bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Awkward encounters and ethnography
Authors: Koning Juliette , Ooi Can‐Seng 
Published: May 2013

PurposeResearchers rarely present accounts of their awkward encounters in ethnographies. Awkwardness, however, does matter and affects the ethnographic accounts we write and our understanding of social situations. The purpose is to bring these hidden sides of organizational ethnography to the fore, to discuss the consequences of ignoring awkward encounters, and to improve our understanding of organizational realities.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents awkward ethnographic encounters in the field: encounters with evangelizing ethnic Chinese business people in Indonesia (Koning), and visiting an artist village in China (Ooi). Based on analysing their awkwardness, and in the context of a critical assessment of the reflexive turn in ethnography, the authors propose a more inclusive reflexivity. The paper ends with formulating several points supportive of reaching inclusive reflexivity.FindingsBy investigating awkward encounters, the authors show that these experiences have been left out for political (publishing culture in academia, unwritten rules of ethnography), as well as personal (feelings of failure, unwelcome self‐revelations) reasons, while there is much to discover from these encounters. Un‐paralyzing reflexivity means to include the awkward, the emotional, and admit the non‐rational aspects of our ethnographic experiences; such inclusive reflexivity is incredibly insightful.Research limitations/implicationsInclusive reflexivity not only allows room for the imperfectness of the researcher, but also enables a fuller and deeper representation of the groups and communities we aim to understand and, thus, will enhance the trustworthiness and quality of our ethnographic work.Originality/valueAwkwardness is rarely acknowledged, not to mention discussed, in organizational ethnography.
Exports of services: Indian experience in perspective
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , Gupta Poonam 
Published: May 2013

PurposeThis paper aims to survey India's experience with exporting services. The authors seek to show that the country's experience is unique in that modern tradable services are a significantly larger share of GDP than in other countries at comparable levels of economic development. This has not always been the case, however; India's out‐performance is limited to recent years. Policy initiatives, from trade reform to liberalization of domestic industrial and service sectors, were important for jump‐starting the process.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reviews the literature and evidence. It takes a close look at the Indian service sector and specifically information‐technology‐related (IT) services, seeking to situate the growth in service exports from India in its comparative context. The authors document the role that exports of services have played in the performance of the Indian economy in recent years. They seek to pinpoint the “take‐off” in Indian services output and establish the extent to which the country's success in exporting services is exceptional from an international point of view. And they discuss the extent to which India's performance as an exporter of services has been shaped by policies liberalizing the service sector itself and by liberalization of the manufacturing sector.FindingsPanel and country‐specific regressions for a cross section of countries point to the importance of a range of additional factors: overall economic development, communications infrastructure, access to foreign technology, and spillovers between the merchandise and service exports. Importantly, however, these factors, jointly or individually, do not wipe out the significance of a dummy variable for India. India, evidently, is a significant outlier as an exporter of services, and even more so as the period proceeds.Originality/valueThe paper discusses the country's major policy initiatives, such as trade reforms and liberalization of domestic industrial and service sectors, and their importance for jump‐starting the process of services growth and its exports. Regression results show that, in addition to these policies, other factors such as overall economic development, communications infrastructure, access to foreign technology, and spillovers between the merchandise and service exports were important as well.
Trade liberalization and wage inequality in India: a mandated wage equation approach
Authors: Mishra Prachi , Kusum Das Deb 
Published: May 2013

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the relationship between trade liberalization and wages in India.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses an empirical approach based on the “mandated wage equations”.FindingsThe main result in the paper is that trade reforms have been associated with a rise in the relative wages of medium‐skilled workers (defined as having completed secondary schooling). The authors do not find any evidence for trade reforms to be associated with an increase or decrease in wage inequality between low and high‐skilled workers. The results are consistent with the predictions of the Stolper‐Samuelson theorem.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this paper is to add to the debate on trade reforms and inequality in India by focusing on the variation in skill categories.
