bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
51 Does antique Waterford Crystal create a lead exposure if used to serve wine or other alcohol beverages
Authors: Napier Dan , Williams Taylor 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Historically Lead was added to crystal glasses and bottles that were decorated by cuts in the glass. Crystal from Waterford Ireland was very popular. The author selected various Genuine antique Waterford crystal glasses and crushed them to determine if there was any potential exposure to lead from consuming wine or hard liquor that had been placed in a Waterford cut crystal glass. Further testing was accomplished by placing citric acid in cut crystal bottles for several months to determine if the lead was detectable in the stored liquid in a Waterford bottle.
Wine and Cognac were placed in Waterford bottles or on crushed glass to simulate normal use.
The study is ongoing, but expected to be available for review by February, 2024.
69 Association of aerodynamic size of bioaerosols with biodiversity and antibiotic-resistance in kindergartens
Authors: Lai Chane-Yu , Lin Tzu-Hsien , Chou Ying-Hsiang , Hsu Tzu-Yu 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The bacterial size, biodiversity, human-associated bacteria (HAB) and antibiotic-resistance of bioaerosols were evaluated at three kindergartens in Taiwan in winter and spring. Kindergartens A, B, and C were in urban, semi-urban, and rural areas, respectively. A six-stage viable Andersen cascade impactor was used to collect bioaerosols and to determine their size distributions. A BD Phoenix-100 automated interpretation system was used to identify the airborne bacteria species and their antibiotic resistance.
The results revealed that 1,425 colonies (97.6%) of the sampled airborne bacteria contained 63 species in 29 genera, and 56.6-86.4 % were HABs. About 84.8 % of selected airborne bacteria revealed antibiotic-resistance to at least one antibiotic agent. Staphylococcus spp. was detected in all sampling rounds in the three kindergartens, with a range of abundance between 2.0 and 70.0%. They resisted to 16.9-25.0% of tested antibiotic agents and their sizes varied widely from 1.1 to &gt;7.0 µm. The urban-area kindergarten yielded higher bacteria antibiotic-resistant rate and multidrug resistance than did the lower urbanization level kindergartens. The statistical results revealed that the kindergarten in the rural area, with a higher temperature, a lower relative humidity, and a lower CO2 concentration than the others, tended to have the largest biodiversities (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, bioaerosol aerodynamic size was statistically correlated with Shannon (P = 0.001) and inverse Simpson (P = 0.002) diversities.
Airborne HAB, especially belonged to Firmicute, that coagulated with human flakes and had high multidrug resistance rate might increase indoor transmission under poor ventilation in kindergarten.
97 Performance of pharmaceutical equipment – challenges during exposure monitoring
Authors: Labatzke Ramona 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Situation
When new equipment is installed in pharmaceutical industries an APCPPE test (former SMEPAC) should be performed to collect knowledge about the exposure profile of the equipment. The APCPPE test should be performed in the operational qualification phase (OQ) of the equipment.

