bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing an evolutionary framework for understanding genetic relationships of phenotypically defined insect biotypes in the invasive soybean aphid (Aphis glycines)
Authors: Wenger Jacob A. , Michel Andy P. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAdaptive evolution of pest insects in response to the introduction of resistant cultivars is well documented and commonly results in virulent (i.e., capable of feeding upon resistant cultivars) insect populations being labeled as distinct biotypes. Phenotypically defined, biotypes frequently remain evolutionarily indistinct, resulting in ineffective application of virulence control measures and shorter durability of resistant cultivars. Here, we utilize an evolutionary framework to discern the genetic relationship between biotypes of the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines, Matsumura). The soybean aphid is invasive in North America and is among the most destructive pests of commercial soybean on the continent. Attempts to breed host‐plant‐resistant soybean have been hampered by the emergence of virulent aphid biotypes that are unaffected by the plant's resistance mechanism(s). Comparative population genetic analysis of virulent and avirulent (i.e., unable to feed on resistant cultivars) biotypes found populations to be genetically indistinguishable across biotype and geographic distance, with high rates of interpopulation immigration and admixture. The lack of genetic distinction between biotypes coupled with elevated genotypic diversity within all populations suggested virulence has a nongenetic‐based or includes a gene complex that is widely distributed throughout soybean aphid populations, which undergo regular dispersal and unimpeded sexual recombination.
Plant growth and survival of five introduced and two native/naturalized perennial grass genotypes exposed to two defoliation managements in arid Argentina
Authors: Torres Y. A. , Busso C. A. , Montenegro O. A. , Ithurrart L. , Giorgetti H. D. , Rodríguez G. D. , Bentivegna D. , Brevedan R. E. , Fernández O. A. , Mujica M. M. , Baioni S. S. , Entío L. , Fioretti M. , Tucat G. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe field performance of the native Pappophorum vaginatum, the naturalized Eragrostis curvula and various cultivars of the introduced Achnatherum hymenoides and Leymus cinereus was evaluated as potential forage resources in rangelands of arid Argentina during the warm seasons of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. Plants of these grass species, obtained from seeds, were transplanted to the field in 2006, when they were 1 year old. During the study years, there were two defoliation managements: plants of all study genotypes either remained undefoliated (controls) or were defoliated twice a year during spring at 5 cm stubble height. Despite tiller number being lower (P < 0·05) on defoliated than on undefoliated plants, and total leaf length per unit basal area being similar (P > 0·05) between defoliation managements by mid‐spring, there were no differences (P > 0·05) in dry weight production between defoliated and undefoliated plants in all genotypes at the end of the second growing season. Plants of one or more of the introduced genotypes showed a similar (P > 0·05) or greater (P < 0·05), but not lower, tiller number per plant and per square centimetre, daughter tiller production, total leaf length and dry weight production per unit basal area than the native species at the end of the first and/or second growing seasons. These morphological variables were similar (P > 0·05) or greater (P < 0·05) in the native than in the naturalized genotype. Plant survival, however, was lower (P < 0·05, overall mean = 20%) in the introduced than in the native (>70%) or naturalized (>39%) genotypes at the end of the first or second growing seasons.
