bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Aging and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on Cognitive Abilities
Authors: Ciccarelli Nicoletta , Fabbiani Massimiliano , Baldonero Eleonora , Fanti Iuri , Cauda Roberto , Giambenedetto Simona Di , Silveri Maria Caterina 
Published: October 2012

ObjectivesTo explore the combined effects of aging and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on cognitive decay.DesignCross‐sectional, single‐cohort study.SettingInstitute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.ParticipantsOne hundred fifty‐three asymptomatic HIV‐positive (HIV+) outpatients (20% aged ≥ 60) and an age‐ and education‐matched control population of 39 HIV‐negative individuals.MeasurementsA neuropsychological investigation was conducted to compare four groups of participants classified on the basis of HIV serostatus and age (<60 vs ≥60). The effects of age and HIV infection on neuropsychological performance were analyzed using a two‐by‐two factorial analysis of variance. Demographic and clinical variables associated with neuropsychological performance were identified using linear regression analysis in the HIV+ population.ResultsHIV infection and aging had significant negative effects on cognitive performance, but no significant interaction was observed between these two factors. Although older HIV+ participants had worse cognitive performance, they showed no distinct cognitive pattern from younger HIV+ participants. Moreover, younger HIV+ participants' performance on memory tasks was qualitatively and quantitatively comparable with that of older HIV− participants, despite the dramatic age difference.ConclusionAging and HIV might be additive factors in the expression of cognitive decline. As the HIV+ population ages, routine neuropsychological examinations could help clinicians better understand and manage the expression of cognitive impairment.
Managing the Exploitation/Exploration Paradox: The Role of a Learning Capability and Innovation Ambidexterity
Authors: Lin Hsing‐Er , McDonough Edward F. , Lin Shu‐Jou , Lin Carol Yeh‐Yun 
Published: October 2012

Some researchers have proposed that practices facilitating learning and knowledge transfer are particularly important to innovation. Some of the practices that researchers have studied include how organizations collaborate with other organizations, how organizations promote learning, and how an organization's culture facilitates knowledge transfer and learning. And while some have proposed the importance of combining practices, there has been a distinct lack of empirical studies that have explored how these practices work together to facilitate learning and knowledge transfer that leads to the simultaneous achievement of incremental and radical innovation, what we refer to as innovation ambidexterity (IA). Yet, a firm's ability to combine these practices into a learning capability is an important means of enabling them to foster innovation ambidexterity.In this study, learning capability is defined as the combination of practices that promote intraorganizational learning among employees, partnerships with other organizations that enable the spread of learning, and an open culture within the organization that promotes and maintains sharing of knowledge. This paper examines the impact of this learning capability on innovation ambidexterity and innovation ambidexterity's effect on business performance. The resource‐based view (RBV) of the firm is used to develop a conceptual foundation for combining these practices. This study empirically examines whether these practices constitute a learning capability by analyzing primary data gathered from 214 Taiwanese owned strategic business unit (SBUs) drawn from several industries where innovation is important.The results of this study make four important contributions. First, they demonstrate that the combination of these practices has a greater impact on innovation ambidexterity than any one practice individually or when only two practices are combined. Second, the results demonstrate a relationship between innovation ambidexterity and business performance in the form of revenues, profits, and productivity growth relative to competitors. Third, the results suggest that innovation ambidexterity plays a mediating role between learning capability and business performance. That is, learning capability has an indirect impact on business performance by facilitating innovation ambidexterity that in turn fosters business performance. This study also contributes to our understanding of ambidexterity literature in a non‐Western context, i.e., Taiwan.
The Australian First‐time Grandparents Study: Time spent with the grandchild and its predictors
Authors: Condon John , Corkindale Carolyn , Luszcz Mary , Gamble Elizabeth 
Published: October 2012

Aim:  This paper presents data on the amount of contact a large cohort of first‐time Australian grandparents have with their grandchild, and the amount of child care they provide. It compares these with grandparents' expectations and desired levels.Method:  Prospective grandparents were assessed on multiple measures before the birth of their grandchild, and at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months thereafter.Results:  At the 12‐month assessment, grandmothers had approximately 15 hours per week contact, and provided approximately 7.5 hours per week of child care. The corresponding figures for grandfathers were 9.5 hours and 5 hours respectively. Approximately 10% of grandparents reported no contact with their grandchild, and 30–40% reported undertaking no child care. Almost half the grandparents desired more contact than they were actually getting.Conclusion:  Accurate quantification of contact and care is a prerequisite for investigation of the impact of the transition to grandparenthood on health and well‐being.
Preparation and Characterization of CIGSe Solar Cells by Ink Printing on Alumina Substrates with Self‐Synthesized Selenide Powders via an Environment‐Friendly and Cost‐Effective Dry Synthesis Route
Authors: Kuo Dong‐Hau , Jhang Cian‐Wei 
Published: October 2012

