bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Ability at Kindergarten Entry and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Larson Kandyce , Russ Shirley A. , Nelson Bergen B. , Olson Lynn M. , Halfon Neal 
Published: January 2015

OBJECTIVE:
To examine how gradients in socioeconomic status (SES) impact US children’s reading and math ability at kindergarten entry and determine the contributions of family background, health, home learning, parenting, and early education factors to those gradients.

METHODS:
Analysis of 6600 children with cognitive assessments at kindergarten entry from the US Early Childhood Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study. A composite SES measure based on parent’s occupation, education, and income was divided into quintiles. Wald F tests assessed bivariate associations between SES and child’s cognitive ability and candidate explanatory variables. A decomposition methodology examined mediators of early cognitive gradients.

RESULTS:
Average reading percentile rankings increased from 34 to 67 across SES quintiles and math from 33 to 70. Children in lower SES quintiles had younger mothers, less frequent parent reading, less home computer use (27%–84%), and fewer books at home (26–114). Parent’s supportive interactions, expectations for their child to earn a college degree (57%–96%), and child’s preschool attendance (64%–89%) increased across quintiles. Candidate explanatory factors explained just over half the gradients, with family background factors explaining 8% to 13%, health factors 4% to 6%, home learning environment 18%, parenting style/beliefs 14% to 15%, and early education 6% to 7% of the gaps between the lowest versus highest quintiles in reading and math.

CONCLUSIONS:
Steep social gradients in cognitive outcomes at kindergarten are due to many factors. Findings suggest policies targeting levels of socioeconomic inequality and a range of early childhood interventions are needed to address these disparities.
Quality of Life and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Symptoms After Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy
Authors: Garetz Susan L. , Mitchell Ron B. , Parker Portia D. , Moore Reneé H. , Rosen Carol L. , Giordani Bruno , Muzumdar Hiren , Paruthi Shalini , Elden Lisa , Willging Paul , Beebe Dean W. , Marcus Carole L. , Chervin Ronald D. , Redline Susan 
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Data from a randomized, controlled study of adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) were used to test the hypothesis that children undergoing surgery had greater quality of life (QoL) and symptom improvement than control subjects. The objectives were to compare changes in validated QoL and symptom measurements among children randomized to undergo adenotonsillectomy or watchful waiting; to determine whether race, weight, or baseline OSAS severity influenced changes in QoL and symptoms; and to evaluate associations between changes in QoL or symptoms and OSAS severity.

METHODS:
Children aged 5 to 9.9 years with OSAS (N = 453) were randomly assigned to undergo adenotonsillectomy or watchful waiting with supportive care. Polysomnography, the Pediatric Quality of Life inventory, the Sleep-Related Breathing Scale of the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire, the 18-item Obstructive Sleep Apnea QoL instrument, and the modified Epworth Sleepiness Scale were completed at baseline and 7 months. Changes in the QoL and symptom surveys were compared between arms. Effect modification according to race and obesity and associations between changes in polysomnographic measures and QoL or symptoms were examined.

RESULTS:
Greater improvements in most QoL and symptom severity measurements were observed in children randomized to undergo adenotonsillectomy, including the parent-completed Pediatric Quality of Life inventory (effect size [ES]: 0.37), the 18-item Obstructive Sleep Apnea QoL instrument (ES: –0.93), the modified Epworth Sleepiness Scale score (ES: –0.42), and the Sleep-Related Breathing Scale of the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (ES: –1.35). Effect modification was not observed by obesity or baseline severity but was noted for race in some symptom measures. Improvements in OSAS severity explained only a small portion of the observed changes.

CONCLUSIONS:
Adenotonsillectomy compared with watchful waiting resulted in significantly more improvements in parent-rated generic and OSAS-specific QoL measures and OSAS symptoms.
Quality Improvement Measures in Pulse-Oximetry Newborn Heart Screening: A Time Series Analysis
Authors: Pflugeisen Bethann Mangel , Amoroso Paul J. , Zook Diane , Welke Karl F. , Reedy Anne , Park Matthew V. 
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
The use of pulse-oximetry screening to detect critical congenital heart defects in newborns has gained national and international momentum in the past decade. Our hospital system began screening in 2008. Since then, our program has undergone leadership changes and multiple quality improvement interventions. The aims of this study are to evaluate the evolution of our pulse-oximetry program and to provide insights from lessons learned over the course of a long-standing program.

