bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INFLUÊNCIA DA POSIÇÃO SOCIAL E DO NÚMERO DE RAIOS NA ESTIMATIVA DA ÁREA DE COPA EM ARAUCÁRIA
Authors: Costa Emanuel Arnoni , Finger César Augusto Guimarães , Cunha Thiago Augusto da 
Published: August 2014

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a precisão e a acurácia na estimativa da área de projeção horizontal da copa de araucária em diferentes posições sociais. Foram amostradas 294 árvores na floresta e classificadas, conforme a sua posição sociológica, em dominante, codominante e dominada. Em cada árvore foram medidos o diâmetro à altura do peito, a altura total e oito raios de copa seguindo a direção dos pontos cardeais. A área de projeção horizontal da copa foi calculada pela média dos respectivos números de raios avaliados na copa (métodos): oito, quatro e dois. As diferenças estatísticas entre os métodos foram verificadas por análise de variância com arranjo fatorial, considerando dois fatores, os métodos de área de copa e a posição social ocupada pelas árvores. Os resultados indicaram que, apesar de não haver diferença significativa entre as médias de área de projeção da copa quando medido oito e quatro raios, a análise gráfica evidenciou tendência de superestimativa da área quando calculada com quatro e dois raios em copas irregulares, frequentemente encontradas nas árvores codominantes e dominadas. Ademais, em copas simétricas, a determinação da área de projeção horizontal da copa com quatro raios pode ser empregada sem perda de acurácia. AbstractInfluence of social position and number of radius in estimate of area in araucaria crown. The aim of this study was to evaluate precision and accuracy in estimating horizontal projection crown area of trees of Araucaria Angustifolia in different social positions. We sampled 294 trees in the forest and classified them according to their position in sociological position as dominant, codominant and dominated. In each tree it was measured the diameter at breast height, total height and eight crown radius following the cardinal points direction. The horizontal projection area of the crown was calculated by the average of the respective radius numbers evaluated in the crown (methods): eight, four and two. Statistical differences between among methods were verified by variance analysis with factorial arrangement, considering two factors, methods of crown area and the social position occupied by trees. The results indicated that although there was no significant difference between the mean area of crown projection when measured eight and four radius, the graphical analysis revealed tendency to overestimate the area calculated with four and two radius in irregular crown, often identified in codominant and dominated trees. Furthermore, in relation to symmetrical crowns, determining the area of horizontal projection crown with four radius can be used without loss of accuracy.Keywords: Crown diameter; horizontal crown surface; social class; araucaria forest.
O PROCESSO DE DESCENTRALIZAÇÃO DA GESTÃO FLORESTAL BRASILEIRA A PARTIR DA LEI DE GESTÃO DE FLORESTAS PÚBLICAS - LEI 11.284/06
Authors: Heimann Jaqueline de Paula , Hoeflich Vitor Afonso 
Published: August 2014

As florestas brasileiras contribuem com a geração de 6 milhões de empregos. Os governos reconhecem a importância delas, porém admitem a existência de conflitos entre interesses econômicos e conservacionistas. Assim, alguns autores aceitam a descentralização como instrumento para a prática da governança florestal. O objetivo do trabalho foi descrever a forma como vem ocorrendo o processo de descentralização da gestão dos recursos florestais no país, especialmente após a Lei 11.284/06. No Brasil, há uma descentralização territorial instituída pela própria Constituição. A descentralização se fundamenta na transferência de autoridade e responsabilidade de questões públicas do governo central para governos locais. Na gestão florestal, esse processo se inicia com a Lei de Gestão de Florestas Públicas - nº 11.284/06 -, que transfere a competência na área florestal do Governo Federal aos órgãos estaduais de meio ambiente. A norma estabeleceu que o IBAMA deve estruturar formas de atuação conjunta com os órgãos locais. Conclui-se que o processo de descentralização é necessário, não só por atribuir aos estados autonomia para conduzirem suas políticas florestais, mas também por aproximar a sociedade da realidade florestal do país. A Lei de Gestão de Florestas Públicas buscou acabar com as ambiguidades quanto às competências para legislar sobre as florestas. AbstractThe process of decentralization of Brazilian forest management from Public Forests Management Law - Law 11.284/06. The Brazilian forests contribute to generate 6 million jobs; governments recognize the importance of the forests, however, they admit the existence of conflicts between economic interests and