bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SEM‐Evaluation of enamel surfaces after orthodontic debonding: a 6 and 12‐month follow‐up in vivo study
Authors: Gracco Antonio , Lattuca Monica , Marchionni Silvia , Siciliani Giuseppe , Alessandri Bonetti Giulio 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe purpose of this in vivo study was to compare the morphology of the enamel surfaces before bracket bonding and 6 and 12 months after debonding. Replicas of thirty‐two maxillary second premolars of 16 volunteers were made before bracket bonding (T0), after debonding (T1), 6 months (T2), and 12 months (T3) later. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the labial enamel surfaces were taken at T0, T1, T2, and T3 at increasing magnifications and analyzed according to the enamel damage index EDI. Data evaluation by using Friedman test followed by Wilcoxon signed ranks test with Bonferroni adjustment did not reveal statistically significant differences in the mean EDI at T0, T2, and T3, whereas the mean EDI at T1 was significantly higher than at T0, T2, and T3 (p < 0.05). The debonding procedure tested in this study produces no clinically relevant enamel damage. These alterations are reversible indeed, as a progressive restoration to pretreatment condition is evident after 6 months already and even more after 12 months. SCANNING 37:322–326, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Appearance of fetal posterior fossa at 11–14 weeks in fetuses with Dandy–Walker malformation or chromosomal anomalies
Authors: Volpe P. , Contro E. , Fanelli T. , Muto B. , Pilu G. , Gentile M. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo describe the sonographic appearance of fetal posterior fossa anatomy at 11–14 weeks of pregnancy and to assess the outcome of fetuses with increased intracranial translucency (IT) and/or brainstem‐to‐occipital bone (BSOB) diameter.MethodsReference ranges for brainstem (BS), IT and cisterna magna (CM) measurements, BSOB diameter and the BS : BSOB ratio were obtained from the first‐trimester ultrasound examination of 233 fetuses with normal postnatal outcome (control group). The intraobserver and interobserver variability of measurements were investigated using 73 stored ultrasound images. In addition, a study group of 17 fetuses with increased IT and/or BSOB diameter was selected to assess outcome.ResultsNo significant intraobserver or interobserver variability was found for any measurement in the control group. In the study group, IT was increased in all cases and BSOB diameter was above the 95th centile of the calculated normal range in all but two (88%) cases. In 13/17 study cases, only two of the three posterior brain spaces were recognized on ultrasound. These 13 fetuses had a larger BSOB diameter than did the four cases that showed all three posterior brain spaces, and had severe associated anomalies including Dandy–Walker malformation (DWM) and/or chromosomal anomalies.ConclusionsVisualization of the fetal posterior fossa anatomy at 11–14 weeks' gestation is feasible. Increased fluid in the posterior brain at 11–14 weeks, particularly in the case of non‐visibility of the septation that divides the future fourth ventricle from the CM, is an important risk factor for cystic posterior fossa malformations, in particular DWM, and/or chromosomal aberrations. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Bisvinylated [R–Ge9–Ge9–R]4– Cluster Dimers
Authors: Benda Christian B. , He Haiyan , Klein Wilhelm , Somer Mehmet , Fässler Thomas F. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe syntheses, crystal structures, and NMR and Raman spectroscopic characterization of two compounds with a new member of the organically functionalized dimeric Ge9–Ge9 polyanion [R–Ge9–Ge9–R]4– with R = CH=CH2 are presented. [K([2.2.2]crypt)]4[(CH2=CH)–Ge9–Ge9–(CH=CH2)]·1.76 en (1) was synthesized either at elevated temperature by the reaction of K4Ge9 and bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene in ethylenediamine or at ambient temperature in the presence of Pt(PPh3)4. [K(18crown‐6)]4[(CH2=CH)–Ge9–Ge9–(CH=CH2)]·4 en (2) was obtained from the prefabricated monomeric bisvinylated Ge9 cluster [Ge9(CH=CH2)2]2– and an ethylenediamine solution of the intermetallic compound K4.79Co0.79Sn9. The reductive cleavage of one or two vinyl groups from [Ge9(CH=CH2)2]2– – a prerequisite for the latter reaction – could be shown by reacting a solution of the divinylated [Ge9(CH=CH2)2]2– anion in liquid ammonia with elemental potassium, which resulted in the formation of the ligand‐free Ge94– cluster in the new compound [K5(OH)]Ge9(NH3)11 (3).
