bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Construction, operation and maintenance aspects of a deep-water port-A case study on Kakinada port, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Kumar Raju Sathish , Chandramohan Arun 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
One of the most important linkages in the development of a nation’s economy and trade is its ports. Even in a continent like India, the globalization of trade is crucial for the growth of economies. Port development becomes a crucial strategic element for achieving economic expansion given that this trade is predominantly undertaken by seagoing vessels. India is situated adjacent to important shipping routes like East Asia, Europe, and the Middle East and has a peninsular coastline that measures about 7,516.6 kilometers long. India therefore has the opportunity to significantly enhance its marine trade with other nations, and as its economy grows, so will the demand for constructing ports for international trade. Here comes the significance of Kakinada sea port. Kakinada Port is the second largest port in the state after Vishakhapatnam Port and the first port in the country to be commissioned under Public Private Partnership, located in the east coast of India with a major cargo handling. Among the 187 Non-Major ports Kakinada port plays a vital role in the development of country’s economy and growth. Kakinada Port, at present comprise of two ports, Kakinada Deep Water Port and Kakinada Anchorage Port. In this context, a study is conducted which deals with the construction, operation and maintenance of Kakinada Port. The studies are done based on site visit and data collection. The case study involved the collection and analysis of data, including interviews with port managers and workers, observations of port operations, and analysis of port performance metrics. The insights gained from the case study was given as recommendations for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of port operations. It was concluded that, from an economic perspective, the Kakinada sea port has the potential to generate significant revenue for the government and create job opportunities for the local population. The port’s proximity to major industries in the region provides a competitive advantage for cargo owners, which could lead to increased trade volumes and economic growth.
Determination of Area Occupancy of the Vehicles and its Effectiveness in Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions
Authors: Doley Danial , Kumar Saurabh , Ahmed Mokaddes Ali 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Traffic management is becoming a major concern as the number of vehicles on the road increases. Different types of traffic studies are conducted for different traffic management, especially in developing countries like India. To address traffic heterogeneity, only the vehicular composition is not sufficient. In this study, it has tried to include other characteristics like area occupancy for the traffic analysis. The area occupancy of vehicles was obtained, and the relationship between area occupancy and vehicular composition was investigated for various types of vehicles in Silchar. Video graphic traffic data were collected for 30 minutes, and a detection zone length of 30 meters was considered. Three locations in Silchar were considered in this study. The relationship between several characteristics of area occupancy was determined using SPSS statistical software. Relation between area occupancy and vehicular composition was found for each type of vehicle considered. It was observed that faster vehicles have a weaker relationship with area occupancy than slower vehicles. Initially, it was assumed that area occupancy depends only on vehicular composition, and the R2 was found to be 0.79. Finally, it was found that area occupancy depends on the vehicular composition, space mean speed and projected area and the corresponding R2 was found to be 0.88. The values may differ for different roads in the same city.
Identification of risky locations based on the CAS device-based alerts generated from moving vehicles: A Case study
Authors: Praneetha Devi G , Advani Mukti , Sahitya K S 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Increase in traffic accidents is one of the major concerns that affects economy of the country. To reduce traffic crashes, an advanced artificial intelligence technology for road safety known as ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) is being adopted. Advanced driver assistance system is one of the groups of electronic technologies that assist drivers in driving and parking functions by giving an alert to drivers for safer decisions. The present study attempts to apply the CAS (Collision Avoidance System) in the city buses of Telangana state. The data generated from CAS device includes alert type like LDW (Lane Diversion Warning), HMW (Headway Monitoring Warning), FCW (Forward Collision Warning), PCW (Pedestrian Collision Warning) with location, date, time of the generated alert, and speed. The study uses the Geographical Information System-based platform for advanced level analysis. Total 190 km long road network is being used in this study. Alert data have been analysed to identify the risky locations and compared with the existing blackspots. These blackspots have been identified based on traditional methods of using FIR records. Results shows that higher number of alerts are generated at Kukatpally metro station. After obtaining unsafe locations through CAS analysis, the locations are then validated with existing blackspot locations.
