bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The microbiome and regulation of mucosal immunity
Authors: McDermott Andrew J. , Huffnagle Gary B. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThe gastrointestinal tract is a mucosal surface constantly exposed to foreign antigens and microbes, and is protected by a vast array of immunologically active structures and cells. Epithelial cells directly participate in immunological surveillance and direction of host responses in the gut and can express numerous pattern recognition receptors, including Toll‐like receptor 5 (TLR5), TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR9, and nucleotide oligomerization domain 2, as well as produce chemotactic factors for both myeloid and lymphoid cells following inflammatory stimulation. Within the epithelium and in the underlying lamina propria resides a population of innate lymphoid cells that, following stimulation, can become activated and produce effector cytokines and exert both protective and pathogenic roles during inflammation. Lamina propria dendritic cells play a large role in determining whether the response to a particular antigen will be inflammatory or anti‐inflammatory. It is becoming clear that the composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiome, as a whole community, exerts a profound influence on mucosal immune regulation. The microbiome produces short‐chain fatty acids, polysaccharide A, α‐galactosylceramide and tryptophan metabolites, which can induce interleukin‐22, Reg3γ, IgA and interleukin‐17 responses. However, much of what is known about microbiome–host immune interactions has come from the study of single bacterial members of the gastrointestinal microbiome and their impact on intestinal mucosal immunity. Additionally, evidence continues to accumulate that alterations of the intestinal microbiome can impact not only gastrointestinal immunity but also immune regulation at distal mucosal sites.
Human cell‐based artificial antigen‐presenting cells for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Butler Marcus O. , Hirano Naoto 
Published: December 2013

SummaryAdoptive T‐cell therapy, where anti‐tumor T cells are first prepared in vitro, is attractive since it facilitates the delivery of essential signals to selected subsets of anti‐tumor T cells without unfavorable immunoregulatory issues that exist in tumor‐bearing hosts. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that anti‐tumor adoptive T‐cell therapy, i.e. infusion of tumor‐specific T cells, can induce clinically relevant and sustained responses in patients with advanced cancer. The goal of adoptive cell therapy is to establish anti‐tumor immunologic memory, which can result in life‐long rejection of tumor cells in patients. To achieve this goal, during the process of in vitro expansion, T‐cell grafts used in adoptive T‐cell therapy must be appropriately educated and equipped with the capacity to accomplish multiple, essential tasks. Adoptively transferred T cells must be endowed, prior to infusion, with the ability to efficiently engraft, expand, persist, and traffic to tumor in vivo. As a strategy to consistently generate T‐cell grafts with these capabilities, artificial antigen‐presenting cells have been developed to deliver the proper signals necessary to T cells to enable optimal adoptive cell therapy.
TCR repertoires of intratumoral T‐cell subsets
Authors: Linnemann Carsten , Mezzadra Riccardo , Schumacher Ton N. M. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThe infiltration of human tumors by T cells is a common phenomenon, and over the past decades, it has become increasingly clear that the nature of such intratumoral T‐cell populations can predict disease course. Furthermore, intratumoral T cells have been utilized therapeutically in clinical studies of adoptive T‐cell therapy. In this review, we describe how novel methods that are either based on T‐cell receptor (TCR) sequencing or on cancer exome analysis allow the analysis of the tumor reactivity and antigen‐specificity of the intratumoral TCR repertoire with unprecedented detail. Furthermore, we discuss studies that have started to utilize these techniques to probe the link between cancer exomes and the intratumoral TCR pool. Based on the observation that both the cancer epitope repertoire and intratumoral TCR repertoire appear highly individual, we outline strategies, such as ‘autologous TCR gene therapy’, that exploit the tumor‐resident TCR repertoire for the development of personalized immunotherapy.
Die Empfehlung für einen nationalen sozialen Basisschutz: Kann ein sechsseitiges Dokument den Kurs der Sozialgeschichte ändern?
Authors: Cichon Michael 
Published: December 2013