Lessons Learned
In reality there are a lot of challenges to do adequate performance testing. In addition, evaluation of results and drawing conclusions is not always easy. Handpicked examples of performance testing demonstrate challenges during exposure monitoring. Challenges during evaluation are presented as well.
104 Evaluating multi-establishment SEG variability: results from the brick manufacturing sector
Authors: Emili Andrea , Mater Gautier 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The seminal works of Rappaport (1991) and Kromhout et al. (1993) highlighted the importance of Similar Exposure Group (SEG) variability in occupational exposure assessment. In 2019, we started a research program to test a methodology for defining multi-establishment SEGs, i.e. groups including workers from different establishments, as opposed to the usual “mono-establishment” approach. Our research included both data from two French occupational exposure databases, managed by INRS, and the field observations and measurements we performed in various industrial sectors. To be included in our analysis, establishments had to share similar characteristics and occupational hygiene standards. Here we present results from the brick manufacturing sector, showing the effect of workplace on SEGs variability. For this sector, we collected 252 personal measurements of crystalline silica, covering 8-hour shifts. We estimated by ANOVA the within- and between- components of SEGs variability and we calculated for each SEG the rho heterogeneity coefficient and the R ratio, which were initially proposed for assessing worker variability. Rho values were comprised between 0.001 and 0.49, with a median of 0.12. The R ratio was comprised between 1.15 and 4.46, with a median of 2.70. Results showed moderate variability for five out of eight inter-establishment SEGs, high variability for two SEGs and low variability for one SEG, in good agreement with the results obtained by expertise. Future analyses will aim at better define homogeneity criteria for multi-establishment SEGs, taking into account their higher complexity compared to the classic mono-establishment SEGs.
159 Efficacy of different types of masks in protecting the environment and individual
Authors: Cheng Hsiao Chi , Chiu Ching Yi , Lin Chih Wei , Huang Sheng Hsiu , Chen Chih Chieh 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This study addresses the pivotal issue of mask effectiveness in safeguarding individuals and the environment, especially in the context of various disease outbreaks. Highlighting the dual purpose of masks – personal protection and environmental safety – the research emphasizes the challenges posed by leakage and filtration efficiency. The study’s background underscores the critical need for understanding mask efficacy to guide public health practices effectively. The research employed a comprehensive approach, utilizing silicone tubes to simulate mask leaks and polydisperse sodium chloride particles as challenge aerosols. Various parameters, such as breathing flow rates, types of masks, and leak locations, were meticulously examined. The study utilized an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer to measure particle concentration and size distribution, offering a detailed analysis of mask performance under different conditions. Findings revealed significant insights into mask efficacy. Higher breathing flow rates notably improved mask protection efficiency, showcasing the relationship between airflow rates and mask effectiveness. Interestingly, masks with superior filtration efficiency but poor fit exhibited reduced protection, emphasizing the crucial role of proper mask fit in ensuring efficacy. The study demonstrated the impact of leak location on particle penetration, providing essential data for mask design and selection. This research offers vital guidelines for environment-specific mask selection, emphasizing the pivotal role of proper fit. It addresses the potential reshaping of public health strategies during mask shortages by highlighting the need for balancing filtration efficiency and fit. These insights offer practical solutions for individual and environmental safety. Moreover, they could inform future public health policies and manufacturing standards, enhancing disease prevention strategies and contributing significantly to global health security.
160 Performance improvement of beta gauge particulate monitors
Authors: li Qi-Xiang , lin Chih-Wei , Huang Sheng-Hsiu , Chen Chih-Chieh 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Beta gauge is used in PM monitoring. It measures particle mass by utilizing beta attenuation. However, due to the high deviation of beta particles per second, commercial beta gauges have a high response time. That means achieving real-time monitoring is challenging. This study aims to improve the beta gauge’s detection limit(LOD) and response time(TR) for real-time monitoring. To reduce external environmental interference, aerosol generation system was established in laboratory to generate stable challenge particle size and distribution. The commercial beta gauge was used to evaluate the effects of the sampling area, sampling number, and smoothing time(TS). Lambert Beer’s law was used to convert the beta intensity into mass concentration per second, evaluating the beta gauge’s TR, S/N ratio, and LOD. By adjusting TS from 5 to 75 min, TR reaches from 0.3 to 60 minutes. At daily average PM2.5 of 35 μg/m3, the SD of readings decreases from 175 to 3.2 μg/m3. At quantitative standard (S/N ratio=10), when the sampling area is reduced from 2 to 0.4 cm2, the required TS is shortened by 33%. When the sample number is increased to 6, the required TS can be shortened by 60%. The LOD is about 12 μg/m3 with TS of 75 minutes. By increasing the sample number to 6, it can be achieved 1.5 μg/m3. To optimize its response time, the smoothing method can be utilized. To improve the stability of beta gauge measurement and achieve a lower LOD, it is recommended to reduce the sampling area and increase the number of samples.
173 A snapshot of occupational health and safety concerns from the 1955 hotline among migrant workers in Taiwan
Authors: Liu Yu-Kang , Liu Kuo-Ching , Tsaur Charng-Cheng , Lee Wan-Chen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Migrant workers are more likely to engage in high-risk occupational activities, making job-related health and safety a persistent concern. However, there is a lack of research on the migrant workers’ perception on work-related difficulties and complaints to inform future policy formulation regarding workers’ wellbeing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the occupational challenges faced by migrant workers in Taiwan. We analyzed data recorded between 2012 to 2021 from the 1955 Labor Advisory and Complaints Hotline database. Based on the built-in categorical variables and selected keywords, we examined the basic characteristics of the complaint cases, including time trends, demographic features, and the types of issues covered in the complaints.
The results showed a stable demand for the 1955 Hotline calls over the past decade. The characteristics of complainants were similar among migrant workers across different geographic regions and industries in Taiwan. In terms of the complaint content, it was evident that most issues were centered around administrative management, such as occupational injury compensation, wages, and leave. The findings indicated that in the formulation of policies related to migrant workers, the roles played by employers and human resource companies should be taken into consideration.
This study is the first to report findings from the 1955 Hotline in Taiwan. It provides the foundation for designing more in-depth research to reveal the most pressing occupational issues that concern the migrant workers, including influential factors for safety and health.
188 The butterfly effect of emissions-based maintenance: small change in preventative maintenance has significant impact on breakdowns and exposure risk
Authors: Swanepoel Johannes (Deon) , Hines Jennifer , Gopaldasani Vinod , Badenhorst Cas J , Davies Brian 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Emissions-based maintenance (EBM), a key aspect of diesel exhaust control, serves as an effective approach to persuade workplaces to manage diesel exposure risk. EBM is an emissions source control that simultaneously contributes to improved fuel combustion efficiency and evaluates exhaust aftertreatment effectiveness. This presentation delves into a research study examining the impact of EBM on engine corrective and breakdown maintenance for an underground diesel fleet.

