bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Acetaminophen Experience in South Florida
Authors: Thomas GE , Rao VJ , Davis JH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Toxicology records of the Dade County Medical Examiner Department were reviewed for the years 1972 to 1981. Any case in which acetaminophen was detected, regardless of the cause of death, was included in the study. Of 95 cases where acetaminophen was detected, no trends were observable in age, sex, or race. Acetaminophen deaths have increased in recent years, probably because of increased marketing of products containing this substance. Some two thirds of the cases involved suicides or accidental deaths, with 40 cases being directly attributable to overdose with a variety of drugs. It is suggested that acetaminophen may be a useful indicator of polydrug overdoses.
Solubility Characterization of Automotive Paints
Authors: Thornton JI , Kraus S , Lerner B , Kahane D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A solubility scheme is presented that will distinguish nonaqueous dispersion (NAD) lacquers, solvent-thinned lacquers, solvent-thinned enamels, and water-based enamels. This approach is suitable for milligram samples of evidence automotive paints.
Intersecting Lines as a Means of Fraud Detection
Authors: Taylor LR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Document examiners are frequently asked to determine whether a questioned document is fraudulent or authentic. One approach to proving or disproving fraud is to determine the order of line sequence—which of two intersecting written lines was made last. In this paper, three current techniques available for systematically examining and removing layers of writing medium to determine line sequence are compared: the stereomicroscope method, the distilled water method, and the wax lift method.
Characterization of Alkali Blue Pigment in Counterfeit Currency by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Keto RO 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A method for the forensic science characterization of black printing inks is presented. High performance liquid chromatographic techniques have been developed for the semiquantitative analysis of pigment components and manufacturing artifacts present in alkali blue pigment, which is commonly found in black letterpress and offset inks. These analyses have shown that differences can be demonstrated in the component makeup of alkali blue from different sources, and that these differences may be useful in showing relationships or a lack thereof between evidentiary ink samples.
The Art of Forensic Psychiatry: A Montage of Murder Cases
Authors: Smith CE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The cases of 25 attorney-referred murder defendants were analyzed to determine reasons for referral and demographic and clinical characteristics, including mental status and possible relationships between psychiatric findings and trial outcomes. The results suggest that a finding of major mental disorder may be accepted as a mitigating factor, particularly when a disposition is reached through the plea bargaining process. Meanwhile, formal adjudications of fitness for trial (competency) and criminal responsibility did not appear to be significant determinants in the outcome of these cases, even when major mental disorder was demonstrable. Instead, it appears that the forensic psychiatrist functioned most effectively in these cases as an instrument of compassion rather than as ancillary to the criminal law process. It is suggested that this can be an appropriate role for the forensic psychiatrist.
Statistical Evidence for the Individuality of the Human Dentition
Authors: Rawson RD , Ommen RK , Kinard G , Johnson J , Yfantis A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A general population sample of bite marks in wax is used to demonstrate mathematically the individuality of the human dentition. The general principles of probability are discussed and applied to the analysis of teeth using a precise method of measurement. The unique nature of the human dentition is confirmed.
Fungal Cerebritis from Intravenous Drug Abuse
Authors: Wetli CV , Weiss SD , Cleary TJ , Gyori E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Three intravenous drug abusers (predominantly cocaine) developed a fulminant fungal cerebritis without any other identifiable predisposing factor. Two died and one survived with a severe neurologic deficit. Zygomycetes (nonseptated fungi) were identified in the brain tissue of two victims and Acremonium alabamensis was cultured from the brain tissue of the third. Fulminant fungal cerebritis in intravenous drug abusers (in the absence of any predisposing illness) may represent a unique variant of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Future surviving patients should be evaluated for the possibility of a cellular immune deficiency state in order to confirm this impression.
Review of Industrial Chemical Exposure: Guidelines for Biological Monitoring
Authors: Poklis A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Traditionally, industrial hygienists have sought to prevent excessive exposure to chemicals in industry by setting standards for concentrations of chemicals in ambient air. Standards for chemicals in air applied by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists include: the maximum allowable concentration (MAC), the threshold limit value (TLV), and the emergency exposure limit (EEL). However, the monitoring of air concentrations only considers exposure by inhalation and is not indicative of the actual uptake or total body burden of chemicals by exposed workers. During the past 20 years numerous procedures have been developed for the analysis of industrial chemicals in biological specimens collected from workers. Such biological monitoring takes into consideration absorption of chemicals by all routes of absorption and differences in individual exposures. The goal of biological monitoring is to detect excessive exposure in workers before the occurrence of detectable adverse health effects.
