bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Removal of mercaptans from gas–oil using synthesised anatase form of TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Karimi Mehdi , Seyedeyn‐Azad Fakhry , Abedi Jalal 
Published: March 2013

AbstractHigh purity titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesised via a modified sol–gel method using titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP). XRD analysis showed that the synthesised product was TiO2 powder in anatase form. The sample possessed a relatively high surface area of 75.64 m2/g. The typical TEM images suggested that the crystalline phase product was composed of fine particles with dimensions between 17 and 20 nm. The synthesised material was used as a photocatalyst for the removal of mercaptans from gas–oil. The result showed that up to 78% of the mercaptans in gas–oil was removed using the synthesised TiO2 photocatalyst.
Minimierte Wärmebrückeneffekte ‐ mit Bausystemen aus Porenbeton
Authors: Kümmel J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWärmebrücken sind sowohl unter energetischen als auch hygienischen Gesichtspunkten Schwachstellen in der Gebäudekonstruktion. Der Anteil von Wärmebrücken an den Transmissionswärmeverlusten kann je nach Randbedingungen bis zu 20 % und mehr betragen. Gleichzeitig steigt das Risiko einer Anreicherung von Tauwasser, das zur Schimmelbildung führen kann. Mit zunehmender Verbesserung des baulichen Wärmeschutzes gewinnt die Verringerung von Wärmebrücken am Transmissionswärmeverlust an Bedeutung. Da mit Inkrafttreten der neuen Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) für Neubauten das Niedrigenergiehaus zum Standard werden soll, ist es mit der EnEV erstmalig möglich, auch Wärmebrückeneffekte in die wärmetechnische Berechnung mit einfließen zu lassen. Im folgenden werden die Effekte von Wärmebrücken und deren rechnerische Berücksichtigung in der EnEV erläutert.Weiterhin wird gezeigt, daß sich mit Porenbeton‐Bausystemen Wärmebrückeneffekte auf ein Minimum reduzieren lassen.
Erker mit Ärger
Authors: Wapenhans W. , Jäckel A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAn einem Mehrfamilienhaus zeigten sich schon kurze Zeit nach der Fertigstellung des Gebäudes starke, etwa 2 mm breite horizontale Rißbildungen an der Außenfassade im Erkervorbau, die etwa 1 Steinlage über der Stahlbetondecke des 1. Obergeschosses erkennbar waren. Auf der tapezierten Wandinnenseite der betreffenden Wohnung konnten weitere, wesentlich schwächere Risse festgestellt werden.Die Ursachen für diese Rißbildungen lagen zum ersten in einer Überlagerung der Auswirkungen von Schwind‐ und Temperaturverkürzungen der Stützen auf der Eingangsseite, d. h. sie entstanden durch das Baustoffverhalten der Stützen selbst.Außerdem entstanden zum zweiten Temperaturverformungen der zangenartigen Stahlbetongurte (vgl. Bild 1), die in Deckenhöhe als obere Halterung der Mauerwerkswände eingebaut wurden, da dieser "Ringanker" eben keinen Ring bildete, sondern wegen eines Rolladenkastens unterbrochen wurde.Standsicherheitsbedenken bestanden nicht, dennoch erfolgte eine fachgerechte Sanierung durch Putzgewebeeinlagen im Rißbereich vor dem Neuverputzen des Gebäudes sowie durch die Verbindung der beiden Stahlbetongurte in Deckenhöhe des Dachgeschosses durch ein mit Schwerlastankern angeschlossenes Stahlblech, um die Zangenbewegungen zu verhindern.
Methoden der Rißsanierung
Authors: Schmidt S. , Herrmann S. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMineralische Putze schmücken die Fassaden vieler historischer sowie moderner Gebäude. Bei Schäden am Putz muß unbedingt deren Ursache ermittelt werden. Je nach Art und Grad der Schäden bieten sich unterschiedliche Arten der Sanierung an.
