bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Practice-Based Statement of Cash Flows Learning Experience: An Initial Public Offering for Contempri Homes?
Authors: Canace Thomas G. , Wilkerson Jack E. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis case presents intermediate-level accounting and finance students with the task of constructing a U.S. GAAP-based statement of cash flows and performing financial and non-financial analysis to inform a decision about whether a company—Contempri Homes—should undertake an IPO. Students use a rich data set of recent financial statements, financial disclosures, and financial and operating data to prepare the company's statement of cash flows, conduct analysis, and make written recommendations regarding the proposed IPO. Case learning objectives include (1) simulation of accounting practice in a realistic setting, (2) development of a holistic view of the financial statements, (3) practice in cash flows financial reporting and analysis, and (4) practice in analyzing financial and non-financial factors for decision making. The case is designed specifically for the second intermediate financial accounting course and is well suited for use in other intermediate- or advanced-level financial accounting or finance courses.
Nonlaboratory-Based Risk Assessment Algorithm for Undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Developed on a Nation-Wide Diabetes Survey
Authors: Zhou Xianghai , Qiao Qing , Ji Linong , Ning Feng , Yang Wenying , Weng Jianping , Shan Zhongyan , Tian Haoming , Ji Qiuhe , Lin Lixiang , Li Qiang , Xiao Jianzhong , Gao Weiguo , Pang Zengchang , Sun Jianping 
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE
To develop a New Chinese Diabetes Risk Score for screening undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in China.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data from the China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study conducted from June 2007 to May 2008 comprising 16,525 men and 25,284 women aged 20–74 years were analyzed. Undiagnosed type 2 diabetes was detected based on fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or 2-h plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L in people without a prior history of diabetes. β-Coefficients derived from a multiple logistic regression model predicting the presence of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes were used to calculate the New Chinese Diabetes Risk Score. The performance of the New Chinese Diabetes Risk Score was externally validated in two studies in Qingdao: one is prospective with follow-up from 2006 to 2009 (validation 1) and another cross-sectional conducted in 2009 (validation 2).

RESULTS
The New Chinese Diabetes Risk Score includes age, sex, waist circumference, BMI, systolic blood pressure, and family history of diabetes. The score ranges from 0 to 51. The area under the receiver operating curve of the score for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes was 0.748 (0.739–0.756) in the exploratory population, 0.725 (0.683–0.767) in validation 1, and 0.702 (0.680–0.724) in validation 2. At the optimal cutoff value of 25, the sensitivity and specificity of the score for predicting undiagnosed type 2 diabetes were 92.3 and 35.5%, respectively, in validation 1 and 86.8 and 38.8% in validation 2.

