bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agreement of Try‐In Pastes and the Corresponding Luting Composites on the Final Color of Ceramic Veneers
Authors: Xu Binting , Chen Xiaodong , Li Rong , Wang Yining , Li Qing 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPurposeThe aims of this study were to evaluate the influence of luting composites on the final color of ceramic veneers and to investigate the color matching of try‐in pastes to the corresponding luting composites.Materials and MethodsCeramic discs (shade A3, 1.0 mm thick) were fabricated and seated on composite specimens (shade A3) to mimic a complex of ceramic veneer lying on dentin substrate. The try‐in pastes and luting composites of 3M RelyX were applied into the interlayer of the ceramic and composite specimens. The colors of the complexes were measured using a spectrophotometer, and subsequently converted to CIE L*a*b* values. Color changes after luting composites were applied, and the changes between the try‐in pastes and the corresponding luting composites were calculated and registered as ΔEluting and ΔEpaste‐luting. Color measurements were repeated while the ceramic specimens were reduced to 0.7 mm and then 0.5 mm in thickness.ResultsThe means of ΔEluting were 0.69 ± 0.21, 1.27 ± 0.48, and 1.40 ± 0.57 for the 1.0, 0.7, and 0.5 mm thicknesses, respectively. Two‐way ANOVA revealed that ΔEpaste‐luting values were significantly affected by the colors of luting composites and veneer thickness (p < 0.001). Lighter shades of luting composites showed less influence on ΔEpaste‐luting values.ConclusionsLuting composites could slightly modify the final color of ceramic veneers. Color matching of a try‐in paste to the corresponding luting composite was not always achieved in the 0.7 or 0.5 mm thicknesses.
A Subregional Panel Data Analysis of Life Insurance Consumption in Italy
Authors: Millo Giovanni , Carmeci Gaetano 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe propose a subregional panel approach to the determinants of life insurance development, with new methodological tools, applied to Italian data. Our sample has enough variability in observables and less unobserved heterogeneity than cross‐country ones, but is potentially affected by spatial dependence and serial correlation. We propose an encompassing estimator, showing that the spatial diffusion process of life insurance is driven by idiosyncratic shocks in neighbors. Our results partly reconcile the aggregate perspective with survey evidence supporting, in contrast to international studies, a negative link between education and risk aversion, and identifying the positive effect of young dependents predicted by theory.
Novel trophic niches drive variable progress towards ecological speciation within an adaptive radiation of pupfishes
Authors: Martin Christopher H. , Feinstein Laura C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAdaptive radiation is recognized by a rapid burst of phenotypic, ecological and species diversification. However, it is unknown whether different species within an adaptive radiation evolve reproductive isolation at different rates. We compared patterns of genetic differentiation between nascent species within an adaptive radiation ofCyprinodonpupfishes using genotyping by sequencing. Similar to classic adaptive radiations, this clade exhibits rapid morphological diversification rates and two species are novel trophic specialists, a scale‐eater and hard‐shelled prey specialist (durophage), yet the radiation is <10 000 years old. Both specialists and an abundant generalist species all coexist in the benthic zone of lakes on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Based on 13 912 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we found consistent differences in genetic differentiation between each specialist species and the generalist across seven lakes. The scale‐eater showed the greatest genetic differentiation and clustered by species across lakes, whereas durophage populations often clustered with sympatric generalist populations, consistent with parallel speciation across lakes. However, we found strong evidence of admixture between durophage populations in different lakes, supporting a single origin of this species and genome‐wide introgression with sympatric generalist populations. We conclude that the scale‐eater is further along the speciation‐with‐gene‐flow continuum than the durophage and suggest that different adaptive landscapes underlying these two niche environments drive variable progress towards speciation within the same habitat. Our previous measurements of fitness surfaces in these lakes support this conclusion: the scale‐eating fitness peak may be more distant than the durophage peak on the complex adaptive landscape driving adaptive radiation.