Methods
Bivariate and negative binomial regression analyses were conducted on data spanning five years before and after the introduction of an EBM program. The engine sample comprised 35 engines from Perkins and Caterpillar brands.

Results
Initial analysis reveals a significant reduction in breakdown maintenance following the adoption of EBM (P &lt; 0.05). Before EBM’s implementation, there was an exponential increase in corrective maintenances annually. However, post-EBM, a significant exponential decrease in corrective maintenances was observed year-on-year (P &lt; 0.05). These results support claims that EBM reduces engine maintenance. Furthermore, it suggests that the capital and operating costs of implementing an EBM program may be offset by the gains in reduced unscheduled maintenance.

Conclusions
This study underscores that EBM’s benefits extend beyond health risk mitigation and fuel savings. By also curbing maintenance-associated expenses, EBM offers a compelling financial reason for employers to adopt this control strategy. Consequently, this research propels diesel particulate matter (DPM) exposure control by highlighting the monetary advantages of an EBM initiative.
Research where production incentives are quantified as part of risk control can facilitate early hazard control and lay the foundation for developing real-time monitoring, by demonstrating productivity gains from implementing hazard control.
194 Permeation test for a chemical protective glove against mixtures of two chemicals
Authors: Uehara Takumi , Mogi Satoshi , Hanaoka Saki , Noguchi Makoto 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We conducted a permeation test of a chemical protective glove made with neoprene and nitril against a mixture of two chemicals.
We applied three agents such as (1) methanol and water, (2) methanol and 2-propanol, and (3) toluene and hexane.
As a part of results, the breakthrough time of the agent of methanol and water increased as the methanol concentration decreased, and when methanol concentration is 10 % we found that the maximum penetration rate is lower than 0.1 μg/cm2 per minute. We will also report the permeation test results for other chemical mixtures.
205 A comparison of amended occupational exposure limits (maximum limits) promulgated in South Africa with limit values from other countries
Authors: Du Preez Karen , Claassen Nico 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
South African occupational exposure limits for hazardous chemical agents were revised in 2021 and introduced some limit values that were lowered by up to 99.2% when compared with the previously applicable limit values.
A descriptive study was conducted as desk research to identify exposure limits from a list typically applicable to carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens, or sensitizers, called maximum limits, that were lowered substantially. The percentage reduction in maximum limits were calculated to identify those that were reduced by more than 50%, constituting more stringent limits. These limit values were compared with limit values applied by other countries or organizations by accessing the GESTIS-ILV database which provide an overview of limit values included in 35 lists from 29 countries. The database was updated in 2022 and include two lists from South Africa. The comparison was conducted to obtain an understanding of international alignment of South African maximum limits after amendment. The range of limit values and the value reported most frequently for each chemical were reported.
A total of 21 maximum limit values were identified that were lowered by more than 50%, with six limit values lowered by 90% or more. The mode applicable to nine of the chemicals were still more stringent than the lowered South African limit values, and three were equal to the lowered limits.
The revision improved alignment of South African occupational exposure limit values with those applied in other countries, which, provided efficient implementation, translates into better protection of the workforce from occupational diseases.
212 Occupational safety and health issues among migrant workers in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai I-Hsuan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Well-functioning occupational safety and health (OSH) programs have been the foundation to strengthen global economic development. OSH policies and practices for migrant workers are issues of concern to all countries worldwide, as mentioned by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Migrant workers face various factors that exacerbate their vulnerability, including language barriers, lack of access to training and education, limited legal protection, and discrimination.
Taiwan, like many high-income countries, relies heavily on migrant workers. However, information on occupational accident prevention strategies for migrant workers is lacking, making it difficult to comprehensively evaluate the risk factors and the effectiveness of education and training. Despite implementation shortcomings, the Labor Insurance coverage requirements for migrant workers in Taiwan have provided a comprehensive database to demonstrate statistical information and to identify critical risk factors.
This study utilized the databases of labor insurance and the major occupational accidents to identify the incidence rate of work-related accidents among migrant workers compared with domestic workers in Taiwan. Meanwhile, the on-site investigation was also conducted through questionnaires and interviews with the managers, domestic laborers, and migrant workers to gain insight into their OSH experiences, perceptions, and challenges. Overall, language barriers were found to be the most prevalent obstacles in delivering effective training programs, and a reliable evaluation system is needed to assess the efficacy of the training for migrant workers.
Overall, this study offers insights for developing training programs to enhance workplace safety, fostering international collaborations for global occupational health improvement, and guiding governments in formulating policies to safeguard migrant workers’ rights and well-being.
238 The effectiveness of alarm management bundle in reducing alarm fatigue and burnout among nurses
Authors: Oktayani Pande , Lin Ro-Ting 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Alarm become global concern due to its patient safety and mental health issues among clinical workers. Overwhelmed by numerous false alarms not only induced alarm fatigue but also burnout. Alarm management bundle of CEASE has been widely used to decrease alarm fatigue, however the evidence of CEASE bundle in lowering both alarm fatigue and burnout is unknown.

