bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deriving Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Standards
Authors: Tango Peter J. , Batiuk Richard A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAchieving and maintaining the water quality conditions necessary to protect the aquatic living resources of the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries has required a foundation of quantifiable water quality criteria. Quantitative criteria serve as a critical basis for assessing the attainment of designated uses and measuring progress toward meeting water quality goals of the Chesapeake Bay Program partnership. In 1987, the Chesapeake Bay Program partnership committed to defining the water quality conditions necessary to protect aquatic living resources. Under section 303(c) of the Clean Water Act, States and authorized tribes have the primary responsibility for adopting water quality standards into law or regulation. The Chesapeake Bay Program partnership worked with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to develop and publish a guidance framework of ambient water quality criteria with designated uses and assessment procedures for dissolved oxygen, water clarity, and chlorophyll a for Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries in 2003. This article reviews the derivation of the water quality criteria, criteria assessment protocols, designated use boundaries, and their refinements published in six addendum documents since 2003 and successfully adopted into each jurisdiction's water quality standards used in developing the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load.
Computing Atmospheric Nutrient Loads to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and Tidal Waters
Authors: Linker Lewis C. , Dennis Robin , Shenk Gary W. , Batiuk Richard A. , Grimm Jeffrey , Wang Ping 
Published: September 2013

AbstractApplication of integrated Chesapeake Bay models of the airshed, watershed, and estuary support air and water nitrogen controls in the Chesapeake. The models include an airshed model of the Mid‐Atlantic region which tracks the estimated atmospheric deposition loads of nitrogen to the watershed, tidal Bay, and adjacent coastal ocean. The three integrated models allow tracking of the transport and fate of nitrogen air emissions, including deposition in the Chesapeake watershed, the subsequent uptake, transformation, and transport to Bay tidal waters, and their ultimate influence on Chesapeake water quality. This article describes the development of the airshed model, its application to scenarios supporting the Chesapeake Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), and key findings from the scenarios. Key findings are that the atmospheric deposition loads are among the largest input loads of nitrogen in the watershed, and that the indirect nitrogen deposition loads to the watershed, which are subsequently delivered to the Bay are larger than the direct loads of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to Chesapeake tidal waters. Atmospheric deposition loads of nitrogen deposited in coastal waters, which are exchanged with the Chesapeake, are also estimated. About half the atmospheric deposition loads of nitrogen originate from outside the Chesapeake watershed. For the first time in a TMDL, the loads of atmospheric nitrogen deposition are an explicit part of the TMDL load reductions.
Evaluation of a Three‐Dimensional Hydrodynamic Model Applied to Chesapeake Bay Through Long‐Term Simulation of Transport Processes
Authors: Kim Sung‐Chan 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA numerical model, the Curvilinear Hydrodynamics in 3‐Dimensions, Waterway Experiment Station version (CH3D‐WES), was applied to represent transport processes of the Chesapeake Bay. Grid resolution and spatial coverage, tied with realistic bathymetry, ensured dynamic responses along the channel and near the shoreline. The model was run with the forcing ranges from high frequency astronomical tides to lower frequency meteorological forcing, given by surface wind and heat flux, as well as hydrological forcing given by fresh water inflows both from upstream and distributed sources along the shoreline. To validate the model, a long‐term simulation over seven‐year time period between 1994 and 2000 was performed. The model results were compared with existing observation data including water level time series, which spans over a wide spectrum of time scales, and long‐term variations in salinity structures over varying parts of the Bay. The validated model is set to provide an appropriate transport mechanism to the water quality model through linkage, warranting that the model takes into account the complexity in time and spatial scales associated with the dynamic processes in the Chesapeake.
Inhaled budesonide therapy in cats with naturally occurring chronic bronchial disease (feline asthma and chronic bronchitis)
Authors: Galler A. , Shibly S. , Bilek A. , Hirt R. A. 
