bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REPUBLIC OF PARADOX: THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS MINORITY PROTECTION REGIME AND THE NEW TURKEY'S STEP-CITIZENS
Authors: Ekmekcioglu Lerna 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article focuses on the years after World War I, especially the first decade following the 1923 establishment of the Republic of Turkey, in order to analyze the position of minorities in the developing “we” of the new nation as projected by its political elite. Situating the discussion in the context of the League of Nations interwar minority protection regime, I demonstrate that the Treaty of Lausanne, which the Ankara government and the Allies signed in July 1923, played an important role in the conflicting treatment that minorities have since received in Turkey. The treaty's minority protection clauses entrenched divisions that had already been formed in the Ottoman Empire during the violence of the preceding decade, including the Armenian genocide. Moreover, reminding Turkish leaders of how 19th-century European imperial powers had used the cause of Ottoman Christians’ suffering as an excuse to infringe on Ottoman sovereignty, these clauses alarmed the Turkish political elite, especially as the “Great Powers” themselves were not bound by such minority protection guarantees. The goal of preventing a repetition of this unbalanced international power dynamic, which, according to the new Turkey's leaders, had led to the demise of the Ottoman Empire, engendered paradoxical policies toward non-Muslim Turkish citizens; they have been largely excluded from a Turkness (Türklük) to which they were sometimes included, even forcibly included.
“MEMORIES OF THE BELOVED”: ORAL HISTORIES FROM THE 1916–19 SIEGE OF MEDINA
Authors: El Bakri Alia 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article analyzes interviews related to the 1916–19 Sharifian siege of Medina that were published in a collection on the city's history by Saudi Arabian historian Ahmad Murshid. These oral histories narrate how Fakhri Pasha (Turkish: Fahreddin), the Ottoman military commander stationed in Medina during the siege, expelled residents from their homes, strictly controlled the supply of food in the city, and managed military operations out of the Holy Mosque of the Prophet Muhammad. The article seeks to explore the perspective of ordinary civilians who experienced the siege, a perspective largely missing from the literature on the subject. The interviews are positioned here as a valuable historical source for understanding the impact of the siege on these individuals and on their families, communities, and identities. Their memories underscore the interviewees’ deep attachment to their city, as well as to their identity asmadanīs and as legitimate narrators of Medina's history.
WHEN MOTHERS ATE THEIR CHILDREN: WARTIME MEMORY AND THE LANGUAGE OF FOOD IN SYRIA AND LEBANON
Authors: al-Qattan Najwa 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article explores the experience of the Great War in Syria and Lebanon with a specific focus on the famine that, combined with other wartime calamities, decimated the civilian population. Using food as its primary register, it looks at a wide range of largely untapped Syrian and Lebanese poems,zajal, plays, novels, memoirs, and histories written over the course of the 20th century, in order to illuminate the experiential dimensions of the civilians’ war and to delineate some of the discourses that structured it. More specifically, it argues that the wartime famine in Syria and Lebanon gave rise to a remembered cuisine of desperation that is deeply informative about the ruptured world of the civilians’ war.
FEEDING THE CITY: THE BEIRUT MUNICIPALITY AND THE POLITICS OF FOOD DURING WORLD WAR I
Authors: Tanielian Melanie Schulze 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWorld War I in the Ottoman Empire was a humanitarian disaster of unprecedented scale. By 1916 in the Greater Syrian provinces, men, women, and children were dyingen masseof a war-induced famine so devastating that popular memory still names this warḥarb al-majāʿa(the war of famine). Despite the civilian catastrophe, people's experiences on the Ottoman home front have been only marginally explored in the scholarship. Focusing on the city of Beirut, this article highlights the centrality of food provisioning in the competition for political legitimacy in the provincial capital. Through a detailed analysis of how the Beirut municipality was represented in the city's daily newspaperal-Ittihad al-ʿUthmani, I argue that for local reform-minded notables and intellectuals the war presented an opportunity to prove, both to the local population and to the Ottoman state, that issues related to the internal security and well-being of the Beirut province generally and the city specifically could be dealt with locally through existing governing bodies. The article thus traces the fierce political games played around the issue of food by various actors seeking to win the hearts of Beirutis through their stomachs.
