bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inverse dynamic problems, the Focker— Plank—Kolmogorov equation and the Laplace iterative process
Authors: Neshchadim M. V. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
- In this paper the Focker-Plank-Kolmogorov equation based on the Laplace iteration process in the two-dimensional case is reduced to the system of differential equations for the right-hand sides of the dynamic system and system of equations on probability density. In some cases corollary systems can be integrated that allows to obtain the exact formulas for the right-hand sides of the dynamic system and probability density. To deduce some solutions group analysis of differential equations and invariant solutions are used [9, 10]. The solution obtained are functionally arbitrary. In the paper determination of probability density and right-hand sides of the dynamic system by the most probable motion path is also considered. Supposing probability density known, we obtain a differential equation of the second order in the partial derivatives of the right-hand sides of the dynamic system. At last, in the multidimensional case, we use the Focker-Plank-Kolmogorov equation to obtain an equation on the potential of the dynamic system forces.
A constraints relaxation technique for solving an identification of coefficients problem issued from hydrodynamic lubrication
Authors: El Alaoui Talibi M. , El Kacimi A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
- We investigate the identification of coefficients problem in Elrod- Adams’s model. From a numerical point of view, we relax the control problem; then using penalization methods and a qualification condition we get optimality conditions. Some numerical results are given.
Several remarks on numerical solution of the one-dimensional coefficient inverse problem
Authors: Karchevsky A. L. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
- In the work we will introduce some results of numerical experiments, that allowed the author to choose a certain tactic for the numerical solution of onedimensional coefficient inverse problems which are reduced to minimization of the discrepancy functional. Principle distinction from the well-known approach is in the following: we will use the Laplace transform instead of the Fourier transform with respect to the time variable. In the work we will present a new method of derivation of a gradient for the discrepancy functional. The difference of this way is in the following: it is suitable to obtain analytic formulas for the gradient both in the case investigated for one equation and for a system of equations. As was shown in the numerical experiment which results are introduced in the work, represented considerations and recommendations may be useful for numerical solution of the coefficient inverse problem.
Précis of How the brain got language: The Mirror System Hypothesis
Authors: Arbib Michael A. 
Published: September 2013

The short answer to the question of How the Brain Got Language is “through biological and cultural evolution.” The challenge is to be more specific. I use the term “the language-ready brain” to suggest that the brain of early Homo sapiens was adequate to support language but that it required tens of millennia for humans to be able to exploit these innate neural capabilities to develop, cumulatively, languages and the societies that made languages possible and necessary. The ability to surf the World Wide Web is a recent example of society's expanding ability to develop technologies and social structures which allow humans to exploit their neural capabilities in ways that were not part of the adaptive pressures for biological evolution.The two-fold challenge of the book, then, is to understand (i) what are the mechanisms of the language-ready brain and what adaptive pressures evolved them biologically; and (ii) how did those mechanisms support the emergence of language as well as modern-day patterns of language change, acquisition and use, and the social interactions which support them?
Acquired mirroring and intentional communication in primates
Authors: Zuberbühler Klaus 
Published: September 2013

AbstractArbib offers a coherent proposal of how the brain has evolved to become language-capable. Integral to the argument are mirror neurons, cells discovered in macaque brains with interesting firing patterns, and studies on gestural communication of great apes. Here, I first discuss some complexities of the recent mirror neuron literature, which suggest that ‘mirroring’ may be an ontogenetically acquired, not an evolved, feature of neurons. Second, it is now clear that chimpanzee vocal behaviour is strongly mediated by social variables, and that individuals can use vocalisations to persuade and inform others, facts that have implications for gestural theories of language evolution. I conclude with discussing research most needed for making progress in understanding how human language has evolved.
The extended features of mirror neurons and the voluntary control of vocalization in the pathway to language
Authors: Fogassi Leonardo , Coudé Gino , Ferrari Pier Francesco 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn this book it has been proposed that the mirror system can be a scaffold for building a language-ready brain, because of its property of matching action observation with action execution, a feature that can correspond to the “parity” requirement for communication. In this commentary we will first emphasize two properties of mirror neurons and motor cortex that may have contributed to language: the generalization of the property of understanding action goals and the capacity to decode the goal of action sequences. Then we will propose, based on recent behavioural and neurophysiological data in monkeys, that the vocalization in non-human primates could have reached a partial voluntary control, thus contributing to the emergence of a communicative system relying on the coordination of gestures and utterances.
