bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate change: The necessary, the possible and the desirable Earth League climate statement on the implications for climate policy from the 5th IPCC Assessment
Authors: Rockström Johan , Brasseur Guy , Hoskins Brian , Lucht Wolfgang , Schellnhuber John , Kabat Pavel , Nakicenovic Nebojsa , Gong Peng , Schlosser Peter , Máñez Costa Maria , Humble April , Eyre Nick , Gleick Peter , James Rachel , Lucena Andre , Masera Omar , Moench Marcus , Schaeffer Roberto , Seitzinger Sybil , van der Leeuw Sander , Ward Bob , Stern Nicholas , Hurrell James , Srivastava Leena , Morgan Jennifer , Nobre Carlos , Sokona Youba , Cremades Roger , Roth Ellinor , Liverman Diana , Arnott James 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe development of human civilisations has occurred at a time of stable climate. This climate stability is now threatened by human activity. The rising global climate risk occurs at a decisive moment for world development. World nations are currently discussing a global development agenda consequent to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which ends in 2015. It is increasingly possible to envisage a world where absolute poverty is largely eradicated within one generation and where ambitious goals on universal access and equal opportunities for dignified lives are adopted. These grand aspirations for a world population approaching or even exceeding nine billion in 2050 is threatened by substantial global environmental risks and by rising inequality. Research shows that development gains, in both rich and poor nations, can be undermined by social, economic and ecological problems caused by human‐induced global environmental change. Climate risks, and associated changes in marine and terrestrial ecosystems that regulate the resilience of the climate system, are at the forefront of these global risks. We, as citizens with a strong engagement in Earth system science and socio‐ecological dynamics, share the vision of a more equitable and prosperous future for the world, yet we also see threats to this future from shifts in climate and environmental processes. Without collaborative action now, our shared Earth system may not be able to sustainably support a large proportion of humanity in the decades ahead.
Laboratory experiments of forced plumes in a density‐stratified crossflow and implications for volcanic plumes
Authors: Carazzo Guillaume , Girault Frédéric , Aubry Thomas , Bouquerel Hélène , Kaminski Edouard 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe mass eruption rate feeding a volcanic plume is commonly estimated from its maximum height. Winds are known to affect the column dynamics causing bending and hence reducing the maximum plume height for a given mass eruption rate. However, the quantitative predictions including wind effects on mass eruption rate estimates are not well constrained. To fill this gap, we present a series of new laboratory experiments on forced plumes rising in a density‐stratified crossflow. We identify three dynamical regimes corresponding to increasing effect of wind on the plume rise. The transition from one regime to another is governed by two dimensionless velocity scales defined as a function of source and environmental parameters. The results are found consistent with the conditions of historical eruptions and provide new empirical relationships to estimate mass eruption rate from plume height in windy conditions, leading to valuable tools for eruption risk assessment.
Carbon cycle extremes during the 21st century in CMIP5 models: Future evolution and attribution to climatic drivers
Authors: Zscheischler Jakob , Reichstein Markus , von Buttlar Jannis , Mu Mingquan , Randerson James T. , Mahecha Miguel D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractClimate extremes such as droughts and heat waves affect terrestrial ecosystems and may alter local carbon budgets. However, it still remains uncertain to what degree extreme impacts in the carbon cycle influence the carbon cycle‐climate feedback both today and the near future. Here we analyze spatiotemporally contiguous negative extreme anomalies in gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) in model output of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble and investigate their future development and attribution to climatic drivers. We find that relative to the overall increase in global carbon uptake, negative extremes in GPP and NEP lose importance toward the end of the 21st century. This effect can be related to elevated CO2 concentrations and higher amounts of available water at the global scale, partially mitigating the impacts of droughts and heat waves, respectively. Overall, based on CMIP5 models, we hypothesize that terrestrial ecosystems might be more resilient against future climate extremes than previously thought. Future work will have to further scrutinize these results considering that various biological and biogeochemical feedbacks are not yet integrated within Earth system models.
