bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When You Have a Hammer …
Authors: Prewitt Kenneth 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRace statistics and race policy have been intertwined in American history since its founding, starting with the infamous three-fifths clause, continuing with policies based on nineteenth-century race science, the restrictionist immigration at the turn of the century, the Jim Crow regime, and carrying into the civil rights era through such policy concepts as institutional racism, statistical proportionality, disparate impact, and affirmative action. Across this history, the policies and the statistics were about “race,” whether they punished or benefited, were racist or antiracist. But can there be policy that misuses race statistics, that is presented as about race when it should not be? Race statistics are a powerful policy hammer in American history, but not everything is, in fact, a nail. Today the census undercount is argued over as if it is about race; it isn't really. Posing far greater danger, census race categories have worked their way into genomic medicine. The nineteenth-century belief that “race is biological” lingers in the American mind. The use of census categories in genomic medicine risks re-biologizing race. Maybe we should not leave the hammer lying around.
Simultaneous observations of plasmaspheric and ionospheric variations during magnetic storms in 2011: First result from Chinese Meridian Project
Authors: Wang Chi , Zhang Qingmei , Chi P. J. , Li Chuanqi 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe plasma transport between the plasmasphere and ionosphere during magnetic storms is a long‐standing problem and is still not fully understood. Simultaneous observations of the plasmasphere and ionosphere are vital to understand the coupling between the two regions. In this study, using the measurements from the newly developed Chinese ground‐based space weather monitoring network (Meridian Project), we investigate the plasmaspheric density at L ≃ 2 inferred from ground magnetometers and the ionospheric electron density inferred by digital ionosondes and GPS signals during magnetic storms in 2011. Five moderate magnetic storms with minimum Dst index between −47 and −103 nT during this period have been investigated. The observations show that the plasmaspheric density drops significantly by more than half of the prestorm value. The ionospheric F2 layer electron density NmF2 and the total electron content (TEC) show ~20–50% decreases, and the NmF2 and TEC reductions take place before the plasmaspheric density reaches its minimum. These findings suggest that the plasmaspheric depletion is very likely due to the reduced plasma supply from the ionosphere for the five moderate magnetic storms in 2011. Therefore, the plasmasphere dynamics seems to be controlled by the ionosphere during magnetic storms.
Conjugate observations of quasi‐periodic emissions by Cluster and DEMETER spacecraft
Authors: Němec F. , Santolík O. , Parrot M. , Pickett J. S. , Hayosh M. , Cornilleau‐Wehrlin N. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractQuasi‐periodic (QP) emissions are electromagnetic emissions at frequencies of about 0.5–4 kHz that are characterized by a periodic time modulation of the wave intensity. Typical periods of this modulation are on the order of minutes. We present a case study of a large‐scale long‐lasting QP event observed simultaneously on board the DEMETER (Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions) and the Cluster spacecraft. The measurements by the Wide‐Band Data instrument on board the Cluster spacecraft enabled us to obtain high‐resolution frequency‐time spectrograms of the event close to the equatorial region over a large range of radial distances, while the measurements by the STAFF‐SA instrument allowed us to perform a detailed wave analysis. Conjugate observations by the DEMETER spacecraft have been used to estimate the spatial and temporal extent of the emissions. The analyzed QP event lasted as long as 5 h and it spanned over the L‐shells from about 1.5 to 5.5. Simultaneous observations of the same event by DEMETER and Cluster show that the same QP modulation of the wave intensity is observed at the same time at very different locations in the inner magnetosphere. ULF magnetic field fluctuations with a period roughly comparable to, but somewhat larger than the period of the QP modulation were detected by the fluxgate magnetometers instrument on board the Cluster spacecraft near the equatorial region, suggesting these are likely to be related to the QP generation. Results of a detailed wave analysis show that the QP emissions detected by Cluster propagate unducted, with oblique wave normal angles at higher geomagnetic latitudes.
