bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Differences in Pain Beliefs Within and Between a Large Nonclinical (Workplace) Population and a Clinical (Chronic Low Back Pain) Population Using the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire
Authors: Baird Andrew J. , Haslam Roger A. 
Published: July 2013

Background
Beliefs, cognitions, and behaviors relating to pain can be associated with a range of negative outcomes. In patients, certain beliefs are associated with increased levels of pain and related disability. There are few data, however, showing the extent to which beliefs of patients differ from those of the general population.

Objective
This study explored pain beliefs in a large nonclinical population and a chronic low back pain (CLBP) sample using the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ) to identify differences in scores and factor structures between and within the samples.

Design
This was a cross-sectional study.

Methods
The samples comprised patients attending a rehabilitation program and respondents to a workplace survey. Pain beliefs were assessed using the PBQ, which incorporates 2 scales: organic and psychological. Exploratory factor analysis was used to explore variations in factor structure within and between samples. The relationship between the 2 scales also was examined.

Results
Patients reported higher organic scores and lower psychological scores than the nonclinical sample. Within the nonclinical sample, those who reported frequent pain scored higher on the organic scale than those who did not. Factor analysis showed variations in relation to the presence of pain. The relationship between scales was stronger in those not reporting frequent pain.

Limitations
This was a cross-sectional study; therefore, no causal inferences can be made.

Conclusions
Patients experiencing CLBP adopt a more biomedical perspective on pain than nonpatients. The presence of pain is also associated with increased biomedical thinking in a nonclinical sample. However, the impact is not only on the strength of beliefs, but also on the relationship between elements of belief and the underlying belief structure.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Upper Cervical Spine Instability Tests: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hutting Nathan , Scholten-Peeters Gwendolijne G.M. , Vijverman Veerle , Keesenberg Martin D.M. , Verhagen Arianne P. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundPatients with neck pain, headache, torticollis, or neurological signs should be screened carefully for upper cervical spine instability, as these conditions are “red flags” for applying physical therapy interventions. However, little is known about the diagnostic accuracy of upper cervical spine instability tests.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of upper cervical spine instability screening tests in patients or people who are healthy.Data SourcesPubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and RECAL Legacy databases were searched from their inception through October 2012.Study SelectionStudies were included that assessed the diagnostic accuracy of upper cervical instability screening tests in patients or people who are healthy and in which sensitivity and specificity were reported or could be calculated using a 2 × 2 table.Data Extraction and Quality AssessmentTwo reviewers independently performed data extraction and the methodological quality assessment using the QUADAS-2.Data SynthesisDepending on heterogeneity, statistical pooling was performed. All diagnostic parameters (sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios) were recalculated, if possible.ResultsFive studies were included in this systematic review. Statistical pooling was not possible due to clinical and statistical heterogeneity. Specificity of 7 tests was sufficient, but sensitivity varied. Predictive values were variable. Likelihood ratios also were variable, and, in most cases, the confidence intervals were large.LimitationsThe included studies suffered from several biases. None of the studies evaluated upper cervical spine instability tests in patients receiving primary care.ConclusionsThe membranes tests had the best diagnostic accuracy, but their applicability as a test for diagnosing upper cervical spine instability in primary care has yet to be confirmed.
Impact of Micro Credit Program on Social Mobility of Women
Authors: Prasai Dilli R 
Published: July 2013

The term development is defined various ways by different social scientist. For an example: Hugo Slim defines it, as "Development is not a commodity to be weighted or measured by gross national products. It is the process of change that enables to take changes of their own destinies and realize their full potential. It requires building up the confidence among the people. For this, the skill, assets and freedoms are necessary conditions to achieve this goal". The process of development crosses number of turns and bends as we see its historical tracks. Its starting point can be considered from mercantilism. The state led strategy is followed as an alternative option of mercantilism. Since the decade of 90, the community-based strategy has become one of the best options. In the later day, the NGO-led strategy is also standing as a strong alternative option in the development arena. It is quite impossible to distinctly differentiate the strategy wise policy of any government but the development by mobilizing the NGO came to be indispensable in the present world. The involvement of the women fluctuates in its dimension. At present, the government/donors and some INGOs and the women-specific National-level NGOs have moved faster to the development adopting gender approach-GAD. Other civil society institutions such as media and trade unions, local NGOs seem still to be grappling with the WAD approach. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/researcher.v1i1.8371 Researcher: A Research Journal of Culture and Society Vol.1(1) 2013
Cervical stenosis in adults undergoing thoracolumbar deformity surgery: incidence, treatment, and complications
Authors: Singh Devender , Truumees Eeric , Hawthorne Dana , Stokes John K. , Geck Matthew J. 
Published: July 2013

