bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Fish Passage in China
Authors: Shi Xiaotao , Kynard Boyd , Liu Defu , Qiao Ye , Chen Qiuwen 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
China began to develop fish passage at hydroelectric dams in the 1960s, but few were implemented until the 2000s, when a federal law was passed in 2002 that required fish passage at new hydroelectric dams that block fish migrations. Because of this regulation, in the past 10 years, about 40 fish passage facilities have been or are being built. Even though fish scientists and hydraulic engineers are enthusiastic to develop fish passage, progress is limited mainly because of (1) the lack of an accepted and enforced process to plan, design, and evaluate fish passage; (2) the lack of knowledge on migratory fish life history movement, behavior, and swimming ability; and (3) the failure of fish biologists and engineers to work together as a fish passage team. Future development should focus on the following: educating agency staff, fish biologists, and the public on the importance of river connectivity and migratory fish conservation using fishways; improving regulations; and setting national standards that require scientific evaluation of all fishways. We also suggest consideration of the following: a reward system, basic fish biological research, national fish passage research and development centers, and collaboration by Chinese engineers and biologists with foreign fish passage expertise.
China comenzó a desarrollar pasadizos para peces en presas hidroeléctricas en la década de 1960, pero pocas fueron implementadas hasta la década del 2000, cuando una ley federal se aprobó en 2002 en la que se establece como requisito construir pasadizos para peces en aquellas hidroeléctricas que interrumpieran la migración de estos. En virtud de esta regulación, en los últimos 10 años, cerca de 40 pasadizos se han construido o se están construyendo. A pesar de que ictiólogos e ingenieros hidráulicos son entusiastas de los pasadizos para peces, el progreso está limitado por 1) la falta de un proceso que permita planear, diseñar y evaluar los pasadizos para peces; 2) la falta de conocimiento de la historia de vida de los peces migratorios, movimientos, conducta y habilidad de natación; y 3) la ineficiencia con la que biólogos de peces e ingenieros colaboran como equipo para establecer pasadizos. Los retos a futuro debieran enfocarse en lo siguiente: educar al personal de las agencias de gobierno, ictiólogos y público en general acerca de la importancia de la conectividad en los ríos y la conservación de peces migratorios mediante pasadizos, mejorar las regulaciones existentes y crear estándares nacionales que requieran de la evaluación científica de todos los pasadizos. También se sugiere considerar lo siguiente: un sistema de recompensas, investigación de la biología básica de los peces, establecimientos de centro nacionales y de desarrollo de investigación sobre pasadizos para peces, y la colaboración de ingenieros y biólogos de China con expertos foráneos en pasadizos para peces.
“A Tale of Two Václavs”: Rhetorical History and the Concept of “Return” in Post-Communist Czech Leadership
Authors: Barney Timothy 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
This article examines the ways by which former Czech president Václav Havel and former Czech Prime Minister Václav Klaus approached their rhetorical roles in the postcommunist climate of a splintering Czechoslovakia. The main argument revolves around how Klaus and Havel divergently employed national memory to make historical arguments about the Czech past and how these symbols could be marshaled to navigate the uncertain waters of postsocialism. Ultimately, Klaus employs a rhetorical strategy of “rupture” with the Czech communist past, while Havel attempts a strategy of “repair.” The tensions between such rhetorical strategies evidence the ways in which Czech intellectuals-turned-public officials vied for the position of chief public historian and national storyteller for the Czech nation.
Rhetorical Crossings of 1989: Communist Space, Arguments by Definition, and Discourse of National Identity Twenty-Five Years Later
Authors: Marin Noemi 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe Romanian political scene at the end of 1989 calls for a critical rhetorical perspective to understand how totalitarian politics clash with revolutionary changes and how communist space, so ambitiously crafted to cover an entire country’s public sphere, influences, if at all, a free(d) discourse on national unity. Examining official discourse on the cusp of revolutionary changes in Romania, in December 1989, this study argues that the concept of rhetorical space along with the enthymematic argument by definition of “we the nation” capture rhetoric in action, showing complex discursive crossings that legitimize the relationship between rhetoric and history at such times. Thus, the relationship between rhetorical space and the “we the nation” political argument, when applied to Romanian political discourse of 1989, reveals challenges that continue to feature the unsettledness of postcommunist discourse twenty-five years later.
Fecundity of silver-phase eels (Anguilla anguilla) from different habitat types and geographic locations
Authors: MacNamara Ruairí , McCarthy T. Kieran , Wickström Håkan , Clevestam Patrik D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The reproductive ecology of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is poorly understood, though information on life-history traits such as fecundity is necessary for appropriate management of this critically endangered species. During the growth period of the life cycle, yellow-phase eels can be resident in different habitat types (e.g. salinity ranging from freshwater to marine) over a wide geographic distribution. Consequently, maturing silver-phase eels migrating back to the oceanic spawning grounds can display considerable variation in certain life-history traits depending on their habitat and/or geographic origin. Few fecundity estimates are available from wild A. anguilla, and no investigation of the effects of habitat type (i.e. salinity) or geographic location on variation in fecundity has been undertaken. To assess the former, we examined silver-phase eels which had predominantly been resident in freshwater (Lake Mälaren, Sweden) or brackish (Baltic Sea) habitats. Despite Lake Mälaren eels generally being larger, there was no difference in the fecundity–body size relationship between these salinity zones. Second, we determined if fecundity differed between silver-phase eels sampled from different geographic locations: Lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea outlet in Sweden, the River Shannon in Ireland (northwest Europe) and Vistonis Lake in Greece (eastern Mediterranean). Our results showed that silver-phase eels from Sweden (Lake Mälaren and Baltic Sea outlet) and Greece were significantly more fecund at a given body size than those from Ireland. Spawner models and conservation policies should therefore take account of eel geographic origin in particular when incorporating this life-history parameter.
Testing for ancient selection using cross-population allele frequency differentiation
Authors: Racimo Fernando 
Published: April 2015

