bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Charles C. Fulton (1900–1992), Microcrystal Test Pioneer
Authors: Evans HK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Charles C. Fulton was a pioneer in the development of non-aqueous media for microcrystal tests for drugs. His career commenced in the “Untouchable” era of Prohibition and his record of publications began when forensic science literature as such was non-existent. His efforts in drug identification lead him to develop many new reagent media, keep pace with the rapidly expanding number of drugs in the post-war era, and contribute his science to combatting international drug trade by identifying opium sources for the newly created United Nations Secretariat. He authored Modern Microcrystal Tests for Drugs, a text still used in many forensic science laboratories, in 1969, before retiring to pursue eclectic interests including publishing on archeoastronomy, particularly of the Maya.
A Decade of Train-Pedestrian Fatalities: The Charleston Experience
Authors: Cina SJ , Koelpin JL , Nichols CA , Conradi SE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although the cause of death is rarely in doubt in train-pedestrian fatalities, the manner of death is often unclear. The distinction between accident and suicide can only be made after careful evaluation of the history, scene investigation, autopsy findings, and toxicologic data. A retrospective analysis of 25 consecutive train-pedestrian fatalities investigated by our office between 1982 and 1992 is reported.
The victims were predominantly healthy, young males. All but one person died at the scene. The cause of death was massive blunt trauma in 88% of the cases. In one case, the sole injury was decapitation. A tissue or blood ethanol level greater than 99 mg/dL was detected in 80% of the cases. A total of 60% of the cases involved persons likely to have been sitting or lying across the railroad tracks; all but one of these victims were intoxicated. The manner of death was determined to be accidental in 92% of our cases.
Decapitation by a moving train is an injury highly suggestive of suicide. Massive blunt trauma, especially in the setting of ethanol intoxication, was highly associated with accidental death. Toxicologic analysis is essential in discriminating willful suicide from alcohol-induced incapacitation resulting in accidental death. Homicide, disguised as an accident or suicide, must be ruled out in all cases. Accurate determination of the manner of death is an important issue regarding civil litigation and dispersal of insurance benefits.
Differentiation of Truthful and Deceptive Criminal Suspects in Behavior Analysis Interviews
Authors: Horvath F , Jayne B , Buckley J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Behavior Analysis Interview© (BAI) is a commonly used procedure designed to assist investigators in distinguishing between suspects who are concealing their involvement in a criminal event (deceptive) from those who are not (truthful). During a BAI a protocol of questions is asked and suspects' verbal responses and accompanying nonverbal behaviors and attitudinal characteristics are assessed. Based on this assessment the likelihood of involvement in the criminal event is determined.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness with which trained evaluators were able to distinguish between truthful and deceptive suspects undergoing BAIs. Sixty videotaped interviews, 30 of truthful and 30 of deceptive suspects, were observed by four evaluators, each of whom independently scored suspect's behaviors and attitudes and judged the suspect's truthfulness. The results showed that, excluding inconclusive decisions, evaluators' average accuracy on truthful suspects was 91% and on deceptive suspects, 80%. Suspects' status did not affect confidence of evaluators' decisions but confidence was greater when correct as opposed to incorrect calls were made. Deceptive suspects manifested “theoretically” predicted behaviors and attitudes of “deceptiveness” to a significantly greater degree than did truthful suspects. The BAI appears to be useful for investigative purposes in order to differentiate between suspects who are concealing involvement in a criminal offense from those who are not.
Asbestos Exposure and Cancerphobia
Authors: Perr IN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In 48 cases of claims of psychic injury due to asbestos exposure, seven were diagnosed as “cancerphobia.” Cancerphobia is a concept primarily used in personal injury cases with little support in the medical community. Analysis of standards for phobia indicates that the term is inappropriate for such legal claims. Phobic reactions are avoidant reactions with panic or intense anxiety on exposure to the phobic stimulus. The cases reviewed indicate lack of psychiatric symptomatology, lack of conformance to accepted standards, and insufficient attention to history—medical and otherwise. This clinical review supports the contention of Simon that cancerphobia is not a credible classification. Skepticism is merited where potential damage awards are limited by minimal physical findings with resultant emphasis on claims of illness phobia, an example being exposure to a toxic substance like asbestos, which may be followed, but not necessarily so, by a variety of adverse consequences. Professional persons should be alert to the misuse of medical concepts in such cases.