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVESTo describe the long term use of inhaled budesonide in cats with naturally occurring asthma and chronic bronchitis and to measure its effects.METHODSOwners of 43 cats diagnosed with asthma or chronic bronchitis, which had been prescribed 400 µg of inhaled budesonide twice daily, were contacted and information was retrieved by a questionnaire. Nineteen cats still receiving inhaled budesonide after more than 2 months were re‐evaluated clinically and underwent barometric whole body plethysmography and adrenocorticotropic hormone‐stimulation testing.RESULTSIn 20 of the cats, therapy had been withdrawn by the owners. Cats (n=23) still receiving inhaled budesonide improved clinically and 19 cats that were reevaluated had significantly lower basalPENH(P=0·048) and higherPCPenh300(P=0·049) values than before treatment. Corticosteroid‐induced side effects were not observed in any cats but hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis suppression was detected in 3 of 15 cases.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCETreatment with inhaled budesonide was well tolerated, resulting in improvement of clinical signs and barometric whole body plethysmography parameters. Although inhaled budesonide therapy was found to cause suppression of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis in some cats, no cats showed clinical signs attributable to corticosteroid side effects.
Hypoglossal nerve stimulation improves obstructive sleep apnea: 12‐month outcomes
Authors: Kezirian Eric J. , Goding George S. , Malhotra Atul , O'Donoghue Fergal J. , Zammit Gary , Wheatley John R. , Catcheside Peter G. , Smith Philip L. , Schwartz Alan R. , Walsh Jennifer H. , Maddison Kathleen J. , Claman David M. , Huntley Tod , Park Steven Y. , Campbell Matthew C. , Palme Carsten E. , Iber Conrad , Eastwood Peter R. , Hillman David R. , Barnes Maree 
Published: September 2013

SummaryReduced upper airway muscle activity during sleep is a key contributor to obstructive sleep apnea pathogenesis. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation activates upper airway dilator muscles, including the genioglossus, and has the potential to reduce obstructive sleep apnea severity. The objective of this study was to examine the safety, feasibility and efficacy of a novel hypoglossal nerve stimulation system (HGNS®; Apnex Medical, St Paul, MN, USA) in treating obstructive sleep apnea at 12 months following implantation. Thirty‐one subjects (35% female, age 52.4 ± 9.4 years) with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea and unable to tolerate positive airway pressure underwent surgical implantation and activation of the hypoglossal nerve stimulation system in a prospective single‐arm interventional trial. Primary outcomes were changes in obstructive sleep apnea severity (apnea–hypopnea index, from in‐laboratory polysomnogram) and sleep‐related quality of life [Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ)]. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation was used on 86 ± 16% of nights for 5.4 ± 1.4 h per night. There was a significant improvement (P < 0.001) from baseline to 12 months in apnea–hypopnea index (45.4 ± 17.5 to 25.3 ± 20.6 events h−1) and Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire score (14.2 ± 2.0 to 17.0 ± 2.4), as well as other polysomnogram and symptom measures. Outcomes were stable compared with 6 months following implantation. Three serious device‐related adverse events occurred: an infection requiring device removal; and two stimulation lead cuff dislodgements requiring replacement. There were no significant adverse events with onset later than 6 months following implantation. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation demonstrated favourable safety, feasibility and efficacy.
