bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MOVPE growth and indium incorporation of polar, semipolar (112) and (201) InGaN
Authors: Dinh Duc V. , Pristovsek Markus , Kneissl Michael 
Published: September 2015

AbstractInGaN layers were grown simultaneously on polar (0001), and on semipolar (112) and (201) GaN templates with different In/Ga ratios by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy with a thickness of about 50 nm. The indium content of the layers behaved as follows: (0001) (112)(201). The relaxed (0001) layers showed the highest indium content (In 17.4–48.7%) with an island‐like surface morphology, while the relaxed (112) layers (In 14.0–40.0%) had nearly unchanged morphology compared to the semipolar GaN templates. The (201) layers exhibited a three‐dimensional morphology that was attributed to differences in growth on the (101) and (100) surfaces. The degree of relaxation also reduced from 100% for the (0001) layers to less than 15% for the (201) layers that was attributed to the lowest indium content of the (201) layers. Room‐temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements of the semipolar layers showed a peak in emission wavelength that shifts gradually from 450 to 820 nm with increasing indium content. The stronger PL intensity of the semipolar layers was attributed to background impurity and band filling effects in the layers.
Integrating Discovery and Creation Perspectives of Entrepreneurial Action: The Relative Roles of Founding CEO Human Capital, Social Capital, and Psychological Capital in Contexts of Risk Versus Uncertainty
Authors: Hmieleski Keith M. , Carr Jon C. , Baron Robert A. 
Published: September 2015

Research summaryThis study examines the relationships of founding CEOs' intangible resources (human, social, and psychological capital) with the performance of their firms in environmental contexts of discovery (stable industry conditions that are characterized by risk) versus creation (dynamic industry conditions that are characterized by uncertainty). Results from a national (USA) random sample of founding CEOs (n = 223) found entrepreneurial experience (an aspect of human capital) to be positively related to performance in discovery contexts, whereas educational attainment, strong ties, and psychological capital (a composite index of optimism, self‐efficacy, resilience, and hope) were positively related to performance in creation contexts. These findings extend theorizing concerning discovery and creation perspectives from the pre‐entry phase (opportunity recognition) to the post‐entry phase (opportunity exploitation) of the entrepreneurial process.Managerial summaryThis research investigates the relationships of founding CEOs' intangible resources with the performance of their firms in industry environments that are stable (slow changing and predictable) versus dynamic (fast changing and unpredictable). The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience (number of prior new ventures founded) is positively related to performance in stable environments, whereas educational attainment (highest educational degree earned), strong ties (social connections to family members and friends who provide support relating to the firm), and psychological capital (inner cognitive, emotional, and behavioral resources used to cope with adversity) are positively related to performance in dynamic environments. The findings highlight the importance of fit between the intangible resources of founding CEOs and the characteristics of the industries in which they attempt to develop and grow their firms.
