bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photolabile RuII Half‐Sandwich Complexes Suitable for Developing “Caged” Compounds: Chemical Investigation and Unexpected Dinuclear Species with Bridging Diamine Ligands
Authors: Finazzi Ilaria , Bratsos Ioannis , Gianferrara Teresa , Bergamo Alberta , Demitri Nicola , Balducci Gabriele , Alessio Enzo 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSix half‐sandwich RuII coordination compounds of the general formula [Ru([9]aneS3)(L–L)(L′)][PF6]n {2–7; [9]aneS3 = 1,4,7‐trithiacyclononane, L–L = 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy), 1,2‐diaminoethane (en), (±)‐trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane (dach), picolinate (pic); L′ = pyridine (py), 3‐acetylpyridine (3‐acpy), imidazole (im); n = 1 or 2, depending on the nature of L–L} were prepared and characterized. If irradiated with blue light (λ = 400–490 nm) in aqueous solution, they readily dissociate the monodentate L′ ligand to generate selectively the corresponding aqua species. The extent and rate of photoinduced ligand release depend primarily on the nature of the chelating ligand (bpy >> en ≈ dach > pic) and, to a minor extent, on that of the leaving ligand (py > im > 3‐acpy). Photolabile compounds 2–5 showed no significant antiproliferative activity against the MDA‐MB‐231 human mammary carcinoma cell line, both in the dark and upon irradiation with blue light. The clean photodissociation process that characterizes this class of half‐sandwich RuII compounds, and the substantial lack of toxicity of the photogenerated Ru aqua species, suggest that they might be suitable for the preparation of “caged” RuII compounds. In the frame of this work, two unexpected dinuclear compounds, namely, [{Ru([9]aneS3)(en)}2(μ‐en)][CF3SO3]4 (9) and [{Ru([9]aneS3)}2(μ‐dach)(μ‐CH3O)2][CF3SO3]2·2CH3OH (10)―both containing rare examples of bridging en and dach ligands―were also isolated and structurally characterized.
Roadmap towards N‐Heterocyclic [2.2]Paracyclophanes and Their Application in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Busch Mark , Cayir Merve , Nieger Martin , Thiel Werner R. , Bräse Stefan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA novel family of [2.2]paracyclophane derivatives is described. Different substituted pyrazole, triazole and pyrimidine moieties were introduced to the [2.2]paracyclophane scaffold and the products were characterized spectroscopically and by X‐ray structure analysis. These compounds are promising ligands for application in asymmetric catalysis. We show here that one of these ligands can catalyze asymmetric conjugate addition. Furthermore a palladium complex was synthesized by using a hydroxy‐pyrazolyl[2.2]paracyclophane ligand.
Purification of Natural Gas by forming H2S Hydrates
Authors: Golombok Michael , Schoonebeek Ronald 
Published: August 2013

AbstractH2S‐hydrate formation is demonstrated as a method for cleaning contaminated natural gas. Not only the final equilibrium cleanup but also the rates of separation attainment are much higher than for CO2 hydrates. H2S concentrates in the hydrate phase and is then depleted from the gas; this was observed at temperatures as high as 15 °C. The shortest batch‐formation times are on the order of 1 min at pressures of approximately 30 bar. Formation times of H2S hydrates are considerably shorter than for CO2. The supersaturation and mixing speed are the critical parameters as well as maintaining maximum solvation of H2S in water throughout the process.
