bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shock metamorphism and impact melting in small impact craters on Earth: Evidence from Kamil crater, Egypt
Authors: Fazio Agnese , Folco Luigi , D'Orazio Massimo , Frezzotti Maria Luce , Cordier Carole 
Published: November 2014

AbstractKamil is a 45 m diameter impact crater identified in 2008 in southern Egypt. It was generated by the hypervelocity impact of the Gebel Kamil iron meteorite on a sedimentary target, namely layered sandstones with subhorizontal bedding. We have carried out a petrographic study of samples from the crater wall and ejecta deposits collected during our first geophysical campaign (February 2010) in order to investigate shock effects recorded in these rocks. Ejecta samples reveal a wide range of shock features common in quartz‐rich target rocks. They have been divided into two categories, as a function of their abundance at thin section scale: (1) pervasive shock features (the most abundant), including fracturing, planar deformation features, and impact melt lapilli and bombs, and (2) localized shock features (the least abundant) including high‐pressure phases and localized impact melting in the form of intergranular melt, melt veins, and melt films in shatter cones. In particular, Kamil crater is the smallest impact crater where shatter cones, coesite, stishovite, diamond, and melt veins have been reported. Based on experimental calibrations reported in the literature, pervasive shock features suggest that the maximum shock pressure was between 30 and 60 GPa. Using the planar impact approximation, we calculate a vertical component of the impact velocity of at least 3.5 km s−1. The wide range of shock features and their freshness make Kamil a natural laboratory for studying impact cratering and shock deformation processes in small impact structures.
EH3 matrix mineralogy with major and trace element composition compared to chondrules
Authors: Lehner S. W. , McDonough W. F. , Németh P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe investigated the matrix mineralogy in primitive EH3 chondrites Sahara 97072, ALH 84170, and LAR 06252 with transmission electron microscopy; measured the trace and major element compositions of Sahara 97072 matrix and ferromagnesian chondrules with laser‐ablation, inductively coupled, plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICPMS); and analyzed the bulk composition of Sahara 97072 with LA‐ICPMS, solution ICPMS, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The fine‐grained matrix of EH3 chondrites is unlike that in other chondrite groups, consisting primarily of enstatite, cristobalite, troilite, and kamacite with a notable absence of olivine. Matrix and pyroxene‐rich chondrule compositions differ from one another and are distinct from the bulk meteorite. Refractory lithophile elements are enriched by a factor of 1.5–3 in chondrules relative to matrix, whereas the matrix is enriched in moderately volatile elements. The compositional relation between the chondrules and matrix is reminiscent of the difference between EH3 pyroxene‐rich chondrules and EH3 Si‐rich, highly sulfidized chondrules. Similar refractory element ratios between the matrix and the pyroxene‐rich chondrules suggest the fine‐grained material primarily consists of the shattered, sulfidized remains of the formerly pyroxene‐rich chondrules with the minor addition of metal clasts. The matrix, chondrule, and metal‐sulfide nodule compositions are probably complementary, suggesting all the components of the EH3 chondrites came from the same nebular reservoir.
Exploring the role of Micronesian islands in the maintenance of coral genetic diversity in the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Davies S. W. , Treml E. A. , Kenkel C. D. , Matz M. V. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractUnderstanding how genetic diversity is maintained across patchy marine environments remains a fundamental problem in marine biology. The Coral Triangle, located in the Indo‐West Pacific, is the centre of marine biodiversity and has been proposed as an important source of genetic diversity for remote Pacific reefs. Several studies highlight Micronesia, a scattering of hundreds of small islands situated within the North Equatorial Counter Current, as a potentially important migration corridor. To test this hypothesis, we characterized the population genetic structure of two ecologically important congeneric species of reef‐building corals across greater Micronesia, from Palau to the Marshall Islands. Genetic divergences between islands followed an isolation‐by‐distance pattern, with Acropora hyacinthus exhibiting greater genetic divergences than A. digitifera, suggesting different migration capabilities or different effective population sizes for these closely related species. We inferred dispersal distance using a biophysical larval transport model, which explained an additional 15–21% of the observed genetic variation compared to between‐island geographical distance alone. For both species, genetic divergence accumulates and genetic diversity diminishes with distance from the Coral Triangle, supporting the hypothesis that Micronesian islands act as important stepping stones connecting the central Pacific with the species‐rich Coral Triangle. However, for A. hyacinthus, the species with lower genetic connectivity, immigration from the subequatorial Pacific begins to play a larger role in shaping diversity than input from the Coral Triangle. This work highlights the enormous dispersal potential of broadcast‐spawning corals and identifies the biological and physical drivers that influence coral genetic diversity on a regional scale.
