bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mental distress and human rights of asylum seekers
Authors: Campbell Emma Jean , Steel Emily Jean 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– This paper studies the experiences of asylum seekers in Australia. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between mental wellbeing, living conditions, and Australia’s detention policies in light of human rights.

Design/methodology/approach
– Using grounded theory, data were collected via observations, semi-structured interviews, key-informant interviews, and document analysis. Participants included seven asylum seekers and three professionals working with them.

Findings
– In light of a human rights framework, this paper reports on the mental distress suffered by asylum seekers in detention, the environments of constraint in which they live, and aspects of detention centre policy that contribute to these environments. The findings highlight a discrepancy between asylum seekers’ experiences under immigration detention policy and Australia’s human rights obligations.

Research limitations/implications
– This research indicates human rights violations for asylum seekers in detention in Australia. This research project involved a small number of participants and recommends systemic review of the policy and practices that affect asylum seekers’ mental health including larger numbers of participants. Consideration is made of alternatives to detention as well as improving detention centre conditions. The World Health Organization’s Quality Rights Tool Kit might provide the basis for a framework to review Australia’s immigration detention system with particular focus on the poor mental wellbeing of asylum seekers in detention.

Originality/value
– This study links international human rights law and Australian immigration detention policies and practices with daily life experiences of suffering mental distress within environments of constraint and isolation. It identifies asylum seekers as a vulnerable population with respect to human rights and mental wellbeing. Of particular value is the inclusion of asylum seekers themselves in interviews.
Mental health and houses in multiple occupation
Authors: Barratt Caroline , Green Gillian , Speed Ewen 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– Previous research has established that there is a relationship between housing and mental health, however, understanding about how and why housing affects mental health is still limited. The purpose of this paper is to address this deficit by focusing on the experiences of residents of houses in multiple occupation (HMOs).

Design/methodology/approach
– Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 20 HMO residents who were asked about their housing career and experience of living in a HMO. Participants were recruited with assistance from community organisations and landlords.

Findings
– The physical properties and social environment of the property, as well as personal circumstances experienced prior to the move into the property, all influenced how mental health was affected. The authors identify and discuss in detail three key meditating factors: safety, control and identity which may affect how living in the property impacts the mental health of tenants.

Practical implications
– Good property management can lessen the potential harmful effects of living in a HMO. However, poorly run properties which house numerous vulnerable people may increase the risk of poor mental health due to attendant high levels of stress and possible risk of abuse.

Originality/value
– Based on the reports of HMO residents, the authors outline the key mediating processes through which living in HMOs may affect mental wellbeing, as well as illuminating the potential risks and benefits of HMOs, an overlooked tenure in housing research.
Diagnostic and prognostic role of procalcitonin (PCT) and MR‐pro‐Adrenomedullin (MR‐proADM) in bacterial infections
Authors: Angeletti Silvia , Spoto Silvia , Fogolari Marta , Cortigiani Marco , Fioravanti Marta , De Florio Lucia , Curcio Brunella , Cavalieri Danilo , Costantino Sebastiano , Dicuonzo Giordano 
Published: June 2015

