bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BAPID suppresses the inhibition of BRM on Di19‐PR module in response to drought
Authors: Liu Nian , Hu Zhiyong , Zhang Liang , Yang Qian , Deng Linbin , Terzaghi William , Hua Wei , Yan Mingli , Liu Jing , Zheng Ming 
Published: August 2024

SUMMARYDrought is one of the most important abiotic stresses, and seriously threatens plant development and productivity. Increasing evidence indicates that chromatin remodelers are pivotal for plant drought response. However, molecular mechanisms of chromatin remodelers‐mediated plant drought responses remain obscure. In this study, we found a novel interactor of BRM called BRM‐associated protein involved in drought response (BAPID), which interacted with SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler BRM and drought‐induced transcription factor Di19. Our findings demonstrated that BAPID acted as a positive drought regulator since drought tolerance was increased in BAPID‐overexpressing plants, but decreased in BAPID‐deficient plants, and physically bound to PR1, PR2, and PR5 promoters to mediate expression of PR genes to defend against dehydration stress. Genetic approaches demonstrated that BRM acted epistatically to BAPID and Di19 in drought response in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, the BAPID protein‐inhibited interaction between BRM and Di19, and suppressed the inhibition of BRM on the Di19‐PR module by mediating the H3K27me3 deposition at PR loci, thus changing nucleosome accessibility of Di19 and activating transcription of PR genes in response to drought. Our results shed light on the molecular mechanism whereby the BAPID‐BRM‐Di19‐PRs pathway mediates plant drought responses. We provide data improving our understanding of chromatin remodeler‐mediated plant drought regulation network.
Herbarium specimens as tools for exploring the evolution of fatty acid‐derived natural products in plants
Authors: Fitzgibbons Emma , Lastovich Jacob , Scott Samuel , Groth Nicole , Grusz Amanda L. , Busta Lucas 
Published: August 2024

SUMMARYPlants synthesize natural products via lineage‐specific offshoots of their core metabolic pathways, including fatty acid synthesis. Recent studies have shed light on new fatty acid‐derived natural products and their biosynthetic pathways in disparate plant species. Inspired by this progress, we set out to develop tools for exploring the evolution of fatty‐acid derived products. We sampled multiple species from all major clades of euphyllophytes, including ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms (monocots and eudicots), and we show that the compositional profiles (though not necessarily the total amounts) of fatty‐acid derived surface waxes from preserved plant specimens are consistent with those obtained from freshly collected tissue in a semi‐quantitative and sometimes quantitative manner. We then sampled herbarium specimens representing 57 monocot species to assess the phylogenetic distribution and evolution, of two fatty acid‐derived natural products found in that clade: beta‐diketones and alkylresorcinols. These chemical data, combined with analyses of 26 monocot genomes, revealed a co‐occurrence (though not necessarily a causal relationship) between whole genome duplication and the evolution of diketone synthases from an ancestral alkylresorcinol synthase‐like polyketide synthase. Limitations of using herbarium specimen wax profiles as proxies for those of fresh tissue seem likely to include effects from loss of epicuticular wax crystals, effects from preservation techniques, and variation in wax chemical profiles due to genotype or environment. Nevertheless, this work reinforces the widespread utility of herbarium specimens for studying leaf surface waxes (and possibly other chemical classes) and reveals some of the evolutionary history of fatty acid‐derived natural products within monocots.
RhMYC2 controls petal size through synergistic regulation of jasmonic acid and cytokinin signaling in rose
Authors: Gong Feifei , Jing Weikun , Jin Weichan , Liu Huwei , Zhang Yuanfei , Wang Rui , Wei Yinghao , Tang Kaiyang , Jiang Yunhe , Gao Junping , Sun Xiaoming 
Published: August 2024

SUMMARYPetal size is determined by cell division and cell expansion. Jasmonic acid (JA) has been reported to be associated with floral development, but its regulatory mechanism affecting petal size remains unclear. Here, we reveal the vital role of JA in regulating petal size and the duration of the cell division phase via the key JA signaling component RhMYC2. We show that RhMYC2 expression is induced by exogenous treatment with methyl jasmonate and decreases from stage 0 to stage 2 of flower organ development, corresponding to the cell division phase. Furthermore, silencing RhMYC2 shortened the duration of the cell division phase, ultimately accelerating flowering opening and resulting in smaller petals. In addition, we determined that RhMYC2 controls cytokinin homeostasis in rose petals by directly activating the expression of the cytokinin biosynthetic gene LONELY GUY3 (RhLOG3) and repressing that of the cytokinin catabolism gene CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE6 (RhCKX6). Silencing RhLOG3 shortened the duration of the cell division period and produced smaller petals, similar to RhMYC2 silencing. Our results underscore the synergistic effects of JA and cytokinin in regulating floral development, especially for petal size in roses.
