bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol Dependence and Suicide‐Related Ideation/Behaviors in an Israeli Household Sample, With and Without Major Depression
Authors: Shoval Gal , Shmulewitz Dvora , Wall Melanie M. , Aharonovich Efrat , Spivak Baruch , Weizman Avraham , Hasin Deborah 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundSuicide‐related ideation and behaviors (SRIB) are associated with both alcohol disorders and major depressive disorder (MDD). The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of alcohol dependence (AD) and major depression to the risk for lifetime SRIB.MethodsData from a community‐based sample of 1,237 adult Israeli lifetime drinkers assessed with reliable diagnostic measures were analyzed using logistic regression.ResultsLifetime SRIB was reported in 4.7% and was more prevalent among participants with AD (9.0%) than among those without AD (4.1%); p‐value = 0.01. Although both AD and major depression were associated with SRIB (AD: OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 4.4; MDD: OR 11.4, 95% CI = 6.4 to 20.4), joint analysis showed that AD without MDD increased risk for SRIB as compared to those without AD or MDD (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 9.1), but AD did not increase risk among those with MDD (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.4 to 2.7). Among those with AD, the severity of subclinical depressive symptoms was associated with increased SRIB.ConclusionsThese findings show that AD increases risk for SRIB among individuals without a history of major depression. Suicidal tendencies may be undetected and underdiagnosed in this group because of the absence of major depression and therefore left untreated. These findings should be considered when adopting suicide prevention or treatment strategies for this high‐risk subpopulation.
Using distribution patterns of small fishes to assess small fish by‐catch in tropical shrimp trawl fisheries
Authors: Foster S. J. , Arreguin‐Sánchez F. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEcologically sound fisheries management and improving future food security require that small fish by‐catch in tropical shrimp trawl fisheries is maintained at, or reduced to, sustainable levels; restricting trawling in particular places, or at particular times, has been suggested as a means for achieving this goal. The purpose of our research was to compare patterns in occurrence, density and body size across depth, latitude and time for four small fish taxa caught as by‐catch in the southernGulf ofCalifornia shrimp trawl fishery:Diplectrumspp.,Prionotus stephanophrys,Pseudupeneus grandisquamisandStellifer illecebrosus. We then used these results to explore the potential for trawler impacts on these taxa, and the possible placement and timing of fishing restrictions to mitigate potential impacts. Our results confirmed, however, the difficulties of regulating such fisheries for multiple by‐catch species, in that their distribution patterns varied in a way that precludes a ‘one size fits all’ solution. The four taxa analysed – only four of the hundreds obtained as by‐catch in this fishery – exhibited distribution patterns at odds with one another. Observed intra‐ and inter‐taxon variations in the relative importance of different spatial and temporal variables in determining occurrence, density and size argues that several permanent trawl closures covering a range of depths and latitudes, and not temporal ones, might be required to mitigate potential trawl impacts on these fishes. Our results also suggested a higher potential for impact onS. illecebrosusthan the other taxa: occurrence and density of the former declined, whereas occurrence or density of the others increased across the study area as the fishing season progressed.
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is associated with all‐cause and liver‐related mortality in a cohort of HIV‐infected patients with alcohol problems
Authors: Fuster Daniel , Cheng Debbie M. , Quinn Emily K. , Nunes David , Saitz Richard , Samet Jeffrey H. , Tsui Judith I. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimsTo assess the association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and overall and liver‐related death in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients with alcohol problems.DesignWe analyzed data from a cohort of HIV‐infected adults with current or past alcohol problems enrolled between 2001 and 2003, searching for causes of death until 2010 using the National Death Index.Setting and participantsParticipants were HIV‐infected adults with current or past alcohol problems, recruited in Boston, MA from HIV clinics at two hospitals, homeless shelters, drug treatment programs, subject referrals, flyers and another cohort study with comparable recruitment sites.MeasurementsThe primary and secondary outcomes were all‐cause and liver‐related mortality, respectively. The main independent variable was hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA status (positive versus negative). Mortality rates and Kaplan–Meier survival curves were calculated by HCV status for both overall and liver‐related mortality. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between HCV infection and overall and liver‐related death, adjusting for alcohol and drug use over time.FindingsA total of 397 adults (50% HCV‐infected) were included. As of 31 December 2009, 83 cohort participants had died (60 HCV‐infected, 23 HCV‐uninfected; log‐rank test P < 0.001), and 26 of those deaths were liver‐related (21 HCV‐infected, five HCV‐uninfected; log‐rank test P < 0.001). All‐cause and liver‐related mortality rates were 4.68 and 1.64 deaths per 100 person‐years for HCV‐infected patients and 1.65 and 0.36 per 100 person‐years for those without HCV, respectively. In the fully adjusted Cox model, HCV infection was associated with both overall [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.50–4.33, P < 0.01], and liver‐related mortality (HR = 3.24, 95% CI = 1.18–8.94, P = 0.02].ConclusionHepatitis C virus infection is associated independently with all‐cause and liver‐related mortality in human immunodeficiency virus‐infected patients with alcohol problems, even when accounting for alcohol and other drug use.
