bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frailty and Fracture, Disability, and Falls: A Multiple Country Study From the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women
Authors: Tom Sarah E. , Adachi Jonathan D. , Anderson Frederick A. , Boonen Steven , Chapurlat Roland D. , Compston Juliet E. , Cooper Cyrus , Gehlbach Stephen H. , Greenspan Susan L. , Hooven Frederick H. , Nieves Jeri W. , Pfeilschifter Johannes , Roux Christian , Silverman Stuart , Wyman Allison , LaCroix Andrea Z. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesTo test whether women aged 55 and older with increasing evidence of a frailty phenotype would have greater risk of fractures, disability, and recurrent falls than women who were not frail, across geographic areas (Australia, Europe, and North America) and age groups.DesignMultinational, longitudinal, observational cohort study.SettingGlobal Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW).ParticipantsWomen (N = 48,636) aged 55 and older enrolled at sites in Australia, Europe, and North America.MeasurementsComponents of frailty (slowness and weakness, poor endurance and exhaustion, physical activity, and unintentional weight loss) at baseline and report of fracture, disability, and recurrent falls at 1 year of follow‐up were investigated. Women also reported health and demographic characteristics at baseline.ResultsWomen younger than 75 from the United States were more likely to be prefrail and frail than those from Australia, Canada, and Europe. The distribution of frailty was similar according to region for women aged 75 and older. Odds ratios from multivariable models for frailty versus nonfrailty were 1.23 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07–1.42) for fracture, 2.29 (95% CI = 2.09–2.51) for disability, and 1.68 (95% CI = 1.54–1.83) for recurrent falls. The associations for prefrailty versus nonfrailty were weaker but still indicated statistically significantly greater risk of each outcome. Overall, associations between frailty and each outcome were similar across age and geographic region.ConclusionGreater evidence of a frailty phenotype is associated with greater risk of fracture, disability, and falls in women aged 55 and older in 10 countries, with similar patterns across age and geographic region.
Pediatric falls: Effect of prevention measures and characteristics of pediatric wards
Authors: Fujita Yuichi , Fujita Mayuko , Fujiwara Chieko 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimThis study aimed to identify the effect of fall prevention measures and characteristics of wards on the rate of pediatric falls.MethodsData on study variables were collected using a cross‐sectional design and questionnaires of 603 randomized general hospitals in Japan. Among the hospitals that were contacted, 252 (41.8%) returned their questionnaires. The questionnaires included the annual number of falls, whether fall prevention measures were implemented, and characteristics of the wards. Data were analyzed from questionnaires from 162 of the hospitals, which included those that answered the number of falls.ResultsThe pediatric fall rate was 1.36/1000 patient‐days. Facilities were more likely to have a lower fall rate if they had a longer “length of stay” (P < 0.001), “shared information in high‐risk patients and monitored them carefully” (P < 0.001), had higher totals for the “number of study sessions for novice nurses” (P = 0.01),and “used a pamphlet to educate patients and caregivers regarding appropriate use of side rails” (P < 0.001). Facilities that had a “playroom” (P < 0.001), higher “novice nurse‐to‐nurse ratio” (P < 0.001), and those at which “caregivers were necessary for hospitalization” (P = 0.04) were more likely to have a higher fall rate.ConclusionThe results of the present study suggest that education of parents and novice nurses on fall prevention is the most effective method of reducing pediatric falls. It is important to implement intensive fall prevention for high‐risk patients and develop valid pediatric fall risk assessment tools.
