bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between BMI and dietary intake of primary school children from a rural area of South Africa: The Ellisras longitudinal study
Authors: Van Den Ende C. , Twisk J.W.R. , Monyeki K.D. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship between dietary intake and BMI of primary school children from a rural area of South Africa cross‐sectionally. Both under and over nutrition remain major health problems in South Africa. In rural areas, where especially undernutrition leads to child morbidity and mortality, determinants should be detected.MethodsData was used from 825 children (421 boys, 404 girls), aged 6–12 years, participating in the Ellisras Longitudinal Growth study. Height and weight were measured in accordance with the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Internationally recommended cut‐off points for body mass index (BMI) were used. Dietary intake was measured using the 24 h recall method. In general, boys and girls from Ellisras had dietary intake levels lower than or according to dietary guidelines.ResultsA singular linear regression model showed a significant association between monounsaturated fat and BMI. The multiple model demonstrated that total fat (B = 0.05, CI: 0.019–0.082), monounsaturated fat (B = −0.093, CI: −0.160 to −0.026) and polyunsaturated fat (B = 0.056, CI: 0.09–0.02) predict BMI.ConclusionThis study supports previous findings about BMI and dietary trends in rural areas of South Africa. Despite low fat intake of the subjects, this macronutrient appeared to predict BMI most strongly. More research is needed; however, to further examine how healthy their lifestyle is nowadays with respect to diet and into what extent the nutrition transition has reached this area. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:701–706, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Backen, Altern, Diabetes: eine kurze Geschichte der Maillard‐Reaktion
Authors: Hellwig Michael , Henle Thomas 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDie 1912 erstmals von dem französischen Biochemiker Louis‐Camille Maillard beschriebene Reaktion reduzierender Kohlenhydrate mit Aminokomponenten ist verantwortlich für den Geruch, den Geschmack und das Aussehen thermisch verarbeiteter Lebensmittel. Die Erkenntnis, dass entsprechende nicht‐enzymatische Umsetzungen auch im Organismus auftreten, führte zur intensiven Erforschung der pathophysiologischen Bedeutung der Maillard‐Reaktion bei Diabetes und Alterungsprozessen. Alimentäre Maillard‐Produkte werden einerseits als “Glycotoxine” und damit als Ernährungsrisiko, andererseits jedoch auch vermehrt im Hinblick auf positive Wirkungen im menschlichen Körper diskutiert. In unserem Aufsatz geben wir einen Überblick zu den wichtigsten Erkenntnissen der Maillard‐Forschung seit ihrer Erstbeschreibung und zeigen, dass die komplexe Reaktion auch nach über hundert Jahren nichts an interdisziplinärer Aktualität verloren hat.
Tunneling Assists the 1,2‐Hydrogen Shift in N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Karmakar Sharmistha , Datta Ayan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAt room temperature, 1,2‐hydrogen‐transfer reactions of N‐heterocyclic carbenes, like the imidazol‐2‐ylidene to give imidazole is shown to occurr almost entirely (>90 %) by quantum mechanical tunneling (QMT). At 60 K in an Ar matrix, for the 2, 3‐dihydrothiazol‐2‐ylidene→thiazole transformation, QMT is shown to increase the rate about 105 times. Calculations including small‐curvature tunneling show that the barrier for intermolecular 1,2‐hydrogen‐transfer reaction is small, and QMT leads to a reduced rate of the forward reaction because of nonclassical reflections even at room temperature. A small barrier also leads to smaller kinetic isotope effects because of efficient QMT by both H and D. QMT does not always lead to faster reactions or larger KIE values, particularly when the barrier is small.
