bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel method to quantify the emission and conversion of VOCs in the smoking of electronic cigarettes
Authors: Kim Yong-Hyun , Kim Ki-Hyun 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAn analytical technique was developed for the quantitation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in three different forms of electronic cigarette (EC): solution, vapor and aerosol. Through the application of the mass change tracking (MCT) approach, the consumed amount of the solution was measured to track the conversion of targets between the different phases. The concentration of aerosol plus vapor (A&V) decreased exponentially (559 to 129 g m−3) with increasing puff velocity (0.05 to 1 L min−1). A strong correlation existed between sampling volume and consumed solution mass (R2 = 0.9972 ± 0.0021 (n = 4)). In the EC solution, acetic acid was considerably high (25.8 μg mL−1), along with trace quantities of some VOCs (methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, propionic acid and i-butyric acid: 0.24 ± 0.15 μg mL−1 (n = 4)). In the aerosol samples, many VOCs (n-butyraldehyde, n-butyl acetate, benzene, xylene, styrene, n-valeric acid and n-hexanoic acid) were newly produced (138 ± 250 μg m−3). In general, the solution-to-aerosol (S/A) conversion was significant: e.g., 1,540% for i-butyric acid. The emission rates of all targets computed based on their mass in aerosol/ consumed solution (ng mL−1) were from 30.1 (p-xylene) to 398 (methyl ethyl ketone), while those of carboxyls were much higher from 166 (acetic acid) to 5,850 (i-butyric acid).
Interface-designed Membranes with Shape-controlled Patterns for High-performance Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Jeon Yukwon , Kim Dong Jun , Koh Jong Kwan , Ji Yunseong , Kim Jong Hak , Shul Yong-Gun 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPolymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell is a promising zero-emission power generator for stationary/automotive applications. However, key issues, such as performance and costs, are still remained for an economical commercialization. Here, we fabricated a high-performance membrane electrode assembly (MEA) using an interfacial design based on well-arrayed micro-patterned membranes including circles, squares and hexagons with different sizes, which are produced by a facile elastomeric mold method. The best MEA performance is achieved using patterned Nafion membrane with a circle 2 μm in size, which exhibited a very high power density of 1906 mW/cm2 at 75 °C and Pt loading of 0.4 mg/cm2 with 73% improvement compared to the commercial membrane. The improved performance are attributed to the decreased MEA resistances and increased surface area for higher Pt utilization of over 80%. From these enhanced properties, it is possible to operate at lower Pt loading of 0.2 mg/cm2 with an outstanding performance of 1555 mW/cm2 and even at air/low humidity operations.
Initial characterization of the large genome of the salamander Ambystoma mexicanum using shotgun and laser capture chromosome sequencing
Authors: Keinath Melissa C. , Timoshevskiy Vladimir A. , Timoshevskaya Nataliya Y. , Tsonis Panagiotis A. , Voss S. Randal , Smith Jeramiah J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractVertebrates exhibit substantial diversity in genome size and some of the largest genomes exist in species that uniquely inform diverse areas of basic and biomedical research. For example, the salamander Ambystoma mexicanum (the Mexican axolotl) is a model organism for studies of regeneration, development and genome evolution, yet its genome is ~10× larger than the human genome. As part of a hierarchical approach toward improving genome resources for the species, we generated 600 Gb of shotgun sequence data and developed methods for sequencing individual laser-captured chromosomes. Based on these data, we estimate that the A. mexicanum genome is ~32 Gb. Notably, as much as 19 Gb of the A. mexicanum genome can potentially be considered single copy, which presumably reflects the evolutionary diversification of mobile elements that accumulated during an ancient episode of genome expansion. Chromosome-targeted sequencing permitted the development of assemblies within the constraints of modern computational platforms, allowed us to place 2062 genes on the two smallest A. mexicanum chromosomes and resolves key events in the history of vertebrate genome evolution. Our analyses show that the capture and sequencing of individual chromosomes is likely to provide valuable information for the systematic sequencing, assembly and scaffolding of large genomes.
Bonobos modify communication signals according to recipient familiarity
Authors: Genty Emilie , Neumann Christof , Zuberbühler Klaus 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHuman and nonhuman primate communication differs in various ways. In particular, humans base communicative efforts on mutual knowledge and conventions shared between interlocutors. In this study, we experimentally tested whether bonobos (Pan paniscus), a close relative to humans, are able to take into account the familiarity, i.e. the shared interaction history, when communicating with a human partner. In five experimental conditions we found that subjects took the recipients’ attentional state and their own communicative effectiveness into account by adjusting signal production accordingly. More importantly, in case of communicative failure, subjects repeated previously successful signals more often with a familiar than unfamiliar recipient, with whom they had no previous interactions and elaborated by switching to new signals more with the unfamiliar than the familiar one, similar to what has previously been found in two year-old children. We discuss these findings in relation to the human capacity to establish common ground between interlocutors, a crucial aspect of human cooperative communication.
Optically detecting the edge-state of a three-dimensional topological insulator under ambient conditions by ultrafast infrared photoluminescence spectroscopy
Authors: Maezawa Shun-ya , Watanabe Hiroshi , Takeda Masahiro , Kuroda Kenta , Someya Takashi , Matsuda Iwao , Suemoto Tohru 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUltrafast infrared photoluminescence spectroscopy was applied to a three-dimensional topological insulator TlBiSe2 under ambient conditions. The dynamics of the luminescence exhibited bulk-insulating and gapless characteristics bounded by the bulk band gap energy. The existence of the topologically protected surface state and the picosecond-order relaxation time of the surface carriers, which was distinguishable from the bulk response, were observed. Our results provide a practical method applicable to topological insulators under ambient conditions for device applications.
