bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integration of measures to mitigate reactive nitrogen losses to the environment from grazed pastoral dairy systems
Authors: MONAGHAN R. M. , DE KLEIN C. A. M. 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYThe need for nitrogen (N) efficiency measures for dairy systems is as great as ever if we are to meet the challenge of increasing global production of animal-based protein while reducing N losses to the environment. The present paper provides an overview of current N efficiency and mitigation options for pastoral dairy farm systems and assesses the impact of integrating a range of these options on reactive N loss to the environment from dairy farms located in five regions of New Zealand with contrasting soil, climate and farm management attributes. Specific options evaluated were: (i) eliminating winter applications of fertilizer N, (ii) optimal reuse of farm dairy effluent, (iii) improving animal performance through better feeding and using cows with higher genetic merit, (iv) lowering dietary N concentration, (v) applying the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and (vi) restricting the duration of pasture grazing during autumn and winter. The Overseer®Nutrient Budgeting model was used to estimate N losses from representative farms that were characterized based on information obtained from detailed farmer surveys conducted in 2001 and 2009. The analysis suggests that (i) milk production increases of 7–30% were associated with increased N leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission losses of 3–30 and 0–25%, respectively; and (ii) integrating a range of strategic and tactical management and mitigation options could offset these increased N losses. The modelling analysis also suggested that the restricted autumn and winter grazing strategy resulted in some degree of pollution swapping, with reductions in N leaching loss being associated with increases in N loss via ammonia volatilization and N2O emissions from effluents captured and stored in the confinement systems. Future research efforts need to include farm systems level experimentation to validate and assess the impacts of region-specific dairy systems redesign on productivity, profit, environmental losses, practical feasibility and un-intended consequences.
Is the Categorical Imperative the Highest Principle of Both Pure Practical and Theoretical Reason?
Authors: Klemme Heiner F. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn her new book, Patricia Kitcher supports Onora O'Neill's view that the categorical imperative is the highest principle of both practical and theoretical reason. I claim that neither O'Neill's original interpretation nor Kitcher's additional evidence in favour of it are convincing. At its core, this misconception of Kant's position consists in the identification of self-referential critique of reason with the concept of autonomy. It will be shown that the ‘common principle’ (Kant) of both practical and theoretical reason is not the categorical imperative, but the reflective power of judgement, as Kant claims in the Critique of the Power of Judgement.
Reason to disbelieve: evaluating the rape claims of women seeking asylum in the UK
Authors: Baillot Helen , Cowan Sharon , Munro Vanessa E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAsylum applicants in the UK must show, to a ‘reasonable degree of likelihood’, a well-founded fear of persecution, on the basis of race, religion, political opinion or membership of a particular social group, in the event of return ‘home’. This requirement presents myriad challenges both to claimants and decision-makers. Based on findings from a three-year national study, funded by the Nuffield Foundation, this paper explores those challenges as they relate to women seeking asylum in the UK whose applications include an allegation of rape. The study explored the extent to which difficulties relating to disclosure and credibility, which are well documented in the context of women's sexual assault allegations in the criminal justice system, might be replicated and compounded for female asylum-seekers whose applications include a claim of rape. Findings suggest that the structural and practical obstacles faced in establishing credibility, and the existence of scepticism about rape claims and asylum-seeking more generally, mean that decision-making can often be experienced as arbitrary, unjust, uninformed or contradictory, making it difficult for women asylum applicants who allege rape to find refuge in the UK.
Flexible all-carbon interlinked nanoarchitectures as cathode scaffolds for high-rate lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Huang Jia-Qi , Peng Hong-Jie , Liu Xin-Yan , Nie Jing-Qi , Cheng Xin-Bing , Zhang Qiang , Wei Fei 
Published: January 2014

A flexible sulfur cathode electrode based on interlinked carbon nanotubes/carbon nanocages with superior conductivity and high mechanical strength was fabricated, which presented an high capacity of 1354 mAh g−1 and exhibited a high electrochemical rate capability.
Effect of Language Context on Ratings of Shy and Unsociable Behaviors in English Language Learner Children
Authors: Ash Andrea C. , Rice Mabel L. , Redmond Sean M. 
