bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural characterization of the capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) tongue by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Watanabe Ii‐Sei , Dos Santos Haemmerle Carlos Alexandre , Dias Fernando José , Cury Diego Pulzatto , Da Silva Marcelo Cavenaghi Pereira , Sosthines Marcia Consentino Kronka , Dos Santos Tatiana Carlesco , Guimarães Juliana Plácido , Miglino Maria Angélica 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCapybara is the largest rodent in the world and displays a seasonally dependent herbivore feeding behavior. Here, we present an anatomical contribution for understand this fact, by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy methodologies for tongue tissue analysis. The histological preparations revealed filiform, fungiform, vallate, and foliate papillae on the dorsal mucosa of the capybara tongue. The epithelial layer exhibited a lining of keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells. The lamina propria was characterized by a dense connective tissue composed of the primary and secondary papillar projections. We also revealed the original aspects of the connective papillae. The shapes of the papillae varied by region of the tongue, and filiform, fungiform, vallate, and foliate papillae and subjacent layers of muscular fibers were observed. Pyriform taste buds occupying the epithelial layer of fungiform, vallate and foliate papillae were identified and the intracellular components of the taste buds and the intracorpuscular amyelinated nerve fibers were observed. The taste buds were characterized by the distribution of granular endoplasmic reticulum throughout the perinuclear area, the Golgi apparatus, and mitochondrial assemblies of various distinct diameters. Mitochondrial accumulation was also observed in the collagen bundle‐surrounded amyelinated nerve fibers beside the basal cells. Therefore, these peculiar anatomical descriptions may contribute to understanding the adaptation of the feeding behavior of capybaras in a seasonally changing environment. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
That Used to Be Us: How America Fell Behind in the World It Invented and How We Can Come Back
Authors: DiLorenzo Norma 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBy Thomas L. Friedman and Michael MandelbaumNew York, NY: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2011. 400 pp. ISBN 978‐0‐374‐28890‐7. $28.00Reviewed by Norma DiLorenzo, PsyD
Effects of brassinosteroid analogues on total phenols, antioxidant activity, sugars, organic acids and yield of field grown endive (Cichorium endivia L.)
Authors: Serna Mario , Hernández Francisca , Coll Francisco , Coll Yamilet , Amorós Asunción 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDCichorium endivia L., either cooked or eaten raw in salads, is a favourite cultivated vegetable around the world and the popularity is attributed to its healthy properties, which are mainly due to its high levels of antioxidant compounds and high content of minerals, provitamin A and vitamins. Brassinosteroids are a family of hormones that are found in plants and which serve as potent growth promoters. The effects of two brassinosteroid analogues, DI‐31 and DI‐100, were evaluated at concentrations of 4, 8 and 12 ppm together with a seaweed extract and amino acid mixture called Tomex Amin to enhance their activity.RESULTSAll treatments with DI‐100 and DI‐31 resulted in the highest production increases. The chemical variables related to endive quality, such as moisture, carbon and nitrogen content, sugar and organic acid content were similar in the control and treated endives. Total antioxidant activity and total phenols increased significantly in endive treated with brassinosteroid analogues.CONCLUSIONThe results showed that sprayed brassinosteroid analogues mixed with Tomex Amin may play an important role in increasing the yield and the contents of total antioxidant activity and total phenols of field grown endives. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Role of ascorbic acid in the inhibition of polyphenol oxidase and the prevention of browning in different browning‐sensitive Lactuca sativa var. capitata (L.) and Eruca sativa (Mill.) stored as fresh‐cut produce
Authors: Landi Marco , Degl'Innocenti Elena , Guglielminetti Lorenzo , Guidi Lucia 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDPolyphenol oxidase (PPO) and, to a minor extent, peroxidase (POD) represent the key enzymes involved in enzymatic browning, a negative process induced by cutting fresh‐cut produce such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and rocket salad (Eruca sativa). Although ascorbic acid is frequently utilised as an anti‐browning agent, its mechanism in the prevention of the browning phenomenon is not clearly understood.RESULTSThe activity of PPO and POD and their isoforms in lettuce (a high‐browning and low‐ascorbic acid species) and rocket salad (a low‐browning and high‐ascorbic species) was characterised. The kinetic parameters of PPO and in vitro ascorbic acid–PPO inhibition were also investigated. In rocket salad, PPO activity was much lower than that in lettuce and cutting induced an increase in PPO activity only in lettuce. Exogenous ascorbic acid (5 mmol L−1) reduced PPO activity by about 90% in lettuce. POD did not appear to be closely related to browning in lettuce.CONCLUSIONPPO is the main enzyme involved in the browning phenomenon; POD appears to play a minor role. The concentration of endogenous ascorbic acid in rocket salad was related to its low‐browning sensitivity after cutting. In lettuce, the addition of ascorbic acid directly inhibited PPO activity. The results suggest that the high ascorbic acid content found in rocket salad plays an effective role in reducing PPO activity. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Sargassum polycystum reduces hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress via increasing insulin sensitivity in a rat model of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Motshakeri Mahsa , Ebrahimi Mahdi , Goh Yong Meng , Matanjun Patricia , Mohamed Suhaila 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDSargassum polycystum, a brown seaweed, contains various nutrients and bioactive compounds that have antioxidant and healing properties. The research hypothesises that antioxidants and pigments in dietary S. polycystum extracts can improve insulin sensitivity, blood sugar levels and blood lipid levels in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. The diabetes was induced by a high‐sugar, high‐fat diet for 16 weeks to enhance insulin resistance, followed by a low‐dose intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (35 mg kg−1 body weight). The doses of S. polycystum tested on diabetic rats were 150 and 300 mg kg−1 body weight for the ethanolic extract or 150 and 300 mg kg−1 for the water extract. Normal rats, untreated diabetic and metformin‐treated diabetic rats (n = 6) were used as control.RESULTSBoth doses of the alcohol extract of S. polycystum and the 300 mg kg−1 water extract, significantly reduced blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) levels. Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride levels and plasma atherogenic index were significantly decreased after 22 days treatment in all seaweed groups. Unlike metformin, S. polycystum did not significantly change plasma insulin in the rats, but increased the response to insulin.CONCLUSIONThe consumption of either ethanolic or water extracts of S. polycystum dose dependently reduced dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetic rats. S. polycystum is a potential insulin sensitiser, for a comestible complementary therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes which can help reduce atherogenic risk.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic activities of sesamin from sesame meal and its ability to ameliorate insulin resistance in KK‐Ay mice
Authors: Hong Lei , Yi Wang , Liangliang Cai , Juncheng Han , Qin Wang , Xiaoxiang Zhang 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe ability of sesamin from sesame meal to ameliorate insulin resistance in KK‐Ay mice (an animal model of type 2 diabetes) was evaluated.ResultsTreatment with sesamin (100 or 50 mg kg−1) significantly decreased the level of fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated serum protein, serum insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acid and malondialdehyde content of livers. Treatment with sesamin significantly increased the content of hepatic glycogen, reduced glutathione and the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, the insulin‐binding capacity to liver crude plasma membranes increased and histopathological changes of the pancreas were ameliorated in the treatment group.ConclusionSesamin has hypoglycaemic, hypolipidaemic and the ability to ameliorate insulin resistance in KK‐Ay mice, which might be related to its effect on insulin receptors, and thus increases insulin sensitivity.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Combating Aeolian Desertification in Northern China
Authors: Wang T. , Xue X. , Zhou L. , Guo J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractProgress in combating aeolian desertification (land degradation resulting from wind erosion) has been achieved in an agro‐pastoral ecotone of northern China since the mid‐1980s. This paper reviews three common measures used to combat and control aeolian desertification in such regions. In addition, it introduces a case study on the recovery of a degraded semi‐arid ecosystem to provide regional lessons and support theoretical and practical approaches to desertification prevention and reversal on a global scale. On the basis of the analysis and evaluation of three kinds of typical measures and one regional scale case, this study shows that human‐caused aeolian desertified land can be rehabilitated. Although the technologies and management of combating aeolian desertification in an agro‐pastoral ecotone of northern China still need further improvement through more experimentation and practical application in the future, the experience gained to date contains important lessons for the recovery of degraded land on a global scale. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemoglobin Levels Triggering Erythropoiesis‐Stimulating Agent Therapy in Patients with Cancer: the Shift After United States Food and Drug Administration Policy Changes
Authors: Stroupe Kevin T. , Tarlov Elizabeth , Lee Todd A. , Weichle Thomas W. , Zhang Qiuying L. , Michaelis Laura C. , Ozer Howard , Durazo‐Arvizu Ramon , Browning Margaret M. , Hynes Denise M. 
