bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges in CMOS‐based images
Authors: Roy Francois , Tournier A. , Wehbe‐Alause H. , Blanchet F. , Boulenc P. , Leverd F. , Favennec L. , Perrot C. , Pinzelli L. , Gatefait M. , Cherault N. , Jeanjean D. , Carrere J. P. , Augier C. , Ricq S. , Herault D. , Hulot S. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHigh resolution CMOS image sensor demand is driven by consumer applications like mobile phone or digital still camera. To maintain the image quality, we have to save the signal to noise ratio (SNR) despite the number of photons reduction gathered by the pixel. In this paper, we present how back‐side illumination technology could help to recover signal and how to optimize the process and device in order to reduce the noise. A quantum efficiency larger than 70% is targeted to justify efforts done on BSI process development. We also have to pay attention to pixel to pixel crosstalk coming from free carrier diffusion. To overcome this parasitic phenomenon, deep trench isolation (DTI) should be considered in order to significantly reduce crosstalk between two neighboring pixels. The second main noise contributor related to BSI process is the dark current signal. Dark current less than 1 aA per pixel at room temperature is mandatory to save the image quality at low light level. Therefore, all the Si‐SiO2 interfaces at the pixel side walls have to be processed without any process damage to reduce as much as possible the surface defects. On top of that, side wall implantation and side wall dielectric fabrication have been optimized to reduce this noise source. The pixel layout has to be fully optimized also to collect and store charges properly. With respect to the 3D pixel shape, a new fully depleted pinned photodiode with vertical charge storage and no lag has been developed. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ricean over Gaussian modelling in magnitude fMRI analysis—added complexity with negligible practical benefits
Authors: Adrian Daniel W. , Maitra Ranjan , Rowe Daniel B. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIt is well known that Gaussian modelling of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) magnitude time‐course data, which are truly Rice distributed, constitutes an approximation, especially at low signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs). Based on this fact, previous work has argued that Rice‐based activation tests show superior performance over their Gaussian‐based counterparts at low SNRs and should be preferred in spite of the attendant additional computational and estimation burden. Here, we revisit these past studies and, after identifying and removing their underlying limiting assumptions and approximations, provide a more comprehensive comparison. Our experimental evaluations using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve methodology show that tests derived using Ricean modelling are substantially superior over the Gaussian‐based activation tests only for SNRs below 0.6, that is, SNR values far lower than those encountered in fMRI as currently practiced.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust performance design of a state predictive controller on parameter space
Authors: Saeki Masami , Assi Mouhammad , Wada Nobutaka 
Published: December 2013

AbstractRobust performance against a multiplicative uncertainty is an important measure for closed‐loop performance. In this article, a parameter space design method of a state predictive controller is proposed for second‐order time‐delay systems. The boundaries of two permissible regions of state feedback gains and observer gains that satisfy the robust performance condition at each frequency are obtained. An appropriate solution can be found after a few iterations by drawing the regions on the two parameter planes, alternatively. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ingestion of fat tissue from wolf prey species and its influence on fatty‐acid composition in sled dogs
Authors: Berkley Elizabeth A. , Peckham Scott D. , Sampath Harini , Bodewes Joseph , Ntambi James M. , Van Deelen Timothy R. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTWe conducted feeding experiments on Canadian Inuit sled dogs (Canis familiaris borealis) as a surrogate for wolves (Canis lupus) to examine whether fatty‐acid signatures could be used to estimate relative intake of common prey in the Great Lakes area, USA. We obtained fat tissue from white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), moose (Alces alces), beaver (Castor canadensis), and domestic cow (Bos spp.), and provided 8 treatments of prescribed proportions to 6–7 dogs/treatment (total 50 dogs) over a period of 60 days. Pre and post‐treatment fat‐tissue samples from dogs were collected by biopsy to examine fatty‐acid composition. Approximately 10 60‐mg samples of fat from each prey species were analyzed using gas chromatography to develop a database of fatty‐acid signatures for each prey species. Fatty‐acid signatures of these 4 prey species were distinct. Fatty‐acid signatures of sled dogs changed with diet consistent with prescribed treatments. However, we could not reliably reconstruct their actual diet using Iverson et al.'s (2004) model. This study demonstrates that analysis of both prey and predator's fatty‐acid composition may be an innovative method to estimate dietary history of a terrestrial predator, such as wolves, but additional work is needed to make dietary predictions. © 2013 The Wildlife Society
Perceived Risk Following Melanoma Genetic Testing: A 2‐Year Prospective Study Distinguishing Subjective Estimates from Recall
Authors: Aspinwall Lisa G. , Taber Jennifer M. , Kohlmann Wendy , Leaf Samantha L. , Leachman Sancy A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA major goal of predictive genetic testing is to alert people to their risk before illness onset; however, little is known about how risk perceptions change following genetic testing and whether information is recalled accurately over time. In the United States, a CDKN2A/p16 mutation confers 76 % lifetime risk of melanoma. Following genetic counseling and test reporting, subjective risk estimates and recall of counselor‐provided risk estimates were assessed 5 times over the next 2 years among 60 adult members of 2 extended CDKN2A/p16 kindreds. No sustained changes from baseline in risk perceptions were reported. Unaffected carriers (n = 15) consistently reported significantly lower subjective risk estimates (46 %) than they were actually given (76 %, p < 0.001) or recalled having been given (60 %, p < 0.001). Noncarriers’ (n = 27) risk estimates decreased following results disclosure, but rebounded, with both subjective and recalled estimates subsequently exceeding what they were told by the counselor (both ps < 0.001). Affected carriers’ (n = 18) risk estimates for developing a new melanoma corresponded well to counselor‐provided information (p = 0.362). For all 3 patient groups, results were consistent across multiple risk measures and remained similar when demographic, phenotypic, and baseline behavioral contributors to melanoma risk were statistically controlled. These findings are consistent with other studies of risk perception, but additional studies of more diverse populations are needed to understand the reasons behind both the persistence of initial risk estimates and their divergence from information provided by the counselor during genetic counseling. Additionally, determining whether holding subjective risk perceptions that differ from counselor‐provided information ultimately affects adherence to management recommendations will help guide the presentation of risk information in genetic counseling practice.
A structure-guided fragment-based approach for the discovery of allosteric inhibitors targeting the lipophilic binding site of transcription factor EthR
Authors: Surade Sachin , Ty Nancy , Hengrung Narin , Lechartier Benoit , Cole Stewart T. , Abell Chris , Blundell Tom L. 
Published: December 2013

