bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunotherapy Targeting Inhibitory Fcγ Receptor IIB (CD32b) in the Mouse Is Limited by Monoclonal Antibody Consumption and Receptor Internalization
Authors: Williams Emily L. , Tutt Alison L. , Beers Stephen A. , French Ruth R. , Chan Claude H. T. , Cox Kerry L. , Roghanian Ali , Penfold Christine A. , Butts Cherié L. , Boross Peter , Verbeek J. Sjef , Cragg Mark S. , Glennie Martin J. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Genetic deficiency of the inhibitory Fc receptor, FcγRIIB (CD32b), has been shown to augment the activity of activatory FcγR and promote mAb immunotherapy. To investigate whether mAbs capable of blocking FcγRIIB have similar capacity, we recently generated a panel of specific anti-mouse FcγRIIB mAbs that do not cross-react with other FcRs, allowing us to study the potential of FcγRIIB as a therapeutic target. Previous work revealed a number of these mAbs capable of eliciting programmed cell death of targets, and in the present study we demonstrated their ability to promote target cell phagocytosis. However, in a variety of murine tumor models, anti-FcγRIIB mAbs demonstrated limited therapeutic activity despite optimized treatment regimens. Unexpectedly, we observed that the anti-FcγRIIB mAbs are rapidly and extensively consumed in vivo, both by the tumor and host cells, including B cells, leading to a precipitous loss from the circulation. Closer analysis revealed that the anti-FcγRIIB mAbs become extensively internalized from the cell surface within 24 h in vivo, likely explaining their suboptimal efficacy. Subsequent studies revealed that anti-FcγRIIB mAb immunotherapy was effective when used against FcγRIIB+ tumors in FcγRIIB−/− recipients, indicating that consumption of the mAb by nontumor cells is the primary limitation of these reagents. Importantly, similar rates of internalization were not seen on human target cells, at least in vitro. These studies further highlight the need to determine the propensity of mAb therapeutics to internalize target receptors and also identify potential key differences between human and mouse cells in this respect.
Non-tame Mice from Tame Failures of the Unique Branch Hypothesis
Authors: Sargsyan Grigor , Trang Nam 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we show that the failure of the unique branch hypothesis (UBH) for tame trees implies that in some homogenous generic extension of V there is a transitive model M containing Ord ∪ℝ such that M ⊧ AD+ + Θ > θ0. In particular, this implies the existence (in V) of a non-tame mouse. The results of this paper significantly extend J. R. Steel's earlier results for tame trees.
Microleakage of a Self-Adhesive Class V Composite on Primary and Permanent Dentitions
Authors: Shafiei Leila , Mojiri Parinaz , Ghahraman Yalda , Rakhshan Vahid 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Aim
This study aimed to evaluate the microleakage of Class V restorations filled with a 7th-generation self-adhesive composite.

Materials and methods
In 40 permanent premolars and 80 primary canines, 160 Class V cavities were prepared, which were filled with four restorative materials (n of each material = 20 permanent and 20 primary restorations): control: nonbonded composite (Heliomolar), GI: glass ionomer (Fuji IX GP), BC: bonded Heliomolar, SC: self-adhesive composite (Embrace WetBond). Dye penetration was scored 0 to 4 at 160 coronal and 160 gingival margins under 40× magnification by two examiners. The data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U test (α = 0.01).