Assessing ecosystem response to phosphorus and nitrogen limitation in the Pearl River plume using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS)
Authors: Gan Jianping , Lu Zhongming , Cheung Anson , Dai Minhan , Liang Linlin , Harrison Paul J. , Zhao Xiaozheng 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe effect of phosphorus limitation on the Pearl River plume ecosystem, where large gradients in both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations exist, is investigated in this process‐oriented study by coupling the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) model with a new nitrogen, phosphorus, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus (NPPZD) ecosystem model. The results of the N‐based only model of Gan et al. (2010) were compared with those of the new NP‐based model for the plume. The inclusion of P‐limitation noticeably reduces the total phytoplankton production in the plume in the P‐limited near and midfield regions of the plume. However, the nitrate in the plume extends farther downstream and forms a broad area of phytoplankton bloom in the N‐limited far field. Moreover, it changes the photosynthetically active radiation and strengthens the subsurface chlorophyll maximum in the near and midfields, but weakens it in the far field. A high N:P ratio of ∼120 in the near field decreases quickly to a low N:P ratio of <13.3 in the far field due to a higher N:P consumption ratio and mixing with ambient waters with a lower N:P ratio. Mortality and coagulation acts as major sinks for phytoplankton production in the near and midfield during the developmental stage of the bloom, but grazing gradually becomes the most important sink for phytoplankton production in the entire plume during the mature stage. It was shown that the magnitudes of the difference between the NP‐based and N‐based cases decrease sequentially for nutrients, phytoplankton, and zooplankton.
Retrieving density and velocity fields of the ocean's interior from surface data
Authors: Liu Lei , Peng Shiqiu , Wang Jinbo , Huang Rui Xin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractUsing the “interior + surface quasigeostrophic” (isQG) method, the density and horizontal velocity fields of the ocean's interior can be retrieved from surface data. This method was applied to the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) and the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM)/Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation (NCODA) reanalysis data sets. The input surface data include sea surface height (SSH), sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS), and a region‐averaged stratification. The retrieved subsurface fields are compared with reanalysis data for three tested regions, and the results indicate that the isQG method is robust. The isQG method is particularly successful in the energetic regions like the Gulf Stream region with weak stratification, and the Kuroshio region with strong correlation between sea surface density (SSD) and SSH. It also works, though less satisfactorily, in the Agulhas leakage region. The performance of the isQG method in retrieving subsurface fields varies with season, and peaks in winter when the mixed layer is deeper and stratification is weaker. In addition, higher‐resolution data may facilitate the isQG method to achieve a more successful reconstruction for the velocity retrieval. Our results suggested that the isQG method can be used to reconstruct the ocean interior from the satellite‐derived SSH, SST, and SSS data in the near future.
A subtropical North Atlantic regional atmospheric moisture budget
Authors: D'Addezio Joseph M. , Bingham Frederick M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe synergistic effects of evaporation (E), precipitation (P), and Ekman transport make the Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS‐1) region in the subtropical North Atlantic (15–30°N, 30–45°W) the natural location for the world's highest open ocean SSS maximum. Using the MERRA and ERA‐Interim atmospheric reanalyses, we reproduce the mean hydrologic state of the atmosphere over the SPURS‐1 region since 1979 and roughly deduce the change in salinity across the meridional domain due solely to interactions between E‐P and Ekman transport. Our findings suggest a region that is highly evaporative at a mean rate of 4.87 mm/d with a standard deviation of 1.2 mm/d and little seasonality. Precipitation is much more variable with an annual fall maximum around 3 mm/d but only a mean rate of 1.37 mm/d with a standard deviation of 1.46 mm/d. The resulting E‐P variable has a mean rate of 3.50 mm/d with a standard deviation of 1.92 mm/d and matches well with the moisture flux divergence term although the former is typically larger by a small margin. Strong prevailing easterly trade winds generate northward Ekman transports that advect water toward the salinity maximum around 25°N. A short calculation shows that atmospheric moisture dynamics could potentially account for about one third of the change in salinity between 15°N and 25°N giving an estimate of the role that surface freshwater flux plays in the maintenance of the salinity maximum.
