bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field and laboratory experiments on aerosol‐induced cooling in the nocturnal boundary layer
Authors: Mukund V. , Singh D. K. , Ponnulakshmi V. K. , Subramanian G. , Sreenivas K. R. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractHeat transfer processes in the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) influence the surface energy budget and play an important role in many micrometeorological processes, including the formation of inversion layers, radiation‐fog and in the control of air‐quality near the ground. Under calm and clear‐sky conditions, radiation plays an important role in determining the characteristics of the NBL. In this article, we report observations, close to ground, of hypercooling that has a radiative origin, and which leads to anomalous vertical temperature profiles with elevated minima. In addition, a laboratory experimental set‐up is developed that is capable of capturing the thermal structure of the NBL, close to ground, under various conditions. Results from the laboratory experiments indicate that the high cooling rates near the ground, observed in the field experiments, arise from a near‐surface heterogeneity in the (aerosol‐laden) NBL; a feature ignored in radiation models used for atmospheric simulations. Many of these models nevertheless predict preferential near‐ground cooling in apparent agreement with our field observations. However, the cooling is spurious, and arises from the use of an incorrect frequency‐averaged transmittance in the radiation model. Based on our observations, a non‐dimensional number is proposed that characterizes the evolution in the lowest metres of the NBL; in particular, the effect of radiation on the NBL thermal structure. Our results should help in parametrizing NBL transport process, and highlight the need to account for both the effects of aerosols close to the ground and a varying ground emissivity, via appropriate boundary conditions in general circulation and climate models.
Quantifying flood risk of extreme events using density forecasts based on a new digital archive and weather ensemble predictions
Authors: McSharry Patrick E. , Little Max A. , Rodda Harvey J. E. , Rodda John 
Published: March 2013

AbstractNon‐coastal flood events in the UK are usually associated with extreme rainfall and can last from minutes to weeks. Efficient management and mitigation of flood risk requires accurate and reliable precipitation forecasts as inputs to flood risk models. We constructed an archive of British Rainfall data from 1866 to the present day to improve our understanding of historical extreme rainfall events. The relationship between record rainfall and flooding is nonlinear and uncertain, implying that probabilistic forecasts of rainfall are required. We developed an objective classification scheme of extreme rainfall events consisting of eight types, analysed extreme rainfall events and produced probabilistic forecasts by combining statistical techniques with the outputs of ensemble predictions from a numerical weather predictions model. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
For most graphsH, mostH‐free graphs have a linear homogeneous set
Authors: Kang Ross J. , McDiarmid Colin , Reed Bruce , Scott Alex 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTErdős and Hajnal conjectured that for every graphHthere is a constantsuch that every graphGthat does not haveHas an induced subgraph contains a clique or a stable set of order.The conjecture would be false if we set; however, in an asymptotic setting, we obtain this strengthened form of Erdős and Hajnal's conjecture for almost every graphH, and in particular for a large class of graphsHdefined by variants of the colouring number. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 45, 343–361, 2014
Cooperative strategies in satellite assisted emergency services
Authors: Morosi Simone , Jayousi Sara , Falletti Emanuela , Araniti Giuseppe 
Published: March 2013

SUMMARYThis paper deals with the cooperative strategies, which can be adopted in emergency scenarios by integrating space and terrestrial segments, and communication and localization services. First, the cooperative solutions for integrated Navigation and Communication systems are reviewed and an effective software‐defined radio implementation is described. Then, cooperative systems for broadcast and multicast communications in Incident Area Network are proposed and evaluated: in the broadcast scenario, low‐complexity relaying techniques are adopted to overcome the propagation impairments and the performance degradation; in the multicast system, radio resources management techniques for group communications are designed to allow the efficient use of scarce resources and improve connectivity and reliability of the overall system. The technical solutions have been studied and tested in the framework of the Italian National Research Project SAtellite‐assisted LocalIzation and Communication system for Emergency services [1]. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel Gaussian elimination for XL family over GF(2)
