bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Density of Oil-gas Columns from Well Data
Authors: Vietti William Victor 
Published: June 2014

Actual field data from several wells are used to illustrate the applicationof the method of determining the average density of the fluid column in aflowing oil well in the Yates field, Pecos County, Texas.
The depths of the wells in the Yates field vary from 900 to 1700 ft., dependingon surface elevation and the location of the wells on structure. Productionrates over 8000 bbl. per hour have been determined and many wells are capableof producing 2000 bbl. hourly. Gas-oil ratios are usually below 400 cu. ft. perbarrel, but a few wells high on structure have produced over 3000 cu. ft. perbarrel. Incidentally, tubing wells has cut these high ratios to as low as 400cu. ft. 1 By common agreement of the operators all wells making ratios over 400cu. ft. will be tubed. Daily production of the field is prorated to 110,000bbl. from an open-flow potential of 5,000,000 bbl. based on hourly open-flowgages.
Microscopic Study of California Oil-field Emulsions
Authors: Abozeid Mahmood 
Published: June 2014

The natural emulsion samples used in this study were shipped directly fromtwelve California oil fields, through the courtesy of the superintendents ofthe main producing companies in those fields. Representative parts of eachsample were chosen for the slides. Preparation of the slides was generally madein less than two minutes, including time of exposure; in a few cases, aboutfive minutes was required. The short time was intended to minimize the changesin conditions. Whenever comparison was of value, standard conditions wereestablished. Spreading by gravity was adopted instead of smearing. Coverglasses were not allowed to rest on the films.

General Characteristics Of Emulsions
The main purpose of the general views is to illustrate the generalcharacteristics of the dispersed droplets together with any other constituentor impurity that may be found in each emulsion. The magnification is given sothat dimensions could be measured from the plates. The slides used for theseviews had spherical recesses; they gave the best light. Where crystals wereintended to be shown in the picture a filter (green was the best) was usuallyused. Emulsions that showed a tendency to move by concentrated light werepictured without a condenser.
Stabilizing Influences for the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Oliver Earl 
Published: June 2014

This paper is based on the formula that the petroleum industry is sick-findthe cause, eliminate it, and the industry will get well. There' is perhaps nodifference of opinion that the cause is overproduction, actual or potential.But that, again, is a result rather than a cause. The problem is to study theinfluences that serve to keep production and consumption out of balance.
Production control is a popular theme and a natural one at this time when thewhole world is unstable; but production control in its popular sense meanslittle more than the application of emergency measures while danger threatens. Economists differ as to the effectiveness of these, most of which are designedto alleviate and not to cure, but we assume there are none who question thewisdom of promoting conditions under which economic forces are permitted tooperate freely in bringing about stable conditions.
The petroleum industry suffers from two classes of economic ills that serve topromote overproduction; namely, those which are common to all industries andthose which are peculiar to this industry. It is of the latter I wish to speak. Strange to say, government is responsible in large part for this latter classof ills that affect the petroleum industry and we are coming to recognize thatonly through the assistance of government can they be corrected.
Instability of the petroleum industry, in so far as human agency was involved, had its inception in 1875 when a Pennsylvania jurist, called upon to make adecision for which there was no precedent and fancying he noted someresemblance between the so-called fugitive nature of oil and gas and that ofwild game, made mention of that resemblance.
Other courts being impressed by the analogy enlarged upon it, and graduallyfixed upon oil and gas a legal status in certain important respects similar tothat of wild game. Although later the courts abandoned this analogy, certainpractices that developed out of that early concept have continued to this dayand are largely responsible for the industry's present plight. Thus, instead ofownership in place that is characteristic of private property generally, thelaw of capture was applied to oil and gas.
Effects of Rate of Production and Producing Equipment upon Gas-oil Ratios
Authors: Hayward J.T. 
Published: June 2014

Studies of the forces and conditions governing the recovery of petroleumfrom natural reservoirs indicate that a low gas-oil ratio increases ultimaterecovery, retards the encroachment of water and tends to reduce lifting costs. Methods for controlling and reducing gas-oil ratios in producing wellsconsequently have been given considerable attention during the past fewyears.
However, during this same period, the production from wells in nearly allfields has been fixed by proration agreements and it is the opinion of thewriter that where a well is required to produce steadily at a predeterminedrate, less than its "potential" or maximum capacity, the gas-oil ratiowill depend only upon the rate of production, and will be independent of themethod of production and of the design of equipment in the well. If no changein the rate of production is contemplated, efforts directed to improving thegas-oil ratio by altering the diameter of the flow string, changing theposition of the choke, assisting the flow with gas-lift or pump, etc., will beunsuccessful.
This viewpoint is not new. It was presented by H. N. Marsh and B. H. Robinsonin 1929, but it has not been generally accepted. Although engineers believethat the rate of withdrawal and not the equipment used governs the water-oilratio, a similar opinion regarding the gas-oil ratio is not so commonlyadmitted.
The rates of flow of oil and gas into the base of an oil well depend upon thefollowing conditions:The characteristics of the oil and gas.The characteristics of the underground reservoir.Temperature and pressure conditions in the reservoir.The back-pressure held against the face of the sand.
In operating a well, the only one of these conditions over which control may beexercised through operating procedure and the use of equipment above the sandis the back-pressure at the face of the sand.
Engineering Research in 1932
Authors: Fowler H.C. 
Published: June 2014

