bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body Composition Changes in Caucasian and African American Children and Adolescents with Obesity Using Dual‐Energy X‐ray Absorptiometry Measurements after a 10‐Week Weight Loss Program
Authors: Figueroa‐Colon Reinaldo , Mayo Matthew S. , Aldridge Ruby A. , Winder Tracy , Weinsier Ronald L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: Changes in body composition during a weight loss program have not been described in children. We wanted to test the hypothesis that weight loss can be achieved while maintaining total body fat‐free mass.Research Methods and Procedures: We determined body composition changes by using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry measured at baseline and after the first 10 weeks of a multidisciphnary weight loss program. The program consisted of 10 weekly group sessions where the children were provided instruction in lifestyle modification, including diet and exercise. Program leaders included a pediatrician, psychologist, registered dietitian, and exercise instructor.Results: We studied 59 obese children, mean (± SD) age 12.8 ± 2.6 years, 29% boys and 71% girls, 49% Caucasian, and 51% African American. At enrollment, the children's mean height and body mass index were 157 cm and 38.9 kg/m2, respectively. The children's dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry‐derived mean at baseline and at 10 weeks and corresponding p values were: weight (94.6 kg vs. 92.3 kg, p<0.0001), total body fat mass (46.9 kg vs. 44.3 kg, p<0.0001), percentage total body fat (49.2% vs. 47.5%, p<0.0001), total trunk mass (43.0 kg vs. 41.5 kg,p<0.0001), total trunk fat (21.2 kg vs. 20.0 kg, p<0.0001), total body fat‐free mass (47.6 kg vs. 47.9 kg, p = 0.33), total body bone mass (2.7 kg vs. 2.7 kg, p = 0.99), and total body bone mineral density (1.14 g/cm2 vs. 1.15 g/cm2, p = 0.0119). The children's race, gender, or Tanner stage did not affect these changes.Discussion: Decreases in total body fat mass was achieved, and total body fat‐free mass was maintained among boy and girl Caucasian and African American children participating in this lifestyle modification weight loss program.
Abnormally High Nourishment During Sensitive Periods Results in Body Weight Changes Across Generations
Authors: Diaz Jaime , Taylor Elsie M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: This study asked whether a brief period of over‐nutrition during a developmentally sensitive time could impact the individual's adult weight and that of succeeding generations.Research Methods and Procedures: Female rat pups (F1 generation) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: (1) a control group that was naturally reared by mothers; (2) another control group implanted with chronic gastric fistulas on postnatal day 4 and fed enough formula to match the growth of the mother‐reared group; and (3) an experimental group gastrostomized and infused from day 8 through day 16 with a greater quantity of food than gastrostomy‐reared controls (OF). On postnatal day 16, both gastrostomy‐reared groups were returned to normal litters. Adult F1 females from overfed and mother‐reared groups were bred with normal males to yield an F2 generation. F2 adult females were bred to normal males to produce an F3 generation.Results: When adult, the F1 experimental group was heavier than control groups. F2 adults from OF mothers were smaller than those from the control group. F3 animals from OF grandmothers were heavier at weaning than F3 descendants from mother‐reared animals.Discussion: Excess nourishment during a developmentally sensitive period changed the metabolic phenotype of one generation so dramatically that the gestational development and subsequent phenotype of two succeeding generations were also changed. The experiment models fetal effects of gestational diabetes in humans and may help to elucidate how, independent of genetic anomalies, secular changes can be detected across generations.
MINI‐REVIEW Assessment of Body Image Disturbance in Obesity
Authors: Thompson J. Kevin , Tantleff‐Dunn Stacey 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDisturbance in body image has long been noted as one of the most distressing psychological factors for obese individuals. Yet, only in recent years have researchers and clinicians begun to appreciate the need to integrate systematic evaluation of this component into intervention programs. Accordingly, this mini‐review offers an overview of selected strategies for the assessment of body image disturbance in obesity.
