bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Astrocyte Ca2+Signaling Drives Inversion of Neurovascular Coupling after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Pappas Anthony C. , Koide Masayo , Wellman George C. 
Published: September 2015

Physiologically, neurovascular coupling (NVC) matches focal increases in neuronal activity with local arteriolar dilation. Astrocytes participate in NVC by sensing increased neurotransmission and releasing vasoactive agents (e.g., K+) from perivascular endfeet surrounding parenchymal arterioles. Previously, we demonstrated an increase in the amplitude of spontaneous Ca2+events in astrocyte endfeet and inversion of NVC from vasodilation to vasoconstriction in brain slices obtained from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model rats. However, the role of spontaneous astrocyte Ca2+signaling in determining the polarity of the NVC response remains unclear. Here, we used two-photon imaging of Fluo-4-loaded rat brain slices to determine whether altered endfoot Ca2+signaling underlies SAH-induced inversion of NVC. We report a time-dependent emergence of endfoot high-amplitude Ca2+signals (eHACSs) after SAH that were not observed in endfeet from unoperated animals. Furthermore, the percentage of endfeet with eHACSs varied with time and paralleled the development of inversion of NVC. Endfeet with eHACSs were present only around arterioles exhibiting inversion of NVC. Importantly, depletion of intracellular Ca2+stores using cyclopiazonic acid abolished SAH-induced eHACSs and restored arteriolar dilation in SAH brain slices to two mediators of NVC (a rise in endfoot Ca2+and elevation of extracellular K+). These data indicate a causal link between SAH-induced eHACSs and inversion of NVC. Ultrastructural examination using transmission electron microscopy indicated that a similar proportion of endfeet exhibiting eHACSs also exhibited asymmetrical enlargement. Our results demonstrate that subarachnoid blood causes a delayed increase in the amplitude of spontaneous intracellular Ca2+release events leading to inversion of NVC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)—strokes involving cerebral aneurysm rupture and release of blood onto the brain surface—are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. A common complication observed after SAH is the development of delayed cerebral ischemia at sites often remote from the site of rupture. Here, we provide evidence that SAH-induced changes in astrocyte Ca2+signaling lead to a switch in the polarity of the neurovascular coupling response from vasodilation to vasoconstriction. Thus, after SAH, signaling events that normally lead to vasodilation and enhanced delivery of blood to active brain regions cause vasoconstriction that would limit cerebral blood flow. These findings identify astrocytes as a key player in SAH-induced decreased cortical blood flow.
Tonic Local Brain Blood Flow Control by Astrocytes Independent of Phasic Neurovascular Coupling
Authors: Rosenegger David G. , Tran Cam Ha T. , Wamsteeker Cusulin Jackie I. , Gordon Grant R. 
Published: September 2015

According to the current model of neurovascular coupling, blood flow is controlled regionally through phasic changes in the activity of neurons and astrocytes that signal to alter arteriole diameter. Absent in this model, however, is how brain blood flow is tonically regulated independent of regional changes in activity. This is important because a large fraction of brain blood flow is required to maintain basal metabolic needs. Using two-photon fluorescence imaging combined with patch-clamp in acute rat brain slices of sensory-motor cortex, we demonstrate that reducing resting Ca2+in astrocytes with intracellular BAPTA causes vasoconstriction in adjacent arterioles. BAPTA-induced vasoconstriction was eliminated by a general COX blocker and the effect is mimicked by a COX-1, but not COX-2, antagonist, suggesting that astrocytes provide tonic, steady-state vasodilation by releasing prostaglandin messengers. Tonic vasodilation was insensitive to TTX, as well as a variety of synaptic and extrasynaptic receptor antagonists, indicating that the phenomenon operates largely independent of neural activity. Usingin vivotwo-photon fluorescence imaging of the barrel cortex in fully awake mice, we reveal that acute COX-1 inhibition reduces resting arteriole diameter but fails to affect vasodilation in response to vibrissae stimulation. Our findings demonstrate that astrocytes provide tonic regulation of arterioles using resting intracellular Ca2+in a manner that is independent of phasic, neuronal-evoked vasodilation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe brain requires both phasic and tonic regulation of its blood supply to service energy needs over various temporal windows. While many mechanisms have been described for phasic blood flow regulation, how the brain accomplishes tonic control is largely unknown. Here we describe a way in which astrocytes contribute to the management of basal brain blood flow by providing steady-state vasodilation to arterioles via resting astrocyte Ca2+and the continuous release of prostaglandin messengers. This phenomenon may be important for understanding the declines in basal brain blood flow that occur in aging and dementia, as well as for the interpretation of fMRI data.
