eichenbaum Howard , Buffalo Elizabeth A. , Davachi Lila , Foster David J. , Leutgeb Stefan , Ranganath Charan 
Published: October 2015

More than 50 years of research have led to the general agreement that the hippocampus contributes to memory, but there has been a major schism among theories of hippocampal function over this time. Some researchers argue that the hippocampus plays a broad role in episodic and declarative memory, whereas others argue for a specific role in the creation of spatial cognitive maps and navigation. Although both views have merit, neither provides a complete account of hippocampal function. Guided by recent reviews that attempt to bridge between these views, here we suggest that reconciliation can be accomplished by exploring hippocampal function from the perspective of Tolman's (1948) original conception of a cognitive map as organizing experience and guiding behavior across all domains of cognition. We emphasize recent studies in animals and humans showing that hippocampal networks support a broad range of domains of cognitive maps, that these networks organize specific experiences within the contextually relevant map, and that network activity patterns reflect behavior guided through cognitive maps. These results are consistent with a framework that bridges theories of hippocampal function by conceptualizing the hippocampus as organizing incoming information within the context of a multidimensional cognitive map of spatial, temporal, and associational context.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTResearch of hippocampal function is dominated by two major views. The spatial view argues that the hippocampus tracks routes through space, whereas the memory view suggests a broad role in declarative memory. Both views rely on considerable evidence, but neither provides a complete account of hippocampal function. Here we review evidence that, in addition to spatial context, the hippocampus encodes a wide variety of information about temporal and situational context, about the systematic organization of events in abstract space, and about routes through maps of cognition and space. We argue that these findings cross the boundaries of the memory and spatial views and offer new insights into hippocampal function as a system supporting a broad range of cognitive maps.
Genomic Views of Transcriptional Enhancers: Essential Determinants of Cellular Identity and Activity-Dependent Responses in the CNS
Authors: Gray Jesse M. , Kim Tae-Kyung , West Anne E. , Nord Alex S. , Markenscoff-Papadimitriou Eirene , Lomvardas Stavros 
Published: October 2015

Sprinkled throughout the genome are a million regulatory sequences called transcriptional enhancers that activate gene promoters in the right cells, at the right time. Enhancers endow the brain with its incredible diversity of cell types and also translate neural activity into gene induction. Thanks to rapid advances in genomic technologies, it is now possible to identify thousands of enhancers rapidly, test their transcriptional functionen masse, and address their neurobiological functions via genome editing. Enhancers also promise to be a great technological opportunity for neuroscience, offering the potential for cell-type-specific genetic labeling and manipulation without the need for transgenesis. The objective of this review and the accompanying 2015 SfN mini-symposium is to highlight the use of new and emerging genomic technologies to probe enhancer function in the nervous system.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTranscriptional enhancers turn on genes in the right cells, at the right time. Enhancers are also the genomic sequences that encode the incredible diversity of cell types in the brain and enable the brain to turn genes on in response to new experiences. New technology enables enhancers to be found and manipulated. The study of enhancers promises to inform our understanding of brain development and function. The application of enhancer technology holds promise in accelerating basic neuroscience research and enabling gene therapies to be targeted to specific cell types in the brain.
Bridging Cytoarchitectonics and Connectomics in Human Cerebral Cortex
Authors: van den Heuvel Martijn P. , Scholtens Lianne H. , Feldman Barrett Lisa , Hilgetag Claus C. , de Reus Marcel A. 
Published: October 2015

The rich variation in cytoarchitectonics of the human cortex is well known to play an important role in the differentiation of cortical information processing, with functional multimodal areas noted to display more branched, more spinous, and an overall more complex cytoarchitecture. In parallel, connectome studies have suggested that also the macroscale wiring profile of brain areas may have an important contribution in shaping neural processes; for example, multimodal areas have been noted to display an elaborate macroscale connectivity profile. However, how these two scales of brain connectivity are related—and perhaps interact—remains poorly understood. In this communication, we combined data from the detailed mappings of early twentieth century cytoarchitectonic pioneers Von Economo and Koskinas (1925) on the microscale cellular structure of the human cortex with data on macroscale connectome wiring as derived from high-resolution diffusion imaging data from the Human Connectome Project. In a cross-scale examination, we show evidence of a significant association between cytoarchitectonic features of human cortical organization—in particular the size of layer 3 neurons—and whole-brain corticocortical connectivity. Our findings suggest that aspects of microscale cytoarchitectonics and macroscale connectomics are related.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOne of the most widely known and perhaps most fundamental properties of the human cortex is its rich variation in cytoarchitectonics. At the same time, neuroimaging studies have also revealed cortical areas to vary in their level of macroscale connectivity. Here, we provide evidence that aspects of local cytoarchitecture are associated with aspects of global macroscale connectivity, providing insight into the question of how the scales of micro-organization and macro-organization of the human cortex are related.
Time in Cortical Circuits
Authors: Finnerty Gerald T. , Shadlen Michael N. , Jazayeri Mehrdad , Nobre Anna C. , Buonomano Dean V. 
Published: October 2015

