bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dress Rehearsals, Previews, and Encores: A New Account of Mental Representation
Authors: Salay Nancy 
Published: August 2013

AbstractOne of the central debates in cognitive science is the dispute over the role of representation in cognition: on computational/representational accounts, representations are theoretically central; on dynamic systems approaches in which cognition is investigated as a particular sort of physical process, representations play either no role, or, at best, a derivative one. But these two perspectives lead to a deeply unsatisfying theoretical divide: accounts situated in the representational camp are plagued by the inscrutable problem of intentionality, while those hedging towards anti‐representationalism seem incapable of saying anything theoretically interesting about high‐level cognition. This unhelpful polarization is due in part, at least, to a muddy debate; while some take representationalism to be a commitment to the necessity of conceptual representations for cognition, representations the having of which require certain conceptual capacities, others do not. Recently, there has been a surge of work on non‐conceptual representation. This article aims to add to this movement by suggesting a particular cognitive mechanism for non‐conceptual representations, one that plays a pivotal role in making conceptual representations possible. One of the central consequences of this new view of representation is the possibility of a non‐question‐begging naturalistic account of intentionality.
Decreasing phosphodiesterase 5A activity contributes to platelet cGMP accumulation during storage of apheresis‐derived platelet concentrates
Authors: Kobsar Anna , Putz Evelyn , Yilmaz Pinar , Weinig Elke , Boeck Markus , Koessler Juergen 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundPlatelet storage lesion (PSL) considerably decreases the quality of platelets (PLTs) in concentrates characterized by a loss of signaling responses to agonists and impaired PLT activation, secretion, and aggregation. To understand the role of inhibitory signaling pathways in the mechanism of PSL, the basal state of the cyclic nucleotide (CN)‐dependent signaling systems in stored PLTs was investigated.Study Design and MethodsWhole blood samples (WB) and apheresis‐derived PLT concentrates (APCs) were obtained from healthy volunteers. Washed PLTs were prepared from WB on Day 0 and from APCs on Days 0, 2, and 5. The basal phosphorylation of the vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) and phosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5A) levels were quantified by Western blot. CN and PDE5A activity were measured by enzyme‐linked immunoassay kits. Fibrinogen binding and aggregation were measured in PLT‐rich plasma of WB or APC samples. Unpaired t test was used for statistical analysis.ResultsBasal VASP phosphorylation levels were comparable in WB and APCs on Day 0. VASP phosphorylation increased significantly during storage of APCs, more pronounced at Ser239 than at Ser157. Similarly, intracellular cGMP, but not cAMP, concentration continuously increased in stored PLTs, whereas PDE5A levels and activity significantly decreased accompanied by diminished thrombin receptor activator peptide 6–induced fibrinogen binding and aggregation.ConclusionStorage of APCs leads to intracellular cGMP accumulation that could be caused by degradation of PDE5A. Enhanced cGMP level supports subsequent cGMP‐dependent protein kinase–mediated increase of VASP phosphorylation resulting in reduced fibrinogen binding and aggregation.
Conjunctival lymphoma: immunophenotype and outcome in five dogs and three cats
Authors: McCowan Christina , Malcolm Julia , Hurn Simon , O'Reilly Anu , Hardman Chloe , Stanley Robin 
Published: August 2013

AbstractConjunctival lymphoma is well documented in the medical literature, but veterinary reports are few. We report five cases of canine lymphoma, and three of feline in which the presenting sign was conjunctival involvement. All animals were in apparently good health at the time of presentation, and attended the referring clinic because of conjunctival disease. One dog showed generalized lymphadenopathy at presentation, although the ocular lesion was the reason for consultation, but all other patients were well with no detectable disease beyond the eye. All cats were presented for their ocular disease. All dogs were confirmed to have T‐cell tumors, although the histological appearance of these was variable. In contrast, all cats had B‐cell tumors. Referring clinicians and owners were contacted for follow‐up information. Three dogs had been euthanased within 6 months of diagnosis for deterioration of general health. The remaining two were alive and showed no signs of systemic disease. Two cats had good survival following diagnosis, the other died of lesions that may not be related.
Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict
Authors: Hsiang Solomon M. , Burke Marshall , Miguel Edward 
Published: August 2013

Introduction

Despite the existence of institutions designed to promote peace, interactions between individuals and groups sometimes lead to conflict. Understanding the causes of such conflict is a major project in the social sciences, and researchers in anthropology, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, and sociology have long debated the extent to which climatic changes are responsible. Recent advances and interest have prompted an explosion of quantitative studies on this question.

