bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The circumstances and impact of injuries on adults with learning disabilities
Authors: Finlayson Janet , Morrison Jillian , Skelton Dawn Ann , Ballinger Claire , Mantry Dipali , Jackson Alison , Cooper Sally-Ann 
Published: August 2014

Introduction: People with learning disabilities experience higher rates of injury compared to the general population, but little is known about the circumstances and perceived impact of these injuries on people with learning disabilities themselves. Method: Content analysis was conducted from interviews with 113 adults with learning disabilities who had at least one injury in a 12-month period. Qualitative interviews were conducted with ten adults with learning disabilities (and their carers where appropriate) who had experienced serious or frequent injury or frequent falls with or without injury in a 12-month period. Findings: The most commonly reported contributory factors for injuries and/or falls were related to physical health status (for example, epilepsy) and the environment (for example, walking/banging into furniture or stairs/steps). In terms of perceived impact, the development of fear of walking outdoors unsupported or fear of crossing a road were highlighted. The non-use and misuse of assistive technology was also highlighted as a concern. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that occupational therapists have a key role to play in tailoring injury and fall prevention strategies and interventions for people with learning disabilities. In particular, environmental assessment and monitored use of assistive technology is important.
Preceptors' Views of Preceptorship: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Authors: Maringer Tracy , Jensen Jan 
Published: August 2014

Introduction: Preceptorship is a structured, supported induction period, the purpose of which is to ease the student—practitioner transition for newly qualified Band 5 National Health Service workers. The aim of this research, set in an acute hospital setting, was to explore the views of therapists on their roles as preceptors. Method: In this qualitative study, three occupational therapists and three physiotherapists participated in semi-structured interviews to identify their perceptions of the preceptor role and their thoughts on how the preceptorship programme affects preceptees' student—practitioner transitions. Interpretative phenomenological analysis identified emergent themes from the data. Findings: Three main themes emerged: valuing structured learning and reflection; the requirements of the preceptor—preceptee relationship; and the perceived impact of preceptorship on the service. Conclusion: The preceptorship programme was commended for providing a structured induction, facilitating reflective practice in newly qualified staff, and enhancing standards of clinical care for patients. It was felt that improved training in being a preceptor and ways of engaging in the process of preceptorship, along with alterations to simplify and clarify the local preceptorship programme paperwork, would benefit both preceptors and preceptees.
Subjective Social Status Predicts Quit-Day Abstinence among Homeless Smokers
Authors: Reitzel Lorraine R. , Kendzor Darla E. , Cao Yumei , Businelle Michael S. 
Published: August 2014

Purpose. Smoking prevalence is alarmingly high among the homeless. Few studies have focused on predictors of smoking abstinence in this population. Subjective social status, a person's ranking of their own social standing relative to others in the United States or in their own self-defined communities, has predicted smoking cessation among domiciled smokers in analyses adjusted for objective socioeconomic status and other demographic variables. This study examined if subjective social status predicted quit-day abstinence among homeless smokers making a quit attempt. Design. Longitudinal study using self-reported survey data. Setting. Transitional homeless shelter in Dallas, Texas. Subjects. A total of 57 homeless smokers enrolled in a cessation program. Measures. Predictors were the Subjective Social Status-U.S (SSS-U.S.) and the Subjective Social Status-Community (SSS-Community) ladders measured 1 week pre quit. Covariates were sociodemographics and tobacco dependence measured 1 week pre quit. The outcome was self-reported and biochemically verified smoking abstinence on the quit day. Analysis. Covariate-adjusted logistic regression models. Results. Higher rankings on the SSS-U.S. ladder, but not the SSS-Community ladder, predicted abstinence on the quit day (p = .005). Conclusion. Lower rankings on the SSS-U.S. ladder predicted increased risk of relapse on the quit day or the inability to quit at all. The SSS-U.S. ladder might be useful in identifying homeless smokers needing additional preparation and intervention before initiating a quit attempt.
