bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PRESSURE OF PANCREATIC SECRETION, AND THE MODE OF ABSORPTION OF PANCREATIC JUICE AFTER OBSTRUCTION OF THE MAIN DUCTS OF THE PANCREAS
Authors: Herring P. T. , Simpson Sutherland 
Published: December 2014

When the pancreatic duct or ducts are obstructed the pressure of pancreatic secretion rises to a height closely approximating that reached by the bile in obstruction of the common bile‐duct. In the dog and cat the average maximum pressure attained as the result of intravenous injection of duodenal extract is about 300 mm. water. The highest pressure recorded in our experiments was 381 mm. in a dog; the lowest, also in a dog, was 240 mm. In three small Macacus rhesus monkeys the maximum pressure averaged 277 mm. water.The intravenous injection of duodenal extract brings about a rapid rise of pressure in the pancreas when its secretion is prevented from escaping into the duodenum. The pressure reaches a maximum, and at once begins to fall. Both rise and fall of pancreatic pressure are more rapid than the rise and fall of bile pressure in obstruction of the common bile‐duct.Carmine gelatine, when injected into the pancreas through its main duct shortly after the death of the animal, tends to rupture the fine ducts, and escapes into the surrounding connective tissue in the manner described by Heidenhain. When injected at a low pressure during life, rupture of ducts may or may not occur. Apart from any escape in this manner, the carmine gelatine passes into the cells of the acini and of the walls of the small ducts, and from them to the exterior. Pancreatic secretion is absorbed at a low pressure, and it is probable that the secreting cells, when the alveolar pressure has reached a certain point, get rid of their secretion by turning it into the lymph stream. The pancreatic juice follows the lymph paths from the pancreas, and finally enters the blood from the thoracic duct. The mechanism of absorption of pancreatic juice is very similar to the mechanism of absorption of bile in obstruction of the bile‐duct.The expenses of this research have been defrayed by a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund for the Prosecution of Research in the University of Edinburgh.
THE REFRACTORY PHASE ASSOCIATED WITH ONE SINGLE EXCITATORY PROCESS IN YOHIMBINISED NERVE
Authors: Tait John 
Published: December 2014

1. In the refractory phase associated with one excitatory process in yohimbinised nerve two distinct stages are present. In the first or absolutely refractory stage conductivity is suspended. In the second relatively refractory stage conductivity, while present, is diminished in amount. Throughout this stage, however, it gradually and progressively increases from zero right up to the extent to which it was present before the excitatory process occurred.2. Both these stages are present in the recovery of normal nerve after activity.3. Yohimbine prolongs both the absolutely refractory phase and the relatively refractory phase of nerve. By much the greatest absolute prolongation is in the relatively refractory phase.4. The total refractory phase of deeply yohimbinised nerve corresponding to one single excitatory process may be as long as 2·2 seconds. The greatest previously recorded prolongation (Trait and Gunn) was ·25 second.5. Although yohimbine gradually depresses the function of a nerve, and although the immediate effect of activity during yohimbine anaesthesia is to exaggerate this depression of function, yet as regards the repair after activity yohimbine affects merely its rate and not its amount.The expenses of this research have been defrayed by a grant from the Carnegie Trust. For my supply of yohimbine I am indebted to Drs Hillringhaus and Heilmann, Chemische Fabrik, Güstrow.
STUDIES IN THE REFLEXES OF THE GUINEA‐PIG. I. THE SCRATCH‐REFLEX IN RELATION TO “BROWN‐SÉQUARD'S EPILEPSY.”
Authors: Brown T. Graham 
Published: December 2014

