bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxytocin modulates fMRI responses to facial expression in macaques
Authors: Liu Ning , Hadj-Bouziane Fadila , Jones Katherine B. , Turchi Janita N. , Averbeck Bruno B. , Ungerleider Leslie G. 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Oxytocin (OT), a mammalian hormone, may serve as a treatment for psychiatric disorders because of its beneficial effect on social behavior. Here, we found that in monkeys, OT selectively altered brain activity within multiple neural systems (visual perception, emotion, attention, and higher cognition function) and functional coupling between the amygdala and areas in the ventral visual pathway evoked by negative emotional expressions. Our findings provide key information for understanding the behavioral consequences of OT administration and indicate homologies between monkeys and humans in the neural circuits mediating the effects of OT. Thus, the monkey may be an ideal animal model to explore the development of OT-based pharmacologic strategies for treating patients with dysfunctional social behavior.
Reduced endogenous Ca
2+
buffering speeds active zone Ca
2+
signaling
Authors: Delvendahl Igor , Jablonski Lukasz , Baade Carolin , Matveev Victor , Neher Erwin , Hallermann Stefan 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Calcium influx during action potentials triggers neurotransmitter release at presynaptic active zones. Calcium buffers limit the spread of calcium and restrict neurotransmitter release to the vicinity of calcium channels. To sustain synchronous release during repetitive activity, rapid removal of calcium from the active zone is essential, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Therefore, we focused on cerebellar mossy fiber synapses, which are among the fastest synapses in the mammalian brain and found very weak presynaptic calcium buffering. One might assume that strong calcium buffering has the potential to efficiently remove calcium from active zones. In contrast, our results show that weak calcium buffering speeds active zone calcium clearance. Thus, the strength of presynaptic buffering limits the rate of synaptic transmission.
The Social Forms and Functions of Bioethics in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ashcroft Richard E. , Dixon-Woods Mary 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter offers an initial sociology of UK bioethics as a complex and newly emerging social phenomenon, describing its emergence, forms, and purposes as being controlled and shaped by actors and bioethicists. Unlike in France, bioethics in the UK is well established as an academic field. However, UK bioethicists remain insignificant as a resource to solve real-life bioethics problems in clinics and the British polity. UK bioethics is renowned for its medical profession, consultative state, and civil society associations.
Reflections on Bioethics in China
Authors: Renzong Qiu 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter describes the birth and growth of bioethics in China, a progressive process stimulated by the Chinese government's policy of reform and openness. With increasing cultural valuation of nation-building, development, and international competition in accordance with globalization, Chinese bioethics takes on the social function of speeding up China's modernization. Chinese bioethics is not only a concept adopted from Western scholars, but an idea established in China that responds to urgent local and national needs.
Bioethics in Australia
Authors: Irvine Rob , Kerridge Ian , Komesaroff Paul 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter talks about Australian bioethics and highlights the argument that bioethics have never been above the political struggle for power and influence in the public marketplace of ideas. It describes the Australasian Bioethics Association, as it purposely moves bioethics discourse beyond philosophical or theological inquiry. The chapter concludes with an analysis of bioethics, as it functions as a political field through which the Christian right competes against secular science, bioethics, and liberal ideology in order to amplify religious doctrines, traditional family values and ethics, and social order in Australian society and politics.
On What Matters
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis book is an important text in moral philosophy. It follows from the 1984 book Reasons and Persons, one of the landmarks of twentieth-century philosophy. The book presents a new treatment of reasons, rationality, and normativity, and a critical examination of three systematic moral theories — Kant's ethics, contractualism, and consequentialism — leading to a new synthetic conclusion. Along the way the volume discusses a wide range of moral issues, such as the significance of consent, treating people as a means rather than an end, and free will and responsibility. This book consists of four parts. The first part presents critiques of previous work by four of the world's leading moral philosophers. The second part contains responses. The third and longest part is a self-contained work on normativity, and the final part comprises seven chapters on Kant, reasons, irrationality, autonomy — and why the universe exists.
How I Am Not a Kantian
Authors: Scanlon T. M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter talks about the book's vigorous defense of a cognitivist and value-based account of reasons and its ending with the claim of a convergence between Kantian, consequentialist, and contractualist moral theories. This chapter comments on the relation between these two parts of the book. Questions about reasons are fundamental to the book's conclusion because the theories for which convergence is in question characterise right and wrong in terms of what people have reason to want, or could rationally do. The three theories the book considers are: Immanuel Kant's Contractualist Formula, Thomas M. Scanlon's Formula, and Kant's Rule Consequentialism. This chapter examines how the theories laid out by this text differ from Kant's and considers Kant's notions of rationality and morality by focusing on his Formula of Universal Law. It also tackles Kant's discussion of the Formula of Universal Law in his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals.
