bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘EPIGONEN’ OR ‘PROGONEN’? SHORT PROSE AND YOUNG GERMANS
Authors: Hutchinson Ben 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTIn his introduction to the 1959 edition of Die verspätete Nation, the sociologist Helmuth Plessner famously suggested that modern Germany is defined as a nation‐state by its ‘belatedness’. Yet this belatedness, Plessner remarks, is not only to be understood in purely negative terms: it may be ‘eine Ungunst des Geschicks’, but it is also ‘eine schöpferische Möglichkeit’. Much the same ambiguity could be said to apply to German literature of the 1830s, where the sense of arriving too late, of arriving after the golden age of Goethe and Schiller, can be understood as both contingent and conceptual. This essay reflects on this tension by considering two main modes of shorter prose in the 1830s: critique, and the novella. Surveying the Young German critics on the one hand, and Alexander von Ungern‐Sternberg's paradigmatic novella Die Zerrissenen on the other, it considers short prose not only as an aesthetic vehicle of this tension, but also as its generic expression, in as much as it reacts against Romantic and Goethean models of genre with a conscious insistence on ‘Selbstverkleinerung’. Is Hegel's ‘age of prose’ in the 1830s more specifically an age of short prose?Der Soziologe Hellmuth Plessner hat das moderne Deutschland bekanntlich als ‘verspätet’ bezeichnet. Diese Verspätung sei jedoch nicht nur negativ zu bewerten: Sie möge zwar ‘eine Ungunst des Geschicks’ sein, sie bilde aber auch ‘eine schöpferische Möglichkeit’. Die deutsche Literatur der 1830er Jahre könnte man als ebenso zweideutig verstehen: Der damals herrschende Eindruck zu spät geboren zu sein – nach dem goldenen Zeitalter von Goethe und Schiller – ließe sich sowohl auf kontingente wie auf konzeptuelle Weise verstehen. Der vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht diese Spannung durch zwei Hauptformen der Kurzposa der 1830er, nämlich die Kritik und die Novelle. Unter Anspielung zum einen auf die jungdeutschen Kritiker, zum anderen auf Alexander von Ungern‐Sternbergs Novelle Die Zerrissenen, wird die Kurzprosa nicht nur als ästhetisches Vehikel dieser Spannung, sondern auch als deren gattungsspezifischer Ausdruck verstanden: Auf die romantischen und goetheschen Gattungsmodelle folgt, so das Argument des Aufsatzes, eine Ära der ‘Selbstverkleinerung’. Ob das Zeitalter der Prosa nicht besser als ein Zeitalter der Kurzprosa zu verstehen wäre?
POETIC REALISM, THE GERMAN NOVELLE AND THE LEGACY OF GERMAN IDEALIST AESTHETICS: FRANZ GRILLPARZER'S DER ARME SPIELMANN
Authors: Walker John 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTGrillparzer's Der arme Spielmann exemplifies the truth that the nineteenth‐century German novella, although informed by the philosophical and cultural legacy of German idealist aesthetics, also embodies a narrative critique of it. The poetic realist novella in German should therefore be read in the context of German idealist aesthetics but never reduced to the terms which that aesthetics defines. This essay challenges, through a detailed analysis of Grillparzer's text, the view that German poetic realism expresses an idea of art which is supposed to be transcendent of the world of economic necessity and social facts. On the contrary, Grillparzer's novella is shown to highlight the contradiction between that world and the way its central character experiences ‘art’. Unlike the major modes of idealist aesthetics, and despite its concern with the ‘formless art’ of music, this text does not endorse an idea of artistic creation derived from the non‐verbal arts, in which art more embodies than represents the real. Grillparzer's text does not hide but rather foregrounds the process of literary creation. It emphasises the distance between any supposedly disengaged realism and the actuality of experience. The essay both argues this thesis in detail in relation to Grillparzer's Der arme Spielmann and shows its relevance to the reassessment of German poetic realism in German as a whole.In diesem Beitrag wird Grillparzers Der arme Spielmann als paradigmatisches Exempel gedeutet für das Spannungsverhältnis der deutschen Novelle des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts zur Erbschaft der deutschen idealistischen Ästhetik. Die deutsche Novelle des poetischen Realismus ist zwar durch die idealistische Tradition entschieden geprägt, verkörpert aber auch eine literarische Kritik an deren Voraussetzungen. In Grillparzers Novelle wird die Präsenz des Erzählers nicht verborgen, sondern betont. Dadurch wird der Wahrheitsgehalt und der humane Bezug jeder ‘objektiven’ Narration in Frage gestellt. Obwohl Grillparzers Text gerade von der ‘wortlosen Kunst’ der Musik handelt, wird der Widerspruch zwischen einer solchen Idee der Kunst und der gesellschaftlich‐wirklichen Welt aufs schärfste hervorgehoben. Im Gegensatz zur Ästhetik des deutschen Idealismus bzw. poetischen Realismus, wo der realistische Roman in den Schatten der bildenden Kunst bzw. der Musik gestellt wird, gilt hier gerade das entgegengesetzte Prinzip: Durch eine realistische Erzählung wird der Widerspruch einer solchen Kunstauffassung zur unmittelbaren Lebenswelt des ‘armen Spielmanns’ in den Vordergrund gerückt. Im Beitrag werden diese Thesen durch eine detaillierte Analyse von Grillparzers Der arme Spielmann belegt und auf die größere Problematik der Ortsbestimmung des deutschsprachigen poetischen Realismus bezogen.
