bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does low‐molecular‐weight heparin influence fetal growth or uterine and umbilical arterial Doppler in women with a history of early‐onset uteroplacental insufficiency and an inheritable thrombophilia? Secondary randomised controlled trial results
Authors: Abheiden CNH , Van Hoorn ME , Hague WM , Kostense PJ , van Pampus MG , de Vries JIP 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveDoes low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) added to low‐dose aspirin influence fetal growth and flow velocity in uterine and umbilical arteries in women with an inheritable thrombophilia and previous early‐onset uteroplacental insufficiency?DesignSecondary outcomes of the FRUIT‐RCT.SettingMulticentre, international.PopulationThe FRUIT‐RCT included 139 women with inheritable thrombophilia before 12 weeks of gestation. Inclusion criteria were previous delivery before 34 weeks of gestation with a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and/or small‐for‐gestational‐age infant and an inheritable thrombophilia.MethodsAfter randomisation to either daily LMWH with aspirin, or aspirin only, ultrasound measurements were performed at 22–24, 28–30 and 34–36 weeks of gestation. Development during gestation of growth, birthweight and flow velocity of the umbilical artery was examined using the linear mixed model. Uterine artery flow velocity at a single time‐point (22–24 weeks) was examined using a chi‐square test.Main outcome measuresFetal growth over time including birthweight, using Scandinavian, Dutch and customised growth curves; and flow velocity within the uterine and umbilical arteries.ResultsNo difference of fetal growth over time could be demonstrated between the study arms, regardless of which reference criteria were used. The flow velocity within the uterine artery and umbilical artery did not differ between study arms.ConclusionThe addition of LMWH to aspirin did not influence fetal growth or umbilical artery flow velocity over time; nor did it influence uterine artery flow velocity.Tweetable abstractLMWH does not influence fetal growth or uterine or umbilical flow velocities.
Biosecurity Measures to Control Salmonella and Other Infectious Agents in Pig Farms: A Review
Authors: Andres Victor M. , Davies Rob H. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSalmonellosis is the 2nd most common cause of human bacterial food poisoning and can be acquired from meat or eggs, either via direct consumption or cross‐contamination in the kitchen. The European Commission has set the criteria to controlSalmonellainfections within the poultry sector and it is proposed that the swine sector should follow. Pork is considered, after eggs, the major source of infection in humans in the EU, withSalmonella typhimurium, including monophasic strains, being frequently implicated. Good control measures at the farm level are likely to correspond with lower prevalence ofSalmonellainfection and, subsequently, a reduction of cross‐contamination of carcasses processed at the slaughterhouse and a reduction in human salmonellosis. This review focuses on biosecurity measures in pig farms that can help to control important pig diseases at the same time as reducing the within‐herd prevalence ofSalmonella. This information is likely to provide an economic incentive for farmers to apply improved general standards of farm biosecurity and hygiene management that would have a positive impact in food safety.
Hospitalization and 1‐year all‐cause mortality in type 2 diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease at Stages 1 and 2: Effect of mild anemia
Authors: Nseir William , Artul Suheil , Nasrallah Najib , Mograbi Julnar , Mahamid Mahmud 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe effect of anemia in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) on morbidity and mortality is known. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of mild anemia on hospitalization and 1‐year all‐cause mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with Stage 1 and 2 CKD.MethodsHospitalized T2DM patients (n = 307) with a glomerular filtration rate ≥ 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 and urinary albumin excretion > 30 mg/24 h (Stage 1 and 2 CKD) were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups based on hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations: those with (mean [ ± SD] Hb 10.7 ± 0.7 g/dL) and without (mean Hb 13.3 ± 1.28 g/dL) anemia.ResultsThere was no significant difference between patients with and without anemia in terms of age, gender, body mass index, HbA1c, and cardiovascular diseases. The mean length of hospitalization of the 130 anemic and 177 non‐anemic patients was 4.3 ± 3.5 and 3.5 ± 1.9 days, respectively (P < 0.001). Twelve anemic patients died within 1 year, compared with three patients without anemia (9.2% vs 1.7%, respectively; P = 0.002). After adjusting for confounding variables, multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that mild anemia was significantly associated with 1‐year all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio 2.15, 95% confidence interval 1.92–2.54; P = 0.033).ConclusionsMild anemia may increase the length of hospitalization and was associated with 1‐year all‐cause mortality among hospitalized T2DM patients with Stage 1 and 2 CKD.
