bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Docking of the da Vinci Si Surgical System® with single‐site technology
Authors: Iranmanesh Pouya , Morel Philippe , Buchs Nicolas C. , Pugin François , Volonte Francesco , Kreaden Usha Seshadri , Hagen Monika E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundStrategies to spare operating room (OR) times are crucial to limiting the costs involved in robotic surgery. Among other factors, the pre‐operative set‐up and docking phases have been incriminated at first to be time consuming. The docking process on the standard multiport da Vinci Surgical System has not been shown to significantly prolong the overall OR time. This study aims to analyse whether the length of the docking process on the new da Vinci Si Surgical System with Single‐Site™ technology remains acceptable.MethodsWe prospectively analysed all of the robotic single‐incision cholecystectomies performed at our institution for docking and operating times during 2011–2012. The docking task load was assessed each time in a self‐administered fashion by the docking surgeon using the NASA TLX visual scale.ResultsSixty‐four robotic single‐incision cholecystectomies were included and analysed. The mean operative time was 78 min. Two surgeons with previous robotic surgery experience and a group of three less experienced robotic surgeons were responsible for docking the system. They performed 45, 10 and nine dockings, respectively. The overall mean docking time was 6.4 min with no significant difference between the groups. The docking process represented approximately 8% of the operating time. The surgeon with the most procedures showed significant progress in his docking times. The different task load parameters did not show a statistical difference between the three groups, with the exception of the frustration parameter, which was higher in the group of less experienced surgeons. There were significant correlations between docking times and the assessment of the various task load parameters.ConclusionThe docking process for a robotic single‐incision cholecystectomy is learned rapidly and does not significantly increase the overall OR time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Forward Model Errors on EEG Source Localization
Authors: Akalin Acar Zeynep , Makeig Scott 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Subject-specific four-layer boundary element method (BEM) electrical forward head models for four participants, generated from magnetic resonance (MR) head images using NFT (www.sccn.ucsd.edu/wiki/NFT), were used to simulate electroencephalographic (EEG) scalp potentials at 256 recorded electrode positions produced by single current dipoles of a 3-D grid in brain space. Locations of these dipoles were then estimated using gradient descent within five template head models fit to the electrode positions. These were: a spherical model, three-layer and four-layer BEM head models based on the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) template head image, and these BEM models warped to the recorded electrode positions. Smallest localization errors (4.1–6.2 mm, medians) were obtained using the electrode-position warped four-layer BEM models, with largest localization errors (~20 mm) for most basal brain locations. When we increased the brain-to-skull conductivity ratio assumed in the template model scalp projections from the simulated value (25:1) to a higher value (80:1) used in earlier studies, the estimated dipole locations moved outwards (12.4 mm, median). We also investigated the effects of errors in co-registering the electrode positions, of reducing electrode counts, and of adding a fifth, isotropic white matter layer to one individual head model. Results show that when individual subject MR head images are not available to construct subject-specific head models, accurate EEG source localization should employ a four- or five-layer BEM template head model incorporating an accurate skull conductivity estimate and warped to 64 or more accurately 3-D measured and co-registered electrode positions.
Der Nutzen einer komplexen Problemlösekompetenz: Theoretische Überlegungen und empirische Befunde
Authors: Greiff Samuel , Fischer Andreas 
Published: January 2013

Seit Jahrzehnten wird diskutiert ob komplexes Problemlösen (KPL) ausschließlich von Intelligenz und Vorwissen abhängt, oder ob das systematische Generieren von Informationen, die viable Repräsentation der wesentlichen kausalen Zusammenhänge, sowie die zielführende Anwendung von Wissen operative Aspekte von Intelligenz erfordern, die von herkömmlichen Intelligenztests nur unzureichend erfasst werden. Der Klärung dieser Frage stehen bisher messtheoretische Probleme und eine unklare Abgrenzung von KPL zu Vorwissen und fluider Intelligenz gegenüber. In dieser Arbeit wird daher ein Verfahren zur Messung von KPL-Kompetenz eingeführt, das auf der Verwendung multipler vorwissensneutraler komplexer Probleme basiert. Dieses Verfahren (MicroDYN) wird empirisch an einer studentischen Stichprobe (n = 140) überprüft: Latente Zusammenhänge zu fluider Intelligenz liegen im Bereich um .50 und bestätigen die empirische Trennbarkeit der Konstrukte. KPL weist inkrementelle Validität gegenüber fluider Intelligenz bei der Vorhersage von Schulnoten auf, insbesondere für das Gesamtabitur und für naturwissenschaftliche Fächer. Implikationen für den Nutzen von KPL in der Leistungsdiagnostik werden diskutiert.
