bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The metabolic cost of incline locomotion in the Svalbard rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea): the effects of incline grade and seasonal fluctuations in body mass
Authors: Lees John , Folkow Lars , Stokkan Karl-Arne , Codd Jonathan 
Published: December 2012

SummaryIn a terrestrial environment animals must locomote over different terrain; despite this, the majority of studies focus on level locomotion. The influence moving up an inclined surface has on the metabolic cost of locomotion and the efficiency with which animals perform positive work against gravity is still not well understood. Generally speaking, existing data sets lack consistency in the use of grades, further compounded by differences between species in terms of morphology and locomotor gait. Here we investigated the metabolic cost of locomotion using respirometry in the Svalbard ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea). The Svalbard ptarmigan provides a unique opportunity to investigate the cost of incline locomotion as it undergoes a seasonal fluctuation in body mass, which doubles in winter, meaning the requirement for positive mechanical work also fluctuates with season. We demonstrate that at the same degree of incline, the cost of lifting 1 kg by 1 vertical metre remains relatively constant between seasons despite the large differences in body mass from summer to winter. These findings are consistent with the notion that positive mechanical work alone dictates the cost of lifting above a certain body mass. However, our data indicate that this cost may vary according to the degree of incline and gait.
Active downward propulsion by oyster larvae in turbulence
Authors: Fuchs Heidi L. , Hunter Elias J. , Schmitt Erika L. , Guazzo Regina A. 
Published: December 2012

Summary
Oyster larvae (Crassostrea virginica) could enhance their settlement success by moving toward the seafloor in strong turbulence associated with coastal habitats. We characterized the behavior of individual oyster larvae in grid-generated turbulence by measuring larval velocities and flow velocities simultaneously using infrared particle image velocimetry. We estimated larval behavioral velocities and propulsive forces as functions of the kinetic energy dissipation rate ε, strain rate γ, vorticity ξ, and acceleration α. In calm water most larvae had near-zero vertical velocities despite propelling themselves upward (swimming). In stronger turbulence all larvae used more propulsive force, but relative to the larval axis, larvae propelled themselves downward (diving) instead of upward more frequently and more forcefully. Vertical velocity magnitudes of both swimmers and divers increased with turbulence, but the swimming velocity leveled off as larvae were rotated away from their stable, velum-up orientation in strong turbulence. Diving speeds rose steadily with turbulence intensity to several times the terminal fall velocity in still water. Rapid dives may require a switch from ciliary swimming to another propulsive mode such as flapping the velum, which would become energetically efficient at the intermediate Reynolds numbers attained by larvae in strong turbulence. We expected larvae to respond to spatial or temporal velocity gradients, but although the diving frequency changed abruptly at a threshold acceleration, the variation in propulsive force and behavioral velocity was best explained by the dissipation rate. Downward propulsion could enhance oyster larval settlement by raising the probability of larval contact with oyster reef patches.
Linkages between the life-history evolution of tropical and temperate birds and the resistance of their cells to oxidative and non-oxidative chemical injury
Authors: Jimenez Ana Gabriela , Harper James M. , Queenborough Simon A. , Williams Joseph B. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryA fundamental challenge facing physiological ecologists is to understand how variation in life-history at the whole-organism level might be linked to cellular function. Thus, because tropical birds have higher annual survival and lower rates of metabolism, we hypothesized that cells from tropical species would have greater cellular resistance to chemical injury than cells from phylogenetically related temperate species. We cultured dermal fibroblasts from 26 tropical and 26 temperate species of birds and examined cellular resistance to cadmium, H2O2, paraquat, thapsigargin, tunicamycium, methane methylsulfonate, and UV light. By ANCOVA, which assumes each species as an independent data point, we found that the LD50 (values for the dose that killed 50% of test cells), from tropical birds were significantly higher for H2O2, and MMS. While, using a generalised least squares approach accounting for phylogenetic relationships among species to model LD50, we found that cells from tropical birds had greater tolerance for Cd, H2O2, paraquat, tunicamycin and MMS than cells from temperate birds. While for thapsigargin and UV light, tropical birds showed lower tolerance and no difference from temperate birds, respectively. These findings are consistent with the idea that natural selection has uniquely fashioned cells of long-lived tropical bird species to be more resistant to forms of oxidative and non-oxidative stress than cells from shorter-lived temperate species.
Characterization of genome methylation patterns in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria
Authors: Falckenhayn Cassandra , Boerjan Bart , Raddatz Günter , Frohme Marcus , Schoofs Liliane , Lyko Frank 
Published: December 2012