conservationists. In this way, some authors accept decentralization as a tool for forest governance practice. This research aimed to describe the process of decentralization of forest resources management in Brazil, mainly after Law 11.284/06. In Brazil there is a territorial decentralization established by the Constitution. Decentralization is based on transference of authority and responsibility, for public affairs, from the central government to local governments. The decentralization of forest management started with the Law of Public Forest Management - No. 11.284/06, which transferred jurisdiction in forest area from the Federal Government to states environmental agencies. The law established that IBAMA should design ways of working together to the local bodies. We conclude that the process of decentralization is necessary, not only for the states autonomy in order to conduct their forestry policies, but also to get society closer to country’s forest reality. The Public Forest Management Law sought to finish the ambiguities towards the powers to legislate on forests.Keywords: Forest sector; decentralization; governance.
Effect of Different Extrusion Processing Parameters on Physical Properties of Soy White Flakes and High Protein Distillers Dried Grains-Based Extruded Aquafeeds
Authors: Singh Sushil K. , Muthukumarappan K. 
Published: August 2014

<p>Nutritionally balanced ingredient blends for catla (<em>Catla catla</em>), belonging to the family Cyprinidae, were extruded using single screw extruder. The extrusion was carried out at five levels of soy white flakes content (21%, 29%, 40%, 52%, and 59% db), five levels of moisture content (15, 19, 25, 31, and 35% db) and five levels of barrel temperature (100, 110, 125, 140, and 150 ºC) using three different die nozzles (having L/D ratios 3.33, 5.83, and 7.25). Blends with net protein content of 32.5% contains soy white flakes, along with high protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG), corn flour, corn gluten meal, fish meal, vitamin, and mineral mix. A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) and response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the significance of independent and interaction effects of the extrusion process variables on the extrudates physical properties namely pellet durability index, bulk density, water absorption and solubility indices and expansion ratio. Quadratic polynomial regression equations were developed to correlate the product responses and process variables as well as to obtain the response surfaces plots. The independent variables had significant (<em>P </em>&lt; 0.05) effects on physical properties of extrudates: (i) higher soy white flakes content increased the pellet durability index and water absorption index, but decreased the water solubility index, (ii) higher temperature decreased pellet durability index, bulk density and water solubility index, (iii) increased L/D ratio from 3.33 to 7.25 increased the pellet durability index, expansion ratio but decreased the bulk density of the extrudates.</p>
Enhanced sulfate formation during China's severe winter haze episode in January 2013 missing from current models
Authors: Wang Yuxuan , Zhang Qianqian , Jiang Jingkun , Zhou Wei , Wang Buying , He Kebin , Duan Fengkui , Zhang Qian , Philip Sajeev , Xie Yuanyu 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA regional haze with daily PM2.5 (fine particulate matters with diameters less than 2.5 µm) exceeding 500 µg/m3 lasted for several days in January 2013 over North China, offering an opportunity to evaluate models. Observations show that inorganic aerosols (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) are the largest contributor to PM2.5 during the haze period, while sulfate shows the largest enhancement ratio of 5.4 from the clean to haze period. The nested‐grid GEOS‐Chem model reproduces the distribution of PM2.5 and simulates up to 364 µg/m3 of daily maximum PM2.5. Yet on average, the model is a factor of 3 and 4 lower in PM2.5 and fails to capture the large sulfate enhancement from the clean to haze period. A doubling of SO2 emissions over North China, along with daily meteorology corrections, would be required to reconcile model results with surface SO2 observations, but it is not sufficient to explain the model discrepancy in sulfate. Heterogeneous uptake of SO2 on deliquesced aerosols is proposed as an additional source of sulfate under high‐relative humidity conditions during the haze period. Parameterizing this process in the model improves the simulated spatial distribution and results in a 70% increase of sulfate enhancement ratio and a 120% increase in sulfate fraction in PM2.5. Combined adjustments in emissions, meteorology, and sulfate chemistry lead to higher sulfate by a factor of 3 and 50% higher PM2.5, significantly reducing the model's low bias during the haze.