The evolutionary history of Afrocanarian blue tits inferred from genomewide SNPs
Authors: Gohli Jostein , Leder Erica H. , Garcia‐del‐Rey Eduardo , Johannessen Lars Erik , Johnsen Arild , Laskemoen Terje , Popp Magnus , Lifjeld Jan T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA common challenge in phylogenetic reconstruction is to find enough suitable genomic markers to reliably trace splitting events with short internodes. Here, we present phylogenetic analyses based on genomewide single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of an enigmatic avian radiation, the subspecies complex of Afrocanarian blue tits (Cyanistes teneriffae). The two sister species, the Eurasian blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) and the azure tit (Cyanistes cyanus), constituted the out‐group. We generated a large data set of SNPs for analysis of population structure and phylogeny. We also adapted our protocol to utilize degraded DNA from old museum skins from Libya. We found strong population structuring that largely confirmed subspecies monophyly and constructed a coalescent‐based phylogeny with full support at all major nodes. The results are consistent with a recent hypothesis that La Palma and Libya are relic populations of an ancient Afrocanarian blue tit, although a small data set for Libya could not resolve its position relative to La Palma. The birds on the eastern islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote are similar to those in Morocco. Together they constitute the sister group to the clade containing the other Canary Islands (except La Palma), in which El Hierro is sister to the three central islands. Hence, extant Canary Islands populations seem to originate from multiple independent colonization events. We also found population divergences in a key reproductive trait, viz. sperm length, which may constitute reproductive barriers between certain populations. We recommend a taxonomic revision of this polytypic species, where several subspecies should qualify for species rank.
Comprehensive mapping of national school food policies across the European Union plus Norway and Switzerland
Authors: Storcksdieck genannt Bonsmann S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractChildhood obesity is a major public health challenge in Europe. Schools are seen as an important setting to promote healthy diet and lifestyle in a protected environment and school food‐related practices are essential in this regard. To understand what policy frameworks European countries have created to govern these practices, a systematic assessment of national school food policies across the European Union plus Norway and Switzerland (n = 30 countries) was carried out. The survey revealed that all 30 countries currently have a school food policy in place; a total of 34 relevant policies were identified, 18 of which were mandatory and the remaining 16 voluntary. Major policy objectives specified were those to improve child nutrition (97% of policies), to help children learn and adopt healthy diet and lifestyle habits (94%) and to reduce or prevent childhood obesity (88%). Most commonly (>90%), the policies offered food‐based standards for menu composition, and portion sizes were guided by age‐appropriate energy requirements. Lunch and snacks were the most widely addressed mealtimes for almost 90% of all policies examined. Other important areas covered included food marketing to children; the availability of vending services; training requirements for catering staff; and whether nutrition education is a mandatory part of the national curriculum. Evaluation was mentioned in 59% of the school food policies reviewed. Future analyses should focus on evaluating the implementation of these policies and more importantly, their effectiveness in meeting the objectives defined therein. Comparable and up‐to‐date information along with data on education, attainment and public health indicators will enable a comprehensive impact assessment of school food policies and help facilitate optimal school food provision for all.
Infant nutrition – diet between 6 and 24 months, implications for paediatric growth, overweight and obesity
Authors: Hardwick J. , Sidnell A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractInfants are growing rapidly from 6–24 months and have high nutrient needs in proportion to their body size. This sub‐group of the population are prone to dietary imbalances and inadequacies. It is of vital importance to get nutrition right during this time period to support appropriate growth and development.Overweight and obesity rates are increasing in pre‐school children, and maternal nutritional status and early life feeding have been identified as ‘critical windows’ for obesity risk. After the recommended period of exclusive breastfeeding, an increasingly diversified selection of foods are offered to infants and young children, and milk becomes less dominant in the diet.Rapid weight gain during infancy is the strongest risk factor for childhood overweight and obesity, and this may be modifiable with early intervention. During the complementary feeding period, there is an increase in protein intake, which is in excess of requirements, and may be associated with adverse outcomes regarding later body mass index and body fatness. Guidelines for healthcare professionals have been developed to raise the issue of overfeeding during infancy, and to manage overweight if it arises.Dietary intake measures show a deteriorating quality of diet as infants move from the first 12 months of life into the second year, with potential excesses of protein, energy, saturated fatty acids, salt and non‐milk extrinsic sugars. Formula manufacturers can reduce the protein content of formulas for infants and young children in order to support appropriate growth, whilst supplements, fortified foods and milks can supply ‘at risk’ micronutrients.
