bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guest workers, 1970s to present
Authors: Wiesbrock Anja 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe term “guest workers” refers to foreign migrant workers, admitted for the purpose of seasonal or temporary low‐skilled work to fill a temporary labor need. The concept is most commonly associated with systems of temporary labor recruitment in postwar Western Europe. Even though it is considered the archetype of guest‐worker programs, the temporary recruitment of foreign labor and the problems associated with it are in no way unique to Western Europe. Similar schemes have been applied and are still in place in other regions of the world, such as North America and the Gulf States. Guest‐worker programs have been found to lead to short‐term economic benefits but to be problematic in the long term when they evolve into a resident‐worker program. They are likely to produce discrimination against migrant workers and to exacerbate the employment problems of minorities of the resident native population (Martin & Miller 1980). Moreover, there have been human rights concerns associated with the often limited number of rights of low‐skilled migrant workers. In particular, there appears to be a trade‐off between the number of migrants and the number of rights in a given country (Ruhs & Martin 2008).
Hajj
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The hajj is the greatest gathering of humanity on earth. All Muslims who are physically and financially capable are required at least once in their lives to make this pilgrimage to visit “God's house” in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. For the three million Muslims from over one hundred countries who meet in and around Mecca every year, these three weeks of tumultuous rituals mark the peak of their spiritual lives and the renewal of Islam's historic identity as a universal community of believers.
Health and migration: an overview
Authors: Gushulak Douglas W. MacPherson and Brian D. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The characteristics of human migration and health involve a complex interaction of several factors (see Figure 1), including population mobility and its associated phases and processes (pre‐departure, transit, post‐arrival, and return phases). These phases may be organized and regulated or irregular/illicit processes of movement. For some they are one‐time events while for others (i.e. migrant workers) the processes are recurrent. Factors influencing the phases of migration include: the prevalence of disease and health outcomes over the lifespan of both the individual and the community as well as population‐based determinants of health (socioeconomic, genetic and biological, behavioral, and environmental) affecting the individual and society. Health sector factors influencing migration reflect the public health perceptions of threat and risk and the related infrastructures in place to assess and manage those risks (health services systems, public health programs; education, agricultural and food safety, security, technology, trade, transportation, etc.). Lastly the health of migrants and mobile populations is affected by existing social policies (legislation and regulations) and associated procedures (operating practices and programs) that may or may not be in place to address either migration or human health, or both (Gushulak & MacPherson 2006).
Highly skilled IT migrant workers
Authors: Rissing Ben A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Each year, hundreds of thousands of highly skilled information and technology (IT) workers cross national boundaries for work opportunities. These skilled foreign workers, typically sponsored on employer‐initiated work visa programs, are employed in a variety of telecommunication, professional‐service, and computer‐related occupations. Moreover, these immigrants work in positions requiring creative thinking and technical knowledge, but also in jobs involving basic and routine tasks. As highly educated workers with specialized skills, this group's movement has important economic and developmental implications for both destination and source countries.
HIV/AIDS and migration
Authors: Hayes Anna 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Migration and the movement of peoples can facilitate wider transmission of epidemics and infectious diseases, spreading pathogens far beyond the original source of the infection. As a result of increased global migration and the movement of people in the contemporary era, the transmission of infectious diseases and epidemics such as HIV/AIDS has demonstrated the potential links that exist between migration and international travel and the spread of communicable diseases. Domestic and international labor migration can both increase HIV vulnerability among people who otherwise may not fit into a traditional HIV “high risk” category. Therefore, it is important to consider what fuels this vulnerability and just how labor migration, health, and HIV/AIDS have increasingly become connected.
HIV/AIDS, migration, and gender in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Agadjanian Victor 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSub‐Saharan Africa is the region most affected by HIV/AIDS in the world, with the proportion of HIV‐infected adults being particularly high in southern Africa. The subcontinent is also characterized by large volumes of both internal and international migration, especially of a temporary and circular nature. Not surprisingly, the HIV–migration nexus in sub‐Saharan Africa has long attracted researchers's and policy‐makers's attention and has generated considerable literature. A general assumption of that literature is that migrants are more likely than the general population to be both recipients and transmitters of any infection (Prothero 1977), but it has also been argued that “AIDS probably has a closer relationship to migration than any other infectious disease” (Caldwell et al. 1997: 51).