Fine-Mapping the Wheat Snn1 Locus Conferring Sensitivity to the Parastagonospora nodorum Necrotrophic Effector SnTox1 Using an Eight Founder Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross Population
Authors: Cockram James , Scuderi Alice , Barber Toby , Furuki Eiko , Gardner Keith A , Gosman Nick , Kowalczyk Radoslaw , Phan Huyen P , Rose Gemma A , Tan Kar-Chun , Oliver Richard P , Mackay Ian J 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Parastagonospora nodorum is an important pathogen of one of the world’s most economically important cereal crops, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). P. nodorum produces necrotrophic protein effectors that mediate host cell death, providing nutrients for continuation of the infection process. The recent discovery of pathogen effectors has revolutionized disease resistance breeding for necrotrophic diseases in crop species, allowing often complex genetic resistance mechanisms to be broken down into constituent parts. To date, three effectors have been identified in P. nodorum. Here we use the effector, SnTox1, to screen 642 progeny from an eight-parent multiparent advanced generation inter-cross (i.e., MAGIC) population, genotyped with a 90,000-feature single-nucleotide polymorphism array. The MAGIC founders showed a range of sensitivity to SnTox1, with transgressive segregation evident in the progeny. SnTox1 sensitivity showed high heritability, with quantitative trait locus analyses fine-mapping the Snn1 locus to the short arm of chromosome 1B. In addition, a previously undescribed SnTox1 sensitivity locus was identified on the long arm of chromosome 5A, termed here QSnn.niab-5A.1. The peak single-nucleotide polymorphism for the Snn1 locus was converted to the KASP genotyping platform, providing breeders and researchers a simple and cheap diagnostic marker for allelic state at Snn1.
Features of Urine Biomineralization in Long-Livers
Authors: Shabalin V. N. , Uvarova D. S. , Shatokhina I. S. 
Published: September 2015

The increasing number of long-livers in the developed countries indicates the demand for clarification of the body vital systems functioning features which allow the long-livers to prolong their active involvement in social life.
Objective: Aim of our study/research was to define a functional condition of urinary system in long-livers using the new diagnostic technology which analyses the structures of biological liquid at its phase transition in a solid state.
Methods: A case series study was held. All long-livers suffered from atherosclerosis and its complications as well as from associated diseases. An exclusion criterion was acute conditions. The creatinine level in blood serum, indicators of common urine analysis and features of urine facies (using cuneiform dehydration) were defined.
Results: Participants included 60 long-livers (mean age 87.344.17 years) who were passing clinical laboratory tests at in-patient department of gerontological hospital. In urine facies of 41 (68.3%) long-livers a phenomenon of salt crystals distribution was identified. It presents the concentration of anisotropic salt crystals in the form of a ring in a regional facies zone. The tenfold increase in concentration of calcium and double increase in concentration of phosphorus in comparison with the central zone was detected in long-livers with a higher percent sulphur in the regional zone of urine facies.
Conclusion: The urine facies of the majority of long-livers have signs of age structure formation associated with a specific distribution of anisotropic salt crystals which fix detritus in its inert form to block the autointoxication.
The Effect of the Antioxidant Drug U-74389G on Magnesium Levels During Hypoxia–Reoxygenation Injury in Rats
Authors: Τsompos C. , Panoulis C. , Τοutouzas K. , Ζografos G. , Papalois A. 
Published: September 2015

Objective: The aim of this experimental study was to examine the effect of the antioxidant drug U-74389G in a rat model of hypoxia reoxygenation using the previously established protocol. Effects of treatments were evaluated by magnesium (Mg2+) levels in blood.
