bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality, ADHD, and Psychosocial Adversity in Adults With Childhood ADHD: A Prospective Study
Authors: Barbaresi William J. , Colligan Robert C. , Weaver Amy L. , Voigt Robert G. , Killian Jill M. , Katusic Slavica K. 
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE:
We examined long-term outcomes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a population-based sample of childhood ADHD cases and controls, prospectively assessed as adults.

METHODS:
Adults with childhood ADHD and non-ADHD controls from the same birth cohort (N = 5718) were invited to participate in a prospective outcome study. Vital status was determined for birth cohort members. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were constructed to compare overall and cause-specific mortality between childhood ADHD cases and controls. Incarceration status was determined for childhood ADHD cases. A standardized neuropsychiatric interview was administered.

RESULTS:
Vital status for 367 childhood ADHD cases was determined: 7 (1.9%) were deceased, and 10 (2.7%) were currently incarcerated. The SMR for overall survival of childhood ADHD cases versus controls was 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83–4.26; P = .13) and for accidents only was 1.70 (95% CI, 0.49–5.97; P = .41). However, the cause-specific mortality for suicide only was significantly higher among ADHD cases (SMR, 4.83; 95% CI, 1.14–20.46; P = .032). Among the childhood ADHD cases participating in the prospective assessment (N = 232; mean age, 27.0 years), ADHD persisted into adulthood for 29.3% (95% CI, 23.5–35.2). Participating childhood ADHD cases were more likely than controls (N = 335; mean age, 28.6 years) to have ≥1 other psychiatric disorder (56.9% vs 34.9%; odds ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.8–3.8; P &lt; .01).

CONCLUSIONS:
Childhood ADHD is a chronic health problem, with significant risk for mortality, persistence of ADHD, and long-term morbidity in adulthood.
A Parent-Focused Intervention to Reduce Infant Obesity Risk Behaviors: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Campbell Karen J. , Lioret Sandrine , McNaughton Sarah A. , Crawford David A. , Salmon Jo , Ball Kylie , McCallum Zoe , Gerner Bibi E. , Spence Alison C. , Cameron Adrian J. , Hnatiuk Jill A. , Ukoumunne Obioha C. , Gold Lisa , Abbott Gavin , Hesketh Kylie D. 
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE:
To assess the effectiveness of a parent-focused intervention on infants’ obesity-risk behaviors and BMI.

METHODS:
This cluster randomized controlled trial recruited 542 parents and their infants (mean age 3.8 months at baseline) from 62 first-time parent groups. Parents were offered six 2-hour dietitian-delivered sessions over 15 months focusing on parental knowledge, skills, and social support around infant feeding, diet, physical activity, and television viewing. Control group parents received 6 newsletters on nonobesity-focused themes; all parents received usual care from child health nurses. The primary outcomes of interest were child diet (3 × 24-hour diet recalls), child physical activity (accelerometry), and child TV viewing (parent report). Secondary outcomes included BMI z-scores (measured). Data were collected when children were 4, 9, and 20 months of age.

RESULTS:
Unadjusted analyses showed that, compared with controls, intervention group children consumed fewer grams of noncore drinks (mean difference = –4.45; 95% confidence interval [CI]: –7.92 to –0.99; P = .01) and were less likely to consume any noncore drinks (odds ratio = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.95; P = .034) midintervention (mean age 9 months). At intervention conclusion (mean age 19.8 months), intervention group children consumed fewer grams of sweet snacks (mean difference = –3.69; 95% CI: –6.41 to –0.96; P = .008) and viewed fewer daily minutes of television (mean difference = –15.97: 95% CI: –25.97 to –5.96; P = .002). There was little statistical evidence of differences in fruit, vegetable, savory snack, or water consumption or in BMI z-scores or physical activity.

CONCLUSIONS:
This intervention resulted in reductions in sweet snack consumption and television viewing in 20-month-old children.
