bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The survey form of SCAN: the feasibility of using
experienced lay survey interviewers to administer a
semi-structured systematic clinical assessment of
psychotic and non-psychotic disorders
Authors: BRUGHA T. S. , NIENHUIS F. , BAGCHI D. , SMITH J. , MELTZER H. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The success of large scale surveys depends on well designed questionnaires and the
skills of lay interviewers. Discrepancies in prevalence rates between epidemiological surveys and
poor agreement between survey interviewer and clinician diagnostic interviews are giving rise to
increasing concern among researchers, public health planners and policy developers. New
approaches to information collection are called for. The feasibility of training experienced survey
interviewers in semi-structured, clinical, diagnostic interviewing has never been investigated
systematically across the range of neurotic and psychotic disorders.Methods. Eight experienced survey interviewers from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) were
selected and underwent extended training in a Survey Form of SCAN (SCAN-SF). Sixty-four
adults, including a majority of psychiatric in-patients were assessed by ONS interviewers and re-interviewed within a week by SCAN-trained clinicians. Feedback was sought from interviewers and
trainers.Results. Trainers found lay interviewers coped at least as well with psychotic as with neurotic
symptoms. Concordance for any disorder was 0·74 (95% CI: 0·57 to 0·91); for any specific psychotic
disorder 0·63 (0·40 to 0·86); for any specific neurotic disorder 0·63 (0·43 to 0·83). Sensitivity ranged
from 0·6 to 0·9 and specificity from 0·8 to 0·9. There was no evidence of rater bias.Conclusions. These preliminary findings are very promising. However, before the SCAN-SF,
administered by carefully trained lay interviewers, can be recommended in large scale surveys,
further evaluations of its feasibility and reliability in the general population are needed.
The structure of genetic and environmental risk
factors for three measures of disordered eating
Authors: WADE T. , MARTIN N. G. , NEALE M. C. , TIGGEMANN M. , TRELOAR S. A. , BUCHOLZ K. K. , MADDEN P. A. F. , HEATH A. C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The study explored the genetic and environmental risk factors for both the behaviours
and attitudes characteristic of disordered eating.Methods. In three waves of data collection, information was collected from female twins regarding
their eating and attitudes towards eating, weight and shape. The first assessment consisted of a
self-report questionnaire (1988–9) with 1682 women. The second assessment consisted of a semi-structured psychiatric interview schedule (1992–3), completed by 1852 women, many of whom had
completed Wave 1 assessment. The third assessment, with 325 women chosen from Waves 1 and 2
(1995–6), consisted of a semi-structured interview (the Eating Disorder Examination).Results. As only one twin pair was concordant for lifetime bulimia nervosa at Wave 3 assessment,
ordinal measures of all assessments were used in a multivariate genetic analysis. Results indicated
that additive genetic and non-shared environmental influences best explained variance in liability to
disordered eating, with about 60% (95% CI 50–68) of the variance explained by genetic factors.
Comparison with a model allowing for the effects of shared environment indicated genetic factors
accounted for a similar degree of variance (59%, 95% CI 36–68).Conclusion. Liability to the development of the behaviours and attitudes characteristic of eating
disorders is best explained by both environmental and genetic factors, with covariation between the
three measures best explained by a single latent phenotype of disordered eating which has a
heritability of 60%.
The consequential complexity of history and gratuitous evil
Authors: DURSTON KIRK 
Published: July 2002

History is composed of a web of innumerable interacting causal chains,
many of which are composed of millions of discrete events. The complexity of
history puts us in a position of having knowledge of only a minuscule portion of the
consequences of any event, actual or proposed. Our almost complete lack of
knowledge of the data necessary to know if an event is gratuitous makes it very
likely that we would be mistaken about a very large number of events. The
complexity of history, therefore, poses a significant challenge to certain types of
evidential arguments from evil that begin with our observations of evils that appear
to be gratuitous.For want of a nail the shoe is lost,For want of a shoe the horse is lost,For want of a horse the rider is lost,And all for the want of a nail.Benjamin Franklin, 1757
Has Glenberg forgotten his nurse?
