bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluvial Transport of Human Remains in the Lower Mississippi River
Authors: Bassett HE , Manhein MH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Mississippi River has claimed many lives over the last several decades. A better understanding of the universal dynamics of its fluvial system can help direct the production of a predictive model regarding the transportation of human remains in the river. The model may then be applied to situations where the location and the identification of water victims are necessarily part of the recovery process. Results from the preliminary phase of a longitudinal project involving the transport of human remains in the Mississippi River are presented and represent the analyses of 233 case files of river victims.
A provisional model for fluvial transport of human remains in the Mississippi River is proposed and examined. This model indicates that time in the river and distance a body travels are related. Such a model may assist in pinpointing entry location for unidentified human remains found in the river or on its banks. Further, it has the potential to provide local and regional law enforcement agencies, the United States Coast Guard, and other search and rescue organizations with primary search areas when someone is missing in the river.
Other results from this study indicate that a relationship exists between the side of the river where victims enter the water and the side of the river where the remains are recovered. Finally, relationships are established between the length of time before recovery of the remains and state of preservation exhibited by those remains. A secondary benefit from this study is a database of river victims that can be used by a variety of different agencies.
Determination of Luminescent Europium β-Diketonates Used as Tracers for Shadowing Pursuits
Authors: Kurata S , Hirano H , Nagai M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Markers with red luminescence under ultraviolet light were used as tracers for shadowing pursuits in a variety of criminal cases. The luminescent markers consisted of a mixture of 1% europium _-diketonates in Vaseline as the carrier. The visual detection limit under ultraviolet light was 1–100 ppm. Six types of europium _-diketonates were extracted with acetonitrile and promptly identified using both fluorescence spectrophotometry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry at the detection limits of 10–100 ppb. Vaseline was readily analyzed by gas chromatography. The markers were scientifically identified for criminal proof in the field of forensic science. Three examples of the use of luminescent markers are described.
A Method for the Longitudinal Sectioning of Single Hair Samples
Authors: Kempson IM , Skinner WM , Kirkbride PK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A simple technique is presented for the longitudinal sectioning of hair samples without the need for any embedding medium. The technique applies to single hair samples that are placed in a groove of a particular depth and can either be scraped or cut to the desired level. Planar sections are obtained that reveal the internal structure of the sample and are ideal for the application of surface analytical techniques for the study of internal transverse and longitudinal distributions of xenobiotics.
Discovery of Decomposed and Mummified Corpses in the Domestic Setting—A marker of Social Isolation?
Authors: Hönigschnabl S , Schaden E , Stichenwirth M , Schneider B , Klupp N , Kremeier E , Lehner W , Vycudilik W , Bauer G , Risser D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Mass media reports attribute the occurrence of decomposed or mummified corpses in a domestic setting mainly to an increasing social isolation of elderly people. Not much is known about the demographic and medical conditions under which individuals are found months or even years after death in their homes.
For this study, autopsy reports of individuals found dead and mummified or decomposed between 1993 and 1997 with those from 1963 to 1967 were retrospectively analyzed.
Between 1993 and 1997, a total number of 320 individuals were found decomposed at home compared to 412 such cases between 1963 and 1967. The proportion of individuals older than 64 years was significantly higher during the 1990s study period. Furthermore, the proportion of deaths attributable to natural causes was significantly lower during the 1990s, whereas the rate of suicides was nearly three times higher.
