bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Semiautomated Radioimmunoassay for Mass Screening of Drugs of Abuse
Authors: Sulkowski TS , Lathrop GD , Merritt JH , Landez JH , Noe ER 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The initiation of a mass drug abuse screening program of military personnel as part of the nation's effort to stem the use of illegal or otherwise abused drugs placed an extreme demand on normal laboratory tests and personnel. Although several methods existed for the detection of opiates, barbiturates, and amphetamines in urine [1–4], none had been employed for a testing program in which 3000 to 4000 urine specimens were to be analyzed daily for each of the three classes of drugs.
Report of a Fatal, Acute Tripelennamine Intoxication
Authors: Barley M , Walsh FM , Valaske MJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Tripelennamine is a widely used antihistamine. It has been reported as a drug of abuse (“blue velvet”) with multiple deaths being attributed to its chronic intravenous usage [1]. Acute oral ingestion resulting in death, however, is unusual. There has been one reported death in a 2-year-old child [2], but thus far no deaths have been reported in adults due to tripelennamine overdose. This report presents both autopsy findings and toxicological analysis in what we believe is the first fatal case in an adult.
Death Associated with Fluorocarbon Inhalation: Report of a Case
Authors: Standefer JC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Reports of deaths associated with inhalation of volatile fluorinated hydrocarbons increased dramatically in the late 1960's [1] and, subsequently, several reports have detailed the physiological effects, tissue concentrations, and excretion rates for two of these fluorocarbons: trichlorofluoromethane (F-12) and dichlorodifluoromethane (F-11).
SCUBA Tank Corrosion As a Cause of Death
Authors: Temple JD , Bosshardt RT , Davis JH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Compressed air for breathing purposes is used by firemen and by professional or sport divers. A sport diver, using self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA), is probably the most susceptible to potential dangers from impure air due to the lack of trained supervision or control and the great degree of individual freedom enjoyed by sport divers. It is likely that members of this group, often poorly trained and ignorant of the need for care of equipment, would be most susceptible to the dangers which result from compressed air gas cylinder corrosion.
A Rapid Technique for Preparation of Human Fetal and Adult Skeletal Material
Authors: Snyder RG , Burdi A , Gaul G 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Medical examiners, forensic pathologists, physical anthropologists, and others working with cadaveric remains often need to remove soft tissues and prepare skeletal material for further examination and retention. Currently several techniques for accomplishing this are available, including a five-step anatomical technique consisting of maceration, cleaning, degreasing, bleaching, and varnishing the bones with Alvar® to preserve them [1]. Another technique often used is to allow a colony of Dermestidae beetles to clean the tissues. However, both of these techniques are time-consuming, and we have found that an antiformin technique provides a much better and faster preparation. This technique has resulted from refinement of the methods described by Ternak [1] and Schmitt [2] and developed in skeletal preparation instruction in the Department of Anthropology during the past two years [3]. Independent techniques have evolved in the Developmental Anatomy Laboratory of the Medical School for Preparation of fetal or infant osseous and cartilaginous materials, and these have been included to provide for the full range of human materials which may be encountered. The following instructions are intended to provide the user with a rapid method for skeletal preparation which we have found to be an improvement over previous methods.
Atomic Absorption Analysis of Some Trace Metals of Toxicological Interest
Authors: Van Ormer DG 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The continuing interest in the chronic toxicology of lead, mercury, cadmium, and other metals points to the need for examining recent analytical methodology applied to the more toxic heavy metals in animal tissue samples. This review emphasizes atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and includes the period 1971–1974, although some listings are dated shortly before or after this four-year period. The large number of articles demanded selectivity in listing. The main criterion was a description of AAS showing some optimization for blood, urine, or mammalian tissues. Articles of special interest are generally those which indicate examination of interferences, matrix effects, sample treatment, or instrumental optimization. Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) and atomic emission spectrometry (AES) are mentioned for those cases in which a certain advantage or potential for future development is indicated. The author realizes that worthy reports may have been overlooked; he would be glad to hear of specific contributions which should have been listed.
