bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Human Milk Fat Substitutes from Lard by Lipase‐Catalyzed Interesterification Based on Triacylglycerol profiles
Authors: Zou Xiaoqiang , Huang Jianhua , Jin Qingzhe , Guo Zheng , Cheong Lingzhi , Xu Xuebing , Wang Xingguo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHuman milk fat substitutes (HMFSs) with triacylglycerol profiles highly similar to those of human milk fat (HMF) were prepared from lard by physical blending followed by enzymatic interesterification. Based on the fatty acid profiles of HMF, different vegetable and single‐cell oils were selected and added to the lard. Blend ratios were calculated based on established physical blending models. The blended oils were then enzymatically interesterified using a 1,3‐regiospecific lipase, Lipozyme RM IM (RML from Rhizomucor miehei immobilized on Duolite ES562; Novozymes A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark), to approximate HMF triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles, particularly with respect to the distribution of palmitic acid in the sn−2 position. The optimized blending ratios were determined to be: lard:sunflower oil:canola oil:palm kernel oil:palm oil:algal oil:microbial oil = 1.00:0.10:0.50:0.13:0.12:0.02:0.02. The optimized reaction conditions were determined to be: enzyme load of 11 wt%, temperature of 60 °C, water content of 3.5 wt%, and reaction time of 3 hours. The resulting product was evaluated for total and sn−2 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and TAG composition. A high degree of similarity was obtained, indicating the great potential of the product as a fat alternative for use in infant formulas.
Pressure Sensitive Adhesives Based on Oleic Acid
Authors: Wu Yili , Li Anlong , Li Kaichang 
Published: November 2014

AbstractExisting pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) are mostly based on petrochemical‐based polymers. This study reveals a new class of bio‐based polymers that can be used as PSA. The polymers are hydroxyl‐containing polyesters from the step‐growth polymerization of epoxidized oleic acid (EOA), an AB‐type monomer containing both a carboxylic acid group (A) and an epoxy group (B). The monomer is derived from epoxidation of renewable methyl oleate followed by selective hydrolysis of the ester group. The polymers (PEOA) of EOA were characterized for their chemical structure and molecular weight. The PEOA after being cured with a very small amount of a crosslinking agent could serve as a PSA with high peel strength, high tack force, superior shear resistance, excellent aging resistance, and excellent thermal stability. The PSA contains 99 wt% of green renewable materials. The PSA were also characterized for their viscoelastic properties and thermal properties.
Analysis of Fatty Acid and Lignan Composition of Indian Germplasm of Sesame to Evaluate Their Nutritional Merits
Authors: Bhunia Rupam Kumar , Chakraborty Anirban , Kaur Ranjeet , Gayatri T. , Bhat K. V. , Basu Asitava , Maiti Mrinal K. , Sen Soumitra Kumar 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAn attempt was made to individually analyze a germplasm collection of 54 indigenous Indian sesame cultivars for fatty acid and lignan composition of their seed oil by gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The entries varied in their fatty acid and lignan composition. The mean percentage contents of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and α‐linolenic acids ranged between 10–22, 5–10, 38–50, 18–43 and less than 1 whereas sesamol, sesamin and sesamolin scored between 3–37, 27–67, 20–59 of the total percentage of lignan, respectively. The highest percentage of α‐linolenic acid (ALA) was obtained in Var‐9 (1.3 % of the total fatty acids). Among the lignans, high sesamin content is considered to be significant, particularly in terms of long shelf life and nutraceutical value of sesame seed oil. The study has broadened our understanding related to differential biochemical composition of the rich sesame germplasms, thereby providing us with a useful groundwork for identifying potential targets and suitable cultivars for genetic engineering approaches to be undertaken in order to improve the nutritional quality of sesame oil, which in turn would be beneficial towards human health.
