bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autolytic Enzyme System of Clostridium botulinum
Authors: Takumi Kenji , Kawata Tomio , Hisatsune Kazuhito 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe mode of action of the autolytic enzymes of Clostridium botulinum type A strain 190L was investigated using a partially purified autolysin. The autolysin completely solubilized SDS‐treated cell walls of the organism, liberating 1.2 moles of NH2‐terminal‐L‐alanine and 0.6 moles of reducing groups per mole of glutamic acid. Neither the NH2‐termini of other amino acids nor COOH‐termini of any amino acids were released. These results show that the autolysin contains an N‐acetylmuramyl‐L‐alanine amidase and a hexosaminidase. A disaccharide and peptides were isolated from the wall lysate in a chromatographically homogeneous state. The reducing end of the disaccharide was elucidated to be N‐acetylglucosamine by borohydride reduction. This fact indicates that the hexosaminidase is likely to be an endo‐β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase. A possible structure of the cell wall peptidoglycan is proposed.
Plaque Formation by Sendai Virus of Parainfluenza Virus Group, Type 1 on Monkey, Calf Kidney and Chick Embryo Cell Monolayers
Authors: Shibuta Hiroshi , Akami Masayuki , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTCynomolgus monkey kidney cells were found to be a highly sensitive medium for plaque formation of Sendai virus and provided a practical method for the infectivity assay of the virus. The method gave reproducible titers and was as sensitive as the egg inoculation method and was simple enough to be used routinely. Sendai virus formed no recognizable plaques on chick embryo cell monolayers. However, the incorporation of a small amount of trypsin into the overlay medium induced plaques. This method gave comparable titers to those obtained on monkey kidney monolayers. Sendai virus formed plaques on calf kidney cell monolayers, but difficulties in the application of the method to infectivity assay arose from the fact that the plaques formed in calf kidney cells were small and not homogeneous in size and were not clearly defined.
Relationship between Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, Mycobacterium terrae, Mycobacterium novum and Subgroup “V” (Mycobacterium trivial)
Authors: Tsukamura Michio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTComparison was made among Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, M. terrae, M. novum and subgroup “V” (M. trivial) These organisms together are differentiated from other mycobacteria of group II and group III by the following characters: (1) Sensitiveness to ethambutol; (2) Tolerance to nitrite; (3) Tolerance to Tween 80; (4) Inability to utilize glucose and succinate in the presence of glutamate. To exclude the influence of growth rate, rough colony mutants (R‐type mutants) were isolated from M. nonchromogenicum, M. terrae and M. novum and compared with each other and subgroup “V” that was originally of R‐type. The R‐type mutants of M. nonchromogenicum were similar to those of M. terrae, with the exception of the intensity of nicotinamidase and pyrazinamidase activities. These two have been suggested to belong to the same taxon, appropriate name of which is M. nonchromogenicum. The R‐type mutants of M. novum were similar to the subgroup “V”, with the exception of the intensity of arylsulfatase activity. It has been considered that subgroup “V” is an R‐type mutant of M. novum. Although M. nonchromogenicum and M. novum could be differentiated from each other by the intensity of the arylsulfatase, nicotinamidase and pyrazinamidase activities and requirement of nitrogen compounds, these two organisms are differentiated from other mycobacteria by the same characteristics and are therefore considered to be closely related organisms.
Crystallization of Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus in Wilted Leaves of Chinese Cabbage by Treatment at High Temperature
Authors: Ushiyama Rokuo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTElectron microscopic examination of Chinese cabbage leaves systemically infected with turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) showed that numerous particles assumed to be virus were present in the cytoplasmic spaces between clumped chloroplasts. In the general ground cytoplasm TYMV particles were undistinguishable from the ribosomes. When whole leaves, detached from intact plants showing mosaic, were heated at 60 C for 5 min and kept at room temperature (about 20 C) for 18 hr, particles located in the spaces between chloroplasts and general cytoplasm were apparently crystallized. No such crystalline arrays were seen in healthy cells. The interparticle distance in the crystals formed in wilted tissue was 270–300 A. There was no evidence that cytoplasmic ribosomes have a tendency to crystallize under such conditions. It is suggested that TYMV particles are crystallized by the wilting procedure used.
