bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing induced seismicity from natural seismicity in Ohio: Demonstrating the utility of waveform template matching
Authors: Skoumal Robert J. , Brudzinski Michael R. , Currie Brian S. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis study investigated the utility of multistation waveform cross correlation to help discern induced seismicity. Template matching was applied to all Ohio earthquakes cataloged since the arrival of nearby EarthScope TA stations in late 2010. Earthquakes that were within 5 km of fluid injection activities in regions that lacked previously documented seismicity were found to be swarmy. Moreover, the larger number of events produced by template matching for these swarmy sequences made it easier to establish more detailed temporal and spatial relationships between the seismicity and fluid injection activities, which is typically required for an earthquake to be considered induced. Study results detected three previously documented induced sequences (Youngstown, Poland Township, and Harrison County) and provided evidence that suggests two additional cases of induced seismicity (Belmont/Guernsey County and Washington County). Evidence for these cases suggested that unusual swarm‐like behaviors in regions that lack previously documented seismicity can be used to help distinguish induced seismicity, complementing the traditional identification of an anthropogenic source spatially and temporally correlated with the seismicity. In support of this finding, we identified 17 additional cataloged earthquakes in regions of previously documented seismicity and away from disposal wells or hydraulic fracturing that returned very few template matches. The lack of swarminess helps to indicate that these events are most likely naturally occurring.
Main eddy vertical structures observed in the four major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems
Authors: Pegliasco Cori , Chaigneau Alexis , Morrow Rosemary 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn the four major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS), mesoscale eddies are known to modulate the biological productivity and transport near‐coastal seawater properties toward the offshore ocean, however little is known about their main characteristics and vertical structure. This study combines 10 years of satellite‐altimetry data and Argo float profiles of temperature and salinity, and our main goals are (i) to describe the main surface characteristics of long‐lived eddies formed in each EBUS and their evolution, and (ii) to depict the main vertical structure of the eddy‐types that coexist in these regions. A clustering analysis of the Argo profiles surfacing within the long‐lived eddies of each EBUS allows us to determine the proportion of surface and subsurface‐intensified eddies in each region, and to describe their vertical structure in terms of temperature, salinity and dynamic height anomalies. In the Peru‐Chile Upwelling System, 55% of the sampled anticyclonic eddies (AEs) have subsurface‐intensified maximum temperature and salinity anomalies below the seasonal pycnocline, whereas 88% of the cyclonic eddies (CEs) are surface‐intensified. In the California Upwelling System, only 30% of the AEs are subsurface‐intensified and all of the CEs show maximum anomalies above the pycnocline. In the Canary Upwelling System, ∼40% of the AEs and ∼60% of the CEs are subsurface‐intensified with maximum anomalies extending down to 800 m depth. Finally, the Benguela Upwelling System tends to generate ∼40–50% of weak surface‐intensified eddies and ∼50–60% of much stronger subsurface‐intensified eddies with a clear geographical distribution. The mechanisms involved in the observed eddy vertical shapes are discussed.
Precipitation efficiency derived from isotope ratios in water vapor distinguishes dynamical and microphysical influences on subtropical atmospheric constituents
Authors: Bailey A. , Nusbaumer J. , Noone D. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWith water vapor and clouds expected to effect significant feedbacks on climate, moisture transport through convective processes has important implications for future temperature change. The precipitation efficiency—the ratio of the rates at which precipitation and condensation form (e = P/C)—is useful for characterizing how much boundary layer moisture recycles through precipitation versus mixes into the free troposphere through cloud detrainment. Yet it is a difficult metric to constrain with traditional observational techniques. This analysis characterizes the precipitation efficiency of convection near the Big Island of Hawaii, USA, using a novel tracer: isotope ratios in water vapor. The synoptic circulation patterns associated with high and low precipitation efficiency are identified, and the importance of large‐scale dynamics and local convective processes in regulating vertical distributions of atmospheric constituents important for climate is evaluated. The results suggest that high e days are correlated with plume‐like transport originating from the relatively clean tropics, while low e days are associated with westerly transport, generated by a branching of the jet stream. Differences in transport pathway clearly modify background concentrations of water vapor and other trace gases measured at Mauna Loa Observatory; however, local convective processes appear to regulate aerosols there. Indeed, differences between observed and simulated diurnal cycles of particle number concentration indicate that precipitation scavenges aerosols and possibly facilitates new particle formation when e is high. As measurements of isotope ratios in water vapor expand across the subtropics, the techniques presented here can further our understanding of how synoptic weather, precipitation processes, and climate feedbacks interrelate.