Flame retardant epoxy resin for electrical and electronic applications
Authors: Mariappan Thirumal , Wilkie Charles A. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTAmine‐cured epoxy resins were prepared at 2% by weight phosphorus content using four halogen‐free flame retardants; poly(m‐phenylene methyl phosphonate) (Fyrol PMP); 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide; red phosphorus; and aluminum diethylphosphinate (OP1230). The effect of these additives on the properties of cured epoxy, including glass transition temperature, thermal stability, and fire retardancy (cone calorimetry), were studied and were compared with the conventionally used flame retardant, tetrabromobisphenol‐A (TBBA). All properties are improved for the non‐halogenated materials compared with TBBA. Further, the stoichiometric amounts of Fyrol PMP and TBBA (without an external curing agent) were reacted with epoxy to determine if they could be used as a flame retardant and as a curing agent; Fyrol PMP effectively acts as a flame retardant and as a curing agent. Evolved gas analysis is also discussed through thermogravimetric analysis/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apremilast for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Chaplin Steve 
Published: August 2013

AbstractApremilast, an orally active inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 that inhibits several inflammatory cytokines, is being developed for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. This Drug profile reviews the clinical data to date. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
COPD: new treatment strategies
Authors: Mallia Patrick , Johnston Sebastian L 
Published: August 2013

AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem that is projected to be the third leading cause of mortality by 2030. The most common aetiological factor related to the development of COPD is tobacco smoking, but exposure to burning biomass and outdoor air pollution are also major risk factors. The prevalence of COPD is projected to increase due to continued exposure to these risk factors and the aging of the world's population. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of COPD are complex and poorly understood and this has hampered the development of new therapies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insights into distributed plate rates across the Walker Lane from GPS geodesy
Authors: Lifton Zachery M. , Newman Andrew V. , Frankel Kurt L. , Johnson Christopher W. , Dixon Timothy H. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractContemporary geodetic slip rates are observed to be approximately two times greater than late Pleistocene geologic slip rates across the southern Walker Lane. Using a dense GPS network, we compare the present‐day crustal velocities to observed geologic slip rates in the region. We find that the Walker Lane is characterized by a smooth transition from westward extension in the Basin and Range to northwestward motion of the Sierra Nevada block. The GPS velocity field indicates that (1) plate parallel (N37°W) velocities define a velocity differential of 10.6 ± 0.5 mm/yr between the western Basin and Range and the Sierra Nevada block, (2) there is ~2 mm/yr of contemporary extension perpendicular to the normal faults of the Silver Peak‐Lone Mountain extensional complex, and (3) most of the observed discrepancy in long‐ and short‐term slip rates occurs across Owens Valley. We believe the discrepancy is due to distributed strain and underestimated geologic slip rates.
Local and remote effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on the electrical activity of the motor cortical network
Authors: Notturno Francesca , Marzetti Laura , Pizzella Vittorio , Uncini Antonino , Zappasodi Filippo 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe systematically investigated the effects of cathodal and anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (CtDCS, AtDCS) on the electric activity of primary motor cortex during a motor task. High‐density electroencephalography was used to define the spatial diffusion of tDCS after effects. Ten healthy subjects performed a finger tapping task with the right hand before and after three separate sessions of 20 minutes of Sham, AtDCS or CtDCS over left primary motor cortex (M1). During movement, we found an increment of low alpha band Event‐Related Desynchronization (ERD) in bilateral central, frontal areas and in the left inferior parietal region, as well as an increment of beta ERD in fronto‐central and parieto‐occipital regions, after AtDCs compared to Sham and CtDCS. In the rest pre‐movement period, after Sham as well as AtDCS, we documented an increment of low alpha band power over the course of pre‐ and post‐stimulation recording sessions, localized in the sensorimotor and parieto‐occipital regions. On the contrary, after CtDCS no increment of low alpha power was found. Finally beta band coherence among signals from left sensorimotor cortex and activity of bilateral parietal, occipital and right frontal regions was higher after AtDCS compared with Sham condition. Similarly, theta coherence with parietal and frontal regions was enhanced after AtDCS. We hypothesize that the local modulation of membrane polarization, as well as long‐lasting synaptic modification induced by tDCS over M1, could result in changes of both local band power and functional architecture of the motor network. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2220–2232, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maintenance and manipulation of somatosensory information in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
