bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
40Ar‐39Ar step‐heating of impact glasses from the Nördlinger Ries impact crater—Implications on excess argon in impact melts and tektites
Authors: Schwarz Winfried H. , Lippolt Hans J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSeven impact melts from various places in the Nördlinger Ries were dated by40Ar‐39Ar step‐heating. The aim of these measurements was to increase the age data base for Ries impact glasses directly from the Ries crater, because there is only one Ar‐Ar step‐heating spectrum available in the literature. Almost all samples display saddle‐shaped age spectra, indicating the presence of excess argon in most Ries glass samples, most probably inherited argon from incompletely degassed melt and possibly also excess argon incorporated during cooling from adjacent phases. In contrast, moldavites usually contain no inherited argon, probably due to their different formation process implying solidification during ballistic transport. The plateau age of the only flat spectrum is 14.60 ± 0.16 (0.20) Ma (2σ), while the total age of this sample is 14.86 ± 0.20 (0.22) Ma (isochron age: 14.72 ± 0.18 [0.22] Ma [2σ]), proofing the chronological relationship of the Ries impact and moldavites. The total ages of the other samples range between 15.77 ± 0.52 and 20.4 ± 1.0 Ma (2σ), implying approximately 2–40% excess40Ar (compared to the nominal age of the Ries crater) in respective samples. Thus, the age of 14.60 ± 0.16 (0.20) (2σ) (14.75 ± 0.16 [0.20 Ma] [2σ], calculated using the most recent suggestions for the K decay constants) can be considered as reliable and is within uncertainties indistinguishable from the most recent compilation for the age of the moldavite tektites.
A retrospective and geographical epidemiological survey of traumatic myiasis in southern Italy
Authors: GIANGASPERO A. , BRIANTI E. , TRAVERSA D. , HALL M. J. R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA survey on the prevalence and geographical distribution of traumatic myiasis in sheep, and the risk factors for the disease, was carried out in a region of southern Italy. A total of 138 sheep flocks were selected and visited to acquire data on the presence or absence of traumatic myiasis using both a questionnaire for retrospective analysis and animal inspection. Prevalences registered at the farm and animal levels, respectively, were 8.7% and 6.3% in 2010, and 5.8% and 5.0% in 2011. Records of the occurrence of the parasitic disease in this region are recent: a statistically significant (P < 0.01) progressive increase in the number of farms affected (from 0.7% to 8.7%) has been registered since 2007. Wohlfahrtiosis was found in 11 of 95 (11.6%) geographical units sampled and three significant (P < 0.05) clusters of spatial farm aggregation were identified in the southern part of the study area. A total of 158 presently uninfested farms were considered to be at high risk for transmission as a result of their proximity to infested farms. The spreading of Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in southern regions of Italy represents a warning that the risk for infestation may become more significant in other Italian regions, as well as other European countries.
Diabetic kidney disease in Australia: Current burden and future projections
Authors: White Sarah , Chadban Steve 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDiabetes mellitus is now the most common cause of new cases of end‐stage kidney disease treated with kidney replacement therapy in Australia. In addition to the approximately 5000 Australians receiving maintenance dialysis or living with a kidney transplant as a consequence of diabetes, many die from untreated end‐stage kidney disease due to diabetes (DM‐ESKD) each year. For every Australian receiving renal replacement therapy due to diabetes, at least 50 others have earlier stages of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Based on projected increases in type 2 diabetes prevalence, the size of this underlying population with DKD will potentially exceed half a million by 2025. In addition to the risk of developing DM‐ESKD, this population is at increased risk of premature cardiovascular morbidity and all‐cause mortality. Higher rates of hospitalization, use of specialist services and prescription drugs mean that those with DKD also incur significantly greater health care costs compared with those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease alone. However, in contrast to the increasing prevalence of diabetes and early stages of DKD, recent trends in the incidence of DM‐ESKD suggest that better management in the earlier stages of DKD has been successful in slowing rates of disease progression. Simultaneous improvements in use of renin–angiotensin inhibitors and improved glycaemic and blood pressure control are likely to be largely responsible for this trend. Primary prevention, maximizing early detection of DKD and optimal management of diabetes and kidney disease hold great potential to attenuate the future health burden attributable to DKD in Australia.
Cone size is related to branching architecture in conifers
Authors: Leslie Andrew B. , Beaulieu Jeremy M. , Crane Peter R. , Donoghue Michael J. 
Published: May 2014

