bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of (1,3‐phenylene)bis(3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl pentylidene)dilithium initiator concentration on the modality of polybutadiene
Authors: Vasilakopoulos Thodoris C. , Hadjichristidis Nikos 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe strong influence of (1,3‐phenylene)bis(3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl pentylidene)dilithium initiator (DLI) concentration on the modality of polybutadiene (PBd) in the presence of lithium s‐butoxide (s‐BuOLi) in benzene, at room temperature, has been studied. The quality of DLI has been evaluated by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and 1H NMR. Keeping s‐BuOLi/C‐Li ratio (R) close to unity, at relatively high DLI concentrations (C > 7 × 10−4 M), monomodal high 1,4‐PBds with polydispersity index less than 1.07 were obtained, whereas bimodal ones at lower concentrations (C < 6 × 10−4 M). The effect of C‐Li concentration on the modality of PBd has been evaluated using size exclusion chromatography on samples taken during and at the end of the polymerization. Viscosity observations have also been used to further support the results. The bimodality of PBd has been attributed to partially terminated difunctional species because of the inevitable presence of protic impurities in the polymerization solution, although high vacuum technique was used, which becomes more significant at low initiator concentrations. Moreover, the strong influence of s‐BuOLi on the microstructure of PBd has been demonstrated by 1H NMR. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Thermoswitchable fluorescence organogels based on hydrogen bond‐assisted chiral gelators
Authors: Liu Wen‐Tzu , Tohnai Norimitsu , Hisaki Ichiro , Miyata Mikiji , Chen Wen‐Ting , Wu Yen‐Jou , Liu Jui‐Hsiang 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTo clarify the individual effect of secondary forces on the self‐assembly of molecules, a chiral cholesteryl N‐(2‐anthryl) carbamate (CAC) consisting of anthryl, carbamate, and cholesteryl groups was synthesized. From the results of the temperature‐dependent 1H NMR, the hydrogen bond‐assisted π–π interaction was found to maintain the growth of the axis of the self‐assembled structure, and the three‐dimensional effect from the cholesteryl group induces the rotational structure. Fluorescence behavior of the CAC molecules with and without assistance of secondary forces was investigated. Thermoswitchable fluorescence of gelators was observed. Supramolecular organogels reveal significant enhanced fluorescence strength due to the aggregation‐induced enhanced emission of the CAC molecules. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Heterograft brush copolymers via romp and triple click reaction strategies involving CuAAC, diels–alder, and nitroxide radical coupling reactions
Authors: Cakir Nese , Yavuzarslan Merve , Durmaz Hakan , Hizal Gurkan , Tunca Umit 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this study, an equimolar mixture of oxanorbornenyl‐anthracene (ONB‐anthracene), oxanorbornenyl‐bromide (ONB‐Br), and oxanorbornenyl tosylate (ONB‐OTs) was polymerized via ring opening metathesis polymerization using the first generation Grubbs' catalyst in CH2Cl2 at room temperature to form poly(ONB‐anthracene‐co‐ONB‐Br‐co‐ONB‐OTs)10 copolymer as a main backbone. Next, this main backbone was sequentially clicked with a furan protected maleimide‐terminated poly(methyl methacrylate), 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy‐terminated poly(ethylene glycol), and alkyne‐terminated poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL20‐alkyne) via Diels–Alder, nitroxide radical coupling, and copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition, respectively, to yield a poly(ONB‐g‐PMMA‐co‐ONB‐g‐PEG‐co‐ONB‐g‐PCL)10 heterograft brush copolymer © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
One‐step synthesis of block copolymers using a hydroxyl‐functionalized trithiocarbonate RAFT agent as a dual initiator for RAFT polymerization and ROP
