bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Unified Approach to the Study of Temporal, Correlational, and Rate Coding
Authors: Panzeri Stefano , Schultz Simon R. 
Published: July 2002

We demonstrate that the information contained in the spike occurrence times of a population of neurons can be broken up into a series of terms, each reflecting something about potential coding mechanisms. This is possible in the coding regime in which few spikes are emitted in the relevant time window. This approach allows us to study the additional information contributed by spike timing beyond that present in the spike counts and to examine the contributions to the whole information of different statistical properties of spike trains, such as firing rates and correlation functions. It thus forms the basis for a new quantitative procedure for analyzing simultaneous multiple neuron recordings and provides theoretical constraints on neural coding strategies. We find a transition between two coding regimes, depending on the size of the relevant observation timescale. For time windows shorter than the timescale of the stimulus-induced response fluctuations, there exists a spike count coding phase, in which the purely temporal information is of third order in time. For time windows much longer than the characteristic timescale, there can be additional timing information of first order, leading to a temporal coding phase in which timing information may affect the instantaneous information rate. In this new framework, we study the relative contributions of the dynamic firing rate and correlation variables to the full temporal information, the interaction of signal and noise correlations in temporal coding, synergy between spikes and between cells, and the effect of refractoriness. We illustrate the utility of the technique by analyzing a few cells from the rat barrel cortex.
LEGISLATION AND LEGITIMATION IN OMAN: THE BASIC LAW
Authors: Siegfried Nikolaus 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWhen Sultan Qabus issued Decree 101 on November 6, 1996, Oman was the last Arab country to implement a constitutional document. However, the political impact of this document is controversial: Whereas some consider the Basic Law a step towards democratization, others see merely a continuation of traditional policies. In this article I investigate the innovative potential of the Basic Law. Against the background of Omani and regional history and European and Islamic constitutional thought, I review the Decree with regard to authority and legitimation. I suggest that the law is mainly symbolic in character. It exploits tribal and Islamic concepts to create a historically unfounded notion of a homogeneous state. The civil liberties it grants do not extend to the public sphere. I conclude that Oman's Basic Law does nothing more than to freeze the status quo, according to which the Sultan remains the only recognized authority in the state.
DAS UNERLEDIGTE PROBLEM DES BUCHES HABAKKUK
Authors:   Herrmann
Published: July 2002

AbstractDie zeitgeschichtliche Einbettung der Prophetie Habakkuks gegen Ende des 7. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. scheint zu einer communis opinio geworden zu sein, weniger das literarkritische Urteil über die drei Kapitel. Jedoch widerrät der ideelle Gesamtduktus des kleinen Schriftwerkes einer Aufgliederung in differente literarische Schichten. Die unverkennbar hervortretende Glaubenshaltung des Autors und der Versuch, sein und seiner Mitlebenden Schicksal von daher zu bewältigen, verweist überdies das Buch Habakkuk in ein fortgeschrittenes Stadium frühjüdischer Geschichte.
FEMALES OF A STREAM GOBY CHOOSE MATES THAT COURT IN FAST WATER CURRENTS
Authors: Takahashi Daisuke , Kohda Masanori 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Males of the stream goby Rhinogobius sp. DA with exclusive paternal care court females in fast water currents. Female choice of this goby was observed in the field. A fast current itself does not seem to be advantageous to females for mating. Neither large male size nor long male dorsal fin, both being sexually dimorphic traits, was related to female selectivity. Females favored males that courted on points at which the water current was relatively fast. Water velocity at male courtship points was positively correlated with a condition factor for males, indicating that males of poor physical condition do not court in fast water currents. Hence, this mate choice pattern enables females to mate with males of good physical condition. Male condition factor itself, however, was not related to selectivity by females. Circumstantial evidence suggest that this female choice pattern will result in mating with males having sufficient energy reserves, i.e. high parental quality.
