bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Temperature Prediction System in Injection Tubing, Bottom Hole and Reservoir Condition for Supercritical CO2 Injection into Deep Coal Seams
Authors: Yasunami Tetsu 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Japan consortium to enhance the CO2-ECBM has carried out a project on CO2 injection at Yuhbari City, Hokkaido. The targeted coal seam at Yuhbari is located about 900 m below the surface. However, supercritical condition of CO2 has not been satisfied due to heat loss along the deep injection tubing. The absolute pressure at the bottom hole is approximately 15.5 MPa and the CO2 temperature is about 28 °C before the injecting into the coal seam. Therefore, it can be assumed that CO2 is injected in liquid phase to the coal seam. Replacements of usual tubing pipes with thermal insulated tubings were carried out, however, the temperature at the bottom hole was still lower than the CO2 critical temperature. The liquid CO2 causes decreasing injectivity into the coal seam due to high viscosity and swelling of the coal matrix.
This study has provided a numerical procedure to predict the CO2 flow characteristics of pressure, temperature, supercritical or liquid in considering heat transfer from the injector to surrounding casings and strata. Present study has focused on the keeping supercritical CO2 in the tubing because viscosity of supercritical CO2 is 40 % smaller than that of liquid CO2. The CO2 temperature has been successfully predicted in order to keep CO2 in supercritical condition from the surface to the bottom for various CO2 injection rates and electric heater power. The control map showing targetted injection rate against power of the line heater with a parameter of elapsed time has been presented in order to keep the supercritical condition at the bottom hole of the injection tubing. Injected CO2 is expected to be super critical over 12 ton/day of injection rate without any heating in the tubing.
Furthermore, this study has provided numerical simulation results of temperature distribution of the coal seam after injection of CO2 using ECLIPSE. Finally, numerical predictions of CH4 production against CO2 temperature injected in the coal seam including supercritical CO2 have been presented.
Case Histories of Improved Horizontal Well Cleanup and Sweep Efficiency with Nozzle Based Inflow Control Devices (ICD) in Sandstone and Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Sunbul A. H. , Lauritzen J. E. , Hembling D. E. , Majdpour A. , Raffn A. G. , Zeybek M. , Moen T. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper discusses the PLT-correlated results of two test wells completed during 2006; one in sandstone and one in a carbonate reservoir, with the new completion technology of nozzle-based passive inflow control devices (ICD) which improves performance of wells with reservoir challenges as described:In highly productive sandstone reservoirs, horizontal wells suffer from uneven flow profile and subsequent premature cresting/coning effects. In general, there is a tendency to produce more at the heel than at the toe of horizontal wells, which contributes to poor well cleanup at the toe. Additionally, excessively increasing the rate and/or horizontal well length can increase the risk of limiting sweep efficiency, resulting in bypassed reserves1.In carbonate reservoirs, permeability variations and fractures can cause uneven inflow profile and accelerate water and gas breakthroughs. Wells with early gas or water breakthrough have to be shut-in until remedial plans are decided and implemented, resulting in deferred production.
The main reservoir objectives for applying passive ICD technology in the two test wells are:Sandstone: Decrease the influence of heel-toe effects and high permeability zones; hereby deferring water/gas breakthrough, improving well cleanup and sweep efficiency.Carbonate: Control flow rates from high permeability intervals and to limit production from each compartment based on lateral offset from the gas-oil contact to prevent premature gas breakthrough.
The test well PLT-logs were correlated to static reservoir simulations. Analyses of the well performances show that the objectives of both completions were achieved. By having proper matches of the completions with ICD, the value over standard completions can be evaluated.
Post-evaluation of the completion designs based on the PLT-log results has increased our understanding of the nozzle-based ICD performance. As a result several approaches for completing wells in both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs with ICD have been recommended in order to achieve optimized inflow performance.
Optimization of Gtl with a New Generation Catalyst and a Computer Model
Authors: Ogbonna Maureen 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) technology is a process for the conversion of Natural Gas into liquid hydrocarbon fuels which include diesel, gasoline, LPG and waxes.
Certainly, gas utilization is a primary goal of the world's petroleum and energy policies, especially for countries where gas flaring is a major challenge. And presently, GTL is highly considered because it is a nice option for gas utilisation. Hence, the need for GTL optimisation.
This work is on the introduction of a new preferred catalyst and a promoter in the Fischer-Tropsch Technology section of the GTL process.