1. Of 20 guinea‐pigs 14 have survived the operation of resection of a portion of the right great sciatic nerve for a sufficient length of time, and each one of these has exhibited the movements described by Brown‐Séequard as “epilepsy.” None of these have shown “spontaneous” attacks or the condition of “blepharospasm.”2. The movements were evoked by stimulation of a special area of the skin, the adequate stimulus being mechanical pressure. Stimuli consisting of loud sounds, the vibrations of which ranged between 32 and 16,000 per second, of a bright beam of light directed into the eye, and of a warm beam of light directed on to various parts of the special area of skin, were inadequate. Electrical stimuli given in the form of galvanic shocks were inadequate, as also possibly they were when given in the form of rapid double faradic shocks.3. The boundaries of the special zone of skin are larger than those given by Brown‐Séquard. It almost invariably extends further back than the posterior border of the scapula, while it may extend as far forward as the border of the nostril and the edge of the lower lip in the middle line.4. Changes in the condition of this area, and also in that of the lower limb of the side of the lesion, similar to those described by Brown‐Séquard, were observed.5. The movements, which consist of tonic contraction of the muscles of the neck and back, and of clonic movements at the hip‐joint, occur in two stages. In the first of these the movements are confined to the side of the lesion, while in the second they spread to the opposite side.6. The rhythms of the clonic movements observed lay between the limits of 8 and 16 beats per second. The rhythm was slower in the larger animals. It was also slower towards the end of one reflex, and varied when the reflex was evoked from different points in the special area.7. The clonic movements, as studied in graphic tracings, show a marked resemblance in many of their features to the scratch‐reflex observed in the spinal dog.8. They differ from this reflex in the overflow to the opposite side, and in the phenomenon of alternation, as well as in the degree of the tonic factor.9. Once the clonic movements have appeared, they become progressively more extensive up to a certain point as the condition persists. The excitatory value of the maximal stimulus rises.10. The clonic movements may be inhibited by stimulation of the skin on the abdomen of the opposite side by mechanical pressure. In the early stages this inhibition comes on rapidly, but persists for some time after the cessation of the inhibiting stimulus. In the later stages it is established less rapidly, but lasts a shorter time after the stimulus has stopped. Towards the end of a long reflex response the inhibiting stimulus may only affect the clonic movements by slowing the rate of the beats. When the inhibition of the clonic movements is complete, there is also an inhibition of the tonic contraction of the muscles of the side and hip.
EFFECTS OF HYPOPHYSEAL TRANSPLANTATION FOLLOWING TOTAL HYPOPHYSECTOMY IN THE CANINE
Authors: Crowe S. J. , Cushing Harvey , Homans John 
Published: December 2014

The experimental transplantation of fragments of ductless glands has in the past not met with striking success, possibly due to the fact that the principle emphasised by W. S. Halsted, that an existing “physiological deficit” is one of the essentials to a successful “take,” has been disregarded.Our experiences conform with those of others in showing that the transplanted glandular tissue—in this case the hypopyhsis—is prone to undergo necrosis and in the course of time to become replaced by fibrous tissue. It is nevertheless apparent, particularly in the cases of immediate auto‐transplantation of the gland into the cortex cerebri, that the inevitable early consequence of a total hypophysectomy (cachexia hypophyseopriva) can be postponed; further, in the case of animals in whom a minute fragment only of anterior lobe remains, the transplant seems to have been the means of tiding them over a period in which, according to our previous experiences, death would certainly have occurred. These fragments we have subsequently found to show evidences of the condition which we regard as hypertrophy. The transplants themselves, both anterior and posterior lobe, show histological evidences of retained activity for periods of at least a month.It has been observed that marked polyuria follows the cortical transplantation of the entire gland; that it disappears after extirpation of the transplant; that it does not follow transplantation of the posterior lobe alone; and, further, that it does not occur in control animals with heterotransplants.
CRUSTACEAN BLOOD COAGULATION AS STUDIED IN THE ARTHROSTRACA
Authors: Tait John 
Published: December 2014

