bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymorphisms in the CD1d Promoter That Regulate CD1d Gene Expression Are Associated with Impaired NKT Cell Development
Authors: Borg Zachary D. , Benoit Patrick J. , Lilley Graham W. J. , Aktan Idil , Chant Alan , DeVault Victoria L. , Rincon Mercedes , Boyson Jonathan E. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
CD1d-restricted NKT cells comprise an innate-like T cell population that exerts significant influence over early events in the developing immune response. The frequency of NKT cells is highly variable in humans and in mice, but the basis for this variability remains unclear. In this study, we report a striking deficiency of type I NKT cells in the wild-derived inbred strains PWD/PhJ, SPRET/EiJ, and CAST/EiJ. Investigation of the underlying basis for the lack of type I NKT cells revealed that one strain, PWD/PhJ, exhibited a significant impairment in thymocyte and splenocyte CD1d gene and protein expression. Accordingly, both thymocytes and bone marrow–derived dendritic cells from PWD mice exhibited a significant impairment in the ability to present α-galactosylceramide to NKT cells. The impaired PWD CD1d gene expression was due to impaired CD1d promoter activity. Fine-mapping of the promoter activity revealed that two single nucleotide substitutions at positions −331 and −164 in the proximal promoter were each sufficient to account for the diminished PWD CD1d promoter activity. Examination of the strain distribution pattern of these polymorphisms revealed that, of 19 strains analyzed, only PWD and PWK mice possessed both CD1d promoter polymorphisms. A subsequent examination of the PWK strain revealed that it also exhibited impaired thymocyte CD1d expression and very low numbers of NKT cells. Taken together, these results provide new insight into the control of CD1d gene expression, and they have implications for the evolution of CD1d and type I NKT cells.
A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Hemagglutinin of H3N2 Subtype Influenza A Viruses Is Associated with Resistance to the Long Pentraxin PTX3 and Enhanced Virulence in Mice
Authors: Job Emma R. , Bottazzi Barbara , Short Kirsty R. , Deng Yi-Mo , Mantovani Alberto , Brooks Andrew G. , Reading Patrick C. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The long pentraxin, pentraxin 3 (PTX3), can play beneficial or detrimental roles during infection and disease by modulating various aspects of the immune system. There is growing evidence to suggest that PTX3 can mediate antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo. Previous studies demonstrated that PTX3 and the short pentraxin serum amyloid P express sialic acids that are recognized by the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein of certain influenza A viruses (IAV), resulting in virus neutralization and anti-IAV activity. In this study, we demonstrate that specificity of both HA and the viral neuraminidase for particular sialic acid linkages determines the susceptibility of H1N1, H3N2, and H7N9 strains to the antiviral activities of PTX3 and serum amyloid P. Selection of H3N2 virus mutants resistant to PTX3 allowed for identification of amino acid residues in the vicinity of the receptor-binding pocket of HA that are critical determinants of sensitivity to PTX3; this was supported by sequence analysis of a range of H3N2 strains that were sensitive or resistant to PTX3. In a mouse model of infection, the enhanced virulence of PTX3-resistant mutants was associated with increased virus replication and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the airways, leading to pulmonary inflammation and lung injury. Together, these studies identify determinants in the viral HA that can be associated with sensitivity to the antiviral activities of PTX3 and highlight its importance in the control of IAV infection.
Expansion of CMV-Mediated NKG2C+ NK Cells Associates with the Development of Specific De Novo Malignancies in Liver-Transplanted Patients
Authors: Achour Abla , Baychelier Florence , Besson Caroline , Arnoux Armelle , Marty Michel , Hannoun Laurent , Samuel Didier , Debré Patrice , Vieillard Vincent ,   the K-GREF Study Group
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Solid cancers are a major adverse outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Although the use of chronic immunosuppression is known to play a role in T cell impairment, recent insights into the specificities of NK cells led us to reassess the potential modulation of this innate immune cell compartment after transplantation. Our extensive phenotypic and functional study reveals that the development of specific de novo noncutaneous tumors post-OLT is linked to unusual NK cell subsets with maturation defects and to uncommon cytokine production associated with the development of specific cancers. Remarkably, in CMV+ patients, the development de novo head/neck or colorectal tumors is linked to an aberrant expansion of NK cells expressing NKG2C and a high level of intracellular TNF-α, which impact on their polyfunctional capacities. In contrast, NK cells from patients diagnosed with genitourinary tumors possessed a standard immature signature, including high expression of NKG2A and a robust production of IFN-γ. Taken together, our results suggest that under an immunosuppressive environment, the interplay between the modulation of NK repertoire and CMV status may greatly hamper the spectrum of immune surveillance and thus favor outgrowth and the development of specific de novo tumors after OLT.