Authors: Huang Heliang , Bao Wansu , Liu Shukai 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe security of many cryptographic systems is based on the difficulty of solving systems of quadratic multivariate polynomial equations. XL family (which stands for eXtended Linearization) is a traditional type of algorithm for solving systems of multivariate polynomial equations over finite fields. The main idea of these algorithms is to extend the initial system by monomials multiplications and use linear algebra techniques to solve the system. The overall complexity of XL family is essentially determined by the workload of Gaussian elimination step. In this paper, we use the structured Gaussian elimination and parallel fast Gaussian elimination to reduce the complexity of XL family over GF(2). Because of the sparsity of the extended system, structured Gaussian elimination is applied to reduce the dimensions of the extended system. Thus, a great reduction of the storage can be obtained. By slightly modifying the logic of ordinarily Gaussian elimination, we parallelly compute the reduced system. Theory analysis indicates that the complexity of our improved XL, XL_SP, is (λT)2, which is far lower than (7/64)T2.8, the complexity of XL, where T is the number of monomials and λ is the ratio of the dimensions of the reduced system to the extended system. Further experiments to Hidden Field Equation cryptosystems show that about 90% reduction of the extended system is achieved by using structured Gaussian elimination, which means λ is about 1/10 in our experiments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tribological behaviors of a novel trilayer nanofilm: the influence of outer chain length and interlayer thickness
Authors: Ou Junfei , Wang Ying , Li Changquan , Wang Fajun , Xue Mingshan , Wang Jinqing 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTPolydopamine (coded as PDA) is reported to be very adhesive and reactive due to the attached functional groups, such as amine and hydroxyl groups. In this work, taking advantage of the condensation between Si–OH of the hydroxylated alkyltrichlorosilane (ATS) and C–OH on PDA surface, ATS molecules with different chain carbon number of 10, 14 and 18 were grafted onto the 3‐aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES)‐PDA dual‐layer film, which was composed of PDA outerlayer and APTES underlayer, on Si substrate. Thus, hydrophobic trilayer films coded as APTES‐PDA‐ATS were prepared successfully. In order to reveal the dependence of the tribological behaviors upon the microstructures of the film, tribological experiments were conducted on an atomic force microscope and a ball‐on‐plate tribometer. Experimental results showed that the (micro‐) friction reducing (characterized by a parameter of relative friction coefficient or friction coefficient, RFC or FC) and macro‐wear resisting (characterized by anti‐wear life) behaviors were related with the chain length of outerlayer and the PDA thickness. Specifically, on one hand, as the chain length increases, RFC/FC decreased and macro anti‐wear life lengthened; on the other hand, as PDA gets thicker, RFC increased and the anti‐wear life enhanced. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing tools as plug‐ins: TOPI 2011 special issue editorial
Authors: Bishop Judith , Notkin David 
Published: March 2013

SUMMARYOur knowledge of how to solve software engineering problems is increasingly being encapsulated in tools. These tools are at their strongest when they operate in a pre‐existing integrated development environment (IDE). This approach allows integration with existing elements such as compilers, debuggers, profilers, visualizers, and numerous other development and, often, runtime tools. Tools and environments to increase software quality and productivity have always been an important aspect of software engineering. A plug‐in is a modern way for incrementally adding new tools into existing environments. However, building tools as plug‐ins can be challenging. How do they interact with the core environment? How do they interact with one another ‐ especially since each developer may choose a different set of plug‐ins? How can we share tools across different, and future, core development environments?
Enhancement Reduction of Panzhihua Ilmenite Concentrate with Coke and Conglomeration of Metal with Ferrosilicon
Authors: Huang Run , Lv Xuewei , Bai Chenguang , Zhang Kai , Qiu Guibao 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe particle size and metallization ratio of iron in reduced ilmenite have an important function in separating the metal from TiO2‐rich slag in the electric arc furnace process. In this study, an ilmenite concentrate supplied by Panzhihua Iron and Steel (Group) Co. was reduced at 1380°C in an electric resistance furnace. The effects of Fe–Si addition and reduction time on the particle size and metallization ratio of iron in the reduced sample were analyzed. The metallization ratio of iron significantly increased with increasing Fe–Si amount and reduction time, and reached ≈90% after 40 min. However, the metallization ratio of iron was about 85% without Fe–Si addition. Meanwhile, the iron particle size increased with increasing Fe–Si amount; the growth was obvious with the addition of 1% Fe–Si. Moreover, the growth rate of the iron particle size also increased with increasing reduction time. The TG‐DTG curves indicated that the mass loss with Fe–Si addition was less than that without Fe–Si addition, and the temperature at which the maximum rate of mass loss rate was achieved was lower than that without Fe–Si addition.
