bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF ELASTOMERS IN THE STUDY OF POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION
Authors: Mandelkern Leo 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Crystallization in polymers involves the development of three-dimensional order in the system. In this respect crystalline polymers resemble very closely the crystalline state of monomeric systems. In contrast to low molecular weight systems, however1 polymers never crystallize completely. The crystallinity level can vary from a few to 90% depending on the molecular constitution of the polymer chains and the external crystallization conditions. Consequently, a polycrystalline system having a complex morphology develops. When a polymer system crystallizes, either quiescently, or when held in a deformed state, there are major changes in properties from the typical rubber-like elasticity of noncrystalline (amorphous) polymers. These changes are particularly evident in many physical and mechanical properties. Therefore, it is important to understand the nature of the crystallization process and the structure and morphology that evolves. In addition to their intrinsic scientific interest these factors have great bearing on properties and the end-uses of polymeric substances. In this connection, elastomers, particularly natural rubber, have played a vital role that has led to our present understanding of the crystallization behavior of polymers, and the properties of the crystalline state. The significance of these pioneering contributions has not been generally recognized in today's study of the diverse number of crystalline polymers that constitute the present world of commerce.
Diagnostic Role of Immunohistochemistry in the Evaluation of Breast Pathology Specimens
Authors: Zhao Larry , Yang Xiaofang , Khan Ashraf , Kandil Dina 
Published: December 2013

Context.—Immunohistochemistry plays a vital role in the evaluation of breast pathology specimens.Objective.—To discuss the role of myoepithelial cell markers in the evaluation of various breast lesions. Other markers, such as E-cadherin and those used to differentiate mammary carcinoma from metastatic tumors to the breast, and markers used in the differential diagnosis of Paget disease, are also discussed.Data Sources.—Data were obtained from review of the pertinent peer-reviewed literature.Conclusions.—Myoepithelial cell markers vary in their sensitivity and specificity, and one should be aware of the potential pitfalls in interpretation. Using panels of 2 or more myoepithelial cell markers is always recommended, either singly or in cocktail forms. Although negative E-cadherin staining supports the diagnosis of lobular origin, positive staining does not rule it out. Immunohistochemistry can be helpful in differentiating Paget disease from its mimics. Although metastatic tumors to the breast are rare, a triple-negative immunophenotype and absence of an in situ component should be a “red flag” for such possibility, especially in patients with clinical history of an extramammary malignancy.
Fibroepithelial Tumors of the Breast: Pathologic and Immunohistochemical Features and Molecular Mechanisms
Authors: Yang Xiaofang , Kandil Dina , Cosar Ediz F. , Khan Ashraf 
Published: December 2013

Context.—The 2 main prototypes of fibroepithelial tumors of the breast include fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor (PT). Although both tumors share some overlapping histologic features, there are significant differences in their clinical behavior and management. Phyllodes tumors have been further divided into clinically relevant subtypes, and there is more than one classification scheme for PT currently in use, suggesting a lack of consistency within different practices. Accurate differentiation between fibroadenoma and PT, as well as the grading of PT, may sometimes be challenging on preoperative core needle biopsy. Some immunohistochemical markers have been suggested to aid in the pathologic classification of these lesions.Objective.—To discuss the salient histopathologic features of fibroepithelial tumors and review the molecular pathways proposed for the initiation, progression, and metastasis of PTs. Also, to provide an update on immunohistochemical markers that may be useful in their differential diagnosis and outline the practice and experience at our institution from a pathologic perspective.Data Sources.—Sources included published articles from peer-reviewed journals in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine).Conclusions.—Fibroepithelial tumor of the breast is a heterogenous group of lesions ranging from fibroadenoma at the benign end of the spectrum to malignant PT. There are overlapping histologic features among various subtypes, and transformation and progression to a more malignant phenotype may also occur. Given the significant clinical differences within various subtypes, accurate pathologic classification is important for appropriate management. Although some immunohistochemical markers may be useful in this differential diagnosis, histomorphology still remains the gold standard.
