bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Low Ionic Strength, Hemagglutinating, AutoAnalyzer® for Rhesus Typing of Dried Bloodstains
Authors: Brewer CA , Cropp PL , Sharman LE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The use of absorption-elution processes has resulted in a rapid advance in the grouping of dried bloodstains [1]. An absorption-elution method was successfully applied to the detection of the rhesus antigens using tube techniques by Bargagna and Pereira [2] and Lincoln and Dodd [3].
The Examination of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Infant: Investigative and Autopsy Protocols Death
Authors: Jones AM , Weston JT 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In 1975, the Office of Maternal and Child Health of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare awarded grants to 24 communities for the management of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) information and counseling projects. Four basic project guidelines were advocated: (1) the performance of autopsies on all infants dying suddenly and unexpectedly, (2) prompt notification of the parents of the results of the autopsy, (3) use of “SIDS” on the death certificate rather than other designations of the cause of death, (4) follow-up information and counseling for SIDS families provided by a health professional knowledgeable of the nuances of SIDS.
Detection of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine-Type Materials in Pharmaceutical and Biological Fluids by Fluorometric Labeling
Authors: Hopen TJ , Briner RC , Sadler HG , Smith RL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The increase in illegal use of phenylethylamine-type drugs has produced concurrent investigations for facile analytical methods to detect and identify such drugs, particularly amphetamine and methamphetamine. Two of the most sensitive and rapid methods widely used are thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography [1–7]. These methods have the main advantage of being able to separate different types of phenylethylamine compounds in a single preparation. They also have the disadvantages of lengthy preparation procedures for general screening purposes.
Several Unusual Cases of Child Abuse
Authors: Palmer CH , Weston JT 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The authors reviewed all deaths which were known or suspected to have resulted from child neglect or abuse in New Mexico during 1974 and 1975. Nine cases were identified, representing a wide spectrum of patterns of maltreatment of children in several racial and cultural groups. Children of Indian, Spanish-American, Anglo, and Negro descent are included, ranging in age from 3 months to 5 years (see Table 1). Some died as the result of a single traumatic episode, while others were victims of multiple, repeated episodes of abuse. The cases are similar to those presented in previous large series in that most injuries resulted from blunt trauma and were inflicted by parents or close relatives of the victims [1–4]. The four cases selected for discussion present unusual variations in the typical pattern of child abuse; one death was due to complications resulting from medical neglect, an occurrence not uncommonly seen in isolated areas of this rural state.
The Expert Witness: A Dilemma
Authors: Byrd GJ , Stults T 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Witnesses in courts of law may generally be divided into “fact” witnesses and expert witnesses. The law relative to fact witnesses for the most part is well defined, but the law relative to expert witnesses differs considerably in the various jurisdictions. An expert witness in litigation is very often a physician by training. Even though most situations involve a physican as the expert witness, the basic questions of law to be explored will concern other professionals who, by the nature of their training, possess special knowledge. Engineers, attorneys, accountants, judges, and psychiatrists are examples. Conceivably, it could be applicable to nonprofessionals who by virtue of experience or occupation possess a specialized knowledge which could serve as the basis for an expert opinion.
A Review of “Dental Evidence: A Handbook for Police”
Authors: Levine LJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This book proves an exception to the old axiom, “You can't judge a book by its cover.” On the book jacket Dr. Gladfelter's qualifications are listed as, “Member, American Society of Forensic Odontology” and “Member, International Society for Forensic Odonto-Stomatology.” This is analogous to an author of a book on literature giving his qualification as membership in the Book-of-the-Month Club and Literary Guild.
Laser-Assisted Thin-Layer Chromatography and Luminescence of Fingerprints: An Approach to Fingerprint Age Determination
Authors: Duff JM , Menzel ER 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In an earlier paper [1] we described a new method for the detection of latent fingerprints that involved illuminating an exhibit with high-intensity argon-laser light and viewing the resulting yellow-green inherent fingerprint luminescence. The range of utility of the method could be extended, when needed, by treatment of the exhibit under scrutiny with fluorescent materials.
Determining the Sequence of Ball-Point Pen Writings—A New Method?
Authors: Moore DS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Examiners of questioned documents are frequently faced with the problem of determining the sequence of crossed lines. The answer to the question of line sequence can be of immense importance. To determine which of two intersecting pen strokes was made first may ultimately decide the outcome of a contested court case, or even negate the necessity of a trial. The disclosure of a cleverly perpetrated fraud or the sustaining of a genuine writing in controversy may result from such a determination.
