bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF BIOREMEDIATION ON THE MICROBIAL POPULATIONS OF OILED BEACHES IN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, ALASKA
Authors: Prince Roger C. , Bare Richard E. , George Graham N. , Haith Copper E. , Grossman Matthew J. , Lute James R. , Elmendorf David L. , Minak-Bernero Vera , Senius James D. , Keim Lois G. , Chianelli Russell R. , Hinton Stephen M. , Teal Andrew R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Bioremediation, the stimulation of the natural process of biodegradation, played an important role in the cleanup of the oil spill from the Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Since there were already substantial indigenous populations of oil-degrading microbes in the area, it was apparent that degradation was likely to be nutrient—not microbial—limited. Bioremediation therefore involved the application of carefully selected fertilizers to provide assimilable nitrogen and phosphorus to the indigenous organisms, with the intent to stimulate their activity and enhance their numbers. We show here that the indigenous microbial populations were indeed substantially increased, throughout the sound, approximately one month after widespread fertilizer applications in both 1989 and 1990. Furthermore, while oil-degrading bacteria made up a significant fraction of the microbial populations on contaminated beaches in September and October 1989, they had declined to less than 1 percent by the summer of 1990, suggesting that the microbial populations on the shorelines were returning to their pre-spill conditions.
EVALUATION OF LABORATORY TESTS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CHEMICAL SURFACE WASHING AGENTS
Authors: Sullivan Daniel , Sahatjian Karen A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When spilled oil reaches a shoreline, it coats a myriad of surfaces. In many cases, chemical agents are used to clean the shoreline substrates, with varying degrees of effectiveness. Both dispersants and surface washing agents have been used. In this study, the Environmental Protection Agency evaluated two of the four laboratory tests currently available to measure the effectiveness of surface washing agents: the inclined trough test and the swirling coupon test. The agency used two standard reference oils (Prudhoe Bay and bunker C), two test surfaces (stainless steel and porcelain tile), and three cleaning agents (Corexit 9580, Corexit 7664, and Citrikleen XPC) to evaluate the precision, cost, and ease of operations of the two tests. The study concluded that the overall performance of the two tests is similar but that costs for the inclined trough test are lower.
Overall, there is concern as to whether any of the four existing tests are appropriate measures of surface washing agent effectiveness. Two problems exist: none of the tests measures the amount of oil remaining on the surface after washing, and none of the tests accounts for how easily oil is removed from the water after being washed off the surface. Therefore, more research is needed before a surface washing agent effectiveness test can be adopted as a regulatory tool.
Consideration should be given to establishing a separate category for surface washing agents on the Product Schedule of the National Contingency Plan.
FULL-SCALE TESTS OF A GRAVITY-TYPE SEPARATOR
Authors: Peigne Georges , Fauvre Daniel , Chowings Neil 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
From September 30 to October 4, 1991, CEDRE carried out a series of tests on a gravity-type separator (SEPCON) to assess the possibility of its use downstream from a skimming barrier. The apparatus was supplied for these tests by its constructor, the German company JAFO Technology, and is entirely self-contained and designed to accept an input of 80 m3/h. This equipment was particularly adapted for conditions likely to be met during an accidental pollution off the Norwegian shore, where it had previously undergone tests.
The tests carried out at CEDRE involved two petroleum products: marine fuel 50/50 (50 cs at 50° C) and heavy fuel (bunker C). A maximum output was required with a level of hydrocarbons in the mixture varying from about 15 to 50 percent.
Due to the inability of the 50/50 fuel to settle naturally in water, some problems arose, which caused mediocre results. A modification of the internal position of the interface detectors could improve performance. Bunker C tests had better results, although the oil's high viscosity resulted in more water in the oil output. In general, the results obtained for the coil content in the water output are satisfactory (almost always less than 1 percent) although performance needs to be improved for the water content in the oil output (more than 30 percent, and sometimes even 50 percent). Simple modifications, particularly in the interface detectors, are all that seem to be necessary to reduce the water content of the oil output.
DEVELOPMENT OF A STRANDED OIL IN COARSE SEDIMENT (SOCS) MODEL
Authors: Humphrey B. , Owens E. , Sergy G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spills in Canadian waters have a high probability of impacting coarse sediment beaches, yet our ability to predict oil fate and estimate natural self-cleaning rates is less than adequate. Data is lacking to understand fully many oillsediment interactions. Historically, shoreline interactions have been considered using fairly simple concepts.