Objective
To evaluate the effectiveness of alarm management bundle in reducing alarm fatigue and burnout among nurses.

Methods
A prospective cross-sectional study involved 110 nurses in Bali Mandara Hospital Bali. The study was divided into four sections (pretest, education, alarm management implementation of CEASE checklist and post-test) from August 1st to November 30th, 2023. Translated Alarm fatigue and Copenhagen Burnout Inventory Questionnaire were used to assess the main variables.

Results
Our preliminary result revealed the alarm fatigue score was high, 40.05±15.7. The overall burnout score was low 29.4±14.6. In the meantime, personal burnout, work-related burnout, client-related burnout shows 39.7±15.6, 30.7 ± 17.4 and 15±16.7 respectively. In the meantime, personal burnout, work-related burnout, client-related burnout revealed 39.7±15.6, 30.7 ± 17.4 and 15±16.7 respectively.

Conclusion
Our ongoing research highlights the high alarm fatigue score pre implementation of alarm management. Despite the burnout score remaining low, this study sets the stage for the implementation of the CEASE bundle to address alarm fatigue and prevent burnout. The implications of our result extend beyond smart technology utilization, alarm management policy, influencing occupational health guidelines, ultimately promoting a safer and healthier workforce.
240 Leveraging factory acceptance tests for enhanced noise control strategies, a Petronas experience
Authors: Mustaffa Masfarita , Hamis Norhana Abdul 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Noise control has become a critical consideration in various industries to ensure a safe and comfortable working environment while adhering to regulatory standards. Buy Quiet Strategy is an approach aimed at reducing noise pollution and protecting the hearing health of workers. It involves making decisions that prioritize quieter equipment and design. The key concept behind Buy Quiet is to select and purchase tools, machines, and equipment that produce less noise during operation. In PETRONAS, implementing Buy Quiet strategy during design stage is crucial to optimally minimizing noise emissions at the source by selecting or designing quieter equipment.
Factory Acceptance Tests (FATs) is one of the essential components of Buy Quiet strategy, but their potential benefits extend beyond mere quality control. The paper outlines the various stages of a Factory Acceptance Test, emphasizing the importance of detailed inspection and performance evaluation. This paper also delves into the benefits of early noise control intervention through FATs, including cost savings through design modifications, reduced downtime, and enhanced compliance with noise regulations. By prioritizing noise control at the manufacturing stage, companies can create a competitive advantage by delivering quieter, more environmentally responsible products.
258 An evaluation of respirable and submicron elemental carbon measured using the NIOSH analytical method 5040 in low concentration diesel environments
Authors: Bullock William 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Airborne particles containing diesel particulate matter (DPM) continue to be a focus of scientific and regulatory interest. Assessing the effectiveness of sampling devices for respirable and submicron DPM in low-concentration environments (e.g., &lt; 20 µg/m3) is essential as authoritative standards and guidance organizations begin to develop occupational exposure limits (OELs) for DPM. Much of the current research and method development is focused on sampling DPM in underground mines due to their limited ventilation and restricted space. In the present study, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Method 5040 (modified for respirable and submicron) elemental carbon (EC) was used to determine if EC would be detectable in low-concentration environments using currently available sampling equipment. Sixty-three samples were collected in locomotive mechanical shops and a truck stop using 3 different side-by-side samplers to simultaneously collect total, respirable and submicron fractions of EC. A standard 37-mm cassette was used for the total fraction of EC (TEC), a 25-mm cassette equipped with a respirable dust cyclone (GK 2.69) was used for the respirable fraction of EC (REC), and a SKC diesel particulate cassette (SKC P225317) was used to collect the submicron fraction of EC (SMEC). The geometric mean (GM) for the TEC samples was 1.75 µg/m3. The geometric mean (GM) for the REC samples was 0.2 µg/m3. The GM for the SMEC samples could not be calculated because 100% of the samples were below the limit of detection (LOD). Results demonstrate the need for a better sampling device that can achieve a detectable level of submicron DPM in low concentration environments.