Methods
We carried out a comprehensive synthesis of the rapidly growing literature on climate and human conflict. We examined many types of human conflict, ranging from interpersonal violence and crime to intergroup violence and political instability and further to institutional breakdown and the collapse of civilizations. We focused on quantitative studies that can reliably infer causal associations between climate variables and conflict outcomes. The studies we examined are experiments or “natural experiments”; the latter exploit variations in climate over time that are plausibly independent of other variables that also affect conflict. In many cases, we obtained original data from studies that did not meet this criterion and used a common statistical method to reanalyze these data. In total, we evaluated 60 primary studies that have examined 45 different conflict data sets. We collected findings across time periods spanning 10,000 BCE to the present and across all major world regions.

Results

Deviations from normal precipitation and mild temperatures systematically increase the risk of conflict, often substantially. This relationship is apparent across spatial scales ranging from a single building to the globe and at temporal scales ranging from an anomalous hour to an anomalous millennium. Our meta-analysis of studies that examine populations in the post-1950 era suggests that the magnitude of climate’s influence on modern conflict is both substantial and highly statistically significant (
P
< 0.001). Each 1-SD change in climate toward warmer temperatures or more extreme rainfall increases the frequency of interpersonal violence by 4% and intergroup conflict by 14% (median estimates).

Discussion
We conclude that there is more agreement across studies regarding the influence of climate on human conflict than has been recognized previously. Given the large potential changes in precipitation and temperature regimes projected for the coming decades—with locations throughout the inhabited world expected to warm by 2 to 4 SDs by 2050—amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical social impact of anthropogenic climate change in both low- and high-income countries.
First Insights into the Completely Annotated Genome Sequence of Bacillus licheniformis Strain 9945A
Authors: Rachinger Michael , Volland Sonja , Meinhardt Friedhelm , Daniel Rolf , Liesegang Heiko 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Strains of the species
Bacillus licheniformis
are widely used in biotechnology for the production of enzymes and antibiotics (M. Schallmey, A. Singh, and O. P. Ward, Can. J. Microbiol. 50:1–17, 2004). However, research and application of
B. licheniformis
strains are adversely affected by poor genetic accessibility. Thus, for a closer inspection of natural competence in
B. licheniformis
, the genome of strain 9945A, of which derivatives are known to be naturally competent (C. B. Thorne and H. B. Stull, J. Bacteriol. 91:1012–1020, 1966), was completely sequenced and manually annotated.
Complete Genome Sequence of Campylobacter fetus subsp.
venerealis
Biovar Intermedius, Isolated from the Prepuce of a Bull
Authors: Iraola Gregorio , Pérez Ruben , Naya Hugo , Paolicchi Fernando , Harris David , Lawley Trevor D. , Rego Natalia , Hernández Martín , Calleros Lucía , Carretto Luis , Velilla Alejandra , Morsella Claudia , Méndez Alejandra , Gioffre Andrea 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Campylobacter fetus
subsp.
venerealis
is the causative agent of bovine genital campylobacteriosis, a sexually transmitted disease distributed worldwide.
Campylobacter fetus
subsp.
venerealis
biovar Intermedius strains differ in their biochemical behavior and are prevalent in some countries. We report the first genome sequence for this biovar, isolated from bull prepuce.
Genome Sequence of the Pyrene- and Fluoranthene-Degrading Bacterium
Cycloclasticus
sp. Strain PY97M
Authors: Cui Zhisong , Xu Guangsu , Li Qian , Gao Wei , Zheng Li 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Cycloclasticus
sp. strain PY97M was isolated from a phenanthrene-degrading consortium, enriched from Yellow Sea sediment of China. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of strain PY97M, which contains 2,359,509 bp with a G+C content of 41.92% and contains 2, 264 protein-coding genes and 40 tRNAs.
Complete Genome Sequences of Two Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses Isolated in China
Authors: Zhou Zhaorui , Meng Weiwei , Deng Fei , Xia Han , Li Tianxian , Sun Surong , Wang Manli , Wang Hualin , Zhang Yujiang , Hu Zhihong 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
Here, we report the complete genome sequences of two Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) strains, 79121M18 and YL04057, isolated in Xinjiang, China. Sequence analysis showed that they represent a genotype of CCHFV that has not been reported before.
Systematic literature review of templates for reporting prehospital major incident medical management