Gender Differences in Changes in Subcutaneous and Intra‐abdominal Fat during Weight Reduction: An Ultrasound Study
Authors: Wirth Alfred , Steinmetz Berit 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWIRTH, ALFRED, AND BERIT STEINMETZ. Gender differences in changes in subcutaneous and intra‐abdominal fat during weight reduction: an ultrasound study. Obes Res. 1998;6:393–399.Objective: In weight‐reducing programs, men usually display greater improvement in metabolic risk factors than women. This gender difference may be related to enhanced weight and fat loss due to a greater energy deficit in men. To clarify the relationship between changes in metabolic profile, body fat composition, and weight loss, both sexes were studied under a regimen in which similar amounts of weight were lost.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional study using anthropometric (body mass index and waist‐to‐hip ratio), impedance (bioelectrical impedance analysis) and ultrasound measurement methods (thickness of subcutaneous fat layers, intra‐abdominal sagittal diameter) were conducted. The metabolic risk profile was determined by measuring lipids, lipoproteins, and blood pressure. The weight loss program lasted 15 weeks: 3 weeks under controlled conditions in the hospital and 12 weeks on an ambulatory basis. Patients were instructed to follow a mixed diet. Calorie intake was restricted to 1500 kcal/day for the men and 1200 kcal/day for the women. Thirty‐two subjects with obesity (16 men and 16 women), with a mean body mass index of 35 kg/m2—matched with regard to age, height, and body weight—took part in the study.Results: As expected, weight loss was similar for both sexes (−13.4 kg vs. −12.8 kg). Also, body fat mass changed to the same extent in absolute and relative terms. The waist‐to‐hip ratio was identical before and after treatment in both sexes. The men lost more visceral fat than the women. This result is based on changes in intra‐abdominal diameter as well as abdominal subcutaneous fat in relation to waist circumference. Changes in abdominal diameter were paralleled by reductions in triglycerides and increases in high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol. Subcutaneous fat loss was more pronounced in women than in men.Discussion: Where absolute and relative reductions in body weight and body fat are similar, men mobilize more intraabdominal fat than women, whereas women lose more subcutaneous fat. The greater reduction in intra‐abdominal fat seen in men is accompanied by a more pronounced improvement in the metabolic risk profile. Therefore, greater improvement of risk factors in men is not only related to a greater negative energy balance, as shown in most studies, but is also sex‐specific.
Divergent Effects of Short‐Term, Very‐Low‐Calorie Diet on Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐I and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor Binding Protein‐3 Serum Concentrations in Premenopausal Women with Obesity
Authors: de Pergola Giovanni , Zamboni Mauro , Pannacciulli Nicola , Turcato Emanuela , Giorgino Francesco , Armellini Fabio , Logoluso Francesco , Sciaraffia Marcello , Bosello Ottavio , Giorgino Riccardo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDE PERGOLA, GIOVANNI, MAURO ZAMBONI, NICOLA PANNACCIULLI, EMANUELA TURCATO, FRANCESCO GIORGINO, FABIO ARMELLINI, FRANCESCO LOGOLUSO, MARCELLO SCIARAFFIA, OTTAVIO BOSELLO, RICCARDO GIORGINO. Divergent effects of short‐term, very‐low‐calorie diet on insulinlike growth factor‐I and insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐3 serum concentrations in premenopausal women with obesity. Obes Res. 1998;6:408–415.Objective: Insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and insulinlike growth factor binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3) serum concentrations provide a good measure of the biological effects of growth, hormone. The aims of the present study were to: (1) investigate the associations of IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 with body fat mass and distribution, and (2) evaluate the effects of 3 weeks of very‐low‐calorie diet (VLCD) (318 kcal/day, with 40 g protein, 35 g carbohydrate, and 2 g fat) on IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 serum concentrations.Research Methods and Procedures: The study was performed in 21 nondiabetic premenopausal women with obesity (body mass index <27.0 kg/m2; age: ranging from 18 to 48 years). Body fat mass and distribution were measured by computed tomography.Results: Before dietary treatment, IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 serum concentrations were inversely associated with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area (p<0.005 and p<0.05, respectively), but not with either total body fat or subcutaneous adipose tissue area. VLCD produced a significant decrease of body mass index (p<0.001), total body fat (p<0.001), VAT (p<0.005), subcutaneous adipose tissue (p<0.001), IGF‐I concentrations (p<0.05), and an increase of IGFBP‐3 serum levels (p<0.001). The association of VAT with either IGF‐I or IGFBP‐3 serum concentrations was not maintained following VLCD.Discussion: Our study suggests that visceral adipose tissue, rather than adiposity per se, accounts for IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 serum concentrations, and that rapid weight loss, possibly due to nutritional changes, results in lower IGF‐I concentrations, higher IGFBP‐3 concentrations, and abrogation of the inverse associations of VAT with IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3.
