bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
11. White Matter Changes In Cardiac Arrest Encephalopathy
Authors: Alturkustani M. , Ang L-C. 
Published: August 2015

Background: White matter changes are common finding during brain autopsies especially in elderly. Although there are many studies applying radiological-pathological correlation on these lesions, their pathogenesis is still unclear. However, a number of possible causes have been suggested including: hypoxic-ischemia, altered blood brain barrier permeability, vascular pathology and chronic hypoperfusion. As usually there is a multiplicity of causes in any individual case, it is very difficult to pinpoint the major causal factor contributing to observed pathological changes. In this study, we document the white matter pathology in global acute hypoxic/ischemic injury due to cardiac arrest as the major causal factor.Method: We retrieve 16 cases of cardiac arrest encephalopathy in our archive with post arrest survival range from 6 hours to 14 days. Several special, and immunohistochemical stains were used to study the axonal and myelin pathology.Result: The pathogenicity of the cardiac arrest was confirmed in all cases by demonstrating the expected gray matter pathology, albeit in varying degree of severity. The white matter changes range from unremarkable in the first 2 days, evidence of cerebral edema (visualized from 3rd day on), and early axonal degeneration, to diffuse myelin pallor secondary to marked axonal loss on day 14.Conclusion: The white matter changes in post cardiac arrest are mainly due to early cerebral edema and axonal degeneration and the effect on myelin is secondary.
The Comparative History of a Genre: The production and circulation of books on travel and ethnographies in early modern Europe and China
Authors: RUBIÉS JOAN-PAU , OLLÉ MANEL 
Published: August 2015

AbstractContrary to the long-standing idea of a scientific failure in early modern China as compared to Europe, some recent work has emphasized the existence of a tradition of ‘evidential’ research in the natural sciences, antiquarianism, and geography, especially during the Sung, Ming, and Qing periods. This article seeks to develop this new perspective by offering a comparative history of the genres of travel writing and ethnography in early modern Europe and Ming/early Qing China. We argue that there were qualitative as well as quantitative differences in the way that these genres functioned in each cultural area. Even when we find apparent similarities, we note different chronological rhythms and a different position of these genres of travel writing within a wider cultural field—what we might term their ‘cultural relevance’. The specific nature of Chinese state imperialism—or, conversely, the particular nature of European overseas colonialism—played a role in determining the type of ethnographic approach that came to predominate in each cultural area. These parallels and differences suggest a fresh perspective on the cultural origins of the ‘great divergence’.
Habitat availability is not limiting the distribution of the Bohemian–Bavarian lynxLynx lynxpopulation
Authors: Magg Nora , Müller Jörg , Heibl Christoph , Hackländer Klaus , Wölfl Sybille , Wölfl Manfred , Bufka Ludêk , Červený Jaroslav , Heurich Marco 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA population of Eurasian lynxLynx lynxwas established by reintroductions in the Bohemian Forest Ecosystem in the 1970s and 1980s. The most recent information on the population status indicates that the distribution has stagnated since the late 1990s, for unknown reasons. We assessed the availability of suitable habitat along the Austrian–German–Czech border, and hypothesized that the Bohemian–Bavarian lynx population is not in equilibrium with habitat suitability. Based on global positioning system data from 10 radio-collared lynx, we used a maximum entropy approach to model suitable habitat. Variables reflecting anthropogenic influence contributed most to the model and were negatively associated with the occurrence of lynx. We evaluated the model prediction using independent records of lynx from monitoring in Bavaria, Germany. Using our habitat approach we estimated the area of potential habitat, based on a mean annual home range of 445 km2for males and 122 km2for females. Our results indicated there were 12,415 km2of suitable habitat, distributed among 13 patches, for a potential population of c. 142 (93–160) resident lynx. We assessed connectivity via least-cost paths and found that all suitable patches could be reached by the lynx. A comparison with the current distribution of lynx, however, confirms that a significant proportion of suitable habitat is not occupied, which indicates that the distribution is limited by factors other than habitat, with illegal killing being the most likely cause. Our study provides crucial information for the development of a conservation strategy and regional planning for the Bohemian–Bavarian lynx population.
