bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study using a graphical syntax for actor-network theory
Authors: Silvis Emile , M. Alexander Patricia 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
– Actor-network theory (ANT) is considered to be both a theoretical position and a methodology. ANT has been the centre of vigorous debates regarding its ontological viewpoint but has also been found to have some drawbacks as a methodology. The purpose of this paper is to use a graphical syntax for ANT to describe the development and implementation of a health information system (IS) in order to assess whether the graphical syntax improves the use of ANT as a methodology.

Design/methodology/approach
– An extensive example derived from a case study, describing the development and implementation of an electronic patients’ records system, is illustrated using this graphical syntax. This serves to makes the actors, translations and black boxes in the case visible.

Findings
– The syntax is found to help the researcher to conceptualise the research, to highlight assumptions as black boxes and to follow the actor but above all it encourages the researcher to understand the translations being made between actors and to make them explicit. Hence the syntax is found to assist at the analytical phases of a research project. The graphic syntax found to address the criticisms identified for ANT as an IS research methodology.

Research limitations/implications
– The proposed graphical syntax assists researchers who use ANT as a methodology. Use of the syntax in education is also foreseen to be practical. The evaluation of ANT-gs in the paper provides an argument for its use but a more reliable argument would be made by collating and analysing feedback from independent modellers who actually use the graphical syntax. This is an important part of future research.

Practical implications
– The visualisation of the actor-network provided by ANT-gs provides a relatively simple representation while at the same time it makes key ANT concepts explicit. This is expected to address the issue of superficial understanding of ANT and selective use of its constructs; it makes the actor-network boundaries immediately visible. Thus the paper proposes that ANT-gs will be useful both by IS researchers and as an educational tool but future research is required to verify both these practical implications. The development of a computer-based modelling tool based on this syntax is proposed to facilitate effective and efficient modelling.

Originality/value
– This paper proposes a unique tool to support ANT as a methodology. Its use encourages the researcher to focus on constructs that are essential elements of ANT and, by making each of the translation instances explicit, it strengthens the analysis in a way that is true to the view of ANT as a sociology of translation.
Green IT beliefs and pro-environmental IT practices among IT professionals
Authors: Molla Alemayehu , Abareshi Ahmad , Cooper Vanessa 
Published: May 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to analyze the beliefs and attitudinal factors that affect the private sphere pro-environmental behavior of information technology (IT) professionals in using personal computers.Design/methodology/approach– A research framework that draws from the belief-action-outcome (BAO) framework and that consisted of 11 hypotheses was developed. Data were collected from a sample of 322 IT professionals and analyzed using structural equation modeling.Findings– The results identify the pro-environmental personal computing actions that IT professionals are taking and how their Green IT beliefs, attitudes, information acquisition capability, and organizational fields influence their behavior.Research limitations/implications– The sample was limited to Australian respondents. The measurement of IT-specific environmental practices was not exhaustive nor were the measures of macro- and micro-antecedents of Green IT belief and attitude.Practical implications– National, regional, and international professional associations such as the Association of Information Systems can influence pro-environmental behavior among IT professionals through the creation and dissemination of information that shape both general and IT-specific environmental beliefs.Originality/value– The novelty of this work lies in: first, proposing and testing a research framework that can be leveraged in future studies; second, establishing how organizational fields and availability of information contribute to the formation of IT professionals’ environmental beliefs and attitudes; third, applying and suggesting potential extension to the BAO framework to evaluate the association between IT practices and environmental sustainability among IT professionals.
Kernel density estimation and hotspot mapping
Authors: Hart Timothy , Zandbergen Paul 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of user-defined parameters settings (e.g. interpolation method, grid cell size, and bandwidth) on the predictive accuracy of crime hotspot maps produced from kernel density estimation (KDE).

Design/methodology/approach
– The influence of variations in parameter settings on prospective KDE maps is examined across two types of interpersonal violence (e.g. aggravated assault and robbery) and two types of property crime (e.g. commercial burglary and motor vehicle theft).

Findings
– Results show that interpolation method has a considerable effect on predictive accuracy, grid cell size has little to no effect, and bandwidth as some effect.