Characteristics of atmospheric ice nucleating particles associated with biomass burning in the US: Prescribed burns and wildfires
Authors: McCluskey Christina S. , DeMott Paul J. , Prenni Anthony J. , Levin Ezra J. T. , McMeeking Gavin R. , Sullivan Amy P. , Hill Thomas C. J. , Nakao Shunsuke , Carrico Christian M. , Kreidenweis Sonia M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAn improved understanding of atmospheric ice nucleating particles (INP), including sources and atmospheric abundance, is needed to advance our understanding of aerosol‐cloud‐climate interactions. This study examines diverse biomass burning events to better constrain our understanding of how fires impact populations of INP. Sampling of prescribed burns and wildfires in Colorado and Georgia, U.S.A., revealed that biomass burning leads to the release of particles that are active as condensation/immersion freezing INP at temperatures from −32 to −12°C. During prescribed burning of wiregrass, up to 64% of INP collected during smoke‐impacted periods were identified as soot particles via electron microscopy analyses. Other carbonaceous types and mineral‐like particles dominated INP collected during wildfires of ponderosa pine forest in Colorado. Total measured nINP and the excess nINP associated with smoke‐impacted periods were higher during two wildfires compared to the prescribed burns. Interferences from non‐smoke sources of INP, including long‐range transported mineral dust and local contributions of soils and plant materials lofted from the wildfires themselves, presented challenges in using the observations to develop a smoke‐specific nINP parameterization. Nevertheless, these field observations suggest that biomass burning may serve as an important source of INP on a regional scale, particularly during time periods that lack other robust sources of INP such as long‐range transported mineral dust.
Workplace psychosocial factors associated with hypertension in the U.S. workforce: A cross‐sectional study based on the 2010 National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Kaur Harpriya , Luckhaupt Sara E. , Li Jia , Alterman Toni , Calvert Geoffrey M. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo explore associations between self‐reported hypertension and workplace psychosocial factors that are common among U.S. workers and to identify industries and occupations (I&Os) that are associated with a high prevalence of hypertension, even after adjustment for common known risk factors.MethodsData from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey were used to examine relationships between the prevalence of self‐reported hypertension and job insecurity, hostile work environment, work‐ family imbalance, work hours and I&O.ResultsJob insecurity (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 1.11; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04–1.19)) and hostile work environment (aPR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.03–1.29) were significantly associated with hypertension. Hypertension prevalence was significantly elevated among those employed in Healthcare Support occupations and Public Administration industries.ConclusionAddressing hostile work environments and the stress associated with job insecurity may improve workers' health. Other occupational factors that contribute to the variation in prevalence of hypertension by I&O should be sought. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1011–1021, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Celtic migrations”: Fact or fiction? Strontium and oxygen isotope analysis of the Czech cemeteries of Radovesice and Kutná Hora in Bohemia
Authors: Scheeres Mirjam , Knipper Corina , Hauschild Maya , Schönfelder Martin , Siebel Wolfgang , Pare Christopher , Alt Kurt W. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTStrontium and oxygen isotope analysis of human remains from the early La Tène (fourth/third century BC) Czech cemeteries of Radovesice I (RAD I), Radovesice II (RAD II), and Kutná Hora were conducted to investigate the importance of residential changes during the period of the historic “Celtic migrations”. In the initial phases (LT A/B), the grave goods of these cemeteries are typical for the core area of the La Tène culture, while around 300 BC (LT B2) an alteration occurs and typical Bohemian styles arise, and connections to Moravia and the Danubian region become visible. The strontium isotope ratios are highly varied with 87Sr/86Sr values between 0.7062 and 0.7153 in