THEODOR STORM AND DISENCHANTMENT
Authors: Cooper Ian 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis essay examines Theodor Storm as a practitioner of the novella in the context of ideas about ‘disenchantment’ – a concept given prominence by Max Weber and later taken up by Adorno and Horkheimer. The comparison proceeds from Storm's recognised relation to currents of nineteenth‐century thought from which the philosophical discourse of disenchantment emerged. In the perspectival complexity of Der Schimmelreiter Storm gives expression to problems of narrative legitimation which Weber sees as characteristic of rationalisation; for Adorno and Horkheimer such problems underlie the self‐alienation of the ‘enlightened’ world view, which they understand as becoming mythic. Storm anticipates these tensions in his spectrally infused treatment of nature, which allows him to grasp the crisis of myth and enlightenment as continuous with a discursive primacy of the aesthetic. His text throws such primacy into critical relief as inadequate to the claim of realist narrative art.Der Beitrag untersucht die Novellenpraxis Theodor Storms vor dem Hintergrund des von Max Weber prominent gemachten, später von Adorno und Horkheimer weiterentwickelten Begriffs der ‘Entzauberung’. Die literaturgeschichtliche Grundlage des Vergleichs bildet der belegte Kontakt Storms zu intellektuellen Strömungen seiner Zeit, aus denen der philosophische Diskurs der Entzauberung hervorging. Es wird gezeigt, wie die erzählerische Komplexität des Schimmelreiters jene Problematik der narrativen Legitimation manifestiert, die Weber als Merkmal der Rationalisierung kennzeichnet und Adorno und Horkheimer zur Selbstentfremdung einer ‘aufklärerischen’, damit in den Mythos umschlagenden Weltsicht stilisieren. Diese Spannungen antizipiert Storm im Horizont einer spektralen Naturthematik, die es ihm erlaubt, die krisenhafte Identität von Mythos und Aufklärung als Parallelbewegung zu einem – durch seine Novelle relativierten – diskursiven Vorrang des Ästhetischen zu begreifen, der dem Anspruch einer realistischen Erzählkunst nicht gerecht wird.