Presentation of a Three-Banded Allele Pattern—Analysis and Interpretation
Authors: Zamir A , Shpitzen M , Oz C , Motro U , Meiner V , Gafny R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Israel police forensic biology laboratory received as an item of evidence in an attempted murder case, a pair of trousers be-longing to a suspect. A bloodstain was observed on the trousers and analyzed by STR typing for nine loci using the Promega GenePrint(tm) STR sil-ver stain detection kits. The genetic profile defined was found to be identical to that of the victim's at all nine loci. Within this profile a three-banded allele pattern was observed at the D16S539 locus, both in the bloodstain and in the victim's reference blood sample. Confirmation of this phe-nomenon was accomplished by amplifying the extracted DNA from both the trousers and the victim's blood sample using the PowerPlex 16 kit by Promega and the AmpFSTR SGM Plus kit by Perkin Elmer, followed by analysis of the amplification products by capillary electrophoresis on the ABI prism 310 genetic analyzer. The same three-banded allele pattern was observed at the D16S539 locus in both specimen and reference DNA, using each of the three kits. Three additional loci located on chromosome 16 (D16S3407, D16S2617 and D16S3082), not employed for forensic identification, were also analyzed and did not show three-banded allele pattern.
Fatality from Olanzapine Induced Hyperglycemia
Authors: Meatherall R , Younes J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case history of a 31-year-old male schizophrenic patient is presented. The man was treated with olanzapine for three weeks be-fore he died. After one week on a 10 mg daily dose of olanzapine, his fasting blood glucose was elevated to 11.3 mmol/L (203 mg/dL). In order to treat more aggressively his psychosis, the olanzapine dose was raised to 20 mg daily resulting in his fasting blood glucose climbing to 15.8 mmol/L (284 mg/dL). On the days preceding his death, he became progressively weaker, and developed polydipsia with polyuria. He had no personal or family history of diabetes mellitus and he was on no other medication at the time of his death.
Postmortem blood, vitreous humor, and urine glucose concentrations were 53 mmol/L (954 mg/dL), 49 mmol/L (882 mg/dL), and 329 mmol/L (5922 mg/dL), respectively. Drug screen on urine and blood indicated only a small amount or olanzapine and no alcohols. Peripheral blood olanza-pine concentration was within therapeutic limits, 45 ng/mL.
Analysis of vitreous humor and urine revealed severe dehydration with small amounts of ketones. Death was attributed to hyperosmolar nonke-totic diabetic coma, and olanzapine was felt most likely to be the cause.
Another atypical neuroleptic, clozapine, has also been associated with the development and exacerbation of diabetes mellitus or diabetic ke-toacidosis. We recommend including vitreous glucose and -hydroxybutyrate analysis as part of postmortem toxicology work up when the drug screen reveals the presence of either olanzapine or clozapine.
GC/MS Determination of Pyrolysis Products from Diacetylmorphine and Adulterants of Street Heroin Samples
Authors: Brenneisen R , Hasler F 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The inhalation of heroin vapors after heating on aluminium foil (“chasing the dragon”) is gaining popularity nowadays among heroin users seeking to avoid the risks of parenteral drug administration. The heroin-smoking procedure was simulated under laboratory conditions by heat-ing the samples on aluminium foil at 250 to 400°C and collecting the vapors in a condenser trap. A total of 72 pyrolysis products of diacetylmor-phine, street heroin, residues from aluminium foils used to smoke street heroin, typical by-products, and adulterants were detected by gas chro-matography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS). About half of these compounds could be identified. Diacetylmorphine (base and salt) undergoes substantial to complete degradation. Some typical street heroin constituents, like morphine, codeine, acetylcodeine, papaverine, and caffeine, are rather heat-stable. Other compounds, like noscapine and paracetamol, are pyrolyzed to a greater extent. The principal chemical reactions leading to the formation of pyrolysis products are desacetylation, transacetylation, N-demethylation, O-methylation, ring cleavage and oxydation.
