bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen Bonding Modules for Use in Supramolecular Polymers
Authors: Yang Si Kyung , Zimmerman Steven C. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSupramolecular polymer chemistry has emerged as a major research focus within polymer science, because of the potential to improve material properties, through the combination of noncovalent interactions and synthetic polymers. As a supramolecular handle, the most useful noncovalent interaction is hydrogen bonding, which has been used extensively, because of advantages such as synthetic accessibility, directionality, fidelity, and, most importantly, responsiveness to external stimuli. This review introduces recent advances in the development of hydrogen bonding modules that can be useful for creating a variety of supramolecular polymers. Furthermore, we present selected examples of hydrogen bonded supramolecular polymers from the literature, by dividing them into three categories: supramolecular polymers assembled from small molecules, and main‐chain and side‐chain supramolecular polymers.
An introduction to the Information Display Measurement Standard 1, the first display measurement standard from the International Committee for Display Metrology
Authors: Miseli Joe 
Published: August 2013

AbstractOn June 1, 2012, the Information Display Measurement Standard version 1 was released. This is the first standard from the worldwide standard group, the International Committee for Display Metrology, a standards committee within SID, and it culminates several years worth of development from many contributors at various levels. It has 26 top‐level chapters and a total over 450 sections of all parts, including over 200 measurement sections and 8 appendices that cover 133 topics of display metrology, tutorials, technical discussions, and references.Herein is an overview of the Information Display Measurement Standard version 1, including the structure of the document, tips, tricks, and hidden features, how it is maintained, support material, a breakdown of its contents, and finally, a sampling of four of the over 200 measurements.The standard is available as a free download and can be found on the International Committee for Display Metrology home page — http://www.icdm‐sid.org.
Nesting habitat of Mexican spotted owls in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico
Authors: Ganey Joseph L. , Apprill Darrell L. , Rawlinson Todd A. , Kyle Sean C. , Jonnes Ryan S. , Ward James P. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the habitat relationships of rare species is critical to conserving populations and habitats of those species. Nesting habitat is suspected to limit distribution of the threatened Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida), and may vary among geographic regions. We studied selection of nesting habitat by Mexican spotted owls within their home ranges in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico. We compared characteristics of owl nest trees and nest sites to characteristics of randomly located trees and sites at 2 spatial scales: the general nest vicinity and within activity centers used by spotted owls. Owls nested primarily in mixed‐conifer forest (92%), and most nested in cavities in trees or snags (48%), or in dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.) witches' brooms (36%). Owl nest trees had greater levels of dwarf mistletoe infection and were larger in diameter than random trees at both of the evaluated spatial scales. Nest trees also were more likely than random trees to be in white fir (Abies concolor) or Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and in trees or snags with broken tops. Differences between owl nest sites and random sites differed with the scale at which we selected random sites, but at both scales examined, owl nest sites had greater canopy cover and more basal area contributed by large trees and white fir than random sites. In addition, most nest sites occurred in drainage bottoms or on the lower 2 thirds of north‐ or east‐facing slopes. Conservation of owl nesting habitat in this area will require retaining forest patches with high canopy cover and large trees containing cavities or large dwarf mistletoe witches' brooms. Locating forest management treatments on ridgetops or the upper third of slopes and/or on south‐ or west‐facing slopes may reduce impacts to owl nesting habitat while simultaneously targeting the drier forest types most in need of restoration. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
SOIL EROSION, CONSERVATION, AND ECO‐ENVIRONMENT CHANGES IN THE LOESS PLATEAU OF CHINA
Authors: Zhao G. , Mu X. , Wen Z. , Wang F. , Gao P. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTAs one of the best‐known areas in the world, the Loess Plateau, has long been suffering from serious soil erosion. The present paper reviewed the historical variation of climate, vegetation cover, and environment changes in order to understand the causes of severe soil erosion. Documentary evidence indicated that climate changes and vegetation cover were the dominant natural factors influencing the soil erosion rates during the Holocene. Intensive human activities consisting of warfare, population growth, deforestation, and soil and water conservation measures were responsible for the changes of soil erosion during the anthropogenic period. Spatial and temporal changes of specific sediment yields presented significant decrease within the last several decades, which resulted from decreasing rainfall, large scale soil and water conservation measures, agricultural irrigation, and reservoir construction. Different phase of soil conservation measures demonstrated the development of policies and techniques on soil erosion control. Effective strategies of soil and water conservation, consisting of terracing, afforestation, natural rehabilitation, and check‐dams construction, were carried out on the Loess Plateau during the past six decades. The progress of soil conservation measures confirmed that the check‐dams systems might be suitable for Loess hilly Plateau, and natural vegetation rehabilitation is the best way for soil erosion control and should be implemented in other regions with emphasis of improving the quality of conservation measures based on natural rehabilitation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progress in the Visualization and Mining of Chemical and Target Spaces
Authors: Medina‐Franco José L. , Aguayo‐Ortiz Rodrigo 
Published: August 2013

AbstractChemogenomics is a growing field that aims to integrate the chemical and target spaces. As part of a multi‐disciplinary effort to achieve this goal, computational methods initially developed to visualize the chemical space of compound collections and mine single‐target structure‐activity relationships, are being adapted to visualize and mine complex relationships in chemogenomics data sets. Similarly, the growing evidence that clinical effects are many times due to the interaction of single or multiple drugs with multiple targets, is encouraging the development of novel methodologies that are integrated in multi‐target drug discovery endeavors. Herein we review advances in the development and application of approaches to generate visual representations of chemical space with particular emphasis on methods that aim to explore and uncover relationships between chemical and target spaces. Also, progress in the data mining of the structure‐activity relationships of sets of compounds screened across multiple targets are discussed in light of the concept of activity landscape modeling.