Niche construction, too, unifies praxis and symbolization
Authors: Sinha Chris 
Published: September 2013

AbstractArbib hypothesizes that evolutionary modern language significantly postdates human speciation. Why should this be so? I propose an account based on niche construction theory, in which Arbib's language-ready brain is primarily a consequence of epigenetically-driven adaptation to the biocultural niche of protolanguage and (subsequently) early language. The evolutionary adaptations grounding language evolution were initially to proto-linguistic socio-communicative and symbolic processes, later capturing and re-canalizing behavioural adaptations (such as serial and hierarchical constructive praxis) initially “targeted” to other developmental and cognitive domains. The intimate link between praxic action and symbolic action is present not only in the human brain, but also in the human biocultural complex. The confluence of praxis and symbolization has, in the time scale of sociogenesis, potentiated the invention of domain-constituting and cognition-altering symbolic cognitive artefacts that continue to transform human socio-cultural ecologies. I cite in support of this account, which differs only in some emphases from Arbib's account, my colleagues' and my research on cultural and linguistic conceptions of time in an indigenous Amazonian community.
Towards low energy consumption integrated photonic circuits based on Ge/SiGe quantum wells
Authors: Marris-Morini Delphine , Chaisakul Papichaya , Rouifed Mohamed-Saïd , Frigerio Jacopo , Chrastina Daniel , Isella Giovanni , Edmond Samson , Le Roux Xavier , Coudevylle Jean-René , Vivien Laurent 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDespite being an indirect bandgap material, germanium (Ge) recently appeared as a material of choice for low power consumption optical link on silicon. Thanks to a low energy difference between direct and indirect energy bandgap, optical transitions around the direct gap can be used to achieve strong electroabsorption or photodetection in a material already used in microelectronics circuits. However, many challenges have to be addressed such as the growth of germanium-rich structures on silicon or the modeling of these structures around both direct and indirect bandgaps. This paper will explore recent achievements in Ge/SiGe quantum wells structures. Quantum confined Stark effect has been studied for different quantum well designs and light polarization. Both absorption and phase variations have been characterized and will be reported. Carrier recombination processes is also an intense research topic, in order to evaluate the competition between direct and indirect band gap emission as a function of temperature. Main results and conclusion will be introduced. Finally, high performance photonic devices (modulator and photodetector) that have already been demonstrated will be presented. At the end the challenges faced by Ge/SiGe QW as a new photonic platform will be presented.
The Electoral Consequences of Welfare State Reforms for the Danish Social Democrats
Authors: Arndt Christoph 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe article demonstrates that the big electoral defeat for Danish social democracy in the 2001 elections was not solely the consequence of the immigration issue, but of the welfare state reforms implemented by the Social Democratic government (1993–2001). Social democratic core voters opposed the reforms since they broke with the decommodification paradigm and turned away from social democracy. Against the arguments from the literature, the left-wing competitor Socialist People’s Party’s could not benefit from the reforms given its function as supporter party. Rather, the reforms caused the realignment of social democratic core voters with the Liberals and the Danish People’s Party having expanded their voter base in 2001 as a consequence of the welfare reforms.
The Polysphinctine WaspsAcrotaphus tibialis, Erugaca.gutfreundi, andHymenoepimecis tedfordi(Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) Induce Their Host Spiders to Build Modified Webs
Authors: Eberhard William G 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe wasps Acrotaphus tibialis (Cameron), Eruga ca. gutfreundi Gauld, and Hymenoepimecis tedfordi Gauld induce their host spiders to spin modified “cocoon” webs just before they kill them and pupate. The cocoon webs induced by all three wasp species appear better designed to support and protect the wasps' pupal cocoons than are the normal orbs of their hosts. The typical cocoon webs induced by A. tibialis were similar to the protected resting webs built by their host spiders Argiope trifasciata (Forskäl) but had more elaborate protective barrier tangles. The other two species of wasp induced the same host spider, Leucauge mariana (Keyserling) to build quite different cocoon webs. The cocoon webs of H. tedfordi varied somewhat, but usually included radial lines and a tangle below. They resembled the resting webs of the host in having a planar radial organization and (often) a tangle below, but lacked a hub and had their lines that were apparently composed of high numbers of individual strands. The three dimensional, radially arranged cocoon web of E. ca. gutfreundi had no clear counterpart in the webs of unparasitized L. mariana. The substantial intraspecific variation in the cocoon webs, especially those of A. tibialis, emphasizes the apparent difficulty of precise host manipulation by these wasps.
