bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated with the Willingness of Health Care Personnel to Work During an Influenza Public Health Emergency: An Integrative Review
Authors: Devnani Mahesh 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIntroductionThe first decade of the 21stcentury has witnessed three major influenza public health emergencies: (1) the severe acute respiratory syndrome of 2002-2003; (2) the avian flu of 2006; and (3) the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza. An effective public health response to an influenza public health emergency depends on the majority of uninfected health care personnel (HCP) continuing to report to work. The purposes of this study were to determine the state of the evidence concerning the willingness of HCP to work during an influenza public health emergency, to identify the gaps for future investigation, and to facilitate evidence-based influenza public health emergency planning.MethodsA systemic literature review of relevant, peer-reviewed, quantitative, English language studies published from January 1, 2001 through June 30, 2010 was conducted. Search strategies included the Cochrane Library, PubMed, PubMed Central, EBSCO Psychological and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Google Scholar, ancestry searching of citations in relevant publications, and information from individuals with a known interest in the topic.ResultsThirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. Factors associated with a willingness to work during an influenza public health emergency include: being male, being a doctor or nurse, working in a clinical or emergency department, working full-time, prior influenza education and training, prior experience working during an influenza emergency, the perception of value in response, the belief in duty, the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE), and confidence in one's employer. Factors found to be associated with less willingness were: being female, being in a supportive staff position, working part-time, the peak phase of the influenza emergency, concern for family and loved ones, and personal obligations. Interventions that resulted in the greatest increase in the HCP's willingness to work were preferential access to Tamiflu for the HCP and his/her family, and the provision of a vaccine for the individual and his/her family.ConclusionsUnderstanding the factors that contribute to the willingness of HCP to report to work during an influenza public health emergency is critical to emergency planning and preparedness. Information from this review can guide emergency policy makers, planners, and implementers in both understanding and influencing the willingness of HCP to work during an influenza public health emergency.DevnaniM.Factors associated with the willingness of health care personnel to work during an influenza public health emergency: an integrative review.Prehosp Disaster Med.2012;27(6):1-16.
The dynamics of infragravity wave transformation over a fringing reef
Authors: Pomeroy Andrew , Lowe Ryan , Symonds Graham , Van Dongeren Ap , Moore Christine 
Published: October 2012

A 3 week field study was conducted to investigate the dynamics of low‐frequency (infragravity) wave motions over a fringing reef at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Short‐period wave motions (0.04–0.2 Hz) were observed to dissipate on the reef crest beyond which infragravity wave motions (0.004–0.04 Hz) gradually dominated toward the lagoon. However, both the short waves and the infragravity waves were relatively small (both <0.3 m) on the reef flat owing to the shallow water depth (<2 m). The results revealed that the surf zone generation of free infragravity wave motions on the steep (∼1:20) fore‐reef slope was dominated by breakpoint forcing (as opposed to shoaling bound waves), which was also supported by detailed numerical simulations of the generation process. This is consistent with theory suggesting the efficiency of the breakpoint forcing mechanism should be high in this steep‐slope regime. Shoreward propagating infragravity waves traveled across the reef but were damped by bottom friction dissipation; however, this was at a rate much smaller than experienced by the residual short waves. With these rates of frictional dissipation also strongly dependent on the water depth over the reef, the infragravity wave heights increased at higher water levels and hence were strongly modulated by the tide. Due to the strong dissipation of infragravity waves over this wide and shallow reef that is hydraulically rough, any seaward propagating infragravity waves that reflected at the shoreline were small, leading to the dominance of progressive (shoreward propagating) infragravity wave motions throughout the reef and lagoon.
Modifications to the edge radial electric field by angular momentum injection in JT-60U and their implication for pedestal transport
Authors: Kamiya K. , Honda M. , Miyato N. , Urano H. , Yoshida M. , Sakamoto Y. , Matsunaga G. , Oyama N. , Koide Y. , Kamada Y. , Ida K. , Murakami I. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The first detailed measurements of ion-impurity dynamics for NBI-heated ELMy H-modes at the edge of the JT-60U tokamak are reported. We investigated the ability of external momentum/power input to modify and control the radial electric field, E