Results
The mean microleakages of the materials (in the order of ‘control, GI, BC, SC’) at each margin-dentition (n = 20 margins) were: coronal-permanent (3.25 ± 0.72, 2.75 ± 0.72, 0.35 ± 0.59, 2.7 ± 0.73), coronal-primary (3.3 ± 0.66, 2.85 ± 0.88, 0.55 ± 0.76, 2.65 ± 1.14), gingival-permanent (3.35 ± 0.67, 0.85 ± 0.67, 2.95 ± 0.83, 1.55 ± 1.23), and gingival-primary (3.25 ± 0.72, 0.85 ± 0.59, 2.85 ± 0.89, 2.85 ± 0.93). Compared with the control microleakage at each margin-dentition (each group's n = 20 margins), BC microleakage was significantly lesser at coronal margins only (p = 0.000), GI microleakage was lower at gingival margins only (p = 0.000), and SC microleakage was smaller at gingival margins of permanent teeth only (p = 0.000). After combining coronal/gingival margins, only SC microleakage in primary dentition (n = 40 margins) was not significantly lesser than the control in primary teeth (p = 0.018); and microleakage of all other material-dentitions were lesser than corresponding control-dentitions (p = 0.000). Permanent and primary teeth had similar results for all material-margins (p > 0.5) except for SC at gingival margins (p = 0.001).

Conclusion
SC should be used only at gingival margins of permanent teeth.

Clinical significance
Application of self-adhesive composite should be limited to gingival margins of permanent teeth.

How to cite this article
Shafiei L, Mojiri P, Ghahraman Y, Rakhshan V. Microleakage of a Self-Adhesive Class V Composite on Primary and Permanent Dentitions. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(3):461-467.
Auf dem Weg zu “grüneren” übergangsmetallkatalysierten Verfahren: Quantifizierung durch den E‐Faktor
Authors: Lipshutz Bruce H. , Isley Nicholas A. , Fennewald James C. , Slack Eric D. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDie übergangsmetallkatalysierte Bildung von Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐ oder Kohlenstoff‐Heteroatom‐Bindungen gehört zu den am intensivsten genutzten Reaktionen in der universitären und industriellen Chemie. So bedeutend solche Kreuzkupplungen für die Synthese sind, so hoch ist auch ihr Preis für Umwelt und Nachhaltigkeit. Ein Instrument, um die Menge an Lösungsmittelabfall zu messen, ist der E‐Faktor. Ursächlich für einen hohen E‐Faktor bei der Produktion von Pharmazeutika und Feinchemikalien sind vor allem die verwendeten organischen Lösungsmittel. Eine Alternative zu organischen Lösungsmitteln bei Kreuzkupplungen bietet die Katalyse mit Micellen. Bei diesem Verfahren katalysieren neuartige Nanopartikel aus Designer‐Tensiden die Reaktion, die in wässriger Umgebung und zumeist bei Raumtemperatur abläuft. Da ohne organisches Lösungsmittel auch kein organischer Abfall produziert wird, reduziert sich der E‐Faktor drastisch.
Overview: The Future of the Urban Community College
Authors: Myran Gunder , Parsons Michael H. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe view this New Directions for Community Colleges sourcebook as a call to action for America's urban community colleges to become leaders on the frontier of a genuine multiracial democracy. It is a call to redress massive and persistent disparities that have created what Cornel West refers to as the “pathology of despair” in our inner cities. Leaders are challenged to transform the very nature of the urban community college just as those who came before us responded to the social revolution of the 1950s and 1960s amid the civil rights movement of that era. Today's urban college is at the front line of the next phase in this revolution, leading efforts to overcome the persistent and entrenched racial, educational, economic, and social inequities that threaten the vitality of our cities and our nation's democratic principles. Suburban and rural community colleges have a stake in this same experience, as they also serve areas of increasing diversity and poverty.
Increasing the Relevance of Curricular and Student Services in the Urban Community College
Authors: Padrón Eduardo J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAs one of the country's biggest and most diverse institutions of higher education, Miami Dade College (MDC) has also grown into a leader among urban community colleges operating in very similar conditions. Here, MDC President Eduardo J. Padrón summarizes the extra measures behind a graduation rate that is among the highest for this sector of the most underprepared postsecondary students.
Capacity Building: Reshaping Urban Community College Resources in Response to Emerging Challenges
Authors: Lassiter Wright L. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractUrban community colleges face a myriad of convergent challenges, including the loss of state funding and local property tax support, increased demands for better performance and greater accountability, and record‐high enrollment by the most underprepared students in higher education. Sometimes to make sense of it all, it helps to think of an onion.
ChemInform Abstract: Sr8MgB18O36: A New Alkaline‐Earth Borate with a Novel Zero‐Dimensional (B18O36)18‐ Anion Ring.
Authors: Yao Wenjiao , Jiang Xingxing , Huang Hongwei , Xu Tao , Wang Xiaoshan , Lin Zheshuai , Chen Chuangtian 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSingle crystals of Sr8MgB18O36 are obtained by flux melting of SrCO3, MgO, H3BO3, and LiF (or NaF) in the molar ratio of 1:1:2:3.
ChemInform Abstract: Liquid‐Phase Syntheses and Material Properties of Two‐Dimensional Nanocrystals of Rare Earth—Selenium Compound Containing Planar Se Layers: RESe2 Nanosheets and RE4O4Se3 Nanoplates.
Authors: Gu Jun , Zhao Ze‐Qiong , Ding Yi , Chen Hong‐Liang , Zhang Ya‐Wen , Yan Chun‐Hua 
Published: September 2013

