bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the mechanism of the Gent–McWilliams instability of a columnar vortex in stratified rotating fluids
Authors: Yim Eunok , Billant Paul 
Published: September 2015

In stably stratified and rotating fluids, an axisymmetric columnar vortex can be unstable to a special instability with an azimuthal wavenumber $m=1$ which bends and slices the vortex into pancake vortices (Gent & McWilliams Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., vol. 35 (1–4), 1986, pp. 209–233). This bending instability, called the ‘Gent–McWilliams instability’ herein, is distinct from the shear, centrifugal or radiative instabilities. The goals of the paper are to better understand the origin and properties of this instability and to explain why it operates only in stratified rotating fluids. Both numerical and asymptotic stability analyses of several velocity profiles have been performed for wide ranges of Froude number $\mathit{Fr}_{h}={\it\Omega}_{0}/N$ and Rossby number $\mathit{Ro}=2{\it\Omega}_{0}/f$, where ${\it\Omega}_{0}$ is the angular velocity on the vortex axis, $N$ the Brunt–Väisälä frequency and $f$ the Coriolis parameter. Numerical analyses restricted to the centrifugally stable range show that the maximum growth rate of the Gent–McWilliams instability increases with $\mathit{Ro}$ and is independent of $\mathit{Fr}_{h}$ for $\mathit{Fr}_{h}\leqslant 1$. In contrast, when $\mathit{Fr}_{h}>1$, the maximum growth rate decreases dramatically with $\mathit{Fr}_{h}$. Long axial wavelength asymptotic analyses for isolated vortices prove that the Gent–McWilliams instability is due to the destabilization of the long-wavelength bending mode by a critical layer at the radius $r_{c}$ where the angular velocity ${\it\Omega}$ is equal to the frequency ${\it\omega}$: ${\it\Omega}(r_{c})={\it\omega}$. A necessary and sufficient instability condition valid for long wavelengths, finite Rossby number and $\mathit{Fr}_{h}\leqslant 1$ is that the derivative of the vertical vorticity of the basic vortex is positive at $r_{c}$: ${\it\zeta}^{\prime }(r_{c})>0$. Such a critical layer $r_{c}$ exists for finite Rossby and Froude numbers because the real part of the frequency of the long-wavelength bending mode is positive instead of being negative as in a homogeneous non-rotating fluid ($\mathit{Ro}=\mathit{Fr}_{h}=\infty$). When $\mathit{Fr}_{h}>1$, the instability condition ${\it\zeta}^{\prime }(r_{c})>0$ is necessary but not sufficient because the destabilizing effect of the critical layer $r_{c}$ is strongly reduced by a second stabilizing critical layer $r_{c2}$ existing at the radius where the angular velocity is equal to the Brunt–Väisälä frequency. For non-isolated vortices, numerical results show that only finite axial wavenumbers are unstable to the Gent–McWilliams instability.
On velocity gradient dynamics and turbulent structure
Authors: Lawson J. M. , Dawson J. R. 
Published: September 2015

The statistics of the velocity gradient tensor $\unicode[STIX]{x1D63C}=\boldsymbol{{\rm\nabla}}\boldsymbol{u}$, which embody the fine scales of turbulence, are influenced by turbulent ‘structure’. Whilst velocity gradient statistics and dynamics have been well characterised, the connection between structure and dynamics has largely focused on rotation-dominated flow and relied upon data from numerical simulation alone. Using numerical and spatially resolved experimental datasets of homogeneous turbulence, the role of structure is examined for all local (incompressible) flow topologies characterisable by $\unicode[STIX]{x1D63C}$. Structures are studied through the footprints they leave in conditional averages of the $Q=-\text{Tr}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D63C}^{2})/2$ field, pertinent to non-local strain production, obtained using two complementary conditional averaging techniques. The first, stochastic estimation, approximates the $Q$ field conditioned upon $\unicode[STIX]{x1D63C}$ and educes quantitatively similar structure in both datasets, dissimilar to that of random Gaussian velocity fields. Moreover, it strongly resembles a promising model for velocity gradient dynamics recently proposed by Wilczek & Meneveau (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 756, 2014, pp. 191–225), but is derived under a less restrictive premise, with explicitly determined closure coefficients. The second technique examines true conditional averages of the $Q$ field, which is used to validate the stochastic estimation and provide insights towards the model’s refinement. Jointly, these approaches confirm that vortex tubes are the predominant feature of rotation-dominated regions and additionally show that shear layer structures are active in strain-dominated regions. In both cases, kinematic features of these structures explain alignment statistics of the pressure Hessian eigenvectors and why local and non-local strain production act in opposition to each other.
