bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
"Importance of Preventive and Predictive Maintenance Plan in Reducing Occurrences of Failures (MTBF-MTTR) - Rod Pumping Systems: Hydro-Pneumatic Surface Units, Experience in Mexico"
Authors: Galvan R.. , Rucabado J. J. , Rubio Arvilla C. A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The operational capacity of the hydro pneumatic surface units for rod pumping applications is affected when a proper maintenance program is not follow, resulting consequently in premature failures of equipment components, units running out of operation with downtime and increased of corrective maintenance. This whole problem leads to low production of hydrocarbons and hence to a loss of revenue associated with deferred production.
The maintenance plan is also an effective method of allowing a lengthening of run life of the unit and its components, helps identify opportunities to focus resources and efforts, as the correct distribution of technical personal and planning work, thereby reducing the occurrence of faults.
To achieve beneficial results, it is essential to make a detailed analysis of the components that integrate the system and support it with technical recommendations of manufacturers, also, to take a judicious control and supervision of maintenance work and to have the right materials and techniques to be performed.
With the implementation of preventive and predictive maintenance plans, it has achieved operational reliability of the equipment, and although the learning curve is unsurpassed in its totality, has gained the confidence to deal with emergency situations and thus not incurring repetitive failures.
The lack of immediate availability of retrofit, due to poor planning and late repair times of the units, have raised concerns about investing towards the systematization of a maintenance plan, avoiding with this, units running out of operation, achieving customer satisfaction and the opportunity to expand into new markets.
Recent evidence support that through the implementation of an effective maintenance program to hydro pneumatic surface units with a work age of 4 consecutive years may be competent with the current market, condition that can be measured by KPIs such as MTBF and MTTR, based in operational reliability. In the same way, knowing in detail its operation, has allowed the involvement in the development of other applications. This is a real case based in operations in Mexico.
Field Experience with the Application and Operation of Permanent Magnet Motors in the ESP Industry: Success Stories and Lessons Learned
Authors: Seczon Luis , Sagalovskiy Andrey 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Since 2006, more than 2550 Borets permanent magnet motor (PMM) systems have been installed by oil companies. This paper will provide an overview of the application environment covered by these installations and contrast the performance for the ESP PMM system versus the traditional 2-pole, 3-phase ESP induction motor systems that were replaced. Results include the lessons learned, best practices developed, and benefits realized by the operator. The PMM practice will be of value to new operators as this technology is introduced to other regions of the globe as well as the expansion of this technology into the ESPCP-PMM market.
Experimental Study of a Poor Boy Downhole Gas Separator Under Continuous Gas-Liquid Flow
Authors: Ibarra Javier , Pardo Raimundo , Vega Libar , Carios Enrique 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
An experimental study of a "poor boy" downhole gas separator is presented. The poor boy design is simple, robust and unobtrusive, making mandatory its evaluation for further comparison with more elaborated designs. Laboratory results indicate the existence of two separation efficiency regions: a) high, nearly constant, efficiency zone for low liquid flow rates and b) efficiency is an almost linear function of the liquid flow rate, modified by both gas mass flow rate and gas density. A simple formula for separation efficiency calculation is provided to be used for the production of low viscosity oils.
Listening Sucker Rod Pumps: Stroke’s Signature
Authors: Chevelcha Elena , Langbauer Clemens J. , Hofstaetter Herbert 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The general idea of the research is based on the assumption that an oil well with an installed Sucker Rod Pump (SRP) emits a characteristic sound spectrum that can be assessed. Every change to the system (wear, beginning failures, etc) should be reflected in a corresponding change of the sound spectrum, creating thus a correlation. The scope of the research is to study noise, produced by a well and to find whether there is a relationship between emitted noise and a production state of the SRP. Correlation will be researched on the basis of dynamometer readings and actual production events.
Noise represents a function of dynamic behavior of fluids, gas, downhole, and surface equipment. Sound created by this system is recorded in on-line mood with the help of a special device installed on the wellhead. The noise data then are transmitted, uploaded to a server, and available for processing. The analysis of the noise is based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Power Spectral Density (PSD) estimation, together with statistical tools.
This paper presents first tests that are done with the purpose to find a stroke’s signature. By signature it is meant characteristics that describe the stroke the best. They are best reporting features: PSD distribution, Noise Flatness, Root-Mean Squared, frequencies of maximum PSD, etc.