Die Struktur eines transienten Komplexes einer nicht‐ribosomalen Peptidsynthetase mit einer P450‐Monooxygenase
Authors: Haslinger Kristina , Brieke Clara , Uhlmann Stefanie , Sieverling Lina , Süssmuth Roderich D. , Cryle Max J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUntersuchungen zum Verständnis des Wechselspiels von nicht‐ribosomalen Peptidsynthethasen (NRPS), einer wichtigen Quelle für Sekundärmetaboliten, mit modifizierenden Enzymen stellen eine große Herausforderung dar, da diese Interaktionen oft von transienter Natur sind. Mithilfe einer Reihe von synthetischen inhibitorartigen Verbindungen gelang es, einen stabilisierten Komplex eines solchen modifizierenden Enzyms mit einer NRPS‐Domäne zu bilden und strukturell zu charakterisieren. Es handelt sich um eine Peptidyl‐Carrier‐Protein(PCP)‐Domäne der NRPS gebunden an ein Cytochrom‐P450‐Enzym, das essentiell für die Bereitstellung von β‐hydroxylierten Aminosäurevorläufern in der Biosynthese des cyclischen Depsipeptids Skyllamycin ist. Die Struktur zeigt, dass die Komplexbildung vorwiegend auf hydrophoben Wechselwirkungen beruht, deren Auftreten durch geringfügige Änderungen in der PCP‐Struktur kontrolliert wird, und somit Selektivität gegenüber strukturell sehr ähnlichen PCP‐Domänen vermittelt.
Selective Ortho‐Hydroxylation–Defluorination of 2‐Fluorophenolates with a Bis(μ‐oxo)dicopper(III) Species
Authors: Serrano‐Plana Joan , Garcia‐Bosch Isaac , Miyake Ryosuke , Costas Miquel , Company Anna 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe bis(μ‐oxo)dicopper(III) species [CuIII2(μ‐O)2(m‐XYLMeAN)]2+ (1) promotes the electrophilic ortho‐hydroxylation–defluorination of 2‐fluorophenolates to give the corresponding catechols, a reaction that is not accomplishable with a (η2:η2‐O2)dicopper(II) complex. Isotopic labeling studies show that the incoming oxygen atom originates from the bis(μ‐oxo) unit. Ortho‐hydroxylation–defluorination occurs selectively in intramolecular competition with other ortho‐substituents such as chlorine or bromine.
The IX (X=O,N,C) Double Bond in Hypervalent Iodine Compounds: Is it Real?
Authors: Ivanov Alexander S. , Popov Ivan A. , Boldyrev Alexander I. , Zhdankin Viktor V. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIX (X=O, N, C) bonding was analyzed in the related hypervalent iodine compounds based on the adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP) approach. The results confirm the presence of a I→X σ dative bond, as opposed to the widely used IX notation. A clear formulation of the electronic structure of these hypervalent iodine compounds would be useful in establishing reaction mechanisms and electronic structures in bioinorganic problems of general applicability.
Analysis of Diazofluorene DNA Binding and Damaging Activity: DNA Cleavage by a Synthetic Monomeric Diazofluorene
Authors: Woo Christina M. , Ranjan Nihar , Arya Dev P. , Herzon Seth B. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe lomaiviticins and kinamycins are complex DNA damaging natural products that contain a diazofluorene functional group. Herein, we elucidate the influence of skeleton structure, ring and chain isomerization, D‐ring oxidation state, and naphthoquinone substitution on DNA binding and damaging activity. We show that the electrophilicity of the diazofluorene appears to be a significant determinant of DNA damaging activity. These studies identify the monomeric diazofluorene 11 as a potent DNA cleavage agent in tissue culture. The simpler structure of 11 relative to the natural products establishes it as a useful lead for translational studies.
Chlorine‐Free Pyrotechnics: Copper(I) Iodide as a “Green” Blue‐Light Emitter
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Rusan Magdalena , Sabatini Jesse J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe generation of blue‐light‐emitting pyrotechnic formulations without the use of chlorine‐containing compounds is reported. Suitable blue‐light emission has been achieved through the generation of molecular emitting copper(I) iodide. The most optimal copper(I) iodide based blue‐light‐emitting formulation was found to have performances exceeding those of chlorine‐containing compositions, and was found to be insensitive to various ignition stimuli.
Intumescent flame retardant polyurethane/starch composites: Thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties
Authors: Gavgani Jaber Nasrollah , Adelnia Hossein , Mir Mohamad Sadeghi Gity , Zafari Farhad 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTIntumescent flame retardant polyurethane/starch (IFRPU/starch) composites were prepared by means of melt blending. Microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MCAPP) was added to improve its compatibility with matrix, retardation of reaction between acid and carbon source, and its water resistancy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of hydrogen bonding and entangled network between IFR system and PU matrix. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) illustrated homogeneity of starch in matrix. By addition of 10 wt % of starch and 20 wt % of IFR, limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased from 22.0 to 40.0 and UL94 V0 rating was achieved. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) detected three endothermic transitions and one glass transition (Tg). The temperature of transition III and Tg increased with starch due to crosslinking between PU and starch. The improved thermal stability in the presence of starch was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Beside the fact that starch was used as a carbonization agent to improve flame retardancy, it also effectively led to enhanced mechanical and viscoelastic properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41158.
