bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XXVIII.—An Investigation into the Effects of Errors in Surveying
Authors: Briggs Henry 
Published: January 2013

This paper discusses the effects of errors in linear and angular measurements on the accuracy of surveys.It is necessary to state at the outset that, as the investigation is based on the theory of probability, the conclusions drawn are only advanced in the hope that they will serve as guides in practical surveying, and must not be taken as of rigid precision. Perhaps it is superfluous to state that there is no method of determining beforehand the error which will accumulate in any survey ; the utmost that can be done is to assign some mean value to the error which will serve as a useful criterion to which actual errors can be referred.
XXII.—The Morphology of the Stele of Platyzoma microphyllum, R. Br.
Authors: Thompson John M'Lean 
Published: January 2013

That the stelar problem considered in this paper may be more clearly visualised, it will be well to divest of purely theoretical considerations the facts of stelar structure already known for Platyzoma, and to summarise such structural features as bear on the subject in hand.In the first account of Platyzoma given by Robert Brown in 1810 (l), the habit of the stem and heterophyllic leaves, and the general form and position of the sporangia, were alone described. But in 1832 (2) a rough analysis of the structure of the stem was added, and the tubular nature of its stele was recognised. No material contribution to the knowledge of the stelar structure was made until 1893 (3), when Dr Poirault described the histology of the stele as shown by a small fragment of stem. In this material there was a sclerotic pith completely surrounded by an endodermis, outside which lay a zone of parenchyma surrounded by a broad ring of parenchymatous xylem. At the periphery of the xylem there was a narrow zone of phloëm surrounded by a large-celled pericycle and an outer endodermis. Neither leaf-gaps nor perforations were found in the stele, and accordingly the complete isolation of the pith from the cortex was recognised.
IV.—The Structure and Function of the Alimentary Canal of some Species of Polyplacophora (Mollusca)
Authors: Fretter Vera 
Published: January 2013

The work described in this paper was carried out in the Department of Zoology of Birkbeck College, University of London, and at the Marine Laboratories at Plymouth and Port Erin. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to the University of London for the use of their table at Plymouth, to Birkbeck College for a grant of £5 towards the illustrations, and, in particular, I would express my gratitude to Mr Graham, under whose direction the work was carried out, for his continued kindness and help.The specimens ofLepidochitona cinereuswhich were used for the investigation were collected at Bangor, Plymouth and Port Erin, and also obtained from Cullercoats. Most of the material from Plymouth and one specimen from Cullercoats was infected with the Haplosporidian parasiteHaplosporidium chitonis(Debaisieux, 1920) and was therefore unreliable for histological and physiological work. Specimens ofAcanthochitona crinituswere collected at Plymouth, and showed no sign of infection withHaplosporidium chitonis; a few, however, were slightly parasitised with another Sporozoan. The Californian speciesIschnochiton magdalenensisandCryptochiton stelleriwere obtained from Turtox General Biological Supply House, Chicago. Specimens of these species were fixed in formalin, which proved to be a poor fixative for histological work.
II. Account of certain Phenomena observed in the Air Vault of the Furnaces of the Devon Iron Works; together with some practical Remarks on the Management of Blast Furnaces
Authors: Roebuck  
Published: January 2013

Sir,I Have examined my memorandums, concerning the observations I made on the condensed air in the air vault of the Devon Iron Works, near Alloa; and, according to your request, I now transmit you an account of them; and also of an experiment I made, when a partner and manager of these works, in order to increase the produce of blast furnaces.
III. Experiments on Whinstone and Lava
Authors: Hall James 
Published: January 2013

The experiments described in this paper were suggested to me many years ago, when employed in studying the Geological System of the late Dr Hutton, by the following plausible objection, to which it seems liable.Granite, porphyry, and basaltes, are supposed by Dr Hutton to have flowed in a state of perfect fusion into their present position; but their internal structure, being universally rough and stony, appears to contradict this hypothesis; for the result of the fusion of earthy substances, hitherto observed in our experiments, either is glass, or possesses, in some degree, the vitreous character.
V. A New Method of resolving Cubic Equations
Authors: Ivory James 
Published: January 2013