Pliocene switch in orbital‐scale carbon cycle/climate dynamics
Authors: Turner Sandra Kirtland 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe high‐frequency (periods of ~105 years) relationship between carbon and oxygen isotopes in benthic foraminifera—the two proxies most extensively used to reconstruct past changes in Earth's carbon cycle and climate—shows two distinct patterns across the Cenozoic. The first, “glacial‐style,” pattern associates negative excursions in δ13C with positive excursions in δ18O indicative of relatively cold temperatures and greater ice volume. The second, “hyperthermal‐style,” pattern associates negative excursions in δ13C with negative excursions in δ18O indicative of warming. Here I assess the coherence and phasing of these high‐frequency, orbital‐scale cycles (in particular, the ~100 kyr eccentricity period) in δ13C and δ18O from multiple high‐resolution benthic foraminiferal records spanning the last ~65 million years of Earth history in order to identify which of these patterns is most persistent across the Cenozoic and when the switch between these patterns occurred. I find that the glacial‐style δ13C‐δ18O pattern is a feature restricted to the Plio‐Pleistocene, suggesting a fundamental change in the interplay between the carbon cycle and climate associated with the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. This relative stability of the high‐frequency relationship between δ13C and δ18O across most of the Cenozoic persists despite significant secular changes in climate and may suggest a dichotomous response of terrestrial carbon cycle dynamics to orbital forcing with a switch occurring in the last ~5 Myr.
Bayesian inversion of Mualem‐van Genuchten parameters in a multilayer soil profile: A data‐driven, assumption‐free likelihood function
Authors: Over Matthew W. , Wollschläger Ute , Osorio‐Murillo Carlos Andres , Rubin Yoram 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper introduces a hierarchical simulation and modeling framework that allows for inference and validation of the likelihood function in Bayesian inversion of vadose zone hydraulic properties. The likelihood function or its analogs (objective functions and likelihood measures) are commonly assumed to be multivariate Gaussian in form; however, this assumption is not possible to verify without a hierarchical simulation and modeling framework. In this paper, we present the necessary statistical mechanisms for utilizing the hierarchical framework. We apply the hierarchical framework to the inversion of the vadose zone hydraulic properties within a multilayer soil profile conditioned on moisture content observations collected in the uppermost four layers. The key result of our work is that the goodness‐of‐fit validated likelihood function form provides empirical justification for the assumption of multivariate Gaussian likelihood functions in past and future inversions at similar sites. As an alternative, the likelihood function need not be assumed to follow a parametric statistical distribution and can be computed directly using nonparametric methods. The nonparametric methods are considerably more computationally demanding, and to demonstrate this approach, we present a smaller dimension synthetic case study of evaporation from a soil column. The main drawback of our work is the increased computational expense of the inversion.
Credit Migration Matrices
Authors: Schuermann Til 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

This article provides a brief overview of credit migration or transition matrices, which characterize past changes in credit quality of obligors (typically firms). They are cardinal inputs to many risk management applications, including portfolio risk assessment, the pricing of bonds and credit derivatives, and the assessment of regulatory capital as is the case for the New Basel Accord. I address questions of how to estimate these matrices, how to make inference and compare them, and provide two examples of their use: the pricing of a derivative called a
yield spread option
, and the calculation of the value distribution for a portfolio of credit assets. The latter is especially useful for risk management of credit portfolios.
Default Correlation
Authors: Kapadia Nikunj 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDefaults across firms in the economy are correlated partly because firms are exposed to common risk factors, and partly because of frailty or contagion risk. In modeling joint default risk, several approaches have been introduced. In structural models of default risk, joint default risk may be introduced by allowing assets values to be correlated. In reduced form intensity based models, default intensities can be allowed to be correlated. However, conditional on the default intensity, each default event is independent. Finally, the correlation between defaults may be directly modeled via a copula correlation. We describe and discuss these approaches to modeling default correlation.