We examined the processes that may occur on a coarse sediment beach, selected those which are important, and developed a fate and persistence model for stranded oil. The processes were divided into stages relative to the spill event, and the factors which affect each stage were evaluated. Three areas of special interest were the capacity of a beach to hold oil, the residual capacity of a beach for oil, and the long-term fate of the oil. After developing model algorithms, the outputs were compared to a data base of information collected during the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
The stranded oil in coarse sediment model will provide information at two levels: a general level for planning and sensitivity mapping and a more detailed level intended for the prediction of oil fate on specific known beaches. The strengths and weaknesses of the model have been assessed in terms of data deficiencies. The type and nature of the data which are most useful to, and which need to be collected for, spill planning and spill monitoring were identified.
STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE OPRC CONVENTION AND RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE OPPR CONFERENCE1
Authors: Edwards David T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Participants in the 1991 Oil Spill Conference were informed of the outcome of the IMO Conference on International Cooperation on Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response, in particular the adoption of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, 1990 (OPRC). Although 27 States signed it, the OPRC stipulates that it will enter into force or become binding one year after 15 States have accepted or ratified it. Although the OPRC, therefore, is not yet in force, IMO Member States, the Secretary-General of IMO, Mr. William O'Neil, and IMO's Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) have taken concrete actions to facilitate early implementation. In November 1991 the Secretary-General established a coordination center in the Marine Environment Division of IMO to carry out functions assigned to IMO under the OPRC (information services, education and training, technical services, and technical assistance). In March 1992 the MEPC established an OPRC Working Group, in which government and industry experts and representatives of environmental organizations participate, to deal with matters related to implementation of the OPRC. Among the important topics which will be included in the program of the OPRC Working Group through 1992–1993 are links between MARPOL Regulation 26 and OPRC articles 3 and 6 and development of guidelines for the preparation of oil pollution emergency plans for offshore units and seaports; update of IMO's Manual on Oil Pollution, Section II—Contingency Planning; development of guidelines or recommendations on facilitating the movement of response equipment and personnel and the use of response resources during marine pollution incidents; development of research and development clearinghouse functions; development of model training courses and an OPRC training plan; and consideration of ways to expand the scope of the OPRC to include hazardous and noxious substances.
THE RIO ORINOCO AND THE HAVEN—TWO MAJOR CASES FROM A LEGAL POINT OF VIEW
Authors: Jacobsson Måns 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (IOPC Fund), an inter-governmental organization with 49 member states, has recently been involved in two major oil spills of great interest from both a legal and a technical point of view. The Rio Orinoco incident occurred in Canada and the Haven incident took place in Italy.
The Rio Orinoco was carrying asphalt when it grounded in the Gulf of St Lawrence. The grounding led to extensive salvage and cleanup operations carried out on behalf of the Canadian authorities. The claims for compensation, totalling 15 million Canadian dollars (12.5 million U.S. dollars), were settled out of court. This paper discusses the main legal problems that arose, for example, the reasonableness of certain operations and the relationship between pollution prevention and salvage.
The Haven exploded off Genoa with 144,000 metric tons of crude oil on board. A large quantity of oil escaped, necessitating extensive cleanup operations in Italy, France, and Monaco. Over 1,300 claims for compensation have been submitted totalling US$1.4 billion. This paper deals with some of the main legal problems that have arisen as a result of this incident, for example, the admissibility of claims relating to non-economic damage to the marine environment and the method to be applied for the conversion of the maximum amount payable by the IOPC Fund into Italian lire.
THE IMPACT OF REGULATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIL SPILL RECOVERY VESSELS
Authors: Bianchi Ralph A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Past, present, and future regulations have imposed and may continue to impose serious and unnecessary restraints on the design, construction, and operation of oil spill recovery vessels (OSRVs). OSRVs have been regulated as tankers under 46 CFR Subchapter D regulations. The application of these regulations to the design and construction of the Clean Sound Cooperative's Shearwater and the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company's Valdez Star and other vessels through the design approval and inspection processes of the American Bureau of Shipping and United States Coast Guard illustrate some of the problems.
Present regulations do not encourage the development of new OSRVs. The regulations regarding OSRVs should be reevaluated. Committees of OSRV designers and users as well as regulators should evaluate comments and recommendations before incorporating them in the design of new OSRVs.
THE SECOND GENERATION OF NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENTS: LESSONS LEARNED?1
Authors: Luthi Randall B. , Burlington Linda B. , Reinharz Eli , Shutler Sharon K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Damage Assessment Regulations Team (DART), under the Office of General Counsel of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has centered its efforts on developing natural resource damage assessment regulations for oil pollution in navigable waters. These procedures will likely lower the costs associated with damage assessments, encourage joint cooperative assessments and simplify most assessments.
