bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Budapest Scientific
Authors: Hargittai István , Hargittai Magdolna 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This guidebook introduces the reader—the scientific tourist and others—to the visible memorabilia of science and scientists in Budapest—statues, busts, plaques, buildings, and other artefacts. According to the Hungarian–American Nobel laureate Albert Szent-Györgyi, this metropolis at the crossroads of Europe has a special atmosphere of respect for science. It has been the venue of numerous scientific achievements and the cradle, literally, of many individuals who in Hungary, and even more beyond its borders became world-renowned contributors to science and culture. Six of the eight chapters of the book cover the Hungarian Nobel laureates, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the university, the medical school, agricultural sciences, and technology and engineering. One chapter is about selected gimnáziums from which seven Nobel laureates (Szent-Györgyi, de Hevesy, Wigner, Gabor, Harsanyi, Olah, and Kertész) and the five “Martians of Science” (von Kármán, Szilard, Wigner, von Neumann, and Teller) had graduated. The concluding chapter is devoted to scientist martyrs of the Holocaust. A special feature in surveying Hungarian science is the contributions of scientists that left their homeland before their careers blossomed and made their seminal discoveries elsewhere, especially in Great Britain and the United States. The book covers the memorabilia referring to both émigré scientists and those that remained in Hungary.
István Széchenyi
Authors: Hargittai István , Hargittai Magdolna 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
István Széchenyi dedicated his life to the creation of a learned society in Hungary. In 1825, he and a few other aristocrats committed considerable portions of their wealth to found the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Széchenyi did far more; he wrote books and intiated railways, steamboating, and a banking system for the country. The Hungarian Academy of Sciences is the focal point of Hungarian science regardless of whether the respective research is being carried out at the institutes of the Academy, at universities, or in other research organizations. Other notable institutions mentioned include the Hungarian National Museum, the Hungarian National History Museum, and the Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music. Statues and plaques commemorate orientalists, humanists, linguists, statisticians, histrorians, and others, including the musicologists Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály.
Pál Kitaibel
Authors: Hargittai István , Hargittai Magdolna 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The polymath botanist Pál Kitaibel represents agricultural science, which has had strong traditions in Hungary. There are memorabilia of scientists in botany, zoology, veterinary medicine, economics of agriculture, and agricultural science, The principal venues of these activities are the veterinary school, the school of gardening and food industry (now part of Corvinus University), the ministry of agriculture, the Museum of Agriculture at Vajdahunyad Castle, the Budapest Zoo, and the Botanical Garden. Some of these venues are located amid beautiful parks. The statues in the park near Vajdahunyad Castle include those of Winston Churchill and George Washington.
Introduction
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the phase space method for treating the physics of systems of bosons and fermions in regimes where quantum degeneracy occurs. Key concepts such as modes, creation and annihilation operators, distribution functions in phase space depending on c-number (bosons) or Grassmann (fermions) phase space variables, quantum correlation functions, and phase space integrals are introduced, together with how the dynamics of the system density operator as described via Liouville–von Neumann or master equations is translated into Fokker–Planck equations for the distribution function, and then how phase space integrals for quantum correlation functions can be determined via Langevin stochastic equations that are equivalent to the Fokker–Planck equations, and which involve stochastic phase space variables. The extension of the phase space approach to systems with large mode numbers, involving field annihilation and creation operators, distribution functionals, and functional Fokker–Planck and Langevin stochastic field equations is also reviewed.
Complex Numbers and Grassmann Numbers
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter sets out the basic algebraic properties of both complex numbers (c-numbers) and Grassmann numbers (g-numbers). The formal rules of addition and multiplication together with the associative and distributive rules are stated, highlighting the anticommuting multiplication property of g-numbers and the consequences that all powers of g-numbers are zero and they do not have inverses. Complex conjugation rules are also stated, highlighting a second major difference between c- and g-numbers. The concepts of monomials and their order are introduced for Grassmann variables. Grassmann functions are defined, their division into even and odd functions noted, and commutation properties of even and odd Grassmann functions are obtained. Important results for exponential functions involving Grassmann variables and functions are derived, including the Baker–Hausdorff theorem. Linear transformations of Grassmann variables are defined.
Grassmann Calculus
