bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Unwilling’: The One-Word Revolution in Refugee Status, 1940–51
Authors: JANCO ANDREW PAUL 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis article details the origins of the human right to international asylum. While previous works locate its beginnings in East–West political conflict in the 1950s, I note the importance of American opposition to the Soviet invasion of Poland and the Baltic countries in 1939–40 and its later consequences for relief work with post-war Displaced Persons from those countries. Given that Eastern European states at the UN claimed to protect people displaced from these non-recognised territories, British and American delegates were forced to create a new refugee definition that allowed DPs to reject state protections and to seek asylum as refugees.
Ultrastructure of the oviductal mucosa of Leptodactylus chaquensis. Analysis of the preovulatory and postovulatory periods
Authors: Medina Marcela Fátima , Ramos Inés , Crespo Claudia A. , Cisint Susana , Villagra Lucrecia Iruzubieta , Fernández Silvia Nélida 
Published: June 2014

SummaryIn the present study we analysed the ultrastructural characteristics of the oviductal mucosa of Leptodactylus chaquensis during the preovulatory period and immediately after ovulation. Epithelial secretory cells, ciliated cells, basal cells and glandular secretory cells are described. During the preovulatory period, the oviduct exhibits its maximum degree of development at both the epithelial and the glandular levels, with numerous secretory cells that contain a large number of secretory granules whose contents are released into the oviductal lumen by apocrine and exocytotic secretory processes. The secretory cells present throughout the oviduct display considerable variability in the characteristics of their secretory granules, which show different shapes, sizes, organization of the material contained and electron density. The different cell types are distributed following a characteristic pattern for each oviductal zone, thus creating an ultrastructural mosaic along the oviduct. During the postovulatory period, the number of secretory cells decreases and the remaining ones exhibit a marked reduction in secretory granules. Ciliated cells show a typical ultrastructural organization that is not modified throughout the reproductive cycle. Basal cells, located at the basal region of the epithelium, are characterized by their heterochromatic nuclei and electron-lucent cytoplasm, while glandular secretory cells exhibit oval, round or polyhedric granules, most of them with a prominent core. Our results, which indicate a high heterogeneity of secretory cell contents, allow us to suggest differential synthesis and secretion of specific products in each oviductal zone.
Prospective Memory Performance of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease Depends on Shifting Aptitude: Evidence from Cognitive Rehabilitation
Authors: Costa Alberto , Peppe Antonella , Serafini Francesca , Zabberoni Silvia , Barban Francesco , Caltagirone Carlo , Carlesimo Giovanni Augusto 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of cognitive training aimed at improving shifting ability on Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients’ performance of prospective memory (PM) tasks. Using a double-blind protocol, 17 PD patients were randomly assigned to two experimental arms. In the first arm (n=9) shifting training was administered, and in the second (placebo) arm (n=8), language and respiratory exercises. Both treatments consisted of 12 sessions executed over 4 weeks. PM and shifting measures (i.e., Trail Making Test and Alternate Fluency Test) were administered at T0 (before treatment) and T1 (immediately after treatment). A mixed analysis of variance was applied to the data. To evaluate the effects of treatment, the key effect was the interaction between Group (experimental vs. placebo) and Time of Assessment (T0 vs. T1). This interaction was significant for the accuracy indices of the PM procedure (p<.05) and for the performance parameters of the shifting tasks (p≤.05). Tukey’s HSD tests showed that in all cases passing from T0 to T1 performance significantly improved in the experimental group (in all cases p≤.02) but remained unchanged in the placebo group (all p consistently>.10). The performance change passing from T0 to T1 on the Alternate Fluency test and the PM procedure was significantly correlated (p<.05). Results show that the cognitive training significantly improved PD patients’ event-based PM performance and suggest that their poor PM functioning might be related to reduced shifting abilities. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–10)
Household food insecurity: a systematic review of the measuring instruments used in epidemiological studies
Authors: Marques Emanuele S , Reichenheim Michael E , de Moraes Claudia L , Antunes Marina ML , Salles-Costa Rosana 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review aimed at identifying and characterizing the experience-based household food security scales and to synthesize their psychometric properties.DesignSearch in the MEDLINE, LILACS and SciELO databases, using the descriptors (‘food insecurity’ OR ‘food security’) AND (‘questionnaires’ OR ‘scales’ OR ‘validity’ OR ‘reliability’). There was no limitation on the period of publication. All articles had their titles and abstracts analysed by two reviewers. The studies of interest were read in their entirety and the relevant information extracted using a standard form.ResultsThe initial bibliographic search identified 299 articles. Of these, the 159 that seemed to meet the criteria for inclusion were read fully. After consultation of the bibliographic references of these articles, twenty articles and five documents were added, as they satisfied the previously determined criteria for inclusion. Twenty-four different instruments were identified; all were brief and of easy application. The majority were devised in the USA. Forty-seven references reported results of psychometric studies. The instruments that presented the highest number of psychometric studies were the Core Food Security Measurement/Household Food Security Survey Module (CFSM/HFSSM) and the Self-Perceived Household Food Security Scale.ConclusionsThere are a number of structured scales available in the literature for characterization of household food insecurity. However, despite some psychometric studies already existing about the majority of the instruments, it is observed that, except for the studies of the CFSM/HFSSM, these are still restricted to appraisal of a few aspects of reliability and validity.