METHODS:
We reviewed 6 years of screening data and evaluated trends of missed screens, false-positives, protocol violations, and parental decline of screening. We implemented 3 quality improvement interventions (change in protocol, redesign of an electronic medical record documentation system to autocalculate results, and transition from research to standard-of-care) and reviewed the impact of a rigorous quality assurance review process. We used linear regression and statistical process control charts to evaluate the data.

RESULTS:
A total of 18 363 newborns were screened; we identified 5 critical cases. We observed a significant decrease in missed (P &lt; .001) and false-positive (P = .03) screens over time but found no significant trend in the rate of percentage of protocol violations (P = .26) or decline of screening (P = .99). Each metric showed behavior attributable to at least 1 quality improvement intervention.

CONCLUSIONS:
We established a sustainable pulse-oximetry screening program in our community hospital system, and the screening has now become routine. The quality of our screening was influenced by choice of screening protocol, rigor of quality assurance reviews, and the process used to interpret screening results.
Age at Gluten Introduction and Risk of Celiac Disease
Authors: Aronsson Carin Andrén , Lee Hye-Seung , Liu Edwin , Uusitalo Ulla , Hummel Sandra , Yang Jimin , Hummel Michael , Rewers Marian , She Jin-Xiong , Simell Olli , Toppari Jorma , Ziegler Anette-G. , Krischer Jeffrey , Virtanen Suvi M. , Norris Jill M. , Agardh Daniel ,   for the TEDDY STUDY GROUP
Published: January 2015

OBJECTIVES:
The goal of this study was to determine whether age at introduction to gluten was associated with risk for celiac disease (CD) in genetically predisposed children.

METHODS:
TEDDY (The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young) is a prospective birth cohort study. Newborn infants (N = 6436) screened for high-risk HLA-genotypes for CD were followed up in Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the United States. Information about infant feeding was collected at clinical visits every third month. The first outcome was persistent positive for tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (tTGA), the marker for CD. The second outcome was CD, defined as either a diagnosis based on intestinal biopsy results or on persistently high levels of tTGA.

RESULTS:
Swedish children were introduced to gluten earlier (median: 21.7 weeks) compared with children from Finland (median: 26.1 weeks), Germany, and the United States (both median: 30.4 weeks) (P &lt; .0001). During a median follow-up of 5.0 years (range: 1.7–8.8 years), 773 (12%) children developed tTGA and 307 (5%) developed CD. Swedish children were at increased risk for tTGA (hazard ratio: 1.74 [95% CI: 1.47–2.06]) and CD (hazard ratio: 1.76 [95% CI: 1.34–2.24]) compared with US children, respectively (P &lt; .0001).Gluten introduction before 17 weeks or later than 26 weeks was not associated with increased risk for tTGA or CD, adjusted for country, HLA, gender, and family history of CD, neither in the overall analysis nor on a country-level comparison.

CONCLUSIONS:
In TEDDY, the time to first introduction to gluten introduction was not an independent risk factor for developing CD.
Tapentadol Toxicity in Children
Authors: Borys Douglas , Stanton Matthew , Gummin David , Drott Tracy 
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUND:
Tapentadol (Nucynta) is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe pain in adults. Tapentadol’s mechanism of action consists of acting as an agonist on the μ-opioid receptor and by inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine. There are no published reports on the toxicity of tapentadol in pediatric patients. The goals of this study are to describe the incidence, medical outcomes, clinical effects, and treatment secondary to tapentadol exposure.

METHODS:
This retrospective observational study used data from the National Poison Data System. Inclusion criteria were exposure to tapentadol from November 1, 2008 to December 31, 2013; age 0 to 17 years; single ingestion; and followed to a known outcome.