The DART team of NOAA is developing new regulations for the assessment of damages due to injuries related to oil spills under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. These regulations will involve coordination, restoration, and economic valuation. Various methods are currently being developed to assess damages for injuries to natural resources. The proposed means include: compensation tables for spills under 50,000 gallons, Type A model, expedited damage assessment (EDA) procedures, and comprehensive procedures. They are being developed to provide trustees with a choice for assessing natural resource damages for each oil spill.
MESOSCALE EXPERIMENTS HELP TO EVALUATE IN-SITU BURNING OF OIL SPILLS1
Authors: Evans David D. , Walton William D. , Baum Howard R. , Notarianni Kathy A. , Tennyson Edward J. , Tebeau Peter A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Burning of spilled oil has distinct advantages over other cleanup countermeasures. It offers the potential to convert rapidly large quantities of oil into its primary combustion products, carbon dioxide and water, with a small percentage of other unburned and residue byproducts. Disadvantages include the dispersal of the combustion products into the air.
Mesoscale and laboratory experiments have been conducted to measure the burning characteristics of crude oil fires. Measurements on crude oil pool fires from 0.4 m to 17.2 m in effective diameter were made to obtain data on the rate of burning, heat release rate, composition of the combustion products, and downwind dispersion of the products. The smaller experiments were performed in laboratories at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Fire Research Institute in Japan; and the larger ones at the U. S. Coast Guard Fire Safety and Test Detachment in Mobile, Alabama. From these experiments, the value for surface regression rate of a burning crude oil spill was found to be 0.055 mm/s.
A major concern for public safety is the content and extent of the smoke plume from the fires. Smoke yield, the fraction of the oil mass burned that is emitted as particulate, was found to be 13 percent. A large-eddy simulation calculation method for smoke plume trajectory and smoke particulate deposition developed by NIST showed that the smoke particulate deposition from a 114 m2 burn would occur in striations over a long, slender area 3.2 km wide and 258 km downwind of the burn.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS METHODS FOR CRUDE OIL
Authors: Wang Zhendi , Fingas Mervin F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Using an oil chemical analysis method developed in our laboratory, more than 280 compounds in the Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend (ASMB) oil have been positively identified. The distribution of selected target compounds offers unique and sensitive fingerprints for matching the source of spilled oil and tracing the weathering process of oil in the environment. The pattern recognition plots involving more than 100 oil-specific individual components and component groupings permit deduction of a best set of values for oil exposure to weathering. Using data from different samples including crude oil, weathered oil, and 22-year-old spilled oil as examples, the distinct advantages of the described method over the current methods are examined.
OIL SPILL INTELLIGENCE REPORT INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL DATABASE: RECENT TRENDS
Authors: Welch Jeff 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Several major oil spills toward the end of 1994 may make the early 1990s begin to mirror the pattern of oil spills from the late 1970s and early 1980s, based on data maintained by the staff of the Oil Spill Intelligence Report newsletter.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF POTENTIAL PROTECTION STRATEGIES FOR TIDAL INLETS
Authors: Hayes Miles O. , Montello Todd M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Protection of coastal environments on the landward sides of tidal inlets requires effective systems of booms within the inlets. Protection strategies have been developed for more than 200 inlets on the coasts of California and Florida. They call for the use of deflection booming to divert oil to low-current zones, where it can be collected with skimmers, or to catchment areas along the shore, where it can be cleaned up. The strategies are based on an understanding of the hydrodynamics and geomorphology of the tidal inlets.
LESSONS LEARNED: THE METHODOLOGY OF CONDUCTING OIL SPILL RESPONSE TRAINING
Authors: Bennett Bernard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Achieving and maintaining preparedness for oil spill response is similar to other emergency services in that constant training is required to achieve success. Careful consideration of what training is required must be conducted through systematic task and training needs analysis. Only then can the methods and suppliers of such training be selected. Once initiated, the training must be maintained, reinforced, and updated through exercises or other schemes. This paper looks at some lessons learned from conducting oil spill training and concludes that emergency response training for oil spills can be financially justifiable.
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS SURFACE OIL DETECTORS APPLIED TO HAZARDOUS ZONES
Authors: Cabioc'h François , Polard Jean-Pierre , Stephan Catherine 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Handling hydrocarbons at terminals or refineries leads to many opportunities for oil spills. In a search of the quickest response to this type of spill, the French Direction of Civil Protection funded a study aimed at achieving state of the art detection of oil spills at terminals. CEDRE evaluated four types of oil detectors: ultraviolet, infrared, visible, and a membrane one. The evaluation consisted of measuring the response to various thicknesses and several oils.
THE PERFORMANCE OF BOOMS IN AN OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Nash James H. , Molsberry David D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Marine Spill Response Corporation, Southwest Region, conducted offshore oil spill training exercises and boom tests between May 22, 1991, and August 2, 1991. Test documents and still and video pictures document the operations and evaluation of each of the nine booms used. The tests determined operational performance in the following areas: boom handling, loading, securing, deploying, retrieving, seagoing performance, response to waves, and tow force.
