bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of pretreatment risk stratification systems for prostate cancer in a Japanese population treated with radical prostatectomy
Authors: Koie Takuya , Mitsuzuka Koji , Narita Shintaro , Yoneyama Takahiro , Kawamura Sadafumi , Tsuchiya Norihiko , Tochigi Tatsuo , Habuchi Tomonori , Arai Yoichi , Ohyama Chikara 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo determine whether the currently available pretreatment risk classification systems are applicable in Japanese prostate cancer patients.MethodsUsing data obtained from 1264 consecutive patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy at four hospitals in Japan, biochemical recurrence‐free survival rates were estimated and compared between the D'Amico, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urological Research Endeavor, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, and the European Society of Medical Oncology risk groups by using the Kaplan–Meier method and log–rank test.ResultsThe 5‐year biochemical recurrence‐free survival rates in the D'Amico low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk groups were 88.3%, 84.7% and 66.9%, respectively (low and intermediate risk vs high risk, P < 0.001). The 5‐year biochemical recurrence‐free survival rates in the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, and European Society of Medical Oncology low‐, intermediate‐ and high‐risk groups were 88.3%, 84.3%, and 60.3%, respectively (low and intermediate risk vs high risk, P < 0.001). The 5‐year biochemical recurrence‐free survival rates in the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urological Research Endeavor low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk groups were 90%, 83.5% and 60.3%, respectively (low and intermediate risk vs high risk, P < 0.001). Low‐ and intermediate‐risk groups according to any of the risk stratification systems did not show significant differences in biochemical recurrence‐free survival.ConclusionCurrent risk stratification systems do not discriminate between low‐ and intermediate‐risk groups in the Japanese population. A novel, pretreatment risk stratification system including other prognostic factors is necessary for an adequate prostate cancer risk assessment in the Japanese population.
Urinary reconstruction in vertebral, anorectal, cardiac, trachea‐esophageal, renal abnormalities and limb defects association with chronic renal failure and penile duplication
Authors: Muramatsu Masaki , Shishido Seiichiro , Nihei Hiroshi , Hamasaki Yuko , Hyodo Yoji , Kawamura Takeshi , Aikawa Atsushi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractVarious urological complications in VATER association require careful management. A 15‐year‐old boy with VATER association, including a hypoplastic lower urinary tract and diphallia, presented with chronic kidney disease and incontinence after a right loop ureterostomy. In order to acquire urinary continence without renal function impairment, an ileocecal reservoir with umbilical catheterizable stoma was created as a urinary reconstruction. The ectopic posterior penis was resected for cosmetic reasons, and the stump of the hypoplastic urethra was opened at the perineal skin. Clean intermittent self‐catheterization through the umbilicus using disabled bilateral limbs was then achieved. This report describes the management of VATER association in a patient with complicated urological anomalies.
Akaike's Information Criterion, Cp and Estimators of Loss for Elliptically Symmetric Distributions
Authors: Boisbunon Aurélie , Canu Stéphane , Fourdrinier Dominique , Strawderman William , Wells Martin T. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryIn this article, we develop a modern perspective on Akaike's information criterion and Mallows's Cp for model selection, and propose generalisations to spherically and elliptically symmetric distributions. Despite the differences in their respective motivation, Cp and Akaike's information criterion are equivalent in the special case of Gaussian linear regression. In this case, they are also equivalent to a third criterion, an unbiased estimator of the quadratic prediction loss, derived from loss estimation theory. We then show that the form of the unbiased estimator of the quadratic prediction loss under a Gaussian assumption still holds under a more general distributional assumption, the family of spherically symmetric distributions. One of the features of our results is that our criterion does not rely on the specificity of the distribution, but only on its spherical symmetry. The same kind of criterion can be derived for a family of elliptically contoured distribution, which allows correlations, when considering the invariant loss. More specifically, the unbiasedness property is relative to a distribution associated to the original density.
Structures and Properties of Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3−Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3− Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 Ceramics for Energy Harvesting Devices
Authors: Yuan Dewang , Yang Ying , Hu Querui , Wang Yiping 
Published: August 2014

