bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of stress history on bed structure
Authors: Ockelford Anne‐Marie , Haynes Heather 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTRecent research has started to focus on how prolonged periods of sub‐threshold flows may be capable of imparting structural changes that contribute to increased bed stability. To date, this effect (termed ‘stress history’) has been found to be significant in acting to increase a bed's critical shear stress at entrainment threshold. However, it is supported by only limited, qualitative and often speculative information on the mechanisms of this stabilization process in grade‐specific studies. As such, this paper uses high resolution laser scanning to quantitatively ascertain the granular mechanics underpinning the relationship between stress history and entrainment threshold for beds of a range of grain size distributions. Employing a bed slope of 1/200, three grain size distributions with median grain sizes (D50) of 4·8 mm [uniform (σg = (D84/D16)0.5 = 1·13; bimodal (σg = 2·08); and, unimodal (σg = 1·63)] were exposed to antecedent stress histories of 60 and 960 minutes duration. Antecedent shear stress magnitude was set at 50% of the critical shear stress for the D50 when no stress history period was employed. Two laser displacement scans of the bed surface (approximate area 100 mm × 117 mm) were taken, one prior to the antecedent period and one after this period, so that changes to surface topography could be quantified (resolution of x = 0·10 mm, y = 0·13 mm and z = 0·24 mm). Rearrangement of bed surface structure is described using statistical analysis and two‐dimensional (2D) semi‐variograms to analyse scaling behaviour. Results reveal vertical settlement, changes to bed roughness and particle repositioning. However, the bed grain size distribution influences the relative importance of each mechanism in determining stress history induced bed stability; this is the focus of discussion in this paper. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell death and neuronal differentiation of glioblastoma stem‐like cells induced by neurogenic transcription factors
Authors: Guichet Pierre‐Olivier , Bieche Ivan , Teigell Marisa , Serguera Ché , Rothhut Bernard , Rigau Valérie , Scamps Frédérique , Ripoll Chantal , Vacher Sophie , Taviaux Sylvie , Chevassus Hugues , Duffau Hugues , Mallet Jacques , Susini Aurélie , Joubert Dominique , Bauchet Luc , Hugnot Jean‐Philippe 
Published: October 2012

AbstractGlioblastoma multiform (GBM) are devastating brain tumors containing a fraction of multipotent stem‐like cells which are highly tumorigenic. These cells are resistant to treatments and are likely to be responsible for tumor recurrence. One approach to eliminate GBM stem‐like cells would be to force their terminal differentiation. During development, neurons formation is controlled by neurogenic transcription factors such as Ngn1/2 and NeuroD1. We found that in comparison with oligodendrogenic genes, the expression of these neurogenic genes is low or absent in GBM tumors and derived cultures. We thus explored the effect of overexpressing these neurogenic genes in three CD133+ Sox2+ GBM stem‐like cell cultures and the U87 glioma line. Introduction of Ngn2 in CD133+ cultures induced massive cell death, proliferation arrest and a drastic reduction of neurosphere formation. Similar effects were observed with NeuroD1. Importantly, Ngn2 effects were accompanied by the downregulation of Olig2, Myc, Shh and upregulation of Dcx and NeuroD1 expression. The few surviving cells adopted a typical neuronal morphology and some of them generated action potentials. These cells appeared to be produced at the expense of GFAP+ cells which were radically reduced after differentiation with Ngn2. In vivo, Ngn2‐expressing cells were unable to form orthotopic tumors. In the U87 glioma line, Ngn2 could not induce neuronal differentiation although proliferation in vitro and tumoral growth in vivo were strongly reduced. By inducing cell death, cell cycle arrest or differentiation, this work supports further exploration of neurogenic proteins to oppose GBM stem‐like and non‐stem‐like cell growth. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Age differences in satisfaction with and perceived benefit from mental health services: results from the collaborative psychiatric epidemiology surveys
