bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ambient‐noise tomography of north Tibet limits geological terrane signature to upper‐middle crust
Authors: Karplus M. S. , Klemperer S. L. , Lawrence J. F. , Zhao W. , Mechie J. , Tilmann F. , Sandvol E. , Ni J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe use ambient‐noise tomography to map regional differences in crustal Rayleigh‐wave group velocities with periods of 8–40 s across north Tibet using the International Deep Profiling of Tibet and the Himalaya phase IV arrays (132 stations, deployed for 10–24 months). For periods of 8–24 s (sensitive to midcrustal depths of ~5–30 km), we observe striking velocity changes across the Bangong‐Nujiang and Jinsha suture zones as well as the Kunlun‐Qaidam boundary. From south to north, we see higher velocities beneath the Lhasa terrane, lower velocities beneath the Qiangtang, higher velocities in the Songpan‐Ganzi and Kunlun terranes, and the lowest velocities beneath the Qaidam Basin. Maps at periods of 34 and 40 s (sensitive to the middle and lower crust at depths of ~30–60 km) do not show evidence of changes across those boundaries. Any differences between the Tibetan terrane lower crusts that were present at accretion have been erased or displaced by Cenozoic processes and replaced almost ubiquitously by uniformly low velocities.
A quick look at the 2012 record flood in the Amazon Basin
Authors: Satyamurty Prakki , da Costa Claudia Priscila Wanzeler , Manzi Antonio Ocimar , Candido Luiz Antonio 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe water level at the Manaus Port on the Negro River reached its record value of 29.97 m on 29 May 2012. This is higher than the previous record in the year 2009 by 20 cm. The rise of the level from November 2011 till the record maximum is the highest in the past several decades. A cooler South Atlantic and a normal or slightly warmer North Atlantic were associated with a record flood in the Amazon Basin in 2012. The seasonal atmospheric moisture convergence and the precipitation over the Amazon Basin are well correlated. During the period October 2011 through May 2012 the moisture‐flux convergence was 38% more intense than climatology. The rainfall equivalence of this excess moisture convergence is about 2.5 mm d–1 in the western Amazon Basin and 1.8 mm d–1 in the whole Amazon Basin.
Contamination rates between smart cell phones and non‐smart cell phones of healthcare workers
Authors: Lee Yeon Joo , Yoo Chul‐Gyu , Lee Choon‐Taek , Chung Hee Soon , Kim Young Whan , Han Sung Koo , Yim Jae‐Joon 
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUNDHealthcare workers' mobile phones are easily contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and could be vehicles of transmission. Smart phones are increasingly used in the hospital. The objective of this study was to compare the contamination rate of bacteria with pathogenic potential between smart phones and non‐smart phones.METHODSWe screened mobile phones of healthcare workers in three teaching hospitals in South Korea. The identification of cultivated micro‐organisms and assessment of antibiotic susceptibility were performed.RESULTSOne hundred fifteen (56.7%) participants used smart phones, and 88 (43.3%) used non‐smart phones. Bacteria with pathogenic potential were isolated from 58 (28.6%) mobile phones, more often from smart phones than from non‐smart phones (34.8% vs 20.5%, P=0.03). Multivariate analysis including various characteristics to determine risk factors revealed that only smart phones (vs non‐smart phones) were a significant risk factor for contamination by bacteria with pathogenic potential (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43‐11.31). Also, in a multivariate model including phone size, the smart phone was still a significant risk factor for the pathogen contamination (OR, 4.17; 95% CI, 1.07‐16.33; P=0.04).CONCLUSIONThe smart phones of healthcare workers were contaminated with bacteria with pathogenic potential to a greater extent than were non‐smart phones. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:144–147. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Quantitative effects of inclusion of fat on muscle diffusion tensor MRI measurements
Authors: Williams Sarah E. , Heemskerk Anneriet M. , Welch E. Brian , Li Ke , Damon Bruce M. , Park Jane H. 
