bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Astro‐medicine
Authors: Nutton Vivian 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAstromedicine, the notion that human health is in some way linked to the stars, is found in many societies. The Babylonians and Ancient Egyptians were famous for their astronomical knowledge, and used it to predict and diagnose disease, and influenced some Greek and Roman doctors from 100 BCE onwards. Galen of Pergamum preferred a meteorological explanation for illness, but his discussion of critical days allowed his successors in Late Antiquity to include the influence of the stars in their calculations. This Galenic astromedicine was developed by the Arabs and taken over in the learned medicine of Western Europe from 1200 CE. Objections were raised in the Renaissance, and by 1600, medical astrology had fallen out of favour among the elite physicians. Patients, however, still flocked to astrologers like Simon Forman. Arabic astromedicine also spread eastwards to India and Tibet, although Chinese astromedicine developed differently.Key Concepts:Astromedicine has been widely practised for centuries in many societies.From Egypt and Babylonia predicting diseases by the stars entered Greek medicine around 250 BCE.Astromedicine achieved respectability in Late Antiquity, and was further developed in the Islamic world.From the Islamic world astromedicine passed to Western Europe as part of the new university medical education.The Renaissance humanist doctors strongly attacked astromedicine, which by 1650 was seen as dubious quackery, even if many patients believed in it.Indian and particularly Chinese medicine included astromedicine as a significant part of their continuing medical traditions.
Evolution of Sex Chromosomes in Plants
Authors: Charlesworth Deborah 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Sex chromosomes are known from a minority of flowering plants (angiosperms), and from some haploid plants, but the sex‐determining chromosomes of many dioecious plants (i.e. species with the sexual stage individuals being either purely male or female) are either unstudied, or are not morphologically different between the two sexes. Both these observations and the taxonomically scattered distribution of species with sex chromosomes suggest that many plant sex chromosome systems evolved recently and independently in different taxa. A fundamental characteristic of sex chromosome pairs is possession of a nonrecombining region. Some plants may be in an early stage of evolving separate sexes, so that this has not yet evolved. Other plants appear to have small nonrecombining regions, or ‘proto‐sex chromosomes’, whereas a few species have cytologically detectable sex chromosome heteromorphism, and probably have large nonrecombining regions. With modern molecular approaches, these different states can now be identified and studied.

Key Concepts:

The evolution of separate sexes (males and females) from an initial state in which individuals have both sex functions requires mutations of at least two genes.

Sex chromosome pairs are defined as homologous chromosomes (that pair in meiosis, and part of the pair recombines) but which also include a nonrecombining region involved in sex determination.

During the evolution of separate sexes, after male‐ and female‐sterility mutations arise, selection will promote reduced recombination between the different genes, in order to avoid producing sterile individuals (with both male‐ and female‐sterility mutations) that will arise through recombination between the genes.

The existence of evolutionary strata (see Glossary) shows that recombination suppression between sex chromosomes has occurred in several distinct events, at different times, and the main hypothesis to explain this is that sexually antagonistic polymorphisms may arise in the recombining regions of sex chromosome pairs, and that this situation again generates selection for reduced recombination.
Phylogenetic Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Irisarri Iker , Zardoya Rafael 
Published: September 2013