Feasibility of Gunshot Residue Detection Via Its Organic Constituents. Part I: Analysis of Smokeless Powders by Combined Gas Chromatography-Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Mach MH , Pallos A , Jones PF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A quick, convenient, and reliable test for detecting gunshot residue is needed to cope with the increasing number of crimes involving handguns. Chemical color tests for nitrates [1] and for antimony, barium, and lead [2] have been used, but these methods lack the required sensitivity and specificity for forensic purposes. Two instrumental techniques, neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption, have found some acceptance by crime laboratories. Neutron activation analysis has been used to detect antimony and barium in hand samples [3], but it suffers from the drawbacks that samples must be sent out for analysis and that it is insensitive to lead. Atomic absorption has been used to detect lead by flame atomization [4], and antimony and barium have been detected with a flameless atomizer [5]. This approach has extended the availability of gunshot residue analysis. However, the costs still limit the number of laboratories with the required equipment. Perhaps a more serious limitation of any technique that is based on the bulk amounts of antimony, barium, or lead on a person's hands is the possibility of environmental or occupational sources of these elements on the hands. This limitation requires setting a threshold often higher than the amount deposited by firing. Furthermore, the amount of residue on the hand declines very rapidly with time.
Detection of Barbiturates by Latex Agglutination Inhibition
Authors: Heveran JE , Cox M , Tonchen A , Bergamini JA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Spector and Flynn [1] initially demonstrated that antibodies to barbiturates could be elicited by immunization of rabbits with a secobarbital derivative coupled to bovine serum albumin. The resultant antiserum and a 14C- or 125I-labeled barbiturate derivative were used to develop a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay [1–3]. Although the radio-immunoassay obviated the need for any sample pretreatment, it did require a nuclear counter and the use of radioactive materials. An enzyme-coupled immunoassay [4] and a hemagglutination inhibition method [5] have been reported as alternative approaches for the detection of barbiturates.
Alcohol-Associated Deaths in the District of Columbia—A Postmortem Study
Authors: Riddick L , Luke JL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Accurate determination of the numbers and types of alcohol-associated deaths in the community has proven almost as difficult as defining alcoholism itself. The major reason for this difficulty has been the lack of suitable methods for obtaining comprehensive information concerning the multifaceted relationship between alcohol and mortality [1]. Most epidemiological research on the subject has relied on data from death certificates, a notoriously unreliable measurement criterion. Investigations based on blood alcohol concentration have usually focused on a single type of fatality, traffic deaths for example, almost exclusively on victims of such events, or on the acute effects of alcohol. The bulk of other such research has been directed toward analyzing mortality rates and causes of death of persons defined, in a variety of ways, as alcoholics, on the chronic effects of alcohol abuse, and on the excess mortality of alcoholics over that of the general population [2].
Death Resulting from Lacrimatory Agents
Authors: Chapman AJ , White C 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Currently used riot control agents are primarily intended to incapacitate an individual without causing him illness or permanent bodily harm. The compounds most commonly employed as lacrimatory agents or “tear gases” are chloroacetophenone (CN) and ortho-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS). Some studies indicate that CS is less likely to produce harmful effects than CN; CN has been implicated in at least five deaths resulting from its use. The case reported is one of a fatality following the apparently indiscriminate use of CN and CS.
A Rapid, Inexpensive Method of Obtaining Infrared Images
Authors: Levkov JS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Special photographic techniques have long been used to examine evidence for identification and comparison. Ultraviolet, infrared, and X-ray are the most notable [1,2]. In particular, the visualization of charred writing, obliterated writing, and gunpowder residues and the comparison of inks have been successfully made with the aid of infrared-sensitive films and electronic video techniques [3]. Success with this technique depends on the existence of differences in the tendencies (that is, extinction coefficients) of the components of the materials being studied to absorb radiation in the infrared band. If the ink added to alter a check shows no difference in absorption from the original ink then no distinction between the two can be made with infrared photography.
MN Determinations in Bloodstains—Selective Destruction of Cross-Reacting Activity
Authors: Shaler RC , Hagins AM , Mortimer CE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
By definition, serology is the study of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro [1]. Forensic serology is, however, an expansion of this study and encompasses not only serology but the essentials of biochemistry, immunohematology, immunology, and immunochemistry. The forensic serologist is faced with the dual responsibility of performing analyses within this framework of disciplines and functioning as a criminalist faced with the science of identifications [2]. It is the forensic serologist's ultimate goal to link evidence to a source of origin, if possible.
Identification of Suitable Plaster for Crime-Scene Casting
Authors: Vandiver JV , Wolcott JH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Over the years police literature has generally recommended plaster of Paris [1] or dental plaster [2] to make casts at crime scenes. Even extremely unsophisticated testing indicates that different types of plaster vary considerably in tensile strength, hardness, and setting times under similar environmental conditions. Test studies indicate that plaster of Paris and dental plaster are the least suitable materials for police use because they are the least resistant to breakage and abrasion [3].
