bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local adaptation with high gene flow: temperature parameters drive adaptation to altitude in the common frog (Rana temporaria)
Authors: Muir A. P. , Biek R. , Thomas R. , Mable B. K. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBoth environmental and genetic influences can result in phenotypic variation. Quantifying the relative contributions of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity to phenotypes is key to understanding the effect of environmental variation on populations. Identifying the selective pressures that drive divergence is an important, but often lacking, next step. High gene flow between high‐ and low‐altitude common frog (Rana temporaria) breeding sites has previously been demonstrated in Scotland. The aim of this study was to assess whether local adaptation occurs in the face of high gene flow and to identify potential environmental selection pressures that drive adaptation. Phenotypic variation in larval traits was quantified in R. temporaria from paired high‐ and low‐altitude sites using three common temperature treatments. Local adaptation was assessed using QST–FST analyses, and quantitative phenotypic divergence was related to environmental parameters using Mantel tests. Although evidence of local adaptation was found for all traits measured, only variation in larval period and growth rate was consistent with adaptation to altitude. Moreover, this was only evident in the three mountains with the highest high‐altitude sites. This variation was correlated with mean summer and winter temperatures, suggesting that temperature parameters are potentially strong selective pressures maintaining local adaptation, despite high gene flow.
Focusing on Chinese nationalism: an inherently flawed perspective? A reply to Allen Carlson
Authors: Costa Anna 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMy article replies to Allen Carlson's critique of the existing literature on Chinese nationalism (Carlson's article was published in Volume 15, issue 1 of Nations and Nationalism, 2009). I address Carlson's criticisms and proceed to evaluate his proposal to move away from an allegedly unhelpful focus on nationalism towards the allegedly more illuminating framework of national identity construction. My approach to the existing literature on Chinese nationalism acknowledges efforts made within it at grappling with issues of theory and definition and builds on this acknowledgement to operate a selective appraisal of its strengths and weaknesses. I argue that while some of the problems identified by Carlson do indeed plague the literature, his advocacy of abandoning nationalism as a focus of research is unwarranted. There is continuing validity in using nationalism as a lens for understanding how China sees its place in the world.
Vox populismus: a populist radical right attitude among the public?
Authors: Rooduijn Matthijs 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn the last two decades, populist radical right (PRR) parties have been electorally very successful in Western Europe. Various scholars have argued that these parties share an ideological core that consists of a specific form of nationalism (nativism), in combination with two other attitudes (authoritarianism and populism). The aim of this research note is to assess whether this ideological core also exists as a consistent attitude among citizens. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the attitudes of Dutch citizens indicate that we can indeed speak of a consistent PRR attitude among the public. I also show that this attitude is strongly related to the probability of voting for the PRR Freedom Party (Partij voor de Vrijheid) of Geert Wilders.
Dewey and the Question of Realism
Authors: Godfrey‐Smith Peter 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAn interpretation is given of John Dewey's views about “realism” in metaphysics, and of how these views relate to contemporary debates. Dewey rejected standard formulations of realism as a general metaphysical position, and interpreters have often been taken him to be sympathetic to some form of verificationism or constructivism. I argue that these interpretations are mistaken, as Dewey's unease with standard formulations of realism comes from his philosophical emphasis on intelligent control of events, by means of ordinary action. Because of his views about relations, Dewey's views in this area do risk collapsing into an overly holistic position. I discuss how these problems might be avoided, and consider also how Dewey's views about naturalism and realism might usefully inform ongoing work.
Why don't older adults in England go to have their eyes examined?
Authors: Shickle Darren , Griffin Marcus 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPurposePreventable sight loss is one of the Public Health Outcome Indicators in England. Despite availability of NHS‐funded eye examinations, many people do not take up their entitlement. This paper explores older adults understanding of eye health and the purpose of eye examinations and the reasons why they do or do not attend for eye examinations. The aim is to provide evidence to inform policy on increasing uptake of eye examinations among older people who have increased risk of preventable sight loss.Methods10 focus‐group meetings were held with people living in deprived areas of Leeds, recruited via community groups and neighbourhood networks. Focus groups were transcribed and a thematic analysis approach was used.ResultsThe majority of participants were aged over 60, wore spectacles, and had regular eye examinations. Most were eligible for a NHS‐funded eye examination. There was poor knowledge about eye disease and the purpose of different elements of the eye examination. Participants felt very vulnerable about getting the tests ‘wrong’ and looking foolish. Wearing of spectacles was associated with appearing old and frail. Many did not trust the veracity of optometrists, and perceived opticians to be expensive places, where it was difficult to control spending. Many had experienced ‘hard sell’ and opaque pricing. Most, but not all, were happy with the optometric services received. Participants indicated a preference for utilising a local optometrist located alongside other familiar health care services.ConclusionNot‐for‐profit services co‐located with other public services are needed to address concerns about cost of spectacles, lack of trust in optometrists, and poor access to eye examinations in local settings. It will also be important to raise public understanding about the purpose of eye examinations in terms of other causes of preventable sight loss and not just refractive error and need for spectacles.
