bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Quantity and Type of Dietary Protein on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Using Standard and Network Meta-analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Yao Yueying , Huang Vanessa , Seah Vernice , Kim Jung Eun 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Context
Higher protein diets (HPDs) have shown favorable outcomes on weight maintenance and body-composition management; however, their protective effects against cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain uncertain and contentious. Furthermore, it is important to consider the influence of other macronutrients in the diet and type of dietary protein when studying HPDs, because this aspect has been overlooked in previous studies.

Objective
We assessed the impacts of quantity and type of dietary protein on CVD risk factors.

Data Sources
A database search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library and a total of 100 articles met the eligibility criteria.

Data Extraction
Extracted data from 100 articles were analyzed using standard meta-analysis, and 41 articles were also analyzed using network meta-analysis.

Data Analysis
In the standard meta-analysis, an HPD had significant favorable effects on systolic blood pressure (SBP) (mean difference [MD] = −1.51 mmHg; 95% CI: −2.77, −0.25), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (MD = −1.08 mmHg; 95% CI: −1.81, −0.35), and flow-mediated dilation (MD = 0.78%; 95% CI: 0.09, 1.47) compared with lower protein diets. The further network meta-analysis supported that the high-protein, high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet was the most recommended diet to ensure a maximum decrease in SBP, DBP, total cholesterol (TC), and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In comparison to animal-protein–rich diets, plant-protein–rich diets (PPRs) exhibited a significant favorable effects on improving TC (MD = −0.12 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.19, −0.05), triglyceride (MD = −0.05 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.09, −0.01), LDL-C (MD = −0.11 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.18, −0.04), and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (MD = 0.03 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.04) levels.

Conclusion
Consumption of HPDs and PPRs supports improvements in vascular health and lipid-lipoprotein profiles, respectively. Furthermore, macronutrient composition should be carefully designed in the dietary approach to maximize the effectiveness of HPDs in improving CVD risk factors.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022369931.
A novel risk classification model integrating CEA, ctDNA, and pTN stage for stage 3 colon cancer: a post hoc analysis of the IDEA-France trial
Authors: Samaille Thomas , Falcoz Antoine , Cohen Romain , Laurent-Puig Pierre , André Thierry , Taieb Julien , Auclin Edouard , Vernerey Dewi 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Background
We assessed the added value of incorporating carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) to circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and pathological TN (pTN) stage for risk classification in stage 3 colon cancer (CC).

Patients and Methods
We retrospectively analyzed postoperative CEA values in patients with CC from the IDEA-France phase 3 trial. The relation between disease-free survival (DFS) and CEA was modeled through restricted cubic splines. Prognostic value of CEA, ctDNA, and pTN was assessed with the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was used to identify prognostic and predictive factors for DFS.

