bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Femtosecond Laser Lenticule Transplantation in Rabbit Cornea: Experimental Study
Authors: Liu HuiYing , Zhu WenQing , Jiang Alice C. , Sprecher Alicia J. , Zhou XingTao 
Published: December 2012

PURPOSE:
To evaluate the feasibility of femtosecond laser–induced lenticule transplantation in the rabbit cornea and to observe the relative histologic characteristics of corneal tissue and nerve repair after transplantation.

METHODS:
Eight healthy, purebred, New Zealand white rabbits underwent femtosecond laser small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) surgery in the right eye. Lenticules were inserted into a femtosecond laser–created corneal stromal pocket in the left eye, which was defined as femtosecond laser corneal lenticule transplantation. Postoperative observation and examination were completed to evaluate the surgery.

RESULTS:
In the early postoperative period, inflammation of the cornea was noted, tissue around the lenticule was edematous, and cells were activated. Tissue edema remained at postoperative day 10. By 1 month, edema had resolved, activated cells gradually became quiescent, and nerve fiber regeneration was observed. By 3 months, the lenticule integrated into the recipient cornea, extracellular matrix gradually cleared, and thicker nerve fibers were noted. By 6 months postoperative, morphology and distribution of the corneal stromal fibers were close to normal, and the number of nerve fibers was reduced.

CONCLUSIONS:
Femtosecond laser corneal lenticule transplantation in rabbits is feasible, as the lenticule was shown to thrive and integrate with the recipient stroma. Nerve regeneration begins after 1 month.
Petermann Ice Island 'A' Survey Results, Offshore Labrador
Authors: Halliday E. Julie , King Tony , Bobby Pradeep , Copland Luke , Mueller Derek 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
In August 2010 a 265 km2 ice island calved from the Petermann Glacier innorthern Greenland. Soon after the initial calving event the mass broke intoseveral pieces, some of which exited Baffin Bay and drifted south toward theLabrador coast. By June 2011 PII-A, a large fragment of the initial PetermannIce Island, was situated offshore Labrador and in one week it had moved 225 kmdown the coast. Concern arose that if PII-A continued its trajectory it couldreach the Grand Banks by August 2011, posing a potential risk for existinginfrastructure in the offshore region of Newfoundland. To properly assess thepotential risk a realistic estimate of ice mass was necessary. This in turnrequired field measurements of the ice islands thickness.
A three-day field program was carried out on the Petermann Ice Islands, PII-A and PII-A-a, from June 17–19, 2011. At this time PII-A and PII-A-a weresituated offshore Labrador, Canada, approximately 100 km northeast of the townof Rigolet. Geophysical survey methods, including Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR) and Seismic Reflection, were used to identify the base of the islands andobtain ice thickness measurements at various locations. Eight satellitetracking beacons were deployed on PII-A and one was deployed on PII-A-a. Ablation data, photographs and video footage were also obtained during theprogram. On July 22, 2011, PII-A was revisited while it was situated off thesouthern Labrador coast. GPR measurements were acquired at the pre-existingstations; the measurements allowed for deterioration rates due to surface andbasal melting to be calculated for PII-A. Results of the field measurementsindicate that ice thickness varied between 50 to 80 m on PII-A; the thicknessof PII-A-a was 30 m at a single survey location. Surface melt rates of 2.7–6.3cm day-1 were observed over a 1-day period in June. For the 35-day periodbetween June and July visits, average surface and basal melt of 5.0 cm day-1and 3.4 cm day-1, respectively, were calculated.
Interface of an Offshore Gravity-Based Oil and Gas Producing Platform with a Subgrade
Authors: Papusha Alexander N. , Gontarev Denis P. , Kruglova Irina V. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
In work principles of modeling of interaction of sea gravitational oil andgas extraction platforms with the soil basis are presented. The seabed level ispresented by the non-uniform model consisting of seven layers of soils, satedwith a liquid. Approximate calculation of interaction platform Prirazlomnayawith a sea-bottom is resulted.

Introduction
Demand of oil and gas increase requires development of new oil and gasfields leads us to study of them on the sea and ocean shelf.
For this reason the actuality of the development of new justified methods ofdesign and construction of gravity-based structures (GBS) in application tosevere conditions of the arctic shelf is obvious.
Unfortunately the rich world experience is not sufficiently oriented todesign of GBS in combination of large quantity of negative factors and Russianengineering practice does not have a lot of experience of GBS design onoffshore shelf, but it has some experience of design and construction of hydrotechnical structures in the north zone.
That is why the primary aim of this article is to develop of thescience-based procedure of design of the system " GBS - bed-plate" in severeconditions of the Russian shelf, which provides requisite reliability andsafety level.

