bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peritoneal Milky Spots Serve as a Hypoxic Niche and Favor Gastric Cancer Stem/Progenitor Cell Peritoneal Dissemination Through Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α
Authors: Miao Zhi-Feng , Wang Zhen-Ning , Zhao Ting-Ting , Xu Ying-Ying , Gao Jian , Miao Feng , Xu Hui-Mian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination is the most common cause of death in gastric cancer patients. The hypoxic microenvironment plays a major role in controlling the tumor stem cell phenotype and is associated with patients’ prognosis through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a key transcriptional factor that responds to hypoxic stimuli. During the peritoneal dissemination process, gastric cancer stem/progenitor cells (GCSPCs) are thought to enter into and maintained in peritoneal milky spots (PMSs), which have hypoxic microenvironments. However, the mechanism through which the hypoxic environment of PMSs regulated GCSPC maintenance is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether hypoxic PMSs were an ideal cancer stem cell niche suitable for GCSPC engraftment. We also evaluated the mechanisms through which the HIF-1α-mediated hypoxic microenvironment regulated GCSPC fate. We observed a positive correlation between HIF-1α expression and gastric cancer peritoneal dissemination (GCPD) in gastric cancer patients. Furthermore, the GCSPC population expanded in primary gastric cancer cells under hypoxic condition in vitro, and hypoxic GCSPCs showed enhanced self-renewal ability, but reduced differentiation capacity, mediated by HIF-1α. In an animal model, GCSPCs preferentially resided in the hypoxic zone of PMSs; moreover, when the hypoxic microenvironment in PMSs was destroyed, GCPD was significantly alleviated. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that PMSs served as a hypoxic niche and favored GCSPCs peritoneal dissemination through HIF-1α both in vitro and in vivo. These results provided new insights into the GCPD process and may lead to advancements in the clinical treatment of gastric cancer. Stem Cells 2014;32:3062–3074
Climate change impacts and adaptation in South Africa
Authors: Ziervogel Gina , New Mark , Archer van Garderen Emma , Midgley Guy , Taylor Anna , Hamann Ralph , Stuart‐Hill Sabine , Myers Jonny , Warburton Michele 
Published: August 2014

In this paper we review current approaches and recent advances in research on climate impacts and adaptation in South Africa. South Africa has a well‐developed earth system science research program that underpins the climate change scenarios developed for the southern African region. Established research on the biophysical impacts of climate change on key sectors (water, agriculture, and biodiversity) integrates the climate change scenarios but further research is needed in a number of areas, such as the climate impacts on cities and the built environment. National government has developed a National Climate Change Response White Paper, but this has yet to translate into policy that mainstreams adaptation in everyday practice and longer‐term planning in all spheres and levels of government. A national process to scope long‐term adaptation scenarios is underway, focusing on cross‐sectoral linkages in adaptation responses at a national level. Adaptation responses are emerging in certain sectors. Some notable city‐scale and project‐based adaptation responses have been implemented, but institutional challenges persist. In addition, a number of knowledge gaps remain in relation to the biophysical and socio‐economic impacts of climate change. A particular need is to develop South Africa's capacity to undertake integrated assessments of climate change that can support climate‐resilient development planning. WIREs Clim Change 2014, 5:605–620. doi: 10.1002/wcc.295This article is categorized under:

Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change
Trans‐Disciplinary Perspectives > National Reviews
Primary Fascial Closure With Laparoscopic Ventral Hernia Repair: Systematic Review
Authors: Nguyen Duyen H. , Nguyen Mylan T. , Askenasy Erik P. , Kao Lillian S. , Liang Mike K. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractLaparoscopic ventral hernia repair (LVHR) has grown in popularity. Typically, this procedure is performed with a mesh bridge technique that results in high rates of seroma, eventration (bulging), and patient dissatisfaction. In an effort to avoid these complications, there is growing interest in the role of laparoscopic primary fascial closure with intraperitoneal mesh placement. This systematic review evaluated the outcomes of closure of the central defect during LVHR. A literature search of PubMed, Cochrane databases, and Embase was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. MINORS was used to assess the methodologic quality. Primary outcome was hernia recurrence. Secondary outcomes were surgical‐site infection, seroma formation, bulging, and patient‐centered items (satisfaction, chronic pain, functional status). Eleven studies were identified, eight of which were case series (level 4 data). Three comparative studies examined the difference between closure and nonclosure of the fascial defect during laparoscopic ventral incisional hernia repairs (level 3 and 4 data). These studies suggested that primary fascial closure (n = 138) compared to nonclosure (n = 255) resulted in lower recurrence rates (0–5.7 vs. 4.8–16.7 %) and seroma formation rates (5.6–11.4 vs. 4.3–27.8 %). Follow‐up periods for both groups were similar (1–108 months). Only one study evaluated patient function and clinical bulging. It showed better outcomes with primary fascial closure. Closure of the central defect during LVHR resulted in less recurrence, bulging, and seroma than nonclosure. Patients with closure were more satisfied with the results and had better functional status. The quality of the data was poor, however. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the role of closure of the central defect during LVHR is warranted.