Horn of Africa, migration late 19th century to present
Authors: Gulema Shimelis Bonsa 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The Horn of Africa encompasses Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, the Sudan, and South Sudan. The demographics of the region are shaped by the complexity of migration (Alula 1995; Baker 1995). This article illustrates the migration process in that region with a focus on the experiences of two areas: Ethiopia as the principal power in the region and, within Ethiopia, the Gurage as the most mobile ethnic group in the country in the 20th century. Migration is central to the shaping of societies of the Horn of Africa. Chief examples of large‐scale population movements are the Oromo and the Somali, two of the largest ethnic groups in the region. The former expanded from the southern half of modern Ethiopia into central, western, and eastern provinces. Somali expansion started in south‐central Somalia and thence to its north. A reverse migration later on took them to central and southern Somalia. Important population movements also occurred in the region in the modern times.
Hospitality workers and migration
Authors: Ness Immanuel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFrom 1990 to 2010, as contemporary globalization expanded tourism as well as international commerce and business, hospitality became one of the world's most rapidly growing industries. Hospitality workers are employed by resorts, hotels, spas, and restaurants, performing jobs from cleaning, cooking, and maintenance, to transportation, entertainment, tourism, and recreational services, as well as sex work, through guest‐worker programs. Temporary and seasonal circular migration is integral to the global tourist industry, as hospitality conglomerates recruit laborers who will work for significantly lower wages in countries where workers have few if any options other than foreign employment to pay for basic needs such as housing, education, and health care, which are frequently unavailable in their home countries.
Housing and migrant communities
Authors: Haan Michael 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
When a person migrates to a new country, nearly everything they encounter is new. They face new laws and conventions, new groups of people, a new labor market, and a new built environment. Given this, it is not surprising that many newcomers initially concentrate into receptor areas, or “ethnic enclaves.” The reasons for clustering may be factors external to the group (such as discrimination or the unavailability of viable employment opportunities) or within‐group characteristics (such as a common language, ties of consanguinity, shared income limitations, the need to pool market resources, etc.). Regardless of the reasons, immigrant spatial concentration should be temporary and of declining utility, and the longstanding expectation is a process of eventual dissipation into the residential mainstream by moving to a less segregated neighborhood (Massey & Denton 1985).
Human rights activism and migration
Authors: Fiddian‐Qasmiyeh Elena 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
According to Article 1 of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights adopted in 1948, “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights” (UN 1948). Human rights encompass political, civil, social, and cultural rights which are universal (they are applicable to all individuals around the world), indivisible (all rights are equally important and are interdependent), and inalienable (they cannot be taken away from individuals). All individuals, irrespective of whether they live in their country of origin, or outside of their country of birth, should have equal access to the full and effective protection of their human rights.
Human smuggling
Authors: Nonnenmacher Sophie 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHuman smuggling is a type of irregular migration, meaning it “takes place outside the norms and procedures established by states to manage the orderly flow of migrants into, through and out of their territories” (IOM 2011). Regional bodies such as the European Union do not formally use the concept of human smuggling, instead defining irregular migration as the facilitation of unauthorized entry, transit, and residence for persons who are “not a national of a Member state” into “the territory of a Member state in breach of the laws of the state concerned” (European Union 2002). In effect, human smuggling involves the facilitation of irregular movement of individuals across international borders or the facilitation of their stay within those borders.
Hungary, 20th‐century migration
Authors: Kopyś Tadeusz 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMagyar tribes reached Europe from Asia after several centuries of migration, arriving in the Carpathian region at the end of the 9th century. The tumultuous political history of Hungary resulted in numerous demographic and social changes. In feudal times, migration in the region either assumed a political character (political or religious repressions) or was associated with acts of colonialism undertaken to develop war‐torn regions of the territory. By way of example, for centuries Germanic people migrated to Hungary and colonized the region, a pattern that lasted from the medieval era to the 18th century. The last dominant Germanic migration to Hungary followed the European revolutions of 1848 (Wolff 2000).
Ideology, politics, and migration
Authors: Hooghe Marc 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMigration flows have important social and political consequences, both for the country where migrants depart from and for the country they arrive in. Some authors have even claimed that increased levels of migration constitute one of the major social changes in the early 21st century. Political systems have reacted quite strongly to increased migration flows, especially in recent years. It has to be noted, however, that while various studies and international organizations stress the benefits of migration, most notably with regard to economic development and the functioning of labor markets, the ideological and political response to migration tends to be predominantly negative and is often associated with forms of ethnocentrism and out‐group hostility. At the same time, it has to be noted, however, that there is little evidence that policies on migration have a strong impact on the nature or direction of migration flows (Tichenor 2002).
