bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of QOL After Proximal Gastrectomy Using a Newly Developed Assessment Scale (PGSAS‐45)
Authors: Inada Takao , Yoshida Masashi , Ikeda Masami , Yumiba Takeyoshi , Matsumoto Hideo , Takagane Akinori , Kunisaki Chikara , Fukushima Ryoji , Yabusaki Hiroshi , Nakada Koji 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundProximal gastrectomy with esophagogastrostomy (PGEG) has been widely applied as a comparatively simple method. In this study, we used a questionnaire survey to evaluate the influence of various surgical factors on post‐operative quality of life (QOL) after PGEG.MethodsIn this post‐gastrectomy syndrome assessment study, we analyzed QOL in 2,368 cases. Among these, 193 had undergone proximal gastrectomy and 115 had undergone PGEG. The Post‐Gastrectomy Syndrome Assessment Scale (PGSAS)‐45 is a questionnaire consisting of 45 items, including the SF‐8, the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), and other symptom items seemed to be specific to post‐gastrectomy. The 23 symptom items were composed of seven symptom subscales (SS), including esophageal reflux, abdominal pain, and meal‐related distress. These seven SS, total symptom score, ingested amount of food per meal, necessity for additional meals, quality of ingestion SS, ability to work, dissatisfaction with symptoms, dissatisfaction with the meal, dissatisfaction with working, dissatisfaction with daily life SS and change in body weight were evaluated as main outcome measures. In PGEG cases, we evaluated the influence on QOL of various surgical factors, such as procedures to prevent gastroesophageal regurgitation and size of the remnant stomach.Results
The scores for esophageal reflux and dissatisfaction with the meal were higher in patients who had not undergone an anti‐reflux procedure. In most cases, the preserved remnant stomach was more than two‐thirds the size of the pre‐operative stomach. When comparing patients with a remnant stomach two‐thirds the pre‐operative size and those with more than three‐quarters, the diarrhea SS and necessity for additional meals scores were lower in the group with more than three‐quarters. The indigestion, constipation, and abdominal pain subscales, and the total symptom score, were higher in patients who had not undergone pyloric bougie than in those who had.ConclusionThese results indicated that QOL was better in patients with a large remnant stomach. Procedures to prevent gastroesophageal reflux, and the use of pyloric bougie as a complementary drainage procedure, were considered effective ways to reduce the deterioration of QOL.
Congenital Anomalies in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: The Unborn Child of Global Surgery
Authors: Sitkin Nicole A. , Ozgediz Doruk , Donkor Peter , Farmer Diana L. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSurgically correctable congenital anomalies cause a substantial burden of global morbidity and mortality. These anomalies disproportionately affect children in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) due to sociocultural, economic, and structural factors that limit the accessibility and quality of pediatric surgery. While data from LMICs are sparse, available evidence suggests that the true human and financial cost of congenital anomalies is grossly underestimated and that pediatric surgery is a cost‐effective intervention with the potential to avert significant premature mortality and lifelong disability.
Marriage and Bridewealth (Ilobolo) in Contemporary Zulu Society
Authors: Posel Dorrit , Rudwick Stephanie 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:This article investigates links between ilobolo (bridewealth) practices and marriage outcomes in contemporary Zulu society. It presents quantitative data showing very low marriage rates among Zulu adults, as well as interview evidence suggesting that the majority of Zulu adults identify ilobolo as a constraint to marriage. However, the interview evidence also suggests that ilobolo remains widely valued as a Zulu tradition and continues to be an integral and defining feature of a Zulu marriage. The article concludes that this tension—between the high cost of ilobolo and respect for ilobolo as a custom—contributes to the very low marriage rates observed among Zulu people today.
African Marriage Regulation and the Remaking of Gendered Authority in Colonial Natal, 1843–1875
Authors: Sheik Nafisa Essop 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:This article examines the gendered relationships of authority that are at the heart of the processes of customary marriage in South Africa, as well as the ways in which colonial political intervention worked to effect social change in nineteenth-century colonial Natal. This analysis reinforces the established historiographical understanding that instigating generational shifts in authority was important to Natal Native Policy, unlike customary regulation elsewhere in colonial Africa in which colonial law worked to shore up the authority of senior men. However, it seeks to underline that while negotiations of colonial power began to shift authority from older to younger men by manipulating Native marriage, and in particular the practice oflobola, the effects of such policies produced profound shifts in the experience and articulation of gendered relationships of marriage and colonial authority. The imbrication of changes in gender and generational norms ultimately reveals the contradictions in both colonial claims of liberal gender reform and African claims that colonial policy provoked the usurpation of male traditional authority.
