bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infant growth patterns of the mandible in modern humans: a closer exploration of the developmental interactions between the symphyseal bone, the teeth, and the suprahyoid and tongue muscle insertion sites
Authors: Coquerelle Michael , Prados‐Frutos Juan Carlos , Benazzi Stefano , Bookstein Fred L. , Senck Sascha , Mitteroecker Philipp , Weber Gerhard W. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe ontogenetic development of the mental region still poses a number of unresolved questions in human growth, development and phylogeny. In our study we examine the hypotheses of DuBrul & Sicher (1954) (The Adaptive Chin. Springfield, IL: Charles) and Enlow (1990) (Facial Growth, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders) to explain the presence of a prominent mental region in anatomically modern humans. In particular, we test whether the prominence of the mental region and the positioning of the teeth are both correlated with the developmental relocation of the tongue and the suprahyoid muscles inserting at the lingual side of the symphysis. Furthermore, we test whether the development of the mental region is associated with the development of the back of the vocal tract. Using geometric morphometric methods, we measured the 3D mandibular and tooth surfaces in a cross‐sectional sample of 36 CT‐scanned living humans, incorporating the positions of the tongue and the geniohyoid and digastric muscle insertions. The specimens' ages range from birth to the complete emergence of the deciduous dentition. We used multivariate regression and two‐block partial least squares (PLS) analysis to study the covariation among the mental region, the muscle insertions, and the teeth both across and within age stages. In order to confirm our results from the 3D cross‐sectional sample, and to relate them to facial growth and the position of the cervical column and the hyoid bone, we used 46 lateral radiographs of eight children from the longitudinal Denver Growth Study. The 3D analysis demonstrates that the lingual side of the lower border of the symphysis develops downwards and forwards. These shape changes are significantly correlated with the relocation of muscle insertion sites and also with the vertical reorientation of the anterior teeth prior to emergence. The 2D analysis confirms the idea that as the mental region prominence develops, the space of the laryngopharynx becomes restricted due to upper mid‐face retraction and the acquisition of upright body posture. In agreement with the hypotheses of DuBrul & Sicher (1954) and Enlow (1990), our results suggest that the presence of a prominent mental region responds to the space restriction at the back of the vocal tract, and to the packaging of the tongue and suprahyoid muscles in order to preserve the functionality of the laryngopharynx during respiration, feeding and speech.
A Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Tribe Corallineae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) with an Assessment of Genus‐Level Taxonomic Features and Descriptions of Novel Genera
Authors: Hind Katharine R. , Saunders Gary W. 
Published: November 2012

A multigene phylogeny using COI‐5P (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1), psbA (PSII reaction center protein D1), and EF2 (elongation factor 2) sequence data for members of the tribe Corallineae was constructed to assess generic boundaries. We determined that traditional reliance on conceptacle position as an indicator of generic affinities in the Corallineae is not supported and taxonomic changes are required. We found that species currently assigned to Pseudolithophyllum muricatum resolved within the Corallineae in all analyses. This is the first record of crustose members in the subfamily Corallinoideae. Further‐more, the genus Serraticardia was polyphyletic; we propose to synonomize Serraticardia with Corallina, transfer the type species S. maxima to Corallina (C. maxima (Yendo) comb. nov.), and describe the new genus Johansenia for S. macmillanii (J. macmillanii (Yendo) comb. nov.). Our molecular data also indicate that species in the genus Marginisporum have evolutionary affinities among species of Corallina and these genera should also be synonymized. This necessitates the combinations C. aberrans (Yendo) comb. nov. for M. aberrans (Yendo) Johansen & Chihara, C. crassissima (Yendo) comb. nov. for M. crassissimum (Yendo) Ganesan, and C. declinata (Yendo) comb. nov. for M. declinata (Yendo) Ganesan. Corallina elongata was divergent from all other members of Corallina and is transferred to a new genus, Ellisolandia (E. elongata (J. Ellis & Solander) comb. nov). In addition, COI‐5P and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) data combined with morphological characters were used to establish that rather than the four Corallina species recognized in Canada, there are nine.
Gram‐positive bacteria as an antigen topically applied into gingival sulcus of immunized rat accelerates periodontal destruction
Authors: Nagano F. , Kaneko T. , Yoshinaga Y. , Ukai T. , Kuramoto A. , Nakatsu S. , Oshino K. , Ichimura I. , Hara Y. 
