bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrons on dislocations
Authors: Reiche Manfred , Kittler Martin , Krause Michael , Übensee Hartmut 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe electrical behaviour of only a few dislocations was analysed. Such small numbers of defined dislocations were produced by hydrophobic semiconductor wafer direct bonding. The dislocation networks were placed in the channel of SOI MOSFETs where the source and drain regions of these devices act as contacts. Varying the channel width allows one to control the number of dislocations measured. Analyses of nMOSFETs proved an increase of the drain current caused by dislocations by more than one order of magnitude, while a decrease of the current is obtained for pMOSFETs. This indicates that electrons are present on the dislocation core in p‐type material. The concentration of electrons on dislocations was estimated to be about 200 electrons per micrometer dislocation length, corresponding to a distance of about 5 nm between free electrons. This distance agrees with the space between Coulomb islands proved by low‐temperature measurements. The investigations refer to a metallic‐like conductance along dislocations caused by a two‐dimensional carrier confinement. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ultra‐High Optical Absorption Efficiency from the Ultraviolet to the Infrared Using Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Ensembles
Authors: Kaul Anupama B. , Coles James B. , Eastwood Michael , Green Robert O. , Bandaru Prabhakar R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe optical absorption efficiencies of vertically aligned multi‐walled (MW)‐carbon nanotube (CNT) ensembles are characterized in the 350−7000 nm wavelength range where CNT site densities > 1 × 1011/cm2 are achieved directly on metallic substrates. The site density directly impacts the optical absorption characteristics, and while high‐density arrays of CNTs on electrically insulating and non‐metallic substrates have been commonly reported, achieving high site‐densities on metals has been challenging and remains an area of active research. These absorber ensembles are ultra‐thin (<10 μm) and yet they still exhibit a reflectance as low as ∼0.02%, which is 100 times lower than the reference; these characteristics make them potentially attractive for high‐sensitivity and high‐speed thermal detectors. In addition, the use of a plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition process for the synthesis of the absorbers increases the portfolio of materials that can be integrated with such absorbers due to the potential for reduced synthesis temperatures. The remarkable ruggedness of the absorbers is also demonstrated as they are exposed to high temperatures in an oxidizing ambient environment, making them well‐suited for extreme thermal environments encountered in the field, potentially for solar cell applications. Finally, a phenomenological model enables the determinatiom of the extinction coefficients in these nanostructures and the results compare well with experiment.
V1+xNb1–xIrB2 (x ≈ 0.1), The First Quaternary Metal‐Rich ­Boride Adopting The Mo2IrB2‐Type Structure: Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structure and Bonding Analysis
Authors: Goerens Christian , Fokwa Boniface P. T. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPolycrystalline samples and single crystals of the new metal‐rich boride V1+xNb1–xIrB2 (x ≈ 0.1), were synthesized by arc‐melting the elements in a water‐cooled copper crucible under an argon atmosphere and characterized by X‐ray diffraction and EDX measurements. The crystal structure was refined on the basis of single crystal data. The new phase adopts the Mo2IrB2‐type structure (space group Pnnm, no. 58) with the lattice parameters a = 7.301(7) Å, b = 9.388(9) Å and c = 3.206(5) Å. It is the first quaternary representative of Mo2IrB2‐type structure. The structure contains zigzag B4‐fragments with boron–boron distances of 1.83–1.85 Å. The electronic density of states and crystal orbital Hamilton population (for bonding analysis) were calculated, using the linear muffin‐tin orbital atomic sphere approximation (LMTO‐ASA) method. According to these calculations, this metal‐rich compound should be metallic, as expected. Furthermore, very strong boron–boron interactions are observed in the zigzag B4‐fragment and two significantly different Ir–B interactions are observed in the new phase and the prototype Mo2IrB2.
The Carnegie Curve
Authors: Harrison R. Giles 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The Earth’s fair weather atmospheric electric field shows, in clean air, an average daily variation which follows universal time, globally independent of the measurement position. This single diurnal cycle variation (maximum around 19UT and minimum around 03UT) is widely known as the Carnegie curve, after the geophysical survey vessel of the Carnegie Institution of Washington on which the original measurement campaigns demonstrating the universal time variation were undertaken. The Carnegie curve’s enduring importance is in providing a reference variation against which atmospheric electricity measurements are still compared; it is believed to originate from regular daily variations in atmospheric electrification associated with the different global disturbed weather regions. Details of the instrumentation, measurement principles and data obtained on the Carnegie’s seventh and final cruise are reviewed here, also deriving new harmonic coefficients allowing calculation of the Carnegie curve for different seasons. The additional harmonic analysis now identifies changes in the phasing of the maximum and minimum in the Carnegie curve, which shows a systematic seasonal variation, linked to the solstices and equinoxes, respectively.
Ethical Issues in Presymptomatic Genetic Testing for Minors: A dilemma in Li‐Fraumeni Syndrome
Authors: Fresneau Brice , Brugières Laurence , Caron Olivier , Moutel Grégoire 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn 2001, a French expert panel recommended that presymptomatic tests should not be carried out on minors in families affected by Li‐Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), flying in the face of possible parental demands for such testing. We decided to investigate the legitimacy of such a recommendation. We conducted a national multicenter survey using self‐administered questionnaires mailed to French oncogeneticists in 33 regional centers in France. We aimed to (1) determine the extent to which these doctors were confronted with parental requests for TP53 testing, (2) study how they responded to these requests and the arguments used and (3) assess the attitude of oncogeneticists concerning the normative framework regulating the prescription of tests for minors. Twenty oncogeneticists stated that they had managed at least one LFS family. Eleven of these doctors had been confronted with parental requests for testing and three had prescribed such tests on at least one occasion. The oncogeneticists gave balanced medical, psychological and ethical arguments, highlighting the dilemma they face in the decision‐making process. This dilemma is due to the lack of a consensus concerning this recommendation, which aims to protect the minor by limiting presymptomatic tests to cases in which a clear medical benefit can be demonstrated but which prevents the unique situation of particular families from being taken into account. In conclusion, the recommendation has a normative status but first, from a clinical stance, it is difficult to dissociate it from the evaluation of individual family situations, and second, the benefit of a specific medical follow‐up for TP53 mutation carriers is currently being investigated.
Assessing road effects on bats: the role of landscape, road features, and bat activity on road‐kills
Authors: Medinas Denis , Marques J. Tiago , Mira António 
Published: December 2012

