bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Out of Borneo: Neogene diversification of Sundaic freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae: Parathelphusa)
Authors: Klaus Sebastian , Selvandran Sathyajothi , Goh Jun W. , Wowor Daisy , Brandis Dirk , Koller Peter , Schubart Christoph D. , Streit Bruno , Meier Rudolf , Ng Peter K. L. , Yeo Darren C. J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimWe investigate the biogeographical history of the species‐rich Sundaic freshwater crab genus Parathelphusa (family Gecarcinucidae). In particular, we ask to what extent eustatic sea‐level fluctuations influenced diversification and species distribution. We test the prediction that sea‐level fluctuations in the course of the Pleistocene glaciations increased speciation rates.LocationMalay Peninsula, Greater Sunda Islands (Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi), Bali and the Philippines (Palawan, Mindoro).MethodsPhylogenetic inference calculations were based on partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1), 16S ribosomal RNA and nuclear histone subunit 3 (H3) genes using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian approaches. Divergence time estimation was performed with beast based on external substitution rates. Biogeographical analyses were conducted with a parametric likelihood method (Lagrange) and a Bayesian method (BayesTraits). Lineage diversification was studied with a lineage‐through‐time plot, and a maximum likelihood approach as implemented in the R package laser.ResultsWe propose a Late Miocene age for the most recent common ancestor of Parathelphusa, with an ancestral range covering Borneo and the adjacent part of Sundaland. The evolution of six lineages pre‐dates the Pliocene, five of them occurring on Borneo. Subsequent dispersal during the Miocene and Pliocene extended the range of Parathelphusa to the Philippines, Sulawesi, the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, and, during the Late Pliocene and Pleistocene, to Java. Pleistocene divergence occurred between species from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, Java and Sumatra, and Java and Borneo.Main conclusionsAlthough low sea levels during the Pleistocene in all probability facilitated the dispersal of freshwater crabs among the Greater Sunda islands (excluding Sulawesi, which is not part of the Sunda Shelf), there is no complete Pleistocene geographical admixture of species, and pre‐Pleistocene biogeographical patterns were retained. Furthermore, Pleistocene vicariance did not lead to an increased diversification rate in Parathelphusa. Instead, single colonization events out of Borneo during the Neogene, followed by species radiation (e.g. on Palawan and Sulawesi), contributed substantially to species diversity in Parathelphusa. This involved the crossing of marine barriers such as the Wallace Line.
Migration strategy affects avian influenza dynamics in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)
Authors: Hill Nichola J. , Takekawa John Y. , Ackerman Joshua T. , Hobson Keith A. , Herring Garth , Cardona Carol J. , Runstadler Jonathan A. , Boyce Walter M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractStudies of pathogen transmission typically overlook that wildlife hosts can include both migrant and resident populations when attempting to model circulation. Through the application of stable isotopes in flight feathers, we estimated the migration strategy of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) occurring on California wintering grounds. Our study demonstrates that mallards‐ a principal host of avian influenza virus (AIV) in nature, contribute differently to virus gene flow depending on migration strategy. No difference in AIV prevalence was detected between resident (9.6%), intermediate‐distance (9.6%) and long‐distance migrants (7.4%). Viral diversity among the three groups was also comparable, possibly owing to viral pool mixing when birds converge at wetlands during winter. However, migrants and residents contributed differently to the virus gene pool at wintering wetlands. Migrants introduced virus from northern breeding grounds (Alaska and the NW Pacific Rim) into the wintering population, facilitating gene flow at continental scales, but circulation of imported virus appeared to be limited. In contrast, resident mallards acted as AIV reservoirs facilitating year‐round circulation of limited subtypes (i.e. H5N2) at lower latitudes. This study supports a model of virus exchange in temperate regions driven by the convergence of wild birds with separate geographic origins and exposure histories.