AbstractLnSe2 nanosheets (Ln: La—Nd; nanobars for EuSe2) and Ln4O4Se3 nanoplates (Ln: Nd, Sm, Gd—Ho) are prepared from mixtures of Ln(acac)3 (Ln: La, Pr, Nd, Sm—Ho) or Ce(OAc)3, excess SeO2, oleic acid, oleylamine, and 1‐octadecene (310—320 °C, 30—60 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures and Raman Spectra of Imidazolium Poly[perfluorotitanate(IV)] Salts Containing the [TiF6]2‐, ([Ti2F9]‐)∞, and [Ti2F11]3‐ and the New [Ti4F20]4‐ and [Ti5F23]3‐ Anions.
Authors: Shlyapnikov Igor M. , Mercier Helene P. A. , Goreshnik Evgeny A. , Schrobilgen Gary J. , Mazej Zoran 
Published: September 2013

AbstractCrystals of [ImH]2[TiF6]·2HF (I) (Im: imidazole), [ImH]3[Ti2F11] (II), [ImH]4[Ti4F20] (III), [ImH3][Ti5F23] (IV), and [ImH][Ti2F9] (V) are prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of imidazole and TiF4 in anhydrous HF (‐196 °C followed by warming to ambient temperature) and characterized by single crystal XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and quantum chemical B3LYP calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure Characterization, and Reversible Transformation of a Cobalt Salt of a Dilacunary γ‐Keggin Silicotungstate and Sandwich‐Type Di‐ and Tetracobalt‐Containing Silicotungstate Dimers.
Authors: Kikukawa Yuji , Suzuki Kosuke , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA new cobalt salt of a dilacunary γ‐Keggin silicotungstate (III) is prepared and utilized as a precursor for novel di‐ and tetracobalt‐containing silicotungstate dimers (V) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: U3F12(H2O), a Noncentrosymmetric Uranium(IV) Fluoride Prepared via a Convenient in situ Route That Creates U4+ under Mild Hydrothermal Conditions.
Authors: Yeon Jeongho , Smith Mark D. , Sefat Athena S. , Tran T. Thao , Halasyamani P. Shiv , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad 
Published: September 2013

