bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shipping sulphur regulation, freight transportation prices and diesel markets in the Baltic Sea region
Authors: Hilmola Olli-Pekka 
Published: March 2015

Purpose– Purpose of this research is to shed light on the changes caused by shipping sulphur regulation, which will globally take off during years 2015 and 2020. It has significant effects on diesel markets globally, but especially in regions, where demanding 0.1 per cent level is required. One of these regions is the Baltic Sea. It is relatively undealt issue, how this forthcoming change will affect these specific sub-regions of stiff 0.1 per cent sulphur level demand and their transportation modes with different tax obligations.Design/methodology/approach– The authors use second-hand data from various different sources, earlier research as well as simulation to estimate the effects on the diesel markets and transportation prices in the Baltic Sea region. Different transportation modes have diverging taxation treatment on diesel oil use, which complicates analysis further.Findings– Based on research findings, it is rather probable that diesel markets for sulphur-free diesel oil shall face price spike in the beginning of 2015 in the Baltic Sea region. This is mostly explained with needed large-scale scrubber investment and short-time span to complete these (there are both technical and financial challenges). Therefore, numerous ships shall enter sulphur-free diesel oil market. Based on the simulation study, freight transportation will mostly be hurt in shipping, whereas road and rail shall face smaller price increases. Results are mostly explained with taxation treatment, where shipping is still using tax-free diesel oil, and no fixed taxes are hedging this transportation mode from sudden price changes.Research limitations/implications– Analysis concerns only Baltic Sea region, and effects and changes in the entire Europe from sulphur regulation change in 2015 are unknown. This would mean to extent study to North Sea. In addition, taxation system harmonization is not yet complete in Europe, and differences exist between member states. Research work was completed with diesel oil tax treatment regarding different transportation modes in Finland.Practical implications– Based on this study, short sea shipping will be hurt by regulation change in 2015. However, in the future, this transportation mode shall face additional cost increases, as most probably, tax harmonization in diesel markets shall lead to fixed taxes added on shipping diesel. So, transportation mode shall face difficult and challenging times ahead.Originality/value– Research is seminal study from possible sulphur regulation change implications in transportation mode level. It takes into account taxation treatment, cost share of diesel in transportation mode level and possible diesel price change. Until today, no other study exists in this detailed level.
Mobile social network in proximity: taxonomy, approaches and open challenges
Authors: Chang Chii , Srirama Satish Narayana , Ling Sea 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– Recent smart mobile devices are capable of letting users produce various digital content, and share/upload the content to many social network services (SNS) directly via wireless network connections. The phenomenon has increased the number of people using mobile SNS applications. Although the applications have become more popular, mobile users have been restricted in the virtual communities of online SNS and are not aware of the social opportunities available to them in real-time surrounding. While they spend most of their time accessing online SNS, they have missed many opportunities to interact with others for new friendships, business opportunities or information sharing. Consequently, a new breed of mobile social network (MSN) system has arisen to assist mobile users to interact with proximal people and perform various social activities. Such a proximal-based MSN environment is termed a Mobile Social Network in Proximity (MSNP).

Design/methodology/approach
– Developing an MSNP system needs to address a number of issues and challenges, such as heterogeneity, content/service discovery, privacy and trust, resource management, and so on. This paper identifies and describes these challenges, and reviews a number of related solutions from existing literature. In the follow up, this paper addresses a number of open challenges in the MSNP domain.

Findings
– Although various works have been proposed to enable and overcome challenges in MSNP, there are still many unsolved open challenges in terms of identification, content management, social-aware discovery, trust in public environment, adaptation, quality of service and the development of MSNP. We have addressed these challenges in this paper as future research directions in the MSNP domain.

Originality/value
– This paper provides an original literature review in MSNP and identifies a number of open challenges as research direction in the MSNP domain.
Competition versus interaction as a way to promote innovation in the construction industry
Authors: Havenvid Malena Ingemansson 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to discuss the link between economic thinking and public policy, two ways of promoting innovation are reviewed – competition and interaction. The competition perspective is illustrated by Schumpeterian-inspired growth economics, while the role of inter-organisational interaction is shown by the industrial network theory.

Design/methodology/approach
– The construction sector is used as an example of a politically critiqued industry regarding low innovativeness and productivity, through which the two different views are outlined and compared. The main differences of these two perspectives are outlined as: the organisational unit of analysis (the firm vs the relationship and network), how knowledge is created and spread (exogenous vs endogenous to economic exchange), and the value-creation processes (internal vs external focus).