Compensation for Loss of Life and Limb
Authors: Grossman Helene L. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

This article discusses the direct economic costs, indirect economic costs, and noneconomic costs associated with injuries and fatalities. Different methods for putting a value on noneconomic costs, often referred to as
pain and suffering
, are compared, and the types of compensation available for these different costs, including private insurance, public insurance, and the tort system, are examined. Next, a detailed discussion of how the tort system treats compensation for loss of life and limb is given. Finally, this article considers how life and limb are valued in other contexts, such as setting government regulations and assessing health care priorities. The focus is on the United States.
History and Examples of Environmental Justice
Authors: Restrepo Carlos E. , Zimmerman Rae 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEnvironmental justice has become an influential policy discourse and analysis tool over the last few decades with particular importance for risk management. This article examines the evolution of the environmental justice movement in the United States, the main research tools used in the field, and their potential use and adaptation for incorporating justice into risk problems. The environmental justice discourse in international policy issues such as climate change and transboundary movements of hazardous and toxic substances, and its use within the sustainable development field are also discussed. Although literature reviews of environmental justice analysis suggest that there is strong evidence of environmental inequities, many research challenges exist related to the measurement of individual and multiple exposures to environmental risks and their link to human health outcomes. Understanding these links among different population groups is an area of active research and represents critical future research directions in the field.
Random Evolutions toward Applications
Authors: Koroliuk Vladimir S. , Limnios Nikolaos 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
This article gives a short and elementary presentation of random evolutions toward applications in reliability and quality engineering. At first, an example concerning the dynamical stochastic system in a two state Markov media is presented. A dynamical system in continuous time is presented since nowadays they are widely used in dynamic reliability modeling. Limit theorems in averaging and diffusion approximation scheme for ergodic and nonergodic media are also presented. Remarks on bibliography on further topics related to random evolutions are given.
Relationship between submaximal oxygen uptake, detailed body composition, and resting energy expenditure in overweight subjects
Authors: Pourhassan Maryam , Eggeling Benjamin , Schautz Britta , Johannsen Maike , Kiosz Dieter , Glüer Claus‐Christian , Bosy‐Westphal Anja , Müller Manfred James 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveWe investigated the impact of detailed body composition on aerobic fitness to determine whether regional components of fat mass have independent effects on VO2submax, and whether VO2submax and detailed body composition independently explain variation in REE.Methods71 healthy adults (80% female, 20% male, BMI 28.2–43.8 kg/m2) were investigated. Body composition was measured by the four‐compartment model together with whole body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess high and low metabolic rate organs and regional fat depots. VO2submax was estimated at 75% of predicted maximum heart rate.ResultsThere was a strong association between VO2submax and FFM and all organ masses except for heart. Skeletal muscle mass accounted for 34.8% of the variance in VO2submax. In addition, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of extremities explained additional 14.4%. FFM and FM explained 71.3% of the variance in REE. Including the components of FFM and FM, the explained variance in REE increased by about 5.8%; skeletal muscle mass explained 70.0% of the variance in REE and kidney and liver masses explained additional 7.1%. VO2submax correlated with REE. Taking into account body composition, VO2submax did not add to the variance in REE.ConclusionFFM is a determinant of both VO2submax and REE. Modeling either REE or VO2submax from individual components of FFM, about 77.1% of variance in REE (by muscle, liver and kidneys mass) and 34.8% of variance in VO2submax (by skeletal muscle mass) could be explained. FM explained additional variance in REE, whereas SAT of extremities added to the variance in VO2submax only. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:397–406, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indikatorverdrängungsassays in lebenden Zellen
Authors: Norouzy Amir , Azizi Zahra , Nau Werner M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDer Makrocyclus p‐Sulfonatocalix[4]aren (CX4) und der Fluoreszenzfarbstoff Lucigenin (LCG) bilden einen stabilen Wirt/Gast‐Komplex, in dem die Fluoreszenz des Farbstoffs gelöscht wird. Die Inkubation von lebenden V79‐ und CHO‐Zellen mit dem chemosensorischen Ensemble CX4/LCG führt zu dessen spontaner Aufnahme. Die nachfolgende Zugabe von Cholin, Acetylcholin oder Protamin, die alle eine hohe Affinität für CX4 haben und in der Lage sind, in die Zellen einzudringen, führte zu einer positiven Fluoreszenzantwort der Zellen. Dies kann auf die Verdrängung des LCG aus CX4 durch die Analyten zurückgeführt werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen die grundsätzliche Funktionsfähigkeit von Indikatorverdrängungsassays mit synthetisch hergestellten Rezeptoren zur Detektion der Aufnahme bioorganischer Analyten in lebenden Zellen.
