bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Reduktion von CBr2F2 durch Blei - ein neuartiger Weg zum Difluorcarben / The Reduction of CBr2F2 by Lead -a Novel Pathway to Difluorocarbene
Authors: Fritz Heinz P. , Kornrumpf Wolfgang 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
CBr2F2(1) is reduced by lead metal even at room temperature with intermediate formation of :CF2. At 40 to 60 °C this reaction is rapid and nearly quantitative. Electron-rich olefins allow the trapping of difluorocarbene in the form of the corresponding 1,1-difluorocyclopropanes in up to 90% yield. In dichloromethane, dichloroethane or aceto-nitrile the reduction proceeds only in the presence of molar amounts of complexing anions like bromide or chloride. Tetrabutylammonium salts proved to be advantageous.
The reduction does not proceed via carbanions, since the corresponding protonated products are not observed, even in the presence of good proton donors.
Electrochemical investigations of the reduction of 1 at Ni-, Pt-, Sn-and Pb-electrodes support the suggested mechanism.
Synthese von neuen Silazangerüstsystemen / Synthesis of Some Silazane Frameworks
Authors: Wannagat Ulrich , Blumenthal Thomas , Eisele Gerd , König Axel , Schächter Reinhard 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Some novel silazane frameworks (scheme 1: H, J, K, M, P) were synthesized and characterized by mainly methyl substituted derivatives. Synthetic routes are given in Scheme 2 and 3, respectively, as well as in equations (13) and (14). Compounds are described in their properties, physical data and elemental and structure analysis.
Kondensierte Imidazolone / Condensed Imidazolones
Authors: Möhrle Hans , Hemmerling Hans-Jörg 
Published: February 2015

11-13.
The dehydrogenation of 2-tert-amino-2,2-diphenyl-acetamides with cyclic amine components gives under neighbouring the corresponding condensed imidazolones
With analogous reactions of 2-tert-amino-2-phenylacetamides on dependence of the ring size of the amine cycle, a different course is observed resulting in the cyclic acylaminal 14 or in the condensed imidazolone derivatives 15 and 16.
Responsabilidad ciudadana en la prevención de drogas: un estudio desde las redes sociales
Authors: Leiva Díaz Viriam , Cordero Villanueva Lucía , Loría Varela Elena , Morales Alvarado Fernanda , Vega Mejías Jessica 
Published: February 2015

Antecedentes: el objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados del estudio sobre la responsabilidad ciudadana en la prevención del fenómeno de las drogas, la cual debe caracterizarse por ser una participación activa y solidaria de parte de cada uno de los miembros de la sociedad costarricense.Método: la investigación es de tipo exploratoria, con un enfoque cuantitativo, de corte transversal. La población está constituida por 353 habitantes de Costa Rica inscritos en la red social Facebook. Para recolectar los datos, en dicha red social se formuló preguntas generadoras a manera de encuesta.Resultado: dentro de los hallazgos se puede mencionar que las personas participantes conocen todos los aspectos que se encuentran inmersos en el concepto de responsabilidad ciudadana, sin embargo, existe una gran evasión, por parte de los pobladores, respecto de la prevención de las drogas.Conclusión: Los y las participantes no ejercen su responsabilidad ciudadana por desconocimiento, sea de leyes o de las políticas públicas, delegando dicha responsabilidad a diferentes entes, personas o instituciones.
Efectividad de la atención domiciliar de enfermería en el mejoramiento del autocuidado de personas adultas mayores
Authors: Vargas Chaves Shirley , Fernández Chaves Jaime José 
Published: February 2015

Antecedentes: El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la mejor evidencia disponible en relación con el desarrollo de las visitas domiciliares de enfermería, brindadas a personas adultas mayores, con un enfoque de promoción de la salud y prevención de las enfermedades para el mejoramiento en su autocuidado. El proceso de envejecimiento poblacional en Costa Rica y a nivel mundial, como producto de los avances en condiciones socioeconómicas y sanitarias, ha generado necesidades para la atención de personas adultas mayores que permiten un mantenimiento o mejoramiento de la calidad de vida.Método: como método se utilizó la investigación basada en la evidencia, la cual parte de una pregunta clínica; en cuanto a los datos, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos EBSCO, PubMed y ProQuest, para luego ejecutar una lectura crítica con el programa FLC 2.0. Resultados: Se obtuvo un total de 58 artículos, de cuya lectura crítica se seleccionó seis que presentaron la mejor evidencia.Conclusión: Se concluye que las personas adultas mayores que reciben atención domiciliaria del profesional de enfermería desde un enfoque de la promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad mejoran su autocuidado.