r
, and pedestal structures. The relationship between E

r
and pedestal structures of ion-impurity density, n
i, and temperature, T
i, during the ELMing H-mode phase for various momentum input directions (i.e. co-, balanced- and counter-NBI) and input powers from perpendicular NBI are compared with the ELM-free phase. The observed trend is that the edge E

r
-well width increases in the co-NBI discharge, while the E

r
value at the base of the E

r
-well becomes more negative in the counter-NBI discharge. The scale length for both n
i and T
i in the pedestal is ∼2 cm and

values are ∼1 for both ELM-free and ELMing phases with different magnitudes of E

r
(and/or E

r
shear). Characteristics of the turbulent density fluctuation, in addition to a uniform toroidal MHD oscillation (i.e. n = 0), during both ELM-free and ELMing phases are also reported.
Magnetic phase transitions in plasmas and transport barriers
Authors: Solano Emilia R. , Hazeltine Richard D. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
A model of magnetic phase transitions in plasmas is presented: plasma elements with pressure excess or defect are dia- or paramagnets and move radially under the influence of the background plasma magnetization. It is found that magnetic phase separation could be the underlying mechanism of L to H transitions and drive transport barrier formation. Magnetic phase separation and the associated pedestal build-up, as described here, can be explained by the well-known interchange mechanism, now reinterpreted as a magnetization interchange. The interchange mechanism can drive motion of plasma elements even when stable. A testable necessary criterion for the L to H transition is presented.
Energy confinement of hydrogen and deuterium H-mode plasmas in JT-60U
Authors: Urano H. , Takizuka T. , Fujita T. , Kamada Y. , Nakano T. , Oyama N. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Energy confinement properties for hydrogen and deuterium H-mode plasmas are investigated. The thermal energy confinement time becomes longer in deuterium by a factor of ∼1.4 than in hydrogen at a given absorbed power. When the absorbed power is fixed, the values of electron temperature T
e and ion temperature T
i become explicitly higher in deuterium than in hydrogen across the whole range of minor radius while the profiles of electron density n
e are almost the same. Accordingly, the effective heat diffusivity becomes relatively lower in deuterium than in hydrogen. Despite almost the same power crossing the separatrix, type-I ELM frequency for hydrogen becomes approximately double that of deuterium. When the stored energy is fixed, the spatial profiles of n
e, T
e and T
i become identical for both cases while higher heating power is required in the hydrogen case. The pedestal pressure is about twice as high in deuterium as that in hydrogen at a given absorbed power. The increase of the pedestal temperature is more significant for the deuterium case while the pedestal density is not changed. The poloidal beta at the H-mode pedestal

is increased linearly with the increased total poloidal beta

for both cases. The relation between

and

is almost identical regardless of the difference of the isotope species.
ELM mitigation by supersonic molecular beam injection into the H-mode pedestal in the HL-2A tokamak
Authors: Xiao W.W. , Diamond P.H. , Zou X.L. , Dong J.Q. , Ding X.T. , Yao L.H. , Feng B.B. , Chen C.Y. , Zhong W.L. , Xu M. , Yuan B.S. , Rhee T. , Kwon J.M. , Shi Z.B. , Rao J. , Lei G.J. , Cao J.Y. , Zhou J. , Huang M. , Yu D.L. , Huang Y. , Zhao K.J. , Cui Z.Y. , Song X.M. , Gao Y.D. , Zhang Y.P. , Cheng J. , Han X.Y. , Zhou Y. , Dong Y.B. , Ji X.Q. , Yang Q.W. , Liu Yi , Yan L.W. , Duan X.R. , Liu Yong 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Density profiles in the pedestal region (H-mode) are measured in HL-2A and the characteristics of the density pedestal are described. Cold particle deposition by supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI) within the pedestal is verified. Edge-localized mode (ELM) mitigation by SMBI into the H-mode pedestal is demonstrated and the relevant physics is elucidated. The sensitivity of the effect to SMBI pressure and duration is studied. Following SMBI, the ELM frequency increases and the ELM amplitude decreases for a finite duration. Increases in ELM frequency of

are achieved. This experiment argues that the ELM mitigation results from an increase in higher frequency fluctuations and transport events in the pedestal, which are caused by SMBI. These inhibit the occurrence of large transport events which span the entire pedestal width. The observed change in the density pedestal profiles and edge particle flux spectrum with and without SMBI supports this interpretation. An analysis of the experiment and a model shows that ELMs can be mitigated by SMBI with shallow particle penetration into the pedestal.
Semi‐supervised Mesh Segmentation and Labeling
Authors: Lv Jiajun , Chen Xinlei , Huang Jin , Bao Hujun 
Published: October 2012

