bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal nutrition: Building foundations of long‐term good health
Authors: Salisbury C. , Robertson C. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryWe know that improving maternal and infant nutrition prior to conception and up to 2 years is the most fundamental and impactful way to positively affect the long‐term health of the population in both the developing and developed world. Evidence demonstrates that suboptimal maternal nutrition impairs fetal growth and development and can lead to cognitive impairment and an increased risk of non‐communicable disease in adult life. Improving maternal diet and nutritional status will be a significant and cost‐effective step in tackling both malnutrition and chronic disease globally. However, this long‐term goal cannot be achieved without general recognition and meaningful commitment on both a national and international level to implement long‐term strategies to support all women of childbearing age to make healthy diet and lifestyle choices before, during and after pregnancy.
Support interventions for caregivers of physically disabled adults: A systematic review
Authors: Lawang Wannarat , Horey Dell , Blackford Jeanine , Sunsern Rachanee , Riewpaiboon Wachara 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn developing countries family caregivers are an important community‐based resource who provide care for physically disabled adults. Substantial caregiving commitment is known to adversely affect caregiver health and thereby their capacity to provide ongoing care. This systematic review focused on support interventions for caregivers using Thailand as an example. From 1964 to 2011 international and Thai electronic databases and relevant grey literature were searched. Six English papers and 34 Thai papers published between 1990 and 2010 were found. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool was modified to appraise methodological quality. All nurse‐led interventions mainly focused on improving caregiving capacity; nearly half considered caregiver health. Only 15 interventions were community‐based. Despite variable research quality all studies showed benefits for caregivers, care recipients, and healthcare services. In developing countries without healthy caregivers physically disabled adults would not receive care. There is an urgent need for further investment in community‐based research to develop effective interventions designed to promote caregiver health and help them maintain their role.
Low phosphorus status might contribute to the onset of obesity
Authors: Obeid O. A. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryOverweight and obesity are becoming global health problems. Although genetics certainly plays a role, weight gain is ultimately the result of a failure in the balance between energy expenditure and energy intake. Obesity during the past few decades was paralleled with several changes in dietary habits favouring low phosphorus consumption. This is believed to compromise adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production that is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. Ingestion of high‐carbohydrate–low phosphorus food is known to increase insulin release, to simultaneously stimulate peripheral uptake of phosphorus and the phosphorylation of many compounds. This creates a competition for phosphorus that compromises its availability for ATP production, possibly translated into low diet‐induced thermogenesis. Moreover, reduced hepatic ATP production is believed to be transmitted through neural afferents to the central nervous system, resulting in an increase in food intake. On the other hand, the positive relation between phosphorus and red blood cell 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate, which reduces oxygen affinity to haemoglobin, would be expected to reduce the capacity for physical activity. In line with that, plasma phosphorus status was reported to be inversely related to body weight. Adequate intakes of phosphorus are thus potentially protective against rising obesity epidemic across the globe.
Impact of Cardiac Computed Tomography of the Interatrial Septum before Pulmonary Vein Isolation
Authors: KOBZA RICHARD , SCHOENENBERGER ANDREAS W. , CUCULI FLORIM , ZUBER MICHEL , AUF DER MAUR CHRISTOPH , BUHMANN RALF , RESINK THERESE J. , ERNE PAUL 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundMultidetector computed tomography (MDCT) may be useful to identify patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO). The aim of this study was to analyze whether a MDCT performed before pulmonary vein isolation reliably detects a PFO that may be used for access to the left atrium.Methods and ResultsIn 79 consecutive patients, who were referred for catheter ablation of symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (AF), the presence of a PFO was explored by MDCT and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). TEE was considered as the gold standard, and quality of TEE was good in all patients. In 16 patients (20.3%), MDCT could not be used for analysis because of artifacts, mainly because of AF. On TEE, a PFO was found in 15 (23.8%) of the 63 patients with usable MDCT. MDCT detected six PFO of which four were present on TEE. This corresponded to a sensitivity of 26.7%, a specificity of 95.8%, a negative predictive value of 80.7%, and a positive predictive value of 66.7%. The receiver operating characteristics curve of MDCT for the detection of PFO was 0.613 (95% confidence interval 0.493–0.732).ConclusionsMDCT may detect a PFO before pulmonary isolation. However, presence of AF may lead to artifacts on MDCT impeding a meaningful analysis. Furthermore, in this study sensitivity and positive predictive value of MDCT were low and therefore MDCT was not a reliable screening tool for detection of PFO.