Local anesthesia and pain perception during amniocentesis: a randomized double blind placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Elimian Andrew , Goodman Jean R. , Knudtson Eric , Wagner Andrew , Wilson Patrick , Williams Marvin 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo determine the effect of local anesthesia on the maternal pain perception from amniocentesis.MethodsWe conducted a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial comparing use of local anesthesia (1% lidocaine) with placebo with regards to maternal perception of pain among women undergoing genetic amniocentesis. The primary outcome was the intensity of perceived maternal pain as measured by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) as well a 101 point Numerical Rating Scale.ResultsSeventy six women participated in the trial. 36 (47.4%) women were randomized to lidocaine, whereas 40 (52.6%) were randomized to placebo. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. However, pain perception as characterized by the median 9.5 (2.1–21.0) VSA scores was significantly lower among women in the lidocaine group compared with among women in the placebo group [18.4 (12.9–31.3), P = 0.005]. Similarly the mean VSA scores was significantly lower in the lidocaine group (P = 0.02). A trend toward lower scores was also observed when maternal pain perception was measured by the Numerical Rating Scale.ConclusionLocal anesthetic lidocaine significantly lowers maternal perceived pain during genetic amniocentesis. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcome following prenatal diagnosis of severe bilateral renal hypoplasia
Authors: Spaggiari Emmanuel , Stirnemann Julien J. , Heidet Laurence , Dreux Sophie , Ville Yves , Oury Jean‐Francois , Delezoide Anne‐Lise , Muller Françoise 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aim of this research was to evaluate the outcome and prognostic value of fetal serum β2‐microglobulin in case of prenatal diagnosis of severe bilateral renal hypoplasia.MethodsCases of hypoplastic kidneys were detected on ultrasound and referred to our laboratory for determination of fetal blood β2‐microglobulin, over a 12‐year period. Prenatal prognostic assessment was based upon amniotic fluid volume and fetal serum β2‐microglobulin (cut‐off: 5 mg/L). Outcome measures were postnatal renal function or renal pathological features when termination of pregnancy (TOP) and genetic studies were performed.ResultsA total of 34 cases were identified; 13 (38%) were liveborn and 21 (62%) underwent TOP. Renal hypoplasia was confirmed postnatally in all cases. Oligohydramnios/anhydramnios was observed in 30/34 (88%) cases. Associated genetic or anatomical anomalies were found in 8/34 (24%) cases. Renal function of liveborn infants was normal in 4/13 cases. Renal lesions were observed in all TOPs (21/21 cases). Overall, 30/34 (88.2%) cases had a poor outcome. β2‐microglobulin accurately predicts poor renal outcome in 27/31 (87.1%) cases. β2‐microglobulin was not interpretable in three cases due to amniotic fluid contamination. The prognostic value of β2‐microglobulin was similar to that of amniotic fluid volume assessment.ConclusionHypoplastic kidneys complicated by oligohydramnios/anhydramnios are associated with poor outcome. Fetal serum β2‐microglobulin and oligohydramnios both predicted poor outcome. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deformable strain sensors based on patterned MWCNTs/polydimethylsiloxane composites
Authors: Xu Wenjun , Allen Mark G. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTPatterned MWCNT/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite strain sensors were achieved by a microelectromechanical system assisted electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique. With the combined effect of superior intrinsic piezoresistivity of the individual MWCNT and the tunneling effect of the MWCNT network, the stretchable composite demonstrates high sensitivity to the tensile strain. The gauge factor shows a strong dependence on both the initial resistance of the CNT/PDMS composite and the applied strain level. The mechanism is elucidated by analyzing the structure‐property‐function of patterned CNT networks. When the entanglement of a MWCNT network allows effective load transfer, the sensitivity is primarily dominated by the intrinsic piezoresistivity of individual MWCNTs. Conversely, when the MWCNTs interpenetrate loosely, the tunneling effect prevails. The sensitivity of the device can be tailored by the proposed technique since MWCNT film thickness/density can be readily controlled by means of the patterning parameters of the EPD process. The work provides useful guidance for design and development of strain/stress sensors with targeted sensitivity for flexible electronics applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1505–1512
Effect of Al/O Ratio on the Detonation Performance and Underwater Explosion of HMX‐based Aluminized Explosives