Does the long-term success of REDD+ also depend on biodiversity?
Authors: Hinsley Amy , Entwistle Abigail , Pio Dorothea V. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractOriginally proposed in 2005 as a way to use financial incentives to tackle global climate change, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) has evolved to include conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks, in what is now known as REDD+. Biodiversity protection is still viewed principally as a co-benefit of the REDD+ process, with conservation of forest tree cover and carbon stocks providing the main measure of success. However, focusing solely on tree cover and carbon stocks does not always protect other species, which may be threatened by other factors, most notably hunting. We present evidence from the literature that loss of biodiversity can affect forest composition, tree survival and forest resilience and may in some cases ultimately lead to a reduction in carbon storage. We argue that REDD+ projects should specifically mitigate for threats to biodiversity if they are to maximize carbon storage potential in the long term.
Are people at risk of psychosis also at risk of suicide and self-harm? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Taylor P. J. , Hutton P. , Wood L. 
Published: October 2014

Background.Suicide and self-harm are prevalent in individuals diagnosed with psychotic disorders. However, less is known about the level of self-injurious thinking and behaviour in those individuals deemed to be at ultra-high risk (UHR) of developing psychosis, despite growing clinical interest in this population. This review provides a synthesis of the extant literature concerning the prevalence of self-harm and suicidality in the UHR population, and the predictors and correlates associated with these events.Method.A search of electronic databases was undertaken by two independent reviewers. A meta-analysis of prevalence was undertaken for self-harm, suicidal ideation and behaviour. A narrative review was also undertaken of analyses examining predictors and correlates of self-harm and suicidality.Results.Twenty-one eligible studies were identified. The meta-analyses suggested a high prevalence of recent suicidal ideation (66%), lifetime self-harm (49%) and lifetime suicide attempts (18%). Co-morbid psychiatric problems, mood variability and a family history of psychiatric problems were among the factors associated with self-harm and suicide risk.Conclusions.Results suggest that self-harm and suicidality are highly prevalent in the UHR population, with rates similar to those observed in samples with diagnosed psychotic disorders. Appropriate monitoring and managing of suicide risk will be important for services working with the UHR population. Further research in this area is urgently needed considering the high rates identified.
An explosive outbreak of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype-8 infection in a highly vaccinated residential care home, England, summer 2012
Authors: THOMAS H. L. , GAJRAJ R. , SLACK M. P. E. , SHEPPARD C. , HAWKEY P. , GOSSAIN S. , DREW C. M. , PEBODY R. G. 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYIn August 2012, an explosive outbreak of severe lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) due to Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype-8 occurred in a highly vaccinated elderly institutionalized population in England. Fifteen of 23 residents developed LRTI over 4 days (attack rate 65%); 11 had confirmed S. pneumoniae serotype-8 disease, and two died. Following amoxicillin chemoprophylaxis and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) re-vaccination no further cases occurred in the following 2 months. No association was found between being an outbreak-associated case and age (P = 0·36), underlying comorbidities [relative risk (RR) 0·84 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·34–2·09], or prior receipt of PPV (RR 1·4, 95% CI 0·60–3·33). However, the median number of years since PPV was significantly higher for cases (n = 15, 10·2 years, range 7·3–17·9 years) than non-cases (n = 8, 7·2 years, range 6·8–12·8 years) (P = 0·045), provided evidence of waning immunity. Alternative vaccination strategies should be considered to prevent future S. pneumoniae outbreaks in institutionalized elderly populations.
