bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Melting systematics in mid‐ocean ridge basalts: Application of a plagioclase‐spinel melting model to global variations in major element chemistry and crustal thickness
Authors: Behn Mark D. , Grove Timothy L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe present a new model for anhydrous melting in the spinel and plagioclase stability fields that provides enhanced predictive capabilities for the major element compositional variability found in mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORBs). The model is built on the formulation of Kinzler and Grove (1992) and Kinzler (1997) but incorporates new experimental data collected since these calibrations. The melting model is coupled to geodynamic simulations of mantle flow and mid‐ocean ridge temperature structure to investigate global variations in MORB chemistry and crustal thickness as a function of mantle potential temperature, spreading rate, mantle composition, and the pattern(s) of melt migration. While the initiation of melting is controlled by mantle temperature, the cessation of melting is primarily determined by spreading rate, which controls the thickness of the lithospheric lid, and not by the exhaustion of clinopyroxene. Spreading rate has the greatest influence on MORB compositions at slow to ultraslow spreading rates (<2 cm/yr half rate), where the thermal boundary layer becomes thicker than the oceanic crust. A key aspect of our approach is that we incorporate evidence from both MORB major element compositions and seismically determined crustal thicknesses to constrain global variations in mantle melting parameters. Specifically, we show that to explain the global data set of crustal thickness, Na8, Fe8, Si8, Ca8/Al8, and K8/Ti8 (oxides normalized to 8 wt % MgO) require a relatively narrow zone over which melts are pooled to the ridge axis. In all cases, our preferred model involves melt transport to the ridge axis over relatively short horizontal length scales (~25 km). This implies that although melting occurs over a wide region beneath the ridge axis, up to 20–40% of the total melt volume is not extracted and will eventually refreeze and refertilize the lithosphere. We find that the temperature range required to explain the global geochemical and geophysical data sets is 1300°C to 1450°C. Finally, a small subset of the global data is best modeled as melts of a depleted mantle source composition (e.g., depleted MORB mantle—2% melt).
Extensive closed cell marine stratocumulus downwind of Europe—A large aerosol cloud mediated radiative effect or forcing?
Authors: Goren Tom , Rosenfeld Daniel 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMarine stratocumulus clouds (MSC) cover large areas over the oceans and possess super sensitivity of their cloud radiative effect to changes in aerosol concentrations. Aerosols can cause transitions between regimes of fully cloudy closed cells and open cells. The possible role of aerosols in cloud cover has a big impact on the amount of reflected solar radiation from the clouds, thus potentially constitutes very large aerosol indirect radiative effect, which can exceed 100 Wm−2. It is hypothesized that continentally polluted clouds remain in closed cells regime for longer time from leaving continent and hence for longer distance away from land, thus occupying larger ocean areas with full cloud cover. Attributing this to anthropogenic aerosols would imply a very large negative radiative forcing with a significant climate impact. This possibility is confirmed by analyzing a detailed case study based on geostationary and polar‐orbiting satellite observations of the microphysical and dynamical evolution of MSC. We show that large area of closed cells was formed over the northeast Atlantic Ocean downwind of Europe in a continentally polluted air mass. The closed cells undergo cleansing process that was tracked for 3.5 days that resulted with a rapid transition from closed to open cells once the clouds started drizzling heavily. The mechanism leading to the eventual breakup of the clouds due to both meteorological and aerosol considerations is elucidated. We termed this cleansing and cloud breakup process maritimization. Further study is needed to assess the climatological significance of such situations.
