bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation of Antioxidant System in Pinus armandii under Elevated O3 in an Entire Growth Season
Authors: Yan Kun , He Xingyuan , Chen Wei , Lu Tao , Xu Sheng , Shao Hongbo , Zhang Guoyou 
Published: November 2012

AbstractImpact of elevated O3 (80 nmol mol−1) was studied on antioxidant system in the previous‐year needles (P‐needles) of Pinus armandii under the background of global climate change. CAT (catalase) did not play an important role in defensing O3 pollution, as no significant change was observed in its activity in P‐needles exposed to elevated O3 during the entire growth season. Ascorbate (AsA) was more sensitive to elevated O3, as the O3‐induced decrease in its content was observed at Day 45. It suggests that AsA consumption was a crucial way for protecting against O3 pollution. After 75 days of O3 exposure, increase in superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activities occurred in P‐needles (p < 0.05), whereas glutathione reductase activity was significantly increased after 105 days of O3 treatment (p < 0.05). Dehydroascorbate reductase and monoascorbate reductase activities also increased after 75 days of elevated O3 exposure. However, the elevated antioxidant capability did not suppress the generation of reactive oxygen species, and as a result, increase in malondialdehyde content was noted (p < 0.05). Noticeably, no change was observed in electrolyte leakage during the entire growth season under elevated O3 fumigation. It indicates that O3‐induced oxidative stress was not severe in the needles of P. armandii. In other words, P. armandii has certain tolerance to O3 pollution.
Combined application of cytology and molecular urine markers to improve the detection of urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Todenhöfer Tilman , Hennenlotter Jörg , Esser Michael , Mohrhardt Sarah , Tews Veronika , Aufderklamm Stefan , Gakis Georgios , Kuehs Ursula , Stenzl Arnulf , Schwentner Christian 
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUNDThe sensitivity of cytology for the detection of urothelial carcinoma (UC) is limited. Newer methods such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunocytology (uCyt+), and protein markers have been developed to improve urine‐based detection of UC. As only little is known regarding the combined application of these markers, we investigated whether combinations of 4 of the most broadly available tests (cytology, FISH, uCyt+, and nuclear matrix protein 22 [NMP22‐ELISA]) may improve their diagnostic performance.METHODSThe study was comprised of 808 patients who were suspected of having UC. All patients underwent urethrocystoscopy and upper urinary tract imaging and, in the case of positive findings, transurethral resection/biopsy. FISH, uCyt+, cytology, and NMP22‐ELISA were performed in all patients.RESULTSUC was diagnosed in 115 patients (14.2%). Cytology and FISH were found to be the single tests with the best overall performance (area under the curve [AUC], 0.78/0.79). Combinations of 2, 3, and 4 markers were found to increase the AUC to various extents compared with the use of single markers. Combining cytology and FISH improved the sensitivity and performance (AUC, 0.83) compared with the single tests and identified 12 tumors that were not detected by cytology alone. The percentage of WHO grade 3/carcinoma in situ tumors not detected by cytology was reduced by 62.5% when FISH was performed in cytology‐negative patients. The addition of uCyt+ as a third test further improved performance (AUC, 0.86), whereas the addition of NMP22‐ELISA was not found to have any additional influence on the performance of the test combination.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study support the combined use of urine markers and may form the basis of further studies investigating whether risk stratification based on urine marker combinations may individualize diagnostic algorithms and the surveillance of patients suspected of having UC. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:252–60. © 2012 American Cancer Society
Cytoskeletal changes during development and aging in the cortex of neurofilament light protein knockout mice
Authors: Liu Yao , Staal Jerome A. , Canty Alison J. , Kirkcaldie Matthew T. K. , King Anna E. , Bibari Olivier , Mitew Stan T. , Dickson Tracey C. , Vickers James C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe neurofilament light (NFL) subunit is considered as an obligate subunit polymer for neuronal intermediate filaments comprising the neurofilament (NF) triplet proteins. We examined cytoskeletal protein levels in the cerebral cortex of NFL knockout (KO) mice at postnatal day 4 (P4), 5 months, and 12 months of age compared with age‐matched wild‐type (WT) mice of a similar genetic background (C57BL/6). The absence of NFL protein resulted in a significant reduction of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated NFs (NF‐P, NF‐DP), the medium NF subunit (NFM), and the intermediate filament α‐internexin (INT) at P4. At 5 months, NF‐DP, NFM, and INT remained significantly lower in knockouts. At 12 months, NF‐P was again significantly decreased, and INT significantly increased, in KOs compared with wild type. In addition, protein levels of class III neuron‐specific β‐tubulin and microtubule‐associated protein 2 were significantly increased