bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual reproduction increases the possibility that Phytophthora capsici will develop resistance to dimethomorph in China
Authors: Bi Y. , Hu J. , Cui X. , Shao J. , Lu X. , Meng Q. , Liu X. 
Published: March 2014

A total of 1511 isolates of Phytophthora capsici were collected from farms with no history of exposure to the carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides in 32 provinces in China during 2006 to 2013. All 1511 isolates were assayed for mating type and 403 were assayed for sensitivity to dimethomorph (DMM) and metalaxyl. The DMM EC50 values ranged from 0·126 to 0·339 μg mL−1. Both A1 and A2 mating types were detected on the same farms in four provinces and with a 1:1 ratio. Most isolates were sensitive to metalaxyl but a few exhibited intermediate resistance or resistance to metalaxyl. The segregation of DMM resistance and sensitivity among 337 progeny obtained from hybridization or self‐crossing in vitro indicated that the resistance of P. capsici to DMM is controlled by two dominant genes. Eighteen progeny that were derived from hybridization differed in DMM sensitivity and in fitness. Some progeny were as fit as parental isolates. Given the distribution of mating types and therefore the potential for sexual reproduction, the control of resistance by two dominant genes, and the fitness of hybrid progeny, the risk of P. capsici populations developing DMM resistance in China is substantial.
Logics of action and models of capitalism: Explaining bottom‐up non‐liberal change
Authors: Etienne Julien , Schnyder Gerhard 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRecent institutionalist scholarship has theorized the liberalization or “disorganization” of capitalism as the result of shifts in economic actors' “logic of action” towards opportunism. Little attention has been given to the reverse possibility that shifts in economic actors' “logic of action” away from opportunism might contribute to “embedding” or “organizing” capitalism. This paper builds on recent scholarship to theorize this scenario and then demonstrate its empirical validity with an historical institutionalist study of the emergence of such a “non‐liberal” institution in Switzerland in 1961. The theoretical framework links three “logics of action” – opportunism, enlightened self‐interest and strong solidarity – to Höpner's typology of capitalist institutions – organized, coordinated, and liberal. It theorizes the interactions between these logics and the social mechanism – goal signaling – that can explain a shift from one logic of action to another, potentially leading to change from one type of institution to another.
Validating a verbal autopsy tool to assess pre‐hospital trauma mortality burden in a resource‐poor setting
Authors: Qureshi Javeria S. , Samuel Jonathan C. , Mulima Gift , Kakoulides Socrates , Cairns Bruce , Charles Anthony G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo present the validation of a verbal autopsy (VA) tool using inpatient deaths in order to ultimately assess the burden of adult pre‐hospital trauma mortality in Lilongwe, Malawi.MethodsA WHO VA tool was administered at the Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH) morgue in Lilongwe to family members of inpatient deceased. Two physicians assigned cause of death as ‘trauma’ or ‘non‐trauma’ as well as a standard VA cause of death based on the VA tool. These assignments were compared to the ‘gold standard’ of physician review of hospital records using a kappa statistic.ResultsThe VA method had near‐perfect agreement with the hospital record in determining ‘trauma’ vs. ‘non‐trauma’. There was moderate agreement when comparing types of death, for example cardiovascular vs. infectious disease, and limited agreement when comparing specific causes of death.ConclusionThis VA tool can accurately ascertain trauma‐related mortality with almost perfect agreement. The next step is to assess pre‐hospital trauma mortality burden using the VA tool to determine whether hospital records underestimate the burden of trauma in the community.