Published: February 2013

PurposeTo determine the minimum water percentage in a muscle region of interest that would allow diffusion tensor (DT−) MRI data to reflect the diffusion properties of pure muscle accurately.Materials and MethodsProton density‐weighted images with and without fat saturation were obtained at the mid‐thigh in four subjects. Co‐registered DT‐MR images were used to calculate the diffusion tensor's eigenvalues and fractional anisotropy.ResultsThe eigenvalues transitioned monotonically as a function of water signal percentage from values near to those expected for pure fat to those for pure muscle. Also, the fractional anisotropy transitioned monotonically from 0.50 (fat) to 0.20 (muscle). For water signal percentages >55%, none of the diffusion indices differed significantly from those for regions of >90% muscle.ConclusionAccounting for the T1 and T2 values of muscle and fat and the pulse sequence properties, it is concluded that, as a conservative estimate, regions must contain at least 76% muscle tissue to reflect the diffusion properties of pure muscle accurately. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1292–1297. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Magnetic resonance voiding cystourethrography (MRVCUG): A potential alternative to standard VCUG
Authors: Johnin Kazuyoshi , Takazakura Ryutaro , Furukawa Akira , Okamoto Keisei , Murakami Yoshitaka , Murata Kiyoshi , Okada Yusaku 
Published: February 2013

PurposeTo evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of magnetic resonance voiding cystourethrography (MRVCUG), with or without contrast medium, in detecting vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) by comparison with conventional voiding cystourethrography (VCUG).Materials and MethodsSeventy‐five patients underwent a series of 55 indirect MRVCUG (I‐MRVCUG) and 61 direct MRVCUG (D‐MRVCUG) between 2003 and 2009. We retrospectively compared the results from I‐MRVCUG and D‐MRVCUG with those from VCUG on 150 kidney‐ureter units. Ratios of successful completion of the two types of MRVCUG were analyzed in 116 examinations according to sex, age, and among the two groups, with or without sedation.ResultsD‐MRVCUG was superior to I‐MRVCUG in detecting VUR (sensitivity: 96.8% vs. 76.9%; specificity: 96.3% vs. 88.7%; agreement: 96.6% vs. 83.7%; kappa: 0.83 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72, 0.94] vs. 0.55 [95% CI: 0.41, 0.69]). The overall ratio of successful completion of the two types of MRVCUG was 76.7% (89/116): there was no significant difference between I‐MRVCUG and D‐MRVCUG. The successful completion rate was significantly lower in MRVCUG in toddlers compared with preschoolers, infants, schoolchildren, and adults (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe two types of MRVCUG (I‐MRVCUG and D‐MRVCUG) are promising tests without radiation exposure. Both I‐MRVCUG and D‐MRVCUG are feasible for children except for toddlers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:897–904. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms rs2120131, rs4935047, and rs7095891 in the MBL2 gene show no association with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B in a Chinese Han population
Authors: Zhang Tian‐Chen , Liu Wei , Liu Xiao‐Qing , Pan Fa‐Ming , Gao Yu‐Feng , Yan Fang , Li Xu 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThus far, many studies have evaluated the correlation between MBL2 gene polymorphisms and hepatitis B infection. Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to investigate the relationship between MBL2 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection by comparing 996 chronic HBV infection cases to 301 acute infection controls. There was no significant correlation between rs2120131, rs4935047, and rs7095891 and chronic HBV infection. This suggested that the new SNPs within MBL2 were not associated with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B in a Chinese Han population. J. Med. Virol. 85:602–607, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus
Authors: Indolfi Giuseppe , Nesi Alessandro , Resti Massimo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHCV infection is a major public health problem worldwide. Several studies reported that HCV infection might cluster in families or households. Horizontal intrafamilial transmission of the virus has been demonstrated previously. Whether horizontal transmission makes any significant contribution to the global burden of HCV infection is still controversial and data about epidemiology and routes of transmission are uncertain. The certain diagnosis of horizontal intrafamilial transmission of HCV is based on the simultaneous presence of specific laboratory criteria, the temporal association between intrafamilial exposure and infection and the exclusion of all the potential extrafamilial routes of transmission of the infection. This review summarizes the current knowledge of epidemiology, risk factors and molecular biology of horizontal intrafamilial transmission of HCV infection. J. Med. Virol. 85:608–614, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐organized criticality of cellular automata model; absorbtion in finite‐time of supercritical region into the critical one
