bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saussurisme et structuralisme dans les années 60–70 en France: Linguistique, théorie littéraire et philosophie
Authors: Chiss Jean-Louis , Puech Christian 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThe authors propose to evoque in this paper a curious aspect of the fate of theCours de linguistique générale.While supposedly containing the germ of multiformedevelopments identified by the terms Saussuriansm and structuralism, the work of this Genevan scholar appears more like a broad cultural catalyst. One has projected onto theCours, at least for a period of time, great hopes and often contradictory aspirations. If we take these often exaggerated undertakings and pretentions not too literally, it remains that this linguistico-philosophical imbroglio of the 1960s and 1970s, momentarily wound around this work, supplied, through references to Saussure, a complex historical trend in which Saussurean thinking is absent and omnipresent at the same time. This is to say that the knowledge of thesourcesis crucially important for a history that distinguishes carefully between Structuralism and Saussureanism, a history which still needs to be written.RésuméOn se propose d’évoquer ici un aspect du curieux destin duCours de linguistique générale.Censée contenir le germe de développements multiformes identifiés sous le nom de saussurisme et de structuralisme, l’þuvre du savant genevois apparaît plutôt comme un catalyseur culturel de grande ampleur. On a projeté sur elle, pour un temps au moins, de grands espoirs et des aspirations souvent contradictoires. Si l’on ne prend pas à la lettre ces tentatives et prétentions souvent exorbitantes, il reste que l’imbroglio linguistico-philosophique des années 60–70, noué momentanément autour d’elle, fournit, à travers les références à Saussure, une trame historique complexe dont la pensée saussurienne est à la fois absente et omniprésente. C’est dire l’importance de la connaissance dessourcespour une histoire différenciée du structuralisme et du saussurisme qui reste à faire.ZusammenfassungIn dem Beitrag geht es um einen Aspekt des bemerkenswerten Geschicks desCours de linguistique générale. Allgemein nimmt man an, er enthalte im Keim die vielfältigen Entfaltungsmöglichkeiten, welche mit ‘Saussurianismus’ und ‘Strukturalismus’ bezeichnet werden; bei näherem Hinsehen erweist sich das Werk des Genfer Gelehrten doch eher als kultureller Katalysator, der vieles umfasst. Man hat auf denCours, zumindesten eine Zeit lang, grosse Hoffnungen und oft auch widersprüchliche Erwartungen gesetzt. Wenn man auch diese Versuche und übertriebenen Auslegungsversuche nicht immer wörtlich nimmt, so ergibt sich doch als Resultat, dass das linguistisch-philosophische ‘Imbroglio’ der 60er und 70er Jahre, welches mit ihnen verknüpft ist, gerade durch die Verweise auf Saussure eine komplexen historischen Zusammenhang bekommt, innerhalb dessen das Saussure’sche Gedankengut sowohl als nicht vorhanden als auch als omnipräsent anzusehen ist. Daher ist eine Kenntnis der Quellen von ausserordentlicher Bedeutung für eine Geschichte, die sorgfältig zwischen Strukturalismus und Saussurianismus unterscheidet. Eine solche Geschichte ist noch zu schreiben.
2: Seven Grammarians on the ‘ablativus absolutus’
Authors: Sluiter Ineke 
Published: February 2014

