bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beliefs about peer interaction and peer corrective feedback: Efficacy of classroom intervention
Authors: Sato Masatoshi 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the beliefs of second language learners regarding peer interaction and peer corrective feedback (CF) as well as the feasibility of a second language intervention, aimed at changing those beliefs. The classroom intervention was designed to promote collaborative learning and to train learners to provide CF to each other. Participants were university‐level learners in 4 required English classes in Japan (N = 167), each assigned to 1 of 4 treatment conditions. While all experimental classes were given peer interaction instruction, 2 classes were given CF training (prompts or recasts). Another class served as the control group. Questionnaires were administered before and after the intervention and selected learners (n = 36) were interviewed. The quantitative (factor‐analysis and matched‐samples t‐tests) and qualitative (grounded theory methodology) analyses revealed that, while learners held positive beliefs about peer interaction and peer CF from the onset, the intervention facilitated trust in their classmates as learning resources, and those who were given CF training displayed an increased willingness to and confidence in providing CF. Also, 2 classroom‐specific variables emerged for the intervention to be effective on language development: a collaborative classroom environment and positive social relationships between learners.
Multi‐objective reservoir operation under emergency condition: Abbaspour reservoir case study with non‐functional spillways
Authors: Akbari M. , Afshar A. , Mousavi S.J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe main objective of this study is to present a simulation‐optimization approach methodology for short‐term operation of multi‐objective reservoirs during emergency conditions where risk of flooding and overflow from damaged spillways is significant. The paper considers flood risk management through enhancing dam safety as well as long‐term objectives of the reservoir for hydropower generation and irrigation water supply simultaneously. In particular, real‐time operation of Abbaspour reservoir during an emergency condition is considered where all flood discharging facilities are out of order for repairing the damaged parts. The proposed methodology combines a short‐term and a long‐term operation strategies to minimize risk of overflow for any possible incoming floods while preserving the long‐term objectives of the reservoir. An efficient daily flow forecasting scheme provides the inflow data for the short‐term (daily) operation strategy in a deterministic environment which follows the long‐term operation policy. A multi‐objective stochastic dynamic programming model addresses the long‐term operation policy by solving the weekly operation model. The outcomes of the model application to the case study have illustrated its capabilities in developing a compromise between the risk of dam overflow and its long‐term objectives.
Serum Helicobacter pylori CagA antibody titer as a useful marker for advanced inflammation in the stomach in Japan
Authors: Shiota Seiji , Murakami Kazunari , Okimoto Tadayoshi , Kodama Masaaki , Yamaoka Yoshio 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackground and AimSubjects infected with Helicobacter pylori containing cagA do not always induce serum CagA antibody. Our previous meta‐analysis showed that serum CagA seropositivity was associated with gastric cancer even in East Asian countries. However, it remains unclear why serum CagA‐positive status is associated with gastric cancer. In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between anti‐CagA antibody titer and the levels of pepsinogen (PG), and histological score.MethodsEighty‐eight H. pylori‐positive Japanese patients with gastritis were included. Serum CagA antibody titer, PG I, and PG II were evaluated by ELISA. Histological scores were evaluated according to Update Sydney System. CagA expression was examined by immunoblot.ResultsSeroprevalence of CagA antibody was found in 75.0%. Interestingly, serum CagA antibody titer was significantly correlated with PG I and PG II levels (P = 0.003 and 0.004, respectively). Serum CagA antibody titer was also significantly correlated with mucosal inflammation in the corpus (P = 0.04). On the other hand, bacterial density was not related with CagA antibody titer. CagA expression level of the strains was irrespective of the status of PG and serum CagA antibody.ConclusionsSubjects with higher serum CagA antibody titer can be considered as high‐risk population for the development of gastric cancer from the point of strong gastric inflammatory response even in Japan. Host recognition rather than bacterial colonization might be associated with the difference of serum CagA antibody titer.
