bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
„Nasz klient, nasz pan”, czyli tłumaczenie jako produkt na rynku usług językowych
Authors: Sanocka Karolina 
Published: July 2013

“Customers’ reign”: translation as a product on the market of linguistic services. Demand, processes, quality and management
Since ten years, the market of language services has been witnessing a change in thinking patterns and approaches. One of the crucial changes is the shift in perception of translation which is no longer seen as a translation activity, but as a product to be sold. This article describes four elements of the market: demand, processes, quality and management, which transform translation into a product. The analysis of those aspects allows to characterize the present situation on the market and define the place occupied in it by the translation activity.
Kształcenie tłumaczy a samokształcenie, czyli o poszukiwaniu metod wykorzystania w dydaktyce doświadczeń zawodowych tłumaczy
Authors: Albin Joanna 
Published: July 2013

Translator training and translators’ self‑learning. How to take advantage of professionals’ experience to train translators?
This paper is aimed to define the translation activity as a range of actions much wider than just language processing. It includes interactions with clients, financial and office management, research, advertising and learning. Learning itself applies to all the translator’s actions, but it also should be seen as a metacognitive mechanism, and a manifestation of the translator’s self‑reflection, which also can be improved. This paper uses the results of a research conducted with translators of Spanish, which proved the existence of self‑learning practices among translators and the utility of self‑learning strategies in their professional life. Thus, the aim of this paper is to consider the methods of training the translation students to use self‑learning strategies.
Intersemiotic aids in translation teaching
Authors: Kaźmierczak Marta 
Published: July 2013

Intersemiotyczne pomoce w dydaktyce przekładu
Przedmiotem artykułu jest wykorzystanie źródeł ikonicznych i fonicznych jako pomocy w pracy tłumacza oraz w ramach zajęć z praktyki przekładu. Przedstawiono przykłady typów tekstów i sytuacji, w jakich może wystąpić potrzeba odwołania się do materiałów pozawerbalnych, np. odniesienie do ikonografii wydaje się oczywiste przy tłumaczeniu tekstów o sztuce, do materiałów audio – przy tekstach poświęconych muzyce, ale okazuje się to pomocne również przy wypracowywaniu rozwiązań przekładowych w pracy nad innym materiałem. Autorka podkreśla wagę uświadomienia studentom konieczności wychodzenia poza tekst werbalny w celu zagwarantowania poprawności przekładu.
Transmutation of worlds: Adaptation and transformation in Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie: Conqueror of Shamballa
Authors: Chao Tien-yi 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Fullmetal Alchemist, a Japanese manga series by Hiromu Arakawa, has achieved global success since its debut in 2001. The work has numerous multimedia adaptations, ranging from animations (including two TV animations and OVA), films, radio drama, PC games and light novels. Not all the adaptations follow the original story; many of them contain alternative or even original plots. If the manga series serves as the kernel of Arakawa’s masterpiece, then some of these adaptations may have become the author’s ‘official fan art’ of the manga, given the extent of changes to the contents and the characterization.
Within this backdrop, my study focuses on the intertextuality between the manga version of Fullmetal Alchemist and the film Conqueror of Shamballa (Mizushima, 2011). I argue that Conqueror of Shamballa deviates drastically from the manga in terms of both the setting and the visual narrative. The film features an alternative ‘parallel universe’ to the universe in the manga; this parallel universe (the Earth in the 1930s) appears more like the real human world in history than the hometown of Edward and Alphonse Elric. The two worlds, one accommodating the wandering Edward while the other inhabited by his friends and family, are linked by nothing but the Gate of Alchemy. In order to explore the representation of alternative reality and parallel universe in the film, I apply theories of adaptation to my study of Fullmetal Alchemist and Conqueror of Shamballa. I contend that the film adaptation orchestrates ‘multiple realities’ by means of duplicating, recreating and parodying the characters, the space and the plot of the original manga version.
