bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postpolypectomy haemorrhage following removal of large polyps using mechanical haemostasis or epinephrine: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Corte Crispin J , Burger Daniel C , Horgan Gareth , Bailey Adam A , East James E 
Published: February 2014

Background and aimPostpolypectomy haemorrhage (PPH) is a known adverse event that can occur following polypectomy, occurring in 0.3–6.1% of cases. Previous meta‐analysis has included small polyps, which are less likely to bleed, and less amenable to some methods of mechanical haemostasis. No comprehensive cost–benefit analysis of this topic is available. The aim of this study was to perform a meta‐analysis of randomized trials and a cost–benefit analysis of prophylactic haemostasis in PPH.MethodsA total of 3092 abstracts from prospective trials conducted in human colonoscopic polypectomy were screened. Outpatients undergoing polypectomy in seven suitable studies (1426 episodes), without polyposis syndromes or bleeding diathesis, were identified. The interventions of prophylactic haemostatic measures (clips, loops, and/or adrenaline injection) to prevent PPH were assessed. The main outcome measurements were PPH measured by haematochezia or drop in haematocrit >10% or haemoglobin >1 g/dl. Risk ratio and number needed to treat (NNT) were generated using meta‐analysis.ResultsComparing any prophylactic haemostasis to none, the pooled risk ratio for PPH was 0.35 (0.21–0.57; p  < 0.0001), NNT was 13.6, and cost to prevent one PPH was USD652. Using adrenaline alone vs. no prophylactic haemostasis revealed a pooled risk ratio of 0.37 (0.20–0.66; p  = 0.001), NNT 14.0, cost to prevent one PPH USD382. Any prophylactic mechanical haemostasis compared to adrenaline produced a RR for PPH of 0.28 (0.14–0.57; p  < 0.0001), NNT 12.3, and cost to prevent one PPH USD1368.ConclusionsAdrenaline injection or mechanical haemostasis reduces the risk of PPH. Routine prophylactic measures to reduce PPH for polyps larger than 10 mm are potentially cost effective, although more thorough cost–benefit modelling is required.
shRNA screening identifies JMJD1C as being required for leukemia maintenance
Authors: Sroczynska Patrycja , Cruickshank V. Adam , Bukowski John-Paul , Miyagi Satoru , Bagger Frederik Otzen , Walfridsson Julian , Schuster Mikkel Bruhn , Porse Bo , Helin Kristian 
Published: February 2014

Key Points
JMJD1C is required for leukemia maintenance. JMJD1C is a potential therapeutic target in leukemia.
Tiam1/Rac1 signals contribute to the proliferation and chemoresistance, but not motility, of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells
Authors: Hofbauer Sebastian W. , Krenn Peter W. , Ganghammer Sylvia , Asslaber Daniela , Pichler Ulrike , Oberascher Karin , Henschler Reinhard , Wallner Michael , Kerschbaum Hubert , Greil Richard , Hartmann Tanja N. 
Published: February 2014

Key Points
Motility of resting CLL cells requires chemokine-mediated RhoA activation but is independent of Tiam1/Rac signals. Tiam1/Rac signals are indispensible for CLL cell proliferation and chemoresistance.
Deletion of Fanca or Fancd2 dysregulates Treg in mice
Authors: Du Wei , Erden Ozlem , Wilson Andrew , Sipple Jared M. , Schick Jonathan , Mehta Parinda , Myers Kasiani C. , Steinbrecher Kris A. , Davies Stella M. , Pang Qishen 
Published: February 2014

Key PointsDeletion of Fanca or Fancd2 dysregulates the activity and function of regulatory T cells. The loss of FA proteins alters the expression of Foxp3 target genes.
Update on small cell lung cancer management
Authors: Huber Rudolf M. , Tufman Amanda 
Published: February 2014