Prediction of Ground Response Spectrum of Jalandhar City of Punjab using Non-Linear Ground Response Analysis
Authors: Krishna Anjali G , Kasilingam Senthil 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Increasing seismicity worldwide and focus on micro zonation has amplified the importance of soil properties in the determination of seismicity. This study conducted non-linear Ground Response Analysis (GRA) to examine the impact of earthquakes on local soil conditions. DEEPSOIL v6.1 software is utilized to generate the response spectrum for 35 borehole locations in Jalandhar, Punjab. Geotechnical data are employed for this purpose. The analysis incorporated bedrock motion data obtained from PESMOS and COSMOS. The shear wave velocity is determined empirically by establishing a correlation between the standard penetration test value (SPT-N) and shear wave velocity. The average shear wave velocity at a depth of 30 meters is calculated, and based on this, the 20 borehole sites are classified using the guidelines provided by National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). The findings and outcomes of the analysis are applied and evaluated in the context of an actual construction project to gain practical insights and implications. Seismic analysis is carried out by STAAD Pro for the evaluation of base shear. Different modes of combination are employed to interpret the base shear results obtained from the analysis. The results are then compared between the site-specific response spectra and the response spectra defined by the IS code (Indian Standard code) to assess any differences or discrepancies. This comparison helps evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of the design in relation to the specific site conditions and the regulatory requirements outlined in the IS code
Analysis of 2D and 3D Slope Stability Using the Bishop Simplified Method
Authors: Kumar Sumit , Kumar Amit , Rao Brijbhan , Choudhary Shiva Shankar , Burman Avijit 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Most limit equilibrium studies in slope engineering are done in two dimensions (2D). Assuming that plane strain conditions are true, a two-dimensional slope formula has been developed. But if the plane strain assumptions are wrong, three-dimensional (3D) slope analysis has to be done. It would be interesting to study the differences between 2D slope analysis and 3D slope analysis. This study used 2D and 3D formulations based on Bishop’s Simplified Method (BSM) to examine the effects of a homogeneous soil slope comprising a pore pressure ratio (ru
) and horizontal seismic loading kh
. The 3D geometry of the slope is made using a digital elevation model method. Plots show the nature of failure surfaces, malpha (mα
), the change of base dip angles, and the distribution of normal force parallel to the failure surface’s base. According to the findings, a two-dimensional slope analysis typically produces more conservative estimates of the factor of safety (FS) than a 3D analysis of slope does. Compared to a 3D slope stability problem, it is generally agreed that a 2D analysis of slope gives a more conservative estimate of the problem.
Application of greenly synthesised zero-valent iron nanoparticles for iron removal from aqueous system
Authors: Antony Jismy , Meera V. , Raphael Vinod P. , Vinod P. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The green synthesis of nanoparticles, an eco-friendly and easy method, is of great interest due to versatile applications of nanomaterials in multiple fields, especially in water/wastewater treatment. The green synthesis of nano iron particles using Amaranthus dubius leaves extracts using liquid phase reduction was investigated and employed for iron remediation from aqueous system. The synthesized nanoparticles size, surface area, morphology, functional groups, composition, and point of zero charge were investigated. Results showed that A. dubius extract mediated nanoparticles were 1-3 nm spherical particles with aggregations and possessed surface area of 12.76 m2g−1. FTIR exposed the presence of C-O, –NH or –OH stretching and bending vibrations of –CH bonds found in various groups. The effects of different process parameters like pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and influent iron concentration on iron removal capacity of greenly synthesised zero-valent iron nanoparticle (GnZVI), were examined. GnZVI achieved 47.6% iron removal from a solution having 0.5ppm influent iron at optimised conditions of pH 10 and dose 5gL−1 after 3 h treatment. The removal efficiency was found to decreases with increase in influent iron concentration and reached 31.8% removal for 10 mgL−1 influent iron concentrations. The study revealed the feasibility of utilizing GnZVI for achieving desirable limit of iron for potable purposes from water with lower concentration of iron.
A Review on Composting of Organic Solid Waste
Authors: Dharnaik Amit S , Pol Pramodini 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Solid waste generated in large quantity is creating major issue of solid waste management in many countries. The major portion of solid waste generated is dumped on land, creating an environmental problems like flooding, air, soil and water pollution and also has an impact on human health. A large amount of organic waste is present in solid waste generated. The organic waste content in solid waste can be converted into useful end product called as compost by processing the waste, which will help recycling and reduce load on landfill. In composting process, it reduces volume of waste and convert it to useful end product. Composting is one of the good options for treatment of organic waste at the point of generation and the process depends on many parameters like temperature, moisture content, pH, C/N ratio, etc. Numerous parameters can be used to regulate the rate of composting. The understanding of composting will help to treat organic waste in proper manner and will reduce environmental problems due to improper solid waste management. This review paper contains different method of composting such as aerobic and anaerobic composting and their types and the factors affecting for composting.
