bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coupling Loss Factor
Authors: Le Bot A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter provides many relationships for the effective calculation of coupling loss factors. All cases of interest are reviewed: point-connected subsystems, line-connected subsystems, and area-connected subsystems. The importance of transmission efficiency is highlighted. The theories of beam junctions, plates connected by their edges, beam–plate coupling, transmission of sound through single and multilayer panels, and sound radiation are treated in detail.
The intransitive two-word stage: Absolutives, unaccusatives, and middles as precursors to transitivity
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter builds on the small clause proposal of Chapter 2, and takes it even further to the conclusion that only intransitive small clauses, with only one argument, should be reconstructed for the initial stage of proto-syntax. One arrives at this stage via the same method of internal reconstruction, by removing the outer layers of functional structure. Furthermore, the claim is that this stage was characterized by an absolutive-like two-slot grammar, i.e. an intransitive grammar which cannot distinguish between subjects and objects syntactically. This reconstruction reveals selection pressures that would have steered evolution towards a transitive stage, and uncovers a host of fossils found across all modern languages, including unaccusatives, nominals, absolutives, and exocentric compounds. Strong support for the gradualist approach also comes from intermediate structures, such as “middles,” and the corroborating evidence comes from language acquisition studies, especially involving sign languages emerging from scratch.
Bravais lattices and crystal systems
Authors: Hammond Christopher 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Chapter 3 describes the fourteen Bravais (space) lattices. It looks at centro and non-centrosymmetric (enantiomorphous and non-enantiomorphous) point groups and geometrical relations between the cubic P, I and F lattices. It provides a classification of the seven crystal systems. The chapter then considers the coordination of Bravais lattice points, specifically, the twenty-four space-filling Voronoi polyhedra (the Dirichlet regions or Wigner-Seitz cells). The chapter then provides examples of the cubic P, I, and F lattices. Lastly, it looks at Kelvin's a-tetrakaidecahedron: soap films and epidermal cells.
Describing lattice planes and directions in crystals
Authors: Hammond Christopher 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers indexing lattice planes and directions, relating to Miller indices and zone axis symbols. It also considers lattice plane spacings, relating to Miller indices and Laue indices. The chapter also examines in detail zones, zone axes, and the (Weiss) zone law or zone equation. It looks at the indexing in the trigonal and hexagonal systems, which relates to Weber symbols and Miller-Bravais indices. Finally, it considers transformation matrices in general and for trigonal crystals with rhombohedral lattices.
The diffraction of light
Authors: Hammond Christopher 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Chapter 7 starts by providing some simple observations of light diffraction—the reciprocal relation between the diffracting object and diffraction pattern. It then looks at the nature of light as explained by Newton and Huygens. It gives two concepts of coherence, scattering, and interference. The chapter provides an analysis of the geometry of diffraction patterns from gratings and nets by looking at principal and subsidiary maxima. It outlines Young's slits experiments and the diffraction-limited resolving power of optical instruments relating to the telescope, microscope, camera, and the eye.
X-ray diffraction
Authors: Hammond Christopher 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The chapter starts with an historical introduction to the topics covered here. It describes Laue's analysis of X-ray diffraction, i.e. how to derive the three Laue equations. It moves on to provide W. L. Bragg's analysis and a general derivation of Bragg's law and its expression in reciprocal lattice vector rotation. The chapter then gives equivalence of Laue's equations and Bragg's law. Finally, it gives P. P. Ewald's synthesis in terms of the reflecting sphere construction and its applications.
X-ray diffraction of polycrystalline materials
Authors: Hammond Christopher 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Chapter 10 begins by considering the geometrical basis of polycrystalline (powder) X-ray diffraction techniques, i.e. the focusing circle, focusing, and semi-focusing methods. It then considers the Bragg–Brentano semi-focusing geometry of the powder diffractometer and its applications (measurement of lattice parameters, grain size, elastic strain, and the identification of unknown phases, i.e. the use of the JCPDS Powder Data File). The chapter then looks at the measurement of preferred orientation or texture in fibres and sheets, the Rietveld method for structure refinement, the use of light diffraction, and masks to simulate the key features of the X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA.
The stereographic projection and its uses
Authors: Hammond Christopher 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter starts by providing an historical introduction by looking at the origin of the stereographic projection (Claudius Ptolemy and the Planispherium). It looks at great and small circles and stereographic poles. Next, it turns to the construction of the stereographic projection of a cubic crystal, the use of the polar and Wulff nets, non-cubic crystals (distinguishing between plane normals and zone axes), and applications of the stereographic projection (representation of point group symmetry, orientation relationships between crystals, preferred orientation, and trace analysis).