Four years of experience with the Australian kidney paired donation programme
Authors: Cantwell Linda , Woodroffe Claudia , Holdsworth Rhonda , Ferrari Paolo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractNew approaches to increase kidney transplantation rates through expansion of live donor kidney transplantation have become necessary due to ongoing shortage of deceased donor organs. These strategies include desensitization in antibody‐incompatible transplants to overcome the barrier of blood group incompatibility or human leucocyte antigen antibodies between recipient and donor and kidney paired donation (KPD) programmes. In KPD, a kidney transplant candidate with an incompatible live donor joins a registry of other incompatible pairs in order to find potentially compatible transplant solutions. To match the largest possible number of donor–recipient pairs while minimizing immunologic risk, KPD programmes use sophisticated algorithms to identify suitable matches with simultaneous two‐way or more complex multi‐way exchanges as well as including non‐directed anonymous donors to start a chain of compatible transplantations. Because of the significant immunologic barriers when fewer donor options are available, the optimal solution for difficult‐to‐match, highly sensitized patients is access to more potential donors using large multi‐centre or national KPD registries. This review focuses on the first 4 years of experience with the Australian multi‐centre KPD programme that was established in October 2010.
Recent advances in epidemiology and prevention of atopic eczema
Authors: Cipriani Francesca , Dondi Arianna , Ricci Giampaolo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD), named also atopic eczema, is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease with a considerable social and economic burden. The primum movens of AD is in most cases a genetic and/or immune‐supported defect of the skin barrier, facilitating penetration and sensitization to food or airborne allergens, as well as infections by Staphylococcus aureus, herpes simplex virus, or other microbes. New pathogenetic concepts have generated new approaches to prevention and therapy of AD. In particular, the daily use of emollients in newborns at high risk of AD has shown interesting results, with a reduction in the cumulative incidence of AD ranging from 32% to 50% of the treated infants. On the other hand, the AD preventive efficacy of food and/or inhalant allergen avoidance has been questioned, and supplementation strategies (vitamin D, probiotics, or other compounds) need to be further investigated.
Preventive sublingual immunotherapy in preschool children: First evidence for safety and pro‐tolerogenic effects
Authors: Szépfalusi Zsolt , Bannert Christina , Ronceray Leila , Mayer Elisabeth , Hassler Michaela , Wissmann Eva , Dehlink Eleonora , Gruber Saskia , Graf Alexandra , Lupinek Christian , Valenta Rudolf , Eiwegger Thomas , Urbanek Radvan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundPrevention of new IgE sensitizations has been described during allergen‐specific immunotherapy. However, prospective data using a preventive approach in very young children who would benefit most are missing. We initiated a prospective pilot study investigating the safety, immunomodulatory, and sensitization‐preventive effect of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in mono/oligoclonally sensitized, clinically asymptomatic children 2–5 yr of age.MethodsIn this double‐blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled pilot study, 31 mono‐/oligosensitized children to house‐dust mite or grass pollen were included. SLIT with the respective source (n = 15) or placebo (n = 16) was applied. After dose‐up‐phase therapy was continued for 2 yr. Parents recorded clinical events, vaccinations, and drug intake in a diary. Skin prick testing and specific IgE and IgG measurements were recorded at baseline, 12 and 24 months. At the same time, allergen‐specific proliferation and IL10‐ and TGFβ‐dependent Treg function were measured.ResultsPreventive application of SLIT in young children was safe (no relevant side effects in 21,170 single applications). After 12 and 24 months of treatment, the rate of allergen‐specific sensitization (specific IgE and SPT reactivity) was comparable in the treatment and the placebo group. However, verum‐treated patients displayed a significant up‐regulation of allergen‐specific IgG (p < 0.05). Furthermore, IL10‐dependent inhibition (p < 0.05) was observed in vitro in the treatment group but not in the placebo group.ConclusionPreventive SLIT is safe in children 2–5 yr of age and induces regulatory mechanisms involving allergen‐specific IgG and IL10. Based on this pilot study, large‐scale trials will need to investigate the modulation of sensitization and clinically relevant allergy.
Dynamic two‐photon imaging of the immune response to Toxoplasma gondii infection
Authors: Luu L. , Coombes J. L. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryToxoplasma gondii is a highly successful parasite that can manipulate host immune responses to optimize its persistence and spread. As a result, a highly complex relationship exists between T. gondii and the immune system of the host. Advances in imaging techniques, and in particular, the application of two‐photon microscopy to mouse infection models, have made it possible to directly visualize interactions between parasites and the host immune system as they occur in living tissues. Here, we will discuss how dynamic imaging techniques have provided unexpected new insight into (i) how immune responses are dynamically regulated by cells and structures in the local tissue environment, (ii) how protective responses to T. gondii are generated and (iii) how the parasite exploits the immune system for its own benefit.
Toxoplasma gondii dissemination: a parasite's journey through the infected host
Authors: Harker K. S. , Ueno N. , Lodoen M. B. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryToxoplasma gondii is a highly successful global pathogen that is remarkable in its ability to infect nearly any nucleated cell in any warm‐blooded animal. Infection with T. gondii typically occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, but the parasite then breaches the intestinal epithelial barrier and spreads from the lamina propria to a large variety of other organs in the body. A key feature of T. gondii pathogenesis is the parasite's ability to cross formidable biological barriers in the infected host and enter tissues such as the brain, eye and placenta. The dissemination of T. gondii into these organs underlies the severe disease that accompanies human toxoplasmosis. In this review, we will focus on seminal studies as well as exciting recent findings that have shaped our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which T. gondii journeys throughout the host and enters organs to cause disease.
