bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Mover Advantage
Authors: Sammut‐Bonnici Tanya , Channon Derek F. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
First mover advantage is derived from a firm's ability to gain early entry into a new market. Significant payoffs exist when barriers to entry are created. In the early days of the PC industry, Microsoft created high barriers to entry by collaborating with Intel. Today, Microsoft still holds a dominant position with 90% market share of the PC operating system market. Lockheed Martin's early technological and partnership advantage with Russian aerospace companies allowed it to secure a leadership position in the global market for commercial space launches, servicing the satellite industry. The timing of strategic moves into international markets may be critical for success as a result of the positive advantages accruing to first movers. The set of advantages to be gained are costs advantages, preemption of geographic space, technological advantages, differentiation advantages, and political advantages. For first mover advantage, to materialize, it is necessary to create high barriers for competitors to enter the market, be the first to introduce new systems and to, exploit first mover advantage to achieve customer loyalty. There is no first mover advantage where there are low or zero barriers to entry by competitors. Indeed, it may involve much greater risk than being an early follower.
Human Resource Management
Authors: Verburg Robert M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Human resource management (
HRM
) is about all those activities associated with the management of people in firms. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the
HRM
approach. This is done by showing the central role for top and line management and by showing how
HRM
can help fulfill business objectives. On the basis of the three main phases of employment management (the entry, performance, and exit of employees), some current challenges of managing people in an international context are highlighted.
Integration
Authors: Junni Paulina , Sarala Riikka , Vaara Eero 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe aim of this article is to provide an overview of M&A integration. We describe what M&A integration entails, and discuss two important dimensions of this process, namely, operational and cultural integration. We also provide an overview of different integration styles related to these two dimensions, and discuss the dynamics of the M&A integration process.
Internalization
Authors: Athanassiou Nicholas 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Internalization theory explains the internationalization decisions of multinational firms. Combined with other principles, internationalization theory can be used to predict a range of aspects of multinational company (MNC) activity behavior, including foreign direct investment decisions, international joint venture behavior, and management, national market entry decisions, and entrepreneurial activities across borders. Internalization theory is also behind the “make or buy” decisions also referred to as backward integration or resource seeking behavior across borders. Similarly, the mode of entry in new national markets (internal or arms length) can be explained as the result of forward integration behavior.
The Language of Global Management
Authors: Neeley Tsedal B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOver the last two decades, organizations seeking global expansion have been mandating an English lingua franca, or common language to facilitate global collaboration regardless of the country location of their headquarters. This article explains why stipulating a lingua franca for employees has replaced the exclusive use of language brokers. In the era of a business lingua franca, nevertheless, gives rise to the phenomenon of native and nonnative speakers. While a lingua franca can unify a nationally and linguistically diverse workforce, nascent research reveals challenging dynamics among speakers of various levels of lingua franca fluency. In‐depth studies at the micro‐, macro‐, and meso‐levels can shed important light on this nascent field of research.
Multinational Corporations (
MNC
s) and Enterprises (
MNE
s)
Authors: Mayrhofer Ulrike , Prange Christiane 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article focuses on key characteristics of multinational companies (MNCs) in a global business environment. After the definition of the MNC, the authors present an overview of the geographic origin of MNCs and trends concerning foreign direct investments (FDI). They analyze location strategies followed by MNCs and explain the growing importance of MNCs from emerging economies. Several theoretical perspectives contribute to a better understanding of MNCs: industrial organization theory, transaction cost theory, organizational capability theory, contingency theory, business network theory, and institutionalization theory. A typology of different conceptualizations (heterarchical, transnational, and metanational companies) emphasizes their heterogeneous and changing character. Recent trends highlight the increasing fragmentation of the value‐chain and the development of “global factories.”
Negotiation
Authors: Beersma Bianca , Ten Velden Femke S. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Negotiation, the communication between parties with perceived divergent interests aimed at reaching agreement, is used across many contexts to resolve social conflict. Often, negotiations involve multiple issues, such that parties can form integrative agreements that yield higher joint utility than a 50–50 compromise or a victory‐for‐one solution. However, in order to reach these agreements, parties need to choose the most optimal negotiation strategy, something they often fail to do. This is due to (i) information processing barriers and (ii) barriers related to social motivation. We discuss the effects of these barriers and how they can be overcome. Finally, we discuss current trends and future directions in negotiation research, focusing specifically on effects of emotions, multiparty contexts, and culture.