The teeth and faces of twins: providing insights into dentofacial development and oral health for practising oral health professionals
Authors: Hughes TE , Townsend GC , Pinkerton SK , Bockmann MR , Seow WK , Brook AH , Richards LC , Mihailidis S , Ranjitkar S , Lekkas D 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe continuing studies of the teeth and faces of Australian twins and their families in the Craniofacial Biology Research Group in the School of Dentistry at the University of Adelaide began 30 years ago. Three main cohorts of twins have been recruited, enabling various objectives and specific hypotheses to be addressed about the roles of genetic, epigenetic and environmental influences on human dentofacial growth and development, as well as oral health.This paper highlights some key findings arising from these studies, emphasizing those of direct relevance to practising oral health professionals. We also draw on published literature to review the significant developments in relation to the use of precision 2D and 3D imaging equipment, the application of modern molecular techniques, and the development of sophisticated computer software for analysing genetic relationships and comparing complex shapes. Such developments are valuable for current and future work.Apart from the classical or traditional twin model, there are several other twin models that can be used in research to clarify the relative contributions of genetic, epigenetic and environmental contributions to phenotypic variation. The monozygotic (MZ) co‐twin model is one particularly valuable method, given that examination of only one pair of MZ twins can provide considerable insights into underlying causes of observed variation. This model can be used in a dental practice environment, with oral health professionals having the opportunity to explore differences in orofacial structures between MZ co‐twins who are attending as patients.As researchers have become more aware of the complexities of the interactions between the genome, the epigenome and the environment during development, there is the need to collect more phenotypic data and define new phenotypes that will better characterize variations in growth processes and health status. When coupled with powerful new genetic approaches, including genome‐wide association studies and linkage analyses, exciting opportunities are opening up to unravel the causes of problems in craniofacial growth and common oral diseases in human populations.
Discuss the impact technological advances in equipment and materials have made on the delivery and outcome of endodontic treatment
Authors: Lababidi Emad Aldin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractRecent advances in endodontic equipment and materials have considerably changed the manner in which endodontic treatment is delivered. Specific technological advances, including nickel‐titanium instruments, ultrasonic instruments and the dental operating microscope have been associated with increased efficiency and efficacy of treatment and simplification of delivery. The effects of most of these changes have been tested via in vitro studies and case reports. Ongoing studies should constantly investigate what effects technological advances might have on the outcome of endodontic treatment.
Occurrence of two different development patterns in Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae during the second generation
Authors: Pavan Francesco , Floreani Chiara , Barro Paola , Zandigiacomo Pietro , Dalla Montà Laura 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

In north‐eastern Italy, the second‐generation larvae of Lobesia botrana (Den. & Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) can develop with two different time patterns. In particular, in ‘warmer’ areas, the developmental time is shorter than in ‘cooler’ areas and it is associated with an earlier and more economically important third generation.
Because the differences in temperature are not sufficient to explain the two patterns, research was carried out aiming to investigate whether the differences in larval development time are the result of a different number of instars and whether the photoperiod is a factor.
In the field, second‐generation larvae develop through five instars in a ‘warmer’ area and through six instars in a ‘cooler’ area. Laboratory and field data showed that decreasing photoperiod, which induces diapause, is also an important cue for inducing larvae to develop six instars.
In the light of climate warming and subsequent changes in L. botrana phenology over the last 30 years, the two different development patterns are interpreted as a means to ensure the best fit of the moth to environmental conditions. In ‘cooler’ areas, third‐generation larvae might not complete development before frost or harvest, and hence second‐generation larvae develop through six instars before producing overwintering pupae.
Impacts of subsidized hybrid seed on indicators of economic well‐being among smallholder maize growers in Zambia
Authors: Mason Nicole M. , Smale Melinda 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe test the hypotheses that subsidies on hybrid seed change maize production, total household income, the severity of poverty, and relative deprivation among smallholder maize growers in Zambia. The analysis contributes to the literature by measuring the quantitative effects of seed (as compared to fertilizer) subsidies on indicators of household well‐being rather than input demand. We apply a combination of econometric approaches to a nationally representative, balanced panel of smallholder maize‐growing households, and invoke the chain rule to generate quantitative estimates of impacts per kilogram of subsidized seed. Our findings demonstrate that in the initial years of the program, subsidized seed enhanced the well‐being of smallholder maize growers according to each indicator, but by small magnitudes. Simple calculations suggest high private and social benefit‐cost ratios when benefits are measured in terms of household income, although magnitudes are sensitive to seed price and administrative costs.