Authors: Xiang Da‐Lin , Rong Ji‐Li , Li Jian 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe performance of detonation and underwater explosion (UNDEX) of a six‐formula HMX‐based aluminized explosive was examined by detonation and UNDEX experiments. The detonation pressures, detonation velocities, and detonation heat of HMX‐based aluminized explosive were measured. The reliability between the experimental results and those calculated by an empirical formula and the KHT code was verfied. UNDEX experiments were carried out on the propagation of a shock wave and a bubble pulse of a 1 kg cylindrical HMX‐based aluminized explosive underwater at a depth of 4.7 m. Based on the experimental results of the shock wave, the coefficients of similarity law equation for the peak pressure and attenuation time constant of shock wave were in acceptable agreement. The bubble motion during UNDEX was simulated using MSC.DYTRAN software, and the radiustime curves of bubbles were determined. The effect of the aluminum/oxygen ratio on the performance of the detonation and UNDEX for an HMX‐based aluminized explosive was discussed.
Improving the biocontrol potential ofSteinernema feltiaeagainstDelia radicumthrough dosage, application technique and timing
Authors: Beck Bert , Spanoghe Pieter , Moens Maurice , Brusselman Eva , Temmerman Femke , Pollet Sabien , Nuyttens David 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe potential of the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN)Steinernema feltiaeFilipjev as a biocontrol agent against the cabbage maggotDelia radicum(L.), was assessed in three field tests, focusing onEPNdosage, application technique and timing.RESULTSSpraying cabbage plant trays with different doses of infective juveniles (IJs) (50 000, 100 000 and 200 000 per plant) generated a similar reduction of plant mortality. Spraying plant trays with 200 000IJsofSteinernema feltiaeper plant temporarily reduced the number of maggots around the plants' roots, while neither spraying a lower dose (50 000IJs/plant) nor soil drenching with 200 000 or 50 000 IJs/plant) reduced maggot numbers. When applied as a plant tray spray,IJsofS. feltiaetook 1–2 weeks to spread through the soil surrounding the roots. The pathogenicity of theEPNs, as evaluated by aGalleria mellonellabait test, was highest (up to 100% mortality) until up to five weeks after application, and declined to control levels after 4–7 weeks. Follow‐up drench applications withEPNs, applied one and/or two weeks after the firstEPNapplication, did not influence control ofDelia radicum.CONCLUSIONPlant tray spraying provides better placement ofSteinernema feltiaethan soil drench treatments for control ofDelia radicum. Plant mortality was not dose‐dependent in the presented trials, unlike the reduction of maggot numbers. Further research into timing and application technique of follow‐up treatments withS. feltiaeis required to increase efficacy to commercial standards. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Wafer thickness optimization for silicon solar cells of heterogeneous material quality
Authors: Michl Bernhard , Kasemann Martin , Warta Wilhelm , Schubert Martin C. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this Letter, we introduce a method of calculating the optimal wafer thickness for silicon solar cells with multicrystalline bulk material. The optimal thickness depends on the relation of bulk recombination to surface recombination and the light trapping. For multicrystalline silicon bulk recombination strongly varies laterally and with injection level, which complicates the calculations. A thickness optimization using the “Efficiency Limiting Bulk Recombination Analysis” (ELBA) takes all these effects correctly into account. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Artd1/Parp1 regulates reprogramming by transcriptional regulation of Fgf4 via Sox2 ADP-ribosylation
Authors: Weber Fabienne A. , Bartolomei Giody , Hottiger Michael O. , Cinelli Paolo 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The recently established reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by Takahashi and Yamanaka represents a valuable tool for future therapeutic applications. To date, the mechanisms underlying this process are still largely unknown. In particular, the mechanisms how the Yamanaka factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) directly drive reprogramming and which additional components are involved are still not yet understood. In this study, we aimed at analyzing the role of ADP-ribosyltransferase diphtheria toxin-like one (Artd1; formerly called poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 [Parp1]) during reprogramming. We found that poly(ADP-ribosylation) (PARylation) of the reprogramming factor Sox2 by Artd1 plays an important role during the first days upon transduction with the reprogramming factors. A process that happens before Artd1 in conjunction with 10–11 translocation-2 (Tet2) mediates the histone modifications necessary for the establishment of an activated chromatin state at pluripotency loci (e.g., Nanog and Essrb) [Nature 2012;488:652–655]. Wild-type (WT) fibroblasts treated with an Artd1 inhibitor as well as fibroblasts deficient for Artd1 (Artd1−/−) show strongly decreased reprogramming capacity. Our data indicate that Artd1-mediated PARylation of Sox2 favors its binding to the fibroblast growth factor 4 (Fgf4) enhancer, thereby activating Fgf4 expression. The importance of Fgf4 during the first 4 days upon initiation of reprogramming was also highlighted by the observation that exogenous addition of Fgf4 was sufficient to restore the reprogramming capacity of Artd1−/− fibroblast to WT levels. In conclusion, our data clearly show that the interaction between Artd1 and Sox2 is crucial for the first steps of the reprogramming process and that early expression of Fgf4 (day 2 to day 4) is an essential component for the successful generation of iPSCs.