Critical phenomena in the spreading of opinion consensus and disagreement
Authors: Chacoma Andrés , Zanette Damián H. 
Published: August 2014

We consider a class of models of opinion formation where the dissemination of individual opinions occurs through the spreading of local consensus and disagreement. We study the emergence of full collective consensus or maximal disagreement in one- and two-dimensional arrays. In both cases, the probability of reaching full consensus exhibits well-defined scaling properties as a function of the system size. Two-dimensional systems, in particular, possess nontrivial exponents and critical points. The dynamical rules of our models, which emphasize the interaction between small groups of agents, should be considered as complementary to the imitation mechanisms of traditional opinion dynamics. Received: 11 March 2014, Accepted: 1 August 2014; Reviewed by: F. Bagnoli, Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Italy; Edited by: G. Martinez Mekler; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.060003Cite as: A Chacoma, D H Zanette, Papers in Physics 6, 060003 (2014)
Characterization of Inflammatory (Lymphoepithelioma-like) Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Study of 8 Cases
Authors: Patel Kalyani R. , Liu Ta-Chiang , Vaccharajani Neeta , Chapman William C. , Brunt Elizabeth M. 
Published: August 2014

Context.—The World Health Organization has recently recognized lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, or inflammatory hepatocellular carcinoma, as a variant of hepatocellular carcinoma.Objective.—To identify and characterize the inflammatory hepatocellular carcinomas in our institution from 1988 to the present.Design.—All cases of hepatocellular carcinoma in our institution from 1988 to the present were reviewed and reclassified as lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma and were studied in comparison to appropriately matched controls.Results.—Among the 8 cases of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma identified, the male to female ratio was 1:3, the mean age was 68.5 years (range, 57–78 years), and all of the cases were seen in noncirrhotic livers. The average numbers of lymphocytes were significantly higher in the cases than in the controls. T cells were predominant, with a uniform distribution of CD4 and CD8 positive cells. Cholangiolar differentiation was seen by K19 positivity as focal in 1 case and diffuse in 2 cases. In situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus was negative in all of the cases. Diffuse overexpression of p16 (&gt;75% of cells) was seen in 2 cases, both of which were negative for the presence of transcriptionally active human papilloma virus by in situ hybridization. In our series, 3 of 8 cases (37.5%) showed local recurrence, which was similar to the controls (6 of 18; 33%), P &gt; .99. Although the rate of distant metastases was lower among the cases (12.5%) than the controls (22.2%), the difference was not statistically significant (P &gt; .99).Conclusion.—We present the first series of 8 cases of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the liver occurring in patients without cirrhosis and with a female preponderance and the absence of Epstein-Barr virus. Although clinical outcomes were similar to those of controls in our small series, additional data may be required for confirmation.
Comparative Evaluation of ProEx C and ImmunoCyt/uCyt Assays in Atypical Urine Cytology
Authors: Vergara-Lluri Maria E. , Hu Eugenia , Rao Jian-Yu , Levin Mary , Apple Sophia K. , Moatamed Neda A. 
Published: August 2014

Context.—Detection of urothelial carcinoma by urine cytology can be challenging. Recently, ProEx C has been studied as a marker to improve detection of urothelial carcinoma. ProEx C is an assay targeting expression of topoisomerase II-α and the minichromosome maintenance protein-2 and is used to assist in diagnoses of gynecologic specimens.Objective.—To evaluate the utility of ProEx C and uCyt in atypical urine cytology.Design.—Sixty-eight specimens with a diagnosis of atypical urine cytology, concurrent uCyt testing, and surgical biopsy follow-up were included. Slides were restained with ProEx C. ProEx C was recorded as positive when nuclear staining was seen in at least one morphologically atypical urothelial cell. The uCyt was scored as positive if at least one morphologically atypical urothelial cell showed positive fluorescence staining. Thirteen cases (19%) had benign histologic diagnoses, 18 (26%) had low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, and 37 (54%) had high-grade urothelial carcinoma.Results.—The overall sensitivity was 85% for ProEx C, 85% for uCyt, and 93% for the combination of the 2 assays. The overall specificity was 69% for ProEx C, 31% for uCyt, and 23% for the combination of the 2 tests. In predicting high-grade urothelial carcinoma, sensitivity was 92% for ProEx C, 86% for uCyt, and 92% for both tests. In predicting low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, sensitivity was best with the combination of the 2 tests at 94%.Conclusion.—ProEx C has superior specificity to uCyt. The combination of the 2 tests yielded high sensitivity not only for high-grade urothelial carcinoma but also for low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma.