Patient-reported quality of care and pain severity in cancer
Authors: Martinez Kathryn A. , Snyder Claire F. , Malin Jennifer L. , Dy Sydney M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjective:Despite treatment availability, many cancer patients experience severe pain. Although patient assessments of care are increasingly employed to evaluate quality of care, little is known about its association with cancer symptom burden. The objective of our study was to examine the association between patient-reported quality of care and pain severity in a nationally representative cohort of cancer patients.Method:Quality of care was measured in three domains: physician communication, care coordination/responsiveness, and nursing care. Quality scores were dichotomized as optimal versus nonoptimal. Pain was measured on a scale of 0 (least) to 100 (worst). We utilized multivariable linear regression to examine the association between patient-reported quality of care and pain severity.Results:The analytic sample included 2,746 individuals. Fifty and 54% of patients, respectively, rated physician communication and care coordination/responsiveness as nonoptimal; 28% rated nursing care as nonoptimal. In adjusted models, rating physician communication as nonoptimal (versus optimal) was associated with a 1.8-point higher pain severity (p = 0.018), and rating care coordination/responsiveness as nonoptimal was associated with a 2.2-point higher pain severity (p = 0.006).Significance of results:Patient-reported quality of care was significantly associated with pain severity, although the differences were small. Interventions targeting physician communication and care coordination/responsiveness may result in improved pain control for some patients.
Fundamental aspects of postharvest heat treatments
Authors: Lurie Susan , Pedreschi Romina 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHeat treatments have been investigated for use in many aspects of postharvest storage. They have been developed for insect control, prevention of fungal development and prevention of postharvest storage disorders including chilling injury. The treatment times and temperature range vary widely, from days at 35 °C to 39 °C in hot air, to up to 63 °C for less than a minute in hot water. Much of the research has been performed to develop solutions to a particular problem, and less investigation has been conducted on the responses of the commodity to the treatment. However, since the turn of the century, a number of groups have been active in examining the molecular responses and changes that occur in commodities during and after the heat treatment. This review examines the changes at the level of transcriptome, proteome and metabolome that occur in response to the different heat treatments.
Allele-specific genome editing and correction of disease-associated phenotypes in rats using the CRISPR–Cas platform
Authors: Yoshimi K. , Kaneko T. , Voigt B. , Mashimo T. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe bacterial CRISPR/Cas system has proven to be an efficient gene-targeting tool in various organisms. Here we employ CRISPR/Cas for accurate and efficient genome editing in rats. The synthetic chimeric guide RNAs (gRNAs) discriminate a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) difference in rat embryonic fibroblasts, allowing allele-specific genome editing of the dominant phenotype in (F344 × DA)F1 hybrid embryos. Interestingly, the targeted allele, initially assessed by the allele-specific gRNA, is repaired by an interallelic gene conversion between homologous chromosomes. Using single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides, we recover three recessive phenotypes: the albino phenotype by SNP exchange; the non-agouti phenotype by integration of a 19-bp DNA fragment; and the hooded phenotype by eliminating a 7,098-bp insertional DNA fragment, evolutionary-derived from an endogenous retrovirus. Successful in vivo application of the CRISPR/Cas system confirms its importance as a genetic engineering tool for creating animal models of human diseases and its potential use in gene therapy.
