bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asthma and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide population‐based prospective cohort study
Authors: Chen Mu‐Hong , Su Tung‐Ping , Chen Ying‐Sheue , Hsu Ju‐Wei , Huang Kai‐Lin , Chang Wen‐Han , Chen Tzeng‐Ji , Bai Ya‐Mei 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundPrevious cross‐sectional studies have suggested an association between asthma and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the temporal relationship was not determined. Using a nationwide population‐based prospective case–control cohort study (1:4, age‐/gender‐matched), we hypothesized that asthma in infanthood or early childhood would increase the risk of ADHD in later life.MethodsIn all, 2,294 children with asthma and 9,176 controls aged between 0 and 3 years in 2000 were included in our study. Cases of ADHD that occurred to the end of follow‐up (31 December 2010) were identified.ResultsChildren with asthma had a higher incidence of developing ADHD (7% vs. 4.6%, p < .001) than control cohort during the follow‐up period. After adjusting for age at enrollment, gender, level of urbanization, and comorbid allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis), children with asthma had an elevated risk (HR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.07–1.59) of developing ADHD compared with control group.DiscussionOur prospective study supported a temporal relationship between asthma and ADHD. Asthma in very early life increased the risk of developing ADHD during the school years. Further studies are required to investigate whether the prompt treatment of asthma and comorbid allergic diseases could prevent the development of ADHD or decrease ADHD symptoms.
Executive function in children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder 4 and 12 months after the Sichuan earthquake in China
Authors: Yang Rui , Xiang Yu‐Tao , Shuai Lan , Qian Ying , Lai Kelly Y.C. , Ungvari Gabor S. , Chiu Helen F.K. , Wang Yu‐Feng 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundWhile several studies have found executive function deficits in adults and maltreated children with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), there are few data on executive function in children and adolescents with PTSD related to natural disasters. The objective of this study was to test executive function changes over time in children and adolescents with PTSD after a magnitude 8.0 earthquake in Sichuan, China.MethodA sample of 34 children and adolescents with diagnosed PTSD following the Sichuan earthquake and 66 matched controls exposed to the same earthquake but without PTSD participated in the study. Executive function was assessed using a battery of interviewer‐rated neuropsychological tests and the guardian‐rated Behavior Rating Scale of Executive Function (BRIEF) at 4‐ and 12‐month after the earthquake.ResultsChildren and adolescents with PTSD performed similar to controls in executive function at 4‐months after the earthquake. Both groups improved significantly in similar domains of cognition during the following 8 months. The PTSD group exhibited daily deficits in emotional control compared with the controls at the 4‐month assessment, but the differences disappeared during the following 8 months.ConclusionsChildren and adolescents with PTSD related to a natural disaster have deficits only in the emotional control domain of executive function compared with controls exposed to the same disaster, but even these deficits did not persist.
Insulin degludec compared with insulin glargine in insulin‐naïve patients with type 2 diabetes: A 26‐week, randomized, controlled, Pan‐Asian, treat‐to‐target trial
