bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impaired integration of disambiguating evidence in delusional schizophrenia patients
Authors: Sanford N. , Veckenstedt R. , Moritz S. , Balzan R. P. , Woodward T. S. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundIt has been previously demonstrated that a cognitive bias against disconfirmatory evidence (BADE) is associated with delusions. However, small samples of delusional patients, reliance on difference scores and choice of comparison groups may have hampered the reliability of these results. In the present study we aimed to improve on this methodology with a recent version of the BADE task, and compare larger groups of schizophrenia patients with/without delusions to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) patients, a population with persistent and possibly bizarre beliefs without psychosis.MethodA component analysis was used to identify cognitive operations underlying the BADE task, and how they differ across four groups of participants: (1) high-delusional schizophrenia, (2) low-delusional schizophrenia, (3) OCD patients and (4) non-psychiatric controls.ResultsAs in past studies, two components emerged and were labelled ‘evidence integration’ (the degree to which disambiguating information has been integrated) and ‘conservatism’ (reduced willingness to provide high plausibility ratings when justified), and only evidence integration differed between severely delusional patients and the other groups, reflecting delusional subjects giving higher ratings for disconfirmed interpretations and lower ratings for confirmed interpretations.ConclusionsThese data support the finding that a reduced willingness to adjust beliefs when confronted with disconfirming evidence may be a cognitive underpinning of delusions specifically, rather than obsessive beliefs or other aspects of psychosis such as hallucinations, and illustrates a cognitive process that may underlie maintenance of delusions in the face of counter-evidence. This supports the possibility of the BADE operation being a useful target in cognitive-based therapies for delusions.
Active disturbance rejection for walking bipedal robots using the acceleration of the upper limbs
Authors: Hill Joshua , Fahimi Farbod 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYA disturbance rejection controller is proposed based on the general dynamic model of 3D biped robots. For the first time, with this proposed approach, not only the Zero Moment Point (ZMP) location remains unchanged in presence of disturbances but also the longitudinal and lateral ground reaction forces and the vertical twist moment remain unchanged. This way, slipping as well as tipping is prevented by the controller. The swing phase of the robot's walking gait is considered. An integral sliding mode architecture is chosen for the disturbance rejection. The support forces and moments of the stance foot are the control outputs. The acceleration of the arm/body joints are chosen as the inputs. During the disturbance rejection, the leg joints remain at their desired trajectory. Since the leg joint trajectories are unaffected, the robot is still able to complete its step as planned, even when bounded disturbances are experienced. For simulations, the general method is applied to an 18-degree of freedom biped humanoid robot. Simulations show that the controller successfully mitigates bounded disturbances and maintains all of the support reactions extremely close to their desired values. Consequently, the shift in the position of the ZMP is negligible, and the robot foot does not slip.
Post-catheterisation arterial thrombosis in children – pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment
Authors: Silva Marques João , Gonçalves Cristina 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLower limb ischaemia is the most frequent complication of cardiac catheterisation in children. It is often overlooked, but it can cause significant disability and may limit arterial access sites to repeat diagnostic or interventional catheterisations. A narrative review of the literature on arterial access site thrombosis in children was carried out with a special focus on current evidence that supports preventive and treatment strategies. Anticoagulation, thrombolysis, and thrombectomy have been used successfully to treat arterial access site thrombosis. However, it is not completely established which is the role of each treatment modality and what is the most appropriate timing to deliver it. Therefore, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies have to be prospectively investigated, particularly for clarifying the role of new pharmacologic interventions and of percutaneous and surgical thrombectomy in the current era.