Proficiency Testing Experience With College of American Pathologists' Programs at a University Hospital in China From 2007 to 2011
Authors: Liu Xiaojuan , Dai Qingkai , Jiang Yongmei 
Published: December 2013

Context.—The first-class hospital laboratories are required to participate in a proficiency testing (PT) program by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China. The College of American Pathologists (CAP) PT programs have increasingly become laboratories' preferred choices because of the well-prepared specimens, more comprehensive programs, scientific evaluation, and useful educational opportunities involved.Objective.—To evaluate the PT performance of our laboratory from 2007 to 2011 through the selected analytes and tests.Design.—The PT results of 22 commonly performed tests in 15 events were evaluated. The rates of unacceptable results for all analytes and tests during the 5-year study period were compared with χ2 test. Reasons for all unacceptable results were sorted into 8 groups.Results.—A total of 13 of 22 analytes and tests (59.1%) achieved full scores (100%), whereas 6 analytes and tests failed to reach the goal of getting a score of 80% or higher in PT. Seen from the relative distance of the results from the target as a percentage of allowed deviation, the performance of some analytes was excellent, including albumin, amylase, lactate dehydrogenase, potassium, protein, total, uric acid, red blood cell, white blood cell, and hemoglobin. Rates of unacceptable results for all analytes demonstrated a trend of decline. The top 3 reasons for unacceptable results were identification errors in morphologic tests, specimen problems, and technical problems (25.74%, 23.76%, and 14.85%, respectively).Conclusions.—The PT performance demonstrated a trend of improvement from 2007 to 2011. Proficiency testing contributed to the improvement of laboratory performance, especially the promotion of better patient care.
Performance Validation in Anatomic Pathology: Successful Integration of a New Classification System Into the Practice Setting Using the Updated Lung Non–Small Cell Carcinoma Recommendations
Authors: Murugan Paari , Stevenson Michael E. , Hassell Lewis A. 
Published: December 2013

Context.—The new, international, multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma, from the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society, presents a paradigm shift for diagnostic pathologists.Objective.—To validate our ability to apply the recommendations in reporting on non–small cell lung cancer cases.Design.—A test based on the new non–small cell lung cancer classification was administered to 16 pathology faculty members, senior residents, and fellows before and after major educational interventions, which included circulation of articles, electronic presentations, and live presentations by a well-known lung pathologist. Surgical and cytologic (including cell-block material) reports of lung malignancies for representative periods before and after the educational interventions were reviewed for compliance with the new guidelines. Cases were scored on a 3-point scale, with 1 indicating incorrect terminology and/or highly inappropriate stain use, 2 indicating correct diagnostic terminology with suboptimal stain use, and 3 indicating appropriate diagnosis and stain use. The actual error type was also evaluated.Results.—The average score on initial testing was 55%, increasing to 88% following the educational interventions (60% improvement). Of the 54 reports evaluated before intervention, participants scored 3 out of 3 points on 15 cases (28%), 2 of 3 on 31 cases (57%), and 1 of 3 on 8 cases (15%). Incorrect use of stains was noted in 23 of 54 cases (43%), incorrect terminology in 15 of 54 cases (28%), and inappropriate use of tissue, precluding possible molecular testing, in 4 out of 54 cases (7%). Of the 55 cases after intervention, participants scored 3 out of 3 points on 46 cases (84%), 2 of 3 on 8 cases (15%), and 1 of 3 on 1 case (2%). Incorrect use of stains was identified in 9 of 55 cases (16% of total reports), and inappropriate use of tissue, precluding possible molecular testing, was found in 1 of the 55 cases (2%).Conclusions.—The study results demonstrated marked improvement in the pathologists' understanding and application of the new non–small cell lung cancer classification recommendations, which was sufficient to validate our use of the system in routine practice. The results also affirm the value of intensive education on, and validation of, pathologists' use of a classification or diagnostic algorithm.
