bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vitamin A, Iron, and Zinc Content of Fortified Maize Meal and Bread at the Household Level in 4 Areas of South Africa
Authors: van Jaarsveld Paul J. , Faber Mieke , van Stuijvenberg Martha E. 
Published: September 2015

Background: A national mandatory food fortification program, fortifying wheat flour and maize meal with various micronutrients, was introduced in South Africa in 2003 to address micronutrient deficiencies. Objective: This study aimed to determine vitamin A, iron, and zinc content of raw maize meal and wheat flour bread sampled at household level from 2 urban and 2 rural areas in South Africa and to compare with the regulatory minimum requirements. Methods: Maize meal (250 g) and/or supermarket/local shop bread (3 inner slices) were collected from 50 randomly selected households from each study area. Maize meal samples were reduced to 10 composite samples per area. Bread samples were composited similarly; 1 composite sample consisted of 15 intact slices. Overall, 8 composite samples were obtained for both brown and white bread. The Southern African Grain Laboratory analyzed the samples for vitamin A, iron, and zinc. Results: Mean content of maize meal (100 g) represented ratios of 0.56 to 0.98 of the minimum fortification requirement for vitamin A, 0.76 to 1.08 for iron, and 0.89 to 1.00 for zinc; brown bread (100 g) represented ratios of 0.57, 1.97, and 1.67 of the minimum requirement for vitamin A, iron, and zinc, respectively, and white bread (100 g) represented ratios of 0.89, 2.22, and 2.07 for vitamin A, iron, and zinc, respectively. Conclusion: The variation in vitamin A, iron, and zinc content in maize meal and the higher than required iron and zinc content in wheat bread needs to be investigated in further studies.
Informing a Behavior Change Communication Strategy
Authors: Kodish Stephen , Aburto Nancy , Dibari Filippo , Brieger William , Agostinho Saozinha P. , Gittelsohn Joel 
Published: September 2015

Background: Nutrition interventions targeting the first 1000 days show promise to improve nutritional status, but they require effective implementation. Formative research is thus invaluable for developing such interventions, but there have been few detailed studies that describe this phase of work within the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) movement. Objective: To inform a stunting prevention intervention in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique, by describing the sociocultural landscape and elucidating characteristics related to young child food, illness, and health. Methods: This formative research utilized a rapid assessment procedures (RAP) approach with 3 iterative phases that explored local perceptions and behaviors around food and illness among the Macua, Mwani, and Maconde ethnic groups. Ethnographic methods, including in-depth interviews, direct observations, free lists, and pile sorts, were used to collect data from community leaders, caregivers, and children 6 to 23 months. Data were analyzed drawing from grounded theory and cultural domain analysis. Results: Geographic differences drive sociocultural characteristics amid 3 ethnic groups that allow for segmentation of the population into 2 distinct audiences for behavior change communications. These 2 communities have similar classification systems for children’s foods but different adult dietary patterns. Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement did not fall into the existing food classification systems of either community, and participants preferred its promotion through community leader channels. Community members in both groups have little recognition of and perceived severity toward nutrition-related illnesses. Conclusion: Within Cabo Delgado, the cultural heterogeneity yields substantial differences related to food, illness, and health that are necessary to consider for developing an effective nutrition intervention.
ATF4 plays a pivotal role in the development of functional hematopoietic stem cells in mouse fetal liver
Authors: Zhao Yunze , Zhou Jie , Liu Dan , Dong Fang , Cheng Hui , Wang Weili , Pang Yakun , Wang Yajie , Mu Xiaohuan , Ni Yanli , Li Zhuan , Xu Huiyu , Hao Sha , Wang Xiaochen , Ma Shihui , Wang Qian-fei , Xiao Guozhi , Yuan Weiping , Liu Bing , Cheng Tao 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The fetal liver (FL) serves as a predominant site for expansion of functional hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during mouse embryogenesis. However, the mechanisms for HSC development in FL remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that deletion of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) significantly impaired hematopoietic development and reduced HSC self-renewal in FL. In contrast, generation of the first HSC population in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region was not affected. The migration activity of ATF4−/− HSCs was moderately reduced. Interestingly, the HSC-supporting ability of both endothelial and stromal cells in FL was significantly compromised in the absence of ATF4. Gene profiling using RNA-seq revealed downregulated expression of a panel of cytokines in ATF4−/− stromal cells, including angiopoietin-like protein 3 (Angptl3) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Addition of Angptl3, but not VEGFA, partially rescued the repopulating defect of ATF4−/− HSCs in the culture. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay in conjunction with silencing RNA-mediated silencing and complementary DNA overexpression showed transcriptional control of Angptl3 by ATF4. To summarize, ATF4 plays a pivotal role in functional expansion and repopulating efficiency of HSCs in developing FL, and it acts through upregulating transcription of cytokines such as Angptl3 in the microenvironment.