Summary
DNA methylation is a widely conserved epigenetic modification. The analysis of genome-scale DNA methylation patterns in various organisms suggested that major features of animal methylomes are widely conserved. However, based on the variation of DNA methyltransferase genes in invertebrates, it has also been proposed that DNA methylation could provide a molecular mechanism for ecological adaptation. We have now analyzed the methylome of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, which represents an organism with a high degree of phenotypic plasticity. Using genome-scale bisulfite sequencing we show here that the S. gregaria methylome is characterized by CpG- and exon-specific methylation and thus shares two major features with other animal methylomes. In contrast to other invertebrates, however, overall methylation levels were substantially higher and a significant fraction of transposons was methylated. Additionally, genic sequences were densely methylated in a pronounced bimodal pattern, suggesting a role for DNA methylation in the regulation of locust gene expression. Our results thus uncover a unique pattern of genome methylation in locusts and provide an important foundation for investigating the role of DNA methylation in locust phase polyphenism.
Electric organ discharge diversity in the genusGymnotus: functional groups and electrogenic mechanisms
Authors: Rodríguez-Cattáneo Alejo , Aguilera Pedro , Cilleruelo Esteban , Crampton William G. R. , Caputi Angel A. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryPrevious studies describe six factors accounting for interspecific diversity of electric organ discharge (EOD) waveforms in Gymnotus. At the cellular level, three factors determine the locally generated waveforms: (1) electrocyte geometry and channel repertoire; (2) the localization of synaptic contacts on electrocytes surfaces; (3) electric activity of electromotor axons preceding the discharge of electrocytes. At the organismic level, three factors determine the integration of the EOD as a behavioral unit: (4) the distribution of different types of electrocytes and specialized passive tissue forming the electric organ (EO); (5) the neural mechanisms of electrocyte discharge coordination, (6) post-effector mechanisms. Here, we reconfirm the importance of the first five of these factors based on comparative studies of a wider diversity of Gymnotus than previously investigated. Additionally, we report another aspect of Gymnotus. The central region of the EO (which has the largest weight on the conspecific-received field) usually exhibits a negative-positive-negative pattern where the delay between the early negative and positive peaks (determined by neural coordination mechanisms) matches the delay between the positive and late negative peaks (determined by electrocyte responsiveness). Because delays between peaks typically determine the peak power frequency, this matching implies a co-evolution of neural and myogenic coordination mechanisms in determining the spectral specificity of the intraspecific communication channel. Finally, we define four functional species-groups based on EO/EOD structure. The first three exhibit a heterogeneous EO in which double-innervated electrocytes are responsible for a main triphasic complex. Group I species exhibit a characteristic cephalic extension of the EO. Group II species exhibit an early positive component of putative neural origin, and strong EO auto-excitability. Group III species exhibit an early, slow, negative wave of abdominal origin, and variation in EO auto-excitability. Representatives of Group IV generate a unique waveform comprising a main positive peak followed by a small, load-dependent negative component.
The influence of photosynthesis on host intracellular pH in scleractinian corals
Authors: Laurent Julien , Tambutté Sylvie , Tambutté Éric , Allemand Denis , Venn Alexander 
Published: December 2012

