bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LIFETIME SEXUAL AND PHYSICAL ABUSE AMONG ELITE ATHLETIC ATHLETES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF PREVALENCE AND CORRELATES WITH ATHLETICS INJURY
Authors: Timpka T , Janson S , Jacobsson J , Kowalski J , Ekberg J , Mountjoy M , Svedin CG 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundSexual and physical abuse have been reported from all levels of sports. Associations between abuse victimization and sports injury have not been fully investigated.ObjectiveTo examine the lifetime prevalence of sexual and physical abuse in elite athletics athletes and explore associations with prevalence of athletics injuries.DesignCross-sectional study using e-epidemiological survey methods.SettingSwedish male and female youth and adult elite athletics athletes.ParticipantsAthletes ranked in the national top-15 with recorded email addresses (n=507) were invited. 198 (39%) athletes returned complete data.Risk factor assessmentGender, age, sexual orientation, event group, lifetime physical abuse, lifetime sexual abuse (noncontact sexual abuse (indecent exposure), contact sexual abuse without penetration, penetrating sexual abuse) within and outside sports.Main outcome measurementsOne-year prevalence of injury causing at least three consecutive weeks of full or partial time loss from athletics.Results27 (14%) athletes reported lifetime exposure to sexual abuse and 36 (18%) athletes to physical abuse. More women than men (P=.005; Cramer's V=0.21) reported lifetime sexual abuse. Non-heterosexual athletes tended to more often be lifetime physical abuse victims than their heterosexual peers (P=.058). 6 (3%) athletes reported having been sexually abused in the athletics setting. The perpetrators of sexual abuse in athletics were both men and women extending from coaches to peers in mid-adolescence; two athletes reported suicidal ideation as a consequence of the abuse. The one-year prevalence of 3-week athletics injuries was higher for physical abuse victims among women (P=.021; Cramer's V=0.23), but not for male victims (P=.90). Sexual abuse was not found to be statistically associated with athletics injury.ConclusionsPhysical abuse victimization was associated with higher injury prevalence among female athletics athletes. Sexual and physical abuse victims are common in elite athletics and further studies of abuse, abuse victims, and abuse prevention are needed.
NEITHER GOOD KNEE STABILITY NOR RECOVERED MUSCULAR STRENGTH GUARANTEE SAFE RETURN TO SPORTS AFTER ANATOMICAL SINGLE- AND DOUBLE-BUNDLE ACL RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Tsuda E , Hiraga Y , Yamamoto Y , Maeda S , Ishibashi Y 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundRecent innovation in ACL reconstruction has provided improved knee stability and function, however, the effect to decrease the incidence of the second ACL injury has not been established.ObjectiveTo determine the incidence of the second ACL injury after anatomical ACL reconstruction and the associated factors.DesignRetrospective study.SettingPatients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction from 2003 to 2010 in our institute.Patients177 patients received single-bundle reconstruction with a bone-patellar tendon-bone graft and 257 patients received double-bundle reconstruction with hamstring tendon grafts.Risk factor assessmentThe patients who suffered the second ACL injury were searched by reviewing medical records.Main outcome measurementGender, age at the primary ACL surgery, graft type, traumatic event which caused second ACL injury, the period from the primary ACL surgery to the second ACL injury, and the stability of ACL-reconstructed knee and muscular recovery rate of quadriceps and hamstrings immediate before the second ACL injury were investigated in the patients with the second ACL injury.Results34 patients (7.8%) had reconstructed ACL tear and 32 patients (7.4%) had contralateral ACL tear. The second ACL injury frequently occurred in lower age patients, while was not associated with gender, graft type. All patients except one had the second ACL injury after return to sports. Before the second ACL injury, 92.4% ACL-reconstructed knees showed 1 mm or less of side-to-side difference in KT-1000 measurements, and 89.4% knees were negative in pivot-shift test. Good muscular recovery with more than 80% of healthy side achieved in 89.4% before the second ACL injury.ConclusionsThe good results in either knee stability or muscular recovery after anatomically ACL-reconstructed knee does not guarantee safe return to sports or decreased risk of the second ACL injury.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF A FATIGUE PROTOCOL TO A DYNAMIC STABILITY SCREENING TEST FOR EXERTIONAL MEDIAL TIBIAL PAIN
