bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Reactivity of Novel Bis(stannyl)silanes
Authors: Bleckmann P. , Englich U. , Hermann U. , Prass I. , Ruhlandt-Senge K. , Schürmann M. , Schwittekh C. , Uhlig F. 
Published: February 2015

Bis(stannyl)silanes of types R3Sn-SiR′2-SnR3 and R2(H)Sn-SiR′2-Sn(H)R2 with R′ being methyl, phenyl, iso-propyl or terf-butyl have been synthesized by treatment of difunctionalized diorganosilanes with alkali stannides (R = Me, tBu; R′= Me, iPr; 1 - 6, 8 ) or with triphenyltin chloride and magnesium (R = Ph; R′ = Me, iPh;Pr; 7, 9). Me3Sn-SitBu2-SnMe3 4, was halogenated using SnCl4, to yield the bis(chlorostannyl)silane 11.
The reaction of bis(stannyl)diorganosilanes R3SnSiR′SnR3 with catalytic amounts of Pd(PPh3)4 resulted in unexpected rearrangements under formation of the silyldistannanes R3SnSnR2SiR′R2. These compounds undergo addition reactions with alkynes. All compounds have been identified by NMR, IR, MS and elemental analysis. Compounds 5, 6 and 7 have also been characterized by X-ray crystallography.
The Rabbinic Anti-Gospel in the Context of the Polemic between the Synagogue and the Church
Authors: Wróbel Mirosław S. 
Published: February 2015

This article tries to find the answers to the following questions: Can one find, in the Rabbinic writings (the Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud and Babylonian Talmud), some texts that refer to Jesus and His followers? What is their nature? Do they include anti-Christian undertones and constitute a specific Rabbinic anti-gospel: the rabbis’ well-thought and thorough reaction to the content included in the Gospels? The author in his answers used the detailed research presented in his latest monograph entitled Jesus and His Followers in the Talmud. A Textological, Historical and Sociological Analysis, Lublin 2013. His investigation leads him to the conclusion that in Talmudic narratives Rabbis created a specific anti-gospel which was initially transmitted verbally and then written down in various contexts of their works. The aim of this anti-gospel is to challenge the authority of Jesus of Nazareth as the Son of God and the Messiah from the house of David. Rabbinic narratives wish to show in a clear way that Jesus must not usurp any messianic and divine prerogatives. In the earlier times rabbis warned Jewish community against magic power and the attractiveness of the doctrine advocated by heretics. Subsequent rabbis showed the weakness and stupidity of heretical teaching, whose contradictions and lack of logic were easy to disprove by making use of proper argumentation. Jewish sages wished to prove the superiority of the Rabbinic doctrine and the biblical presentation they offered, over the Christian faith.
A Semiotic Interpretation of Pope John Paul II’s Pilgrimage to Israel on 21–26 March 2000
Authors: Klauza Karol 
Published: February 2015

Contemporary social discourse utilizes scientific criteria to analyze events, texts and people’s behaviour from the point of view of their power and impact on historical transformations. Printed and audio-visual materialregarding John Paul II’s pilgrimage to the Middle East in the Great Jubilee of the Year 2000 were published and made public during his visit and shortly afterwards. In retrospect, this event allows for a well-balanced semiotic analysis focusing on the intentional selection of places visited by the Holy Father, his rhetoric used both in official and private speeches, the symbolism of his gestures and overall behaviour, especially in their religious and cultural context, as well as on the presence of signs and symbols in the whole conception of the pilgrimage project. This paper attempts to synthesize these elements which result from an earlier interdisciplinary analysis, taking into consideration the different perspectives be it historical, socio-religious (referring to three monotheist religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam), rhetorical and aesthetic. In this case, semiotics provides a framework to analyze and justify the contribution of the mentioned pilgrimage in a broad context of a redeeming Church in the early 21st century.
Der christlich-jüdische Dialog im polnischen Kontext
Authors: Biel Robert 
Published: February 2015

For centuries Poland was a country where Jews willingly settled. In the first years of XX century, Jews made up a large percentage of Poland’s inhabitants. But when the Second World War broke out the extermination of Jews threw a shadow upon the relations between Jews and Christians in Poland. Communism by no means favored a mutual reconciliation. In free Poland, it is however necessary to make the most of this common historical heritage as a foundation for a Christian – Jewish dialogue which opens up new perspectives.