Assessment of a Scenario-Based Approach to Facilitating Critical Thinking Among Paramedic Students
Authors: Janing Judy 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIntroduction:Paramedic practice is shifting from [direct] on-line medical control to protocol-driven care initiated on the paramedic's judgment of the patient's problem(s). Teaching in most paramedic training programs remains grounded in technical rationality. This does not adequately prepare practitioners for current day practice. Medical conditions often present as ill-defined problems. To deal with these situations, practitioners need problem solving and reflective-thinking skills. Methodologies incorporating the use of these skills in a contextual situation similar to actual practice may help paramedics develop these skills.Hypothesis:This study sought to determine the impact of written scenario exercises in the context of clinical problems as a means of learning in order to foster higher level thinking skills and self-directed tendencies. It involved three hypotheses: 1) Post-test scores would correlate with scores attained on the traditional, multiple choice, final examination; 2) Post-test scores would correlate with scores on the critical thinking sub-test of the final examination; and 3) Scores would be better on the post-test compared to thepre-test.Methods:This two year, longitudinal, prospective study was conducted with 55 paramedic students using a pre- and post-test. Post-test scores were compared with final examination scores and scores of the subset of higher level thinking questions within that examination using the Pearson r-test. The relationship between the pre- and post-test scores was analyzed using a one-tailed dependent t-test. Post-hoc analysis of the variables of age, experience, and education was conducted using one-way analysis of variance.Results:The correlation between post-test scores with final examination scores was positive and modestly significant. There was no correlation of post-test scores with sub-test scores. Comparison of pre- and post-test scores was significant. Effects for age, experience, and education were not significant statistically.Conclusion:Using written scenarios increases ability to utilize reflective thinking and self-directed tendencies. However, this ability may not be demonstrated consistently on traditional written examinations. A multi-site study using large numbers and a control group or alternative methods appears to be indicated to demonstrate more accurate effects of the methodology.
OPTIMAL TIME-CONSISTENT PORTFOLIO AND CONTRIBUTION SELECTION FOR DEFINED BENEFIT PENSION SCHEMES UNDER MEAN–VARIANCE CRITERION
Authors: LIANG XIAOQING , BAI LIHUA , GUO JUNYI 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe investigate two mean–variance optimization problems for a single cohort of workers in an accumulation phase of a defined benefit pension scheme. Since the mortality intensity evolves as a general Markov diffusion process, the liability is random. The fund manager aims to cover this uncertain liability via controlling the asset allocation strategy and the contribution rate. In order to have a more realistic model, we study the case when the risk aversion depends dynamically on current wealth. By solving an extended Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman system, we obtain analytical solutions for the equilibrium strategies and value function which depend on both current wealth and mortality intensity. Moreover, results for the constant risk aversion are presented as special cases of our models.
A SIMPLE CLOSED-FORM FORMULA FOR PRICING DISCRETELY-SAMPLED VARIANCE SWAPS UNDER THE HESTON MODEL
Authors: RUJIVAN SANAE , ZHU SONG-PING 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe develop a simplified analytical approach for pricing discretely-sampled variance swaps with the realized variance, defined in terms of the squared log return of the underlying price. The closed-form formula obtained for Heston’s two-factor stochastic volatility model is in a much simpler form than those proposed in literature. Most interestingly, we discuss the validity of our solution as well as some other previous solutions in different forms in the parameter space. We demonstrate that market practitioners need to be cautious, making sure that their model parameters extracted from market data are in the right parameter subspace, when any of these analytical pricing formulae is adopted to calculate the fair delivery price of a discretely-sampled variance swap.
The bromodomain and extra-terminal inhibitor CPI203 enhances the antiproliferative effects of rapamycin on human neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Wong C , Laddha S V , Tang L , Vosburgh E , Levine A J , Normant E , Sandy P , Harris C R , Chan C S , Xu E Y 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEndogenous c-MYC (MYC) has been reported to be a potential pharmacological target to trigger ubiquitous tumor regression of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) and lung tumors. Recently inhibitors of bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family proteins have shown antitumor effects through the suppression of MYC in leukemia and lymphoma. In this paper, we investigated the antitumor activity of a BET protein bromodomain inhibitor (BETi) CPI203 as a single agent and in combination with rapamycin in human PanNETs. We found that exposure of human PanNET cell lines to CPI203 led to downregulation of MYC expression, G1 cell cycle arrest and nearly complete inhibition of cell proliferation. In addition, overexpression of MYC suppressed the growth inhibition caused by CPI203 and knockdown of MYC phenocopied the effects of CPI203 treatment. These findings indicate that suppression of MYC contributed to the antiproliferative effects of BETi inhibition in human PanNET cells. Importantly, CPI203 treatment enhanced the antitumor effects of rapamycin in PanNET cells grown in monolayer and in three-dimensional cell cultures, as well as in a human PanNET xenograft model in vivo. Furthermore, the combination treatment attenuated rapamycin-induced AKT activation, a major limitation of rapamycin therapy. Collectively, our data suggest that targeting MYC with a BETi may increase the therapeutic benefits of rapalogs in human PanNET patients. This provides a novel clinical strategy for PanNETs, and possibly for other tumors as well.