CIGSe solar cells with an ink‐printing absorber layer were prepared on Mo‐coated alumina substrates. The use of alumina substrates can extend the process window to higher temperatures. The inks contained single‐phase CIGSe powder, which was formed by firing different selenide powders of Cu2Se, In2Se3, and Ga2Se3 at 800°C. All these powders were synthesized with an environment‐friendly and cost‐effective powder process. The printed inks were sintered at 600–800°C. The solar cells had power conversion efficiency of 0.50%, an open‐circuit voltage of 27 mV, a short‐circuit current density of 37 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of 0.50.
Multi‐Modal Imaging Technologies in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment
Authors: Casciani Emanuele , De Vincentiis Chiara , Colaiacomo Maria Chiara , Gualdi Gian Franco 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAtherosclerotic plaques can be responsible for life‐threatening cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Some features of the plaque, such as a thin fibrous cap, large necrotic core, macrophage infiltration, neovascularization, and intraplaque hemorrhage, are associated with a major risk of such events and so their assessment is fundamental. Novel imaging techniques, each one with its own strength and drawbacks, can help in the evaluation and quantification of atherosclerosis. An analysis of the recent literature was carried out. The different techniques were compared by evaluating the accuracy of each one in the detection and assessment of the atherosclerotic plaque's features named above.
Recruiting Rural Participants for a Telehealth Intervention on Diabetes Self‐Management
Authors: Miyamoto Sheridan , Henderson Stuart , Young Heather , Ward Deborah , Santillan Vanessa 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPurpose: Recruiting rural and underserved participants in behavioral health interventions is challenging. Community‐based recruitment approaches are effective, but they are not always feasible in multisite, diverse community interventions. This study evaluates the feasibility of a rapid, multisite approach that uses rural clinic site coordinators to recruit study participants. The approach allows for rural recruitment in areas where researchers may not have developed long‐term collaborative relationships.Methods: Adults with diabetes were recruited from rural Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) clinics. Recruitment feasibility was assessed by analyzing field notes by the project manager and health coaches, and 8 in‐depth, semistructured interviews with clinic site coordinators and champions, followed by thematic analysis of field notes and interviews.Findings: Forty‐seven rural sites were contacted to obtain the 6 sites that participated in the study. On average, sites took 14 days to commit to study participation. One hundred and twenty‐one participants were acquired from letters mailed to eligible participants and, in some sites, by follow‐up phone calls from site coordinators. Facilitators and deterrents affecting study recruitment fell into 4 broad categories—study design, site, site coordinator, and participant factors.Conclusion: The rapid multisite approach led to quick and efficient recruitment of clinic sites and participants. Recruitment success was achieved in some, but not all, rural sites. The study highlights the opportunities and challenges of recruiting rural clinics and rural, underserved participants in multisite research. Suggestions are provided for improving recruitment for future interventions.
Montana Primary Care Providers’ Access to and Satisfaction With Pediatric Specialists When Caring for Children With Special Health Care Needs
Authors: Hardy Rose , Vivier Patrick , Rivara Frederick , Melzer Sandford 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPurpose: Primary care providers (PCPs) of children with special health care needs (CSHCN) in rural areas face challenges in accessing specialty care to support a patient‐centered medical home. This study assessed the practice characteristics and attitudes regarding pediatric specialty care among Montana PCPs of CSHCN.Methods: We surveyed 433 Montana PCPs identified through a statewide registry. Demographic and practice information was collected, including the proportion of time spent on CSHCN care coordination. A 5‐point Likert scale was used to calculate mean need scores for each pediatric specialty, access to these specialties, and barriers to care. Results were analyzed separately for pediatricians and family physicians, as well as rural and urban providers, using λ2, t tests, and Mann‐Whitney tests.Results: Of the PCPs surveyed, 386 had a valid address and were currently practicing in Montana, 112 (29%) responded, and 91 provided care to CSHCN (averaged 29% of time spent in CSHCN care coordination). Child psychiatry (4.1) and developmental/behavioral pediatrics (3.7) were identified as the most needed specialties, yet they scored lowest in access to care (2.2 and 2.6, respectively). The most important rated specialist characteristics were quality (4.1), availability (3.5), and communication skills (2.8). Among the top barriers to care, lack of appropriate specialists was identified by 82% of PCPs.Conclusions: Specialty care delivery for CSHCN in rural areas such as Montana should focus on matching availability with the identified need for specialty services, and ensuring that systems of communication between PCPs and specialists support the care coordination function of PCPs.
Transcending the deregulation debate? Regulation, risk, and the enforcement of health and safety law in theUK
Authors: Tombs Steve , Whyte David 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis paper considers the context for the development of the concept of responsive regulation, namely the transcending of the deregulation debate. It argues that claims regarding responsive regulation when allied to risk‐based rationales for enforcement can, in fact, allow a “deregulatory” momentum to develop. This argument is grounded with reference to a case study of the regulation of workplace health and safety in theUK, with a particular focus upon the period 2000–2010. The paper casts doubt on the relevance and robustness of the concept of responsive regulation. In a context that might have been fertile ground for developing genuinely responsive regulatory policy, empirically we find the development of policies that are better described as “regulatory degradation.” Thus we argue in this paper that, whatever the intentions of its proponents, there is a logical affinity between responsive regulation, and effective de‐regulation, and that it is this affinity that has provided a convenient political rationale for the emergence of a neo‐liberal regulatory settlement in theUK.
Resolving the Routine Presence of Kyanite, Andalusite and Sillimanite across a Region using Foliation Intersection/Inflection Axes Preserved in Porphyroblasts, Petrographic Observations and Thermobarometry
Authors: ALI Asghar 
Published: October 2012

