bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retinal ganglion cell degeneration and dysfunction in glaucoma
Authors: LEUNG C 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBoth dendritic shrinkage and dendritic outgrowth have been reported after chronic elevation of intraocular pressure and the longitudinal profile of retinal ganglion cell degeneration in glaucoma remains largely obscured. Monitoring dendritic and axonal degeneration requires long‐term, in vivo examination of axon and dendritic arborization. While clinical imaging only permits visualization of the ganglion cell layer and the nerve fiber layer, animal models have been established to track axonal and dendritic changes. Using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope to image the retinae of transgenic mice (Thy‐1 YFP) that express fluorescent protein in neurons under the control of a Thy‐1 promoter, retinal ganglion cell degeneration has been shown to begin with progressive dendritic shrinkage, followed by loss of the axon and then the cell body after optic nerve crush. Although challenges remain to develop a glaucoma model with mildly to moderately elevated intraocular pressure lasting for a sufficiently long period of time with a clear optical media, it is promising that in vivo analysis of dendritic arborization would provide new insights into the neurobiology of retinal ganglion degeneration and neuroprotection in glaucoma.
Objectivity and reliability of the C‐Quant in a clinical setting
Authors: GICQUEL JJ 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe fact that the (C‐quant) Straylight Meter measures the straylight as the subject actually sees it (and is disturbed by it) may be considered as a limitation of the technique, when used in a clinical environment. Because it is a psychophysical technique, reliability of individual measurements needs to be checked (as with visual field measurents). We decided to evaluate the objectivity and reliability in patients with cataract in a regular clinical environment. For this very purpose, we studied the reliability parameter (ESD), designed to predict the accuracy of an individual measurement. We also tried to simulate frauds.
Multiparameter cataract indication approach
Authors: REUS NJ 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn the clinic, the indication for cataract surgery is often based on a visual impairment noted by the patient, the presence of cataract that accounts for the visual symptoms, and the likelihood of improved vision with surgery. The indication for cataract surgery is thus often based on subjective observations by the patient and the ophthalmologist. Visual acuity, especially when obtained through a pinhole, and straylight assessment may be more objective observations in the assessment for cataract surgery. This presentation will focus on the integration of these various subjective and objective parameters in the indication for cataract surgery.
A unilateral chronic conjunctivitis as onset of a systemic sarcoidosis
Authors: TARIGHT N , SMAIL A , SEVESTRE H , MILAZZO S , BREMOND‐GIGANC D 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPurpose Introduction: Granulomatous conjonctivitis is unusual as a presenting symptom in patients suffering from Sarcoidosis. We report the case of a 48‐year‐old patient, presenting a chronic unilateral conjunctivitis and dyspnea for two years. The conjunctival biopsy led to the diagnosis of systemic sarcoidosis.Methods Case Report : A 49‐year‐old woman, came for an asymmetric bilateral eye discomfort for almost 6 months treated for a mislabeled allergic conjunctivits, with no effect. She reported an effort dyspnea for almost 2 years, with no other signs. Visual acuity was 20/20 P2. At slit lamp we found a low break up time at 4s with meibomian gland dysfunction and normal Shirmer test. A thickening of the lower conjunctival fornix at OR, with the presence of granuloma was noted, without pre‐auricular lymph node. Anterior segment examination was completely normal as intra‐ocular pressure and fundus.Results A conjunctival biopsy was performed and pathologic examination showed the presence of epithelioid granuloma and giant cell without caseous necrosis. All culture including mycobacteria, were negative. A medical check‐up confrimed systemic sarcoidosis. The patient was treated topically by steroïds. Systemic steroïds with methotrexate relay were establishedConclusion Conclusion: Sarcoidosis can be, life threatening, especially by a heart affection that must be systematically tested. This clinical case shows the interest of a rigorous etiological investigation when a patient present a chronic unilateral or bilateral granulomatous conjunctivitis. The diagnosis of the sarcoidosis must be evoked and must motivate a general check‐up, especially if respiratory symptoms are associated. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
Orthotopic xenografts in ocular tumors
Authors: CASSOUX N 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn order to allow pharmacological assessment of innovative intraocular treatments in more relevant and predictive models, we have developed preclinical orthotopic xenografts of both primary human uveal melanoma (UM) and retinoblastoma (Rb) into immunodeficient mice. Orthotopic models of human UM and Rb have been developed from subcutaneous xenografts previously established and characterized in the laboratory. Mice bearing xenografts were sacrificed and tumors were dissected and injected into the subretinal space of SCID mice. After sub‐retinal injection, ophthalmic examination of the mice was performed weekly. When tumor cells invaded vitreal cavity and anterior chamber, the mice were sacrificed for ophthalmological pathological analyses. The RB200 model, was used for preclinical trial validation.After orthotopic transplantation, pathological analyses confirmed the conservation of histological sub‐type of the primary tumor, i.e. epithelioid and/or spindle cell, than in corresponding patient’s tumors and subcutaneous xenografts.For retinoblastoma, the orthotopic xenograft showed similar clinical and pathological similarities to human tumors. Theses models are suitable for preclinical trial.