Leishmania major possesses a unique HemG-type protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase
Authors: Zwerschke Dagmar , Karrie Simone , Jahn Dieter , Jahn Martina 
Published: June 2014

Leishmania major was proposed to either utilize haem from its host or partially synthesize the tetrapyrrole from host provided precursors. However, only indirect evidence was available for this partial late haem biosynthetic pathway. Here, we demonstrate that the LMJF_06_1280 gene of L. major encodes a HemG-type PPO (protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase) catalysing the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to protoporphyrin IX. Interestingly, trypanosomatids are currently the only known eukaryotes possessing HemG-type enzymes. The LMJF_06_1280 gene forms a potential transcriptional unit with LMJF_06_1270 encoding CPO (coproporphyrinogen III oxidase) and with LMJF_06_1290 for a cytochrome b5. In vivo function of the L. major hemG gene was shown by the functional complementation of the Escherichia coli ΔhemG strain LG285. Restored haem formation in E. coli was observed using HPLC analyses. Purified recombinant L. major HemG revealed PPO activity in vitro using different ubiquinones and triphenyltetrazolium as electron acceptors. FMN was identified as the L. major HemG cofactor. Active site residues were found to be essential for HemG catalysis. These data in combination with the solved crystal structures of L. major CPO and the physiological proof of a ferrochelatase activity provide clear-cut evidence for a partial haem biosynthetic pathway in L. major.
OCT1 is a high-capacity thiamine transporter that regulates hepatic steatosis and is a target of metformin
Authors: Chen Ligong , Shu Yan , Liang Xiaomin , Chen Eugene C. , Yee Sook Wah , Zur Arik A. , Li Shuanglian , Xu Lu , Keshari Kayvan R. , Lin Michael J. , Chien Huan-Chieh , Zhang Youcai , Morrissey Kari M. , Liu Jason , Ostrem Jonathan , Younger Noah S. , Kurhanewicz John , Shokat Kevan M. , Ashrafi Kaveh , Giacomini Kathleen M. 
Published: June 2014

Significance
This manuscript describes a previously unidentified mechanism for organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), the major hepatic metformin transporter, in hepatic steatosis. Here we show that OCT1, long thought to function primarily as a transporter for drugs, functions as a major thiamine transporter in the liver, which has profound implications in cellular metabolism. Collectively, our results point to an important role of thiamine (through OCT1) in hepatic steatosis and suggest that the modulation of thiamine disposition by metformin may contribute to its pharmacologic effects.
A short-term ingestion of fructo-oligosaccharides increases immunoglobulin A and mucin concentrations in the rat cecum, but the effects are attenuated with the prolonged ingestion
Authors: Komura Mika , Fukuta Tomonori , Genda Tomomi , Hino Shingo , Aoe Seiichiro , Kawagishi Hirokazu , Morita Tatsuya 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe examined the effects of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on IgA and mucin secretion in the rat cecum after different ingestion periods. Rats were fed a control diet or a diet containing FOS for 1, 2, 4, and 8 wk. FOS ingestion greatly increased IgA and mucin concentrations at 1 and 2 wk, but the effects were disappeared or attenuated at 4 and 8 wk. After 1 wk, FOS induced higher lactobacilli and lactate concentrations and lower cecal pH in the cecum, but the alterations were moderated with the prolonged ingestion accompanying with increasing short-chain fatty acid concentrations. At 1 and 2 wk, FOS increased IgA plasma cells and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor expression in the cecal mucosa and strongly depressed fecal mucinase activities related to the lower cecal pH. These findings may explain the FOS-induced early elevation of IgA and mucin. Clearly, FOS effects on IgA and mucin secretion considerably differ depending on the ingestion period.
