bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TARBALL DATA FROM THE OREGON COAST
Authors: Owens Edward H. , Lamarche Alain , Martin C. Andrew 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Approximately 300 kilometers of the coast of Oregon were surveyed following the spill from the New Carissa and a long-term observation program focused on the documentation of stranded tarballs in the vicinity of the spill site. Field documentation methods applied to shoreline oiling after the spill in February 1999 initially followed standard SCAT reporting procedures. After a brief period of relatively heavy oiling, most of the stranded oil took the form of oil pellets of various sizes (“tarballs”). As the amounts of oil on the shoreline diminished, the standard SCAT method resulted in evaluations of oil quantities that were invariably too high. Field observations were conducted for a year after the incident and the data presented in this discussion cover tarball observations in two segments adjacent to the accident site and at two distant locations over the period March 1999 to June 2000. Data output from the study included maps, tables, and histograms of stranded tarball volumes and concentrations (gm/m2). The semi-logarithmic scale time-series plots of the tarball concentration proved the most useful format for identifying trends, as the data spanned as many as nine orders of magnitude. When plotted on conventional histogram, only the larger values can be identified and smaller trends are masked in the time series. Long-term (&gt; 1 year) data on the monthly median tarball size and the monthly tarball volume are provided for four sites.
GUIDELINES AND METHODS FOR DETERMINING OIL SPILL EFFECTS
Authors: Robertson Scott B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
It is becoming increasingly important that scientific studies be conducted to determine the effects of a spill (and its cleanup) on the environment. Data are needed to assess environmental injury (e.g., for Natural Resource Damage Assessment, NRDA) and to set restoration targets. Data must be scientifically valid and timely to be of value in this process. To facilitate achieving these goals the Guidelines for the Scientific Study of Oil Spill Effects was prepared. By having scientific methods in place, no time is wasted developing them during the hectic early period of spill response. The guidelines should minimize the time spent reaching a consensus on how to conduct the work, thus minimizing the amount of ephemeral data that may be missed. By employing well-designed methods at the outset, the need for modification later is minimized.
This peer-reviewed, multi-author, over 1,300-page document consists of guidance and methods for a wide variety of investigations. The document is organized into fourteen study elements: overflights, photodocumentation, and shore description; water column and oil source sampling; shoreline and sediment sampling; chemical analyses; intertidal biota; subtidal biota; tissue sampling and analysis; toxicity effects; birds and marine mammals; nekton; plankton; inland spills; quality assurance/quality control; and data management. Not all elements should necessarily be employed in every spill, and individual methods may require modification depending on circumstances. Also, there are many excellent, equally valid tools and approaches that are not included in the document, but their absence should not inhibit their use. To make the guidelines readily available to the public, the American Petroleum Institute will be posting it on their Web site.
ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM A PUGET SOUND OIL SPILL
Authors: Chen Cindy , Neumann Robert 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An oil spill risk assessment determines the likelihood of accident occurrence and potential consequences of a spill when the spill occurs. An essential part of the risk assessment is an environmental impact assessment. The impact assessment identifies resources at risk and examines potential environmental contamination. Computer models can be used in conjunction with resource distributions to predict the impact of an oil spill. This paper provides an overview of the methodology used in assessing environmental impacts from an oil spill and examines various oil spill-modeling tools. The Regulatory Assessment: Use of Tug to Protect Against Oil Spills in the Puget Sound Area (USCG, 1999) includes a Qualitative Environmental Impact Assessment that serves as a case study demonstrating the environmental impact assessment process. The U.S. Coast Guard used this Regulatory Assessment to study the alternatives for improving maritime safety in the Puget Sound area. The following are elements and approaches adopted for the impact assessment:Problem formulation. Problem formulation is a planning and scoping process that establishes the goals, breadth, and focus of the risk analysis. A conceptual model is developed to identify environmental resources to be protected, data needed, and analysis to be used.Analysis. This analysis phase develops profiles of environmental exposure and effects of oil spills. The exposure profile characterizes the ecosystem that may be exposed and describes the magnitude and pattern of exposure.Validation. The validation process is a crucial step in defining the reliability of modeling environmental impacts. The use of several oil spill models can minimize the weakness and assumptions associated with each model. Actual spill incidents provide a range and magnitude of possible environmental damages, which further validate model results.