in NFL KO mice at P4, 5 months, and 12 months, whereas β‐actin levels were significantly decreased at P4. Immunocytochemical studies demonstrated that NF‐DP accumulated abnormally in the perikarya of cortical neurons by 5 months of age in NFL KO mice. Neurons that lacked NF triplet proteins, such as calretinin‐immunolabeled nonpyramidal cells, showed no alterations in density or cytoarchitectural distribution in NFL KO mice at 5 months relative to WT mice, although calretinin protein levels were decreased significantly after 12 months in NFL KO mice. These findings suggest that a lack of NFL protein alters the expression of cytoskeletal proteins and disrupts other NF subunits, causing intracellular aggregation but not gross structural changes in cortical neurons or cytoarchitecture. The data also indicate that changes in expression of other cytoskeletal proteins may compensate for decreased NFs. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:1817–1827, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hypothalamic and other connections with dorsal CA2 area of the mouse hippocampus
Authors: Cui Zhenzhong , Gerfen Charles R. , Young W. Scott 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe CA2 area is an important, although relatively unexplored, component of the hippocampus. We used various tracers to provide a comprehensive analysis of CA2 connections in C57BL/6J mice. Using various adeno‐associated viruses that express fluorescent proteins, we found a vasopressinergic projection from the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus (PVN) to the CA2 as well as a projection from pyramidal neurons of the CA2 to the supramammillary nuclei. These projections were confirmed by retrograde tracing. As expected, we observed CA2 afferent projections from neurons in ipsilateral entorhinal cortical layer II as well as from bilateral dorsal CA2 and CA3 using retrograde tracers. Additionally, we saw CA2 neuronal input from bilateral medial septal nuclei, vertical and horizontal limbs of the nucleus of diagonal band of Broca, supramammillary nuclei (SUM), and median raphe nucleus. Dorsal CA2 injections of adeno‐associated virus expressing green fluorescent protein revealed axonal projections primarily to dorsal CA1, CA2, and CA3 bilaterally. No projection was detected to the entorhinal cortex from the dorsal CA2. These results are consistent with recent observations that the dorsal CA2 forms disynaptic connections with the entorhinal cortex to influence dynamic memory processing. Mouse dorsal CA2 neurons send bilateral projections to the medial and lateral septal nuclei, vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca, and SUM. Novel connections from the PVN and to the SUM suggest important regulatory roles for CA2 in mediating social and emotional input for memory processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:1844–1866, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laminar and connectional organization of a multisensory cortex
Authors: Foxworthy W. Alex , Clemo H. Ruth , Meredith M. Alex 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe transformation of sensory signals as they pass through cortical circuits has been revealed almost exclusively through studies of the primary sensory cortices, for which principles of laminar organization, local connectivity, and parallel processing have been elucidated. In contrast, almost nothing is known about the circuitry or laminar features of multisensory processing in higher order, multisensory cortex. Therefore, using the ferret higher order multisensory rostral posterior parietal (PPr) cortex, the present investigation employed a combination of multichannel recording and neuroanatomical techniques to elucidate the laminar basis of multisensory cortical processing. The proportion of multisensory neurons, the share of neurons showing multisensory integration, and the magnitude of multisensory integration were all found to differ by layer in a way that matched the functional or connectional characteristics of the PPr. Specifically, the supragranular layers (L2/3) demonstrated among the highest proportions of multisensory neurons and the highest incidence of multisensory response enhancement, while also receiving the highest levels of extrinsic inputs, exhibiting the highest dendritic spine densities, and providing a major source of local connectivity. In contrast, layer 6 showed the highest proportion of unisensory neurons while receiving the fewest external and local projections and exhibiting the lowest dendritic spine densities. Coupled with a lack of input from principal thalamic nuclei and a minimal layer 4, these observations indicate that this higher level multisensory cortex shows functional and organizational modifications from the well‐known patterns identified for primary sensory cortical regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:1867–1890, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efferent projections of neuropeptide Y‐expressing neurons of the dorsomedial hypothalamus in chronic hyperphagic models