Zum Effekt des Fachwissens von Lehrkräften auf die Rechtschreibleistung von Grundschülern
Authors: Irene M. Corvacho del Toro , Günther Thomé 
Published: January 2013

Im Rahmen der großen längsschnittlichen Studie PERLE wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Fachwissen von Lehrkräften und der Rechtschreibleistung von Grundschülern am Ende der zweiten Klasse anhand einer Stichprobe von 29 Lehrkräften/Klassen und 421 Schülern untersucht. Das Lehrerwissen wurde mit einem selbst entwickelten Fragebogen, der auf dem Kompetenzmodell der COACTIV-Studie ( Baumert & Kunter, 2011a ; Shulman, 1986 ) basiert, erhoben. In einem Mehrebenenmodell ( Hox, 2010 ) wurde das Lehrerwissen als Haupteffekt auf Klassenebene und als Interaktionseffekt zu den kognitiven Voraussetzungen der Schüler modelliert. Intelligenz wurde kurz nach der Einschulung erhoben, die Rechtschreibleistung am Ende der zweiten Klasse. Die hierarchische Mehrebenenanalyse ergab einen signifikanten Moderationseffekt (.10*) des fachlichen Wissens der Lehrkraft auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Intelligenz und Rechtschreibleistung der Schüler. Je höher das Fachwissen der Lehrkraft, desto schwächer der Zusammenhang zwischen Intelligenz und Rechtschreibleistung. Bei niedrigem Lehrerwissen ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Intelligenz und Rechtschreibleistung stärker ausgeprägt. Dieser Effekt bleibt auch nach Hinzunahme der erhobenen phonologischen Bewusstheit der Schüler ins Modell erhalten. Der empirische Befund untermauert die Ergebnisse früherer Studien, in denen sich zeigte, dass die Leistung von Schülern mit Lernschwierigkeiten stark von Merkmalen der Unterrichtsqualität abhängt ( Klicpera & Gasteiger-Klicpera, 1995 ; S. 342 ff.; Klieme et al., 2008 ; May, 2001 ; Poerschke, 1999 ). Das Lehrerwissen scheint auf individueller Ebene einen kompensatorischen Charakter zu besitzen. Die praktische Relevanz der Ergebnisse liegt zunächst im Sichtbarmachen von Effekten des Fachwissens auf die Lernleistung von Schülern. Ferner sind die Ergebnisse für eine evidenzbasierte Deutschdidaktik und die Lehreraus-, Fort- und Weiterbildung von großer Bedeutung.
Growth per Molt of Snow Crab in the Eastern Bering Sea
Authors: Somerton David , Goodman Scott , Foy Robert , Rugolo Lou , Slater Laura 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The growth per molt of snow crab Chionoecetes opilio in the eastern Bering Sea is poorly known, primarily because snow crabs are difficult to sample during their spring molting period due to the presence of sea ice. To provide better estimates of growth per molt for the stock assessment model used to manage the snow crab fishery, a study was conducted to collect juvenile crabs with a bottom trawler and return them to holding facilities at Dutch Harbor and Kodiak, Alaska. Since relatively few of these crabs subsequently molted, these data were augmented with molting data collected by two previous, unpublished studies. Based on a total of 35 observations, snow crabs grew according to the following premolt (PRMW) and postmolt (POMW) carapace width relationships: POMW = −4.00 + 1.46(PRMW), where PRMW &lt; 36.1 mm, and POMW = 48.83 + 1.17(PRMW − 36.1), where PRMW ≥ 36.1 mm.