The Rhetorical Unconscious of Argumentation Theory:
Authors: Crosswhite James 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT
The contemporary study of argumentation has produced sophisticated new theories that attempt to capture norms for evaluating arguments that are much more complex and more suited to actual argumentation than the traditional logical standards. The most prominent theories also make explicit attempts to distinguish themselves from rhetorical approaches. Yet, in the case of at least three major systematic theories of argumentation, a reliance on rhetorical theory persists. Despite denials, each account ultimately grounds its norms in considerations of reception and audience. There are good reasons why these theories are attracted to rhetoric, and there are understandable factors that produce their concern about it. Ultimately, though, the rhetorical dimension of these theories is one of their major theoretical virtues and a clear sign of their staying close to the realities of argumentation.
Rhetoric, Cogency, and the Radically Social Character of Persuasion:
Authors: Rehg William 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT
This article examines Jürgen Habermas's argumentation theory for an answer to the question of the role of rhetoric in cogent argument-making practices. At first glance, Habermas's triadic synthesis of logic, dialectic, and rhetoric appears conventionally neo-Aristotelian and logocentric. However, in aligning rhetoric with a formal, idealized understanding of argument as a process, Habermas gives rhetorical evaluation an authoritative role in certifying nonrelativistic public knowledge. Further elaboration of the implications of his model reveals a radically social view of rational persuasion and of reasonable opinion formation that makes intellectual humility a central virtue. Humility heavily restricts the scope for reasonable disagreement and dissent, particularly in polarized controversies. Examination of such a controversy shows the limits of the Habermasian conception of rhetoric.
The Role of Audience in Argumentation from the Perspective of Informal Logic
Authors: Johnson Ralph H. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT
There is something importantly right about an audience-centered approach to argumentation, but it raises questions. For example, when it is said that the argumentation is a function of the audience addressed, what does “audience” mean here? Who constitutes this audience? More important, how does the arguer gain this knowledge of this audience? And is acceptance by the audience really the best way to view the goal of argumentation? This article broaches these questions, turning to discussions of audience by Chaïm Perelman, Christopher Tindale, and Trudy Govier to ask how one comes to know one's audience and whether acceptance by the audience is the goal of argumentation.
Innovation Failure: Losing Sight of the Big Picture
Authors: Obermöller Anna Fortoul 
Published: December 2013

The Case Study section of the International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation serves two purposes. First, the case studies presented are concerned with problematical issues that are pertinent to students of entrepreneurship. Thus they constitute appropriate teaching and learning vehicles on a variety of postgraduate and undergraduate programmes. Each case study is accompanied by a set of guidelines for the use of tutors. Second, it is envisaged that those engaged in entrepreneurial activities will find the cases both interesting and useful. The case of PSA Peugeot Citroën's electric passenger car is an example of an innovation perceived as a failure because of its disappointing sales volume. Yet, by limiting our assessment of the electric passenger car to a short-term perspective, we may miss out on an essential part of its value. As part of a wider innovation process, the electric passenger car project is a significant step for PSA in its expertise regarding electric vehicles. Key learning outcomes: (a) to understand that innovation is a complex process with fuzzy frontiers, both in time and space; (b) to understand that innovation is a long-term investment with spillovers into other projects; (c) to be aware of the multiple perspectives that may be adopted when examining innovation; and (d) to be aware of the impact of labelling a project a failure.
Local Transplantation of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor-Mobilized CD34+ Cells for Patients With Femoral and Tibial Nonunion: Pilot Clinical Trial
Authors: Kuroda Ryosuke , Matsumoto Tomoyuki , Niikura Takahiro , Kawakami Yohei , Fukui Tomoaki , Lee Sang Yang , Mifune Yutaka , Kawamata Shin , Fukushima Masanori , Asahara Takayuki , Kawamoto Atsuhiko , Kurosaka Masahiro 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Most bone fractures typically heal, although a significant proportion (5%–10%) of fractures fail to heal, resulting in delayed union or persistent nonunion. Some preclinical evidence shows the therapeutic potential of peripheral blood CD34+ cells, a hematopoietic/endothelial progenitor cell-enriched population, for bone fracture healing; however, clinical outcome following transplantation of CD34+ cells in patients with fracture has never been reported. We report a phase I/IIa clinical trial regarding transplantation of autologous, granulocyte colony stimulating factor-mobilized CD34+ cells with atelocollagen scaffold for patients with femoral or tibial fracture nonunion (n = 7). The primary endpoint of this study is radiological fracture healing (union) by evaluating anteroposterior and lateral views at week 12 following cell therapy. For the safety evaluation, incidence, severity, and outcome of all adverse events were recorded. Radiological fracture healing at week 12 was achieved in five of seven cases (71.4%), which was greater than the threshold (18.1%) predefined by the historical outcome of the standard of care. The interval between cell transplantation and union, the secondary endpoint, was 12.6 ± 5.4 weeks (range, 8–24 weeks) for clinical healing and 16.1 ± 10.2 weeks (range, 8–36 weeks) for radiological healing. Neither deaths nor life-threatening adverse events were observed during the 1-year follow-up after the cell therapy. These results suggest feasibility, safety, and potential effectiveness of CD34+ cell therapy in patients with nonunion.