LACK OF WORKER POLICING IN THE CAPE HONEYBEE (APIS MELLIFERA CAPENSIS)
Authors: Moritz R.F.A. , Kryger  , Allsopp M.H. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In honeybees (Apis mellifera) laying worker offspring is rare. One mechanism to suppress worker reproduction is through worker policing, i.e. workers remove unfertilised eggs laid by other workers. This behaviour has been shown to be adaptive as soon as the queen performs polyandrous matings. The average relatedness to the queen's drones is higher than to the worker laid offspring. In the Cape honeybee (A. m. capensis) reproductive workers lay fertilised eggs which develop into females. In this case the average worker relatedness to sexual reproductives reared from worker or queen offspring is identical. Worker policing has been predicted by evolutionary theory to be less expressed in A. m. capensis colonies than in other honeybees. We found genetic evidence that worker policing is not common in the Cape honeybee. Laying worker offspring was identified in queen right colonies using microsatellite DNA analysis.
Identification of Heterodera avenae group species by morphometrics and rDNA-RFLPs
Authors: Subbotin Sergei , Waeyenberge Lieven , Molokanova Irina , Moens Maurice 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCanonical discriminant analysis of four morphometric characters of juveniles and restriction enzymes analysis of ribosomal DNA sequences were used to distinguish Heterodera arenaria, H. aucklandica, H. avenae, H. filipjevi, H. hordecalis, H. iri, H. latipons, H. litoralis, H. schachtii and an undescribed species from grasslands. The results of unweighted pair group cluster analysis showed that H. avenae populations formed three groups and H. filipjevi two groups at the 80% level of similarity. Intraspecific polymorphism was revealed by rDNA-RFLP studies and two types of ITS regions within H. avenae populations can be distinguished. The pattern of restriction bands obtained with BsuRI, PstI and TaqI clearly distinguished populations of H. filipjevi from other species of the H. avenae group. Further enzymes and their combinations distinguished the other species. There are no enzymes which differentiate European populations of H. avenae from H. arenaria. Morphometrics, restriction endonuclease cleavage maps of ITS regions and a dendrogram of putative phylogenetic relations of several cyst-forming nematode species are given. Identification des especes du groupe Heterodera avenae par la morphometrie et les rDNA-RFLP - L'analyse canonique discriminante sur quatre caracteres morphometriques des juveniles et l'analyse des enzymes de restriction de l'ADN ribosomal ont ete utilisees pour identifier Heterodera arenaria, H. aucklandica, H. avenae, H. filipjevi, H. hordecalis, H. iri, H. latipons, H. litoralis, H. schachtii et une nouvelle espece originaire de prairies. Les resultats de l'analyse UPGMA ont montre que les populations d'H. avenae formaient trois groupes et celles d'H. filipjevi deux groupes a un niveau de similarite de 80%. Le polymorphisme intraspecifique a ete revele par des etudes de rDNA-RFLP et deux types de regions de l'ITS peuvent etre mis en evidence dans les populations d'H. avenae. Les modeles de bandes de restriction obtenus avec BsuRI, PstI et TaqI ont identifie clairement les populations d'H. filipjevi des autres especes du groupe H. avenae. D'autres enzymes et leurs combinaisons ont identifie les autres especes. Aucun enzyme n'a differencie les populations europeennes d'H. avenae de H. arenaria. Les caracteres morphometriques, les cartes de clivage des regions des ITS par l'endonuclease de restriction et un dendogramme des relations phylogenetiques supposees sont donnes.
Regional distribution of diagenetic carbonate cement in Palaeocene deepwater sandstones: North Sea
Authors: Stewart R. N. T. , Haszeldine R. S. , Fallick A. E. , Wilkinson M. , Macaulay C. I. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSandstones of the Palaeocene Montrose Group were deposited in a deepwater fan environment, and form a major oil reservoir in the North Sea. Calcite concretions occur commonly within thick-bedded and structureless sandstones. These concretions have been identified by sonic logs and well reports, and were cross-checked with available core data. Regionally, 101 wells have been examined and carbonate concretions form 0.6–7.2% of the core. Concretions are most abundant along the flank of the Fladen Ground Spur, the north Witch Ground Graben (WGG), the east south Viking Graben and East Central Graben (ECG). Concretions of the ECG formed at deep burial, with C from decarboxylation. Geochemical inheritance of Mn and Sr from Cretaceous chalk clasts may occur. Concretion growth may also have been influenced by vertical expulsion of fluids (leak-off) localized above salt tectonics. Isotopic and petrographic evidence indicates that much carbonate C in the WGG was derived from biodegradation of migrating oil in meteoric water at shallow depth. The locations of abundant carbonate with characteristic negative C isotope signatures can be used as shallow exploration guides to leak-off points located above deep overpressured structures.