1. I Divide cubic equations into two varieties or species: the one, comprehending all cubic equations with three real roots; the other, all those with only one real root.2. Let φ denote any angle whatever, and let τ = tan φ, the radius being unity: let also : then from the doctrine of angular sections we havewhich being reduced to the form of an equation, isZ3-3τZ2-3Z+τ=0.
XVI.—Additional Note on the Motion of a Heavy Body along the Circumference of a Circle
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: January 2013

In the twenty-fourth volume of the Society's Transactions, a very convenient formula is given for computing the time of oscillation in a circular arc; and the investigation of that formula is conducted by an appeal to the actual phenomena. It is defective in so far that it contemplates chiefly the time of oscillation over the whole arc, and does not enable us conveniently to compute the time in which a part of that arc is described.The object of the present note is to supply that defect, and to present the whole subject in a new aspect remarkable alike for its generality and for its simplicity.
XVIII.—On the Gravid Uterus and on the Arrangement of the Fœtal Membranes in the Cetacea
Authors: Turner  
Published: January 2013

The distinguished French naturalist, Professor H. Milne Edwards, in the ninth volume of his valuable Lectures on Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, published only last year, when referring to the fœtal membranes in the Cetacea, states, that much information is still required to complete our knowledge of that subject.It may perhaps be advisable, before I commence to describe the results arrived at by my recent dissections, to give a brief account of the observations made by previous inquirers into this department of anatomy, so that we may more clearly recognise wherein our deficiencies lie, and the direction in which our researches ought to be conducted, in order to render our information as complete as possible.
XVIII.—The Food and Feeding of the Brown Trout (Salmo truttaL.) in Relation to the Organic Environment
Authors: Neill R. M. 
Published: January 2013

Precise information about the food of the brown trout is somewhat scanty, especially as regards the relation existing between diet and environmental fauna.(a) Day (1887) points out that “food which (brown) trout consume is of various descriptions. … They do not object to little fish, as the minnow, loach, sticklebacks, etc., water rats, young birds, frogs, snails, slugs, worms, leeches, maggots, flies, beetles, moths, waterspiders and even a lizard.” He concluded that the “tastes of some differ from those of their companions.”
IX.—Geology of Central Vestspitsbergen: Part I. Review of the Geology of Spitsbergen, with special reference to Central Vestspitsbergen;* Part II. Carboniferous to Lower Permian of Billefjorden
Authors: Gee E. R. , Harland W. B. , McWhae J. R. H. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThis paper is the first of a series of reports on the detailed investigations of the Gelogy of Central Vestspitsbergen arising out of the Cambridge Spitsbergen Expedition, 1949. While subsequent publications will consist almost entirely of new data, the purpose of this paper is primarily to compile information obtained previously. Following the Introduction, there is a review of the published literature as it affects the area as a whole; this has been attempted at length to save repetition in the later chapters and in any subsequent papers. The later chapters include a detailed study of the Carboniferous to Lower Permian of Billefjorden, using unpublished material which has been made available from several expeditions of the Scottish Spitsbergen Syndicate, some results from the Cambridge Spitsbergen Expedition, 1938, and from that of 1949 in so far as they affect this particular study. It therefore represents an original contribution resulting from a compilation and checking in the field of the work of a number of geologists.The palæontological results are being worked out separately, but within the area, exposures are sufficient to provide a reliable correlation of the Carboniferous to Lower Permian succession recorded in a number of vertical sections. We have found that the very variable facies can best be grouped into the following formations, retaining so far as possible the earlier names:The major Devonian diastrophism was followed by erosion, deposition, and again erosion in the Devonian. Culm of estuarine facies was then deposited in a basin due to subsequent movements along a great north-south Devonian fault-belt. They rest on the Devonian to the west of the fault-belt and on pre-Devonian to the east. After the Culm, local conglomerates reflect movements along this fault-belt at the western margin, and in the centre of the basin evaporites are developed. Although a number of disconformities can be traced, there is no important unconformity in the basin. The widespread transgressions recorded outside this area, equivalent to the base of the Cyathophyllum Limestones and again to that of the Brachiopod Cherts, are marked within the area by distinct change of facies but no angular relationship of the bedding.The distribution of these various formations is shown in a geological map to a scale of 1:100,000, which is the first comprehensive topographical and geological map of the whole area to be published.
XIII.—An Investigation into the Design and Performance of Electric Fish-Screens and an Electric Fish-Counter.
Authors: Lethlean N. G. 
Published: January 2013

