bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Synthesis of Spiro‐oxindole Derivatives by Three‐Component Reactions in Water
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Moafi Leila 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of (3S)‐1,1′,2,2′,3′,4′,6′,7′‐octahydro‐9′‐nitro‐2,6′‐dioxospiro[3H‐indole‐3,8′‐[8H]pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidine]‐7′‐carbonitrile is achieved via a three‐component reaction of isatin, ethyl cyanoacetate, and 1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexahydro‐2‐(nitromethylidene)pyrimidine. The present method does not involve any hazardous organic solvents or catalysts. Also the synthesis of ethyl 6′‐amino‐1,1′,2,2′,3′,4′‐hexahydro‐9′‐nitro‐2‐oxospiro[3H‐indole‐3,8′‐[8H]pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidine]‐7′‐carboxylates in high yields, at reflux, using a catalytic amount of piperidine, is described. The structures were confirmed spectroscopically (IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, and EI‐MS data) and by elemental analyses. A plausible mechanism for this reaction is proposed (Scheme 2).
Copper‐Exchanged Tungstophosphoric Acid: An Efficient and Reusable Heteropoly Acid for the Synthesis of 2,3,4,5‐Tetrahydro‐4‐methylidenefuran Derivatives
Authors: Aravind Seema , Reddy Narayana 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCopper‐exchanged tungstophosphoric acid (Cu‐TPA) is found to catalyze efficiently the coupling of propargyl alcohol (prop‐2‐yn‐1‐ol) with (arylmethylidene)malononitriles to afford the corresponding 2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐4‐methylidenefuran derivatives in good yields and with high selectivity. The catalyst is recycled and reused for three‐to‐four subsequent runs with a minimal decrease of activity.
Enhanced Combustion Characteristics of Bismuth Trioxide‐Aluminum Nanocomposites Prepared through Graphene Oxide Directed Self‐Assembly
Authors: Thiruvengadathan Rajagopalan , Staley Clay , Geeson Jordan M. , Chung Stephen , Raymond Kristofer E. , Gangopadhyay Keshab , Gangopadhyay Shubhra 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe present a facile, spontaneous, and surfactant‐free method to controllably self‐assemble aluminum and bismuth trioxide nanoparticles through the introduction of graphene oxide as a self‐assembly directing agent. The self‐assembled nanocomposites demonstrate significant combustion performance improvements in comparison to randomly mixed aluminum and bismuth trioxide nanoparticles with enhanced pressure generation from 60 to 200 MPa, pressurization rate from 3 to 16 MPa μs−1, burning rate from 1.15 to 1.55 km s−1, and specific impulse from 41 to 71 s. The sensitivity of the self‐assembled aluminum and bismuth trioxide to electrostatic discharge was reduced by four orders of magnitude, without decreasing the combustion performance. Graphene oxide directed self‐assembly can be used to synthesize nanocomposites with diverse combustion properties and controlled ignition sensitivity, which lays the foundation for preparing multi‐functional, highly‐reactive, combustion systems in the future.
Thermobaric and Enhanced Blast Explosives – Properties and Testing Methods
Authors: Trzciński Waldemar A. , Maiz Lotfi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe review of the available literature on thermobaric explosives and enhanced blast explosives (high‐destructive explosives) is done in the paper. These types of explosives are defined, their common features and differences are shown. Special attention is paid to the physical phenomena accompanying the process of explosion of such fuel‐enriched heterogeneous explosives. These materials are divided into liquid and solid mixtures and composite materials, including layered charges. The considered explosives are characterized in details, methods of determination of their blast parameters are discussed and the results of experimental tests are presented.