Reviews
Authors: Grennan Simon , Morton Drew , Teles Emília , Neri Jéssica , Araújo Jônathas , Senna João , Veloso Francisco 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Comics Versus Art, Bart Beaty (2012) Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 274 pp., 97844262044, Paperback, £19
The Poetics of Slumberland: Animated Spirits and the Animating Spirit, Scott Bukatman (2012) Berkeley: University of California Press, 286 pp., 9780520265714, Hardback, $70. 9780520265721, Paperback, $30
Viñetas Serias 2012
Linguistics and the Study of Comic Books, Frank Bramlett (ed.), (2012) London: Palgrave and Macmillan, 328 pp., Hardback, $85. ISBN: 9780230362826
Register in the guise of genre: Instrumental adaptation in the early comics of Grennan & Sperandio
Authors: Grennan Simon 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The method of analysis of communications registers outlined by linguists Douglas Biber and Susan Conrad, begins with the identification of what they call the ‘situational characteristics’ of a register. These characteristics are as much social as material. They claim that before a register can be identified or expressive content considered, the analyst must undertake a sociology of the text. Following Biber and Conrad, this article will describe ways in which readers’ expectations of the content of comics, or comics’ genres, are an underlying characteristic of the ‘situation’ of comics as a register. It will propose that, unlike other registers, the apprehension of the comics register as a genre constitutes an ongoing process of adaptation in which the influence of prior knowledge destabilizes rather than stabilizes the register. To do this, it will analyse the adaptation by artists Simon Grennan and Christopher Sperandio, of specific examples of cover art from EC comics of the 1950s in the covers of their comics. Rather than comparing the original covers with their adaptations as expressive form, this analysis will discuss how the adapted cover images represent the instrumental use of the relationship between comics genres and comics as a register, in which the artists self-consciously conflate the two in order to manipulate the ‘situational characteristics’ in which each comic is read. This approach demonstrates the productive instability of the comics register itself: that is, the register’s availability to adaptation. Evidenced by local newspaper headlines of which they are the topic (Bradford Telegraph and Argus 1996, Eastern Daily Press 2005), Grennan & Sperandio’s comics appear generic in order to adapt the register, and in doing so communicate well outside comic genres. There is no horror, romance, crime, autobiography, confessional or super power in them. Rather, their content constitutes oral history, museology or education. Considered as examples of register, these are comics with ulterior motives. The comics register allows and disallows sets of specific expressions, which are quite different from, although affected by, the sets of expressions allowed and disallowed by comics genres. The overlaps between register and genres (or between the ‘situational characteristics’ and the expectation of content), engender adaptation, parody, appropriation and non-sequiturs. This article will argue that these relationships are formed at the level of register as much as genre, so that each new set of ‘situational characteristics’ of readings, is an adaptation of the register that productively destabilizes genres, and that this is a definition of adaptation itself.
Reference interval studies: what is the maximum number of samples recommended?
Authors: Hawkins Robert C. , Badrick Tony 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background: Little attention has been paid to the maximum number of specimens for reference interval calculation, i.e., the number of specimens beyond which there is no further benefit in reference interval calculation. We present a model for the estimation of the maximum number of specimens for reference interval studies based on setting the 90% confidence interval of the reference limits to be equal to the analyte reporting interval.

Methods: Equations describing the bounds on the upper and lower 90% confidence intervals for logarithmically transformed and untransformed data were derived and applied to determine the maximum number of specimens required to calculate a reference interval for 12 common chemistry and hematology analytes.

Results: Maximum sample sizes ranged from 126 to 18,171 and depended on the standard deviation of the population, any transformation involved and on the chosen reporting interval.

Conclusions: This paper demonstrates the importance of the influence of reporting interval on reference intervals. Using this technique can reduce the cost of determining a reference interval by identifying the maximum number of specimens required.