Use of Alternative Light Source Illumination in Bite Mark Photography
Authors: Golden GS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recent investigation regarding the optical properties of human skin has lead to studies measuring autofluoresence, absorption, and reflectance of monochromatic light during exposure both in vitro and in vivo environments. The Stokes Shift deviation in absorbed and reflected light energy that occurs when skin is illuminated by 450 nanometer visible blue light can produce an augmentation in the appearance of pattern injuries when viewed through colored blocking filters. This paper demonstrates a comparison between photographic appearances of several bitemarks inflicted on living and decreased persons to determine the corroborability and usefulness of fluorescent versus full spectrum visibility of bitemark pattern injuries.
Deduction of the Order of Sexual Assaults by DNA Analysis of Two Condoms
Authors: Wegel JG , Herrin G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Differential DNA extraction procedures were performed on two condoms found at a rape scene. One of the condoms was recovered intact (A), while the second condom (B) had apparently ruptured during the alleged attack. Two related suspects (cousins 1 & 2) were identified as the potential semen donors. Condom B contained DNA from the female and from one of the suspects. Condom A contained DNA from the suspect identified on condom B and from an unidentified individual. The presence of DNA from suspect 2 on both condoms led to the deduction that his sexual activity preceded that of the unidentified suspect. The ability to determine such a sequence of events using DNA typing is unusual.
Significant Fiber Evidence Recovered from the Clothing of a Homicide Victim After Exposure to the Elements for Twenty-Nine Days
Authors: Spencer R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An adhesive tape lint removal roller was used to isolate fibers from a homicide victim's clothing that had been exposed to the elements for twenty-nine days. Comparison microscopy, microspectrophotometry, and infrared analysis were used to compare recovered fibers to known fibers obtained from the suspect's shirt and the car in which it was believed the homicide occurred. Fibers recovered from the victim's clothing included specimens that were indistinguishable from fibers constituting the suspect's shirt, and others that were indistinguishable from the three distinct types of fibers comprising the upholstery, carpeting, and trunk liner of the car. The distribution of fibers on the various garments helped corroborate the crime scenario.
Death Investigation After the Destruction of Evidence
Authors: Danto BL , Streed T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Unavailable in the literature is any reference to an investigation of death after evidence has been destroyed. In this presentation two firearms and the bullet were melted after the death was certified as a suicide. A team of investigators conducted a psychological autopsy as well as shot patterns to determine the distance from the gun muzzle to the head to determine whether or not the wound was a contact type. The resolution of the case is discussed and the factor of local politics and case prominance in the media is reviewed.
Soot as an Indicator in Fire Investigations: Physical and Chemical Analyses
Authors: Pinorini MT , Lennard CJ , Margot P , Dustin I , Furrer P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The possibility of determining the combustion products (or accelerants) at the seat of a fire by the analysis of corresponding soot samples was investigated. Twenty liquid fuels (principally petroleum derivatives) and twelve plastic materials (from seven different polymer groups) were individually burned over one hour under controlled laboratory conditions. The soot produced was collected on glass plates and subsequently submitted to a sequence of physical and chemical analyses. Twelve casework samples (soot deposits on glass fragments collected at the fire scene) and five control samples (blind trials prepared in the laboratory) were submitted to the same analytical procedure. A total of 49 soot samples were considered.