CFD Cook‐Off Simulation and Thermal Decomposition of Confined High Energetic Material
Authors: Asante Daniel O. , Kim Shinhyuk , Chae Jooseung , Kim Hyounsoo , Oh Min 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe handling, storage and safety before deployment of explosives are major key issues that confront the ammunition industry. Precautions have to be taken not to cause premature detonations and fatal accidents by studying their thermal behaviour. Research has been conducted to investigate the thermal stability of some secondary explosives such as RDX, HMX and TNT and their response to thermal stimuli. For the fact that real experiment which involves large amount of explosives can be potentially dangerous, cook‐off numerical simulation and experiment has been regarded as the best method to analyse such thermal behaviour of explosives. Prominent among these researches involve experiment and numerical analysis such as ODTX, SITI, and DDT experiments. In this work, numerical CFD simulation will be executed for the thermal behaviour of TNT including cook‐off and thermal decomposition. The heating rates were varied for both slow and fast cook‐off cases. In view of these thermal decomposition reactions which mainly consist of kinetic parameters were factored in the numerical simulation as well as the critical thermodynamic physical properties. To effectively handle the reactions, UDF was employed. Attention was paid on the melting time to ignition of explosive, the location likely for ignition occurrence, as well as temperature distribution in the course of the heating process. CFD simulation results showed that the location of ignition was around the supplementary charge.
Level of Evidence Analysis for the Latest German National Guideline on Treatment of Patients with Severe and Multiple Injuries and ATLS
Authors: Münzberg Matthias , Mutschler Manuel , Paffrath Thomas , Trentzsch Heiko , Wafaisade Arasch , Walcher Felix , Raum Marcus , Flohé Sascha , Wölfl Christoph 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPurposeAdvanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS®) is one of the world’s best‐known training programs for medical providers. Revisions of the ATLS manual have been evidence based for a number of years. In 2011, a level 3 (S3) evidence‐ and consensus‐based guideline on the treatment of patients with severe and multiple injuries was published in Germany. The scope of this study was the systematic comparison of the educational content of the ATLS concept and the interdisciplinary “S3 polytrauma guideline.”Methods
A total of 123 key recommendations of the guideline were compared with the content of the ATLS manual (9th edition). Depending on the level of agreement, the recommendations were classed in the following categories: (1) Agreement. (2) Minor variation. (3) Major variation.ResultsAn overall 86 % conformity was found between the key recommendations of the guideline and the ATLS® manual. The ATLS® primary survey (ABCDE) showed an 85 % conformity. The degree of conformity for the individual priorities was as follows: A (Airway) 79 %, B (Breathing) 79 %, C (Circulation) 86 %, D (Disability) 93 %, E (Exposure) 100 %. The ATLS® secondary survey showed a 94 % conformity. The main differences were in the areas of anesthetic induction, fluid administration, and coagulation therapy.ConclusionsAccording to our comparison, the educational content and manual of the ATLS are largely compatible with a high level of evidence S3 guideline. However, subsequent editions of both the ATLS® and the S3 guideline should re‐examine and reassess a number of aspects.
Surgical Management of Familial Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: A Single Institution Study of 94 Cases
Authors: Sung Tae‐Yon , Lee Yu‐mi , Yoon Jong Ho , Chung Ki‐Wook , Hong Suck Joon 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundFamilial papillary thyroid carcinoma (familial PTC) is well known to present with aggressiveness; however, the characteristics and the prognostic outcomes of familial papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (familial micro‐PTC) are not well established. The overall aim of this study was to analyze the clinicopathological outcomes of familial micro‐PTC.MethodsBetween 1996 and 2006, 2071 patients underwent thyroid surgery for papillary thyroid carcinoma. The clinicopathological outcomes for familial PTC and sporadic PTC were compared, and familial micro‐PTC data were sub‐analyzed.ResultsThere were significant differences in multifocality, bilaterality, extent of surgery, and recurrence between familial PTC and sporadic PTC (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of affected family members in the familial PTC group. In patients with familial micro‐PTC, less aggressiveness was noted in multifocality, extrathyroidal invasion, tumor stage at time of initial surgery, central lymph node metastasis, and recurrence than in those with familial PTC tumors >1 cm in diameter (p < 0.05). The multivariate analysis including recurrence showed no significant difference between familial micro‐PTC patients and sporadic micro‐PTC patients.ConclusionWhen familial PTC was compared with sporadic PTC, our results support the recommendation for more invasive familial PTC surgery. However, familial micro‐PTC outcomes differed from familial PTC tumors >1.0 cm in diameter. It was similar to sporadic micro‐PTC, illustrating that familial micro‐PTC is less aggressive and that a less invasive surgical treatment could be considered.
