bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Trichuris trichiura from humans and T. suis from pigs in China using internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA
Authors: Liu G.H. , Zhou W. , Nisbet A.J. , Xu M.J. , Zhou D.H. , Zhao G.H. , Wang S.K. , Song H.Q. , Lin R.Q. , Zhu X.Q. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTrichuris trichiura and Trichuris suis parasitize (at the adult stage) the caeca of humans and pigs, respectively, causing trichuriasis. Despite these parasites being of human and animal health significance, causing considerable socio-economic losses globally, little is known of the molecular characteristics of T. trichiura and T. suis from China. In the present study, the entire first and second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1 and ITS-2) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of T. trichiura and T. suis from China were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the representative amplicons were cloned and sequenced, and sequence variation in the ITS rDNA was examined. The ITS rDNA sequences for the T. trichiura and T. suis samples were 1222–1267 bp and 1339–1353 bp in length, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed that the ITS-1, 5.8S and ITS-2 rDNAs of both whipworms were 600–627 bp and 655–661 bp, 154 bp, and 468–486 bp and 530–538 bp in size, respectively. Sequence variation in ITS rDNA within and among T. trichiura and T. suis was examined. Excluding nucleotide variations in the simple sequence repeats, the intra-species sequence variation in the ITS-1 was 0.2–1.7% within T. trichiura, and 0–1.5% within T. suis. For ITS-2 rDNA, the intra-species sequence variation was 0–1.3% within T. trichiura and 0.2–1.7% within T. suis. The inter-species sequence differences between the two whipworms were 60.7–65.3% for ITS-1 and 59.3–61.5% for ITS-2. These results demonstrated that the ITS rDNA sequences provide additional genetic markers for the characterization and differentiation of the two whipworms. These data should be useful for studying the epidemiology and population genetics of T. trichiura and T. suis, as well as for the diagnosis of trichuriasis in humans and pigs.
Comparison of body size, relative growth and size at onset sexual maturity ofUca uruguayensis(Crustacea: Decapoda: Ocypodidae) from different latitudes in the south-western Atlantic
Authors: Hirose Gustavo Luis , Fransozo Vivian , Tropea Carolina , López-Greco Laura S. , Negreiros-Fransozo Maria Lucia 
Published: October 2012

Some crustaceans show variations of their reproductive biology within their geographical distribution, and knowledge about such variations is important for the comprehension of their reproductive adaptations. This study compared two populations of the fiddler crabUca uruguayensisfrom two locations on the south-western Atlantic coast: Ubatuba Bay, São Paulo, Brazil and Samborombón Bay, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The population features analysed were the body size variation (carapace width = CW) and the size at the onset of sexual maturity (SOM) in order to test the hypothesis that the size at SOM, should be the same in relative terms (RSOM), independently of the latitudinal position. In the Brazilian population the CW ranged from 4.18 to 11.60 mm for males and 3.90 to 9.80 mm for females, and in the Argentinean population from 3.60 to 14.10 mm for males and 2.85 to 12.00 mm for females. In the Brazilian population the SOM was 7.1 (RSOM = 0.58) and 5.9 mm CW (RSOM = 0.57) for males and females, respectively, and in the Argentinean population it was 7.0 (RSOM = 0.42) and 6.75 mm CW (RSOM = 0.53) for males and females, respectively. This fact is probably related to a great plasticity in the life history features ofUca uruguayensisunder different environmental conditions.
