bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of P‐Glycoprotein Substrate and Inhibition Potential of Test Compounds in MDR1‐Transfected MDCK Cells
Authors: C. L. Lam Kevin , Rajaraman Ganesh 
Published: September 2012

AbstractP‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is the most widely studied drug transporter due to its potential role in drug disposition and efficacy, and drug‐drug interactions (DDI). It is abundantly expressed in both the intestinal wall and blood‐brain barrier where it serves as a drug permeability barrier while simultaneously facilitating drug elimination in the liver and kidney. It is also abundantly expressed in tumors where it can facilitate the elimination of chemotherapeutics, a phenomenon known as multidrug resistance (MDR). Clinically relevant DDIs involving P‐gp are well documented; for example, the P‐gp substrate, digoxin, exhibits toxicity when co‐administered with a Pgp‐inhibitor. This makes it essential to screen new chemical entities early in development for their potential to be a substrate and/or inhibitor of P‐gp. Detailed in this unit is an in vitro protocol for assessing the P‐gp substrate and inhibition potential of test compounds using the MDCK MDR1 and MDCK WT cell lines. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 58:7.13.1‐7.13.17. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assessment of the Time‐Dependent Inhibition (TDI) Potential of Test Compounds with Human Liver Microsomes by IC50 Shift Method Using a Nondilution Approach
Authors: de Ron Lian , Rajaraman Ganesh 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTime‐dependent inhibition (TDI) of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes is increasingly implicated in the majority of clinically relevant drug‐drug interactions (DDIs). A time‐dependent inhibitor or its reactive metabolite irreversibly inactivates CYP enzymes, thereby inhibiting the metabolism of other drugs. As the majority of marketed drugs are metabolized by CYP enzymes, their inhibition has important clinical consequences, such as in decreasing the metabolic clearance of a co‐administered drug (victim drug). This could be life threatening, as such an effect narrows the therapeutic index for drugs such as warfarin and other potentially toxic agents. Therefore, it is essential to examine new chemical entities for their potential to cause TDI to minimize adverse drug reactions during human studies and use. This unit presents an in vitro procedure utilizing a nondilution method in human liver microsomes for determining the TDI potential of test compounds. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 58:7.14.1‐7.14.13. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Comparative ncRNA Gene and Structure Prediction Using Foldalign and FoldalignM
Authors: Havgaard Jakob , Kaur Simranjeet , Gorodkin Jan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis unit describes how to use Foldalign and FoldalignM to make structural alignments of non‐protein‐coding‐RNA (ncRNA). These tools can be used to find new ncRNAs, to find the structure of novel ncRNAs, and to improve alignments for known ncRNAs. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 39:12.11.1‐12.11.15. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genotyping in the Cloud with Crossbow
Authors: Gurtowski James , Schatz Michael C. , Langmead Ben 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCrossbow is a scalable, portable, and automatic cloud computing tool for identifying SNPs from high‐coverage, short‐read resequencing data. It is built on Apache Hadoop, an implementation of the MapReduce software framework. Hadoop allows Crossbow to distribute read alignment and SNP calling subtasks over a cluster of commodity computers. Two robust tools, Bowtie and SOAPsnp, implement the fundamental alignment and variant calling operations respectively, and have demonstrated capabilities within Crossbow of analyzing approximately one billion short reads per hour on a commodity Hadoop cluster with 320 cores. Through protocol examples, this unit will demonstrate the use of Crossbow for identifying variations in three different operating modes: on a Hadoop cluster, on a single computer, and on the Amazon Elastic MapReduce cloud computing service. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 39:15.3.1‐15.3.15. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Functional Assays on High‐Content Protein Microarrays
Authors: Meng Lihao 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHigh‐content functional protein microarrays, such as ProtoArray Human Protein Array from Life Technologies, contain thousands of proteins or protein fragments of biological significance. Based on this platform, numerous assays have been developed to investigate protein‐protein interactions, protein‐DNA interactions, protein‐phospholipid interactions, small‐molecule targets, substrates of protein kinases, substrates of ubiquitin E3 ligases, and substrates of methyltransferase. This article provides a detailed illustration of the general procedure for setting up functional assays for high‐throughput screening and also provides guidelines for data analysis. The protocols include the use of fluorescently labeled and radioactive probes for detection. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 4:211‐231 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Superparamagnetic Nanostructures for Off‐Resonance Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging
Authors: Choo Eugene Shi Guang , Peng Erwin , Rajendran Reshmi , Chandrasekharan Prashant , Yang Chang‐Tong , Ding Jun , Chuang Kai‐Hsiang , Xue Junmin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis study proposes a new method to generate positive contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using superparamagnetic contrast agents. Superparamagnetic nanostructures consisting of octahedron manganese ferrite nanoparticles embedded in spherical nanogels are fabricated using a bottom‐up approach. The composite nanoparticles are strongly magnetized in an external magnetic field and produce a unique NMR frequency shift in water protons, which can be demonstrated in MR spectroscopy and imaging to be different from the bulk pool. Moreover, the particles exhibit excellent colloidal stability in aqueous media and good cell biocompatibility. Hence, these particles are potentially useful as biomarkers by taking advantage of the positive contrast effects produced in MRI.
