bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imprinting
Authors: McCabe Brian J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractImprinting is a type of learning by which an animal restricts its social preferences to an object after exposure to that object. Filial imprinting occurs shortly after birth or hatching and sexual imprinting, around the onset of sexual maturity; both have sensitive periods. This review is concerned mainly with filial imprinting. Filial imprinting in the domestic chick is an effective experimental system for investigating mechanisms underlying learning and memory. Extensive evidence implicates a restricted part of the chick forebrain, the intermediate and medial mesopallium (IMM), as a memory store for visual imprinting. After imprinting to a visual stimulus, neuronal responsiveness in IMM is specifically biased toward the imprinting stimulus. Both this bias and the strength of imprinting measured behaviorally depend on uninterrupted sleep shortly after training. When learning‐related changes in IMM are lateralized they occur predominantly or completely on the left side. Ablation experiments indicate that the left IMM is responsible for long‐term storage of information about the imprinting stimulus; the right side is also a store but additionally is necessary for extra storage outside IMM, in a region necessary for flexible use of information acquired through imprinting. Auditory imprinting gives rise to biochemical, neuroanatomical, and electrophysiological changes in the medio‐rostral nidopallium/mesopallium, anterior to IMM. Auditory imprinting has not been shown to produce learning‐related changes in IMM. Imprinting may be facilitated by predispositions. Similar predispositions for faces and biological motion occur in domestic chicks and human infants. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:375–390. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1231This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Memory
Psychology > Learning
Neuroscience > Behavior
Current trends in modeling host–pathogen interactions
Authors: Mukherjee Sumanta , Sambarey Awanti , Prashanthi Karyala , Chandra Nagasuma 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe rapid emergence of infectious diseases calls for immediate attention to determine practical solutions for intervention strategies. To this end, it becomes necessary to obtain a holistic view of the complex host–pathogen interactome. Advances in omics and related technology have resulted in massive generation of data for the interacting systems at unprecedented levels of detail. Systems‐level studies with the aid of mathematical tools contribute to a deeper understanding of biological systems, where intuitive reasoning alone does not suffice. In this review, we discuss different aspects of host–pathogen interactions (HPIs) and the available data resources and tools used to study them. We discuss in detail models of HPIs at various levels of abstraction, along with their applications and limitations. We also enlist a few case studies, which incorporate different modeling approaches, providing significant insights into disease. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Biological Data Mining
The Safe and Efficient Use of Forced‐Air Warming Systems
Authors: Wu Xuelei 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMaintaining perioperative normothermia is important to ensure that a patient does not experience inadvertent hypothermia and its consequences, such as increased blood loss, cardiac abnormalities, prolonged recovery, and increased risk for wound infection. Many clinical guidelines recommend the use of forced‐air warming as one of several techniques to prevent inadvertent perioperative hypothermia. Safe use of forced‐air warming devices includes choosing the right device, assessing the patient for risks, protecting the patient from burn injuries, appropriately maintaining the patient's body temperature, and using the device as directed by the manufacturer's recommendations. Staff members should receive education on hypothermia and warming technology on a regular basis.
A Graphical and Statistical Analysis of the Judgment of Princeton Wine Tasting
Authors: Ward Daniel L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe wine ratings from the a wine tasting comparing wines from a young wine region, New Jersey, to wines from Bordeaux was held June 8, 2012 in Princeton, NJ. Graphical analysis revealed substantial differences in the use of the rating scale between judges, both in the centroids of their scores and the variability in their scores. Analysis of variance failed to detect any significant differences in the white wines regardless of data transformation or statistical model. Analysis of raw data from the red wines suggested significant differences, but severely violated ANOVA model assumptions and was invalid. Rank transformation, standardization, a model with heterogeneous variances, and Friedman's test all indicated no significant differences among red wines. Based on the confidence interval on the difference between all New Jersey and all Bordeaux wines in each flight it was estimated that differences larger than 1.5 on the 20-point scale would have been declared significantly different for either white or red wines. Therefore, the tasting was powerful enough that any meaningful differences between the wines from the two origins would have been detected. (JEL Classification: C19, Q19)