Recurrence of major depressive disorder and its predictors in the general population: results from The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS)
Authors: Hardeveld F. , Spijker J. , De Graaf R. , Nolen W. A. , Beekman A. T. F. 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundKnowledge of the risk of recurrence after recovery from major depressive disorder (MDD) in the general population is scarce.MethodData were derived from 687 subjects in the general population with a lifetime DSM-III-R diagnosis of MDD but without a current major depressive episode (MDE) or dysthymia. Participants had to be at least 6 months in remission, and were recruited from The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Recency and severity of the last MDE were assessed retrospectively at baseline. Recurrence of MDD was measured prospectively during the 3-year follow-up. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to measure time to recurrence. Determinants of time to recurrence were analyzed using proportional hazard models.ResultsThe estimated cumulative recurrence of MDD was 13.2% at 5 years, 23.2% at 10 years and 42.0% at 20 years. In bivariate analysis, the following variables predicted a shorter time to recurrence: younger age, younger age of onset, higher number of previous episodes, a severe last depressive episode, negative youth experiences, ongoing difficulties before recurrence and high neuroticism. Multivariably, younger age, a higher number of previous episodes, a severe last depressive episode, negative youth experiences and ongoing difficulties remained significant.ConclusionsIn this community sample, the long-term risk of recurrence was high, but lower than that found in clinical samples. Subjects who had had an MDE had a long-term vulnerability for recurrence. Factors predicting recurrence included illness- and stress-related factors.
Civility, Community Cohesion and Antisocial Behaviour: Policy and Social Harmony
Authors: BANNISTER JON , O'SULLIVAN ANTHONY 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIntergroup conflict, whether manifest as the absence of community cohesion or as the presence of antisocial behaviour, is an issue of international concern. In the UK, confronting the reality or perceived threat of intergroup conflict is a core feature of community cohesion and antisocial behaviour policies. To varying degrees, the frameworks underpinning these policies see the absence or breakdown of community relations as a cause of social disharmony. A key challenge for policy is therefore improvement of the quality of community relations. In this paper, we consider how government has approached this challenge. We filter our analysis through the lens of civility, which proposes that the peaceful coexistence of diverse social groups rests on the existence and maintenance of intergroup empathy and mutual respect. This proposal is supported by international research evidence on the outcomes of meaningful interactions, where these are predicated on equal group status, leading to changes in group and intergroup perceptions and behaviours (the contact hypothesis). We consider the extent to which community cohesion and anti-social behaviour policies in the UK demonstrate a coherent conception of the problem of community relations, the quality of community relations to which these policies aspire and whether the strategies deployed to address community relations seek to support civility through meaningful interaction. We find that the policy debates start from different presumptions concerning the roots of social disharmony, and this is reflected in the nature of the interventions which the community cohesion and antisocial behaviour policy frameworks support. In particular, we find that the social interaction promoted through policies in the UK is not necessarily aimed at achieving social harmony through meaningful interaction based on recognition of equal group status. We also show that these policies are based on little in the way of evidence and prior knowledge.
An overview of fuzzy Description Logics for the Semantic Web
Authors: Ma Z. M. , Zhang Fu , Wang Hailong , Yan Li 
Published: October 2012

AbstractInformation imprecision and uncertainty exist in many real world applications, and such information would be retrieved, processed, shared, reused, and aligned in the maximum automatic way possible. As a popular family of formally well-founded and decidable knowledge representation languages, fuzzy Description Logics (fuzzyDLs), which extendDLswith fuzzy logic, are very well suited to cover for representing and reasoning with imprecision and uncertainty. Thus, a requirement naturally arises in many practical applications of knowledge-based systems, in particular the Semantic Web, becauseDLsare the logical foundation of the Semantic Web. Currently, there have been lots of fuzzy extensions ofDLswith Zadeh's fuzzy logic theory papers published, to investigate fuzzyDLsand more importantly serve as identifying the direction of fuzzyDLsstudy. In this paper, we aim at providing a comprehensive literature overview of fuzzyDLs, and we focus our attention on fuzzy extensions ofDLsbased on fuzzy set theory. Other relevant formalisms that are based on approaches like probabilistic theory or non-monotonic logics are covered elsewhere. In detail, we first introduce the existing fuzzyDLs(including the syntax, semantics, knowledge base, and reasoning algorithm) from the origin, development (from weaker to stronger in expressive power), some special techniques, and so on. Then, the other important issues on fuzzyDLs, such as reasoning, querying, applications, and directions for future research, are also discussed in detail. Also, we make a comparison and analysis.