Methods: Nonrandomized controlled study was performed. Mg2+ levels were determined in 60 min (groups A and C) and 120 min (groups B and D) after starting the reoxygenation. Groups A and B received no drugs, whereas rats from groups C and D were administered with U-74389G.
Results: 40 rats 1618 weeks old of a mean weight of 2312 g were employed in the study. It is demonstrated that U-74389G administration did not alter the Mg2+ levels (decrease in Mg2+ concentration was 0.282.75%; p =0.917). Reoxygenation non-significantly increased the Mg2+ levels by 4.272.66% (p =0.107). Together, the U-74389G administration and reoxygenation non-significantly increased the Mg2+ levels by 0.361.64% (p =0.823).
Conclusion: U-74389G administration, alone or in concert with reoxygenation did not significantly affect Mg2+ level in blood after experimental hypoxia in rats.
No-Risk Mobility: Through College to University
Authors: Alexandrov Daniil , Tenisheva Ksenia , Savelyeva Svetlana 
Published: September 2015

The vocational college system is regarded as a social mobility channel providing the highest profit with minimal risk. We analyze the specific features and trends of the institutional context that has developed in Russia over the last 15 years, which promote development of such channel. We discriminate between three types of colleges that have emerged after reorganization of this education level in Russia. Colleges of the three types differ in their legal status and in the way they interact with universities. We describe a social group using the “through college to university” educational trajectory. Its members fall in between those reproducing the qualified worker status and those reproducing the highly qualified professional status. Such people usually perform averagely at school. Having surveyed nine-graders in Saint Petersburg and in one of the districts in Leningrad region, we analyze the motives for choosing the “through college to university” educational trajectory and the ideas students with their parents had about benefits, costs, and risks of this pathway. It appears that geographical location plays a key role in choosing this trajectory. Opting for an alternative educational pathway is less typical of rural students dealing with much more structural constrains than their urban counterparts. Unlike in large cities, only more informed and higher-status groups make this choice in the countryside. A comparison of college systems in several countries allows to conclude that colleges in Russia represent an upward social mobility channel, just like in USA and unlike in Germany, where colleges ensure social reproduction.
Online Learning: How It Affects the University Structure and Economics. Panel discussion
Authors: Carnoy Martin , Kuzminov Yaroslav 
Published: September 2015

A panel discussion on online learning was held at National Research University—Higher School of Economics on June 16, 2015. The scenario included three main topical units: how online learning affects the education structure; incurred changes to tuition fees and cash flows; promising areas of online learning research. Particularly, the agenda embraced the following questions: How efficient is online learning? What benefits does it provide to its players (institution, teachers, and students)? What risks are there for online learning players (institution, students)? Who has a demand for online learning? How does distribution of online learning affect the global and national education systems and organization of universities? Will Russian universities introduce the practice of replacing conventional courses with massive open online courses (MOOC)? Will there be any limitations to such practice (e. g. will students only be able to choose MOOC for general subjects but not for field-specific disciplines? will they be able to choose from OpenEdX courses only)? How introduction of this practice will affect the organization of the learning process and the level of teaching load? Will replacement of conventional courses with MOOC result in job cuts? Can the MOOC phenomenon give rise to discrimination between cheap online and elite classroom education? How do MOOC change the education market? Is MOOC distribution increasing the ternational competition between universities? How will tuition fees be affected?
FROM UNITY TO THE VARIETY OF FORMS IN NATURE
Authors: Ломиашвили Лариса , Lomiashvili Larisa , Сидельников В. , Sedelnikov V. , Постолаки А. , Postolaki A. 