Psychological strength assessed in late adolescence and risk for criminal behavior: a Swedish prospective cohort and twin analysis
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Lönn S. L. , Lichtenstein P. , Sundquist J. , Sundquist K. 
Published: August 2015

Background.Certain personality traits predispose to criminal behavior (CB). We further clarify this relationship in a Swedish national sample.Method.Psychological strength (PS) was assessed on a nine-point scale at personal interview in 1 653 721 Swedish men aged 18–20 years. We examined the association between PS and total, violent and recurrent CB over the lifetime (logistic regression), prospectively (Cox regression) and by bivariate Cholesky decomposition in 2507 monozygotic and 2244 dizygotic twin pairs (OpenMx).Results.Examining linear effects by logistic regression, PS was robustly associated with lifetime risk of total CB (per point, odds ratio = 0.74) and even more strongly associated with risk for violent (0.69) and recurrent CB (0.52). Prospective predictions of these three forms of CB by PS were similar, with hazard ratios of 0.80, 0.73 and 0.54, respectively. Twin modeling demonstrated that, for all three CB types, the association with PS arose almost entirely from familial effects. Common shared environment accounted for 72, 56 and 43% of the phenotypic correlation between PS and, respectively, total, violent and recurrent CB. Parallel figures for common genetic effects were for 24, 37 and 54%, respectively.Conclusions.PS is strongly related to risk for total CB, and even more strongly for violent and, especially, recurrent CB. This association is probably not causal but rather results from shared familial risk factors that make an impact both on PS and risk for CB. PS has a stronger overall correlation with more severe criminal outcomes and a higher proportion of that correlation results from common genetic factors.
IV.—On Least Squares and Linear Combination of Observations
Authors: Aitken A. C. 
Published: August 2015

In a series of papers W. F. Sheppard (1912, 1914) has considered the approximate representation of equidistant, equally weighted, and uncorrelated observations under the following assumptions:–(i) The data beingu1, u2, …, un, the representation is to be given by linear combinations(ii) The linear combinations are to be such as would reproduce any set of values that were already values of a polynomial of degree not higher than thekth.(iii) The sum of squared coefficientswhich measures the mean square error ofyi, is to be a minimum for each value ofi.
Estimating Blood Transfusion Requirements in Preparation for a Major Earthquake: The Tehran, Iran Study
Authors: Tabatabaie Morteza , Ardalan Ali , Abolghasemi Hassan , Naieni Kourosh Holakouie , Pourmalek Farshad , Ahmadi Batool , Shokouhi Mostafa 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIntroduction:Tehran, Iran, with a population of approximately seven million people, is at a very high risk for a devastating earthquake. This study aims to estimate the number of units of blood required at the time of such an earthquake.Methods:To assume the damage of an earthquake in Tehran, the researchers applied the Centre for Earthquake and Environmental Studies of Tehran/Japan International Cooperation Agency (CEST/JICA) fault-activation scenarios, and accordingly estimated the injury-to-death ratio (IDR), hospital admission rate (HAR), and blood transfusion rate (BTR). The data were based on Iran's major earthquakes during last two decades. The following values were considered for the analysis: (1) IDR = 1, 2, and 3; (2) HAR = 0.25 and 0.35; and (3) BTR = 0.05, 0.07, and 0.10. The American Association of Blood Banks' formula was adapted to calculate total required numbers of Type-O red blood cell (RBC) units. Calculations relied on the following assumptions: (1) no change in Tehran's vulnerability from CEST/JICA study time; (2) no functional damage to Tehran Blood Transfusion Post; and (3) standards of blood safety are secure during the disaster responses. Surge capacity was estimated based on the Bam earthquake experience. The maximum, optimum, and minimum blood deficits were calculated accordingly.Results:No deficit was estimated in case of the Mosha fault activation and the optimum scenario of North Tehran fault. The maximum blood deficit was estimated from the activation of the Ray fault, requiring up to 107,293 and 95,127 units for the 0–24 hour and the 24–72 hour periods after the earthquake, respectively. The optimum deficit was estimated up to 46,824 and 16,528 units for 0–24 hour and 24–72 hour period after the earthquake, respectively.Conclusions:In most Tehran earthquake scenarios, a shortage of blood was estimated to surge the capacity of all blood transfusion posts around the country within first three days, as it might ask for a 2–8 times more than what the system had produced following the Bam earthquake.