The Triple Theory
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter considers Triple Theory, which says everyone ought to follow Rule Consequentialist principles that are UA-optimific because these are the only principles with universal acceptance which everyone could rationally choose, and that no one could reasonably reject. In considering this theory, the chapter addresses four issues: what these optimific principles require us to do; whether these are the only principles the universal acceptance of which everyone could rationally choose; whether these are the only principles that no one could reasonably reject; and whether these are the principles that everyone ought to follow. It also explores the relation between Thomas M. Scanlon's Contractualism and that of Immanuel Kant. It suggests that Kantian Contractualism implies Rule Consequentialism, to which Scanlon has no objection. Finally, it discusses the Convergence Argument and the possibility of combining Kantian Rule Consequentialism with Scanlonian Contractualism.
Analytical Naturalism and Subjectivism
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter provides a philosophical discussion of Analytical Naturalism and Subjectivism. It first considers several types of metaethical view, namely: Semi-Cognitivism, Cognitivism, Nihilism, Non-Cognitivism, Non-Naturalist Cognitivism, Analytical Naturalism, and Non-Analytical Naturalism. It then argues that we ought to reject Non-Cognitivism and the two forms of Naturalism (Analytical Naturalism and Non-Analytical Naturalism). It also suggests that normativity is either an illusion, or involves irreducibly normative truths. If we used the words ‘reason’, ‘should’, and ‘ought’ in their internal senses, Subjectivism about Reasons would not be a substantive normative view, but a concealed tautology. The chapter concludes by discussing normative beliefs and the concept of internal reason.
Epistemology
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter looks at epistemology, the Causal Objection, the Validity Argument, and epistemic beliefs. According to the Causal Objection, since non-natural normative properties or truths could not have any effects, we could not have any way of knowing about them. This chapter examines such knowledge from the points of view of Naturalism, Rationalism, and Metaphysical Naturalism. The words ‘probable’, ‘likely’, and ‘certain’ can be used in nonnormative, alethic senses. According to Analytical Naturalism, epistemic normative concepts can be explained in alethic terms, and refer to alethic properties. According to Epistemic Rationalism, these concepts are irreducibly normative, and refer to irreducibly normative properties. According to Non-Analytical Naturalism, although these concepts are irreducibly normative, they refer to alethic properties.
Rationalism
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter describes Rationalism. The Naturalist Argument for Normative Skepticism has several strands: our normative epistemic beliefs were often advantageous, by causing us to have true worldly beliefs which helped us to survive and reproduce; because these normative beliefs were advantageous, natural selection made us disposed to have them; these beliefs would have had the same effects whether or not they were true; these beliefs would have been advantageous whether or not they were true; natural selection would have disposed us to have these beliefs whether or not they were true; we have no empirical evidence for the truth of these beliefs; we have no other way of knowing whether these beliefs are true. The chapter examines normative beliefs that are grounded on alethic beliefs about what is certain or likely to be true, along with practical and moral beliefs that were not produced by natural selection, or other evolutionary forces. It then turns from epistemic reasons to practical reasons, and to questions about what matters.
Contemporary Uses of the Musical Arts in Botswana’s HIV/AIDS Health Education Initiatives
Authors: Cole Abimbola 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter expands existing work on AIDS-themed radio serial dramas by examining how contemporary music, theater, and health education came together in the 2001 Botswana production Makgabaneng. It begins with an overview of the radio serial drama, its cultural context, and its significance in Botswana’s national life and community. Using the case of Makgabaneng, it then considers the serial drama’s role as a contemporary form of musical arts education capable of conveying health care objectives and details related to psycho-medical care as described in Botswana’s national HIV/AIDS goals and policies. It also looks at the ways in which Makgabaneng establishes communities of listeners whose lives are intertwined with the imagined worlds of the serial drama’s characters. This chapter offers a window into how Makgabaneng functions as a contemporary musical arts endeavor reflecting everyday situations in Botswana that raise national consciousness about HIV/AIDS.
