bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solving the Single Vehicle Routing Problem with Variable Capacity
Authors: Louveaux François V. , Salazar-González Juan-José 
Published: October 2014

This paper considers the classical vehicle routing problem (VRP) where the vehicle capacity is not fixed. Indeed, at the moment of acquiring (or renting) the vehicle that will serve all customers, there is some freedom of choice. A larger vehicle capacity implies a lower total distance travelled but larger operating costs. The reverse is true for a smaller vehicle. This paper gives an approach to select the best capacity and the best route to minimize a function of the acquisition cost and travelled distance. We first consider an enumerative approach, which consists of solving a sequence of VRPs, starting from the one having the largest capacity. The number of VRPs to solve using this approach is unknown. Based on computational experiments, this number is mostly large in our benchmark instances. We then proceed to a direct approach based on the two-index formulation of the VRP. We introduce several valid inequalities that allow us to have an integer linear programming formulation of the VRP with fixed vehicle capacity. We describe separation procedures for these inequalities. We conclude with computational results that confirm the utility of these inequalities when solving benchmark VRP instances.
A Preliminary Study on Microbial Contamination of Leafy Vegetables in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Shehu Kasimu , Maishanu Asma’u M. , Salau Ibrahim A. 
Published: October 2014

Five leafy vegetables commonly consumed in Sokoto metropolis were evaluated for microbiological quality using standard procedures involving standard plate count (SPC). The vegetables investigated included Lactuaca sativa (Lettuce), Amaranthus hybridus (Spinach), Vernonia amagdalina (Bitter leaf), Brassica oleracea (Cabbage) and Moringa oleifera Lam (Horse radish). Ten fungal species which include Alternaria alternata, Absidia corymbifera, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium oxysporium, Geotrichum candidum, Mucor racemoses, Rhizopus stolonifer and Trichoderma harzianum and four species of bacteria: Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocystogens and Staphyllococus aureus were isolated from the leafy vegetables. The total colony counts of fungi ranged from 1.8 x 106 – 6.28 x 105 (cfu/g) of the vegetables while that of bacteria ranged from 1.0 x 106 to 2.94 x 106 cfu/g of the vegetables. The highest counts of microbial organisms were found on A. hybridus while M. oleifera and B. olerarea had the lowest fungal and bacterial counts respectively. There is a need to reduce the levels of microbial contamination on leafy vegetables through appropriate production practices, careful handling by the vendors and appropriate processing with a view to minimize the risk of human exposure to fungal and bacterial pathogens associated with the vegetables.
Extreme PCR: Efficient and Specific DNA Amplification in 15–60 Seconds
Authors: Farrar Jared S , Wittwer Carl T 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDPCR is a key technology in molecular biology and diagnostics that typically amplifies and quantifies specific DNA fragments in about an hour. However, the kinetic limits of PCR are unknown.METHODSWe developed prototype instruments to temperature cycle 1- to 5-μL samples in 0.4–2.0 s at annealing/extension temperatures of 62 °C–76 °C and denaturation temperatures of 85 °C–92 °C. Primer and polymerase concentrations were increased 10- to 20-fold above typical concentrations to match the kinetics of primer annealing and polymerase extension to the faster temperature cycling. We assessed analytical specificity and yield on agarose gels and by high-resolution melting analysis. Amplification efficiency and analytical sensitivity were demonstrated by real-time optical monitoring.RESULTSUsing single-copy genes from human genomic DNA, we amplified 45- to 102-bp targets in 15–60 s. Agarose gels showed bright single bands at the expected size, and high-resolution melting curves revealed single products without using any “hot start” technique. Amplification efficiencies were 91.7%–95.8% by use of 0.8- to 1.9-s cycles with single-molecule sensitivity. A 60-bp genomic target was amplified in 14.7 s by use of 35 cycles.CONCLUSIONSThe time required for PCR is inversely related to the concentration of critical reactants. By increasing primer and polymerase concentrations 10- to 20-fold with temperature cycles of 0.4–2.0 s, efficient (&gt;90%), specific, high-yield PCR from human DNA is possible in &lt;15 s. Extreme PCR demonstrates the feasibility of while-you-wait testing for infectious disease, forensics, and any application where immediate results may be critical.