Complications and outcomes of trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole as chemoprophylaxis for pneumocystis pneumonia in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Mitsides Nicos , Greenan Kerry , Green Darren , Middleton Rachel , Lamerton Elizabeth , Allen Judith , Redshaw Jane , Chadwick Paul R , Subudhi Chinari PK , Wood Grahame 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundFollowing a pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) outbreak in our nephrology unit, all transplant patients were offered chemoprophylaxis with trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole (TMP‐SMX) as the first line agent. A high rate of complications was noted. We aimed to quantify TMP‐SMX associated adverse events and evaluate its prophylactic benefit in their light. Potential risk factors for complications' development were also investigated.MethodThis was an observational study of outcomes in transplant recipients commenced on TMP‐SMX prophylaxis for 1year period. End‐points were adverse events due to TMP‐SMX, the additional medical burden resulting from these events, and PCP diagnosis.Results290 patients commenced on TMP‐SMX. 110 (38%) developed complications with most common being rise in serum creatinine (Cr) (n = 63, 22%) followed by gastrointestinal symptoms (n = 15, 5%), and leucopenia (n = 5, 2%). PCP incidence fell from 19 cases in 19 months to 2 cases in 12 months. Baseline renal function (P = 0.019) was an independent predictors for developing rise in Cr with TMP‐SMX.ConclusionUse of chemoprophylaxis is an effective strategy in dealing with a PCP outbreak but can lead to a high number of complications. Rises in serum Cr can cause significant concern and increase in the number of investigations.
How Much Rationality Do We Need to Explain Conventions?
Authors: Huttegger Simon M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article surveys the main philosophical and formal ideas revolving around language as being conventional from the perspective of game theory. For very basic situations, this leads to a coherent view of conventions that offers interesting insights. Although there exist many open problems, this article will argue by outlining partial solution attempts that there is no principled reason for not applying methods from game theory to them.
Religion and Literature: Outsider, Tradition, and Transcendence
Authors: Britt Brian 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe American field of religion and literature emerged in the mid‐20th century with a particular interest in the theological resonance of modern literature. By the 1970s, the field had grown and diversified, leading David Hesla to announce a ‘second stage’ in which various approaches and topics, including social science and popular culture, would replace the first, theological stage. For Hesla and others, the second stage signaled confusion as well as pluralism. This article frames the field differently, highlighting its broader context and concerns with the categories of outsider, tradition, and transcendence. In this, light, religion and literature offers crucial perspective on current debates about secularity, society, and aesthetics.
Prediction Error of Small Area Predictors Shrinking Both Means and Variances
Authors: Maiti Tapabrata , Ren Hao , Sinha Samiran 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe article considers a new approach for small area estimation based on a joint modelling of mean and variances. Model parameters are estimated via expectation–maximization algorithm. The conditional mean squared error is used to evaluate the prediction error. Analytical expressions are obtained for the conditional mean squared error and its estimator. Our approximations are second‐order correct, an unwritten standardization in the small area literature. Simulation studies indicate that the proposed method outperforms the existing methods in terms of prediction errors and their estimated values.
Eco‐National Discourse and the Case of the Finnhorse
Authors: Schuurman Nora , Nyman Jopi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn eco‐national discourses, animals and other nonhumans are represented as national through their position as native breeds or species. In this article, we investigate the definition of the animal as a representative of a ‘national breed’ and its support to nation‐building. This article is a case‐study of the contemporary representation of the Finnhorse as a ‘national breed’ in the context of Finnish discourses of national identity. The materials analysed consist of documents and reports seeking to develop and ‘rebrand’ the Finnhorse, as well as the representation of the breed in contemporary Finnish popular music and culture. The materials are analysed using discourse analysis. According to the study, nationality is a central part of the representation of the Finnhorse, and nature is an essential element in defining the animal as native, therefore claiming its nationality to be natural. The Finnhorse is often also portrayed in the context of nostalgia. In the new contexts of contemporary equine activities, the horse is also provided with a role in rural development.