Published: October 2012

Study ObjectiveTo determine whether the hemoglobin level at which health care providers prescribed erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent (ESA) therapy (trigger hemoglobin level) for their patients receiving chemotherapy was lower after the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandated a black‐box warning in March 2007.DesignRetrospective analysis.Data SourceU.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (VA) national databases.PatientsA total of 7450 patients who were diagnosed with cancer between 2002 and 2009, were undergoing chemotherapy, and who received an ESA within 12 months after their cancer diagnosis.Measurements and Main ResultsData were collected on patients' demographic, clinical, environmental, and treatment‐related factors. After controlling for these factors, multivariable regression analyses were used to compare the trigger hemoglobin level before and after the FDA‐mandated labeling change. The average trigger hemoglobin level was 0.73 g/dl lower after the labeling change (95% confidence interval [CI] −0.84 to −0.63). Moreover, the decline in trigger hemoglobin levels began in mid‐2006, when the average trigger hemoglobin level fell from 10.50 g/dl in early 2006 (95% CI 10.36–10.63) to 9.30 g/dl by late 2009 (95% CI 9.10–9.49).ConclusionEven before the 2007 FDA‐mandated changes in ESA product labeling, hemoglobin levels that triggered ESA treatment began declining for patients receiving cancer care within the VA. This highlights the critical importance of dissemination of postmarketing safety data to impact shifts in ESA use for anemia management.
Diffusion and Interaction Dynamics of Individual Membrane Protein Complexes Confined in Micropatterned Polymer‐Supported Membranes
Authors: Waichman Sharon , Roder Friedrich , Richter Christian P. , Birkholz Oliver , Piehler Jacob 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMicropatterned polymer‐supported membranes (PSM) are established as a tool for confining the diffusion of transmembrane proteins for single molecule studies. To this end, a photochemical surface modification with hydrophobic tethers on a PEG polymer brush is implemented for capturing of lipid vesicles and subsequent fusion. Formation of contiguous membranes within micropatterns is confirmed by scanning force microscopy, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), and super‐resolved single‐molecule tracking and localization microscopy. Free diffusion of transmembrane proteins reconstituted into micropatterned PSM is demonstrated by FRAP and by single‐molecule tracking. By exploiting the confinement of diffusion within micropatterned PSM, the diffusion and interaction dynamics of individual transmembrane receptors are quantitatively resolved.
