bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les grandes entreprises et les instances étatiques de lutte contre la fraude sociale : le jeu du chat et de la souris
Authors: Nagels Carla 
Published: April 2013

Cet article veut comprendre comment les grandes entreprises échappent à la pénalisation de la prise en charge étatique de la « fraude sociale » pourtant constatée quand elle est le fait d’acteurs économiques moins puissants. À travers des entretiens menés avec des acteurs judiciaires, administratifs et des avocats d’affaires, sont analysées les pratiques transgressives elles-mêmes et les représentations véhiculées à leur encontre ; les processus d’interaction entre les différents acteurs afin d’expliciter comment, dès lors qu’une pratique transgressive a été constatée par les agences de contrôle, elle devient l’enjeu de négociations et d’instrumentalisations multiples ; les rationalisations à l’œuvre qui visent à « justifier » l’absence du contentieux « grandes entreprises » au niveau pénal.
Pin1–FADD Interactions Regulate Fas-Mediated Apoptosis in Activated Eosinophils
Authors: Oh Jiyoung , Malter James S. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Abnormally long-lived eosinophils (Eos) are the major inflammatory component of allergic responses in the lungs of active asthmatics. Eos recruited to the airways after allergen exposure produce and respond to IL-5 and GM-CSF, enhancing their survival. Prosurvival signaling activates Pin1, a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase that binds to Bax and prevents its activation. How long-lived Eos, despite the continued presence of GM-CSF or IL-5, eventually undergo apoptosis to end allergic inflammation remains unclear. In this study, we show that Pin1 location, activity, and protein interactions are jointly influenced by Fas and the prosurvival cytokine IL-5. Fas signaling strongly induced the phosphorylation of FADD at Ser194 and Pin1 at Ser16, as well as their nuclear accumulation. Phospho-mimic Ser194Glu FADD mutants accelerated Eos apoptosis compared with wild-type or Ser194Ala mutants. Downstream of FADD phosphorylation, caspase 8, 9, and 3 cleavage, as well as Eos apoptosis induced by Fas, were reduced by constitutively active Pin1 and enhanced by Pin1 inhibition. Pin1 was activated by IL-5, whereas simultaneous IL-5 and anti-Fas treatment modestly reduced peptidyl isomerase activity but induced Pin1 to associate with FADD after its phosphorylation at Ser194. Mechanistically, Pin1-mediated isomerization facilitated the subsequent dephosphorylation of Ser194 FADD and maintenance of cytoplasmic location. In vivo–activated bronchoalveolar Eos obtained after allergen challenge showed elevated survival and Pin1 activity that could be reversed by anti-Fas. Therefore, our data suggest that Pin1 is a critical link between FADD-mediated cell death and IL-5–mediated prosurvival signaling.
Regulation of Th1 Cells and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3
Authors: Beurel Eléonore , Kaidanovich-Beilin Oksana , Yeh Wen-I , Song Ling , Palomo Valle , Michalek Suzanne M. , Woodgett James R. , Harrington Laurie E. , Eldar-Finkelman Hagit , Martinez Ana , Jope Richard S. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a rodent model of multiple sclerosis (MS), a debilitating autoimmune disease of the CNS, for which only limited therapeutic interventions are available. Because MS is mediated in part by autoreactive T cells, particularly Th17 and Th1 cells, in the current study, we tested whether inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), previously reported to reduce Th17 cell generation, also alter Th1 cell production or alleviate EAE. GSK3 inhibitors were found to impede the production of Th1 cells by reducing STAT1 activation. Molecularly reducing the expression of either of the two GSK3 isoforms demonstrated that Th17 cell production was sensitive to reduced levels of GSK3β and Th1 cell production was inhibited in GSK3α-deficient cells. Administration of the selective GSK3 inhibitors TDZD-8, VP2.51, VP0.7, or L803-mts significantly reduced the clinical symptoms of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35–55-induced EAE in mice, nearly eliminating the chronic progressive phase, and reduced the number of Th17 and Th1 cells in the spinal cord. Administration of TDZD-8 or L803-mts after the initial disease episode alleviated clinical symptoms in a relapsing-remitting model of proteolipid protein139–151-induced EAE. Furthermore, deletion of GSK3β specifically in T cells was sufficient to alleviate myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35–55-induced EAE. These results demonstrate the isoform-selective effects of GSK3 on T cell generation and the therapeutic effects of GSK3 inhibitors in EAE, as well as showing that GSK3 inhibition in T cells is sufficient to reduce the severity of EAE, suggesting that GSK3 may be a feasible target for developing new therapeutic interventions for MS.
