bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Decimation and Displacement of Development Economics
Authors: Akbulut Bengi , Adaman Fikret , Madra Yahya M. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTContemporary mainstream development economics is an overdetermined product of three historical processes: the late neoclassical turn within mainstream economic theory; transformations within the institutional‐discursive matrix of development, from growth‐centred policies to poverty alleviation‐ and good governance‐oriented policies; and a broader transition from post‐war Keynesian developmentalism (with its variants in the second and third worlds) to existing varieties of neoliberal governmentality. This article assesses the trajectory of development economics through two historical shifts in the theoretical field. The first is from the ‘old’ school of structural transformation with a focus on sectoral balance and shifts to the ‘new’ school of structural adjustment programmes with a focus on micro‐level incentive problems. The second shift is from the aggressively neoclassical orientation of the ‘new’ school to that of the contemporary constellation, where what is considered to be ‘good’ development economics has been gradually reduced to micro‐level impact appraisals of developmental projects (the so‐called ‘randomization approach’), while the broader macro‐economic and historical questions are being increasingly handled through methodologically‐individualist, late neoclassical models of institutions and growth (the so‐called ‘new institutionalism’). The article concludes by insisting on the need for a new paradigm of development economics that would not only unearth the conflictual and antagonistic nature of development, but also render it an indispensable dimension of the study of development in a pluralist manner.
Validation of the digital photographic assessment to diagnose traumatic dental injuries
Authors: Pinto Gabriela dos Santos , Goettems Marília Leão , Brancher Letícia Coutinho , da Silva Fernando Barcellos , Boeira Gregori Franco , Correa Marcos Britto , dos Santos Iná da Silva , Torriani Dione Dias , Demarco Flávio Fernando 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIntroductionAlternatives for monitoring dental trauma in epidemiological surveys may be useful, as data collection of epidemiological investigation can be jeopardized due to several conditions.AimTo investigate the validity of standard digital photographs to determine the occurrence of anterior dental trauma compared to the clinical examination in an epidemiological survey.MethodsParticipants were children aged 8–12 years old attending both private and public schools; children were clinically evaluated for the assessment of dental trauma, and standard photographs were taken from maxillary and mandibular permanent incisors of each child. Validity was determined by calculating the percentages and respective 95% confidence interval of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Cohen's kappa statistic was also used.ResultsA total of 412 children were included, totaling 3296 teeth assessed for dental trauma presence. The prevalence of dental trauma was 11.2% (95% CI 8.29–14.61) and 10.2% (95% CI 7.45–13.53), respectively, for the clinical examination and the photographic method. Agreement between the gold standard and the photographic diagnosis was good: 0.64 for the prevalence of dental trauma and 0.66 for diagnosis of dental trauma on a tooth basis. The diagnosis through the photographic method had higher specificity (96.7%) than sensitivity (65.2%). High positive likelihood ratio and low negative likelihood ratio were also observed.ConclusionThe photographic assessment method of dental trauma was valid and reliable as compared to the oral clinical examination.
Magnetic depletion and enhancement in the evolution of paddy and non‐paddy soil chronosequences
Authors: Chen L. M. , Zhang G. L. , Rossiter D. G. , Cao Z. H. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe objective of this study was to understand the rates and controlling factors of magnetic depletion and enhancement during anthropogenic soil evolution. To this end, the study compared the dynamic changes in magnetic properties as well as iron oxide species of paddy and non‐paddy soil chronosequences with the same parent materials. A two‐way analysis of variance (anova) showed that paddy management resulted in significant (P < 0.01) decreases in magnetic susceptibility (χ) and other magnetic properties. Paddy management‐induced χ losses increased gradually from 24 to 55% as the cultivation history increased from 50 to 700 years. The rates of χ decrease were most rapid within the first 50 years of paddy cultivation, after which the rate slowed. The rapid decline in χ is probably caused by accelerated depletion of fine‐grained maghemite and ultrafine magnetite by iron‐reducing bacteria during soil waterlogging and consequent reducing conditions. By contrast, a significant decrease in hard isothermal remanent magnetization (HIRM) occurred only after 700 years of paddy cultivation, which matches the time taken to leach CaCO3 from the profile. In contrast, although magnetic enhancement was observed in the non‐paddy surface horizon, there was no increasing trend at the millennium time‐scale, probably because of the large CaCO3 content of the soil. We show that magnetic properties of paddy and non‐paddy soil derived from calcareous sediments are mainly controlled by the changing soil moisture regime and soil carbonate status along different paths of soil development. Our study suggests that differences in soil moisture regime caused by land use are substantially more important than the period of cultivation.