Modern input promotion in sub‐Saharan Africa: insights from Asian green revolution
Authors: Rashid Shahidur , Dorosh Paul A. , Malek Mehrab , Lemma Solomon 
Published: October 2013

AbstractUsing case materials from four major cereal growing countries in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and Pakistan), the article analyzes key aspects of agricultural input policies in Asia. Results suggest that Asian policies differ from the current wave of African input subsidy programs in three important ways: (i) instead of focusing mostly on seed and chemical fertilizer, input promotion in Asia involved a package approach involving investments in agricultural R&D, irrigation, promotion of domestic fertilizer, and investments in rural roads; (ii) farmers in three of four countries paid higher prices (net taxed) for fertilizer during the height of the green revolution, suggesting that it was the profitability, not the subsidy, that was central to increasing fertilizer use; and (iii) Asian countries did not target input subsidies, but given leakage and diversion estimates of targeted programs, it is unclear whether targeting would have been more cost‐effective. Both continents have two challenges in common: degradation of soil health and increasingly larger shares of public spending on input subsidies. The first challenge calls for paying attentions to improving fertilizer use efficiency, which is an achievable target, with high pay off in the long run. The other challenge is now a historical fact—that is, once introduced, subsidies are hard to eliminate, even if they no longer contribute to agricultural productivity growth.
Subclinical hypothyroidism as a risk factor for placental abruption: Evidence from a low‐risk primigravid population
Authors: Breathnach Fionnuala M. , Donnelly Jennifer , Cooley Sharon M. , Geary Michael , Malone Fergal D. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundSubclinical thyroid hypofunction in pregnancy has been shown to have an association with neurodevelopmental delay in the offspring. It is unclear whether obstetric factors may account for this observation.AimsTo establish the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in a low‐risk primigravid population and to explore its association with obstetric sequelae.Materials and MethodsNine hundred and fifty‐three primigravid women had thyroid hormone indices analysed in the early second trimester. Delivery and neonatal outcomes were available for 904 women who met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Women with subclinical hypothyroidism (thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) values at or above the 98th percentile with a normal free thyroxine (fT4)) or isolated maternal hypothyroxinaemia (fT4 level at or below the second percentile with a normal‐range TSH) were compared with biochemically euthyroid controls. Chi‐squared test and analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe prevalence of SCH or isolated maternal hypothyroxinaemia was 4%. Positivity for antithyroid peroxidase (TPO) or antithyroglobulin (ATG) antibodies correlated with SCH status (P = 0.02). Placental abruption was observed more commonly in the setting of either SCH or isolated maternal hypothyroxinaemia when compared with euthyroid controls (P = 0.02 and 0.04, respectively).ConclusionsSubclinical hypothyroidism and isolated maternal hypothyroxinaemia are associated with placental abruption. The observation of these effects in this healthy low‐risk population lends weight to the case for antenatal screening for diminished thyroid reserve.
The impact of introducing universal umbilical cord blood gas analysis and lactate measurement at delivery
Authors: White Christopher R.H. , Doherty Dorota A. , Newnham John P. , Pennell Craig E. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundThere is growing support for umbilical cord blood gas analysis (UCBGA) to be conducted at delivery. A recent study in a tertiary level obstetric unit found that universal UCBGA was associated with improved perinatal outcomes, but there is less evidence of benefit in lower‐risk environments. In such settings, lactate analysis may be a suitable alternative.AimsThis study evaluated the introduction of universal UCBGA into a secondary obstetric unit and universal umbilical cord lactate analysis program into primary and secondary units.MethodsAfter education, universal UCBGA or lactate analysis was introduced into one primary and two secondary level obstetric units. Univariate and adjusted analysis assessed changes in UCBGA values and Apgar scores over the study period.ResultsThere were no significant changes in mean blood gas and lactate values at any centre following introduction of universal UCBGA or lactate analysis. However, there was at the primary level obstetric unit a significant reduction in the proportion of neonates with moderate to severe elevations in umbilical artery lactate values. There was a non‐significant reduction in arterial pH values less than 7.10 at the secondary metropolitan centre.ConclusionThe data presented in this study suggest that the benefits of introducing UCBGA into a tertiary obstetric centre may be reproduced in a primary obstetric centre within 12 months of implementation. Larger studies are required in secondary units to assess infrequent adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes.
