bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histology and immunochemistry evaluation of autologous translocation of retinal pigment epithelium‐choroid graft in porcine eyes
Authors: Fernandez‐Bueno Ivan , Rodriguez de la Rua Enrique , Hileeto Denise , Parrado Maria Luisa , Regueiro‐Purriños Marta , Sala‐Puigdollers Anna , Srivastava Girish K. , Gonzalo‐Orden Jose Manuel , Pastor Jose Carlos 
Published: December 2012

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate structure and cellular functionality of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)‐choroid grafts after autologous translocation in porcine eyes.Methods:  Retinal pigment epithelium‐choroid grafts were obtained from the nasal midperiphery donor site and translocated to the central area in 12 pigs (12 eyes). Grafts were placed under the central retina through a retinotomy. Ophthalmoscopic and pathological evaluations were performed immediately (n = 1) and at 15 (n = 3) and 30 (n = 3) days after surgery. Untranslocated nasal RPE‐choroid grafts were obtained at time of surgery and used as controls. Specimens were evaluated by standard histology and by immunochemical studies of RPE65, CRALBP and GFAP.Results:  Five animals were lost to follow‐up owing to surgery or anaesthesia complications. Ophthalmoscopic examination revealed that the grafts remained in place at all time‐points studied. Fifteen and thirty days postsurgery, some areas of the transplanted RPE maintained a monolayered structure. Retinal pigment epithelium cells were firmly attached to Bruch’s membrane and predominantly preserved polarity and pigment distribution. However, RPE65, CRALBP and GFAP patterns of expression and distribution were diminished and modified during follow‐up. Ophthalmoscopic retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), confirmed by microscopic evaluation, complicated all cases at 30 days of follow‐up.Conclusion:  Autologous RPE‐choroid grafts survived up to 30 days in porcine eyes. Histological and immunochemical evaluation revealed preserved transplanted RPE cells morphology accompanied by alterations in the immunoreactivity expression of functional proteins, and development of significant PVR. The data presented in this manuscript provide insights into the fate, viability and cellular functionality of the transplanted RPE‐choroid graft, serving as foundation for further knowledge and improvement of this technique.
The Promise and Peril of the Pharmacological Enhancer Modafinil
Authors: Tannenbaum Julie 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe neuro‐enhancement Modafinil promises to dramatically increase users' waking hours without much sacrifice to clarity of thought and without serious side effects (inducing addiction). For Modafinil to be advantageous, its usage must enable access to goods that themselves improve the quality of one's life. I draw attention to a variety of conditions that must be met for an experience, activity or object to improve the quality of one's life, such as positional, relational, and saturation conditions, as well as it's being good for its own sake. I discuss and describe the contexts in which widespread usage (legal or not) of Modafinil would undermine these conditions being met, and thus users would fail to significantly improve the quality of their lives and would in fact potentially make both themselves and nonusers worse off in important respects thus far overlooked by critics. In the right contexts, where free time is protected and prolonged, Modafinil does have a variety of potential benefits including, most interestingly, a distinctive form of agency possible only in free time. The potential disadvantages and advantages highlighted in this article are relevant not only to public institutions deciding whether to legalize Modafinil's use as an enhancement but also to individuals deciding whether to use it illegally, as well as to the questions of how and whether to alter key features of one's context (e.g. regulating work hours or extending social services) rather than, or in addition, to regulating the use of enhancement drugs such as Modafinil.