AbstractRecently, approaches have been put forward that focus on the recognition of mesh semantic meanings. These methods usually need prior knowledge learned from training dataset, but when the size of the training dataset is small, or the meshes are too complex, the segmentation performance will be greatly effected. This paper introduces an approach to the semantic mesh segmentation and labeling which incorporates knowledge imparted by both segmented, labeled meshes, and unsegmented, unlabeled meshes. A Conditional Random Fields (CRF) based objective function measuring the consistency of labels and faces, labels of neighbouring faces is proposed. To implant the information from the unlabeled meshes, we add an unlabeled conditional entropy into the objective function. With the entropy, the objective function is not convex and hard to optimize, so we modify the Virtual Evidence Boosting (VEB) to solve the semi‐supervised problem efficiently. Our approach yields better results than those methods which only use limited labeled meshes, especially when many unlabeled meshes exist. The approach reduces the overall system cost as well as the human labelling cost required during training. We also show that combining knowledge from labeled and unlabeled meshes outperforms using either type of meshes alone.
Seasonal variations in plasma cortisol, testosterone, progesterone and leukocyte profiles in a wild population of tuco‐tucos
Authors: Vera F. , Zenuto R. R. , Antenucci C. D. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractStudies addressing seasonal changes in hormone levels are important in order to understand the interplays between ecology and physiology. In this study, we evaluated seasonal variations in cortisol, testosterone, and progesterone plasma levels in males and females of the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum. For the case of females, we also aimed to evaluate their capacity to increase their plasma cortisol concentrations in response to capture and restraint during reproductive and non‐reproductive seasons. In addition, we registered concomitant seasonal variations in the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (N:L) aimed to discriminate between basal and stress‐induced seasonal changes in cortisol levels in both males and females. Both basal and stressed‐induced cortisol levels were significantly higher in reproductive than non‐reproductive females. For the case of males, cortisol levels were also higher during the reproductive season, though values were two‐ to threefold lower than in females. The N:L ratios attained low values, typical of unstressed animals, in both males and females, indicating that the animals were not facing acute or chronic stressors at the moment of their capture. Testosterone levels in males were significantly elevated in relation to other mammals reaching up to 486 ng mL−1, with significantly higher levels during the reproductive season (mean: 209.45 ± 177.76 ng mL−1) and a remarkable inter‐individual variation. On the other hand, progesterone levels in females captured during reproductive and non‐reproductive seasons were not significantly different. This study shows that seasonal modulation in testosterone and also in baseline and stress‐induced cortisol levels occurs in tuco‐tucos associated with reproduction.
Bordetella parapertussis Survives the Innate Interaction with Human Neutrophils by Impairing Bactericidal Trafficking inside the Cell through a Lipid Raft-Dependent Mechanism Mediated by the Lipopolysaccharide O Antigen
Authors: Gorgojo Juan , Lamberti Yanina , Valdez Hugo , Harvill Eric T. , Rodríguez Maria Eugenia 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

Whooping cough is a reemerging disease caused by two closely related pathogens,
Bordetella pertussis
and
Bordetella parapertussis
. The incidence of
B. parapertussis
in whooping cough cases has been increasing since the introduction of acellular pertussis vaccines containing purified antigens that are common to both strains. Recently published results demonstrated that these vaccines do not protect against
B. parapertussis
due to the presence of the O antigen on the bacterial surface that impairs antibody access to shared antigens. We have investigated the effect of the lack of opsonization of
B. parapertussis
on the outcome of its interaction with human neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]). In the absence of opsonic antibodies, PMN interaction with
B. parapertussis
resulted in nonbactericidal trafficking upon phagocytosis. A high percentage of nonopsonized
B. parapertussis
was found in nonacidic lysosome marker (lysosome-associated membrane protein [LAMP])-negative phagosomes with access to the host cell-recycling pathway of external nutrients, allowing bacterial survival as determined by intracellular CFU counts. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigen was found to be involved in directing
B. parapertussis
to PMN lipid rafts, eventually determining the nonbactericidal fate inside the PMN. IgG opsonization of
B. parapertussis
drastically changed this interaction by not only inducing efficient PMN phagocytosis but also promoting PMN bacterial killing. These data provide new insights into the immune mechanisms of hosts against
B. parapertussis
and document the crucial importance of opsonic antibodies in immunity to this pathogen.
Uniqueness and Asymptotic Behavior of Positive Solutions for a Fractional‐Order Integral Boundary Value Problem
Authors: Jia Min , Liu Xin , Gu Xuemai 
Published: October 2012