The Place for Custody Evaluations in Family Peacemaking
Authors: Lund Mary Elizabeth 
Published: July 2015

Custody evaluations can serve the dual purpose of providing neutral, objective information to the court while also contributing to the possibility of earlier settlement, which coincides with the therapeutic jurisprudence goal of more positive outcomes for children and families. Research suggests that most cases settle after custody evaluations. However, most of the literature is focused on the use of custody evaluations for litigation. Evaluators, attorneys, and mental health consultants can influence parents to focus more on children's needs and less on their conflict as they go through the evaluation process. This article urges family courts to develop processes and require professionals to learn skills needed for an interdisciplinary process to utilize evaluations in peacemaking.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
All custody evaluation processes should aim to reduce and/or shorten children's exposure to parental conflict.
Evaluators, attorneys, and mental health professional consultants should use the evaluation process to influence parents to be more aware of their children's needs and less invested in their adversarial positions.
Evaluators should learn to write and orally present information and state opinions with consideration of the parents themselves as consumers of the custody evaluation as well as the court.
Attorneys and mental health professional consultants should help clients review the report, process their emotional reactions, and consider their options for settlement versus litigation in terms of emotional and financial costs to the family.
Court processes should be developed to contain the time and cost of custody evaluations and provide dispute resolution after custody evaluations.
Unbundled Services to Enhance Peacemaking for Divorcing Families
Authors: Mosten Forrest S. 
Published: July 2015

Unbundling, also known as limited‐scope representation, has been adopted by judges, the organized legal profession, and divorcing parties. Unbundling is a legal access approach to better and more affordably serve unrepresented divorce litigants as well as to assist overburdened and underfunded courts. This article will focus on another critical benefit of unbundling: the ability of divorcing professionals to provide information and support to divorcing families to help reduce family conflicts. This article shall discuss four unbundled peacemaking roles that lawyers can play: (1) Collaborative Lawyer; (2) Lawyer Coach for Self‐Represented Litigants; (3) Lawyer for Mediation Participants; and (4) Preventive Legal Health Care Provider.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
Overview of limited‐scope lawyering roles
Impact of unbundled representation on peacemaking
Best practices of noncourt lawyering
Toward improved model structures for analyzing priming: potential pitfalls of using bulk turnover time
Authors: Georgiou Katerina , Koven Charles D. , Riley William J. , Torn Margaret S. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMany studies have shown that elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations result in increased plant carbon inputs to soil that can accelerate the decomposition of native soil organic matter, an effect known as priming. Consequently, it is important to understand and quantify the priming effect for future predictions of carbon–climate feedbacks. There are potential pitfalls, however, when representing this complex system with a simple, first‐order model. Here, we show that a multi‐pool soil carbon model can match the change in bulk turnover time calculated from overall respiration and carbon stocks (a one‐pool approach) at elevated CO2, without a change in decomposition rate constants of individual pools (i.e., without priming). Therefore, the priming effect cannot be quantified using a one‐pool model alone, and even a two‐pool model may be inadequate, depending on the effect size as well as the distribution of soil organic carbon and turnover times. In addition to standard measurements of carbon stocks and CO2 fluxes, we argue that quantifying the fate of new plant inputs requires isotopic tracers and microbial measurements. Our results offer insights into modeling and interpreting priming from observations.