Further exploration of theYoungCarersPerceivedStressScale: Identifying a benefit‐finding dimension
Authors: Cassidy Tony , Giles Melanie 
Published: December 2012

ObjectivesA substantial number of children are involved in informal caregiving and make a significant contribution to health care delivery. While this places high levels of demand on their coping resources, there is some evidence that these children find benefit in their caring role. TheYoungCarersPerceivedStressScale (YCPSS) (Earlyet al., 2006,J.ChildFam.Stud.,15, 169) identified a positive dimension of caring, which appears to have potential in terms of measuring benefit finding in this group. The current study aimed to further exploreYCPSSto clarify this dimension.DesignA survey design using questionnaire data collection was used with a sample of 329 children between the ages of 12 and 16.MethodsA pool of 52 items based on theYCPSSwas administered along with measures of support, coping, and psychological distress to 329 young carers attending organized support groups.ResultsFactor analysis with maximum likelihood extraction identified six factors including one 8‐item dimension labelledbenefit finding, which had good internal reliability and produced a pattern of correlations with support, coping, and psychological distress indicating initial evidence of validity.ConclusionsThe study produced initial evidence for reliability and validity of an 8‐itembenefit‐findingmeasure, as well as a clearer set of dimensions for the originalYCPSS. The resulting measures should prove useful in further explorations of benefit finding and resilience in young carers.Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subject?There is some emerging evidence that child caregivers experience some positive effects or benefits from their caring in spite of the demands of the role. We could find only one scale (of 18 items) reported by Pakenham, Chiu, Bursnall, and Cannon (2007) in one study and not subsequently reported in any other research. The current study provides a short (8‐item) scale. To more fully understand the conditions in which benefit finding occurs to support the health and well‐being of this group, a measure is needed.What does this study add?This study provides a reliable and valid measure and some preliminary evidence for benefit finding in young carers.
Cancer metabolism: Key players in metabolic reprogramming
Authors: Soga Tomoyoshi 
Published: December 2012

Over 80 years ago, Warburg discovered that cancer cells generate ATP through the glycolytic pathway, even in the presence of oxygen. The finding of this phenomenon, termed the “Warburg effect,” stimulated much research on tumorigenesis, but few explanations were forthcoming to explain the observation. Recently, advanced developments in molecular biology and high‐throughput molecular analyses have revealed that many of the signaling pathways altered by gene mutations regulate cell metabolism in cancer. Furthermore, mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 were shown to elevate 2‐hydroxyglutarate, which led to changes in α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenase enzyme activity, resulting in an increased risk of malignant tumors. Although these findings led to a renewed interest in cancer metabolism, our knowledge on the specifics of tumor metabolism is still fragmented. This paper reviews recent findings related to key transcription factors and enzymes that play an important role in the regulation of cancer metabolism.
Is the cluster risk model of parental adversities better than the cumulative risk model as an indicator of childhood physical abuse?: findings from two representative community surveys
Authors: Fuller‐Thomson E. , Sawyer J.‐L. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundScreening strategies for childhood physical abuse (CPA) need to be improved in order to identify those most at risk. This study uses two regionally representative community samples to examine whether a cluster or cumulative model of risk indicators (i.e. parental divorce, parental unemployment, and parental addictions) explains a larger proportion of the variation in CPA.MethodsData were drawn from Statistics Canada's National Population Health Survey (1994–1995) and Canadian Community Health Survey 3.1 (2005). Response rates were greater than 80% in both samples. Each survey had approximately 13 000 respondents aged 18 and over who answered questions about the above adverse childhood experiences.ResultsA gradient was shown with similar outcomes in each data set. Only 3.4% of adults who experienced none of the three risk indicators reported they had been physically abused during childhood or adolescence. The prevalence of CPA was greater among those who experienced parental divorce alone (8.3%–10.7%), parental unemployment alone (8.9%–9.7%) or parental addictions alone (18.0%–19.5%). When all three risk indicators were present, the prevalence of CPA ranged from 36.0%–41.0% and the age‐sex‐race adjusted odds were greater than 15 times that of individuals with none of the three risk indicators. The cluster model explained a statistically significantly larger proportion of the variation than the cumulative model although the difference between the two models was modest. For the purposes of parsimony, the cumulative model may be the better alternative.ConclusionsAdults who were exposed to two or more childhood risk indicators were much more likely to report that they were physically abused during their childhood than those with only one or no risk factors. Medical professionals may use this information on cumulative risk factors to more effectively target screening for potential CPA. Future research should include prospective studies.