Normgerechte Ausführung von Mauerwerk
Authors: Schubert P. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractDie Ausführung von Mauerwerk ist in DIN 1053‐1 11.96 geregelt. Sie ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung dafür, daß die Tragfähigkeit der Mauerwerkbauteile und die hervorragenden bauphysikalischen Eigenschaften uneingeschränkt erreicht werden. Diese Ausführungsregeln sind ‐ bis aufwenige Ergänzungen ‐ seit Jahrzehnten bekannt und können ohne Probleme eingehalten werden. Um so bedauerlicher ist es, wenn gelegentlich an Mauerwerkbauteilen oder Bauwerken erhebliche Ausführungsmängel festgestellt werden. Handelt es sich um eindeutige Verstöße gegen die technischen Regelwerke, so führen sie bei einem Rechtsstreit ‐ je nach Ausmaß und Wirkung der Ausführungsmängel ‐ zu einem Minderwert, in gravierenden Fällen zum Abriß und zur Neuerrichtung der betreffenden Bauteile. Da es sich um Ausführungsmängel handelt, sind der bauleitende Architekt und der Rohbauunternehmer in der Haftung. Sie sollten deshalb besonders daran interessiert sein, daß die Mauerwerkbauteile den technischen Regeln entsprechend ausgeführt werden. Nachfolgend werden unter Bezug auf ein aktuelles Beispiel die jeweilige mangelhafte und normgerechte Ausführung gegenübergestellt.
Entwicklung eines Bemessungskonzeptes für vorgespannte Ziegeldecken
Authors: Zilch K. , Schermer D. , Rüppel S. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSchlaff bewehrte Ziegeldecken stellen ein seit Jahrzehnten bewährtes Deckensystem in Massivbauweise dar. Als Vorteile dieser Konstruktionsart sind u. a. gute bauphysikalische Eigenschaften, wie Wärmedämmung, Schallschutz und Raumklima, sowie rationelle Herstellung durch Fertigteilbauweise zu nennen. Angewendet werden schlaff bewehrte Ziegeldecken zur Zeit hauptsächlich im Wohnungsbau bei mittleren und geringen Deckenstützweiten und geringen Lasten. Im Rahmen der normativen Regelungen, sind die Anwendungsgebiete jedoch durch die Nachweise der Tragfähigkeit ‐ Querkraft‐ und Biegetragfähigkeit ‐ sowie der Gebrauchstauglichkeit ‐ Durchbiegungsnachweis durch Beschränkung der Biegeschlankheit ‐ relativ eng begrenzt. Im Rahmen an der TU München durchgeführter Untersuchungen konnten Detailpunkte der schlaff bewehrten Ziegeldecke geklärt werden.Für die Erweiterung der Anwendungsgebiete, z. B. Erhöhung der Stützweiten oder Erhöhung der aufnehmbaren Belastung, wurde die Notwendigkeit des Einsatzes einer Vorspannung deutlich. Normative Regelungen sind in diesem Bereich nicht vorhanden. Daher wurden im Rahmen eines von der AiF geförderten Forschungsprojektes das Trag‐ und Verformungsverhalten vorgespannter Ziegeldecken experimentell und rechnerisch untersucht. Aufbauend auf die experimentellen Ergebnisse und basierend auf der neuen Normengeneration im Betonbau DIN 1045‐1 wurde anschließend ein Bemessungskonzept erarbeitet, welches als Basis für Allgemeine Bauaufsichtliche Zulassungen ‐ analog zu Spannbetonhohldecken ‐ oder normative Regelungen dienen kann.
Gefahr beim Freilegen oder Untergraben von Fundamenten
Authors: Mann W. , Braun J. , Jäger W. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractVielerorts werden im Rahmen von Modernisierungen und der Errichtung von Anbauten oder der Schließung von Baulücken Fundamente bestehender Gebäude berührt. Standsicherheitsgefährdungen oder das Versagen von Bauteilen sind Dinge, die es dabei zu vermeiden gilt. Am meisten sind Giebelwände gefährdet, da sie oft im Bestand nur eine geringe oder teilweise auch gar keine Aussteifung durch die Decken oder das Dach erfahren. Ein Nachgeben des Baugrundes führt hier sehr schnell zum Einsturz. Die einschlägige Norm DIN 4123 befaßt sich mit Unterfangungen und den einzuhaltenden technischen Regeln und gibt ausreichende Informationen für die Beherrschung des Problems.
Latent inhibition of a conditioned taste aversion in fetal rats
Authors: Mickley G. Andrew , Hoxha Zana , DiSorbo Anthony , Wilson Gina N. , Remus Jennifer L. , Biesan Orion , Ketchesin Kyle D. , Ramos Linnet , Luchsinger Joseph R. , Prodan Suzanna , Rogers Morgan , Wiles Nathanael R. , Hoxha Nita 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe etiology of schizophrenia's cognitive symptoms may have its basis in prenatal alterations of glutamate N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor functioning. Therefore, the current study investigated the effects of ketamine (an NMDA receptor blocking drug) on both a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and latent inhibition (LI; a model of attentional capacity) in rat fetuses. We first sought to determine if a CTA could be diminished by nonreinforced preexposure to a CS in fetal rats (i.e., LI). We injected E18 pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats with 100% allicin (garlic taste) or an equal volume of saline. Some of the pregnant dams also received ketamine (100 mg/kg, i.p.). One day later (E19), the dams received a second injection of the CS, followed by either lithium chloride (the US) or saline. Finally, on E21 pups received oral lavage with allicin and observations of ingestive orofacial motor responses were recorded. When allicin had been paired with LiCl in utero, E21 fetuses exhibited a conditioned suppression of orofacial movements, indicative of an aversion to this taste. Preexposure to the garlic taste on E18 produced a LI of this CTA. Ketamine significantly disrupted the formation of the CTA and had some impact on LI. However, the direct effect of ketamine on LI is less certain since the drug also blocked the original CTA. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 435–447, 2014.
