bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of role stress on nurses' turnover intentions: The mediating effects of organizational commitment and burnout
Authors: Han Sang‐Sook , Han Jeong‐Won , An Young‐Suk , Lim So‐Hee 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimThis paper was designed to extend the extant research regarding factors related to nurses' turnover intentions.MethodsThis survey‐based study was based on a path analysis designed to verify a hypothesized causal model involving nurses' role stress, organizational commitment, turnover intentions, and burnout. This study distributed 500 questionnaires to nurses in general hospitals with more than 500 beds located in Seoul, Korea, during 16–30 April 2012.ResultsRole conflict, an underlying factor in role stress, had no significant effect on role stress, but the results showed that role ambiguity reduced organizational commitment. On the other hand, role conflict and role ambiguity increased the level of burnout. Organizational commitment reduced turnover intentions, and burnout increased turnover intentions. Role conflict and role ambiguity had no direct effect on turnover intentions, but they had indirect effects on organizational commitment and burnout.ConclusionTo reduce nurses' turnover rate, this study recommends developing plans to improve their organizational commitment because it mediates role stress and turnover intention.
Colonialism and Time in Sylvia Townsend Warner'sMr Fortune's Maggot
Authors: Booth Howard J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article argues for the significance of time to Sylvia Townsend Warner'sMr Fortune's Maggot(1927). It draws on recent work on time, modernism and empire to contest the view that imagining alternatives to western conceptions of time constitutes a fall into primitivism. A reading of the role of time in Warner'sMr Fortune's Maggotis offered, where the concluding paragraphs explore how its “sequel”, “The Salutation”, takes the novel's concern with time further.
Combined next‐generation sequencing and morphology reveal fine‐scale speciation in Crocodile Skinks (Squamata: Scincidae:Tribolonotus)
Authors: Rittmeyer Eric N. , Austin Christopher C. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractNext‐generation sequencing has vast potential to revolutionize the fields of phylogenetics and population genetics through its ability to collect genomic scale data sets of thousands of orthologous loci. Despite this potential, other types of data (e.g. morphology, ecology) remain important, particularly for studies endeavouring to delimit species. Here, we integrate next‐generation sequencing with morphology to examine divergence between populations ofTribolonotus pseudoponceletion the islands of Buka and Bougainville in the Solomon Archipelago. We used the Ion TorrentPGMto collect over 648 Mbp of sequence data for 12 samples, representing 1526 loci recovered from all samples, and 3342 were recovered from at least six samples. Genetic structure analyses strongly support the distinctiveness of these two populations, and Bayes factor delimitations decisively select speciation between Buka and Bougainville. Principal components and discriminant function analyses reveal concordant morphological divergence. Finally, demographic analyses via diffusion approximation and approximate Bayesian computation prefer a complex model of mid‐Pleistocene divergence with migration, and a later decrease or cessation of migration and population size shift, suggesting a scenario in which migration was enabled by Pleistocene merging of these two islands, and limited when isolated by higher sea levels. Further analysis of four Sanger sequenced loci inIMa2 had limited power to distinguish among models including and excluding migration, but resulted in similar population size and divergence time estimates, although with much broader confidence intervals. This study represents a framework for how next‐generation sequencing and morphological data can be combined and leveraged towards validating putative species and testing demographic scenarios for speciation.
