bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlations of Injury, Toxicology, and Cause of Death to Galaxy Flight 203 Crash Site
Authors: Salomone J , Sohn AP , Ritzlin R , Gauthier JH , McCarty V 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This report details the medical investigation of the crash of Galaxy Flight 203, on 21 Jan. 1985, near Reno, Nevada. Sixty-eight persons died at the scene, two died during hospitalization, and one victim survived. After completion of autopsies on all victims, pathologists determined causes of death based upon injuries, evidence of smoke inhalation, and toxicologic results. Our research shows that the majority of victims survived the impact only to succumb to toxic gas and fire. We correlated the causes of death, various injuries, and toxicologic findings to body location at the crash site to aid in reconstructing the events surrounding the accident and to address medicolegal problems and safety considerations. Our experience clearly supports the need for thorough medical investigation, including autopsy of each victim and determination of the precise cause of death for all fatalities.
Massive Metoprolol Ingestion Associated with a Fatality—A Case Report
Authors: David Riker C , Wright RK , Matusiak W , de Tuscan BE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An unusual fatality involving a 26-year-old male who intentionally ingested approximately 10 g of metaoprolol is presented. Autopsy findings revealed foreign material in the gastric content with an acute thrombosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Microscopic studies showed evidence of an extremely early infarct. Metoprolol concentrations in the blood, liver, gastric content, and urine are reported by both capillary gas chromatography and ultraviolet spectrophotometric analysis. A review of the literature confirmed that little information has been published concerning intoxication with this drug.
Primary Hyperparathyroidism, Hypercalcemia, Paranoid Delusions, Homicide, and Attempted Murder
Authors: Brown RS , Fischman A , Robert Showalter C 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This report describes a case of primary hyperparathyroidism in a 68-year-old man. The endocrine disorder, while suspected before the commission of homicide and attempted murder, was proven biochemically and histologically a number of months after the commission of the crimes. The acts of homicide and attempted murder followed the development of paranoid delusions, which rapidly resolved upon successful removal of a single cystic parathyroid gland adenoma. The unusual events that immediately followed the acts of violence indicate that the delusions occurred in a clear sensorium (absence of delirium). Psychological measures taken before and after surgery document improvement in subtle organic functioning while intelligence was unchanged. This report discusses the neuropsychiatric manifestations of hypercalcemia and reviews the literature.
Determining the Relative Age of Ballpoint Inks Using a Single-Solvent Extraction Technique
Authors: Brunelle RL , Breedlove CH , Midkiff CR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A new single-solvent extraction technique was developed to estimate the relative age of ballpoint inks. The procedure involves extracting the inks with weak solvents, spotting the ink extract onto a thin-layer chromatographic plate and measuring the amount of ink extracted densitometrically. By comparing the amount of questioned ink extracted with the amount extracted by known dated inks, it is possible to estimate the date the questioned ink was written. Success in using this technique depends on finding suitable weak solvents for extracting the ink. It also depends on the ability of the analyst to remove nearly equal amounts of ink from the document for each ink sample tested. This paper describes the results of several experiments for determining the relative age of ballpoint inks using a single extraction technique. Reproducibility measurements, experimental variations, and the limitations of the technique are also reported. Suggestions for further work are proposed.
A Critical Evaluation of Current Ink Dating Techniques
Authors: Brunelle RL , Cantu AA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Advances in ways to date inks have been publicized over the past 17 years. As a result, Government agencies and the private sector now rely heavily on these techniques in criminal and civil litigations. As new procedures have become known, more forensic scientists are asked to perform ink dating examinations. While the capabilities of these techniques are generally known, their limitations are not. This paper evaluates the current approaches used for dating writing inks and takes a critical look at conclusions that can be made on the basis of the different laboratory techniques.
Comparison of Drug Retention Indices Determined on Packed, Wide Bore Capillary and Narrow Bore Capillary Columns
Authors: Japp M , Gill R , David Osselton M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The retention indices of 75 drugs and other compounds of toxicological significance have been measured on SE-30 equivalent, chemically bonded, fused silica capillary columns under isothermal conditions. The data have been assessed to determine the validity of using retention indices measured on packed columns for the identification of compounds eluting from narrow bore thin film or wide bore thick film capillary columns. The results indicate that the extensive retention index data bases published for SE-30 packed columns may be used for the preliminary identification of peaks eluting from capillary columns in toxicological screening. The study also indicates that retention index data bases generated on narrow bore capillary columns are applicable to wide bore thick film capillary columns.
