bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyphase filter bank based multi‐band spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems
Authors: Zhang Haijian , Ruyet Didier Le , Roviras Daniel , Sun Hong 
Published: April 2014

SummarySpectrum sensing has been identified as an essential enabling functionality for cognitive radio (CR) systems to guarantee that CR users could share the spectrum resource with licensed users on a non‐interfering basis. Recently, simultaneous sensing of multi‐band licensed user activity has been attracting more and more research interest. Generally, the multi‐band sensing is implemented through energy detection by estimating power spectral density. In this paper, we investigate a multi‐band energy detection architecture based on different polyphase filter banks (PFBs), which aim to reliably sense multiple active bands by exploiting the low power leakage property of PFB. We have theoretically derived the closed‐form expressions of detection probability and false alarm probability for PFBs and fast Fourier transform based detectors, respectively. Theoretical detection thresholds are therefore computed, which ensures a fair comparison for different detectors. Final experimental results are presented to verify our theoretical analysis and demonstrate that PFBs based sensing architecture exhibits better sensing performance than the conventional FFT.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genotypic‐specific variance inCaenorhabditis eleganslifetime fecundity
Authors: Diaz S. Anaid , Viney Mark 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOrganisms live in heterogeneous environments, so strategies that maximze fitness in such environments will evolve. Variation in traits is important because it is the raw material on which natural selection acts during evolution. Phenotypic variation is usually thought to be due to genetic variation and/or environmentally induced effects. Therefore, genetically identical individuals in a constant environment should have invariant traits. Clearly, genetically identical individuals do differ phenotypically, usually thought to be due to stochastic processes. It is now becoming clear, especially from studies of unicellular species, that phenotypic variance among genetically identical individuals in a constant environment can be genetically controlled and that therefore, in principle, this can be subject to selection. However, there has been little investigation of these phenomena in multicellular species. Here, we have studied the mean lifetime fecundity (thus a trait likely to be relevant to reproductive success), and variance in lifetime fecundity, in recently‐wild isolates of the model nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans. We found that these genotypes differed in their variance in lifetime fecundity: some had high variance in fecundity, others very low variance. We find that this variance in lifetime fecundity was negatively related to the mean lifetime fecundity of the lines, and that the variance of the lines was positively correlated between environments. We suggest that the variance in lifetime fecundity may be a bet‐hedging strategy used by this species.
Design and Synthesis of a Monofluoro‐Substituted Aromatic Amino Acid as a Conformationally Restricted 19F NMR ­Label for Membrane‐Bound Peptides
Authors: Tkachenko Anton N. , Mykhailiuk Pavel K. , Radchenko Dmytro S. , Babii Oleg , Afonin Sergii , Ulrich Anne S. , Komarov Igor V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA monofluoro‐substituted amino acid was designed to serve as a conformationally restricted label for solid‐state 19F NMR distance measurements in membrane‐bound peptides. The aromatic cis and trans isomers of 1‐amino‐3‐(4‐fluorophenyl)cyclobutanecarboxylic acid were synthesized in five steps from diethyl 2‐(4‐fluorophenyl)propanedioate. They were incorporated into the antimicrobial peptide gramicidin S to replace a native DPhenylalanine residue. Because the Cα‐tetrasubstituted amino acid cannot racemize, it showed full compatibility with solid‐phase peptide synthesis protocols. According to circular dichroism analysis and molecular modeling, the 19F‐labeled analogues of the known helix‐inducing amino acid (1‐aminocyclobutane‐1‐carboxylic acid) do not disrupt the peptide conformation when substituted for Phe, neither in a β‐turn nor in an α‐helix.