AuszugIm Juni 2012 machte die globale Gemeinschaft einen wichtigen Schritt hin zur festen Verankerung des Sozialschutzes als Teil nationaler und globaler Entwicklungsstrategien. Die Internationale Arbeitskonferenz verabschiedete 2012 einstimmig die Empfehlung über nationalen sozialen Basisschutz (Nr. 202), die dem Menschenrecht auf soziale Sicherheit einen konkreten Inhalt gibt. Dieser Artikel betrachtet die Empfehlung im Licht der historischen und politischen Entwicklung von Standards, beschreibt das Auftauchen des Konzepts eines sozialen Basisschutzes und analysiert den Inhalt der neuen Empfehlung sowie einige ihrer politischen Knackpunkte. Sodann wird untersucht, ob dieses neue Instrument das Potenzial hat, die soziale Realität in den 185 Mitgliedsstaaten der IAO zu verändern. Der Artikel kommt zum Schluss, dass die Verabschiedung der Empfehlung eine noch nie dagewesene Demonstration guten Willens und eines weitreichenden globalen Konsenses im Bereich der Sozialpolitik darstellt. Wenn jedoch Raum für einen Wandel der nationalen Sozialpolitiken geschaffen werden soll, dann muss diese Kampagne für ein Mindestmaß an sozialer Sicherheit für alle fortgeführt werden, und sie muss auf der internationalen Agenda gehalten werden. Am Ende des Artikels werden Strategien aufgezählt, die von der globalen Koalition hinter dieser Kampagne verfolgt werden müssen, wenn die soziale Sicherheit ein unabdingbares Ziel nationaler und internationaler Entwicklungsstrategien bleiben oder werden soll.
Finanzierung des sozialen Basisschutzes: Gedanken zum finanzpolitischen Spielraum
Authors: Harris Elliott 
Published: December 2013

AuszugDie Effizienz des Sozialschutzes im Kampf gegen Armut und Bedürftigkeit, bei der Abfederung von Schocks, der Verringerung sozialer Ungleichheit und der Förderung von langfristigem Wachstum ist bewiesen, doch effiziente Systeme der sozialen Sicherung sind in vielen Entwicklungsländern sowie in Ländern mit geringem Einkommen seit geraumer Zeit ein unbezahlbarer Luxus. Das Konzept eines Sockels der sozialen Sicherung besteht in der Einrichtung eines garantierten Minimums an sozialer Sicherheit zu einem vernünftigen Preis, auch in einem Umfeld knapper Ressourcen; ein Sockel, der als Plattform für die graduelle Einführung eines umfassenden Systems der sozialen Sicherheit dient. Die Einführung und Aufrechterhaltung eines solchen Sockels bzw. seine Ausdehnung setzt die gegenwärtige und zukünftige Mobilisierung von Haushaltsmitteln voraus. Der vorliegende Artikel argumentiert, dass bei der Schaffung des dafür notwendigen finanzpolitischen Spielraums zunächst die Vorhersehbarkeit sorgfältig analysiert werden muss, ferner auch die Auswirkungen gegenwärtiger Finanzierungsentscheidungen auf die längerfristige finanzielle Tragfähigkeit von Steuern und Schulden, die gesamtwirtschaftliche Stabilität, Ungleichheit, Armutsminderung und das Wachstum und somit auf den zukünftigen finanziellen Spielraum. Aus dieser Perspektive untersucht der Artikel die Auswirkungen der Schaffung von Haushaltsmitteln durch die zusätzliche Bereitstellung von Ressourcen innerhalb des Landes, ferner durch Neuzuweisung von Ausgaben oder Effizienzsteigerung, Reduzierung des Schuldendienstes oder externe Finanzierungsquellen. Er präsentiert auch eine breite Palette von Maßnahmen zu einem vernünftigen Preis, die auf langfristig tragbare Art und Weise in Ländern mit unterschiedlichen Einkommens‐ und Entwicklungsniveaus getroffen worden sind, sowohl mit eigenen Ressourcen als auch mit externer Finanzierung.
Bovine thoracoscopy: Surgical technique and normal anatomy
Authors: Scharner Doreen , Dorn Katja , Brehm Walter 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo describe a surgical technique for thoracoscopy and report visible anatomy within the thoracic cavity of standing cattle.Study designProspective study.AnimalsAdult clinically healthy Holstein–Friesian cows (n = 15).MethodsEach cow had four thoracoscopic examinations. Initially, the left hemithorax was examined after passive lung collapse, then again 24 hours later after CO2insufflation. The right hemithorax was examined 24 hours later after passive lung collapse and again 24 hours later after CO2insufflation.ResultsCO2insufflation did not significantly improve visibility within the pleural space. Collapsed lung, aorta, esophagus, diaphragm, and azygos vein were readily viewed; however, the pericardial region was not consistently visible. Minor laceration of the lung occurred in 1 cow with adhesions, otherwise there were no intra‐ or postoperative complications. All cows recovered without signs of discomfort. No local swelling or emphysema occurred at the portals.ConclusionsThoracoscopy can be safely performed on healthy standing cattle.
Plasma Arc Welding of TiB2–20 vol% TiC
Authors: King Derek S. , Hilmas Greg E. , Fahrenholtz William G. 
Published: December 2013