Fear of intimacy with helping professionals and its impact on elderly Chinese
Authors: Lau Ying , Chow Aloysius , Chan Sally , Wang Wenru 
Published: July 2013

AimThe present study aimed to investigate the attitudes of Chinese older adults toward seeking help from healthcare professionals, and its impact on their self‐care ability and medication adherence.MethodsA cross‐sectional study using a questionnaire survey was carried out. A convenience sample of 301 older adults was recruited from six health centers in Macao, People's Republic of China. The Chinese versions of Fear of Intimacy with Helping Professionals (C‐FIHP), Exercise of Self‐care Agency (C‐ESCA) and Morisky 4‐Item Self‐Report Measure of Medication‐Taking Behavior (C‐MMAS) were used to measure the study variables.ResultsChinese older adults who were married and had comorbidity with arthritis showed significantly negative attitudes toward seeking help form healthcare professional than those who were not married (P < 0.05) and did not have arthritis (P < 0.01). There are significant negative correlations between C‐FIHP with C‐ESCA (P < 0.01) and C‐MMAS‐4 (P < 0.01). Regression analysis identified three predicative factors of fear of intimacy with helping professionals: marital status, comorbidity with arthritis and self‐care agency, which accounted for 23.9% of variance.ConclusionsThe present study suggests that Chinese older adults' fear of intimacy with helping professionals impacts their perceived self‐care ability and medication adherence. The three predictive factors identified in the present study might provide useful pointers for healthcare professionals to customize an effective approach to encourage and engage older adults. This might improve the self‐care ability and medication adherence of older adults, which will result in a better quality of life and psychosocial well‐being. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 474–480.
Effects of azithromycin on intracellular cytokine responses and mucocutaneous manifestations in Behçet's disease
Authors: Mumcu Gonca , İnanç Nevsun , Özdemir Filiz T. , Tulunay Aysın , Ekşioğlu‐Demiralp Emel , Ergun Tülin , Direskeneli Haner 
Published: July 2013

SummaryObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of azithromycin on mucocutaneous manifestations and ex vivo intracellular cytokine responses in patients with Behçet's disease (BD).MethodsTen BD patients with active manifestations and nine healthy controls (HCs) were included in the study. Patients were treated with azithromycin (1500 mg/week) for four weeks. Clinical and immunological responses were evaluated in the pre‐ and post‐azithromycin treatment periods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients and controls were stimulated by Streptococcus sanguinis, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and heat shock protein‐60 (HSP‐60) for three hours. Ex vivo intracellular interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) levels were measured.ResultsFollicular lesions and genital ulcers completely healed, and the number of oral ulcers decreased after treatment (P = 0.000). The stimulated intracellular IFN‐γ response to S. sanguinis was higher in BD patients (5.75%) than in HCs (3.9%) before treatment (P = 0.05). Likewise, the pretreatment IFN‐γ response was significantly higher than the post‐treatment response (1.95%). In BD patients, pretreatment stimulated intracellular IFN‐γ responses to LTA (5.8%) were also higher than post‐treatment responses (3.15%), but the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.07).ConclusionsAzithromycin treatment decreased the mucocutaneous manifestations in BD patients and suppressed the intracellular IFN‐γ responses of PBMCs to S. sanguinis ex vivo, which suggests this treatment has an immunomodulatory effect.
Noise coefficients of backscattered electron detectors for low voltage scanning electron microscopy
Authors: HEJNA J. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryNoise coefficients of backscattered electron (BSE) detectors for low voltage scanning electron microscopy were studied theoretically and experimentally. The conversion method of BSE detection, the scintillation detector with an acceleration of BSE and detectors with electron multipliers were considered. Formulae for noise coefficients were derived and noise coefficients of detectors were computed for different values of gains of detectors’ components. Theoretical predictions of noise coefficients were compared with experimental results.
Atrial fibrillation prevalence revisited
Authors: Friberg L. , Bergfeldt L. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe estimate of 0.4–1.0% prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the most recent American guidelines is based mainly on studies including patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (AF), although recent evidence shows that the stroke risk is similar with paroxysmal and persistent AF. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of AF in Sweden, irrespective of type and to what extent patients with AF receive adequate stroke prophylaxis.MethodRetrospective study of patients with a clinical diagnosis of atrial fibrillation between 2005 and 2010 in the national Swedish Patient Register matched with data from the National Prescribed Drugs Register.ResultsWe identified 307 476 individuals with a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation. Of these, 209 141 were still alive on the last day of the inclusion period, signifying a prevalence of clinically diagnosed AF in Sweden of 2.9% of the total adult (≥20 years) population. Only 42% of them had purchased an oral anticoagulant within 6 months of the first presentation with AF during the study period. Those at the highest risk of stroke were those least likely to receive anticoagulant treatment. Undertreatment was common amongst women and individuals >80 years, whilst overtreatment was common amongst young men without risk factors.ConclusionThe prevalence of atrial fibrillation is at least 2.9% of the Swedish adult population, not counting ‘silent atrial fibrillation’. The official US figures probably underestimate the magnitude of the problem by a factor of 3–5. More than 80% had risk factors motivating anticoagulation therapy.
