bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distributions of molecules in the circumnuclear disk and surrounding starburst ring in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068 observed with ALMA
Authors: Takano Shuro , Nakajima Taku , Kohno Kotaro , Harada Nanase , Herbst Eric , Tamura Yoichi , Izumi Takuma , Taniguchi Akio , Tosaki Tomoka 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Sensitive observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) allow astronomers to observe the detailed distributions of molecules with relatively weak intensity in nearby galaxies. In particular, we report distributions of several molecular transitions including shock and dust related species (13CO J = 1–0, C18O J = 1–0, 13CN N = 1–0, CS J = 2–1, SO JN = 32–21, HNCO JKa,Kc = 50,5–40,4, HC3N J = 11–10, 12–11, CH3OH JK = 2K–1K, and CH3CN JK = 6K–5K) in the nearby Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068 observed with the ALMA early science program. The central ∼ 1′(∼ 4.3 kpc) of this galaxy was observed in the 100-GHz region covering ∼ 96–100 GHz and ∼ 108–111 GHz with an angular resolution of ∼ 4′′ × 2′′ (290 pc × 140 pc) to study the effects of an active galactic nucleus and its surrounding starburst ring on molecular abundances. Here, we present images and report a classification of molecular distributions into three main categories: (1) molecules concentrated in the circumnuclear disk (CND) (SO JN = 32–21, HC3N J = 11–10, 12–11, and CH3CN JK = 6K–5K), (2) molecules distributed both in the CND and the starburst ring (CS J = 2–1 and CH3OH JK = 2K–1K), and (3) molecules distributed mainly in the starburst ring (13CO J = 1–0 and C18O J = 1–0). Since most of the molecules such as HC3N observed in the CND are easily dissociated by UV photons and X-rays, our results indicate that these molecules must be effectively shielded. In the starburst ring, the relative intensity of methanol at each clumpy region is not consistent with those of 13CO, C18O, or CS. This difference is probably caused by the unique formation and destruction mechanisms of CH3OH.
Did they ‘Read Before Burning’? The Coalition and Quangos
Authors: DOMMETT KATHARINE , FLINDERS MATTHEW , SKELCHER CHRIS , TONKISS KATHERINE 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAttitudes to quangos are paradoxical. On the one hand they are perceived to be undemocratic, unaccountable organisations, while on the other they are seen to improve effectiveness, limit political interference and increase public confidence in government. This paradox is reflected in the behaviour of political parties, which generally adopt a harsh line towards quangos in opposition, but come to rely on these bodies in office. Ahead of the 2010 general election it was, however, noticeable that the Conservative party rejected this dynamic by promising to pursue ‘a more sophisticated approach’. This article explores the Coalition government's subsequent ‘public bodies reform programme’, assessing its progress against recommendations contained within the Institute for Government's Read before Burning report of July 2010. It concludes that while the Coalition has addressed long‐standing concerns about the day‐to‐day governance of public bodies, it has failed to resolve a set of broader and strategic (metagovernance) issues.
Putting Neoliberalism in its Place
Authors: CROUCH COLIN 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNeoliberalism is not as popular as its opponents seem so much to fear; in democratic politics it nearly always hides behind other ideologies and policy types, as its essential message that we should pursue no goals that cannot be achieved through the market is intrinsically unattractive to the majority of people. Its power lies in the wealth of its key supporters, and in the difficulty of raising coordinated opposition to it among post‐industrial populations that have little sense of their political interests. The main base for hope of change in this comes from the as yet unrealised potential of women's movements.
Quangos—Why Bother Counting Them When Whitehall Can't?
Authors: WALKER DAVID 
Published: August 2014

Abstract‘Mindless’ empiricism rules in British central government, bolstered by the use of prerogative powers and the absence of any ‘court of appeal’ to insist on definitions and uniformities. This gives arguments about quangos—arm's‐length bodies—a surreal quality. The Cameron coalition has created many new quangos, while claiming a cull. Unless and until Whitehall acquires, or is forced to acquire, better habits of mind, it may be a waste of time for academics and reformers to prepare taxonomies and call for more administrative rationality.