Authors: Jacobs Arthur M. , Ziegler Johannes C. 
Published: July 2002

Glenberg's conception of “meaning from and for
action” is too narrow. For example, it provides no satisfactory
account of the “logic of Elfland,” a metaphor used by
Chesterton to refer to meaning acquired by being told something.All that we call spirit and art and ecstasy only means that for one
awful instant we remember that we forget.G. K. Chesterton (in Gardner 1994, p. 101)
Glamour and evasion: the fabulous ambivalence of the Pet Shop Boys
Authors: Maus Fred E. 
Published: July 2002

Shifty harmonies in ‘West End Girls’This first section is for readers interested in technical musical analysis. Others may wish to skip ahead to the next section: while one of my goals is to link technical, interpretive and political concerns, it is possible to read this paper with relatively little attention to the technicalities.At the beginning of the Pet Shop Boys' ‘West End Girls’, after some street sounds and a sustained chord, there is a three-chord progression (Cmaj7, D, E), mingling harmonies from the keys of e minor and E major (0:21-0:24; see Example 1). The bass-line goes up, with a major triad over each note; only the third chord is free of additional, dissonant notes. The second chord sounds like a way of passing smoothly from the first one to the third.
Clinical potential and design of programmable mechanical impedances for orthotic
applications
Authors: Harwin William S. , Leiber Lee O. , Austwick Gregory P. G. , Dislis Chryssa 
Published: July 2002

A person with a moderate or severe motor disability will often use specialised or adapted tools to assist their interaction with a general environment. Such tools can assist with the movement of a person's arms so as to facilitate manipulation, can provide postural supports, or interface to computers, wheelchairs or similar assistive technologies. Designing such devices with programmable stiffness and damping may offer a better means for the person to have effective control of their surroundings.This paper addresses the possibility of designing some assistive technologies using impedance elements that can adapt to the user and the circumstances. Two impedance elements are proposed. The first, based on magnetic particle brakes, allows control of the damping coefficient in a passive element. The second, based on detuning the P-D controller in a servo-motor mechanism, allows control of both stiffness and damping. Such a mechanical impedance can be modulated to the conditions imposed by the task in hand. The limits of linear theory are explored and possible uses of programmable impedance elements are proposed.
Fuels and fire at savanna-gallery forest boundaries in southeastern Venezuela
Authors: Biddulph Jason , Kellman Martin 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT. Factors contributing to the resistance of gallery forests in savannas to the entry of fire were investigated using field observations and manipulation experiments. Mass of savanna fuels did not decrease close to forest boundaries, and in some instances increased, while savanna fuels adjacent to forests were moister than in the savanna beyond for only 1 d after rainfall. A fuel drying experiment conducted in both forest and savanna microclimates indicated that both fuel type and microclimate contributed to the resistance of forests to fire entry, although the former played a larger role. While savanna fuels in a savanna microclimate became ignitable in c. 1 d after rain, forest fuels in a forest microclimate required 4 wk to achieve ignitability. A further experiment juxtaposing forest fuels to burning savanna indicated that fire entry into forests was faciliated by deep root mats and the presence of a superficial litter layer, both of which become attenuated at the forest/savanna contact. It is concluded that fuels in these forests can reach an ignitable state late in the dry season, but that frequent fire entry is probably precluded by the tendency of savanna fires to occur earlier in the dry season and by discontinuities in fuels at the savanna/forest contact.RESUMEN. Se investigaron los factores que contribuyen a la resistencia de la entrada del fuego a los bosques en galería de las savanas mediante observaciones de campo y experimentos de manipulación. La masa de los combustibles de la savana no decrecieron cerca de los bordes del bosque; por el contrario, en algunos casos se