Political Economy
Authors: Sobel Andrew C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Political economy includes macro political economic approaches, which examine associations between political activities and substantive performance of economies, and micro political economic approaches, which focus on the processes and factors that influence and constrain the choices of individual political actors. Macro approaches probe how government actions affect the state of the economy, or how the state of the economy affects government actions. Micro approaches seek to understand the choices of individuals, which interact and aggregate to produce social, economic, and political outcomes. Micro approaches to political economy attempt to discover the causal foundations of actions in political arenas, to investigate, and construct the microfoundations of macro outcomes. Three assumptions underpin micro political economy approaches. First, we live in a world of scarce resources. Second, political actors seek to survive. Third, decision makers act as if they are rational.
Property Rights
Authors: McGee Robert W. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The modern theory of property rights was expounded by John Locke (1690). Locke held that individuals own their bodies and the fruits of their labor. Any act that prevents individuals from using their bodies or the fruits of their labor (other justly acquired property) constitutes a violation of property rights, with limited exceptions. In modern times, governments have become the main violators of property rights. The present entry provides examples of property rights violations.
Repatriation of Profits
Authors: Singh Satyendra 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Profit repatriation is the ability of a firm to send foreign‐earned profits or financial assets back to the firm's home country in hard currency such as
US
$, Euro, and Pound, after meeting host nation's tax obligations. Profit repatriation has both pros and cons. Proponents argue that it encourages foreign direct investments (FDIs) and thus leading to higher quality of life through employment and income, whereas opponents argue that profit repatriation boosts another country's economy, and thus boosting their local demand. Therefore, different countries impose different restrictions for profit repatriation. The article explains the five methods for repatriation of profits: financing structure, parallel loans, reinvoicing centers, royalty payments, and transfer pricing.
Securities And Exchange Commission (
SEC
)
Authors: Laskin Alexander V. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is a government agency focused on protecting investors, maintaining capital markets, and facilitating capital formation. Starting in early 1930s, the SEC has been the key organization overseeing federal securities law compliance and bringing enforcement actions against violators. The SEC is headed by five commissioners appointed by the US President. Its 3500 employees are organized into 5 divisions and 19 offices as well as 11 regional offices. Bearing part of the blame for the recent stock market crashes, the SEC is now in the process of upgrading its structure, functions, and key operations.
Social Categorization
Authors: Klaus Nicola , Sackmann Sonja 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The term “social categorization” refers to the systematic classification of other people in order to achieve orientation within an individual's social reality. Others are categorized with regard to certain characteristics they share with various social groups, such as ethnicity, gender, and so on. Depending on the nature of judgments made on the basis of social categorization, there are positive and negative implications for working in diverse teams.
The Transnational Corporation as a Provider of Public Goods
Authors: Jones Marc T. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article addresses the political economy of the transnational corporation (TNC) in an age of globalization. Specifically, the institutional logic of the corporate form as manifested in the TNC is examined in terms of the magnitude of private versus pubic goods that are generated by “normal” TNC activities; that is, the extent to which TNCs are “takers” from or “givers” to the commons. Our understanding of the meaning of “corporate citizenship” as applied to TNCs largely turns on this question, which has major implications for how effectively this institution can fill the “black hole” left by a receding state and play a leading role in the provision of various public goods and citizenship rights.
Trust
Authors: Ravlin Elizabeth C. , Ward Anna‐Katherine 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
As the focus in management increasingly turns toward the importance of relationships, trust has become a key topic for both researchers and practitioners. Antecedents of trust, such as trust propensity, ability, benevolence, integrity, and trustworthiness, have been examined in an effort to better understand how trust is created, and important outcomes of trust, such as task performance, citizenship behaviors, and risk taking, have been identified. In a globalized business environment, the role of these trust‐related factors in the establishment of cross‐cultural relationships may well be the foundation for success in international management; however, research in the global context is still in the early stages of development. Differences across cultures in how relationships are formed and perceived influence the trust building process within cultural contexts and between culturally different individuals.
