bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bilingualism and Literacy
Authors: Connie Mayer , Akamatsu C. Tane 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBilingual approaches in the education of deaf students have been in place for almost three decades and debate continues as to the merits of these programs, particularly with respect to the relationship between bilingualism and the development of text-based literacy. This chapter is divided into three parts. The first section examines the theoretical frameworks which that underpin the move to bilingual models of education for deaf students with a particular emphasis on the expectations with respect to the development of literacy. References are made to other bilingual contexts in which the research on this point has been more extensive and exhaustive. This is followed by a review of the literature within the context of deaf education beginning with the earliest studies from the 1980’s. The chapter concludes with a summary and synthesis of what has been learned from the research to date and positions this review in the context of the outcomes suggested by the theory and by the research from other bilingual settings. Suggestions are made and questions posed as to directions for future study and research.
Parent–Infant Interactions: A Transactional Approach to Understanding the Development of Deaf Infants
Authors: Traci Meg , Koester Lynne Sanford 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, we address concerns regarding how deafness affects the very young child, how a deaf child is likely to affect hearing parents, and how the family’s decisions and actions can support the optimal development of this child. Qualitative differences exist in various aspects of the development of deaf and hearing children, and their varying experiences of the world influence their psychological development in ways that may not yet be fully understood. Throughout development, personal attributes of deaf children mandate different social supports than those required by hearing children. During the first years of life, individuality is reflected in the different experiences of deaf toddlers (e.g., cultural contexts, exposure to sign language, use of hearing aids or cochlear implants, interactions with depressed parents, etc.) and their different personal resources (e.g., dialogue skills, communication styles, attachment relationships, emotional regulatory skills, sense of self, etc.). Sameroff’s “Transactional Model” is applied to explain these reciprocal influences in the parent-–child interaction system. As the Papoušeks have asserted, certain factors may negatively affect the “harmonious interplay” normally expected between parents and infants: (1) missed opportunities for communication as a result of perinatal complications; (2) infant disability leading to diminished intuitive parenting; (3) mismatched style between infant and parent; and (4) prolonged need for preverbal communication. The first two are discussed from a family systems approach as stressors for hearing parents. The third factor is addressed in relation to temperament, “goodness-of-fit,”, and interactional reciprocity, while the fourth is expanded upon with emphasis on communication needs.
Interpreters and Interpreter Education
Authors: Monikowski Christine , Winston Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The professionalization of sign language interpreting and interpreters is still evolving, although the actual work of the interpreter has been occurring for generations. This chapter is about the profession of American Sign Language/English interpreting in the United States and the education required to succeed in that profession. It begins with a chronological summary of the most compelling research in the field, as well as issues that show the field’s beginnings and reflect a vision for the future. The chapter continues with a look at relevant research and the evolution of the task of American Sign Language/English interpreting, the role of interpreters, quality control, the current status of interpreter education, and goals for the future.
Technologies for Communication: Status and Trends
Authors: Harkins Judith E. , Bakke Matthew 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe last 30 years have seen remarkable innovation in communication technology. People who are deaf or hard of hearing have benefited enormously from new communication products and services. The great strides industry has made in data-processing power, miniaturization, and digitization of previously analog technologies, plus the rapid growth of the Internet, mobile networks, and broadband services have resulted in significant improvement in both visual communication technologies and those designed to restore or enhance hearing. Electronic mail, text messaging, the World Wide Web, and smartphones have altered the communication habits of billions of people, with the result that deaf and hard of hearing people can communicate directly with hearing friends, family, co-workers, and businesses using common technologies. Fast processing in small chips has led to improved hearing aids and cochlear implants. Concurrent with these developments, new public policies have required companies in the communications industries to improve the accessibility of their products.This chapter describes key developments in a wide range of communication technologies used by deaf and hard-of-hearing people, and concentrates on the 1990s and beyond. The first section of the chapter focuses on visual access to communication technologies, and the second section addresses developments in hearing-related technologies such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and assistive listening devices.
