bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES IN BLOOD DIASTASE. FACTORS WHICH CAUSE VARIATIONS IN THE AMOUNT OF DIASTASE IN THE BLOOD
Authors: Reid Charles , Narayana B. 
Published: December 2014

1. The blood diastase decreases after meals, injections of glucose, glycogen, and insulin, while anæsthetics and injections of starch cause a slight increase.2. Since pancreatectomy causes little or no change in the amount of circulating diastase, the pancreas is not the main source of blood diastase. Ligature of the pancreatic duct does not result in any striking change in the diastase content of the blood in the course of one to two weeks.3. Since definite variations can be induced in the blood diastase by injections of insulin, glycogen, etc., it appears likely that the circulating diastase is not entirely a waste product on its way to excretion.4. Evidence is adduced that variations in blood diastase are probably due to its being taken up or given out by the liver cells, etc., according to the requirements of the body with respect to the glycogen glucose, probably in association with insulin.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RESPONSE OF PLAIN MUSCLE TO DRUGS
Authors: Nanda T. C. 
Published: December 2014

1. Many of the responses of plain muscle to drugs that are frequently described as transient appear so because the experimental conditions record only part of the response.2. The phasic responses frequently observed can be explained on the assumption that the drug produces some rapid change, and that other changes, which proceed more slowly, modify the initial response.3. These apparent transient actions do not necessitate the assumption of the potential action of drugs.My thanks are due to Prof. A. J.
Clark for assistacnce and advice in carrying out this research.
EFFECTS OF PROLONGED ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF LARGE DOSES OF PITUITARY ANTERIOR LOBE TO LAYING HENS
Authors: Gutowska Marie S. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effects of pituitary anterior lobe hormones by oral administration to domestic fowls has been studied. The doses used in these experiments were large (·5 to ·8 grm.) and the time of administration was prolonged (one month).2. The effects of oral administration were positive, as evidenced by (a) increase in egg‐size, increase in egg‐number, and increase in weight of birds; (b) an increase in the number of follicles in the ovary and also an increase in their size, indicating more rapid growth; a stimulation of albumen‐secretion in the oviduct, recognised in the increased percentage of albumen in the egg; also probably an effect on the muscular wall of the uterus.3. The results were most striking in the early part of the year (before spring).
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XVIII. THE NORMAL COUNT IN VARIOUS MAMMALS
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. , Climenko David Robert 
Published: December 2014

The result of Arneth counts in various common mammals are presented, and the causes of variation discussed.A portion of the expense of this research was defrayed by a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund.We beg to thank Mr Miller and Dr Calder of the Animal Breeding Research Department for allowing us to use their material.
OBSERVATIONS ON DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION IN FOWLS
Authors: Macowan Marion M. , Magee H. E. 
Published: December 2014

The blood‐sugar of fowls is not reduced to a steady level by prolonged fasting, but is very variable in different fowls, and in the same individuals at different times. Values as far apart as ·150 to ·290 percent. are found after fasts of 24 hours or more. High protein meals cause the blood‐sugar to fall slightly but progressively. Meals rich in starch cause increases 5 minutes from ingestion; when they contain coarse starch‐poor particles, the blood‐sugar fluctuates violently from about an hour after the meal, and often falls below the original value. With finely ground diets, rich in starch, fluctuations are absent. Five minutes after ingestion of a barium meal columns of it were seen (by X‐rays) moving very rapidly in the small intestine. Discharge from the gizzard occurs about once a second. Boluses are sent down from the crop at intervals of about 1 to 5 minutes, and require up to 30 seconds to reach the proventriculus. The proventriculus and gizzard were indistinguishable on the screen; they appeared to contract as one viscus.Our thanks are due to Professor
Macleod for his advice in connection with this work.
GAS TENSIONS IN THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE
Authors: Campbell J. Argyll 
Published: December 2014