Synthesis of Two Novel Regioregular Conjugated Polythiophenes as Potential Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Wang Lin , Zhai Yunke , Wang Xiangyong , Feng Qilong , Pei Meishan , Zhang Guangyou 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTwo novel soluble conjugated polythiophenes, poly[3‐(N‐hexyl‐4‐piperidinemethylene)‐thiophene] and poly[3‐(N‐caproyl‐4‐piperidinemethylene)‐thiophene] have been synthesized successfully. Structures of the monomers and the corresponding soluble polymers were elucidated by 1H NMR, MS, and IR. In addition, the polymers were also characterized by cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy. Photoluminescence spectra and UV–vis spectra of the two polythiophenes in both solution and solid state were also investigated, and all peaks were bathochromically shifted when they were measured in the solid state. The results of optical and electrochemical measurements indicated that the carbonyl group on the side chain has influence on the electrochemical properties of the conjugated polythiophenes. The electrochemical measurements indicated that the two conjugated polythiophenes may be a promising candidate for the application in polymer photovoltaic cells and field–effect transistors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E612–E623, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21305
Effect of Layered Double Hydroxides on the Mechanical, Thermal, and Fire Properties of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Nanocomposites
Authors: Nogueira Telma , Botan Rodrigo , Macedo Neto José Costa , Wypych Fernando , Lona Liliane 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe effects of preselected six different layered double hydroxides (LDHs) (Zn/Al 4:1 DDS, Mg/Al 2:1 DDS, Zn/Al 2:1 stearate, Mg/Fe 4:1 stearate, Zn/Al 2:1 laurate, and Mg/Fe 4:1 laurate) on the mechanical, thermal, and fire properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites, synthesized by intercalative in situ bulk polymerization, were evaluated. PMMA nanocomposites containing three different LDH concentrations (1, 3, and 5 wt%) were produced, and it was observed that all the nanocomposites with lower LDH concentration (1 wt%) showed a higher elastic modulus than PMMA. However, as the LDH concentration increased, the elastic modulus decreased for all the nanocomposites. It was shown that PMMA/(Zn/Al 2:1 stearate) containing 5 wt% of LDH in its composition exhibited a decomposition temperature about 97°C higher than pure PMMA. According to this study, it was found that it is possible to enhance some mechanical and thermal properties of PMMA using very low LDH concentrations (mass fraction of LDH equal to 1%). LDHs are inexpensive materials based on abundant metals with a simple synthesis method that has a low environmental impact. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E660–E674, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21309
In situ WAXS/SAXS structural evolution study during uniaxial stretching of poly(ethylene therephthalate) nanocomposites in solid state: Poly(ethylene therephthalate)/montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Todorov Lyudmil V. , Martins Carla I. , Viana Júlio C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis work investigates the solid state uniaxial stretching of neat polyethylene therephthalate, PET, and its montmorillonite, MMT, nanocomposites (0.3 wt % of MMT particles with different initial agglomerate sizes) showing intercalated and tactoid morphologies, followed by in situ WAXS and SAXS experiments under an X‐ray synchrotron source. The distinct nanocomposite morphologies were assessed by WAXS and transmission electron microscopy. The in situ WAXS experiments during stretching evaluated the evolution of phase's mass fractions and the average level of molecular orientation upon uniaxial deformation, and the in situ SAXS experiments assessed the evolution of craze‐like structures and void sizes. Multiscale structure evolution models are proposed and compared for neat PET and its nanocomposites. Main global mechanisms are identical although with distinct evolutions of phase mass fractions. Also craze‐like/voids structures evolve with distinct sizes. Intercalated MMT morphology induces an earlier formation of periodical mesophase, a retarded widening of craze‐like structures and the smallest void sizes.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Population abundance and habitat utilization of bottlenose dolphins in the Mississippi Sound
Authors: Miller Lance J. , Mackey Angela D. , Solangi Moby , Kuczaj Stan A. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

Distance sampling principles were utilized to examine population density and abundance for bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Mississippi Sound. Information was collected during summer and winter to allow for examination of habitat utilization and abundance during two different seasons.