On the drivers of phytoplankton blooms in the Antarctic marginal ice zone: A modeling approach
Authors: Taylor Marc H. , Losch Martin , Bracher Astrid 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe pelagic province of the Southern Ocean generally has low levels of primary production attributable to a short growing season in the higher latitudes, a deep mixed layer, and iron limitation. Exceptions include phytoplankton blooms in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) during spring and summer sea‐ice retreat. The prevailing hypothesis as to the drivers of the blooms is that sea‐ice retreat increases the vertical stability of the water column through the production of melt water and provides shelter from wind mixing in areas of partial sea‐ice coverage. These conditions are favorable to phytoplankton growth by allowing them to maintain their position in the upper reaches of the water column. This work investigates the drivers of MIZ blooms using a biochemically coupled global circulation model. Results support the hypothesis in that physical conditions related to a shallow, vertically stable water column (e.g., mixed layer depth and available light) were the most significant predictors of bloom dynamics, while nutrient limitation was of lesser importance. We estimate that MIZ blooms account for 15% of yearly net primary production in the Southern Ocean and that the earlier phases of the MIZ bloom, occurring under partial ice coverage and invisible to remote sensing, account for about two thirds of this production. MIZ blooms were not found to enhance depth‐integrated net primary production when compared to similar ecological provinces outside of the MIZ, although the elevated phytoplankton concentrations in surface waters are hypothesized to provide important feeding habitats for grazing organisms such as krill.
Geoarchaeota: a new candidate phylum in the Archaea from high-temperature acidic iron mats in Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Kozubal Mark A , Romine Margaret , Jennings Ryan deM , Jay Zack J , Tringe Susannah G , Rusch Doug B , Beam Jacob P , McCue Lee Ann , Inskeep William P 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Geothermal systems in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) provide an outstanding opportunity to understand the origin and evolution of metabolic processes necessary for life in extreme environments including low pH, high temperature, low oxygen and elevated concentrations of reduced iron. Previous phylogenetic studies of acidic ferric iron mats from YNP have revealed considerable diversity of uncultivated and undescribed archaea. The goal of this study was to obtain replicate de novo genome assemblies for a dominant archaeal population inhabiting acidic iron-oxide mats in YNP. Detailed analysis of conserved ribosomal and informational processing genes indicates that the replicate assemblies represent a new candidate phylum within the domain Archaea referred to here as ‘Geoarchaeota’ or ‘novel archaeal group 1 (NAG1)’. The NAG1 organisms contain pathways necessary for the catabolism of peptides and complex carbohydrates as well as a bacterial-like Form I carbon monoxide dehydrogenase complex likely used for energy conservation. Moreover, this novel population contains genes involved in the metabolism of oxygen including a Type A heme copper oxidase, a bd-type terminal oxidase and a putative oxygen-sensing protoglobin. NAG1 has a variety of unique bacterial-like cofactor biosynthesis and transport genes and a Type3-like CRISPR system. Discovery of NAG1 is critical to our understanding of microbial community structure and function in extant thermophilic iron-oxide mats of YNP, and will provide insight regarding the evolution of Archaea in early Earth environments that may have important analogs active in YNP today.
How Does Time Poverty Affect Behavior? A Look at Eating and Physical Activity
Authors: Kalenkoski Charlene M. , Hamrick Karen S. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis paper uses data on daily activities from the American Time Use Survey and the associated Eating & Health Module to analyze the relationships between time poverty and specific energy‐balance behaviors. The authors estimate a simultaneous model to jointly analyze the relationships between time poverty and the probability of a fast food purchase, the number of eating and drinking occurrences, minutes spent engaging in sports and exercise, and the probability of engaging in active travel (walking or cycling). Time‐poor individuals were found to have different eating and physical activity patterns than non‐time‐poor individuals; those who were time‐poor were less likely to purchase fast food and also less likely to engage in active travel.