The result of performed characterization with the help of signature concept, determines a pattern of SRP acoustically. This allows further application of acoustic diagnosis of SRP that helps identify many failures (like leaking tubing, standing and travelling valves, excessive loads, worn out rods, gas-lock, buckling, etc.) before they cause major damage or production loss.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis for the Nitrogen Over Hydraulic Pumping Unit
Authors: Hernandez Jesse , Galindo Jose Miguel , Charry Rivera Carolina del , Salas Carlos Mauricio 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The "Superintendencia de Operaciones Orito Putumayo" is responsible for the exploitation of the Ecopetrol S.A. oil fields located in Putumayo and Nariño regions in southwest Colombia. The SOP is divided into five areas (Orito, Sur, Occidente, Nororiente, and Suroriente) covering over fifty fields of which sixteen fields are currently active. Economic evaluation of several mature oilfields of the SOP indicate that many operate at very close to the economic limit and in some cases the net present value are marginal and/or negative. It is for this reason that the "Superintendencia de Operaciones Putumayo" applied a Life Cycle Economic Analysis methodology whose objective was to estimate cash flow included in all phases of an investment life cycle. This includes design, construction, operation, maintenance, dismantling or conversion of this cash flow projected into the future and compared to similar investments. The evaluation considers the Net Present Value of the investment, including the installation of Nitrogen over Hydraulic pumping units in wells with variable characteristics and with high lifting cost. Lower capital acquisition cost, lower transport cost, lower installation cost and lower operation cost were confirmed. These results are being considered to optimize existing wells as well as improving economics for the drilling program in the western part of the region. Conclusions include an analysis of the impact on lifting cost of all fields.
First ESPCP Ultra High Temperature Application with Cyclic Steam Stimulation in the Kern River Field
Authors: Guerra Enrique , Webb Charlie , Lindo Octavio , Prather Josh 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Artificial lift systems have encountered traditional challenges in the production of high viscosity oil-well fluids such as heavy and extra heavy crudes. These challenges included problems with sand abrasion, formation of emulsions (fluid shearing), high wellbore deviation (horizontal wells), scale deposition, and temperature and fluid rate limitations.
The development of ESPCP technology meant the synergy of PCP and ESP into a hybrid that takes advantage of the best qualities from both worlds. On one end, ESPCPs offer greater resistance to solids abrasion (solids production), high viscosity liquid production capability (positive displacement pump) and the low fluid shear characteristics of PCPs. On the other end, ESPCP systems may be deployed in high deviation wellbores, while still able to provide the substantial liquid rates and torque derived from ESP down-hole motors. The exploitation of unconventional resources, such as heavy oil thermal projects, has triggered the development and improvement of ESPCP technology for high temperature applications. In particular, the use of ESPCPs in heavy oil steam flood reservoirs with cyclic steam stimulation, such as in the well known Kern River field, poses a significant challenge to this artificial lift system.
This paper describes the experience and results of the first ESPCP pilot project known to the authors, where all parts of the subject unit are exposed to short, but direct cycle steam stimulation treatments.
Optimizing the Efficiency of Artificial Lifting Systems in the Production of Heavy Crude, by the Use of Electrical Heating in Surface Facilities
Authors: Jaimes M. G. , Durán J.. , Sanabria F. E. , Dorado R.. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractUntil recent years, heavy oil was rejected as an energy resource for the inconvenience and costs associated with its production, but today, with the gradual depletion of deposits of light oil, its reserves have attracted the interest of oil companies and governments around the world. Estimated reserves of heavy oil in the world equal to three times the combined reserves of conventional oil and gas exist and are the safest source of energy in the immediate future of humanity.One of the major drawbacks in the production of heavy oil in mature fields, is the low efficiency of artificial lifting systems, which is presented by the high frictional pressure losses that are handled by the system (subsurface equipment and recollection facilities), which occurs as a result of the high viscosity and / or direct emulsions (water in oil) of the produced fluids (viscosities above 500 cp.).As an alternative to improve the efficiency of artificial lifting systems in the production of heavy oil in Colombia, from reducing viscosity of the produced fluids, was visualized the selection, evaluation and application in surface facilities of the technology of electrical heating., to ensure adequate conditions of extraction and recollection that will maintain optimal levels of production and release of lower-producing areas with higher API gravity.This study presents a detailed technical and economic evaluation of the application of electric heating in surface facilities to optimize the efficiency of artificial lift systems in the production of heavy oil in fields operated by Ecopetrol in Colombia, including: nodal analysis to determine incremental production, evaluation of technical and economic benefits (net present value). This paper presents the application results in the Tisquirama field.Finally, the main findings, conclusions, recommendations and field results obtained in this study are presented and among which are: Increased of the efficiency of the artificial lifting system in 100%.Increased of oil production in 100%.Unlock and producing of lower zones of high API gravity.