Bet hedging in a warming ocean: predictability of maternal environment shapes offspring size variation in marine sticklebacks
Authors: Shama Lisa N. S. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBet hedging at reproduction is expected to evolve when mothers are exposed to unpredictable cues for future environmental conditions, whereas transgenerational plasticity (TGP) should be favoured when cues reliably predict the environment offspring will experience. Since climate predictions forecast an increase in both temperature and climate variability, bothTGPand bet hedging are likely to become important strategies to mediate climate change effects. Here, the potential to produce variably sized offspring in both warming and unpredictable environments was tested by investigating whether stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) mothers adjusted mean offspring size and within‐clutch variation in offspring size in response to experimental manipulation of maternal thermal environment and predictability (alternating between ambient and elevated water temperatures). Reproductive output traits of F1 females were influenced by both temperature and environmental predictability. Mothers that developed at ambient temperature (17 °C) produced larger, but fewer eggs than mothers that developed at elevated temperature (21 °C), implying selection for different‐sized offspring in different environments. Mothers in unpredictable environments had smaller mean egg sizes and tended to have greater within‐female egg size variability, especially at 21 °C, suggesting that mothers may have dynamically modified the variance in offspring size to spread the risk of incorrectly predicting future environmental conditions. BothTGPand diversification influenced F2 offspring body size. F2 offspring reared at 21 °C had larger mean body sizes if their mother developed at 21 °C, but thisTGPbenefit was not present for offspring of 17 °C mothers reared at 17 °C, indicating that maternalTGPwill be highly relevant for ocean warming scenarios in this system. Offspring of variable environment mothers were smaller but more variable in size than offspring from constant environment mothers, particularly at 21 °C. In summary, stickleback mothers may have used bothTGPand diversified bet‐hedging strategies to cope with the dual stress of ocean warming and environmental uncertainty.
Desert grassland responses to climate and soil moisture suggest divergent vulnerabilities across the southwestern United States
Authors: Gremer Jennifer R. , Bradford John B. , Munson Seth M. , Duniway Michael C. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractClimate change predictions include warming and drying trends, which are expected to be particularly pronounced in the southwestern United States. In this region, grassland dynamics are tightly linked to available moisture, yet it has proven difficult to resolve what aspects of climate drive vegetation change. In part, this is because it is unclear how heterogeneity in soils affects plant responses to climate. Here, we combine climate and soil properties with a mechanistic soil water model to explain temporal fluctuations in perennial grass cover, quantify where and the degree to which incorporating soil water dynamics enhances our ability to understand temporal patterns, and explore the potential consequences of climate change by assessing future trajectories of important climate and soil water variables. Our analyses focused on long‐term (20–56 years) perennial grass dynamics across the Colorado Plateau, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan Desert regions. Our results suggest that climate variability has negative effects on grass cover, and that precipitation subsidies that extend growing seasons are beneficial. Soil water metrics, including the number of dry days and availability of water from deeper (>30 cm) soil layers, explained additional grass cover variability. While individual climate variables were ranked as more important in explaining grass cover, collectively soil water accounted for 40–60% of the total explained variance. Soil water conditions were more useful for understanding the responses of C3 than C4 grass species. Projections of water balance variables under climate change indicate that conditions that currently support perennial grasses will be less common in the future, and these altered conditions will be more pronounced in the Chihuahuan Desert and Colorado Plateau. We conclude that incorporating multiple aspects of climate and accounting for soil variability can improve our ability to understand patterns, identify areas of vulnerability, and predict the future of desert grasslands.