Beyond Lewis: rural‐to‐urban migration with endogenous policy change
Authors: Chen Zhao , Liu Xiaofeng , Lu Ming 
Published: May 2013

PurposeThis paper aims to answer the following questions concerning rural‐to‐urban labor migration in China: What is the impact of discrimination against non‐Hukou in urban public service provision? Will such discrimination disappear in the future within the current policy‐making framework? What is the result of such an endogenous policy change as far as urbanization and economic growth are concerned?Design/methodology/approachThe authors build a theoretical model of rural‐urban migration, taking into account the cost of social conflict due to discrimination against urban non‐Hukou in local public service. The possibility of endogenous policy change is also considered by numerical simulation.FindingsThe authors prove that, in the early stage of urban economic growth when the losses of potential conflicts are relatively small, the exclusive urban public service provision may be beneficial to them, but the losses under such unequal public service provision policy increase in the process of urban growth, and after a certain stage of development, opening public service access equally to the immigrants will be a better choice, even if only the natives' utility is considered. Such an endogenous policy change not only decreases the within‐city inequality and conflicts, but also advances the urbanization and urban economic growth.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors only consider two extreme cases of local public service provision, that is, the urban non‐Hukou residents have equal access to public service or they are totally not entitled. The possibility of partial access to local public service is not considered in the model.Originality/valueThe authors investigate impact of social conflicts on within‐city inequality, urbanization as well as urban economic growth due to unequal social public service within urban residents. The model also shows an endogenous policy change during rural‐urban labor migration.
Self‐employment or wage‐employment?
Authors: Wang Zi‐cheng , Yang Wei‐guo 
Published: May 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to quantify the impact of return migration on the occupational choice in rural China.Design/methodology/approachThe authors’ research uses the two‐stage residuals inclusion estimation, 2SRI, to deal with the endogeneity problem, and then compares the occupational choice between returnees and stayers with multinomial logit estimation and counterfactual analysis.FindingsThe authors mainly find that: the migration experience has a significant positive impact on wage‐employment activities, but may be has a negative effect on the entrepreneurial activities. The workers engaged in non‐agricultural activities (self‐employment and wage‐employment) have the same characteristics in the labor market (i.e. younger, male, higher education levels, less average land and parents with little children) compared to the agricultural activities, but these characteristics show no significant affect on the occupation choice between self‐employment and wage‐employment.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper extends the empirical analysis in internal migration, but it also has some drawbacks, such as not enough data can be obtained to distinguish the occupations between different types of self‐employment as own account workers and as entrepreneurs. Further research needs more comprehensive data to support.Originality/valueThe authors’ research is the first study which uses self‐selection model to examine the activity choice of return migrants in rural China. They also extend the existing studies in two directions: first, they use nationally‐representative data from the general social survey of China carried out in 2006 to examine the relationship between the return rural migrants and their occupational choices. Second, they propose a more exact category for rural occupational choice including non‐agricultural activities (self‐employee, wage‐employment) and agricultural activities (peasants).
Brucella melitensis 16MΔhfq attenuation confers protection against wild‐type challenge in BALB/c mice
Authors: Zhang Junbo , Guo Fei , Chen Chuangfu , Li Zhiqiang , Zhang Hui , Wang Yuanzhi , Zhang Ke , Du Guoqing , li Yuefeng , Wang Jiangde , Jian Tong , Wang Zhen 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTBrucellosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease that causes animal and human diseases. Although effective, the current Brucella vaccines (Rev.1 and M5‐90) have several drawbacks. The first involves residual virulence for animals and humans and the second is the inability to differentiate natural infection from that caused by vaccination. Therefore, Brucella melitensis 16M hfq mutant (16MΔhfq) was constructed to overcome these drawbacks. Similarly to Rev.1 and M5‐90, 16MΔhfq reduces survival in macrophages and mice and induces strong protective immunity in BALB/c mice. Moreover, these vaccines elicit anti‐Brucella‐specific IgG1 and IgG2a subtype responses and induce secretion of gamma interferon and interleukin‐4. The Hfq antigen also allows serological differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. These results show that 16MΔhfq is an ideal live attenuated vaccine candidate against virulent Brucella melitensis 16M infection. It will be further evaluated in sheep.
