bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of implant-materials as cell carriers for dental stem cells under in vitro conditions
Authors: Gosau Martin , Viale-Bouroncle Sandra , Eickhoff Hannah , Prateeptongkum Esthera , Reck Anja , Götz W , Klingelhöffer Christoph , Müller Steffen , Morsczeck Christian 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Background
Dental stem cells in combination with implant materials may become an alternative to autologous bone transplants. For tissue engineering different types of soft and rigid implant materials are available, but little is known about the viability and the osteogenic differentiation of dental stem cells on these different types of materials. According to previous studies we proposed that rigid bone substitute materials are superior to soft materials for dental tissue engineering.

Methods
We evaluated the proliferation, the induction of apoptosis and the osteogenic differentiation of dental stem/progenitor cells on a synthetic bone-like material and on an allograft product. The soft materials silicone and polyacrylamide (PA) were used for comparison. Precursor cells from the dental follicle (DFCs) and progenitor cells from the dental apical papilla of retained third molar tooth (dNC-PCs) were applied as dental stem cells in our study.

Results
Both dental cell types attached and grew on rigid bone substitute materials, but they did not grow on soft materials. Moreover, rigid bone substitute materials only sustained the osteogenic differentiation of dental stem cells, although the allograft product induced apoptosis in both dental cell types. Remarkably, PA, silicone and the synthetic bone substitute material did not induce the apoptosis in dental cells.

Conclusions
Our work supports the hypothesis that bone substitute materials are suitable for dental stem cell tissue engineering. Furthermore, we also suggest that the induction of apoptosis by bone substitute materials may not impair the proliferation and the differentiation of dental stem cells.
Species delimitation and relationships: The dance of the seven veils
Authors: Naciri Yamama , Linder H. Peter 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAn increasing number of studies using genetic data at the generic and species levels reveal complex patterns of relationships among populations and species. Incomplete lineage sorting and reticulation are, for instance, commonly observed in low‐rank phylogenies. These two processes falsify the simplifying assumptions often used when reconstructing phylogenetic relationships or when assigning specimens to species using barcodes, i.e., the absence of ancestral polymorphism or the obligate dichotomous relationship among species. We recognize seven processes that act as veils to obscure species boundaries and relationships and lead to erroneous interpretations if not diagnosed and analysed properly. These processes include the transfer of genetic material from plastids or mitochondria to the nuclear genome (NuPt, NuMt), hybridization, the stochasticity of lineage sorting within and among species, genome organization, species demography, selection, genetic and geographic structure. Most of these processes have a direct impact on species effective population sizes, a central parameter to be considered. Failure to take the seven processes into account can affect the accuracy of barcode‐based identification, in particular between closely related species. It can also bias the delimitation of species, result in inaccurate estimations of species relationships and lead to incorrect estimation of species ages. We suggest that these problems can be identified and, to some extent, mitigated by ensuring that the full spatial and genetic ranges of the species are sampled, and by the use of information from all genomes of the species. By analysing numerous loci, each as a separate entity in a coalescence framework, it is possible to take into account stochasticity as well as variation in genome effective population sizes. Such a critical approach would allow the use of genetic data to make realistic assessments of species delimitation, affinities and ages, and should promote a more biologically realistic view of species and speciation.
The influence of excipients commonly used in freeze drying on whole blood coagulation dynamics assessed by rotational thromboelastometry
Authors: Erber Matthias , Lee Geoffrey 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLyophilized reagents are used on a daily basis in coagulation diagnostics. They often contain a number of excipients in addition to the active compound. Some of these excipients may, however, influence coagulation dynamics.Besides from plasmatic coagulation bulking agents may influence platelet properties. We therefore studied the influence of a variety of bulking agents (glycine, mannitol, sucrose and trehalose) as well as a surfactant (TweenBoth disaccharides as well as TweenWhile the influence observed for glycine may be due to fibrinogen precipitation, the mechanism of mannitol appears to be more complex as platelet function as well as fibrin-based clot formation are influenced. This study therefore demonstrates the necessity to check for coagulation impairment due to compounds contained in lyophilized reagents.