Authors: Lee Shin J. , Kirigiti Melissa , Lindsley Sarah R. , Loche Alberto , Madden Christopher J. , Morrison Shaun F. , Smith M. Susan , Grove Kevin L. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) has long been implicated in feeding behavior and thermogenesis. The DMH contains orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons, but the role of these neurons in the control of energy homeostasis is not well understood. NPY expression in the DMH is low under normal conditions in adult rodents but is significantly increased during chronic hyperphagic conditions such as lactation and diet‐induced obesity (DIO). To understand better the role of DMH‐NPY neurons, we characterized the efferent projections of DMH‐NPY neurons using the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) in lactating rats and DIO mice. In both models, BDA‐ and NPY‐colabeled fibers were limited mainly to the hypothalamus, including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), lateral hypothalamus/perifornical area (LH/PFA), and anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV). Specifically in lactating rats, BDA‐and NPY‐colabeled axonal swellings were in close apposition to cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART)‐expressing neurons in the PVH and AVPV. Although the DMH neurons project to the rostral raphe pallidus (rRPa), these projections did not contain NPY immunoreactivity in either the lactating rat or the DIO mouse. Instead, the majority of BDA‐labeled fibers in the rRPa were orexin positive. Furthermore, DMH‐NPY projections were not observed within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), another brainstem site critical for the regulation of sympathetic outflow. The present data suggest that NPY expression in the DMH during chronic hyperphagic conditions plays important roles in feeding behavior and thermogenesis by modulating neuronal functions within the hypothalamus, but not in the brainstem. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:1891–1914, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alterations in the motor neuron–renshaw cell circuit in the Sod1G93A mouse model
Authors: Wootz Hanna , FitzSimons‐Kantamneni Eileen , Larhammar Martin , Rotterman Travis M. , Enjin Anders , Patra Kalicharan , André Elodie , Van Zundert Brigitte , Kullander Klas , Alvarez Francisco J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMotor neurons become hyperexcitable during progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This abnormal firing behavior has been explained by changes in their membrane properties, but more recently it has been suggested that changes in premotor circuits may also contribute to this abnormal activity. The specific circuits that may be altered during development of ALS have not been investigated. Here we examined the Renshaw cell recurrent circuit that exerts inhibitory feedback control on motor neuron firing. Using two markers for Renshaw cells (calbindin and cholinergic nicotinic receptor subunit alpha2 [Chrna2]), two general markers for motor neurons (NeuN and vesicular acethylcholine transporter [VAChT]), and two markers for fast motor neurons (Chondrolectin and calcitonin‐related polypeptide alpha [Calca]), we analyzed the survival and connectivity of these cells during disease progression in the Sod1G93A mouse model. Most calbindin‐immunoreactive (IR) Renshaw cells survive to end stage but downregulate postsynaptic Chrna2 in presymptomatic animals. In motor neurons, some markers are downregulated early (NeuN, VAChT, Chondrolectin) and others at end stage (Calca). Early downregulation of presynaptic VAChT and Chrna2 was correlated with disconnection from Renshaw cells as well as major structural abnormalities of motor axon synapses inside the spinal cord. Renshaw cell synapses on motor neurons underwent more complex changes, including transitional sprouting preferentially over remaining NeuN‐IR motor neurons. We conclude that the loss of presynaptic motor axon input on Renshaw cells occurs at early stages of ALS and disconnects the recurrent inhibitory circuit, presumably resulting in diminished control of motor neuron firing. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:1449–1469, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Towards patient‐specific material modeling of trabecular bone post‐yield behavior
Authors: Carretta Roberto , Lorenzetti Silvio , Müller Ralph 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYBone diseases such as osteoporosis are one of the main causes of bone fracture and often result in hospitalization and long recovery periods. Researchers are aiming to develop new tools that consider the multiple determinants acting at the different scales of bone, and which can be used to clinically estimate patient‐specific fracture risk and also assess the efficacy of new therapies. The main step towards this goal is a deep understanding of the bone organ, and is achieved by modeling the complexity of the structure and the high variability of the mechanical outcome. This review uses a hierarchical approach to evaluate bone mechanics at the macroscale, microscale, and nanoscale levels and the interactions between scales. The first section analyzes the experimental evidence of bone mechanics in the elastic and inelastic regions, microdamage generation, and post‐yield toughening mechanisms from the organ level to the ultrastructural level. On the basis of these observations, the second section provides an overview of the constitutive models available to describe bone mechanics and predict patient‐specific outcomes. Overall, the role of the hierarchical structure of bone and the interplay between each level is highlighted, and their effect is evaluated in terms of modeling biological variability and patient specificity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geometric modeling of subcellular structures, organelles, and multiprotein complexes
