bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the role of infiltration and exfiltration in swash zone boundary layer dynamics
Authors: Pintado‐Patiño José Carlos , Torres‐Freyermuth Alec , Puleo Jack A. , Pokrajac Dubravka 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBoundary layer dynamics are investigated using a 2‐D numerical model that solves the Volume‐Averaged Reynolds‐Averaged Navier‐Stokes equations, with a VOF‐tracking scheme and a k ‐ ϵ turbulence closure. The model is validated with highly resolved data of dam break driven swash flows over gravel impermeable and permeable beds. The spatial gradients of the velocity, bed shear stress, and turbulence intensity terms are investigated with reference to bottom boundary layer (BL) dynamics. Numerical results show that the mean vorticity responds to flow divergence/convergence at the surface that result from accelerating/decelerating portions of the flow, bed shear stress, and sinking/injection of turbulence due to infiltration/exfiltration. Hence, the zero up‐crossing of the vorticity is employed as a proxy of the BL thickness inside the shallow swash zone flows. During the uprush phase, the BL develops almost instantaneously with bore arrival and fluctuates below the surface due to flow instabilities and related horizontal straining. In contrast, during the backwash phase, the BL grows quasi‐linearly with less influence of surface‐induced forces. However, the infiltration produces a reduction of the maximum excursion and duration of the swash event. These effects have important implications for the BL development. The numerical results suggest that the BL growth rate deviates rapidly from a quasi‐linear trend if the infiltration is dominant during the initial backwash phase and the flat plate boundary layer theory may no longer be applicable under these conditions.
Effects of thermodynamic profiles on the interaction of binary tropical cyclones
Authors: Jang Wook , Chun Hye‐Yeong 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe interactions between idealized binary tropical cyclones (TCs) on f and β planes with different separation distance and thermodynamic soundings obtained from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data averaged over the western North Pacific are investigated through ensemble three‐dimensional numerical simulations with a horizontal resolution of 10 km in a single domain. In the simulations on the f plane, two TCs show mutual cyclonic rotations with symmetric structures. Two TCs with thermodynamic profiles of larger convective available potential energy (CAPE) and maximum potential intensity (MPI) show greater interaction than those with a smaller CAPE and MPI due to the stronger tangential velocity near the TC center. In the simulations on the β plane, the two TCs do not merge, because the beta effect prevents the attraction of the two TCs by generating asymmetric motions of the TC with northwestward forcing. The relative strengths of the two TCs change with time and depend on the low‐level inflow influenced by the Coriolis parameter. Similar to the results on the f plane, the two TCs only merge with the thermodynamic soundings of large CAPE and MPI.
WRF‐simulated sensitivity to land surface schemes in short and medium ranges for a high‐temperature event in East China: A comparative study
Authors: Zeng Xin‐Min , Wang Ning , Wang Yang , Zheng Yiqun , Zhou Zugang , Wang Guiling , Chen Chaohui , Liu Huaqiang 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe designed simulations for the high‐temperature event that occurred on 23 July 2003 in East China using a series of forecast lead times, from short‐range to medium‐range, and four land surface schemes (LSSs) (i.e., SLAB, NOAH, RUC, and PX) in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), Version 3. The sensitivities of short and medium‐range simulations to the LSSs systematically varied with the lead times. In general, the model reproduced short‐range, high‐temperature distributions. The simulated weather was sensitive to the LSSs, and the LSS‐induced sensitivity was higher in the medium range than in the short‐range. Furthermore, the LSS performances were complex, i.e., the PX errors apparently increased in the medium range (longer than 6 days), RUC produced the maximum errors, and SLAB and NOAH had approximately equivalent errors that slightly increased. Additional sensitivity simulations revealed that the WRF modeling system assigns relatively low initial soil moisture for RUC and that soil moisture initialization plays an important role that is comparable to the LSS choice in the simulations. LSS‐induced negative feedback between surface air temperature (SAT) and atmospheric circulation in the lower atmosphere was found in the medium range. These sensitivities were mainly caused by the LSS‐induced differences in surface sensible heat flux and by errors associated with the lead times. Using the SAT equation, further diagnostic analyses revealed LSS deficiencies in simulating surface fluxes and physical processes that modify the SAT and indicated the main reasons for these deficiencies. These results have implications for model improvement and application.
Mauryan Empire
Authors: Chakravarti Ranabir 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Maurya Dynasty (c.324–185bce), with no known royal pedigree, established a vast empire, the first of its kind in the ancient South Asian subcontinent. The empire was obviously carved out by a sustained policy of aggressive expansion during the reigns of its first three rulers, Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara, and Asoka. Nearly pan‐Indian in extent, the empire was administered by a large number of functionaries, known largely from the Greek accounts, the Arthasastra and inscriptions of Asoka. Recent historiography questions the traditional view of the Mauryan Empire as a unitary state, but presents a more nuanced view of the complexities of state and imperial formations in which the ideology of Dhamma (employed by Asoka) played a crucial role. The empire witnessed the first advent of written records and stone sculpting in Indian history. The empire collapsed in c.185bce.
British Empire: 4. Australasia and Pacific
Authors: Bongiorno Frank 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Britain's Australasian (Australia and New Zealand) and Pacific Empire has its origins in the Enlightenment, James Cook's voyages to the Pacific, and Britain's desire to rid itself of convicts and obtain strategic and commercial advantage. Expanding from the settlement established at Sydney in 1788, the empire was based on the spread of commercial and missionary activities from the late 18th century. The occupation of inland Australia, which led to violence between settlers and Aboriginal people, was essential in the development of the fine wool industry. Britain was somewhat reluctant to move from the practice of informal to formal empire in the Pacific but through a combination of local and global factors, including the rivalry of other European powers and the pressure of local settlers and their governments, it had acquired a large empire by the early 20th century. There were further acquisitions as a result of the defeat of Germany in World War I. World War II stimulated decolonization and “de‐dominionization” but their character and timing, although influenced by wider global forces, were also a product of the distinctive character and history of British imperialism in the Pacific.
Ornithinimicrobium
Authors: Groth Ingrid 
Published: August 2015

