bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viscosity
Authors: Birch Francis , Dane E. B. 
Published: April 2013

ContentsPageTable 101. Viscosity of certain mineral and rock glasses1332. Viscosity in the system orthoclase-albite1363. Viscosity in the system diopside-albite-anorthite1364. Viscosity computed from field measurements1365. Effect of pressure upon viscosity137
According to Newton’s law of fluid friction, the tangential or shearing stress in a liquid in motion is proportional to the rate of change, with time, of the angle of shear. Real liquids may be divided into two categories: “Newtonian” or “viscous” liquids, for which the factor of proportionality, the “viscosity,” is independent of the “rate of shear”; and “non-Newtonian” liquids, for which the factor depends upon this rate. The “Newtonian” behavior of many ordinary liquids, and of some glasses, has been verified for considerable ranges of shear rate. “Non-Newtonian” behavior has been observed for such materials as certain colloidal solutions, asphalt, and other bituminous products; no single value of “viscosity” is sufficient to describe the flow of such materials. (See also Section 9.) If the stress is measured in dynes × cm.−2, and the rate of shear in radians × sec.−1, the viscosity will be given in dyne × sec. × cm.−2 or the equivalent unit, gram × sec.−1 × cm. −1 This unit is called the poise and is used in the tables in this section.
The viscosity of a given material depends upon the pressure and temperature. Other factors of great importance for geological applications remain to be investigated, such as the effect of dissolved gases . . .
Density at High Temperature; Thermal Expansion
Authors: Dane E. B. 
Published: April 2013

ContentsPageTable 31. Thermal expansion of single crystals301.1. Thermal expansion of quartz352. Density at high temperature, liquid and crystalline states363. Density and thermal expansion of a few commercial glasses at high temperature374. Thermal expansion of rocks37
The following tables contain the expansion of a selected list of naturally occurring substances, together with a few artificial ones like steel and silica glass for comparison. All the minerals for which high-temperature data are available are included, although some are of more interest as refractories than in geology. A number of other minerals whose expansions have been measured only to 100°C. or less are also included; a much more complete list of these latter will, however, be found in the International Critical Tables. In view of the many irregularities which have been found, extrapolation from these low temperatures to those of greater geologic interest is unsafe.
The tables list the total expansion from 20°C., in per cent of the length or volume at 20°C. The nomenclature in regard to axes, angles, etc., follows Dana’s Textbook of mineralogy (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1922). For isometric substances only the linear expansion is given; the volumetric expansion may be computed to a close approximation by multiplying the linear expansion by three. For the other crystallographic classes, both linear and volumetric values are quoted. With tetragonal and hexagonal minerals, a change of temperature distorts an original sphere into an ellipsoid of revolution so that . . .
Observed Temperatures in the Earth’s Crust
Authors: Spicer H. Cecil 
Published: April 2013

ContentsPageTable 191. Earth temperatures in the United States2812. Temperatures in foreign wells and mines2863. Temperature gradient, conductivity, and heat flow in South Africa2914. Heat flow in Great Britain2925. Maximum observed temperatures of lava at volcanic vents292
The tables in this section are based on those of Van Orstrand [1]; data which have appeared since the preparation of Van Orstrand’s tables are inserted where possible [2, 3, 4], or are presented as separate tables [5, 6], The observations of temperature in the mines, deep wells, and bore holes selected by Van Orstrand have been reduced by the method of least squares to equations of the form, T=a+bxwhere T is the temperature (°C.) at the depth x kilometers. For observations made in the United States, this reduction has been made for three ranges of depth: from 30.5 to 305 meters (100 to 1000 feet), from 30.5 meters to the deepest observation, and from 610 meters (2000 feet) to the deepest observation. These intervals will only accidentally bear any relation to the geological structure or stratigraphy. The constant a is the extrapolated surface soil temperature and is generally within a few degrees of the mean annual air temperature. The tabulated values of a are for the range, 30.5 to 305 meters; the values of a for the other ranges of depth, except in a few instances, are within less than 5 degrees of this value. The coefficient 6 is the mean . . .
Magnetic Properties of Rocks
Authors: Slichter L. B. 
Published: April 2013