Long‐term impacts of manure amendments on carbon and greenhouse gas dynamics of rangelands
Authors: Owen Justine J. , Parton William J. , Silver Whendee L. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractLivestock manure is applied to rangelands as an organic fertilizer to stimulate forage production, but the long‐term impacts of this practice on soil carbon (C) and greenhouse gas (GHG) dynamics are poorly known. We collected soil samples from manured and nonmanured fields on commercial dairies and found that manure amendments increased soil C stocks by 19.0 ± 7.3 Mg C ha−1 and N stocks by 1.94 ± 0.63 Mg N ha−1 compared to nonmanured fields (0–20 cm depth). Long‐term historical (1700–present) and future (present–2100) impacts of management on soil C and N dynamics, net primary productivity (NPP), and GHG emissions were modeled with DayCent. Modeled total soil C and N stocks increased with the onset of dairying. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions also increased by ~2 kg N2O‐N ha−1 yr−1. These emissions were proportional to total N additions and offset 75–100% of soil C sequestration. All fields were small net methane (CH4) sinks, averaging −4.7 ± 1.2 kg CH4‐C ha−1 yr−1. Overall, manured fields were net GHG sinks between 1954 and 2011 (−0.74 ± 0.73 Mg CO2 e ha−1 yr−1, CO2e are carbon dioxide equivalents), whereas nonmanured fields varied around zero. Future soil C pools stabilized 40–60 years faster in manured fields than nonmanured fields, at which point manured fields were significantly larger sources than nonmanured fields (1.45 ± 0.52 Mg CO2e ha−1 yr−1 and 0.51 ± 0.60 Mg CO2e ha−1 yr−1, respectively). Modeling also revealed a large background loss of soil C from the passive soil pool associated with the shift from perennial to annual grasses, equivalent to 29.4 ± 1.47 Tg CO2e in California between 1820 and 2011. Manure applications increased NPP and soil C storage, but plant community changes and GHG emissions decreased, and eventually eliminated, the net climate benefit of this practice.
Resource partitioning based on body size contributes to the species diversity of wood‐boring beetles and arboreal nesting ants
Authors: Satoh Toshiyuki , Yoshida Tomohiro , Koyama Satoshi , Yamagami Akira , Takata Mamoru , Doi Hayato , Kurachi Takuma , Hayashi Shinya , Hirobe Takuya , Hata Yasuo 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

The need to understand the mechanisms enhancing species coexistence and diversity is one of the central issues of community ecology. Theoretical work suggests that resource partitioning based on body size contributes to the coexistence of competing species, resulting in increased species diversity. Nevertheless, few empirical studies have investigated this. The species composition of wood‐dwelling arthropods was surveyed to examine resource partitioning based on body size in the dead wood of the ubame oak (Quercus phillyraeoides A. Grey) trees.

Greater resource sizes (larger dead wood diameter) retained a lower overall density of wood‐dwelling beetles per resource volume, greater total beetle biomass per resource volume and larger bodied individuals of the dominant species (Cerambycidae; Anaglyptus nipponensis Bates). A gradient in the species composition of arboreal ant assemblages along resource size and a positive correlation between resource size and ant body size was observed. These results suggest that the incidence of wood‐boring beetles was limited by the size of the available resource, resulting in resource partitioning by the ants according to the sizes of galleries made by the beetles.

Our findings indicate that resource size leads both directly and indirectly to body size‐dependent resource partitioning in beetle and ant assemblages, and contributes to the maintenance of species coexistence in the assemblages present in dead wood.
