bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of Electromagnetic Waves for Void and Anomaly Detections
Authors: Xu Changjie , Chen Qizhi , Sun Fengming , Chen Darhao 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Knowledge of the existing roadway condition is vital to transportation government agencies for management and safety purposes. Verifying the presence and extent of subsurface defects/voids is vital to prevent failures and accidents from occurring. A nondestructive and noninvasive geophysical method, ground penetrating radar (GPR), which utilizes electromagnetic waves, was employed in this study. Four field projects are presented in this study to demonstrate the application of electromagnetic waves for detection of voids and anomalies. Auguring and excavation were used to verify the suspicious areas that were located by the electromagnetic waves. Voids and different subsurface features, like rebar, geo-grid, and geo-textile, were successfully detected. A large negative peak that appears in the wave form is an indication of a dry void. Void sizes, ranging from a few centimeters to several meters, were successfully detected. Early identification of concealed subsurface voids under the roadway structure can prevent major failures from occurring. The methodologies presented in this study are applicable to many other projects.
Sibship Size, Sibling Cognitive Sensitivity, and Children’s Receptive Vocabulary
Authors: Prime Heather , Pauker Sharon , Plamondon André , Perlman Michal , Jenkins Jennifer 
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVES:
The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between sibship size and children’s vocabulary as a function of quality of sibling interactions. It was hypothesized that coming from a larger sibship (ie, 3+ children) would be related to lower receptive vocabulary in children. However, we expected this association to be moderated by the level of cognitive sensitivity shown by children’s next-in-age older siblings.

METHODS:
Data on 385 children (mean age = 3.15 years) and their next-in-age older siblings (mean age = 5.57 years) were collected and included demographic questionnaires, direct testing of children’s receptive vocabulary, and videos of mother-child and sibling interactions. Sibling dyads were taped engaging in a cooperative building task and tapes were coded for the amount of cognitive sensitivity the older sibling exhibited toward the younger sibling.

RESULTS:
Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted and showed an interaction between sibship size and sibling cognitive sensitivity in the prediction of children’s receptive vocabulary; children exposed to large sibships whose next-in-age older sibling exhibited higher levels of cognitive sensitivity were less likely to show low vocabulary skills when compared with those children exposed to large sibships whose siblings showed lower levels of cognitive sensitivity.

CONCLUSIONS:
Children who show sensitivity to the cognitive needs of their younger siblings provide a rich environment for language development. The negative impact of large sibships on language development is moderated by the presence of an older sibling who shows high cognitive sensitivity.
Diagnostic Performance of BMI Percentiles to Identify Adolescents With Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Laurson Kelly R. , Welk Gregory J. , Eisenmann Joey C. 
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVES:
To compare the diagnostic performance of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and FITNESSGRAM (FGram) BMI standards for quantifying metabolic risk in youth.

METHODS:
Adolescents in the NHANES (n = 3385) were measured for anthropometric variables and metabolic risk factors. BMI percentiles were calculated, and youth were categorized by weight status (using CDC and FGram thresholds). Participants were also categorized by presence or absence of metabolic syndrome. The CDC and FGram standards were compared by prevalence of metabolic abnormalities, various diagnostic criteria, and odds of metabolic syndrome. Receiver operating characteristic curves were also created to identify optimal BMI percentiles to detect metabolic syndrome.

RESULTS:
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese youth was 19% to 35%, compared with &lt;2% in the normal-weight groups. The odds of metabolic syndrome for obese boys and girls were 46 to 67 and 19 to 22 times greater, respectively, than for normal-weight youth. The receiver operating characteristic analyses identified optimal thresholds similar to the CDC standards for boys and the FGram standards for girls. Overall, BMI thresholds were more strongly associated with metabolic syndrome in boys than in girls.