CONCLUSIONS
The New Chinese Diabetes Risk Score based on nonlaboratory data appears to be a reliable screening tool to detect undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in Chinese population.
An in vitro biomechanical investigation of an interlocking nail system developed for buffalo tibia
Authors: Bhat S. A. , Kinjavdekar P. , Zama M. M. S. , Gope P. C. , Pawde A. M. , Ahmad R. A. , Gugjoo M. B. , Aithal H. P. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryObjectives: The objectives of the study were to determine the mechanical properties of a customized buffalo interlocking nail (BIN), intact buffalo tibia, and ostectomized tibia stabilized with BIN in different configurations, as well as to assess the convenience of interlocking nailing in buffalo tibia.Methods: The BIN (316L stainless steel, 12 mm diameter, 250 mm long, nine-hole solid nails with 10° proximal bend) alone was loaded in compression and three-point bending (n = 4 each); intact tibiae and ostectomized tibiae (of buffaloes aged 5–8 years, weighing 300–350 kg) stabilized with BIN using 4.9 mm standard or modified locking bolts (4 or 8) in different configurations were subjected to axial compression, cranio-caudal three-point bending and torsion (n = 4 each) using a universal testing machine. Mechanical parameters were determined from load-displacement curves and compared using Kruskal-Wallis test (p <0.05).Results: Intact tibiae were significantly stronger than BIN and bone-BIN constructs in all testing modes. The strength of fixation constructs with eight locking bolts was significantly more than with four bolts. Overall strength of fixation with modified locking bolts was better than standard bolts. Based on technical ease and biomechanical properties, cranio-caudal insertion of bolts into the bone was found better than medio-lateral insertion.Clinical significance: The eight bolt BINbone constructs could be useful to treat tibial fractures in large ruminants, especially buffaloes.
Differential T Cell Responses to Residual Viral Antigen Prolong CD4+ T Cell Contraction following the Resolution of Infection
Authors: Misumi Ichiro , Alirezaei Mehrdad , Eam Boreth , Su Maureen A. , Whitton J. Lindsay , Whitmire Jason K. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe contraction phase of the T cell response is a poorly understood period after the resolution of infection when virus-specific effector cells decline in number and memory cells emerge with increased frequencies. CD8+ T cells plummet in number and quickly reach stable levels of memory following acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice. In contrast, virus-specific CD4+ T cells gradually decrease in number and reach homeostatic levels only after many weeks. In this study, we provide evidence that MHCII-restricted viral Ag persists during the contraction phase following this prototypical acute virus infection. We evaluated whether the residual Ag affected the cell division and number of virus-specific naive and memory CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. We found that naive CD4+ T cells underwent cell division and accumulated in response to residual viral Ag for &gt;2 mo after the eradication of infectious virus. Surprisingly, memory CD4+ T cells did not undergo cell division in response to the lingering Ag, despite their heightened capacity to recognize Ag and make cytokine. In contrast to CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells did not undergo cell division in response to the residual Ag. Thus, CD8+ T cells ceased division within days after the infection was resolved, indicating that CD8+ T cell responses are tightly linked to endogenous processing of de novo synthesized virus protein. Our data suggest that residual viral Ag delays the contraction of CD4+ T cell responses by recruiting new populations of CD4+ T cells.
Analyzing Copy Number Variation Using SNP Array Data: Protocols for Calling CNV and Association Tests
Authors: Lin Chiao‐Feng , Naj Adam C. , Wang Li‐San 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHigh‐density SNP genotyping technology provides a low‐cost, effective tool for conducting Genome Wide Association (GWA) studies. The wide adoption of GWA studies has indeed led to discoveries of disease‐ or trait‐associated SNPs, some of which were subsequently shown to be causal. However, the nearly universal shortcoming of many GWA studies—missing heritability—has prompted great interest in searching for other types of genetic variation, such as copy number variation (CNV). Certain CNVs have been reported to alter disease susceptibility. Algorithms and tools have been developed to identify CNVs using SNP array hybridization intensity data. Such an approach provides an additional source of data with almost no extra cost. In this unit, we demonstrate the steps for calling CNVs from Illumina SNP array data using PennCNV and performing association analysis using R and PLINK. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 79:1.27.1‐1.27.15. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genome‐Scale Sequencing to Identify Genes Involved in Mendelian Disorders
Authors: Markello Thomas C. , Adams David R. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe analysis of genome‐scale sequence data can be defined as the interrogation of a complete set of genetic instructions in a search for individual loci that produce or contribute to a pathological state. Bioinformatic analysis of sequence data requires sufficient discriminant power to find this needle in a haystack. Current approaches make choices about selectivity and specificity thresholds, and the quality, quantity, and completeness of the data in these analyses. There are many software tools available for individual, analytic component‐tasks, including commercial and open‐source options. Three major types of techniques have been included in most published exome projects to date: frequency/population genetic analysis, inheritance state consistency, and predictions of deleteriousness. The required infrastructure and use of each technique during analysis of genomic sequence data for clinical and research applications are discussed. Future developments will alter the strategies and sequence of using these tools and are also discussed.Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 79:6.13.1‐6.13.19. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis and Annotation of Whole‐Genome or Whole‐Exome Sequencing–Derived Variants for Clinical Diagnosis
Authors: Worthey Elizabeth A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractOver the last several years, next‐generation sequencing (NGS) has transformed genomic research through substantial advances in technology and reduction in the cost of sequencing, and also in the systems required for analysis of these large volumes of data. This technology is now being used as a standard molecular diagnostic test under particular circumstances in some clinical settings. The advances in sequencing have come so rapidly that the major bottleneck in identification of causal variants is no longer the sequencing but rather the analysis and interpretation. Interpretation of genetic findings in a clinical setting is scarcely a new challenge, but the task is increasingly complex in clinical genome‐wide sequencing given the dramatic increase in dataset size and complexity. This increase requires the development of novel or repositioned analysis tools, methodologies, and processes. This unit provides an overview of these items. Specific challenges related to implementation in a clinical setting are discussed. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 79:9.24.1‐9.24.24. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lengths of Schwabe cycles in the seventh and eighth centuries indicated by precise measurement of carbon‐14 content in tree rings
Authors: Miyake Fusa , Masuda Kimiaki , Nakamura Toshio 
Published: October 2013