Married to the firm? A large‐scale investigation of the social context of ownership
Authors: Belenzon Sharon , Patacconi Andrea , Zarutskie Rebecca 
Published: September 2015

Research summary: Using a large sample of private firms across Europe, we examine how the social context of owners affects firm strategy and performance. Drawing on embeddedness theory and the institutional logics perspective, we argue that embeddedness in a family, in particular the nuclear family, can strengthen identification and commitment to the firm, but can also induce owners to behave more conservatively. Consistent with this argument, we find that family‐owned firms have higher profit margins, returns on assets, and survival rates compared to single‐owner or unrelated‐owners' firms, but also invest and grow more slowly, hold greater reserves of cash, and rely less on external debt. These differences are most pronounced when the two largest shareholders are married. Our results highlight the key role of marital ties in explaining differences in behavior and performance among firms.Managerial summary: Despite the prevalence of the married‐couple ownership structure in firms, little research has been dedicated to understanding how these firms are managed and perform. We examine the behavior and performance of firms owned by married couples in a large panel of closely held Western European firms. We find that married‐owner family firms are managed more conservatively relative to firms with unrelated owners and even to other family‐owned firms. In particular, married‐owner family firms invest and grow more slowly and rely less on external finance. However, they also exhibit greater performance stability and higher profitability. Our findings suggest that social relationships among owners have a large impact on firm strategy and performance, and highlight some potential trade‐offs to performance when married couples control firms. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular and Cellular Functions Distinguish Superior Therapeutic Efficiency of Bone Marrow CD45 Cells Over Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Baligar Prakash , Mukherjee Snehasish , Kochat Veena , Rastogi Archana , Mukhopadhyay Asok 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Liver fibrosis is strongly associated with chronic inflammation. As an alternative to conventional treatments for fibrosis, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy is found to be attractive due to its immunomodulatory functions. However, low survival rate and profibrogenic properties of MSCs remain the major concerns, leading to skepticism in many investigators. Here, we have asked the question whether bone marrow (BM)-derived CD45 cells is the better candidate than MSCs to treat fibrosis, if so, what are the molecular mechanisms that make such distinction. Using CCl4-induced liver fibrosis mouse model of a Metavir fibrosis score 3, we showed that BM-CD45 cells have better antifibrotic effect than adipose-derived (AD)-MSCs. In fact, our study revealed that antifibrotic potential of CD45 cells are compromised by the presence of MSCs. This difference was apparently due to significantly high level expressions of matrix metalloproteinases-9 and 13, and the suppression of hepatic stellate cells' (HpSCs) activation in the CD45 cells transplantation group. Mechanism dissection studied in vitro supported the above opposing results and revealed that CD45 cell-secreted FasL induced apoptotic death of activated HpSCs. Further analyses suggest that MSC-secreted transforming growth factor β and insulin-like growth factor-1 promoted myofibroblastic differentiation of HpSCs and their proliferation. Additionally, the transplantation of CD45 cells led to functional improvement of the liver through repair and regeneration. Thus, BM-derived CD45 cells appear as a superior candidate for the treatment of liver fibrosis due to structural and functional improvement of CCl4-induced fibrotic liver, which were much lower in case of AD-MSC therapy.
Fine‐Tuning of Linear Hexa‐Cobalt and Defective Penta‐­Cobalt Metal‐String Complexes
Authors: Lin Geng‐Min , Sigrist Marc , Horng Er‐Chien , Chen Chun‐hsien , Yeh Chen‐Yu , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Peng Shie‐Ming 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe ligand, 2, 7‐bis(α‐5‐phenylpyrazinamino)‐1, 8‐naphthyridine (H2bphpzany), was synthesized by the reaction of 2, 7‐dichloro‐1, 8‐naphthyridine with 2‐amino‐5‐phenylpyrazine in the presence of potassium tert‐butoxide under palladium(0)‐catalyzed conditions. Linear defective penta‐cobalt metal‐string complex [Co5(bphpzany)4(NCS)2] (1) and hexa‐cobalt Co611+ complex [Co6(bphpzany)4(NCS)2](PF6) (2) each containing four bphpzany2– ligands were synthesized, and their structure was determined using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structure of complex 1 consists of two lantern‐type dinuclear Co2 fragments at the terminal positions and one rare octacoordinated cobalt at the center forming a linear [Co2···Co···Co2] chain. The magnetic susceptibility measurement of 1 shows a quartet ground state with a significant spin‐orbital contribution of the central CoII ion. Complex 2 consists of a linear Co611+ configuration wrapped by four bphpzany2– ligands and its magnetic susceptibility measurement reveals a two‐stages magnetic behavior with spin‐states of S = 1/2 at 2 K, and S = 3/2 at 300 K. The cyclic voltammograms display three redox waves at E1/2 = +0.97, E1/2 = +0.71 and E1/2 = –1.02 V for 1, and four waves at E1/2 = +1.32, E1/2 = +0.99, E1/2 = +0.64, and E1/2 = –0.14 V for 2, respectively. The values of single‐molecular resistance for 1 and 2 are 15.5 (±4.84) and 16.1 (±10.4) MΩ, respectively.
Turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection described by projected dynamics in phase space
Authors: Lülff Johannes , Wilczek Michael , Stevens Richard J. A. M. , Friedrich Rudolf , Lohse Detlef 
Published: September 2015

Rayleigh–Bénard convection, i.e. the flow of a fluid between two parallel plates that is driven by a temperature gradient, is an idealised set-up to study thermal convection. Of special interest are the statistics of the turbulent temperature field, which we are investigating and comparing for three different geometries, namely convection with periodic horizontal boundary conditions in three and two dimensions as well as convection in a cylindrical vessel, in order to determine the similarities and differences. To this end, we derive an exact evolution equation for the temperature probability density function. Unclosed terms are expressed as conditional averages of velocities and heat diffusion, which are estimated from direct numerical simulations. This framework lets us identify the average behaviour of a fluid particle by revealing the mean evolution of a fluid with different temperatures in different parts of the convection cell. We connect the statistics to the dynamics of Rayleigh–Bénard convection, giving deeper insights into the temperature statistics and transport mechanisms. We find that the average behaviour is described by closed cycles in phase space that reconstruct the typical Rayleigh–Bénard cycle of fluid heating up at the bottom, rising up to the top plate, cooling down and falling again. The detailed behaviour shows subtle differences between the three cases.
Low-fat and low-protein diets are associated with hearing discomfort among the elderly of Korea
Authors: Kim So Young , Sim Songyong , Kim Hyung-Jong , Choi Hyo Geun 
Published: September 2015

AbstractResearch on the effect of low-fat intake on hearing is limited. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between fat, carbohydrate and protein intake and the presence of hearing discomfort among the elderly. The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was conducted from 2009 through to 2012. A total of 4615 participants ranging in age from 60 to 80 years underwent a pure-tone audiometric evaluation, a physical examination and a nutritional survey. The associations between the participants’ hearing thresholds and their protein/fat/carbohydrate intake/total energy intake were analysed using simple and multiple regression models with complex sampling adjusted for confounding factors, such as BMI, income level, smoking status and a history of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes. Low fat and protein intakes were associated with hearing discomfort (OR 0·82, 95 % CI 0·71, 0·96, P=0·011; OR 0·81, 95 % CI 0·67, 0·96, P=0·017, respectively). This study revealed that low fat and protein intakes are associated with hearing discomfort in the elderly Korean population.
The electromotive force in multi-scale flows at high magnetic Reynolds number
Authors: Tobias Steven M. , Cattaneo Fausto 
Published: September 2015

Recent advances in dynamo theory have been made by examining the competition between small- and large-scale dynamos at high magnetic Reynolds number $\mathit{Rm}$. Small-scale dynamos rely on the presence of chaotic stretching whilst the generation of large-scale fields occurs in flows lacking reflectional symmetry via a systematic electromotive force (EMF). In this paper we discuss how the statistics of the EMF (at high $\mathit{Rm}$) depend on the properties of the multi-scale velocity that is generating it. In particular, we determine that different scales of flow have different contributions to the statistics of the EMF, with smaller scales contributing to the mean without increasing the variance. Moreover, we determine when scales in such a flow act independently in their contribution to the EMF. We further examine the role of large-scale shear in modifying the EMF. We conjecture that the distribution of the EMF, and not simply the mean, largely determines the dominant scale of the magnetic field generated by the flow.
Regulating Inflow or Outflow: A Comparison of the Work Capability Assessments in the UK and Norway
Authors: GJERSØE HEIDI MOEN 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn the era of activation policies, several OECD countries have introduced work capability assessments to measure the employability of sick and disabled people. In essence, such assessments concern how sick and disabled people get access to incapacity benefits and services. This paper investigates how the Work Capability Assessment (WCA) is designed and implemented within the different institutional contexts of the UK and Norway. The paper concludes that introducing WCAs represents a challenge to the bureaucratic and legal models of administrative justice by emphasising a managerial model (in the UK) and a professional model (in Norway). In the UK, the WCA tool seems to be primarily aimed at reducing theinflowof new recipients, while in Norway it seeks to increase theoutflowof recipients. Consequently, the paper argues that the introduction of the WCAs as activation policy instruments has intensified the country-specific characteristics within which the instruments are implemented.