The effect of oral‐like environment on dental implants’ fatigue performance
Authors: Shemtov‐Yona Keren , Rittel Daniel , Levin Liran , Machtei Eli E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAim and ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of fluid environment mimicking intra‐oral conditions on fatigue performance of standard diameter, 3.75‐mm implants. Dental implants placed intra‐orally are repeatedly submitted to mastication loads in the oral environment, which differ substantially from room‐air standard laboratory conditions. Several studies that examined fracture surfaces of intra‐orally fractured dental implants have identified corrosion fatigue as the main failure mechanism. Yet, fatigue performance of dental implants has been essentially studied in room air, based on the premise that the implant material is relatively resistant to corrosion in the intra‐oral environment.Material and methodsThirty‐two 3.75‐mm titanium alloy implants were tested under cyclic compressive loading. The tests were performed in artificial saliva substitute containing 250 ppm of fluoride. The loading machine stopped running when the implant structure collapsed or when it completed 5 × 106 cycles without apparent failure. The load vs. number of cycles was plotted as curve for biomechanical fatigue analysis (S–N curve). The S–N curve plotted for the artificial saliva test was compared to the curve obtained previously for the same implants tested in a room‐air environment. Failure analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).ResultsA comparison of the S–N curves obtained in artificial saliva and in room air showed a considerable difference. The S–N curve obtained in the artificial saliva environment showed a finite life region between 535N and 800N. The transition region was found below 465N, with a probability of survival of 50%, while in room air, the transition region was between 810N and 620N and an infinite life region below 620N was identified.ConclusionsThe results of this study show that environmental conditions adversely affect implants' fatigue performance. This fact should be taken into account when evaluating the mechanical properties of dental implants.
Prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of ulinastatin for prevention of hyperenzymemia after double balloon endoscopy via the antegrade approach
Authors: Itaba Soichi , Nakamura Kazuhiko , Aso Akira , Tokunaga Shoji , Akiho Hirotada , Ihara Eikichi , Iboshi Yoichiro , Iwasa Tsutomu , Akahoshi Kazuya , Ito Tetsuhide , Takayanagi Ryoichi 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundDouble balloon endoscopy (DBE) allows the entire small intestine to be viewed using a combination of antegrade and retrograde approaches. Acute pancreatitis is a serious complication of antegrade DBE with no effective prophylactic treatment currently available. Ulinastatin has been shown to be effective for the prevention of pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. We therefore assessed the efficacy of ulinastatin for hyperenzymemia after antegrade DBE.Patients and methodsForty‐four patients were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Patients in the ulinastatin group received 150 000 U ulinastatin by i.v. drip infusion for 2 h from the start of the procedure. Serum concentrations of pancreatic amylase and lipase were measured before and 3 and 18 h after antegrade DBE.ResultsThe study was terminated after interim analysis. Of the 44 patients, 23 were randomized to ulinastatin and 21 to placebo.The groups were similar with regard to sex ratio, age, type of endoscope, insertion time, total procedure time, number of endoscope pull‐back procedures, and baseline pancreaticamylase and lipase concentrations. Post‐DBE hyperenzymemia was observed in 35.0% and 47.8% of patients in the placebo and ulinastatin groups, respectively. The higher frequency of hyperenzymemia in the ulinastatin group was unexpected, but the difference was not statistically significant. One patient in the placebo group (5.0%) and none in the ulinastatin group experienced acute pancreatitis, but the difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionThe results of this trial suggest that ulinastatin does not prevent hyperenzymemia following antegrade DBE.
Multisensory and unisensory neurons in ferret parietal cortex exhibit distinct functional properties
Authors: Foxworthy W. Alex , Allman Brian L. , Keniston Leslie P. , Meredith M. Alex 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDespite the fact that unisensory and multisensory neurons are comingled in every neural structure in which they have been identified, no systematic comparison of their response features has been conducted. Towards that goal, the present study was designed to examine and compare measures of response magnitude, latency, duration and spontaneous activity in unisensory and bimodal neurons from the ferret parietal cortex. Using multichannel single‐unit recording, bimodal neurons were observed to demonstrate significantly higher response levels and spontaneous discharge rates than did their unisensory counterparts. These results suggest that, rather than merely reflect different connectional arrangements, unisensory and multisensory neurons are likely to differ at the cellular level. Thus, it can no longer be assumed that the different populations of bimodal and unisensory neurons within a neural region respond similarly to a given external stimulus.
Plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in previously laminitic ponies
Authors: Wray H. , Elliott J. , Bailey S. R. , Harris P. A. , Menzies‐Gow N. J. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyThe mechanisms underlying individual animal predisposition to pasture‐associated laminitis remain unclear; however, chronic inflammation is implicated.ObjectivesTo identify differences in the inflammatory profile of a group of previously laminitic ponies compared with control animals at pasture in late spring and winter.MethodsPreviously laminitic (PL; n = 38 and 42) and nonlaminitic control ponies (NL; n = 41 and 39) were sampled in late spring and winter. Body condition score, height, weight and crest height and thickness were measured. Plasma concentrations of tumour necrosis factor‐α, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, insulin, adiponectin, triglyceride, fibrinogen, interleukin‐17, interleukin‐4 and interferon‐γ were assayed by validated/standard methods. Factors independently associated with each cytokine were determined by multivariate analysis.ResultsPlasma [adiponectin] was significantly influenced by laminitis status, being lower in PL (median [interquartile range] 2.1[1.4–3.2] μg/l) than in NL ponies (3.4 [2.6–4.1] μg/l; P<0.0001). No other cytokines or inflammatory markers were associated with laminitis status. Plasma fibrinogen and serum amyloid A concentrations were significantly (P = 0.04 and P = 0.01) higher in geldings (3.5 [3.0–4.0] g/l; 2.2 [0.5–3.6] mg/l) than in mares (3.0 [3.0–4.0] g/l; 1.5 [0.4–2.1] mg/l) and significantly (P = 0.04 and P<0.001) higher in winter (3.5 [3.0–4.0] g/l; 2.5 [0.9–3.6] mg/l) than in late spring (3.0 [3.0–3.5] g/l; 1.1 [0.3–1.9] mg/l). Serum haptoglobin concentration showed the same significant (P<0.001) seasonal difference (winter 2.1 [1.6–2.6 g/l; late spring 1.8 1.4–2.4 g/l) and was significantly (P = 0.01) inversely associated with weight. Serum interleukin‐4 concentration was significantly (P<0.0001) higher in winter (2.0 [1.2–3.0] ng/l) than in late spring (0.0 [0.0–0.0] ng/l). Serum insulin concentration was significantly (P = 0.02) influenced by season (winter 31.7 [9.6–43.5] miu/l; late spring 84.0 [7.0–131.0] miu/l). Plasma triglyceride concentration was significantly (P = 0.02) higher in PL (0.5 [0.3–0.7] mmol/l) than in NL ponies (0.4 [0.2–0.5] mmol/l).ConclusionsThere were significant effects of season, gender and bodyweight on a number of proinflammatory mediators or markers of inflammation. The only marker influenced by laminitis status was adiponectin, and concentrations of this anti‐inflammatory marker were lower in previously laminitic animals.Potential relevanceRecurrent laminitis may be associated with reduced anti‐inflammatory capacity rather than a proinflammatory state.