ITPA genetic variants influence efficacy of PEG‐IFN/RBV therapy in older patients infected with HCV genotype 1 and favourable IL28B type
Authors: Matsuura K. , Tanaka Y. , Watanabe T. , Fujiwara K. , Orito E. , Kurosaki M. , Izumi N. , Sakamoto N. , Enomoto N. , Yatsuhashi H. , Kusakabe A. , Shinkai N. , Nojiri S. , Joh T. , Mizokami M. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryInosine triphosphatase (ITPA) genetic variants are strongly associated with ribavirin (RBV)‐induced anaemia during pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN) plus RBV therapy. However, the treatment efficacy of ITPA genetic variants has not been fully explored. We enrolled 309 individuals infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 1, who were treated with PEG‐IFN plus RBV for 48 weeks. The ITPA SNP: rs1127354 and IL28B SNP: rs8099917 were genotyped. We examined the risk factors for severe anaemia up to week 12 after the start of treatment and treatment efficacy. The incidence of severe anaemia, ≥3 g/dL reduction or <10 g/dL of haemoglobin (Hb) up to week 12, was more frequent in patients with CC at rs1127354 [65% (145/224), 33% (73/224)] than in those with CA/AA [25% (21/85), 6% (8/85)] (P < 0.0001). ITPA genotype, pretreatment Hb level and age were independent predictive factors for severe anaemia: Hb < 10 g/dL. In IL28B favourable type, the sustained virologic response rate was higher in ≥60‐year‐old patients with CA/AA than in those with CC [71% (22/31) vs 40% (26/65), P = 0.005], although there was no significant difference in treatment efficacy according to ITPA genetic variants in the <60‐year‐old patients. The proportion of patients administered ≥80% of the dosage of RBV was significantly higher in the patients with CA/AA than in those with CC (P = 0.025), resulting in a lower relapse rate. In conclusion, ITPA genetic variants were associated with severe RBV‐induced anaemia and could influence the efficacy of PEG‐IFN plus RBV treatment among elderly patients with IL28B favourable type.
Extra‐group mating increases inbreeding risk in a cooperatively breeding bird
Authors: Harrison X. A. , York J. E. , Cram D. L. , Young A. J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn many cooperatively breeding species, females mate extra‐group, the adaptive value of which remains poorly understood. One hypothesis posits that females employ extra‐group mating to access mates whose genotypes are more dissimilar to their own than their social mates, so as to increase offspring heterozygosity. We test this hypothesis using life history and genetic data from 36 cooperatively breeding white‐browed sparrow weaver (Plocepasser mahali) groups. Contrary to prediction, a dominant female's relatedness to her social mate did not drive extra‐group mating decisions and, moreover, extra‐group mating females were significantly more related to their extra‐group sires than their social mates. Instead, dominant females were substantially more likely to mate extra‐group when paired to a dominant male of low heterozygosity, and their extra‐group mates (typically dominants themselves) were significantly more heterozygous than the males they cuckolded. The combined effects of mating with extra‐group males of closer relatedness, but higher heterozygosity resulted in extra‐group‐sired offspring that were no more heterozygous than their within‐group‐sired half‐siblings. Our findings are consistent with a role for male–male competition in driving extra‐group mating and suggest that the local kin structure typical of cooperative breeders could counter potential benefits to females of mating extra‐group by exposing them to a risk of inbreeding.
Balloon dilation of the esophago‐gastric junction affects lower and upper esophageal sphincter function in achalasia
Authors: Wauters L. , Van Oudenhove L. , Selleslagh M. , Vanuytsel T. , Boeckxstaens G. , Tack J. , Omari T. , Rommel N. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundPneumatic dilation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in achalasia has an unappreciated effect on upper esophageal sphincter (UES) function. We studied UES pressure patterns at baseline and alterations in UES parameters resulting from therapy.MethodsHigh‐resolution manometry (HRM) tracings from 50 achalasia patients, seen at a tertiary center between January 2009 and July 2011, were reviewed. Manometric parameters studied were (i) LES: resting pressure (restP), 4‐second integrated relaxation pressure (IRP4); (ii) UES: resting pressure (restP), minimal relaxation pressure (MRP), peak pressure (PP), relaxation interval (RI), intrabolus pressure (IBP), and deglutitive sphincter resistance (DSR). Mixed models analyses with LES and UES parameters as dependent variables and treatment stage as within‐subject independent variable of interest were used. Correlations between treatment‐induced changes in LES, UES, and esophageal body (EB) parameters were performed.Key ResultsPre‐ and posttreatment HRM tracings were available from 50 patients (mean age 52.7 ± 18.6 years, 29 men). Upper esophageal sphincter parameters MRP (17.9 ± 1.2 vs 15.2 ± 0.9 mmHg; p = 0.02) and IBP (31.5 ± 1.5 vs 27.4 ± 1.2 mmHg; p = 0.009) were significantly reduced after initial balloon dilation and this effect was significant in type II achalasia (p = 0.002 and p = 0.0006). Peak pressure, RI, and DSR were not. The therapeutic effect on LES IRP4 correlated significantly with the change in UES MRP, statistically mediated by the change in EB deglutitive pressure (p = 0.004 and p = 0.0002).Conclusions & InferencesWe present the first HRM study demonstrating that pneumatic dilation of the LES affects intraesophageal and UES pressures in patients with achalasia.