Results
Among 696 patients (35%), CEA values were retrievable, and for 405 (20%) both CEA and ctDNA were available. An optimized CEA threshold of 2 ng/mL was identified, the 3-year DFS was 66.4% for patients above the threshold and 80.9% for those below (HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.33-2.28, P &lt; .001). In multivariate analysis, CEA ≥ 2 ng/mL contributed significantly to model variability, becoming an independent prognostic factor for DFS (HR, 1.82; 95% CI,1.27-2.59), alongside ctDNA (HR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.16-3.03) and pTN (HR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.24-2.54). A novel integrated risk classification combining CEA, ctDNA, and pTN stage reclassified 19.8% of pT4/N2 patients as low risk and 2.5% of pT3/N1 patients as high risk. This new classification demonstrated the 3-year DFS of 80.8% for low-risk patients and 55.4% for high-risk patients (HR, 2.66, 95% CI, 1.84-3.86, P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Postoperative CEA value is a prognostic factor for DFS in stage 3 CC, independently of ctDNA and pTN. It advocates for systematic reporting in future adjuvant trials. Integrating both biomarkers with pTN could refine risk classification in stage 3 CC.
Additionality, baselines, and the proper accounting for land-based climate change mitigation efforts
Authors: Nolan Connor , Van Paasschen Cecilia A , Field Christopher B 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Carbon storage and uptake on land is a critical part of climate change mitigation. Each year, up to 30% of anthropogenic emissions are neutralized by the ongoing background land sink. At the same time, greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation are major contributors to climate change. Protecting the background sink, avoiding additional emissions, and increasing removals are all key parts of a climate change mitigation portfolio. However, accurately measuring the true mitigation effects of a given intervention is challenging because of an inherent reliance on a counterfactual—an estimate of what would have happened in the absence of a given intervention. These counterfactuals are handled differently in carbon markets and in national greenhouse gas inventories, which can lead to confusion in accounting for progress on climate change mitigation. In this paper, we review how global carbon budgets, national greenhouse gas inventories, and carbon markets account for land-based carbon fluxes. We also examine the implications for additionality and identify some particularly challenging cases. Finally, we present recommendations moving forward and connect this work to broader challenges relevant to other carbon dioxide removal pathways.
Language models, like humans, show content effects on reasoning tasks
Authors: Lampinen Andrew K , Dasgupta Ishita , Chan Stephanie C Y , Sheahan Hannah R , Creswell Antonia , Kumaran Dharshan , McClelland James L , Hill Felix 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Abstract reasoning is a key ability for an intelligent system. Large language models (LMs) achieve above-chance performance on abstract reasoning tasks but exhibit many imperfections. However, human abstract reasoning is also imperfect. Human reasoning is affected by our real-world knowledge and beliefs, and shows notable “content effects”; humans reason more reliably when the semantic content of a problem supports the correct logical inferences. These content-entangled reasoning patterns are central to debates about the fundamental nature of human intelligence. Here, we investigate whether language models—whose prior expectations capture some aspects of human knowledge—similarly mix content into their answers to logic problems. We explored this question across three logical reasoning tasks: natural language inference, judging the logical validity of syllogisms, and the Wason selection task. We evaluate state of the art LMs, as well as humans, and find that the LMs reflect many of the same qualitative human patterns on these tasks—like humans, models answer more accurately when the semantic content of a task supports the logical inferences. These parallels are reflected in accuracy patterns, and in some lower-level features like the relationship between LM confidence over possible answers and human response times. However, in some cases the humans and models behave differently—particularly on the Wason task, where humans perform much worse than large models, and exhibit a distinct error pattern. Our findings have implications for understanding possible contributors to these human cognitive effects, as well as the factors that influence language model performance.
Dilated cardiomyopathy mutation in beta-cardiac myosin enhances actin activation of the power stroke and phosphate release
Authors: Bodt Skylar M L , Ge Jinghua , Ma Wen , Rasicci David V , Desetty Rohini , McCammon J Andrew , Yengo Christopher M 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Inherited mutations in human beta-cardiac myosin (M2β) can lead to severe forms of heart failure. The E525K mutation in M2β is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and was found to stabilize the interacting heads motif (IHM) and autoinhibited super-relaxed (SRX) state in dimeric heavy meromyosin. However, in monomeric M2β subfragment 1 (S1) we found that E525K enhances (threefold) the maximum steady-state actin-activated ATPase activity (kcat) and decreases (eightfold) the actin concentration at which ATPase is one-half maximal (KATPase). We also found a twofold to fourfold increase in the actin-activated power stroke and phosphate release rate constants at 30 μM actin, which overall enhanced the duty ratio threefold. Loaded motility assays revealed that the enhanced intrinsic motor activity translates to increased ensemble force in M2β S1. Glutamate 525, located near the actin binding region in the so-called activation loop, is highly conserved and predicted to form a salt bridge with another conserved residue (lysine 484) in the relay helix. Enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations predict that the charge reversal mutation disrupts the E525-K484 salt bridge, inducing conformations with a more flexible relay helix and a wide phosphate release tunnel. Our results highlight a highly conserved allosteric pathway associated with actin activation of the power stroke and phosphate release and suggest an important feature of the autoinhibited IHM is to prevent this region of myosin from interacting with actin. The ability of the E525K mutation to stabilize the IHM likely overrides the enhanced intrinsic motor properties, which may be key to triggering DCM pathogenesis.
Estimating the human bottleneck for contact tracing
Authors: Broda Maximilian D , Borovska Petra , Kollenda Diana , Linka Marcel , de Haas Naomi , de Haas Samuel , de Haas Benjamin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the importance of contact tracing for epidemiological mitigation. Contact tracing interviews (CTIs) typically rely on episodic memory, which is prone to decline over time. Here, we provide a quantitative estimate of reporting decline for age- and gender-representative samples from the United Kingdom and Germany, emulating &gt;15,000 CTIs. We find that the number of reported contacts declines as a power function of recall delay and is significantly higher for younger subjects and for those who used memory aids, such as a scheduler. We further find that these factors interact with delay: Older subjects and those who made no use of memory aids have steeper decline functions. These findings can inform epidemiological modeling and policies in the context of infectious diseases.
Slant, Extremity, and Diversity: How the Shape of News Use Explains Electoral Judgments and Confidence
Authors: Wang Yiming , Kim Sang Jung , Shan Yuanliang , Sun Yibing , Jiang Xiaoya , Lee Heysung , Borah Porismita , Wagner Michael , Shah Dhavan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The 2020 election and its aftermath present an opportunity to understand how audiences’ changing news consumption patterns within an expanded, digitized, and polarized media environment shape electoral judgments. This paper introduces measures that capture individuals’ partisan slant, partisan extremity, and overall diversity of news media use to understand how people interact with the contemporary news ecology. The measures combine self-reported media use with the partisan slant of news outlets along the ideological spectrum. Using these measures, we analyze a two-wave panel survey conducted before and after the 2020 US election to investigate how slant, diversity, and extremity are related to post-election beliefs, including public confidence in the election and the acceptance of fraud claims. Our findings show that Republicans have more insulated news use behaviors in terms of slant and diversity. The analysis also reveals that the slant of people’s news use is associated with post-election fraud beliefs, with right-wing news consumers more likely to believe such claims. However, a diverse news consumption style can moderate misinformation beliefs. Panel analysis points to the role of extreme-right news use in decreasing confidence in the legitimacy of the election.
Composition and Assembly of the Endophytic Fungal Community of Alpine Rhododendron Hosts Along Elevation Gradients
Authors: Zhang Rui , Zhou Xiong-Li , Yang Liu , Long Bo , Shen Shi-Kang 
Published: July 2024