Patterns of Physical Activity Outside of School Time Among Japanese Junior High School Students
Authors: He Li , Ishii Kaori , Shibata Ai , Adachi Minoru , Nonoue Keiko , Oka Koichiro 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDPhysical activity is beneficial for adolescent health. The physical activity patterns of Japanese adolescents are relatively unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the current patterns of physical activity and to identify sex and grade differences among them.METHODSThe participants comprised 714 Japanese adolescents aged 12 to 15 years old (boys N = 372, girls N = 342) from a public junior high school in Okayama, Japan. Physical activity at school, outside of school after hours, and during lunch recess as well as the total leisure time in a usual week was assessed with a 5‐item questionnaire. To assess the differences in the physical activity patterns by sex and grade, independent t tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted, respectively.RESULTSBoys spent significantly more time in physical activity both inside and outside of school settings than girls (p < .05). Higher grade students were significantly less active than lower grade students (p < .05). Furthermore, the physical activity patterns across the grades differed between settings (at school, outside of school during the after‐school period, lunchtime recess, and at home).CONCLUSIONTo increase physical activity levels among Japanese adolescents, implementation of after‐school programs or environmental modifications developed within the school setting could be effective strategies.
Data Collection Procedures for School‐Based Surveys Among Adolescents: The Youth in Europe Study
Authors: Kristjansson Alfgeir Logi , Sigfusson Jon , Sigfusdottir Inga Dora , Allegrante John P. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDCollection of valid and reliable surveillance data as a basis for school health promotion and education policy and practice for children and adolescence is of great importance. However, numerous methodological and practical problems arise in the planning and collection of such survey data that need to be resolved in order to ensure the validity of the data and to maximize the response rate without being prohibitively costly.METHODThis article builds on a 15‐yearlong experience of such annual data collections in Iceland and describes the preparation, process, and collection of data that provide a common methodologic framework for the school‐based survey, Youth in Europe, a population‐based survey of 14‐ to 16‐year‐old adolescents, being collected across 18 European cities now participating in the European Cities Against Drugs (ECAD) program.RESULTSWe identified 11 critical steps for developing and implementing the surveys in light of the recent literature on the preparation and implementation practices in school‐based data collection among adolescents.CONCLUSIONLimiting the disruption of daily operations in schools while at the same time ensuring both quality and clarity of data collection procedures in school‐based surveys are of paramount importance for researchers, school personnel, and students.
An inexpensive and worldwide available digital image analysis technique for histological fibrosis quantification in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Campos C. F. F. , Paiva D. D. , Perazzo H. , Moreira P. S. , Areco L. F. F. , Terra C. , Perez R. , Figueiredo F. A. F. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryHepatic fibrosis staging is based on semiquantitative scores. Digital imaging analysis (DIA) appears more accurate because fibrosis is quantified in a continuous scale. However, high cost, lack of standardization and worldwide unavailability restrict its use in clinical practice. We developed an inexpensive and widely available DIA technique for fibrosis quantification in hepatitis C, and here, we evaluate its reproducibility and correlation with semiquantitative scores, and determine the fibrosis percentage associated with septal fibrosis and cirrhosis. 282 needle biopsies staged by Ishak and METAVIR scores were included. Images of trichrome‐stained sections were captured and processed using Adobe® Photoshop® CS3 and Adobe® Bridge® softwares. The percentage of fibrosis (fibrosis index) was determined by the ratio between the fibrosis area and the total sample area, expressed in pixels calculated in an automated way. An excellent correlation between DIA fibrosis index and Ishak and METAVIR scores was observed (Spearman's r = 0.95 and 0.92; P < 0.001, respectively). Excellent intra‐observer reproducibility was observed in a randomly chosen subset of 39 biopsies with an intraclass correlation index of 0.99 (95% CI, 0.95–0.99). The best cut‐offs associated with septal fibrosis and cirrhosis were 6% (AUROC 0.97, 95% CI, 0.95–0.99) and 27% (AUROC 1.0, 95% CI, 0.99–1), respectively. This new DIA technique had high correlation with semiquantitative scores in hepatitis C. This method is reproducible, inexpensive and available worldwide allowing its use in clinical practice. The incorporation of DIA technique provides a more complete evaluation of fibrosis adding the quantification to architectural patterns.
