bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainability Obligations and Developing Countries
Authors: Simo Regis Y 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A distinctive feature of the new generation of regional trade agreements signed by developed countries is the inclusion of sustainability obligations. These obligations, whether in the form of clauses or chapters, bind parties to respect internationally recognized core labour standards and protect the environment. While the multilateral forum may be challenging to supporters of ‘trade and . . .’ issues, the regional trade agreements setting appears as the next best avenue to suppress the possibility of incorporating special and differential treatment that upholds equity considerations and guarantees developing countries’ rights to variable geometry in multilateral trade agreements. This chapter explores the role, if any, of special and differential treatment at the three levels of trade governance of sustainability obligations, namely, multilateral, regional/reciprocal, and unilateral.
Sustainability Obligations in Trade Agreements
Authors: Henckels Caroline 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Governments have invoked general and security exceptions in trade law where their trade commitments conflict with non-trade objectives, often for sustainability reasons such as environmental protection. This chapter suggests these exceptions might also be available to governments seeking to justify non-compliance with sustainability obligations in trade agreements. Exceptions are arguably applicable to a variety of sustainability obligations, just as they are to traditional obligations in trade agreements. Exceptions for public morals, human life and health, and security appear to be the most relevant in this regard. However, it is also possible to argue that, based on the language of the chapeaux of exceptions based on General Agreement in Tariffs and Trade Article XX, exceptions are only relevant to obligations that have some relationship with trade. In any event, the circumstances precluding wrongfulness are available to governments seeking to justify non-compliance with sustainability obligations, although stringent conditions limit governments’ ability to successfully invoke them.
The Role of ‘Development’ in Sustainable Development in Trade Agreements
Authors: Nedumpara James J 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Trade and sustainable development (TSD) chapters of trade agreements seek to implement a range of non-economic values and goals through specific commitments. While the non-economic values merit consideration, enforcement of such values through binding commitments in a trade agreement is contentious and too sensitive for several developing countries. In particular, including such elements in trade agreements has implications especially for achieving the goal of ‘development’ in view of the significant economic and social costs involved. This chapter seeks to examine whether the TSD chapters have the purpose or effect of undermining the notion of ‘economic development’ within the broader context of sustainable development and how it is possible to reconcile the various elements of this concept within the universal notion of sustainable development.
From Neoliberalism to Ordoliberalism, and Beyond
Authors: Garcia Frank J , Osorio Hernández Mario R 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The future of the world economic order is unclear, with dissatisfaction at an all-time high. What should a programme of global economic ordering fit for the twenty-first century look like? The chapter explores this question by interrogating economic ideologies and their role in leading the world down the current path, as well as their potential and limitations in charting a new future, enabling a post-neoliberal ideological shift towards a more sustainable view of state–market relations at the global level. The alternative considered here draws on the European ‘ordoliberal’ approach to market regulation. This alternative provides a basis for understanding the influence and constraints of economic ideologies in shaping the contemporary legal and institutional imagination, while also suggesting a more sustainable framework for global economic governance.
Determinants influencing the implementation of multifactorial falls risk assessment and multidomain interventions in community- dwelling older people: a systematic review
Authors: Vandervelde Sara , Van den Bosch Natalie , Vlaeyen Ellen , Dierckx de Casterlé Bernadette , Flamaing Johan , Belaen Goedele , Tuand Krizia , Vandendriessche Thomas , Milisen Koen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Multifactorial falls risk assessment and multidomain interventions are recommended by the World guidelines for falls prevention and management. To successfully implement these interventions, it is important to understand determinants influencing the implementation.

Methods
A literature search was conducted for this systematic review on the 3 December 2021 and updated on the 3 April 2023 in five databases: PubMed (including MEDLINE), EMBASE (via Embase.com), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (via Cochrane Library), Web of Science Core Collection and CINAHL (via EBSCO). Studies were included if they reported on determinants influencing the implementation of a multifactorial falls risk assessment and/or multidomain interventions in community-dwelling older people. Editorials, opinion papers, systematic reviews and studies focusing on one population (e.g. Parkinson) were excluded. Two researchers independently screened the articles on title, abstract and full text. The quality was evaluated based on a sensitivity analysis. ‘The Comprehensive Integrated Checklist of Determinants of practice’ was used to categorise the determinants.

Results
Twenty-nine studies were included. Determinants were classified as barriers (n = 40) and facilitators (n = 35). The availability of necessary resources is the most reported determinant. Other commonly reported determinants are knowledge, intention/beliefs and motivation at the levels of older people and healthcare professionals, fitting of the intervention into current practice, communication, team and referral processes and financial (dis)incentives.

Conclusions
Mapping of the barriers and facilitators is essential to choose implementation strategies tailored to the context, and to enhance the uptake and effectiveness of a multifactorial falls risk assessment and/or multidomain interventions.
