bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coupled heat and vapor transport: The thermostat effect of a freely evaporating land surface
Authors: Szilagyi Jozsef , Schepers Aaron 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAnalytical solutions of the 2‐D heat and vapor transport equations for a surface moisture jump are often based on a constant streamwise temperature (Tws) assumption over the wet vegetated surface. By analyzing 90 thermal infrared images taken over center‐pivot irrigated areas in Nebraska, it has been demonstrated for the first time that such an assumption is realistic. Average temperature difference between the perimeter and core of the irrigated full or half circles stayed between −0.11 and 0.09°C (standard deviation of 0.25–0.41°C). It was further demonstrated that wet‐bulb temperatures (a proxy of Tws) remain near constant during drying of the environment when net radiation and wind conditions stay largely unchanged, enabling estimation of Tws at any stage of drying, thus improving evaporation estimates of the Priestley‐Taylor equation in arid and semiarid environments.
Molecular structure and vibrational spectra of N‐acetylglycine oligomers and polyglycine I using DFT approach
Authors: Bee Saba , Choudhary Neetu , Gupta Archana , Tandon Poonam 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTWe have determined the geometric, vibrational, and electronic properties of N‐acetylglycine oligomers by performing density functional theory quantum chemical calculations. The normal mode analysis was performed and the potential energy distribution was calculated among the internal coordinates. The optically active vibrational modes of PGI have been determined by selecting the modes from the calculated results of the pentamer and the observed vibrational spectra of PGI have been explained. The molecular electrostatic potential surface of N‐acetylglycine pentamer reveals the sites of electrophilic attack and also provides clues for the role of electrostatic interactions involved in the reactivity. Natural bond orbital analysis has been performed to understand the charge transfer and various hyperconjugative interactions in the molecular system. The electronic properties of the oligomers have been discussed by calculating the transitions with the help of time dependent density functional theory method. The global reactivity descriptors such as hardness, chemical potential, and electrophilicity index have also been calculated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 795–813, 2014.
The cellular composition of the marsupial neocortex
Authors: Seelke Adele M.H. , Dooley James C. , Krubitzer Leah A. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIn the current investigation we examined the number and proportion of neuronal and non‐neuronal cells in the primary sensory areas of the neocortex of a South American marsupial, the short‐tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). The primary somatosensory (S1), auditory (A1), and visual (V1) areas were dissected from the cortical sheet and compared with each other and the remaining neocortex using the isotropic fractionator technique. We found that although the overall sizes of V1, S1, A1, and the remaining cortical regions differed from each other, these divisions of the neocortex contained the same number of neurons, but the remaining cortex contained significantly more non‐neurons than the primary sensory regions. In addition, the percent of neurons was higher in A1 than in the remaining cortex and the cortex as a whole. These results are similar to those seen in non‐human primates. Furthermore, these results indicate that in some respects, such as number of neurons, the neocortex is homogenous across its extent, whereas in other aspects of organization, such as non‐neuronal number and percentage of neurons, there is non‐uniformity. Whereas the overall pattern of neuronal distribution is similar between short‐tailed opossums and eutherian mammals, short‐tailed opossum have a much lower cellular and neuronal density than other eutherian mammals. This suggests that the high neuronal density cortices of mammals such as rodents and primates may be a more recently evolved characteristic that is restricted to eutherians, and likely contributes to the complex behaviors we see in modern mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2286–2298, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Calretinin and calbindin distribution patterns specify subpopulations of type I and type II spiral ganglion neurons in postnatal murine cochlea