Rapid diagnosis of bacterial infections is crucial for adequate antibiotic treatment. Serum molecules such as Procalcitonin (PCT) have been used as biomarkers of infection. Recently, the mid‐regional pro‐Adrenomedullin (MR‐proADM) has been evaluated in combination with PCT for sepsis diagnosis. The diagnostic role of PCT and MR‐proADM both in sepsis and in localized infections together with their contribution to effective antibiotic therapy has been evaluated. One hundred and eighty‐two patients with bacterial infection has been enrolled: PCT and MR‐proADM were measured at admission (T = 0), at 12–24 h (T = 1) and in the third or fifth day of antibiotic therapy (T = 3–5). ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic) and post‐test probability were calculated. MR‐proADM increased with the severity of the infection. PCT resulted significantly higher in sepsis than localized infection. After antibiotic therapy, PCT significantly decreased in localized respiratory infections and in sepsis, while MR‐proADM decreased significantly after antibiotic therapy only in patients with severe sepsis/septic shock. The threshold values of PCT and MR‐proADM were >0.1 ng/mL and >0.8 nmol/L, respectively. The combined use of PCT and MR‐proADM increased the post‐test probability of the diagnosis of bacterial infections compared to PCT alone. In conclusion, PCT and MR‐proADM combination improves the diagnosis of bacterial infection and contribute to prognosis and antibiotic therapy effectiveness.
Carbon Stocks in Silvopastoral Systems: A Study from Four Communities in Southeastern Ecuador
Authors: McGroddy Megan E. , Lerner Amy M. , Burbano Diana V. , Schneider Laura C. , Rudel Tom K. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAgriculture, particularly pasture, is the second largest source of greenhouse gas emissions from tropical regions. Silvopastoral systems may increase carbon pools in pastures while maintaining productivity. Adding trees to pasture provides carbon sinks in woody biomass, and may improve degraded soils and increase the stability of soil carbon pools. In this study we quantified the biomass carbon stored in spontaneous silvopastoral systems in southeastern Ecuador. We compared the stem density, basal area, aboveground biomass, and organic carbon in the top 20 cm of soil in 100 pastures, ranging from 3 to 250 hectares, in four different communities. Aboveground live woody biomass, calculated using allometric equations and two different wood densities, varied from 10.99 to 66.1 Mg per hectare. Soil organic carbon pools ranged from 85.0 to 97.6 Mg per hectare. Stem density, basal area, and aboveground live biomass all positively correlated with pasture age. We found no relationship between pasture age or stem density and soil organic carbon pools. We measured live woody biomass carbon pools of 34–1070 Mg of carbon per farm in these silvopastoral systems. We found no effects on productivity of the herbaceous layer, suggesting that having a low density of trees in pastures could substantially increase the number of trees and the associated carbon sequestration without affecting cattle production.
Social Justice and South African University Student Enrolment Data by ‘Race’, 1998–2012: From ‘Skewed Revolution’ to ‘Stalled Revolution’
Authors: Cooper David 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe paper looks closely at student enrolment trends through a case study of South African ‘race’ enrolment data, including some hypotheses about how student social class has influenced these trends. First, data on 1988–1998 enrolments showing a ‘skewed revolution’ in student africanisation are summarised. Then, using 2000–2012 data for the 23 new post‐2000 universities and universities of technology, it is argued that the ‘official’ categorisation of these institutions masks new socio‐economic inequalities; and a better understanding of the ‘skewed’ and ‘stalled’ africanisation revolution is possible using classification into three proposed new categories based on postgraduate enrolments and staff publications as indices of research‐intensivity at each institution: (1) five ‘upper band’ universities; (2) seven ‘middle band’ universities; and (3) eleven ‘lower band’ universities. The paper concludes by distinguishing between ‘reformist’ and ‘radical’ national transformation policies in order to identify their impact on these new race‐ and class‐based student inequalities.
Enhanced Luminescence in the SrMgAl10O17: Eu2+ Blue Phosphor Prepared by a Hybrid Urea‐Sol Combustion Route
Authors: Wang Le , Zhang Hong , Li YangHui , Liang Pei , Shen Ye , Jiao Feng 
Published: June 2015