Sharp genetic discontinuity across a unimodalHeliconiushybrid zone
Authors: Arias Carlos F. , Rosales Claudia , Salazar Camilo , Castaño Jully , Bermingham Eldredge , Linares Mauricio , McMillan W. O. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHybrid zones are powerful natural systems to study evolutionary processes to gain an understanding of adaptation and speciation. In the Cauca Valley (Colombia), two butterfly races,Heliconius cydno cydnidesandHeliconius cydno weymeri,meet and hybridize. We characterized this hybrid zone using a combination of mitochondrialDNA(mtDNA) sequences, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), microsatellites and sequences for nuclear loci within and outside of the genomic regions that cause differences in wing colour pattern. The hybrid zone is largely composed of individuals of mixed ancestry. However, there is strong genetic discontinuity between the hybridizing races in mtDNAand, to a lesser extent, in all nuclear markers surveyed. The mtDNAclustering ofH. c. cydnideswith theH. cydnorace from the Magdalena Valley andH. c. weymeriwith theH. cydnorace from the pacific coast suggests thatH. c. cydnidescolonized the Cauca Valley from the north, whereasH. c. weymeridid so by crossing the Andes in the southern part, implying a secondary contact origin. Colonization of the valley byH. cydnowas accompanied by mimicry shift. Strong ecological isolation, driven by locally adaptive differences in mimetic wing patterns, is playing an important role in maintaining the hybrid zone. However, selection on wing pattern alone is not sufficient to explain the genetic discontinuity observed. There is evidence for differences in male mating preference, but the contribution of additional barriers needs further investigation. Overall, our results support the idea that speciation is a cumulative process, where the combination of multiple isolation barriers, combined with major phenotypic differences, facilitates population divergence in face of gene flow.
Exploring local immunological adaptation of two stickleback ecotypes by experimental infection and transcriptome‐wide digital gene expression analysis
Authors: Lenz Tobias L. , Eizaguirre Christophe , Rotter Björn , Kalbe Martin , Milinski Manfred 
Published: September 2012

AbstractUnderstanding the extent of local adaptation in natural populations and the mechanisms that allow individuals to adapt to their native environment is a major avenue in molecular ecology research. Evidence for the frequent occurrence of diverging ecotypes in species that inhabit multiple ecological habitats is accumulating, but experimental approaches to understanding the biological pathways as well as the underlying genetic mechanisms are still rare. Parasites are invoked as one of the major selective forces driving evolution and are themselves dependent on the ecological conditions in a given habitat. Immunological adaptation to local parasite communities is therefore expected to be a key component of local adaptation in natural populations. Here, we use next‐generation sequencing technology to compare the transcriptome‐wide response of experimentally infected three‐spined sticklebacks from a lake and a river population, which are known to evolve under selection by distinct parasite communities. By comparing overall gene expression levels as well as the activation of functional pathways in response to parasite exposure, we identified potential differences between the two stickleback populations at several levels. Our results suggest locally adapted patterns of gene regulation in response to parasite exposure, which may reflect different local optima in the trade‐off between the benefits and the disadvantages of mounting an immune response because of quantitative differences of the local parasite communities.
Population structure of Phytophthora infestans in China – geographic clusters and presence of the EU genotype Blue_13
Authors: Li Y. , van der Lee T. , Zhu J. H. , Jin G. H. , Lan C. Z. , Zhu S. X. , Zhang R. F. , Liu B. W. , Zhao Z. J. , Kessel G. , Huang S. W. , Jacobsen E. 
Published: September 2012

The population structure of Phytophthora infestans in China was studied and three mitochondrial haplotypes (Ia, IIa, IIb) were observed. Genetic analysis with 10 highly informative SSR markers identified 68 different genotypes, including three dominant clonal lineages. In the Chinese P. infestans population, the genotypes were strongly clustered according to their geographic origin. One of dominant clonal lineages was genetically similar to Blue_13, a dominant clonal lineage found in Europe since 2004. This is the first report of Blue_13 outside Europe. Only one mating type (A1) was found in the northern and southeastern provinces, but in southern and northwestern China both mating types were observed. The mating type ratio and SSR allele frequencies indicate that in China the sexual cycle of P. infestans is rare. These results emphasize that the migration of asexual propagules and the generation of subclonal variation are the dominant driving factors of the population structure of P. infestans in China. They may also have implications for the role of monitoring P. infestans populations in potato late blight management strategies in China.