Cadaveric bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: first experience treating a patient with large severe burns
Authors: Mansilla Eduardo , Marín Gustavo H. , Berges Mirta , Scafatti Silvia , Rivas Jaime , Núñez Andrea , Menvielle Martin , Lamonega Roberto , Gardiner Cecilia , Drago Hugo , Sturla Flavio , Portas Mercedes , Bossi Silvia , Castuma Maria Victoria , Peña Luengas Sandra , Roque Gustavo , Martire Karina , Tau Jose Maria , Orlandi Gabriel , Tarditti Adrian 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Background
In January 2005, Rasulov et al. originally published “First experience in the use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of a patient with deep skin burns”. Here, we present the first ever treated patient with cadaveric bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (CMSCs) in the history of Medicine.

Methods
A young man, who severely burned 60 % of his total body surface with 30 % of full-thickness burns while working with a grass trimmer that exploded, was involved in the study. MSCs were obtained from the bone marrow of a cadaver donor in a routine procurement procedure of CUCAIBA, the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, Ministry of Health, Transplantation Agency, cultured, expanded, and applied on the burned surfaces using a fibrin spray after early escharotomy.

Results
So far, our preliminary experience and our early results have been very impressive showing an outstanding safety data as well as some impressive good results in the use of CMSCs.

Conclusions
Based on all this, we think that improvements in the use of stem cells for burns might be possible in the near future and a lot of time as well as many lives could be saved by many other research teams all over the world. CMSCs will probably be a real scientific opportunity in Regenerative Medicine as well as in Transplantation.
Reduced attention-driven auditory sensitivity in
hallucination-prone individuals
Authors: Rayner Louise H. , Lee Kwang-Hyuk , Woodruff Peter W. R. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundEvidence suggests that auditory hallucinations may result from abnormally
enhanced auditory sensitivity.AimsTo investigate whether there is an auditory processing bias in healthy
individuals who are prone to experiencing auditory hallucinations.MethodTwo hundred healthy volunteers performed a temporal order judgement task
in which they determined whether an auditory or a visual stimulus came
first under conditions of directed attention (‘attend-auditory’ and
‘attend-visual’ conditions). The Launay–Slade Hallucination Scale was
used to divide the sample into high and low hallucination-proneness
groups.ResultsThe high hallucination-proneness group exhibited a reduced sensitivity to
auditory stimuli under the attend-auditory condition. By contrast,
attention-directed visual sensitivity did not differ significantly
between groups.ConclusionsHealthy individuals prone to hallucinatory experiences may possess a bias
in attention towards internal auditory stimuli at the expense of external
sounds. Interventions involving the redistribution of attentional
resources would have therapeutic benefit in patients experiencing
auditory hallucinations.
