bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizations and Movements
Authors: Armstrong Elizabeth A. , Bartley Tim 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSocial movements organize people, resources, and ideas for social change. Many do this through formal organizations—often called social movement organizations (SMOs). The concept of a social movement organization is trickier than it may initially seem, since it depends on defining a “social movement” and specifying its relevant set of organizations. Though scholars have defined social movements in a variety of ways, we draw on Snow (2004) to provisionally define social movements as collectivities seeking social change at least partly outside of institutionalized politics. Similarly, though various definitions of organizations have been offered, we view organizations as goal‐directed, boundary‐maintaining groups, typically with some degree of formal structure.
Outcomes, Political
Authors: Amenta Edwin , Neal Caren  
Published: January 2013

AbstractScholars have increasingly turned their attention to the political or state‐related consequences of social movements. The years 2001 through 2009 alone have seen an acceleration of publications, including 45 articles, 38 in the top four general sociology journals and seven articles inMobilization(see Amenta et al. 2010). In comparison to mobilizing supporters, fashioning identities among them, and choosing strategies, most macropolitical consequences of challengers are not as directly related to the efforts expended by challengers and not directly implemented by them. Although most studies demonstrate the influence of the largest movements, this research has not addressed how much movements matter. As for the conditions under which movements matter, scholars have been revising their initial hypotheses that the strategies, organizational forms, and political contexts that aid mobilization will also aid in gaining and exerting political influence. Scholars are exploring alternative arguments about the productivity of different actions and characteristics of movements and movement organizations in the varied political contexts and institutional settings they face.
Relative Deprivation
Authors: Mariel Mikaila , Arthur Lemonik 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The relative deprivation model aims to explain individuals' decisions to join or start social movements and is based on a certain set of psychological ideas (Gurr 1970). Relative deprivation itself refers to “the gap between what one has and what one expects” (Brush 1996), particularly in comparison to some specific reference group. The concept of relative deprivation has its roots in the early “frustration‐aggression hypothesis” of John Dollard, which suggested that when individuals respond to frustration and do not receive a response that relieves their frustration, such individuals will respond with aggression. Relative deprivation has been used as the mechanism to explain where this frustration emerges from.
Repression and Social Movements
Authors: Earl Jennifer 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe repression of social movements refers to attempts by individuals, groups, or state actors (e.g., militaries, national police, and local police) to control, constrain, or prevent protest. Historically, this has often involved increasing the costs associated with social movement participation (e.g., through violence, arrest, etc.). Commonly studied forms of repression include police action at public protest events, such as arrests and police violence, military suppression of protest events, “disappearances” of activists, arrests and/or imprisonment of activists, infiltration of social movements by informants, covert counterintelligence programs, restrictions of free speech and assembly, assaults on human rights, and murders of social movement activists. In the digital age, repression has also blurred with censorship in states that do not allow unfettered, and/or unmonitored access to the Internet.
Resource Mobilization Theory
Authors: Edwards Bob , Gillham Patrick F. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Resource mobilization theory (RMT) developed during the 1970s as a new generation of scholars sought to understand the emergence, significance, and effects of the social movements of the 1960s (see Jenkins 1983; McAdam, McCarthy, & Zald 1988; Edwards & McCarthy 2004). Rejecting both the view held by some earlier movement scholars that social movement actors were deviant or anomic, and the pluralist assumption that all parties willing to engage in the political process have a reasonable chance that their grievances will be heard and addressed, resource mobilization scholars sought to understand how rational and often marginalized social actors mobilized effectively to pursue their desired social change goals (Freeman 1975; Gamson 1975; McCarthy & Zald 1977; Tilly 1978; McAdam 1982; Morris 1984; Zald & McCarthy 1987; Staggenborg 1988; Tarrow 1994).
Riots
Authors: Myers Daniel J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A riot is an unruly collective act of violence that is temporary, discontinuous from everyday routines, and results in damage to persons or property of either the participants or targets of the collective actor. Although most social scientists have an intuitive sense of what constitutes a riot, the edges of the definition are fuzzy and it can be difficult to determine whether or not some events are actually “riots.” For example, it is agreed that a riot is a collective act. That is, more than one individual must be involved and at least minimally coordinate action in order for a riot to occur. Two people acting together, however, would not constitute a riot, even though it is a collective act of violence. Thus, the lower limit for participation, damage, and duration to define a riot is difficult to establish and has led many sociologists to analyze events more ambiguously referred to as “civil disorders” or “collective violence.” For most, however, unless there are at least 30–50 people involved, the events last more than a few moments, and there is action that could result in property damage or injury requiring medical attention, a riot has not occurred.