Clinical symptoms cannot predict influenza infection during the 2013 influenza season in Bavaria, Germany
Authors: CAMPE H. , HEINZINGER S. , HARTBERGER C. , SING A. 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYFor influenza surveillance and diagnosis typical clinical symptoms are traditionally used to discriminate influenza virus infections from infections by other pathogens. During the 2013 influenza season we performed a multiplex assay for 16 different viruses in 665 swabs from patients with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) to display the variety of different pathogens causing ARI and to test the diagnostic value of both the commonly used case definitions [ARI, and influenza like illness (ILI)] as well as the clinical judgement of physicians, respectively, to achieve a laboratory-confirmed influenza diagnosis. Fourteen different viruses were identified as causing ARI/ILI. Influenza diagnosis based on clinical signs overestimated the number of laboratory-confirmed influenza cases and misclassified cases. Furthermore, ILI case definition and physicians agreed in only 287/651 (44%) cases with laboratory confirmation. Influenza case management has to be supported by laboratory confirmation to allow evidence-based decisions. Epidemiological syndromic surveillance data should be supported by laboratory confirmation for reasonable interpretation.
The Shaky Legal Foundations for Institutional Action under the Employment, Lisbon and EU2020 Strategies
Authors: Barnard Catherine 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers the legal foundations for the EU institutions to act in the context of the Lisbon and EU2020 Strategies, including the EES (the Luxembourg European Employment Strategy). It begins by examining the formal structure provided by the Treaties for these processes and the legal basis for the resulting measures, focusing on the social strand of the three strategies. The chapter then examines the documents resulting from these strategies to see whether a legal basis is specified and, if so, what. These data are used to conclude that, outside the context of the EES, there is a remarkable absence of any express legal basis for particular EU institutions to act. Nevertheless, the European Council has assumed a pre-eminent role, pushing forward these strategies even in the absence of express competence to do so. The legitimacy of this mode of decision-making is then considered, particularly in the light of the changes introduced by the Lisbon Treaty.
Gender Differences in Risk Factors for Stice’s Bulimia in a Non-Clinical Sample
Authors: Ruisoto Pablo , Cacho Raúl , López-Goñi José J. , Real Deus Eulogio , Vaca Silvia , Mayoral Paula 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSome females are at an increased risk of developing bulimia. However, etiological factors and their interplay remain controversial. The present study analyzed Sticefe Model for eating disorders in a non-clinical population by examining gender differences with respect to the following risk factors: body mass index (BMI), body dissatisfaction, perceived social pressure to be thin, body-thin internalization, and dieting behavior. A sample of 162 American college students (64 males and 91 females) was surveyed, and validated scales were used. The Sticey model was tested using Structural Equation Modeling. Our results supported Stice r Dual Pathway Model of bulimic pathology for females but not for males. Females reported significantly higher body dissatisfaction, perceived pressure to be thin and weight-loss oriented behaviors than males (p < .05), but no gender differences were found in their degree of body thin internalization (p > .05), a key predictor of body dissatisfaction (r = .33; p < .01). Participants with higher BMI reported greater social pressure to be thin than those with lower BMI (p < .05). However, females engaged in dietary restraint, the main risk factor for eating disorders, regardless of their BMI (p > .05) although their BMI was significantly lower than males (d = 0,51). The results of this study fail to support the role of BMI as a predictor of dietary restraint in females, the main risk factor of eating disorders. Males may abstain from dietary restraint to gain muscular volume and in turn increase their BMI. Implications are discussed.