Trends in Parenteral Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Use in Pediatric Patients: Analysis of a Large Administrative Database
Authors: Moffett Brady S. , Teruya Jun 
Published: August 2014

Context.—Parenteral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) may be used in pediatric patients with contraindications to heparin therapy, such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Few data exist regarding the use of DTIs in pediatric patients.
Objective.—To characterize the use of DTIs in pediatric patients, including monitoring strategies and bleeding complications.
Design.—A retrospective descriptive study was designed and the Pediatric Health Information System database was queried from 2004 to 2011 for pediatric patients receiving a parenteral DTI. Patient demographic and hospital data, mortality, disease state, and procedure information (from International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes) were collected from the query. DTI monitoring information was also collected. Patients were divided into 2 time periods (2004–2007, 2008–2011) to evaluate trends.
Results.—Two hundred eight patients met study criteria (50.9% male, 64.4% white), and children (2–12 years of age) represented 34.6% of the population. Congenital heart disease was present in 43.8% and cardiovascular surgical procedure occurred in 28.4%. Argatroban was most commonly used (73.1%) and bivalirudin use increased (P &lt; .001). Bleeding complications were present in 37.9% of patients and mortality was 19.7%. Bleeding complications were associated with lepirudin (62.5%) and argatroban (41.7%) more often as compared with bivalirudin (18.8%) (P &lt; .001). Activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time were used more often in patients receiving argatroban and lepirudin in comparison with bivalirudin, and thrombin time was used more often in patients receiving lepirudin (P &lt; .001). Activated clotting time use increased over time (5.1% versus 17.5%, P = .02).
Conclusion.—Pediatric use of DTIs is infrequent and occurs in patients with high morbidity and mortality.
Flow Cytometric Immunophenotypic Analysis of Systemic Mastocytosis Involving Bone Marrow
Authors: Jabbar Kausar J. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Wang Sa A. , Miranda Roberto N. , Johnson Malisha R. , Verstovsek Srdan , Jorgensen Jeffrey L. 
Published: August 2014

Context.—Mast cells of systemic mastocytosis (SM) have aberrant immunophenotypes that are useful for their detection by flow cytometry immunophenotyping.
Objectives.—To assess the usefulness of CD2, CD25, and other antigens for establishing the diagnosis of SM in bone marrow using flow cytometry immunophenotyping.
Design.—We studied 50 bone marrow aspirates of patients with SM using flow cytometry immunophenotyping. The bone marrow aspirates were stained with antibodies specific for CD2, CD25, CD35, CD59, CD63, and CD69. For the detection of CD2 and CD25, antibodies conjugated with phycoerythrin (PE) or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were compared. CD45-PerCP and CD117-APC were used for gating. Data were acquired on FACS Calibur cytometers and analyzed using CellQuest software.
Results.—CD2 and CD25 were positive in 41 of 50 (82%) and 45 of 50 (90%) SM cases, respectively. For CD2, the PE-conjugated antibody yielded better sensitivity than the FITC–conjugated antibody (31 of 40 [78%] versus 28 of 40 [70%]). For CD25, PE-conjugated and FITC-conjugated antibodies showed similar detection sensitivity, although the intensity of expression was brighter with CD25-PE. Compared with immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry immunophenotyping was superior for detecting CD2 (14 of 23 [61%] versus 9 of 23 [39%]). Other antigens frequently overexpressed in SM were CD35 (43 of 50 [86%]), CD59 (46 of 50 [92%]), CD63 (43 of 49 [88%]), and CD69 (39 of 48 [81%]).