Effects of Obesity and Weight Loss on Cardiac Function and Valvular Performance
Authors: Karason Kristjan , Wallentin Ingemar , Larsson Bo , Sjöströmt Lars 
Published: September 2012

AbstractKARASON, KRISTJAN, INGEMAR WALLENTIN, BO LARSSON, LARS SJOSTROM. Effects of obesity and weight loss on cardiac function and valvular performance. Obes Res. 1998;6:422–429.Objective: To study the consequences of long‐standing obesity on myocardial function and valvular performance and to determine the effects of weight loss on these cardiovascular features.Research Methods and Procedures: We included 41 patients with obesity referred for weight‐reducing gastroplasty, 31 patients with obesity who received dietary recommendations, and 43 lean subjects. Body weight and blood pressure were measured, and cardiac function and valvular performance were estimated echocardiographically. Left ventricular ejection fraction was used to assess systolic heart function, and the ratio of transmitral early to atrial (E/A) peak flow velocity was used as an estimate of diastolic filling. All three study groups were investigated at baseline, and the two groups with obesity were re‐examined at 1‐year follow‐up.Results: Patients with obesity had higher blood pressure, greater cardiac output, lower ejection fraction, and reduced E/A ratio, compared with lean subjects (p<0.01). Surgical treatment of obesity led to significant decreases in body weight, whereas body weight remained unchanged in the group treated with dietary recommendations (p<0.001). In the weight loss group, blood pressure and cardiac output decreased and the E/A ratio increased (p<0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction tended to increase in the weight loss group and decrease in the obese control group p<0.01). No significant valvular disease was observed in any of the subjects with obesity at baseline or after weight loss.Discussion: We conclude that weight reduction in subjects with obesity is associated with improvements in left ventricular diastolic filling and has favorable effects on left ventricular ejection fraction. Neither obesity nor weight loss seem to promote valvular heart disease.
Sensory and Hedonic Judgments of Common Foods by Lean Consumers and Consumers with Obesity
Authors: Cox David N. , Van Galen Marjolein , Hedderley Duncan , Perry Lynne , Moore Peter B. , Mela David J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCOX, DAVID N., MARJOLEIN VAN GALEN, DUNCAN HEDDERLEY, LYNNE PERRY, PETER B. MOORE, DAVID J. MELA. Sensory and hedonic judgments of common foods by lean consumers and consumers with obesity. Obes Res. 1998;6:438–447.Objective: To establish differences between lean subjects and subjects with obesity in subjective reports of predominant taste and texture attributes of common foods, and the relationships of these qualities and foods with overall liking.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty lean (body mass index: 20 to 25 kg/m2) nondieting healthy adults and 23 (body mass index: ≥30 kg/m2) nondieting healthy adults with obesity assigned ratings for pleasantness and predominant sensory attributes to 50 common foods in 14 food groups using a questionnaire. They completed the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance.Results: There were no significant group differences between pleasantness scores overall; however, lean subjects assigned higher scores to fruits and vegetables, to foods self‐classified as sweet and as salty/savory, and to foods grouped in the highest and lowest quintiles of percentage food energy from fat. There were no group differences in free‐choice texture descriptors applied to foods, but correspondence analysis revealed that subjects with obesity associated coarse, slippery, tough, and fatty textures with “dislike extremely,” whereas lean subjects associated grainy, moist, doughy, and fibrous texture with “like extremely.” Analyses reduced texture terms to 39 key descriptors for use in subsequent work. Groups did not significantly differ in reported external or restrained eating behaviors, but subjects with obesity scored significantly higher for reported emotional eating.Discussion: Differences in preferences for listed common foods exist between weight status groups according to taste, food group, and texture. Consumers can make textural descriptions of foods that could be used to assess sensory and hedonic qualities of actual food choices.