AbstractU3F12(H2O) is synthesized via a mild hydrothermal route using UO2(O‐Ac)2(H2O)2, Cu(O‐Ac)2(H2O)2, Hf and H2O (autoclave, 200 °C, 1 d) followed by elemental Cu dissolution.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Aerobic Oxidative Cleavage of Cyclic 1,2‐Diketones.
Authors: Gundala Sivaji , Fagan Claire‐Louise , Delany Eoghan G. , Connon Stephen J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSequential oxidative cleavage of cyclic 1,2‐diones with water as the nucleophile and esterification of the resulting diol allows the synthesis of various diesters.
ChemInform Abstract: TEMPO‐Based Ionic Liquid with Temperature‐Dependent Property and Application for Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols.
Authors: Zhu Jie , Wang Peng‐cheng , Ming Lu 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA novel temperature‐dependent catalytic system involving a TEMPO functionalized imidazolium salt (TBIL) is developed and successfully applied to the selective oxidation of a variety of alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Domino Double Michael Addition of Nitroolefins and Aldehyde Esters with trans‐Perhydroindolic Acid as an Organocatalyst.
Authors: An Qianjin , Shen Jiefeng , Butt Nicholas , Liu Delong , Liu Yangang , Zhang Wanbin 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe reaction with aromatic nitroolefins gives functionalized cyclopentanes, generally with good to excellent e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Amination of Arylzincs with N‐Chloroamines.
Authors: Qian Xin , Yu Zailu , Auffrant Audrey , Gosmini Corinne 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAn efficient cobalt‐catalyzed electrophilic amination of arylzinc reagents with chloroamines is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfonamide Synthesis via Oxyma‐O‐sulfonates — Compatibility to Acid Sensitive Groups and Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis.
Authors: Palakurthy Nani Babu , Dev Dharm , Rana Shubhasmin , Nadimpally Krishna Chaitanya , Mandal Bhubaneswar 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe method has many advantages compared to the other known methods as it proceeds at room temperature and avoids the use of strong bases.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient and Environment‐Friendly Synthesis of Sulfonyl Chlorides from S‐Alkylisothiourea Salts via N‐Chlorosuccinimide Chlorosulfonation.
Authors: Yang Zhanhui , Xu Jiaxi 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAlkyl halides, sulfonates and sulfates react with thiourea to provide S‐alkylthiourea salts of type (II) which afford the required sulfonyl chlorides on treatment with NCS.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible‐Light Photoredox in Homolytic Aromatic Substitution: Direct Arylation of Arenes with Aryl Halides.
Authors: Cheng Yannan , Gu Xiangyong , Li Pixu 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn general, aryliodides and ‐bromides afford similar results but the latter are more sensitive to the reaction temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Monodentate Chiral N‐Heterocyclic Carbene—Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Suzuki—Miyaura and Kumada Coupling.
Authors: Wu Linglin , Salvador Alvaro , Ou Arnold , Shi Ming Wen , Skelton Brian W. , Dorta Reto 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA novel complex PNC is tested in the title reactions to produce the chiral biaryls with low to moderate e.e′s.
ChemInform Abstract: NHC‐Catalyzed Ester Activation: Access to Sterically Congested Spirocyclic Oxindoles via Reaction of α‐Aryl Esters and Unsaturated Imines.
Authors: Hao Lin , Chuen Chan Wei , Ganguly Rakesh , Chi Yonggui Robin 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe reaction involves formation of NHC‐bound ester enolate intermediates as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Dual C—H Activations of Electron‐Deficient Heteroarenes: Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cross Coupling of Thiazoles with Azine N‐Oxides.
Authors: Fu Xiao‐Pu , Xuan Qing‐Qing , Liu Li , Wang Dong , Chen Yong‐Jun , Li Chao‐Jun 
Published: September 2013

AbstractCopper(II) pivalate acts as both an oxidant and a C—H bond activator in the synthesis of 2‐thiazolyl pyridine N‐oxides.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid Containing Copper(I): A New, Green, Homogeneous, and Reusable Catalyst for Click Cyclization.
Authors: Ahmady Amanollah Zaei , Heidarizadeh Fariba , Keshavarz Mosadegh 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe ionic liquid containing copper (I) complex is a green, homogeneous, and reusable catalyst for the click synthesis of 1,4‐disubstituted‐1,2,3‐triazoles from α‐azido ketones and terminal alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Arylamino‐Substituted Pyridinyl Nitriles by Buchwald—Hartwig Amination.
Authors: Guo Shuo , Wang Yaping , Sun Chunxia , Li Jingya , Zou Dapeng , Wu Yangjie , Wu Yusheng 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe title compounds can be obtained under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica‐Supported Ionic Liquid Si‐[SbSipim][PF6]: An Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidine‐2‐(1H)‐ones
Authors: Kang Li‐Qin , Jin Dong‐Yuan , Cai Yue‐Qin 
Published: September 2013

