bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An analytical electron microscopy (AEM) investigation of opaque inclusions in some type 6 ordinary chondrites
Authors: LEROUX Hugues , DOUKHAN Jean‐Claude , GUYOT François 
Published: August 2012

Abstract— A large number of ordinary chondrites contains micron‐sized particles of metal and/or troilite dispersed in their silicate grains. Such metallic phases are responsible for the so‐called darkening of the silicate grains and might be either precipitates, which formed during reduction of the silicates, or inclusions injected as a melt during a shock event. We have investigated these tiny foreign phases by analytical transmission electron microscopy in three unweathered, metamorphosed ordinary chondrites (Saint Séverin, LL6, Tsarev, L6 and Kernouvé, H6). We also looked for remnant shock indices.Our TEM observations suggest the following sequence of events in the three meteorites. First, a number of relatively strong shock events occurred on the parent body/bodies producing an Fe‐FeS melt that was injected into silicate grains along a dense network of open fractures. Most of these shock defects were subsequently erased by high‐temperature (700–900 °C) thermal metamorphism. Some remnants of the shock events are the observed trails of tiny metal and/or sulfide inclusions that formed as a result of fracture healing. Chemical homogenization of the silicates and limited oxidation of the metallic blebs also occurred during this high‐temperature annealing event, resulting in Ni‐rich inclusions. This effect was especially pronounced in the L and LL‐chondrites studied. During subsequent cooling of the body/bodies, inclusions of chromite and phosphate precipitated, nucleating preferentially on lattice defects (dislocations, subgrain boundaries) and on the metal and sulfide inclusions. A later shock event of moderate intensity, probably corresponding to the separation of the meteorite from its parent body, produced new shock features in the silicate grains of the Saint Séverin meteorite, including mechanical twins in diopside and straight free screw dislocations in olivine.
Lunar meteorite Queen Alexandra Range 93069: A lunar highland regolith breccia with very low abundances of mafic components
Authors: BISCHOFF A. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract— Lunar meteorite QUE 93069 found in Antarctica is a mature, anorthitic regolith breccia with highland affinities that was ejected from the Moon <0.3 Ma ago. The frequency distribution of mineral and lithic clasts gives information about the nature of the regolith and subregolith basement near the ejection site as well as about the abundances of rock types shocked to different degrees prior to the breccia formation.Thin section QUE 93069,37 consists of 67.5 vol% fine‐grained (<∼130 μm) constituents and 32.5 vol% mineral and lithic clasts and an impact melt vein. The most abundant types of these clasts are intragranularly recrystallized anorthosites and plagioclases (together 26.3 vol%) and feldspathic fine‐grained to microporphyritic crystalline melt breccias (21.9 vol%). Mafic crystalline melt breccias are extremely rare (1.3 vol%). Granulitic lithologies are 10.4 vol%, recrystallized feldspathic melt breccias are 15.0 vol%, and glasses are 3.5 vol%. The impact melt vein cutting across the entire thin section was probably formed subsequent to the lithification process of the bulk rock at pressures below 20 GPa, because the bulk rock never experienced a higher peak shock pressure.Lunar meteorite QUE 93069 has a higher abundance of clear glass, occurring within melt spherules, glassy fragments, and an impact melt vein than lunar meteorites ALHA81005, Y‐791197, Y‐82192/3, Y‐86032, or MAC 88104/5. The high abundance of melt spherules indicates that this lunar meteorite contains the highest content of typical regolith components. Mafic crystalline melt breccias are much rarer in QUE 93069 than in all other lunar highland regolith breccias. The extremely low abundance of mafic components may constrain possible areas of the Moon, from which the breccia was derived. The source area of QUE 93069 must be a highland terrain lacking significant mafic impact melts or mare components.
