bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-target produced [18F]F2 in the production of PET radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Forsback Sarita , Solin Olof 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Electrophilic radiofluorination was successfully carried out in the early years of PET radiochemistry due to its ease and fast reaction
speed. However, at the present, the use of electrophilic methods is limited due to low specific activity (SA). Post-target produced
[18F]F2 has significantly higher SA compared to other electrophilic approaches, and it has been used in the production of
clinical PET radiopharmaceuticals at the Turku PET Centre for years. Here, we summarize the synthesis and use of these
radiopharmaceuticals, namely [18F]FDOPA, [18F] CFT, [18F]EF5 and [18F]FBPA.
Storing Energy in the Mechanical Domain
Authors: Súchil O.G. , Abadal G. , Torres F. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTSelf-powered microsystems as an alternative to standard systems powered by electrochemical batteries are taking a growing interest. In this work, we propose a different method to store the energy harvested from the ambient which is performed in the mechanical domain. Our mechanical storage concept is based on a spring which is loaded by the force associated to the energy source to be harvested [1]. The approach is based on pressing an array of fine wires (fws) grown vertically on a substrate surface. For the fine wires based battery, we have chosen ZnO fine wires due the fact that they could be grown using a simple and cheap process named hydrothermal method [2]. We have reported previous experiments changing temperature and initial pH of the solution in order to determine the best growth [3]. From new experiments done varying the compounds concentration the best results of fine wires were obtained. To characterize these fine wires we have considered that the maximum load we can apply to the system is limited by the linear buckling of the fine wires. From the best results we obtained a critical strain of εc = 3.72 % and a strain energy density of U = 11.26 MJ/m3, for a pinned-fixed configuration [4].
Integrated sorting and detection of circulating tumor cells in blood using microfluidic cell sorting and surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Holt Joshua S. , Mendoza Alvaro , Lawrence David , Cady Nathaniel C. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTMetastatic tumors can spread via release of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) into the bloodstream. Early detection of these CTCs could greatly improve cancer survival rates by enabling diagnosis, and therefore treatment, before secondary tumors arise. However, tumor cells are typically present in very low concentrations, making them difficult to detect in a fluid dominated by red blood cells (RBCs), leukocytes and serum proteins. Separation of CTCs from blood plasma, leukocytes and RBCs is predicted to improve cell capture via antibody-based methods and reduce interference in capture/detection assays. Previously, members of our team have demonstrated microfluidic, size-based separation of blood components, but have yet to integrate this sorting capability with an affinity-based detection technology. To this end, we have developed a microfluidic platform to separate CTCs from mouse blood and detect them using grating coupled surface plasmon resonance (GCSPR). We have implemented a size-based sorting array, which separates objects based upon their diameter, within a microfluidic channel. Separation of beads (2 μm, 6 μm, 10 μm) has been demonstrated, as well as separation of white blood cells and CTCs from blood. The resulting stream of large blood cells (including CTCs) is then directed onto an integrated SPR grating for affinity based capture and detection. Using GCSPR vs. conventional SPR enables detection of multiple cell types across the grating in an array-based format. We have demonstrated differential capture and detection of cells on GCSPR gratings following size-based separation of blood. Using capture antibodies specific to unique CTC surface proteins enables identification of cell types and may provide prognostic capability, beyond the diagnostic capacity of this system.
Public Perception of Cancer Care in Poland and Austria
Authors: Jȩdrzejewski Mariusz , Thallinger Christiane , Mrozik Magda , Kornek Gabriela , Zielinski Christoph , Jassem Jacek 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Background.
We compared the public perception of cancer care in Poland and Austria. Both countries are members of the European Union (EU) but reflect two extremes in health-related per capita spending. Recently, the EUROCARE-5 study reported on very discrepant cancer outcomes between the two countries.

Methods.
A one-time survey was conducted to compare the public perception of cancer treatment in Poland and Austria. In total, 3,649 subjects, representing the general population, cancer patients, and cancer patients’ family members, were surveyed.

Results.
In both countries, cancer was considered the most challenging problem of the health care system, and health care was indicated as the most important issue influencing political election decisions. Polish compared with Austrian cancer patients gave a significantly lower positive assessment of overall cancer treatment efficacy and detection methods. Cancer cure rates estimated by Polish and Austrian citizens were 29% and 44%, respectively. The majority of all citizens interviewed thought that cancer patients should have access to all available registered cancer drugs. However, only 18% of Poles versus 62% of Austrians agreed with the notion that the available cancer treatment in their countries is of a standard comparable to that of other EU countries. Consequently, 24% of Poles and 7% of Austrians identified financial status, age, gender, and residence as factors influencing the availability of cancer treatments.