Authors: Verrelst R 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe development of accurate measurement techniques to detect risk factors for common injuries should be of concern to health care professionals.ObjectiveTo determine the contribution of a fatigue protocol to a risk factor screening test for the development of exertional medial tibial pain(EMTP).Design3D kinematic parameters were prospectively evaluated during a single leg drop jump (SLDJ) in both non-fatigued and fatigued state.Setting:Female students in physical education were tested at the beginning of their first academic year and followed throughout 1–2 years.Participants69 healthy female students were included in the study.Risk factor assessmentCox regression analysis was used to identify the potential risk of dynamic joint instability in the development of EMTP.Main outcome measurementsIt was hypothesized that dynamic joint instability in frontal and transverse plane might play a role in the development of EMTP.Results21 subjects were diagnosed with EMTP. The results identified that for the leg at risk in non-fatigued state, only increased range of motion in the transverse plane (ROMT) of the hip during landing (P=.002) could be identified. In the fatigued state, increased ROMT of hip (P=.038) and pelvis (P=.040) during landing and increased ROMT of thorax (P=0036) during push-off could be determined. For the leg not at risk for EMTP, increased ROMT for the knee (P=.023) during landing and decreased ROMT for the pelvis (P=.034) during push-off were determined. These significant parameters could no longer be determined in the fatigued state.ConclusionsIt can be concluded that adding a fatigue protocol to the SLDJ enhances the possibility to identify the leg at risk in a predisposed female athlete and determine the proximal risk factors for that leg at risk more thoroughly.
CASUALTY INCIDENCE AT THE WORLD TRIATHLON CHAMPIONSHIPS: ARE AGE, GENDER AND EVENT TYPE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK?
Authors: Walker M , Vleck V , Ussher M , Sanjay S 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundDespite the growing popularity of triathlon, very few studies have assessed the casualty incidence and profile during races. The World Triathlon Championships in London offered the opportunity to observe this at the largest triathlon ever held.ObjectiveThis study describes the profile of casualties sustained across a five day triathlon event. It is hypothesised that an association exists between casualty risk and the variables of age, gender, event standard and distance.DesignObservational data was collected on all participants who were entered to compete in the event, and whom sought medical aid either during the event or after the finish of the event. Casualty nature was categorised into topical, musculoskeletal and constitutional.SettingThe World Triathlon Championship Grand Final was held in Hyde Park, London over five consecutive days in September 2013, comprising both elite and non-elite fields.ParticipantsA total of 6 103 inidviduals participated from 84 countries. Age ranged from 16 to 80 years.Risk factor assessmentIndependent variabales included: age; gender; event standard, event distance and event type.Main outcome measurements1) Total casualty incidence for age, gender and standard. 2) Casualty incidence difference by gender for each event type 3) Nature of casualty incidence for age, gender and event type.ResultsFemales had a higher casualty rate than males, across majority of event types. Elite athletes had a higher casualty rate. Topical casualties were highest in 40–49 age group, and for sprint distances, musculoskeletal casualties were highest in 50–59 age group. For the Olympic distance, constitutional casualties were highest for females, the oldest and the youngest.ConclusionsIn a large world triathlon championship event, the incidence and nature of participant casualties is associated with age, gender, event distance and standard. These findings could support organisers seeking to plan effective medical resourcing and injury prevention strategies for such future events, and help inform triathletes of their risk of injury during races.