Social media scripts in The Chinese Wall
Authors: Hollander Inez 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
With the spread of social media and virtual communities rather than actual ones, The Chinese Wall could well be interpreted as a yearning for connecting with people in real time. However, at the same time, it seems to utilize social media strategies to bring relative strangers closer together, even though, curiously, the film was made at a moment in time when the first forms of social media were just emerging on the horizon.
Formless world and ‘paperless’ people
Authors: Ostrowska Elzbieta 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This article proposes that in The Office Kieslowski uses visual fragmentation and asynchronous sound to express an epistemological doubt. The film’s disjunctive form represents the impossibility of a rational depiction of the world of a communist bureaucracy. Instead, only an archive of images and sounds can be compiled.
The representation of loneliness in The Chinese Wall
Authors: Lefebvre-Linetzky Jacques 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
How does one represent loneliness on film and make it tangible? Doing so implies the choice of a specific space, entering the main character’s inner thoughts and guiding the spectator’s gaze by alternating subjective shots with pseudo-objective close-ups. And here, the film-maker deftly avoids melodrama by resorting to irony.
Computerspiele und Soziale Netzwerke
Authors: Rosenstock Roland 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Ethics regarding media use can be pointed out in several situations in which media are used. The article takes Grand Theft Auto V, published by Rockstar Games, as an example to show opportunities and limits of the »acting subject« - the gamer - in computer and online games. Human dignity is debated by reference to socio-critical aspects which are confronted with the violation of moral limits. Finally, computer games are highlighted as a convenient medium for the process of ethical learning.
Peripheral natural killer cell maturation depends on the transcription factor Aiolos
Authors: Holmes Melissa L , Huntington Nicholas D , Thong Rebecca PL , Brady Jason , Hayakawa Yoshihiro , Andoniou Christopher E , Fleming Peter , Shi Wei , Smyth Gordon K , Degli‐Esposti Mariapia A , Belz Gabrielle T , Kallies Axel , Carotta Sebastian , Smyth Mark J , Nutt Stephen L 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells are an innate lymphoid cell lineage characterized by their capacity to provide rapid effector functions, including cytokine production and cytotoxicity. Here, we identify the Ikaros family member, Aiolos, as a regulator of NK‐cell maturation. Aiolos expression is initiated at the point of lineage commitment and maintained throughout NK‐cell ontogeny. Analysis of cell surface markers representative of distinct stages of peripheral NK‐cell maturation revealed that Aiolos was required for the maturation in the spleen of CD11bhighCD27− NK cells. The differentiation block was intrinsic to the NK‐cell lineage and resembled that found in mice lacking either T‐bet or Blimp1; however, genetic analysis revealed that Aiolos acted independently of all other known regulators of NK‐cell differentiation. NK cells lacking Aiolos were strongly hyper‐reactive to a variety of NK‐cell‐mediated tumor models, yet impaired in controlling viral infection, suggesting a regulatory function for CD27− NK cells in balancing these two arms of the immune response. These data place Aiolos in the emerging gene regulatory network controlling NK‐cell maturation and function.
