bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and risk factors for parent‐reported recurrent otitis media during early childhood in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study
Authors: Brennan‐Jones Christopher G , Whitehouse Andrew JO , Park Jae , Hegarty Mary , Jacques Angela , Eikelboom Robert H , Swanepoel De Wet , White Joanna D , Jamieson Sarra E 
Published: October 2014

AimTo describe the prevalence and risk factors of recurrent otitis media (rOM) in an urban Australian population at 3 years of age.MethodsCross‐sectional examination of prevalence and risk factors of rOM in 2280 participants from the Raine Study enrolled from public and private hospitals in Perth, Western Australia, between 1989 and 1991. Parental report questionnaires at 3 years of age were used for rOM identification, with secondary confirmation by otoscopic examination at 1, 2 or 3 years of age.ResultsThe prevalence of parent‐reported rOM was 26.8% (611/2280) and 5.5% (125/2280) for severe rOM in the Study. Independent associations were found between rOM and the presence of older siblings, attendance at day care and the introduction of other milk products at ≤4 months of age. Independent associations for severe rOM were the presence of allergies and attendance at day care.ConclusionsPrevalence rates of rOM within the Raine Study children are similar to a number of other known cohorts. Parity, presence of allergies, attendance at day care and introduction of other milk products at ≤4 months are highlighted as specific risk factors for rOM in this population and presence of allergies and attendance at day care being risk factors for severe rOM. Diagnosis of rOM by parent report and the delay between data collection and reporting are limitations of this study. However, as there is very limited data on OM in urban, non‐Indigenous Australian children, this study improves our understanding of OM for this group.
A new taxonomic system of the Campanulaceae s.s.
Authors: Hong De‐Yuan , Wang Qiang 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe Campanulaceae s.s. have been proved to be monophyletic, but the subdivision of the family is still controversial among authors. To investigate the intrafamilial structure of the Campanulaceae s.s., four chloroplast DNA fragments, atpB, matK, rbcL, and petD with the petB‐petD spacer region, were chosen for molecular phylogenetic analysis, and 90 taxa representing 36 genera of this family were sampled. The result shows that the Campanulaceae s.s. consist of three strongly supported monophyletic clades. This result is highly correlated with the data from palynology and external morphology. Therefore, we propose to establish a new three tribal classification system of Campanulaceae s.s. The Cyanantheae is characterized by colpate or colporate pollen with elongate apertures and a loculicidal capsule which is dehiscent by apical valves, or a berry. The other two tribes have porate pollen with poroid apertures, but the Campanuleae possesses a poricidal capsule which is dehiscent by lateral pores or valves, or a dry indehiscent fruit, whereas the Wahlenbergieae possesses a loculicidal capsule which is dehiscent by apical valves, pores, or opercula. In the Cyanantheae, we recognize 6 subtribes and 10 genera. In addition, keys to tribes of Campanulaceae s.s. and to subtribes and genera of the Cyanantheae are presented.
Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α and Interleukin‐6 Concentrations in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Dogs After Seizures
Authors: Merbl Y. , Sommer A. , Chai O. , Aroch I. , Zimmerman G. , Friedman A. , Soreq H. , Shamir M.H. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundIdiopathic and acquired epilepsy are common in dogs. Up to 30% of these dogs are refractory to pharmacological treatment. Accumulating experimental evidence indicates that brain immune response and presence of inflammatory mediators decrease the threshold for individual seizures and contribute to epileptogenesis.HypothesisDogs with seizures have higher cerebrospinal interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) concentrations compared to dogs with no seizures.MethodsA prospective double blinded study; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum IL‐6, TNF‐α and total protein (TP) concentrations were measured by a blinded investigator for the study group and CSF IL‐6 and TNF‐α levels and TP concentrations were measured in the control group (CG).AnimalsDogs presented with seizures that had enough CSF collected to allow analysis were included in the study group. Twelve apparently healthy, quarantined, stray dogs served as control (CG).ResultsCerebrospinal fluid TNF‐α and IL‐6 concentrations were significantly higher (P = .011, P = .039) in dogs with seizures (0 ± 70.66, 0.65 ± 10.93 pg/mL) compared to the CG (0 ± 19, 0.73 ± 0.55 pg/mL). When assessing cytokine concentrations of specifically the idiopathic epilepsy (IE) dogs compared to the CG, only TNF‐α concentrations (8.66 ± 62, 0 ± 19 pg/mL) were significantly higher (P = .01). CSF TP concentrations were not significantly higher in the study dogs compared to the CG.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceHigher TNF‐α and IL‐6 concentration in the CSF of dogs with naturally occurring seizures. The higher supports the hypothesis that inflammatory processes through certain mediators play a role in the pathogenesis of seizures in dogs.