Point by Point: An Introductory Guide to Sample Preparation for Single‐Molecule, Super‐Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Halpern Aaron R. , Howard Marco D. , Vaughan Joshua C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSingle‐molecule, localization‐based, super resolution microscopy is able to reveal detailed subcellular structures and protein distributions below the classical ∼250‐nm diffraction limit of light, but utilizing this technique effectively requires a combination of careful sample preparation, data acquisition, and data analysis, which can be daunting to novice researchers. In this protocol, detailed instructions on preparation of robust reference samples for super‐resolution microscopy, including the cytoskeleton (microtubules), membrane‐bound organelles (peroxisomes), and scaffold proteins (clathrin), are provided. These samples also constitute a representative subset of imaging targets of interest to biological researchers and highlight the differences and similarities in sample preparation. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Identifying Direct Protein Targets of Poly‐ADP‐Ribose Polymerases (PARPs) Using Engineered PARP Variants—Orthogonal Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) Analog Pairs
Authors: Carter‐O'Connell Ian , Cohen Michael S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPoly‐ADP‐ribose polymerases (PARPs) comprise a family of 17 distinct enzymes that catalyze the transfer of ADP‐ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to acceptor sites on protein targets. PARPs have been implicated in a number of essential signaling pathways regulating both normal cell function and pathophysiology. To understand the physiological role of each PARP family member in the cell we need to identify the direct targets for each unique PARP in a cellular context. PARP‐family member‐specific target identification is challenging because of their shared catalytic mechanism and functional redundancy. To address this challenge, we have engineered a PARP variant that efficiently uses an orthogonal NAD+ analog, an analog that endogenous PARPs cannot use, as a substrate for ADP‐ribosylation. The protocols in this unit describe a general procedure for using engineered PARP variants−orthogonal NAD+ analog pairs for labeling and identifying the direct targets of the poly‐subfamily of PARPs (PARPs 1‐3, 5, and 6). © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mouse Models for Studying Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Chow Bryna S.M. , Allen Terri J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDiabetic nephropathy (DN) is a term used to describe kidney damage cause by diabetes. With DN as one of the leading causes of end‐stage renal disease worldwide, there is a strong need for appropriate animal models to study DN pathogenesis and develop therapeutic strategies. To date, most experiments are carried out in mouse models as opposed to other species for several reasons including lower cost, ease of handling, and easy manipulation of the mouse genome to generate transgenic and knockout animals. This unit provides detailed insights and technical knowledge in setting up one of the most widely used models of DN, the streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced model. This model has been extensively exploited to study the mechanism of diabetic renal injury. The advantages and limitations of the STZ model and the availability of other genetic models of DN are also discussed. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Aging Research Using Mouse Models
Authors: Ackert‐Bicknell Cheryl L. , Anderson Laura C. , Sheehan Susan , Hill Warren G. , Chang Bo , Churchill Gary A. , Chesler Elissa J. , Korstanje Ron , Peters Luanne L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDespite the dramatic increase in human lifespan over the past century, there remains pronounced variability in “health‐span,” or the period of time in which one is generally healthy and free of disease. Much of the variability in health‐span and lifespan is thought to be genetic in origin. Understanding the genetic mechanisms of aging and identifying ways to boost longevity is a primary goal in aging research. Here, we describe a pipeline of phenotypic assays for assessing mouse models of aging. This pipeline includes behavior/cognition testing, body composition analysis, and tests of kidney function, hematopoiesis, and immune function, as well as physical parameters. We also describe study design methods for assessing lifespan and health‐span, and other important considerations when conducting aging research in the laboratory mouse. The tools and assays provided can assist researchers with understanding the correlative relationships between age‐associated phenotypes and, ultimately, the role of specific genes in the aging process. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Association of Antibodies to Interferon‐Inducible Protein‐16 With Markers of More Severe Disease in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Baer Alan N. , Petri Michelle , Sohn Jungsan , Rosen Antony , Casciola‐Rosen Livia 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveInterferon‐inducible protein‐16 (IFI16) is an intracellular DNA receptor involved in innate immunity. We evaluated the frequency, phenotypic characteristics, and clinical associations of anti‐IFI16 antibodies in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and quantitated expression levels of IFI16 in SS and control salivary gland lysates.MethodsAnti‐IFI16 antibodies were assayed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay using sera from patients with primary SS (n = 133) and from healthy controls (n = 47). Sera from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients (n = 132) were included as disease controls. Immunoprecipitation of in vitro transcription–translated IFI16 was used to determine which portion of IFI16 the antibodies recognized. Expression of IFI16 in salivary gland lysates was quantitated by immunoblotting.ResultsAnti‐IFI16 antibodies were present in the sera of 38 of 133 SS patients (29%) compared to 1 of 47 healthy controls (2.1%) (SS versus controls; P < 0.0002) and in 31 of 132 SLE controls (24%). In SS, anti‐IFI16 antibodies were associated with an abnormal Schirmer's test (P = 0.003), hyperglobulinemia (P = 0.02), antinuclear antibody ≥1:320 (P = 0.01), germinal center–like structures in labial salivary gland lymphoid infiltrates (P = 0.01), and higher focus scores (3.4 versus 2.4; P = 0.005). High‐titer IFI16 antibodies were directed against an epitope outside the N‐terminus in 9 of 13 SS patients (69%). IFI16 was expressed in 4 of 5 (80%) of SS and 1 of 6 (17%) of control labial salivary glands.ConclusionAnti‐IFI16 antibodies are a prominent specificity in primary SS and are associated with markers of severe disease. IFI16 is expressed at higher levels in SS salivary glands compared to controls. These high levels in disease target tissue may contribute to the ongoing anti‐IFI16 immune response.