Conclusions.—Flow cytometry immunophenotyping is a rapid and sensitive technique for characterizing mast cells in bone marrow aspirate specimens. The use of PE-conjugated antibodies for CD2 and CD25 improves the detection rate (CD2) or facilitates analysis (CD25); therefore, PE-conjugated antibodies are suggested. Antibodies reactive with CD35, CD59, CD63, and CD69 are also helpful in detecting SM in bone marrow.
Simulating the Earth's radiation belts: Internal acceleration and continuous losses to the magnetopause
Authors: Glauert Sarah A. , Horne Richard B. , Meredith Nigel P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn the Earth's radiation belts the flux of relativistic electrons is highly variable, sometimes changing by orders of magnitude within a few hours. Since energetic electrons can damage satellites it is important to understand the processes driving these changes and, ultimately, to develop forecasts of the energetic electron population. One approach is to use three‐dimensional diffusion models, based on a Fokker‐Planck equation. Here we describe a model where the phase‐space density is set to zero at the outer L∗ boundary, simulating losses to the magnetopause, using recently published chorus diffusion coefficients for 1.5≤L∗≤10. The value of the phase‐space density on the minimum‐energy boundary is determined from a recently published, solar wind‐dependent, statistical model. Our simulations show that an outer radiation belt can be created by local acceleration of electrons from a very soft energy spectrum without the need for a source of electrons from inward radial transport. The location in L∗ of the peaks in flux for these steady state simulations is energy dependent and moves earthward with increasing energy. Comparisons between the model and data from the CRRES spacecraft are shown; flux dropouts are reproduced in the model by the increased outward radial diffusion that occurs during storms. Including the inward movement of the magnetopause in the model has little additional effect on the results. Finally, the location of the low‐energy boundary is shown to be important for accurate modeling of observations.
Three‐dimensional stochastic modeling of radiation belts in adiabatic invariant coordinates
Authors: Zheng Liheng , Chan Anthony A. , Albert Jay M. , Elkington Scot R. , Koller Josef , Horne Richard B. , Glauert Sarah A. , Meredith Nigel P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA 3‐D model for solving the radiation belt diffusion equation in adiabatic invariant coordinates has been developed and tested. The model, named Radbelt Electron Model, obtains a probabilistic solution by solving a set of Itô stochastic differential equations that are mathematically equivalent to the diffusion equation. This method is capable of solving diffusion equations with a full 3‐D diffusion tensor, including the radial‐local cross diffusion components. The correct form of the boundary condition at equatorial pitch angle α0=90° is also derived. The model is applied to a simulation of the October 2002 storm event. At α0 near 90°, our results are quantitatively consistent with GPS observations of phase space density (PSD) increases, suggesting dominance of radial diffusion; at smaller α0, the observed PSD increases are overestimated by the model, possibly due to the α0‐independent radial diffusion coefficients, or to insufficient electron loss in the model, or both. Statistical analysis of the stochastic processes provides further insights into the diffusion processes, showing distinctive electron source distributions with and without local acceleration.