Prevalence and Heritability of Symptomatic Syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and Long‐term Outcome in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Littermates
Authors: Thøfner M.S. , Stougaard C.L. , Westrup U. , Madry A.A. , Knudsen C.S. , Berg H. , Jensen C.S.E. , Handby R.M.L. , Gredal H. , Fredholm M. , Berendt M. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundSyringomyelia (SM) is common in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS). Dogs with syringes express clinical signs or might be clinically silent.ObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence and heritability of symptomatic SM, the association between clinical signs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and long‐term outcome.AnimalsAll CKCS registered in the Danish Kennel Club in 2001 (n = 240).MethodsA cross‐sectional questionnaire‐based prevalence study validated by telephone interviews and clinically investigated clinical signs of SM. Dogs were 6 years at the time of investigation. A prospective observational litter study including clinical investigations, MRI and 5‐year follow‐up of symptomatic and asymptomatic siblings. Heritability was estimated based on the scale of liability in the study population and litter cohort.ResultsThe cross‐sectional study estimated a prevalence of symptomatic SM at 15.4% in the population. Thirteen symptomatic and 9 asymptomatic siblings participated in the litter study. Spinal cord syringes were confirmed in 21 of 22 littermates (95%). Syrinx diameter and mean syrinx : spinal cord ratio were significantly correlated with clinical signs (P < .01). Estimated heritability of symptomatic SM was 0.81. Symptomatic SM motivated euthanasia in 20%. Dogs with syringes, which expressed no clinical signs at the age of 6, remained asymptomatic in 14/15 cases (93%).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe prevalence of symptomatic SM is high and genetics have a high impact on clinical disease expression. Further investigations of factors influencing the outbreak threshold of clinical signs of SM are desirable.
Preoperative and Postoperative L‐Lactatemia Assessment for the Prognosis of Right Abomasal Disorders in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Buczinski S. , Boulay G. , Francoz D. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundPreoperative L‐lactatemia and heart rate have been suggested as prognostic indicators of outcome for cows with right dilatation of the abomasum or volvulus (RDA/AV). However, postoperative L‐lactatemia has not been assessed as a potential prognostic tool.ObjectivesTo determine the prognostic value of postoperative L‐lactatemia (LAC2), duration of treatment (Dt), relative L‐lactatemia difference (compared with preoperative L‐lactatemia [LAC1]) ([LAC2 − LAC1]/LAC2) and change in L‐lactate over time ([LAC2 − LAC1]/Dt) as compared to preoperative findings (LAC1and heart rate [HR]) as prognostic factors in dairy cows withRDA/AV.AnimalsA total of 41 dairy cows were included: 19 withAVand 22 withRDA; 11 cows had a negative outcome (NO) and 30 cows had a positive outcome (PO) based on telephone follow‐up with owners 30 days after surgery.MethodsProspective cohort study. Analysis was performed using logistic regression and comparison of area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) using nonparametric tests.ResultsLAC1 > 1.4 mmol/L or LAC2 > 2.2 mmol/L had the same accuracy with sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 75.1–100%) and specificity of 80% (95% CI, 61.4–92.3%) for predictingNO. The relative L‐lactatemia difference ([LAC2 − LAC1]/LAC1) or lactate kinetics ([LAC2 − LAC1]/Dt) were not associated with prognosis. TheAUCof the preoperative model (which includedHRand lnLAC1) was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.83–1.0) and that of the postoperative model (including only lnLAC2) was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.88–1.0); these were not significantly different.Conclusions and Clinical ImportancePostoperative L‐lactatemia is helpful to predict outcome in cows withRDA/AV. The short‐term change in blood L‐lactate is not a useful prognostic indicator,at least during the period of time spent on the farm for surgery and treatment.