Object
The goals of this study were to determine the incidence of occult cervical stenosis in patients over 50 years old with thoracolumbar deformity and to assess the risk of progressive cervical myelopathy after complex thoracolumbar reconstruction in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with cervical stenosis.

Methods
Charts and cervical imaging for patients who were over 50 years old when they had undergone thoracolumbar deformity surgery between 2005 and 2008 were reviewed. Patients with primary neurological disorders were excluded from the study.

Results
Seventy-three patients (56 women and 17 men) met the study inclusion criteria. The minimum follow-up time was 2 years. Fifty-eight percent of patients (42 of 73) had cervical stenosis on advanced imaging. Thirty-three patients had mild or moderate stenosis; only 3 of these patients had clinical myelopathy. Nine patients (12%) had critical cervical stenosis, as determined from imaging; among these patients, 3 had moderate or severe myelopathy. Patients with noncritical stenosis and no or mild myelopathy underwent thoracolumbar reconstruction without any postoperative progression of myelopathy. Patients with critical stenosis and/or moderate or severe myelopathy were offered cervical decompression prior to thoracolumbar reconstruction; those who accepted this offer did not have progression of myelopathy. One patient underwent thoracolumbar reconstruction first despite critical cervical stenosis. At 20 months, her cervical myelopathy had progressed, and she ultimately required cervical decompression.

Conclusions
Cervical stenosis, even critical stenosis in some cases, was seen in more than one-half of the patients. Most presented without obvious cervical complaints. In those with mild to moderate stenosis and no or mild myelopathy, lengthy thoracolumbar reconstruction procedures were not associated with progression of the myelopathy. The authors recommend that all adults with thoracolumbar deformity undergo a detailed upper- and lower-extremity neurological examination prior to major thoracolumbar reconstruction.
How an Occupational Therapist Should Conceptualise Self-Awareness following Traumatic Brain Injury in Childhood — A Literature Review
Authors: Wales Lorna , Hawley Carol , Sidebotham Peter 
Published: July 2013

Introduction: The development of self-awareness across childhood is a complex and protracted phenomenon. Little is known about the consequences of an interruption to development as a result of a traumatic brain injury in childhood. The aim of this paper was to review the available literature on self-awareness in children following a traumatic brain injury and relate the findings to occupational therapy practice with this group of children and young people. Method: A comprehensive search of the current literature relating to self-awareness following a traumatic brain injury. Findings: A small amount of theoretical and qualitative literature was sourced and critically appraised using appropriate tools. Although only nine relevant papers were identified, those that were evaluated were found to be of a high quality. The findings were supplemented with additional material from developmental psychology and adult brain injury literature. Conclusion: Occupational therapists are encouraged to conceptualise self-awareness in childhood traumatic brain injury within a developmental context. A fuller understanding of self-awareness in childhood and the consequences of an interruption to its development will help to establish age-appropriate interventions.
Editorial: Finanzpolitik – internationale Perspektiven
Authors: Hein Eckhard , Heise Arne , Truger Achim 
Published: July 2013

