bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow Cytometric Characterization and Clinical Outcome of CD4+ T‐Cell Lymphoma in Dogs: 67 Cases
Authors: Avery P.R. , Burton J. , Bromberek J.L. , Seelig D.M. , Elmslie R. , Correa S. , Ehrhart E.J. , Morley P.S. , Avery A.C. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundCanine T‐cell lymphoma (TCL) is conventionally considered an aggressive disease, but some forms are histologically and clinically indolent. CD4 TCL is reported to be the most common subtype of TCL. We assessed flow cytometric characteristics, histologic features when available, and clinical outcomes of CD4+ TCL to determine if flow cytometry can be used to subclassify this group of lymphomas.ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that canine CD4+ T‐cell lymphoma (TCL) is a homogeneous group of lymphomas with an aggressive clinical course.AnimalsSixty‐seven dogs diagnosed with CD4+ TCL by flow cytometry and treated at 1 of 3 oncology referral clinics.MethodsRetrospective multivariable analysis of outcome in canine CD4+ TCL including patient characteristics, treatment, and flow cytometric features.ResultsThe majority of CD4+ TCL were CD45+, expressed low class II MHC, and exhibited an aggressive clinical course independent of treatment regimen (median survival, 159 days). Histologically, CD4+ TCL were classified as lymphoblastic or peripheral T cell. Size of the neoplastic lymphocytes had a modest effect on both PFI and survival in this group. A small number of CD4+ TCL were CD45− and class II MHC high, and exhibited an apparently more indolent clinical course (median survival not yet reached).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAlthough the majority of CD4+ TCL in dogs had uniform clinical and flow cytometric features and an aggressive clinical course, a subset had a unique immunophenotype that predicts significantly longer survival. This finding strengthens the utility of flow cytometry to aid in the stratification of canine lymphoma.
Assessment of the Efficacy and Potential Complications of Transjugular Liver Biopsy in Canine Cadavers
Authors: Levien A.S. , Weisse C. , Donovan T.A. , Berent A.C. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundTransjugular liver biopsy (TJLB) is used in humans at risk of bleeding. There are no reports of its use in veterinary medicine.ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy and potential complications ofTJLBin canine cadavers, and compare with samples obtained via needle liver biopsy (NLB) and surgical liver biopsy (SLB).AnimalsTwenty‐five medium and large breed canine cadavers.MethodsProspective study.TJLBs were procured through the right jugular vein. After biopsy, intravenous contrast and gross inspection were used to assess the biopsy site. Minor and major complications were recorded.NLBs andSLBswere then obtained. Histopathology was performed, andTJLBandNLBwere compared for number of complete portal tracts (CPTs), length, and fragmentation. Pathologic process and autolysis were assessed in all samples.ResultsAllTJLBs yielded liver tissue. The proportion of minor complications was 12/25 (48%), and major complications 16/25 (64%); 13/16 (81%) of the major complications were liver capsule perforation. In 21/25 (84%), the histopathology in theSLBwas reflected in theTJLBs. For cases with minimal autolysis, median number ofCPTs inTJLBs was 7.5, compared with 4 inNLBs (P = .018). Median length ofTJLBspecimen was 28 mm compared to 22 mm inNLBs (P = .007). Fragmentation rate was median of 1.25 forTJLBcompared to 1.50 inNLBs (P = .11).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceTJLBis technically feasible and achieves comparable results toNLBandSLB. The number of complications, in particular liver capsule perforation, was greater than expected. Further studies are indicated before clinical use is recommended.
Relationship among Insulin Resistance, Growth Hormone, and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Concentrations in Diestrous Swedish Elkhounds