miRNA and conjunctival melanoma migration
Authors: MOULIN A , NICOLAS M 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPurpose : In cutaneous melanoma, downregulation of miR‐211 has been implicated in migration and invasion. As we have previously demonstrated the downregulation of miR‐211 in conjunctival melanoma in vivo, we evaluated in vitro the role of miR‐211 in the migration of 4 conjunctival melanoma cell lines compared to a cutaneous melanoma cell line. Methods : Migration assays were performed using a cutaneous melanoma cell line and 4 conjunctival melanoma cell lines. Taqman RT‐PCR was performed to evaluate the level of miR‐211 in each cell line. Results : Compared to the cutaneous melanoma cell line with a high migration potential, 2 conjunctival melanoma cell lines demonstrated moderate migration abilities while 2 others no migration. The migration potential of the cell lines was significantly inversely correlated with Taqman evaluation of miR‐211 expression (p=0,0239). Conclusions : The migration ability of conjunctival melanoma cell lines is lower than a cutaneous melanoma cell line. The level of miR‐211 expression in conjunctival melanoma appears in vitro to inversely correlate with the migration potential of the cell lines, confirming the downregulation of miR‐211 observed in vivo in conjunctival melanoma.
Retinal Oximetry – Metabolic Imaging of the Retina
Authors: STEFANSSON E , HARDARSON SK , GEIRSDOTTIR A , KRISTJANSDOTTIR JV , SCHEVING T , OLAFSDOTTIR OB 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDiagnostic imaging of retinal disease has been limited to structural analysis, angiography and testing of visual function. Until the advent of retinal oximetry, no metabolic retinal imaging has been available in the clinic. Metabolic imaging has obvious relevance to metabolic disease such as diabetic retinopathy and oxygen imaging is particularly appropriate for ischemic disease such as retinal vein and artery occlusion. Fundus camera based spectrophotometric retinal oximeters have allowed clinical studies over the last several years. Remarkably, abnormalities in retinal oxygen metabolism have been discovered in most major retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, glaucoma and age related macular degeneration. These results open a new window into the pathophysiology of these diseases and may help evaluate severity and progression.
DARC, Sick and Dying Cells
Authors: CORDEIRO M 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDARC (Detection of apoptosing retinal cells) is currently being taken to clinical trial as a new diagnostic and screening imaging technique of retinal abnormalities. Initially it will involve patients with primary open angle glaucoma, where apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is an early in event. Early detection of RGC apoptosis and its prevention of this process holds promise as a novel and effective treatment for glaucoma, especially as recent evidence has suggested a reversible element.