Facial Approximation: Globe Projection Guideline Falsified by Exophthalmometry Literature
Authors: Stephan CN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The projection of the cornea from the bony orbit has been determined, in facial approximation, by centrally locating the eyeball in the orbit and positioning the cornea so that its most anterior point falls in line with a tangent dropped from the mid-superior to the mid-inferior or-bital rim. However, there appears to be no scientific evidence to justify this guideline; yet, there have been numerous studies that measure globe pro-jection in living subjects, from the lateral orbit using an exophthalmometer. The aim of this study was to determine if the traditional facial approx-imation guideline is consistent with the exophthalmometry literature. MRI research shows that corneal projection is underestimated using the traditional facial approximation guideline. An underestimation is also strongly supported by statistical comparisons of globe projection measures taken using more traditional instruments (e.g., Hertel's exophthalmometer) to skull morphology (p 0.006). It is suggested that the traditional fa-cial approximation guideline not be used in future facial approximations since it appears to under-predict anterior globe projection by 4 mm on av-erage. It is also suggested that average exophthalmometer values be used until more accurate and precise ways of determining globe projection have been determined.
Postmortem Concentrations of Citalopram
Authors: Anastos N , McIntyre IM , Lynch MJ , Drummer OH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The postmortem concentrations of citalopram in blood, bile, liver, and vitreous humour were investigated in 14 cases using a spe-cially developed high performance liquid chromatography assay. Concentrations from drug and non-drug related deaths were categorized to deter-mine a postmortem therapeutic and toxic range. Therapeutic citalopram concentrations for blood, bile, liver, and vitreous humour ranged to 0.4 mg/L, 2.1 mg/l, 6.6 mg/kg, and 0.2 mg/L, respectively. In one potentially fatal response to citalopram, concentrations were 0.8 mg/L, 6.0 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L for blood, bile and vitreous humour, respectively.
An Improved Method for Post-PCR Purification for mtDNA Sequence Analysis
Authors: Dugan KA , Lawrence HS , Hares DR , Fisher CL , Budowle B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis of forensic samples typically is performed when the quantity and quality of DNA are insuf-ficient for nuclear DNA analysis or when maternal relatives may be the only reference source. Many of the steps required in the analytical process are both lengthy and labor intensive. Therefore, improvements in the process that reduce labor without compromising the quality of the data are de-sirable. The current procedure requires purification of the amplicons by centrifugal filtration after PCR and prior to cycle sequencing. Because this method requires several manipulations to perform, alternate cleanup procedures were investigated. These include the use of 1) Qiagen QIAquick PCR Purification columns, 2) Concert Rapid PCR Purification columns, and 3) ExoSAP-IT(tm) reagent. When the yield of purified amplicons, qual-ity of the sequence profile, and ease of assay were evaluated, the use of ExoSAP-IT(tm) reagent for post-amplification purification was chosen to re-place the filtration method.
Chemical Composition of Fingerprints for Gender Determination
Authors: Asano KG , Bayne CK , Horsman KM , Buchanan MV 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This work investigates the chemical nature of fingerprints to ascertain whether differences in chemical composition or the existence of chemical markers can be used to determine personal traits, such as age, gender, and personal habits. This type of information could be useful for reducing the pool of potential suspects in criminal investigations when latent fingerprints are unsuitable for comparison by traditional methods. Fin-gertip residue that has been deposited onto a bead was extracted with a solvent such as chloroform. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatogra-phy/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The chemical components identified include fatty acids, long chain fatty acid esters, cholesterol and squalene. The area ratios of ten selected components relative to squalene were calculated for a small preliminary experiment that showed a slight gender dif-ference for three of these components. However, when the experiment was repeated with a larger, statistically designed experiment no significant differences between genders were detected for any of the component ratios. The multivariate Hotelling's T2 test that tested all ten-component ratios simultaneously also showed no gender differences at the 5% significance level.
Population Data on Nine STR Loci in an El Salvadoran (Central American) Sample Population
Authors: Morales JA , Monterrosa JC , Alvarez JC , Entrala C , Lorente JA , Lorente M , Budowle B , Villanueva E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood samples were obtained by venipuncture from unrelated individuals (n = 323) living in El Salvador. Approximately 1–3 ng of DNA were used in each PCR. The samples were amplified using the Profiler Plus™ kit (PE) and the alleles were separated and detected using an Applied Biosystems ABI310 genetic analyzer. The frequency of each allele for each locus was calculated from the numbers of each genotype in the sample set (i.e., the gene count method). Unbiased estimates of expected heterozygosity were computed as described by Edwards et al. (1). Possible divergence from Hardy-Weinberg expectations (HWE) was tested by calculating the unbiased estimate of the expected homozygote/heterozygote frequencies (1–4) and the exact test (5), based on 2000 shufflings experiments. An interclass correlation criterion (6) for two-locus associations was used for detecting disequilibrium between the STR loci. The program for this analysis was kindly provided by R. Chakraborty (University of Texas, School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX).