Emerging Frontiers: Collaboration
Authors: Spath Jeff 
Published: February 2015

President's column
One of the personal objectives I took as president was to increase the extent in which SPE collaborates with other professional societies and other industries. This is important for two reasons. First, I think we all will agree that meeting the world’s increasing energy demand is becoming more challenging. Reservoirs are becoming more difficult to find and produce. They are generally smaller, more complex, and exist in increasingly challenging environments, whether in the Arctic, beneath 10,000 ft of water, or at very high pressures and temperatures. We need all the help we can get from experts in other domains, other industries, and nascent technologies being developed for different uses.
Second, project costs are increasing at a much higher rate than new production; it is taking more technology, effort, and capital expenditure (Capex) to produce another barrel of oil and another thousand cubic feet of gas. Over the past 10 years, exploration and production (E&P) Capex spend has grown approximately by 400% while global oil production is up by only 15%. In just the past 3 years, the upstream E&P industry has spent on average USD 600 billion per year, and the only part of the oil production base that has grown significantly is the liquids production from North American unconventional resource plays (Kibsgaard 2014).
The relatively easy oil - the first trillion barrels or so we have already produced - has been developed and the next trillion will be much more costly and require more sophisticated, integrated technologies and processes. This is why we must reach out to other industries and societies to identify new processes, different ideas, and innovative technologies.
Improving the stoichiometry of RF-sputtered amorphous alumina thin films by thermal annealing
Authors: Olarinoye Oyeleke , Ogundare Folorunso 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
High quality alumina thin films were deposited on glass substrate by reactive radio-frequency sputtering. The deposition process and rate were controlled by radio-frequency power and reactive gas (oxygen) flow rate. The relationships between O/Al ratio contents and the structural, electrical resistivity and optical parameters of the films were investigated. The O/Al of the films varied with change in oxygen flow ratio, power density and post deposition annealing. The structure and phase of the films were unaltered as the deposition parameters and post deposition annealing up to 573 K were varied. O/Al of 1.5 was obtained at oxygen flow ratio of 11%, radio-frequency power of 250 W and post deposition annealing of 573 K. The sheet resistance of the films were all very high but the same within experimental uncertainties. The optical parameters (transmittance, refractive index and extinction coefficient) of the films varied considerably and depended on the films' stoichiometry.
Le « non-recours » à la couverture maladie universelle et sa mise à l'agenda de l'Assurance maladie : un phénomène qui travaille l'institution
Authors: Revil Hélèna 
Published: February 2015

Depuis quelques années, le non-recours, à savoir le fait que des personnes ne bénéficient pas des droits ou des offres publiques auxquels elles peuvent prétendre (Warin, 2010), fait l’objet d’une attention croissante en France. La lutte contre le non-recours est notamment inscrite parmi les objectifs stratégiques de la branche maladie de la Sécurité sociale. Le déploiement par l’institution d’une politique en la matière ne va toutefois pas de soi. La mise en œuvre d’actions visant à limiter et à prévenir le phénomène interroge en effet les organismes d’Assurance maladie dans leurs principes d’action les plus fondamentaux et dans leur rapport aux publics. Elle questionne en parallèle les compétences des agents et l’organisation du travail pensées pour mettre en œuvre des droits de nature initialement assurantielle. Cet article revient sur le processus de mise à l’agenda du non-recours à la couverture maladie universelle (CMU) et s’intéresse à la manière dont le phénomène « travaille » l’Assurance maladie.
Comparison of Bone Mineral Density, T-Scores and Serum Zinc between Diabetic and Non Diabetic Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis
Authors: Siddapur Priyanka R , Patil Anuradha B , Borde Varsha S 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
Context: Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a public health problem. Diabetics are at increased risk of osteoporosis-related fractures. Zinc (Zn) has a role in collagen metabolism, and its levels are altered in diabetes.
Aims: The aim was to compare bone mineral density (BMD), T-score and serum Zn between diabetic and nondiabetic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis to see if they influence increased fracture risk in diabetes.