MACEI and MACawake of sevoflurane in infants with obstructive jaundice
Authors: Chen Si‐Qin , Ye Hai‐Rong , Chen Yi‐Jun , Wang Ying‐Wei 
Published: December 2013

SummaryBackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine whether the MACEI and MACawake of sevoflurane in infants with obstructive jaundice are different from that observed in nonjaundiced infants.MethodsInfants scheduled for abdominal surgery were recruited into the study. General anesthesia was induced with 8% sevoflurane inhaled with 8 l·min−1 of oxygen via mask, followed by adjustment of inspired sevoflurane to the target concentration based on the result in previous patient at which laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation were attempted and maintained for 15 min. All responses to tracheal intubation were assessed. At the end of the procedure, sevoflurane was titrated to the target concentration, which was kept constant for 15 min before a standard stimulus was applied to determine whether the infant was awake. The Dixon's ‘up and down’ method was used to determine progression of subsequent concentrations.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the MACEI of sevoflurane in infants with obstructive jaundice (3.40 ± 0.21%) and that observed in the control group (3.43 ± 0.18%). But the MACawake of sevoflurane in jaundiced infants (1.00 ± 0.15%) was significantly lower than that of nonjaundiced controls (1.40 ± 0.21%; P = 0.004); to complement these findings, we reported a negative correlation between serum total bilirubin and the probability of awakening (OR = 0.984, 95% CI is 0.970–0.998, P = 0.028).ConclusionsThe MACawake of sevoflurane was reduced in obstructive jaundiced infants compared with nonjaundiced controls, whereas there was no significant difference between the MACEI of sevoflurane in infants with obstructive jaundice and that observed in nonjaundiced infants.
Plasticity of functional traits varies clinally along a rainfall gradient in Eucalyptus tricarpa
Authors: MCLEAN ELIZABETH H. , PROBER SUZANNE M. , STOCK WILLIAM D. , STEANE DOROTHY A. , POTTS BRAD M. , VAILLANCOURT RENÉ E. , BYRNE MARGARET 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWidespread species often occur across a range of climatic conditions, through a combination of local genetic adaptations and phenotypic plasticity. Species with greater phenotypic plasticity are likely to be better positioned to cope with rapid anthropogenic climate changes, while those displaying strong local adaptations might benefit from translocations to assist the movement of adaptive genes as the climate changes. Eucalyptus tricarpa occurs across a climatic gradient in south‐eastern Australia, a region of increasing aridity, and we hypothesized that this species would display local adaptation to climate. We measured morphological and physiological traits reflecting climate responses in nine provenances from sites of 460 to 1040 mm annual rainfall, in their natural habitat and in common gardens near each end of the gradient. Local adaptation was evident in functional traits and differential growth rates in the common gardens. Some traits displayed complex combinations of plasticity and genetic divergence among provenances, including clinal variation in plasticity itself. Provenances from drier locations were more plastic in leaf thickness, whereas leaf size was more plastic in provenances from higher rainfall locations. Leaf density and stomatal physiology (as indicated by δ13C and δ18O) were highly and uniformly plastic. In addition to variation in mean trait values, genetic variation in trait plasticity may play a role in climate adaptation.
Low glutathione regulates gene expression and the redox potentials of the nucleus and cytosol in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: SCHNAUBELT DANIEL , QUEVAL GUILLAUME , DONG YINGPING , DIAZ‐VIVANCOS PEDRO , MAKGOPA MATOME EUGENE , HOWELL GARETH , DE SIMONE AMBRA , BAI JUAN , HANNAH MATTHEW A. , FOYER CHRISTINE H. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractReduced glutathione (GSH) is considered to exert a strong influence on cellular redox homeostasis and to regulate gene expression, but these processes remain poorly characterized. Severe GSH depletion specifically inhibited root meristem development, while low root GSH levels decreased lateral root densities. The redox potential of the nucleus and cytosol of Arabidopsis thaliana roots determined using roGFP probes was between –300 and –320 mV. Growth in the presence of the GSH‐synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) increased the nuclear and cytosolic redox potentials to approximately −260 mV. GSH‐responsive genes including transcription factors (SPATULA, MYB15, MYB75), proteins involved in cell division, redox regulation (glutaredoxinS17, thioredoxins, ACHT5 and TH8) and auxin signalling (HECATE), were identified in the GSH‐deficient root meristemless 1‐1 (rml1‐1) mutant, and in other GSH‐synthesis mutants (rax1‐1, cad2‐1, pad2‐1) as well as in the wild type following the addition of BSO. Inhibition of auxin transport had no effect on organ GSH levels, but exogenous auxin decreased the root GSH pool. We conclude that GSH depletion significantly increases the redox potentials of the nucleus and cytosol, and causes arrest of the cell cycle in roots but not shoots, with accompanying transcript changes linked to altered hormone responses, but not oxidative stress.