Within the study area of the Mississippi Sound there are approximately 2225 bottlenose dolphins. The population was larger during the summer than during the winter months.
Dolphins utilized coastal areas more during the summer, potentially as nursery grounds, as evidenced by larger numbers of calves and percentage of groups containing calves during this time. Bottlenose dolphin densities were lower in this area during the winter suggesting migration to deeper waters potentially in search of prey.
As the Mississippi Sound is regularly utilized for a variety of human activities, the monitoring of dolphin populations in this area is critical to determine increasing or decreasing trends in population abundance due to potential anthropogenic factors that may affect animal populations.
Similar studies around the world could provide evidence for areas that could be protected to ensure survival of species such as dolphins and other marine mammals. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing Coastal Landscape Change for Archaeological Purposes: Integrating Shallow Geophysics, Historical Archives and Geomorphology at Port Angeles, Washington, USA
Authors: Wegmann Karl W. , Bohnenstiehl Delwayne R. , Bowman Jeffrey D. , Homburg Jeffrey A. , Windingstad Jason D. , Beery Derek 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTTo mitigate saltwater flooding, the waterfront and downtown areas of Port Angeles, Washington were built‐up with up to 8 m of anthropogenic fill beginning in 1913. Shoreline modification continued into the present as this important natural deep‐water harbour along the Strait of Juan de Fuca was developed for maritime industries. This and other historical activities obscured at least two historically occupied villages and burial sites of the indigenous Coast Salish Klallam people. Since these archaeological sites remain buried beneath the modern Port Angeles waterfront knowledge of the distribution of buried landforms, coastal zone processes, and estimates of site preservation and modern disturbance potential is needed for archaeological identification and preservation efforts. We created a model of the fill thickness by combining data from: (i) field observations, where the thickness of the fill could be observed directly in the landscape; (ii) topographic differences between pre‐fill sounding maps and present‐day LIDAR‐determined elevations; and (iii) ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) surveys. The GPR surveys also helped to reconstruct the now buried palaeoenvironment by identifying tidal lagoons, beach berms and stream channel features beneath the fill layer. The history of post‐glacial sea‐level change, here impacted by global eustasy, glacio‐isostatic and tectonic factors is the first control on the development of quasi‐stable coastal landforms suitable for long‐term human occupation. Knowledge of past landscapes is a critical component in the development of future archaeological site catchment ‘predictive’ models based upon the spatial distribution and stability of landforms and resource accessibility prior to the Euro‐American historic period of intensive shoreline modification. The geophysical and geomorphic identification and spatial reconstruction of buried landforms also provides needed insight into the geology of the subsurface and its control on the flow of groundwater and contaminants across the nearshore environment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
β‐Iminoenamine‐BF2 Complexes: Aggregation‐Induced Emission and Pronounced Effects of Aliphatic Rings on Radiationless Deactivation
Authors: Perumal Karthikeyan , Garg Jai Anand , Blacque Olivier , Saiganesh Ramanathan , Kabilan Senthamaraikannan , Balasubramanian Kallupattu Kuppusamy , Venkatesan Koushik 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe synthesis, photophysical, and electrochemical attributes of a novel class of boron difluorides containing an aromatic‐fused alicyclic/hetero‐alicyclic ring built on a β‐iminoenamine chromophoric backbone are reported. The compounds displayed large Stokes shifts (86–121 nm), and were emissive in the solid state. The quantum yields obtained in solution at room temperature were unusually lower by an order of magnitude compared to those in the solid state. Some of the tested compounds displayed aggregation‐induced emission (AIE). Single crystal XRD analyses revealed a lack of interplanar π–π interactions, which are presumed to be absent owing to non‐planarity of the alicyclic component in the molecule. For most of the studied compounds, time‐dependent DFT (TD‐DFT) calculations invariably reveal intramolecular charge transfer (π–π*) characteristics with the frontier orbitals concentrated on the boron–nitrogen heterocycle. The participation of boron and fluorine atoms was found to be negligible.