The financial ecosystem available to early-stage biotechnology firms and its misalignment with interests of these firms, of the biotechnology industry and with global disease burden
Authors: Toth Gergely 
Published: April 2013

The development and commercialization of new therapeutics have had immense impact on the quality and length of human life.Â Nevertheless, the biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industry have evolved to be driven mostly by a profit oriented market system, in which distinct stakeholders interact with different motivations to make the development and commercialization of therapeutics a reality.Â This study discusses the funding ecosystem available for early-stage biotechnology companies and its influence on the their strategic business objectives and on the biotechnology industry.Â On the basis of this, distinct paradoxes in the funding ecosystem are uncovered, which suggest that the present ecosystem is not well aligned with the interests of these biotechnology firms, the biotechnology industry, and it neglects strategic disease burden needs. It is recommended that even partial resolution of these paradoxes will enable further growth in the industry and lead to more innovative therapies for untreatable diseases with large social and economic burdens.Â In light of this, the study proposes improvements of financing approaches and an increase of available capital in the funding ecosystem of early-state biotechnology companies.
Bowman v. Monsanto: Revisiting the Exhaustion Doctrine and its Application to Biotechnology and Digital Technologies
Authors: Finston Susan Kling 
Published: April 2013

On February 19, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral argument in Bowman v. Monsanto â€“ the first case to directly present the question of how the Exhaustion Doctrine should apply to patents relating to biotechnology and digital technology inventions.Â The Petitioner, Vernon Hugh Bowman, asserts that the Exhaustion Doctrine should be extended to advanced agricultural technologies where the technology itself is contained in genetically modified seeds that may be reproduced through successive generations of seeds without limitation, and that companies like Monsanto can instead rely on remedies found in contract law to protect its commercial interests.Â The Respondent, Monsanto Corporation, supported by the U.S. Government, (not surprisingly) disagrees, contending that an extension of the Exhaustion Doctrine of this magnitude would undercut effective patent protection for inventions that may reproduce perfectly over generations, undermining R&D in innovative technologies. Â During the Bowman v. Monsanto oral argument on February 19th, the Justices focused on the broad scope of the exception sought by the Petitioner to patent rights for GM seed as an extension of the Exhaustion Doctrine to biotechnology and digital technology inventions, and did not appear persuaded either that the only reasonable use of the soybeans by Bowman was to plant them or that right holders would find effective modes of protection through contract law.Â The Justices noted that this was the first case to present the intersection of the Exhaustion Doctrine and effective protection for inventions that may be reproduced across generations â€“ that intersection to be the issue of greatest interest to the Court inÂ Bowman v. Monsanto, where the Court may be unlikely to create a sweeping exception to patent rights for biotechnology or digital technology inventions that has not been contemplated by the Congress.
Capturing Value
Authors: Burrill G. Steven 
Published: April 2013

Todayâ€™s pressure on pharmaceutical companies reflects greater pressures throughout the entire healthcare ecosystem as payers, patients, and providers wrestle with escalating costs and drive Â healthcare systems around the world away from being cost-based to becoming value-based. Â For pharmaceutical companies, this means not only a greater emphasis on creating value, but seeking new ways to capture value as well, particularly at a time when drugs will need to demonstrate they provide benefits commensurate with their costs and governments and payers squeeze down prices. Â Â The challenge for drugmakers, broadly speaking, is to both find new ways to create value and capture value.