Summary

The relationship between branch diameter and leaf size has been widely used to understand how vegetative resources are allocated in plants. Branching architecture influences reproductive allocation as well, but fewer studies have explored this relationship at broad phylogenetic or ecological scales. In this study, we tested whether pollen‐producing and seed‐producing cone size scales with branch diameter in conifers, a diverse and globally distributed lineage of nonflowering seed plants.

Branch diameter and cone size were analyzed using multiple regression models and evolutionary models of trait evolution for a data set of 293 extant conifer species within an explicit phylogenetic framework.

Branch diameter is a strong predictor of cone size across conifer species, particularly for pollen cones and dry seed cones. However, these relationships are complex in detail because leaf morphology and seed dispersal biology influence the specific ways in which they are expressed.

The ubiquity and strength of these scaling relationships across conifers suggest that reproductive and vegetative morphologies are coupled in the group, and it is therefore difficult to disentangle the evolution of cone size from the evolution of branching architecture.
Dynamic hydrolase activities precede hypersensitive tissue collapse in tomato seedlings
Authors: Sueldo Daniela , Ahmed Ali , Misas‐Villamil Johana , Colby Tom , Tameling Wladimir , Joosten Matthieu H. A. J. , van der Hoorn Renier A. L. 
Published: May 2014

Summary

Hydrolases such as subtilases, vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) and the proteasome play important roles during plant programmed cell death (PCD). We investigated hydrolase activities during PCD using activity‐based protein profiling (ABPP), which displays the active proteome using probes that react covalently with the active site of proteins.

We employed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings undergoing synchronized hypersensitive cell death by co‐expressing the avirulence protein Avr4 from Cladosporium fulvum and the tomato resistance protein Cf‐4. Cell death is blocked in seedlings grown at high temperature and humidity, and is synchronously induced by decreasing temperature and humidity.

ABPP revealed that VPEs and the proteasome are not differentially active, but that activities of papain‐like cysteine proteases and serine hydrolases, including Hsr203 and P69B, increase before hypersensitive tissue collapse, whereas the activity of a carboxypeptidase‐like enzyme is reduced. Similar dynamics were observed for these enzymes in the apoplast of tomato challenged with C. fulvum. Unexpectedly, these challenged plants also displayed novel isoforms of secreted putative VPEs.

In the absence of tissue collapse at high humidity, the hydrolase activity profile is already altered completely, demonstrating that changes in hydrolase activities precede hypersensitive tissue collapse.
Kinetics of tracheid development explain conifer tree‐ring structure
Authors: Cuny Henri E. , Rathgeber Cyrille B. K. , Frank David , Fonti Patrick , Fournier Meriem 
Published: May 2014

Summary

Conifer tree rings are generally composed of large, thin‐walled cells of light earlywood followed by narrow, thick‐walled cells of dense latewood. Yet, how wood formation processes and the associated kinetics create this typical pattern remains poorly understood.

We monitored tree‐ring formation weekly over 3 yr in 45 trees of three conifer species in France. Data were used to model cell development kinetics, and to attribute the relative importance of the duration and rate of cell enlargement and cell wall deposition on tree‐ring structure.

Cell enlargement duration contributed to 75% of changes in cell diameter along the tree rings. Remarkably, the amount of wall material per cell was quite constant along the rings. Consequently, and in contrast with widespread belief, changes in cell wall thickness were not principally attributed to the duration and rate of wall deposition (33%), but rather to the changes in cell size (67%). Cell enlargement duration, as the main driver of cell size and wall thickness, contributed to 56% of wood density variation along the rings.