BEST EXPLANATIONISM AND JUSTIFICATION FOR BELIEFS ABOUT THE FUTURE
Authors: Stoutenburg Gregory 
Published: April 2015

AbstractEarl Conee and Richard Feldman have recently argued that the evidential support relation should be understood in terms of explanatory coherence: roughly, one's evidence supports a proposition if and only if that proposition is part of the best available explanation of the evidence (2008). Their thesis has been criticized through alleged counterexamples, perhaps the most important of which are cases where a subject has a justified belief about the future (Byerly 2013; Byerly and Martin forthcoming). Kevin McCain has defended the thesis against Byerly's counterexample (2013, 2014a). I argue that McCain's defense is inadequate before pointing toward a more promising solution for explanationism. The Byerly–McCain exchange is important because it casts light on the difficult issues of the standards for justification and the nature of epistemic support. Furthermore, McCain's defense of explanationism about epistemic support represents an important recent development of the burgeoning explanationist program in epistemology and philosophy of science.
Reproductive effort and seasonality associated with male-biased parasitism inGracilinanus agilis(Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) infected byEimeriaspp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in the Brazilian cerrado
Authors: STRONA A. L. S. , LEVENHAGEM M. , LEINER N. O. 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARYThe aggregation of parasites among hosts is associated with differential host exposure and susceptibility to parasites, which varies according to host gender, body size, reproductive status and environmental factors. We evaluated the role of these factors on infestation byEimeriaspp. (Eimeriidae) in the agile gracile mouse opossum (Gracilinanus agilis), a semelparous didelphid inhabiting neotropical savannahs.Eimeriaspp. abundance and prevalence amongG. agiliswere associated with the breeding status of individuals and to a lesser extent to climatic season, with both sexes presenting higherEimeriaspp. burdens during late breeding/wet season. On the other hand, male-biased parasitism was restricted to dry/mating season. We suggest that male spatial organization and diet may account for increased parasite burdens within this sex, although future studies should evaluate the role of physiological differences associated with androgen hormones. Finally, a rapid increase inEimeriaspp. loads among females during the late breeding/wet season seems associated with seasonal changes in susceptibility, due to breeding costs related to semelparity, and exposure to infective propagules, while male-die off seems to explain maintenance of higherEimeriaspp. burdens within this sex in the same period.
Optical aperture synthesis with electronically connected telescopes
Authors: Dravins Dainis , Lagadec Tiphaine , Nuñez Paul D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHighest resolution imaging in astronomy is achieved by interferometry, connecting telescopes over increasingly longer distances and at successively shorter wavelengths. Here, we present the first diffraction-limited images in visual light, produced by an array of independent optical telescopes, connected electronically only, with no optical links between them. With an array of small telescopes, second-order optical coherence of the sources is measured through intensity interferometry over 180 baselines between pairs of telescopes, and two-dimensional images reconstructed. The technique aims at diffraction-limited optical aperture synthesis over kilometre-long baselines to reach resolutions showing details on stellar surfaces and perhaps even the silhouettes of transiting exoplanets. Intensity interferometry circumvents problems of atmospheric turbulence that constrain ordinary interferometry. Since the electronic signal can be copied, many baselines can be built up between dispersed telescopes, and over long distances. Using arrays of air Cherenkov telescopes, this should enable the optical equivalent of interferometric arrays currently operating at radio wavelengths.