AbstractRecent studies suggest that roads can significantly impact bat populations. Though bats are one of the most threatened groups of European vertebrates, studies aiming to quantify bat mortality and determine the main factors driving it remain scarce. Between March 16 and October 31 of 2009, we surveyed road‐killed bats daily along a 51‐km‐long transect that incorporates different types of roads in southern Portugal. We found 154 road‐killed bats of 11 species. The two most common species in the study area, Pipistrellus kuhlii and P. pygmaeus, were also the most commonly identified road‐kill, representing 72 % of the total specimens collected. About two‐thirds of the total mortality occurred between mid July and late September, peaking in the second half of August. We also recorded casualties of threatened and rare species, including Miniopterus schreibersii, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, R. hipposideros, Barbastella barbastellus, and Nyctalus leisleri. These species were found mostly in early autumn, corresponding to the mating and swarming periods. Landscape features were the most important variable subset for explaining bat casualties. Road stretches crossing or in the vicinity of high‐quality habitats for bats—including dense Mediterranean woodland (“montado”) areas, water courses with riparian gallery, and water reservoirs—yielded a significantly higher number of casualties. Additionally, more road‐killed bats were recorded on high‐traffic road stretches with viaducts, in areas of higher bat activity and near known roosts.
A 'Super Bureaucrat' to the Rescue?
Authors: Turton David 
Published: December 2012

