bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In-Situ Comparison of Bioremediation Methods for a Number 6 Residual Fuel Oil Spill in Lee County, Florida
Authors: Jones Mark A. , Greenfield Jeffrey H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On July 5, 1988, as a result of overfilling, about 3,200 barrels of No. 6 fuel was spilled onto surface soils surrounding a Florida Power and Light Company storage tank, and spread over about 60,000 square feet of soil. About 2,300 barrels were recovered, leaving 900 barrels in the upper six to eight inches of the soil.
The spill was chosen as the site for a trial of in-situ enhanced bioremediation. An initial feasibility study in the laboratory was followed by groundwater monitoring, field remediation, and a small-plot research program. In the feasibility study, lower concentrations of nutrients applied periodically were almost as effective as a single application using a larger concentration. The small-plot study indicated that treatment with added bacteria and nutrients offered the greatest reduction in hydrocarbons. Addition of bacteria alone provided no advantage. In the field remediation program, two- and three-ring compounds were completely degraded, while four-, five-, and six-ring compounds were more resistant.
The research demonstrated that in-situ enhanced bioremediation can be a cost-effective method for treating soils contaminated with No. 6 fuel oil.
Bioremediation: Waxy Crude Oils Stranded on Low-Energy Shorelines
Authors: Lee Kenneth , Levy Eric M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The degradation of a waxy crude oil (Terra Nova) spilled on sand beach and salt marsh environments in Nova Scotia was monitored over a seven-month period. In the sand beach environment, low concentrations of stranded oil (0.3 percent by volume) were degraded in a matter of days by the indigenous biota, while higher concentrations (3 percent) were much more persistent (components as light as n–C11 remained after six months). In contrast, similar concentrations of oil were found to be extremely resistant to biodegradation in the salt marsh. Our results suggest that cleanup of waxy crude oils at low concentrations in sand beaches should be left to nature, since natural biodegradative processes occur rapidly. At higher oil concentrations, however, nutrient enrichment with agricultural fertilizers was found to be an effective countermeasure. While biodegradation of oil stranded in salt marsh environments is generally limited by oxygen availability, nutrient enrichment may be an effective countermeasure to treat low concentrations of waxy crude oil in salt marshes, provided the oil does not penetrate beneath the aerobic surface layer.
International Cooperation in Oil Spill Response
Authors: Nichols J. A. , Moller T. H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Effective response to a major marine oil spill occasionally calls for specialized equipment, personnel, and expertise that is beyond the capability of the country or company concerned. In recognition of this fact, a new International Convention on International Cooperation in Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response has been developed under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization.
There is already considerable potential for international cooperation through existing regional conventions and agreements, and other less formal arrangements. This cooperation involves governmental agencies, the oil and shipping industries, commercial companies, insurers, intergovernmental organizations, and international industry organizations. This will be illustrated by reference to two recent major oil spills in Europe where this international cooperation proved very successful. The first involved the cleanup of some 15,000 metric tons of heavy crude oil that impacted the holiday island of Porto Santo in the Madeiran archipelago. Cooperation among the Portuguese government, The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation, the tanker's oil pollution insurer, the Commission of the European Communities, and the governments of France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom resulted in the rapid provision of specialized equipment and associated personnel to deal with the major shoreline contamination.
The second incident, involving a spill of waste oil from a tanker in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Sweden, resulted in the rapid mobilization of cleanup resources from Sweden, Finland, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the U.S.S.R. under the terms of the Helsinki Convention. During favorable weather conditions, the combined forces of the five countries were successful in recovering a high percentage of the oil at sea, with the result that the contamination of shorelines was minimal.
Exxon Valdez Oil Weathering Fate and Behavior: Model Predictions and Field Observations1
Authors: Payne James R. , Clayton John R. , McNabb G. Daniel , Kirstein Bruce E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Outdoor flow-through seawater wave tank studies and model predictions on the chemical and physical fate of Prudhoe Bay crude oil in subarctic waters are compared with field observations from the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Excellent agreement is obtained between predicted and observed parameters, including evaporative loss of lighter distillate cuts, water content in mousse, density, viscosity, oil/water and oil/air interfacial surface tension, and chemical composition. As predicted from wave tank studies, water column samples of dispersed and dissolved oil and suspended particulate material collected from several heavily oiled sheltered coves and bays in Prince William Sound indicate that little oil reached the near-shore benthic environment during the first few weeks after the spill.
A Guide to Response Evaluation for Oil Spill Combat in Japan
Authors: Matsumoto Ken 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
There are many ways to evaluate the overall performance of an oil spill response operation. There is, or there should be, however, a common standpoint for looking at such operations, irrespective of the size of the spill. Lessons learned through an incident, however trivial, can provide valuable clues to the future improvement of the operation in refineries and oil terminals. But the number of incidents at one location is too few to stand the test of analysis.
