bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are species differences in maternal effects arising from maternal care adaptive?
Authors: Benowitz K. M. , Moody K. J. , Moore A. J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractParental care benefits offspring through maternal effects influencing their development, growth and survival. However, although parental care in general is likely the result of adaptive evolution, it does not follow that specific differences in the maternal effects that arise from care are also adaptive. Here, we used an interspecific cross‐fostering design in the burying beetle speciesNicrophorus orbicollisandN. vespilloides, both of which have elaborate parental care involving direct feeding of regurgitated food to offspring, to test whether maternal effects are optimized within a species and therefore adaptive. Using a full‐factorial design, we first demonstrated thatN. orbicolliscare for offspring longer regardless of recipient species. We then examined offspring development and mass in offspring reared by hetero‐ or conspecific parents. As expected, there were species‐specific direct effects independent of the maternal effects, asN. orbicollislarvae were larger and took longer to develop thanN. vespilloidesregardless of caregiver. We also found significant differences in maternal effects:N. vespilloidesmaternal care caused more rapid development of offspring of either species. Contrary to expectations if maternal effects were species‐specific, there were no significant interactions between caretaker and recipient species for either development time or mass, suggesting that these maternal effects are general rather than optimized within species. We suggest that rather than coadaptation between parents and offspring performance, the species differences in maternal effects may be correlated with direct effects, and that their evolution is driven by selection on those direct effects.
Transcription factors Sox10 and Sox2 functionally interact with positive transcription elongation factor b in Schwann cells
Authors: Arter Juliane , Wegner Michael 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSox proteins are mechanistically versatile regulators with established relevance to different developmental processes and crucial impact on chromatin structure, DNA conformation, and transcriptional initiation. Here, we show that Sox2 and Sox10, two Sox proteins important for Schwann cell development, also have the capability to activate transcriptional elongation in a Schwann cell line by recruiting the positive transcription elongation factor b. Recruitment is mediated by physical interaction between the carboxyterminal transactivation domains of the two Sox proteins and the Cyclin T1 subunit of positive transcription elongation factor b, with interaction interfaces for the two Sox proteins being mapped to adjacent regions of the central part of Cyclin T1. Supporting the relevance of this interaction to Schwann cell development, transcription of myelin genes appears regulated at the level of elongation. Our results thus add a new facet to the activity of Sox proteins and expand the functional repertoire of this important group of developmental regulators.
image
Sox transcription factors are important regulators of nervous system development. While they are known to regulate transcription by recruiting and stabilizing the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex directly or with help of the Mediator complex, this study provides evidence that Sox10 and Sox2 additionally influence transcription in glial cells at the elongation stage by recruiting P‐TEFb. Cdk9, cyclin‐dependent kinase 9; P‐TEFb, positive transcription elongation factor b; Pol II, RNA polymerase II; Sox, Sox2 or Sox10 protein.
Gradation of the Stress Response in Rainbow Trout Exposed to Stressors of Different Severity: The Role of Brain Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Systems
Authors: Gesto M. , López‐Patiño M. A. , Hernández J. , Soengas J. L. , Míguez J. M. 
Published: December 2014

After an intense acute stressor, fish develop a metabolic and behavioural response that usually lasts for several hours. Brain monoaminergic systems, particularly the serotonergic system, appear to play a key role in the central regulation of the stress response. However, the influence of stressor severity on brain monoaminergic systems and on the induced stress responses is yet poorly understood. We hypothesise that serotonergic system could have a direct role in the integration of sensory information during stressor exposure and in the organisation of the subsequent integrated stress response. According to our hypothesis, a low stressor intensity would induce a low response of brain serotonergic system and therefore stress responses of low magnitude and duration. To test this hypothesis, we exposed fish to handling disturbance for 5 s, 15 s or 3 min. We sampled fish at 0 (controls), 3, 15, 45 and 240 min after the start of the stress protocol. Brain levels of serotonin, dopamine and their respective main oxidative metabolites were quantified, along with plasma levels of stress markers (catecholamines, cortisol, glucose and lactate). Regarding stress markers, the 5‐s and 15‐s stress protocols induced similar and relatively low elevations in all parameters assessed. As expected, the 3‐min protocol induced responses of a higher intensity and duration in all plasma parameters. Interestingly, the alterations of brain monoaminergic systems did not follow the same trend. The three stress protocols induced increases in the serotonergic activity in all brain regions analysed (hypothalamus, telencephalon and medulla oblongata), independently of the duration of the handling disturbance, whereas the effects on the dopaminergic system were minor and brain region‐dependent. These data suggest that the brain serotonergic system, although likely involved in the recognition of the stressor stimuli, is not the only actor determining the magnitude and duration of the acute stress response in trout.