Abstractvia a one‐pot, three‐component Biginelli reaction
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Method for the Synthesis of Pyridazino[4,5‐b][1,4]thiazine‐diones via Smiles Rearrangement.
Authors: Zhao Yongmei , Bai Yongcheng , Zhang Qihui , Chen Zhi , Dai Qiaoling , Ma Chen 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe synthesis of the title species from pyridazine derivative (I) and amides proceeds through Smiles rearrangement of an initially generated substitution product.
ChemInform Abstract: A Sequential One‐Pot Protocol for the Synthesis of Dihydrobenzo[6,7]indolo[3′,4′:3,4,5]azepino[2,1‐a]isoquinolines Using a Gold—Silver Combined Catalyst.
Authors: Saifuddin Mohammad , Samala Srinivas , Krishna Deevi G. Venkata , Kundu Bijoy 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIndole‐based substrates react with a broad spectrum of aromatic aldehydes bearing a 2‐alkynyl chain to produce the title skeletons via imine formation, cationic π‐cyclization, and intramolecular hydroamination.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Phosphonoterephthalic Acids via Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Aromatic Iodoesters.
Authors: Ivan Nathaniel , Benin Vladimir , Morgan Alexander B. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract2‐Phosphonoterephthalic acid (IV) and 2,5‐diphosphonoterephthalic acid (VII), potentially useful flame‐retardant additives or monomers for the construction of acid‐pendant polymer chains, are efficiently obtained via Pd‐catalyzed coupling reactions of corresponding iodinated terephthalate ester with trimethyl phosphite.
ChemInform Abstract: Melanogenesis Inhibitory Daphnane Diterpenoids from the Flower Buds of Daphne genkwa.
Authors: Hwang Bang Yeon , et al. et al. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTwo new daphnane‐type diterpene orthoesters, daphneresiniferins A (Ia) and B (Ib), are isolated together with seven known diterpenes and their inhibitory effects on the melanin production in activated B16 melanoma cells are evaluated.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective β‐C‐Glycosylation by a Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Allylation: Formal Synthesis of Aspergillide A.
Authors: Zeng Jing , Ma Jimei , Xiang Shaohua , Cai Shuting , Liu Xue‐Wei 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe process allows a convenient synthesis of glycals of type (II), (IV), and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents from Nelumbo nucifera Leaves and Their anti‐Obesity Effects.
Authors: Ahn Jong Hoon , Kim Eun Sil , Lee Chul , Kim Soonok , Cho Soo‐Hyun , Hwang Bang Yeon , Lee Mi Kyeong 
Published: September 2013