Experimental Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Mice
Authors: Kobayashi Fujio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTComparative studies on the fate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the peritoneal cavity and organs of mice after intraperitoneal inoculation with highly and low virulent strains were made by the viable cell count technique and microscopic observation. A highly virulent strain, after intraperitoneal inoculation in mice, showed resistance to phagocytosis and grew rapidly in the peritoneal cavity. The highly virulent bacteria then entered the blood and invaded organs, and mice died due to septicemia within 12 to 16 hr after inoculation. On the other hand, the low virulent strain was quickly phagocytized and cleared from the mouse body within 12 hr and all inoculated mice survived. These results suggested that the resistance to phagocytosis or the ability of intracellular multiplication in the host would be an important factor for the pathogenesis of the microorganism.
Replication and Synthesis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Ribonucleic Acids in Vero Cells
Authors: Nishimura Chiaki , Tsukeda Hohko 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTNeither replication nor ribonucleic acid synthesis of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in Vero cells was affected by actinomycin D at a concentration of 0.5 μg/ml, but both were markedly inhibited by formycin A, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, at a concentration of between 10 and 25 μg/ml. Synthesis of virus‐specific RNA's was then studied in the presence of actinomycin D. The viral RNA synthesis, as estimated from the eventual virus yields in cells treated with formycin A at different intervals from infection, was found to proceed 6 to 7 hr in advance of mature virus formation which began at 10 hr after infection. The newly synthesized viral RNA detected by a 6‐hr pulse‐labeling with 3H‐uridine was observed at the 43S region in a sucrose gradient centrifugation. With a shorter pulse, however, a rapidly labeled virus‐specific RNA was detected first in the 10 to 15S region, which was soluble in 2 m NaCl, and this label moved to the ribonuclease‐resistant 26S RNA during a subsequent 6‐hr period. Further studies of this 26S RNA by pulse‐chase experiments demonstrated that a minor 20S double‐stranded form accumulated as a by‐product in the viral 43S RNA replication. Thus the two ribonuclease‐resistant forms of virus‐specific RNA, 26S and 20S, were identified in JEV‐infected Vero cells. Results of these experiments suggest that the 43S single‐stranded viral RNA and the 20S double‐stranded minor RNA might be formed through the intermediate type 26S RNA which is partially ribonuclease‐resistant.
Drug‐Resistance and Distribution of R Factors among Proteus Strains
Authors: Odakura Yoshihiro , Tanaka Tokumitsu , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTProteus strains were isolated in 1967 and 1968 from clinical specimens, and their drug resistance and distribution of R factors were investigated. With special reference to 4 drugs; tetracycline (TC), chloramphenicol (CM), streptomycin (SM), and sulfanilamide (SA), the surveys indicated that the isolation frequency of single TC‐resistance was the highest, followed by quadruple‐, triple‐, and double‐resistance in a decreasing order. It was the remarkable feature that the isolation frequency of R (TC.CM.SM.SA) factor was very low in Proteus strains in contrast to a large number of R (CM.TC.SM.SA) factors in Shigella strains. The isolation of 6 to 7‐drug resistance was the highest in P. rettgeri but that of 2 to 3‐drug resistance was much higher in other Proteus cultures. It should be noted that the isolation frequency of resistance to kanamycin (KM), ampicillin (APC) and cephaloridine (CER) was much higher than that in Shigella. Among the strains carrying resistance to the 3 drugs, the strains harboring resistance to both APC and CER were isolated most frequently (78.7%), followed by KM resistance (33.8%), CER resistance (10.8%), and others in a decreasing order. Thirty‐seven R factors were demonstrated from 171 strains examined. Although the TC resistance in Proteus strains included 86.6%, only one R factor carrying TC‐resistance marker, i.e., R (CM.TC.SM.SA.KM.APC.CER), was isolated. Namely, it indicated that most of the TC resistance in Proteus strains were found to be conjugally nontransmissible. By contrast, most of the KM resistance was conjugally transmissible.