Co‐occurrence and distribution of East (L1014S) and West (L1014F) African knock‐down resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato population of Tanzania
Authors: Kabula Bilali , Kisinza William , Tungu Patrick , Ndege Chacha , Batengana Benard , Kollo Douglas , Malima Robert , Kafuko Jessica , Mohamed Mahdi , Magesa Stephen 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveInsecticide resistance molecular markers can provide sensitive indicators of resistance development in Anopheles vector populations. Assaying these makers is of paramount importance in the resistance monitoring programme. We investigated the presence and distribution of knock‐down resistance (kdr) mutations in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Tanzania.MethodsIndoor‐resting Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from 10 sites and tested for insecticide resistance using the standard WHO protocol. Polymerase chain reaction‐based molecular diagnostics were used to genotype mosquitoes and detect kdr mutations.ResultsThe An. gambiae tested were resistance to lambdacyhalothrin in Muheza, Arumeru and Muleba. Out of 350 An. gambiae s.l. genotyped, 35% were An. gambiae s.s. and 65% An. arabiensis. L1014S and L1014F mutations were detected in both An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis. L1014S point mutation was found at the allelic frequency of 4–33%, while L1014F was at the allelic frequency 6–41%. The L1014S mutation was much associated with An. gambiae s.s. (χ2 = 23.41; P < 0.0001) and L1014F associated with An. arabiensis (χ2 = 11.21; P = 0.0008). The occurrence of the L1014S allele was significantly associated with lambdacyhalothrin resistance mosquitoes (Fisher exact P < 0.001).ConclusionThe observed co‐occurrence of L1014S and L1014F mutations coupled with reports of insecticide resistance in the country suggest that pyrethroid resistance is becoming a widespread phenomenon among our malaria vector populations. The presence of L1014F mutation in this East African mosquito population indicates the spreading of this gene across Africa. The potential operational implications of these findings on malaria control need further exploration.
Oral lesions among HIV‐infected children on antiretroviral treatment in West Africa
Authors: Meless David , Ba Boubacar , Faye Malick , Diby Jean‐Serge , N'zoré Serge , Datté Sébastien , Diecket Lucrèce , N'Diaye Clémentine , Aka Edmond Addi , Kouakou Kouadio , Ba Abou , Ekouévi Didier Koumavi , Dabis François , Shiboski Caroline , Arrivé Elise 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of oral mucosal diseases and dental caries among HIV‐infected children receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) in West Africa and to identify the factors associated with the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions.MethodsMulticentre cross‐sectional survey in five paediatric HIV clinics in Côte d'Ivoire, Mali and Sénégal. A standardised examination was performed by trained dentists on a random sample of HIV‐infected children aged 5–15 years receiving ART. The prevalence of oral and dental lesions and mean number of decayed, missing/extracted and filled teeth (DMFdefT) in temporary and permanent dentition were estimated with their 95% confidence interval (95% CI). We used logistic regression to explore the association between children's characteristics and the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions, expressed as prevalence odds ratio (POR).ResultsThe median age of the 420 children (47% females) enrolled was 10.4 years [interquartile range (IQR) = 8.3–12.6]. The median duration on ART was 4.6 years (IQR = 2.6–6.2); 84 (20.0%) had CD4 count<350 cells/mm3. A total of 35 children (8.3%; 95% CI: 6.1–11.1) exhibited 42 oral mucosal lesions (24 were candidiasis); 86.0% (95% CI = 82.6–89.3) of children had DMFdefT ≥ 1. The presence of oral mucosal lesions was independently associated with CD4 count < 350 cells/mm3 (POR = 2.96, 95% CI = 1.06–4.36) and poor oral hygiene (POR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.07–6.76).ConclusionsOral mucosal lesions still occur in HIV‐infected African children despite ART, but rarely. However, dental caries were common and severe in this population, reflecting the need to include oral health in the comprehensive care of HIV.