Combining Organometallic Reagents, the Sulfur Dioxide Surrogate DABSO, and Amines: A One‐Pot Preparation of Sulfonamides, Amenable to Array Synthesis
Authors: Deeming Alex S. , Russell Claire J. , Willis Michael C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe describe a method for the synthesis of sulfonamides through the combination of an organometallic reagent, a sulfur dioxide equivalent, and an aqueous solution of an amine under oxidative conditions (bleach). This simple reaction protocol avoids the need to employ sulfonyl chloride substrates, thus removing the limitation imposed by the commercial availability of these reagents. The resultant method allows access to new chemical space, and is also tolerant of the polar functional groups needed to impart favorable physiochemical properties required for medicinal chemistry and agrochemistry. The developed chemistry is employed in the synthesis of a targeted 70 compound array, prepared using automated methods. The array achieved a 93 % success rate for compounds prepared. Calculated molecular weights, lipophilicities, and polar surface areas are presented, demonstrating the utility of the method for delivering sulfonamides with drug‐like properties.
Molekülchiralität in Meteoriten und interstellarem Eis und das Chiralitätsexperiment an Bord der Kometenmission Rosetta der ESA
Authors: Myrgorodska Iuliia , Meinert Cornelia , Martins Zita , Le Sergeant d'Hendecourt Louis , Meierhenrich Uwe J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDas uns bekannte Leben kontrolliert den ausschließlichen Gebrauch von L‐Aminosäure‐ und D‐Zucker‐Enantiomeren zum molekularen Aufbau von Proteinen und Nukleinsäuren. In diesem Kurzaufsatz wird aktuellen Modellen zum Symmetriebruch in Biomolekülen nachgegangen, die den Transport erdäußerer präbiotischer Moleküle umfassen. Der Kurzaufsatz stellt Enantiomerenüberschüsse dar, wie sie in extraterrestrischen Körpern wie Meteoriten und simuliertem interstellarem Eis nachgewiesen wurden. Die Daten werden aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln, wie der Photochirogenese, der Paritätsverletzung durch die Schwache Wechselwirkung sowie durch Enantiomerenanreicherungen durch Phasenübergänge interpretiert. Im aktuellen Kontext des Chiralitätsmoduls an Bord der Kometensonde Rosetta der ESA, die erstmals enantioselektive In‐situ‐Messungen an Proben eines Kometenkerns durchführt, wird die photochemisch induzierte “chirale Asymmetrie” genauer diskutiert werden.
Redox‐Active Ligand‐Induced Homolytic Bond Activation
Authors: Broere Daniël L. J. , Metz Lotte L. , de Bruin Bas , Reek Joost N. H. , Siegler Maxime A. , van der Vlugt Jarl Ivar 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCoordination of the novel redox‐active phosphine‐appended aminophenol pincer ligand (PNOH2) to PdII generates a paramagnetic complex with a persistent ligand‐centered radical. The complex undergoes fully reversible single‐electron oxidation and reduction. Homolytic bond activation of diphenyldisulfide by the single‐electron reduced species leads to a ligand‐based mixed‐valent dinuclear palladium complex with a single bridging thiolate ligand. Mechanistic investigations support an unprecedented intramolecular ligand‐to‐disulfide single‐electron transfer process to induce homolytic SS cleavage, thereby releasing a thiyl (sulfanyl) radical. This could be a new strategy for small‐molecule bond activation.