A Scientific Study of Pencil Lead Components
Authors: Cain S , Cantu AA , Brunnelle R , Lyter A 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The term “lead” pencil is a misnomer in that the pencil contains no lead but rather is composed of three primary ingredients in varying proportions: graphites, clays, and waxes [1]. Since its introduction during the 16th century, the pencil has become the most widely used writing instrument throughout the world. Americans yearly consume over two billion pencils, with the U.S. government and Bell Telephone System being the largest purchasers. It has been reported that enough pencils are produced every year in the United States to supply every American with one pencil every 40 days.
Identification of Accelerants in Fire Residues by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography
Authors: Armstrong AT , Wittkower RS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Since the early 1960s, gas chromatography has been used as a means of determining the presence of hydrocarbons in fire residues. Early investigators relied on packed columns and thermal conductivity detectors. Their results proved that the hydrocarbons could be detected in fire residue [1]. Later work [2] explored the recovery of many different accelerants from various types of fire residues. The method of Ettling's experiments [2] is questionable, and the equipment lacked the resolving power of capillary columns of the support-coated open-tubular type. The burning conditions and time element were not related to typical arson field investigation conditions. In the conclusions of the 1968 study [2], residues were analyzed by comparing a residue chromatogram to a chromatogram of a blank. The blank was a fire residue from materials not ignited by any accelerant. The chromatographic peaks that appeared on the sample chromatogram but not in the blank were attributed to the accelerant. Accelerants were not detected in several residues that had burned for more than 2 min. This conclusion is not fully supported by the present results. We find that residues from fir are more difficult to identify than those from pine. The heat intensity of burning fir volatilizes more accelerant than is characteristic of burning pine, for example. The present study was designed to expand on previous work, to build a file of representative chromatographs, to explore techniques in hydrocarbon determination, and to develop a rapid means of identifying accelerants in fire residues.
A Novel Pyrolysis Technique for Micro Paint Analysis
Authors: Audette RJ , Percy RFE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The recent advancement of highly specialized instrumentation and instrumental techniques has enabled the forensic scientist to analyze paint samples in the microgram and picogram ranges. The limiting factor is often the physical recovery of small samples for microchemical analysis. A number of chemical procedures have been employed for the microanalysis of paints. Both infrared spectrophotometry (IR) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography (PGC) are popular techniques for the identification and comparison of paints.
Unlawful Possession of Silver
Authors: Powell GLF , Robinson RR , Cocks B , Wright M 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In a previous paper [1] the interpretation of a variation in trace element content as a function of manufacture was used to show that two parts of a vehicle dismantled by cutting with oxygen had originally been one. The principle has wide application in forensic metallurgy, and this communication describes its employment in a case involving the unlawful possession of silver.
Injuries to Cadavers Resulting from Experimental Rear Impact
Authors: Jones AM , Bean SP , Sweeney ES 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Low-velocity rear-end collisions frequently produce relatively minor damage to vehicles and perplexing injuries to occupants. These collisions are an ever-increasing hazard, especially at intersections, at interchanges, and to occupants of parked or stalled vehicles. In 1976 20% of all motor vehicle accidents were rear-end collisions involving two vehicles, but these accidents constituted only 4% of all motor vehicle fatalities [1]. The neck is the most frequently injured portion of the body, with 10% more cervical injuries reported in females than in males [2,3].
Determination of Serum Myoglobin Level After Death in the Diagnosis of Sudden Coronary Artery Occlusion
Authors: Stefanini M 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Toxicologic studies have become standard procedure in the investigation of medicolegal deaths and some biochemical parameters in the cadaver's blood may be useful in validating autopsy findings [1]. In our experience, the determination of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) in serum has been useful in the evaluation of cardiac death when this occurs several hours to a few days after the occurrence of the cardiac catastrophe. However, the enzymatic cardiac parameters are of little impact when death occurs suddenly in apparently healthy individuals and acute coronary occlusion is the cause of death, since they do not show significant enough changes.
The Tympanic Plate in Forensic Discrimination Between American Blacks and Whites
Authors: Finnegan M , Schulter-Ellis FP 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Skeletal material of forensic nature is often accompanied by relatively diagnostic cultural goods which can be used to infer provenience and help in the determination of race. However, when the skeletal material is recent or without associated cultural material, the racial assessment becomes more difficult. When only a cranium is recovered, one usually employs subjective criteria for determination of race. These might include prognathism, the existence of a depression posterior to the coronal suture, the relative flaring of the zygomata, or the morphology of the nasal roots. Inevitably, the cranium comes to light which does not permit a differential diagnosis of race based on such subjective assessments. The necessity for accuracy becomes most critical when the analysis is to be used for forensic purposes [1]. In such case, a quantitative tool can be of great value in the identification of a single cranium. Several multivariate approaches to this problem have been developed [2].
