bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From UVR8 to flavonol synthase: UV‐B‐induced gene expression in Sauvignon blanc grape berry
Authors: LIU LINLIN , GREGAN SCOTT , WINEFIELD CHRIS , JORDAN BRIAN 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe aim of this research was to determine the effect of development and UV‐B on flavonols and the regulation of gene activity in Vitis vinifera L. var. Sauvignon blanc grapes. Particular emphasis was placed on gene activity associated with the low and high fluence UV‐B responses. Flavonols, particularly quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, increased substantially upon fruit exposure due to UV‐B, with spatial analysis locating the changes to the berry skin. Of five VvFLS genes in grapes, two (VvFLS4 and 5) were found to be transcriptionally active, with VvFLS4 also being responsive to UV‐B but VvFLS5 was not. Of the transcription factors known to regulate FLS (VvMYB12, VvMYCA1 and VvWDRs), only VvMYB12 was found to be responsive to UV‐B. A number of candidate genes associated with the low and high UV‐B fluence responses were also studied (VvUVR8, VvHY5, VvCOP1 and VvCHS; PR genes and VvMAPK3; respectively). The genes associated with the low fluence response exhibited transcriptional regulation in line with reports from other species, while the PR genes and VvMAPK3 only appeared to be responsive in a high UV‐B fluence environment. Together, these data supports the view flavonol biosynthesis in grape is stimulated predominantly through the low fluence UV‐B response pathway.
Four Arabidopsis AREB/ABF transcription factors function predominantly in gene expression downstream of SnRK2 kinases in abscisic acid signalling in response to osmotic stress
Authors: YOSHIDA TAKUYA , FUJITA YASUNARI , MARUYAMA KYONOSHIN , MOGAMI JUNRO , TODAKA DAISUKE , SHINOZAKI KAZUO , YAMAGUCHI‐SHINOZAKI KAZUKO 
Published: April 2014

AbstractUnder osmotic stress conditions such as drought and high salinity, the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays important roles in stress‐responsive gene expression mainly through three bZIP transcription factors, AREB1/ABF2, AREB2/ABF4 and ABF3, which are activated by SNF1‐related kinase 2s (SnRK2s) such as SRK2D/SnRK2.2, SRK2E/SnRK2.6 and SRK2I/SnRK2.3 (SRK2D/E/I). However, since the three AREB/ABFs are crucial, but not exclusive, for the SnRK2‐mediated gene expression, transcriptional pathways governed by SRK2D/E/I are not fully understood. Here, we show that a bZIP transcription factor, ABF1, is a functional homolog of AREB1, AREB2 and ABF3 in ABA‐dependent gene expression in Arabidopsis. Despite lower expression levels of ABF1 than those of the three AREB/ABFs, the areb1 areb2 abf3 abf1 mutant plants displayed increased sensitivity to drought and decreased sensitivity to ABA in primary root growth compared with the areb1 areb2 abf3 mutant. Genome‐wide transcriptome analyses revealed that expression of downstream genes of SRK2D/E/I, which include many genes functioning in osmotic stress responses and tolerance such as transcription factors and LEA proteins, was mostly impaired in the quadruple mutant. Thus, these results indicate that the four AREB/ABFs are the predominant transcription factors downstream of SRK2D/E/I in ABA signalling in response to osmotic stress during vegetative growth.
Plant volatiles in polluted atmospheres: stress responses and signal degradation
Authors: BLANDE JAMES D. , HOLOPAINEN JARMO K. , NIINEMETS ÜLO 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPlants emit a plethora of volatile organic compounds, which provide detailed information on the physiological condition of emitters. Volatiles induced by herbivore feeding are among the best studied plant responses to stress and may constitute an informative message to the surrounding community and further function in plant defence processes. However, under natural conditions, plants are potentially exposed to multiple concurrent stresses with complex effects on the volatile emissions. Atmospheric pollutants are an important facet of the abiotic environment and can impinge on a plant's volatile‐mediated defences in multiple ways at multiple temporal scales. They can exert changes in volatile emissions through oxidative stress, as is the case with ozone pollution. The pollutants, in particular, ozone, nitrogen oxides and hydroxyl radicals, also react with volatiles in the atmosphere. These reactions result in volatile breakdown products, which may themselves be perceived by community members as informative signals. In this review, we demonstrate the complex interplay among stresses, emitted signals, and modification in signal strength and composition by the atmosphere, collectively determining the responses of the biotic community to elicited signals.
A cell type‐specific view on the translation of mRNAs from ROS‐responsive genes upon paraquat treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves
Authors: BENINA MARIA , RIBEIRO DIMAS MENDES , GECHEV TSANKO S. , MUELLER‐ROEBER BERND , SCHIPPERS JOS H. M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOxidative stress causes dramatic changes in the expression levels of many genes. The formation of a functional protein through successful mRNA translation is central to a coordinated cellular response. To what extent the response towards reactive oxygen species (ROS) is regulated at the translational level is poorly understood. Here we analysed leaf‐ and tissue‐specific translatomes using a set of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines expressing a FLAG‐tagged ribosomal protein to immunopurify polysome‐bound mRNAs before and after oxidative stress. We determined transcript levels of 171 ROS‐responsive genes upon paraquat treatment, which causes formation of superoxide radicals, at the whole‐organ level. Furthermore, the translation of mRNAs was determined for five cell types: mesophyll, bundle sheath, phloem companion, epidermal and guard cells. Mesophyll and bundle sheath cells showed the strongest response to paraquat treatment. Interestingly, several ROS‐responsive transcription factors displayed cell type‐specific translation patterns, while others were translated in all cell types. In part, cell type‐specific translation could be explained by the length of the 5′‐untranslated region (5′‐UTR) and the presence of upstream open reading frames (uORFs). Our analysis reveals insights into the translational regulation of ROS‐responsive genes, which is important to understanding cell‐specific responses and functions during oxidative stress.
Measuring adjustment in Japanese juvenile delinquents with learning disabilities using Japanese version of Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children II
Authors: Kumagami Takashi , Kumagai Keiko 
Published: April 2014