Alpine mountain ecosystems are highly sensitive to global warming and threatened by climate change. Elevation gradients are frequently used as space-for-time surrogates for climate change in mountain ecosystems due to their correspondence with climate variables over short geographic distances. However, the distribution patterns of fungal communities in perennial woody plants along elevations in this ecosystem and how elevation and host identity affect them remain unclear. In this work, we used Illumina MiSeq DNA sequencing technology to study the rhizosphere soil fungal community and root and leaf endophytic fungal community assembly of alpine Rhododendron communities across a 3,100- to 4,100-m elevation gradient on Jiaozi Mountain, Southwest China. The abundance and diversity of fungi in different compartments varied among elevation gradients and hosts. The fungal community assembly in each compartment was mainly influenced by stochastic processes. However, the contribution of homogeneous selection, dispersal limitation, and drift varied among host identities and elevations in different compartments. The diversity and composition of rhizosphere soil, root, and leaf guilds and the overall abundance of fungal functional groups tracked the Rhododendron host identity more closely than elevation did. Most indicator taxa of fungi were putative saprotrophs. These findings will improve our understanding of the maintenance of alpine Rhododendron communities along elevation gradients. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Spaceflight-associated pain
Authors: Nelson Ariana M. , Lacinski Ryan A. , Steller Jonathan G. 
Published: July 2024

Purpose of review
Consequences of the expanding commercial spaceflight industry include an increase in total number of spaceflight participants and an accompanying surge in the average number of medical comorbidities compared with government-based astronaut corps. A sequela of these developments is an anticipated rise in acute and chronic pain concerns associated with spaceflight. This review will summarize diagnostic and therapeutic areas of interest that can support the comfort of humans in spaceflight.

Recent findings
Painful conditions that occur in space may be due to exposure to numerous stressors such as acceleration and vibration during launch, trauma associated with extravehicular activities, and morbidity resulting directly from weightlessness. Without normal gravitational forces and biomechanical stress, the hostile environment of space causes muscle atrophy, bone demineralization, joint stiffness, and spinal disc dysfunction, resulting in a myriad of pain generators. Repeated insults from abnormal environmental exposures are thought to contribute to the development of painful musculoskeletal and neuropathic conditions.

Summary
As humanity invests in Lunar and Martian exploration, understanding the painful conditions that will impede crew productivity and mission outcomes is critical. Preexisting pain and new-onset acute or chronic pain resulting from spaceflight will require countermeasures and treatments to mitigate long-term health effects.
Anesthesia for traumatic brain injury
Authors: Siebers Nys Willem , Steiner Luzius A. 
Published: July 2024

Purpose of review
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) presents complex clinical challenges, requiring a nuanced understanding of its pathophysiology and current management principles to improve patient outcomes. Anesthetists play a critical role in care and need to stay updated with recent evidence and trends to ensure high-quality treatment. The Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines, last updated in 2016, have shown moderate adherence, and much of the current management relies on expert opinions. This literature review synthesizes the current evidence and provides insights into the role of anesthetists in TBI management.

Recent findings
Recent literature has emphasized the importance of tailored anesthetic management principles in treating TBI, focusing on minimizing secondary brain injury during neurosurgical interventions or extracranial surgery. Emerging trends include individualized intracranial pressure approaches and multimodal neuromonitoring for comprehensive assessment of cerebral physiology.

