bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New donors, same old practices? South-South Cooperation of Latin American emerging donors
Authors: Robledo Carmen 
Published: February 2015

Foreign development assistance has been widely used for the last 60 years. In spite of changing conditions in the geopolitical scene and the increasing number of new development actors, development assistance has retained its salience. Most countries around the globe are involved in the aid regime, either as recipients, as donors and frequently as both. Middle-income countries (MICs) that until recently were recipients of aid, today are rivalling traditional donors practices.Despite MICs’ economic growth rates, the distribution of income is extremely unequal. Pockets of wealth are surrounded by oceans of poverty, and yet they are actively increasing their development assistance offer. If middle-income countries still have domestic challenges to overcome, why do they engage in the provision of development assistance? While some argue that MICs use it to advance foreign policy interests in the same way that traditional donors do, this work will put forward that elements unique to these countries, such as the desire to reaffirm themselves as global actors, strongly drive their South-South cooperation policies.This paper aims to answer the question of why MICs offer development assistance through the study of Latin American cooperation policies. For this purpose, the author proposes to build a typology based on the motivations of traditional donors, which will facilitate the comparison of traditional and emerging donors’ practices. This analysis will be supported by a combination of IR approaches. The implications of this work include deeper understanding of the drivers of development assistance policies and providing elements to extend similar studies to other MICs.
Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: review of clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Barry Helen , Byrne Susan , Barrett Elizabeth , Murphy Kieran C. , Cotter David R. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryAnti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is a form of encephalitis occurring primarily in women and associated with antibodies against NR1 or NR2 subunits of the NMDA receptor. As a potentially treatable differential for symptoms and signs seen in neurology and psychiatric clinics, clinicians practising across the lifespan should be aware of this form of encephalitis. Common clinical features include auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, behavioural change (frequently with agitation), impaired consciousness, motor disturbance (ranging from dyskinesia to catatonia), seizures, and autonomic dysfunction. We present a review of the literature on the disorder, including its clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment and prognosis.
Salvador Roquet, María Sabina, and the Trouble withJipis
Authors: Dawson Alexander S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWhile María Sabina has long been an iconic figure among drug enthusiasts and advocates for indigenous rights, her sometime collaborator Salvador Roquet remains largely unknown. This essay introduces the work of this iconoclastic psychiatrist and, in particular, his work with Sabina, highlighting their contributions to the world of psychedelic psychiatry and exploring the nature of their exchanges. Beyond examining the contours of the therapeutic method Roquet developed in part due to Sabina's teachings, the essay argues that their work together offers us a fascinating example of cross-cultural collaboration. Moreover, their mutual disdain for jipis introduces an alternative history of psychedelic drugs in Mexico — one in which the counterculture acted as a foil to those who believed that local, naturally occurring psychedelics like psilocybin mushrooms, peyote, datura, and ololiuqui were powerful medicines that needed to be respected, handled by experts, and used in carefully prescribed ways.
Synthesis of a A2B3-type Hyperbranched Copolymers Based on a 3-Armed Unimolecular 4-N-Methylbenzamide Pentamer and Poly(propylene oxide)
Authors: Masukawa Shinya , Kikkawa Takahiro , Fujimori Atsuhiro , Oishi Yoshiyuki , Shibasaki Yuji 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A novel hyperbranched copolymer (HBCP), with a number-average molecular weight from 11000 to 25000, was successfully prepared by the direct condensation polymerization of a unimolecular 3-armed 4-N-methylbenzamide pentamer (TMA-3MAB5) as a hard segment (B3 monomer), with amine-functionalized poly(propylene oxide) (PPOx) (x: degree of polymerization, 32 or 64) (A2 monomer) at both ends as a soft segment, and investigated its possibility as a thermoplastic elastomer. The highly pure B3 molecule, TMA-3MAB5, was quantitatively obtained by the step-growth reaction of 4-(N-methylamino)benzoic acid (MAB) using thionyl chloride as the condensation reagent and trimesic acid (TMA) as the core molecule in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) at 20 °C for 0.5 h for each step. The HBCP showed two glass transitions corresponding to imperfectly segregated PPO-rich and polybenzamide hard segment-rich domains, and the film showed good mechanical properties (Young’s Modulus TM 0.25–4.0 MPa, elongation at break EB 133–1470%), which were controlled by the fraction of the hard segment.
Flora da Bahia: Leguminosae – Aliança Chloroleucon (Mimosoideae: Ingeae)
Authors: Almeida Priscilla Gomes Cardoso de , Souza Elvia Rodrigues de , Queiroz Luciano Paganucci de 
Published: February 2015