1 Problem set
Developing oil deposit Prirazlomnoye use of a gravitational platform issupposed. In the conditions of increased requirements of safety the estimationof stability of a platform on a sea-bottom becomes the important engineeringproblem.
For an estimation of stability platform Prirazlomnaya on the sea-bottom ithas been developed two 2D analytical models consisting of model of the basis ofa platform and an anisotropic solid-state element, simulating the saturatedfile soils, composing the sea-bottom. Basic difference of schemes are thefollowing:in the first settlement scheme the weight of the top structure has beenreplaced by action of uniform pressure,in the second scheme - non-uniform condition and ice loads.
That fact has been taken into consideration, that the weight of the topstructure is distributed non-uniformly on the area of the basis of aplatform.
Abovementioned mechanical models are presented in Figures 1 and 2.
Geomagnetic Referencing in the Arctic Environment
Authors: Poedjono Benny , Beck Nathan , Buchanan Andrew , Brink Jason , Longo Joseph , Finn Carol A. , Worthington E. William 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Geomagnetic referencing is becoming an increasingly attractive alternativeto north-seeking gyroscopic surveys to achieve the precise wellbore positioningessential for success in today's complex drilling programs. However, thegreater magnitude of variations in the geomagnetic environment at higherlatitudes makes the application of geomagnetic referencing in those areas morechallenging.
Precise, real-time data on those variations from relatively nearby magneticobservatories can be crucial to achieving the required accuracy, butconstructing and operating an observatory in these often harsh environmentsposes a number of significant challenges. Operational since March 2010, theDeadhorse Magnetic Observatory (DED), located in Deadhorse, Alaska, was createdthrough collaboration between the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and aleading oilfield services supply company. DED was designed to produce real-timegeomagnetic data at the required level of accuracy, and to do so reliably underthe extreme temperatures and harsh weather conditions often experienced in thearea.
The observatory will serve a number of key scientific communities as well asthe oilfield drilling industry, and has already played a vital role in thesuccess of several commercial ventures in the area, providing essential, accurate data while offering significant cost and time savings, compared withtraditional surveying techniques.
Nereid UI: A Light-Tethered Remotely Operated Vehicle for Under-Ice Telepresence
Authors: Bowen A.D. , Jakuba M.V. , Yoerger D.R. , Whitcomb L.L. , Kinsey J.C. , Mayer L. , German C.R. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
We describe a new underwater vehicle for under-ice telepresence, NereidUI (Under Ice). This paper discusses potential applications, environmental and logistical constraints, and progress to date. Based on lightdata-only fiber tether technology, Nereid UI will provide operatorswith a capability to teleoperate a ~1000 kg remotely operated vehicle (ROV)under fixed ice at ranges up to 20 km distant from a support ship or otherdeployment site under direct human supervision. When operating from anicebound support vessel, the light fiber technology permits the vehicle toremain stationary on the seafloor or maneuver freely in the water column orunder the ice while its support ship drifts with the sea ice up to 20 kmaway. Nereid UI will facilitate its recovery autonomously in theevent that the tether is severed. Prior experience with the hybrid ROVNereus 11,000 m rated vehicle, along with trade studies and conceptdevelopment devoted to Nereid UI has revealed (1) the light fiberconcept is viable in polar waters; (2) battery operation and the need totransit result in an ROV that occupies a unique trade-space with respect todrag; (3) redundant systems and a focus on reliability are necessary to avoidexpensive losses in productivity or the vehicle itself. The Nereid UIproject is supported by the National Science Foundation and the Woods HoleOceanographic Institution.