Electrical insulation characteristics of alumina, titania, and organoclay nanoparticles filled PP/EPDM nanocomposites
Authors: Hamzah Muhammad Safwan , Jaafar Mariatti , Mohd Jamil Mohamad Kamarol 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, nanofillers composed of alumina, titania, and organoclay were separately embedded in 50% polypropylene (PP) and 50% ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) blends. Several formulations of PP/EPDM nanocomposites were prepared using an internal mixer and were molded using a compression mold to produce test samples. The effects of filler loading (2, 4, 6, and 8 vol %) on the dielectric breakdown strength, dielectric properties, hydrophobicity, and flammability were determined. The addition of nanofillers improved the breakdown strength (up to 2 vol %) and increased the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the PP/EPDM nanocomposites. The hydrophobicity of PP/EPDM/Al2O3 increased, whereas the hydrophilicity of PP/EPDM/TiO2 and PP/EPDM/organoclay increased. Flammability test results showed that PP/EPDM/TiO2 had a lower burning rate than PP/EPDM/Al2O3 and PP/EPDM/organoclay. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41184.
Modeling enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates using fluorescent confocal microscopy II: Pretreated biomass
Authors: Luterbacher Jeremy S. , Moran‐Mirabal Jose M. , Burkholder Eric W. , Walker Larry P. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, we extend imaging and modeling work that was done in Part I of this report for a pure cellulose substrate (filter paper) to more industrially relevant substrates (untreated and pretreated hardwood and switchgrass). Using confocal fluorescence microscopy, we are able to track both the structure of the biomass particle via its autofluorescence, and bound enzyme from a commercial cellulase cocktail supplemented with a small fraction of fluorescently labeled Trichoderma reseii Cel7A. Imaging was performed throughout hydrolysis at temperatures relevant to industrial processing (50°C). Enzyme bound predominantly to areas with low autofluorescence, where structure loss and lignin removal had occurred during pretreatment; this confirms the importance of these processes for successful hydrolysis. The overall shape of both untreated and pretreated hardwood and switchgrass particles showed little change during enzymatic hydrolysis beyond a drop in autofluorescence intensity. The permanence of shape along with a relatively constant bound enzyme signal throughout hydrolysis was similar to observations previously made for filter paper, and was consistent with a modeling geometry of a hollowing out cylinder with widening pores represented as infinite slits. Modeling estimates of available surface areas for pretreated biomass were consistent with previously reported experimental results. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 32–42. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates using confocal fluorescence microscopy I: Filter paper cellulose
Authors: Luterbacher Jeremy S. , Moran‐Mirabal Jose M. , Burkholder Eric W. , Walker Larry P. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTEnzymatic hydrolysis is one of the critical steps in depolymerizing lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars for further upgrading into fuels and/or chemicals. However, many studies still rely on empirical trends to optimize enzymatic reactions. An improved understanding of enzymatic hydrolysis could allow research efforts to follow a rational design guided by an appropriate theoretical framework. In this study, we present a method to image cellulosic substrates with complex three‐dimensional structure, such as filter paper, undergoing hydrolysis under conditions relevant to industrial saccharification processes (i.e., temperature of 50°C, using commercial cellulolytic cocktails). Fluorescence intensities resulting from confocal images were used to estimate parameters for a diffusion and reaction model. Furthermore, the observation of a relatively constant bound enzyme fluorescence signal throughout hydrolysis supported our modeling assumption regarding the structure of biomass during hydrolysis. The observed behavior suggests that pore evolution can be modeled as widening of infinitely long slits. The resulting model accurately predicts the concentrations of soluble carbohydrates obtained from independent saccharification experiments conducted in bulk, demonstrating its relevance to biomass conversion work. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 21–31. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling the nutrient removal process in aerobic granular sludge system by coupling the reactor‐ and granule‐scale models
Authors: Kagawa Y. , Tahata J. , Kishida N. , Matsumoto S. , Picioreanu C. , van Loosdrecht M.C.M. , Tsuneda S. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTWe developed a model for nutrient removal in an aerobic granular sludge system. This model can quantitatively describe the start‐up of the system by coupling a model for studying the population dynamics of the granules in the reactor (reactor‐scale model) and a model for studying the microbial community structure in the granules (granule‐scale model). The reactor‐scale model is used for simulation for 10 days from the start, during which the granule size is relatively small; the granule‐scale model is used after Day 10. The present approach proposes the output data of the reactor‐scale model after 10 days as initial conditions for the granule‐scale model. The constructed model satisfactorily describes experimental data in various spatial and temporal scales, which were obtained in this study by performing the anaerobic–aerobic–anoxic cycles using a sequencing batch reactor. Simulations using this model quantitatively predicted that the stability of nutrient removal process depended largely on the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, and the DO setpoint adaptation could improve the nutrient removal performance. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 53–64. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of a small molecule cell cycle inhibitor to control cell growth and improve specific productivity and product quality of recombinant proteins in CHO cell cultures