Originality/value
– The current study advances the knowledge and understanding of prospective hotspot crime mapping as it answers the calls by Chainey et al. (2008) and others to further investigate the methods used to predict crime.
Risk assessment and risk management in policing
Authors: E. Worden Robert , Harris Christopher , J. McLean Sarah 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to critique contemporary tools for assessing and managing the risk of police misconduct and suggest directions for their improvement.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper draws on extant literature, synthesizing several lines of inquiry to summarize what the authors know about patterns of police misconduct, and what the authors know about assessing and managing police misconduct. Then the paper draws from the literature on offender risk assessment in criminal justice to draw lessons for assessing and managing the risk of police misconduct.

Findings
– The authors found that there is good reason to believe that the tools used to assess the risk of misconduct make suboptimal predictions about officer performance because they rely on limited information of dubious value, but also that the predictive models on which the tools are based could be improved by better emulating procedures for assessing offenders’ risk of recidivism.

Research limitations/implications
– Future research should examine cross-sectional and longitudinal patterns of misconduct and associations between risk-related outputs and enforcement activity, develop better measures of criterion variables, and evaluate the predictive accuracy of risk assessment tools.

Practical implications
– Police managers should make better use of the information available to them, improve the quantity and quality of information if feasible, and cooperate in the necessary research.

Originality/value
– This paper offers a new synthesis of extant research to demonstrate the limitations of contemporary provisions for assessing the risk of police misconduct, and potential avenues for useful research and improved practice.
‘Our Late Pious Queen Whose Love to Gard'ning Was Not a Little’: Queen Anne in Her Parks and Gardens
Authors: JACQUES DAVID 
Published: May 2014

AbstractQueen Anne initially took against William III's expenditure in the Royal Gardens, and appointed Henry Wise, who promised to reduce costs, as Royal Gardener. However Anne soon began to join the garden‐making elite herself. Furthermore, her liking for driving a chaise at speed led to extensive rides in the parks at Windsor and Hampton Court. From 1708 Anne's former reluctance to be extravagant, and her distrust of the Office of Works, had been overcome, and she embarked on some significant projects. In retrospect these are among the formative influences on garden designers of the 1720s and 1730s.
Queen Anne, Court Culture and the Construction of Blenheim Palace
Authors: LEGARD JAMES 
Published: May 2014