Synposis:The construction of dams across fresh-water rivers supplying Hydro-Electric schemes has raised the problem of providing less costly methods than mechanical screens for preventing migratory fish from entering inlet and outlet tunnels of water turbines. The paper deals with the possibilities of employing electric screens for such purposes, and gives the results of laboratory investigations followed by site experiments under actual working conditions. Items covered in the fundamental research include (a) a study of trout reactions when subjected to various shapes and strengths of electric fields, and the effects of exposure to them, (b) particulars of electrode arrangements and other factors governing the characteristics of electric fields in waters containing different amounts of impurities, (c) the relative efficiencies in stopping and diverting fish swimming with and against water flows, (d) the conditions necessary for attracting fish to positive electrodes, and (e) some observations on incidental experiments with combinations of lights and electric screens, and with mechanical vibrations. Details are included of the actual screens in operation and the efficiencies obtained from them.In the latter part of the paper a description is given of an original type of automatic electric fish-counter installed in two Hydro-Electric Station fish-passes in the North of Scotland, for integrating the numbers of ascending salmon and descending kelts through a common orifice.
XVIII.—The Geochemistry of the Charnockite Series of Madras, India
Authors: Howie R. A. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisSince the classical work of Sir Thomas Holland at the beginning of this century on the charnockite series in Peninsular India there have appeared numerous papers describing rocks from all over the world which have been claimed to belong to this series. The rocks from the type area around Madras have now been re-examined, with particular reference to their chemistry and chemical mineralogy, to provide further evidence for their mode of origin.Following petrographic descriptions, fifteen new analyses of these rocks are presented together with trace element determinations, and these are shown to produce smooth curves on a variation diagram. For several rocks all the constituent minerals have been analysed, and it has thus been possible to discuss the mineralogical location of the various major and trace elements in these rocks. Trace element determinations are presented for the 43 minerals analysed together with those for a further 35 minerals not chemically analysed, and their variation within the mineral species is discussed.The possible modes of origin of these rocks are considered, and from the evidence obtained they are held to represent a plutonic igneous rock series which has undergone recrystallization in the solid state on being subjected to plutonic metamorphism.
XII.—The Scottish Carboniferous Eurypterida
Authors: Waterston Charles D. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisLower Carboniferous eurypterids are rare, and consequently the Scottish eurypterid fauna is of importance, in a world setting, because of the number of species of that age which it contains. Since the Scottish forms were originally described, great advances have been made in our knowledge of the Eurypterida which have made necessary the present critical re-examination of all available Scottish Carboniferous eurypterid specimens. Five species, belonging to four genera, are described and illustrated. Fresh evidence of the anatomy of Campylocephalus scouleri (Hibbert) is presented and the wider issues of eurypterid morphology raised by homology with this specialised species are discussed.
XV.—On Protopitys (Göppert): with a Description of a Fertile Specimen Protopitys scotica sp. nov. From the Calciferous Sandstone Series of Dunbartonshire.
Authors: Walton John 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisA Fertile shoot of Protopitys scotica sp. nov. from the Calciferous Sandstone Series of Dunbartonshire provides the first available information about the reproductive structures of Protopitys which most authors have hitherto regarded as probably a Pteridosperm. The evidence, however, suggests that it is a plant with pteridophytic reproduction. The range in size of the spores suggests too that heterospory with two sizes of spores, megaspores and microspores, was in course of evolution. It is proposed that a new group, the Protopityales, be established to include Protopitys.