Logistics Management
Authors: Eroglu Cuneyt , Croxton Keely L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Logistics management refers to the management of product flows across a firm's supply chain in order to meet customer requirements. More formally, logistics management is defined as “that part of supply chain management that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective, forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers' requirements” (
cscmp.org
). In simpler terms, the goal of logistics is to have the right product, at the right time, in the right place, at the right cost, and in the right condition.
Work‐Life Issues
Authors: Caligiuri Paula 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This short article defines work‐life balance and describes the key issues internationally affecting employees' work‐life balance or work‐life harmony. The key practices organizations are using to help their employees balance the demands of work and personal life are also offered. The practices for helping employees and their families during international assignments which require relocation to another country (or expatriate assignments), a particularly stressful activity, are also listed.
Venture Capital
Authors: Hilb Michael 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Venture capital (
VC
) is a form of institutionalized investment in start‐up companies that cannot tap into traditional capital markets owing to their risk profile. The modern
VC
industry has grown into a global capital class that invested $41.5 billion in 2012. In common with most other modern capital market concepts,
VC
was shaped in the United States and subsequently adopted globally. In line with overall economic trends, the
VC
markets in the emerging nations have outgrown many of the more developed markets in recent years, with China expected to become the second largest
VC
market, following the United States.
E‐Government
Authors: Harfouche Antoine , Robbin Alice 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article offers the definitions of e‐government, defines e‐services for citizens, provides examples of e‐government projects, describes various metrics employed to assess e‐government readiness, and discusses findings that demand (use) has not matched the supply of e‐government services because of three digital divides of access, skills, and acceptance (motivation).
Computer‐Supported Cooperative Work
Authors: Dennis Alan R. , McNamara Kelly 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Computer‐supported cooperative work (CSCW) is the use of information and communication technologies to support groups working together on shared tasks. Different tools provide features that fall into three general categories: communication support (helping group members communicate), information processing (organizing and evaluating information), and appropriation support (supporting how tools are adopted and used). For many tools, there is a significant learning curve before the tool can be used effectively; so studies that have examined the first‐time use of CSCW by novice users often have concluded that they take longer to use and lead to dissatisfied users. However, studies that have examined ongoing use or first‐time use that has been supported by detailed training or an experienced facilitator have found tools to reduce the time taken to reach decisions, increase user satisfaction, and increase the quantity and quality of ideas generated. Simple CSCW tools that offer communication support, such as email, IM, and Skype, have been widely adopted, because the benefits of using these tools are clear and compelling. More sophisticated tools have not been widely adopted, perhaps because their learning curve poses a barrier, and it is not clear how they offer more benefits than the simple tools.
Database Design
Authors: McDonald David 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The explosion in the quantity and availability data is making knowledge of database systems important most organizations. Data is now viewed as a strategic asset, one that helps a business sustain a competitive advantage. This article defines some fundamental concepts in the use of data and database management systems (
DBMS
s). Initially, a brief historical perspective is presented, which then segues into today's most popular design methodologies, the relational model, and the object‐oriented model. The article concludes by showing how fast data has grown exponentially and how managers need to consider data a vital asset of the organization.
Enterprise Architectures
Authors: Khoshafian Setrag 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

An enterprise architecture (EA) is a
blueprint
of the enterprise capturing business, application, information, and infrastructure models and their relationships. An
EA
associates the strategies and business objectives of the enterprise to systems and technology platforms.
EAs
attempt to modernize legacy systems and govern change through complex organizations. Service oriented enterprises (SOEs) leveraging business process management suites (BPMS), especially, are an important milestone in the evolution and execution of EAs. SOE allow organizations to achieve continuous adaptation through dynamic yet controlled performance driven methodologies.
Expert Systems
Authors: Das Amit 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Expert systems mimic the problem‐solving activity of human experts in specialized domains by capturing and representing expert knowledge. Expert systems include a knowledge base, an inference engine that derives conclusions from the knowledge, and a user interface. Knowledge may be stored as if‐then rules, orusing other formalisms such as frames and predicate logic. Uncertain knowledge may be represented using certainty factors, Bayesian networks, Dempster‐Shafer belief functions, or fuzzy sets. Methods of knowledge acquisition include interviewing, analysis of past records of expert decisions, and observation of experts engaged in their natural activity.