Changing face of care for patients with moderate to severe inflammatory bowel disease: the role of specialist nurses in the governance of anti‐TNF prescribing
Authors: Connell W. R. , Samyue T. , Gibson P. R. , Lachal S. , Moore G. T. , Macrae F. A. , Van Langenberg D. R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundAnti‐tumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy is highly effective for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but expensive and potentially toxic. Meticulous supervision prior to and during anti‐TNF treatment is required to screen and monitor patients for adverse clinical events. In addition, a systematic administrative process is necessary to comply with Australian Medicare requirements and ensure ongoing therapy is uninterrupted. IBD nurses are essential components of multidisciplinary IBD services, but their role in facilitating the safe and timely delivery of anti‐TNF drugs is unacknowledged.AimThe aim of the study was to calculate time spent by IBD nurses on anti‐TNF drug governance and its indirect cost.MethodsTime spent on activities related to anti‐TNF governance was retrospectively assessed by questionnaire among IBD nurses employed at Melbourne hospitals. The capacity of IBD clinics at these hospitals was separately evaluated by surveying medical heads of clinics.ResultsOn average, each Melbourne IBD service handled 150 existing and 40 new anti‐TNF referrals in 2013. The average annual time spent by nurses supervising an existing and newly referred anti‐TNF patient was 3.5 and 5.25 h respectively, or a minimum of two full working days per week. If clinicians undertook this activity during normal clinic time, the organisational opportunity cost was at least 58%.ConclusionsAnti‐TNF therapy governance is an essential quality component of IBD care that is associated with a definite, indirect cost for every patient treated. IBD nurses are best positioned to undertake this role, but an activity‐based funding model is urgently required to resource this element of their work.
Clinical Significance of Epsilon Waves in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: PROTONOTARIOS ALEXANDROS , ANASTASAKIS ARIS , TSATSOPOULOU ADALENA , ANTONIADES LOIZOS , PRAPPA EFSTATHIA , SYRRIS PETROS , TOUSOULIS DIMITRIOS , McKENNA WILLIAM J. , PROTONOTARIOS NIKOS 
Published: July 2015

Epsilon Waves in ACMIntroductionEpsilon waves are hallmark features of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) but information about their clinical significance is variable. We evaluated epsilon wave prevalence, characteristics, and their clinical significance in an ACM population.Methods and ResultsEighty‐six unselected patients fulfilling the 2010 Task Force criteria were enrolled. Seventy‐six of them were carriers of desmosomal mutations. All subjects were serially evaluated with standard 12‐lead ECG and 2‐dimensional echocardiography. Epsilon waves were evaluated in all precordial and inferior leads. Novel parameters assessed included their duration and precordial/inferior lead extension. Twenty‐five subjects (29%) had epsilon waves that were present in lead V3 and beyond in 9, and in the inferior leads in 7. Epsilon waves were associated with right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) (P = 0.001) but not RV posterior wall (P = 0.21), RV apex (P = 0.30), or left ventricular (P = 0.94) wall motion abnormalities. Patients with epsilon waves had increased RVOT diameter (P < 0.0001). Extension of epsilon waves in lead V3 and beyond was associated with increased epsilon wave duration (P = 0.002) and RVOT diameter (P = 0.04). The duration of epsilon waves was positively correlated with RVOT diameter (r = 0.70, P = 0.0001). Epsilon waves were also associated with episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia (P = 0.004) but not with heart failure (P = 0.41) or sudden cardiac death (P = 0.31).ConclusionDetection of epsilon waves on 12‐lead ECG reflects significant RVOT involvement, which was associated with episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia but not sudden cardiac death.
European Monetary Integration and the Incompatibility of National Varieties of Capitalism
Authors: Johnston Alison , Regan Aidan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe Varieties of Capitalism literature offers two competing hypotheses on institutional resilience. One argues that globalization promotes convergence towards a neo‐liberal system. Another stipulates that diverse capitalist regimes promote different comparative advantages, enabling diverse political economies to co‐exist. In this article, we argue that the compatibility of diverse models of capitalism is contingent upon monetary regime. We examine how different currency regimes influence the mutual co‐existence of export‐led growth models (euro core) and domestic demand‐led growth models (euro periphery). Under EMU, we find that these two models have become increasing incompatible, as unsustainable divergences in external balances have emerged between them. We hypothesize that external imbalances between these two growth regimes did not emerge prior to EMU because of the presence of two inflation adjustment mechanisms in the real exchange rate; the nominal exchange rate (in soft currency regimes) and national central banks’ promotion of inflation convergence (in hard currency regimes).