ContentsPageTable 201. Magnetic susceptibility of magnetite2952. Susceptibility of magnetic minerals2963. Range of magnetic susceptibility in major rock types2964. Susceptibility and remanent magnetization of rocks297
Magnetic susceptibility of magnetite and of ferromagnetic minerals.—Magnetite, by reason of its relatively high magnetic susceptibility and wide distribution, is easily the most important ferromagnetic mineral. Indeed, the value of the magnetic susceptibility of a rock is generally determined solely by its contained magnetite. The other ferromagnetic minerals are few in number and of rarer occurrence. The most important ones are pyrrhotite, ilmenite, specularite, franklinite, and cubanite.
In Table 20–1 are listed values of the magnetic susceptibility of magnetite. These values spread over a wide range and are dependent not only upon the specimen itself but also upon the intensity of the magnetizing field. In natural, large-scale occurrences of magnetite, such as ore bodies, the extremely high values of susceptibility found by Weiss [25] for single crystals and by Steinmetz [26] are rarely, if ever, observed. A value of about .3 is usually appropriate, but exceptions must be expected, since the susceptibility of magnetite in common with that of other ferromagnetic substances is sensitive to small changes in composition or structure.
In Table 20–2 are listed measured susceptibilities for other ferromagnetic minerals. It will be noted that the susceptibility of magnetite is at least ten times that of other minerals.
Magnetic susceptibility of rocks.—Published measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of rocks are . . .
Women's responses to information about overdiagnosis in the UK breast cancer screening programme: a qualitative study
Authors: Waller Jo , Douglas Elaine , Whitaker Katriina L , Wardle Jane 
Published: April 2013

ObjectivesTo explore the influence of overdiagnosis information on women's decisions about mammography.DesignA qualitative focus group study with purposive sampling and thematic analysis, in which overdiagnosis information was presented.SettingCommunity and university settings in London.Participants40 women within the breast screening age range (50–71 years) including attenders and non-attenders were recruited using a recruitment agency as well as convenience sampling methods.ResultsWomen expressed surprise at the possible extent of overdiagnosis and recognised the information as important, although many struggled to interpret the numerical data. Overdiagnosis was viewed as less-personally relevant than the possibility of ‘under diagnosis’ (false negatives), and often considered to be an issue for follow-up care decisions rather than screening participation. Women also expressed concern that information on overdiagnosis could deter others from attending screening, although they rarely saw it as a deterrent. After discussing overdiagnosis, few women felt that they would make different decisions about breast screening in the future.ConclusionsWomen regard it as important to be informed about overdiagnosis to get a complete picture of the risks and benefits of mammography, but the results of this study indicate that understanding overdiagnosis may not always influence women's attitudes towards participation in breast screening. The results also highlight the challenge of communicating the individual significance of information derived from population-level modelling.
Hypoxia Induces Netrin-1 and Unc5b in Atherosclerotic Plaques
Authors: Ramkhelawon Bhama , Yang Yuan , van Gils Janine M. , Hewing Bernd , Rayner Katey J. , Parathath Sajesh , Guo Liang , Oldebeken Scott , Feig Jessica L. , Fisher Edward A. , Moore Kathryn J. 
Published: April 2013

Objective—

Hypoxia is intimately linked to atherosclerosis and has become recognized as a primary impetus of inflammation. We recently demonstrated that the neuroimmune guidance cue netrin-1 (
Ntn1
) inhibits macrophage emigration from atherosclerotic plaques, thereby fostering chronic inflammation. However, the mechanisms governing netrin-1 expression in atherosclerosis are not well understood. In this study, we investigate the role of hypoxia in regulating expression of netrin-1 and its receptor uncoordinated-5-B receptor (Unc5b) in plaque macrophages and its functional consequences on these immune cells.

Approach and Results—

We show by immunostaining that netrin-1 and Unc5b are expressed in macrophages in hypoxia-rich regions of human and mouse plaques. In vitro
, Ntn1
and
Unc5b
mRNA are upregulated in macrophages treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein or inducers of oxidative stress (CoCl
2
, dimethyloxalylglycine, 1% O
2
). These responses are abrogated by inhibiting hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF)-1α, indicating a causal role for this transcription factor in regulating
Ntn1
and
Unc5b
expression in macrophages. Indeed, using promoter-luciferase reporter genes, we show that
Ntn1
- and
Unc5b
-promoter activities are induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein and require HIF-1α. Correspondingly, J774 macrophages overexpressing active HIF-1α show increased netrin-1 and Unc5b expression and reduced migratory capacity compared with control cells, which was restored by blocking the effects of netrin-1. Finally, we show that netrin-1 protects macrophages from apoptosis under hypoxic conditions in a HIF-1α–dependent manner.