The Role of Transcription in the Activation of aDrosophilaAmplification Origin
Authors: Hua Brian L , Li Sharon , Orr-Weaver Terry L 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe mechanisms that underlie metazoan DNA replication initiation, especially the connection between transcription and replication origin activation, are not well understood. To probe the role of transcription in origin activation, we exploited a specific replication origin in Drosophila melanogaster follicle cells, ori62, which coincides with the yellow-g2 transcription unit and exhibits transcription-dependent origin firing. Within a 10-kb genomic fragment that contains ori62 and is sufficient for amplification, RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that all detected RNAs mapped solely to the yellow-g2 gene. To determine whether transcription is required in cis for ori62 firing, we generated a set of tagged yellow-g2 transgenes in which we could prevent local transcription across ori62 by deletions in the yellow-g2 promoter. Surprisingly, inhibition of yellow-g2 transcription by promoter deletions did not affect ori62 firing. Our results reveal that transcription in cis is not required for ori62 firing, raising the possibility that a trans-acting factor is required specifically for the activation of ori62. This finding illustrates that a diversity of mechanisms can be used in the regulation of metazoan DNA replication initiation.
Validity and Reliability of Visual Analog Scaling for Assessment of Hypernasality and Audible Nasal Emission in Children with Repaired Cleft Palate
Authors: Baylis Adriane , Chapman Kathy , Whitehill Tara L. 
Published: October 2014

Objective To investigate the validity and reliability of multiple listener judgments of hypernasality and audible nasal emission, in children with repaired cleft palate, using visual analog scaling (VAS) and equal-appearing interval (EAI) scaling. Design Prospective comparative study of multiple listener ratings of hypernasality and audible nasal emission. Setting Multisite institutional. Participants Five trained and experienced speech-language pathologist listeners from the Americleft Speech Project. Measures Average VAS and EAI ratings of hypernasality and audible nasal emission/turbulence for 12 video-recorded speech samples from the Americleft Speech Project. Intrarater and interrater reliability was computed, as well as linear and polynomial models of best fit. Results Intrarater and interrater reliability was acceptable for both rating methods; however, reliability was higher for VAS as compared to EAI ratings. When VAS ratings were plotted against EAI ratings, results revealed a stronger curvilinear relationship. Conclusions The results of this study provide additional evidence that alternate rating methods such as VAS may offer improved validity and reliability over EAI ratings of speech. VAS should be considered a viable method for rating hypernasality and nasal emission in speech in children with repaired cleft palate.
The Rate of Oronasal Fistula following Primary Cleft Palate Surgery: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Bykowski Michael R. , Naran Sanjay , Winger Daniel G. , Losee Joseph E. 
Published: October 2014

Background Despite decades of craniofacial surgeons repairing cleft palates, there is no consensus for the rate of fistula formation following surgery. The authors present a meta-analysis of studies that reported on primary cleft palate to determine the rate of oronasal fistula and to identify risk factors for their development. Methods A literature search for the period between 2000 and 2012 was performed. Articles were queried and strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to focus on primary cleft palate repair. A meta-analysis of these data was conducted. Results The meta-analysis included 11 studies, comprising 2505 children. The rate of oronasal fistula development was 4.9% (95% confidence interval, 3.8% to 6.1%). When analyzing a larger cohort, there was a significant relationship between Veau classification and the occurrence of a fistula ( P < .001), with fistulae most prevalent in patients with a Veau IV cleft. The most common location for a fistula was at the soft palate-hard palate junction. One study used decellularized dermis in cleft repair with a fistula rate of 3.2%. Conclusions Using 11 studies comprising 2505 children, we find the rate of reported fistula occurrence to be 4.9%. Furthermore, patients with a Veau IV cleft are significantly more likely to develop an oronasal fistula. When fistulae do occur, they do so most often at the soft palate-hard palate junction. A deeper understanding of fistula formation will help cleft palate surgeons improve their outcomes in the operating room and will allow them to effectively communicate expectations with patients' families in the clinic.