Equine corneal stromal abscesses: An evolution in the understanding of pathogenesis and treatment during the past 30 years
Authors: Henriksen M. D. L. , Andersen P. H. , Plummer C. E. , Mangan B. , Brooks D. E. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThe last 30 years have seen many changes in the understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of equine corneal stromal abscesses (SAs). Stromal abscesses were previously considered an eye problem related to corneal bacterial infection, equine recurrent uveitis, corneal microtrauma and corneal foreign bodies in horses. They were more commonly diagnosed in horses living in subtropical climatic areas of the world. Therapeutic recommendations to treat equine SAs were historically nearly always a medical approach directed at bacteria and the often associated severe iridocyclitis. Today the pathogenesis of most equine SAs appears to be more often related to fungal inoculation of the anterior corneal stroma followed by posterior migration of the fungi deeper into the corneal stroma. There is also now an increased incidence of diagnosis of corneal SAs in horses living in more temperate climates. Medical and surgical treatments are now directed towards elimination of fungal and bacterial infections, reduction and replacement of diseased corneal stroma, and suppression of iridocyclitis. If the abscess and anterior uveitis do not respond satisfactorily to medical therapy, full thickness or split thickness lamellar keratectomy to remove the fungal hyphae and diseased stroma, followed by transplantation of healthy corneal allografts has a high rate of success in speeding healing and preserving sight. This paradigm shift in the ability to diagnose and institute therapy for corneal SAs in horses has evolved over the last 30 years, and is the focus of this paper.
Factors influencing foaling rate following colic surgery in pregnantThoroughbred mares inCentralKentucky
Authors: Drumm N. J. , Embertson R. M. , Woodie J. B. , Ruggles A. J. , Hopper S. A. , Fimmers R. , Handler J. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyClinical experience has suggested that foaling rates following colic surgery in the pregnant mare are influenced by days of gestation. This premise has not been supported in previous studies. We also aimed to determine the effects of other potential influencing factors.ObjectiveTo determine the influence of age of gestation on foaling rates in pregnant mares following colic surgery and evaluate the relationships between other factors and foaling rates.MethodsMedical records ofThoroughbred mares, which had colic surgery performed from 1993 to 2007 at theRood andRiddleEquineHospital, were reviewed. Mares identified in the record as pregnant or bred within the previous 15 days were included in this study. Age of the mare, date of surgery, gestational age, duration of colic at admission, packed cell volume at admission, surgical diagnosis, duration of general anaesthesia, intraoperative hypotension, intraoperative hypoxaemia and post operative signs of endotoxaemia were recorded. A mare was considered to have a live foal if that foal was registered with theNorthAmericanJockeyClub.ResultsOf the 228 mares, where pregnancy had been confirmed, 152 (66.7%) had a live foal registered after surgery. Mares bred <40 days before surgery had a lower foaling rate compared with mares undergoing surgery ≥40 days after breeding: 48.7% vs. 69.8% (odds ratio [OR] = 0.41 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20–0.83],P= 0.012). Foaling rate was also influenced by mare's age (P= 0.008) and duration of colic signs before surgery (P= 0.03).ConclusionsThe prognosis for a live foal after colic surgery in the pregnant Thoroughbred mare is significantly better if the mare is ≤15 years of age and ≥40 days of gestation.Potential relevanceThe results of this study are useful for clinicians offering a prognosis for a live foal following colic surgery in pregnant mares.
Adjunctive clinical effect of a water‐cooled Nd:YAGlaser in a periodontal maintenance care programme: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Slot Dagmar E. , Timmerman Mark F. , Versteeg Paula A. , van der Velden Ubele , van der Weijden Fridus A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundVarious laser systems are currently available for intra‐oral use. Neodymium:Yttrium–Aluminium Garnet lasers(Nd:YAG) have been approved by theUSFood and Drug Administration for soft tissue treatment in the oral cavity.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to test whether the use of a water‐cooled Nd:YAGlaser during a maintenance care programme as an adjunct to supragingival and subgingival debridement (scaling and root planing,SRP) with hand and ultrasonic instruments results in clinical improvement compared withSRPalone.Material and MethodsThis study was an examiner‐blind, randomized and controlled clinical trial using a split‐mouth design. Thirty subjects were selected, originally diagnosed with moderate to severe generalized periodontitis, following a periodontal maintenance care programme (PMC). Immediately afterSRPin two randomly assigned contra‐lateral quadrants, all pockets ≥5 mm were additionally treated with a Nd:YAGlaser (1064 nm, 4W, 250‐μsec pulse). Clinical assessments [probing pocket depthPPD, bleeding on pocket probing (BOPP)] were performed pre‐treatment and at 6 months. Based on these assessments, the periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) was calculated.ResultsAt 6 months, the clinical parameters had significantly improved for both regimens. No statistically significant differences between treatment modalities were observed forPPDandBOPPscores at any time.PISAscores supported these findings.ConclusionsIn residual pockets ≥5 mm, treated in aPMC, the adjunctive use of an Nd:YAGlaser does not provide a clinically significant additional advantage.