Sulphur isotope variations in diagenetic pyrite from core plug to sub-millimetre scales
Authors: McConville P. , Boyce A. J. , Fallick A. E. , Harte B. , Scott E. M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSulphur isotope ratio measurements (δ34S) of diagenetic pyrite are commonly used to identify S sources and mechanisms of sulphide formation in basinal sediments. This study reports such data for a diagenetic pyrite nodule from the Brent Group sandstones of the northern North Sea at three sampling scales: 50 cm (core subsample), 500 μm (laser microprobe) and 50 μm (ion microprobe). Similar δ34S variations are found by the laser and ion microprobe techniques. There is a very wide range in δ34S (<−10% to >+50%) within the nodule and isotopically heavy S (δ34S >+20%) is common at all scales. The nodule δ34S distribution does not fit a Rayleigh fractionation pattern. The laser microprobe sampling at 100–500 μm scales seems to be adequate to characterize S isotope variations in this material.
Clay mineralogy of Galician coastal and oceanic surface sediments: contributions from terrigenous and authigenic sources
Authors: Belzunce-Segarra M. J. , Wilson M. J. , Fraser A. R. , Lachowski E. , Duthie D. M. L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe clay mineralogy of sediments collected from the San Simón inlet, the Ría de Vigo, the Galician Platform, the Galician Margin and the Celtic Sea has been studied using XRD, IR and TEM with a microanalytical attachment. All samples consisted largely of dioctahedral mica and kaolin minerals, in addition to significant amounts of gibbsite, chloritic and smectitic minerals. The clay mineralogy of the sediments is generally consistent with terrigenous inputs from soils and weathered rocks of the Galician granitic hinterland. It is of particular interest that gibbsite, which is not a common constituent of soils of temperate climates, has previously been shown to occur in weathering profiles in this region and may therefore be regarded as an indicator of ‘‘continentality’’, as suggested by Macías Vásquez and co-workers. The smectitic mineral is Fe-rich and also contains significant amounts of K. This mineral is likely to be ultimately of an authigenic origin and may possibly be important as a precursor mineral in a diffuse, non-granular glauconitization process.
Wooldridgeite,
Na2(P2O7)2(H2O)10:
A new mineral from Judkins Quarry, Warwickshire, England
Authors: Hawthorne F. C. , Cooper M. A. , Green D. I. , Starkey R. E. , Roberts A. C. , Grice J. D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Wooldridgeite, ideally Na2(P2O7)2(H2O)10,
orthorhombic, a = 11.938(1),
b = 32.854(2), c =
11.017(1) Å , V = 4321.2(8) Å3,
a:b:c = 0.3634:1:0.3353, space group
Fdd2, Z = 8, is a new mineral from Judkins Quarry,
Nuneaton, Warwickshire, England. Associated minerals are calcite, chalcopyrite,
bornite and baryte. It occurs as equant crystals forming rhombic dipyramids; no
twinning was observed. It is transparent blue-green with a very pale-blue streak,
a vitreous lustre, and does not fluoresce under long- or short-wave ultraviolet
light. Wooldridgeite has a Mohs hardness of 2–3, is brittle with an irregular
fracture, and has no cleavage. The calculated density is 2.279
g/cm3. In transmitted light, wooldridgeite is colourless,
non-pleochroic, and shows no dispersion. It is biaxial negative with α = 1.508(1),
β = 1.511(1), γ = 1.517(1), 2V(meas.) = 76.2(5), 2V(calc.) = 71(10)8, X =
b, Y = c, Z =
a. The strongest five reflections in the X-ray
powder diffraction pattern are [d(Å),
(I), (hkl)]:
8.23(30)(040), 6.52(100)(131), 4.05(40)(260), 3.255(40)(262); 2.924(40)(371).