Authors: Liu Wenke , Davis Robin L. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTAs the first neural element in the auditory pathway, neurons in the spiral ganglion shape the initial coding of sound stimuli for subsequent processing. Within the ganglion, type I and type II neurons form divergent and convergent innervation patterns, respectively, with their hair cell sensory receptors, indicating that very different information is gathered and conveyed. Layered onto these basic innervation patterns are structural and electrophysiological features that provide additional levels of processing multifaceted sound stimuli. To understand the nature of this additional complexity of signal coding, we characterized the distribution of calretinin and calbindin, two regulators of intracellular calcium that serve as markers for neuronal subpopulations. We showed in acute preparations and in vitro that calretinin and calbindin staining levels were heterogeneous. Immunocytochemical analysis of colocalization further showed that high levels of staining for the two molecules rarely overlapped. Although varied amounts of calbindin and calretinin were found within each tonotopic location and neuronal type, some distinct subdistributions were noted. For example, calretinin levels were highest in neurons innervating the midcochlea region, whereas calbindin levels were similar across the entire ganglion. Furthermore, we noted that apical type II neurons, identified by antiperipherin labeling, had significantly lower levels of calretinin and higher levels of calbindin. We also established that the endogenous firing feature of onset tau of the subthreshold response showed a pattern related to quantified calretinin and calbindin staining levels. Taken together, our results suggest an additional dimension of complexity within the spiral ganglion beyond that currently categorized. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2299–2318, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early fear memory defects are associated with altered synaptic plasticity and molecular architecture in the TgCRND8 Alzheimer's disease mouse model
Authors: Steele John W. , Brautigam Hannah , Short Jennifer A. , Sowa Allison , Shi Mengxi , Yadav Aniruddha , Weaver Christina M. , Westaway David , Fraser Paul E. , St George‐Hyslop Peter H. , Gandy Sam , Hof Patrick R. , Dickstein Dara L. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and slowly progressing dementing disorder that results in neuronal and synaptic loss, deposition in brain of aberrantly folded proteins, and impairment of spatial and episodic memory. Most studies of mouse models of AD have employed analyses of cognitive status and assessment of amyloid burden, gliosis, and molecular pathology during disease progression. Here we sought to understand the behavioral, cellular, ultrastructural, and molecular changes that occur at a pathological stage equivalent to the early stages of human AD. We studied the TgCRND8 mouse, a model of aggressive AD amyloidosis, at an early stage of plaque pathology (3 months of age) in comparison to their wildtype littermates and assessed changes in cognition, neuron and spine structure, and expression of synaptic glutamate receptor proteins. We found that, at this age, TgCRND8 mice display substantial plaque deposition in the neocortex and hippocampus and impairment on cued and contextual memory tasks. Of particular interest, we also observed a significant decrease in the number of neurons in the hippocampus. Furthermore, analysis of CA1 neurons revealed significant changes in apical and basal dendritic spine types, as well as altered expression of GluN1 and GluA2 receptors. This change in molecular architecture within the hippocampus may reflect a rising representation of inherently less stable thin spine populations, which can cause cognitive decline. These changes, taken together with toxic insults from amyloid‐β protein, may underlie the observed neuronal loss. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2319–2335, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attempted DNA extraction from a Rancho La Brea Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi): prospects for ancient DNA from asphalt deposits
Authors: Gold David A. , Robinson Jacqueline , Farrell Aisling B. , Harris John M. , Thalmann Olaf , Jacobs David K. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFossil‐bearing asphalt deposits are an understudied and potentially significant source of ancient DNA. Previous attempts to extract DNA from skeletons preserved at the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles, California, have proven unsuccessful, but it is unclear whether this is due to a lack of endogenous DNA, or if the problem is caused by asphalt‐mediated inhibition. In an attempt to test these hypotheses, a recently recovered Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) skeleton with an unusual pattern of asphalt impregnation was studied. Ultimately, none of the bone samples tested successfully amplified M. columbi DNA. Our work suggests that reagents typically used to remove asphalt from ancient samples also inhibit DNA extraction. Ultimately, we conclude that the probability of recovering ancient DNA from fossils in asphalt deposits is strongly (perhaps fatally) hindered by the organic compounds that permeate the bones and that at the Rancho La Brea tar pits, environmental conditions might not have been ideal for the general preservation of genetic material.