A Hybrid Circuit for Spoof Surface Plasmons and Spatial Waveguide Modes to Reach Controllable Band-Pass Filters
Authors: Zhang Qian , Zhang Hao Chi , Wu Han , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe propose a hybrid circuit for spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and spatial waveguide modes to develop new microwave devices. The hybrid circuit includes a spoof SPP waveguide made of two anti-symmetric corrugated metallic strips and a traditional substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). From dispersion relations, we show that the electromagnetic waves only can propagate through the hybrid circuit when the operating frequency is less than the cut-off frequency of the SPP waveguide and greater than the cut-off frequency of SIW, generating efficient band-pass filters. We demonstrate that the pass band is controllable in a large range by designing the geometrical parameters of SPP waveguide and SIW. Full-wave simulations are provided to show the large adjustability of filters, including ultra wideband and narrowband filters. We fabricate a sample of the new hybrid device in the microwave frequencies and measurement results have excellent agreements to numerical simulations, demonstrating excellent filtering characteristics such as low loss, high efficiency and good square ratio. The proposed hybrid circuit gives important potential to accelerate the development of plasmonic integrated functional devices and circuits in both microwave and terahertz frequencies.
Extremely High Thermal Conductivity of Aligned Carbon Nanotube-Polyethylene Composites
Authors: Liao Quanwen , Liu Zhichun , Liu Wei , Deng Chengcheng , Yang Nuo 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe ultra-low thermal conductivity of bulk polymers may be enhanced by combining them with high thermal conductivity materials such as carbon nanotubes. Different from random doping, we find that the aligned carbon nanotube-polyethylene composites has a high thermal conductivity by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. The analyses indicate that the aligned composite not only take advantage of the high thermal conduction of carbon nanotubes, but enhance thermal conduction of polyethylene chains.
Peripheral telomere length and hippocampal volume in adolescents with major depressive disorder
Authors: Henje Blom E , Han L K M , Connolly C G , Ho T C , Lin J , LeWinn K Z , Simmons A N , Sacchet M D , Mobayed N , Luna M E , Paulus M , Epel E S , Blackburn E H , Wolkowitz O M , Yang T T 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSeveral studies have reported that adults with major depressive disorder have shorter telomere length and reduced hippocampal volumes. Moreover, studies of adult populations without major depressive disorder suggest a relationship between peripheral telomere length and hippocampal volume. However, the relationship of these findings in adolescents with major depressive disorder has yet to be explored. We examined whether adolescent major depressive disorder is associated with altered peripheral telomere length and hippocampal volume, and whether these measures relate to one another. In 54 unmedicated adolescents (13–18 years) with major depressive disorder and 63 well-matched healthy controls, telomere length was assessed from saliva using quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods, and bilateral hippocampal volumes were measured with magnetic resonance imaging. After adjusting for age and sex (and total brain volume in the hippocampal analysis), adolescents with major depressive disorder exhibited significantly shorter telomere length and significantly smaller right, but not left hippocampal volume. When corrected for age, sex, diagnostic group and total brain volume, telomere length was not significantly associated with left or right hippocampal volume, suggesting that these cellular and neural processes may be mechanistically distinct during adolescence. Our findings suggest that shortening of telomere length and reduction of hippocampal volume are already present in early-onset major depressive disorder and thus unlikely to be only a result of accumulated years of exposure to major depressive disorder.
Intravenous injection of l-BMAA induces a rat model with comprehensive characteristics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinson–dementia complex
Authors: Tian Ke-Wei , Jiang Hong , Wang Bei-Bei , Zhang Fan , Han Shu 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Non-protein amino acid beta-N-methylamino-l-alanine (l-BMAA) is a neurotoxin that was associated with the high incidence of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Parkinson–Dementia Complex (ALS/PDC) in Guam. This neurotoxin has been implicated as a potential environmental factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, and was found to accumulate in brain tissues of ALS/PDC patients. It is extremely important to establish a reliable animal model that has the comprehensive characteristics of ALS/PDC for studying mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration, and exploring effective therapies. However, very few good animal models that mimic ALS/PDC have been established. In this study, an ideal rat model that mimicked most characteristics of ALS/PDC was established by administering continuous intravenous (i.v.) injections of neurotoxic l-BMAA. Based on the data obtained, it was demonstrated that continuous i.v. injections of l-BMAA induced mitochondrial morphology and structural changes, astrogliosis, motor neuronal death, and other relative functional changes, which led to the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and resulted in the upregulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), downregulation of astrocytic glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), accumulation of microtubule-associated protein tau and cytosolic aggregates of TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) in degenerating motor neurons. These results suggest that this model could be used as a useful tool for the mechanistic and therapeutic study of ALS/PDC.
Assessing Measurement Invariance for Spanish Sentence Repetition and Morphology Elicitation Tasks
Authors: Kapantzoglou Maria , Thompson Marilyn S. , Gray Shelley , Restrepo M. Adelaida 
Published: November 2015