Assessing quality on the Sigma scale from proficiency testing and external quality assessment surveys
Authors: Westgard James O. , Westgard Sten A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThere is a need to assess the quality being achieved for laboratory examinations that are being utilized to support evidence-based clinical guidelines. Application of Six Sigma concepts and metrics can provide an objective assessment of the current analytical quality of different examination procedures.A “Sigma Proficiency Assessment Chart” can be constructed for data obtained from proficiency testing and external quality assessment surveys to evaluate the observed imprecision and bias of method subgroups and determine quality on the Sigma scale.Data for hemoglobin AAssessment of quality on the Sigma scale provides evidence of the analytical performance that is being achieved relative to requirements for intended use and should be useful for identifying and prioritizing improvements that are needed in the analytical quality of laboratory examinations. In spite of global and national standardization programs, bias is still a critical limitation of current HbA
DSMC method for a two-dimensional flow with a gravity field in a square cavity
Authors: Hssikou Mohamed , Baliti Jamal , Bouzineb Yassir , Alaoui Mohammed 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
In order to describe a two-dimensional flow of a dilute, hard sphere gas in the transitional regime, the DSMC numerical method (direct simulation Monte Carlo) is used to solve the Boltzmann equation in the corresponding case. To do this, the gas is enclosed under the effect of a gravity field in a square cavity whose walls have equal temperatures at first, which then change according to a temperature gradient in the vertical direction. To simplify the study and to use convenient boundary conditions, the surrounding gas of the cavity is considered to be Maxwellian. The behaviour of the system can be inferred from the profiles of density, temperature, pressure and heat flux, and is then compared with previous theoretical models.
Theoretical Studies of the Local Structure and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Parameters for Tetragonal VO2+ in C6H7KO7
Authors: Zhou Ping , Li Ling 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The optical spectra, electron paramagnetic resonance parameters (i.e., the spin Hamiltonian parameters, including paramagnetic g factors and the hyperfine structure constants Ai) and the local distortion structure for the tetragonal VO2+ in C6H7KO7 are theoretically studied based on the crystal-field theory and three-order perturbation formulas of a 3d1 centre in tetragonal site. The magnitude of orbital reduction factor, core polarisation constant κ, and local structure parameters are obtained by fitting the calculated optical spectra and electron paramagnetic resonance parameters to the experimental values. The theoretical results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental values.
Zur Kristallchemie eines Silber-Cadmium-Oxovanadats: AgCdVO4 / On the Crystal Chemistry of a Silver Cadmium Oxovanadate: AgCdVO4
Authors: Münchau S. , Müller-Buschbaum Hk. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Single crystals of AgCdVO4 have been prepared in closed silver tubes using V2O5 as a flux. The light-orange crystals show orthorhombic symmetry, space group D16
2h-Pnma, a = 9.786(2), b = 6.994(1), c = 5.439(1) Å, Z = 4. The hitherto unknown AgCdVO4 is related to the Olivine structure but isotypic to Ag2CrO4 and NaCd4(VO4)3 respectively. The differences in crystal chemistry between the Olivine type, NaCd4(VO4)3 and AgCdVO4 are discussed.
Hochtemperatursynthese und Kristallchemie der Oxotantalate Cr2+
0,761Ta2,095O6 und FeTa2O6 / High Temperature Synthesis and Crystal Chemistry of the Oxotantalates Cr2+
0,761Ta2,095O6 and FeTa2O6
Authors: Peters E. , Müller-Buschbaum Hk. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Black single crystals of Cr0.761Ta2.095O6 have been prepared by CO2-LASER techniques. This phase crystallizes with monoclinic symmetry, space group C5
2h-P21/c, a = 4.748(1). b = 4.750(2), c = 10.405(3) Å, β = 117.152(13)°, Z = 2. The crystal structure is closely related to the trirutile type, although the metal positions are partly statistically occupied by Cr2+ and Ta5+ or underoccupied by Ta5+, respectively. FeTa2O6, prepared by the same m ethod does neither show any statistic occupation nor deviations from the trirutile structure, space group D14
4h-P42/mnm, a = 4.7595(5) Å, c = 9.201(2)A, Z = 2 .