Metabolomic analysis reveals the potential metabolites and pathogenesis involved in mulberry yellow dwarf disease
Authors: GAI YING‐PING , HAN XUE‐JUAN , LI YI‐QUN , YUAN CHUAN‐ZHONG , MO YAO‐YAO , GUO FANG‐YUE , LIU QING‐XIN , JI XIAN‐LING 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTo analyse the molecular mechanisms of phytoplasma pathogenicity, the comprehensive metabolomic changes of mulberry leaf and phloem sap in response to phytoplasma infection were examined using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The metabolic profiles obtained revealed that the metabolite compositions of leaf and phloem sap were different, and phytoplasma infection has a greater impact on the metabolome of phloem sap than of leaf. Phytoplasma infection brought about the content changes in various metabolites, such as carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, etc. Meanwhile, the results of biochemical analysis showed that the degradation of starch was repressed, and the starch content was increased in the infected leaves. In addition, we found that phytoplasma infection changed the levels of abscisic acid and cytokinin and break phytohormone balance. Interestingly, our data showed that the contents of H2O2 and superoxide were increased in the infected leaves, but not in the phloem saps. Based on the results, the expression levels of the genes involved in the metabolism of some changed metabolites were examined, and the potential molecular mechanisms of these changes were discussed. It can be concluded that both the leaf and phloem saps have a complicated metabolic response to phytoplasma infection, but their response mechanisms were different.
Tree‐ring stable isotopes record the impact of a foliar fungal pathogen onCO2assimilation and growth inDouglas‐fir
Authors: SAFFELL BRANDY J. , MEINZER FREDERICK C. , VOELKER STEVEN L. , SHAW DAVID C. , BROOKS J. RENÉE , LACHENBRUCH BARBARA , MCKAY JENNIFER 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSwiss needle cast (SNC) is a fungal disease ofDouglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) that has recently become prevalent in coastal areas of thePacificNorthwest. We used growth measurements and stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in tree‐rings ofDouglas‐fir and a non‐susceptible reference species (western hemlock,Tsuga heterophylla) to evaluate their use as proxies for variation in pastSNCinfection, particularly in relation to potential explanatory climate factors. We sampled trees from anOregon site where a fungicide trial took place from 1996 to 2000, which enabled the comparison of stable isotope values between trees with and without disease. Carbon stable isotope discrimination (Δ13C) of treatedDouglas‐fir tree‐rings was greater than that of untreatedDouglas‐fir tree‐rings during the fungicide treatment period. Both annual growth and tree‐ring Δ13Cincreased with treatment such that treatedDouglas‐fir had values similar to co‐occurring western hemlock during the treatment period. There was no difference in the tree‐ring oxygen stable isotope ratio between treated and untreatedDouglas‐fir. Tree‐ring Δ13Cof diseasedDouglas‐fir was negatively correlated with relative humidity during the two previous summers, consistent with increased leaf colonization bySNCunder high humidity conditions that leads to greater disease severity in following years.
Long‐term survival of Acidovorax citrulli in citron melon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) seeds
Authors: Dutta B. , Sanders H. , Langston D. B. , Booth C. , Smith S. , Gitaitis R. D. 
Published: December 2013

Long‐term survival of Acidovorax citrulli in citron melon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) seeds was investigated. Citron melon seed lots infected with A. citrulli were generated in the field by inoculating either the pistils (stigma) or pericarps (ovary wall) of the female blossoms. Seventeen A. citrulli isolates from 14 different haplotypes belonging to two different groups (group I and II) were used for inoculation. After confirming that 100% of seed lots were infected, they were stored at 4°C and 50% RH for 7 years. After storage, the viability of A. citrulli cells from individual lots was determined by plating macerated seeds on semiselective medium as well as growing seeds for 14 days and scoring for bacterial fruit blotch symptoms. The type of A. citrulli isolate (group I or group II) used did not significantly influence bacterial survival. However, A. citrulli survival was significantly greater in seed lots generated via pistil inoculation (52·9 and 29·4%) than via pericarp inoculation (23·5 and 17·6%). Repetitive extragenic palindrome (rep)‐PCR on A. citrulli isolated from citron melon seed lots after storage displayed similar fingerprinting patterns to those of the reference strains originally used for blossom inoculation, indicating that cross‐contamination did not occur. The results indicate that A. citrulli may survive/overwinter in citron melon seeds for at least 7 years and bacterial survival in seed was influenced more by method of blossom inoculation than by the type of bacterial isolate.