Description of Acoustic Characters and Stridulatory Pars Stridens of Nicrophorus (Coleoptera: Silphidae): A Comparison of Eight North American Species
Authors: Hall Carrie L , Mason Andrew C , Howard Daniel R , Padhi Abinash , Smith Rosemary J 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Insects make use of sound in a variety of behavioral and reproductive contexts. Acoustic signals are known to serve in defense, sexual advertisement, prey location, and in cooperative activities such as offspring care and group foraging. In airborne signals produced by insects, information associated with species identification is often related to the temporal structure of the sound, while spectral quality is more closely associated with intraspecific variation. The Nicrophorine burying beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Silphidae) are a group known to produce sound through dorso-ventro stridulation, but the bioacoustics of this group remains understudied. Here, we examine the stridulatory sound produced by eight North American species of Nicrophorus burying beetles, testing the hypothesis that interspecific differences will be encoded in temporal characteristics of the sound, and that signal divergence will be explained by one of three mechanisms: selection as an intraspecific signal, selection for interspecific aposematism, or random divergence through drift. We digitally recorded stridulation in each species, and analyzed recordings to describe each in respect to four spectral and eight temporal acoustic characters. All species produced a low amplitude biphastic sound pulse consisting of from 58 to 126 syllables, and exhibiting weak dominant frequencies (5.8–12.7 kHz). Collapsing the 12 variables into three rotated factors using principal component analysis, we found no sex-related differences in sound, but significant interspecies divergence in respect to all three factors. We constructed a phylogeny for the group based on the morphology of the stridulatory structures and the acoustic characters, and found weak support for an intraspecific signal divergence model.
Molting Process in the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Xing Lin , Chouvenc Thomas , Su Nan-Yao 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This study describes the behavioral and histological changes that take place during ecdysis in the Formosan subterranean termite. The molting process was described in four distinct phases, starting with the peristaltic contraction of the abdomen to the complete shedding of the exuvium. Although individual termites still managed to go through the molting process when isolated from their nestmates, it required more time for the molting individual to complete the process than when aided by its nestmates. Histological observations were made on termites during the intermolt period, the premolting or fasting period, the pre-ecdysis and the ecdysis periods, and on newly molted individuals. Symbiotic protozoans were voided at the beginning of the premolting/fasting period. The detachment and reattachment of the muscles of the abdominal segments occurred during pre-ecdysis, and the leg muscle detachment and reattachment occurred during ecdysis. During pre-ecdysis, the abdominal cuticle had a wrinkled texture and two layers of cuticles were observed, one of which was the newly formed cuticle underneath the old one. Finally, the old tracheae were shed from the tracheal system and were pulled out from the spiracular openings of the mesothorax with the help of the nestmates. We concluded that, as social insects, the presence of nestmates during the molting of individual termites reduced the time necessary to complete the ecdysis, and the histological description of the molting process provides a template for further studies on the effect of chitin synthesis inhibitors on ecdysis in termites.
Five New Species of the GenusPaederusfrom Mainland China, with a Review of the Chinese Fauna of the Subtribe Paederina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae)
Authors: Li Xiao-Yan , Zhou Hong-Zhang , Solodovnikov Alexey 
Published: September 2013

AbstractFive new species of the genus Paederus presumably forming a monophyletic group that cannot be assigned to any of the hitherto known subgenera are described from mainland China: Paederus biacutus sp. nov. from Fujian, Paederus parvidenticulatus sp. nov. from Guizhou, Paederus sinisterobliquus sp. nov. from Hubei, Paederus symmetricus sp. nov. from Guangxi and Guizhou, and Paederus volutobliquus sp. nov. from Guangdong. Given the problems of the higher-level classification of the subtribe Paederina, that is the taxon equivalent to Paederus sensu lato according to some authors, the entire group is reviewed for the territory of China. A regional list of species is updated, and identification keys to genera of the subtribe Paederina, subgenera of the genus Paederus, and five new species of the P. biacutus species-group fauna of China are given.
Phase-Related Developmental Characteristics of Antennal Sensilla of Nymphal Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a Serious Virus-Transmitting Insect Vector of Graminaceous Crops
Authors: Fu Bing-Xian , Zhu Zeng-Rong , Rong Nian-Hang , Hong Jian , Zhang Chuan-Xi , Cheng Jia-An 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The immature development of the antennal sensilla borne by the first—fifth instar nymphal Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Sensillar types of nymphs did not vary, but the distribution pattern of sensilla gradually changed during the postembryonic development. Seven types of antennal sensilla were found on the antennae of each of the first—fifth instars. One Böhm bristle and one sensillum campaniformium I on the scape, one Böhm bristle and one sensillum campaniformium II on the pedicel, and one sensillum coeloconicum and three sensilla basiconica on the swollen flagellar base (main body) remain constant during development. The numbers of sensilla chaetica on the scape and pedicel and the numbers of sensilla trichodea, sensilla placodea, and sensilla basiconica on the pedicel gradually increased from the youngest to the oldest instars. In contrast, sensilla trichodea, which occurred on the swollen flagellar base of the first instar nymph, disappeared after the first molt, and one sensillum placodeum on the swollen flagellar base of the first instar nymph gradually degraded during development and finally disappeared after the third molt. The length and width of antennae increased during the development, except for the flagellar main body, which presented negative growth in its width after the first molt. The development of antennae seems according with the need for bearing sensilla.