Red blood cell in vitro quality and function is maintained after S‐303 pathogen inactivation treatment
Authors: Winter Kelly M. , Johnson Lacey , Kwok Matthew , Vidovic Diana , Hyland Ryan A. , Mufti Nina , Erickson Anna , Marks Denese C. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundOver the past decade there has been a growth in the development of pathogen reduction technologies to protect the blood supply from emerging pathogens. This development has proven to be difficult for red blood cells (RBCs). However the S‐303 system has been shown to effectively inactivate a broad spectrum of pathogens, while maintaining RBC quality.Study Design and MethodsA paired three‐arm study was performed to compare the in vitro quality of S‐303–treated RBCs with RBCs stored at room temperature (RT) for the duration of the treatment (18‐20 hr) and control RBCs stored at 2 to 6°C. Products were sampled weekly over 42 days of storage (n = 10) and tested using an array of in vitro assays to measure quality, metabolism, and functional variables.ResultsDuring S‐303 treatment there was a slight loss of RBCs and hemoglobin (Hb < 5 g). Hemolysis, glucose consumption, and potassium release were similar in all groups during the 42 days of storage. S‐303–treated RBCs had a significantly lower lactate concentration and pH compared to the paired controls. The S‐303–treated RBCs had significantly higher adenosine triphosphate than the RT and control RBCs. There was a significant loss of 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate in the S‐303–treated products, which was also observed in the RT RBCs. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated similar RBC size, morphology, expression of CD47, and glycophorin A in all groups.ConclusionRBCs treated with S‐303 for pathogen reduction had similar in vitro properties to the paired controls and were within transfusion guidelines.
Evaluation and management of postpartum hemorrhage: consensus from an international expert panel
Authors: Abdul‐Kadir Rezan , McLintock Claire , Ducloy Anne‐Sophie , El‐Refaey Hazem , England Adrian , Federici Augusto B. , Grotegut Chad A. , Halimeh Susan , Herman Jay H. , Hofer Stefan , James Andra H. , Kouides Peter A. , Paidas Michael J. , Peyvandi Flora , Winikoff Rochelle 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundPostpartum hemorrhage (PPH) remains one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide, although the lack of a precise definition precludes accurate data of the absolute prevalence of PPH.Study Design and MethodsAn international expert panel in obstetrics, gynecology, hematology, transfusion, and anesthesiology undertook a comprehensive review of the literature. At a meeting in November 2011, the panel agreed on a definition of severe PPH that would identify those women who were at a high risk of adverse clinical outcomes.ResultsThe panel agreed on the following definition for severe persistent (ongoing) PPH: “Active bleeding >1000 mL within the 24 hours following birth that continues despite the use of initial measures including first‐line uterotonic agents and uterine massage.” A treatment algorithm for severe persistent PPH was subsequently developed. Initial evaluations include measurement of blood loss and clinical assessments of PPH severity. Coagulation screens should be performed as soon as persistent (ongoing) PPH is diagnosed, to guide subsequent therapy. If initial measures fail to stop bleeding and uterine atony persists, second‐ and third‐line (if required) interventions should be instated. These include mechanical or surgical maneuvers, i.e., intrauterine balloon tamponade or hemostatic brace sutures with hysterectomy as the final surgical option for uncontrollable PPH. Pharmacologic options include hemostatic agents (tranexamic acid), with timely transfusion of blood and plasma products playing an important role in persistent and severe PPH.ConclusionEarly, aggressive, and coordinated intervention by health care professionals is critical in minimizing blood loss to ensure optimal clinical outcomes in management of women with severe, persistent PPH.