Comprehensive evaluation of multisatellite precipitation estimates over India using gridded rainfall data
Authors: Sunilkumar K. , Narayana Rao T. , Saikranthi K. , Purnachandra Rao M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis study presents a comprehensive evaluation of five widely used multisatellite precipitation estimates (MPEs) against 1° × 1° gridded rain gauge data set as ground truth over India. One decade observations are used to assess the performance of various MPEs (Climate Prediction Center (CPC)‐South Asia data set, CPC Morphing Technique (CMORPH), Precipitation Estimation From Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission's Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA‐3B42), and Global Precipitation Climatology Project). All MPEs have high detection skills of rain with larger probability of detection (POD) and smaller “missing” values. However, the detection sensitivity differs from one product (and also one region) to the other. While the CMORPH has the lowest sensitivity of detecting rain, CPC shows highest sensitivity and often overdetects rain, as evidenced by large POD and false alarm ratio and small missing values. All MPEs show higher rain sensitivity over eastern India than western India. These differential sensitivities are found to alter the biases in rain amount differently. All MPEs show similar spatial patterns of seasonal rain bias and root‐mean‐square error, but their spatial variability across India is complex and pronounced. The MPEs overestimate the rainfall over the dry regions (northwest and southeast India) and severely underestimate over mountainous regions (west coast and northeast India), whereas the bias is relatively small over the core monsoon zone. Higher occurrence of virga rain due to subcloud evaporation and possible missing of small‐scale convective events by gauges over the dry regions are the main reasons for the observed overestimation of rain by MPEs. The decomposed components of total bias show that the major part of overestimation is due to false precipitation. The severe underestimation of rain along the west coast is attributed to the predominant occurrence of shallow rain and underestimation of moderate to heavy rain by MPEs. The decomposed components suggest that the missed precipitation and hit bias are the leading error sources for the total bias along the west coast. All evaluation metrics are found to be nearly equal in two contrasting monsoon seasons (southwest and northeast), indicating that the performance of MPEs does not change with the season, at least over southeast India. Among various MPEs, the performance of TMPA is found to be better than others, as it reproduced most of the spatial variability exhibited by the reference.
Intracellular Antibiotic Molecules
Authors: Sørensen Ole E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Phagocytes kill microbes through the action of intracellularly molecules that can be released into the phagolysosome or to the extracellular milieu. In particular, neutrophils have a vast arsenal of peptides and proteins with antimicrobial activity of importance for killing of ingested microbes. Many of these (poly)peptides act through membrane permeabilisation and subsequent lysis of bacteria, while others kill by depriving microbes of important nutrients such as iron. Furthermore, phagocytes generate short‐lived low‐molecular intermediates such as oxygen radicals and nitric oxide of great importance for the ability to kill ingested microbes. Microbes have developed elaborate strategies to circumvent exposure to intracellular antibiotic molecules by blocking cellular activation or blocking granule fusion with the phagolysosome.

Key Concepts

Phagocytes kill microbes through the action of intracellular antibiotic molecules.

Antibiotic (poly)peptides are positively charged molecules that bind to the negatively charged surface of microorganisms and kill bacteria through lysis.

Other antibiotic molecules limit bacterial growth by iron deprivation or through enzymatic activity.

Reactive oxygen derivatives such as superoxide anions and hypochlorous acid are generated by phagocytes and kill microorganisms.