The Capabilities of Academics and Academic Poverty
Authors: Mooken Malida , Sugden Roger 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThis paper presents a novel analysis about the capabilities of academic researchers and academic poverty. Adopting the capability approach, which Amartya Sen developed to address concerns such as poverty, inequality and development, we shift the focus of analysis and discussion around evaluating academic research and academics in the social sciences from measures of so‐called ‘quality’, ‘impact’ or ‘excellence’ to the capabilities of academics. For us, the conceptualization and evaluation of academic research is a question about what academics have reasons to value, and about their ability to achieve valuable beings and doings. It is also about determining what might constitute academic poverty, and what academics are required to do in order to avoid that poverty.Relating our analysis to debates around universities, in particular about quasi‐market pressures, we identify the possibility of basic capabilities in academic research, namely: the capabilities that are necessary to fulfill basic academic needs. Our proposition is that there is academic poverty when an academic researcher is not capable of fulfilling basic academic needs, such as: adhering to standards of coherence, robustness and rigour; searching for and disseminating the spirit of the truth. Moreover, if the academic has the capabilities to fulfill those basic academic needs and yet chooses not to do so, she renders herself in a state akin to academic poverty.
miR‐122 decreases HCV entry into hepatocytes through binding to the 3′ UTR of OCLN mRNA
Authors: Sendi Hossein , Mehrab‐Mohseni Marjan , Foureau David M. , Ghosh Sriparna , Walling Tracy L. , Steuerwald Nury , Zamor Philippe J. , Kaplan Keith J. , Jacobs Carl , Ahrens William A. , Russo Mark W. , Clemens Mark G. , Schrum Laura W. , Bonkovsky Herbert L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsAnalysis in silico suggests that occludin (OCLN), a key receptor for HCV, is a candidate target of miR‐122; the most abundant hepatic micro RNA. We aimed to determine if miR‐122 can decrease HCV entry through binding to the 3′ UTR of OCLN mRNA.DesignHuh7.5 cells were cotransfected with luciferase construct containing 3′ UTR of OCLN (pLuc‐OCLN) and with selected miRNAs (0–50 nM) and luciferase activity was measured. Huh7.5 cells were also infected by viral particles containing lenti‐miR122 genome or control virus. After 48 h, the cells were infected with HCV pseudo‐particles (HCVpp) and VSV pseudo‐particles (VSVpp). After 72 h of infection, luciferase activity was measured and HCVpp activity was normalized to VSVpp activity.ResultsmiR‐122 binds to the 3′‐UTR of OCLN and down‐regulates its expression; cotransfection of miR‐122 mimic with pLuc‐OCLN resulted in a significant decrease in luciferase activity [by 55% (P < 0.01)], while a non‐specific miRNA and a mutant miR‐122 did not have any effect. miR‐122 mimic significantly down‐regulated [by 80% (P < 0.01)] OCLN protein in Huh7.5 cells. Accordingly, patients with chronic hepatitis C and higher levels of hepatic miR‐122 have lower hepatic expression of OCLN. Immuno‐fluorescence imaging showed a decrease in colocalization of OCLN and CLDN following miR‐122 over‐expression in HCV infected cells. Huh7.5 cells transiently expressing Lenti‐miR122 system showed 42% (P < 0.01) decrease in HCV entry.ConclusionThis study uncovers a novel antiviral effect of miR‐122 on human liver cells and shows that over‐expression of miR‐122 can decrease HCV entry into hepatocytes through down‐regulation of OCLN.