Strategic Action Fields inUSHigher Education: The 1939Mercer University Heresy Trial
Authors: Taylor Barrett J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper usesFligstein andMcAdam's (2012, 2011) theory of the strategic action field, or “SAF,” to highlight the ways in which individuals can act within cultural and material constraints to shape social processes. It applies these concepts to theMercer University heresy trial of 1939, in which a group of students backed by fundamentalists from the conservative Protestant movement accused members of the University's faculty of unbelief. By understanding the organization, the social movement, and the higher education industry as “SAFs,” the theory explains how the trial reached its unusual outcome, and suggests implications for broader understandings of organizational change.
Nurses' experiences of restraint and seclusion use in short‐stay acute old age psychiatry inpatient units: a qualitative study
Authors: Muir‐Cochrane E. C. , Baird J. , McCann T. V. 
Published: December 2014

Accessible summary
While the decision to use restraint and seclusion was not taken lightly, nurse participants felt that there were no effective alternatives to the use of these measures.
Adverse interpersonal, physical and practice environments contributed to the onset of aggression in old age psychiatry inpatient settings.
Policies to reduce or eliminate the use of restraint and seclusion need to take account of wide‐ranging strategies to deal with aggression, including the provision of appropriate education and support and addressing ethical and workplace cultural issues associated with these practices.
AbstractRestraint and seclusion are often ineffective and can affect patients adversely. In this study, we explored nurses' experiences of restraint and seclusion in short‐stay acute old age psychiatry inpatient units and how these experiences underpin resistance to eliminating these practices. Qualitative interviews were conducted with nurses in three old age psychiatry units in Melbourne, Australia. The results provide one overarching theme, lack of accessible alternatives to restraint and seclusion, indicating that nurses believe there are no effective, accessible alternatives to these practices. Three related themes contribute to this perception. First, an adverse interpersonal environment contributes to restraint and seclusion, which relates to undesirable consequences of poor staff‐to‐patient relationships. Second, an unfavourable physical environment contributes to aggression and restraint and seclusion use. Third, the practice environment influences the adoption of restraint and seclusion. The findings contribute to the limited evidence about nurses' experiences of these practices in short‐stay old age psychiatry, and how account needs to be taken of these experiences and contextual influences when introducing measures to address these practices. Policies addressing these measures need to be accompanied by wide‐ranging initiatives to deal with aggression, including providing appropriate education and support and addressing ethical and workplace cultural issues surrounding these practices.
Nursing students’ post‐traumatic growth, emotional intelligence and psychological resilience
Authors: Li Y. , Cao F. , Cao D. , Liu J. 
Published: December 2014

Accessible summary
Nursing students in the present sample who have experienced childhood adversity have a certain level of post‐traumatic growth.
If introduced into nursing curricula, emotional intelligence interventions may increase emotional coping resources and enhance social skills for nurses, which may benefit their long‐term occupational health.
As researchers consider personal resilience a strategy for responding to workplace adversity in nurses, resilience building should be incorporated into nursing education.
This is a preliminary study that may guide future investigations of the curvilinear relationship rather than linear relationship between post‐traumatic growth and positive factors in the special sample of nursing students.
AbstractResilience, emotional intelligence and post‐traumatic growth may benefit nursing students’ careers and personal well‐being in clinical work. Developing both their emotional intelligence and resilience may assist their individual post‐traumatic growth and enhance their ability to cope with clinical stress. To investigate the relationships among post‐traumatic growth, emotional intelligence and psychological resilience in vocational school nursing students who have experienced childhood adversities, a cross‐sectional research design with anonymous questionnaires was conducted and self‐report data were analysed. The Childhood Adversities Checklist (Chinese version), Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, Emotional Intelligence Scale and the 10‐item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale were used. Survey data were collected from 202 Chinese vocational school nursing students during 2011. Post‐traumatic growth was associated with emotional intelligence and psychological resilience. Results indicated a curvilinear relationship between emotional intelligence and post‐traumatic growth, and between psychological resilience and post‐traumatic growth. Moderate‐level emotional intelligence and psychological resilience were most associated with the greatest levels of growth. The results imply that moderate resilience and emotional intelligence can help nursing students cope with adversity in their future clinical work. This study first provided preliminary data suggesting the curvilinear relationship rather than linear relationship between post‐traumatic growth and positive factors in the sample of nursing students.