Zusammenhang zwischen dem Betriebsstatus für das Virus des Porzinen Reproduktiven und Respiratorischen Syndroms und Organbefunden an Schlachtkörpern
Authors: Grünberger B. , Schleicher C. , Stüger H.-P. , Reisp K. , Schmoll F. , Köfer J. , Sattler T. 
Published: February 2015

ZusammenfassungGegenstand und Ziel: Das Porzine Reproduktive und Respiratorische Syndrom (PRRS) verursacht weltweit bedeutende wirtschaftliche Verluste in der Schweineproduktion. Die Studie untersuchte den Zusammenhang zwischen dem PRRS-Betriebsstatus, ermittelt durch Nachweis von PRRS-Virus-Antikörpern (PRRSV-Ak) im Blutserum der Schlachtschweine, und den bei den Schlachttierkörpern gefundenen pathologisch-anatomischen Lungenbefunden. Material und Methoden: Zwischen 01.12.2011 und 16.04.2012 wurden an einem österreichischen Schlachthof von 1056 Schlachtschweinen aus 66 schweinehaltenden Betrieben Blutproben entnommen und mittels ELISA auf PRRSV-Ak getestet. In keinem Betrieb fanden Impfungen gegen PRRSV statt. Parallel zur serologischen Untersuchung erfassten amtlich beauftragte Tierärzte am Geschlinge- und Tierkörperband die pathologisch-anatomischen Lungenbefunde aller Schlacht schweine aus diesen Betrieben zwischen 01.09.2011 und 11.12.2012. Die Prävalenz von Lungenentzündungen und Pleuritiden in PRRSV-Ak-positiven und unverdächtigen Beständen wurde verglichen und statistisch ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Die Prävalenz hochgradiger Lungenentzündungen sowie Pleuritis visceralis und parietalis lag bei Schweinen aus PRRSV-Ak-positiven Betrieben signifikant höher als bei Schweinen aus unverdächtigen Beständen. Dabei ergab sich bei kombinierten Betrieben (Ferkelaufzucht und Mast an einem Standort) eine tendenziell höhere Prävalenz von mittel- und hochgradigen Lungenentzündungen als in reinen Mastbetrieben. Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Relevanz: Der PRRSV-Status von Schweinebetrieben hatte Auswirkungen auf das Auftreten von pathologisch-anatomischen Lungenveränderungen der geschlachteten Schweine. Auch nicht PRRS-typische Befunde wie Pleuritiden traten vermehrt auf. Dies spricht für eine Beteiligung anderer Primär- oder Sekundärerreger, die durch den immunsupprimierenden Effekt des PRRSV begünstigt werden und selbst auch Atemwegserkrankungen auslösen können. In der Tendenz waren dabei die kombinierten Betriebe stärker betroffen als die reinen Mastbetriebe.
The Impact of Audit Evidence Documentation on Jurors' Negligence Verdicts and Damage Awards
Authors: Backof Ann G. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
Audit workpapers play a key role in auditor negligence trials, yet little is known about how workpaper documentation affects jurors' decision making. I investigate how auditors' documentation of their consideration of the alternative accounting treatments and their risk-based audit approach influence jurors' negligence verdicts and damage awards. I find that documentation of their consideration of the accounting alternatives increases the likelihood that auditors are found negligent because it increases jurors' perceptions of the foreseeability of the misstatement. However, when combined with documentation that explicitly links the audit risks to the work performed to address each risk, jurors award lower damage awards because they perceive auditors' actions prior to the negligent act as more compliant with the auditing standards. My results highlight the consequences of more complete documentation on jurors' evaluations of auditors and suggest the need for documentation policies that more effectively communicate the appropriateness of auditors' professional judgments.