Accuracy and precision of compounded ciclosporin capsules and solution
Authors: Umstead Meghan E. , Boothe Dawn M. , Cruz‐Espindola Crisanta , MacDonald John M. , Kennis Robert , Angarano Donna 
Published: September 2012

Background – The prescribing of compounded products that mimic US Federal Drug Administration approved drugs in the USA is inappropriate. Among the reasons are the lack of premarket regulatory assessment and the potential for an inferior product. This study describes the accuracy and precision of ciclosporin (CsA) strength when compounded as capsules (10 and 300 mg) and solutions (50 and 150 mg/mL).Methods – Preparation choices reflected current prescribing practices. Each was acquired by prescription from five pharmacies at three different times, 14–45 days apart. Atopica® (10 and 100 mg; Novartis, Greensboro, NC, USA) and three human generics (50 and 100 mg capsules and 100 mg/mL solution) were positive controls. Physical characteristics were assessed. Accuracy (percentage predicted) was based on CsA strength measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography and precision was based on replications (n = 3) from each pharmacy.Results – Accuracy of positive controls ranged from 92 to 103%. For compounded solutions, physical characteristics differed markedly between but not within pharmacies. Capsule accuracy was 10 ± 0.98 mg (101%) for 10 mg and 290 ± 9.6 mg (97%) for 300 mg; and solution accuracy was 45 ± 9.9 mg/mL (90%) for 50 mg/mL and 127 ± 18 mg/mL (85%) for 150 mg/mL. The precision for 50 mg/mL oral solution was 0.67–11%, and for 150 mg/mL, 3.7–14%. Accuracy for all preparations varied, with the least accurate deviating by 34% from labelled strength. Precision for all capsules ranged from 0.6 to 8.7%.Conclusions and clinical importance – Compounded CsA solutions may deviate by more than 10% from the labelled strength. Bioavailability and clinical efficacy of compounded CsA remain unknown, and such products should be prescribed only in appropriate circumstances.
Cue reactivity and its inhibition in pathological computer game players
Authors: Lorenz Robert C. , Krüger Jenny‐Kathinka , Neumann Britta , Schott Björn H. , Kaufmann Christian , Heinz Andreas , Wüstenberg Torsten 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDespite a rising social relevance of pathological computer game playing, it remains unclear whether the neurobiological basis of this addiction‐like behavioral disorder and substance‐related addiction are comparable. In substance‐related addiction, attentional bias and cue reactivity are often observed. We conducted a functional magnetic resonance study using a dot probe paradigm with short‐presentation (attentional bias) and long‐presentation (cue reactivity) trials in eight male pathological computer game players (PCGPs) and nine healthy controls (HCs). Computer game‐related and neutral computer‐generated pictures, as well as pictures from the International Affective Picture System with positive and neutral valence, served as stimuli. PCGPs showed an attentional bias toward both game‐related and affective stimuli with positive valence. In contrast, HCs showed no attentional bias effect at all. PCGPs showed stronger brain responses in short‐presentation trials compared with HCs in medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and anterior cingulate gyrus and in long‐presentation trials in lingual gyrus. In an exploratory post hoc functional connectivity analyses, for long‐presentation trials, connectivity strength was higher between right inferior frontal gyrus, which was associated with inhibition processing in previous studies, and cue reactivity‐related regions (left orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum) in PCGPs. We observed behavioral and neural effects in PCGPs, which are comparable with those found in substance‐related addiction. However, cue‐related brain responses were depending on duration of cue presentation. Together with the connectivity result, these findings suggest that top‐down inhibitory processes might suppress the cue reactivity‐related neural activity in long‐presentation trials.
Human T‐cell proliferation in response to thrombin‐activated GTKO pig endothelial cells
Authors: Ezzelarab Corin , Ayares David , Cooper David K. C. , Ezzelarab Mohamed B. 