XVI.—Cytological Studies of Melaniidæ (Mollusca) with Special Reference to Parthenogenesis and Polyploidy. I. Oögenesis of the Parthenogenetic Species ofMelanoides(Prosobranchia-Gastropoda)
Authors: Jacob Joseph 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisA Study of the oögenesis and maturation in four species of melaniid snails, viz.Melanoides tuberculatus—diploid race 2n = 32,M. tuberculatus—polyploid race with 90-94 chromosomes,M. lineatus—polyploid with 71-73 chromosomes andM. scabra—polyploid with 76-78 chromosomes, showed these species to be thelytokous. These are instances of ameiotic parthenogenesis with two equational maturation divisions and are recorded for the first time in molluscs, the only other known instance in the animal kingdom being shown by the cockroach,Pycnoscelus surinamensis.The other parthenogenetic molluscs known so far, viz.Potamopyrgus jenkinsiandCampeloma rufumare also of the ameiotic type but have a single maturation division. No males were ever found in the diploid race ofM. tuberculatusand inM. scabra.In the polyploid race ofM. tuberculatusand inM. lineatussporadic males occur, forming about 3 per cent of the population in the former and 0·01 per cent in the latter. Further evidence for ameiotic parthenogenesis is provided by the complete absence of sperms in the receptaculum seminis and brood pouch and also by the absence of sperm elements or any fusion of nuclei in the egg. The chromosome numbers in the different species have been determined from maturation metaphase and have been checked from first cleavage metaphase. Polyploidy is associated with parthenogenesis in three of these species.Oögonial cell divisions are generally absent. Only three oögonial metaphase plates were seen in the diploid race ofM. tuberculatusand one inM. lineatusalthough a very large number of preparations of the ovary were examined. The author holds the view that the maturation prophase is the continuation of the oögonial early metaphase stage without intervening metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The prochromosomes seen in proleptotene stage are already split and the succeeding stages are characterized by the absence of zygotene, pachytene or any pairing and chiasma formation. Each split chromosome behaves functionally like a bivalent throughout maturation prophase and separates into daughter chromosomes at the first division. The second division is equational as in normal maturation.
XVIII.—A Re-examination of Barrow's Older Granites in Glen Clova, Angus
Authors: Harry William Trevelyan 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisBarrow describes from Glen Clova an important Older Granite intrusion, the muscovite-biotite-gneiss which he holds responsible for the formation of staurolite, kyanite and sillimanite zones of progressive regional metamorphism in the district. He states that the gneiss was filter-pressed during emplacement so that potash was strained off and concentrated in the south-eastern outcrops of the intrusion leaving its north-western portions enriched in soda. He claims that by the same process the separate intrusive areas comprising the gneiss have often been marginally enriched in potash and pegmatite.The factual basis of the filter-press hypothesis does not withstand careful re-examination. The individual intrusive areas of muscovite-biotite-gneiss bear no marginal zones of potash and pegmatite enrichment like those envisaged by Barrow. The muscovite-biotite-gneiss in its entirety comprises two distinct units, a heterogeneous group of banded quartz-oligoclase-mica-gneisses that were intensely deformed plastically during high-grade metamorphism, and a later series of non-migmatitic microcline-granite intrusions. In neither unit can any regular variation in potash/soda ratio be detected in passing directly from north-west to south-east.New data are provided concerning the distribution and mode of occurrence of Barrow's metamorphic zonal index minerals. Sillimanite, as fibrolite, often replaces mica and accompanies kyanite in specimens from many localities.
X.—Report upon the Anatomy and Embryology of the Penguins collected by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, comprising: (1) Some Features in the Anatomy of the Penguin; (2) The Embryology of the Penguin: A Study in Embryonic Regression and Progression.
Authors: Waterston D. , Geddes A. Campbell 
Published: January 2013

