bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term effects of metformin on endothelial function in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: de Jager J. , Kooy A. , Schalkwijk C. , van der Kolk J. , Lehert P. , Bets D. , Wulffelé M. G. , Donker A. J. , Stehouwer C. D. A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectivesWe investigated whether metformin can improve endothelial function and decrease inflammatory activity, and thereby decrease the risk of atherothrombotic disease.Subjects and designA randomized, placebo‐controlled trial with a follow‐up period of 4.3 years set in the outpatient clinics of three nonacademic hospitals (Hoogeveen, Meppel and Coevorden Hospitals, the Netherlands). A total of 390 patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin were included. Either metformin 850 mg or placebo (one to three times daily) was added to insulin therapy. Urinary albumin excretion and plasma levels of von Willebrand factor (vWf), soluble vascular adhesion molecule‐1 (sVCAM‐1), soluble E‐selectin (sE‐selectin), tissue‐type plasminogen activator (t‐PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1), C‐reactive protein (CRP) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1) were measured at baseline and after 4, 17, 30, 43 and 52 months.ResultsMetformin significantly reduced levels of vWF, sVCAM‐1, t‐PA, PAI‐1, CRP and sICAM‐1, which, except for CRP, remained significant after adjustment for baseline differences in age, sex, smoking and severity of previous cardiovascular (CV) disease. No effects on urinary albumin excretion or sE‐selectin were observed. The improvements in vWf and sVCAM‐1 statistically explained about 34% of the reduction in the risk of CV morbidity and mortality associated with metformin treatment in this study.ConclusionsMetformin is associated with improvement in some (vWF and sVCAM‐1) but not all markers of endothelial function, which may explain why it is associated with a decreased risk of CV disease in type 2 diabetes.
A comparative study of the Osstell™ versus the Osstell Mentor™ to evaluate implant stability in human cadaver mandibles
Authors: Snijders R. S. , van Wijk A. J. , Lindeboom J. A. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe aim of this study was to assess the primary stability of dental implants by resonance frequency analysis (RFA) using the Osstell™ and Osstell Mentor™ devices and to investigate the reproducibility and comparability of the results obtained with these devices. Twenty‐four Straumann implants (Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland) were placed in the anterior mandible of 12 fresh edentulous human cadaver mandibles. The implant stability quotients (ISQs) were measured with the Osstell™ and Osstell Mentor™ when implants were inserted at 50% of their length and following their complete insertion. The Osstell™ device measured lower scores compared with the Osstell Mentor™. This was significant for the full position (mean difference = 9·9), t (11) = 7·4, P < 0·001 and for the halfway position (mean difference = 5·9), t (11) = 2·41, P = 0·03. In con‐clusion, the Osstell™ produced relatively lower ISQ scores than the Osstell Mentor™.
Lateral occlusion schemes in natural and minimally restored permanent dentition: a systematic review
Authors: Abduo J. , Tennant M. , McGeachie J. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryClinicians commonly encounter the dilemma of which lateral occlusion schemes is most suitable for a specific patient. The aim of this review is to evaluate the prevalence of the lateral occlusion schemes that exist naturally. An electronic search was completed through PubMed (MEDLINE), Google Scholar and Cochrane Library. The search was confined to peer‐reviewed studies published in English, up to April 2013. The literature search was supplemented by manual searching through the bibliography lists of the selected studies. The initial search retrieved a total of 575 studies. After applying the selection criteria, only 12 studies were suitable for inclusion. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tools were utilised to appraise the quality of the studies. The prevalence of canine‐guided, group function and balanced occlusions was reported. Overall, there was a clear variability between the studies. The prevalence of the lateral occlusion schemes appears to be influenced by the following factors: (i) the magnitude of excursion, (ii) an individual's age and (iii) the static occlusal relationship. During complete excursion, the canine‐guided occlusion tends to be more frequently observed. After partial excursion, the most prevalent lateral occlusion schemes was group function occlusion. With ageing, the prevalence of canine‐guided occlusion tends to be reduced and the prevalence of group function occlusion is increased. Dentition that is closer to Class II occlusion exhibits mainly canine‐guided occlusion, while for Class III occlusion, group function occlusion is more prevalent. The studies revealed no relationship between the lateral occlusion schemes and TMD development.