ILO and the rights of migrant workers
Authors: Böhning W. R. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This essay summarizes the evolution of the rights of migrant workers under the auspices of the – by now 91 years old – International Labor Organization (ILO), a tripartite body where representatives of workers and employers join governments in decision making (on the ILO generally, see, e.g., Alcock 1971; Rodgers et al. 2009). Recounting how and what rights were set is, of course, only part of the picture (for a more elaborate version, see Bohning 2008). Measuring or evaluating the national impact of international standards is another question; but this would require much conceptualizing and empirical investigation beyond the limits of this essay.
India, migration to British Africa
Authors: Poros Maritsa V. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The migration of Indians to the African continent long preceded the formation of British colonies in eastern and southern Africa. Indian migrations were part of historical trade routes across the Indian Ocean (Lach and Van Kley 1993). Those routes had connected the western coast of India to Persia, Arabia, and the eastern coast of Africa since before the beginning of the Christian era. Thus, some of the first Indian arrivals to British Africa – primarily Uganda, British East Africa, and South Africa – continued in that tradition as traders looking to expand their commercial activities across the Indian Ocean. Although Indians in British Africa are well known for their commercial success and long history of trading activities, many Indians arrived in British Africa under much harsher conditions. They were recruited or coerced as indentured labor to work in agriculture, mining, and the railroads, especially in the case of Southern Africa. Despite the different conditions under which Indians came to British Africa, they settled in large numbers in countries such as today's Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and South Africa. In East Africa, their residence lasted at least until the independence and Africanization policies of those countries in the 1960s created the impetus to move again; most then went to Britain, though many stayed. In South Africa, Indians had become part‐and‐parcel of the society and many have remained throughout its turbulent racial history. Indians also migrated to other parts of British Africa, where small communities still exist today. However, knowledge about these historical communities is scant. Therefore, this article focuses on Indian migration to British East Africa and South Africa.
Indian and Chinese migration to the British Caribbean
Authors: Samaroo Brinsley 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The problem for merchant and planter capitalists to maintain and ensure a stable supply of labor power in the Caribbean has been a constantly recurring one. At first there was Amerindian labor which was replaced by African slavery following the decimation of the native population. However, the merchant and planter oligarchy soon found fault with the Africans. There was black insurrection and revolution in the agriculturally rich French colony of Saint‐Domingue, leading to independence and the establishment of the Haitian state in 1804. The consequence of the Haitian Revolution was an effort to seek labor power from alternative ethnic backgrounds that would decrease dependence on Africans and potentially could be molded into a counterpoise to black resistance to slavery. In addition the demands of the Industrial Revolution also required a free population who could purchase European commodities as a means of sustaining economic growth in the colonial metropoles.
Indian migration, Malaysia and Singapore
Authors: Hellmann‐Rajanayagam Dagmar 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMigrants from South Asia have arrived in the Malayan peninsula from time immemorial (Sandhu 1969). But only during the time of British rule were they defined as a specific ethnic group. These definitions carried over into Malaysia (as the country was called after independence in 1957) and Singapore, which joined Malaysia in 1963 but was forced into independence in 1965. In contrast to earlier definitive studies on Indians in Southeast Asia (Sandhu 1969, 1993) the recent literature increasingly questions and problematizes ethnic categories. Authors want to get away from the so‐called CIMO (Chinese, Indian, Malay, Others) paradigm. They discern a new transethnic cooperation – which they callteh tariknationalism,teh tarikbeing tea cooled by pouring it several times from one cup into another so that it froths up (informally regarded as the national drink of Malaysia, albeit Indian in origin) – which passes for interethnic solidarity but is different from that existing in the interwar years (Mandal 2005).
Indian Ocean indentured labor, 19th and early 20th century
Authors: Allen Richard B. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed the migration of more than three million men, women, and children from eastern Africa, East Asia, and South Asia throughout the Indian Ocean to satisfy the demand for free (nonslave) workers in French and especially British colonies in this part of the world. The origins of these free migrant labor trades to the Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, Réunion), Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Malaya, and East and South Africa between the mid‐1820s and late 1930s may be traced to various developments: the dramatic expansion of slave trading in the Indian Ocean during the late 18th and early 19th centuries to satisfy the demand for labor in European colonies; the abolition of the British and French slave trades in 1807 and 1818, respectively, and then of slavery in these colonial empires in 1834 and 1848, respectively; the transportation of Indian and Ceylonese convicts to British settlements and possessions beginning in the late 18th century; and the development of colonial plantation economies during the 19th century to produce tropical commodities for export to imperial and global markets. The legacy of these labor trades continues to influence social, economic, cultural, and political life in the former British colonies that acquired independence during the late 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s.