Summary
The regulation of intracellular pH is a fundamental aspect of cell physiology that has received little attention in reef building corals and symbiotic cnidarians. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that dynamic changes in the pHi of coral host cells are controlled by the photosynthetic activity of the coral’s dinoflagellate symbionts. Using live cell imaging and the pH sensitive dye SNARF-1, we tracked pH in symbiont-containing and symbiont-free cells isolated from the reef coral Stylophora pistillata. We characterized the response of coral pHi in the presence of a photosynthetic inhibitor, the dynamics of coral pHi during light exposure and how pHi values vary on exposure to a range of irradiance levels lying within the coral's photosynthesis-irradiance (PI) response curve. Our results demonstrate that increases in coral pHi are dependent on photosynthetic activity of intracellular symbionts and that pHi recovers under darkness to pHi values that match symbiont-free cells. Furthermore, we show that the timing of the pHi response is governed by irradiance level and that pHi increases to irradiance-specific steady state values. Minimum steady state values of pHi 7.05±0.05 were obtained under darkness and maximum values of 7.46±0.07 under saturating irradiance. As changes in pHi affect organism homeostasis there is a need for continued research into acid/base regulation in symbiotic corals. More generally, these results represent the first characterization of photosynthesis-driven pHi changes in animal cells.
Pitfalls in invertebrate proteasome assays
Authors: Götze Sandra , Bose Aneesh , Abele Doris , Sokolova Inna , Saborowski Reinhard 
Published: December 2012

Summary
The ubiquitin-proteasome system controls a variety of essential intracellular processes through directed protein turnover. The invertebrate proteasome has recently gained increasing interest with respect to central physiological processes and pathways in different taxa. A pitfall in proteasome-activity assays, represented by the trypsin-like, the chymotrypsin-like, or the caspase-like site, lies in the fact that most commonly-used experimental substrates are susceptible to degradation by non-proteasomal proteolytic enzymes, which can lead to erroneous interpretation of activity data obtained. Through the use of a proteasome-specific inhibitor, epoxomicin, we could show that the shares of proteasomal and non-proteasomal activities in the degradation of a model polypeptide substrate for the chymotrypsin-like activity vary considerably between invertebrate taxa. Crustacean muscle tissue and hemocytes showed almost exclusively proteasomal activity. In yeast, approximately 90% of total proteolytic activity can be attributed to the proteasome. In contrast, proteasomal activity comprises only 20-60% of the total proteolytic activity in bivalve tissues. These results reveal that, without verification of the shares of proteasomal and non-proteasomal activities in crude extracts through the use of highly specific inhibitors, common proteasomal enzyme assays should be used and interpreted with caution.
Two-way Linkage Photoisomerization of [Ru(2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine)(6-{(methylsulfinyl)methyl}picolinate)]BF4
Authors: Suzuki Shoko , Sakamoto Ryota , Nishihara Hiroshi 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
[Ru(tpy)(picSO)]BF4 (tpy: 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine, picSO: 6-[(methylsulfinyl)methyl]picolinate) undergoes profound linkage isomerization behavior between stable S-bound and metastable O-bound isomers. S-[RuII(tpy)(picSO)]BF4 experiences photoisomerization to O-[RuII(tpy)(picSO)]BF4 upon irradiation with 436 nm light, whereas the back reaction is triggered with 546 nm light. Electrochemical linkage isomerization also takes place.
Unprecedented High Local Charge-carrier Mobility in P3HT Revealed by Direct and Alternating Current Methods
Authors: Yasutani Yoshihiro , Saeki Akinori , Fukumatsu Takahiro , Koizumi Yoshiko , Seki Shu 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The impacts of solvent and thermal annealing on the mobility and photogeneration efficiency of free charge carriers in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) were investigated by flash-photolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity measurements, transient absorption spectroscopy of the perylenediimide radical anion, and photocurrent measurements of a comb-type interdigitated electrode. A respectable high mobility of 0.62 cm2 V−1 s−1 was found as a three-dimensional value, highlighting the unprecedented electronic nature of the conjugated polymer.
Synthesis of a Base-stabilized (Chlorogermyl)metallogermylene and Its Photochemical Conversion to a (Chlorogermyl)germylyne Complex
Authors: Tashita Shin-ya , Watanabe Takahito , Tobita Hiromi 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
An NHC-stabilized (chlorogermyl)metallogermylene [Cp(CO)3WGe{GeCl(Mes)2}(MeIiPr)] (NHC: N-heterocyclic carbene, MeIiPr: 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene, Mes: mesityl) was synthesized by the reaction of [Na(dme)2][CpW(CO)3] (dme: 1,2-dimethoxyethane) with (chlorogermyl)chlorogermylene [GeCl{GeCl(Mes)2}(MeIiPr)]. Irradiation to a solution of the metallogermylene with an Hg lamp afforded an NHC-stabilized (chlorogermyl)germylyne complex [Cp(CO)2W≡Ge{GeCl(Mes)2}(MeIiPr)].
Attachment to Territory: Status or Achievement?
Authors: Kolers Avery 
Published: December 2012