The interplay of autophagy and β-Catenin signaling regulates differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Kühn K , Cott C , Bohler S , Aigal S , Zheng S , Villringer S , Imberty A , Claudinon J , Römer W 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe major feature of leukemic cells is an arrest of differentiation accompanied by highly active proliferation. In many subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia, these features are mediated by the aberrant Wnt/β-Catenin pathway. In our study, we established the lectin LecB as inducer of the differentiation of the acute myeloid leukemia cell line THP-1 and used it for the investigation of the involved processes. During differentiation, functional autophagy and low β-Catenin levels were essential. Corresponding to this, a high β-Catenin level stabilized proliferation and inhibited autophagy, resulting in low differentiation ability. Initiated by LecB, β-Catenin was degraded, autophagy became active and differentiation took place within hours. Remarkably, the reduction of β-Catenin sensitized THP-1 cells to the autophagy-stimulating mTOR inhibitors. As downmodulation of E-Cadherin was sufficient to significantly reduce LecB-mediated differentiation, we propose E-Cadherin as a crucial interaction partner in this signaling pathway. Upon LecB treatment, E-Cadherin colocalized with β-Catenin and thereby prevented the induction of β-Catenin target protein expression and proliferation. That way, our study provides for the first time a link between E-Cadherin, the aberrant Wnt/β-Catenin signaling, autophagy and differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia. Importantly, LecB was a valuable tool to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of acute myeloid leukemia pathogenesis and may help to identify novel therapy approaches.
Helicobacter pylori VacA induces apoptosis by accumulation of connexin 43 in autophagic vesicles via a Rac1/ERK-dependent pathway
Authors: Yahiro K , Akazawa Y , Nakano M , Suzuki H , Hisatune J , Isomoto H , Sap J , Noda M , Moss J , Hirayama T 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) produces vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA), a potent protein toxin, which is associated with gastric inflammation and ulceration. Recent studies demonstrated that connexins (Cxs), which are responsible for intracellular communication at gap junctions (GJs) as well as cell homeostasis, participate in VacA-induced cell death. We now demonstrate in AZ-521 cells that VacA increased cytoplasmic Cx43, accompanied by LC3-II generation in a time- and dose-dependent manner without induction of Cx43 mRNA expression. Inhibition of VacA-induced Rac1 activity prevented ERK phosphorylation and the increase in Cx43. Suppression of ERK activity and addition of N-acetyl-cysteine inhibited VacA-dependent increase in Cx43 and LC3-II. DIDS, an anion-selective inhibitor, suppressed VacA-dependent increase in Cx43, suggesting that VacA channel activity was involved in this pathway. By confocal microscopy, Cx43 increased by VacA was predominately localized in cholesterol-rich, detergent-resistant membranes including GJs, and a fraction of Cx43 was incorporated in endocytotic vesicles and autophagolysosomes. Accumulation of Cx43 was also observed in gastric mucosa from H. pylori-infected patients compared with healthy controls, suggesting that the pathogen caused a similar effect in vivo. Our findings show that VacA-mediated effects on autophagy inhibits turnover of Cx43, resulting in increased levels in the cytoplasm, leading eventually to apoptotic cell death.
Two classes of regulatory subunits coassemble in the same BK channel and independently regulate gating
Authors: Gonzalez-Perez Vivian , Xia Xiao-Ming , Lingle Christopher J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHigh resolution proteomics increasingly reveals that most native ion channels are assembled in macromolecular complexes. However, whether different partners have additive or cooperative functional effects, or whether some combinations of proteins may preclude assembly of others are largely unexplored topics. The large conductance Ca2+-and-voltage activated potassium channel (BK) is well-suited to discern nuanced differences in regulation arising from combinations of subunits. Here we examine whether assembly of two different classes of regulatory proteins, β and γ, in BK channels is exclusive or independent. Our results show that both γ1 and up to four β2-subunits can coexist in the same functional BK complex, with the gating shift caused by β2-subunits largely additive with that produced by the γ1-subunit(s). The multiplicity of β:γ combinations that can participate in a BK complex therefore allow a range of BK channels with distinct functional properties tuned by the specific stoichiometry of the contributing subunits.