bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composition, Flavor, Chemical Foodsafety, and Consumer Preferences of Bottled Water
Authors: Marcussen Helle , Holm Peter E. , Hansen Hans Chr.B. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract The worldwide consumption of bottled water has experienced an annual increase of 5.5% since 2004 and different authors have speculated that this is due to beliefs of superior flavor and health qualities of bottled water over tap water. The content of certain minerals varies by 2 to 6 orders of magnitude between bottled water brands. The major cations Ca, Mg, Na, and K can be found in concentrations up to 730, 450, 1900, and 270 mg/L but are usually below 100 mg/L; higher concentrations have only been found in some European and North American bottled water samples. The dominating anions are HCO3−, Cl−, and SO42−. Sensory evaluation and description of water strongly depend on personal preferences and sensitivities. The major cations can be detected by taste in concentrations down to 2 digits in the mg/L range; however, the intensity depends on which anions are present. Most cations add different degrees of salty, sour, sweet, and bitter tastes to water depending on their concentrations. Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Zn may introduce metallic, astringent, and irritative sensations and for Fe and Cu also retro‐nasal odors may influence the metallic sensation. Drinking water with total dissolved solids in the range of 100 to 400 mg/L results in good sensory quality. Known off‐flavor problems originate from by‐products of ozonation and leaching of organics from bottling material which may also be enhanced by ozonation, and microbial by‐products from the source water such as geosmin and 2‐methylisoborneol, lubricants, or cleaning agents used in the bottling industry.
Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Thresholds: A Community‐based Outcomes Study
Authors: Seymour Christopher W. , Cooke Colin R. , Heckbert Susan R. , Copass Michael K. , Yealy Donald M. , Spertus John A. , Rea Thomas D. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectivesEmergency medical services (EMS) personnel commonly use systolic blood pressure (sBP) to triage and treat acutely ill patients. The definition of prehospital hypotension and its associated outcomes are poorly defined. The authors sought to determine the discrimination of prehospital sBP thresholds for 30‐day mortality and to compare patient classification by best‐performing thresholds to traditional cutoffs.MethodsIn a community‐based cohort of adult, nontrauma, noncardiac arrest patients transported by EMS between 2002 and 2006, entries to state hospital discharge data and death certificates were linked. Prehospital sBP thresholds between 40 and 140 mm Hg in derivation (n = 132,624) and validation (n = 22,020) cohorts and their discrimination for 30‐day mortality, were examined. Cutoffs were evaluated using the 0/1 distance, Youden index, and adjusted Z‐statistics from multivariable logistic regression models.ResultsIn the derivation cohort, 1,594 (1.2%) died within 24 hours, 7,404 (6%) were critically ill during hospitalization, and 6,888 (5%) died within 30 days. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for sBP was 0.60 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.59, 0.61) for 30‐day mortality and 0.64 (95% CI = 0.62 0.66) for 24‐hour mortality. The 0/1 distance, Youden index, and adjusted Z‐statistics found best‐performing sBP thresholds between 110 and 120 mm Hg. When compared to an sBP ≤ 90 mm Hg, a cutoff of 110 mm Hg would identify 17% (n = 137) more deaths at 30 days, while overtriaging four times as many survivors.ConclusionsPrehospital sBP is a modest discriminator of clinical outcomes, yet no threshold avoids substantial misclassification of 30‐day mortality among noninjured patients.