In Vivo Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy of the Ocular Surface in Glaucoma
Authors: Mastropasqua Leonardo , Agnifili Luca , Mastropasqua Rodolfo , Fasanella Vincenzo , Nubile Mario , Toto Lisa , Carpineto Paolo , Ciancaglini Marco 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOver the past decade, knowledge about the ocular surface in glaucoma has significantly increased through the use of in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). This in vivo imaging method can show modifications at the cellular level induced by anti-glaucoma drugs on ocular surface structures and adnexa in the eye. High-quality images of the conjunctiva, cornea, limbus, meibomian glands, and lymphoid structures during therapy can be obtained. In addition, LSCM opened new fields of research on the patho-physiology of aqueous humor (AH) hydrodynamics in untreated, and in medically or surgically treated glaucomatous patients. In these conditions, an enhancement of the trans-scleral AH outflow contributed to clarification of the mechanism of action of different anti-glaucoma medications and surgical approaches. Finally, the use of LSCM represented a huge advance in evaluation of bleb functionality after filtration surgery, defining the hallmarks of AH filtration through the bleb-wall and distinguishing functional from nonfunctional blebs. Thus, signs seen with LSCM may anticipate clinical failure, guiding the clinician in planning the appropriate timing of the various steps in bleb management. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about in vivo LSCM of the ocular surface in glaucoma.
The need for palliative care education, support, and reflection among rural nurses and other staff: A quantitative study
Authors: Eriksson Gerd , Bergstedt Tina Wahlström , Melin-Johansson Christina 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjective:Many people now die in community care, and, considering the aging population, all healthcare staff members must be prepared to provide palliative care. Our objectives were to describe the total staff working in different care organizations in a rural community in Sweden and to explore palliative care competence, to describe educational gaps and the need for support and reflection, and to determine whether there are differences in care organizations, professions, age, and gender.Method:A 4-section 20-item questionnaire was distributed to 1686 staff (65% response rate): in nursing homes (n = 395), home care (n = 240), and group residential settings (n = 365). Registered nurses (n = 70), assistant nurses (n = 916), managers (n = 43), and paramedics (n = 33) participated. Descriptive and correlational statistics were employed.Results:Significant differences were found, and 40% (53% among men) lacked palliative care education, Fewer than 50% lacked education in the spiritual/existential areas, and 75% of those aged 20–66 (75% women, 55% men) needed further education. More women than men and staff aged 50–59 had an increased need to reflect.Significance of Results:Our study may provide guidance for managers in rural communities when planning educational interventions in palliative care for healthcare staff and may support direct education with content for specific professions.
Design and characterization of an integrated microwave generator for BIST applications
Authors: Lahbib Imene , Doukkali Mohamed Aziz , Descamps Philippe , Gamand Patrice , Kelma Christophe , Tesson Olivier 
Published: February 2014

This paper presents a circuit architecture for a new integrated on chip test method for microwave circuits. The proposed built-in-self-test (BIST) cell targets a direct low-cost measurement technique of the gain and the 1 dB input compression point (CP1) of a K-band satellite receiver in the 18–22 GHz frequency bandwidth. A signal generator at the radiofrequency (RF) front end input of the device under test (DUT) has been integrated on the same chip. To inject this RF signal, a loopback technique has been used and the design has been accommodated for it. This paper focuses on the design of the most sensitive block of the BIST circuit, i.e. the RF signal generator. This circuit, fabricated in a SIGe:C BiCMOS process, consumes 10 mA. It presents a dynamic power range of 17 dB (−41; −24 dBm) and operates in a frequency range of 5.6 GHz (17.5; 23 GHz). This BIST circuit gives new perspectives in terms of test strategy, cost reduction, and measurement accuracy for microwave-integrated circuits and could be adapted for mm-wave circuits.