Knowing the unknowns
Authors: Seitz Russell 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe Earth's atmosphere is not the only source of radiative forcing and anthropogenic climate change. As surely as people and civilizations have carbon footprints, they have albedo footprints as well. By altering the reflectivity of roughly half the land surface of the Earth in the past, mankind has made inadvertent geoengineering a part of the landscape of history. This worldwide alteration of reflectivity raises questions about the future of climate change, for albedo is a first‐order determinant of the Earth's radiative equilibrium. As surfaces absorb roughly 100 times more solar energy than the CO2 in the atmosphere, future anthropogenic changes in both land and water albedo may figure significantly in climate policy outcomes.
Orthogonal relation between wavefield polarization and fast S wave direction in the Val d'Agri region: An integrating method to investigate rock anisotropy
Authors: Pischiutta M. , Pastori M. , Improta L. , Salvini F. , Rovelli A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWavefield polarization is investigated using 200 seismograms recorded by a network of 20 stations installed on rock outcrops in the Val d'Agri region that hosts the largest oil fields in the southern Apennines (Italy). Polarization is assessed both in the frequency and time domains through the individual‐station horizontal‐to‐vertical spectral ratio and covariance‐matrix analysis, respectively. We find that most of the stations show a persistent horizontal polarization of waveforms, with a NE‐SW predominant trend. This direction is orthogonal to the general trend of Quaternary normal faults in the region and to the maximum horizontal stress related to the present extensional regime. According to previous studies in other areas, such a directional effect is interpreted as due to the presence of fault‐related fracture fields, polarization being orthogonal to their predominant direction. A comparison with S wave anisotropy inferred from shear wave splitting indicates an orthogonal relation between horizontal polarization and fast S wave direction. This suggests that wavefield polarization and fast velocity direction are effects of the same cause: The existence of an anisotropic medium represented by fractured rocks where shear wave velocity is larger in the crack‐parallel component and compliance is larger perpendicularly to the crack strike. The latter is responsible for the observed anisotropic pattern of amplitudes of horizontal ground motion in the study area.
Ilmenite mapping of the lunar regolith over Mare Australe and Mare Ingenii regions: An optimized multisource approach based on Hapke radiative transfer theory
Authors: Lemelin Myriam , Morisset Caroline‐Emmanuelle , Germain Mickaël , Hipkin Victoria , Goïta Kalifa , Lucey Paul G. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe model lunar ilmenite abundances over Mare Australe and Mare Ingenii regions using a new approach; we integrate Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide Angle Camera (WAC) and Clementine UV‐visible/near‐infrared (UVVIS/NIR) data to obtain a 14‐band mosaic (320‐2000 nm). We use Hapke's radiative transfer equations to compute spectra for various mixtures of orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, olivine, and ilmenite, with varying grain size, chemistry, and degree of maturity, and find the closest match between the modeled spectra and the spectra of the less mature pixels (optical maturity ≥ 0.2) in the 14‐band mosaic. We calculate a “maximum stoichiometrically possible ilmenite content”, using Clementine‐derived TiO2 abundances and the amount of TiO2 in stoichiometric ilmenite, and use it as a constraint in our model. We validate our methodology with lunar soil spectra of known composition. Our results show that the integrated WAC‐UVVIS/NIR data and the UVVIS/NIR data overestimate ilmenite abundances by 8.80 wt % and 7.97 wt %, respectively, when a fixed maximum of 20 wt % ilmenite is used. When the maximum stoichiometrically possible ilmenite content is used as a constraint, the integrated WAC‐UVVIS/NIR data give slightly more accurate ilmenite abundance estimation (±2.87 wt %) than when using only UVVIS/NIR data (± 3.04 wt %). We find ilmenite concentrations of 0−11 wt % in Mare Australe and 0−6 wt % in Mare Ingenii region. Ilmenite abundances between 4 and 7 wt % are exposed in Mare Australe, whereas ilmenite abundances between 7 and 11 wt % are found on the walls of 0.6‐11.8 km diameter craters within Mare Australe.
Emotions in the History Museum
Authors: Watson Sheila 
Published: December 2013

AbstractResearch into communication strategies in museums and galleries has focused mainly on visitors’ learning and their cognitive responses. However, our thoughts and ideas are mediated through our emotions, which are historically and culturally situated. Using case studies, this chapter seeks to open a discussion about the place of emotions in museums. Focusing in particular on the discipline of history and history museums, it suggests that we need to pay more attention to affect and the emotions generated by the museum visit.