incrementaron, mientras que los combustibles de la savana cercanos al bosque eran mas húmedos que en la savana restante, solamente por un día despues de un evento de lluvia. Un experimento de secado de combustible, que fue conducido en los microclimas de bosque y de savana, indica que tanto el tipo de combustible como el microclima contribuyen a la resistencia de los bosques a la entrada del fuego, aunque el primer factor tuvo un papel de mayor importancia. Mientras que los combustibles de la savana en el microclima de la savana se volvieron ‘encendibles’ cerca de un día despues de lluvia, los combustibles del bosque dentro del microlima del bosque tomaron cuatro semanas para llegar a dicho estado. Un experimento que sobrepuso combustibles del bosque a la savana ardiente indicó que la entrada del fuego a los bosques se facilitó por la presencia de mantillos orgánicos profundos y de una capa superficial de hojarasca, presencia que se ve atenuada en la zona de contacto bosque/savana. Se concluye que los combustibles en estos bosques pueden alcanzar un estado de ignición tarde en la estación de sequía, pero que la entrada frecuente del fuego es probablemente evitada por la tendencia que tienen los fuegos de savana a presentarse temprano en la estación seca y por las discontinuidades de combustibles en la zona de contacto savana/bosque.
Orthogonal measures and absorbing sets for Markov chains
Authors: CHEN PEI-DE , TWEEDIE R. L. 
Published: July 2002

For a general state space Markov chain on a space (X,
[Bscr ](X)),
the existence of a Doeblin decomposition, implying the state space can
be written as a countable
union of absorbing ‘recurrent’ sets and a transient set, is
known to be a consequence
of several different conditions all implying in some way that there is
not an uncountable
collection of absorbing sets. These include([Mscr ]) there exists a finite measure which gives positive mass to
each absorbing subset
of X;([Gscr ]) there exists no uncountable collection of points (xα)
such that the measures Kθ(xα,
·)[colone ](1−θ)ΣPn(xα,
·)θn are mutually singular;([Cscr ]) there is no uncountable disjoint class of absorbing subsets
of X.We prove that if [Bscr ](X) is countably generated and separated
(distinct
elements in X can be separated by disjoint measurable sets), then
these conditions
are equivalent. Other results on the structure of absorbing sets are also
developed.
Conceptual and legal issues in the designation and management of conservation areas in Nepal
Authors: HEINEN JOEL T. , MEHTA JAI N. 
Published: July 2002

The modern era of wildlife and protected area conservation in Nepal began in 1973 with the passage of comprehensive legislation, and has evolved very quickly as new priorities and problems have emerged. Here we explore the legal and managerial development of conservation areas, a recently-defined category of protected area designed to promote conservation through local-level participation and development. A review of the Conservation Area Management Regulations of 1996 shows that there are several potential problems inherent in this designation. As written, the regulations move power from the government to organizations under governmental contract. Thus, management authority largely remains top-down from the standpoint of local users. We also question how well the designation will protect some sensitive wildlife species, since organizations do not have law enforcement authority under Nepalese legislation.Despite these concerns, there have been several successful conservation area programmes in existence in Nepal since the 1980s and most of the issues addressed are surmountable with the current regulations, providing that several criteria are met. We propose that His Majesty's Government and organizations under contract develop more definitive methods of disbursing funds for local-level projects, and institute social impact assessments. In addition, more attention must be paid to wildlife law enforcement; independent assessments of important wild populations and unique habitats are needed. Finally, we discuss some broader issues that should be better addressed in Nepal and elsewhere, including cross-sectoral coordination within the government.
Improved methods of detection of meningococcal DNA from
oropharyngeal swabs from cases and contacts of meningococcal disease
Authors: SADLER F. , BORROW R. , DAWSON M. M. , KACZMARSKI E. B. , CARTWRIGHT K. , FOX A. J. 