DJ-1 protects against cell death following acute cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: Dongworth R K , Mukherjee U A , Hall A R , Astin R , Ong S-B , Yao Z , Dyson A , Szabadkai G , Davidson S M , Yellon D M , Hausenloy D J 
Published: February 2014

AbstractNovel therapeutic targets are required to protect the heart against cell death from acute ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI). Mutations in the DJ-1 (PARK7) gene in dopaminergic neurons induce mitochondrial dysfunction and a genetic form of Parkinson’s disease. Genetic ablation of DJ-1 renders the brain more susceptible to cell death following ischemia–reperfusion in a model of stroke. Although DJ-1 is present in the heart, its role there is currently unclear. We sought to investigate whether mitochondrial DJ-1 may protect the heart against cell death from acute IRI by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. Overexpression of DJ-1 in HL-1 cardiac cells conferred the following beneficial effects: reduced cell death following simulated IRI (30.4±4.7% with DJ-1 versus 52.9±4.7% in control; n=5, P<0.05); delayed mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening (a critical mediator of cell death) (260±33 s with DJ-1 versus 121±12 s in control; n=6, P<0.05); and induction of mitochondrial elongation (81.3±2.5% with DJ-1 versus 62.0±2.8% in control; n=6 cells, P<0.05). These beneficial effects of DJ-1 were absent in cells expressing the non-functional DJ-1L166P and DJ-1Cys106A mutants. Adult mice devoid of DJ-1 (KO) were found to be more susceptible to cell death from in vivo IRI with larger myocardial infarct sizes (50.9±3.5% DJ-1 KO versus 41.1±2.5% in DJ-1 WT; n≥7, P<0.05) and resistant to cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning. DJ-1 KO hearts showed increased mitochondrial fragmentation on electron microscopy, although there were no differences in calcium-induced MPTP opening, mitochondrial respiratory function or myocardial ATP levels. We demonstrate that loss of DJ-1 protects the heart from acute IRI cell death by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. We propose that DJ-1 may represent a novel therapeutic target for cardioprotection.
PTEN regulates AMPA receptor-mediated cell viability in iPS-derived motor neurons
Authors: Yang D-J , Wang X-L , Ismail A , Ashman C J , Valori C F , Wang G , Gao S , Higginbottom A , Ince P G , Azzouz M , Xu J , Shaw P J , Ning K 
Published: February 2014

AbstractExcitatory transmission in the brain is commonly mediated by the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AMPA receptors allow cytotoxic levels of calcium into neurons, contributing to motor neuron injury. We have previously shown that oculomotor neurons resistant to the disease process in ALS show reduced AMPA-mediated inward calcium currents compared with vulnerable spinal motor neurons. We have also shown that PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) knockdown via siRNA promotes motor neuron survival in models of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and ALS. It has been reported that inhibition of PTEN attenuates the death of hippocampal neurons post injury by decreasing the effective translocation of the GluR2 subunit into the membrane. In addition, leptin can regulate AMPA receptor trafficking via PTEN inhibition. Thus, we speculate that manipulation of AMPA receptors by PTEN may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for neuroprotective intervention in ALS and other neurodegenerative disorders. To this end, the first step is to establish a fibroblast–iPS–motor neuron in vitro cell model to study AMPA receptor manipulation. Here we report that iPS-derived motor neurons from human fibroblasts express AMPA receptors. PTEN depletion decreases AMPA receptor expression and AMPA-mediated whole-cell currents, resulting in inhibition of AMPA-induced neuronal death in primary cultured and iPS-derived motor neurons. Taken together, our results imply that PTEN depletion may protect motor neurons by inhibition of excitatory transmission that represents a therapeutic strategy of potential benefit for the amelioration of excitotoxicity in ALS and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Reset of a critically disturbed microbial ecosystem: faecal transplant in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
Authors: Fuentes Susana , van Nood Els , Tims Sebastian , Heikamp-de Jong Ineke , ter Braak Cajo J F , Keller Josbert J , Zoetendal Erwin G , de Vos Willem M 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) can be effectively treated by infusion of a healthy donor faeces suspension. However, it is unclear what factors determine treatment efficacy. By using a phylogenetic microarray platform, we assessed composition, diversity and dynamics of faecal microbiota before, after and during follow-up of the transplantation from a healthy donor to different patients, to elucidate the mechanism of action of faecal infusion. Global composition and network analysis of the microbiota was performed in faecal samples from nine patients with recurrent CDI. Analyses were performed before and after duodenal donor faeces infusion, and during a follow-up of 10 weeks. The microbiota data were compared with that of the healthy donors. All patients successfully recovered. Their intestinal microbiota changed from a low-diversity diseased state, dominated by Proteobacteria and Bacilli, to a more diverse ecosystem resembling that of healthy donors, dominated by Bacteroidetes and Clostridium groups, including butyrate-producing bacteria. We identified specific multi-species networks and signature microbial groups that were either depleted or restored as a result of the treatment. The changes persisted over time. Comprehensive and deep analyses of the microbiota of patients before and after treatment exposed a therapeutic reset from a diseased state towards a healthy profile. The identification of microbial groups that constitute a niche for C. difficile overgrowth, as well as those driving the reinstallation of a healthy intestinal microbiota, could contribute to the development of biomarkers predicting recurrence and treatment outcome, identifying an optimal microbiota composition that could lead to targeted treatment strategies.