A multicentre validation of Metasin: a molecular assay for the intraoperative assessment of sentinel lymph nodes from breast cancer patients
Authors: Sai‐Giridhar Priya , Al‐Ramadhani Salma , George Dilushana , Gopinath Preethi , Andrews William , Jader Samar , Brown Shelley , Findlay Alison , Arkoumani Evdokia , Al‐Sam Salam , McKenzie Jolanta G , Bradpiece Howard , Jenkins Stephanie , Aylwin Anthony , Holt Simon , Sharaiha Yousef , Yiangou Constantinos , Agrawal Avi , McDowell Amanda , Gabriel Francis G , Jeffrey Margaret , Agrawal Neerja , Cree Ian A , Mansel Robert E , Keshtgar Mo , McDermott Nuala , El Sheikh Soha , Wellsted David , Collard Jade , Chaplin Hema , Landt Olfert , Bustin Stephen , Sundaresan Maryse , Sundaresan Vasi 
Published: September 2015

AimsTreatment strategies for breast cancer continue to evolve. No uniformity exists in the UK for the management of node‐positive breast cancer patients. Most centres continue to use conventional histopathology of sampled sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs), which requires delayed axillary clearance in up to 25% of patients. Some use touch imprint cytology or frozen section for intraoperative testing, although both have inherent sensitivity issues. An intraoperative molecular diagnostic approach helps to overcome some of these limitations. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical effectiveness of Metasin, a molecular method for the intraoperative evaluation of SLNs.Methods and resultsRNA from 3296 lymph nodes from 1836 patients undergoing SLN assessment was analysed with Metasin. Alternate slices of tissue were examined in parallel by histology. Cases deemed to be discordant were analysed by protein gel electrophoresis. There was concordance between Metasin and histology in 94.1% of cases, with a sensitivity of 92% [95% confidence interval (CI) 88–94%] and a specificity of 97% (95% CI 95–97%). Positive and negative predictive values were 88% and 98%, respectively. Over half of the discordant cases (4.4%) were ascribed to tissue allocation bias (TAB).ConclusionsClinical validation of the Metasin assay suggests that it is sufficiently sensitive and specific to make it fit for purpose in the intraoperative setting.
Impact of falling reimbursement rates on physician preferences regarding drug therapy for osteoarthritis using a discrete choice experiment
Authors: Berchi Celia , Degieux Pierre , Halhol Hafid , Danel Brigitte , Bennani Mohammed , Philippe Caroline 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Objectives
In the European context of falling reimbursement rates for some osteoarthritis (OA) treatments, we performed a study to determine whether the cost covered by patients influenced the decisions of their physicians' prescriptions for medication.

Methods
The study involved 106 general practitioners (GPs) and 82 rheumatologists. Preferences were elicited using a discrete choice experiment. Scenarios were generated including seven treatment attributes with associated different levels: pain relief, improvement in function, retardation of joint degradation, risk of moderate side effects, risk of serious side effects, cost borne by the patient and degree of patient acceptance of the treatment.

Key findings
OA treatment choices were significantly influenced by pain relief (β = 1.1533, P &lt; 0.0001 for GPs and β = 0.5043, P = 0.0024 for rheumatologists), improvement in function (β = 1.2140 for GPs and β = 0.7192 for rheumatologists, P &lt; 0.0001), annual cost to the patient (β = −0.0054 for GPs and β = −0.0038 for rheumatologists, P &lt; 0.0001) and serious side effects (β = −0.5524 for GPs and β = −0.4268 for rheumatologists, P &lt; 0.0001). The risk of moderate side effects only had an impact on GP decision making (β = 0.0282, P = 0.0028). All physicians were willing to make patients bear an extra annual cost of: (1) €225 among GPs and €189 among rheumatologists so that they could benefit from one unit improvement in function; and (2) €214 among GPs and €133 among rheumatologists so that they could benefit from a one unit improvement in pain relief.

Conclusion
When making decisions about which treatment to prescribe, physicians take into account the cost to patients. Changes in reimbursement rates for some OA treatments may lead to changes in prescribing practices.
H‐likelihood Predictive Intervals for Unobservables
Authors: Lee Youngjo , Kim Gwangsu 
Published: September 2015

SummaryInferences about unobserved random variables, such as future observations, random effects and latent variables, are of interest. In this paper, to make probability statements about unobserved random variables without assuming priors on fixed parameters, we propose the use of the confidence distribution for fixed parameters. We focus on their interval estimators and related probability statements. In random‐effect models, intervals can be formed either for future (yet‐to‐be‐realised) random effects or for realised values of random effects. The consistency of intervals for these two cases requires different regularity conditions. Via numerical studies, their finite sampling properties are investigated.