AbstractConceived both as a personal gift from Queen Anne to her most enduring favourite, the duke of Marlborough, and as a ‘public monument’ to the military victories attained under her aegis, Blenheim Palace has long been recognised as the most ambitious architectural embodiment of her reign. Yet in spite of her crucial role in its genesis, Anne's relationship to the palace remains obscure. Seeking to remedy this omission, this essay re‐examines the major sources to show how Marlborough's complex, and increasingly conflicted, relationship with the queen and her court profoundly shaped the palace's formal development and symbolic purposes.
A Glass Quite Empty: Issue Groups' Influence in the Global Trade Regime
Authors: De Bièvre Dirk 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNongovernmental actors with a focus on environmental, social and development concerns have been credited with influence over the global trade regime. Referring to such issue groups as ‘social movements’ or ‘global civil society’, some have considered the influence of civil‐society organizations (CSOs) over outcomes to be a glass half full. A more sober assessment is that inclusion and self‐proclaimed success should not be confused with increased influence. Issue groups have had little to no influence on the day‐to‐day grind of trade policy in the WTO and in bilateral agreements. Moreover, activism againstanyWTO agreement has foreclosed a multilateral disarmament agreement on agricultural subsidies, causing these to continue to undercut producer power in developing countries. Rather than organizing flash fires at global negotiations, issue groups would exert more influence if they redirected their expertise and advice to their parliamentary representatives, facilitating these actors' control and sway over trade policy making.
The Other Red Line: The Use of Rape as an Unlawful Tactic of Warfare
Authors: Benshoof Janet 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe Security Council has found that the endemic use of rape in war for military advantage – which is primarily targeted against women and girls – is a military tactic that presents a threat to global peace and security. Despite concerted global efforts over the last two decades to end its use, rape as a tool of war continues undeterred. This article links the intransigent use of strategic rape with states' failure to treat it as an unlawful tactic of war under the rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) that regulate the ‘means and methods of war’. Embedding strategic rape under IHL's weapons framework will increase its stigmatization, a critical factor in stopping the use of abhorrent weapons or tactics in war. Other potential benefits include the opening up of civil and criminal accountability frameworks and others which provide restitution and reparations for war rape victims. This article focuses on the role of all states in enforcing the weapons framework and it calls for states to undertake an impact and injuries assessment of strategic rape under the Article 36 weapons review process.
A randomised controlled trial comparing incentive spirometry with the Acapella® device for physiotherapy after thoracoscopic lung resection surgery
Authors: Cho Y. J. , Ryu H. , Lee J. , Park I. K. , Kim Y. T. , Lee Y. H. , Lee H. , Hong D. M. , Seo J. H. , Bahk J. H. , Jeon Y. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryLung resection surgery has been associated with numerous postoperative complications. Seventy‐eight patients scheduled for elective video‐assisted thoracoscopic lung resection were randomly assigned to receive standard postoperative care with incentive spirometry or standard care plus positive vibratory expiratory pressure treatment using the Acapella® device. There was no significant difference between incentive spirometry and the Acapella device in the primary outcome, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, on the third postoperative day, mean (SD) 53% (16%) vs 59% (18%) respectively, p = 0.113. Patients treated with both devices simultaneously found incentive spirometry to be less comfortable compared with the Acapella device, using a numeric rating scale from 1 to 5 with lower scores indicating higher comfort, median (IQR [range]) 3 (2–3 [2–4]) vs 1 (1–2 [1–3]) respectively, p < 0.001. In addition, 37/39 patients (95%) stated a clear preference for the Acapella device. Postoperative treatment with the Acapella device did not improve pulmonary function after thoracoscopic lung resection surgery compared with incentive spirometry, but it may be more comfortable to use.
Multimodal antidepressant vortioxetine increases frontal cortical oscillations unlike escitalopram and duloxetine – a quantitative EEG study in rats
Authors: Leiser S C , Pehrson A L , Robichaud P J , Sanchez C 
Published: May 2014

Background and PurposeEEG studies show that 5‐HT is involved in regulation of sleep–wake state and modulates cortical oscillations. Vortioxetine is a 5‐HT3, 5‐HT7, and 5‐HT1D receptor antagonist, 5‐HT1B partial agonist, 5‐HT1A agonist, and 5‐HT transporter inhibitor. Preclinical (animal) and clinical studies with vortioxetine show positive impact on cognitive metrics involving cortical function. Here we assess vortioxetine's effect on cortical neuronal oscillations in actively awake rats.Experimental ApproachTelemetric EEG recordings were obtained with the following treatments (mg·kg−1, s.c.): vehicle, vortioxetine (0.1, 1.0, 3.0, 10), 5‐HT1A agonist flesinoxan (2.5), 5‐HT3 antagonist ondansetron (0.30), 5‐HT7 antagonist SB‐269970‐A (10), escitalopram (2.0), duloxetine (10) and vortioxetine plus flesinoxan. Target occupancies were determined by ex vivo autoradiography.Key ResultsVortioxetine dose‐dependently increased wakefulness. Flesinoxan, duloxetine, ondansetron, but not escitalopram or SB‐269970‐A increased wakefulness. Quantitative spectral analyses showed vortioxetine alone and with flesinoxan increased θ (4–8 Hz), α (8–12 Hz) and γ (30–50 Hz) power. Duloxetine had no effect on θ and γ, but decreased α power, while escitalopram produced no changes. Ondansetron and SB‐269970 (≈31–35% occupancy) increased θ power. Flesinoxan (≈41% occupancy) increased θ and γ power.Conclusions and ImplicationsVortioxetine increased wakefulness and increased frontal cortical activity, most likely because of its 5‐HT7 and 5‐HT3 antagonism and 5‐HT1A agonism. Vortioxetine differs from escitalopram and duloxetine by increasing cortical θ, α and γ oscillations. These preclinical findings suggest a role of vortioxetine in modulating cortical circuits known to be recruited during cognitive behaviours and warrant further investigation as to their clinical impact.
Orexin A activates hypoglossal motoneurons and enhances genioglossus muscle activity in rats
Authors: Zhang G H , Liu Z L , Zhang B J , Geng W Y , Song N N , Zhou W , Cao Y X , Li S Q , Huang Z L , Shen L L 
Published: May 2014

