bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physician Suicide
Authors: Austin Amy E. , van den Heuvel Corinna , Byard Roger W. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPathology files at Forensic Science South Australia were examined over a 14‐year period, from January 1997 to March 2011 for cases of physician suicide. Nine cases were identified (ages, 30–69 years; median = 41 years; M:F = 3:1). Three cases (33.3%) had a history of prescription drug abuse, and eight cases (88.9%) died from lethal drug self‐administration. Intravenous administration of drugs was the favored method in seven cases. In only one case was an alternative method used, involving jumping from a high building. A history of depression and/or suicidal ideation was noted in six cases (66.7%). The methods of self‐destruction contrasted with the general population where hanging, carbon monoxide poisoning, and gunshot wounds are more common. Availability and knowledge of lethal effects have been shown to be important determinants in the choice of methods of suicide. Access to drugs should therefore be carefully monitored in physicians with histories of depression and/or substance abuse.
The mistaken claim of bipolar ‘overdiagnosis’: solving the false positives problem for DSM‐5/ICD‐11
Authors: Phelps J. , Ghaemi S. N. 
Published: August 2012

Phelps J, Ghaemi SN. The mistaken claim of bipolar ‘overdiagnosis’: solving the false positives problem for DSM‐5/ICD‐11.Objective:  For psychiatric diagnoses, solving the problem of false positives is thought to be a matter of tightening diagnostic criteria. But low prevalence illnesses by their nature have high false positive rates. A recent study of bipolar disorder found the predictive value of bipolar diagnoses to be <50%. Is it possible to achieve much higher diagnostic accuracy for psychiatric diagnoses?Method:  We calculate predictive values while varying diagnostic sensitivity and holding specificity constant, and vice versa, for a given prevalence of illness. We then calculate predictive values while holding sensitivity and specificity constant, but varying prior probability (clinically feasible by assessing other factors associated with bipolar outcomes, such as family history and degree of recurrence).Results:  Assuming a sample in which the prevalence of illness is 10%, achieving positive predictive values (PPV) >50% requires diagnostic specificity of >95%. Holding specificity at a level already achieved clinically (86%), increasing prior probability yields predictive values as high as 83%.Conclusion:  Systematic assessment of clinical factors that increase the prior probability of illness, before applying DSM/ICD criteria, could raise PPV substantially compared with targeting greater specificity via more stringent diagnostic criteria.
Mini‐Mental Status Examination as predictors of mortality in the elderly
Authors: Park M. H. , Kwon D. Y. , Jung J. M. , Han C. , Jo I. , Jo S. A. 
Published: August 2012

Objective:  Because the number of elderly is increasing worldwide, cognitive dysfunction becomes important health care issue. This study investigated the association between cognitive dysfunction and mortality in the elderly.Method:  Data were analyzed from a longitudinal mortality follow‐up study of 2712 Korean elderly aged 60 and over, examined in 2002 with complete data followed an average 6.03 years. Measurements included socio‐demographic and clinical factors and Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). MMSE was categorized into groups with no, mild, or moderate cognitive dysfunction, and the subscores of MMSE domains were categorized into no dysfunction or dysfunction. The Cox proportional hazards models were conducted to examine the association between MMSE score and mortality, after adjusting for age, gender, education and other socio‐demographic factors.Results:  Death during follow‐up occurred in 318 subjects. The mortality risk was significantly associated with the elderly with mild cognitive dysfunction [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.93] and with moderate cognitive dysfunction (HR = 2.66). ‘Orientation‐to‐time’ (HR = 1.39) and ‘Attention’ (HR = 1.48) domains of MMSE were independently associated with mortality.Conclusion:  This study showed that cognitive dysfunction independently predicted mortality in the elderly. Cognitive dysfunction should be considered part of identifying the elderly at high risk for mortality.
Dimethyl fumarate – only an anti‐psoriatic medication?