Culture and Evidence-Based Management
Authors: Potworowski Georges A. , Green Lee A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter explicates the role that organizational culture plays in the ways that evidence is used to inform management practice. Both culture and the process of making management practice evidence-based are multifaceted. Drawing on various literatures, we offer a cultural framework to help one assess how and why evidence-based management (EBMgt) is or is not used in a particular organization. We characterize culture as a complex, but only partly coherent, set of patterns shared by a group, where a pattern consists of mutually supporting beliefs, values, and practices. Patterns vary in what they are about, how broad, connected, and coherent they are, as well as how important they are to a given culture. Each of these factors affects how easy it is to change a pattern and change culture. We frame EBMgt as a pattern, outline its core beliefs, values, and practices, and then explain which cultural patterns are necessary in an organization if the EBMgt pattern is to take root. We go on to identify eight ways in which culture and EBMgt affect each other, and conclude by suggesting steps to implement EBMgt in organizations, research programs, and classrooms.
Teaching and Learning Using Evidence-Based Principles
Authors: Goodman Jodi S. , O’Brien James 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, we present several cognitive learning theories relevant for novice, expert, and advanced learning, and we discuss their implications for the instructional design and delivery of university management courses. We describe how evidence-based instructional strategies can be derived from cognitive learning theories, and then we apply the strategies to commonly used teaching practices in management courses. We also address a number of challenges that we believe have impeded evidence-based teaching practice.
The Evolving Financial Architecture of State And Local Governments
Authors: Wallace Sally 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article addresses the impact on state and local budgets of the underlying trends and tensions facing state and local governments as the United States pulls out of the Great Recession. Noting that recessions are cyclical and there will be a recovery, it draws attention to the “more fundamental challenge for the US state and local fiscal system—indeed for the sustainability of our system of fiscal federalism.” The article focuses on the demographic, economic, and institutional trends that determine expenditure needs and shape revenue sources but that are largely beyond the control of state and local policymakers. Demographic characteristics include the changing rate of growth of the population and its age and ethnic composition as well as shifts in migration flows and household composition across regions.
Federal Preemption of Revenue Autonomy
Authors: Eads James R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Citing the evolving limits on the power of state and local government to tax, this article catalogues the major federal preemptions (more than half of which have been enacted since 1969) of state and local taxing powers, starting with those that relate to federal government instrumentalities and the treatment of federal employees (including service members) to that of interstate telecommunications and employment matters. It concludes by arguing that though a case can be made for selective federal preemptions of the state tax base there is an equally important concern that the federal government will overreach. By drawing on the work of the US Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, the article then offers a set of guidelines for avoiding what Alexander Hamilton would have likely regarded as a “usurpation of power not granted by the constitution.”
State Personal Income Taxes
Authors: Cordes Joseph J , Juffras Jason N 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the economics of the personal income tax (PIT), which is the second largest source of state and local government own-source revenues, after the property tax. When viewed from the state perspective (91 percent of PIT collections are made by states), the PIT is the largest source of own-source revenue, surpassing the general sales tax (26 percent for PIT versus 23 percent for general sales tax). Because policymakers make tax choices given their own economic, demographic, and institutional circumstances, there is wide diversity in its use: forty-one states and the District of Columbia tax a broad base of wage and capital income, while two other states tax only interest and dividend income. The seven states that do not levy a state personal income tax typically have an especially large capacity to tax alternative bases, such as consumption or the extractive industries. Following a state-by-state description of key statutory provisions, the article evaluates how the PIT performs when judged against the criteria of revenue elasticity, equity, efficiency, and administration.
Housing Policy: The Evolving Subnational Role
Authors: Buckley Robert M. , Schwartz Alex F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides both a policy primer and an analytical guide to the evolving subnational role in US housing. It traces developments that began in the 1970s. The article begins with an overview of housing's role in the economy (what was seen as an unbroken success came apart with the mortgage crisis that began in 2007). It then moves along to trends in housing tenure and an analysis of why concern for the affordability problem is increasing due largely to the interplay between the functioning of the housing market and the nation's widening wealth and income inequality.