AimThe aim of this study was to create a profile of the cognitive and academic abilities of juvenile delinquents (JD) in Japan using the newly validated Japanese version of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC‐II‐J).MethodsWe administered the KABC‐II‐J to 22 JD (Mage = 15.9 years, standard deviation [SD] = 1.4), 28 typically developing high school students (Mage = 16.0 years, SD = 0.08), and (as controls) 12 special education students (Mage = 16.9, SD = 0.83) with mild intellectual disabilities.ResultsWe observed significant differences between JD and typically developing students on learning index of the Mental Process Index, and the vocabulary, reading, writing, and mathematics indices on the Achievement Index. JD had lower scores than did typically developing high school students. Fourteen JD had a 1 SD discrepancy (43%) in scores on these indices. These cases were suspected of having learning disabilities.ConclusionThe KABC‐II‐J is a suitable means of assessing academic and cognitive problems in JD; professionals working in the field of juvenile delinquency should recognize that offenders might have severe academic delays and learning disabilities.
Association of the five‐factor personality model with prefrontal activation during frontal lobe task performance using two‐channel near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Ikeda Haruka , Ikeda Eiji , Shiozaki Kazumasa , Hirayasu Yoshio 
Published: April 2014

AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the biological background of the five‐factor model using near‐infrared spectroscopy and cognitive tasks.MethodsTwenty right‐handed healthy volunteers participated in this study. Their personality traits were assessed using the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory, and changes in oxyhemoglobin concentration ([oxy‐Hb]) were measured during cognitive tasks using a wireless near‐infrared spectroscopy.ResultsThe average [oxy‐Hb] in the right prefrontal area had a significant positive correlation with the agreeableness score during the Stroop test at incongruent stimulus block. For the verbal fluency task, there were no significant correlations of bilateral [oxy‐Hb] changes with any items.ConclusionHigher agreeableness scores may involve less suppression to the default mode network related to resting state brain function. Keeping selective attention during the Stroop test may require more power of concentration than retrieving words during the verbal fluency task.
Diagnostic utility of worry and rumination: A comparison between generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder
Authors: Yang Min‐Jeong , Kim Bin‐Na , Lee Eun‐Ho , Lee Dongsoo , Yu Bum‐Hee , Jeon Hong Jin , Kim Ji‐Hae 
Published: April 2014