Authors: Spitzer Bernhard , Goltz Dominique , Wacker Evelin , Auksztulewicz Ryszard , Blankenburg Felix 
Published: August 2013

AbstractNeuroimaging studies of working memory (WM) suggest that prefrontal cortex may assist sustained maintenance, but also internal manipulation, of stimulus representations in lower‐level areas. A different line of research in the somatosensory domain indicates that neuronal activity in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) may also represent specific memory contents in itself, however leaving open to what extent top‐down control on lower‐level areas is exerted, or how internal manipulation processes are implemented. We used functional imaging and connectivity analysis to study static maintenance and internal manipulation of tactile working memory contents after physically identical stimulation conditions, in human subjects. While both tasks recruited similar subareas in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in VLPFC, static maintenance of the tactile information was additionally characterized by increased functional coupling between IFG and primary somatosensory cortex. Independently, during internal manipulation, a quantitative representation of the task‐relevant information was evident in IFG itself, even in the absence of physical stimulation. Together, these findings demonstrate the functional diversity of activity within VLPFC according to different working memory demands, and underline the role of IFG as a core region in sensory WM processing. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2412–2423, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microstructures, mechanical behavior, cellular response, and hemocompatibility of bulk ultrafine‐grained pure tantalum
Authors: Nie F. L. , Zheng Y. F. , Wang Y. , Wang J. T. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBulk ultrafine‐grained (UFG) pure Ta had been successfully prepared by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) technique till eight passes. The 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 8th ECAPed Ta samples were investigated in the current study, with the 0th ECAPed Ta sample as the microcrystalline counterpart control. The microstructure and grain size distribution were characterized by X‐ray diffractometer patterns, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis by means of histogram. Although the mechanical behavior of all the experimental samples were analyzed through uniaxial tensile measurement and microhardness test, in vitro biological interactions onto the substrates such as protein adsorption, cellular responses derived from different types of cell lines, and the activity of erythrocyte and platelets were further evaluated and specifically assessed by bicinchoninic acid assay, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and the method of colorimetric reading. A superior percentage of protein adsorption can be observed on the substrate of the UFG 8th ECAPed Ta (around 90%), even above those on the tissue culture plate (control) and the other ECAPed Ta samples. Furthermore, the UFG 8th ECAPed Ta shows no cytotoxic within 4 days culture when incubated with the murine fibroblast cell lines (L929). In addition, a priority order in the growth of endothelial cells (ECV304) other than vascular smooth muscle cells was observed in the case of the UFG 8th ECAPed Ta. In terms of hemolysis rate and adhered platelets (both the amount and the individual morphology), an evolutionary outcome of preferentially enhanced hemocompatibility can be concluded for the case of the UFG 8th ECAPed Ta. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 221–230, 2014.
Surface Density of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Modulates Endothelial Proliferation and Differentiation
Authors: Galas Richard J. , Liu Julie C. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTTherapeutic strategies aim to regulate vasculature either by encouraging vessel growth for tissue engineering or inhibiting vascularization around a tumor. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is essential to these processes, and there are several strategies that manipulate VEGF signaling. Here we develop a method to control the surface density of VEGF, which is covalently attached to tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), and explore cellular responses to surfaces with varying VEGF densities. We show that the crosslinker reduces but does not eliminate the biological activity of soluble VEGF as measured by endothelial proliferation. However, endothelial cells cultured on surfaces of covalently bound VEGF did not proliferate in response to surface cues. Interestingly, compared to cells incubated with soluble VEGF (10 ng/ml) and cultured on TCPS, lower cell proliferation was observed when endothelial cells were cultured on high VEGF surface densities (5.9 ng/cm2), whereas higher cell proliferation occurred when cells were cultured on low surface densities (0.04 ng/cm2). High density surfaces (5.9 ng/cm2) also acted in synergy with an inhibitor of VEGF receptors to further suppress endothelial cell proliferation. We also examined the effect of VEGF surfaces on endothelial differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. No effect was observed when cells were cultured on VEGF surfaces; however, the VEGF surfaces acted in synergy with an inhibitor of VEGF receptors to decrease the ability of differentiated cells to form vascular networks. Together, these results suggest that surface density of bound VEGF can be used to modulate cell behavior and inhibit an angiogenic response. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 111–120, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hürthle cell thyroid adenoma with an eggshell calcification: Sonographic‐pathologic correlation