RIP RIPA? Snowden, Surveillance, and the Inadequacies of our Existing Legal Framework
Authors: MOORE MARTIN 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis collection of pieces addresses questions raised by the Snowden revelations and their aftermath. All the authors were participants at a round‐table discussion at King's College London on Thursday 20 March 2014. The round table was chaired jointly by Sir Lawrence Freedman and Lord [Peter] Hennessy. Those participating were: Baroness [Onora] O'Neill, Lord [Ken] Macdonald, Nigel Inkster, Professor Thomas Rid (King's College), Ewen MacAskill (The Guardian), Gordon Corera (BBC), Jemima Stratford QC, Peter Horrocks (BBC), Charlie Edwards (RUSI), Professor Jean Seaton (Westminster University), Bill Peace (King's, ex‐SOCA), Air Vice‐Marshal Andrew Vallance (DA‐Notice), Carl Miller (DEMOS/King's), Lord (Alex) Carlile and Richard Sambrook (Cardiff University).The round table was organised by Martin Moore, director of the Media Standards Trust, and Benedict Wilson, lecturer in Defence Studies at King's and Research Associate at KPI. It was a joint Media Standards Trust–King's Policy Institute Event. For more information please contact martin.moore@mediastandardstrust.org or benedict.wilson@kcl.ac.uk.
Investigation of sporulation in the Desulfotomaculum genus: a genomic comparison with the genera Bacillus and Clostridium
Authors: Dalla Vecchia Elena , Visser Michael , Stams Alfons J. M. , Bernier‐Latmani Rizlan 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe genus Desulfotomaculum, belonging to the Firmicutes, comprises strictly anaerobic and endospore‐forming bacteria capable of dissimilatory sulfate reduction. These microorganisms are metabolically versatile and are widely distributed in the environment. Spore formation allows them to survive prolonged environmental stress. Information on the mechanism of sporulation in Desulfotomaculum species is scarce. Herein, this process was probed from a genomic standpoint, using the Bacillus subtilis model system as a reference and clostridial sporulation for comparison. Desulfotomaculum falls somewhere in between the Bacillus and Clostridium in terms of conservation of sporulation proteins. Furthermore, it showcased the conservation of a core regulatory cascade throughout genera, while uncovering variability in the initiation of sporulation and the structural characteristics of spores from different genera. In particular, while in Clostridium species sporulation is not initiated by a phosphorelay, Desulfotomaculum species harbour homologues of the B. subtilis proteins involved in this process. Conversely, both Clostridium and Desulfotomaculum species conserve very few B. subtilis structural proteins, particularly those found in the outer layers of the spore. Desulfotomaculum species seem to share greater similarity to the outer layers of Clostridium difficile.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) gene are associated with growth‐related traits in farmed Atlantic salmon
Authors: Tsai H. Y. , Hamilton A. , Guy D. R. , Houston R. D. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryUnderstanding the genetic basis of variation in traits related to growth and fillet quality in Atlantic salmon is of importance to the aquaculture industry. Several growth‐related QTL have been identified via the application of genetic markers. The IGF1 gene is considered a highly conserved and crucial growth‐regulating gene in salmonid species. However, the association between polymorphisms in the IGF1 gene and growth‐related traits in Atlantic salmon is unknown. Therefore, in this study, regions of the Atlantic salmon IGF1 gene were sequenced, aligned and compared across individuals. Three SNPs were identified in the putative promoter (SNP1, g.5763G>T; GenBank no. AGKD01012745), intron 1 (SNP2, g.7292C>T; GenBank no. AGKD01012745) and intron 3 (SNP3, g.4671A>C; GenBank no. AGKD01133398) regions respectively. These SNPs were genotyped in a population of 4800 commercial Atlantic salmon with data on several weight and fillet traits measured at harvest (at approximately 3 years of age). In a mixed model, association analysis of individual SNPs, SNP1 and SNP3 were both significantly associated with several weight traits (P < 0.05). The estimated additive effect on overall harvest weight was approximately 35 and 110 g for SNPs 1 and 3 respectively. A haplotype analysis confirmed the association between genetic variation in the IGF1 gene with overall body weight (P < 0.05) and fillet component traits (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest the identified nucleotide polymorphisms of the IGF1 gene may either affect farmed Atlantic salmon growth directly or be in population‐wide linkage disequilibrium with causal variation, highlighting their possible utility as candidates for marker‐assisted selection in the aquaculture industry.