Cytological and molecular analysis of Nsa CMS in Brassica napus L.
Authors: Liu Jia , Xiang Ruiyong , Wang Weiming , Mei Desheng , Li Yunchang , Mason Annaliese S. , Fu Li , Hu Qiong 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNsa cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a novel Brassica napus male sterility system derived from Sinapis arvensis cytoplasm. Nsa CMS results in defective pollen production due to S. arvensis mitochondrial gene failure/incompatibility in the anthers, requiring nuclear genes to restore fertility. From ultramicroscopic observation of anther sections, we concluded that the induction of sterility begins at the pollen (microspore) mother cell stage. Most pollen mother cells do not undergo the first meiotic division and dissociate before the tetrad stage. At the tetrad stage, abortion was observed for all uninucleate pollen. Dysfunction of mitchondrial gene(s) leads to cell vacuolization in the anther tapetum and middle layer cells. Early programmed cell death (PCD) of the tapetum and anther middle layer cells is the main reason for pollen mother cell abortion. Due to this early pollen abortion, the sterility of Nsa CMS is stable and complete. Southern blotting of DNA from the Nsa male-sterile line, its maintainer and restorer lines, as well as the two parental lines (B. napus cv. Zhongshuang 4 and S. arvensis var. Yeyou 18) involved in the somatic hybridization, suggested that the cytoplasm of the Nsa CMS line was from S. arvensis and that of the restorer line was a rearrangement of both parental lines. Nsa CMS shows great potential for hybrid seed production in rapeseed. Our results provide clues to identify novel male-sterility (S) and restorer (R) genes as well as elucidate the mechanism underlying interactions between the S and R genes.
The role of obstetrics and gynecology national societies during natural disasters
Authors: Lalonde André , Adrien Lauré 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWhen a natural disaster occurs, such as an earthquake, floods, or a tsunami, the international response is quick. However, there is no organized strategy in place to address obstetric and gynecological (ob/gyn) emergencies. International organizations and national ob/gyn societies do not have an organized plan and rely on the good will of volunteers. Too often, local specialists are ignored and are not involved in the response. The massive earthquake in Haiti in 2010 exemplifies the lack of coordinated response involving national organizations following the disaster. The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) engaged rapidly with Haitian colleagues in response to the obstetric and gynecological emergencies. An active strategy is proposed.
Preverbal subjects, information structure, and object clitic position in Old Occitan
Authors: DONALDSON BRYAN 
Published: April 2015

The position of object and adverbial clitics remains problematic in Old Occitan syntax (Wanner 2010). This paper analyzes clitic position specifically in affirmative main declaratives with overt preverbal subjects, in which clitics are either preverbal or postverbal with no apparent semantic distinction. Thus, the phrasesEn Constantiss’enanetandEn Constantis anet s’enare semantically equivalent, each meaning ‘Sir Constantine left’, whether the cliticss’en‘himself.from-there’ appear before or after the verbanet‘went’. Previous analyses have concluded that this variation is random (Mériz 1978) or due to regional or dialectal variation (Hinzelin 2007). Neither approach satisfactorily addresses the underlying grammar or the principles underlying the distribution of the variants. The present analysis draws on claims about the left periphery in medieval Romance (Benincà 2006) and reports empirical data from the troubadour biographies (vidasandrazos) and thevidaof Saint Douceline. Results from 470 subject–verb declaratives establish that the subject in subject–verb–clitic sequences is left-dislocated, albeit covertly so. This sequence is one of several instantiations of subject left dislocation in Old Occitan and usually signals topic shift.
Humor (re)positioning ethnolinguistic ideologies: “You tink is funny?”