A phase‐pure and high‐brightness blue phosphor, Eu2+ doped SrMgAl10O17 (SAM), was synthesized through a hybrid urea‐sol combustion route. The structure, photoluminescence spectra, and thermal stability of the SAM were investigated in this work. The phosphor had a homogeneous and rod‐like microstructure, showing a broad emission band centered at 465 nm under the 330 nm excitation. The concentration for luminescence quenching of SAM: Eu2+ occurred at 10 mol%, which doubled that of the phosphor prepared by the conventional combustion method. Compared with the traditional combustion method, the hybrid route led to improvements in luminescence by 52.2%, external quantum efficiency by 16.2%, and thermal stability by 8.8% at 435 K. The blue phosphor prepared by the new method could thus be potentially used with near ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes.
Food insecurity and dietary intake among US youth, 2007–2010
Authors: Rossen L. M. , Kobernik E. K. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryBackgroundThere is limited research describing associations between food insecurity and dietary intake.ObjectiveTo examine differences in dietary intake by food security status among a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents in the USA.MethodsThe sample included 5136 children, ages 2–15 years, from the National Nutrition and Health Examination Survey, 2007–2010. Propensity score weighting was used to improve covariate balance between food‐secure and food‐insecure (marginal, low or very low food security) participants. Multivariate measurement error models were used to model usual intake of various dietary components and assess differences by food security status.ResultsInitial analyses using multivariate measurement error models determined there were no differences between food‐insecure and food‐secure children across several dietary components. In sensitivity analyses, children experiencing very low food security consumed fewer whole grains and more solid fats and added sugars compared with their food‐secure counterparts. Some of these differences were attenuated after propensity score weighting, although intake of whole grains and added sugars remained significantly different.ConclusionsFood insecurity was largely not associated with dietary intake among 2–15‐year‐old US children, although some differences were observed comparing food‐secure children to those experiencing very low food security.
Caregiver burden for informal caregivers of patients with dementia: A systematic review
Authors: Chiao C.‐Y. , Wu H.‐S. , Hsiao C.‐Y. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundDementia is an irreversible illness. The caregiver is expected to assume increased responsibility as the condition of the person with dementia declines. It is important to explore the factors constituting caregiver burden on the informal caregivers of people with dementia.AimsThe purpose of this article is to identify the factors constituting caregiver burden on the informal caregivers of people with dementia living in the community.MethodsA systematic review of the four databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library, was carried out to access relevant articles published between 2003 and 2012. Twenty‐one articles met the inclusion criteria of this study.ResultsBehavioural problems or psychological symptoms were the primary factor of the person with dementia that is associated with caregiver burden. Caregiver socio‐demographical factors and psychological factors were the two primary factors of the caregiver burden.LimitationsSeveral results of this study were based on studies that had their own limitations. Furthermore, the concept of caregiver ‘burden’ was not clearly defined in some of the studies; instead, the term was broadly defined.ConclusionFactors of caregiver burden in regard to people with dementia living in the community were clarified in this review study. By identifying all of the factors, healthcare professionals can deliver appropriate assistance to relieve caregiver burden and improve the quality of caregiving for people with dementia.Implications for Nursing and Health PolicyIt is important to identify the factors of the burden on the caregivers of people with dementia living in the community to prevent early nursing home placement, deterioration of caregiver's health and reduce the adverse health outcomes for care recipients. A health‐related policy should be formulated to help informal caregivers receive more professional assistance. Training opportunities should be provided for family caregivers to reduce the impact of caregiving on the delivery of effective care.
Acne and quality of life – impact and management
Authors: Gieler U. , Gieler T. , Kupfer JP. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAcne is a common skin disease with a high prevalence in adolescents and young adults. In addition to physical effects such as permanent scarring and disfigurement, acne has long‐lasting psychosocial effects that affect the patient's quality of life. Depression, social isolation and suicidal ideation are frequent comorbidities of acne that should not be neglected in the therapy of acne patients. Research evidence suggests that the impairment of quality of life can be alleviated by appropriate topical acne treatment.
A field survey of the partially edentate elderly: Investigation of factors related to the usage rate of removable partial dentures