Evaluation by a variety of methods is now possible based on information and data available through the worldwide news and reporting networks. This paper presents a guideline, which is widely accepted by the Japanese oil industry, for evaluating responses to oil spills, and introduces a concise equation based on the rating of many response elements.
A MECHANIZED APPROACH TO BEACH CLEANUP IN SAUDI ARABIA
Authors: Benson Richard L. , LeGore Richard S. , Pascoe David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A prototype mechanism for cleanup of oiled, sandy intertidal beaches in the Arabian Gulf was developed under the auspices of the U.N. International Maritime Organization. In contrast to the commonly used method requiring removal and replacement of oil-contaminated sediments, this approach leaves natural materials and surviving organisms on the beach, thereby enhancing the probability of ecosystem recovery. During field trials, approximately 1,200 gallons of oil were removed from a 6 m × 125 m section of beach, equivalent to 50 to 75 percent of the total oil in the sediments. Removal of up to 80 percent is considered reasonably achievable using multiple passes of the machinery under good conditions. This approach reduces the need for off-site disposal of contaminated sediments, reduces vehicle traffic on the beach, and eliminates the need for a source of clean replacement sand. Finally, the natural beach materials remain behind to be regraded by wind and water action into an approximation of the original beach.
THE HAVEN INCIDENT: LESSONS LEARNED WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES
Authors: Turbini R. Adm. Walter , Fresi Eugenio , Bambacigno Franco 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On April 11, 1991, the Cypriot tanker Haven, while at anchor off Genoa with some 144,00 tons of Iranian heavy crude oil on board, sustained a series of explosions and caught fire. Due to timely and effective intervention, it was possible to avoid the worst consequences of the accident. In fact, while the huge fire was allowed to consume a large quantity of oil, thus reducing the spill into the sea, the wreck was towed into shallower waters, where it eventually sank, permitting easier oil confinement and recovery operations.
However, a very sensitive area of the Ligurian Sea has suffered important environmental damage, the assessment of which is still in progress. The procedure for environmental damage assessment and compensation is still a matter of discussions and is affected by several uncertainties. This presentation is intended to outline the methodology that has been applied in the case of the Haven accident, as a basis for further discussions at the international level.
THE MOTHER OF ALL OIL SPILLS AND THE DAWHAT AD DAFI
Authors: O'Brien James L. , Gallagher John J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) produced one of the largest oil spills of all time when Saddam Hussein released millions of barrels of oil from the Mina al Ahmadi terminal in Kuwait into the Arabian Gulf. The resulting massive spill descended on the Saudi Arabian coastline threatening its industrial and environmental resources, as well as the desalination plant intakes that provide fresh water for most of the eastern provinces of the country. A fortuitous combination of geographical features, natural phenomena, and defensive preparations by Saudi Arabia averted a catastrophe of substantial proportions as the “mother of all oil spills” impacted that country.
THE KIRKI INCIDENT
Authors: Brodie Donald 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the early hours of Sunday, July 21, 1991, the laden tanker Kirki was approaching the Australian coast in heavy weather when the bow section broke away from the main structure and sank. The vessel was on passage from the Middle East to Australia loaded with light crude oil. Fire was seen to break out forward, and the master transmitted a Mayday signal, which resulted in a successful rescue by the Australian authorities.
At the time of the incident, the vessel was some 55 miles off the coast of Western Australia. The initial loss of oil and the threat of severe pollution of the coastline required the activation of the Australian National Plan to Combat Pollution of the Sea by Oil and its associated state and oil industry plans.
This paper details the actions taken, addresses the lessons learned by the authorities and agencies involved, and lists the recommendations arising out of the actions taken to respond to the pollution aspects of the incident. It does not deal in detail with the distress and rescue details, but touches only on those areas that provide background to the subsequent pollution response.
THE OILING OF ICS
Authors: Hunter Steve 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The incident command system (ICS) works for oil spills. It should be the industry standard and some will argue that it already is. But there are a number of temptations to fiddle with it. Fueling these inclinations is the fundamental difference between oil spills and natural disasters: Oil spills make the perpetrator fix the problem—under heavy oversight. Add to this difference the public outcry that attends oil spills and the dual role of government as both helper and prosecutor. From these conditions emerge adaptations of ICS which both weaken and strengthen it.
The benefits of ICS are diminished by deputy incident commanders who block unified commanders from access to section chiefs, over-zealous crisis managers who displace command post decisions or its information office, separate press offices with party line slants, government law enforcement activity mixed into spill response, nonstandard operations terminology and structure involving “containment and cleanup” or “salvage,” and the commingling of public and private response funds.