Phage Receptor Material in Lactobacillus casei Cell Wall
Authors: Yokokura Teruo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA trichloroacetic acid (TCA)‐soluble fraction, extracted using cold TCA, was derived from the cell wall of Lactobacillus casei strain S‐1. It not only inhibited the adsorption of phage J‐l but also desorbed these phages, in their active form, which had previously been adsorbed onto the cell walls. l‐Rhamnose, one of the components of this TCA‐soluble fraction, had an identical activity to this TCA‐soluble fraction, on phage adsorption. This suggested that l‐rhamnose is a part of phage receptor material in the cell wall of L. casei strain S‐l; and the binding of the phage to the cell wall is reversible, even at 37 C.
Initiation of the Primary Immune Response to Sheep Red Blood Cells in the Dissociated Mouse Spleen Cell Culture
Authors: Tadakuma Takushi , Watanabe Keiichi , Mitsuma Takashi , Saito Kazuhisa 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTFrom a suspension of mouse spleen cells were separated two functionally different cell types on the basis of their ability or inability to adhere to plastic dishes during a short period of incubation. Morphological observations of cells of these two fractions were made with the aid of histochemical methods. The majority of cells in the adherent fraction possessed β‐glucuronidase, which is one of the lysosomal enzymes rich in macrophages or phagocytic cells. In contrast, almost all cells in the non‐adherent fraction were devoid of this enzyme activity and identified morphologically as small lymphocytes. The adherent and non‐adherent cells were found to associate in cell clusters during the cultivation. In the cultures stimulated with sheep red blood cells, some of the non‐adherent cells which were located peripherically in the cell clusters began to show alkaline phosphatase activity in their cytoplasm. This may perhaps indicate that antibody synthesis is going on in these alkaline phosphatase‐positive cells, since in an in vivo study such cells were found to arise in the lymph nodes of immunized animals concomitantly with the appearance of specific serum antibody.
Establishment of Microorganisms Isolated from Chickens in the Digestive Tract of Germ‐Free Chickens
Authors: Morishita Yoshiyuki , Mitsuoka Tomotari , Kaneuchi Choji , Yamamoto Tetsuzo , Yamamoto Shutaro , Ogata Manabu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGerm‐free chickens were monocontaminated or dicontaminated with microorganisms isolated from the cecal contents and feces of chickens. In the case of monocontamination, the viable number of organisms in the alimentary tract considerably varied depending on the species or genus. Staphylococcus epidennidis. Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens and Escherichia coli became established in much larger numbers in germ‐free chickens than in ordinary birds. While Bifidobacterium thermophilum and Catenabacterium sp. were unable to become established, other anaerobic organisms and a strain of yeast became established almost at the same level as in the ordinary microflora. Anaerobic non‐sporeforming gram‐positive rods (AR), which were occasionally found in the ordinary chickens, were always well established throughout the gut of monocontaminated birds. In the case of dicontamination, the numbers of S. epidermidis, Catenabacterium sp. and B. thermophilum were comparable to those in the ordinary microflora. Growth of S. epidermidis was suppressed by E. coli. Catenabacterium sp. and B. thermophilum became well established when given in combination with other bacteria, except that the establishment of B. thermophilum in combination with Catenabacterium sp. was irregular. Growth of AR was prevented when administered together with E. coli. On the other hand, the numbers of E. coli and S. faecalis var. liquefaciens were continuously large even in the presence of any other bacterium.