Conclusion.
In both countries, cancer is considered the most challenging problem of the health care system, and health care issues may strongly influence decisions for political elections. Vast differences in the two populations’ perceptions of cancer care reflect actual cancer outcomes and the national per capita spending on health-related issues.
Evaluation of seismic slope-performance models using a regional case study
Authors: Miles Scott B. , Keefer David K. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This paper compares four permanent displacement models based on Newmark's sliding-block analogy for assessing regional seismic slope-performance. The models vary primarily by the ground motion descriptor used to correlate with Newmark displacement. The first uses peak ground-acceleration (PGA). The second uses PGA but normalizes displacements by predominant period and equivalent cycles. The third uses Arias intensity. The fourth calculates cumulative displacements from double-integrating simulated earthquake accelerograms. The models are implemented in a GIS to characterize seismic slope-performance for the Oakland East quadrangle near San Francisco, California. The resulting slope-performance maps are compared visually and through statistical analysis to expose potential differences and assess the effects of using a particular approach within a decision-making context. These maps were created for the purpose of comparison and are not suitable for use as critical decision-making tools. The models forecast notably different levels of slope-performance, with the PGA-based models predicting the greatest Newmark displacement on average. Thus, considering the variety of slope-performance models, it is suggested that practitioners avoid reliance on a single model. Instead, multiple models can be implemented in a GIS framework to gain a better perspective of the potential hazard and make a more informed decision.
Mine failure associated with a pressurized brine horizon; Retsof salt mine, western New York
Authors: Gowan Samuel W. , Trader Steven M. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The eventual loss of the Retsof Salt Mine from flooding was initiated on March 12, 1994 with a magnitude 3.6 earthquake, the collapse of a small-pillar panel, an initial inrush of brine and gas to the mine and a sustained inflow of fresh water. An examination of closure data for two mine panels involved in the inflow suggested an anomalous buildup of fluid pressure above the panels in the period leading up to their collapse. The initial brine and gas inflow immediately following the collapse coincided with the apparent relief of the excess pressure. The potential existence of a pre-collapse, pressurized, brine and gas pool above the panels was investigated through an analysis of nineteenth century solution mining data, a review of recent salt mine data, and an interpretation of geologic and geophysical data from post-collapse investigations. Published reports from the nineteenth century reveal that natural brine and gas pools existed in the region prior to mining. Correlation of gamma ray logs with geologic logs from contemporary drill holes and core holes provided a mechanism for interpreting the distribution of those natural brine pools. Our investigation indicated that natural gas and brine pools existed within Unit D of the Syracuse Formation approximately 160 ft above the mining horizon. Such brine accumulation apparently formed from the circulation of meteoric water through vertical discontinuities that were connected to overlying fresh water aquifers long before mining began in the valley in the late nineteenth century.
Subsidence risk in Venice and nearby areas, Italy, owing to offshore gas fields; a stochastic analysis
Authors: Cassiani Giorgio , Zoccatelli Claudio 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Subsidence due to fluid withdrawal from the subsurface is being experienced in many regions. Water extraction for agricultural and civil needs is the most common cause of this phenomenon. However, hydrocarbon production from deep formations sometimes has been blamed for substantial rates of subsidence (e.g., Wilmington, California; Ekofisk, the North Sea). Hydrocarbon reservoirs in sensitive areas (lowlands), such as the Netherlands and the eastern Po River Plain in Italy, which includes the city of Venice, must be maintained under control to avoid actual or alleged subsidence. Because compaction in deep sediments is a relatively new research field, applicable data are sparse, and much work remains to be done. In particular, a strong discrepancy exists between rock compressibility values measured in the laboratory and in the field, these latter ones being probably more representative. Laboratory compressibility values are at least one order of magnitude larger than in situ values. Given this discrepancy, and in order to accommodate also for the variability of natural materials, a stochastic risk analysis is the most reliable tool for predicting subsidence due to hydrocarbon extraction. This approach is here applied to a planned gas production project from offshore fields in the northern Adriatic Sea, in order to assess the risk of subsidence on the coast and the nearby city of Venice. No stochastic theory of subsidence is available to date; consequently, a Monte Carlo technique is applied with respect to soil compressibility, which affects both the reservoir and subsidence simulations. A semi-analytical three-dimensional model based on the theory of Geertsma is used as a subsidence model. The results show that no actual risk of subsidence exists on the coast. Against intuition, the worst case scenarios coincide with the lowest compressibilities, since these values contribute to higher pressure declines in the reservoirs and the adjacent aquifers, and to a faster propagation of pressure change towards the shoreline. The results for the worst-case scenarios are confirmed by more sophisticated non linear, three-dimensional, finite element simulations.