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate evidence supporting the construct validity of two grammatical tasks (sentence repetition, morphology elicitation) included in the Spanish Screener for Language Impairment in Children (Restrepo, Gorin, & Gray, 2013). We evaluated if the tasks measured the targeted grammatical skills in the same way across predominantly Spanish-speaking children with typical language development and those with primary language impairment.

Method
A multiple-group, confirmatory factor analytic approach was applied to examine factorial invariance in a sample of 307 predominantly Spanish-speaking children (177 with typical language development; 130 with primary language impairment). The 2 newly developed grammatical tasks were modeled as measures in a unidimensional confirmatory factor analytic model along with 3 well-established grammatical measures from the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fourth Edition, Spanish (Wiig, Semel, & Secord, 2006).

Results
Results suggest that both new tasks measured the construct of grammatical skills for both language-ability groups in an equivalent manner.

Conclusions
There was no evidence of bias related to children's language status for the Spanish Screener for Language Impairment in Children Sentence Repetition or Morphology Elicitation tasks. Results provide support for the validity of the new tasks as measures of grammatical skills.
Digitally assisted CMOS mixer with tight conversion‐gain flatness
Authors: Mondal Shrijeet , Xu Jiangtao , Saavedra Carlos E. 
Published: November 2015

A digital‐assist technique is experimentally demonstrated that tightens the conversion‐gain (CG) flatness of a CMOS mixer from a baseline level of ±1.5 dB over a 1–12 GHz span to ±1.0 dB over a 1–15 GHz span. The method uses a microcontroller to find the optimal bias point of the mixer that produces the desired CG flatness.
Modelling and robust control design of a standalone wind‐based energy storage generation unit powering an induction motor‐variable‐displacement pressure‐compensated pump
Authors: Kassem Ahmed M. 
Published: November 2015

This study investigates the application of the sliding mode controller (SMC) for induction motor drive variable‐displacement pressure‐compensated pump (VDPC) system powered by an isolated wind/storage unit. The variable‐speed wind turbine (WT) is proposed to drive a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) which, feeds a storing energy unit and stand‐alone dynamic load. Energy storage systems are required for power balance quality in isolated wind power systems. Initially, the holistic model of the entire system is achieved, including the PMSG, the uncontrolled rectifier, the buck converter, the storage system, induction machine and the VDPC pump. The power absorbed by the connected loads can be effectively delivered and supplied by the proposed WT and energy storage systems, subject to sliding mode control. The main purposes are to supply 220 V/50 Hz through a three‐phase inverter and adjust the IM speed and VDPC pump flow rate. The performance of the proposed system is compared with the neural network control and the conventional PID control. The simulation results show that the proposed system with the SMC and neural network controllers has good performance and good prediction of the electrical parameter waveforms compared with the case of the conventional PID controller.
Public service markets: their economics, institutional oversight and regulation
Authors: Dassiou Xeni , Langham Peter , Nancarrow Charles , Scharaschkin Alex , Ward Dan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPublic services in the United Kingdom have been transformed over the past 25 years with the introduction of market-oriented solutions into their provision. This has been characterized by a shift away from state provision to independent providers, and by the introduction of competition and choice. This shift was partly ideologically motivated and partly driven by budget-cutting considerations following the global financial crisis. As such, it has been lacking a comprehensive economic justification or method of analysis. It is now commonly accepted that the language of economic markets is essential to frame arguments about how effectively public services are achieving their intended outcomes. Using market language and concepts may not always be comfortable for those from a traditional policymaking background. It can nevertheless be very useful when designing investigations into the effectiveness and value for money in the mechanisms of delivery of such services, whenever these services entail a degree of user choice as is currently the case in large parts of health care, social care and education (referred to as competition in the market). This article aims to provide a conceptual basis on the way of thinking in these terms. We provide a description of the current state and then comment on the desirability of this quasi-market approach. Uniquely in the literature, we analyse the expected and desired developments by distinguishing between choice and compulsory merit goods. In choice merit goods markets many users are unable to choose effectively because of the existence of a number of demand-side or supply-side market failures. Moreover, conflicts may exist between how service users actually make choices, and policy objectives such as universality or equity, which may not be achieved simply by “leaving it to the market”. The users of compulsory merit goods are typically a minority and unable to internalize the full social benefits of their actions; hence, it may be welfare-enhancing for society to coerce them to “consume” these services. As choice cannot be an objective, the commissioning (competition for the market) or direct provision by the state of such goods may meet public policy objectives more effectively than the market mechanism alone. Building on these foundations, this article discusses when public service markets (PSMs) are likely to be an effective method of achieving public policy objectives, and when they may not be. We analyse the implications for the institutional and legal framework, funding oversight and regulation of PSMs as a result of their transformation into quasi-markets. We conclude with some suggestions for those charged with overseeing PSMs in practice based on this analysis.
Motivation, values, and work design as drivers of participation in the R open source project for statistical computing
Authors: Mair Patrick , Hofmann Eva , Gruber Kathrin , Hatzinger Reinhold , Zeileis Achim , Hornik Kurt 
Published: November 2015