We study a model arising from porous media, electromagnetic, and signal processing of wireless communication system
,  0 < t < 1,
x(0) = x′(0) = ⋯ = x(n−2)(0) = 0,
, where n − 1 < α ≤ n,
n ∈ ℕ and n ≥ 2, is the standard Riemann‐Liouville derivative, is linear functionals given by Riemann‐Stieltjes integrals, A is a function of bounded variation, and dA can be a changing‐sign measure. The existence, uniqueness, and asymptotic behavior of positive solutions to the singular nonlocal integral boundary value problem for fractional differential equation are obtained. Our analysis relies on Schauder′s fixed‐point theorem and upper and lower solution method.
Memory CD4+CCR5+ T cells are abundantly present in the gut of newborn infants to facilitate mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1
Authors: Bunders Madeleine J. , van der Loos Chris M. , Klarenbeek Paul L. , van Hamme John L. , Boer Kees , Wilde Jim C. H. , de Vries Niek , van Lier Rene A. W. , Kootstra Neeltje , Pals Steven T. , Kuijpers Taco W. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDespite potential clinical importance, target cells for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 have not yet been identified. Cord blood–derived CD4+ T cells are largely naive and do not express CCR5, the mandatory coreceptor for transmitted HIV-1 R5 strains in infants. In the present study, we demonstrate that in the human fetal and infant gut mucosa, there is already a large subset of mucosal memory CD4+CCR5+ T cells with predominantly a Th1 and Th17 phenotype. Using next-generation sequencing of the TCRβ chain, clonally expanded T cells as a hallmark for memory development predominated in the gut mucosa (30%), whereas few were found in the lymph nodes (1%) and none in cord blood (0%). The gut mucosal fetal and infant CD4+ T cells were highly susceptible to HIV-1 without any prestimulation; pol proviral DNA levels were similar to infected phytohemagglutinin-stimulated adult PBMCs. In conclusion, in the present study, we show that extensive adaptive immunity is present before birth and the gut mucosa is the preferential site for memory CD4+ T cells. These CD4+CCR5+ T cells in the infant mucosa provide a large pool of susceptible cells for ingested HIV-1 at birth and during breastfeeding, indicating a mucosal route of mother-to-child transmission that can be targeted in prevention strategies.
Sleep Duration and Adiposity During Adolescence
Authors: Araújo Joana , Severo Milton , Ramos Elisabete 
Published: October 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
The association between sleep and obesity has been described in different age groups. However, there are not sufficient data to clarify the inconsistent results reported in adolescents. Our objective was to study the associations between sleep duration and adiposity at 13 and at 17 years of age, with both cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches.

METHODS:
We evaluated, as part of an urban population-based cohort (EPITeen), 1171 adolescents at both 13 and 17 years of age. Sleep duration was estimated by self-reported bedtimes and wake-up times. Age- and gender-specific BMI z scores were calculated based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention references. Body fat percentage (BF%) was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Regression coefficients (β) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the association between sleep and BMI z scores and BF%. Additionally, a cross-lagged analysis was performed to investigate the causal relations.

RESULTS:
In the cross-sectional analysis, at 13 years, sleep duration was inversely associated with BMI z score only in boys (β = −0.155, 95% CI: −0.267 to −0.043); at 17 years, a positive association was found among girls but was only significant for BF% (β = 0.510, 95% CI: 0.061–0.958). In the longitudinal approach, sleep duration at age 13 was inversely associated with BMI z score (β = −0.123, 95% CI: −0.233 to −0.012) and BF% (β = −0.731, 95% CI: −1.380 to −0.081) at 17 years only in boys. These significant associations disappeared after adjustment for adiposity at 13 years. These results were corroborated by those from cross-lagged analysis.

