bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dedicated Training Program for Shoulder Sonography
Authors: Delzell Patricia B. , Boyle Alex , Schneider Erika 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to define and report on the effect of a comprehensive musculoskeletal sonography training program to improve accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) for the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears in relatively inexperienced operators.MethodsBefore the training program was implemented, radiologists (n = 12) had a mean of 2 years (range, <1–12 years) of experience performing and interpreting musculoskeletal sonography. Pre‐ and post‐training shoulder sonographic results were compared to surgical reports or, in their absence, to shoulder magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomographic arthrographic results if within 2 months of the sonographic examination. A total of 82 patients were included in the pre‐training group (January 2010–December 2011), and 50 patients were included in the post‐training group (January 2012–June 2013). The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were determined for the presence or absence of supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendon tears.ResultsAfter implementation of the training program, the sensitivity of sonography for detecting full‐thickness rotator cuff tears increased by 14%, and the sensitivity for detecting partial‐thickness rotator cuff tears increased by 3%.ConclusionsQuality improvement programs and acquisition standardization along with ongoing, focused case conferences for the entire care team increased the sensitivity of shoulder sonography for diagnosing both full‐ and partial‐thickness rotator cuff tears, independent of the years of operator experience.
Random coupling model for the radiation of irregular apertures
Authors: Gradoni Gabriele , Antonsen Thomas M. , Ott Edward 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this work, we extend results on the coupling of radiation through apertures inside wave chaotic electromagnetic cavities to the short‐wavelength limit. The aperture is assumed to have irregular and smooth boundary geometry. A statistical approach is then used to model both fields in the aperture and in the plane of the aperture. Particular emphasis is devoted to the calculation of the free‐space or radiation aperture admittance matrix, whose ensemble averaged element takes a simple closed‐form expression. The radiation admittance matrix is found to be purely diagonal at relatively short wavelength, and it exhibits unusual frequency behavior. The extreme scenario of an irregular aperture radiating inside an irregular cavity is represented through the random coupling model. This mathematical framework uses a limited number of details of both the aperture and the environment in those problems involving the coupling of an external radiation. The universal fluctuation of the effective area of an electrically large aperture is found for a wave chaotic cavity at variable losses. Results are expected to be useful for the physical understanding of scattering in extremely complicated environments, mode‐stirred reverberation chambers, wireless channels, radar traces, and statistical optics.
Regional air pollution brightening reverses the greenhouse gases induced warming‐elevation relationship
Authors: Zeng Zhenzhong , Chen Anping , Ciais Philippe , Li Yue , Li Laurent Z. X. , Vautard Robert , Zhou Liming , Yang Hui , Huang Mengtian , Piao Shilong 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMountain waters, glaciers, hazards, and biodiversity are vulnerable to the impacts of global warming. Warming is projected to amplify over mountains by global climate models, yet meteorological records do not show a uniform acceleration of warming with elevation. Here we explore warming‐elevation relationships using records from 2660 meteorological stations and determine that the vertical gradient of warming rate varies with location. The warming is faster at higher altitudes in Asia and western North America, but the opposite is observed over Central Europe and eastern North America which have received more short‐wave radiation (brightening) associated with a decrease of aerosols and clouds since the 1980s. We found that altitudinal differences in air pollution (brightening), with observations showing more short‐wave radiation received at low altitudes than at mountains, modulate the warming‐elevation relationships. The advance in understanding of the drivers of regional climate change will contribute to the formulation of strategies for climate change mitigation at high elevations.
A new upper limit to the field‐aligned potential near Titan
Authors: Coates Andrew J. , Wellbrock Anne , Waite J. Hunter , Jones Geraint H. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNeutral particles dominate regions of the Saturn magnetosphere and locations near several of Saturn's moons. Sunlight ionizes neutrals, producing photoelectrons with characteristic energy spectra. The Cassini plasma spectrometer electron spectrometer has detected photoelectrons throughout these regions, where photoelectrons may be used as tracers of magnetic field morphology. They also enhance plasma escape by setting up an ambipolar electric field, since the relatively energetic electrons move easily along the magnetic field. A similar mechanism is seen in the Earth's polar wind and at Mars and Venus. Here we present a new analysis of Titan photoelectron data, comparing spectra measured in the sunlit ionosphere at ~1.4 Titan radii (RT) and at up to 6.8 RT away. This results in an upper limit on the potential of 2.95 V along magnetic field lines associated with Titan at up to 6.8 RT, which is comparable to some similar estimates for photoelectrons seen in Earth's magnetosphere.