Dinitrogen Borylation with Group 4 Metallocene Complexes
Authors: Semproni Scott P. , Chirik Paul J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBorylation of hafno‐ and zirconocene complexes [(η5‐C5H2‐1,2,4‐Me3)2M]2(μ2,η2,η2‐N2), containing strongly activated dinitrogen ligands, with pinacolborane (HBPin) resulted in N–B and M–H bond formation. Treatment of the borylated products with carbon monoxide triggered N–N bond scission with concomitant N–C bond formation to produce μ‐borylimido and μ‐formamidido fragments. Conversely, addition of tBuNC resulted in insertion of the isocyanide ligand into the M–H bonds and furnished the corresponding η2‐iminoacylhafnocene complexes.
Single‐Stage Biodiesel Production from Used Soybean Oil by using a Sulfuric‐Acid Catalyst
Authors: Moradi G. R. , Arjmandzadeh E. , Ghanei R. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe esterification and transesterification of used soybean oil catalyzed by sulfuric acid was studied. The combined effects of temperature, the amount of sulfuric acid as catalyst, and the methanol/used oil molar ratio (MR) on the biodiesel yield were investigated and optimized by using response surface methodology. The optimum operating conditions are T=65 °C, 6.58 wt % catalyst, and 12:1 MR. In addition, the transesterification of used soybean oil at 50, 55, and 65 °C with 12:1 MR and 6.58 wt % of catalyst was performed with samples taken at different times to investigate the effect on the conversion and physical properties. Appropriate functions were fitted to the measured data to relate the progress of the reaction to the physical properties. The refractive index and specific gravity were selected as suitable physical properties to predict the progress of the reaction. In addition, a simple second‐order rate equation with Ea=18.5 kJ mol−1 was developed that accurately describes the experimental reaction rate.
Preparation of Optically Active Six‐Membered P‐Heterocycles: A 3‐Phosphabicyclo[3.1.0] hexane 3‐oxide, a 1,2‐Dihydrophosphinine 1‐oxide, and a 1,2,3,6‐Tetrahydrophosphinine 1‐oxide
Authors: Bagi Péter , Laki Andrea , Keglevich György 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe earlier described a 3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐3‐phospholene 1‐oxide (1) → 6,6‐dichloro‐1‐methyl‐3‐phenyl‐3‐phosphabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane 3‐oxide (2) → 4‐chloro‐1‐phenyl‐1,2‐dihydrophosphinine 1‐oxide (3) → 4‐chloro‐5‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydrophosphinine 1‐oxide (4) reaction sequence was investigated from the point of view of preparing optically active intermediates/products (2–4). In principle, both the resolution of the corresponding racemic products and the transformation of the optically active starting materials are suitable approaches for the preparation of optically active six‐membered P‐heterocycles (2–4). Racemization occurred during the dichlorocyclopropanation reaction of (S)‐3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐3‐phospholene 1‐oxide ((S)‐1), but the thermolytic ring opening of (−)‐2, and the selective reduction of α,β‐double bond of (−)‐3 did not cause the loss of optical activity. First in the literature, the resolution of a 3‐phosphabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane 3‐oxide (2) and a 1,2,3,6‐tetrahydrophosphinine 1‐oxide (4) was elaborated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 24:179–186, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21080
3,5‐Bis(arylidene)piperid‐4‐ones Containing 1,3,2‐Oxazaphosphorinane Moieties: Synthesis and Antitumor Activity
Authors: Shipov Anatolii E. , Makarov Mikhail V. , Petrovskii Pavel V. , Rybalkina Ekaterina Yu. , Nelyubina Yulia V. , Odinets Irina L. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTTwo novel series of phosphorus‐substituted 3,5‐bis(arylidene)piperid‐4‐ones bearing 1,3,2‐oxazaphosphorinane cycle either directly attached to the piperidone core through the PN bond (diamidophosphates 4) or connected with it via thiocarbamoyl linker (thioureas 5) were obtained by the phosphorylation of NH precursors with 2‐oxo‐1,3,2‐oxazaphosphorinane chloride or the reaction of the former ones with the corresponding cyclic isothiocyanate. According to the results of cytotoxicity screening against human carcinoma cell lines (A549, CaOv3, KB), thioureas 5 were more active than the diamidophosphates 4 bearing the same arylidene rings, with compounds with electron‐withdrawing side groups displaying IC50 in the micromolar range of 1.2–7 μM. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 24:191–199, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21082
DISABILITY AND MARGINAL UTILITY OF INCOME: EVIDENCE FROM HYPOTHETICAL CHOICES
