bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The design of a survey questionnaire to measure perceptions and behaviour during an influenza pandemic: the Flu TElephone Survey Template (FluTEST)
Authors: Rubin G James , Bakhshi Savita , Amlôt Richard , Fear Nicola , Potts Henry WW , Michie Susan 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundDuring the 2009–10 influenza (flu) pandemic, surveys to assess behaviour among the general public were designed quickly and suffered from methodological deficits as a result. To facilitate survey work in a future pandemic we (1) identified variables relating to behaviour, perceptions and presence of symptoms that were of relevance to policy-makers and other public health experts; (2) tested and refined the wording of questions to measure these variables; (3) assessed the reliability of responses to these questions; and (4) tested whether non-response bias due to attrition might prevent the use of a longitudinal design for future pandemic-related surveys.ObjectiveTo design, test and refine a set of questions to assess perceptions and behaviours in relation to a pandemic flu outbreak.MethodWe identified variables via existing systematic reviews and through consultation with pandemic flu planners from Public Health England, the English Department of Health, their advisory groups and academic colleagues. We adapted questions from existing scales or developed them afresh, and tested their clarity in three rounds of qualitative interviews with members of the public (totaln = 78). We used a random-digit dial telephone survey of adults from Great Britain (n = 1080) to assess the internal reliability of scales. We used a follow-up survey 1–2 weeks later to assess the test–retest reliability of responses and the differences between responders (n = 621) and non-responders (n = 459).ResultsWe identified seven core sets of outcome variables relating to the presence of flu-like illness and to various protective behaviours, as well as a set of likely predictor variables for the behaviours. Qualitative interviews identified multiple issues with our questions, most of which we resolved. Reliability of the items was largely satisfactory. Evidence of non-response bias was found, with non-responders being younger and less well educated than responders, and differing on several flu-related variables.ConclusionsIt would be ill-advised for public health bodies to enter the next pandemic without a plan for how to measure the public’s behaviours and perceptions. The extensive set of items that we compiled as part of this work has the benefit of being evidence based, policy relevant and readily understood. Although choosing how to gather data still requires consideration, these items can be used with confidence as soon as the next pandemic begins. Future work should consider the most appropriate method for conducting surveys using these items.Study registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN40930724.FundingThis project was funded by The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full inHealth Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 2, No. 41. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
Het Brusselse hof van Nassau De oprichting van een laatmiddeleeuwse stadsresidentie
Authors: Vannieuwenhuyze Bram , Meijering Stefan 
Published: November 2014

Bram Vannieuwenhuyze & Stefan Meijering, The court of Nassau. The construction of an aristocratic residence in late medieval Brussels
In recent years, historians have devoted much attention to the integration of rich nobles and state officials in late medieval urban society. However, the concrete spatial practices linked to this socio-cultural integration have received less scholarly attention. In this paper, we use the abundant archives relating to the late medieval court of Nassau in Brussels (14th-16th century) to reconstruct the genesis and expansion of such an urban noble residence and its integration within the surrounding neighbourhood. The complex that we know from 16th-and 17th century iconography and cartography seems to be the result of several successive construction campaigns. It is, however, clear that the construction of this residence was not the result of a simple and short architectural intervention. We stress the complex and long term interaction between personal aspirations and collective interests, between family history and town history and between local building history and the urbanization of the surrounding quarter and entire town.
The Afrotropical Miomantis caffra Saussure 1871 and M. paykullii Stal 1871: first records of alien mantid species in Portugal and Europe, with an updated checklist of Mantodea in Portugal (Insecta: Mantodea)
Authors: Marabuto Eduardo 
Published: November 2014

The recent growing interest on the Mantodea fauna of southern Europe and Portugal in particular, has enabled the discovery of two geographically separated populations of hitherto unknown species in Europe. Analysis of specimens shows that they belong to two Afrotropical mantids: Miomantis caffra Saussure, 1871 and Miomantis paykullii Stal, 1871, thus raising the number of known species in Europe to 39 and in Portugal to 11.
While these are remarkable findings, they also represent the first alien mantis species recorded from this continent. As yet, these species appear to be confined to artificial humanised gardened areas but call for more attention to the problem of biological invasions and the need for better bio-security measures for the conservation of natural ecosystems.
In the absence of recent revisionary work on the Mantodea of Portugal and given the need to provide an accessible identification tool, both a checklist and a key to species are provided for all species in the country.
Anatomie d'un fait divers impérial
Authors: Freundschuh Aaron , Bouquet Stéphane 
Published: November 2014

