bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing and scope of genomic expansion within Annelida: evidence from homeoboxes in the genome of the earthwormEisenia fetida
Authors: Zwarycz Allison S , Nossa Carlos W , Putnam Nicholas H , Ryan Joseph F 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAnnelida represents a large and morphologically diverse group of bilaterian organisms. The recently published polychaete and leech genome sequences revealed an equally dynamic range of diversity at the genomic level. The availability of more annelid genomes will allow for the identification of evolutionary genomic events that helped shape the annelid lineage and better understand the diversity within the group. We sequenced and assembled the genome of the common earthworm,Eisenia fetida. As a first pass at understanding the diversity within the group, we classified 440 earthworm homeoboxes and compared them to those of the leechHelobdella robustaand the polychaeteCapitella teleta. We inferred many gene expansions occurring in the lineage connecting the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) ofCapitellaandEiseniato theEisenia/HelobdellaMRCA. Likewise, the lineage leading from theEisenia/HelobdellaMRCA to the leechHelobdella robustahas experienced substantial gains and losses. However, the lineage leading fromEisenia/HelobdellaMRCA toE. fetidais characterized by extraordinary levels of homeobox gain. The evolutionary dynamics observed in the homeoboxes of these lineages are very likely to be generalizable to all genes. These genome expansions and losses have likely contributed to the remarkable biology exhibited in this group. These results provide a new perspective from which to understand the diversity within these lineages, show the utility of sub-draft genome assemblies for understanding genomic evolution, and provide a critical resource from which the biology of these animals can be studied. The genome data can be accessed through theEisenia fetidaGenome Portal:http://ryanlab.whitney.ufl.edu/genomes/Efet/
Social capital: a review of its dimensions and promise for future family enterprise research
Authors: Nordstrom Onnolee Anne , Steier Lloyd 
Published: August 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, to review the notion of social capital and its dominant dimensions and appraise the ways in which social capital and these dimensions have been applied within family business research. Second, to develop a number of suggestions of ways in which the concept could be extended, from a symbolic perspective, to provide greater insight into the complexity and heterogeneity of family systems.Design/methodology/approach– This is a conceptual paper designed to stimulate new ways of thinking about social capital and the competitive advantage of family firms.Findings– This paper suggests that social capital has a symbolic dimension, which has been largely overlooked both within the field of family business and across social capital research more generally. Within the field of family business the authors connect this neglect to an over-emphasis on business theories. The authors offer ways in which incorporating a family theory – symbolic interactionism – could help to better understand family firms, social capital, and competitive advantage.Originality/value– This paper proposes an original approach to social capital. Guided by the notion of informed pluralism the paper integrates seemingly unrelated theories and identifies opportunities for new and innovative research. By espousing a symbolic interactionist approach the argument developed within this paper is valuable for helping to advance new ways of thinking about social capital and the competitive (dis)advantage of family firms.
Underpricing of IPOs in Saudi Arabia and Sharia compliance
Authors: Mayes David , Alqahtani Faisal 
Published: August 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore the extent of underpricing in the Saudi Arabian market of initial public offerings (IPOs), offer explanations and consider whether Sharia-compliance had a significant impact on the initial returns.Design/methodology/approach– A comprehensive sample of 72 IPOs in Saudi Arabia between 2004 and September 2010 is used to analyse the initial return after adjusting it to the market movement as well as controlling for some common factors.Findings– This paper finds that not only underpricing occurs but it is also among the highest levels in the world. While traditional factors affecting initial returns include age, market timing and firm size, it is found that Sharia compliance significantly reduces underpricing in Saudi Arabia. This may imply that Sharia compliance helps to reduce the uncertainty and consequences of the limited information inherent in IPOs.Research limitations/implications– Further research is needed to see if the effect of Sharia compliance status on the short-run performance of IPOs extends to other Islamic countries or is a country-specific characteristic. More firms need to be examined to identify the market characteristics that drive the returns.Practical implications– Very substantial sums are being “left on the table” and more efficient pricing of IPOs would be of considerable benefit to firms.Social implications– By considering two different regimes, this paper offers some important lessons for the treatment of risk-taking, particularly in Islamic countries.Originality/value– This paper is among the first to provide an empirical evidence of the impact of Sharia compliance on the initial return pattern in the IPO market.