A Review of Alcohol, Drugs and the New Zealand Driver
Authors: Haag LC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This booklet is a collection of nine scientfic papers compiled by H. M. Stone of the Chemistry Division of the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR). A range of topics is covered in this 1982 publication starting with a summary of the development of driving while intoxicated (DWI) legislation in New Zealand, the setting of a statutory limit at 0.08% blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in 1978 and a subsequent separate per se offense based on micrograms of ethanol per litre of breath.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Nitrites in Gunpowder Residue on Shooters' Hands
Authors: Steinberg M , Leist Y , Goldschmidt P , Tassa M 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSeveral methods are described for the qualitative and quantiative spectrophotometric determination of nitrites originated from the gunpowder residues formed in firearms discharge. Detectable amounts of nitrites on shooters' hands were found after firing, whereas on nonshooters' hands the amounts were below the limit of detection. Procedures for providing representative samples are also described. Classic and modified Griess reagents were compared for the detection of nitrites. The latter is shown to be more effective and more convenient for identifying individuals which were involved in a firearm discharge.
Detection of Methamphetamine and Amphetamine in a Single Human Hair by Gas Chromatography/Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Suzuki O , Hattori H , Asano M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A detailed procedure of an extremely sensitive method for quantitation of methamphetamine and amphetamine in human hair by gas chromatography (GC)/chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrometry (MS) is presented. N-methylbenzylamine was used as an internal standard. The samples, after extraction with an organic solvent, were derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride before the GC/MS analysis. Quantitation was made with quasi-molecular ions of the derivatives by selected ion monitoring in the CI mode. The detection limit was about 10 pg in an injected volume. The high sensitivity enabled us to measure both stimulants in a single human hair in actual cases.
A Medicolegal Study on Enzymic Fluorometry of Choline in Human Semen
Authors: Takatori T , Tomii S , Terazawa K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Studies have been conducted on an enzymic fluorometric method based on an initial rate of reaction for the determination of choline. The reaction system consists of choline oxidase coupled to peroxidase and homovanillic acid. Concentrations of choline as low as 0.1 nmol could be detected by this procedure. The concentration of free choline in normal semen was 18.7 to 29.5 μmol/mL. Free choline in other body fluids was negligible. The cholinc concentrations in seminal stains maintained at room temperature were not changed during a 30-day period. Those concentrations in seminal fluids kept at room temperature were detected until at least the fifth day.
An Analysis of the Identification Value of Defects in IBM Selectric® Typewriters
Authors: Lamar Miller A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Twenty-one IBM Selectric® Model 72 typewriters were examined for the presence of identifying defects. The purpose of the study was to determine if Selectric typewriters of a similar age and history of use could be differentiated on the basis of alignment defects. It was found that the typewriters involved in the study could be differentiated using standard typewriter identification techniques.
Enhanced Sensitivity in Analysis of Arson Residues: An Adsorption-Tube/Gas Chromatograph Method
Authors: Frenkel M , Tsaroom S , Aizenshtat Z , Kraus S , Daphna D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The headspace of samples taken from fire scenes were passed through a tube packed with active charcoal granules. Desorption of the compounds by either pyrolysis or carbon disulfide (CS2) and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography showed enhanced sensitivity over the headspace method. Both methods were evaluated for the analysis of gasoline, kerosene, and diesel oil. Interference caused by the presence of water was eliminated by the use of 0.4-nm molecular sieve. Case study of samples was followed by both headspace and adsorption tube methods, the latter has been found to be of a higher sensitivity.
Identification of Human Blood with Hybridoma-Derived Antibody to Human Immunoglobulin G
Authors: Tamaki Y , Kishida T , Nishimukai H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
During production of monoclonal anti-Gamma (Gm) antibody by the hybridoma technique, an antihuman immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody was obtained. Unlike conventional antihuman IgG heteroantisera, this antibody reacted with the serum of humans and chimpanzees but did not cross-react with that of other primates or lower animal species in hemagglutination-inhibition tests with anti-D-coated red cells. To examine for the practical utility of the antihuman IgG antibody in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for identification of human blood, microtiter wells were coated with human IgG and allowed to react with the antibody in the presence of human or animal serum under test. The bound antibody was detected with enzyme labeled antimouse IgG. The ELISA gave satisfactory results.
Illicitly Imported Heroin Products: Some Physical and Chemical Features Indicative of Their Origin
Authors: O'Neil PJ , Baker PB , Gough TA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Samples taken from over 200 seizures of imported illicit heroin preparations of known geographical origin have been examined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The chromatographic characteristics were considered in conjunction with the physical appearance of the materials and it was found possible in many instances to discriminate between samples of different origin. Thus by carrying out GLC and HPLC and a visual inspection on a sample of unknown provenance, it may be possible to give an opinion as to its geographical origin.