Electric coupling between distant nitrate reduction and sulfide oxidation in marine sediment
Authors: Marzocchi Ugo , Trojan Daniela , Larsen Steffen , Louise Meyer Rikke , Peter Revsbech Niels , Schramm Andreas , Peter Nielsen Lars , Risgaard-Petersen Nils 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Filamentous bacteria of the Desulfobulbaceae family can conduct electrons over centimeter-long distances thereby coupling oxygen reduction at the surface of marine sediment to sulfide oxidation in deeper anoxic layers. The ability of these cable bacteria to use alternative electron acceptors is currently unknown. Here we show that these organisms can use also nitrate or nitrite as an electron acceptor thereby coupling the reduction of nitrate to distant oxidation of sulfide. Sulfidic marine sediment was incubated with overlying nitrate-amended anoxic seawater. Within 2 months, electric coupling of spatially segregated nitrate reduction and sulfide oxidation was evident from: (1) the formation of a 4–6-mm-deep zone separating sulfide oxidation from the associated nitrate reduction, and (2) the presence of pH signatures consistent with proton consumption by cathodic nitrate reduction, and proton production by anodic sulfide oxidation. Filamentous Desulfobulbaceae with the longitudinal structures characteristic of cable bacteria were detected in anoxic, nitrate-amended incubations but not in anoxic, nitrate-free controls. Nitrate reduction by cable bacteria using long-distance electron transport to get privileged access to distant electron donors is a hitherto unknown mechanism in nitrogen and sulfur transformations, and the quantitative importance for elements cycling remains to be addressed.
Fine-scale spatial patterns in bacterial community composition and function within freshwater ponds
Authors: Lear Gavin , Bellamy Julia , Case Bradley S , Lee Jack E , Buckley Hannah L 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The extent to which non-host-associated bacterial communities exhibit small-scale biogeographic patterns in their distribution remains unclear. Our investigation of biogeography in bacterial community composition and function compared samples collected across a smaller spatial scale than most previous studies conducted in freshwater. Using a grid-based sampling design, we abstracted 100+ samples located between 3.5 and 60 m apart within each of three alpine ponds. For every sample, variability in bacterial community composition was monitored using a DNA-fingerprinting methodology (automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis) whereas differences in bacterial community function (that is, carbon substrate utilisation patterns) were recorded from Biolog Ecoplates. The exact spatial position and dominant physicochemical conditions (for example, pH and temperature) were simultaneously recorded for each sample location. We assessed spatial differences in bacterial community composition and function within each pond and found that, on average, community composition or function differed significantly when comparing samples located &gt;20 m apart within any pond. Variance partitioning revealed that purely spatial variation accounted for more of the observed variability in both bacterial community composition and function (range: 24–38% and 17–39%) than the combination of purely environmental variation and spatially structured environmental variation (range: 17–32% and 15–20%). Clear spatial patterns in bacterial community composition, but not function were observed within ponds. We therefore suggest that some of the observed variation in bacterial community composition is functionally ‘redundant’. We confirm that distinct bacterial communities are present across unexpectedly small spatial scales suggesting that populations separated by distances of &gt;20 m may be dispersal limited, even within the highly continuous environment of lentic water.