Radovesice, and between 0.7082 and 0.7147 in Kutná Hora. The oxygen isotope data are more homogeneous and yield δ18Op ratios from 14.8‰ to 17.2‰ [mean: 16.2‰ ± 0.5 (1σ)] in Radovesice, and from 14.9‰ to 17.3‰ [mean: 16.5‰ ± 0.6 (1σ)] in Kutná Hora. Because the geological properties of the landscapes around the sites are variable and complex, most of the observed variations among the strontium isotope ratios may have been caused by agricultural practices, such as regularly changing farming land. Nevertheless, there are some individuals who differ completely from the regional isotopic baseline values. This suggests that at least a small part of the community migrated, which does not seem to be correlated with any particular phase of the La Tène period. Remarkably, it is mainly males who seem to be of nonlocal origin, and particularly those who were buried as warriors. Females, on the other hand, appear to have been more closely bonded to the Bohemian region. Whether the “foreign” individuals with differing isotopic compositions came from Moravia or the Danubian region remains debatable. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:496–512, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enzymatic Degradation of (Ligno)cellulose
Authors: Bornscheuer Uwe , Buchholz Klaus , Seibel Jürgen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractGlycoside‐degrading enzymes play a dominant role in the biochemical conversion of cellulosic biomass into low‐price biofuels and high‐value‐added chemicals. New insight into protein functions and substrate structures, the kinetics of recognition, and degradation events has resulted in a substantial improvement of our understanding of cellulose degradation.
Characterization of novel hyaluronic acid matrix systems for vaginal administration of metronidazole
Authors: Rodríguez‐Belenguer P. , Nácher A. , Hernández M. J. , Díez‐Sales O. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTPolymers such as Hyaluronic acid (HA), Polyethylene glycol‐400 (PEG‐400) and Xanthan Gum (XG) are promising in drug delivery applicationsbecause of their biomedical and pharmaceutical potential applications. In HA 2%‐PEG 400 systems, the effect of pH and PEG‐400 concentration were evaluated. The viscosity of HA‐PEG 400 formulations slightly increased with PEG‐400 concentration. Viscoelastic properties and shear thinning character was strongly dependent on pH. Structured systems were obtained at pH 3, with an increase of several orders of magnitude in zero‐shear viscosity values. When XG 1% structured system is added on HA (0, 0.5, and 2%) and PEG‐400 5%, a sharp increase of viscosity can be observed, obtaining a gel‐like behaviour for HA 0.5%‐XG 1%‐PEG 400 5% formulation. Finally, metronidazole release profiles in HA 2% formulations with different PEG‐400 concentrations at pH 4.5 were studied. At least 90% of metronidazole was releasedat 24 h. However, the addition of XG 1% to the HA (0.5 and 2%)‐PEG 400 5% systems delayed the drug release. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41313.
Fabrication and characterization of sucrose palmitate reinforced poly(lactic acid) bionanocomposite films
Authors: Valapa Ravi Babu , Pugazhenthi G. , Katiyar Vimal 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTEnvironmental issues concerning petroleum‐based polymers have begun a growing emphasis to utilize sustainable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) based packaging. However, PLA has its own limitations such as brittleness, high gas permeabilities and slow crystallization rate. With the aim to alleviate these limitations, we made a maiden effort to use a food additive, sucrose palmitate (SP) as eco‐friendly filler for fabrication of PLA based bionanocomposites. FTIR analysis elucidated the presence of hydrogen bonding and intermolecular interaction between PLA and reinforcement. Ordered orientation of the SP in the PLA matrix visualized by TEM analysis revealed uniform dispersion of SP filler into PLA matrix. DSC and XRD results confirmed that the incorporated bio‐filler acted as a nucleating agent and thus partially contributed towards the crystallinity of PLA‐SP bionanocomposites. Enhancement in the tensile strength and elongation at break up to 83 and 56% respectively is obtained. The best positive influence for the oxygen barrier was confirmed for the PLA‐SP bionanocomposite film where the reduction in oxygen permeability by 69% is achieved in comparison to pure PLA. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41320.