SummaryIn this article, the history of the so-called ablative absolute as a descriptive category is traced from the 3rd to the 20th century. Texts by Sacerdos, Diomedes, Priscian, Alberic of Montecassino, Kühner & Stegmann and Harm Pinkster illustrate how the ablative absolute is recognized long before it get its name, and how its role in grammatical description is invented, changes, and disappears again in accordance with the grammatical systems adopted by the respective grammarians. The ablative absolute starts as a kind of appendix to the doctrine of the parts of speech, is moved from the description of the noun to that of the participle, and eventually just fades away as a descriptive label in its own right in the context of Functional Grammar. Its history cannot, of course, prove that the ‘God’s Truth’ metaphysics of grammar is wrong, but it certainly looks like a series of manifestations of grammatical ‘Hocus Pocus’.RésuméDans cet article, on suit l’histoire de la description du soi-disant ablatif absolu du troisième au vingtième siècle. Des textes de Sacerdos, Diomède, Priscien, Alberic de Montecassino, Kühner & Stegmann et de Harm Pinkster rendent compte de la reconnaissance de l’existence de l’ablatif absolu avant qu’on ne l’appelle ainsi. On montre comment son rôle dans la description grammaticale se voit inventé, se transforme et ensuite disparaît selon le système de catégories grammaticales des divers grammairiens. L’ablatif absolu, à l’origine sorte d’appendice à la doctrine des ‘parties du discours’, passe de la description du nom à celle du participe, et enfin disparaît en tant que terme descriptif sui iuris dans le contexte de la grammaire fonctionnelle. Son histoire ne prouve nullement que la métaphysique de la vérité objective, en grammaire, est fausse, mais elle semble bien montrer l’existence de ‘mirages’ linguistiques.ZusammenfassungIn diesem Beitrag wird die Geschichte der deskriptiven Kategorie desablativus absolutusvom dritten bis zum zwanzigsten Jahrhundert geschildert. Texte von Sacerdos, Diomedes, Priscianus, Alberic von Montecassino, Kühner & Stegmann und Harm Pinkster illustrieren die Art und Weise, wie derablativus absolutuserkannt wurde, bevor er seinen technischen Namen erhielt; wie seine Rolle in der grammatischen Deskription entdeckt wurde, wie sich diese allmählich änderte, und wie sie schliesslich verschwand, immer in Übereinstimmung mit den grammatischen Systemen des jeweiligen Grammatikers. Derablativus absolutusist ursprunglich eine Art von Appendix zur Lehre der Redeteile, zieht sich von der Beschreibung des Nomens bis zu der des Partizipiums hin und verschwindet schliesslich einfach wie ein eigenständiges deskriptives Etikett inm Kontext der funktionellen Grammatik. Obwohl seine Geschichte natürlich kein Argument gegen die grammatische Metaphysik der ‘God’s Truth’ sein kann, sieht sie sicherlich eher aus wie eine Serie von Manifestationen des grammatischen ‘Hocus Pocus’.
Saussure’s Notes of 1881–1885 on Inner Speech, Linguistic Signs and Language Change
Authors: Joseph John E. 
Published: February 2014

Summary
This article analyses previously unpublished notes by Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) contained in a single large register which he used in the first half of the 1880s. The earliest pages include his detailed reactions to La parole intérieure (1881) by Victor Egger (1848–1909). Although these reactions are sometimes hostile, the later notes, dated December 1884 and March 1885, appear to build on ideas he encountered in Egger. These notes — probably connected to his course on Gothic and Old High German grammar at the École des Hautes Études in Paris — show to what extent the account of language associated with his lectures on general linguistics of 1907–1911 was already present in his teaching a quarter of a century earlier.
Distance Between Languages as Measured by the Minimal-Entropy Model; Plato’s Republic—Slovenian Versus 15 Other translations
Authors: Jakopin Primoz 
Published: February 2014

In this paper, a language model, based on probabilities of text n-grams, is used as a measure of distance between Slovenian and 15 other European languages. During the construction of the model, a Huffman tree is generated from all the n-grams (n= 1to 32, frequency 2 or more) in the training corpus of Slovenian literary texts (2.7 million words), and appropriate Huffman codes are computed for every leaf in the tree. To apply the model to a new text sample, it is cut into n-grams (1–32) in such a way that the sum of model Huffman code lengths for all the obtained n-grams of new text is minimal.
The above model, applied to all (16) translations of Plato’s Republic from the TELRI CD ROM, produced the following language order (average coding length in bits per character): Slovenian (2,37), Serbocroatian (3,77), Croatian (3,84), Bulgarian (3,96), Czech (4,10), Polish (4,32), Russian (4,46), Slovak (4,46), Latvian (4,74), Lithuanian (4,94), English (5,40), French (5,67), German (5,69), Romanian (5,76), Finnish (6,11), and Hungarian (6,47).
Bridge Dictionaries as Bridges Between Languages
Authors: Skoumalová Hana 
Published: February 2014