1. The normal oxygen tension in the mucous membrane of the stomach of the cat and rabbit is about 10 to 20 mm. Hg, while the carbon‐dioxide tension is about 40 to 60 mm. Hg.2. The normal oxygen tension in the mucous membrane of the small intestine of the cat and rabbit is about 20 to 40 mm. Hg; that for the dog may be slightly higher. The carbon‐dioxide tension is 35 to 60 mm. Hg.3. Anawsthetics, particularly urethane and amytal, may cause a rise of carbon‐dioxide tension and a fall of oxygen tension in the tissues, the average change being about 4 mm. Hg in each case. Individual animals may show much more marked effects than these.
THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC. Seventh Article. PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE‐SUPPLY OF THE KIDNEY
Authors: Kuré Ken , Kanda Koichi , Wakabayashi Akibumi , Okinaka Shigeo 
Published: December 2014

Stimulation of the spinal parasympathetic fibres in the greater and lesser splanchnics causes vasodilatation of the renal blood‐vessels, but the spinal parasympathetic fibres in the lumbar sympathetic trunk do not play a prominent part in such vasodilatation.The spinal parasvmpathetic fibres exert specific secretory effects upon the kidney. The greater splanchnics contain fibres which promote elimination of the total nitrogen; the lesser splanchnics excite the elimination of phosphate; while fibres in the lumbar sympathetic trunk play a less significant part in the elimination of both total nitrogen and phosphate. The greater and lesser splanchnics, as well as fibres from the lumbar sympathetic trunk, have a markedly excitatory influence on the elimination of sodium chloride, although there are individual differences as to the extent of this influence.We wish to thank the foundation “Hattori‐Hôkôkai” for the expenses of this research.
CHANGES IN THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN PREGNANCY AND IN OTHER CONDITIONS
Authors: Cramer W. 
Published: December 2014

The islets of Langerhans constitute a very plastic tissue which undergoes considerable changes in a variety of physiological conditions, even to the extent of the formation of new islets on the one hand, and the disappearance of existing islets on the other. The most consistent changes are found in pregnancy, where there is a new formation of islet tissue from the centro‐acinar cells. No clear evidence has been obtained of a transformation between islet cells and acinar cells in any of the conditions studied.Prolonged exposure to heat sometimes produces degenerative changes in the islets. The significance of these results in relation to the clinical features of diabetes mellitus is briefly discussed.
REGENERATION OF THE PERIPHERAL VAGUS
Authors: Cameron May L. 
Published: December 2014

1. Recovery of the cardiac fibres of the vagus has been obtained in 12 rabbits, 5 cats, and 1 dog, the vagus nerve having been cut or crushed in the mid‐cervical region.2. In the rabbit, regeneration occurs 3 to 4 months after crushing, and between 1 year 2 months and 2 years 8 months after cutting.3. In the cat, regeneration of the autonomic efferent fibres was obtained 7 months after crushing, and in just over a year (374 days) when the nerve had been cut.4. Regeneration of cardiac vagus fibres was found to have occurred in a dog 10½ years after the right vago‐sympathetic had been cut high in the neck.5. In the same dog, periodic attacks of sickness and a fatal termination, probably due to a relative vagal paralysis, indicated that the cesophageal and gastric vagal fibres had not perfectly regenerated after ten years.6. In the majority of cases, both in cats and rabbits, stimulation below the neuroma gave a more marked inhibition of the heart and consequent fall in blood‐pressure than stimulation above.7. Independent results on heart as regards rate and force on stimulating the peripheral regenerating vagus were observed in a few animals.8. In one cat (No. 4) the peripheral regenerating vagus stimulated central to the neuroma gave a negative result, although stimulation peripherally to the neuroma produced marked inhibition. This apparent instance of peripheral regeneration is discussed in the text and a possible explanation offered.9. In one cat in which no functional regeneration of the central vagus or depressor was observed, but regeneration of at least certain branches of the cervical sympathetic, the thyroid on the operated side was atrophied as compared with the normal side.10. The eye and ear results of sympathetic paralysis disappeared in rabbits during the first few months; in cats during the third year; in one dog, eye and ear differences, lacrimation, and occasional salivation were still noticeable after ten years.11. Regeneration of the recurrent laryngeal fibres of the vagus (rabbits and cats), and functional recovery of the respiratory movements of the paralysed cord, were obtained and confirmed histologically.The expense of this research has been partly defrayed by grants from the Earl of Moray Fund and the Medical Research Council.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE KINETICS OF HÆMOLYSIS, BY BRILLIANT GREEN AND SERUM
Authors: Ponder Eric 
Published: December 2014