Comparative Radiographic Study of Human and Animal Long Bone Patterns
Authors: Chilvarquer I , Katz JO , Glassman DM , Prihoda TJ , Cottone JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that certain radiographic features can be found to distinguish between human and animal long bone fragments, and therefore would be useful as an adjunct in forensic science identification. Using proposed radiographic criteria, 13 archeologists and 12 dentists were asked to identify 20 radiographic samples as representing human or animal bone. Results showed that archeologists correctly identified 86.8% of the samples, and dentists correctly identified 81.9%. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that radiographic interpretation of long bone fragments may be a useful aid in a forensic science investigation of human and animal remains.
Police Custody: Deaths and Medical Attention
Authors: Segest E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Information was obtained from all the county constabularies regarding deaths and medical attention given to those in police custody. It was presumed that this information covered all deaths in custody in Denmark during the period 1981 through 1985. There is no apparent increase in the absolute number of deaths during detention during the period 1969 through 1985. The number of deaths occurring in custody in relation to the annual number of persons incarcerated has fallen during the period 1955 through 1985. Simultaneously, a marked rise has occurred in the number of persons held in police custody. During the period 1981 through 1985, 7.9 persons were incarcerated per 1000 population per year. One homicide and nineteen other deaths occurred. The most frequent cause of death was asphyxiation as a result of aspiration of gastric contents during alcohol intoxication, drug poisoning, and intracranial hemorrhage. A physician had been consulted but had not diagnosed the seriousness of the condition in 42% of the deaths. All the deceased were men, and all suffered from the effects of social, psychiatric, and physical diseases. The lethality evaluated from hospitalized clients with the same type of life-threatening conditions was found to be 25%. A discussion is presented of the costs which will be incurred if a large group of those kept in police custody were admitted to hospital. Similarly, changes in the present arrangements are suggested that could ensure a greater certainty of avoiding deaths in detention.
Drugs and Alcohol in Hypothermia and Hyperthermia Related Deaths: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Kortelainen M-L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Hypothermia and hyperthermia related cases recorded for the period 1973 to 1984 were collected from the files of the Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Oulu, and the necropsy protocols including toxicological results were analyzed. The fact that similar alcohol concentrations were found in both types of fatalities points to the poikilothermic effect of alcohol in humans, as found in animal studies. Both types of deaths seem to be associated with the alcohol elimination phase. Antidepressants and neuroleptics were most often found in the hypothermia cases, but benzodiazepines were also quite frequently present. In spite of the diminished use of barbiturates, these still appear in hypothermia fatalities. Certain other drugs that affect thermoregulation were also noted in solitary cases. Extended toxicological analysis was seldom made in the cases of hyperthermia deaths, and no firm conclusions on the poikilothermic effect of psychotropic drugs could be reached, for example. Therapeutic drug concentrations did not alone predispose the subjects to hypothermia, but appeared in connection with alcohol consumption or chronic diseases.
The Forensic Science Evidence in the Investigation of the World War II Activities of Dr. Kurt Waldheim
Authors: Crown DA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Dr. Kurt Waldheim, Ex-Secretary General of the United Nations, had claimed that he was a student in Vienna recovering from a war wound in 1943. A newly discovered photograph showed Waldheim in Yugoslavia in 1943 talking with an SS General. The steps in evaluating the physical evidence on the photograph are detailed.
Embolization of Cotton Pledgets Following Insertion of Porcine Cardiac Valve Bioprostheses
Authors: Lifschultz BD , Donoghue ER , Leestma JE , Boade WA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A variety of complications involving heart valve implants have been documented. Embolism originating from thrombosis of the valve has been a recurrent problem in mechanical and to a lesser extent porcine implants. We report two accidental deaths as a result of embolization of cotton pledgets from porcine valves. Hospital personnel failed to remove this cotton material from the valves before surgical placement. In the first case, when portions of the pledgets embolized to both carotid arteries, fatal cerebral infarction occurred. In the second case, portions of the pledgets embolized to a coronary artery producing severe left ventricular failure.
A Case of Paternity Testing Influenced by the Silent Allele of Rh Erythrocyte Groups
Authors: Ota M , Yonemura I , Fukushima H , Hasekura H , Ishimoto G , Mizutani Y , Yamada T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A paternity test is presented in which a father and his two children possessed an extremely rare amorphic gene R−29(̿r, –––). One of the children was determined to be illegitimate at the first trial as her Rh phenotype was R2R2 (ccDEE) and the father's phenotype was R1R1 (CCDee). At the Court of Appeal, however, the rare Rh gene (r= –––) was shown to be inherited from the father to the appellant child through extended tests including her brother whose phenotype was also R2R2 (ccDEE). She was acknowledged to be legitimate.