ICS's application to oil spill response is strengthened by the use of trained unified commanders, deputy incident commanders who operate as staff rather than line, crisis managers who support on-scene objectives, joint information centers, and heavy involvement of skilled, prepared environmental assessment teams in the planning section who generate priorities, strategies, and (operationally coordinated) tactics.
Technically, not all these points constitute alterations of ICS, but most do and the others come close. This mixed bag of strengthening and weakening tweaks to oil spill ICS provides an opportunity to take a new look at this faithful friend to the crisis responder.
EXPERIMENT IN DEMOCRACY: THE CITIZEN OVERSIGHT COUNCIL AS A MEANS OF MITIGATING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TERMINAL AND TANKER OPERATIONS
Authors: Ginsburg Patty , Sterling Scott , Gottehrer Sheila 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1987, a handful of people from the small fishing community of Cordova, Alaska, coalesced around concern over the risks of oil-related pollution and oil spills in Prince William Sound posed by the trans-Alaska pipeline terminal and tanker operations in neighboring Valdez. The Cordova group sent an emissary to Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, which operates the Valdez Marine Terminal on behalf of its seven oil company owners. The emissary asked Alyeska to consider forming a citizen group to advise Alyeska on environmental issues of local or regional concern. Alyeska listened but rejected the idea.
In March 1989, the Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef. Alyeska's owners, acting principally at the behest of majority owner, British Petroleum, soon effected sweeping change in Alyeska's management. The change in management, with Jim Hermiller as president, produced a change in Alyeska's attitude toward the citizen advisory group proposal, and not long afterward Alyeska formed the Alyeska Citizen Advisory Committee. Over the next year that group evolved into what is now called the Prince William Sound Regional Citizens' Advisory Council, or RCAC.
The Prince William Sound Regional Citizens' Advisory Council is a national experiment in providing citizens a voice in corporate decisions that affect them and their communities. This paper recounts the story of RCAC's formation and evolution, the group's mission under both federal law and its contract with Alyeska, and the hallmarks of its achievements and challenges to date.
THE STATES/BC OIL SPILL TASK FORCEAN—INTERNATIONAL MODEL FOR FORMULATING AND INFLUENCING PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: Neel Jon , Bones John , Dimmick Elizabeth , Kent Lynn J. Tomich , Dunstan Roger , Sutherland Bruce 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The States/British Columbia Oil Spill Task Force was established in 1989 to enhance spill coordination among the West Coast states and British Columbia, and to address a number of issues that became apparent during the Nestucca barge and Exxon Valdez oil spills. Task Force members are the directors of the oil spill prevention and response agencies in Alaska, British Columbia, California, Oregon, and Washington. The Task Force has become a national model for facilitating cooperation and building consensus between coastal states and provinces and their federal governments.
In October of 1990, the task force issued a report containing a comprehensive set of recommendations addressing oil spill prevention, preparedness, and response. The group had achieved remarkable consensus, and many of the report's recommendations have been included in recent legislation enacted by the member states. The success of the task force's approach to regional coordination has also reduced the need for a proposed Pacific Oceans Resources Interstate Compact, which has been proposed to expand the states' role in areas of regulation that are otherwise federally preempted.
The task force has become an effective mechanism for developing vigorous, productive relationships between government agencies, industry, and the public in both the United States and Canada. It has created important linkages between state/provincial and federal regulatory activities; for example, by providing input to Coast Guard and EPA rulemaking that implemented the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. It also assisted in assuring a well-coordinated international response to the July 1991 Tenyo Maru oil spill outside the Strait of Juan De Fuca between Washington and British Columbia.
The task force is continuing to advance its goals of promoting public policy on oil spill prevention; cooperative management of major spills by government and industry; protection of the states/provincial rights and their natural and economic resources; and inter-governmental consistency in regulations adopted for oil spill prevention, contingency planning, and resource damage assessment.
RESPONSE TO A SPILL OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE1
Authors: Jensen Donald S. , Pond Robert , Johnson Mark H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Responding to a spill of national significance (SONS), such as the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill, requires an augmenting organization to support the local response organization. The U.S. Coast Guard has developed a SONS protocol to be better prepared to respond to these infrequent catastrophic spills. A flag-level Coast Guard officer assumes the role of national incident commander (NIC) and federal on-scene coordinator (OSC), and is supported by a national incident task force (NITF). The major role of the NITF is to develop a national response strategy, acquire response resources and allocate them efficiently, and effectively deal with many peripheral national issues. Unified command concepts have been incorporated into the NITF and its primary organizational elements. In addition, frequent training and exercising is essential to keep the SONS protocol's preparedness at an acceptable level.