NIELSEN EQUIVALENCE OF GENERATING PAIRS OF SL(2,q)
Authors: MCCULLOUGH DARRYL , WANDERLEY MARCUS 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe present several conjectures which would describe the Nielsen equivalence classes of generating pairs for the groups SL(2,q) and PSL(2,q). The Higman invariant, which is the union of the conjugacy classes of the commutator of a generating pair and its inverse, and the trace of the commutator play key roles. Combining known results with additional work, we clarify the relationships between the conjectures, and obtain various partial results concerning them. Motivated by the work of Macbeath (A. M. Macbeath, Generators of the linear fractional groups, in Number theory (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., vol. XII, Houston, TX, 1967) (American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1969), 14–32), we use another invariant defined using traces to develop algorithms that enable us to verify the conjectures computationally for all q up to 101, and to prove the conjectures for a highly restricted but possibly infinite set of q.
A NOTE ONp-CENTRAL GROUPS
Authors: CAMINA RACHEL , THILLAISUNDARAM ANITHA 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA groupGisn-centralifGn≤Z(G), that is the subgroup ofGgenerated byn-powers ofGlies in the centre ofG. We investigatepk-central groups forpa prime number. ForGa finite group of exponentpk, the covering group ofGispk-central. Using this we show that the exponent of the Schur multiplier ofGis bounded by$p^{\lceil \frac{c}{p-1} \rceil}$, wherecis the nilpotency class ofG. Next we give an explicit bound for the order of a finitepk-centralp-group of coclassr. Lastly, we establish that forG, a finitep-centralp-group, andN, a proper non-maximal normal subgroup ofG, the Tate cohomologyHn(G/N, Z(N)) is non-trivial for alln. This final statement answers a question of Schmid concerning groups with non-trivial Tate cohomology.
TAUBERIAN THEOREMS AND SPECTRAL THEORY IN TOPOLOGICAL VECTOR SPACES
Authors: DE BEER RICHARD J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe investigate the spectral theory of integrable actions of a locally compact abelian group on a locally convex vector space. We start with an analysis of various spectral subspaces induced by the action of the group. This is applied to analyse the spectral theory of operators on the space, generated by measures on the group. We apply these results to derive general Tauberian theorems that apply to arbitrary locally compact abelian groups acting on a large class of locally convex vector spaces, which includes Fréchet spaces. We show how these theorems simplify the derivation of Mean Ergodic theorems.
CHARACTERIZATIONS OF LINEAR WEINGARTEN SPACELIKE HYPERSURFACES IN EINSTEIN SPACETIMES
Authors: DE LIMA HENRIQUE F. , DE LIMA JOSEÍLSON R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOur purpose is to study the geometry of linear Weingarten spacelike hypersurfaces immersed in a locally symmetric Einstein spacetime, whose sectional curvature is supposed to obey some standard restrictions. In this setting, by using as main analytical tool a generalized maximum principle for complete non-compact Riemannian manifolds, we establish sufficient conditions to guarantee that such a hypersurface must be either totally umbilical or an isoparametric hypersurface with two distinct principal curvatures, one of which is simple. Applications to the de Sitter space are given.
SCHOTTKY UNIFORMIZATIONS OF SYMMETRIES
Authors: GROMADZKI G. , HIDALGO R. A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA real algebraic curve of genusgis a pair (S,〈 τ 〉), whereSis a closed Riemann surface of genusgand τ:S→Sis a symmetry, that is, an anti-conformal involution. A Schottky uniformization of (S,〈 τ 〉) is a tuple (Ω,Γ,P:Ω →S), where Γ is a Schottky group with region of discontinuity Ω and P:Ω →Sis a regular holomorphic cover map with Γ as its deck group, so that there exists an extended Möbius transformation$\widehat{\tau}$keeping Ω invariant withPo$\widehat{\tau}$=τ oP. The extended Kleinian groupK=〈 Γ,$\widehat{\tau}$〉 is called an extended Schottky groups of rankg. The interest on Schottky uniformizations rely on the fact that they provide the lowest uniformizations of closed Riemann surfaces. In this paper we obtain a structural picture of extended Schottky groups in terms of Klein–Maskit's combination theorems and some basic extended Schottky groups. We also provide some insight of the structural picture in terms of the group of automorphisms ofSwhich are reflected by the Schottky uniformization. As a consequence of our structural description of extended Schottky groups, we get alternative proofs to results due to Kalliongis and McCullough (J. Kalliongis and D. McCullough, Orientation-reversing involutions on handlebodies,Trans. Math. Soc.348(5) (1996), 1739–1755) on orientation-reversing involutions on handlebodies.
The fermentation of cellulose by thermophilic bacteria
Authors: Viljoen J. A. , Fred E. B. , Peterson W. H. 
Published: February 2013