No exact demarcation can be made between production engineering andengineering research projects which interest production engineers because theresults of today's engineering research make possible many of the appliedproduction engineering methods of tomorrow. A corollary of the development offundamental research is that so-called practical research becomesnecessary.
Assuming engineering research to include all subjects related to oil and gasproduction on which knowledge is being increased through experimentation andthrough analyses of data obtained from both the laboratory and the field, areview of the work of 1932 shows that the fundamental concepts of at leastthree major problems have become better understood-bottom-hole pressures, solubility of gas in oil, and fluid movement-and that the established data onthe relationships of oil and gas have been applied to obtain more efficient andmore economic production of both.
Engineers no longer are concerned primarily with the initial development ofdevices for obtaining the pressures at the bottom of wells. Advancement in thetechnique of obtaining reliable pressure readings in wells has been rapid. Oneof the first public suggestions regarding apparatus for obtaining preciseinformation at the bottom of oil wells was made before the Petroleum Divisionof the A.I.M.E. in 1928. Even during the early development stages in EastTexas, reservoir pressures were estimated from well-head observations. Soon, however, a number of proved devices and methods were available, and todaybottom-hole pressures in many fields are being recorded and studied as anessential part of the production programs.
The research now turns to interpretations of data, obtained with these devices, in terms of reservoir energy and to the development of methods whereby the oiland gas will be withdrawn in accordance with rational and equitable programsbased on oil-gas-energy relationships.
The term "bottom-hole pressures" should not be interpreted asindicating the full scope of all research on this problem.
Coring in the Oklahoma City Field
Authors: Brauchli R.W. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The author has made a statistical analysis of the relations between recoveryand length of cores, diameters of cores and of drill pipe, and cost of coringunder different contractual conditions. The data are presented in tabularform.
The length of the core appears to playa minor part in the percentage recovered, with a tendency to lower percentages with increased core length; approximately50 per cent of the length cored is normally recovered if the cores are morethan 2 in. in diameter.
The diameter of the core has a more pronounced influence on the recovery; 13/8-in. cores average 29.1 per cent, 2 1/8-in. core 53.4 per cent and 3 1/8-in.cores with 6 5/8-in. drill pipe 68.5 per cent. Where 37S-in. cores were takenwith smaller diameter drill pipe, i.e., 4Y2-in. drill pipe in 8 1/4-in. hole, the recovery dropped to 49.8 per cent, indicating that the more rigid drillpipe favors good core recovery, a conclusion also borne out by the resultsobtained in using large drill pipe for smaller diameter cores.
Surprisingly good recoveries were obtained from both the Johnson and Simpsonsands; shale, limestone and dolomite each gave less than averagerecoveries.
No serious fishing jobs resulted from coring operations. Attention is called tothe need of a core drill which will make it possible to drill 3 full-sized holewhile coring, and thus reduce the cost of cores.
Data pertaining to core drilling should be consistently recorded, such as, diameter of drill pipe and collar, diameter of core, recovery, size of cutterheads, type of core-barrel, coring time, speeds of rotation and of pumps, weight on core-barrel, etc.
Properties of Hydrocarbon Mixtures as Related to Production Problems
Authors: Lewis W.K. 
Published: June 2014

During the last decade the petroleum refinery engineer has made greatprogress in achieving a better understanding of the physical behavior ofhydrocarbon mixtures, with particular reference to theirpressure-temperature-volume relationships, the mechanism of the evaporation ofliquids, the condensation of vapors, including the changes in composition, andthe heat effects accompanying them. With the new insight into the mechanism ofmovement of oil and gas through the formations in which they occur, achieved bythe production engineer, it is clear that the latter will need to utilize inthe solution of his own problems much of the information outlined above. It isthe purpose of this paper to outline the portions of that information that seemmost certain to prove of importance in production work.
Properties of pure hydrocarbons
While it is true that petroleum always consists of highly complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, none the less understanding of the behavior of the mixture mustbe based upon a knowledge of the properties of the pure components. However, inview of the tremendous number of hydrocarbons existing in petroleum, thedetermination and formulation of the properties of all of them would seem adiscouraging task. The difficulty of the situation is increased by theundoubted facts that the overwhelming majority of chemical individuals inpetroleum have never been isolated as pure compounds, none of their physicalproperties have been determined and even their chemical constitution isunknown. The situation would be hopeless were it not for the fact that certainextraordinary correlations of important properties of various hydrocarbons havebeen discovered which make it possible to predict those properties for a givenchemical individual on the basis of a very limited characterization of it.
Recent Changes in Reservoir Pressure Conditions in the East Texas Field
Authors: Nye G.L. , Reistle C.E. 
Published: June 2014