First paragraph
Die deutsche Finanzpolitik steckt schon seit Jahren in einer tiefen Krise. Trotz beständiger Kürzungen der Ausgabenansätze in den öffentlichen Haushalten – insbesondere bei den öffentlichen Investitionen – wird Deutschland 2004 zum dritten Mal in Folge die Defizitobergrenze des Europäischen Stabilitäts- und Wachstumspaktes (SWP) von drei Prozent des BIP überschreiten. Und auch für 2005 wird dieses Kriterium wieder verfehlt werden. Der Versuch, in der Konjunkturkrise durch pro-zyklische Finanzpolitik die Haushalte zu konsolidieren, ist offensichtlich gescheitert und hat mit zur längsten Stagnation in der deutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte beigetragen. Die gleiche Erfahrung machen immer mehr Staaten der Europäischen Währungsunion. Nachdem das Sanktionsverfahren des SWP gegen Deutschland und Frankreich im Herbst 2003 ausgesetzt wurde, scheint die Restriktionsverpflichtung des SWP de facto ausgehöhlt, und die Finanzpolitik in der Europäischen Union ist endlich wieder Gegenstand einer breiteren öffentlichen Diskussion. Unter fortschrittlicheren europäischen und deutschen ÖkonomInnen ist dabei längst klar, dass eine Konsolidierungspolitik, die nicht auf die konjunkturelle Situation Rücksicht nimmt, mit schädlichen Rückwirkungen für Wachstum, Beschäftigung und die Haushaltskonsolidierung selbst rechnen muss. Sie suchen daher auch nach Alternativen zum »neu-monetaristischen« (Arestis/Sawyer 1998) SWP (vgl. Arestis et al. 2001, Buti et al. 2003, Blanchard / Giavazzi 2003 und Bofinger 2003).
Rock Composition and Recomposition inThe Departed’s Soundscape
Authors: Stokes Jordan 
Published: July 2013

AbstractResearch on pop music in film has emphasized the transformative effect of the song on the film. Using examples from Martin Scorsese’s The Departed, I argue that songs, too, are transformed by films, formally altered by a series of transformations I have labeled "Juxtaposition," "Truncation," and "Extension."
Omniphobic “RF Paper” Produced by Silanization of Paper with Fluoroalkyltrichlorosilanes
Authors: Glavan Ana C. , Martinez Ramses V. , Subramaniam Anand Bala , Yoon Hyo Jae , Nunes Rui M. D. , Lange Heiko , Thuo Martin M. , Whitesides George M. 
Published: July 2013