This new catalyst increases the yield of products by its high activity, selectivity and stability.
A mathematical model; Maureen's model is developed to calculate the actual yield of desired products in any particular GTL process.
Moreover, a software is designed to calculate the actual yield, theoretical yield and the percentage yield of these desired products before carrying out the actual process.
Software design tool is Visual basic 6.0. Software name is Petrosoft V1.0.
The existing GTL catalysts/GTL processes and other major gas utilisation projects were considered in this work, a comparison was made to point out why this work is of more value to the petroleum industry, all countries that are rich in natural gas and to the world at large.
Can UBD Flaring Reduce CO2 Emissions?
Authors: Elliott D. , Ramalho J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
One of the perceived blockers for Underbalanced Drilling (UBD) operations globally is the necessity for flaring gas in most operations. As the world becomes more aware of the impact of CO2 emissions, oil and gas producers are implementing flaring reduction targets or, in some cases, flaring bans as a key component in their corporate strategies. Project teams make often argue that due to flaring requirements, UBD is not aligned with corporate directives and is is not environmentally acceptable. Thus the technology is eliminated as a considered option when finalizing field development plans. As the UBD industry has matured, use of UBD to increase production and reserve recovery from wells, which has resulted in a reduction of the number of wells needed to develop a field. Reservoir characterization from UBD has been used to better target wells in the reservoir, reducing the chances for "junk wells" with poor or no production. UBD is also used as an enabler to slim down wells with reduced steel requirements and to drill faster with reduced rig emissions. This paper will evaluate the trade off of increased CO2 emissions from UBD flaring against reduced CO2 emissions from fewer required wells, reduced steel requirements and reduced rig time. Case studies of several Shell UBD projects will be presented to determine the "CO2 cost neutral point" and if the projects reduced or increased global CO2 emissions. Conditions under which UBD may be justified to reduce project CO2 emissions will be determined and discussed.
Maintaining an 'Evergreen' Model to Optimise a Waterflood Development in a Carbonate Transition Zone Field
Authors: Warrlich Georg M. D. , Abu-Shiekah Issa , Alexander David M. , Zhu Fuping , Goossens Peter M. , Tull S. , Al-Lamki Ali A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Over the last three years the first stages of a waterflooding project comprising 200 horizontal producers and injectors were implemented in a thin oil column (10-15m) transition zone carbonate field (Shuaiba formation) in the Sultanate of Oman. The reservoir is composed of high porosity, low permeability matrix. Porosity and rock quality vary across the field to such a degree that wells in some areas of the field are not economic. Therefore prediction of reservoir quality is critical to a successful field development. The field development plan (FDP) that underpins this project utilised sequence stratigraphy, acoustic impedance and production behaviour of existing wells to create static and dynamic models which formed the basis for the development well patterns.
This paper focuses on the updates made to the static model since the FDP model in 2005, integrating drilling results from the first 50 wells of the project and continued reservoir characterisation and modelling work, to ensure that the planned wells remain economic and the well sequencing and placement optimised. Automated workflows were established to incorporate drilling data on a day to day basis for improved reservoir performance predications and well design. Information from appraisal wells and production behaviour from the production wells was used for improved well sequencing and property model rebuilding. Updated methodologies for rock typing, permeability and saturation height functions were established.
Keeping an ‘evergreen model’ has proven a good practice to ensure continuously optimised drilling and recovery from the field.
Real-Time Drilling Operations Centers: A History of Functionality and Organizational Purpose—The Second Generation
Authors: Booth J. E. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Two phases in the evolution of drilling operations centers are identified based upon published information. The first was examined in detail in an earlier paper. The second is examined here by way of a review of several operators' strategies over time and in different areas of operation. The first generation of centers was short lived, failing to survive the reductions in oil price and drilling activities of the late 80s. The second generation had the benefit of significant evolution of information technology in the intervening years and is part of a broader trend toward integrated operations and collaborative work processes. Common trends are identified from the case histories presented. These include a discussion of foundational capability, data and architecture standards, higher level work processes and organizational change management.
Zero is Attainable - HES Plan: An Innovative Approach to Achieving Zero Days Away from Work Incidents
Authors: Andreschefski S. , Geertsen T. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
For the Ells River Appraisal Project team, the theme "Zero is Attainable" (ZIA) was and will continue to be a journey to an incident-free operation. Over three successive winter season appraisal programs, the project team progressively improved safety performance while also overcoming many operational challenges.