En septembre 1887, un fin limier, reporter au Figaro , révèle au Tout-Paris que de hauts responsables de la police sont en possession de porte-cartes fabriqués avec de la peau humaine. Il s’avère que cette peau a été prélevée sur le cadavre d’Henri Pranzini, migrant égyptien récemment guillotiné pour triple homicide. Le scandale qui s’ensuit dévoile les chassés-croisés entre l’imagination coloniale française et le « discours sécuritaire » très répandu à Paris à la fin du xix e siècle. À ce moment clef de l’histoire de l’expansionnisme républicain, les théories s’affrontent à propos de ce vétéran des guerres impériales. Mais, malgré leur rivalité, médecins, critiques sociaux, inspecteurs de police, journalistes reviennent sans cesse aux catégories raciales de « Levantin » et de « rastaquouère ». De ces enquêtes allait émerger un nouvel archétype criminel, celui de l’anti-héros colonial protéiforme, toujours prêt à menacer la métropole. Cet article propose le concept d’« insécurité impériale » pour explorer les formes de criminalité violente, réelles ou imaginaires, que l’aventure coloniale fait résonner dans un Paris angoissé. Instrumentalisée dans les débats parlementaires, l’affaire Pranzini révèle jusqu’où l’immigration en provenance des colonies a nourri les arguments des partisans d’un contrôle de l’immigration au moment où le projet colonial républicain prenait son essor.
Donneuses d'eau. Une profession au cœur du thermalisme français (1840-1914)
Authors: Jennings Éric T. 
Published: November 2014

En hommage à Susanna Barrows, au carrefour de quelques thèmes qui lui étaient chers – l’histoire culturelle alliant pratiques et représentations, celle des femmes et des genres, celle de la littérature médicale prescriptive, et enfin celle des buveurs –, cet article se penche sur une profession entièrement féminine, largement oubliée, mais pourtant située jadis au cœur du complexe thermal français, du xviii e au xx e siècle. Il s’agit des « donneuses d’eau », dont la représentante peut-être la plus connue demeure Coco Chanel, qui pratiqua cet emploi de manière occasionnelle avant de connaître le succès que l’on connaît. À partir de sources multiples et variées, j’analyse leur relation à la source et à la clientèle, leur rôle paramédical, ainsi que des questions de sociabilité, de mise en scène, de sexualité et de genre.
Le clin d’œil d’un expérimentateur
Authors: Ostrowiecki Henri 
Published: November 2014