THE EFFECTS OF FATIGUE ON PEAK TORQUE, MUSCLE STIFFNESS, AND MUSCULOARTICULAR STIFFNESS OF THE KNEE JOINT IN YOUNG MALE ATHLETES
Authors: Wang D , De Vito G , Ditroilo M , Fong D , Delahunt E 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundAppropriate levels of muscle strength, muscle stiffness (MS) and musculoarticular stiffness (MAS) are important factors linked to athletic performance. Alterations in knee joint mechanical behavior induced by neuromuscular fatigue may have implications for injury susceptibility.ObjectiveTo investigate the acute effects of fatigue on peak torque of the knee joint extensor musculature, MS of the vastus lateralis and MAS of the knee joint in young male athletes.DesignExperimental study.SettingUniversity biomechanics laboratory.Participants27 male recreational athletes.InterventionsA 15-minute cycle ergometer fatiguing protocol.Main outcome measurementsPeak torque of the knee joint extensor musculature was assessed on a leg-extension dynamometer, whilst MS of the vastus lateralis was measured using a myometer (Müomeetria AS, Tallinn, Estonia) in both relaxed and contracted conditions. MAS was evaluated by the free oscillation technique on a leg-extension dynamometer. These measures were performed before and after the fatiguing intervention.ResultsA significant decrease in peak torque was observed from pre-fatigue (208.2±47.1 Nm) to post-fatigue (189.3±52.5 Nm) (P<.01). Absolute MS was significantly increased from pre-fatigue (362.7±49.4 Nm−1–relaxed; 493.6±71.2 Nm−1–contracted) to post-fatigue (454.3±82.8 Nm−1–relaxed; 551.3±89.7 Nm−1–contracted) (P<.01). Normalized MS (MS/load supported) was significantly increased from pre-fatigue (26.4±6.9 Nm−1·kg−1) to post-fatigue (230.8±6.5 Nm−1·kg−1) (P<.01). MAS was decreased significantly from pre-fatigue (1518.8±502.6 Nm−1) to post-fatigue (1421.6±445.7 Nm−1) (P<.05). However, for normalized MAS (MAS/load supported) no significant difference was observed (P=.06).ConclusionsIt is hypothesized that the observed increase in MS may be a compensatory mechanism to offset the fatigue induced decrease in peak torque and MAS, with the aim of preserving knee joint stability.
A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON INJURY RELATED PHYSICAL DISABILITY IN URBAN SRI LANKA
Authors: Weerasinghe I , Pushpa F , Samath D , Sumedha J 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundInjuries remain the leading cause of death and disability among all age groups except 60 years of age or older. Road traffic accidents, occupations, sports, violence and humanitarian crisis significantly contribute to injuries. In Sri Lanka non-accident, traumatic injury, such as stepping on pressure mines, grenade and mortar blasts and trap gun accidents are common. Sri Lankans also suffer from a high rate of train mishaps. However, the magnitude of the contribution of various types of injuries to disability is still not well documented in Sri Lanka.ObjectiveThis study assessed prevalence of physical disability due to injuries among adults in Kandy Municipal Council area (KMC) in Central Sri Lanka.DesignA community-based descriptive cross sectional study.SettingKMC area in Kandy, Sri Lanka.Participants2 460 adults aged 18 to 59 years selected using cluster sampling.Main outcome measurementsPhysical disability was measured using a physical examination and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule-Version II. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to reveal injury related data. Prevalence of physical disability due to injury and types of injuries were the main outcome measures.ResultsPrevalence of physical disability due to injuries was 0.6% (95% CI: 0.3–0.9). 13.6% (n=14) of physical disabilities were caused by injuries. Injuries reported included road traffic accidents (42.8%, n=6), falls (42.8%, n=6), war injuries (7.2%, n=1) and sports injuries (7.2%, n=1). Majority who underwent injuries were females (57.1%, n=8). There was no significant difference between males and females according to injury occurrence (P<.05).ConclusionA significant proportion of physical disabilities were due to injuries. A majority of injuries occurred due to road traffic accidents while sports injuries contributed least for physical disability in the community in Sri Lanka.