Climbing without Ladders
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ethiopia, like several other African economies, has experienced rapid economic growth in recent years. But to what extent is that growth underpinned by, or being converted into, deeper, more durable structural change that lays a foundation for lasting improvements in the welfare of the majority of the population? Most analysts agree that such change requires industrialization and rapid technological innovation, which enables countries to move out of subsistence production into more dynamic activities. And historically, industrial policy has been central to successful industrialization. However, mainstream thinking has been extremely wary of active industrial policy. Although industrial policy has become more fashionable recently, it is still unclear what this means in practical terms for Africa. This chapter reviews this debate in the light of a long tradition of economic history and thinking. It emphasizes the relevance of a structuralist school of thought in development economics.
Lessons from Industrial Policy in Twenty-First-Century Africa
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter increases the depth of the analysis by assessing the implications of the book’s evidence and argument for Ethiopia and for Africa more widely. Industrial policymaking in Ethiopia is a work in progress, but the evidence shows that industrial policies can work and thrive in a low-income African country, and that the state can and should play an activist developmental role, with policy independence an important ingredient. However, the book also highlights how great the challenge of catching up and industrialization is for twenty-first-century Africa—while emphasizing that it is far from impossible. It is also necessary, if the narrative of ‘Africa Rising’ is to translate into more than a temporary and narrowly enjoyed boom.
The Fate of the Flying Man
Authors: Toivanen Juhana 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis chapter discusses the reception of Avicenna’s well-known “flying man” thought experiment in twelfth- and thirteenth-century Latin philosophy. The central claim is that the argumentative role of the thought experiment changed radically in the latter half of the thirteenth century. The earlier authors—Dominicus Gundissalinus, William of Auvergne, Peter of Spain, and John of la Rochelle—understood it as an ontological proof for the existence and/or the nature of the soul. By contrast, Matthew of Aquasparta and Vital du Four used the flying man as an argument for the soul’s ability to be directly aware of itself. A detailed analysis of the views of these authors shows interesting philosophical differences between them and reveals how one of the crucial premises of the original thought experiment—namely that the flying man is unaware of his body—loses its importance due to the changes in the argumentative role that is assigned to it. The most radical example of a new way of understanding bodily self-awareness is Peter Olivi’s so-called ‘man before the creation.’
Mind the Gap?
Authors: Wood Adam 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMost contemporary interpreters of Aquinas have assumed that Thomas subscribed to a “non-repeatability principle” such that created entities, once destroyed entirely, cannot be “brought back" into existence, even by God's power. Souls persisting in the interim between death and resurrection thus play an essential identity-preserving role between our death and rising again. No separated souls, no resurrection. Two of Aquinas’s best medieval interpreters, however, reject this interpretation. Leaning largely on one of Aquinas’s late quodlibetal questions, they deny that Thomas held any non-repeatability principle strong enough to bar God’s resurrecting us even from complete destruction, souls and all. Here the chapter argues that careful analysis of the quodlibet and other texts largely vindicates the contemporary interpretation. It does so in a surprising way, however, since it turns out Aquinas’s non-repeatability principle applies only to corruptible, material entities like us, and not to incorruptible entities like angels. The reason Aquinas held this view, the chapter argues, is rooted in his theory of individuation.
Teaching Stravinsky
Authors: Francis Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
It was her love of music—especially Stravinsky’s music—that drew them together. This book tells the story of the ever-changing nature of Boulanger and Stravinsky’s relationship from Boulanger’s perspective, tracing their interactions from 1931 to 1971. Throughout, it asks how Boulanger’s professional activity during the turbulent twentieth century intersected with her efforts on behalf of Stravinsky and how this facilitated her own influential conversations with the composer about his works while also drawing her into close contact with his family. This narrative draws upon the work of Pierre Bourdieu and his notion of cultural capital as a means of interrogating how Boulanger played a foundational role in defining, defending, and consecrating Stravinsky’s canonical identity. Linking the metaphor of cultural capital with the work of feminist musicologists, this text calls for a reevaluation of the influence of women on cultural production during the twentieth century, particularly the power of those imbedded within scholarly institutions to validate individuals after 1920. Thus, this book is both a story of one woman’s vibrant friendship with Igor Stravinsky and a case study in how gendered polemics informed professional negotiations of the artistic-political fields of the twentieth century. Ultimately, these materials are brought together to address these questions: How did Boulanger teach both Igor and Soulima Stravinsky; how did she teach Stravinsky’s music, and how, in doing this, did she influence the course of modernism?
Master Copy
Authors: Francis Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Boulanger became involved with the editorial revision of the piano-vocal reduction of the Symphonie de psaumes in the summer of 1931, a reduction originally prepared by Stravinsky’s son, Soulima. Boulanger used her access to the score to reinforce her interpretation of Stravinsky’s music and also share with him her analytical acumen. Turning to documents produced in the 1960s by Soulima Stravinsky, this chapter considers the nature of Boulanger’s involvement with the Symphonie score and Stravinsky’s motivations for involving Boulanger in a collaborative role. Finally, this chapter engages with a Boulanger-Stravinsky analysis of the first movement of the symphony and suggests that the notion of octatonicism arises in part from Stravinsky’s work with Boulanger from 1931 to 1932.