1. A thermophilic organism which destroys cellulose at 65° C. has been isolated in pure culture.2. The organism is motile, gram negative, forms spores in the swollen end, stains well with carbol fuchsin, poorly with methylene blue.3. After growth on media without cellulose the organism is unable to ferment cellulose.4. The range of fermentation is from 43° C. to 65° C. The organism lives at 38° C. and 72° C. but does not ferment at these temperatures.5. The spores are very resistant to heat and withstand 115° C. for 35 minutes.6. Heating the spores to 100° C. for 5 to 10 minutes causes an increased rate of germination.7. Carbohydrates fermented: cellulose, starch, raffinose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, mannose, galactose, fructose, glucose, xylose and arabinose.8. Organic nitrogen is necessary for the fermentation, and peptone is the best source.9. The products from cellulose are: acetic acid, small amounts of butyric acid, ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The amount of cellulose destroyed in a 1 to 5 per cent, suspension varies from 70 to 95 per cent. Of the cellulose destroyed, 50 to 55 per cent, is regained as acetic acid, 5 to 25 per cent. as ethyl alcohol and the rest as small amounts of butyric acid, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and pigment. The pigment is a fatty substance soluble in ether.
Pneumatisation of turbinates and paranasal sinuses in children: case report
Authors: Tsioulos K , Del Pero M Martinez , Philpott C 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjective:To describe a rare case of multiple anatomical variations in the sinonasal skeleton of an adolescent with chronic rhinosinusitis, together with its successful surgical management.Case report:A 15-year-old male adolescent was referred with a 3-year history of nasal blockage and hyposmia. His symptoms did not improve on maximal medical therapy. A pre-operative computed tomography scan revealed numerous anatomical variations in his nose and paranasal sinuses. He underwent neuronavigation-assisted endoscopic sinus surgery without complication, and with subsequent resolution of his symptoms at 10 months.Conclusion:Chronic rhinosinusitis in children offers its own set of unique surgical challenges. The effectiveness and safety of sinus surgery in this population can be improved through the knowledge of anatomical variants, and is aided by the use of image guidance systems.
Factors affecting hearing improvement following successful repair of the tympanic membrane
Authors: Thiel G , Mills RP , Mills N 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackground:The main aim of tympanic membrane repair is the elimination of chronic or intermittent aural discharge. Hearing improvement may or may not occur following a technically successful operation.Method:This study entailed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from 203 operations that resulted in an intact tympanic membrane 6 months after surgery.Results:Complete hearing data were available for 169 operations on 160 patients. Of these, 53 per cent resulted in closure of the air–bone gap to within 10 dB, and 54 per cent of cases had post-operative hearing thresholds of at least 30 dB. The mean hearing change after surgery was +8.3 dB. Multiple regression analysis indicated that hearing improvement was more likely in large compared with small perforations. Smaller hearing gains occurred in ears with erosion of the stapes arch and/or fixation of the stapes, as well as in those with active discharge at the time of surgery and in revision cases.Conclusion:Greater hearing improvement can be expected following successful repair of perforations involving more than 50 per cent of the drum area. Poorer results are likely to occur in ears with additional middle-ear pathology and in revision cases.
Taxonomy of the genusMyrionora, with a second species from South America
Authors: PALICE Zdeněk , PRINTZEN Christian , SPRIBILLE Toby , SVENSSON Måns , TØNSBERG Tor , URBANAVICHENE Irina , YAKOVCHENKO Lidia S. , EKMAN Stefan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA taxonomic and biogeographic overview of the genusMyrionorais provided. Two species are recognized,M. albidula(Willey) R. C. Harris andM. pseudocyphellariae(Etayo) S. Ekman & Palice comb. nov. The genus is characterized by polysporous asci, the presence of crystals in the hymenium and proper exciple that partly consist of lobaric acid, and a photobiont with large cells (mostly in the range 12–20 µm).Myrionora albidulais currently known from Germany, Norway, Sweden, the Russian Federation (Altayskiy Kray, Chelyabinskaya Oblast', Khabarovskiy Kray and Zabaykal'skiy Kray), and the United States (Alaska, Connecticut, Maine and Massachusetts). It inhabits bark of deciduous trees and shrubs and conifers over a wide range of latitudes.Myrionora pseudocyphellariaeis known from Chile and Ecuador, where it has been encountered on lichens and decaying bark. Based on morphological characteristics, we conclude thatMyrionorabelongs in theRamalinaceae.
Two new species of Pyrenula with a red or orange thallus from Vale do Catimbau National Park, Pernambuco, Brazil
Authors: LIMA Edvaneide Leandro de , MENDONÇA Cléverton de Oliveira , MAIA Leonor Costa , APTROOT André , CÁCERES Marcela Eugenia da Silva 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe new species Pyrenula reginae and P. rubromamillana are described from NE Brazil. Both have a conspicuous red or orange thallus, an inspersed hamathecium and relatively small ascospores, but they differ clearly in colour and ascoma organization.
The associations between psychiatric label use and young people's help-seeking preferences: results from an Australian national survey
Authors: Yap M. B. H. , Reavley N. J. , Jorm A. F. 
Published: February 2013