AimAlthough previous reports have addressed worry and rumination as prominent cognitive processes in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) and their distinct correlation with anxious and depressive symptoms, the differential association of worry and rumination with the diagnosis of GAD and MDD remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the distinct features of worry and rumination in factor structure and their predictive validity for the diagnosis of GAD and MDD.MethodsFour hundred and sixty‐eight patients with GAD (n = 148) and MDD (n = 320) were enrolled and the diagnoses were confirmed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV. Participants completed the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and Ruminative Response Scale and the severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms was assessed via clinician ratings.ResultsIn joint factor analysis using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and Ruminative Response Scale items, worry and rumination emerged as distinct factors. In logistic regression analyses, worry contributed to a higher probability of the diagnosis of GAD than rumination, as rumination did in MDD than worry.ConclusionThis is the first comprehensive study investigating the diagnostic utility of worry and rumination in a well‐defined clinical sample of both GAD and MDD. Our results suggest that worry and rumination are distinct cognitive processes and play a differential role in the diagnosis of GAD and MDD, distinguishing them at the cognitive level.
Journey into the Unknown? Economic Consequences of Factor Market Integration under Increasing Returns to Scale
Authors: Schäfer Andreas , Steger Thomas 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWhat are the dynamic consequences of comprehensive integration shocks? The answer to this question appears all but trivial. A dynamic macroeconomic model is set up of a small open economy with capital mobility, migration and increasing returns to scale. The model features multiple equilibria as well as (local and global) indeterminacy. Despite its simplicity, the model creates a rich set of plausible implications. This paper clarifies the mechanics that may lead an integrating economy to the good or to the bad equilibrium by showing how fundamentals and expectations interact in the process of equilibrium selection. The model is applied to replicate two striking empirical characteristics of macroeconomic development in East Germany since 1990.
Acid base, electrolyte, glucose, and lactate values during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs and cats
Authors: Hopper Kate , Borchers Angela , Epstein Steven E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo report acid base, electrolyte, glucose, and lactate values collected during or immediately after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in dogs and cats.DesignRetrospective study.SettingUniversity Teaching Hospital.AnimalsThirty‐two dogs and 10 cats.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsBlood gas, electrolyte, glucose, and lactate values measured during CPR or within 5 minutes of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) were retrospectively evaluated. The time of blood collection with respect to the occurrence of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA), the initiation of CPR or ROSC was noted. Forty‐two venous blood samples were analyzed, 24 collected during CPR and 18 samples were collected within 5 minutes of ROSC. Metabolic acidosis and hyperlactatemia were evident in all samples in the study while an increased PvCO2occurred in 88% of samples collected during CPR and in 61% of samples collected following ROSC. Hyperkalemia occurred in 65% of all cases, decreased ionized calcium was evident in 18%, hypoglycemia was evident in 21% while hyperglycemia was evident in 62%. There was no significant difference in any parameter evaluated between dogs and cats during CPR.There was no significant difference of any variable measured during the first 15 minutes of CPA versus those measured more than 15 minutes following CPA. When the values measured during the first 5 minutes of ROSC were compared to those measured during CPR, the pH and PvO2were significantly lower in the CPR group.ConclusionsBiochemical abnormalities including metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, ionized hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia can be identified during CPR and immediately following ROSC. The therapeutic and prognostic relevance of these changes are yet to be defined and may prove to be useful to guide patient management in the future.
Retrospective evaluation of the use of autologous blood‐patch treatment for persistent pneumothorax in 8 dogs (2009–2012)
Authors: Oppenheimer Nama , Klainbart Sigal , Merbl Yael , Bruchim Yaron , Milgram Josh , Kelmer Efrat 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the clinical course, outcome and success rate of 8 dogs with persistent pneumothorax treated with autologous blood‐patch pleurodesis (ABP).DesignRetrospective case series.SettingUniversity teaching hospitalAnimalsEight client‐owned dogs.InterventionNon‐coagulated blood was aseptically collected from the jugular vein and injected immediately into the pleural cavity of dogs with persistent pneumothorax.Measurements and Main ResultsThe procedure was successful in 7 of 8 dogs. The median duration of pneumothorax until the ABP was performed was 4 days (range 2–6 days). Pneumothorax resolved immediately after 1 treatment in 4 dogs. Pleurodesis was repeated once in 3 dogs, and twice in 1 case after which it resolved in 3 of the 4 dogs. Out of a total of 13 ABP procedures performed in 8 dogs, 5 (62.5%) were successful after 1 procedure and the success rate increased to 87.5% after additional procedures. One dog failed ABP and was euthanized 3 days later due to continued deterioration and a hospital acquired pneumonia. Mild to moderate complications occurred in 2 other dogs and resolved in both.ConclusionsABP is a simple, inexpensive, and relatively safe procedure which can be considered in dogs with persistent pneumothorax that have failed conservative or surgical management. Infections following ABP were documented in 2 of the 8 dogs and resolved in 1 dog.
Presumptive cocaine toxicosis in 19 dogs: 2004–2012
Authors: Thomas Emily K. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Mandell Deborah C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the incidence, signalment, presenting complaint, history, clinical signs, diagnostic test results, complications, treatment, length of hospitalization, and outcome of dogs presenting with presumptive cocaine toxicosis.DesignRetrospective study from March 1, 2004 to March 1, 2012.SettingTwenty‐four hour urban university veterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsNineteen dogs presenting with clinical signs consistent with cocaine toxicosis and having a positive urine cocaine test.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsAll dogs had neurological abnormalities including bilateral mydriasis (11/19 [58%]), hyperexcitability/hyperesthesia (10/19 [53%]), ataxia (8/19 [42%]), focal or generalized muscle tremors (8/19 [42%]), reduced mental awareness (6/19 [32%]), and seizures (3/19 [16%]). Other signs included weakness (7/19 [37%]), vomiting (6/19 [32%]), and lethargy (3/19 [16%]). Tachycardia was apparent in 10/19 (53%) dogs, hypertension in 4/19 (21%), and hyperthermia in 5/19 (26%). Sinus tachycardia was the only reported cardiac arrhythmia. Bloodwork findings included hyperglycemia in 4/19 (21%) dogs, and increased plasma lactate concentration in 9/19 (47%). Most dogs (16/19 [84%]) were hospitalized for supportive care, which generally included isotonic crystalloid fluid administration, and treatment with sedative or anxiolytic drugs including diazepam, midazolam, acepromazine, and chlorpromazine. Two dogs required further anticonvulsant therapy (phenobarbital and propofol) and 1 dog was treated with a constant rate infusion of esmolol. All dogs survived to discharge, and the median length of hospitalization was 15 hours (10–30 h).ConclusionsCocaine toxicosis was infrequently suspected. Neurological signs predominated, but cardiovascular alterations were also frequently reported. Hospitalization for monitoring and supportive care is recommended given the potential for life‐threatening complications such as seizures, hypertensive crisis, and tachyarrhythmias. The prognosis for survival to hospital discharge can be good with the appropriate supportive care.
A New Group of Phage Anti-CRISPR Genes Inhibits the Type I-E CRISPR-Cas System of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Pawluk April , Bondy-Denomy Joseph , Cheung Vivian H. W. , Maxwell Karen L. , Davidson Alan R. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