Stereotyped behaviours as precursors of self‐injurious behaviours: a longitudinal study with infants and toddlers at risk for developmental delay
Authors: Rojahn J. , Barnard‐Brak L. , Medeiros K. , Schroeder S. R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe notion that stereotypic behaviours may be precursors of self‐injurious behaviour (SIB) has been considered in the past, but the available empirical evidence is still inconsistent and ambiguous.MethodIn a longitudinal study, we collected data on stereotypic behaviour and SIB from 160 infants and toddlers who were at‐risk for developmental delay. Interviews were conducted with parents at three time points during a one‐year span using the Behaviour Problems Inventory‐01 which contains subscales for SIB and stereotyped behaviour. We used growth modelling to estimate linear trends in several models. Model fit was evaluated according to a combination of fit statistics as is recommended in structural equation or latent variable modelling approaches such as latent growth modelling.ResultsIn examining the relationship between stereotyped behaviours and SIB across time, the model that represented earlier stereotyped behaviour as predicting later SIB fit the data better than the other models.ConclusionsThe findings corroborate the notion that stereotyped behaviour can be a precursor of SIB. If replicated by other studies, it makes a case for considering early intervening with stereotyped behaviour as a SIB prevention strategy.
Regulation of Certified Nurse‐Midwife Scope of Practice: Change in the Professional Practice Index, 2000 to 2015
Authors: Beal Margaret W. , Batzli Mara E. , Hoyt Alex 
Published: September 2015

IntroductionCertified nurse‐midwives (CNMs) across the United States are educated in the same core competencies, yet scope of practice varies with state regulation. The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) funded studies published in 1994 and 2004 on the professional practice environment of CNMs, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants, and developed the Certified Nurse‐Midwife Professional Practice Index (CNMPPI), a 100‐point scoring system of state regulation focusing on 3 domains: legal status, reimbursement, and prescriptive authority. The purpose of this study was to examine changes to CNM regulation between 2000 and 2015 by updating scores to the CNMPPI.MethodsIndividual state CNMPPI scores from 2000 were updated for every year through 2015 by reviewing data published in the American College of Nurse‐Midwives (ACNM) quarterly publication Quickening, the annual advanced practice registered nurse legislative updates in the journal Nurse Practitioner, and the ACNM State Legislative and Regulatory Guidance.ResultsMean state scores increased 18%, from 69.7 in 2000 to 79.8 in 2015, and variation between state scores fell. Increases were seen in all 3 domains, with the greatest increase in the domain of prescriptive authority and the smallest in the legal domain. Individual state CNMPPI scores tend to be correlated with scores of adjacent states.DiscussionThe CNMPPI can be used to document changes in practice authority of CNMs. The increase in state CNMPPI scores and decrease in variance across states can be interpreted as indicating growth of professional authority and increasing consensus regarding the CNM role. The scoring system needs to be updated to reflect the current health systems environment and to include certified midwives and other midwives meeting the International Confederation of Midwives definition of a midwife. Applications of the CNMPPI to future research are discussed.
Practitioner and Practice Characteristics of Certified Professional Midwives in the United States: Results of the 2011 North American Registry of Midwives Survey
Authors: Cheyney Melissa , Olsen Christine , Bovbjerg Marit , Everson Courtney , Darragh Ida , Potter Brynne 
Published: September 2015

IntroductionNo data describing certified professional midwives (CPMs) currently exist in the literature, although CPMs attend the majority of home births in the United States. This study addresses this gap by assessing the demographics, education levels, routes to certification, and practice characteristics of currently practicing CPMs.MethodsData were collected from a survey of CPMs conducted by the North American Registry of Midwives (NARM) between July and October 2011. In order to assess generalization to the entire population of practicing CPMs, we also completed a nonresponse bias analysis. We examined midwives’ demographic, education, certification, and practice characteristics using descriptive and nonparametric, bivariable statistics.ResultsMore than 90% of the 568 respondents attended at least some college, and 47.1% hold a bachelor's degree or greater. CPMs spent a median of 3 years (interquartile range, 2‐5 years) in training before attending births as a primary midwife. However, 38.9% of currently practicing CPMs had less than 3 years of training. Regarding pathways to certification, 48.5% utilized the portfolio evaluation process (PEP); 36.9% graduated from a Midwifery Education and Accreditation Council (MEAC)‐accredited school; 14.5% were already licensed by a state as a direct‐entry midwife; and 0.7% were already a certified nurse‐midwife or certified midwife, although many CPMs reported a blended education pathway. One‐fifth (21%) of respondents identified as midwives of color. Whereas nearly one‐third (31.8%) of CPM respondents reported that 95% or more of their clients were white, 5.2% serve populations that are 90% or more nonwhite. CPMs of color are significantly more likely to serve clients of color (P < .001).DiscussionTraining and nonmidwifery education levels of most CPMs practicing in the United States align with the Global Standards for Midwifery Education established by the International Confederation of Midwives, although there are still clear areas for improvement.