Authors: Kwon Lee Sang 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTWe report the sonographic pathologic correlation in a case of Hürthle cell thyroid adenoma with an eggshell calcification in a 58‐year‐old woman. The mass was hypoechoic with a continuous eggshell calcification on gray‐scale sonographic and intranodular vascularity power Doppler imaging. At pathological examination, the dystrophic calcification of eggshell type was located between the intact fibrous capsule and the main tumor matrix. Hürthle cell adenoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of a thyroid nodule with an eggshell calcification. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:172–175, 2014
Grist for Riedl's mill: A network model perspective on the integration and modularity of the human skull
Authors: Esteve‐Altava Borja , Marugán‐Lobón Jesús , Botella Héctor , Bastir Markus , Rasskin‐Gutman Diego 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTRiedl's concept of burden neatly links development and evolution by ascertaining that structures that show a high degree of developmental co‐dependencies with other structures are more constrained in evolution. The human skull can be precisely modeled as an articulated complex system of bones connected by sutures, forming a network of structural co‐dependencies. We present a quantitative analysis of the morphological integration, modularity, and hierarchical organization of this human skull network model. Our overall results show that the human skull is a small‐world network, with two well‐delimited connectivity modules: one facial organized around the ethmoid bone, and one cranial organized around the sphenoid bone. Geometric morphometrics further support this two‐module division, stressing the direct relationship between the developmental information enclosed in connectivity patterns and skull shape. Whereas the facial module shows a hierarchy of clustered blocks of bones, the bones of the cranial modules show a regular pattern of connections. We analyze the significance of these arrangements by hypothesizing specific structural roles for the most important bones involved in the formation of both modules, in the context of Riedl's burden. We conclude that it is the morphological integration of each group of bones that defines the semi‐hierarchical organization of the human skull, reflecting fundamental differences in the ontogenetic patterns of growth and the structural constraints that generate each module. Our study also demonstrates the adequacy of network analysis as an innovative tool to understand the morphological complexity of anatomical systems. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 320B: 489–500, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A detailed view of the injection‐induced seismicity in a natural gas reservoir in Zigong, southwestern Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Lei Xinglin , Ma Shengli , Chen Wenkang , Pang Chunmei , Zeng Jie , Jiang Bing 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSeismicity at a gas reservoir located in the relatively stable Sichuan Basin, China, mirrors the injection pressure of unwanted water, suggesting that the seismicity is injection induced. Injection under high pressure on a routine basis began on 9 January 2009 and continued to July 2011. During the injection period, over 120,000 m3 of water was pumped under a wellhead pressure of up to 6.2 MPa into the limestone formation of Permian 2.45 to 2.55 km beneath the surface. The injection induced more than 7000 surface‐recorded earthquakes, including 2 M4+ (the largest one was ML4.4), 20 M3+, and more than 100 M2+ events. Data observed by a nearby local seismic network and five temporal stations provide a detailed view of the spatiotemporal distribution of the induced earthquakes. Most events were limited to depths ranging from 2.5 to 4 km, which is consistent with the limestone formation of Permian. In a map view, hypocenters are concentrated in a NNW extended ellipsoidal zone approximately 6 km long and approximately 2 km wide centered approximately at the injection well. Multisources of evidence such as the shear mechanism, pattern of hypocenter distribution, and small elevated pore pressure as compared with the least principal stress in the region show that the induced earthquakes occurred as a result of lowering of the effective normal stress on known or unknown preexisting blind faults which are critically loaded under the regional stress field. Epidemic‐type aftershock sequence modeling results indicate that injection inducing and earthquake triggering are both important during earlier periods of injection, while later periods are dominated by forced (injection‐induced) seismicity.
