bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural Dietary Phytosterols
Authors: Racette Susan B , Lin Xiaobo , Ma Lina , Ostlund, Jr Richard E 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Most clinical phytosterol studies are performed by adding purified supplements to smaller phytosterol amounts present in the natural diet. However, natural dietary phytosterols themselves may also have important effects on cholesterol metabolism. Epidemiological work using food frequency questionnaires to estimate dietary intake suggest that extremes of normal consumption may be associated with 3–14% changes in LDL cholesterol. Standardized food databases do not have enough phytosterol values to allow calculation of phytosterol intake for individuals outside of specialized studies. Natural diets contain phytosterol amounts ranging from less than 60 mg/2000 kcal to over 500 mg/2000 kcal. Physiological studies in which whole body cholesterol metabolism is investigated show large effects of natural dietary phytosterols on cholesterol absorption efficiency, cholesterol biosynthesis and cholesterol excretion which exceed the magnitude of changes in LDL cholesterol. The dual effects of natural phytosterols on both LDL-C and whole body cholesterol metabolism need to be considered in relating them to potential protection from coronary heart disease risk.
Triglyceride-Lowering Response to Plant Sterol and Stanol Consumption
Authors: Rideout Todd C , Marinangeli Christopher P F , Harding Scott V 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Phytosterols (PS) have long been recognized for their cholesterol-lowering action, however, recent work has highlighted triglyceride (TG)-lowering responses to PS that may have been overlooked in previous human interventions and mechanistic animal model studies. This review assesses the current state of knowledge regarding the effect of dietary PS supplementation on blood TG concentrations by examining the average therapeutic response, potential mechanisms, and metabolic and genetic factors that may contribute to inter-individual variability. Data from human intervention trials demonstrates that, compared to baseline concentrations, PS supplementation results in a variable TG-lowering response ranging from 0.8 to 28%. It is evident that hypertriglyceridemic individuals (&gt;1.7 mmol/L) have a greater TG-lowering response to PS (11–28%) than subjects with normal plasma TG concentrations (0.8–7%). Although a genetic basis for the variable TG-lowering effects of PS is probable, there are only limited studies to draw on. The available data suggest that polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene may affect responsiveness, with PS-induced reductions in TG more readily evident in apoE2 than apoE3 or E4 subjects. Although only a minimal number of animal model studies have been conducted to specifically examine the mechanisms whereby PS may reduce blood TG concentrations, it appears that there may be multiple mechanisms involved including interruption of intestinal fatty acid absorption and modulation of hepatic lipogenesis and very low density lipoprotein packaging and secretion. In summary, the available data suggest that PS may be an effective therapy to lower blood TG, particularly in hypertriglyceridemic individuals. However, before PS can be widely recommended as a TG-lowering therapy, studies that are specifically powered and designed to fully access therapeutic responses and the mechanisms involved are required.
Effects of Plant Sterol and Stanol Consumption on Blood Pressure and Endothelial Function
Authors: Yue Sum Yu Pansy , Rideout Todd C , Harding Scott V 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The cholesterol lowering effects of plant sterols and stanols are a well-established complementary means by which to reduce blood cholesterol concentrations. The average reduction in LDL cholesterol concentrations is approximately –10% following a 28-day supplementation protocol. There is very little known regarding what, if any, effect plant sterols and stanols have on other cardiometabolic risk factors such as blood pressure and endothelial function. Here we review the available literature on this topic and attempt to draw conclusions regarding any benefit or risk for blood pressure and endothelial function linked to plant sterol and stanol supplementation. Generally there has been very little work focusing on changes in blood pressure or endothelial function following plant sterol or stanol intervention, but these factors have been measured in some cases as secondary outcomes. Overall, there is little evidence to support either positive or negative effects of plant sterol or stanol supplementation of blood pressure and the data surrounding endothelial function is quite inconclusive. This area of research would benefit from well controlled mechanistic studies in animals and primary interventions in humans which focus on ambulatory blood pressure, central blood pressure and endothelial function.