Or'ni.thi.ni.mic.ro.bi.um. N.L. n.ornithinumornithine (an amino acid named after the Gr. n.ornithos, bird); N.L. neut. n.microbium(from Gr. adj.mikrossmall and Gr. n.bioslife) a microbe; N.L. neut. n.Ornithinimicrobiuma microbe with ornithine.Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Intrasporangiaceae / OrnithinimicrobiumCells are irregularshort rods(1.0–3.2 × 0.5–1.0 µm) and/orcocci(0.7–1.4 µm) that occur singly, in pairs, short chains, or clusters (Figure 1). Gram‐stain‐positive, not acid‐fast,nonsporeforming.Nonmotile.Aerobic to microaerobic. Colonies are smooth, circular, opaque, convex with entire margins, and cream to yellow in color. Good growth on complex organic media between 25–38°C and pH 6–8. NaCl in the culture medium is tolerated up to 6–7%.Oxidase‐negative;catalase‐positive. Thepeptidoglycan type is A4β withL‐Orn–L‐Ala–Gly–D‐Asp as interpeptide bridge which is in accordance with variation A21.14.The acyl type is acetyl.Whole cell sugarsare glucose,arabinose,rhamnose,and xylose. The major menaquinone isMK‐8(H4); MK‐8(H2), MK‐8 and MK‐6 may occur in minor amounts. Thepolar lipidsare composed ofphosphatidylinositol,phosphatidylglycerol,diphosphatidylglycerol, and unidentified phospho‐ and glycolipids. The cellularfatty acid profileis distinctly dominated by the occurrence ofiso‐branched‐chain acids; anteiso‐branched acids may also occur in a higher amount. Mycolic acids are absent. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, strains ofOrnithinimicrobiumare most closely related to members of the generaSerinicoccusandOrnithinicoccus; slightly less closely related are the generaArsenicicoccus,Humihabitans,Oryzihumus, andKribbia. The 16S rRNA gene signature nucleotides that differentiate the genus from the other genera of the familyIntrasporangiaceaeare listed in Table 1.DNA G+C content(mol%): 69–71.Type species:Ornithinimicrobium humiphilumGroth, Schumann, Weiss, Schuetze, Augsten and Stackebrandt 2001, 85VP.
Form‐Cyanobacterium
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Herdman Michael 
Published: August 2015

Cy
.
ano
'
bact
.
er
.
ium
. Gr. adj.
kuanos
blue (color); Gr. n.
bakterion
(diminutive of
baktron
) small rod; M.L. neut. n.
Cyanobacterium
small blue‐(green) rod.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection I / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Cyanobacterium
Unicellular cyanobacteria that reproduce by transverse binary fission in a single plane. Cells are spherical to rod‐shaped, 1.7–2.3 µm in diameter. Thylakoids are parallel and located throughout the cell.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 39–41.