Time is central to cognition. However, the neural basis for time-dependent cognition remains poorly understood. We explore how the temporal features of neural activity in cortical circuits and their capacity for plasticity can contribute to time-dependent cognition over short time scales. This neural activity is linked to cognition that operates in the present or anticipates events or stimuli in the near future. We focus on deliberation and planning in the context of decision making as a cognitive process that integrates information across time. We progress to consider how temporal expectations of the future modulate perception. We propose that understanding the neural basis for how the brain tells time and operates in time will be necessary to develop general models of cognition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTime is central to cognition. However, the neural basis for time-dependent cognition remains poorly understood. We explore how the temporal features of neural activity in cortical circuits and their capacity for plasticity can contribute to time-dependent cognition over short time scales. We propose that understanding the neural basis for how the brain tells time and operates in time will be necessary to develop general models of cognition.
Alu element‐containing RNAs maintain nucleolar structure and function
Authors: Caudron‐Herger Maïwen , Pankert Teresa , Seiler Jeanette , Németh Attila , Voit Renate , Grummt Ingrid , Rippe Karsten 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNon‐coding RNAs play a key role in organizing the nucleus into functional subcompartments. By combining fluorescence microscopy and RNA deep‐sequencing‐based analysis, we found that RNA polymerase II transcripts originating from intronic Alu elements (aluRNAs) were enriched in the nucleolus. Antisense‐oligo‐mediated depletion of aluRNAs or drug‐induced inhibition of RNA polymerase II activity disrupted nucleolar structure and impaired RNA polymerase I‐dependent transcription of rRNA genes. In contrast, overexpression of a prototypic aluRNA sequence increased both nucleolus size and levels of pre‐rRNA, suggesting a functional link between aluRNA, nucleolus integrity and pre‐rRNA synthesis. Furthermore, we show that aluRNAs interact with nucleolin and target ectopic genomic loci to the nucleolus. Our study suggests an aluRNA‐based mechanism that links RNA polymerase I and II activities and modulates nucleolar structure and rRNA production.
Gesty pielgrzyma. Na podstawie Podróży na Wschód Alphonse’a de Lamartine’a
Authors: Kijak-Sawska Aleksandra 
Published: October 2015

Przedmiotem analizy w artykule są doświadczenia, przeżycia i postawy pielgrzyma, odbywającego podróż religijną do Ziemi Świętej w 1832 roku. Pielgrzymem, którego doświadczenia zostały poddane analizie, jest słynny francuski poeta, historyk i polityk – Alphonse de Lamartine. W rozważaniach na temat jego pielgrzymki została wykorzystana kategoria gestu, która pozwoliła zbadać charakter relacji człowieka z Bogiem i sposób postrzegania Boga przez człowieka. Analiza zjawiska pielgrzymki jako gestu pozwoliła wyodrębnić pięć kategorii gestów pielgrzymkowych (gest Tomasza, Hioba, uczonego, oranta, dziecka), szczegółowo charakteryzujących możliwe zróżnicowanie postawy pielgrzyma w ramach jednej pielgrzymki oraz opisujących różne typy pielgrzymek.
Egzystencjalna aplikacja dogmatu na przykładzie Thomasa Mertona
Authors: Strumiłowski Jan Paweł 
Published: October 2015

Współczesna teologia kładzie bardzo silny akcent na egzystencjalny wymiar wiary. Wielkie prace teologiczne ubiegłego wieku skupiają się na antropologicznej sferze wiary. Unaoczniają nam to chociażby dokonania takich teologów jak Karl Rahner czy Hans Urs von Balthasar. Teologia bowiem potrzebuje zakorzenienia w ludzkiej egzystencji, gdyż rodzi się ona w wyniku odczytania objawienia konkretyzującego się w życiu ludzkim. Niestety bardzo często dogmaty są traktowane przez katolików jako abstrakcyjne formuły mające niewielki związek z życiem duchowym. Współczesne propozycje teologiczne poprzez zakorzenienie w tzw. zwrocie antropologicznym rzeczywiście zdają się bliższe życiu. Niemniej jednak, pomimo swojego egzystencjalnego ukierunkowania, pozostają one nadal w dużej mierze produktem intelektualnych rozważań. W tym kontekście (dążenia do zespolenia nauki wiary z praktyką życia) bardzo cenna wydaje się teologia mistyków i mistrzów duchowych, którzy nie zajmowali się profesjonalnie tą dziedziną, a jednak dzięki swojemu doświadczeniu duchowemu byli doskonałymi teologami. Jednym z takich mistrzów był Thomas Merton, którego zapiski pokazują, w jaki sposób teologia wyjaśniająca podstawowe dogmaty chrześcijańskie, takie jak dogmat trynitarny i chrystologiczny, może być nie tyle rozważaniem doktrynalnym, ile opisem doświadczenia duchowego. Ponadto tego typu teologia jest bardzo ściśle zharmonizowana z codziennym doświadczeniem świata, przez co może nam pomóc tak przyjmować prawdy wiary, by to przyjęcie prowadziło do głębokiego doświadczenia duchowego.
Przekroczyć próg jednoczesnej sprawiedliwości i grzeszności wierzącego
Authors: Medwid Wojciech 
Published: October 2015