Truthmaker Theory without Truthmakers
Authors: Rychter Pablo 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTruthmaking without truthmakers (TWT, for short) is the thesis that although every true proposition is made true by reality, there need not be particular entities (like facts, states of affairs, or tropes) that make these propositions true. The first substantial part of this paper (section 2) is devoted to developing a particular version of TWT and at the same time defending TWT in general from arguments against it that have been advanced by orthodox truthmaker theorists. In the second part of the paper (section 3) I argue that talk about truthmakers within the theory can be understood as metaphoric and as conveying valuable information about something other than the supposed truthmakers: about truthmaking. The aim of this paper is therefore twofold. On the one hand, I intend to present the view on truthmaking, a version of TWT, that I find most plausible in the light of the arguments for and against truthmaker theory. On the other hand, I argue that friends of TWT have good reason to adopt a figuralist approach to truthmaker theory, rather than rejecting it outright.
Profile of Bovine Proteins in Retained and Normally Expelled Placenta in Dairy Cows
Authors: Kankofer M , Wawrzykowski J , Hoedemaker M 
Published: December 2013

ContentsTissue‐specific protein profile is determined by its function, structure, intensity of metabolism and usefulness. This profile remains under hormonal control. Any disturbance in the general metabolism may be reflected in changes in both protein quantity and quality. These changes can be of low or high specificity, and some can be used as clinical markers of pathological conditions. The aim of this study was to describe and to compare the protein profile of caruncle and foetal villi of bovine placenta that was either properly released or retained. Placental tissues were collected from healthy cows, divided into releasing and retaining foetal membranes, homogenized and subjected to 1D and 2D electrophoresis. Computer‐aided analysis of gel images showed essential qualitative and quantitative alterations in protein profile between tissues that were properly released and retained. Alterations concerned both the number of fractions and spots as well as the intensity of staining. This preliminary study provides a general overview of the differences in the protein profile between released and retained foetal membranes. It may allow for selecting the group of proteins or single molecules, which should be further analysed in detail as possible markers differentiating the retention of foetal membranes in cows from placentas that were released spontaneously. The continuation of the study for the identification of particular spots detected in 2D gels is necessary.
Unexpected reactions of the anti‐IgA antibody particle gel immunoassay
Authors: Strobel E. , von Meyer A. 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYBackgroundThe cause of allergic transfusion reactions remains often unknown, but in rare cases anti‐immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in patients with IgA‐deficiency can be found. We report on the use of the DiaMed particle gel immunoassay (PaGIA) for detection of anti‐IgA antibodies in patients with allergic transfusion reactions.MethodsThe examination of the suspected adverse reactions included an anti‐IgA antibody test (ID‐PaGIA Anti‐IgA antibody test; DiaMed GmbH, Cressier , Switzerland) and measurement of IgA concentration in the patient's plasma. In the case of a discrepancy IgA subclasses were examined and neutralization of the anti‐IgA antibodies by pure IgA was performed.ResultsOf 142 patients tested for IgA concentration and anti‐IgA antibodies, 8 gave positive results for the anti‐IgA antibody test. In seven of these cases (4.9% of the patients tested) IgA levels were found to be normal, and in four of five so tested, the positive result could not be neutralized with purified IgA. Only one patient had confirmed IgA deficiency with anti‐IgA antibodies that were neutralized by addition of purified IgA.ConclusionCause and clinical relevance of a positive reaction of the anti‐IgA antibody test in patients with normal total IgA and normal IgA subclasses remains unknown. Because of the high false positive rate we do not recommend this test as a screening test for anti‐IgA antibodies when evaluating allergic transfusion reactions, but instead recommend measurement of total IgA in patient's plasma or serum as a primary screen for IgA deficiency with antibodies as a cause of allergic transfusion reaction.
A Study of Tip Clearance Effect for a Mixed-Flow Pump on Performance
Authors: Kim Dong Jun , Min Young Uk , Kim Jin Young , Chung Kyung Nam 
Published: December 2013

A vertical mixed-flow pump characterized as large flowrate and high efficiency is used for water supply in the power plants and seawater desalination plants. High specific speed pumps, like axial and mixed-flow pumps, tend to present saddled formation “dip” which restricts the operation range of the pumps due to vibration and noise.
In this study, the pump performance test was performed to compare with the numerically simulated results for the mixed-flow pump with specific speed of 780 (m3/min, m, rpm). The impeller tip clearance effect on the pump head and hydraulic efficiency was investigated. The numerically simulated results showed that tip clearance effect changes Q-H curve. It is deduced that altered flow field of outer streamline is related with the prediction of dip phenomenon. Also, possible causes of dip were investigated and a new pump having Q-H curve free from saddled formation was designed.