Analysis of BH3-only proteins upregulated in response to oxygen/glucose deprivation in cortical neurons identifies Bmf but not Noxa as potential mediator of neuronal injury
Authors: Pfeiffer S , Anilkumar U , Chen G , Ramírez-Peinado S , Galindo-Moreno J , Muñoz-Pinedo C , Prehn J H M 
Published: October 2014

AbstractStress signaling in response to oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) and ischemic injury activates a group of pro-apoptotic genes, the Bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3)-only proteins, which are capable of activating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Targeted studies previously identified the BH3-only proteins Puma, Bim and Bid to have a role in ischemic/hypoxic neuronal injury. We here investigated the transcriptional activation of pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins after OGD-induced injury in murine neocortical neurons. We observed a potent and early upregulation of noxa at mRNA and protein level, and a significant increase in Bmf protein levels during OGD in neocortical neurons and in the ipsilateral cortex of mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Surprisingly, gene deficiency in noxa reduced neither OGD- nor glutamate-induced neuronal injury in cortical neurons and failed to influence infarct size or neurological deficits after tMCAO. In contrast, bmf deficiency induced significant protection against OGD- or glutamate-induced injury in cultured neurons, and bmf-deficient mice showed reduced neurological deficits after tMCAO in vivo. Collectively, our data not only point to a role of Bmf as a BH3-only protein contributing to excitotoxic and ischemic neuronal injury but also demonstrate that the early and potent induction of noxa does not influence ischemic neuronal injury.
Biological significance of FoxN1 gain-of-function mutations during T and B lymphopoiesis in juvenile mice
Authors: Ruan L , Zhang Z , Mu L , Burnley P , Wang L , Coder B , Zhuge Q , Su D-M 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFoxN1 is cell-autonomously expressed in skin and thymic epithelial cells (TECs), essential for their development. Inborn mutation of FoxN1 results in hair follicle and TEC development failure, whereas insufficient postnatal FoxN1 expression induces thymic atrophy, resulting in declined T lymphopoiesis. Although upregulating FoxN1 expression in the aged FoxN1-declined thymus rejuvenates T lymphopoiesis, whether its over- and ectopic-expression in early life is beneficial for T lymphopoiesis is unknown. Using our newly generated Rosa26-STOPflox–FoxN1 mice, in which over- and ectopic-expression of FoxN1 can be induced by various promoter-driven Cre-mediated deletions of the roadblock STOPflox in early life, we found that K14Cre-mediated inborn FoxN1 overexpression induced neonatal lethality, exhibited abnormal permeability in the skin and abnormal nursing. Ubiquitous deletion of the STOPflox mediated by progressive uCreERT leakage in juvenile mice affected thymus and bone marrow normality, resulting in an increased ratio of medullary/cortical TECs, along with declined T and B lymphopoiesis. Although the K5CreERT-mediated FoxN1 overexpression mice had a normal lifespan, induction of K5CreERT activation in juveniles adversely influenced total thymoycte development and produced ichthyosis-like skin. Therefore, FoxN1 has temporal and tissue-specific activity. Over- and ectopic-expression of FoxN1 in early life adversely influence immature TEC, T and B cell, and skin epithelial development.