Antioxidant delivery to the lens nucleus: A strategy to delay age related nuclear cataract
Authors: DONALDSON PJ , VAGHEFI E , GREY AC , LIM JC 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAge related nuclear (ARN) cataract is associated with the accumulative effects of oxidative damage to proteins in the lens nucleus. Since it is preceded by a loss of the key lens antioxidant GSH specifically in the lens centre, but not the lens periphery or cortex, ARN cataract is thought to be due to a failure to deliver GSH to the nucleus. Due to its large size, the avascular lens cannot rely on passive diffusion alone to deliver GSH to deeper lying fiber cells. Instead it has been proposed that the lens operates an internal microcirculation system which delivers nutrients to the lens nucleus faster than would occur by passive diffusion alone. Consistent with this model, our group has used MRI and confocal microscopy to visualize this microcirculation and have revealed that the lens sutures serve as an extracellular pathway to deliver molecules to the lens nucleus. Furthermore, we have shown that cells in the nucleus express transporters that are potentially capable of accumulating the GSH and glucose convected to them via the microcirculation system. These results suggest that harnessing the circulation system to deliver antioxidants to the lens nucleus is a potential strategy to delay the onset of ARN cataract.
In vivo quantitative measurement of antioxidant effects in the lens
Authors: SÖDERBERG P , KRONSCHLäGER M , TALEBIZADEH N , YU Z , WANG J , XIAO Y 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo evaluate the protective effect of antioxidants on experimental cataract induced by ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The protective effect of the antioxidants alpha‐tocopherol and caffeine and the antioxidant gene Grx‐1 were investigated. For investigation of the antioxidants, albino Sprague Dawley rats were used and for the Grx‐1 gene, a Grx‐1 knockout C57BL/6 mouse and its inbred wild type were used. As an oxidation insult, all animals were exposed to around threshold dose UVR in the 300 nm wavelength region, delivered during 15 min. The UVR was generated with a high pressure mercury arc lamp and the waveband was limited to around 300 nm. Dosimetry was assured with a calibrated thermopile. The rats and mice were sacrificed at 1 week and 48 hrs after exposure, respectively. Then, the lenses were extracted for forward light scattering measurement. In all three experiments, the animals were grouped at five different dose levels centered around the expected threshold dose. The Maximum Tolerable Dose‐2.3;16 (MTD‐2.3;16) was used as threshold estimate. The protection factor (PF) was calculated as the ratio between the threshold dose with protective factor and the threshold without the protective factor. The threshold dose for alpha‐tocopherol was with and without 3.0 and 2.7 kJ/m^2, respectively (PF= 1.1). The threshold dose for caffeine was with and without 5.7 and 4.6 kJ/m^2, respectively (PF= 1.2). The threshold dose for Grx‐1 was with and without 3.8 and 3.0 kJ/m^2, respectively (PF= 1.3). As measured in vivo, caffeine has a more potent antioxidant effect after topical application than alpha‐tocopherol administered parenterally. The Grx‐1 gene provides the most potent antioxidant effect in vivo.
Macular nerve‐fiber‐layer measurement in early stage Alzheimer’s disease using optical coherence tomography
Authors: GARCIA MARTIN ES , DE HOZ R , ROJAS B , GIL P , YUBERO R , RAMIREZ JM 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPurpose Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by brain neuronal loss resulting in brain atrophy. Post‐mortem studies show a loss of retinal ganglion cells in this neurodegenerative disease. The purpose of this study was to compare thicknesses of the macular nerve‐fiber layer (MNFL) by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) between early AD patients and control.Methods Twenty GDS 4 AD patients and 25 controls were examined at Hospital Clínico San Carlos in Madrid (Spain). Patients underwent a complete ophthalmologic exam (visual acuity, refraction, color test, biomicroscopy, IOP, dilated fundoscopy, and OCT). OCT macular measurements were made by dividing the macula into 9 areas: i) a central area of 1mm radius (fovea); ii) two concentric areas of 3 mm and 6 mm each were subdivided in 4 regions: nasal, temporal, upper and lower.Results In comparison with the control group, patients with early‐stage AD presented a significant MNFL decrease (p <0.05) in the central area and in the 3 mm paracentral area. In the 6mm paracentral area statistically significant differences were restricted to the temporal region.Conclusion In early‐stage AD (GDS4), the MNFL was decreased. The measurement of macular thickness by OCT could be a complementary tool for early diagnosis and control progression of AD.
