bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herbicide application as a habitat restoration tool: impact on native island plant communities
Authors: Kaiser‐Bunbury Christopher N. , Mougal James , Valentin Terence , Gabriel Ronny , Blüthgen Nico 
Published: June 2015

AbstractQuestionsWhich physical or chemical removal method is most effective in controlling woody invasive alien plant (IAP) species in sensitive conservation areas, while minimizing the impact on different life stages of native plant communities? Is there a distinct influence of removal method on successional trajectories of post‐treatment seedling communities?LocationMid‐altitude inselbergs, Mahé, Seychelles, Indian Ocean.MethodsWe conducted two field experiments. First, to test the effects of four IAP control methods (cut, 5%, 10%, 15% Tordon 101 herbicide concentration) on ten woody IAP species, we treated a total of 320 adults and monitored mortality for 18 wk. Second, we set up five blocks each with four plots (4 m × 4 m) at three inselberg sites (N = 60 plots) and recorded the response of seedlings, saplings and adults of all native and IAP species to four Tordon 101 (a.i. picloram and 2,4‐D) herbicide and manual control treatments (cut, cut‐stump, foliar spray, control) over 22 mo. Treatment effects were analysed with GLMM models, and community responses were investigated with NMDS and multivariate ANOVA.ResultsThe first experiment showed that IAP mortality (98.3%) was similar across all three herbicide concentrations, but markedly higher than mortality of cut plants (42.5%). In the second experiment, abundance, but not diversity, of native seedlings declined with herbicide application in the first 6 mo after treatment. Ordination analysis showed that seedling communities experienced high turnover driven by early successional IAP species and abundance, and that between‐plot variation was determined by site‐specific differences, with only a weak treatment effect. Foliar spray resulted in high mortality of native saplings (52.7%) and adults (18.3%), and both herbicide applications reduced adult growth over a post‐treatment period of 12 mo.ConclusionIAP removal controlled plant invasion processes and altered community composition in the short term, regardless of removal method. Post‐treatment trajectories of seedling communities are determined by site‐specific differences. Chemicals can strongly increase the efficacy of IAP control, but short‐term detrimental effects on native saplings and adults may be expected. As re‐invasion by IAPs is likely, a long‐term restoration plan is required. Management strategies that aim to conserve β‐diversity should employ a landscape approach to habitat restoration to buffer against site idiosyncrasies.
Cardiovascular drugs and erectile dysfunction – a symmetry analysis
Authors: Rasmussen Lotte , Hallas Jesper , Madsen Kenneth Grønkjær , Pottegård Anton 
Published: June 2015

AimErectile dysfunction is a common problem among patients with cardiovascular diseases and the influence of cardiovascular drugs is much debated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short term potential for different cardiovascular drugs to affect the risk of being prescribed a drug against erectile dysfunction.MethodsWe employed a symmetry analysis design and included all Danish male individuals born before 1950 who filled their first ever prescription for a cardiovascular drug and a 5‐phosphodiesterase inhibitor within a 6 month interval during 2002–2012. If the cardiovascular drug induces erectile dysfunction, this would manifest as a non‐symmetrical distribution of subjects being prescribed the cardiovascular drug first vs. persons following the opposite pattern. Furthermore, we calculated the number of patients needed to treat for one additional patient to be treated for erectile dysfunction (NNTH).ResultsWe identified 20 072 males with a median age of 64 years (IQR 60–70) who initiated a cardiovascular drug and a 5‐phosphodiesterase inhibitor within a 6 month interval. Sequence ratios showed minor asymmetry in prescription orders after adjustment for trends in prescribing. This asymmetry was most profound for thiazides (1.28, 95% CI 1.20, 1.38), calcium channel blockers (1.29, 95% CI 1.21, 1.38) and ACE inhibitors (1.29, 95% CI 1.21, 1.37), suggesting a small liability of these drugs to provoke erectile dysfunction. NNTH values were generally large, in the range of 330–6400, corresponding to small absolute effects.ConclusionOur study does not suggest that cardiovascular drugs strongly affect the risk of being prescribed a drug against erectile dysfunction on a short term basis.