Casting a wider performance net: The role of entrepreneurial orientation in boosting overall firm stakeholder value
Authors: Shahzad Ali M , Wales William J , Sharfman Mark P , Stein Christopher M 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis study offers a broader perspective on the effects of entrepreneurial orientation beyond its well-established implications for firm financial performance. Herein, it is suggested that through higher firm innovativeness, risk taking, and proactiveness entrepreneurial orientation contributes to an increase in the overall value accrued by the firm’s base of stakeholders. In doing so, we offer a broader perspective on the significance of an entrepreneurial orientation strategic posture for increasing stakeholder value beyond simply the financial value captured by firm shareholding stakeholders. Results from a comprehensive sample of 1,015 public US corporations indicate significant relationships between the three core dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (innovativeness, risk taking, proactiveness) and stakeholder value, suggesting that how organizations behave entrepreneurially plays an important role in the firms generation of stakeholder value.
Systematic review of the effect of processing of whole-grain oat cereals on glycaemic response
Authors: Tosh Susan M. , Chu YiFang 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWhole-grain oats have been identified as a type of food that blunts blood glucose increase after a meal. However, processing of oats changes the physical characteristics of the grain, which may influence human glycaemic response. Therefore, the effect of different processes on acute postprandial glycaemic response, quantified using glycaemic index (GI) measurements, was investigated in a systematic review. A review of the literature identified twenty publications containing fifty-six individual tests. An additional seventeen unpublished tests were found in an online database. Of the seventy-two measurements included in the review, two were for steel-cut oats, eleven for large-flake oats, seven for quick-cooking (small flake) oats, nine for instant oatmeal and twenty-eight for muesli or granola. One granola measurement was identified as an outlier and was removed from the statistical analysis. In all, fifteen clinical tests were reported for rolled oat porridge that did not specify the type of oats used, and thus the effect of processing could not be assessed. Steel-cut oats (GI=55 (se 2·5)), large-flake oats (GI=53 (se 2·0)) and muesli and granola (GI=56 (se 1·7)) elicited low to medium glycaemic response. Quick-cooking oats and instant oatmeal produced significantly higher glycaemic response (GI=71 (se 2·7) and 75 (se 2·8), respectively) than did muesli and granola or large-flake oatmeal porridge. The analysis establishes that differences in processing protocols and cooking practices modify the glycaemic response to foods made with whole-grain oats. Smaller particle size and increased starch gelatinisation appear to increase the glycaemic response.
In silicoADME/T modelling for rational drug design
Authors: Wang Yulan , Xing Jing , Xu Yuan , Zhou Nannan , Peng Jianlong , Xiong Zhaoping , Liu Xian , Luo Xiaomin , Luo Cheng , Chen Kaixian , Zheng Mingyue , Jiang Hualiang 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn recent decades,in silicoabsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME), and toxicity (T) modelling as a tool for rational drug design has received considerable attention from pharmaceutical scientists, and various ADME/T-related prediction models have been reported. The high-throughput and low-cost nature of these models permits a more streamlined drug development process in which the identification of hits or their structural optimization can be guided based on a parallel investigation of bioavailability and safety, along with activity. However, the effectiveness of these tools is highly dependent on their capacity to cope with needs at different stages, e.g. their use in candidate selection has been limited due to their lack of the required predictability. For some events or endpoints involving more complex mechanisms, the currentin silicoapproaches still need further improvement. In this review, we will briefly introduce the development ofin silicomodels for some physicochemical parameters, ADME properties and toxicity evaluation, with an emphasis on the modelling approaches thereof, their application in drug discovery, and the potential merits or deficiencies of these models. Finally, the outlook for future ADME/T modelling based on big data analysis and systems sciences will be discussed.