The Hydrogen Bond of Water from the Perspective of Soft X‐Ray Spectroscopy
Authors: Lange Kathrin M. , Aziz Emad F. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIts importance for life and its unusual properties keep water within the focus of ongoing research; this focus especially applies to water in the liquid phase. Scientists agree that the hydrogen‐bond network, which is formed by interactions between the water molecules, is key for understanding the anomalies of water. However, a better understanding of the structure of this network, as well as its dynamics, must yet be established. Soft X‐ray spectroscopy allows the investigation of the local electronic structure of water by probing the occupied and unoccupied valence molecular orbitals. In this Focus Review, we present soft‐X‐ray‐based techniques, their development in terms of liquid spectroscopy, and recent studies on the hydrogen‐bond network of liquid water.
Fault Tolerant Control of a Teleoperated Piezoelectric Microgripper
Authors: Boukhnifer Moussa , Ferreira Antoine 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper presents a new architecture for control of a micro‐teleoperation system using a fault tolerant control (FTC) strategy to compensate for the degradation effects of a piezoelectric‐based microgipping system. The proposed strategy uses a passivity approach for the bilateral controller and robust fault tolerant control (FTC) for the two‐fingered microgripper system. First, the bilateral controller architecture uses the passivity approach for the teleoperation system in the presence of time delay and scaling factor variations. Second, the FTC controller is designed in such a way that the performance and robustness may be done separately, which has the potential to overcome the conflict between performance and robustness in the traditional feedback framework. The controller architecture works in such a way that the feedback control system will be solely controlled by the proportional–integral (PI) performance controller for a nominal model and the robust H∞ controller will only be active in the presence of uncertainties or degradation disturbances. The experimental and simulation results show clearly the effectiveness of the proposed approach against time delays, scaling factors and fault disturbances.
Elektrochemische Untersuchungen zum Stofftransport in turbulenter Rohrströmung zu Ringelektroden
Authors: Dreesen E. W. , Heindrichs A. , Vielstich W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDer Stofftransport zu Ringelektroden, die glatt in die Wand eines durchströmten Rohres (d = 14 mm) eingelassen sind, wurde für 2 · 102 < Re < 2 · 103 und 600 < Pr < 36000 an Elektroden verschiedener Ausdehnung in Strömungsrichtung untersucht. Oberhalb von Re = 2 · 104 erhielten wir (bei einer Elektrodenlänge von 4 mm): Nu · Re0.74 ± 0.03 · Pr0.33 ± 0.01, während zwischen Re = 2 · 103 und Re = 104 gilt: Nu · Re0.58 ± 0.03 · Pr0.33 ± 0.015. Messungen an Elektroden verschiedener Länge (0,3 mm ⩽ L ⩽ 4 mm) zeigten, daß für 2 · 103 · Re ∼ 2 · 105 und 600 < Pr < 3100 in die normierte Darstellung Nu = Nu1 · Re−7/8 · Pr−1/3 (als Funktion von L/d · Re7/8) das Verhältnis L/d nicht explizit eingeht und daß der Stofftransport in dieser Darstellung unabhängig von Re und Pr ist.
Dielectric Relaxation in Colloidal Phospholipid Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Kaatze U. , Henze R. , Seegers A. , Pottel R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe complex permittivity of aqueous solutions of some phospholipids has been measured in dependence of thc frequency between 50 MHz and 60 GHz at temperatures near the ordered phase‐fluid phase transition temperature Tt of the lipids. The solutes are 1.2‐Dimyristoyl‐L‐3‐phosplintidylclioline, 1.2‐Dipalmiloyl‐L‐3‐phosphatidylcholine, and 1,2‐Dimyristoyl‐L‐3‐phosphatidylethanolamine. which form lamellar bimolecular structures, and lysophosphatidylcholine, which aggregates to micelles in water.The temperature dependence of the real‐ and imaginary part of the permittivity shows a distinct step like change at the temperature Tt; of the respective lipid. The frequency dependence of the complex permittivity reflects the dielectric relaxation of the solvent and of the solute zwitterion dipole.From the analysis of the frequency dependence of the complex permittivity statements are made on the reorientational motion of the water molecules which are influenced by the lipid bilayers or micelles and on the reorientational motion of the lipid zwitterionic groups. Changes of the microdynamics of the solutions at Tt are discussed.