THE PREVALENCE OF PATELLAR TENDINOPATHY IN ELITE ACADEMY RUGBY; A CLINICAL AND IMAGING STUDY WITH 12 MONTH FOLLOW UP
Authors: Wilson F , Durcan L , McCarthy E , O'Shea B , Coole A , Webb M , Johnston C , Gissane C 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundPatellar tendinopathy (PT) is a challenging condition with variable outcomes. Injuries that are traditionally associated with training volume such as tendinopathies are less frequently reported in rugby but are likely to increase as a result of more intensive training regimens.ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of PT in elite academy rugby.DesignCross sectional, observational study with 12 month follow-up.SettingElite/international division rugby.ParticipantsAll members of the academies of the rugby provinces (Munster, Leinster, Ulster and Connacht) of the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) were invited (N=87) and 83 players participated in the study. Mean age was 20.4 years (1.48), with a mean of 11.9 years (2.8) experience.Risk factor assessmentAnthropometrics, body mass, and fat % were measured by bio-impedance. Clinical examination investigated symptoms. Ultrasound examination established tendon thickness, echogenicity and homogeneity including focal areas of tendinopathy in both transverse and longitudinal planes. Statistical analysis was performed using PASW 18 and CIA software.Main outcome measurementsThe Cincinnati Sports Activity Scale, established activity levels. The VISA-P scale evaluated symptoms. Ultrasounds were reviewed and graded by two musculoskeletal radiologists.Results30 participants (36.1%) had US abnormalities with 38 abnormal tendons. The abnormalities were microcalculi (44.7%) (N=17), thickened tendons +/- large areas of cystic degenerative change (26.3%) and macrocalculi or large hypoechoic areas (28.9%) (N=11). Eleven participants (13.3%) fulfilled the clinical diagnosis of PT based on clinical examination. Combining both US and clinical exam, the prevalence of PT was 9.6% (N=8). There was a statistically significant difference between the prevalence of patellar tendinopathy based upon US findings (P=.027) and the combination of both clinical examination and US (P=.044) in different training academies. Twelve-month follow up data will be reported.ConclusionsPT is a relatively common injury in elite academy rugby players and training practices may contribute to its development.
HIGH PREVALENCE OF OSTEOCHONDRAL AND SOFT-TISSUE DAMAGE IN THE ANKLES OF ASYMPTOMATIC PROFESSIONAL SNOWBOARDERS: A PROSPECTIVE EVALUATION WITH 3T MRI
Authors: Briggs K , Ho C , Ryan W , Bower G , Hackett T , Clanton T 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundProfessional snowboarders are exposed to repetitive high-impact loading on a daily basis throughout their competitive and training careers.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of ankle derangements on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in asymptomatic professional snowboarding athletes. We hypothesized that elite snowboarders with asymptomatic ankles would exhibit osteochondral and soft-tissue changes on 3T MRI.DesignBetween February and March 2013, professional snowboarders specializing in various disciplines were recruited to participate in the study. 3T MRIs of each ankle were obtained prospectively.SettingWorld Cup snowboarding competition.ParticipantsEach participant underwent a physical examination of each ankle and completed a short survey including demographic, pain, and functional questions prior to MRI evaluation to ensure that each of the included ankles were truly asymptomatic. Sixteen professional snowboarders (29 asymptomatic ankles) were included in the study.Risk factor assessmentA 3T MRI scan of each asymptomatic ankle was performed.Main outcome measurementsThe MRI findings were recorded by an experienced musuloskeletal radiologist.ResultsThere were 9 males (16 ankles) and 7 females (13 ankles) with a mean age of 23.4 years (range, 18–31 years) who had been professional snowboarders for a median of 6.5 years (range, 2–15 years). It was found that all 29 ankles (100%) had notable derangements on 3T MRI scans including various ligamentous pathologies, tendinous pathologies, syndesmosis injuries, effusions, osteochondral injuries and bony edema. Increasing age and years of competitive snowboarding were significantly associated with chondral damage of the ankle (P=.017 and P=.026, respectively).ConclusionAll 29 asymptomatic ankles in this study had notable derangements on MRI scans, signifying a potentially high prevalence of asymptomatic ankle pathology in elite snowboarding athletes. Recognition of these injuries is important to create future strategies for the prevention of long-term sequelae in this high-risk group.