Ceramics consisting of titanium diboride with titanium carbide additions were fusion welded to produce continuous joins. A welding current of 135 A, welding speed of 8 cm/min, and plasma flow rate of 0.75 L/min were combined with a preheat temperature of ~1450°C to fusion weld coupons of TiB2 containing 20 vol% TiC with a thickness of 4 mm. The resulting fusion zone (FZ) was 3.9 mm deep at the center of the joint and 10.4 mm wide. During cooling of the melt pool, four distinct regions of crystal growth and nucleation were observed due to thermal gradients. Regions at the top and bottom of the FZ exhibited smaller TiB2 crystals due to higher nucleation rates whereas regions in the middle of the FZ showed higher growth rates, with TiB2 crystals up to 1.2 mm in length. Thermal gradients also affected cooling of the eutectic phase, causing a cellular structure to appear in the cooled eutectic. Plasma arc welding was a viable method for joining diboride‐based ceramics.
Structural Influence on the Thermal Conversion of Self‐Catalyzed HfB2/ZrB2 Sol–Gel Precursors by Rapid Ultrasonication of Oxychloride Hydrates
Authors: Walker Luke S. , Corral Erica L. 
Published: December 2013

Sol–gel precursors to HfB2 and ZrB2 are processed by high‐energy ultrasonication of Hf,Zr oxychloride hydrates, triethyl borate, and phenolic resin to form precipitate‐free sols that turn into stable gels with no catalyst addition. Both precursor concentration and structure (a sol or a gel) are found to influence the synthesis of the diboride phase at high temperature. Decreasing sol concentration increases powder surface area from 3.6 to 6.8 m2/g, whereas heat‐treating a gel leads to residual oxides and carbides. Particles are either fine spherical particles, unique elongated rods, and/or platelets, indicating particle growth with directional coarsening. Investigation of the conversion process to ZrB2 indicates that a multistep reaction is likely taking place with: (1) ZrC formation, (2) ZrC reacts with B2O3 or ZrC reacts with B2O3 and C to form ZrB2. At low temperatures, ZrC formation is limiting, while at higher temperatures the reaction of ZrC to ZrB2 becomes rate limiting. ZrC is found to be a direct reducing agent for B2O3 at low temperature (~1200°C) to form ZrB2 and ZrO2, whereas at high temperatures (~1500°C) it reacts with B2O3 and C to form pure ZrB2.
Local Ordering Around Tetrahedral Co2+ in Silicate Glasses
Authors: Hunault Myrtille , Calas Georges , Galoisy Laurence , Lelong Gérald , Newville Matthew 
Published: December 2013

Alkali lime silicate glasses containing 5 wt% of CoO were investigated by Co K‐edge XANES and EXAFS and optical absorption spectroscopy. Our results reveal the presence of tetrahedral Co2+ connected with the glass network, with a IVCo–O–Si angle of 134°. Changing the alkali from K+ to Na+ induces an increase of the local disorder around Co2+, as shown by a decrease of the contribution from the second neighbors in the EXAFS signal. We propose two models for interpreting the structure of the second shell of neighbors. Our results provide a structural basis for rationalizing the optical properties of Co2+ species in glasses.
Highly Transparent Mg0.27Al2.58O3.73N0.27 Ceramic Prepared by Pressureless Sintering
Authors: Liu Xiao , Wang Hao , Tu Bingtian , Wang Weimin , Fu Zhengyi 
Published: December 2013