A reinvestigation of the kinetics of brilliant green‐cell‐plasma systems, by methods in which the times for lysis are observed over a much greater range than heretofore, leads to the following conclusions:—1. If the quantity of sensitising agent is constant and sufficient to produce sensitisation, the subsequently added plasma (or serum) appears to behave as a simple hæmolysin, for the time‐dilution curves obtained are typical over the greater part of their range.2. The way in which the quantity of lysin (plasma) required to bring about lysis varies with the amount of sensitising agent used is very similar to the way in which the quantity of complement required to produce lysis in amboceptor‐cell‐complement systems varies with the amount of amboceptor used.3. The same anomaly, viz. that unexpectedly large quantities of lysin are required when very large amounts of sensitising agents are employed, is met with both in brilliant green‐cell‐plasma systems and in amboceptor‐cell‐complement systems.4. These results lead to the tentative conclusion that the kinetics of hæmolysis in brilliant green‐cell‐plasma systems are in general similar to those in amboceptor‐cell‐complement systems.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE GASTRIC HUNGER CONTRACTIONS IN THE JAVANESE MONKEY.1
Authors: Illenden Jessie , Patterson T. L. , Rubright L. W. , Scott R. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. The motility and tonus of the empty stomach of the monkey is practically identical with that of the empty stomach of man.2. Substances introduced directly into the stomach (water, 1 per cent. sodium carbonate, and 0·5 per cent. hydrochloric acid) produce gastric inhibition in proportion to the degree of their potency.3. Very small amounts of food given to animals exhibit no inhibitory influence on the movements of the empty stomach; in larger quantities definite inhibitory effects result.4. The sight of food, when in sufficient amounts, may also lead to an inhibition (psychic inhibition) of the motor activity and tonus of the stomach.5. The same mechanism is probably involved in the inhibition of the movements of the empty stomach that is concerned in the inhibition of the movements of digestion.6. Stimuli when applied to certain sensory surfaces of the body of the animal, such as the pad of the foot, may produce decided inhibitory effects.
A TYPE OF MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE NORMAL ŒSTROUS FEMALE RABBIT
Authors: Bellerby C. W. 
Published: December 2014

(1) Nest construction in the rabbit such as occurs at the end of pseudo‐pregnancy has been observed in the normal œstrous female when kept in isolation.(2) It is not accompanied by any of the changes in the ovaries, mammary glands, and uterus which are usually found at the end of pseudo‐pregnancy.(3) Nesting occurs most frequently in April and is not observed at all from the end of September to the beginning of March.(4) Frequency of nesting depends upon the breed of the rabbit.(5) It does not occur in the ovariectomised animal.(6) Nest construction occurs more frequently among hysterectomised females than among intact animals.
THE ABSORPTION OF AMMONIA BY THE LUNGS AND HEART
Authors: Klisiecki A. J. 
Published: December 2014

Somatic ammonia, the daily production of which in the dog is estimated to be about 220 mg. NH3N, is absorbed by the lungs and heart, and probably converted finally into urea, the total production of which amounts to about 4000 mg. urea nitrogen per day.In oxygen deficiency and in the later hours of an acute experiment the lungs and heart produce large amounts of ammonia, the rate of production being similar to that by the kidneys.
POST‐MORTEM GLYCOGENOLYSIS IN RABBIT LIVER
Authors: Noltie H. R. 
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of glycogenolysis in excised rabbit liver slices, incubated at 380° C., is not determined by the percentage of glycogen initially present.2. The lactic acid increases but little, “free sugar” increases markedly, but the two together never suffice to account for the glycogen which disappears.3. No increase in reducing power follows acid hydrolysis of alcoholic extracts of the liver.4. The results are similar whether the glycogenolysis occurs in air or in nitrogen.The author wishes to express his best thanks to Professor J. J. R. Macleod for suggesting the subject and for helpful discussions in the course of the experiments; also to the Medical Research Council for aid from their grant to Professor Macleod and Dr. J. M. Peterson.
DISTRIBUTION OF LACTATE BETWEEN THE CORPUSCLES AND THE PLASMA IN BLOOD
Authors: Devadatta S. C. 
Published: December 2014