The appraisal programs were conducted in a remote area of northern Alberta, Canada, a harsh environment for even the most seasoned oilfield worker. Winter temperatures drop to minus 45 degrees Celsius, and with a wind-chill, the ambient temperature feels like minus 60 to 70 degrees Celsius. During the work programs, crews endured snow covered hills, river crossings, extended darkness and forested conditions. At the conclusion of the first year of operations, the Total Recordable Incident Rate was unacceptable. The project team and company management were unwilling to accept this result, and adopted the ZIA approach to health, environment and safety (HES) performance for subsequent appraisal programs.
The ZIA initiative began with a systematic analysis of the conditions that needed to be addressed, followed by a collaborative, consultative plan of action that included peer and industry-peer reviews, meetings with contractors, communication training and education workshops and ultimately, the collaborative implementation, evaluation and communication of results. The ZIA plan inspired Ells River team to work independently and collectively on a mission-critical project that required creativity, ingenuity, a deep understanding of safety as a business value, sensitivity to the business issues of contractors as a key stakeholder, and a willingness to find mutually-beneficial approaches to a common objective that if successful, would not only produce a desired business result, but enhance the capabilities of all involved.
By the end of the third operating season, the team had reduced injuries on the project to zero while still completing the exploration appraisal programs on time, within budget. The success of the ZIA strategy can be attributed to the effectiveness of what are fundamentally a leadership, communication, training, and education initiative. The ZIA strategy has clear applicability to others in the industry, and in particular, to any company operating in similar extreme seasonal, remote worksites in Canada and around the world. Aside from the applicability of the ZIA program elements, ZIA also serves to model the practical realization of what others believe to be merely a theoretical target: Zero Is Attainable!
HSE Training Station: The Challenge of Mobilization and Qualifying New Employees Using Virtual Games
Authors: Loureiro Simone Porto , Espinosa Beatriz Nassur , de Arruda Nilton Marlúcio , de Souza Cruz André Luiz , Esteves Paula Almeida , Ficher Eveli 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Company reiterates in its 2020 Strategic Plan the commitment with sustainable development based on three key factors: growth, profitability and social and environmental responsibility. To support this strategy, it has developed a plan for expansion and qualification of its employees: a group of 54,900 people that, in March 2009, comprised 36% of employees with up to 4-year tenure in the Company.
The admission of these new employees has brought the challenge of incorporating HSE culture consolidated into the organization in the last few years. In order to make them aware and qualify them, the Qualification Plan for New Employees has been developed with huge participation of several areas of the Company and with the pedagogical assistance of Corporative University.
For better effectiveness, three work fronts have been defined for the plan with the following goals: create and revise the contents of the new employees’ formation course offered at the Company; outline the structure of managers and tutors that influence or may influence the formation of new employees; identify and apply new media and multimedia tools, integrating them with traditional learning methodologies, with the purpose of enriching the learning process and facilitating the understanding of the HSE concepts.
The approach to new employees has also been defined in three distinct stages: sensibilization, qualification and arrival at the work post. In order to develop the sensibilization stage, a pedagogical methodology has been applied - Experiential Learning - - used by a foundation associated with a Federal University. An interactive environment has been built in which 24-people groups, divided into smaller subgroups, participate in situation games where they are encouraged and challenged to identify HSE deviations in virtual environments that simulate the Company environments: platforms, refineries and offices.
Applications submitted since early 2009 have proved the efficiency of the methodology, with great adherence to the new generation profile, contributing to continuous improvement of HSE performance.
Strategic Actions Aimed at Ergonomics as an Ongoing Development of Work Systems
Authors: Fernandes Rosana , Alhadeff Cynthia Mosse , Fernandes Ligia Mara , Rossato Sergio Antonio , dos Reis Marcia Sales , de Castro Maia Nora , Telles Ubirajara Ribeirinho , Garotti Luciano do , da Silva Lidia Vera , Mafra Marcia Lygia 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The strategic line of ergonomic actions in the Company are aligned to Health, Safety and Environment - HSE policies to contribute to the improvement of standards set by current individual and collective labour requirements; performance and reliability of their systems; promotion of health, safety, and well-being of the workforce. This document has the purpose of presenting the implementation of the several phases of the strategic lines of action taken over the last six years.