Confronting AIDS through Popular Music Cultures in Kenya
Authors: Wanyama Mellitus N. , Okong’o Joseph B. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the song lyrics of three popular Kenyan songwriters: Princess Jully, Jack Nyadundo, and Oduor Odhialo. Extensive presentations of their song texts demonstrate the artists’ deep engagement with significant health care related issues in Kenya today. In particular, their use of local language terms and popular culture references evoke the threats and realities of HIV infection in East Africa. The songs discussed in this chapter are Jully’s “Dunia Mbaya,” Nyadundo’s “Ukimwi,” and Odhialo’s “Nyakomollo.” The chapter shows how contemporary popular music in Kenya has had to confront the subject of sexuality within the context of the dangers posed by HIV/AIDS. Far from encouraging promiscuity, as some discourses seem to suggest, popular musicians have been actively involved in spreading the message of HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention through their music.
Young and Wise in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Scharfenberger Angela 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter explores the dilemmas Western researchers face in studying AIDS performance groups. Focusing on the Young and Wise Inspirational Choir in Accra, Ghana, it considers how researchers should use the resources available to them to promote the efforts of their consultants. It also describes the social context of performance by the Young and Wise Inspirational Choir, along with the role of the ethnographers as advocates in ethnomusicological fieldwork and writing. It argues that the singers in the Young and Wise choir take their jobs seriously, even as their experience with HIV may be limited to the campaign messages they promote through their songs. By participating in the group, however, these singers also attempt to parlay their public health-based exposure into pop stardom. The chapter looks at the use of medical ethnomusicology in analyzing the phenomenon of musical responses to HIV/AIDS.
“EdzI Ndi Dolo” (“AIDS is Mighty”)
Authors: Lwanda John Chipembere 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways in which information about HIV/AIDS is transmitted through popular media in Malawi, with the goal of constructing one of the first progressive histories of HIV responses within the popular music industry. It first describes music and HIV/AIDS in five chronological periods: before HIV/AIDS had a local name; the initial period of “silence” from 1985 to 1990; the transitional period from one-party rule to multiparty between 1990 and 1994; the first multiparty years, 1995 to 1999; and 2000 and beyond. It then considers how several musicians addressed their own personal involvement with HIV/AIDS through their songs before discussing how HIV/AIDS led to both the growth of the Malawian music industry and, for some, successful professional music careers. It also highlights the artistic unpredictability of the HIV/AIDS epidemic’s paths and suggests that this process might be more predictable than it appears.
Postlude
Authors: Tang Patricia 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to Mamadou Konté (1945–2007), a laborer-turned-businessman who became one of the most important and influential people in the African music industry. Konté is an illiterate African laborer in France who, in the 1970s, began organizing aid concerts to improve the living conditions of immigrant workers. He is the founder of Africa Fête, a Senegal-based organization dedicated to the promotion of African music and musicians. Established in 1978, Africa Fête has managed numerous African artists, organized international tours and festivals, given exposure to new talent, and provided training in sound engineering, production, and management. As a cultural activist, Konté used music as a medium for furthering economic development and social awareness among Africans both at home and in the diaspora. Throughout his life, Konté used music to raise funds and awareness for important causes, including the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
Getting Started
Authors: Tagg Barbara M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses the steps in establishing a choir. These include plan development, rehearsal location, financial planning, events timeline setting, and collaboration. It is important to have a vision of who the singers will be, where and what they will sing, and a concept of the ideal choral sound. It is significant to know why the choir exists, to plan how to sustain it, and to strive for excellence. Starting or expanding an existing choral program is a collaborative effort among the staff, parents, board, and community.
Reherasals and Parents
Authors: Tagg Barbara M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter assesses the issue of communication in the choral organization, especially communication with the parents. Conveying important information about chorus matters through memos matters to parents and facilitates strong communication. Strong communication and commitment is necessary in structuring a children’s choir for excellence. Collaboration and communication within the organizational structure of the choir are just as important as the collaboration and communication between the choir, conductor, and accompanist. The choir’s achievement of musical and organizational excellence depends on how well the choir is organized, how well choral rehearsals are conducted, how thoroughly information is communicated to all participants, and how thoroughly each event is planned in advance.
Concerts
Authors: Tagg Barbara M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter deals with the planning and marketing of concerts. The process of planning a season includes creative planning, repertoire selection, season announcement, dress rehearsal and concert logistics, and concert recording. The founder of the choir is often the one who plans the concerts, creates the marketing strategies, and sustains the music-making in the early years. Detailed advance planning will help ensure the success of the event and enables the organization to handle adverse unplanned events easily. The chapter also provides guidelines on how to respond to unforeseen events during the concert season.