Settings and Design: It is a cross-sectional study conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum.
Materials and Methods: Thirty type 2 diabetic and 30 age-matched (aged 45-75 years) nondiabetic Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) confirmed postmenopausal osteoporotics were included from January 2011 to March 2012. Serum Zn was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Statistical Analysis Used: Mean and standard deviation of the parameters of the two groups were computed and compared by unpaired Student's t-test. Relationship between variables was measured by Karl Pearson's correlation co-efficient. A statistical significance is set at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05).
Results: T-score was significantly higher in diabetics compared with nondiabetics(−2.84 ± 0.42 vs. −3.22 ± 0.74) P < 0.05. BMD and serum Zn of diabetics showed a significant positive correlation with body mass index (BMI).
Conclusions: Type 2 diabetic postmenopausal osteoporotics have a higher T-score than the nondiabetics. High BMI in type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may contribute to high BMD and may be a protective factor against zincuria. Increased fracture risk in T2DM could be due to other factors like poor bone quality due to hyperglycemia rather than BMD. Strict glycemic control is of paramount importance.
Cover Product and Betti Polynomial of Graphs
Authors: Llamas Aurora , Martínez–Bernal Josá 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe cover product of disjoint graphs G and H with fixed vertex covers C(G) and C(H), is the graphwith vertex set V(G) ∪ V(H) and edge setWe describe the graded Betti numbers of GeH in terms of those of. As applications we obtain: (i) For any positive integer k there exists a connected bipartite graph G such that reg R/I(G) = μS(G) + k, where, I(G) denotes the edge ideal of G, reg R/I(G) is the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity of R/I(G) and μS(G) is the induced or strong matching number of G; (ii)The graded Betti numbers of the complement of a tree depends only upon its number of vertices; (iii)The h-vector of R/I(G e H) is described in terms of the h-vectors of R/I(G) and R/I(H). Furthermore, in a diòerent direction, we give a recursive formula for the graded Betti numbers of chordal bipartite graphs.
A 2‐D empirical plasma sheet pressure model for substorm growth phase using the Support Vector Regression Machine
Authors: Yue Chao , Wang Chih‐Ping , Lyons Larry , Wang Yongli , Hsu Tung‐Shin , Henderson Michael , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Lui A. T. Y. , Nagai Tsugunobu 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe plasma sheet pressure and its spatial structure during the substorm growth phase are crucial to understanding the development and initiation of substorms. In this paper, we first statistically analyzed the growth phase pressures using Geotail and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms data and identified that solar wind dynamic pressure (PSW), energy loading, and sunspot number as the three primary factors controlling the growth phase pressure change. We then constructed a 2‐D equatorial empirical pressure model and an error model within r ≤ 20 RE using the Support Vector Regression Machine with the three factors as input. The model predicts the plasma sheet pressure accurately with median errors of 5%, and predicted pressure gradients agree reasonably well with observed gradients obtained from two‐probe measurements. The model shows that pressure increases linearly as PSW increases, and the PSW effect is stronger under lower energy loading. However, the pressure responses to energy loading and sunspot number are nonlinear. The pressure increases first with increasing loading or sunspot number, then remains relatively constant after reaching a peak value at ~8000 kV min loading or sunspot number of ~80. The loading effect is stronger when PSW is lower and the pressure variations are stronger near midnight than away from midnight. The sunspot number effect is clearer at smaller r. The pressure model can also be applied to understand the pressure changes observed during a substorm event by providing evaluations of the effects of energy loading and PSW, as well as the temporal and spatial effects along the spacecraft trajectory.