Public Employee Pensions and Investments
Authors: Listokin-Smith Siona 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article surveys the landscape of state and local retirement systems and assembles a long list of policy ideas and concerns. On average, public pension funds are in trouble, and the unfunded liabilities promise to strain tight public budgets. But not all systems are having difficulties. Overall, there are many dark clouds on the horizon. What are needed are more realistic actuarial assumptions, setting contribution floors, reducing the generosity of benefit structures, and sharing more costs with employees. States facing severe underfunding of pensions need dramatic reforms. Pensions are only part of the problem: other postretirement benefits (particularly those involving health care) exacerbate the financial trauma that lies ahead. The article notes that the states with severe funding problems face unsavory choices. They should assume a lower rate of return on investments.
Long-Term Consequences of Child Neglect in Low-Income Families
Authors: Widom Cathy Spatz , Nikulina Valentina 
Published: February 2013

AbstractChild abuse and neglect are serious problems confronting professionals in public health, justice, social services, and education in the United States and elsewhere. Of all forms of child maltreatment, neglect is the most common form, and the overlap of poverty with child neglect has been most pronounced. This has led some to speculate that the consequences of childhood neglect are primarily driven by the poverty associated with childhood neglect, rather than the neglect itself. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the overlap between childhood neglect and poverty; to call attention to the similarity in outcomes associated with each; to describe recent research that examines the contributions of childhood neglect and childhood poverty to mental health, academic, and behavioral outcomes; and to discuss several challenges that confront the field of child neglect research and questions that warrant future research.
Family Factors, Childcare Quality, and Cognitive Outcomes
Authors: Pungello Elizabeth Puhn , Gardner-Neblett Nicole 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe ecological model posits that dynamic associations among the environmental contexts in which children develop influence development. Two environments in which many young children develop today are the home and child care. Numerous studies have examined the effects of family factors and child care experiences on children's cognitive and language development. Of particular interest has been how the effects of these contexts might interact. While the weight of evidence supports the hypothesis that they do, such that the effects of early care experiences are stronger for higher risk children, not all studies find evidence for moderation. Further work is needed that investigates the interactions between specific proximal processes taking place in both the home and care environments and the underlying mechanisms that result in the interaction effects found, takes a strength-based approach rather than solely a deficit model of functioning in economically and culturally diverse families, and incorporates the experience of multiple care settings both concurrently and over time.
Child Health and Early Education
Authors: Crosnoe Robert , Wu Nina , Bonazzo Claude 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPoverty presents risks to children's health and education, and these risks have been targeted by policy and intervention for decades. Increasingly, such action is focusing on early childhood as a critical period in the creation and maintenance of socioeconomic disparities in health and education, reflecting the insights of theoretical models from psychology and sociology as well as econometric cost-benefit analyses of extant programs. This chapter makes the case for other kinds of advances in this area with a review of past research and theory, statistical analysis of nationally representative data on American children, and qualitative analysis of data from parents and teachers in a single public pre-K setting. Such advances include expanding the conception and measurement of poverty to include nonincome aspects of parents’ human capital, like maternal education, and recognizing that the potential feedback between health and education requires that efforts to address one should also consider the other.
Child Care and Early Education for Low-Income Families: Choices and Consequences
Authors: Johnson Anna D. , Brooks-Gunn Jeanne 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRecent research suggests both that more children are experiencing early care and education (ECE) than ever before, and also that participation in ECE programs may be especially important for the development of low-income children. In this chapter, we discuss the potential of ECE programs to enhance developmental outcomes for low-income children. Specifically, we review issues of access to ECE for low-income families, including who uses ECE and what publicly funded ECE options exist. We discuss definitions and measurement of quality in ECE, as well as evidence for the effects of early intervention and ECE on children. The chapter concludes with suggestions for next steps for research.
Evidence-Based School Interventions to Reduce Achievement Inequality
Authors: Gamoran Adam , Turley Ruth N. López , Fiel Jeremy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAchievement inequality stands out as a vexing issue for educators and researchers alike. While schools are not the only source of inequality, policy makers often look to schools to address the problem. This chapter reviews evidence-based approaches to school interventions intended to reduce U.S. achievement inequality for children from ethnic and racial minority groups and those with low socioeconomic status. The key challenge in assessing school-based interventions is distinguishing program effects from effects of selection into programs. School-based randomized trials are an important response to this challenge and evidence from randomized interventions deserves special weight, but experiments also have limitations and it is appropriate to review a broader literature, including mixed-methods studies, while bearing in mind the quality of evidence available. Large-scale interventions such as school desegregation, class-size reduction, and comprehensive school reform have revealed some benefits for reducing inequality. Research on more localized interventions such as tutoring, parent involvement, and reduction of stereotype threat may hold even greater promise for reducing inequality, but the size and generalizability of their effects is still uncertain.