Authors: Meissner Markus , Valesky Eva Maria , Kippenberger Stefan , Kaufmann Roland 
Published: August 2012

SummaryFumaric acid esters have been used successfully in the therapy of psoriasis vulgaris since 1959. In the last 17 years, many of the underlying mechanisms of anti‐psoriatic action, such as a Th1/Th2 shift, a suppression of important leukocyte adhesion molecules, the induction of pro‐apoptotic pathways in T‐cells and recently anti‐angiogenic action, have been discovered. Based on the knowledge of these immunomodulatory characteristics, fumaric acid esters have been shown to be effective or potentially effective in a multitude of dermatological as well as non‐dermatological diseases. The range of new therapeutic targets reaches from multiple sclerosis to illnesses such as necrobiosis lipoidica, granuloma annulare and sarcoidosis. Experimental approaches offer promising, although preliminary, results on the treatment of cancer, malaria, chronic inflammatory lung diseases, and Huntington disease, to name but a few. This valued and well‐known drug mainly prescribed by dermatologists is now experiencing a renaissance far beyond dermatologic applications.
Extended interval dosing of gentamicin in premature neonates ≤ 28‐week gestation
Authors: Alshaikh Belal , Dersch‐Mills Deonne , Taylor Richard , Akierman Albert R , Yusuf Kamran 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAim:  To evaluate an extended interval dosing (EID) regimen of gentamicin in neonates ≤28‐week gestation.Methods:  In 2008, an EID regimen for gentamicin was introduced for all neonates admitted to the NICU in Calgary. The dosing interval was based on a 22 h level after the first dose of 5mg/kg. We conducted an observational study in 33 infants ≤28‐week gestation on the EID regimen from the first day of life and compared gentamicin peak and trough levels with a historical control of 34 infants who received gentamicin in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg every 24 h (TID, traditional interval dosing).Results:  In the EID group, based on the 22 h level, dosing interval was 36 h in 20 neonates and 48 h in 13 neonates. All neonates, except one, achieved therapeutic peak and trough levels. Compared to the TID group, the EID group had higher peak levels (median 9.8 μg/mL vs. 4.6 μg/mL, p < 0.001) with no difference in trough levels. With target peak levels of 5–12 μg/mL and trough levels of <2 μg/mL, a higher proportion of neonates in the TID group would need dose adjustment.Conclusion:  In neonates ≤ 28‐week gestation, an EID regimen from day one of life, using a single level 22 h after the first dose for dosing interval, achieves therapeutic peak and trough levels and more optimum peak levels as compared to a TID regimen.
Surface Characterization of γ‐Al2O3 Powders and Their Co2+ Adsorption Properties
Authors: Granados‐Correa Francisco , Bulbulian Silvia 
Published: August 2012

The relationship between structural and surface properties of γ‐alumina prepared by various methods has been studied, and the adsorption ability of the powders for cobalt ions from aqueous solution is presented, based on the results of X‐ray diffraction, specific surface area, scanning electron microscopy, and surface hydroxyl group concentration of the resulting products. Results show that γ‐alumina obtained by solution‐combustion method (specific surface area: 232.9 m2/g; morphology: lamellar and mesoporous; hydroxyl group content: 0.24 meq OH−/g) exhibited the best Co2+ adsorption. Furthermore, the synthesis of γ‐alumina is highly helpful to study various structural and surface properties of this material.