Seasonal salinity stratifications in the near‐surface layer from Aquarius, Argo, and an ocean model: Focusing on the tropical Atlantic/Indian Oceans
Authors: Moon Jae‐Hong , Song Y. Tony 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA newly available sea surface salinity (SSS) measurement from Aquarius/SAC‐D satellite reveals strong seasonal variability in the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The seasonal SSS variability at skin layer differs/agrees regionally in their amplitude from/with Argo‐measured salinity at 5 m depth and model salinity at the top layer, indicating various characteristics of near‐surface salinity stratifications. By comparing the three different salinity products, we have examined the near‐surface salinity stratifications with emphasis on the dynamical processes that differ from one region to another. Our analysis shows that for the western part of tropical Atlantic and southern tropical Indian, a large amount of river runoff and/or surface freshwater significantly stratifies the surface layer above 5 m depth, resulting in the differences among the Aquarius, Argo, and model. Differently for the southern Arabian Sea, the surface water can be mixed down to the depth of 5 m due to seasonally reversing currents driven by monsoons, resulting in an agreement among the data sets. The comparison suggests that dynamical differences can lead to different vertical salinity stratifications locally, which explain the differences between the Aquarius observations in the first cm of the sea surface, the Argo measurements at the 5 m depth, and model's representation of the surface‐layer averaged salinity.
On the Magnitude of the Geographic Distance Effect on Primary Agricultural and Processed Food Trade
Authors: Ghazalian Pascal L. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe empirical trade literature regularly emphasizes the essential role of the geographic distance in determining the levels and patterns of international trade. This paper examines the diversities in the magnitude of the geographic distance effects on primary agricultural trade and on processed food trade between OECD countries. The empirical results from different specifications of the gravity model reveal the existence of significant variations in the magnitude of the distance effects on primary agricultural trade and on processed food trade over time and through economic, geo‐economic, and socio‐economic characteristics of the exporting and importing countries. These findings imply that disregarding the variations through the distance effect by relying on overall estimates would adversely affect the design of trade policies, and would limit the understanding of trade patterns.
Are Export Restrictions an Effective Instrument to Insulate Domestic Prices Against Skyrocketing World Market Prices? The Wheat Export Ban in Serbia
Authors: Djuric Ivan , Götz Linde , Glauben Thomas 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes how the market interventions of the Serbian government, among them an export ban, affected the domestic wheat market during the global commodity price peak in 2007–2008. We choose a flexible Markov‐switching error‐correction model as the framework for our price transmission analysis. The results show that the price transmission regime was not changed by the export ban. Thus, the export controls were not successful in dampening the domestic wheat price level. We make evident that the expected price decreasing effects of the export ban were offset by inconsistent additional policy measures and their faulty sequencing. Further, the governmental market interventions had even long‐lasting destabilizing market effects. Market instability was increased particularly after the cancellation of the export ban.
Plasticity and constraint in response to early‐life stressors among late/final jomon period foragers from Japan: Evidence for life history trade‐offs from incremental microstructures of enamel
Authors: Temple Daniel H. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis study evaluates two hypotheses that address how Late/Final Jomon period people responded to early‐life stress using linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) and incremental microstructures of enamel. The first hypothesis predicts that Jomon people who experienced early‐life stressors had greater physiological competence in responding to future stress events (predictive adaptive response). The second hypothesis predicts that Jomon people traded‐off in future growth and maintenance when early investment in growth and survival was required (plasticity/constraint). High resolution tooth impressions were collected from intact, anterior teeth and studied under an engineer's measuring microscope. LEH were identified based on accentuated perikymata and depressions in the enamel surface profile. Age of formation for each LEH was estimated by summing counts of perikymata and constants associated with crown initiation and cuspal enamel formation times. The relationship between age‐at‐first‐defect formation, number of LEH, periodicity between LEH, and mortality was evaluated using multiple regression and hazards analysis. A significant, positive relationship was found between age‐at‐death relative to age‐at‐first‐defect formation and a significant, negative relationship was found between number of LEH relative to age‐at‐first‐defect formation. Individuals with earlier forming defects were at a significantly greater risk of forming defects at later stages of development and dying at younger ages. These results suggest that Late/Final Jomon period foragers responded to early‐life stressors in a manner consistent with the plasticity/constraint hypothesis of human life history. Late/Final Jomon period individuals were able to survive early‐life stressors, but this investment weakened responses to future stress events and exacerbated mortality schedules. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:537–545, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.