Newborn Kidnapping by Cesarean Section
Authors: Burgess AW , Baker T , Nahirny C , Rabun JB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A study of 30 cases of violence from a total sample of 199 cases of infant abductions between the years 1983 and 2000 included a subsample of six (or 20%) where the kidnapping was by cesarean section. The six cases are classified by type of crime. Four cases were classified as personal cause homicide, subtype cesarean section homicide; one case classified as personal cause, subtype domestic homicide, and one case clas-sified as a criminal enterprise homicide. The behavioral profiles of the abductors included a confidence style approach to the victim mother, decep-tion, and planning of the cesarean section. The forensic psychodynamics suggest a dual motive to cement a failing partner relationship and to fulfill a childbearing and delivery fantasy. Cesarean section murder suggests a new category of personal cause homicide.
A Study on Four Short Tandem Repeat Systems: African Immigrant, Portuguese, and Spanish population data
Authors: Gamero J-J , Romero J-L , González J-L , Carvalho M , Anjos M-J , Real FC , Vide M-C 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Portuguese, Spaniards from the southwest of Spain, Spaniards of Caucasian origin from North Africa (Ceuta), immigrants from Morocco and immigrants from West Africa.
Medical Aspects of Capital Punishment Executions
Authors: Khan A , Leventhal RM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Between 1976 and the middle of 2001, approximately 718 human executions occurred in the U.S. (a small segment of worldwide executions). Data regarding the medical aspects of these executions are not readily available. We searched all public domain data in the U.S. to obtain specific data for all persons executed in the U.S. since 1976. Of the five methods of execution used (lethal injection, lethal gas, electrocution, hanging, and firing squad), significant differences emerged as measured by rate of complications, duration of time spent by the condemned in the “death chamber,” as well as duration of time from the onset of execution procedures to pronouncement of death. These data suggest that human executions are difficult to carry out. Human executions are associated with significant physical complications. These data may help inform future discussions on human executions.
Gunshot Residue Deposits on the Gas Pistons of Assault Rifles
Authors: Migeot G , De Kinder J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A novel technique is presented to determine whether certain assault rifles using gas-cycling have been fired since their last clean-ing. The presence of soot on the head of the gas piston of a weapon allows an examiner to make an estimate of how many times a particular firearm was fired. This is an important observation, as the cleaning of this element is essential to achieve a good operation of the firearm and hence is part of the daily military maintenance. This result is valid for different types of ammunition. The quantity of gun shot residue increases linearly with the number of shots.
De Clérambault's Syndrome (Erotomania) and Claims of Psychiatric Malpractice
Authors: Goldstein RL , Laskin AM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
De Clérambault's Syndrome or Erotomania was originally described as a delusional disorder in which a woman believes that an older man of higher social status is passionately in love with her. The patient's relentless pursuit of the delusional love object, often with escalating intrusiveness, may eventually involve threats or overt acts of retaliation, in response to repeated rejection, unrequited love, or alleged betrayal. Cases from the literature are reviewed in which the delusional romantic attachment involves the patient's psychiatrist or another medical specialist. The authors present a case involving a patient suffering from erotomania who develops a delusional fixation on her psychiatrist and, after her advances are repeatedly rejected, sues him for malpractice, alleging she had a sexual relationship with him in the course of treatment. The implications of the litigious paranoid, who uses the legal system to act out delusional concerns and retaliatory fantasies, are discussed. This is the first known case of an erotomanic patient claiming malpractice on the grounds that her psychiatrist had a sexual relationship with her.