MR imaging in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Authors: DEMAEREL P , VAN DEN EYNDE K , CASSIMAN C 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPurpose To present and explain the pathognomonic magnetic resonance (MR) findings in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION).Methods Three patients with the suspicion of PION underwent a MR examination of the anterior visual pathway.Results There was a rapidly progressive unilateral (n=2) and bilateral (n=1) decline in visual function with deterioration of central visual acuity and an altitudinal visual field defect (n=2). Fundoscopy showed optic disc pallor after 6 weeks in all patients at the affected side. A relative afferent pupillary defect was seen in the patients with unilateral disease. The MR imaging findings revealed a central high signal in the chiasm (n=3) and intracranial portion of the both optic nerves (n=1)/ one optic nerve (n=2) with normal signal of the outer part of the chiasm/optic nerve.Conclusion The pattern of the lesions can be explained by the blood supply of the optic chiasm which occurs through arterioles arising from the circle of Willis entering the chiasm and forming capillaries. In vitro research revealed a poorer capillary distribution in the central parts. The central high signal represents ischaemia due to the vulnerability of the central part of the chiasm/optic nerve. These findings are important as they are almost pathognomonic for ischemic changes in the anterior visual pathway. These findings are different from those reported in inflammatory/demyelinating disorders affecting the anterior visual pathway. PION should be differentiated from stroke in the posterior cerebral circulation territory because of the possible treatment with rt‐PA in the latter. A dedicated imaging approach is necessary in patients with visual field loss of unknown origin in order to confirm or exclude ischemic changes of the anterior visual pathway.
Nanoparticles for delivery of therapeutical nucleic acids to corneal endothelium
Authors: CZUGALA M , MYKHAYLYK O , SINGER BB , STEUHL KP , ERGÜN S , WESSELBORG S , EPPLE M , PLANK C , FUCHSLUGER TA 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCorneal endothelium is as crucial for maintenance of corneal function as difficult it is to be accessed with any treatment that doesn’t involve invasive surgical procedures. Hovewer it is possible to administer therapeutic agents by topical application, their effect on deeper corneal layers and further fate remains of our control. This study has been designed to employ nanoparticles in order to improve our chances in therapy of corneal dystrophies as well as to prevent endothelial cell loss after transplantation of the cornea. Variety of nanoparticles serves a potential solution to problem of targeting the corneal endothelium, when properly functionalized to assure precise targeting. Widely proven as efficient carrier for nucleic acids may enable any gene therapy or gene silencing to be conducted with minimized risk of uncontrolled transfection. When to concern both growing need for corneal transplantations and shortage of tissue, efficient therapy to protect graft from failure or even to protect patient’s own cornea becomes essential.
Lens slitlamp image grading and nuclear hardness
Authors: BARRAQUER R 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLens slitlamp image grading and nuclear hardness Purpose: To develop a lens nuclear grading system able to predict the hardness or surgical difficulty during cataract surgery. Methods: A 1 to 10 (plus 0) grading of the lens nuclear "density", thus called BCN‐10 was developed based on standardized clinical slit lamp photographs, from complete transparency (0) to a totally black cataract (10). The BCN‐10 scale was tested for intra‐observer and inter‐observer repeatibility, for correlation with forward scattering measurement (C‐Quant) and surgical difficulty (ultrasound time). Results: BCN‐10 grading shows good intraobserver and interobserver repeatibility, good correlation with surgical ultrasound times and fair correlation with forward scattering (glare) measurements. Discussion: Available lens grading systems as the LOCS III do not include the harder grades of cataract, precisely where prediction would help the surgeons. BCN‐10 is a novel and consistent lens nuclear grading system useful to predict the hardness and difficulty that will be encountered during cataract surgery, and to some extent correlates with cataract‐induced glare disability.