Sensory Properties of Frozen Herring (Clupea harengus) from Different Catch Seasons and Locations
Authors: Hyldig Grethe , Jørgensen Bo M. , Undeland Ingrid , Olsen Rolf E. , Jónsson Ásbjörn , Nielsen Henrik H. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Freezing of herring (Clupea harengus) for human consumption is increasing in the Nordic herring industry, either onboard the fishing vessels or right after landing. The quality of frozen herring as a raw material does not only depend on the frozen storage conditions applied, but also on compositional features, something which in turn can vary with season and catching ground. To unravel the link between biological variations, basic muscle composition, and sensory properties of frozen herring, a unique herring raw material was caught by commercial fishing vessels at three locations: around Iceland, outside the Norwegian coast, and in Kattegat/Skagerrak. The samplings were done according to a specific scheme and conducted over several seasons and 2 years. The herring was converted into butterfly fillets, packed in cardboard boxes, frozen, and then stored at –20 °C or –80 °C for up to 18 mo. The sensory quality was characterized by objective sensory profiling. It was shown that two generalized sensory variables could be defined from a principal component analysis of the sensory data. Except for the expected pronounced effect from storage time, the most distinct variation followed the lipid content, which in turn varied with season. An unexpected conclusion was that catching location only had a minor affect on the changes in sensory quality of herring during frozen storage. Knowledge about how season and catching location affect herring during frozen storage will be useful for optimizing the utilization of herring for frozen storage for human consumption.Practical Application:  The results of this study constitute important information for the herring processing industry when handling raw materials with different geographical and seasonal history. The reported information on a highly equal sensory quality of geographically diverse raw materials will give consumers and retailers valuable knowledge on the changes in eating quality to expect after long‐term frozen storage under conditions similar to household freezers or refrigerated counters in supermarkets.
A Physicochemical Study of Al(+3) Interactions with Edible Seaweed Biomass in Acidic Waters
Authors: Lodeiro Pablo , López‐García Marta , Herrero Luz , Barriada José L. , Herrero Roberto , Cremades Javier , Bárbara Ignacio , Sastre de Vicente Manuel E. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  In this article, a study of the Al(+3) interactions in acidic waters with biomass of different edible seaweeds: brown (Fucus vesiculosus, Saccorhiza polyschides), red (Mastocarpus stellatus, Gelidium sesquipedale, Chondrus crispus), and green (Ulva rigida, Codium tomentosum), has been performed. The influence of both, the initial concentration of metal and the solution pH, on the Al‐uptake capacity of the biomass has been analyzed. From preliminary tests, species Fucus vesiculosus and Gelidium sesquipedale have been selected for a more exhaustive analysis. Sorption kinetic studies demonstrated that 60 min are enough to reach equilibrium. The intraparticle diffusion model has been used to describe kinetic data. Equilibrium studies have been carried out at pH values of 1, 2.5, and 4. Langmuir isotherms showed that the best uptake values, obtained at pH 4, were 33 mg/g for F. vesiculosus and 9.2 mg/g for G. sesquipedale. These edible seaweeds have been found particularly effective in binding aluminum metal ions for most of the conditions tested. Physicochemical data reported at these low pH values could be of interest, not only in modeling aluminum‐containing antacids‐food pharmacokinetic processes produced in the stomach (pH values 1 to 3) but in remediation studies in acidic waters.Practical Application:  Aluminum is thought to be linked to neurological disruptions such as Alzheimer's disease. In this article, the adsorption ability of different types of edible seaweeds toward aluminum has been studied. The choice of low pH values is due to the fact that stomach region is acidic with a pH value between 1 and 3 as a consequence of hydrochloric secretion; so physicochemical data reported in this study could be of interest in modeling drug–food interactions, in particular those referring to aluminum‐containing antacids‐food pharmacokinetic processes produced in the gastrointestinal tract.
Antioxidant Properties of Sparkling Wines Produced with β‐Glucanases and Commercial Yeast Preparations
Authors: Rodriguez‐Nogales J. M. , Fernández‐Fernández E. , Gómez M. , Vila‐Crespo J. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potential of sparkling wines produced with β‐glucanases, autolysated yeasts, yeast cell walls, and purified mannoproteins. Total antioxidant capacity (measured by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] radical‐scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP] assay), and hydroxyl radical‐scavenging activity (HRSA) were higher in the wine samples with coadjuvants (in relation to the control wine). The highest values of antioxidant activity were achieved with purified mannoproteins and, in lesser extent, with β‐glucanases. Neutral polysaccharides and total proteins were highly and positively correlated with DPPH, FRAP, and HRSA assays. However, correlations between the levels of each different phenolic family and antioxidant and radical‐scavenging activities were not found. β‐Glucanase and commercial yeast preparations can be excellent coadjuvants to increase the antioxidant properties of sparkling wines.Practical Application:  β‐Glucanase and commercial yeast preparations can be excellent coadjuvants to increase the antioxidant properties of sparkling wines. The suggested improvement has significant implication for the production of high added value sparkling wines.