High‐frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy of the normal canine haired skin
Authors: Mantis Panagiotis , Tontis Dimitrios , Church David , Lloyd David , Stevens Kim , Balomenos Dimitrios , Gouletsou Pagona G. , Gianoulopoulos Giorgos , Doukas Dimitrios , Galatos Apostolos D. , Saridomichelakis Manolis 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe ultrasonographic appearance of the normal canine haired skin examined using high‐frequency ultrasonography has not been described.Hyposthesis/ObjectivesTo describe the echogenicity of normal canine haired skin using high‐frequency (50 MHz) ultrasonography and to compare ultrasonographic with histological measurements of skin thickness using snap‐frozen tissue biopsy samples.AnimalsTen normal healthy beagle dogs.MethodsUltrasonographic examination was performed on eight cutaneous sites by use of a 50 MHz polyvinylidene difluoride transducer. The skin echogenicity was evaluated, and the mean of 10 skin thickness measurements was calculated. Ultrasonography results were compared with histological findings of skin cryosections stained with haematoxylin and eosin, as well as with histometric measurements of skin thickness. Differences in the ultrasonographic and histological measurements among biopsy sites, age and sex of the animals were also examined.ResultsThe skin layers and hair follicles could be identified with high‐frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy in all eight examination sites of all 10 dogs. There was a highly significant, positive association between the ultrasonographic and histological measurements (P < 0.001) of skin thickness. For both ultrasonographic and histological skin thickness measurements, there were no statistically significant differences between sex, age or among the different examination sites.Conclusions and clinical importanceCutaneous ultrasound biomicroscopy using a 50 MHz transducer is a useful tool for the following applications: (i) to identify the skin layers (including the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous fat); (ii) to demonstrate the hair follicles in various areas of the haired skin; and (iii) to measure the thickness of normal canine skin accurately.
Finite Element Modeling of Rollover Crash Tests With Hybrid III Dummies
Authors: Friedman Keith , Hutchinson John , Mihora Dennis 
Published: March 2014

This paper reports on the finite element modeling of rollover crash tests with Hybrid III dummies. Finite element models of a vehicle design and the Hybrid III dummy were used to evaluate the subsystem under manufacturer created rollover conditions for a production and roll caged roof structure.
The objective of this study was to demonstrate the ability to reproduce the impact environment occurring in rollover crash tests. There are over 26,000 fatalities and serious injuries annually occurring in rollover accidents in the United States. Many of these are to restrained occupants and their head and spinal injuries have been associated with contact with the roof structure. To analyze the crash tests the effects of the system, finite element models were made of rollover crash tests that had been conducted using baseline and modified passenger vehicles and Hybrid III dummies using the defined impact conditions. Neck loads were utilized to validate the model against the test results. The results show that finite element modeling can reproduce the results from rollover crash tests.
Local Non-Affine Deformations and Fiber Kinematics of Elastomeric Electrospun Scaffolds
Authors: Courtney Todd D. , Liao Jun , Wagner William R. , Sacks Michael S. 
Published: March 2014

For most tissue engineering applications that seek to generate tissue de novo, the scaffold is the first step in a series of important developmental considerations. Whether synthetic or natural, scaffolds developed for immediate in vivo use must have mechanical properties comparable to the native tissue for at least the minimum time necessary for the accompanying seeded cells, and eventual cells that migrate in, to lay down an equivalent supporting matrix. Scaffolds developed for the purpose of growing a tissue in vitro, with eventual in vivo use, need not necessarily meet these mechanical requirements. However, to better develop new tissues in bioreactors or in vivo, it is pertinent to understand how the fiber network changes under some regimen of mechanical load, in essence to understand what the cell witnesses within the scaffold. Extending our previous work, which focused on measuring and modeling the mechanical response of electrospun poly ester urethane urea (es-PEUU) scaffolds [1], we investigated the intricate and detailed es-PEUU fiber networks that are created during scaffold synthesis and how these networks change under various levels of strain. Specifically, we focused on several scaffold responses to strain:
1) Characteristics of fiber tortuosity, which when increased can yield delayed onset of scaffold stiffness as well as other varying mechanical responses.
2) Fiber splay, which determines the orientation of the all fibers within the scaffold.
3) Local vs global strain analysis to determine whether the scaffolds follow affine or non-affine deformations.
4) Fiber strain, to investigate how increasing levels of scaffold strain are transmitted to local fibers.
5) Changes in fiber tortuosity and overall fiber directions under strain.