Reflecting on the first nine months of his role as Queensland's first State Ombudsman (then titled Parliamentary Commissioner for Administrative Investigations), David Longland noted that support for this independent watchdog of local and state government administration had not always been forthcoming:
When the question of the appointment of a Queensland Ombudsman was first raised, there was consistently an opinion that the services of an Ombudsman were not necessary, but with the growth of administrative action commensurate with the wider field of legislation born of a variety of governments, negative argument was reduced and eventually became positive argument. So effluxion of time brought the adoption of policy for the appointment of an Ombudsman by the Queensland Government.
Whole grain intakes in the diets of Irish children and teenagers
Authors: Devlin Niamh F. C. , McNulty Breige A. , Gibney Michael J. , Thielecke Frank , Smith Hayley , Nugent Anne P. 
Published: December 2012

A growing body of evidence supports the inclusion of whole grain foods in the diet to help prevent certain chronic diseases. Although much of the research has been conducted in adult cohorts, it is thought that younger populations may also benefit from whole-grain-rich diets. The aim of the present study was to quantify the intake of whole grain in Irish children and teenagers, and assess the major sources of intake. Data used in the present study were from the National Children's Food Survey and the National Teens' Food Survey, which used 7 d food diaries to collect data on habitual food and beverage consumption in representative samples of Irish children and teenagers. Results showed that over 90 % of children (5–12 years) and over 86 % of teenagers (13–17 years) are consumers of whole grain, with mean daily intakes of 18·5 and 23·2 g/d, respectively. Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals made the greatest contribution to whole grain intakes for both children and teenagers (59·3 and 44·3 %), followed by bread (14·4 and 26·5 %), with wheat being the major source of intake, accounting for over 65 % of all whole grains consumed. Whole grain consumers had significantly higher intakes of fibre, P and Mg in comparison with non-consumers of whole grain, even though whole grain intakes in this sample were well below the recommendation of three servings or 48 g/d. The present study characterises, for the first time, the patterns of whole grain consumption in Irish children and teenagers and shows whole grain intake to be low.
The Diversity of Public Participation Tools: Complementing or Competing With One Another?
Authors: Bherer Laurence , Breux Sandra 
Published: December 2012

Abstract.The objective of this article is to understand the relations of complementarity and competition between participation mechanisms, a topic that has as yet attracted little empirical investigation, although there is discussion on this issue in the public participation literature. We study the cases of Montreal and Quebec City, where, since the amalgamations in 2002, a public assembly/referendum process has been added to the participation tools already in place in the two cities (public hearings and neighbourhood councils). What can we learn from these two cases about the impact on public participation of the diversification of tools? To explore this subject, we have chosen to use a policy instrument framework to analyze three factors that affect the interactions between policy instruments: the design of the participation tools, the meaning that the actors give to these instruments, and the institutional context in which they are implemented.Résumé.L'objectif de cet article est de comprendre les relations de complémentarité et de compétition entre les dispositifs de participation publique, un thème peu traité empiriquement, même s'il y a des discussions sur cet enjeu dans la documentation sur la participation publique. Notre enquête porte sur le cas de Montréal et de Québec où, depuis les fusions municipales de 2002, un processus d'assemblée publique/référendum a été ajouté aux outils de participation déjà en place (audiences publiques et conseils de quartier). Qu'est-ce que ces deux cas peuvent nous apprendre sur les effets de la multiplication des dispositifs participatifs sur la pratique de la participation publique? Pour explorer ce sujet, nous analysons 3 facteurs qui influencent les interactions entre les instruments de politiques publiques : le design des dispositifs participatifs, la compréhension que les acteurs ont de ces instruments et le contexte institutionnel dans lequel ils sont mis en œuvre.
American Occidentalism and the agential Muslim woman
Authors: ALLISON KATHERINE 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThrough the War on Terror the United States developed a seemingly enlightened understanding of Muslim women. In contrast to Orientalised representations of Muslim women's passivity and victimisation within brutal Islamic cultures these emerging representations posit Muslim women in terms of their modernity and liberation. The emergence of this new Muslim woman illuminates an attempt to secure an Occidental self through the negotiation of conflicting impulses towards Islam. Islam is recognised as the repository from which the US enemy other emerges yet the WoT also reflects a particular desire for a cosmopolitan inclusivity. The presence of the Muslim woman acts to assuage these tensions. Her oppression confirms the barbarity of the enemy yet the combination of her intrinsic agency and religiosity posits her as an acceptable Islamic other whose presence confirms the pluralistic tolerance of the US and the universal validity of its project.
The ‘philosophical premises’ of uneven and combined development
Authors: ROSENBERG JUSTIN 
Published: December 2012