Authors: Onishi Yukiko , Iwamoto Yasuhiko , Yoo Soon Jib , Clauson Per , Tamer Søren C , Park Sungwoo 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIntroductionInsulin degludec (IDeg) is an ultra‐long‐acting basal insulin with a consistent action profile of >42 h. This trial compared the efficacy and safety of IDeg with insulin glargine (IGlar) in insulin‐naïve Asian patients with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsIn this multinational, 26‐week, open‐label, treat‐to‐target trial, 435 participants (202 females, 233 males; mean age 58.6 years; mean body mass index 25 kg/m2; mean glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] 8.5%) were randomized (2:1) to IDeg or IGlar, each administered once daily with ≥1 oral antidiabetic drug(s) (OAD).ResultsAfter 26 weeks, HbA1c had decreased by 1.24 and 1.35% in the IDeg and IGlar groups, respectively (treatment difference [IDeg – IGlar] 0.11%, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.03 to 0.24), confirming non‐inferiority. Rates of overall confirmed hypoglycemia were similar for IDeg and IGlar during the full trial period (3.0 vs 3.7 episodes/patient‐year of exposure [PYE]; rate ratio [RR] 0.82, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.11, P = 0.20), but significantly lower (by 37%) for IDeg during the maintenance period (from week 16 onward; RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.94, P = 0.02). No significant difference in the rate of nocturnal confirmed hypoglycemia was found between IDeg and IGlar in the full trial period (0.8 vs 1.2 episodes/PYE; RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.04, P = 0.07) or maintenance period (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.00, P = 0.05). Adverse event rates were similar between treatments.ConclusionsInitiating insulin therapy with IDeg in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes, inadequately controlled with OADs, provides similar improvements in long‐term glycemic control to IGlar, but at a significantly lower rate of overall confirmed hypoglycemia once stable glycemic control and insulin dosing are achieved. This trial was registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (no. NCT01059799).
British Dietetic Association evidence‐based guidelines for the protein requirements of adults undergoing maintenance haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Naylor H. L. , Jackson H. , Walker G. H. , Macafee S. , Magee K. , Hooper L. , Stewart L. , MacLaughlin H. L. ,   Renal Nutrition Group of the British Dietetic Association
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundExisting nutritional guidelines suggest that protein requirements of adults with stage five chronic kidney disease undergoing haemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) are increased as a result of protein losses during dialysis. The present review aimed to update previous guidance and develop evidence‐based practice guidelines on the protein requirements of adults undergoing maintenance dialysis.MethodsFollowing a PICO approach (Participants or Population, Intervention or Exposure, Comparison and Outcome), four research questions were formulated to investigate the total protein requirement and protein quality required by adults undergoing HD and PD. A comprehensive, systematic review was undertaken using the databases Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library from 2005 to September 2009 for HD studies and from 1997 to September 2009 for PD studies.ResultsThe literature search yielded 2931 studies, which were assessed for inclusion. Following appraisal, 19 studies in HD and 18 studies in PD met the inclusion criteria and were systematically reviewed. Limited good quality evidence supports the recommendations that: (i) adults undergoing maintenance HD require a minimum protein intake of 1.1 g kg−1 ideal body weight (IBW) per day; and (ii) adults undergoing maintenance PD require a minimum protein intake of 1.0–1.2 kg−1 IBW per day, in conjunction with an adequate energy intake. There were no studies that addressed the quality of protein for either HD or PD.ConclusionsEvidence suggests that nutritional status may be maintained with lower protein intakes than previously recommended. However, the evidence base is limited and further randomised controlled trials are required to establish the optimal protein intake for dialysis patients.
Brazilian keratin hair treatment: a review
Authors: Weathersby Courtney , McMichael Amy 
Published: June 2013