Published: July 2002

In the UK the increasing use of pre-admission parenteral antibiotic therapy in meningococcal
disease has lessened the value of routine cultures as a tool to confirm diagnosis, and laboratory
confirmation of invasive meningococcal infection is achieved increasingly by non-culture,
nucleic acid amplification methods. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a DNA
extraction and meningococcal-specific DNA amplification methodology for detection of
meningococci from oropharyngeal swabs.One hundred and six swabs from suspected or confirmed cases of meningococcal disease, and
94 swabs from contacts of meningococcal disease cases were examined. Of laboratory-confirmed
cases, 38/65 (58·5%) yielded a positive oropharyngeal swab PCR result and 5/24
(20·8%) swabs from suspected but laboratory-unconfirmed cases were PCR positive. No
significant differences in PCR positivity rates were found between the types of swab transport
systems utilized, but transport time to the testing laboratory was found to affect PCR positivity
(P < 0·05).Application of meningococcus-specific PCR to oropharyngeal swabs, in addition to routine
culture of swabs, can provide valuable epidemiological information as well as case confirmation
for contact management. PCR amplification of meningococcal PCR from oropharyngeal swabs
will also increase the ascertainment in swabbing surveys carried out as part of meningococcal
disease outbreak investigation and management.
Alan S. Kaye (ed.) (1997). Phonologies of Asia and Africa
(including the Caucasus). Technical advisor: Peter T. Daniels.
Winona Lake, Indiana:
Eisenbrauns. 2 vols. Pp. xxi+1041.
Authors: McCarthy John J. 
Published: July 2002

This is an unusual book. For one thing, it is huge: two volumes,
over 1000
pages, with articles on fifty different languages or groups. For another,
the list
of contributors is quite diverse, including a few phonologists with specific
language interests (Shmuel Bolozky, Robert D. Hoberman, Maria-Rosa Lloret
and Joseph L. Malone), a few linguists who are better known for their work
in
areas other than phonology (Bernard Comrie, Jeffrey Heath, H. Craig Melchert
and Johanna Nichols) and a group of distinguished experts on particular
languages or families (including Giorgio Buccellati, Gene Gragg, Robert
Hetzron, Wolf Leslau, Paul Newman and others).The goals of this book are also a bit unusual. In his introduction,
the editor
says this:The idea for this volume came about as I searched in vain for a book
which would enable
my students to gain a concrete familiarity of solid phonological work by
subjecting them
to the exposure of many of today's (hard-)working linguists who would
concisely describe
and comment on the phonological processes in and structures of languages
which they
have carefully scrutinized, both ancient or medieval and modern. (p. xvi)This is an attractive concept; undergraduate and beginning graduate
students
would undoubtedly benefit from studying and perhaps attempting to reanalyse
a carefully presented description of the phonemic system and morphophonemic
processes of an unfamiliar language. More advanced graduate students or
established scholars could also benefit from having access to compact descriptions
that summarise potentially interesting phenomena and give references to
consult for further research.
Predator–prey and competitive interactions between sharks (order Selachii) and dolphins (suborder Odontoceti): a review
Authors: Heithaus Michael R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe importance of interactions between sharks and cetaceans has been a subject of much conjecture, but few studies have addressed these interactions. Sharks (order Selachii) have been hypothesized to be important predators on dolphins and porpoises (suborder Odontoceti). Unfortunately, there are often few data to back up claims that certain shark species are major threats to cetaceans. To help identify potential shark predators in specific locations, available data on interactions with odontocetes for all shark species that may include cetaceans in their diet are reviewed. Shark species are categorized into groups based on predatory interactions with dolphins and porpoises (regular predators, occasional predators, potential predators, ectoparasites and insufficient data). Several shark species that have been overlooked in the cetacean literature are identified as potentially important predators while others that have been suspected to be important predators are probably at most occasional predators. How shark predation can influence dolphin populations, habitat use, group size and behaviour is discussed. How risk of shark predation can vary with habitat attributes in both nearshore and pelagic waters is also discussed. Predator–prey interactions have been the focus of most studies of shark–dolphin interaction, but competitive interactions may also occur. The first analysis of shark–dolphin dietary overlap is presented, which shows it to be significant between common dolphins and several species of sharks, including species that prey upon these dolphins.