This mechanistic framework now forms the basis for unraveling how environmental stresses trigger deviations (e.g. false rings) from the normal tree‐ring structure.
Weight loss intervention trials in women with breast cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Reeves M. M. , Terranova C. O. , Eakin E. G. , Demark‐Wahnefried W. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryObesity has been associated with poor health outcomes in breast cancer survivors. Thus, weight loss is recommended for overweight and obese survivors. We systematically reviewed studies (published up to July 2013) that evaluated behaviourally based, weight loss interventions in women with breast cancer exclusively. Completed randomized trials, single‐arm trials and ongoing trials were reviewed. Within‐group and between‐group differences for weight loss were extracted, as was data on secondary outcomes, i.e. clinical biomarkers, patient‐reported outcomes, adverse events. Ten completed randomized trials, four single‐arm trials and five ongoing trials were identified. Statistically significant within‐group weight loss was observed over periods of 2 to 18 months in 13 of the 14 trials, with six randomized and two single‐arm trials observing mean weight loss ≥5%. Clinical biomarkers, psychosocial and patient‐reported outcomes were measured in a small number of studies. No serious adverse events were reported. Only two trials assessed maintenance of intervention effects after the end‐of‐intervention and none reported on cost‐effectiveness. The studies included in this review suggest that weight loss is feasible to achieve and is safe in women following treatment for breast cancer. Future studies should assess (and be powered for) a range of biomarker and patient‐reported outcomes, and be designed to inform translation into practice.
Objective classification of nose–lip–chin profiles and their relation to dentoskeletal traits
Authors: Tanikawa C. , Takada K. 
Published: May 2014

