bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The canine jaw‐ear connection: The malleomandibular and tympanomandibular ligaments
Authors: Stevens‐Sparks Cathryn , Strain George M. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIn the human, two ligaments derived from the first embryonic pharyngeal (branchial) arch that unite the mandible and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with the middle ear have been identified as the discomalleolar ligament (DML) and sphenomandibular ligament (SML), also known as the malleomandibular ligament (MML), anterior ligament of the malleus (AML), and tympanomandibular ligament (TML). Neither of these structures has been previously described in the dog. The homologue of the human sphenomandibular ligament (SML) exists in the dog and is represented as a fibrous remnant of Meckel's cartilage. In the newborn puppy, the ligament is a true malleomandibular ligament (MML), extending from the medial mandible to the rostral process of the malleus with no intermittent attachments. In the adult dog, the ligament is entrapped within a bony passageway, likely due to the development and ossification of the tympanic bulla, making it difficult to grossly view the complete course of the ligament. The majority of the ligamentous fibers attach near the tympanic bulla in the adult dog, thus this portion of the ligament has been named the tympanomandibular ligament (TML). Those fibers of the ligament not attaching near the tympanic bulla appear to continue through a canal, located between the tympanic annulus and the surrounding tympanic bone, to become continuous with a connective tissue sheet within the cavity of the middle ear that has attachments to the malleus and incus. Tension on the adult canine TML did not result in movement of the malleus. Anat Rec, 297:876–891, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pregnancy‐Induced Hypertension is Associated With Altered Anatomical Patterns of Hyrtl's Anastomosis
Authors: Bhutia Karma Lakhi , Sengupta Ratnabali , Upreti Benoy , Tamang Binod K. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTUmbilical arteries carry the blood from the fetus to the placenta and are typically connected by Hyrtl's anastomosis, a connection that is located near where the umbilical cord meets the placenta. The investigation of the anastomosis in pathological conditions, including pregnancy‐induced hypertension is limited. Hence, 200 placenta and umbilical cords, 100 from normotensive and 100 from pregnancy‐induced hypertensive subjects, were dissected and measurements were recorded. A single anastomosis between the umbilical arteries was observed in167 specimens. In 16 cases, the two umbilical arteries were fused, in 15 cases there was no anastomosis, and in two cases there was a single umbilical artery. In one specimen from a normotensive case, a double anastomosis was observed. To our knowledge this is only the second report of this rare anatomical variant. When an anastomosis is present, the connecting vessel can be transverse to or form an oblique angle with the umbilical arteries. We observed a striking increase in the number of artery pairs connected by a transverse vessel in specimens from hypertensive subjects relative to those from normotensive subjects. Moreover, placentas from hypertensive donors were small if the umbilical arteries were connected by an oblique anastomosis. In addition, the length of the anastomosis and its distance from the cord insertion was shorter in specimens from hypertensive compared to normotensive subjects. We conclude that pregnancy‐induced hypertension alters the anatomy of Hyrtl's anastomosis, and in some circumstances, the placenta. Anat Rec, 297:819–825, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LC3A‐Positive “Stone‐Like” Structures Predict an Adverse Prognosis of Gastric Cancer
Authors: Liao Wenjun , Sun Li , Wang Chunlin , Huang Hui , Liu Jing , Liao Wangjun , Shi Min 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTMicrotubule‐associated protein light chain 3 (LC3A) is a reliable marker of autophagy that displays three distinct patterns of immunohistochemical staining in solid tumors: diffuse cytoplasmic staining, juxtanuclear staining, and staining of “stone‐like” structures. These three patterns have a different prognostic significance in many solid tumors, but little is known about their influence in gastric cancer (GC). This study was a retrospective analysis of 188 GC patients from stages I to IV. The pattern of LC3A expression was examined in tumor and nontumor tissues by immunohistochemistry. Then, the association between the pattern of LC3A expression in GC and the prognosis was investigated by Kaplan‐Meier analysis and the Cox proportional hazards model. Two distinct patterns of LC3A immunostaining (diffuse cytoplasmic expression and “stone‐like” structures) were observed in GC tissues. LC3A‐positive “stone‐like” structures were found only in the tumors, and the number of such structures was correlated with both the tumor type and tumor stage. In addition, a high number of LC3A‐positive “stone‐like” structures was closely associated with an increased risk of recurrence after radical resection of stages I–III cancer (P < 0.001; HR = 0.205) and was associated with a lower overall survival rate for stage IV cancer (P < 0.001; HR = 0.364). Taken together, our data demonstrate that LC3A‐positive “stone‐like” structures can be used as an independent biomarker for an adverse prognosis of GC, suggesting that “stone‐like” structures are correlated with the malignancy of this disease. Anat Rec, 297:653–662, 2014. © 2014 The Authors The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cardiac Mouse Lymphatics: Developmental and Anatomical Update