The silicon isotope composition of Ethmodiscus rex laminated diatom mats from the tropical West Pacific: Implications for silicate cycling during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Xiong Zhifang , Li Tiegang , Algeo Thomas , Doering Kristin , Frank Martin , Brzezinski Mark A. , Chang Fengming , Opfergelt Sophie , Crosta Xavier , Jiang Fuqing , Wan Shiming , Zhai Bin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe cause of massive blooms of Ethmodiscus rex laminated diatom mats (LDMs) in the eastern Philippine Sea (EPS) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) remains uncertain. In order to better understand the mechanism of formation of E. rex LDMs from the perspective of dissolved silicon (DSi) utilization, we determined the silicon isotopic composition of single E. rex diatom frustules (δ30SiE. rex) from two sediment cores in the Parece Vela Basin of the EPS. In the study cores, δ30SiE. rex varies from −1.23‰ to −0.83‰ (average −1.04‰), a range that is atypical of marine diatom δ30Si and that corresponds to the lower limit of reported diatom δ30Si values of any age. A binary mixing model (upwelled silicon versus eolian silicon) accounting for silicon isotopic fractionation during DSi uptake by diatoms was constructed. The binary mixing model demonstrates that E. rex dominantly utilized DSi from eolian sources (i.e., Asian dust) with only minor contributions from upwelled seawater sources (i.e., advected from Subantarctic Mode Water, Antarctic Intermediate Water, or North Pacific Intermediate Water). E. rex utilized only ~24% of available DSi, indicating that surface waters of the EPS were eutrophic with respect to silicon during the LGM. Our results suggest that giant diatoms did not always use a buoyancy strategy to obtain nutrients from the deep nutrient pool, thus revising previously proposed models for the formation of E. rex LDMs.
Die organokatalytische asymmetrische Prins‐Cyclisierung
Authors: Tsui Gavin Chit , Liu Luping , List Benjamin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWir berichten über die Entwicklung einer Brønsted‐Säure‐katalysierten enantioselektiven Prins‐Cyclisierung. In Anwesenheit katalytischer Mengen sterisch anspruchsvoller chiraler Imidodiphosphorsäuren reagieren Salicylaldehyde mit 3‐Methyl‐3‐buten‐1‐ol zu hochfunktionalisierten 4‐Methylentetrahydropyranen. Der extreme Raumbedarf der sperrigen Katalysatoren ist dabei der Schlüssel zu exzellenten Regio‐ und Enantioselektivität.
Miscanthus as cellulosic biomass for bioethanol production
Authors: Lee Wen‐Chien , Kuan Wei‐Chih 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe members of the genus Miscanthus are potential feedstocks for biofuels because of the promising high yields of biomass per unit of planted area. This review addresses species, cultivation, and lignocellulose composition of Miscanthus, as well as pretreatment and enzyme saccharification of Miscanthus biomass for ethanol fermentation. The average cellulose contents in dried biomass of Miscanthus floridulus, Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, and Miscanthus × giganteus (M × G) are 37.2, 37.6, 38.9, and 41.1% wt/wt, respectively. A number of pretreatment methods have been applied in order to enhance digestibility of Miscanthus biomass for enzymatic saccharification. Pretreatment of Miscanthus using liquid hot water or alkaline results in a significant release of glucose; while glucose yields can be 90% or higher if a pretreatment like AFEX that combines both chemical and physical processes is used. As ethanol is produced by yeast fermentation of the hydrolysate from enzymatic hydrolysis of residual solids (pulp) after pretreatment, theoretical ethanol yields are 0.211–0.233 g/g‐raw biomass if only cellulose is taken into account. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of pretreated M × G and M. lutarioriparius results in experimental ethanol yields of 0.13 and 0.15 g/g‐raw biomass, respectively. Co‐production of value‐added products can reduce the overall production cost of bioethanol.
Systematic interpolation method predicts protein chromatographic elution from batch isotherm data without a detailed mechanistic isotherm model
Authors: Creasy Arch , Barker Gregory , Yao Yan , Carta Giorgio 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPredicting protein elution for overloaded ion exchange columns requires models capable of describing protein binding over broad ranges of protein and salt concentrations. Although approximate mechanistic models are available, they do not always have the accuracy needed for precise predictions. The aim of this work is to develop a method to predict protein chromatographic behavior from batch isotherm data without relying on a mechanistic model. The method uses a systematic empirical interpolation (EI) scheme coupled with a lumped kinetic model with rate parameters determined from HETP measurements for non‐binding conditions, to numerically predict the column behavior. For two experimental systems considered in this work, predictions based on the EI scheme are in excellent agreement with experimental elution profiles under highly overloaded conditions without using any adjustable parameters. A qualitative study of the sensitivity of predicting protein elution profiles to the precision, granularity, and extent of the batch adsorption data shows that the EI scheme is relatively insensitive to the properties of the dataset used, requiring only that the experimental ranges of protein and salt concentrations overlap those under which the protein actually elutes from the column and possess a ±10% measurement precision.