Authors: Da Silva Emanuel 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article examines how essentializing ideologies of language and identity in Toronto's Portuguese ethnic market, constructed as monolingual and monocultural within the larger mainstream market of English-speaking Canada, provide the background for humorous sociolinguistic performances that playfully acknowledge, reproduce, and challenge ethnolinguistic stratification. After more than sixty years, the dominant spaces of the local Portuguese market continue to exclude most Portuguese-Canadian youth by rarely legitimizing the use of English, bilingual code-switching, or ‘broken’ or ‘Azorean’ Portuguese. By choosing YouTube as a space in which to engage audiences in ideologies of language and identity through performances of sociolinguistic caricatures, three young Portuguese-Canadian amateur comedians negotiate sociolinguistic boundaries with an ambivalent agency. The mocking performances are legitimized by the performers' in-group status and reveal, among other things, how a stigmatized variety of Azorean Portuguese and certain ethnolinguistic stereotypes can be reappropriated and reinforced relative to sociolinguistic hierarchies. (Language ideologies, ethnic humor, performativity, heteroglossia)*
Experiments in international administration: The forgotten functionalism of James Arthur Salter
Authors: HOLTHAUS LEONIE , STEFFEK JENS 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this article, we reintroduce the political thought of James Arthur Salter (1881–1975), a British diplomat, politician, and university professor, who made a seminal contribution to the emergence of International Relations theory in the interwar years. His academic writings were informed by his professional engagement with the Allied Maritime Transport Council (AMTC) during the First World War and the technical branches of the League of Nations. Salter promoted a distinctly transgovernmental form of expert cooperation in international advisory bodies connected to national ministries. His vision of a depoliticised transnational expertocracy inspired various IR functionalists, not least David Mitrany. Salter suggested such forms of governance also for British national politics, drawing what we call here an ‘international analogy’. His work illustrates very well how the emergence of IR theory was connected to broader trends in political theory, in particular in efforts at adapting democracy to the increasing complexities of industrial modernity.
New Legal Realism, Empiricism, and Scientism: The Relative Objectivity of Law and Social Science
Authors: LANG ANDREW 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this article, I suggest that one of the central characteristics of New Legal Realism is the productive tension between empiricist and pragmatist theories of knowledge which lies at its core. On one side, new realist work in its empiricist posture seeks to use empirical knowledge of the world as the basis on which to design, interpret, apply, and criticize the law. On the other, in its pragmatist moments, it explicitly draws attention to the social and political contingency of any claims to empirical knowledge of the world, including its own. As a consequence, it is distinctive of much scholarship in the New Legal Realist vein that it continually enacts creative syntheses of different philosophies of truth in an attempt to be, in Shaffer's words, ‘positivist . . . interpretivist, and legal realist all at once’. The first part of this article draws on existing historical accounts of legal realism briefly to trace the problematic and ambiguous place of scientism in the legal realist tradition. Then, in the second and more important part of the article, I argue that the ambivalence of the legal realists’ vision has left us, in certain contexts, with a complicated form of mixed legal-scientific governance which has proved remarkably and surprisingly resilient in the face of late twentieth century critiques of scientific objectivity. This may be one of the most enduring legacies of the ‘old’ legal realists for those today who work in the New Legal Realist vein.
Effect of heifer-raising practices onE. coliantimicrobial resistance andSalmonellaprevalence in heifer raisers
Authors: PEREIRA R. V. , SILER J. D. , CUMMINGS K. J. , DAVIS M. A. , WARNICK L. D. 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARYAlthough cattle movement and commingling play an important role in the inter-herd transmission of pathogens, little is known about the effect of commingling of heifers at raising operations. The objective of this study was to compare the resistance ofE. coliand prevalence ofSalmonellafrom pooled faecal pats of heifers raised off-farm at multi-source raisers (MULTI) that raised heifers from at least two farms compared with on-farm raisers (HOME), with heifers from only that farm. MULTI faecal pat samples were collected from pens with animals that had arrived at the farm within the previous 2 months (AP) and from animals that would be departing the heifer raiser in 2–3 months (DP). Corresponding age sampling was conducted at HOME raisers. Odds of ampicillin resistance were 3·0 times greater inE. colicollected from MULTI compared to HOME raisers.E. colifrom AP pens had significantly (P< 0·05) higher odds of resistance to ampicillin, neomycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline compared to DP pens.Salmonellarecovery was not significantly different between heifer-raising systems (P= 0·3). Heifer-raising system did not have a major overall impact on selection of resistantE. coli, which was strongly affected by the age of the animals sampled.