1. This communication, histological throughout, is virtually a continuation and extension of a previous publication by W. B. Hardy on crustacean blood corpuscles. The explosive cells discovered by Hardy in the crayfish have been studied in films of isopod blood, and have been found to discharge into the immediately surrounding plasma a material which either itself coagulates or there induces coagulation in the portions of plasma reached by it. In this way a little localised island of coagulation is formed around each exploded corpuscle.2. These islands, once formed, are fixed structures, with a definite boundary, which has no tendency to become diffuse or to spread outwards. There is thus a limit to the range of action of the explosive corpuscles, and there is no evidence that, as Hardy suggested, they yield a ferment which causes the plasma as a whole to coagulate.3. On first formation, these localised coagula are plastic structures, which can be modified in shape by movements of the surrounding fluid. They are likewise sticky, and tend to adhere to or entangle any cells with which they come in contact. They soon set and harden, however. In a film that has been kept at rest their usual form is circular.4. The actual formation of these coagula in situ at a wound may be watched in the amphipod Gammarus, and the part which they play in the natural arrest of hæmorrhage thus studied. They help to stop the bleeding by forming an adherent bunch of globules or botryoidal mass at the site of injury. To these globules issuing blood cells tend to adhere, thus further clogging up the paths by which the blood escapes.5. The birth of one of these globules is accompanied by a considerable output of kinetic energy, the explosion consisting not merely in a shedding‐out of material from the corpuscle, but in an actual rending and breaking apart of the immediately surrounding clot. This process suggests an analogy with Macdonald's hypothesis regarding the cause of muscle contraction.6. The part played by these localised coagula must not be taken in the meantime to supersede or dispose of the cell‐agglutination hypothesis put forward by other authors as the cause of the first coagulation in crustacean blood. According to the view here taken, the phenomenon exists alongside of and ultimately associated with cell agglutination as a contributing factor in arrest of hæmorrhage.7. A second coagulation of isopod blood, this time involving the whole plasma indiscriminately, may be made out in addition to the afore‐mentioned localised coagulation. There is no histological evidence to associate this second coagulation with the disintegration of any one particular element of the blood more than another.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Carnegie Trust.
STUDIES IN THE REFLEXES OF THE GUINEA‐PIG. II.: SCRATCHING MOVEMENTS WHICH OCCUR DURING ETHER ANÆSTHESIA
Authors: Brown T. Graham 
Published: December 2014

1. About 63 per cent. of guinea‐pigs subjected to ether narcosis exhibit peculiar scratching movements. These occur in the hind limbs, are accompanied by contraction of certain of the muscles of the back and neck, sides, abdomen, and fore limbs, and resemble the movements which occur in the Brown‐Séquard guinea‐pigs when the specific receiving zone in these animals is stimulated far back.2. The movements alternate from side to side of the body. With each alternation the animal passes into the mirror posture of that which it has just exhibited.3. If the movements appear for the first time when the depth of anæsthesia is relatively light, they are relatively great in extent; but if then the depth of anæsthesia is increased, they gradually diminish, till they disappear altogether. If they appear first when the depth of anæsthesia is relatively great, they are relatively small in extent, and increase as the depth of anæsthesia decreases, till they cease suddenly.4. In many cases the movements seem to occur “spontaneously.” In some cases they seem to be started by a definite peripheral stimulus, and in other cases by asphyxiation.5. The movement of each hind limb, when analysed, is found to consist of a tonic contraction of certain muscles, during the persistence of which clonic movements may also occur. In some cases these are absent. The clonic movements often appear for the first time after the appearance of the tonic contraction. In such cases they are found to consist of sudden, brief cessations and re‐establishments of the tonic contraction. The clonic movements never occur unless the tonic contraction has appeared. The beats of the clonic movement gradually increase in duration in each series. The average rhythm of the clonic movements is about 7·5 per second.6. The clonic beats are greater on the side of the lesion in guinea‐pigs in which the Brown‐Séquard phenomenon has been developed as a result of the removal of part of one great sciatic nerve.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PROPERTIES OF PROTAGON AND THE PROPERTIES OF A MIXTURE OF PHOSPHATIDES AND CEREBROSIDES
Authors: Cramer W. 
Published: December 2014