Advanced β-Solidifying Titanium Aluminides – Development Status and Perspectives
Authors: Clemens Helmut , Schloffer Martin , Schwaighofer Emanuel , Werner Robert , Gaitzenauer Andrea , Rashkova Boryana , Schmoelzer Thomas , Pippan Reinhard , Mayer Svea 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTAfter almost three decades of intensive fundamental research and development activities intermetallic titanium aluminides based on the -TiAl phase have found applications in automotive and aircraft engine industries. The advantages of this class of innovative high-temperature materials are their low density as well as their good strength and creep properties up to 750°C. A drawback, however, is their limited ductility at room temperature, which is reflected by a low plastic strain at fracture. This behavior can be attributed to a limited dislocation movement along with microstructural inhomogeneity. Advanced TiAl alloys, such as β-solidifying TNM™ alloys, are complex multi-phase materials which can be processed by ingot or powder metallurgy as well as precision casting methods. Each production process leads to specific microstructures which can be altered and optimized by thermo-mechanical processing and/or subsequent heat-treatments. The background of these heat-treatments is at least twofold, i.e. concurrent increase of ductility at room temperature and creep strength at elevated temperature. In order to achieve this goal the knowledge of the occurring solidification processes and phase transformation sequences is essential. Therefore, thermodynamic calculations were conducted to predict phase fraction diagrams of engineering TiAl alloys. After experimental verification, these phase diagrams provided the base for the development of heat treatments to adjust balanced mechanical properties. To determine the influence of deformation and kinetic aspects, sophisticated ex- and in-situ methods have been employed to investigate the evolution of the microstructure during thermo-mechanical processing and subsequent multi-step heat-treatments. For example, in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction was conducted to study dynamic recovery and recrystallization processes during hot-deformation tests. Summarizing all results a consistent picture regarding microstructure formation and its impact on mechanical properties in TNM alloys can be given.
Structures and Function of Remora Adhesion
Authors: Nadler Jason H. , Mercer Allison J. , Culler Michael , Ledford Keri A. , Bloomquist Ryan , Lin Angela 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTRemoras (echeneid fish) reversibly attach and detach to marine hosts, almost instantaneously, to “hitchhike” and feed. The adhesion mechanisms that they use are remarkably insensitive to substrate topology and quite different from the latching and suction cup-based systems associated with other species at similar length scales. Remora adhesion is also anisotropic; drag forces induced by the swimming host increase adhesive strength, while rapid detachment occurs when the remora reverses this shear load. In this work, an investigation of the adhesive system’s functional morphology and tissue properties was carried out initially through dissection and x-ray microtomographic analyses. Resulting finite element models of these components have provided new insights into the adaptive, hierarchical nature of the mechanisms and a path toward a wide range of engineering applications.
Characterization of Ni3(Si,Ti) intermetalic alloys synthesized by powder metallurgical method
Authors: Miura Yuki , Kaneno Yasuyuki , Takasugi Takayuki , Kakituji Atsushi 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTA Ni3(Si,Ti) intermetalic alloy was synthesized by the powder metallurgy method using elemental powders. The raw powder mixtures with various compositions were sintered by a spark plasma sintering apparatus and then homogenized at high temperatures. Microstructure, hardness, tensile properties and density of the sintered alloys were investigated as functions of the chemical composition and sintering temperature. It was found that a highly-densified Ni3(Si,Ti) sintered alloy was obtained by choosing proper chemical composition and sintering temperature. Also, the Ni3(Si,Ti) sintered alloy with an L12 single-phase microstructure exhibited high hardness and tensile strength.
Technetium-99m Transport and Immobilisation in Porous Media: Development of a Novel Nuclear Imaging Technique
Authors: Corkhill Claire L. , Bridge Jonathan W. , Hillel Philip , Gardner Laura J. , Banwart Steven A. , Hyatt Neil C. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTTechnetium-99, a β-emitting radioactive fission product of235U, formed in nuclear reactors, presents a major challenge to nuclear waste disposal strategies. Its long half-life (2.1 x 105years) and high solubility under oxic conditions as the pertechnetate anion [Tc(VII)O4] is particularly problematic for long-term disposal of radioactive waste in geological repositories. In this study, we demonstrate a novel technique for quantifying the transport and immobilisation of technetium-99m, a γ-emitting metastable isomer of technetium-99 commonly used in medical imaging. A standard medical gamma camera was used for non-invasive quantitative imaging of technetium-99m during co-advection through quartz sand and various cementitious materials commonly used in nuclear waste disposal strategies. Spatial moments analysis of the resulting99mTc plume provided information about the relative changes in mass distribution of the radionuclide in the various test materials.99mTc advected through quartz sand demonstrated typical conservative behaviour, while transport through the cementitious materials produced a significant reduction in radionuclide centre of mass transport velocity over time. Gamma camera imaging has proven an effective tool for helping to understand the factors which control the migration of radionuclides for surface, near-surface and deep geological disposal of nuclear waste.