Improving the performance of the electro-coagulation process through efficient flocculation
Authors: Agarwal Palak , Sangal Vikas K , Mathur Sanjay 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This study combines the Electro-Coagulation (EC) process with flocculation to improve the COD removal efficiency of the simulated textile wastewater without a significant increase in energy consumption. The process of flocculation improves the settleability of the flocs generated at the time of EC. A 3D aluminum electrode with perforations was used for both EC and flocculation. During flocculation, the rotating speed of the anode and detention time were taken as the major operating parameters. The operating conditions at the time of EC were kept fixed for all the runs. The maximum COD removal efficiency after EC was observed as 85.14% with a Specific Electrical Energy Consumption (SEEC) of 0.023J/mg. However, this removal efficiency increases to 90.43% when EC is followed by flocculation with a total SEEC (EC + flocculation) of 0.029J/mg. The maximum COD removal efficiency of the filtered sample after flocculating it for 20 min at 1 rpm was comparable with the removal efficiency obtained after providing a 30 min settling after flocculation. Therefore, an additional cost of filtration can be saved. This combined process can be considered as an economical and efficient treatment method to match the stringent discharge standards.
Removal of zinc metal by ion exchanger technique using Amberlite IRA-120
Authors: Raj Rahul , Mayank Muskan , Laiju A. R. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Everyone needs access to hygienic water to live a healthy life. Despite being complex, the connection between the water environment and human activities has been thoroughly demonstrated over the past few decades through various study methods. Among the numerous pollutants that contaminate water, zinc is particularly harmful to humans and the environment, including soil and water bodies. The assessment and removal of zinc from water sources are of utmost importance. This paper examines and removes zinc using the ion exchange resin Amberlite IRA-120. The advantage of this resin is that it can be recycled and reused without compromising the quality of water treatment, making it both economical and readily available. The batch experiment is performed at different pH levels, concentrations, and competing ions. under constant conditions to achieve maximum zinc removal at optimum conditions. The regenerated resin is then employed for subsequent removal cycles, demonstrating that the fifth application attains an efficiency of 75%. In the fixed bed column study, it treated more than 6ml/mm3 of water against zinc. Regeneration of resin is done by regenerating solutions. Resin shows high selectivity to zinc while other metal ions are mixed in the zinc solution. The maximum uptake capacity of this resin is determined at lower pH i.e. 4.5, further study is being done on pH 7 because the study is mainly focused on drinking water. This indicates that even after multiple uses, the upgraded system maintains water quality, allowing for the reuse of treated wastewater.
A Sustainable Approach Towards Wastewater Treatment in Pharmaceutical Industry: A Review
Authors: Vasudha V , Laiju A R 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Effluents from the pharmaceutical industry have become more concerned in recent years due to rising worries about the presence and management of pharmaceutical pollutants, raw materials, intermediates, and solvents. The pharmaceutical industry is one of the largest water consumers due to the many processes that require water. Different drug and pharmaceutical production methods result in wastewater containing a wide range of chemicals such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, and clorfibric acid are commonly found in water and wastewater. As part of wastewater management, it is essential to analyse and design techniques for treating pharmaceutical wastewater in light of the limited available water resources. Furthermore, the industry mandates the reuse of water after impurities such as pharmaceuticals and other toxins. In our study, the main sources of wastewater in the pharmaceutical sector are identified, and the most effective removal technologies are examined and evaluated with the assistance of the study results. Bulk medications, pharmaceutically active substances, and other pharmaceuticals generate wastewater that utilizes much water. This effluent has been analyzed, and solutions for recovering valuable molecules to a considerable extent have been proposed. Finally, the treatment of wastewater has been addressed. Due to the shortcomings of traditional treatment techniques, the authors modified the conventional treatment procedure here using membrane bioreactors and cutting-edge techniques like ozonation, creating a hybrid wastewater treatment technology that may be a better alternative for treating pharmaceutical wastewater.
Evaluation of the Rayalseema Meteorological Subdivision’s Drought Using Multiple Drought Indices
Authors: Panigrahi Siddhant , Vidyarthi Vikas Kumar 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Drought is the most prominent natural disaster, which affects various parts of the globe. It is not simply the lack of rainfall, but also how unevenly it occurs during the season, how long the lack of rainfall has lasted and how it has impacted the agriculture, economy and the way of life in the region. The meteorological conditions of a region directly impact various water requirements and are linked to hydrologic, agricultural and socio-economic drought conditions. Thus, it becomes crucial to monitor and characterize meteorological drought of the region to adopt suitable water management practices. The purpose of this research study is to evaluate the meteorological drought conditions over Rayalseema meteorological subdivision of India using multiple drought indices employing historical precipitation (PRCN) and temperature (TEMPR) data obtained from Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) at a resolution of 1°x1°. Three different meteorological drought indices namely, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) have been utilized to incorporate major meteorological variables to account for varying assessment periods of 1, 3, 6, 9,12 and 24 months. The results show that an increase in the number of identified moderate and severe categories of drought events increase with the assessment periods for all the indices used in this study. The severe drought years have been found to be quite frequent post 1980’s as 1986, 1987, 1992, 1994, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2009 and 2011. The Modified Mann Kendall test has been carried out for all the drought indices (SPI, RDI and SPEI) across varying assessment periods and it shows a positive trend for SPI and RDI while a negative trend is seen for SPEI. It may be due to continuous decline of precipitation and corresponding increase in the maximum temperature making the region semi-arid. For the overexploited water resources in Rayalseema, this type of research is critical for analyzing meteorological droughts, which will be extremely valuable for water resource administration and planning in the region.