Type species
: (Botanical Code):
Cyanobacterium stanieri
Rippka and Cohen‐Bazire 1983.
Form‐ Dermocarpella
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Waterbury John B. , Herdman Michael , Castenholz Richard W. 
Published: August 2015

Der.mo.car.pel' la
. L. suffix ‐
ella
diminutive; M.L. fem. n.
Dermocarpella
small
Dermocarpa
.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection II / Genera Reproducing by Multiple Fissions Only, or in Combination with Limited (1–3) Binary Fissions / Form‐ Dermocarpella
Cyanobacteria that undergo binary fission to form an ovoid aggregate consisting of a large apical cell and from one to three smaller basal cells. The cell aggregate possesses an intrinsic apical‐basal polarity. Multiple fission occurs initially in the apical part of the small cell aggregate, followed by the release of baeocytes that do not possess an outer fibrous layer, and which may exhibit gliding motility. The baeocytes enlarge asymmetrically into ovoid vegetative cells before initiating binary fission. After the initial round of multiple fission, the remaining basal cells enlarge asymmetrically and undergo binary fission to form apical reproductive cells and smaller basal cells; multiple fission is reinitiated in the new apical cells.
Form‐ Stanieria
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Waterbury John B. , Herdman Michael , Castenholz Richard W. 
Published: August 2015

Stan' ier.ia
. M.L fem. n. named after R.Y. Stanier, microbiologist.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection II / Genera Reproducing by Multiple Fissions Only, or in Combination with Limited (1–3) Binary Fissions / Form‐ Stanieria
This genus encompasses unicellular cyanobacteria that are generally spherical in shape, not exhibiting intrinsic heteropolarity. Reproduction occurs exclusively by multiple fission. The baeocytes lack a fibrous outer wall layer and therefore are generally motile.
Form‐ Xenococcus
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Waterbury John B. , Herdman Michael , Castenholz Richard W. 
Published: August 2015

Xe.no.coc' cus
. Gr. n.
xenos
stranger, foreigner; Gr. n.
kokkos
a grain or kernel; M.L. masc. n.
Xenococcus
strange (spherical) cell.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection II / Genera Reproducing by Multiple Fissions Only, or in Combination with Limited (1–3) Binary Fissions / Form‐ Xenococcus
Unicellular cyanobacteria that reproduce exclusively by multiple fission, leading to the formation and release of baeocytes that possess a fibrous outer wall and are therefore nonmotile. The baeocyte enlarges into a spherical vegetative cell. The successive cleavage stages of multiple fission are readily detectable by light microscopy.
Form‐ Chroococcidiopsis
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Waterbury John B. , Herdman Michael , Castenholz Richard W. 
Published: August 2015

Chro.o.coc' ci.di.op' sis
. Gr. fem. n.
chroa
skin; Gr. n.
kokkidios
presumed diminutive of
kokkos
small seed or grain; Gr. fem. n.
opsis
appearance; M.L. fem. n.
Chroococcidiopsis
small cells appearing in skin or coating.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection II / Genera in Which Extensive Vegetative Binary Fission Precedes Multiple Fission / Form‐ Chroococcidiopsis
Cyanobacteria that undergo repeated binary fission in three planes to produce more or less regular cubical cell aggregates. Multiple fission occurs simultaneously in most cells of the aggregate and is followed by the release of nonmotile baeocytes which possess an outer fibrous wall layer. The baeocytes differ little in diameter from mature parental cells and enlarge symmetrically into a spherical vegetative cells that, just before the onset of binary fission, attain dimensions characteristic and constant for any given strain.
Form‐Cylindrospermopsis
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Herdman Michael 
Published: August 2015

Cy.lin.dro.sper' m.op' sis. Cylindrospermum
genus of cyanobacteria; Gr.
opsis
appearance; M.L. fem. n.
Cylindrospermopsis Cylindrospermum
‐like in appearance.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection IV / Subsection IV.I / Form‐ Cylindrospermopsis
The thin trichomes (<4 µm in diameter) are straight or loosely coiled; vegetative cells are cylindrical and exhibit randomly distributed gas vesicle clusters. Heterocysts occupy exclusively terminal positions, at one or both ends of the trichomes. As the vegetative cells that give rise to them, heterocysts are conical to spear‐shaped. Cylindrical akinetes, singly, in pairs or short chains, are formed adjacent to, or slightly distant from, the heterocysts. Sheath layers and hormogonia that differ structurally from the mature filaments are not produced.
Form‐Calothrix
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Herdman Michael 
Published: August 2015