K19Pb8O4(OH)3 und KPb: Ein Oxid-Hydroxid und eine Zintl-Phase mit [Pb4]4--Anionen / K 19Pb8O4(OH)3 and KPb: An Oxide-Hydroxide and a Zintl Phase with [Pb4]4- Anions
Authors: Röhr Caroline 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
K19Pb8O4(OH)3 crystallizes in the cubic system with space group Fm3m (a = 1622.7(4) pm: Z = 4). KPb crystallizes with the NaPb structure type (tetragonal, space group 141/acd, a = 1153.2(6) pm. c = 1886.8(9) pm. Z = 32). The crystal structures of both com­pounds contain Zintl-anions [Pb4]4- as characteristic building units, which in the Zintl phase are separated by potassium cations only. The oxide-hydroxide contains additional anions O2- and OH- enclosed by potassium ions in an octahedral coordination. The oxygen centered octahedra form a three-dimensional network of clusters [(O/OH)6K19] (consisting of six octahedra [(O/OH)K6] sharing edges) and single octahedra [OK6] connected by com­mon corners. Tlie [Pb4]4- tetrahedra occupy the voids within this framework.
Reaktionen von 2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazol mit Schwefelkohlenstoff und Phenylisothiocyanat. Kristall- und Molekülstruktur von 1,1′ -Carbonothioyl-bis(2-methyl-1H-benzimidazol) und 2-Methyl-1-(ethoxycarbonylmethylthio-phenylimino)-1H-benzimidazol / Reactions of 2-Methyl-1 H-benzimidazole with Carbon Disulfide and Phenyl Isothiocyanate. Molecular and Crystal Structures of 1,1′-Carbonothioyl-bis(2-methyl-1 H-benzimidazole) and 2-Methyl-1-(ethoxycarbonylmethylthio-phenylimino)-1 H-benzimidazole
Authors: Dölling Wolfgang , Hartungb Helmut , Biedermann Matthias 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
2-Methyl-1 H-benzimidazole 1 reacts in the presence of two equivalents of sodium hydride in dry DMSO with carbon disulfide to methyl 2-methylbenzimidazole-1-dithiocarboxylate 3 using methyl iodide as alkylating agent, whereas using 1,2-dibromoethane 1,1′-carbonothioyl bis(2-methyl-1 H-benzimidazole) 5 is formed. Compound 1 reacts with phenyl isothiocyanate in the presence of one equivalent of sodium hydride in dry DMF after alkylation to 2-methyl-1-( alkylthio-phenylimino)-1 H-benzimidazoles 6a, 6b. Reaction products 5 and 6b have been identified and structurally characterized by X-ray analysis.
Die Kristallstruktur von [SnCl4(Ph2PCH2-CH 2PPh2)]·CH2Cl2 / Crystal Structure of [SnCl4(Ph2PCH2-CH 2PPh2)] · CH2Cl2
Authors: Kunkel Frank , Dehnicke Kurt , Goesmann Helmut , Fenske Dieter 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
[SnCl4(Ph2PCH2-CH2PPh2)] CH2Cl2 has been characterized by a crystal structure determ ination. Space group P21/c, Z = 4, 5565 observed unique reflections with I > 2 σ(I), R = 0.043. Lattice dimensions at -70 °C: a = 1141.4(6), b = 2178.3(11), c = 1399.1(7) pm, β = 108.96(3)°. The complex forms monomeric molecules with the 1.2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane as chelating ligand. Bond lengths (average): Sn - P 266.7 pm, Sn - Cl 241.8 pm.
Alkinol- und Alkindiol-substituierte Titanocen-Komplexe; Synthese, Reaktionsverhalten und Strukturmerkmale / Alkyne-ol and Alkyne-diol Substituted Titanocene Complexes; Synthesis, Reaction Behaviour and Structural Features
Authors: Lang Heinrich , Köhler Katrin , Herres Mathias , Emmerich Christiane 
Published: February 2015

The reaction of (η5-C5H4SiMe3)2TiCl2 (1) with HO(CH2)nC ≡ CR (2a: n = 1, R = H; 2b: n = 1, R = CH3; 2c: n = 1, R = CH2OH ; 3: n = 2, R = H; 4: n = 4, R = H) affords in toluene at 25 °C in the presence of NEt3 the monoalkyne-ol substituted titanocenes (η5-C5H4SiMe3)2Ti(Cl)[O(CH2)nC ≡ CR] (5a: n = 1. R = H; 5b: n = 1, R = CH3; 5c: n = 1, R = C H2OH; 6: n = 2, R = H; 7: n = 4. R = H ).