Risk of Rupture in AAA and Vulnerable Plaques: Patient Based FSI Simulation
Authors: Bluestein Danny , Alemu Yared , Rissland Peter , Britan Mikahil , Avrahami Idit , Einav Shmuel , Ricotta John 
Published: March 2014

Two separate fluid structure interaction (FSI) simulations were performed: a patient-specific Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) geometry, and an idealized coronary vulnerable plaque (VP) geometry. VP FSI simulations were later performed in patient based geometries reconstructed from intravascular (IVUS) measurements.
(AAA): The patient specific AAA FSI simulation was carried out with both isotropic and anisotropic wall properties. An orthotropic material model was used to describe wall properties, closely approximate experimental results [1]. Results show peak wall stresses are dependent on the geometry of the AAA and the region of highest stress corresponds to expected failure location. The ability to quantify stresses developing within the aneurysm wall based on FSI simulations will facilitate clinicians to reach informed decisions in determining rupture risk of AAA and the need for surgical intervention.
(Vulnerable Plaque): To study the risk of rupture of a vulnerable plaque in an idealized coronary artery geometry, an FSI simulation was performed. This model of vulnerable plaque includes vessel wall with calcification spot embedded in the fibrous cap, and a lipid core. Identifying rupture risk, regions susceptible to failure and the contribution of the various components were studied. This work led to predicting the rupture risk in patient specific geometries. The results show the upstream side of vulnerable plaque fibrous cap has the highest stresses. The presence of the calcified spot is shown to enhance stresses within the fibrous cap, significantly contributing to its risk of rupture.
Damage Accumulation Model, FSI, and Multiscale Simulations for Studying the Thrombogenic Potential of Prosthetic Heart Valves
Authors: Bluestein Danny , Alemu Yared , Rissland Peter , Dumont Kris , Verdonck Pascal 
Published: March 2014

3D physiologic geometry of St. Jude Medical (SJM) valve after implantation was simulated with non-Newtonian two-phase blood model. The simulation used the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) approach and the Wilcox k-ω turbulent model. Platelet stress accumulation and the resulting platelet damage were calculated from the results.
Thrombogenic potential of two bileaflet MHV geometries was conducted using fluid-structure interaction (FSI) computation. Two commercially available valve geometries, SJM and ATS, which differ mostly in their hinge design, were simulated in a straight geometry with sudden expansion downstream of the valve. The thrombogenic potential of the two valves was based on computed wall shear stresses on the leaflets and cumulative shear stress on multiple particles released during forward and reverse flow phases.
Platelet stress accumulation along pertinent trajectories from the FSI studies indicated that the SJM valve has a higher thrombogenic potential then the ATS valve.
Flow patterns generated by the valve are conducive to platelet activation provide optimal conditions for activated platelets to interact with each other and form aggregates are hypothesized to be the source of thromboemboli formation, increasing the risk for cardioembolic stroke. The new damage model developed was utilized to estimate the effects of repeated passages and platelet senescence on this thrombogenic potential.
Flow and pressure effects on a cell like a platelet can be well represented by a continuum mechanics model down to the order of the μm level. However, the molecular effects of adhesion/aggregation bonds are on the order of nm. Thus we also adopt a discrete particles dynamics (DPD) approach in which the macroscopic model provides information about the flow induced stresses that may activate blood cellular constituents. This multiscale modeling approach concentrates on flow regions in prosthetic devices like MHVs and cardiovascular pathologies that have a high propensity to activate platelets and form aggregates. Preliminary simulations of blood flow in simple geometries using this approach, which widely departs from the traditional continuum approach, is successful in generating viscous blood flow velocity distributions in these geometries.