A structure-guided fragment-based approach was used to target the lipophilic allosteric binding site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis EthR. This elongated channel has many hydrophobic residues lining the binding site, with few opportunities for hydrogen bonding. We demonstrate that a fragment-based approach involving the inclusion of flexible fragments in the library leads to an efficient exploration of chemical space, that fragment binding can lead to an extension of the cavity, and that fragments are able to identify hydrogen-bonding opportunities in this hydrophobic environment that are not exploited in Nature. In the present paper, we report the identification of a 1 μM affinity ligand obtained by structure-guided fragment linking.
Switch‐filter wavelength selector: simulation and experiment
Authors: Stabile Ripalta , Calabretta Nicola , Williams Kevin A. 
Published: December 2013

A lossless programmable wavelength selector using a chain of switched optical filter cells is studied. One of N wavelength channels can be selected with log2 N switching cells, allowing a sub‐linear scaling for electrode number with channel number. Each filter cell is based on the sequence of an amplifying Mach‐Zehnder interferometer and an optical switch. Fine wavelength tuning and digital wavelength selection are demonstrated in a loss‐compensating circuit, which allows the fast tuning of the filter pass‐bands to select channels. A model is implemented and experimentally verified against an integrated circuit implementation for the case of a 200 GHz grid selector to verify the operating characteristics and study scaling. Channel selection is modelled with two different methods: pass‐band selection and null‐rejection. The alignment of the filter nulls to reject unwanted wavelengths is observed to improve adjacent cross‐talk performance by 19 dB. This enhanced mode of operation allows a five‐stage selector for a 32‐channel, 100 GHz grid wavelength selector to perform with worst‐case cross‐talk below −25.7 dB with a control current tolerance of greater than 0.6 mA and an integrated cross‐talk of −21.3 dB at the optimal control current.
Microclimate modelling at macro scales: a test of a general microclimate model integrated with gridded continental‐scale soil and weather data
Authors: Kearney Michael R. , Shamakhy Alireza , Tingley Reid , Karoly David J. , Hoffmann Ary A. , Briggs Peter R. , Porter Warren P. 
Published: December 2013

Summary

The microclimate experienced by organisms is determined by local weather conditions. Yet the environmental data available for predicting the effect of climate on the distribution and abundance of organisms are typically in the form of long‐term average monthly climate measured at standardized heights above the ground.

Here, we demonstrate how hourly microclimates can be modelled mechanistically over decades at the continental scale with biologically suitable accuracy.

We extend the microclimate model of the software package niche mapper to capture spatial and temporal variation in soil thermal properties and integrate it with gridded soil and weather data for Australia at 0·05° resolution.

When tested against historical observations of soil temperature, the microclimate model predicted 85% of the variation in hourly soil temperature across 10 years from the surface to 1 m deep with an accuracy of 2–3·3 °C (c. 10% of the temperature range at a given depth) across an extremely climatically diverse range of sites.