A functional glycogen biosynthesis pathway in Lactobacillus acidophilus: expression and analysis of the glg operon
Authors: Goh Yong Jun , Klaenhammer Todd R. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryGlycogen metabolism contributes to energy storage and various physiological functions in some prokaryotes, including colonization persistence. A role for glycogen metabolism is proposed on the survival and fitness of Lactobacillus acidophilus, a probiotic microbe, in the human gastrointestinal environment. L. acidophilus NCFM possesses a glycogen metabolism (glg) operon consisting of glgBCDAP‐amy‐pgm genes. Expression of the glg operon and glycogen accumulation were carbon source‐ and growth phase‐dependent, and were repressed by glucose. The highest intracellular glycogen content was observed in early log‐phase cells grown on trehalose, which was followed by a drastic decrease of glycogen content prior to entering stationary phase. In raffinose‐grown cells, however, glycogen accumulation gradually declined following early log phase and was maintained at stable levels throughout stationary phase. Raffinose also induced an overall higher temporal glg expression throughout growth compared with trehalose. Isogenic ΔglgA (glycogen synthase) and ΔglgB (glycogen‐branching enzyme) mutants are glycogen‐deficient and exhibited growth defects on raffinose. The latter observation suggests a reciprocal relationship between glycogen synthesis and raffinose metabolism. Deletion of glgB or glgP (glycogen phosphorylase) resulted in defective growth and increased bile sensitivity. The data indicate that glycogen metabolism is involved in growth maintenance, bile tolerance and complex carbohydrate utilization in L. acidophilus.
Integrative invasion science: model systems, multi‐site studies, focused meta‐analysis and invasion syndromes
Authors: Kueffer Christoph , Pyšek Petr , Richardson David M. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryInvasion science is a very active subdiscipline of ecology. However, some scientists contend that theoretical integration has been limited and that predictive power remains weak. This paper, focusing on plants, proposes a new multi‐pronged research strategy that builds on recent advances in invasion science. More intensive studies on particular model organisms and ecosystems are needed to improve our understanding of the full suite of interacting factors that influence invasions (‘model system research’). At the same time, comparative studies across many study systems are essential for unravelling the context‐dependencies of insights that emerge from particular studies (‘multi‐site studies’); and quantitative synthesis based on large datasets should be constrained to well‐defined theoretical domains (‘focused meta‐analysis’). We also suggest ways for better integration of information about species biology and ecosystem characteristics (‘invasion syndromes’). We expect that a resulting theory of invasions will need to be conceived as a somewhat heterogeneous conglomerate of elements of varying generality and predictive power: laws that apply to well‐specified domains, general concepts and theoretical frameworks that can guide thinking in research and management, and in‐depth knowledge about the drivers of particular invasions.ContentsSummary615I.Introduction615II.A framework for an integrative invasion science616III.Model systems: accounting for the complexity of invasions618IV.Multi‐site studies: evaluating context‐dependencies622V.Focused meta‐analysis: improving prediction through fine‐tuning synthesis625VI.Invasion syndromes: advancing theoretical integration627VII.Conclusions628Acknowledgements628References628
Recurrent BRAF kinase fusions in melanocytic tumors offer an opportunity for targeted therapy