Microfluidic Investigation of BDNF‐Enhanced Neural Stem Cell Chemotaxis in CXCL12 Gradients
Authors: Xu Hui , Heilshorn Sarah C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn vivo studies have suggested that gradients of CXCL12 (aka stromal cell‐derived factor 1α) may be critical for neural stem cell (NSC) migration during brain development and neural tissue regeneration. However, traditional in vitro chemotaxis tools are limited by unstable concentration gradients and the inability to decouple cell migration directionality and speed. These limitations have restricted the reproducible and quantitative analysis of neuronal migration, which is required for mechanism‐based studies. Using a microfluidic gradient generator, nestin and Sox‐2 positive human embryonic NSC chemotaxis is quantified within a linear and stable CXCL12 gradient. While untreated NSCs are not able to chemotax within CXCL12 gradients, pre‐treatment of the cells with brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) results in significant chemotactic, directional migration. BDNF pre‐treatment has no effect on cell migration speed, which averages about 1 μm min−1. Quantitative analysis determines that CXCL12 concentrations above 9.0 nM are above the minimum activation threshold, while concentrations below 14.7 nM are below the saturation threshold. Interestingly, although inhibitor studies with AMD 3100 revealed that CXCL12 chemotaxis requires receptor CXCR4 activation, BDNF pre‐treatment is found to have no profound effects on the mRNA levels or surface presentation of CXCR4 or the putative CXCR7 scavenger receptor. The microfluidic study of NSC migration within stable chemokine concentration profiles provides quantitative analysis as well as new insight into the migratory mechanism underlying BDNF‐induced chemotaxis towards CXCL12.
Mineralogical Study of Gabbro-Anorthosite from Dumka, Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex, Eastern Indian Shield
Authors: Bhattacharjee Niladri , Ray Jyotisankar , Ganguly Sohini , Saha Abhishek 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex (CGC), bearing imprints of widespread high grade metamorphic and magmatic history since Palaeoproterozoic, represents an integral crustal segment of Eastern Indian Shield. The gabbro-anorthosite intrusives constitute a part of mafic-ultramafic magmatism in the CGC. The study area around Dumka (24°16' to 24°20'N: 87°13' to 87°22'E) predominantly comprises of granite gneiss and charnockitic country rocks within which gabbro-anorthosite intrusions occur as lenses. Field relations and structural studies reveal that the country rocks of Dumka have suffered three phases of deformation represented by F1, F2 and F3 folds. The gabbro-anorthosite intrusives maintain a sharp contact with the host rocks, deformed and metamorphosed. Relict igneous layering or primary igneous foliation (Sig) is recorded where metamorphic overprint is minimal. Mineral phases of gabbro-anorthosite rocks suggest that clinopyroxene compositions from gabrro correspond to diopside and clinoferrosilite, while those from anorthosite are clinoferrosilite. Amphiboles from the gabbro-anorthosite rocks are calcic, and range from ferroan pargasite in gabbro to ferroan pargasitic hornblende in anorthosite. Plagioclase from gabbro and anorthosite belong to bytownite and andesine respectively. Chemical composition of garnet in gabbro is almandine. Thermobarometric estimates for Dumka gabbro-anorthosites correspond to 511°C to 915°C and 5.0-7.5 kb pressure, comparable to that estimated for Bengal Anorthosite (593-795°C, 4.1-7.3 kb). Fractionation trend of plagioclase substantiates a single parental magma in the evolution of Dumka gabbro-anorthosite intrusives.
Investigating the Frictional Response of Granitic Rock Surface: An Experimental Approach
Authors: Vishal Vikram , Das Raktim , Singh T. N. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Rock friction varies as a function of mainly four parameters that are waiting time and velocity of motion between two frictional surfaces, surface roughness and normal stress. In this paper, a study on former two aspects of rock frictional behaviour has been attempted for granitic rock surface. In one experiment, waiting time for which the two surfaces remain in contact is increased from 20 seconds to 18 hours. In the second experiment, waiting time is kept constant for a series of rock slip experiments where the velocity is increased from 10μm/sec to 350μm/sec. The value of critical velocity is obtained from transformation of the stick slip motion to steady motion occurs. The relation of coefficients of dynamic and static friction with increasing velocity of motion is studied and these are used to calculate the frictional constants, namely ‘a’ and ‘b’ specific to the chosen simulation type.
Determination of Shear Wave Velocity and Depth to Basement Using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave Technique
Authors: Seshunarayana T. , Sundararajan N. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The dispersive characteristics of Rayleigh type surface waves were utilized to estimate shear wave velocity (Vs) profile followed by imaging the shallow subsurface granitic layers in the heart of Hyderabad. The reliability of Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) depends on the accurate determination of phase velocities for horizontally traveling fundamental mode Rayleigh waves. Multichannel recording leads to effective identification and isolation of various factors of noise. Calculating the 1-D shear wave velocity (Vs) field from surface waves ensures high degree of accuracy irrespective of cultural noise. The main advantage of mapping the bed rock surface with shear wave velocity (Vs) is the insensitivity of MASW to velocity inversion besides being free from many constraints such as contrast in physical properties etc. Modeling of surface waves data results a shear wave velocity (Vs) of 250-750 m/s covering the top soil to weathering and up to bedrock corresponding to a depth range of 10-30 m. Further, the computed N values (which is an indicator of site characteristic) based on the harmonic shear wave velocity up to a depth of 5 m is found to be quite high (&gt; 25-30) well above 5 indicating the site to be safe and strong enough and not prone to liquefaction. A pair of selected set of results over granites are presented here as a case study highlighting the salient features of MASW.
Evaluation and Validation of Landslide Spatial Susceptibility in the Western Ghats of Kerala, through GIS-based Weights of Evidence Model and Area under Curve Technique
Authors: Prasannakumar V. , Vijith H. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Landslide susceptibility mapping and spatial prediction have been carried out for the headwater region of Manimala river basin in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India, through geographic information technology and bayesian statistics, Weights of Evidence (WofE) model. The variables such as geomorphology, slope, relative relief, terrain curvature, slope length and steepness, soil type and land use/land cover are considered as factors that translate the terrain susceptible to landsliding. The quantitative relationship between landslides and the causative factors were statistically weighted using the ArcSDM extension of ArcGIS software. The posterior probability map, produced on the basis of predictive weights for each variable by combining the weighted layers in GIS, shows a high posterior probability value of 0.1 (highly possible) with a standard deviation of 0.0025. The discrete susceptibility classes in the reclassified posterior probability map reveals that the high and moderate landslide susceptibility classes cover 0.78 and 14.93% respectively of the total study area. The result was validated using the Area Under Curve (AUC) method with a separate set of landslide locations and the validation demonstrates high prediction accuracy with a prediction rate of 81.32%.
Influence of Flow Velocity on Conservative Solute Transport in Sets of Parallel Fractures with Fracture Skin
Authors: Nair Vinish V. , Thampi Sanosh G. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Analysis of contaminant transport through fractured crystalline rocks has received considerable attention, particularly with regard to subsurface nuclear waste repositories. Most of the studies have employed the dual continuum approach, with the fractures and the rock matrix as the two continuums, assuming that fractures control the overall conductivity of the rock and the porous matrix just provides storage. However, field observations of rock fractures have shown that the real situation can be very complex. Based on some recent investigations, it has been reported that the portion of the rock matrix adjacent to many open fractures is physically and chemically altered. These alterations, referred to as the fracture skin, can have different sorption and diffusion properties compared to those of the undisturbed rock matrix and this may influence the transport of solutes through such formations. In the present study, a numerical model is developed to simulate conservative solute transport in a fractured crystalline rock formation using the triple continuum approach - with the fracture, fracture skin and the rock matrix as the three continuums. The model is solved using a fully implicit finite difference scheme. Contaminant migration in the fractured formation with and without skin has been simulated. It is observed that contaminant penetration along the fracture is enhanced at large flow velocities. The effect of flow velocity on conservative solute transport is investigated for different fracture apertures and fracture skin thicknesses. The influence of flow velocity on contaminant transport is demonstrated to be more with change in fracture aperture than with change in skin thickness.