Cancer cachexia update in head and neck cancer: Definitions and diagnostic features
Authors: Couch Marion E. , Dittus Kim , Toth Michael J. , Willis Monte S. , Guttridge Denis C. , George Jonathan R. , Barnes Christie A. , Gourin Christine G. , Der‐Torossian Hirak 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTCachexia is a profoundly debilitating wasting syndrome that affects patients with head and neck cancer and often contributes to their demise. A comprehensive literature search was performed up to April 2013 using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and the Google search engine. For the meta‐analyses, pooled prevalence estimates were calculated with a confidence interval of 95% (95% CI) by using random effects modeling. In this review, we outlined the unique challenges of cancer cachexia among patients with head and neck cancer by reviewing its impacts on quality of life (QOL), morbidity, and mortality. We explored the prevalence of different clinical markers of cachexia at the time of diagnosis and before and after treatment. Finally, we present updates regarding the diagnosis of cancer cachexia and recent findings, such as cardiac dysfunction that warrant clinical attention to more carefully identify patients at risk and potentially lead to better outcomes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 594–604, 2015
AN OPTIMIZATION SCHEME OF IRRIGATION ADVICE: A CASE STUDY, SUGAR BEET IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY
Authors: Landeras Gorka , Ortiz‐Barredo Amaia , López José Javier 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIrrigation advice is usually based on the optimization of crop yield, which sometimes does not meet the objective of economic optimization. In some regions, the information provided by irrigation scheduling schemes based on crop production optimization is not completely reliable if there are economic or environmental constraints. The objective of the present study is the development of an optimization scheme of irrigation advice based on economic optimization under different scenarios of water availability. The optimization scheme presented in this study is focused on the minimization of the economic losses related to the cost of water and the economic yield loss associated with different irrigation strategies. As a case study the developed scheme was applied to the optimization of irrigation advice on sugar beet in the Basque country (northern Spain). A comparison has been performed between the optimized and the actual irrigation strategies in the area of study. As a result of this comparison the adoption by an Irrigation Advisory Service of the developed optimization scheme seems adequate in the area of study. This comparison reveals the utility of the developed scheme for the optimization of irrigation advice under specific scenarios of water constraints. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Passive air breathing flat‐plate microbial fuel cell operation
Authors: Kazemi Sona , Mohseni Madjid , Fatih Khalid 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDHigh cost and ohmic loss are two issues that microbial fuel cells (MFC) face before becoming economically viable. To address the high cost and ohmic loss issues, a flat‐plate MFC (FPMFC) configuration applying a passive air‐breathing cathode and a three‐dimensional anode was introduced. Electricity generation was examined in the FPMFC through operation in the presence and absence of a proton exchange membrane (PEM), and in batch and continuous modes.RESULTSContinuous operation of the FPMFC in the presence of a PEM favored power generation, mainly due to elimination of oxygen and biomass in the anode. Peak power density of 18 Wm‐3 was produced in the presence of a PEM (ohmic resistance 40 Ω cm2), which was more than 5‐fold higher than that with J‐cloth. During batch operation, the power density increased and reached maximum in the third batch (18 W m‐3 at 60 A m‐3). Greater stability was observed during continuous operation resulting in a 2.5‐fold increase in peak power density (44 W m‐3 at 146 A m‐3).CONCLUSIONThe passive air‐breathing FPMFC showed promising performance, offering a more economically viable configuration than the conventional FPMFCs using active (air, ferricyanide, and ferric iron) cathodes. © 2014 Crown copyright. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The use of aircraft for meteorological research in the United Kingdom
Authors: McBeath Kirsty 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTAtmospheric observations from aircraft have played an important role in meteorological research for many years; this paper presents an overview of meteorological research done with research aircraft in the United Kingdom. Key developments from throughout the history of meteorological research flying in the United Kingdom are presented, along with highlights of UK atmospheric research flying done in the last decade using the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe‐146 aircraft. The work presented includes research into thermodynamics, cloud processes, atmospheric aerosol, radiative transfer and atmospheric chemistry. Research aircraft provide a unique platform for the observation of atmospheric processes, allowing targeted measurement of specific parameters at a range of altitudes throughout the atmosphere. These measurements have improved greatly the understanding of the Earth's atmosphere, and the impact of these measurements has been seen through improvements in the representation of physical processes within numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models. Research aircraft have also been used extensively for the calibration and validation of remote sensing measurements, providing a unique test‐bed for satellite observations. This research has led to improved use of satellite observations that have enhanced greatly how the atmosphere is viewed. Many developments in atmospheric research would not have been possible without the use of aircraft measurements, and these measurements will continue to play a key role in future developments of meteorological observation and prediction, as the complexity and resolution of weather and climate models increases.