Timing and magnitude of spring bloom and effects of physical environments over the Grand Banks of Newfoundland
Authors: Zhao Hui , Han Guoqi , Wang Dongxiao 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSpring bloom is a dominant feature of seasonal phytoplankton cycles in the northwest Atlantic continental shelf. In this study, we investigate temporal and spatial variations of spring‐bloom timing and intensity over the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, using satellite ocean color data and other oceanographic measurements from January 1998 to December 2009. The spring bloom has strong interannual and meridional changes in its timing and intensities. Physical oceanographic conditions including the sea surface temperature (SST), wind speed, and mixed layer depth (MLD) also show evident interannual variations. The spring boom starts first in the southern Bank in February–March and often in the central and northern Bank in April, respectively. An early initiation of spring blooms is generally associated with high SST, weak winds, and shallow MLD at the beginning stage of the spring blooms, and tends to result in stronger intensities. However, the photosynthesis available radiance does not seem to affect the bloom initiation in the southern area or the bloom intensity over the entire Banks. In the southern area, higher SST does not lead to larger bloom magnitude. Our analysis shows that the effect of the SST in the northern area is primarily through the earlier ice melting. It also indicates that Sverdrup's critical depth criteria are suitable for conditions over the Grand Banks. The present study points to the significant sub‐bank‐scale differences in the timing and magnitude of the spring bloom attributable to underlying physical environments, important for the integrated management of the Grand Banks ecosystem.
Synthesis of thiophene/phenylene co‐oligomers. II [1]. Block and alternating co‐oligomers
Authors: Hotta S. , Kimura H. , Lee S. A. , Tamaki T. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe report the synthesis of block and alternating thiophene/phenylene co‐oligomers that is based either on the Suzuki coupling reaction or on the Grignard reaction. These reaction schemes enable us to obtain the target compounds at reasonably high yields. The resulting materials have been fully characterized through the solid‐state 13C nmr and Fourier‐transform ir as well as the 1H nmr. Of these, the solid‐state 13C nmr and ir are particularly useful in characterizing the materials of higher molecular weight, since those materials are difficult to dissolve in organic solvents.
Hybrid multidimensional T2 and diffusion‐weighted MRI for prostate cancer detection
Authors: Wang Shiyang , Peng Yahui , Medved Milica , Yousuf Ambereen N. , Ivancevic Marko K. , Karademir Ibrahim , Jiang Yulei , Antic Tatjana , Sammet Steffen , Oto Aytekin , Karczmar Gregory S. 
Published: August 2013

PurposeTo study the dependence of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and T2 on echo time (TE) and b‐value, respectively, in normal prostate and prostate cancer, using two‐dimensional MRI sampling, referred to as “hybrid multidimensional imaging.”Materials and MethodsThe study included 10 patients with biopsy‐proven prostate cancer who underwent 3 Tesla prostate MRI. Diffusion‐weighted MRI (DWI) data were acquired at b = 0, 750, and 1500 s/mm2. For each b‐value, data were acquired at TEs of 47, 75, and 100 ms. ADC and T2 were measured as a function of b‐value and TE, respectively, in 15 cancer and 10 normal regions of interest (ROIs). The Friedman test was used to test the significance of changes in ADC as a function of TE and of T2 as a function of b‐value.ResultsIn normal prostate ROIs, the ADC at TE of 47 ms is significantly smaller than ADC at TE of 100 ms (P = 0.0003) and T2 at b‐value of 0 s/mm2 is significantly longer than T2 at b‐value of 1500 s/mm2 (P = 0.001). In cancer ROIs, average ADC and T2 values do not change as a function of TE and b‐value, respectively. However, in many cancer pixels, there are large decreases in the ADC as a function of TE and large increases in T2 as a function of b‐value. Cancers are more conspicuous in ADC maps at longer TEs.ConclusionParameters derived from hybrid imaging that depend on coupled/associated values of ADC and T2 may improve the accuracy of MRI in diagnosing prostate cancer. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:781–788. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.