Received July 23, 2012; accepted September 13, 2012
Eradication of Nonnative Brook Trout with Electrofishing and Antimycin-A and the Response of a Remnant Bull Trout Population
Authors: Buktenica Mark W. , Hering David K. , Girdner Scott F. , Mahoney Brian D. , Rosenlund Bruce D. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A remnant population of native Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus was threatened with extirpation by competition and hybridization with introduced Brook Trout S. fontinalis in Sun Creek, a second-order headwater stream in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Between 1992 and 2005, artificial barriers were installed to exclude nonnative fish, and multiple applications of electrofishing and the piscicide antimycin-A were used to remove Brook Trout from 14.6 km of stream. Several novel methods were employed, including diver-directed and trap-net electrofishing and the use of a portable raceway to hold Bull Trout during piscicide treatments. Electrofishing likely eradicated Brook Trout from a small headwater section of the stream but required more effort (54 person-days/km) than antimycin treatments (17 person-days/km) in the same reach to ensure eradication. For eradication of Brook Trout from larger downstream reaches, antimycin treatments applied in consecutive years were more successful than multiple treatments applied within a single year. Brook Trout have not been detected by annual surveys in the project area since 2005. The total effort expended to eradicate Brook Trout from 14.6 km of stream was approximately 138 person-days/km. Between 1989 and 2010, Bull Trout abundance increased approximately tenfold, and distribution increased from approximately 1.9 km to 11.2 km. These results exemplify the response of an imperiled Bull Trout population after removal of Brook Trout. The large investment of time and resources required to restore small populations like this one may be warranted only for critical population segments with special status or local management importance.
Received November 10, 2011; accepted October 31, 2012
Understanding Parricide
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis book is about juvenile and adult sons and daughters who kill their parents. The book moves far behind the statistical correlates of parricide by synthesizing the professional literature on parricide in general, matricide, patricide, double parricides, and familicides. The book explains the reasons behind the killings and includes in-depth discussion of issues related to prosecuting and defending parricide offenders. The book is enriched with its focus on clinical assessment, case studies, and follow-up of parricide offenders, as well as treatment, risk assessment, and prevention.
James Holt
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the case of James Holt, a 16-year-old White Hispanic boy who was sentenced to lifein prison for shooting his parents multiple times while they were asleep. About 14 years after first meeting James, the author received a call from a defense attorney asking her to evaluate his client, a man in his early 30s who had killed an inmate in prison while he was serving a life sentence in prison. As the attorney gave a brief sketch of the case, she realized that the inmate being discussed was James. The chapter describes the author's assessment of James based on an eight-hour clinical interview conducted with him and a review of more than 1,000 pages of materials relevant to James's childhood, the murder of his parents, the murder of the inmate, and his experiences in prison.
Simple Heuristics in a Social Game
Authors: Hertwig Ralph , Fischbacher Urs , Bruhin Adrian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe dominant behavior observed in social games such as the ultimatum game, the dictator game, and public good games violates the classical assumption in economics of purely selfish preferences. To account for this behavior, economists have proposed social preference models, which introduce nonselfish motives as additional arguments and parameters in the utility function. Like classical utility models, social preference models focus on behavior at the expense of describing underlying cognitive processes, contenting themselves with being “as-if” models. This approach unnecessarily limits the models' psychological realism and forgoes the empirical benefits of describing the processes that produce behavioral outcomes. As an alternative, the chapter proposes fast and frugal classification trees. Designed to describe deliberations and decisions in the mini-ultimatum game, the trees spell out the possible cognitive processes of four distinct types of respondents. The chapter derives response-time predictions from these trees as well as from a process interpretation of an influential social preference model, the Fehr and Schmidt model of inequity aversion, and test the predictions empirically. The observed response times suggest that a substantial proportion of respondents in the mini-ultimatum game take several distinct social considerations into account and process them sequentially, consistent with the proposed classification trees. The chapter discusses the implications of these findings for theories of economic behavior.