AbstractConstraints from P‐T pseudosections (MnNCKFMASH system), foliation intersection/inflection axes preserved in porphyroblasts (FIAs), mineral assemblages and textural relationships for rocks containing all three Al2SiO5 polymorphs indicate a kyanite→ andalusite→ sillimanite sequential formation at different times rather than stable coexistence at the Al2SiO5 triple point. All three Al2SiO5 polymorphs grew in the Chl, Bt, Ms, Grt, St, Pl and Crd bearing Ordovician Clayhole Schist in Balcooma, northeastern Australia separately along a looped P‐T‐t‐D path that swaps from clockwise to anticlockwise in the tectono‐metamorphic history of the region. Kyanite grew during crustal thickening in an Early Silurian Orogenic event followed by decompression/heating, andalusite and fibrolitic sillimanite growth during Early Devonian exhumation.
Opportunities and challenges: over-the-counter codeine supply from the codeine consumer’s perspective†
Authors: Nielsen Suzanne , Cameron Jacqui , Pahoki Sanja 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to gain a better understanding on perspectives of over-the-counter (OTC) codeine users and issues relating to codeine dependence in the community pharmacy setting. Examining OTC codeine users' experiences aimed to promote better understanding of OTC codeine dependence, and inform pharmacy practices.

Methods
Utilising a qualitative research methodology we conducted interviews with 20 participants who were OTC codeine users and met DSM IV criteria for codeine dependence.

Key findings
Key themes identified included experience of participants acquiring OTC codeine and participants' interactions with pharmacists. The OTC codeine-dependent participants found it generally easy to access OTC codeine, describing ‘standard’ questioning, minimal intervention from pharmacists and only occasional refusal to supply. A better appearance and presentation was generally linked to easy codeine supply.

Conclusions
The experiences of participants suggest a number of barriers exist to effective intervention for OTC codeine dependence in the community pharmacy setting. Identification of these barriers will provide an opportunity to more effectively target interventions to reduce harm related to OTC codeine products. Increased involvement of pharmacists in OTC codeine sales was associated with help-seeking by codeine users.
Facial emotion expression recognition by children at familial risk for depression: high‐risk boys are oversensitive to sadness
Authors: Lopez‐Duran Nestor L. , Kuhlman Kate R. , George Charles , Kovacs Maria 
Published: October 2012

