bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitroxy/Azido‐Functionalized Triazoles as Potential Energetic Plasticizers
Authors: Tang Yongxing , Shreeve Jean'ne M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe synthesis of a series of nitroxy‐ and azido‐functionalized compounds, based on 4‐amino‐3,5‐di(hydroxymethyl)‐1,2,4‐triazole, for possible use as an energetic plasticizers is described. All compounds were fully characterized. Two of them were further confirmed by X‐ray single crystal diffraction. Energetic performance was calculated by using EXPLO5 v6.01 based on calculated heats of formation (Gaussian 03) and experimentally determined densities at 25 °C. The results show that the nitration product 1‐nitro‐3,5‐di(nitroxymethyl)‐1,2,4‐triazole, containing a nitro group and two nitroxy groups, exhibits good detonation properties (D=8574 m s−1, P=32.7 GPa). In addition, its low melting point makes it very attractive as an energetic plasticizer in solid propellants.
Cracking Cavitands: Metal‐Directed Scission of Phosphinyl‐Substituted Resorcinarenes
Authors: Chavagnan Thierry , Sémeril David , Matt Dominique , Harrowfield Jack , Toupet Loïc 
Published: March 2015

AbstractResorcinarene‐derived tetramethylene cavitands bearing a diphenylphosphino group grafted to their wider rim undergo facile, directed CO bond breaking upon reaction with transition‐metal ions in the presence of nucleophiles. One possible reaction mechanism involves formation of a P,O‐chelate complex, which weakens the adjacent OCH2 bond, leading to the formation of an oxacarbenium intermediate.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Physical Properties of Cs2Ga2S5, and Redetermination of the Crystal Structure of Cs2S6.
Authors: Friedrich Daniel , Pielnhofer Florian , Schlosser Marc , Weihrich Richard , Pfitzner Arno 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCs2Ga2S5 is prepared by slow thermal decomposition of CsN3 in presence of stoichiometric amounts of GaS and S in dynamic vacuum followed by annealing (quartz tube, 803 K, several d).
ChemInform Abstract: AuCd4: A Hume—Rothery Phase with VEC of 1.8 and Icosahedral and Trigonal‐Prismatic Clusters as Building Blocks.
Authors: Jana Partha P. , Lidin Sven 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe η phase in the Au‐Cd binary system is prepared from the elements in stoichiometric ratio (evacuated silica tubes, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Inorganic Structural Isomers by Diffusion‐Constrained Self‐Assembly of Designed Precursors: A Novel Type of Isomerism.
Authors: Esters Marco , Alemayehu Matti B. , Jones Zachary , Nguyen N. T. , Anderson Michael D. , Grosse Corinna , Fischer Saskia F. , Johnson David C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSix structural isomers containing four structural units of PbSe and four structural units of NbSe2 of compositions [(PbSe)1.14]4[NbSe2]4, [(PbSe)1.14]3[NbSe2]3 [(PbSe)1.14][NbSe2]1, [(PbSe)1.14]3[NbSe2]2 [(PbSe)1.14][NbSe2]2, [(PbSe)1.14]2[NbSe2]3 [(PbSe)1.14]2[NbSe2]1, [(PbSe)1.14]2[NbSe2]2 [(PbSe)1.14] [NbSe2]1[(PbSe)1.14] [NbSe2]1, and [(PbSe)1.14]2[NbSe2] [(PbSe)1.14][NbSe2]2 [(PbSe)1.14][NbSe2] are prepared from modulated elemental precursors by annealing at 450 °C for 1 h in a nitrogen atmosphere.
ChemInform Abstract: The Highest Connected Pure Inorganic 3D Framework Assembled by {P4Mo6} Cluster and Alkali Metal Potassium.