Enantioselective Fluorination of 2‐Oxind­oles by Structure‐Micro‐Tuned N‐Fluorobenzenesulfonamides
Authors: Wang Fajie , Li Juli , Hu Qingyang , Yang Xianjin , Wu Xin‐Yan , He Haoming 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe describe our attempts to fine‐tune the reactivity and selectivity of N‐fluorobenzenesulfonamide in fluorination reactions by changing the substituents on its phenyl rings. A series of N‐fluorobenzenesulfonamides bearing substituents at the ortho, meta, and para positions were prepared, and were used in the enantioselective fluorination of 2‐oxindoles catalysed by chiral palladium complexes. Fluorinating reagents 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1h, 1i, and 1j gave similar results to 1a, while 1f, 1g, and 1n gave worse yields and selectivities. Under mild reaction conditions, a series of 3‐fluoro‐2‐oxindoles were obtained in excellent yields (up to 98 %) and enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee) using N‐fluoro‐4,4′‐difluoro‐benzenesulfonamide as the fluorination agent.
Enantiospecific Synthesis and Biological Investigations of a Nuphar Alkaloid: Proposed Structure of a Castoreum Component
Authors: Seki Hajime , Georg Gunda I. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAn enantiospecific synthesis of a nuphar alkaloid was achieved in nine steps from N‐Boc‐(L)‐proline. The alkaloid is a minor component of castoreum, which is secreted from the dried scent glands of a beaver. During the course of our study, the stereochemistry of three synthetic intermediates was verified by X‐ray crystal structure analysis, which helped to resolve the existing discrepancies among reports regarding the structure of this particular compound. On the basis of our synthesized alkaloid, we proposed the structure of the natural product. Also, intrigued by the therapeutic uses of castoreum, which was employed for gynecological purposes in ancient Greece and Rome, we conducted a biological screening and found that the alkaloid has affinity for the oxytocin receptor.
Bismuth Film Voltammetric Sensor on Pyrolyzed Photoresist/Alumina Support for Determination of Heavy Metals
Authors: Rehacek Vlastimil , Hotovy Ivan , Vojs Marian 
Published: April 2014

AbstractVoltammetric sensors based on bismuth film electrodes are an attractive alternative to other sensors for application in electroanalysis of heavy metals. Bismuth film electrodes can be formed by a similar method on the same substrates as mercury. These systems were used most frequently for simultaneous determination of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd and Zn by anodic stripping voltammetry. Our voltammetric sensor was fabricated on an alumina substrate. A photoresist film prepared by pyrolysis of positive photoresist S‐1813 SP15 on the alumina substrate was used as an electrode support for bismuth film deposition. The influence of the Nafion membrane on the measurement sensitivity of the sensor and mechanical stability of the bismuth film were investigated. The sensor was successfully applied for determination of Pb, Cd and Zn in an aqueous solution in the concentration range of 0.2 to 10 µg L−1 by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry on an in‐situ formed bismuth film electrode with Nafion‐coating. Parameters of the sensor such as sensitivity, linearity, detection limit, repeatability and life‐time were evaluated. In the best case, the detection limits were estimated as 0.07, 0.11 and 0.63 µg L−1 for Pb, Cd and Zn, respectively. Finally, the applicability of the sensor was tested in analysis of Pb, Cd and Zn in real samples of tap and river water using the method of standard additions.
Nanostructured Base Electrochemical Sensor for Simultaneous Quantification and Voltammetric Studies of Levodopa and Carbidopa in Pharmaceutical Products and Biological Samples
Authors: Beitollahi Hadi , Mostafavi Mortaza 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA novel carbon paste electrode modified with carbon nanotubes and 5‐amino‐2′‐ethyl‐biphenyl‐2‐ol (5AEB) was fabricated. The electrochemical study of the modified electrode, as well as its efficiency for electrocatalytic oxidation of levodopa (LD) and carbidopa (CD), is described. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to investigate the redox properties of this modified electrode at various scan rates. The apparent charge transfer rate constant, ks, and transfer coefficient, a, for electron transfer between 5AEB and CPE were calculated as 17.3 s−1 and 0.5, respectively. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) exhibits a linear dynamic range from 2.5×10−7 to 2.0×10−4 M and a detection limit of 9.0×10−8 M for LD.