An fMRI study of multimodal selective attention in
schizophrenia
Authors: Mayer Andrew R. , Hanlon Faith M. , Teshiba Terri M. , Klimaj Stefan D. , Ling Josef M. , Dodd Andrew B. , Calhoun Vince D. , Bustillo Juan R. , Toulouse Trent 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundStudies have produced conflicting evidence regarding whether cognitive
control deficits in patients with schizophrenia result from dysfunction
within the cognitive control network (CCN; top-down) and/or unisensory
cortex (bottom-up).AimsTo investigate CCN and sensory cortex involvement during multisensory
cognitive control in patients with schizophrenia.MethodPatients with schizophrenia and healthy controls underwent functional
magnetic resonance imaging while performing a multisensory Stroop task
involving auditory and visual distracters.ResultsPatients with schizophrenia exhibited an overall pattern of response
slowing, and these behavioural deficits were associated with a pattern of
patient hyperactivation within auditory, sensorimotor and posterior
parietal cortex. In contrast, there were no group differences in
functional activation within prefrontal nodes of the CCN, with small
effect sizes observed (incongruent–congruent trials). Patients with
schizophrenia also failed to upregulate auditory cortex with concomitant
increased attentional demands.ConclusionsResults suggest a prominent role for dysfunction within auditory,
sensorimotor and parietal areas relative to prefrontal CCN nodes during
multisensory cognitive control.
Cross-national variations in reported discrimination among
people treated for major depression worldwide: The ASPEN/INDIGO
international study
Authors: Lasalvia Antonio , Van Bortel Tine , Bonetto Chiara , Jayaram Geetha , van Weeghel Jaap , Zoppei Silvia , Knifton Lee , Quinn Neil , Wahlbeck Kristian , Cristofalo Doriana , Lanfredi Mariangela , Sartorius Norman , Thornicroft Graham ,   Aspen/Indigo Study Group
Published: September 2015

BackgroundNo study has so far explored differences in discrimination reported by
people with major depressive disorder (MDD) across countries and
cultures.AimsTo (a) compare reported discrimination across different countries, and
(b) explore the relative weight of individual and contextual factors in
explaining levels of reported discrimination in people with MDD.MethodCross-sectional multisite international survey (34 countries worldwide)
of 1082 people with MDD. Experienced and anticipated discrimination were
assessed by the Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC). Countries were
classified according to their rating on the Human Development Index
(HDI). Multilevel negative binomial and Poisson models were used.ResultsPeople living in ‘very high HDI’ countries reported higher discrimination
than those in ‘medium/low HDI’ countries. Variation in reported
discrimination across countries was only partially explained by
individual-level variables. The contribution of country-level variables
was significant for anticipated discrimination only.ConclusionsContextual factors play an important role in anticipated discrimination.
Country-specific interventions should be implemented to prevent
discrimination towards people with MDD.
Different outcomes of never-treated and treated patients with schizophrenia: 14-year follow-up study in rural China
Authors: Ran Mao-Sheng , Weng Xue , Chan Cecilia Lai-Wan , Chen Eric Yu-Hai , Tang Cui-Ping , Lin Fu-Rong , Mao Wen-Jun , Hu Shi-Hui , Huang Yue-Qin , Xiang Meng-Ze 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundThe long-term outcome of never-treated patients with schizophrenia is unclear.AimsTo compare the 14-year outcomes of never-treated and treated patients with schizophrenia and to establish predictors for never being treated.MethodAll participants with schizophrenia (n= 510) in Xinjin, Chengdu, China were identified in an epidemiological investigation of 123 572 people and followed up from 1994 to 2008.ResultsThe results showed that there were 30.6%, 25.0% and 20.4% of patients who received no antipsychotic medication in 1994, 2004 and 2008 respectively. Compared with treated patients, those who were never treated in 2008 were significantly older, had significantly fewer family members, had higher rates of homelessness, death from other causes, being unmarried, living alone, being without a caregiver and poor family attitudes. Partial and complete remission in treated patients (57.3%) was significantly higher than that in the never-treated group (29.8%). Predictors of being in the never-treated group in 2008 encompassed baseline never-treated status, being without a caregiver and poor mental health status in 1994.ConclusionsMany patients with schizophrenia still do not receive antipsychotic medication in rural areas of China. The 14-year follow-up showed that outcomes for the untreated group were worse. Community-based mental healthcare, health insurance and family intervention are crucial for earlier diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation in the community.