Emotions, the Law and the Press in Britain: Seduction and Breach of Promise Suits, 1780‐1830
Authors: Barclay Katie 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe role played by the press in shaping emotions is a topic of increasing interest. Moral panics and sexual scandals have long been recognised as key discursive sites in the shaping of modern Britain. This article contributes to that debate with an exploration of how the late eighteenth‐ and early nineteenth‐century press shaped an emotional public opinion through the reporting of breach of promise and seduction suits. It argues that the press directed men into roles as defenders of the nation through their protection of female virtue, using emotion to invest the British public in nation‐building.
What the radiologist needs to know about Charcot foot
Authors: Mautone Marcela , Naidoo Parm 
Published: June 2015

SummaryCharcot neuropathic osteoarthropathy (CN) is a progressive disease affecting the bones, joints and soft tissue of the foot and ankle, most commonly associated with diabetic neuropathy. Patients with diabetes complicated by CN have especially high morbidity, frequency of hospitalisation, and therefore, significant utilisation of expensive medical resources. The diagnosis of early CN can be challenging and is based on clinical presentation supported by various imaging modalities. Imaging is important for the detection of early CN and is useful in monitoring progression and complications of the disease. The later stages of CN are potentially devastating for individuals and present an increasing socioeconomic challenge for health systems. The astute radiologist, particularly in the context of a multidisciplinary team, plays a critical role in diagnosis of the primary disease and its complications. This review article aims to outline the key features of CN, emphasising current clinical and radiologic concepts as an aid for the practising radiologist.
Four‐dimensional computed tomography (4DCT): A review of the current status and applications
Authors: Kwong Yune , Mel Alexandra Olimpia , Wheeler Greg , Troupis John M 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThe applications of conventional computed tomography (CT) have been widely researched and implemented in clinical practice. A recent technological innovation in the field of CT is the emergence of four‐dimensional computed tomography (4DCT), where a three‐dimensional computed tomography volume containing a moving structure is imaged over a period of time, creating a dynamic volume data set. 4DCT has previously been mainly utilised in the setting of radiation therapy planning, but with the development of wide field of view CT, 4DCT has opened major avenues in the diagnostic arena. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive narrative review of the literature regarding the current clinical applications of 4DCT. The applications reviewed include both routine diagnostic usage as well as an appraisal of the current research literature. A systematic review of the studies related to 4DCT was conducted. The Medline database was searched using the MeSH subject heading ‘Four‐Dimensional Computed Tomography’. After excluding non‐human and non‐English papers, 2598 articles were found. Further exclusion criteria were applied, including date range (since wide field of view CT was introduced in 2007), and exclusion of technical/engineering/physics papers. Further filtration of papers included identification of Review papers. This process yielded 67 papers. Of these, exclusion of papers not specifically discussing 4DCT (cone beam, 4D models) yielded 38 papers. As part of the review, the technique for 4DCT is described, with perspectives as to how it has evolved and its benefits in different clinical indications.