AbstractRecent debates over Leon Trotsky's idea of ‘uneven and combined development’ (U&CD) have focused on its potential in the field of International Relations, but they have not established the source of this potential. Does it derive from the philosophical premises of dialectics? The present article argues that the idea of U&CD in fact involves an innovation as fundamental for Marxist dialectics as for other branches of social theory. And it also argues that in formulating this innovation, Trotsky provided a general solution to some of the most basic problems in social and international thought. The argument is set out in three parts. The first part reconstructs Trotsky's own account of dialectical premises and their implications for social explanation. The second shows how the concept of U&CD departs from this, in ways that presuppose the tacit addition of a further ontological premise. Finally, part three analyses the locus classicus of the concept – the opening chapter of Trotsky's History of the Russian Revolution – showing how it is this additional premise which underpins the central achievement of the idea: its incorporation of ‘the international’ into a theory of history.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ON THE AUSTRIAN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
Authors: Schumacher Ines , Zechmeister Ingrid 
Published: December 2012

Objectives: In Austria, research in health technology assessment (HTA) has been conducted since the 1990s. The aim of this study is to analyze whether the HTA research program of the Institute of Technology Assessment (ITA) and the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for HTA (LBI-HTA) have had an impact on the Austrian healthcare system.Methods: We applied qualitative and quantitative empirical research methods, such as interviewing, download analysis, questionnaire, retrospective routine data analysis, and media analysis. Data were analyzed according to a conceptual framework, considering seven impact categories (awareness, acceptance, process, decision, practice, final outcomes, enlightenment) and different target groups.Results: A rising number of downloads and single HTA reports with high media interest were identified. Interviews showed that HTA reports have increasingly been used for investment and reimbursement decisions, as well as for the preparation of negotiations. Economic impact was indicated by decreased expenditures due to HTA recommendations. Overall, knowledge about evidence-based medicine increased and, in places, an “HTA culture” can be recognized. Yet, several decision-making processes occur at all levels without the use of HTA.Conclusions: The analysis demonstrated an impact within all predefined categories; however, it depends on the system level and its target groups. HTA reports are primarily used by hospital management, (social) insurances, and the Austrian Ministry of Health. Nevertheless, there is still potential to increase the impact of HTA. Therefore, the inclusion of HTA in decision-making processes in Austria needs to move from a voluntary basis to a mandatory one.
A meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies of Newcastle disease in African agro-systems, 1980–2009
Authors: MIGUEL E. , GROSBOIS V. , BERTHOULY-SALAZAR C. , CARON A. , CAPPELLE J. , ROGER F. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYNewcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important and widespread avian pests. In Africa, backyard poultry production systems are an important source of protein and cash for poor rural livelihoods. ND mortality in these production systems is important and seriously disrupts benefits derived from it. This study undertook an African continental approach of ND epidemiology in backyard poultry. After a systematic literature review of studies published from 1980 to 2009, a meta-analysis of spatio-temporal patterns of serological prevalence and outbreak occurrence was performed. Average ND serological prevalence was estimated at 0·67 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·58–0·75] in regions characterized by humid ecosystems, high human and poultry densities and low altitudes; 0·36 (95% CI 0·30–0·41) in dry ecosystems at intermediate altitude where human and poultry densities are low and 0·27 (95% CI 0·19–0·38) in mountain ecosystems where human and poultry densities are intermediate. In terms of seasonality, ND outbreaks occur mostly during the dry seasons in Africa, when environmental conditions are likely to be harshest for backyard poultry. In addition, a phylogeographical analysis revealed the regionalization of ND virus strains, their potential to evolve towards a higher pathogenicity from the local viral pool and suggests a risk for vaccine strains to provide new wild strains. These results present for the first time a continent-wide approach to ND epidemiology in Africa. More emphasis is needed for ND management and control in rural African poultry production systems.
Climate and climate change in a radiative‐convective equilibrium version of ECHAM6
Authors: Popke D. , Stevens B. , Voigt A. 
Published: December 2012