Towards a Theory of Landscape Iconoclasm
Authors: González Zarandona José Antonio 
Published: April 2015

‘Landscape: the land escapes (1) when we try to seize it with our maps, satellites, geographic information systems and Street Views, land is what evades our surveillance (2) land is the terrain of escape.’ (Cubitt 2012)‘Since the middle of the twentieth century, the claim that something is art does not imply what it might have meant at the end of the nineteenth century, when it was made out to be a hallmark of European high and bourgeois society.’ (Heyd 2012, 287)The destruction of Indigenous rock art sites in the Pilbara district in Western Australia has become a natural sight within the mining landscape of the area. Whilst much of the destruction is explained as acts of vandalism and as a result of the industrial activities that are propelling the Australian economy, I claim that a new theory of iconoclasm is needed to explain fully this disastrous example of heritage conservation. Henceforth, in order to explain the destruction of the Murujuga/Burrup Peninsula petroglyphs, the largest archaeological site in the world, this paper develops the theory of landscape iconoclasm. This theory states that the destruction of Indigenous landscapes can be compared to the destruction of religious images, by analysing the inherent symbolic functions of iconoclasm, together with those of heritage, the better to elucidate the state of affairs in the Murujuga/Burrup Peninsula. Furthermore, by drawing from Aboriginal mythology and art-historical and anthropological theories, the theory of landscape iconoclasm is able to explain the destruction of archaeological sites within a framework that falls outside prevalent discourses of heritage.
Energy and macronutrient intakes in Brazil: results of the first nationwide individual dietary survey
Authors: Souza Rita AG , Yokoo Edna M , Sichieri Rosely , Pereira Rosangela A 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize energy and macronutrient intakes in Brazil and to describe the top food items contributing to energy and macronutrient intakes.DesignTwo non-consecutive 24 h dietary records were collected and energy and macronutrient data were adjusted for usual intake distribution. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA with the Bonferroni post hoc test were analysed using SAS version 9·1. Means and standard deviations were estimated for sex, age and income strata.SettingNationwide cross-sectional survey, 2008–2009.SubjectsNationally representative sample of individuals ≥10 years old (n32 749), excluding pregnant and lactating women (n 1254).ResultsThe average energy intake was 7958 kJ/d (1902 kcal/d) and mean energy density was 6·82 kJ/g (1·63 kcal/g). Added sugar represented 13 % of total energy intake and animal protein represented 10 %. The mean contribution of total fat to energy intake was 27 %, while the mean saturated fat contribution was 9 %. Compared with the lowest quartile of income, individuals in the highest income quartile had greater mean intakes of energy, added sugar, alcohol, animal protein, total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and trans fat. Rice, beans, beef, bread and coffee were among the top five foods contributing most to the intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat and fibre.ConclusionsIn general, Brazilians’ dietary intake is compatible with a high risk of obesity and non-communicable chronic diseases, being characterized by high intakes of added sugar and saturated fat. Income may be a major determinant of diet nutritional characteristics.
IMPROPER INTERSECTIONS OF KUDLA–RAPOPORT DIVISORS AND EISENSTEIN SERIES
Authors: Sankaran Siddarth 
Published: April 2015

We consider a certain family of Kudla–Rapoport cycles on an integral model of a Shimura variety attached to a unitary group of signature (1, 1), and prove that the arithmetic degrees of these cycles are Fourier coefficients of the central derivative of an Eisenstein series of genus 2. The integral model in question parameterizes abelian surfaces equipped with a non-principal polarization and an action of an imaginary quadratic number ring, and in this setting the cycles are degenerate: they may contain components of positive dimension. This result can be viewed as confirmation, in the degenerate setting and for dimension 2, of conjectures of Kudla and Kudla–Rapoport that predict relations between the intersection numbers of special cycles and the Fourier coefficients of automorphic forms.
On Hodgson on property rights
Authors: ALLEN DOUGLAS W. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGeoffrey Hodgson has a number of criticisms regarding the ‘economic approach to property rights’ that has been mostly championed by members of the UCLA and Washington departments of economics during the 1960s–1990s. In this short note I address these comments and point out that most are simply a matter of nomenclature. When there are disagreements they stem from Hodgson’s failure to account for positive transaction costs and this literature’s emphasis on operational explanations of organization.