Authors: Strage E.M. , Lewitt M.S. , Hanson J.M. , Olsson U. , Norrvik F. , Lilliehöök I. , Holst B.S. , Fall T. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundIn the dog, the normal estrous cycle includes a prolonged luteal phase. Progesterone stimulates local canine mammary growth hormone (GH) production, which may act systemically and contribute to insulin resistance. Swedish Elkhounds are predisposed to progesterone‐related diabetes mellitus, and the relationship among insulin resistance, GH, and insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) is of particular interest.ObjectiveTo study insulin resistance in relation to GH and IGF‐I in nondiabetic Swedish Elkhounds during diestrus. We also assessed whether alterations in these hormones could predict diestrus‐linked diseases and all‐cause mortality.AnimalsEighty‐four privately owned female intact Swedish Elkhounds >4 years of age.MethodsBlood sampling and clinical examination during luteal phase, with a follow‐up questionnaire after 20 months. Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA‐IR).ResultsIn multivariable regression analysis, GH was positively associated with HOMA‐IR (P = .009). An increase in GH of 1 ng/mL was associated with a 12.7% increase in HOMA‐IR. Moreover, C‐peptide was positively associated with IGF‐I (P = .04), and an increase in C‐peptide of 0.1 ng/mL was associated with a 6.9% increase in IGF‐I. Structural equation modeling supported these results. Twenty‐three animals were found to have previously unrecognized mammary masses and had higher GH (P < .0001) and IGF‐I (P = .007) than dogs without mammary masses (n = 61). There was no association between high GH and IGF‐I concentrations at sampling and future mammary masses.ConclusionWe showed that GH was strongly associated with insulin resistance in older Swedish Elkhounds during diestrus.
Longitudinal Electrocardiographic Evaluation of Dogs with Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease
Authors: López‐Alvarez J. , Boswood A. , Moonarmart W. , Hezzell M.J. , Lotter N. , Elliott J. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundIncreased heart rate (HR) and decreased heart rate variability (HRV) are evident in some dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD).ObjectivesEvaluation of the factors influencing HR and HRV (assessed by the vasovagal tonus index; VVTI) and their change over time in dogs with DMVD.AnimalsClient‐owned dogs (n = 257) with DMVD recruited from first opinion practice.MethodsProspective longitudinal follow‐up at six‐monthly intervals of dogs with DMVD. Dogs followed up for at least 18 months (n = 102) were grouped according to their outcome as dogs dying/euthanized because of cardiac disease (n = 28; Group 1), noncardiac disease (n = 40; Group 2) and dogs alive (n = 34; Group 3). HR and VVTI were measured on 1‐minute ECG recordings. Repeated measures linear models were constructed to investigate the factors that influence HR and VVTI and their changes over time.ResultsHeart rate and VVTI were affected by disease severity and were different in Cavaliers compared to other breeds. Group 1 and Group 2 dogs underwent an increase in HR and decrease in VVTI, evident at least 18 months before death. Group 1 had a further decrease in VVTI followed by an increase in HR approximately 1 year and 6 months before death, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDogs with DMVD have an increase in HR and decrease in HRV over a year before death, with greater changes in those dogs dying/euthanized because of cardiac disease. Both HR and VVTI can potentially be regarded as biomarkers for all‐cause mortality.
Applying Projection‐Based Methods to the Asymmetric Traffic Assignment Problem
Authors: Sancho Esteve Codina , Ibáñez Marí Gemma , Bugeda Jaume Barceló 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article examines the application of a path‐based algorithm to the static and fixed demand asymmetric traffic assignment problem. The algorithm is of the simplicial decomposition type and it solves the equilibration or master problem step by means of five existing projection methods for variational inequality problems to evaluate their performance on real traffic networks. The projection methods evaluated are: (1) a cost approximation‐based method for minimizing the Fukushima's gap function, (2) the modified descent method of Zhu and Marcotte (), (3) the double projection method of Khobotov () and three of its recently developed variants (Nadezhkina and Takahashi, ; Wang et al., ; and He et al., 2012); (4) the method of Solodov and Svaiter (); and (5) the method of Solodov and Tseng (). These projection methods do not require evaluation of the Jacobians of the path cost functions. The source for asymmetries are link costs with interactions, as in the case of priority ruled junctions. The path‐based algorithm has been computationally tested using the previous projection methods on three medium to large networks under different levels of congestion and the computational results are presented and discussed. Comparisons are also made with the basic projection algorithm for the fixed demand asymmetric traffic assignment problem. Despite the lack of monotonicity properties of the test problems, the only method that failed to converge under heavy congestion levels was the basic projection algorithm. The fastest convergence was obtained in all cases solving the master problem step using the method of He et al. (2012), which is a variant of Khobotov's method.