Electrochemical studies of U(VI)/U(IV) redox reaction in 1M H2SO4at single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) modified gold (Au) electrode
Authors: Gupta Ruma , Aggarwal Suresh K. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractElectrochemistry of U(VI)/U(IV) couple in 1 M H2SO4was studied on bare and SWCNT modified gold (Au) electrodes by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The gold electrode modified with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs-Au) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrocatalysis of U(VI)/U(IV) redox reaction was observed on SWCNT-Au. The lower charge transfer resistance at SWCNT-Au promoted the rate of electron transfer reaction of U(VI)/U(IV) couple. These results are interesting to develop electroanalytical methodologies for uranium determination using SWCNT modified electrodes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the electrocatalysis of uranium on SWCNT modified electrode.
Production and separation of 97Ru and coproduced 95Tc from 12C-induced reaction on yttrium target
Authors: Maiti Moumita 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
An attempt has been made to produce no-carrier-added (nca) 97Ru for the first time from the 12C-induced reaction on yttrium target. A natY foil of 10 mg/cm2 thickness was irradiated by 75 MeV 12C beams for 3.5 h and a thick target yield of 514 kBq/μA h for 97Ru and 338 kBq/μA h for 95Tc was achieved. The nca 97Ru and coproduced nca 95Tc were then radiochemically separated from the bulk target by liquid–liquid extraction (LLX). Liquid cation exchanger di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP), liquid anion exchanger trioctylamine (TOA) were used in this study. The technique offers efficient chemical separation of the products, resulting in very high separation factors.
CMP at the Wafer Edge – Modeling the Interaction between Wafer Edge Geometry and Polish Performance
Authors: Xie Xiaolin , Boning Duane 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAs the drive to improve integrated circuit manufacturing yield continues, renewed attention is being paid to the edge of the wafer. The industry is seeking to reduce the edge exclusion region and achieve good performance to within 2 mm or smaller. This creates substantial challenges, both for CMP and for the starting wafer. In this work, we consider two key elements that play a role in non-uniform polish near the edge of the wafer.First, we study the impact of localized pressure on the edge of the wafer as a function of the wafer and retaining ring pressures, gap separation between wafer and retaining ring, and pad material properties (pad Young's modulus). Simulations show that several millimeters into the wafer from the edge can polish either more quickly or more slowly than the center of the wafer, depending on the combination of these parameters. Second, we also consider the impact of wafer edge roll-off (the specific thickness or front surface elevation of the wafer geometry) on polishing uniformity. We again find that the polish uniformity can be affected dramatically, depending on the details of the starting wafer geometry.We believe that several innovations and optimizations are likely to arise in order to meet future wafer edge polish uniformity requirements. These include tool geometry and process improvements, tailoring of the pad material properties, and starting wafer edge geometry optimization and control.
Genetic Variation in Barley Enables a High Quality Injera, the Ethiopian Staple Flat Bread, Comparable to Tef
Authors: Abraha Addis , Uhlen Anne Kjersti , Abay Fetien , Sahlstrøm Stefan , Bjørnstad Åsmund 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTInjera, a thin flat bread and a staple in Ethiopia, is made from fermented dough primarily from tef [Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni) Trotter]. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] are cheaper sources for injera but are considered to be of inferior quality. This study investigates varietal differences in injera quality and the possibility to improve barley injera quality by breeding. Eleven barley varieties and tef were evaluated for injera quality through participatory sensory evaluations and flour compositional analyses. Significant differences in sensory injera quality were observed where at least two barley varieties (Haftusene and Himblil, released in 2011) were found to have injera quality equal to tef. Partial least squares regression was used to build models to predict injera sensory quality from pasting properties. These models allowed the separation of Haftusene and Himblil from varieties with lower quality. To investigate if the high injera quality of Himblil was heritable, it was crossed to the intermediate quality Saesa, and 14 F3:7 families were evaluated. The evaluation suggests transgressive segregation for injera sensory quality and flour properties. Some families matched tef in overall quality over four testing environments. The family S×H‐T182, derived from the Saesa × Himblil (S×H) cross and officially released in 2012 as a high injera quality variety, is a major achievement for barley breeding in Ethiopia.