The aqueous stability of a Mars salt analog: Instant Mars
Authors: Nuding D. L. , Davis R. D. , Gough R. V. , Tolbert M. A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDue to their stability in low‐temperature conditions, aqueous salt solutions are the favored explanation for potential fluid features observed on present‐day Mars. A salt analog was developed to closely match the individual cation and anion concentrations at the Phoenix landing site as reported by the Wet Chemistry Laboratory instrument. “Instant Mars” closely replicates correct relative concentrations of magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, perchlorate, chloride, and sulfate ions. A Raman microscope equipped with an environmental cellprobed liquid water uptake and loss by Instant Mars particles in a Mars relevant temperature and relative humidity (RH) environment. Our experiments reveal that Instant Mars particles can form stable, aqueous solutions starting at 56 ± 5% RH between 235 K and 243 K and persist as a metastable, aqueous solution at or above 13 ± 5% RH. Particle levitation using an optical trap examined the phase state and morphology of suspended Instant Mars particles exposed to changing water vapor conditions at room temperature. Levitation experiments indicate that water uptake began at 42 ± 8% RH for Instant Mars particles at 293 K. As RH is decreased at 293 K, the aqueous Instant Mars particles transition into a crystalline solid at 18 ± 7% RH. These combined results demonstrate that Instant Mars can take up water vapor from the surrounding environment and transition into a stable, aqueous solution. Furthermore, this aqueous Instant Mars solution can persist as a metastable, supersaturated solution in low‐RH conditions.
Toward understanding nonstationarity in climate and hydrology through tree ring proxy records
Authors: Razavi Saman , Elshorbagy Amin , Wheater Howard , Sauchyn David 
Published: February 2015

AbstractNatural proxy records of hydroclimatic behavior, such as tree ring chronologies, are a rich source of information of past climate‐driven nonstationarities in hydrologic variables. In this study, we investigate tree ring chronologies that demonstrate significant correlations with streamflows, with the objective of identifying the spatiotemporal patterns and extents of nonstationarities in climate and hydrology, which are essentially representations of past “climate changes.” First and second‐order nonstationarities are of particular interest in this study. As a prerequisite, we develop a methodology to assess the consistency and credibility of a regional network of tree ring chronologies as proxies for hydrologic regime. This methodology involves a cluster analysis of available tree ring data to understand and evaluate their dependence structure, and a regional temporal‐consistency plot to assess the consistency of different chronologies over time. The major headwater tributaries of the Saskatchewan River basin (SaskRB), the main source of surface water in the Canadian Prairie Provinces, are used as the case study. Results indicate that stationarity might never have existed in the hydrology of the region, as the statistical properties of annual paleo‐hydrologic proxy records across the basin, i.e., the mean and autocorrelation structure, have consistently undergone significant changes (nonstationarities) at different points in the history of the region. The spatial pattern of the changes in the mean statistic has been variable with time, indicating a time‐varying cross‐correlation structure across the tributaries of the SaskRB. Conversely, the changes in the autocorrelation structure across the basin have been in harmony over time. The results demonstrate that the 89 year period of observational record in this region is a poor representation of the long‐term properties of the hydrologic regime, and shorter periods, e.g., 30 year periods, are by no means representative. This paper highlights the need to broaden the understanding of hydrologic characteristics in any basin beyond the limited observational records, as an improved understanding is essential for more reliable assessment and management of available water resources.
Impact of interfacial tension on residual CO2 clusters in porous sandstone
Authors: Jiang Fei , Tsuji Takeshi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe develop a numerical simulation that uses the lattice Boltzmann method to directly calculate the characteristics of residual nonwetting‐phase clusters to quantify capillary trapping mechanisms in real sandstone. For this purpose, a digital‐rock‐pore model reconstructed from micro‐CT‐scanned images of Berea sandstone is filtered and segmented into a binary file. The residual‐cluster distribution is generated following simulation of the drainage and imbibition processes. The characteristics of the residual cluster in terms of size distribution, major length, interfacial area, and sphericity are investigated under conditions of different interfacial tension (IFT). Our results indicate that high interfacial tension increases the residual saturation and leads to a large size distribution of residual clusters. However, low interfacial tension results in a larger interfacial area, which is beneficial for dissolution and reaction processes during geological carbon storage. Analysis of the force balance acting on the residual clusters demonstrates that trapping stability is higher in high interfacial tension case, and the interfacial tension should be a controlling factor for the trapping stability in addition to the pore geometry and connectivity. The proposed numerical method can handle the complex displacement of multicomponent systems in porous media. By using this method, we can obtain residual‐cluster distributions under different conditions for optimizing the storage capacity of carbon‐storage projects.