Piezoelectric ceramics with large energy density coefficient d33·g33 value have been found suitable for piezoelectric energy harvesting applications. In this study, the phase structures and piezoelectric properties of xPb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3−yPb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3−(1−x−y)Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 (xPZT−yPZN−(1−x−y)PNN) ceramic were investigated with systematically varying PZN and PNN components. The ternary phase diagram of PZT−PZN−PNN system was illustrated and the composition region of morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) was determined. Piezoelectric and dielectric measurements verify that the materials in MPB region all present large d33 and d33·g33 values. In particular, very high d33·g33 coefficients of 20162.2 × 10−15 m2/N and 21026.3 × 10−15 m2/N are observed from samples 0.75PZT−0.15PZN−0.1PNN and 0.8PZT−0.05PZN−0.15PNN with compositions located on the rhombohedral phase side near MPB because the dielectric coefficient ε33T/ε0 decreases faster than the d33 coefficient at this side.
Supporting multimedia learning with visual signalling and animated pedagogical agent: moderating effects of prior knowledge
Authors: Johnson A.M. , Ozogul G. , Reisslein M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAn experiment examined the effects of visual signalling to relevant information in multiple external representations and the visual presence of an animated pedagogical agent (APA). Students learned electric circuit analysis using a computer‐based learning environment that includedCartesian graphs, equations and electric circuit diagrams. The experiment was a 2 (visual signalling, no visual signalling) × 2 (visualAPApresence, no visualAPApresence) between‐subjects design, resulting in four experimental conditions: visual signalling withAPApresence (APA + S), visual signalling withoutAPApresence (S), no visual signalling withAPApresence (APA) and no visual signalling withoutAPApresence (C). Signalling was provided via gestures of theAPAin theAPA + Scondition and via dynamic arrows in theScondition. To investigate potential moderating effects of prior knowledge onAPApresence and visual signalling factors, middle school students were grouped into low prior knowledge (LPK) and high prior knowledge (HPK) groups using scores on a domain pre‐test. Results revealed thatLPKstudents had higher post‐test scores after learning with visual signalling, resulting in equivalent post‐test performance to theirHPKcounterparts.LPKstudents also had higher post‐test scores, higher ratings of graphics understanding and lower perceived difficulty ratings in conditions that included the visual image of theAPA. Conversely,HPKstudents had better post‐test scores after learning without theAPA. These results indicate that the effectiveness of visual signalling techniques and the visual presence of anAPAis dependent on learner characteristics, including prior domain knowledge.
RETAIL AMENITIES AND URBAN SPRAWL
Authors: Dodds Stefan , Dubrovinsky Mati 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the interaction between local retail markets and population density in cities. We demonstrate that welfare costs of urban sprawl need not come only from road congestion or environmental externalities, as often suggested in the literature. A city also forgoes potential agglomeration economies in retail when it settles into a spatially sprawling equilibrium. Our theory predicts an additional spatial equilibrium where the city is inefficiently dense, characterized by strong retail agglomeration economies within the core.
Novel tricyclic[2,1-f]theophylline derivatives of LCAP with activity in mouse models of affective disorders
Authors: Partyka Anna , Jarosz Jakub , Wasik Anna , Jastrzębska-Więsek Magdalena , Zagórska Agnieszka , Pawłowski Maciej , Wesołowska Anna 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to investigate the central activity of the two new imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4-dione derivatives behaved as presynaptic 5HT1A receptor agonists and postsynaptic 5HT1A, 5HT2A and D2 receptors antagonists. The compounds were examined using animal tests towards antipsychotic, antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like properties and then compared with effects evoked by an atypical antipsychotic drug ziprasidone.

Methods
D-amphetamine-induced hyperactivity test was used to determine antipsychotic-like activity of compounds 7 and 9. The forced swim test (FST) and the four-plate test were conducted to investigate antidepressant- and antianxiety-like activity, respectively, of studied agents. The investigated compounds 7, 9 and ziprasidone were administered intraperitoneally 60 min before the tests. Diazepam and imipramine were used as standard anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs, respectively.