Educational aimsTo describe the relevance of staging, including TNM stagingTo show the clinical relevance of paraneoplastic syndromes as a presentation of small cell lung cancerTo understand the indications for prophylactic cranial irradiationTo describe the treatment principles in small cell lung cancer with emphasis on the relevance of stagingTo outline the second-line treatment optionsSummarySmall cell lung cancers (SCLCs) account for ∼15–20% of all lung cancers. Because SCLC is almost always associated with long-term tobacco smoking, abstinence from smoking and smoking cessation are crucial for primary prevention. Because symptoms are generally unspecific, the disease is often diagnosed late, with 70% of patients already in stage IIIb or IV at the time of diagnosis. Early detection of SCLC through screening is under investigation. Chemotherapy, generally a platinum-based combination, is the mainstay of therapy and is generally combined with radiation in the first-line treatment of tumours up to stage IIIb. Surgery has a place in the diagnosis and therapy of stage I SCLC, but plays no key role in advanced cancer. In patients who respond to first-line therapy, prophylactic cranial irradiation can prevent brain metastases and improve overall survival. Although the initial response to treatment is usually good, SCLC tends to relapse quickly. This makes second-line therapy quite important. Topotecan is the most studied and widely used agent in second-line therapy; however, newer agents, including biological therapies, are under study.
Physical training: vital for survival and quality of life in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Lannefors Louise 
Published: February 2014

Educational aimsTo understand the current standard of care for cystic fibrosis patients.To appreciate the benefits of incorporating physical activity into patient care.To explain how physical activity can be incorporated into individual patients’ programmes.SummaryCystic fibrosis is a progressive, genetic disease requiring multidisciplinary care. Treatment is symptomatic, but increasingly preventative rather than reactive. Physical activity is becoming part of the standard of care and appears equally as efficacious as traditional methods, and is time efficient with numerous studies demonstrating clinical benefit.
Genome survey sequencing provides clues into glucosinolate biosynthesis and flowering pathway evolution in allotetrapolyploid Brassica juncea
Authors: Yang Jinghua , Song Ning , Zhao Xuan , Qi Xiaohua , Hu Zhongyuan , Zhang Mingfang 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background

Brassica juncea is an economically important vegetable crop in China, oil crop in India, condiment crop in Europe and selected for canola quality recently in Canada and Australia. B. juncea (2n = 36, AABB) is an allotetraploid derived from interspecific hybridization between B. rapa (2n = 20, AA) and B. nigra (2n = 16, BB), followed by spontaneous chromosome doubling.

Results
Comparative genome analysis by genome survey sequence (GSS) of allopolyploid B. juncea with B. rapa was carried out based on high-throughput sequencing approaches. Over 28.35 Gb of GSS data were used for comparative analysis of B. juncea and B. rapa, producing 45.93% reads mapping to the B. rapa genome with a high ratio of single-end reads. Mapping data suggested more structure variation (SV) in the B. juncea genome than in B. rapa. We detected 2,921,310 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with high heterozygosity and 113,368 SVs, including 1-3 bp Indels, between B. juncea and B. rapa. Non-synonymous polymorphisms in glucosinolate biosynthesis genes may account for differences in glucosinolate biosynthesis and glucosinolate components between B. juncea and B. rapa. Furthermore, we identified distinctive vernalization-dependent and photoperiod-dependent flowering pathways coexisting in allopolyploid B. juncea, suggesting contribution of these pathways to adaptation for survival during polyploidization.

Conclusions
Taken together, we proposed that polyploidization has allowed for accelerated evolution of the glucosinolate biosynthesis and flowering pathways in B. juncea that likely permit the phenotypic variation observed in the crop.
Development process and cognitive testing of CARATkids - Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test for children
Authors: Borrego Luís Miguel , Fonseca João Almeida , Pereira Ana Margarida , Pinto Vera Reimão , Linhares Daniela , Morais-Almeida Mário 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background
Allergic rhinitis and asthma (ARA) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the airways that often coexist in children. The only tool to assess the ARA control, the Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test (CARAT) is to be used by adults. We aimed to develop the Pediatric version of Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test (CARATkids) and to test its comprehensibility in children with 4 to 12 years of age.

Methods
The questionnaire development included a literature review of pediatric questionnaires on asthma and/or rhinitis control and two consensus meetings of a multidisciplinary group. Cognitive testing was carried out in a cross-sectional qualitative study using cognitive interviews.

