bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrofluorination of Alkynes Catalysed by Gold Bifluorides
Authors: Nahra Fady , Patrick Scott R. , Bello Davide , Brill Marcel , Obled Alan , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , O'Hagan David , Nolan Steven P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe report the synthesis of nine new N‐heterocyclic carbene gold bifluoride complexes starting from the corresponding N‐heterocyclic carbene gold hydroxides. A new methodology to access N,N′‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene gold(I) fluoride starting from N,N′‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene gold(I) hydroxide and readily available potassium bifluoride is also reported. These gold bifluorides were shown to be efficient catalysts in the hydrofluorination of symmetrical and unsymmetrical alkynes, thus affording fluorinated stilbene analogues and fluorovinyl thioethers in good to excellent yields with high stereo‐ and regioselectivity. The method is exploited further to access a fluorinated combretastatin analogue selectively in two steps starting from commercially available reagents.
Multiturn surface coil: Theoretical considerations on unloaded to loaded Q ratio and SNR
Authors: Giovannetti Giulio 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTRadiofrequency coils in magnetic resonance systems are used for exciting the nuclei in the object to be imaged and for picking up the signals emitted by the nuclei. The quality of obtained images strongly depends on the correct choice of the coils geometry and type. Although the coils' performance are influenced by the cross‐sectional shape of the coil conductors, for multiturn surface coils proximity effects between conductors can significantly influence coil behavior. This work describes how the use of a multiturn conductor affects a coil's performance in terms of unloaded to loaded quality factors ratio and signal‐to‐noise ratio, taking into account for the proximity effect between conductors of the coil. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 44B: 27–31, 2014
Hypothalamic leptin‐neurotensin‐hypocretin neuronal networks in zebrafish
Authors: Levitas‐Djerbi Talia , Yelin‐Bekerman Laura , Lerer‐Goldshtein Tali , Appelbaum Lior 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTNeurotensin (NTS) is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide that is expressed in the hypothalamus. In mammals, NTS‐producing neurons that express leptin receptor (LepRb) regulate the function of hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) and dopamine neurons. Thus, the hypothalamic leptin‐NTS‐HCRT neuronal network orchestrates key homeostatic output, including sleep, feeding, and reward. However, the intricate mechanisms of the circuitry and the unique role of NTS‐expressing neurons remain unclear. We studied the NTS neuronal networks in zebrafish and cloned the genes encoding the NTS neuropeptide and receptor (NTSR). Similar to mammals, the ligand is expressed primarily in the hypothalamus, while the receptor is expressed widely throughout the brain in zebrafish. A portion of hypothalamic nts‐expressing neurons are inhibitory and some coexpress leptin receptor (lepR1). As in mammals, NTS and HCRT neurons are localized adjacently in the hypothalamus. To track the development and axonal projection of NTS neurons, the NTS promoter was isolated. Transgenesis and double labeling of NTS and HCRT neurons showed that NTS axons project toward HCRT neurons, some of which express ntsr. Moreover, another target of NTS neurons is ntsr‐expressing dopaminergeric neurons. These findings suggest structural circuitry between leptin, NTS, and hypocretinergic or dopaminergic neurons and establish the zebrafish as a model to study the role of these neuronal circuits in the regulation of feeding, sleep, and reward. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:831–848, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasticizer and Surfactant Formation from Food‐Waste‐ and Algal Biomass‐Derived Lipids
Authors: Pleissner Daniel , Lau Kin Yan , Zhang Chengwu , Lin Carol Sze Ki 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe potential of lipids derived from food‐waste and algal biomass (produced from food‐waste hydrolysate) for the formation of plasticizers and surfactants is investigated herein. Plasticizers were formed by epoxidation of double bonds of methylated unsaturated fatty acids with in situ generated peroxoformic acid. Assuming that all unsaturated fatty acids are convertible, 0.35 and 0.40 g of plasticizer can be obtained from 1 g of crude algae‐ or food‐waste‐derived lipids, respectively. Surfactants were formed by transesterification of saturated and epoxidized fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with polyglycerol. The addition of polyglycerol would result in a complete conversion of saturated and epoxidized FAMEs to fatty acid polyglycerol esters. This study successfully demonstrates the conversion of food‐waste into value‐added chemicals using simple and conventional chemical reactions.