Background:  Offspring of depressed parents are at greatly increased risk for mood disorders. Among potential mechanisms of risk, recent studies have focused on information processing anomalies, such as attention and memory biases, in the offspring of depressed parents. In this study we examined another information processing domain, perceptual sensitivity to emotion cues in facial expressions, as a potential mechanism of risk that characterizes the offspring of depressed parents.Methods:  The study included 64 children at familial‐risk for depression and 40 low‐risk peers between the ages 7 and 13(Mage = 9.51; SD = 2.27). Participants were presented with pictures of facial expressions that varied in emotional intensity from neutral to full‐intensity sadness or anger (i.e., emotion recognition), or pictures of faces morphing from anger to sadness (emotion discrimination). After each picture was presented, children indicated whether the face showed a specific emotion (i.e., sadness, anger) or no emotion at all (neutral) using a forced choice paradigm. We examined group differences in the intensity of emotion that suggested greater sensitivity to specific emotions.Results:  In the emotion recognition task, boys (but not girls) at familial‐risk for depression identified sadness at significantly lower levels of emotional intensity than did their low‐risk peers. The high and low‐risk groups did not differ with regard to identification of anger. In the emotion discrimination task, both groups displayed over‐identification of sadness in ambiguous mixed faces but high‐risk youth were less likely to show this labeling bias than their peers.Conclusion:  Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that enhanced perceptual sensitivity to subtle traces of sadness in facial expressions may be a potential mechanism of risk among boys at familial‐risk for depression. This enhanced perceptual sensitivity does not appear to be due to biases in the labeling of ambiguous faces.
From nature to the laboratory: the impact of founder effects on adaptation
Authors: Santos J. , Pascual M. , Simões P. , Fragata I. , Lima M. , Kellen B. , Santos M. , Marques A. , Rose M. R. , Matos M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMost founding events entail a reduction in population size, which in turn leads to genetic drift effects that can deplete alleles. Besides reducing neutral genetic variability, founder effects can in principle shift additive genetic variance for phenotypes that underlie fitness. This could then lead to different rates of adaptation among populations that have undergone a population size bottleneck as well as an environmental change, even when these populations have a common evolutionary history. Thus, theory suggests that there should be an association between observable genetic variability for both neutral markers and phenotypes related to fitness. Here, we test this scenario by monitoring the early evolutionary dynamics of six laboratory foundations derived from founders taken from the same source natural population of Drosophila subobscura. Each foundation was in turn three‐fold replicated. During their first few generations, these six foundations showed an abrupt increase in their genetic differentiation, within and between foundations. The eighteen populations that were monitored also differed in their patterns of phenotypic adaptation according to their immediately ancestral founding sample. Differences in early genetic variability and in effective population size were found to predict differences in the rate of adaptation during the first 21 generations of laboratory evolution. We show that evolution in a novel environment is strongly contingent not only on the initial composition of a newly founded population but also on the stochastic changes that occur during the first generations of colonization. Such effects make laboratory populations poor guides to the evolutionary genetic properties of their ancestral wild populations.
Elevated expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor facilitates visual imprinting in chicks
Authors: Suzuki Keiko , Maekawa Fumihiko , Suzuki Shingo , Nakamori Tomoharu , Sugiyama Hayato , Kanamatsu Tomoyuki , Tanaka Kohichi , Ohki‐Hamazaki Hiroko 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWith the aim of elucidating the neural mechanisms of early learning, we studied the role of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in visual imprinting in birds. The telencephalic neural circuit connecting the visual Wulst and intermediate medial mesopallium is critical for imprinting, and the core region of the hyperpallium densocellulare (HDCo), situated at the center of this circuit, has a key role in regulating the activity of the circuit. We found that the number of BDNF mRNA‐positive cells in the HDCo was elevated during the critical period, particularly at its onset, on the day of hatching (P0). After imprinting training on P1, BDNF mRNA‐positive cells in the HDCo increased in number, and tyrosine phosphorylation of TrkB was observed. BDNF infusion into the HDCo at P1 induced imprinting, even with a weak training protocol that does not normally induce imprinting. In contrast, K252a, an antagonist of Trk, inhibited imprinting. Injection of BDNF at P7, after the critical period, did not elicit imprinting. These results suggest that BDNF promotes the induction of imprinting through TrkB exclusively during the critical period.
Sleep/wake dependent changes in cortical glucose concentrations
Authors: Dash Michael B , Bellesi Michele , Tononi Giulio , Cirelli Chiara 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMost of the energy in the brain comes from glucose and supports glutamatergic activity. The firing rate of cortical glutamatergic neurons, as well as cortical extracellular glutamate levels, increase with time spent awake and decline throughout non rapid eye movement sleep, raising the question whether glucose levels reflect behavioral state and sleep/wake history. Here chronic (2–3 days) electroencephalographic recordings in the rat cerebral cortex were coupled with fixed‐potential amperometry to monitor the extracellular concentration of glucose ([gluc]) on a second‐by‐second basis across the spontaneous sleep‐wake cycle and in response to 3 h of sleep deprivation. [Gluc] progressively increased during non rapid eye movement sleep and declined during rapid eye movement sleep, while during wake an early decline in [gluc] was followed by an increase 8–15 min after awakening. There was a significant time of day effect during the dark phase, when rats are mostly awake, with [gluc] being significantly lower during the last 3–4 h of the night relative to the first 3–4 h. Moreover, the duration of the early phase of [gluc] decline during wake was longer after prolonged wake than after consolidated sleep. Thus, the sleep/wake history may affect the levels of glucose available to the brain upon awakening.