bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Inexpensive Approach for Bright-Field and Dark-Field Imaging by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy in Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Patel Binay , Watanabe Masashi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractScanning transmission electron microscopy in scanning electron microscopy (STEM-in-SEM) is a convenient technique for soft materials characterization. Various specimen-holder geometries and detector arrangements have been used for bright-field (BF) STEM-in-SEM imaging. In this study, to further the characterization potential of STEM-IN-SEM, a new specimen holder has been developed to facilitate direct detection of BF signals and indirect detection of dark-field (DF) signals without the need for substantial instrument modification. DF imaging is conducted with the use of a gold (Au)-coated copper (Cu) plate attached to the specimen holder which directs highly scattered transmitted electrons to an off-axis yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) detector. A hole in the copper plate allows for BF imaging with a transmission electron (TE) detector. The inclusion of an Au-coated Cu plate enhanced DF signal intensity. Experiments validating the acquisition of true DF signals revealed that atomic number (Z) contrast may be achieved for materials with large lattice spacing. However, materials with small lattice spacing still exhibit diffraction contrast effects in this approach. The calculated theoretical fine probe size is 1.8 nm. At 30 kV, in this indirect approach, DF spatial resolution is limited to 3.2 nm as confirmed experimentally.
Integrin CD11b positively regulates TLR4-induced signalling pathways in dendritic cells but not in macrophages
Authors: Ling Guang Sheng , Bennett Jason , Woollard Kevin J. , Szajna Marta , Fossati-Jimack Liliane , Taylor Philip R. , Scott Diane , Franzoso Guido , Cook H. Terence , Botto Marina 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTuned and distinct responses of macrophages and dendritic cells to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) underpin the balance between innate and adaptive immunity. However, the molecule(s) that confer these cell-type-specific LPS-induced effects remain poorly understood. Here we report that the integrin αM (CD11b) positively regulates LPS-induced signalling pathways selectively in myeloid dendritic cells but not in macrophages. In dendritic cells, which express lower levels of CD14 and TLR4 than macrophages, CD11b promotes MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent signalling pathways. In particular, in dendritic cells CD11b facilitates LPS-induced TLR4 endocytosis and is required for the subsequent signalling in the endosomes. Consistent with this, CD11b deficiency dampens dendritic cell-mediated TLR4-triggered responses in vivo leading to impaired T-cell activation. Thus, by modulating the trafficking and signalling functions of TLR4 in a cell-type-specific manner CD11b fine tunes the balance between adaptive and innate immune responses initiated by LPS.
A Systems Pharmacology Perspective on the Clinical Development of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibitors for Pain
Authors: Benson N , Metelkin E , Demin O , Li GL , Nichols D , van der Graaf PH 
Published: January 2014

The level of the endocannabinoid anandamide is controlled by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). In 2011, PF‐04457845, an irreversible inhibitor of FAAH, was progressed to phase II clinical trials for osteoarthritic pain. This article discusses a prospective, integrated systems pharmacology model evaluation of FAAH as a target for pain in humans, using physiologically based pharmacokinetic and systems biology approaches. The model integrated physiological compartments; endocannabinoid production, degradation, and disposition data; PF‐04457845 pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and cannabinoid receptor CB1‐binding kinetics. The modeling identified clear gaps in our understanding and highlighted key risks going forward, in particular relating to whether methods are in place to demonstrate target engagement and pharmacological effect. The value of this modeling exercise will be discussed in detail and in the context of the clinical phase II data, together with recommendations to enable optimal future evaluation of FAAH inhibitors.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e91; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.72; published online 15 January 2014
Energy‐efficient and temperature‐stable oxide‐confined 980 nm VCSELs operating error‐free at 38 Gbit/s at 85°C
Authors: Li H. , Wolf P. , Moser P. , Larisch G. , Mutig A. , Lott J.A. , Bimberg D. 
Published: January 2014

980 nm vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting lasers (VCSELs) operating error‐free at 38 Gbit/s at 85°C with record 177 fJ of dissipated heat per bit are presented. The VCSELs are particularly well suited for short, very‐short and ultra‐short‐reach interboard, chip‐to‐chip and intrachip optical interconnects, where temperature stability, bandwidth and VCSEL density and the minimisation of waste heat are critical. Error‐free operation at 40 Gbit/s at 75°C and at 42 Gbit/s at 25°C is achieved. To date, 980 nm VCSELs are the most energy‐efficient of all VCSELs at 85°C at any wavelength.