AbstractProbabilistic methods of phylogenetic reconstruction (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) provide a robust framework for the statistical inference of phylogenies and for phylogenetic hypothesis testing. The likelihood ratio test is a powerful statistical tool for comparing the explanatory power of alternative phylogenetic hypotheses that strongly relies on the likelihood function. In the Bayesian framework, phylogenetic hypothesis testing is usually performed using Bayes' factors. Statistical tests involving phylogenies are widely used for comparing alternative phylogenetic hypotheses (tree topologies), studying evolutionary rate constancy (clock‐like behaviour) ofdeoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) and protein sequences, estimating changes in selective pressures at the sequence level, inferring ancestral character states at internal nodes on phylogenies, estimating historical biogeography, examining patterns of trait evolution along the tree or applying phylogenetic comparative methods, among others. In addition, molecular dating analyses allow formulating and comparing hypotheses on absolute divergence times of cladogenetic events.Key Concepts:Probabilistic methods of phylogeny reconstruction rely on explicit models of evolution, and provide a powerful framework for testing evolutionary hypotheses.The likelihood principle provides a direct approach to hypothesis testing in terms of probability.The likelihood ratio test is a powerful tool for comparing two alternative hypotheses.In the Bayesian framework, hypotheses are usually compared using Bayes' factors.Topology tests evaluate whether the analysed data, besides supporting a particular phylogenetic hypothesis, could support or reject alternative tree topologies.Molecular dating analyses, by converting evolutionary distances into absolute ages, allow comparing alternative scenarios of temporal divergence on phylogenetic trees.The effect of natural selection can be detected by measuring the relative rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in multiple nucleotide sequence alignments of protein‐coding genes.Explicit models of trait evolution support probabilistic reconstructions of ancestral character states at internal nodes on phylogenies and testing of hypotheses regarding the process of trait evolution.Phylogenetic comparative methods aim to identify adaptation through correlations between species traits and other variables, while accounting for phylogenetic nonindependence of data.
Automated Continuous Online Monitoring of Polymerization Reactions (ACOMP) and Related Techniques
Authors: Reed Wayne F. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAutomatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization (ACOMP) is a widely applicable platform for monitoring and potentially controlling polymerization reactions. It relies on the continuous extraction, dilution, and conditioning of a small sample stream from the reactor on which measurements by various combinations of detectors are made. By combining simultaneous data from multiple detectors, continuous monitoring of salient reaction characteristics can be made, such as kinetics, conversion of comonomers, composition drift, evolution of molecular mass and intrinsic viscosity, and detection of unusual phenomena, such as microgelation and runaway reactions. Typical detectors include light scattering,UV/visible spectrophotometry, viscometry, refractivity, and polarimetry. Recent additions toACOMPinclude the ability to use multiple similar sensors to detect the onset and evolution of polymer‐stimuli‐responsive behavior during synthesis, for example, copolymer compositions at which a lower critical solution temperature occurs.ACOMPhas been applied to free radical, controlled free radical, and condensation reactions, to micellar, emulsion, and inverse emulsion polymerization, to postpolymerization and derivitization reactions, and to batch, semibatch, and continuous reactors. WhileACOMPis not inherently a chromatographic method, its continuous stream can be used in automatic conjunction with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and other separation chromatographies. A growing area forACOMPis its integration into predictive and closed‐loop reaction control.
Fundamentals and Advances of Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Scigelova Michaela , Makarov Alexander 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAnalytical chemistry has considerably benefited from the developments in the field of mass spectrometry. The high resolution, mass accuracy, and sensitivity offered by modern mass spectrometers have been essential in addressing analytical needs in numerous areas of research as well as in routine laboratory praxis. The most recent addition to the family of mass spectrometers has been the Orbitrap analyzer, making an ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry accessible to most life science laboratories. The Orbitrap‐based instrumentation has established itself firmly in the field of proteomics, metabolomics, and metabolite analysis. Moreover, it is gaining increased popularity also in areas of bioanalysis, lipidomics, doping, as well as in drug and pesticide residue analysis. This article presents the principle of operation of the Orbitrap analyzer, its most recent technological developments, and outlook, and it reviews application areas where the Orbitrap analyzers represent the state‐of‐the‐art solution to a multitude of analytical needs.
Neutron Scattering Spectroscopy
Authors: Parker Stewart F. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractNeutron vibrational spectroscopy (inelastic neutron scattering (INS)) is a form of vibrational spectroscopy that is complementary to infrared and Raman spectroscopies. It has a very wide spectral range of zero to several thousand wavenumbers; there are no selection rules, so all modes are allowed and comparison with ab initio calculations is straightforward. The disadvantages are that it is relatively insensitive and restricted to the solid state. It is particularly sensitive to modes involving hydrogen, and in hydrogenous materials, these dominate the spectra. In this article, the history, theory, and practice of the technique are briefly reviewed. The extensive range of applications of this form of spectroscopy is illustrated with examples in the areas of hydrogen storage, catalysis, soft condensed matter, ice, carbons, and magnetism.
Soil: Forensic Analysis
Authors: Fitzpatrick Robert W. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Earth materials such as soils, rocks, minerals, and particles from man‐made materials such as bricks provide excellent evidence to link criminals to crime scenes. Forensic soil scientists are also using advanced automated techniques, which have the ability to acquire information from smaller samples to make soil forensics an increasingly popular tool in criminal investigations. The aim of soil forensic analysis is to associate soil, rock, or mineral samples taken from an item, such as shoes, clothing, shovel, or vehicle with a specific location. Soil materials are powerful, perhaps ideal, pieces of contact trace evidence to help in criminal investigations.