Electron-microprobe analysis of wooldridgeite gave
P2O5 39.37, CuO 20.24, MgO 0.24, CaO
7.73, Na2O 8.33, K2O 0.17,
H2O(calc.) 24.72, sum 100.80 wt.%; the corresponding unit
formula (based on 24 anions) is
(Na1.96K0.03)Ca1.00(Cu1.85Mg0.04)P4.04O14(H2O)10
where the H2O groups were assigned from knowledge of the
crystal structure; the infrared absorption spectrum also indicates the presence of
H2O in the structure. The mineral is named for James Wooldridge (1923–1995), a
fervent amateur mineral collector who discovered this mineral.
Mn- and F-bearing rasvumite in natrocarbonatite at Oldoinyo Lengai volcano,
Tanzania
Authors: Jago B. C. , Gittins J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Several K-Fe sulphide minerals have been described from natrocarbonatite
lavas erupted from the Tanzanian volcano Oldoinyo Lengai but uncertainty remains
about their exact identity. They do not appear to be any of the established K-Fe
sulphides according to Dawson et al. (1995) and
Mitchell (1997). Here, we describe yet another variant which is a Mn- and
F-bearing variety of rasvumite. It appears to have formed by reaction of Fe
alabandite grains with natrocarbonatite magma and occurs as minute rims on the
alabandite. Its formula is:
(K0.94Na0.06)(Fe1.91Mn0.13Ca0.01Sr0.01)(S2.06F0.24Cl0.04).
Crystal-chemistry of zirconolite and calzirtite from Jacupiranga, São Paulo (Brazil)
Authors: Bellatreccia F. , Della Ventura G. , Caprilli E. , Williams C. T. , Parodi G. C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA specimen of zirconolite, collected from the type locality of the mineral originally described as zirkelite at Jacupiranga, São Paulo, Brazil has been re-examined and its mineral chemistry more completely characterized. All crystals studied are metamict and display very fine lamellar oscillatory zoning (1–3 µm in width) superimposed on a sector zonation. Such zoning, observed in backscattered electron images, is primarily related to differences in the concentration of Th.In comparison with other reported zirconolite samples from a variety of geological occurrences, Jacupiranga zirconolite has higher Ca, Th, (Nb + Ta) and lower Ti andREE, which is consistent with its occurrence in carbonatitic rocks. The compositional variation with respect to an ideal zirconolite is described by two main coupled substitutions:Calzirtite, Ca2Zr5Ti2O16, although intergrown with zirconolite and with identical major components, shows much less compositional variability with only minor amounts of Nb and Ta substituting for Ti. Unlike zirconolite, theREEand actinide elements are not easily accommodated in the calzirtite structure.
JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 is an interleukin-2–induced inhibitor of IL-2 signaling
Authors: Sporri Bernhard , Kovanen Panu E. , Sasaki Atsuo , Yoshimura Akihiko , Leonard Warren J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractJAB/suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) STAT-induced STAT inhibitor–1 (SSI-1) (JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1) is an SH2-domain–containing protein that is induced by and negatively regulates signaling by a number of cytokines including interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, prolactin, growth hormone, and erythropoietin. The role of JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 in IL-2 signaling has been analyzed. JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 is strongly induced by IL-2 in peripheral blood T cells, and JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 overexpression strongly inhibits IL-2–induced signal transducer and activator of transcription–5 (Stat5) phosphorylation and transcriptional activity. In cotransfection experiments, JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 associates with both Jak1 and Jak3; however, JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 had a greater effect on Jak1 tyrosine phosphorylation and kinase activity. JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 also interacts with IL-2Rβ, and this interaction requires the A region (residues 313-382) of IL-2Rβ. However, this interaction was not essential for the inhibitory action of JAB. Thus, JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 is an IL-2–induced inhibitor of IL-2 signaling that functions by inhibiting Jak kinase activity. This suggests an important role for JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 in regulating T-cell responses.