The Female Audit Fee Premium
Authors: Hardies Kris , Breesch Diane , Branson Joël 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARY
This study investigates the existence of a female audit fee premium (i.e., higher audit fees for female audit engagement partners). We analyze 57,723 firm-year observations from Belgian firms that were audited by 93 female and 599 male audit partners during the period 2008–2011. The results suggest that client firms pay higher audit fees (by about 7 percent) to female auditors. The findings are confirmed by an array of robustness checks, including a propensity score matched sample, a Heckman two-stage procedure, an examination of a sample of clients that switched audit partners, and fixed effects models. The combined evidence in this study suggests the existence of a female audit fee premium. This fee premium may exist because of gender differences in knowledge, skills, abilities, preferences, and behavior or due to supply-side factors (e.g., a demand for diversity, gendered perceptions about audit quality, or client satisfaction).
Data Availability: The data are publicly available from the sources identified in the paper.
Broadening the Fraud Triangle: Instrumental Climate and Fraud
Authors: Murphy Pamela R. , Free Clinton 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
We survey a unique respondent group of fraud perpetrators, auditors who investigated fraud, and employees who witnessed fraud within organizations, to identify whether, and how, an instrumental organizational climate is associated with fraud. We define an instrumental climate as one in which employees make decisions in their own or the organization's best interests to the exclusion of ethical concerns. We find that 39 percent of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that an instrumental climate was present when fraud was perpetrated. This climate is associated with particular elements of the fraud triangle including motives such as a malevolent work environment and social incentives and pressures, as well as rationalizations that are primarily oriented toward others. One specific rationalization—helping the company—draws attention to the phenomenon of unethical pro-organizational behavior. Our results suggest that fraud has an important social dimension that is largely neglected by current fraud triangle interpretations.
Lessons from the Literature on the Theory of Technology Dominance: Possibilities for an Extended Research Framework
Authors: Triki Anis , Weisner Martin M. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
This manuscript provides a detailed review of the extant literature on the Theory of Technology Dominance (TTD) (Arnold and Sutton 1998) and proposes a research framework for refinement of the predictions offered by the TTD. Based on the reviewed TTD studies and related decision aid research, additional factors that may affect users' tendency toward reliance or no reliance on the recommendation of an intelligent decision aid (DA) are identified and consolidated into a refined model. Following Arnold and Sutton's (1998) deductive-analytical approach, as well as Weber's (2003) four-step theory-building methodology, four additional factors (initial trust, confidence, built trust, and explanation) are identified and linked to the existing TTD framework via articulation of five novel propositions. As such, the present study makes a theoretical contribution to the information systems literature, as well as to the broader reliance literature and identifies possibilities for future inquiry into practice-relevant understanding of human-computer interactions.
Urinary Adiponectin Is an Independent Predictor of Progression to End-Stage Renal Disease in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Panduru Nicolae M. , Saraheimo Markku , Forsblom Carol , Thorn Lena M. , Gordin Daniel , Wadén Johan , Tolonen Nina , Bierhaus Angelika , Humpert Per M. , Groop Per-Henrik 
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVEWe investigated the predictive value of urinary adiponectin (uADP) for the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) as well as for the principal determinants of uADP concentrations.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSuADP was measured in 2,090 patients with type 1 diabetes followed for a median of 5.8 (4.4–6.9) years and in 111 subjects without diabetes. Progression was defined as a change in albuminuria (albumin excretion rate [AER]) to a higher stage or development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Various Cox regression and competing risk models were used to evaluate the predictive value of uADP for DN progression. The added predictive benefit to AER or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI), and other statistical indexes. The determinants of uADP were investigated by multiple regression analyses.RESULTSuADP was an independent predictor of progression to ESRD (hazard ratio 1.60, P &lt; 0.001) and was an even better predictor than AER (P = 0.04) or as good as eGFR (P = 0.79). Furthermore, uADP added a significant benefit when used together with AER (NRI 0.794, P = 0.03; IDI 0.115, P &lt; 0.0001) or eGFR (NRI 0.637, P &lt; 0.001; IDI 0.087, P &lt; 0.0001). The common determinants of uADP were glycemic control, tubular injury, and AER.CONCLUSIONSuADP is a strong independent predictor of DN progression from macroalbuminuria to ESRD and adds a significant predictive benefit to current biomarkers in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Effect of parenteral administration of Selenium and vitamin E on health status of mammary gland and on selected antioxidant indexes in blood of dairy cows