1. The ratio of the concentration of lactate in the corpuscles to that in the plasma (C/P ratio) is 0·6–0·9 in the blood of resting animals (cat, horse, man).2. In the blood of fatigued animals (cat, rabbit, man) it is reduced to 0·5–0·6.3. This change in the C/P ratio is not due to a delay in the diffusion of lactate from the plasma into the corpuscles, nor to the presence, either in the corpuscles or plasma, of some indiffusible substance estimated as lactate.4. The C/P ratio is raised by (a) increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide; (b) decreased partial pressure of oxygen; (c) increased H‐ion concentration These facts lead to the conclusion that a “lactate shift” analogous to the “chloride shift” occurs during each respiratory cycle of the blood, which may become of importance in connexion with the buffering of the blood in conditions of severe oxygen debt.5. The C/P ratio is reduced by an increased concentration of lactate in the whole blood.6. The increased lactate content of the blood occurring in conditions of oxygen debt is shown to be more than sufficient to account for the fall observed in the C/P ratio. The discrepancy is at least partly explained by the opposing effects of the simultaneous changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen partial pressures.
IS BREATHING FUNDAMENTALLY A REFLEX PHENOMENON?
Authors: Gesell Robert , Moyer Carl 
Published: December 2014

Whether the rhythmic discharge of the respiratory centre is a localised physico‐chemical process modified by afferent impulses, or a reflex phenomena modified by chemical conditions, is considered.Effects of varied combinations of afferent inflow suggest that breathing may be largely a resultant of numerous and various afferent nerve impulses.The effectiveness of afferent impulses is profoundly influenced by chemical changes capable of modifying breathing. Results indicate depression of excitatory and inhibitory respiratory reflexes by CO2 saturation and augmentation by CO2 depletion and anoxemia. These findings are tentatively employed to analyse respiratory phenomena.The indirect proportionality of rhythm to intrapulmonary pressure is a reflex effect of changing lung volume. Assuming only a single inhibitory vagal reflex, augmentation of this reflex by sodium carbonate could slow the rhythm and depression by CO2 could accelerate it, at any pulmonary volume. Graded volume change with a dual vagal reflex control could at some point reverse the effects of both CO3 and CO2. Experimentally CO3 retards breathing during inflation, accelerates during deflation and reduces amplitude at neutral volume. CO2 acceleration during inflation is reversed to retardation during deflation. Lung volume, therefore, importantly determines the mode of response to chemical influences by changing the relative dominance of individual pulmonary reflexes.Carbonate apnea is not due to lost excitability, but most probably to augmentation of vagal inhibitory reflexes and possibly other stretch reflexes, for saphenous stimulation during apnea produces superexcessive breathing.Carbon dioxide administrations under otherwise normal conditions may produce its relatively slow breathing by depressing the vagal accelerating function by chemical vagotomy. Anoxemia may produce its relatively rapid breathing by augmenting this function.The present experiments indicate the great importance of reflexes and their modification through chemical changes and suggest the breathing may be fundamentally a reflex phenomena. On the other hand, they are not necessarily opposed to an automatically discharging centre under the influence of chemical and afferent nerve impulse changes.It is suggested that the influence of chemical changes on circulatory reflexes may be a factor in the control of circulation.
INFLUENCE OF DEPRESSANTS ON RATE OF ASPHYXIATION OF FROG'S VENTRICLE
Authors: Clark A. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of asphyxial exhaustion in the empty and contracting ventricle is about two‐thirds that of the full and contracting ventricle and twice that of the ventricle when arrested and either filled or empty. The passage of a wave of excitation over the ventricle therefore causes a considerable increase in metabolism although no work is performed (correction of conclusions of Clark and White [1928 and 1930]).2. The resting metabolism of the ventricle has a Q/10 of about 2 between 5° C. and 25° C. (confirming Weizsäcker, [1912]).3. The metabolism added by contraction (total metabolism‐resting metabolism) is lower at 5° C. than at 10° C., but the effect on this value of increasing the temperature above 10° C. is uncertain.4. Acetylcholine reduces the metabolism of the arrested ventricle to about one‐half of its normal value.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Research Fund, for which the author desires to express his thanks.
SYNERGY OF ADRENALINE AND ACETYLCHOLINE ON THE PULMONARY BLOOD‐VESSELS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Ettinger G. Harold , Hall G. Edward 
Published: December 2014