Mesenchymal stem cells derived from inflamed periodontal ligaments exhibit impaired immunomodulation
Authors: Liu Dayong , Xu Junji , Liu Ousheng , Fan Zhipeng , Liu Yi , Wang Fu , Ding Gang , Wei Fulan , Zhang Chunmei , Wang Songlin 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimThe purpose of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of periodontal ligament stem cells derived from inflamed periodontal ligament tissues.Material and MethodsPeriodontal ligament stem cells were identified and isolated from healthy or inflamed periodontal ligament tissues. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cocultured with inflamed or healthy periodontal ligament stem cells, and T‐lymphocyte proliferation was determined by incubation with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester. T‐helper cells (Th1/Th2, Th17) and regulatory T cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Cytokine profiles in supernatants were tested with a cytometric bead array.ResultsCompared to healthy cells, inflamed periodontal ligament stem cells showed significantly diminished inhibition of T‐cell proliferation. In cocultures, stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed significantly less induction of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells and IL‐10 secretion in the presence of inflamed compared with healthy periodontal ligament stem cells. Furthermore, suppression of Th17 differentiation and IL‐17 production by inflamed periodontal ligament stem cells was significantly lesser than by healthy cells.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that inflamed periodontal ligament stem cells had markedly dysfunctional immunomodulatory properties; this may contribute to an imbalanced immune response, acceleration of osteoclastogenesis and inflammatory alveolar bone loss in periodontitis.
Callose Synthase in Pinus sylvestris Response during Infection by Species of Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato with Varied Host Preferences
Authors: Zadworny Marcin , Smoliński Dariusz J. , Świdzinski Michał , Guzicka Marzenna , Łakomy Piotr , Mucha Joanna 
Published: August 2012

AbstractStrengthening of plant cell walls at the site of fungal entry is one of the earliest plant responses to fungal pathogens. The aim of our study was to characterize the pattern of callose synthase localization and callose deposition in roots of Pinus sylvestris after infection by species of the Heterobasidion annosum s.l. complex with different host specificity: H. annosum s.s., H. parviporum and H. abietinum. To address this, sense‐labelled probes and ribonuclease‐treated samples were used to determine in situ hybridizations of callose synthase by FISH method. Furthermore, determination of callose accumulation within P. sylvestris cells was carried out using aniline blue. The different species of H. annosum s.l. had distinct impacts on the callose synthase staining within plant tissues. Moreover, while inoculation with strains of H. abietinum resulted in callose synthase accumulation at the point of hyphae contact with the host cell, this was not observed with the other species. A significant difference in callose synthesis localization was observed after inoculation with varied species of H. annosum s.l. as a result of the specific interactions with the host.