Ambulance Use Is Associated With Higher Self‐rated Illness Seriousness: User Attitudes and Perceptions
Authors: Toloo Ghasem (Sam) , FitzGerald Gerry J. , Aitken Peter J. , Ting Joseph Y. S. , McKenzie Kirsten , Rego Joanna , Enraght‐Moony Emma 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe objective was to study the role and effect of patients' perceptions on reasons for using ambulance services in Queensland, Australia.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was conducted of patients (n = 911) presenting via ambulance or self‐transport at eight public hospital emergency departments (EDs). The survey included perceived illness severity, attitudes toward ambulance, and reasons for using ambulance. A theoretical framework was developed to inform this study.ResultsAmbulance users had significantly higher self‐rated perceived seriousness, urgency, and pain than self‐transports. They were also more likely to agree that ambulance services are for everyone to use, regardless of the severity of their conditions. In compared to self‐transports, likelihood of using an ambulance increased by 26% for every unit increase in perceived seriousness; and patients who had not used an ambulance in the 6 months prior to the survey were 66% less likely to arrive by ambulance. Patients who had presented via ambulance stated they considered the urgency (87%) or severity (84%) of their conditions as reasons for calling the ambulance. Other reasons included requiring special care (76%), getting higher priority at the ED (34%), not having a car (34%), and financial concerns (17%).ConclusionsUnderstanding patients' perceptions is essential in explaining their actions and developing safe and effective health promotion programs. Individuals use ambulances for various reasons and justifications according to their beliefs, attitudes, and sociodemographic conditions. Policies to reduce and manage demand for such services need to address both general opinions and specific attitudes toward emergency health services to be effective.
Smallholder land ownership in Kenya: distribution between households and through time
Authors: Burke William J. , Jayne T. S. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis study uses panel data to demonstrate two dimensions of land ownership: the distribution between households at a given time and changes within a household over time. We note that recognizing the latter dimension is only possible when analyzing rare long‐term panel data. We estimate a model for land ownership using a version of the correlated random effects estimator to uniquely identify the determinants of both dimensions amongst Kenyan smallholders. We find life cycle effects are a key determinant of both distributions, and identify important ways in which initial conditions such as inheritance and off‐farm income relate to the dynamics of ownership. We find that population density is a key determinant of differences between households, but also that a given household's land ownership is not affected in the short term as population density increases around them. Controlling for population density, households own more land when they are closer to road networks where the economic value of land is higher. We find important vulnerabilities for the land security of widows, but this vulnerability is geographically heterogeneous.
Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in two alpacas
Authors: O'Brien C , Kuseff G , McMillan E , McCowan C , Lavender C , Globan M , Jerrett I , Oppedisano F , Johnson P , Fyfe J 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundAn ulcerative dermopathy caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans is described in two alpacas (Vicugna pacos) domiciled in endemic areas of Victoria, Australia.ResultsThe diagnosis was confirmed in both cases by PCR targeting the M. ulcerans‐specific insertion sequence, IS2404. Extensive wound debridement and bandaging was effective in controlling local disease in one alpaca, although the animal was eventually euthanased because of suspected disease recurrence at other anatomical sites. Treatment was not undertaken in the second animal, but the results of a complete necropsy are described. Investigation of the environs of the second animal yielded low levels of M. ulcerans DNA associated with a variety of samples. The potential use of adjunctive antibiotic therapies directed against M. ulcerans infection in this species is discussed.ConclusionMycobacterium ulcerans infection should be suspected in alpacas domiciled in endemic areas and presented with ulcerative skin disease.
Obstacles to intergroup contact: When outgroup partner's anxiety meets perceived ethnic discrimination
Authors: Andrighetto Luca , Durante Federica , Lugani Federica , Volpato Chiara , Mirisola Alberto 
Published: June 2013

Emerging research suggests that outgroup partner's anxiety can disrupt intergroup rapport‐building. This study extends previous findings by investigating the interactive effects of anticipated outgroup partner's anxiety and perceived ethnic discrimination on self‐anxiety and intergroup contact avoidance. A sample of immigrant adolescents belonging to different ethnic minorities in Italy (N = 118) was considered. Results showed that when participants expected to interact with an anxious outgroup (Italian) versus in‐group partner, self‐anxiety increased and, as a consequence, their intentions to avoid future encounters. However, these effects were observed only for participants with higher (vs. lower) perceptions of being discriminated against. The implications of these results for interethnic communication and misunderstandings are discussed.