Commensal bacteria directly suppressin vitrodegranulation of mast cells in a MyD88-independent manner
Authors: Kasakura Kazumi , Takahashi Kyoko , Itoh Tomoko , Hosono Akira , Momose Yoshika , Itoh Kikuji , Nishiyama Chiharu , Kaminogawa Shuichi 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe intestine harbors a substantial number of commensal bacteria that provide considerable benefits to the host. Epidemiologic studies have identified associations between alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and the development of allergic disease. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be determined. Here, we show that heat-killed commensal bacteria suppressed degranulation of mast cells in vitro in a MyD88-independent manner. In particular, Enterococcus faecalis showed the strongest suppression of degranulation through partial inhibition of Ca2+ signaling upon the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) cross-linking.
More Judicious Use of Fish Oil in Cobia Feeds: I. Assessing the Relative Merits of Alternative Lipids
Authors: Woitel Franklin R , Trushenski Jesse T , Schwarz Michael H , Jahncke Michael L 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Limited availability and high prices underscore the need to use fish oil more judiciously in aquafeeds. Most alternative lipids contain little to no n-3 long-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). If alternative lipids are fed exclusively, growth performance may be impaired and tissue fatty acid composition may be altered in fish such as the Cobia Rachycentron canadum. Alternative lipids that are rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) may increase the efficiency of LC-PUFA metabolism and may limit or attenuate the tissue LC-PUFA loss associated with fish oil sparing. Cobias (weight [mean ± SE] = 77.4 ± 0.2 g) were fed diets containing either fish oil (control) or a 50/50 blend of fish oil and standard soybean oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, fully hydrogenated soybean oil, pork lard, or beef tallow. After 8 weeks, the feed conversion ratio (mean ± SE = 1.56 ± 0.04), weight gain (180 ± 6%), and specific growth rate (1.83 ± 0.04% of body weight/d) were equivalent among groups. Dietary fatty acid profiles influenced tissue composition; fatty acid profiles of control fish were more similar to those of fish that received higher levels of SFAs and MUFAs than to those of fish that were fed higher levels of C18 PUFAs. The SFA- and MUFA-rich lipids, such as fully hydrogenated soybean oil and beef tallow, may be useful in reducing the fish oil quantities needed in Cobia feeds while maximizing fillet LC-PUFA content.
Impact of Stirring on the Luminescent Dissolved Oxygen Sensor
Authors: Colt John 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The impact of stirring on the response of the field YSI ProODO luminescence dissolved oxygen sensor was measured in a 300-mL biological oxygen demand (BOD) test bottle with a magnetic stirrer either on or off. With a water sample from a fish transport experiment, the dissolved oxygen dropped by 2–3 mg/L when the magnetic stirrer was turned off for 11 min. The initial rate of dissolved oxygen decline ranged from −0.39 to −1.04 mg/L per min for this water. The dissolved oxygen returned to a value projected from the oxygen uptake rate when the stirrer was turned on. A much smaller impact was observed for 18.2 MΩ high-purity water (mean: −0.11 mg/L). Acid-washing the BOD bottle/stir bar and cleaning the sensor cap reduced the decrease to −0.08 mg/L. Based on t-tests between pairs of stirring-on and stirring-off results, the lack of stirring had a significant effect on measured dissolved oxygen. The source of this effect and its potential impact on the accuracy of the optical probe under typical operating conditions remain to be determined.
Minimal Body Size for Tagging Fish with Electronic Microchips as Studied in the Nile Tilapia
Authors: Ouedraogo Christian , Canonne Marc , D’Cotta Helena , Baroiller Jean-François , Baras Etienne 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Individual identification of fish is often desirable for the smallest possible size, but it is crucial that tagging does not interfere with fish survival, physiology, or behavior. We evaluated radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags (10 mg) and PIT tags (PIT; 32 mg) in fish of two different size-classes of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: 200–500 mg and 640–1,600 mg, wet mass (WM). This produced four categories of tag load for each type of tag: 5.0, 3.3, 2.5, and 2.0% of WM. We tested 30 fish per category. Survival averaged 95.8% for RFID tags and 98.3% for PIT tags. Tag retention after 35 d was 99.1% for RFID tags and 96.6% for PIT tags. Tagged fish grew more slowly than controls. Growth penalty was proportional to tag load, but restricted to the first 4 d after tagging and compensated by catch-up growth, except in fish &lt;300 mg presumably due to greater difficulties of handling and tagging. Small PIT tags can thus be used confidently in tilapia of about 1.3 g and RFID tags in tilapia of about 0.4 g. If growth is not a premium, the corresponding minimal sizes are 1.0 (for PIT) and 0.3 g (for RFID).