RESULTS:
There were 104 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Eighty patients were aged ≤6, 2-year-olds the most common age group (60.6%). There were 52 male and 52 female patients. Of the 104 patients, 93 had unintentional exposures. No deaths were reported. Sixty-two of the patients had no effect, 34 had minor effects, 6 had moderate and 2 had major effects. Thirty patients reported drowsiness and lethargy. Other effects reported included nausea, vomiting, miosis, tachycardia, respiratory depression, dizziness/vertigo, coma, dyspnea, pallor, vomiting, edema, hives/welts, slurred speech, pruritus, and hallucinations/delusions. Fifty-three patients were reported to have no medical intervention.

CONCLUSIONS:
This is the first study examining the toxic effects of tapentadol in a pediatric population. Although a majority of the patients in this review developed no effect from their exposure, two had life-threatening events. The most common effects reported were opioidlike.
Development of Hospital-Based Guidelines for Skeletal Survey in Young Children With Bruises
Authors: Wood Joanne N. , Fakeye Oludolapo , Mondestin Valerie , Rubin David M. , Localio Russell , Feudtner Chris 
Published: January 2015

OBJECTIVE:
To develop guidelines for performing an initial skeletal survey (SS) for children &lt;24 months of age presenting with bruising in the hospital setting, combining available evidence with expert opinion.

METHODS:
Applying the Rand/UCLA Appropriateness Method, a multispecialty panel of 10 experts relied on evidence from the literature and their own clinical expertise in rating the appropriateness of performing SS for 198 clinical scenarios characterizing children &lt;24 months old with bruising. After a moderated discussion of initial ratings, the scenarios were revised. Panelists re-rated SS appropriateness for 219 revised scenarios. For the 136 clinical scenarios in which SS was deemed appropriate, the panel finally assessed the necessity of SS.

RESULTS:
Panelists agreed that SS is “appropriate” for 62% (136/219) of scenarios, and “inappropriate” for children ≥12 months old with nonpatterned bruising on bony prominences. Panelists agreed that SS is “necessary” for 95% (129/136) of the appropriate scenarios. SS was deemed necessary for infants &lt;6 months old regardless of bruise location, with rare exceptions, but the necessity of SS in older children depends on bruise location. According to the panelists, bruising on the cheek, eye area, ear, neck, upper arm, upper leg, hand, foot, torso, buttock, or genital area necessitates SS in children &lt;12 months.

CONCLUSIONS:
The appropriateness and necessity of SS in children presenting for care to the hospital setting with bruising, as determined by a diverse panel of experts, depends on age of the child and location of bruising.
Patrón autoorganizativo comunicativo de la empresa: de la intención a la acción
Authors: Ariza López Ricardo 
Published: January 2015

De acuerdo con lo establecido en la intencionalidad investigativa del proyecto M arketing holístico, la empresa está enmarcada dentro de los supuestos que implican considerarla como un sistema vivo constituido por: un patrón de organización (la conﬁguración de las relaciones que determinan las características esenciales del sistema); una estructura (la corporización física del patrón de organización del sistema); y el proceso vital (la actividad involucrada en la continua corporización física del patrón de organización del sistema). Este artículo propone una lectura sistémica de carácter complejo para determinar el patrón autoorganizativo comunicativo de la empresa (sea cual fuere ella y el sector económico y productivo donde se encuentre caliﬁcado o inscrito) que posibilite, en el transcurso de la investigación m arketing holístico, considerar las bases para la construcción de modelos de sistemas viables para plataformas estratégicas competitivas.
El marketing holístico en la oferta de prestación de servicios de salud en Colombia
Authors: Cardenas Munévar Juan Manuel 
Published: January 2015

Este texto insinúa una relación de causalidad entre el marketing holístico, el mejoramiento de los niveles de calidad y el aumento en la eﬁciencia de los procesos de prestación de servicios de salud en Colombia. El texto presenta inicialmente, la conceptualización de “mercadotecnia sanitaria”, luego la situación de la salud en Colombia anterior a la expedición y la puesta en marcha de la Ley 100 de 1993 y del Sistema de Salud derivado de la misma. Posteriormente, concep- tualiza sobre holismo y Marketing Holístico, citando a Jan Smuts, y fragmentos de una entrevista a Philip Kotler. Finalmente deja, de alguna forma, la inquietud en el lector sobre qué tanto ha incidido el marketing holístico en la ampliación de la cobertura en la prestación de servicios de salud, mostrando en cifras la situación de los últimos seite años, de 2000 a 2006.
Mercadeando causas ambientales
Authors: Forero Diana 
Published: January 2015