Authors: Zhang He , Yu Kai , Li Jingshen , Wang Chunmei , Lv Jinghua , Chen Zhaoyi , Cai Honghong , Zhou Baibin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDark‐blue crystals of [K(H2O)]12 [CoMo12O24(OH)6 (HPO4)4(PO4)4] are hydrothermally prepared from a mixture of (NH4)6Mo7O24, Co(AcOH)2, KOAc, bipy, H3PO4, NaOH, and H2O (autoclave, pH 3.5, 160 °C, 4 d, 46% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Organic Solvent‐Free Cu(OAc)2/DMAP/TEMPO‐Catalyzed Aldehyde and Imine Formation from Alcohols under Air Atmosphere.
Authors: Guan Mingyu , Wang Chao , Zhang Jingyu , Zhao Yingsheng 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn efficient procedure for the Cu(OAc)2/DMAP/TEMPO‐catalyzed oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective SN2′ Reaction of β‐Fluoroallylic Phosphates with Organocopper Reagents and Its Application to the Synthesis of Fluorine‐Containing Carbocycles.
Authors: Nihei Takashi , Kubo Yusuke , Ishihara Takashi , Konno Tsutomu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTreatment of β‐fluoroallyl phosphates with in situ prepared organocuprates gives γ‐products in a highly regioselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of the Wilkinson Catalyst for the ortho‐C—H Heteroarylation of Aromatic Amines: Facile Access to Highly Extended π‐Conjugated Heteroacenes for Organic Semiconductors.
Authors: Huang Yumin , Wu Di , Huang Jingsheng , Guo Qiang , Li Juan , You Jingsong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe heteroarylation products can be further converted to give heteroacenes, e.
ChemInform Abstract: Versatile and Sustainable Synthesis of Cyclic Imides from Dicarboxylic Acids and Amines by Nb2O5 as a Base‐Tolerant Heterogeneous Lewis Acid Catalyst.
Authors: Ali Md. Ayub , Siddiki S. M. A. Hakim , Kon Kenichi , Hasegawa Junya , Shimizu Ken‐ichi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe reaction of dicarboxylic acids and anhydrides with amines, hydroxylamine or ammonia is efficiently catalyzed by Nb2O5 to form a wide range of cyclic imides.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Cascade Reactions of 1‐Arylpenta‐3,4‐dien‐2‐ones Leading to 2‐Arylphenols and Dibenzopyroanones.
Authors: He Yan , Zhang Xinying , Fan Xuesen 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA novel and efficient method for the synthesis of 2‐arylphenols through Michael addition and intramolecular aldol condensation of the easily obtainable arylpentadienones (I) and (VI) with activated ketones is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,3,5‐Trienoates by Palladium‐Catalyzed Alkoxycarbonylation of Conjugated Enyne Carbonates.
Authors: Karagoez Ezgi Sule , Kus Melih , Akpinar Guerkan Eray , Artok Levent 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe reaction is performed with various (E)‐configurated substrates in the presence of MeOH under balloon pressure of CO.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Alkyl Terminal Halohydrin Esters from Acid Halides and Cyclic Ethers or Thioethers under Solvent‐ and Catalyst‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Venkatesham Kunuru , Chanti Babu Dokuburra , Bharadwaj Tatipamula Vinay , Bunce Richard A. , Rao Chitturi Bhujanga , Venkateswarlu Yenamandra 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn improved procedure for the preparation of 4‐iodobutanol and 5‐iodopentanol esters under solvent‐ and catalyst‐free conditions is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh(II) Acetate Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Styrenes with Enaldiazo Esters: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Enal‐Cyclopropanes.
Authors: Rathore Kuldeep Singh , Katukojvala Sreenivas 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOptimized reaction conditions allow the direct synthesis of enal‐cyclopropanes with an all carbon γ‐quaternary stereocenter with moderate to good diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Site‐Selective Sequential Alkenylation of Oxalyl Amide Protected Phenylpropylamine Derivatives via a Seven‐Membered Palladacycle.
Authors: Wang Qian , Han Jian , Wang Chao , Zhang Jingyu , Huang Zhibin , Shi Daqing , Zhao Yingsheng 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe monoalkenylation proceeds regioselectively at the less hindered site.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Free Reductive Amination of Aromatic Aldehydes with Ammonium Formate and Hantzsch Ester.