Soil forensic investigations usually involve collection of one or more soil samples followed by soil characterization. Collected samples are categorized as (i)
questioned soil samples
whose origin is unknown or disputed (suspect or victim), (ii)
control soil samples
whose origin is known (crime scene), and (iii)
alibi soil samples
whose origin is known and that provide a measure of the distinctiveness of the questioned and control samples. Soil characterization often requires the following four‐stage approach, which combines descriptive, analytical, and spatial information: (i) Initial characterization for screening of samples involving morphological descriptions. (ii) Semi‐detailed characterization involving semi‐quantification of minerals and organic matter following sample selection and size fractionation (<50 µm). (iii) Detailed characterization and quantification of minerals and organic matter using additional analytical techniques and/or methods of sample preparation, separation, or concentration such as size or magnetic or heavy mineral fractionation. (iv) Integration and extrapolation of soil information from one scale to the next, to build a coherent model of soil information from microscopic observations to the landscape scale, which often involves soil/geological maps and geophysics. Progression of a soil forensic examination through each of the four stages will depend on the amount of sample available and the results from the early stages of the examination. The significance and relevance of established concepts and standard terminologies used in soil science and geology with practical relevance to forensic science are emphasized.
Fully probabilistic seismic displacement analysis of spatially distributed slopes using spatially correlated vector intensity measures
Authors: Du Wenqi , Wang Gang 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYEarthquake‐induced slope displacement is an important parameter for safety evaluation and earthquake design of slope systems. Traditional probabilistic seismic hazard analysis usually focuses on evaluating slope displacement at a particular location, and it is not suitable for spatially distributed slopes over a large region. This study proposes a computationally efficient framework for fully probabilistic seismic displacement analysis of spatially distributed slope systems using spatially correlated vector intensity measures (IMs). First, a spatial cross‐correlation model for three key ground motion IMs, that is, peak ground acceleration (PGA), Arias intensity, and peak ground velocity, is developed using 2686 ground motion recordings from 11 recent earthquakes. To reduce the computational cost, Monte Carlo simulation and data reduction techniques are utilized to generate spatially correlated random fields for the vector IMs. The slope displacement hazards over the region are further quantified using empirical predictive equations. Finally, an illustrative example is presented to highlight the importance of the spatial correlation and the advantage of using spatially correlated vector IMs in seismic hazard analysis of spatially distributed slopes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN A GLOBALIZED ASIA: INTELLECTUAL IDENTITIES, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPECTS
Authors: Haque M. Shamsul 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYIn most Asian countries, the domain of public administration continues to bear the legacy of colonial rule and postcolonial modernization led by Western nations. It remains crucial to highlight this exogenous formation of administrative systems in this age of globalized New Public Management. Such imposed or borrowed Western models of administrative practices have often been ineffective because of their incompatibility with the indigenous Asian contexts, and they led to the worsening society–administration gaps and pathological outcomes. Beyond the continuing Western (especially American) intellectual hegemony in the field's knowledge‐building, the prominent Asian scholars themselves have been educated mostly in foreign universities and institutions, which is not conducive to the construction of indigenous administrative knowledge based on an Asian perspective. In this context, it is imperative to explore the displacement of pre‐colonial administrative traditions by colonial and postcolonial interventions, to examine how the contemporary administrative systems in Asia are based on exogenous models, and to assess the feasibility of constructing an overarching intellectual perspective that could be claimed as Asian public administration. This article attempts to explore these intellectual concerns with specific reference to selected cases in East, South, and Southeast Asia. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BRAFV600E Mutation Analysis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Is it Useful for all Patients?
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Yoshida Hiroshi , Kihara Minoru , Kobayashi Kaoru , Miya Akihiro , Miyauchi Akira 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe BRAFV600E mutation has been adopted as a prognostic factor in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, it remains unclear whether routine BRAF mutation analysis is useful in establishing a prognosis for PTC patients. In the present study we investigated BRAF mutation analysis in a large number of PTC patients with long‐term follow‐up.Patients and methodsWe enrolled 766 patients from our hospital who underwent initial surgery for PTC without distant metastasis at diagnosis between 1996 and 2001, and whose BRAF mutation of primary lesions could be analyzed. The average age and follow‐up period were 51 years and 130 months, respectively.ResultsTo date, 77 (10 %) and 37 (5 %) patients