History of atmospheric deposition of trace elements in lake sediments, ~1880 to 2007
Authors: Sarkar Sayantan , Ahmed Tanveer , Swami Kamal , Judd Christopher D. , Bari Abdul , Dutkiewicz Vincent A. , Husain Liaquat 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe report measurements of 30 major and trace elements (TEs) in sediment cores from two high‐altitude lakes, West Pine Pond (WPP), and Clear Pond (CP), in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. The data are used to deduce atmospheric deposition histories of TEs over ~130 years. The cores were collected using a gravity corer, sliced, freeze dried, and ages determined using 210Pb and 137Cs techniques. TE data in WPP were supplemented with our earlier elemental carbon (EC) measurements. Lithophilic elements showed no systematic temporal pattern or any significant enrichment over their crustal abundances. Anthropogenic TEs exhibited distinct increases beginning ~1900, and peaked around 1920–1970, due apparently to energy‐related emissions. Peak concentrations of most TEs, except Pb and Hg, were observed at ~1921 in WPP and ~1940s in CP. Concentration of Pb peaked in 1973 in both lakes and Hg only in CP at ~1965. Lead fluxes were reflective of historical smelter production and combustion of coal and leaded gasoline. Copper and zinc fluxes mimicked corresponding primary production, while EC fluxes followed the long‐term trend for fossil and biofuel combustion. TE and EC flux trends were closely related to the growth of industrialization in the Central and Midwestern U.S. and changing fuel consumption patterns. Compared to peak values, the modern TE fluxes decreased by 25–85%, whereas EC decreased by 96%. Apparently, the regulations intended to control pollutant emissions have succeeded in reducing atmospheric concentrations of the species studied and have improved air quality.
A Mild and Efficient CH2‐Extrusion Reaction for the Enantiospecific Synthesis of Highly Configurationally Stable Tröger Bases
Authors: Pujari Sandip A. , Besnard Céline , Bürgi Thomas , Lacour Jérôme 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA novel CH2‐extrusion reaction leading to the transformation of ethano‐Tröger bases into disubstituted methano derivatives is reported (yields up to 93 %). Under mild and metal‐free oxidative conditions, a loss of CH2 and a ring contraction are provoked. Despite two bond cleavages at stereogenic nitrogen and carbon centers and a temporary rupture of the bicyclic structure, a very high enantiospecificity (es≥98 %) is observed for this unusual reaction.
Formal Synthesis of Sarain A: Intramolecular Cycloaddition of an Eight‐Membered Cyclic Nitrone to Construct the 2‐Azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane Framework
Authors: Higo Takuya , Ukegawa Tomoya , Yokoshima Satoshi , Fukuyama Tohru 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAn enantioselective route to the tetracyclic skeleton of sarain A has been developed. Asymmetric reduction of an ynone introduced a chiral center which was transferred to the contiguous tertiary stereogenic centers through an Ireland–Claisen rearrangement. The 2‐azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane framework was constructed by an unprecedented intramolecular cycloaddition of an eight‐membered cyclic nitrone. Using the steric bias of the bicyclic system, the quaternary carbon atom was constructed by a stereoselective aldol reaction. Further ring formations were performed by ring‐closing metathesis for the 13‐membered ring and an iodoamidation reaction for the pyrrolidine ring. The present synthesis has successfully provided an alternative route to the late‐stage intermediate of Overman’s synthesis.
Light‐Triggered RNA Annealing by an RNA Chaperone
Authors: Panja Subrata , Paul Rakesh , Greenberg Marc M. , Woodson Sarah A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNon‐coding antisense RNAs regulate bacterial genes in response to nutrition or environmental stress, and can be engineered for artificial gene control. The RNA chaperone Hfq accelerates antisense pairing between non‐coding RNAs and their mRNA targets, by a mechanism still unknown. We used a photocaged guanosine derivative in an RNA oligonucleotide to temporally control Hfq catalyzed annealing. Using a fluorescent molecular beacon as a reporter, we observed RNA duplex formation within 15 s following irradiation (3 s) of photocaged RNA complexed with Hfq. The results showed that the Hfq chaperone directly stabilizes the initiation of RNA base pairs, and suggests a strategy for light‐activated control of gene expression by non‐coding RNAs.