A Role for the Behavioral Scientist in Hostage Negotiation Incidents
Authors: Johnson TA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Brian Jenkins of the Rand Corporation has reported [1] that from 1968 to 1974 there were over 507 incidents of terrorism around the world, and, since 1968, terrorists have killed more than 520 people and wounded 830 worldwide. As shaking as these statistics are, the total amount of violence is not that large since the number of 520 people killed in an eight-year period is exceeded by the annual homicide rate of some major U.S. cities, and is far exceeded by the more than 18 000 homicides committed annually in the United States. However, what is illuminating about Jenkin's study is not solely the number of people injured or killed by terrorists, but the intricate relationship between mass media and terrorist activities. In short, terrorists attacks are often carefully choreographed to seize the interest and attention of the mass media. The abduction of hostages increases the drama, and Jenkins notes that in this sense terrorism is theater for it is aimed at people watching and not at the actual victims or hostages [1, p. 12]. Moreover, Jenkins observed that while terrorists may sometimes kill wantonly, the primary objective of the terrorist is not mass murder, since terrorists want people watching and listening to their activities and not necessarily murdered [1. p. 3]:
Detection of Seminal Fluid Constituents After Alleged Sexual Assault
Authors: Duenhoelter JH , Stone IC , Santos-Ramos R , Scott DE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Spermatozoa and prostatic acid phosphatase, identified in vaginal fluid after an alleged sexual assault, constitute important physical evidence useful in courts of law during rape trials. It has been recommended that the physician examining a victim of alleged sexual assault should promptly attempt identification of spermatozoa in a native preparation of vaginal fluid. Additionally, he should collect certain specimens that later can be evaluated in detail in a forensic pathology laboratory. The presence or absence of spermatozoa, prostatic acid phosphatase, and various blood group substances can be ascertained with a variety of laboratory methods. This study was undertaken to investigate the following items: (1) the correlation of spermatozoa detected in native preparations of vaginal fluid and of results obtained by various forensic laboratory methods; (2) the incidence of detection of seminal fluid constituents at certain time intervals following an alleged rape; and (3) the possibility that acid phosphatase detection provides additional evidence when spermatozoa cannot be identified in native or fixed preparations of vaginal fluid.
A Review of Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice and Accompanying Student Programmed Learning Guide
Authors: Peterson JL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice was originally published in 1962 and has undergone six revisions in the past 15 years, enabling the authors to keep the text up-to-date and relevant to the rapidly changing field of law enforcement. This book, with the accompanying student learning guide, is intended primarily as a text for pre- and inservice law enforcement students. Its stated purpose is to “delineate the role of law enforcement with sufficient clarity” to afford both the law enforcement practitioner and the citizen an understanding of the criminal justice system and their respective responsibilities within it.
The Discrimination Between Samples of Window Glass by Combining Physical and Chemical Techniques
Authors: Andrasko J , Maehly AC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In forensic science laboratories it is frequently necessary to compare properties of glass fragments. The forensic scientist is asked to determine if a glass fragment came from a certain automobile headlight, from a certain window, and so forth. The comparison of glass fragments by means of several physical methods is a routine operation in forensic science applications.
Enhanced Discrimination of Glass Samples by Phosphorescence Analysis
Authors: Calloway AR , Jones PF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Of the various types of physical evidence available to crime scene investigators, glass fragments are among those frequently encountered [1,2]. Forensic science examinations usually involve comparing known window glass samples with glass fragments recovered from the suspect's clothing [3]. Most crime laboratories use refractive index or density measurements, or both, to compare glass samples. As a result of modern glass production techniques, however, glass formulations are more closely controlled from batch to batch. This results in greater uniformity and reduces the value of analytical techniques that rely on differences in refractive index and density [4]. It is generally agreed, therefore, that supplementary analyses are needed.
Determination of Group Specific Component Phenotypes in Dried Bloodstains by Immunofixation on Cellulose Acetate
Authors: Zajac PL , Grunbaum BW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A rapid method is described for the determination of the genetically controlled group specific component (Gc) system. The method uses electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes followed by immunofixation with a specific anti-Gc antiserum. The method has been successfully applied to samples of plasma, whole blood, and dried bloodstains. Multiple specimens, up to 16 samples, can be analyzed simultaneously in a total analysis time of less than 60 min. In contrast to conventional immunoelectrophoresis on agar gel, or immunofixation on agarose or starch gel [1], this method of immunofixation on cellulose acetate is rapid, reliable, and economical.