Cooperate with Equals: A Simple Heuristic for Social Exchange
Authors: Johnson Tim , Smirnov Oleg 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe chapter shows that a simple heuristic, which directs cooperation toward economic equals and defects on other individuals, facilitates cooperation in social environments where individuals engage in multiple, nonrepeated prisoner's dilemma games with partners whom they know little about. The heuristic produces successful cooperation due to its ability to infer whether or not its partner in a social encounter employs the same heuristic—not whether that partner is cooperative per se. As noted in previous research and elaborated upon here, this property prevents the heuristic from suffering exploitation and it also impedes easily exploited cooperative strategies from proliferating in conditions of ubiquitous cooperation. These aspects of the strategy, furthermore, yield insight into the environments in which the heuristic fosters high levels of cooperation. The heuristic best succeeds at producing cooperation in social environments where agents involve themselves in a moderate number of low information, one-shot prisoner's dilemma games per generation. As the number of such encounters increases per generation, the strategy more frequently defects on its social partners. Nonetheless, the heuristic cultivates cooperation in social environments where interactions are not repeated, opportunities for punishment do not exist, and agents have no direct information about their partner's past cooperativeness.
Class Conflict and Inequality
Authors: Rohit  
Published: January 2013

AbstractChapter 1 explains the forces behind increasing inequality (increasing share of income of capitalists) by presenting a theoretical model to show how the income share is divided between workers and capitalists. In an advanced capitalist country, income share of different classes is decided by their respective bargaining strength. For workers, it is decided by their unemployment rate (Marx’s argument on the reserve army of labour) and for capitalists, the extent of collusion among them. The concept of non-accelerating inflationary rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is used to build the basis of a theoretical structure. This chapter argues that the increase in income inequalities is a result of a decline in the strength of the working class in the first world as a result of globalisation, which ensured that the size of the reserve army is no more restricted to the national boundaries alone.
Some Remarks about Minimalism
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe chapter argues that deflationist positions about truth — in particular Paul Horwich’s and Hartry Field’s — are unstable insofar as they guarantee deflationism by inflating other notions. It is maintained that Field’s minimalism relies on the inflationary role of truth-conditions. Horwich’s view, in contrast, is found wanting because it amounts to a contentious form of particularism based on the idea that the reference of terms hinges on our disposition to accept it in the appropriate circumstances. This notion is, in turn, characterized in terms of causal relations, which directly leads to an inflationist territory. In closing, the chapter agrees with Wright that while different discourses may vary from being genuinely representational to purely expressivist, that does not stand in the way of the possibility of embedding sentences characteristic of either domain within truth-disquotational schemas.
The architecture of grammar and the division of labor in exponence
Authors: Bermúdez-Otero Ricardo 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter considers how the general task of exponence is divided up between the lexicon, morphology, and phonology within the overall architecture of grammar. It argues that dual-route approaches to exponence should be supplemented with a distinction between two types of lexical listing: analytic and nonanalytic. In a stratal architecture, the syndrome of properties characterizing stem-level morphophonology (including lexical exceptions and irregular cyclic effects) is shown to arise from the combination of nonanalytic listing with explicit symbolic generalizations subject to blocking. The chapter further argues for a modular and local approach to morphology-phonology interactions. A programme is proposed consisting of four hypotheses: that morphology selects and concatenates morphs without altering their phonological content; that phonological constraints other than those on alignment may not refer to morphosyntactic information; that output phonological representations do not contain diacritics of morphosyntactic affiliation; and that morphosyntactic conditioning in phonology is subject to cyclic locality.