Authors: Zhao Pan‐Pan , Zhou Xin‐Feng , Dai Jian‐Jun , Xu Hua‐Jian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe novel direct reductive amination of aromatic aldehydes furnishes both symmetric and asymmetric secondary benzyl amines in a mild, convenient, acid‐ and catalyst‐free system.
ChemInform Abstract: Aerobic Photooxidative Synthesis of Phenols from Arylboronic Acids Using 2‐Propanol as Solvent.
Authors: Matsui Keita , Ishigami Takafumi , Yamaguchi Tomoaki , Yamaguchi Eiji , Tada Norihiro , Miura Tsuyoshi , Itoh Akichika 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe reaction can be scaled up.
ChemInform Abstract: Cross‐Metathesis/Isomerization/Allylboration Sequence for a Diastereoselective Synthesis of anti‐Homoallylic Alcohols from Allylbenzene Derivatives and Aldehydes.
Authors: Hemelaere Remy , Carreaux Francois , Carboni Bertrand 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA reaction sequence consisting of cross‐metathesis of allylarenes with vinylboronic acid, Ir‐catalyzed isomerization and allylboration to give homoallylic alcohols (IV) with excellent diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of α‐CF3 Ketones from Alkenes and Electrophilic Trifluoromethylating Reagents by Visible‐Light Driven Photoredox Catalysis.
Authors: Li Lun , Chen Qing‐Yun , Guo Yong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTen α‐trifluoromethyl ketones of type (III) are prepared from aromatic alkenes (I) and Togni′s reagent (II) in a visible light‐catalyzed photoredox trifluoromethylation reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,2‐Diols and Their Base‐Initiated Rearrangement to Butyrolactones.
Authors: Moliterno Mauro , Margarita Cristiana , Panarello Silvia , Salvio Riccardo , Bella Marco 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe aldol addition of hydroxy esters to propargyl aldehydes provides 1,2‐diols with moderate to high yields and low to moderate diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Diastereoselective Synthesis of Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes.
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Sadeghi Vahideh , Bayat Fahimeh , Zhu Long‐Guan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe reaction fails when 2‐substituted dibenzylacetones are converted with malonitrile.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Potent Antimalarial cis‐β‐Lactam Agents Through a [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Chiral Imines with a Chiral Ketene.
Authors: Jarrahpour Aliasghar , Ebrahimi Edris , Sinou Veronique , Latour Christine , Brunel Jean Michel 
Published: March 2015

AbstractNew cis‐β‐lactams are evaluated for their antimalarial activities against Plasmodium falciparum K14 resistant strain.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of β‐ and γ‐Fluorophenyl cis‐ and trans‐α‐Methylene‐γ‐butyrolactones.
Authors: Ramachandran P. Veeraraghavan , Nair Hari Narayanan G. , Gagare Pravin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe allylboration of mono‐, di‐ and trifluorobenzaldehydes (II) with (E)‐methyl 3‐phenyl‐2‐(pinacolylmethyl)acrylate (I) yields cis‐γ‐fluorophenyl‐α‐methylene‐β‐phenyl‐lactones (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Ru‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cyclization of Mandelic Acids with Acrylates: Facile Access to the Phthalide Skeleton.
Authors: Chen Lili , Li Hongji , Yu Feng , Wang Lei 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA new route to construct phthalide structures from the reaction of mandelic acids with activated acrylates is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Selective C—H Arylation of Pyrroles Leading to Concise Syntheses of Lamellarins C and I.
Authors: Ueda Kirika , Amaike Kazuma , Maceiczyk Richard M. , Itami Kenichiro , Yamaguchi Junichiro 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe title reaction is used as the key step in the synthesis of lamellarins C and I (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Trifluoromethyl‐(indol‐3‐yl)methanols as Trifluoromethylated C3 1,3‐Dipoles: [3 + 2] Cycloaddition for the Synthesis of 1‐(Tifluoromethyl)‐cyclopenta[b]indole Alkaloids.