A floristic survey of the genera Blanchetiodendron, Chloroleucon and Leucochloron is presented for the state of Bahia, Brazil. Five species of Chloroleucon (C. acacioides, C. dumosum, C. extortum, C. foliolosum and C. tortum), two of Leucochloron (L. limae and L. minarum) and the only species of Blanchetiodendron (B. blanchetii) were recognised. Identification keys to genera and species, descriptions and comments for taxa, as well as illustrations and distribution maps of the species in Bahia, are presented.
PENGARUH JENIS ANODA PADA PROSES PEMULIHAN LOGAM NIKEL DARI TIRUAN AIR LIMBAH ELECTROPLATING MENGGUNAKAN SEL ELEKTRODEPOSISI
Authors: Dhaenudin Djaenudin , Syafila Mindriany , Kardena Edwan , Nurdin Isdiriayani 
Published: February 2015

EFFECT OF ANODES TYPES ON NICKEL RECOVERY FROM SYNTHETIC ELECTROPLATING WASTE ELECTRODEPOSITION CELLS. A study concerning the recovery of nickel from electroplating wastewater artificial solution. The study was conducted with a batch system using electrodeposition cell consisting of two spaces separated by water hyacinth leaf, copper cathode plate, H2SO4 solution anolyte, catholyte solution of NiSO4 plus NaCl supporting electrolyte and anode varied. Electrodeposition performed at the direct current of 5V power for 4 hours each run. The research objective was to obtain the best anode in nickel electrodeposition process of electroplating waste artificial solution. Graphite, stainless steel type AISI 316 and the lead were used as a variation of the anode. Concentration of nickel in the catholyte at baseline 2200 mg/L. The results showed that the anode was a graphite anode with best value decreased by 72.44% nickel concentration, deposition of nickel on the cathode of 0.188 grams and specific energy values ​​of 6.1625 kWh/kg.nickel. Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pemulihan logam nikel dari larutan tiruan air limbah electroplating. Penelitian dilakukan dengan sistem batch menggunakan sel elektrodeposisi yang terdiri dari dua ruang yang dipisahkan dengan daun eceng gondok, katoda pelat tembaga, anolit larutan H2SO4, katolit larutan NiSO4 ditambah elektrolit pendukung larutan NaCl dan anoda divariasikan. Elektrodeposisi dilakukan pada listrik searah sebesar 5V selama 4 jam setiap tempuhan. Tujuan penelitian adalah memperoleh anoda terbaik pada proses elektrodeposisi nikel dari larutan tiruan limbah electroplating. Grafit, Stainless Steel tipe AISI 316 dan timbal digunakan sebagai variasi jenis anoda. Konsentrasi nikel dalam katolit pada awal penelitian 2200 mg/L. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anoda grafit merupakan anoda yang paling baik dengan nilai penurunan konsentrasi nikel sebesar 72,44%, deposisi nikel di katoda sebesar 0,188 gram dan nilai energi spesifik sebesar 6,1625 kWh/kg.nikel.
Blutkulturdiagnostik – Standards und aktuelle Entwicklungen/Blood culture diagnostics: standards and recent developments
Authors: Simon Michaela 
Published: February 2015

Zusammenfassung
Für Patienten mit Verdacht auf eine systemische Infektion ist die Entnahme von Blutkulturen zum Nachweis oder Ausschluss einer Blutstrominfektion unerlässlich. Eine optimale Blutkulturdiagnostik ist abhängig von Faktoren in der präanalytischen und analytischen Phase der Untersuchung. Um eine möglichst schnelle, sensitive und spezifische Diagnostik zu gewährleisten, sollten mindestens zwei Blutkulturpärchen durch separate Venenpunktionen unter aseptischen Bedingungen gewonnen werden. In der Analytik ist das Ziel, den Zeitraum zu verkürzen, der zwischen automatisch detektiertem Wachstumssignal einer bebrüteten Blutkulturflasche und Identifizierung sowie Empfindlichkeitstestung des angezüchteten Keimes liegt. Hierfür werden zunehmend massenspektrometrische und molekularbiologische Verfahren eingesetzt.
Fallbericht Meningokokken-Meningitis/Meningococcal meningitis: a case study
Authors: Schimanski Sven 
Published: February 2015

Zusammenfassung

Einleitung: Die Vorteile einer effizienten Labordiagnostik bei Infektionskrankheiten sollen exemplarisch anhand des dargestellten Falls gezeigt werden.