Enzyme Phenotyping of Alaskan Bears for Wildlife Law Enforcement
Authors: Wolfe JR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two enzymes in Alaska brown and black bears were examined using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Both species exhibited a two-allele polymorphism at the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-2 (M) locus (three phenotypes) with brown bear also showing a three-allele polymorphism at the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) locus (six phenotypes). Allele frequencies for the LDH-2 locus were 0.65 and 0.35 for black bears, and 0.96 and 0.04 for brown bears. 6PGD allele frequencies for brown bears were 0.19, 0.72, and 0.09. Phenotyping bear meat and blood can be of great value in investigating poaching cases when used for the comparison of meat or blood samples.
Determination of Cause of Damage to an Automobile
Authors: Kuperstein IS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two cases in which there was unusual damage sustained by vehicles during a collision sequence are presented and discussed. The specific causes of the vehicular damage are identified, and the relationship between the analysis of the damage and the stated sequence of events is presented. An accurate understanding of the actual events that occurred in the collision sequences was obtained through the photographic and collision deformation analyses conducted.
A Review of Friction Ridge Skin
Authors: Thornton JI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book belongs in the “must have” category. It attemptS to address the subject of personal identification based on fingerprints, palmprints, and soleprints. It covers the taking of prints, the rudiments of classification, the documentation of prints (-latent and otherwise) by photography, and the comparison of prints. Mr. Cowger writes well, and the chapters on the taking of prints, photography, and classification are clear and succinct. The photographic illustrations accompanying these sections are particularly apt and obviously have been selected with great care. Still, there is little in these sections that is particularly novel, or that has not been addressed in a more expanded form in other standard texts. The principal virtues of this text lie elsewhere.
Synthetic Cocaine Impurities
Authors: Cooper DA , Allen AC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The compounds 3-aminomethyl-2-methoxycarbonyl-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1.) oct-2-ene (1), 3-benzoyloxy-2-methoxycarbonyl-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-2-ene (2), and 3-benzoyloxy-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-2-ene (3) have been detected in clandestine synthetic cocaine samples. Synthetic rationalization, chromatographic separation (gas liquid chromatography), and spectroscopic information (infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry) of these compounds are provided.
Clarifying the Role of Forensic Anthropologists in Death Investigations
Authors: Sauer NJ , Simson LR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although their customary role is the identification of decomposed human remains, forensic anthropologists are frequently called upon to provide evidence for or to testify about the circumstances that surrounded a particular death. The literature is ambiguous and contradictory about the role of anthropologists in death investigations. Relying upon traditional distinctions, we present three cases that illustrate the presence of evidence for “manner of death” on decomposed remains. Then we argue that evidence for vital reactions, necessary for the determination of “cause of death,” rarely if ever survives skeletonization, and while forensic anthropologists can be expected to provide evidence for the determination of manner of death, they are unlikely to contribute to the discovery of its cause.
Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease and “Low” Levels of Carboxyhemoglobin; Report of Fatalities and Discussion of Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Death
Authors: Balraj EK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Levels of carboxyhemoglobin that would ordinarily cause little or no noticeable symptoms or other effects proved fatal in individuals suffering from atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. All such deaths that occurred in the Cuyahoga County during a period of 23 years were studied. The pathophysiologic mechanisms that may be operative in these deaths are discussed. The importance of being aware of this fact, while one determines the cause and manner of such deaths, is stressed.
Tissue Distribution of Lidocaine After Fatal Accidental Injection
Authors: Poklis A , Mackell MA , Tucker EF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The accidental death of a 64-year-old heart patient as a result of the injection of an incorrect dose of lidocaine is presented. The attending nurse inadvertently administered an intravenous bolus of 10 mL of 20% lidocaine (2 g). The patient should have received 5 mL of 2% lidocaine (0.1 g). Such iatrogenic overdoses of lidocaine arise from confusion between prepackaged dosage forms. Lidocaine concentrations (mg/L or mg/kg were: blood, 30; brain, 135; heart, 106; kidney, 204; lung, 89; spleen, 115; skeletal muscle, 20; and adipose, 1.3. The results indicate that even during cardiopulmonary resuscitation as much as 38% of the administered dose of lidocaine may be found in poorly perfused tissue such as skeletal muscle and adipose.
A Fatality Involving Phentermine
Authors: Levine B , Caplan YH , Dixon AM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case is presented where phentermine, a sympathomimetic amine used as an anorectic drug, is believed to have significantly contributed to the death of an individual in whom other drugs were also found. Blood, urine, and tissue concentrations of phentermine are reported and compared to other cases in the literature.