Discovery, Structure Elucidation, and Biological Characterization of Nannocystin A, a Macrocyclic Myxobacterial Metabolite with Potent Antiproliferative Properties
Authors: Hoffmann Holger , Kogler Herbert , Heyse Winfried , Matter Hans , Caspers Michael , Schummer Dietmar , Klemke‐Jahn Christine , Bauer Armin , Penarier Geraldine , Debussche Laurent , Brönstrup Mark 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMicrobial natural products are a rich source of bioactive molecules to serve as drug leads and/or biological tools. We investigated a little‐explored myxobacterial genus, Nannocystis sp., and discovered a novel 21‐membered macrocyclic scaffold that is composed of a tripeptide and a polyketide part with an epoxyamide moiety. The relative and absolute configurations of the nine stereocenters was determined by NMR spectroscopy, molecular dynamics calculations, chemical degradation, and X‐ray crystallography. The compound, named nannocystin A (1), was found to inhibit cell proliferation at low nanomolar concentrations through the early induction of apoptosis. The mode of action of 1 could not be matched to that of standard drugs by transcriptional profiling and biochemical experiments. An initial investigation of the structure–activity relationship based on seven analogues demonstrated the importance of the epoxide moiety for high activity.
Growth of GaN Layers on Sapphire by Low‐Temperature‐Deposited Buffer Layers and Realization of p‐type GaN by Magesium Doping and Electron Beam Irradiation (Nobel Lecture)
Authors: Amano Hiroshi 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis Review is a personal reflection on the research that led to the development of a method for growing gallium nitride (GaN) on a sapphire substrate. The results paved the way for the development of smart display systems using blue LEDs. The most important work was done in the mid to late 80s. The background to the author’s work and the process by which the technology that enables the growth of GaN and the realization of p‐type GaN was established are reviewed.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed [3+2+2] and [2+2+2] Cycloadditions of Two Alkynes with Cyclopropylideneacetamides
Authors: Yoshida Tomoka , Tajima Yuki , Kobayashi Masayuki , Masutomi Koji , Noguchi Keiichi , Tanaka Ken 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIt has been established that a cationic rhodium(I)/H8‐binap complex catalyzes the [3+2+2] cycloaddition of 1,6‐diynes with cyclopropylideneacetamides to produce cycloheptadiene derivatives through cleavage of cyclopropane rings. In contrast, a cationic rhodium(I)/(S)‐binap complex catalyzes the enantioselective [2+2+2] cycloaddition of terminal alkynes, acetylenedicarboxylates, and cyclopropylideneacetamides to produce spiro‐cyclohexadiene derivatives which retain the cyclopropane rings.