A hybrid absorption–adsorption method to efficiently capture carbon
Authors: Liu Huang , Liu Bei , Lin Li-Chiang , Chen Guangjin , Wu Yuqing , Wang Jin , Gao Xueteng , Lv Yining , Pan Yong , Zhang Xiaoxin , Zhang Xianren , Yang Lanying , Sun Changyu , Smit Berend , Wang Wenchuan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractRemoval of carbon dioxide is an essential step in many energy-related processes. Here we report a novel slurry concept that combines specific advantages of metal-organic frameworks, ion liquids, amines and membranes by suspending zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 in glycol-2-methylimidazole solution. We show that this approach may give a more efficient technology to capture carbon dioxide compared to conventional technologies. The carbon dioxide sorption capacity of our slurry reaches 1.25 mol l−1 at 1 bar and the selectivity of carbon dioxide/hydrogen, carbon dioxide/nitrogen and carbon dioxide/methane achieves 951, 394 and 144, respectively. We demonstrate that the slurry can efficiently remove carbon dioxide from gas mixtures at normal pressure/temperature through breakthrough experiments. Most importantly, the sorption enthalpy is only −29 kJ mol−1, indicating that significantly less energy is required for sorbent regeneration. In addition, from a technological point of view, unlike solid adsorbents slurries can flow and be pumped. This allows us to use a continuous separation process with heat integration.
Second‐order steganographic method based on adaptive reference matrix
Authors: Yin Zhao‐Xia , Chang Chin‐Chen , Xu Qin , Luo Bin 
Published: October 2014

A second‐order steganographic method (SOS) based on pixel pair matching and modification direction exploiting (MDE) is proposed in this study. In SOS, each cover pixel pair is used to conceal two secret digits in a B‐ary notational system. Therefore the maximum embedding rate (ER) is up to log2B bit per pixel (bpp). It is different from the previous MDE‐based methods in which only one secret digit in base B can be embedded into each cover pixel pair and the maximum ER is ½log2B bpp. The experimental results demonstrate the improvements to the proposed method in terms of capacity, efficiency and detection rate compared to recent MDE‐based methods. Take B = 3 as an example. The ER is 1.585 bpp and the corresponding average peak‐signal‐to‐noise‐rate is 49.89 dB, demonstrating the best image quality with the same embedding rate compared to recent MDE‐based methods.
Multivariate biophysical markers predictive of mesenchymal stromal cell multipotency
Authors: Lee Wong Cheng , Shi Hui , Poon Zhiyong , Nyan Lin Myint , Kaushik Tanwi , Shivashankar G. V. , Chan Jerry K. Y. , Lim Chwee Teck , Han Jongyoon , Van Vliet Krystyn J. 
Published: October 2014

Significance
We identify a set of unique biophysical markers of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell populations. Multivariate biophysical analysis of cells from 10 adult and fetal bone marrow donors shows that distinct subpopulations exist within supposed mesenchymal stem cell populations that are otherwise indistinguishable by accepted stem cell marker surface antigens. We find that although no single biophysical parameter is wholly predictive of stem cell multipotency, three of these together—cell diameter, cell mechanical stiffness, and nuclear membrane fluctuations—distinguish multipotent stem cell from osteochondral progenitor subpopulations. Together, these results (along with the corresponding statistical correlations) show that a minimal set of biophysical markers can be used to identify, isolate, and predict the function of stem and progenitor cells within mixed cell populations.
Importance of the DNA “bond” in programmable nanoparticle crystallization
Authors: Macfarlane Robert J. , Thaner Ryan V. , Brown Keith A. , Zhang Jian , Lee Byeongdu , Nguyen SonBinh T. , Mirkin Chad A. 
Published: October 2014

Significance
The well-defined base-pairing interactions of DNA allow it to behave as a programmable bond on a nanoparticle scaffold and, when designed properly, these systems are able to form crystals through a process that closely mirrors the formation of atomic crystals. However, DNA-directed nanoparticle crystallization also offers a level of programmability that is not achievable in atomic systems as it enables precise and independent control over many components in a given system. This work focuses on understanding the nature of this DNA “bond,” how various parameters affect this bond, and the overall effects as seen through the crystallization behavior of the nanoparticles in an aggregate.