Cet article est le témoignage d’un jeune technicien qui eut la chance d’être un participant actif dans l’aventure du rayonnement synchrotron : le RS, à la demande de mademoiselle Yvette Cauchois, directeur du Laboratoire de chimie-physique. Il raconte les conditions qui lui ont permis de réaliser, auprès du synchrotron de Frascati en 1963, la première mesure utilisant cette nouvelle source de lumière, que les physiciens des particules de l’époque, qualifiaient de « parasite », offrant ainsi à la physique un nouvel outil pour scruter et analyser la matière.
The Extracellular Adherence Protein from Staphylococcus aureus Inhibits the Classical and Lectin Pathways of Complement by Blocking Formation of the C3 Proconvertase
Authors: Woehl Jordan L. , Stapels Daphne A. C. , Garcia Brandon L. , Ramyar Kasra X. , Keightley Andrew , Ruyken Maartje , Syriga Maria , Sfyroera Georgia , Weber Alexander B. , Zolkiewski Michal , Ricklin Daniel , Lambris John D. , Rooijakkers Suzan H. M. , Geisbrecht Brian V. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus actively evades many aspects of human innate immunity by expressing a series of small inhibitory proteins. A number of these proteins inhibit the complement system, which labels bacteria for phagocytosis and generates inflammatory chemoattractants. Although the majority of staphylococcal complement inhibitors act on the alternative pathway to block the amplification loop, only a few proteins act on the initial recognition cascades that constitute the classical pathway (CP) and lectin pathway (LP). We screened a collection of recombinant, secreted staphylococcal proteins to determine whether S. aureus produces other molecules that inhibit the CP and/or LP. Using this approach, we identified the extracellular adherence protein (Eap) as a potent, specific inhibitor of both the CP and LP. We found that Eap blocked CP/LP-dependent activation of C3, but not C4, and that Eap likewise inhibited deposition of C3b on the surface of S. aureus cells. In turn, this significantly diminished the extent of S. aureus opsonophagocytosis and killing by neutrophils. This combination of functional properties suggested that Eap acts specifically at the level of the CP/LP C3 convertase (C4b2a). Indeed, we demonstrated a direct, nanomolar-affinity interaction of Eap with C4b. Eap binding to C4b inhibited binding of both full-length C2 and its C2b fragment, which indicated that Eap disrupts formation of the CP/LP C3 proconvertase (C4b2). As a whole, our results demonstrate that S. aureus inhibits two initiation routes of complement by expression of the Eap protein, and thereby define a novel mechanism of immune evasion.
Patterns of Maxillofacial Fractures in Road Traffic Crashes in an Indian Rural Tertiary Center
Authors: Sagayaraj A , Jayaraju Rijo M , Reddy Mallika P , Harshitha KR , Majety Priyanka 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Background and objectives
Road traffic crashes are reported to be the leading cause of maxillofacial fractures in developing countries. The large variability in reported incidence and etiology is due to a variety of contributing factors, including environmental, cultural and socioeconomic factors. The study aims at describing the patterns of maxillofacial fractures in road traffic crashes by clinical and radiological methods and to study the complications associated with these fractures.

Materials and methods
The study included 100 road traffic crash patients with maxillofacial injuries. Patients were evaluated for any maxillofacial fracture by clinical assessment and, radiologically, using plain radiographs and computed tomography scan.

Results
Midfacial skeleton was more prone to fractures. Isolated fractures of the maxilla was the commonest (58%) followed by nasal bone fractures (43%). Among the complex fractures, Le Fort type II was the commonest. Mandibular fractures were seen in 33% of the patients, parasymphysis being the commonest site. Majority of the patients had associated soft tissue injuries. The incidence of complications associated with maxillofacial fractures was 11%, malocclusion being the commonest.

Conclusion
Maxillofacial fractures are commoner in the mobile population in the most productive age group, more so in two wheeler riders causing significant morbidity and mortality. Midface region is more prone to fractures and is most of the time associated with complications.

How to cite this article
Jayaraju RM, Sagayaraj A, Reddy MP, Harshitha KR, Majety P. Patterns of Maxillofacial Fractures in Road Traffic Crashes in an Indian Rural Tertiary Center. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2014;3(2):53-58.
Posttraumatic growth in patients after myocardial infarction: the role of cognitive coping and experience of life threat
Authors: Łosiak Władysław , Nikiel Joanna 
Published: November 2014

<b>Background</b><br />
Posttraumatic growth is described as a process of restructuring of experience and positive changes in life attitudes. According to theoretical postulates, posttraumatic growth is a result of adaptive coping strategies that have cognitive character.<br />
The aim of the study was to evaluate relationships between posttraumatic growth, cognitive coping strategies and the severity of life threat experience in a group of patients who had experienced myocardial infarction.<br />
<br />
<b>Participants and procedure</b><br />
Fifty-three patients who had experienced their first myocardial infarction (32 men and 21 women) participated in the study and completed questionnaires measuring posttraumatic growth and cognitive coping strategies as well as a rating scale measuring the severity of life threat experience during the infarction.<br />
<br />
<b>Results</b><br />
The results indicate that posttraumatic growth in general and in the aspect of changes in self, relationships or affirmation of life was related to cognitive coping strategies. In the case of spiritual changes, severity of life threat experience was significant while coping was not. Patients’ gender, age or post-myocardial infarction time appeared to be non-significant.<br />
<br />
<b>Conclusions</b><br />
Generally, theories postulating that posttraumatic growth is a result of cognitive coping strategies found some support. Moreover, it may be concluded that posttraumatic growth appears only in some percentage of persons experiencing a specific trauma of myocardial infarction.
Pennsylvania Academic Libraries and Student Retention and Graduation: A Preliminary Investigation with Confusing Results
Authors: Crawford Gregory A. 
Published: November 2014