Encapsulation of Aqueous Components in Solid Fat Beads: Studies of a Model Dye and a Probiotic Culture
Authors: Wolfe Lindsay A. , Roberts Robert F. , Coupland John N. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSolid fat beads containing aqueous droplets of either a water soluble dye (Brilliant Blue) or a suspension of viable probiotic bacteria (Bifidobacterium animalis ssp lactis) were produced by dropping a water‐in‐molten fat emulsion into cold water or onto a cold plate, respectively. Hydrogenated palm stearin beads containing 20 % dye solution were 4.6 ± 0.2 × 2.7 ± 0.4 mm and the average bead weighed 0.0103 ± 0.0003 g. The dye was completely released into an external aqueous phase after 24 h stirring at temperatures above the melting point of the fat but at temperatures where the fat was solid very little dye was released into an external aqueous phase. When a bacterial suspension was used as the internal phase of 20 % hydrogenated palm stearin/80 % palm kernel oil beads, the beads contained 8.44 log CFU/g. The encapsulated organisms were more resistant to acid stress than an unencapsulated control (loss of 0.7 versus 5.75 log CFU/g). This approach offers a way to protect probiotic bacteria during transit through the stomach. Practical application: by encapsulating bacteria in solid fat they become more resistant to acids. Small beads could be added to foods or swallowed as a pill as a way to deliver viable probiotic organisms to the lower digestive tract.
How Online Consumer Segments Differ in Long-term Marketing Effectiveness
Authors: Reimer Kerstin , Rutz Oliver J. , Pauwels Koen 
Published: November 2014

Online commerce gives companies not only a growing global sales platform, but also powerful consumers enjoying 24/7 availability, choice proliferation and the power to opt in and out permission-based communication. Unfortunately, our knowledge is limited on long-term marketing effectiveness in this space and on how it differs across customer segments. Managers appear overwhelmed by the combination of rich online data on hundreds of thousands of customers and the typical aggregate-level data on offline marketing spending. This paper is the first to investigate the long-term impact of coupon promotions, TV, radio, print, and Internet advertising across customer segments for a major digital music provider with over 500,000 customers. We first segment customers and subsequently analyze how these segments respond in the long run to different marketing activities when purchasing music downloads. Our findings reveal that the effectiveness of marketing differs across segments, while standard segmentation approaches fail to identify the most valuable catches in a sea of consumers. In contrast to empirical generalizations on consumer packaged goods, heavy users of digital music products are least sensitive to price and most sensitive to TV advertising and to multiple touch points. Light users, the majority of consumers, are price sensitive and tend to opt out of targeted communication. Our research enables managers in the digital media space to target high-value customer segments with the most effective actions.
Algorithms for generating large-scale clustered random graphs
Authors: WANG CHENG , LIZARDO OMAR , HACHEN DAVID 
Published: November 2014

AbstractReal-world networks are often compared to random graphs to assess whether their topological structure could be a result of random processes. However, a simple random graph in large scale often lacks social structure beyond the dyadic level. As a result we need to generate clustered random graph to compare the local structure at higher network levels. In this paper a generalized version of Gleeson's algorithmG(VS, VT, ES, ET, S, T)is advanced to generate a clustered random graph in large-scale which persists the number of vertices |V|, the number of edges |E|, and the global clustering coefficientCΔas in the real network and it works successfully for nine large-scale networks. Our new algorithm also has advantages in randomness evaluation and computation efficiency when compared with the existing algorithms.
IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING NEW PROCEDURES FOR HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: A DECADE OF NICE EXPERIENCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Campbell Bruce , Morris Rebekah , Mandava Lakshmi , Murthy Lakshmi , Gallo Helen , Ong Koh Jun , Latif Ali , Patrick Hannah 
Published: November 2014

Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the experience of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in identifying new procedures entering the United Kingdom (UK) healthcare system, for assessment and publication of recommendations on their use. This system is designed to provide guidance in an area where regulation is lacking worldwide.Methods: Retrospective analysis of all procedures notified to the Interventional Procedures Programme (NICE) between 2002 and 2012. Notifications were analyzed year by year for their source (who notified them), clinical specialties involved, and whether guidance was subsequently published.Results: A total of 1,094 procedures were notified by clinicians (51 percent), and by others, including hospitals (6 percent), horizon scanners (5 percent), patients (4 percent), private health insurers (4 percent), and medical device manufacturers (3 percent). Guidance was published on 44 percent of procedures notified to the program. There was a decrease in the numbers of procedures notified during 2003–2012 (p = .049). There were notifications across all specialties, with the largest numbers in general surgery (125), urology (104), orthopedics (99), interventional radiology (93), cardiology (82), and obstetrics and gynecology (82).Conclusions: The “open” NICE Web portal allows anyone to notify new procedures, aiming to maximize the opportunity of identifying all those procedures entering clinical practice. This has resulted in identification of large numbers of procedures from across the whole range of medical specialties. The fact that similar proportions of procedures notified from diverse sources have been selected for assessment and publication of practice recommendations suggests that this inclusive approach is worthwhile.