Effectiveness of prevention of mother‐to‐child HIV transmission programmes in Kilimanjaro region, northern Tanzania
Authors: Mwendo Emanuel M. , Mtuy Tara B. , Renju Jenny , Rutherford George W. , Nondi Joseph , Sichalwe Aifello W. , Todd Jim 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo monitor the effectiveness of the prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission (PMTCT) components in reducing mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective registry‐based cohort study of HIV‐exposed children aged 4 weeks to 18 months. Eligible children had a DNA polymerase chain reaction HIV antigen test between January 2009 and August 2012. We collected and analysed the data on the PMTCT components provided. We used logistic regression to explore factors associated with successful PMTCT usage and with infant infection.ResultsWe studied 561 children; 283 (50.5%) were from rural areas. Breastfeeding was reported by 519 (92.5%) of mothers. In 469 (83.6%) mother–baby pairs, both received chemoprophylaxis, whereas in 9 (1.6%) pairs, neither mother nor baby received any chemoprophylaxis. Of the 522 (93.0%) infants with known outcomes at 6 months, 227 (43.5%) were alive, 258 (49.4%) were lost to follow‐up, 34 (6.5%) had transferred and 3 (0.6%) had died. A total of 54 (9.6%) children were infected. Transmission rates of HIV when only the mother (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.49, 95% CI: 0.47–4.77) or only the baby (aOR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.23–5.01) received chemoprophylaxis were not significantly different from transmission rates when both mother and baby received antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis. Mixed feeding practices were not associated with significantly increased risk (aOR 4.09, 95% CI: 0.58–28.76) compared with exclusive breastfeeding.ConclusionThis study showed that rate of MTCT of HIV was 9.6% in Tanzania between 2009 and 2012. The intrapartum and child chemoprophylaxis components of the PMTCT programme were well implemented with 84% of both mothers and their babies getting full chemoprophylaxis, and effective in reducing mother‐to‐child transmission.
Evaluation of a point‐of‐care anticoagulant rodenticide test for dogs
Authors: Istvan Stephanie A. , Marks Steven L. , Murphy Lisa A. , Dorman David C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate a point‐of‐care anticoagulant rodenticide lateral flow analyzer for the detection of various rodenticide compounds.DesignProspective, laboratory study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsThe study utilized a serum sample from one healthy canine donor. Samples were centrifuged and serum samples were aliquoted and either used within 4 hours or frozen at −70°C for further quantitative analysis.InterventionsSamples were spiked with clinically relevant concentrations of 1 of 6 rodenticide compounds (warfarin, pindone, chlorphacinone, brodifacoum, bromethalin, and its metabolite desmethylbromethalin). Seventy‐five microliters of spiked serum (or unaltered serum) was introduced into the lateral flow test.Measurements and Main ResultsThree readers who were blinded to the sample preparation interpreted the lateral flow test as either positive or negative for the presence of anticoagulant rodenticide. All readers were in agreement for the results of each serum sample. The point‐of‐care test kit was able to detect a single anticoagulant rodenticide (warfarin) at concentrations below the manufacturer's recommended limit of detection, but was unable to detect any other anticoagulant rodenticide.ConclusionsThe results of this test and therapeutic interventions must be considered in light of history, physical examination, and other clinical data. Based on results from this study, the test kit only detects warfarin and not other more common second‐generation anticoagulant rodenticides.
Treatment of six cases of equine corneal stromal abscessation with intracorneal injection of 5% voriconazole solution
Authors: Smith Kathryn M. , Pucket Jonathan D. , Gilmour Margi A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a reproducible technique for intrastromal injection in the standing horse for treatment of corneal stromal abscessation.Animal StudiedA retrospective clinical study addressing the history, treatment, and outcome of six equids (six eyes) that received intrastromal voriconazole injection.ProcedureEquids having a deep stromal abscess suspected to be of fungal origin were administered intrastromal injection of 5% voriconazole solution under standing sedation in an effort to bring about enhanced resolution of clinical disease.ResultsIntracorneal administration of 5% voriconazole solution resulted in resolution of clinical disease, specifically stromal abscessation and secondary uveitis. All animals displayed decreased blepharospasm and no significant complications in the immediate postinjection period. Convalescent periods were subjectively shorter than anticipated with traditional medical therapy. All animals developed mild to moderate stromal fibrosis relative to the initial severity and depth of abscessation.ConclusionsIntrastromal injection of 5% voriconazole solution may provide a safe and effective treatment option for corneal stromal abscessation in horses. In all reported cases, administration of injection early in the treatment period appeared to contribute to rapid resolution of clinical disease without significant complications. The authors present this technique as an alternative to traditional surgical intervention, being more economical, having shorter treatment duration, and potentially resulting in less scar formation.