Insertion Problems in Tandem Progressing Cavity (PC) Pumps, Solving this on a Decision Tree
Authors: Carreno L. Jimenez , Rojas R. Rincon , Trujillo J. A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Description of situation found during inserting process of rotors set inside of stators assembly in tandem or dual Progressing Cavity (PC) pump configurations. On the basis of the identified problems (i.e., people risks, downtime, extra costs, and production loss), we compiled them and generated a flow chart that can be used as a useful guide in making a decision.
The different alternatives and recommendations presented to solve the difficulties throughout the insertion process have general application; these operational experiences are specifically referred to La Hocha field in Colombia though.
We were able to optimize the execution of well planning using dual (PC) pumps because the operational time required was reduced from 6-18 hours to 1-2 hours in average. The oil production goals had fewer restrictions caused by less wells under (PC) pump completion services or corrective interventions. The personnel safety and equipments care were essential factors to improve the traditional procedures used in field; this aspect for both Oil Company (i.e., outsourcing and direct workers, and own installed equipments) and Services Company too (i.e., field technicians and engineers, rig, tools, and spare parts).
The synergy between both companies contributed to get operational excellence for this process, mainly effective communication between Company Man and (PC) pump leader in well location, and availability of all technical data. Besides time and money savings, a high QHSE impact was achieved thanks to implementation of better and safe practices and minimum operational non-conformances in oil wells where sand production is the problem and dual (PC) pumps are used as an effective solution.
Overcoming Nearly Three Decades of PCP Experience in Shallow Heavy Oil Field
Authors: Toelsie S.. , Mohan A.. , Kisoensingh S.. , Goerdajal P.. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractTo date some 1,500 Progressive Cavity Pumps (PCP) are utilized for artificial lifting of averagely 15.6 API0 crude oil with average viscosity of 500 cp at reservoir conditions, from the Staatsolie wells to the treatment facilities. The single lobe pumps are installed at an average depth of 1000 ft, producing from unconsolidated Tertiary sand reservoirs with rates varying from 10 up to 2000 barrels BFPD.The shift from pumping jacks to PCP's was made in the mid 80's due to the flexibility and improved efficiency in drivehead configuration as well as volumetric efficiency of the PCP system contributing to significant reduction in lifting cost per barrel fluid. The PCP has established its robustness being in operations for almost 30 years under varying well conditions such as increasing water-cuts and fluid production rates, decreasing reservoir pressures, fluctuating GOR's and in vertical as well as in approximately 500 deviated wells.Pump stator material, by default nitrile based, has been fabricated to suit the low aromatics content in the crude. Typical stator failures encountered include cracks and blistering combined sometimes by pitting and abrasion. The Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) ranges from 2 months to almost 25 years.In 2008, the Nodal Analysis concept was introduced to compare IPR and VLP for optimization purposes. VLP curves were created by modeling the PCP as two tubes, for which the inner tube would represent the annular flow between the pump helical rotor and stator and outer tube for the rod-tubing flow. An advancement that allowed the user to select the appropriate pump based on required pump differential pressure. CFER well modeling for pump seating, hydraulic torque, rod-tubing contact, rod string as well as rod–tubing loads were analyzed and optimized for given wellbore trajectory and doglegs.The paper presents the versatility of the PCP application in different downhole environments, the performance and challenges to mitigate the common failures. Results of field cases and software simulations will be presented for best practice recommendations for progressive cavity pump applications in shallow heavy oil reservoirs.
Implementation of an Integrated Artificial Lift Solution To Test Wells in Colombia
Authors: Leon-Quintero Diego Fernando , Robayo Roberto , Pachon Luis Edison 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
A developing technology involving the use of electric submersible pump systems (ESP), tubing conveyed perforating (TCP) and Drill stem testing (DST) tools in an all-in-one string design was implemented for the very first time in Colombia to accurately test the potential of non-naturally flowing wells.
With the implementation of this well test procedure, the perforation and production steps can be followed immediately during the same run, helping to decrease the operating time by reducing the running jobs required and, achieving a significant enhancement on the data gathering process by avoiding to kill the well after perforation and breaking the test into separate runs for testing string and the artificial lift method; situation which likely will damage the formation.
The use of a pod to fully encapsulate the ESP and hold the DST-TCP equipment is the key element that enabled the integration of the three technologies into a single run, allowing the study of the inflow performance relationship (IPR) by using the pump to create the optimum environment for perforating, increase the energy of the fluids to transfer them to surface and, obtain controllable production rates required when the formation pressure is not capable enough to do so in the typically called non-naturally flowing wells.