AbstractRadiocarbon (14C) is produced in the atmosphere by galactic cosmic rays, which are modulated by solar magnetic activity. Its content in tree rings is retained and provides a record of past cosmic ray intensity and solar activity. We have measured, with 2 year resolution, the 14C content in Japanese cedar tree rings for the period A.D. 600 to 760, which includes a small grand solar minimum in the seventh to eighth centuries. Periodicity analysis of the 14C data shows that there is a component in the frequency band of the Schwabe cycle, with a period of 12–13 years continuing throughout the minimum. This is the fourth case in which an increase in the length of the Schwabe cycle has been observed in a grand solar minimum, after the Maunder Minimum, the Spörer Minimum, and the Fourth Century B.C. Minimum.
Ion Channels
Authors: Lipscombe Diane , Toro Cecilia P 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Ion channels are membrane proteins that create specialised routes for ions to cross cell membrane lipid bilayers selectively, and at relatively high speeds. All cells of all organisms use ion channels of different types to control a range of functions. The majority of electrical membrane signals originate from the flow of select types of ions through ion channels. Cellular control of ion channel activity is critical for single‐cell and multicellular organisms to respond to their environments. Avoiding external threats, seeking nutrients, adapting to normal developmental processes, creating memories and modifying outputs according to previous events all involve ion channel activity. Ion channel dysfunction underlies multiple human disorders and diseases. Developmental disorders, pain syndromes that include extreme pain as well as congenital indifference to pain, certain types of migraines, epilepsies, ataxias, paralyses, cardiac arrhythmias and renal failure can all be due to malfunctioning ion channels. Thus, ion channels are critically important drug targets for the treatment of many illnesses and disorders.

Key Concepts:

Ion channels are found in all living cells.

Ion channels create specialised routes for ions to cross biological cell membranes.

Ion channels support the rapid flow of ions across biological membranes to generate electrical membrane signalling.

Ion channels are gated (opened and closed) by a wide range of biological signals.

Ion channels are selectively permeable to specific ions.

Certain ion channels control the influx of calcium, a critical intracellular second messenger.

A range of extracellular, intracellular and membrane signals alter the activity of ion channels.

Abnormal ion channel function underlies many disorders and diseases.

Ion channels are important targets of drugs and toxins.
Nonsense Mutations and Suppression
Authors: Herrington Muriel B 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA nonsense mutation occurs when a sense codon, one that codes for an amino acid, is changed to one of the chain‐termination codons, UAG, UAA or UGA. A nonsense suppressor can result from a second mutation affecting the translational apparatus. This mutation enables the cell to insert an amino acid in response to the nonsense codon, resulting in a wild‐type or near wild‐type phenotype. Some suppressor mutations change the anticodon of atransfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA)such that it can pair with the nonsense codon. Other suppressors increase the readthrough of the nonsense mutation. Readthrough occurs at low levels but changes in the ribosome, in tRNA, or in translation factors can increase readthrough by altering the initial selection steps, proofreading or quality control in decoding of themessenger RNA. Manipulation of the accuracy of translation holds promise as a method for the treatment of genetic diseases, many of which result from nonsense mutations.Key Concepts:Suppression results when one mutation counteracts the effect of another mutation to give a wild‐type phenotype.The nonsense codons UAG, UAA and UGA do not code for amino acids, but signal the end of the protein‐coding sequence in the mRNA.Nonsense suppression competes with chain termination.Errors occur during translation, and include reading a nonsense codon as sense as well as misreading and frameshifting.Decoding during elongation involves conformational changes in the ribosome, tRNA and EF‐Tu.Changes in the ribosome or other components of the translational apparatus can modify changes associated with decoding and thus enhance or reduce readthrough of nonsense codons.
Regeneration of Vertebrate Appendages
Authors: Ferretti Patrizia 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Some vertebrates can faithfully replace complex parts of their body, a feature that is more commonly observed in invertebrates. They can perform this remarkable task because of their capacity to recruit progenitor cells and activate developmental programmes that largely parallel those used during embryogenesis. Tailed amphibians (urodeles), fish and deer provide the most striking examples of regeneration of appendages in adult animals. Frogs (anurans) can regenerate their limbs only at larval stages and can provide valuable models for studying loss of regenerative capability in the same species. Although birds and mammals cannot regenerate their limbs, digit tips display notable regenerative capability. The most striking example of mammalian appendage replacement is antler regeneration. Information on molecular landmarks of mature cell reprogramming in response to amputation is rapidly building up together with insights into the complex regulatory machinery controlling subsequent proliferation, differentiation and patterning of regenerating appendages.