ALS Identified: two‐year findings from a sponsored ALS genetic testing program
Authors: Goutman Stephen A. , Goyal Namita A. , Payne Katelyn , Paisán‐Ruiz Coro , Kupelian Varant , Kang Melissa L. , Mitchell Adele A. , Fecteau Teresa E. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractObjectiveTo report initial results from the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Identified genetic testing (GT) program on characteristics of individuals tested and frequency of reported disease‐causing variants.MethodsALS Identified used the Invitae Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis panel (Invitae, San Francisco, CA, USA) to assay 22 ALS‐associated genes. Sponsored by Biogen (Cambridge, MA, USA), the program was launched in June 2021 and was available at no charge to individuals ≥18 years in the United States and Puerto Rico with an ALS diagnosis or a known family history of ALS. Deidentified data were available to Biogen.ResultsAs of 26 October 2023, 998 healthcare professionals ordered the panel at 681 unique care sites. Of 8054 individuals examined, 7483 (92.9%) were reported to have a clinical diagnosis of ALS, while 571 (7.1%) were asymptomatic relatives. Of the individuals with a clinical ALS diagnosis, 57.7% were male (n = 4319) and 42.3% female (n = 3164). Mean (SD) age at diagnosis is 62 (13) years. Out of the 7483 clinically diagnosed individuals, 1810 (24.2%) showed genetic variations in ALS‐associated genes. Among these, 865 individuals (47.8%) carried pathogenic variants, and 44 (2.4%) had likely pathogenic variants, totaling 12.1% of the clinically diagnosed population.InterpretationSince 2021 there has been robust uptake and sustained use of the ALS Identified program, one of the largest samples of people with ALS to date across the United States, demonstrating the interest and need for genetic ALS testing.
Gold Nanocluster: A Photoelectric Converter for X‐Ray‐Activated Chemotherapy
Authors: Chen Fangman , Ruan Feixia , Xie Xiaochun , Lu Junna , Sun Wen , Shao Dan , Chen Meiwan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDespite the promise of activatable chemotherapy, the development of a spatiotemporally controllable strategy for prodrug activation in deep tissues remains challenging. Herein, a proof‐of‐concept is proposed for a gold nanocluster‐based strategy that utilizes X‐ray irradiation to trigger the liberation of platinum (Pt)‐based prodrug conjugates, thus enabling radiotherapy‐directed chemotherapy. Mechanistically, the irradiated activation of prodrugs is achieved through direct photoelectron transfer from the excited‐state gold nanoclusters to the Pt(IV) center, resulting in the release of cytotoxic Pt(II) agents. Compared to the traditional combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, this radiotherapy‐directed chemotherapy strategy offers superior antitumor efficacy and safety benefits through spatiotemporal synergy at the tumor site. Additionally, this strategy elicits robust immunogenic cell death and yields profound outcomes for combined immunotherapy of breast cancer. This versatile strategy is ushering in a new era of radiation‐mediated chemistry for controlled drug delivery and the precise regulation of biological processes.
Enhanced SWIR Light Detection in Organic Semiconductor Photodetectors through Up‐Conversion of Mid‐Gap Trap States
Authors: Zeiske Stefan , Zarrabi Nasim , Sandberg Oskar J. , Gielen Sam , Maes Wouter , Meredith Paul , Armin Ardalan 
Published: July 2024

AbstractShortwave‐infrared (SWIR) photodetectors are vital for many scientific and industrial applications including surveillance, quality control and inspection. In recent decades, photodetectors based on organic semiconductors have emerged, demonstrating potential to add real value to broadband and narrowband imaging and sensing scenarios, where factors such as thermal budget sensitivity, large area aperture necessity, cost considerations, and lightweight and conformal flexibility demands are prioritized. It is now recognized that the performance of organic photodetectors (OPDs), notably their specific detectivity, is ultimately limited by trap states, universally present in disordered semiconductors. This work adopts an approach of utilizing these mid‐gap states to specifically create a SWIR photo‐response. To this end, this work introduces a somewhat counter‐intuitive approach of “trap‐doping” in bulk heterojunction (BHJs) photodiodes, where small quantities of a guest organic molecule are intentionally incorporated into a semiconducting donor:acceptor host system. Following this approach, this work demonstrates a proof‐of‐concept for a visible‐to‐SWIR broadband OPD, approaching (and, to some extent, even exceeding) state‐of‐the‐art performance across critical photodetector metrics. The trap‐doping approach is, even though only a proof‐of‐concept currently, broadly applicable to various spectral windows. It represents a new modality for engineering photodetection using the unconventional strategy of turning a limitation into a feature.
