bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cariogenicity and Acidogenicity of Human Milk, Plain and Sweetened Bovine Milk: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Prabhakar A , Kurthukoti Ameet , Gupta Pranjali 
Published: April 2015

The objective of the present study was to determine the acidogenicity and cariogenicity of human breast milk and plain and sweetened packaged bovine milk.Study Design: First all milk specimens were inoculated with a cariogenic strain of Streptococcus mutans(SM). The culture pH and number of colony forming units (cfus) was assessed. Second, the buffer capacity of all milk specimens was evaluated by mixing with acid. Finally, enamel windows were created on extracted primary maxillary incisors and colonized with SM. Enamel demineralization and caries progression were assessed visually, histologically, and radiographically at the end of twelve weeks. Results: Plain and sweetened packaged bovine milk (BM) supported greater bacterial growth and caused more fermentation than human breast milk (HBM). The buffer capacity values for plain and sweetened bovine milk were highest;HBM, however, had poor buffering capacity. The progression of the carious lesions into the dentin was most severe for the sweetened bovine milk. Conclusions: HBM and plain bovine milk are relatively cariogenic in an in vitro caries model in the absence of saliva. However, supplementation with sugar exponentially enhances the cariogenic potential of the natural milk.
Total Antioxidant Capacity of Saliva in Children with HIV
Authors: Padmanabhan Vivek , Rai Kavita , Hegde Amitha , Shetty Sucheta 
Published: April 2015

Several recent reports have indicated high levels of reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative stress, in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. Oxidative stress may lead to enhanced HIV replication in infected cells and may also aggravate the immunodeficiency by reduction of cellular immunity and possibly by increased programmed cell death of lymphocytes. Saliva can constitute a first line of defense against free radical mediated oxidative stress. The use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid has become somewhat of a translational research success story. Technologies are now available enabling saliva to be used to diagnose disease and predict disease progression.Purpose: The antioxidant capacity of saliva was investigated in 68 children who were divided into two groups. 34 children who were investigated were diagnosed as having HIV infection and the other group consisted of children who reported to the department and served as healthy controls. Total antioxidant capacity of saliva was evaluated by spectrophotometric assay.Conclusions: The results indicated that the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of saliva decreased in children with HIV infection. TAC was seen to increase with the age of the children.
Interleukin‐6 Family of Cytokines in Crevicular Fluid of Renal Transplant Recipients With and Without Cyclosporine A–Induced Gingival Overgrowth
Authors: Gürkan Ali , Becerik Sema , Öztürk Veli Özgen , Atmaca Harika , Atilla Gül , Emingil Gülnur 
Published: April 2015

Background: Interleukin (IL)‐6 family of cytokines, including IL‐6, oncostatin M (OSM), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and IL‐11, have fibrogenic features. The current study determines gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of fibrosis‐related IL‐6–type cytokines in cyclosporine A (CsA)–induced gingival overgrowth (GO).Methods: Eighty non‐smokers were included (40 CsA‐medicated renal transplant patients with GO [GO+; n = 20] or without GO [GO−; n = 20], 20 individuals with gingivitis, and 20 healthy participants). Probing depth and plaque, papilla bleeding, and hyperplastic index scores were recorded. GCF samples were obtained from the mesio‐buccal aspects of two teeth. GCF IL‐6, IL‐1β, OSM, LIF, and IL‐11 levels were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: The GO+ and GO− groups had higher IL‐6 total amounts than the healthy group (P <0.008). IL‐1β total amounts in the GO+ group were significantly higher than in both the healthy and GO− groups (P <0.008). OSM total amount was elevated in the GO+ and GO− groups compared with both the gingivitis and healthy groups (P <0.008). All groups had similar LIF and IL‐11 total amounts (P >0.008). Moderate positive correlations were detected among IL‐6, IL‐1β, OSM, and IL‐11 total amount in GCF and clinical parameters (P <0.05).Conclusions: IL‐6 and OSM increases in GCF as a result of CsA usage or an immunosuppressed state irrespective of the severity of inflammation and the presence of GO. The IL‐6 family of cytokines might not be directly involved in biologic mechanisms associated with CsA‐induced GO. Lack of an association between assessed IL‐6 cytokines and CsA‐induced GO might indicate distinct effects of these cytokines on fibrotic changes of different tissues.