Dental service mix among working‐age adults in the United States, 1999 and 2009
Authors: Manski Richard J. , Macek Mark D. , Brown Erwin , Carper Kelly V. , Cohen Leonard A. , Vargas Clemencia 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveIn the United States, health‐care costs are increasing while state and federal budgets contract. In order to establish a baseline and provide data for alternative oral health workforce models, this report describes the types of dental procedures received by US working‐age adults in 2009 and looks at trends since 1999.MethodsData for this analysis came from the 1999 and 2009 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys. The primary outcome variable represented the types of dental procedures undergone during a dental visit in the preceding year. Descriptive variables included dental insurance coverage and income. Analysis was restricted to adults aged 21‐64 years.ResultsIn 2009, diagnostic and preventive procedures accounted for >75 percent of all dental services received by working‐age adults. Those with public insurance and those who were uninsured, as well as those with lower income, were less likely to receive these services than their peers. Between 1999 and 2009, small but statistically significant increases in the proportion of preventive and diagnostic procedures received occurred in the nation. The likelihood that a preventive service would be received during a visit also increased during this period, while the probability that a restorative procedure would be undergone went down.ConclusionsPreventive‐type procedures represented the vast majority of dental services received by working‐age adults in 2009. Between 1999 and 2009, receipt of preventive‐type procedures generally increased while receipt of surgical‐type procedures decreased. These findings emphasize the health‐promoting role of the dental team and provide a baseline for the measurement of future trends.
A review of topically administered mini-tablets for drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye
Authors: Moosa Raeesa M , Choonara Yahya E , du Toit Lisa C , Kumar Pradeep , Carmichael Trevor , Tomar Lomas Kumar , Tyagi Charu , Pillay Viness 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Objectives
The human eye is a unique and intricate structure which has made drug delivery to the eye a formidable undertaking. Anterior-segment eye diseases are ubiquitous, especially among elderly patients, and conventional eye drops, although a first-choice dosage form, are not always an efficient treatment option. The development of novel drug delivery systems for improved treatment is therefore imperative.

Key findings
In an attempt to circumvent the obstacles presented by the structure of the eye, advanced systems such as ocular mini-tablets have been developed. In this review, a concerted effort has been made to provide a detailed overview of topically administered ocular mini-tablets and other solid devices for drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye. These mini-tablets have been shown in vitro and in vivo to have significant advantages in comparison with liquid preparations. This is a step toward attaining better patient convenience and compliance, which are critical factors.

Summary
Solid ophthalmic dosage forms have several advantages that can contribute to assisting with patient compliance and, ultimately, effective disease treatment. In addition to the challenges associated with topical ocular drug delivery, the shortcomings of conventional eye drops, advantages of mini-tablets, and improvements to date to these systems are discussed. The requirement for further advancements in the ocular field is also emphasized.
Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C patients with normal alanine aminotransferase treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin
Authors: Harada N. , Hiramatsu N. , Oze T. , Morishita N. , Yamada R. , Hikita H. , Miyazaki M. , Yakushijin T. , Miyagi T. , Yoshida Y. , Tatsumi T. , Kanto T. , Kasahara A. , Oshita M. , Mita E. , Hagiwara H. , Inui Y. , Katayama K. , Tamura S. , Yoshihara H. , Imai Y. , Inoue A. , Hayashi N. , Takehara T. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryPegylated interferon (Peg‐IFN) plus ribavirin combination therapy is effective in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and normal alanine aminotransferase levels (NALT). However, it remains unclear whether the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence is actually reduced in virological responders. In this study, HCC incidence was examined for 809 patients with NALT (ALT ≤ 40 IU/mL) treated with Peg‐IFN alpha‐2b and ribavirin for a mean observation period of 36.2 ± 16.5 months. The risk factors for HCC incidence were analysed by Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model. On multivariate analysis among NALT patients, the risk of HCC incidence was significantly reduced in patients with sustained virological response (SVR) or relapse compared with those showing nonresponse (NR) (SVR vs NR, hazard ratio (HR): 0.16, P = 0.009, relapse vs NR, HR: 0.11, P = 0.037). Other risk factors were older age (≥65 years vs <60 years, HR: 6.0, P = 0.032, 60–64 vs <60 years, HR: 3.2, P = 0.212) and male gender (HR: 3.9, P = 0.031). Among 176 patients with PNALT (ALT ≤ 30 IU/mL), only one patient developed HCC and no significant risk factors associated with HCC development were found. In conclusion, antiviral therapy for NALT patients with HCV infection can lower the HCC incidence in responders, particularly for aged and male patients. The indication of antiviral therapy for PNALT (ALT ≤ 30 IU/mL) patients should be carefully determined.