CRISPR-Cas systems are one of the most widespread phage resistance mechanisms in prokaryotes. Our lab recently identified the first examples of phage-borne anti-CRISPR genes that encode protein inhibitors of the type I-F CRISPR-Cas system of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. A key question arising from this work was whether there are other types of anti-CRISPR genes. In the current work, we address this question by demonstrating that some of the same phages carrying type I-F anti-CRISPR genes also possess genes that mediate inhibition of the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system of
P. aeruginosa
. We have discovered four distinct families of these type I-E anti-CRISPR genes. These genes do not inhibit the type I-F CRISPR-Cas system of
P. aeruginosa
or the type I-E system of
Escherichia coli
. Type I-E and I-F anti-CRISPR genes are located at the same position in the genomes of a large group of related
P. aeruginosa
phages, yet they are found in a variety of combinations and arrangements. We have also identified functional anti-CRISPR genes within nonprophage
Pseudomonas
genomic regions that are likely mobile genetic elements. This work emphasizes the potential importance of anti-CRISPR genes in phage evolution and lateral gene transfer and supports the hypothesis that more undiscovered families of anti-CRISPR genes exist. Finally, we provide the first demonstration that the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system of
P. aeruginosa
is naturally active without genetic manipulation, which contrasts with
E. coli
and other previously characterized I-E systems.

IMPORTANCE
The CRISPR-Cas system is an adaptive immune system possessed by the majority of prokaryotic organisms to combat potentially harmful foreign genetic elements. This study reports the discovery of bacteriophage-encoded anti-CRISPR genes that mediate inhibition of a well-studied subtype of CRISPR-Cas system. The four families of anti-CRISPR genes described here, which comprise only the second group of anti-CRISPR genes to be identified, encode small proteins that bear no sequence similarity to previously studied phage or bacterial proteins. Anti-CRISPR genes represent a newly discovered and intriguing facet of the ongoing evolutionary competition between phages and their bacterial hosts.
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
Studies of a Rapid and Selective Breath Test for Tuberculosis Based upon Mycobacterial CO Dehydrogenase
Authors: Maiga Mamoudou , Choi Seong Won , Atudorei Viorel , Maiga Mariama C. , Sharp Zachary D. , Bishai William R. , Timmins Graham S. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

One of the major hurdles in treating tuberculosis (TB) is the time-consuming and difficult methodology for diagnosis. Stable-isotope breath tests hold great potential for rapidly diagnosing an infectious disease, monitoring therapy, and determining a bacterial phenotype in a rapid, point-of-care manner that does not require invasive sampling. Here we describe the preclinical development of a potentially highly selective TB diagnostic breath test based upon the organism’s CO dehydrogenase activity. After development of the test
in vitro
, we were able to use the breath test to discriminate between infected and control rabbits, demonstrating that a diagnosis can potentially be made and also that a complex bacterial phenotype can be noninvasively and rapidly studied in the host.

IMPORTANCE
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major infectious cause of disease and death worldwide, and effective diagnosis and then treatment are the tools with which we fight TB. The more quickly and more specific the diagnosis can be made, the better, and this is also true of diagnosis being as close to the patient (point of care) as possible. Here we report our preclinical development of breath tests based upon specific mycobacterial metabolism that could, with development, allow rapid point-of-care diagnosis through measuring the mycobacterial conversion of labeled CO to labeled CO
2
.