Tissue‐specific gene expression in maize seeds during colonization by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides
Authors: Shu Xiaomei , Livingston David P. , Franks Robert G. , Boston Rebecca S. , Woloshuk Charles P. , Payne Gary A. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryAspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides are fungal pathogens that colonize maize kernels and produce the harmful mycotoxins aflatoxin and fumonisin, respectively. Management practice based on potential host resistance to reduce contamination by these mycotoxins has proven difficult, resulting in the need for a better understanding of the infection process by these fungi and the response of maize seeds to infection. In this study, we followed the colonization of seeds by histological methods and the transcriptional changes of two maize defence‐related genes in specific seed tissues by RNA in situ hybridization. Maize kernels were inoculated with either A. flavus or F. verticillioides 21–22 days after pollination, and harvested at 4, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h post‐inoculation. The fungi colonized all tissues of maize seed, but differed in their interactions with aleurone and germ tissues. RNA in situ hybridization showed the induction of the maize pathogenesis‐related protein, maize seed (PRms) gene in the aleurone and scutellum on infection by either fungus. Transcripts of the maize sucrose synthase‐encoding gene, shrunken‐1 (Sh1), were observed in the embryo of non‐infected kernels, but were induced on infection by each fungus in the aleurone and scutellum. By comparing histological and RNA in situ hybridization results from adjacent serial sections, we found that the transcripts of these two genes accumulated in tissue prior to the arrival of the advancing pathogens in the seeds. A knowledge of the patterns of colonization and tissue‐specific gene expression in response to these fungi will be helpful in the development of resistance.
Results of Lumbar Endoscopic Adhesiolysis Using a Radiofrequency Catheter in Patients with Postoperative Fibrosis and Persistent or Recurrent Symptoms After Discectomy
Authors: Pereira Paulo , Severo Milton , Monteiro Pedro , Silva Pedro Alberto , Rebelo Virgínia , Castro‐Lopes José Manuel , Vaz Rui 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the results of lumbar epiduroscopic adhesiolysis using mechanical methods and a radiofrequency catheter followed by epidural steroid and local anesthetic administration in patients with postoperative fibrosis and persistent or recurrent symptoms.Study DesignProspective study.MethodsPatients with persistent or recurrent low back and/or lower limb pain after lumbar spine surgery, in whom no relevant findings were present on MR images besides epidural scar tissue, were submitted to epiduroscopic adhesiolysis. Patient‐reported outcomes including pain and disability were assessed in predefined time intervals and compared to baseline.ResultsTwenty‐four patients were enrolled. It was possible to elicit the patient's usual pain by probing the epidural scar tissue in all patients. Statistically significant improvement in low back and lower limb pain was observed in all assessment periods up to 12 months. A pain relief over 50% was achieved in 71% of the patients at 1 month, 63% at 3 and 6 months, and 38% at 12 months. Disability scores significantly improved for around 6 months. Mean patient satisfaction rates were 80% at 1 month, 75% at 3 months, 70% at 6 months, and 67% 1 year after intervention. Only 1 transient postprocedural complication was detected.ConclusionEndoscopic adhesiolysis is a potentially useful treatment for the relief of chronic intractable low back and lower limb pain in patients with previous lumbar spine surgery and epidural fibrosis. The use of larger volumes of saline during endoscopy and the employment of radiofrequency for the lysis of epidural adhesions are safe procedures, which may provide an additional benefit to the intervention.
Educational and therapeutic behavioral approaches to providing dental care for patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Nelson Travis M. , Sheller Barbara , Friedman Clive S. , Bernier Raphael 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTPurposeAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition which most dentists will encounter in their practices. Contemporary educational and behavioral approaches may facilitate successful dental care.MethodsA literature review was conducted for relevant information on dental care for children with ASD.ResultsEducational principles used for children with ASD can be applied in the dental setting. Examples include: parent involvement in identifying strengths, sensitivities, and goal setting; using stories or video modeling in advance of the appointment; dividing dental treatment into sequential components; and modification of the environment to minimize sensory triggers. Patients with ASD are more capable of tolerating procedures that they are familiar with, and therefore should be exposed to new environments and stimuli in small incremental steps.ConclusionsBy taking time to understand children with ASD as individuals and employing principles of learning, clinicians can provide high quality dental care for the majority of patients with ASD.