Authors: Du Zhimei , Treiber David , McCarter John D. , Fomina‐Yadlin Dina , Saleem Ramsey A. , McCoy Rebecca E. , Zhang Yuling , Tharmalingam Tharmala , Leith Matthew , Follstad Brian D. , Dell Brad , Grisim Brent , Zupke Craig , Heath Carole , Morris Arvia E. , Reddy Pranhitha 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe continued need to improve therapeutic recombinant protein productivity has led to ongoing assessment of appropriate strategies in the biopharmaceutical industry to establish robust processes with optimized critical variables, that is, viable cell density (VCD) and specific productivity (product per cell, qP). Even though high VCD is a positive factor for titer, uncontrolled proliferation beyond a certain cell mass is also undesirable. To enable efficient process development to achieve consistent and predictable growth arrest while maintaining VCD, as well as improving qP, without negative impacts on product quality from clone to clone, we identified an approach that directly targets the cell cycle G1‐checkpoint by selectively inhibiting the function of cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) 4/6 with a small molecule compound. Results from studies on multiple recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines demonstrate that the selective inhibitor can mediate a complete and sustained G0/G1 arrest without impacting G2/M phase. Cell proliferation is consistently and rapidly controlled in all recombinant cell lines at one concentration of this inhibitor throughout the production processes with specific productivities increased up to 110 pg/cell/day. Additionally, the product quality attributes of the mAb, with regard to high molecular weight (HMW) and glycan profile, are not negatively impacted. In fact, high mannose is decreased after treatment, which is in contrast to other established growth control methods such as reducing culture temperature. Microarray analysis showed major differences in expression of regulatory genes of the glycosylation and cell cycle signaling pathways between these different growth control methods. Overall, our observations showed that cell cycle arrest by directly targeting CDK4/6 using selective inhibitor compound can be utilized consistently and rapidly to optimize process parameters, such as cell growth, qP, and glycosylation profile in recombinant antibody production cultures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 141–155. © 2014 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of temperature change on anammox activity
Authors: Lotti T. , Kleerebezem R. , van Loosdrecht M.C.M. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTAutotrophic nitrogen removal appears as a prerequisite for the implementation of energy autarchic municipal wastewater treatment plants. Whilst the application of anammox‐related technologies in the side‐stream is at present state of the art, the feasibility of this energy‐efficient process in main‐stream conditions is still under investigation. Lower operating temperatures and ammonium concentrations, together with a demand for high and stable nitrogen removal efficiency, represent the main challenges to overcome for this appealing new frontier of the wastewater treatment field. In this study, we report the short‐term effect of temperature on the maximum biomass specific activity of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria as evaluated by means of batch tests. The experiments were performed on anammox biomass sampled from two full‐scale reactors and two lab‐scale reactors, all characterized by different reactor configurations and operating conditions. The results indicate that for the anammox conversion, the temperature dependency cannot be accurately modeled by one single Arrhenius coefficient (i.e., θ) as typically applied for other biological processes. The temperature effect is increasing at lower temperatures. Adaptation of anammox bacteria after long‐term cultivation at 20 and 10°C was observed. Implications for modeling and process design are finally discussed. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 98–103. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mathematical Modeling of Chiral Symmetry Breaking due to Differences in Crystal Growth Kinetics
Authors: Suwannasang Kittisak , Coquerel Gerard , Rougeot Celine , Flood Adrian E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTwo simple models are proposed and tested for the mechanism of ripening of a conglomerate suspension to a single enantiomorph by temperature cycles. In both models, the initial crystal size distributions and masses of the two enantiomorphs are equal, but either the crystal growth rate or the growth rate distribution is varied. The difference in the crystal growth kinetics of the two enantiomorphs may be caused by the intrinsic thermodynamic stability of the crystals occurring in the initial suspension. The initial nucleation of one of the two enantiomers will occur earlier than that of the counter‐enantiomer. This results in the formation of two populations occurring under different conditions, leading to different internal crystalline perfection and therefore different thermodynamic stability.