Methode: Kurzdarstellung eines Patientenfalls mit bakterieller Meningokokken-Meningitis.

Ergebnis und Schlussfolgerung: Der Fall unterstreicht die Bedeutung einer schnellen und umfassenden, in die Prozesse eines Notfalllabors integrierten Infektionsdiagnostik, auch im Hinblick auf nachgeschaltete und umfangreiche Untersuchungen des Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes.
Zellfreie fetale DNA im mütterlichen Blut: neue Möglichkeiten in der pränatalen Diagnostik/Cell free fetal DNA in maternal blood: new possibilities in prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Stumm Markus , Wegner Rolf-Dieter , Hofmann Wera 
Published: February 2015

Zusammenfassung
Die zellfreie fetale DNA (cff-DNA) im mütterlichen Blut bietet viele neue Möglichkeiten der pränatalen genetischen Diagnostik. Im Gegensatz zu den etablierten invasiven Techniken der Chorionzottenbiopsie (CVS) und der Amniozentese (AC), die beide mit einem spezifischen Risiko (0,5–1%) einer eingriffsbedingten Fehlgeburt einhergehen, ist die Grundlage für die Gewinnung der cff-DNA eine einfache venöse Blutentnahme der Mutter, die keinerlei Risiko für den Embryo oder Feten darstellt. Damit bietet die cff-DNA die Möglichkeit einer risikofreien genetischen Diagnostik von bestehenden Schwangerschaften. Molekulargenetische Techniken werden schon seit längerer Zeit zum qualitativen Nachweis von spezifischen fetalen Sequenzen, wie paternal vererbten oder neu entstandenen (de novo) Mutationen, eingesetzt. Durch den Einsatz digitaler PCR und Next-Generation-Sequencing (NGS) Technologien gelingt mittlerweile aber auch der sichere quantitative Nachweis von mutierten Allelen sowie von klinisch relevanten Aneuploidien (Trisomie 13, 18 und 21) aus fetaler DNA im mütterlichen Blut.
Übersicht über Labormethoden zur Überwachung innovativer Therapieregimes bei Multipler Sklerose/Overview of laboratory methods to monitor innovative treatment regimens in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kraus Jörg , Pilz Georg , Wipfler Peter , Holl Barbara , Oppermann Katrin , Golaszewski Stefan M. , Harrer Andrea 
Published: February 2015

ZusammenfassungDie Einführung mehrerer neuer Therapien zur Behandlung der Multiplen Sklerose (MS) hat in den vergangenen Jahren die Situation vieler Betroffenen deutlich verbessert. Allerdings hat sich durch die neuen Medikamente auch das Spektrum von potenziellen Nebenwirkungen deutlich verbreitert. Dies führte zur Entwicklung neuer, mittlerweile gut etablierter und in der Routinediagnostik eingesetzter Laborparameter mit dem Ziel, die Qualität einer Immunbehandlung in Bezug auf die Wirksamkeit und vor allem die Nebenwirkungen zu verbessern. Es wird zunächst ein Überblick über wesentliche Aspekte der Pathogenese und der Therapie der MS gegeben. Im Weiteren werden die zum Teil neu etablierten Therapie-spezifischen Laborparameter der wichtigsten krankheitsmodifizierenden Medikamente vorgestellt, die im Alltag leicht verwechselt werden können und somit zu Irritationen und ungenügenden Aussagen führen. Daher ist der adäquate Einsatz der vorgestellten Biomarker essentiell und führt zu einer zusätzlichen Sicherheit im Umgang mit den MS-spezifischen Medikamenten.
Molekulare Karyotypisierung in der Routinediagnostik – Rückblick und Ausblick/Molecular karyotyping in routine diagnostics – a view back and forth
Authors: Heinrich Uwe , Gabert Meike , Rost Imma 
Published: February 2015