Obesity in regional anesthesia – a risk factor for peripheral catheter‐related infections
Authors: Bomberg H. , Albert N. , Schmitt K. , Gräber S. , Kessler P. , Steinfeldt T. , Hering W. , Gottschalk A. , Standl T. , Stork J. , Meißner W. , Teßmann R. , Geiger P. , Koch T. , Spies C. D. , Volk T. , Kubulus C. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundObesity is believed to increase the risk of surgical site infections and possibly increase the risk of catheter‐related infections in regional anesthesia. We, therefore, analyzed the influence of obesity on catheter‐related infections defined within a national registry for regional anesthesia.MethodsThe German Network for Regional Anesthesia database with 25 participating clinical centers was analyzed between 2007 and 2012. Exactly, 28,249 cases (13,239 peripheral nerve and 15,010 neuraxial blocks) of patients ≥ 14 years were grouped in I: underweight (BMI 13.2–18.49 kg/m2, n = 597), II: normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2, n = 9272), III: overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2, n = 10,632), and IV: obese (BMI 30.0–70.3 kg/m2, n = 7,744). The analysis focused on peripheral and neuraxial catheter‐related infections. Differences between the groups were tested with non‐parametric ANOVA and chi‐square (P < 0.05). Binary logistic regression was used to compare obese, overweight, or underweight patients with normal weight patients. Odds ratios (OR and 95% confidence interval) were calculated and adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsConfounders with significant influence on the risk for catheter‐related infections were gender, age, ASA score, diabetes, preoperative infection, multiple skin puncture, and prolonged catheter use. The incidence (normal weight: 2.1%, obese: 3.6%; P < 0.001) and the risk of peripheral catheter‐related infection was increased in obese compared to normal weight patients [adjusted OR: 1.69 (1.25–2.28); P < 0.001]. In neuraxial sites, the incidence of catheter‐related infections differed significantly between normal weight and obese patients (normal weight: 3.2%, obese: 2.3%; P = 0.01), whereas the risk was comparable [adjusted OR: 0.95 (0.71–1.28); P = 0.92].ConclusionThis retrospective cohort study suggests that obesity is an independent risk factor for peripheral, but not neuraxial, catheter‐related infections.
The alcohol dependence syndrome: a legacy of continuing clinical and scientific importance
Authors: Stockwell Tim 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis paper offers some reflections on Griffith Edwards’ continuing legacy with particular reference to his and Milton Gross's formulation of alcohol dependence as a ‘provisional’ clinical syndrome. The ideas and language from this seminal paper have heavily influenced international diagnostic classification systems. However, it is observed that there has also been significant (and increasing) divergence—in particular around the original proposal that dependence and negative alcohol‐related consequences are independent, if inevitably inter‐related dimensions. This is most apparent in the conflation of alcohol‐related problems and dependence phenomena implicit in DSM‐V. It is also argued that the alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) has substantial continuing influence and relevance to current clinical practice. The hypothesis that degree of alcohol dependence is a useful indicator of the possibility of a return to controlled drinking continues to receive support, and underpins the widespread implementation of brief interventions for ‘early stage’ problem drinkers. It is suggested that the kind of careful clinical observations that underpinned the original concept of alcohol dependence have continuing relevance to the formulation of improved understanding, measurement instruments, diagnostic systems and clinical responses.
History and its contribution to understanding addiction and society
Authors: Berridge Virginia 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis paper provides a personal memoir of historical work at the Addiction Research Unit, in particular the genesis of the bookOpium and the People. This topic had policy significance for US drug policy and a competing US study was funded. The development of the substance use history field is surveyed, and its expansion in recent times through a focused professional association and a critical mass of researchers in the area, covering a wide range of topics. The politics of using history in this area can be problematic. History now sits at the policy table more easily, but there is still a tendency for professionals in the field to use (and misuse) it, rather than calling on the interpretive and challenging approach they would obtain from professional historians. The paper calls for historians and others to move beyond a substance specific focus and to avoid the tendency for 'naive history' implicit in using only digitized industry archives as the sole source.