Ca' lo.thrix. Gr. adj.kalosbeautiful; Gr. n.thrixhair; M.L. fem. n.Calothrixbeautiful filament.Cyanobacteria / Subsection IV / Subsection IV.II / Form‐CalothrixMature ensheathed trichomes exhibit a pronounced degree of tapering. The motile hormogonia are generally very short, exhibit a significantly reduced cell diameter, and are sheathless (or less ensheathed). They give rise to trichomes that differentiate a basal, one‐pored heterocyst. False branching frequent. Akinetes lacking in most members. All are freshwater, soil, or hot spring inhabitants.
Thermus
Authors: da Costa Milton S. , Fernanda Nobre M. , Rainey Fred A. 
Published: August 2015

Ther' mus. Gr. adj.thermoshot; M.L. masc. n.Thermusto indicate an organism living in hot places.“Deinococcus‐Thermus” / Deinococci / Thermales / Thermaceae / ThermusStraight rods, 0.5–0.8 µm in diameter; the cell length is variable. Short filaments are also formed under some culture conditions. Some strains have a stable filamentous morphology.Nonmotile; do not possess flagella. Endospores are not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Most strains formyellow‐pigmented colonies, some strains are nonpigmented.Aerobicwith a strictly respiratory type of metabolism, but some strains grow anaerobically with nitrate and nitrite as terminal electron acceptors. Oxidase positive and catalase positive.Thermophilic, with an optimum growth temperature of about 70–75°C; most strains have a maximum growth temperature below 80°C, but some strains grow at higher temperatures. The optimum pH is about 7.8.Menaquinone 8is the predominant respiratory quinone;ornithineis the principal diamino acid of the peptidoglycan. One major phospholipid and one major glycolipid dominate the polar lipid pattern on thin‐layer chromatography. Additional phospholipids and glycolipids are minor components. Fatty acids are predominantlyiso‐ and anteiso‐branched; branched chain 3‐hydroxy fatty acids are present in some strains. Proteins and peptides are hydrolyzed by all strains. Starch is hydrolyzed by some strains. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, amino acids, and organic acids are used as sole carbon and energy sources. The utilization of pentoses and polyols is very rare. Most strains require yeast extract or cofactors for growth. Found inhydrothermal areaswith neutral to alkaline pH, also commonly isolated from man‐made thermal environments.The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 57–65.Type species:Thermus aquaticusBrock and Freeze 1969, 295.
Geobacillus
Authors: Logan Niall A. , Vos Paul De , Dinsdale Anna 
Published: August 2015

Ge.o.ba.cil'lus. Gr. n.Gethe Earth; L. dim. n.bacillussmall rod; N.L. masc. n.Geobacillusearth or soil small rod.Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / GeobacillusObligately thermophilic. Vegetative cells are rod‐shaped andproduce one endospore per cell. Cells occur either singly or in short chains and are motile by means of peritrichous flagella or they are nonmotile. The cell‐wall structure is Gram‐positive, but the Gram‐stain reaction may vary between positive and negative.Ellipsoidal or cylindrical endosporesare located terminally or subterminally in slightly swollen or non‐swollen sporangia. Colony morphology and size are variable; pigments may be produced on certain media. Chemo‐organotrophic. Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor, replaceable in some species by nitrate. The temperature range for growth is 35–75 °C, with anoptimum at 55–65°C. Neutrophilic. Growth occurs at pH 6.0–8.5, with optimal growth at pH 6.2–7.5. Growth factors, vitamins, NaCl, and KCl are not required by most species.Most species can utilize n‐alkanes as carbon and energy sources. Most species produce acid, but not gas from fructose, glucose, maltose, mannose, and sucrose. Most species produce catalase. Oxidase reaction varies. Phenylalanine is not deaminated, tyrosine is not degraded, and indole is not produced. The major cellular fatty acids are C15:0 iso, C16:0 iso, and C17:0 iso, which make up more than 60% of the total. The main menaquinone type is MK‐7. The lowest level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between allGeobacillusspecies is around 93%, which indicates that at least some species need to be reclassified at the genus level. Species are widely distributed in nature, in heated and unheated environments.DNA G+C content(mol%): 48.2–58 (Tm).Type species:Geobacillus stearothermophilus(Donk 1920) Nazina, Tourova, Poltaraus, Novikova, Grigoryan, Ivanova, Lysenko, Petrunyaka, Osipov, Belyaev and Ivanov 2001, 443VP(Bacillus stearothermophilusDonk 1920, 373).
Enterococcus
Authors: Švec Pavel , Devriese Luc A. 
Published: August 2015