Authors: Kang Hyun Uk , Yu Young Chang , Shin Sang Jin , Youk Ji Ho 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA range of well‐defined block copolymers were synthesized using 4‐cyano‐4‐(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)sulfanylpentanol (CDP) as a dual initiator for reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) in a one‐step process. Styrene, (meth)acrylate, and acrylamide monomers were polymerized in a controlled manner for one block composed of vinyl monomers, and δ‐valerolactone (VL), ε‐caprolactone (CL), trimethylene carbonate (TMC), and L‐lactide (LA) were used for the other block composed of cyclic monomers. Diphenyl phosphate was used as a catalyst for the ROP of VL, CL, and TMC, and 4‐dimethyamino pyridine for the ROP of LA. These catalysts did not interfere with RAFT polymerization and the synthesis of various block copolymers proceeded in a controlled manner. CDP was found to be a very useful dual initiator for a one‐step synthesis of various block copolymers by a combination of RAFT polymerization and ROP. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
The emerging field of chemo‐ and pharmacoproteomics
Authors: Hess Sonja 
Published: November 2012

The emerging field of chemo‐ and pharmacoproteomics studies the mechanisms of action of bioactive molecules in a systems pharmacology context. In contrast to traditional drug discovery, pharmacoproteomics integrates the mechanism of a drug's action, its side effects including toxicity, and the discovery of new drug targets in a single approach. Thus, it determines early favorable (e.g. multiple kinase target in cancer drugs) and unfavorable (e.g. side effects) polypharmacology. Target profiling is accomplished using either active site‐labeling probes or immobilized drugs. This strategy identifies direct targets and has in fact enabled even the determination of binding curves and half maximum inhibitory concentrations of these targets. In addition, the enrichment greatly reduces the complexity of the proteome to be analyzed by quantitative MS. Complementary to these approaches, global proteomics profiling studying drug treatement‐induced changes in protein expression levels and/or post‐translational modification status have started to become possible mostly due to significant improvements in instrumentation. Particularly, when using multidimensional separations, a considerable proteome depth of up to 10 000 proteins can be achieved with current state‐of‐the‐art mass spectrometers and bioinformatics tools. In summary, chemo‐ and pharmacoproteomics has already contributed significantly to the identification of novel drug targets and their mechanisms of action(s). Aided by further technological advancements, this interdisciplinary approach will likely be used more broadly in the future.
Defect engineering of Si nanocrystal interfaces
Authors: Zacharias Margit , Hiller Daniel , Hartel Andreas , Gutsch Sebastian 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe photoluminescence of Si nanocrystals is often assigned to exciton recombination confined within the nanocrystals. However, localized radiative or non‐radiative defects at the nanocrystal (NC) interface can drastically influence the NCs ensemble and reduce the luminescence output. In addition, size of the NCs as well as embedding host are playing a major role and have a significant influence on the optical properties. Here we summarize our work on size controlled Si NCs based on the SiOx/SiO2 superlattice approach. We will discuss how to distinguish between defects at the NC‐Si/SiO2 interface and defects in the matrix and demonstrate ways for effective NC surface passivation. The influence of different annealing ambient used for crystallization will be shown. Such perfectly defect passivated and size controlled samples will be used as a model system to discuss size dependent quantum properties such as the temperature dependent blue shift of the Si NC band gap.
Wavelength‐dependent determination of the recombination rate coefficients in single‐quantum‐well GaInN/GaN light emitting diodes
Authors: Schiavon Dario , Binder Michael , Peter Matthias , Galler Bastian , Drechsel Philipp , Scholz Ferdinand 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe recombination rate coefficients (RRCs) A, B, and C in MOVPE‐grown single‐quantum‐well light emitting diodes spanning the entire blue‐green spectral range are determined by fitting efficiency curves and differential carrier lifetimes. The results show definite trends for each of the RRCs: A tendentially decreases with increasing wavelength, B definitely decreases, and C remains approximately constant. Therefore, the increase of the droop with increasing wavelength (the green gap problem) is rather due to the decrease of B than an increase of C. The determined values of C are shown to be similar to what has been predicted by others with first‐principles computer simulations accounting for phonon‐assisted Auger recombination. Samples grown on sapphire and silicon substrates are compared and show significant differences only for the RRC A, presumably due to the difference in threading dislocation density.