Ingestion of Isobutyl Nitrite, A Recreational Chemical of Abuse, Causing Fatal Methemoglobinemia
Authors: O'Toole JB , Robbins GB , Dixon DS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Isobutyl nitrite is widely abused as a sexual stimulant and enhancer of discotheque dancing. Though the usual route of administration by inhalation has not resulted in any toxicologically verified deaths, there may be fatal toxic methemoglobinemia if the chemical is orally ingested. A second case of death following ingestion is discussed.
Fatal Disopyramide Intoxication from Suicidal/Accidental Overdose
Authors: Sathyavagiswaran L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Disopyramide is an oral antiarrhythmic drug which reduces conduction velocity, prolongs duration of action potential and the effective refractory period, and exerts vagolytic properties. The drug is usually well absorbed orally. The principal use of the drug is to suppress ventricular extrasystoles with usual oral dosage of 100 to 200 mg every 6 h, until blood levels of 2 to 4 µg/mL are attained. The use of the drug for suicide is uncommon as it is a prescription drug.
Two cases of fatal disopyramide intoxication seen at the Los Angeles County Medical Examiner's Office will be discussed followed by a review of the literature of fatal suicidal disopyramide overdose. Case 1 was a 31-year-old male pharmacist with known history of depression and no history of heart disease. His decomposed remains were found with a suicide note and with several disopyramide tablets. At autopsy the blood level for disopyramide was 146 µg/mL. Case 2 is a 40-year-old male with history of alcoholism and prior suicidal attempts who regularly took disopyramide to control ventricular arrhythmias. He apparently ingested 36 100-mg tablets of disopyramide before his final collapse. At autopsy his blood level of disopyramide was 63 µg/mL.
Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Morphine and Codeine in Human Urine of Poppy Seed Eaters
Authors: ElSohly HN , Stanford DF , Jones AB , ElSohly MA , Snyder H , Pedersen C 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In this study, poppy seeds were examined for a natural constituent that might serve as a marker for the seeds' ingestion as opposed to opiate abuse. Thebaine was selected as possible marker, since it was found to be a component of all poppy seeds examined and was not a natural component of different heroin samples. During the course of this investigation, a new extraction and cleanup procedure was developed for the gas chromatographic/nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC/NPD) and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis of morphine and codeine in urine. A linear response, over a concentration range of 25 to 600 ng/mL, was obtained for codeine and morphine (r = 0.9982 and 0.9947, respectively). The minimum detectable level (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for morphine were 10 and 30 ng/mL, respectively; whereas LOD and LOQ for codeine were 2 and 8 ng/mL, respectively. The coefficients of variance (CV, n = 6) for morphine and codeine analyses at the 100-ng/mL level were 13.3 and 4.6%, respectively.
This procedure was used for the analysis of urine samples from five poppy seed eaters who each ingested 200 g of poppy seed cake. Results indicated that significant amounts of morphine and codeine are excreted in urine and that in all subjects, at least at one point in time, the apparent morphine concentration as determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) analysis exceeded the cutoff value (300 ng/mL) established for screening. Thebaine was not detected in urine specimens collected following poppy seeds ingestion and thus could not be used as a marker.
Detection and Use of Salivary Hemagglutinins for Forensic Blood Grouping
Authors: Kobilinsky L , Harrington JJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A sensitive method for the detection of anti-A and anti-B hemagglutinins in fresh saliva has been developed. The method utilizes a bromelin treated erythrocyte suspension as indicator cells and includes a simple procedure to concentrate these hemagglutinins. Antiserum directed against immunoglobulin A enhances the hemagglutination assay. We find that these salivary hemagglutinins are present in over 90% of the population and that their titer remains stable over a period of two months. These hemagglutinins can be used to blood type the donor of a saliva sample and can be used in a confirmatory test that complements the commonly used absorption-inhibition test which is used to detect salivary blood group agglutinogens. In preliminary studies we have determined that hemagglutinins can be successfully isolated and analyzed from dried saliva stains.
Estimation of Postmortem Interval Based on the Third Component of Complement (C3) Cleavage
Authors: Kominato Y , Harada S , Yamazaki K , Misawa S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
To estimate postmortem interval (PMI), the spontaneous conversion of the native third component of complement (C3) to its derived fragments in whole blood was studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. C3 cleavages in vitro at different temperatures showed that the incubation of whole blood at a higher temperature led to a faster conversion of beta 1C (native C3) to beta 1A (C3c). In cadaveric blood, we found a significant positive correlation between percentage of C3 cleavage and PMI. From these results, it is possible to estimate PMI from the ratios of C3 cleavage.