The development and testing of new nicotine replacement treatments: from ‘nicotine replacement’ to ‘smoking replacement’
Authors: Hajek Peter 
Published: June 2015

AbstractGriffith Edwards, unusually in the 1970s, saw tobacco use as falling within the remit of addiction research, and brought Michael Russell to the Addiction Research Unit [ARU] to initiate research into smoking. The work of the tobacco section of ARU paved the way to a better understanding of tobacco dependence and to developing nicotine replacement treatments. Michael Russell pioneered the idea of attractive nicotine replacement products with an acceptable safety profile replacing cigarettes on the open market and ending the tobacco epidemic, envisaging a transition from medicinal and temporary ‘nicotine replacement’ to recreational and potentially permanent ‘smoking replacement’. Mike's prediction that the pharmaceutical industry would develop such devices did not materialize. Instead, two such products were generated by the tobacco industry (snus) and independent developers (electronic cigarettes). Another of Mike's hopes was that regulators would adopt rational policies, and that tobacco control activists would become supportive of smoking replacement once they thought through the implications. Until now, the ‘smoking replacement’ idea has been met with vigorous opposition from some tobacco control activists. The voices of researchers with historical links to ARU are prominent in arguing in favour of harm reduction and e‐cigarettes. The most important debate ever to occur in tobacco control is under way and it carries the signature of Griffith Edwards’ ARU.
Getting to grips with the cannabis problem: the evolving contributions and impact of Griffith Edwards
Authors: Hall Wayne 
Published: June 2015

AbstractGriffith Edwards played an important role in cannabis policy debates within government advisory committees in the United Kingdom from the early 1970s until the early 1980s. This has largely been hidden from public knowledge by the confidentiality of these committee discussions. The purpose of this paper is to use Griffith's writings and the results of recent historical scholarship to outline the views he expressed, the reasons he gave for them, and to provide a brief assessment of his contribution to the development of British cannabis policy.
Griffith Edwards’ work on the life course of alcohol dependence
Authors: Marshall E. Jane 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn 1976 Edwards & Gross proposed the concept of the alcohol dependence syndrome, based on the clinical observation that heavy drinkers manifested an inter‐related clustering of signs and symptoms. That this modest ‘provisional description’ turned out to be so significant and influential is perhaps unsurprising when the context in which it was made is appreciated. Griffith Edwards and his colleagues at the Maudsley Hospital had undergone a rigorous 3‐year training in clinical psychiatry, during which they had been taught to think critically and were grounded in the art of clinical observation. As he assessed patients for various alcohol research studies he realized that there was a clustering of certain elements. Thus clinical observation and an appreciation of the patient's drinking history contributed to the genesis of the concept. This paper reflects on the integration of his rigorous training at the Maudsley, his enquiring mind and encyclopaedic knowledge of the historical and research literature which enabled him to formulate a testable hypothesis about the alcohol dependence syndrome.
Delay discounting and self‐reported impulsivity in adolescent smokers and nonsmokers living in rural Appalachia
Authors: Lewis Russell , Harris Millie , Slone Stacey A. , Shelton Brent J. , Reynolds Brady 
Published: June 2015

Background and Objectives This study evaluated whether impulsivity (delay discounting and BIS‐11‐A) is associated with adolescent smoking status in a region with strong environmental risk factors for smoking.Methods Forty‐two adolescent smokers and nonsmokers from rural Appalachia completed discounting and self‐reported impulsivity assessments.Results The BIS‐11‐A, but not the measure of discounting, was associated with smoking status; however, neither assessment predicted smoking status once parent/best‐friend smoking variables were statistically accounted for.Discussion and Conclusions In regions with strong environmental risk factors for smoking, delay discounting may play a more limited role in risk of initiation.Scientific Significance Helps to better define impulsivity as risk factors for smoking in relation to familial and broader cultural variables. (Am J Addict 2015;24:492–494)