The Validity of the Nordic Hamstring Lower for a Field-Based Assessment of Eccentric Hamstring Strength
Authors: Sconce Emma , Jones Paul , Turner Ellena , Comfort Paul , Graham-Smith Philip 
Published: March 2014

Context:Hamstring injury-risk assessment has primarily been investigated using isokinetic dynamometry. However, practical issues such as cost and availability limit the widespread application of isokinetics for injury-risk assessment; thus, field-based alternatives for assessing eccentric hamstring strength are needed.Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the validity of the angle achieved during Nordic hamstring lowers (break-point angle) as a field-based test for eccentric hamstring strength.Design:Exploratory study.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:Sixteen male (n = 7) and female (n = 9) soccer players (mean ± SD age 24 ± 6 y, height 1.77 ± 0.12 m, and body mass 68.5 ± 16.5 kg) acted as subjects for the study.Main Outcome Measures:The authors explored relationships between the Nordic break-point angle (the point at which the subject can no longer resist the increasing gravitational moment during a Nordic hamstring lower) measured from video and isokinetic peak torque and angle of peak torque of right- and left-knee flexors.Results:The results revealed a meaningful relationship between eccentric knee-flexor peak torque (average of right and left limbs) and the Nordic break-point angle (r = −.808, r2 = 65%, P < .00001). However, there was a weak relationship observed (r = .480, r2 = 23%, P = .06) between break-point angle and the angle of peak torque (average of right and left limbs).Conclusions:The results suggest that the break-point angle achieved during Nordic hamstring lowers could be used as a field-based assessment of eccentric hamstring strength.
Selective Association of Outer Surface Lipoproteins with the Lipid Rafts of Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Toledo Alvaro , Crowley Jameson T. , Coleman James L. , LaRocca Timothy J. , Chiantia Salvatore , London Erwin , Benach Jorge L. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBorrelia burgdorfericontains unique cholesterol-glycolipid-rich lipid rafts that are associated with lipoproteins. These complexes suggest the existence of macromolecular structures that have not been reported for prokaryotes. Outer surface lipoproteins OspA, OspB, and OspC were studied for their participation in the formation of lipid rafts. Single-gene deletion mutants with deletions of ∆ospA, ∆ospB, and ∆ospCand a spontaneous gene mutant, strain B313, which does not express OspA and OspB, were used to establish their structural roles in the lipid rafts. All mutant strains used in this study produced detergent-resistant membranes, a common characteristic of lipid rafts, and had similar lipid and protein slot blot profiles. Lipoproteins OspA and OspB but not OspC were shown to be associated with lipid rafts by transmission electron microscopy. When the ability to form lipid rafts in liveB. burgdorferispirochetes was measured byfluorescenceresonanceenergytransfer (FRET), strain B313 showed a statistically significant lower level of segregation into ordered and disordered membrane domains than did the wild-type and the other single-deletion mutants. The transformation of a B313 strain with a shuttle plasmid containingospArestored the phenotype shared by the wild type and the single-deletion mutants, demonstrating that OspA and OspB have redundant functions. In contrast, a transformed B313 overexpressing OspC neither rescued the FRET nor colocalized with the lipid rafts. Because these lipoproteins are expressed at different stages of the life cycle ofB. burgdorferi, their selective association is likely to have an important role in the structure of prokaryotic lipid rafts and in the organism’s adaptation to changing environments.IMPORTANCELipid rafts are cholesterol-rich clusters within the membranes of cells. Lipid rafts contain proteins that have functions in sensing the cell environment and transmitting signals. Although selective proteins are present in lipid rafts, little is known about their structural contribution to these domains.Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, has lipid rafts, which are novel structures in bacteria. Here, we have shown that the raft-associated lipoproteins OspA and OspB selectively contribute to lipid rafts. A similar but non-raft-associated lipoprotein, OspC, cannot substitute for the role of OspA and OspB. In this study, we have demonstrated that lipoprotein association with lipid rafts is selective, further suggesting a functional adaptation to different stages of the spirochete life cycle. The results of this study are of broader importance and can serve as a model for other bacteria that also possess cholesterol in their membranes and, therefore, may share lipid raft traits withBorrelia.