Authors: Feng Xin , Xia Kelin , Tong Yiying , Wei Guo‐Wei 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYRecently, the structure, function, stability, and dynamics of subcellular structures, organelles, and multiprotein complexes have emerged as a leading interest in structural biology. Geometric modeling not only provides visualizations of shapes for large biomolecular complexes but also fills the gap between structural information and theoretical modeling, and enables the understanding of function, stability, and dynamics. This paper introduces a suite of computational tools for volumetric data processing, information extraction, surface mesh rendering, geometric measurement, and curvature estimation of biomolecular complexes. Particular emphasis is given to the modeling of cryo‐electron microscopy data. Lagrangian‐triangle meshes are employed for the surface presentation. On the basis of this representation, algorithms are developed for surface area and surface‐enclosed volume calculation, and curvature estimation. Methods for volumetric meshing have also been presented. Because the technological development in computer science and mathematics has led to multiple choices at each stage of the geometric modeling, we discuss the rationales in the design and selection of various algorithms. Analytical models are designed to test the computational accuracy and convergence of proposed algorithms. Finally, we select a set of six cryo‐electron microscopy data representing typical subcellular complexes to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithms in handling biomolecular surfaces and explore their capability of geometric characterization of binding targets. This paper offers a comprehensive protocol for the geometric modeling of subcellular structures, organelles, and multiprotein complexes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large‐scale synthesis of SiC nanowires from polysiloxane and wood powder composites
Authors: Pan Jian‐mei , Lu Qing‐bo , Cheng Xiao‐nong , Yan Xue‐hua , Zhang Cheng‐hua 
Published: November 2012

AbstractLarge‐scale SiC nanowires were prepared by directly annealing polysiloxane and wood powder composites without catalyst assistant at 1420 °C under argon atmosphere. SiC nanowires are up to tens of micrometers in length and the diameters are in the range of 30–150 nm. Most nanowires are smooth and straight in morphology. High‐resolution TEM image shows that SiC nanowires grow along the [111] direction. The vapor–solid mechanism was proposed to explain the growth procedure of SiC nanowires. The present work provides an efficient and simple strategy for large‐scale production of SiC nanowires.
Dynamic network layer for data query in sensor network
Authors: Zhang Zusheng , Chen Liang , Wang Zhiqi , Yu Fengqi 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTQuery processing systems in wireless sensor networks usually support tasks such as data acquisition, data aggregation, and event‐based query. The performances of query processing with these tasks are greatly varied according to different routing protocols. Most existing data query systems usually use one routing protocol to deal with all kinds of queries. This work demonstrates that proper selection of routing protocols can improve the performance of query processing. We propose a dynamic routing layer that makes protocol selection on the basis of query tasks and can automatically switch between different routing protocols. Simulation results show that dynamic routing scheme is more energy efficient than single routing protocol. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tizanidine Increases Antinociceptive Effect and Prevents Gastric Damage Induced by Ketorolac in the Rat
Authors: Rodríguez‐Silverio Juan , Sánchez‐Mendoza María Elena , Arrieta‐Valencia Jesús , Rocha‐Gonzalez Héctor Isaac , Flores‐Murrieta Francisco Javier 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Preclinical Research

Ketorolac tromethamine is a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) effective in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Tizanidine, an α‐2‐adrenoceptor agonist with myospasmolytic action, is indicated for the treatment of back pain either as monotherapy or in combination with NSAIDs. However, side effects may limit their use. As both drugs produce side effects that are dose dependent, a combination of these drugs appears in order to reduce the dose required for efficacy and, consequently, side effects. In this study, we evaluated the potential synergistic effect of these drugs in the thermal paw stimulation model and their effect on gastric ulcer production in response in the rat. Dose‐response curves for ketorolac and tizanidine were constructed and from these, an ED40 value was obtained. Isobolographic analysis was carried out based on 0.5:0.5 proportions. In addition, protective effect of tizanidine against ketorolac‐induced gastric damage was evaluated. A synergistic interaction in thermal hyperalgesia and gastroprotective activity was observed, suggesting a good therapeutic potential of this combination in the treatment of pain.
