bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploratory analysis of extremely low tropical cyclone activity during the late‐season of 2010 and 1998 over the western North Pacific and the South China Sea
Authors: Zhao Haikun , Chu Pao‐Shin , Hsu Pang‐Chi , Murakami Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study attempts to understand why the tropical cyclone (TC) frequency over the western North Pacific and the South China Sea was so low in 2010 and 1998 even though a strong La Niña signal occurred in both years. We found that the TC frequency during the late‐season (October to December), not in the peak season (July to September), makes 2010 a record low year; the next lowest year is 1998. Specifically, four TCs were observed over the South China Sea (SCS) in the late‐season of 1998, but no TCs occurred over the SCS in the same season during 2010. The genesis potential index is used to help diagnose changes in environmental conditions for TC genesis frequency. Results indicate that the decreased low‐level vorticity makes the largest contribution to the decreased TC formation over the SCS. The second largest contribution comes from the enhanced vertical wind shear, with relatively small contributions from the negative anomaly in potential intensity and reduction in midlevel relative humidity. These observational results are consistent with numerical simulations using a state of the art model from the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI‐AGCM 3.2 Model). Numerical experiments show that the unfavorable conditions for sharply decreased TC formation during the late‐season over the SCS in 2010 mainly results from the sea surface temperature anomaly over the western North Pacific basin. This effect is partly offset by the sea surface temperature anomaly in the South Indian Ocean and Northern Indian Ocean basins.
Engine Thermal Management
Authors: Filipi Zoran , Jung Dohoy , Hoffman Mark 
Published: October 2014

AbstractInternal combustion (IC) engines experience in‐cylinder gas temperatures of up to 2500°C during combustion, promoting heat transfer from the hot gases to the metal surfaces of the combustion chamber. Heat needs to be removed at relatively high rates to maintain proper engine component temperatures, and prevent failures that result from excessive thermal stresses, fatigue cracking, engine knocking combustion, and lubricant layer degradation.The engine cooling system accomplishes the necessary heat rejection by circulating air or liquid coolant around the combustion chamber, absorbing heat from the engine, and subsequently dissipating the heat to the ambient. Heat rejection to the lubricant plays an important role too. A thorough understanding of heat transfer modes and pathways is necessary for the design of an effective engine cooling system.The topics covered in this chapter are modes of engine heat transfer, modeling and experimental analysis of the heat transfer from the gas in the cylinder to the wall, heat transfer from the outer wall to coolant, semiempirical heat transfer correlations for engine cycle simulations, heat transfer from the piston rings to the cylinder liner, exhaust port heat transfer, cooling system functional requirements, air cooling, liquid cooling, coolant flow patterns through the cylinder block/head, cooling system components, temperature control in the engine with liquid cooling, automatic transmission cooling, as well as cooling system operation, integration, packaging, and management of the underhood air flow. Waste heat recovery is discussed at the end of the chapter as a special topic.
Cranktrain Development
Authors: Gilbert Ian P. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe crankshaft is responsible for the conversion of the linear motion of the piston into rotation that can be usefully passed to the rest of the vehicle drivetrain. As such, it can be seen as the heart of the engine. Although simple in appearance, optimization of the design of the crankshaft is fundamental to achieve an engine design that is efficient and refined, compact with minimum weight, reliable, and with lowest cost. This chapter explains the function and design considerations of the individual features of the crankshaft. Manufacturing processes are described starting from material selection for the casting or forging, moving through machining and onto surface treatment for wear and fatigue resistance.