Diversity and composition of dengue virus type 2 in Venezuela
Authors: HUHTAMO E. , COMACH G. , SIERRA G. , CAMACHO D. E. , SIRONEN T. , VAPALAHTI O. , UZCÁTEGUI N. Y. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYDengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by four closely related dengue virus (genusFlavivirus) serotypes (DENV-1–4). The clinical outcomes vary from mild febrile illness to life-threatening haemorrhagic manifestations. DENVs are endemic in the tropics and subtropics globally and currently no specific treatment or vaccines are available. In Venezuela, the American-Asian genotype of DENV-2 is the most prevalent and has been associated with severe disease outcomes. We aimed to follow-up the molecular epidemiology of DENV-2 in Venezuela to investigate if the evolution of the virus has remained the same throughout time or if the same dynamics documented in Brazil (hyperendemic co-circulation) also occurred. The results show that whereas the epidemiology of DENV in several endemic areas is characterized by serotype replacements through time, in Venezuela the American-Asian genotype DENV-2 has evolved into several genetic lineages and has remained in hyperendemic co-circulation with the other serotypes.
‘Advisers or Fellow-revisers’: Recognition, Status and the Revised Version
Authors: Cadwallader Alan H. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe Revised Version is recalled in the history of English language biblical versions because of the intense public debates over its potential to supplant the Authorized Version of 1611. These highly politicized contests over text and translation have continued through to the present day and have sidetracked attention from the deeper issues of identity and status associated with scholarship and national standing. Philip Schaff led a committed and ambitious group of American Protestant and Unitarian scholars in efforts to be credited as equal participants with the English Revisers in the massive project of the revision of the long-standing and much-loved English translation. The formation of the American Revised Version Committee within a year of the commencement of the work of revision by the two English Revision Companies ushered in an immense behind-the-scenes struggle over the requisite standing for decisions over the wording of the revised translation. Linguistics and text became the arena on which contests for recognition, national pride and scholarly achievement were fought. The choice of weapons of influence ranged from promotion of academic ability to rhetorical appeals to threats of commercial subversion. This paper explores the significance of American efforts to be involved credibly and influentially in the work that culminated in the Revised Version of 1881/1885 in England and (as a testament to the standing of American biblical scholarship and the failure of international cooperation) the distinct American Standard Version of 1901.
G × E interaction and neurodevelopment II. Focus on adversities in paediatric depression: the moderating role of serotonin transporter
Authors: Bellani M. , Nobile M. , Bianchi V. , van Os J. , Brambilla P. 
Published: October 2012

In a short series of articles, we will review the evidence for genotype by environment interaction (G × E) in developmental psychopathology. We will focus specifically on the characteristics of types of exposure assessed with respect to both their methods and findings. This article aims to review the studies exploring the moderating role of serotonin transporter on the effect of environmental adversities over time, particularly during childhood and adolescence, which is when level of internalizing symptoms and prevalence of mood disorders change substantially. Environmental adversities will not include abuse and maltreatment that have been reviewed before (see Bellani et al. 2012) and child's broader social ecology that will be reviewed in the next section.
Strong evidence of surface tension reduction in microscopic aqueous droplets
Authors: Ruehl C. R. , Chuang P. Y. , Nenes A. , Cappa C. D. , Kolesar K. R. , Goldstein A. H. 
Published: October 2012

The ability of airborne particles to take up water may be enhanced by surface‐active components, but the importance of this effect is controversial because direct measurement of the surface tension of microscopic droplets has not been possible. Here we infer droplet surface tension from water uptake measurements of mixed organic‐inorganic particles at relative humidities just below saturation (99.3–99.9%). The surface tension of droplets formed on particles composed of NaCl andα‐pinene ozonolysis products was reduced by 50–75%, but only when enough organic material was present to form a film on the droplet surface at least 0.8 nm thick. This study suggests that if atmospheric particles are predominantly (≳80%) composed of surface‐active material, their influence on cloud properties and thus climate could be enhanced, and their atmospheric lifetimes could be reduced.