Cheap, Gram-Scale Fabrication of BN Nanosheets via Substitution Reaction of Graphite Powders and Their Use for Mechanical Reinforcement of Polymers
Authors: Liu Fei , Mo Xiaoshu , Gan Haibo , Guo Tongyi , Wang Xuebin , Chen Bin , Chen Jun , Deng Shaozhi , Xu Ningsheng , Sekiguchi Takashi , Golberg Dmitri , Bando Yoshio 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAs one of the most important two-dimensional (2D) materials, BN nanosheets attracted intensive interest in the past decade. Although there are many methods suitable for the preparation of BN sheets, finding a cheap and nontoxic way for their mass and high-quality production is still a challenge. Here we provide a highly effective and cheap way to synthesize gram-scale-level well-structured BN nanosheets from many common graphite products as source materials. Single-crystalline multi-layered BN sheets have a mean lateral size of several hundred nanometers and a thickness ranging from 5 nm to 40 nm. Cathodoluminescence (CL) analysis shows that the structures exhibit a near band-edge emission and a broad emission band from 300 nm to 500 nm. Utilization of nanosheets for the reinforcement of polymers revealed that the Young's modulus of BN/PMMA composite had increased to 1.56 GPa when the BN's fraction was only 2 wt.%, thus demonstrating a 20% gain compared to a blank PMMA film. It suggests that the BN nanosheet is an ideal mechanical reinforcing material for polymers. In addition, this easy and nontoxic substitution method may provide a universal route towards high yields of other 2D materials.
Histone demethylase Jmjd3 is required for the development of subsets of retinal bipolar cells
Authors: Iida Atsumi , Iwagawa Toshiro , Kuribayashi Hiroshi , Satoh Shinya , Mochizuki Yujin , Baba Yukihiro , Nakauchi Hiromitsu , Furukawa Takahisa , Koseki Haruhiko , Murakami Akira , Watanabe Sumiko 
Published: February 2014

Significance
The role of repressive gene regulation through histone modifications is known in various biological processes. Histone H3 trimethyl Lys27 (H3K27me3) represses gene expression, and our goal was to understand how this methylation regulates cell differentiation in the vertebrate retina. In this work, we focused on the role of demethylase (Jmjd3) of H3K27me3 in retinal development. Spatiotemporal expression patterns of Jmjd3 during retinal development were shown. Suppression of Jmjd3 expression during retinal development resulted in the failure of differentiation of retinal cell subsets. Lowered expression of genes essential for differentiation of the subsets by loss of expression of Jmjd3 was observed. Therefore, we propose that lineage-specific H3K27me3 demethylation of critical gene loci by spatiotemporal-specific Jmjd3 expression is required for appropriate maturation of retinal cells.
‘Body part’ terms and emotion in Japanese
Authors: Hasada Rie 
Published: February 2014

This paper examines the use and meaning of the body-part terms or quasi-body part terms associated with Japanese emotions. The
terms analyzed are kokoro, mune, hara, ki, and mushi. In Japanese kokoro is regarded as the seat of emotions. Mune (roughly,
‘chest’) is the place where Japanese believe kokoro is located. Hara (roughly, ‘belly’) can be used to refer to the seat of
‘thinking’, for example in expression of anger-like feelings which entail a prior cognitive appraisal. The term ki (roughly,
‘breath’) is also used for expressions dealing with emotions, temperament, and behaviour; among these, ki is mostly frequently
used for referring to mental activity. Mushi — literally, a ‘worm’ which exists in the hara ‘belly’ — is also used for referring
to specific emotion expressions.
The tool for semantic analysis employed in this paper is the “Natural Semantic Metalanguage” method developed by Anna Wierzbicka
and colleagues. This metalanguage enables us to explicate concepts by means of simple words and grammar (easily translated across
languages), and clarifies the similarities and dissimilarities between the components involved in semantically similar terms. The
data used for analysis are from various sources; published literature both in Japanese and English, newspaper/magazine articles,
film scripts, comic books, advertisements, dictionaries, and popular songs.