Background and PurposeOrexins have been demonstrated to play important roles in many physiological processes. However, it is not known how orexin A affects the activity of the hypoglossal motoneuron (HMN) and genioglossus (GG) muscle.Experimental ApproachGG muscle electromyograms (GG‐EMG) were recorded in anaesthetized adult rats after orexin A or orexin receptor antagonists were applied to the hypoglossal nucleus, and in adult rats in which orexin neurons were lesioned with the neurotoxin orexin‐saporin (orexin‐SAP). HMN membrane potential and firing were recorded from neonatal rat brain slices using whole‐cell patch clamp after an infusion of orexin A or orexin receptor antagonists.Key ResultsUnilateral micro‐injection of orexin A (50, 100 or 200 μM) into the hypoglossal nucleus significantly enhanced ipsilateral GG activity in adult rats. Orexin A (4, 20, 100 or 500 nM) depolarized the resting membrane potential and increased the firing rate of HMNs in a dose‐dependent manner in the medullary slices of neonatal rats. Both SB 334867, a specific OX1 receptor antagonist and TCS OX2 29, a specific OX2 receptor antagonist not only blocked the depolarized membrane potential and the increased firing rate of HMNs by orexin A in the neonatal model but also attenuated GG‐EMG in the adult model. A significant decrease in GG‐EMG was observed in adult orexin neuron‐lesioned rats compared with sham animals.Conclusion and ImplicationsOrexin A activates OX1 and OX2 receptors within the hypoglossal motor pool and promotes GG activity, indicating that orexin A is involved in controlling respiratory motor activity.
Buprenorphine signalling is compromised at the N40D polymorphism of the human μ opioid receptor in vitro
Authors: Knapman Alisa , Santiago Marina , Connor Mark 
Published: May 2014