Cell death in bryophytes: emerging models to study core regulatory modules and conserved pathways
Authors: Marchetti Fernanda , Distéfano Ayelén Mariana , Cainzos Maximiliano , Setzes Nicolás , Cascallares Milagros , López Gabriel Alejandro , Zabaleta Eduardo , Carolina Pagnussat Gabriela 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This review summarizes recent progress in our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the cell death pathways in bryophytes, focusing on conserved pathways and particularities in comparison to angiosperms. Regulated cell death (RCD) plays key roles during essential processes along the plant life cycle. It is part of specific developmental programmes and maintains homeostasis of the organism in response to unfavourable environments. Bryophytes could provide valuable models to study developmental RCD processes as well as those triggered by biotic and abiotic stresses. Some pathways analogous to those present in angiosperms occur in the gametophytic haploid generation of bryophytes, allowing direct genetic studies. In this review, we focus on such RCD programmes, identifying core conserved mechanisms and raising new key questions to analyse RCD from an evolutionary perspective.
The landscape of RNA 3D structure modeling with transformer networks
Authors: Tarafder Sumit , Roche Rahmatullah , Bhattacharya Debswapna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Transformers are a powerful subclass of neural networks catalyzing the development of a growing number of computational methods for RNA structure modeling. Here, we conduct an objective and empirical study of the predictive modeling accuracy of the emerging transformer-based methods for RNA structure prediction. Our study reveals multi-faceted complementarity between the methods and underscores some key aspects that affect the prediction accuracy.
Composite end points and competing risks analysis
Authors: Dayan Victor , Grant Stuart W , Brophy James M , Barili Fabio , Freemantle Nick 
Published: July 2024

Summary
Composite end points are common primary outcomes in clinical trials. Their main benefit of utilizing a composite outcome is increasing the number of primary outcome events, meaning fewer participants are required to deliver an adequately powered trial. By combining multiple important end points in the primary outcome rather than having to select only 1, composite end points potentially make clinically meaningful benefits easier to detect and avoid ranking outcomes hierarchically. However, there are a number of important considerations when designing and interpreting clinical trials that utilize composite end points. In this Statistical Primer, issues with composite end points such as competing events, halo effect, risk of bias, time-to-event limitations and the win ratio are discussed in the context of real world clinical trials.
Mechanical factors influence β-catenin localization and barrier properties
Authors: Wu Xi , Cesarovic Nikola , Falk Volkmar , Mazza Edoardo , Giampietro Costanza 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Mechanical forces are of major importance in regulating vascular homeostasis by influencing endothelial cell behavior and functions. Adherens junctions are critical sites for mechanotransduction in endothelial cells. β-catenin, a component of adherens junctions and the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, plays a role in mechanoactivation. Evidence suggests that β-catenin is involved in flow sensing and responds to tensional forces, impacting junction dynamics. The mechanoregulation of β-catenin signaling is context-dependent, influenced by the type and duration of mechanical loads. In endothelial cells, β-catenin’s nuclear translocation and signaling are influenced by shear stress and strain, affecting endothelial permeability. The study investigates how shear stress, strain, and surface topography impact adherens junction dynamics, regulate β-catenin localization, and influence endothelial barrier properties.
Insight box Mechanical loads are potent regulators of endothelial functions through not completely elucidated mechanisms. Surface topography, wall shear stress and cyclic wall deformation contribute overlapping mechanical stimuli to which endothelial monolayer respond to adapt and maintain barrier functions. The use of custom developed flow chamber and bioreactor allows quantifying the response of mature human endothelial to well-defined wall shear stress and gradients of strain. Here, the mechanoregulation of β-catenin by substrate topography, wall shear stress, and cyclic stretch is analyzed and linked to the monolayer control of endothelial permeability.
Evidence for widespread translation of 5′ untranslated regions
Authors: Rodriguez Jose Manuel , Abascal Federico , Cerdán-Vélez Daniel , Gómez Laura Martínez , Vázquez Jesús , Tress Michael L 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Ribosome profiling experiments support the translation of a range of novel human open reading frames. By contrast, most peptides from large-scale proteomics experiments derive from just one source, 5′ untranslated regions. Across the human genome we find evidence for 192 translated upstream regions, most of which would produce protein isoforms with extended N-terminal ends. Almost all of these N-terminal extensions are from highly abundant genes, which suggests that the novel regions we detect are just the tip of the iceberg. These upstream regions have characteristics that are not typical of coding exons. Their GC-content is remarkably high, even higher than 5′ regions in other genes, and a large majority have non-canonical start codons. Although some novel upstream regions have cross-species conservation - five have orthologues in invertebrates for example - the reading frames of two thirds are not conserved beyond simians. These non-conserved regions also have no evidence of purifying selection, which suggests that much of this translation is not functional. In addition, non-conserved upstream regions have significantly more peptides in cancer cell lines than would be expected, a strong indication that an aberrant or noisy translation initiation process may play an important role in translation from upstream regions.