The Long Arm of Mentoring: A Counterfactual Analysis of Natural Youth Mentoring and Employment Outcomes in Early Careers
Authors: McDonald Steve , Lambert Joshua 
Published: August 2014

AbstractYoung people often develop natural mentoring relationships with nonparental adults during adolescence and young adulthood. While much has been learned about the benefits of natural mentoring for more proximate outcomes such as mental health and education, relatively little is known about the causal impact of youth mentoring relationships on career opportunities. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) survey to explore the effects of different kinds of natural mentoring relationships on employment outcomes during the early career years (when workers are in their late twenties and early thirties). Whereas traditional methods of causal conditioning show a broad range of employment benefits from being mentored, results from counterfactual analysis using propensity score matching reveal that the benefits of mentoring are confined to intrinsic job rewards. The findings imply that mentors help steer youth toward intrinsically rewarding careers.
Naming Game on Networks: Let Everyone be Both Speaker and Hearer
Authors: Gao Yuan , Chen Guanrong , Chan Rosa H. M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTo investigate how consensus is reached on a large self-organized peer-to-peer network, we extended the naming game model commonly used in language and communication to Naming Game in Groups (NGG). Differing from other existing naming game models, in NGG everyone in the population (network) can be both speaker and hearer simultaneously, which resembles in a closer manner to real-life scenarios. Moreover, NGG allows the transmission (communication) of multiple words (opinions) for multiple intra-group consensuses. The communications among indirectly-connected nodes are also enabled in NGG. We simulated and analyzed the consensus process in some typical network topologies, including random-graph networks, small-world networks and scale-free networks, to better understand how global convergence (consensus) could be reached on one common word. The results are interpreted on group negotiation of a peer-to-peer network, which shows that global consensus in the population can be reached more rapidly when more opinions are permitted within each group or when the negotiating groups in the population are larger in size. The novel features and properties introduced by our model have demonstrated its applicability in better investigating general consensus problems on peer-to-peer networks.
Passive wireless integrated humidity sensor based on dual‐layer spiral inductors
Authors: Zhang Cong , Guo Li , Wang Li‐Feng , Huang Jian‐Qiu , Huang Qing‐An 
Published: August 2014

An integrated humidity sensor capable of passive wireless sensing through inductive coupling is presented. The sensor chip consists of two stacked counter‐rotating planar aluminium inductors (0.5 μm thick, 100 μm in width, 50 μm space and 6 mm outer diameter) separated by a maskless polyimide film. The two inductors are inductively and capacitively coupled together to form a resonant tank, whose resonant frequency changes with humidity. This topology eliminates the need of a connection bridge or via as used in the usual inductor–capacitor humidity sensors and offers higher sensitivity due to the inner humidity‐sensitive parallel‐plate capacitor in contrast with the single‐layer self‐resonant inductor. Three sensor devices with different inductor turns were fabricated and characterised. Measurements show a sensitivity of 45 kHz/%RH with a centre frequency of 50.5 MHz for sensor A (8 turns), 15.8 kHz/%RH, 22 MHz for sensor B (10 turns) and 65 kHz/%RH, 74 MHz for sensor C (4 turns).
