bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children with developmental language impairment have vocabulary deficits characterized by limited breadth and depth
Authors: McGregor Karla K. , Oleson Jacob , Bahnsen Alison , Duff Dawna 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundDeficient vocabulary is a frequently reported symptom of developmental language impairment, but the nature of the deficit and its developmental course are not well documented.AimsTo describe the nature of the deficit in terms of breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge and to determine whether the nature and the extent of the deficit change over the school years.Methods & ProceduresA total of 25 681 oral definitions produced by 177 children with developmental language impairment (LI) and 325 grade‐mates with normally developing language (ND) in grades 2, 4, 8 and 10 were taken from an existing longitudinal database. We analysed these for breadth by counting the number of words defined correctly and for depth by determining the amount of information in each correct definition. Via a linear mixed model, we determined whether breadth and depth varied with language diagnosis independent of non‐verbal IQ, mothers’ education level, race, gender, income and (for depth only) word.Outcomes & ResultsChildren with LI scored significantly lower than children with ND on breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge in all grades. The extent of the deficit did not vary significantly across grades. Language diagnosis was an independent predictor of breadth and depth and as strong a predictor as maternal education. For the LI group, growth in depth relative to breadth was slower than for the ND group.Conclusions & ImplicationsCompared with their grade‐mates, children with LI have fewer words in their vocabularies and they have shallower knowledge of the words that are in their vocabularies. This deficit persists over developmental time.
Characterization of water and wildlife strains as a subgroup of Campylobacter jejuni using DNA microarrays
Authors: Stabler Richard A. , Larsson Jonas T. , Al‐Jaberi Suaad , Nielsen Eva M. , Kay Emily , Tam Clarence C. , Higgins Craig D. , Rodrigues Laura C. , Richardson Judith F. , O'Brien Sarah J. , Wren Brendan W. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryCampylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, but source attribution of the organism is difficult. Previously, DNA microarrays were used to investigate isolate source, which suggested a non‐livestock source of infection. In this study we analysed the genome content of 162 clinical, livestock and water and wildlife (WW) associated isolates combined with the previous study. Isolates were grouped by genotypes into nine clusters (C1 to C9). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data demonstrated that livestock associated clonal complexes dominated clusters C1–C6. The majority of WW isolates were present in the C9 cluster. Analysis of previously reported genomic variable regions demonstrated that these regions were linked to specific clusters. Two novel variable regions were identified. A six gene multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay, designed to effectively differentiated strains into clusters, was validated with 30 isolates. A further five WW isolates were tested by mPCR and were assigned to the C7‐C9 group of clusters. The predictive mPCR test could be used to indicate if a clinical case has come from domesticated or WW sources. Our findings provide further evidence that WW C. jejuni subtypes show niche adaptation and may be important in causing human infection.
DNA barcoding for conservation, seed banking and ecological restoration of Acacia in the Midwest of Western Australia
Authors: Nevill Paul G. , Wallace Mark J. , Miller Joseph T. , Krauss Siegfried L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe used DNA barcoding to address an important conservation issue in the Midwest of Western Australia, working on Australia's largest genus of flowering plant. We tested whether or not currently recommended plant DNA barcoding regions (matK and rbcL) were able to discriminate Acacia taxa of varying phylogenetic distances, and ultimately identify an ambiguously labelled seed collection from a mine‐site restoration project. Although matK successfully identified the unknown seed as the rare and conservation priority listed A. karina, and was able to resolve six of the eleven study species, this region was difficult to amplify and sequence. In contrast, rbcL was straightforward to recover and align, but could not determine the origin of the seed and only resolved 3 of the 11 species. Other chloroplast regions (rpl32‐trnL, psbA‐trnH, trnL‐F and trnK) had mixed success resolving the studied taxa. In general, species were better resolved in multilocus data sets compared to single‐locus data sets. We recommend using the formal barcoding regions supplemented with data from other plastid regions, particularly rpl32‐trnL, for barcoding in Acacia. Our study demonstrates the novel use of DNA barcoding for seed identification and illustrates the practical potential of DNA barcoding for the growing discipline of restoration ecology.