Macroscopic (35× magnification) and microscopic (TEM) studies were conducted on each soot sample. Digitized micrographs were processed in order to obtain certain physical parameters serving to characterize the size and form of the soot aggregates: perimeter, surface area, circularity and principal surface moments ratio. These data were transformed and used as variables for a discriminant analysis carried out with an SPSS program. Furthermore, the soot aggregates were characterized by their fractal dimension.
The chemical composition of the soot samples was explored using three chromatographic methods: GC-FID, GC-MS, and pyrolysis-GC. Two studies were conducted: a comparison of the total chromatographic profiles obtained by GC-FID and pyrolysis-GC, and a comparison based upon qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses of 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) in order to determine the value of these compounds as potential markers for accelerants used at the start of a fire.
The combination of physical and chemical parameters permitted the differentiation of most of the laboratory-prepared soot samples. The discriminating power was higher for the chemical analyses, with soot samples resulting from the combustion of plastic materials being the easiest to identify. Microscopy nevertheless provided interesting information concerning specific soot forms or elements. The combined results obtained by the analytical methods employed permitted the construction of a dichotomic table that can be used for the classification of soot samples taken from the scene of a fire. Additional research is required before such techniques can be routinely applied in casework.
Sex Typing of Forensic DNA Samples Using Male- and Female-Specific Probes
Authors: Naito E , Dewa K , Yamanouchi H , Kominami R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forensic DNA samples have been examined to ascertain the feasibility of a sex-typing procedure that we have recently developed. This uses two sets of primers complementary to the DXZ4 and SRY genes for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR target in the DXZ4, an 80-bp sequence within the 130-bp fragment specific to females, is generated from inactive chromosome X by the DNA digestion with a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, HpaII. Therefore, the DXZ4 amplification and subsequent agarose gel electrophoresis detect the 80-bp fragment from female DNA. On the other hand, the SRY probe identifies a male-specific sequence on chromosome Y. Testing DNAs from fresh Turner's blood and from postmortem tissues exhibited band-signals confirming the sex identification. Degraded DNAs isolated from severely decomposed specimens were also identifiable when high-molecular-weight DNA was isolated before the assay. This demonstrates the usefulness of this method in forensic identification.
Sensitive Identification of Hemoglobin in Bloodstains from Different Species by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Combined UV and Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Andrasko J , Rosén B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
HPLC with reversed phase large pore columns (5 µm particle size, C4-phase, 300Å pore size) has been used to analyze extracts from bloodstains. Bloodstains from humans as well as various animals often encountered in forensic casework have been investigated. Bloodstains from common wild animals as well as domestic animals could be distinguished by this technique with one exception—dog and wolf. The use of fluorescence detection increased the sensitivity of the method. For human bloodstains, the detection limit was about 1 to 2 nanoliter blood.
The method has the advantage of simplicity, speed and sensitivity for use in forensic practice.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Identification of the Phenylalkylamine Alkaloids of Khat Using a Chiral Solvating Agent
Authors: Dawson BA , Black DB , Lavoie A , LeBelle MJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance was used for the identification of three major alkaloids in dried leaves of the khat plant, Catha edulis. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of plant extracts confirmed the presence of cathinone, norpseudoephedrine and norephedrine. The subsequent addition of a chiral solvating agent, (S)-(−)-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, to these NMR solutions enabled the identification of the various enantiomers of these alkaloids. Both the (S)- and (R)- enantiomers of cathinone were detected. The results from the determination of the alkaloid ratios in the dried plant material by the NMR method are compared to those obtained by a previously developed gas chromatographic method.
Morphologic Variations of the External Arcuate Nucleus in Infants Dying of SIDS: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Gilson TP , Balko MG , Blisard KS , Taylor KL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The external arcuate nucleus (EAN), located in the ventral medulla, is studied in 24 infants dying of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and 15 age-matched controls to identify differences in morphology in this region, thought to be involved in respiratory regulation. Significant differences are noted in EAN neuronal density, percentage of back-to-back neurons and volume of the EAN relative to the adjacent pyramids. These changes may be useful in evaluating sudden infant death.