Optimizing pharmacokinetic bridging studies in paediatric oncology using physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic modelling: application to docetaxel
Authors: Thai Hoai‐Thu , Mazuir Florent , Cartot‐Cotton Sylvaine , Veyrat‐Follet Christine 
Published: June 2015

AimApplying physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling in paediatric cancer drug development is still challenging. We aimed to demonstrate how PBPK modelling can be applied to optimize dose and sampling times for a paediatric pharmacokinetic (PK) bridging study in oncology and to compare with the allometric scaling population PK (AS‐popPK) approach, using docetaxel as an example.MethodsA PBPK model for docetaxel was first developed for adult cancer patients using Simcyp® and subsequently used to predict its PK profiles in children by accounting for age‐dependent physiological differences. Dose (mg m–2) requirements for children aged 0–18 years were calculated to achieve targeted exposure in adults. Simulated data were then analyzed using population PK modelling with MONOLIX® in order to perform design optimization with the population Fisher information matrix (PFIM). In parallel, the AS‐popPK approach was performed for the comparison.ResultsThe PBPK model developed for docetaxel adequately predicted its PK profiles in both adult and paediatric cancer patients (predicted clearance and volume of distribution within 1.5 fold of observed data). The revised dose of docetaxel for a child over 1.5 years old was higher than the adult dose. Considering clinical constraints, the optimal design contained two groups of 15 patients, having three or four sampling times and had good predicted relative standard errors (RSE<30%) for almost all parameters. The AS‐popPK approach performed reasonably well but could not predict for very young children.ConclusionThis research shows the clinical utility of PBPK modelling in combination with population PK modelling and optimal design to support paediatric oncology development.
Maturation and Dysgenesis of the Human Olfactory Bulb
Authors: Sarnat Harvey B. , Yu Weiming 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe olfactory bulb with its unique architecture was studied for neuronal maturation in human fetuses. Neuroblasts stream into the olfactory bulb from the rostral telencephalon and secondarily migrate radially. The transitory olfactory ventricular recess regresses postnatally. Olfactory is the only sensory system without thalamic projections but incorporates intrinsic thalamic equivalents. The bulb is a repository of progenitor cells. Maturation of the bulb and tract was studied in 18 normal human fetuses of 16–41 weeks gestation; mid‐gestational twins with hydrocephalus; 7 arrhinencephaly/holoprosencephaly; 2 olfactory dysgeneses. Multiple immunoreactivities were performed. Synaptophysin around mitral neurons, in a few synaptic glomeruli and concentric lamination of the outer granular layer, was seen at 16 weeks. Outer granular neurons exhibited NeuN at 16 weeks, only 2/3 were reactive at term. Concentric alternating sheets of granular neurons and their dendrodendritic synapses are seen during maturation. Calretinin reactivity is seen in neurons and neurites, primary olfactory nerve axons, periglomerular cells and neuroepithelial cells surrounding the ventricular recess; reactivity occurs later in synaptic glomeruli than with synaptophysin; not all glomeruli are strongly reactive even at term. Nestin‐ and vimentin‐reactive bipolar progenitor cells were demonstrated at all ages and extend into the olfactory tract. Myelin is demonstrated by Luxol fast blue (LFB) only postnatally. In hydrocephalus, the olfactory recess is dilated. Mitral cell dispersion, disrupted glomeruli, heterotopia and maturational delay are seen in some dysgeneses. Malformations exhibit unique findings. Fusion of hypoplastic bulbs can occur. Abnormal architecture is seen in hemimegalencephaly. More documentation of olfactory dysgenesis is needed in other major brain malformations.