The Insulin Resistance—Dyslipidemic Syndrome of Visceral Obesity: Effect on Patients' Risk
Authors: Després Jean‐Pierre 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCoronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus represent two highly prevalent conditions in affluent societies. Although a dyslipidemic state is frequently found in type 2 patients with obesity, studies have shown that the high triglyceride, low high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol dyslipidemia is also found in nondiabetic patients with insulin resistance. Studies that have used imaging techniques to assess the regional distribution of body fat have shown that an excess of visceral adipose tissue, that is, a high accumulation of fat in the abdominal cavity, was associated with a cluster of metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, elevated apolipoprotein B (apoB) concentrations, small, dense low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, as well as low HDL cholesterol levels. Prospective studies such as the Quebec Cardiovascular Study have shown that this cluster of metabolic abnormalities commonly found in patients with excess visceral adipose tissue substantially increases the risk of CHD. The high prevalence of visceral obesity in sedentary adult men and postmenopausal women is such that it may represent the most prevalent cause of atherogenic dyslipidemic states associated with CHD in our population.
Stress‐Induced Cortisol, Mood, and Fat Distribution in Men
Authors: Epel Elissa E. , Moyer Anne E. , Martin Chloe D. , Macary Susan , Cummings Nancy , Rodin Judith , Rebuffe‐Scrive Marielle 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEPEL, ELISSA A., ANNE E. MOYER, CHLOE D. MARTIN, SUSAN MACARY, NANCY CUMMINGS, JUDITH RODIN, AND MARIELLE REBUFFE‐SCRIVE. Stress‐induced Cortisol, mood, and fat distribution in men.Obes Res. 1999;7:9–15.Objective: A previous study in our laboratory (Moyer et al.,Obes Res. 1994;2:255‐62 found that, in response to uncontrollable laboratory stress, women with a high waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) had higher Cortisol reactivity, poorer coping skills, and lower anger responses than women with low WHR. We aimed to compare high WHR men's stress responses to these women.Research Methods and Procedures: The current study examined Cortisol reactivity and psychological data of 27 healthy high WHR men exposed to the same laboratory challenges as the women from our previous study. Men's data are discussed in relation to that of the high and low WHR women.Results: Men responded to the stress with increases in both Cortisol and blood pressure. In comparison with the high and low WHR women, men had significantly higher total cortisof on the stress day. However, when comparing a sub‐sample of men and women matched in WHR's, differences in Cortisol secretion were greatly diminished and no longer significant. In addition, men had higher desire for control than both high and low WHR women, and lower mood reactivity than low WHR women. Despite the lower mood reactivity of high WHR groups, the high mood reactors among the high WHR women, and to a lesser extent, men, tended to have higher Cortisol reactivity.Discussion: These results suggest that the psychological differences and greater exposure to Cortisol observed amon; the high WHR men and women may have played a role ii contributing to their greater abdominal fat depots.Discussion: These results suggest that the psychological differences and greater exposure to cortisol observed among the high WHR men and women may have played a role contributing to their greater abdominal fat depots.