En el presente escrito se presentan varias alternativas para el desarrollo del mercadeo de causas ambientales a través de entidades sin ánimo de lucro. En la primera parte se exploran los modelos de mercadeo que se han empelado con mayor regula-ridad: la ﬁlantropía estratégica, el mercadeo social y el mercadeo de causas. Se muestran las actividades más comunes en cada tipo de mercadeo y algunos puntos clave para desarrollarlo. En la segunda parte se presentan las barreras para la gestión del mercadeo de causas ambientales, señalando en qué consisten esas barreras, los puntos críticos y algunas alternativas planteadas desde la comunicación organizacional, la negociación, la gestión de relaciones con clientes y el control de gestión.
Comunicar para conservar Estrategias de comunicación como apoyo a procesos de educación ambiental
Authors: Cueto Gómez Ivonne 
Published: January 2015

Este articulo pretende hacer una propuesta acerca del papel de la comunicación en la transformación de nuestra relación con la naturaleza. En su primera parte hace una reﬂexión sobre la manera en que hemos construido el concepto de ambiente comosociedad, para luego establecer algunas de las principales funciones de la comunicación social en la construcción de ese concepto entre la opinión pública. Esta propuesta reúne elementos de diferentes teóricos que han aportado los fundamentos para la Comunicación para el Desarrollo haciendo especial énfasis en la importancia de la educación ambiental y su imprescindible alianza con la comunicación para construir estrategias que vinculen a las comunidades, sus realidades y sus necesidades especíﬁcas. Finalmente es una invitación a repensar la comunicación, a hacerla participativa, a hacer de esta una herramienta fundamental en la conservación, protección o recuperación de la naturaleza y en la construcción de una relación cada vez más armónica con todo aquello que nos rodea, incluyéndonos nosotros mismos.
Lo indio, indigenismo y movimiento campesino en el Perú
Authors: Fernández Fontenoy Carlos 
Published: January 2015

En este artículo el autor presenta un análisis histórico sobre la naturaleza de la aparición de movimientos indígenas en Perú, en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Se compara la situación del país andino, con otros de la región y encuentra una relación con las especiales condiciones en las que se conforman los partidos políticos y se describe su dependencia con los movimientos sociales y campesinos.
Asociatividad campesina de pequeños productores de leche, resistencias y acciones colectivas en el libre mercado y la globalización
Authors: Cortés Millán Germán Andrés 
Published: January 2015

El siguiente artículo surge como resultado de la investigación “Diseño de políticas públicas para la Asociatividad de productores de leche en Colombia”. Se pone de manifiesto el proceso de creación de asociaciones de productores de leche en Cundinamarca, con el fin de proporcionar un marco para la política pública que posibilite apoyar y reconocer a las comunidades campesinas inmersas en los procesos de globalización incorporadas en los tratados de libre comercio con los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea. La metodología definida para el proyecto tuvo un marco de desarrollo cualitativo, expresado en una tipología discursiva interpretativa. Se desarrollaron entrevistas en profundidad que tuvieron la orientación categorial, que para el caso del proyecto vinculó las narraciones y percepciones de los componentes de identidad colectiva, prácticas tradicionales y acción política colectiva. Por otro lado la experiencia metodológica permitió vincular estrategias complementarias como la cartografía social, la recopilación documental y los diarios etnográficos, con lo cual se logró no solo recoger en una proporción importante información relacionada con las categorías del estudio, sino que a su vez enriqueció el análisis mismo, con la diversidad y la pluralidad que sugiere una investigación de esta naturaleza.
A Meta-Analysis on the Impact of Platinum-Based Adjuvant Treatment on the Outcome of Borderline Ovarian Tumors With Invasive Implants
Authors: Vasconcelos Ines , Olschewski Jessica , Braicu Ioana , Sehouli Jalid 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Background.
Treatment of borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs) remains contentious, and there is no consensus regarding therapy for BOTs with invasive implants (BOTi). The benefits of platinum-based adjuvant treatment were evaluated in patients with BOTi at primary diagnosis.