Decision making and action implementation: Evidence for an early visually triggered motor activation specific to potential actions
Authors: Tandonnet Christophe , Garry Michael I. , Summers Jeffery J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractTo make a decision may rely on accumulating evidence in favor of one alternative until a threshold is reached. Sequential‐sampling models differ by the way of accumulating evidence and the link with action implementation. Here, we tested a model's prediction of an early action implementation specific to potential actions. We assessed the dynamics of action implementation in go/no‐go and between‐hand choice tasks by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex (single‐ or paired‐pulse TMS; 3‐ms interstimulus interval). Prior to implementation of the selected action, the amplitude of the motor evoked potential first increased whatever the visual stimulus but only for the hand potentially involved in the to‐be‐produced action. These findings suggest that visual stimuli can trigger an early motor activation specific to potential actions, consistent with race‐like models with continuous transmission between decision making and action implementation.
Examining Latino Support for Descriptive Representation: The Role of Identity and Discrimination
Authors: Wallace Sophia J. 
Published: May 2013

ObjectivesTo determine the role of linked fate, cultural factors, and experiences with discrimination on support for descriptive representation among Latinos.MethodsUtilizing data from the Latino National Survey (2006) and ordered logistic regression this article analyzes the impact of Latino‐linked fate, cultural factors, and personal and group experiences with discrimination on desire for Latino representation.ResultsA higher sense of attachment to Latino‐linked fate and Spanish results in a greater desire for Latino representatives. Similarly, Latinos who believed Latinos suffered from group discrimination were in greater support of Latino representatives.ConclusionsBy examining descriptive representation from the perspective of how Latinos feel, this investigation improves our understanding of how attachment to a linked fate, language, and experiences with discrimination work to influence support for Latino representatives.
Increased incidence of herpes zoster in the setting of cytomegalovirus preemptive therapy after kidney transplantation
Authors: Ko G.B. , Kim T. , Kim S.‐H. , Choi S.‐H. , Kim Y.S. , Woo J.H. , Kim Y.H. , Park J.B. , Lee S.K. , Park S.‐K. , Park J.S. , Han D.J. , Lee S.‐O. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundHerpes zoster (HZ) is a common infectious disease after kidney transplantation (KT). The incidence of HZ may increase during cytomegalovirus (CMV) preemptive therapy. We therefore evaluated the incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of HZ after KT, according to the type of CMV prophylaxis used.MethodsWe retrospectively established a cohort of KT recipients who underwent transplantation from June 2008 to May 2010. Patients were categorized into 3 groups according to CMV prophylaxis regimen: Group A (preemptive therapy), Group B (universal prophylaxis <3 months), and Group C (universal prophylaxis >3 months). The incidence rate of HZ was compared in each group, and risk factors for HZ were identified.ResultsThe incidence rate of HZ was 46.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 31.4–66.5) per 1000 person‐years. The incidence rate was higher in Group A than in Group C (80.0 vs. 13.0 per 1000 person‐years; P = 0.001). Median onset time of HZ after KT was shorter in Group A than in Group B (0.9 vs. 9.9 months; P < 0.001) and Group C (0.9 vs. 14.8 months; P = 0.008). Post‐herpetic neuralgia occurred in 7 patients (23%). No visceral involvement or death was related to HZ. By multivariate analysis, only female gender (corrected relative risk 1.59; 95% CI 1.09–2.00) was independently associated with HZ development.ConclusionsIn the setting of CMV preemptive therapy, a differentiated varicella zoster virus‐specific prophylaxis might be necessary for patients with HZ risk factors.
Uncertainty Reduction as a Measure of Cognitive Load in Sentence Comprehension
Authors: Frank Stefan L. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe entropy‐reduction hypothesis claims that the cognitive processing difficulty on a word in sentence context is determined by the word's effect on the uncertainty about the sentence. Here, this hypothesis is tested more thoroughly than has been done before, using a recurrent neural network for estimating entropy and self‐paced reading for obtaining measures of cognitive processing load. Results show a positive relation between reading time on a word and the reduction in entropy due to processing that word, supporting the entropy‐reduction hypothesis. Although this effect is independent from the effect of word surprisal, we find no evidence that these two measures correspond to cognitively distinct processes.