Touring
Authors: Tagg Barbara M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the organizational details of touring. It serves as a guide on the necessary considerations when planning a tour. These considerations include selecting a tour company; government travel requirements for international travel; the tour budget; the ratio of chaperones to choristers; chaperone selection and training sessions; the tour handbook and timeline; medical considerations, and organization repertoire for a tour. Planning the tour may be supervised by the artistic director, chorus administrative staff, or volunteers, depending on the size of the organization. Communication is essential among planners and should be clearly coordinated with the choir tour manager who is responsible for making all final decisions.
Morphological diversity of the bony labyrinth (inner ear) in extant Xenarthrans and its relation to phylogeny
Authors: Billet Guillaume , Hautier Lionel , Lebrun Renaud 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe present a survey of the morphological diversity of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear in Xenarthra, including the fossil ground sloth Megatherium. Using a combination of traditional and geometric morphometrics, correlation analyses, and qualitative observations, we attempt to extract independent and informative phylogenetic characters of the bony labyrinth for the superorder. Geometric morphometric analyses demonstrate a strong imprint of phylogenetic history on the shape of the bony labyrinth of xenarthrans and a weak influence of allometry. Discrete characters mapped on a consensus cladogram for xenarthrans show support for many traditional nodes within the superorder and may also provide critical information for problematic nodes within Cingulata. A relatively large lateral semicircular canal may, for instance, represent a synapomorphy for the molecular clade allying fairy armadillos (Chlamyphorinae) to the Tolypeutinae. Striking convergences were detected when comparing Megatherium, the giant ground sloth, with extant armadillos and Chlamyphorus, the pink fairy armadillo, with the extant three- and two-toed sloths. These findings have the potential to help understand the phylogenetic relationships of fossil xenarthrans.Presentamos un estudio de la diversidad morfológica del laberinto óseo del oído interno de los xenartros, incluyendo el perezoso fósil Megatherium. Utilizamos una combinación de morfométrica tradicional y geométrica, análisis de correlación y observaciones cuantitativas para intentar extraer caracteres filogenéticos independientes e informativos del laberinto óseo para el superorden. Los análisis geométricos morfométricos muestran una fuerte impronta de la historia filogenética de la forma del laberinto óseo de los xenartros y una baja influencia de la alometría. Los caracteres discretos mapeados en un cladograma de consenso para xenartros apoyan varios nodos tradicionales dentro del superorden y podrían también brindar información importante para los nodos problemáticos dentro de los Cingulata. Un canal semicircular lateral relativamente largo podría, por ejemplo, representar una sinapomorfía que apoye el clado molecular que une a los pichiciegos con los Tolypeutinae. Se hallaron notables convergencias al comparar Megatherium con los armadillos actuales, y Chlamyphorus con los perezosos actuales. Estos hallazgos tienen el potencial para ayudar a entender las relaciones filogenéticas de los xenartros fósiles.
Sustainability reporting: external motivators and internal facilitators
Authors: Nazari Jamal A. , Herremans Irene M. , Warsame Hussein A. 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of internal variables, such as strategic governance and operational controls, along with external variables that influence sustainability reporting.

Design/methodology/approach
– Building on the corporate governance and sustainability reporting literature, the authors develop a model to integrate external motivators and internal facilitators to determine their impact on sustainability reporting. The authors also control for a number of financial and non-financial variables that may influence sustainability reporting. The authors limit their sample to the companies in extractive industries that report their greenhouse gas emission to the Government of Canada. The authors collected the data from several data sources including secondary archival databases, newspapers, Web sites and annual reports.

Findings
– Using a sample of companies in high-polluting industries, the authors found that variables representing both external pressures that act as motivators and internal controls that act as facilitators are significantly associated with enhanced sustainability reporting.

Practical implications
– Considering the formation of several international initiatives such as International Integrated Reporting Council to improve sustainability reporting for decision-making, the authors’ research provides interesting insights both to policymakers and managers about organizational characteristics that are important to make reporting useful and relevant.

Originality/value
– Little academic research has investigated the role of internal variables in facilitating sustainability reporting. The authors use a robust model that combines external and internal variables to more thoroughly understand the reporting process.