Falsification Testing of Instrumental Variables Methods for Comparative Effectiveness Research
Authors: Pizer Steven D. 
Published: August 2015

ObjectivesTo demonstrate how falsification tests can be used to evaluate instrumental variables methods applicable to a wide variety of comparative effectiveness research questions.Study DesignBrief conceptual review of instrumental variables and falsification testing principles and techniques accompanied by an empirical application. Sample STATA code related to the empirical application is provided in the Appendix.Empirical ApplicationComparative long‐term risks of sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones for management of type 2 diabetes. Outcomes include mortality and hospitalization for an ambulatory care–sensitive condition. Prescribing pattern variations are used as instrumental variables.ConclusionsFalsification testing is an easily computed and powerful way to evaluate the validity of the key assumption underlying instrumental variables analysis. If falsification tests are used, instrumental variables techniques can help answer a multitude of important clinical questions.
Application of Light‐Emitting Diodes in Food Production, Postharvest Preservation, and Microbiological Food Safety
Authors: D'Souza Craig , Yuk Hyun‐Gyun , Khoo Gek Hoon , Zhou Weibiao 
Published: August 2015

AbstractLight‐emitting diodes (LEDs) possess unique properties that are highly suitable for several operations in the food industry. Such properties include low radiant heat emissions; high emissions of monochromatic light; electrical, luminous, and photon efficiency; long life expectancy, flexibility, and mechanical robustness. Therefore, they reduce thermal damage and degradation in crops and foods and are suitable in cold‐storage applications. Control over spectral composition of emitted light results in increased yields and nutritive content of horticultural or agricultural produce. Recently, LEDs have been shown to preserve or enhance the nutritive quality of foods in the postharvest stage, as well as manipulate the ripening of fruits, and reduce fungal infections. LEDs can be used together with photosensitizers or photocatalysts to inactivate pathogenic bacteria in food. UV LEDs, which are rapidly being developed, can also effectively inactivate pathogens and preserve food in postharvest stages. Therefore, LEDs provide a nonthermal means of keeping food safe without using chemical sanitizers or additives, and do not accelerate bacterial resistance. This article provides a review of the technology of LEDs and their role in food production, postharvest preservation, and in microbiological safety. Several challenges and limitations are identified for further investigation, including the difficulty in optimizing LED lighting regimens for plant growth and postharvest storage, as well as the sensory quality and acceptability of foods stored or processed under LED lighting. Nevertheless, LED technology presents a worthy alternative to current norms in lighting for the growth and storage of safe and nutritious food.
Domestic Homicide: Neuropsychological Profiles of Murderers Who Kill Family Members and Intimate Partners
Authors: Hanlon Robert E. , Brook Michael , Demery Jason A. , Cunningham Mark D. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDomestic homicide is the most extreme form of domestic violence and one of the most common types of homicide. The objective was to examine differences between spontaneous domestic homicide and nondomestic homicide offenders regarding demographics, psychiatric history, crime characteristics, and neuropsychological status, utilizing neuropsychological test data from forensic examinations of 153 murderers. Using standard crime classification criteria, 33% committed spontaneous domestic homicides (SDH) and 61% committed nondomestic homicides (NDH). SDH offenders were more likely to manifest psychotic disorders, but less likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder or to have prior felony convictions. SDH offenders manifested significantly worse neuropsychological impairments than NDH offenders. The mean number of victims was lower for the SDH than the NDH group and only 14% of SDH offenders used a firearm, whereas 59% of NDH offenders used a firearm. These findings corroborate the notion that spontaneous domestic homicide may represent a discernible criminological phenotype.