Fetal biometry in the Korean population: reference charts and comparison with charts from other populations
Authors: Kwon Ji Young , Park In Yang , Wie Jeoung Ha , Choe Suyearn , Kim Chan Joo , Shin Jong Chul 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe objectives of this article were to construct size charts for fetal biometry in the Korean population and to identify ethnic differences in fetal biometry.MethodA prospective, cross‐sectional study was performed with 986 fetuses between 15 to 40 weeks of gestation. The following biometric variables were measured: biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and long bones lengths including the femur, tibia, humerus, and ulna. For each measurement, regression models were fitted to estimate the mean and standard deviation at each gestational age. The calculated centiles were compared with centiles from other populations using Z‐scores.ResultsNew charts for the Korean population were presented for the fetal biometric variables. Most of the parameters were similar to those for the Italian population. Also, in comparison with the North American and UK populations, Korean fetuses had greater BPD, HC, and AC in the first half of pregnancy but tended to measure progressively smaller with advancing gestational age. In comparison with the Hong Kong population, Korean fetuses had a longer femur length at any gestational age.ConclusionWe present size charts for fetal biometry for the Korean population using the recommended methodology, suggesting they are different from what is reported in other ethnicities. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gentrification in Amsterdam: Assessing the Importance of Context
Authors: Hochstenbach Cody , Musterd Sako , Teernstra Annalies 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates the income levels and income developments of in‐migrating, out‐migrating, and sitting households in gentrifying neighbourhoods in Amsterdam over a 10‐year period (1999–2008). First, to analyse these data, this paper discusses the impact of institutional and housing market contexts on the residential‐mobility patterns of households and subsequently discusses the outcomes of gentrification processes. The general Continental‐European context and the specific context of Amsterdam are highlighted in particular. We argue that in highly regulated markets, marginal gentrification can form an important process of neighbourhood upgrading. This contrasts the gentrification stage model. Second, using a unique, individual‐level longitudinal dataset, we show that gentrifying neighbourhoods in Amsterdam arguably form cases of marginal gentrification. Recent in‐migrants possess incomes that are structurally lower than the incomes of sitting residents. However, in‐migrants experience significant incumbent upgrading after moving in, more so than the sitting population. The Amsterdam housing market, dominated by social‐rental housing, is key to explaining these mobility patterns. Yet, a gradual liberalisation of the social‐rental stock could arguably contribute to more mature forms of gentrification. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Migration Decision Making as Complex Choice: Eliciting Decision Weights Under Conditions of Imperfect and Complex Information Through Experimental Methods
Authors: Baláž Vladimir , Williams Allan M. , Fifeková Elena 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMigration decisions are complex, involving both economic and non‐economic considerations, and are often made in conditions that depart significantly from the idealised information assumptions of many models. This paper uses a three‐stage experimental research design to analyse migrant decision making in the face of complexity and varying information conditions (complete, imperfect, and overloading). It pays particular attention to differences based on previous migration experiences. It focuses on four main issues: (a) the balance between monetary and non‐monetary factors; (b) the computation, via a range of methods, of relative decision weights attached to different factors; (c) the impact of country image in relation to information; and (d) the role of preferences in dealing with missing information. The research examines the decision weights for eight attributes of potential destination countries for a sample of 157 young, educated individuals in Slovakia. The relative advantages and challenges of utilising experimental methods in migration research are illustrated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterizing synthetic polymers and additives using new ionization methods for mass spectrometry
Authors: El‐Baba Tarick J. , Lutomski Corinne A. , Wang Beixi , Trimpin Sarah 
Published: April 2014

RATIONALENew inlet and vacuum ionization methods provide advantages of specificity, simplicity and speed for the analysis of synthetic polymers and polymer additives directly from surfaces such as fibers using mass spectrometry (MS) on different commercial mass spectrometers (Waters SYNAPT G2, Thermo LTQ Velos).METHODSWe compare inlet ionization methods with the recently discovered vacuum ionization method. This method, termed matrix assisted ionization vacuum (MAIV), utilizes the matrix 3‐nitrobenzonitrile (3‐NBN) for the analysis of synthetic polymers and additives without additional energy input by simply exposing the matrix:analyte:salt to the vacuum of the mass spectrometer. Matrix:analyte:salt samples can be introduced while dry (surfaces, e.g. glass slides, pipet tips) or slightly wet (e.g. filter paper, pipet tips).RESULTSCompounds ionized by these methods can be analyzed in both positive and negative detection modes through cationization or deprotonation, respectively. The dynamic range of the experiment can be enhanced, as well as structural analysis performed, by coupling the vacuum ionization method with ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry (IMS‐MS) and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) fragmentation.CONCLUSIONSThe specificity of 3‐NBN matrix to ionize small and large nonvolatile analyte molecules by MAIV makes this matrix a good choice for observing low‐abundance additives in the presence of large amounts of synthetic polymer using MS. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotopic niche (δ13С and δ15N values) of soil macrofauna in temperate forests
Authors: Korobushkin Daniil I. , Gongalsky Konstantin B. , Tiunov Alexei V. 