Effects of Range, Caliber, Barrel Length, and Rifling on Pellet Patterns Produced by Shotshell Ammunition
Authors: Speak RD , Kerr FC , Rowe WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The effects of range, caliber, barrel length, and rifling on the scatter of shotshell ammunition were investigated. A series of shots was fired from three .22-caliber weapons and two .38-caliber weapons at six ranges varying from 0.3 to 6.1 m (1 to 20 ft). The spread of each shot-shell pattern was measured by taking the square root of the area of the smallest rectangle that would just enclose the pellet pattern. Regression analysis was applied to the variation of pattern spread as a function of range. A linear relationship was found to represent adequately the variation of pattern spread with range. Of the handguns tested, the weapons with the shorter barrel lengths produced the larger pellet patterns, and when the barrel lengths were similar, the larger caliber handguns produced the larger pellet patterns. The competing effects of barrel length and muzzle velocity are also discussed.
Qualifying the Psychiatrist as a Lay Witness: A Reaction to the American Psychiatric Association Petition in Barefoot v. Estelle
Authors: Bennett GT , Sullwold AF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Organized psychiatry has recently begun to define limits to expert testimony. The American Psychiatric Association filed an amicus brief in the case of Barefoot v. Estelle urging legal curtailment of psychiatric testimony as to future dangerousness and prohibition on Constitutional grounds of expert psychiatric testimony solely based on hypothetical data. The Supreme Court refused relief on both questions. Psychiatric testimony to ultimate questions at law is limited by the inherent contextual variables of psychiatric clinical and experimental knowledge and practice. A forensic science model for psychiatric participation with explicit psychiatrically defined limitations is proposed using competence to stand trial as an example.
Fatal Acute Selenium Toxicity
Authors: Pentel P , Fletcher D , Jentzen J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Selenium is used widely in industry and as a dietary supplement. Reports of acute selenium toxicity are infrequent, however, and the relationship of toxicity to selenium concentrations in blood and tissues has not been established. We describe a patient who died eight days after ingesting selenious acid in the form of gun blueing. The patient's clinical course demonstrated many of the features of inorganic selenium toxicity described in animals; hypotension as a result of both vasodilation and decreased cardiac output, adult respiratory distress syndrome, severe myopathy which contributed to respiratory failure, and a garlicky odor to the breath. Four days after ingestion the serum selenium concentration was twenty times normal and urinary excretion seventy times normal. Postmortem tissue selenium concentrations were up to 40 times normal.
Analysis of Chemical Protection Sprays by Gas Chromatography/mass Spectroscopy
Authors: Nowicki J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) is a rapid and sensitive technique for the identification of the active ingredients of commercially available chemical protection sprays. Chloroacetophenone (CN) and o-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS) are easily extracted from the liquid sprays with methanol. A basic aqueous extraction procedure is needed for sprays containing capsaicin. Residues can be further purified by preparative thin-layer chromatography. Clothing can also be analyzed for the presence of tear gas residue. The compound CN can be identified by analyzing a heated vapor headspace sample of the cloth by GC/MS. A hexane wash of the cloth is needed for identification of CS and capsaicin.
A Simple Spectrophotometry for Determination of Carboxyhemoglobin in Blood
Authors: Katsumata Y , Aoki M , Sato K , Suzuki O , Oya M , Yada S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A simple spectrophotometric method for determination of carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) in blood is described. Blood is dissolved in sodium carbonate solution at a dilution near 250-fold. The diluent contains sodium hydrosulfite providing the two-component system HbCO-reduced hemoglobin (HHb). The percentage of HbCO is calculated from absorbance values at 532 and 558 nm measured after the addition of sodium hydroxide, which makes the solution completely clear. Results obtained by the present method are in satisfactory agreement with those by the oxygen electrode method.
Postmortem Stability of Benzodiazepines in Blood and Tissues
Authors: Levine B , Blanke RV , Valentour JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The stability of benzodiazepines in blood and tissues was examined in this study. Specifically, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, flurazepam, and their desalkyl metabolites were studied over several months. Diazepam, flurazepam, and N-1-desalkylflurazepam were stable when stored in blood at room temperature while chlordiazepoxide, norchlordiazepoxide, and nordiazepam were found to be unstable under similar storage conditions. Data from tissues containing these chemicals corroborated the results from blood.
Detection and Analysis of Aminoparathion in Human Postmortem Specimens
Authors: Chan LTF , Crowley RJ , Geyer R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Postmortem samples from two fatalities involving parathion ingestion were examined. Parathion could not be detected in the liver tissue but a significant quantity of a related compound was detected. This was shown to be aminoparathion, a biotransformation product of parathion. The substances were extracted with hexane and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography on a 3% OV-210 column. Thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometery were also performed. The transformation of parathion to aminoparathion in human tissue has not been previously reported.
A Capillary Tube Method for the Lewis Typing of Red Blood Cells
Authors: Mudd JL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A simple and inexpensive capillary tube procedure, which can be applied in the forensic science laboratory, is described for the detection of the Lewisa (Lea) and Lewisb (Leb) antigens on red blood cells. This procedure will permit approximately 4000 tests to be performed from a single 2-mL bottle of Lewis antiserum.