Published: September 2012

Ezzelarab C, Ayares D, Cooper DKC, Ezzelarab MB. Human T‐cell proliferation in response to thrombin‐activated GTKO pig endothelial cells. Xenotransplantation 2012; 19: 311–316. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Background:  Thrombin formation is a key feature in the activation of coagulation in pig xenograft recipients. As thrombin is known to activate endothelial and immune cells, we explored whether thrombin activation of pig endothelial cells (EC) was associated with an increased human T‐cell response.Methods:  α1,3‐galactosyltransferase gene‐knockout (GTKO) pig aortic EC (pAEC) were activated by porcine interferon‐gamma (pIFNγ), human (h)IFN‐γ, or thrombin. Swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I and class II expression were measured. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and CD4+ T‐cell proliferation in response to activated pAEC, the effect of thrombin on pig CD80/CD86 mRNA, and the effect of thrombin inhibition by hirudin were evaluated.Results:  After pAEC activation, SLA I expression did not change, and only pIFNγ upregulated SLA II expression. PBMC proliferation to pIFNγ‐ and thrombin‐activated pAEC was significantly higher (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01) than to non‐activated pAEC. CD4+ T‐cell proliferation to pIFNγ‐ and thrombin‐activated pAEC was significantly higher (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01) than to non‐activated pAEC. Thrombin inhibition by hirudin reduced thrombin‐induced upregulation of pAEC CD86 mRNA, and significantly reduced human PBMC proliferation to pAEC in comparison with thrombin alone (P < 0.05).Conclusions:  Thrombin upregulates CD86 mRNA on pAEC, which is associated with increased human T‐cell proliferation against pAEC. Hirudin reduces CD86 mRNA in thrombin‐activated pAEC and is associated with downregulation of the human T‐cell proliferative response. The transplantation of organs from GTKO pigs transgenic for human thrombomodulin, and/or endothelial protein C receptor, in addition to therapeutic regulation of thrombin activation may reduce the cellular response to a pig xenograft and thus reduce the need for intensive immunosuppressive therapy.
Phase equilibria and metamorphic evolution of garnet‐mica‐plagioclase gneisses from the Qiliping terrane in the western Dabie Orogen, central China
Authors: Zhang Jing‐Sen , Zhang Jing , Zhou Jun‐Jie , Zhang Hong‐Fen 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe extensive gneisses in the high‐pressure and ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic terrane in the Dabie‐Sulu orogen usually show no evidence of eclogite‐facies metamorphism. The garnet‐mica‐plagioclase gneisses from the Qiliping region in the western Dabie Orogen, comprise garnet, phengite, biotite, plagioclase, quartz, rutile, ilmenite, chlorite, epidote, and hornblende. The garnet porphyroblasts, with inclusions of quartz, epidote, and rutile, exhibit slight compositional zonations, from core to mantle with an increase in pyrope and a decrease in spessartine, and from mantle to rim with a decrease in pyrope and grossular and an increase in spessartine. The high‐Si phengite indicates that the gneisses may be subjected to a high‐pressure metamorphism. By the P–T pseudosections calculated in a system NCKMnFMASHTO (Na2O‐CaO‐K2O‐MnO‐FeO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐H2O‐TiO2‐O) for two representative samples, the metamorphic P–T path, reconstructed by the compositionally zoned garnet, shows that the prograde metamorphism is characterized by a temperature increase with a slight pressure increase from the conditions of 17.6 ± 1.5 kbar at 496 ± 15°C to the peak‐pressure ones of 21.8 ± 1.5–22.7 ± 1.5 kbar at 555 ± 15–561 ± 15°C; the early retrograde stage is dominated by decompression with a temperature increase to the maximum of 608 ± 15–611 ± 18°C at 10.3 ± 1.5–11.0 ± 1.5 kbar; and the late retrograde one is predominated by pressure and temperature decreases. The mineral assemblages in the prograde metamorphism are predicted to contain garnet, glaucophane, jadeite, lawsonite, phengite, quartz, rutile, and/or chlorite, which is different from those observed at present. Such high‐pressure metamorphism can partly be reconstructed by the P–T pseudosection in combination with the high‐Si phengite and garnet compositions in the core and mantle. This provides an important constraint on the subduction and exhumation of the terrane during the continent–continent collision between the Yangtze and Sino‐Korean cratons.
Review of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Risson David C , Davies Mark W , Williams Bronwyn A 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNeonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT), with an incidence of one in 1000 live births, is the most common cause of severe thrombocytopenia and intra‐cerebral haemorrhage in term neonates. NAIT results from trans‐placental passage of maternal antibodies against a paternally derived fetal platelet alloantigen. Clinical presentation varies from unexpected thrombocytopenia on a blood film in a well newborn to intracranial haemorrhage (ICH). In contrast to haemolytic disease of the newborn, NAIT can present in a first pregnancy, and subsequent pregnancies are usually more severely affected. The role of antenatal screening for maternal alloantibodies instead of fetal blood sampling to identify at‐risk fetuses remains uncertain, but there is a trend towards less invasive maternally directed treatment for at‐risk pregnancies. Neonatal management is aimed at preventing or limiting thrombocytopenic bleeding with transfusion of antigen‐matched platelets.