Current Trends on Advancement in Smart Textile Device Engineering
Authors: Behera Swayam Aryam , Panda Swati , Hajra Sugato , Kaja Kushal Ruthvik , Pandey Adarsh Kumar , Barranco Angel , Jeong Soon Moon , Vivekananthan Venkateswaran , Kim Hoe Joon , Achary P. Ganga Raju 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSmart textiles represent a revolutionary approach to wearable technology with applications ranging from healthcare to energy harvesting. This review paper explores the importance of textile technologies and highlights their potential to revolutionize consumer electronics. Conventional technologies are sometimes heavy, and lack comfort and flexibility, but smart textiles seamlessly integrate into everyday clothing, improving wearability and user experience. The article emphasizes the need for sustainable sourcing and environmentally friendly production methods, as well as responsible manufacturing and disposal practices. Manufacturing techniques such as wet spinning, melt spinning, electrostatic spinning, weaving, knitting, and printing are detailed and shed light on their role in incorporating electronics into textiles. Several applications of textile‐based devices are being explored, including biochemical sensing, temperature monitoring, energy harvesting, energy storage, and smart displays. Each application demonstrates the versatility and potential of smart textiles in different areas. Despite optimistic progress, challenges remain, from improving energy efficiency to protecting user privacy and data security. The review analyzes these problems and suggests future improvements, including interdisciplinary collaboration to find new solutions. Finally, an overview of the current state of smart textiles provides the future of this technology. It serves as an in‐depth reference for academics and readers interested in understanding recent advances and discoveries in textile technologies, highlighting the importance of this rapidly growing industry.
One‐Step‐Sintered GeTe‐Bi2Te3 Segmented Thermoelectric Legs with Robust Interface‐Connection Performance
Authors: Geng Yang , He Haoyuan , Liang Ruinian , Lai Qiangwen , Hu Lipeng , Liu Fusheng , Zhang Chaohua 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSegmented thermoelectric (TE) legs are promising for improving heat‐electricity conversion efficiency, but their practical applications are still limited by the lack of cost‐effective interface‐connection technology. Here, an interface‐connection method for one‐step sintering of GeTe‐Bi2Te3 segmented TE legs is developed using mixtures of Al0.88Si0.12 and Ni (ASN) as diffusion barrier materials. Although the interface‐connection performance using Ni or Al0.88Si0.12 alone is poor, their mixtures can realize a compromise optimization of interface‐connection properties, simultaneously achieving a matched coefficient of thermal expansion, low contact resistivity, high shear strength, and high reliability. These robust interface‐connection properties can be attributed to the activation of the eutectic‐alloy Al0.88Si0.12 and the formation of appropriate reaction‐diffusion layers between ASN and GeTe/Bi2Te3 and between Al0.88Si0.12 and Ni in ASN. Finally, a remarkable energy conversion efficiency of ≈15.5% at a temperature difference of 449 K can be obtained in this segmented TE leg. Moreover, ASN can also be applied in fabricating n‐type PbTe‐Bi2Te3 segmented legs and multi‐pair TE devices, demonstrating the universality of this methodology. This work accelerates the development of robust, low‐cost, one‐step‐sintered segmented TE legs and promotes the use of eutectic alloys as “alloy glues” for advancing TE‐device connection technology.