SignificanceOver the last years, the open-source environment R has become the most popular environment for statistical computing and data analysis across many fields of research. The developer community is highly active: Thousands of packages are available in the official Comprehensive R Archive Network repository and more on developer platforms like GitHub or R-Forge. One question that has not been studied yet is as follows: why do people contribute to the R environment? What are the key motives that drive package authors? Do these developers have specific personal value structures? Are some work environments more conducive to productivity than others? This study is the first empirical study, to our knowledge, performed within the R package author community that finds answers to these questions.
Asymptomatic humans transmit dengue virus to mosquitoes
Authors: Duong Veasna , Lambrechts Louis , Paul Richard E. , Ly Sowath , Lay Rath Srey , Long Kanya C. , Huy Rekol , Tarantola Arnaud , Scott Thomas W. , Sakuntabhai Anavaj , Buchy Philippe 
Published: November 2015

Significance
Our work provides evidence that people who are infected with dengue virus without developing detectable clinical symptoms or prior to the onset of symptoms are infectious to mosquitoes. At a given level of viremia, symptom-free people were markedly more infectious to mosquitoes than clinically symptomatic patients. Our results fundamentally change the current paradigm for dengue epidemiology and control, based on detection of dengue virus-infected cases with apparent illness.
Wetting and phase separation in soft adhesion
Authors: Jensen Katharine E. , Sarfati Raphael , Style Robert W. , Boltyanskiy Rostislav , Chakrabarti Aditi , Chaudhury Manoj K. , Dufresne Eric R. 
Published: November 2015

Significance
Modern contact mechanics was originally developed to describe adhesion to relatively stiff materials like rubber, but much softer sticky materials are ubiquitous in biology, medicine, engineering, and everyday consumer products. By studying adhesive contact between compliant gels and rigid objects, we demonstrate that soft materials adhere very differently than their stiffer counterparts. We find that the structure in the region of contact is governed by the same physics that sets the geometry of liquid droplets, even though the material is solid. Furthermore, adhesion can cause the local composition of a soft material to change, thus coupling to its thermodynamic properties. These findings may substantially change our understanding of the mechanics of soft contact.
Evaluating Short Openings as a Management Tool to Maximize Catch-Related Utility in Catch-and-Release Fisheries
Authors: Camp Edward V. , Poorten Brett T. , Walters Carl J. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Catch and release (CR) is an increasingly common strategy for recreational fisheries in which sustaining high catch rates is important. The success of this strategy is reduced if the released fish are temporarily invulnerable to capture due to behavioral changes, as recent research suggests. Here, we explore how temporary fishing closures with short openings might be used in CR fisheries to increase the catch-related utility associated with angler satisfaction from catches. We simulated generic fisheries in single-lake and multiple-lake systems and found that regular, temporary closures could increase catch-related utility—but predominately under the key assumption that angler satisfaction increases disproportionately with increasing catch rates. In the multiple-lake case, a strategy of rotating temporary closures could provide greater catch-related utility than continuously open fisheries, but this would depend upon anglers' willingness to redistribute effort from closed waters to open waters. A key implication of these results is that even in CR fisheries, effort limitation may be necessary to provide quality angling opportunities. Our results also emphasize the importance of understanding how vulnerable pool dynamics can differ across fisheries and potentially interact with other processes and mechanisms that drive the observed changes in catchability and catch rates.