Authors: Dong Jinhuan , Pan Ling , Xu Xianxiu , Liu Qun 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis first formal [3+2] cycloaddition of α‐trifluoromethyl‐3‐indolylmethanol silyl ethers and acyclic ketene dithioacetals furnishes trifluoromethylated cyclopenta[b]indoles.
ChemInform Abstract: CuI‐Catalyzed Sequential Diamination and Dehydrogenation of Terminal Olefins: A Facile Approach to Imidazolinones.
Authors: Zhu Yingguang , Shi Yian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA series of title compounds, required as important substructures of biologically active substances, is available with diaziridine (I) as the nitrogen source.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Fluoride Triggers Dehydrative Oxazolidinone Synthesis from CO2.
Authors: Takada Yuki , Foo Siong Wan , Yamazaki Yusuke , Saito Susumu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSeveral organosilicon agents are evaluated in view of their synergistic combination with fluoride, and cyclodimethylsiloxane is found to deliver increased product yields compared to tetrabutylammonium difluorotriphenyl silicate for certain substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc Oxide Nanorods: A New Application as a Powerful Catalyst for the Green One‐Pot Synthesis of New Warfarin Analogues.
Authors: Jafari Fariba , Kodabakhshi Saeed , Shirazi Sanaz Gharehzadeh 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe catalyst is recycled and reused in three additional cycles without significant loss of its activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Recyclable CuO Nanoparticles as Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Synthesis of Xanthenes under Solvent Free Conditions.
Authors: Chaudhary Ganga Ram , Bansal Pratibha , Kaur Navneet , Mehta S. K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCuO nanoparticles are used as catalyst for the synthesis of xanthene derivatives (III) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: FeCl3‐Promoted Formation of C—C Bonds: Synthesis of Substituted Quinolines From Imines and Electron‐Deficient Alkynes.
Authors: Li Yu‐feng , Wu Zheng‐guang , Shi Jie , Pan Yi , Bu Hong‐zhong , Ma Hong‐fei , Gu Jia‐chao , Huang Hao , Wang Yao‐zhu , Wu Lin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe required imines may be prepared in situ, thus affording the products in a sequential three‐component reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Di‐tert Butyl Peroxide‐Promoted Sequential Methylation and Intramolecular Aromatization of Isonitriles.
Authors: Dai Qiang , Yu Jin‐Tao , Feng Xiaomei , Jiang Yan , Yang Haitao , Cheng Jiang 
Published: March 2015

Abstract6‐Methylphenanthridine derivatives are synthesized by the title reaction in moderate to excellent yields following a radical addition/cyclization/aromatization sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Access to 2‐Aminopyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines via N‐Amination/Cyclization Reactions of 2‐Pyridineacetonitriles.
Authors: Nishigaya Yosuke , Umei Kentaro , Yamamoto Eri , Kohno Yasushi , Seto Shigeki 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe two‐step one‐pot procedure delivers substituted 2‐aminopyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines as scaffolds in medicinal chemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: Temperature Dependent Selective Synthesis of Linear 2‐Bromo and 2‐Alkoxyfuro[2,3‐b]quinolines: Reaction of 3‐(2,2‐Dibromovinyl‐)quinolin‐2(1H)‐ones with Alcoholic KOH.
Authors: Nandini Durgesh , Asthana Mrityunjaya , Mishra Kalpana , Singh R. P. , Singh Radhey M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAt 50 °C 2‐bromo‐substituted products are obtained which serve as substrates for Sonogashira and Heck coupling reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Switchable N—H/C—H Alkenylation of 6‐Phenyl(dihydro)pyridazinones with Alkynes.
Authors: Wang Wei , Liang Lei , Xu Fengrong , Huang Wenjie , Niu Yan , Sun Qi , Xu Ping 
Published: March 2015

Abstract6‐Aryl(dihydro)pyridazinones (I) react with alkynes to give N‐alkenylation products under nitrogen atmosphere, while C‐alkenylation products are obtained under oxygen atmosphere.