Published: January 2014

PurposeThe primary goal of this study was to explore the effect of language context on the socially withdrawn behaviors of school-age-children who are English language learners (ELLs) from middle– to high–socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. This is one of the 1st studies to address the frequently confused concepts of shyness and unsociability as independent constructs within the ELL population. The authors of this study also investigated the feasibility of an experimental parent and child questionnaire that examines shyness and unsociability across native-language and English-speaking contexts.MethodChildren and mothers (34 of whom were ELLs and 37 of whom were native English speakers) were administered an experimental questionnaire examining the children's shy and unsociable behavior in native-language and English-speaking contexts.ResultsChildren and mothers in the ELL group reported significantly higher ratings of shy behavior in English-speaking versus native-language contexts, whereas unsociable ratings did not differ across language contexts.ConclusionsShyness and unsociability are distinguishable behaviors in ELL children, and researchers should consider these constructs when examining withdrawal. In addition, examining ELL children's behavior across language contexts provides a valuable method for investigating language-influenced behavioral problems. This study demonstrates the need for service providers to evaluate behavior across subtype and language context before pathologizing withdrawal in ELL children.
Top eigenvalue of a random matrix: large deviations and third order phase transition
Authors: Majumdar Satya N , Schehr Grégory 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
We study the fluctuations of the largest eigenvalue λ
max of N × N random matrices in the limit of large N. The main focus is on Gaussian β ensembles, including in particular the Gaussian orthogonal (β = 1), unitary (β = 2) and symplectic (β = 4) ensembles. The probability density function (PDF) of λ
max consists, for large N, of a central part described by Tracy–Widom distributions flanked, on both sides, by two large deviation tails. While the central part characterizes the typical fluctuations of λ
max—of order

—the large deviation tails are instead associated with extremely rare fluctuations—of order

. Here we review some recent developments in the theory of these extremely rare events using a Coulomb gas approach. We discuss in particular the third order phase transition which separates the left tail from the right tail, a transition akin to the so-called Gross–Witten–Wadia phase transition found in 2-d lattice quantum chromodynamics. We also discuss the occurrence of similar third order transitions in various physical problems, including non-intersecting Brownian motions, conductance fluctuations in mesoscopic physics and entanglement in a bipartite system.
Diverse and widespread contamination evident in the unmapped depths of high throughput sequencing data
Authors: Lusk Richard W. 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundTrace quantities of contaminating DNA are widespread in the laboratory environment, but their presence has received little attention in the context of high throughput sequencing. This issue is highlighted by recent works that have rested controversial claims upon sequencing data that appear to support the presence of unexpected exogenous species.ResultsI used reads that preferentially aligned to alternate genomes to infer the distribution of potential contaminant species in a set of independent sequencing experiments. I confirmed that dilute samples are more exposed to contaminating DNA, and, focusing on four single-cell sequencing experiments, found that these contaminants appear to originate from a wide diversity of clades. Although negative control libraries prepared from ‘blank’ samples recovered the highest-frequency contaminants, low-frequency contaminants, which appeared to make heterogeneous contributions to samples prepared in parallel within a single experiment, were not well controlled for. I used these results to show that, despite heavy replication and plausible controls, contamination can explain all of the observations used to support a recent claim that complete genes pass from food to human blood.ConclusionsContamination must be considered a potential source of signals of exogenous species in sequencing data, even if these signals are replicated in independent experiments, vary across conditions, or indicate a species which seemsa prioriunlikely to contaminate. Negative control libraries processed in parallel are essential to control for contaminant DNAs, but their limited ability to recover low-frequency contaminants must be recognized.
Case of lepromatous leprosy misdiagnosed as systemic sclerosis
Authors: Lee Jin Yong , Park So Eun , Shin Soo Jung , Kim Chul Woo , Kim Sang Seok 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHansen's disease (HD) is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The worldwide prevalence rate of HD has decreased gradually over the years. The clinical manifestations of HD are extensive, with involvement of the skin and various organs, and these can resemble those of many rheumatic diseases. Our patient initially presented with gradual sclerotic skin change and slight sclerodactyly with Raynaud's phenomenon, which is frequently observed in systemic sclerosis. However, a skin biopsy with acid‐fast stain later confirmed lepromatous leprosy. We report this case to emphasize the role of dermatologists for applying a systematic approach to the skin lesions of HD, which has become difficult to detect because of its rapidly declining prevalence rate.