Results
Four questionnaires to assess asthma and none to assess rhinitis control in children were identified. The multidisciplinary group produced a questionnaire version for children with 17 questions with illustrations and dichotomous (yes/no) response format. The version for caregivers had 4-points and dichotomous scales. Twenty-nine children, 4 to 12 years old, and their caregivers were interviewed. Only children over 6 years old could adequately answer the questionnaire. A few words/expressions were not fully understood by children of 6 to 8 years old. The drawings illustrating the questions were considered helpful by children and caregivers. Caregivers considered the questionnaire complete and clear and preferred dichotomous over the 4-points scales. The proportion of agreement between children and their caregivers was 61%. The words/expressions that were difficult to understand were amended.

Conclusion
CARATkids, the first questionnaire to assess a child’s asthma and rhinitis control was developed and its content validity was assured. Cognitive testing showed that CARATKids is well-understood by children 6 to 12 years old. The questionnaire’s measurement properties can now be assessed in a validation study.
Development of very large electrode arrays for epiretinal stimulation (VLARS)
Authors: Waschkowski Florian , Hesse Stephan , Rieck Anne Christine , Lohmann Tibor , Brockmann Claudia , Laube Thomas , Bornfeld Norbert , Thumann Gabriele , Walter Peter , Mokwa Wilfried , Johnen Sandra , Roessler Gernot 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background
Retinal implants have been developed to treat blindness causing retinal degenerations such as Retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The retinal stimulators are covering only a small portion of the retina usually in its center. To restore not only central vision but also a useful visual field retinal stimulators need to cover a larger area of the retina. However, large area retinal stimulators are much more difficult to implant into an eye. Some basic questions concerning this challenge should be answered in a series of experiments.

Methods
Large area retinal stimulators were fabricated as flexible multielectrode arrays (MEAs) using silicon technology with polyimide as the basic material for the substrate. Electrodes were made of gold covered with reactively sputtered iridium oxide. Several prototype designs were considered and implanted into enucleated porcine eyes. The prototype MEAs were also used as recording devices.

Results
Large area retinal stimulator MEAs were fabricated with a diameter of 12 mm covering a visual angle of 37.6° in a normal sighted human eye. The structures were flexible enough to be implanted in a folded state through an insertion nozzle. The implants could be positioned onto the retinal surface and fixated here using a retinal tack. Recording of spontaneous activity of retinal neurons was possible in vitro using these devices.

