bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-Reported Quality of Life of Young Children With Conditions From Early Infancy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Jardine Jenni , Glinianaia Svetlana V. , McConachie Helen , Embleton Nicolas D. , Rankin Judith 
Published: September 2014

CONTEXT:
There is little consistency in the use of instruments for measuring self-reported quality of life (QoL) in young children.

OBJECTIVE:
To systematically review studies of self-reported QoL in children aged &lt;12 years with congenital health conditions, and to examine the agreement between self- and proxy-reports.

DATA SOURCES:
Literature databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, PsychINFO) were systematically searched, reference lists of eligible studies were scanned.

STUDY SELECTION:
We included studies published in English between January 1989 and June 2013 which used validated instruments to assess self-reported QoL in children aged &lt;12 years with a distinct congenital health condition identified in early infancy.

DATA EXTRACTION:
We extracted data on study design, objective, sample characteristics, QoL assessment instrument, statistical techniques and results.

RESULTS:
From 403 full-text articles assessed for eligibility, 50 studies underwent detailed review, and 37 were included in a narrative synthesis. Children’s self-reported QoL was assessed by using a variety of generic and/or condition-specific instruments, with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory being the most frequently used (25% [9 studies]). Regardless of the condition or the instrument used, children often reported QoL similar to the reference population, except for lower scores in the physical functioning/health domain. There were differences between younger and older age groups according to QoL domain. The child’s perception of QoL differed from that of his or her parents, in particular for subjective domains such as emotional functioning, and these differences were age related. The main limitation of the review resulted from the lack of published studies on self-reported QoL in young children, in particular, lacking both self-reports and proxy reports. Existing studies demonstrated wide variability in the QoL instruments used and approaches to statistical analyses, lack of information about the formation of the study sample (response rate; comparison of responders and nonresponders) and low sample sizes in the age group of interest.

CONCLUSIONS:
The reviewed studies demonstrated that, even for younger children, both child and parent perspectives are essential to understanding the impact of a condition on a child’s QoL.
Early Neonatal Bilirubin, Hematocrit, and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Status
Authors: Badejoko Bolaji O. , Owa Joshua A. , Oseni Saheed B.A. , Badejoko Olusegun , Fatusi Adesegun O. , Adejuyigbe Ebunoluwa A. 
Published: September 2014

OBJECTIVE:
To document the patterns of bilirubin and hematocrit values among glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient and G6PD-normal Nigerian neonates in the first week of life, in the absence of exposure to known icterogenic agents.

METHODS:
The G6PD status of consecutive term and near-term neonates was determined, and their bilirubin levels and hematocrits were monitored during the first week of life. Infants were stratified into G6PD deficient, intermediate, and normal on the basis of the modified Beutler’s fluorescent spot test. Means of total serum bilirubin (TSB) and hematocrits of the 3 groups of infants were compared.

RESULTS:
The 644 neonates studied comprised 353 (54.8%) boys and 291 (45.2%) girls and 540 (83.9%) term and 104 (16.1%) near-term infants. They consisted of 129 (20.0%) G6PD-deficient, 69 (10.7%) G6PD-intermediate, and 446 (69.3%) G6PD-normal neonates. The G6PD-deficient and G6PD-intermediate infants had higher mean TSB than their G6PD-normal counterparts at birth and throughout the first week of life (P &lt; .001). Mean peak TSB levels were 14.1 (9.48), 10.2 (3.8), and 6.9 (3.3) mg/dL for G6PD-deficient, G6PD-intermediate, and G6PD-normal neonates, respectively. Peak TSB was attained on approximately day 4 in all 3 groups, and trends in TSB were similar. Mean hematocrits at birth were similar in the 3 G6PD groups. However, G6PD-deficient and -intermediate infants had higher declines in hematocrit, bilirubin levels, and need for phototherapy than G6PD-normal infants (P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
The G6PD-deficient and G6PD-intermediate neonates had a higher risk of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and would therefore need greater monitoring in the first week of life, even without exposure to known icterogenic agents.
Parental Awareness and Use of Online Physician Rating Sites
Authors: Hanauer David A. , Zheng Kai , Singer Dianne C. , Gebremariam Achamyeleh , Davis Matthew M. 
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
The US public is increasingly using online rating sites to make decisions about a variety of consumer goods and services, including physicians. We sought to understand, within the context of other types of rating sites, parents’ awareness, perceptions, and use of physician-rating sites for choosing primary care physicians for their children.

METHODS:
This cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of 3563 adults was conducted in September 2012. Participants were asked about rating Web sites in the context of finding a primary care physician for their children and about their previous experiences with such sites.

