bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research on policing in East Asia: a review of SSCI policing specialty journals
Authors: Kim Bitna , Wan-Chun Lin Arizona , Lambert Eric 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– Little information on dissemination of publications on policing issues in East Asia in which one-fifth of the world's population lives is available. The research questions for the paper are: how extensive is the coverage of papers focussing on policing in East Asia; on which East Asian countries have the papers covered during the 14-year period from 2000 to 2013; what are the topics/primary issues of policing in East Asia covered across the journals; and what are the affiliations represented of authors who have published papers on policing in East Asia. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– This study is a content analysis of major policing specialty journals listed in the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) in terms of the number and focus of studies on East Asian police papers. Data came from 1,123 papers published in three policing journals of Police Quarterly, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, and Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy during the period of 2000-2013.

Findings
– Only 3.4 percent (n=38) of the 1,123 articles published in the three journals were on policing issues in East Asia nations. The vast majority (76.3 percent) were published in Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management. Staff issue was the most frequently researched topic. In total, 42 percent of the papers were on South Korean policing issues, followed by 31 percent on Chinese policing topics. Finally, about 45 percent of the papers were written by only US-affiliated authors, 40 percent by authors affiliated with institutions in East Asia, and only 16 percent were written in collaboration between authors associated with USA and East Asian institutions.

Originality/value
– The main intent of this study is to provide information seekers with a guide to what research on policing in East Asia is being published.
Police officers’ perceptions of the challenges involved in Internet Child Exploitation investigation
Authors: B. Powell Martine , Cassematis Peter , S. Benson Mairi , Smallbone Stephen , Wortley Richard 
Published: July 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore police officers’ perceptions of the challenges and work stressors of working in Internet Child Exploitation (ICE) investigation.Design/methodology/approach– Participants were a heterogeneous sample of 32 ICE investigators across nine Australian jurisdictions. Officers’ perceptions of ICE work were elicited via individual, open-ended, anonymous, telephone interviews, which focused on both the nature and impact of work-related stressors and challenges.Findings– Thematic analysis revealed that viewing ICE material was not perceived to be a major stressor or particularly traumatic facet of ICE investigation. Rather, the challenges related to three areas; work relationships, workload and resources and the physical environment. Participants also suggested some improvements to their work environment which could reduce the impact of these challenges.Practical implications– The stressors identified by ICE investigators in this study place physical, psychological and social restrictions on investigative capacity. Modifications to the workplace environment that facilitate more effective professional collaboration, reduce workload and enhance investigator efficiency and functionality of the physical work environment would likely reduce the potential for harm associated with ICE investigation and improve ICE investigators’ capacity to perform their role.Originality/value– This is the first study to use a broad research framework to examine the full range of stressors that ICE investigators face (both organisational and operational). The findings are important for developing comprehensive theories regarding workplace traumatisation as well as holistic intervention models to assist the prevention and management of stress related to ICE investigation.
Social bonds, traditional models and juvenile attitudes toward the police in China
Authors: Zhang Hongwei , Zhao Jihong , Ren Ling , Zhao Ruohui 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of juvenile attitudes toward the police (JATP) in Chinese social settings. More specifically, this study borrows from the wisdom of social bond theory and relevant literature developed in the USA to explain juvenile ratings of the police on specific job functions.

Design/methodology/approach
– The data were collected from a multi-stage cluster sample of 2,704 high school students in a city with a population of 3.8 million located in the southwest region of China. The analysis includes variables derived from social bond theory as well as traditional models commonly employed in US studies, such as demographic background and contact with the police.

Findings
– The findings suggest that both social bonds and traditional models have their respective utility to explain the variation in juvenile evaluations of the police.

Originality/value
– This study expands the scope of the investigation on JATP in China, a distinctively different cultural environment from the USA. More specifically, it explores the utility of the respective explanatory power of the social bond model and traditional models in relation to juveniles’ ratings of the police in China.
The chaperonin CCTα is required for efficient transcription and replication of rabies virus
Authors: Zhang Jinyang , Ye Chengjin , Ruan Xizhen , Zan Jie , Xu Yunbin , Liao Min , Zhou Jiyong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNegri bodies (NBs) are formed in the cytoplasm of rabies virus (RABV)‐infected cells and are accompanied by a number of host factors to NBs, in which replication and transcription occur. Here, it was found that chaperonin containing TCP‐1 subunit alpha (CCTα) relocalizes to NBs in RABV‐infected cells, and that cotransfection of nucleo‐ and phospho‐proteins of RABV is sufficient to recruit CCTα to the NBs’ structure. Inhibition of CCTα expression by specific short hairpin RNA knockdown inhibited the replication and transcription of RABV. Therefore, this study showed that the host factor CCTα is associated with RABV infection and is very likely required for efficient virus transcription and replication.
From selective integration into selective implementation: The link between differentiated integration and conformity with EU laws
Authors: Zhelyazkova Asya 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn recent years, the topic of differentiated integration in the European Union has become increasingly discussed in both political science research and politics in general. Whereas differentiated integration is viewed as necessary for deeper cooperation, recent findings suggest that it increases the gulf between participants and non‐participants, making it difficult for non‐participating countries to join in later negotiations. However, there is a lack of theoretical and empirical work regarding the relationship between different levels of participation in the EU and national policy outcomes. This article addresses this question by comparing the policy outcomes in fully participating, selectively participating (opting‐in) and non‐participating (opting‐out) EU Member States relative to EU legislation. The findings show that selective participation (opting‐in) increases state conformity with EU laws relative to no integration at all (opting‐out), but it does not completely bridge the gap between fully integrated Member States and non‐participants. The results suggest that countries with flexible arrangements are generally less likely to implement EU laws than full participants, even when they choose to legally commit to the EU requirements. This finding raises some further questions about the rationale behind selective participation and its consequences for policy conformity, if its application expands to other policy areas and more Member States in the future.
Social behavior in preweaning lambs and their preferences in social interactions
Authors: Kiełtyka‐Kurc Agata , Górecki Marcin T. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate social behavior in preweaning lambs, especially their preferences in social interactions. A total of 30 lambs (16 Polish Milk Sheep 05 and 14 Polish Whiteheaded Mutton Sheep) were observed for 113 h 30 min during the first 2 months of their lives. Interbreed differences were insignificant both in agonistic and affiliative behavior. Males appeared to be more active both in agonistic and affiliative interactions. They also preferred other males in agonistic interactions. On the other hand, females fought more often with males, than with females. Lambs of both breeds preferred individuals of their own breed as partners in affliative behaviors. Twins preferred most their siblings in affliliative interactions and usually did not attack and fight with them. This study shows that sex and breed can influence social preferences in preweaning lambs.
Twenty‐four‐hour intraocular pressure patterns in patients with thyroid eye disease
Authors: Parekh Anjali S , Mansouri Kaweh , Weinreb Robert N , Tafreshi Ali , Korn Bobby S , Kikkawa Don O 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundTo prospectively investigate the safety, tolerability and 24‐h intraocular pressure (IOP) patterns in patients with thyroid eye disease (TED) using a contact lens sensor (CLS).DesignProspective study.ParticipantsTen patients with established TED.MethodsTen eyes of 10 patients were prospectively evaluated in an ambulatory 24‐h IOP monitoring session using the CLS (Sensimed AG, Lausanne, Switzerland). Patients pursued daily activities, and sleep behaviour was uncontrolled.Main Outcome MeasuresIncidence of adverse events (AEs) and tolerability (scale of 0–10, increasing intolerance) were assessed. IOP patterns were evaluated using a cosinor rhythmometry model, and linear regression slopes were constructed for the transition from wake/sitting (W/S) to sleep/supine (S/S) and vice versa.ResultsMean age was 61.8 ± 21.6 years, and 90% of patients were female. Main AEs were blurred vision (50%), conjunctival hyperaemia (100%) and superficial punctate keratitis (20%). Tolerability of the lens was found to be 1.5 ± 0.7. Positive linear slopes of the CLS signal from wake to sleep were detected (18.0 ± 43.8 arbitrary units [a.u.]; P = 0.254), whereas at the transition from S/S to W/S a significant decrease (−62.9 ± 56.8 a.u.; P = 0.010) was found. Five patients (50%) had a significant nocturnal/sleep acrophase with the peak occurring at 6:30 a.m. The mean amplitude of the 24‐h curves was 102.2 ± 52.6 a.u.ConclusionsIn patients with TED, the CLS provides a safe and well‐tolerated approach to 24‐h IOP monitoring. After modelling the 24‐h IOP curves, TED patients were found to have a morning acrophase.
Mandible behaviour interpretation during wakefulness, sleep and sleep‐disordered breathing
Authors: Maury Gisèle , Senny Frédéric , Cambron Laurent , Albert Adelin , Seidel Laurence , Poirrier Robert 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe mandible movement (MM) signal provides information on mandible activity. It can be read visually to assess sleep–wake state and respiratory events. This study aimed to assess (1) the training of independent scorers to recognize the signal specificities; (2) intrascorer reproducibility and (3) interscorer variability. MM was collected in the mid‐sagittal plane of the face of 40 patients. The typical MM was extracted and classified into seven distinct pattern classes: active wakefulness (AW), quiet wakefulness or quiet sleep (QW/S), sleep snoring (SS), sleep obstructive events (OAH), sleep mixed apnea (MA), respiratory related arousal (RERA) and sleep central events (CAH). Four scorers were trained; their diagnostic capacities were assessed on two reading sessions. The intra‐ and interscorer agreements were assessed using Cohen's κ. Intrascorer reproducibility for the two sessions ranged from 0.68 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.59–0.77] to 0.88 (95% CI: 0.82–0.94), while the between‐scorer agreement amounted to 0.68 (95% CI: 0.65–0.71) and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.72–0.77), respectively. The overall accuracy of the scorers was 75.2% (range: 72.4–80.7%). CAH MMs were the most difficult to discern (overall accuracy 65.6%). For the two sessions, the recognition rate of abnormal respiratory events (OAH, CAH, MA and RERA) was excellent: the interscorer mean agreement was 90.7% (Cohen's κ: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.79–0.88). The discrimination of OAH, CAH, MA characteristics was good, with an interscorer agreement of 80.8% (Cohen's κ: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.62–0.68). Visual analysis of isolated MMs can successfully diagnose sleep–wake state, normal and abnormal respiration and recognize the presence of respiratory effort.
DNA methylation pattern of Photoperiod‐B1 is associated with photoperiod insensitivity in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Sun Han , Guo Zhiai , Gao Lifeng , Zhao Guangyao , Zhang Wenping , Zhou Ronghua , Wu Yongzhen , Wang Haiyang , An Hailong , Jia Jizeng 
Published: July 2014

Summary

As one of the three key components of the ‘Green Revolution’, photoperiod insensitivity is vital for improved adaptation of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars to a wider geographical range. Photoperiod‐B1a (Ppd‐B1a) is one of the major genes that confers photoperiod insensitivity in ‘Green Revolution’ varieties, and has made a significant contribution to wheat yield improvement.

In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the photoperiod insensitivity of Ppd‐B1a alleles from an epigenetic perspective using a combination of bisulfite genomic sequencing, orthologous comparative analysis, association analysis, linkage analysis and gene expression analysis.

Based on the study of a large collection of wheat germplasm, we report two methylation haplotypes of Ppd‐B1 and demonstrate that the higher methylation haplotype (haplotype a) was associated with increased copy numbers and higher expression levels of the Ppd‐B1 gene, earlier heading and photoperiod insensitivity. Furthermore, assessment of the distribution frequency of the different methylation haplotypes suggested that the methylation patterns have undergone selection during the wheat breeding process.

Our study suggests that DNA methylation in the regulatory region of the Ppd‐B1 alleles, which is closely related to copy number variation, plays a significant role in wheat breeding, to confer photoperiod insensitivity and better adaptation to a wider geographical range.
Validity of the Apple iPhone®/iPod Touch® as an Accelerometer-Based Physical Activity Monitor: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Nolan Meaghan , Mitchell J. Ross , Doyle-Baker Patricia K. 
Published: July 2014

Background:The popularity of smartphones has led researchers to ask if they can replace traditional tools for assessing free-living physical activity. Our purpose was to establish proof-of-concept that a smartphone could record acceleration during physical activity, and those data could be modeled to predict activity type (walking or running), speed (km·h−1), and energy expenditure (METs).Methods:An application to record and e-mail accelerations was developed for the Apple iPhone®/iPod Touch®. Twentyfive healthy adults performed treadmill walking (4.0 km·h−1 to 7.2 km·h−1) and running (8.1 km·h−1 to 11.3 km·h−1) wearing the device. Criterion energy expenditure measurements were collected via metabolic cart.Results:Activity type was classified with 99% accuracy. Speed was predicted with a bias of 0.02 km·h−1 (SEE: 0.57 km·h−1) for walking, –0.03 km·h−1 (SEE: 1.02 km·h−1) for running. Energy expenditure was predicted with a bias of 0.35 METs (SEE: 0.75 METs) for walking, –0.43 METs (SEE: 1.24 METs) for running.Conclusion:Our results suggest that an iPhone/iPod Touch can predict aspects of locomotion with accuracy similar to other accelerometer-based tools. Future studies may leverage this and the additional features of smartphones to improve data collection and compliance.
Intrapersonal and Social Environment Correlates of Leisure-Time Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Canadian Adults
Authors: Aparicio-Ting Fabiola E. , Friedenreich Christine M. , Kopciuk Karen A. , Plotnikoff Ronald C. , Bryant Heather E. 
Published: July 2014

Background:Little is known about the intrapersonal and social factors associated with sufficient physical activity (PA) for cancer prevention, which is greater than for cardiovascular health.Methods:1087 and 1684 randomly selected men and women, age 35–64, completed self-administered questionnaires on PA behavior and psycho-social characteristics. Using gender-stratified logistic regression, we investigated correlates of compliance with Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology PA guidelines for general health (150 min/wk), and the American Cancer Society (ACS; 225 min/wk) and World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AIRC; 420 min/wk) guidelines for cancer prevention.Results:Only 39% and 19% of men and women met ACS and WCRF/AICR guidelines, respectively. Self-efficacy, scheduling PA and friend social support were positively correlated with recommended PA for cancer prevention. In men, poor self-rated health and perceived negative outcomes were negatively correlated and hypertension was positively correlated with meeting cancer prevention guidelines. For women, not being married and having a companion for PA were positively correlated with meeting cancer prevention guidelines.Conclusions:Few adults participate in sufficient PA for cancer risk reduction. Multidimensional public health strategies that incorporate intrapersonal and social factors and are tailored for each gender are needed to promote PA for cancer prevention.
Awareness and Knowledge of the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans
Authors: Kay Melissa C. , Carroll Dianna D. , Carlson Susan A. , Fulton Janet E. 
Published: July 2014

Background:To estimate the proportion of U.S. adults aware and knowledgeable of the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.Methods:Analysis is based on a cross-sectional national sample of adults in the 2009 (n = 4281) HealthStyles survey. We estimated the prevalence of adults who reported awareness of government physical activity guidelines and who were knowledgeable of the currently recommended moderate-intensity physical activity guideline (ie, 150 minutes per week) from the 2008 Guidelines.Results:In 2009, the percent of adults who reported being aware of government physical activity (PA) guidelines was 36.1%. The percent of adults knowledgeable of the moderate-intensity physical activity guideline was less than 1% (0.56%).Conclusions:Most U.S. adults lack sufficient awareness and knowledge of the 2008 Guidelines, putting them at risk for failure to meet them. The nation needs more effective communication strategies to translate and disseminate PA guidelines.
Fermi establishes classical novae as a distinct class of gamma-ray sources
Authors:   The Fermi-LAT Collaboration
Published: July 2014

Gamma-ray novas may be garden variety
When astronomers detected gamma rays from the nova V407 Cyg, an explosive mass transfer from a red giant onto a white dwarf, they found it surprising enough. They blamed the rays on strong stellar winds enabling particle acceleration. Now, the Fermi-LAT Collaboration has observed gamma rays from three more novas, all lacking the strong winds. Although the three sources vary slightly in nature, none is particularly unusual. If all novas emit gamma rays, then astronomers would expect to see the same number of novas that they did in fact see within a 5-kpc distance over 5 years.

Science
, this issue p.
554
Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli: a Single-Center, 11-Year Pediatric Experience
Authors: Schindler Emily I. , Sellenriek Patricia , Storch Gregory A. , Tarr Phillip I. , Burnham Carey-Ann D. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to identify the best practices for the detection of Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) in children with diarrheal illness treated at a tertiary care center, i.e., sorbitol-MacConkey (SMAC) agar culture, enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for Shiga toxin, or the simultaneous use of both methods. STEC was detected in 100 of 14,997 stool specimens submitted for enteric culture (0.7%), with 65 cases of
E. coli
O157. Among
E. coli
O157 isolates, 57 (88%) were identified by both SMAC agar culture and EIA, 6 (9%) by SMAC agar culture alone, and 2 (3%) by EIA alone. Of the 62 individuals with diarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) seen at our institution during the study period, 16 (26%) had STEC isolated from cultures at our institution and 15 (24%) had STEC isolated at other institutions. No STEC was recovered in 31 cases (50%). Of the HUS cases in which STEC was isolated, 28 (90%) were attributable to
E. coli
O157 and 3 (10%) were attributable to non-O157 STEC. Consistent with previous studies, we have determined that a subset of
E. coli
O157 infections will not be detected if an agar-based method is excluded from the enteric culture workup; this has both clinical and public health implications. The best practice would be concomitant use of an agar-based method and a Shiga toxin EIA, but a Shiga toxin EIA should not be considered to be an adequate stand-alone test for detection of
E. coli
O157 in clinical samples.
AUF1 p45 Promotes West Nile Virus Replication by an RNA Chaperone Activity That Supports Cyclization of the Viral Genome
Authors: Friedrich Susann , Schmidt Tobias , Geissler René , Lilie Hauke , Chabierski Stefan , Ulbert Sebastian , Liebert Uwe G. , Golbik Ralph P. , Behrens Sven-Erik 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

A central aspect of current virology is to define the function of cellular proteins (host factors) that support the viral multiplication process. This study aimed at characterizing cellular proteins that assist the RNA replication process of the prevalent human pathogen West Nile virus (WNV). Using
in vitro
and cell-based approaches, we defined the p45 isoform of AU-rich element RNA-binding protein 1 (AUF1) as a host factor that enables efficient WNV replication. It was demonstrated that AUF1 p45 has an RNA chaperone activity, which aids the structural rearrangement and cyclization of the WNV RNA that is required by the viral replicase to initiate RNA replication. The obtained data suggest the RNA chaperone activity of AUF1 p45 is an important determinant of the WNV life cycle.

IMPORTANCE
In this study, we identified a cellular protein, AUF1 (also known as heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein D [hnRNPD]), acting as a helper (host factor) of the multiplication process of the important human pathogen West Nile virus. Several different variants of AUF1 exist in the cell, and one variant, AUF1 p45, was shown to support viral replication most significantly. Interestingly, we obtained a set of experimental data indicating that a main function of AUF1 p45 is to modify and thus prepare the West Nile virus genome in such a way that the viral enzyme that generates progeny genomes is empowered to do this considerably more efficiently than in the absence of the host factor. The capability of AUF1 p45 to rearrange the West Nile virus genome was thus identified to be an important aspect of a West Nile virus infection.
Gene Expression of Five Different Iteradensoviruses: Bombyx mori Densovirus, Casphalia extranea Densovirus, Papilio polyxenes Densovirus, Sibine fusca Densovirus, and Danaus plexippus Densovirus
Authors: Yu Qian , Tijssen Peter 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
Iteradensoviruses are 5-kb parvoviruses with typical J-shaped inverted terminal repeats of about 250 nucleotides and terminal hairpins of about 165 nucleotides. The single-stranded DNA genome contains several open reading frames, but their expression strategy is still unknown. Here the transcription maps and expression of the viruses in this genus were explored. As for brevidensoviruses, the two nonstructural (NS) genes were expressed by overlapping promoters with alternate transcription starts at both sides of the NS1 start codon.