Structural insight into the specificity of the B3 DNA-binding domains provided by the co-crystal structure of the C-terminal fragment of BfiI restriction enzyme
Authors: Golovenko Dmitrij , Manakova Elena , Zakrys Linas , Zaremba Mindaugas , Sasnauskas Giedrius , Gražulis Saulius , Siksnys Virginijus 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The B3 DNA-binding domains (DBDs) of plant transcription factors (TF) and DBDs of EcoRII and BfiI restriction endonucleases (EcoRII-N and BfiI-C) share a common structural fold, classified as the DNA-binding pseudobarrel. The B3 DBDs in the plant TFs recognize a diverse set of target sequences. The only available co-crystal structure of the B3-like DBD is that of EcoRII-N (recognition sequence 5′-CCTGG-3′). In order to understand the structural and molecular mechanisms of specificity of B3 DBDs, we have solved the crystal structure of BfiI-C (recognition sequence 5′-ACTGGG-3′) complexed with 12-bp cognate oligoduplex. Structural comparison of BfiI-C–DNA and EcoRII-N–DNA complexes reveals a conserved DNA-binding mode and a conserved pattern of interactions with the phosphodiester backbone. The determinants of the target specificity are located in the loops that emanate from the conserved structural core. The BfiI-C–DNA structure presented here expands a range of templates for modeling of the DNA-bound complexes of the B3 family of plant TFs.
Three-tiered role of the pioneer factor GATA2 in promoting androgen-dependent gene expression in prostate cancer
Authors: Wu Dayong , Sunkel Benjamin , Chen Zhong , Liu Xiangtao , Ye Zhenqing , Li Qianjin , Grenade Cassandra , Ke Jingdong , Zhang Chunpeng , Chen Hongyan , Nephew Kenneth P. , Huang Tim H.-M. , Liu Zhihua , Jin Victor X. , Wang Qianben 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn prostate cancer, androgen receptor (AR) binding and androgen-responsive gene expression are defined by hormone-independent binding patterns of the pioneer factors FoxA1 and GATA2. Insufficient evidence of the mechanisms by which GATA2 contributes to this process precludes complete understanding of a key determinant of tissue-specific AR activity. Our observations suggest that GATA2 facilitates androgen-responsive gene expression by three distinct modes of action. By occupying novel binding sites within the AR gene locus, GATA2 positively regulates AR expression before and after androgen stimulation. Additionally, GATA2 engages AR target gene enhancers prior to hormone stimulation, producing an active and accessible chromatin environment via recruitment of the histone acetyltransferase p300. Finally, GATA2 functions in establishing and/or sustaining basal locus looping by recruiting the Mediator subunit MED1 in the absence of androgen. These mechanisms may contribute to the generally positive role of GATA2 in defining AR genome-wide binding patterns that determine androgen-responsive gene expression profiles. We also find that GATA2 and FoxA1 exhibit both independent and codependent co-occupancy of AR target gene enhancers. Identifying these determinants of AR transcriptional activity may provide a foundation for the development of future prostate cancer therapeutics that target pioneer factor function.
From IPA to Praat and Beyond
Authors: Loakes Deborah 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn the late nineteenth century, the development of the International Phonetic Alphabet and the inception of acoustic analysis together were the starting point for phonetic analysis and interpretation as it is carried out today. From making a record of an utterance using an IPA transcription, to analyzing the vocal fold vibrations in a voiced consonant using speech analysis software, to assessing tongue–palate contact using articulatory tracking devices – the possibilities for transcribing and analyzing spoken language are multitudinous. In this chapter, some of the tools used in modern-day phonetic research, as well as their progress over time, are reviewed.
Discoverers of the Phoneme
Authors: van der Hulst Harry 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter covers the history of phonology starting with Jan Baudouin de Courtenay and Mikołai Kruszewsky (the Kazan School), followed by the impact of Ferdinand de Saussure’s structuralist ideas, which lead to the Prague School (N. S. Trubetzkoy, Nicolai van Wijk, Roman Jakobson). Subsequently, it covers Louis Hjelmslev’s glossematic theory, the London School (the prosodic analysis of J. R. Firth), and various American structuralists (Franz Boas, Edward Sapir, Leonard Bloomfield). Roman Jacobson reappears as the crucial link between the Prague School and generative phonology. Only brief remarks are made about current developments of this model. Developments in Western and Eastern Europe are also discussed. Throughout the chapter the goal is to highlight continuity and parallels between different a- and co-temporal models. The comparative remarks focus on such issues as the phonetic content of phonological units, the nature of phonological primes/features, phonological levels, rule ordering, whether phonology is different from morphosyntax, and how phonology relates to morphosyntax (“autonomy,” “interfaces”).