Review peptide‐targeted liposomes for selective drug delivery: Advantages and problematic issues
Authors: Accardo Antonella , Morelli Giancarlo 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTWe describe the use of bioactive peptides to drive liposomal drugs on target receptors overexpressed in cancer cells. A detailed description for several targeting liposomes derivatized with different peptides and thus able to target relevant receptors for cancer therapy is reported. Even if the development of peptide‐targeted liposomes represents a great advance in the use of liposomal drugs for cancer therapy, many critical issues are still unsolved in the development of these innovative drug delivery systems. Advantages and drawbacks of the peptide‐mediated active targeting are discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104: 462–479, 2015.
Brain metabolomics in rats after administration of ketamine
Authors: Wen Congcong , Zhang Meiling , Zhang Yuan , Sun Fa , Ma Jianshe , Hu Lufeng , Lin Guanyang , Wang Xianqin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this study, we developed a brain metabolomic method, based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), to evaluate the effect of ketamine on rats. Pattern recognition analysis, including both principal component analysis and partial least squares‐discriminate analysis revealed that ketamine induced metabolic perturbations. Compared with the control group, the levels of glycerol, uridine, cholesterol in rat brain of the ketamine group (50 mg/kg, 14 days) decreased, while the urea levels increased. Our results indicate that metabolomic methods based on GC/MS may be useful to elucidate ketamine abuse through the exploration of biomarkers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient level of detail for texture‐based flow visualization
Authors: Lu Daying , Zhu Dengming , Wang Zhaoqi , Gao Jinzhu 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we present an efficient level of detail algorithm for texture‐based flow visualization. Our goal is to enhance visual perception and performance and generate smooth animation. To achieve our goal, we first model an adaptive input texture taking into account flow patterns to output view‐dependent high‐quality images. Then, we compute field lines only from sparse sampling points of the input noise texture for outputting volume line integral convolution textures and skip empty space utilizing two quantized binary histograms. To improve image quality, we implement anti‐aliasing through adjusting the line integral convolution step size and thickness of trajectory lines with an opacity function. We further extend our solution to unsteady flow. Flow structures and evolution are clearly shown through smooth animation achieved with coherent evolution of particles, handling of discontinuous flow lines, and spatio‐temporal linear constraint of the underlying noise volume. In the result section, we show high‐quality level of detail of three‐dimensional texture‐based flow visualization with high performance. We also demonstrate that our algorithm can achieve smooth evolution for unsteady flow with spatio‐temporal coherence. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contact Toxicity and Repellency of the Essential Oil from Mentha haplocalyxBriq. against Lasioderma serricorne
Authors: Zhang Wen‐Juan , Yang Kai , You Chun‐Xue , Wang Cheng‐Fang , Geng Zhu‐Feng , Su Yang , Wang Ying , Du Shu‐Shan , Deng Zhi‐Wei 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Mentha haplocalyx was investigated by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. In sum, 23 components, representing 92.88% of the total oil composition, were identified, and the main compounds were found to be menthol (59.71%), menthyl acetate (7.83%), limonene (6.98%), and menthone (4.44%). By bioassay‐guided fractionation (contact toxicity), three compounds were obtained from the essential oil and identified as menthol, menthyl acetate, and limonene. The essential oil and the three isolated compounds exhibited potent contact toxicity against Lasioderma serricorne adults, with LD50 values of 16.5, 7.91, 5.96, and 13.7 μg/adult, respectively. Moreover, the oil and its isolated compounds also exhibited strong repellency against L. serricorne adults. At the lower concentrations tested and at 2 h after exposure, menthol showed even significantly stronger repellency than the positive control DEET. The study revealed that the bioactivity properties of the essential oil can be attributed to the synergistic effects of its diverse major and minor components, which indicates that the M. haplocalyx oil and its isolated compounds have potential for the development as natural insecticides and/or repellents to control insects in stored grains and traditional Chinese medicinal materials.