BIOREMEDIATION OF OILED BEACH SEDIMENTS: ASSESSMENT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
Authors: Lee Kenneth , Tremblay Gilles H. , Cobanli Susan E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The effects of inorganic (ammonium nitrate and triple superphosphate) and organic (fish bone-meal) fertilizers on the biodegradation rates of Venture condensate within a sand-beach environment were assessed over 333 days. Field results showed that the organic fertilizer stimulated microbial growth and metabolic activity to the greatest extent. However, based on chemical analysis of residual oil concentrations and composition, the application of inorganic fertilizers was the superior bioremediation strategy. This paradox between microbiological and chemical results was attributed to the selective growth of different bacterial populations, the preferential use of components within the organic fertilizer over oil by the indigenous microflora, and the production of toxic metabolic by-products from the degradation of the organic fertilizer.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND RECOVERY OF A HIGH MARSH PIPELINE OIL SPILL AND BURN SITE, UPPER COPANO BAY, TEXAS
Authors: Tunnell John W. , Hardegree Beau , Hicks David W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On January 7, 1992, a rupture in an underground oil transfer pipeline resulted in a spill of about 2,950 bbl (469 m3) of crude oil into a high marsh community near Chiltipin Creek, San Patricio County, Texas. Authorization for burning the oil, as a cleanup method, was given by the Texas General Land Office (the designated state on-scene coordinator). The environmental impact of the spill and ensuing burn on this high marsh has been assessed by monitoring changes in the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content of the associated floral community and soil over time. Ultimately 6.5 ha of oil and vegetation of the 15.5 ha surrounded by sorbent booms were burned, causing them to become barren. These bare patches produced by the burn were rapidly colonized by grasses, mainly Distichlis spicata. Secondary succession by perennial climax species is slow, resulting in significantly lower species diversity and biomass in the oiled and burned area even after 30 months. Significant changes within, and interactions between, impacted and control areas were determined using repeated measures MANOVA. TPH measurements made in December 1992 and repeated in July 1993 show consistent decreases. The obvious disadvantages of burning as a cleanup method in this high marsh area are the substantial initial damage to plants and the high residual hydrocarbon levels in the sediment.
IN SITU BURNING OF ALASKA NORTH SLOPE EMULSIONS
Authors: Buist Ian A. , Glover Nick 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The onset of water-in-oil emulsion formation in an oil slick often signals the closing of the window of opportunity for in-situ burning as a countermeasure. Water contents in excess of 25 percent in a stable emulsion generally preclude ignition of the slick. A study of in-situ burning of water-in-oil emulsions formed by weathered Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude oil has recently been completed by Alaska Clean Seas. The study consisted of three phases: laboratory-scale burns in Ottawa in a 0.13 m2 burn ring, small-scale burns in Prudhoe Bay in 1.2 m2 and 3.3 m2 pans, and meso-scale burns in a 69 m2 circle of 3M Fire Boom in a water-filled pit at Prudhoe Bay. The laboratory-scale tests showed that stable, weathered ANS crude emulsions could be ignited in-situ using conventional gelled fuel igniters only up to a water content of 25 percent. The combination of adding an oilfield emulsion breaker, Petrolite EXO 0894, and the use of gelled crude oil as an alternate igniter fuel, permitted ignition and efficient combustion of weathered ANS emulsions with water contents of 65 percent, the maximum achievable. The small-scale pan tests conducted in Prudhoe Bay proved the same: that normally unignitable emulsions of weathered ANS crude, up to 65 percent water content, could be successfully ignited and efficiently burned outdoors at 0° to 5°C in winds up to 32 km/h with the application of EXO 0894 one hour prior to ignition. Tests with the Helitorch igniter system suspended from a crane showed that a mixture of gelled gasoline and crude oil was the most effective ignition fuel for the emulsions. Attempts were made to ignite emulsion slicks with gelled igniter fuels containing the emulsion breaker; but this technique did not prove as effective as pre-mixing the breaker into the slick. These tests also indicated that the emulsion burns produced a lighter smoke than that from crude oil. Three meso-scale experimental burns were carried out: one involved approximately 13 m3 (80 bbl) of fresh ANS crude as a baseline; one used about 8 m3 (50 bbl) of a stable 50 percent water-in-weathered crude emulsion; and, the final burn was done with 17 m3 (105 bbl) of stable 60 percent water content emulsion. The oil removal efficiency for the fresh crude oil burn was approximately 98 percent. The oil removal efficiencies for the 50 and 60 percent water emulsions were 97 and 96 percent respectively.