La Participation des Adhérents Dans Leurs Coopératives Agricoles: Une Étude Exploratoire du Secteur Céréalier Français
Authors: Barraud‐Didier Valérie , Henninger Marie‐Christine , Triboulet Pierre 
Published: June 2013

En adhérent à une coopérative agricole, les agriculteurs s'engagent à participer économiquement à celle‐ci en tant que coopérateurs et également à participer à son gouvernement, en tant qu'associés. Or aujourd'hui, les chercheurs et directeurs de coopératives constatent une baisse de ces deux niveaux de participation. Ce papier a pour objectif de construire une typologie des adhérents de coopératives agricoles du secteur céréalier français au regard de leurs comportements de participation puis d'identifier les déterminants qui expliquent l'appartenance des adhérents à une des classes de la typologie à partir d'un modèle probit multinomial. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que les attitudes de confiance et d'implication organisationnelles manifestées par l'adhérent envers sa coopérative peuvent expliquer ces différences de comportements aux côtés de variables individuelles liées à l'adhérent et son exploitation agricole et de variables liées à la coopérative à laquelle il adhère.L'analyse des comportements de participation permet de regrouper les 290 adhérents de l'échantillon en trois classes distinctes: « les individualistes », « les bons soldats » et « les engagés ». Les résultats du probit multinomial sur ces 3 classes montrent notamment un effet significatif de l'attitude d'implication organisationnelle, de la présence de stockage à la ferme et de la taille de la coopérative sur la probabilité d'être individualiste par rapport aux deux autres classes.
Initiation of the transcriptional response to hyperosmotic shock correlates with the potential for volume recovery
Authors: Geijer Cecilia , Medrala‐Klein Dagmara , Petelenz‐Kurdziel Elzbieta , Ericsson Abraham , Smedh Maria , Andersson Mikael , Goksör Mattias , Nadal‐Ribelles Mariona , Posas Francesc , Krantz Marcus , Nordlander Bodil , Hohmann Stefan 
Published: June 2013

The control of activity and localization of transcription factors is critical for appropriate transcriptional responses. In eukaryotes, signal transduction components such as mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) shuttle into the nucleus to activate transcription. It is not known in detail how different amounts of nuclear MAPK over time affect the transcriptional response. In the present study, we aimed to address this issue by studying the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We employed a conditional osmotic system, which changes the period of the MAPK Hog1 signal independent of the initial stress level. We determined the dynamics of the Hog1 nuclear localization and cell volume by single‐cell analysis in well‐controlled microfluidics systems and compared the responses with the global transcriptional output of cell populations. We discovered that the onset of the initial transcriptional response correlates with the potential of cells for rapid adaptation; cells that are capable of recovering quickly initiate the transcriptional responses immediately, whereas cells that require longer time to adapt also respond later. This is reflected by Hog1 nuclear localization, Hog1 promoter association and the transcriptional response, but not Hog1 phosphorylation, suggesting that a presently uncharacterized rapid adaptive mechanism precedes the Hog1 nuclear response. Furthermore, we found that the period of Hog1 nuclear residence affects the amplitude of the transcriptional response rather than the spectrum of responsive genes.
A 50‐year retrospective review of three‐dimensional effects at cracks and sharp notches
Authors: Pook L. P. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThis review is a brief survey of three‐dimensional effects at cracks and sharp notches. The overall aim is to review developments over the past 50 years leading up to the current state of the art. The review is restricted to linear elastic, homogeneous, isotropic materials, with any yielding confined to a small region at a crack or notch tip. It is also restricted to static loading and to constant amplitude fatigue loading. An enormous amount of theoretical and experimental information relevant to three‐dimensional effects has been published in the past five decades, so the review is, of necessity, highly selective. Theoretical topics covered are linear elastic fracture mechanics, including Volterra distorsioni, stress intensity factors, corner point singularities, crack front line tension, displacement analysis of cracks and notches, and through thickness distributions of stresses and stress intensity factors. Crack path topics covered are fatigue crack path constraints, determination of fatigue crack paths, oscillating crack fronts in thin sheets and the transition to slant crack propagation in thin sheets. Plane strain fracture toughness testing, including standards, is covered. Overall, it can be concluded that the existence of three‐dimensional effects at cracks and sharp notches has been known for many years, but understanding has been limited, and for some situations still is. Understanding improved when the existence of corner point singularities and their implications became known. Increasingly powerful computers made it possible to investigate three‐dimensional effects numerically in detail. Despite increased understanding, three‐dimensional effects are sometimes ignored in situations where they may be important.