A fatal case of hypernatraemic dehydration in a neonate
Authors: Staub Eveline , Wilkins Barry 
Published: September 2012

AbstractProblems with lactation can result in hypernatraemic dehydration in the neonate, with potentially severe adverse consequences. This is illustrated in this fatal case of a 10 day old neonate who presented with excessive hypernatraemic dehydration due to insufficient breast milk intake, resulting in cerebral sinus vein thrombosis with cerebral haemorrhage and infarction. Differential diagnosis included excessive sodium intake (through inappropriately mixed formula or house remedies or through hyperaldosteronism) and high water deficit (renal or gastrointestinal losses, nephrogenic or central diabetes insipidus), all of which were ruled out by specific investigations or history. No evidence was found for inborn error of metabolism. The dehydration in this baby, however, was accentuated by trans‐epidermal water loss due to an ichthyosiform skin condition. This first ever reported Australian fatality from neonatal hypernatraemic dehydration supports the concern of health care professionals over rising incidences of this entity in exclusively breastfed infants, and should encourage endorsement of improved monitoring of weight loss in newborns and breastfeeding support for their mothers.
Breast milk banking: Current opinion and practice in Australian neonatal intensive care units
Authors: Lam Eva Y , Kecskés Zsuzsoka , Abdel‐Latif Mohamed E 
Published: September 2012

Aim:  To find out the knowledge and attitudes of health‐care professionals (HCPs) in Australian neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) towards breast milk banking (BMBg) and pasteurised donated breast milk (PDBM).Methods:  Cross‐sectional structured survey of HCPs in all 25 NICUs in Australia.Results:  Response rate was 43.4% (n= 358 of 825). Participants included nurses and midwives (291, 81.3%) and the remainder were neonatologists and neonatal trainees (67, 18.7%). A variable number of HCPs agreed that PDBM would decrease the risk of necrotising enterocolitis (81%) and allergies (48.9%), 8.4% thought PDBM will carry risk of infections and 78.8% agreed that PDBM is preferable over formula, but only 67.5% thought that establishing breast milk banks (BMBs) are justifiable. Significant differences were found between doctors and nurses/midwives, with 19.4% of doctors compared with 5.8% of nurses/midwives agreed that PDBM carried an increased risk of infection. Although, over 90% of nurses/midwives and 70% of doctors agreed that the donation of breast milk is important, only 71% of nurses/midwives and 52.2% of doctors thought that setting up a BMB was justifiable.Conclusion:  The opinions about BMBg differ widely between HCPs; however, the majority support the practice. HCPs had different knowledge gaps in regard to BMBg. Nurses/midwives positively view the practice of BMBg more strongly compared with neonatologists.
Lung protective ventilation in extremely preterm infants
Authors: Dargaville Peter A , Tingay David G 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe lungs of an extremely preterm infant ≤28 weeks gestation are structurally and biochemically immature and vulnerable to injury from positive pressure ventilation. A lung protective approach to respiratory support is vital, aiming to ventilate an open lung, using the lowest pressure settings that maintain recruitment and oxygenation and avoiding hyperinflation with each tidal breath. For infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome and persistent atelectasis, lung protective ventilation requires recruitment using stepwise pressure increments, followed by reduction in ventilator pressures in search of an optimal point at which to maintain ventilation. Several studies, including a single randomised controlled trial, have found this lung protective strategy to be more effectively administered using high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation rather than conventional ventilation. Many extremely preterm infants have minimal atelectasis and low oxygen requirements in the first days of life, and the ventilatory approach in this case should be one of avoidance of factors including overdistension that are known to contribute to later pulmonary deterioration. From a practical perspective, this means setting positive end‐expiratory pressure at the lowest value that maintains oxygenation and restricting tidal volume using a volume‐targeted mode of ventilation.