The seismic retrofit of UC Berkeley's California Memorial Stadium
Authors: Friedman David A. , Vignos Rene , Walters Mason T. , Petteys Chris , Bomba Geoff 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYThis paper addresses the seismic retrofit of the University of California at Berkeley's California Memorial Stadium (CMS) to accommodate surface fault rupture movements as well as intense seismic shaking from the Hayward fault. For the surface fault rupture aspect of the project, the project team took a multidisciplinary approach that involved structural engineers, geotechnical engineers, seismologists and geologists collaborating to establish design criteria and possible surface rupture scenarios. The mechanics of surface fault rupture are discussed relative to the structural design approach that mitigates the effects of surface deformations caused by the fault during an earthquake. The effects of the surface fault rupture were studied using small scale physical models and nonlinear finite element models of the building and rupturing ground surface. The retrofit scheme accommodates the concentrated ground deformations of an estimated 6 ft of horizontal movement and 2 ft of vertical offset caused by a surface fault rupture. Segments of the CMS that overlay the regions of possible surface fault rupture were decoupled from the main structure via movement gaps to accommodate relative displacements of the building segments, including tilting in the event of earthquake‐produced fault rupture. The results of the analyses are discussed along with the design decisions and challenges of retrofitting a historic structure that resides on an active fault. While a large portion of the engineering effort was devoted to solving the issue of accommodating surface rupture, another large engineering challenge also dominated the design of the CMS. One of the signature architectural features of the stadium is a two‐story, 375‐ft long press box that hovers above the new west side of the seating bowl. Although designing the press box on limited supports to give the appearance of ‘hovering’ was a challenge, the real challenge came in safely bracing this structure for large potential ground motions at this site. The interface between the flexible support of the press box and the rigid seating bowl became a challenge, solved by providing a separation between the bowl and press box structures allowing them to move independently while linking them only with fluid viscous dampers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency characteristics of electromagnetic bandgap structure with bow‐tie cells and its optimal design based on particle swarm optimization
Authors: Yu‐Bo Tian , Yue Dong , Zhi‐Bin Xie , Sha Sha , Tao Peng 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure, which is widely used in the microwave and millimeter‐wave fields, is a kind of photonic crystal. An EBG structure with bow‐tie cells having different tapered forms is presented in this paper. Furthermore, the EBG structure is optimized by using an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm. The optimal results show that the optimized EBG structure with bow‐tie cells has a good stop‐band performance and large relative bandwidth. The passband ripples of the EBG structure are very small and basically symmetrical. The frequency characteristic of the optimized EBG structure is found to be excellent. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Structure of Turbostratically Disordered Misfit Layer Compounds [(PbSe)0.99]1[WSe2]1, [(PbSe)1.00]1[MoSe2]1, and [(SnSe)1.03]1[MoSe2]1
Authors: Smeller Mary M. , Heideman Colby L. , Lin Qiyin , Beekman Matt , Anderson Michael D. , Zschack Paul , Anderson Ian M. , Johnson David C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe structures of three new misfit layer compounds, [(PbSe)0.99]1[WSe2]1, [(PbSe)1.00]1[MoSe2]1, and [(SnSe)1.03]1[MoSe2]1, prepared as thin films from designed elementally modulated reactant precursors, have been investigated by synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy. This is the second report of a misfit layer compound based on tin selenide and the first structure determinations of tungsten‐ and molybdenum‐containing misfit layer compounds. The compounds have mismatches in both the a‐ and b‐axis (in‐plane) lattice parameters of the component structural units, which result in misfit parameters, δ, both greater and smaller than zero. Pole figures of hk0‐type reflections indicate that c‐axis‐oriented (basal plane) dichalcogenide‐structured units are randomly oriented within the a‐b plane. The widths of diffraction peaks of type hk0, 00l, and hkl (h, k ≠ 0; l ≠ 0) indicate coherence lengths of approximately (6 to 7) nm within the a‐b plane, the full thickness of the film along the c‐axis, and (1 to 2) nm in mixed‐index directions, respectively, consistent with random rotational disorder between the constituents, commonly termed turbostratic disorder in the clay literature. The intensities of 00l‐ and hk0‐type diffraction peaks were modeled to determine the structure of atomic planes along the c axis and the projection of the constituent structures onto the a‐b plane, respectively.