Demonstration of relativistic electron beam focusing by a laser-plasma lens
Authors: Thaury C. , Guillaume E. , Döpp A. , Lehe R. , Lifschitz A. , Ta Phuoc K. , Gautier J. , Goddet J-P , Tafzi A. , Flacco A. , Tissandier F. , Sebban S. , Rousse A. , Malka V. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLaser-plasma technology promises a drastic reduction of the size of high-energy electron accelerators. It could make free-electron lasers available to a broad scientific community and push further the limits of electron accelerators for high-energy physics. Furthermore, the unique femtosecond nature of the source makes it a promising tool for the study of ultrafast phenomena. However, applications are hindered by the lack of suitable lens to transport this kind of high-current electron beams mainly due to their divergence. Here we show that this issue can be solved by using a laser-plasma lens in which the field gradients are five order of magnitude larger than in conventional optics. We demonstrate a reduction of the divergence by nearly a factor of three, which should allow for an efficient coupling of the beam with a conventional beam transport line.
Separation and conversion dynamics of nuclear-spin isomers of gaseous methanol
Authors: Sun Zhen-Dong , Ge Meihua , Zheng Yujun 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAll symmetrical molecules with non-zero nuclear spin exist in nature as nuclear-spin isomers (NSIs). However, owing to the lack of experimental information, knowledge is rare about interconversions of NSIs of gaseous molecules with torsional symmetry. Here we report our separation and conversion observations on NSI-torsion-specific transition systems of gaseous methanol from a light-induced drift experiment involving partially spatial separation of the ortho and para isomers. We find that vibrationally excited molecules of the methanol spin isomer have a smaller collision cross-section than their ground-state counterparts. Interconversion of the enriched ortho isomer with the para isomer, which is generally considered improbable, has been quantitatively studied by sensitive detections of the spectral intensities. Rather counterintuitively, this reveals that the interconversion is inhibited with increasing pressure. Our results suggest that the spin conversion mechanism in methanol is via a quantum relaxation process with the quantum Zeno effect induced by molecular collisions.
Gut-spilling in chordates: Evisceration in the tropical ascidian Polycarpa mytiligera
Authors: Shenkar Noa , Gordon Tal 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe ejection of internal organs, i.e., evisceration, is a well-known phenomenon in sea-cucumbers. We report the ability of a member of the Chordate phyla, the tropical ascidian Polycarpa mytiligera, to eviscerate and regenerate its gut within 12 days and to rebuild its branchial sac within 19 days. Evisceration occurred within 4–43 seconds of gentle mechanical pressure exerted on the tunic in 47% of the tested P. mytiligera. Individuals were able to discard up to 3/4 of their digestive tract via the incurrent siphon by rupture of the branchial sac in this area. Although chemical analysis revealed no significant levels of toxic compounds, the eviscerated guts were unpalatable to the triggerfish and pufferfish on which they were tested, suggesting evisceration as a defense mechanism. Given the close affinity of ascidians to vertebrates, the regeneration pathway of the viscera and branchial sac of ascidians suggests its potential beneficial application in soft tissue regeneration research.
Single High‐Dose Oral Vitamin D3 Therapy (Stoss)
Authors: Shepherd Darren , Day Andrew S. , Leach Steven T. , Lopez Robert , Messenger Rachel , Woodhead Helen J. , Ledder Oren , Lemberg Daniel A. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Vitamin D deficiency is common in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of stoss therapy on vitamin D levels during a period of 6 months in children with IBD and vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L).Methods:A retrospective chart review was undertaken, focusing upon children managed in the IBD clinic at Sydney Children's Hospital between 2006 and 2010. Those with a 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25‐OHD) level <50 nmol/L and those who received stoss therapy were included in this study.Results:A total of 76 children received stoss therapy. There was a significant and sustained increase in 25‐OHD levels at all of the time points compared with baseline (40.8 ± 7.5 nmol/L), 1 month (145.6 ± 51.8 nmol/L), 3 months (87.1 ± 28.4 nmol/L), and 6 months 69.2 ± 31.3 nmol/L). There were no significant changes in serum calcium, phosphate, or parathyroid hormone at any time points.Conclusions:Stoss therapy safely and effectively achieved and maintained a level of 25‐OHD >50 nmol/L during 6 months in these children with IBD. Further prospective studies are now required to confirm this finding and establish whether this intervention has other benefits.