Generation of Functional, Antigen-Specific CD8+ Human T Cells from Cord Blood Stem Cells Using Exogenous Notch and Tetramer-TCR Signaling
Authors: Fernandez Irina , Ooi Tracy P. , Roy Krishnendu 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn vitro differentiation of mouse and human stem cells into early T cells has been successfully demonstrated using artificial Notch signaling systems. However, generation of mature, antigen-specific, functional T cells, directly from human stem cells has remained elusive, except when using stromal coculture of stem cells retrovirally transfected with antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs). Here we show that human umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived CD34+CD38−/low hematopoietic stem cells can be successfully differentiated into functional, antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells without direct stromal coculture or retroviral TCR transfection. Surface-immobilized Notch ligands (DLL1) and stromal cell conditioned medium successfully induced the development of CD1a+CD7+ and CD4+CD8+ early T cells. These cells, upon continued culture with cytomegalovirus (CMV) or influenza-A virus M1 (GIL) epitope-loaded human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201 tetramers, resulted in the generation of a polyclonal population of CMV-specific or GIL-specific CD8+ T cells, respectively. Upon further activation with antigen-loaded target cells, these antigen-specific, stem cell-derived T cells exhibited cytolytic functionality, specifically CD107a surface mobilization, interferon gamma (IFNg) production, and Granzyme B secretion. Such scalable, in vitro generation of functional, antigen-specific T cells from human stem cells could eventually provide a readily available cell source for adoptive transfer immunotherapies and also allow better understanding of human T cell development. Stem Cells 2014;32:93–104
FOXP2
Authors: Nudel Ron , Newbury Dianne F 
Published: August 2013

The forkhead box P2 gene, designated FOXP2, is the first gene implicated in a speech and language disorder. Since its discovery, many studies have been carried out in an attempt to explain the mechanism by which it influences these characteristically human traits. This review presents the story of the discovery of the FOXP2 gene, including early studies of the phenotypic implications of a disruption in the gene. We then discuss recent investigations into the molecular function of the FOXP2 gene, including functional and gene expression studies. We conclude this review by presenting the fascinating results of recent studies of the FOXP2 ortholog in other species that are capable of vocal communication. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:547–560. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1247This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Language
Neuroscience > Genes, Molecules, and Cells
Hospital Management Practices and Availability of Surgery in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Pilot Study of Three Hospitals
Authors: Funk Luke M. , Conley Dante M. , Berry William R. , Gawande Atul A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundSub‐Saharan Africa has a high surgical burden of disease but performs a disproportionately low volume of surgery. Closing this surgical gap will require increased surgical productivity of existing systems. We examined specific hospital management practices in three sub‐Saharan African hospitals that are associated with surgical productivity and quality.MethodsWe conducted 54 face‐to‐face, structured interviews with administrators, clinicians, and technicians at a teaching hospital, district hospital, and religious mission hospital across two countries in sub‐Saharan Africa. Questions focused on recommended general management practices within five domains: goal setting, operations management, talent management, quality monitoring, and financial oversight. Records from each interview were analyzed in a qualitative fashion. Each hospital’s management practices were scored according to the degree of implementation of the management practices (1 = none; 3 = some; 5 = systematic).ResultsThe mission hospital had the highest number of employees per 100 beds (226), surgeons per operating room (3), and annual number of operations per operating room (1,800). None of the three hospitals had achieved systematic implementation of management practices in all 14 measures. The mission hospital had the highest total management score (44/70 points; average = 3.1 for each of the 14 measures). The teaching and district hospitals had statistically significantly lower management scores (average 1.3 and 1.1, respectively; p <. 001).ConclusionsIt is possible to meaningfully assess hospital management practices in low resource settings. We observed substantial variation in implementation of basic management practices at the three hospitals. Future research should focus on whether enhancing management practices can improve surgical capacity and outcomes.