Indian Ocean transoceanic migration, 16th–19th century
Authors: Allen Richard B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe movement of millions of slave, forced, and free laborers was the most important feature of transoceanic migration in the Indian Ocean world between 1500 and 1900. As the centuries‐old traffic in slaves from eastern Africa to the Middle East (especially Arabia and the Persian Gulf) and India, and from India to the Persian Gulf and Southeast Asia attests, long‐distance labor migration was well established in this region long before 1500. Information on these early slave trades remains sketchy, but the scale of this activity is suggested by estimates that 1.6 million Africans, or an average of 2,000 slaves each year, were exported from the Red Sea coast between 800 and 1600 by Arab and Muslim merchants while another 800,000 Africans, or an average of 1,000 slaves each year, were exported by Arab, Muslim, and Swahili merchants from East Africa during the same period (Lovejoy 2000: 25–26). The arrival of Europeans in the Indian Ocean at the beginning of the 16th century and the subsequent establishment of British, Dutch, French, and Portuguese commercial emporia and colonies in this region generated additional demand for African and Asian chattel labor. Satisfying this demand resulted in the creation by the late 18th century of increasingly integrated networks of coerced and free migrant labor that reached both across and beyond the Indian Ocean.
Indigenous peoples and migration
Authors: Yescas Carlos 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIndigenous peoples define themselves as communities, groups, and/or nations who pre‐existed the international nation‐state system and continue to survive as ethnic, religious, linguistic, and/or cultural minorities in the countries they inhabit. Indigenous leaders, human rights advocates, and scholars emphasize that they are the cultural inheritors and descendants of the original communities who first inhabited the Americas, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and northern Europe before the onset of colonization or prior to the large‐scale settlement of nation‐states. These communities have largely remained distinct from national majorities and are often disenfranchised from national governments and/or other decision‐making structures. The term “indigenous peoples” at the international level has become common shorthand for referring to all communities around the world that may share one of the characteristics previously noted. While indigenous peoples worldwide are ethnically and nationally distinct, and while there is a broad diversity of indigenous traditions, experience, and modes of self‐definition, their common defining characteristic is that their communities pre‐existed the nation‐state system.
Indigenous peoples, rural to urban migration, United States and Canada
Authors: Lobo Heather A. Howard and Susan 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This essay focuses on rural‐to‐urban migration by Indigenous peoples (aka American Indian, Native American, Aboriginal, and/or Indian) in the United States and Canada, with an emphasis on the 20th century. Attention is paid to historical mobility, migration trends, processes of migration, and mobility characteristics of urban Indigenous communities.
Informal labor and irregular migrant workers
Authors: van Meeteren Masja 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIrregular migrants, also referred to as “undocumented migrants” or “illegal migrants,” are immigrants who do not have legal permission to stay in the country they have migrated to and frequently take on informal and precarious employment. They may have entered the country legally – on a tourist visa for example – but are not allowed to reside or work there. There is broad consensus that the numbers and the global scale of irregular migration have increased over the last decades. Although there are no reliable data, it is estimated that there are between 1.9 and 3.8 million irregular migrants in the EU Vogel 2009, over 10 million in the US, and over 20 million in India Koser 2007.
Internal foreign‐born migrants
Authors: Silvestre Javier 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe migration process for many immigrants does not finish when they arrive in the country of destination. The search for better opportunities implies that immigrants often have to undertake one or more subsequentinternalmovements within the host country. This process has been studied in the case of, mostly European, migrants who settled down in New World countries in the 19th and early 20th centuries e.g., Dunlevy & Saba 1992; Green & Green 1993. A number of studies have analyzed the internal migration patterns of foreign‐born migrants for the period after World War II.
Internal migration, ethnic groups in theUK
Authors: Stillwell John 
Published: January 2013

AbstractStatistics from the 2001 census inform us that over 6.2 million people changed their place of usual residence in the United Kingdom (UK) in the year before the census on April 29, 2001, representing 10 percent of the population (Stillwell et al. 2010). Internal migration has become a remarkably important phenomenon in contemporary times, not least for its key role in the population dynamics of many parts of the country and in the development of local communities. Whilst there has been long‐standing research on the ethnic dimension of populations and communities (e.g. Haskey 1990; Peach 1996; Johnston et al. 2002), and whilst immigration has captured recent press headlines and parliamentary attention (National Statistics 2006), relatively little work has been reported on the internal migration of ethnic groups in the UK until the last few years.