Gene silencing by H‐NS from distal DNA site
Authors: Shin Minsang , Lagda Arvin Cesar , Lee Jae Woong , Bhat Abhay , Rhee Joon Haeng , Kim Jeong‐Sun , Takeyasu Kunio , Choy Hyon E. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryIn the modern concept of gene regulation, ‘DNA looping’ is the most common underlying mechanism in the interaction between RNA polymerase (RNAP) and transcription factors acting at a distance. This study demonstrates an additional mechanism by which DNA‐bound proteins communicate with each other, by analysing the bacterial histone‐like nucleoid‐structuring protein (H‐NS), a general transcriptional silencer. The LEE5 promoter (LEE5p) of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was used as a model system to investigate the mechanism of H‐NS‐mediated transcription repression. We found that H‐NS represses LEE5p by binding to a cluster of A tracks upstream of −114, followed by spreading to a site at the promoter through the oligomerization of H‐NS molecules. At the promoter, the H‐NS makes a specific contact with the carboxy terminal domain of the α subunit of RNAP, which prevents the processing of RNAP–promoter complexes into initiation‐competent open promoter complexes, thereby regulating LEE5p from distance.
Validation of a postinjection transmission method for actual rat brain PET
Authors: Kim Jin Su , Yu A. Ram , Kim Kyeong Min , Oh Seung Jun , Ryu Jin Sook , Kim Hee‐Joung , Lim Sang Moo 
Published: August 2012

Purpose:Postinjection transmission positron emission tomography (PET) may be useful for shortening the total scan time. In this study, the effect of post‐transmission scanning was assessed using PET on a phantom (NU4) and actual rat brain.Methods:Transmission was performed using57Co for 15 min. After a 15‐min pre‐transmission scan, emission PET was performed in list mode for 1 h, followed by an additional 15‐min post‐transmission scan. To compare the pre‐transmission and post‐transmission results, we measured nonuniformity, the recovery coefficient, and the spillover ratio (SOR) using NU4 and rat phantoms. The authors also assessed cerebral glucose metabolism using 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET and the binding potential for 18F‐fluorinated N‐3‐fluoropropyl‐2‐β‐carboxymethoxy‐3‐β‐(4‐iodophenyl)nortropane (FP‐CIT) in rat brain for differences between pre‐transmission and post‐transmission scanning.Results:Nonuniformity and the SORs for air and water were comparable on the pre‐transmission and post‐transmission scans. With FDG‐PET, after attenuation and scatter corrections no differences were observed in the brain regions on the pre‐transmission and post‐transmission scans. With FP‐CIT‐PET, the binding potentials were also not significantly different.Conclusions:In the present study, we validated a post‐transmission method for PET of the rat brain. Post‐transmission PET was reliable, and the results were comparable to those of pre‐transmission PET. Post‐transmission PET eliminates the early tracer uptake time in the PET imaging, making it possible to determine uptake in the conscious subject, which may provide more realistic, “normal” metabolic measurements. Thus, post‐transmission PET may be a useful option for increasing the number of subjects who can be evaluated.
Understanding variation in primary medical care: a nine-country qualitative study of clinicians’ accounts of the non-clinical factors that shape antibiotic prescribing decisions for lower respiratory tract infection
Authors: Brookes-Howell Lucy , Hood Kerenza , Cooper Lucy , Little Paul , Verheij Theo , Coenen Samuel , Godycki-Cwirko Maciek , Melbye Hasse , Borras-Santos Alicia , Worby Patricia , Jakobsen Kristin , Goossens Herman , Butler Christopher C 
Published: August 2012

ObjectivesThere is a wide variation between European countries in antibiotic prescribing for patients in primary care with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) that is not explained by case mix and clinical factors alone. Variation in antibiotic prescribing that is not warranted by differences in illness and clinical presentation may increase selection of resistant organisms, contributing to the problem of antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to investigate clinicians’ accounts of non-clinical factors that influence their antibiotic prescribing decision for patients with LRTI, to understand variation and identify opportunities for addressing possible unhelpful variation.DesignMulticountry qualitative semistructured interview study, with data subjected to a five-stage analytic framework approach (familiarisation, developing a thematic framework from interview questions and emerging themes, indexing, charting and interpretation), and with interviewers commenting on preliminary analytic themes.SettingPrimary care.ParticipantsEighty primary care clinicians randomly selected from primary care research networks based in nine European cities.ResultsClinicians’ accounts identified non-clinical factors imposed by the healthcare system operating within specific regional primary care research networks, including patient access to antibiotics before consulting a doctor (Barcelona and Milan), systems to reduce patient expectations for antibiotics (Southampton and Antwerp) and lack of consistent treatment guidelines (Balatonfüred and Łódź). Secondly, accounts revealed factors related to specific characteristics of clinicians regardless of network (professional ethos, self-belief in decision-making and commitment to shared decision-making).ConclusionsAddressing healthcare system factors (eg, limiting patients’ self-management with antibiotics before consulting in primary care, increased public awareness and provision of more consistent guidelines) may assist in reducing unhelpful variation in antibiotic prescribing. Promoting clinicians’ receptivity to change, confidence in decision-making and readiness to invest in explaining prescribing decisions may also be beneficial. As factors were emphasised differently between networks, local flexibility in interventions is likely to maximise effectiveness.