Optic chiasm B‐cell lymphoma in a 20‐month‐old Mastiff dog
Authors: Nagel Christine , Silver Tawni , Grahn Bruce 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA 20‐month‐old intact female Mastiff dog presented for evaluation of acute blindness. Computed tomography confirmed a tumor involved the optic chiasm and optic nerves. A B‐cell lymphoma was confirmed with postmortem examinations. This case report documents a central nervous system neoplasm in a young dog.
Systematics of spiny‐backed treefrogs (Hylidae:Osteocephalus): anAmazonian puzzle
Authors: Jungfer Karl‐Heinz , Faivovich Julián , Padial José M. , Castroviejo‐Fisher Santiago , Lyra Mariana M. , V. M. Berneck Bianca , Iglesias Patricia P. , Kok Philippe J. R. , MacCulloch Ross D. , Rodrigues Miguel T. , Verdade Vanessa K. , Torres Gastello Claudia P. , Chaparro Juan Carlos , Valdujo Paula H. , Reichle Steffen , Moravec Jiří , Gvoždík Václav , Gagliardi‐Urrutia Giussepe , Ernst Raffael , De la Riva Ignacio , Means Donald Bruce , Lima Albertina P. , Señaris J. Celsa , Wheeler Ward C. , F. B. Haddad Célio 
Published: May 2013

Spiny‐backed tree frogs of the genusOsteocephalusare conspicuous components of the tropical wet forests of theAmazon and theGuianaShield. Here, we revise the phylogenetic relationships ofOsteocephalusand its sister groupTepuihyla, using up to 6134 bp ofDNAsequences of nine mitochondrial and one nuclear gene for 338 specimens from eight countries and 218 localities, representing 89% of the 28 currently recognized nominal species. Our phylogenetic analyses reveal (i) the paraphyly ofOsteocephaluswith respect toTepuihyla, (ii) the placement of ‘Hyla’ warrenias sister toTepuihyla, (iii) the non‐monophyly of several currently recognized species withinOsteocephalusand (iv) the presence of low (<1%) and overlapping genetic distances among phenotypically well‐characterized nominal species (e.g.O. taurinusandO. oophagus) for the 16Sgene fragment used in amphibianDNAbarcoding. We propose a new taxonomy, securing the monophyly ofOsteocephalusandTepuihylaby rearranging and redefining the content of both genera and also erect a new genus for the sister group ofOsteocephalus. The colouration of newly metamorphosed individuals is proposed as a morphological synapomorphy forOsteocephalus. We recognize and define five monophyletic species groups withinOsteocephalus, synonymize three species ofOsteocephalus(O. germani,O. phasmatus andO. vilmae) and three species ofTepuihyla(T. celsae,T. galani andT. talbergae) and reallocate three species (Hyla helenaetoOsteocephalus,O. exophthalmustoTepuihylaandO. pearsonitoDryadercesgen. n.). Furthermore, we flag nine putative new species (an increase to 138% of the current diversity). We conclude that species numbers are largely underestimated, with most hidden diversity centred on widespread and polymorphic nominal species. The evolutionary origin of breeding strategies withinOsteocephalusis discussed in the light of this new phylogenetic hypothesis, and a novel type of amplexus (gular amplexus) is described.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Urine-Based Pneumococcal Antigen Test for Diagnosis of Community-Acquired Pneumonia Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Sinclair Alison , Xie Xuanqian , Teltscher Marty , Dendukuri Nandini 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTStandard culture methods for diagnosis ofStreptococcus pneumoniaepneumonia take at least 24 h. The BinaxNOW urine-based test forS. pneumoniae(BinaxNOW-SP) takes only 15 min to conduct, potentially enabling earlier diagnosis and targeted treatment. This study was conducted to assess whether the use of BinaxNOW-SP at the time of hospital admission would provide adequate sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adult patients. We searched PubMed, EMBASE/OVID, Cochrane Collaboration, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, INAHTA, and CADTH for diagnostic or etiologic studies of hospitalized predominately adult patients with clinically defined CAP that reported the diagnostic performance of BinaxNOW-SP versus cultures. Two authors independently extracted study details and diagnostic two-by-two tables. We found that 27 studies met our inclusion criteria, and three different reference standards were used between them. A bivariate meta-analysis of 12 studies using a composite of culture tests as the reference standard estimated the sensitivity of BinaxNOW-SP as 68.5% (95% credibility interval [CrI], 62.6% to 74.2%) and specificity as 84.2% (95% CrI, 77.5% to 89.3%). A meta-analysis of all 27 studies, adjusting for the imperfect and variable nature of the reference standard, gave a higher sensitivity of 74.0% (CrI, 66.6% to 82·3%) and specificity of 97.2% (CrI, 92.7% to 99.8%). The analysis showed substantial heterogeneity across studies, which did not decrease with adjustment for covariates. We concluded that the higher pooled sensitivity (compared to culture) and high specificity of BinaxNOW-SP suggest it would be a useful addition to the diagnostic workup for community-acquired pneumonia. More research is needed regarding the impact of BinaxNOW-SP on clinical practice.