Maternal‐child adrenocortical attunement in early childhood: Continuity and change
Authors: Hibel Leah C. , Granger Douglas A. , Blair Clancy , Finegood Eric D. ,   The Family Life Project Key Investigators
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated continuity and change in maternal‐child hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis attunement in early childhood. Participants were drawn from a prospective study of 1,292 mother–child dyads, which were racially diverse, predominantly low‐income, and non‐urban. Child focused stress tasks designed to elicit anger, fear, and frustration were administered during early infancy, later infancy, and toddlerhood. Mothers' and children's saliva samples (later assayed for cortisol) were collected before and after the tasks. The strength of mother–child adrenocortical attunement was conserved across infancy and toddlerhood. The magnitude of maternal‐child adrenocortical attunement decreased in response to the child‐focused stress tasks. Maternal sensitivity and the child's task‐related emotional reactivity moderated adrenocortical attunement across the task, with greater maternal sensitivity during a free‐play, and lower levels of child emotional reactivity during the stress tasks, stabilizing attunement from pre‐ to post‐task levels. The findings advance our understanding of individual differences in the social regulation of adrenocortical activity in early childhood. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 83–95, 2015.
The Unexpected Reactions of Boron Trihalides with 7‐Phosphanorbornadiene Complexes
Authors: Mei Yanbo , Tian Rongqiang , Duan Zheng , Mathey François 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe reactions of BX3 (X = Cl, Br) with 7‐R‐7‐phosphanorbornadiene–M(CO)5 (M = Mo, W) complexes (1) yields products 2 and 4 in which the RP–M(CO)5 unit is inserted into one of the carboxyl units of the phthalic derivative as a result of the collapse of the bridge. When X = Br, 4 cyclizes to give new six‐membered heterocycles 5 with quasiplanar structures. When treated by an excess of BBr3, heterocycles 5 undergo ring contraction to afford five‐membered oxocyclic products 6.
The term ‘heat flux’ is used ambiguously. Clear definitions are needed on how to express thermal exposure
Authors: Wickström Ulf 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe expression ‘heat flux’ without any qualifier like ‘to a surface at ambient temperature’ as frequently used in fire safety science and engineering literature and standards is ambiguous and misleading. Boundary conditions in fire safety engineering problems cannot be expressed as a given heat flux (or net heat flux), as the heat flux depends on and varies with the exposed surface temperature and thereby the properties of the target body. Therefore, it is important that the terminology is reviewed and that an agreement is reached on how to express thermal exposure in a well‐defined and unambiguous way. A proposal is given on how the boundary conditions can be defined in a consistent way that is applicable to fire resistance and reaction‐to‐fire problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced Electrocatalysis for Methanol Oxidation on Ordered {[PdPW11O39]5–/Pt/PAMAM}n Multilayer Composites
Authors: He X. , Chen L. , Li Z. , Zhang X. , Ma A. , Lin S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe {[PdPW11O39]5–/Pt/PAMAM}n multilayer composites constructed from G4.0 Amino‐terminated poly (amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMAM), Pt and Keggin‐type palladium(II)‐substituted polyoxometalates anion ([PdPW11O39]5–) were prepared via layer by layer electro‐depositing technique. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM) characterization indicate that the Pt nanoparticles have been anchored on the as‐prepared nanocomposites. And the morphologies of Pt nanoparticles are influenced by deposition potential, the number of layers of {[PdPW11O39]5–/Pt/PAMAM}n multilayer nanocomposites, and the existence of PAMAM. The electrocatalytic properties and stability of {[PdPW11O39]5–/Pt/PAMAM}n multilayer nanocomposites were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Experimental investigation results reveal that PAMAM is a good support for Pt nanoparticle growth due to its interior cavity structure and high stability. [PdPW11O39]5– play an important role to prevent intermediate product (mainly as CO) in the methanol oxidation from poisoning the as‐prepared catalyst. The {[PdPW11O39]5–/Pt/PAMAM}3/GC shows better electrocatalytic properties, stability, and CO tolerance ability than Pt/GC and {Pt/PAMAM}3/GC fabricated by similar electrodeposition processes.