Callous–unemotional traits in adolescents with autism spectrum
disorder
Authors: Leno Virginia Carter , Charman Tony , Pickles Andrew , Jones Catherine R. G. , Baird Gillian , Happé Francesca , Simonoff Emily 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundPeople with callous–unemotional traits and also those with autism
spectrum disorder (ASD) display sociocognitive difficulties. However, the
frequency and neurocognitive correlates of callous–unemotional traits
within individuals with ASD are unknown.AimsTo determine the prevalence of callous–unemotional traits in individuals
with ASD and test their association with behavioural and cognitive
measures.MethodParents of 92 adolescents with ASD completed the Antisocial Processes
Screening Device (APSD) for callous–unemotional traits. Adolescents
participated in tasks of emotion recognition, theory of mind and
cognitive flexibility.ResultsIn total 51% (n = 47) scored above a cut-off expected to
identify the top 6% on the APSD. Of these 17% (n = 8)
had concurrent conduct problems. Regression analyses found
callous–unemotional traits were associated with specific impairment in
fear recognition but not with theory of mind or cognitive
flexibility.ConclusionsAdolescents with ASD show high rates of callous–unemotional traits but,
unlike in the general population, these are not strongly associated with
conduct problems. The relationship of callous–unemotional traits to
impairments in fear recognition suggests similar affective difficulties
as in individuals with callous–unemotional traits without ASD.
‘Make Friends with Mexico’: The Mexican tourist jacket
Authors: Ibarra Rogelia Lily , Strawn Susan M. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Mexican tourist jackets entered the United States apparel market as a casual trend among women and little girls after World War II. Blazer-style jackets sewn from woolen fabric featured colourful hand appliquéd and embroidered motifs depicting such iconic Mexican symbols as sarapes, sombreros, burros, desert fauna and dancers. This article traces relationships among symbolic representations of Mexican nationalism on the jackets, development of the post-war tourism industry in Mexico, and subsequent reinterpretation of Mexico as an exotic yet accessible destination for US tourists. Methods included review of literature on post-war tourism to Mexico and examination of extant garments, historical photographs and needlework periodicals. Results reveal that Mexican jackets (originally produced in Mexico) incorporated symbols of Mexican nationalism, especially the emblematic national duo el charro and la china poblana as the dancing couple. An early tourist publication titled ‘Make Friends with Mexico’ coincided with warming of relations between the two countries and the beginning of American Airlines flights to Mexico in 1943. McCall Needlework appropriated the Mexican tourist jacket in patterns for homemade jackets linked with their origins as souvenirs of Mexico. Analysis of results argues for political motives that encouraged cross-cultural adoption of Mexican symbolism in American fashion. However, this seemingly benevolent cultural exchange through tourism was not equitable; Mexico had to prove itself worthy and familiar to prospective US tourists who associated the country with banditry and tumult. Transforming its image was tantamount to asserting national identity.
The danger and the saving power of Thomas Demand
Authors: Bennett Emma 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Thomas Demand’s photography has often been understood by critics as questioning the causality of the medium, through an emphasis on personal artistic intentionality. Yet to focus on Demand’s production technique overlooks the fact that in his images, the world is not seen to be entirely under his control. By questioning at the boundaries of human and technological power, Demand gestures towards the historical construct which Heidegger called ‘the essence of technology’, the tendency in contemporary thought to believe that beings can be understood only insofar as they relate to humanity and our needs. Demand’s work ironizes this mindset, within which we experience the world as merely a picture, and thereby begins to suggest that other ways of being may be possible.
Influence of chip presteaming conditions on kraft pulp composition and properties
Authors: Bäckström Marie , Jensen Anna , Brännvall Elisabet 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPresteaming is a well-established technique in pulp mills, which improves cooking liquor impregnation by removing air from within and between chips. The aim of the study was to investigate how conditions during steaming affect the subsequent kraft cook and properties of the obtained pulp. It was found that higher pressure and temperature during chip presteaming led to increased degradation and dissolution of hemicelluloses. Lower refinability and tensile index was obtained for pulps cooked after presteaming at high pressure and for a long time.
