bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance and Collapse in Bronchial Airways
Authors: Howard P. , Webster I. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. The Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) was measured in normal persons and patients with obstructive airways disease at mouth pressures from 0 mmHg to levels high enough to prevent air flow altogether by using a Starling resistor at the mouth.
2. Evidence was obtained in support of the idea that, during forced expiratory flow, airways might function with the properties of a Starling resistor. This is considered to divide the airway into upstream and downstream segments at the site of airway collapse. The technique was simple, capable of being performed on outpatients and provided a means of studying the collapsibility of airways, airways resistance and alveolar pressure.
3. The FEV in normal persons and patients with disease was determined by the properties of the upstream segment. Since this segment contains only a proportion of the total airways resistance it was not surprising to find imprecise correlations between the FEV and airways resistance measured by the body plethysmograph.
4. Preliminary observations of patients during acute exacerbations of chest disease suggest that functional changes can occur throughout the length of the airway (i.e. in both upstream and downstream segments).
5. In the longer term during the natural history of obstructive airways disease, airways resistance and the more ready collapse of airways may develop independently.
6. Impaired alveolar pressure may contribute towards the reduction in air flow during acute exacerbations of chest disease.
The Excretion of Calcium in the Urine and its Relation to Calcium Intake, Sex and Age
Authors: Davis R. H. , Morgan D. B. , Rivlin Rosa S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Until recently estimates of the urinary excretion of calcium have largely been based upon studies of patients in hospital and, consequently, with changes in the person's diet and physical activity.
2. We have measured the urinary excretion of calcium in seventy-five men and ninety-eight women aged 20–69 years, who were all apparently healthy and who were taking their chosen free diet.
3. For 7 consecutive days each person recorded the weight of all food that was eaten and collected 24 h specimens of urine. We have examined in these persons the relation between the urinary calcium, the dietary intake of calcium, age and sex.
4. 95% of the men excreted less than 400 mg of calcium in the urine per day and 95% of the women excreted less than 340 mg/day.
5. Within the limits of the calcium intake (mean values: men 1148 mg/day, women 1042 mg/day) found in this study, there was no relationship between the dietary calcium and the urinary excretion of calcium except in men over the age of 50 years. Even then the regression accounted for only a minor part of the variation in urine calcium.
6. The urinary excretion of calcium diminished in men over the age of 60 and in women over the age of 50 years.
7. These results are discussed in relation to previous studies of the urinary excretion of calcium. It is concluded that the urinary excretion of calcium is determined more by the absorption of calcium from the intestine than by the intake of calcium, and that the efficiency of absorption decreases in men and women as they grow older.
Renal Responses to Vena Caval and Portal Venous Infusions of Sodium Chloride in Unanaesthetized Dogs
Authors: Potkay S. , Gilmore J. P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Recent investigation has shown that sodium excretion is greater following portal venous infusion of 5% sodium chloride (w/v) than after systemic infusion in anaesthetized dogs. It was suggested that a factor of hepatic origin which is capable of depressing renal tubular reabsorption may be involved in this response. The present experiments were undertaken to determine the renal responses of conscious, unanaesthetized dogs to infusions of 5% NaCl administered systemically and by the portal venous routes.
2. No differences were observed in urine flow or sodium excretion rates in normal dogs when responses to the two routes of NaCl infusion were compared; potassium excretion was elevated following systemic as compared to portal NaCl infusion (P &lt; 0·05). Urine flow was significantly greater (P &lt; 0·05) in vasopressin and mineralocorticoid treated dogs following portal infusion of 5% NaCl, but no differences in electrolyte excretion were observed between routes of administration.
3. These findings are not compatible with the concept that a natriuretic factor is released from the liver consequent to elevation of portal venous sodium concentration in the conscious dog.
The Role of Parathyroid Hormone in the Gastro-Intestinal Absorption of Calcium
Authors: Wills M. R. , Wortsman J. , Pak C. Y. C. , Bartter F. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. Gastrointestinal calcium absorption was studied in six normal subjects and in one patient with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism during a control period and during treatment with parathyroid extract.
2. In all subjects there was a small increase in the gastro-intestinal absorption of calcium during the administration of parathyroid extract.