Splenic and hepatic ultrasound and cytology in canine lymphoma: effects of findings on stage migration and assessment of prognosis
Authors: Nerschbach V. , Eberle N. , Joetzke A. E. , Hoeinghaus R. , Hungerbuehler S. , Mischke R. , Nolte I. , Betz D. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractStage migration is described in humans and dogs as a sequel of using more sensitive diagnostic methods. One hundred eighty‐six dogs with multicentric lymphoma were enrolled with results of conventional staging as well as ultrasonographic and cytological examination of liver and spleen being available. The addition of splenic respective hepatic ultrasound and cytology findings resulted in slightly lower number of dogs classified as having liver and spleen involvement. In dogs with multicentric lymphoma, addition of cytology led to a significant shift of individuals from stageIVto stageIII. Findings of hepatic and splenic ultrasound and cytology exerted no significant influence on complete remission and survival durations in dogs with combination chemotherapy. Staging methodology in canine lymphoma should be redefined, considering that the prognostic significance of splenic and hepatic ultrasound and cytology warrants further investigation.
Joint Torques and Patellofemoral Force During Single-Leg Assisted and Unassisted Cycling
Authors: Bini Rodrigo R. , Jacques Tiago C. , Vaz Marco A. 
Published: December 2014

Context:Unassisted single-leg cycling should be replaced by assisted single-leg cycling, given that this last approach has potential to mimic joint kinetics and kinematics from double-leg cycling. However, there is need to test if assisting devices during pedaling effectively replicate joint forces and torque from double-leg cycling.Objectives:To compare double-leg, single-leg assisted, and unassisted cycling in terms of lower-limb kinetics and kinematics.Design:Cross-sectional crossover.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:14 healthy nonathletes.Interventions:Two double-leg cycling trials (240 ± 23 W) and 2 single-leg trials (120 ± 11 W) at 90 rpm were performed for 2 min using a bicycle attached to a cycle trainer. Measurements of pedal force and joint kinematics of participants’ right lower limb were performed during double- and single-leg trials. For the single-leg assisted trial, a custom-made adaptor was used to attach 10 kg of weight to the contralateral crank.Main Outcome Measures:Peak hip, knee, and ankle torques (flexors and extensors) along with knee-flexion angle and peak patellofemoral compressive force.Results:Reduced peak hip-extensor torque (10%) and increased peak knee-flexor torque (157%) were observed at the single-leg assisted cycling compared with the double-leg cycling. No differences were found for peak patellofemoral compressive force or knee-flexion angle comparing double-leg with single-leg assisted cycling. However, single-leg unassisted cycling resulted in larger peak patellofemoral compressive force (28%) and lower knee-flexion angle (3%) than double-leg cycling.Conclusions:These results suggest that although single-leg assisted cycling differs for joint torques, it replicates knee loads from double-leg cycling.
Investigating the Epidemiology of Repeat Chlamydia trachomatis Detection after Treatment by Using C. trachomatis OmpA Genotyping
Authors: Kapil Richa , Press Christen G. , Hwang M. Lisa , Brown LaDraka , Geisler William M. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

Repeat
Chlamydia trachomatis
detection frequently occurs within months after
C. trachomatis
infection treatment. The origins of such infection (persistence versus reinfection from untreated or new partners) are varied and difficult to determine.
C. trachomatis
strains can be differentiated by sequencing the
ompA
gene encoding the outer membrane protein A (OmpA). We used OmpA genotyping to investigate the epidemiology of repeat
C. trachomatis
detection after treatment in
C. trachomatis
-infected subjects seen at a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. Subjects were enrolled, tested for
C. trachomatis
, treated with azithromycin, and scheduled for a 6-month follow-up for repeat
C. trachomatis
testing. OmpA genotyping was performed on
C. trachomatis
-positive urogenital specimens obtained from patients at enrollment and follow-up. The enrollment visit OmpA genotypes for
C. trachomatis
were determined for 162 subjects (92% female, 94% African American).
C. trachomatis
was detected at follow-up in 39 subjects (24%). The OmpA genotype distribution at enrollment did not differ in those with versus those without repeat
C. trachomatis
detection. Of the 35 subjects with
C. trachomatis
strains genotyped at enrollment and follow-up, 7 (20%) had the same
ompA
sequence at both visits, while 28 (80%) had discordant sequences. A new sexual partner was reported more often in subjects with discordant
C. trachomatis
strains than in those with concordant strains (13 [46%] versus 1 [14%];
P
= 0.195). Half of the subjects with discordant
C. trachomatis
strains who reported sexual activity since treatment denied a new sexual partner; 62% of these subjects reported that their partner was treated. Our study demonstrates that most repeat
C. trachomatis
detections after treatment were new infections with a different
C. trachomatis
strain rather than reinfection with the same strain. OmpA genotyping can be a useful tool in understanding the origins of repeat
C. trachomatis
detection after treatment.