Published: November 2012

Background and objectivePeriodontitis is generally accepted to relate to gram‐negative bacteria, and the host defense system influences its onset and progression. However, little is known about the relation between gram‐positive bacteria and periodontitis. In this study, we topically applied gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacterial suspensions to the gingival sulcus in rats after immunization, and then histopathologically examined their influence on periodontal destruction.Materials and MethodsRats previously immunized with heat‐treated and sonicated Staphylococcus aureus or Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were used as immunized groups. The non‐immunized group received only sterile phosphate‐buffered saline. In each animal, S. aureus or A. actinomycetemcomitans suspension was applied topically to the palatal gingival sulcus of first molars every 24 h for 10 d. Blood samples were collected and the serum level of anti‐S. aureus or anti‐A. actinomycetemcomitans immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The first molar regions were resected and observed histopathologically. Osteoclasts were stained with tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). The formation of immune complexes was confirmed by immunohistological staining of C1qB.ResultsSerum levels of anti‐S. aureus and anti‐A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG antibodies in the immunized groups were significantly higher than those in the non‐immunized groups were. The loss of attachment, increase in apical migration of the junctional epithelium, and decreases in alveolar bone level and number of TRAP‐positive multinuclear cells in each immunized group were significantly greater than in each non‐immunized group. The presence of C1qB was observed in the junctional epithelium and adjacent connective tissue in the immunized groups.ConclusionsHeat‐treated and sonicated S. aureus and A. actinomycetemcomitans induced attachment loss in rats immunized with their suspensions. Our results suggest that not only gram‐negative but also gram‐positive bacteria are able to induce periodontal destruction.
The human leucocyte antigen DQB1*0602 allele is associated with electroencephelograph differences in individuals with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome
Authors: Manzotte Thais , Guindalini Camila , Mazzotti Diego R. , Palombini Luciana , de Souza Altay L. , Poyares Dalva , Bittencourt Lia R. A. , Tufik Sergio 
Published: November 2012

SummaryHuman leucocyte antigen (HLA) DQB1*0602 allele, a well‐known genetic risk factor for narcolepsy, has been associated with sleep parameters in healthy subjects. We aimed to assess the association of this allele with daytime sleepiness and altered sleep electroencephalogram characteristics in the general population and in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS). Eight hundred and ninety‐four individuals from the Epidemiologic Study of Sleep were genotyped for the HLA DQB1*0602 allele. Full‐night polysomnography was performed, and daytime sleepiness was analysed according to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. HLA‐DQB1*0602 allele‐positive and ‐negative subjects in the general population, as well as in patients with OSAS, exhibited similar sleep parameters and levels of daytime sleepiness. However, spectral analysis showed that allele‐positive individuals with OSAS exhibited higher theta power during sleep Stage 1 (P < 0.05) in occipital derivations, and lower delta power during sleep Stages 1 and 2 (P < 0.01) compared with individuals negative for the allele, even after correction for potential confounders as age, sex, body mass index and European ancestry. No significant differences in the electroencephalogram variables were found in individuals without OSAS. The data highlight the HLA‐DQB1*0602 as a potential genetic factor influencing sleep physiology in individuals diagnosed with OSAS.
Hybridization ofSouthernHemisphere blue whale subspecies and a sympatric area offAntarctica: impacts of whaling or climate change?
Authors: Attard Catherine R. M. , Beheregaray Luciano B. , Jenner K. Curt S. , Gill Peter C. , Jenner Micheline‐Nicole , Morrice Margaret G. , Robertson Kelly M. , Möller Luciana M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractUnderstanding the degree of genetic exchange between subspecies and populations is vital for the appropriate management of endangered species. Blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) have two recognizedSouthernHemisphere subspecies that show differences in geographic distribution, morphology, vocalizations and genetics. During the austral summer feeding season, the Antarctic blue whale (B. m. intermedia) is found in polar waters and the pygmy blue whale (B. m. brevicauda) in temperate waters. Here, we genetically analyzed samples collected during the feeding season to report on several cases of hybridization between the two recognized blue whaleSouthernHemisphere subspecies in a previously unconfirmed sympatric area offAntarctica. This means the pygmy blue whales using waters offAntarctica may migrate and then breed during the austral winter with theAntarctic subspecies. Alternatively, the subspecies may interbreed off Antarctica outside the expected austral winter breeding season. The genetically estimated recent migration rates from the pygmy toAntarctic subspecies were greater than estimates of evolutionary migration rates and previous estimates based on morphology of whaling catches. This discrepancy may be due to differences in the methods or an increase in the proportion of pygmy blue whales off Antarctica within the last four decades. Potential causes for the latter are whaling, anthropogenic climate change or a combination of these and may have led to hybridization between the subspecies. Our findings challenge the current knowledge about the breeding behaviour of the world's largest animal and provide key information that can be incorporated into management and conservation practices for this endangered species.