An NAD synthetic reaction bypasses the lipoate requirement for aerobic growth of Escherichia coli strains blocked in succinate catabolism
Authors: Hermes Fatemah A. , Cronan John E. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe lipoate coenzyme is essential for function of the pyruvate (PDH) and 2‐oxoglutarate (OGDH) dehydrogenases and thus for aerobic growth of Escherichia coli. LipB catalyzes the first step in lipoate synthesis, transfer of an octanoyl moiety from the fatty acid synthetic intermediate, octanoyl‐ACP, to PDH and OGDH. E. coli also encodes LplA, a ligase that in presence of exogenous octanoate (or lipoate) can bypass loss of LipB. LplA imparts ΔlipB strains with a ‘leaky’ growth phenotype on aerobic glucose minimal medium supplemented with succinate (which bypasses the OGDH‐catalyzed reaction), because it scavenges an endogenous octanoate pool to activate PDH. Here we characterize a ΔlipB suppressor strain that did not require succinate supplementation, but did require succinyl‐CoA ligase, confirming the presence of alternative source(s) of cytosolic succinate. We report that suppression requires inactivation of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), which greatly reduces the cellular requirement for succinate. In the suppressor strain succinate is produced by three enzymes, any one of which will suffice in the absence of SDH. These three enzymes are: trace levels of OGDH, the isocitrate lyase of the glyoxylate shunt and an unanticipated source, aspartate oxidase, the enzyme catalyzing the first step of nicotinamide biosynthesis.
Self‐reported emotional and behavioral problems in Nepalese adolescents from urban and rural areas
Authors: Karki Suyen , Laukkanen Eila , Länsimies‐Antikainen Helena , Voutilainen Ari , Pietilä Anna‐Maija 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this study, the prevalence of self‐reported emotional/behavioral problems and the association of problem scales scores with demographic factors among 12–18 year old adolescents (n = 408) selected from urban and rural areas of the Western Developmental Region of Nepal, are discussed. The emotional/behavioral problems were assessed by the Youth Self‐Report questionnaire. Girls had higher scores than boys for anxiety/depression, while boys had higher scores for delinquent behavior. Adolescents from the urban area exhibited significantly higher scores on most of the problem scales. With the exception of somatic complaints, all problem scale scores appeared to increase with age. Most of the Youth Self‐Report scales revealed adequate internal consistencies. These findings might provide preliminary information on adolescents' emotional/behavioral problems. However, a detailed and comprehensive study is needed before an effective interventional program can be implemented. Further investigation, particularly taking into account the views of parents and teachers, is also needed, as this would provide novel perspectives on adolescents' problems.
Saucer Barrows: Places for Ritual within Wessex Early Bronze Age Chalkland Barrow Cemeteries
Authors: Jones Andy M. , Quinnell Henrietta 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe Bronze Age barrow groups of Wessex have primarily been classified as places of burial where lineages were marked and mourners deployed to create mythologized links with the recently dead and the ancestors. These chalkland barrow cemeteries are associated with a range of barrow forms – bowl barrows and ‘fancy’ barrows, the latter comprising disc, bell, pond and saucer types. Whilst funerary activity was undoubtedly an important activity within these barrow groups, this paper examines the evidence for other forms of ritual practice within one particular barrow type, the saucer barrow, and considers whether there was more to ritual activity in Wessex barrow cemeteries than the disposal of the dead and the commemoration of ancestors.
Emergence of sexual size dimorphism and stage‐specific effects of elevated temperature on growth rate and development rate in Harmonia axyridis
Authors: Knapp Michal 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTemperature is considered to be the most important environmental factor influencing the performance of ectotherms because it determines the rate of most biochemical reactions and thus the efficiency of metabolism and its function. Unfortunately, most studies investigate the effects of temperature on individuals exposed to a particular temperature regime during their whole pre‐imaginal development and detailed information on variation of the temperature effects during ontogeny is rare. In the present study, the effects of the timing of exposure to a transient period of elevated temperature during ontogeny on development rate and growth rate are investigated for the ladybird Harmonia axyridis Pallas. Control beetles are reared at a constant temperature of 20 °C, whereas treated beetles are reared at 20 °C but are exposed to 33 °C for 48 h either during the early‐larval stage, third‐larval instar, fourth‐larval instar or the pupal stage. The rate of development and the growth rate are both accelerated because the timing of exposure to elevated temperature occurred later in pre‐imaginal development (i.e. development rate and growth rate are highest in individuals exposed to elevated temperature during the pupal stage). An exception to this pattern is the lowering of development rate in individuals exposed to elevated temperature during the fourth‐larval instar. Female H. axyridis have a significantly higher development rate and growth rate than males. However, the relative difference in growth rate between the sexes is much higher than the difference in development rate between sexes, resulting in a female‐biased size (mass) dimorphism in adult beetles.