Extensive experience in the management of macroprolactinomas
Authors: Green Anna I. , Sherlock Mark , Stewart Paul M. , Gittoes Neil J. , Toogood Andrew A. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryObjectivesMacroprolactinomas are pituitary tumours that can be managed with dopamine agonists (DA), surgery and radiotherapy. We aimed to assess the outcomes of these treatment modalities.DesignRetrospective case‐note study of patients managed in a single tertiary referral centre.PatientsOne hundred patients (68 male) diagnosed with macroprolactinoma between 1971 and 2009.MeasurementsWe assessed the response to first‐line treatment in terms of reduction in serum prolactin, endocrine status, symptomatic improvement and tumour shrinkage. Patients were divided into a group that received only DA therapy and a group that received surgery, radiotherapy or both, with or without a DA. We compared pituitary function at baseline and at last clinic visit between the two groups.ResultsIn total, there were 1170 patient years of follow‐up. Pituitary surgery was performed in 29/100 patients. Fourteen patients received pituitary radiotherapy (8/14 surgery also). At last clinic visit, the nonmedical therapy group had a higher risk of gonadotrophin deficiency (77·4% vs 44·8%, P = 0·0037), TSH deficiency (54·8% vs 25·4%, P = 0·0009) and ACTH deficiency (56·2% vs 17·2%, P = 0·0001). When last reviewed, 23/29 (79·3%) patients who underwent surgery and 10/14 (71·4%) patients who received radiotherapy were taking a DA.ConclusionsTreatment with a DA alone is associated with better outcomes in terms of pituitary function and as such represents the optimal first‐line therapy for macroprolactinomas. Surgery and radiotherapy should be reserved for patients who are either intolerant of or resistant to DAs. Following surgery and/or radiotherapy, the majority of patients still require a DA for control of prolactin hypersecretion.
Epilepsy‐related brain networks in ring chromosome 20 syndrome: An EEG‐fMRI study
Authors: Vaudano Anna Elisabetta , Ruggieri Andrea , Vignoli Aglaia , Avanzini Pietro , Benuzzi Francesca , Gessaroli Giuliana , Nichelli Paolo Frigio , Darra Francesca , Cantalupo Gaetano , Mastrangelo Massimo , Dalla Bernardina Bernardo , Canevini Maria Paola , Meletti Stefano 
Published: January 2014

SummaryObjectiveTo identify the brain networks that are involved in the different electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities in patients with ring chromosome 20 [r(20)] syndrome. We hypothesize the existence of both distinctive and common brain circuits for the paroxysmal high voltage sharp waves (hSWs), the seizures, and the slow‐wave 3–7 Hz rhythm that characterize this condition.MethodsThirteen patients with [r(20)] syndrome were studied by means of EEG simultaneously recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG‐fMRI). EEG traces were reviewed in order to detect the pathologic interictal (hSWs) and ictal activities; the 3–7 Hz theta‐delta power was derived using a fast Fourier transform. A group‐level analysis was performed for each type of EEG abnormality separately using a fixed‐effect model and a conjunction analysis. Finally, a second‐level random‐effect model was applied considering together the different EEG abnormalities, without distinction between hSW, seizures, or theta‐delta rhythms.ResultsSubcontinuous theta‐delta rhythm was recorded in seven patients, seizures in two, and hSWs in three patients. The main results are the following: (1) the slow‐wave rhythm was related to blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) increases in the premotor, sensory‐motor, and temporoparietal cortex, and to BOLD decrements involving the default mode (DMN) and the dorsal attention networks (DANs); (2) the ictal‐related BOLD changes showed an early involvement of the prefrontal lobe; (3) increases in BOLD signal over the basal ganglia, either for interictal and ictal activities, were observed; (4) a common pattern of positive BOLD changes in the bilateral perisylvian regions was found across the different