Trends in nutritional status and nutrient intakes and correlates of overweight/obesity among rural adult women (≥18–60 years) in India: National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) national surveys
Authors: Meshram II , Balakrishna N , Sreeramakrishna K , Rao K Mallikharjun , Kumar R Hari , Arlappa N , Manohar G , Reddy Ch Gal , Ravindranath M , Kumar S Sharad , Brahmam GNV , Laxmaiah A 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo assess trends in nutrient intakes and nutritional status of rural adult women (≥18–60 years) and the association of sociodemographic characteristics with overweight/obesity.DesignCommunity-based cross-sectional studies carried out during 1975–79 to 2011–12 by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) were used. Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight and waist circumference, carried out during the surveys, were used. Association and logistic regression analyses between sociodemographic characteristics and overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity were conducted using a complex samples procedure.SettingTen NNMB states of India.SubjectsNon-pregnant and non-lactating rural women aged ≥18–60 years covered during the above periods from ten states in India.ResultsThe prevalence of chronic energy deficiency has declined from 52 % during 1975–79 to 34 % during 2011–12, while that of overweight/obesity has increased from 7 % to 24 % during the same period. Median intakes of most of the nutrients have increased over the same period, although they were below recommended levels. The chance of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity was significantly (P<0·01) higher among women aged 40–60 years, those belonging to Christian religion and other backward communities, women living in pucca houses, literate women, women engaged in service and business, and those having higher per capita income.ConclusionsPrevalence of chronic energy deficiency has declined significantly; however, overweight/obesity has increased during the same period. This increase in overweight/obesity may be attributed to increased consumption of fatty foods, sedentary lifestyle and improved socio-economic status. There is a need to educate the community about regular physical exercise, low intakes of fats and oils, and a balanced diet.
Polymeric composites on the basis of Martian ground for building future mars stations
Authors: Mukbaniani O. V. , Aneli J. N. , Markarashvili E. G. , Tarasashvili M. V. , Aleksidze N. D. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe colonization of Mars will require obtaining building materials which can be put in place and processed into buildings via various constructive technologies. We tried to use artificial Martian ground – AMG (GEO PAT 11-234 (2015)) and special resins for the preparation of building block prototypes. The composite material has been obtained based on the AMG as filler, epoxy resin (type ED-20) and tetraethoxysilane – TEOS. We have studied strengthening – softening temperatures and water absorption of the AMG polymer composites that are determined by epoxy resin and TEOS modification. Comparison of the experimental results shows that composites containing modified filler have higher values of the maximum ultimate strength, resistance and flexibility parameters than unmodified composites with definite loading. Modified composites also have a higher softening temperature and lower water absorption.
Corporate social responsibility, juridification and globalisation: ‘inventive interventionism’ for a ‘paradox’
Authors: Osuji Onyeka K. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper proposes ‘inventive interventionism’ as a regulatory approach to incorporate substantive outcomes, stakeholder empowerment, effective disclosure and a global multi-stakeholder and multidimensional view of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and social disclosure. Inventive interventionism also applies new paradigms of regulation that recognise CSR as one of the proximate engineers of efficient public governance and ultimate sources of socio-economic development. The paper adopts a transnational and comparative approach to regulatory CSR and situates the voluntary and prescriptive approaches in the wider regulation debate. It draws on reflexive law, responsive regulation, institutional and other theories to demonstrate that existing CSR regulations in several jurisdictions are not representative of the law's multidimensional and multidirectional nature. Inventive interventionism reflects a functional approach to the law–CSR dialectic relationship and contributes to the development of an analytical framework for CSR and reforming its national and global regulatory environment.