Stability of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes In Fuel Cells: Initial Attempts To Bridge Physical And Chemical Degradation Modes
Authors: Poornesh K. K. , Cho Chongdu 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn recent years, research on coupled degradation of Nafion® membrane in polymer electrolyte fuel cell has generated huge interest among the scientific community. The coupled phenomenon behind the premature failure of fuel cell membranes in terms of its degradation is not well established. As the researches on this are in its adolescence, we try to provide some significant answers to the degradation phenomenon in terms of mechanically stimulated chemical degradation of the membrane. While the basic concept heavily relies on accurately modeling the membrane for its mechanical response to obtain molecular chain stretch, the results are utilized by the modified chemical rate equation for unzipping degradation mechanism. This article addresses significant degradation issues such as localized membrane thinning and pinhole formation, and inhomogeneous damage patterns in membrane electrode assembly in terms of mechanically induced accelerated chemical degradation of the membrane.
A Wasted Material, Duck Blood, as a Precursor of Non‐Precious Catalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yang H. , Li H. , Wang H. , Wang R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSearching for non‐precious electrocatalysts with high performance to replace the expensive Pt‐based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a key issue in the industrial‐scale application of fuel cells. In this study, we have reported the synthesis of an iron doped N‐containing carbon materials, derived from duck blood, a wasted material in the duck meat production, as a novel and cost‐effective catalyst in ORR. The as‐prepared electrocatalysts were characterized by means of powder X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer. In 0.1 mol L−1 KOH solution, the ORR onset potential and the half‐wave potential for the iron doped N‐containing carbon materials are 33 mV and –120 mV respectively, which are close to those of commercial Pt/C (20 wt%). In addition, the iron doped N‐containing carbon materials exhibit excellent tolerance to methanol crossover, which makes it a promising electrocatalyst for ORR in fuel cell.
Emotional labour strategies as mediators of the relationship between public service motivation and job satisfaction in Chinese teachers
Authors: Li Mingjun , Wang Zhenhong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between teachers' public service motivation (PSM) and their job satisfaction levels and to investigate the mediating effects of surface acting (SA) and deep acting (DA) on that relationship. The teacher PSM scale, as well as emotional labour strategies and intrinsic satisfaction (IS) and extrinsic satisfaction (ES) scales, were administered to 317 primary and middle school teachers. Results indicated that PSM among Chinese teachers was significantly and positively related to both IS and ES. Furthermore, structural equation modelling analysis showed that SA and DA played mediating roles in the PSM‐IS and PSM‐ES relationships, respectively. These findings provide a new perspective that explains the mechanism underlying the association between PSM among teachers and their job satisfaction levels. Finally, the possible explanations and implications are discussed.
Influence of Body Mass Index on the Activated Clotting Time Under Weight‐Based Heparin Dose
Authors: Hong Xia , Shan Pei‐Ren , Huang Wei‐Jian , Zhu Qian‐Li , Xiao Fang‐Yi , Li Sheng , Zhou Hao 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundActivated clotting time (ACT) has been successfully applied during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to monitor the extent of thrombin inhibition and anti‐coagulation from unfractionated heparin (UFH) aiming to reduce the incidence of thrombotic adverse events and hemorrhagic complications. And this investigation was to explore the influence of body mass index (BMI) on ACT in patients received weight‐based dose of UFH during PCI treatment.Methods78 male patients undergoing coronary angiography or PCI treatment with a mean age of 63.86 ± 6.89 years were enrolled in this study. The patients were statistically divided into four quartiles according to their BMI. The ACT values were recorded as ACT0, ACT5, ACT10, ACT30 and ACT60, respectively. Taking the preoperative ACT0 as reference, and the differences of the other ACT values with ACT0 was indicated as ΔACTs. ACT values peaked at 5 min in 33.33% of the patients, 10 min in 51.33% of the patients and 30 min in 15.34% of the patients, respectively.ResultsIn addition, significant differences were found in overall maximum post‐UFH ACT values among all BMI quartiles. UFH doses per blood volume were significantly different among the BMI quartiles, showing a positive association with BMI quartiles; further evidence revealed that the areas under the ΔACT‐time curves increased gradually from quartile I to quartile IV. The proportions of ACT60 > 250 s and ACT60 > 300 s were found to be positively correlated with the increased BMI at 60 min after heparin loading.ConclusionsThe results of our study have shown that a standardized dosing nomogram that uses the actual body weight to calculate the heparin doses may result in UFH overdose for patients with higher BMI compared to patients with lower BMI.