An expert system shell is a commercially available programming environment that allows the entry of domain knowledge in the form of rules. Expert system shells enable end‐user computing, where skilled professionals, such as engineers and scientists, can encode their own knowledge into software. Expert systems are widely used in businesses to perform tasks ranging from diagnosis of manufacturing processes to credit approval by credit card companies.
Human–Computer Interaction (HCI): Interactivity, Immersion, and Invisibility as New Extensions
Authors: Prestopnik Nathan , Zhang Ping 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHuman–computer interaction (HCI) or human factors studies in management information systems (MIS) are concerned with the ways humans interact with information, technologies, and tasks, especially in business, managerial, organizational, and cultural contexts. HCI studies in MIS have a long history, started as early as the MIS field itself. These studies are necessarily broad, encompassing aspects of psychology, social psychology, sociology, management, organizational studies, computer science, information technology, software engineering, design, and creative arts, among others. This encyclopedia entry explores how new technological advances are spawning brand new use contexts that are highly interesting to HCI scholars, and examines how some familiar use contexts may be reimagined in light of ongoing technological advances in HCI. It is organized around three interaction paradigms: interactivity, immersion, and invisibility, each topic introduced with a fictional scenario, followed by a short discussion on selected HCI issues, technologies, and possibilities.
Information Systems Security
Authors: Warkentin Merrill 
Published: January 2015

AbstractGiven the strategic dependence on information and information technology by individuals, workgroups (teams), organizations, industries, nations, and society overall, it is imperative that the integrity of that information is maintained in all three states – during transmission, during storage, and during processing. Information (and information systems) security management is the process of ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information whenever and wherever it is transmitted, stored, and processed (sometimes called the “CIA Triad”). While perfect security is desirable, it is unfortunately unattainable. There are numerous active and passive threats to the security of information, as well as responses to these threats that must be adopted by individuals, teams, and organizations. Various technical and behavioral controls are used to counter these threats, but this article will focus on the behavioral controls.Threats characteristics and threat examples are discussed below, as are the responses to such threats. Research findings support the importance of both internal and external threats, with internal threats demonstrating the greatest negative impact in most cases. Factors that contribute to individual compliance with security policies will be discussed, along with some discussion of the intentional violation of security protocols and policies by malicious individuals.
Interorganizational Systems
Authors: Plomp Marijn G.A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Interorganizational systems (
IOS
) are information systems that cross the boundaries of a single organization. These systems support collaboration between two or more organizations, leading to advantages such as increased efficiency and/or effectiveness. Many different types of IOS exist, varying in purpose and scope. IOS have been studied as early as the mid sixties of the previous century, but the field can still be considered as active and relevant. Challenges for the future lie in dealing with the complexity of IOS and incorporating the views from theories such as multilevel theory, interorganizational relationships, and chain‐computerization.
IT
Professionals and the
IT
Profession
Authors: Ang Soon , Joseph Damien , Slaughter Sandra A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The context for
IT
work is changing. New technologies, the trend toward global delivery of
IT
products and services, the increasing use of social media for work, and the gamification of work have widened job roles in the
IT
profession. This article expands the traditional list of
IT
job roles (e.g., chief information officer and systems analyst) by identifying emerging
IT
job roles (e.g., social media specialist and 3D modeler) directly influenced by the changing context of work. Present
IT
job roles require
IT
professionals to acquire and develop critical skills in addition to the
IT
technical and softer skills. These additional skills include cultural competencies and creativity.
IT
professionals are also expected to polyspecialize in two or more related and mutually reinforcing domains. We conclude this article by discussing the implications arising from the evolving
IT
work context on the jobs, careers and compensation of
IT
professionals.
ITGovernance
Authors: Wu Shelly P. J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis chapter reviews literature that is relevant to information technology (IT) governance and its research streams. The first part introduces varying definitions ofITgovernance and the second part describes the definitions of, and research onITgovernance mechanisms. The third part of this literature review is a summary of research trends ofITgovernance. It is intended to familiarize the reader with the basic knowledge aboutITgovernance, and to call for theoretical contributions to this research field.