Authors: Tengstam Sven 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTIt is often assumed that disability reduces the marginal utility of income. In this article, individuals' marginal utility of income in two states—(i) paralyzed in both legs from birth and (ii) not mobility impaired at all—is measured through hypothetical choices between imagined lotteries behind a so‐called veil of ignorance. The outcomes of the lotteries include both income and disability status. It is found that most people have higher marginal utility when paralyzed than when not mobility impaired at all. The two marginal utilities are evaluated at the same levels of income.Having personal experience of mobility impairment and supporting the Left Party, the Social Democratic Party, the Green Party, or the Liberal Party are associated with having a higher marginal utility when paralyzed. The results suggest that more than full insurance of income losses connected to being disabled is optimal. The results further suggest that, given a utilitarian social welfare function, resources should be transferred to rather than from disabled people. Finally, if the transfers are not large enough to smooth out the marginal utilities of the disabled and the nondisabled, distributional weights based on disability status should be used in cost–benefit analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy‐saving evaluation of a thermosyphon heat recovery unit for an air‐conditioning system
Authors: Ma Guoyuan , Zhou Feng , Liu Ting , Wang Liangbing , Liu Zhongliang 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe energy‐saving effect and economic benefits of a thermosyphon heat recovery unit installed in a shopping mall are investigated. To evaluate the thermal performance of the heat recovery unit in a season, a seasonal temperature effectiveness is advanced, and its calculation formula is deduced referring to the calculation method of seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) for an air conditioner. The annual operating energy‐saving effect of the unit is analyzed by using the seasonal temperature effectiveness while the static economic evaluation method is applied for the economic benefits analysis of the unit. The analysis results indicate the seasonal temperature effectiveness of the unit is 66.08% in the winter and 55.43% in the summer. The energy‐saving effect of the unit is quite remarkable, and the payback time is about 2.65 years. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21049
Geologic and hydrologic settings for development of freshwater lenses in arid lands
Authors: Milewski Adam , Sultan Mohamed , Al‐Dousari Ahmad , Yan Eugene 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSatellite observations were used to test the validity of previously identified favourable conditions for the formation of freshwater lenses, identify additional potential occurrences, and model modern potential recharge in the Raudhatain Watershed (3696) in northern Kuwait. Favourable conditions include infrequent yet intensive precipitation events, drainage depressions to collect the limited runoff, and presence of conditions (e.g. high infiltration capacity) that promote groundwater recharge and preservation (e.g. underlying saline aquifer) of infiltrating groundwater as freshwater lenses floating over saline aquifer water due to differences in density. Specifically, the following field and satellite‐based observations were noted for the Raudhatain Watershed: (1) Over ~30 precipitation events were identified from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission precipitation data (1998–2009); (2) slope is gentle (2 m/km), and the surface is largely (80%) covered by alluvial deposits with high infiltration capacities (up to 9 m/day); (3) no flows and long‐term ponding were reported at the watershed outlet or detected from Landsat thematic mapper images; (4) infiltration is high based on increases in soil moisture content (from an advanced microwave scanning radiometer) and vegetation index following large precipitation events; and (5) freshwater lenses that overlie highly saline [total dissolved solids (TDS): >35 000] unconfined aquifers underlying the watershed are absent in the southern regions, where infiltrating fresh water mixes with the less saline groundwater (TDS: <10 000). Twenty potential locations (size: 1 to 75 km2) for freshwater lens development were identified in northern Kuwait, and continuous rainfall–runoff models (Soil Water and Assessment Tool) were applied to provide a first‐order estimation of the average annual recharge in the watershed (127 × 106 m3) and freshwater lenses (8.17 × 106 m3). Results demonstrate the settings for enhanced opportunities for groundwater recharge, outline the amounts of and preservation conditions for the groundwater feeding the freshwater lenses, and highlight potential applications and locations of freshwater lenses in similar settings elsewhere in the Arabian Peninsula and beyond. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new longitudinal approach to assess hydrologic connectivity: Embanked floodplain inundation along the lower Mississippi River