A Cellulose Acetate Membrane Technique for the Determination of Adenylate Kinase Types in Bloodstains
Authors: Saenger MS , Yates RG 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The genetically determined isoenzyme blood group system of adenylate kinase (AK) has been demonstrated in lysates of human erythrocytes [1,2] and in bloodstains [3]. The technique employed was horizontal starch gel electrophoresis using either a discontinuous histidine-citrate [1], a phosphate [2], or a succinate [4] buffer system. Since then, electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane (CAM) has been introduced as a rapid technique for the determination of AK types in fresh lysates [5,6]. We decided to investigate the use of CAM for determining AK types in bloodstains. In preliminary tests with CAM, we found the discontinuous histidine-citrate buffer system [1,5] gave clear results with lysates, but unsatisfactory results with even fresh bloodstain material. The phosphate buffer [6,7] seemed more promising and this paper describes our evaluation and adaptation of the phosphate system for bloodstain samples.
Firearms Discharge Residue Sample Collection Techniques
Authors: Goleb JA , Midkiff CR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Several tests have been employed by law enforcement agencies to demonstrate that an individual has handled or discharged a firearm. With the paraffin test being of doubtful reliability [1] and the sodium rhodizonate spot test lacking sensitivity [2], the most commonly used test for firearms discharge residue is the measurement of barium and antimony (Ba and Sb), principally from the primer composition, deposited on the hands during weapon handling or discharge. However, this test is of limited effectiveness, even under optimal conditions. One study [3] has reported a 15% failure to indicate the presence of residue in a series of test firings. Factors responsible for this inefficiency include variable residue deposition, residue retention, and effectiveness of sample collection. Our study examines several sample collection materials to define a system which will combine high lifting efficiency for gunshot residue components with convenience of use in the field. Until recently, hand lift samples were examined for these two elements primarily by neutron activation analysis (NAA) [4–6]. While NAA affords excellent sensitivity for Ba and Sb, it suffers from long analysis time, high cost, and limited availability of neutron sources. The inherent simplicity and high sensitivity of flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) have prompted several investigators to utilize this technique to determine trace quantities of Ba and Sb (and occasionally copper and lead) present in gunshot residues [7–9].
Accidental Death with Tear Gas Pen Gun: A Case Report
Authors: Smialek JE , Ratanaproeksa O , Spitz WU 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
National attention has recently been drawn to the increasing use of tear gas pen guns [1]. The Federal Aviation Administration was reported to have seized an estimated 3000 to 5000 of these weapons from persons boarding aircraft. Most of these seized weapons were reported to have been converted to fire regular ammunition. The use of tear gas pen guns as firearms of different caliber has been previously described by Stahl and Davis [2]. A significant hazard potential exists for the carrier of such a weapon as well as for those around him, as will be demonstrated in the case presented in this article.
A Review of Rejected Police Candidates
Authors: Perr IN 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPsychiatric and psychologic screening is pertinent in many areas in our society but currently is most relevant to police work, crucial military operations (atomic weaponry), and other areas which combine potential power with delicate judgment. At the same time, at least for police work, eligibility is open, governed by some uniformity of rules, and in many areas controlled by civil service laws. The civil service laws have the effect of providing fairness at the cost of flexibility and of preventing abuse at the cost of arbitrariness.
The Differential Elution of Drugs from XAD-2 Resin
Authors: Pranitis PAF , Stolman A 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn a previously published XAD-2 resin method for the extraction of drugs from biofluids and tissue [1] the elution of the drug(s) from the resin was accomplished with one or more organic solvents. Drugs exhibiting acid, basic, and neutral characteristics were eluted from the column in the same fraction. Preliminary drug screening was usually carried out by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), employing a spray sequence which can achieve detection of almost all the commonly encountered drugs. This procedure of drug detection and identification requires that the analyst be especially competent in utilizing a spray sequence effectively. A preliminary study was conducted to determine whether the drugs eluted differentially from XAD-2 resin. Herein is presented a technique in which drugs are separated physically into acid or neutral, and basic drug fractions.