Cardiorespiratory Disturbances Associated with Infective Fever in Man: Studies of Ethiopian Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever
Authors: Warrell D. A. , Pope Helen M. , Parry E. H. O. , Perine P. L. , Bryceson A.D.M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Nineteen patients with louse-borne relapsing fever were studied in Addis Abeba (altitude 2285 m).
2. Following treatment with tetracycline a febrile Jarisch—Herxheimer-like reaction developed which showed the phases described in artificially-induced endotoxin fever.
3. During the chill phase body temperature, metabolic rate and pulmonary ventilation increased. Despite alveolar hyperventilation pulmonary venous admixture was high. Cardiac output, heart rate and systemic arterial pressure increased but pulmonary arterial pressure decreased.
4. During the flush phase systemic arterial pressure fell and remained low for many hours due to reduced vascular resistance, but pulmonary arterial pressure and inflow resistance increased. Small increases in glucose, lactate, and pyruvate concentrations were prevented by inhaling oxygen.
5. Stimulation of metabolic rate, ventilation and cardiac output during the reaction was not due simply to increased body temperature, hypoxia, or acidosis but was probably attributable to spirochaetal endotoxin.
6. Limitation of pulmonary oxygen diffusion may have been responsible for the impaired pulmonary oxygen uptake in these patients.
7. During the prolonged flush phase a greatly increased cardiac output is necessary to maintain systemic arterial pressure because of the very low vascular resistance. Prevention of extracellular fluid volume depletion, early detection and prompt treatment of cardiac failure and oxygen therapy may reduce fatalities during this critical period but hydrocortisone in large doses failed to reduce the severity of the reaction.
Physiological Effects of Repeated Exercise
Authors: Davies C. T. M. , Tuxworth W. , Young J. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The physiological responses to repeated continuous (progressive) exercise together with the relationship between continuous and discontinuous work tests on an upright bicycle ergometer have been studied in healthy male subjects.
2. The results show a marked decline in mean cardiac frequency (fH) from 145 beats/min to 124 beats/min during the first four experiments at a given submaximal oxygen intake of 1·5 1/min and thereafter a smaller decline to reach 118 beats/min on the final (sixteenth) day of the investigation. This latter decrease was associated with a small but significant rise in maximum oxygen intake (V̇O2 max) which occurred from Day 8 onwards. Pulmonary minute ventilation at an oxygen intake of 1·5 1/min (V̇E 1·5) decreased by about 5 1/min immediately following the first occasion of submaximal work but thereafter remained unchanged. There was however no decrease in O2 cost of exercise, as V̇O2 at a fixed rate of external work remained unchanged throughout the investigation.
3. At maximal effort there was no significant decrease in either V̇E max or fHmax, but the fH at which the V̇O2 max was reached declined significantly from Day 8. Thus the asymptotic nature of the fH/V̇O2 curve which was very pronounced on Day 1 virtually disappeared following the third visit to the laboratory. The accuracy of predicting V̇O2 max from fH and V̇O2 increased noticeably from − 15·4 ± 8·9% on Day 1 to −6·5 ± 10·5% on Day 7 and −0·9 ± 3·4% on Day 15. The possible physiological basis and implications of the results are discussed.
4. No significant differences were found between continuous and discontinuous work. Thus in large scale population studies of work capacity or in the evaluation of training programmes in rehabilitation studies, a continuous test may be used but attention must be paid to familiarization procedures. At least three preliminary test periods are necessary before the results become reproducible and reliable.
Blood Pyruvate and Lactate Levels during Oral and Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Tests in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Doar J. W. H. , Cramp D. G. , Maw D. S. J. , Seed M. , Wynn V. 
Published: August 2015

1. Blood pyruvate and lactate levels during oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests are described in obese and non-obese non-diabetic, maturity-onset diabetic and insulin-requiring diabetic groups of women.
2. Mean fasting blood pyruvate levels were similar in non-diabetic, maturity-onset diabetic and insulin-requiring diabetic subjects of similar degree of obesity. Mean levels were higher in the obese groups of non-diabetic and maturity-onset diabetic subjects compared to those of non-obese subjects of similar degree of glucose tolerance.