The gap phenomenon for conformally related Einstein metrics
Authors: Šilhan Josef , Gregorovič Jan 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWe determine the submaximal dimensions of the spaces of almost Einstein scales and normal conformal Killing fields for connected conformal manifolds. The results depend on the signature and dimension of the conformally nonflat conformal manifold. In definite signature, these two dimensions are at most and , respectively. In Lorentzian signature, these two dimensions are at most and , respectively. In the remaining signatures, these two dimensions are at most and , respectively. This upper bound is sharp and to realize examples of submaximal dimensions, we first provide them directly in dimension 4. In higher dimensions, we construct the submaximal examples as the (warped) product of the (pseudo)‐Euclidean base of dimension with one of the 4‐dimensional submaximal examples.
The effect of female breast surface area on skin stiffness and tactile sensitivity at rest and following exercise in the heat
Authors: Blount Hannah , Valenza Alessandro , Ward Jade , Caggiari Silvia , Worsley Peter R. , Filingeri Davide 
Published: August 2024

AbstractFemale development includes significant morphological changes across the breast. Yet, whether differences in breast surface area (BrSA) modify breast skin stiffness and tactile sensitivity at rest and after exercise in the heat remain unclear. We investigated the relationship between BrSA and skin stiffness and tactile sensitivity in 20 young to middle‐aged women (27 ± 8 years of age) of varying breast sizes (BrSA range: 147–502 cm2) at rest and after a submaximal run in a warm climatic chamber (32 ± 53% ± 1.7% relative humidity). Skin stiffness above and below the nipple and tactile sensitivity from the nipple down were measured. Associations between BrSA and both skin stiffness and tactile sensitivity at rest were determined via correlation analyses. Effects of exercise and test site were assessed by a two‐way ANOVA. Skin stiffness was positively correlated with BrSA 3 cm above the areola edge (r = 0.61, P = 0.005) and at the superior areola border (r = 0.54, P = 0.016), but not below the nipple (P > 0.05). The area 3 cm below the areola was also significantly stiffer than all other test sites (P < 0.043). Tactile sensitivity did not vary with BrSA (P > 0.09), but it varied across the breast (i.e., the area 3 cm below the areola was more sensitive than the inferior areola edge; P = 0.018). Skin stiffness and tactile sensitivity across the breast decreased after exercise by ∼37% (P < 0.001) and ∼45% (P = 0.008), respectively. These findings expand our fundamental understanding of the mechanosensory properties of the female breast, and they could help to inform sportswear innovation to better meet the support needs of women of different breast sizes at rest and following exercise.
Film Superposition Characteristics With Laidback Fan-Shaped Holes Under the Influence of Internal Crossflow
Authors: Haoyang Liu , Qiang Du , Qingzong Xu , Jiawei Xu , Guangyao Xu , Hongye Li , Pengfei Wang 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In the serpentine passage of actual rotor blades, the coolant at the inlet of the film hole has an internal crossflow. The internal crossflow significantly influences the film cooling effectiveness of multi-row film holes. This paper presents a numerical investigation of the superposition characteristics of multiple rows of laidback fan-shaped holes under the influence of internal crossflow. The numerical simulations utilize the RANS method considering the effects of blowing ratio, crossflow velocity ratio, arrangement patterns, and row-to-row spacing of the internal crossflow on the superposition characteristics of film holes. The results indicate that film cooling effectiveness exhibits a distinctly asymmetric distribution under crossflow conditions. At different blowing ratios, there exists an optimal crossflow velocity ratio, at which the laterally averaged film cooling effectiveness is maximized. The crossflow-to-jet velocity ratio (VRi) is utilized to comprehensively evaluate the impact of blowing ratios and crossflow velocity ratios, and the range of high area-averaged film cooling effectiveness is accurately captured. Regarding the study of arrangement patterns and row-to-row spacings, it has been found that under identical coolant mass flowrates, the staggered arrangement is better than the inline arrangement in both laterally averaged film cooling effectiveness and cooling uniformity. Meanwhile, reducing the row-to-row spacing leads to an improvement in laterally averaged film cooling effectiveness. Finally, an assessment of the Sellers model's applicability under crossflow conditions revealed that it demonstrates good applicability in cases of staggered arrangement with lower blowing ratios.