Effects of a Polycaprolactone (PCL) Tissue Scaffold in Rattus norvegicus on Blood Flow
Authors: Bhat Satish , Chen Christopher , Day Deborah A. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTTissue engineering aims to save lives by producing synthetic organs and bone. This study is attempting to determine what effects a polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold will have on the blood flow of Rattus norvegicus, as measured by the number of platelets. Prior to experimentation, it was hypothesized that the polycaprolactone scaffold would maintain and/or increase the number of platelets when compared to the control group. This was developed based on prior research that showed polylactic acid (PLA), a polymer being used currently, and polycaprolactone had similar characteristics like boiling point, melting point, and glass transition temperature. To test this hypothesis, the PCL, created from an existing protocol, was used to mold a scaffold in vitro. Three groups of rats were identified, then further split into an “A” and “B” subdivision with 5 members in each. All “A” subdivision members received the scaffold, while the "B" factions lacked it. Each rat underwent surgery to remove 1mm of the right ventricle, which was replaced by the PCL scaffold in the experimental group. The control group did not have the scaffold replacement. Without this piece of the right ventricle, prior research conducted at the University of Virginia in 2006 suggests that the rats would die within one week. However, in the experimental group of rats, the missing piece of the ventricle was replaced with the scaffold, so if it were accepted then the rats would survive beyond 1week. All rats in the experimental group died exactly 1 week after the control group as predicted before experimentation. After all of the rats had a 1-week acclimation period, a 1mm^2 slice of the heart was extracted and then the number of platelets was counted using a phase contrast microscope. The heart extraction was prepared in a petri dish and then placed into a hemocytometer, splitting the dish into smaller sections making it possible to count. The data supports the hypothesis whereby an average 12% increase in the number of platelets in the rats with the PCL scaffold versus the group without it was seen. This increase in platelet count reflects an increase in blood flow. A statistical t-test was conducted on each trial (n=5 per group, n=10 total per trial) comparing experimental versus control group to calculate a p-value. The p-values were 0.034, 0.045, and 0.022, respectively which indicates statistical significance since the value is less than 0.05. After all experimentation, the benefits of using PCL in tissue engineering were examined. For example, PCL costs $80 less to produce per kilogram than polylactic acid. This study suggests that PCL would be a viable candidate for tissue engineering in humans.
Influence of the cyanine counter anions on a bi-layer solar cell performance
Authors: Malinkiewicz Olga , Grancha Thais , Lenes Martijn , Brine Hicham , Soriano Alejandra , Bolink Henk J. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTWe present normal and inverted solution processed bi-layer solar cells using cationic cyanine dyes as the electron donor and a fullerene as the electron acceptor. The cells exhibit high open circuit voltages up to 1 volt showing the optimal alignment of donor and acceptor energy levels. We demonstrate the large effect that cyanine dye counter ions can have on the energetics of the solar cells and how the S-shaped current density vs. voltage (J-V) curves can be avoided.
Effect of Dispersal of Pd Nanocatalysts on H2 Sensing Response of SnO2 Thin Film Based Gas Sensor
Authors: Verma Manish Kumar , Batra Neha , Tomar Monika , Gupta Vinay 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTSnO2 based sensor structures prepared by rf magnetron sputtering technique have been studied for detecting H2 gas. Pd catalyst was integrated onto the SnO2 thin film in the form of clusters and nano-particles to obtain enhanced sensing response characteristics. The prepared sensor structures have been studied over a temperature range of 50-250°C for sensing response towards 500 ppm H2 gas. The sensor with Pd catalyst dispersed in the form of nanoparticles was found to exhibit an enhanced sensing response of 1.9×103 at a relatively low operating temperature of 150°C with a fast response time of 2 s and recovery time of 65 s towards 500 ppm H2 gas. The origin of enhanced sensing response is identified in the light of the enhanced spill over of H2 gas molecules on the uncovered surface of SnO2 thin film.