1AbstractA powerful way to detect selection in a population is by modeling local allele frequency changes in a particular region of the genome under scenarios of selection and neutrality, and finding which model is most compatible with the data. Chen et al. [2010] developed a composite likelihood method called XPCLR that uses an outgroup population to detect departures from neutrality which could be compatible with hard or soft sweeps, at linked sites near a beneficial allele. However, this method is most sensitive to recent selection and may miss selective events that happened a long time ago. To overcome this, we developed an extension of XP-CLR that jointly models the behavior of a selected allele in a three-population tree. Our method - called 3P-CLR - outperforms XP-CLR when testing for selection that occurred before two populations split from each other, and can distinguish between those events and events that occurred specifically in each of the populations after the split. We applied our new test to population genomic data from the 1000 Genomes Project, to search for selective sweeps that occurred before the split of Yoruba and Eurasians, but after their split from Neanderthals, and that could have led to the spread of modern-human-specific phenotypes. We also searched for sweep events that occurred in East Asians, Europeans and the ancestors of both populations, after their split from Yoruba. In both cases, we are able to confirm a number of regions identified by previous methods, and find several new candidates for selection in recent and ancient times. For some of these, we also find suggestive functional mutations that may have driven the selective events.
Arabidopsis ROOT PHOTOTROPISM2 Contributes to the Adaptation to High-Intensity Light in Phototropic Responses
Authors: Haga Ken , Tsuchida-Mayama Tomoko , Yamada Mizuki , Sakai Tatsuya 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Living organisms adapt to changing light environments via mechanisms that enhance photosensitivity under darkness and attenuate photosensitivity under bright light conditions. In hypocotyl phototropism, phototropin1 (phot1) blue light photoreceptors mediate both the pulse light-induced, first positive phototropism and the continuous light-induced, second positive phototropism, suggesting the existence of a mechanism that alters their photosensitivity. Here, we show that light induction of ROOT PHOTOTROPISM2 (RPT2) underlies photosensory adaptation in hypocotyl phototropism of Arabidopsis thaliana. rpt2 loss-of-function mutants exhibited increased photosensitivity to very low fluence blue light but were insensitive to low fluence blue light. Expression of RPT2 prior to phototropic stimulation in etiolated seedlings reduced photosensitivity during first positive phototropism and accelerated second positive phototropism. Our microscopy and biochemical analyses indicated that blue light irradiation causes dephosphorylation of NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 (NPH3) proteins and mediates their release from the plasma membrane. These phenomena correlate closely with the desensitization of phot1 signaling during the transition period from first positive phototropism to second positive phototropism. RPT2 modulated the phosphorylation of NPH3 and promoted reconstruction of the phot1-NPH3 complex on the plasma membrane. We conclude that photosensitivity is increased in the absence of RPT2 and that this results in the desensitization of phot1. Light-mediated induction of RPT2 then reduces the photosensitivity of phot1, which is required for second positive phototropism under bright light conditions.
The HR manager who proved his worth
Authors: Gopinath Mohan , Abraham Dolphy , Prabhakaran Asha 
Published: April 2015

Subject area
Organizational ethics and related issues.

Study level/applicability
Graduate course on Strategic Human Resource Management and specialization courses in Banking.

Case overview
This case details the account of a human resources (HR) manager of a multinational bank in India who “used” his position to bring on board his cronies to secure his position and utilize the inherent powers in the position to further his own ends. The case elaborates how the Manager HR went about his job soon after taking over and the consequences this had on the Indian operations and the morale of officers. The case requires the students to analyze and suggest ways in which this organization can prevent such occurrences in future.