SURFACE-WASHING AGENTS: PRODUCT EVALUATIONS, CASE HISTORIES, AND GUIDELINES FOR USE IN MARINE AND FRESHWATER HABITATS
Authors: Michel Jacqueline , Walker Ann Hayward , Scholz Debra , Boyd John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Surface-washing agents (SWAs) are chemicals that are used to enhance oil removal from substrates. These products have been used infrequently because the incident-specific Regional Response Team (RRT) has to concur with the use of chemical agents, and there is very limited, and difficult to understand, information available on the effectiveness and effects of specific products. To address these problems, information on SWAs currently listed on the National Contingency Plan (NCP) Product Schedule was compiled, evaluated, and summarized. The following tools were developed to assist responders in evaluating appropriateness of use and selection of specific SWA products:Summaries of the mechanism of action, when to use, authority required for use, general application requirements, health and safety issues, limiting factors, and environmental concerns to assist in determining when and how to use SWAsProduct-specific information needed by responders to select the most appropriate products in an easy-to-use format comparing the key characteristics of each listed productSuggested monitoring plans and strategies for operational use of SWAs
Case histories of all documented SWA use during spills also are included to build the knowledge base and promote the effective use of SWA technology.
BLUE MASTER: USE OF COREXIT®9500 TO DISPERSE IFO 180 SPILL1
Authors: Kaser Richard M. , Gahn Julie , Henry Charlie 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
COREXIT®9500 was used to disperse 100 barrels (bbls) of Intermediate Fuel Oil (IFO) 180 30 nautical miles south of Galveston, Texas. The dispersant was highly effective in dispersing this heavy fuel oil. Efficacy was based on the fact that only 1.5 barrels of oil washed up on the beach in the form of tarballs a week later. No reports of oiled birds or wildlife related to the incident were received. The pre-authorization limits of the Regional Response Team (RRT) Region VI On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) Pre-Approved Dispersant Use Manual were outdated; COREXIT®9500 was placed on the National Contingency Plan (NCP) Product Schedule list of approved dispersants after the manual was written. COREXIT®9500 enables dispersal of heavier products than those originally considered by the RRT. The specific gravity of IFO 180 is 0.988 while the OSC Pre-Approved Dispersant Use Manual considered 0.953 an upper limit. The dispersant was applied outside the 6-hour time limit because an overflight showed little to no emulsification of the oil because of calm weather conditions. Although current conditions were calm, thunderstorms were expected to develop in the area that would provide the mixing action needed to enhance dispersal. The Unified Command considered this dispersant application a “cautious success.” The small amount of oil that reached the beach and the absence of oiled birds support a statement of success but, because of time limitations, Tier II SMART (Specialized Monitoring of Applied Response Technologies) data were not obtained to substantiate this conclusion.
Following this case, RRT Region VI convened a committee to review the Pre-Approved Dispersant Use Manual, to evaluate whether the pre-approved protocols were still relevant, and to develop changes to the Pre-Approved Dispersant Use Manual if needed for consideration and approval by the RRT. At its January 2000 meeting, RRT Region VI approved several short-term changes to the manual and authorized continued work on several mid- and long-term revisions. These changes not only give the OSC more flexibility in choosing the right dispersant tools, but also give greater requirements to document dispersant operations.
THE INTERNATIONAL COMPENSATION SYSTEM IN A PERIOD OF TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Jacobsson Måns 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Two international treaties elaborated under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization (IMO)—the 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969 Civil Liability Convention) and the 1971 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (1971 Fund Convention)—established the international regime of compensation. These Conventions were revised by Protocols in 1992, and the revised Conventions, known as the 1992 Conventions, are intended to replace the original ones. The Civil Liability Conventions govern the liability of the shipowner, whereas the Fund Conventions provide for supplementary compensation through two intergovernmental organizations, the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds, financed by a levy on oil receipts in Member nations.
A number of nations has ratified the 1992 Conventions and denounced the original 1969/1971 Conventions, but a number of other nations has not yet done so. After the denunciation by a number of nations whose oil industries are major contributors to the system, the old regime soon will be reaching a point where it is no longer financially viable. It is therefore important that the 1971 Fund Convention be terminated as soon as possible. It is likely that the maximum amount of compensation available under the 1992 Conventions (at present some US$180 million) will increase to some US$270 million as of November 1, 2003.
In view of the experience of recent major incidents, the question has been raised as to whether the 1992 Conventions should be reassessed to ensure that the international regime continues to meet the needs of society.