Quantitation of Cytomegalovirus DNA Load in Dried Blood Spots Correlates Well with Plasma Viral Load
Authors: Limaye Ajit P. , Santo Hayes Tracy K. , Huang Meei-Li , Magaret Amalia , Boeckh Michael , Jerome Keith R. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT

An assay to accurately quantitate cytomegalovirus (CMV) load in finger-stick-collected dried blood spots (DBS) could potentially be useful for field studies or for analyzing patient self-collected specimens. We therefore assessed CMV DNA load in paired venipuncture-collected plasma samples and finger-stick DBS, using a previously validated quantitative PCR assay. Assay variability, sensitivity, and changes in viral load during antiviral therapy in finger-stick DBS were compared to the reference plasma quantitative PCR assay, using 106 prospectively collected pairs of finger-stick DBS and plasma samples from 35 solid-organ transplant (SOT) patients. The DBS assay showed good agreement with the reference plasma viral load assay on the log
10
scale (Pearson correlation coefficient, 0.92;
P
< 0.001). The 95% limit of detection of the DBS assay was estimated at 2,700 plasma copies/ml (675 plasma IU/ml). In 94% (76/81) of paired DBS and plasma samples above the limit of detection, the difference in CMV load was <1 log
10
. CMV viral load changes during antiviral treatment were comparable in plasma and DBS. We conclude that finger-stick DBS provides a convenient sample type for quantitation of CMV load that correlates well with plasma levels. Future studies to optimize and evaluate this methodology for patient self-collected samples are warranted.
Correlation of Leukorrhea and Trichomonas vaginalis Infection
Authors: Lazenby Gweneth B. , Soper David E. , Nolte Frederick S. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT

Trichomonas vaginalis
is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) causing vaginitis. Microscopy has poor sensitivity but is used for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in resource-poor settings. We aimed to provide a more reliable diagnosis of trichomoniasis by investigating an association with leukorrhea. Women presenting for evaluation of vaginal discharge, STI exposure, or preventative gynecologic examination were evaluated for
Trichomonas
infection. Vaginal pH was determined and microscopy was performed by the provider, who recorded the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) per epithelial cell and the presence of clue cells, yeast, and/or motile trichomonads. Leukorrhea was defined as greater than one PMNL per epithelial cell. Culture and a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) were used to detect
T. vaginalis
. Patients were evaluated for
Chlamydia trachomatis
and
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
using NAATs and bacterial vaginosis using Gram stains. Two hundred ninety-four women were enrolled, and 16% were found to have
Trichomonas
(46/294).
Trichomonas
infection was more common in parous non-Hispanic, black women, who reported low rates of contraceptive use (33% versus 17%;
P
= 0.02) and a STI history (85% versus 55%;
P
= 0.002). These women were more likely to report vaginal discharge (76% versus 59%;
P
= 0.02) and have an elevated vaginal pH (87% versus 48%;
P
< 0.001) and gonorrhea infection (15% versus 4%;
P
= 0.002). Leukorrhea was associated with a 4-fold-increased risk of
Trichomonas
infection. Leukorrhea on microscopy was associated with
Trichomonas
vaginitis. Patients with leukorrhea should be evaluated with more-sensitive tests for
T. vaginalis
, preferably NAATs, if microscopy is negative.