Dextromethorphan Attenuates LPS‐Induced Adhesion Molecule Expression in Human Endothelial Cells
Authors: Jiang Shinn‐Jong , Hsu Sheng‐Yao , Deng Chuan‐Rou , Huang Huey‐Chun , Liu Shu‐Lin , Shi Guey‐Yueh , Wu Hua‐Lin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveThis study examines the effect of Dextromethorphan (d‐3‐methoxy‐17‐methylmorphinan; DXM), a commonly used cough‐suppressing drug, on the expression of VCAM‐1 and ICAM‐1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).MethodsThe effect of DXM on expression of cell adhesion molecules induced by LPS was evaluated by monocyte bindings in vitro and ex vivo and transmigration assays. The signaling pathways involved in the inflammation inhibitory effect of DXM were analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescent stain.ResultsPretreatment of HUVECs with DXM inhibited LPS‐induced adhesion of THP‐1 cells in vitro and ex vivo, and reduced transendothelial migration of these cells. Furthermore, treatment of HUVECs with DXM can significantly decrease LPS‐induced expression of ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1. DXM abrogated LPS‐induced phosphorylation of ERK and Akt. The translocation of early growth response gene‐1 (Egr‐1), a downstream transcription factor involved in the mitogen‐activated kinase (MEK)‐ERK signaling pathway, was suppressed by DXM treatment. Furthermore, DXM inhibited LPS‐induced IκBα degradation and nuclear translocation of p65.ConclusionsDextromethorphan inhibits the adhesive capacity of HUVECs by reducing the LPS‐induced ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 expression via the suppression of the ERK, Akt, and NF‐κB signaling pathways. Thus, DXM is a potential anti‐inflammatory therapeutic that may modulate atherogenesis.
Vascular Tone and Ca2+ Signaling in Murine Cremaster Muscle Arterioles In Vivo
Authors: Mauban Joseph R.H. , Zacharia Joseph , Zhang Jin , Wier Withrow Gil 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectivesWe sought to determine some of the molecular requirements for basal state “tone” of skeletal muscle arterioles in vivo, and whether asynchronous Ca2+ waves are involved or not.MethodsCremaster muscles of anesthetized exMLCK and smGCaMP2 biosensor mice were exteriorized, and the fluorescent arterioles were visualized with wide‐field, confocal or multiphoton microscopy to observe Ca2+ signaling and arteriolar diameter.ResultsBasal state tone of the arterioles was ~50%. Local block of Ang‐II receptors (AT1) or α1‐adrenoceptors (α1‐AR) had no effect on diameter, nor did complete block of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). Inhibition of phospholipase C caused dilation nearly to the Ca2+‐free (passive) diameter, as did exposure to nifedipine or 2‐APB. Arterioles were also dilated when treated with SKF96365. High‐resolution imaging of exMLCK fluorescence (ratio) or GCaMP2 fluorescence in smooth muscle cells failed to reveal Ca2+ waves (although Ca2+ waves/transients were readily detected by both biosensors in small arteries, ex vivo).ConclusionsArterioles of cremaster muscle have vascular tone of ~ 50%, which is not due to α1‐AR, AT1R, or SNA. PLC activity, L‐type Ca2+ channels, 2‐APB‐ and SKF96365‐sensitive channels are required. Propagating Ca2+ waves are not present. A key role for PLC and InsP3R in vascular tone in vivo, other than producing Ca2+ waves, is suggested.