Food-Induced Lowering of Blood-Ethanol Profiles and Increased Rate of Elimination Immediately After a Meal
Authors: Jones AW , Jönsson KÅ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In a two-part crossover study, ten healthy men drank a moderate dose of ethanol (0.80 g/kg) in the morning after an overnight fast or immediately after breakfast. The breakfast consisted of orange juice (150 mL), fruit yogurt (250 mL), two cheese sandwiches, one boiled egg, and one cup of coffee with milk and sugar. Ethanol was determined in venous blood at various times after the start of drinking by headspace gas chromatography. All subjects felt less intoxicated when alcohol was ingested after breakfast compared with drinking on an empty stomach. The peak BAC (± SD) was 67 ± 9.5 mg/dL (ethanol + food) compared with 104 ± 16.5 mg/dL when the drinking occurred after an overnight fast (P &lt; 0.001). The mean area under the alcohol concentration-time profile (0→6h) was 398 ± 56 mg/dL × h in the fasting state compared with 241 ± 34 mg/dL × h when subjects drank alcohol after the meal (P &lt; 0.001). The time required to metabolize the dose of ethanol was approximately two hours shorter after the subjects had eaten breakfast. These results suggest that food in the stomach before drinking not only leads to a lowering of the peak BAC and diminishes the feelings of intoxication, but also boosts the rate of ethanol metabolism. A food-induced increase in the rate of disposal of ethanol was also confirmed when subjects ate a meal 5 h after drinking, that is, when the postabsorptive phase of ethanol metabolism was well established. The mean rate of disappearance of alcohol from blood was increased by between 36 and 50%.
Identification of a Homicide Victim by a Casio Data Bank Watch
Authors: Costello J , Zugibe FT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A positive identification of a homicide victim was made possible by observing an inconspicuous Casio watch worn by the deceased.
Identification of deceased individuals are usually made by fingerprints or dental matching, visual means, DNA studies, X-rays of other bodily structures, tattoos, etc. When all of these methods fail and no suspects are known, medical examiners are caught between Charybdis and Scilla. This assumes greater importance in cases of homicides. It is the purpose of this paper to present a homicide case in which an identification was made by observing an inconspicuous object, a small Casio watch worn by the deceased.
Snowmobile Fatalities
Authors: Avis SP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Autopsy protocols on all snowmobile fatalities were reviewed for a five year period covering the years 1988–1992, with respect to the age of the victim, sex, operator status, type of accident, fatal injuries sustained, the presence of ethanol, and the month of the year and day of the week the fatality occurred. During the study period there were 31 snowmobile fatalities, accounting for 9.4% of all transportation fatalities. The majority of deaths (54.8%) resulted from drowning and or hypothermia, either as a result of breaking through the ice or driving into open waters. Collision with a stationary or moving object accounted for 22.6% of fatalities, while being thrown from the machine accounted for 16.1% of deaths. Pedestrians accounted for 6.5% of all snowmobile deaths. Head and chest injury were responsible for deaths due to collision, while head and neck injury accounted for deaths due to being thrown from the machine. All victims were male with an average age of 34.7 years and the majority (87%) were vehicle operators at the time of the fatality. Of those tested for the presence of ethanol 86.3% tested positive, 72.7% of whom were legally intoxicated. Accidents occurred throughout the months of December through May, with more accidents occurring on Friday and Tuesday than any other day of the week. Based on these findings snowmobile fatalities could be significantly reduced, with operator education regarding the hazards of ethanol and instruction in ice safety.
Fluorescence of Petroleum Products V: Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Capillary Gas Chromatography of Neat and Evaporated Gasoline Samples
Authors: Sheff LM , Siegel JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Nine brands and grades of gasoline were analyzed by three dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy (3-DF). Capillary gas chromatograms were also obtained in order to monitor the loss of components during evaporation. All samples were examined neat, then after 50% evaporation, and then after evaporation until only a semi-solid residue remained (nearly evaporated). It was found that the fluorescence technique was capable of distinguishing among the samples in both neat and evaporated conditions and that it showed similarities between neat and 50% evaporated samples. The totally evaporated samples could not be associated with its corresponding neat sample.