Bridge dictionaries are a new sort of dictionary for learners of English. They are based on the monolingual Cobuild learners’ dictionaries, and they are partly translated—they contain translated definitions and translation equivalents. This paper shows the possible ways of exploiting Bridge dictionaries for creating new bilingual or multilingual dictionaries.
One possible way is to extract corresponding translation equivalents, edit them, and make a new printed dictionary. As both sides of such a dictionary were originally created as translations from English, the dictionary requires quite a lot of lexicographic work.
Another possibility is to create an electronic version of the dictionary “as is”. For this purpose, it is necessary to convert the dictionary first into SGML format and define its DTD. This format can then serve as a standard for future Bridge dictionaries and adding new language modules to existing dictionaries would be quite easy.
Between the real and the unreal
Authors: Messina Simona 
Published: February 2014

In this paper I present a work in progress concerning the mimesis of Italian speech, which is possible to study not only into the two traditional forms of language — written and spoken — but also in broadcast language of tv series. In order to find examples of mimesis of spoken language which are as close as possible to the contemporary linguistic reality, I have excluded all specialised TV programmes which cater for specific contents and sectorial registers and I concentrate on television stories of TV fiction.

Tv fiction can be divided up into various narrative formulae and, depending on the subject matter, in different macrocategories. I have focused my study on a particular kind of fiction based on realistic serial format: family fiction, which narrates the daily life of a family or group of families whose stories become entwined in a succession of petty or major events where the language must necessarily draw on colloquial Italian.