Diagnostics of cathode material loss in cutting plasma
torch
Authors: Gruber J , Šonský J , Hlína J 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A cutting plasma torch was observed in several ways by a high-speed camera with a
focus on the cathode area. In the first experiment, the plasma arc between the
nozzle tip and anode was recorded in a series of duty cycles ranging from new
unworn cathodes to cathode failure due to wear and material loss. In the second
experiment, we used a specially modified nozzle to observe the inside area
between the cathode and the nozzle exit through a fused silica window. Finally,
using tilted view, we observed a pool of molten hafnium at the cathode tip
during the plasma torch operation. The process of cathode material melting,
droplet formation, their expulsion and rate of cathode material loss was
examined.
Specifying ICD9, ICPC and ATC codes for the STOPP/START criteria: a multidisciplinary consensus panel
Authors: de Groot Dominique A. , de Vries Marloes , Joling Karlijn J. , van Campen Jos P. C. M. , Hugtenburg Jacqueline G. , van Marum Rob J. , Vermeulen Windsant-van den tweel Annemieke M.A. , Elders Petra J.M. , van Hout Hein P. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Background: the STOPP/START criteria are a promising framework to increase appropriate prescribing in the elderly in clinical practice. However, the current definitions of the STOPP/START criteria are rather non-specific, allowing undesirable variations in interpretation and thus application. The aim of this study was to design specifications of the STOPP/START criteria into international disease and medication codes to facilitate computerised extraction from medical records and databases.
Methods: a three round consensus procedure with a multidisciplinary expert panel was organised to prepare, judge and agree on the design of the STOPP/START criteria specifications in corresponding international disease codes (ICD9 and ICPC) and medication codes (ATC).
Results: after two rounds consensus was reached for 74% of the STOPP criteria and for 73% of the START criteria. After three rounds full consensus was reached resulting in a specification of 61 out of 62 STOPP criteria and 26 START criteria with their corresponding codes. One criterion could not be specified and for some criteria corresponding disease codes were lacking or imperfect.
Conclusion: this study showed the necessity of a consensus procedure as even experts frequently differed on how to specify the STOPP/START criteria. This specification enables next steps such as prognostic validation of these criteria on adverse outcomes and studying the impact of improving appropriate prescribing in the elderly.
Managing a complex population structure: exploring the importance of information from fisheries-independent sources
Authors: Hintzen N. T. , Roel B. , Benden D. , Clarke M. , Egan A. , Nash R. D. M. , Rohlf N. , Hatfield E. M. C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractNatural resource managers aim to manage fish stocks at sustainable levels. Often, management of these stocks is based on the results of analytical stock assessments. Accurate catch data, which can be attributed to a specific population unit and reflects the population structure, are needed for these approaches. Often though, the quality of the catch data is compromised when dealing with a complex population structure where fish of different population units mix in a fishery. The herring population units west of the British Isles are prone to mixing. Here, the inability to perfectly allocate the fish caught to the population unit they originate from, due to classification problems, poses problems for management. These mixing proportions are often unknown; therefore, we use simulation modelling combined with management strategy evaluation to evaluate the role fisheries-independent surveys can play in an assessment to provide unbiased results, irrespective of population unit mixing and classification success. We show that failure to account for mixing is one of the major drivers of biased estimates of population abundance, affecting biomass reference points and MSY targets. When mixing of population units occurs, the role a survey can play to provide unbiased assessment results is limited. Either different assessment models should be employed or stock status should be considered from the survey data alone. In addition, correctly classifying the origin of fish is especially important for those population units that are markedly smaller in size than other units in the population complex. Without high classification success rates, smaller population units are extremely vulnerable to overexploitation.