Interferon regulatory factor 3 as key element of the interferon signature in plasmacytoid dendritic cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients: novel genetic associations in the Mexican mestizo population
Authors: Santana-de Anda K , Gómez-Martín D , Monsivais-Urenda A E , Salgado-Bustamante M , González-Amaro R , Alcocer-Varela J 
Published: August 2014

SummaryMany genetic studies have found an association between interferon regulatory factors (IRF) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); however, specific dendritic cell (DC) alterations have not been assessed. The aim of the present study was to address the expression of IRF3 and IRF5 on different DC subsets from SLE patients, as well as their association with interferon (IFN)-α production and novel SNPs. For the genetic association analyses, 156 SLE patients and 272 healthy controls from the Mexican mestizo population were included. From these, 36 patients and 36 controls were included for functional analysis. Two IRF3 SNPs − rs2304206 and rs2304204 – were determined. We found an increased percentage of circulating pDC in SLE patients in comparison to controls (8·04 ± 1·48 versus 3·35 ± 0·8, P = 0·032). We also observed enhanced expression of IRF3 (64 ± 6·36 versus 36·1 ± 5·57, P = 0·004) and IRF5 (40 ± 5·25 versus 22·5 ± 2·6%, P = 0·010) restricted to this circulating pDC subset from SLE patients versus healthy controls. This finding was associated with higher IFN-α serum levels in SLE (160·2 ± 21 versus 106·1 ± 14 pg/ml, P = 0·036). Moreover, the IRF3 rs2304206 polymorphism was associated with increased susceptibility to SLE [odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2·401 (1·187–4·858), P = 0·021] as well as enhanced levels of serum type I IFN in SLE patients who were positive for dsDNA autoantibodies. The IRF3 rs2304204 GG and AG genotypes conferred decreased risk for SLE. Our findings suggest that the predominant IRF3 expression on circulating pDC is a key element for the increased IFN-α activation based on the interplay between the rs2304206 gene variant and the presence of dsDNA autoantibodies in Mexican mestizo SLE patients.
Rethinking antithyroid drugs in pregnancy
Authors: Napier C. , Pearce S.H.S. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryUncontrolled hyperthyroidism in pregnancy poses a risk to both mother and foetus, and the optimal treatment strategy in this setting remains elusive. Instigation of pharmacological therapy or an alternative intervention during pregnancy requires careful consideration, and the evidence that has underpinned our choice of antithyroid drug has not been robust. Recent research developments have prompted us to question our practice, and reconsider our approach to managing this patient group.
Development of a highly‐potent anti‐angiogenic VEGF8–109 heterodimer by directed blocking of its VEGFR‐2 binding site
Authors: Ghavamipour Fahimeh , Shahangian S. Shirin , Sajedi Reza H. , Arab S. Shahriar , Mansouri Kamran , Aghamaali Mahmoud Reza 
Published: August 2014

Angiogenesis is a hallmark of various pathological conditions and is controlled by a variety of angiogenic factors. Blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as the most pivotal stimulator of angiogenesis offers a promising therapeutic approach for some diseases, typically cancer. In the present study, a heterodimeric antagonistic VEGF was precisely designed based on structural information of recently‐crystallized VEGF/VEGF receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2/fetal liver kinase 1/kinase domain region) complex. Directed blocking of kinase domain region occurs via substitution of a VEGF receptor binding site by two peptide segments in one pole, whereas the binding domain of the other pole of VEGF was intact. Candidate peptides for substitution were selected considering to some sequence and structural criteria. A reliable model of modified VEGF was built, refined using molecular dynamics simulation and docked with VEGFR‐2. Docking analysis revealed that binding affinity of mutant VEGF was notably diminished, corroborating our design. Heterodimeric VEGF was expressed, refolded and highly purified by two‐step affinity chromatography. Dimerization of this antagonist was confirmed using some analytical techniques. Spectroscopic studies assured us to obtain the heterodimeric form of VEGF. Some angiogenic in vitro assays such endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation indicated that this antagonist is not only strongly capable of inhibiting angiogenesis (half maximal inhibitory concentration of 33 and 24 ng·mL−1, respectively), but also showed the highest inhibitory effect compared to all other heterodimeric VEGF variants. The high anti‐angiogenic potency of this VEGF antagonist may allow its future use as an anti‐tumor agent.Structured digital abstract

WT-VEGF and M-VEGF bind by comigration in sds page (View interaction).