Burrowing activity in the sand‐bubbler crab, Dotilla fenestrata (Crustacea, Ocypodidae), inhabiting a mangrove swamp in Kenya
Authors: Gherardi Francesca , Russo Silvia 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSeveral species of crabs belonging to the family Ocypodidae are burrowers; they inhabit tropical sandy and muddy shores, including mangrove swamps, exposed to extreme conditions of intertidal areas. Dotilla fenestrata, the only East African representative of the subfamily Scopimerinae, exhibits high flexibility in its burrowing activity. Only part of the population has an exclusively burrow‐orientated activity, whereas most individuals form dense aggregations or droves, that during the phase of diurnal low water move away from the normal distribution zone. Burrows are built according to two different architectural designs, the feeding‐trench burrow and the igloo, which then constitute their territory. A resident will lose a contest for the burrow when the attacker is larger. When the ground is uncovered at low tide, emergence can be delayed or even fail to occur, and some crabs remain buried during the entire low water period. Only 50+ of crabs remain faithful to the original burrow, while the others either leave it to occupy an empty one or dig a new burrow, or join the wandering drove. The spatial distribution of burrows from the high water neap level (our reference point) to the sea, differs during both spring and neap tides, and both diurnal and nocturnal tides. The differences may be due partly to the change of physical conditions, such as drainage and substrate grade (although within a mangrove swamp these do not follow a consistent gradient), but mostly may be related to the trade‐off between the benefits and costs of living at different intertidal levels. With its burrowing and feeding activity leading to the re‐deposition of excavated and pseudofaecal pellets, Dotilla plays a role as a sediment mover in this very specialized habitat. The results obtained from this study are compared with those reported in other ocypodids.
Consistent significant variation between individual males in spermatozoal morphometry
Authors: Morrow Edward H. , Gage Matthew J. G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractComparative studies show that variation in sperm morphometry across taxa is associated with the environment in which sperm function, and the species' mating pattern dictating the risk of sperm competition. Accordingly, sperm have evolved to function in a non‐self environment (in contrast to somatic cells) and sperm morphometry is predicted to be optimized independently of the individual male producing them, but is the result of selective forces arising directly from the fertilization and competitive environment in which sperm will operate. Males within a population are therefore under stabilizing selection to produce an optimal distribution of sperm sizes. The nature of this distribution was explored using consistent techniques to measure detailed sperm morphometry for 10 species in a range of taxa from insects to humans. Although we expected variance in sperm morphometry to be optimized by every individual male through stabilizing selection at a population or species level, we found the exact opposite; for every species examined there was significant variation between individual males in the total lengths of the sperm they produced. A significant variation is reported between individual males for every species in the sizes of each sperm head, mid‐piece and flagellum component. The between‐male variation exists consistently in wild, domestic and human populations, subject to a wide range of levels of inbreeding. In gryllid crickets sperm length is shown to be male‐specific and is repeatable between successive ejaculates. Between‐female variation in ova size (data are presented for trout) is explainable by individual female fecundity optimization strategies; however, the adaptive significance of widespread between‐individual variance in male gamete size is counter‐intuitive and difficult to interpret, particularly as the limited evidence available shows that sperm morphometry is not condition‐dependent or resource‐constrained. The differences, however, do suggest negligible influences from haploid expression in the development of sperm morphometry – if haplotypic expression were manifested we would expect more profound variation within a male's sperm population (to reflect the inherent within‐male variance in haplotypes derived from recombination) rather than the significant between‐male differences we found that suggests the diploid control of spermatozoal phenotype