OIL SPILL MODELING FOR CONTINGENCY PLANNING AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND EXAMPLE APPLICATION FOR FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT
Authors: McCay Deborah P. French , Jones Mark A. , Coakley Louis 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Important questions that are asked by spill responders as well as those assessing potential impacts are: (I) What is the probability of oiling, above a threshold of concern, for each location near a potential spill site? (2) How soon will oil reach each site of concern? (3) How much oil contamination is expected (on average and worst case)? (4) Is there a potential for impacting biological resources with this oil? Using Applied Science Associates, Inc.'s (ASA) oil spill model (Spill Impact Assessment Package, SIMAP) in stochastic mode, these questions were evaluated for Florida Power & Light (FPL) for a variety of oil types and spill volumes, and for each of FPL's plants and terminals. The model was run many times, randomizing the start time over decade-long wind records. The model evaluates surface oil, shoreline oil, subsurface oil, and low molecular weight aromatics (the most toxic fraction of the oil). Both the mean and worst case exposure thickness/concentration are evaluated. The output includes contour maps, which may be interrogated (with the user interface) to determine the conditions under which worst case oiling occurs. The contours are overlaid on resource maps, showing where resources are most at risk and where protection would be most beneficial.
FPL uses SIMAP for contingency planning, drills, spill response, and evaluation of fates and impacts of spills. ASA has developed databases for use in the model for the locations around each of FPL's plants and terminals. These data include shore and habitat type mapping, locations of sensitive resources, and current data sets generated by ASA's hydrodynamic model.
The stochastic model may be used as a contingency planning tool or as a component of the ecological risk assessment process. It determines the range of distances and directions oil spills are likely to travel from a particular site, given wind and current data for the area. Practical uses for this information include the determination of which kinds of response equipment should be used in a particular area and where the equipment should be placed to be most effective, what areas are most at risk from possible spills at a specific location, and the expected magnitude of impacts.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF OIL SPILL RESPONSE OPTIONS: A NOAA-U.S. NAVY JOINT PROJECT
Authors: Barker Christopher H. , Healy William P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Navy is in the process of re-evaluating its oil spill response preparedness. As part of that effort, the Navy and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) have teamed up to continue development of a tool designed to help planners assess their response effectiveness: the Trajectory Analysis Planner (TAP).
TAP is an interface to a database of thousands of modeled oil spill trajectories, an ensemble of trajectories that represent the population of all possible spills. The TAP interface helps response planners understand characteristics of the possible oil spills in a given region. With this understanding, they can not only plan for one or a few possible high-impact events, but can determine the best overall plan for many events, across a large spectrum of probabilities and levels of impact.
This paper is the result of the joint NOAA-Navy project to extend the capabilities of TAP. The capabilities and interface of the current version of the program (TAP II) are presented, along with some of its limitations. The need and direction of the development of a new version (TAP III) that will address some of these limitations is discussed. This future approach will allow planners to assess how different response options are likely to influence the ultimate impact of an oil spill in a region.
RESPONDING TO THE BIG SPILL OF 20111
Authors: Lehr Bill , Goodman Ron 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The authors use a hypothetical spill incident 10 years in the future to examine the possible advances of spill response technology. The status of remote sensing at present, as well as its capabilities a decade hence, are discussed. The authors examine spill communication improvements, speculate on the use of the Internet to disseminate spill information, and examine electronic database systems for slick management. Progress in effectively using alternative cleanup strategies such as in situ burning and dispersants are reviewed, along with some of the likely impediments to their use in spills of 2011. Spill trajectory and behavior forecasting techniques of tomorrow are discussed in light of the expected continuing advance in computer technology. The authors review the likelihood that these new capabilities would actually be implemented. The resulting picture is a mixed one. Possible positive and negative scenarios are described.
WHATCOM CREEK STREAM REMEDIATION FOLLOWING A GASOLINE SPILL
Authors: Owens Edward H. , Reiter Gary A. , Challenger Gregory E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The gasoline release, explosion, and fire that resulted from the Olympic Pipe Line rupture on June 10, 1999 in Bellingham, Washington affected approximately 5 km of the Whatcom Creek system. One component of the response program involved remediation of the affected streambed sections. An initial interagency streambed survey provided information that was used to develop the remediation strategy. The project was carried out between July 6 and August 16, 1999 using a combination of mechanical, manual, and hydraulic in situ treatment techniques to remove product from the streambed and stream banks, as well as a series of controlled, hydraulic flushes that were effected by opening the sluice or control gates at the head of Whatcom Creek each night. Additional larger flushes were implemented prior to, and on completion of, the treatment operations. A water and sediment sampling program supported the field operations. The results of analyses performed on these samples provided data on the initial stream water and stream sediment conditions, and on the effects of the various remediation activities in different sections of the stream system.