Effects of thermal aging on degradation mechanism of flame retardant‐filled ethylene–propylene–diene termonomer compounds
Authors: Nah Changwoon , Oh Jaeho , Mensah Bismark , Jeong Kwang‐Un , Ahn Dae Up , Kim Seong‐Jin , Lee Yonghoon , Nam Sang‐Ho 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTEthylene–propylene–diene termonomer (EPDM) compounds filled with halogenated (Br and Cl) flame retardants (FRs) and Sb2O3 were prepared via melt mixing, and their thermal stability, weight loss, and elemental composition were investigated as a function of aging conditions (temperature: 120–380°C, period: ∼100 h, and atmosphere: nitrogen and air). The thermal aging was done with thermogravimetic analysis under both isothermal and nonisothermal conditions and a convection oven. Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to study the surface morphology and elemental composition of the thermally aged FRs‐filled EPDM compounds. For a better precision of compositional analysis, a laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed in this study. The thermal degradation behavior of EPDM compounds containing halogenated FRs was strongly dependent on the aging atmosphere (N2 or air) and type of FRs. The weight loss of the EPDM compounds during thermal aging was found to be quite small in the temperature ranges below 190°C, while it was noticeable above the temperature. The LIBS technique can be an effective and promising analysis tools for analyzing the elemental components in a bulk rubber compound. Two possible mechanisms were proposed for the thermal degradation of the EPDM compounds containing brominated FR and Sb2O3. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41324.
Virtual Reconstruction and Geometric Morphometrics as Tools for Paleopathology: A New Approach to Study Rare Developmental Disorders of the Skeleton
Authors: Milella Marco , Zollikofer Christoph P.E. , Ponce de León Marcia S. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTSurvey studies of osteoarchaeological collections occasionally yield specimens exhibiting rare skeletal developmental disorders. Beyond paleopathological diagnosis, however, it is often difficult to gain insight into the processes, mechanisms, and consequences of the pathology, notably because archaeological specimens are often fragmentary. Here, we propose a combination of virtual reconstruction (VR) and geometric morphometrics (GM) to address these issues. As an example, we use VR to reconstruct the only known archaeological specimen exhibiting persistence of the pelvic triradiate cartilage and compare it via GM with a set of healthy pelvises representing both sexes and different ontogenetic stages. Our results evidence (i) a marked deviation of the pathological pelvis from the adult mean shape, (ii) the retention of typical male features, and (iii) the retention of a paedomorphic ratio between iliac and ischiopubic size. Altogether, such data offer new insights into the modularity and integration of pelvic ontogeny, while at the same time demonstrating the usefulness of a combined VR/GM approach as complement to classical methods of paleopathology. Anat Rec, 298:335–345, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The importance of surface layer parameterization in modeling of stable atmospheric boundary layers
Authors: Tastula Esa‐Matti , Galperin Boris , Sukoriansky Semion , Luhar Ashok , Anderson Phil 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe accuracy of prediction of stable atmospheric boundary layers depends on the parameterization of the surface layer which is usually derived from the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. In this article, several surface‐layer models in the format of velocity and potential temperature Deacon numbers are compared with observations from CASES99, Cardington, and Halley datasets. The comparisons were hindered by a large amount of scatter within and among datasets. Tests utilizing R2 demonstrated that the quasi‐normal scale elimination (QNSE) theory exhibits the best overall performance. Further proof of this was provided by 1D simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model.