Working‐memory training: Effects on delay discounting in male long evans rats
Authors: Renda C. Renee , Stein Jeffrey S. , Madden Gregory J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDelay discounting describes the devaluation of a reward as the delay to the receipt of the reward increases. Because steep delay discounting is robustly correlated with a number of behavioral problems (e.g., substance dependence, gambling) and some evidence suggests steep discounting precedes and predicts drug‐taking in humans and rats, this study sought to experimentally reduce rats' delay discounting. Human stimulant‐dependent participants given working‐memory training reportedly decreased their rates of discounting relative to a sham‐training group (Bickel, Yi, Landes, Hill, & Baxter, 2011). To evaluate the cross‐species generality of this effect, 38 male Long‐Evans rats, matched on pretraining delay‐discounting rates, were randomly assigned to receive 140 sessions of working‐memory training or sham training (which required no memory of the sample stimulus). Large between‐group differences in working memory were observed after training; however, posttraining delay‐discounting rates were undifferentiated across groups. Potential explanations for these findings are discussed.
Impulsive choice, alcohol consumption, and pre‐exposure to delayed rewards: II. Potential mechanisms
Authors: Stein Jeffrey S. , Renda C. Renee , Hinnenkamp Jay E. , Madden Gregory J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn a prior study (Stein et al., 2013), we reported that rats pre‐exposed to delayed rewards made fewer impulsive choices, but consumed more alcohol (12% wt/vol), than rats pre‐exposed to immediate rewards. To understand the mechanisms that produced these findings, we again pre‐exposed rats to either delayed (17.5 s; n = 32) or immediate (n = 30) rewards. In posttests, delay‐exposed rats made significantly fewer impulsive choices at 15‐ and 30‐s delays to a larger, later food reward than the immediacy‐exposed comparison group. Behavior in an open‐field test provided little evidence of differential stress exposure between groups. Further, consumption of either 12% alcohol or isocaloric sucrose in subsequent tests did not differ between groups. Because Stein et al. introduced alcohol concentration gradually (3–12%), we speculate that their group differences in 12% alcohol consumption were not determined by alcohol's pharmacological effects, but by another variable (e.g., taste) that was preserved as an artifact from lower concentrations. We conclude that pre‐exposure to delayed rewards generalizes beyond the pre‐exposure delay; however, this same experimental variable does not robustly influence alcohol consumption.