Microbes have developed several strategies to circumvent killing of intracellular antibiotic molecules.
Differential Association of Psychosocial Comorbidities With Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Liu Ying L. , Szklo Moyses , Davidson Karina W. , Bathon Joan M. , Giles Jon T. 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and subclinical atherosclerosis, but the reasons for the excess risk are unclear. We explored whether psychosocial comorbidities, which may be associated with CVD in the general population, are differentially associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in RA compared to controls.MethodsData were from a longitudinal cohort study of 195 RA patients and 1,073 non‐RA controls. Using validated scales, heterogeneity in the associations of psychosocial measures (depression, stress, anxiety/anger, support, discrimination/hassles) with measures of subclinical atherosclerosis (coronary artery calcium [CAC] and carotid intima‐media thickness [IMT]/plaque) were compared in RA and non‐RA groups using multivariable generalized linear models. Computed tomography and ultrasound were used to identify CAC and IMT/plaque, respectively. CAC >100 units was used to define moderate/severe CAC.ResultsIn RA, per‐unit higher anxiety scores (odds ratio [OR] 1.10, P = 0.029), anger scores (OR 1.14, P = 0.037), depressive symptoms (OR 3.41, P = 0.032), and caregiver stress (OR 2.86, P = 0.014) were associated with increased odds of CAC >100 units after adjustment for relevant covariates. These findings persisted despite adjustment for markers of inflammation (C‐reactive protein and interleukin‐6 levels) and were seen only in RA, not in controls (adjusted multiplicative interaction P = 0.001–0.077). In RA, job stress was associated with an increased risk of carotid plaque (adjusted OR = 3.21, P = 0.019), and increasing social support was associated with lower internal carotid IMT (adjusted P = 0.024).ConclusionDepressive symptoms, stress, anger/anxiety, and social support may preferentially affect CVD risk in RA, and screening/treatment for psychosocial morbidities in RA may help ameliorate the additional CVD burden.
Super‐resolution microscopy by movable thin‐films with embedded microspheres: Resolution analysis
Authors: Allen Kenneth W. , Farahi Navid , Li Yangcheng , Limberopoulos Nicholaos I. , Walker Dennis E. , Urbas Augustine M. , Liberman Vladimir , Astratov Vasily N. 
Published: August 2015

Microsphere‐assisted imaging has emerged as an extraordinary simple technique of obtaining optical super‐resolution. This work addresses two central problems in developing this technology: i) methodology of the resolution measurements and ii) limited field‐of‐view provided by each sphere. It is suggested that a standard method of resolution analysis in far‐field microscopy based on convolution with the point‐spread function can be extended into the super‐resolution area. This allows developing a unified approach to resolution measurements, which can be used for comparing results obtained by different techniques. To develop the surface scanning functionality, the high‐index (n ∼ 2) barium titanate glass microspheres were embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thin‐films. It is shown that such films adhere to the surface of nanoplasmonic structures so that the tips of embedded spheres experience the objects’ optical near‐fields. Based on rigorous criteria, the resolution ∼λ/6‐λ/7 (where λ is the illumination wavelength) is demonstrated for arrays of Au dimers and bowties. Such films can be translated along the surface of investigated samples after liquid lubrication. It is shown that just after lubrication the resolution is diffraction limited, however the super‐resolution gradually recovers as the lubricant evaporates.
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Six‐Coordinate Group 13 Complexes: The Role of d Orbitals and Electron‐Rich Multi‐Center Bonding
Authors: Goesten Maarten G. , Fonseca Guerra Célia , Kapteijn Freek , Gascon Jorge , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBonding in six‐coordinate complexes based on Group 13 elements (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl) is usually considered to be identical to that in transition‐metal analogues. We herein demonstrate through sophisticated electronic‐structure analyses that the bonding in these Group 13 element complexes is fundamentally different and better characterized as electron‐rich hypervalent bonding with essentially no role for the d orbitals. This characteristic is carried through to the molecular properties of the complex.