Authors: Botton Thomas , Yeh Iwei , Nelson Tyrrell , Vemula Swapna S. , Sparatta Alyssa , Garrido Maria C. , Allegra Maryline , Rocchi Stephane , Bahadoran Philippe , McCalmont Timothy H. , LeBoit Philip E. , Burton Elizabeth A. , Bollag Gideon , Ballotti Robert , Bastian Boris C. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryBRAF is the most prevalent oncogene and an important therapeutic target in melanoma. In some cancers, BRAF is activated by rearrangements that fuse its kinase domain to 5′ partner genes. We examined 848 comparative genomic hybridization profiles of melanocytic tumors and found copy number transitions within BRAF in 10 tumors, of which six could be further characterized by sequencing. In all, the BRAF kinase domain was fused in‐frame to six N‐terminal partners. No other mutations were identified in melanoma oncogenes. One of the seven melanoma cell lines without known oncogenic mutations harbored a similar BRAF fusion, which constitutively activated the MAP kinase pathway. Sorafenib, but not vemurafenib, could block MAP kinase pathway activation and proliferation of the cell line at clinically relevant concentrations, whereas BRAFV600E mutant melanoma cell lines were significantly more sensitive to vemurafenib. The patient from whom the cell line was derived showed a durable clinical response to sorafenib.
Thomistic Hylomorphism and Philosophy of Mind and Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Madden James 
Published: July 2013

AbstractContemporary philosophers of mind tend to accept either some version of dualism or physicalism when considering the mind–body problem. Likewise, recent philosophers of religion typically assume that we must work within these two categories when considering problems related to the possibility of bodily resurrection. Recently, some philosophers have reintroduced the Thomistic version of hylomorphism. In this article, we will consider the distinctive doctrines of Thomistic hylomorphism and how they can be used to address concerns about both the mind–body problem and the possibility of resurrection. We will see that hylomorphism allows for a novel version of emergent property dualism that is both metaphysically plausible and allows us to recognize the irreducibility of mental states and the possibility of resurrection without ignoring the fact of human embodiment. We will also discuss the currently lively debate among Thomistic hylomorphists who advocate opposed corruptionist and survivalist versions of the afterlife.
Influence of short‐term drought conditions and subsequent re‐watering on the physiology and proteome of Lolium multiflorum/Festuca arundinacea introgression forms, with contrasting levels of tolerance to long‐term drought
Authors: Perlikowski D. , Kosmala A. , Rapacz M. , Kościelniak J. , Pawłowicz I. , Zwierzykowski Z. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractFestuca arundinacea is a drought tolerant species. Lolium multiflorum has better forage quality but lower tolerance to abiotic stresses. Their hybrids offer an opportunity to perform research on the molecular basis of tolerance to drought. The aim of this work was to recognise the mechanisms of response to short‐term drought (11 days) in a glasshouse in two L. multiflorum/F. arundinacea introgression forms with distinct levels of tolerance to long‐term drought (14 weeks) in the field. Measurements of physiological parameters, analyses of protein accumulation profiles using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry identification of proteins, which were accumulated differentially between the selected genotypes during short‐term drought, were performed. Genotype 7/6, with lower yield potential during 14 weeks of drought, and lower ability to re‐grow after watering, had a higher capacity for photosynthesis during 11 days of drought. Genotype 4/10, more tolerant to long‐term drought, was able to repair damaged cell membranes after watering and was also characterised by lower transpiration during short‐term drought. A total of 455 proteins were analysed, and the 17 that were differentially accumulated between the two genotypes were identified. The results of physiological and proteomic research led to a hypothesis that the higher photosynthetic capacity of genotype 7/6 could be due to a more efficient Calvin cycle, supported by higher accumulation of crucial proteins involving chloroplast aldolase.