Performance Analysis of a Self-Decarbonizing Combustor
Authors: Akojwar Kartikeya S. , Pawar Samadhan A. , Chaudhuri Swetaprovo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Hydrogen is envisioned to be a key decarbonization solution for fossil fuel-dependent power generation and aviation industries. At present, a significant fraction of the generated electrical power is derived from natural gas. As such, the external energy needed for hydrogen generation, often sourced from fossil fuels, results in CO2 emissions, compromising overall carbon neutrality. Instead, the processes of hydrogen generation can be energetically coupled with the combustion process, in situ, to eliminate external energy requirements. To that end, a novel self-decarbonizing combustor (SDC) has been conceptualized, integrating methane pyrolysis with the combustion process that can in principle decarbonize many contemporary power generation technologies. The underpinning methane pyrolysis process enables in situ pre-combustion capture of solid carbon, while simultaneously generating hydrogen. Consequently, CO2 emissions resulting from the combustion of processed, hydrogen-enriched fuel are mitigated. This study provides a comprehensive analysis, delineating the operating principle and the effect of some of the important governing parameters on the performance of the self-decarbonizing combustor. These parameters, including fuel temperature, residence time, pressure, and catalysis, are studied in the context of potentially applying the proposed concept to natural gas-based decarbonized electrical power generation. Investigating fuel chemistry, combustion exhaust, and carbon structure and morphology under varying process parameters enhances our comprehension of the SDC. Additionally, its self-sufficient nature eliminates the need for separate hydrogen production, storage, and transportation infrastructure, highlighting its potential as a scalable and realizable technology.
Analysis and Optimization of the Fatigue Damage Accumulation Under Transient Vibrations of Mistuned Bladed Disks
Authors: Jing Tong , Zang Chaoping , Petrov Evgeny 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This paper develops an efficient method for calculations of stress levels, accumulation of high-cycle fatigue (HCF), and mistuning optimization aimed at the reduction of the fatigue damages for mistuned bladed disks under transient vibrations caused by variation of the rotation speed in the vicinity of resonance frequencies. The expressions for the sensitivities of the stress intensity at critical locations, and fatigue damage at loading cycles concerning the mistuning are derived analytically, providing high accuracy and speed of their evaluations. A gradient-based optimization method based on the sensitivities is applied to find the blade mistuning patterns, providing the minimum and maximum fatigue damage accumulated during gas-turbine acceleration or deceleration of a mistuned bladed disk for extending the service life. The method uses realistic large-scale finite element (FE) modeling for bladed disks, accounting for the varying damping and excitation loads with amplitude and frequency spectrum changing with rotation speed. The method has been implemented in a computer code. The fatigue accumulation caused by the transient vibration has been studied using a realistic bladed disk model. The gradient-based optimization search for mistuning patterns, providing the minimum and maximum fatigue damage accumulation during rotor acceleration is performed.
Evaluation of Mechanical and Thermomechanical Water Vapor Compression Techniques for Enabling High Temperature Lift Hydration-Based Chemical Heat Pumps
Authors: Armatis Paul D. , Sabharwall Piyush , Fronk Brian M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Achieving high temperature lifts (&gt;200K) via a chemical heat pump based on salt hydration/dehydration reactions requires the transport of water vapor from low to high pressure. Alternative compression approaches require condensing of low-pressure water vapor, pumping of liquid water, and subsequent evaporation when the low-side pressure corresponds to sub-ambient water saturation temperatures. Thus, this study compares four steam compression methods for use within a chemical heat pump system based on a reversible calcium oxide hydration/dehydration reaction with a temperature lift from 350∘C heat to &gt;600∘C. Purely mechanical and thermochemical/mechanical compression technologies are considered. A parametric study of maximum allowable temperature, the isentropic efficiency of mechanical compressors, the effectiveness of heat exchangers, and the assumed allowable heat exchanger pressure drop is conducted to determine the mechanical and thermal energy consumed per kilogram of compressed steam. The system complexity in terms of the number of main system components, maximum pressure ratio, and maximum allowable temperature is estimated. Model results show an absorption-based steam compressor has the highest exergetic efficiency for the required chemical heat pump conditions. This system configuration was then experimentally demonstrated to illustrate the impact of system performance on component effectiveness.