Automotive Applications for Titanium
Authors: Jackson Martin 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Titanium alloys are currently used in high performance vehicles in exhaust systems, suspension springs, and some engine components such as engine valves and connecting rods. They are employed owing to their attractive mechanical properties, such as high strength and fatigue resistance at moderately high temperatures. As titanium has half the density of steel, and better dynamic properties than aluminum, it is attractive for weight saving when high performance is necessary, such as in NASCAR and Formula One cars. Today, titanium is not currently employed in high production vehicles, owing its high cost, inherent from titanium's high affinity for oxygen during processing. However, at the turn of the century, a couple of hundred sets of titanium springs of alloy TIMETAL
®
LCB were employed by Volkswagen in their Lupo FSI economy car, but this is the greatest extent to its use in high production vehicles. The eventual high cost of the master alloy to produce this titanium alloy became the familiar Achilles heel for the automotive industry. Today, only 1000 tons/year are employed in the industry. Until a step change in the economics of titanium is created, it will continue to be restricted to the high performance vehicles.
Automotive Glazing
Authors: Kirwan Kerry 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis chapter examines the background to automotive glazing and discusses how glazing systems within cars have become more sophisticated over time to afford a number of engineering opportunities. It also investigates the research that has been carried out into alternatives to glass and why they may not have been as successful as they were lauded. Finally, it discusses some of the more common technical issues that need to be considered when designing and engineering glazing systems.
Particle Formation and Models
Authors: Kittelson David , Kraft Markus 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis chapter reviews work on aerosols originating from internal combustion engines with an emphasis on soot formation during combustion as well as formation of semi‐volatile and ash particles during combustion and subsequent cooling and dilution processes. Mathematical models of particle formation in engines and remaining modeling challenges are also discussed. Aerosols are formed during combustion in the cylinder, in the exhaust system, and after the tailpipe. Specific mechanisms include the injection of fuel, formation and oxidation of particles during combustion, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and condensation of semi‐volatiles. The role of fuels is discussed with respect to their ignition behavior as a consequence of mixture preparation in the cylinder and with respect to their sooting propensity. Models for the formation, growth, and oxidation of soot particles are presented and the most popular mathematical approaches for simulating particle emissions are introduced. Solid and semi‐volatile nucleation mode particles are also discussed in some detail. Key drivers in the formation of these particles are sulfur in the fuel and lubricating oil and metals in the lubricating oil. Particle emissions of different types of gasoline engines with and without aftertreatment are also discussed and compared with diesel engine emissions. Some of the shortcomings of the current models and future research areas are highlighted at the end.
Urban Traffic Management
Authors: Fellendorf Martin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTraffic management contains all measures suited to guide and control any kind of trips of freight or persons independent of trip purpose and mode of transport. Traffic signal control is the most widely and most effective operational measure to control individual vehicle movements and guide traffic streams in dense urban networks. Signal control measures can become operational by quick adaptation of green periods. This chapter introduces the basic concept of traffic signal control and some new advances imposed by state‐of‐the‐art Urban Traffic Control Systems and the upcoming technology of cooperative systems. Other urban control methods such as contraflow systems and parking guidance systems are mentioned without much details.
Advanced Highway Management Systems
Authors: Listl Gerhard , Obenberger Jon 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Advanced highway management systems (AHMS) belong to the established instruments of road transport telematics. They aim for improving the safety and mobility of travelers. Through the provision of of travel and roadway condition information and use of traffic control strategies at junctions and sections (supply management), their aim is to optimize the flow of traffic and use of the roadways cross section influencing the traffic demand in space and time (demand management) on the basis of current and projected traffic, roadway and weather conditions. The article deals first with the structure and objectives of advanced highway management systems. Following a brief introduction into traffic flow on highways, general approaches of demand and supply management followed by the range of operational strategies and the supporting AHMS functions are described. One focus is on the integrated and cross‐system‐related active traffic management approaches and the potential benefits of sharing basic safety messages and related information between connected vehicles and AHMS's. This requires agencies to establish and provide the resources to establish the strategic vision, policies, procedures, systems and strategies to implement and actively manage and operate roadways. Information is also provided for system planning and implementation, quality management, and recent developments and innovations in the field of AHMS.