Determination of optimum volume proportions for Sarooj (Pozzolan) lime mixes
Authors: Hago Abdel Wahid , Al-Rawas Amer , Al-Harthi Ali S. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Sarooj is an artificial pozzolan produced by burning special types of clays. It has been used extensively in Oman as a cementing material in concrete masonry construction, particularly in hydraulic structures, buildings and military installations. Sarooj is cementitious when mixed with lime and water. It is a cheap cementitious material for use in construction and restoration of historical buildings. An experimental research program was developed to determine the optimum volume proportions that can be used in concrete and mortar mixtures. Twenty five sarooj-lime mixes having different proportions of sarooj, lime, sand and water were tested. In addition, tow groups of mixes (sarooj, lime, sand, water) batched by weight and by volume, with each group contained three mixes of the same proportions, were tested to study the effect of the fineness of sarooj on the strength characteristics of the sarooj-lime mix. It was found that grinding sarooj to pass the 300 mu m sieve produced the highest compressive strength, while optimum volume proportions of sarooj, lime, sand and water for the highest compressive strength was 3:1:3:1.9.
Using an analytical geometry method to improve tiltmeter data presentation
Authors: Su Wen-June 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The tiltmeter is a useful tool for geologic and geotechnical applications. To obtain full benefit from the tiltmeter, easy and accurate data presentations should be used. Unfortunately, the most commonly used method for tilt data reduction now may yield inaccurate and low-resolution results. This article describes a simple, accurate, and high-resolution approach developed at the Illinois State Geological Survey for data reduction and presentation. The orientation of tiltplates is determined first by using a trigonometric relationship, followed by a matrix transformation, to obtain the true amount of rotation change of the tiltplate at any given time. The mathematical derivations used for the determination and transformation are then coded into an integrated PC application by adapting the capabilities of commercial spreadsheet, database, and graphics software. Examples of data presentation from tiltmeter applications in studies of landfill covers, characterizations of mine subsidence, and investigations of slope stability are also discussed.
Coastal flooding and beach retreat from coseismic subsidence in the central Cascadia margin, USA
Authors: Peterson Curt D. , Doyle Debra L. , Barnett Elson T. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Prehistoric great earthquakes (Mw 8-9) in the central Cascadia margin have produced coastal subsidence (0-2 m) that has resulted in chronic lowland flooding and catastrophic beach erosion. Geologic records of wetland burial in 13 bays from Washington and Oregon are used with simple calculations to estimate likely coastal flooding and beach retreat following a great Cascadia earthquake. Plant macrofossils and peat-to-mud ratios recorded in core logs discriminate between forest, marsh, colonizing marsh, and mud-flat tidal settings. Transitions between these settings, i.e., across abrupt burial contacts, demonstrate either 0+ or -0.5, 1+ or -0.5, or 2+ or -0.5 m of paleosubsidence. Paleosubsidence from the last Cascadia event (AD 1700) decreases from 2+ or -0.5 m in the eastern reaches of south-west Washington bays to 0+ or -0.5 m in the western reaches of central Oregon bays. First-order estimates of post-subsidence flooding hazards are based on the predicted regional subsidence added to current 10- and 100-year flood elevations. At least 525 km of bay shorelines are threatened by chronic flooding following coseismic subsidence. Catastrophic beach retreat is estimated from Bruun's Rule to range from 50 to 300 m depending on assumed depth of closure, measured beach-berm heights, and predicted coseismic subsidence along the margin. Shorelines that are susceptible to catastrophic beach retreat from coseismic subsidence total at least 250 km in longshore distance.
Ultrashallow seismic reflection monitoring of seasonal fluctuations in the water table
Authors: Baker G. S. , Steeples D. W. , Schmeissner C. , Spikes K. T. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Ultrashallow seismic-reflection data were collected at a test site in Great Bend, Kansas. The purpose of the experiment was to image seasonal submeter-scale fluctuations in the water table over a period of one year to identify the factors important in monitoring the water table when using seismic-reflection techniques. The study indicates that detailed velocity information must be used when interpreting water-table levels. Using detailed velocity information as a control when depth-converting the seismic profiles yielded correct positioning of the water table within + or -12 cm at the test site.