A life‐course perspective on economic stress and tobacco smoking: a population‐based study
Authors: Lindström Martin , Modén Birgit , Rosvall Maria 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAimsTo investigate the associations between economic stress in childhood and adulthood and tobacco smoking, with reference to the accumulation, critical period and social mobility hypotheses from life‐course epidemiology.Design, settingparticipants and measurementsThe 2008 public health survey inSkåne,Sweden is a cross‐sectional postal questionnaire study based on a random sample which yielded 28 198 participants aged 18–80 years (55% participation). Logistic regression models were used to investigate associations between economic stress in childhood and adulthood and tobacco smoking.FindingsA 17.4% prevalence of men and 19.1% of women reported tobacco smoking. Tobacco smoking was more prevalent among middle‐aged men and young women, among those born outsideSweden, with low occupational status, low social support, low trust, economic stress in childhood and adulthood. The accumulation hypothesis was confirmed because combined childhood and adulthood exposures to economic stress were associated (P < 0.001) with tobacco smoking in a graded manner. The critical period hypothesis was not supported because the associations between economic stress in childhood as well as adulthood, respectively, and tobacco smoking were significant (P = 0.004 andP < 0.001) throughout the analyses. The social mobility hypothesis was confirmed because upward social mobility was associated significantly (P < 0.001) with lower odds of smoking, while downward social mobility was associated significantly (P < 0.001) with higher odds of smoking.ConclusionsDownward social mobility and economic stress in both childhood and adulthood should be considered as risk factors for tobacco smoking over the life‐course.
Woody plants' diversity, structural analysis and regeneration status of Wof Washa natural forest, North‐east Ethiopia
Authors: Fisaha Gebremicael , Hundera Kitessa , Dalle Gemedo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWof‐Washa forest is one of the few remaining dry Afromontane forests in the central plateau of Ethiopia. Woody species composition, structure and regeneration patterns of this forest were studied to generate information essential for formulating feasible management options for the forest. Vegetation data were collected from 64 quadrats of size 20 m × 20 m, 10 m × 10 m and 5 m × 5 m for tree/shrub, sapling and seedling, respectively, laid systematically along transects. A total of 62 woody species belonging to 54 genera and 40 families were recorded. Rosaceae was the most diverse family with five (12.5%) species followed by Anacardiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Myrsinaceae with three (7.5%) species each. Tree/shrub, sapling and seedling densities were 699, 1178 and 7618.7 individuals/ha. About 56.7% of the importance value index was contributed by Juniperus procera, Maytenus arbutifolia, Podocarpus falcatus and Ilex mitis. Vegetation classification resulted in five plant communities: Ilex mitis – Maytenus obscura, Galiniera saxifraga – Maesa lanceolata, Juniperus procera – Erica arborea, Podocapus falcatus – Allophylus abyssinicus and Pittosporum viridiflorum – Polycias fulva community types. Regeneration status of all the woody plant species was categorized as ‘Good’ (28%), ‘Fair’ (19%), ‘Poor’ (8%), ‘None’ (40%) and ‘New’ (5%).
Fetal Regulatory T Cells and Peripheral Immune Tolerance In Utero: Implications for Development and Disease
Authors: Burt Trevor D. 
Published: February 2013

The developing fetus must actively learn to tolerate benign antigens or suffer the consequences of broken tolerance. Tolerance of self‐antigens prevents development of autoimmune diseases and is achieved by both deletion of autoreactive T cell clones in the thymus (central tolerance) and by the suppressive influence of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the periphery. Fetal CD4+ T cells have a strong predisposition to differentiate into tolerogenic Tregs that actively promote self‐tolerance, as well as tolerance to non‐inherited antigens on chimeric maternal cells that reside in fetal tissues. As the fetus nears birth, a crucial transition must occur between the tolerogenic fetal immune system and a more defensive adult‐type immune system that is able to combat pathogens. This paper will review the unique tolerogenic nature of fetal T cells and will examine evidence for a novel model of fetal immune development: the layered immune system hypothesis.