Influential individuals can promote prosocial practices in heterogeneous societies: a mathematical and agent-based model
Authors: Crabtree Stefani A , Wren Colin D , Dixit Avinash , Levin Simon A 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we examine how different governance types impact prosocial behaviors in a heterogenous society. We construct a general theoretical framework to examine a game-theoretic model to assess the ease of achieving a cooperative outcome. We then build a dynamic agent-based model to examine three distinct governance types in a heterogenous population: monitoring one’s neighbors, despotic leadership, and influencing one’s neighbors to adapt strategies that lead to better fitness. In our research, we find that while despotic leadership may lead towards high prosociality and high returns it does not exceed the effects of a local individual who can exert positive influence in the community. This may suggest that greater individual gains can be had by cooperating and that global hierarchical leadership may not be essential as long as influential individuals exert their influence for public good and not for public ill.
Understanding street-level managers’ compliance: a comparative study of policy implementation in Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and Israel
Authors: Ege Jörn , Gofen Anat , Hadorn Susanne , Hakman Inbal , Malandrino Anna , Ramseier Leroy , Sager Fritz 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study focuses on street-level managers’ (SLMs) compliance with COVID-19 measures in Switzerland, Germany, Italy, and Israel, in order to better understand their role during policy implementation. Responsible for the direct delivery of public services, street-level organizations serve as the operational arm of the state in general and as the frontline of government policy in times of crisis. SLMs who occupy the top managerial tier within their organization are understudied, although they exert a significant influence on everyday public life. The data comprise 399 “compliance stories” based on interviews with managers in nurseries, schools, health care and welfare offices, police stations, and care homes. Using “codebook thematic analysis,” we identify various levels of (non)compliance and several prominent explanatory factors that shape (non)compliance. Data show that even when asked about particularly challenging measures, managers reported that their organization had been noncompliant (either full or partial) in only about a quarter of the stories. Three influences emerge as primary barriers to compliance—a lack of resources, managers’ relationships with clients, and the perception of the measure’s effectiveness. Emphasizing that SLMs often act as local policy entrepreneurs using their discretion to solve problems and serve the public, our findings further demonstrate the crucial role they play in shaping the face of the government for the people.
XIVModern Literature
Authors: Sorensen Jennifer , Moore Robbie , Donati Marta , Parsons Katherine , Roach Rebecca , Stringfellow Sophie , Rodríguez Martin Gustavo A , Fallow Catriona , Zhou Wei , Losasso Mae , Wheatley David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter has eight sections: 1. General; 2 Fiction Pre-1945; 3. Fiction Post-1945; 4. Drama Pre-1950; 5. Drama Post-1950; 6. British Poetry Pre-1950; 7. British Poetry Post-1950; 8. Modern Irish Poetry. Section 1 is by Jennifer Sorensen; section 2(a) is by Robbie Moore; section 2(b) is by Marta Donati; section 2(c) is by Rebecca Roach; section 3(a) is by Katherine Parsons; section 3(b) is by Rebecca Roach; section 4(a) is by Sophie Stringfellow; section 4(b) is by Gustavo A. Rodríguez Martín; section 5 is by Catriona Fallow; section 6(a) is by Wei Zhou; section 7 is by Mae Losasso; section 8 is by David Wheatley.
The GE296_RS03820 and GE296_RS03830 genes are involved in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in Riemerella anatipestifer
Authors: Wu Xiaoni , Ge Jiazhen , Song Guodong , Liu Yijian , Gao Pengcheng , Tian Tongtong , Li Xuerui , Xu Jian , Chu Yuefeng , Zheng Fuying 
Published: July 2024

AbstractRiemerella anatipestifer is a pathogenic bacterium that causes duck serositis and meningitis, leading to significant harm to the duck industry. To escape from the host immune system, the meningitis‐causing bacteria must survive and multiply in the bloodstream, relying on specific virulence factors such as capsules. Therefore, it is essential to study the genes involved in capsule biosynthesis in R. anatipestifer. In this study, we successfully constructed gene deletion mutants Δ3820 and Δ3830, targeting the GE296_RS03820 and GE296_RS03830 genes, respectively, using the RA‐LZ01 strain as the parental strain. The growth kinetics analysis revealed that these two genes contribute to bacterial growth. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and silver staining showed that Δ3820 and Δ3830 produced the altered capsules and compounds of capsular polysaccharides (CPSs). Serum resistance test showed the mutants also exhibited reduced C3b deposition and decreased resistance serum killing. In vivo, Δ3820 and Δ3830 exhibited markedly declining capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier, compared to RA‐LZ01. These findings indicate that the GE296_RS03820 and GE296_RS03830 genes are involved in CPSs biosynthesis and play a key role in the pathogenicity of R. anatipestifer. Furthermore, Δ3820 and Δ3830 mutants presented a tendency toward higher survival rates from RA‐LZ01 challenge in vivo. Additionally, sera from ducklings immunized with the mutants showed cross‐immunoreactivity with different serotypes of R. anatipestifer, including 1, 2, 7 and 10. Western blot and SDS‐PAGE assays revealed that the altered CPSs of Δ3820 and Δ3830 resulted in the exposure of some conserved proteins playing the key role in the cross‐immunoreactivity. Our study clearly demonstrated that the GE296_RS03820 and GE296_RS03830 genes are involved in CPS biosynthesis in R. anatipestifer and the capsule is a target for attenuation in vaccine development.