Regulatory effects of introduction of an exogenous FGF2 gene on other growth factor genes in a healing tendon
Authors: Tang Jin Bo , Chen Chuan Hao , Zhou You Lang , McKeever Clarie , Liu Paul Y. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this study of a tendon injury model, we investigated how injection of a vector incorporating one growth factor gene changes expression levels of multiple growth factor genes in the healing process. The flexor tendon of chicken toes was completely cut and repaired surgically. The tendons in the experimental arm were injected with an adeno‐associated virus‐2 vector incorporating basic fibroblast growth‐factor gene, whereas the tendons in the control arm were not injected or injected with sham vectors. Using real‐time polymerase chain reaction, we found that, within the tendon healing period, a set of growth factor genes—transforming growth factor‐β1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and connective tissue growth factor—were significantly up‐regulated. Expression of the platelet‐derived growth factor‐B gene was not changed, and the insulin‐like growth factor was down‐regulated. A tendon marker gene, scleraxis, was significantly up‐regulated in the period. Our study revealed an intriguing finding that introduction of one growth factor gene in the healing tendon modulated expression of multiple growth factor genes. We believe this study may have significant implications in determining the approach of gene therapy, and the findings substantiate that gene therapy using a single growth factor could affect multiple growth factors.
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients with Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Authors: Kito Yumiko , Kazui Hiroaki , Kubo Yoshihiko , Yoshida Tetsuhiko , Takaya Masahiko , Wada Tamiki , Nomura Keiko , Hashimoto Mamoru , Ohkawa Shingo , Miyake Hiroji , Ishikawa Masatsune , Takeda Masatoshi 
Published: January 2014

Objective:To clarify the characteristics of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH).Methods:Neuropsychiatric symptoms of 64 iNPH patients with mild triad symptoms from three kinds of hospitals were evaluated with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and compared with 126 patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD).Results:The most frequently observed neuropsychiatric symptom in the iNPH patients was apathy followed by anxiety and aggression. No symptom was more prevalent or more severe in iNPH than in AD. The severity of cognitive impairment was correlated with both aberrant motor activity and apathy.Conclusions:Neuropsychiatric symptoms were mild in patients with iNPH and apathy was the most prevalent symptom. The correlation between neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive impairment in iNPH appears to arise from a common pathology in the frontal lobe.
Endogenous and Rapid Serial Visual Presentation-induced Alpha Band Oscillations in the Attentional Blink
Authors: Janson Jolanda , De Vos Maarten , Thorne Jeremy D. , Kranczioch Cornelia 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The attentional blink (AB) is a deficit in conscious perception of the second of two targets if it follows the first within 200–500 msec. The AB phenomenon has been linked to pre-target oscillatory alpha activity. However, this is based on paradigms that use a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stimulus stream in which the targets are embedded. This distracter stream is usually presented at a frequency of 10 Hz and thus generates a steady-state visual-evoked potential (ssVEP) at the center of the alpha frequency band. This makes the interpretation of alpha findings in the AB difficult. To be able to relate these findings either to the presence of the ssVEP or to an effect of endogenously generated alpha activity, we compared AB paradigms with and without different pre-target distracter streams. The distracter stream was always presented at 12 Hz, and power and intertrial phase coherence were analyzed in the alpha range (8–12 Hz). Without a distracter stream alpha power dropped before target presentation, whereas coherence did not change. Presence of a distracter stream was linked to stronger pre-target power reduction and increased coherence, which were both modulated by distracter stream characteristics. With regard to the AB results indicated that, whereas ssVEP-related power tended to be higher when both targets were detected, endogenous alpha power tended to be lower. We argue that the pattern of results indicates that in the pre-target interval several processes act in parallel. The balance between these processes relates to the occurrence of an AB.