Aims.Emerging evidence suggests that psychiatric labels may facilitate help seeking in young people. This study examined whether young people's use of accurate labels for five disorders would predict their help-seeking preferences.Methods.Young people's help-seeking intentions were assessed by a national telephone survey of 3021 Australian youths aged 15–25. Respondents were presented with a vignette of a young person portraying depression, depression with suicidal thoughts, psychosis, social phobia or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They were then asked what they thought was wrong with the person, and where they would go for help if they had a similar problem.Results.Accurate psychiatric label use was associated with a preference to seek help from a general practitioner or mental health specialist. Accurately labelling the psychosis vignette was also associated with a preference to not seek help from family or friends.Conclusions.Findings add to the emerging evidence that accurate psychiatric labelling may facilitate help seeking for various mental disorders in young people, and support the promise of community awareness campaigns designed to improve young people's ability to accurately identify mental disorders.
QuikScan formatting as a means to improve text recall
Authors: van der Meij Hans , van der Meij Jan , Farkas David K. 
Published: February 2013

PurposeQuikScan is an innovative text format that employs three prominent signaling devices – summaries, headings, and access cues – to make the reading of medium‐to‐long texts more productive. The experiments reported in this paper aim to examine the claim that QuikScan contributes to text recall.Design/methodology/approachIn two consecutive experiments a QuikScanned text (experimental condition) was compared to a non‐QuickScanned text (control condition). In Experiment one, 41 university students read the text and then answered ten open recall questions. In Experiment two, 58 university students read the text and then wrote a summary and answered four recall questions.FindingsIn Experiment one, a statistically significant overall effect on text recall favoring QuikScan was found. Detailed analyses revealed that QuikScan mainly affected the readers' responses to higher‐order questions (d= 1.24). Experiment two showed that QuikScan led to significantly higher recall scores for the summaries. Just as in the first experiment, a strong effect on the higher‐order questions was found (d= 1.27).Research limitations/implicationsFurther studies of QuikScan should include studies in naturalistic settings and should address selective reading and information navigation as well as text recall. SARA, a recent comprehensive theory of signaling, makes it possible to identify the individual functions of QuikScan's signaling devices and conduct revealing studies of QuikScan.Practical implicationsQuikScan and other innovations that improve the reading experience can potentially increase the willingness of readers to read longer documents.Originality/valueQuikScan provides a unique combination of signaling devices. It can facilitate access and enhance text comprehension.
Flow and stability of natural pest control services depend on complexity and crop rotation at the landscape scale
Authors: Rusch Adrien , Bommarco Riccardo , Jonsson Mattias , Smith Henrik G. , Ekbom Barbara 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Increasing landscape complexity can enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services in agroecosystems. However, policies based on conversion of arable land into semi‐natural habitats to increase landscape complexity and ecosystem services can be difficult to implement. Although it appears to be a promising management option, nothing is known about the effect of increasing landscape diversity through crop rotations on the delivery of ecosystem services.