CONCLUSIONS:
Both the CDC and FGram standards are predictive of metabolic syndrome. The diagnostic utility of the CDC thresholds outperformed the FGram values for boys, whereas FGram standards were slightly better thresholds for girls. The use of a common set of thresholds for school and clinical applications would provide advantages for public health and clinical research and practice.
Evaluating Children With Fractures for Child Physical Abuse
Authors: Flaherty Emalee G. , Perez-Rossello Jeannette M. , Levine Michael A. , Hennrikus William L. ,   and the AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS COMMITTEE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT,   SECTION ON RADIOLOGY,   SECTION ON ENDOCRINOLOGY,   SECTION ON ORTHOPAEDICS,   the SOCIETY FOR PEDIATRIC RADIOLOGY, Christian Cindy W. , Crawford-Jakubiak James E. , Flaherty Emalee G. , Leventhal John M. , Lukefahr James L. , Sege Robert D , Cassady Christopher I. , Bulas Dorothy I. , Cassese John A. , Mehollin-Ray Amy R. , Mercado-Deane Maria-Gisela , Milla Sarah Sarvis , Sills Irene N. , Bloch Clifford A. , Casella Samuel J. , Lee Joyce M. , Lynch Jane Lockwood , Wintergerst Kupper A. , Schwend Richard M. , Gordon J. Eric , Otsuka Norman Y. , Raney Ellen M. , Shaw Brian A. , Smith Brian G. , Wells Lawrence , Esposito Paul W. 
Published: January 2014

This Clinical Report was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2024-070074.
Fractures are common injuries caused by child abuse. Although the consequences of failing to diagnose an abusive injury in a child can be grave, incorrectly diagnosing child abuse in a child whose fractures have another etiology can be distressing for a family. The aim of this report is to review recent advances in the understanding of fracture specificity, the mechanism of fractures, and other medical diseases that predispose to fractures in infants and children. This clinical report will aid physicians in developing an evidence-based differential diagnosis and performing the appropriate evaluation when assessing a child with fractures.
Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP): Accomplishments, Challenges, and Policy Recommendations
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON CHILD HEALTH FINANCING, Racine Andrew D. , Long Thomas F. , Helm Mark E. , Hudak Mark , Shenkin Budd N. , Snider Iris Grace , White Patience Haydock , Droge Molly , Harbaugh Norman “Chip” 
Published: January 2014

This Policy Statement was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-064088.
Sixteen years ago, the 105th Congress, responding to the needs of 10 million children in the United States who lacked health insurance, created the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) as part of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997. Enacted as Title XXI of the Social Security Act, the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP; or SCHIP as it has been known at some points) provided states with federal assistance to create programs specifically designed for children from families with incomes that exceeded Medicaid thresholds but that were insufficient to enable them to afford private health insurance. Congress provided $40 billion in block grants over 10 years for states to expand their existing Medicaid programs to cover the intended populations, to erect new stand-alone SCHIP programs for these children, or to effect some combination of both options. Congress reauthorized CHIP once in 2009 under the Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act and extended its life further within provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. The purpose of this statement is to review the features of CHIP as it has evolved over the 16 years of its existence; to summarize what is known about the effects that the program has had on coverage, access, health status, and disparities among participants; to identify challenges that remain with respect to insuring this group of vulnerable children, including the impact that provisions of the new Affordable Care Act will have on the issue of health insurance coverage for near-poor children after 2015; and to offer recommendations on how to expand and strengthen the national commitment to provide health insurance to all children regardless of means.
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
Authors: Farid Mohamad , Demicco Elizabeth G. , Garcia Roberto , Ahn Linda , Merola Pamela R. , Cioffi Angela , Maki Robert G. 
Published: January 2014