En.te.ro.coc'cus. Gr. n.enteronintestine; L. masc. n.coccusa grain, berry; N.L. masc. n.Enterococcusintestinal coccusFirmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Enterococcaceae” / EnterococcusGram‐positive. Cells are ovoid, occur singly, in pairs, or in short chains, and are frequently elongated in the direction of the chain. Nonsporeforming. Strains of some species may be motile by scanty flagella. Some species are yellow pigmented. Facultatively anaerobic. Certain species are carboxyphilic (CO2‐dependent). Catalase‐negative, but some strains reveal pseudocatalase activity when cultivated on blood‐containing agar media. Hemolytic activity is variable and largely species‐dependent.DNA G+C content(mol%): 35.1–44.9.Type species:Enterococcus faecalis(Andrewes and Horder 1906) Schleifer and Kilpper‐Bälz 1984, 33VP(Streptococcus faecalisAndrewes and Horder 1906, 713.).
Lactobacillus
Authors: Hammes Walter P. , Hertel Christian 
Published: August 2015

Lac.to.ba.cil'lus. L. n.lac, lactismilk; L. n.bacillusa rod; N.L. masc. n.Lactobacillusmilk rodlet.Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / Lactobacillaceae / LactobacillusCells vary fromlong and slender, sometimes bent rodstoshort, often coryneform coccobacilli; chain formation common.Motilityuncommon; when present, by peritrichous flagella.Nonspore‐forming. Gram‐stain‐positive. Some strains exhibit bipolar bodies, internal granulations, or a barred appearance with the Gram‐reaction or methylene blue stain.DNA G+C content(mol%): 32–55 (Bd,Tm).Type species:Lactobacillus delbrueckii(Leichmann 1896b) Beijerinck 1901, 229AL(Bacillus Delbrücki(sic) Leichmann 1896b, 284.
Lactococcus
Authors: Teuber Michael 
Published: August 2015

Lac.to.coc'cus. L. n.lacmilk, L. gen. n.lactisof milk, Gr. n.coccus(kokkos) a grain or berry; N.L. masc. n.Lactococcusmilk coccusFirmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / Streptococcaceae / LactococcusSpheres or ovoid cells occur singly, in pairs, or in chains, and are often elongated in the direction of the chain. Gram‐stain‐positive. Endospores are not formed. Nonmotile. Not β‐hemolytic. Facultatively anaerobic; catalase‐negative. Growth at 10°C but not at 45°C. Usually grows in 4% (w/v) NaCl with the exception ofLactococcus lactissubsp.cremoriswhich only tolerates 2% (w/v) NaCl. Chemo‐organotroph. Metabolism fermentative. The predominant end product of glucose fermentation isL(+)‐lactic acid. May contain menaquinones. Most strains react with group N antisera (Lancefield, 1 9 3 3). Nutritional requirements are complex and variable. The peptidoglycan is of group A withL‐lysine as diamino acid in position 3 of the peptide subunit. Typical inhabitants of plants, animals, and their products.DNA G+C content(mol%): 34–43 (Tm).Type species:Lactococcus lactis(Lister 1 8 7 3) Schleifer, Kraus, Dvorak, Kilpper‐Bälz, Collins and Fischer 1 9 8 6, 354VP(Effective publication:Lactococcus lactisSchleifer, Kraus, Dvorak, Kilpper‐Bälz, Collins and Fischer 1 9 8 5, 189.) (Bacterium lactisLister 1 8 7 3, 408;Streptococcus lactisLöhnis 1 9 0 9, 554.)
Streptococcus
Authors: Whiley Robert A. , Hardie Jeremy M. 
Published: August 2015

Strep.to.coc'cus. Gr. adj.streptuspliant; Gr. n.kokkosa grain, berry; N.L. masc. n.Streptococcuspliant coccus.Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / Streptococcaceae / StreptococcusStreptococcusstrains are normallyspherical or ovoid, less than 2 µm in diameter,occurring in chains or in pairswhen grown in liquid media. Cells arenonmotile.Endospores are not formed.Gram‐positive. Virtually all species arefacultatively anaerobic, some requiring additional CO2for growth.Chemo‐organotrophic with fermentative metabolism. Carbohydrates are fermented toproduce mainly lactic acidbut no gas.Catalase‐negative. Nutritional requirements are complex and variable.The peptidoglycan is of group A(Schleifer and Kandler, 1972) withL‐lysine as the diamino acid in position 3 of the peptide subunit. Menaquinones are not present. Cell‐wall polysaccharides form the basis of the Lancefield serological grouping scheme (Lancefield, 1933). Rhamnose is a common constituent of almost all streptococcal cell walls and its notable absence among members of the Mitis species group which includesStreptococcus pneumoniae, together with the presence of significant amounts of ribitol, are valuable chemotaxonomic markers for these taxa.DNA G+C content(mol%): 33–46.Type species:Streptococcus pyogenesRosenbach 1884, 23AL.