Published: April 2014

RATIONALEStable isotope analysis (SIA) is used widely for reconstructing trophic links of vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Soil macrofauna form a substantial food source for a range of predators including amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. SIA‐based estimations of their trophic niches require knowledge on the full range of isotopic signatures of potential preys. Considering the extremely high diversity of soil animals, this information is not easy to obtain.METHODSWe estimated a typical range of the isotopic signatures of soil macrofauna by compiling published and original data on soil macroinvertebrates in 11 temperate forests. We examined whether the baseline correction (i.e. subtracting δ13C or δ15N values of local litter) would decrease the between‐site variability in the δ13C and δ15N values of soil animals. The dataset was subsequently used to estimate the frequency distribution of δ13C and δ15N values in saprophagous and predatory soil animals.RESULTSThe baseline correction reduced the between‐site variability in δ15N, but not in δ13C values of soil animals. Over 95% of the taxa or individuals examined fell into an isotopic space with uncorrected δ13С values ranging from −27.9 to −22.5‰, and litter‐normalized δ15N values from 0.8 to 9.6‰. Saprophagous and predatory soil animals were on average enriched in13C relative to plant litter by 3.5 and 2.7‰, respectively, which is likely to reflect the importance of saprotrophic microorganisms as the main energy source in soil food webs. The difference in δ15N values between saprophages and predators averaged 2.8‰, which fits the anticipated trophic enrichment per trophic level.CONCLUSIONSOur results indicate that the range of possible δ15N values of soil macrofauna in temperate forest ecosystems can roughly be predicted based on the δ15N values of plant litter. On the other hand, no site‐specific normalization is usually required when predicting the range of δ13C values of soil macroinvertebrates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated by a combination of sorafenib and radiotherapy
Authors: Yang Bi‐Ling , Yeh Chun , Hsu Chung‐Te , Chang Tien‐Yu , Wang Chung‐Yih 
Published: April 2014

SummaryAdvanced hepatocellular carcinoma has a poor therapeutic outcome and treatment options are limited. Sorafenib, an orally active multikinase inhibitor, is the only systemic drug that has been shown to provide survival benefits in randomized control studies. However, the gains in survival are modest and new treatment strategies are needed. We report here the case of a patient with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma who had an impressive response to a combination of sorafenib and radiotherapy. The treatment was well tolerated with no unexpected toxicities. Post‐treatment imaging showed a satisfactory partial response with regression of the tumor by more than 50%.