Is that femur really short? A survey of current and best practice in fetal biometry
Authors: McCarthy Elizabeth A. , Shub Alexis , Walker Susan P. 
Published: February 2013

A web‐based survey of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists fellows and trainees enquired about fetal femur length reporting and found:

Heterogeneous (including unpublished) chart choices.
Popular charts are not always of highest quality.
z‐score rarely used despite World Health Authority endorsement.
Potential clinical risks include false‐positive and false‐negative diagnosis and confusion for both patient and staff. We recommend developing high‐quality charts, publishing unpublished charts and describe methods to support best practice.
Moderate, excessive or heavy alcohol consumption: each is significantly associated with increased mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Younossi Z. M. , Zheng L. , Stepanova M. , Venkatesan C. , Mir H. M. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryBackgroundThe impact of moderate alcohol consumption on long‐term outcomes of chronic hepatitis C (CH‐C) infected patients remains controversial.AimTo assess the impact of moderate alcohol consumption on long‐term outcomes of CH‐C patients using population‐based data.MethodsData were obtained from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)‐mortality linked files. Alcohol consumption was estimated as grams/day. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was utilized to assess the effects of CH‐C and alcohol consumption on mortality (all causes, cardiovascular disease, and liver disease).ResultsA total of 8985 participants were included as the study cohort. Of these, 218 had CH‐C. The follow‐up time was 162.95 months for CH‐C and 178.27 months for controls. CH‐C patients had increased risk for both overall mortality and liver‐related mortality. CH‐C patients with excessive alcohol consumption had even higher risks for overall mortality and liver‐related mortality. The risk of overall mortality associated with CH‐C increased with moderate alcohol consumption of 1–19 g/day and heavy alcohol consumption ≥30 g/day.ConclusionAlthough chronic hepatitis C is associated with increased risks for overall and liver‐related mortality, these risks are even higher for patients consuming moderate and excessive amounts of alcohol.
Model‐based evaluation of the pharmacokinetic differences between adults and children for lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin
Authors: Zhang Chao , Denti Paolo , Decloedt Eric H. , Ren Yuan , Karlsson Mats O. , McIlleron Helen 
Published: February 2013

AimsRifampicin profoundly reduces lopinavir concentrations. Doubled doses of lopinavir/ritonavir compensate for the effect of rifampicin in adults, but fail to provide adequate lopinavir concentrations in young children on rifampicin‐based antituberculosis therapy. The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model describing the pharmacokinetic differences of lopinavir and ritonavir, with and without rifampicin, between children and adults.MethodsAn integrated population pharmacokinetic model developed in nonmem 7 was used to describe the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and ritonavir in 21 HIV infected adults, 39 HIV infected children and 35 HIV infected children with tuberculosis, who were established on lopinavir/ritonavir‐based antiretroviral therapy with and without rifampicin‐containing antituberculosis therapy.ResultsThe bioavailability of lopinavir was reduced by 25% in adults whereas children on antituberculosis treatment experienced a 59% reduction, an effect that was moderated by the dose of ritonavir. Conversely, rifampicin increased oral clearance of both lopinavir and ritonavir to a lesser extent in children than in adults. Rifampicin therapy in administered doses increased CL of lopinavir by 58% in adults and 48% in children, and CL of ritonavir by 34% and 22% for adults and children, respectively. In children, the absorption half‐life of lopinavir and the mean transit time of ritonavir were lengthened, compared with those in adults.ConclusionsThe model characterized important differences between adults and children in the effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and ritonavir. As adult studies cannot reliably predict their magnitude in children, drug–drug interactions should be evaluated in paediatric patient populations.