A Review of “Crime Investigation”
Authors: Rovak S 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Over the past ten years there has been a vast increase in the amount of literature available in the field of forensic science. Much of this work is highly specialized, requiring a certain level of expertise to utilize the material, and still more is overly broad and therefore shallow. Worst of all, some has been written by persons with only a cursory knowledge of their topic. In view of this, the second edition of Crime Investigation, by Dr. Paul J. Kirk, is a welcome volume.
A Review of “Vademecum Gerichtsmedizin”
Authors: Ryser M 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This handbook does not pretend to cover in detail all aspects of legal medicine. However, it mentions, sometimes only briefly, the most frequently encountered problems. An entire chapter discusses the different methods that can be of help in determining the time of death. Most of these methods are not routinely used but may be of interest. Forensic pathology makes up the largest part of this book and the information given is accurate but sometimes too schematic. The toxicology problems unfortunately are not given the importance one expects. However, the chapter on alcohol and its effects is quite thorough. There is a complete and interesting chapter about serology and its applications to forensic medicine.
Subclinical hypothyroidism: a ‘laboratory-induced’ condition?
Authors: Coene Karlien L M , Demir Ayse Y , Broeren Maarten A C , Verschuure Pauline , Lentjes Eef G W M , Boer Arjen-Kars 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveIn current literature and guidelines, there is a tendency to define absolute TSH concentrations at which patient follow-up or even pharmaceutical intervention should be initiated. As TSH concentrations depend on the analytical method/platform used for TSH quantification, absolute cut-off values may pose threats for uniform clinical decision-making. In this study we therefore set out to clarify to what extent the method/platform and the reference values applied for TSH influence the clinical interpretation of thyroid parameters.Design and methodsWe retrospectively analyzed anonymous TSH results from the Dutch external quality assessment program (EQAS) in relation to reference values advised by different manufacturers. We also examined TSH/free thyroxin (fT4) reference ranges and prevalence of thyroid pathology among different Dutch laboratories, including four cases in which a switch in the measuring platform was made.ResultsOur data show that interpretation of thyroid parameters is not only influenced by between-method/platform variation, but is also substantially affected by the variation in TSH/fT4 reference intervals applied in individual laboratories. Additionally, we show that the transition to a novel analytical method/platform can result in a shift in the prevalence of thyroid pathology, especially for subclinical hypothyroidism.ConclusionsSubclinical hypothyroidism can be a ‘laboratory-induced’ condition. This is an undesirable situation in regard to the clinical implications such a diagnosis can have for patients.
Green light: gross primary production influences seasonal stream N export by controlling fine‐scale N dynamics
Authors: Lupon Anna , Martí Eugènia , Sabater Francesc , Bernal Susana 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMonitoring nutrient concentrations at fine‐scale temporal resolution contributes to a better understanding of nutrient cycling in stream ecosystems. However, the mechanisms underlying fine‐scale nutrient dynamics and its implications for budget catchment fluxes are still poorly understood. To gain understanding of patterns and controls of fine‐scale stream nitrogen (N) dynamics and to assess how they affect hydrological N fluxes, we explored diel variation in stream nitrate (NO3¯) concentration along a headwater stream with increasing riparian area and channel width. At the downstream site, the highest day–night variations occurred in early spring, when stream NO3¯ concentrations were 13% higher at night than at daytime. Such day–night variations were strongly related to daily light inputs (R2 = 0.74) and gross primary production (GPP; R2 = 0.74), and they showed an excellent fit with day–night NO3¯ variations predicted from GPP (R2 = 0.85). These results suggest that diel fluctuations in stream NO3¯ concentration were mainly driven by photoautotrophic N uptake. Terrestrial influences were discarded because no simultaneous diel variations in stream discharge, riparian groundwater level, or riparian solute concentration were observed. In contrast to the downstream site, no diel variations in NO3¯ concentration occurred at the upstream site, likely because water temperature was colder (10°C vs. 12°C) and light availability was lower (4 vs. 9 mol·m−2·d−1). Although daily GPP was between 10‐ and 100‐fold lower than daily respiration, photoautotrophic N uptake contributed to a 10% reduction in spring NO3¯ loads at the downstream site. Our study clearly shows that the activity of photoautotrophs can substantially change over time and along the stream continuum in response to key environmental drivers such as light and temperature, and further, that its capacity to regulate diel and seasonal N fluxes can be important even in low‐productivity streams.