It is by now widely agreed that a theory of territorial rights must be able to explain attachment or particularity: what can link a particular group to a particular place with the kind of normative force necessary to forbid encroachment or colonization? Attachment is one of the pillars on which any successful theory of territory will have to stand. But the notion of attachment is not yet well understood, and such agreement as does exist relies on unexamined assumptions. One such assumption is that attachment is an achievement of some sort, as opposed to some kind of brute ascriptive status that a claimant has irrespective of anything it might do.But achievements do not come for free. ‘Achievement’ is a success term, and any theory predicated on success, no matter how minimal, requires a theory of failure. Yet theorists of territory have not grappled with the problem of failure.
The emotional experience of the sublime
Authors: Cochrane Tom 
Published: December 2012

The literature on the venerable aesthetic category of the sublime often provides us with lists of sublime phenomena — mountains, storms, deserts, volcanoes, oceans, the starry sky, and so on. But it has long been recognized that what matters is the experience of such objects. We then find that one of the most consistent claims about this experience is that it involves an element of fear. Meanwhile, the recognition of the sublime as a category of aesthetic appreciation implies that attraction, admiration or pleasure is also present.However, there is also a sense of fear and attraction when we watch car chases or fights. Neither of these is an occasion for the sublime so much as a visceral sort of excitement. As such, I will argue that it is not quite fear, but something that often manifests itself as fear that can be located in our experiences of the sublime.
Dialetheism and the Graphic Liar
Authors: Littmann Greg 
Published: December 2012

A Liar sentence is a sentence that, paradoxically, we cannot evaluate for truth in accordance with classical logic and semantics without arriving at a contradiction. For example, consider LL L is falseIf we assume that L is true, then given that what L says is ‘L is false,’ it follows that L is false. On the other hand, if we assume that L is false, then given that what L says is ‘L is false,’ it follows that L is true. Thus, L is an example of a Liar sentence.Several philosophers have proposed that the Liar paradox, and related paradoxes, can be solved by accepting the contradictions that these paradoxes seem to imply (including Priest 2006, Rescher and Brandom 1980). The theory that there are true contradictions is known as ‘dialetheism’ and we may call this the ‘dialethic solution.’ One standard response to the dialethic solution to the Liar paradox and related paradoxes has been to attempt to develop new ‘revenge’ versions of the paradoxes that are not subject to the dialethic solution (e.g. Parsons 1990, Restall 2007, Shapiro 2007).
Context, Compositionality and Amity: A Response to Rett
Authors: Sennet Adam 
Published: December 2012

In an insightful and provocative paper, Jessica Rett (2006) claims that attempts to locate the (non-indexical, non-demonstrative) semantic contributions of context in syntax run into problems respecting compositionality. This is an especially biting problem for hidden indexical theorists such as Stanley (2000, 2002) who deploy hidden variables to provide a compositional theory of semantic interpretation. Fortunately for the hidden indexical theorists, her attack fails, albeit in interesting and subtle ways.The following paper is divided into four sections. Section I presents a skeletal version of Rett's argument. Those already familiar with Rett (2006) can skip ahead without shame. Section II offers a defense to the hidden indexical theorists.
Oncology Drug Development and Approval of Systemic Anticancer Therapy by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Authors: Martell Robert E. , Sermer David , Getz Kenneth , Kaitin Kenneth I. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackground.Regulatory approval of oncology drugs is the cornerstone of the development process and approval characteristics shape eventual utilization. Approval trends and characteristics provide valuable information for drug developers and regulators and ultimately affect clinicians and patients.Methods.Indication characteristics were tabulated for drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for systemic therapy of malignancies from 1949 through October 2011. Variables included time to approval, initial/supplemental indication, tumor type, stage of disease, specification of protein expression or genetic information, drug class, trial design, concomitant agent, trial size, and endpoint.Results.A total of 121 unique anticancer agents, including 242 unique indications, were approved. The number of trials for each indication has decreased; however, trial size has increased and more randomized controlled trials have been performed. Trial designs have increasingly used time-to-event endpoints and rarely have used symptom-based primary endpoints. Approvals have been primarily single agent, with less emphasis on palliative treatments and increasing emphasis on advanced disease stages and requirements for prior therapy. Molecular specifications in labels have increased, but they are present in less than 30% of recent indications and are not associated with shorter approval times.Conclusion.Approval of oncology agents is occurring in increasingly more challenging settings, suggesting gaps between eventual practice and development in potentially suboptimal indications. Molecular specifications promise to enhance development, yet widespread use in label indications has not yet been achieved.
Treatment of Oral Fibroma of the Tongue Using Erbium, Chromium:Yttrium‐Scandium‐Gallium‐Garnet Laser: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Arora Shipra , Lamba Arundeep Kaur , Faraz Farrukh , Tandon Shruti , Chawla Kirti , Yadav Neha 
Published: December 2012