A novel aluminum magnesium oxynitride transparent ceramic with the chemical formula Mg0.27Al2.58O3.73N0.27 was firstly prepared by pressureless sintering of fine single‐phase powders at 1875°C for 24 h in nitrogen atmosphere. The ceramic was fully dense with the average grain size of 57.5 μm. The sample showed excellent in‐line transmission from the visible to middle‐infrared wavelengths with the maximum transmittance of 84%, which could be attributed to rare pores in the sintering body. The material also exhibited good mechanical properties of Vickers hardness (13.39 ± 0.18 GPa), fracture toughness (2.46 ± 0.3 MPa/m1/2), and flexural strength (274 ± 6 MPa).
Large Electrostrictive Strain in (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–BaTiO3–(Sr0.7Bi0.2)TiO3 Solid Solutions
Authors: Shi Jing , Fan Huiqing , Liu Xiao , Bell Andrew J. 
Published: December 2013

Relaxor ferroelectrics (0.94 − x)(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3−x(Sr0.7Bi0.2□0.1)TiO3 (BNT–BT–xSBT) (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5), were prepared by a solid‐state reaction process, and their structures were characterized by the transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The BNT–BT–0.3SBT has a very high electrostrictive strain S = 0.152% with hysteresis‐free behavior, much more than the reported S in other ferroelectrics. S–P2 profiles perfectly follow the quadratic relation, which indicates a purely electrostrictive effect with a high electrostrictive coefficient (Q11) of 0.0297 m4/C2. Even, its Q11 keeps at a high level in the temperature range from ambient temperature to 180°C. The field‐induced large electrostrictive strain of BNT–BT–0.3SBT was attributed to the existence of ferroelectric nanodomains.
Enhanced Luminescence of Ca14Mg2Si8O28+δN4−δ:Eu2+Phosphors by Codoping Ce3+, Mn2+ for White LEDs and Their Energy‐Transfer Mechanism
Authors: Unithrattil Sanjith , Lee Kyoung Hwa , Im Won Bin 
Published: December 2013

The Eu2+, M‐codoped(M = Ce3+, Mn2+) phosphor powders were prepared by a solid‐state reaction. The addition of Ce3+ in the Eu2+ sites in partially nitridated bredigite‐structure phosphor(CMSN) remarkably enhances the luminescent intensity by ~180% through sensitized luminescence. Dual band emission was observed for Eu, Mn‐codoped CMSN through energy transfer from Eu2+ to Mn2+. Ce3+–Eu2+ and Eu2+–Mn2+ energy‐transfer mechanism was investigated through decay profile analysis using Inokuti–Hirayama model and energy‐transfer parameters are determined. Interaction mechanism was identified as dipole–dipole interaction. In addition, phosphor in glass plates was prepared using the phosphor and its feasibility in white LED application was studied and is presented.
Crystallization of Stoichiometric SbSI Glass
Authors: Savytskii Dmytro , Sanders Marisa , Golovchak Roman , Knorr Brian , Dierolf Volkmar , Jain Himanshu 
Published: December 2013

Congruent crystallization of antimony sulphoiodide (SbSI) glass of stoichiometric composition, which is prepared successfully for the first time using rapid melt‐quenching, has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results for glass powder show a glass transition at 127°C and two separate exothermal peaks with maxima around 140°C and 190°C. The ratio of the intensities of the exothermal peak at ~190°C to the peak at ~140°C increases as the particle size and heating rate are increased, but their total enthalpy remains constant at 62 ± 2 J/g for all DSC runs. Surface heating of the glass induced by a 520 nm CW laser shows two contracted regions: needle‐like crystalline formations at low temperature and bulk crystallization at high temperature. The observed phenomena and DSC results suggest two different kinds of crystallization of the SbSI phase: one‐dimensional crystallization at low temperature which starts from the sample surface and three‐dimensional bulk crystallization that continues the transformation to crystalline state at higher temperatures. The origin of the two different crystallizations can be traced to the strong anisotropy of the SbSI crystal structure due to the weak van der Waals interaction between covalent‐ionic chains (Sb2S2I2)n.
In Situ Mechanical Properties of Chamotte Particulate Reinforced, Potassium Geopolymer
Authors: Musil Sean S. , Kriven Waltraud M. 
Published: December 2013