The Shielding Capacity of the Standard Military Flak Jacket Against Ballistic Injury to the Kidney
Authors: O'Connell KJ , Frazier HA , Clark MA , Christenson PJ , Keyes BT , Josselson A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An animal model was designed to evaluate the ability of the standard military flak jacket to protect the kidneys from direct ballistic trauma. Yorkshire swine were anesthetized and their flanks were protected by flak jackets. Ballistic insults ranging from a low-velocity handgun to a high-velocity rifle were evaluated. The results demonstrate that a flak jacket provides adequate protection against low- and mid-velocity projectiles since none of the animals from this group had evidence of internal trauma and because only minor superficial surgical attention would have been required. Survivability in each case was considered to be excellent. The flak jacket failed to provide any protection against several types of high-velocity bullets. These weapons caused severe internal injury to the genitourinary system as well as to other major organ systems. Survival would have been unlikely.
The Influence of Storage Temperature and Chemical Preservation on the Stability of Succinylcholine in Canine Tissue
Authors: Baldwin KA , Forney R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Succinylcholine (SCh) has been detected six months postmortem in liver, kidney, and injection site muscle of rats given 10 to 200 mg/kg by intramuscular injection. SCh stability was studied in canine tissue to evaluate three storage temperatures and two chemical preservatives at three time periods after injection. Nine mongrel dogs weighing 17.2 to 28 kg were divided equally into three groups and administered either 0.5, 1.0, or 5.0 mg SCh/kg intravenously into the cephalic vein. Liver, kidney, and gastrocnemius muscle were removed 90 min post-injection and divided into twelve portions. Each portion was treated with embalming fluid, physostigmine, the combination (50/50), or nothing. Chemically treated tissues and nontreated tissues were then stored at either 27, 5, or −20°C for a period of up to forty days. Tissue portions were analyzed using ion-pair extraction, chemical demethylation, and gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorous detection.
Stability of SCh was greatest for samples stored at −20°C and preserved with the combination of embalming fluid plus physostigmine. Kidney concentrations of SCh were significantly higher than those in liver or muscle at all doses. SCh was detected 24 h post-injection in all cases. By 40 days, only trace amounts of SCh, if any, could be detected in samples stored at room temperature with no chemical preservatives.
The Bite Mark Standard Reference Scale—ABFO No. 2
Authors: Hyzer WG , Krauss TC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A scale of spatial reference for bite mark photography has been developed and evaluated. The scale incorporates both linear and circular graduations to meet the diverse needs of practicing forensic odontologists in the rectification and measurement of photographically recorded bite marks. Its unique L-shaped configuration ensures accurate scaling in both the vertical and horizontal directions and facilitates the gridding of photographs to correct for distortional errors created by oblique camera angles. This paper describes the design and constructional features of the scale and offers guidelines for its effective application to bite mark photography.
Statistical Evaluation of Truncated Breath-Alcohol Test Measurements
Authors: Gullberg RG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The reporting of breath-alcohol measurements truncated to two decimal places is a form of computational error. The magnitude of the error can range from 0.000 to 0.009 g/210 L. The truncation error will follow a uniform distribution. A total of 500 breath-alcohol test measurements were evaluated to determine the distribution of the third digit. There are 10 possible discrete values for the third digit. The frequency of each third digit was found to range from 44 for the lowest to 57 for the highest. The data closely approximated the uniform distribution. To conform exactly with the uniform distribution, there would have to be 50 of each decimal value. Given that the third digit approximates the uniform distribution, one cannot attach a greater probability to a particular third-digit value as opposed to another.
An Extinction-Type Photometering Technique for Low-Light-Level Luminance Measurements in Accident Investigations
Authors: Hyzer WG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An extinction-type luminance measurement method using an inexpensive illuminance meter for low-light-level measurements is described. The method has application in night-time crime and accident scene investigations where poor and inadequate visibility may be a contributing factor. The meter is useful for measuring luminances under field conditions.
Alterations in Human Bones and Teeth as a Result of Restricted Sun Exposure and Contact with Corrosive Agents
Authors: Ubelaker DH , Sperber ND 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Skeletal remains were discovered in an unused cistern near the Omaha, Nebraska airport and were positively identified through comparison of antemortem and postmortem dental radiographs. Although nearly nine years had elapsed between death and discovery, the bones and teeth revealed evidence of the application of a corrosive substance at or about the time of death, as well as an unusual restricted response to sun exposure, that contributed to the prosecution and murder conviction of a member of Hell's Angels in the Omaha area.
Osteological Individuality Indicative of Migrant Citrus Laboring
Authors: Wienker CW , Wood JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Particular features of a skeleton discovered near Dade City, Florida, are consistent with the stresses of a life of migrant citrus laboring. In particular, unusual aspects of the right shoulder skeleton are not manifested bilaterally. Ethnographic data, radiographs from a living citrus worker, and the police investigation also support the hypothesis that these remains were derived from an individual who spent significant time as a citrus fruit picker.