IMPACTS ON INTERTIDAL INFAUNA: EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL AND CLEANUP
Authors: Driskell William B. , Fukuyama Allan K. , Houghton Jonathan P. , Lees Dennis C. , Shigenaka Gary , Mearns Alan J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Field surveys were conducted throughout Prince William Sound in the summers of 1990 through 1992 to evaluate recovery of infauna from the effects of oiling and shoreline cleaning treatments following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Infauna were quantitatively sampled at mixed sand/gravel/cobble beaches categorized into treatment groups according to their general degree of disturbance.Category 1: unoiled reference sitesCategory 2: oiled sites, not hot-water-washedCategory 3: oiled sites, “cleaned” with hot-water flushes
Shoreline treatments applied in 1989 and 1990 had varied effects on intertidal infauna including organism displacement and burial, thermal stress, oil dispersion, and transformed beach morphology. These treatments resulted in significant reductions in infauna (total abundance and diversity, as well as densities of polychaetes, bivalves, and some crustaceans) at Category 3 beaches. In contrast, Category 2 beaches had a richer and more varied infauna than Category 3 beaches. Multivariate analyses indicate some trends in recovery: namely, a convergence by certain Category 2 sites toward the Outside Bay, Category 1 control site.
PAH concentrations in 1990 also suggest that treatments acted to move some hydrocarbons downslope from the upper beach into the shallow subtidal. By 1991, PAH concentrations in the shallow subtidal were no longer at the high levels seen in 1990, but PAH levels at other elevations of Category 3 sites remained at about the same levels as in 1990.
CARE OF OILED SEABIRDS: A VETERINARY PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Tseng Florina S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The primary effects of oil contamination on seabirds include hypothermia, dehydration, gastrointestinal problems, pneumonias, and hemolytic anemia. Other direct effects include skin and corneal irritation as well as an impact on reproductive organs. Secondary problems related to prolonged captive husbandry include various infectious diseases, pododermatitis, joint swellings, and keel lesions. Current methods of prevention and treatment of these effects, including nutritional support, are presented.
BIOREMEDIATION: APPLICATION OF SLOW-RELEASE FERTILIZERS ON LOW-ENERGY SHORELINES
Authors: Lee Kenneth , Tremblay Gilles H. , Levy E. M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In situ biodegradation, the activation of microbial processes capable of destroying contaminants where they are found in the environment, is a biological process that responds rapidly to changing environmental factors. Accordingly, in situ sediment enclosures were used to test the efficacy of selected nutrient formulations to enhance the biodegradation of a waxy crude oil in a low-energy shoreline environment. The addition of soluble inorganic fertilizers (ammonium nitrate and triple superphosphate) and slow-release nutrient formulations (sulfur-coated urea) stimulated microbial activity and prolonged the period of oil degradation, despite a decline in seasonal temperatures. Low temperatures reduced the permeability of the coating on the slow-release fertilizers, effectively suppressing nutrient release. Of the nutrient formulations evaluated, we recommend the application of granular slow-release fertilizers (such as sulfur-coated urea) when the overlying water temperatures are above 15° C, and the application of soluble inorganic fertilizers (such as ammonium nitrate) at lower temperatures. Comprehensive analysis of the experimental results indicate that application protocols for bioremediation (form and type of fertilizer or type and frequency of application), be specifically tailored to account for differences in environmental parameters (including oil characteristics) at each contaminated site.
ORGANIZING COMPANY SPECIALISTS FOR RAPID AND EFFECTIVE RESPONSE
Authors: Jardim George M. , McDermott Henry J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The staff needed for the support of cleanup operations can be large even for moderately sized spills. Marshaling sufficient and qualified people to respond on short notice at locations throughout the world can tax even the largest corporations. This paper describes how Chevron has prepared for this important aspect of spill response. Basically, Chevron has formed 13 separate teams covering specialty areas such as safety, finance, public relations, and legal. Each teams is organized and managed by people who regularly work within that function. Members of each team are regular employees of the various Chevron companies throughout the world. The incident command system and coordinated plans are the common threads which allow these groups to work together effectively. Drills and self-audits are used to keep the plans current and team members prepared.
The organization and activities of the Safety, Fire and Health (SF&H) Functional Team is described in detail as a illustrated example of the functional team approach. This team consists of about 50 professionals in related fields. To facilitate rapid mobilization worldwide, each member has been medically qualified and has a current passport and selected inoculations. The team plan outlines the responsibilities of each professional group, the call-out procedure and telephone lists, and information on pre-identified SF&H contractors that can be called upon if additional resources are needed. The plan is flexible so that it can be used by one or two people to handle all SF&H functions at a small spill or by many persons within each specialty for larger incidents.