Pain location and intensity impacts function in persons with myotonic dystrophy type 1 and facioscapulohumeral dystrophy with chronic pain
Authors: Miró Jordi , Gertz Kevin J. , Carter Gregory T. , Jensen Mark P. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: We examined the effects of pain site and intensity on function in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) and chronic pain. Methods: Questionnaires assessing pain sites, pain extent (number of sites), pain intensity, and pain interference were completed by 182 individuals with DM1 (43%) or FSHD (57%) and chronic pain. Results: There was a positive association between pain extent and intensity with pain interference, and a negative association with psychological functioning in both DM1 and FSHD. Pain intensity at specific sites had differential impact beyond the effects of pain intensity alone. Head pain intensity independently affected psychological functioning, whereas leg, foot, hip, and knee pain contributed independently to the prediction of pain interference. Conclusions: Pain site and intensity differentially modulates the effect of chronic pain on function in DM1 and FSHD patients. Researchers and clinicians should consider these factors when assessing and treating pain. Muscle Nerve 49: 900–905, 2014
A distinct element method numerical investigation of compaction processes in highly porous cemented granular materials
Authors: Dattola G. , di Prisco C. , Redaelli I. , Utili S. 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYIn this paper, the results of an oedometric numerical test campaign, performed by means of a 3D Discrete Element Code on idealised cemented granular cylindrical specimens, are illustrated. The idealised microstructure taken into account is characterised by the following: (i) rigid grains bonded to one another; (ii) a high void ratio; and (iii) two different families of voids: the micro and the macro‐voids.The compaction process developing within the specimens, as well as the localization along tabular zones of pure compressive deformation (compaction banding) that in some cases takes place, are discussed. The influence on the evolution of this peculiar strain localization process of many microstructural/numerical parameters like material porosity, macro‐void size, the constitutive relationship adopted for the bonds and the bond damage rate is analysed.Tests for different values of porosity were run. Below a certain porosity threshold value, the onset of mixed modes of localisation was detected whereas the increase in the macro‐void size is observed to favour the onset of instability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motivations to Pursue Accreditation in Children's Mental Health Care: A Multiple Case Study
Authors: Lee Madeline Y. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAccreditation is a growing, worldwide phenomenon that has spread to a range of industries and fields, including nonprofit social services and mental health care. Thousands of organizations are accredited, but it is not known what is driving the growth of this phenomenon. Using a multiple case study design, this exploratory study aimed to understand children's mental health agencies' motivations to pursue accreditation. In‐depth interviews, focus groups, document reviews, and limited observations were conducted at five children's mental health agencies that had recently undergone or were undergoing the Council on Accreditation process. Agencies were influenced by external factors, such as policies that require accreditation, wanting to assert their positions in the field, and the need to increase funding opportunities. Other factors were internal, related to agency leadership using accreditation as a platform for change and agencies' genuine intent to improve services. Implications for agencies, accreditors, and future research are offered.
A new boundary layer equation and its application to the flow in turbo‐machinery
Authors: Li Kaitai , Chen Hao , Zhang Yin , Wang Shangjin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this article, a new boundary layer equation (BLE) in turbomachinery flow is established using semigeodesic coordinate system (S‐coordinate) on the curved two‐dimensional surface of the blade. BLE are a nonlinear partial differential equations for unknown normal gradient of the velocity and pressure on the blade, which could be applied in the blade shape optimal control. Furthermore the existence of solution of BLE and a finite element algorithm based on approximate inertial manifold are provided and numerical example of flow in a centrifugal impeller is also presented. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 30: 1455–1483, 2014
Race modifies the association between adiposity and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease: Findings from the chronic renal insufficiency cohort study
Authors: Wing Maria R. , Yang Wei , Teal Valerie , Navaneethan Sankar , Tao Kaixiang , Ojo Akinlolu , Guzman Nicolas N. , Reilly Muredach , Wolman Melanie , Rosas Sylvia E. , Cuevas Magda , Fischer Michael , Lustigova Eva , Master Stephen R. , Xie Dawei , Appleby Dina , Joffe Marshall , Kusek John , Feldman Harold I , Raj Dominic S. ,   for the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveThe race‐specific association of inflammation with adiposity and muscle mass in subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) was examined.MethodsPlasma concentration of interleukin (IL)−1β, IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1RA), IL‐6, IL‐10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, TGF‐β, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), fibrinogen, and serum albumin was measured in 3,939 Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study participants. Bioelectric impedance analysis was used to determine body fat mass (BFM) and fat‐free mass (FFM).ResultsPlasma levels of hs‐CRP, fibrinogen, IL‐1RA, IL‐6, and TNF‐α increased and serum albumin decreased across the quartiles of body mass index. In multivariable analysis, BFM and FFM were positively associated with hs‐CRP, fibrinogen, IL‐1β, IL‐1RA, and IL‐6. One standard deviation (SD) increase in BFM and FFM was associated with 0.36 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.33, 0.39) and 0.26 (95% CI = 0.22, 0.30) SD increase in log‐transformed hs‐CRP, respectively (P < 0.001). Race stratified analysis showed that the association between biomarkers and BFM and FFM differed by race, with Caucasians, demonstrating a stronger association with markers of inflammation than African Americans.ConclusionsBFA and FFM are positively associated with markers of inflammation in patients with CKD. Race stratified analysis showed that Caucasians have a stronger association with markers of inflammation compared to African Americans.