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter sets out basic definitions and features for the differential and integral calculus of c-number and Grassmann functions. Derivatives and integrals of functions of c-number variables are defined, involving c-numbers and their complex conjugates, and distinguishing analytic and non-analytic functions. Integration over the complex plane is defined. Cauchy–Riemann equations and Glauber identities for analytic functions are presented. Derivatives and integrals of functions of Grassmann variables are defined, involving both left and right differentiation and integration, and extended to cover multiple derivatives and integrals. Results for differentiating even or odd functions, product and chain rules for differentiation, rules relating higher-order derivatives, and Taylor series expressions for Grassmann functions are presented. Properties of Grassmann differentials are set out, and key results obtained for full integrals of Grassmann functions and their derivatives. Grassmann integration changes under linear transformations, and important integration-by-parts and Fourier results for Grassmann functions are obtained.
Coherent States
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter defines and determines the properties of the important (though non-physical) boson and fermion coherent states, which are specified in terms of c-number (bosons) or Grassmann (fermions) variables and their complex conjugates, and defined via unitary displacement operators acting on the vacuum state. Important non-orthogonality, overcompleteness and coherence properties of coherent states are obtained. Coherent states are shown to be eigenstates of mode annihilation operators, with eigenvalues given by the c-number or Grassmann variable specifying the state. Related (unnormalised) Bargmann states are defined, depending only on the variable and not its complex conjugate, and are used to obtain useful representations of physical states and canonical forms for operators in terms of Bargmann state projectors, as well as obtaining important results such as for traces of operator products in terms of phase space integrals. Mode creation operators acting on Bargmann states are shown as equivalent to differentiation.
Fokker–Planck Equations
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter deals with deriving Fokker–Planck equations (FPEs) that govern the behaviour of phase space distribution functions (normalised and unnormalised) for boson and fermion systems due to dynamical or thermal evolution. Specific forms are obtained for master equation dynamics, relating the drift vector and diffusion matrix elements in the FPE to coefficients specifying terms in the Hamiltonian and relaxation operators. The approach used is to derive correspondence rules, which map changes in the density operator when multiplied from left or right by mode annihilation or creation operators (as in evolution equations) onto corresponding changes in distribution functions, these being differentiations and or multiplications by phase space variables (left or right for fermions). Derivations are carried out via changes to characteristic functions or to canonical forms of the density operator. The correct successive application of correspondence rules for fermions is treated, and alternative forms obtained for bosons to correspondence rules and the FPE.
Application to Multi-Mode Systems
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter presents two examples of applying phase space methods in systems where large numbers of modes may be involved, such as in fermion cases with large particle numbers. Functional Fokker–Planck equations (FFPEs) are derived directly using the field operator correspondence rules. The boson application is to colliding bosons in a trap potential, such as for Bose–Einstein condensates. FFPEs and Ito stochastic field equations (SFEs) are derived for both positive P and Wigner distribution functional cases, and expressions obtained for quantum correlation functions. The fermion application is to colliding spin-1/2 fermions in a trap potential, such as an optical lattice. FFPEs and Ito SFEs are derived for the unnormalised B distribution functional. Solutions to the Ito SFE are presented for the untrapped and optical-lattice cases. For the untrapped case with two fermions, evaluation of short-time Fock state coherences and populations gives the same result as obtained in a previous chapter.
Greece and Rome at the Crystal Palace
Authors: Nichols Kate 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This book examines the debates that arose around the presentation of classical plaster casts to a mass audience at the Sydenham Crystal Palace, in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Britain. It uncovers the social, political, and aesthetic role of ancient Greek and Roman sculpture in Victorian and Edwardian culture, assessing how classical art and architecture figured in debates over design reform, taste, beauty and morality, race and imperialism. A study in classical reception, it draws on diaries, autobiographies, scrapbooks, and pamphlets to analyse audience responses to classical sculpture, and to suggest how these responses figured in contemporary popular and scholarly understandings of the Greek and Roman past. It demonstrates the vital life of classical sculpture for audiences beyond the Royal Academy, high art criticism, the Country House, and the University, and suggests that other less ‘academic’ locations ought to be taken seriously as chapters in the history of archaeology. Focusing on the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, it provides the first in-depth analysis of this popular entertainment venue in South London. This ephemeral, now vanished edifice offers an alternative history of museums to the received vision of order, chronology, and permanence typified by the British Museum. Foregrounding the close connection between entertainment and education at the Palace demonstrates a much longer history of the commercial ‘heritage industry’ usually associated with the 1980s.
Greek Sculpture, Beauty, and Morality