Authors: Flaht‐Zabost Aleksandra , Gula Grzegorz , Ciszek Bogdan , Czarnowska Elżbieta , Jankowska‐Steifer Ewa , Madej Maria , Niderla‐Bielińska Justyna , Radomska‐Leśniewska Dorota , Ratajska Anna 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe adult mouse heart possesses an extensive lymphatic plexus draining predominantly the subepicardium and the outer layer of the myocardial wall. However, the development of this plexus has not been entirely explored, partially because of the lack of suitable methods for its visualization as well as prolonged lymphatic vessel formation that starts prenatally and proceeds during postnatal stages. Also, neither the course nor location of collecting vessels draining lymph from the mouse heart have been precisely characterized. In this article, we report that murine cardiac lymphatic plexus development that is limited prenatally only to the subepicardial area, postnatally proceeds from the subepicardium toward the myocardial wall with the base‐to‐apex gradient; this plexus eventually reaches the outer half of the myocardium with a predominant location around branches of coronary arteries and veins. Based on multiple marker immunostaining, the molecular marker‐phenotype of cardiac lymphatic endothelial cells can be characterized as: Prox‐1+, Lyve‐1+, VEGFR3+, Podoplanin+, VEGFR2+, CD144+, Tie2+, CD31+, vWF−, CD34−, CD133−. There are two major collecting vessels: one draining the right and left ventricles along the left conal vein and running upwards to the left side of the pulmonary trunk and further to the nearest lymph nodes (under the aortic arch and near the trachea), and the other one with its major branch running along the left cardiac vein and further on the surface of the coronary sinus and the left atrium to paratracheal lymph nodes. The extracardiac collectors gain the smooth muscle cell layer during late postnatal stages. Anat Rec, 297:1115–1130, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stereological Investigation of the Age‐Related Changes of the Myelinated Fibers in the Hippocampus of Male Rats
Authors: Lu Wei , Yang Shu , Chen Lin , Qiu Xuan , Huang Chun‐Xia , Wu Hong , Li Chen , Yang Jun‐Qing , Zhang Lei , Chao Feng‐Lei , Tang Yong 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe decline of hippocampus‐dependent learning and memory during normal aging is not associated with neuron death and synapse loss. Until now, age‐related changes in the myelinated fibers of the hippocampus have not been investigated. Therefore, in this study, the myelinated fibers in the hippocampi of young (6 months), middle‐aged (18 months), and old‐aged (28 months) male Sprague‐Dawley rats were studied with transmission electron microscope and stereological methods, following spatial learning tests in a Morris water maze. The results showed that hippocampus‐dependent spatial learning was impaired in old‐aged rats but that the total volume, length, and mean diameter of the myelinated fibers in the hippocampus, as well as the hippocampal volume, remained constant during the normal aging process. Our results suggest that the age‐related decline in hippocampus‐dependent spatial learning is not attributable to myelinated fiber changes in the hippocampus and that other, undetermined factors are responsible. Anat Rec, 297:1490–1497, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
White Matter Injuries Induced by MK‐801 in a Mouse Model of Schizophrenia Based on NMDA Antagonism
Authors: Xiu Yun , Kong Xiang‐Ru , Zhang Lei , Qiu Xuan , Chao Feng‐Lei , Peng Chao , Gao Yuan , Huang Chun‐Xia , Wang San‐Rong , Tang Yong 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe etiology of schizophrenia (SZ) is complex and largely unknown. Neuroimaging and postmortem studies have suggested white matter disturbances in SZ. In the present study, we tested the white matter deficits hypothesis of SZ using a mouse model of SZ induced by NMDA receptor antagonist MK‐801. We found that mice with repeated chronic MK‐801 administration showed increased locomotor activity in the open field test, less exploration of a novel environment in the hole‐board test, and increased anxiety in the elevated plus maze but no impairments were observed in coordination or motor function on accelerating rota‐rod. The total white matter volume and corpus callosum volume in mice treated with MK‐801 were significantly decreased compared to control mice treated with saline. Myelin basic protein and 2′, 3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase were also significantly decreased in the mouse model of SZ. Furthermore, we observed degenerative changes of myelin sheaths in the mouse model of SZ. These results provide further evidence of white matter deficits in SZ and indicate that the animal model of SZ induced by MK‐801 is a useful model to investigate mechanisms underlying white matter abnormalities in SZ. Anat Rec, 297:1498–1507, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myosin Isoform Expression in the Prehensile Tails of Didelphid Marsupials: Functional Differences Between Arboreal and Terrestrial Opossums