Expected learning outcomes
The primary learning objective is to help the student understand the significance of organizational ethics values and react to issues arising from dealing with unethical practices. It will also make them aware of what can happen if systems are deliberately flouted and reporting protocol relating to information flows are ignored. Specifically, it will help them to select the right people, who are aware of the culture of the organization and what this culture implies in terms of working ethically. Communicate the working standards expected of its employees, especially newly trained ones. Analyze the challenges an employee can face when he or she tries to do things in the organization which are not ethical. Evaluate the different ways in which errant employees should be handled.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
An empirical investigation of service recovery in e-retailing
Authors: Zhang Min , Dai Xujing , He Zhen 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– E-retailing grows rapidly in recent years. The majority of previous research on e-retailing service recovery has been mainly focussed on the customers’ perspective. The purpose of this paper is to examine service recovery from the operations management perspective of the e-retailing industry in order to investigate the impact of an integrated service recovery system on e-retailers’ capability improvement and market performance.Design/methodology/approach– Empirical data consists of a sample of 256 employees from a leading e-retailer in China. Structural Equation Model was used to verify the relationship between the integrated recovery system and employees’ job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) as well as e-retailers’ capability improvement and market performance.Findings– The empirical results reveal that e-retailers need to pay attention to establishing an integrated recovery system. The system can facilitate employee job satisfaction and OCB, ultimately the e-retailer’s market performance. However, the relationships between job satisfaction and OCB as well as market performance are found to be low in the context of e-retailing in China.Originality/value– This research contributes to the effectiveness of an integrated service recovery system in the context of e-retailing and the important role played by employees during recovery process.
Metagenomic analysis for the microbial consortium of anaerobic CO oxidizers
Authors: Guo Ying , Xu Jingliang , Yuan Zhenhong , Li Xiekun , Zhou Weizheng , Xu Huijuan , Liang Cuiyi , Zhang Yu , Zhuang Xinshu 
Published: April 2015

SummaryMetagenomics analysis has been applied to identify the dominant anaerobic microbial consortium of the carbon monoxide (CO) oxidizers in anaerobic sludge. Reads from the hypervariable V6 region in the bacterial 16s rDNA were aligned and finally clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The OTUs from different stages in anaerobic CO condition were classified. Alphaproteobacteria, clostridia, betaproteobacteria and actinobacteria were the most abundant groups, while alphaproteobacteria, betaproteobacteria and actinobacteria were variable groups. CO consumption and production efficiency of the microbial consortium were studied. Semi‐continuous trials showed that these anaerobic CO oxidizers formed a stable microbial community, and the CO conversion rate was at over 84%, with the highest CO consumption activity of 28.9 mmol CO/g VSS●day and methane production activity at 7.6 mmol CH4/g VSS●day during six cycles.
Anti‐predator behaviour in a procellariid seabird: Wedge‐tailed shearwaters do not respond to the odour of introduced ship rats
Authors: Gérard A. , Jourdan H. , Millon A. , Vidal E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSeabirds are particularly vulnerable to introduced alien mammalian predators, especially invasive rats, which are the main contributors to seabird extinction and endangerment in many places worldwide. However, this appears context‐dependent because, paradoxically, cases of apparent long‐term coexistence between rats and some species of seabird have been reported for centuries, in various locations. Among seabirds, procellariiforms are known to have developed a range of olfactory‐driven behaviours, such as partner recognition and homing. Olfaction could be an effective means of recognizing and thereafter avoiding invasive predators. However, the role of olfaction in predation risk assessment has not yet been examined in any procellariiform. Here, we investigated, through a Y‐maze experiment, whether the wedge‐tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus) avoided the odour of one of the most damaging alien predators on islands, the ship rat (Rattus rattus). The experiment was conducted in different ecological contexts on three neighbouring islets off New Caledonia having different communities of invasive rats. Contrary to our expectations, the wedge‐tailed shearwater either did not detect or did not avoid the odour of the ship rat, despite about 175 years of coexistence between rats and shearwaters in New Caledonia. These findings highlight the need for further investigations (across species, across sites) into the factors underpinning the paradox between high vulnerability and the surprising long‐term coexistence between procellariid seabirds and alien invasive rats.
Maternal folic acid supplementation trends 2009–2013
Authors: McKeating Aoife , Farren Maria , Cawley Shona , Daly Niamh , McCartney Daniel , Turner Michael J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectiveWe analyzed trends in folic acid supplementation among women booking for antenatal care between 2009 and 2013.DesignProspective observational study.SettingLarge university teaching hospital.PopulationWe included all women who delivered an infant ≥500 g from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2013.MethodsBody mass index was calculated using early pregnancy weight and height measured at first antenatal visits. Sociodemographic and clinical data were gathered prospectively. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to determine the correlates of periconceptional folic acid supplementation.Main outcome measuresRates and correlates of folic acid supplementation.ResultsOf 42 362 women, 99.2% (n = 42 042) were suitable for analysis. The mean age was 30.7 years and mean body mass index was 25.6 kg/m2, 40.7% (n = 17 054) were primigravidas and 70.6% (n = 29 741) were Irish‐born. Overall, 43.9% (n = 18 473) took periconceptional (preconceptional and postconceptional) folic acid, 49.4% (n = 20 782) took postconceptional folic acid only, and 6.6% (n = 2787) took no folic acid. The women most likely to take folic acid were those who planned their pregnancy and were >30 years old, non‐obese, Irish‐born and employed professionally. The periconceptional folic acid rate decreased from 45.1% in 2009 to 43.1% in 2013 (p = 0.01). Over five years, periconceptional folic acid supplementation decreased among women who were multiparous (43.8–41.6%, p = 0.02), aged 30–39 years (58.9–55.0%, p < 0.001), Irish‐born (50.1–47.1%, p < 0.001) and obese (38.6–36.9%, p = 0.02).ConclusionOverall, the rate of periconceptional folic acid supplementation decreased in the five years 2009–2013, particularly among women who were multiparous, aged 30–39 years, Irish‐born and obese.
Meta‐Analysis of Theory of Mind and Peer Popularity in the Preschool and Early School Years
Authors: Slaughter Virginia , Imuta Kana , Peterson Candida C. , Henry Julie D. 
Published: April 2015