Word-Based Morphology from Aristotle to Modern WP (Word and Paradigm Models)
Authors: Blevins James P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe word-based model has been fairly stable through most of its history. The Alexandrine model provides the basis for the later Latin grammars and in turn for subsequent descriptive and pedagogical presentations of classical grammar. An essentially classical word-based perspective likewise survives into the Neogrammarian period and remains relevant to morphological analysis in the field of historical linguistics. Although neglected during the early Bloomfieldian period, word-based approaches attracted renewed interest following the proposals of Hockett (1954) and Robins (1959). The explicit model set out by Matthews (1965, 1972) established word-based approaches on the same footing as other contemporary models. From this point of origin, the word-based tradition evolved into distinctive realizational and implicational branches, both of which remain under active development. The evolution of this tradition not only rehabilitated an ancient model, but also reacquainted modern audiences with the types of morphological patterns that had initially motivated its classical variants.
Noam Chomsky's Contribution to Linguistics
Authors: Freidin Robert 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis sketch attempts to convey the magnitude of Chomsky’s contribution to linguistics by comparing his initial formulation of generative grammar with his structuralist predecessors’ approach to syntax and then comparing that formulation to the current perspective. In the intervening six decades, Chomsky: (a) constructed a formal theory of grammar and explored its foundations; (b) developed a cognitive/epistemological interpretation of the theory, leading to the biolinguistic perspective; (c) contributed major proposals for constraints on grammars resulting in a significant reduction in and simplification of the formal grammatical machinery; and (d) re-evaluated the theory of grammar in terms of language design, raising the possibility of empirical proposals about the language faculty as a biological entity with properties of economy, simplicity, and efficient computation. In redefining the science of language (a–d), Chomsky has wrought a revolution without precedent in the history of linguistics.
The Logico-philosophical Tradition
Authors: Seuren Pieter A. M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Aristotelian notion of proposition laid the foundations for subsequent theories of grammar and of truth and falsity. Eubulides (ca 405–330 BCE), one of the founders of the Stoa, anticipated most of the main themes of twentieth-century semantics (the Liar paradox, intensional contexts, presuppositions, vagueness). During the Middle Ages, logic was studied intensively, but labored under metaphysical and religious a-prioris. Subsequent centuries were relatively poor in this regard, until the twentieth century, when logic turned mathematical and clashed with natural intuitions. The main aim was to model natural language after the ideal of logical language, without much regard for the ecology of natural language or for its structural and other formal properties. Pragmatics was introduced to bridge the gap. Some now advocate a more integrated ecological perspective, deriving the logic of language from the meanings of the logical operators in natural language.
Language, the Mind, and the Brain
Authors: Garnham Alan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides an historic overview of language, mind, and brain. After brief remarks on the mind and the body, the links between language and the mind, and language and the brain are considered. Although there has long been an interest in language and mind, the systematic scientific investigation of the relation between them began only with the establishment of psychology laboratories, and the sub-discipline psycholinguistics, in the 1870s, with its three main sub-branches: acquisition, comprehension, and production. Modern interest in language and the brain begins with Gall, and blossomed in the nineteenth century with the study of aphasic patients. In the last fifty years, new behavioral and neuroscientific techniques provide new ways of addressing questions about language and brain. In a parallel development – embodied cognition – interest has broadened from the brain to the (rest of the) body, and its role in language use.
Translation: the Intertranslatability of Languages; Translation and Language Teaching
Authors: Malmkjær Kirsten 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe chapter addresses the question of the intertranslatability of languages by way of discussions of (i) Jakobson’s and Sapir’s views of the relationship between translation and contrastive/comparative linguistics, (ii) Quine’s and Davidson’s use of the notions of translation and interpretation in analytical philosophy of language, and (iii) major movements in twentieth-century translation studies. Finally, the arguments for and against the use of translation in language teaching are rehearsed, in light of the finding of one of the very few empirical studies of this issue.
Philosophy of Linguistics
Authors: Itkonen Esa 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn the Western tradition, language has in general been investigated as embedded in the tripartite framework “language – mind – reality,” which embodies an isomorphic relation of signification in the left-to-right direction. In some later developments, to be sure, the ontological and psychological components of this framework have been de-emphasized to varying degrees. In actual linguistic investigations there has been an implicit tension between two descriptive ideals: on the one hand, the axiomatic goal of describing with maximal simplicity as much as possible of what is intuitively known to be the case; on the other, the goal of causally explaining what is observed to happen.
Understanding Diversity as Culture
Authors: Salas Eduardo , Salazar Maritza R. , Gelfand Michele J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Cultural diversity—the degree to which there are differences within and between individuals based on both subjective and objective components of culture—can affect individual and group processes. However, much is still unclear about the effects of cultural diversity. We review the literature on cultural diversity to assess the state of the art and to identify key issues for future research. This review emphasizes the importance of understanding different types of cultural diversity and their independent and combined effect on team performance. We identify key contributions to the study of cultural diversity and discuss frontiers for future research.