Pregnancy intention and postpartum depression: secondary data analysis from a prospective cohort
Authors: Mercier RJ , Garrett J , Thorp J , Siega‐Riz AM 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveTo assess the relationship between unintended pregnancy and postpartum depression.DesignSecondary analysis of data from a prospective pregnancy cohort.SettingThe study was performed at the University of North Carolina prenatal care clinics.Population/samplePregnant women enrolled for prenatal care at the University of North Carolina Hospital Center.MethodsParticipants were questioned about pregnancy intention at 15–19 weeks of gestation, and classified as having an intended, mistimed or unwanted pregnancy. They were evaluated for postpartum depression at 3 and 12 months postpartum. Log binomial regression was used to assess the relationship between unintended pregnancy and depression, controlling for confounding by demographic factors and reproductive history.Main outcome measuresDepression at 3 and 12 months postpartum, defined as Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale score >13.ResultsData were analysed for 688 women at 3 months and 550 women at 12 months. Depression was more likely in women with unintended pregnancies at both 3 months (risk ratio [RR] 2.1, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.2–3.6) and 12 months (RR 3.6, 95% CI 1.8–7.1). Using multivariable analysis adjusting for confounding by age, poverty and education level, women with unintended pregnancies were twice as likely to have postpartum depression at 12 months (RR 2.0, 95% CI 0.96–4.0).ConclusionWhile many elements may contribute to postpartum depression, unintended pregnancy could also be a contributing factor. Women with unintended pregnancy may have an increased risk of depression up to 1 year postpartum.
The ‘double pituitary hot spot’ sign of skull base meningioma on gallium‐68‐labelled somatostatin analogue PET
Authors: Law W Phillip , Fiumara Frank , Fong William , Macfarlane David J 
Published: May 2013

SummaryGallium‐68 (68Ga)‐labelled somatostatin analogue imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) is increasingly replacing single photon (such as 111In‐labelled octreotide) imaging in the detection and staging of carcinoid and other neuroendocrine tumours. Among other tissues, pituitary uptake of 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraacetic acid‐octreotate (DOTA‐TATE) and other somatostatin analogues is physiological. DOTA‐TATE also accumulates in meningiomas, which have a high density of somatostatin receptor expression. The combination of pituitary and skull base meningioma uptake results in a characteristic ‘double hot spot’ appearance, which indicates the presence of a meningioma. This is a case of a middle‐aged woman who underwent 68Ga‐DOTA‐TATE PET for confirmation and staging of clinically suspected carcinoid tumour, in whom a skull base meningioma was incidentally discovered. With the increasing use of PET in the management of neuroendocrine tumours – and the not infrequent occurrence of meningiomas – the appearance of meningiomas on somatostatin analogue imaging should be one with which reporting clinicians are familiar.