Authors: Barbu Viorel 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this work, it is studied the evolution and time behavior of solutions to nonlinear diffusion equation in where , d ≥ 1, and H is the Heaviside function. For d = 1,2,3, this equation describes the dynamics of self‐organizing sandpile process with critical state ρc. The main conclusion is that the supercritical region is absorbed in a finite‐time in the critical region . Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A constrained sub‐optimal controller for glucose regulation in type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ghosh Subhojit , Maka S. 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYPatients with type 1 diabetes mellitus require exogenous insulin infusion to avoid chronic complications related to elevated glucose levels. With diabetes reaching epidemic proportions, recent times have witnessed an increased attention in the field of optimal glucose management by closed‐loop insulin delivery system. A proper glucose management scheme, in addition of maintaining the glucose level within the normal range of 80–120 mg/dL, should avoid excessive insulin delivery leading to hypoglycemia. By considering the glucose regulation as a linear quadratic problem, a constrained novel sub‐optimal controller is proposed in the present work, for the maintenance of normal glucose level in type 1 diabetic subjects. The observer free state feedback controller is based on the feedback of only physiological variables (plasma glucose and plasma insulin). Constraining the feedback elements corresponding to the non‐physiological variables avoids the use of an observer while maintaining the advantages of state feedback control. The implementation of the proposed scheme requires simple measurement protocol with no online computation. The closed‐loop performance of the controller is evaluated on a physiologically relevant model for a meal disturbance and continuous glucose infusion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying suicidal behavior among adolescents using administrative claims data
Authors: Callahan S. Todd , Fuchs D. Catherine , Shelton Richard C. , Balmer Leanne S. , Dudley Judith A. , Gideon Patricia S. , DeRanieri Michelle M. , Stratton Shannon M. , Williams Candice L. , Ray Wayne A. , Cooper William O. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTPurposeTo assess the safety of psychotropic medication use in children and adolescents, it is critical to be able to identify suicidal behaviors from medical claims data and distinguish them from other injuries. The purpose of this study was to develop an algorithm using administrative claims data to identify medically treated suicidal behavior in a cohort of children and adolescents.MethodsThe cohort included 80 183 youth (6–18 years) enrolled in Tennessee's Medicaid program from 1995–2006 who were prescribed antidepressants. Potential episodes of suicidal behavior were identified using external cause‐of‐injury codes (E‐codes) and ICD‐9‐CM codes corresponding to the potential mechanisms of or injuries resulting from suicidal behavior. For each identified episode, medical records were reviewed to determine if the injury was self‐inflicted and if intent to die was explicitly stated or could be inferred.ResultsMedical records were reviewed for 2676 episodes of potential self‐harm identified through claims data. Among 1162 episodes that were classified as suicidal behavior, 1117 (96%) had a claim for suicide and self‐inflicted injury, poisoning by drugs, or both. The positive predictive value of code groups to predict suicidal behavior ranged from 0–88% and improved when there was a concomitant hospitalization but with the limitation of excluding some episodes of confirmed suicidal behavior.ConclusionsNearly all episodes of confirmed suicidal behavior in this cohort of youth included an ICD‐9‐CM code for suicide or poisoning by drugs. An algorithm combining these ICD‐9‐CM codes and hospital stay greatly improved the positive predictive value for identifying medically treated suicidal behavior. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the influence of an embedded porous silicon layer on the bulk lifetime of epitaxial layers and the interface recombination at the epitaxial layer/porous silicon interface