Abstractisolation, structure determination and biological activities of 33 constituents including the new megastigmane, nelumnucifoside A (I), and the new eudesmane sesquiterpene, nelumnucifoside B (II)
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Organocatalysis: From Proline to Highly Efficient Immobilized Organocatalysts
Authors: Kucherenko A. S. , Siyutkin D. E. , Maltsev O. V. , Kochetkov S. V. , Zlotin S. G. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractReview: 61 refs.
Release of genetically engineered insects: a framework to identify potential ecological effects
Authors: David Aaron S. , Kaser Joe M. , Morey Amy C. , Roth Alexander M. , Andow David A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractGenetically engineered (GE) insects have the potential to radically change pest management worldwide. With recent approvals of GE insect releases, there is a need for a synthesized framework to evaluate their potential ecological and evolutionary effects. The effects may occur in two phases: a transitory phase when the focal population changes in density, and a steady state phase when it reaches a new, constant density. We review potential effects of a rapid change in insect density related to population outbreaks, biological control, invasive species, and other GE organisms to identify a comprehensive list of potential ecological and evolutionary effects of GE insect releases. We apply this framework to the Anopheles gambiae mosquito – a malaria vector being engineered to suppress the wild mosquito population – to identify effects that may occur during the transitory and steady state phases after release. Our methodology reveals many potential effects in each phase, perhaps most notably those dealing with immunity in the transitory phase, and with pathogen and vector evolution in the steady state phase. Importantly, this framework identifies knowledge gaps in mosquito ecology. Identifying effects in the transitory and steady state phases allows more rigorous identification of the potential ecological effects of GE insect release.
Interploidy hybridization in sympatric zones: the formation ofEpidendrum fulgens × E. puniceoluteumhybrids (Epidendroideae,Orchidaceae)
Authors: Moraes Ana P. , Chinaglia Mariana , Palma‐Silva Clarisse , Pinheiro Fábio 
Published: September 2013

AbstractInterspecific hybridization is a primary cause of extensive morphological and chromosomal variation and plays an important role in plant species diversification. However, the role of interploidal hybridization in the formation of hybrid swarms is less clear.Epidendrumencompasses wide variation in chromosome number and lacks strong premating barriers, making the genus a good model for clarifying the role of chromosomes in postzygotic barriers in interploidal hybrids. In this sense, hybrids from the interploidal sympatric zone betweenE. fulgens(2n = 2x = 24) andE. puniceoluteum(2n = 4x = 56) were analyzed using cytogenetic techniques to elucidate the formation and establishment of interploidal hybrids. Hybrids were not a uniform group: two chromosome numbers were observed, with the variation being a consequence of severe hybrid meiotic abnormalities and backcrossing withE. puniceoluteum. The hybrids were triploids (2n = 3x = 38 and 40) and despite the occurrence of enormous meiotic problems associated with triploidy, the hybrids were able to backcross, producing successful hybrid individuals with broad ecological distributions. In spite of the nonpolyploidization of the hybrid, its formation is a long‐term evolutionary process rather than a product of a recent disturbance, and considering other sympatric zones inEpidendrum, these events could be recurrent.
Intraspecific variation in the growth and survival of juvenile fish exposed to Eucalyptus leachate
Authors: Morrongiello John R. , Bond Nicholas R. , Crook David A. , Wong Bob B. M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWhilst changes in freshwater assemblages along gradients of environmental stress have been relatively well studied, we know far less about intraspecific variation to these same stressors. A stressor common in fresh waters worldwide is leachates from terrestrial plants. Leachates alter the physiochemical environment of fresh waters by lowering pH and dissolved oxygen and also releasing toxic compounds such as polyphenols and tannins, all of which can be detrimental to aquatic organisms. We investigated how chronic exposure to Eucalyptus leaf leachate affected the growth and survival of juvenile southern pygmy perch (Nannoperca australis) collected from three populations with different litter inputs, hydrology and observed leachate concentrations. Chronic exposure to elevated leachate levels negatively impacted growth and survival, but the magnitude of these lethal and sublethal responses was conditional on body size and source population. Bigger fish had increased survival at high leachate levels but overall slower growth rates. Body size also varied among populations and fish from the population exposed to the lowest natural leachate concentrations had the highest average stress tolerance. Significant intraspecific variation in both growth and survival caused by Eucalyptus leachate exposure indicates that the magnitude (but not direction) of these stress responses varies across the landscape. This raises the potential for leachate‐induced selection to operate at an among‐population scale. The importance of body size demonstrates that the timing of leachate exposure during ontogeny is central in determining the magnitude of biological response, with early life stages being most vulnerable. Overall, we demonstrate that Eucalyptus leachates are prevalent and potent selective agents that can trigger important sublethal impacts, beyond those associated with more familiar fish kills, and reiterate that dissolved organic carbon is more than just an energy source in aquatic environments.