Authors: Fattah Sabina , Rehn Marius , Reierth Eirik , Wisborg Torben 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveTo identify and describe the content of templates for reporting prehospital major incident medical management.DesignSystematic literature review according to PRISMA guidelines.Data sourcesPubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Knowledge. Grey literature was also searched.Eligibility criteria for selected studiesTemplates published after 1 January 1990 and up to 19 March 2012. Non-English language literature, except Scandinavian; literature without an available abstract; and literature reporting only psychological aspects were excluded.ResultsThe main database search identified 8497 articles, among which 8389 were excluded based on title and abstract. An additional 96 were excluded based on the full-text. The remaining 12 articles were included in the analysis. A total of 107 articles were identified in the grey literature and excluded. The reference lists for the included articles identified five additional articles. A relevant article published after completing the search was also included. In the 18 articles included in the study, 10 different templates or sets of data are described: 2 methodologies for assessing major incident responses, 3 templates intended for reporting from exercises, 2 guidelines for reporting in medical journals, 2 analyses of previous disasters and 1 Utstein-style template.ConclusionsMore than one template exists for generating reports. The limitations of the existing templates involve internal and external validity, and none of them have been tested for feasibility in real-life incidents.Trial registrationThe review is registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42012002051).
Mortality risks in relation to occupational category and position among the Japanese working population: the Jichi Medical School (JMS) cohort study
Authors: Hirokawa Kumi , Tsutsumi Akizumi , Kayaba Kazunori 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesA well-known demographic finding in modern society is the inverse association between socioeconomic status and mortality. The purpose of the study was to examine socioeconomic indicators, such as occupational category (white-collar vs blue -collar) and occupational position (managerial vs non-managerial) as determinants of all -cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer mortality in a Japanese working population.DesignThis is a prospective study.ParticipantsData of a baseline survey were collected between 1992 and 1995, and ultimately 6929 Japanese workers aged 65 years and younger (3333 men and 3596 women) from 12 rural communities across Japan were followed until the end of 2005.Main outcome measuresThe HRs of death and 95% CIs from all causes were calculated using the Cox proportional hazard model.ResultsMen in blue-collar jobs showed an increased all-cause mortality risk compared with those in white-collar jobs (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.45). Stratified by occupational category, non-managerial women in blue-collar jobs showed a decreased CVD mortality risk compared with managerial women (HR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.81), after adjusting for confounding factors. However, non-managerial women in white-collar jobs showed an increased mortality risk compared with managerial women, although this was not significant (HR 2.34, 95% CI 0.25 to 21.87).ConclusionsSocioeconomic disparity according to occupational category was related to the risk of all-cause mortality among Japanese men. There is a potential interaction of occupational category and position in CVD mortality among Japanese women.
Comparison of imputation methods for missing laboratory data in medicine
Authors: Waljee Akbar K , Mukherjee Ashin , Singal Amit G , Zhang Yiwei , Warren Jeffrey , Balis Ulysses , Marrero Jorge , Zhu Ji , Higgins Peter DR 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesMissing laboratory data is a common issue, but the optimal method of imputation of missing values has not been determined. The aims of our study were to compare the accuracy of four imputation methods for missing completely at random laboratory data and to compare the effect of the imputed values on the accuracy of two clinical predictive models.DesignRetrospective cohort analysis of two large data sets.SettingA tertiary level care institution in Ann Arbor, Michigan.ParticipantsThe Cirrhosis cohort had 446 patients and the Inflammatory Bowel Disease cohort had 395 patients.MethodsNon-missing laboratory data were randomly removed with varying frequencies from two large data sets, and we then compared the ability of four methods—missForest, mean imputation, nearest neighbour imputation and multivariate imputation by chained equations (MICE)—to impute the simulated missing data. We characterised the accuracy of the imputation and the effect of the imputation on predictive ability in two large data sets.ResultsMissForest had the least imputation error for both continuous and categorical variables at each frequency of missingness, and it had the smallest prediction difference when models used imputed laboratory values. In both data sets, MICE had the second least imputation error and prediction difference, followed by the nearest neighbour and mean imputation.ConclusionsMissForest is a highly accurate method of imputation for missing laboratory data and outperforms other common imputation techniques in terms of imputation error and maintenance of predictive ability with imputed values in two clinical predicative models.
Associations of objectively assessed levels of physical activity, aerobic fitness and motor coordination with injury risk in school children aged 7–9 years: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Martin-Diener Eva , Wanner Miriam , Kriemler Susi , Martin Brian W 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesPhysical activity (PA) is important for children's health but entails an inherent risk of injuries. The objective of this study was to assess activity-related correlates of injuries in children of the general population under the age of 10 while accounting for PA behaviour objectively assessed with accelerometers.DesignCross-sectional.SettingPrimary schools in Switzerland.Participants41 (56.9%) of 72 contacted schools were eligible. 11 (26.9%) of them agreed to participate. 