Comparing the Cavitation and Slurry Erosion Wear Resistance of 16Cr-5Ni Stainless Steel With 13Cr-4Ni CA6NM Stainless Steel
Authors: Muñoz-Cubillos J. , Zambrano O. A. , Coronado J. J. , Rodríguez S. A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In the current work, 16Cr-5Ni stainless martensitic cast steel was evaluated in cavitation and slurry erosion tests under different thermal aging treatments (TATs) using an ultrasonic vibratory cavitation apparatus and an in-house-designed jet slurry tribometer. The steel was homogenized at 1100 °C for 40 h and then thermal ageing was performed at 475 °C, 550 °C, and 625 °C for 4 h. The cavitation test results showed a lower wear-rate was obtained under TAT at 475 °C, followed by TAT at 550 °C, and a higher wear-rate was found under TAT at 625 °C. A good correlation was established between hardness and the maximum erosion rate in the cavitation results. In the slurry tests, the jet stream contained a fixed mass fraction of 1.25 wt% sand. The evaluated impingement angles were 45 deg and 90 deg, and better performance was obtained under TAT at 475 °C and TAT at 550 °C. The results for the thermal aging of 16Cr-5Ni were compared with those of traditional CA6NM (13Cr-4Ni) steel, which is widely used in the manufacturing of turbine runners. Under every condition evaluated, 16Cr-5Ni presented a cavitation erosion resistance value higher than that of CA6NM, and the slurry erosion resistance of both steels was very similar when 16Cr-5Ni under TAT at 475 °C or 550 °C was compared with CA6NM. Therefore, 16Cr-5Ni stainless martensitic cast steel could be another alternative to the promising results obtained for the manufacturing of turbine runners.
The Evolvement of Session Design From Junior Age to Senior Peak Performance in World-Class Cross-Country Skiers
Authors: Walther Jacob , Haugen Thomas , Solli Guro Strøm , Tønnessen Espen , Sandbakk Øyvind 
Published: August 2024

Purpose: To compare designs of training sessions applied by world-class cross-country skiers during their most successful junior and senior season. Methods: Retrospective analysis of self-reported training characteristics (ie, training form, intensity, and exercise mode) among 8 male and 7 female world-class cross-country skiers was conducted. Results: Total number of sessions (441 [71] vs 519 [34], P < .001, large effect) and mean duration (1.5 [0.1] h vs 1.7 [0.1] h, P < .001, moderate effect) increased from junior to senior age. More double-session days were performed at senior age (124 [50] vs 197 [29] d, P < .001, large). The number (310 [64] vs 393 [64], P < .001, large effect) and duration (1.3 [0.1] h vs 1.5 [0.1] h, P < .001, moderate effect) of low-intensity training sessions increased from junior to senior age. Regarding intensive training, most emphasis was put on high-intensity training sessions lasting 20 to 39 minutes with <5-minute intervals at junior age, while 40 to 59 minutes of moderate-intensity training with 5- to 9-minute intervals was predominant at senior age. More MIXED (combined moderate- and high-intensity) sessions (9 [7] vs 14 [7], P = .023, moderate effect) and longer races (0.5 [0.1] h vs 0.6 [0.1] h, P = 0.29, moderate effect) compensated for fewer high-intensity training sessions at senior age (36 [17] vs 25 [10], P = .027, moderate effect). Duration of strength-training sessions increased significantly (0.6 [0.1] vs 0.8 [0.2] h, P = 0.30, moderate effect), while other training forms remained unchanged. Conclusions: World-class cross-country skiers increased their training volume from junior to senior age primarily by more and longer low-intensity training sessions and more often training twice per day. Concurrently, the most frequent intensive sessions were modified from high- to moderate-intensity training, lasted longer, and contained longer intervals.