Key findings
The obtained results demonstrate that new synthesized compound 9 evokes antipsychotic-like activity alike ziprasidone and, in contrary to the antipsychotic drug, shows antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like properties in behavioural tests in mice.

Conclusions
The present preclinical results indicate that one of the two investigated imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4-dione derivatives, compound 9, with methyl group at 7 position of imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4-dione fragment and the ortho-OCH3 substituent in the aryl moiety, acts as an antipsychotic drug with additional antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.
The Object of Sexual Desire: Examining the “What” in “What Do You Desire?”
Authors: Mark Kristen , Herbenick Debby , Fortenberry Dennis , Sanders Stephanie , Reece Michael 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Over the past two decades, sexual desire and desire discrepancy have become more frequently studied as have potential pharmaceutical interventions to treat low sexual desire. However, the complexities of sexual desire—including what exactly is desired—remain poorly understood.

Aims
To understand the object of men's and women's sexual desire, evaluate gender differences and similarities in the object of desire, and examine the impact of object of desire discrepancies on overall desire for partner in men and women in the context of long-term relationships.

Methods
A total of 406 individuals, 203 men and 203 women in a relationship with one another, completed an online survey on sexual desire.

Main Outcome Measures
Reports of the object of sexual desire in addition to measures of sexual desire for current partner were collected from both members of the couple.

Results
There were significant gender differences in the object of sexual desire. Men were significantly more likely to endorse desire for sexual release, orgasm, and pleasing their partner than were women. Women were significantly more likely to endorse desire for intimacy, emotional closeness, love, and feeling sexually desirable than men. Discrepancies within the couple with regard to object of desire were related to their level of sexual desire for partner, accounting for 17% of variance in men's desire and 37% of variance in women's desire.

Conclusions
This research provides insights into the conceptualization of sexual desire in long-term relationships and the multifaceted nature of sexual desire that may aid in more focused ways to maintain desire over long-term relationships. Future research on the utility of this perspective of sexual desire and implications for clinicians working with couples struggling with low sexual desire in their relationships is discussed.
The biology of Mur ligases as an antibacterial target
Authors: Kouidmi Imène , Levesque Roger C. , Paradis‐Bleau Catherine 
Published: August 2014

SummaryWith antibiotic resistance mechanisms increasing in diversity and spreading among bacterial pathogens, the development of new classes of antibacterial agents against judiciously chosen targets is a high‐priority task. The biochemical pathway for peptidoglycan biosynthesis is one of the best sources of antibacterial targets. Within this pathway are the Mur ligases, described in this review as highly suitable targets for the development of new classes of antibacterial agents. The amide ligases MurC, MurD, MurE and MurF function with the same catalytic mechanism and share conserved amino acid regions and structural features that can conceivably be exploited for the design of inhibitors that simultaneously target more than one enzyme. This would provide multi‐target antibacterial weapons with minimized likelihood of target‐mediated resistance development.
Two types of genetic carrier, the IncP genomic island and the novel IncP‐1β plasmid, for the aac(2′)‐IIa gene that confers kasugamycin resistance in Acidovorax avenae ssp. avenae
Authors: Yoshii Atsushi , Omatsu Tsutomu , Katayama Yukie , Koyama Satoshi , Mizutani Tetsuya , Moriyama Hiromitsu , Fukuhara Toshiyuki 
Published: August 2014