Authors: Radhakrishnan Hariharsudan Sivaramakrishnan , Dross Frederic , Debucquoy Maarten , Rosenits Philipp , Van Nieuwenhuysen Kris , Gordon Ivan , Poortmans Jef , Mertens Robert 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTPorous silicon plays an important role in the concept of wafer‐equivalent epitaxial thin‐film solar cells. Although porous silicon is beneficial in terms of long‐wavelength optical confinement and gettering of metals, it could adversely affect the quality of the epitaxial silicon layer grown on top of it by introducing additional crystal defects such as stacking faults and dislocations. Furthermore, the epitaxial layer/porous silicon interface is highly recombinative because it has a large internal surface area that is not accessible for passivation. In this work, photoluminescence is used to extract the bulk lifetime of boron‐doped (1016/cm3) epitaxial layers grown on reorganised porous silicon as well as on pristine mono‐crystalline, Czochralski, p+ silicon. Surprisingly, the bulk lifetime of epitaxial layers on top of reorganised porous silicon is found to be higher (~100–115 µs) than that of layers on top of bare p+ substrate (32–50 µs). It is believed that proper surface closure prior to epitaxial growth and metal gettering effects of porous silicon play a role in ensuring a higher lifetime. Furthermore, the epitaxial layer/porous silicon interface was found to be ~250 times more recombinative than an epitaxial layer/p+ substrate interface (S ≅ 103 cm/s). However, the inclusion of an epitaxially grown back surface field on top of the porous silicon effectively shields minority carriers from this highly recombinative interface. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased rubber content in high impact polypropylene via a sirius ziegler‐natta catalyst containing nanoparticles
Authors: Vestberg Torvald , Denifl Peter , Wilén Carl‐Eric 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHigh impact polypropylene was produced in a two‐reactor polymerization process operating in series using two different Ziegler‐Natta catalysts (referred to as catalysts A and B) that had been prepared by Sirius emulsion technology in the absence and presence of SiO2 nanoparticles, respectively. The homo polypropylene matrix was produced in liquid bulk and the ethylene/propylene rubber in gas phase under industrial conditions. Catalyst B was prepared with the same emulsion technology as catalyst A, except that SiO2 nanoparticles (average particles size 80 nm) were added during catalyst preparation. Scanning electron microscopy studies showed that the nanoparticles were fairly evenly distributed within catalyst B particles, although there was some agglomeration. It was shown that the nanoparticles in catalyst B increased the internal porosity in the homo polypropylene matrix particles and this enabled a significant increase in the rubber content. Maximum rubber content, before running into stickiness problems, was approximately 25 wt % for catalyst A without nanoparticles, whereas the maximum rubber content for catalyst B was almost doubled to 45 wt % due to the beneficial transformation of the internal catalyst morphology by the nanoparticles. In addition, it was also found that the reaction was not mass transfer limited during the ethylene/propylene rubber polymerization stage, even at very high rubber contents where all pores and cavities were filled with rubber. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Organic–inorganic hybrid diblock copolymer composed of poly (ε‐caprolactone) and poly(MA POSS): Synthesis and its nanocomposites with epoxy resin
Authors: Wang Lei , Li Jingang , Li Lei , Zheng Sixun 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOrganic–inorganic hybrid diblock copolymers composed of poly(ε‐caprolactone) and poly(MA POSS) [PCL‐b‐P(MA POSS)] were synthesized via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of 3‐methacryloxypropylheptaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (MA POSS) with dithiobenzoate‐terminated poly(ε‐caprolactone) as the macromolecular chain transfer agent. The dithiobenzoate‐terminated poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL‐CTA) was synthesized via the atom transfer radical reaction of 2‐bromopropionyl‐terminated PCL with bis(thiobenzoyl)disulfide in the presence of the complex of copper (I) bromide with N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine. The results of molecular weights and polydispersity indicate that the polymerizations were in a controlled fashion. The organic–inorganic diblock copolymer was incorporated into epoxy to afford the organic–inorganic nanocomposites. The nanostructures of the organic–inorganic composites were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the organic–inorganic nanocomposites displayed the increased yields of degradation residues compared to the control epoxy. In the organic–inorganic nanocomposites, the inorganic block [viz., P(MA POSS)] had a tendency to enrich at the surface of the materials and the dewettability of surface for the organic–inorganic nanocomposites were improved in terms of the measurement of surface contact angles. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Role of bias conditions in the hot carrier degradation of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Mukherjee Shubhajit , Puzyrev Yevgeny , Hinckley John , Schrimpf Ronald D. , Fleetwood Daniel M. , Singh Jasprit , Pantelides Sokrates T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe impacts of gate bias and device temperature on carrier energy distributions are reported for AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors. The lateral electric field and the average carrier energy are the highest at the end of gate on the gate‐drain access side. The number of high energy carriers is the greatest in the semi‐ON operating condition, with maximum energies exceeding the activation energy of defects in the AlGaN. There is a significant decrease in the number of very high energy carriers (greater than 2 eV) as the device temperature increases whereas the number of moderately energetic carriers (between 1 to 2 eV) is higher at elevated temperatures.(© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ab initio chemical kinetics for reactions of H atoms with SiHx (x = 1–3) radicals and related unimolecular decomposition processes