Authors: Ford Katy L. , Bryant Ami N. , Kim Giyeon 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveThis study examined variation by age in satisfaction with and perceived benefit from mental health services (MHS).MethodsDrawn from the nationally representative Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (2001–2003), the current sample included 1286 adults from age 18 to 87 years who had at least one DSM‐IV diagnosis and had used MHS during the past year. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to predict satisfaction with and perceived benefit from past year MHS use. Independent variables were sociodemographic factors and objective and perceived needs.ResultsResults from multiple linear regression analyses showed that older age was positively associated with both MHS satisfaction (p < 0.05, β = 0.105) and perceived amount of benefit (p < 0.05, β = 0.106), as was better self‐rated mental health (p < 0.001, β = 0.186; p < 0.001, β = 0.177). A greater number of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses was negatively associated with satisfaction (p < 0.05, β = −0.089). Marital status was found to be a moderator of the effect of age: for married respondents, age had a significant effect on both outcome variables (p < 0.05, β = 0.102; p < 0.05, β = 0.105), but for unmarried respondents, it did not.ConclusionsOur findings show clear evidence of age differences in satisfaction with and perceived benefit from MHS. The findings provide important implications for future interventions targeted to improve MHS satisfaction. Age‐specific strategies should be developed to prevent delay in mental health treatment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rituximab maintenance versus retreatment in follicular lymphoma
Authors: Palla Amruth R. , Hamadani Mehdi 
Published: October 2012

AbstractFollicular lymphoma (FL) is the most common type of indolent non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. Although the introduction of the anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab has represented a major breakthrough, FL remains incurable with standard chemoimmunotherapies. The goals of therapy in symptomatic FL patients include the following: obtaining high response rates, extending the duration of remission, prolongation of survival and improving quality of life, while minimizing adverse events. To extend remission duration and possibly survival outcomes, maintenance therapy with rituximab has been shown to be effective in both frontline and relapsed/refractory settings. However, the optimal timing, schedule and length of maintenance therapy are controversial. Herein, we review the current data for maintenance rituximab in FL, discuss the current controversies for this modality, attempt to define its role relative to the more conservative retreatment approach and provide practical recommendations for its clinical use. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The safety of escitalopram during pregnancy and breastfeeding: a comprehensive review
Authors: Bellantuono Cesario , Bozzi Francesca , Orsolini Laura , Catena‐Dell'Osso Mario 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveEscitalopram (ESC) is considered one of the most effective selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of major depression. However, little is known on its potential risk of inducing major malformations (MMs) and perinatal complications (PCs). Hence, aim of the present study is to provide a comprehensive review of the available literature on the safety profile of ESC during pregnancy and breastfeeding.MethodsMEDLINE and PubMed databases were searched for English language articles by using the following keywords: escitalopram, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, major malformations, perinatal complications, pregnancy, and breastfeeding.ResultsAlthough some cases of MMs have been reported after maternal exposure to ESC during early pregnancy, the rate of these adverse events is substantially in the range of those reported in unexposed women. On the contrary, exposure to ESC seems to be significantly associated with some PCs. No adverse effects have been reported in the few studies evaluating its safety during breastfeeding.ConclusionsThe available data seem to support the notion that ESC might be considered safe during pregnancy, in particular as far as MMs is concerned. However, similar to other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, it could be associated with an increased risk of PCs. Given the paucity of the studies published so far, no definitive conclusions can be drawn on its safety profile during breastfeeding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CHARACTERIZATION OF RAINFALL IN THE CENTRAL SOUTH AFRICAN HIGHVELD FOR APPLICATION IN WATER HARVESTING
Authors: Zerizghy Mussie G. , van Rensburg Leon D. , Stigter Kees 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTIn‐field rainwater harvesting (IRWH), a runoff farming system, is a beneficial water management technique for crop production in arid and semi‐arid areas. In‐field rainwater harvesting is influenced by rainfall characteristics, and hence this study aimed to identify and characterize rainfall events, and determine rainfall parameters that were of significance in in‐field runoff. Two algorithms of event identification were developed. The algorithm that identified events spanning over a 24‐h day limit as a single event, gave better identification results which were then characterized. This enabled systematic grouping of rainfall parameters. About 33% of the total rainfall amount received had zero potential to be harvested as runoff in the IRWH system. Therefore, a runoff harvesting practice needs to use the remaining 67%. Rainfall events that lasted 30 min or longer were of water‐harvesting importance. This could be the minimum duration guideline when simulating rainfall for rainwater harvesting studies. Rainfall event amount and intensity were of significant importance for IRWH runoff determination. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INFLUENCE ON INFILTRATION AND RUNOFF UNDER IN‐FIELD RAINWATER HARVESTING CONDITIONS