Metamaterial‐based UWB antenna
Authors: Pandey G.K. , Singh H.S. , Bharti P.K. , Meshram M.K. 
Published: August 2014

A metamaterial‐based novel compact microstrip antenna is presented for ultra‐wideband (UWB) applications. The antenna consists of two layers of metamaterials made by etching a π‐shaped slot and crossed‐shaped slots, on the radiating patch and the ground plane, respectively. The series capacitance and shunt inductance developed due to the patterned radiating patch and ground plane lead to the left‐handed behaviour of the metamaterial. The proposed antenna has a compact size of 30.8 × 27.6 × 0.8 mm3 and is fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line. The impedance bandwidth (−10 dB) is from 3 GHz to more than 14 GHz with maximum radiation in the horizontal plane and tends towards a directional pattern as the frequency increases.
Primary cilia signaling mediates intraocular pressure sensation
Authors: Luo Na , Conwell Michael D. , Chen Xingjuan , Kettenhofen Christine Insinna , Westlake Christopher J. , Cantor Louis B. , Wells Clark D. , Weinreb Robert N. , Corson Timothy W. , Spandau Dan F. , Joos Karen M. , Iomini Carlo , Obukhov Alexander G. , Sun Yang 
Published: August 2014

Significance
This study defines a cellular mechanism by which primary cilia mediate mechanosensation in intraocular pressure regulation. Changes in pressure are sensed by the interaction of the inositol phosphatase OCRL with transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a primary cilia-based calcium channel. Pediatric glaucoma (Lowe) syndrome patient cells with defective OCRL failed to respond to agonists of TRPV4, and targeting of TRPV4 lowered intraocular pressure in vivo. These findings significantly advance the current understanding of how intraocular pressure is regulated.
CD1d-unrestricted NKT cells are endowed with a hybrid function far superior than that of iNKT cells
Authors: Farr Alexander R. , Wu Weisheng , Choi Bongkum , Cavalcoli James D. , Laouar Yasmina 
Published: August 2014

SignificanceThe Immunological Genome Project Consortium has recently identified a gene-expression program that links invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells to NK cells. While this is true, our study provides molecular and functional evidence demonstrating that CD1d-independent NKT cells are uniquely programmed with a hybrid function far superior to that of iNKT cells. Such a unique feature enables this subset of NKT cells to contribute to adaptive immunity (like T cells) and at the same time act as a prominent player in innate defense (like NK cells).
Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil improves exercise economy and reduces perceived exertion during submaximal steady-state exercise in normal healthy untrained men
Authors: Kawabata Fuminori , Neya Mitsuo , Hamazaki Kei , Watanabe Yuya , Kobayashi Satoru , Tsuji Tomoko 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Based on the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on reduction of blood viscosity, we theorized that PUFA could improve aerobic performance by increasing oxygen supply to tissues. Twenty male subjects were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10): a fish oil group (FG) and a control (CG). Maximal oxygen uptake and oxygen uptake during submaximal exercise were measured using a cycle ergometer. For 8 weeks, the FG then ingested capsules containing 3.6 g/day of EPA-rich fish oil, while the CG took 3.6 g/day of a medium-chain triglyceride. After supplementation, erythrocyte EPA and DHA in the FG were significantly increased. In the FG, a negative linear correlation was detected in the change between erythrocyte EPA and whole oxygen uptake during submaximal exercise pre- and post-supplementation. The present study showed that EPA-rich fish oil supplementation improves exercise economy in humans.