Copper(I) Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Morgan M. Thomas , Bagchi Pritha , Fahrni Christoph J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMetal‐ion‐responsive fluorescent probes are routinely used for the detection of metal ions in biological samples, for the determination of metal‐binding affinities of proteins and for the noninvasive visualization of exchangeable metal ion pools in live cells, tissues, and whole organisms. While a large array of fluorescent probes have been developed for nonredox‐active biological metal ions, the literature on copper‐selective probes for biological applications is comparatively sparse. Within the reducing cellular environment, copper is mostly present in its monovalent oxidation state. The development of biological copper probes is therefore facing the challenges posed by the rich redox and coordination chemistry of Cu(I). This article outlines these challenges in a systematic manner by starting with a brief review of the relevant thermodynamic aspects of Cu(I) solution equilibria, followed by discussing the design of fluorescent Cu(I) probes and the optimization of their photophysical properties.
Zinc: Fluorescent Sensors
Authors: Palmer Amy E. , Miranda Jose G. , Carter Kyle P. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Fluorescent sensors for visualizing Zn(II) in living cells permit researchers to quantify the amount of Zn(II), define where Zn(II) is located at the subcellular level, and track dynamics of Zn(II) in response to cellular stimuli. Sensors have been developed in all three major classes: small‐molecule indicators, genetically encoded sensors composed of fluorescent proteins, and hybrid probes that contain a genetically encoded element combined with an exogenous cofactor. Probes have been targeted to mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum
(
ER
), Golgi, nucleus, plasma membrane, vesicles, and cytosol in order to monitor Zn(II) in these locales. This article summarizes the overall design, biophysical, and photophysical properties of the major Zn(II) sensors.
Metal Homeostasis: Sparing and Salvaging Metals in Chloroplasts
Authors: Blaby‐Haas Crysten E. , Merchant Sabeeha S. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractChloroplast function is dependent on the acquisition and correct allocation of metal cofactors. When the plant encounters a shortage of metal, programmed responses involving sparing and salvaging of the limiting nutrient are activated to ensure that necessary proteins are metalated at the expense of proteins with dispensable functions. These mechanisms operate at the transcriptional, translational, and post‐translation levels, and serve to widen the window of metal concentrations, in which the plant can survive. Mainly by taking advantage of microbial reference organisms, several classic examples of chloroplast metal sparing and salvaging are available. These include the plastocyanin/cytochromec6switch in cyanobacteria and algae, themicroRNAs(miRNAs)‐mediated copper economy in land plants, and the programmed degradation of the photosynthetic machinery during iron deficiency in algae.
Iron and Heme Transport and Trafficking
Authors: Yien Yvette Y. , Paw Barry H. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractGenetic defects in iron acquisition and export, and heme metabolism can result in pathologies including congenital anemia or porphyria. While the enzymes that govern heme synthesis have been elucidated and characterized, the proteins and genes that govern the transport of iron, heme, and heme intermediates are poorly studied. Knowledge of these transport mechanisms will shed light on important regulatory steps that govern heme and iron metabolism. This article focuses on summarizing current studies on heme, heme intermediates and iron transport, and attempts to identify gaps in our knowledge of these transport pathways. Additionally, we will highlight the contribution of model organisms to the understanding of heme/iron metabolism.
Metal Specificity of Metallosensors
Authors: Higgins Khadine A. , Giedroc David P. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTransition metal ions are biologically required yet toxic when in excess. As such, prokaryotes have developed metal homeostasis systems that allow for the acquisition of essential metal ions, the delivery of these metal ions to target proteins, and the export of metal ions from the cell. Specialized metal‐binding proteins termedmetallosensorsbind to a cognate metal ion(s) in the cell and either transcriptionally repress the expression of importers or de‐repress the expression of exporters or sequestration systems and therefore govern cellular metal homeostasis. Metallosensors must be selective and appropriately sensitive toward the binding of their cognate metals. Prokaryotic metallosensors have been identified in ten different protein structural families. Each family exploits either one general metal‐binding‐site region, individual members of which have evolved different coordination sites, or alternatively, employs multiple metal‐binding sites to effect coordination of different metal ions. There is now broad support for the hypothesis that metal responsiveness in metallosensors is most closely linked to the coordination number and geometry adopted by cognate metal ion(s), and this is the subject of this article. Since a range of metal ions can be collectively sensed by a single repressor family, a particular protein fold cannot be specific for one particular metal ion. In fact, the converse is true: nature has used convergent evolution to evolve metal‐specific sensors on a variety of structural scaffolds that exploit common principles of coordination chemistry (ligand type, coordination number, and geometry) to effect the same biological outcome.