Authors: Hudson P. F. , Sounny‐Slitine M. A. , LaFevor M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractHydrologic connectivity is fundamental to understanding floodplain processes along meandering river corridors. This study contributes to understanding hydrologic connectivity by utilizing a high resolution Light Detection and Ranging DEM with a new GIS‐based approach for identifying the precise elevation of flood stage. The method created a high‐resolution longitudinal channel bank profile, enabling a detailed examination of embanked floodplain hydrologic connectivity. A simple channel cross‐section approach is likely to result in a large underestimation of floodplain inundation and hydrologic connectivity along meandering river floodplains because of differences in the elevation of the natural levee surface relative to floodplain bottoms and the considerable variability in the elevation of the channel bank profile. There is a large disparity in discharge duration associated with floodplain inundation in comparison to river channel bank inundation. A discharge duration of 10% is associated with inundation of 87% of the floodplain surface whereas only 53% of the channel bank profile is overtopped. An apparent threshold in inundation occurs as the discharge duration decreases below about 35%. While a duration of 25% results in very little of the channel bank being overtopped, it inundates 50% of the floodplain surface. Floodplain borrow pits, which are created in association with dike construction, represent a constant anthropogenic influence on the lower Mississippi embanked floodplain morphology, and are inundated by low discharge magnitudes. The results of the investigation shed new light on the topic of hydrologic connectivity for an important embanked fluvial system that has previously received little attention concerning its physical floodplain processes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘BIG DATA’, THE ‘INTERNET OF THINGS’ AND THE ‘INTERNET OF SIGNS’
Authors: O'Leary Daniel E. 
Published: March 2013

SUMMARYThis paper examines the relationship between so‐called ‘Big Data’, the ‘Internet of Things’ (the ‘Internet of People and Things,’ and the ‘Internet of Everything’), and the ‘Internet of Signs.’ In particular, we investigate how the ‘things’ in the ‘Internet of Things’ generate ‘Big Data’, and how both are used to generate semiotic ‘signs’. In addition, we analyse the importance of context in and the relationships between ‘Big Data’, the ‘Internet of Things’, and the ‘Internet of Signs’. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Helping High Schools Meet Higher Standards
Authors: Au Kathryn H. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractEducational policy in the U.S. currently centers on college and career readiness, with the spotlight is on high schools to meet higher expectations for students’ literacy achievement. Ever‐rising expectations are consistent with the U.S. standards movement, now in its third iteration. As funding for school improvement becomes increasingly scarce, high schools must try to do more with less. A focused, disciplined approach to literacy improvement is recommended, based on three major actions. First, school leaders should build the infrastructure to support a multi‐year literacy improvement effort. Second, they should teach teachers to view each new standards document as an opportunity to examine and, when necessary, raise their expectations for students’ literacy learning. Language suggesting that teachers must adopt or comply with standards runs counter to this approach. Finally, leaders should have teachers take ownership of literacy improvement efforts through building their own staircase curricula.
Comparison of angiogenic potential between prevascular and non‐prevascular layered adipose‐derived stem cell‐sheets in early post‐transplanted period
Authors: Sasagawa Tadashi , Shimizu Tatsuya , Sekiya Sachiko , Yamato Masayuki , Okano Teruo 
Published: March 2013

AbstractLayered adipose‐derived stem cell (ADSC) sheet transplantation is attracting attention as a new stem cell therapeutic strategy for damaged hearts. To prolong the function of tissue‐engineered constructs after transplantation, a rapid and sufficient vascularization of engrafted tissue is essential. The in vitro formation of network structures derived from endothelial cells (ECs) in grafts before transplantation contributes to the induction of functional anastomosis in vivo. This study compared the angiogenic potential of ADSC sheets containing dissociated ECs (non‐prevascular cell‐sheets) and networked ECs (prevascular cell‐sheets) after transplantation. For preparing the two different types of ECs‐containing layered cell‐sheets, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were sandwiched between two human ADSC sheets. Non‐prevascular cell‐sheets were obtained immediately after sandwiching without further cultivation. Prevascular cell‐sheets were harvested form temperature‐responsive culture dishes following re‐cultivation for allowing them to form an EC network structure. In transplant experiments in the subcutaneous tissues of immune‐deficient rat for 4 days, prevascular cell‐sheets were observed to promote neovascularization with HUVEC‐lined microvessels. In contrast, neovessels were hardly observed in non‐prevascular cell‐sheets. These results suggested that prefabricated EC network in layered cell‐sheet was effective for making a rapid connection to the host vasculature in the early post‐transplanted period. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 358–365, 2014.