Key Concepts:

Appendage regeneration can occur in some lower vertebrates, fish and amphibians.

Wound healing modality and appropriate inflammatory responses are crucial for regeneration.

Regeneration of vertebrate appendages occurs via formation of a growth zone, the blastema.

Blastema formation in adult lower vertebrates involves a reversal of the differentiated state.

Resident progenitor cells can contribute to regeneration.

Blastemal cells in regenerating limbs largely maintain their original identity.

The presence of a specialized wound epidermis is essential for regeneration throughout the process.

The presence of the nerve is crucial for the initial stages of limb and fin regeneration and also for mammalian digit tip regeneration.

Limb regeneration becomes nerve dependent after the developing limb is innervated.

Redeployment of certain developmental mechanisms underlies patterning in regenerating appendages.

Although, by and large, the same key signalling pathways are involved in regenerative responses across species, existence of species‐specific molecules may provide some rationale for differences in adult appendage regenerative capability.
Human Populations: Origins and Evolution
Authors: Barbujani Guido , Colonna Vincenza 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

The origins of modern human diversity have long been debated within a framework set by two hypotheses: ‘Out‐of‐Africa’ versus multiregional evolution. Humans are genetically closer to each other than members of all other primate species, most of our genetic diversity is accounted for by individual differences within populations, and only a small fraction of the species' genetic variance represents differences among populations or geographic groups. All these findings are hard to reconcile with the notion of parallel evolution in different continents, implicit in the multiregional model; the alternative hypotheses are now better described as either complete replacement of archaic human populations, or as partial assimilation into anatomically modern populations. Critical information about human demographic history has emerged from analyses of genomic diversity, clearly supporting an African origin of our species, followed by dispersal of rather small groups of people in the other continents. However, ancient
deoxyribonucleic acid
from fossil specimens seems to suggest low, but significant, levels of hybridisation between anatomically archaic and modern humans in the course of the latter's expansion from Africa, although alternative explanations of the data cannot be ruled out.

Key Concepts:

Genetic differences between humans are smaller than in any other primate species.

Genetic differences between human populations account for a minor fraction of the species' diversity.

Most human polymorphic alleles are present in all continents.

Each population contains an ample subset of human allelic variants.

African populations show the highest genome diversity worldwide, and alleles in other continents can largely be regarded as subsets of African diversity.

Differences between populations are structured in the geographical space, showing evidence of repeated founder effects as humans expanded to colonise the whole planet.

Models of genetic replacement, partial or total, of archaic human forms by anatomically modern humans account for current diversity better than any alternative models.

Non‐African people consistently show an excess of DNA similarity with the Neandertal genome, which is often (but not necessarily) interpreted as a consequence of archaic hybridisation between Neandertals and anatomically modern people dispersing from Africa.
Protein Tertiary Structures: Prediction from Amino Acid Sequences
Authors: Tress Michael 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Proteins have a crucial role in all cellular processes. The function of a protein is intrinsically linked to its structure, so solving protein tertiary structures is the key to understanding the biological functions of proteins. Resolving protein three‐dimensional (3D) structures is complicated and time‐consuming, so despite recent efforts to determine representative structures for each protein family, the number of known protein structures is dwarfed by the number of known protein sequences. Computational methods for the prediction of protein tertiary structures directly from their amino acid sequences have been developed to bridge this gap. These structure prediction algorithms are based on the observation that there are a limited number of protein folds and that most protein sequences will fold into one of these limited globular structures. The field of structure prediction is now quite mature and many stable methods exist for generating alignments between sequences and structures and for building 3D models.

Key Concepts:

Structure can be predicted from sequence because protein folds are relatively stable.

A wide variety of methods exist for the prediction of 3D structure from protein sequence.

The easiest targets are those for which it is possible to detect an evolutionary related template structure that aligns with more than 30% sequence and few gaps.

In these cases, structure prediction is trivial and the emphasis should be placed on all atom refinement measures.

Where template structures are more remotely related, maximum effort should be put into obtaining an alignment between template and target sequences.

Structural domains, disorder, secondary structure and important functional residues need to be considered when building a model of a target protein.