A LuxR‐type repressor of Burkholderia cenocepacia inhibits transcription via antiactivation and is inactivated by its cognate acylhomoserine lactone
Authors: Ryan Gina T. , Wei Yuping , Winans Stephen C. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryBurkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic human pathogen that encodes two LuxI‐type acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) synthases and three LuxR‐type AHL receptors. Of these, cepI and cepR form a cognate synthase/receptor pair, as do cciI and cciR, while cepR2 lacks a genetically linked AHL synthase gene. Another group showed that a cepR2 mutant overexpressed a cluster of linked genes that appear to direct the production of a secondary metabolite. We found that these same genes were upregulated by octanoylhomoserine lactone (OHL), which is synthesized by CepI. These data suggest that several cepR2‐linked promoters are repressed by CepR2 and that CepR2 is antagonized by OHL. Fusions of two divergent promoters to lacZ were used to confirm these hypotheses, and promoter resections and DNase I footprinting assays revealed a single CepR2 binding site between the two promoters. This binding site lies well upstream of both promoters, suggesting an unusual mode of repression. Adjacent to the cepR2 gene is a gene that we designate cepS, which encodes an AraC‐type transcription factor. CepS is essential for expression of both promoters, regardless of the CepR2 status or OHL concentration. CepS therefore acts downstream of CepR2, and CepR2 appears to function as a CepS antiactivator.
Do lower cuff pressures reduce damage to the tracheal mucosa? A scanning electron microscopy study in neonatal pigs
Authors: Kutter Annette P. N. , Bittermann Anne G. , Bettschart‐Wolfensberger Regula , Spielmann Nelly , Hartnack Sonja , Ziegler Urs , Weiss Markus , Mauch Jacqueline Y. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryBackgroundModern high volume–low pressure (HVLP) endotracheal tubes (ETT) cuffs can seal the trachea using baseline cuff pressures (CP) lower than peak inspiratory airway pressures (PIP). The aim of the study was to determine whether this technique reduces the damage to the tracheal mucosa compared to constant CP of 20 cmH2O.MethodsEighteen piglets were intubated with an ID 4.0 mm HVLP cuffed ETT (Microcuff PET) and artificially ventilated with 20 cmH2O PIP and 5 cmH2O PEEP. Animals were randomly allocated to two groups of CP: group A (just seal; n = 9) and group B (20 cmH2O; n = 9), controlled constantly with a manometer during the following 4‐h study period under sevoflurane anesthesia. After euthanasia, cuff position was marked in situ. Damage in the cuff region was evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination by grading of mucosal damage and by estimating percentage of intact mucosal area both by a blinded observer.ResultsMaximal CP to seal the trachea in group A ranged from 12 to 18 cmH2O (median: 14 cmH2O). Using a mixed effects model approach, the estimated mean effect of group B vs group A was an increase of 17.9% (SE 8.1%) higher proportion of pictures with an area of at least 5% intact mucosa (P = 0.042).ConclusionMinimal sealing pressures with cyclic pressure changes from CP did not result in decreased damage to the tracheal mucosa compared to constant CP of 20 cmH2O in this short‐term animal trial.
An unexpected cause of cardiac arrest during laparoscopy in an infant with supravalvar aortic stenosis
Authors: Groenewald Cornelius B. , Latham Gregory J. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryPatients with congenital supravalvar aortic stenosis (SVAS) with associated biventricular outflow tract obstruction and coronary artery abnormalities have a tenuous myocardial oxygen supply/demand relationship. They are at increased risk of acute myocardial ischemia and sudden death, especially during anesthesia. Furthermore, resuscitation during cardiac arrest is frequently unsuccessful. We report a case of perioperative cardiac arrest due to an unexpected cause in a 2 month old with SVAS during a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.
Accelerated development of quality protein maize hybrid through marker‐assisted introgression of opaque‐2 allele
Authors: Gupta Hari S. , Raman Babu , Agrawal Pawan K. , Mahajan Vinay , Hossain Firoz , Thirunavukkarasu Nepolean 
Published: November 2012

AbstractVivek Maize Hybrid 9‐ a popular single‐cross hybrid developed by crossing CM 212 and CM 145 was released for commercial cultivation in India. The parental lines, being deficient in lysine and tryptophan, were selected for introgression of opaque‐2 allele using CML 180 and CML 170 as donor lines through marker‐assisted backcross breeding. The opaque‐2 homozygous recessive genotypes with >90% recovery of the recurrent parent genome were selected in BC2F2, and the seeds with <25% opaqueness in BC2F3 were forwarded for seed multiplication. Vivek Quality Protein Maize (QPM) 9, the improved QPM hybrid, showed 41% increase in tryptophan and 30% increase in lysine over the original hybrid. The grain yield of the improved hybrid was on par with the original hybrid. The newly improved QPM maize hybrid released in 2008 will help in reducing the protein malnutrition because its biological value is superior over the normal maize hybrids. This short duration QPM maize hybrid has been adopted in several hill states of North Western and North Eastern Himalayan regions.