Impact of CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and short‐term remission in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with tacrolimus
Authors: Hirai Fumihito , Takatsu Noritaka , Yano Yutaka , Satou Yuhou , Takahashi Haruhiko , Ishikawa Satoshi , Tsurumi Kozue , Hisabe Takashi , Matsui Toshiyuki 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackground and AimThe pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus (Tac) differ among individuals, and genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P‐450 (CYP) 3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 are thought to be involved. The aim of this study was to clarify whether these genetic polymorphisms affect the pharmacokinetics of Tac in patients with ulcerative colitis.MethodsThe subjects in this study were 45 patients with moderate‐to‐severe ulcerative colitis who were resistant to other therapies and were treated with Tac. The subjects were tested for genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1, and the relationship between Tac pharmacokinetics and the remission rate was investigated.ResultsOf the 45 subjects, 24 (53.3%) were CYP3A5 expressers (Exp), and 21 (46.7%) were non‐expressers (Non‐Exp). The trough level and the dose‐adjusted trough level on days 2–5 were significantly higher in the Non‐Exp group than in the Exp group (10.16 ± 5.84 vs 4.47 ± 2.50 ng/mL, P < 0.0001, 139.36 ± 77.43 vs 61.37 ± 41.55 ng/mL per mg/kg/day, P < 0.0001). The percentage of patients achieving the optimal trough level on days 2–5 was significantly higher in the Non‐Exp group than in the Exp group (40.0% vs 4.3%, P = 0.01). This trend was also observed on days 7–10. On multivariate analysis, factors associated with achievement of the optimal trough level were food non‐intake and Non‐Exp of CYP3A5. The remission rate was significantly higher in the Non‐Exp group than in the Exp group (47.6% vs 16.7%, P = 0.046).ConclusionsCYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms affected the pharmacokinetics of Tac, so that the short‐term clinical remission rate was different between Exp and Non‐Exp of CYP3A5.
Roses Exhibit Pathotype‐specific Resistance Responses to Powdery Mildew
Authors: Hosseini Moghaddam Hossein , Dewitte Angelo , Van Bockstaele Erik , Van Huylenbroeck Johan , Leus Leen 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDisease resistance is highly desired in roses. Especially in garden rose breeding, efforts are being made to select for plants with raised levels of resistance towards powdery mildew. Despite the description of different pathotypes of powdery mildew and the development of pathotype‐specific QTLs, pathotype‐specific virulence and resistance mechanisms are not well known. To understand resistance in roses, different evaluation methods were used: disease scoring on inoculated detached leaves, evaluation of conidia development and plant responses by cell reactions. In this study, two rose genotypes, Rosa wichurana and Rosa ‘Yesterday’, were found to react differently towards two powdery mildew pathotypes (R‐E and R‐P). Although susceptible to R‐P, ‘Yesterday’ showed immunity to R‐E by arresting fungal development after conidium germination. Rosa wichurana showed partial resistance to pathotype R‐P and was even more resistant to pathotype R‐E by means of increasing amounts of cell reactions. Hybridization of ‘Yesterday’ × R. wichurana resulted in a diploid F1 population (90 genotypes). This population was screened for resistance mechanism–specific segregation to both fungal pathotypes. The results of both pathotypes exhibited a wide variation in resistance among the F1 genotypes. Our results showed that resistance reactions to powdery mildew in roses do not only result in different resistance mechanisms depending on the rose genotype but were also pathotype dependent.
Pain management for pediatric tonsillectomy: An integrative review through the perioperative and home experience
Authors: Howard Dekeisha , Davis Katherine Finn , Phillips Eileen , Ryan Eileen , Scalford Deborah , Flynn‐Roth Regina , Ely Elizabeth 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPurposeThis integrative review aims to increase our understanding of current pain management care practices for children undergoing tonsillectomy.ConclusionsSynthesis of the literature resulted in four main opportunities for care providers to manage pain: preoperative education and preparation, intraoperative surgical interventions, and postoperative pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions in the post anesthesia care unit and home settings.Practice ImplicationsNurses have many opportunities to understand pain management practices and intervene to minimize pain experienced in pediatric outpatients undergoing tonsillectomy.