Evidential Constraints on Singular Thought
Authors: GENONE JAMES 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this article, I argue that in typical cases of singular thought, a thinker stands in an evidential relation to the object of thought suitable for providing knowledge of the object's existence. Furthermore, a thinker may generate representations that purport to refer to particular objects in response to appropriate, though defeasible, evidence of the existence of such an object. I motivate these constraints by considering a number of examples introduced by Robin Jeshion in support of a view she calls ‘cognitivism’ (Jeshion, 2010b). Although I agree with Jeshion thatacquaintanceis not required for all cases of singular thought, I argue that her account doesn't go far enough in rejectingsemantic instrumentalism, the view that we can generate singular thoughts arbitrarily, by manipulating the mechanisms of direct reference.
The Erotetic Theory of Attention: Questions, Focus and Distraction
Authors: KORALUS PHILIPP 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAttention has a role in much of perception, thought, and action. On the erotetic theory, the functional role of attention is a matter of the relationship between questions and what counts as answers to those questions. Questions encode the completion conditions of tasks for cognitive control purposes, and degrees of attention are degrees of sensitivity to the occurrence of answers. Questions and answers are representational contents given precise characterizations using tools from formal semantics, though attention does not depend on language. The erotetic theory proposes an integrated account of attention in cognitive control and of attentional focus in perception. The functional role of attentional focus on objects, properties, and locations has to do with picking out something that corresponds to what a task is ‘about’. The erotetic theory of attention opens new avenues in theorizing about the relationship between attention, representational content, phenomenal character, and practical reason. A novel representationalist account of salience is proposed. The theory also provides an account of distraction that suggests when distraction is a defect in practical reasoning.
Normativity in Action: How to Explain the Knobe Effect and its Relatives
Authors: HINDRIKS FRANK 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIntuitions about intentional action have turned out to be sensitive to normative factors: most people say that an indifferent agent brings about an effect of her action intentionally when it is harmful, but unintentionally when it is beneficial. Joshua Knobe explains this asymmetry, which is known as ‘the Knobe effect’, in terms of the moral valence of the effect, arguing that this explanation generalizes to other asymmetries concerning notions as diverse as deciding and being free. I present an alternative explanation of the Knobe effect in terms of normative reasons. This explanation generalizes to other folk psychological notions such as deciding, but not to such notions as being free. I go on to argue, against Knobe, that offering a unified explanation of all the asymmetries he discusses is in fact undesirable.
Disassembly of the divisome in Escherichia coli: evidence that FtsZ dissociates before compartmentalization
Authors: Söderström Bill , Skoog Karl , Blom Hans , Weiss David S. , von Heijne Gunnar , Daley Daniel O. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryIn most bacteria cell division is mediated by a protein super‐complex called the divisome that co‐ordinates the constriction and scission of the cell envelope. FtsZ is the first of the divisome proteins to accumulate at the division site and is widely thought to function as a force generator that constricts the cell envelope. In this study we have used a combination of confocal fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to determine if divisome proteins are present at the septum at the time of cytoplasmic compartmentalization in Escherichia coli. Our data suggest that many are, but that FtsZ and ZapA disassemble before the cytoplasm is sealed by constriction of the inner membrane. This observation implies that FtsZ cannot be a force generator during the final stage(s) of envelope constriction in E. coli.
How weeds emerge: a taxonomic and trait‐based examination using United States data
Authors: Kuester Adam , Conner Jeffrey K. , Culley Theresa , Baucom Regina S. 
Published: February 2014