The fabrication and properties of “fluoroalkylated paper” (“RF paper”) by vapor‐phase silanization of paper with fluoroalkyl trichlorosilanes is reported. RF paper is both hydrophobic and oleophobic: it repels water (θappH2O>140°), organic liquids with surface tensions as low as 28 mN m‐1, aqueous solutions containing ionic and non‐ionic surfactants, and complex liquids such as blood (which contains salts, surfactants, and biological material such as cells, proteins, and lipids). The propensity of the paper to resist wetting by liquids with a wide range of surface tensions correlates with the length and degree of fluorination of the organosilane (with a few exceptions in the case of methyl trichlorosilane‐treated paper), and with the roughness of the paper. RF paper maintains the high permeability to gases and mechanical flexibility of the untreated paper, and can be folded into functional shapes (e.g., microtiter plates and liquid‐filled gas sensors). When impregnated with a perfluorinated oil, RF paper forms a “slippery” surface (paper slippery liquid‐infused porous surface, or “paper SLIPS“) capable of repelling liquids with surface tensions as low as 15 mN m‐1. The foldability of the paper SLIPS allows the fabrication of channels and flow switches to guide the transport of liquid droplets.
Colorimetric Sensor Based on Self‐Assembled Polydiacetylene/Graphene‐Stacked Composite Film for Vapor‐Phase Volatile Organic Compounds
Authors: Wang Xiaona , Sun Xiuling , Hu Ping An , Zhang Jia , Wang Lifeng , Feng Wei , Lei Shengbin , Yang Bin , Cao Wenwu 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA portable litmus‐type chemosensor is developed for the effective detection of environmentally hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using polydiacetylene (PDA) and graphene stacked within a composite film. The graphene is exploited as a transparent and efficient supporter for the highly ordered PDA monolayer. This colorimetric sensor exhibits a sensitive response to low concentrations of VOCs (∼0.01%), including tetrahydrofuran (THF), chloroform (CHCl3), methanol (CH3OH), and dimethylformamide (DMF). The color change that is caused by relatively high concentrations of VOCs can be perceived by the naked eye, and it is noteworthy that a logarithmic relationship is observed between the chromatic response and the VOC concentration in the range of ∼0.01%–10%. The structural conformation changes of the PDA molecules, caused by interactions with VOCs, are directly observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), which reveals the intrinsic mechanism of the chromatic variety at the molecular level.
Quadratic Stabilizability for Polytopic Uncertain Switched Linear Systems via Switched Observer
Authors: Soga T. , Otsuka N. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we study a quadratic stabilizability problem via switched observer for uncertain continuous‐time switched linear systems in the sense that the subsystem's matrices are represented as a polytopic linear combination of vertex matrices. Firstly, sufficient conditions for polytopic uncertain continuous‐time switched linear systems to be quadratically stabilizable via state feedback are summarized. Next, sufficient conditions for polytopic uncertain switched linear systems to be quadratically stabilizable via switched observer are given under the assumption that output matrices of subsystems have no uncertainties. Further, a numerical example is also investigated.
High‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of 2CC‐NBOMe and 25I‐NBOMe in human serum
Authors: Poklis Justin L. , Charles Jezelle , Wolf Carl E. , Poklis Alphonse 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT2CC‐NBOMe {4‐chloro‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenethyl‐N‐[(2‐methoxyphenyl) methyl] ethanamine} and 25I‐NBOMe {2‐(4‐iodo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐N‐[(2‐methoxyphenyl) methyl] ethanamine} are of a class of N‐benzyl phenethylamine derivatives whose synthesis was first reported in the scientific literature in 2011. Recent reports from ‘personal drug experience websites’ and in the popular press indicate these drugs are the latest in a series of designer ‘Bath Salt’ drugs of abuse. The presented high‐performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) method was developed for the detection and quantification of 2CC‐NBOMe and 25I‐NBOMe in serum of intoxicated emergency department patients. The assay applies 2‐​(2,​5‐​dimethoxyphenyl)‐​N‐​(2‐​methoxybenzyl) ethanamine (25H‐NBOMe) as the internal standard. Samples were extracted using solid‐phase extraction columns. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Luna 3 µ C8(2) 100 Å, 100 × 2.0 mm, column. Detection was accomplished by multiple‐reaction monitoring via an electrospray ionization source operating in the positive ionization mode. The calibration curves were linear over the investigated concentration range, 30–2000 pg/mL, with a lower limit of detection of 10 pg/mL for both 2CC‐NBOMe and 25I‐NBOMe. The method proved suitable for serum clinical toxicology testing. Two severely intoxicated emergency department patients were determined to have serum concentrations of 250 and 2780 pg/mL of 25I‐NBOMe using the presented method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution of paclitaxel in rabbits assayed by LC‐UV after intravenous administration of its novel liposomal formulation
Authors: Wei Yumeng , Xue Zhengkai , Ye Yun , Wang Peng , Huang Yu , Zhao Ling 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA simple, rapid and sensitive LC‐UV method was developed and validated for the determination of paclitaxel (PTX) in rabbit plasma and tissues. A 2 mL aliquot of acetonitrile and 10 μL ammonium acetate (pH 5.0, 6 m) as extraction agents were used to markedly increase the extraction recoveries and greatly reduce the endogenous substances. The separation was achieved on a C18 column at 30 °C using an acetonitrile–ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.0, 0.02 m; 55:45, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min; UV detection was used at 227 nm. Good linearity was obtained between 0.025 and 10,000 µg/mL for plasma and between 0.025–200,000 µg/g for tissue samples (r > 0.999). The limit of detection was 6 ng/mL in plasma, 8 ng/g in heart and 12.5 ng/g in other tissues. The limit of quantitation was 25 ng/mL in plasma and heart, 125 ng/g in other tissues. The intra‐ and inter‐day assays of precision and accuracy for all bio‐samples ranged from 1.38 to 9.60% and from 83.6 to 114.5%, respectively. The extraction recoveries ranged from 70.1 to 109.5%. Samples were stable during three freeze–thaw cycles or stored in a freezer at −20 °C for 30 days. The assay method was successfully applied to a study of the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of novel PTX lung targeting liposomes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive sampling for performance characterization of application kernels
Authors: de Oliveira Castro Pablo , Petit Eric , Farjallah Asma , Jalby William 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYCharacterizing performance is essential to optimize programs and architectures. The open source Adaptive Sampling Kit (ASK) measures the performance trade‐off in large design spaces. Exhaustively sampling all sets of parameters is computationally intractable. Therefore, ASK concentrates exploration in the most irregular regions of the design space through multiple adaptive sampling strategies. The paper presents the ASK architecture and a set of adaptive sampling strategies, including a new approach called Hierarchical Variance Sampling. ASK's usage is demonstrated on three performance characterization problems: memory stride accesses, Jacobian stencil code, and an industrial seismic application using 3D stencils. ASK builds accurate models of performance with a small number of measures. It considerably reduces the cost of performance exploration. For instance, the Jacobian stencil code design space, which has more than 31 × 108 combinations of parameters, is accurately predicted using only 1500 combinations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Periodic variation method for blind symbol rate estimation
Authors: Güner Ahmet , Kaya Ismail 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYIn order to obtain unknown symbol rate of incoming signal at a receiver, in this paper, cyclostationary features of linear digitally modulated signals are exploited by proposed periodic variation method. A low complexity but highly accurate symbol rate estimation technique is obtained. The proposed method is based on a superposed epoch analysis over autocorrelations obtained blindly in different sampling frequencies. The obtained autocorrelations are analyzed in the frequency domain, and it is seen that there are large oscillations when the autocorrelation is obtained around the symbol rate. Then, a superposed epoch analysis is developed in order to estimate symbol rate based of the periodic variations on the frequency responses of autocorrelations. The proposed algorithm is quite accurate in the noisy environment because the noise is having no frequency component after taking Fourier transform of autocorrelations in all sampling rates, and this feature is also valid for the offset frequency that the purposed estimation is not affected by offset frequency. Thus, a successful blind symbol rate estimation algorithm is obtained, and it performs much better error performance than those using the well‐known cyclic correlation based symbol rate estimations, as it is proven by the obtained performances presented in the paper. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of misalignment effects in microfluidic interconnects for modular bio‐analytical chip applications
Authors: Rani Sudheer D. , Park Taehyun , You Byoung Hee , Soper Steve A. , Murphy Michael C. , Nikitopoulos Dimitris E. 
Published: July 2013