Assessing Dietary Intake in Childhood Cancer Survivors
Authors: Zhang Fang Fang , Roberts Susan B. , Must Aviva , Wong William W. , Gilhooly Cheryl H. , Kelly Michael J. , Parsons Susan K. , Saltzman Edward 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTCancer diagnosis and treatment may influence dietary intake. The validity of using self‐reported methods to quantify dietary intake has not been evaluated in childhood cancer survivors. We validated total energy intake (EI) reported from Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and repeated 24‐hour diet recalls (24HRs) against total energy expenditure (TEE) measured using the doubly labeled water method in 16 childhood cancer survivors. Dietary underreporting, assessed by (EI−TEE)/TEE × 100%, was 22% for FFQ and 1% for repeated 24HRs. FFQ significantly underestimates dietary intake and should not be used to assess the absolute intake of foods and nutrients in childhood cancer survivors.
Culture in Angola: insights for human resources management
Authors: Silva Maria Rita , Roque Helena Cristina , Caetano António 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to describe the cultural values – how things should be – and the cultural practices – how things are – of Angolan society. The authors expected to find: a gap between practices and values; high levels of power distance, institutional and in-group collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, future and humane orientation; and low to medium levels of performance orientation, gender equality and assertiveness.Design/methodology/approach– In all, 235 employees in Angola responded to a questionnaire using GLOBE’s cultural scales.Findings– There is a gap between cultural practices and values. Within Angola, humane and performance orientations are the most valued cultural dimensions. Power distance and in-group collectivism are the most prevailing cultural practices. Compared to other countries, Angola has high levels of humane orientation, institutional collectivism and uncertainty avoidance values and high levels of assertiveness and performance orientation practices.Practical implications– Higher than desired levels of assertiveness and power distance, on the one hand, and lower than desired levels of humane orientation and uncertainty avoidance on the other, are key aspects that should be taken into account by HRM in this context.Originality/value– These results may have important implications for HRM in Angola. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analysis of Angola’s culture from a business research perspective.
A context-specific model of organizational trust
Authors: McLeary Carvell N. , Cruise Paula A. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– Employee trust research has been criticized for restricted theoretical conceptualization, limited contextual application and low replication of measures in organizational studies. The purpose of this paper is to expand the theoretical framework underpinning individual-level organizational trust to include cognitive and socio-affective components in order to examine trust determinants in a unique cultural setting.Design/methodology/approach– A national survey of 653 employees from six companies in Jamaica completed the perceived organizational support scale, perceived organizational justice scale, employee trust propensity scale and the organizational trust measure (Rawlins, 2008) after focus groups revealed the role of socio-cultural values in employee trust relationships.Findings– Controlling for common methods variance, confirmatory factor analyses revealed that a model of organizational trust that included a combination of cognitive and socio-affective determinants was more valid in the Jamaican culture than a model comprised of cognitive determinants alone. National social values of justice and respect were significant determinants of employee trust. Results also provide validity evidence for the previously non-replicated Rawlins trust scale, thereby, providing future researchers with a measure that can be readily replicated.Research limitations/implications– Employee trust levels influenced participation and consequently restricted the sample size and industry profile of the survey. Cross-cultural trust researchers are, therefore, encouraged to design studies with similar subject loss projections.Originality/value– Strict focus on the collectivistic/individualistic dimension of culture restricts researchers’ ability to measure trust effectively across a range of settings. The authors, therefore, propose the uncertainty avoidance dimension as a more valid paradigm to understand inter-cultural differences in trust orientations, particularly in restricted trust domains.