Effect of general anesthesia on pulmonary function and clinical status on children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Pandit Chetan , Valentin Roumel , De Lima Jonathan , Robinson Paul , Fitzgerald Dominic , van Asperen Peter , Baines David , Cooper Peter , Selvadurai Hiran 
Published: September 2013

SummaryIntroductionChildren with cystic fibrosis (CF) receive general anesthesia (GA) for a variety of different procedures. Historical studies assessing risk of GA report a high risk of morbidity. There is a paucity of data evaluating the risk of currently available anesthetic agents. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of GA on clinical status and lung function on children with CF.MethodsChildren with CF aged 8–18 years admitted for IV antibiotic treatment for a pulmonary exacerbation were invited to participate. Spirometry, forced oscillation technique (FOT), and CF clinical score (CFCS) were measured pre‐GA, at 24 and 48 h post‐GA. The nature and duration of the GA were recorded.ResultsTwenty two patients were recruited of which 19 patients (mean age 11.4 years, range 8–18 years, 12 male) required GA. Typically, either propofol or sevoflurane was used as induction agent and maintenance of anesthesia was with sevoflurane. A laryngeal mask was used in most cases. FEV1 mean (±SD) pre‐GA was 75.1% (±23.46) which decreased at 24 h to 74.8 (±23.0) and at 48 h to 74.3 (±20.5). FOT resistance and reactance decreased at 24 and 48 h from baseline. Changes in spirometry and CFCS were not statistically significant. Two adverse events were observed in this cohort.ConclusionThe results suggest that children with mild to moderate CF lung disease do not experience significant deterioration in central or peripheral airway function following GA. The low rate of complications suggests an improved level of safety for children with CF with modern anesthesia compared with historical published data.
User‐friendly markers linked to Fusarium wilt race 1 resistance Fw gene for marker‐assisted selection in pea
Authors: Kwon Soon Jae , Smýkal Petr , Hu Jinguo , Wang Meinan , Kim Sung‐Jin , McGee Rebecca J. , McPhee Kevin , Coyne Clarice J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractFusarium wilt is one of the most widespread diseases of pea. Resistance to Fusarium wilt race 1 was reported as a single gene, Fw, located on linkage group III. The previously reported AFLP and RAPD markers linked to Fw have limited usage in marker‐assisted selection due to their map distance and linkage phase. Using 80 F8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of Green Arrow × PI 179449, we amplified 72 polymorphic markers between resistant and susceptible lines with the target region amplified polymorphism (TRAP) technique. Marker–trait association analysis revealed a significant association. Five candidate markers were identified and three were converted into user‐friendly dominant SCAR markers. Forty‐eight pea cultivars with known resistant or susceptible phenotypes to Fusarium wilt race 1 verified the marker–trait association. These three markers, Fw_Trap_480, Fw_Trap_340 and Fw_Trap_220, are tightly linked to and only 1.2 cM away from the Fw locus and are therefore ideal for marker‐assisted selection. These newly identified markers are useful to assist in the isolation of the Fusarium wilt race 1 resistance gene in pea.
