bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
America's Other Guantánamo: British Foreign Policy and the US Base on Diego Garcia
Authors: Harris Peter 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) is one of Britain's most controversial Overseas Territories. Its indigenous people, the Chagossians, were exiled from their homes in the 1960s and 1970s so that BIOT could play host to a US military base on the island of Diego Garcia. Meanwhile, Diego Garcia has been tarnished by revelations regarding its role in the CIA's ‘extraordinary rendition’ programme and by allegations of torture. And earlier this year, an international tribunal ruled that the UK government had violated international law by pushing through a Marine Protected Area to cover the territory over and above the protestations of neighbouring states. In this article, I argue that allowing the resettlement of BIOT by the Chagossians would go a long way towards improving the way that the territory has been governed for the past five decades.
Soilwater Conductivity Analysis to Date and Locate Clandestine Graves of Homicide Victims
Authors: Pringle Jamie K. , Cassella John P. , Jervis John R. , Williams Anna , Cross Peter , Cassidy Nigel J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn homicide investigations, it is critically important that postmortem interval and postburial interval (PBI) of buried victims are determined accurately. However, clandestine graves can be difficult to locate; and the detection rates for a variety of search methods (ranging from simple ground probing through to remote imaging and near‐surface geophysics) can be very low. In this study, simulated graves of homicide victims were emplaced in three sites with contrasting soil types, bedrock, and depositional environments. The long‐term monthly in situ monitoring of grave soil water revealed rapid increases in conductivity up to 2 years after burial, with the longest study evidencing declining values to background levels after 4.25 years. Results were corrected for site temperatures and rainfall to produce generic models of fluid conductivity as a function of time. The research suggests soilwater conductivity can give reliable PBI estimates for clandestine burials and therefore be used as a grave detection method.
Body, Mind and Spirits: The Physiology of Sexuality in the Culture of Sensibility
Authors: Wagner Darren N. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCurrent scholarship recognises both physiology and sexuality as central elements of the eighteenth‐century culture of sensibility. But scholars have yet really to explore the physiology of sexuality. Through an interdisciplinary approach this article demonstrates the profound resonance of late seventeenth‐century physiological discussions about nerves and animal spirits as the basis for understandings about sexuality and sensibility. Those discussions particularly emphasised specific ways that sex affected the sensible body and rational mind. The physiology of animal spirits – and associated ideas about the body and mind – would underpin representations of sexuality in the art and literature of sensibility in the mid‐eighteenth century.
A nonlethal sampling method to obtain, generate and assemble whole blood transcriptomes from small, wild mammals
Authors: Huang Zixia , Gallot Aurore , Lao Nga T. , Puechmaille Sébastien J. , Foley Nicole M. , Jebb David , Bekaert Michaël , Teeling Emma C. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe acquisition of tissue samples from wild populations is a constant challenge in conservation biology, especially for endangered species and protected species where nonlethal sampling is the only option. Whole blood has been suggested as a nonlethal sample type that contains a high percentage of bodywide and genomewide transcripts and therefore can be used to assess the transcriptional status of an individual, and to infer a high percentage of the genome. However, only limited quantities of blood can be nonlethally sampled from small species and it is not known if enough genetic material is contained in only a few drops of blood, which represents the upper limit of sample collection for some small species. In this study, we developed a nonlethal sampling method, the laboratory protocols and a bioinformatic pipeline to sequence and assemble the whole blood transcriptome, using Illumina RNA‐Seq, from wild greater mouse‐eared bats (Myotis myotis). For optimal results, both ribosomal and globin RNAs must be removed before library construction. Treatment of DNase is recommended but not required enabling the use of smaller amounts of starting RNA. A large proportion of protein‐coding genes (61%) in the genome were expressed in the blood transcriptome, comparable to brain (65%), kidney (63%) and liver (58%) transcriptomes, and up to 99% of the mitogenome (excluding D‐loop) was recovered in the RNA‐Seq data. In conclusion, this nonlethal blood sampling method provides an opportunity for a genomewide transcriptomic study of small, endangered or critically protected species, without sacrificing any individuals.
Accuracy of conventional digital palpation and ultrasound of the cricothyroid membrane in obese women in labour
Authors: You‐Ten K. E. , Desai D. , Postonogova T. , Siddiqui N. 