Neural correlates of reactive aggression in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid disruptive behaviour disorders
Authors: Bubenzer‐Busch S. , Herpertz‐Dahlmann B. , Kuzmanovic B. , Gaber T. J. , Helmbold K. , Ullisch M. G. , Baurmann D. , Eickhoff S. B. , Fink G. R. , Zepf F. D. 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often linked with impulsive and aggressive behaviour, indexed by high comorbidity rates between ADHD and disruptive behaviour disorders (DBD). The present study aimed to investigate underlying neural activity of reactive aggression in children with ADHD and comorbid DBD using functional neuroimaging techniques (fMRI).MethodEighteen boys with ADHD (age 9–14 years, 10 subjects with comorbid DBD) and 18 healthy controls were administered a modified fMRI‐based version of the ‘Point Subtraction Aggression Game’ to elicit reactive aggressive behaviour. Trials consisted of an ‘aggression phase’ (punishment for a fictitious opponent) and an ‘outcome phase’ (presentation of the trial outcome).ResultsDuring the aggression phase, higher aggressive responses of control children were accompanied by higher activation of the ventral anterior cingulate cortex and the temporoparietal junction. Patients displayed inverted results. During the outcome phase, comparison between groups and conditions showed differential activation in the dorsal striatum and bilateral insular when subjects gained points. Losing points was accompanied by differential activation of regions belonging to the insula and the middle temporal sulcus.ConclusionData support the hypothesis that deficient inhibitory control mechanisms are related to increased impulsive aggressive behaviour in young people with ADHD and comorbid DBD.
A Phenotypic Analysis of Regulatory T Cells and Uterine NK Cells from First Trimester Pregnancies and Associations with HLA‐G
Authors: Djurisic Snezana , Skibsted Lillian , Hviid Thomas Vauvert F. 
Published: August 2015

ProblemThe prevalence of regulatory T cells and NK cells expressing activation and HLA‐G receptors, and the influence of in vivo sHLA‐G and mHLAG on HLA‐G receptors expressed by NK cells in the uterine compartment is unclear.Method of studyKIR2DL4 and/or ILT2 expression on regulatory T cells and NK cells from the placental bed and peripheral blood in first trimester was assessed using flow cytometry. Expression of mHLA‐G on trophoblast cells and sHLA‐G in ‘uterine’ and peripheral blood was determined with ELISA and flow cytometry, and specific associations with expression levels of cognate receptors or activation markers on immune cells were determined.ResultsIn the placental bed, CD45RA surface expression on Tregs was similar to peripheral Tregs in pregnant women, but T cells with lower CD4 and CD8 expression were accumulated. HLA‐G receptor expression was increased on NK cells from ‘uterine blood’. Soluble HLA‐G was significantly increased in ‘uterine blood’ compared with peripheral blood, but no correlation was found between sHLA‐G and mHLA‐G in the uterine compartment. A correlation was found between sHLA‐G and the fraction of KIR2DL4‐positive NK cells in the uterine compartment, and a tendency was observed between mHLA‐G and the fraction of ILT2‐positive NK cells in the uterine compartment.ConclusionThe NK subset in the placental bed displays a unique phenotype that may be influenced by mHLA‐G on trophoblast cells and locally accumulated sHLA‐G in the uterus.
Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis during and following caesarean section: a survey of clinical practice
Authors: Seeho Sean K.M. , Nippita Tanya A. , Roberts Christine L. , Morris Jonathan M. , Nassar Natasha 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundCaesarean section (CS) is a significant risk factor for venous thromboembolism; however, the optimal method of thromboprophylaxis around the time of CS is unknown.AimsTo examine current thromboprophylaxis practice during and following CS in Australia and New Zealand, and the willingness of obstetricians to participate in a randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing different methods of thromboprophylaxis after CS.Materials and MethodsAn online survey was sent to fellows and trainees of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.ResultsThere were 488 responses from currently practising obstetricians (response rate 23.4%). During CS, 48% and 80% of obstetricians recommended intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) and elastic stockings (ES), respectively. Following CS, 96–97% of obstetricians recommended early ambulation, 87–90% recommended ES, 23–36% recommended IPC, and 42–65% recommended low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) depending on clinical factors. Increased BMI (OR 3.42; 95% CI 2.87–4.06), emergency CS (OR 1.88; 95% CI 1.67–2.16) and older maternal age (OR 1.37; 95% CI 1.26–1.49) were associated with more frequent LMWH use. Of obstetricians who prescribed LMWH, 70% adjusted the dose depending on maternal weight. LMWH therapy was most commonly recommended until discharge from hospital (31%), <5 days (24%) and 5–7 days (15%). Most obstetricians (58–79%) were willing to enrol women in a RCT, but less likely if the woman had an increased BMI or emergency CS.ConclusionsThere is considerable variation in clinical practice regarding thromboprophylaxis during and following CS. Obstetricians support a RCT to assess different methods of thromboprophylaxis following CS.