Effect of multiple disturbances on food web vulnerability to biodiversity loss in detritus‐based systems
Authors: Calizza Edoardo , Costantini M. Letizia , Rossi Loreto 
Published: July 2015

Global biodiversity is affected by human pressure and climate change, and the present rate of biodiversity loss is probably higher than ever before. Community composition is also changing, and interspecific interactions are under severe pressure. The extinction of one species within a food web can result in further secondary extinctions, due to bottom‐up effects that can be even more intense and less predictable than the direct effects of disturbance, undermining our capacity for ecosystem management and conservation. Here we investigated a metric for assessing the structural stability of food webs in the face of species loss, referred to as “Resistance”, based on two fundamental web properties: (1) the proportion of key species in the web, a “key” species being one whose deletion leads to at least one secondary extinction, and (2) the mean number of secondary extinctions observed per key species deletion. We compared web Resistance with web Robustness (Dunne et al. 2002) based on 12 detritus‐based riverine food webs under four species extinction scenarios on various temporal and spatial scales. We investigated the effect of multiple disturbances (extreme flood and river basin urbanization) on community vulnerability to biodiversity loss, assessing the behavior of Robustness and Resistance under the applied species extinction scenarios and testing their dependence on web topology. We estimated the contribution of the rarest and the most dominant species, and that of the most and least connected species, to web Resistance.Urbanization negatively affected community vulnerability to biodiversity loss. Only food web Resistance showed a significant flood effect and interaction between flood and urbanization. The most connected species contributed the most to food web resistance, whereas the rarest and the most abundant species had a similar, intermediate structural importance. Both food web Resistance and the role of selected key species varied across web description scales. Food web Resistance values were coherent across species extinction scenarios, demonstrating the suitability of the proposed approach for quantifying community vulnerability to species loss and the importance of considering food webs in monitoring and impact assessment programs. The approach is thus seen to be a promising research pathway supporting ecosystem management.
5-Hydroxytryptophan: A Novel Eco-Friendly Corrosion and Oilfield Microbial Inhibitor
Authors: Ituen E. B. , Akaranta O. , James O. A. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The applications of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) now transcends food supplements to solving global oilfield problem caused by corrosion. Being an alkaloid, 5HTP is environmentally non-toxic and relatively inexpensive. Its potential as oilfield inhibitor of mild steel corrosion has been investigated at 30 °C to 60 °C using weight loss technigue simulated in both 2.0 M hydrochloric acid and 2.0 M sulphuric acid. The efficiency of inhibition increased with increase in concentration of 5-HTP and decreased with increase in temperature. High inhibition efficiencies up to 93.72 % and 90.23 % were obtained in hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid respectively even at concentrations as low as 1.0 Ò 10−4 M 5-HTP at room temperature. The compound inhibits corrosion mainly by adsorption mechanism determined by fitting surface coverage data into some adsorption isotherms from where the nature of interactions in the adsorbed layer was predicted. The inhibition of mild steel corrosion by 5-HTP was best approximated by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Physical adsorption mechanism involving electrostatic interaction of charged molecules of the 5-HTP with charged metal is proposed. Stability of the inhibitor to high temperature was also elucidated using thermodynamic models. It was implied from results that 5-HTP is a stable inhibitor at temperatures up to 60 °C. The inhibitor protects the mild steel surface effectively from acid attack, with better protection obtained in HCl. The adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous at the temperatures studied. 5-HTP would make an efficient corrosion inhibitor for oilfield operations.