Preparation, In Vitro, and In Vivo Antitumor Activity of Folate Receptor‐Targeted Nanoliposomes Containing Oridonin
Authors: Wang Chuan‐Jin , Zhu Guang‐Jun , Yu Li , Shi Bai‐Hui 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Preclinical Research

The expression of the folate receptor (FR) is amplified in many cancer types. Oridonin (ORI, C20H28O6) is an isolate from Rabdosia rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara that has been used in the treatment of esophageal and hepatic carcinoma for decades. In order to enhance the antitumor potency of ORI, folate‐polyethylene glycol2000‐distearoylphosphatidyleth‐anolamine (folate‐PEG2000‐DSPE) was synthesized to facilitate preparation of FR‐targeted liposomal ORI (F‐L‐ORI). F‐L‐ORI and PEG2000‐DSPE‐L‐ORI were then prepared. In vitro release properties, cellular uptake, and cytotoxicity in HepG‐2 cells, as well as in vivo potency of the liposomes in murine HepG‐2 tumor‐bearing mice were evaluated. An in vitro cytotoxicity assay on F‐L‐ORI gave an IC50 value of 0.718 ± 0.023 μmol/ml and L‐ORI had an IC50 value of 2.25 ± 0.12 μmol/ml. These liposomes were able to control the release of ORI. In vitro cells binding of F‐L‐ORI exhibited higher binding to HepG‐2 cells as compared with L‐ORI. The antitumor effect studies assessed in vivo showed that F‐L‐ORI improved the antitumor activity of ORI as compared with L‐ORI and free drug. The tumor inhibition ratio for F‐L‐ORI (1.5 × 10−2 g/kg/d) was 85.6%, higher than that of L‐ORI group (1.5 × 10−2 g/kg/d) and free ORI (1.5 × 10−2 g/kg/d) that were 66.8% and 40.8%, respectively.
Tissue‐specific responses to aberrant FGF signaling in complex head phenotypes
Authors: Martínez‐Abadías Neus , Motch Susan M. , Pankratz Talia L. , Wang Yingli , Aldridge Kristina , Jabs Ethylin Wang , Richtsmeier Joan T. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: The role of fibroblast growth factor and receptor (FGF/FGFR) signaling in bone development is well studied, partly because mutations in FGFRs cause human diseases of achondroplasia and FGFR‐related craniosynostosis syndromes including Crouzon syndrome. The FGFR2c C342Y mutation is a frequent cause of Crouzon syndrome, characterized by premature cranial vault suture closure, midfacial deficiency, and neurocranial dysmorphology. Here, using newborn Fgfr2cC342Y/+ Crouzon syndrome mice, we tested whether the phenotypic effects of this mutation go beyond the skeletal tissues of the skull, altering the development of other non‐skeletal head tissues including the brain, the eyes, the nasopharynx, and the inner ears. RESULTS: Quantitative analysis of 3D multimodal imaging (high‐resolution micro‐computed tomography and magnetic resonance microscopy) revealed local differences in skull morphology and coronal suture patency between Fgfr2cC342Y/+ mice and unaffected littermates, as well as changes in brain shape but not brain size, significant reductions in nasopharyngeal and eye volumes, and no difference in inner ear volume in Fgfr2cC342Y/+ mice. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide an expanded catalogue of clinical phenotypes in Crouzon syndrome caused by aberrant FGF/FGFR signaling and evidence of the broad role for FGF/FGFR signaling in development and evolution of the vertebrate head. Developmental Dynamics 242:80–94, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.