Artykuł dotyczy próby przedstawienia problemu jednoczesnej sprawiedliwości i grzeszności człowieka wierzącego (simul iustus et peccator) w takim świetle, aby skutecznie dążyć do przełamania ekumenicznego impasu w tej materii i widzieć w perspektywie czasu zarysowującą się jedność obu wspólnot chrześcijańskich, nie pomijając obu tradycji. Jest to próba odpowiedzi, w jaki sposób katolicy i luteranie powinni podejść do istoty zagadnienia oraz do nauczania w tym względzie. Ponieważ źródłem komplikacji jest różne rozumienie pojęcia grzechu, analiza przebiega pod kątem pożądliwości oraz przy zastosowaniu metody opinii teologicznej. Problem jest przedstawiony w kontekście historycznym i teologicznym, począwszy od św. Augustyna, przez Marcina Lutra, głównego obrońcę i propagatora tej idei, a także w dokumentach Soboru Trydenckiego, aż do katolicko–luterańskiego dialogu w drugiej połowie XX wieku. Ciekawe komentarze na ten temat można znaleźć u Karla Rahnera, w dokumentach Soboru Watykańskiego II, a zwłaszcza we Wspólnej deklaracji w sprawie nauki o usprawiedliwieniu podpisanej przez katolików i ewangelików, szczególnie pod względem usprawiedliwienia grzesznika.
Trzeci okres życia człowieka. Stagnacja czy szansa na rozwój?
Authors: Pryba Andrzej 
Published: October 2015

Punktem wyjścia do analiz zawartych w tym artykule są badania socjologiczne i psychologiczne dotyczące późnej dojrzałości współcześnie żyjącego człowieka. Ten punkt widzenia posłużył do dalszych badań nad zagadnieniem funkcjonowania człowieka w okresie jesieni życia. Najpierw podjęto próbę zdefiniowania pojęcia „proces starzenia” oraz zaprezentowania różnych typów postaw ludzkich wobec tego zjawiska. Następnie została przeprowadzona analiza dotycząca roli rodziny w życiu ludzi starszych oraz podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie postawione w tytule artykułu. Okazało się, że rodzina jest dla ludzi starszych gwarantem akceptacji, bezpieczeństwa i opieki. To w niej można najskuteczniej rozwiązywać różne ludzkie problemy charakterystyczne dla ludzi w jesieni życia. Człowiek winien rozwijać się na wszystkich poziomach swojej osobowości przez całe życie, również w okresie późnej dojrzałości. Aby ten rozwój mógł osiągnąć poziom dobrostanu, człowiek powinien mieć jasno sprecyzowany cel i sens życia. Celem ostatecznym człowieka, według antropologii teologicznej, jest Osoba Absolutna, jaką jest Bóg. Osiągnięcie tego celu jest możliwe na poziomie osobowego dialogu prowadzącego człowieka do pełni życia.
Awakening Games Genre of Lithuanian Dancing Folklore: the Aspects of Education and Therapy
Authors: Zvicevičienė Solveiga , Aleksienė Vilmantė 
Published: October 2015

Lithuanian folk awakening games for babies and young age children are classified as dancing folklore genre. These are syncretic musical compositions of low volume, intended for infants and small children, which are performed vocalising and in action. This is child-friendly interactive action, which has a playful nature and is based on intensive movement. A rich range of possibilities is noticeable in Lithuanian folk awakening games, necessary for versatile child’s education / learning.
Purpose of article: to disclose the application possibilities of awakening games in work with children, who have special needs:
1) achieving the training goals;
2) achieving the therapeutic goals.
Research method: analysis suitability of children awakening games for education and therapy. Literature of different areas has been reviewed: ethnic culture, music therapy, dance-movement therapy, ethno therapy, developmental psychology, education and special education. It is also based on manuscripts material from the Archives: of Lithuanian Folk Culture Centre, Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore, Ethnomusicology Archive of Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre and on its expedition manuscripts material as well.
Drawn conclusions: Lithuanian folk awakening games belong to minor genre of dancing folklore, which is expressed in syncretic musical compositions of low volume, has “encoded”, not yet been researched, broad options of educational and therapeutic content, and can be purposefully used trying to respond to various individual or special needs of a child.
Awakening games can be used in a child‘s education / self-training process for numerous, complementary factors, which stimulate development of a child: training of communication and language, promotion of environmental knowledge and acceptance of changes, shaping of positive behaviour, training of motility, development of playfulness and creativity skills.
Lithuanian folk awakening games can be used in therapeutic process as an effective means of communication formation with a child and activation of its ability to imitate. While playing with a child, conditions are created naturally for its psychological security, self-esteem and confidence; self-expression, self-realization; reducing of its fears; relaxation and experience of pleasure and other.
Awakening games are still important in contemporary culture for versatile child’s development / self-formation and recommended to apply in Lithuanian families, as well as in working methodologies of a special educator, physical therapist, speech therapist, ergotherapist, psychologist and art therapist.