Enhancing Zonal Isolation by Rheological Hierarchy Optimization
Authors: Shadravan Arash , Alegria Adriana 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Achieving the turbulent flow regime might not be always possible in the field therefore cement engineers follow the ELF (equivalent laminar flow) rules used for efficient cement placement. These rules are: 1) Density hierarchy: The displacing fluid should be at least 10-15% heavier than the fluid it is displacing. This percentage is dictated by the pore pressure-fracture pressure window. 2) Friction pressure hierarchy: The friction pressure of the displacing fluid should be at least 20% higher than the fluid it is displacing. The advanced fluid displacement simulator fluid friction charts should be used to determine this. 3) Minimum pressure gradient: Each displacing fluid should be able to break the gel strength of the fluid it is directly displacing to prevent leaving any gelled, undisplaced layers in the annulus. 4) Velocity profile: The velocity of the displacing fluid in the wider side should not exceed the velocity of the fluid being displaced in narrow side of the same annulus in order to effectively remove mud from narrow side of the annulus. Friction pressure hierarchy modeling helps minimizing fluid intermixing in the annulus. Rheological hierarchy optimization is in fact a critical step towards more accurately designing the spacer fluids for enhanced zonal isolation. Besides the required laboratory testing for mud, spacer and cement, designing cement jobs with the minimum fluid intermixing and viscous fingering will improve zonal isolation. The objective of this paper is to perform a sensitivity analysis utilizing a micro-emulsion spacer rheological properties model and a 3-D visualization computational fluid dynamics (CFD) module to investigate the optimum rheological profile for a weighted spacer fluid to maintain the friction pressure hierarchy and enhance zonal isolation. Based on the simulation results the optimum scenario was selected. This engineering analysis positively yielded in a good cement job confirmed by CBL/VDL.
Seeding Rate, Row Spacing, and Nitrogen Rate Effects on Perennial Ryegrass Seed Production
Authors: Koeritz Eric J. , Watkins Eric , Ehlke Nancy J. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTSeeding rates (SRs) and row‐spacing widths (RSWs) in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seed production are variable and the impacts of these factors on perennial ryegrass seed yield and plant growth characteristics are not well characterized. Experiments were conducted during 2010 and 2011 in first‐year seed production fields near Roseau and Roosevelt, MN, where five SRs (1.3, 2.6, 5.2, 7.8, and 10.4 kg pure live seed [PLS] ha−1), three RSWs (10, 20, and 30 cm), and three N rates (67, 112, and 157 kg N ha−1) were evaluated in a split‐split plot design under nonirrigated conditions. The 30‐cm RSW resulted in 45% greater stem rust incidence, 8% fewer fertile tillers, and up to 2% greater 1000‐seed weight (TSW) vs. the 10‐cm RSW. For every unit of N applied, N increased biomass by 4 to 25 kg ha−1, fertile tillers by 3.7 tillers m−2, and seed yield by up to 4.7 kg seed ha−1, depending on environment. The 7.8 and 10.4 kg PLS ha−1 SRs combined with the 10‐cm RSW, 157 ha−1 N rate, and other management factors, nearly eliminated weeds (<2% weed cover) compared with with wider RSWs and lower SRs. Weed cover was always inversely correlated with early‐season vegetative cover (EVC). Seeding rates of 2.6 kg PLS ha−1 and greater resulted in similar seed yields suggesting that early‐season plant density is not as important for seed yield as other management factors such as N rate, which significantly improved seed yield in three environments.