Recorded quality of primary care for patients with diabetes in England before and after the introduction of a financial incentive scheme: a longitudinal observational study
Authors: Kontopantelis Evangelos , Reeves David , Valderas Jose M , Campbell Stephen , Doran Tim 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundThe UK's Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) was introduced in 2004/5, linking remuneration for general practices to recorded quality of care for chronic conditions, including diabetes mellitus. We assessed the effect of the incentives on recorded quality of care for diabetes patients and its variation by patient and practice characteristics.MethodsUsing the General Practice Research Database we selected a stratified sample of 148 English general practices in England, contributing data from 2000/1 to 2006/7, and obtained a random sample of 653 500 patients in which 23 920 diabetes patients identified. We quantified annually recorded quality of care at the patient-level, as measured by the 17 QOF diabetes indicators, in a composite score and analysed it longitudinally using an Interrupted Time Series design.ResultsRecorded quality of care improved for all subgroups in the pre-incentive period. In the first year of the incentives, composite quality improved over-and-above this pre-incentive trend by 14.2% (13.7–14.6%). By the third year the improvement above trend was smaller, but still statistically significant, at 7.3% (6.7–8.0%). After 3 years of the incentives, recorded levels of care varied significantly for patient gender, age, years of previous care, number of co-morbid conditions and practice diabetes prevalence.ConclusionsThe introduction of financial incentives was associated with improvements in the recorded quality of diabetes care in the first year. These improvements included some measures of disease control, but most captured only documentation of recommended aspects of clinical assessment, not patient management or outcomes of care. Improvements in subsequent years were more modest. Variation in care between population groups diminished under the incentives, but remained substantial in some cases.
Can initial clinical assessment exclude thoracolumbar vertebral injury?
Authors: Gill Dinendra Singh , Mitra Biswadev , Reeves Fairleigh , Cameron Peter A , Fitzgerald Mark , Liew Susan , Varma Dinesh 
Published: August 2012

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that all blunt trauma patients, presenting with a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score of 15, without intoxication or neurological deficit, and no pain or tenderness on log-roll can have any thoracolumbar fracture excluded without imaging.Materials and MethodsAll patients diagnosed with a thoracolumbar fracture presenting to the emergency department of a major trauma centre and having an initial GCS score of 15 were included in the study. Variables collected included type of fracture, mechanism of injury, the presence of pain or tenderness on log-roll, ethanol levels and prehospital opioid analgesia.ResultsThere were 536 patients with thoracolumbar fractures, of which 508 (94.8%) patients had either pain, tenderness or had received prehospital opioid analgesia. A small subgroup of 28 (5.2%) patients who received no prehospital opioid analgesia, did not complain of pain and had no tenderness to the thoracolumbar spine elicited on log-roll. This subgroup was significantly older (p=0.033) and a high proportion of patients (64.3%) had a concurrent fracture of the cervical spine. Within this subgroup, a clinically significant unstable thoracic fracture was present in three patients, with all three patients exhibiting symptoms and signs of neurological injury or having a concurrent cervical vertebral fracture.ConclusionsIn this population of blunt trauma patients with a GCS score of 15, not under the influence of alcohol or prehospital morphine administration, the absence of pain or tenderness on log-roll can exclude a clinically significant lumbar vertebral fracture, but does not exclude a thoracic fracture.