Isomorphic Pressures, Epistemic Communities and State–NGO Collaboration in China
Authors: Hasmath Reza , Hsu Jennifer Y.J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article suggests that the lack of meaningful collaboration between the state and NGOs in China is not solely a result of the state seeking to restrict the development of the sector, or the fear of a potential opposing actor to the state; instead, interviews with NGOs in Beijing and Shanghai suggest that a lack of meaningful engagement between the state and NGOs can be partially attributed to isomorphic pressures within state–NGO relations, and insufficient epistemic awareness of NGO activities on the part of the state. In fact, the evidence suggests that once epistemic awareness is achieved by the state, it will have a stronger desire to interact with NGOs – with the caveat that the state will seek to utilize the material power of NGOs, rather than their symbolic, interpretive or geographical capital.
Structure–property relationships in fluorite-type Bi2O3–Yb2O3–PbO solid-electrolyte materials
Authors: Webster Nathan A. S. , Ling Chris D. , Lincoln Frank J. 
Published: November 2014

New quenched-in face-centred cubic fluorite-type materials were synthesised in the Bi2O3–Yb2O3–PbO system. After annealing in air at 500 °C for up to 200 h, each material underwent a conductivity-lowering structural transformation, thus making them unsuitable for use as solid electrolytes in solid-oxide fuel cells. For example, (BiO1.5)0.80(YbO1.5)0.17(PbO)0.03 underwent a fluorite- to Bi17Yb7O36-type orthorhombic transformation, indicative of long-range cation ordering, and (BiO1.5)0.80(YbO1.5)0.11(PbO)0.09 underwent a fluorite- to β-Bi2O3-type tetragonal transformation, indicative of long-range 〈001〉 oxide-ion vacancy ordering.
Dietary intake in Black British adults; an observational assessment of nutritional composition and the role of traditional foods in UK Caribbean and West African diets
Authors: Goff Louise M , Timbers Louise , Style Hannah , Knight Annemarie 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveAcculturation to the UK diet may contribute to the increased burden of non-communicable diseases in Black British communities. The present study aimed to assess nutritional composition and the contribution that traditional foods make to dietary intake in a group of UK-residing Caribbean and West African adults and to explore differences according to ethnicity and duration of residence.DesignObservational study. Dietary intake was assessed using multiple, standardised triple-pass 24 h recalls and analysed using a nutritional composition database. Associations between sociodemographic variables and duration of residence with dietary intake were assessed using ANCOVA.SettingLondon, UK, October 2011–December 2012.SubjectsUK adults of Caribbean (n 50) or West African (n 83) ancestry, aged 18–75 years.ResultsThe Caribbean participants were older and more likely to be born in the UK. After adjusting for age, sex and ethnicity, those who had been resident in the UK for the longest duration had significantly higher intakes of energy (P<0·001), fat (P=0·002) and Na (P=0·03). The West African participants sourced significantly more energy (P=0·04), fat (P=0·02), saturated fat (P=0·02) and Na (P=0·001) from traditional cultural foods compared with the Caribbean diet, which was more reliant on ‘Westernised’ foods such as sugar-sweetened beverages.ConclusionsThese results are novel in demonstrating dietary acculturation in UK adults of Caribbean and West African ancestry. We have provided detailed data regarding the role of traditional foods, presenting dietary information that may guide in individualising care for patients from these communities and improve the cultural sensitivity of public health strategies.