A
l‐
Q
aeda
Authors: Devji Faisal 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Emerging as it did from the cold war's final proxy war, the anti‐Soviet jihad in Afghanistan, the militant network known as Al‐Qaeda was a global phenomenon well before the spectacular 9/11 attacks that made its reputation worldwide. Yet despite its planetary vision of Muslim suffering at the hands of Western enemies, or its equally dispersed recruits who possess no determinable sociological profile, both this project and the movement to which it gave rise are often defined in traditional terms. So Al‐Qaeda is either seen to constitute some new and purely internal variation within the closed genealogy of Islamic radicalism, or as representing the updated version of an older European ideology like nihilism, anarchism, or even fascism. These backward‐looking visions, however, cannot provide an adequate measure of the phenomenon as a future‐oriented social movement.
Crowds (Gatherings) and Collective Behavior (Action)
Authors: Snow David A. , Owens Peter B. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Crowds, or temporary gatherings as some scholars prefer (McPhail 1991), are a ubiquitous feature of everyday life. People have long assembled to observe, to celebrate, and to protest various happenings in their everyday lives. The historical record is replete with examples of crowds functioning as important textual markers, helping to shape and define a particular event, as well as strategic precipitants and carriers of the events themselves. The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, which is considered one of the precipitating events of the French Revolution, and the sit‐ins and marches associated with the civil rights movement in the United States in the second half of the twentieth century, constitute two well‐chronicled historical examples of contentious crowds or collective action. Not all such gatherings function so emblematically, of course. Most are mere sideshows to the flow of history. Nonetheless, the assemblages or gatherings more commonly called crowds are ongoing features of the social world and, as a consequence, have long been the object of theorizing and inquiry, ranging from the psychologistic renderings of Gustav Le Bon (1960) and Sigmund Freud (1921), to the more sociological accounts of Neil Smelser (1963) and Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian (1987), to the highly systematic and empirically grounded observations of Clark McPhail and his associates (McPhail & Wohlstein 1983; McPhail 1991; Schweingruber & McPhail 1999).
Environmental Movements
Authors: Rootes Christopher , Brulle Robert 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEnvironmental movements are networks of informal interactions that may include, as well as individuals and groups who have no organizational affiliation, organizations of varying degrees of formality (including even political parties, especially Green parties) that are engaged in collective action motivated by shared identity or concern about environmental issues. Such networks are generally loose and uninstitutionalized, but their forms of action and their degree of integration vary. Environmental movements are, however, identical neither with organizations nor with episodes of protest. It is only when organizations (and other, usually less formally organized actors) are networked and engaged in collective action, whether or not it involves protest, that an environmental movement exists (see Diani 1995: 5; Rootes 2004).
Genocide and Social Movements
Authors: Owens Peter B. , Snow David A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractGenocide and mass killing are a tragic yet recurrent feature of modern human history, having occurred across a broad range of societies. This extreme form of social violence has accordingly become a major subject of interest for social scientists, who have generated a wide variety of explanatory models for why violence occurs and how it spreads over time. However, few empirical or theoretical works have explored the specific roles that social movements have played within historical cases. Genocides and other forms of mass violence often occur in contexts of highly contentious interactions between movement organizations and political institutions. These interactions potentially range from open conflict and violence between official institutions and movements, to exploitation and assimilation, and collaboration and mutual aid. Empirical evaluations of how social movements work within historical cases of genocide and mass killing would undoubtedly improve existing explanatory models for why and how such violence occurs. In order to provide impetus for such an endeavor, we first offer four examples of how movements have historically operated within cases of genocide, and then identify existing areas of social movement theory and research which we believe are useful for further analyses.
Gray Zone of Politics and Social Movements
Authors: Auyero Javier 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The clandestine connections between state actors and perpetrators of collective violence define the gray zone of politics (Auyero 2007). What Tilly (2003) calls “violent specialists”—that is, actors who specialize in inflicting physical damage—play a key, though sometimes not quite discernible, role in the origins and the course of collective violence. Some of these specialists (police and soldiers, for example) are part of the state apparatus; some others (think thugs, gangs, and vigilante groups), however, enjoy important but oftentimes illicit connections with established power‐holders. The notion of the gray zone of politics challenges the easy and simplistic state–society distinctions that most of literature on collective action still takes for granted (among government agents, repressive forces, challengers, polity members, etc.).