Self‐Assembly and Disassembly of Vesicles as Controlled by Anion–π Interactions
Authors: He Qing , Ao Yu‐Fei , Huang Zhi‐Tang , Wang De‐Xian 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAnion–π interactions have been widely studied as new noncovalent driving forces in supramolecular chemistry. However, self‐assembly induced by anion–π interactions is still largely unexplored. Herein we report the formation of supramolecular amphiphiles through anion–π interactions, and the subsequent formation of self‐assembled vesicles in water. With the π receptor 1 as the host and anionic amphiphiles, such as sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), sodium laurate (SLA), and sodium methyl dodecylphosphonate (SDP), as guests, the sequential formation of host–guest supramolecular amphiphiles and self‐assembled vesicles was demonstrated by SEM, TEM, DLS, and XRD techniques. The intrinsic anion–π interactions between 1 and the anionic amphiphiles were confirmed by crystal diffraction, HRMS analysis, and DFT calculations. Furthermore, the controlled disassembly of the vesicles was promoted by competing anions, such as NO3−, Cl−, and Br−, or by changing the pH value of the medium.
The effect of high temperature annealing process on crystallization process of polypropylene, mechanical properties, and surface quality of plastic parts
Authors: Wang Weihua , Zhao Guoqun , Wu Xianghong , Zhai Zhen 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTThis work studied the effects and action mechanism of high‐temperature annealing process parameters, such as annealing temperature, annealing duration and cooling speed, on the microstructural evolution of polypropylene (PP) on different thickness layers, the surface quality, and mechanical properties of PP plastic parts. The results show that when the PP plastic parts are annealed at slightly higher than 100°C, the resin on the surface and internal layers of plastic parts just generates the relaxation and rearrangement at the molecular level. Only at an enough high annealing temperature, the secondary crystallization and phase transformation process can be observed. The crystallinity of all annealed samples is higher than that of unannealed samples, but the crystallinity is decreased with the increase of cooling speed after annealing duration, and the annealing duration exceeding 60 min almost has no effect on the crystallinity. The microstructural change of PP on the internal layer of plastic parts is weaker than that on the surface layer. The surface hardness of the plastic parts mainly depends on the crystallinity of the surface layer, whereas the surface roughness of the plastic parts depends on not only the crystallinity, but also the space conformation of molecular chains and the residual stress. With the change of annealing process parameters, the tensile and impact strengths of plastic parts show a non‐monotonic change law. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42773.
Effects of the short‐fiber tip geometry and interphase properties on the interfacial debonding behavior of rubber matrix composites
Authors: Yu Xiaoming , Gu Boqin , Zhang Bin 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTAn axisymmetric finite element model of a single fiber embedded in a rubber matrix was established. A cohesive zone model was used for the fiber–matrix interface because of the interfacial failure. The effect of the fiber tip shape on the interfacial debonding of short‐fiber‐reinforced rubber matrix sealing composites (SFRCs) was investigated; the shapes were flat, semi‐elliptical, hemispherical, and conoid, respectively. The initial strain of the interfacial debonding (ε0) was obtained. We found that among the researched fiber tips, ε0 of the SFRC reinforced with the hemispherical tip fiber appeared to be the maximum. The initial locations of interfacial debonding were also determined. The results show that the initial locations of the interfacial debonding moved from the edge to the center of the fiber tip when the ratio of the semimajor axis and semiminor axis of the semi‐elliptical fiber tip increased gradually. Further study on the effect of the interphase properties on ε0 with the hemispherical fiber tip was conducted. The results indicate that an interphase thickness of 0.2 μm and an interphase elastic modulus of about 752 MPa were optimal for restraining the initiation of the interfacial debonding. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42774.