Qualitative content analysis experiences with objective structured clinical examination among Korean nursing students
Authors: JO Kae‐Hwa , AN Gyeong‐Ju 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to explore the experiences of Korean nursing students with an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) assessment regarding the 12 cranial nerves using qualitative content analysis.MethodsQualitative content analysis was used to explore the subjective experiences of nursing baccalaureate students after taking the OSCE. Convenience sampling was used to select 64 4th year nursing students who were interested in taking the OSCE. The participants learned content about the 12 cranial nerve assessment by lectures, demonstrations, and videos before the OSCE. The OSCE consisted of examinations in each of three stations for 2 days. The participants wrote information about their experiences on sheets of paper immediately after the OSCE anonymously in an adjacent room. The submitted materials were analyzed via qualitative content analysis.ResultsThe collected materials were classified into two themes and seven categories. One theme was “awareness of inner capabilities”, which included three categories: “inner motivation”, “inner confidence”, and “creativity”. The other theme was “barriers to nursing performance”, which included four categories: “deficiency of knowledge”, “deficiency of communication skill”, “deficiency of attitude toward comfort”, and “deficiency of repetitive practice”.ConclusionThis study revealed that the participants simultaneously experienced the potential and deficiency of their nursing competency after an OSCE session on cranial nerves. OSCE also provided the opportunity for nursing students to realize nursing care in a holistic manner unlike concern that OSCE undermines holism.
Distribution and morphology of Clara cells in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Seidel Victoria , Hoffmann Rebecca , Braun Armin , Seehase Sophie , Knauf Sascha , Kaup Franz‐Josef , Bleyer Martina 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this investigation was to define the phenotype and spatial distribution of Clara cells within the respiratory tract of common marmosets and to distinguish them from other non‐ciliated cells (goblet cells, mixed type secretory cells).MethodsNon‐ciliated cells were identified immunohistochemically using antibodies against Clara cell secretory protein and mucin 5AC. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were performed to characterize Clara cells ultrastructurally.ResultsClara cells were present throughout the tracheobronchial tree, with lowest numbers in the trachea and highest numbers in bronchioles. Goblet cells and mixed type cells were scarce in the upper conducting airways and virtually absent within bronchioles. Ultrastructurally, Clara cells showed typical apical electron‐dense granules and a prominent granular endoplasmatic reticulum.ConclusionsClara cells of common marmosets have species‐specific morphological characteristics, which suggest grouping the common marmoset phenotypically between primates and rodents.
High prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in schoolchildren detected by echocardiography screening in New Caledonia
Authors: Baroux Noémie , Rouchon Bernard , Huon Bertrand , Germain Agnès , Meunier Jean‐Michel , D'Ortenzio Eric 
Published: January 2013

AimDespite the well‐documented burden of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in several Pacific countries, the disease is poorly understood in New Caledonia. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of RHD detected by echocardiographic screening in school children.MethodsAn annual RHD screening programme is conducted by the Health and Social Agency of New Caledonia for school‐aged children in their fourth year of primary school. For the purpose of this study, we used data collected during this echocardiographic screening between 2008 and 2010.ResultsOf 12 728 children screened, 50.2% were male and the mean age was 9.6 ± 0.6 years. Between 2008 and 2010, 114 children had RHD, corresponding to a prevalence of 8.9 cases per 1000 (95% confidence interval (CI) (7.3–10.6)). Prevalence of RHD was higher on the main island outside Greater Noumea (13.7 per 1000; 95% CI (9.8–17.5)) and in the outlying island groups (14.6 per 1000; 95% CI (8.4–20.9)) than in Greater Noumea (5.8 per 1000; 95% CI (4.1–7.5)). RHD was more prevalent in Melanesian children (13.5 per 1000; 95% CI (10.9–16.1)) than in European (1.8 per 1000; 95% CI (0.4–3.1)).ConclusionThis study documented a high prevalence of RHD in New Caledonia, particularly in districts located outside Noumea and in children of Melanesian heritage. These results uncover a hitherto unknown burden of disease in New Caledonia and underline the importance of delivering secondary prophylaxis to reduce the prevalence of RHD.
Effects of pre‐partum milking of dairy cows on calcium metabolism at start of milking and at calving
Authors: Kronqvist C. , Ferneborg S. , Emanuelson U. , Holtenius K. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThis experiment studied the effect of pre‐partal milk removal on calcium metabolism at start of milking and at calving. Nine cows of the Swedish Red breed were milked for 1–7 days pre‐partum. The average milk yield at the first milking was 4.8 l, and the average yield the last day prior to calving was 13.4 l. Five cows were used as control cows and were only milked post‐partum. Samples of plasma and urine were taken to determine the effect of pre‐partum milking and calving on levels of calcium, magnesium, parathyroid hormone and plasma C‐terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type 1‐collagen (CTx), used as a marker of bone resorption. Pre‐partum milking resulted in a decrease in plasma calcium that was evident 2 days after the first milking. Parathyroid hormone increased at the same time, and CTx started to increase from 24 h after the first milking. There were no effects on plasma magnesium or urinary output of calcium or magnesium. The first week after calving, there were no differences between pre‐partum milked cows and control cows in plasma or urine variables, or in milk yield. In conclusion, pre‐partum milking activated the calcium‐restoring mechanisms but did not improve calcium status at calving.