Conclusions—
These findings provide a molecular mechanism by which netrin-1 and its receptor Unc5b are expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and implicate hypoxia and HIF-1α–induced netrin-1/Unc5b in sustaining inflammation by inhibiting the emigration and promoting the survival of lesional macrophages.
Impaired Coronary Collateral Growth in the Metabolic Syndrome Is in Part Mediated by Matrix Metalloproteinase 12–Dependent Production of Endostatin and Angiostatin
Authors: Dodd Tracy , Wiggins Luke , Hutcheson Rebecca , Smith Erika , Musiyenko Alla , Hysell Brenda , Russell James C. , Rocic Petra 
Published: April 2013

Objective—
We have previously shown that transient coronary artery occlusion stimulated coronary collateral growth (CCG) in healthy (Sprague Dawley) but not in metabolic syndrome (JCR:LA-cp [JCR] ) rats. Here, we sought to determine whether matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) negatively regulate CCG in the metabolic syndrome via release of endostatin and angiostatin.

Approach and Results—
Rats underwent transient, repetitive left anterior descending occlusion and resultant myocardial ischemia (RI) for 0 to 10 days. CCG was measured in the collateral-dependent and normal zones using microspheres, MMP activation by Western blot, and endostatin and angiostatin by ELISA on days 0, 3, 6, 9, or 10 of RI. Endostatin and angiostatin were increased in JCR but not in Sprague Dawley rats on days 6 and 9 of RI. Increased endostatin and angiostatin correlated with increased MMP12 (≈4-fold) activation in JCR but not in Sprague Dawley rats on days 6 and 9 of RI. Inhibition of MMP12 in JCR rats nearly completely blocked endostatin (≈85%) and angiostatin (≈90%) generation and significantly improved CCG (collateral-dependent zone flow was ≈66% of normal zone flow versus ≈12% for JCR RI).

Conclusions—
Compromised CCG in the metabolic syndrome is, in large part, because of increased MMP12 activation and consequent increased generation of endostatin and angiostatin, which inhibits late-stage collateral remodeling.
Upregulation of the Hyperpolarization-Activated Current Increases Pacemaker Activity of the Sinoatrial Node and Heart Rate During Pregnancy in Mice
Authors: El Khoury Nabil , Mathieu Sophie , Marger Laurine , Ross Jenna , El Gebeily Gracia , Ethier Nathalie , Fiset Céline 
Published: April 2013

Background—
Pregnancy is associated with a faster heart rate (HR), which is a risk factor for arrhythmias. However, the underlying mechanisms for this increased HR are poorly understood. Therefore, this study was performed to gain mechanistic insight into the pregnancy-induced increase in HR.

Methods and Results—

Using surface ECG we observed that pregnant (P) mice have faster HR (531±14 beats per minute [bpm]) compared with nonpregnant (NP) mice (470±27 bpm;
P
<0.03). Results obtained with Langendorff-perfused hearts showed that this difference persisted in the absence of autonomic nervous innervation (NP, 327±16 bpm; P, 385±18 bpm;
P
<0.02). Spontaneous action potentials of sinoatrial node cells from pregnant mice exhibited higher automaticity (NP, 292±13 bpm; P, 330±12 bpm;
P
=0.047) and steeper diastolic depolarization (NP, 0.20±0.03 V/s; P, 0.40±0.06 V/s;
P
=0.004). Pregnancy increased the density of the hyperpolarization-activated current (
I
f
) (at −90mV: NP, −15.2±1.0 pA/pF; P, −28.6±2.9 pA/pF;
P
=0.0002) in sinoatrial node cells. Voltage dependence of the
I
f
activation curve and the intracellular cAMP levels were unchanged in sinoatrial node cells of pregnant mice. However, there was a significant increase in HCN2 channel protein expression with no change in HCN4 expression. Maximal depolarizing shift of the
I
f
activation curve induced by isoproterenol was attenuated in pregnancy. This reduced response to isoproterenol may be attributable to the lower cAMP sensitivity of HCN2 isoform compared with that of HCN4.