Unearthing bureaucratic legal consciousness: government officials’ legal identification and moral ideals
Authors: Richards Zach 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe legal consciousness of citizens receiving the law has been extensively explored but little attention has been paid to the legal consciousness of individuals applying the law. This paper draws on interviews with forty government officials in the Refugee Review Tribunal of Australia to address this concern, analysing how government bureaucrats think about law. In doing so, it identifies a series of underlying ideals informing the officials’ legal identification narratives. It presents a heuristic that positions bureaucratic legal identification in relation to broader moral ideals, demonstrating that as government officials’ identification with law increases so too does their idealisation of intellect and information processing. Conversely, as the officials’ identification with law decreases, their idealisation of experience and truth verification increases. These findings provide new insights into how law works in government, revealing bureaucratic legal identification as structured according to broader moral values, and thereby unearthing legal consciousness’ latent metacognitive dimension.
Analysis of Israelis [Jews and Arab–Palestinians]: exploring law in society and society in law
Authors: Barzilai Gad 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAttributing a great deal of attention to global and local knowledge, this paper is focused on law and society scholarship that has been published by Israelis, both Jewish and Arab-Palestinians. It attempts to unveil and to map some of the major issues that have characterised the scholarly debates and intellectual discourse, primarily critical questions on law and political power, the nation-state, legal rights discourse and equality. More specifically, the paper analyses socio-legal research on various local issues, such as multiculturalism and national rifts on the backdrop of the 1967 military occupation alongside the emergence of a neoliberal capitalist economy. The protracted Arab-Palestinian–Israeli conflict and the fragmentation of the political partisan map in Israel have incited more emphasis on the place of the Israeli Supreme Court, primarily sitting as a High Court of Justice, in public life as an important regulatory institution. This focus on the judicial power of the Court has resulted in an even more frantic controversy on whether the Court has become too engaged in political affairs. In all the law and society debates, local concepts and global knowledge have been intertwined. Hence, the paper enables scholars around the world to closely examine law and society scholarship on the convergence of local and global knowledge.
MicroRNA-587 antagonizes 5-FU-induced apoptosis and confers drug resistance by regulating PPP2R1B expression in colorectal cancer
Authors: Zhang Y , Talmon G , Wang J 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDrug resistance is one of the major hurdles for cancer treatment. However, the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown and therapeutic options remain limited. In this study, we show that microRNA (miR)-587 confers resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced apoptosis in vitro and reduces the potency of 5-FU in the inhibition of tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model in vivo. Further studies indicate that miR-587 modulates drug resistance through downregulation of expression of PPP2R1B, a regulatory subunit of the PP2A complex, which negatively regulates AKT activation. Knockdown of PPP2R1B expression increases AKT phosphorylation, which leads to elevated XIAP expression and enhanced 5-FU resistance; whereas rescue of PPP2R1B expression in miR-587-expressing cells decreases AKT phosphorylation/XIAP expression, re-sensitizing colon cancer cells to 5-FU-induced apoptosis. Moreover, a specific and potent AKT inhibitor, MK2206, reverses miR-587-conferred 5-FU resistance. Importantly, studies of colorectal cancer specimens indicate that the expression of miR-587 and PPP2R1B positively and inversely correlates with chemoresistance, respectively, in colorectal cancer. These findings indicate that the miR-587/PPP2R1B/pAKT/XIAP signaling axis has an important role in mediating response to chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. A major implication of our study is that inhibition of miR-587 or restoration of PPP2R1B expression may have significant therapeutic potential to overcome drug resistance in colorectal cancer patients and that the combined use of an AKT inhibitor with 5-FU may increase efficacy in colorectal cancer treatment.