Introduction
Polar scientists presently lack access to effective capabilities inice-margin and under-ice environments for examining the submerged features ofice shelves, icebergs, and sea ice as well as the seafloor under iceshelves. Close-up high-resolution inspection and survey operations inthese complex under-ice environments require a tether to provide high-bandwidthtelemetry between the underwater vehicle and its human operators. Long-range light-fiber ROV tether technology, as pioneered on theNereus vehicle (Bowen et al., 2009) for 11,000 m depth operation, provides the high bandwidth (Gigabit Ethernet) link necessary for real-timecontrol under the direction of the shipboard science party, and yet retainsextreme horizontal mobility of the host vehicle. The goal of theNereid UI system is to extend this capability to the Polar Regions, providing scientific access to under-ice and ice-margin environments that ispresently impractical or infeasible and enabling operators to extract maximumbenefit from every minute spent on-site in these harsh and otherwiseinaccessible environments. Funds for the project have been awarded by theNational Science Foundation (NSF) and the Office of Polar Programs (OPP) undera Major Research Instrumentation (MRI) program. Additional cost-share has beenprivately provided by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI).
Numerical Study on Stability of Mud Line Cellars in the Arctic Offshore Environment
Authors: Trandafir Aurelian C. , Long Xiaoyan , Tjok Ko-Ming 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This paper employs finite-element analysis to investigate the performance ofmud line cellars (MLC) in various stratigraphic settings representative for theArctic offshore environment. Numerical results addressing the stability of mudline cellars excavated in sand-prone Arctic marine sediments revealed apotential flow-like mode of failure associated with a high degree of materialdisruption within the failure wedge. On the other hand, the computed potentialfailure mechanism of a mud line cellar excavated in clay-prone Arctic marinesediments is characterized by a sliding block mode of deformation. For theconsidered geotechnical properties of unfrozen Arctic marine sediments, free-standing sand mud line cellars are prone to instability thus requiringadditional lateral support, whereas free-standing clay mud line cellars appearto be stable. The analysis results for a free-standing mud line cellarexcavated in clay with adjacent surcharge at seafloor indicate a progressiveincrease in the size of the potential failure wedge controlling the stabilityof the MLC wall with increasing surcharge horizontal distance relative to themud line cellar location. For surcharge horizontal distances exceeding aspecific threshold, the dominant potential failure mechanism of theMLC-surcharge system in clay undergoes transition from a fully-developedfailure wedge localized at the face of the excavation wall to a more generaltype of bearing capacity failure mechanism developed underneath and in theimmediate vicinity of the loading area of the surcharge that has no significantinfluence on the stability of the MLC wall. Numerical investigations addressingthe performance of a caisson-supported mud line cellar in sand with adjacentsurcharge revealed that the caisson may experience wall bending in combinationwith rigid body rotation due to surcharge-induced lateral soil movements in thevicinity of the mud line cellar.

Introduction
Mud line cellars are cylindrical excavations created below the seafloor inthe Arctic offshore environment in order to protect exploration and productionwells against potential ice gouging hazards. A mud line cellar allows for thewellhead assembly and blowout preventer to be installed below the seafloor atdepths greater than the anticipated ice-scour depth, therefore, stability ofsuch excavations is crucial for safe well drilling and completionoperations.
Multi-Year Ice Loads: Alignment of Experts Workshop
Authors: Timco G.W. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
A Joint Industry Project (JIP) was conducted in 2007 to determine the degreeof consensus of leading ice mechanics experts on the loads exerted bymulti-year ice on offshore platforms. Seven international experts on multi-yearice loads were asked to predict loads for three different ice loading scenariosinvolving multi-year ice floes: isolated floe, a multi-year floe in pack ice, and a multi-year hummock field in a sheet of first-year ice. The Experts wereasked to calculate the loads from these three ice conditions interacting with a150 m wide vertical caisson structure and a 45 degree conical-shapedstructure. There were significant differences in the methodologies usedand the assumptions made to estimate the loads. Load predictions variedconsiderably for each scenario with estimates differing by a factor of 4.6 forthe vertical caisson and 3.5 for the conical structure. In spite of the lowerratio of predicted loads for the conical structure, the Experts were moreconfident with loads on the vertical caisson. The key areas for furtherresearch were identified and these include improved knowledge of the icethickness and its variation for Old Ice, new and innovative techniques forobtaining ice loads, improved knowledge of pack ice driving forces, and betterunderstanding of the failure behavior of multi-year ice. This paper provides anoverview of the loading scenarios, details of the load predictions, andoutlines the areas identified for future research to help to provide morereliable load predictions.