Authors: Nichols Kate 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the controversy caused by the Palace’s exhibition of nude sculpture. It unpicks Owen Jones’s claims for Greek sculpture’s moral imperative through writings on beauty, morality, and art from Plato and J. J. Winckelmann, to nineteenth-century archaeologists. The chapter examines hostilities to the display of unclothed classical sculpture to the Palace’s new mass audience—especially its polychrome experiments—in the contexts of the artistic and social history of the nude, and Victorian ideas about class, gender, sexuality, and obscenity, to suggest why critics were so preoccupied with the displays of unclothed male bodies rather than the female nude. It offers an analysis of Greek sculpture in mid-century evangelical culture, and as it featured in ‘muscular Christianity’, showing the diversity of Victorian religious responses to ‘heathen’ sculpture.
Greece, Rome, and the Modern British Nation
Authors: Nichols Kate 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines what the presentation and responses to classical civilizations at the Crystal Palace might reveal about Britain’s perceived national and international status. It discusses how Greece and Rome figured in the national roles played by the Palace from 1854 to 1921: host to the Festival of Empire (1911), and the first incarnation of the Imperial War Museum. The Palace boasted a unique Natural History Department, curated by ethnologist Robert Gordon Latham, which exhibited tableaux of models of extra-European peoples engaged in ‘characteristic’ activities. The second section examines these models in the context of what were increasingly coming to be seen as representations of the ur-Europeans; the sculpture in the Greek Court, showing how the historiography of Greek sculpture intersected with Victorian racial thought. The final section considers the presentation of the Roman empire—and in particular, Roman Britain— in changing Victorian and Edwardian imperial culture.
Missing data
Authors: Nakagawa Shinichi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMissing data are ubiquitous in ecological and evolutionary data sets as in any other branch of science. The common methods used to deal with missing data are to delete cases containing missing data, and to use the mean to fill in missing values. However, these ‘traditional’ methods will result in biased estimation of parameters and uncertainty, and reduction in statistical power. Now, better missing data procedures such as multiple imputation and data augmentation are readily available and implementable. This chapter introduces the basics of missing data theory—most importantly, the three missing data mechanisms: missing completely at random (MCAR), missing at random (MAR), and missing not at random (MNAR); the chapter also explains relevant concepts of importance such as EM algorithms and MCMC procedures. This chapter enables the application of proper missing data procedures, in particular multiple imputation, using R packages.
Structural equation modeling
Authors: Grace James B. , Scheiner Samuel M. , Schoolmaster, Jr. Donald R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis chapter describes structural equation modeling (SEM), which represents a probabilistic modeling framework for studying causal hypotheses about systems. SEM relies on interconnected series of equations to represent networks as complex hypotheses. As a general modeling methodology, SEM potentially permits any type of functional response (error distributions) and linkage form (linear, non-linear, or non-parametric). The methodology also includes procedures for evaluating proposed models against data, permitting the discovery of unsuspected mechanisms leading to an understanding of how multiple processes collectively control systems. A key element of SEM is the use of graphical models to represent the causal logic implied by the equations. In this treatment the chapter concisely describes SEM fundamentals, incorporating the latest advances in the core methodology. Worked examples are used to illustrate procedures.
Research synthesis methods in ecology
Authors: Gurevitch Jessica , Nakagawa Shinichi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMeta-analysis is quantitative synthesis of the results of different studies addressing questions about the same thing in comparable ways, and is part of the general area of research synthesis. It depends on expressing the results of different studies on a common scale, and combining the results by weighting studies by the precision by which they estimate the effect of interest. Research synthesis, the application of the scientific method to summarizing evidence on a scientific question, includes both meta-analysis and systematic reviews. Systematic reviews are unbiased, reproducible literature searches carried out according to clearly specified criteria for searching and selection of evidence. Meta-regression is a term used for meta-analyses where the effects of one or more covariates (moderators) on the outcomes across studies are modeled. Meta-analysis and meta-regression can be used to determine the mean effect across studies, its confidence limits and heterogeneity, and the influence of moderators. This chapter discusses how to carry out and interpret the results of meta-analysis, exploratory and sensitivity analyses, the strengths and limitations of, and objections to, meta-analysis, and common errors in conducting research syntheses.
Intrafamilial Aggregation and Heritability of Aortic Reflected (Backward) Waves Derived From Wave Separation Analysis
Authors: Djami-Tchatchou Arnaud T. , Norton Gavin R. , Raymond Andrew , Booysen Hendrik L. , Hodson Bryan , Libhaber Elena , Sareli Pinhas , Woodiwiss Angela J. 
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND
Although aortic wave reflection may be inherited, the extent to which indexes of wave reflection derived from wave separation analysis (reflected (backward) wave index (RI) and pressure (Pb)) show intrafamilial aggregation and heritability is uncertain. We therefore aimed to determine the intrafamilial aggregation and heritability of RI and Pb and compare these with indexes of pressure augmentation.