Comparison of glycopyrrolate and atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses
Authors: Donnellan C. M. B. , Page P. C. , Nurton J. P. , van den Berg J. S. , Guthrie A. J. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyImidocarb, an effective treatment for piroplasmosis, may cause colic and diarrhoea in horses. Atropine and glycopyrrolate are anticholinergics that could reduce the adverse effects of imidocarb. However, atropine and glycopyrrolate inhibit gastrointestinal motility, potentially causing ileus and colic.ObjectivesTo compare glycopyrrolate and atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses and to determine the effect of combinations of these drugs on the gastrointestinal tract.MethodsA blinded, randomised, crossover study was performed in 8 healthy horses. Each horse received 0.9% saline i.m and i.v. (CON), and imidocarb 2.4 mg/kg bwt i.m. with one of 3 treatments i.v.: 0.9% saline (IMI), atropine 0.02 mg/kg bwt (IMATROP) and glycopyrrolate 0.0025 mg/kg bwt (IMGLYCO). Clinical data, gastrointestinal motility via borborygmi and frequency of contractions in the duodenum, caecum and right dorsal colon assessed with transabdominal ultrasound, and faecal data were measured.ResultsAfter imidocarb/saline treatment colic and diarrhoea were noted in 3 and 4 horses, respectively, faecal production and defaecation were increased for 3 h and faecal water percentage for 6 h. Colic was noted after atropine treatment in 4 horses, borborygmi and frequency of right dorsal colon contractions were significantly decreased for 2 h 15 min, and faecal production was not significantly different fromCON. After glycopyrrolate treatment, colic was seen in one horse, frequency of intestinal contractions and faecal data were not significantly different fromCON, and borborygmi was significantly decreased fromCONat 1 h 15 min.ConclusionsResults of this study suggest that glycopyrrolate is superior to atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb.Potential relevanceGlycopyrrolate could be administered with imidocarb in horses with piroplasmosis to reduce the adverse effects of imidocarb.
HLA‐E*0103X is associated with susceptibility to Pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Bhanusali Dhaval G. , Sachdev Amit , Rahmanian Abootaleb , Gerlach John A. , Tong Joo Chaun , Seiffert‐Sinha Kristina , Sinha Animesh A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractNon‐classical human leucocyte antigen‐E (HLA‐E) mediates natural killer and CD8+ T‐cell activity, suggesting a role in the regulation of autoimmunity. HLA‐E*0103X/*0103X has been associated with Behcet's disease and HLA‐E *0101/*0103X with childhood onset diabetes. We investigated HLA‐E allele status in 52 Caucasian and Ashkenazi Jewish Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) patients and 51 healthy controls by restriction fragment length polymorphism–polymerase chain reaction and amplification refractory mutation system. Associations were determined via chi‐square test, Fisher's exact test and logistical regression analysis. HLA‐E outcomes included presumed homozygous *0101/*0101 or *0103X/*0103X genotype status or *0101/*0103X heterozygous status. PV did not significantly associate with either *0101/*0101 or *0101/*0103X genotypes. HLA‐E*0103X/*0103X (presumed homozygote) is significantly increased in patients with PV versus controls (P = 0.0146, OR = 3.730, 95%CI = 1.241–11.213). Our data provide the first evidence that HLA‐E*0103X is a marker for genetic risk in PV.
Response of three lotic assemblages to riparian and catchment‐scale land use: implications for designing catchment monitoring programmes
Authors: FELD CHRISTIAN K. 
Published: December 2012

Summary1. Although many studies have focussed on the effects of catchment land use on lotic systems, the importance of broad (catchment) and fine (segment/reach) scale effects on stream assemblages remain poorly understood.2. Nine biological metrics for macrophytes (498 sites), benthic macroinvertebrates (491) and fish (478) of lowland and mountain streams in four ecoregions of France and Germany were related to catchment and riparian buffer land use using partial Redundancy Analysis and Boosted Regression Trees (BRTs).3. Lotic fauna was better correlated (mean max., r = 0.450) than flora (r = 0.277) to both scales of land use: the strongest correlations were noted for mountain streams. BRTs revealed strong non‐linear relationships between mountain assemblage metrics and land use. Correlations increased with increasing buffer lengths, suggesting the importance of near‐stream land use on biotic assemblages.4. Several metrics changed markedly between 10–20% (mountain ecoregions) and 40–45% (lowland) of arable land use, irrespective of the buffer size. At mountain sites with >10% catchment arable land use, metric values differed between sites with <30% and sites with >30% forest in the near‐stream riparian area.5. These findings support the role of riparian land use in catchment management; however, differences between mountain and lowland ecoregions support the need for ecoregion‐specific management.