1. Acetylcholine is capable of producing powerful constriction of the pulmonary blood‐vessels in the rabbit.2. The constriction depends upon an initial tone of the blood‐vessels.3. In the perfused blood‐vessels repeated injections of acetylcholine produce a condition in which the muscle fails to respond, probably because acetylcholine promotes dilatation following the constriction. The sensitivity, i.e. the muscle tone, may be restored by adrenaline, barium or histamine.4. In the living animal the tone is probably mediated by the sympathetic nerves or by adrenaline.5. The hypothesis is offered that major changes in the calibre of the pulmonary artery and arterioles of the rabbit are brought about through parasympathetic activity.
THE EFFECT OF LOW OXYGEN PRESSURES ON FROG'S CARDIAC TISSUE
Authors: Clark A. J. , Kingisepp G. 
Published: December 2014

1. The lowest oxygen pressure which produces any measurable delay in asphyxia of the normal sinus is 5 mm. Hg (0·007 atm.), and in the case of the I.A.A. poisoned sinus it is 10 mm. Hg (0·013 atm.). Normal activity can be maintained in both cases by an oxygen pressure of 20 mm. Hg (0·026 atm.). The corresponding figures for the auricle and ventricle are somewhat greater.2. The effect of oxygen pressures above 0·015 atm. accord with Warburg's formula, but the formula does not appear to hold for lower pressures.3. The relative effects of asphyxia on the different functions of the heart can be correlated with differences in metabolic rates.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Research Fund, for which the authors desire to express their thanks.One of the authors (A. J. C.) acknowledges with thanks a grant made by the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland towards the cost of the illustrations in this paper.
EFFECT OF ASPHYXIA ON THE SINUS AND CONDUCTING TISSUE OF THE FROG'S HEART
Authors: Kingisepp G. 
Published: December 2014

1. Asphyxia of both the normal and of the iodo‐acetic acid poisoned sinus causes alterations in the frequency which closely resemble the changes produced by asphyxia on the mechanical response of the ventricle.2. Asphyxia in the normal heart produces a great decrease in the rate of a‐v conduction, whilst in the I.A.A. poisoned heart asphyxia produces less interference with conduction. This difference is probably due to the production of lactic acid in the former case and its absence in the latter case.I wish to thank Professor A. J. Clark for his advice and help throughout this investigation.
THE EFFECT (a) OF LITTER‐SIZE ON GROWTH AND (b) OF ŒSTRONE ADMINISTERED DURING LACTATION (RAT)
Authors: Hain Annie M. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effect of litter‐size on the growth‐rate of the individual rat is given, and groups containing 2–7 and 8–13 in a litter are compared. The effect of numbers on milk‐yield and on the length of the diœstrous interval is also examined.2. The injection of cestrone into the lactating rat did not induce œstrus; it had an injurious effect on the growth of the young, but not in direct ratio to the amount administered. When litters were starved as the result of the injection of the mother, this was not due to an inhibition of mammary secretion, but to disinterestedness on the part of the mother.3. There was a tendency to a prolongation of the dicestrous interval in lactating rats injected with œstrone, and this was more marked in rats suckling small litters.4. It was found possible to cause a morphological abnormality in the development of the urogenital region of the suckling female by injecting large quantities of cestrone into the lactating rat. The effect is thus induced through the channel of the mother's milk.5. A similar effect was produced by the direct injection of œstrone into new‐born females.
THE ACTION ON PERFUSED LUNGS OF DRUGS INJECTED INTO THE BRONCHIAL VASCULAR SYSTEM
Authors: Alcock P. , Berry J. L. , de Burgh Daly I. , Narayana B. 
Published: December 2014

In the entire animal under positive pressure respiration and in the isolated lungs of the dog under negative pressure ventilation, with perfusion of the pulmonary and bronchial vascular system, injections of histamine and adrenaline into the bronchial circulation cause a tidal air diminution and augmentation respectively.A constriction of the respiratory tract produced by histamine injected into the pulmonary or bronchial circulation is, in general, partially or completely released by adrenaline injected into the bronchial or pulmonary circulation respectively.We are indebted to Dr. E. L. Godfrey for the radiograph shown in fig. 6.The expenses of the research have been defrayed by a grant to one of us [I. de B. D.] from the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society, to whom we express our thanks.