Solution‐Phase Dynamic Assembly of Permanently Interlocked Aryleneethynylene Cages through Alkyne Metathesis
Authors: Wang Qi , Yu Chao , Long Hai , Du Ya , Jin Yinghua , Zhang Wei 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHighly stable permanently interlocked aryleneethynylene molecular cages were synthesized from simple triyne monomers using dynamic alkyne metathesis. The interlocked complexes are predominantly formed in the reaction solution in the absence of any recognition motif and were isolated in a pure form using column chromatography. This study is the first example of the thermodynamically controlled solution‐phase synthesis of interlocked organic cages with high stability.
SpONGE: Spontaneous Organization of Numerous‐Layer Generation by Electrospray
Authors: Jin Gyuhyung , Shin Mikyung , Kim Seung‐Hyun , Lee Haeshin , Jang Jae‐Hyung 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAdvanced technologies that can mimic hierarchical architectures found in nature can provide pivotal clues for elucidating numerous biological mechanisms. Herein, a novel technology, spontaneous organization of numerous‐layer generation by electrospray (SpONGE), was developed to create self‐assembled and multilayered fibrous structures. The simple inclusion of salts in a polymer solution prior to electrospraying was key to mediating the structural versatilities of the fibrous structures. The SpONGE matrix demonstrated great potential as a crucial building block capable of inducing sequential, localized drug delivery or orchestrating cellular distribution in vivo, thereby expanding its scope of use to cover a variety of biomedical applications.
Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Troponoids
Authors: Murarka Sandip , Jia Zhi‐Jun , Merten Christian , Daniliuc Constantin‐G. , Antonchick Andrey P. , Waldmann Herbert 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe report a rhodium(II)‐catalyzed highly enantioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction between the carbonyl moiety of tropone and carbonyl ylides to afford troponoids in good to high yields with excellent enantioselectivity. We demonstrate that α‐diazoketone‐derived carbonyl ylides, in contrast to carbonyl ylides derived from diazodiketoesters, undergo [6+3] cycloaddition reactions with tropone to yield the corresponding bridged heterocycles with excellent stereoselectivity.
CH Activation Generates Period‐Shortening Molecules That Target Cryptochrome in the Mammalian Circadian Clock
Authors: Oshima Tsuyoshi , Yamanaka Iori , Kumar Anupriya , Yamaguchi Junichiro , Nishiwaki‐Ohkawa Taeko , Muto Kei , Kawamura Rika , Hirota Tsuyoshi , Yagita Kazuhiro , Irle Stephan , Kay Steve A. , Yoshimura Takashi , Itami Kenichiro 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe synthesis and functional analysis of KL001 derivatives, which are modulators of the mammalian circadian clock, are described. By using cutting‐edge CH activation chemistry, a focused library of KL001 derivatives was rapidly constructed, which enabled the identification of the critical sites on KL001 derivatives that induce a rhythm‐changing activity along with the components that trigger opposite modes of action. The first period‐shortening molecules that target the cryptochrome (CRY) were thus discovered. Detailed studies on the effects of these compounds on CRY stability implicate the existence of an as yet undiscovered regulatory mechanism.
Cyclic Group 15 Radical Cations
Authors: Brückner Angelika , Hinz Alexander , Priebe Jacqueline B. , Schulz Axel , Villinger Alexander 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSinglet cyclo‐1,3‐dipnicta‐2,4‐diazane‐1,3‐diyls of the type [E(μ‐NTer)2E] (2, E=P, As, Ter=2,6‐dimesitylphenyl) can undergo a one‐electron‐oxidation utilizing silver salts of weakly coordinating anions such as [AgLn][B(C6F5)4] (L=donor solvents) to afford the novel cyclic radical cations, [E(μ‐NTer)2E]+. (3+.). When smaller and more basic anions were employed in the reaction, the anions were found to form covalent bonds to the radical centers yielding dipnictadiazanes, [FP(μ‐NTer)2PF] (5) and [(CF3CO2)P(μ‐NTer)2P(CF3CO2)] (6). A two‐electron oxidation process, resulting in the formation of dications of the type [E(μ‐NTer)2E]2+, could not be observed. Computational and EPR data revealed that the spin density is almost completely localized at the two heavier pnictogen centers E of the former 1,3‐dipnictadiazane‐1,3‐diyls. The bonding situation in the radical cations features a rare example of a transannular one‐electron π bond without having a σ bond.