This study examined the relationships between specific institutional financial variables and two library-related variables on graduation and retention rates for colleges and universities through correlations and multiple regression analysis. The analyses used data for Pennsylvania colleges and universities that were extracted from the Integrated Postsecondary Educational Data System (IPEDS) and the Academic Libraries Survey (ALS). All analyses were run using IBM SPSS software. The correlations showed that both library expenses per student and library use per student were significantly correlated with both graduation and retention rates. In contrast, the multiple regression results showed that neither library budgets nor library use had significant effects on either graduation rates or retention rates. As would be expected, instructional expenses per student had the highest correlation with both graduation and retention and also yielded the strongest coefficient in the resulting regression equations.
Sociale theologie als kritische spiegel voor de Nederlandse christelijk-sociale beweging?
Authors: Steenvoorde Richard 
Published: November 2014

Social Theology as a critical mirror to the Dutch Christian-social movement?
In the summer of 2014 a book was published at the request of a group of the Church of England’s bishops. It aims to develop strong theological foundations for understanding social engagement as integral to the churches’ theology and spirituality. In doing so it takes, among others, it’s cue predominantly from Catholic Social Teaching. This article provides a review of the book and indicates some important lessons that can be learned from the book for the work of the Dutch Christian-social movement.
Temporal and spatial distributions of carbon shunting arc plasma
Authors: Takaki Koichi , Konishi Takumi , Mikawa Ryota , Takahashi Kazunori , Yukimura Ken 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The temporal and spatial distributions of a magnetically driven shunting arc plasma were obtained using time-resolved probe measurement. A shunting arc was produced using a carbon rod and accelerated along a pair of rail electrodes by a Lorenz force. The pulse current for driving and maintaining the plasma was supplied from a 20 µF capacitor charged by a dc power supply. Double and single probes were employed to obtain the ion density of the shunting arc plasma. An ion density of 1 × 1019 m−3 was obtained at a distance of 50 mm from the carbon rod 15 µs after applying voltage. The ion density decreased to 2.0 × 1018 m−3 with increasing distance from 50 to 150 mm. The ion density changed with the energy inputted into the plasma.
A joint Monte Carlo analysis of seafloor compliance, Rayleigh wave dispersion and receiver functions at ocean bottom seismic stations offshore New Zealand
Authors: Ball Justin S. , Sheehan Anne F. , Stachnik Joshua C. , Lin Fan‐Chi , Collins John A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTeleseismic body‐wave imaging techniques such as receiver function analysis can be notoriously difficult to employ on ocean‐bottom seismic data due largely to multiple reverberations within the water and low‐velocity sediments. In lieu of suppressing this coherently scattered noise in ocean‐bottom receiver functions, these site effects can be modeled in conjunction with shear velocity information from seafloor compliance and surface wave dispersion measurements to discern crustal structure. A novel technique to estimate 1‐D crustal shear‐velocity profiles from these data using Monte Carlo sampling is presented here. We find that seafloor compliance inversions and P‐S conversions observed in the receiver functions provide complimentary constraints on sediment velocity and thickness. Incoherent noise in receiver functions from the MOANA ocean bottom seismic experiment limit the accuracy of the practical analysis at crustal scales, but synthetic recovery tests and comparison with independent unconstrained nonlinear optimization results affirm the utility of this technique in principle.
The effects of alteration and porosity on seismic velocities in oceanic basalts and diabases