Published: July 2015

SummarySuccess of cricothyroidotomy depends on accurate identification of anatomical neck landmarks. Anaesthetists palpated the cricothyroid membrane of 28 obese and 28 non‐obese women in labour (cut‐off BMI 30 kg.m−2) and marked the entry point for device insertion with an ultraviolet invisible pen. Ultrasonography was used to mark the midpoint of the cricothyroid membrane and the distance between the two marks was measured. The median (IQR [range]) distance between the two marks was significantly greater in the obese than the non‐obese patients (5 (2–9.5 [0–34]) mm vs 1.8 (0.1–6 [0–15]) mm, respectively; p = 0.02). The cricothyroid membrane was accurately identified with digital palpation in only 39% (11/28) of obese compared with 71% (20/28) of non‐obese patients (p = 0.03). Increased neck circumference in obese patients was significantly associated with inaccuracy in locating the cricothyroid membrane. Percutaneous identification of the cricothyroid membrane in obese women in labour was poor. Pre‐procedural ultrasound may help improved the identification of neck landmarks for cricothyroidotomy.
Looking back at the John Mitchell Crouch Fellowship: the most prestigious research award of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons
Authors: Boult Margaret , Babidge Wendy , Pleass Susan , Scott David 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe John Mitchell Crouch Fellowship is a generous endowment made to the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS) by the young neurosurgeon's family, following his death from a brain tumour. In this article, we examine the significance and legacy of the grant since its inception in 1979. This is the highest level of research fellowship awarded by the RACS recognizing early career excellence, as part of its significant research funding programme (over $1.7 million in 2015). John Mitchell Crouch recipients have been pioneers in various areas of medicine where they have developed new technologies, established research centres, improved patient safety and military surgery and embraced evidence‐based medicine. The funds they received have directly contributed to research published in numerous highly respected peer‐reviewed journals such as The New England Journal of Medicine; established new laboratories, helped fund clinical trials and allowed new directions of research to be pursued. Recipients of the John Mitchell Crouch Fellowship have been recognized with many awards including 11 Australian and New Zealand Honours to date. Many other significant research funds have been subsequently bestowed, including over 120 National Health Medical Research Council (NHMRC) grants to Australian and New Zealand recipients subsequent to their Fellowship. This article also shows the range of disciplines in which the award has supported cutting‐edge research leading to benefits for patients and health care.
Ambulance Transfer in Case of Postpartum Hemorrhage after Birth in Primary Midwifery Care in The Netherlands: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Stolp Ineke , Smit Marrit , Luxemburg Sanne , van den Akker Thomas , de Waard Jan , van Roosmalen Jos , de Vos Rien 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this prospective cohort study was to assess whether the 45‐minute prehospital limit for ambulance transfer is met in case of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) after midwifery‐supervised home birth in The Netherlands and evaluate the process of ambulance transfer, maternal condition during transfer, and outcomes in relation to whether this limit was met.MethodsUsing ambulance report forms and medical charts, ambulance intervals, urgency coding, clinical condition (using the lowest Revised Trauma Score, [RTS]), and maternal outcomes were collected. From April 2008 to April 2010, midwives reported 72 cases of PPH. Associations between duration of the ambulance transfer, maternal condition during ambulance transfer and outcomes were analyzed. The main outcome measures were duration of ambulance transfer, RTS, blood loss, surgical procedures, and blood transfusions.ResultsSeventy‐two cases were reported, 18 (25%) were excluded: 54 cases were analyzed. In 63 percent, the 45‐minute prehospital limit was met, 75.9 percent received a RTS of 12, indicating optimal Glasgow Coma Scale, systolic blood pressure, and respiratory frequency. In 24.1 percent a decrease in systolic blood pressure was found (RTS 10 or 11). We found no difference in outcomes between women with different RTS or in whom the 45‐minute prehospital limit was or was not met.ConclusionsWe found no relation between the duration of ambulance transfer and maternal condition or outcomes. All women fully recovered. The low‐risk profile of women in primary care, well‐organized midwifery, and ambulance care in The Netherlands are likely to contribute to these findings.
Lateglacial and early Holocene climatic fluctuations recorded in the diatom flora of Xiaolongwan maar lake, NE China
Authors: Gao Qiang , Rioual Patrick , Chu Guoqiang 
Published: July 2015

A palaeolimnological study of the annually laminated sediment sequence of Lake Xiaolongwan, a small maar lake in northeastern China, revealed distinct diatom responses to Lateglacial and early Holocene climate change between c. 19 700 and c. 10 700 a BP. In addition to analyses of diatom assemblage composition and of the biovolume accumulation rate of planktonic diatoms, geochemical (total nitrogen, total organic carbon) and physical (varve type and thickness) indicators were used to assess past environmental change. The diatom assemblages reveal a complex interplay between direct climate effects on the seasonal lake conditions (timing of ice cover break‐up, water column mixing and thermal stratification), catchment‐mediated effects on the concentrations of nutrients and dissolved organic carbon and, possibly, biotic interactions between the different algal groups present in the phytoplankton of Lake Xiaolongwan (diatoms, Chrysophyceae and Dinophyceae). The most remarkable changes in the aquatic system were: (i) a sharp increase in Asterionella formosa and the collapse of Handmannia balatonis at c. 14 780 a BP, corresponding with the onset of the Bølling – Allerød interstadial; (ii) a sharp rise in Stephanodiscus minutulus at c. 12 840 a BP, marking the start of the Younger Dryas event and (iii) when the lake phytoplankton became dominated by Dinophyceae instead of diatoms at c. 11 170 a BP, after the Pre‐Boreal oscillation. Two diatom assemblage zones characterize the Younger Dryas at Lake Xiaolongwan, suggesting a bipartite division of this stadial event as in several records from eastern Asia and Europe. The quasi‐synchronicity of these events with the oscillations described in the North Atlantic realm demonstrates that during the Lateglacial, North Atlantic dynamics at centennial and millennial time scales had a strong control upon the climate in northeastern China.