Malaria parasites tolerate a broad range of ionic environments and do not require host cation remodelling
Authors: Pillai Ajay D. , Addo Rachel , Sharma Paresh , Nguitragool Wang , Srinivasan Prakash , Desai Sanjay A. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryMalaria parasites grow within erythrocytes, but are also free in host plasma between cycles of asexual replication. As a result, the parasite is exposed to fluctuating levels of Na+ and K+, ions assumed to serve important roles for the human pathogen, Plasmodium falciparum. We examined these assumptions and the parasite's ionic requirements by establishing continuous culture in novel sucrose‐based media. With sucrose as the primary osmoticant and K+ and Cl− as the main extracellular ions, we obtained parasite growth and propagation at rates indistinguishable from those in physiological media. These conditions abolish long‐known increases in intracellular Na+ via parasite‐induced channels, excluding a requirement for erythrocyte cation remodelling. We also dissected Na+, K+ and Cl− requirements and found that unexpectedly low concentrations of each ion meet the parasite's demands. Surprisingly, growth was not adversely affected by up to 148 mM K+, suggesting that low extracellular K+ is not an essential trigger for erythrocyte invasion. At the same time, merozoite egress and invasion required a threshold ionic strength, suggesting critical electrostatic interactions between macromolecules at these stages. These findings provide insights into transmembrane signalling in malaria and reveal fundamental differences between host and parasite ionic requirements.
Components of quantitative resistance to leaf rust in wheat cultivars: diversity, variability and specificity
Authors: Azzimonti G. , Lannou C. , Sache I. , Goyeau H. 
Published: January 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential diversity and pathogen‐specificity of sources of quantitative resistance to leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina in French wheat germplasm. From a set of 86 genotypes displaying a range of quantitative resistance levels during field epidemics, eight wheat genotypes were selected and challenged in a greenhouse with three isolates of the pathogen, belonging to different pathotypes. Five components of resistance were assessed: infection efficiency, for which an original methodology was developed, latent period, lesion size, spore production per lesion, and spore production per unit of sporulating tissue. High diversity and variability for all these components were expressed in the host × pathotype combinations investigated; isolate‐specificity was found for all the components. The host genotypes displayed various resistance profiles, based on both the components affected and the isolate‐specificity of the interaction. Their usefulness as sources of quantitative resistance was assessed: line LD7 probably combines diversified mechanisms of resistance, being highly resistant for all the components, but displaying isolate‐specificity for all the components; cv. Apache did not show isolate specificity for any of the components, which could be related to the durability of its quantitative resistance in the field over more than 11 years.
Interactions between autonomic cardiovascular regulation and cortical activity: A CNV study
Authors: Duschek Stefan , Wörsching Jana , Reyes Del Paso Gustavo A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe study investigated interactions between autonomic cardiovascular regulation and cortical activity. In 54 healthy subjects, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were assessed at resting conditions. As an EEG indicator of cortical excitability, the contingent negative variation (CNV) was induced using a constant foreperiod reaction time task. At bivariate level, only RSA showed a moderate positive correlation with the CNV recorded at frontal electrodes. However, when common variance of BRS and RSA was controlled for in multiple regression analysis, an inverse association between BRS and the frontal CNV also arose. The inverse association between BRS and the CNV is discussed as reflecting bottom‐up modulation of cortical excitability by baroreceptor afferents. The positive correlation between RSA and the CNV may relate to the interplay between prefrontal processing and cardiac vagal tone.