Astringency of Foods May Not be Directly Related to Salivary Lubricity
Authors: Lee Catherine A. , Vickers Zata M. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Astringency, a tactile sensation felt in the mouth after exposure to various foods, is poorly understood. Our objective was to investigate the mechanism of astringency by determining if it was related to a loss of saliva's ability to lubricate mouth surfaces. We used 2 complementary approaches: (1) instrumentally determining if astringents decrease salivary lubricity and (2) determining if human subjects could perceive these changes. Instrumentally measured friction of saliva–tannin mixtures was greater than that of saliva–water mixtures, but these differences were not detectable by human subjects. Adding alum or acid to saliva did not increase friction measured either instrumentally or by human subjects rubbing the mixture between their thumb and fingers. Thus a loss of salivary lubricity is likely not a central mechanism of astringency.Practical Applications:  If astringency's mechanism can be elucidated, food producers will gain knowledge that will enable them to manufacture, alter, or treat the food in a way to retain its healthful attributes while minimizing the astringency. This knowledge will also benefit sensory scientists interested in the intensity perceptions of the sensations and will allow them to devise improved methods for the assessment of the attribute.
Gelatin‐Templated Gold Nanoparticles as Novel Time–Temperature Indicator
Authors: Lim Seokwon , Gunasekaran Sundaram , Imm Jee‐Young 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were generated by mixing of gelatin solution and gold precursor (HAuCl4, 1 mM) under isothermal condition (80 °C). The effects of gelatin concentration (1% to 6%) and pH (3, 5, and 9) on the color signal of gelatin‐templated AuNPs were examined. The λmax of AuNPs shifted from 535 to 552 nm at 1% gelatin, and the color intensity of the AuNPs was a maximum at 2% gelatin. The speed of color development was accelerated at pH 3, and the AuNPs prepared at pH 3 were bigger (45 to 162 nm) and more irregular in shape than those prepared at pH 5 or 9. When the performance of gelatin nanoreactor as time–temperature indicator (2%, pH 5) was evaluated in a simulated frozen storage, clear color signals developed as little as 6 h of exposure at 30 °C and the intensity of the color signal was proportional to duration of exposure.Practical Application:  Gelatin–gold precursor mixture acted as a “nanoreactor” for gold nanoparticle synthesis without need for any additional reactants. When the gelatin‐templated AuNPs were exposed to 30 °C, color signals developed with intensities that depended on the duration of exposure. The reaction was irreversible and colors were easily discerned by the naked eye.
Growth Kinetics and Model Comparison of Cronobacter sakazakii in Reconstituted Powdered Infant Formula
Authors: Fang Ting , Gurtler Joshua B. , Huang Lihan 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Cronobacter sakazakii is a life‐threatening bacterium, infrequently implicated in illnesses associated with the consumption of powdered infant formula (PIF). It can cause rare but invasive infections in neonatal infants who consume contaminated PIF. The objective of this research was to investigate the growth kinetics and develop mathematical models to predict the growth of heat‐injured C. sakazakii in reconstituted PIF (RPIF). RPIF, inoculated with a 6‐strain cocktail of non‐heat‐treated (uninjured) or heat‐injured C. sakazakii, was incubated at different temperatures to develop growth models. Except for storage at 6 °C, C. sakazakii grew well at all test temperatures (10 to 48 °C). Uninjured C. sakazakii exhibited no observable lag phase, while a lag phase was apparent in heat‐treated cells. A simple 3‐parameter logistic equation was used to fit growth curves for non‐heat‐treated cells, while both Baranyi and Huang models were suitable for heat‐treated C. sakazakii. Calculated minimum and maximum growth temperatures were 6.5 and 51.4 °C for non‐heat‐treated cells, and 6.9 and 50.1 °C for heat‐treated cells of C. sakazakii in RPIF, respectively. There was no significant difference between growth rates of non‐heat‐treated and heat‐injured cells in RPIF. For heat‐treated cells of C. sakazakii, the lag phase was temperature‐dependent and very short (between 25 °C and 48 °C). These results suggest that both non‐heat‐treated and heat‐injured C. sakazakii cells may present a risk to infants if the pathogens are not completely destroyed by heat in RPIF and then exposed to subsequent temperature abuse.Practical Application:  C. sakazakii is a life‐threatening bacterium found in powdered infant formula (PIF). This study shows that the uninjured bacterium exhibits very short or no lag phase if not refrigerated and can grow well in reconstituted PIF (RPIF), while the heat‐injured cells can multiply at an equivalent rate following metabolic recovery. Temperature abuse may allow C. sakazakii to grow and endanger infants fed with RPIF. Predictive models developed in this study can be used to estimate the growth and conduct risk assessments of this pathogen.