The laboratory mouse and wild immunology
Authors: Viney M. , Lazarou L. , Abolins S. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe laboratory mouse, Mus musculus domesticus, has been the workhorse of the very successful laboratory study of mammalian immunology. These studies – discovering how the mammalian immune system can work – have allowed the development of the field of wild immunology that is seeking to understand how the immune responses of wild animals contributes to animals' fitness. Remarkably, there have hardly been any studies of the immunology of wild M. musculus domesticus (or of rats, another common laboratory model), but the general finding is that these wild animals are more immunologically responsive, compared with their laboratory domesticated comparators. This difference probably reflects the comparatively greater previous exposure to antigens of these wild‐caught animals. There are now excellent prospects for laboratory mouse immunology to make major advances in the field of wild immunology.
The Effect of Partisanship, Sophistication, and Political Contexts on Belief in Democracy Promotion
Authors: Kim Dukhong 
Published: October 2014

This article examines the questions of who believes in democracy promotion, what makes individuals change their belief in this ideal, and how that change occurs. I propose an interaction model where both political contexts and individuals' characteristics (partisanship and sophistication) work together in accounting for individuals' acceptance of democracy promotion. To explore the question, I use the surveys conducted by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs from 1998 to 2008. The results show that partisanship moderates the effect of political events on individuals' acceptance of the ideal. Furthermore, sophistication‐level conditions the effect of the interaction between partisanship and events in accounting for acceptance of democracy promotion. Specifically, compared with less‐sophisticated Democrats and Republicans, the more‐sophisticated partisans interpret the Iraq war differently and, in turn, their belief in democracy promotion is significantly influenced by this event.Related ArticlesCollins, Stephen D. 2010. “.” Politics & Policy 38 (): 737‐764. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00256.x/abstractQuinn, Adam. 2007. “.” Politics & Policy 35 (): 522‐547. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00071.x/abstractDolan, Chris J. 2008. “.” Politics & Policy 36 (): 542‐585. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00121.x/abstractRelated MediaDiamond, Larry. 2010. “.” . http://www.newsweek.com/doing‐democracy‐promotion‐right‐82937Drake, Bruce. 2013. “.” http://www.pewresearch.org/fact‐tank/2013/12/04/americans‐put‐low‐priority‐on‐promoting‐democracy‐abroad/Bakerfeb, Peter. 2014. “.” http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/25/world/europe/wary‐stance‐from‐obama.html?_r=0
Comparison of PNA clamping and direct sequencing for detecting KRAS mutations in matched tumour tissue, cell block, pleural effusion and serum from patients with malignant pleural effusion
Authors: Kang Ji Young , Park Chan Kwon , Yeo Chang Dong , Lee Hea Yeon , Rhee Chin Kook , Kim Seung Joon , Kim Seok Chan , Kim Young Kyoon , Park Mi Sun , Yim Hyeon Woo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackground and objectivePeptide nucleic acid (PNA)‐mediated real‐time polymerase chain reaction clamping was recently developed to improve mutation detection sensitivity. Pleural effusion could be a good sample candidate for mutation analysis. To establish if PNA clamping could be used to detect KRAS mutation in particular in pleural effusion, we analysed its diagnostic performance.MethodsWe studied 57 patients with malignant effusion. KRAS mutation was evaluated in samples of matched tumour tissue, cell block, pleural effusion and serum using PNA clamping and direct sequencing.ResultsThe detection rate of KRAS mutation using pleural effusion was 14% for PNA clamping and 10.5% for direct sequencing. The κ coefficient between the two methods was 0.76 (P value < 0.0001), 1.00 (P value < 0.0001) and 0.87 (P value < 0.0001) in pleural effusion, tissue and cell block, respectively. The diagnostic performance of KRAS mutation detection from pleural effusion compared with the results obtained for all samples combined showed that the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were as follows: 89, 100, 100 and 98%, respectively for PNA clamping; 67, 100, 100 and 94%, respectively for directing sequencing.ConclusionsThe current study suggests that PNA clamping had a good concordance with direct sequencing for the detection of KRAS mutation in patients with malignant effusion. Furthermore, the good diagnostic performance obtained from pleural effusion samples provides evidence that pleural effusion can be a useful source for detecting KRAS mutation in a clinical setting, in which the collection of tumour tissues is challenging.