Evaluation of the Charlson Comorbidity Index to Predict Early Mortality in Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Patients
Authors: Bhavnani Sanjeev P. , Coleman Craig I. , Guertin Danette , Yarlagadda Ravi K. , Clyne Christopher A. , Kluger Jeffrey 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundCurrent guidelines consider the implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) a class III indication in patients with a life expectancy of <1 year. An evaluation of concomitant noncardiac conditions may identify patients whom may not derive benefit with ICD therapy. We sought to evaluate the association of the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) on the prediction of early mortality (EM), death <1 year after ICD implant.MethodsThe study population consisted of patients (n = 1062) undergoing ICD implantation for the primary or secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death from 1997 to 2007. The predictive value of the CCI on the risk of EM and appropriate shock therapy for ventricular arrhythmias as compared to patients without EM after ICD implant was calculated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards and receiver operator analyses.ResultsPatients experiencing EM (n = 110) demonstrated higher CCI scores (mean 2.8 ± 1.3 vs 1.5 ± 1.2, P < 0.001) as compared to individuals without EM (n = 963). Among patients with a CCI of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥5, the incidence of EM increased from 5% to 78%. The CCI was an independent predictor of EM (AHR 1.4 [95% CI 1.2–1.6], P < 0.001, per single score increase). Patients who experienced EM demonstrated a decreased incidence of appropriate ICD therapy when compared to patients without EM (AHR 0.4 [95% CI 0.2–0.7], P = 0.001).ConclusionNoncardiac conditions are commonly observed among patients undergoing ICD implantation. Guidelines must incorporate a comprehensive assessment of concomitant comorbidities to minimize the risk of EM and to maximize the survival benefit with ICD therapy.
The Urban Injustices of New Labour's “New Urban Renewal”: The Case of the Aylesbury Estate in London
Authors: Lees Loretta 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper discusses the urban injustices of New Labour's “new urban renewal”, that is the state‐led gentrification of British council estates, undertaken through the guise of mixed communities policy, on the Aylesbury estate in Southwark, London, one of the largest council estates in Europe. In this particular case of post‐political planning I show how the tenant support for the regeneration programme was manipulated and misrepresented and how choices were closed down for them, leaving them ultimately with a “false choice” between a regeneration they did not want or the further decline of their estate. I look at what the estate residents thought/think about the whole process and how they have resisted, and are resisting, the gentrification of their estate. I show revanchist and post‐political practices, but ultimately I refuse to succumb to these dystopian narratives, very attractive as they are, for conflict/dissent has not been completely smothered and resistance to gentrification in and around the Aylesbury is alive and well. I argue that we urgently need to re‐establish the city as the driver of democratic politics with an emancipatory agenda, rather than one that ratifies the status quo or gets mired in a dystopic post‐justice city.
Systematic review: MRI enterography for assessment of small bowel involvement in paediatric Crohn's disease
Authors: Giles E. , Barclay A. R. , Chippington S. , Wilson D. C. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryBackgroundBarium meal enteroclysis (BM) is the recommended imaging technique for small bowel inaccessible by ileo‐colonoscopy when diagnosing paediatric‐onset inflammatory bowel disease, but it has poor sensitivity and involves ionising radiation. MRI enterography (MRE) is an alternative methodology.AimsTo critically appraise the published evidence on MRE in the assessment of Paediatric inflammatory bowel disease by systematic review.MethodsReview of all English language data reporting MRE for the investigation of patients <18 years with known or suspected IBD. Primary searches of Medline (Jan 1950–April 2012), Cinahl (1966–April 2012) and Pubmed (Jan 1950–April 2012) were performed using keyword and MeSH terms; IBD; Magnetic resonance imaging; small bowel imaging; EMBASE was then searched. Two authors independently assessed the quality of studies using the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies tool.ResultsSearches yielded 930 035 hits, combination word searches limited to 1983 titles. Fifty‐two studies were fully reviewed, 41 were excluded due to lack of paediatric data. Eleven studies of 496 children were included. All studies used endoscopy as the reference test. 10/496 patients required jejunal intubation for bowel preparation. Meta‐analysis of six comparable studies gave a pooled sensitivity and specificity for MRE detection of active terminal ileal Crohn's disease of 84% and 97% respectively. Studies displayed heterogeneity in bowel preparation, scanning technique, reporting methodology and timing of ileo‐colonoscopy in relation to MRE. In three studies comparing BM, MRE had greater sensitivity and specificity.ConclusionsMRE is a sensitive and specific tool for diagnosis in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Technical considerations require refinement and standardisation; however, MRE has no radiation. Current data suggest that MRE should supersede BM as the SB imaging technique in centres with appropriate expertise.