Relaxationszeiten organischer Dämpfe im Vergleich zu denen von Flüssigkeiten
Authors: Beste K.‐W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDie Schwingungsrelaxationszeiten der Gasphase werden mit denen der flüssigen Phase verglichen. Die Ultraschallabsorptionsmessungen ergeben die Relaxationsfrequenzen von Benzol und den Monohalogenbenzolen in der Dampfphase bei 20°C. Das Verhältnis der Relaxationszeiten (Gas zu Flüssigkeit) fällt monoton mit steigendem Molekulargewicht.
An Infrared Study of Surface Hydrolysis of Alcohol Bonded Silica
Authors: Ahmed A. , Gallei E. , Unger K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractInfrared spectroscopy was used to study the kinetics of surface hydrolysis of n‐octanol modified silica gel. The rate data were obtained for 250, 230, 210, and 190° at 2% relative humidity. To study the influence of humidity on hydrolysis, measurements were also carried out at 230 °C for four levels of relative humidity (0,3%, 1,0%, 1,4%, and 2,0%). The analysis of the kinetic data indicates that the ester hydrolysis can be described by the following reaction

The initial concentration of hydroxyl groups on n‐octanol modified silica gel was calculated from the rate equation and compared with the value determined by infrared spectroscopy.
Reactions of Atoms with Magnesium Oxide Surfaces Studied in a Flow System by ESR‐Spectroscopy
Authors: Svejda P. , Haul R. , Mihelcic D. , Schindler R. N. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEnergy transfer from excited metastable He‐ and Ar‐atoms to MgO surfaces as well as reactions of atomic hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen respectively with these surfaces in a flow system produce paramagnetic centers which are detected in situ by ESR.The signals observed are attributed to S‐ and SH‐centers as well as to O‐radicals and to Vb‐type centers of clustered O‐‐radicals. The reaction of S‐centers with N2O‐gas yielding Owas observed. Mechanisms for the interaction of excited rare gas atoms and of H‐ O‐ and N‐atoms with the defect oxide surface are discussed. At high microwave power the ESR‐signal of the S‐center appears in emission. Fast valence change processes of Mn‐ions in MgO were observed on interaction with H‐ or O‐atoms.
Nickel auf oxidischen Trägern als Katalysator der Hydrogenolyse von Monochlorxylolen
Authors: Hinterhofer O. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBei der Trennung der Xylolisomeren durch selektive Chlorierung fällt ein Gemisch an mono‐Chlorxylolen an. Die Rückgewinnung der Kohlenwasserstoffe aus diesen Chlorxylolen in möglichst reiner Form gelang durch Hydrogenolyse in der Gasphase mit Nickel auf oxidischen Trägern als Katalysator.Selektivität und Aktivität dieser Kontakte werden dabei hauptsächlich von der thermischen Vorbehandlung der Rohkatalysatoren beeinflußt. Durch röntgenographische Analyse konnte die kristallchemische Konstitution der Katalysatoren geklärt werden. Durch die Kenntnis des Aufbaus der Katalysatoren und durch die Erfassung der Adsorptionsgleichgewichte an deren Oberfläche konnte die Wirkungsweise dieser Kontakte erläutert werden. Die Erfassung der Adsorptionsgleichgewichte der an der Reaktion teilnehmenden Substanzen erfolgte semiquantitativ anhand von Modellversuchen analog zur Gaschromatographie.
Photoreaktionen kleiner organischer Moleküle III. Vergleich der VUV‐Absorptionsspektren, Photoelektronenspektren und differentiellen Photoionenspektren von Propylen, Cyclopropan und Äthylenoxyd
Authors: Kräßig R. , Reinke D. , Baumgärtel H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDer Vergleich von Photoelektronenspektren mit differentiellen Resonanzphotoionenspektren liefert Hinweise für das Auftreten von Autoionisations‐ bzw. Prädissoziationsprozessen. Mit Hilfe von Absorptionsspektren können die autoionisierenden Neutralzustände lokalisiert und gegebenenfalls charakterisiert werden.