Methods.
The PubMed database was systematically searched for articles using the following terms: ((borderline) OR (low malignant potential) AND (ovarian)) AND ((tumor) OR (cancer)) AND (invasive implants) AND ((follow-up) OR (survival) OR (treatment) OR (chemotherapy) OR (adjuvant treatment) OR (surgery) OR (surgical treatment)).

Results.
We identified 27 articles including 3,124 patients, 181 with invasive implants. All studies provided information regarding mortality or recurrence rates. Central pathological examination was performed in 19 studies. Eight studies included more than 75% stage I patients; 7 included only advanced-stage patients, and 14 included only serous BOT. The pooled recurrence estimates for both treatment groups (adjuvant treatment: 44.0%, upfront surgery: 21.3%) did not differ significantly (p = .114). A meta-analysis of the 6 studies providing separate mortality data for both treatment groups favored surgical treatment only, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (.05 &lt; p &lt; .1; odds ratio: 0.33; 95% confidence interval: 0.09–1.71; p = .086). We were unable to pool the results of the included studies because not all studies registered events in both treatment groups. Egger's regression indicated low asymmetry of the studies (p = .39), and no heterogeneity was found (I2 = 0%).

Conclusion.
We did not find evidence supporting platinum-based adjuvant therapy for BOT with invasive implants.
Identifying a Sample of HIV-Positive Beneficiaries From Medicaid Claims Data and Estimating Their Treatment Costs
Authors: Leibowitz Arleen A. , Desmond Katherine 
Published: January 2015

Objectives. We sought to identify people living with HIV/AIDS from Medicare and Medicaid claims data to estimate Medicaid costs for treating HIV/AIDS in California. We also examined how alternate methods of identifying the relevant sample affect estimates of per capita costs.Methods. We analyzed data on Californians enrolled in Medicaid with an HIV/AIDS diagnosis reported in 2007 Medicare or Medicaid claims data. We compared alternative selection criteria by examining use of antiretroviral drugs, HIV-specific monitoring tests, and medical costs. We compared the final sample and average costs with other estimates of the size of California’s HIV/AIDS population covered by Medicaid in 2007 and their average treatment costs.Results. Eighty-seven percent (18 290) of potentially identifiable HIV-positive individuals satisfied at least 1 confirmation criterion. Nearly 80% of confirmed observations had claims for HIV-specific tests, compared with only 3% of excluded cases. Female Medicaid recipients were particularly likely to be miscoded as having HIV. Medicaid treatment spending for Californians with HIV averaged $33 720 in 2007.Conclusions. The proposed algorithm displays good internal and external validity. Accurately identifying HIV cases in claims data is important to avoid drawing biased conclusions and is necessary in setting appropriate HIV managed-care capitation rates.
Weighing In: The Taste-Engineering Frame in Obesity Expert Discourse
Authors: Ortiz Selena E. , Zimmerman Frederick J. , Gilliam Franklin D. 
Published: January 2015

Objectives. We sought expert opinion on the problems with 2 dominant obesity-prevention discourse frames—personal responsibility and the environment—and examined alternative frames for understanding and addressing obesity. Methods. We conducted 60-minute, semistructured interviews with 15 US-based obesity experts. We manually coded and entered interview transcripts into software, generating themes and subthematic areas that captured the debate’s essence. Results. Although the environmental frame is the dominant model used in communications with the public and policymakers, several experts found that communicating key messages within this frame was difficult because of the enormity of the obesity problem. A subframe of the environmental frame—the taste-engineering frame—identifies food industry strategies to influence the overconsumption of certain foods and beverages. This emerging frame deconstructs the environmental frame so that causal attributes and responsible agents are more easily identifiable and proposed policies and public health interventions more salient. Conclusions. Expert interviews are an invaluable resource for understanding how experts use frames in discussing their work and in conversations with the public and policymakers. Future empirical studies testing the effectiveness of the taste-engineering frame on public opinion and support for structural-level health policies are needed.