In this study, we examined how landscape complexity and crop rotation intensity in the landscape at different spatial scales affect the flow and the stability of natural pest control services in barley fields using manipulative cage experiments.

Exclusion experiments revealed that natural enemies can have a strong impact on aphid population growth and that the delivery of pest control services is strongly dependent on the landscape context.

We found that the overall level of pest control increased with landscape complexity and that this effect was independent of crop rotation intensity. In addition, the within‐field stability in pest control services increased with crop rotation intensity in the landscape, although stability in parasitism rates decreased.

Multiple spatial scales analyses showed that the mean level of natural pest control was best predicted by landscape complexity at the 0·5‐km and the 1‐km spatial scales. The stability in overall pest control decreased with proportion of ley at the 2·5‐km and the 3‐km spatial scales.

Synthesis and applications. Our study disentangled, for the first time, the relative effects of landscape complexity and crop rotation intensity on the delivery of an ecosystem service. We show that combined management of semi‐natural habitat and crop rotation can stabilize and enhance natural pest control in agricultural landscapes. Our findings have important implications in terms of management options to maintain and enhance ecosystem services in agroecosystems. They suggest that conservation of heterogeneous landscapes, characterized by a higher proportion of semi‐natural habitats such as pastures and relatively small fields, is essential for maintaining and enhancing effective biological control in agroecosystems.
Landscape composition, connectivity and fragment size drive effects of grassland fragmentation on insect communities
Authors: Rösch Verena , Tscharntke Teja , Scherber Christoph , Batáry Péter 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Calcareous grasslands are among the most species‐rich habitats in Europe, but are increasingly threatened due to abandonment and fragmentation. Little is known about how the surrounding landscape influences fragmentation effects. Here, we focus on the interaction between habitat fragmentation and landscape composition on leafhoppers, a highly diverse group of insects, including many species that are likely to be vulnerable to changes in their environment.

We selected 14 small and 14 large fragments of calcareous grassland in Central Germany, differing in isolation from other calcareous grasslands and in composition of the surrounding landscape. Leafhoppers, sampled by sweep netting, were either specialists that depended on calcareous grasslands or generalists that could use the landscape matrix, but still required low‐productivity habitats.

Increasing habitat isolation reduced leafhopper species richness in simple (dominated by arable crops), but not in complex landscapes. This effect was driven by the generalist species. In simple landscapes, leafhoppers may find it more difficult to reach the next suitable fragment due to a lack of alternative resources during dispersal.

Moreover, we found that generalist species richness increased with increasing connectivity on small fragments, whereas it remained stable with increasing connectivity on large fragments. In small, isolated fragments, a higher extinction rate combined with a lower probability of recolonization is thought to cause the reduced species richness.

Synthesis and applications. Our results show for the first time that insect species richness can be negatively affected by increasing habitat isolation in simplified but not in complex landscapes and in small but not in large fragments. We provide evidence that mitigating the negative effects of habitat fragmentation needs to take the surrounding landscape into account. Management efforts should prioritize (i) an increase in connectivity of small, isolated fragments, (ii) an increase in connectivity of fragments in simple landscapes and (iii) enhanced dispersal by increasing heterogeneity of both landscape composition and configuration. Moreover, extensive management of fragments by grazing or mowing to increase local habitat quality for leafhoppers would benefit other insect groups as well.