Distribution and Variability of n‐Alkanes in Epicuticular Waxes of Sedum Species from the Central Balkan Peninsula: Chemotaxonomic Importance
Authors: Jovanović Snežana Č. , Zlatković Bojan K. , Stojanović Gordana S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFor the first time, the n‐alkane distribution and variability of the epicuticular waxes within 22 Sedum taxa was reported with focus on the chemotaxonomy of native Sedum representatives from the central Balkan Peninsula, compared to their relations with four other species of the Crassulaceae family. By GC/MS and GC‐FID identification and quantification, it was established that n‐alkanes C27, C29, C31, C33, and C35 were the dominant constituents of the examined epicuticular wax samples. Applying multivariate statistical analyses including agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) and principal component analysis (PCA), the relation according to the n‐alkane composition between the examined samples was established. It was shown that the n‐alkane variability of the central Balkan Sedum species was considerable and that n‐alkanes might not be very reliable taxonomic markers for these species.
Peptide Bioconjugates of Electron‐Poor Metallocenes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anti‐Proliferative Activity
Authors: Maschke Marcus , Grohmann Jens , Nierhaus Claudia , Lieb Max , Metzler‐Nolte Nils 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe report the synthesis of metallocene compounds Cp2M with two different electron‐withdrawing substituents on both cyclopentadienyl rings (hexafluoroacetone (HFA) and chlorobenzoyl (1–5); HFA and COOH (6 and 7), M=Fe or Ru). The COOH‐containing derivatives were used to synthesize peptide bioconjugates with enkephalin (8 and 9) and neurotensin (10 and 11) as well as fluorescein‐labeled neurotensin (12). All the molecules were fully characterized, including X‐ray structures for 6 and 7. The physicochemical properties (lipophilicity and electrochemistry) and cytotoxicity on MCF‐7, HT‐29, and PT‐45 cancer cells were evaluated for selected compounds. Electrochemical investigation by cyclic voltammetry revealed that all bis‐substituted metallocenes are up to 300 mV harder to oxidize compared to the monosubstituted 2‐ferrocenylhexafluoropropan‐2‐ol (FcHFA: Δ${E{{{\rm f}\hfill \atop 0\hfill}}}$=214 mV; disubstituted derivatives: up to Δ${E{{{\rm f}\hfill \atop 0\hfill}}}$=512 mV; both vs. FcH0/+). For the bis‐substituted compounds, log P determinations by RP‐HPLC showed increased lipophilicity in comparison to the monosubstituted FcHFA and RcHFA. Cellular uptake was investigated by fluorescence microcopy, and this revealed endosomal entrapment for 12.
Liquid‐Phase Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Furfural over Homogeneous Lewis Acid–Ru/C Catalysts
Authors: Panagiotopoulou Paraskevi , Martin Nickolas , Vlachos Dionisios G. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe catalytic performance of homogeneous Lewis acid catalysts and their interaction with Ru/C catalyst are studied in the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of furfural by using 2‐propanol as a solvent and hydrogen donor. We find that Lewis acid catalysts hydrogenate the furfural to furfuryl alcohol, which is then etherified with 2‐propanol. The catalytic activity is correlated with an empirical scale of Lewis acid strength and exhibits a volcano behavior. Lanthanides are the most active, with DyCl3 giving complete furfural conversion and a 97 % yield of furfuryl alcohol at 180 °C after 3 h. The combination of Lewis acid and Ru/C catalysts results in synergy for the stronger Lewis acid catalysts, with a significant increase in the furfural conversion and methyl furan yield. Optimum results are obtained by using Ru/C combined with VCl3, AlCl3, SnCl4, YbCl3, and RuCl3. Our results indicate that the combination of Lewis acid/metal catalysts is a general strategy for performing tandem reactions in the upgrade of furans.
Evaluation of cell sorting aerosols and containment by an optical airborne particle counter
Authors: Xie Mike , Waring Michael T. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractUnderstanding aerosols produced by cell sorting is critical to biosafety risk assessment and validation of containment efficiency. In this study an Optical Airborne Particle Counter was used to analyze aerosols produced by the BD FACSAria and to assess the effectiveness of its aerosol containment. The suitability of using this device to validate containment was directly compared to the Glo‐Germ method put forth by the International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC) as a standard for testing. It was found that high concentrations of aerosols ranging from 0.3 µm to 10 µm can be detected in failure mode, with most less than 5 µm. In most cases, while numerous aerosols smaller than 5 µm were detected by the Optical Airborne Particle Counter, no Glo‐Germ particles were detected, indicating that small aerosols are under‐evaluated by the Glo‐Germ method. The results demonstrate that the Optical Airborne Particle Counter offers a rapid, economic, and quantitative analysis of cell sorter aerosols and represents an improved method over Glo‐Germ for the task of routine validation and monitoring of aerosol containment for cell sorting. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry