bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moderate food restriction suppresses the conversion of l-tryptophan to nicotinamide in weaning rats
Authors: Shibata Katsumi , Nakata Chifumi , Fukuwatari Tsutomu 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Calorie restriction leads to a change in the metabolism of nutrients. Nicotinamide is biosynthesized from l-tryptophan. We attempted to determine the effects of food restriction on the biosynthesis of nicotinamide from l-tryptophan. Weaning male rats were fed a conventional chemically defined diet without preformed niacin for 63 d. However, the food intake was restricted to 80 and 65% of the intake of the ad libitum-fed control group of rats. The 24-h urine samples were periodically collected, and the urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its catabolites was measured. The conversion percentages were lower in both restricted groups than in the ad libitum-fed control group during the experimental period (control group, 1.37 ± 0.24%; 80%-restricted group, 0.20 ± 0.04%; 65%-restricted group, 0.15 ± 0.02%; control vs. restricted groups, p &lt; 0.01). Food restriction, even at mild level, suppressed the conversion of l-tryptophan to nicotinamide when compared to the ad libitum-fed control group.
Introduction
Authors: Gruber M. Catherine 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The Introduction presents the scope of this book: a study of a corpus of fifty-two defendant allocutions collected in three U.S. District courtrooms. Although a sentencing hearing constitutes an atypical setting for the production of an apology, the chapter argues that defendants’ apologetic allocutions are worth studying for a number of reasons. The fifty-two defendants and their offenses are briefly described, as is the coding system that is used to analyze the kinds of things that defendants say. Although allocution at sentencing has a long tradition as a protection for defendants, this book proposes that it serves the interests of the state at least as much as it serves those of defendants. The chapter closes with an overview of the structure and contents of the book.
Defendants Talk about the Past, the Future, and the Present: Mitigations, Future Behavior, and the Sentence
Authors: Gruber M. Catherine 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter unpacks the ways in which defendants offered mitigating information, talked about the future, and broached the topic of the sentence. Although the Federal Sentencing Guidelines permit defendants to “present any information to mitigate the sentence,” most of the mitigation attempts (e.g., explanations, referring to the needs of family members) subjected defendants to character-damaging implications. When defendants talked about what they had learned, they opened themselves to criticism if their claims lacked credibility. Defendants who made sentence-related requests tended to ask for “leniency” and “another chance.” Sentence requests were judged to be risky when the request suggested that the defendant believed the offense was less severe than the government had maintained it was. A few defendants claimed they would accept whatever sentence was imposed. The chapter proposes that accepting one’s sentence can be understood as an attempt to diminish the taint of one’s institutional role identity.
Broad Features of Defendants’ Allocutions
Authors: Gruber M. Catherine 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines features of defendant allocutions that pervaded differently coded utterances. Defendants’ conversational style was marked by nonstandard language, relatively infrequent use of politeness markers, and relatively frequent use of the adverb “just.” The paralinguistic features of wavering voice and crying while talking patterned with gender: while the voices of 3 (of 41) men wavered briefly, 7 of 11 women cried during their allocutions. This chapter argues that these broad features of defendants’ allocutions can be understood in very different ways. Thus, for example, when “just” restricts a metapragmatic frame of speaking (e.g., “I just wanna say that I’m sorry”), that restriction can be interpreted as either limiting what the defendant is able to say or as what the defendant is willing to say. These interpretations have very different implications for the defendant’s stance. The last section describes patterns of elements in defendants’ allocutions, such as correlations among sequential positions.
Conclusions
Authors: Gruber M. Catherine 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter reviews the pros and cons of the strategies that defendants employ during allocution at sentencing. For example, although performative conventional apologies are both expected and employed (e.g., “I’m sorry for what I did”), in this context constative statements about the offense (e.g., “I took money that didn’t belong to me”) make a better fit with the discursive constraint of monologicality. Further, constative statements about the offense allow defendants to perform their remorse as opposed to proclaiming it. This is helpful for defendants because the stigmatized institutional role they occupy frames them as unreliable narrators. As a result, implying that one is sorry is more effective than explicitly claiming to be sorry. The chapter closes with some ideas about what atypical apologies at sentencing can tell us about apologies more broadly and some final thoughts on the tradition of allocution.
Mandarin Pseudo-Imposters
Authors: Arthur Wang Chyan-an 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter investigates a kind of DP in Mandarin that looks quite similar to English imposters. However, it is shown that the former, which the author terms pseudo-imposters, is structurally different from the latter so that they exhibit distinct pronominal agreement patterns. In particular, Mandarin pseudo-imposters can be followed by a notional pronoun, whose presence is generally possible in Mandarin DPs. It is also argued that the pronoun in question occupies the head position so as to determine the ϕ-feature for the entire DP. Therefore, the structure of Mandarin pseudo-imposters is not so special from other instances of DPs, and thus, unlike English imposters, no distinct sort of derivation is required. In addition, the proposed analysis supports the syntactic view of imposters. That is, the variation between the two languages cannot be accounted for in a straightforward manner without resorting to their syntactic differences.
The intonational phonology of Bangladeshi Standard Bengali
Authors: Khan Sameer ud Dowla 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe current model of Bangladeshi Standard Bengali prosody proposes three basic pitch accents and three hierarchically-structured prosodic units—the Accentual Phrase, the Intermediate Phrase, and the Intonation Phrase—each of which bears a boundary tone. Focused words are marked by a special tone whose realization depends on focus type and surrounding tones.
Quantifying French and Latin contributions to Middle English
Authors: Durkin Philip 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A survey is presented of the treatment of Latin, French, and Latin and/or French borrowings in English lexicography and lexicology. Following this, a new chronological breakdown of Middle English loanwords from French and Latin is given, on the basis of data from the Middle English Dictionary and the OED, accompanied by a brief survey of semantic loans. This analysis based on dictionary data is complemented by a consideration of studies based on particular texts or corpora. The chapter concludes with an examination of the extent to which Anglo-French and continental French contributions to Middle English can be distinguished, drawing on state-of-the-art data from the new editions of the Anglo-Norman Dictionary and of the OED that are currently in progress.
Geometry of crystals and molecules
Authors: Ladd Mark 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The early history of crystallography is discussed, including particularly the work of Steno, Hauy, de l’Isle, Miller and Weiss. Reference axes are introduced together with the mathematical description of planes, leading to the designation of crystal faces, or possible faces, and zones. The projection of crystal faces and, therefore, also crystal symmetry on to a plane diagram is elaborated by the techniques of goniometric measurements on and stereographic projection of a crystal. The geometry of molecules is discussed in terms of VSEPR, experimental and theoretical procedures. Molecular geometry and its precision are examined.
Applications of group theory
Authors: Ladd Mark 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Applications to the structure and symmetry of molecules and ions are considered, in terms of both theoretical and experimental procedures. Symmetry adapted atomic orbital studies are applied to the water molecule, methane, and projection operators introduced. Application to π-bonding in aromatic species is discussed, and the crystal-field and ligand-field theories of transition metals examined. The vibrations of molecular and crystal species are studied, with examples, and the conditions for infrared and Raman activity deduced. The derivation of point groups and space groups by applied group theory is studied; and Seitz operators introduced in the deduction of space groups. Space groups in several of the crystal systems are examined, particularly the more difficult cubic space groups, together with factor group analysis, with examples.
Traces of Terror
Authors: Sentas Victoria 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Globally, terrorism laws and their policing have been charged with eroding civil liberties and discriminating against Muslim and minority communities. This book goes further. It explains how the operation and effect of counter-terrorism has been to constitute Muslims and targeted multi-ethnic peoples as policed subjects. An Australian study of those who are policed and those who police, this book traces the persistence of race, racialisation, and racism in practices presented as ‘race neutral’ and consensual. It explores the contemporary policies, laws, and ‘common sense’ understandings, which normalise the policing of Muslim, Somali, Kurdish, and Tamil communities. Drawing on interviews, observations, and policy analysis, it examines ‘security policing’ in the work of Victoria Police, the Australian Intelligence and Security Organisation (ASIO), and the Australian Federal Police (AFP). From raids and prosecutions, to informal questioning and communitarian forms of regulation, it demonstrates the enduring and shifting meanings of these practices and their lived, often contradictory effects. Neither a study of police racism nor of experiences of discrimination, this book explains how modes of regulation exist as force and authority but act primarily through the management and valorisation of difference, identity, and belonging.
The Hegemony of Race
Authors: Sentas Victoria 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter establishes the conceptual foundations informing the book's study of race, racialisation, and racism in counter-terrorism law and policing. The common sense that Muslim and ethnic minorities should be policed is produced through two particular social dynamics in counter-terrorism. It explains how the relationships between coercion/consent and inclusive-exclusion secure racial hegemony. The operation of racial hegemony in liberal democracy does not depend on discrimination, inferiorisation, or essentialism, but on regulating heterogeneous difference, identifications, and belonging. It explains how the concept of racialisation can distinguish the diverse mechanisms and practices that make Muslim and non-Muslim ethnic minorities policed subjects.
‘No Crime Scenes’: The Police and Extremism
Authors: Sentas Victoria 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter explains how police identify the Muslim extremist through the work of ‘counter-radicalisation’. Police understand counter-radicalisation to be an expansive, open-ended intervention against an equally open-ended and infinite process of radicalisation. Whereas profiling attracts criticisms of racism, discrimination, or ineffective policing, counter-radicalisation is welcomed by police as a nuanced means to understand communities and identify potential extremists. Like the previous chapter's exploration of the law's relation to extremism, policing draws an illusory distinction between targeting action rather than belief/identity. The counter-terrorism policing imperative to know communities however relies on monitoring Muslims and developing an understanding of their difference, including through speech, ethnicity, belief, and association. The chapter explains how the discourse of non-discrimination in counter-radicalisation, in practice obscures and facilitates greater regulation of racialised groups.
Policing Social Cohesion: Community Policing for Counter-Terrorism
Authors: Sentas Victoria 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter begins with the alignment of counter-terrorism policing with multicultural social policy through the concept of social cohesion. The official discourse of Australian governments in relation to terrorism exhibit two simultaneous tendencies: it serves to valorise multiculturalism as a policy of social integration, and it expresses the limits of multiculturalism for creating social harmony. Participation in dialogue between police and community mediates a symbolic exchange of recognition in return for national belonging. Muslim isolation, segregation, and mistrust of the police acquire significance as social conflict likely to radicalise and therefore result in violence. The promise of social cohesion carries with it an obligation for Muslims to participate in the organisation of the state, by consenting to being policed. While this process of participation is promoted as an inclusive one, it relies on particular characterisations of difference that facilitate assimilatory forms of containment.
Loyalty in Context
Authors: Klamert Marcus 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses various concepts related to Union loyalty, such as constitutional and federal loyalty, federal fidelity (Bundestreue in German law), the Union law principle of solidarity, and the public international law principles of pacta sunt servanda and good faith. It explores whether Union loyalty is distinct from solidarity, to which it is often compared in the literature, and to what extent it shares features with the German and Austrian variants of federal fidelity, as well as with good faith in public international law in general and World Trade Organization law in particular. Case studies on national federal systems such as the US, Canada, and Australia examine the correlation between the absence of a clear division of competences in federal systems and the strength of the respective principles of fidelity.
Loyalty and Mixed Agreements
Authors: Klamert Marcus 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In this Chapter, the relationship between the scope of application of supremacy and the role of loyalty is discussed regarding mixed agreements. Case law is analysed as showing loyalty to be an additional instrument of conflict prevention where exclusivity does not operate. The Chapter also examines how the Union interest to be represented in a coherent and unified manner on the international stage influences the force of application of loyalty. Based on this, limits to duties flowing from loyalty with regard to various stages of the ‘life cycle’ of mixed agreements, such as negotiation, conclusion, ratification, and their implementation and interpretation, are discussed. This includes a thorough discussion of the restraints on Member States by the need to establish common positions in bodies established under mixed agreements.
R2P and Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Stahn Carsten 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Jus post bellum and “responsibility to protect” (R2P) are emerging concepts that are at the heart of contemporary discourse of international responses to conflict. In contemporary doctrine and policy, both notions are treated as related concepts that coincide with respect to the treatment of post-conflict behavior. Jus post bellum is seen as an instrument to strengthen the prevention or response dimension of R2P, i.e. by way of a pre-commitment to a post-conflict strategy or its provision as a framework for the “responsibility to rebuild.” This chapter challenges this assumption. It claims that both concepts are complementary and contain partly reinforcing and partly contradicting principles. It argues that a polycentric vision is necessary in order to understand their mutual benefits and limitations in the transformation of the international order.
Peace Agreements as a Framework for Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Easterday Jennifer S. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship of post-conflict constitutions that arise out of peace agreements with jus post bellum. This chapter suggests that jus post bellum provides a normative and interpretive framework, as well as sites of coordination and discourse, for post-conflict transitions to peace. It also argues that constitutional peace agreements can inform the jus post bellum paradigm. In practice, however, the process of negotiating, drafting, and implementing constitutional peace agreements is fraught with challenges and paradoxes, and leaves gaps and silences that could undermine the peace project. Jus post bellum can learn from the study and practice of constitutional peace agreements, in particular how to mitigate the risks associated with international intervention in this area. This chapter argues that taking a broad, multi-faceted approach to jus post bellum allows for the best absorption of lessons from constitutional peace agreements and simultaneously best protects itself from the attendant risks.