The corporate guidelines that support the lines of action involving ergonomics use the line manager responsible for the improvement of operations in the Units; a training plan; the inclusion of ergonomics design in new projects and systems; and, the active participation of the workforce in different phases of the process. Initially priority was given to improving the work conditions considering physical and biomechanical aspects and later the analysis was extended to cover organizational work and cognitive issues, better understanding of the current aspects of work in the industry with its continuous processes and its complex systems.
Several lines of action are being developed within the Company and a new culture is beginning to emerge. The inclusion of the mentioned strategic lines of action in the Company's Strategic Plan and their implementation conditioned to managerial commitment is essential for the viability of a coordinated plan.
In addition, this document will present a number of new work practices that have been implemented in the Company Units as well as interventions in new projects of integrated operational control centres and other improvements introduced to offshore projects.
The article will also discuss the main strategies and focus of the ergonomic interventions developed in a Brazilian Company with multiple activities and international reach. In this respect, illustrating how activities are developed in a multidisciplinary way covering physical, cognitive and organizational work aspects making a successful change and improvement in the health and safety conditions while promoting the reliability of systems and processes. The study will show that the earlier ergonomic studies are considered during the conception phase of new projects, the better are the chances of implementing the recommendations and obtaining a benefit in terms of a positive financial return.
Proven Methods and Techniques to Reduce Torque and Drag in the PrePlanning and Drilling Execution of Oil and Gas Wells
Authors: Maehs Juergen , Renne Steve , Logan Brian , Diaz Nerwing 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
During the period of 2007 to 2009, the operator drilled several wells in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), in which the predicted surface torque from the pre-well planning phase was higher than topdrive limitations and/or drillpipe specifications.
This paper describes the torque and drag reduction methods that were found to be effective when fully applied over a series of wells. These methods were confirmed and proven through the analysis of field data and the use of torque and drag modeling software.
This study is based on a case history of a 26,079-ft measured depth (MD), complex S-shaped well, but data from other deepwater GOM wells are presented as well to illustrate those proven techniques.
Drilling engineers, application engineers and drilling supervisors can use this comprehensive collection of torque and drag reduction methods in the pre-well planning phase, as well as the drilling execution phase, to minimize risk. Applying these methods will ensure that critical and challenging wells can be successfully drilled to total depth as intended.
The torque and drag reduction techniques discussed in this paper range from:
Modeling drillstring and BHA modifications Optimizing well path design Using non-rotating drillpipe protectors Deploying mud additives Selecting and integrating a complete drilling systems approach
These diverse techniques are proven through the use of data collected during the drilling process, and graphic representations that are discussed and explained in this paper.
Creating an Intelligent Energy Organization through Collective Learning
Authors: Korsvold Torbjørn , Madsen Bjørn-Emil , Bremdal Bernt , Herbert Mike , Nystad Espen , Danielsen Jan Eivind 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper aims to present a holistic method for approaching processes of sharing knowledge and enhancing the critical effort to boost the capability of collective learning towards building the intelligent energy organization. The presented method focuses on how improved externalization including reflection on experiences from day-to-day operation might be an essential source in creating effective collaborative work practice across disciplines, locations and teams.
We present ongoing research that aims to create a structured method that comprises the three learning dimensions called Why-, What-, and How-learning. As dimensions of learning they interact with each other in a dynamic way implying that a balance must be established in order to pursue an optimal environment for collective learning. Management typically fails to make considerations of either of these and organizational design suffers accordingly. The method distinguishes between structuring and enabling parameters that together are believed to make a comprehensive functional characterization of collective reflection. The resulting charts supporting the three dimensions and the associated method can be used to analyze and describe collaborative arenas, tools and organizations to improve collective intelligence.
The method developed has evolved through interactions with a group of companies ranging from large scale industries to smaller high-tech companies. Preliminary tests have been performed on a set of software tools and to support analysis of collaborative arenas. In this context we present a case study on a control room simulator designed for a nuclear power plant. Based on this we hypothesize on how this experience could be transferred to an IO supported drilling scenario. Our early tests indicate that apparent strengths and certain weaknesses related to existing collaborative practices in such a complex setting can be exposed by means of the method. We also show that the balance or imbalance in terms of the three dimensions can easily be exposed through the use of the charts defined. Our early findings also seem to indicate that design of existing tools and arenas seem to be biased towards one of the dimensions, at times almost ignoring the dependencies with the others.