The “Long Tail” and Public Health: New Thinking for Addressing Health Disparities
Authors: Kreuter Matthew W. , Hovmand Peter , Pfeiffer Debbie J. , Fairchild Maggie , Rath Suchitra , Golla Balaji , Casey Chris 
Published: October 2014

The prevailing approach to improving population health focuses on shifting population means through a few targeted and universal interventions. The success of this approach for eliminating health disparities depends on an assumption about the distribution of demand for such interventions. We explored whether long tail thinking from business might yield greater progress in eliminating disparities. We examined 2011 to 2013 data from 513 state and local health agency representatives in 47 states who used an online system to create 4351 small media and client reminder products promoting colorectal cancer screening. Products in the long tail were more likely to target minority groups with higher rates of colorectal cancer and lower rates of screening than Whites. Long tail thinking could help improve the public's health and eliminate disparities.
Association Between Neighborhood Disadvantage and Hypertension Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control in Older Adults: Results From the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging
Authors: Buys David R. , Howard Virginia J. , McClure Leslie A. , Buys Katie Crawford , Sawyer Patricia , Allman Richard M. , Levitan Emily B. 
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We evaluated the effect of neighborhood disadvantage (ND) on older adults’ prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension. Methods. Data were from the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging, an observational study of 1000 community-dwelling Black and White Alabamians aged 65 years and older, in 1999 to 2001. We assessed hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control with blood pressure measurements and self-report data. We assessed ND with US Census data corresponding with participants’ census tracts, created tertiles of ND, and fit models with generalized estimating equations via a logit link function with a binomial distribution. Adjusted models included variables assessing personal advantage and disadvantage, place-based factors, sociodemographics, comorbidities, and health behaviors. Results. Living in mid-ND (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 2.1) and high-ND tertiles (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.3, 2.3) was associated with higher hypertension prevalence, and living in high-ND tertiles was associated with lower odds of controlled hypertension (AOR = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.4, 0.6). In adjusted models, ND was not associated with hypertension awareness or treatment. Conclusions. These findings show that neighborhood environmental factors matter for hypertension outcomes and suggest the importance of ND for hypertension management in older adults.
Reducing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption by Providing Caloric Information: How Black Adolescents Alter Their Purchases and Whether the Effects Persist
Authors: Bleich Sara N. , Barry Colleen L. , Gary-Webb Tiffany L. , Herring Bradley J. 
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We examined the ways in which adolescents altered the type and size of their purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), together with whether the effects persisted after removing caloric information signs in stores. Methods. We used a case-crossover design with 6 stores located in low-income Black neighborhoods in Baltimore, Maryland, from 2012 to 2013. The intervention used 1 of 4 randomly posted signs with caloric information: absolute calories, number of teaspoons of sugar, and number of minutes of running or miles of walking necessary to burn off a beverage. We collected data for 4516 purchases by Black adolescents, including both baseline and postintervention periods with no signs posted. Results. We found that providing caloric information significantly reduced the number of total beverage calories purchased, the likelihood of buying an SSB, and the likelihood of buying an SSB greater than 16 ounces (P < .05). After removing the signs, the quantity, volume, and number of calories from SSB purchases remained lower than baseline (P < .05). Conclusions. Providing caloric information was associated with purchasing a smaller SSB, switching to a beverage with no calories, or opting to not purchase a beverage; there was a persistent effect on reducing SSB purchases after signs were removed.
The Association Between Social Stressors and Home Smoking Rules Among Women With Infants in the United States
Authors: Saint Onge Jarron M. , Gurley-Calvez Tami , Orth Teresa A. , Okah Felix A. 
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We examined the role of social stressors on home-smoking rules (HSRs) among women with infants in the United States, with attention on the moderating role of smoking status and depression. Methods. We analyzed data for 118 062 women with recent births in the United States who participated in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (2004–2010), which is a population-based surveillance data set. We fit multinomial logistic models to predict the odds of partial or no HSRs by a cumulative index of prenatal social stressors. Results. Compared with those with no stressors, mothers with high levels of social stressors had 2.5 times higher odds of partial or no HSRs. Smokers in the 1–2, 3–5, and ≥ 6 stressor categories were 9.0%, 9.6%, and 10.8% more likely to have partial or no HSRs, respectively. Under the highest levels of stress (≥ 6), nonsmokers were almost as likely as smokers to have partial or no HSRs. In addition, the effects of stress on HSRs were more pronounced for nonsmoker, nondepressed mothers. Conclusions. Increases in social stressors represented an important risk factor for partial or no HSRs and might have potential negative implications for infants.