Introduction: Fibroma is a benign tumor that is composed of fibrous connective tissue (CT) and is also known as irritation or traumatic fibroma. It represents a reactive hyperplasia of fibrous CT in response to local irritation or trauma. The aim of the present case report is to evaluate the treatment outcome of two cases of fibroma of the tongue after excision with an erbium, chromium:yttrium‐scandium‐gallium‐garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser.Case Presentation: Two patients presented with the chief complaint of growth on the dorsal surface of the tongue, which was causing constant irritation as well as esthetic concerns. After examination, the growths were excised with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser in non‐contact mode at a power setting of 1.5 W, 20 Hz frequency and with a spray of 9% water and 13% air. This resulted in less blood in the operating field and minimal patient discomfort. No sutures were used; instead, a laser bandage was applied. The healing was uneventful and patients did not require postoperative analgesics. The histopathologic report confirmed the presurgical diagnosis. No relapse was observed at the 1‐year follow‐up.Conclusions: The Er,Cr:YSGG laser works at cellular levels and promotes tissue repair by photo modulation. It causes negligible bleeding and postoperative discomfort with minimal need of local anesthesia and better patient compliance. Therefore, the Er,Cr:YSGG laser may be considered a patient‐ and clinician‐friendly tool.
Género, violencia y dictadura en la narrativa de escritoras argentinas de los 70
Authors: Aletta de Sylvas Graciela 
Published: December 2012

La ficción ocupa un rol decisivo en la construcción de la memoria. Las narrativas que han tenido lugar en la Argentina durante y después de la dictadura militar y en la actualidad, desmienten el supuesto carácter indecible e impensable de la violencia y el horror, tan debatido en su momento en torno a la Shoá.Muchas escritoras han abordado desde la subjetividad de género, con distintos recursos y estrategias narrativas, una mirada sobre la dictadura. Las que escribieron en la década del 70 : Noemí Ulla, Angélica Gorodischer, Luisa Valenzuela, y Griselda Gambaro debieron transitar los tiempos oscuros de la censura y la prohibición, escondieron sus textos o afrontaron condenas que las condujeron al exilio. Estas escritoras nos enfrentan a personajes femeninos cuya condición de mujeres las convierte especialmente en víctimas de la violencia sexual y ensañamiento de sus captores. La crueldad se ejerce sobre sus cuerpos sexuados sometiéndolas a torturas, violaciones y sufrimientos de un sadismo inimaginable. Estas protagonistas pueden homologarse al « homo sacer » al que se refiere Agamben, podríamos decir « femina sacer » y a veces al « musulmán » del campo de concentración de Auschwitz. Los lugares de detención son espacios « de excepción » donde las víctimas se hunden en la abyección. Obsesiones, amnesia, pérdida del lenguaje, torturas y muerte, a veces la salvación, se suceden en estos textos ficcionales sin necesidad, salvo excepciones, de recurrir al realismo que haría insoportable su lectura sino a través de representaciones simbólicas que recorren otros caminos.Las escritoras mencionadas recurren a la memoria individual y colectiva para interrogar, criticar, reinterpretar, recordar y denunciar el terrorismo de Estado como modo de asumir una postura ética que impida su repetición. Es de desear que estos abusos sexuales reciban a la brevedad el tratamiento jurídico adecuado y se consideren delitos de lesa humanidad.