RESULTS:
Overall, 2137 (60%) of participants completed the survey. Among these respondents, 1619 were parents who were included in the present analysis. About three-quarters (74%) of parents were aware of physician-rating sites, and about one-quarter (28%) had used them to select a primary care physician for their children. Based on 3 vignettes for which respondents were asked if they would follow a neighbor's recommendation about a primary care physician and using multivariate analyses, respondents exposed to a neighbor’s recommendation and positive online physician ratings were significantly more likely to choose the recommended physician (adjusted odds ratio: 3.0 [95% confidence interval: 2.1–4.4]) than respondents exposed to the neighbor’s recommendation alone. Conversely, respondents exposed to the neighbor’s recommendation and negative online ratings were significantly less likely to choose the neighbor children’s physician (adjusted odds ratio: 0.09 [95% confidence interval: 0.03–0.3]).

CONCLUSIONS:
Parents are beginning to use online physician ratings, and these ratings have the potential to influence choices of their children’s primary care physician.
Infants’ Best Interests in End-of-life Care for Newborns
Authors: Willems Dick L. , Verhagen A.A. Eduard , van Wijlick Eric 
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Pediatric bioethics presumes that decisions should be taken in the child’s best interest. If it’s ambiguous whether a decision is in the child's interest, we defer to parents. Should parents be permitted to consider their own interests in making decisions for their child? In the Netherlands, where neonatal euthanasia is legal, such questions sometimes arise in deciding whether to hasten the death of a critically ill, suffering child. We describe the recommendations of a national Dutch committee. Our objectives were to analyze the role of competing child and family interests and to provide guidance on end-of-life decisions for doctors caring for severely ill newborns.

METHODS:
We undertook literature review, 7 consensus meetings in a multidisciplinary expert commission, and invited comments on draft report by specialists’ associations.

RESULTS:
Initial treatment is mandatory for most ill newborns, to clarify the prognosis. Continuation of treatment is conditional on further diagnostic and prognostic data. Muscle relaxants can sometimes be continued after withdrawal of artificial respiration without aiming to shorten the child's life. When gasping causes suffering, or protracted dying is unbearable for the parents, muscle relaxants may be used to end a newborn's life. Whenever muscle relaxants are used, cases should be reported to the national review committee.

CONCLUSIONS:
New national recommendations in the Netherlands for end-of-life decisions in newborns suggest that treatment should generally be seen as conditional. If treatment fails, it should be abandoned. In those cases, palliative care should be directed at both infant and parental suffering. Sometimes, this may permit interventions that hasten death.
Universal Bilirubin Screening and Health Care Utilization
Authors: Darling Elizabeth Kathleen , Ramsay Timothy , Sprague Ann E. , Walker Mark C. , Guttmann Astrid 
Published: September 2014

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the impact of the implementation of universal bilirubin screening on neonatal health care use in the context of a large jurisdiction with universal health insurance.

METHODS:
We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of all newborns discharged after birth between April 2003 and February 2011 from 42 hospitals that implemented universal bilirubin screening between July 2007 and June 2010 in Ontario, Canada. We surveyed hospitals to determine their screening implementation date. We used multiple linked administrative health data sets to measure phototherapy use, length of stay (LOS), jaundice-related emergency department visits, and jaundice-related readmissions. We modeled the relationship between universal bilirubin screening and outcomes using generalized estimating equations to account for clustering by hospital, underlying temporal trends, and important covariates.

RESULTS:
Screening was associated with an increase in phototherapy during hospitalization at birth (relative risk, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–1.59) and a decrease in jaundice-related emergency department visits (relative risk, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.64–0.96) but no statistically significant difference in phototherapy after discharge, LOS, or jaundice-related readmissions after accounting for preexisting temporal trends in health care service use and other patient sociodemographic and hospital characteristics.

CONCLUSIONS:
Universal bilirubin screening may not be associated with increased neonatal LOS or increased subsequent hospital use. Our findings are relevant for determining the resource implications of universal bilirubin screening in Ontario. They highlight the limitations in generalizability of previous research on health care utilization associated with similar programs and underline the importance of context-specific local evaluation of guideline implementation.
New Gyro While Drilling Technology Delivers Accurate Azimuth and Real-Time Quality Control for All Well Trajectories
Authors: Weston John , Ledroz Adrián , Ekseth Roger 
Published: September 2014