Authors: Carlson R. L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSeismic velocities in the lavas that cap normal oceanic crust are affected by both crack porosity and alteration of the primary mineral phases, chiefly to clays. Porosity accounts for 75–80% of the velocity variation in sonic log velocities in the lava sections of Holes 504B and 1256D, but the effect of alteration on the properties of the basalts has not been assessed. In this analysis, the grain velocities in basalt and diabase samples are estimated from an empirical linear relationship between grain density and the P wave modulus. The theoretical velocity in fresh, zero‐porosity basalt, or diabase is 6.96 ± 0.07 km/s. Grain velocities in the diabase samples are statistically indistinguishable from the theoretical velocity, and show no variation with depth; alteration does not significantly affect the velocities in the diabase samples from Hole 504B. This result is consistent with previous analyses, which demonstrated that velocities in the dikes are controlled by crack porosity. In basalt lab samples, alteration reduces the average sample grain velocity to 6.74 ± 0.02 km/s; cracks at the sample scale further reduce the velocity to 5.86 ± 0.03 km/s, and large‐scale cracks in the lavas reduce the average in situ velocity to 5.2 ± 0.3 km/s. Cracks account for nearly 90% of the difference between seismic (in situ) velocities and the theoretical velocity in the unaltered solid material. Basalt grain velocities show a small, but significant systematic increase with depth; the influence of alteration decreases with depth in the lavas, reaching near zero at the base of the lavas in Holes 504B and 1256D.
Regional‐scale input of dispersed and discrete volcanic ash to the Izu‐Bonin and Mariana subduction zones
Authors: Scudder Rachel P. , Murray Richard W. , Schindlbeck Julie C. , Kutterolf Steffen , Hauff Folkmar , McKinley Claire C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe have geochemically and statistically characterized bulk marine sediment and ash layers at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1149 (Izu‐Bonin Arc) and Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 52 (Mariana Arc), and have quantified that multiple dispersed ash sources collectively comprise ∼30–35% of the hemipelagic sediment mass entering the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana subduction system. Multivariate statistical analyses indicate that the bulk sediment at Site 1149 is a mixture of Chinese Loess, a second compositionally distinct eolian source, a dispersed mafic ash, and a dispersed felsic ash. We interpret the source of these ashes as, respectively, being basalt from the Izu‐Bonin Front Arc (IBFA) and rhyolite from the Honshu Arc. Sr‐, Nd‐, and Pb isotopic analyses of the bulk sediment are consistent with the chemical/statistical‐based interpretations. Comparison of the mass accumulation rate of the dispersed ash component to discrete ash layer parameters (thickness, sedimentation rate, and number of layers) suggests that eruption frequency, rather than eruption size, drives the dispersed ash record. At Site 52, the geochemistry and statistical modeling indicates that Chinese Loess, IBFA, dispersed BNN (boninite from Izu‐Bonin), and a dispersed felsic ash of unknown origin are the sources. At Site 1149, the ash layers and the dispersed ash are compositionally coupled, whereas at Site 52 they are decoupled in that there are no boninite layers, yet boninite is dispersed within the sediment. Changes in the volcanic and eolian inputs through time indicate strong arc‐related and climate‐related controls.
Thunderstorms enhance tropospheric ozone by wrapping and shedding stratospheric air
Authors: Pan Laura L. , Homeyer Cameron R. , Honomichl Shawn , Ridley Brian A. , Weisman Morris , Barth Mary C. , Hair Johnathan W. , Fenn Marta A. , Butler Carolyn , Diskin Glenn S. , Crawford James H. , Ryerson Thomas B. , Pollack Ilana , Peischl Jeff , Huntrieser Heidi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA significant source of ozone in the troposphere is transport from the stratosphere. The stratospheric contribution has been estimated mainly using global models that attribute the transport process largely to the global‐scale Brewer‐Dobson circulation and synoptic‐scale dynamics associated with upper tropospheric jet streams. We report observations from research aircraft that reveal additional transport of ozone‐rich stratospheric air downward into the upper troposphere by a leading‐line‐trailing‐stratiform mesoscale convective system with convection overshooting the tropopause altitude. The fine‐scale transport demonstrated by these observations poses a significant challenge to global models that currently do not resolve storm‐scale dynamics. Thus, the upper tropospheric ozone budget simulated by global chemistry‐climate models where large‐scale dynamics and photochemical production from lightning‐produced NO are the controlling factors may require modification.