Conclusions—

This study shows that an increase in
I
f
current density contributes to the acceleration of sinoatrial node automaticity and explains, in part, the higher HR observed in pregnancy.
Alternating Direction Methods for Latent Variable Gaussian Graphical Model Selection
Authors: Ma Shiqian , Xue Lingzhou , Zou Hui 
Published: April 2013

Chandrasekaran, Parrilo, and Willsky ( 2012 ) proposed a convex optimization problem for graphical model selection in the presence of unobserved variables. This convex optimization problem aims to estimate an inverse covariance matrix that can be decomposed into a sparse matrix minus a low-rank matrix from sample data. Solving this convex optimization problem is very challenging, especially for large problems. In this letter, we propose two alternating direction methods for solving this problem. The first method is to apply the classic alternating direction method of multipliers to solve the problem as a consensus problem. The second method is a proximal gradient-based alternating-direction method of multipliers. Our methods take advantage of the special structure of the problem and thus can solve large problems very efficiently. A global convergence result is established for the proposed methods. Numerical results on both synthetic data and gene expression data show that our methods usually solve problems with 1 million variables in 1 to 2 minutes and are usually 5 to 35 times faster than a state-of-the-art Newton-CG proximal point algorithm.
Synergy to Reduce Emergency Department Visits for Uncontrolled Hyperglycemia
Authors: Magee Michelle F. , Nassar Carine M. , Copeland James , Fokar Ali , Sharretts John M. , Dubin Jeffrey S. , Smith Mark S. 
Published: April 2013

Purpose The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of a treatment algorithm and education intervention for the management of patients with type 2 diabetes and hyperglycemia presenting to the emergency department (ED) and stable enough to be discharged home. Methods Urban hospital ED patients (n = 86) with BG ≥ 200 mg/dL were enrolled in a 4-week prospective, nonrandomized pilot intervention with historic self-controls. Follow-up visits occurred at 12 to 72 hours, 2 and 4 weeks, and 6 months. T2DM medications were initiated or adjusted at each visit using a guideline-based diabetes medication management algorithm. Survival skills diabetes self-management education and navigation to outpatient services were provided. Results Participants were 51.8% male and 92% black, and 87.3% had private or public insurance. The top reasons for presenting to the ED were no provider appointment available (41.7%) and no primary care provider (14.6%). No hypoglycemia occurred in the first 24 hours following ED T2DM medication initiation or titration and overall hypoglycemia rates were low. BG was reduced from 356 ± 110 mg/dL at baseline to 183 ± 103 mg/dL at 4 weeks ( P < .001). Conclusion Diabetes medication management and survival skills education for uncontrolled diabetes may be safely initiated in the ED, as demonstrated by the multidisciplinary STEP-DC intervention, which effectively enabled glycemic control in this pilot study.
Kaplan–Meier curves for survivor causal effects with time-to-event outcomes
Authors: Chiba Yasutaka 
Published: April 2013

Background In clinical trials, an outcome of interest may be undefined for individuals who die before the outcome is evaluated. One approach to deal with such issues is to consider the survivor causal effect (SCE), which is defined as the effect of treatment on the outcome among the subpopulation that would have survived under either treatment arm. Although several methods have been presented to estimate the SCE with time-to-event outcomes, they are difficult to implement in practice. Purpose We present a simple method to create Kaplan–Meier curves and to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for the SCE with time-to-event outcomes. Methods To develop such a method, we applied the weighted average method presented for the SCE to outcomes with no censoring, where weights are calculated using the probability that a patient would have survived had the patient been in the other treatment arm. By multiplying the weight to each patient, Kaplan–Meier curves can be created for the SCE to outcomes with censoring. The HR is then calculated using a weighted proportional hazard model. For this method, two assumptions need to be introduced to achieve unbiasedness. Results The proposed method is illustrated using data from a randomized Phase II clinical trial, comparing two chemotherapy treatments with radiotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer. Here, we focus on the loco-regional control rate, which is calculated from the time after randomization until recurrence in the radiation field. The duration is undefined for patients who died without recurrence. The proposed method yielded a HR of 1.026 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.627, 1.677). The standard method, where data of patients who died without progression were regarded as censored at the time of death, yielded a HR of 1.121 (95% CI: 0.688, 1.827). Limitations The proposed method requires two assumptions. As a general problem, unfortunately, whether these assumptions hold cannot be confirmed from the observed data. Thus, we cannot confirm whether the Kaplan–Meier curves and the HR are unbiased. Conclusion We have proposed a simple method for the SCE with time-to-event outcomes, which is easy to implement in practice. The proposed method is a potentially valuable supplement to the standard method.
Aluminium foil for the prevention of post-amputation pain: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial
Authors: Minnee Robert C , Bosma Jan , Lam Kayan Y , Wisselink Willem , Vahl Anco C 
Published: April 2013