Modelling the interseismic deformation of a thrust system: seismogenic potential of the Southern Alps
Authors: Barba Salvatore , Finocchio Debora , Sikdar Elena , Burrato Pierfrancesco 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on the Montello thrust system in the Eastern Southern Alps as a potential seismogenic source. This system is of particular interest because of its lack of historical seismicity. Nevertheless, the system is undergoing active deformation.We developed a finite‐element model using visco‐elasto‐plastic rheology. The free parameters of the model (essentially, the locking status of the three thrusts included in the study), were constrained by matching the observed horizontal GPS and vertical levelling data.We show that the amount of interseismic fault locking, and thus the seismic potential, is not necessarily associated with the fastest‐slipping faults. More specifically, the locked Bassano thrust has a greater seismic potential than the freely slipping Montello thrust. The findings suggest that faults with subtle evidence of Quaternary activity should be carefully considered when creating seismic hazard maps.
Pemphigus vulgaris in a Welsh pony stallion: case report and demonstration of antidesmoglein autoantibodies
Authors: Winfield Laramie D. , White Stephen D. , Affolter Verena K. , Renier Anna C. , Dawson Dominic , Olivry Thierry , Outerbridge Catherine A. , Wang Yu Hsuan , Iyori Keita , Nishifuji Koji 
Published: January 2013

Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo describe the clinical, histological and immunological findings of an equine case of pemphigus vulgaris, including the demonstration of antidesmoglein (anti‐Dsg) autoantibodies.Case reportThe diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris was confirmed in a 9‐year‐old Welsh pony stallion with both direct and indirect immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation studies, the latter identifying circulating anti‐Dsg3 IgG. Treatment with immunosuppressive medications was initiated. Lesions were seen in the perineal area, sheath, mane, tail, eyelids, coronary bands and mucosa of the mouth and oesophagus. Initial corticosteroid treatment improved the clinical signs, but the onset of laminitis necessitated a reduction in dosage, which was associated with a recurrence of lesions and development of oral ulcers. A corneal ulcer developed after 60 days of treatment. Despite treatment with azathioprine, gold salts and dapsone, the disease progressed and the pony was euthanized. Postmortem examination showed additional lesions of the cardia of the stomach.Conclusions and clinical importancePemphigus vulgaris is rarely diagnosed in equids. We describe a case that was substantiated by the demonstration of anti‐Dsg3 IgG. Response to treatment was poor, with the best response to high doses of prednisolone. Equine pemphigus vulgaris is likely to carry a poor prognosis and if there is no response to treatment, humane euthanasia is warranted.
Complete Genome Sequences of Classical Swine Fever Virus Isolates Belonging to a New Subgenotype, 2.1c, from Hunan Province, China
Authors: Jiang Da-Liang , Liu Guo-Hua , Gong Wen-Jie , Li Run-cheng , Hu Yun-Fei , Tu Changchun , Yu Xing-Long 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Two isolates of a new classical swine fever virus (CSFV) subgenotype, 2.1c (HNLY-2011 and HNSD-2012), were recently isolated from pigs in Hunan Province, China. The most significant difference in the amino acid sequences of the polyproteins from subgenotypes 2.1a and 2.1b is an SPA → TPV amino acid substitution at positions 777 and 779 in the E2 protein.
Safety performance evaluation of taekwondo headgear
Authors: O'Sullivan David M , Fife Gabriel P , Pieter Willy , Shin Insik 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundWith over 20 years of taekwondo concussion research highlighting the high incidence of injury, previous studies recommend an investigation of headgear impact attenuation performance.ObjectiveTo examine impact attenuation differences between the anterior, posterior and sides of selected taekwondo headgear brands.DesignBetween-groups.SettingBiomechanics laboratory.MethodsFive different commercially available taekwondo headgear were selected for impact testing. A 50th percentile Hybrid II Dummy Crash Test head and neck was fitted with the selected helmet and was bolted to a 25 kg steel torso-like structure. Each headgear model was impacted eight times to the anterior, posterior and sides by a 6.75 kg bowling ball at three heights to produce 52.25, 85 and 144 J strikes.Main outcome measurementsResultant head linear acceleration.ResultsTwo-way (Helmet×Location) mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures on the second factor was performed to determine the differences between headgear by location of impact. There was a two-way (Helmet×Location) interaction for acceleration (η2=0.368).ConclusionsTaekwondo headgear manufacturers and sport governing bodies must consider improving the design of especially anterior helmet properties.
