bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tools for Knowing: Introducing Nyāya’s Pramāṇa Theory
Authors: Keating Malcolm 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Setting the stage for the interrelationship between epistemology and public discussion via a review of the story of Ignaz Semmelweis, this chapter introduces the concept of a pramāṇa, or way of knowing. Each of the main ways of knowing that Nyāya philosophers accept is introduced: perception, testimony, and inference, with a focus on perception. It explains the definition of perception in Nyāya-sūtra 1.1.4. The chapter also explains the distinction between knowing and reflecting on knowing, along with the relationship between perception and language, concluding with an exploration of the Nyāya response to the possibility of skepticism. It considers how doubt arises due to controversy and how skepticism worries about the impossibility of knowledge.
Finland, the Co-operative Commonwealth?
Authors: Spicer Jason S. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractChapter 3 analyzes the case of Finland, the world’s most co-operative -dense, high-income democracy, which possesses none of the features suspected of inhibiting co-operative development. Finland’s co-operatives developed along with its late-breaking industrialization and its political independence revolution, taking advantage of institutional voids/field openings to produce a co-operative “big bang.” Co-operatives were politically championed by both Finland’s independence movement and Pellervo, a co-operative “meta-organization”; a robust, comprehensive co-operative policy and organizing framework was established in this juncture, one which subsequently evolved to meet changing conditions. Co-operatives served as a defensive economic strategy throughout the era of “Finlandization” to secure its continued independence against the threat of Soviet annexation, then evolved as “globalization insurance” since the nation’s integration into the European Union. In offering a middle way between American liberal capitalism and Soviet/Eastern bloc state-led economic collectivism, co-operatives have long enabled Finland to manage its geopolitical position between East and West.
Listening as a Form of Excavation
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This is the first of this book’s recommendations, exhortations, or orientations. It is about listening in on your self, your being, and your existence. Emilio Uranga calls this auscultation. According to Uranga, a moral transformation cannot occur without autognosis, or self-knowledge. Autognosis, however, requires auscultation, or careful attention to the inner rumblings of your existence. I compare this to the act of listening to a car’s engine and attending to those noises that signal a possible breakdown. The exhortation suggested by Uranga’s reflection is this: you need to listen in on yourself in order to know yourself and, ultimately, save yourself.
Be Charitable
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to my second recommendation, exhortation, or orientation. Here, we consider Antonio Caso’s notion of economy, disinterest, and charity, focusing on the first and the last of these. According to Caso, our default mode of existence is self-centeredness, or economy. It is the natural mode of existence, since we have to use our finite energy we have on ourselves, on reproduction and survival. However, if we have excess energy we can either use it upon ourselves in self-centered ways or give it away to others. Doing the latter is charity. Charity, it turns out, is the antidote to modern alienation, and the only way, he says, to live “perfectly.”
Love What You Do
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Beginning with a distinction between the phrases “do what you love” and “love what you do,” the chapter suggests that the latter is the more realistic of the two, since the former assumes a status of privilege and opportunity that most of us don’t enjoy. The chapter is structured around José Vasconcelos’s theory of “aesthetic monism,” which provides an inclusive theory of knowledge, one involving the intellect, the senses, and the emotions. Readers will get a sense of what Vasconcelos meant by the theory and how it applies to everyday life. To illustrate it, I use the example of my father’s love for his work. This example also illustrates the idea that loving what you do is sometimes more conducive to happiness than doing what you love.
Blooming in the Ruins Mexican Philosophy as Your Guide to Life
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this concluding chapter, we propose that “doing philosophy Mexican style” is something everyone can do, regardless of one’s background and nationality. Taking our cue from Guillermo Hurtado, we propose that to do philosophy as Mexican philosophers do, our thoughts need to be originary, ampliative, and solid. When a thought is originary, it is rooted in one’s own lived circumstance; when a thought is ampliative, it adds something to the existing conversation; and when a thought is solid, it opens new avenues of investigation and expands the existing discourse. The chapter ends with encouragement to the reader, whether Mexican or not, to live an examined philosophical life.
Performance, Pleasure, and Profit at the Victorian Freak Show
Authors: Durbach Nadja 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A successful freak act relies on much more than an unusual body. It must provoke pleasure of one kind or another. In this increasingly competitive industry, engaging the public day in and day out required ingenuity, effort, and expertise. For most who exhibited their corporeal anomalies the stakes were high: the ability to earn a steady living in this way, given their limited access to most other forms of employment, kept the workhouse and the asylum at bay. Thinking more about Victorian freak shows as creative and crafted performances, and thus as a form of skilled labor, allows us to move beyond the victim/agent binary. Instead, it shifts our focus to the ways in which talented and hard-working people with atypical bodies worked within the parameters the freak show afforded them, deploying other people’s pleasure strategically to preserve their own economic independence.