Introduction
Authors: Andersen Stine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis introductory chapter outlines the arguments made throughout the book and fleshes out their major implications for the understanding of the Commission's role in ensuring member state compliance with EU law. It explains in more detail the research methodologies applied in the book and how the work is situated within literature on international law and international relations, governance, and constitutional law. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
4 The Commission’s Quest for Stronger Powers of Enforcement
Authors: Andersen Stine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter investigates whether the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (and prior to that, the EC Treaty) in fact provides adequate legal basis for the ‘EU legislator’ to establish binding enforcement mechanisms in secondary legislation. It argues that the EU Treaties exhaustively list the array of tools and powers available to the Commission in its role as guardian of the Treaties, with the exception of soft-law measures voluntarily embraced by the member states. Comparison of the general EU infringement procedure to the regulatory steering-mode responsive regulation showed that both are inherently decentralized and only gradually can the supervisor increase pressure on defaulting supervisees. Similar to responsive regulation, the Commission lacks stronger and readily available enforcement powers when responsive, cooperative dialogue for some reason fails or when speedier responses are required.
5 The Functional Overlap of Enforcement and Implementation Tools
Authors: Andersen Stine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter identifies implementation measures that display functional overlap with enforcement. The aim is to discuss their characteristics and compare them to genuine enforcement powers. First, the notion of implementation in the context of EU law is discussed in some detail. Then, selected measures are grouped and examined under the headings preventive measures, safeguard and emergency measures, and conditionality. The closing section discusses a number of issues regarding the application of implementation measures with the aim of securing member state compliance. These include the potential legal constraints on the Commission, such as the proportionality principle, but also political constraints. It is argued that although the Commission is largely at liberty to employ the examined measures with a functional aim of ensuring compliance, any perceived misuse may have ramifications on the Commission's future ability to obtain certain implementation powers.
The count mass distinction: Issues and perspectives
Authors: Ghomeshi Jila , Massam Diane 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter presents the issues arising from the study of the count mass distinction in human language. Three core questions are posed. First, do these concepts form part of a universally shared and uniform mental capacity? Second, are the concepts expressed in all languages? And third, are they always realized in the same way in grammars cross-linguistically and if not, what are the various ways that they are encoded in language? The paper places a range of work on the count mass distinction against these three questions, and presents various perspectives found in the literature. The conclusion is that while all humans have the relevant concepts, language can vary as to if and how they are expressed due to the mediating effect of grammar, with the result that there are a variety of realizations of the concepts across languages.
Plural marking beyond count nouns
Authors: Ghaniabadi Saeed 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPlural marking on mass nouns in languages like English and Persian is assumed to be allowed only when the interpretation of the mass noun is subject to coercion — i.e. count reading of mass nouns. As such, plural marking serves the purpose of portioning out the undivided stuff into conventionalized units. This chapter presents facts establishing that plural marking on mass nouns in Persian, in addition to its portioning-out function, can induce definiteness. The chapter proposes that the definiteness interpretation triggered by plural morphology arises from the syntax of plural marking in Persian. Based on the descriptive generalizations made in this chapter, a Distributed-Morphology based analysis is proposed of number marking in Persian and how it interfaces with definiteness marking. I argue that number morphology in the context of definite noun phrases is syncretic in the sense that it realizes both a definiteness feature [+def] and a number feature [±pl].
Aspectual effects of a pluractional suffix: Evidence from Lithuanian
Authors: Armoskaite Solveiga 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAspect has to do with the time of an event expressed by a verbal predicate, e.g. whether event has an endpoint (draw a circle) or not (run). Since Verkuyl (1973), it has been noted that the endpoint of an event may be affected by nominal elements within the VP, e.g. Number on the verbal argument (plural or singular). The chapter proposes that similar aspectual effects of Number are also found in the domain of verbal suffixes (cf. Bar-el, 2008; Ferreira 2005; Yu 2003). The chapter shows that a Lithuanian verbal suffix –inė- , traditionally considered aspectual, encodes Number of events while its aspectual effects are secondary. Building on the similarity of aspectual effects, the chapter proposes a unified account of Number across verbal and nominal domains.