Mediating Serialism
Authors: Francis Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Though far from Stravinsky after 1954, Boulanger still found a way to engage with his serial music. This section traces the disparate pieces of evidence and argues for a new appreciation for Boulanger’s breadth and depth of knowledge concerning serialist techniques, including Stravinsky’s use of them. This chapter reconstructs Boulanger’s public negotiation of Stravinsky’s works by turning to the syllabi for her Wednesday afternoon classes, considering correspondence with third parties, and reconstructing events surrounding a failed Stravinsky commission for the Princess de Polignac in 1964. To explore Boulanger’s analytical acumen, this the chapter examines the evidence surrounding Stravinsky’s Threni and the Canticum Sacrum and reviews the contradictory public and private evidence held by Boulanger concerning Stravinsky’s late music.
Conclusion
Authors: Francis Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Drawing materials together, the conclusion argues for a reassessment of Boulanger’s influence on the music of Igor Stravinsky; the role her teachings played in the development of the discipline of music theory after 1950, especially concerning Stravinsky’s music; and most importantly her centrality to the propagation of a certain canonical branding of Stravinsky-as-modernist. The conclusion argues for a reconsideration of Boulanger’s legacy and, on a broader level, the centrality of pedagogy to the establishment of the modernist canon. This section shows that typical historiographical paradigms employed by musicologists are incomplete, particularly those centered on “the composer” to the detriment of all other cultural agents involved.
The (Un)Familiar in the Heart of the Family
Authors: Rajendran Aneeta 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis chapter studies the figure of the femme woman-identified-woman within heteropatriarchy, invisibilized in discourses that privilege visible “out” homosexual identities. Eroticized mother–daughter dyads such as in Shani Mootoo’s stories; sister–sister dyads such as in Chitra Divakaruni’s, Kamala Das’s and Uma Parameswaran’s stories implode the fiction that femininity and female sexuality within the home are available only to heterosexuality. The femme subject’s confinement to the space of the home allows her to better de/construct the assumed heteronormativity of family. Female cultural reproductive labour is further examined in Manju Kapur’s Kunstlerroman A Married Woman to study how heteronormativities shape private and public spheres alike. This chapter shows how female reproductive work, both in biological and cultural terms, counters heteropatriarchies when however ephemerally it creates ‘chosen’ families that queer hetero- and homo-normative ideas of what it means to be lesbian or bisexual or queer.
Where do Chinesewh-items fit?
Authors: Chierchia Gennaro , Liao Hsiu-Chen Daphne 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis chapter investigates wh-items in Mandarin from a cross-linguistic perspective, seeking to unify their various uses. It stems from: (i) previous approaches to indefinites in Chinese (Cheng 1991; Lin 1998); (ii) Kartunnen’s semantics for questions; (iii) recent work on epistemic indefinites (EIs); and (iv) recent approaches to polarity (e.g. Chierchia 2013). The chapter claims that indefinites in all languages denote existential terms and activate a grammatically determined set of alternatives, factored into meaning through a process of ‘exhaustification’, responsible for the scalar and ‘free choice’ readings of ordinary indefinites (OIs). EIs are viewed in the same way, the only difference from OIs being that EIs’ alternatives cannot be ‘pruned’ (i.e. ‘ignored’) depending on the context. Therefore, with EIs, epistemic effects come about obligatorily. The differences within types of EIs (including Chinese wh’s) are part of (a small set of) parametric differences on how alternatives can be factored in.
Romanian epistemic indefinites
Authors: Fălăuş Anamaria 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis chapter examines the distribution and interpretation of the Romanian epistemic indefinites vreun and un NP oarecare. The two items are shown to differ with respect to the way in which they interact with modal and downward entailing operators. One major distinction concerns the type of inference they give rise to in the scope of a modal operator: un NP oarecare requires that all relevant alternatives in the domain of quantification qualify as equally possible options (total variation), unlike vreun, which blocks this inference, requiring variation to be partial. They also behave differently in downward entailing contexts: whereas vreun is interpreted as a narrow scope existential under a downward entailing operator, this option is not available for un oarecare, which only becomes acceptable under a ‘not just any’ reading.