Published: September 2015

<p>The questions of unity and variety of forms in nature are discussed In the presentpaper. Refers to the process of shaping the teeth, structural and functional unit of the tooth is determined: canine module – odontomer. The common structure of the tooth, hand and foot is demonstrated, moreover the morphological similarity is manifested at the stage of human embryo – histogenesis. Thus, at the stage of bookmarks, formation, growth and development of certain organs of a human embryo (hands, feet and teeth) one can see some similarity of their structure, the internal order of the morphological units (fingers, enameldentinal rollers), which describes the universal law of creation – "the golden proportion" . Dentists have to know the anatomy of the organs and tissues of the oral cavity very well when restoring the teeth. Also dentists should study their phylogeny, anthropogeny,ontogeny in order to reconstruct the missing tissue in their original form, in harmony. The stages of dental restorations made of composite materials based on modular technology are shown.</p><p>We have proposed a matrix model for shaping the crown of a tooth. At the base of a tooth crown several modules – odontometrs are laid, which are directed to the fissure of the first order. A doctor deliberately puts missing edges, filling empty spaces with composite material, thus performing a specific algorithm of a tooth construction. While restoration the missing tissue you operate with the canine tooth module and composite material and fill a tooth crown.</p><p>Thus, we consider a canine tooth as the initial unit, fractal part of ontogenesis of dento-facial system of a person in accordance with the set laws which are typical for the modular (fractal) structural organization.</p>
El estilo de negociación entre los paí­ses de Asia y México: diferencias y similitudes
Authors: Arredondo Hidalgo Dra. Marí­a Guadalupe , Pantoja Aguilar Mtro. Martí­n P. 
Published: September 2015

El presente trabajo es una investigación documental con el objetivo de identificar las condiciones actuales en el ámbito de las negociaciones, sus tratados y la balanza comercial, como antecedentes de la negociación entre los paí­ses de Asia y México. Recopila también los estilos de negociación de los diferentes paí­ses asiáticos y así­ mismo el estilo en México, todos identificados por diversos autores, para con base en las propuestas de Benoliel (Asia) y Chamoun Nicolás (México) elaborar una comparativa directa de los estilos de negociación entre México y los paí­ses asiáticos. Los resultados permiten reconocer que los procesos de negociación son en la mayorí­a de los casos diferentes para ambas partes, pero coincidentes en algunas. Concluyendo que las negociaciones internacionales implican un complejo proceso de preparación y un profundo análisis para que sean exitosas.
Factors associated with pathological fractures in dogs with appendicular primary bone neoplasia: 84 cases (2007–2013)
Authors: Rubin Jacob A. , Suran Jantra N. , Brown Dorothy Cimino , Agnello Kimberly A. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Objective—To determine the incidence of pathological fractures associated with appendicular primary bone tumors in dogs managed medically and to identify potential risk factors at the time of radiographic diagnosis that may be associated with eventual pathological fracture.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—84 dogs with primary long bone neoplasia treated medically.
Procedures—Medical records for dogs with a diagnosis of primary long bone neoplasia based on results of radiography that was confirmed subsequently at necropsy were reviewed. Owners elected medical treatment at a pain clinic. Data regarding clinical signs, diagnostic testing, pathological findings, and outcome were evaluated.
Results—84 dogs met study inclusion criteria with 85 limbs affected. Osteosarcoma was the most common tumor and was identified in 78 of 85 (91.8%) limbs. The median time from diagnosis to euthanasia was 111 days (range, 28 to 447 days). Pathological fractures were identified in 33 of 85 limbs (38%), with the femur most commonly affected, (8/14 [57.1%]), followed by the tibia (9/17 [52.9%]), humerus (10/27 [37%]), radius (5/25 [20%]), and ulna (1/2 [50%]). Logistic regression analysis indicated that tumors arising from long bones other than the radius had odds of eventual fracture 5.05 as great as the odds for tumors of the radius, and lytic tumors had odds of eventual fracture 3.22 as great as the odds for tumors that appeared blastic or mixed lytic-blastic.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that radial primary bone tumors were less likely and lytic tumors were more likely to fracture. The overall incidence of pathological fractures secondary to appendicular primary bone neoplasia in this study with patients treated by means of intensive management for bone pain was higher than previously reported.
Prevalence of and risk factors associated with ovine progressive pneumonia in Wyoming sheep flocks
Authors: Gerstner Shelley , Adamovicz Jeffrey J. , Duncan John V. , Laegreid William W. , Marshall Katherine L. , Logan James R. , Schumaker Brant A. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Objective—To determine the prevalence of antibodies against small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV), the causative agent of ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP), and to identify risk factors associated with OPP in Wyoming sheep flocks.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—1,415 sheep from 54 flocks in Wyoming.