The successful integrated job performed during the first semester of 2012 has led to a growing interest in this technology and its use is expected to increase in the near future.
Backspin Analysis in Progressive Cavity Pumping Systems and its Impact on Safety
Authors: Magnoni P. J. , Pich P. J. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This paper describes the physical principles behind the backspin generated by stopping progressing cavity pumping systems (PCP). After describing each and every one of them, action items are recommended to help operators to mitigate risks and potential safety hazards, based on the field experience and applying modeling and simulations. The main goal is to create awareness over their characteristics and implicit risks and contribute with operators to manage PCP systems in a reliable and secure manner.
There is a wide range of surface equipment with different technologies to control backspin working in a variety of application conditions and this is why it is necessary to identify the criticality of each system and technology in terms of backspin and potential energy which must be released. It is also necessary to understand the right relationship between all variables involved and their hazard potential in case the backspin control system failed during the release of this energy.
It is highly recommended to take action and put barriers to minimize risks, such as the ones mentioned below: ■Preparation of hazard maps in terms of velocity of backspin■Proper backspin control technology selection for each application■Implementation of preventive maintenance programs■Non-destructive inspections to critical components.
In conclusion, throughout its content this paper expects to contribute to a safer operation, with the objective of protecting the physical integrity of individuals and operational reliability.
Differences in the gingival crevicular fluid composition between adults and adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment
Authors: Rody Wellington J. , Wijegunasinghe Manjula , Wiltshire William A. , Dufault Brenden 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT

Objectives:
To investigate differences in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) composition between adolescent and adult patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.

Materials and Methods:
Ten adolescents (14.4 ± 1.43) and 10 adults (28.5 ± 7.83) with Class I malocclusions and minor upper incisor crowding were allocated to two different age groups. Brackets were bonded only in the upper arch over the 20-week period of the experiment. Samples of GCF were collected from the labial sides of the upper incisors (experimental sites) and lower incisors (control sites) of each subject at five time points. Aliquots from diluted GCF were screened for the presence of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) using a microarray technique. The values were statistically analyzed.

Results:
In adults, the ratio of IL-1 to IL-1RA decreased significantly (P  =  .033) in experimental sites 3 weeks after appliance placement and first archwire activation. In adolescents, the ratio of RANKL to OPG peaked 6 weeks after the insertion of the first rectangular archwire. This ratio peak found in adolescents was a consequence of a decrease in the mean concentration of OPG. No significant changes over time were observed in the concentration of MMP-9.

Conclusion:
This study demonstrates age trends in the GCF levels of IL-1, IL-1RA, RANKL, and OPG that may be used to track differences in tissue response between adults and adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment.
Rationale and Design of the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE)
Authors: Nathan David M. , Buse John B. , Kahn Steven E. , Krause-Steinrauf Heidi , Larkin Mary E. , Staten Myrlene , Wexler Deborah , Lachin John M. ,   the GRADE Study Research Group
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVE
The epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) threatens to become the major public health problem of this century. However, a comprehensive comparison of the long-term effects of medications to treat T2DM has not been conducted. GRADE, a pragmatic, unmasked clinical trial, aims to compare commonly used diabetes medications, when combined with metformin, on glycemia-lowering effectiveness and patient-centered outcomes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
GRADE was designed with support from a U34 planning grant from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The consensus protocol was approved by NIDDK and the GRADE Research Group. Eligibility criteria for the 5,000 metformin-treated subjects include &lt;5 years' diabetes duration, ≥30 years of age at time of diagnosis, and baseline hemoglobin A1c (A1C) of 6.8–8.5% (51–69 mmol/mol). Medications representing four classes (sulfonylureas, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, and insulin) will be randomly assigned and added to metformin (minimum–maximum 1,000–2,000 mg/day). The primary metabolic outcome is the time to primary failure defined as an A1C ≥7% (53 mmol/mol), subsequently confirmed, over an anticipated mean observation period of 4.8 years (range 4–7 years). Other long-term metabolic outcomes include the need for the addition of basal insulin after a confirmed A1C &gt;7.5% (58 mmol/mol) and, ultimately, the need to implement an intensive basal/bolus insulin regimen. The four drugs will also be compared with respect to selected microvascular complications, cardiovascular disease risk factors, adverse effects, tolerability, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness.

CONCLUSIONS
GRADE will compare the long-term effectiveness of major glycemia-lowering medications and provide guidance to clinicians about the most appropriate medications to treat T2DM. GRADE begins recruitment at 37 centers in the U.S. in 2013.