Authors: Bothma C. B. , van Rensburg L. D. , le Roux P. A. L. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to quantify the combined influence of rainfall intensity and soil physical properties on infiltration and runoff under in‐field rainwater harvesting (IRWH). Rainfall intensities and soil physical properties were mathematically related to time to runoff, time to final infiltration rate and final infiltration rate. The influence of rainfall intensity and soil physical factors on rainwater harvesting under IRWH was demonstrated. A commercial field, divided into 75 plots and under IRWH located near Bloemfontein, South Africa, was used. Nine plots were selected to obtain the widest range of clay plus silt content possible. Three rainfall intensity treatments were applied using a mobile rainfall simulator. Before the start of the simulations soil samples were taken to determine the soil's physical properties. A multiple regression analysis showed that the infiltration and runoff process depended primarily on rainfall intensity and soil physical conditions. The in‐field runoff analysis showed that for every 1 mm of rain that infiltrated in the runoff strip, between 2.18 and 6.48 mm would infiltrate in the basin strips. Thus, the soil types tested had a huge potential for water harvesting practices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IMPROVING MAIZE PRODUCTION OF IN‐FIELD RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUE AT GLEN IN SOUTH AFRICA BY THE ADDITION OF MULCHING PRACTICES
Authors: Botha J. J. , Van Rensburg L. D. , Anderson J. J. , Van Staden P. P. , Hensley M. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTIn response to the severe food insecurity of small‐scale farmers east of Bloemfontein (South Africa), a maize field experiment was laid out on a clayey soil located in a semi‐arid ecotope at Glen. The main aims of the experiment were to evaluate yield and rainwater productivity (RWP) improvements to the in‐field rainwater harvesting (IRWH) production technique by using different mulching practices in the basins and runoff strips, and to compare these treatments with conventional tillage. The 4‐yr experiment consisted of a randomised block design with five treatments and three replicates. The treatments were conventional tillage (CON), and four IRWH treatments. The mulch types used were organic material (O) and stones (S), while bare (B) was included as a control. These mulches were applied on the runoff (r) strips or basin (b) strips in the following combinations: ObBr, ObOr, ObSr and SbSr. The soil water balance components were measured or estimated. Biomass and grain yield were determined. Results showed that maize yields for ObBr were for all seasons significantly better than CON. Both the grain yields and the RWP results from the IRWH treatments were for all seasons in the order: ObSr > ObOr > SbSr > ObBr. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE POTENTIAL FOR LAND EXCHANGE IN COMMUNAL AREAS TO SUPPORT THE ADOPTION OF RAINWATER HARVESTING PRACTICES FOR CROP PRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY OF THABA NCHU, FREE STATE PROVINCE
Authors: Baiphethi M. N. , Kundhlande G. , Viljoen M. F. , Manona S. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTMost of the arable communal lands in the former homeland areas in South Africa are currently either underutilised or abandoned. This paper describes a process of developing a land register and farmers’ preference for different mechanisms for transferring land use rights among members within the same community. Landowners in three Thaba Nchu villages, Free State, answered a semi‐structured questionnaire to establish the sizes of arable land parcels, land utilisation patterns, and attitudes towards transactions in land use rights. There was interest in upscaling production; 73% of households would consider crop production if viable technologies were available. Most (68%) landholders would enter into one of the following transfer arrangements; sale (4%), lease (9%), sharecropping (65%) or free loan (22%). Selling and leasing were the least preferred. Households (74%) were also willing to transfer their rights for a maximum of 4yr; of these, 41% would lease their fields for 2–4yr and 33% for a maximum of 2yr. The results suggest that with appropriate institutions and institutional arrangements, a market for exchanges in land use rights may emerge, leading to increased utilisation of land and improved agricultural production. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RAINWATER HARVESTING, HOMESTEAD FOOD FARMING, SOCIAL CHANGE AND COMMUNITIES OF INTERESTS IN THE EASTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Minkley Gary 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper draws on a multidisciplinary 5‐yr study of rainwater harvesting and conservation practices, homestead food farming and rural production practices in two Eastern Cape rural villages. The unexpected negative dynamics and changing aspects of food insecurity alongside limited and declining homestead garden food production (and rainwater harvesting) and subsequent marginalization are explained. The human capital approach is here understood as one that inevitably entails a sense of knowledge and sustainable development held elsewhere. A more engaged sense of defining and working with human capacities is needed, one which does not solely refer to formal education improvements, earnings and transfers of agricultural skills as positive. Application and development of rainwater harvesting is embedded in the complex and negative, increasingly marginal and compressed singular livelihood attributes that have come to be socially associated with food farming and rainwater harvesting. Food farming and rainwater harvesting is stigmatized as a sign of poverty, HIV/AIDS and abandonment by family, and thus is located in the differentiated and distinctively negative space in the existing webs of local community and village social and knowledge relationships. The paper concludes that this has major implications, and methods aimed at assisting vulnerable families to cope with food insecurity might actually lead to increased vulnerability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PEDOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LAND EVALUATION FOR IN‐FIELD RAINWATER HARVESTING IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: le Roux P. A. L. , Hensley M. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThe in‐field rainwater harvesting (IRWH) technique was designed for improving crop yields of subsistence farmers in semi‐arid areas in South Africa. An appropriate soil survey to identify suitable land was developed by means of a field study near Thaba Nchu, South Africa. Results of the land Type Survey of South Africa (scale 1 : 250 000) were used to advantage. Areas suitable for IRWH on two soilscapes were delineated at a scale of 1 : 10 000. Although the procedure was satisfactory, to provide accuracy appropriate for small plots a scale of 1 : 5000 is recommended.The most important pedological characteristic of an IRWH‐suitable soil is its capacity to store plant‐available water, termed total extractable soil water (TESW). Satisfactory TESW values for maize and sunflower are > 150 mm, values which occur on fine‐textured soils at least 900 mm in depth. Other important characteristics are the absence of hydromorphy shallower than 700 mm, and a low final infiltration rate that promotes runoff into the basins.The reliability of land evaluation for IRWH can be enhanced by using appropriate crop models together with long‐term climate data to compute cumulative probability functions of yield to provide evidence regarding viability for a particular ecotope.It is concluded that the relevant technology and knowledge available in South Africa are adequate for the task ahead. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INTEGRATING MICRO‐FLOOD IRRIGATION WITH IN‐FIELD RAINWATER HARVESTING: MAIZE YIELD AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY
Authors: Mavimbela S. S. W. , Van Rensburg L. D. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThis study integrated micro‐flood irrigation (MFI) and in‐field rainwater harvesting (IRWH) for the purpose of improving soil water balance (SWB), crop yields and water use efficiency (WUE). The integrated system was tested in Parady's Experimental Farm of the University of the Free State, a semi‐arid region of the Free State Province (South Africa). Three water regimes (WR), dryland (DL), supplemental (SPI) and full irrigation (FI), were evaluated with 1, 2 and 3 m runoff strip width (RSW). The WR and RSW factors were studied using a 3 × 3 split plot factorial experiment design with four blocks. Plots were 30 m long with a width that constituted a standard 1 m basin strip and no tilled RSW. According to the BEWAB + irrigation scheduling software, the crop water requirement for FI amounted to 625 mm of which 50% was contributed by rainfall, while that of SPI was fixed at 60% of FI. Water from rainfall, FI and SPI amounted to 282, 330 and 210 mm, respectively. Soil water storage and transpiration were found to be affected by both the RSW and WR factors, while evapotranspiration (ET) and deep drainage were affected by RSW and WR, respectively. For the 1 m RSW, crop biomass and grain yield were respectively 19 and 32% above average. Correspondingly, seasonal ET and transpiration (T) were 10 and 44% above average. Full irrigation increased crop biomass and grain yield by 200%, while corresponding increases for SPI were 74 and 77% higher than DL. In conclusion, the 1 m RSW and FI produced optimum maize yields and WUE for the integrated MFI–IRWH system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keeping Time Under the Midnight Sun: Behavioral and Plasma Melatonin Profiles of Free‐Living Lapland Longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus) During the Arctic Summer