Chassis
ECU
(Steering)
Authors: Mori Yutaka , Nishimoto Mitsuhiko 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The ECU, described here, is electric power steering, which is intended to control the motor in response to the input such as sensor signal to assist the driver's steering effort. The steering system has been developed from the conventional manual steering, steered only by the driver's effort, in contrast to the hydraulic power steering utilizing the hydraulic power. However, recently, the electric power steering with excellent energy saving is becoming mainstream. Here, the type of the steering system and the function of the entire steering system are described, and also electrical units used in electric power steering, especially, the steering‐specific function in the ECU, are introduced. Steering feeling control and trends in safety, including fail‐safe systems, risk mitigation, and so on, are also introduced.
Various Kinds of Actuators and Signal Interfaces
Authors: Naito Shinichi 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Advances in technology are increasing the variety and sophistication of a wide range of actuators used in vehicles. The main types of actuators are motors, solenoids, and relays that use electromagnetic force and piezoactuators that use the piezoelectric effect. This chapter describes these actuators and examples of their application, focusing on motors. It also briefly outlines signal interfaces, which play an important role in the use of all types of actuators.
Vehicle Vibration and Harshness
Authors: García‐Bonito Juan J. , Fernández Ismael 
Published: October 2014

AbstractVibrationrefers to a mechanical oscillation in relation to a reference position. It is not only a phenomenon of nuisance, but it can also cause machines or structures to break. The word comfort is used to describe the absence of discomfort and a good feeling of well‐being. In order to better understand the relation between vibration and comfort, systematic experimental studies of the extent to which variations of vibration stimuli produce changes in a subject's judgments of discomfort have to be carried out. There is no universally accepted methodology for evaluating the level of comfort. Consequently, each car manufacturer has developed its own method for testing and processing the experimental data in order to get information about the comfort of its vehicles.In recent years, engineering techniques have made it possible to improve many areas of design and, as a consequence, vehicle comfort has improved. However, a lot of tests still have to be done to quantify the comfort of a vehicle or to compare the influence of different components or different configurations on comfort during the development phase. It is also very useful to compare different vehicles of the same market segment in order to establish their position in the market and to make the appropriate decisions.
Cyclic‐Disulfide‐Based Prodrugs for Cytosol‐Specific Drug Delivery
Authors: Butora Gabor , Qi Ning , Fu Wenlang , Nguyen Truyen , Huang Hsueh‐Cheng , Davies Ian W. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe cytosolic conversion of therapeutically relevant nucleosides into bioactive triphosphates is often hampered by the inefficiency of the first kinase‐mediated step. Nucleoside monophosphate prodrugs can be used to bypass this limitation. Herein we describe a novel cyclic‐disulfide class of nucleoside monophosphate prodrugs with a cytosol‐specific, reductive release trigger. The key event, a charge‐dissipating reduction‐triggered cyclodeesterification leads to robust cytosolic production of the cyclic 3′,5′‐monophosphate for downstream enzymatic processing. The antiviral competence of the platform was demonstrated with an O‐benzyl‐1,2‐dithiane‐4,5‐diol ester of 2′‐C‐methyluridine‐3′,5′‐phosphate. Both in vitro and in vivo comparison with the clinically efficacious ProTide prodrug of 2′‐deoxy‐2′‐α‐fluoro‐β‐C‐methyluridine is provided. The cytosolic specificity of the release allows for a wide range of potential applications, from tissue‐targeted drug delivery to intracellular imaging.