Polyaniline/silver/cerium nitrate ternary composite: Synthesis, characterization and enhanced electrochemical properties
Authors: Li Yanbo , Li Zhihua , Zheng Feng 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTPolyaniline/Ag/Ce (NO3)3 ternary composites were prepared by in situ polymerization in a poly (2‐arcylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid) aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy analyses indicated that Ce ions had a conjugated interaction with N, O of polyaniline (PANI), and poly (2‐arcylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid). By comparison with PANI and PANI binary composite, this ternary composite had a better thermal stability, a high conductivity (3.49 S/cm), a large capacitance, and a high electrochemical activity. Especially, the corrosion potential of this ternary composite can reach −418 mV and the inhibition efficiency can be increased by 68.08%. This ternary porous composite has promising applications in capacitor, conductive materials, anticorrosion coating, and other related fields. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42785.
Dielectric property, electric breakdown, and discharged energy density of a poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) copolymer with low temperature processing
Authors: Xia Weimin , Liang Fan , Xing Junhong , Xu Zhuo 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTDifferent thermal processing methods were used to fabricate the crystalline properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) [P(VDF‐co‐CTFE)] films. We observed that the crystallinity and crystal grain size of the various samples decreased with the quenching temperature. Compared to that of the annealed P(VDF‐co‐CTFE) sample, a higher dielectric constant of 13.9 at a frequency of 100 Hz was obtained in the film with liquid nitrogen quenching because the increasing small crystalline regions were susceptible to the excitation of external electric field. Meanwhile, the breakdown electric strength of the low‐temperature‐quenched film increased to 530 MV/m when the depth of shallow electronic energy level decreased, as depicted by Fröhlich collective electron approximated electric breakdown theory. Moreover, when we introduced the leakage current density curves, the effect of the space charges on the electric displacement was proven. As a result, the discharged energy density of the liquid‐nitrogen‐quenched P(VDF‐co‐CTFE) film was enhanced to 15.32 J/cm3 at an electric field of 530 MV/m; this provided an effective way in addition to chemical modification to achieve a high energy storage ability in this poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐based fluoropolymer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42794.
Review conformation, self‐aggregation, and membrane interaction of peptaibols as studied by pulsed electron double resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Milov Alexander D. , Tsvetkov Yuri D. , Raap Jan , De Zotti Marta , Formaggio Fernando , Toniolo Claudio 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTPulsed EPR methods, in particular pulsed electron double resonance (PELDOR) [or double electron–electron resonance (DEER)], are very sensitive to the dipole ··· dipole interaction between electron spins in a pair of free radicals. Using PELDOR, the conformations of a number of double radical‐containing biomolecules have been determined. In this review article, we focused our attention on the application of this spectroscopy to nitroxide‐labeled peptaibols. This is an emerging class of naturally occurring, relatively short, linear, helical peptide molecules endowed with hydrophobic character, capability to interact with and to alter the structure of membranes, and antibiotic activity. We extracted detailed information on the secondary structures of specifically site‐directed, double nitroxide‐labeled peptaibols under a variety of experimental conditions, including biologically relevant environments. Moreover, we examined in‐depth peptaibol clustering, related to the marked propensity of these molecules to undergo self‐association in model and whole‐cell membrane systems, using mainly mono‐nitroxide‐containing synthetic analogs. Finally, based on the PELDOR data accumulated, we proposed models of supramolecular (quaternary) structures of peptaibols and their binding modes to membranes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 6–24, 2016.
Challenges of extraordinary experiences in the Arctic
Authors: Lindberg Frank , Eide Dorthe 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper presents and discusses findings from extraordinary experiences in the Arctic Svalbard. Although extensive consumer research has focused on the positive, sublime, and communal aspects of extraordinary experiences, little emphasis has been placed on the challenging aspects. By focusing on Arctic horse riding, Arctic adventure travel and dog sledding from a practice perspective, this study provides evidence that extraordinary consumption can be marked by challenges because of unrealistic expectations, troubling learning practices and connecting with others, and how one copes with tensions. We discuss how these four main types of challenges mark consumption and as such provide a nuanced interpretation compared with the positive connotations of previous research. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.