Role of the TGF-β/BMP-7/Smad pathways in renal diseases
Authors: Meng Xiao-Ming , Chung Arthur C. K. , Lan Hui Y. 
Published: October 2012

TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) and BMP-7 (bone morphogenetic protein-7), two key members in the TGF-β superfamily, play important but diverse roles in CKDs (chronic kidney diseases). Both TGF-β and BMP-7 share similar downstream Smad signalling pathways, but counter-regulate each other to maintain the balance of their biological activities. During renal injury in CKDs, this balance is significantly altered because TGF-β signalling is up-regulated by inducing TGF-β1 and activating Smad3, whereas BMP-7 and its downstream Smad1/5/8 are down-regulated. In the context of renal fibrosis, Smad3 is pathogenic, whereas Smad2 and Smad7 are renoprotective. However, this counter-balancing mechanism is also altered because TGF-β1 induces Smurf2, a ubiquitin E3-ligase, to target Smad7 as well as Smad2 for degradation. Thus overexpression of renal Smad7 restores the balance of TGF-β/Smad signalling and has therapeutic effect on CKDs. Recent studies also found that Smad3 mediated renal fibrosis by up-regulating miR-21 (where miR represents microRNA) and miR-192, but down-regulating miR-29 and miR-200 families. Therefore restoring miR-29/miR-200 or suppressing miR-21/miR-192 is able to treat progressive renal fibrosis. Furthermore, activation of TGF-β/Smad signalling inhibits renal BMP-7 expression and BMP/Smad signalling. On the other hand, overexpression of renal BMP-7 is capable of inhibiting TGF-β/Smad3 signalling and protects the kidney from TGF-β-mediated renal injury. This counter-regulation not only expands our understanding of the causes of renal injury, but also suggests the therapeutic potential by targeting TGF-β/Smad signalling or restoring BMP-7 in CKDs. Taken together, the current understanding of the distinct roles and mechanisms of TGF-β and BMP-7 in CKDs implies that targeting the TGF-β/Smad pathway or restoring BMP-7 signalling may represent novel and effective therapies for CKDs.
Variation in Acute Thermal Tolerance within and among Hatchery Strains of Brook Trout
Authors: McDermid Jenni L. , Fischer Friedrich A. , Al‐Shamlih Mohammed , Sloan William N. , Jones Nicholas E. , Wilson Chris C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe ability of coldwater species and populations to respond to temperature increases associated with climate change will depend on the existing adaptive potential within and among populations. Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis is a valued coldwater species that has been widely stocked across its native range as well as extensively introduced in western North America. We investigated the thermal tolerance of the three primary brook trout hatchery strains used in Ontario (Dickson Lake, Lake Nipigon, and Hill's Lake strains) and the thermal tolerance of a brook trout subspecies, Aurora trout S. fontinalis timagamiensis; all strains were reared in a common hatchery environment. In addition to comparing the strains’ responses to acute thermal stress, we also examined variability in temperature tolerance among families within several of these strains. Evidence for significant differences in temperature tolerance was observed both within and among the strains, with Aurora trout showing the least capacity to cope with higher temperatures. The results of this study suggest that thermal performance of brook trout populations will be under substantial selective pressure as water temperatures increase and that strains with existing tolerances for warmer conditions will be better equipped to handle these anticipated changes.