COMPLEXITY OF EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS AND PREORDERS FROM COMPUTABILITY THEORY
Authors: IANOVSKI EGOR , MILLER RUSSELL , NG KENG MENG , NIES ANDRÉ 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe study the relative complexity of equivalence relations and preorders from computability theory and complexity theory. Given binary relationsR,S, a componentwise reducibility is defined byR≤S⇔ ∃f∀x, y[x R y↔f(x)S f(y)].Here,fis taken from a suitable class of effective functions. For us the relations will be on natural numbers, andfmust be computable. We show that there is a${\rm{\Pi }}_1^0$-complete equivalence relation, but no${\rm{\Pi }}_k^0$-complete fork≥ 2. We show that${\rm{\Sigma }}_k^0$preorders arising naturally in the above-mentioned areas are${\rm{\Sigma }}_k^0$-complete. This includes polynomial timem-reducibility on exponential time sets, which is${\rm{\Sigma }}_2^0$, almost inclusion on r.e. sets, which is${\rm{\Sigma }}_3^0$, and Turing reducibility on r.e. sets, which is${\rm{\Sigma }}_4^0$.
Saharan migrant camel herders: Znāga social status and the global age
Authors: Freire Francisco 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn the late 20th century, 300 Mauritanian shepherds travelled to the United Arab Emirates in order to tend the herds of some of that country's most prominent leaders. These low-tech subjects of global migration flows were particularly valued and sought after by their Emirati employers for their expertise in raising camels. I analyse the forms and consequences of this migration, focusing on the reintegration of these shepherds into Mauritanian stratified tribal spheres following their return to the Sahara. The possibility of a change in their social status (after a financially rewarding experience in the Gulf) will be a central theme of this article. This issue arises from the pervasive designation of these shepherds as a ‘tributary’ (znāga) group, through the application of the tripartite social model that, to a large extent, still defines Mauritania's arabophone population.
The fall of a donor darling: the role of aid in Mali's crisis
Authors: Bergamaschi Isaline 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis article offers a political economy perspective on the Malian crisis with a focus on aid and donor practices. The argument is two-fold. On the one hand, aid consolidated a regime that grew increasingly discredited, so that aid and donors – voluntarily or otherwise – contributed to create the pre-2012 context of fragility. On the other hand, this structural gap has created a state of affairs that provided some impulse and support to putschists and insurgent groups. It explores four channels through which this has happened in practice. External funding agencies have sponsored what was perceived as President Amadou Toumani Touré's ‘mismanagement’ of the situation in the north and the degradation of governance. In addition, donors exerted weak control over policies and ignored signals of growing popular dissatisfaction with ATT. Finally, when they tried to put pressure on governments, donors chose highly controversial issues and have enacted unpopular conditionalities, which have had destabilising effects.
Longitudinal recordings of the vocalizations of immature Gombe chimpanzees for developmental studies
Authors: Plooij Frans X. , van de Rijt-Plooij Hetty , Fischer Martha , Pusey Anne 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMany researchers are interested in chimpanzee vocal communication, both as an important aspect of chimpanzee social behavior and as a source of insights into the evolution of human language. Nonetheless, very little is known about how chimpanzee vocal communication develops from infancy to adulthood. The largest dataset of audiorecordings from free-living immature chimpanzees was collected by the late Hetty van de Rijt-Plooij and Frans X. Plooij at Gombe National Park, Tanzania (1971–1973). These recordings have not yet been analysed. Therefore, the most extensive effort to study the development of chimpanzee vocalizations remains unfinished. The audiospecimens total over 10 h on 28 tapes, including 20 tapes focusing on 17 specific immature individuals with a total of 1,136 recordings. In order to make this dataset available to more researchers, the analogue sound recordings were digitized and stored in the Macaulay Library and the Dryad Repository. In addition, the original notes on the contexts of the calls were translated and transcribed from Dutch into English.
Distributed Bragg reflector fibre laser‐based sensor array for multi‐parameter detection
Authors: Yu Kuanglu , Wu Chongqing , Mao Yaya , Wang Zhi , Lu Chao , Tam Hwa‐Yaw , Zhao Yao 
Published: August 2014