Authors: Zigo F. , Farkasóvá Z. , Eleko J. , Lapin M. , Chripková M. , Czerski A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This study focuses on the effect of parenteral administration of Selenium (Se) and vitamin E on concentration of Se in plasma and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the blood of dairy cows during peripartal period and their effect on the reduction of clinical mastitis. From a 220 individuals Holstein herd in a two-four lactation-gestation cycle the control group (C), 1st (D1) and 2nd (D2) experimental group were selected. Every group consisted of 15 cows in the last phase of the pregnancy. All cows were fed with the diet containing 0.1 mg of Se per kg/DM. The blood samples from vena jugularis were collected approximately 21 days before calving (control sampling), 3 days, 12 days and 21 days after calving. On the day of control sampling and 12 days before calving in D1 group, cows were injected subcutaneously in the sprescapular region with preparation Selevit inj. a.u.v. at the doses of 48.4 mg/head of Se, and 550 IU/head of α-Tocoferol (α-Toc). In D2 group, cows were injected by the same preparation only on 21th day before calving with the same doses of Se and α-Toc. The increase in the concentration of Se in the plasma and activity GPx in blood in D1 group on the 3rd day and 12th day after calving were determined. Increase in plasmatic concentrations α-Toc on 3rd day after calving and reduction of occurrence of clinical mastitis (13.3%) as compared with control group were found
Occurrence of reovirus infection in Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) in south western Poland
Authors: Woźniakowski G. , Samorek-Salamonowicz E. , Gaweł A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDuring the summer 2012 an incidence of high mortality, above 44 percent, in two flocks of Muscovy ducklings in Poland was noted. The clinical signs included considerable weight loss and inability to walk.During the post-mortem evaluations dehydration and enteritis, gouty kidneys as well as hemorrhagic liver and spleen lesions were found. The laboratory diagnosis included agar gel precipitation assay (AGP) as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or reverse transcription PCR for the presence of goose parvovirus (GPV), duck circovirus (DuCV), duck reovirus (DRV) and avian reovirus (ARV). Interestingly, the examinations performed by AGP showed partial reactivity of liver homogenates from Muscovy ducklings with chicken S1133 antiserum. The presence of duck reovirus RNA was also detected by real-time RT-PCR targeting the chicken reovirus sigma NS fragment, while the sequencing showed major similarity to chicken S1133, 1733, GX/2010/1 and TARV-MN2 reovirus strains. The virus sequence was also related to a previously isolated TH11 strain from Muscovy ducks in China.Further study is needed in order to explain the particular epidemiology of the reovirus infection of Muscovy ducklings
Adhesion of Malassezia pachydermatis of different growth type to canine epithelial cells
Authors: Florek M. , Król J. , Staroniewicz Z. , Bażanów B. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This study focuses on the effect of parenteral administration of Selenium (Se) and vitamin E on concentration of Se in plasma and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the blood of dairy cows during peripartal period and their effect on the reduction of clinical mastitis. From a 220 individuals Holstein herd in a two-four lactation-gestation cycle the control group (C), 1st (D1) and 2nd (D2) experimental group were selected. Every group consisted of 15 cows in the last phase of the pregnancy. All cows were fed with the diet containing 0.1 mg of Se per kg/DM. The blood samples from vena jugularis were collected approximately 21 days before calving (control sampling), 3 days, 12 days and 21 days after calving. On the day of control sampling and 12 days before calving in D1 group, cows were injected subcutaneously in the sprescapular region with preparation Selevit inj. a.u.v. at the doses of 48.4 mg/head of Se, and 550 IU/head of α-Tocoferol (α-Toc). In D2 group, cows were injected by the same preparation only on 21th day before calving with the same doses of Se and α-Toc. The increase in the concentration of Se in the plasma and activity GPx in blood in D1 group on the 3rd day and 12th day after calving were determined. Increase in plasmatic concentrations α-Toc on 3rd day after calving and reduction of occurrence of clinical mastitis (13.3%) as compared with control group were found
Two fundamentals of mammalian defense in fungal infections: Endothermy and innate antifungal immunity