CD34 expression on long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells changes during developmental stages
Authors: Matsuoka Sahoko , Ebihara Yasuhiro , Xu Ming-jiang , Ishii Takefumi , Sugiyama Daisuke , Yoshino Hiroshi , Ueda Takahiro , Manabe Atsushi , Tanaka Ryuhei , Ikeda Yasuo , Nakahata Tatsutoshi , Tsuji Kohichiro 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe CD34 antigen serves as an important marker for primitive hematopoietic cells in therapeutic transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and gene therapy, but it has remained an open question as to whether or not most HSC express CD34. Using a competitive long-term reconstitution assay, the results of this study confirm developmental changes in CD34 expression on murine HSC. In fetuses and neonates, CD34 was expressed on Lin−c-Kit+ long-term repopulating HSC of bone marrow (BM), liver, and spleen. However, CD34 expression on HSC decreased with aging, and in mice older than 10 weeks, HSC were most enriched in the Lin−c-Kit+CD34− marrow cell fraction. A second transplantation was performed from primary recipients who were transplanted with neonatal Lin−c-Kit+ CD34high HSC marrow. Although donor-type HSC resided in CD34-expressing cell fraction in BM cells of the first recipients 4 weeks after the first transplantation, the stem cell activity had shifted to Lin−c-Kit+CD34− cells after 16 weeks, indicating that adult Lin−c-Kit+CD34− HSC are the progeny of neonatal CD34-expresssing HSC. Assays for colony-forming cells showed that hematopoietic progenitor cells, unlike HSC, continue to express CD34 throughout murine development. The present findings are important because the clinical application of HSC can be extended, in particular as related to CD34-enriched HSC and umbilical cord blood HSC.
Nucleotide receptors: an emerging family of regulatory molecules in blood cells
Authors: Di Virgilio Francesco , Chiozzi Paola , Ferrari Davide , Falzoni Simonetta , Sanz Juana M. , Morelli Anna , Torboli Maurizia , Bolognesi Giorgio , Baricordi O. Roberto 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNucleotides are emerging as an ubiquitous family of extracellular signaling molecules. It has been known for many years that adenosine diphosphate is a potent platelet aggregating factor, but it is now clear that virtually every circulating cell is responsive to nucleotides. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These effects are mediated through a specific class of plasma membrane receptors called purinergic P2 receptors that, according to the molecular structure, are further subdivided into 2 subfamilies: P2Y and P2X. ATP and possibly other nucleotides are released from damaged cells or secreted via nonlytic mechanisms. Thus, during inflammation or vascular damage, nucleotides may provide an important mechanism involved in the activation of leukocytes and platelets. However, the cell physiology of these receptors is still at its dawn, and the precise function of the multiple P2X and P2Y receptor subtypes remains to be understood.
Aberrant fibrin formation and cross-linking of fibrinogen Nieuwegein, a variant with a shortened Aα-chain, alters endothelial capillary tube formation
Authors: Collen Annemie , Maas Annemarie , Kooistra Teake , Lupu Florea , Grimbergen Jos , Haas Fred J. L. M. , Biesma Douwe H. , Koolwijk Pieter , Koopman Jaap , van Hinsbergh Victor W. M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA congenital dysfibrinogenemia, fibrinogenNieuwegein, was discovered in a young man without any thromboembolic complications or bleeding. A homozygous insertion of a single nucleotide (C) in codon Aα 453 (Pro) introduced a stop codon at position 454, which resulted in the deletion of the carboxyl-terminal segment Aα 454-610. The ensuing unpaired cysteine at Aα 442 generated fibrinogen-albumin complexes of different molecular weights. The molecular abnormalities of fibrinogenNieuwegein led to a delayed clotting and a fibrin network with a low turbidity. Electron microscopy confirmed that thin fibrin bundles were organized in a fine network. The use of fibrinogenNieuwegein-derived fibrin (fibrinNieuwegein) in an in vitro angiogenesis model resulted in a strong reduction of tube formation. The ingrowth of human microvascular endothelial cells (hMVEC) was independent of αvβ3, indicating that the reduced ingrowth is not due to the absence of the RGD-adhesion site at position Aα 572-574. Rather, the altered structure of fibrinNieuwegeinis the cause, since partial normalization of the fibrin network by lowering the pH during polymerization resulted in an increased tube formation. Whereas factor XIIIa further decreased the ingrowth of hMVEC in fibrinNieuwegein, tissue transglutaminase (TG), which is released in areas of vessel injury, did not. This is in line with the absence of the cross-linking site for TG in the α-chains of fibrinogenNieuwegein. In conclusion, this newly discovered congenital dysfibrinogenemia has a delayed clotting time and leads to the formation of an altered fibrin structure, which could not be cross-linked by TG and which is less supportive for ingrowth of endothelial cells.