CYT003, a TLR9 agonist, in persistent allergic asthma – a randomized placebo‐controlled Phase 2b study
Authors: Casale T. B. , Cole J. , Beck E. , Vogelmeier C. F. , Willers J. , Lassen C. , Hammann‐Haenni A. , Trokan L. , Saudan P. , Wechsler M. E. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundNew treatment options are required for patients with asthma not sufficiently controlled with inhaled therapies. In a Phase 2a trial, CYT003, a Toll‐like receptor‐9 agonist immunomodulator, improved asthma control during inhaled glucocorticosteroid reduction in patients with allergic asthma. This double‐blind Phase 2b study assessed the efficacy and safety of CYT003 in patients with persistent moderate‐to‐severe allergic asthma not sufficiently controlled on standard inhaled glucocorticosteroid therapy with/without long‐acting beta‐agonists (LABAs).MethodsOverall, 365 patients received seven doses of subcutaneous CYT003 (0.3, 1, or 2 mg) or placebo as add‐on therapy to conventional controller medication. Change from baseline in Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) score was the primary outcome; secondary outcomes included change in forced expiratory volume, Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, and safety.ResultsAll groups, including placebo, showed a clinically important improvement in ACQ score; however, there was no significant difference between the CYT003 and placebo groups at week 12 (least‐squares mean difference 0.3 mg: −0.027 [95% confidence interval −0.259 to 0.204]; 1 mg: 0.097 [−0.131 to 0.325]; 2 mg: 0.081 [−0.148 to 0.315]). No significant differences were seen in secondary outcomes. CYT003 was well tolerated; the most common treatment‐emergent adverse events were injection site reactions. Due to lack of efficacy, the study was prematurely terminated at the end of the treatment phase with no further follow‐up.ConclusionsToll‐like receptor‐9 agonism with CYT003 showed no additional benefit in patients with insufficiently controlled moderate‐to‐severe allergic asthma receiving standard inhaled glucocorticosteroid therapy with or without LABAs.
The Use of Treatment Concurrences to Assess Robustness of Binary Block Designs Against the Loss of Whole Blocks
Authors: Godolphin J. D. , Godolphin E. J. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryCriteria are proposed for assessing the robustness of a binary block design against the loss of whole blocks, based on summing entries of selected upper non‐principal sections of the concurrence matrix. These criteria improve on the minimal concurrence concept that has been used previously and provide new conditions for measuring the robustness status of a design. The robustness properties of two‐associate partially balanced designs are considered and it is shown that two categories of group divisible designs are maximally robust. These results expand a classic result in the literature, obtained by Ghosh, which established maximal robustness for the class of balanced block designs.
Population pharmacokinetics of midazolam and its metabolites in overweight and obese adolescents
Authors: van Rongen Anne , Vaughns Janelle D. , Moorthy Ganesh S. , Barrett Jeffrey S. , Knibbe Catherijne A. J. , van den Anker Johannes N. 
Published: June 2015

AimIn view of the increasing prevalence of obesity in adolescents, the aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of the CYP3A substrate midazolam and its metabolites in overweight and obese adolescents.MethodsOverweight (BMI for age ≥ 85th percentile) and obese (BMI for age ≥ 95th percentile) adolescents undergoing surgery received 2 or 3 mg intravenous midazolam as a sedative drug pre‐operatively. Blood samples were collected until 6 or 8 h post‐dose. Population pharmacokinetic modelling and systematic covariate analysis were performed using nonmem 7.2.ResultsNineteen overweight and obese patients with a mean body weight of 102.7 kg (62–149.8 kg), a mean BMI of 36.1 kg m−2 (24.8–55 kg m−2), and a mean age of 15.9 years (range 12.5–18.9 years) were included. In the model for midazolam and metabolites, total body weight was not of influence on clearance (0.66 l min−1 (RSE 8.3%)), while peripheral volume of distribution of midazolam (154 l (11.2%)), increased substantially with total body weight (P < 0.001). The increase in peripheral volume could be explained by excess body weight (WTexcess) instead of body weight related to growth (WTfor age and length).ConclusionsThe pharmacokinetics of midazolam and its metabolites in overweight and obese adolescents show a marked increase in peripheral volume of distribution and a lack of influence on clearance. The findings may imply a need for a higher initial infusion rate upon initiation of a continuous infusion in obese adolescents.