It has been argued that children who possess an advanced theory of mind (ToM) are viewed positively by their peers, but the empirical findings are mixed. This meta‐analysis of 20 studies including 2,096 children (aged from 2 years, 8 months to 10 years) revealed a significant overall association (r = .19) indicating that children with higher ToM scores were also more popular in their peer group. The effect did not vary with age. The effect was weaker for boys (r = .12) compared to girls (r = .30). ToM was more strongly associated with popularity (r = .23) than with rejection (r = .13). These findings confirm that ToM development has significant implications for children's peer relationships.
Lateral Bone Window Closing Technique with Poly‐L‐Lactic Acid (PLLA) Membrane in the Augmentation of the Maxillary Sinus without Grafting Material: Evaluation of Bone Healing in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Kusumoto Yuki , Tachikawa Noriko , Munakata Motohiro , Miyahara Takayuki , Kasugai Shohei 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundWhen augmenting the maxillary sinus without grafting material, the method used to cover the bony window is a subject of debate.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the poly‐L‐lactic acid (PLLA) membrane as closing material of the lateral window in a maxillary sinus augmentation without bone grafting.Materials and MethodsAugmentation of the maxillary sinus without grafting material and installation of titanium screws that fix the Schneiderian membrane were performed in 18 Japanese male white rabbits. The bony window was covered with a collagen membrane or PLLA membrane or no membrane. The animals were sacrificed at 4 or 8 weeks. New bone volume was calculated radiologically using microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT). The samples were analyzed histologically after toluidine blue staining.ResultsNo significant differences were observed in the new bone volume, as measured by micro‐CT. However, histomorphometric analysis demonstrated the superiority of the PLLA membrane in new bone formation compared with the collagen membrane.ConclusionThe PLLA membrane is a suitable material to be applied for tissue regeneration in this animal model.
Hot executive function following moderate‐to‐late preterm birth: altered delay discounting at 4 years of age
Authors: Hodel Amanda S. , Brumbaugh Jane E. , Morris Alyssa R. , Thomas Kathleen M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractInterest in monitoring long‐term neurodevelopmental outcomes of children born moderate‐to‐late preterm (32–36 weeks gestation) is increasing. Moderate‐to‐late preterm birth has a negative impact on academic achievement, which may relate to differential development of executive function (EF). Prior studies reporting deficits in EF in preterm children have almost exclusively assessed EF in affectively neutral contexts in high‐risk preterm children (< 32 weeks gestation). Disrupted function in motivational or emotionally charged contexts (hot EF) following preterm birth remains uninvestigated, despite evidence that preterm children show differential development of neural circuitry subserving hot EF, including reduced orbitofrontal cortex volume. The present study is the first to examine whether low‐risk, healthy children born moderate‐to‐late preterm exhibit impairments in the development of hot EF. Preterm children at age 4.5 years were less likely to choose larger, delayed rewards across all levels of reward magnitude on a delay discounting task using tangible rewards, but performed more similarly to their full‐term peers on a delay aversion task involving abstract rewards and on measures of cool EF. The relationship between gestational age at birth and selection of delayed rewards extended across the entire gestational age range of the sample (32–42 weeks), and remained significant after controlling for intelligence and processing speed. Results imply that there is not a finite cut‐off point at which children are spared from potential long‐term neurodevelopmental effects of PT birth. Further investigation of reward processing and hot EF in individuals with a history of PT birth is warranted given the susceptibility of prefrontal cortex development to early environmental variations.