3. After oral glucose administration similar mean increases of blood pyruvate levels above the fasting base-line were found in non-diabetic and maturity-onset diabetic subjects matched for degree of obesity.
4. Peak oral glucose tolerance test blood pyruvate levels were generally delayed in the maturity-onset diabetic subjects and mean blood pyruvate levels were elevated above those of the non-diabetic subjects during the later stages of the test. Qualitatively similar changes occurred during intravenous glucose tolerance tests.
5. Mean blood lactate/pyruvate ratios were similar in non-obese and obese non-diabetic and maturity-onset diabetic groups of subjects and changed little after oral glucose administration.
The Effects of Obesity and Maturity-Onset Diabetes Mellitus on L(+) Lactic Acid Metabolism
Authors: Doar J. W. H. , Cramp D. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. A sodium L(+) lactate infusion technique is described.
2. The results were fitted satisfactorily to a single compartment model, from which the endogenous production rate, fractional rate removal constant and volume of distribution of lactate were derived. The fractional rate removal constant of lactate was assumed to be independent of the blood lactate level.
3. Obesity was associated with an elevated endogenous production rate of lactate but the rate of lactate removal was normal; the rate of lactate removal was impaired in subjects with maturity-onset diabetes mellitus.
4. The volume of distribution of lactate, as a percentage of body weight, was similar in control, obese and maturity-onset diabetic subjects, and was of the order of magnitude of the extracellular fluid volume.
5. The relation of these findings to blood pyruvate and lactate levels after oral glucose administration to subjects with obesity and maturity-onset diabetes is discussed.
Magnesium Metabolism in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: King R. G. , Stanbury S. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Magnesium metabolism has been studied in forty-eight patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Metabolic balance studies were undertaken in forty-three untreated patients and in fifteen patients after parathyroidectomy. The data obtained are compared with the pattern of magnesium metabolism in healthy adults, as established by analysis of collected nutritional studies. The renal handling of magnesium was assessed from measurements of 24-h renal clearances.
2. The mean serum magnesium in primary hyperparathyroidism was normal but low levels were present in nine of the forty-eight patients. There was a significant inverse correlation between serum levels of calcium and magnesium.
3. The magnesium balance was negative by amounts &gt;5% of the dietary intake in eleven patients, and positive to a similar degree in twenty-one. Patients in negative balance ingested and consequently absorbed less magnesium than those in positive balance; the negative balance was apparently due to inadequate renal conservation of magnesium in the face of this lower intake and, in some cases, despite a low serum magnesium. When related to the level of dietary intake, intestinal net absorption of magnesium tended to be greater than normal.
4. In eleven of twelve patients studied, the urinary output of magnesium was lower after parathyroidectomy irrespective of changes in the serum level of magnesium. This fall in output appeared to depend mainly on reduction in the serum calcium. In untreated patients without advanced secondary renal disease there was a positive correlation between the serum calcium and the clearance ratio CMg/Ccreatinine. Additional mechanisms may contribute to renal loss of magnesium when renal failure is advanced.
5. The tendency to develop a negative magnesium balance and hypomagnesaemia in untreated patients of this series thus appeared related to the height of the serum calcium, the presence of advanced secondary renal disease and inadequate dietary intake.
6. Significant and sustained hypomagnesaemia after parathyroidectomy occurred only in patients with generalized bone disease. Its development appeared to depend on the inadequacy of the ordinary diet to meet the combined requirements for magnesium of new soft tissue formation and deposition in mineralizing bone.
Renal Function Studies in Renal Carcinoma
Authors: Ofstad J. , Kolsaker L. 
Published: August 2015

1. In ten patients with renal cell carcinoma (Grawitz tumour) a selective kidney function study was performed with the intention of measuring the effect of the tumour upon the function of the parenchyma surrounding the tumour.
2. The excretion fraction of sodium and chloride and the osmolal clearance per unit of glomerular filtrate were significantly less and the urinary concentration of inulin and para-amino-hippuric acid were significantly greater in the affected than in the non-affected kidneys. In three patients with poorly vascularized tumours the difference between the affected and the non-affected kidney was insignificant or small.
3. The findings indicate hypoperfusion of the parenchyma surrounding the tumour. The hypoperfusion may be caused by diversion of circulating blood from the parenchyma to the tumour.