Fluorescence Detection of Ethyl Centralite in Gunshot Residues
Authors: Meng H-H , Caddy B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A fluorescence method has been developed to detect ethyl centralite in gunshot residues. Residues were recovered from shooters' hands with cotton wool swabs. The swabs were extracted by a syringe elution procedure and the extracts cleared by TLC. The cleaned samples were hydrolyzed in phosphoric acid at 178 °C for 20 min to yield N-ethylaniline. Any N-ethylaniline was dansylated directly on a TLC plate, which was then developed two-dimensionally. The fluorescent dansyl-N-ethylaniline spot was scraped off and extracted for fluorometric determination. The detection limits for ethyl centralite standards and spiked hand samples are 1 ng and 5 ng respectively. Three out of six test firings of a .38 revolver gave extracts that were found to contain ethyl centralite. One of these was swabbed 180 min after firing three rounds of ammunition.
Analysis of the HUMTH01 Allele Frequencies in the Spanish Population
Authors: Lorente JA , Lorente M , Budowle B , Wilson MR , Villanueva E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Genetic marker typing based on DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) increasingly is being employed in forensic casework and for paternity testing. The allele frequencies were determined using PCR for 120 unrelated Spanish Caucasians for the locus HUMTH0H1. Six alleles were observed, with frequencies ranging from 0.013 (allele 11) to 0.254 (allele 10). The observed heterozygosity was 75.8%, and the power of discrimination is 0.92. The genotype distribution meets Hardy-Weinberg expectations.
A Method for Estimating Weight in Children from Femoral Midshaft Diameter and Age
Authors: Sciulli PW , Pfau RO 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In this investigation, we relate transverse midshaft diameter of the femur, age, and weight in a sample of 183 children from Central Ohio. Age and femur diameter considered separately are similar in their ability to predict weight. Considering all sex and ancestry groupings (male, female, white, black), age explains between 90% to 96.8% of the variation in weight while femur diameter explains between 93% to 97.4%. However, estimates of individual weight from age or femur diameter have very large 95% prediction limits.
Using age and femur diameter together results in a greater proportion of the variation in weight explained, 97.7% for the total sample, but the 95% prediction limits are similar to those using femur diameter alone.
Isolation of Amitriptyline and Nortriptyline from Fly Puparia (Phoridae) and Beetle Exuviae (Dermestidae) Associated with Mummified Human Remains
Authors: Miller ML , Lord WD , Goff ML , Donnelly B , McDonough ET , Alexis JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The use of anthropophagic fly larvae (maggots) as alternative toxicological specimens is well documented in the entomological and forensic science literature. Detection of various toxins and controlled substances in insects found on decomposing bodies has contributed to the assessment of cause/manner of death. With the development of hair extraction technologies, attention has recently focused on the analysis of chitinized insect remnants which are frequently encountered with mummified/skeletalized remains. In such cases, the standard toxicological specimens are often absent. Herein, we report the first detection of drugs from chitinized insect tissues.
A Fatal Ketamine Poisoning
Authors: Licata M , Pierini G , Popoli G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An unusual case of death by ketamine overdose is reported. The drug's administration was a homicide for homosexual ends. Authors discuss a rapid and effective solid-phase extraction procedure using Bond-Elute* C18 for Ketamine and Nor-Ketamine detection in biological fluids and tissues with a 75% recovery. The drug analysis was carried out by the means of gas-chromatography (GLC) and gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The yield of the procedure for Ketamine was: blood 27.4 µg/mL; urine 8.51 µg/mL; bile 15.2 µg/mL; brain 3.24 µg/mL; liver 6.6 µg/mL; kidney 3.38 µg/mL. Nor-Ketamine was detected in all samples, but not quantified.