EEG abnormalities.SignificanceThe BOLD increment in the perisylvian network and the decrease of the DMN and DAN could be the expression of the [r(20)] syndrome–related cognitive and behavioral deficits. The observed BOLD patterns are similar to the ones detected in other epileptic encephalopathies, suggesting that different epileptic disorders characterized by neurobehavioral regression are associated with dysfunction in similar brain networks.A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of 3.5 mm LC‐DCP/Intramedullary Rod and 5 mm Clamp‐Rod Internal Fixator (CRIF)/Intramedullary Rod Fixation in a Canine Femoral Gap Model
Authors: Bonin Glen A. , Baker Sean T. , Davis Caleb A. , Bergerson Christie M. , Hildebrandt Aubrey A. , Hulse Don A. , Kerwin Sharon C. , Moreno Michael R. , Saunders W. Brian 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo compare the biomechanical properties of clamp rod internal fixation (CRIF)/rod and LC‐DCP/rod constructs in a canine femoral gap model.Study DesignCadaveric biomechanical study.Sample PopulationCanine femora (n = 10 pair).MethodsFemora with 40 mm ostectomies were assigned to LC‐DCP/rod or CRIF/rod treatment groups. Five construct pairs had 4‐point bending and 5 pairs had torsional loading. Construct stiffness, strength, and bending angle at failure or permanent angular deformation (torsional loading) were determined. Statistical comparisons were performed using Student t tests; significance was set at P ≤ .05.ResultsThere was significantly greater permanent angular deformation, or residual twist, in the CRIF/rod constructs (23.1 ± 0.89°) compared with LC‐DCP/rod constructs (7.47 ± 2.08°). Whereas there was no significant difference in torsional stiffness of these constructs at torsional loads <4.92 N m (P = .819), LC‐DCP/rod constructs had significantly greater torsional stiffness (0.303 ± 0.079 N m/°) and strength (11.546 ± 2.79 N m) than CRIF/rod construct stiffness (0.06 ± 0.013 N m/°) and strength (6.078 ± 0.527 N m) at torsional loads >4.92 N m. Differences in stiffness and strength in 4‐point bending were not statistically significant.ConclusionsLC‐DCP/rod constructs had significantly less permanent angular deformation than CRIF/rod constructs. CRIF/rod constructs became less stiff as torsional load was increased, thus the LC‐DCP/rod constructs had significantly greater torsional stiffness and strength under high torsional loads. LC‐DCP/rod and CRIF/rod constructs performed similarly under 4‐point bend loading conditions.
Autologous Platelet Gel to Treat Chronic Decubital Ulcers: A Randomized, Blind Controlled Clinical Trial in Dogs
Authors: Tambella Adolfo Maria , Attili Anna Rita , Dini Fabrizio , Palumbo Piccionello Angela , Vullo Cecilia , Serri Evelina , Scrollavezza Paolo , Dupré Gilles 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo determine the efficacy of topical application of the autologous platelet gel (PG) in canine chronic protracted decubital ulcers.Study DesignProspective, randomized, blind controlled clinical trial.AnimalsDogs (n = 18) with bilateral chronic wounds caused by protracted decubitus ulcers.MethodsFor each dog, wound side was randomized to receive either platelet gel (group PG) every 5 days for 5 dressing changes, or paraffin gauzes dressings (group C), as negative control. Wound healing and wound surfaces were compared at admission and then evaluated every 5th day, until day 25. Outcome variables were: open wound area, reduction of open wound surface compared to admission and to each preceding dressing change, time to complete epithelialization.ResultsSignificant differences in healing process were observed at day 5 and continued throughout the entire study period (P < .00001). At 25 days, mean percent reduction in wound area was 93.5% in group PG and 13.2% in group C (P < .00001).ConclusionsAppropriately prepared autologous PG, an inexpensive, readily available blood derivative, applied topically results in more rapid healing of chronic non‐healing decubital ulcers in dogs than those treated by use of paraffin‐impregnated gauzes.