Authors: Murai S. , Matsuda K. , Ikebe K. , Enoki K. , Hatta K. , Fujiwara K. , Maeda Y. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryAlthough the shortened dental arch (SDA) concept has been known to all over the world, acceptance of the SDA concept as an oral health standard can be questionable from the patients' point of view, even if it is biologically reasonable. Furthermore, because the health insurance system covers removable partial dentures (RPDs) for all citizens in Japan, SDA patients seem to prefer to receive prosthetic treatment to replace the missing teeth. However, there were few field surveys to investigate the usage rate of RPDs in Japan. The purpose of this study was to determine the usage rate of RPDs in older Japanese subjects and to investigate the factors related to the usage of RPDs. Partially edentate participants (n = 390) were included in this study. Oral examinations were conducted to record several indices. The Cochran–Armitage trend test was used to evaluate the relationship between the number of missing teeth and the usage rate of RPDs. Chi‐squared tests and logistic regression analysis were conducted to evaluate the factors related to the usage rate of RPDs. Usage of RPDs had a significantly positive association with the number of missing distal extension teeth and bilaterally missing teeth. The usage rate of RPDs increased as the number of missing distal extension teeth increased (P for trend < 0·001). The conclusion of this study was that participants with missing distal extension teeth had higher usage rates of RPDs than other participants, and the usage rate increased as the number of missing distal extension teeth increased.
Intratunical Injection of Genetically Modified Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells with Human Interferon α-2b for Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Tunica Albugineal Fibrosis
Authors: Gokce Ahmet , Abd Elmageed Zakaria Y. , Lasker George F. , Bouljihad Mostafa , Braun Stephen E. , Kim Hogyoung , Kadowitz Philip J. , Abdel-Mageed Asim B. , Sikka Suresh C. , Hellstrom Wayne J. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTIntroductionPeyronie's disease (PD) has frequently been associated with erectile dysfunction (ED) and may further compromise coitus.AimTo investigate the efficacy of intratunical injection of genetically modified rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) expressing human interferon α-2b (ADSCs-IFN) in decreasing fibrosis and restoring erectile function in a rat model of tunica albugineal fibrosis (TAF).MethodsA total of 36 Sprague-Dawley rats (12 weeks old; 300–350 g) were randomly divided in six equal groups: (i) sham group (50 μL saline-injected into the tunica albuginea [TA]); (ii) TAF group (transforming growth factor [TGF]-β1 [0.5 μg/50 μL] injected into the TA); (iii) TGF-β1 plus 5 × 105 control ADSCs injected same day; (iv) TGF-β1 plus 5 × 105 ADSCs-IFN injected same day; (v) TGF-β1 plus 5 × 105 control ADSCs injected after 30 days; and (vi) TGF-β1 plus 5 × 105 ADSCs-IFN injected after 30 days. Rat allogeneic ADSCs were harvested from inguinal fat tissue.Main Outcome MeasuresForty-five days following the TGF-β1 injection, erectile function was assessed, and penile tissues were harvested for further evaluations.ResultsIn the same-day injection groups, intratunical injection of ADSCs and ADSC-IFN improved erectile response observed upon stimulation of cavernous nerve compared with TAF group. Intratunical ADSC-IFN injection at day 30 improved erectile responses 3.1, 1.8, and 1.3 fold at voltages of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.0, respectively, when compared with TAF group. Furthermore, at voltages of 2.5 and 5.0, treatment on day 30 with ADSCs-IFN improved erectile responses 1.6- and 1.3-fold over treatment with ADSCs alone. Local injection of ADSCs or ADSCs-IFN reduced Peyronie's-like manifestations, and these effects might be associated with a decrease in the expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases.ConclusionThis study documents that transplantation of genetically modified ADSCs, with or without human IFN α-2b, attenuated Peyronie's-like changes and enhanced erectile function in a rat model of TAF.
Detection of donor effects in a rye introgression population with genome‐wide prediction
Authors: Mahone Gregory S. , Frisch Matthias , Bauer Eva , Haseneyer Grit , Miedaner Thomas , Falke Karen Christin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIntrogression populations are developed to make genetic resources for breeding purposes available. In the case that the number of donor segments exceeds the number of lines, genome‐wide prediction (GWP) methods are suggested as promising for the analysis of such populations. Our objectives were to characterize a rye introgression population with the Rye5K SNP assay and to apply a GWP model with a modification of the restricted maximum likelihood procedure that yields heteroscedastic variances to detect significant donor effects. The introgression lines (ILs) carried on average 4.6 donor segments with a mean length of 27 cM and represented 94% of the donor genome. Two donor effects were detected that significantly increased thousand‐kernel weight. We found four donor effects for protein, total pentosan and starch content that can improve baking quality. Three donor effects for protein content were observed for improving feeding purposes and one donor effect for starch content to improve ethanol production. The effects were localized to small genomic regions. Consequently, these ILs can improve rye breeding by directly employing them in breeding programmes for variety development.
The Salience of Moral Character
Authors: Garthoff Jon 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTIn this essay I review an underappreciated strand of thought according to which the best Kantian moral theory has less in common with paradigmatically deontological theories and more in common with virtue theories than is standardly maintained. I then argue this program should be continued further, to provide not only a virtue‐based account of moral judgment but also a virtue‐based account of moral worth. I make a case that this fusion of Kantian theory with virtue theory provides the best account of moral rules, and I close by suggesting that it generates a promising new understanding of moral rights.
Dermal anchoring structures: convex matrix structures at the bottom of the dermal layer that contribute to the maintenance of facial skin morphology
Authors: Ezure T. , Yagi E. , Amano S. , Matsuzaki K. 
Published: June 2015