Non‐surgical periodontal therapy with systemic antibiotics in patients with untreated aggressive periodontitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Keestra J. A. J. , Grosjean I. , Coucke W. , Quirynen M. , Teughels W. 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveThe purpose of this meta‐analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness of different systemic antibiotics in combination with scaling and root planing (SRP) compared to SRP alone in patients with untreated aggressive periodontitis.BackgroundIn patients with aggressive periodontitis, SRP is often combined with the use of systemic antibiotics. However, the effectiveness of these antibiotics over time and differences in effectiveness between different antibiotics are hardly known.Material and MethodsThe MEDLINE‐PubMed database was searched from their earliest records until January 20, 2014. Several journals were hand searched and some authors were contacted for additional information. The following outcome measures were analysed: mean probing pocket depth reduction, mean clinical attachment level gain and mean bleeding on probing change. Extracted data were pooled using a random effect model. Weighted mean differences were calculated and heterogeneity was assessed.ResultsThe search yielded 296 abstracts. Ultimately, 101 articles were selected of which 14 articles met the eligibility criteria. Systemic antibiotics showed a significant (p < 0.05) additional pocket depth reduction for moderate (0.36 ± 0.22 mm at 3 mo, 6 mo 0.42 ± 0.22 mm and 12 mo 0.88 ± 0.27 mm) and deep pockets (0.74 ± 0.36 mm at 3 mo, 6 mo 0.85 ± 0.55 mm and 12 mo 1.26 ± 0.81 mm) and a significant clinical attachment gain for moderate (0.26 ± 0.18 at 3 mo, 6 mo 0.52 ± 0.15 and 12 mo 0.83 ± 0.38) and deep pockets (0.59 ± 0.18 at 3 mo, 0.96 ± 0.21 at 6 mo and 1.00 ± 0.80 at 12 mo).ConclusionFor the treatment of patients with aggressive periodontitis, systemic antibiotics combined with non‐surgical periodontal therapy resulted in a significant additional effect compared to non‐surgical therapy alone. There is a visible trend that showed metronidazole + amoxicillin is the most potent antibiotic combination.
Sleep characteristics as predictor variables of stress systems markers in insomnia disorder
Authors: Floam Samantha , Simpson Norah , Nemeth Emese , Scott‐Sutherland Jennifer , Gautam Shiva , Haack Monika 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThis study investigates the extent to which sleep characteristics serve as predictor variables for inflammatory, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and autonomic systems markers. Twenty‐nine participants with a diagnosis of insomnia disorder based on the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (age 25.3 ± 1.6 years, insomnia duration 6.6 ± 0.8 years) and 19 healthy control sleepers (age 25.4 ± 1.4 years) underwent a 2‐week at‐home evaluation keeping a sleep diary and wearing an actigraph, followed by a visit to the Research Center to measure blood pressure, and collect blood and urine samples. The actigraphy‐ and diary‐based variables of sleep duration, sleep‐onset latency, wake after sleep onset and sleep fragmentation/number of night‐time awakenings were averaged and entered as dependent variables in regression analyses. Composite scores were calculated for the autonomic (blood pressure, norepinephrine), inflammatory (monocyte counts, interleukin‐6, C‐reactive protein) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal systems (cortisol), and used as predictor variables in regression models. Compared with controls, individuals with insomnia had a shorter sleep duration (P < 0.05), and a higher hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and inflammatory composite score (P < 0.05). The higher inflammatory score was mainly due to higher circulating monocytes (P < 0.05), rather than differences in interleukin‐6 or C‐reactive protein. In persistent insomnia disorder, cortisol is upregulated and associated with actigraphy‐ and diary‐based wake after sleep onset, suggesting that wake after sleep onset may serve as a marker to identify individuals at increased risks for disorders associated with a hyperactive hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal system. The absence of autonomic and pro‐inflammatory changes (interleukin‐6, C‐reactive protein), despite a substantial decrease in actigraphic sleep duration, may relate to a higher resilience to the adverse biological consequences of insomnia in this young age group.
The spliceosomal PRP19 complex of trypanosomes
Authors: Ambrósio Daniela L. , Badjatia Nitika , Günzl Arthur 
Published: December 2014

SummaryIn trypanosomes, mRNAs are processed by spliced leader (SL) trans splicing, in which a capped SL, derived from SL RNA, is spliced onto the 5′ end of each mRNA. This process is mediated by the spliceosome, a large and dynamic RNA‐protein machinery consisting of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and non‐snRNP proteins. Due to early evolutionary divergence, the amino acid sequences of trypanosome splicing factors exhibit limited similarity to those of their eukaryotic orthologs making their bioinformatic identification challenging. Most of the ∼ 60 protein components that have been characterized thus far are snRNP proteins because, in contrast to individual snRNPs, purification of intact spliceosomes has not been achieved yet. Here, we characterize the non‐snRNP PRP19 complex of Trypanosoma brucei. We identified a complex that contained the core subunits PRP19, CDC5, PRL1, and SPF27, as well as PRP17, SKIP and PPIL1. Three of these proteins were newly annotated. The PRP19 complex was associated primarily with the activated spliceosome and, accordingly, SPF27 silencing blocked the first splicing step. Interestingly, SPF27 silencing caused an accumulation of SL RNA with a hypomethylated cap that closely resembled the defect observed previously upon depletion of the cyclin‐dependent kinase CRK9, indicating that both proteins may function in spliceosome activation.