SummaryBrazilian keratin treatments are widely available products that are used by women all over the world to straighten hair. Marketers of these products claim that the keratin treatments render naturally curly hair more manageable and frizz‐free while enhancing color and shine, giving the hair a healthier appearance. Although widely used, there have been virtually no reports of adverse side effects. Unfortunately, many of the products that are applied by salon professionals contain formaldehyde or its derivatives and are being marketed as safe.
Socio‐cultural differences in Australian primary school children's weight and weight‐related behaviours
Authors: Hardy Louise L , King Lesley , Hector Debra , Baur Louise A 
Published: June 2013

AimTo examine whether there are socio‐cultural differences in overweight/obesity and weight‐related behaviours of Australian primary school children.MethodsSecondary data analysis of the 2010 NSW Schools Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey (n = 4898). Height and weight were measured. Parents of Year K, 2, 4 children and Year 6 students completed a questionnaire on demographics and weight‐related behaviours. Cardio‐respiratory fitness was assessed by the 20‐meter shuttle run test and categorised as adequately fit or unfit. Children were categorised according to the main cultural/ethnic backgrounds (Middle‐Eastern, Asian and English‐speaking backgrounds) and socio‐economic status (SES) tertile.ResultsWithin ethnic groups, SES was associated with weight‐related behaviours, but not consistently, and not with body mass index status. Within ethnic groups, the odds were higher among low SES, compared with high SES to be inactive, unfit and have poorer dietary habits. Weight‐related behaviours among each ethnic group also differed by gender. Compared with low SES children from English‐speaking backgrounds, ethnic boys were two times as likely to be overweight/obese, and the odds were significantly higher among ethnic children to be inactive, unfit and have poor dietary patterns.ConclusionThe results indicate the need for obesity prevention initiatives to specifically target and reach children from low SES and Asian and Middle‐Eastern backgrounds, and the importance of ensuring that such initiatives are culturally appropriate and address relevant issues.
A simple genetic basis for complex social behaviour mediates widespread gene expression differences
Authors: Nipitwattanaphon Mingkwan , Wang John , Dijkstra Michiel B. , Keller Laurent 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA remarkable social polymorphism is controlled by a single Mendelian factor in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. A genomic element marked by the gene Gp‐9 determines whether workers tolerate one or many fertile queens in their colony. Gp‐9 was recently shown to be part of a supergene with two nonrecombining variants, SB and Sb. SB/SB and SB/Sb queens differ in how they initiate new colonies, and in many physiological traits, for example odour and maturation rate. To understand how a single genetic element can affect all these traits, we used a microarray to compare gene expression patterns between SB/SB and SB/Sb queens of three different age classes: 1‐day‐old unmated queens, 11‐day‐old unmated queens and mated, fully reproductive queens collected from mature field colonies. The number of genes that were differentially expressed between SB/SB and SB/Sb queens of the same age class was smallest in 1‐day‐old queens, maximal in 11‐day‐old queens and intermediate in reproductive queens. Gene ontology analysis showed that SB/SB queens upregulate reproductive genes faster than SB/Sb queens. For all age classes, genes inside the supergene were overrepresented among the differentially expressed genes. Consistent with the hypothesized greater number of transposons in the Sb supergene, 13 transposon genes were upregulated in SB/Sb queens. Viral genes were also upregulated in SB/Sb mature queens, consistent with the known greater parasite load in colonies headed by SB/Sb queens compared with colonies headed by SB/SB queens. Eighteen differentially expressed genes between reproductive queens were involved in chemical signalling. Our results suggest that many genes in the supergene are involved in regulating social organization and queen phenotypes in fire ants.
We Are Not All ‘Self‐Blind’: A Defense of a Modest Introspectionism
Authors: REY GEORGES 
Published: June 2013

AbstractShoemaker (1996) presenteda prioriarguments against the possibility of ‘self‐blindness’, or the inability of someone, otherwise intelligent and possessed of mental concepts, to introspect any of her concurrent attitude states. Ironically enough, this seems to be a position that Gopnik (1993) and Carruthers (2006, 2008, 2009a,b) have proposed as not only possible, but as the actual human condition generally! According to this ‘Objectivist’ view, supposed introspection of one's attitudes is not ‘direct’, but an ‘inference’ of precisely the sort we make about the attitudes of others, an inference that has the advantage in our own case ofonlyour own sensory data and memories, our behavior, and of the context we are in; i.e. we are all substantially self‐ blind. After sorting out a number of methodological and verbal issues, I argue, first, that thea prioriarguments against Objectivism don't succeed, and that Gopnik and Carruthers are right to regard the issue as an empirical one. On the other hand, I think they seriously underestimate the difficulty of establishing Objectivism. It is unlikely there is an inferential procedure from the data of pure sensation, behavior and context to the relevant self‐attributions that would be as spectacularly reliable as people manifestly seem to be. Moreover, there is a simpler model: the mind very likely consists of a panoply of sub‐routines some of whose outputs are ‘tagged’ for their having been so processed, rather in the way that software ‘documents’ are on standard computers. Introspection plausibly consists in a person's simply attending to distinctive constellations of these tags, even though they may lack phenomenal feels. This draws attention to an important independent fact: that much of phenomenology (or ‘what it's like’ to be in a certain state) may be constituted by facts that are not phenomenal.
A two‐component histidine kinase Shk1 controls stress response, sclerotial formation and fungicide resistance in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: Duan Yabing , Ge Changyan , Liu Shengming , Wang Jianxin , Zhou Mingguo 
Published: June 2013