Introduction
The presence of ice in the frontier regions of Canada, USA, Greenland, Norway and Russia presents a unique set of obstacles to the safe and economicproduction of offshore oil and gas. Ice interaction with structuresraises design, operational and regulatory issues, and if not understoodproperly, can lead to exceedingly high design and operational costs foroffshore production. Global ice loads are needed for overall stabilityconsiderations of gravity-based structures, caisson structures and floatingproduction systems. In addition, ice impacts may generate high local icepressures, causing damage or failure of small but critical areas of offshorestructures and/or petroleum tankers. Research on ice loads over the pastseveral years has led to significant understanding of these loads especiallyfor level ice conditions. Recently, Timco and Croasdale (2006) invited twentyinternational ice mechanics specialists to predict loads for differentfull-scale scenarios. The results show general agreement in predicted loadsgenerated by level ice on a vertical-sided structure. However, predictions of loads for multi-year ice differed by a factor of seven. Clearlythis large uncertainty would lead to conservative assumptions regarding iceloads and significantly higher construction and operational costs in regionswhere multi-year ice is present. A better understanding of multi-year iceloads, and the factors that affect ice loads is the key to reducing thisuncertainty.
Best Practice Seismic Acquisition Onshore in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Enachescu Michael E. , Kierulf Fred 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
A three year cycle is generally needed to adequately plan, execute, processand interpret a medium size 2D or 3D seismic program in the Canadian Arctic. The tasks of designing, supervising and monitoring the seismic surveys isdivided between the oil and gas exploration company, a seismic managementcompany and a seismic contractor well experienced in Canadian Arcticacquisition. In order to complete these seismic programs, MGM Energy Corp.dedicated extensive efforts and manpower to mitigate environmentalconsiderations within the survey area while respecting federal, territorial andlocal regulations and maintaining good and productive relationships developedwith the area's first nations and northern groups. A series of " Best PracticeMeasures", based on the extensive northern work knowledge and expertise of MGM, its contractors and the local communities, were adopted in the successfulcompletion of these projects.
Respecting federal, territorial and local regulations and maintainingproductive relationships with the area's First Nations is required in allphases of program implementation. For MGM " Best Practice" in Arctic seismicacquisition means permanently innovating and improving on the set ofenvironmental, safety and technical policies and conventions which are currentin seismic data acquisition in various Arctic physiographic and geologicalsettings.

Introduction
During the past seven years, MGM and its predecessor company ParamountResources Ltd., acquired and processed several 2D and 3D seismic surveys in theNorthwest Territories of Canada. A three year cycle is needed to adequatelyplan, execute, process and interpret a) a 2D seismic program consisting of 4 to6 lines and totalling approximately 100 km in the Central Mackenzie Valley orb) a 3D seismic grid of 144 km2 in the Mackenzie Delta. The NorthEllice 3D seismic grid, representing the latest 3D survey collected in theMackenzie Delta, was acquired on land, within the delta channels and theshallow marine area (Tranzitional Zone) during the winter of 2007/2008. Thecost of acquisition of these programs is usually five to ten times higher thanin southern Canada due mainly to harsh conditions and complex logistics.
Seismic Acquisition in Alaska's Cook Inlet
Authors: Yates Mike , Adiletta Steve 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
In March/April 2011 Apache carried out an extensive series of seismicacquisition tests in Cook Inlet, Alaska, to evaluate the feasibility oflarge-scale, year-round 3D seismic acquisition in Cook Inlet, and to look atthe effectiveness of a nodal or autonomous seismic recording system compared toa conventional cable-telemetry system. An 18-mile seismic line startingonshore, crossing the tidal mudflats, and extending into the deeper water ofCook Inlet was acquired using multiple onshore and offshore source, receiver, and instrument types to establish the viability of a large-scale regional 3Dsurvey and the optimum source parameters for such a program. The location ofthe test line is shown in Figure 1.

Background
Alaska's Cook Inlet Basin is a proven hydrocarbon-producing compressionalfore-arc basin with 1.3 billion barrels of oil and 8 TCF of gas produced, andapproximately 1 billion barrels of oil and 21 TCF of gas yet to be found, according to the USGS and BOEM. Since the expansion of exploration andproduction activity on Alaska's North Slope in the 1980's there has been littleexploration activity in Cook Inlet; small 2D and 3D seismic surveys havegenerated leads for the small number of wells drilled in the area during thistime. The majority of these seismic surveys had been either exclusively onshoreor offshore, with only a handful of transition zone surveys crossing theshoreline, and all acquired in the short window of a single season. To makelarge-scale regional seismic surveying a reality, a single crew, equipped tooperate year-round, would be needed.
Reeling Arctic Export Lines
Authors: Van Zandwijk C. , Benard C. , Faidutti D. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Arctic projects are characterized by a very short installation season withan unpredictable begin and end, as well as large lo-gistical distances. Inparticular pipelay and pipe burial are a concern as these are time consumingprocesses. The deployment of multiple units for completing the work within thenarrow time frame available involves significant mobilization andde-mobilization costs, as for many Arctic developments the nearest offshoreequipment deployment area during the rest of the year is far away. Additionally, the costs of standby whilst waiting for break-up of the ice arehigh for such a vessel spread.
The paper presents a novel concept of pipelay using large floatingexchangeable reels which concept is anticipated to be sig-nificantly fasterthan S-lay. Moreover, it needs only a small construction crew in the field andis competitive with S-lay on costs.
For the economic viability of such a fast pipelay concept, it is essentialthat an Arctic pipelay market of sufficient volume will develop, in order toallow depreciation over a number of projects.
The fast pipelay concept proposed can also be deployed outside the Arctic onprojects having a scope comparable with the example project described.