Summary
Anesthesia for TBI patients requires a comprehensive approach that balances anesthetic goals with the unique pathophysiological factors of brain injury. Despite recent research expanding our understanding, challenges remain in standardizing protocols and addressing individual patient response variability. Adherence to established management principles, personalized approaches, and ongoing research is crucial for improving the outcomes.
Optimizing peripheral regional anaesthesia: strategies for single shot and continuous blocks
Authors: Johnstone David , Taylor Alasdair , Ferry Jenny 
Published: July 2024

Purpose of review
Regional anaesthesia is increasingly prominent within anaesthesia, offering alternative analgesic options amidst concerns over opioid-based analgesia. Since Halsted's initial description, the field has burgeoned, with ultrasound visualization revolutionizing local anaesthetic spread assessment, leading to the development of numerous novel techniques. The benefits of regional anaesthesia have gained increasing evidence to support their application, leading to changes within training curricula. Consequently, regional anaesthesia is at a defining moment, embracing the development of core skills for the general anaesthesiologist, whilst also continuing the advancement of the specialty.

Recent findings
Recent priority setting projects have focussed attention on key aspects of regional anaesthesia delivery, including pain management, conduct and efficacy, education, and technological innovation. Developments in our current understanding of anatomy and pharmacology, combined with strategies for optimizing the conduct and maximizing efficacy of techniques, minimizing complications, and enhancing outcomes are explored. In addition, advancements in education and training methodologies and the integration of progress in novel technologies will be reviewed.

Summary
This review highlights recent scientific advances in optimizing both single-shot and continuous peripheral regional anaesthesia techniques. By synthesizing these developments, this review offers valuable insights into the evolving landscape of regional anaesthesia, aiming to improve clinical practice and patient care.
An update on the perioperative management of postcraniotomy pain
Authors: Dean Cassandra , McCullough Ian , Papangelou Alex 
Published: July 2024

Purpose of review
Pain after craniotomy is often severe and undertreated. Providing adequate analgesia while avoiding medication adverse effects and physiological complications of pain remains a perioperative challenge.

Recent findings
Multimodal pain management includes regional anesthesia and analgesic adjuncts. Strategies aim to reduce or eliminate opioids and the associated side effects. Many individual pharmacologic interventions have been studied with beneficial effects on acute pain following craniotomy. Evidence has been accumulating in support of scalp blockade, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), dexmedetomidine, paracetamol, and gabapentinoids. The strongest evidence supports scalp block in reducing postcraniotomy pain and opioid requirements.

Summary
Improving analgesia following craniotomy continues to be a challenge that should be managed with multimodal medications and regional techniques. Additional studies are needed to identify the most effective regimen, balancing efficacy and adverse drug effects.
Neuromodulation treatments for migraine: a contemporary update
Authors: Kramer Jeffery , Hayek Salim , Levy Robert 
Published: July 2024

Purpose of review
Neuromodulation approaches have been a part of a revolution in migraine therapies with multiple devices approved or in development. These devices vary in the nerve(s) being targeted, implantable versus noninvasive form factors as well as their effectiveness for acute pain reduction or migraine prevention. This review will summarize these recent advancements and approaches that are being developed which build upon prior work and improved technology that may help enhance the effectiveness as well as the patient experience.

Recent findings
Both noninvasive and implantable devices primarily targeting cranial nerves have shown the ability to help alleviate migraine symptoms. Multiple prospective and retrospective studies have demonstrated clinically meaningful reductions in headache intensity with noninvasive approaches, while prevention of migraine demonstrates more modest effects. Implantable neuromodulation technologies focusing on occipital and supraorbital stimulation have shown promise in migraine/headache prevention in chronic migraine patients, but there is a need for improvements in technology to address key needs for surgical approaches.

Summary
Electrical neuromodulation approaches in the treatment of migraine is undergoing a transformation towards improved outcomes with better technologies that may suit various patient needs on a more individualized basis.
A Source Control Model for Treatment-Resistant Substance Use Disorder
Authors: Dernbach Matthew Robert , Drexler Karen , McCord Elizabeth , Carpenter Joseph E. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We propose applying the “source control” model of infectious disease treatment to the management of treatment-resistant substance use disorder (SUD). We believe that this conceptual framework complements other models for understanding SUD, fills a gap in our current understanding of treatment-resistant SUD, and advances the destigmatization of SUD by reinforcing SUD as a disease similar to other medical conditions. The model also harmonizes the need for multimodal treatment and novel interventions for both acute supportive care and long-term treatment of SUD. In this manuscript, we discuss the justification for, as well as the strengths and limitations of, the “source control” model for the management of treatment-resistant SUD. We also discuss the model’s potential to direct innovative research questions and therapeutic interventions.