Acclimation to low light by C4 maize: implications for bundle sheath leakiness
Authors: BELLASIO CHANDRA , GRIFFITHS HOWARD 
Published: September 2013

AbstractC4 plants have a biochemical carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) that increases CO2 concentration around ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) in the bundle sheath (BS). Under limiting light, the activity of the CCM generally decreases, causing an increase in leakiness, (Φ), the ratio of CO2 retrodiffusing from the BS relative to C4 carboxylation processes. Maize plants were grown under high and low light regimes (respectively HL, 600 versus LL, 100 μE m−2 s−1). Short‐term acclimation of Φ was compared from isotopic discrimination (Δ), gas exchange and photochemistry. Direct measurement of respiration in the light, and ATP production rate (JATP), allowed us use a novel approach to derive Φ, compared with the conventional fitting of measured and predicted Δ. HL grown plants responded to decreasing light intensities with the well‐documented increase in Φ. Conversely, LL plants showed a constant Φ, which has not been observed previously. We explain the pattern by two contrasting acclimation strategies: HL plants maintained a high CCM activity at LL, resulting in high CO2 overcycling and increased Φ; LL plants acclimated by down‐regulating the CCM, effectively optimizing scarce ATP supply. This surprising plasticity may limit the impact of Φ‐dependent carbon losses in leaves becoming shaded within developing canopies.
Increased food allergy and vitamin D: Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Norizoe Chihiro , Akiyama Naoe , Segawa Takaaki , Tachimoto Hiroshi , Mezawa Hidetoshi , Ida Hiroyuki , Urashima Mitsuyoshi 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundTo elucidate whether maternal vitamin D supplementation during lactation improves infantile eczema and other subsequent allergic disorders, a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was performed.MethodsMothers (n = 164) of infants with facial eczema at 1 month check‐up were randomly assigned to receive vitamin D3 supplements (n = 82; 800 IU/day) or placebo (n = 82) for 6 weeks from May 2009 to January 2011. The primary outcome was infantile eczema quantified on Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index at 3 month check‐up, and the secondary outcomes were atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and wheeze diagnosed by doctors up to 2 years of age.ResultsThere was no significant difference in SCORAD at 3 month check‐up between the two groups. Doctor‐diagnosed food allergy was significantly more common up to age 2 years in the vitamin D group (10/39, 25.7%) than in the placebo group (3/40, 7.5%; risk ratio (RR), 3.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–11.77; P = 0.030). Moreover, at least one secondary outcome was also significantly more common in the vitamin D group (17/39, 43.6%) than in the placebo group (7/40, 17.5%; RR, 2.49; 95%CI: 1.16–5.34; P = 0.012).ConclusionsVitamin D supplementation may not decrease the severity of infantile eczema at 3 months of age, but may rather increase the risk of later food allergy up to 2 years of age. Because a large number of subjects was lost to follow up, further study is needed to confirm the findings.
Pediatric surgeon vs general surgeon: Does subspecialty training affect the outcome of appendicitis?
Authors: da Silva Paulo Sérgio Lucas , de Aguiar Vânia Euzébio , Waisberg Jaques 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe absence of pediatric surgeons in many centers results in restriction of patient access to pediatric subspecialty care. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of children treated for appendicitis by pediatric surgeons (PS) and by general surgeons (GS).MethodsThis was a retrospective review of the charts of all consecutive patients <16 years old who underwent appendectomy during 2 years The primary outcome measure was the overall rate of complications. Secondary outcome measures included length of hospital stay (LOS), symptom duration, time from emergency department diagnosis to surgery, and readmission rate within 30 days.ResultsA total of 94 patients (PS group, n = 66; GS group, n = 28) were included. PS patients were younger. For patients with complicated appendicitis, complications were significantly more prevalent in the GS group (57% vs 15%; P = 0.0001). Median LOS was not significantly different between the two groups for complicated appendicitis, but patients with non‐complicated appendicitis had a significant longer LOS when treated by PS (3.74 ± 1.5 vs 2.57 ± 1.21 days; P = 0.0041). Patients in the PS group had a prolonged use of antibiotics (2 vs 4 days; P = 0.001), and longer LOS (3 vs 4 days; P = 0.0018).ConclusionsOverall complication rates were similar between PS and GS. Complications were significantly more prevalent in patients with complicated appendicitis who were treated by GS.