Antifungal effect of essential oil components against Aspergillus niger when loaded into silica mesoporous supports
Authors: Bernardos Andrea , Marina Teresa , Žáček Petr , Pérez‐Esteve Édgar , Martínez‐Mañez Ramón , Lhotka Miloslav , Kouřimská Lenka , Pulkrábek Josef , Klouček Pavel 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDEssential oil components (EOCs) are known for their antifungal properties; however, their high volatility limits their application as antimicrobial agents. Strategies used for controlling the volatility of EOCs include encapsulation or loading into porous materials. This study evaluated the in vitro antifungal activity of selected EOCs (carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and thymol) against the fungus Aspergillus niger when loaded into MCM‐41 and β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD).RESULTSCarvacrol and thymol in Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41 (MCM‐41) displayed remarkable enhanced antifungal properties in comparison to the pure or β‐CD‐encapsulated EOCs. In fact, carvacrol and thymol were able to maintain antifungal activity and inhibit fungal growth for 30 days, suggesting better applicability of these EOCs as natural preservatives.CONCLUSIONSThe sustained antifungal effect of EOCs encapsulated into silica mesoporous supports was described. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Understanding the Zion Christian Church (ZCC) Pilgrims
Authors: Kruger Martinette , Saayman Melville 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to analyse the motives and segment the Zion Christian Church (ZCC) pilgrims to the Zion City of Moria in South Africa during Easter according to these motives. Seven motives were identified: spiritual fulfilment, inner peace, inner healing, faith exploration, congregational togetherness, personal fulfilment and religious participation. Based on these motives, pilgrims were grouped into three distinctive clusters namely devotees, explorers and seekers. These clusters differ significantly based on their motives, socio‐demographic and behavioural characteristics, thereby showing that these pilgrims are not a homogeneous market. This research contributes to the knowledge base regarding characteristics and behaviour of these specific and distinctive pilgrims in South Africa. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalized Lorentzian Tensor Approach (GLTA) as a biophysical background for quantitative susceptibility mapping
Authors: Yablonskiy Dmitriy A. , Sukstanskii Alexander L. 
Published: November 2014

PurposeQuantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is a potentially powerful technique for mapping tissue magnetic susceptibility from gradient recalled echo (GRE) MRI. Herein we aim to derive the relationships between GRE signal phase and the underlying tissue microstructure and magnetic susceptibility at the cellular level.MethodsWe use Maxwell's equations and a statistical approach to derive the expression for the magnetic‐susceptibility‐induced MR signal frequency shift of the GRE signal in single‐ and multicompartment systems, in which inhomogeneous magnetic field is induced by the cellular constituents (proteins, lipids, iron, etc.) distributed in intra‐ and extracellular spaces.ResultsWe introduce the Generalized Lorentzian Tensor Approach (GLTA) that accounts for both types of anisotropy: the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and the structural tissue anisotropy. In the GLTA the frequency shift due to the local environment is characterized by the Lorentzian tensor
which has a substantially different structure than the susceptibility tensor
. While components of
are simply compartmental susceptibilities “weighted” by their relative volumes, the components of
are weighted by specific numerical factors depending on tissue micro‐symmetry and parameters related to the MR pulse sequence. We also provide equations bridging phenomenological and microscopic considerations.ConclusionThe GLTA provides a consistent background for deciphering phase data. Magn Reson Med 73:757–764, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three Heterometallic Coordination Polymers Containing Lead(II): Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Fluorescence Properties
Authors: Zheng Yan‐Feng , Sun Ya‐Qiu , Xu Yan‐Yan , Gao Dong‐Zhao , Zhang Guo‐Ying 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThree coordination polymers [Pb2(nipt)2(NiL)2] (1), [Pb(tpt)(NiL)]·2H2O (2), and [Pb2(ipt)2(NiL)2] (3) (ML, H2L = 2, 3‐dioxo‐5, 6, 14, 15‐dibenzo‐1, 4, 8, 12‐tetraazacyclo‐pentadeca‐7, 13‐dien, H2nipt = 5‐nitroisophthalic acid, H2tpt = terephthalic acid, H2ipt = isophthalic acid) were synthesized by solvothermal methods and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 exhibits a zigzag chain consisting of Pb2Ni2 units with oxamide and 5‐nitro isophthalate bridges, whereas complex 2 possesses a double chain with oxamide and terephthalate bridges. Complexes 1 and 2 have a 2D supramolecular architecture formed by intermolecular interactions and hydrogen bonds. Complex 3 exhibits a two‐dimensional network structures formed by Pb4Ni4 units via oxamide and isophthalate bridges. In complexes 1–3, the arrangement of donor atoms suggest that the coordination around the lead(II) atoms is hemi‐directed. The different steric hindrance of bridged ligands, and lone pair electrons effect of lead(II) ion cooperatively influence nipt, tpt and ipt displaying in diverse connecting modes and further result in different structures. Additionally the fluorescence properties of compounds 1–3 are discussed.