SummaryFungal histidine kinases (HKs) are involved in osmotic and oxidative stress responses, hyphal development, fungicide sensitivity and virulence. Members of HK class III are known to signal through the high‐osmolarity glycerol mitogen‐activated protein kinase (HOG MAPK). In this study, we characterized the Shk1 gene (SS1G_12694.3), which encodes a putative class III HK, from the plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Disruption of Shk1 resulted in resistance to phenylpyrrole and dicarboximide fungicides and increased sensitivity to hyperosmotic stress and H2O2‐induced oxidative stress. The Shk1 mutant showed a significant reduction in vegetative hyphal growth and was unable to produce sclerotia. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR and glycerol determination assays showed that the expression of SsHOG1 (the last kinase of the Hog pathway) and glycerol accumulation were regulated by the Shk1 gene, but PAK (p21‐activated kinase) was not. In addition, the Shk1 mutant showed no change in virulence. All the defects were restored by genetic complementation of the Shk1 deletion mutant with the wild‐type Shk1 gene. These findings indicate that Shk1 is involved in vegetative differentiation, sclerotial formation, glycerol accumulation and adaption to hyperosmotic and oxidative stresses, and to fungicides, in S. sclerotiorum. Taken together, our results demonstrate, for the first time, the role of two‐component HKs in Sclerotinia.
Diagnosis of dementia as a turning point among Finnish families: A qualitative study
Authors: Pesonen Hanna‐Mari , Remes Anne M. , Isola Arja 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe experiences of receiving a diagnosis of dementia from the viewpoint of people with dementia and their family members were explored in this study. Purposive sampling was used to recruit people with newly‐diagnosed dementia (n = 8) and their family members (n = 8) from a university hospital's memory clinic in northern Finland. Data were collected using low‐structured interviews, and analyzed using the stages of grounded theory. The diagnosis of dementia was a mutual turning point in the family, and it was experienced and responded to in shared processes within the family. In a changing life situation, close ones became a significant resource, and focus on the present day was emphasized. Individuals with dementia and their family members aimed to live meaningful lives by being active agents. Understanding the individual and shared experiences of both those with dementia and their family members can help health professionals design and carry out tailored early psychosocial interventions for families to assist them to create a shared understanding of living with dementia.
The effect of subambient to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on vascular function in Helianthus annuus: implications for plant response to climate change
Authors: Rico Christopher , Pittermann Jarmila , Polley H. Wayne , Aspinwall Michael J. , Fay Phillip A. 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Plant gas exchange is regulated by stomata, which coordinate leaf‐level water loss with xylem transport. Stomatal opening responds to internal concentrations of CO2 in the leaf, but changing CO2 can also lead to changes in stomatal density that influence transpiration. Given that stomatal conductance increases under subambient concentrations of CO2 and, conversely, that plants lose less water at elevated concentrations, can downstream effects of atmospheric CO2 be observed in xylem tissue?

We approached this problem by evaluating leaf stomatal density, xylem transport, xylem anatomy and resistance to cavitation in Helianthus annuus plants grown under three CO2 regimes ranging from pre‐industrial to elevated concentrations.

Xylem transport, conduit size and stomatal density all increased at 290 ppm relative to ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations. The shoots of the 290‐ppm‐grown plants were most vulnerable to cavitation, whereas xylem cavitation resistance did not differ in 390‐ and 480‐ppm‐grown plants.

Our data indicate that, even as an indirect driver of water loss, CO2 can affect xylem structure and water transport by coupling stomatal and xylem hydraulic functions during plant development. This plastic response has implications for plant water use under variable concentrations of CO2, as well as the evolution of efficient xylem transport.
Nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of tobacco N receptor is modulated by SGT1
Authors: Hoser Rafał , Żurczak Marek , Lichocka Małgorzata , Zuzga Sabina , Dadlez Michal , Samuel Marcus A. , Ellis Brian E. , Stuttmann Johannes , Parker Jane E. , Hennig Jacek , Krzymowska Magdalena 
Published: June 2013

Summary

SGT1 (Suppressor of G2 allele of SKP1) is required to maintain plant disease Resistance (R) proteins with Nucleotide‐Binding (NB) and Leucine‐Rich Repeat (LRR) domains in an inactive but signaling‐competent state. SGT1 is an integral component of a multi‐protein network that includes RACK1, Rac1, RAR1, Rboh, HSP90 and HSP70, and in rice the Mitogen‐Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), OsMAPK6. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) N protein, which belongs to the Toll‐Interleukin Receptor (TIR)‐NB‐LRR class of R proteins, confers resistance to Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV).

Following transient expression in planta, we analyzed the functional relationship between SGT1, SIPK – a tobacco MAPK6 ortholog – and N, using mass spectrometry, confocal microscopy and pathogen assays.