Change in the Gingival Margin Profile After the Single Flap Approach in Periodontal Intraosseous Defects
Authors: Farina Roberto , Simonelli Anna , Minenna Luigi , Rasperini Giulio , Schincaglia Gian Pietro , Tomasi Cristiano , Trombelli Leonardo 
Published: April 2015

Background: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the association of patient‐related and site‐specific factors, as well as the adopted treatment modality, with the change in buccal (bREC) and interdental (iREC) gingival recession observed at 6 months after treatment of periodontal intraosseous defects with the single flap approach (SFA).Methods: Sixty‐six patients contributing 74 intraosseous defects accessed with a buccal SFA and treated with different modalities were selected retrospectively. A two‐level (patient and site) model was constructed, with the 6‐month changes in bREC and iREC as the dependent variables.Results: 1) Significant 6‐month increases in bREC (−0.6 ± 0.7 mm) and iREC (−0.9 ± 1.1 mm) were observed. 2) bREC change was significantly predicted by presurgery interproximal probing depth (PD) and depth of osseous dehiscence at the buccal aspect. 3) iREC change was significantly predicted by presurgery interproximal PD and the treatment modality, with defects treated with SFA in combination with a graft material and a bioactive agent being less prone to iREC increase compared to defects treated with SFA alone.Conclusions: After buccal SFA, greater post‐surgery increase in bREC must be expected for deep intraosseous defects associated with a buccal dehiscence. The combination of a graft material and a bioactive agent in adjunct to the SFA may limit the postoperative increase in iREC.
A Study of the Methods for Preventing Rodwear Tubing Leaks in Sucker Rod Pumping Wells
Authors: McCaslin K. P. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Because of the high cost associated with tubing replacement, rodwear tubing leaks are one of the most costly types of subsurface failures on sucker rod pumped wells. However, many rodwear tubing 1eaks can be prevented by properly identifying the cause of tubing leaks and taking the appropriate corrective measures.
While severe hole deviation is most often blamed for rodwear tubing leaks, case studies show that most rodwear leaks are caused by accelerated corrosion which is the result of the removal of a protective corrosion scale from the inside of the tubing. For this reason, the key to economically eliminating rodwear tubing leaks is correctly identifying the problem as either mechanical wear or corrosion wear and then implementing the appropriate corrective measures.
Four case histories, involving a total of nearly 100 problem wells, are presented to illustrate the methods used to differentiate between corrosion-wear and mechanical wear. In these fields, tubing leaks were reduced by as much as 80% by properly identifying the cause of the leaks.

Introduction
Approximately 100 wells in five (5) different fields were investigated to determine the cause of their excessive downhole wear. Many of the subject wells were experiencing tubing leaks as often as once every six months. Without exception, every problem well had been labeled as a "crooked hole". Upon further investigation, it was found that only one well out of the group had a problem that could be attributed solely to a crooked hole. That well had a 25° average deviation from vertical and still had a projected life without tubing leaks of three years. From this investigation, it was determined that other factors, most importantly corrosion, have a much greater effect on downhole tubing wear than well deviation. Even mild corrosion, when combined with wear can result in a tubing life as short as two months. For this reason, it is important that corrosion-wear leaks be identified and treated as such.

Mechanical Wear
Mechanical wear is the removal of metal due to the frictional rubbing of the sucker rod string upon the tubing. The softer of the two metals should suffer the most weight loss. With nearly every combination of tubing and couplings, the tubing is the softer metal. (Table 1) However, from the field studies, it can be shown that on wells with J-55 grade tubing, T-grade sucker rod couplings, and a mechanical wear problem, the sucker rod coupling will usually fail first. This can be attributed to the fact that the tubing is wearing over the full length of the stroke where the sucker rod coupling is only wearing over its short 4-inch length.