A novel genetic variant in the transcription factor Islet‐1 exerts gain of function on myocyte enhancer factor 2C promoter activity
Authors: Friedrich Felix W. , Dilanian Gilles , Khattar Patricia , Juhr Denise , Gueneau Lucie , Charron Philippe , Fressart Véronique , Vilquin Jean‐Thomas , Isnard Richard , Gouya Laurent , Richard Pascale , Hammoudi Naima , Komajda Michel , Bonne Gisèle , Eschenhagen Thomas , Dubourg Olivier , Villard Eric , Carrier Lucie 
Published: November 2012

AimsThe transcription factor Islet‐1 (ISL1) is a marker of cardiovascular progenitors and is essential for mammalian cardiogenesis. An ISL1 haplotype has recently been associated with congenital heart disease. In this study we evaluated whether ISL1 variants are associated with hypertrophic (HCM), dilated (DCM), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), or with Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD).Methods and resultsThe six exon and intron boundaries of ISL1 were screened for genetic variants in a cohort of 454 index cases. Eleven exonic variants were identified in HCM, DCM, ARVC, and/or EDMD. Out of the five novel variants, two are located in the 5'‐untranslated region, two are silent (p.Arg171Arg and p.Asn189Asn), and one is a missense (p.Asn252Ser). The latter was identified in the homozygous state in one DCM patient, and in the heterozygous state in 11 relatives, who did not present with DCM but often with cardiovascular features. This variant was found in one HCM patient also carrying a MYH7 mutation and in 3/96 North‐African Caucasian control individuals, but was absent in 138 European Caucasian control individuals. We investigated the effect of the ISL1 wild type and p.Asn252Ser mutant on myocyte enhancer factor 2C (Mef2c) promoter activity, an established ISL1 target. Mef2c promoter activity was ∼4‐fold higher in the presence of wild‐type and ∼6‐fold higher in the presence of mutant ISL1 in both HEK and CHO cells.ConclusionThis study describes a new gain‐of‐function p.Asn252Ser variant in the human ISL1 gene, which could potentially lead to greater activation of downstream targets involved in cardiac development, dilation, and hypertrophy.
Deficiency in a Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acid β-Ketoacyl-Coenzyme A Synthase of Tomato Impairs Microgametogenesis and Causes Floral Organ Fusion
Authors: Smirnova Anna , Leide Jana , Riederer Markus 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPreviously, it was shown that β-ketoacyl-coenzyme A synthase ECERIFERUM6 (CER6) is necessary for the biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids with chain lengths beyond C28 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits and C26 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves and the pollen coat. CER6 loss of function in Arabidopsis resulted in conditional male sterility, since pollen coat lipids are responsible for contact-mediated pollen hydration. In tomato, on the contrary, pollen hydration does not rely on pollen coat lipids. Nevertheless, mutation in SlCER6 impairs fertility and floral morphology. Here, the contribution of SlCER6 to the sexual reproduction and flower development of tomato was addressed. Cytological analysis and cross-pollination experiments revealed that the slcer6 mutant has male sterility caused by (1) hampered pollen dispersal and (2) abnormal tapetum development. SlCER6 loss of function provokes a decrease of n- and iso-alkanes with chain lengths of C27 or greater and of anteiso-alkanes with chain lengths of C28 or greater in flower cuticular waxes, but it has no impact on flower cuticle ultrastructure and cutin content. Expression analysis confirmed high transcription levels of SlCER6 in the anther and the petal, preferentially in sites subject to epidermal fusion. Hence, wax deficiency was proposed to be the primary reason for the flower fusion phenomenon in tomato. The SlCER6 substrate specificity was revisited. It might be involved in elongation of not only linear but also branched very-long-chain fatty acids, leading to production of the corresponding alkanes. SlCER6 implements a function in the sexual reproduction of tomato that is different from the one in Arabidopsis: SlCER6 is essential for the regulation of timely tapetum degradation and, consequently, microgametogenesis.