Enantioselektive schutzgruppenfreie Totalsynthese von Sarpagin‐ Alkaloiden – ein generalisierter Zugang
Authors: Krüger Sebastian , Gaich Tanja 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDie Totalsynthese der drei Sarpagin‐Alkaloide (+)‐Vellosimin (1), (+)‐N‐Methylvellosimin (3) und (+)‐10‐Methoxyvellosimin (8) folgt einer gemeinsamen Route. Die Synthese umfasst 8 Stufen ausgehend von Verbindung 13, ist weitgehend schutzgruppenfrei und beinhaltet als Schlüsselschritte eine [5+2]‐Cycloaddition und eine Ringerweiterung, bevor im letzten Schritt der charakteristische Indol‐Heterocyclus aufgebaut wird. Da sich die einzelnen Naturstoffe im Substitutionsmuster am Indolsystem unterscheiden, konnten alle Mitglieder der Alkaloid‐Familie ausgehend von der gemeinsamen Vorstufe 10 über eine Fischer‐Indolsynthese mit verschieden substituierten Phenylhydrazinen (15–17) hergestellt werden. Die gemeinsame Route zu allen Sarpagin‐Alkaloiden hat den großen Vorteil, dass die einzelnen Syntheseoperationen nur einmal optimiert werden müssen und daher Substituenteneffekte in den einzelnen Reaktionen ausgeschlossen sind.
In Situ Vesicle Formation by Native Chemical Ligation
Authors: Brea Roberto J. , Cole Christian M. , Devaraj Neal K. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPhospholipid vesicles are of intense fundamental and practical interest, yet methods for their de novo generation from reactive precursors are limited. A non‐enzymatic and chemoselective method to spontaneously generate phospholipid membranes from water‐soluble starting materials would be a powerful tool for generating vesicles and studying lipid membranes. Here we describe the use of native chemical ligation (NCL) to rapidly prepare phospholipids spontaneously from thioesters. While NCL is one of the most popular tools for synthesizing proteins and nucleic acids, to our knowledge this is the first example of using NCL to generate phospholipids de novo. The lipids are capable of in situ synthesis and self‐assembly into vesicles that can grow to several microns in diameter. The selectivity of the NCL reaction makes in situ membrane formation compatible with biological materials such as proteins. This work expands the application of NCL to the formation of phospholipid membranes.
The τ Decomposition Method for PID Controllers of First Order Delayed Unstable Processes
Authors: Cai Tiao‐Yang , Zhang Hua‐Guang , Yang Fei‐Sheng , Xie Xiang‐Peng 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe stabilization of first‐order delayed (FOD) unstable processes with proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers is considered, and all the feasible PID controllers are determined. Different from the existing results which are based on the D‐partition technique and partitioning complex's real and imaginary parts, a novel procedure enlightened by the τ decomposition method is proposed to characterize the space of controller parameters. Generally speaking, the parameter space is mainly divided into four regions: delay independent stable region, delay independent unstable region, delay interval dependent stable region, and delay interval dependent unstable region. The depiction of the space partition boundaries and the determination of stable intervals become the main problems. In our work, these boundaries are related to the existence of the purely imaginary roots (PIRs) of the systems' characteristic equation, and the determination of stable intervals refers to the number and value of the PIRs. Thus, the key points are the number and calculation of PIRs. According to our discussion, analytical results on both topics are obtained in explicit form. Finally, vivid numerical simulations are given to illustrate the results.