Effectiveness of Computerized Decision Support Systems Linked to Electronic Health Records: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Moja Lorenzo , Kwag Koren H. , Lytras Theodore , Bertizzolo Lorenzo , Brandt Linn , Pecoraro Valentina , Rigon Giulio , Vaona Alberto , Ruggiero Francesca , Mangia Massimo , Iorio Alfonso , Kunnamo Ilkka , Bonovas Stefanos 
Published: October 2014

We systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effectiveness of computerized decision support systems (CDSSs) featuring rule- or algorithm-based software integrated with electronic health records (EHRs) and evidence-based knowledge. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects. Information on system design, capabilities, acquisition, implementation context, and effects on mortality, morbidity, and economic outcomes were extracted. Twenty-eight RCTs were included. CDSS use did not affect mortality (16 trials, 37395 patients; 2282 deaths; risk ratio [RR] = 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.85, 1.08; I2 = 41%). A statistically significant effect was evident in the prevention of morbidity, any disease (9 RCTs; 13868 patients; RR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.68, 0.99; I2 = 64%), but selective outcome reporting or publication bias cannot be excluded. We observed differences for costs and health service utilization, although these were often small in magnitude. Across clinical settings, new generation CDSSs integrated with EHRs do not affect mortality and might moderately improve morbidity outcomes.
Association Between Nonspecific Severe Psychological Distress as an Indicator of Serious Mental Illness and Increasing Levels of Medical Multimorbidity
Authors: Swartz James A. , Jantz Ian 
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We sought to determine whether severe psychological distress (SPD) and serious mental illnesses (SMIs) are associated with a specific set of chronic medical conditions (CMCs) and the association between SPD–SMIs and increasing levels of medical multimorbidity and complexity (i.e., from 1 to 3 or more CMCs).Methods. We used data from 3 administrations (2008–2010) of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health collected from 110 455 adult participants. We used binary and ordinal logistic regressions adjusting for sociodemographics and substance abuse to examine the associations between SPD–SMIs and increasing levels of multimorbidity.Results. SPD–SMI was associated with higher probabilities for many CMCs generally, but we found no specific pattern for any class of conditions for SPD–SMIs and multimorbidity. The association between SPD–SMIs and multimorbidity strengthened as the number of CMCs increased.Conclusions. The finding of no discernible risk pattern for any specific CMC grouping supports broad medical assessment strategies and closely coordinated primary and behavioral health care for those with SPD–SMIs, as called for in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
Digital Junk: Food and Beverage Marketing on Facebook
Authors: Freeman Becky , Kelly Bridget , Baur Louise , Chapman Kathy , Chapman Simon , Gill Tim , King Lesley 
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We assessed the amount, reach, and nature of energy-dense, nutrient-poor (EDNP) food and beverage marketing on Facebook. Methods. We conducted a content analysis of the marketing techniques used by the 27 most popular food and beverage brand Facebook pages in Australia. We coded content across 19 marketing categories; data were collected from the day each page launched (mean = 3.65 years of activity per page). Results. We analyzed 13 international pages and 14 Australian-based brand pages; 4 brands (Subway, Coca-Cola, Slurpee, Maltesers) had both national and international pages. Pages widely used marketing features unique to social media that increase consumer interaction and engagement. Common techniques were competitions based on user-generated content, interactive games, and apps. Four pages included apps that allowed followers to place an order directly through Facebook. Adolescent and young adult Facebook users appeared most receptive to engaging with this content. Conclusions. By using the interactive and social aspects of Facebook to market products, EDNP food brands capitalize on users’ social networks and magnify the reach and personal relevance of their marketing messages.