Resistance of Human Butyrylcholinesterase to Methylene Blue‐Catalyzed Photoinactivation; Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Oxidation Products
Authors: Tacal Ozden , Li Bin , Lockridge Oksana , Schopfer Lawrence M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMethylene blue, 3, 7‐bis(dimethylamino)‐phenothiazin‐5‐ium chloride, is a reversible inhibitor of human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in the absence of light. In the presence of light and oxygen, methylene blue promotes irreversible inhibition of human BChE as a function of time, requiring 3 h irradiation to inhibit 95% activity. Inactivation was accompanied by a progressive loss of Coomassie‐stained protein bands on native and denaturing polyacrylamide gels, suggesting backbone fragmentation. Aggregation was not detected. MALDI–TOF/TOF mass spectrometry identified oxidized tryptophan (W52, 56, 231, 376, 412, 490, 522), oxidized methionine (M81, 144, 302, 532, 554, 555), oxidized histidine (H214), oxidized proline (P230), oxidized cysteine (C519) and oxidized serine (S215). A 20 min irradiation in the presence of methylene blue resulted in 17% loss of BChE activity, suggesting that BChE is relatively resistant to methylene blue‐catalyzed photoinactivation and that therefore this process could be used to sterilize BChE preparations.
Photoexcited Singlet and Triplet States of a UV Absorber Ethylhexyl Methoxycrylene
Authors: Kikuchi Azusa , Hata Yuki , Kumasaka Ryo , Nanbu Yuichi , Yagi Mikio 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe excited states of UV absorber, ethylhexyl methoxycrylene (EHMCR) have been studied through measurements of UV absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra in ethanol. The energy levels of the lowest excited singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) states of EHMCR were determined. The energy levels of the S1 and T1 states of EHMCR are much lower than those of photolabile 4‐tert‐butyl‐4′‐methoxydibenzoylmethane. The energy levels of the S1 and T1 states of EHMCR are lower than those of octyl methoxycinnamate. The weak phosphorescence and EPR Bmin signals were observed and the lifetime was estimated to be 93 ms. These facts suggest that the significant proportion of the S1 molecules undergoes intersystem crossing to the T1 state, and the deactivation process from the T1 state is predominantly radiationless. The photostability of EHMCR arises from the 3ππ* character in the T1 state. The zero‐field splitting (ZFS) parameter in the T1 state is D** = 0.113 cm−1.
Controversies in granzyme biology
Authors: Susanto O. , Trapani J. A. , Brasacchio D. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractGranzymes (Grz) are a family of serine proteases found in the granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes and are emerging as an important group of proteins involved in immune function and surveillance. Grz have both cytotoxic and more recently reported non‐cytotoxic roles, however these functions are still subject to thorough investigation. The significance of the cytotoxic and importantly the non‐cytotoxic roles of Grz will be discussed in this review, detailing accepted and controversial functions.
Comprehensive and high‐resolution typing of swine leukocyte antigen DQA from genomic DNA and determination of 25 new SLA class II haplotypes
Authors: Le M. T. , Choi H. , Choi M.‐K. , Nguyen D. T. , Kim J.‐H. , Seo H. G. , Cha S.‐Y. , Seo K. , Chun T. , Schook L. B. , Park C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe previously reported the development of genomic‐DNA‐based high‐resolution genotyping methods for SLA‐DQB1 and DRB1. Here, we report the successful typing of SLA‐DQA using similar methodological principles. We designed a method for comprehensive genotyping of SLA‐DQA using intronic sequence information of SLA‐DQA exon 2 that we had obtained from 12 animals with different SLA‐DQB1 genotypes. We expanded our typing to 76 selected animals with diverse DQB1 and DRB1 genotypes, 140 random animals from 7 pig breeds, and 3 wild boars. This resulted in the identification of 17 DQA alleles with 49 genotypes. Two new alleles were identified from wild boars. Combine with SLA‐DQB1, and DRB1 typing results, we identified 34 SLA class II haplotypes including 25 that were previously unreported.