Power and conflict: the effect of a superior's interpersonal behaviour on trainees’ ability to challenge authority during a simulated airway emergency
Authors: Friedman Z. , Hayter M. A. , Everett T. C. , Matava C. T. , Noble L. M. K. , Bould M. D. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryA key factor that may contribute to communication failures is status asymmetry between team members. We examined the effect of a consultant anaesthetist's interpersonal behaviour on trainees’ ability to effectively challenge clearly incorrect clinical decisions. Thirty‐four trainees were recruited to participate in a video‐recorded scenario of an airway crisis. They were randomised to a group in which a confederate consultant anaesthetist's interpersonal behaviour was scripted to recreate either a strict/exclusive or an open/inclusive communication dynamic. The scenario allowed trainees four opportunities to challenge clearly wrong decisions. Performances were scored using the modified Advocacy‐Inquiry Score. The highest median (IQR [range]) score was 3.0 (2.2–4.0 [1.0–5.0]) in the exclusive communication group, and 3.5 (3.0–4.5 [2.5–6.0]) in the inclusive communication group (p = 0.06). The study did not show a significant effect of consultant behaviour on trainees’ ability to challenge their superior. It did demonstrate trainees’ inability to challenge their seniors effectively, resulting in critical communication gaps.
The influence of simulated cataract on retinal vessel oximetry measurements
Authors: Heitmar Rebekka , Attardo Andrew 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPurposeTo assess the impact of human crystalline lens opacification and yellowing, similar to that observed in patients with cataracts, on retinal vessel blood oxygen saturation measurements using custom manufactured soft contact lenses.MethodsTen healthy, non‐smoking individuals were enrolled for this study. All subjects underwent digital blood pressure measurements, assessment of non‐contact intra‐ocular pressure, pupil dilation and retinal vessel oximetry using dual‐wavelength photography (Oximetry Module, Imedos Systems). To simulate lens changes, three different contact lenses were inserted, one to simulate opacities followed by two more lenses to simulate different levels of lens yellowing (Cantor & Nissel).ResultsThe measurements obtained showed an opposite change in arterial and venous oxygen saturation and optical density ratio across conditions, resulting in a statistically significant difference in arterial minus venous oxygen saturation value (p = 0.003). However, this difference was only significant for the ‘opacity’ condition but not for the ‘yellowing’ conditions.ConclusionLenticular changes such as cataracts can impact on spectrophotometric analysis in particular dual‐wavelength retinal vessel oximetry. Hence, lenticular assessment and cataract grading should be considered when assessing elderly individuals and patient groups developing cataract earlier in life such as those suffering from diabetes mellitus.
Role of endothelial TRPV4 channels in vascular actions of the endocannabinoid, 2‐arachidonoylglycerol
Authors: Ho W S V , Zheng X , Zhang D X 
Published: August 2015

Background and PurposeMetabolites of the endocannabinoid, 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) have been postulated to act as endogenous activators of TRPV4, a Ca2+‐permeable cation channel that plays a critical role in endothelium‐dependent relaxation. However, it is unclear if TRPV4 contributes to the vascular actions of 2‐AG.Experimental ApproachIsometric tension recording of rat small mesenteric arteries and aortae were used to assess the effect of 2‐AG and the synthetic TRPV4 activator, GSK1016790A (GSK) on vascular reactivity. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and single‐channel currents were measured in TRPV4‐expressing human coronary endothelial cells.Key ResultsIn mesenteric arteries, endothelium‐dependent relaxation to both 2‐AG and GSK was attenuated by structurally distinct TRPV4 antagonists, HC067047, RN1734 and ruthenium red. The responses were inhibited by KCa inhibitors (apamin + charybdotoxin) and a gap junction inhibitor (18α‐glycyrrhetinic acid). In contrast to GSK, 2‐AG elicited considerable relaxation independently of the endothelium or TRPV4. Inhibition of 2‐AG metabolism via monoacylglycerol lipase and COX (by MAFP and indomethacin) caused potentiation, while cytochrome P450 and lipoxygenase inhibitors had no effect on 2‐AG relaxation. In coronary endothelial cells, 2‐AG (with and without MAFP) induced HC067047‐sensitive increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. 2‐AG also increased TRPV4 channel opening in inside‐out patches. However, in aortae, GSK induced a relaxation sensitive to HC067047 and ruthenium red, whereas 2‐AG induced contractions.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese data suggest that 2‐AG can directly activate endothelial TRPV4, which partly contributes to the relaxant response to 2‐AG. However, the functional role of TRPV4 is highly dependent on the vascular region.