Enhanced high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) modulates regulatory T cells (Treg)/T helper 17 (Th17) balance via toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐4‐interleukin (IL)‐6 pathway in patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Li J. , Wang F.‐P. , She W.‐M. , Yang C.‐Q. , Li L. , Tu C.‐T. , Wang J.‐Y. , Jiang W. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryHigh‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) proteins are substantially up‐regulated in acute and chronic hepatitis. However, the immunopathogenic role of HMGB1 in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has not been elucidated. In this study, using a cohort of 36 CHB patients, we demonstrated a crucial role for HMGB1 to modulate balance between regulatory T (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells via the toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐4‐interleukin (IL)‐6 pathway. Serum HMGB1 levels were dramatically higher in CHB patients and increased along with liver injury, inflammation and fibrosis. Notably, HMGB1 increased along with decreased Treg/Th17 cells ratios in the periphery or intrahepatic microenvironment, which provides a clue for HMGB1 to favour Th17 responses whereas inhibit Treg responses. For in vitro studies, serum pools were constructed with serum from CHB patients at an advanced stage, whereas peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) pools were constructed with cells from those at an early stage. CHB‐serum significantly enhanced retinoic acid‐related orphan receptor‐γt (RORγt), whereas they inhibited forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) expression in CHB‐PBMC, which could be reversed by blocking of HMGB1, TLR4, or IL‐6. Besides, recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1) dose‐dependently up‐regulated RORγt whereas down‐regulated Foxp3 expression in CHB‐PBMC, and meanwhile, rHMGB1 enhanced TLR4 and IL‐6 expression in CHB‐PBMC. Moreover, the axis of HMGB1–TLR4‐IL‐6–Treg/Th17 required noncontact interactions between CD4 and non‐CD4 cells. In addition, rHMGB1 down‐regulated anti‐inflammatory proteins on CD4+CD25+ cells whereas up‐regulated pro‐inflammatory cytokines in CD4+CD25− cells. In summary, enriched HMGB1 in CHB patients shifts Treg/Th17 balance to Th17 dominance via the TLR4‐IL‐6 pathway, which exacerbates liver injury and inflammation.
Hypercoagulability andACTH‐Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism in Dogs
Authors: Park F.M. , Blois S.L. , Abrams‐Ogg A.C.G. , Wood R.D. , Allen D.G. , Nykamp S.G. , Downie A. 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundDogs with hyperadrenocorticism are at risk of thromboembolic disease, which might be caused by an underlying hypercoagulable state.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo assess hemostatic function in dogs withACTH‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (ADHAC) before and after treatment.AnimalsNineteen dogs withADHACand 40 normal dogs.MethodsProspective, observational study. Dogs with ADHAC were recruited from the referral hospital patient population; normal dogs were recruited from staff and students at the study's institution. Hemostasis was assessed before and at 3 and 6 months after treatment with trilostane (T0, T3, T6) by kaolin‐activated thrombelastography with platelet mapping (TEG‐PM), prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen concentration, and antithrombin activity (AT).ResultsDogs withADHAChad statistically significantly increased α‐angle (P < .01) and maximum amplitude (MA)thrombin(P < .01) onTEG‐PM, and significantly decreased κ (P < .005) at T0, T3, and T6. Platelet count (P < .001) and fibrinogen concentration (P < .001), but notATactivity, were increased in dogs withADHACat T0, T3, and T6.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDogs withADHAChave thrombelastographic evidence of hypercoagulability and remained hypercoagulable during treatment.ATdeficiency does not appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of hypercoagulability in this population.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of marbofloxacin against Pasteurella multocida in a tissue‐cage model in yellow cattle
Authors: Shan Q. , Wang J. , Yang F. , Ding H. , Liang C. , Lv Z. , Li Z. , Zeng Z. 