The corpus analysed in this first phase of the research project was taken from two series: La famiglia Benvenuti (1968) and Un medico in famiglia (1998). I have selected a shortlist of phenomena which best match up to the characteristics of spontaneous speech, grouped in four areas of analysis: 1: Register and lexical–grammatical phenomena; 2: Linguistic commonplaces; 3: The polyvalent ‘che’; 4: Mechanisms of segmentation and focalisation.
Meher Baba’s Silent Semiotic Output
Authors: Sanjinés José 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMuch has been written about the life and work of Meher Baba (1894–1969), a spiritual master who gave up speaking at age thirty-one. Despite observing silence for the rest of his life, about forty-four years, Meher Baba remained highly eloquent and prolific. He continued to communicate both colloquially and metaphysically, which included giving detailed explanations on the origin and nature of existence. During most of his life he used a series of nonverbal systems that culminated in a sui generis gestural language. This progression of semiotic modalities is inseparable from the meaning of Meher Baba’s message. We look at this unfolding semiosis from the angle of a transcendental experience—the state of awakened deep sleep, turiya, that Heinrich Zimmer calls simply the silence.
Wrapping Transcendence: The Semiotics of Reliquaries
Authors: Leone Massimo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAfter pinpointing the semiotic mechanism of relics, this essay highlights the danger of their being turned into fetishes with reference to the Tractatus Garsiae, a hilarious medieval parody that wittily uncovers the semiotic proximity between the collection of fetishized relics and that of fetishized money. In subsequent sections I point out how reliquaries have been adopted as an antidote to the fetishizing of relics and explain how that works through a theoretical analysis of the human anthropology of wrapping. After indicating some possible directions for further analysis (in order to deepen the typological and comparative knowledge of reliquaries), I conclude the essay by focusing on a case study of a pragmatically felicitous instance of a reliquary: the semiotic “open work” of Francis Xavier’s seventeenth-century reliquary in Goa.
Signs of Life: Grounding the Transcendent in Japanese Memorial Objects
Authors: Irizarry Joshua A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMemorial tablets (ihai) and memorial portraiture (iei) are important parts of Japanese funerary ritual, serving as focal points during the wake, funeral, and subsequent ritual observances. Far more than static material representations of the deceased or the social relationships they inhabited, these memorial objects display a complex and complementary relationship with the deceased and serve to ground the persistent spirit of the departed (known as hotoke), which is simultaneously of this world and transcendent to it. Furthermore, I demonstrate how both everyday and ritual interactions with ihai and iei reveal a dynamic and decades-long semiotic process that guides this entity through its transformation from a living human being through a “lifetime” as a hotoke and, ultimately, into a household ancestor.
Hearing Transcendence: Distorted Iconism in Tōru Takemitsu’s Film Music
Authors: Lehrich Christopher I. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTōru Takemitsu (1930–96), dean of Japanese composers, wrote scores for 100 films. In many cases, he faced the task of giving presence to an unseen, suprahuman force or being. This article deploys musical semiotics and topic theory to examine a gesture I call “distorted iconism,” in which an aural resemblance is altered so as to suggest transcendence. I analyze distorted iconism in Takemitsu’s film work, looking initially at Kwaidan, Hi-Matsuri, and Woman in the Dunes. In these films, Takemitsu needed to indicate that what we see is insufficient, and used such devices as delayed sonic cues, distorted instrumental sound, and strongly marked static music to create a sacred space in which the unseen and transcendent manifests. I use these examples to set up a close investigation of Ran, in which Takemitsu effects complex layers of meaning that both enrich and subtly contradict the director’s vision.
The signature of dissipation in the mass–size relation: are bulges simply spheroids wrapped in a disc?
Authors: Berg Trystyn A. M. , Simard Luc , Mendel Trevor J. , Ellison Sara L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The relation between the stellar mass and size of a galaxy's structural subcomponents, such as discs and spheroids, is a powerful way to understand the processes involved in their formation. Using very large catalogues of photometric bulge+disc structural decompositions and stellar masses from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release Seven, we carefully define two large subsamples of spheroids in a quantitative manner such that both samples share similar characteristics with one important exception: the ‘bulges’ are embedded in a disc and the ‘pure spheroids’ are galaxies with a single structural component. Our bulge and pure spheroid subsample sizes are 76 012 and 171 243, respectively. Above a stellar mass of ∼1010 M⊙, the mass–size relations of both subsamples are parallel to one another and are close to lines of constant surface mass density. However, the relations are offset by a factor of 1.4, which may be explained by the dominance of dissipation in their formation processes. Whereas the size–mass relation of bulges in discs is consistent with gas-rich mergers, pure spheroids appear to have been formed via a combination of ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ mergers.
SnRK1A-Interacting Negative Regulators Modulate the Nutrient Starvation Signaling Sensor SnRK1 in Source-Sink Communication in Cereal Seedlings under Abiotic Stress
Authors: Lin Chien-Ru , Lee Kuo-Wei , Chen Chih-Yu , Hong Ya-Fang , Chen Jyh-Long , Lu Chung-An , Chen Ku-Ting , Ho Tuan-Hua David , Yu Su-May 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In plants, source-sink communication plays a pivotal role in crop productivity, yet the underlying regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown. The SnRK1A protein kinase and transcription factor MYBS1 regulate the sugar starvation signaling pathway during seedling growth in cereals. Here, we identified plant-specific SnRK1A-interacting negative regulators (SKINs). SKINs antagonize the function of SnRK1A, and the highly conserved GKSKSF domain is essential for SKINs to function as repressors. Overexpression of SKINs inhibits the expression of MYBS1 and hydrolases essential for mobilization of nutrient reserves in the endosperm, leading to inhibition of seedling growth. The expression of SKINs is highly inducible by drought and moderately by various stresses, which is likely related to the abscisic acid (ABA)–mediated repression of SnRK1A under stress. Overexpression of SKINs enhances ABA sensitivity for inhibition of seedling growth. ABA promotes the interaction between SnRK1A and SKINs and shifts the localization of SKINs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it binds SnRK1A and prevents SnRK1A and MYBS1 from entering the nucleus. Our findings demonstrate that SnRK1A plays a key role regulating source-sink communication during seedling growth. Under abiotic stress, SKINs antagonize the function of SnRK1A, which is likely a key factor restricting seedling vigor.
Strategic orientation and organizational forms: an integrative framework
Authors: Chandra Balodi Krishna 
Published: February 2014