Relationship Between Leukocyte Telomere Length and Personality Traits in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Sadahiro R. , Suzuki A. , Enokido M. , Matsumoto Y. , Shibuya N. , Kamata M. , Goto K. , Otani K. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground:It has been shown that certain personality traits are related to mortality and disease morbidity, but the biological mechanism linking them remains unclear. Telomeres are tandem repeat DNA sequences located at the ends of chromosomes, and shorter telomere length is a predictor of mortality and late-life disease morbidity. Thus, it is possible that personality traits influence telomere length. In the present study, we examined the relationship of leukocyte telomere length with personality traits in healthy subjects.Subjects and methods:The subjects were 209 unrelated healthy Japanese who were recruited from medical students at 4th–5th grade. Assessment of personality traits was performed by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Leukocyte relative telomere length was determined by a quantitative real-time PCR method for a ratio of telomere/single copy gene.Results:In the stepwise multiple regression analysis, shorter telomere length was related to lower scores of neuroticism (P < 0.01) and conscientiousness (P < 0.05) of the NEO-PI-R, and lower scores of harm avoidance (P < 0.05) and reward dependence (P < 0.05) of the TCI.Conclusions:The present study suggests that leukocyte telomere length is associated with some personality traits, and this association may be implicated in the relationship between personality traits and mortality.
Perinatal biomarkers in prematurity: Early identification of neurologic injury
Authors: Andrikopoulou Maria , Almalki Ahmad , Farzin Azadeh , Cordeiro Christina N. , Johnston Michael V. , Burd Irina 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOver the past few decades, biomarkers have become increasingly utilized as non‐invasive tools in the early diagnosis and management of various clinical conditions. In perinatal medicine, the improved survival of extremely premature infants who are at high risk for adverse neurologic outcomes has increased the demand for the discovery of biomarkers in detecting and predicting the prognosis of infants with neonatal brain injury. By enabling the clinician to recognize potential brain damage early, biomarkers could allow clinicians to intervene at the early stages of disease, and to monitor the efficacy of those interventions. This review will first examine the potential perinatal biomarkers for neurologic complications of prematurity, specifically, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). It will also evaluate knowledge gained from animal models regarding the pathogenesis of perinatal brain injury in prematurity.
Reforming pharmaceutical regulation: A case study of generic drugs in Brazil
Authors: da Fonseca Elize Massard 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Brazil is renowned worldwide for its remarkable reforms in pharmaceutical regulation, as the Generic Drug Act that have enhanced access to essential medicines while lowering drug costs. In contrast with analysis of pharmaceutical regulation that invokes international guidelines as inspiration for countries to reformulate their norms or argues that regulations emerge in order to serve the interests of powerful interest groups; this paper focuses on actors’ preferences and demands to explain how Brazil promoted this large-scale regulatory policy. Paradoxically, the generic drug regulation introduced in the name of patients and opposed by local firms given the high cost to adapt its plants and processes, is today opposed by important patient advocacy groups but solidified by the strong support of local and multinational pharmaceutical firms. The paper concludes that the state still matters for pharmaceutical regulation and that pharmaceutical regulation is only partially influenced by non-state actors.
A LEGAL-HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE EU COMPETITION RULES
Authors: Chiriţă Anca D 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article aims to review EU competition rules by undertaking a historical purposive interpretation of the drafting process of the Treaty of Rome. It reveals new insights based on a consideration of several historical archives starting with the Schuman plan, the Founding Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community and the negotiations of the Treaty of Rome. Questions of contemporary relevance are explored, relating to the goals of competition law, the historical distinction between ‘object’ and ‘effect’ under Article 101 TFEU, the possibility of an enforcement gap under Article 102 TFEU, the relationship between unfair competition and the prohibition of discrimination and, finally, the broader meaning of competitive distortions.
CHINA'S STATE CAPITALISM AND WORLD TRADE LAW
Authors: Du Ming 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMelding the power of the state with the power of capitalism, state-owned and state-controlled enterprises continue to control the commanding heights of the Chinese economy even though market-oriented reforms have led to a rapid expansion of the private sector in China. This article reflects on how China's practice of state capitalism challenges the world trading system and how WTO law, as interpreted by WTO Panels and the WTO Appellate Body (AB), addresses these challenges. The article concludes that the WTO Agreement on Subsides and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) has been interpreted in such a manner that many key features of China's state capitalism could easily be challenged by its trading partners in a WTO-consistent manner. This finding has profound implications for China's domestic economic reforms, especially China's ongoing reforms of its state-owned enterprises and commercial banks.