Findings
– The two views are essential different and therefore should cancel each other out if implemented simultaneously. Consequently, a conscious choice as to which view should be used within a public policy for promoting innovation must be made. It is concluded that, while both types of economic thinking can be used to promote innovation in this industry, a fundamental difference could arise if construction firms continue to pursue mainly competitive strategies at the expense of addressing its interactional problems.

Practical implications
– Finally, a set of questions that policymakers need to consider in relation to the three fundamental issues addressed above is discussed.

Originality/value
– The paper adds to the discussion of how to increase the innovativeness in the construction industry in a novel way by comparing two distinctly different theoretical perspectives on how this is best handled.
The diversity of systemic innovation thinking
Authors: Eklund Magnus , Waluszewski Alexandra 
Published: March 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to analyze the different assessments of a particular industry and its ability to innovative, renew and prosper, but also to look into the underlying assumptions that are hiding behind the systemic approaches utilized in these assessments. The point of departure is an empirical puzzle: one group of studies presents a rather optimistic view of the Swedish life science industry and its ability to economize on research, policy and industrial investments. Another group of studies presents much a darker view, questioning the capacity of new companies to reach economic endurance, as well as the possibility of keeping the actually successful companies within the country. At a first sight it appears as if the two groups of studies are resting on a common theoretical ground: all seem to depart from a systemic innovation perspective that challenges the idea of an independent business landscape.Design/methodology/approach– The difference between the assessments becomes comprehensible once the authors allow for a variety of systemic approaches in innovation thinking. The authors propose an ideal-typical distinction between two types of system perspectives; those that view technology as entangled in its environment and those that view technology as disentangled from its environment. The authors use the national innovation system (NIS) and the industrial network (IMP) approaches to exemplify the two perspectives.Findings– An implication of the study is that the term “systemic perspective” is very broad and encompassing, something that in turn points to the importance of being clear about what the authors mean with a system, but also with what the theoretical assumptions focus on and abstract away from.Originality/value– The ideal-typical distinction between two types of system perspectives; those that view technology as entangled in its environment and those that view technology as disentangled from its environment. The authors use the NIS and the IMP approaches to exemplify the two perspectives.
Explaining the operation of a home care system
Authors: Turner Kenneth J. 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to devise a general solution that allows a policy-based (i.e. rule-based) management system to explain its operation. In particular, a solution has been developed and evaluated in the context of an automated home care system.

Design/methodology/approach
– The work has built on an existing policy-based management system called Advanced Component Control Enhancing Network Technologies (ACCENT). This includes automated management of home care using two forms of rules: higher-level (user) goals and lower-level (system) policies. These rules can be defined by users (typically carers) to personalise how the system should support the resident. In new work, the system has been extended to include an explanation facility that allows the user to understand the past and future behaviour of the system.

Findings
– An explanation facility has been created to explain the past and future behaviour of the system. An initial evaluation of this has been carried out with carers. The participants in this evaluation found the facility to be understandable and were able to use it effectively.

Research limitations/implications
– The work has made a useful extension to the design of policy-based systems in general. The initial evaluation with a limited group of users identified small weaknesses in the explanation facility that will be addressed in future work. The updated approach will then be evaluated with a larger group of users.

Practical implications
– The enhanced home care system is now more usable and comprehensible, and so will be easier to deploy and maintain.

Social implications
– The explanation facility has made the home care system more usable and comprehensible for users, and so will enhance its acceptability in future deployment.

Originality/value
– Although expert systems have long been able to explain their operation, this kind of solution has not previously been attempted for policy-based management systems. The value to end users is that the approach makes automated support of home care more understandable and thus more acceptable and usable.
Assistive technology in dementia care: methodological issues in research design
Authors: Altendorf Annette , Schreiber Jason 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to illustrate some of the ethical issues and methodological obstacles encountered when trialling and using safer walking technologies and monitoring devices in dementia care.

Design/methodology/approach
– Using a number of recent studies as examples statistical, methodological and ethical issues are illustrated, which impact on the feasibility of randomised controlled trials or quasi-experimental designs.

Findings
– Much has already been achieved in using technology to aid people with memory and related problems. However, statistical evidence for the effectiveness of safer walking and monitoring devices in dementia care is still lacking. Careful considerations such as “treat the client as you would like to be treated” should be applied, when making a decision about a particular device.