Post-Occupation Law
Authors: Ronen Yaël 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the notion of post-occupation law as a body of law that applies after the termination of occupation and regulates transition from dependence created by the occupant to self-sufficiency. Post-occupation law should address both individual and collective interests. The analysis indicates that post-occupation law must be distinct from (albeit possibly related to) existing bodies of law. Unlike the laws of occupation and international human rights law, it is geared towards transition rather than premised on static effective control; and unlike the responsibility to protect and other proposed regimes, it is based on past conduct rather than forward-looking. A new body of law would nonetheless be informed by existing bodies of law and shaped by reference to their respective areas of application.
Creating Popular Governments in Post-Conflict Situations
Authors: Saul Matthew 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter explores how the requirement of an electoral process found in Article 25 ICCPR relates to practice in post-conflict situations in general, and in post-conflict Sierra Leone in particular. In so doing, it seeks to help develop a clearer understanding of the relevance of this law in post-conflict settings, whilst also providing a basis for reflecting on the role of international law in jus post bellum more generally. The analysis addresses compliance with the law, but a core concern is with how the nature of the legal framework relates to the broader reconstruction process and what this suggests about its appropriateness. The central argument of the chapter that informs the analysis is that the suitability of this extant legal component of jus post bellum is linked to the balance that it strikes between coercion and flexibility vis-ò-vis the decision making of interim governments.
Mapping At-Risk-of-Poverty Rates, Household Employment, and Social Spending
Authors: Vandenbroucke Frank , Diris Ron 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAs a first step stylized facts are presented concerning at-risk-of-poverty rates for the non-elderly population, household employment (a concept introduced in this chapter) and social spending in European welfare states. The chapter provides a first exploration of a central theme of the book, which relates to employment-centred welfare reform: is it possible to structurally replace spending on cash benefits for working-age adults and their families with employment creation and to simultaneously reduce poverty among working-age adults and their children? The ‘mapping’ of poverty rates, household employment and spending is based on results from regression analysis of cross-country differences in levels of poverty and a decomposition of changes in poverty. The chapter also elaborates on the observation that spending does not seem as ‘efficient’ in some welfare states as in others, and formulates a number of caveats with regard to the notion of ‘efficiency’.
The Evolution of Poverty in the European Union
Authors: Decancq Koen , Goedemé Tim , Bosch Karel Van den , Vanhille Josefine 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this chapter alternative choices in the definition and measurement of poverty are discussed thereby focusing on three central choices that have to be made. First, one has to select an appropriate metric of individual well-being. Such a metric can be one-dimensional or multidimensional. Next, a poverty line needs to be established under which individuals are identified as poor. Third, one has to choose how much weight is given to the distribution of well-being among the poorest. Based on data from EU-SILC between 2005 and 2009, it is shown that the selected metric of well-being and the choice for a county-specific or pan-European poverty line lead to considerable differences in empirical results. This finding highlights the need for a precise concept of poverty or careful sensitivity analysis in empirical work.
The Quarrel of Apepi and Seqenenre
Authors: Manassa Colleen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter presents a new edition of the ancient story known as The Quarrel of Apepi and Seqenere, preserved in a single copy, papyrus British Museum EA 101085 (also known as Sallier I) dating to the reign of Merneptah. An extensive discussion of the historical and political background of the tale includes an examination of the mummy of Seqenenre (and the wounds that led to the pharaoh’s death), the archaeology of ancient Avaris, and historical and documentary texts from the Second Intermediate Period. Extensive evidence is gathered that argues against previous monotheistic interpretations of the story. New readings further suggest that while Apepi worships Seth, that the riddle of the roaring hippopotami may cast the Hyksos ruler in the role of Apep. The juxtaposition of the story with a manual of letter writing within the sole papyrus copy is highlighted for the first time, suggesting that the tale is a lively introduction to the manual.
The Capture of Joppa
Authors: Manassa Colleen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter examines the story The Capture of Joppa, set during the reign of Thutmose III, but copied during the early Nineteenth Dynasty, preserved only in papyrus British Museum 10060 (P. Harris 500). The story unfolds in a plausible historical setting, with mention of both the maryannu and Apiru, suggesting that the author set out to use authentic Eighteenth Dynasty elements to create the narrative’s setting. New examinations of the loan words and foreign elements within the text, including tekhbesti-baskets and the awenet-staff suggest that the author intentionally used foreign elements to express Egyptian imperial domination within the tale. The military stratagem of smuggling soldiers in transport containers or other “tribute” is traced from ancient Egypt through the Greek Trojan horse and the Persian Shahnameh.