Pharmacodynamic Effects When Clopidogrel is Given Before Cangrelor Discontinuation
Authors: Schneider David J. , Agarwal Zubin , Seecheran Naveen , Gogo Prospero 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo determine whether initiation of clopidogrel before discontinuation of cangrelor would impact on the recovery of platelet reactivity.BackgroundThe active metabolite of clopidogrel cannot bind to P2Y12 when cangrelor occupies the receptor. Pharmacodynamic studies have shown that this interaction is avoided when clopidogrel is given at the end of the cangrelor infusion. We found that antiplatelet effects of another thienopyridine, prasugrel, were apparent when prasugrel was administered 0.5 hour before cangrelor was stopped.MethodsPlatelet function studies (light transmission aggregometry, VerifyNow, and flow cytometry) were performed on blood from patients with stable coronary artery disease who were taking aspirin when a loading dose of clopidogrel (600 mg) was given during a cangrelor infusion (0.5 and 1 hour before cangrelor was stopped). Results were compared with those obtained when clopidogrel was given immediately after cangrelor was stopped.ResultsAdministration of clopidogrel 0.5 and 1 hour before discontinuation of the cangrelor infusion did not prevent recovery of platelet reactivity more effectively than administration at the end of the infusion.ConclusionOur results support the previously established strategy of administering clopidogrel immediately after discontinuation of cangrelor. Earlier administration increases the recovery of platelet function. (J Interven Cardiol 2015;28:415–419)
Comparative Accuracy of Facial Models Fabricated Using Traditional and 3D Imaging Techniques
Authors: Lincoln Ketu P. , Sun Albert Y. T. , Prihoda Thomas J. , Sutton Alan J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this investigation was to compare the accuracy of facial models fabricated using facial moulage impression methods to the three‐dimensional printed (3DP) fabrication methods using soft tissue images obtained from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and 3D stereophotogrammetry (3D‐SPG) scans.Materials and MethodsA reference phantom model was fabricated using a 3D‐SPG image of a human control form with ten fiducial markers placed on common anthropometric landmarks. This image was converted into the investigation control phantom model (CPM) using 3DP methods. The CPM was attached to a camera tripod for ease of image capture. Three CBCT and three 3D‐SPG images of the CPM were captured. The DICOM and STL files from the three 3dMD and three CBCT were imported to the 3DP, and six testing models were made. Reversible hydrocolloid and dental stone were used to make three facial moulages of the CPM, and the impressions/casts were poured in type IV gypsum dental stone. A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) was used to measure the distances between each of the ten fiducial markers. Each measurement was made using one point as a static reference to the other nine points. The same measuring procedures were accomplished on all specimens. All measurements were compared between specimens and the control. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey pairwise comparison of the raters, methods, and fiducial markers.ResultsThe ANOVA multiple comparisons showed significant difference among the three methods (p < 0.05). Further, the interaction of methods versus fiducial markers also showed significant difference (p < 0.05). The CBCT and facial moulage method showed the greatest accuracy.Conclusions3DP models fabricated using 3D‐SPG showed statistical difference in comparison to the models fabricated using the traditional method of facial moulage and 3DP models fabricated from CBCT imaging. 3DP models fabricated using 3D‐SPG were less accurate than the CPM and models fabricated using facial moulage and CBCT imaging techniques.
INSURANCE DEMAND UNDER PROSPECT THEORY: A GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Schmidt Ulrich 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes insurance demand under prospect theory in a simple model with two states of the world and fair insurance contracts. We argue that two different reference points are reasonable in this framework, state‐dependent initial wealth or final wealth after buying full insurance. Applying the value function of Tversky and Kahneman (), we find that for both reference points subjects will either demand full insurance or no insurance at all. Moreover, this decision depends on the probability of the loss: the higher the probability of the loss, the higher is the propensity to take up insurance. This result can explain empirical evidence that has shown that people are unwilling to insure rare losses at subsidized premiums and at the same time take up insurance for moderate risks at highly loaded premiums.