Authors: Rupert J. E. , Schmidt E. Cordero , Moreira‐Soto A. , Herrera B. Rodríguez , Vandeberg J. L. , Butcher M. T. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPrehensile tails are defined as having the ability to grasp objects and are commonly used as a fifth appendage during arboreal locomotion. Despite the independent evolution of tail prehensility in numerous mammalian genera, data relating muscle structure, physiology, and function of prehensile tails are largely incomplete. Didelphid marsupials make an excellent model to relate myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform fiber type with structure/function of caudal muscles, as all opossums have a prehensile tail and tail use varies between arboreal and terrestrial forms. Expanding on our previous work in the Virginia opossum, this study tests the hypothesis that arboreal and terrestrial opossums differentially express faster versus slower MHC isoforms, respectively. MHC isoform expression and percent fiber type distribution were determined in the flexor caudae longus (FCL) muscle ofCaluromys derbianus(arboreal) andMonodelphis domestica(terrestrial), using a combination of gel electrophoresis and immunohistochemistry analyses.C. derbianusexpresses three MHC isoforms (1, 2A, 2X) that are distributed (mean percentage) as 8.2% MHC‐1, 2.6% 1/2A, and 89.2% 2A/X hybrid fibers.M. domesticaalso expresses MHC‐1, 2A, and 2X, in addition to the 2B isoform, distributed as 17.0% MHC‐1, 1.3% 1/2A, 9.0% 2A, 75.2% 2A/X, and 0.3% 2X/B hybrid fibers. The distribution of similar isoform fiber types differed significantly between species (P < 0.001). Although not statistically significant,C. derbianuswas observed to have larger cross‐sectional area (CSA) for each corresponding fiber type along with a greater amount of extra‐cellular matrix. An overall faster fiber type composition (and larger fibers) in the tail of an arboreal specialist supports our hypothesis, and correlates with higher muscle force required for tail hanging and arboreal maneuvering on terminal substrates. Conversely, a broader distribution of highly oxidative fibers in the caudal musculature is well suited for tail nest building/remodeling behaviors of terrestrial opossums. Anat Rec, 297:1364–1376, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Development of Septation in the Four‐Chambered Heart
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Spicer Diane E. , Brown Nigel A. , Mohun Timothy J. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe past decades have seen immense progress in the understanding of cardiac development. Appreciation of precise details of cardiac anatomy, however, has yet to be fully translated into the more general understanding of the changing structure of the developing heart, particularly with regard to formation of the septal structures. In this review, using images obtained with episcopic microscopy together with scanning electron microscopy, we show that the newly acquired information concerning the anatomic changes occurring during separation of the cardiac chambers in the mouse is able to provide a basis for understanding the morphogenesis of septal defects in the human heart. It is now established that as part of the changes seen when the heart tube changes from a short linear structure to the looped arrangement presaging formation of the ventricles, new material is added at both its venous and arterial poles. The details of these early changes, however, are beyond the scope of our current review. It is during E10.5 in the mouse that the first anatomic features of septation are seen, with formation of the primary atrial septum. This muscular structure grows toward the cushions formed within the atrioventricular canal, carrying on its leading edge a mesenchymal cap. Its cranial attachment breaks down to form the secondary foramen by the time the mesenchymal cap has used with the atrioventricular endocardial cushions, the latter fusion obliterating the primary foramen. Then the cap, along with a mesenchymal protrusion that grows from the mediastinal mesenchyme, muscularizes to form the base of the definitive atrial septum, the primary septum itself forming the floor of the oval foramen. The cranial margin of the foramen is a fold between the attachments of the pulmonary veins to the left atrium and the roof of the right atrium. The apical muscular ventricular septum develops concomitant with the ballooning of the apical components from the inlet and outlet of the ventricular loop. Its apical part is initially trabeculated. The membranous part of the septum is derived from the rightward margins of the atrioventricular cushions, with the muscularizing proximal outflow cushions fusing with the muscular septum and becoming the subpulmonary infundibulum as the aorta is committed to the left ventricle. Perturbations of these processes explain well the phenotypic variants of deficient atrial and ventricular septation. Anat Rec, 297:1414–1429, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of Enamel Incremental Markings and Crown Growth Parameters in Minipig Molars
Authors: Kierdorf Horst , Breuer Friederike , Richards Alan , Kierdorf Uwe 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTWe studied the structure and periodicity of regular incremental markings in third molar enamel of minipigs. Light microscopy of ground sections revealed the presence of incremental markings matching the description of laminations. Their number within the section planes closely paralleled crown formation time (CFT) in days reported for minipig third molars, thereby indicating the daily nature of laminations. Spacing of consecutive laminations increased from lowest values in the inner to highest values in the outer enamel, where mean daily secretion rates of about 20 µm were recorded. Mean enamel extension rates determined for deciles along the enamel‐dentin junction varied between highest values (155 µm/day) in the most cuspally located and lowest values (19 µm/day) in cervical enamel. Backscattered electron imaging in the SEM revealed the presence of thin, regularly spaced hypermineralized incremental lines in the outer enamel portion. These lines exhibited the same spacing as the laminations and were, thus, likewise regarded as daily incremental markings. Between two successive daily incremental markings, subdaily growth marks were discernible in light microscopic and in BSE‐SEM images. These subdaily growth marks closely resembled the (daily) prism‐cross striations of human enamel. Supra‐daily growth marks were not identified in the minipig enamel. The results of this study parallels previous findings in sheep enamel. It is cautioned that CFT of ungulate teeth may be considerably overestimated if the periodicity established for growth marks in human enamel is uncritically transferred to the analysis of morphologically similar growth marks in ungulate enamel. Anat Rec, 297:1935–1949, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unusual Endosteally Formed Bone Tissue in a Patagonian Basal Sauropodomorph Dinosaur