Novel Biologically Inspired Nanostructured Scaffolds for Directing Chondrogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Holmes Benjamin , Castro Nathan J. , Li Jian , Zhang Lijie Grace 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTCartilage defects, which are caused by a variety of reasons such as traumatic injuries, osteoarthritis, or osteoporosis, represent common and severe clinical problems. Each year, over 6 million people visit hospitals in the U.S. for various knee, wrist, and ankle problems. As modern medicine advances, new and novel methodologies have been explored and developed in order to solve and improve current medical problems. One of the areas of investigation is tissue engineering [1, 2]. Since cartilage matrix is nanocomposite, the goal of the current work is to use nanomaterials and nanofabrication methods to create novel biologically inspired tissue engineered cartilage scaffolds for facilitating human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis. For this purpose, through electrospinning techniques, we designed a series of novel 3D biomimetic nanostructured scaffolds based on carbon nanotubes and biocompatible poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) polymers. Specifically, a series of electrospun fibrous PLLA scaffolds with controlled fiber dimension and surface nanoporosity were fabricated in this study. In vitro hMSC studies showed that stem cells prefer to attach in the scaffolds with smaller fiber diameter or suitable nanoporous structures. More importantly, our in vitro differentiation results demonstrated that incorporation of the biomimetic carbon nanotubes and poly L-lysine coating can induce GAG and collagen synthesis that is indicative of chondrogenic differentiations of MSCs. Our novel scaffolds also performed better than controls, which make them promising for cartilage tissue engineering applications.
Study of the electrical behavior in Intermediate Band-Si junctions
Authors: Pastor D. , Olea J. , del Prado A. , García-Hemme E. , García-Hernansanz R. , González-Pariente L. , Mártil I. , González-Díaz G. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study we analyze the electrical behavior of a junction formed by an ultraheavily Ti implanted Si layer processed by a Pulsed Laser Melting (PLM) and the non implanted Si substrate. This electrical behavior exhibits an electrical decoupling effect in this bilayer that we have associated to an Intermediate Band (IB) formation in the Ti supersaturated Si layer. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) measurements show a Ti depth profile with concentrations well above the theoretical limit required to the IB formation. Sheet resistance and Hall mobility measurements in the van der Pauw configuration of these bilayers exhibit a clear dependence with the different measurement currents introduced (1µA-1mA). We find that the electrical transport properties measured present an electrical decoupling effect in the bilayer as function of the temperature. The dependence of this effect with the injected current could be explained in terms of an additional current flow in the junction from the substrate to the IB layer and in terms of the voltage dependence in the junction with the measurement current.
Quantitative Defect Analysis on Solar Cells by Laser Beam Induced Current (LBIC) Measurements and 3D Network Simulations
Authors: Nguyen Minh , Schütt Andreas , Carstensen Jürgen , Föll Helmut 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTMeasurements with the CELLO (solar cell local characterization) technique in the LBIC (laser beam induced current) mode under dark conditions with various constant bias voltages are used to analyze the lateral distribution, and mean values, of photocurrent response maps. Local solar cell defects such as local shunts were found to have a characteristic bias voltage dependence: At negative and small positive voltages a local shunt resistance gives less current response than the adjacent area. Upon applying higher positive voltages, a transition of the mean value to lower current response and an inversion of the local defect characteristics are found. These results were modeled by a newly introduced three dimensional (3D) equivalent circuit model of a solar cell divided into subcells.Measurements and simulations of solar cells with various local defects show our method to be a new powerful tool for the quantitative analysis of local solar cell defects.
Effect of Cation Sublattice Ordering on Structure and Raman Scattering of ZnGeN2
Authors: Blanton Eric , He Keliang , Shan Jie , Kash Kathleen 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe semiconductor ZnGeN2 was grown by a vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. Ordering of the Zn-Ge sublattice with growth temperature and Zn partial pressure was investigated by powder x-ray diffraction and was found to be sensitive to the growth temperature and insensitive, over the range explored, to the Zn and NH3 partial pressures. The degree of disorder on the cation sublattice was observed to correlate with the suppression of predicted Raman peaks and the emergence of phonon density-of-states features.