The Materiality of Signs: Enchainment and Animacy in Woodland Southeastern North American Pottery
Authors: Wallis Neill J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractArchaeological examinations of symbolic meaning often have been hampered by the Saussurean concept of signs as coded messages of preexisting meanings. The arbitrary and imprecise manner by which meaning is represented in material culture according to Saussure tends to stymie archaeological investigations of symbolism. As an alternative, archaeologists recently have drawn on Peirce’s semiotic to investigate how materiality is bound to the creation of meanings through the process of signification. This study examines how the symbolism expressed in pottery of the Middle Woodland period southeastern United States, Swift Creek Complicated Stamped and Weeden Island effigy vessels, might be better explained as icons and indexes that were enlisted to have particular social effects. Examining the semiotic potentials of these objects helps explain their apparent uses and the significance of alternative representations of the same subjects.
Paleoindian Exploitation of Mammals in Eastern Washington State
Authors: Lyman R. Lee 
Published: April 2013

AbstractEleven mammalian archaeofaunas associated with the Western Stemmed Point Tradition (WSPT) in the Columbia Basin of intermontane northwestern North America and recovered from eastern Washington State suggest that local Paleoindians were variable in subsistence pursuits. The 11 faunas are strongly if imperfectly nested taxonomically, suggesting that they all derived from the same metacommunity. Taxonomic abundances evidenced by several faunas indicate a focus on large mammals (>25 kg body weight), others indicate a focus on small mammals (<5 kg body weight), and still others indicate generalized exploitation of a diverse array of mammalian body sizes. Early WSPT assemblages point to a broad diet, whereas late WSPT assemblages show a focus on artiodactyls. Middle and late Holocene mammalian faunas from the same and nearby areas indicate that Archaic-stage subsistence was more focused on large mammals than local early Paleoindian adaptations. The traditional model that specialized big-game-hunting Paleoindians were followed chronologically by more generalized or broad-spectrum adaptations of the Archaic is not supported in the Columbia Basin.
Clovis Paleoecology and Lithic Technology in the Central Rio Grande Rift Region, New Mexico
Authors: Hamilton Marcus J. , Buchanan Briggs , Huckell Bruce B. , Holliday Vance T. , Shackley M. Steven , Hill Matthew E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractClovis sites occur throughout the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, but are poorly documented in the central Rio Grande rift region. Here, we present data from two relatively unknown Clovis projectile point assemblages from this region: the first is from the Mockingbird Gap Clovis site and the second is from a survey of the surrounding region. Our goals are to reconstruct general features of the paleoecological adaptation of Clovis populations in the region using raw material sourcing and then to compare the point technology in the region to other Clovis assemblages in the Southwest and across the continent. Our results show that both assemblages were manufactured from similar suites of raw materials that come almost exclusively from the central Rio Grande rift region and the adjacent mountains of New Mexico. Additionally, we show that Clovis projectile points in the study region are significantly smaller than the continental average. Our results suggest that Clovis populations in this region operated within a large, well-known, and relatively high-elevation territory encompassing much of northern and western New Mexico.
Rethinking the Study of Landscape Management Practices Among Hunter-Gatherers in North America
Authors: Lightfoot Kent G. , Cuthrell Rob Q. , Striplen Chuck J. , Hylkema Mark G. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThere has been little movement to systematically incorporate the study of indigenous landscape management practices into the method and theory of hunter-gatherer research in North American archaeology, despite a growing interest in this topic. The purposes of this article are twofold. One is to address why, until quite recently, archaeologists have been reluctant to engage in the current debate about the scale and ecological impact of these practices, particularly anthropogenic burning. We argue that this stems from a long tradition of viewing hunter-gatherers as passive, immediate-return foragers, as well as from the daunting methodological challenges of identifying landscape management activities using archaeological data. Our second purpose is to explore how archaeologists can make significant contributions to our understanding of past resource management practices through the creation of new kinds of collaborative, interdisciplinary eco-archaeological programs. Based on the current work of scholars in archaeological and environmental disciplines, as well as on our own implementation of such an approach in central California, we discuss the importance of maintaining mutual relationships with local tribes, the challenges of coordinating multiple data sets, and the process of rethinking our analytical methods and temporal scales for undertaking hunter-gatherer studies.