Background and PurposeThere is significant variation in individual response to opioid drugs, which may result in inappropriate opioid therapy. Polymorphisms of the μ opioid receptor (MOP receptor) may contribute to individual variation in opioid response by affecting receptor function, and the effect may be ligand‐specific. We sought to determine functional differences in MOP receptor signalling at several signalling pathways using a range of structurally distinct opioid ligands in cells expressing wild‐type MOP receptors (MOPr‐WT) and the commonly occurring MOP receptor variant, N40D.Experimental ApproachMOPr‐WT and MOPr‐N40D were stably expressed in CHO cells and in AtT‐20 cells. Assays of AC inhibition and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were performed on CHO cells, and assays of K activation were performed on AtT‐20 cells. Signalling profiles for each ligand were compared between variants.Key ResultsBuprenorphine efficacy was reduced by over 50% at MOPr‐N40D for AC inhibition and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Buprenorphine potency was reduced threefold at MOPr‐N40D for K channel activation. Pentazocine efficacy was reduced by 50% for G‐protein‐gated inwardly rectifying K channel activation at MOPr‐N40D. No other differences were observed for any other ligands tested.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe N40D variant is present in 10–50% of the population. Buprenorphine is a commonly prescribed opioid analgesic, and many individuals do not respond to buprenorphine therapy. This study demonstrates that buprenorphine signalling to several effectors via the N40D variant of MOP receptors is impaired, and this may have important consequences in a clinical setting for individuals carrying the N40D allele.
Predictive value of allergy tests for neuromuscular blocking agents: tackling an unmet need
Authors: Leysen J. , Uyttebroek A. , Sabato V. , Bridts C. H. , De Clerck L. S. , Ebo D. G. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryBackgroundNeuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are a predominant cause of perioperative anaphylaxis in Europe. Diagnosis of NMBA allergy relies upon the careful review of the anaesthetic report complemented with skin tests. Additional diagnostic tests are quantification of specific IgE antibodies (sIgE) and basophil activation test (BAT). However, data on the predictive value of the skin tests, the BAT and the sIgE assays (drug‐specific and substituted ammonium structures) are limited or not available, mainly because such exploration requires dangerous NMBA provocation tests.MethodsIn this study, the predictive value of skin test, BAT and measurement of sIgE to substituted ammonium structures is gathered from a review of anaesthetic records of subsequent surgical procedures with NMBA administration and/or occurrence of perioperative incidents.ResultsWe investigated a series of 272 patients with perioperative anaphylaxis, of whom 100 had undergone second general anaesthesia. Negative skin test and negative BAT assisted the selection of alternative NMBA, which were well tolerated in all cases. Five patients with a positive sIgE to rocuronium but with negative skin testing and BAT safely received rocuronium during second anaesthesia. Twelve patients with sIgE reactivity to morphine, but negative skin test and BAT to benzylisoquinolines, tolerated administration of cisatracurium or atracurium. Alternatively, benzylisoquinoline allergy went undetected in the morphine solid‐phase assay.ConclusionsSkin test and BAT have an excellent negative predictive value in our series. The uneventful re‐exposure of rocuronium in patients with an isolated positive sIgE result to rocuronium calls into question the predictive value of this assay and suggests sIgE serology to be less clinically predictive than the functional investigations relying upon activation of mast cells or basophils. The presence of a positive sIgE to substituted ammonium structures such as morphine does not preclude further use of benzylisoquinolines.
Robust Treatment of Degenerate Elements in Interactive Corotational FEM Simulations
Authors: Civit‐Flores O. , Susín A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe address the problem of robust and efficient treatment of element collapse and inversion in corotational FEM simulations of deformable objects in two and three dimensions, and show that existing degeneration treatment methods have previously unreported flaws that seriously threaten robustness and physical plausibility in interactive applications. We propose a new method that avoids such flaws, yields faster and smoother degeneration recovery and extends the range of well‐behaved degenerate configurations without adding significant complexity or computational cost to standard explicit and quasi‐implicit solvers.
Rapid on‐site evaluation of fine needle aspiration specimens by cytology scientists: a review of 3032 specimens
Authors: Shield P. W. , Cosier J. , Ellerby G. , Gartrell M. , Papadimos D. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectivesTo determine: (1) the accuracy of cytology scientists at assessing specimen adequacy by rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) at fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology collections; and (2) whether thyroid FNA with ROSE has lower inadequacy rates than non‐attended FNAs.MethodsThe ROSE of adequacy for 3032 specimens from 17 anatomical sites collected over a 20‐month period was compared with the final report assessment of adequacy. ROSE was performed by 19 cytology scientists. The report profile for 1545 thyroid nodules with ROSE was compared with that for 1536 consecutive non‐ROSE thyroid FNAs reported by the same cytopathologists during the study period.ResultsROSE was adequate in 75% (2276/3032), inadequate in 12% (366/3032) and in 13% (390/3032) no opinion was rendered. Of the 2276 cases assessed as adequate by ROSE, 2268 (99.6%) were finally reported as adequate for assessment; eight specimens had adequacy downgraded on the final report. Fifty eight per cent of cases with a ROSE assessment of inadequate were reported as adequate (212/366), whereas 93% (363/390) with no opinion rendered were reported as adequate. The overall final report adequacy rate for the 3032 specimens was 94% (2843/3032). Confirmation of a ROSE of adequacy at reporting was uniformly high amongst the 19 scientists, ranging from 98% to 100%. The inadequacy rate for thyroid FNAs with ROSE (6%) was significantly (P < 0.0001) lower than for non‐ROSE thyroid FNAs (17%). A significantly (P = 0.02) higher proportion of adequate ROSE thyroid specimens was reported with abnormalities, compared with non‐ROSE thyroid collections.ConclusionsCytology scientists are highly accurate at determining specimen adequacy at ROSE for a wide range of body sites. ROSE of thyroid FNAs can significantly reduce inadequate reports.