Originality/value
– Safer walking and monitoring technology for people with memory and related problems is a rapidly advancing field of research. This is an updated discussion on methodological, statistical and ethical issues.
Playing for time: the Fed’s attempt to mange the crisis as a liquidity problem
Authors: Eisenbeis Robert A. , Herring Richard J. 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the events leading up to the Great Recession, the US Federal Reserve’s response to what it perceived to be a short-term liquidity problem, and the programs it put in place to address liquidity needs from 2007 through the third quarter of 2008.

Design/methodology/approach
– These programs were designed to channel liquidity to some of the largest institutions, most of which were primary dealers. We describe these programs, examine available evidence regarding their effectiveness and detail which institutions received the largest amounts under each program.

Findings
– We argue that increasing financial fragility and potential insolvencies in several major institutions were evident prior to the crisis. While it is inherently difficult to disentangle issues of illiquidity from issues of insolvency, failure to recognize and address those insolvency problems delayed necessary adjustments, undermined confidence in the financial system and may have exacerbated the crisis.

Research limitations/implications
– Disentangling issues of illiquidity from issues of insolvency is inherently difficult and so it is not possible to specify a definitive counterfactual scenario. Nonetheless, failure to recognize and address the insolvency problems in several major institutions until more than a year after the crisis had begun delayed the necessary adjustment and undermined confidence in the financial system.

Originality/value
– This paper is among the first to analyze data showing the amounts of lending and the distribution of these loans across institutions under the Fed’s special liquidity facilities during the first 18 months of the financial crisis.
Air Flow Performance of Air Swirlers for Gas Turbine Fuel Nozzles
Authors: Martin Charles A. 
Published: March 2015

Swirlers are very important elements of gas turbine combustion systems, necessary for the proper operation of a modern gas turbine engine.
In this paper the performance of air swirlers with a range of swirl angles and diameters are examined and discussed in the context of recently published papers. Parameters which are included in this discussion are swirl number, swirler thrust, swirler torque, swirler solidity, etc.
Results suggest that swirler “see through” is not necessarily bad, but may be beneficial with respect to swirl number and other parameters. The use of a mean swirler radius to calculate the swirl number and the resulting benefits are discussed and demonstrated.
Ongoing Development of a Gas Turbine Combustion System for Gaseous Fuels With a Wide Range of Wobbe Index Values
Authors: Sood V. M. 
Published: March 2015

Development of a combustion system at the author’s Company was carried out at atmospheric pressure to achieve successful operation of a 5500-hp (Type H) gas turbine on gaseous fuels covering a wide range of Wobbe Index (WI) values from 48.04 MJ/nm3 (1220 Btu/scf) for natural gas to 18.90 MJ/nm3 (480 Btu/scf) for natural gas and carbon dioxide mixtures. Mixtures with the latter composition have direct applications for gas turbine engines burning fuels derived from sanitary landfills and liquid sewage. Wide-range operational capability offers the flexibility to fire gas turbines with either pipeline quality natural gas or medium-heating-value fuel, depending on availability. For such applications, if a fuel injector is designed to operate satisfactorily on natural gas fuel, it will have unacceptably high pressure drops when operating on fuels with WI values towards the lower end of the range. On the other hand, if the fuel injector is designed to operate properly on fuels with WI values on the lower end of the range, it will have unacceptably low pressure drops when operating on fuels with WI values towards the higher end of the range, which causes combustion-driven pressure oscillation feedback into the fuel-injection system. This feedback usually increases the amplitude of combustion-driven pressure oscillation and can cause significant damage to the gas turbine in a relatively short time.
This paper describes the design and development work carried out to resolve these problems.
Progress on Measurement Techniques for Industrial Gas Turbine Technology
Authors: Valentini E. , Lacitignola P. , Casini M. 
Published: March 2015

Instrumentation and measurements play a very special role in the advancement of gas turbine turbomachinery. In an industrial gas turbine experimental program, testing constantly flanks machine development and full-load testing of extensively instrumented units provides information on both overall and component performance.
Rotordynamic testing is performed to determine, in ambient conditions, the optimum configuration for the rotor-bearing-casing assembly.
Fluid-dynamic testing on models of the inlet duct, turbine casing and transition piece assembly and blade cooling system is carried out to minimize flow distortions or optimize cooling flows.
Stress and modal analyses on turbine and compressor blades are performed, using 3D photoelasticity and holographic interferometry.
In the full-load testing, the measurements include thermodynamic values, temperatures of the components, blade vibratory strains, blade tip clearances and axial displacements.
Signals from rotating thermocouples and strain gages, installed on both turbine and compressor rotors, are transmitted using slip ring systems. HP blade temperature distribution is measured by means of the infrared pyrometer.
Typical Campbell diagrams are derived from the blade strain gage measurements and are used for HCF verification.
Radial and axial stator-to-rotor displacements are measured during transients.
An Emissions Database for U.S. Navy and Air Force Aircraft Engines
Authors: Faulkner Henry B. , Platt Melvin , Klarman Anthony F. , Smith Mark D. 
Published: March 2015