MicroRNAs in myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Zhan Huichun , Cardozo Christopher , Raza Azra 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThe chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), including polycythaemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythaemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), are clonal stem cell disorders characterized by dysregulated haematopoietic stem cell expansion and production of red cells, white cells and platelets alone or in combination. An acquired mutation JAK2V617F can be found in all three disorders and shows many of the phenotypic abnormalities of the diseases in murine models. The disease phenotype is also influenced by other unknown genetic or epigenetic factors. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are 18–24 nucleotide single‐stranded non‐protein‐coding RNAs that function primarily as gene repressors by binding to their target messenger RNAs. There is growing evidence that miRNAs regulate haematopoiesis in both haematopoietic stem cells and committed progenitor cells. Here, we review the field of miRNA biology and its regulatory roles in normal haematopoiesis with an emphasis on miRNA deregulations in MPNs. Continued research into how miRNAs impact JAK2V617F clonal expansion, differential haematopoiesis among different MPNs, disease progression and leukaemia transformation will lead to a better understanding of the development of these disorders, their clinical manifestations, and their treatment.
Flow cytometry thresholds of myeloperoxidase detection to discriminate between acute lymphoblastic or myeloblastic leukaemia
Authors: Guy Julien , Antony‐Debré Iléana , Benayoun Emmanuel , Arnoux Isabelle , Fossat Chantal , Le Garff‐Tavernier Magali , Raimbault Anna , Imbert Michèle , Maynadié Marc , Lacombe Francis , Béné Marie C , Wagner‐Ballon Orianne ,   GEIL (Groupe d'Etude Immunologique des Leucémies)
Published: February 2013

SummaryThe World Health Organization 2008 Classification emphasizes myeloperoxidase (MPO) detection as sufficient for assigning a blast population to the myeloid lineage. Published MPO positivity thresholds are 10% for flow cytometry (FCM) but 3% for cytochemistry. Here we re‐evaluated the FCM‐MPO threshold by comparing retrospectively 128 acute lymphoblastic leukaemias and 75 acute myeloid leukaemias without maturation, all assessed by benzidine‐based cytochemistry. A 13% threshold was found to be relevant using an isotype control as background‐reference (sensitivity 95·1%, specificity 91·7%). Residual normal lymphocytes proved to be an advantageous alternative reference, a threshold of 28% yielding improved 97·4% sensitivity and 96·1% specificity.
R‐CHOP therapy alone in limited stage diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Tomita Naoto , Takasaki Hirotaka , Miyashita Kazuho , Fujisawa Shin , Ogusa Eriko , Matsuura Shiro , Kishimoto Kumiko , Numata Ayumi , Fujita Atsuko , Ohshima Rika , Kuwabara Hideyuki , Hagihara Maki , Hashimoto Chizuko , Takemura Sachiya , Koharazawa Hideyuki , Yamazaki Etsuko , Fujimaki Katsumichi , Taguchi Jun , Sakai Rika , Ishigatsubo Yoshiaki 
Published: February 2013

SummaryLong‐term observation has identified a pattern of continuing relapse in limited stage diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated by three cycles of R‐CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) plus involved‐field irradiation. We retrospectively analysed 190 untreated patients with limited stage DLBCL treated by R‐CHOP alone. All the patients were scheduled to undergo primary therapy with six cycles of full‐dose R‐CHOP. Cases with a dose reduction of more than 20% were excluded from the study. Additional local irradiation was allowed in patients with partial response (PR). Five patients received additional local irradiation after PR at the end of the R‐CHOP therapy. The median observation period was 52 months. Median age at diagnosis was 63 years. The responses to therapy were 180 complete responses, eight PR, and two progression of disease (PD). The 5‐year progression‐free survival and 5‐year overall survival rates were 84% and 90%, respectively, both in plateau. During the observation period, 29 patients experienced PD. The progression sites were the primary sites in 15 patients, outside the primary sites in 10, and undetermined in four patients. These results suggest that the ‘standard’ strategy of three cycles of R‐CHOP followed by involved‐field radiotherapy for limited stage DLBCL could be effectively replaced by six cycles of R‐CHOP alone.