Summary

Weeds can cause great economic and ecological harm to ecosystems. Despite their importance, comparisons of the taxonomy and traits of successful weeds often focus on a few specific comparisons – for example, introduced versus native weeds.

We used publicly available inventories of US plant species to make comprehensive comparisons of the factors that underlie weediness. We quantitatively examined taxonomy to determine if certain genera are overrepresented by introduced, weedy or herbicide‐resistant species, and we compared phenotypic traits of weeds to those of nonweeds, whether introduced or native.

We uncovered genera that have more weeds and introduced species than expected by chance and plant families that have more herbicide‐resistant species than expected by chance. Certain traits, generally related to fast reproduction, were more likely to be associated with weedy plants regardless of species' origins. We also found stress tolerance traits associated with either native or introduced weeds compared with native or introduced nonweeds. Weeds and introduced species have significantly smaller genomes than nonweeds and native species.

These results support trends for weedy plants reported from other floras, suggest that native and introduced weeds have different stress adaptations, and provide a comprehensive survey of trends across weeds within the USA.
Azolla domestication towards a biobased economy?
Authors: Brouwer Paul , Bräutigam Andrea , Külahoglu Canan , Tazelaar Anne O. E. , Kurz Samantha , Nierop Klaas G. J. , van der Werf Adrie , Weber Andreas P. M. , Schluepmann Henriette 
Published: February 2014

Summary

Due to its phenomenal growth requiring neither nitrogen fertilizer nor arable land and its biomass composition, the mosquito fern Azolla is a candidate crop to yield food, fuels and chemicals sustainably. To advance Azolla domestication, we research its dissemination, storage and transcriptome.

Methods for dissemination, cross‐fertilization and cryopreservation of the symbiosis Azolla filiculoides–Nostoc azollae are tested based on the fern spores. To study molecular processes in Azolla including spore induction, a database of 37 649 unigenes from RNAseq of microsporocarps, megasporocarps and sporophytes was assembled, then validated.

Spores obtained year‐round germinated in vitro within 26 d. In vitro fertilization rates reached 25%. Cryopreservation permitted storage for at least 7 months. The unigene database entirely covered central metabolism and to a large degree covered cellular processes and regulatory networks. Analysis of genes engaged in transition to sexual reproduction revealed a FLOWERING LOCUS T‐like protein in ferns with special features induced in sporulating Azolla fronds.

Although domestication of a fern–cyanobacteria symbiosis may seem a daunting task, we conclude that the time is ripe and that results generated will serve to more widely access biochemicals in fern biomass for a biobased economy.
Optimal nitrogen distribution within a leaf canopy under direct and diffuse light
Authors: HIKOSAKA KOUKI 
Published: February 2014