This capacity to accurately and mechanistically predict hourly local microclimates across continental scales creates new opportunities for understanding how organisms respond to changes in climate.
Do Motives Matter in Male Circumcision? ‘Conscientious Objection’ Against the Circumcision of a Muslim Child with a Blood Disorder
Authors: Ahmad Ayesha 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWhilst there have been serious attempts to locate the practice of male circumcision for religious motives in the context of the (respective) religion's narrative and community, the debate, when referring to a clinical context, is often more nuanced. This article will contribute further to the debate by contextualising the Islamic practice of male circumcision within the clinical setting typical of a contemporary hospital. It specifically develops an additional complication; namely, the child has a pre‐existing blood disorder. As an approach to contributing to the circumcision debate further, the ethics of a conscientious objection for secular motives towards a religiously‐motivated clinical intervention will be explored. Overall, the discussion will provide relevance for such debates within the value‐systems of a multi‐cultural society. This article replicates several approaches to deconstructing a request for conscientious refusal of non‐therapeutic circumcision by a Clinical Ethics Committee (CEC), bringing to light certain contradictions that occur in normatively categorizing motives for performing the circumcision.
Linking lack of care in childhood to anxiety disorders in emerging adulthood: the role of attachment styles
Authors: Schimmenti Adriano , Bifulco Antonia 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundEmotional neglect can be characterized as cold or critical parenting and denotes a parent intentionally or unintentionally overlooking the signs that a child needs comfort or attention and ignoring its emotional needs. Parental emotional neglect is widely posited as an antecedent of anxiety disorder, with attachment researchers arguing for anxious–ambivalent attachment style as a mediating factor.MethodChildhood experience of neglect and abuse, including antipathy (cold, critical parenting), attachment styles, and anxiety disorders were assessed in a high‐risk sample of 160 adolescents and young adults by means of interview measures.ResultsAntipathy was associated with 12‐month prevalence of anxiety disorders in the sample. Anxious–ambivalent attachment scores statistically mediated the relationship between antipathy and anxiety disorders.ConclusionsClinicians treating anxiety disorders in youths need to consider that emotional neglect in childhood in the form of antipathy could lead to anxious–ambivalent internal working models operating around fear of rejection and fear of separation.
Plasma omentin and adiponectin levels as markers of adipose tissue dysfunction in normal weight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Orlik Bartłomiej , Madej Paweł , Owczarek Aleksander , Skałba Piotr , Chudek Jerzy , Olszanecka‐Glinianowicz Magdalena 
Published: December 2013