The Tragic Journey of a Mexican Savage to the Civilized World
Authors: Bartra Roger 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In Europe, human specimens considered to be exotic were frequently exhibited during the nineteenth century. For example, the arrival in Paris, in 1845, of some Iowa tribal chiefs caused quite a sensation. King Louis Philippe I himself invited them to the Tuileries. The Iowas perhaps believed that they were treated as high dignitaries of the American Indian nation. They agreed to present to the royal family their traditional dances, which caused great pleasure to the king. The Indians with their songs and dances greatly amused the courtiers. But it is highly probable that they realized that they were actually displayed as one more of the exotic rarities that Europeans were so fond of for a long time. The exhibits of American Indians and African savages added to the shows that displayed all kinds of monsters and deformed and strange beings.
Spectacles of Prognosis
Authors: Antebi Susan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The story of this particular spectacle begins with the feeling it evokes, inevitably filtered across time and space. El Niño Fidencio, a faith healer in the small community of Espinazo, Mexico, appears in undated black-and-white footage, likely from the late 1920s. In one film sequence, he stands before a crowd, throwing fruit at the people to cure them of their ailments, according to the text of an intertitle. Then he appears seated with another person on a swing, swinging back and forth in a different curative practice, surrounded by a large crowd. In yet another, he passes over the crowd and they sustain him, reaching up to touch and support him as he crawls across a sea of upward-stretching arms. Witnessing this footage inspires a similar reaching gesture in the viewers, as if we were part of the crowd, or could touch the healer’s hands, but the framing of the scene also holds us back, outside this moment and its outpouring of faith.
Freakish Fecundity
Authors: Vrtis Catherine Peckinpaugh 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the intense cultural focus on dynamics of childbirth and childrearing combined with the rapidly growing genre of reality television to trigger a cascade of new productions focused on reproductive practices that both reflect and intervene in the ongoing unofficial national eugenics discourse. Examples of unusual families appear on 17 Kids and Counting and 16 and Pregnant and spin-off Teen Mom, which are contrasted with the compulsorily normative of A Baby Story. Collectively, these productions—along with their many sequels, spin-offs, and competitors—constitute an ongoing neoeugenicist debate on the borders of ab/normal reproductive behavior as the nation confronts its upcoming moment of inescapable demographic change.
Disornamentation
Authors: Gerdsen Jenna 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the works of the contemporary Asian American playwright Lloyd Suh and disabled, multimedia Japanese artist Mari Katayama and examines their twenty-first-century interpretation of the nineteenth-century gaze upon Afong Moy, commonly exhibited as The Chinese Lady. Suh’s play The Chinese Lady dramatizes Afong Moy’s time in America as an indentured performer and Katayama’s self-portrait photographs of her amputated legs and cleft hand evoke the historical staging of Afong Moy. These representations of disabled Asian women exemplify Anne Anlin Cheng’s theory of Ornamentalism, which asserts that Asian femininity has been regarded as “synthetic extension, art, and commodity” in the Western imagination.
Advanced Middle Ground Seeds
Authors: Randles Clint 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter contains example lesson plan seeds for advanced Middle Ground lessons. It leverages concepts from across the chapters of the book. It centers on the creative practices and processes of professional songwriters, performing musicians, recording musicians, and scholars of songwriting. It provides the reader with resources for further growth and exploration. It leverages the musicianship that can be developed in small student-centered ensembles where the teacher functions like a music producer in the classroom. Lesson seeds include sections on lesson time, modifications for special learners, formal and informal assessment strategies and rubrics, and learning outcomes. The reader is urged to start thinking of ways of developing their own ideas for seeds.
Micro-Targeted Campaigning (2004–2020)
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Althaus Scott L. , Panagopoulos Costas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the most recent era of presidential campaigning: the period of micro-targeted campaigning from 2004 through (at least) 2020. The new century brought significant changes to the context of presidential election contests. Electronic media—including the Internet and social media—created additional possibilities for precise targeting and outreach. Along with changes in the regulation of campaign finance, those technological developments helped alleviate the resource constraints that in the second era pushed campaigns toward concentrating exclusively on narrow segments of the electorate while ignoring others. This chapter provides detailed descriptive information about the Electoral College strategies of major party campaigns during the 2004–2020 period. It concludes by noting that plentiful resources and an emphasis on flexibility still resulted in handfuls of states being classified as battlegrounds.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Mohandas Gandhi led the mass movement in India that secured independence from the British Empire. A London-trained lawyer who began his career in South Africa, he developed the techniques of nonviolent protest for achieving political goals. In the wake of World War II, as the result, among other things, of the movement he led, the British ended their rule in South Asia. In their place two independent countries came into existence: predominantly Hindu India and largely Muslim Pakistan. Gandhi had strenuously opposed dividing the Asian subcontinent in this way, and was dismayed at the violence between Hindus and Muslims that erupted as the British left. He was assassinated a few months after India became independent.