Summary
In response to the increasing demand for a reduction in the uncertainty of wellbore placement to minimize drilling risks and potential liabilities, a new gyroscopic survey tool capable of operating at any attitude during the drilling process has been developed: an all-attitude gyro while drilling (GWD) tool.
Gyro survey systems determine the direction of the survey tool in the wellbore, the tool azimuth, by use of measurements of the horizontal components of Earth's rotation in a process known as gyrocompassing or north finding. Current GWD systems are based on angular rate measurements taken about two axes only. These measurement axes are perpendicular to the direction of the wellbore and perpendicular to each other. Although two-axis systems provide accurate estimates of azimuth near vertical, this accuracy degrades as inclination increases, with the azimuth becoming indeterminate because of a mathematical singularity at 90° inclination. To overcome this, an additional rate measurement about the along-hole axis of the tool needs to be performed. Only gyroscopic instruments with three orthogonal sensitive axes, as adopted in the new tool, are capable of measuring the full horizontal Earth rate signal in all wellbore geometries.
This paper describes a number of innovative technological developments that have allowed all-attitude GWD to become a reality, including a new gyroscope designed specifically for the downhole drilling environment, a new system mechanization to control gyroscope biases, a signal-processing technique known as continuous adaptive processing that estimates the g-sensitive bias errors at each gyrocompass station, and a more robust quality control scheme.
The new high angle GWD system is well-suited to handle any wellbore-placement needs. These include high inclination kickoffs, infill drilling, relief wells, and the provision of improved accuracy in east/west wells. With the improved reliability of the data comes increased confidence that the resulting survey is representative of the true wellbore trajectory. The detection of gross errors can also be accomplished by comparing real-time GWD and measurement-while-drilling (MWD) data. Further, with the memory multishot capability that is available, reliable high accuracy surveys from section total depth (TD) to surface are generated, verifying both MWD and GWD performance on the trip out and eliminating the need for separate and rig-time-dependent gyroscopic surveys.
Finally, a number of case studies are presented to illustrate the performance capabilities of the new gyroscopic system over a range of well trajectories and latitudes.
The all-attitude GWD system not only allows the survey-reliability goals to become a reality in a cost-effective manner—as set out in the earlier quality control papers published in conjunction with the SPE Well Positioning Technical Section—but also does this in real time while drilling.
Reduced Testing Frequency for Glycated Hemoglobin, HbA1c, Is Associated With Deteriorating Diabetes Control
Authors: Driskell Owen J. , Holland David , Waldron Jenna L. , Ford Clare , Scargill Jonathan J. , Heald Adrian , Tran Martin , Hanna Fahmy W. , Jones Peter W. , Pemberton R. John , Fryer Anthony A. 
Published: September 2014

OBJECTIVE
We previously showed that in patients with diabetes mellitus, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) monitoring outside international guidance on testing frequency is widespread. Here we examined the relationship between testing frequency and diabetes control to test the hypothesis that retest interval is linked to change in HbA1c level.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We examined repeat HbA1c tests (400,497 tests in 79,409 patients, 2008–2011) processed by three U.K. clinical laboratories. We examined the relationship between retest interval and 1) percentage change in HbA1c and 2) proportion of cases showing a significant HbA1c rise. The effect of demographics factors on these findings was also explored.

RESULTS
Our data showed that the optimal testing frequency required to maximize the downward trajectory in HbA1c was four times per year, particularly in those with an initial HbA1c of ≥7% (≥53 mmol/mol), supporting international guidance. Testing 3-monthly was associated with a 3.8% reduction in HbA1c compared with a 1.5% increase observed with annual testing; testing more frequently provided no additional benefit. Compared with annual monitoring, 3-monthly testing was associated with a halving of the proportion showing a significant rise in HbA1c (7–10 vs. 15–20%).

CONCLUSIONS
These findings provide, in a large, multicenter data set, objective evidence that testing outside guidance on HbA1c monitoring frequency is associated with a significant detrimental effect on diabetes control. To achieve the optimum downward trajectory in HbA1c, monitoring frequency should be quarterly, particularly in cases with suboptimal HbA1c. While this impact appears small, optimizing monitoring frequency across the diabetes population may have major implications for diabetes control and comorbidity risk.
Phylogenetic relationships and character evolution in Heuchera (Saxifragaceae) on the basis of multiple nuclear loci
Authors: Folk Ryan A. , Freudenstein John V. 
Published: September 2014