SummaryObjectiveIt is suggested that disturbed adipokines release plays a role in PCOS pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess plasma levels of omentin and adiponectin as well as the omentin to adiponectin ratio, as markers of adipose tissue dysfunction in relation to hormonal or metabolic changes in PCOS.Study Design, Patients and MeasurementsA cross‐sectional study involved 87 PCOS (48 obese) and 72 non‐PCOS women (41 obese). Anthropometric parameters and body composition were determined, and serum glucose, hormones, omentin‐1 and adiponectin levels were measured.ResultsThe adiponectin level was similar in PCOS and non‐PCOS groups, but, in both, was significantly lower in obese compared with normal weight subgroups, while the omentin‐1 level was significantly lower in the PCOS compared with the non‐PCOS group, and not related to body mass. The adiponectin to omentin‐1 ratio (AOR) was significantly higher in the PCOS than non‐PCOS group. Moreover, AOR was significantly higher in the normal weight than in obese subgroups in both PCOS and non‐PCOS groups. Multiple regression analyses revealed that AOR variability is explained by oestradiol level and all anthropometric parameters as well as FAI, but not LH to FSH and HOMA‐IR values.ConclusionsOur results suggest secondary to insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism impairment of hormonal stroma adipose tissue function in PCOS, independent of nutritional status. Contrarily, the adipocyte hormonal dysfunction is primarily dependent on excessive fat accumulation. It seems that the AOR may be useful in the assessment of adipose tissue dysfunction not only in PCOS.
Influence on alveolar resorption of the buccal bony plate width in the edentulous ridge expansion (E.R.E.) – an experimental study in the dog
Authors: Beolchini Marco , Lang Niklaus P. , Ricci Emanuele , Bengazi Franco , Triana Barbara Garcia , Botticelli Daniele 
Published: December 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the hard tissue changes at implants installed applying edentulous ridge expansion (E.R.E.) at sites with a buccal bony wall thickness of 1 or 2 mm.Material and methodsIn six Labrador dogs, the first and second maxillary incisors were extracted, and the buccal alveolar bony plates and septa were removed. After 3 months of healing, partial‐thickness flaps were dissected, and the E.R.E. was applied bilaterally. Hence, an expansion of the buccal bony crest was obtained in both sides of the maxilla with a displacement of either a 1‐ or a 2‐mm‐wide buccal bony plate at the test and control sites, respectively. After 3 months of healing, biopsies were obtained for histological analyses.ResultsA buccal vertical resorption of the alveolar crest of 2.3 ± 0.8 and 2.1 ± 1.1 mm, and a coronal level of osseointegration at the buccal aspect of 2.7 ± 0.5 and 2.9 ± 0.9 mm were found at the test (1 mm) and control (2 mm) sites, respectively. The differences did not reach statistical significance. The mean values of the mineralized bone‐to‐implant contact (MBIC%) ranged from 62% to 73% at the buccal and lingual sites. No statistically significant differences were found. Horizontal volume gains of 1.8 and 1.1 mm were observed at the test and control sites, respectively, and the difference being statistically significant.ConclusionsImplants installed using the E.R.E. technique yielded a high degree of osseointegration. It is suggested that the displacement of buccal bony plates of 1 mm thickness is preferable compared with that of wider dimensions.
Patient confidentiality within the context of group medical visits: is there cause for concern?
Authors: Wong Sabrina T. , Lavoie Josee G. , Browne Annette J. , MacLeod Martha L. P. , Chongo Meck 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundGroup medical visits (GMVs), clinical encounters with a medical component delivered to groups of patients, have emerged as an innovative approach to potentially increasing efficiency while enhancing the quality of primary health care (PHC).GMVs have created the need to pay explicit attention to patient confidentiality.ObjectiveWhat strategies are used by providers and patients to address issues of confidentiality withinGMVs?DesignIn‐depth interviews were conducted with 34PHCproviders and 29 patients living in nine rural communities in British Columbia, Canada. Data were analysed using interpretive thematic analysis and a relational autonomy approach.ResultsWe found three main themes: (i) choosing to disclose: balancing benefits and drawbacks ofGMVs, (ii) maintaining confidentiality inGMVs and (iii) gaining strength from interdependent relationships: patients learning from each other. Confidentiality can be addressed and was not a major concern for patients attending or providers facilitatingGMVs in these rural communities.DiscussionPatients adopted strategies to address their own and others' concerns related to confidential health information. Providers used multiple strategies to maintain confidentiality within the group, including renegotiating what information is shared and providing examples of what information ought to be kept confidential.ConclusionsAlthoughGMVs are not for all patients, a relational autonomy approach is useful in drawing attention to the context and structures which may influence their patients' ability to act autonomously. Successful delivery ofGMVs requires both patients and providers to negotiate between maintaining confidentiality and an appropriate level of disclosure.
SPEAKING BODIES, SPEAKING MINDS: ANIMALS, LANGUAGE, HISTORY
Authors: PEARSON SUSAN 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThis essay explores a nineteenth‐century debate over the linguistic capacity of animals in order to consider the links among language, reason, and history. Taking the American animal‐protection movement as a point of departure, I show how protectionists, linguists, anthropologists, and advocates of deaf education were divided about the origins and nature of language. Was language a product of the soul and thus unique to humans, or was it a function of the body, a complex form of the corporeal expressions that humans and animals shared? Was language divine or natural? The answers that different activists and intellectuals gave to such questions shaped their view of the relationship of humans to animals and the inclusion of the latter in the moral and political community. I suggest that such debates are helpful to historians since the possession of language—and its traces in the written word—has traditionally been used to divide prehistory and natural history from history proper. If we are to include animals in “history,” we must rethink the relationship of the discipline to language.
THE TORTURER'S HORSE: AGENCY AND ANIMALS IN HISTORY
Authors: SHAW DAVID GARY 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTHistorians need to understand the nature of historical agency and how animals relate to this central if contested historiographical concern. Focusing on the specific context of the Napoleonic Wars and in particular the Duke of Wellington and his horse Copenhagen, I show why agency is a continuum, not limited to the complex and intentional acts of a rational man, for instance a field marshal, but extending to basic actions, group actions, and less self‐conscious actors, for instance a horse. Therefore, agency can include animals. Any action, however, must be placed into a context of reasons or understandings, the “pertinent context.” The place of animals as agents will naturally vary across historical time in great part depending on prevalent contemporary cultural assumptions. In some periods animals have operated as difficult‐to‐discern “secret agents.” I stress the variable and fluid notions of agency that have emerged in posthumanistic and actor network theoretical contexts. And I develop the idea of special associations—what I call unities—in which especially close, disciplined actors are produced, such as the skilled horse‐and‐rider of the nineteenth century. Ultimately, historical agency is likely always to involve human beings, but there is also space for animals to act with people.