Stereoselective Organocatalytic Synthesis of Oxindoles with Adjacent Tetrasubstituted Stereocenters
Authors: Engl Oliver D. , Fritz Sven P. , Wennemers Helma 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOxindoles with adjacent tetrasubstituted stereocenters were obtained in high yields and stereoselectivities by organocatalyzed conjugate addition reactions of monothiomalonates (MTMs) to isatin‐derived N‐Cbz ketimines. The method requires only a low catalyst loading (2 mol %) and proceeds under mild reaction conditions. Both enantiomers are accessible in good yields and excellent stereoselectivities by using either Takemoto’s catalyst or a cinchona alkaloid derivative. The synthetic methodology allowed establishment of a straightforward route to derivatives of the gastrin/cholecystokinin‐B receptor antagonist AG‐041R.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Isomerization: Expedient Synthesis of Carbohydrates from Achmatowicz Rearrangement Products
Authors: Wang Hao‐Yuan , Yang Ka , Bennett Scott R. , Guo Sheng‐rong , Tang Weiping 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA highly stereoselective dynamic kinetic isomerization of Achmatowicz rearrangement products was discovered. This new internal redox isomerization provided ready access to key intermediates for the enantio‐ and diastereoselective synthesis of a series of naturally occurring sugars. The nature of the de novo synthesis also enables the preparation of both enantiomers.
Visible‐Light Photoredox‐Catalyzed Semipinacol‐Type Rearrangement: Trifluoromethylation/Ring Expansion by a Radical–Polar Mechanism
Authors: Sahoo Basudev , Li Jun‐Long , Glorius Frank 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA visible‐light‐mediated photoredox‐catalyzed semipinacol‐type rearrangement proceeding via 1,2 alkyl migration was developed. In this transformation, trifluoromethylation of the CC bond of α‐(1‐hydroxycycloalkyl)‐substituted styrene derivatives is followed by ring expansion of the 1‐hydroxycycloalkyl group to deliver novel cycloalkanones with all‐carbon quaternary centers. The reaction proceeds via a radical–polar mechanism, with trifluoromethylation (radical) and ring expansion (ionic) occurring in the same transformation.
Sunlight‐Driven Decarboxylative Alkynylation of α‐Keto Acids with Bromoacetylenes by Hypervalent Iodine Reagent Catalysis: A Facile Approach to Ynones
Authors: Tan Hui , Li Hongji , Ji Wangqin , Wang Lei 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA novel and practical decarboxylative alkynylation of α‐keto acids with bromoacetylenes is catalyzed by hypervalent iodine(III) reagents when irradiation by sunlight at room temperature. The product ynones are generated in good yields. Experiments show that results obtained with blue light (λ=450–455 nm) are comparable to those obtained when using sunlight. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the sunlight‐driven decarboxylation undergoes a radical process.
Optimal Controlled Nodes Selection for Fast Consensus
Authors: Yang Wen , Wang Ying , Wang Xiaofan , Shi Hongbo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMotivated by the significance of optimizing network performance with limited resources in real applications, we investigate the problem of achieving fast and desired consensus in a complex network via pinning control a fraction of nodes in the network. An optimization problem is proposed to select p optimal pinned nodes to guarantee fastest consensus, which is relaxed to a Mixed‐Integer Semi‐Definite Program. In the single pinned node case (i.e., p = 1), we find that the optimal pinned node is the node with highest min‐max distance centrality within the nodes with highest closeness centrality in the network. In the multiple pinned nodes case (i.e., p > 1), we find that betweenness centrality could be used as a suboptimal index to select pinned nodes.