Divergent modulation of Rho‐kinase and Ca2+ influx pathways by Src family kinases and focal adhesion kinase in airway smooth muscle
Authors: Shaifta Yasin , Irechukwu Nneka , Prieto‐Lloret Jesus , MacKay Charles E , Marchon Keisha A , Ward Jeremy P T , Knock Greg A 
Published: August 2015

Background and PurposeThe importance of tyrosine kinases in airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Src‐family kinases (SrcFK) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in GPCR‐mediated ASM contraction and associated signalling events.Experimental ApproachContraction was recorded in intact or α‐toxin permeabilized rat bronchioles. Phosphorylation of SrcFK, FAK, myosin light‐chain‐20 (MLC20) and myosin phosphatase targeting subunit‐1 (MYPT‐1) was evaluated in cultured human ASM cells (hASMC). [Ca2+]i was evaluated in Fura‐2 loaded hASMC. Responses to carbachol (CCh) and bradykinin (BK) and the contribution of SrcFK and FAK to these responses were determined.Key ResultsContractile responses in intact bronchioles were inhibited by antagonists of SrcFK, FAK and Rho‐kinase, while after α‐toxin permeabilization, they were sensitive to inhibition of SrcFK and Rho‐kinase, but not FAK. CCh and BK increased phosphorylation of MYPT‐1 and MLC20 and auto‐phosphorylation of SrcFK and FAK. MYPT‐1 phosphorylation was sensitive to inhibition of Rho‐kinase and SrcFK, but not FAK. Contraction induced by SR Ca2+ depletion and equivalent [Ca2+]i responses in hASMC were sensitive to inhibition of both SrcFK and FAK, while depolarization‐induced contraction was sensitive to FAK inhibition only. SrcFK auto‐phosphorylation was partially FAK‐dependent, while FAK auto‐phosphorylation was SrcFK‐independent.Conclusions and ImplicationsSrcFK mediates Ca2+‐sensitization in ASM, while SrcFK and FAK together and individually influence multiple Ca2+ influx pathways. Tyrosine phosphorylation is therefore a key upstream signalling event in ASM contraction and may be a viable target for modulating ASM tone in respiratory disease.
Putative binding sites for arachidonic acid on the human cardiac Kv1.5 channel
Authors: Bai Jia‐Yu , Ding Wei‐Guang , Kojima Akiko , Seto Tomoyoshi , Matsuura Hiroshi 
Published: August 2015

Background and PurposeIn human heart, the Kv1.5 channel contributes to repolarization of atrial action potentials. This study examined the electrophysiological and molecular mechanisms underlying arachidonic acid (AA)‐induced inhibition of the human Kv1.5 (hKv1.5) channel.Experimental ApproachSite‐directed mutagenesis was conducted to mutate amino acids that reside within the pore domain of the hKv1.5 channel. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp method was used to record membrane currents through wild type and mutant hKv1.5 channels heterologously expressed in CHO cells. Computer docking simulation was conducted to predict the putative binding site(s) of AA in an open‐state model of the Kv1.5 channel.Key ResultsThe hKv1.5 current was minimally affected at the onset of depolarization but was progressively reduced during depolarization by the presence of AA, suggesting that AA acts as an open‐channel blocker. AA itself affected the channel at extracellular sites independently of its metabolites and signalling pathways. The blocking effect of AA was attenuated at pH 8.0 but not at pH 6.4. The blocking action of AA developed rather rapidly by co‐expression of Kvβ1.3. The AA‐induced block was significantly attenuated in H463C, T480A, R487V, I502A, I508A, V512A and V516A, but not in T462C, A501V and L510A mutants of the hKv1.5 channel. Docking simulation predicted that H463, T480, R487, I508, V512 and V516 are potentially accessible for interaction with AA.Conclusions and ImplicationsAA itself interacts with multiple amino acids located in the pore domain of the hKv1.5 channel. These findings may provide useful information for future development of selective blockers of hKv1.5 channels.