Spherulitic Growth of Gold Particles Precipitated from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Wang Lijuan , Andreassen Jens‐Petter 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSpherical gold particles were formed by reduction of auric acid with ascorbic acid in both spontaneous precipitation and seeded experiments. Micron‐sized gold polycrystalline sea urchin‐like particles were generated at lower pH conditions with and without a polymeric stabilizer. The fact that growth was depending on the surface area of the seeds and at the same time was not significantly affected by stabilizing polymers illustrates that the underlying particle enlargement mechanism is crystal growth and not an assembly of already nucleated nano‐crystals by aggregation as usually claimed in the literature. When the seed surface area was reduced, nucleation of new gold nanoparticles was observed, and these particles did not show any tendency to aggregate. Based on this understanding it was demonstrated how the morphology of the micron‐sized particles can be controlled.
Novel Transition‐Metal (M=Cr, Mo, W, Fe) Carbonyl Complexes with Bis(guanidinato)silicon(II) Ligands
Authors: Mück Felix M. , Kloß Dorit , Baus Johannes A. , Burschka Christian , Tacke Reinhold 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe donor‐stabilized silylene 2 (the first bis(guanidinato)silicon(II) complex) reacts with the transition‐metal carbonyl complexes [M(CO)6] (M=Cr, Mo, W) to form the respective silylene complexes 7–10. In the reactions with [M(CO)6] (M=Cr, Mo, W), the bis(guanidinato)silicon(II) complex 2 behaves totally different compared with the analogous bis(amidinato)silicon(II) complex 1, which reacts with [M(CO)6] as a nucleophile to replace only one of the six carbonyl groups. In contrast, the reaction of 2 leads to the novel spirocyclic compounds 7–9 that contain a four‐membered SiN2C ring and a five‐membered MSiN2C ring with a MSi and MN bond (nucleophilic substitution of two carbonyl groups). Compounds 7–10 were characterized by elemental analyses (C, H, N), crystal structure analyses, and NMR spectroscopic studies in the solid state and in solution.
Spontaneous Stepwise Self‐Assembly of a Polyoxometalate–Organic Hybrid into Catalytically Active One‐Dimensional Anisotropic Structures
Authors: Yin Panchao , Bayaguud Aruuhan , Cheng Peng , Haso Fadi , Hu Lang , Wang Joy , Vezenov Dmitri , Winans Randall E. , Hao Jian , Li Tao , Wei Yongge , Liu Tianbo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn inorganic–organic hybrid surfactant with a hexavanadate cluster as the polar head group was designed and observed to assemble into micelle structures, which further spontaneously coagulate into a 1D anisotropic structure in aqueous solutions. Such a hierarchical self‐assembly process is driven by the cooperation of varied noncovalent interactions, including hydrophobic, electrostatic, and hydrogen‐bonding interactions. The hydrophobic interaction drives the quick formation of the micelle structure; electrostatic interactions involving counterions leads to the further coagulation of the micelles into larger assemblies. This process is similar to the crystallization process, but the specific counterions and the directional hydrogen bonding lead to the 1D growth of the final assemblies. Since most of the hexavanadates are exposed to the surface, the 1D assembly with nanoscale thickness is a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidation of organic sulfides with appreciable recyclability.