Phase I/II trial assessing bendamustine plus bortezomib combination therapy for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Berenson James R. , Yellin Ori , Bessudo Alberto , Boccia Ralph V. , Noga Stephen J. , Gravenor Donald S. , Patel‐Donnelly Dipti , Siegel Robert S. , Kewalramani Tarun , Gorak Edward J. , Nassir Youram , Swift Regina A. , Mayo Debra 
Published: November 2012

SummaryBendamustine, active in multiple myeloma (MM), is a bifunctional mechlorethamine derivative with alkylating properties. Bortezomib, approved to treat MM, is effective in combination with alkylators. The tolerability and efficacy of bendamustine plus bortezomib in relapsed/refractory MM was assessed in an open‐label, dose‐escalating, phase I/II study. Patients aged ≥18 years received intravenous bendamustine 50, 70, or 90 mg/m2 (days 1 and 4) plus bortezomib 1·0 mg/m2 (days 1, 4, 8, and 11) for up to eight 28‐day cycles. No dose‐limiting toxicity was observed after cycle 1; bendamustine 90 mg/m2 plus bortezomib 1·0 mg/m2 was designated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were leucopenia (58%), neutropenia (50%), lymphopenia (45%), and thrombocytopenia (30%). Primary efficacy measure was overall response rate (ORR), which was the combined complete response (CR), very good partial response (VGPR), partial response (PR), and minimal response (MR). ORR was 48% (one CR, two VGPR, nine PR, and seven MR) for all 40 enrolled patients, 52% (16/31) at the MTD (90 mg/m2), and 42% and 46% for prior use of bortezomib (n = 31) or alkylators (n = 28) respectively. Bendamustine plus bortezomib was well tolerated with promising efficacy in this heavily pretreated population.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms and the risk of venous thrombosis: results from a Danish case‐cohort study
Authors: El‐Galaly Tarec C. , Severinsen Marianne T. , Overvad Kim , Steffensen Rudi , Vistisen Anders K. , Tjønneland Anne , Kristensen Søren R. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryA number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have been linked to higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). We investigated the VTE risk associated with SNPs in the GP6 (rs1613662), SERPINC1 (rs2227589), F11 (rs2036914 and rs2289252), FGG (rs2066865), and F12 (rs1801020) genes. In F11, the CC genotype for rs2036914 and the CT and TT genotypes for rs2289252 were associated with a significantly higher VTE risk. A trend toward a thrombogenic effect was observed for the risk alleles of the GP6 and FGG SNPs. Risk estimates were unaffected by adjustments for blood type and F5 rs6025 (Factor V Leiden) mutation.
Influence of chronic amphetamine treatment and acute withdrawal on serotonin synthesis and clearance mechanisms in the rat ventral hippocampus
Authors: Barr Jeffrey L. , Scholl Jamie L. , Solanki Rajeshwari R. , Watt Michael J. , Lowry Christopher A. , Renner Kenneth J. , Forster Gina L. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAmphetamine withdrawal in both humans and rats is associated with increased anxiety states, which are thought to contribute to drug relapse. Serotonin in the ventral hippocampus mediates affective behaviors, and reduced serotonin levels in this region are observed in rat models of high anxiety, including during withdrawal from chronic amphetamine. This goal of this study was to understand the mechanisms by which reduced ventral hippocampus serotonergic neurotransmission occurs during amphetamine withdrawal. Serotonin synthesis (assessed by accumulation of serotonin precursor as a measure of the capacity of in vivo tryptophan hydroxylase activity), expression of serotonergic transporters, and in vivo serotonergic clearance using in vivo microdialysis were assessed in the ventral hippocampus in adult male Sprague Dawley rats at 24 h withdrawal from chronic amphetamine. Overall, results showed that diminished extracellular serotonin at 24 h withdrawal from chronic amphetamine was not accompanied by a change in capacity for serotonin synthesis (in vivo tryptophan hydroxylase activity), or serotonin transporter expression or function in the ventral hippocampus, but instead was associated with increased expression and function of organic cation transporters (low‐affinity, high‐capacity serotonin transporters). These findings suggest that 24 h withdrawal from chronic amphetamine reduces the availability of extracellular serotonin in the ventral hippocampus by increasing organic cation transporter‐mediated serotonin clearance, which may represent a future pharmacological target for reversing anxiety states during drug withdrawal.