Polyvalent Metaphors in South-Central California Missionary Processes
Authors: Robinson David 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe Spanish missionary entrada (A.D. 1769 to 1833) along the California coast created a series of complex encounters between multiple cultural discourses. The Franciscan mission system directly brought colonial and indigenous cultural metaphorical understandings into play. Missionary and indigenous discourse interacted largely via the media of material culture, animals, embellished architecture, and landscape—media interpreted through preexisting cultural metaphors and understandings. Investigating how metaphors played a role in constituting colonial entanglements is important in understanding cultural interactions and change. Metaphors structured colonial interactions, simultaneously hindering and enabling missionary–indigenous relationships. These relationships created parameters for unforeseen transitory configurations: a process best theorized under the term polyvalence. By adopting polyvalence, the processes of colonialism can be approached without usage of ethnic or racialized terms such as creolization, hybridity, or amalgamation. In the case of indigenous south-central California, it is suggested here that widely different forms of evidence can be better appreciated without recourse to terms laden with racial or ethnic connotations. The evidence suggests that while missions may have failed to create entirely new ethnic groups, missionary endeavors did result in unanticipated outcomes, presenting problems and creative opportunities for indigenous groups living within immediate coastal and extended interior populations.
Moments, Movements, and Metaphors: Paul Sidney Martin, Pedagogy, and Professionalization in Field Schools, 1926–1974
Authors: Chazin Hannah , Nash Stephen E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPaul Sidney Martin identified two “watershed” moments in his career: (1) his adoption of the tenets of the New Archaeology and (2) the changes he made in his approach to pedagogy at the Vernon field school. We explore the relationship between these two watershed moments using Martin’s archival record. We find that, rather than being watershed moments, these changes have deeper roots in the trajectory of Martin’s work and career and moreover are clearly linked to broader historical occurrences, such as World War II, the G.I. Bill, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the establishment of the National Science Foundation. Furthermore, we find that the New Archaeology’s emphasis on egalitarian science—the metaphor of “archaeology as commune”—serves as a link among its theoretical innovations, methodology, and pedagogy.
An Integrated Geoarchaeology of a Late Woodland Sand Mound
Authors: Sherwood Sarah C. , Blitz John H. , Downs Lauren E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe Graveline Mound (22JA503) is a sand platform mound in Jackson County, Mississippi, built on a low, late Pleistocene terrace on the Mississippi Sound. The Late Woodland mound (A.D. 590–780) is composed of local soils, and its presence today is a testament to the ancient builders’ knowledge of earthen construction materials and methods. Central to the study of the mound is an integrated geoarchaeological approach that uses stratigraphy and micromorphology to decipher material source and selection, construction techniques, and periodicity, in combination with more traditional artifacts, revealing the activities that created this ultimately monumental space. The mound was built in three rapid stages beginning with a low earthwork demarcating a ritual precinct used during late spring/early summer. Stage II quickly followed with a series of alternating zoned fills, sealing the space that was then subsequently covered by Stage III, a massive hard red surface that marked the location with a platform mound.
Chronometric Hygiene of Radiocarbon Databases for Early Durable Cooking Vessel Technologies in Northeastern North America
Authors: Taché Karine , Hart John P. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe earliest widespread pottery in northeastern North America is known as Vinette 1, a designation made by Ritchie and MacNeish (1949) over 60 years ago. While variation exists within this type (Taché 2005), external and internal cordmarked surfaces, thick walls, and large crushed-rock temper generally characterize this pottery. The history of this pottery, including its inception, geographical spread, temporal overlap with steatite vessels, and eventual replacement by other pottery technologies, is far from clear. In this article, we examine the existing database of radiocarbon assays associated with Vinette 1 pottery and steatite vessels, perform a chronometrie hygiene of those age estimates, and introduce 21 new AMS assays on charred cooking residues adhering to Vinette 1 sherd interiors. The results suggest a much more temporally restricted history for Vinette 1 pottery technology and a long period of coexistence with steatite vessels. However, the small number of reliable age estimates available for both technologies prevents a detailed assessment of their respective histories.