have developed lymph node and distant recurrence, respectively, and 10 (1 %) have died of PTC. The BRAF mutation was positive in 281 patients (37 %), and it had no prognostic impact on lymph node recurrence‐free (LNRFS) (p = 0.700), distant recurrence‐free (DRFS) (p = 0.696), and cause‐specific (CSS) (p = 0.125) survival in our entire series. However, CSS of BRAF mutation‐positive high‐risk patients based on AMES (p = 0.030), MACIS (score >6) (p = 0.017), the UICC stage (IVa) (p = 0.021), CIH classification (Sugitani et al. Surgery 135:139–148, 2004) (p = 0.015), and our own classification system (Ito et al. World J Surg 34:2570–2580, 2010) (p = 0.010) were significantly poorer than CSS of mutation‐negative high‐risk patients. The BFAF mutation did not affect CSS of non‐high‐risk patients, although the incidence of the BRAF mutation did not significantly differ between high‐risk and non‐high‐risk groups based on these classification systems. The BRAF mutation was not related to LNRFS and DRFS in the subsets of high‐risk and non‐high‐risk patients.ConclusionsBRAF mutation analysis is useful in estimating the CSS of high‐risk PTC patients based on the representative classification systems. It was not related to the prognosis in non‐high‐risk patients, at least those living in Japan.
Anti‐Inflammatory and Anti‐Oxidative Nutrition in Hypoalbuminemic Dialysis Patients (AIONID) study: results of the pilot‐feasibility, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Rattanasompattikul Manoch , Molnar Miklos Z. , Lee Martin L. , Dukkipati Ramanath , Bross Rachelle , Jing Jennie , Kim Youngmee , Voss Anne C. , Benner Debbie , Feroze Usama , MacDougall Iain C. , Tayek John A. , Norris Keith C. , Kopple Joel D. , Unruh Mark , Kovesdy Csaba P. , Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundLow serum albumin is common and associated with protein‐energy wasting, inflammation, and poor outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. We hypothesized that in‐center (in dialysis clinic) provision of high‐protein oral nutrition supplements (ONS) tailored for MHD patients combined with anti‐oxidants and anti‐inflammatory ingredients with or without an anti‐inflammatory appetite stimulator (pentoxifylline, PTX) is well tolerated and can improve serum albumin concentration.MethodsBetween January 2008 and June 2010, 84 adult hypoalbuminemic (albumin <4.0 g/dL) MHD outpatients were double‐blindly randomized to receive 16 weeks of interventions including ONS, PTX, ONS with PTX, or placebos. Nutritional and inflammatory markers were compared between the four groups.ResultsOut of 84 subjects (mean ± SD; age, 59 ± 12 years; vintage, 34 ± 34 months), 32 % were Blacks, 54 % females, and 68 % diabetics. ONS, PTX, ONS plus PTX, and placebo were associated with an average change in serum albumin of +0.21 (P = 0.004), +0.14 (P = 0.008), +0.18 (P = 0.001), and +0.03 g/dL (P = 0.59), respectively. No related serious adverse events were observed. In a predetermined intention‐to‐treat regression analysis modeling post‐trial serum albumin as a function of pre‐trial albumin and the three different interventions (ref = placebo), only ONS without PTX was associated with a significant albumin rise (+0.17 ± 0.07 g/dL, P = 0.018).ConclusionsIn this pilot‐feasibility, 2 × 2 factorial, placebo‐controlled trial, daily intake of a CKD‐specific high‐protein ONS with anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative ingredients for up to 16 weeks was well tolerated and associated with slight but significant increase in serum albumin levels. Larger long‐term controlled trials to examine hard outcomes are indicated.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13539‐013‐0115‐9) contains supplementary material.
Acute prenatal exposure to a moderate dose of valproic acid increases social behavior and alters gene expression in rats
Authors: Cohen Ori S. , Varlinskaya Elena I. , Wilson Carey A. , Glatt Stephen J. , Mooney Sandra M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPrenatal exposure to moderate doses of valproic acid (VPA) produces brainstem abnormalities, while higher doses of this teratogen elicit social deficits in the rat. In this pilot study, we examined effects of prenatal exposure to a moderate dose of VPA on behavior and on transcriptomic expression in three brain regions that mediate social behavior. Pregnant Long Evans rats were injected with 350 mg/kg VPA or saline on gestational day 13. A modified social interaction test was used to assess social behavior and social preference/avoidance during early and late adolescence and in adulthood. VPA‐exposed animals demonstrated more social investigation and play fighting than control animals. Social investigation, play fighting, and contact behavior also differed as a function of age; the frequency of these behaviors increased in late adolescence. Social preference and locomotor activity under social circumstances were unaffected by treatment or age. Thus, a moderate prenatal dose of VPA produces behavioral alterations that are substantially different from the outcomes that occur following exposure to a higher dose. At adulthood, VPA‐exposed subjects exhibited transcriptomic abnormalities in three brain regions: anterior amygdala, cerebellar vermis, and orbitofrontal cortex. A common feature among the proteins encoded by the dysregulated genes was their ability to be modulated by acetylation. Analysis of the expression of individual exons also revealed that genes involved in post‐translational modification and epigenetic regulation had particular isoforms that were ubiquitously dysregulated across brain regions. The vulnerability of these genes to the epigenetic effects of VPA may highlight potential mechanisms by which prenatal VPA exposure alters the development of social behavior.