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo objectively classify the nose–lip–chin profiles of adult women and identify any associations between the nose–lip–chin profile patterns and dentoskeletal patterns.Setting and Sample PopulationLateral facial photographs and lateral cephalograms were obtained for 229 Japanese women who were being assessed for orthodontic treatment.MethodsA feature vector that was effective in distinguishing differences in nose–lip–chin profiles was extracted for each photograph. To categorize the records into an optimum number of subclasses according to nose–lip–chin profile configurations, a vector quantization method was applied to the feature vectors of all samples. Dentoskeletal patterns that corresponded to the nose–lip–chin profile subclasses were compared.ResultsEight profile patterns were identified, and the differences among patterns were notably maximized by the nasolabial angle, configuration and vertical length of the subnasal region, vertical thickness of the lip vermilion borders, sagittal position of the upper‐ and lower‐lip vermilion borders and their relation to each other, labiomental angle, depth of the labiomental sulcus, degree of prominence of the chin, and degree of protrusion of the mandible. The dentoskeletal patterns showed significant differences between the classified profile patterns (p < 0.01).ConclusionsA method to objectively classify the nose–lip–chin profiles of adult women was established, and the nose–lip–chin profile patterns were found to be associated with the dentoskeletal patterns.
Sustainable harvest: managing plasticity for resilient crops
Authors: Bloomfield Justin A. , Rose Terry J. , King Graham J. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryMaintaining crop production to feed a growing world population is a major challenge for this period of rapid global climate change. No consistent conceptual or experimental framework for crop plants integrates information at the levels of genome regulation, metabolism, physiology and response to growing environment. An important role for plasticity in plants is assisting in homeostasis in response to variable environmental conditions. Here, we outline how plant plasticity is facilitated by epigenetic processes that modulate chromatin through dynamic changes in DNA methylation, histone variants, small RNAs and transposable elements. We present examples of plant plasticity in the context of epigenetic regulation of developmental phases and transitions and map these onto the key stages of crop establishment, growth, floral initiation, pollination, seed set and maturation of harvestable product. In particular, we consider how feedback loops of environmental signals and plant nutrition affect plant ontogeny. Recent advances in understanding epigenetic processes enable us to take a fresh look at the crosstalk between regulatory systems that confer plasticity in the context of crop development. We propose that these insights into genotype × environment (G × E) interaction should underpin development of new crop management strategies, both in terms of information‐led agronomy and in recognizing the role of epigenetic variation in crop breeding.
Investigating patterns of symbiotic nitrogen fixation during vegetation change from grassland to woodland using fine scale δ15Nmeasurements
Authors: SOPER FIONA M. , BOUTTON THOMAS W. , SPARKS JED P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBiological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in woody plants is often investigated using foliar measurements of δ15Nand is of particular interest in ecosystems experiencing increases inBNFdue to woody plant encroachment. We sampled δ15Nalong the entireNuptake pathway including soil solution, xylem sap and foliage to (1) test assumptions inherent to the use of foliar δ15Nas a proxy forBNF; (2) determine whether seasonal divergences occur between δ15Nxylem sapand δ15Nsoil inorganicNthat could be used to infer variation inBNF; and (3) assess patterns of δ15Nwith tree age as indicators of shiftingBNForNcycling. Measurements of woodyN‐fixingProsopis glandulosaand paired reference non‐fixingZanthoxylum fagaraat three seasonal time points showed that δ15Nsoil inorganicNvaried temporally and spatially between species. Fractionation between xylem and foliar δ15Nwas consistently opposite in direction between species and varied on average by 2.4‰. Accounting for these sources of variation caused percent nitrogen derived from fixation values forProsopisto vary by up to ∼70%. Soil–xylem δ15Nseparation varied temporally and increased withProsopisage, suggesting seasonal variation inNcycling andBNFand potential long‐term increases inBNFnot apparent through foliar sampling alone.
Ichthyosis Prematurity Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of Known Mutations
Authors: Kiely Clare , Devaney Deirdre , Fischer Judith , Lenane Patricia , Irvine Alan D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIchthyosis prematurity syndrome (IPS; Mendelian Inheritance in Man 608649) is classified as a syndromic autosomal recessive ichthyosis. Here we describe two siblings with IPS and report a recurrent homozygous mutation (c.1430T>A) that is predicted to lead to a p.Val477Asp substitution in fatty acid transport protein 4. This mutation has arisen for the second time in an entirely distinct population from the Scandinavian population where it was first described.
Extensive Nevus Comedonicus Involving the Palm: Questionable Role of the Pilosebaceous Unit in Pathogenesis
Authors: Ganjoo Shikhar , Mohanan Saritha , Kumari Rashmi , Thappa Devinder M. , Rajesh Nachiappa G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA 10‐year‐old boy had multiple grouped pits with black plugs arranged along the lines of Blaschko on his left chest, arm, and palm. Involvement of the palms is rarely reported in the literature. Recent reports have described mosaic acneiform conditions that could share pathogenetic mechanisms with nevus comedonicus. We briefly review the literature on mosaic conditions with acneiform lesions including nevus comedonicus.
Ultraviolet radiation induces stress in etiolated Landoltia punctata, as evidenced by the presence of alanine, a universal stress signal: a 15N NMR study
Authors: Monselise E. B.‐I. , Levkovitz A. , Kost D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAnalysis with 15N NMR revealed that alanine, a universal cellular stress signal, accumulates in etiolated duckweed plants exposed to 15‐min pulsed UV light, but not in the absence of UV irradiation. The addition of 10 mm vitamin C, a radical scavenger, reduced alanine levels to zero, indicating the involvement of free radicals. Free D‐alanine was detected in 15N NMR analysis of the chiral amino acid content, using D‐tartaric acid as solvent. The accumulation of D‐alanine under stress conditions presents a new perspective on the biochemical processes taking place in prokaryote and eukaryote cells.
A time series analysis of brown eye spot progress in conventional and organic coffee production systems
Authors: Souza A. G. C. , Maffia L. A. , Silva F. F. , Mizubuti E. S. G. , Teixeira H. 
Published: May 2014