LRRK2 interactions with α-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease brains and in cell models
Authors: Guerreiro Patrícia Silva , Huang Yue , Gysbers Amanda , Cheng Danni , Gai Wei Ping , Outeiro Tiago Fleming , Halliday Glenda Margaret 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Mutations in the genes encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and α-synuclein are associated with both autosomal dominant and idiopathic forms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). α-Synuclein is the main protein in Lewy bodies, hallmark inclusions present in both sporadic and familial PD. We show that in PD brain tissue, the levels of LRRK2 are positively related to the increase in α-synuclein phosphorylation and aggregation in affected brain regions (amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex), but not in the unaffected visual cortex. In disease-affected regions, we show co-localization of these two proteins in neurons and Lewy body inclusions. Further, in vitro experiments show a molecular interaction between α-synuclein and LRRK2 under endogenous and over-expression conditions. In a cell culture model of α-synuclein inclusion formation, LRRK2 co-localizes with the α-synuclein inclusions, and knocking down LRRK2 increases the number of smaller inclusions. In addition to providing strong evidence for an interaction between LRRK2 and α-synuclein, our results shed light on the complex relationship between these two proteins in the brains of patients with PD and the underlying molecular mechanisms of the disease.
Suture Button Suspension following Trapeziectomy in a Cadaver Model
Authors: Song Yohan , Cox Christopher A. , Yao Jeffrey 
Published: November 2012

Background The safety and the effects of different trajectories on thumb motion of suture-button suspensionplasty post-trapeziectomy are not known. Method In a cadaveric model, thumb range of motion, trapeziectomy space height, and distance between the device and nerve to the first dorsal interosseous muscle (first DI) were measured for proximal and distal trajectory groups. Proximal trajectory was defined as a suture button angle directed from the thumb metacarpal to the second metacarpal at a trajectory less than 60° from the horizontal; distal trajectory was defined as a suture button angle directed from the thumb metacarpal to the second metacarpal at a trajectory of greater than 60° from the horizontal ( Fig. 1 ). [Figure: see text] Results There were no significant differences in range of motion and trapeziectomy space height between both groups. The device was significantly further away from the nerve to the first DI in the proximal trajectory group compared to the distal trajectory group, but was still safely away from the nerve in both groups (greater than 1 cm). Conclusions These results suggest that the device placement in either a proximal or distal location on the second metacarpal will yield similar results regarding safety and thumb range of motion.
A strategy to increase the number of deliveries with skilled birth attendants in Kenya
Authors: Tomedi Angelo , Tucker Katherine , Mwanthi Mutuku A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo increase the number of deliveries with skilled birth attendants (SBAs) in Kenyan health facilities, with assistance from traditional birth attendants (TBAs).MethodsIn the Yatta district of Kenya, TBAs were recruited to attend meetings in which they were encouraged to educate pregnant women about the importance of delivering in health facilities; they were offered a small stipend for each pregnant woman they brought to a facility for SBA delivery. The primary outcome was the percentage of prenatal care patients who delivered at intervention health facilities compared with control facilities.ResultsDuring the year preceding the intervention, 102/524 (19.5%) and 413/2068 (20.0%) prenatal care patients had SBA deliveries at intervention and control facilities, respectively. During the 1‐year study period, 217/440 (49.3%) prenatal care patients delivered at intervention health facilities and 415/1995 (20.8%) delivered at control facilities (P < 0.001). Deliveries at intervention facilities increased 113% in the study year compared with the preceding year.ConclusionThe rate of SBA births in health facilities increased when TBAs were recruited and compensated for bringing women to local health facilities to deliver.
Isomorphisms between positive and negative -transformations
Authors: KALLE CHARLENE 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe compare a piecewise linear map with constant slope$\beta \gt 1$and a piecewise linear map with constant slope$-\beta $. These maps are called the positive and negative$\beta $-transformations. We show that for a certain set of$\beta $s, the multinacci numbers, there exists a measurable isomorphism between these two maps. We further show that for all other values of$\beta $between 1 and 2 the two maps cannot be isomorphic.