Adaptation and international climate policy
Authors: Khan Mizan R. , Roberts J. Timmons 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBecause of the failure of the world to agree an adequate regime to limit greenhouse gas emissions to a safe level, adaptation to climate change has risen rapidly in UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations since 2007. We closely review the development of policies, institutions, and financing of adaptation in international agreements from 1992 to the present. We conclude that the way the treaty has been built—first as a mitigation regime with adaptation added on only later—has led to some profound problems for marrying the goals of economic development and building climate resilient societies. Particularly there are two problematic areas. First, following mitigation approaches, technical solutions are often the focus in adaptation projects, when social, political, and cultural problems lie at the roots of vulnerability and should be addressed directly. Second, early requirements that external funding would only come if the adaptation effort was clearly ‘additional’ to what would have been done without a changing climate have been extremely pernicious. By attempting to divide a development project from the ‘additional’ costs of adapting to climate change, the global policy has shaped adaptation efforts at the local level. To understand how we ended up with such quirky definitions of what counts as adaptation, we need to review the history of adaptation in the negotiated regimes. Finally, we trace the incomplete negotiations over who will pay for adaptation in developing countries, whether that funding will come as grants or loans, as private investment or public funds, and what say recipient countries will have.WIREs Clim Change2013, 4:171–189. doi: 10.1002/wcc.212This article is categorized under:Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for AdaptationPolicy and Governance > International Policy Framework
Cyber Security Threats to Public Health
Authors: Barnett Daniel J. , Sell Tara Kirk , Lord Robert K. , Jenkins Curtis J. , Terbush James W. , Burke Thomas A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractEver‐increasing threats to cyber security present serious challenges for population health. However, the direct intersections between cyber security and public health can benefit from examination through the lenses of public health system operational frameworks. In this paper, we thus provide an overview of how cyber security issues may systemically impact public health emergency preparedness and imperil the delivery of essential public health services. We discuss future broad‐based policy and research considerations accordingly for this critical public health security dimension.
Effectiveness of wildlife guards at access roads
Authors: Allen Tiffany D. H. , Huijser Marcel P. , Willey David W. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe reconstruction of 90.6 km of U.S. Highway 93 from Evaro to Polson, Montana, USA, includes 41 wildlife crossing structures and 13.4 km of road with wildlife fencing. These measures are aimed at reducing wildlife–vehicle collisions and increasing human safety, while allowing wildlife to traverse the landscape. In the fenced road sections, gaps in the fence for side roads are mitigated by wildlife guards (similar to cattle guards). We monitored wildlife movements with cameras for 2 years from mid‐July 2008 to mid‐July 2010 at 2 wildlife guards and in 1 large crossing structure adjacent to one of the wildlife guards. We investigated how effective these wildlife guards were as a barrier to deer (Odocoileus spp.), black bear (Ursus americanus), and coyotes (Canis latrans). We also compared movements across a wildlife guard with movements through an adjacent crossing structure. The wildlife guards were ≥85% effective in keeping deer from accessing the road and 93.5% of deer used the crossing structure instead of the adjacent wildlife guard when crossing the road. The wildlife guards were less effective in keeping black bear and coyotes from accessing the road (33–55%). However, all black bears and 94.7% of coyotes used the crossing structure instead of the adjacent wildlife guard when crossing the road. Though the wildlife guards were not an absolute barrier to these species, the results indicate wildlife guards are a substantial barrier to deer and can be considered effective in mitigating gaps in a fence at access roads for these species. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
A description of the biosis model to assess risk of bird collisions with wind turbines
Authors: Smales Ian , Muir Stuart , Meredith Charles , Baird Robert 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe describe the model of Biosis Propriety Limited for quantifying potential risk to birds of collisions with wind turbines. The description follows the sequence of the model's processes from input parameters, through modules of the model itself. Aspects of the model that differentiate it from similar models are the primary focus of the description. These include its capacity to evaluate risk for multi‐directional flights by its calculation of a mean presented area of a turbine; its use of bird flight data to determine annual flux of movements; a mathematical solution to a typical number of turbines that might be encountered in a given bird flight; capacity to assess wind‐farm configurations ranging from turbines scattered in the landscape to linear rows of turbines; and the option of assigning different avoidance rates to structural elements of turbines that pose more or less risk. We also integrate estimates of the population of birds at risk with data for numbers of their flights to predict a number of individual birds that are at risk of collision. Our model has been widely applied in assessments of potential wind‐energy developments in Australia. We provide a case history of the model's application to 2 eagle species and its performance relative to empirical experience of collisions by those species. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Swedish 18‐year‐olds' identity formation: Associations with feelings about appearance and internalization of body ideals
Authors: Wängqvist Maria , Frisén Ann 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study with Swedish 18‐year‐olds (N = 714, 55.2% women) was to investigate identity formation in relation to body‐esteem and body ideal internalization. These are all important aspects of adolescents' development, but little is known about how they are related. This study indicates that late adolescents' identity formation, body‐esteem, and body ideal internalizations are related. Women's interpersonal identity commitments and explorations were related to more positive thoughts about how others evaluate their appearance. Their interpersonal identity explorations were also related to more internalization of societal body ideals. For men, stronger interpersonal identity commitments were related to more positive own evaluations about their appearance. The results also showed that compared to men, women explored identity issues more, had poorer body‐esteem, and had internalized body ideals more.