Brown eye spot (BES), caused by Cercospora coffeicola, is an important coffee disease in Brazil. Losses related to this disease have increased over the last few years. Because the factors associated with the disease dynamics are not fully understood, it is important to gather information about this in different cropping systems. BES epidemics were compared from three production systems: organic (OS), organic under shade (OSS) and conventional under full sun (CS). This study was conducted in Ervália‐MG, Brazil, from November 2004 to October 2008. Disease progress was modelled with all 4 years of data in a time series analysis. Disease intensity (severity (SEV) and incidence (INC)), leaf setting (LS) and leaf fall (LF) were assessed on a monthly basis. The highest values for SEV, INC, LF, LS, as well as a larger area under the disease progress curve and maximum disease occurred in CS and in the upper branches, whereas the lowest values for all variables occurred in OSS and in the lower branches. The highest values occurred for SEV and INC from May to July, for LF from July to September, and for LS from October to January. The disease progress was successfully modelled via a time series analysis. The seasonal behaviour of disease progress for all years and production systems was modelled with a nonlinear sinusoidal model with autoregressive moving average (ARMA) errors. Estimated parameters were generated which could be useful for comparative epidemiology, and it was shown that shade could be used in the field for BES management.
A comparison between visual estimates and image analysis measurements to determine septoria leaf blotch severity in winter wheat
Authors: El Jarroudi M. , Kouadio A. L. , Mackels C. , Tychon B. , Delfosse P. , Bock C. H. 
Published: May 2014

Methods to estimate disease severity vary in accuracy, reliability, ease of use and cost. Severity of septoria leaf blotch (SLB, caused by Zymoseptoria tritici) was estimated by four raters and by image analysis (assumed actual values) on individual leaves of winter wheat in order to explore accuracy and reliability of estimates, and to ascertain whether there were any general characteristics of error. Specifically, the study determined: (i) the accuracy and reliability of visual assessments of SLB over the full range of severity from 0 to 100%; (ii) whether certain 10% ranges in actual disease severity between 0 and 100% were more prone to estimation error compared with others; and (iii) whether leaf position affected accuracy within those ranges. Lin's concordance correlation analysis of all severities (0–100%) demonstrated that all raters had estimates close to the actual values (agreement: ρc = 0·92–0·99). However, agreement between actual SLB severities and estimates by raters was less good when compared over short 10% subdivisions within the 0–100% range (ρc = −0·12 to 0·99). Despite common rater imprecision at estimating low and high SLB severities, individual raters differed considerably in their accuracy over the short 10% subdivisions. There was no effect of leaf position on accuracy or precision of severity estimate on separate leaves (L1–L3). Pursuing efforts in understanding error in disease estimation should aid in improving the accuracy of assessments, making visual estimates of disease severity more useful for research and applied purposes.
Prevalence of Macrosomia and Its Risk Factors in China: A Multicentre Survey Based on Birth Data Involving 101 723 Singleton Term Infants
Authors: Li Guanghui , Kong Lijun , Li Zhiwen , Zhang Li , Fan Ling , Zou Liying , Chen Yi , Ruan Yan , Wang Xiaorong , Zhang Weiyuan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundMacrosomia, defined as a birthweight at least 4000 g, is a public health problem because of its adverse influences on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Studies show that there is an increasing prevalence of macrosomia births in developing countries. However, information on the epidemiology of macrosomia is limited in China. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and geographic variability of macrosomia in China and risk factors that can be targeted for intervention.MethodsA hospital‐based, cross‐sectional survey was conducted in 14 provinces in China, covering a wide range of geographic areas. The medical records of 101 723 singleton term infants born in 39 hospitals during 2011 were reviewed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between demographic characteristics and the risk of macrosomia.ResultsThe total prevalence of macrosomia was 7.3%. The prevalence varied between provinces, ranging from 4.1% to 13.4%. The prevalence of macrosomia in northern China (8.5%) was significantly higher than that in southern China (5.6%). Logistic regression analyses showed that risk of macrosomia was positively associated with maternal age, pre‐pregnant body mass index (BMI), gravidity, parity, maternal height, gestational weight gain (GWG), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and male fetal sex. Maternal BMI, gestational week, and GWG were the three risk factors most strongly associated with macrosomia.ConclusionsThe prevalence of macrosomia varied dramatically between different areas of China. High pre‐pregnancy BMI and GWG represent main modifiable risk factors for macrosomia and need more attention from health care providers.