Introduction: Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a painful sensation perceived in the missing limb after amputation. The underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. Until recently, only opioid analgesics have been proven to be effective in prospective studies. Anecdotally, patients with PLP employ self-help measures, sometimes including ‘wrapping up’ or rubbing their stump with aluminium foil for relief. Our hypothesis is that wrapping an amputation stump with aluminium foil perioperatively will prevent PLP in the postoperative period. Methods: From September 2007 to September 2009, 32 consecutive patients were included in a crossover, double-blinded, randomised clinical trial. Perioperative fitting of an aluminium stump bandage was compared with a placebo paper foil. Scores were noted daily in a variable diary. The observation period was 2 weeks: in the first week participants were double blinded, and in the second week there was a change of bandage from aluminium to placebo or vice versa. A visual analogue scale (VAS) score was used as primary research variable. Secondary variables were use of analgesics, VAS measures of wound pain and the incidence of wound infections. Statistical analysis was done by means of Student’s t-test for non-paired observations. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. A period effect ( p= 0.84) and treatment–period interaction ( p = 0.79) were not present. There was no significant difference (mean difference 0.42) between both treatments in PLP VAS scores (95% CI −2.56 to −1.81, p = 0.71). VAS measure of wound pain showed no significant difference between both groups (mean difference 0.34, 95% CI −2.32 to −1.66, p = 0.72). Also, the other secondary endpoints did not differ. Conclusion: Patients receiving an aluminium foil stump wrapping do not experience less phantom pain than with a placebo.
IL-7/anti–IL-7 mAb complexes augment cytokine potency in mice through association with IgG-Fc and by competition with IL-7R
Authors: Martin Christopher E. , van Leeuwen Ester M. M. , Im Se Jin , Roopenian Derry C. , Sung Young-Chul , Surh Charles D. 
Published: April 2013

Key PointsIL-7/antibody complexes are potent because they prolong IL-7 availability in vivo by decreasing specific and nonspecific consumption.
Thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Authors: Hill Anita , Kelly Richard J. , Hillmen Peter 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe most frequent and feared complication of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is thrombosis. Recent research has demonstrated that the complement and coagulation systems are closely integrated with each influencing the activity of the other to the extent that thrombin itself has recently been shown to activate the alternative pathway of complement. This may explain some of the complexity of the thrombosis in PNH. In this review, the recent changes in our understanding of the pathophysiology of thrombosis in PNH, as well as the treatment of thrombosis, will be discussed. Mechanisms explored include platelet activation, toxicity of free hemoglobin, nitric oxide depletion, absence of other glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins such as urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and endothelial dysfunction. Complement inhibition with eculizumab has a dramatic effect in PNH and has a major impact in the prevention of thrombosis as well as its management in this disease.
Random attractor for a stochastic viscous coupled Camassa-Holm equation
Authors: Huang Zhehao , Tang Hao , Liu Zhengrong 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
In this paper, we study the asymptotic dynamics of the stochastic viscous coupled Camassa-Holm equation with periodic boundary condition. We investigate the existence of a random attractor for the dynamical system associated with the equation. The random attractor is invariant and attracts every pull-back tempered random set under the forward flow. We establish the asymptotic compactness of the random dynamical system by compactness of embedding of Sobolev space.