Indicative Direction in Construction Materials for Indian Suburbs
Authors: Tyagi Priya , Bhyan Parul , Shrivastava Bhavna , Kumar Nand 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In the recent past, it is anticipated that construction materials and technologies that promote thermal comfort would become more popular. In order to safeguard potential populations from the risks of thermal stress, study attempts to include traditional construction material solutions. To meet the comfort needs of the occupants, a thorough understanding of the fundamentals of building construction and the pertinent properties of the materials used is essential. This study aims to integrate traditional and contemporary materials in residential zone, and particularly emphasis on the issue of meeting thermal comfort requirements. The study conducted a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze roofing and wall materials used in residential buildings in Uttar Pradesh, India, for thermal comfort. The study area was chosen based on the state with the highest population and the suggested building materials and construction methods in “Pahal” by the Ministry of Rural Development. The climate was analyzed using Climate Consultant® Software based on the availability of weather data files. The comparison between suggested roof and wall materials and methods was done using U value and RETV value calculations. The space RETV value, the wall and roof U-values were compared to suggest values in Eco-Niwas Samhita 2018. The study provides a comprehensive description of the area’s geography, climate, and residential structures. The results of the study can help policymakers and designers regarding the selection of appropriate roofing and wall materials for thermal comfort in residential buildings in Uttar Pradesh.
Effect of Clay Brick Dust (CBD) on compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymer mortar
Authors: Sarika R , Salam PA , Mini R 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Geopolymer is considered as an alumino-silicate material which can be used to replace Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). There are many alumino-silicate materials found in nature and some of them are FlyAsh (FA), Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS), rice husk ash etc. Currently, there is a growing potential to utilize Clay Brick Dust (CBD) in the development of Geo Polymer Concrete (GPC). CBD contains high percentage of silica and alumina content. The current study is to find the effect of CBD on the compressive strength of FA based Geo Polymer Mortar (GPM) cubes. Initially the mix design of FA based GPM was carried out for 12 mixes and Na2SiO3 / NaOH ratio was fixed to 2.5. Then the effect of CBD on the compressive strength of FA based GPM was examined for 18 mixes by varying molarities of sodium hydroxide from 8M to 12M and by varying the percentage replacement of FA with CBD from 5% to 30%. There was an increase in the compressive strength of mortar cubes by 5.18% when 15% of FA was replaced by CBD. The best durability properties were also obtained for the same replacement percentage.
Flexo-printed polymer waveguides for integration in electro-optical circuit boards
Authors: Evertz Andreas , Pleuß Jonathan , Reitz Birger , Overmeyer Ludger 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Electro-optical circuit boards (EOCBs) offer great potential for short-ranged data transmission in highly electro-magnetic inflicted environments. Finding a cost-efficient way to manufacture EOCB only using additive printing processes could establish, increase, and secure data transmission in PCB systems. Flexo printing is an efficient manufacturing process that combines high contour resolution and layout flexibility to create optical waveguides. Previous research has shown that printing waveguides on a polymethylmethacrylate substrate can enable optical data transmission for up to 20 cm. However, a thermo-resistant polyimide (PI) substrate is needed to integrate printed waveguides into PCB. Since PI does not meet optical demands, waveguide cores must be separated by printed optical cladding. This research aims to investigate the additive printing process, which stacks various polymers to achieve waveguides that are ready for integration. Further, the integration in PCB is validated according to functional testing of the optical structures. An entire manufacturing process for printed EOCB is presented, which enables the investigation of optical coupling processes in upcoming research.
The spectral boundary of block structured random matrices
Authors: Patil Nirbhay , Aguirre-López Fabián , Bouchaud Jean-Philippe 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Economic and ecological models can be extremely complex, with a large number of agents/species each featuring multiple interacting dynamical quantities. In an attempt to understand the generic stability properties of such systems, we define and study an interesting new matrix ensemble with extensive correlations, generalising the elliptic ensemble. We determine analytically the boundary of its eigenvalue spectrum in the complex plane, as a function of the correlations determined by the model at hand. We solve numerically our equations in several cases of interest, and show that the resulting spectra can take a surprisingly wide variety of shapes.