Here, we show that tobacco SGT1 undergoes specific phosphorylation in a canonical MAPK target‐motif by SIPK. Mutation of this motif to mimic SIPK phosphorylation leads to an increased proportion of cells displaying SGT1 nuclear accumulation and impairs N‐mediated resistance to TMV, as does phospho‐null substitution at the same residue. Forced nuclear localization of SGT1 causes N to be confined to nuclei.

Our data suggest that one mode of regulating nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of R proteins is by maintaining appropriate levels of SGT1 phosphorylation catalyzed by plant MAPK.
Prophylactic High‐Dose Oral‐N‐Acetylcysteine Does Not Prevent Atrial Fibrillation after Heart Surgery
Authors: KAZEMI BABAK , AKBARZADEH FARIBORZ , SAFAEI NASER , YAGHOUBI ALIREZA , SHADVAR KAMRAN , GHASEMI KAMRAN 
Published: June 2013

AimsPostoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) following cardiac surgery is a frequent complication with multifactorial etiologies. Recently inflammation due to enhanced oxidative stress has been implicated in its pathogenesis. N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) is a promising and novel antioxidant agent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of high‐dose oral‐NAC for prevention of POAF.MethodsTwo hundred and forty patients were randomized in this prospective, double blind placebo‐controlled trial to either 1,200‐mg oral‐NAC two times a day (n = 120) or placebo (n = 120) starting 48 hours before and up to 72 hours after open heart surgery.ResultsThe mean age was about 60 years, and 75% were male. Patients in the NAC group were older, with higher percentage of acute coronary syndrome, hypercholesterolemia, and left internal mammary artery use. Coronary involvement and hypertension were more prevalent in the placebo group. All other baseline patient characteristics were similar between groups. Overall POAF developed in 13.8% of the patients. There was no difference in the incidence of POAF between the NAC vs placebo groups (11.7% vs 15.8%, respectively; P = 0.34). Postoperative hospital stay, morbidity, and mortality were similar in both groups.ConclusionsProphylactic high‐dose oral‐NAC begun 2 days before open heart surgery and continued for 5 days, and had no significant effect on the incidence of POAF, in‐hospital stay, and postoperative morbidity or mortality.
Different FCER1A polymorphisms influence IgE levels in asthmatics and non‐asthmatics
Authors: Potaczek Daniel P. , Michel Sven , Sharma Vishwas , Zeilinger Sonja , Vogelberg Christian , von Berg Andrea , Bufe Albrecht , Heinzmann Andrea , Laub Otto , Rietschel Ernst , Simma Burkhard , Frischer Thomas , Genuneit Jon , Illig Thomas , Kabesch Michael 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundRecently, three genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) demonstrated FCER1A, the gene encoding a ligand‐binding subunit of the high‐affinity IgE receptor, to be a major susceptibility locus for serum IgE levels. The top association signal differed between the two studies from the general population and the one based on an asthma case–control design. In this study, we investigated whether different FCER1A polymorphisms are associated with total serum IgE in the general population and asthmatics specifically.MethodsNineteen polymorphisms were studied in FCER1A based on a detailed literature search and a tagging approach. Polymorphisms were genotyped by the Illumina HumanHap300Chip (6 polymorphisms) or MALDI‐TOF MS (13 polymorphisms) in at least 1303 children (651 asthmatics) derived from the German International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood II and Multicentre Asthma Genetics in Childhood Study.ResultsSimilar to two population‐based GWAS, the peak association with total serum IgE was observed for SNPs rs2511211, rs2427837, and rs2251746 (mean r2 > 0.8), with the lowest p‐value of 4.37 × 10−6. The same 3 polymorphisms showed the strongest association in non‐asthmatics (lowest p = 0.0003). While these polymorphisms were also associated with total serum IgE in asthmatics (lowest p = 0.003), additional polymorphisms (rs3845625, rs7522607, and rs2427829) demonstrated associations with total serum IgE in asthmatics only (lowest p = 0.01).ConclusionsThese data suggest that FCER1A polymorphisms not only drive IgE levels in the general population but that specific polymorphisms may also influence IgE in association with asthma, suggesting that disease‐specific mechanisms in IgE regulation exist.