IDENTIFICATION AND INFERENCE ON REGRESSIONS WITH MISSING COVARIATE DATA
Authors: Aucejo Esteban M. , Bugni Federico A. , Hotz V. Joseph 
Published: September 2015

This paper examines the problem of identification and inference on a conditional moment condition model with missing data, with special focus on the case when the conditioning covariates are missing. We impose no assumption on the distribution of the missing data and we confront the missing data problem by using a worst case scenario approach.We characterize the sharp identified set and argue that this set is usually too complex to compute or to use for inference. Given this difficulty, we consider the construction of outer identified sets (i.e. supersets of the identified set) that are easier to compute and can still characterize the parameter of interest. Two different outer identification strategies are proposed. Both of these strategies are shown to have nontrivial identifying power and are relatively easy to use and combine for inferential purposes.
Landscape, Agriculture and the Rural Economy of Hockley, Essex, 1840–1916
Authors: MURRAY STEPHEN 
Published: September 2015

Abstract:This article examines the local economy of a parish in south-east Essex during a period when economic, social and technological factors were transforming rural Britain. Record linkages are used to construct a microhistory of Hockley to analyse the exploitation of the landscape and rural livelihoods. Agricultural and occupational change reflected many national economic and social influences, but there are also counter examples to regional patterns of farming practice and large scale agrarian capitalist landownership. The agricultural depression of c.1875–96 effected a shift from arable to livestock farming and the development of market gardening facilitated by the railway. A reduction in agricultural employment opportunities, and the absence of a cottage industry for women, led to a significant out-migration of working-age people. The microhistory demonstrates that local factors, such as access to a tidal river, the timing of the arrival of the railway, the availability of brick-making clay and new trades provided livelihood opportunities and influenced the structure and operation of the rural economy.
Getting On, Getting Out, and Going Places: Education, Opportunity, and Social Mobility in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Rural New Zealand
Authors: LEE HOWARD , LEE GREGORY 
Published: September 2015

Abstract:This article does not purport to provide an exhaustive overview of the history of rural high school education in New Zealand. Such information can be readily obtained from a number of existing historical studies in education. Rather, it seeks to identify and analyse the complex ways whereby those associated most closely with these schools, the students, teachers, and parents, steadfastly and successfully resisted the determined and repeated efforts of the Department of Education, its Directors, and successive Ministers of Education to introduce and popularise a highly ‘practical’, non-academic, agriculturally oriented curriculum in New Zealand's rural (district) high schools on the grounds of education and social efficiency. What becomes abundantly clear is that the educational demands and expectations of rural communities were markedly different from the official discourse. Rural communities expected, and sought access to, the same high status knowledge and highly prized public school examinations that offered ambitious urban youth the opportunity to gain enhanced economic, geographical, social, and vocational mobility. Consequently, the elevated status of traditional academic subjects meant that preparation for examinations came to dominate, and quickly overshadow, the curriculum offerings of the district high schools and this persisted for more than a century.