Geopolymers are an inorganic polymeric material composed of alumina, silica, and alkali metal oxides. Monolithic geopolymer is brittle and susceptible to dehydration cracking at elevated temperatures. The addition of a reinforcing phase not only improves strength and toughness but also maintains the structural integrity of the material at elevated temperatures. For this study, potassium‐based geopolymer (KGP) is reinforced with varying weight percent of chamotte particles. Chamotte is kaolinite grade clay calcined at 1350°C to produce 38% crystalline mullite, as well as metastable cristobalite and quartz. The chemical composition of the chamotte is almost identical to that of the metakaolin used to create the geopolymer, however, its crystalline nature prevents reactivity with the caustic potassium silicate solution and it remains as a particulate reinforcement. Flexural strength is evaluated at room temperature and in situ at elevated temperatures to just below the leucite crystallization temperature. Reinforcement with 25 wt% chamotte has shown a two‐fold increase in room‐temperature flexural strength. Flexural strength is also evaluated at room temperature after heating above the leucite crystallization temperature to determine if the chamotte aids in maintaining structural integrity during the volumetric contraction and destructive transformation from cubic to tetragonal symmetry upon forming leucite.
Conjunctive Water Use in Confined Basalt Aquifers: An Evaluation Using Geochemistry, a Numerical Model, and Historical Water Level
Authors: Royer Patrick D. , Tonkin Matthew , Hammond Travis 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAs withdrawals from deep compartmentalized aquifers increasingly exceed recharge throughout the western United States, conjunctive water use management alternatives have become an applied research priority. This study highlights both details and limitations of the role of irrigation canal seepage as groundwater recharge, revealing the regional limitations of canal seepage as a dependable source of recharge in overdrawn aquifers. A suite of geochemical indicators were used together with a numerical model to evaluate current and future management scenarios focused on recharge derived from seepage from a region‐wide irrigation canal system. Twenty‐five years of static groundwater level data were used to relate spatial trends determined using geochemistry and groundwater modeling with “on‐the‐ground” management practices, which vary based on acreage, crop, and irrigation scheduling. Increasing groundwater age determined using isotope analysis, and declines in potentiometric heads, each correlate with increasing distance from the canal reaches. Predictive modeling indicates that if pumping is gradually reduced, as has been suggested by management agencies, that recharge from canal seepage will be negligible by 2035 due to regional groundwater through‐flow and the pattern of potentiometric head recovery. Unfortunately, historic hydrographs suggest that under current groundwater development conditions most wells are not sustainable, irrespective of proximity to the canal.
Asset Liquidity and Stock Liquidity: International Evidence
Authors: Charoenwong Charlie , Chong Beng Soon , Yang Yung Chiang 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between asset liquidity and stock liquidity across 47 countries. In support of thevaluation uncertaintyhypothesis, we find that firms with greater asset liquidity on average have higher stock liquidity. More importantly, our study shows that asset liquidity plays a more significant role in resolvingvaluation uncertaintyin countries with poor information environment. For example, we find that the asset–stock liquidity relationship is stronger in countries with poor accounting standards. We further find evidence that after the adoption of IFRS, the improved accounting information environment results in a weaker asset–stock liquidity relation, but only in countries with a strong legal regime. Finally, our study shows that the positive asset–stock liquidity relationship may be attributed to transparency and/or liquidity reasons.
Commentary: Diverging trajectories from a similar starting point: the outcome in adults whose autism was diagnosed in childhood – reflections on Howlin et al. (2013)
Authors: Baird Gillian 
Published: December 2013

Howlin and colleagues are to be congratulated on a further follow up from the cohort of children first diagnosed by Rutter at the age of 2‐13 years nearly 40 years ago (Howlin, Savage, Moss, Tempier, & Rutter, 2013).
Intestinal helminths in wildPeruvian red uakari monkeys(Cacajao calvus ucayalii)in the northeasternPeruvianAmazon
Authors: Conga David F. , Bowler Mark , Tantalean Manuel , Montes Daniel , Serra‐Freire Nicolau Maués , Mayor Pedro 
Published: December 2013

AbstractParasites are important in the management of the health of primate populations. We examined 36 fecal samples fromPeruvian red uakari monkeys (Cacajao calvus ucayalii) collected from wild animals in the northeasternPeruvianAmazon. Samples were positive for helminth infection.Nematodes egg:Strongyloididae,Trypanoxyurissp., Spirurid, and a cestode egg were identified.