Microstructure Analysis of HPb59-1 Brass Induced by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam
Authors: Lyu Jike , Gao Bo , Hu Liang , Lu Shuaidan , Tu Ganfeng 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
In this paper, the effects of high current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) on the microstructure evolution of casting HPb59-1 (Cu 57.1 mass%, Pb 1.7 mass% and Zn balance) alloy were investigated. The results showed a “wavy” surface which was formed with Pb element existing in the forms of stacking block and microparticles on the top surface layer after treatment. Nanocrystalline structures including Pb grains and two phases (α and β) were formed on the top remelted layer and their sizes were all less than 100 nm. The disordered β phase was generated in the surface layer after HCPEB treatment, which is beneficial for the improvement of surface properties. Meanwhile, there was a large residual stress on the alloy surface, along with the appearance of microcracks, and the preferred orientations of grains also changed.
Analysis of a certain polycyclic-group-based cryptosystem
Authors: Kotov Matvei , Ushakov Alexander 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
We investigate security properties
of the Anshel–Anshel–Goldfeld commutator key-establishment protocol
[Math. Res. Lett. 6 (1999), 287–291]
used with certain polycyclic groups described by Eick and Kahrobaei
[http://arxiv.org/abs/math.GR/0411077].
We show that despite low success of the length based attack shown
by Garber, Kahrobaei and Lam
[J. Math. Crypt. 9 (2015), 33–43]
the protocol can be broken by a deterministic polynomial-time algorithm.
Birth weight-related percentiles of brain ventricular system as a tool for assessment of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and ventricular enlargement
Authors: Hartenstein Sebastian , Bamberg Christian , Proquitté Hans , Metze Boris , Bührer Christoph , Schmitz Thomas 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBesides remarkable improvements of neonatal medical therapy, neurological morbidity remains a major concern in preterm infants. In particular, intracranial hemorrhage is a severe complication strongly correlated to poor neurological outcome. For early clinical assessment of intracranial hemorrhage and its impact on the ventricular system, cranial sonography is an important bedside diagnostic tool. Reference values of ventricular sizes are available in relation to gestational age (GA). So far, it has not been demonstrated that ventricular size values are also reliable in relation to birth weight (BW). In this study, we performed cranial ultrasonography in 250 preterm and term newborn infants. Measurements of the intracranial ventricular system by cranial ultrasound examination were performed within 72 h after birth. We determined ventricular index, anterior horn width, width of the third ventricle, width and length of the fourth ventricle for statistical analysis in relation to BW and GA. GA ranged from 23 weeks, 3 days to 42 weeks, 1 day (mean: 33 weeks), BW ranged from 345 to 5620 g (mean: 2146 g). Ventricular index and fourth ventricle width revealed a significant correlation to birth weight with r=0.75, each. A significant correlation to birth weight was also obtained for width and length of the third ventricle (r=0.55 and 0.47, respectively). Correlations obtained for ventricular measures in relation to GA were similar to those referring to BW. In preterm and term infants, ventricular sizes in relation to BW seem reliable for assessment and monitoring of ventricular pathologies, i.e. after intracranial hemorrhage.
Methods of mechanical dispersion for determining granulometric fractions in soils using four dispersant solutions
Authors: Borja Katerine , Mercado Jaime , Combatt Enrique 
Published: September 2015

Sieve analysis studies depend on obtaining suspensions of fully-dispersed and stable samples to facilitate the quantification of the fractions of soil aggregates. The aim of this study was to compare the percentage of fractions obtained with four chemical dispersants and two methods of mechanical dispersion. To carry out this investigation, nine soils were selected from the departments of Cordoba and Sucre and four methodologies using chemical dispersions: ((NaPO3)6 + Na2CO3), (NaOH) 1M, (Na4P2O7) 0.1M pH 10, and CH3COONa 1M, and two methodologies of mechanical dispersion were evaluated: a slow one at 60 rpm for 6 hours and another at 4,000 rpm for 15 minutes. The results were analyzed using a correlation test and contrasts. It was verified that the highest content of clay in the soil samples was found when using the 60 rpm agitation methodology, due to greater dispersion of the granulometric fractions. Likewise, when comparing the different methods of chemical dispersion, it was determined that NaOH had the highest dispersing ability and sodium acetate presented a low efficiency in the separation of soil particles.