Tools for Language: Patterned Iconicity in Sign Language Nouns and Verbs
Authors: Padden Carol , Hwang So‐One , Lepic Ryan , Seegers Sharon 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWhen naming certain hand‐held, man‐made tools, American Sign Language (ASL) signers exhibit either of two iconic strategies: a handling strategy, where the hands show holding or grasping an imagined object in action, or an instrument strategy, where the hands represent the shape or a dimension of the object in a typical action. The same strategies are also observed in the gestures of hearing nonsigners identifying pictures of the same set of tools. In this paper, we compare spontaneously created gestures from hearing nonsigning participants to commonly used lexical signs in ASL. Signers and gesturers were asked to respond to pictures of tools and to video vignettes of actions involving the same tools. Nonsigning gesturers overwhelmingly prefer the handling strategy for both the Picture and Video conditions. Nevertheless, they use more instrument forms when identifying tools in pictures, and more handling forms when identifying actions with tools. We found that ASL signers generally favor the instrument strategy when naming tools, but when describing tools being used by an actor, they are significantly more likely to use more handling forms. The finding that both gesturers and signers are more likely to alternate strategies when the stimuli are pictures or video suggests a common cognitive basis for differentiating objects from actions. Furthermore, the presence of a systematic handling/instrument iconic pattern in a sign language demonstrates that a conventionalized sign language exploits the distinction for grammatical purpose, to distinguish nouns and verbs related to tool use.
Single Edge Meter Out Control for Mobile Machinery
Authors: Vukovic Milos , Murrenhoff Hubertus 
Published: November 2014

To decrease throttling losses in mobile hydraulic systems a number of new system architectures have been introduced in recent years. The concept of independent metering (IM), developed in the seventies, shows a lot of promise [1]. By allowing the meter-in as well as meter-out edges to be controlled separately, additional operating modes are created allowing a more efficient adaptation of system pressure to load pressure [2, 3]. Despite these advantages IM circuits have yet to find their way into industrial applications. This is mainly due to the related increase in component costs and more demanding control strategies. Additionally, the effect of mode switching on actuator motion and operator comfort is still unclear and considered to be a challenge.
The STEAM mobile hydraulic system currently being developed in Aachen, Germany uses a number of new features to improve total machine efficiency [4]. Among others is the use of a new independent metering circuit called single edge meter-out control. Unlike other IM configurations, only one proportional valve is used to control cylinder motion. This paper introduces the new concept and discusses its advantages.
Investigation of Different Methods to Measure the Entrained Air Content in Hydraulic Oils
Authors: Schrank Katharina , Murrenhoff Hubertus , Stammen Christian 
Published: November 2014

The fluids used as pressure media in fluid power systems are often polluted with undesired air bubbles. This entrained air affects the system behaviour, stability and safety. Knowledge of the amount of entrained air inside a hydraulic fluid plays a decisive role in predicting the system behaviour. In addition, this information is necessary when a system or components should be optimised to obtain better air release properties. The content of entrained air highly depends on the static pressure as air is always dissolved in hydraulic pressure fluids up to a certain equilibrium condition.
In this paper, different physical principles (optical, mechanical and electrical) are presented to determine the amount of entrained air in an oil-hydraulic system. Starting from these theoretical ideas, different methods are selected and corresponding test devices are designed and built up. These devices are experimentally investigated by including entrained air into a commonly used mineral oil in a hydraulic system. The tested devices are based on different physical principles. In the end, the methods are compared against each other in terms of accuracy of the results and effort to perform these measurements.
Investigations on Pulsation-Reduction Characteristics of Hydraulic Attenuator Based on Experimental Method
Authors: Zhu Jiabin , Zhou Hua , Yang Huayong 
Published: November 2014

Three types of hydraulic attenuators are designed and investigated to study the pulsation-reduction characteristics in hydraulic system. Attenuator test rig is established to obtain pressure signals in time domain and frequency domain (5 Hz to 1200 Hz), respectively. Influences of changing source impedance and loading impedance to the attenuation rate (Ka) and pressure ratio of inlet and outlet (Pio) are discussed.
Experiment results show that expansion chamber attenuator (ECA) is a better choice for a wide frequency range of pulsation reduction. Two types of perforated tube attenuators (PTA) have better performances in some certain frequency range. The performance of PTA can have further improvements by designing the damping holes diameters. The performance of the attenuator is mainly influenced by pump character and rotating speed. The system loading has limited influence on the performance comparing to source impedance.