Key Points
ECHAM6 is configured to run in RCE with a mixed‐layer ocean
RCE similar to tropics in mean vertical structure and overturning circulation
Lower climate sensitivity in RCE than in full GCM although feedbacks are present
On the separate effects of soil and land cover on Mediterranean ecohydrology: Two contrasting case studies in Sardinia, Italy
Authors: Montaldo Nicola , Corona Roberto , Albertson John D. 
Published: December 2012

Key Points
Comparison of evapotraspiration observations at 2 Mediterranean ecosystems
CO2 and water use efficiency at two competitive ecosystems
Investigate the role of the vegetation type on ET and CO2 exchange dynamics
Psychometric Evaluation of Visual Analog Scale for the Assessment of Chronic Tinnitus
Authors: Adamchic Ilya , Langguth Berthold , Hauptmann Christian , Alexander Tass Peter 
Published: December 2012

Purpose
The development of therapeutic interventions for chronic tinnitus requires sensitive and clinically responsive tools to measure treatment-induced changes in tinnitus loudness and annoyance. In this study, the authors evaluated the psychometric properties of patient-reported visual analog scales (VAS) for measuring subjectively perceived tinnitus loudness and annoyance.

Method
The authors analyzed data from a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of acoustic coordinated reset (CR) neuromodulation in patients with chronic tinnitus (trial registration: “Randomized Evaluation of Sound Evoked Treatment of Tinnitus [RESET] study”; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00927121) to assess the reliability, validity, and minimally clinically identifiable difference (MCID) of the VAS loudness and VAS annoyance. The VAS loudness and VAS annoyance were completed at screening, at baseline, and at 5 visits during the 16 weeks of the clinical study. Data were analyzed with respect to test–retest reliability, validity, and MCID.

Results

VAS loudness and VAS annoyance showed good test-retest reliability of .8 and .79, respectively. In terms of convergent validity, VAS loudness and VAS annoyance correlated well with the tinnitus questionnaire at all clinical visits (max
r
= .67,
p
< .05). MCID estimates clustered between 10 and 15 points.

Conclusion
VAS loudness and VAS annoyance are valid and effective measurements for capturing reductions in tinnitus severity in patients with chronic tinnitus.
Stimuli and Normative Data for Detection of Ling-6 Sounds in Hearing Level
Authors: Scollie Susan , Glista Danielle , Tenhaaf Julianne , Dunn Andrea , Malandrino April , Keene Kelley , Folkeard Paula 
Published: December 2012

Purpose
The purpose of this work was to develop and evaluate a calibrated version of the Ling-6 sounds for evaluation of aided detection thresholds. Stimuli were recorded, and data from calibration values in dB HL were developed. Aided performance was characterized in adults and children.

Method
Stimuli were recorded, prepared, and transferred to a CD for testing. Initial testing was completed on 29 normally hearing young adults to determine typical responses in dB SPL and reliability. Corrections to dB HL were determined for each stimulus. Twenty-seven adults and 5 children with hearing losses were tested.

Results
Average normal sound field thresholds were 1 dB HL. Aided thresholds for adults varied with unaided hearing level and were better for low-frequency sounds. Adults and children performed differently, possibly because of greater hearing aid gain for children.

Conclusions
Stimulus preparation and shaping resulted in a recorded, calibrated set of Ling-6 stimuli that provide flat normal thresholds in hearing level for normally hearing listeners. Typical performance ranges may vary with hearing level and prescription. More data are required to fully characterize this trend in the pediatric population.