3 more schools were recruited with a snowball system. On the individual level, 83.7% of the parents gave consent. Finally, 249 children with complete data (82.2%) from 20 grade 1–3 classes from 14 schools were analysed (mean age 7.9 years, 49.4% girls).Primary outcome measuresOutcome measures were retrospectively assessed injury incidence rates expressed as the number of injuries per 1000 h of objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and injury risk depending on levels of PA, aerobic fitness and motor coordination, derived from logistic regression models.Results0.43 injuries/1000 h of MVPA (95% CI 0.28 to 0.58) were reported. After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and accounting for exposure to PA, children with medium and high levels compared with those with low levels of aerobic fitness assessed with the 20 m shuttle run test were at decreased injury risk (OR=0.37 (95% CI 0.16 to 0.85)/OR=0.29 (0.16 to 0.63)). Children with high motor coordination scores assessed with the “Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder” test were at increased injury risk compared with those in the normal range (2.59 (1.04 to 6.32)). Levels of objectively assessed PA were not associated with injury risk; they were neither expressed as rates nor as cumulative incidence.ConclusionsThis study provides novel data showing that low levels of fitness and high coordinative skills, but not objectively assessed levels of PA, were related to injury risk in children under the age of 10.
Trends in the use of bilateral mastectomy in England from 2002 to 2011: retrospective analysis of hospital episode statistics
Authors: Neuburger Jenny , MacNeill Fiona , Jeevan Ranjeet , van der Meulen Jan H P , Cromwell David A 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesFor healthy women at high risk of developing breast cancer, a bilateral mastectomy can reduce future risk. For women who already have unilateral breast cancer, removing the contralateral healthy breast is more difficult to justify. We examined trends in the number of women who had a bilateral mastectomy in England between 2002 and 2011.DesignRetrospective cohort study using the Hospital Episode Statistics database.SettingNHS hospital trusts in England.ParticipantsWomen aged between 18 and 80 years who had a bilateral mastectomy (or a contralateral mastectomy within 24 months of unilateral mastectomy) with or without a diagnosis of breast cancer.Main outcome measuresNumber and incidence of women without breast cancer who had a bilateral mastectomy; number and proportion who had a bilateral mastectomy as their first breast cancer operation, and the proportion of those undergoing bilateral mastectomy who had immediate breast reconstruction.ResultsAmong women without breast cancer, the number who had a bilateral mastectomy increased from 71 in 2002 to 255 in 2011 (annual incidence rate ratio 1.16, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.18). In women with breast cancer, the number rose from 529 to 931, an increase from 2% to 3.1% of first operations (OR for annual increase 1.07, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.08). Across both groups, rates of immediate breast reconstruction roughly doubled and reached 90% among women without breast cancer in 2011.ConclusionsThe number of women who had a bilateral mastectomy nearly doubled over the last decade, and more than tripled among women without breast cancer. This coincided with an increase in the use of immediate breast reconstruction.
Prediction of initiation and cessation of breastfeeding from late pregnancy to 16 weeks: the Feeding Your Baby (FYB) cohort study
Authors: Donnan Peter T , Dalzell Janet , Symon Andrew , Rauchhaus Petra , Monteith-Hodge Ewa , Kellett Gillian , Wyatt Jeremy C , Whitford Heather M 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveTo derive prediction models for both initiation and cessation of breastfeeding using demographic, psychological and obstetric variables.DesignA prospective cohort study.SettingWomen delivering at Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK.Data sourcesDemographic data and psychological measures were obtained during pregnancy by questionnaire. Birth details, feeding method at birth and at hospital discharge were obtained from the Ninewells hospital database, Dundee, UK. Breastfeeding women were followed up by text messages every 2 weeks until 16 weeks or until breastfeeding was discontinued to ascertain feeding method and feeding intentions.ParticipantsPregnant women over 30 weeks gestation aged 16 years and above, living in Dundee, booked to deliver at Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, and able to speak English.Main outcome measureInitiation and cessation of breastfeeding.ResultsFrom the total cohort of women at delivery (n=344) 68% (95% CI 63% to 73%) of women had started breastfeeding at discharge. Significant predictors of initiating breastfeeding were older age, parity, greater intention to breastfeed from a Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)-based questionnaire, higher Iowa Infant Feeding Assessment Scale (IIFAS) score as well as living with a husband or partner. For the final model, the AUROC was 0.967. For those who initiated breastfeeding (n=233), the strongest predictors of stopping were low intention to breastfeed from TPB, low IIFAS score and non-managerial/professional occupations.ConclusionsThe findings from this study will be used to inform the protocol for an intervention study to encourage and support prolonged breastfeeding as intentions appear to be a key intervention focus for initiation. The predictive models could be used to identify women at high risk of not initiating and also women at high risk of stopping for interventions to improve the longevity of breastfeeding.