Metabolic Modulation of Epigenetics in Gliomas
Authors: Venneti Sriram , Thompson Craig B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCancer metabolism and epigenetics are two relatively new areas of cancer research. Recent years have seen an explosion of studies implicating either altered tumor metabolism or epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis or maintenance of brain tumors. A new paradigm is emerging in cancer biology that represents a convergence of these themes, the metabolic regulation of epigenetics. We discuss this interrelationship in the context of two metabolic enzymes that can influence the pathogenesis of gliomas by altering the epigenetic state. The first of these enzymes is isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), which is mutated in secondary glioblastomas and ∼70% of grade II/III astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. Mutant IDH1 results in the production of a metabolite 2‐hydroxyglutarate (2‐HG) that can inhibit DNA and histone demethylating enzymes resulting in the glioma‐CpG island phenotype (G‐CIMP) and increased histone methylation marks. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), an enzyme that plays a critical role in the glycolytic pathway, is a second example of a metabolic enzyme that can affect histone modifications. In epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐driven glioblastoma, PKM2 translocates to the nucleus and phosphorylates histone 3 at threonine 11 (H3‐T11). This causes dissociation of HDAC3 from the CCND1 (Cyclin D1) and c‐MYC promoters and subsequent histone acetylation, leading to transcription of Cyclin‐D1 and c‐MYC, and subsequent cell proliferation. Modification of the epigenetic state by alterations in metabolic enzymes is a novel phenomenon that contributes to the pathogenesis of gliomas and may help in the identification of new therapeutic targets.
Sleep and Cognition in Preschool Years: Specific Links to Executive Functioning
Authors: Bernier Annie , Beauchamp Miriam H. , Bouvette‐Turcot Andrée‐Anne , Carlson Stephanie M. , Carrier Julie 
Published: February 2013

This study investigated the prospective links between sleep in infancy and preschoolers' cognitive performance. Mothers of 65 infants completed a sleep diary when infants were aged 1 year, and children completed two subscales of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence at 4 years, indexing general cognitive ability and complex executive functioning. Consistent with hypotheses, children getting higher proportions of their sleep at night as infants were found to perform better on executive functions, but did not show better general cognition. Relations held after controlling for family socioeconomic status and prior cognitive functioning. These findings suggest that the special importance of sleep for higher order cognition, documented among adults, may appear very early in life.
Loss‐of‐function mutations in CCDC114 cause primary ciliary dyskinesia
Authors: Wu DH , Singaraja RR 
Published: February 2013

Splice‐site mutations in the axonemal outer dynein arm docking complex gene CCDC114 cause primary ciliary dyskinesiaOnoufriadis et al. (2013)American Journal of Human Genetics 92:88–98.Exome sequencing identifies mutations in CCDC114 as a cause of primary ciliary dyskinesiaKnowles et al. (2013)American Journal of Human Genetics 92:99–106.
Subchronic exposure of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to hairless rat skin
Authors: Adachi Koji , Yamada Nanako , Yoshida Yuichi , Yamamoto Osamu 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe evaluation of the biological effects of industrial nanoparticles on the skin is necessary for their risk assessment. To clarify the influence of TiO2 nanoparticles on the skin, we carried out a subchronic exposure study of TiO2 nanoparticles to hairless rat skin. W/O emulsion containing 10 wt% TiO2 nanoparticles and control emulsion was applied to the dorsal skin of Hairless Wistar Yagi rats once a day for a maximum period of 56 consecutive days. After 2, 4 and 8 weeks, skin samples were taken from the exposed skin area. Histopathologically, the particles were only located in the stratum corneum layer of epidermis and follicular epithelium. Focal parakeratosis and spongiosis were observed in the epidermis. Transmission electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EDX) analysis failed to show TiO2 nanoparticles in the viable skin areas. There was no evidence of TiO2 penetration in the viable skin areas. In addition, titanium contents in several organs were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Increased titanium concentration was detected in lung samples of the TiO2 emulsion‐treated groups after 8 weeks. It was most likely that the presence of TiO2 in the lungs was not caused by direct absorption of nanoparticles from the skin but was due to rats inhaling the nanoparticle. We did not find any obvious evidences of nano‐TiO2 particle skin penetration using several morphological methods after the subchronic exposure. We believe that the influence of subchronic exposure of TiO2 is not significant based on our study.