What DNA Viral Genomic Rearrangements Tell Us about Persistence
Authors: Imperiale Michael J. , Jiang Mengxi 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT
Understanding the life cycle and pathogenesis of animal viruses requires that we have systems in which the viruses can replicate and cause disease. For the latter, we rely upon animal models or information that we can obtain from studying natural infections of humans and other animals. For the former, however, we are largely dependent on the availability of cell culture systems in which viruses can be propagated to investigate the molecular mechanisms of viral replication. For many years, it was assumed that replication in culture provided an accurate description of the life cycle of the organism. In this Gem, we will discuss two viruses, polyomavirus and cytomegalovirus, in which cell culture systems have accidentally provided unique potential insights into viral replication and persistence in their hosts.
The Amphipathic Helix of Adenovirus Capsid Protein VI Contributes to Penton Release and Postentry Sorting
Authors: Martinez Ruben , Schellenberger Pascale , Vasishtan Daven , Aknin Cindy , Austin Sisley , Dacheux Denis , Rayne Fabienne , Siebert Alistair , Ruzsics Zsolt , Gruenewald Kay , Wodrich Harald 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT
Nuclear delivery of the adenoviral genome requires that the capsid cross the limiting membrane of the endocytic compartment and traverse the cytosol to reach the nucleus. This endosomal escape is initiated upon internalization and involves a highly coordinated process of partial disassembly of the entering capsid to release the membrane lytic internal capsid protein VI. Using wild-type and protein VI-mutated human adenovirus serotype 5 (HAdV-C5), we show that capsid stability and membrane rupture are major determinants of entry-related sorting of incoming adenovirus virions. Furthermore, by using electron cryomicroscopy, as well as penton- and protein VI-specific antibodies, we show that the amphipathic helix of protein VI contributes to capsid stability by preventing premature disassembly and deployment of pentons and protein VI. Thus, the helix has a dual function in maintaining the metastable state of the capsid by preventing premature disassembly and mediating efficient membrane lysis to evade lysosomal targeting. Based on these findings and structural data from cryo-electron microscopy, we suggest a refined disassembly mechanism upon entry.

IMPORTANCE
In this study, we show the intricate connection of adenovirus particle stability and the entry-dependent release of the membrane-lytic capsid protein VI required for endosomal escape. We show that the amphipathic helix of the adenovirus internal protein VI is required to stabilize pentons in the particle while coinciding with penton release upon entry and that release of protein VI mediates membrane lysis, thereby preventing lysosomal sorting. We suggest that this dual functionality of protein VI ensures an optimal disassembly process by balancing the metastable state of the mature adenovirus particle.
Model of the TVA Receptor Determinants Required for Efficient Infection by Subgroup A Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Viruses
Authors: Melder Deborah C. , Pike Gennett M. , VanBrocklin Matthew W. , Federspiel Mark J. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT
The study of the interactions of subgroup A avian sarcoma and leucosis viruses [ASLV(A)] with the TVA receptor required to infect cells offers a powerful experimental model of retroviral entry. Several regions and specific residues in the TVA receptor have previously been identified to be critical determinants of the binding affinity with ASLV(A) envelope glycoproteins and to mediate efficient infection. Two homologs of the TVA receptor have been cloned: the original quail TVA receptor, which has been the basis for most of the initial characterization of the ASLV(A) TVA, and the chicken TVA receptor, which is 65% identical to the quail receptor overall but identical in the region thought to be critical for infection. Our previous work characterized three mutant ASLV(A) isolates that could efficiently bind and infect cells using the chicken TVA receptor homolog but not using the quail TVA receptor homolog, with the infectivity of one mutant virus being >500-fold less with the quail TVA receptor. The mutant viruses contained mutations in the hr1 region of the surface glycoprotein. Using chimeras of the quail and chicken TVA receptors, we have identified new residues of TVA critical for the binding affinity and entry of ASLV(A) using the mutant glycoproteins and viruses to probe the function of those residues. The quail TVA receptor required changes at residues 10, 14, and 31 of the corresponding chicken TVA residues to bind wild-type and mutant ASLV(A) glycoproteins with a high affinity and recover the ability to mediate efficient infection of cells. A model of the TVA determinants critical for interacting with ASLV(A) glycoproteins is proposed.