An effective method for reducing downhole mechanical wear is the use of soft rod guides to prevent the rod coupling from contacting the tubing wall. Rod rotators can also extend the life of rod guides and rod boxes by distributing the box or guide wear more evenly.
Relative Permeability from Unsteady-State Displacements: An Analytical Interpretation
Authors: Civan F. , Donaldson E. C. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
An analytic method for calculation of individual relative permeabilities from unsteady state displacement data was developed which includes the capillary pressure changes as a function of saturation. The method is applicable to linear displacement of two-phase fluids in laboratory cores. The displacement experiments may be conducted at low flow rates because capillary pressure is included, thus removing one of the restrictions of previous methods. The model is an integro-differential equation that relates the two-phase relative permeabilities to the pressure difference and the cumulative productions of the two phases at the outlet, which are readily measurable quantities. The solution is accomplished by replacing the integrals and derivatives with quadrature approximations.
First, the method was compared to recent calculations of relative permeability in the literature which are partially accomplished by graphical methods. When capillary pressure is ignored in our model, it reproduces the literature values almost exactly (since graphical methods are involved in the literature methods, their solutions from experimental data are subject to random error). Second, we show that our model gives accurate relative permeability data when low flow rates are used in the unsteady state displacement experiments, which is not possible with other methods because the high flow rates are necessary to overcome capillary end-effects. Our method incorporates capillary pressure behavior and thus corrects for capillary end effects.
This analytic method for calculating two phase relative permeabilities from unsteady state displacement data is not restricted to high flow rate experimental conditions which are used to overcome capillary end effects. Removal of this restriction allows the analysis of low permeability cores using water and oil where the flow rates are necessarily low and capillary end effects are not severe. Our method allows direct numerical solution from the experimental data without intermediate interpretations of graphs.
Flow of Clay Suspensions through Porous Media
Authors: Baghdikian S. Y. , Sharma M. M. , Handy L. L. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the transient behavior of particulate plugging of porous media. The objective of the experiments was to study in detail a well-characterized system and check the validity of theoretical predictions.1 Kaolin and bentonite suspensions were injected into 40 to 170 mesh Ottawa sandpacks. The pore size distribution of the pack was measured. The permeability and effluent particle concentrations were monitored continuously. Experiments were conducted at different flow rates, pH values, ionic strengths, and particle concentrations with each clay mineral. The effect of each of these parameters on the permeability reduction and effluent particle concentration profile was evaluated. The particle size distribution of the influent stream was also measured at different pH and ionic strengths.
It was observed that high ionic strengths, low pH, low flow rates and high particle concentrations cause more rapid permeability reduction.
The particle and pore size distributions together with the surface charges on the particles and pores2 can be used to estimate theoretically the rates of permeability decline. A comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental observations shows a semi-quantitative agreement. All trends in the permeability reduction profile obtained by varying parameters (such as flow rate, pH, …) are consistently predicted.
The usefulness of studying well-characterized systems is demonstrated. The results provide a better insight into the mechanisms responsible for particulate plugging. The findings will be useful for estimating and minimizing damage due to drilling mud infiltration, waterflooding and fines migration in unconsolidated sands.
Electrochemical conditions under which particle deposition occurs can be qualitatively predicted. Coagulation effects due to changes in pH and ionic strength may affect interpretation of the results.
Manganese ferrite–graphene nanocomposite as a high-performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Zeng Guiyu , Zhang Juan , Fu Yuyong , Nie Fude , Wang Xin 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
A manganese ferrite–graphene nanocomposite was designed and prepared by a hydrothermal method. The combination of MnFe2O4 and graphene results in much improved electrochemical performance in lithium-ion batteries. The manganese ferrite–graphene (with 30 wt.% graphene) exhibits a highest reversible capacity of 1120 mA h g−1 with excellent cycling stability and rate capability. The superior electrochemical performance of the manganese ferrite–graphene system can be attributed to its unique structure and the concerted effects of MnFe2O4 and graphene.