Zusammenfassung
Die Array-CGH hat sich seit ihrer Einführung in die Routinediagnostik bei Patienten mit mentaler Retardierung/Entwicklungsverzögerung auf Grund ihrer relativ hohen Rate an positiven, ursächlichen Befunden zum unverzichtbaren Werkzeug entwickelt. Die steigende Zahl öffentlich zugänglicher Internet-Datenbanken sowie verbesserte Auswerte-Algorithmen der Array-Plattformanbieter erlauben trotz des Trends zu höher auflösenden Plattformen eine sich ständig verbessernde Interpretation von Array-CGH-Ergebnissen. Der Einsatz kombinierter CGH-SNP-Chips (zytogenomische Arrays) zum zusätzlichen Nachweis Kopienzahl-neutraler Veränderungen, wie z. B. uniparentale Disomie, wird zu einer weiteren Steigerung der Detektionsrate führen. In der Zukunft werden auf dem next generation sequencing (NGS)-basierende Methoden zu einer dramatischen Steigerung des Auflösungsvermögens bei gleichzeitigem Nachweis sowohl unbalancierter als auch balancierter Chromosomenveränderungen führen.
Beurteilung des Einflusses verlängerter Stauzeiten auf nicht-normalisierte versus normalisierte klinisch-chemische Messgrößen
Authors: Lichtinghagen Ralf , Senkpiel-Jörns Dorothea , Brand Korbinian , Janzen Nils 
Published: February 2015

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund: Zur Darstellung des Einflusses der Stauzeit auf klinisch-chemische Messgrößen wurden bisher die mittleren prozentualen Messwertabweichungen zwischen verschiedenen Stauzeitpunkten dargestellt. Diesen Unterschieden fehlt jedoch die physiologische Relevanz, da die Ergebnisse vor allem von der Wertelage des Nullpunkts abhängen. Für eine bessere Beurteilung der Einflussgröße Stauzeit sollte die biologische Variabilität der einzelnen Messgrößen berücksichtigt werden.

Methoden: Bei freiwilligen Probanden (n=92) wurden klinisch-chemische Messgrößen nach bis zu 6 min Stauzeit bestimmt. Um die biologische Variabilität einzubeziehen, wurden alle Messwerte mittels z-Transformation auf die lokalen Referenzbereichsgrenzen normalisiert.

Ergebnisse: Alle Messgrößen bis auf Kreatinin und Natrium veränderten sich unter der Stauung – unabhängig von der Darstellungsart – statistisch signifikant. Bei Proteinen und proteinassoziierten Messgrößen wie Calcium ergaben sich Konzentrations- bzw. Aktivitätszunahmen, während die Werte für lösliche niedermolekulare Substanzen wie Kalium und Glucose abnahmen. Die größte prozentuale Positivabweichung zeigte sich für Bilirubin (+9%), eine überraschend geringe für Calcium (+2%). Nach Normalisierung der Daten veränderte sich die Größenordnung und damit auch die Rangfolge stauungsbedingter Veränderungen: Die größte Zunahme wies das Gesamtprotein auf (+1,4 Standardabweichungen), während Bilirubin einen vergleichsweise geringen Anstieg zeigte. Für Calcium ergaben sich größere Veränderungen, die nun denen von Albumin entsprachen.

Schlussfolgerung: Normalisierte Abweichungen spiegeln die Verhältnisse entsprechend der Physiologie besser wieder.
A New Service Performance Index Based on Time Interval of Complaints
Authors: Chen Hsi-Tien , Chen Kuen-Suan 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Customer satisfaction plays a key role in enterprises gaining a competitive advantage. Both industrial and academic fields are focusing increasing attention on finding proper methods to evaluate service performance. Because service performance is directly related to customer satisfaction, the effectiveness of the measurement methods used to evaluate service performance is the primary concern for numerous enterprises. This study replaced the concept of the number of customer complaints used in previous studies with the time interval of customer complaints, and proposed a new service performance index. Because this index must be obtained through sample estimation, the result may be influenced by sampling errors, or a wrong conclusion may even occur. Considering the sampling error, this study ascertained the uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimators (UMVUE) of the service performance index, and used it to develop a reliable testing process for service performance. This method may be used as a reference for the service industry to assess whether the performance of a certain service item and the overall performance of an enterprise meet a standard level.
Dislocation Mobilities in GaN from Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Weingarten N. Scott 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of dislocation glide in GaN using a Tersoff potential are presented. The simulation methodology involves applying a constant shear stress to a single crystal system containing an individual dislocation, with multiple slip systems considered. Upon reaching a steady state, the dislocation velocity as a function of applied stress and temperature are determined. Edge dislocations with a-type Burgers vectors in the basal, prismatic and pyramidal planes have been analyzed over the temperature range of 300-1300K. The results from simulations of c-type edge dislocations at 1300 K are also presented.
Influence of Different Palatoplasties on the Facial Morphology of Early Mix Dentition Stage Children with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Tome Wakako , Yashiro Kohtaro , Otsuki Koichi , Kogo Mikihiko , Yamashiro Takashi 
Published: February 2015