Comparison of historical bottleneck effects and genetic consequences of re‐introduction in a critically endangered island passerine
Authors: Bristol Rachel M. , Tucker Rachel , Dawson Deborah A. , Horsburgh Gavin , Prys‐Jones Robert P. , Frantz Alain C. , Krupa Andy , Shah Nirmal J. , Burke Terry , Groombridge Jim J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractRe‐introduction is an important tool for recovering endangered species; however, the magnitude of genetic consequences for re‐introduced populations remains largely unknown, in particular the relative impacts of historical population bottlenecks compared to those induced by conservation management. We characterize 14 microsatellite loci developed for the Seychelles paradise flycatcher and use them to quantify temporal and spatial measures of genetic variation across a 134‐year time frame encompassing a historical bottleneck that reduced the species to ~28 individuals in the 1960s, through the initial stages of recovery and across a second contemporary conservation‐introduction‐induced bottleneck. We then evaluate the relative impacts of the two bottlenecks, and finally apply our findings to inform broader re‐introduction strategy. We find a temporal trend of significant decrease in standard measures of genetic diversity across the historical bottleneck, but only a nonsignificant downward trend in number of alleles across the contemporary bottleneck. However, accounting for the different timescales of the two bottlenecks (~40 historical generations versus <1 contemporary generation), the loss of genetic diversity per generation is greater across the contemporary bottleneck. Historically, the flycatcher population was genetically structured; however, extinction on four of five islands has resulted in a homogeneous contemporary population. We conclude that severe historical bottlenecks can leave a large footprint in terms of sheer quantity of genetic diversity lost. However, severely depleted genetic diversity does not render a species immune to further genetic erosion upon re‐introduction. In some cases, the loss of genetic diversity per generation can, initially at least, be greater across re‐introduction‐induced bottlenecks.
Targeted sequence capture and resequencing implies a predominant role of regulatory regions in the divergence of a sympatric lake whitefish species pair (Coregonus clupeaformis)
Authors: Hebert Francois Olivier , Renaut Sébastien , Bernatchez Louis 
Published: August 2013

AbstractLatest technological developments in evolutionary biology bring new challenges in documenting the intricate genetic architecture of species in the process of divergence. Sympatric populations of lake whitefish represent one of the key systems to investigate this issue. Despite the value of random genotype‐by‐sequencing methods and decreasing cost of sequencing technologies, it remains challenging to investigate variation in coding regions, especially in the case of recently duplicated genomes as in salmonids, as this greatly complicates whole genome resequencing. We thus designed a sequence capture array targeting 2773 annotated genes to document the nature and the extent of genomic divergence between sympatric dwarf and normal whitefish. Among the 2728 genes successfully captured, a total of 2182 coding and 10 415 noncoding putative single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified after applying a first set of basic filters. A genome scan with a quality‐refined selection of 2203 SNPs identified 267 outlier SNPs in 210 candidate genes located in genomic regions potentially involved in whitefish divergence and reproductive isolation. We found highly heterogeneous FST estimates among SNP loci. There was an overall low level of coding polymorphism, with a predominance of noncoding mutations among outliers. The heterogeneous patterns of divergence among loci confirm the porous nature of genomes during speciation with gene flow. Considering that few protein‐coding mutations were identified as highly divergent, our results, along with previous transcriptomic studies, imply that changes in regulatory regions most likely had a greater role in the process of whitefish population divergence than protein‐coding mutations. This study is the first to demonstrate the efficiency of large‐scale targeted resequencing for a nonmodel species with such a large and unsequenced genome.