Constructional continuity
Authors: Nenonen Marja , Penttilä Esa 
Published: November 2014

This paper sketches a continuum between lexicon and syntax, with concrete examples from two typologically different languages, Finnish and English. While Finnish is a morphologically rich and relatively transparent synthetic language, full of inflectional and derivational morphology and compounding, English is clearly more analytical making use of particles, prepositions, and other free grammatical morphemes. The contrastive idiom analyses of these two languages offer us a glimpse into the multiplicity involved in idiomaticity and into the cooperation of the lexical and syntactic principles of language that takes place in the production of fixed, conventional, multiword utterances and through their ubiquity also in some phenomena that are involved in grammaticalization. On the basis of the discussion presented in this paper, it can be concluded that rather than forming a single continuum, the rich spectrum of lexical and syntactic constructions of these two languages can be thought of as forming a continuum of continua, where idioms reside at a culmination point, since they can be regarded as both lexical units and syntactic constructions at the same time.
Degradation of benzotrifluoride via the dioxygenase pathway in Rhodococcus sp. 065240
Authors: Yano Kenichi , Wachi Masaaki , Tsuchida Sakiko , Kitazume Tomoya , Iwai Noritaka 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
We previously isolated Rhodococcus sp. 065240, which catalyzes the defluorination of benzotrifluoride (BTF). In order to investigate the mechanism of this degradation of BTF, we performed proteomic analysis of cells grown with or without BTF. Three proteins, which resemble dioxygenase pathway enzymes responsible for isopropylbenzene degradation from Rhodococcus erythropolis BD2, were induced by BTF. Genomic PCR and DNA sequence analysis revealed that the Rhodococcus sp. 065240 carries the gene cluster, btf, which is highly homologous to the ipb gene cluster from R. erythropolis BD2. A mutant strain, which could not catalyze BTF defluorination, was isolated from 065240 strain by UV mutagenesis. The mutant strain had one mutation in the btfT gene, which encodes a response regulator of the two component system. The defluorinating ability of the mutant strain was recovered by complementation of btfT. These results suggest that the btf gene cluster is responsible for degradation of BTF.
Impact of Gender and Menopausal Status on Relationships Between Biological Aging, as Indexed by Telomere Length, and Aortic Stiffness
Authors: Raymond Andrew R. , Norton Gavin R. , Woodiwiss Angela J. , Brooksbank Richard L. 
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND
Telomere length predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD) possibly through an impact of telomere attrition on aortic stiffness. Whether reduced biological aging and a lack of telomere length–aortic stiffness relationships in women contribute to the lower prevalence of CVD in women, prior to menopause, is uncertain.

METHODS
We evaluated the relationship between telomere length and carotid–femoral (aortic) pulse wave velocity (PWV) in 580 randomly recruited participants of Black African descent (age = 44±19 years; women: n = 361; premenopausal: n = 195). PWV was determined using carotid and femoral applanation tonometry (SphygmoCor). Relative leukocyte telomere length (T/S) was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays.

RESULTS
Men and women had similar T/S. T/S was inversely correlated with age (r = −0.14, P &lt; 0.001) and this association was similar in all (r = −0.14, P &lt; 0.01) and premenopausal (r = −0.17, P &lt; 0.05) women as in men (r = −0.14, P &lt; 0.05). An inverse relationship between T/S and PWV was noted both before (r = −0.20, P &lt; 0.0001) and after (partial r = −0.14, P &lt; 0.001) adjustments for confounders. No interaction between T/S and either sex or menopausal status was independently associated with PWV, and T/S was independently correlated with PWV in all (partial r = −0.14, P &lt; 0.01) and premenopausal (partial r = −0.18, P &lt; 0.05) women and in men (partial r = −0.15, P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Gender and premenopausal status do not affect age-related decreases in T/S and associations between T/S and PWV. In participants of African descent in whom telomere length did not differ by gender, the impact of gender prior to menopause on CVD is unlikely to be attributed to differences in the effect of biological aging on aortic stiffness.