Authors: Ashley Noah T. , Schwabl Ingrid , Goymann Wolfgang , Buck C. Loren 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPolar environments are characterized by discrete periods of continuous light or darkness during the summer and winter months, respectively. Because the light/dark cycle serves as the primary Zeitgeber to synchronize rhythms of most organisms, its seasonal absence in polar regions poses challenges to the circadian organization of organisms that reside in these environments. Although some species become arrhythmic, others, such as migratory songbirds, are able to maintain an intact diurnal rhythm during polar summer. This suggests that birds may switch to alternative environmental cues, such as daily changes in light intensity and ambient temperature, which may have the potential to reset the biological clock. However, identifying the low‐amplitude Zeitgeber that synchronizes rhythms in free‐living polar‐dwelling animals has been difficult to demonstrate. In this study, we measured behavioral and melatonin profiles of free‐living Lapland longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus) near Barrow, Alaska (71°N) during the continuous daylight of summer in the Arctic. Diel cycles in activity and male singing were apparent throughout the polar day with a quiescence period of 4–5 hr starting around 24:00 Alaska Daylight Time. This inactivity corresponded with elevated melatonin profiles. In contrast, territorial aggression of males in response to a conspecific intruder was not dependent upon time‐of‐day. Diel changes in light intensity and ambient temperature were negatively associated with daily melatonin profiles after taking into account time‐of‐day effects. These results suggest that photic and thermal cues may act either as alternative Zeitgeber cues, or possibly masking agents. Distinguishing between these two possibilities will require further study. J. Exp. Zool. 319A:10–22, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Drawing from Development: Towards Unifying Theory and Practice of ICT4D
Authors: Heffernan Claire , Lin Yibo , Thomson Kim 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWithin the literature, many authors have argued that the rapid growth of the field of Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) has resulted in an emphasis on the applications rather than on theory. However, it is clear that it is not theories, rather the integration of theory and practice, that is often lacking. To address this gap, the authors begin by exploring some of the popular theoretical approaches to ICT4D with a view to identifying those theories relevant to shared impacts: development, delivery and communication. To unify practice and theory, we offer a framework to directly assess the impact of ICT4D on development. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Maillard reaction on allergenicity of buckwheat allergen Fag t 3 during thermal processing
Authors: Yang Zhen‐Huang , Li Chen , Li Yu‐Ying , Wang Zhuan‐Hua 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDFag t 3 is a major allergenic protein in tartary buckwheat. The Maillard reaction commonly occurs in food processing, but few studies have been conducted on the influence of thermal processing on the allergenic potential of buckwheat allergen. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of autologous plant polysaccharides on the immunoreactivity of buckwheat Fag t 3 (11S globulin) following the Maillard reaction.RESULTSFag t 3 and crude polysaccharides were prepared from tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) flour. After heating, the polysaccharides were covalently linked to Fag t 3 via a Maillard reaction, and the IgE/IgG‐binding properties of Fag t 3 decreased dramatically, with significant changes also being observed in the electrophoretic mobility, secondary structure and solubility of the glycated Fag t 3. The great influence of glycation on IgE/IgG binding to Fag t 3 was correlated with a significant change in the structure and epitopes of the allergenic protein. These data indicated that conjugation of polysaccharides to Fag t 3 markedly reduced the allergen's immunoreactivity.CONCLUSIONGlycation that occurs via the Maillard reaction during the processing of buckwheat food may be an efficient method to reduce Fag t 3 allergenicity.