Among the specimens collected by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition and brought back to this country was a series of the embryos of penguins of various species, collected at different stages of development by Mr R. N. Rudmose Brown and Dr J. H. Harvey Pirie. These embryos were, for the greater part, of the species Gentoo (Pygoscelis papua, Forst.), the remainder of the species Adelia (Pygoscelis adeliæ, Hombr. and Jacq.). Two Emperor penguins, which had been preserved for examination by the injection of the blood-vessels, were also brought home. Through the kindness of Dr W. S. Bruce these specimens were entrusted to one of us (D. W.) for examination and report, but as the work involved in this proved to be very extensive, Dr A. Campbell Geddes was asked to undertake a share in it, and this he agreed to do.This report contains the results of the combined investigations.
XI.—On a Small Collection of Terrestrial Isopoda from Spain, with Descriptions of Four New Species.
Authors: Collinge Walter E. 
Published: January 2013

I am indebted to the kindness of Dr Leonard Doncaster, F.R.S., for the opportunity to examine the present collection of Terrestrial Isopoda from the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology.The Terrestrial Isopoda of Spain have received considerable attention in the past at the hands of L. Koch,* Budde-Lund,† O. De Buen,‡ and Dollfus,§ and present many features of great interest, one of the most striking of which is perhaps the large size of the various species, particularly in the genera Porcellio, Latreille, and Armadillidium, Brandt, and to these I am now able to add the genus Cubaris, Brandt.
I.—Elimination in the case of Equality of Fractions whose Numerators and Denominators are Linear Functions of the Variables.
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: January 2013

(1) It is well known that if equations of the type referred to in the title be dealt with like ordinary quadrics, the eliminant obtained is marred by association with an irrelevant factor. Thus, to take the simplest case, viz.the left-hand member of which contains the irrelevant factor |α2β2|, being readily shown to be equal toThe object of the present short paper is to draw attention to other modes of procedure, and to formulate the results for n variables.
XXV.—Arctic Tardigrada, collected by Wm. S. Bruce.
Authors: Murray James 
Published: January 2013

These notes on Arctic Tardigrada embody the results of an examination of quantities of moss collected by Mr William S. Bruce on his various expeditions to the Arctic Regions.While studying the Tardigrada of the Scottish lochs, I wished to compare our Tardigrade fauna with that of more northern lands, as it was thought that, considering the geographical position of Scotland, its fauna might have some relation with that of those lands. Mr Bruce was kind enough to put all his available material at my disposal.
XXVII.—The Forest of Wyre and the Titterstone Clee Hill Coal Fields.
Authors: Kidston R. 
Published: January 2013

The investigations recorded in this communication were begun some years ago, and arose chiefly as the result of two papers published on the Geology of the Forest of Wyre by Mr T. C. Cantrill, B.Sc.In the latter paper Mr Cantrill, after carefully summarising all the available data respecting the age of the so-called “Permian” of the Forest of Wyre (= Enville), arrives at the following conclusions:—I. That these “Permian” rocks are of the same age as those at Hamstead in South Staffordshire.II. That the Hamstead red rocks were shown by their flora to be Upper Coal Measures.
III.—Gemuendenaspis n.gen., an Arthrodiran Fish from the Lower Devonian Hunsrückschiefer of Germany
Authors: Miles R. S. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe unique specimen of Coccosteus angustus Traquair, from the Lower Devonian Hunsrückschiefer of Germany, is redescribed and referred to Gemuendenaspis n.gen. Previously unrecorded details of its morphology and a reconstruction are given. Its possession of both arctolepid and brachythoracic characters is confirmed and it is suggested that Gemuendenaspis should be referred to the family Gemuendenaspidæ nov., which closely approaches what would be expected in ancestors of the Coccosteidæ.