Effect of Survey Design and Catch Rate Estimation on Total Catch Estimates in Chinook Salmon Fisheries
Authors: McCormick Joshua L. , Quist Michael C. , Schill Daniel J. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Roving–roving and roving–access creel surveys are the primary techniques used to obtain information on harvest of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Idaho sport fisheries. Once interviews are conducted using roving–roving or roving–access survey designs, mean catch rate can be estimated with the ratio-of-means (ROM) estimator, the mean-of-ratios (MOR) estimator, or the MOR estimator with exclusion of short-duration (≤0.5 h) trips. Our objective was to examine the relative bias and precision of total catch estimates obtained from use of the two survey designs and three catch rate estimators for Idaho Chinook salmon fisheries. Information on angling populations was obtained by direct visual observation of portions of Chinook salmon fisheries in three Idaho river systems over an 18-d period. Based on data from the angling populations, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to evaluate the properties of the catch rate estimators and survey designs. Among the three estimators, the ROM estimator provided the most accurate and precise estimates of mean catch rate and total catch for both roving–roving and roving–access surveys. On average, the root mean square error of simulated total catch estimates was 1.42 times greater and relative bias was 160.13 times greater for roving–roving surveys than for roving–access surveys. Length-of-stay bias and nonstationary catch rates in roving–roving surveys both appeared to affect catch rate and total catch estimates. Our results suggest that use of the ROM estimator in combination with an estimate of angler effort provided the least biased and most precise estimates of total catch for both survey designs. However, roving–access surveys were more accurate than roving–roving surveys for Chinook salmon fisheries in Idaho.
Received May 14, 2012; accepted July 23, 2012
Precision of Channel Catfish Catch Estimates Using Hoop Nets in Larger Oklahoma Reservoirs
Authors: Stewart David R. , Long James M. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Hoop nets are rapidly becoming the preferred gear type used to sample channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, and many managers have reported that hoop nets effectively sample channel catfish in small impoundments (&lt;200 ha). However, the utility and precision of this approach in larger impoundments have not been tested. We sought to determine how the number of tandem hoop net series affected the catch of channel catfish and the time involved in using 16 tandem hoop net series in larger impoundments (&gt;200 ha). Hoop net series were fished once, set for 3 d; then we used Monte Carlo bootstrapping techniques that allowed us to estimate the number of net series required to achieve two levels of precision (relative standard errors [RSEs] of 15 and 25) at two levels of confidence (80% and 95%). Sixteen hoop net series were effective at obtaining an RSE of 25 with 80% and 95% confidence in all but one reservoir. Achieving an RSE of 15 was often less effective and required 18–96 hoop net series given the desired level of confidence. We estimated that an hour was needed, on average, to deploy and retrieve three hoop net series, which meant that 16 hoop net series per reservoir could be “set” and “retrieved” within a day, respectively. The estimated number of net series to achieve an RSE of 25 or 15 was positively associated with the coefficient of variation (CV) of the sample but not with reservoir surface area or relative abundance. Our results suggest that hoop nets are capable of providing reasonably precise estimates of channel catfish relative abundance and that the relationship with the CV of the sample reported herein can be used to determine the sampling effort for a desired level of precision.
Received April 16, 2012; accepted August 8, 2012
Density Effects on Subyearling Fall Chinook Salmon During Hatchery Rearing in Raceways with Oxygen Supplementation and After Release
Authors: Clarke Lance R , Cameron William A , Carmichael Richard W 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
To determine the effects of hatchery rearing density on fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha released as age-0 subyearlings, we experimentally reared fish at densities of 200,000, 300,000 and 400,000 fish per raceway in Michigan-style raceways that employ oxygen supplementation to achieve high density rearing. The study was conducted for two release years at a maximum raceway density of 52.3 kg/m3 and a maximum loading of 0.92 kg·L−1·min−1. At the end of hatchery rearing there was no significant difference in weight in either release year and Fulton's condition factor was similar in the first year. In the second release year condition factors were significantly different; the low-density group had significantly lower values and the high-density group had significantly higher values. Following release into the Umatilla River, Oregon, out-migration survival and travel time to John Day Dam on the Columbia River was monitored by using passive integrated transponder tags in a subsample of each release group. We found no significant difference in either out-migration survival or travel time between density groups. We used recoveries of coded wire tags to estimate smolt-to-adult survival (SAS) and straying. There was no significant difference in SAS, consequently the high-density treatment produced nearly twice as many adults as the low-density and 27% more adults than the medium density. Straying rates ranged between 61% and 66% for each density group and were not significantly different. Rearing density had no effect on the gender or age distribution of returning adults. Our results indicate that high-density rearing of subyearling fall Chinook Salmon in Michigan-style raceways is useful for increasing adult production.