Improving the Effectiveness of Fluorescence for the Detection of Semen Stains on Fabrics
Authors: Kobus HJ , Silenieks E , Scharnberg J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The paper describes the use of the Polilight, a light source based on a xenon arc lamp, to exploit the fluorescence properties of se-men as an aid to searching fabrics for stains in sexual assault cases. The broad excitation spectrum of semen allows the fluorescence to be generated at a range of wavelengths. This permits the excitation and emission conditions to be selected that minimize interference from background fluores-cence of the fabric and thereby optimizes the contrast between the fabric and the stain. A common method for the observation of fluorescence is the use of colored plastic goggles or filters. The paper shows that the detection of fluorescence from semen stains is significantly enhanced using ap-propriate interference filters.
The Use of Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence (QLF) to Identify Composite Restorations in Forensic Examinations
Authors: Pretty IA , Smith PW , Edgar WM , Higham SM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
There has been a large increase in the number of tooth colored restorations "white fillings" placed in recent years. An increased de-mand from the public for more aesthetic dental restorations causes a potential problem for forensic dentists who may find the fillings difficult to identify and hence include in postmortem odontograms. This has implications for the accuracy of dental identifications, particularly in situations where limited time is available for postmortem identification, e.g., mass casualty incidents. A new method for the detection of composite restora-tions is presented. Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF) is a technique currently employed to detect small changes in enamel mineral con-tent. An experiment was conducted to determine if the technique would afford a greater degree of contrast between composite and enamel and thus enable the accuracy of composite identification in enamel. Twenty-four previously extracted human premolars were gently cleaned with pumice and wet-and-dry paper. Twelve were subsequently randomly selected and restored on their buccal surfaces with Spectrum (a composite) following man-ufacturer's instructions. No attempt was made to color match the teeth and all were filled with shade B3. Twelve teeth were left unrestored. QLF and normal white light images were taken of both restored and non-restored surfaces with teeth wet and then dried. Ten forensic dentists were asked on two separate occasions (one month between each attempt) to indicate whether or not they thought the surface was: a) restored or b) unrestored. Results indicate that forensic dentists detected a significantly higher proportion ( p1/4neo0.005) of filled surfaces with QLF.
Ten Years of “Body Packers” in New York City: 50 Deaths
Authors: Gill JR , Graham SM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We reviewed all 50 body packer deaths in New York City from 1990 to 2001. The majority (37/50) of deaths were caused by acute intoxications due to open or leaking drug packets in the gastrointestinal tract. The number of packets recovered ranged from 1 to 111 (average 46). The weight of the combined packets ranged from 9.4 to 1200 g (average of 377). The age ranged from 19 to 57 years (mean 37.1). The decedents were: 82% male, 66% Hispanic, 24% Black, and 10% White. The manners of death were 47 accidents, 1 homicide, 1 natural, and 1 undetermined. The causes of death included 42 acute intoxications, 5 intestinal obstructions/bowel perforations, 1 gunshot wound, 1 intracerebral hemorrhage due to hypertensive disease, and 1 undetermined. Of the 50 decedents, 42 were transporting opiates, 4 cocaine, and 4 both opiates and cocaine. There were 9 deaths from 1990–1995 and 41 from 1996–2001. Of the 41 deaths between 1996 and 2001, only 6 involved cocaine. In New York City there has been an increase in body packer deaths from the early 1990s to the late 1990s. Along with this increase is a marked predominance of opiate body packer deaths with few cocaine deaths.
Polymarker, HLA-DQAα, and D1S80 Allele Frequency Data in Antioquia (Colombia) Population
Authors: Builes JJ , Moreno MA , Gaviria AM , Espinal C , Cuartas AE , Figueroa EE , Bravo MLJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood samples from unrelated Caucasian individuals from Colombia (Antioquia) were collected. DNA was extracted from 200 uL of peripherical blood obtained from each individual by the salting-out procedure (1).