DNA‐Grafted Supramolecular Polymers: Helical Ribbon Structures Formed by Self‐Assembly of Pyrene–DNA Chimeric Oligomers
Authors: Vyborna Yuliia , Vybornyi Mykhailo , Rudnev Alexander V. , Häner Robert 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe controlled arraying of DNA strands on adaptive polymeric platforms remains a challenge. Here, the noncovalent synthesis of DNA‐grafted supramolecular polymers from short chimeric oligomers is presented. The oligomers are composed of an oligopyrenotide strand attached to the 5′‐end of an oligodeoxynucleotide. The supramolecular polymerization of these oligomers in an aqueous medium leads to the formation of one‐dimensional (1D) helical ribbon structures. Atomic force and transmission electron microscopy show rod‐like polymers of several hundred nanometers in length. DNA‐grafted polymers of the type described herein will serve as models for the development of structurally and functionally diverse supramolecular platforms with applications in materials science and diagnostics.
Orthogonal Light‐Induced Self‐Assembly of Nanoparticles using Differently Substituted Azobenzenes
Authors: Manna Debasish , Udayabhaskararao Thumu , Zhao Hui , Klajn Rafal 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPrecise control of the self‐assembly of selected components within complex mixtures is a challenging goal whose realization is important for fabricating novel nanomaterials. Herein we show that by decorating the surfaces of metallic nanoparticles with differently substituted azobenzenes, it is possible to modulate the wavelength of light at which the self‐assembly of these nanoparticles is induced. Exposing a mixture of two types of nanoparticles, each functionalized with a different azobenzene, to UV or blue light induces the selective self‐assembly of only one type of nanoparticles. Irradiation with the other wavelength triggers the disassembly of the aggregates, and the simultaneous self‐assembly of nanoparticles of the other type. By placing both types of azobenzenes on the same nanoparticles, we created unique materials (“frustrated” nanoparticles) whose self‐assembly is induced irrespective of the wavelength of the incident light.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of o‐Carboranyl with Aryl Iodides: Facile Synthesis of 1‐Aryl‐o‐Carboranes and 1,2‐Diaryl‐o‐Carboranes
Authors: Tang Cen , Xie Zuowei 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA nickel‐catalyzed arylation at the carbon center of o‐carborane cages has been developed, thus leading to the preparation of a series of 1‐aryl‐o‐carboranes and 1,2‐diaryl‐o‐carboranes in high yields upon isolation. This method represents the first example of transition metal catalyzed C,C′‐diarylation by cross‐coupling reactions of o‐carboranyl with aryl iodides.
Crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐neopentyl terephthalate‐co‐ethylene isophthalate‐co‐neopentyl isophthalate) copolyester and its application in laminated tin‐free steel
Authors: Ding Liping , Xie Long , Cao Jianyun , Bai Yongping 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTA low crystallinity, the copolyester poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐neopentyl terephthalate‐co‐ethylene isophthalate‐co‐neopentyl isophthalate) (PENIT) was synthesized and applied for laminated tin‐free steel. The structures and thermal properties of the copolyester were characterized by 1H‐NMR, thermogravimetry analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and polarized optical microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and polarized optical microscopy results show that the crystallization ability of the copolyester decreased obviously. Meanwhile, the peel strength, crystallinity, and water‐vapor permeability of the copolyester film were also measured at varied lamination temperatures. The result confirm that an improvement in the lamination temperature led to an increased ratio of amorphous PENIT to crystalline PENIT and decreased structural orientation, and the decrease in the structural orientation sped up the increase in the rate of water‐vapor permeability. On the basis of the purpose of reducing a detrimental effect on the corrosion resistance caused by water permeation, a reasonable lamination temperature was selected. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42308.