Published: August 2013

The fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drug marbofloxacin was administered to yellow cattle intravenously and intramuscularly at a dose of 2 mg/kg of body weight in a two‐period crossover study. The pharmacokinetic properties of marbofloxacin in serum, inflamed tissue‐cage fluid (exudate), and noninflamed tissue‐cage fluid (transudate) were studied by using a tissue‐cage model. The in vitro and ex vivo activities of marbofloxacin in serum, exudate, and transudate against a pathogenic strain of Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) were determined. Integration of in vivo pharmacokinetic data with the in vitro MIC provided mean values for the area under the curve (AUC)/MIC for serum, exudate, and transudate of 155.75, 153.00, and 138.88, respectively, after intravenous dosing and 160.50, 151.00, and 137.63, respectively, after intramuscular dosing. After intramuscular dosing, the maximum concentration/MIC ratios for serum, exudate, and transudate were 21.13, 9.13, and 8.38, respectively. The ex vivo growth inhibition data after intramuscular dosing were fitted to the inhibitory sigmoid Emax equation to provide the values of AUC/MIC required to produce bacteriostasis, bactericidal activity, and elimination of bacteria. The respective values for serum were 17.25, 31.29, and 109.62, and slightly lower values were obtained for transudate and exudate. It is proposed that these findings might be used with MIC50 or MIC90 data to provide a rational approach to the design of dosage schedules which optimize efficacy in respect of bacteriological as well as clinical cures.
Three‐dimensional evaluation of upper airway in patients with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns
Authors: Zheng Z. H. , Yamaguchi T. , Kurihara A. , Li H. F. , Maki K. 
Published: August 2013

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo investigate variability in the upper airway of subjects with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns by evaluating the volume and the most constricted cross‐sectional area of the pharyngeal airway and defining correlations between the different variables.Material and methodsThe study sample consisted of 60 patients (29 boys, 31 girls) divided into three groups: Class I (1 ≤ ANB≤3), Class II (ANB>3), and Class III (ANB<1), to evaluate how the jaw relationship affects the airway volume and the most constricted cross‐sectional area (Min‐CSA). Differences between groups were determined using the Tukey–Kramer test. Correlations between variables were tested using Pearson's correlation coefficient.ResultsThe volume and the Min‐CSA of the pharyngeal airway (PA) were significantly related to anteroposterior skeletal patterns (p < 0.05). The nasopharyngeal airway (NA) volume of Class I and Class III subjects was significantly larger than that of Class II subjects (p < 0.05). The Min‐CSA and the length of PA were significantly related to the volume of PA (p < 0.05). The site and the size of the Min‐CSA varied among the three groups.ConclusionsThe volume and the most constricted cross‐sectional area of the airway varied with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns. The NA volume of Class I and Class III subjects was significantly larger than that of patients with a Class II skeletal pattern.
The association between bone mineral density and periodontitis in Korean adults (KNHANES 2008–2010)
Authors: Kim J‐W , Kong K‐A , Kim H‐Y , Lee H‐S , Kim S‐J , Lee S‐H , Sim K‐W , Kim M‐R , Lee J‐H 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesThis study investigated the association between bone mineral density (BMD) and periodontitis in a representative sample of Korean adults.Material and MethodsOf 36 188 individuals who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2008, 2009, and 2010, 9977 participants aged ≥40 years were included in this cross‐sectional study. The associations of BMD of lumbar spine, total femur, and femoral neck with periodontitis were investigated using logistic regression analysis. Additionally, dose–response relationships with BMD divided into quintiles and the association between osteoporosis and periodontitis were investigated.ResultsWith the set of Community Periodontal Index (CPI) ≥ 3 as a dependent variable, logistic regression analysis revealed that a decrease of BMD was significantly associated with higher odds of periodontitis [range of adjusted odds ratios (AORs); 1.15–1.20, P < 0.001 for all BMD sites]. Similarly, these associations were also found in the CPI 4 model. With regard to dose–response relations, the lower the BMD quintile, the higher the AORs appeared with statistical significance in the CPI ≥ 3 model. (P for trend < 0.001) Participants with osteoporosis had 2.26 and 1.91 times higher odds for CPI ≥ 3 and CPI 4, respectively, than those with normal BMD, indicating a significant association between the two diseases.ConclusionsOur results suggest that BMD is significantly associated with periodontitis.
Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation for the Treatment of Idiopathic Premature Ventricular Contractions Originating from the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: LAMBA JASMINE , REDFEARN DAMIAN P. , MICHAEL KEVIN A. , SIMPSON CHRISTOPHER S. , ABDOLLAH HOSHIAR , BARANCHUK ADRIAN 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundFrequent idiopathic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) have been associated with left ventricular cardiomyopathy. Idiopathic PVCs often originate from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), and radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is being used as a treatment to alleviate symptoms. A meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate RFCA for the treatment of frequent idiopathic PVCs on heart function.Methods and ResultsA literature search was conducted using Medline and Embase to identify studies evaluating the effects of RFCA as treatment for PVCs originating from the RVOT. Articles were chosen if they reported the effect of RFCA on the quantity of PVCs or ventricular function. Only studies in English were included. Articles were excluded if they did not separate results for PVCs originating from areas other than the RVOT. A total of 450 articles were retrieved from electronic searches, and 14 articles were included in this systematic review. Six of these were meta‐analyzed (N = 70) and showed a reduction in the total number of PVCs in 24 hours after RFCA by a mean of –30089.44 confidence interval [CI]: –31658.47, –28520.40, P < 0.00001). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was reported in five of the 14 studies, which included 108 patients. RFCA significantly improved LVEF by a mean of 10.36 (CI: 8.75, 11.97, P < 0.00001) in patients with frequent PVCs from the RVOT. The remaining studies reported their results differently and were not included in the meta‐analyses but were described separately.ConclusionsRFCA reduces the number of PVCs and improves the cardiac function in patients with idiopathic frequent PVCs originating from the RVOT.
Patient, Physician, and Procedural Factors Influencing the Use of Defibrillation Testing during Initial Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Insertion: Findings from the NCDR®
Authors: RUSSO ANDREA M. , WANG YONGFEI , AL‐KHATIB SANA M. , CURTIS JEPTHA P. , LAMPERT RACHEL 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundAdvances in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) technology have resulted in more effective defibrillation, and the need for defibrillation threshold (DFT) testing has been questioned.MethodsA total of 64,227 initial ICD implant procedures performed at 1,261 facilities (April to December 2010) in the NCDR Registry™ were selected to identify patterns of practice related to DFT testing. Patient, physician, and procedural characteristics were compared. Independent association of DFT testing with in‐hospital adverse events or mortality was also examined.ResultsDFT testing was performed in 71% of patients. Patients who did not undergo testing were older; more often had heart failure, lower left ventricular ejection fraction, atrial arrhythmias, and a primary prevention indication; and were more likely to receive a cardiac resynchronization therapy device. In addition, patients who did not undergo testing were less likely to be implanted in a metropolitan area and more often implanted at a teaching hospital, in New England, in the Mid‐Atlantic, or in the Pacific U.S . In‐hospital adverse events occurred in 2.56% of patients who underwent DFT testing compared to 3.58% who did not (P < 0.001). Death or any complication remained more likely to occur in patients who did not undergo testing (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval: 1.46 [1.33, 1.61], P < 0.001), after adjusting for baseline and procedural differences.ConclusionsDFT testing is not performed in many (29%) patients in clinical practice. Patients who did not undergo testing were more likely to have adverse events and to be older with more comorbidities, which could explain why DFT testing was avoided. Prospective randomized data are needed to determine the impact of DFT testing on outcome.