ChemInform Abstract: Meglumine Catalyzed Expeditious Four‐Component Domino Protocol for Synthesis of Pyrazolopyranopyrimidines in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Li Xiao‐Tang , Zhao Ai‐Dong , Mo Li‐Ping , Zhang Zhan‐Hui 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA facile and highly efficient protocol for the one‐pot, four‐component reaction of ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate, aromatic aldehydes, and barbituric acid has been developed using meglumine as an inexpensive, biodegradable, and reusable catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Tandem Nitrosation/Cyclization of N‐Aryl Enamines with Nitromethane Toward 3‐(Trifluoromethyl)quinoxalines.
Authors: Yang Zhi‐Jun , Liu Chuan‐Zhuo , Hu Bo‐Lun , Deng Chen‐Liang , Zhang Xing‐Guo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA novel one‐pot strategy to synthesize the title compounds from N‐aryl enamines and nitromethane is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Suitable Synthesis of [1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrazin‐8(7H)‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Kovalenko S. S. , Kulikovska K. Yu. , Drushlyak O. G. , Zhuravel I. O. , Kovalenko S. M. , Chernykh V. P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe title compounds (VII) are obtained starting from esters of oxalic acid monoamides via intermolecular cyclization of intermediate 3‐hydrazinopyrazin‐2‐ones (V) with orthoesters (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid, Quantitative, Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Medium‐Ring Diaza Heterocycles from Diketene—Acetone Adduct and Diamines.
Authors: Morrison Clifford S. , Lampe Jana B. , Kolodziejczyk Tesia C. , Cavazos Ronaldo J. , Petros Robby A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe remarkably efficient synthesis of biologically relevant diazepines, diazocines, and diazonines is also performed using conventional heating instead of microwave irradiation with virtually identical product yields after slightly longer reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: First Iodocyclization Reaction of Allene—Thioureas: An Efficient Approach to Bicyclic β‐Lactams.
Authors: Garud Dinesh R. , Jadhav Amol R. , Lahore Santosh V. , Kahar Nilesh M. , Joshi Rohini R. , Joshi Ramesh A. , Koketsu Mamoru 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDepending on the substituents on the allenyl group of the substrates the regioselective iodocyclization provides either six‐membered 3‐thia‐1‐dethiacephems or seven‐membered thiazepines in a mixture with five‐membered isopenams.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Novel Dibenzoxdiazepine‐Fused Heterocycles Through a Multicomponent Reaction.
Authors: Qian Zhiwei , Yang Anjiang , An Weiteng , Yu Ting , Wang Xin , Zhang Yongliang , Shen Jingkang , Meng Tao 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe atropisomeric properties observed in case of products obtained by the transformation of 2‐amino‐5‐haloheterocycles, 2‐isocyanophenyl acetate and aryl aldehydes equipped with electron‐withdrawing substituents is examined.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Multifunctionalized Allenes by Magnesium‐Promoted Reductive Silylation of Aromatic Conjugated Ynones.
Authors: Maekawa Hirofumi , Takano Atsushi , Watanabe Masamitsu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMultifunctionalized allenes with a vinyl silane and a silyl enol ether moiety are prepared from alkyl/arylalkynyl ketones using different monochlorotrialkylsilanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon—Phosphorus Bond Formation by Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylation of Diphenylphosphine Oxide.
Authors: Zhang Liang , Liu Wei , Zhao Xiaoming 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe title reaction gives allylic diarylphosphine oxides (III) in moderate to excellent yields with moderate to excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Developing Phospha‐Stork Chemistry Induced by a Borane Lewis Acid.
Authors: Hasegawa Yasuharu , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Kehr Gerald , Erker Gerhard 
Published: March 2015

AbstractReaction between dimesityl(vinyl)phosphane (I) and enones (II) gives the cyclobutanes (III) diastereoselectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Mn(OAc)3‐Mediated Synthesis of β‐Hydroxyphosphonates from P(O)—H Compounds and Alkenes.