The East Texas field is in" Smith, Rusk, Gregg, Upshur and Cherokeecounties, Texas. The discovery well was completed Sept. 8, 1930, near theeastern limit of the field. Within less than one year the new field became thedominant factor in the world production of crude oil. On Aug. 16, 1931, elevenmonths after completion of the discovery well, there were 1644 wells in thefield, and the average daily production was 584,475 bbl. Since that time thenumber of wells has increased to 8195 on Oct. 1, 1933, and the field hasproduced 385,979,691 bbl. of oil.
The geology of the East Texas field has been discussed by Lahee, Levorsen, Minor and Hanna and others, and it will not be discussed in detail here. Thefield is a structure of the monocline type on the westward dipping homo clinebetween the Sabine uplift and the East Texas geosyncline. Production isobtained from the Woodbine group, which has been truncated and then sealed bythe Austin chalk, which rests unconformably upon it. The oil-saturated part ofthe sand lies between a sub-sea depth of 3050 ft. on the east side of thefield, where the W oodbine sand stops and the Austin chalk rests directly uponolder formations, and a sub-sea depth of 3320 ft., which was the average depthof the water table in the sand at the time the field was discovered.
The field is about 40 miles long and has an.average width of approximately 47~miles. The area within the proven limits of the field is close to 116,580 acresand the normal Woodbine water underlies nearly 62,000 acres on the western sideof the field at the present time.
The field is unusual in several respects:the tremendous size of thereservoir system and the quantity of oil in place;the large area of theoil and water contact, which makes water movement possible into the oil-bearingpart of the structure;the absence of free gas within the main producingsand of the field.
Electrical Coring; a Method of Determining Bottom-hole Data by Electrical Measurements
Authors: Schlumberger C. , Schlumberger M. , Leonardon E.G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Since the beginning of the year 1928 the senior authors and their associates have applied a series of procedures which makes possible the detailed study in situ of the formations traversed by a drill hole before the casing has been landed. They have given the name "electrical coring" to the ensemble of these processes, which now replace in a large measure the mechanical coring performed by the drillers, and permit the gathering of bottom-hole data hitherto unobtainable.
Three years have elapsed since the technique and interpretation of these measurements emerged from the experimental stage and entered the field of industrial application on a large scale. The total length of drill holes so far surveyed by the authors and their associates, all over the world, amounts to several millions of feet. Practical and strongly built equipment has been evolved, which permits the examination in a short time of an open hole several thousand feet long.
No comprehensive paper has yet been published discussing the essential principles of the processes applied and bringing into evidence their economic interest. This is the object of the present paper.' Numerous examples of field work performed under varied geological conditions are given, constituting a concrete illustration of the services rendered by the new methods.
The study in situ of the formations penetrated by a drill hole is based on the measurement of a given physical factor or parameter associated with these formations. Generally the measurements are made systematically along the whole length of the open hole. The physical factors or parameters which are now utilized by us to this end are:the resistivities of the rocks;their porosity;their electrical anisotropy;their temperature;the resistivity of the muds.
Some Factors Affecting the Viscosity of Rotary Muds
Authors: Burke W.H. 
Published: June 2014

Deeper drilling, resulting in greater circulating distance and pressure, hasdirected attention to the advantages of the study of properties and control ofrotary muds, which until recently have not had much consideration. Onefundamental property of muds is viscosity, and viscosity is influenced by thequantity and character of colloidal material and can be controlled by chemicaltreatment.

Colloidal Matter of Rotary Muds
Two types of colloids are found in muds; thehydrophobic and the hydrophilic. Hydrophobic colloids do not associateintimately with water and are sensitive to small quantities of electrolytes.Hydrophilic colloids associate intimately with water, but are not so sensitiveto electrolytes. The colloidal particles of rotary muds are derived from clay.In clay the particles may range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic; a substance is a clay if the greater proportionof the particles are within the size limits prescribed for clay. The largerparticles are inert and have no effect on the viscosity of normal hydrophobiccolloidal muds.
There are two theories accounting for the colloidalproperties of claywater suspensions:the physical theory, that clay inwater is a coarse colloidal suspension, andAshley's theory, that clay is agranular material with a colloidal gel surrounding the crystalline grains.
Themost important colloidal substances known to exist in clays besides the clayparticles are:colloidal silica,colloidal alumina,colloidal ferric hydroxide,colloidalsilicates, andcolloidal organic matter.
Plasticity, a peculiar property of clay-watersuspensions, is due to the colloidal particles. It is commonly (although notwith strict accuracy) measured in terms of viscosity, and depends upon theamount and the state of flocculation of the colloidal matter present in thesuspension.
Fundamentals of Casing-joint Design and Field Application
Authors: Graham James B. , Smith Earle E. 
Published: June 2014