German modernity, barbarous Slavs and profit‐seekingJews: the cultural racism of nationalist liberals
Authors: Stoetzler Marcel , Achinger Christine 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis paper examines emblematic texts by two important protagonists of post‐1848 liberalism inGermany,GustavFreytag andHeinrich vonTreitschke, focusing on their treatment ofJews andPoles. The paper analyses the social content of their statements and argues that the elements of anti‐Semitism and anti‐Slav racism that they contain were motivated by the specific kind of nationalist liberalism that frames their affirmation of the process of modernisation. This affirmation was directed against thePoles on the one hand, seen as backwardEasterners who had to be pushed into civilisation byPrussian–German colonialism, and, on the other hand, theJews, largely perceived as representing the wrong kind of modernity against which benign (supposedlyGerman) modernity had to be protected. At the same time, the image of theJew inFreytag andTreitschke also participates in that of the backwardEasterner, permitting to see undesirable, allegedly Jewish aspects of modernity also as distortions resulting from an alien and ancient culture. This analysis has consequences for theorisations of both liberalism and nationalism: it suggests that the racism and anti‐Semitism of nationalist liberals were intrinsically related to core aspects of the liberal world‐view rather than being merely contingent opinions held by particular individuals. It also indicates that the nationalism of manyGerman post‐1848 liberals was ethnic as well as liberal. In this way, the paper contributes to the growing body of literature discussing the illiberal aspects of liberalism as well as the shortcomings of the long‐established conceptual dichotomy of ethnic vs. liberal nationalism.
Coming to terms with a difficult past: the trauma of the assassination ofHrantDink and its repercussions onTurkish national identity
Authors: Türkmen‐Dervişoğlu Gülay 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis paper takes as its subject the question of why some nations are less willing to acknowledge past atrocities. To answer that question, it focuses on the assassination ofHrantDink – aTurkish‐Armenian journalist – and its repercussions onTurkish national identity. Scrutinising newspaper articles written before and after the assassination (2004–2007), it casts a detailed glance at the struggle between two carrier groups – pro‐ and anti‐acknowledgement groups – and argues that the assassination increased the likelihood of the acknowledgement of the mass killing ofArmenians in 1915 by creating a cultural trauma informed by collective guilt. However, the relief generated by the funeral, combined with the strength of the master commemorative narrative regarding the mass killings, decreased that likelihood, and despite the huge public reaction created by the assassination there was no attempt at acknowledgement. As such, the paper contributes to our understanding of the trauma of perpetrators and claims that, in addition to other factors listed by earlier studies, cultural trauma is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for coming to terms with difficult pasts.
Loss of Oca2 disrupts the unfolded protein response and increases resistance to endoplasmic reticulum stress in melanocytes
Authors: Cheng Tsing , Orlow Seth J. , Manga Prashiela 
Published: August 2013

SummaryAccumulation of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) typically induces stress and initiates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to facilitate recovery. If homeostasis is not restored, apoptosis is induced. However, adaptation to chronic UPR activation can increase resistance to subsequent acute ER stress. We therefore investigated adaptive mechanisms in Oculocutaneous albinism type 2 (Oca2)‐null melanocytes where UPR signaling is arrested despite continued tyrosinase accumulation leading to resistance to the chemical ER stressor thapsigargin. Although thapsigargin triggers UPR activation, instead of Perk‐mediated phosphorylation of eIF2α, in Oca2‐null melanocytes, eIF2α was rapidly dephosphorylated upon treatment. Dephosphorylation was mediated by the Gadd34‐PP1α phosphatase complex. Gadd34‐complex inhibition blocked eIF2α dephosphorylation and significantly increased Oca2‐null melanocyte sensitivity to thapsigargin. Thus, Oca2‐null melanocytes adapt to acute ER stress by disruption of pro‐apoptotic Perk signaling, which promotes cell survival. This is the first study to demonstrate rapid eIF2α dephosphorylation as an adaptive mechanism to ER stress.
Fluorescence Technologies for Evaluating Male Gamete (Dys)Function
Authors: Petrunkina AM , Harrison RAP 
Published: August 2013

ContentsFor many years, andrologists have sought ways of assessing sperm fertility, especially of new sires entering the breeding chain. As knowledge of the complex processes that enable sperm to fertilize eggs has increased, it has become clearer that quantitative estimation of the fertilizing potential of a sire or an ejaculate is actually unlikely ever to be fully realized. Here, we propose that a better approach is to identify substandard males and semen samples. During the past decades, the use of fluorescence technologies in biomedical science has burgeoned, with the development of very powerful instrumentation such as confocal microscopy and flow cytometers of ever‐increasing capabilities together with a vast range of fluorochromes and fluorochrome conjugates. This technology has been applied to andrology but thus far in only a relatively simple way. In this review, we offer strategies for assessing a large range of sperm functions thought to be related to fertilizing ability over a temporal window rather than at a single time point. From such an assessment profile, sperm samples that over‐respond or do not respond sufficiently could be identified, termed dysfunctional and rejected. We outline the rationales behind such tests, present information on new potentially useful fluorochromes and current flow cytometer models that would be suitable for the multicolour multifunctional tests we propose, and we offer suggestions as to how andrologists might design such multicolour tests for themselves.