Sports Participation During Adolescence and Menstrual Cycle Education Status in Females Across Six Territories
Authors: Law Phoebe , Brown Natalie , Pedlar Charles , Bruinvels Georgie 
Published: August 2024

Introduction: There is a substantial amount of sporting dropout in teenage girls worldwide linked, in part, to the menstrual cycle (MC). Firstly, this study aimed to retrospectively quantify the reasons for decreased sport and, or, exercise (sports/exercise) participation during adolescence across different countries. Secondly, this study investigated the prevalence, source, and content of MC education received in relation to sports/exercise. Methods: A survey was distributed via the Strava app to six geographical territories. The survey captured retrospective reasons for changing sports/exercise participation levels during adolescence and the provision, content, and source of MC education received in relation to sports/exercise. Descriptive statistics were reported as frequencies and associations between countries, education, and adolescent participation levels were determined using chi-square analysis (p = .01). Results: Female Strava users (M = 40.8 years, SD = 10.7 years) from six territories completed the survey (n = 10,371). 24.8% of participants decreased their sports/exercise participation during adolescence with the United Kingdom and Ireland (39.7%) and Spain (39.1%) reporting significantly higher decreases than the other countries surveyed, χ2(10)=1,023.77, p ≤ .001. The most common reason for decreased participation was a lack of time (28.0%). 71.1% of participants had not received education. Of those that were educated, the most common source was “self-education” (69.8%) and content was “to keep levels of exercise the same” (29.8%). Conclusions: There is a need for education to be available and easily accessible for girls and women which provides instructions on managing the MC and other commitments alongside sports/exercise, and highlights the many benefits of participating in regular sports/exercise.
Physiological significance of the two isoforms of initiator tRNAs in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Sahu Amit Kumar , Shah Riyaz Ahmad , Nashier Divya , Sharma Prafful , Varada Rajagopal , Lahry Kuldeep , Singh Sudhir , Shetty Sunil , Hussain Tanweer , Varshney Umesh 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli
possesses four initiator tRNA (i-tRNA) genes, three of which are present together as
metZWV
and the fourth one as
metY
. In
E. coli
B, all four genes (
metZWV
and
metY
) encode i-tRNA
fMet1
, in which the G at position 46 is modified to m
7
G46 by TrmB (m
7
G methyltransferase). However, in
E. coli
K, because of a single-nucleotide polymorphism,
metY
encodes a variant, i-tRNA
fMet2
, having an A in place of m
7
G46. We generated
E. coli
strains to explore the importance of this polymorphism in i-tRNAs. The strains were sustained either on
metY
A46
(
metY
of
E. coli
K origin encoding i-tRNA
fMet2
) or its derivative
metY
G46
(encoding i-tRNA
fMet1
) in single (chromosomal) or plasmid-borne copies. We show that the strains sustained on i-tRNA
fMet1
have a growth fitness advantage over those sustained on i-tRNA
fMet2
. The growth fitness advantages are more pronounced for the strains sustained on i-tRNA
fMet1
in nutrient-rich media than in nutrient-poor media. The growth fitness of the strains correlates well with the relative stabilities of the i-tRNAs
in vivo
. Furthermore, the atomistic molecular dynamics simulations support the higher stability of i-tRNA
fMet1
than that of i-tRNA
fMet2
. The stability of i-tRNA
fMet1
remains unaffected upon the deletion of TrmB. These studies highlight how
metY
G46
and
metY
A46
alleles might influence the growth fitness of
E. coli
under certain nutrient-limiting conditions.

IMPORTANCE

Escherichia coli
harbors four initiator tRNA (i-tRNA) genes: three of these at
metZWV
and the fourth one at
metY
loci. In
E. coli
B, all four genes encode i-tRNA
fMet1
. In
E. coli
K, because of a single-nucleotide polymorphism, metY encodes a variant, i-tRNA
fMet2
, having an A in place of G at position 46 of i-tRNA sequence in metY. We show that G46 confers stability to i-tRNA
fMet1
. The strains sustained on i-tRNA
fMet1
have a growth fitness advantage over those sustained on i-tRNA
fMet2
. Strains harboring
metY
G46
(B mimic) or
metY
A46
(K mimic) show that while in the nutrient-rich media, the K mimic is outcompeted rapidly; in the nutrient-poor medium, the K mimic is outcompeted less rapidly.