Tactical Urbanism: The New Vernacular of the Creative City
Authors: Mould Oli 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe recent infatuation of urban governance with the ideologies of creativity has led to many cities over the world being branded as ‘Creative Cities’. This policy drive has been problematised of late as a neoliberal agenda, which critics argue aids in the gentrification of cities. One reaction to this has been the proliferation of community‐orientated initiatives on a smaller scale that are (sometimes) conducted outside the official capacity of the city. So‐called Tactical Urbanism draws from such activity and therefore has become a popular movement for people who have a desire to change and reconfigure their city and do so without governmental involvement. Championed by the urbanist Mike Lydon, this paper charts how Tactical Urbanism has become a brand in itself, with the term being used by urban governments as a means of continuing neoliberal policies of urban development in a post‐2008 recessionary era. This paper will show how Tactical Urbanism is defenestrating the former, in favour of the latter. In so doing, it is fast becoming the latest political vernacular of the Creative City.
Reactivity of cosmetic UV filters towards skin proteins: Model studies with Boc‐lysine, Boc‐Gly‐Phe‐Gly‐Lys‐OH, BSA and gelatin
Authors: Stiefel C. , Schwack W. 
Published: August 2014

SynopsisObjectiveOrganic UV filters are used as active ingredients in most sunscreens and also in a variety of daily care products. Their good (photo) stability is of special interest to guarantee protective function and to prevent interactions with the human skin. Due to the mostly electrophilic character of the UV filters, reactions with nucleophilic protein moieties like lysine side chains are conceivable. Prior studies showed that the UV filters octocrylene (OCR), butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BM‐DBM), ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS), ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), benzophenone‐3 (BP‐3), ethylhexyl triazone (EHT) and dibenzoylmethane (DBM) were able to covalently bind to an HPTLC amino phase and the amino acid models ethanolamine and butylamine after slightly heating and/or radiation.MethodsBoc‐protected lysine, the tetrapeptide Boc‐Gly‐Phe‐Gly‐Lys‐OH, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and porcine gelatin were used as more complex models to determine the reactivity of the mentioned UV filters towards skin proteins under thermal or UV irradiation conditions.ResultsAfter gentle heating at 37°C, benzophenone imines were identified as reaction products of BP‐3 and OCR with Boc‐lysine and the tetrapeptide, whereas DBM and BM‐DBM yielded enamines. For EHMC, a Michael‐type reaction occurred, which resulted in addition of Boc‐lysine or the tetrapeptide to the conjugated double bond. Ester aminolysis of EHS and EHT mainly afforded the corresponding amides. Reactions of the UV filters with BSA changed the UV spectrum of BSA, generally associated with an increase of the absorption strength in the UVA or UVB range. For all protein models, the UV filters showed an increasing reactivity in the order EHT < EHMC < EHS < BP‐3 < OCR < DBM < BM‐DBM.ConclusionEspecially the UV absorbers BM‐DBM, OCR and BP‐3, which are seen as common allergens or photoallergens, showed a high reactivity towards the different skin protein models. As the formation of protein adducts is recognized as important key element in the induction of skin sensitization, the results of this study can contribute to a better understanding of the underlying chemical mechanisms of such reactions.