Multiscale solute transport upscaling for a three‐dimensional hierarchical porous medium
Authors: Zhang Mingkan , Zhang Ye 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA laboratory‐generated hierarchical, fully heterogeneous aquifer model (FHM) provides a reference for developing and testing an upscaling approach that integrates large‐scale connectivity mapping with flow and transport modeling. Based on the FHM, three hydrostratigraphic models (HSMs) that capture lithological (static) connectivity at different resolutions are created, each corresponding to a sedimentary hierarchy. Under increasing system lnK variances (0.1, 1.0, 4.5), flow upscaling is first conducted to calculate equivalent hydraulic conductivity for individual connectivity (or unit) of the HSMs. Given the computed flow fields, an instantaneous, conservative tracer test is simulated by all models. For the HSMs, two upscaling formulations are tested based on the advection‐dispersion equation (ADE), implementing space versus time‐dependent macrodispersivity. Comparing flow and transport predictions of the HSMs against those of the reference model, HSMs capturing connectivity at increasing resolutions are more accurate, although upscaling errors increase with system variance. Results suggest: (1) by explicitly modeling connectivity, an enhanced degree of freedom in representing dispersion can improve the ADE‐based upscaled models by capturing non‐Fickian transport of the FHM; (2) when connectivity is sufficiently resolved, the type of data conditioning used to model transport becomes less critical. Data conditioning, however, is influenced by the prediction goal; (3) when aquifer is weakly‐to‐moderately heterogeneous, the upscaled models adequately capture the transport simulation of the FHM, despite the existence of hierarchical heterogeneity at smaller scales. When aquifer is strongly heterogeneous, the upscaled models become less accurate because lithological connectivity cannot adequately capture preferential flows; (4) three‐dimensional transport connectivities of the hierarchical aquifer differ quantitatively from those analyzed for two‐dimensional systems.
Formal Asymmetric Catalytic Thiolation with a Bifunctional Catalyst at a Water–Oil Interface: Synthesis of Benzyl Thiols
Authors: Guo Wengang , Wu Bo , Zhou Xin , Chen Ping , Wang Xu , Zhou Yong‐Gui , Liu Yan , Li Can 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe enantioselective conjugated addition of tritylthiol to in situ generatedortho‐quinone methides (o‐QMs) is catalyzed by an acid–base bifunctional squaramide organocatalyst. The transformation proceeds with high yield (up to 99 %) and stereoselectivity (up to 97:3 e.r.) using water as solvent under mild conditions. The catalyst system provides a new strategy for the synthesis of optically active benzyl mercaptans. Control experiments suggested thato‐QMs are generated by the tertiary amine moiety of the squaramide organocatalyst and that the water–oil biphase is crucial for achieving high reactivity and stereoselectivity.
Asymmetric Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of 2,6‐Disubstituted 1,5‐Naphthyridines: Access to Chiral 1,5‐Diaza‐cis‐Decalins
Authors: Zhang Jianwei , Chen Fei , He Yan‐Mei , Fan Qing‐Hua 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe first asymmetric hydrogenation (AH) of 2,6‐disubstituted and 2,3,6‐trisubstituted 1,5‐naphthyridines, catalyzed by chiral cationic ruthenium diamine complexes, has been developed. A wide range of 1,5‐naphthyridine derivatives were efficiently hydrogenated to give 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1,5‐naphthyridines with up to 99 % ee and full conversions. This facile and green protocol is applicable to the scaled‐up synthesis of optically pure 1,5‐diaza‐cis‐decalins, which have been used as rigid chelating diamine ligands for asymmetric synthesis.
Iron‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of 1,1‐Disubstituted Alkenes
Authors: Chen Jianhui , Cheng Biao , Cao Minyi , Lu Zhan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe highly regio‐ and enantioselective iron‐catalyzed anti‐Markovnikov hydrosilylation of 1,1‐disubstituted aryl alkenes was developed using iminopyridine oxazoline ligands to afford chiral organosilanes. Additional derivatization of these products lead to chiral organosilanols, cyclic silanes, phenol derivatives, and 3‐substituted 2,3‐dihydrobenzofurans.