Protective effects of dietary arginine supplementation against oxidative stress in weaned piglets
Authors: Zheng Ping , Yu Bing , He Jun , Tian Gang , Luo Yuheng , Mao Xiangbing , Zhang Keying , Che Lianqiang , Chen Daiwen 
Published: November 2012

Oxidative stress is detrimental to animals. Previous studies have indicated that arginine (Arg) may function as a potential substance against oxidative stress. The present study was conducted to explore the potential mechanisms behind the Arg-induced protective effects against oxidative stress in piglets. A total of thirty-six piglets were randomly allocated to six groups with six replicates per group. Piglets were subjected to three dietary treatments (namely two groups per treatment) in week 1 and fed with a basal diet (ArgL) or the basal diet supplemented with 0·8 % (ArgM) or 1·6 % (ArgH)l-Arg, respectively. On day 8, piglets were injected intraperitoneally either with diquat (10 mg/kg body weight) or sterile saline. The whole trial lasted 11 d. Results showed that dietary Arg supplementation did not affect growth performance in week 1. Oxidative stress significantly decreased the growth performance of piglets (P< 0·05). However, ArgH attenuated the negative effects of oxidative stress on feed intake and significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity in the liver under oxidative stress (P< 0·05). Both ArgM and ArgH enhanced the activities of plasma glutathione peroxidases and superoxide dismutases and decreased the IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA level in the liver under oxidative stress (P< 0·05). The present study not only shows that Arg can function as a potential nutrient to alleviate oxidative stress responses through the enhancement of antioxidant capacity, and inhibition of the expression of inflammatory cytokines, but the results also suggest that alleviation of oxidative stress responses using dietary nutrient components deserves further attention in the future.
Between L2 and SLI: inflections and prepositions in the Hebrew of bilingual children with TLD and monolingual children with SLI
Authors: ARMON-LOTEM SHARON 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTVerb inflectional morphology and prepositions are loci of difficulty for bilingual children with typical language development (TLD) as well as children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). This paper examines errors in these linguistic domains in these two populations. Bilingual English–Hebrew and Russian–Hebrew preschool children, aged five to seven, with TLD, and age-matched monolingual Hebrew-speaking children with SLI, were tested using sentence completion and sentence imitation tasks in their L2 Hebrew. Our findings show that, despite the similarity in the locus of errors, the two populations can be distinguished by both the quantity and the quality of errors. While bilingual children with TLD had substitution errors often motivated by the first language, most of the errors of monolingual children with SLI involved omission of the whole morpheme or feature reduction. This difference in the nature of the errors is discussed in terms of bilingual processing vs. impaired representation.
Risk exposures for human ornithosis in a poultry processing plant modified by use of personal protective equipment: an analytical outbreak study
Authors: WILLIAMS C. J. , SILLIS M. , FEARNE V. , PEZZOLI L. , BEASLEY G. , BRACEBRIDGE S. , REACHER M. , NAIR P. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYOrnithosis outbreaks in poultry processing plants are well-described, but evidence for preventive measures is currently lacking. This study describes a case-control study into an outbreak of ornithosis at a poultry processing plant in the East of England, identified following three employees being admitted to hospital. Workers at the affected plant were recruited via their employer, with exposures assessed using a self-completed questionnaire. Cases were ascertained using serological methods or direct antigen detection in sputum. 63/225 (28%) staff participated, with 10% of participants showing evidence of recent infection. Exposure to the killing/defeathering and automated evisceration areas, and contact with viscera or blood were the main risk factors for infection. Personal protective equipment (goggles and FFP3 masks) reduced the effect of exposure to risk areas and to self-contamination with potentially infectious material. Our study provides some evidence of effectiveness for respiratory protective equipment in poultry processing plants where there is a known and current risk of ornithosis. Further studies are required to confirm this tentative finding, but in the meantime respiratory protective equipment is recommended as a precautionary measure in plants where outbreaks of ornithosis occur.