Compound 5c reacts with one equivalent of 1 in the presence of NEt3 to yield (η5-C5H4SiMe3)2(Cl)Ti-OCH2C ≡ CCH2O -Ti(Cl)(η5-C5H4SiMe3)2 (8). In addition, compound 8 can be synthesized directly by treatment of (η5- C5H4SiMe3)2TiCl2 (1) with 0.5 equivalents of HOCH9C≡CCH2OH (2c) in the presence of NEt3. The reaction of (η5-C5H4SiMe3)2Ti(Cl)(OCH2C ≡ CCH3) (5b) with Co2(CO)8 (9) yields (η5-C5H4SiMe3)2Ti(Cl)[(η2-OCH2C ≡ CCH3)Co2(CO)6] (10). Treatment of 5b or 10 with HCl(aq) (11) leads to the formation of (η5-C5H4SiMe3)2TiCl2 (1) and HOCH2C ≡ CCH3 (2b) (reaction of 5b with 11) or (η5-C5H4SiMe3)2TiCl2 (1) and [(η2-HOCH2C ≡ CCH3)Co2(CO)6] (12) (reaction of 10 with 11).
All compounds have been characterized by analytical and spectroscopic data (IR , 1H, 13C NMR, MS) and (η5-C5H4SiMe3)2Ti(Cl)(OCH2C ≡ CCH3) (5b) by X -ray analysis.
Y7I12C2N: Eine Verbindung aus Einheiten zweier Y6(C2)-Oktaeder und eines Y6N2-Tetraederdoppels / Y7I12C2N: A Compound with Units of Two Y6(C2) Octahedra and a Y6N2 Double Tetrahedron
Authors: Mattausch Hansjürgen , Borrmann Horst , Eger Roland , Kremer Reinhard K. , Simon Arndt 
Published: February 2015

The new compounds Y7I12C2N and Ho7I12C2N have been prepared by reaction of stoichiometric amounts of the metals (RE), REI3, REN and C in closed Ta capsules at 1150 and 1120K, respectively. Pure samples of the compounds were obtained after 5 days annealing time. The crystals with xenomorphic shape are olive-green (Y7I12C2N) or red-brown (Ho7I12C2N) in colour and sensitive to air and moisture. Y7I12C2N crystallizes in the space group P 1̄ (No. 2) with lattice constants a = 971.24(7), b = 1030.38(7), c = 1673.58(11) pm and α = 101.366(5), β = 92.758(5), γ = 112.799(5)°. According to Guinier photographs Ho7I12C2N is isotypic with the lattice consiants u - 968.8(3), b = 1028.7(3), r. = 1667.8(5) pm and α = 101.31(2), β = 92.78(2), γ = 112.80(1)°.
In the structure the C atoms are present as C2 units with a C -C distance of 144 pm. These C2 units are octahedrally coordinated by Y atoms (o1). The N atoms are in the center of Y4 tetrahedra, which are linked via a common edge to form double tetrahedra (t2). By condensation of N-centered double tetrahedra (t2) with a C2-centered Y octahedron (o1) the characteristic units o1t2o1 are formed. The I atoms coordinate all free edges and corners of these units and connect them via Ii - Ia contacts parallel [100] and [001].
The compounds are semiconducting. Ho7I12C2N exhibits Curie-Weiss behaviour with θ = 15(1) K and μeff = 10.5(1) μB.
[(TM EDA)2Li4Cl4(H2O)2]·2 TMEDA: stabförmige vierkernige Li-Komplexe verknüpft durch TMEDA / [(TM EDA)2Li4Cl4(H2O)2]·2 TMEDA: Stick-Like Tetranuclear Li Complexes Connected by TMEDA
Authors: Werner Bert , Neumüller Bernhard 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The title compound 1 was synthesized by the reaction of LiCl with TM EDA (N,N,N′,N′- tetramethylethylendiamine) and water at 120 °C in boiling TM EDA. 1 was crystallized at - 30 °C as colorless crystals and characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by an X-ray structure determination. 1 is a polymer in the solid state, built up by an alternating arrangement of stick-like tetranuclear Li complexes and two TMEDA molecules. The complexes and the TMEDA molecules are connected by hydrogen bridges in infinite chains.