Authors: Raghunath Putikam , Lee Yun‐Min , Wu Shang‐Ying , Wu Jong‐Shinn , Lin Ming‐Chang 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHydrogen atoms and SiHx (x = 1–3) radicals coexist during the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) thin films for Si‐solar cell fabrication, a technology necessitated recently by the need for energy and material conservation. The kinetics and mechanisms for H‐atom reactions with SiHx radicals and the thermal decomposition of their intermediates have been investigated by using a high high‐level ab initio molecular‐orbital CCSD (Coupled Cluster with Single and Double)(T)/CBS (complete basis set extrapolation) method. These reactions occurring primarily by association producing excited intermediates, 1SiH2, 3SiH2, SiH3, and SiH4, with no intrinsic barriers were computed to have 75.6, 55.0, 68.5, and 90.2 kcal/mol association energies for x = 1–3, respectively, based on the computed heats of formation of these radicals. The excited intermediates can further fragment by H2 elimination with 62.5, 44.3, 47.5, and 56.7 kcal/mol barriers giving 1Si, 3Si, SiH, and 1SiH2 from the above respective intermediates. The predicted heats of reaction and enthalpies of formation of the radicals at 0 K, including the latter evaluated by the isodesmic reactions, SiHx + CH4 = SiH4 + CHx, are in good agreement with available experimental data within reported errors. Furthermore, the rate constants for the forward and unimolecular reactions have been predicted with tunneling corrections using transition state theory (for direct abstraction) and variational Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theory (for association/decomposition) by solving the master equation covering the P,T‐conditions commonly employed used in industrial CVD processes. The predicted results compare well experimental and/or computational data available in the literature. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spectral characterization of ten cyclic lipids using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Leefmann Tim , Heim Christine , Siljeström Sandra , Blumenberg Martin , Sjövall Peter , Thiel Volker 
Published: February 2013

RATIONALEOver the last decade, the high lateral resolution and imaging capabilities of time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) have increasingly stimulated interest in studying organic molecules in complex environmental materials. However, unlike with the established mass spectrometric techniques, the use of ToF‐SIMS in the biogeosciences is still hampered by a lack of reference spectra of the relevant biomarker compounds. Here we present and interpret ToF‐SIMS reference spectra of ten different cyclic lipids that are frequently used as biological tracers in ecological, organic geochemical and geobiological studies.METHODSStandard compounds of α,β,β‐(20R,24S)‐24‐methylcholestane, (22E)‐ergosta‐5,7,22‐trien‐3β‐ol, 17α(H),21β‐(H)‐30‐norhopane, hope‐17(21)‐ene, hop‐22(29)‐ene, 17β(H),21β(H)‐bacteriohopane‐32,33,34,35‐tetrol, 17β(H),21β(H)‐35‐aminobacteriohopane‐32,33,34‐triol, α‐tocopherol, β,β‐carotene, chlorophyll a, and cryosections of microbial mats and a fungus were analyzed using a ToF‐SIMS instrument equipped with a Bi3+ cluster ion source.RESULTSThe spectra obtained from the standard compounds showed peaks in the molecular weight range (molecular ions, protonated and deprotonated molecules, adduct ions) and diagnostic fragment ion peaks in both, positive and negative ion modes. For the cyclic hydrocarbons, however, the positive ion mode spectra typically showed more and stronger characteristic peaks than the negative ion mode spectra. Using real world samples the capability of ToF‐SIMS to detect and image selected compounds in complex organic matrices was tested. 17β(H),21β(H)‐35‐Aminobacteriohopane‐32,33,34‐triol, carotene and chlorophyll a were successfully identified in cryosections of microbial mats, and the distribution of ergosterol was mapped at µm resolution in a cryosection of a fungus (Tuber uncinatum).CONCLUSIONSThis study further highlights the utility of ToF‐SIMS for the identification and localization of lipids within environmental samples and as a technique for biomarker‐related research in organic geochemistry and geobiology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.