Associations between cruciferous vegetable intake and selected biomarkers among women scheduled for breast biopsies
Authors: Zhang Zhenzhen , Atwell Lauren L , Farris Paige E , Ho Emily , Shannon Jackilen 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the relationship between dietary cruciferous vegetable intake and selected tumour biomarkers for histone acetylation (H3K9ac, H3K18ac, HDAC3 and HDAC6), proliferation (Ki-67) and cell-cycle regulation (p21) from breast tissue.DesignThe study used baseline data of women recruited to participate in a clinical trial of sulforaphane supplement. Dietary cruciferous vegetable intake was collected through a validated Arizona Cruciferous Vegetable Intake Questionnaire. Breast tissue was obtained from biopsy samples. Spearman correlations were calculated between intake of specific cruciferous vegetables and biomarkers. Tissue biomarkers were log2-transformed to obtain approximate normality. Linear regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between cruciferous vegetable intake and biomarkers adjusting for age and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. False discovery rate (FDR) was used to account for multiple comparisons.SettingClinical trial baseline.SubjectsFifty-four women who had abnormal mammogram findings and were scheduled for breast biopsy.ResultsMean intake of total cruciferous vegetables from all food sources was 81·7 (sd57·3) g/d. Mean urinary total sulforaphane metabolites was 0·08 (sd0·07) µm/mmcreatinine. Total cruciferous vegetable intake was inversely associated with Ki-67 protein expression in breast ductal carcinomain situ(DCIS) tissue (β=−0·004;se=0·001; FDRqvalue=0·03), but not in benign or invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) tissue. No association was found for other biomarkers measured (HDAC3, HDAC6, H3K9, H3K18 and p21) in all tissues examined (benign, DCIS and IDC).ConclusionsThe present study sought to provide additional evidence for the potential role of sulforaphane in histone acetylation and cell proliferation. Here, we report that total cruciferous vegetable intake is associated with decreased cell proliferation in breast DCIS tissue.
Occurrence of shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810, off Turkey's coast
Authors: Kabasakal Hakan 
Published: September 2015

Review of the available literature and the results of the present study revealed that 17 specimens ofIsurus oxyrinchuswere caught between 1950 and 2013. Nine (52.9%) of these verified 17 catches were recorded after 2000. Catches ofI. oxyrinchusoff Turkey's coast include specimens ranging from new-borns (65 cm total length) to huge adults (585 cm total length). A new-born female caught off the coast of Foça on 19 May 2015 represents the smallest free-swimming specimen ofI. oxyrinchusever recorded in Turkish waters. The occurrence of a new-born shortfin mako shark off Foça's coast provides new evidence to support the possibility of a mating region of lamniform sharks, includingI. oxyrinchus, in the northern Aegean Sea. The seasonal occurrence of both young and adult shortfin mako sharks off Turkey's Aegean and Mediterranean coasts should be monitored to clarify whether the shortfin mako shark is a resident or a vagrant species along the aforementioned coastline.
Study of sand wave migration over five years as observed in two windfarm development areas, and the implications for building on moving substrates in the North Sea
Authors: Games Ken P. , Gordon David I. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTSand waves are well known indicators of a mobile seabed. What do we expect of these features in terms of migration rates and seabed scour? We discuss these effects on seabed structures, both for the Oil and Gas and the Windfarm Industries, and consider how these impact on turbines and buried cables. Two case studies are presented. The first concerns a windfarm with a five-year gap between the planning survey and a subsequent cable route and environmental assessment survey. This revealed large-scale movements of sand waves, with the displacement of an isolated feature of 155 m in five years. Secondly, another windfarm development involved a re-survey, again over a five-year period, but after the turbines had been installed. This showed movements of sand waves of ∼50 m in five years. Observations of the scour effects on the turbines are discussed. Both sites revealed the presence of barchans. Whilst these have been extensively studied on land, there are few examples of how they behave in the marine environment. The two case studies presented show that mass transport is potentially much greater than expected and that this has implications for choosing turbine locations, the effect of scour, and the impact these sediment movements are likely to have on power cables.