Institutional Theory and Social Movements
Authors: Schneiberg Marc 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
During the 1990s, institutionalists studying emergence and change became dissatisfied with theories that stressed contextual sources of stability, path dependence, and conformity, and looked to overcome “excessive determinism” by integrating social movement research with institutional analysis. Bridging these two bodies of work transformed understandings of institutional processes, actors, and structures. It added contestation, collective action, framing, and mobilization for alternatives to theoretical inventories of isomorphism, legitimation, and diffusion. It juxtaposed challengers and advocates of alternatives to states and professionals as key actors. It shifted from images of isomorphic settings characterized by path dependence, conformity, and taken‐for‐grantedness to concepts of fields as sites of contestation, organized around multiple and competing logics (Davis & Thompson 1994; Davis et al. 2005; Hargrave & Van de Ven 2006; Schneiberg & Lounsbury 2008; King & Pierce 2010; Fligstein & McAdam 2011). This work has employed three broad analytical strategies for linking social movements and institutions to explain change.
I
slamic Women's Movements
Authors: Moss Dana M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The study of Muslim women is one of the most challenging and contentious topics of inquiry in political and social movement studies. Muslim women have long been stereotyped as oppressed, passive recipients of patriarchy, religion, and politics, rather than as active figures in their own right. Motivated by the overwhelming absence of women as subjects in the literature, the last two decades have witnessed an upsurge in critical scholarship exploring women's roles as organizers of and participants in movement activity in various locales across the globe.
I
sraeli Social Movements
Authors: Sagi Rottem 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Since the founding of the state of Israel, Israeli social movements have paralleled those of Western democracies, but with a concentration of movements that have pressed for national security and religion. In 1948, Israel was established as a Jewish state and was born out of a contested, transnational movement started in 1870, known as Zionism. As a result of its roots in Zionism, the early stages of Israeli government co‐opted social movement organizations for the purposes of state building. This created a political system that allowed social movement organizations (SMOs) easy access to the Israeli polity.
Media Framing and Social Movements
Authors: Vliegenthart Rens 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In their study of media content, mass communication scholars commonly rely on Entman's (1993: 52) definition of framing: “[selecting] some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation.” Much of the study of media framing of political issues centers around three questions: (1) How is the issue framed?; (2) How can we explain variation in framing—both over time and cross‐sectionally?; and (3) What are the effects of media framing on public opinion and policymaking? These questions are also of clear relevance to the study of social movements (see also Snow 2008).
Occupy Wall Street Movement
Authors: Gautney Heather 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Occupy Wall Street is an ongoing series of protests, initiated on September 17, 2011 in lower Manhattan's financial district, against alarming trends in social inequality, high rates of home foreclosure and unemployment, and the excessive influence of corporate and financial interests on government. The protests attracted large numbers of participants and gained widespread international attention due to the movement's broad appeal, to “the 99 percent,” and tenacious use of nonviolent protest against variably heavy‐handed police response.
QCA
and Fuzzy Set Applications to Social Movement Research
Authors: Ragin Charles C. , Alexandrovna Sedziaka Alesia 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Much of social life is routine and highly repetitive. Social actors appear to be either constrained by norms or driven by the pursuit of mundane self‐interest. For this reason, many social scientists are drawn to the study of nonroutine events, especially those that are large scale and collective in nature. Of special interest are events that are culturally, historically, or politically significant in some way—big events that stand out as qualitative departures from the stream of everyday social life. The extreme case of departure from routine is the social revolution, where there is a concerted, collective effort not only to topple an existing state but also to reshape the social order. Of course, social revolutions are rare, as are “mere” political revolutions. Fortunately, however, many of the analytic attractions of revolutions are also present in the study of social movements and other forms of collective action. In many respects, such phenomena provide the opportunity to study large‐scale social change in embryonic form.
Syndicalism
Authors: MacPherson Robert 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Syndicalism encompasses both a method of labor movement organization and a revolutionary political philosophy growing out of the anarchist tradition. It has also been known as “anarcho‐syndicalism” and “revolutionary syndicalism,” with broad definitions including the American and British movements known as “industrial unionism.” Syndicalist practice combines revolutionary anticapitalism, a commitment to workers' control through democratic unions, and a rejection of both the state and political parties. From the mid‐1890s until well into the 1920s a wave of syndicalist mobilization swept across the world, with mass organizations forming in the industrialized core of Europe and the US as well as throughout the colonial world. Some regions, notably Spain, but also many colonial areas, saw large syndicalist organizations active past this period. Recent research into syndicalism has shown it to be an early transnational social movement, nurtured by a network of migrant radicals and forming a more theoretically coherent structure than much traditional labor historiography had supposed.