Procedures—Flocks were surveyed as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) 2011 sheep study. Serum samples obtained from sheep in Wyoming were analyzed for anti-SRLV antibodies by use of a competitive-inhibition ELISA. The prevalence of seropositive animals overall and within each flock was calculated. Respective associations between flock OPP status and various demographic and management variables were assessed.
Results—The estimated prevalence of sheep seropositive for anti-SRLV antibodies and OPP-infected flocks in Wyoming was 18.0% and 47.5%, respectively. Within OPP-infected flocks, the prevalence of seropositive sheep ranged from 3.9% to 96%. Flocks maintained on nonfenced range were more likely to be infected with OPP than were flocks maintained on fenced range (OR, 3.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 10.7). The estimated prevalence of OPP-infected flocks in Wyoming did not vary substantially from that at the regional or national level reported in the NAHMS 2001 sheep study. Compared with results of the NAHMS 2011 sheep study, Wyoming producers were more familiar with OPP than were other US sheep producers, but only 61% of Wyoming producers surveyed reported being very or somewhat familiar with the disease.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that OPP is prevalent in many Wyoming sheep flocks, which suggested that continued efforts are necessary to increase producer knowledge about the disease and investigate practices to minimize economic losses associated with OPP.
A Comprehensive Assessment Tool for Patient Registry Software Systems: The CIPROS Checklist
Authors: Mansmann U. , Lindoerfer D. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryBackground: Patient registries are an important instrument in medical research. Often their structure is complex and their implementation uses composite software systems to meet the wide spectrum of challenges.Objectives: For the implementation of a registry, there is a wide range of commercial, open source, and self-developed systems available and a minimal standard for the critical appraisal of their architecture is needed.Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature to define a catalogue of relevant criteria to construct a minimal appraisal standard.Results: The CIPROS list is developed based on 64 papers which were found by our systematic review. The list covers twelve sections and contains 72 items.Conclusions: The CIPROS list supports developers to assess requirements on existing systems and strengthens the reporting of patient registry software system descriptions. It can be a first step to create standards for patient registry software system assessments.
Pollen structure and development in Nymphaeales: Insights into character evolution in an ancient angiosperm lineage
Authors: Taylor Mackenzie L. , Cooper Ranessa L. , Schneider Edward L. , Osborn Jeffrey M. 
Published: September 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:A knowledge of pollen characters in early‐diverging angiosperm lineages is essential for understanding pollen evolution and the role of pollen in angiosperm diversification. In this paper, we report and synthesize data on mature pollen and pollen ontogeny from all genera of Nymphaeales within a comparative, phylogenetic context and consider pollen evolution in this early‐diverging angiosperm lineage. We describe mature pollen characters for Euryale, Barclaya, and Nymphaea ondinea, taxa for which little to no structural data exist.METHODS:We studied mature pollen for all nymphaealean genera using light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. We reviewed published reports of nymphaealean pollen to provide a comprehensive discussion of pollen characters in water lilies.KEY RESULTS:Nymphaeales exhibit diversity in key pollen characters, including dispersal unit size, ornamentation, aperture morphology, and tapetum type. All Nymphaeales pollen are tectate‐columellate, exhibiting one of two distinct patterns of infratectal ultrastructure—a thick infratectal space with robust columellae or a thin infratectal space with thin columellae. All genera have pollen with a lamellate endexine that becomes compressed in the proximal, but not distal wall. This endexine ultrastructure supports the operculate hypothesis for aperture origin. Nymphaeaceae pollen exhibit a membranous granular layer, which is a synapomorphy of the family.CONCLUSIONS:Variation in pollen characters indicates that significant potential for lability in pollen development was present in Nymphaeales at the time of its divergence from the rest of angiosperms. Structural and ontogenetic data are essential for interpreting pollen characters, such as infratectum and endexine ultrastructure in Nymphaeales.