Aphelinid and Encyrtid (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) Parasitoids of Armored Scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Attacking Hemlocks (Tsuga spp.) in Japan and the United States, with Description of Eight New Species
Authors: Japoshvili George , Abell Kristopher J , Normark Benjamin B , Driesche Roy G Van 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The complex of aphelinids and encyrtids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) parasitizing armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on hemlock in Japan (Tsuga diversifolia Masters and Tsuga sieboldii Carrière) and in the eastern United States (Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carrière) was surveyed. Eight new species were discovered and are described here: Five species of Encarsia and one species each of Pteroptrix (Aphelinidae), Coccidencyrtus, and Thomsonisca (Encyrtidae). Two previously known species, Aphytis moldavicus Yasnosh and Encarsia brimblecombei Girault, are recorded for the first time from Japan. New host-parasitoid associations were found for five diaspidids: Fiorinia externa Ferris, Dynaspidiotus tsugae Marlatt, Pseudaulacaspis momi Kuwana, Lepidosaphes japonica Kuwana, and Lepidosaphes pseudotsugae Takahashi.
A New Thaumaglossa Species from Laos (Coleoptera: Dermestidae: Megatominae), with a Key to the Laosan Species
Authors: Kadej Marcin , Háva Jiří 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Thaumaglossa beali Kadej and Háva, and Thaumaglossa parahilleri Kadej and Háva, two new species, are described from NE Laos. The habitus, antennae, and genitalia are illustrated and compared with related species. A key to the Laosan species of Thaumaglossa. Redtenbacher is presented.
Life History and Laboratory Rearing of Narnia femorata (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) with Descriptions of Immature Stages
Authors: Vessels H K , Bundy C S , McPherson J E 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Narnia femorata Stål (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) is a leaffooted bug commonly found on Opuntia and Ferocactus cacti (Cactaceae) in southern New Mexico. Although general information has been published on the biology of this species, detailed studies are limited, particularly in America north of Mexico. Therefore, we conducted a study of this bug's life history in southern New Mexico from August 2010 to May 2012, reared the bug in the laboratory, and described the immature stages. Six prickly pear cactus plants, Opuntia phaeacantha Engelmann, and four barrel cactus plants, Ferocactus wislizeni (Engelmann) Britton & Rose, were examined weekly to record numbers of the various life stages, adult sex ratios, and behavioral activities. Adults of this apparently bivoltine species overwintered in plant debris at the bases of their host plants. They emerged in late February to deposit eggs in rows along the underside of cactus spines. Nymphs were found from late February through late December. Nymphs of the first generation were most abundant April through June on and around developing flowers of O.phaeacantha. Those of the second generation were most abundant during August and September on maturing fruit of O. phaeacantha and developing flowers and maturing fruit of F.wislizeni. The bug also was reared from egg to adult under controlled laboratory conditions on fruit and pads of O. phaeacantha at 25 ± 0.01 °C under a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. The incubation period averaged 12.70 d. The five stadia averaged 3.84, 11.00, 12.12, 17.06, and 22.94 d, respectively. Instars can be distinguished readily by differences in several morphological features in addition to body size and coloration.
No Long-Term Effects of Prescribed Fire on Lehmann Lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana)–Invaded Desert Grassland
Authors: McGlone Christopher M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDesert grasslands of the southwestern United States have experienced an increase in the abundance and distribution of woody plant species over the past century. Shrub encroachment has caused a substantial loss of grasslands in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. The Chihuahuan Desert has also been invaded by Lehmann lovegrass, a fire-adapted species from southern Africa. In 1999, the U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service burned a remnant desert grassland to determine the effects of prescribed fire on shrub–perennial grass dynamics. The grassland also contained the nonnative perennial grass Lehmann lovegrass. I am reporting on a study that was initiated to determine whether prescribed burning would alter the vegetative community within and proximal to a Lehmann lovegrass–dominated patch. Cover of Lehmann lovegrass showed no significant response to the burn treatment. Of the dominant native species, only black grama and broom snakeweed had a significant year by treatment interaction. No species or growth form had a significant vegetation type by year by treatment interaction. After 6 yr, differences between burned and unburned transects were not significant for any species or growth form.