Phase Separation in Nonstoichiometry Ge–Sb–S Chalcogenide Glasses
Authors: Li Zhuobin , Lin Changgui , Qu Guoshun , Nie Qiuhua , Xu Tiefeng , Dai Shixun 
Published: January 2014

A series of (1 − x)GeS2.5 – xSb chalcogenide glasses were prepared using the conventional melt‐quenching method. Their microstructure and thermal response were systematically studied. We observe a compositional threshold of x = 0.25 which corresponds to chemical stoichiometric composition in the calorimetric experiments. It is in good accordance with the Raman scattering results and laser‐induced phase transformation behavior. They also indicate that phase separation of Sb‐rich phase exists in the S‐poor samples. Moreover, we got a structural modeling of this phase separation: (1) at x = 0.25, which is chemical stoichiometric composition, the structural motifs are only SbS3 pyramid and GeS4 tetrahedra, and the three‐coordinated SbS3 pyramid is isolated by GeS4 tetrahedra; (2) at x < 0.25, the S–S bonds exist in the glass network due to the excess of S; and (3) at x > 0.25, the excess of Sb break the Ge–S and Sb–S bonds to form Sb(Ge)–Sb Bonds, and the Sb atoms segregate from the backbone to nucleate a separate Sb‐rich phase. This work provides a new way to investigate the phase separation of glass networks and helps us to better understand their related physical properties.
Geographical origins of North American Rhodiola (Crassulaceae) and phylogeography of the western roseroot, Rhodiola integrifolia
Authors: Guest Heidi J. , Allen Geraldine A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimComplex migration histories with repeated range shifts during the Pleistocene characterize many arctic–alpine plants. Identifying these patterns provides insight into the causes of current distributions and possible responses to climate warming. We investigated patterns of genetic variation in North American species of a widespread Northern Hemisphere plant group to test different hypotheses of origin and refugial persistence.LocationNorth America.MethodsWe used a phylogeographical approach to investigate the geographical origins of North American Rhodiola, especially the widespread western species R. integrifolia. Populations were sampled over much of the North American range (66 of R. integrifolia, 6 of R. rhodantha and 4 of R. rosea). We performed maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses on sequences of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the plastid trnH–psbA intergenic spacer, and analysed geographical patterns of haplotype distribution and genetic diversity using plastid restriction‐site and sequence data from all populations.ResultsSeparate lineages of Rhodiola dispersed into North America via the Bering Strait (R. integrifolia and R. rhodantha) and amphi‐Atlantic regions (R. rosea). Genetic patterns within R. integrifolia indicate southward spread from Beringia, with subsequent persistence in both northern and southern refugia. Rhodiola integrifolia and the regional endemic R. rhodantha show evidence of past hybridization (resulting in chloroplast capture) where their ranges overlap in the southern Rocky Mountains. However, phylogenetic evidence suggests that both species are closely related to Asian taxa and probably migrated independently into North America.Main conclusionsThe current geographical distributions and genetic structure of North American Rhodiola are the result of a complex history including multiple migrations into North America, persistence in multiple refugia during glaciations, and past hybridization. This complexity of processes within one group underscores the diverse history of arctic–alpine plants and the likelihood of divergent responses to changing environments.
Qualitative analysis of the contributions of nutritionists to the development of an online instrument for monitoring the food intake of schoolchildren
Authors: Davies V. F. , Kupek E. , de Assis M. A. , Engel R. , da Costa F. F. , Di Pietro P. F. , Natal S. , Thompson D. , Baranowski T. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundTheConsumo Alimentar e Atividade Fisica de Escolares(CAAFE) questionnaire is an online research tool that has been developed to enable the self‐report of physical activity and diet by Brazilian schoolchildren aged 7–10 years. Formative research was conducted with nutritionists during the development of the web‐based questionnaire. The suggestions and insights obtained were used to design a tool to monitor schoolchildren's food consumption based on the concept of healthy and unhealthy food indicators. The present study aimed to report the focus group discussions conducted with nutritionists concerning theCAAFEquestionnaire.MethodsFocus group discussions were conducted using a semi‐structured questionnaire, and these were then analysed thematically.ResultsTwenty‐four nutritionists participated (four focus groups; average per group: six people); the majority (n = 22) had experience with 7–10‐year‐old children. Four themes emerged: (i) healthy and unhealthy food indicators; (ii) suggestions for the online instrument; (iii) potential applications; and (iv) challenges for its construction.ConclusionsComments made by nutritionists enabled the construction of an instrument that is able to answer questions related to food consumption in schools and at home.