Objective To compare the maxillofacial morphology in the early mixed dentition phase between two patient groups with unilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and palate who underwent different types of palatoplasty. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting An institutional study. Patients and Interventions Seventy-one patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) treated at Osaka University Dental Hospital, Japan, were divided into two groups: 33 patients were treated by early two-stage palatoplasty by the modified Furlow Technique (ETS), and 38 patients were treated by one-stage Wardill-Kilner push-back palatoplasty (PB). Intergroup comparisons were performed. Main Outcome Measures The dental, skeletal, and soft-tissue features were evaluated. For intergroup comparisons, Mann-Whitney U test was used for the statistical analyses. Result No significant differences existed between the ETS and PB groups regarding the skeletal features except for the mandibular ridge height. Meanwhile, the upper central incisor and upper lip of the ETS group showed a more anterior position than those in the PB group. Conclusions Early two-stage Furlow palatoplasty leads to more protruded upper lip, providing more anteriorly positioned upper incisors compared with PB, at least at the early mixed dentition stage.
An Integrated Petrophysics and Geomechanics Approach for Fracability Evaluation in Shale Reservoirs
Authors: Jin Xiaochun , Shah Subhash N. , Roegiers Jean-Claude , Zhang Bo 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThe identification of the fracture barrier is important for optimizing horizontal-well drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and protecting fresh aquifer from contamination. The word “brittleness” has been a prevalent descriptor in unconventional-shale-reservoir characterization, but there is no universal agreement regarding its definition. Here, a new definition of mineralogical brittleness is proposed and verified with two independent methods of defining brittleness. Formation with higher brittleness is considered as a good fracturing candidate. However, this viewpoint is not reasonable because brittleness does not indicate rock strength. For instance, the fracture barrier between upper and lower Barnett can be dolomitic limestone with higher brittleness. A new fracability index (FI) is introduced to overcome the shortcoming of brittleness by integrating both brittleness and energy dissipation during hydraulic fracturing. This FI considers that a good fracturing candidate is not only of high brittleness, but also requires less energy to create a new fracture surface. Therefore, the formation with lower FI is considered as a bad fracturing candidate, whereas that with higher fracability is considered as a better target. Logging data from one well in the Barnett shale are applied (1) to verify the principle of the new brittleness definition and FI model and (2) to demonstrate the process of screening hydraulic-fracturing candidates with the FI model.
Status of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Registered in National Kidney Center, Banasthali, Kathmandu
Authors: Mishra D , Koirala P 
Published: February 2015

Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem. In Nepal, Chronic kidney disease patients are increasing and the management of this disease is very expensive compared to other chronic diseases? We assessed the socioeconomic status of chronic kidney disease patients registered in National Kidney Centre, Banasthali, Kathmandu. The study used descriptive cross sectional design. Ninety six samples were collected between 15- 31 October, 2012.The mean age of the patients was 47 years, with almost half of the patients (46%) from 41-60 years age group. Among the patients, 65 % were male, 85% were married, 80% were literate, 57% were past smoker and 75% were drinker and 59% were from Kathmandu valley. Likewise, most of them were Newar, work as housewife as the main occupation. One third (37%) had to sell their property for the treatment. On an average patient spent Rs.240000 per year in dialysis. Similarly, medication cost was Rs.180000 and transplantation cost was Rs.500000 to 1000000. Preventive measures of the disease and subsidy in the treatment will be beneficial for the needy people. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v1i4.11997Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences Vol. 1, Issue 4, 2015Page : 19-23