METHODS
Aortic Pb, RI, augmented pressure (Pa), and augmentation index (AIx) were determined using radial applanation tonometry and SphygmoCor software in 1,152 participants of 315 families (111 father-mother, 705 parent-child, and 301 sibling-sibling pairs) from an urban developing community of black Africans. Heritability estimates were determined from Statistical Analysis for Genetic Epidemiology software.

RESULTS
With appropriate adjustments, significant correlations were noted between parent-child pairs for Pb and Pa (P &lt; 0.05 for all), but not for RI (P = 0.50) or AIx (P = 0.90) and between sib-sib pairs for Pb and Pa (P &lt; 0.05), but not for RI (P = 0.54) or AIx (P = 0.14). No correlations for indexes of wave reflection were noted between fathers and mothers (P &gt; 0.57). After adjustments, Pb (h2 = 0.24±0.07) and Pa (h2 = 0.23±0.07) (P &lt; 0.001 for both) but not RI (h2 = 0.04±0.06, P = 0.27) or AIx (h2 = 0.10±0.07, P = 0.07) showed significant heritability.

CONCLUSIONS
Aortic reflected (backward) waves derived from either wave separation (Pb) or pulse wave analysis (Pa) show a similar degree of intrafamilial aggregation and heritability, but the use of RI or AIx may underestimate reflected wave effects.
Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy for the Treatment of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux
Authors: Guo Huaiyuan , Ma Haijun , Wang Jinliang 
Published: April 2015

Goals:
To compare the treatment effect of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and placebo for patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR).

Study:
PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE were searched from the date of conception to August 2014. Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) were included in this meta-analysis if they compared the treatment response of PPI therapy and placebo among patients with LPR. The risk difference, the standard mean difference (SMD), and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the endpoints evaluated.

Results:
Fourteen eligible RCTs with 771 participants were identified and analyzed in this meta-analysis. By pooling all eligible data, we found that patients treated with PPI therapy had a significantly higher response rate than those who received placebo (risk difference=0.15; 95% CI, 0.01-0.30). Compared with placebo, PPI therapy could also improve the total reflux symptom index significantly (SMD=1.65; 95% CI, 0.15-3.14), but results of the reflux symptom index varied for specific symptoms. However, PPI therapy did not show any advantage over placebo in the improvement of the reflux finding score (SMD=0.62; 95% CI, −0.96-2.19).

Conclusions:
In this meta-analysis of 14 eligible RCTs, we found that in patients with LPR, PPI therapy could improve reflux symptoms significantly compared with placebo.
Damaging Effects of Total Parenteral Nutrition Formula on Vascular Endothelium
Authors: Demircan Mehmet , Gurunluoglu Kubulay , Karaman Abdurrahman , Mizrak Bulent 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Sepsis in one of the most serious complications that can occur during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) procedures. In this experimental study, we investigated the effects of TPN, with or without lipid emulsion, on vascular endothelial damage.Methods:In total, 50 rabbits were used, divided into 5 groups of 10 each. TPN with lipids (group 1), TPN without lipids (group 2), and 0.09% saline (group 3) were given for 10 days via a central venous catheter. Group 4 received no treatment other than placement of a central venous catheter for 10 days. Group 5 was a control group. At the end of day 10, rabbits were sacrificed and tissue samples of liver, kidney, and inferior vena cava were prepared and examined by immunohistochemical methods for vascular cellular adhesion molecule (VCAM)‐1 expression.Results:In tissue sections of liver, kidney, and inferior vena cava, VCAM‐1 activity was increased prominently in TPN with and without lipids compared with the control group. VCAM‐1 activity in the TPN with lipids group was decreased versus the TPN without lipids group (P > 0.05).Conclusions:The TPN procedure results in vascular endothelial cell damage not only in the vein where the solution is introduced but also in other parts of the vascular system. Even if it is not statistically significant, lipids in the TPN formula may decrease this endothelial cell damage, as shown by immunohistochemistry.