Zionist Movement
Authors: Sagi Rottem 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Zionism means different things to different people depending on their ethnic, religious, and national identities, but it is defined most succinctly as, “a movement seeking to create for the Jewish people a home in Palestine secured by public law” (Engel 2009: 1). The term Zionism comes from the word “Zion,” a biblical name for Jerusalem. In August 1897, over two hundred Jews met in Basel, Switzerland, to establish the World Zionist Congress and founded the Zionist Organization (ZO). This event marked the formal establishment of the Zionist movement. From its inception this transnational movement has worked to establish a sovereign state the Jewish people could call home. It finally achieved its primary goal on May 14, 1948 when the state of Israel was established as a sovereign Jewish homeland.
Designed Autonomic Motion in Heterogeneous Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ)‐Gelatin Composites by Synchronicity
Authors: Smith Matthew L. , Slone Connor , Heitfeld Kevin , Vaia Richard A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCritical technologies from medicine to defense are highly dependent on advanced composite materials. Increasingly there is a greater demand for materials with expanded functionality. The state of the art includes a wide range of responsive composites capable of impressive structural feats such as externally triggered shape morphing. Here a different composite concept is presented, one in which a portion of the constituent materials feed off of ambient energy and dynamically couple to convert it to mechanical motion in a cooperative, biomimetic fashion. Using a recently developed self‐oscillating gel based on gelatin and the oscillating Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction, a technique is demonstrated for producing continuous patterned heterogeneous BZ hydrogel composites capable of sustained autonomic function. The coupling between two adjacent reactive patches is demonstrated in an autonomic cantilever actuator which converts chemical energy into amplified mechanical motion. The design of heterogeneous BZ gels for motion using a basic finite element model is discussed. This work represents notable progress toward developing internally responsive, bio‐inspired composite materials for constructing modular autonomic morphing structures and devices.
Cyclobutadiene–C60 Adducts: N‐Type Materials for Organic Photovoltaic Cells with High VOC
Authors: Han Ggoch Ddeul , Collins William R. , Andrew Trisha L. , Bulović Vladimir , Swager Timothy M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNew tetraalkylcyclobutadiene–C60 adducts are developed via Diels–Alder cycloaddition of C60 with in situ generated cyclobutadienes. The cofacial π‐orbital interactions between the fullerene orbitals and the cyclobutene are shown to decrease the electron affinity and thereby increase the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of C60 significantly (ca. 100 and 300 meV for mono‐ and bisadducts, respectively). These variations in LUMO levels of fullerene can be used to generate higher open‐circuit voltages (VOC) in bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells. The tetramethylcyclobutadiene–C60 monoadduct displays an open‐circuit voltage (0.61 V) and a power conversion efficiency (2.49%) comparable to the widely used P3HT/PCBM (poly(3‐hexylthiophene/([6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester) composite (0.58 V and 2.57%, respectively). The role of the cofacial π‐orbital interactions between C60 and the attached cyclobutene group was probed chemically by epoxidation of the cyclobutene moiety and theoretically through density functional theory calculations. The electrochemical, photophysical, and thermal properties of the newly synthesized fullerene derivatives support the proposed effect of functionalization on electron affinities and photovoltaic performance.
An Optimized and General Synthetic Strategy for Fabrication of Polymeric Carbon Nitride Nanoarchitectures
Authors: Zhang Jinshui , Guo Fangsong , Wang Xinchen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNanostructured covalent carbon nitride (CN) holds great promise for artificial photosynthesis, but its nanotexturation using templating methods is restricted by the weak binding affinities of neutral silica templates towards basic precursors that are kinetically difficult to diffuse into the nanopores of the templates. This weak affinity leads to an incomplete inclusion of the CN precursors into the nanostructured silica templates, and consequently, yields a defective replica of the parent porous structures. Here, this issue is addressed through the development of an innovative synthetic strategy to facilitate the sufficient inclusion of CN precursors in silica templates, by taking advantage of the surface acidification of silica and sonication‐promoted insertion. The ordered mesoporous CN (ompg‐CN) fabricated using SBA‐15 mesozeolite as the template has been demonstrated to show a better 2D mesoporous hexagonal framework, larger surface area, and higher photocatalytic activity than that synthesized by the traditional method. This innovative strategy can in general be expanded to other silica templates with various nanostructures, enabling the creation of stable polymeric CN nanostructures with maximized material and structure functions.
Asymmetric α‐Amination of Aldehydes by a Recyclable Resin‐Supported Peptide Catalyst
Authors: Tanaka Tatsuyoshi , Akagawa Kengo , Mitsuda Masaru , Kudo Kazuaki 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe asymmetric α‐amination of aldehydes was performed using a resin‐supported peptide catalyst. A tri‐ or tetrapeptide with an N‐terminal D‐Pro‐Aib sequence efficiently catalyzed the reaction in a highly enantioselective manner. The supported catalyst could be easily recovered by filtration and reused at least ten times.