Microstructural investigation on marforming and conventional cold deformation in Ni–Ti–Fe-based shape memory alloys
Authors: Basu Ritwik , Szpunar Jerzy , Eskandari Mostafa , Mohtadi-Bonab M. A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
A hot-rolled Ni–Ti–Fe alloy was subjected to 50% cold rolling by laboratory rolling mill and was subsequently annealed at 800°C for 1.5 h. This sample was then deformed through another 10% reduction in thickness by two different routes (i) conventional cold rolling and (ii) marforming (rolling in liquid nitrogen) followed by annealing under identical conditions. The grain refinement during normal cold rolling was attributed to relatively large presence of dislocations in the ND // <110> grains in the starting microstructure. The regions of higher dislocation densities became gradually textured to ND // <111> orientation, with cold rolling. Marforming (deformation in liquid nitrogen following phase transformation) on the other hand led to more significant grain refinement and also change in the bulk texture. The objective of this study was to compare the grain refinement and microstructural modification produced through marforming with that obtained in conventional cold deformation.
Morphology Tuning of Conducting Polyaniline via Static, Liquid-Liquid Interfacial Polymerization Process and its Application for Optical pH Sensing
Authors: Thorat S. M. , Kulkarni M. V. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Nanorods/nanofibers of conducting polymer, polyaniline (PANI) were synthesized via static, liquid-liquid interfacial polymerization process using ammonium persulphate as an oxidizing agent. The monomer, aniline was dissolved in chloroform comprising the organic phase, while the oxidizing agent, ammonium per sulphate was dissolved in doubly distilled water to form an aqueous phase. Para toluene sulphonic acid (p-TSA) was used as dopant during the polymerization process to dope the polyaniline. The presence of conducting emeraldine salt phase of the polymer was confirmed by UV-Vis. and FT-IR spectroscopic characterization. This was further supported by XRD analysis. The morphological studies are carried out using FE-SEM analysis and revealed the presence of uniform sized nanorods/nanofibers having diameter of ∼90 nm and length up to few microns. This rapid and novel interfacial polymerization process shows the potential of large scale synthesis of uniform sized nanorods/nanofibers of polyaniline. The synthesized nanostructured polyaniline was successfully utilized for the optical pH sensing application in aqueous state.
Tuning of Final Performances of Soybean Oil–Based Polymer Nanocomposites: Effect of Styryl/Oil Functionalized Intercalant of Montmorillonite Reinforcer
Authors: Tekay E. , Şen S. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Bio-based polymeric nanocomposites were prepared via polymerization of a monomer mixture of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) and styrene in the presence of organophilic montmorillonite (MMT) clay by in-situ free-radical polymerization technique. MMT clay was rendered organophilic by a styryl/oil functionalized intercalant which is compatible with the two matrices and able to participate in the polymerization/crosslinking reaction. The presence of styryl group in the intercalant is also thought to be an original solution to the drawback mentioned in the literature arising from higher amount of small styrene monomer molecules in the clay galleries than larger AESO molecules at high clay loadings. The current design of the interclant is expected to allow polymer molecules grown from both AESO and styrene monomers inside the clay galleries and also from edges/surfaces of the silicate layers. In this study, a special attention was paid to the enhancement of both thermal and mechanical properites of AESO-based nanocomposites via usage of the compatible and reactive intercalant for MMT modification. The resultant nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of increased nanoclay loading in thermal and mechanical properties was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The nanocomposite materials exhibited improved thermal stability and dynamic mechanical properties as compared to neat polymer. The nanocomposite with exfoliation dominant structural morphology showed the highest storage modulus around Tg which is about 480% higher than that of neat AESOPS, even with a clay content as low as 3 wt%.