Comparison of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Spot and CMV Quantiferon Gamma Interferon-Releasing Assays in Assessing Risk of CMV Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Abate Davide , Saldan Alda , Mengoli Carlo , Fiscon Marta , Silvestre Cristina , Fallico Loredana , Peracchi Marta , Furian Lucrezia , Cusinato Riccardo , Bonfante Luciana , Rossi Barbara , Marchini Francesco , Sgarabotto Dino , Rigotti Paolo , Palù Giorgio 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT

Assessing cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) represents an appealing strategy for identifying transplant recipients at risk of infection. In this study, we compared two gamma interferon-releasing assays (IGRAs), Quantiferon-CMV and CMV enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT), to determine the ability of each test to predict protective CMV-specific T-cell responses. Two hundred twenty-one Quantiferon-CMV and ELISPOT tests were conducted on 120 adult kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), including 100 CMV-seropositive transplant recipients (R
+
) and 20 CMV-seronegative transplant recipients of a CMV-positive donor (D
+
/R
−
). As a control cohort, 39 healthy adult subjects (including 33 CMV-seropositive and 6 CMV-seronegative subjects) were enrolled. CMV IgG serology was used as a reference for both tests. In the CMV-seropositive individuals, the ELISPOT and Quantiferon-CMV assays provided 46% concordance with the serology, 12% discordance, 18% disagreement between ELISPOT or Quantiferon-CMV and the serology, and 24% gray areas when one or both tests resulted in weak positives. None of the CMV-seronegative subjects showed detectable responses in the ELISPOT or the Quantiferon-CMV test. In transplant recipients, both the ELISPOT and Quantiferon-CMV assays positively correlated with each other and negatively correlated with CMV DNAemia in a significant way (
P
< 0.05). During the antiviral prophylaxis, all 20 D
+
/R
−
KTRs we examined displayed undetectable Quantiferon-CMV and ELISPOT results, and there was no evidence of CMV seroconversion. The receiving operator curve (ROC) statistical analysis revealed similar specificities and sensitivities in predicting detectable viremia (areas under the curve [AUC], 0.66 and 0.62 for Quantiferon-CMV and ELISPOT, respectively). ELISPOT and Quantiferon-CMV values of >150 spots/200,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and >1 to 6 IU gamma interferon (IFN-γ) were associated with protection from CMV infection (odds ratios [OR], 5 and 8.75, respectively). In transplant recipients, the two tests displayed similar abilities for predicting CMV infection. Both the ELISPOT and Quantiferon-CMV assays require several ameliorations to avoid false-negative results.
Subtyping of Salmonella enterica Serovar Newport Outbreak Isolates by CRISPR-MVLST and Determination of the Relationship between CRISPR-MVLST and PFGE Results
Authors: Shariat Nikki , Kirchner Margaret K. , Sandt Carol H. , Trees Eija , Barrangou Rodolphe , Dudley Edward G. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTSalmonella entericasubsp.entericaserovar Newport (S. Newport) is the third most prevalent cause of food-borne salmonellosis. Rapid, efficient, and accurate methods for identification are required to track specific strains ofS. Newport during outbreaks. By exploiting the hypervariable nature of virulence genes and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs), we previously developed a sequence-based subtyping approach, designated CRISPR–multi-virulence-locus sequence typing (CRISPR-MVLST). To demonstrate the applicability of this approach, we analyzed a broad set ofS. Newport isolates collected over a 5-year period by using CRISPR-MVLST and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Among 84 isolates, we defined 38S. Newport sequence types (NSTs), all of which were novel compared to our previous analyses, and 62 different PFGE patterns. Our data suggest that both subtyping approaches have high discriminatory abilities (>0.95) with a potential for clustering cases with common exposures. Importantly, we found that isolates from closely related NSTs were often similar by PFGE profile as well, further corroborating the applicability of CRISPR-MVLST. In the first full application of CRISPR-MVLST, we analyzed isolates from a recentS. Newport outbreak. In this blinded study, we confirmed the utility of CRISPR-MVLST and were able to distinguish the 10 outbreak isolates, as defined by PFGE and epidemiological data, from a collection of 20S. Newport isolates. Together, our data show that CRISPR-MVLST could be a complementary approach to PFGE subtyping forS. Newport.