A genome‐wide association meta‐analysis of all‐cause and vascular dementia
Authors:   The Mega Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (MEGAVCID) consortium
Published: July 2024

AbstractINTRODUCTIONDementia is a multifactorial disease with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) pathologies making the largest contributions. Yet, most genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) focus on AD.METHODSWe conducted a GWAS of all‐cause dementia (ACD) and examined the genetic overlap with VaD. Our dataset includes 800,597 individuals, with 46,902 and 8702 cases of ACD and VaD, respectively. Known AD loci for ACD and VaD were replicated. Bioinformatic analyses prioritized genes that are likely functionally relevant and shared with closely related traits and risk factors.RESULTSFor ACD, novel loci identified were associated with energy transport (SEMA4D), neuronal excitability (ANO3), amyloid deposition in the brain (RBFOX1), and magnetic resonance imaging markers of small vessel disease (SVD; HBEGF). Novel VaD loci were associated with hypertension, diabetes, and neuron maintenance (SPRY2, FOXA2, AJAP1, and PSMA3).DISCUSSIONOur study identified genetic risks underlying ACD, demonstrating overlap with neurodegenerative processes, vascular risk factors, and cerebral SVD.Highlights
We conducted the largest genome‐wide association study of all‐cause dementia (ACD) and vascular dementia (VaD).
Known genetic variants associated with AD were replicated for ACD and VaD.
Functional analyses identified novel loci for ACD and VaD.
Genetic risks of ACD overlapped with neurodegeneration, vascular risk factors, and cerebral small vessel disease.
Zr(OH)4‐Catalyzed Semi‐Hydrogenation of Phenylacetylene with Terminal Zr−O−H as Active Site: Inactive for Free Styrene
Authors: Wu Wenxiang , Li Na , Che Chunxia , Zhao Jinping , Qin Jiaheng , Feng Zihan , Song Jie , Zhang Zinan , Zhang Riguang , Long Yu 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn the field of industrial semi‐hydrogenation of trace alkynes amidst alkene feedstocks, the pivotal challenge lies in circumventing the hydrogenation of alkenes. Herein, we present Zr(OH)4 as an innovative catalyst for the semi‐hydrogenation of phenylacetylene, demonstrating remarkable selectivity towards styrene (>96 %), while exhibiting inactivity towards free styrene. Notably, Zr(OH)4 achieves a 95 % conversion of quasi‐industry 1 mol % phenylacetylene within styrene, with a mere 0.44 % styrene loss. Experimental and theoretical results confirm both terminal Zr−O−H and bridge Zr−O−H can dissociate H2, while the terminal Zr−O−H plays a crucial role on activating phenylacetylene through the sequential hydrogenation process of C6H5C≡CH→C6H5C=CH2→C6H5CH=CH2. The high rate of phenylacetylene removal is attributed to its strong adsorption capacity, while Zr(OH)4 has a significantly weaker adsorption capacity for styrene.
Spin‐Coated and Vacuum‐Processed Hole‐Extracting Self‐Assembled Multilayers with H‐Aggregation for High‐Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Jiang Wenlin , Wang Deng , Shang Wansong , Li Yanxun , Zeng Jie , Zhu Peide , Zhang Busheng , Mei Le , Chen Xian‐Kai , Xu Zong‐Xiang , Lin Francis R. , Xu Baomin , Jen Alex K.‐Y. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractWe report a highly crystalline self‐assembled multilayer (SAMUL) that is fundamentally different from the conventional monolayer or disordered bilayer used for hole‐extraction in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The SAMUL can be easily formed on ITO substrate to establish better surface coverage to enhance the performance and stability of PSCs. A detailed structure‐property‐performance relationship of molecules used for SAMUL is established through a systematic study of their crystallinity, molecular packing, and hole‐transporting properties. These SAMULs are rationally optimized by varying their molecular structures and deposition methods through thermal evaporation or spin‐coating for fabricating PSCs. The CbzNaphPPA‐based SAMUL was chosen for fabricating inverted PSCs due to it exhibiting the highest crystallinity and hole mobility which is derived from the ordered H‐aggregation. This resulted in a remarkably high fill factor of 86.45 %, which enables a very impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.07 % to be achieved along with excellent device stability (94 % of its initial PCE retained after continuous operation for 1200 h under 1‐sun irradiation at maximum power point at 65 °C). Additionally, a record‐high PCE of 23.50 % could be achieved by adopting a thermally evaporated SAMUL. This greatly simplifies and broadens the scope for SAM to be used for large‐area devices on diverse substrates.