A sensor array employing the distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) fibre laser is presented. This array could be utilised as a multi‐channel multi‐functional detector for bending radius, transverse load and axial strain by simultaneously monitoring the lasing wavelength and the output beat note frequency. The measurement theory of the DBR fibre laser is explained, and it is then experimentally verified with a three‐probe array. The system's detection sensitivities for curvature, transverse load and axial strain are found to be 600 MHz/cm−2, 1.3 MHz/g and 1.263 pm/με, respectively.
Hydrothermal synthesis of tobermorite nanowires from porcelain stone
Authors: Li Zhenke , Wang Guanghui , Yan Cheng , Zhang Aiqing 
Published: August 2014

A facile and efficient hydrothermal process was explored to obtain tobermorite nanowires using porcelain stone and CaO powders as raw materials. The as‐synthesised nanowires have a diameter of 50–100 nm and a length of tens of micrometres under conditions of a porcelain stone/CaO weight ratio of 3, a water/solid weight ratio of 22, a reaction temperature of 240°C and a reaction time of 24 h. The results indicate that the weight ratio of porcelain stone/CaO and hydrothermal temperature play important roles regarding the morphology and structure of tobermorite. Furthermore, a possible growth mechanism of the tobermorite nanowires is proposed. This approach might open up a simple and economic route to prepare tobermorite nanowires using inexpensive porcelain stone as the silicon source.
Enzymes for ecdysteroid biosynthesis: their biological functions in insects and beyond
Authors: Niwa Ryusuke , Niwa Yuko S 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSteroid hormones are responsible for the coordinated regulation of many aspects of biological processes in multicellular organisms. Since the last century, many studies have identified and characterized steroidogenic enzymes in vertebrates, including mammals. However, much less is known about invertebrate steroidogenic enzymes. In the last 15 years, a number of steroidogenic enzymes and their functions have been characterized in ecdysozoan animals, especially in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge of enzymes crucial for synthesizing ecdysteroids, the principal insect steroid hormones. We also discuss the functional conservation and diversity of ecdysteroidogenic enzymes in other insects and even non-insect species, such as nematodes, vertebrates, and lower eukaryotes.
HARM type MEMS-based reed switch innovations address medical, automotive and other micro switching applications not previously possible
Authors: Bloss Richard 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to review the advancements in development of high aspect ratio microfabrication (HARM) type of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) reed switch sensors for much improved performance in a much more compact package.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper presents an in-depth review of a number of applications of HARM built MEMS reed switches and consultation with a manufacturer.

Findings
– One manufacturer has introduced a totally new way to fabricate reed switches which brings numerous benefits such as reliability, higher voltage capability, lower contact resistance and other features in a new tiny package.

Practical implications
– Manufacturers of devices needing the benefits of the reed switch concept but who need a much smaller and compact switch now have a new option to explore.

Originality/value
– An expert insight into how to solve reed switching problems where space is at a premium.
Theoretical perspectives on corporate disclosure: a critical evaluation and literature survey
Authors: A. Omran Mohamed , M. El-Galfy Ahmed 
Published: August 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide an extensive and critical overview of the theoretical perspectives used in the accounting disclosure literature including economic theories, political and social theories.Design/methodology/approach– The paper reviews and discusses in details the positive accounting theory (PAT), agency theory, signalling theory, political economy theory (PET), stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory and contingency theory to identify the situations suit each of these perspectives.Findings– The main finding shows that there is no universal theory applicable for all situations or societies. For example, PAT is probably used when a corporation believes that its primary responsibility is to use its resources and engage in activities designed to maximise its profits. On the other hand, the PET seems to better explain why some corporations appear to respond to government or public pressure for information about their social impact. The agency theory provides the required framework to evaluate accounting choices and disclosure decisions in market-based studies. While the legitimacy theory seems to be more suitable for multinational corporations working in developed/democratic countries, the stakeholder theory seems to be most suitable for multinational corporations working in developing/dictator countries; whereas a corporation can manage its stakeholders. The contingency theory supports our main finding that different theories are required for different situations, as it clearly indicates that management's preferences of reporting practices are related to the nature of environmental and organisational constraints rather than their relative income effects.Originality/value– The paper contributes to the limited body of literature concerning the accounting disclosure theories and to identify the main theoretical perspective that can be used in the accounting disclosure research.
Managerial communication practices and employees’ attitudes and behaviours
Authors: A. Dasgupta Shilpee , Suar Damodar , Singh Seema 
Published: August 2014