ARE WE CURRENTLY UNDERESTIMATING THE RISK OF SCRUM-RELATED NECK INJURIES IN RUGBY UNION FRONT-ROW PLAYERS?
Authors: Brown J , Lambert M , Hendricks S , Readhead C , Verhagen E , Burger N , Viljoen W 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundIn comparison to other aspects of play in rugby union, the scrum is a relatively controlled event, which is governed by numerous safety laws. Also, the scrum, in comparison to other events occurs relatively infrequently and yet is still associated with a number of severe injuries to one positional grouping – the front-row forwards (two props and a hooker).ObjectivePrevious reports may have underestimated the true risk of a scrum-related neck injury to the front-row players due to an assumption that more players are exposed to this injury risk than epidemiological studies indicate.DesignA theoretical methods paper based on previously published data.SettingNationwide, all ages and levels of competition.ParticipantsFront-row rugby players with scrum-related neck injuries.Assessment of risk factorsWe compared the estimated rate of injury with the same number of injury events, but with varying numbers of players in the exposure: (1) all 15 players, (2) the eight forwards and (3) the three front-row forwards. The latter category account for the majority of all scrum-related neck injuries.Main outcome measurementsN/A.ResultsThe incidence rate and thus risk, can be 5 fold greater when calculated for the front-row (3 players) only and not the entire team (15 players) or the forwards, as has been performed previously. By including the other five forwards (8 players in total) or other 12 players in the team (15 players in total) in the exposure calculation, the true risk of scrum-related neck injury could be underestimated as the front-row players account for the majority of all scrum-related neck injuries.ConclusionsPreviously, we may have underestimated the true risk of injury scrum-related neck injuries to the front-row players. Future studies should consider reporting the scrum-related injury risk in the front-row player population only.
IMPROVEMENTS IN INJURY PREVENTION BEHAVIOURS OF RUGBY UNION PLAYERS ASSOCIATED WITH BOKSMART INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
Authors: Brown J , Lambert M , Lubbe S , van Mechelen W , Verhagen E 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundRugby union (“rugby”) players have an above-average risk of injury compared to participants of other popular team sports. Player behaviour has been identified as a critical area of injury prevention, yet understudied.ObjectiveTo assess whether rugby player behaviour improved over the concomitant time period of the BokSmart nationwide injury prevention programme.DesignAn anonymous knowledge, attitude and self-reported behaviour questionnaire was completed by tournament players on a yearly basis from 2008-2012. A generalised linear model assessed whether the proportion of “correct” injury-prevention behaviour improved over this five year period.SettingJunior (under-18) and senior (adult) annual rugby tournaments.ParticipantsOf the 112 junior and 84 senior teams, 111 (99%, n=2279 players) and 81 (96%, n=1642 players) teams opted to complete the questionnaire.Assessment of risk factorsBesides age, team and year (of tournament): “perceived necessity of a coach safety course–yes/no”, “injury prevention role of coaches/referees/players–yes/no” (role), “previous injury–yes/no (injury)”, “ethnicity” and “position - forward/back” were considered as behavioural determinants.Main outcome measurementsThe assessed behaviours were mouthguard use, warming-up/cooling down, injury management (ice, compression, elevation, heat, alcohol, massage, exercise), techniques (scrum, tackle, ruck) and physical conditioning.ResultsFive of the 18 self-reported behaviours improved significantly (P<.005) between 2008–2012: mouthguard use (practice–36% and matches–28%), cooling down after practice/matches (32% each) and elevating injured limbs (36%). Other behaviours remained unchanged. Other important determinants of other behaviours were team and age.ConclusionsNo behaviours worsened, while five of the injury prevention behaviours have improved since the launch of BokSmart (mid 2009–present). Future studies should ascertain whether the BokSmart programme had a causal effect on the improved behaviours and whether BokSmart is able to improve the remaining behaviours.