Bright Blue Solution Processed Triple‐Layer Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes Realized by Thermal Layer Stabilization and Orthogonal Solvents
Authors: Trattnig Roman , Pevzner Leonid , Jäger Monika , Schlesinger Raphael , Nardi Marco Vittorio , Ligorio Giovanni , Christodoulou Christos , Koch Norbert , Baumgarten Martin , Müllen Klaus , List Emil J. W. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe realization of fully solution processed multilayer polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) constitutes the pivotal point to push PLED technology to its full potential. Herein, a fully solution processed triple‐layer PLED realized by combining two different deposition strategies is presented. The approach allows a successive deposition of more than two polymeric layers without extensively redissolving already present layers. For that purpose, a poly(9,9‐dioctyl‐fluorene‐co‐N‐(4‐butylphenyl)‐diphenylamine) (TFB) layer is stabilized by a hard‐bake process as hole transport layer on top of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). As emitting layer, a deep blue emitting pyrene‐triphenylamine copolymer is deposited from toluene solution. To complete the device assembly 9,9‐bis(3‐(5′,6′‐bis(4‐(polyethylene glycol)phenyl)‐[1,1′:4′,1″‐terphenyl]‐2′‐yl)propyl)‐9′,9′‐dioctyl‐2,7‐polyfluorene (PEGPF), a novel polyfluorene‐type polymer with polar sidechains, which acts as the electron transport layer, is deposited from methanol in an orthogonal solvent approach. Atomic force microscopy verifies that all deposited layers stay perfectly intact with respect to morphology and layer thickness upon multiple solvent treatments. Photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the offsets of the respective frontier energy levels at the individual polymer interfaces lead to a charge carrier confinement in the emitting layer, thus enhancing the exciton formation probability in the device stack. The solution processed PLED‐stack exhibits bright blue light emission with a maximum luminance of 16 540 cd m−2 and a maximum device efficiency of 1.42 cd A−1, which denotes a five‐fold increase compared to corresponding single‐layer devices and demonstrates the potential of the presented concept.
Catalytic Methods for Imine Synthesis
Authors: Patil Rajendra D. , Adimurthy Subbarayappa 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis Focus Review describes different methods that have been reported for the synthesis of imines. It is organized according to the methods used for imine synthesis starting with metal catalysis, including Ru, Au, V, Cu, Mn, Co and Pd catalysis. Other methods, such as photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, organocatalysis, and so on, are also emphasized. Ample information on the condensation of carbonyl compounds/alcohols with amines and direct oxidation of amines to give imines is discussed. Furthermore, among various metal‐catalyzed reactions, specific attention has been paid to copper‐catalyzed imine synthesis, as copper is less toxic than other heavy metals, comparatively inexpensive, and is easily accessible.
Direct CH Arylation of Heteroarenes Catalyzed by Palladium/ Nitrogen‐Based Ligand Complexes
Authors: Shibahara Fumitoshi , Murai Toshiaki 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSignificant progress has been made in transition‐metal‐catalyzed direct functionalization of heteroarenes since the beginning of the 21st century. Particularly, palladium‐catalyzed direct CH arylations of heteroarenes have been extensively studied. Although a variety of catalytic systems have been applied in these reactions, phosphine‐based ligands have mainly been used, and low reactivity at some positions, such as at the C4 position of azoles and the C3 position of heteroles, has remained a problem. Recently, the application of nitrogen‐based ligands in palladium‐catalyzed direct CH arylations has attracted significant attention because the resulting catalytic systems are uniquely reactive. This Focus Review discusses recent advances in the use of palladium/nitrogen‐based ligand systems for direct CH arylation of heteroarenes.