Biochemical composition of haemagglutinin‐based influenza virus‐like particle vaccine produced by transient expression in tobacco plants
Authors: Le Mauff François , Mercier Geneviève , Chan Philippe , Burel Carole , Vaudry David , Bardor Muriel , Vézina Louis‐Philippe , Couture Manon , Lerouge Patrice , Landry Nathalie 
Published: December 2014

SummaryInfluenza virus‐like particles (VLPs) are noninfectious particles resembling the influenza virus representing a promising vaccine alternative to inactivated influenza virions as antigens. Medicago inc. has developed a plant‐based VLP manufacturing platform allowing the large‐scale production of GMP‐grade influenza VLPs. In this article, we report on the biochemical compositions of these plant‐based influenza candidate vaccines, more particularly the characterization of the N‐glycan profiles of the viral haemagglutinins H1 and H5 proteins as well as the tobacco‐derived lipid content and residual impurities. Mass spectrometry analyses showed that all N‐glycosylation sites of the extracellular domain of the recombinant haemagglutinins carry plant‐specific complex‐type N‐glycans having core α(1,3)‐fucose, core β(1,2)‐xylose epitopes and Lewisa extensions. Previous phases I and II clinical studies have demonstrated that no hypersensibility nor induction of IgG or IgE directed against these glycans was observed. In addition, this article showed that the plant‐made influenza vaccines are highly pure VLPs preparations while detecting no protein contaminants coming either from Agrobacterium or from the enzymes used for the enzyme‐assisted extraction process. In contrast, VLPs contain few host cell proteins and glucosylceramides associated with plant lipid rafts. Identification of such raft markers, together with the type of host cell impurity identified, confirmed that the mechanism of VLP formation in planta is similar to the natural process of influenza virus assembly in mammals.
Interaction of Crown Ether‐Annelated Styryl Dyes with Double‐Stranded DNA
Authors: Berdnikova Daria V. , Fedorova Olga A. , Tulyakova Elena V. , Li Haixing , Kölsch Sarah , Ihmels Heiko 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDNA‐binding properties of 15‐crown‐5‐derived mono‐ and bis‐styryl dyes were investigated in the presence of calf thymus DNA. To access the factors that influence the DNA association in the series of these ligands, the structure of the molecules was varied by either changing size of the heterocyclic moiety or altering the position of the styryl substituents. The major binding mode for the monostyryl dyes is intercalation. Notably, binding of the dyes to the nucleic acids leads to a fluorescence enhancement by a factor of up to 54. Therefore, these cationic styryl derivatives may be applied as fluorescent “light‐up” probes for DNA detection.
The Right Mix? Gender Diversity in Top Management Teams and Financial Performance
Authors: Opstrup Niels , Villadsen Anders R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRecent research has illustrated that demographic diversity influences the outcomes of public sector organizations. Most studies have focused on workforce diversity; by comparison, little is known about how managerial diversity affects organizational outcomes. This article focuses on gender diversity in the top management teams of public organizations and its relationship to financial performance. Theory suggests that management diversity can be a positive asset for organizations, allowing for the use of more diverse knowledge and human skill sets. Results of this study, however, suggest that organizations may only be able to leverage these advantages if they have a supporting management structure. In a longitudinal study of top management teams in Danish municipalities, the authors find that gender diversity in top management teams is associated with higher financial performance, but only in municipalities with a management structure that supports cross‐functional team work. These results are interpreted in light of existing theory, and implications are suggested.
Portopulmonary hypertension: An update
Authors: Porres‐Aguilar Mateo , Mukherjee Debabrata 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPortopulmonary hypertension represents a serious lung vascular disorder, defined as the presence of pulmonary arterial hypertension that is associated with portal hypertension, with or without the presence of significant liver disease. Transthoracic echocardiography represents the single best initial tool for the diagnostic evaluation in portopulmonary hypertension, and right heart catheterization remains the gold standard for definitive diagnosis. Despite the lack of randomized controlled trials in portopulmonary hypertension, some therapies have demonstrated improvements in cardiopulmonary haemodynamics and right ventricular function as described in case reports and case series. Specialists should be able to recognize indications and contraindications for liver transplantation in the setting of portopulmonary hypertension, and this review focuses on the appropriate diagnostic approach and current advances in medical therapies. Recognition of patients eligible for liver transplantation is needed to improve quality of life and survival.