Enhanced Diagnostic Yields of Bacteremia and Candidemia in Blood Specimens by PCR-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Laffler Thomas G. , Cummins Lendell L. , McClain Colt M. , Quinn Criziel D. , Toro Michelle A. , Carolan Heather E. , Toleno Donna M. , Rounds Megan A. , Eshoo Mark W. , Stratton Charles W. , Sampath Rangarajan , Blyn Lawrence B. , Ecker David J. , Tang Yi-Wei 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
A prospective study was performed to determine the value of direct molecular testing of whole blood for detecting the presence of culturable and unculturable bacteria and yeasts in patients with suspected bloodstream infections. A total of 464 adult and pediatric patients with positive blood cultures matched with 442 patients with negative blood cultures collected during the same period were recruited during a 10-month study. PCR amplification coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR-ESI-MS) plus blood culture reached an overall agreement of 78.6% in the detection and species-level identification of bacterial and candidal pathogens. Of 33 culture-negative/PCR-ESI-MS-positive specimens, 31 (93.9%) were judged to be truly bacteremic and/or candidemic based on a medical chart review and analytical metrics. Among the 15 culture-positive specimens in which PCR-ESI-MS detected additional bacterial or yeast species, 66.7% and 20.0% of the additional positive specimens by PCR-ESI-MS were judged to be truly or possibly bacteremic and/or candidemic, respectively. Direct analysis of blood samples by PCR-ESI-MS rapidly detects bacterial and yeast pathogens in patients with bloodstream infections. When used in conjunction with blood culture, PCR-ESI-MS enhances the diagnostics of septicemia by shortening test turnaround time and improving yields.
Improvement Rate of Acute Otitis Media Caused by Haemophilus influenzae at 1 Week Is Significantly Associated with Time to Recovery
Authors: Yano Hisakazu , Yamazaki Yoshitaka , Qin Liang , Okitsu Naohiro , Yahara Koji , Irimada Mihoko , Hirakata Yoichi , Kaku Mitsuo , Kobayashi Toshimitsu , Watanabe Hiroshi 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common upper respiratory tract infection in childhood. Children with AOM were enrolled at Tohoku Rosai Hospital between July 2006 and June 2011 if their middle ear fluid cultures after tympanocentesis yielded only
Haemophilus influenzae
. The susceptibilities of the isolates to ampicillin were determined, and microtiter biofilm assays and invasion assays using BEAS-2B cells were performed. The association between these bacterial characteristics and clinical relapses of AOM and treatment failures was evaluated. Seventy-four children (39 boys and 35 girls) with a median age of 1 year (interquartile range [IQR], 0.25 to 2 years) were enrolled. Among 74
H. influenzae
isolates, 37 showed intermediate resistance or resistance to ampicillin (MIC, ≥2 μg/ml). In the microtiter biofilm assay, the median optical density at 600 nm (OD
600
) was 0.68 (IQR, 0.24 to 1.02), and 70 isolates formed biofilms. The median invasion rate was 15% (IQR, 0 to 10%), and 46 isolates invaded BEAS-2B cells. Relapses and treatment failures occurred in 19 and 6 children, respectively. There was no significant difference in the invasion rates between patients with and those without relapses or treatment failures. Also, there was no significant association between biofilm formation and relapse or treatment failure. The improvements in the severity scores after 1 week were significantly associated with the recovery time (
P
< 0.0001). We did not identify any significant association between relapse or treatment failure and bacterial factors. AOM has a multifactorial etiology, and this may explain why we could not find a significant association. An improvement in the severity score after 1 week of treatment may be a useful predictor of the outcome of AOM.