AbstractNitrogen distribution within a leaf canopy is an important determinant of canopy carbon gain. Previous theoretical studies have predicted that canopy photosynthesis is maximized when the amount of photosynthetic nitrogen is proportionally allocated to the absorbed light. However, most of such studies used a simple Beer's law for light extinction to calculate optimal distribution, and it is not known whether this holds true when direct and diffuse light are considered together. Here, using an analytical solution and model simulations, optimal nitrogen distribution is shown to be very different between models using Beer's law and direct–diffuse light. The presented results demonstrate that optimal nitrogen distribution under direct–diffuse light is steeper than that under diffuse light only. The whole‐canopy carbon gain is considerably increased by optimizing nitrogen distribution compared with that in actual canopies in which nitrogen distribution is not optimized. This suggests that optimization of nitrogen distribution can be an effective target trait for improving plant productivity.
Ethylene plays an essential role in the recovery of Arabidopsis during post‐anaerobiosis reoxygenation
Authors: TSAI KUEN‐JIN , CHOU SHU‐JEN , SHIH MING‐CHE 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEthylene is known to play an essential role in mediating hypoxic responses in plants. Here, we show that in addition to regulating hypoxic responses, ethylene also regulates cellular responses in the reoxygenation stage after anoxic treatment in Arabidopsis. We found that expression of several ethylene biosynthetic genes and ethylene‐responsive factors, including ERF1 and ERF2, was induced during reoxygenation. Compared with the wild type, two ethylene‐insensitive mutants (ein2‐5 and ein3eil1) were more sensitive to reoxygenation and displayed damaged phenotypes during reoxygenation. To characterize the role of ethylene, we applied microarray analysis to Col‐0, ein2‐5 and ein3eil1 under reoxygenation conditions. Our results showed that gene transcripts involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification, dehydration response and metabolic processes were regulated during reoxygenation. Moreover, ethylene signalling may participate in regulating these responses and maintaining the homeostasis of different phytohormones. Our work presents evidence that ethylene has distinct functions in recovery after anoxia and provides insight into the reoxygenation signalling network.
Distinct responses to ozone of abaxial and adaxial stomata in three Euramerican poplar genotypes
Authors: DUMONT JENNIFER , COHEN DAVID , GÉRARD JOËLLE , JOLIVET YVES , DIZENGREMEL PIERRE , LE THIEC DIDIER 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOzone induces stomatal sluggishness, which impacts photosynthesis and transpiration. Stomatal responses to variation of environmental parameters are slowed and reduced by ozone and may be linked to difference of ozone sensitivity. Here we determine the ozone effects on stomatal conductance of each leaf surface. Potential causes of this sluggish movement, such as ultrastructural or ionic fluxes modification, were studied independently on both leaf surfaces of three Euramerican poplar genotypes differing in ozone sensitivity and in stomatal behaviour. The element contents in guard cells were linked to the gene expression of ion channels and transporters involved in stomatal movements, directly in microdissected stomata. In response to ozone, we found a decrease in the stomatal conductance of the leaf adaxial surface correlated with high calcium content in guard cells compared with a slight decrease on the abaxial surface. No ultrastructural modifications of stomata were shown except an increase in the number of mitochondria. The expression of vacuolar H+/Ca2+‐antiports (CAX1 and CAX3 homologs), β‐carbonic anhydrases (βCA1 and βCA4) and proton H+‐ATPase (AHA11) genes was strongly decreased under ozone treatment. The sensitive genotype characterized by constitutive slow stomatal response was also characterized by constitutive low expression of genes encoding vacuolar H+/Ca2+‐antiports.
An Unusual Presentation of Nickel‐Associated “School Chair Sign”
Authors: Hamann Dathan J. , Jacob Sharon E. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSymmetric sources of exposure generally result in symmetric contact dermatitis, but patient habits may distort or modify exposures in ways that may obscure clinical relevance. We present a variant of “school chair sign” consistent with the child's usual habit of sitting obliquely with her right leg crossed over her left leg.
Acute diffuse proliferative post‐infectious glomerulonephritis in renal allograft – A case report and literature review
Authors: Alsaad Khaled O. , Aloudah Nourah , AlHamdan Hanouf M. , Alamir Abdulrahman , Fakeeh Khalid 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPVN is a well‐known cause of renal allograft dysfunction and failure. The diagnosis is established by examination of tissue from the renal graft, and confirmed by immunohistochemical or in situ hybridization techniques. Electron microscopy can be utilized as an ancillary modality to identify the viral particles ultrastructurally. The tubular epithelial cells are the primary target of PV cytopathic effect; however, PV‐associated glomerular changes have also been described. Immune‐type electron‐dense deposits in the TBMs have been described in the setting of PVN, and rarely, likewise have glomerular subepithelial hump‐like deposits. Diffuse immune‐mediated proliferative glomerulonephritis in the setting of PVN has not been reported before. In this report, we describe an 11‐yr‐old kidney transplant recipient boy who developed immune‐mediated glomerulonephritis with light microscopic, immunofluorescence, and ultrastructural features compatible with acute PIGN superimposing chronic PVN, discuss this unusual association and the possible mechanisms of antigen clearance in PVN and present a literature review.