Learning Objectives
Explain the characteristics and treatment of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, both in relation to neurofibromatosis type I and otherwise. Cite the unique challenges in optimal management of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Appraise the large amount of new data surrounding the potential molecular drivers, possible targets for therapy in this disease.
Effects of sample handling methods on substance P concentrations and immunoreactivity in bovine blood samples
Authors: Mosher Ruby A. , Coetzee Johann F. , Allen Portia S. , Havel James A. , Griffith Gary R. , Wang Chong 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effects of protease inhibitors and holding times and temperatures before processing on the stability of substance P in bovine blood samples.
Samples—Blood samples obtained from a healthy 6-month-old calf.
Procedures—Blood samples were dispensed into tubes containing exogenous substance P and 1 of 6 degradative enzyme inhibitor treatments: heparin, EDTA, EDTA with 1 of 2 concentrations of aprotinin, or EDTA with 1 of 2 concentrations of a commercially available protease inhibitor cocktail. Plasma was harvested immediately following collection or after 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24 hours of holding at ambient (20.3° to 25.4°C) or ice bath temperatures. Total substance P immunoreactivity was determined with an ELISA; concentrations of the substance P parent molecule, a metabolite composed of the 9 terminal amino acids, and a metabolite composed of the 5 terminal amino acids were determined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.
Results—Regarding blood samples processed immediately, no significant differences in substance P concentrations or immunoreactivity were detected among enzyme inhibitor treatments. In blood samples processed at 1 hour of holding, substance P parent molecule concentration was significantly lower for ambient temperature versus ice bath temperature holding conditions; aprotinin was the most effective inhibitor of substance P degradation at the ice bath temperature. The ELISA substance P immunoreactivity was typically lower for blood samples with heparin versus samples with other inhibitors processed at 1 hour of holding in either temperature condition.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that blood samples should be chilled and plasma harvested within 1 hour after collection to prevent substance P degradation.
Evaluation of thermal antinociceptive effects after oral administration of tramadol hydrochloride to American kestrels (Falco sparverius)
Authors: Guzman David Sanchez-Migallon , Drazenovich Tracy L. , Olsen Glenn H. , Willits Neil H. , Paul-Murphy Joanne R. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the thermal antinociceptive and sedative effects and duration of action of tramadol hydrochloride after oral administration to American kestrels (Falco sparverius).
Animals—12 healthy 3-year-old American kestrels.
Procedures—Tramadol (5, 15, and 30 mg/kg) and a control suspension were administered orally in a masked randomized crossover experimental design. Foot withdrawal response to a thermal stimulus was determined 1 hour before (baseline) and 0.5, 1.5, 3, 6, and 9 hours after treatment. Agitation-sedation scores were determined 3 to 5 minutes before each thermal stimulus test.
Results—The lowest dose of tramadol evaluated (5 mg/kg) significantly increased the thermal foot withdrawal thresholds for up to 1.5 hours after administration, compared with control treatment values, and for up to 9 hours after administration, compared with baseline values. Tramadol at doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg significantly increased thermal thresholds at 0.5 hours after administration, compared with control treatment values, and up to 3 hours after administration, compared with baseline values. No significant differences in agitation-sedation scores were detected between tramadol and control treatments.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated oral administration of 5 mg of tramadol/kg significantly increased thermal nociception thresholds for kestrels for 1.5 hours, compared with a control treatment, and 9 hours, compared with baseline values; higher doses resulted in less pronounced antinociceptive effects. Additional studies with other types of stimulation, formulations, dosages, routes of administration, and testing times would be needed to fully evaluate the analgesic and adverse effects of tramadol in kestrels and other avian species.
Evaluation of a single intra-articular injection of autologous protein solution for treatment of osteoarthritis in horses
Authors: Bertone Alicia L. , Ishihara Akikazu , Zekas Lisa J. , Wellman Maxey L. , Lewis Katharine B. , Schwarze Rebecca A. , Barnaba Andrea R. , Schmall Michael L. , Kanter Peter M. , Genovese Ron L. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate intra-articular autologous protein solution (APS) for the treatment of osteoarthritis in horses.
Animals—40 client-owned horses with naturally occuring osteoarthritis.
Procedures—APS was generated from a dual-device system that concentrated plasma and WBC proteins and enriched platelet growth factors. Horses were randomly assigned to receive an intra-articular injection of 5 mL of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (n = 20) or APS (20), exercised on a treadmill, and evaluated on the basis of lameness grades, kinetic gait analysis, joint circumference, and range of motion for 14 days. Horses that received saline solution were administered APS at termination of the study, and clients scored horses for lameness and discomfort before, 12 weeks after, and 52 weeks after the APS injection.
Results—The APS group had significant improvements in lameness grade, asymmetry indices of vertical peak force, and range of joint motion by 14 days, compared with baseline or control group values. No adverse effects associated with APS treatment were evident. Clients assessed lameness and comfort as improved at 12 and 52 weeks. The APS had greater likelihood (OR, 4.3 to 30.0) of a therapeutic response in horses with a lameness score < 4, < 10% vertical force asymmetry, or absence of marked osteophyte formation, subchondral sclerosis, or joint space narrowing. Concentration of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in APS was 5.8 times that in blood.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Intra-articular administration of APS can be considered an effective treatment option for equine osteoarthritis, with the potential for disease-modifying effects.