Superinfection of HVJ Carrier HeLa Cells with Ultraviolet‐Irradiated Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Iinuma Masao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe mechanism of enhancement of growth of partially ultraviolet (UV)‐inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in HeLa cells persistently infected with hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) (HeLaHvJ) was investigated. HeLaHVJ cells and normal HeLa cells were inoculated with UV‐irracliated NDV under similar experimental conditions, and numbers of both infective centers and NDV‐antigen producing cells in each culture were counted. It was found that the percentage of HeLaHVJ cells which produced infectious NDV or NDV‐antigen during the first cycle of infection was approximately 1.5 times higher than that of normal HeLa cells. Survival curves of UV‐irradiated NDV showed that NDV appeared more resistant to UV when titrated in HeLaHVJ cells than in assay in normal HeLa cells. Possible explanations for this phenomenon were discussed
Immune Response against Hamster Erythrocytes in the Low‐Responder Mouse Strains
Authors: Nomoto Kikuo , Yamada Hiroyasu , Takeya Kenji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGolden hamsters were used as hosts in this work, and mice of various strains as donors of antigens. 1) There were no strain differences in immunogenicity of erythrocytes from C57BL/6, AKR, SL and CF1 mice. 2) Primary intravenous immunization with mouse erythrocytes (MRBC) induced the production of hemolysin plaque‐forming cells (PFC) in a large number, but elicited only in a negligible titer production of 2‐mercaptoethanol‐resistant antibody. 3) 2‐Mercaptoethanol‐resistant antibody was produced more efficiently in hamsters pre‐sensitized with mouse lymph node (MLN) cells rather than those pre‐immunized with MRBC after a booster with MRBC. 4) Numbers of PFC in pre‐sensitized hamsters were three‐times that of the non‐sensitized hamsters after a booster with MRBC, when pre‐sensitization was performed intradermally with a small number of MLN cells. 5) Average diameter of the hemolysin plaques in pre‐sensitized hamsters was one and a half times larger than that in non‐sensitized hamsters. Conclusions agree well with the results in our previous papers that the reversed combination of hosts and antigen donors employed support the concept that certain processes required for delayed hypersensitivity contributed to antibody production under a condition suitable for antibody response.
Enhanced Synthesis of Phosphatidylethanolamine in Chick Embryo Cells Infected with Sendai Virus of Parainfluenza Type 1
Authors: Shibuta Hiroshi , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT3H‐Serine principally labeled phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) of lipids of chick embryo cells. 3H‐Ethanolamine labeled almost entirely PE of lipids of the cells. In turnover experiment with 3H‐serine incorporated into cells before infection, the pathway from PS to PE was shown to become more active by Sendai virus infection. Similar turnover experiment using 3H‐ethanolamine revealed that PE synthesis directly utilizing ethanolamine was also slightly enhanced by the infection. The most marked difference of infected cells from control cells was the enhanced rate of 3H‐serine incorporation into lipids. These results indicated that the Sendai virus infection enhanced the metabolic pathway serine–PS–PE.
Effect of Trypsin on the Infectivity of Sendai Virus Grown in Several Host Cells
Authors: Shibuta Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAs described in a previous study, Sendai virus formed plaques in chick embryo (CE) cell monolayers with the aid of trypsin incorporated into the agar overlay medium. The virus also formed plaqůes in monkey kidney (MR) cell monolayers without the aid of trypsin. Sendai virus grown in CE cells, as well as that grown in either of other stable cell lines tested, showed much lower plaque‐forming unit (PFU) titers in MK monolayers than in CE monolayers. However, a mild trypsin treatment of the virus grown in these cells enhanced its PFU titers in MK monolayers to the level obtained in CE monolayers. In spite of this marked infectivity enhancement, the enzyme treatment little affected the hemagglutinin titers of the virus. On the other hand, Sendai virus grown in embryonated eggs or MK cells showed similar PFU titers in both CE and MK monolayers and also showed no evidence of infectivity enhancement due to the enzyme treatment.
Studies on γM and γG Antibody Response of Mice to Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Katsura Yoshimoto 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTResponse of CBA mice with γM and γG antibodies to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied in relation to a variety of conditions of antigen administration. The variables in the conditions were doses and physical forms of antigen, and injection routes. It was realized that γG antibody response to soluble BSA and both γM and γG antibody responses to particulate forms of BSA were augmented as the dose was increased. The γM response to soluble BSA was not elevated by an increase in the amount of antigen up to 1 mg. The soluble form was not so immunogenic as the particulate forms, in which alum‐precipitated BSA was capable of inducing both γM and γG antibodies to high titers, and heat‐denatured BSA elicited preferably antibody. Alum‐precipitated BSA and the emulsified BSA were strong inducers for γG antibody response when injected subcutaneously. In any antigen form, γM response was markedly influenced by changing the injection route, the order of decreasing efficiency for antibody being intravenous, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous. The γG antibody response was hardly affected by the injection route. The effect of a single intravenous injection of 0.01 mg of endotoxin, given 1 to 2 hr after antigen injection, on γM and γG antibody production differed according to the antigen administration procedures. Generally speaking, this agent had an enhancing effect when the antigen was given in the particulate forms, and it depressed the response when the antigen was given in the soluble form.