Coronavirus infection in intensively managed cattle with respiratory disease
Authors: Hick PM , Read AJ , Lugton I , Busfield F , Dawood KE , Gabor L , Hornitzky M , Kirkland PD 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundA detailed laboratory investigation identified bovine coronavirus (BCoV) as the aetiological agent in an outbreak of respiratory disease at a semi‐intensive beef cattle feedlot in south‐east Australia. The outbreak caused 30% morbidity in the resident population and also affected two cohorts of cattle that were newly introduced to the property.MethodsAt slaughter, pulmonary consolidation and inflammatory lesions in the trachea were identified in 15 of 49 animals. Pasteurella multocida or Histophilus somni was cultured from 3 of 7 animals with lesions. Histopathological examination revealed multifocal non‐suppurative bronchointerstitial pneumonia with formation of epithelial syncytial cells, sometimes associated with suppurative bronchopneumonia.ResultsBCoV was detected in nasal swabs and pulmonary lesions using real‐time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) assay and virus isolation. There was serological evidence of previous exposure to bovine viral diarrhoea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3, but not to bovine herpesvirus type 1. None of these viral pathogens or Mycoplasma bovis was identified by qRT‐PCR.ConclusionThis is believed to be the first report of BCoV in association with bovine respiratory disease complex in Australia.
An investigation using the choice experiment method into options for reducing illegal bushmeat hunting in western Serengeti
Authors: Moro Mirko , Fischer Anke , Czajkowski Mikołaj , Brennan Dervla , Lowassa Asanterabi , Naiman Loiruck C. , Hanley Nick 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBushmeat hunting is perceived as a serious threat to the conservation status of many species in Africa. We use a novel livelihood choice experiment method to investigate the role of illegal hunting within livelihood strategies in the western Serengeti, and to identify potential trade‐offs between illegal hunting and other income sources. We find that increasing access to microcredit, higher wages, increases in number of cows, weeks hunting and increased access to market all contribute to well‐being. We are able to quantify the trade‐offs between weeks spent illegal hunting and increases in cattle, wage income, access to markets, and access to microcredit. However, important differences emerge in response to these variables between different wealth groups which shape how we should design conservation and development interventions.
Genetic testing reveals some mislabeling but general compliance with a ban on herbivorous fish harvesting in Belize
Authors: Cox Courtney E. , Jones Corbin D. , Wares John P. , Castillo Karl D. , McField Melanie D. , Bruno John F. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractOverfishing of herbivorous fishes is one of the primary causes of Caribbean coral reef decline. In Belize, herbivorous fishes comprised 28% of the catch from 2005 to 2008. In 2009, the Belize Fisheries Department implemented a national ban on herbivorous fish harvesting to mitigate high‐macroalgal cover on much of the Belize Barrier Reef. However, compliance with this approach has not been evaluated. We assessed the proportion of herbivorous fish in local markets by genetically identifying fish fillets sold in five major towns in Belize from 2009 to 2011. We found that 5–7% of 111 fillets were identified as herbivorous fish and 32–51% were mislabeled. A 5–7% proportion of parrotfish in local markets suggests some ongoing parrotfish harvesting. However, our results suggest that the ban has reduced herbivorous fish harvesting and has the potential to help facilitate the restoration of coral reef ecosystems.