The development of the southern subjunctive
Authors: Ledgeway Adam , Lombardi Alessandra 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMost Romance languages manifest in the verb a robust modal opposition between indicative and subjunctive. Some Romance varieties also mark the relevant distinction in the C-domain through the formal shape of the complementizer. However, in many dialects of southern Italy such morphological marking in the T- and C-domains has been drastically eroded. The evidence reviewed here highlights how in these dialects the relevant modal distinction is still very much alive in the syntax, where the relevant distinction has come to manifest itself in the different positions lexicalized by the verb and the complementizer in the T- and C-domains, respectively. In particular, there emerges an asymmetrical distribution of the verb in realis and irrealis contexts, respectively targeting low and high positions in the sentential core which, in turn, directly correlate with the placement of the (morphologically undifferentiated) complementizer merged in Force in the former case and Fin in the latter.
Glimpsing the future
Authors: Maiden Martin , Smith John Charles 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter explores a type of deviation from expected patterns of allomorphy in the verb which, while rare in any given variety, is repeatedly attested over the Italo‐Romance and Gallo‐Romance domains. Certain allomorphs normally expected to appear only in a subset of paradigm cells of the present tense are analogically extended into the future and conditional forms. While a phonological cause for the phenomenon can be ruled out, we suggest that the basis of the analogy is a chance phonological resemblance, in certain verbs, between the root of the future and conditional and that of the present. Our study underscores the value of a truly comparative‐historical perspective in understanding the organization of inflectional paradigms, and throws light on how new ‘morphomic’ alternation patterns (in the sense of Aronoff 1994) can emerge from existing ones.
Synchronic and diachronic clues on the internal structure of ‘where’ in Italo-Romance
Authors: Munaro Nicola , Poletto Cecilia 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides some insights into the internal structure of the wh-item ‘where’. A comparative approach is adopted, carrying out a systematic analysis of the different lexical realizations of ‘where’ attested in the Northern Italian dialects. The authors try to identify the morphological formatives that make up the wh-item, arguing that each formative is the phonetic realization of a formal feature internal to the word. They also compare the internal structure of ‘where’ with the structure of non-interrogative locative PPs, trying to determine which functional projections the wh-word shares with PPs and which ones are peculiar to wh-items; the comparison leads to the conclusion that wh-words contain an existential component in addition to an operator and a lexical restrictor. Finally, additional non-canonical usages of the wh-item ‘where’ are examined, which can be accounted for by assuming the presence of a null noun.
Marriage Formation and Dissolution: Chapters 2–34
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
These saga chapters look something like a casebook on the law of marriage and divorce. Seven marriages are established and four terminated, each raising slightly different legal issues. Some are first marriages, some second and thirds. Two terminate with the violent deaths of the husband, two end in divorce: one of husband by wife, the other of wife by husband. A certain type of first marriage meant to strip a husband of his wealth to fund future marriages for his ex-wife is discussed in detail, with considerations of risks of fertility and mortality. Types of marital property and their benefits and risks are discussed, as well as a look at a certain kind of fosterage or protection provided for young girls.
Bergthora vs. Hallgerd, Part I. The Theory: Chapters 35–45
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
These chapters of the saga present an idealized model or theory of the blood-feud. The author is as a social theorist acutely reveals the contradictions and paradoxes in the native model of balanced-exchange, which contemplates escalation no less than closure. There is an important discussion of compensation and its perverse incentives, as its payment finances the breach of the very settlement it was meant to conclude. The chapter considers the play in the joints of pricing people, just what constitutes a turn in the rule of turn-taking, etc. This chapter represents a refinement and clarification of the author's views in Bloodtaking and Peacemaking.
Otkel vs. Gunnar: Chapters 46–56
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter deals with the consequences of Otkel’s failure to sell or give Gunnar hay and food when Gunnar ran short. The refusal leads to Hallgerd trying to avenge the refusal by stealing it. Gunnar slaps Hallgerd. Attempts to settle the theft claim fail. Otkel accidentally spurs Gunnar when he loses control of the horse he is riding. The end is that Gunnar and his brother intercept and kill Otkel and seven others in his group, whereupon Gunnar wonders if he is less manly than others because he is less willing to kill. Gunnar does not appear to be all that self-aware. The matter is settled at the Althing with the counsel of Njal, Gunnar paying full compensation for six of the eight.