Analytical solution of Luedeking–Piret equation for a batch fermentation obeying Monod growth kinetics
Authors: Garnier Alain , Gaillet Bruno 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTNot so many fermentation mathematical models allow analytical solutions of batch process dynamics. The most widely used is the combination of the logistic microbial growth kinetics with Luedeking–Piret bioproduct synthesis relation. However, the logistic equation is principally based on formalistic similarities and only fits a limited range of fermentation types. In this article, we have developed an analytical solution for the combination of Monod growth kinetics with Luedeking–Piret relation, which can be identified by linear regression and used to simulate batch fermentation evolution. Two classical examples are used to show the quality of fit and the simplicity of the method proposed. A solution for the combination of Haldane substrate‐limited growth model combined with Luedeking–Piret relation is also provided. These models could prove useful for the analysis of fermentation data in industry as well as academia. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2468–2474. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination and validation of hupehenine in rat plasma by UPLC‐MS/MS and its application to pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Wen Congcong , Wang Shuanghu , Huang Xueli , Liu Zezheng , Lin Yingying , Yang Suping , Ma Jianshe , Zhou Yunfang , Wang Xianqin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn this work, a sensitive and selective ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) method for determination of hupehenine in rat plasma was developed and validated. After addition of imperialine as an internal standard (IS), protein precipitation by acetonitrile–methanol (9:1, v/v) was used to prepare samples. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 µm) with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phase with gradient elution. An electrospray ionization source was applied and operated in positive ion mode; multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for quantification using target fragment ions m/z 416.3 → 98.0 for hupehenine, and m/z 430.3 → 138.2 for IS. Calibration plots were linear throughout the range 2–2000 ng/mL for hupehenine in rat plasma. Mean recoveries of hupehenine in rat plasma ranged from 92.5 to 97.3%. Relative standard deviations of intra‐day and inter‐day precision were both <6%. The accuracy of the method was between 92.7 and 107.4%. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of hupehenine after either oral or intravenous administration. For the first time, the bioavailability of hupehenine was reported as 13.4%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of glycated N‐terminal peptide of hemoglobin using derivatization for multiple functional groups of amino acids followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Sakaguchi Yohei , Kinumi Tomoya , Yamazaki Taichi , Takatsu Akiko 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA novel method of amino acid analysis using derivatization of multiple functional groups (amino, carboxyl, and phenolic hydroxyl groups) was applied to measure glycated amino acids in order to quantify glycated peptides and evaluate the degree of glycation of peptide. Amino and carboxyl groups of amino acids were derivatized with 1‐bromobutane so that the hydrophobicities and basicities of the amino acids, including glycated amino acids, were improved. These derivatized amino acids could be detected with high sensitivity using LC‐MS/MS. In this study, 1‐deoxyfructosyl‐VHLTPE and VHLTPE, which are N‐terminal peptides of the β‐chains of hemoglobin, were selected as target compounds. After reducing the peptide sample solution with sodium borohydride, the obtained peptides were hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid. The released amino acids were then derivatized with 1‐bromobutane and analyzed with LC‐MS/MS. The derivatized amino acids, including glycated amino acids, could be separated using an octadecyl silylated silica column and good sharp peaks were detected. We show a confirmatory experiment that the proposed method can be applied to evaluate the degree of glycation of peptides, using mixtures of glycated and non‐glycated peptide. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiresidue determination of pyrethroid pesticide residues in pepper through a modified QuEChERS method and gas chromatography with electron capture detection
Authors: Zhang Yuping , Hu Deyu , Zeng Song , Lu Ping , Zhang Kankan , Chen Lingzhu , Song Baoan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis study developed and used a modified quick, easy, cheap, efficient, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method coupled with gas chromatography with electron capture detection to determine eight pyrethroid pesticide residues in green, red and dehydrated red peppers. Pyrethroids were extracted with acetonitrile, partitioned with sodium chloride and purified with primary secondary amino and graphitized carbon black in hexane. The QuEChERS extraction conditions were optimized, and the matrix effects that might influence recoveries were evaluated and minimized using matrix‐matched calibration curves. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves for pyrethroid pesticides showed good linearities in the concentration range of 0.05–20 µg/mL with determination coefficients (R2) >0.997. The limits of quantification of eight pyrethroids were 0.004–0.04 mg/kg for green and red pepper and 0.04–0.5 mg/kg for dehydrated red pepper. These values are below the suggested regulatory maximum residue limits. The mean recoveries ranged between 79.0 and 104%, and the relative standard deviations were <11%. The developed method was successfully applied to commercial samples. Some samples were found to contain pyrethroid pesticides with levels below the legal limits. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.