Atrial fibrillation in acute pulmonary embolism: prognostic considerations
Authors: Barra Sérgio Nuno Craveiro , Paiva Luís Vilardouro , Providência Rui , Fernandes Andreia , Leitão Marques António 
Published: January 2013

AimsAlthough it is accepted that atrial fibrillation (AF) may be both the contributing factor and the consequence of pulmonary embolism (PE), data on the prognostic role of AF in patients with acute venous thromboembolism are scarce. Our aim was to study whether AF had a prognostic role in patients with acute PE.MethodsRetrospective cohort study involving 270 patients admitted for acute PE. Collected data: past medical history, analytic/gasometric parameters, admission ECG and echocardiogram, thoracic CT angiography. Patients followed for 6 months. An analysis was performed in order to clarify whether history of AF, irrespective of its timing, helps predict intrahospital, 1-month and 6-month all-cause mortality.ResultsPatients with history of AF, irrespective of its timing (n=57, 21.4%), had higher intrahospital (22.8% vs 13.1%, p=0.052, OR 2.07, 95% CI 0.98 to 4.35), 1-month (35.1% vs 16.9%, p=0.001, OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.61 to 6.21) and 6-month (45.6% vs 17.4%, p<0.001, OR 4.67, 95% CI 2.37 to 9.21) death rates. The prognostic power of AF was independent of age, NT-proBNP values, renal function and admission blood pressure and heart rate and additive to mortality prediction ability of simplified PESI (AF: p=0.021, OR 2.31, CI 95% 1.13 to 4.69; simplified PESI: p=0.002, OR 1.47, CI 95% 1.15 to 1.89). The presence of AF at admission added prognostic value to previous history of AF in terms of 1-month and 6-month all-cause mortality prediction, although it did not increase risk for intrahospital mortality.ConclusionsThe presence of AF, irrespective of its timing, may independently predict mortality in patients with acute PE. These data should be tested and validated in prospective studies using larger cohorts.
VALUING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Authors: KRUPNICK ALAN , McLAUGHLIN DAVID 
Published: January 2013

Climate change is already having impacts on terrestrial ecosystem services and such impacts are only expected to broaden and worsen as greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) continue at their historic levels. To set appropriate policies for reducing GHG emissions, economists recommend the use of cost-benefit analysis. To perform such analyses, the predominant approach has been to use integrated assessment models. There is a need for more targeted valuation studies to serve as further evidence about the willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce climate change. The purpose of this brief paper is to sample and classify the literature valuing terrestrial ecosystem services and make some judgments about its usefulness to benefits analysis associated with climate change mitigation. With an emphasis on nonuse values, this paper focuses on stated preference studies. We find that with the pervasiveness of the effects of global warming on all types of natural and human systems, and given the interconnectedness of those systems, it seems too reductionist to focus on valuation of changes to specific resources or systems, in this case terrestrial ecosystems. That is, the value of slowing climate change needs to be estimated from a holistic perspective. To do so, the only possible way to go is with the top-down studies, recognizing that these studies can never provide the detail and the preciseness of commodity definition that is desirable in, say, natural resource damage assessments. However we must ask ourselves as a society if we are willing to trade off precision for comprehensiveness and breadth. The vast literature simply valuing ecosystem services is not largely motivated or directly applicable to climate change. And use of these studies in benefits transfers therefore involves huge assumptions and, even then, there will be gaps in geographic coverage. There are an increasing number of ecosystem valuation studies motivated by climate change that have the right scale and type of commodities being valued. Yet, such studies are invariably place-based and draw relatively tight, rather than porous boundaries between the ecosystem of interest and its linkages to other systems. Thus, one will not be able to easily aggregate such studies, properly account for overlaps and gaps and eventually come out with a cost of carbon. However, examining such studies one at a time and drawing insights out of them may both inform the design of information treatments for the studies and lead to a more qualitative/judgmental basis for settling on a "cost of carbon" number.