Scientific Arguments against Free Will
Authors: Tse Peter Ulric 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the Libet and Wegner experiments purporting to show that free will is an illusion. The chapter dismantles the Libet experiment and argues that he went far beyond his data in rejecting free will, and that he had an incomplete understanding of causation in the brain. The chapter also considers and disregards as irrelevant the Wegner experiments concerning the issue of free will. Finally, the chapter asks whether feelings of having willed or caused an action are about future or past actions. Some feelings of willing are retrodictive, about what one just caused, so cannot be causal of those actions. Other aspects of willing are prospective, such as conscious imagining and deliberation, and can be causal of subsequent thoughts and actions.
Parties and Democracy
Authors: Poguntke Thomas , Webb Paul , Scarrow Susan E. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
These concluding thoughts highlight the considerable variability of the challenges to parties and democracy around the globe. While generalizations are difficult given the very different developmental trajectories of political parties in different parts of the world, we find that the capacity of political parties to provide stable linkage is either eroding or has been relatively weak all along. At the same time, political parties are largely dependent on state subsidies almost everywhere, while party members tend to contribute relatively little. To a degree, they have become a service provided by the state to citizens, with frequently fairly weak anchorage in society. However, they are still the central gatekeepers for political office.
First Lines for an Ecological Labour Law: A Social Utopia for the Anthropocene
Authors: Carelli Rodrigo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Anthropocene marks the recognition of the unsustainability of the model in which we live based on the endless exploitation of labour and land for the purposes of production and consumption with exponential and continuous growth. This chapter argues that the new utopia may well be based on a post-growth society and it will require the construction of a labour law with combined goals: the traditional social one, reducing inequalities and guaranteeing human dignity; and the ecological one, helping to avoid planetary cataclysm, on a purposive approach of labour law. The chapter points out that ecological labour law should be universal, presenting for this a broader definition of work and proposing the strengthening of the International Labour Organization. At the end, it presents the tripod on which the ecological labour law is based: the regulation of working time, the universal basic income, and the protection of the working environment.
The Hohfeldian Analysis of Legal and Moral Relationships
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a lengthy exposition of the analysis of legal and moral positions that was propounded by Wesley Hohfeld somewhat over a century ago. It rigorously explores every aspect of Hohfeld’s analytical matrix, while also amplifying Hohfeld’s insights by showing that his matrix needs to be supplemented with several types of logical quantification. The four main entitlements delineated by Hohfeld (claim-rights, liberties, powers, and immunities) are probed sustainedly, as are the four main correlative positions (duties, no-rights, liabilities, and disabilities). The chapter likewise wards off many objections that have been leveled against the Hohfeldian analysis by critics of sundry stripes. It also recounts the several basic respects in which analyses of legal relationships differ from analyses of moral relationships.
Potential Holders of Claim-Rights
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This final chapter seeks to specify which sorts of beings can hold claim-rights at all. Though much of the chapter is straightforwardly ethical in its orientation, it also mulls over some complicated matters of logical quantification and the philosophy of language. The basic moral principle on which it relies is also central to justificatory questions about the extent to which and the ways in which the interests of various beings should be legally protected. Still, in this chapter, that moral principle is brought to bear not on those justificatory concerns but instead on non-justificatory questions about the class of potential holders of claim-rights. The chapter contends that that class includes all living human beings and many dead human beings and all future generations of people and most non-human animals.
A Lithic Chorography of England
Authors: Werth Tiffany Jo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
“A Lithic Chorography of England” argues that England’s identity formation might be thought of as a petrogenesis, with its origins grounded in the formation, description, and imagination of its rocks. The chapter curates a lithic chorography by describing four stony entities: (1) it begins with the perilous, rocky coastline that exemplifies England’s porous, fragile, but also imperially ambitious, boundary; (2) it continues with London Stone, a once-large boulder imagined for centuries as the city’s stony heart and ambiguous guardian; (3) it then follows the fortunes of the Stone of Scone, upon which English monarchy is crowned; and (4) it concludes with Stonehenge, whose inscrutable designs fuel imaginative speculation England’s past and future worlds. The transcorporeal relations—of trust, of treachery—between stone and human provide a durable foundation for English identity as it unfolds from its break with Rome (early sixteenth century) to its civil war and crisis of authority (mid-late seventeenth century).