If Gamgee and Roscoe have correctly described the properties of protagon, and if Thudichum and Rosenheim and Tebb have correctly described the properties of a mixture of phosphatides and cerebrosides, it is clear that these differ in so many fundamental properties that they cannot be identical, i.e. protagon cannot be a mixture of phosphatides and cerebrosides.It remains to explain why protagon (as understood by Gamgee) has been erroneously held to be such a mixture.The explanation is to be found, as Wilson and I pointed out, in the observations of Gies. This author showed that a substance which has all the properties of protagon (as understood by Gamgee), and which could not be separated into phosphatides and cerebrosides by recrystallisation from alcohol and washing with ether, was changed by prolonged treatment with warm alcohol at 40° into a substance which had all the properties of a mixture containing phosphatides and cerebrosides and which could be partially separated into these substances by recrystallisation from alcohol and washing with ether.This statement agrees with all the facts known about protagon as understood by Gamgee.
STUDIES IN THE REFLEXES OF THE GUINEA‐PIG. III.: THE EFFECT OF REMOVAL OF THE CORTEX OF ONE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
Authors: Brown T. Graham 
Published: December 2014

1. In certain of the reactions of the hind limb of the normal guinea‐pig to similar stimuli applied to the same points of the skin there is a possibility of two different reactions (flexion and extension).2. After removal of the cortex of one cerebral hemisphere the reactions of the guinea‐pig to mechanical stimuli applied to symmetrical points differ on the two sides.3. Where such difference is seen, that on the crossed side is one of extension. The best example of this is the “extension reaction” obtained by a mechanical stimulus applied to the skin of the side of the thorax just behind the caudal border of the scapula.4. The reaction on the uncrossed side is one of flexion. This is best seen in the “scratch reaction” obtained by stimulating in the same way the corresponding area on the side of the lesion.5. Both these reactions may persist for at least 66 weeks after the production of the lesion.6. The presence of these reactions is probably due to raised reflex excitability of the spinal cord—on the one side to an exaltation of flexion reflex excitability, on the other to one of extension reflex excitability. The production of these two opposite reactions by a unilateral cortical lesion may be connected with the normal alternation of movements in the hind limbs of the guinea‐pig as seen in the movements of trotting.7. That flexion reflex excitability is raised upon the same side of the spinal cord as the lesion is further shewn by the reactions in the “anæsthetic scratch𠄍 when produced in these guinea‐pigs. The movements in this state are similar to those of the scratch‐reflex, and are found to be greater on the side of the lesion. In some cases they are confined to that side.
THE ACTION OF YOHIMBINE ON THE HEART, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TOXIC HEART‐BLOCK
Authors: Tait John 
Published: December 2014