That which does not kill me makes me stronger; combining ERK1/2 pathway inhibitors and BH3 mimetics to kill tumour cells and prevent acquired resistance
Authors: Sale Matthew J , Cook Simon J 
Published: May 2013

Oncogenic mutations in RAS or BRAF can drive the inappropriate activation of the ERK1/2. In many cases, tumour cells adapt to become addicted to this deregulated ERK1/2 signalling for their proliferation, providing a therapeutic window for tumour‐selective growth inhibition. As a result, inhibition of ERK1/2 signalling by BRAF or MEK1/2 inhibitors is an attractive therapeutic strategy. Indeed, the first BRAF inhibitor, vemurafenib, has now been approved for clinical use, while clinical evaluation of MEK1/2 inhibitors is at an advanced stage. Despite this progress, it is apparent that tumour cells adapt quickly to these new targeted agents so that tumours with acquired resistance can emerge within 6–9 months of primary treatment. One of the major reasons for this is that tumour cells typically respond to BRAF or MEK1/2 inhibitors by undergoing a G1 cell cycle arrest rather than dying. Indeed, although inhibition of ERK1/2 invariably increases the expression of pro‐apoptotic BCL2 family proteins, tumour cells undergo minimal apoptosis. This cytostatic response may simply provide the cell with the opportunity to adapt and acquire resistance. Here we discuss recent studies that demonstrate that combination of BRAF or MEK1/2 inhibitors with inhibitors of pro‐survival BCL2 proteins is synthetic lethal for ERK1/2‐addicted tumour cells. This combination effectively transforms the cytostatic response of BRAF and MEK1/2 inhibitors into a striking apoptotic cell death response. This not only augments the primary efficacy of BRAF and MEK1/2 inhibitors but delays the onset of acquired resistance to these agents, validating their combination in the clinic.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Emerging Therapeutic Aspects in Oncology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.169.issue‐8
ORM‐10103, a novel specific inhibitor of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, decreases early and delayed afterdepolarizations in the canine heart
Authors: Jost N , Nagy N , Corici C , Kohajda Z , Horváth A , Acsai K , Biliczki P , Levijoki J , Pollesello P , Koskelainen T , Otsomaa L , Tóth A , Papp J Gy , Varró A , Virág L 
Published: May 2013

Background and PurposeAt present there are no small molecule inhibitors that show strong selectivity for the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX). Hence, we studied the electrophysiological effects of acute administration of ORM‐10103, a new NCX inhibitor, on the NCX and L‐type Ca2+ currents and on the formation of early and delayed afterdepolarizations.Experimental ApproachIon currents were recorded by using a voltage clamp technique in canine single ventricular cells, and action potentials were obtained from canine and guinea pig ventricular preparations with the use of microelectrodes.Key ResultsORM‐10103 significantly reduced both the inward and outward NCX currents. Even at a high concentration (10 μM), ORM‐10103 did not significantly change the L‐type Ca2+ current or the maximum rate of depolarization (dV/dtmax), indicative of the fast inward Na+ current. At 10 μM ORM‐10103 did not affect the amplitude or the dV/dtmax of the slow response action potentials recorded from guinea pig papillary muscles, which suggests it had no effect on the L‐type Ca2+ current. ORM‐10103 did not influence the Na+/K+ pump or the main K+ currents of canine ventricular myocytes, except the rapid delayed rectifier K+ current, which was slightly diminished by the drug at 3 μM. The amplitudes of pharmacologically‐ induced early and delayed afterdepolarizations were significantly decreased by ORM‐10103 (3 and 10 μM) in a concentration‐dependent manner.Conclusions and ImplicationsORM‐10103 is a selective inhibitor of the NCX current and can abolish triggered arrhythmias. Hence, it has the potential to be used to prevent arrhythmogenic events.Linked ArticleThis article is commented on by Terracciano and Hancox, pp. 765–767 of this issue. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.12299