Infection with influenza A viruses causes changes in promoter DNA methylation of inflammatory genes
Authors: Mukherjee Sanjay , Vipat Veena C. , Chakrabarti Alok K. 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundReplication of influenza virus in the host cells results in production of immune mediators like cytokines. Excessive secretion of cytokines (hypercytokinemia) has been observed during highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI‐H5N1) infections resulting in high fatality rates.ObjectiveThe exact mechanism of hypercytokinemia during influenza virus infection is still not known completely. As promoter DNA methylation changes are linked with expression changes in genes, we intend to identify whether changes in promoter DNA methylation have any role in expression of cytokines during influenza A virus infection.MethodsA panel of 24 cytokine genes and genes known to be involved in inflammatory response were analyzed for their promoter DNA methylation changes during influenza A virus infections. Four different strains of influenza A viruses, viz. H5N1, H1N1, pandemic (2009) H1N1, and a vaccine strain of H5N1, were used for the study.ResultsWe found seven of the total 24 inflammatory genes studied, showing significant changes in their promoter methylation levels in response to virus infection. These genes included proinflammatory cytokines CXCL14, CCL25, CXCL6, and interleukines IL13, IL17C, IL4R. The changes in DNA methylation levels varied across different strains of influenza viruses depending upon their virulence. Significant promoter hypomethylation in IL17C and IL13 genes was observed in cells infected with HPAI‐H5N1 virus compared with other influenza viruses. This decrease in methylation was found to be positively correlating with the increased expression of these genes. Analysis of IL17C promoter region using bisulfite sequencing resulted in identification of a CpG site within Retinoid X receptor‐alpha (RXR‐α) transcription factor binding site undergoing demethylation specifically in H5N1‐infected cells but not in other influenza‐infected cells.ConclusionThus, the study could demonstrate that changes in promoter methylation in certain specific cytokine genes actually have a possible role in their expression changes during influenza A virus infection.
The Paramedian Scalp Reduction with Posterior Z‐Plasty
Authors: NELSON BRUCE R. , STOUGH DOWLING B. , GILLARD MONTGOMERY , STOUGH D. BLUFORD , JOHNSON TIMOTHY M. 
Published: June 2013

background
: One consistent and undesired sequela resulting from scalp reductions has been the “slot” or “trough” defect, referring to the scar following the final reduction. Attempts to correct this have not been entirely satisfactory.
objective
: To present an approach to minimize the “slot” defect that consists of staged modified paramedian scalp reductions combined with a large posterior Z‐plasty during the final reduction.
methods
: A paramedian crescent‐shaped ellipse was marked onto the patient's scalp parallel and adjacent to the existing fringe hair. Subsequent reductions were performed in a similar manner approximately 2 months apart. The final reduction consisted of mobilization and transposition of the large flaps used in the posterior Z‐plasty.
results
: Patients who underwent the staged modified paramedian reductions combined with a posterior Z‐plasty had significant minimization and adequate camouflage of the undesirable “slot.”
conclusion
: Combining a large posterior Z‐plasty with a paramedian reduction minimizes the slot defect. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:996–998.
Essentials of Pressure Ulcer Treatment
Authors: MILLER O. FRED 
Published: June 2013

background. Diabetes accounts for over half of the lower extremity amputations in the United States. However, ulcers of the diabetic foot can often be treated successfully and amputations avoided.objective. To review treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.results. Physicians must recognize the critical clinical and diagnostic features of ischemic and neuropathic ulcers. Therapy is directed towards vascular repair in the ischemic ulcer and relief of weight bearing through casting and shoes with molded insoles in the neuropathic ulcer. Sound principles of wound care apply to all ulcers.conclusion. For successful preventive foot care patients and physicians need to understand how and why ulcers form and the rationale for the types of footwear and care necessary to prevent ulcers.