4. There was no correlation between the occurrence and degree of hypoperfusion and the blood pressure.
Chest Movements in Patients with Traumatic Injuries of the Cervical Cord
Authors: Moulton A. , Silver J. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The chest movements of three normal subjects and three patients with traumatic tetraplegia were studied with a specially designed caliper and correlated with the volume of air breathed while seated.
2. The chest movements of the tetraplegic patients were reduced; and there was paradoxical sucking in of the lateral wall of the rib cage.
3. The movements were estimated in a further normal subject and the three tetraplegic patients during tilting procedures (30° head up, horizontally and 30° head down); postural effects were observed in the apical and sternochondral regions of the tetraplegics.
4. These paradoxical movements appeared to be due to both the loss of the action of the paralysed intercostal muscles and the impairment of the action of the diaphragm secondary to the paralysis of intercostal and abdominal muscles.
The Relative Importance of Urinary pH and Urinary Content of Citrate, Magnesium and Calcium in the Production of Nephro Calcinosis by Diet and Acetazolamide in the Rat
Authors: Györy A. Z. , Edwards K. D. G. , Robinson J. , Palmer A. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The association of varying levels of urinary pH, urinary citrate and urinary calcium and magnesium excretion rates with kidney citrate, calcium and magnesium concentrations in experimental nephrocalcinosis was examined in twenty-four rats in a 3 × 2 multifactorial experiment with four replicates. All rats received the same synthetic diet for 6 weeks before being killed in the seventh week. In addition the rats received calcium supplements as calcium chloride (diet A), calcium carbonate (diet B), or as an equal mixture of calcium chloride and carbonate (diet N), the content of calcium being kept constant at 6·3 mg per g of diet for all rats. Half of the rats also received 2·5 mg of acetazolamide per g of diet.
2. Diet A produced a systemic acidosis and the most acid urinary pH. Diet B plus acetazolamide produced a more severe systemic acidosis and the most alkaline urinary pH. Urinary magnesium, citrate and calcium excretion rates were generally reduced below normal. Urinary excretion of magnesium and calcium were significantly higher in those rats on diet A than in those on diet B, while urinary citrate excretion was highest in the latter. Acetazolamide caused a further increase in urinary calcium excretion but a decrease in urinary magnesium and citrate excretions.
3. Acetazolamide significantly reduced plasma calcium but elevated plasma magnesium. The changes produced in plasma and urinary calcium and magnesium in the present study were consistent with an action through systemic acidosis for calcium and through urinary pH for magnesium, both being effected at a tubular site.
4. Variation in diet alone as well as acetazolamide administration were significantly associated with variation in the degree of nephrocalcinosis (P &lt; 0·05 and P &lt; 0·005 respectively). Acetazolamide increased nephrocalcinosis by a factor of at least 10. Analysis of covariance showed that acetazolamide was no longer associated with significant nephrocalcinosis when its effects on urinary pH and magnesium were removed from its effect on nephrocalcinosis. Removal of the effect of acetazolamide on urinary citrate excretion did not alter the effect of acetazolamide in producing nephrocalcinosis. Although urinary citrate was reduced to below 10% of normal whenever nephrocalcinosis was severe, it was also reduced to below 10% in rats on diet A which had normal kidney tissue calcium content, the most acid urinary pH and the highest urinary magnesium.
5. Elevation of urinary pH and reduction in urinary magnesium excretion were therefore considered to be of major importance in the causation of experimental nephrocalcinosis; reduction in urinary citrate excretion appeared to be only of secondary importance.
Effect of Vasopressin on the Renal Excretion of Phosphate in Man
Authors: Eisinger A. J. , Jones N. F. , Barraclough M. A. , McSwiney R. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of vasopressin on the tubular reabsorption of phosphate was studied in both water-restricted and water-loaded man at different baseline rates of phosphate excretion. The latter was varied by altering phosphate intake or by administering aluminium hydroxide to reduce phosphate absorption from the gut.
2. It was found that when phosphate excretion was high, vasopressin had no consistent effect on the phosphate/creatinine clearance ratio. However at low rates of phosphate excretion, vasopressin significantly increased the phosphate/creatinine clearance ratio, suggesting a decrease in net tubular reabsorption of phosphate.