Authors: Gao Yuzhen , Wu Ju , Xu Jian , Zhang Pengbo , Tang Guo , Zhao Yufen 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA highly efficient and general method for the preparation of β‐hydroxyphosphonates through Mn(OAc)3‐mediated radical oxidative phosphination of alkenes under relatively mild reaction conditions is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Methods for Compounds Having CF3‐S Units on Carbon by Trifluoromethylation, Trifluoromethylthiolation, Triflylation, and Related Reactions
Authors: Xu Xiu‐Hua , Matsuzaki Kohei , Shibata Norio 
Published: March 2015

AbstractReview: 468 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chalcones as Versatile Synthons for the Synthesis of 5‐ and 6‐Membered Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Albuquerque Helio M. T. , Santos Clementina M. M. , Cavaleiro Jose A. S. , Silva Artur M. S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractReview: 435 refs.
Evaporation and Decomposition Behavior of Pure and Supported Ionic Liquids under Thermal Stress
Authors: Heym Florian , Korth Wolfgang , Thiessen Johannes , Kern Christoph , Jess Andreas 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIonic liquids (ILs) are widely discussed as alternative, sustainable solvents not only because of their unique chemical properties, but also because of their extremely low vapor pressure and – at least in some cases – relatively high thermal stability. In this work the vapor pressure data and kinetics of decomposition are presented for some selected pure and supported ionic liquids. Based on these results general strategies to determine the volatility and stability of pure and supported ILs as well as criteria for the maximum operation temperature with regard to decomposition and evaporation are introduced.
New Approaches in the Design and Development of Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands: Multifunctional and Bivalent Compounds
Authors: Nimczick Martin , Decker Michael 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSince the identification of the endocannabinoid system, two G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) of this complex system were identified and characterized: cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1R) and type 2 (CB2R). In addition to orthosteric and subsequently allosteric ligands, new strategies have been used to target CBRs. Bivalent ligands and multifunctional ligands acting at diverse biological targets have been designed, synthesized, and characterized for both CBRs. Due to their altered receptor binding and pharmacological profiles, they are interesting tools to explore CBR functions and their interactions with other physiological systems. Moreover, this approach may bear therapeutic advantages in the therapy of CBR‐related disorders, especially multifactorial diseases. Promising prospects include anorectics with fewer side effects, analgesics with decreased tolerance, and therapeutics with multiple pharmacological activities for the treatment of cancer, inflammation, multiple sclerosis, Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.
Assessment of Energy Saving and CO2 Mitigation Potential of Electric Vehicles and Plug‐in Hybrid Vehicles under Japan's Power Generation Mix
Authors: Komiyama Ryoichi , Fujii Yasumasa 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYThis paper evaluates the impact of an extensive introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) and plug‐in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) on the energy supply mix in Japan. Energy consumption in Japan's transport sector has been dominated by petroleum, and CO2 emissions in this sector account for 20% of Japan's CO2 emissions. Therefore, the deployment of clean energy vehicles, such as EV and PHEV, is expected to play a significant role in tackling energy security and environmental concerns. In order to assess the energy and environmental benefits of EV and PHEV, we develop an energy system model integrating an optimal power generation mix model and a vehicle penetration model, with consideration of the optimal electricity charging profile of those advanced vehicles. The calculated results suggest that massive EV penetration serves as an energy saving measure in Japan's whole energy system due to significant petroleum reductions exceeding the growth of fuel input into the power generation sector derived from significant EV and PHEV penetration. Massive EV deployment is estimated to contribute to CO2 mitigation in the energy system as well. Evaluating CO2 emissions by mileage by automobile, however, carbon emissions by mileage for EVs is almost equivalent to that of gasoline hybrid vehicles (HEVs) in the case of decommissioning of nuclear power plants, which eventually causes a higher carbon intensity of the electricity supply.