Transfecting pDNA to E. coli DH5α using bovine serum albumin nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle
Authors: Wagh Jitendra , Patel Kuldeep J. , Soni Parth , Desai Krutika , Upadhyay Pratik , Soni Hemant P. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe describe the formulation of bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSA‐NPs) by the coacervation method using surfactants. Plasmids (pUC18, pUC18egfp and pBBR1MCS‐2) isolated from E. coli were incorporated into the BSA matrix by incubating in albumin solution prior to formulation of NPs. Plasmid incorporation was calculated by % yield, entrapment efficiency, DNA loading capacity and release of entrapped DNA by comparing with blank NPs. BSA‐DNA binding studies were carried out by using fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The surface charge distribution of the NPs loaded with plasmid was calculated using zeta potential. The photoluminescence of BSA‐NPs was quenched when loaded with pDNA, confirming the interaction of DNA with BSA. Altogether, these results provide evidences for the excellent DNA carrying efficiency of BSA‐NPs without loss of plasmid's integrity. The NPs were used to transfect E. coli DH5α strain lacking ampicillin resistance. They, however, showed ampicillin resistance subsequent to transfection with plasmid encoding ampicillin resistance gene. Effect of transfection was confirmed by confocal microscopy and by the isolation of the plasmid by agarose gel electrophoresis from the transfected bacterial culture. This study clearly demonstrates the efficacy of BSA‐NPs as delivery vehicle for pDNA transfection. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slippage of a Porphyrin Macrocycle over Threads of Varying Bulkiness: Implications for the Mechanism of Threading Polymers through a Macrocyclic Ring
Authors: Deutman Alexander B. C. , Varghese Shaji , Moalin Mohamed , Elemans Johannes A. A. W. , Rowan Alan E. , Nolte Roeland J. M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThreading of a polymer through a macrocyclic ring may occur directly, that is, by finding the end of the polymer chain, or by a process in which the polymer chain first folds and then threads through the macrocyclic ring in a hairpin‐like conformation. We present kinetic and thermodynamic studies on the threading of a macrocyclic porphyrin receptor (H21) onto molecular threads that are blocked on one side and are open on the other side. The open side is modified by groups that vary in ease of folding and in bulkiness. Additionally, the threads contain a viologen binding site for the macrocyclic receptor, which is located close to the blocking group. The rates of threading of H21 were measured under various conditions, by recording as a function of time the quenching of the fluorescence of the porphyrin, which occurs when receptor H21 reaches the viologen binding site. The kinetic data suggest that threading is impossible if the receptor encounters an open side that is sterically encumbered in a similar way as a folded polymer chain. This indicates that threading of polymers through macrocyclic compounds through a folded chain mechanism is unlikely.
A Closer Look at Spontaneous Mirror Symmetry Breaking in Aldol Reactions
Authors: Valero Guillem , Ribó Josep M. , Moyano Albert 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe aldol reaction between acetone and 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde run in the nominal absence of any enantioselective catalyst was monitored by chiral HPLC with the aid of an internal standard. The collected data show the presence of a detectable initial enantiomeric excess of the aldol product in the early stages of the reaction in about 50 % of the experiments. Only a small fraction of the reaction contained the non‐racemic aldol product after 24 h. This temporary emergence of natural optical activity could be the signature of a coupled reaction network that leads to a spontaneous mirror‐symmetry‐breaking process, which originates at very low conversions (i.e., strongly depends on events taking place at the very first stages of the process). The reaction is not autocatalytic in the aldol product, which rules out a simple Frank‐type reaction network as the source of the observed symmetry breaking. On the other hand, the isolation and characterisation of a double‐aldol adduct suggested a reaction network that involved both indirect autocatalysis and indirect mutual inhibition between the enantiomers of the reaction product.
Preparation of Thermocleavable Conjugates Based on Ansamitocin and Superparamagnetic Nanostructured Particles by a Chemobiosynthetic Approach
Authors: Mancuso Lena , Knobloch Tobias , Buchholz Jessica , Hartwig Jan , Möller Lena , Seidel Katja , Collisi Wera , Sasse Florenz , Kirschning Andreas 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA combination of mutasynthesis, precursor‐directed biosynthesis and semisynthesis provides access to new ansamitocin derivatives including new nanostructured particle–drug conjugates. These conjugates are based on the toxin ansamitocin and superparamagnetic iron oxide–silica core shell particles. New ansamitocin derivatives that are functionalized either with alkynyl‐ or azido groups in the ester side chain at C‐3 are attached to nanostructured iron oxide core–silica shell particles. Upon exposure to an oscillating electromagnetic field these conjugates heat up and the ansamitocin derivatives are released by a retro‐Diels–Alder reaction. For example, one ansamitocin derivative exerts strong antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell lines in the lower nanomolar range while the corresponding nanostructured particle‐drug conjugate is not toxic. Therefore, these new conjugates can serve as dormant toxins that can be employed simultaneously in hyperthermia and chemotherapy when external inductive heating is applied.