Weight‐Related Attitudes and Behaviors in Fourth Grade American Indian Children
Authors: Stevens June , Story Mary , Becenti Alberta , French Simone A. , Gittelsohn Joel , Going Scott B. , Levin Sarah , Murray David M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSTEVENS, JUNE, MARY STORY, ALBERTA BECENTI, SIMONE A. FRENCH, JOEL GITTELSOHN, SCOTT B. GOING, JUHAERI, SARAH LEVIN, AND DAVID M. MURRAY. Obes Res. 1999;7:34–42.Objective: American Indian children have a high prevalence of obesity, yet little is known about weight‐related attitudes and the prevalence of dieting in this population. This study assessed weight concerns, body size perceptions, weight reduction attempts, and weight loss methods in fourth grade American Indian children.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants (n = 304) attended one of eight schools in the Pathways Feasibility Study. Question and answer choices were read to children by trained staff, and children marked their own answers.Results: Thirty‐eight percent of the children reported that they had tried to lose weight. The most common strategy for weight reduction was exercising more. Girls were more likely than boys to be dissatisfied with their body size (48% of girls vs. 34% of boys desired a slimmer body size; 22% of girls vs. 15% of boys desired a larger body size; p<0.71). Children who had tried to lose weight were more likely to indicate that the size they most desired and the most healthy size were smaller than their perceived size (p<0.71). Children who reported trying to lose weight were also more likely to want to be skinnier and to be unhappy about their weight than were children who did not report trying to lose weight (p<0.71 for both).Discussion: We conclude that weight loss attempts and weight‐related concerns are prevalent in American Indian children at a young age.
Components of Total Energy Expenditure in Healthy Young Women Are Not Affected after 14 Days of Feeding with Medium‐Versus Long‐Chain Triglycerides
Authors: Papamandjaris Andrea A. , White Matthew D. , Jones Peter J. H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPAPAMANDJARIS, ANDREA A., MATTHEW D. WHITE, AND PETER J. H. JONES. Components of total energy expenditure in healthy young women are not affected after 14 days of feeding with medium‐versus long‐chain triglycerides. Obes Res.Objective: To examine the effect of consumption of medium‐chain triglycerides (MCT) vs. long‐chain triglycerides (LCT) on total energy expenditure (TEE) and its components in young women during the second week of a 2‐week feeding period.Research Methods and Procedures: Twelve healthy lean women (age: 22. 7±0. 7 years, body mass index [BMI]: 21. 5±0. 8 kg/m2) were fed weight maintenance diets containing 15% of energy as protein, 45% as carbohydrate, and 40% as fat, 80% of which was treatment fat, for 2 weeks in a randomized cross‐over design separated by a 2‐week washout period. Dietary fat was composed of triglycerides containing either 26% medium‐chain fatty acids (MCFA) and 74% long‐chain fatty acids (LCFA), or 2% MCFA and 98% LCFA. Free‐living TEE was measured from day 7 to 14 on each dietary treatment using doubly labeled water (DLW). Basal metabolic rate (BMR) and thermic effect of food (TEF) were measured on days 7 and 14 using respiratory gas exchange analysis (RGE) for 30 minutes and 330 minutes, respectively. Activity‐induced energy expenditure (AIEE) was derived as the difference between TEE and the sum of BMR and TEF.Results: The average TEE while consuming the MCT diet (2246±98 kcal/day) did not differ from that of the LCT diet (2186±138 kcal/day. BMR was significantly higher on the MCT diet on day 7 (1219±38 kcal/day vs. 1179±42 kcall day), but not on day 14; there was no effect of diet on TEF. There were no differences in BMR, TEF, or AIEE between diets when expressed as percentages of TEE. On average, BMR, TEF, and AIEE represented 54. 6%, 8. 2%, and 37. 2%, respectively, of TEE.Discussion: Results suggest that between day 7 and day 14 feeding of MCT vs. LCT at these levels, TEE is not affected and that increases seen in energy expenditure following MCT feeding may be of short duration. Thus, compensatory mechanisms may exist which blunt the effect of MCT on energy components over the longer term.