Variable implementation of good practice recommendations for the assessment and management of UK children with neurodisability
Authors: Gray L. , Gibbs J. , Jolleff N. , Williams J. , McConachie H. , Parr J. R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe aims of this study were to determine whether UK child development teams (CDTs) have implemented good practice recommendations for the co‐ordinated assessment and support of children with neurodisability and to explore some of the factors associated with variations in good practice implementation.DesignSurveys were sent to every UK CDT in 2009/2010. Responses about CDT provision and ways of working were compared with good practice recommendations from national policy documents and professional organizations. The extent to which CDTs in England and Wales met 11 selected good practice recommendations was scored; teams in Scotland and Northern Ireland were given a score out of 9 to reflect the optional use of the common assessment framework and early support materials in these countries.ResultsResponses were received from 225/240 (94%) UK CDTs. Thirty‐seven per cent of CDTs in England and Wales had implemented nine or more of the 11 recommendations. Fifty‐nine per cent of teams in Scotland and 78% of teams in Northern Ireland met between six and nine recommendations of good working practice. Higher levels of implementation of recommendations were found when the CDT had a Child Development Centre base and for teams who had received increased funding in the 5 years preceding the survey.ConclusionsThere was considerable variability in the degree to which CDTs implemented good practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of children with neurodisability. Evidence about child and parent satisfaction, and the effectiveness of CDT practices and provision, is required, so policymakers, healthcare commissioners and clinicians can provide the most appropriate services to children with neurodisability and their families.
Quantification and regulation of adipsin in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Authors: Schmid Andreas , Hochberg Alexandra , Berghoff Martin , Schlegel Jutta , Karrasch Thomas , Kaps Manfred , Schäffler Andreas 
Published: July 2015

SummaryContextData on quantification and regulation of adipsin in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are sparse, and the physiological role of adipsin as an adipokine crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is uncertain.ObjectivesThis study quantified adipsin concentrations in paired serum and CSF samples of patients undergoing neurological evaluation and spinal puncture.DesignA total of 270 consecutive patients with specified neurological diagnosis were included in this study without prior selection.Main outcome measuresAdipsin serum and CSF concentrations were measured by ELISA. A variety of serum and CSF routine parameters were measured by standard procedures. Anthropometric data, medication and patient history were available.ResultsAdipsin concentrations ranged between 467 and 5148 ng/ml in serum and between 4·2 and 133·5 ng/ml in CSF. Serum adipsin concentrations were correlated positively with respective CSF concentrations and were approximately 40‐fold higher when compared to CSF. The mean CSF/serum ratio for adipsin was 27 ± 22 × 10−3. Serum and CSF adipsin levels were independent of gender and significantly higher in overweight/obese individuals. Serum and CSF adipsin levels correlated significantly with age and were higher in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus or hypertension. CSF adipsin concentrations showed a significant correlation with markers of inflammation in CSF, but not with CSF total cell count or the presence of oligoclonal bands. Patients suffering from infectious diseases had higher CSF levels of adipsin than multiple sclerosis patients.ConclusionsAdipsin is present in human CSF under pathophysiological conditions. The positive correlation between serum and CSF concentrations, the positive correlation between the CSF/serum ratios for adipsin and total protein and the lack of association with CSF cell count argue against an autochthonous production in the central nervous system. In contrast, the present data argue for a significant BBB permeability to adipsin.