Effects of Nitrogen on Root Development and Contents of Bioactive Compounds in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge
Authors: He C. E. , Lu L. L. , Jin Y. , Wei J. H. , Christie P. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTProduction protocols for the cultivation of high‐yielding and high‐quality Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge are needed because of the expanding markets for high‐value Danshen. A 2‐yr pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) levels and ratios of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+–N) to nitrate nitrogen (NO3−–N) on root development and contents of bioactive components of S. miltiorrhiza Bunge in a soil culture system. The S. miltiorrhiza Bunge seedlings were provided with three N levels (0, 3, and 6 g N plant−1) at the same NH4+:NO3− ratio (0:100) and five NH4+:NO3− ratios (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0) at the same N level (3 g N plant−1). The plant dry matter (DM), the apparent property of roots, and the contents of cryptotanshinone, tanshinone IIA, total tanshinones, danshensu, and salvianolic B in roots were examined. Plant growth and all the contents of the bioactive components responded negatively to increasing N availability, suggesting that S. miltiorrhiza Bunge is not a nitrophile. The best apparent property of roots and the highest DM were consistently observed when the NH4+:NO3− ratio was 75:25. However, the NH4+:NO3− ratios required for the highest content and yield of bioactive compounds varied among the different compounds. Therefore, in the commercial cultivation of S. miltiorrhiza Bunge, the NH4+:NO3− ratio should be chosen according to the target compound, considering the DM and apparent property of roots and the contents of the desired compounds. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms in terms of photosynthesis, the activities of key enzymes, and the biosynthetic pathway of the bioactive compounds.
Corn and Soybean Hormone and Antioxidant Metabolism Responses to Biosolids under Two Cropping Systems
Authors: Zhang Xunzhong , Ervin Erik H. , Evanylo Greg K. , Li Jinling , Harich Kim 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTBiosolids applied at agronomic rates have been shown to improve hormone metabolism and drought tolerance in greenhouse trials, but no research has demonstrated such effects in the field. This study was designed to investigate effects of lime‐stabilized (LS) and anaerobically digested (AD) biosolids on hormone and antioxidant metabolism and grain yields in a corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation under both conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) practices during 2009 to 2011. Application of both biosolids increased leaf photochemical efficiency (PE), hormones (indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and trans‐zeatin riboside (ZR)), proline, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in corn at all sampling dates. The soybean grown in the plots previously amended with the biosolids exhibited greater PE, IAA, ZR, and SOD activity when compared with the control. The LS and AD biosolids increased grain yield by 87% and 77%, respectively, in corn and 15% and 18%, respectively, in soybean compared with the control. No difference in PE, hormone, proline levels, and SOD activity was found between CT and NT practices. The research demonstrated that biosolids application improves leaf antisenescence hormones, osmoprotectant, and antioxidant metabolism to increase grain yields, especially under drought stress.
Sparse‐Flowering Orchardgrass is Stable Across Temperate North America
Authors: Casler M. D. , Papadopolous Y. A. , Bittman S. , Mathison R. D. , Min D. H. , Robins J. G. , Cherney J. H. , Acharya S. N. , Belesky D. P. , Bowley S. R. , Coulman B. E. , Drapeau R. , Ehlke N. J. , Hall M. H. , Leep R. H. , Michaud R. , Rowsell J. , Shewmaker G. E. , Teutsch C. D. , Coblentz W. K. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTOrchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is a major component of many pastures in temperate North America. Early and profuse flowering in pastures is problematic due to livestock refusal to consume flowering stems. The objective of this research was to determine the stability and agronomic impact of recently developed sparse‐flowering orchardgrass populations across temperate North America. Six cultivars, three sparse flowering and three normal flowering, were grown at 21 locations in temperate North America and evaluated for panicle density, heading date, and forage yield. Sparse‐flowering cultivars had 57% fewer panicles than normal‐flowering cultivars, but this effect was highly dependent on mean winter temperature, with normal‐flowering cultivars showing twice as much temperature sensitivity compared to sparse‐flowering cultivars. Forage yield of sparse‐flowering cultivars was reduced by approximately 24 to 32% for first harvest and 2 to 9% for regrowth harvests compared to normal‐flowering cultivars and this reduction in forage yield was independent of mean winter temperature. The forage yield reduction associated with sparse flowering is most likely due to a combination of physiological load (loss of stems) and opportunity cost (lack of selection pressure for yield), suggesting an opportunity to improve forage yield potential of this sparse‐flowering germplasm pool.