Conclusions
Large flexible MEAs covering a wider area of the retina as current devices could be fabricated using silicon technology with polyimide as a base material. Principal surgical techniques were established to insert such large devices into an eye and the devices could also be used for recording of retinal neural activity.
Nickel Nanoparticles cause exaggerated lung and airway remodeling in mice lacking the T-box transcription factor, TBX21 (T-bet)
Authors: Glista-Baker Ellen E , Taylor Alexia J , Sayers Brian C , Thompson Elizabeth A , Bonner James C 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundNickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) are increasingly used in a variety of industrial applications, including the manufacturing of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). While occupational nickel exposure is a known cause of pulmonary alveolitis, fibrosis, and cancer, the health risks of NiNPs are not well understood, especially in susceptible individuals such as asthmatics. The T-box transcription factor Tbx21 (T-bet) maintains Th1 cell development and loss of T-bet is associated with a shift towards Th2 type allergic airway inflammation that characterizes asthma. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of T-bet in susceptibility to lung remodeling by NiNPs or MWCNTs.MethodsWild-type (WT) and T-bet-/-mice were exposed to NiNPs or MWCNTs (4 mg/kg) by oropharyngeal aspiration (OPA). Necropsy was performed at 1 and 21 days. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for differential counting of inflammatory cells and for measurement of cytokines by ELISA. The left lung was collected for histopathology. The right lung was analyzed for cytokine or mucin (MUC5AC and MUC5B) mRNAs.ResultsMorphometry of alcian-blue/periodic acid Schiff (AB/PAS)-stained lung tissue showed that NiNPs significantly increased mucous cell metaplasia in T-bet-/-mice at 21 days (p < 0.001) compared to WT mice, and increased MUC5AC and MUC5B mRNAs (p < 0.05). MWCNTs also increased mucous cell metaplasia in T-bet-/-mice, but to a lesser extent than NiNPs. Chronic alveolitis was also increased by NiNPs, but not MWCNTs, in T-bet-/-mice compared to WT mice at 21 days (P < 0.001). NiNPs also increased IL-13 and eosinophils (p < 0.001) in BALF from T-bet-/-mice after 1 day. Interestingly, the chemokine CCL2 in the BALF of T-bet-/-mice was increased at 1 and 21 days (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively) by NiNPs, and to a lesser extent by MWCNTs at 1 day. Treatment of T-bet-/-mice with a monoclonal anti-CCL2 antibody enhanced NiNP-induced mucous cell metaplasia and MUC5AC mRNA levels (p < 0.05), yet marginally reduced NiNP-induced alveolitis.ConclusionThese findings identify T-bet as a potentially important susceptibility factor for NiNP exposure and to a lesser extent for MWCNT exposure, and suggests that individuals with asthma are at greater risk.
Efficacy of intraarticular botulinum toxin A and intraarticular hyaluronate plus rehabilitation exercise in patients with unilateral ankle osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sun Shu‐Fen , Hsu Chien‐Wei , Lin Huey‐Shyan , Chou Yi‐Jiun , Chen Jun‐Yang , Wang Jue‐Long 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundThere was an increasing requirement for novel treatments of osteoarthritis (OA). The aim was to compare the efficacy of intraarticular Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT‐A) and intraarticular hyaluronate plus rehabilitation exercise in patients with ankle OA.MethodsThis was a prospective, randomized, assessor‐blinded study with a 6‐month follow‐up period, conducted in the outpatient rehabilitation department at a university‐affiliated tertiary care medical center. Seventy‐five patients with symptomatic ankle OA (Kellgren‐Lawrence grade 2) were randomized to receive either a single 100‐unit BoNT‐A injection into the target ankle (n = 38) or a single hyaluronate injection plus 12 sessions of rehabilitation exercise (30 minutes/day, 3 times/week for 4 weeks) (n = 37). The primary outcome measure was the Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS). Secondary outcome measures included American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle/Hindfoot Score, visual analog scale (VAS) for ankle pain, single leg stance test (SLS), Timed “Up‐and‐Go” test (TUG), consumption of rescue analgesics and global patient satisfaction.ResultsThere were no significant between‐group differences in total AOS scores, pain subscale and disability subscale scores (adjusted mean difference AMD = ‐0.2, 95% CI = (‐0.5, 0.2), p = 0.39; AMD = ‐0.1, 95% CI = (‐0.5, 0.3), p = 0.57; AMD = ‐0.2, 95% CI = (‐0.6, 0.2), p = 0.36). The 2 groups showed no significant differences in AOFAS, VAS, SLS, TUG scores and consumption of rescue analgesics at each follow‐up visit, except that the hyaluronate group improved more in SLS than the BoNT‐A group at 1‐month follow‐up. Patients' satisfaction rate was high, with no serious adverse events. There was no difference in adverse events between the two groups (p = 1.00).ConclusionsTreatment with intraarticular BoNT‐A or hyaluronate injection plus rehabilitation exercise was associated with improvements in pain, physical function and balance in patients with ankle OA. These effects were rapid at 2 weeks and might last for at least 6 months. There was no difference in effectiveness between the two interventions.Trial registrationThe trial was registered at clinical trials.gov (Registry number NCT01760577).
Novel three-dimensional in vitro models of ovarian endometriosis
Authors: Brueggmann Doerthe , Templeman Claire , Starzinski-Powitz Anna , Rao Nagesh P , Gayther Simon A , Lawrenson Kate 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background
Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of functional endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity. It affects 1 in 10 women of reproductive age. This chronic condition commonly leads to consequences such as pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, infertility and an elevated risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Despite the prevalence of endometriosis and its impact on women’s lives, there are relatively few in vitro and in vivo models available for studying the complex disease biology, pathophysiology, and for use in the preclinical development of novel therapies. The goal of this study was to develop a novel three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model of ovarian endometriosis and to test whether it is more reflective of endometriosis biology than traditional two dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures.