A humanitarian role model
Authors: Drewski Daniel , Gerhards Jürgen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Germany has taken in the largest share of refugees from Syria and the Middle East among the member states in the EU. Chapter 5 argues that the open policy of the grand coalition government of Angela Merkel was primarily based on the presumption that Germany is not only morally committed to but also legally bound by international law and its own constitutional right to asylum. This bond is derived from the “sanctity” of the German Basic Law in Germany’s postwar political culture, which enshrined the principles of human dignity and the right to asylum as a consequence of the experience of National Socialism. In contrast to Poland, the cultural background of the refugees was de-emphasized, while their humanitarian need was highlighted. This framing was shared by all major parties in parliament, thus creating an opportunity for the rise of the populist right-wing party “Alternative for Germany” (AfD) on an anti-refugee platform.
Objections and Alternatives
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Some will sympathize with the ends I have laid out— improving economic security, expanding opportunity, and ensuring shared prosperity—but disagree with the means. One objection, common among those on the right side of the political spectrum, is that bigger government will lead to greater public debt, slower economic growth, less employment, restricted liberty, and diminished self-reliance, so we might do better to rely on private institutions such as families and communities. On the left, many favor stronger labor unions, promotion of manufacturing jobs, a higher wage floor, or perhaps a basic income grant. In this chapter I address these objections and alternatives along with a number of others.
Emperors, Usurpers, and the City of Rome
Authors: Humphries Mark 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
When the historian Sextus Aurelius Victor came to write (circa 360–361) his brief account of the reign of the third-century emperor Philip, he noted with approval how that emperor, after settling affairs in the East, had visited Rome, overseen the construction of a new cistern in Trastevere, and celebrated in 248 the city’s millennium with “games of all kinds.” Mention of this provided Victor with an opportunity to lament, however, that a century later in 348 the eleventh centenary of the city was celebrated “with none of the customary festivities.” For Victor this was emblematic of how concern for the city of Rome was diminishing day by day. This was no mere aside but a statement that, in Victor’s view of history, the cura Romanae urbis was one of the chief duties of an emperor. Indeed, such solicitude could distinguish even those emperors universally excoriated as bad to the core: not the least of the positive achievements of the quinquennium Neronis, for instance, had been that emperor’s embellishment of Rome; in like fashion, the early years of Domitian’s reign, before he too degenerated into cruelty, were marked by the completion of his father and brother’s building projects in the city.
Music, Labor, and the New Spirit of Genre
Authors: Moore Andrea 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses questions of musical genre and the ways they correlate with contemporary ideas about music, labor, and workplace value. It explores professional composition in the era of entrepreneurship training, both in musical terms and as a case study in artistic labor under neoliberalism, in which the need to engage and accommodate a patron class has helped drive changes to musical practices and institutions. The discourses and social formations of post-genre music offer a new way to demonstrate the flexibility and activity that Luc Boltanski and Ève Chiapello have identified as a “new spirit of capitalism.” The chapter also considers critique as crucial to projects of liberation, and the challenges to maintaining critical distance under these discursive and material conditions.
Labour and Democracy
Authors: Andrias Kate 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Democracy has always been a central project of labour law, but it is all the more important today, with authoritarianism on the rise and democracy under threat across the globe. This chapter examines the relationship between labour law and democracy. It explores the central tension between democracy and labour under capitalism; traces how ideas and arguments about workplace democracy have evolved over time; and explores the relationship between workplace democracy and political democracy, including how and when unions serve as a bulwark against authoritarianism. Ultimately, it argues that a critical task for labour law scholarship is to rethink the body of law to better serve the goals of workplace democracy, economic democracy, and political democracy.
Worker Participation in the Enterprise
Authors: Hendrickx Frank , Durri Ilda , Stylogiannis Charalampos 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Worker participation, also frequently referred to as ‘worker involvement’, is a concept with ‘multiple meanings’, which vary according to national systems. Having regard to the existing diversity of worker participation, this chapter aims to provide some common models, pathways, and points of debate on worker participation from a legal point of view. More concretely, it explores, from an international perspective, the impact and degree of worker participation, the channels of worker participation, and the legal sources. It also highlights the issues in the area of worker participation that are experienced in the European Union. Finally, in light of the challenges arising from the changing world of work, some questions for the future are advanced, such as how the rights resulting from workplace participation can be reconciled with privacy standards, and how they can be exercised in an online world.