Morphological and cellular changes in secondary epidermal laminae of horses with insulin-induced laminitis
Authors: Karikoski Ninja P. , Patterson-Kane Janet C. , Asplin Katie E. , McGowan Thomas W. , McNutt Megan , Singer Ellen R. , McGowan Catherine M. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine cellular changes associated with secondary epidermal laminae (SEL) in forefeet and hind feet of ponies with insulin-induced laminitis.
Animals—8 ponies.
Procedures—Laminitis was induced in 4 ponies by IV administration of insulin and glucose; 4 control ponies received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution IV. Laminar tissue samples obtained from the dorsal aspects of the hooves were histologically evaluated. Primary epidermal lamina (PEL) length and width and SEL length, width, and angle were determined. Numbers of epidermal cell nuclei per micrometer and per total length of SEL and numbers of apoptotic and proliferative cells in axial, middle, and abaxial laminar regions were determined.
Results—SEL in treatment group ponies were significantly longer, were significantly narrower, and had a smaller angle relative to PEL in all laminar regions versus control ponies. In treatment group ponies, the number of epidermal cell nuclei per SEL was typically higher and the number of cells per micrometer of SEL was lower in laminar regions, apoptotic cell numbers were higher in abaxial and middle regions in forefeet and hind feet, and proliferating cell numbers were higher in axial laminar regions in forefeet and all laminar regions in hind feet, versus control ponies.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated SEL elongation, narrowing, and alteration in orientation developed in all feet of ponies with insulin-induced laminitis. This was primarily attributable to cell stretching that developed at the same time as an accelerated cell death–proliferation cycle; differences in cell cycle responses among laminar regions between forefeet and hind feet may have been attributable to differences in load bearing.
Characteristics of respiratory tract disease in horses inoculated with equine rhinitis A virus
Authors: Diaz-Méndez Andrés , Hewson Joanne , Shewen Patricia , Nagy éva , Viel Laurent 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Objective—To develop a method for experimental induction of equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) infection in equids and to determine the clinical characteristics of such infection.
Animals—8 ponies (age, 8 to 12 months) seronegative for antibodies against ERAV.
Procedures—Nebulization was used to administer ERAV (strain ERAV/ON/05; n = 4 ponies) or cell culture medium (control ponies; 4) into airways of ponies; 4 previously ERAV-inoculated ponies were reinoculated 1 year later. Physical examinations and pulmonary function testing were performed at various times for 21 days after ERAV or mock inoculation. Various types of samples were obtained for virus isolation, blood samples were obtained for serologic testing, and clinical scores were determined for various variables.
Results—ERAV-inoculated ponies developed respiratory tract disease characterized by pyrexia, nasal discharge, adventitious lung sounds, and enlarged mandibular lymph nodes. Additionally, these animals had purulent mucus in lower airways up to the last evaluation time 21 days after inoculation (detected endoscopically). The virus was isolated from various samples obtained from lower and upper airways of ERAV-inoculated ponies up to 7 days after exposure; this time corresponded with an increase in serum titers of neutralizing antibodies against ERAV. None of the ponies developed clinical signs of disease after reinoculation 1 year later.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study indicated ERAV induced respiratory tract disease in seronegative ponies. However, ponies with neutralizing antibodies against ERAV did not develop clinical signs of disease when reinoculated with the virus. Therefore, immunization of ponies against ERAV could prevent respiratory tract disease attributable to that virus in such animals.
Associations of various physical and blood analysis variables with experimentally induced Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia in calves
Authors: Fraser Brandon C. , Anderson David E. , White Brad J. , Miesner Matt D. , Lakritz Jeff , Amrine David , Mosier Derek A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine associations of blood analysis variables and orbit and nasal planum surface temperatures with the onset and severity of Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia in calves.
Animals—28 healthy calves.
Procedures—Calves were challenged with M bovis (n = 24) on day 0 or not challenged (4). Blood samples were obtained for cardiac troponin I, CBC, and serum biochemical analyses on various days. Orbit and nasal planum surface temperatures were determined with infrared thermography on various days. Calves were euthanized, gross necropsies were performed, heart and lung samples were collected for histologic evaluation, and microbial cultures of lung samples were performed on day 14. Pneumonia severity was categorized as mild (< 10% lung consolidation) or moderate (≥ 10% lung consolidation). Associations between measured variables and severity of pneumonia or sample collection day were determined.
Results—Plasma cardiac troponin I concentration for the 28 calves was significantly higher on day 14 than it was on day 0 or 7 (least squares mean, 0.02, 0, and 0 ng/mL, respectively). No other variables changed significantly during the study. No substantial gross or histologic abnormalities were identified in cardiac muscle samples. Day 14 plasma fibrinogen concentration was significantly different between calves with mild pneumonia and those with moderate pneumonia (mean, 0.44 and 0.74 g/dL, respectively). Calves with moderate pneumonia had significantly lower least squares mean surface temperature of the dorsal aspect of the nasal planum (18.7°C) versus calves with mild pneumonia (22.9°C).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated the evaluated variables had low value for assessment of bovine respiratory disease complex in calves.
Insult and Punishment in Rural Courts
Authors: Burbank Jane 
Published: January 2014