Hindered Rotation in Poly(N-acyl)iminoalkylenes - A 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study
Authors: Rivas Bernabé L. , Albert Klaus , Geckeler Kurt E. , Bayer Ernst 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Poly(N-acetyl)iminoethylene. poly(N-propionyl)iminoethylene and poly(N-acetyl)-2,2-dimethyliminoethylene were prepared by cationic polymerization in solution of 2-methyl- 2-oxazoline, 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline, and 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-oxazoline respectively. The 13C NMR spectra of the polymers obtained showed different sets of shifts for the carbon atoms of the backbone as well as for the N-acylimino side chain due to the restricted rotation of the Nacylimino group. The temperature dependence of the N-acylimino side chain signals showed a different coalescence behaviour depending on the substituents at both the main and the side chain.
Notizen: The Crystal Structure of Cesium Fluorotrioxochromate(VI), CsCrO3F
Authors: Rögner Peter , Range Klaus-Jürgen 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The crystal structure of CsCrO3F was determined from single-crystal X-ray data as tetragonal, space group I41/amd, with a = 5.7429(3), c = 14.505(1) Å and Z = 4. The structure was refined to R - 0.028, Rw = 0.022 for 307 unique reflections.
In contrast to the earlier literature CsCrO3F is not isomorphous with scheelite but with α- CsReO4. The structure contains isolated CrO3F tetrahedra which are linked together by twelvefold coordinated Cs ions. The average Cr - O, F distance is 1.633(4) Å.
Untersuchungen an Polyhalogeniden, XIX [1] Bis(methyltriphenylphosphonium)oktaiodid (MePh3P)2I8, Cäsium(18-Krone-6)triiodid [Cs(C12H24O6)]I3, Iodoblei(18-Krone-6)triiodid [Pb(C12H24O6I]I3 und Diiodothallium(18-Krone-6)tetraiodothallat [Tl(C12H24O6)I2](TlI4) / Studies of Polyhalides, XIX [1] Bis(methyltriphenylphosphonium) Octaiodide (MePh3P)2I8, Cesium(18-crown-6) Triiodide [Cs(C12H24O6)]I3, Iodolead(18-crown-6) Triiodide [Pb(C12H24O6)I]I3 and Diiodothallium(18-crown-6) Tetraiodothallate [Tl(C12H24O6)I2](TlI4)
Authors: Tebbe Karl-Friedrich , El Essawi Mervat , El Khalik Sawsan Abd 
Published: February 2015

(MePh3P)2l8 has been prepared by the reaction of methyltriphenylphosphonium iodide with iodine in ethanol. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 985.2(2), b = 1260.0(1), c = 1872.6(4) pm, β = 91.50(2)° and Z = 4. The crystal structure has been refined to R = 0.030 for 2882 reflections. It may be described as a layerlike packing of cations and anions. The anion with point symmetry 1̅ consists of two triiodide groups and a bridging iodine molecule forming a rather common nearly planar Z-shaped octaiodide ion I8
2-.
[Cs(18-crown-6)]I3 has been prepared by the reaction of cesium iodide and 18-crown-6 with iodine in ethanol. It crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1̅ with a = 921.4(1), b = 1175.4(7), c = 1178.0(4) pm, a = 112.82(4), β = 94.24(7), γ = 98.60(3)° and Z = 2. The crystal structure has been refined to R = 0.038 for 3302 reflections. The geometry of the cation [Cs(18-crown-6)]+ and of the anion I3
- is quite normal.
[Pb(18-crown-6)I]I3 has been prepared by the reaction of lead iodide and 18-crown-6 with iodine in dichloromethane. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 21/n with a = 833.6(3), b = 1721.0(6), c = 1730.6(6) pm, β = 99.61(3)° and Z = 4. The crystal structure has been refined to R = 0.047 for 2772 reflections. It consists of complex cations [Pb(18-crown-6)I]+ and triiodide anions I3- forming weakly bonded ion pairs.