Primary Subcutaneous Leiomyosarcoma Exhibiting the Characteristic Immunophenotype Positive for Vimentin and Desmin
Authors: Boehncke Wolf‐Henning , Schwenck Kirsten , Sterry Wolfram , Kaufmann Roland 
Published: June 2013

background. Primary subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma is a rare neoplasm composed of plump, elongated spindle cells arranged in interweaving fascicles.objective. Differential diagnosis might be facilitated by the use of immunohistochemistry.methods. A case of subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma was investigated histologically on paraffin‐embedded tissue and immunohistochemistry was performed following standard procedures.results. The case reported exhibited light microscopic features and an immunophenotype characteristic of leiomyosarcoma. However, the intermediate filament desmin could only be found on a small number of tumor cells.conclusion. Expression of these markers might vary considerably and immunoperoxidase stainings need to be carefully evaluated. Utilization of several antibodies directed against different desmin epitopes might be advantageous.
Traumatic Neuroma
Authors: DE ROOS KEES‐PETER , NEUMANN H.A. MARTINO 
Published: June 2013

background. Complications following ambulatory surgical phlebectomy are rare, and to our knowledge, traumatic neuromas have never been reported.objective. To present a case of traumatic neuroma in a 48‐year‐old woman after ambulatory minisurgical phlebectomy.methods. The ambulatory minisurgical phlebectomy as described by Muller.results. In a 48‐year‐old woman who developed persisting nodules after phlebectomy, histopathology confirmed the clinical diagnosis of traumatic neuroma.
Endothelial function in patients with metabolic syndrome and erectile dysfunction: a question of Angiopoietin imbalance?
Authors: Tomada N. , Tomada I. , Botelho F. , Pacheco‐Figueiredo L. , Lopes T. , Negrão R. , Pestana M. , Cruz F. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryErectile dysfunction (ED) is a highly prevalent disease whose aetiology is mostly vasculogenic. It is nowadays considered a marker of future cardiovascular events reflecting the underlying endothelial dysfunction, the common link with the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The recent association between MetS, endothelial dysfunction and peripheral artery disease, but not with coronary artery disease (CAD), suggests that the pathophysiologies of CAD and peripheral artery disease may be distinct. Moreover, several recent studies support an emerging role for an imbalance of angiogenic growth factor levels like Angiopoietin 1 and 2 in cardiovascular disease, considering its intimate association with chronic low‐grade inflammation. We aim to find a correlation between Angiopoietins levels and systemic and local endothelial function in MetS and ED patients. Forty‐five MetS patients with ED were enrolled. ED severity was assessed by International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire (IIEF5) and penile duplex Doppler ultrasound (PDDU). Endothelial function was assessed by Peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT), and serum asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), Ang1 and Ang2 levels. Obesity and hypertension were the most frequent MetS parameters (91.1 and 88.9% respectively). Severe ED was present in 35.6% of patients. Penile haemodynamic was impaired in 77.5%. Endothelial dysfunction (PAT criteria) was present in 40.9% of patients. Ang2 levels were significantly higher in men with abdominal obesity. We observed an inverse correlation between Ang1 and peak systolic velocity, and in patients with penile arterial dysfunction, Ang1 levels were significantly higher and Ang2/Ang1 ratio significantly lower, than patients with normal arterial function. Neither ADMA nor PAT parameters were correlated with ED severity evaluated by IIEF5 or PDDU exam. In conclusion, there is an imbalance of angiopoietins in MetS and ED patients. The absence of correlation with PAT or ADMA levels suggests that angiopoietins may be early markers of endothelial dysfunction in this population of higher cardiovascular risk.
Online communication and social well‐being: how playing World of Warcraft affects players' social competence and loneliness
Authors: Visser Mandy , Antheunis Marjolijn L. , Schouten Alexander P. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis study was designed to examine the effects of playing the online game World of Warcraft (WoW) on adolescents' social competence and loneliness, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the Internet‐affected social compensation hypothesis. The hypothesis states that being online affects adolescents' social competence as a result of a variety of communication partners and identity experiments online. A survey was conducted among 790 high school students. There appeared to be no direct effect between playing WoW and adolescents' social competence and loneliness. We did find an indirect effect via variety of communication partners. Adolescents who play WoW vary more in their communication partners, leading to an increase of social competence and a decrease of loneliness.