Methods
A novel ovarian endometriosis epithelial cell line (EEC16) was isolated from a 34-year old female with severe endometriosis. After characterization of cells using in vitro assays, western blotting and RNA-sequencing, this cell line and a second, already well characterized endometriosis cell line, EEC12Z, were established as in vitro 3D spheroid models. We compared biological features of 3D spheroids to 2D cultures and human endometriosis lesions using immunohistochemistry and real-time semi-quantitative PCR.

Results
In comparison to normal ovarian epithelial cells, EEC16 displayed features of neoplastic transformation in in vitro assays. When cultured in 3D, EEC16 and EEC12Z showed differential expression of endometriosis-associated genes compared to 2D monolayer cultures, and more closely mimicked the molecular and histological features of human endometriosis lesions.

Conclusions
To our knowledge, this represents the first report of an in vitro spheroid model of endometriosis. 3D endometriosis models represent valuable experimental tools for studying EEC biology and the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
Faecal levels of calprotectin in systemic sclerosis are stable over time and are higher compared to primary Sjögren’s syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Andréasson Kristofer , Saxne Tore , Scheja Agneta , Bartosik Izabela , Mandl Thomas , Hesselstrand Roger 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Faecal calprotectin (FC) has been proposed to be a biomarker of gastrointestinal (GI) disease in systemic sclerosis (SSc). The purpose of this study was to extend cross-sectional observations and prospectively assess the variability of FC over time in SSc patients. We also aimed to examine FC in relation to immunosuppressive therapy. Finally we wanted to analyse FC in other rheumatic diseases to evaluate the specificity of FC for SSc GI disease.

Methods
FC was measured in consecutive patients with SSc, primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in healthy hospital workers. The intraindividual variability of FC in SSc was assessed with intra class correlation (ICC) and κ statistics. Associations between FC and objective markers of GI disease and immunosuppressive medication were investigated.

Results
FC was associated with micronutrient deficiency and GI pathology as assessed by cineradiography confirming our previous results. FC showed only a limited intra-individual variation in SSc, ICC = 0.69 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.57-0.78) and κ = 0.64 (95% CI: 0.56-0.73). Generalised immunosuppression did not have any significant impact on FC. FC was significantly higher in SSc patients compared to patients with pSS or RA as well as compared to healthy subjects.

Conclusions
FC is a promising non-invasive biomarker for GI disease in SSc. In view of stable levels over time, FC could be a useful marker when novel, more specific drugs targeting the GI tract in SSc will be introduced.
Recovery of otoacoustic emissions after high-level noise exposure in the American bullfrog
Authors: Simmons Dwayne D. , Lohr Rachel , Wotring Helena , Burton Miriam D. , Hooper Rebecca A. , Baird Richard A. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) has an amphibian papilla (AP) that senses airborne, low-frequency sound and generates distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) similar to other vertebrate species. Although ranid frogs are typically found in noisy environments, the effects of noise on the AP have not been studied. First, we determined the noise levels that diminished DPOAE at 2f1-f2 using an f2 stimulus level at 80 dB SPL and that also produced morphological damage of the sensory epithelium. Second, we compared DPOAE (2f1-f2) responses with histopathologic changes occurring in bullfrogs after noise exposure. Consistent morphological damage such as fragmented hair cells and missing bundles as well as elimination of DPOAE responses were seen only after very high-level (&gt;150 dB SPL) sound exposures. The morphological response of hair cells to noise differed along the mediolateral AP axis: medial hair cells were sensitive to noise and lateral hair cells were relatively insensitive to noise. Renewed or repaired hair cells were not observed until 9 days post exposure. Following noise exposure, DPOAE responses disappeared within 24 hours and then recovered to normal pre-exposure levels within 3 – 4 days. Our results suggest that DPOAEs in the bullfrog are sensitive to the initial period of hair cell damage. After noise-induce damage, the bullfrog AP has functional recovery mechanisms that do not depend on substantial hair cell regeneration or repair. Thus, the bullfrog auditory system might serve as an interesting model for investigations of ways to prevent noise damage.