• Premise of the study: The use of multiple genetic regions from the nuclear genome, including low‐copy markers, has long been recognized as essential to robust phylogenetic construction, addressing gene tree incongruence, and allowing increased resolution to test current taxonomy and resolve basic hypotheses about character evolution, biogeography, and other organismal traits of interest to biologists. Heuchera, the largest genus of Saxifragaceae endemic to North America, has presented an unusually difficult case for systematists with limited sampling in previous molecular studies. We used morphological and multilocus molecular phylogenetic data to test the monophyly of Heuchera, better resolve hypotheses of relationships, and test hypotheses of character evolution, biogeography, and diversification rates.• Methods: Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using sequences from six nuclear loci and 39 morphological characters using concatenation and coalescent analysis. Ancestral state reconstruction, diversification, and correlated evolution of morphological traits were performed using parsimony, BiSSE, and Pagel's method, respectively.• Key results: The concatenation and species tree analyses gave confident support to the monophyly of Heuchera and suggested several well‐supported subclades. The addition of morphological data significantly improved support numbers. Ancestral character reconstruction suggested frequent homoplasy and reversal of floral characters and a complex biogeographical history.• Conclusions: Heuchera is a natural genus; however, the current subgeneric classification is artificial and requires revision. Biogeographic reconstructions suggest a Pacific Northwest origin for the genus; morphological shifts in stamen exsertion and hypanthium length are hypothesized to have driven diversification in Heuchera in concert with possible pollinator shifts.
Effect of Weekly Hunting Frequency on Rate of Ducks Harvested
Authors: St. James Elizabeth A. , Schummer Michael L. , Kaminski Richard M. , Penny Edward J. , Burger L. Wesley 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Waterfowl hunting is important culturally and economically in North America. Few studies have evaluated the relationship between weekly hunting frequency and rate of ducks harvested. We evaluated the effect of hunting 2 or 4 d/wk on rate of ducks harvested on three Mississippi Wildlife Management Areas, USA, during three waterfowl hunting seasons, December–January 2008–2011. Harvest of all ducks combined, mallard Anas platyrhynchos, northern shoveler Anas clypeata, or green-winged teal Anas crecca per hunter day did not differ between areas hunted 2 or 4 d/wk, but increased with hours spent afield. We suggest Wildlife Management Areas may be hunted 4 d/wk without reducing duck harvest per hunter day. We recommend continued evaluations of weekly hunting frequency on rate of ducks harvested to sustain science-guided management of waterfowl hunting on Mississippi public lands and elsewhere.
Observations of Territorial Breeding Common Ravens Caching Eggs of Greater Sage-Grouse
Authors: Howe Kristy B. , Coates Peter S. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPrevious investigations using continuous video monitoring of greater sage-grouse Centrocercus urophasianus nests have unambiguously identified common ravens Corvus corax as an important egg predator within the western United States. The quantity of greater sage-grouse eggs an individual common raven consumes during the nesting period and the extent to which common ravens actively hunt greater sage-grouse nests are largely unknown. However, some evidence suggests that territorial breeding common ravens, rather than nonbreeding transients, are most likely responsible for nest depredations. We describe greater sage-grouse egg depredation observations obtained opportunistically from three common raven nests located in Idaho and Nevada where depredated greater sage-grouse eggs were found at or in the immediate vicinity of the nest site, including the caching of eggs in nearby rock crevices. We opportunistically monitored these nests by counting and removing depredated eggs and shell fragments from the nest sites during each visit to determine the extent to which the common raven pairs preyed on greater sage-grouse eggs. To our knowledge, our observations represent the first evidence that breeding, territorial pairs of common ravens cache greater sage-grouse eggs and are capable of depredating multiple greater sage-grouse nests.
Eliminating Variation in Age at Spawning Leads to Genetic Divergence Within a Single Salmon Population
Authors: Smith Christian T. , Baumsteiger Jason , Ardren William R. , Dettlaff Yvonne , Hawkins Denise K. , Van Doornik Donald M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMost coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Washington state spawn at 3 y of age, creating the potential for three temporal populations or “broodlines” at each spawning site. This is generally prevented by a portion of males in each site that mature and reproduce at 2 y of age, resulting in population structure in which the geographic component is stronger than the temporal component. The Quilcene National Fish Hatchery, located on Big Quilcene River in the Hood Canal region of Washington state, selected against late returning coho salmon by excluding all but the earliest returning fish from its broodstock for an unknown number of generations, and restricted gene flow among broodlines by excluding 2-y-old males for 27 generations. The resulting hatchery population exhibited three distinct broodlines that returned in alternating years: an “early” broodline that arrived 1 mo before the wild fish, a “late” broodline that arrived at the same time as the wild fish, and a “middle” broodline that arrived in between these two broodlines. We evaluated temporal and geographic components of population genetic structure in coho salmon from the Quilcene National Fish Hatchery and nine other sites from Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca using 10 microsatellite loci. Genetic diversity at the Quilcene National Fish Hatchery was lowest in the early broodline and highest in the late broodline. Divergence among broodlines at the Quilcene National Fish Hatchery was greater than that observed at any other site, and was also greater than that observed between any of the sites. This apparent reversal of the relative magnitudes of temporal and geographic components for this species emphasizes the importance of variable age-at-maturity in shaping population genetic structure.