IMPORTANCE
A detailed understanding of how retroviruses enter cells, evolve to use new receptors, and maintain efficient entry is crucial for identifying new targets for combating retrovirus infection and pathogenesis, as well as for developing new approaches for targeted gene delivery. Since all retroviruses share an envelope glycoprotein organization, they likely share a mechanism of receptor triggering to begin the entry process. Multiple, noncontiguous interaction determinants located in the receptor and the surface (SU) glycoprotein hypervariable domains are required for binding affinity and to restrict or broaden receptor usage. In this study, further mechanistic details of the entry process were elucidated by characterizing the ASLV(A) glycoprotein interactions with the TVA receptor required for entry. The ASLV(A) envelope glycoproteins are organized into functional domains that allow changes in receptor choice to occur by mutation and/or recombination while maintaining a critical level of receptor binding affinity and an ability to trigger glycoprotein conformational changes.
The P25 Protein of Potato Virus X (PVX) Is the Main Pathogenicity Determinant Responsible for Systemic Necrosis in PVX-Associated Synergisms
Authors: Aguilar Emmanuel , Almendral David , Allende Lucía , Pacheco Remedios , Chung Bong Nam , Canto Tomás , Tenllado Francisco 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

Most plant viruses counter the RNA silencing-based antiviral defense by expressing viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). In this sense, VSRs may be regarded as virulence effectors that can be recognized by the host as avirulence (avr) factors to induce
R
-mediated resistance. We made use of
Agrobacterium
-mediated transient coexpression of VSRs in combination with
Potato virus X
(PVX) to recapitulate in local tissues the systemic necrosis (SN) caused by PVX-potyvirus synergistic infections in
Nicotiana benthamiana
. The hypersensitive response (HR)-like response was associated with an enhanced accumulation of PVX subgenomic RNAs. We further show that expression of P25, the VSR of PVX, in the presence of VSR from different viruses elicited an HR-like response in
Nicotiana
spp. Furthermore, the expression of P25 by a
Plum pox virus
(PPV) vector was sufficient to induce an increase of PPV pathogenicity that led to necrotic mottling. A frameshift mutation in the P25 open reading frame (ORF) of PVX did not lead to necrosis when coexpressed with VSRs. These findings indicate that P25 is the main PVX determinant involved in eliciting a systemic HR-like response in PVX-associated synergisms. Moreover, we show that silencing of
SGT1
and
RAR1
attenuated cell death in both PVX-potyvirus synergistic infection and the HR-like response elicited by P25. Our study underscores that P25 variants that have impaired ability to suppress RNA silencing cannot act as elicitors when synergized by the presence of other VSRs. These findings highlight the importance of RNA silencing suppression activity in the HR-like response elicited by VSRs in certain hosts.

IMPORTANCE
The work presented here describes how the activity of the PVX suppressor P25 elicits an HR-like response in
Nicotiana
spp. when overexpressed with other VSR proteins. This finding suggests that the SN response caused by PVX-associated synergisms is a delayed immune response triggered by P25, once it reaches a threshold level by the action of other VSRs. Moreover, this work supports the contention that the silencing suppressor activity of PVX P25 protein is a prerequisite for HR elicitation. We propose that unidentified avr determinants could be involved in other cases of viral synergisms in which heterologous “helper” viruses encoding strong VSRs exacerbate the accumulation of the avr-encoding virus.