Purpose– This paper aims to bring together strategic orientation (SO) and organizational forms literatures by proposing refined SO typologies based on various combinations of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and market orientation (MO); and postulating typical organizational forms (configurations) for proposed SO types relative to each other in terms of parameters identified from organizational forms literature.Design/methodology/approach– This conceptual paper employs selective-intensive review of literature dealing with: both EO and MO to identify extant SO typologies, relevant strategic attributes, and relationships between EO, MO and strategic attributes; and organizational forms to identify parameters. Tabular frameworks are used to compare the proposed and extant SO types, posit strategic attributes for the proposed SO types, and compare ideal organizational profiles across SO types.Findings– EO and MO are related constructs that capture distinct aspects of business philosophy. Relationships of EO and MO with each strategic attributes are summarized. To explain differences across all attributes simultaneously, using combinations of EO and MO, five SO types – prospector, analyzer, proactive defender, reactive defender, and reactor – are proposed. Relative organizational profiles are specified for proposed SO types, using parameters strategy, structure, resources, and environment.Originality/value– This paper brings together sporadic attempts towards developing SO typology and explicitly integrates SO and organizational forms literatures. It offers ground work for developing testable propositions and tabular frameworks that may serve as heuristics into nature of firms' orientations and their performance implications.
Sustainability fellowships: the potential for collective stakeholder influence
Authors: Walker Kent , Laplume Andre 
Published: February 2014

Purpose– Given the current ecological state of the planet organizations now need to develop their sustainability to a significantly greater extent and at a faster pace. This paper aims to propose stakeholder collectives as a means for rapid and comprehensive sustainability, while also examining the moderating influence of firm size and change potential.Design/methodology/approach– A theoretical analysis leads to the development of multiple propositions. The work concentrates on one research question: how can the authors bring about rapid and comprehensive organizational sustainability?Findings– Arguments for the inability of individual stakeholders to drive the level of sustainability now required are presented. Propositions suggesting that sustainability can be obtained through stakeholder collectives, moderated by firm size and the change potential of the firm are developed.Research limitations/implications– Research using stakeholder theory has examined intra-stakeholder group collective action, but arguably the more important, inter-stakeholder group collective action, has received little attention. The authors elaborate the prospects for collective stakeholder influence strategies as useful for increasing sustainability.Originality/value– The main contribution is the nexus between stakeholder influence strategies and the collective goal of sustainability. By examining an underdeveloped component of stakeholder theory, the authors answer the question how stakeholders can drive the extensive and rapid organizational sustainability now required.
The effect of pre-entry information on relational outcomes in franchising
Authors: K. Weaven Scott , Grace Debra , Frazer Lorelle , Giddings Jeffrey 
Published: February 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine how pre-entry franchising information (i.e. franchisor-provided) influences the confirmation (or not) of franchisees' pre-entry expectations and their subsequent assessment of trust in their franchisor. Relationships with outcome variables, such as perceived conflict and relational satisfaction, are also examined. Finally, the authors compare their hypothesised model across male and female franchisees and different patterns of relationships result.Design/methodology/approach– Data were collected via a mail survey administered to a sample of 3,000 franchisees in Australia, which resulted in the collection of 339 useable responses (11 per cent response rate). The conceptual model was tested via structural equation modelling using AMOS 17.0 and all paths were significant, as hypothesised. However, when the sample was split across gender, some clear differences emerged.Findings– The findings reveal that male and female franchisees use pre-entry informational sources in different ways in formulating their expectations and trust in their franchisors. Furthermore, in terms of relational outcomes, perceived conflict plays a very different role in regard to overall relational satisfaction when examined across gender.Originality/value– This paper addresses a significant gap in the literature by examining the dynamics of information dissemination in influencing franchisees' pre-entry expectations of, and trust in, their franchisors. In addition, gender differences in pre-entry information dissemination, expectations (dis)confirmation and relational outcomes, not yet explored, are also reported. The results prompt significant implications and suggestions for future research in this under-researched area of franchising inquiry.