The Social and Psychological Experience of Stigma
Authors: Hebl Michelle R. , King Eden B. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this chapter, focus is shifted from broad conceptualizations of diversity to the perspective that some differences are imbued with social value. Drawing from a rich tradition of stigma theory and research, we explore the intra- and interpersonal experiences of targets of stigma and their interaction partners. We review general theories about stigmatization, the nature of stigmatized attributes, manifestations of stigma, and consequences of stigma for individuals and their organizations. This synthesis guides important avenues for future research.
Demographic Diversity as Network Connections: Homophily and the Diversity–Performance Debate
Authors: Reagans Ray 
Published: January 2014

AbstractResearch documenting the influence of demographic diversity on informal social networks is reviewed and critiqued. I focus in particular on research describing the importance of demographic diversity in the development of strong interpersonal relationships. I also consider the importance of network connections between team members and with colleagues outside the team in mediating the association between demographic diversity and team performance. Internal and external relationships define a team’s social capital, and I illustrate how a focus on a team’s social capital helps to explain why the “diversity effect” on team performance varies from positive to negative. In my call for future research, in addition to a focus on demographic diversity, I emphasize the importance of considering more general dynamics and processes that either moderate or mediate the association between demographic diversity and important organizational outcomes.
Diversity Cognition and Climates
Authors: van Knippenberg Daan , Homan Astrid C. , van Ginkel Wendy P. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Demographic diversity at work can yield performance benefits but also invite psychological disengagement and be a source of interpersonal tension. In managing this double-edged sword of demographic diversity, the role of diversity cognition (beliefs, attitudes) and climates seems particularly promising, and in this chapter we take stock of the state of the science in this area. We conclude that research in diversity cognition and climates will benefit from more attention to diversity as a group characteristic to complement the dominant focus on demographic dissimilarity, and from more attention to the potential positive effects of diversity to complement the dominant emphasis on diversity’s potential negative effects. This is a conclusion that by and large holds across the study of individual diversity beliefs and attitudes, individual diversity climate perceptions, and shared diversity climate perceptions.
Diversity Staffing: Inclusive Personnel Recruitment and Selection Practices
Authors: Avery Derek R. , McKay Patrick F. , Volpone Sabrina D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this chapter, we discuss the research literature on diversity staffing to shed light on a topic that is increasingly important to both researchers and practitioners. To navigate the literature in this area, we organize our discussion around six basic questions confronting organizations as they pursue diversity during the recruitment and selection processes: (1) why should organizations staff for diversity, (2) who should recruit and select applicants, (3) what messages should organizations convey to job seekers, (4) when should organizations prioritize diversity staffing, (5) where should organizations recruit applicants, and (6) how should organizations select for diversity. We also discuss several existing gaps in the literature and identify directions for future research and practice.
Socioeconomic Trends: Broadening the Diversity Ecosystem
Authors: Barak Michàlle E. Mor , Travis Dnika J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSocioeconomic trends, such as worker and employer migration, increased life expectancy, and educational gaps, continue to magnify the numbers and kinds of people who work together in organizations. This chapter identifies 10 major socioeconomic trends affecting today’s global workforce and reviews statistical data and research related to the effects of these trends on individual, group, and organizational outcomes. The authors examine the challenges and opportunities embedded in broadening the diversity ecosystem and offer future directions for research. Based on these socioeconomic trends, the authors conclude with a vision of inclusion for global diversity management.
Feminisms
Authors: Dhamoon Rita Kaur 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Although it has been noted that the ways feminists historicize, explain, and define feminism are challenged and subject to interpretation, this article focuses on the idea that feminist debates show openness and plurality to further clarification, inquiry, and reflection. It studies the various ways of understanding feminism as well as its core features and methods of inquiry used by feminists. The article also discusses the modern debates among feminists and tries to identify some of the challenges and important contributions of feminist scholars to the study of politics.
Heteronormativity and Sexuality
Authors: Lind Amy C. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article focuses on the concepts of heteronormativity and sexuality. It first discusses the recent attention given to sexuality by scholars of gender and politics along with the contributions feminist scholars have made to introduce or rethink both heteronormativity and sexuality. The article then studies four basic areas of inquiry into the relationship of sexuality to gender and politics, including the heteronormative dimensions of regional and global political institutions and policies. It also examines the historical trends in scholarship and the important modern debates that help shape the intersecting and interdisciplinary fields of sexuality, gender, and politics.
Gender Violence
Authors: Elman R. Amy 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article studies gender violence, which is considered as violence against women in most literature. In this article, however, gender violence refers to violence against both men and women. The discussion begins with an examination of the constraints and recent trends of gender violence. It then considers the efforts of several feminist theorists who politicized male violence and summarizes empirical work on the responses of different states and regions to the claims of women’s movements to stop gender violence and its consequences. The article also looks at the global level of governance to gender violence and three key developments.