Authors: Cerda Ignacio A. , Chinsamy Anusuya , Pol Diego 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTMussaurus patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) is a basal sauropodomorph from the Late Triassic of southern Argentina that is known from a large number of individuals, including juveniles, subadults, and adults. Here, we report on the occurrence of an unusual bone tissue in an individual of M. patagonicus. The rather atypical bone tissue is located within the femoral medullary cavity and also occurs within several erosion cavities of the midinner part of the cortex. This tissue is well vascularized and is composed of a matrix that consists of abundant and densely packed osteocyte lacunae. Although some features of this tissue resembles avian medullary bone, the histological features are distinctive and share more features with the pathological, reactive bone produced in extant birds in response to a retrovirus‐induced disease (avian osteopetrosis). Here, we also discuss and provide histological features to effectively differentiate endosteally formed medullary bone from pathological avian osteopetrosis. Anat Rec, 297:1385–1391, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systematic review of perioperative selective decontamination of the digestive tract in elective gastrointestinal surgery
Authors: Roos D , Dijksman L M , Tijssen J G , Gouma D J , Gerhards M F , Oudemans-van Straaten H M 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Studies on selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) in elective gastrointestinal surgery have shown decreased rates of postoperative infection and anastomotic leakage. However, the prophylactic use of perioperative SDD in elective gastrointestinal surgery is not generally accepted.

Methods
A systematic review of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was conducted to compare the effect of perioperative SDD with systemic antibiotics (SDD group) with systemic antibiotic prophylaxis alone (control group), using MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Endpoints included postoperative infection, anastomotic leakage, and in-hospital or 30-day mortality.

Results
Eight RCTs published between 1988 and 2011, with a total of 1668 patients (828 in the SDD group and 840 in the control group), were included in the meta-analysis. The total number of patients with infection (reported in 5 trials) was 77 (19·2 per cent) of 401 in the SDD group, compared with 118 (28·2 per cent) of 418 in the control group (odds ratio 0·58, 95 per cent confidence interval 0·42 to 0·82; P = 0·002). The incidence of anastomotic leakage was significantly lower in the SDD group: 19 (3·3 per cent) of 582 patients versus 44 (7·4 per cent) of 595 patients in the control group (odds ratio 0·42, 0·24 to 0·73; P = 0·002).

Conclusion
This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that a combination of perioperative SDD and perioperative intravenous antibiotics in elective gastrointestinal surgery reduces the rate of postoperative infection including anastomotic leakage compared with use of intravenous antibiotics alone.
Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials on safety and efficacy of biliary drainage before surgery for obstructive jaundice
Authors: Fang Y , Gurusamy K S , Wang Q , Davidson B R , Lin H , Xie X , Wang C 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
This meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) is beneficial to patients with obstructive jaundice.

Methods
Data from randomized clinical trials related to safety and effectiveness of PBD versus no PBD were extracted by two independent reviewers. Risk ratios, rate ratios or mean differences were calculated with 95 per cent confidence intervals (c.i.), based on intention-to-treat analysis, whenever possible.

Results
Six trials (four using percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and two using endoscopic sphincterotomy) including 520 patients with malignant or benign obstructive jaundice comparing PBD (265 patients) with no PBD (255) were included in this review. All trials had a high risk of bias. There was no significant difference in mortality (risk ratio 1.12, 95 per cent c.i. 0·73 to 1·71; P = 0·60) between the two groups. Overall serious morbidity (grade III or IV, Clavien–Dindo classification) was higher in the PBD group (599 complications per 1000 patients) than in the direct surgery group (361 complications per 1000 patients) (rate ratio 1·66, 95 per cent c.i. 1·28 to 2·16; P &lt; 0·001). Quality of life was not reported in any of the trials. There was no significant difference in length of hospital stay between the two groups: mean difference 4·87 (95 per cent c.i. −1·28 to 11·02) days (P = 0·12).

Conclusion
PBD in patients undergoing surgery for obstructive jaundice is associated with similar mortality but increased serious morbidity compared with no PBD. Therefore, PBD should not be used routinely.