The value of all minerals produced in the United States for the years 1930 to 1932 averaged $3,460,000,000 annually, according to Bureau of Mines reports.Of this amount, approximately $1,280,000,000 represents nonmetallic substances, such as petroleum, gas, sulfur and salt produced as fluids. Thus, about 37 per cent ofthe country's mineral wealth is procured through wells drilled in the earth, which require casing to keep them open throughout their life.
Deep well drilling has increased greatly in the last few years. Several stringsof casing have been set deeper than 9000 ft.-one, a string of 7 5/8. O.D.casing, 10,301 ft. long, run in a well drilled by the Gulf Production Co. inWest Texas, holds the record up to this time. These are longer strings thanwere contemplated when the American Petroleum Institute Specifications wereadopted 10 years ago, therefore it is necessary to consider whether the presentjoint standards are adequate for such strings, or for even longer strings thatmay be called for in the future. Petroleum engineers are asking: Is there apossibility that stronger joints can be designed without going to stronger andmore costly steels than offered in present specifications? Without sacrificingtoo greatly the tensile properties of the joint, can its design be changed toallow more clearance in the open hole below the next larger string of casing, and thus avoid costly underreaming? What can manufacturersoffer for drilling through heaving shale?

Fundamentals of the Problem
During the last few years considerable study has been given to casing jointsand their limitations, and since attention must be given to this subject bythose who will be required to drill deeper holes, it is timely to review thefundamentals of the problem.
Determination of Surface Tension and Specific Gravity of Crude Oil under Reservoir Conditions
Authors: Jones D.T. 
Published: June 2014

In view of the importance of the application of scientific principles to theproduction of oil from the reservoir, the Production Staff of the Anglo IranianOil Co. (late Anglo-Persian Oil Co.) has been engaged for some years on anintensive program of research on the physical properties of crude oil. Problemsinvolving the retention of crude oil in capillaries and fine fissures demandedfor their solution a knowledge of the surface tension and specific gravity ofthe crude under reservoir conditions, and it is the purpose of this paper todescribe briefly the methods adopted for the determination of these properties, and to present the more important results. A detailed article was published involume 1 of the World Congress Proceedings (1933).
Surface-tension observations on crude oil regassed at high pressures withnatural gases have been made in the past by Beecher and Parkhurst and Swartz, but up to the time of the investigations in Iran no one seems to have carriedout experiments with gas-saturated crude direct from the reservoir and kept atits original pressure. Results obtained in this manner are obviously of greaterpractical value for solving problems connected with the reservoir.

Method of Measurement
No apparatus for the measurements, under the pressure conditions involved, wasavailable, and a suitable instrument had to be designed and constructed in theFields workshops. Careful consideration of the matter led to the adoption of amethod for measuring the surface tension which did not involve a knowledge ofthe specific gravity of the oils under the working conditions: the main reasonfor this being that up to that time no accurate determination of the specificgravity had been made under these conditions.
Investigations on the Recovery of Oil from Sandstones by Gas Drive
Authors: Hassler Gerald L. , Rice Raymond R. , Leeman Erwin H. 
Published: June 2014

In the past few years a great deal of precise information has been obtainedabout the relation of natural gas to oil production. The improvement of ourunderstanding has been of great value, both in prolonging the life of wells andin providing a much needed technical background for the legal problem ofproration. But there are two principal aspects of the problem of production. Itis necessary to consider not only the energy available, in the form ofcompressed and dissolved gas and in the pressure of driving water, but also thetenacity with which the sandstone holds the oil. The amount of oil that eachsand condition will produce under given conditions of gas content should bedetermined. Hitherto the effect of the sand have been judged by a study of theflow of each well coupled with a procedure for extrapolating the productioncurve; but, as is well known to evaluation engineers, such production curvesare subject to changes that are not well understood, and often are affected byoutside disturbances.
On the whole, the concept of "potential production" is vagueprincipally because the influence of the sand in production is not known beyondthe simple ideas of porosity and permeability. The permeability is a quantitythat has only inference value where mixtures of gas and oil or of gas, oil andwater are present.
Excellent studies of the production of oil from reservoir packed withunconsolidated sand are available, but there studies treat largely ofsmall-scale analogies to a producing field, and the conclusions to he derivedfrom them are necessarily of a qualitative character because it is not known inwhat way these miniature oil fields resemble large ones.