CONCLUSIONS:
Our results showed an effect of sleep duration in adiposity at younger ages of adolescence and suggested gender differences in this association.
Extended Family History of Type 1 Diabetes and Phenotype and Genotype of Newly Diagnosed Children
Authors: Parkkola Anna , Härkönen Taina , Ryhänen Samppa J. , Ilonen Jorma , Knip Mikael ,   the Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVE
To determine the frequency of newly diagnosed diabetic children with first- and second-degree relatives affected by type 1 diabetes and to characterize the effects of this positive family history on clinical markers, signs of β-cell autoimmunity, and HLA genotype in the index case.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Children (n = 1,488) with type 1 diabetes diagnosed under 15 years of age were included in a cross-sectional study from the Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register. Data on family history of diabetes and metabolic decompensation at diagnosis were collected using a questionnaire. Antibodies to β-cell autoantigens (islet cell antibodies, insulin autoantibodies, GAD antibodies, and antibodies to the islet antigen 2 molecule) and HLA genotypes were analyzed.

RESULTS
A total of 12.2% of the subjects had a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes (father 6.2%, mother 3.2%, and sibling 4.8%) and 11.9% had an affected second-degree relative. Children without affected relatives had lower pH (P &lt; 0.001), higher plasma glucose (P &lt; 0.001) and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations (P &lt; 0.001), a higher rate of impaired consciousness (P = 0.02), and greater weight loss (P &lt; 0.001). There were no differences in signs of β-cell autoimmunity. The familial cases carried the HLA DR4-DQ8 haplotype more frequently than sporadic cases (74.0 vs. 67.0%, P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS
When the extended family history of type 1 diabetes is considered, the proportion of sporadic diabetes cases may be reduced to &lt;80%. A positive family history for type 1 diabetes associates with a less severe metabolic decompensation at diagnosis, even when only second-degree relatives are affected. Autoantibody profiles are similar in familial and sporadic type 1 diabetes, suggesting similar pathogenetic mechanisms.
Closed-Loop Insulin Therapy Improves Glycemic Control in Children Aged &lt;7 Years
Authors: Dauber Andrew , Corcia Liat , Safer Jason , Agus Michael S.D. , Einis Sara , Steil Garry M. 
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVE
To assess the possibility of improving nocturnal glycemic control as well as meal glycemic response using closed-loop therapy in children aged &lt;7 years.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a randomized controlled crossover trial comparing closed-loop with standard open-loop insulin pump therapy performed in an inpatient clinical research center. Ten subjects aged &lt;7 years with type 1 diabetes for &gt;6 months treated with insulin pump therapy were studied. Closed-loop therapy and standard open-loop therapy were compared from 10:00 p.m. to 12:00 p.m. on 2 consecutive days. The primary outcome was plasma glucose time in range (110–200 mg/dL) during the night (10:00 p.m.–8:00 a.m.). Secondary outcomes included peak postprandial glucose levels, incidence of hypoglycemia, degree of hyperglycemia, and prelunch glucose levels.

RESULTS
A trend toward a higher mean nocturnal time within target range was noted for closed- versus open-loop therapy, although not reaching statistical significance (5.3 vs. 3.2 h, P = 0.12). There was no difference in peak postprandial glucose or number of episodes of hypoglycemia. There was significant improvement in time spent &gt;300 mg/dL overnight with closed-loop therapy (0.18 vs. 1.3 h, P = 0.035) and the total area under the curve of glucose &gt;200 mg/dL (P = 0.049). Closed-loop therapy returned prelunch blood glucose closer to target (189 vs. 273 mg/dL on open loop, P = 0.009).

CONCLUSIONS
Closed-loop insulin delivery decreases the severity of overnight hyperglycemia without increasing the incidence of hypoglycemia. The therapy is better able to reestablish target glucose levels in advance of a subsequent meal. Younger children with type 1 diabetes may reap significant benefits from closed-loop therapy.