Inhibition of hypoxia‐inducible factors suppresses subretinal fibrosis
Authors: Shoda Chiho , Lee Deokho , Miwa Yukihiro , Yamagami Satoru , Nakashizuka Hiroyuki , Nimura Kazumi , Okamoto Kazutoshi , Kawagishi Hirokazu , Negishi Kazuno , Kurihara Toshihide 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAge‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of vision loss. The aggressive form of AMD is associated with ocular neovascularization and subretinal fibrosis, representing a responsive outcome against neovascularization mediated by epithelial–mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. A failure of the current treatment (anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy) has also been attributed to the progression of subretinal fibrosis. Hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs) increase gene expressions to promote fibrosis and neovascularization. HIFs act as a central pathway in the pathogenesis of AMD. HIF inhibitors may suppress ocular neovascularization. Nonetheless, further investigation is required to unravel the aspects of subretinal fibrosis. In this study, we used RPE‐specific HIFs or von Hippel–Lindau (VHL, a regulator of HIFs) conditional knockout (cKO) mice, along with pharmacological HIF inhibitors, to demonstrate the suppression of subretinal fibrosis. Fibrosis was suppressed by treatments of HIF inhibitors, and similar suppressive effects were detected in RPE‐specific Hif1a/Hif2a‐ and Hif1a‐cKO mice. Promotive effects were observed in RPE‐specific Vhl‐cKO mice, where fibrosis‐mediated pathologic processes were evident. Marine products' extracts and their component taurine suppressed fibrosis as HIF inhibitors. Our study shows critical roles of HIFs in the progression of fibrosis, linking them to the potential development of therapeutics for AMD.
Effects of heavy‐load strength training during (neo‐)adjuvant chemotherapy on muscle strength, muscle fiber size, myonuclei, and satellite cells in women with breast cancer
Authors: Vikmoen Olav , Strandberg Emelie , Svindland Karianne Vassbakk , Henriksson Anna , Mazzoni Anne‐Sophie , Johansson Birgitta , Jönsson Janniz , Karakatsanis Andreas , Annebäck Matilda , Kudrén David , Lindman Henrik , Wärnberg Fredrik , Berntsen Sveinung , Demmelmaier Ingrid , Nordin Karin , Raastad Truls 
Published: July 2024

AbstractTo investigate the effects of heavy‐load strength training during (neo‐)adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer on muscle strength, body composition, muscle fiber size, satellite cells, and myonuclei. Women with stage I‐III breast cancer were randomly assigned to a strength training group (ST, n = 23) performing supervised heavy‐load strength training twice a week during chemotherapy, or a usual care control group (CON, n = 17). Muscle strength and body composition were measured and biopsies from m. vastus lateralis collected before the first cycle of chemotherapy (T0) and after chemotherapy and training (T1). Muscle strength increased significantly more in ST than in CON in chest‐press (ST: +10 ± 8%, p < .001, CON: −3 ± 5%, p = .023) and leg‐press (ST: +11 ± 8%, p < .001, CON: +3 ± 6%, p = .137). Both groups reduced fat‐free mass (ST: −4.9 ± 4.0%, p < .001, CON: −5.2 ± 4.9%, p = .004), and increased fat mass (ST: +15.3 ± 16.5%, p < .001, CON: +16.3 ± 19.8%, p = .015) with no significant differences between groups. No significant changes from T0 to T1 and no significant differences between groups were observed in muscle fiber size. For myonuclei per fiber a non‐statistically significant increase in CON and a non‐statistically significant decrease in ST in type I fibers tended (p = .053) to be different between groups. Satellite cells tended to decrease in ST (type I: −14 ± 36%, p = .097, type II: −9 ± 55%, p = .084), with no changes in CON and no differences between groups. Strength training during chemotherapy improved muscle strength but did not significantly affect body composition, muscle fiber size, numbers of satellite cells, and myonuclei compared to usual care.