Minimizing misalignments during the interconnection of microfluidic modules is extremely critical to develop a fully integrated microfluidic device. Misalignments arising during chip‐to‐chip or world‐to‐chip interconnections can be greatly detrimental to efficient functioning of microfluidic devices. To address this problem, we have performed numerical simulations to investigate the effect of misalignments arising in three types of interconnection methods: (i) end‐to‐end interconnection (ii) channel overlap when chips are stacked on top of each other, and (iii) tube‐in‐reservoir misalignment occurring due to the offset between the external tubing and the reservoir. For the case of end‐to‐end interconnection, the effect of misalignment was investigated for 0, 13, 50, 58, and 75% reduction in the available flow area at the location of geometrical misalignment. In the channel overlap interconnection method, various possible misalignment configurations were simulated by maintaining the same amount of misalignment (75% flow area reduction). The effect of misalignment in a tube‐in‐reservoir interconnection was investigated by positioning the tube at an offset of 164 μm from the reservoir center. All the results were evaluated in terms of the equivalent length of a straight pipe. The effect of Reynolds number (Re) was also taken into account by performing additional simulations of aforementioned cases at Re ranging between 0.075 ≤ Re ≤ 75. Correlations were developed and the results were interpreted in terms of equivalent length (Le). Equivalent length calculations revealed that the effect of misalignment in tube‐in‐reservoir interconnection method was the least significant when compared to the other two methods of interconnection.