Modelling carbon deposition and dissolved nitrogen discharge from sea cage aquaculture of tropical spiny lobster
Authors: Lee Soxi , Hartstein Neil D. , Jeffs Andrew 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The tropical spiny lobster, Panulirus ornatus, is farmed in floating sea cages situated in shallow coastal waters in many parts of the Asia-Pacific region. Despite the rapid expansion of this aquaculture activity, very little is known about its environmental impacts. This study combines computer modelling with previous laboratory measures to provide information on benthic carbon deposition and the production of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) from hypothetical sea cage aquaculture of spiny lobsters. Modelling scenarios were run with two different lobster aquaculture stocking densities (3 and 5 kg m−3) and various feed conversion ratios (FCRs) using natural seafood or artificial lobster diet (FCR 1.28–28). Simulations from the model showed that cumulative benthic carbon deposition varied from 0.1 to over 0.8 kg C m−2 year−1, while the mean DIN levels around sea cages ranged from 5.6 up to 25 µg N l−1 and the maximum DIN levels ranged from 10.8 to 165 µg N l−1. The results showed that feeding lobsters with seafood resulted in a markedly higher benthic carbon loading and release of DIN when compared with artificial lobster feed. Therefore, the elimination of the use of trash fish would greatly reduce the environmental impacts of spiny lobster aquaculture. Overall, the effects from spiny lobster aquaculture were spatially localized with the highest concentrations of carbon deposition and DIN directly beneath the sea cages. Therefore, it seems unlikely that spiny lobster aquaculture in sea cages will cause adverse environmental effects unless the lobsters are heavily stocked and supplied with poor quality feed.
Does population genetic structure support present management regulations of the northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) in Skagerrak and the North Sea?
Authors: Knutsen Halvor , Jorde Per Erik , Blanco Gonzalez Enrique , Eigaard Ole Ritzau , Pereyra Ricardo T. , Sannæs Hanne , Dahl Mikael , André Carl , Søvik Guldborg 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPopulation structuring in the northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) in the North Sea area (including Fladen and Skagerrak) was studied by microsatellite DNA analyses. Screening 20 sample locations in the open ocean and Skagerrak fjords for nine loci revealed low, but significant genetic heterogeneity. The spatial genetic structure among oceanic samples of Skagerrak and the eastern North Sea was weak and non-significant, consistent with the current management regime of one single stock. However, Skagerrak fjord samples generally displayed elevated levels of genetic differentiation, and significantly so in several pairwise comparisons with other fjords and oceanic samples. Although the Skagerrak fjord populations are of less economic value, some of them are regulated separately (e.g. the Gullmarsfjord) and local stocks may prove important to uphold genetic variability and biocomplexity in a changing environment.
Quantitative environmental risk assessments in the context of marine spatial management: current approaches and some perspectives
Authors: Stelzenmüller V. , Fock H. O. , Gimpel A. , Rambo H. , Diekmann R. , Probst W. N. , Callies U. , Bockelmann F. , Neumann H. , Kröncke I. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Marine spatial planning (MSP) requires spatially explicit environmental risk assessment (ERA) frameworks with quantitative or probabilistic measures of risk, enabling an evaluation of spatial management scenarios. ERAs comprise the steps of risk identification, risk analysis, and risk evaluation. A review of ERAs in in the context of spatial management revealed a synonymous use of the concepts of risk, vulnerability and impact, a need to account for uncertainty and a lack of a clear link between risk analysis and risk evaluation. In a case study, we addressed some of the identified gaps and predicted the risk of changing the current state of benthic disturbance by bottom trawling due to future MSP measures in the German EEZ of the North Sea. We used a quantitative, dynamic, and spatially explicit approach where we combined a Bayesian belief network with GIS to showcase the steps of risk characterization, risk analysis, and risk evaluation. We distinguished 10 benthic communities and 6 international fishing fleets. The risk analysis produced spatially explicit estimates of benthic disturbance, which was computed as a ratio between relative local mortality by benthic trawling and the recovery potential after a trawl event. Results showed great differences in spatial patterns of benthic disturbance when accounting for different environmental impacts of the respective fleets. To illustrate a risk evaluation process, we simulated a spatial shift of the international effort of two beam trawl fleets, which are affected the most by future offshore wind development. The Bayesian belief network (BN) model was able to predict the proportion of the area where benthic disturbance likely increases. In conclusion, MSP processes should embed ERA frameworks which allow for the integration of multiple risk assessments and the quantification of related risks as well as uncertainties at a common spatial scale.