Controls on intermontane basin filling, isolation and incision on the margin of the Puna Plateau, NW Argentina (~23°S)
Authors: Streit Rebecca L. , Burbank Douglas W. , Strecker Manfred R. , Alonso Ricardo N. , Cottle John M. , Kylander‐Clark Andrew R.C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIntermontane basins are illuminating stratigraphic archives of uplift, denudation and environmental conditions within the heart of actively growing mountain ranges. Commonly, however, it is difficult to determine from the sedimentary record of an individual basin whether basin formation, aggradation and dissection were controlled primarily by climatic, tectonic or lithological changes and whether these drivers were local or regional in nature. By comparing the onset of deposition, sediment‐accumulation rates, incision, deformation, changes in fluvial connectivity and sediment provenance in two interrelated intermontane basins, we can identify diverse controls on basin evolution. Here, we focus on the Casa Grande basin and the adjacent Humahuaca basin along the eastern margin of the Puna Plateau in northwest Argentina. Underpinning this analysis is the robust temporal framework provided by U‐Pb geochronology of multiple volcanic ashes and our new magnetostratigraphical record in the Humahuaca basin. Between 3.8 and 0.8 Ma, ~120 m of fluvial and lacustrine sediments accumulated in the Casa Grande basin as the rate of uplift of the Sierra Alta, the bounding range to its east, outpaced fluvial incision by the Río Yacoraite, which presently flows eastward across the range into the Humahuaca basin. Detrital zircon provenance analysis indicates a progressive loss of fluvial connectivity from the Casa Grande basin to the downstream Humahuaca basin between 3 and 2.1 Ma, resulting in the isolation of the Casa Grande basin from 2.1 Ma to <1.7 Ma. This episode of basin isolation is attributed to aridification due to the uplift of the ranges to the east. Enhanced aridity decreased sediment supply to the Casa Grande basin to the point that aggradation could no longer keep pace with the rate of the surface uplift at the outlet of the basin. Synchronous events in the Casa Grande and Humahuaca basins suggest that both the initial onset of deposition above unconformities at ~3.8 Ma and the re‐establishment of fluvial connectivity at ~0.8 Ma were controlled by climatic and/or tectonic changes affecting both basins. Reintegration of the fluvial network allowed subsequent incision in the Humahuaca basin to propagate upstream into the Casa Grande basin.
Monocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus display an increased production of interleukin (IL)-1β via the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing family pyrin 3(NLRP3)-inflammasome activation: a possible implication for therapeutic decision in these patients
Authors: Ruscitti P , Cipriani P , Di Benedetto P , Liakouli V , Berardicurti O , Carubbi F , Ciccia F , Alvaro S , Triolo G , Giacomelli R 
Published: June 2015

Summary
A better understanding about the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) showed that inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1β play a pivotal role, mirroring data largely reported in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). IL-1β is produced mainly by monocytes (MO), and hyperglycaemia may be able to modulate, in the cytoplasm of these cells, the assembly of a nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing family pyrin (NLRP3)-inflammosome, a cytosolic multi-protein platform where the inactive pro-IL-1β is cleaved into active form, via caspase-1 activity. In this paper, we evaluated the production of IL-1 β and TNF, in peripheral blood MO of patients affected by RA or T2D or both diseases, in order to understand if an alteration of the glucose metabolism may influence their proinflammatory status. Our data showed, after 24 h of incubation with different glucose concentrations, a significantly increased production of IL-1β and TNF in all evaluated groups when compared with healthy controls. However, a significant increase of IL-1β secretion by T2D/RA was observed when compared with other groups. The analysis of relative mRNA expression confirmed these data. After 24 h of incubation with different concentrations of glucose, our results showed a significant increase in NLRP3 expression. In this work, an increased production of IL-1β by MO obtained from patients affected by both RA and T2D via NLRP3-inflammasome activation may suggest a potential IL-1β targeted therapy in these patients.
Young Children as Wayfarers: Learning about Place by Moving Through It
Authors: Hackett Abigail 
Published: June 2015

This article describes the walking and moving of young children around places. It is based on an ethnographic study of children aged between 24 and 36 months visiting a museum. Drawing on Ingold's (2007) concept of wayfaring, the author argues movement through place creates embodied, tacit ways of knowing and experiencing the world. This embodied and tacit knowledge is not well‐accounted for in dominant models of how young children learn. In this study, wayfaring both enabled the children to learn about places and routes, and led to the development of traditions, in which collective meanings and actions were attached to particular locations.