SummaryA unique aminoglycoside antibiotic, kasugamycin (KSM), has been used to control many plant bacterial and fungal diseases in several countries. The emergence of KSM‐resistant Acidovorax avenae ssp. avenae and Burkholderia glumae, which cause rice bacterial brown stripe and rice bacterial grain and seedling rot, respectively, is a serious threat for the effective control of these diseases. Previously, we have identified the aac(2′)‐IIa gene, encoding a KSM 2′‐N‐acetyltransferase, from both KSM‐resistant pathogens. Although all KSM‐resistant isolates from both species possess the aac(2′)‐IIa gene, only A. avenae strain 83 showed higher resistance than other strains. In this research, kinetic analysis indicates that an amino acid substitution from serine to threonine at position 146 of AAC(2′)‐IIa in strain 83 is not involved in this increased resistance. Whole draft genome analysis of A. avenae 83 shows that the aac(2′)‐IIa gene is carried by the novel IncP‐1β plasmid pAAA83, whereas the genetic carrier of other strains, the IncP genomic island, is inserted into their chromosomes. The difference in the nucleotides of the promoter region of aac(2′)‐IIa between strain 83 and other strains indicates an additional transcription start site and results in the increased transcription of aac(2′)‐IIa in strain 83. Moreover, biological characterization of pAAA83 demonstrates that it can be transferred by conjugation and maintained in the host cells. These results demonstrate that acquisition of the aac(2′)‐IIa gene takes place in at least two ways and that the gene module, which includes aac(2′)‐IIa and the downstream gene, may be an important unit for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance.
Statistical Form amongst the Darmstadt School
Authors: Iverson Jennifer 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis article analyses the Darmstadt composers' discourse around the concept of ‘statistical form’ in the mid‐ to late 1950s and early 1960s. Stockhausen introduced this terminology in a 1954 analysis of Debussy's Jeux, but the real inspiration lies in the nascent electronic music studio. Using score and sketch analysis, published writings and correspondence, I show how Ligeti, Boulez and Pousseur also made critical contributions to the definition and application of statistical form in music. Along the way I introduce foundational concepts from information theory and show how they were disseminated in Moles's and Meyer‐Eppler's teachings and writings. Via information theory, I investigate how Xenakis's early stochastic sound‐mass music and Cage's aleatory techniques are related to statistical form. Ultimately, I show that a network of shared ideas underlies statistical form, even when debate characterises the discourse and each composer's musical rendering of the concept is distinct. In closing, the article suggests that statistical form represents a second stage of serialism, precipitating a move towards density and texture in sound that was shared by many in the Darmstadt circle.
Membrane pathology and microglial activation of mice expressing membrane anchored or membrane released forms of Aβ and mutated human Alzheimer's precursor protein (APP)
Authors: Jeffrey Martin , McGovern Gillian , Barron Rona , Baumann Frank 
Published: August 2014

AimsAlzheimer's disease and the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases accumulate misfolded and aggregated forms of neuronal cell membrane proteins. Distinctive membrane lesions caused by the accumulation of disease‐associated prion protein (PrPd) are found in prion disease but morphological changes of membranes are not associated with Aβ in Alzheimer's disease. Membrane changes occur in all prion diseases where PrPd is attached to cell membranes by a glycosyl‐phosphoinositol (GPI) anchor but are absent from transgenic mice expressing anchorless PrPd. Here we investigate whether GPI membrane attached Aβ may also cause prion‐like membrane lesions.MethodsWe used immunogold electron microscopy to determine the localization and pathology of Aβ accumulation in groups of transgenic mice expressing anchored or unanchored forms of Aβ or mutated human Alzheimer's precursor protein.ResultsGPI attached Aβ did not replicate the membrane lesions of PrPd. However, as with PrPd in prion disease, Aβ peptides derived from each transgenic mouse line initially accumulated on morphologically normal neurite membranes, elicited rapid glial recognition and neurite Aβ was transferred to attenuated microglial and astrocytic processes.ConclusionsGPI attachment of misfolded membrane proteins is insufficient to cause prion‐like membrane lesions. Prion disease and murine Aβ amyloidosis both accumulate misfolded monomeric or oligomeric membrane proteins that are recognized by glial processes and acquire such misfolded proteins prior to their accumulation in the extracellular space. In contrast to prion disease where glial cells efficiently endocytose PrPd to endolysosomes, activated microglial cells in murine Aβ amyloidosis are not as efficient phagocytes.
The floral morphospace – a modern comparative approach to study angiosperm evolution
Authors: Chartier Marion , Jabbour Florian , Gerber Sylvain , Mitteroecker Philipp , Sauquet Hervé , von Balthazar Maria , Staedler Yannick , Crane Peter R. , Schönenberger Jürg 
Published: August 2014