This communication consists of a special and of a general part, of which the latter is the more important. The special part deals with the action of yohimbine on the heart. The general part arises out of the special, and includes a discussion on three of the four cardinal properties of heart tissue recognised by Engelmann, viz. conductivity, irritability, and contractility.A. Special:—(1) Yohimbine does not alter the absolutely refractory phase of the heart, or, to be more precise, it does not affect the ratio A/S, where A = duration of absolutely refractory phase and S = time of systole.(2) In sufficient concentration it greatly prolongs the relatively refractory phase.(3) It depresses the irritability of the tissue to induced currents and probably to chemical stimulation.(4) In concentration sufficient to bring the heart to a standstill it has no depressing action on contractility.(5) Under yohimbinisation the conducting mechanism as distinct from the contracting mechanism of the heart is readily fatigued.B. General:—Evidence is adduced in support of the following conclusions:—(1) Irritability and conductivity in the heart, just as in the case of nerve, are essentially the same property. No change in irritability can occur without a corresponding change in conductivity and vice versa. When Engelmann attempted to separate the two properties he was led astray by a wrong assumption.(2) It follows from the above that the internal mechanism responsible for the existence of irritability and conductivity is a single thing. We may for convenience call it the excito‐conducting mechanism.(3) It also follows, provided the distinction initiated by Engelmann between irritability and contractility is upheld, that the heart muscle is capable of excitation only through the excito‐conducting mechanism.(4) The excito‐conducting mechanism is in more close functional and possibly structural relationship with the contractile mechanism than are the nerve fibres with the contractile mechanism in a skeletal muscle. After activity the cardiac excito‐conducting mechanism undergoes repair at a much slower rate than ordinary nerve fibres.(5) Toxic heart‐block, which has received different explanations at the hands of different observers, is due to a depressing action on the excitoconducting mechanism. The individual explanations advanced to account for the condition are all aspects of one complex change, each feature of which is present at the same time, while no single one can be present without the others.The expenses of this research have been defrayed by a grant from the Carnegie Trust. For my supply of yohimbine I am indebted to Drs Hillringhaus and Heilmann, Chemische Fabrik, Güstrow.
THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF CYTOLYSIS IN THE CASE OF THE UNFERTILISED EGG OF THE SEA‐URCHIN, STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS
Authors: Moore A. R. 
Published: December 2014

The temperature coefficient for the process of cytolysis of sea‐urchin eggs in sea‐water has been found to be about 200 for a difference in temperature of 10° C.The temperature coefficient for hæmolysis has been calculated from Gros' data, and found to be about 200 for a temperature interval of 10° C.In conclusion, I wish to express my sincere thanks to Professor Loeb for his criticisms and suggestions.
STUDIES IN THE REFLEXES OF THE GUINEA‐PIG. VI.: ON THE RELATION BETWEEN MAINTAINED CONTRACTION AND RHYTHMIC DISCONTINUOUS INHIBITION
Authors: Brown T. Graham 
Published: December 2014

1. Tracings obtained from the isolated quadriceps extensor cruris of the scratching movements which occur during ether anæsthesia in the guinea‐pig shew that there are present in the single muscle the phenomena already described in the case of the movements of the intact hind limb under the same circumstances.2. In the composition of the scratching movements there are two factors —the factor of maintained contraction and the factor of rhythmically discontinuous inhibition.3. The maintained contraction is evidenced as flexion. It may be present alone.4. The factor of rhythmically discontinuous inhibition is evidenced as inhibition of the maintained flexion. When present, it determines the characteristic “clonic beats” of the scratch.5. That the “beats” are determined by rhythmic inhibition of a maintained flexion is demonstrated by tracings in which the maintained flexion is at first present alone, but is then complicated by the “clonus.” In these cases the “beats” are produced by relaxations and restitutions of the maintained flexion. The level of the plateau of maintained flexion in the tracings is not overshot.6. The “notched” appearance in some of the tracings of the scratching phases is to be explained by the occasional continuous inhibition of the maintained flexion—in place of the more usual rhythmically discontinuous inhibition.7. The isolation of the muscles for the purposes of recording depresses the scratch—as Sherrington has already observed in the cat. This depression falls more heavily upon the factor of rhythmically discontinuous inhibition. A small dose of strychnine seems to increase the likelihood that the scratching movements will appear. Even then the “clonus” is rarely present.8. The extent of the contraction of the quadriceps extensor cruris in the active scratching phases of the phenomenon varies with the state of the depth of narcosis. It diminishes in successive phases with increasing depth of narcosis, and it increases with diminishing depth of narcosis.9. The extent of the relaxation of the quadriceps extensor cruris also varies under the same circumstances as the variation of the contraction. Complete relaxation of the muscle is not obtained except under the deepest narcosis. There is therefore a certain amount of “residual contraction” of the muscle during the interphases of the phenomenon. This amount of contraction diminishes with increasing depth of narcosis, and increases with decreasing depth of narcosis. It is possibly nearly related to a true tonus in the muscle.