Behavior of Lambda Bacteriophage in Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Deficient Escherichia coli Cells
Authors: Nozawa Ryushi , Mizuno Den'ichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWhen niacin requiring Escherichia coli (λ) was superinfected with λ phage during development of niacin deficiency, conversion of the injected molecule to covalently closed or nicked circles decreased in accordance with the reduction of cellular NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) content. This finding suggested that host DNA ligase, which required NAD and induced the conversion, was not functional. In niacin deficient E. coli, vegetative growth of λ occurred, indicating that there were enough materials within the deficient cells to support multiplication of the phage. However, neither induction of prophage λ nor growth of superinfecting λCI after treatment with mitomycin C was observed in E. coli (λ). This indicated that the immunity substance was active in niacin‐deficient E. coli (λ) even after treatment with mitomycin C.
Polycistronic Translation of Plant Viral Ribonucleic Acid
Authors: Kiho Yukio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPolysomes specific for tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection were analyzed. Two to three days after inoculation of tobacco leaves with TMV, polysomes of the large size, synthesizing TMV‐antigenic protein were observed. Molecular weight of TMV‐antigenic protein found under these conditions ranged from 2×104 to 6–8×104 daltons which might represent coat protein subunit and its trimer. Studies on the structure of polysomes bearing infecting RNA as messenger suggested that cistrons near the 3′‐end of TMV‐RNA was translated at first immediately after infection. These results favored the concept of a polycistronic translation of plant viral RNA, in contrast to a monocistronic translation observed in the mammalian system.
Studies on the Adjuvant Action of Mineral Oil and Bacterial Endotoxin
Authors: Sohmura Yasunobu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWater‐in‐oil emulsion (WOE) of the Freund's type and a bacterial endotoxin (ET) enhanced the antibody response of mice to bovine γ‐globulin (BGG) in a different manner. WOE even without the antigen revealed an adjuvant action when given prior to or simultaneously with the antigen, while ET was effectual when given simultaneously with or after the antigen. Thus, the concurrent administration of these two adjuvants either before or after the antigen secured enhancement. It was shown that ET facilitated IgM antibody formation. WOE including antigen (BGG‐WOE) was found to form an ‘antigen‐depot’ at the injected site. Antigen released bit by bit from this depot thus might supply a continuous stimulus for the antibody response. This was mimicked by a divided daily injection of a small amount of antigen without adjuvants. Surgical removal of the hind foot containing the depot resulted in reduction of the circulating antibody. The popliteal lymph node cells from mice given BGG‐WOE via hind foot pads could adoptively immunize X‐irradiated recipients without the additional administration of antigen, axillary lymph node cells and spleen cells being unable to do so. ET was inadequate for this purpose. The morphological changes of the nodes seemed compatible with these results.
Magnesium‐Stimulated Resynthesis of Osmoresistant Layer by Candida albicans Spheroplasts
Authors: Ota Fusao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTSpheroplasts of Candida albicans could be obtained by treating cells with a snail enzyme in the presence of 0.75 m MgSO4 as a stabilizer and cells could subsequently be regenerated by the thin‐layer‐agar plating method. The initial regeneration process was affected by stabilizers such as MgSO4, MgCl2, MnSO4, CaCl2, KCl, NaCl and sucrose. It was found that 0.68 m MgSO4 was the best stabilizer. Good stabilization was also achieved in any medium with 0.5–0.75 M sucrose, although stabilizing agents were in general most effective at concentrations giving about 22 atmospheres of osmolality. This osmolarity was lower than that used to prepare spheroplasts. Using this thin‐layer plating method at least three factors were essential for resynthesis of a wall layer: (1) a carbon source, (2) a stabilizer and (3) several minerals. Nitrogen in the form of an amino acid stimulated formation of the wall layer. Relationship between these factors and osmolarity of the medium during regeneration of the wall layer is discussed.