Effect of Feeding Strategy on the Properties of PP/Recycled EPDM Blends
Authors: Mahallati P. , Rodrigue D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this work, thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) were produced based on polypropylene (PP) and recycled ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (r-EPDM) through twin-screw extrusion followed by injection molding. In particular, the effect of different feeding strategies (component introduction order and position along the screw) and r-EPDM content (0, 20, 35, 50 and 65% wt.) were studied. From the materials produced, morphological and mechanical characterizations were carried out. The results show that feeding strategy has a substantial influence on dispersion and compatibility between PP and r-EPDM. The main result is that r-EPDM can significantly increase PP impact strength (495%) with optimized processing conditions.
Lehren aus Vivian für den Gebirgswald – im Hinblick auf den nächsten Sturm
Authors: Schwitter Raphael , Sandri Arthur , Bebi Peter , Wohlgemuth Thomas , Brang Peter 
Published: April 2015

Lessons from Vivian for mountain forests – regarding the next storm
The winter storm “Vivian” in February 1990 took Swiss forestry by surprise due to its enormous extent. It gave cause for entirely new and challenging questions for scientists and practitioners. Twenty-four years after the storm, the Swiss mountain forest tending group assessed in the frame of two workshops forest succession and the evolution of the protective effect against natural hazards in several well-documented Vivian storm areas at elevations between 1,500 and 1,700 m a.s.l. in the cantons of St. Gallen and Grisons. The decision to salvage the damaged timber or to leave it in place depends primarily on how the risk of bark beetle infestations is assessed. Lying stems can transiently reduce the risk created by natural hazards and favor stand establishment, by reducing snow movements and by serving as nurse logs in the long term. On several areas among those studied, forest succession has progressed so far that the protective effect is nearly restored. However, in the majority of the areas, this is not yet the case even 24 years after the storm. The presence of regeneration in the pre-storm stand, so-called advance regeneration, considerably accelerates forest succession in a windthrow area. If advance regeneration is absent, planting can considerably fasten succession in comparison to natural regeneration, which establishes often slowly. In summary, it is concluded that on large windthrow areas at high elevation the potential of natural regeneration is limited and that a more varied combination of the different treatment options should be envisaged in the case of future windthrow events.
Die Schutzfunktion in Windwurfflächen
Authors: Bebi Peter , Putallaz Jean-Marie , Fankhauser Marius , Schmid Ueli , Schwitter Raphael , Gerber Werner 
Published: April 2015

Protection against natural hazards on windthrow areas
We give an overview on natural hazard processes on windthrow areas during the first 20 years after the winterstorm Vivian (1990). This overview is based on 1) repeated pulling experiments and a long-term analysis of stem movements in the uncleared winthrow area Cavorgia/Disentis, 2) the assessment of avalanche protection function of 26 windthrow areas, and on (3) StorMe cadastral data of natural hazard events on windthrow areas. The effective heights and stem resistance of lying logs have been reduced to ca. 40% of the original values on average in the uncleared winthrow area Cavorgia/ Disentis. In particular on very steep (&gt;45°) and rocky slopes, some of the stems have moved several meters. Most of the 26 investigated windthrow areas did not fulfill any of the considered criteria to effectively protect against avalanches. Nevertheless, very few avalanches and rockfall events were observed on Vivian areas. The relatively large number of shallow landslides in the years after the windthrow could, however, be a sign of a certain time with increased landslide susceptibility. Our results and observations suggest that the increased terrain roughness after Vivian largely compensated for the decreased protection effects against avalanche and rockfall of former stands structures during the first years after the storm. After 20 years, the terrain roughness effect has strongly decreased and reliable protection against mass movements depends in most cases on a sufficiently advanced natural forest regeneration or on additional post-windthrow plantations. It is important to consider specific conditions on the level of single slopes when planning measures against natural hazards in windthrow areas.