Why are some women with pelvic floor dysfunction unable to contract their pelvic floor muscles?
Authors: Kim Sia , Wong Vivien , Moore Kate H. 
Published: October 2013

IntroductionMany women with pelvic floor dysfunction are unable to voluntarily contract their pelvic floor muscles. This study hypothesised that women who cannot contract their pelvic floor muscles, despite specialised pelvic floor physiotherapy, are likely to have avulsion defect of the levator ani muscle, visible on 3‐dimensional ultrasound.MethodsPelvic floor muscle strength was assessed by modified Oxford scale in all women presenting to a tertiary urogynaecology clinic with a main complaint of urinary incontinence ± pelvic organ prolapse. Women who could not contract their pelvic floor muscles (PFM) after having training with a specialised pelvic floor physiotherapist, (modified Oxford score of 0 or 1), were invited to participate in 3‐dimensional transperineal ultrasound.ResultsOf 625 women presenting with urinary incontinence and/or pelvic organ prolapse, 150 (24.0%) were unable to contract their PFM at initial assessment. After specialised pelvic floor physiotherapy, 20 of 150 (15.3%) could not contract and were termed ‘noncontractors’. Of these, 12 agreed to participate in transperineal ultrasound. Levator avulsion defects were detected in 8 of 12 (66.7%).ConclusionOur results show that 67% of women who cannot contract their PFM despite physiotherapy have levator avulsion defects. The mechanism affecting the remaining 33% is yet to be discovered.
Classification and practical approach to the diagnosis and management of hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs
Authors: Kowalski M. L. , Asero R. , Bavbek S. , Blanca M. , Blanca‐Lopez N. , Bochenek G. , Brockow K. , Campo P. , Celik G. , Cernadas J. , Cortellini G. , Gomes E. , Niżankowska‐Mogilnicka E. , Romano A. , Szczeklik A. , Testi S. , Torres M. J. , Wöhrl S. , Makowska J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHypersensitivity reactions to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) constitute only a subset of all adverse reactions to these drugs, but due to their severity pose a significant burden to patients and are a challenge to the allergist. In susceptible individuals, NSAIDs induce a wide spectrum of hypersensitivity reactions with various timing, organ manifestations, and severity, involving either immunological (allergic) or nonimmunological mechanisms. Proper classification of reactions based on clinical manifestations and suspected mechanism is a prerequisite for the implementation of rational diagnostic procedures and adequate patient management. This document, prepared by a panel of experts from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Task Force on NSAIDs Hypersensitivity, aims at reviewing the current knowledge in the field and proposes uniform definitions and clinically useful classification of hypersensitivity reactions to NSAIDs. The document proposes also practical algorithms for the diagnosis of specific types of NSAIDs hypersensitivity (which include drug provocations, skin testing and in vitro testing) and provides, when data are available, evidence‐based recommendations for the management of hypersensitive patients, including drug avoidance and drug desensitization.
Prognostic significance of epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression in pancreas cancer and nodal metastasis
Authors: Perini Marcos Vinicius , Montagnini Andre Luis , Coudry Renata , Patzina Rosely , Penteado Sonia , Abdo Emilio Elias , Diniz Alessandro , Jukemura Jose , da Cunha Jose Eduardo Monteiro 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundIdentification of molecular markers in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) has the potential to guide targeted therapy. The objective of this study is to determine the prognostic significance of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression (membrane and cytoplasmic) in resected PA and its correlation with lymph node metastasis and survival.MethodsEGFR overexpression was determined by immunohistochemistry, and the pattern of expression was compared between the primary tumour, adjacent normal pancreas and involved lymph nodes.ResultsA total of 88 patients had curative resection. No difference was found in mEGFR overexpression between tumoural and metastatic nodal tissues (P = 0.28). Median overall survival time was 22.9 months. Overall cumulative 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year survival was 48%, 20% and 18%, respectively. In positive mEGFR tumour expression, survival was 46% at 1 year, 8% at 3 years and 0% at 5 years (P < 0.05). Univariate analysis showed that male gender, portal vein (PV) resection, perineural, lymphovascular and peri‐pancreatic invasion, positive margins and positive mEGFR expression in tumour tissue had worse survival. Multivariate analysis showed that male gender, PV resection, vascular and perineural invasion remained independent predictors of poor survival.ConclusionPositive mEGFR overexpression is associated with decreased survival; however, it is not an independent prognostic factor.