Environmental changes impacting Echinococcus transmission: research to support predictive surveillance and control
Authors: Atkinson Jo‐An M. , Gray Darren J. , Clements Archie C.A. , Barnes Tamsin S. , McManus Donald P. , Yang Yu R. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractEchinococcosis, resulting from infection with tapeworms Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis, has a global distribution with 2–3 million people affected and 200,000 new cases diagnosed annually. Costs of treatment for humans and economic losses to the livestock industry have been estimated to exceed $2 billion. These figures are likely to be an underestimation given the challenges with its early detection and the lack of mandatory official reporting policies in most countries. Despite this global burden, echinococcosis remains a neglected zoonosis. The importance of environmental factors in influencing the transmission intensity and distribution of Echinococcus spp. is increasingly being recognized. With the advent of climate change and the influence of global population expansion, food insecurity and land‐use changes, questions about the potential impact of changing temperature, rainfall patterns, increasing urbanization, deforestation, grassland degradation and overgrazing on zoonotic disease transmission are being raised. This study is the first to comprehensively review how climate change and anthropogenic environmental factors contribute to the transmission of echinococcosis mediated by changes in animal population dynamics, spatial overlap of competent hosts and the creation of improved conditions for egg survival. We advocate rigorous scientific research to establish the causal link between specific environmental variables and echinococcosis in humans and the incorporation of environmental, animal and human data collection within a sentinel site surveillance network that will complement satellite remote‐sensing information. Identifying the environmental determinants of transmission risk to humans will be vital for the design of more accurate predictive models to guide cost‐effective pre‐emptive public health action against echinococcosis.
Metabolism and Acid‐base Physiology
Authors: Halperin Mitchell L. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to review the pathways of hydrogen ion production and removal due to intermediary metabolism. The principal method of analysis employed was one based on a theoretical approach because it is the most accurate and has the broadest application. In the absence of hypoxia and insulin deficiency, carbohydrates and neutral lipids will not make significant contributions to acid‐base balance. During normal metabolism, the oxidation of proteins leads to an acid load. The majority of protons are produced from the oxidation of cationic plus sulfur‐containing amino acids, whereas they are removed when anionic amino acids are oxidized. Organic anions, if they can be metabolized in vivo, lead to an equivalent degree of proton removal. Small contributions to acid‐base metabolism are made by phospholipid and purine oxidations. Special reactions involving calcium contribute to the acid load in that the precipitation of calcium carbonate or phosphate in bone or in the gastrointestinal tract will result in proton liberation. When all of the above are considered, the clinician can make a reasonably accurate estimate of the rate of acid production.
SNAP Participation in Preschool‐Aged Children and Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity
Authors: Simmons Shannon , Alexander Jeffrey L. , Ewing Helen , Whetzel Stephanie 
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND: An increased prevalence of overweight and obesity for adults on government‐funded nutrition assistance, such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), has been observed; however, this association among preschool‐aged children is not well understood. Longitudinal research designs tracking changes in body mass index‐for‐age (BMI) in children of low‐income households may provide a clearer picture of the association between SNAP participation and overweight and obesity among this age group. To determine if there is a relationship between SNAP participation and overweight and obesity prevalence in low‐income, preschool children, we conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of children in a Head Start program, and a longitudinal analysis of those children who were enrolled for 2 years.METHODS: Height and weight data and SNAP participation of 386 students (207 male, 179 female, 4.2 ± 0.5 years) enrolled in a Head Start program were analyzed; data for 2 years were available for 167 of the students. Height and weight measures were used to determine BMI percentile per Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. SNAP participation was obtained through a nutritional questionnaire given to parents at time of Head Start Program enrollment.RESULTS: No significant differences were found between SNAP and non‐SNAP participants for BMI percentile in either the cross‐sectional or longitudinal analysis. BMI percentile increased for both groups over time, but failed to reach significance (p = .13).CONCLUSION: Future studies are warranted with an inclusion of a larger and more geographically diverse sample to further determine the association between SNAP participation and overweight and obesity in preschool‐aged children.
Identification of Gold Nanoparticle-Resistant Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Suggests a Role for Respiratory Metabolism in Mediating Toxicity
Authors: Smith Mark R. , Boenzli Matthew G. , Hindagolla Vihangi , Ding Jun , Miller John M. , Hutchison James E. , Greenwood Jeffrey A. , Abeliovich Hagai , Bakalinsky Alan T. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT
Positively charged gold nanoparticles (0.8-nm core diameter) reduced yeast survival, but not growth, at a concentration of 10 to 100 μg/ml. Among 17 resistant deletion mutants isolated in a genome-wide screen, highly significant enrichment was observed for respiration-deficient mutants lacking genes encoding proteins associated with the mitochondrion.