Within the U. S., the pollutant emissions at Navy and Air Force airbases are not regulated by civil law. However, there is a desire to be a good neighbor to the local population. On the other hand, military engine test facilities are designated as ground emission sources which are subject to civil air quality regulations. Both situations contribute to a Navy and Air Force requirement for the generation of air quality scenarios, which in turn requires ready access to engine emissions data.
A considerable body of emissions data has been collected for U. S. military aircraft engines over the last twenty years. However, this data is not readily accessible, because it is distributed in a variety of technical publications, and is not presented in a consistent format.
Therefore the Navy, with Air Force cooperation, has sponsored a program to develop an engine emissions database system tailored to their requirements, for use on a microcomputer. The program was conducted by Northern Research and Engineering Corporation. The resulting database contains all of the available emissions data, as well as background information on each engine model and the conditions for each test. All of the unclassified operational engine models of the Navy and Air Force are listed, whether or not emissions data are available. When emissions data is not available for a particular model, but there is a similar engine model whose data can reasonably be substituted, this is identified. The system provides an easy and versatile means of accessing the available emissions data. In general, the computerized database approach can increase the value of many types of experimental data.
The Design of a 3MW Kalina Cycle Experimental Plant
Authors: Kalina A. I. , Leibowitz H. M. 
Published: March 2015

An experimental project is now underway to demonstrate the advantages of the Kalina cycle technology. A Kalina Cycle Experimental Plant (KCEP) will be built as a 3 MW bottoming cycle using the waste heat from a facility within the Energy Technology Engineering Center (ETEC), a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory located in Canoga Park, California.
The design of the experimental plant is presented, including the process flow diagram, heat and mass balance, and specifications for the plant’s major equipment; the waste heat boiler, turbine generator and distillation/condensation subsystem.
Using a mixture of ammonia and water at a mass ratio of 70/30, and a new condenser design based on absorption principles, the Kalina cycle plant will attempt to demonstrate its superiority over the Rankine steam cycle. Based on single pressure designs at comparable peak cycle temperatures, the Kalina cycle’s output should exceed that of the steam cycle by 25 percent.
Second Sourcing of a Jet Engine
Authors: Hix Jimmy 
Published: March 2015

The U.S. Navy’s desire to establish a competitive second source for its newest fighter engine compelled the USN to develop Pratt & Whitney as an alternate manufacturer of the F404-GE-400 afterburning turbofan jet engine. This paper describes in detail the process of developing a “build to print” alternate manufacturing source which does not have access to the original design agent. It further describes the trials, triumphs, and lessons learned in the case history.
The specifics which are described in the paper are: the validation of the U.S. Navy’s data procurement policies, the strength of its procuring agencies, the key decisions leading to the end results, the vital roles played by specific U.S. Government agencies in the process, the engineering methods used in transferring unfamiliar data sets into the manufacturing of all facets of a jet engine, the engineering process used to substantiate the manufacturing processes, the source qualification process, the quality assurance methods used to implement unfamiliar quality control requirements, the overall benefits to industry and the U.S. Government, and the long term implications of this effort to the U.S. Government Department of Defense procurement process.
Effect of Free-Stream Turbulence, Reynolds Number, and Incidence on Axial Turbine Cascade Performance
Authors: Vijayaraghavan S. B. , Kavanagh P. 
Published: March 2015

A large-scale, low-speed, axial turbine cascade designed for high-loading and high-turning was tested over a range of Reynolds number, turbulence level, and incidence angle. End wall suction was applied to provide two-dimensional flow over a large spanwise region of the airfoil. In all, thirty-six test conditions were examined.
Overall cascade performance including mass-averaged loss coefficients at each test flow condition was determined from detailed five-hole pressure probe traverses in an exit plane of the cascade. In addition, using glue-on hot-film gages and surface oil-flow visualizations, transition and/or separation was identified over the suction surface of the airfoil. The measured transition start and end points were compared against predictions using existing transition models. Also, the measured losses were compared against predicted losses from boundary layer calculations based on finite difference analysis.