Background/PurposeFacial skin must be linked to underlying structures to maintain facial morphology and prevent sagging, but the mechanism of facial skin retention is largely unknown. We aimed to elucidate this mechanism.MethodsTwenty‐two cheek skin specimens (age range: 10s–60s, both genders) were observed histologically. And 30 cheek of healthy Japanese volunteers (age range: 30s–50s, female) was photographed and the severity of sagging was graded. Dermal layer morphology was observed non‐invasively with ultrasound. Skin‐retaining force was measured with a Cutometer MPA 580®, and sagging severity was evaluated by grading criteria.ResultsHistological observation revealed characteristic convex structures at the bottom of the dermal layer. Non‐invasive study showed that the depth of the convex structures, measured by ultrasonography, was significantly negatively related to the ratio of viscoelastic to elastic distention (Uv/Ue) and positively related to the ratio of elastic recovery to total deformation (Ur/Uf) at the cheek of female volunteers, measured by cutometer. It was also negatively related to sagging severity. Further, Ur/Uf was negatively and Uv/Ue was positively related to sagging severity.ConclusionCharacteristic convex structures at the bottom of the dermal layer serve as anchoring structures to maintain skin morphology.
Poor responder to plasma exchange therapy in acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is associated with ADAMTS13 inhibitor boosting: visualization of an ADAMTS13 inhibitor complex and its proteolytic clearance from plasma
Authors: Isonishi Ayami , Bennett Charles L. , Plaimauer Barbara , Scheiflinger Friedrich , Matsumoto Masanori , Fujimura Yoshihiro 
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUNDPlasma exchange (PE) is the first‐line treatment for primary acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (aTTP) with severe deficiency of ADAMTS13 activity (ADAMTS13:AC). Some patients are poor responders to PE, raising concern over multiple pathogenetic pathways.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSBased on 52 aTTP patients in our national cohort study, we monitored plasma levels of ADAMTS13, clinical and laboratory findings, and outcomes. In a representative poor responder to PE, we examined an ADAMTS13 inhibitor (ADAMTS13:INH) complex in plasma milieu, by means of a large‐pore isoelectric focusing (IEF) analysis.RESULTSOf 52 aTTP patients, 20 were good responders and 32 were poor responders. In the latter group, plasma ADAMTS13:AC levels never increased to more than 10% of normal during 14 days after PE initiation. Mean (±SD) plasma ADAMTS13:INH titers (Bethesda unit/mL) were 5.7 (±4.5) before PE, but decreased to 1.4 (±0.8) on the fourth PE day and then remarkably increased to 14.8 (±10.0) on the 10th PE day, termed “inhibitor boosting,” and then slowly decreased to undetectable level over 1 month. On admission, none of the routinely available clinical and laboratory markers differentiated these two groups. However, elevated pre‐PE levels of ADAMTS13:INH were correlated with a poor response. We visualized an ADAMTS13:INH (immunoglobulin G) complex in a patient plasma by an IEF analysis and found proteolytic fragment of ADAMTS13 antigen by a two‐dimensional IEF and sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis.CONCLUSIONFindings from this cohort of aTTP patients demonstrated that inhibitor boosting often occurs in aTTP patients in Japan. Poor responders could be predicted by elevated pre‐PE ADAMTS13:INH levels on admission, but not by routinely collected clinical or laboratory data.