Insulte et châtiment devant les tribunaux locaux : la construction de la civilité en Russie impériale tardive -
Le présent article examine les litiges pour insultes portés devant les tribunaux locaux en Russie impériale tardive. Les paysans, considérés comme extérieurs au domaine du droit, eurent de fait largement recours aux tribunaux locaux pour résoudre les controverses issues de comportements publics insultants. Les paysans firent appel au droit écrit (statute law, par opposition au droit cou- tumier) et à la procédure des tribunaux locaux pour se défendre contre les abus verbaux et physiques et pour élaborer des normes de civilité. La participation de paysans aux débats devant les tribunaux de volost' établit un lien entre la population rurale et les autorités nationales, constituant un forum utile à la défense de la dignité individuelle, à la confrontation publique d'opinions contradictoires et à l'évaluation officielle d'actes perturbateurs.
18F-FLT PET changes during radio - therapy combined with cetuximab in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Troost E.G.C. , Bussink J. , van Herpen C. M. L. , Oyen W.J.G. , Kaanders J. H. A. M. , Hoeben B.A.W. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryAim: Early treatment response of head and neck cancer to radiotherapy concomitant with cetuximab was monitored by repetitive PET imaging with the proliferation tracer 18F-FLT. Patients, methods: Five head and neck cancer patients, treated with radiotherapy and concomitant cetuximab following cetuximab induction, received four 18F-FLT PET-CT scans before and during treatment. Changes in SUVpeak, SUVmean and CT- and PET-segmented gross tumour volumes were evaluated, as were correlations with immu- nohistochemical staining for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Ki-67 (proliferation marker) in pre-treatment tumour biopsies. Results: 18F-FLT PET measured tumor responses to the induction dose of ce- tuximab varied from 43% SUVpeak decrease to 47% increase. After start of radiotherapy 18F-FLT PET parameters decreased significantly in all patients. No associations were found between PET parameters and EGFR or Ki-67 expression levels. Conclusion: Proliferation of head and neck carcinomas shows a varying response to cetuximab induction, but consistently decreases after addition of radiotherapy.