Gunnar vs. the Thrihyrning People: Chapters 57–66
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter deals with some important heretofore unobserved techniques Njal uses to manage disputes, in this case on Gunnar’s behalf. Njal serves as something of a bank for unprosecuted claims, and a clearing-house for them. His skills are more than just legal, but are also economic as he figures out ways to finance Gunnar’s troubles at the least cost to Gunnar. There is detailed discussion of the economics of feud by the author, as well as a consideration of why Gunnar pays compensation even for those victims he had a legal right to kill in self-defence.
Revenge for Gunnar: Chapters 77–81
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Gunnar was killed legitimately pursuant to an outlawry judgment. Nonetheless Njal (and Skarphedin) orchestrate revenge for Gunnar which is directed against those who might challenge their power in the district. This, as in other instances too, reveals Njal to be a tough political operator, who is willing to ignore the law when it serves his purposes to do so. The chapter shows just how much the feud and revenge figure in politics and political strategizing. Gunnar’s enemies include good people as well as trouble-makers. Gunnar himself has trouble managing the envy his own successes elicit. He becomes a trouble magnet and the arbitration settlement that ordered him abroad was not unfair, but wisely trying to give time a chance to make Gunnar less a focal point for so much political competition.
A Tale of Two Hoskulds: Chapters 93–9
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Njal fosters Thrain’s son Hoskuld by a rather devious method. He comes to love Hoskuld dearly and sees in him the hopes of restoring the prior alliance he had with the Sigfusson group when Gunnar was its most prominent member. Some years later Njal negotiates a prestigious marriage for Hoskuld, but the marriage is conditioned on finding Hoskuld a chieftaincy. None are available for purchase, so Njal engineers a constitutional reform establishing a Fifth Court, one feature of the reform being the creation of new chieftaincies, one to be set aside for Hoskuld. Some time later Lyting, a brother-in-law of Thrain, kills Hoskuld Njalsson, ostensibly in revenge for Thrain. Hoskuld Thrainsson negotiates a settlement with Njal. At this point there is an open breach between Njal and his sons. Lyting’s killing of Hoskuld Njalsson has been grossly underestimated by commentators. It stands for just the kind of problem that would flow from Hoskuld being a chieftain that Njal could not control, he having been careful, as usual, to control everything he could. Namesakes, one Hoskuld traded for the benefit of another, are significant.
Valgard ‘the Wise’ and Hoskuld’s Blood: Chapters 107–16
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
It is quite clear to others, such as the wily Valgard, Mord’s father, just how fraught the relations between Njal and his sons and those sons and his foster-son are. Mord does not need to work too hard to get the Njalssons to brutally manifest their resentments at the close control their father has held them in, not always in accord with their interests, while he advances the interests of his foster-son. Both Mord and Valgard understand that, given how this feud has evolved, Mord will be largely immune from retribution even should he be one of the killers of Hoskuld. The killing of Hoskuld by the Njalssons, Kari and Mord is without legal justification, but it is not without sense, given the alienation of Njal from his sons. This chapter also treats closely Hildigunn’s employment of a bloody-token ritual to charge Flosi to take revenge for her husband, and the subsequent failure of the settlement proposed at the Althing.
Skarphedin Ascendans, Flosi’s Ninth Nights: Chapters 117–23
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Skarphedin becomes almost transcendent as his party tries to muster support to defend the killing case, and he insults everyone they ask. His backing down to Thorkel Hake is one of the great humiliations wrought on any literary character. Skarphedin seems almost to free himself from his father’s control by taking over his saga, if not his farm. Njal announces to the Althing he would rather have lost all his sons than have lost Hoskuld, thereby unconsciously confirming the motives his sons had in killing him. A fragile settlement is negotiated which Flosi agrees to accept. Njal places a cloak on top of the pile of silver. A discussion of just what this cloak is and does.