Comparison of swept source optical coherence tomography and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
Authors: Ting Daniel SW , Cheung Gemmy CM , Lim Laurence S , Yeo Ian YS 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundSwept source optical coherence tomography (SS‐OCT, Topcon Medical System, Japan) is known to have longer wavelength than spectral domain OCT (SD‐OCT, Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering, Germany), allowing a deeper penetration into retina and choroidal layers. This objective of this study was to compare the visibility of retinal and choroidal features in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) using SS‐OCT and SD‐OCT.DesignThis study employs prospective comparative observational case series in Singapore National Eye Center.ParticipantsThere were 20 eyes (20 patients) with PCV confirmed with indocyanine green angiogram.MethodsSix pre‐specified OCT parameters (presence of polyps, sharp pigment epithelial detachment [PED] peak, notched PED and visibility of full maximum height of PED, inner segment/outer segment [IS/OS] line and choroid‐scleral interface [CSI]) were graded using SS‐OCT and SD‐OCT.Main Outcome MeasuresThe Kappa statistics between the two imaging modalities were calculated.ResultsBoth SS‐OCT and SD‐OCT were able to detect polypoidal lesions in the majority of eyes (90% and 85%, respectively). However, SS‐OCT had better detection for CSI and IS/OS lines (CSI: 80% vs 45%, P = 0.05; IS/OS line: 65% vs 45%, P = 0.34). For sharp PED peak, notched PED, ability to visualize the full PED height and retinal pigment epithelial line, both OCT machines were able to detect in ≥80% of the eyes.ConclusionIn conclusion, SS‐OCT and SD‐OCT appeared to be similarly effective at detecting most features associated with PCV. However, SS‐OCT is more superior in detecting the CSI.
IN TANDEM OR OUT OF SYNC? ACADEMIC ECONOMICS RESEARCH AND PUBLIC POLICY MEASURES
Authors: Kosnik Lea‐Rachel 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper investigates whether academic research attention to certain policy‐related measures (including gross domestic product, unemployment, and inflation) is correlated with empirical measurements of the measures themselves. In other words, when unemployment rises, does research attention to the matter increase? Or do economists pursue research (in the short run) relatively uninfluenced by policy shocks on the ground? Text analysis implies that economic attention to key policy terms does correlate with empirical movements of the terms in most instances; however, the stronger and more consistent correlation is between use of policy terms in the literature and discussion of them by the broader public. (JEL A11, H00)
Reduced common carotid artery longitudinal wall motion and intramural shear strain in individuals with elevated cardiovascular disease risk using speckle tracking
Authors: Tat Jimmy , Au Jason S. , Keir Peter J. , MacDonald Maureen J. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryLongitudinal motion of the intima–media and adventitia layers of the common carotid artery (CCA) wall were assessed with ultrasound speckle tracking in seven individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), who are considered at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and in seven able‐bodied participants. CCA longitudinal wall displacement and intramural shear strain were compared to traditional markers of arterial health, including CCA stiffness and intima–media thickness (IMT). For each cardiac cycle, longitudinal CCA wall motion was characterized by bidirectional movement patterns containing motion retrograde to blood flow during systole, followed by antegrade motion during diastole. Relative displacement of the intima–media versus the adventitia was used to calculate longitudinal intramural shear strain and provided insight to local arterial wall properties. The retrograde intramural shear strain was smaller in individuals with SCI by 60·2% (P<0·05) compared to able‐bodied participants, showing smaller peak displacements in both the intima–media (P<0·05) and adventitia (P<0·05). In the antegrade direction, there were no group differences in either longitudinal displacements or shear strain. The group differences observed in the retrograde wall motion phase were greater than those observed for CCA stiffness or IMT and were found to be independent of both indices, indicating indices of the retrograde phase intramural shear strain may be a novel and sensitive marker of vascular health. Our findings demonstrate that assessment of longitudinal arterial wall shear strain may provide valuable insight into vascular structure and function and may hold potential for the early detection of cardiovascular disease.
Outcomes following Kidney transplantation in IgA nephropathy: a UNOS/OPTN analysis
Authors: Kadiyala Aditya , Mathew Anna T. , Sachdeva Mala , Sison Cristina P. , Shah Hitesh H. , Fishbane Steven , Jhaveri Kenar D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis study updates assessment of post‐transplant outcomes in IgAN patients in the modern era of immunosuppression. Using UNOS/OPTN data, patients ≥18 yr of age with first kidney transplant (1/1/1999 to 12/31/2008) were analyzed. Multivariable Cox regression models and propensity score‐based matching techniques were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for death‐censored allograft survival (DCGS) and patient survival in IgAN compared to non‐IgAN. Results of multivariable regression were stratified by donor type (living vs. deceased). A total of 107, 747 recipients were included (4589 with IgAN and 103 158 with non‐IgAN). Adjusted HR for DCGS showed no significant difference between IgAN and non‐IgAN. IgAN had higher patient survival compared to non‐IgAN (HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.47–0.62, p < 0.0001 for deceased donors; HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.33–0.54, p < 0.0001 for living donors). Propensity score‐matched analysis was similar, with no significant difference in DCGS between matched groups and higher patient survival in IgAN patients compared to non‐IgAN group (HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.47, 0.63; p‐value <0.0001). IgAN patients with first kidney transplant have superior patient survival and similar graft survival compared to non‐IgAN recipients. Results can be used in prognostication and informed decision‐making about kidney transplantation in patients with IgAN.