Breeding Common Bean for Resistance to White Mold: A Review
Authors: Schwartz Howard F. , Singh Shree P. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTUnder favorable weather conditions white mold causes 100% loss of yield and quality of susceptible common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars. The disease is endemic and widespread in North and South American countries including the United States, Canada, Argentina, and Brazil. Our objective was to review progress achieved in identifying sources of resistance in Phaseolus species, genetics, and breeding for resistance to white mold. We also describe an integrated genetic improvement strategy for resistance to the pathogen with germplasm enhancement and cultivar development using multiple‐parent crosses and gamete selection methods of breeding. Substantial progress has been made in understanding pathogenic variation in the white mold fungus, developing screening methods, identifying sources of resistant germplasm, genetics of resistance, and introgressing resistance from the secondary gene pool, and breeding for resistance to white mold. Also, molecular marker‐assisted selection for partial resistance is practiced. However, development of white mold resistant common bean cultivars in most market classes has been slow and localized. Breeding strategies for simultaneous and integrated genetic improvement of qualitatively and quantitatively inherited resistances to white mold and cultivar development are briefly described.
Fixation Drought Tolerance of the Slow‐Wilting Soybean PI 471938
Authors: Devi M. J. , Sinclair T. R. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTTo overcome the severe limitation of crop yield that may result from drought, specific plant traits are being explored. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes that express a “slow‐wilting” phenotype have been evaluated as sources of useful drought traits. However, the unique physiological characteristic of PI 471938 resulting in slow‐wilting progeny and in high‐yielding progeny has not been resolved. This study was undertaken to explore the possibility that it may have especially tolerant N fixation activity as soil dries. In fact, greenhouse experiments confirmed this possibility with its N fixation tolerance being among the greatest reported for soybean genotypes. Like other genotypes with N fixation drought tolerance, the accumulation of ureides in its leaves is low compared to a fast‐wilting cultivar. Measurements of water status of PI 471938 as compared to the fast‐wilting cultivar Benning showed that PI 471938 is able to maintain a greater leaf turgor pressure during soil drying as a result of a lower osmotic potential.
Agronomic Effects of Mutations in Two Soybean Δ9–Stearoyl‐Acyl Carrier Protein‐Desaturases
Authors: Ruddle Paul , Cardinal Andrea , Upchurch Robert G. , Arellano Consuelo , Miranda Lilian 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTSoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil normally contains 2 to 4% stearic acid. Oil with higher levels of stearic acid is desired for use in the baking industry for both its chemical properties and human health benefits. Several lines with increased stearic acid have been identified; however, the agronomic consequences of high seed stearic acid are poorly understood. This study evaluates the effects of high stearic acid mutant alleles for two different Δ9–stearoyl‐acyl carrier protein‐desaturase genes, SACPD‐B and SACPD‐C, on agronomic performance. Fifty F2–derived lines developed in a previous study were evaluated in a germination chamber and two field environments. Lines were either homozygous for the SACPD‐C fasnc allele previously identified in FAM94‐41, homozygous for the SACPD‐B fas2nc allele from the induced ‘Holladay’ mutant TCJWB03‐806‐7‐19, homozygous for both mutant genes, or homozygous wild‐type for both genes. SACPD‐C mutant lines were agronomically indistinguishable from the wild‐type lines and yielded as well (3534 vs. 3414 kg ha−1). SACPD‐B mutant lines suffered from a decreased seedling growth rate, were 15% shorter at maturity, had a 4% seed size reduction, and yielded 6% less than the wild‐type lines. The different agronomic performance between SACPD‐C and SACPD‐B mutant lines was attributed to altered fatty acid composition in vegetative tissues of the SACPD‐B mutant lines.