Purpose– This study is a part of two sequential studies (quantitative and qualitative) carried out to study the impact of managerial communication on employees’ attitudes and behaviours. The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approach– Using the critical incident technique, this study explores the effects of managerial communication practices on employees’ happiness, job performance, commitment, absenteeism, and turnover intentions. Totally, 101 employees in three manufacturing organisations in eastern India narrated critical incidents related to happiness and superior performance, unhappiness and inferior performance, absenteeism, and the desire to stay or quit. The incidents were further content-analysed.Findings– Results revealed that collaborative approach, respect and recognition, flexible working arrangements, trust, clear direction, autonomous and challenging tasks are important indicators to make employees happy and drive them towards superior performance. Contrarily, the dominant nature of the superior and more bossism than required, humiliation, biased approach, and lack of flexible working arrangements are detrimental to employees’ performance. Collaborative approach, respect/recognition, person-job match, autonomous and challenging tasks, flexible working arrangements, brand image, and location near hometown are the propellers for continuing service in organisations. Contrarily, hierarchical/dominant approach, humiliation, lack of respect and recognition, biased approach – different rules for different people, monotonous and boring assignments, and uncompetitive pay are the propellers for not continuing service in organisations. Humiliation, lack of flexible arrangements, and overwork are the causes for employees’ absenteeism.Research limitations/implications– This study is not without limitations. First, there were some critical incidents with apparent overlapping content areas. To overcome this situation, the authors decided to give preference to the primary theme emerging out of an incident. Second, the observations made in this study were limited to descriptions of what happened in only three organisations. This limits the ability to generalise the results.Practical implications– Organisations can train supervisors to develop people-centric communication practices, communicate with respect and recognition, implement flexible working arrangements, improve job design, involve employees in important decisions, offer them with autonomous and challenging tasks, so that employees realise their full potential and become happy contributors to their organisations.Originality/value– The study attempted to capture employees’ lived experiences and provided them with narrations of situations that are commonly and uniquely experienced.
Examination of the interpersonal predictors of mentoring relational quality
Authors: M. Lyons Laci , L. Perrewé Pamela 
Published: August 2014

Purpose– A continued focus in organizational research has been on career development, and mentoring has been identified as a key determinant of career success. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the interpersonal dynamics which contribute to variations in the effectiveness of mentoring support behaviors. Specifically, the effects of mentoring relational quality (MRQ) (i.e. affective perceptions held by mentors and protégés) on mentoring behaviors (i.e. vocational and psychosocial) as well as professional identification are considered. Interpersonal skills (e.g. behavioral integrity and political skill) of mentors and protégés are examined for their impact on MRQ.Design/methodology/approach– Utilizing matched dyadic survey data from 100 mentor-protégé pairs in academe (i.e. dissertation chairs and doctoral candidates or recent doctoral alumni), partial least squares was used to test the research model.Findings– Results support MRQ as an integral component in mentoring dynamics. MRQ for mentors and protégés was significantly linked with mentor support behaviors provided and received, respectively. Mentors’ perceptions of MRQ were predicted by protégés’ behavioral integrity and mentors’ political skill. Similarly, protégés’ political skill and mentors’ behavioral integrity significantly predicted protégés’ perceptions of MRQ. Further, mentors and protégés reported higher levels of professional identification when MRQ was high.Originality/value– This study links affective and behavioral perspectives of mentoring, revealing the importance of interpersonal skill in career development. The interpersonal dynamics characteristic of mentor-protégé interactions determine the extent to which mentoring support behaviors may actually be provided by mentors and received by protégés.
Are individual investors affected by attention?
Authors: Feng Xunan , Hu Na 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
– Based on the theory of limited attention, the purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the investor behavior is influenced by attention, using the sample from earning announcement in China.

Design/methodology/approach
– Empirical research using the earning announcement data in China. Specifically, the authors use the sample from 2005 to 2010 in listed A-share firms with earning announcements in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock market. Panel data regressions are used with Newey and West (1987) to correct for the potential heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation. The empirical results strongly support the hypothesis that limited attention impact investor behavior in China.

Findings
– The authors find that the immediate price and volume reaction to earning surprise is much weaker and post-announcement drift is much stronger when a greater number of firms make earning announcements on the same day. The authors explain these findings mainly from behavioral bias. When investors process multiple information signals immediately or perform multiple objects simultaneously, their attention will be allocated selectively due to cognitive constraints. Such limited attention causes severe underreaction to immediate earnings announcement, therefore leads to mispricing abnormal related to public accounting information. In the long-run, the market adjusted and there is post-announcement drift.

Research limitations/implications
– Consistent with Hirshleifer et al. (2009), the findings in this study indicate that individual investors’ behaviors are influenced by their limited attention in China. The results are different from Yu and Wang (2010) conclusions that same-day concentrated announcement help investors and facilitate information dissemination in China. The findings are explained by the investor distraction hypothesis proposed by Hirshleifer et al. (2009) that investor distraction causes market underreaction.

Practical implications
– The arrival of simultaneously extraneous earning information cause market prices and trading volume to react slowly to the relevant news about a firm because competing information signals distract investor from a given firm, causing market price to underreact to relevant news. These finding help us understand investor behavior and the impact of limited attention on security market.

Social implications
– Investor limited attention not only affects their stock-buying behavior, but also has an important impact on the efficiency of security market. Specifically, limited attention drive immediate underreaction to earning announcement and the post-earning announcement drift, especially when a greater number of same-day earning announcements are made by other firms.

Originality/value
– Limited attention affects security market in China.