SummaryMorphospaces are mathematical representations used for studying the evolution of morphological diversity and for the evaluation of evolved shapes among theoretically possible ones. Although widely used in zoology, they – with few exceptions – have been disregarded in plant science and in particular in the study of broad‐scale patterns of floral structure and evolution. Here we provide basic information on the morphospace approach; we review earlier morphospace applications in plant science; and as a practical example, we construct and analyze a floral morphospace. Morphospaces are usually visualized with the help of ordination methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) or nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). The results of these analyses are then coupled with disparity indices that describe the spread of taxa in the space. We discuss these methods and apply modern statistical tools to the first and only angiosperm‐wide floral morphospace published by Stebbins in 1951. Despite the incompleteness of Stebbins’ original dataset, our analyses highlight major, angiosperm‐wide trends in the diversity of flower morphology and thereby demonstrate the power of this previously neglected approach in plant science.
Different responses of the melanin index to ultraviolet irradiation in relation to skin color and body site
Authors: Shin Jung Won , Yoon Sung Whan , Jeong Jeong Bok , Park Kyung Chan 
Published: August 2014

SummaryBackground/PurposeFew reports describe UVB irradiation‐induced pigmentation responses from different skin colors or from different body sites. This study determined pigmentation changes in skin with different colors and from different body sites following 308‐nm excimer laser irradiation.MethodsTen healthy Korean adults were divided into light‐ and dark‐skin groups, and irradiated body sites were divided into unexposed zones (UZ), intermittently exposed zones (IEZ), and frequently exposed zones (FEZ). Twenty‐four areas were irradiated with a single 300‐mJ/cm2 shot delivered by an excimer laser. MIs were measured before irradiation, immediately after irradiation, and then 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days after irradiation.ResultsMIs declined significantly on day 1 after irradiation, particularly in light‐colored skin. In the light‐skin group, the MI increased from day 3 after irradiation and continued to increase for 21 days, whereas in the dark‐skin group, the peak MI was reached at 7 days and declined thereafter. The peak MIs were reached at 7 days in the IEZ and FEZ and at 14 days in the UZ.ConclusionFollowing UVB irradiation, MIs decreased, particularly in light‐colored skin, before delayed tanning developed. UVB‐induced pigmentation varied according to different skin colors and the body sites irradiated.
Modeling nonlinear relationships in ERP data using mixed‐effects regression with R examples
Authors: Tremblay Antoine , Newman Aaron J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn the analysis of psychological and psychophysiological data, the relationship between two variables is often assumed to be a straight line. This may be due to the prevalence of the general linear model in data analysis in these fields, which makes this assumption implicitly. However, there are many problems for which this assumption does not hold. In this paper, we show that, in the analysis of event‐related potential (ERP) data, the assumption of linearity comes at a cost and may significantly affect the inferences drawn from the data. We demonstrate why the assumption of linearity should be relaxed and how to model nonlinear relationships between ERP amplitudes and predictor variables within the familiar framework of generalized linear models, using regression splines and mixed‐effects modeling.
The Underrepresentation of Women in Leadership Positions in Rural Russia
Authors: O'Brien David J. , Wegren Stephen K. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNumerous studies have documented the persistence of gender inequality in rural Russia, including the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions. A survey (N = 169) conducted in two rural Russian regions examined residents' explanations of gender inequality and their support for various remedies to ameliorate this situation. Both male and female respondents downplay outright discrimination in accounting for gender‐based occupational inequalities. Instead, respondents are more likely to agree with explanations that are embedded in cultural notions of a traditional gender‐based division of labor, in which the home responsibilities for women and a “natural” advantage of masculinity make it less likely that women become leaders. With respect to strategies for encouraging women to be leaders, both men and women support “more training” and “more husband help at home,” with women being slightly more positive on the latter item.