Controversies in the history of glaucoma
Authors: GRZYBOWSKI A 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThere are several interesting controversies in the history of glaucoma. The first corresponds to the origin of its name. It was argued that the ancient Greek word glaukos meant: 1. ‘‘to glow’’ or ‘‘to shine’’; 2. ‘‘blue‐white’’ or ‘‘blue‐green’’; 3. dull sheen or [bdquo]glaze” of blindness; 4. owl: ‘‘glaucomati’’ meaning ‘‘having the eyes of an owl’’; 5. a mortal fisherman who was transformed into a sea‐god after eating a magical herb. The second controversy corresponds to the meaning of the word glaucoma. Several ancient authors, including Celsus, Roufos of Ephesus and Galen, described glaucoma as a disease of the crystalline, which was transformed to glaucos because of moisture. This understanding was continued in the 18th century by Banister, Platner and Boerhaave, who argued that glaucoma was a malignant form of cataract that begins with acute pain and terminates in amaurosis. The third controversy corresponds to the different concepts of glaucoma etiology in the 19th century, including gouty iritis, serous choroiditis, thickening of the sclera, irritation of the secretory nerves of the eye, a disease of the vitreous, and [bdquo]secretory neurosis” (the primary cause of is the rise in pressure).
Trichromasy versus colour opponency: The controversy in 19th and 20th century’s colour science and its solution
Authors: KRASTEL H , UDODOV E , GRüTZNER P 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPurpose: To recall in mind one of the most dedicatedly fought discussions in visual science: that about trichromatic versus colour opponent organization of human colour vision. Methods: Literature survey, personal communication Results: In 19th and early 20th century, the community of colour scientists was divided into followers of Young’s & Helmholtz’s trichromatic theory, and followers of Hering’s colour antagonistic concept. Both parties disposed on convincing arguments. Both confessions (as one is tempted to call them) felt that their particular belief necessarily had to be the truth. Both, in fact, contained truth. The controversy eventually found its solution in the zone theory of v. Kries which subsequently has received overwhelming experimental proof.: trichromasy at receptoral level, colour opponency throughout the postreceptoral network. Conclusion: Browsing through early colour science discloses surprising ad captivating developments. One is in particular satisfying: the controversy concerning trichromatic versus colour antagonistic organization of colour vision. Eventually both antitheses were proven true and combined to the synthesis of zonal organization of colour visison.
Intracameral bevacizumab as an adjunct to trabeculectomy: A one year prospective, randomized study
Authors: VANDEWALLE E , A PINTO L , VAN BERGEN T , SPIELBERG L , SPILEERS W , ZEYEN T , STALMANS I 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPurpose To investigate the efficacy and safety of a single intracameral administration of bevacizumab to improve the outcome of trabeculectomy.Methods Between April 2009 and November 2010, 144 consecutive, medically uncontrolled glaucoma patients who were scheduled for primary trabeculectomy were included in this prospective, randomized, double‐blinded and placebo‐controlled study. Patients were randomized to receive 50 µl of either bevacizumab (1.25 mg) or placebo (balanced salt solution) in the anterior chamber peroperatively. Normal tension glaucoma patients also received mitomycin C application. Absolute success was defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) ≤ 18 mmHg and > 5 mmHg with at least 30% reduction from baseline and no loss of light perception. The achievement of these criteria through the use of additional medical and/or surgical IOP‐lowering treatments was defined as qualified success.Results 138 patients completed a 12‐month follow‐up, 69 of whom had received a bevacizumab injection. IOP at 1 year postoperatively was significantly lower than baseline (placebo: 25.6±9.9 vs. 11.9±3.9, p<0.01; bevacizumab: 24.8±8.1 vs. 11.9±3.9, p<0.01), with no difference between bevacizumab‐ and placebo‐treated patients (p=0.69). However, absolute success was higher in the bevacizumab group (71% vs. 51%, p=0.02), with the number of IOP‐lowering interventions (needlings) being significantly lower in this group (13% vs. 36%, p=0.003). Complication rates were low and comparable in both groups.Conclusion Peroperative administration of intracameral bevacizumab significantly reduces the need for additional interventions during the follow‐up of patients undergoing trabeculectomy.