Poverty and HPA Functioning in Young Children
Authors: Mills-Koonce W. Roger , Towe-Goodman Nissa 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides a detailed summary of the effects of poverty and poverty-related stressors on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity in young children. The HPA axis is a primary component of the human stress responses system and has been implicated in multiple domains of normative functioning, including cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes, as well as the development of psychopathology in children and adults. The primary focus of this chapter is on the environmental correlates of cortisol in young children, including the diurnal patterns of baseline levels as well as cortisol reactivity and regulation levels of cortisol in response to emotional challenge or stress. We examine associations between poverty contexts and HPA functioning, as well as potential experiential mediators of these associations, including family processes, child care, and broader environmental variables. The short- and long-term implications of these associations are discussed, as well as potential future directions for this research.
Neighborhood Effects on Children's Achievement: A Review of Recent Research
Authors: Sastry Narayan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes studies published in the last 10 years that have examined the effects of neighborhood characteristics on children's academic achievement in the United States. There have been a considerable number of published studies and substantial advances in our understanding of this topic. Overall, there seem to be small but clear negative effects for children of growing up in a poor neighborhood that are beyond the effects of growing up in a poor family. This conclusion is based on a variety of different national and local studies that use a range of data sources and statistical approaches. However, knowledge of the specific pathways through which neighborhood factors operate to affect children's achievement is only beginning to emerge.
Poverty and Possibility in the Lives of American Indian and Alaska Native Children
Authors: Spicer Paul , Sarche Michelle 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of well-documented disparities impacting American Indian and Alaska Native children, coupled with an anticipation of the possibilities for integrating research and services for children and families in more culturally appropriate ways. We focus particularly on economic inequality, educational opportunities and disparities, mental health, and substance use. We describe the predicaments and opportunities in tribal territories, and emphasize ways that interventions can be designed that will maximize parent and family choices and respect for cultural differences in addressing the problems that young children and their families continue to face. Finally, we offer a research agenda to address the compelling needs of for children and families in American Indian and Alaska Native communities.
Poverty, the Development of Effortful Control, and Children's Academic, Social, and Emotional Adjustment
Authors: Lengua Liliana J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe pervasive and long-term effects of poverty on children's social-emotional well-being, academic competence, and mental health may be accounted for, in part, by the effects of poverty on children's developing effortful control. Understanding the effects of poverty on effortful control and the potential mechanisms of those effects is critical for understanding children's adjustment and for the development of preventive or promotive interventions for children growing up in poverty. This chapter reviews the relevance of effortful control to children's academic, social, and emotional adjustment, the developmental course of effortful control, and discusses hypothesized pathways through which poverty might shape effortful control in children. A model is discussed in which greater family stress associated with poverty results in disruptions in parenting and physiological stress responses that, in turn, divert the development of effortful control. The chapter presents evidence for the relations of parenting, family stress, maternal depression, RSA, and HPA-axis activity to effortful control, highlighting potential processes that promote or divert the development of effortful control and of positive adaptation in young children. Recommendations for future research directions are suggested.
Translating Longitudinal, Developmental Research With Rural African American Families Into Prevention Programs for Rural African American Youth
Authors: Brody Gene H. , Kogan Steven M. , Grange Christina M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, we describe the process through which adolescent development, ethnic minority status, and the context of rural poverty influenced an NICHD-funded program of research in which we identified the risk and protective processes forecasting rural African American youths’ developmental trajectories, then translated this research into an efficacious program to prevent alcohol use. The Strong African American Families (SAAF) program, a family-centered intervention for rural youth, was designed to capitalize on naturally occurring protective processes that buffer African American youth from poverty and other hardships that compromise positive development and promote behavior problems in rural communities. The process of translating longitudinal research findings into prevention programming was guided by the Institute of Medicine's prescriptions for prevention development.