Macrophage- and RIP3-dependent inflammasome activation exacerbates retinal detachment-induced photoreceptor cell death
Authors: Kataoka K , Matsumoto H , Kaneko H , Notomi S , Takeuchi K , Sweigard J H , Atik A , Murakami Y , Connor K M , Terasaki H , Miller J W , Vavvas D G 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDetachment of photoreceptors from the retinal pigment epithelium is seen in various retinal disorders, resulting in photoreceptor death and subsequent vision loss. Cell death results in the release of endogenous molecules that activate molecular platforms containing caspase-1, termed inflammasomes. Inflammasome activation in retinal diseases has been reported in some cases to be protective and in others to be detrimental, causing neuronal cell death. Moreover, the cellular source of inflammasomes in retinal disorders is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that patients with photoreceptor injury by retinal detachment (RD) have increased levels of cleaved IL-1β, an end product of inflammasome activation. In an animal model of RD, photoreceptor cell death led to activation of endogenous inflammasomes, and this activation was diminished by Rip3 deletion. The major source of Il1b expression was found to be infiltrating macrophages in the subretinal space, rather than dying photoreceptors. Inflammasome inhibition attenuated photoreceptor death after RD. Our data implicate the infiltrating macrophages as a source of damaging inflammasomes after photoreceptor detachment in a RIP3-dependent manner and suggest a novel therapeutic target for treatment of retinal diseases.
Generation of neutral and high-density electron–positron pair plasmas in the laboratory
Authors: Sarri G. , Poder K. , Cole J. M. , Schumaker W. , Di Piazza A. , Reville B. , Dzelzainis T. , Doria D. , Gizzi L. A. , Grittani G. , Kar S. , Keitel C. H. , Krushelnick K. , Kuschel S. , Mangles S. P. D. , Najmudin Z. , Shukla N. , Silva L. O. , Symes D. , Thomas A. G. R. , Vargas M. , Vieira J. , Zepf M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractElectron–positron pair plasmas represent a unique state of matter, whereby there exists an intrinsic and complete symmetry between negatively charged (matter) and positively charged (antimatter) particles. These plasmas play a fundamental role in the dynamics of ultra-massive astrophysical objects and are believed to be associated with the emission of ultra-bright gamma-ray bursts. Despite extensive theoretical modelling, our knowledge of this state of matter is still speculative, owing to the extreme difficulty in recreating neutral matter–antimatter plasmas in the laboratory. Here we show that, by using a compact laser-driven setup, ion-free electron–positron plasmas with unique characteristics can be produced. Their charge neutrality (same amount of matter and antimatter), high-density and small divergence finally open up the possibility of studying electron–positron plasmas in controlled laboratory experiments.
C-Nap1 mutation affects centriole cohesion and is associated with a Seckel-like syndrome in cattle
Authors: Floriot Sandrine , Vesque Christine , Rodriguez Sabrina , Bourgain-Guglielmetti Florence , Karaiskou Anthi , Gautier Mathieu , Duchesne Amandine , Barbey Sarah , Fritz Sébastien , Vasilescu Alexandre , Bertaud Maud , Moudjou Mohammed , Halliez Sophie , Cormier-Daire Valérie , E.L. Hokayem Joyce , Nigg Erich A. , Manciaux Luc , Guatteo Raphaël , Cesbron Nora , Toutirais Geraldine , Eggen André , Schneider-Maunoury Sylvie , Boichard Didier , Sobczak-Thépot Joelle , Schibler Laurent 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCaprine-like Generalized Hypoplasia Syndrome (SHGC) is an autosomal-recessive disorder in Montbéliarde cattle. Affected animals present a wide range of clinical features that include the following: delayed development with low birth weight, hind limb muscular hypoplasia, caprine-like thin head and partial coat depigmentation. Here we show that SHGC is caused by a truncating mutation in the CEP250 gene that encodes the centrosomal protein C-Nap1. This mutation results in centrosome splitting, which neither affects centriole ultrastructure and duplication in dividing cells nor centriole function in cilium assembly and mitotic spindle organization. Loss of C-Nap1-mediated centriole cohesion leads to an altered cell migration phenotype. This discovery extends the range of loci that constitute the spectrum of autosomal primary recessive microcephaly (MCPH) and Seckel-like syndromes.