Syncytial apoptosis signaling network induced by the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein complex: an overview
Authors: Nardacci R , Perfettini J-L , Grieco L , Thieffry D , Kroemer G , Piacentini M 
Published: August 2015

AbstractInfection by human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is associated with a progressive decrease in CD4 T-cell numbers and the consequent collapse of host immune defenses. The major pathogenic mechanism of AIDS is the massive apoptotic destruction of the immunocompetent cells, including uninfected cells. The latter process, also known as by-stander killing, operates by various mechanisms one of which involves the formation of syncytia which undergo cell death by following a complex pathway. We present here a detailed and curated map of the syncytial apoptosis signaling network, aimed at simplifying the whole mechanism that we have characterized at the molecular level in the last 15 years. The map was created using Systems Biology Graphical Notation language with the help of CellDesigner software and encompasses 36 components (proteins/genes) and 54 interactions. The simplification of this complex network paves the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to eradicate HIV-1 infection. Agents that induce the selective death of HIV-1-elicited syncytia might lead to the elimination of viral reservoirs and hence constitute an important complement to current antiretroviral therapies.
Chop deficiency prevents UUO-induced renal fibrosis by attenuating fibrotic signals originated from Hmgb1/TLR4/NFκB/IL-1β signaling
Authors: Zhang M , Guo Y , Fu H , Hu S , Pan J , Wang Y , Cheng J , Song J , Yu Q , Zhang S , Xu J-F , Pei G , Xiang X , Yang P , Wang C-Y 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRenal fibrosis, particularly tubulointerstitial fibrosis is considered to be the final manifestation of almost all chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Herein we demonstrated evidence that CHOP-related ER stress is associated with the development of renal fibrosis in both CKD patients and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced animals, and specifically, mice deficient in Chop were protected from UUO-induced renal fibrosis. Mechanistic studies revealed that loss of Chop protected tubular cells from UUO-induced apoptosis and secondary necrosis along with attenuated Hmgb1 passive release and active secretion. As a result, Chop deficiency suppressed Hmgb1/TLR4/NFκB signaling, which then repressed UUO-induced IL-1β production. Consequently, the IL-1β downstream Erk1/2 activity and its related c-Jun transcriptional activity were reduced, leading to attenuated production of TGF-β1 following UUO insult. It was further noted that reduced IL-1β production also inhibited UUO-induced PI3K/AKT signaling, and both of which ultimately protected mice from UUO-induced renal fibrosis. Together, our data support that suppression of CHOP expression could be a viable therapeutic strategy to prevent renal fibrosis in patients with CKDs.
Protein tyrosine kinase 6 promotes ERBB2-induced mammary gland tumorigenesis in the mouse
Authors: Peng M , Ball-Kell S M , Tyner A L 
Published: August 2015

AbstractProtein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) expression, activation, and amplification of thePTK6gene have been reported in ERBB2/HER2-positive mammary gland cancers. To explore contributions of PTK6 to mammary gland tumorigenesis promoted by activated ERBB2, we crossedPtk6−/−mice with the mouse mammary tumor virus-ERBB2 transgenic mouse line expressing activated ERBB2 and characterized tumor development and progression. ERBB2-induced tumorigenesis was significantly delayed and diminished in mice lacking PTK6. PTK6 expression was induced in the mammary glands of ERBB2 transgenic mice before tumor development and correlated with activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and increased proliferation. Disruption of PTK6 impaired STAT3 activation and proliferation. Phosphorylation of the PTK6 substrates focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 1 (BCAR1; p130CAS) was decreased inPtk6−/−mammary gland tumors. Reduced numbers of metastases were detected in the lungs ofPtk6−/−mice expressing activated ERBB2, compared with wild-type ERBB2 transgenic mice. PTK6 activation was detected at the edges of ERBB2-positive tumors. These data support roles for PTK6 in both ERBB2-induced mammary gland tumor initiation and metastasis, and identify STAT3, FAK, and BCAR1 as physiologically relevant PTK6 substrates in breast cancer. Including PTK6 inhibitors as part of a treatment regimen could have distinct benefits in ERBB2/HER2-positive breast cancers.