Sinhala epistemic indefinites with a certainje ne sais quoi
Authors: Slade Benjamin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the examination of the properties of epistemic indefinites in Sinhala, with comparison to other languages, including English and Hindi. In particular, attention is placed on the determination of the felicity conditions for the two morphologically- and pragmatically-distinct Sinhala epistemic indefinites: WH+dә and WH+hari, with a concentration on the (un)availability of identification methods associated with particular epistemic indefinites. Also examined are English some NP and some NP or other, which likewise differ in their felicity conditions. The analysis of the Sinhala data is complicated by the appearance of the Q-particles dә and hari in other syntactic constructions (questions, disjunctions). The variety of morphosyntactic devices presented cross-linguistically (e.g. Q-particles, determiners, reduplication) raises the question of whether a unified semantic approach to epistemic indefinites is feasible.
Certain properties of certain indefinites: An experimental perspective
Authors: Ionin Tania 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis chapter revisits the status of long-distance intermediate-scope readings of indefinites (Kratzer 1998; Schwarz 2001; Endriss 2009; among others). An experimental study with native English speakers investigates two questions: whether intermediate-scope readings are distinct from functional readings; and whether there is any difference in the availability of functional readings to ‘a’ indefinites vs. to ‘a certain’ indefinites. The findings indicate that intermediate-scope readings are equally available in contexts that set up a functional relationship and in contexts that do not set up such a relationship. At the same time, intermediate-scope readings are found to be more readily available to ‘a certain’ indefinites than to ‘a’ indefinites. Implications of these findings for claims about the status of functional and intermediate-scope readings (Schwarz 2001; Endriss 2009) are discussed; the findings point to the methodological difficulty of setting up contexts that tease apart functional and non-functional readings of indefinites.
Modified numerals: The epistemic effect
Authors: Nouwen Rick 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThere is a striking resemblance between the puzzles that are centre stage in the literature on epistemic indefinites and those that are the prime focus of studies on modified numerals. This chapter explores some of the theoretical options from both these bodies of work to find out how well they account for the epistemic and modal variation effects that have been observed with modified numerals. Taking inspiration from the literature on epistemic indefinites, in particular from the idea of implicatures arising from domain widening, this chapter provides some suggestions on how to make such analyses less stipulative. However, it also points out that the empirical coverage for all the options discussed is still limited.
Indifference and scalar inferences in free relatives
Authors: Rawlins Kyle 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFree relatives marked with -ever can contribute both ignorance and ‘indifference’ implications, and sorting these out has been perhaps the largest project in the semantics of free relatives. This chapter presents new data and arguments that substantially constrain the problem of indifference. It argues that indifference implications in this domain are ‘teleological’, i.e. are goal-oriented modal inferences; and second, that indifference implications appear in descriptions much more broadly than has been suggested, and that they are triggered by overt scalar particles such as ‘simply’. The chapter provides an account of these scalar particles that derives indifference implications, and argues that an account of indifference and by extension ignorance in free relatives must not localize the solution to just -ever. Rather, we must account for the interaction of -ever marked DPs with the grammar of scalar inferences, in the spirit of work by Chierchia and by Condoravdi (this volume).
Lattice Models of Linear and Ring Polymers
Authors: Van Rensburg E.J. Janse 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn Chapter 1 the self-avoiding walk connective constant, growth constant and subadditivity are introduced. Concatenation and the supermultiplicativity of lattice polygons are discussed. Scaling, critical exponents and the Flory theory of self-avoiding walks, as well as scaling and hyperscaling relations for self-avoiding walks, are reviewed. Walk and polygon generating functions are presented and tadpoles, thetas, figure eights and dumbbells are discussed. Lattice knots and Flory theory for lattice knots are covered in the final part of the chapter.
Lattice models of branched polymers
Authors: Van Rensburg E.J. Janse 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn Chapter 2 the supermultiplicativity of lattice trees and lattice animals are reviewed. Scaling, critical exponents and the Flory theory for models of branched polymers are discussed, as are tree and animal generating functions. Scaling of uniform networks and stars are also discussed. The chapter touches on the critical exponents in two dimensions for stars and uniform networks by conformal invariance. Finally, the Edwards model, and walk and star exponents by direct renormalisation are covered.
Convex lattice vesicles and directed animals
Authors: Van Rensburg E.J. Janse 
Published: August 2015

AbstractChapter 6 covers partition and stack polygons and their scaling. Solutions of the staircase vesicle and convex polygons are reviewed, as well as the solutions of bargraph and column convex vesicles. In addition, the chapter provides the solution of directed animals by using heaps of dimers. Finally, the collapse and adsorption transition in models of directed animals is evaluated.
Adsorbing Walks in The Hexagonal Lattice
Authors: Van Rensburg E.J. Janse 
Published: August 2015

AbstractChapter 10 provides an overview of walks and half-space walks in the hexagonal lattice. The generating function of models of walks in finite domains in the hexagonal lattice is discussed. In addition, the exact value of the growth constant of self-avoiding walks in the hexagonal lattice is determined. Adsorbing walks in the hexagonal lattice and the location of the critical point of adsorbing positive walks are also examined.