Survival and patient satisfaction of short implants during the first 2 years of function: a retrospective cohort study with 694 implants in 416 patients
Authors: Hentschel Andreas , Herrmann Jan , Glauche Ingmar , Vollmer Armin , Schlegel Karl Andreas , Lutz Rainer 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe present study aimed to evaluate the influence of implant length on implant survival and patient satisfaction during the first 24 months in function.Material and methodsA retrospective cohort of 312 “short” Straumann® SLActive® implants (length ≤ 8 mm) in 224 patients, which were inserted between 2008 and 2010 in private practice, were evaluated. The mean observation period was 26.7 ± 9.7 months. Three hundred and eighty‐two Straumann SLActive® implants in 192 patients with a length ≥ 12 mm served as control group. The mean observation period in the control group was 28.3 ± 10.1 months. Implant survival rate, crown‐to‐implant ratio, resonance frequency analysis, and patient satisfaction were evaluated.ResultsImplant survival rate was 99% in the test vs. 98.7% in the control group. The crown‐to‐implant ratio was significantly higher in the control group (P < 0.0001). Resonance frequency analysis showed slightly higher values for the short implants. There was a tendency to higher satisfaction (Oral Health Impact Profile [OHIP]) in the test group without statistical significant differences but a high overall satisfaction in both groups.ConclusionWithin the limits of the present investigation, implant length had no significant influence on implant survival during the first 24 months of function of the specific implant system with hydrophilic surface (SLActive®). Further follow‐up studies are required to evaluate long‐term results of the reduced implant length.
A global assessment of the social and conservation outcomes of protected areas
Authors: Oldekop J. A. , Holmes G. , Harris W. E. , Evans K. L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractProtected areas (PAs) are a key strategy for protecting biological resources, but they vary considerably in their effectiveness and are frequently reported as having negative impacts on local people. This has contributed to a divisive and unresolved debate concerning the compatibility of environmental and socioeconomic development goals. Elucidating the relationship between positive and negative social impacts and conservation outcomes of PAs is key for the development of more effective and socially just conservation. We conducted a global meta‐analysis on 165 PAs using data from 171 published studies. We assessed how PAs affect the well‐being of local people, the factors associated with these impacts, and crucially the relationship between PAs’ conservation and socioeconomic outcomes. Protected areas associated with positive socioeconomic outcomes were more likely to report positive conservation outcomes. Positive conservation and socioeconomic outcomes were more likely to occur when PAs adopted comanagement regimes, empowered local people, reduced economic inequalities, and maintained cultural and livelihood benefits. Whereas the strictest regimes of PA management attempted to exclude anthropogenic influences to achieve biological conservation objectives, PAs that explicitly integrated local people as stakeholders tended to be more effective at achieving joint biological conservation and socioeconomic development outcomes. Strict protection may be needed in some circumstances, yet our results demonstrate that conservation and development objectives can be synergistic and highlight management strategies that increase the probability of maximizing both conservation performance and development outcomes of PAs.
Stemming the Tide of Light Pollution Encroaching into Marine Protected Areas
Authors: Davies Thomas W. , Duffy James P. , Bennie Jon , Gaston Kevin J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMany marine ecosystems are shaped by regimes of natural light guiding the behavior of their constituent species. As evidenced from terrestrial systems, the global introduction of nighttime lighting is likely influencing these behaviors, restructuring marine ecosystems, and compromising the services they provide. Yet the extent to which marine habitats are exposed to artificial light at night is unknown. We quantified nighttime artificial light across the world's network of marine protected areas (MPAs). Artificial light is widespread and increasing in a large percentage of MPAs. While increases are more common among MPAs associated with human activity, artificial light is encroaching into a large proportion of even those marine habitats protected with the strongest legislative designations. Given the current lack of statutory tools, we propose that allocating “Marine Dark Sky Park” status to MPAs will help incentivize responsible authorities to hold back the advance of artificial light.
Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition after solid organ transplantation: can it, and does it, reduce cancer risk?
Authors: Bhat Mamatha , Watt Kymberly D. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors sirolimus and everolimus has been increasingly used as immunosuppressants for recipients of solid organ transplants. Over the years, potential advantages unique to this class of immunosuppressants have been recognized, including chemoprevention by virtue of their antiproliferative effects. Prevention of malignancy after transplant through mTOR inhibitor‐based immunosuppression may have a specific practical application in transplant recipients with preexisting malignancy including hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma. This review will reveal how the biochemistry of the mTOR pathway, as it pertains to chemoprevention, can support a clinical role for mTOR inhibitors in the prevention of malignancies, recurrent or de novo, after solid organ transplantation in selected patients.
Impact of the new fast track kidney allocation scheme for declined kidneys in the United Kingdom
Authors: White Alan D. , Roberts Heather , Ecuyer Clare , Brady Kathryn , Pathak Samir , Clark Brendan , Hostert Lutz H. , Attia Magdy S. , Wellberry‐Smith Matthew , Hudson Alex , Ahmad Niaz 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIntroductionA “new” fast track kidney allocation scheme (FTKAS) was implemented in the UK in 2012 for offering of previously declined kidneys. We evaluated the impact of the FTKAS in utilization of declined kidneys and outcome.MethodsAdult renal transplant centers were surveyed. Overall utilization was evaluated using National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) data. Outcome of FTKAS kidneys in our center was analyzed.ResultsCenters cited graft, patient outcome concerns, and inadequate logistical support for their non‐FTKAS participation. In the first year of the scheme, 266 kidneys were offered through the FTKAS, 158 were transplanted in 10 centers (59%). In comparison, 166 kidneys were offered through previous system over five yr (2006–2011), and 65 were utilized in 59 transplants (39%). In our center, 42 kidneys were transplanted in 39 recipients. One‐yr graft and patient survival were both 95%. Results were comparable to a matched group of kidney transplants during the same periods allocated via the standard scheme.ConclusionsThe FTKAS has led to effective utilization of the declined kidneys with outcome comparable to kidneys allocated through the standard scheme. Non‐participation based on outcome concerns is mostly subjective while logistical issues need to be addressed.
Associations between emotional distress and heavy drinking among young people: A longitudinal study
Authors: Pape Hilde , Norström Thor 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThis study adds to the meagre body of longitudinal research on the link between emotional distress and alcohol use among young people. We address the following research questions: Are symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood likely to be causally related to heavy episodic drinking (HED)? Does the association change as individuals move from adolescence to early adulthood?Design and MethodsData stemmed from a national sample of young people in Norway that was assessed in 1992 (T1; mean age = 14.9 years), 1994 (T2), 1999 (T3) and 2005 (T4) (response rate: 60%, n = 2171). We applied fixed‐effects modelling, implying that intra‐individual changes in the frequency of HED were regressed on intra‐individual changes in emotional distress. Hence, confounding due to stable underlying influences was eliminated. Self‐perceived loneliness was included as a time‐varying covariate.ResultsEmotional distress was unrelated to HED in adolescence (T1 to T2). In the transition from adolescence to early adulthood (T2 to T3), changes in depressiveness were positively and independently associated with changes in HED, whereas changes symptoms of anxiety were not. A similar pattern emerged in early adulthood (T3 to T4).Discussion and ConclusionsThe potential causal relationship between emotional distress and heavy drinking did not manifest itself in adolescence, but increased symptoms of depressiveness were related to more frequent HED in subsequent periods of life. Hence, this study provides conditional support to the notion that emotional distress and HED may be causally related and indicates that the association among young people may be specific to depressiveness. [Pape H, Norström T. Associations between emotional distress and heavy drinking among young people: A longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:170–6]