[Tl(18-crown-6)I2](TlI4) has been prepared by the reaction of thallium(I)iodide and 18-crown-6 with iodine in dichloromethane. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 1236.8(3), b = 1382.6(3), c = 1710.2(2) pm, β = 90.76(1)° and Z = 4. The crystal structure has been refined to R = 0.044 for 2916 reflections. It is composed of complex cations [Tl(18-crown-6)I2] + nd complex anions TlI4
- with their usual and expected geometry.
UbergangsmetalIkomplexe mit Schwefelliganden, CXV+. Protonierung und Alkylierung der Thiolatdonoren von Ru(II)-Komplexen mit [Ru(′buS5′)]-Fragmenten (′buS5–H2 = 2,2′-Bis(2-mercapto-3,5-di-t-butylphenylthio)diethylsu!fid)/Transition Metal Complexes with Sulfur Ligands, CXV+. Protonation and Alkylation of Thiolate Donors in Ru(II) Complexes with [Ru(′buS5′)] Fragments (′buS5′–H2 = 2,2′-Bis(2-mercapto-3,5-di-t-butylphenylthio)diethylsulfide)
Authors: Sellmann Dieter , Rohm Christine , Moll Matthias 
Published: February 2015

Reaction of meso-[Ru(L)(′buS5′)] complexes (L = CO (1), PPh3, PCy3) with one equivalent of oxonium salts R3OBF4 (R = CH3, C2H5) yields the C1 symmetrical monoalkyl derivatives [Ru(L)(′buS5′-R)]BF4 (L = CO, R = CH3 (2), C2H5 (3); L = PPh3, R = CH3 (5); L = PCy3, R = CH3 (6)), in which one of the thiolate donors of the starting complexes is alkylated diastereospecifically. Monoalkylation of the binuclear complex [Ru(′buS5′)]2 leads to C1 symmetrical [Ru(′buS5′-CH3)]2(BF4)2 (7) which gives the hydrazine complex [μ-N2H4{Ru(′buS5′-CH3)}2](BF4)2·N2H4 (9) upon reaction with N2H4.
Reaction of 1 with 1.5 equivalents of CF3SO3H yields the isolable thiol complex [Ru(CO)(′buS5′-H)]CF3SO3·0.5 CF3SO3H (4). The 1H-NMR spectra are temperature-dependent and indicate exchange of the thiol proton between the thiolate donors of the ′buS5′2- ligand. Twofold protonation of 1 could only be proved IR-spectroscopically, dialkylation of 1, however, yields isolable [Ru(CO)(′buS5′-(CH3)2)](BF4)2 (8) as a mixture of diastereomers.
The IR stretching frequencies ν(CO) of the CO complexes indicate that the electron densities at the ruthenium centers are decreased and the Ru-L bonds are weakened. However, the ligands L in the [Ru(L)(′buS5′-R)]BF4 complexes do not exchange more readily than in the parent complexes.
Photodegradation of EDTA and NTA in the UV / H2O2 Process
Authors: Sörensen Martin , Frimmel Fritz H. 
Published: February 2015

The influence of H2O2 on the UV degradation of the broadly used aminopolycarboxylates EDTA and NTA in aqueous solution was investigated. The photochemical degradation in the UV /H2O2 process was compared with classical oxidative treatment of potable water. The German drinking water regulation (Trinkwasserverordnung) was the orientation for all experiments. The Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) turned out to be superior to the classical oxidation processes. The photochemical degradation of EDTA and NTA by UV irradiation could be significantly stimulated in the presence of H2O2. There was a strong increase in the degradation rate and a decrease in the quantum yield of the aminopolycarboxylates. Experiments with butyl chloride as radical scavenger proved the photolytically generated hydroxyl radicals to be responsible for the increase in the degradation rates.
The effect of increasing the degradation rate at higher concentrations of H2O2 was limited, because the steady-state concentrations of the hydroxyl radicals as reactive species, did not increase at the same rate as the initial concentration of H2O2.

Low amounts of iron dissolved from the high-grade steel photoreactor walls had a significant catalytic effect on the degradation.