3. This effect of vasopressin was also demonstrated in a patient with hypoparathyroidism, indicating that it is not mediated by release of parathormone.
4. It thus appears that vasopressin has a small parathormone-like effect on the renal tubules, which may result from the common action of both hormones on the adenyl cyclase system.
Extravascular Albumin in Human Tissues
Authors: Katz J. , Bonorris G. , Sellers A. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Extravascular albumin in human tissue was determined by direct immunochemical analysis. Samples of muscle, skin and intestinal tract obtained at surgery were extracted with a solution of 0· 9% sodium chloride plus 0· 1% desoxycholate and total albumin of the extracts was determined by radial diffusion in agarose plates containing antibody to human albumin. Occluded blood in tissues was estimated from the haemoglobin content of the extracts and the albumin due to blood calculated. This was used to obtain by difference the extravascular albumin content of the tissues. The extravascular albumin content of muscle and skin from seven patients was (mean and range) 3·6 (2·7–6·4) and 8·4 (6·5–12) mg/g, respectively. The albumin content of intestinal tissue (five patients) ranged from 4·3 to 9·0 mg/g (mean 6·3), and of stomach wall (three patients), from 3·5 to 5·4 mg/g (mean 4·4). Total extravascular albumin in humans is estimated to be at least 4 g/kg.
2. The extravascular (EV) albumin of human tissue is similar to that of rats. It is concluded that calculation of the extravascular albumin from the intercepts and slopes of the decay curve of injected radioactive iodine-labelled albumin leads to underestimation of the extravascular mass by 20–40%. The validity of the conventional multicompartmental model of albumin metabolism in the human is questioned.
Abnormal Excretion of the Isomers of Urinary Coproporphyrin by Patients with Dubin—Johnson Syndrome in Israel
Authors: Ben-Ezzer Judith , Rimington C. , Shani M. , Seligsohn U. , Sheba Ch. , Szeinberg A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The urinary excretion of isomers I and III of coproporphyrin by fifty-nine patients with Dubin—Johnson syndrome has been examined, and compared with the results obtained for normal control subjects and patients with various types of jaundice.
2. The control subjects (with one exception) excreted less than 45% of the coproporphyrin as isomer I. Fifty-six patients with the Dubin—Johnson syndrome excreted more than 65% isomer I (mode, 87%). In three cases the relative content of isomer I was normal. These exceptional patients differed also in some other characteristics from typical cases of the Dubin—Johnson syndrome.
3. Patients with obstructive jaundice or infectious hepatitis showed an intermediate pattern of the isomer distribution. In Gilbert's disease the isomer pattern was normal (six cases). In Rotor syndrome the relative content of isomer I was increased (three cases).
4. The abnormal urinary excretion of coproporphyrins in the various types of jaundice is probably caused by different mechanisms. In obstructive jaundice and infectious hepatitis the absolute excretion of isomer I is raised and isomer III is normal or elevated. This pattern may be explained by a shift from the biliary to the urinary route of excretion affecting mainly isomer I. On the other hand, in Dubin—Johnson syndrome an increased excretion of isomer I was accompanied by a significant decrease of isomer III excretion in the urine. It is suggested that this abnormal pattern might be a result of a deficiency or inhibition of uroporphyrinogen isomerase (uroporphyrinogen III co-synthetase) in the liver of patients with the Dubin—Johnson syndrome.
Serum Protein Concentrations in Normal Children
Authors: Abrams Berenice 
Published: August 2015

1. Serum proteins were studied in 106 children ranging from 3 to 14 years using a modification of Laurell's method of quantitative immunoelectrophoresis.
2. Quantitative values are given for eleven proteins, viz.: α1 lipoprotein, α1 antitrypsin, α1 easily precipitable glycoprotein, α1 group specific component, α2 macroglobulin, caeruloplasmin, haptoglobin, transferrin, haemopexin, β lipoprotein, and β1AC(C3).
3. There were no significant differences in protein levels between the sexes, and no correlation between age and protein level within the age range studied.
4. The values were also compared with those of infants aged 6–12 months, young adults of 16–25 years, and adults of 16–65 years.