The validation of the 2010 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases guideline for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in an endemic area
Authors: Lin Ming‐Tsung , Chang Kuo‐Chin , Chou Yeh‐Pin , Tseng Po‐Lin , Yen Yi‐Hao , Wang Chih‐Chi , Tsai Ming‐Chao , Cheng Yu‐Fan , Eng Hock‐Liew , Wu Cheng‐Kung , Hu Tsung‐Hui 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackground and AimHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis could be made with one typical imaging study in a cirrhotic liver by the guideline of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) in 2010. Patients with hepatitis B who may not have fully developed cirrhosis could be applied. We aim to retrospectively analyze and validate the diagnostic power of the 2010 guideline in an HCC endemic area (Taiwan).MethodsFrom January 2006 to December 2010, a total of 648 patients with liver tumor post‐surgical resection were reviewed. The fibrotic scores were verified by METAVIR score 4. Among the 648 patients, 569 (87.8%) were HCC patients. Hepatitis B accounts for 54.5%, hepatitis C 21.9%, hepatitis B + C 2.8%, and non‐hepatitis B or C 20.7% of patients. Two hundred eighty‐eight of 648 (44%) patients were with cirrhotic liver.ResultsThe diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value, and accuracy of the 2010 AASLD guideline f are 99.1%, 36.7%, 91.9%, 85.3%, and 91.5%, respectively. Cirrhotic liver exhibited a higher PPV (P < 0.001) but lower specificity (P = 0.0479) than non‐cirrhotic liver. In both cirrhotic and non‐cirrhotic condition, no difference existed in patients with hepatitis B or hepatitis C (P > 0.05).ConclusionsSimilar sensitivity of HCC diagnosis existed between cirrhotic and non‐cirrhotic liver, and across different fibrotic stages. But cirrhotic liver exhibited a higher PPV. Hepatitis B or C has no decisive effect in HCC diagnosis.
The ‘Nothing’ Trope: Self‐Worth in Renaissance Poetry
Authors: Archdeacon Anthony 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe recurrence of ‘nothing’ as a topic in renaissance poetry has been explored by many critics, but little attention has been given to the particular trope which is the focus of this article: what might be called the ‘personal nothing’ trope. The article explores various possible interpretations of the trope and explanations for its appearance in English poetry at the end of the 16th century. With reference to poets such as John Donne and lesser known metaphysical poets such as John Davies of Hereford, links to contemporary theology, philosophy and medical writing are suggested, as well as to more particular biographical detail of the poets concerned. The article also considers how the trope relates to Marxist and New Historicist readings of the period. The article argues that the trope suggests something of the value systems and perhaps also the psychological states of the poets, who shared in common a privileged social status which was nevertheless dependent on patronage and preferment in the late Elizabethan and early Jacobean courts.
CONFINED QUEST FOR CONTINUITY: THE CATEGORICAL VERSUS CONTINUOUS NATURE OF ATTACHMENT
Authors: van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe use of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (NICHD SECCYD) is a major contribution to the field. The core of the current monograph pertains to psychometrics (dimensional vs. categorical assessment) of the AAI and continuity of attachment over time. We argue that the generalizability of the conclusions with regard to the AAI is limited to similar groups, because of the low‐risk adolescence nature of the sample, with concomitant underrepresentation of the preoccupied and unresolved classifications in the current sample (each only 3%). Baron von Münchhausen's paradox emerges in the use of the same source of coded data for categorical classifications and continuous scales of the AAI scoring procedure. At the same time, the monograph convincingly demonstrates that earned security cannot be assessed retrospectively in a valid and reliable manner, and the study highlights the power of scientific collaboration as realized in the NICHD SECCYD.
Political Violence, Interstate Rivalry, and the Diffusion of Public Health Crises
Authors: Reeder Bryce W. , Reeder Matthew R. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveThe objectives of the study were to expand the literature on political violence and public health by exploring the possibility that the public health consequences of civil war not only apply to the host country, but also diffuse across international borders. We discuss and empirically test a diffusion mechanism absent from the literature in this area—the incentive of a proximate state to reallocate resources in response to intrastate violence and the presence of interstate rivalry.MethodsOur hypotheses were tested using a directed dyad research design that included all politically relevant dyads from 1997 to 2001. We used fixed‐effects panel regression to estimate the influence of proximate intrastate violence and interstate rivalry on changes in infant mortality rate (IMR).ResultsOur results indicated that proximate intrastate violence and interstate rivalry are associated with increases in IMR. In addition, the influence of proximate intrastate violence on IMR increases as the severity of the conflict increases.ConclusionThe public health consequences of civil war do diffuse across international borders, especially in cases in which interstate rivalry was present and the political violence in a proximate state was severe.
Computing Galois representations of modular abelian surfaces
Authors: Zeng Jinxiang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractLet $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}f\in S_2(\Gamma _0(N))$ be a normalized newform such that the abelian variety $A_f$ attached by Shimura to $f$ is the Jacobian of a genus-two curve. We give an efficient algorithm for computing Galois representations associated to such newforms.