Authors: Biegańska M. J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe environment of animals is inhabited by enormous fungal species, but only a few hundreds are pathogenic for mammals. Most of potentially pathogenic fungal species, excluding dermatophytes, seldom cause the disease in immunocompetent hosts. Data from literature indicate, that an immune system and endothermy are foundations for this mammalian relative resistance to fungal systemic infections. Stable and high temperature of the body restricts invasion and growth of potentially pathogenic fungi. Together with elevated metabolism it supports the effectiveness of mammalian immunity. The innate immunity is assigned to prevent the invasion of various microbes (including fungi) to the hosts’ organism. It consists of cellular receptors and several humoral factors as the Antimicrobial Peptides. If the physical barriers fail in stopping the invader, it is recognized as “alien” by multiple Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) like Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) expressed by cells of innate immunity and/ or C-type lectins. At the same time innate inflammation begins and the complement cascade is activated. These mechanisms are able to stop and clear some fungal infections. During existing infection the adaptive immunity is induced. This review aims to show the role of mammalian endothermy and to point the most important elements of innate antifungal immunity.
Effectiveness of training programmes used in two stables of thoroughbred race horses
Authors: Szarska E. , Cywińska A. , Ostaszewski P. , Kowalska A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the training methods used in two stables and their effects on selected blood parameters and race results. A total number of 36 thoroughbred race horses was examined in two groups, trained by two trainers. Twenty-four horses (group A) were trained at Sluzewiec and the remaining twelve horses (group B) were kept and trained in a private stable. The experiment lasted for five months. The activities of CPK (creatine phosphokinase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and the concentration of LA (lactic acid) were determined. The speed was controlled and recorded by a Garmin GPS system. The analysis of the General Handicap rating demonstrated that the training methods used in stable A were more effective and resulted in better classification of these horses. Training methods in both stables were evaluated and compared on the basis of maximal speeds during training sessions and related post exercise LA concentrations. The main differences between training methods used in both stables concerned the workload and the time of work with the rider. Analysis of the values measured in individual horses from stable B have shown that AST and CK activities were high not only in all young, 2-year-old horses but also in three older ones. This seems to confirm the lack of balance and proper movement coordination in these horses, resulting in high activities of muscle enzymes.
Electroencephalography recording analysis in monitoring of canine idiopathic epilepsy treated with phenobarbital. Pilot study
Authors: Bocheńska A. , Kwiatkowska M. , Pomianowski A. , Monowid T. , Adamiak Z. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
EEG recording is used in veterinary medicine as a diagnostic tool to support clinical diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy and to identify focal seizure activity. This retrospective study was designed to compare EEG procedures in 23 dogs with idiopathic epilepsy before and after phenobarbital treatment. Differences among standard deviations for particular bands were significant. During phenobarbital treatment the delta band decreased.
Salmonella spp. as a cause of mortality and clinical symptoms in free-living garden bird species in Poland
Authors: Krawiec M. , Pietkiewicz M. , Wieliczko A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Some species of garden birds are considered to be sensitive to Salmonella (S.) spp. infections. The aim of this study was to determine the cause of mortality of six free-living birds in one private property in suburban area of Wrocław (Poland). In 2013 Poland experienced prolonged winter, with low temperatures and snow precipitations. During March and April, two dead individuals of the Eurasian siskin (Carduelis spinus) and four dead individuals of the Greenfinch (Carduelis chloris) were found in proximity of the bird feeder. At the time of ringing procedure in the same area, faecal samples of all individuals belonging to these two species of birds were collected, regardless clinical symptoms. In total, twenty two faecal samples of birds belonging to both bird species were collected in the same property. All of them were Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium positive. The visible illness among European siskins and Greenfinches, caused by S. Typhimurium, suggests that both Eurasian siskin and Greenfinch may be potential reservoirs of Salmonella spp. Therefore they might play a role in transmission of zoonotic pathogens to other garden bird species or to people.