Anatomical Variations in the Pseudosylvian Fissure Morphology of Brachy‐, Dolicho‐, and Mesaticephalic Dogs
Authors: Carreira L. Miguel , Ferreira Antonio 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study is the following: (1) to anatomically characterize the right and the left pseudosylvian fissure (Psf) morphology; (2) to determine Psf variations between both hemispheres and between the three considered groups; and (3) to understand how these variations may influence brain surgery for dogs. Also we sought to determine whether there are any potential differences between brachy‐ (B), dolicho‐ (D), and mesaticephalic (M) dogs. The present study considered 138 brain hemispheres (N = 138) from 69 adult dog cadavers and used bregma craniometric point (b‐ the junction of coronal and sagittal cranial vault sutures) to characterize the Psf location on the superolateral brain surface. For statistical analysis, P values <0.05 were considered significant. The Psf was easily identified in all specimens at both hemispheres. Statistically significant differences for Psf width were registered between the groups, presenting M as the narrowest Psf regions. Fissure body length can be sorted in ascending order as D < M < B in both hemispheres, with the left Psf bigger than the right for all considered skulls. The greatest difference was registered in the B group with the left Psf 25.0% bigger than the right. Bregma has proved to be useful to appoint Psf location as more superior or inferior in the encephalic lateral surface, exhibiting in all groups the left Psf a superior position. For the groups the most inferior location was registered in M and the most superior in D. Understanding the Psf morphology and anatomical variations may provide important information to ensure safer intracranial procedures. Anat Rec, 298:1255–1260, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histone H3k9 and H3k27 Acetylation Regulates IL‐4/STAT6‐Mediated Igε Transcription in B Lymphocytes
Authors: Fu Xiao , Wang Xinting , Duan Zhongchao , Zhang Chunyan , Fu Xue , Yang Jie , Liu Xin , He Jinyan 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTIL‐4 activates STAT6 and causes the subsequent up‐regulation of Ig heavy chain germline Igε via chromatin remodeling involved in B lymphocytes development. STAT6 acts as a molecular switch to regulate the higher‐order chromatin remodeling via dynamically orchestrating co‐activators (CBP/Tudor‐SN) and co‐repressors (HDAC1/PSF). Here, we demonstrated that STAT6/Tudor‐SN/PSF form a complex, balancing the acetylation and deacetylation states to co‐regulate IL‐4/STAT6 gene transcription. In addition, we confirmed that IL‐4 treatment increased the HATs activity in Ramos cells. As “active” markers, the expression of H3K9ac and H3K27ac increased after treatment with IL‐4. However, transcriptional repressors such as H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 decreased in response to IL‐4 stimulation. Moreover, IL‐4 treatment enhanced H3 acetylation at the Igε promoter regions. Our results revealed that the Igε gene transcription is regulated by histone modifications in the IL‐4/STAT6 pathway. The study will provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Anat Rec, 298:1431–1439, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
meso‐Aryl [28]Hexaphyrin Silicon Complexes Bearing Various Si‐Substituents and 1,16‐Dihydrohexaphyrin bis‐Chlorosilicon Complex
Authors: Ishida Shin‐ichiro , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHerein, the synthesis of Möbius aromatic [28]hexaphyrin silicon complexes bearing various Si‐substituents from reactions of [28]hexaphyrin 1 with suitable silicon sources in the presence of a base is reported. Si‐substituents newly introduced are vinyl (4), phenyl (6), hydroxy (7), and hydride groups (8). X‐ray crystallographic analysis of complexes 6 and 7 has shown trigonal bipyramidal penta‐coordinated silicon atoms, which are favorable for the hexaphyrin ligands to take on smoothly twisted Möbius conformations. N‐fused Si‐vinyl complex 5 was also isolated and structurally well characterized. Through these studies, the Si‐substituent effect has been shown to be relatively small. Reaction of 1 with HSiCl3 in CH2Cl2 gave 1,16‐dihydrohexaphyrin bis‐chlorosilicon complex 9, probably through intramolecular hydride transfer from the silane to the pyrrolic α‐carbon.
Catalytic Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition Reactions of Simple Alkylnitriles
Authors: Yamashita Yasuhiro , Sato Io , Suzuki Hirotsugu , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe development of catalytic asymmetric carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions of alkylnitriles that do not have an activating group at the α‐position, under proton‐transfer conditions, is a challenging research topic. Here, we report catalytic asymmetric direct‐type 1,4‐addition reactions of alkylnitriles with α,β‐unsaturated amides by using a catalytic amount of potassium hexamethyldisilazide (KHMDS) with a chiral macro crown ether. The desired reactions proceeded in high yields with good diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. To our knowledge, this is the first example of catalytic asymmetric direct‐type 1,4‐addition reaction of alkylnitriles without any activating group at the α‐position.