Ruthenium Oxide Electrodeposition on Titanium Interdigitated Microarrays for Energy Storage
Authors: Armstrong K. , Dinh T.M. , Pech D. , Brunet M. , Gaudet J. , Guay D. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe electrodeposition of hydrated ruthenium dioxide (hRuO2) on Ti interdigitated current collectors deposited onto silicon substrate has been investigated with the objective of preparing a high capacitance and high power micro-supercapacitor (µ-SC) device. Ti current collectors were synthesised by typical photolithography processes, and hRuO2 thin films were electrodeposited from ruthenium chloride precursors. Device specific capacitances exceeding 20 mF·cm−2 were obtained, and more than 80 % of that value is retained even at scan rate as high as 1 V∙s−1 in 0.5 M H2SO4. The mean specific power per active surface area of the device is 368 mW·cm−2. The device is stable and 90% of the initial capacity is retained after 105 cycles (1 V potential window). The characteristic response time of the hRuO2 µ-SC is 250 ms, with low ESR (0.61 Ω cm−2) and EDR (0.07 Ω cm−2) values. All these characteristics demonstrate the potential of such µ-SC devices to be part of the next generation of micro-supercapacitors.
Electrical properties of zinc oxide thin films deposited using high-energy H2O generated from a catalytic reaction on platinum nanoparticles
Authors: Yasui Kanji , Yamaguchi Naoya , Nagatomi Eichi , Satomoto Souichi , Kato Takahiro 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTZinc oxide (ZnO) with excellent crystallinity and large electron mobility was grown on aplane (11-20) sapphire (a-Al2O3) substrates by a new chemical vapor deposition method via the reaction between dimethylzinc (DMZn) and high-energy H2O produced by a Pt-catalyzed H2-O2 reaction. The electron mobility at room temperature increased from 30 cm2/Vs to 189 cm2/Vs with increasing film thickness from 0.1 μm to approximately 3 μm. Electron mobility increased significantly with decreasing temperature to approximately 110 – 150 K, but decreased at temperatures less than 100 K for films greater than 500 nm in thickness. On the other hand, the mobility hardly changed with temperature for films lesser than 500 nm in thickness. Based on the dependence of the electrical properties on the film thickness, the ZnO films grown on a-Al2O3 substrates are considered to consist of an interfacial layer with a high defect density (degenerate layer) generated due to a large lattice mismatch between ZnO and Al2O3 substrates and an upper layer with a low defect density.
Bacterial Adhesion to Nanomodified Surfaces: Dynamic Flow Effects onS. aureusandP. aeruginosa
Authors: Machado Mary C. , Tarquinio Keiko M. , Webster Thomas J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractVentilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a serious and costly clinical problem. Specifically, receiving mechanical ventilation over 24 hours increases the risk of VAP and is associated with high morbidity, mortality and medical costs. Cost effective endotracheal tubes (ETTs) that are resistant to bacterial infection would help to prevent this problem. The objective of this study was to determine differences in bacterial growth on nanomodified and unmodified ETTs under dynamic airway conditions. A bench top model based upon the general design of Hartmann et al. (1999) was constructed to test of the effectiveness of nanomodified ETTs under the airflow conditions present in the airway. Twenty-four hour studies performed in a dynamic flow chamber showed a marked difference in the biofilm formation on different areas of unmodified tubes. Areas where tubes were curved, such as at the entrance to the mouth and the connection between the oropharynx and the larynx, seemed to collect the largest amount of biofilm.The biofilm formation on ETTs in the airflow system after 24 hours showed a large difference depending upon where tubes were oriented within the apparatus. This illustrates the importance of dynamic flow on biofilm formation in pediatric ETTs. It is of particular interest that increased biofilm density on both unmodified and nanomodified tubes appeared to occur at curves in the tube where changes in flow pattern occurred. This emphasizes the need for more accurate models of airflow within pediatric ETTs, suggesting that not only does flow affect pressure gradients along the tube, but in fact, determines the composition of the film itself. More testing is needed to determine the effects of biofilm formation on the efficiency of ETT under airflow, however this study provides significant evidence for nanomodification alone (without the use of antibiotics) to decrease bacteria function.