Preparing Action Competent Environmental Educators: How Hard Could It Be?
Authors: Nielsen Wendy , Andersen Peter , Hurley Amy , Sabljak Vanessa , Petereit Amy-Lee , Hoskin Vanessa , Hoban Garry 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article describes an interpretive study that evaluated a new subject in teacher education called ‘Education for Sustainable Development’. The study evaluated the subject for its ability to prepare pre-service teachers for their roles as environmental educators. We used perspectives in place-based pedagogy and critical thinking to underpin the subject design and our analysis. Data sources include instructor journals, planning documents, interviews with students and student thinking books. Interpretive analysis of the data corpus was a collaborative process that involved both subject instructors and students who took the subject. Themes that emerged from the research were centred around: (1) how the students built connections between primary school education and environmental education; (2) how students developed action competence through the activities in the subject; (3) how students were challenged to think differently about themselves as educators; and, (4) how the subject design presented its own challenges for both instructors and students.
Sustainability Education and Teacher Education: Finding a Natural Habitat?
Authors: Buchanan John 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSustainability education competes for curricular space, both in schools and in teacher education. Opportunities and barriers for the inclusion of sustainability education in an Australian university primary teacher education program are examined in this article. The study focused on the roles, practices and perceptions of teacher educators in promoting sustainability education. Three focus groups were conducted with members of faculty staff from each of the K–6 Key Learning Areas to gather data, which were analysed according to three frameworks: espoused/aspirational and actual practices of staff members; barriers to and affordances for teaching sustainability education; and the nature of initiatives, in terms of teaching/learning activities, assessment tasks, and resources. Beyond the Social Sciences, and Science and Technology, we found that inclusion of sustainability education is somewhat sporadic. The article proposes some ways forward to promote and abet sustainability education in a tertiary context.
The Eco-Classroom Project: Fostering Student Participation Through Education for Sustainability
Authors: Wake Susan J. , Eames Chris 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis thesis investigated learning and other outcomes in participants, particularly students (9–11 years), as a result of their involvement in an education for sustainability (EfS) co-design and build project at their primary school in New Zealand, within the Enviroschools Programme. The research focused on four areas that distinguished the project: sustainability learning as the issue, participatory practice as the method, design as the process, and community partnerships as the sphere of involvement. Each of these was considered in terms of its influence on learning that was either cognitively based (knowledge), psychomotor (skills) or affective (attitudes and values). This led to the set-up of a matrix to collect qualitative data that was gathered using a narrative inquiry method around participants’ stories. This included focus groups with students who were part of the Eco-building Working Party, interviews with key adults from the school and the wider community, survey questionnaires to parents of the focus group students, plus classroom observations and analysis of visual diaries made by the teacher.Findings revealed student learning occurred in all three learning domains. This included EfS learning (particularly related to architecture and the built environment), understanding a design and build process, and cross-disciplinary learning that included skills such as leadership, teamwork and public speaking. Adult participants also gained from their involvement in the project. A correlation was made between the set-up and execution of the eco-classroom project and the Danish concept of Action Competence. This was indicated through the authentic, relevant and democratic action-taking focus of the eco-classroom project, which is linked to learning transformations. Also in agreement with an action competence approach was the strong focus in the project on both individual and collective learning. This was due to the process-focused nature of the project, itself related to the learning mandate and commitment to a democratic process with students. The project ran for a number of years with annually changing groups of students, who all had different experiences. The teacher used ‘peer education’ and reflective tools to manage the changeover of students positively. This gave depth and breadth to learning and ensured the project was truly collaborative. The embedding of learning in the project within the New Zealand Curriculum provided evidence of the flexible and multidisciplinary nature of EfS. Finally, a number of key management aspects were identified by the findings as contributing significantly to learning in the project and these are discussed.
A convex structure on sofic embeddings
Authors: PĂUNESCU LIVIU 
Published: March 2013

AbstractNathanial Brown [Topological dynamical systems associated to ${\mathit{II}}_{1} $-factors. Adv. Math. 227(4), 1665–1699] introduced a convex-like structure on the set of unitary equivalence classes of unital *-homomorphisms of a separable type ${\mathit{II}}_{1} $ factor into ${R}^{\omega } $ (ultrapower of the hyperfinite factor). The goal of this paper is to introduce such a structure on the set of sofic representations of groups. We prove that if the commutant of a representation acts ergodically on the Loeb measure space then that representation is an extreme point.