AN OVERVIEW OF ALASKA CLEAN SEAS' PUBLIC OUTREACH PROGRAMS
Authors: Majors Lee 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Alaska Clean Seas (ACS) participates in several programs involving the local schools, communities, and regulatory agencies. The programs range from short-term 2-day training sessions to longer-term industry training or internships. They provide both classroom and hands-on training opportunities. Personnel participating in these programs may be used to supplement daily ACS activities when needed and can be included on the list of trained personnel in planning for a major event.
The programs work both ways. Not only do they assist in educating the communities and agencies, but they also provide an insight to ACS of the communities' concerns. They also open a means for effective communications both before and in the event of an incident.
In the event of a major oil spill, public interaction is required to keep people informed of response efforts. Alaska Clean Seas' public outreach programs provide the education on the considerations, methods, and tactics utilized during a spill. Providing this information and training prior to a spill can be of extreme assistance during an actual spill event.
FIELD OBSERVER TRAINING FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Hall Christopher J. , McFarland Barry A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Spill prevention is working. The United States is experiencing fewer and fewer spills and the spills that do occur have involved smaller volumes (USCG, 1999). This fact is an overwhelming positive. There is, however, one area where this gain can be seen as a minor setback for oil spill response preparedness. Fewer spills means less experience, fewer people who have responded to a spill, and fewer yet that have practical experience in making the critically important interpretations of what is observed in the field during an actual event. For this reason, training of the field observer is an increasingly important area of response preparation. The single most difficult aspect of field training is the lack of an actual oil spill. This paper explores some of the challenges of training field observers as well as sharing some of the successes. The emphasis is on training of aerial observers and shoreline assessment teams. The poster session will present photos, training aids, and response kits from several realistic courses, including those highlighted below.
NET ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS ANALYSIS TO EVALUATE MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES FOR A PIPELINE SITING
Authors: Kealy Mary Jo , Rockel Mark L. , Nicolette Joseph P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A net environmental benefits analysis (NEBA) approach offers a powerful set of tools for rigorously evaluating and comparing the natural resource benefits of alternative mitigation, restoration, enhancement, and preservation actions for compensating for natural resource damages, site remediation and pipeline-siting projects, for example. Combining the results of the NEBA with an assessment of the costs of the alternative measures shows which alternative(s) achieve a net environmental benefit at least cost. NEBA uses environmental or monetary metrics to measure the change in the value of ecological services from the site under alternative actions compared to the baseline condition. This presentation describes a NEBA application to a pipeline-siting project. The approach is equivalent to evaluating compensatory restoration as part of a natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). For example, under NRDA, a habitat equivalency analysis (HEA) model almost always is used in a two-sided NEBA, which sums the negative environmental benefits—interim losses—that result from the oil spill injury on the debit side and compares to the sum of the positive environmental benefits due to the compensatory restoration actions on the credit side. Most reports prepared as part of NRDAs are confidential. However, the NEBA used in the present pipeline-siting example is equivalent to how it has been applied in NRDA applications including two oil spills involving pipelines, the Colonial Pipeline Sugarland Run NRDA and the Colonial/Texaco Pipeline San Jacinto River Oil Spill. The present pipeline-siting example uses NEBA to determine the quantity of quality-adjusted acres of forested wetland that are needed to offset a loss in forested wetland acreage because of the construction and operation of the proposed pipeline.
Command, Control, Response and Preparedness – New Issues, New Problems, Proven Solutions
Authors: Plourde Kristy , Foresman Lee 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since the enactment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA ’90), the National Response System (NRS) preparedness program has been responsible for the steady evolution and improvement in the response readiness of the “community as a whole” – Area (local), Regional and National. While the direct impact that any one specific component of the NRS preparedness programs have had on the response to a spill may be difficult to evaluate, local response communities and plan holders continue to attest to the value of preparedness in improving their response capabilities. The M/V KURE Spill in Eureka, California in September 1996 is another example of the value of the current Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP). Key government and industry stakeholders exercised only three months before the spill and were able to quickly come together to respond to this incident. In the aftermath of 9/11/01, the NRS is again facing the challenge of having to make significant changes to response management processes in response to the increased likelihood of a Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) incident requiring the implementation of the National Contingency Plan (NCP). While the tactical response of how oil, hazardous materials, and other pollutants are contained, recovered, and stored/disposed of remains the same (i.e. a response is a response) – the NRS is faced with the addition of new players with input into, and participation in overall (strategy development) response management development, and changes in how some response tactics are implemented. The NRS preparedness programs are proven approaches for improving local readiness and assisting the NRS in adapting to the changes in response management brought on by OPA ‘90. If it can do it for one change, why shouldn't it be used to support the development of changes needed after 9/11?