The 2013 Judgment of the ICJ in theTemple of Preah VihearCase and the Protection of World Cultural Heritage Sites in Wartime
Authors: CHECHI Alessandro 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper looks at the Judgment handed down by the International Court of Justice in November 2013 on the interpretation of its 1962 Judgment in theTemple of Preah Vihearcase between Cambodia and Thailand. The primary objective of this paper is to disclose the imperfect account of states’ obligations provided for by the Court. In effect, the ICJ emphasized that Cambodia and Thailand must co-operate pursuant to the World Heritage Convention in the protection of the Temple as a world heritage site of outstanding universal value. Accordingly, the Court obscured the fact that the regime for the protection of cultural heritage in wartime was applicable in this case. This paper first examines the ICJ’s narrow approach and its implications. Next, it brings the focus back into a larger context by analyzing the impact of the ICJ’s jurisprudence on the development of international cultural heritage law.
Coordinated Ocean Stewardship in the Arctic: Needs, Challenges and Possible Models for an Arctic Ocean Coordinating Agreement
Authors: Baker Betsy , Yeager Brooks 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis article proposes an Arctic Ocean Coordinating Agreement (AOCA) as a framework for more effective coordination and sharing of practices regarding national conservation and management policies in the marine Arctic. It envisions a nimble, versatile body that operates without creating new institutions and focuses instead on convening and coordinating existing individuals and institutions whose expertise can assist the Arctic states with questions that the Arctic states define. The AOCA could incorporate aspects of regional seas agreements (RSAs) into a less formal regional arrangement that would differ significantly from traditional RSAs. Identifying the Arctic Council as the right entity to launch AOCA discussions, the article proposes that an AOCA should draw on entities already engaged in work relevant to the emerging challenges in the Arctic Ocean: the Helsinki and OSPAR Commissions, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), and other institutions that have successfully convened appropriate sets of actors for targeted responses to shared marine management concerns around the world.
Signature of magnetic-dependent gapless odd frequency states at superconductor/ferromagnet interfaces
Authors: Di Bernardo A. , Diesch S. , Gu Y. , Linder J. , Divitini G. , Ducati C. , Scheer E. , Blamire M.G. , Robinson J.W.A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe theory of superconductivity developed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS) explains the stabilization of electron pairs into a spin-singlet, even frequency, state by the formation of an energy gap within which the density of states is zero. At a superconductor interface with an inhomogeneous ferromagnet, a gapless odd frequency superconducting state is predicted, in which the Cooper pairs are in a spin-triplet state. Although indirect evidence for such a state has been obtained, the gap structure and pairing symmetry have not so far been determined. Here we report scanning tunnelling spectroscopy of Nb superconducting films proximity coupled to epitaxial Ho. These measurements reveal pronounced changes to the Nb subgap superconducting density of states on driving the Ho through a metamagnetic transition from a helical antiferromagnetic to a homogeneous ferromagnetic state for which a BCS-like gap is recovered. The results prove odd frequency spin-triplet superconductivity at superconductor/inhomogeneous magnet interfaces.
Postnatal β-cell maturation is associated with islet-specific microRNA changes induced by nutrient shifts at weaning
Authors: Jacovetti Cécile , Matkovich Scot J. , Rodriguez-Trejo Adriana , Guay Claudiane , Regazzi Romano 
Published: September 2015

AbstractGlucose-induced insulin secretion is an essential function of pancreatic β-cells that is partially lost in individuals affected by Type 2 diabetes. This unique property of β-cells is acquired through a poorly understood postnatal maturation process involving major modifications in gene expression programs. Here we show that β-cell maturation is associated with changes in microRNA expression induced by the nutritional transition that occurs at weaning. When mimicked in newborn islet cells, modifications in the level of specific microRNAs result in a switch in the expression of metabolic enzymes and cause the acquisition of glucose-induced insulin release. Our data suggest microRNAs have a central role in postnatal β-cell maturation and in the determination of adult functional β-cell mass. A better understanding of the events governing β-cell maturation may help understand why some individuals are predisposed to developing diabetes and could lead to new strategies for the treatment of this common metabolic disease.