Hydraulic conductivity of the Portland Basin deep aquifer system
Authors: Koreny John S. , Fisk Terry T. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The Portland Basin is 900 mi 2 in size and includes portions of Oregon and Washington. A deep aquifer system of the Troutdale Formation is used for municipal ground-water supply in both states over an area of approximately 300 mi 2 . Although lateral sedimentary facies variations are evident in the lithologic record, data from multi-well aquifer tests show that the aquifer forms a continuous hydrostratigraphic unit in both states. The aquifer is synclinal and in the center of the basin is well-confined by low-permeability layers. On the eastern and western margins of the basin, the aquifer is in hydraulic continuity with a buried Columbia River paleo-channel. The paleochannel forms a boundary to the aquifer and relative head differences between the aquifer and the river cause ground water to flow up the formation dip and against the Columbia River gradient in the eastern portion of the basin. The paleochannel acts as a discharge sink during low-pumping periods and a recharge source during extended pumping. Municipal use of ground water in the deep aquifers includes: a) continuous use which has increased from approximately 1 to 2 mgd in 1984 to 13 mgd in 1998 and, b) emergency use which has caused total use peaks of 55 mgd. The increased ground-water use has resulted in a modified flow regime causing the aquifer to receive induced recharge through the paleochannel deposits. The induced recharge available from the Columbia River may allow for further efficient development of groundwater supplies on the eastern and western margins of the basin.
Investigation of three methods for evaluating swelling pressure of soils
Authors: Attom Mousa F. , Barakat Samer 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Determination of the swelling pressure of six types of clayey soils obtained from northern Jordan were measured using three methods, the Free Swell method, Different Pressure method, and the Zero Swell method. These methods show different values in swelling pressure of the soil. For all six soils, the Free Swell method provided the highest value, whereas the Different Pressure method provided the lowest. Discrepancy in the value of swelling pressure among the methods increases with lower initial water content, higher plasticity index, and clay content. This paper compares the three different methods for evaluating soil swelling pressure and presents mathematical models to predict the soil swelling pressure for each method.
The effects of water on planar features in compound slopes
Authors: Kroeger E. Bane 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Plane failure in rock and soil slopes is usually caused by the intersection of a discontinuity plane with a slope face. Typically, discontinuities are weaker than the surrounding intact material and provide a surface along which movement can occur. When designing a stable slope, it is often desirable to find the most critical conditions for a particular slope configuration and base the final slope design around those conditions. The worst case for most dry slopes usually includes a tension crack at a location determined by the slope geometry. The worst case for saturated slopes typically has a tension crack at the slope crest, providing the deepest tension crack, and a fully or partially dammed discontinuity. This paper focuses on plane failure analyses of compound slopes using limit equilibrium techniques. It provides new equations to calculate the position of a tension crack, water forces, and stability factor in compound slopes. The results of a compound slope and water pressures are illustrated through several examples.
Site-specific variation in the potentiometric response to subsidence above active longwall mining
Authors: Booth Colin J. , Curtiss Alan M. , Demaris Philip J. , Bauer Robert A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Longwall underground coal mining produces major changes in the hydraulic properties and groundwater levels of overlying shallow aquifers because of the fracturing associated with mine subsidence. Many aspects of these impacts remain unclear and unpredictable, particularly the variations in response between different sites. Our detailed, long-term studies of subsidence strains and hydraulic responses at sites in Illinois address this and other aspects of the conceptual model. At a study site in Saline County, inconsistent permeability changes and large rapid head drops, without significant recovery, were observed in a low transmissivity sandstone over an active longwall panel. Corresponding head changes in overlying glacial drift units reflected localized drainage from the drift to the bedrock. In comparison to our earlier study at a site in Jefferson County, Illinois, in which full recovery occurred in a moderately transmissive sandstone aquifer affected by longwall mining, the Saline site illustrates the importance of local hydrogeologic characteristics, particularly variations in transmisivity and continuity with recharge sources, in controlling site-specific responses to longwall mining.
Calculating equivalent radial distances for determination of transmissivity and storativity using drawdown data from a multiple pumping well systems
Authors: Orient Jeffrey P. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
A method is presented for the determination of aquifer transmissivity (T) and storativity (S), using distance-drawdown data from a wellfield with multiple pumping and observation wells. An equivalent radial distance calculated for each observation well, the aggregate system pumping rate (Q), and drawdown data for two or more nearby observation wells are used in the calculation of T and S. The method described can be used to evaluate complex pumping systems, as it can accommodate multiple pumping wells discharging at the same or at different rates, and varying well spacings. It can also accommodate a combination of both pumping and recharge wells concurrently operating. This versatile approach is particularly useful in determining the aquifer transmissivity and storativity for a series of extraction wells installed to remediate ground water, for use in subsequent capture zone and other design/performance evaluations. It is also useful for determining aquifer characteristics for evaluation of an operating water supply wellfield.