bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Assessment of Scale Resorption in Migrating and Spawning Steelhead of the Snake River Basin
Authors: Hernandez Kala , Copeland Timothy , Wright Kristin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractScales have been used for decades as a tool to interpret life histories in steelheadOncorhynchus mykiss. Resorption can affect the accuracy of life history interpretations based on scale patterns, depending on the amount of material resorbed. For example, resorption can affect the distinctiveness and characteristics of spawn checks. Spawn checks have been reported in iteroparous salmonids, but no published experimental studies have established the precise relationship between reproduction and scale features. Our objectives were (1) to quantify scale resorption, and (2) to identify contributing factors to the observed resorption in migrating and spawning Snake River steelhead. Prespawn and postspawn scale samples from 72 fish were paired for analysis. We found considerable individual variability in the amount of material resorbed between prespawn and postspawn samples (mean, 26%; SD, 13.7%). Most resorption occurred during the winter as gonads matured and secondary sex characteristics were formed. In over half of the postspawn samples, resorption was sufficient to obscure or eliminate an annulus. In a few cases, resorption was minor enough that the eventual spawn check may be indistinct or absent. We recommend that ancillary marks be investigated as a means to help identify weak spawn checks and an index of resorption developed to determine if resorption was sufficient to cause loss of an annulus.Received March 27, 2014; accepted August 5, 2014
Preservation Effects on Stable Isotope Values of Archived Elasmobranch Fin Tissue: Comparisons between Frozen and Ethanol‐Stored Samples
Authors: Olin Jill A. , Poulakis Gregg R. , Stevens Philip W. , DeAngelo Jacquelyn A. , Fisk Aaron T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractElasmobranch fin tissue has been sampled and archived for decades to support genetics research. However, these collections have the potential to provide additional information on the trophic ecology of and habitat use by elasmobranch species. The use of fin tissue is especially attractive considering the threatened status of many elasmobranchs and the call for limiting mortalities. Yet, the use of fin samples for stable isotope analysis requires either that (1) storage methods do not alter tissue isotope values or (2) any alterations in isotope composition that occur during storage are predictable. In this study, paired fin tissues sampled from Smalltooth Sawfish Pristis pectinata and cownose rays Rhinoptera spp. were stored frozen and in ethanol and were subsequently analyzed for carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope ratios. Fin δ13C and δ15N values were highly correlated between treatments for both taxa (r2 ≥ 0.80). For Smalltooth Sawfish, ethanol storage significantly increased fin δ13C values by 0.5 ± 0.1‰ (mean ± SE) and decreased fin δ15N values by 0.1 ± 0.1‰ relative to frozen samples; differences were similar for cownose rays (δ13C: 0.2 ± 0.2‰; δ15N: 0.2 ± 0.1‰) but were not significant. A range of approximately 3‰ for δ13C between treatments could have effects on data interpretation, suggesting the use of regressions for ethanol correction of δ13C values, although trends were comparable between frozen and ethanol‐preserved samples without correction. Given the low variability in δ15N values, a correction is not warranted. For endangered species such as the Smalltooth Sawfish, stable isotope analysis of ethanol‐archived fin samples can provide important information regarding habitat use and trophic ecology, with potential significance for conservation and management strategies. The general uniformity in isotope ratio shifts observed for archived samples between the two taxa suggests that these findings can be generalized across elasmobranch species.Received March 27, 2014; accepted July 30, 2014
Weak Motivational Internalism, Lite: Dispositions, Moral Judgments, and What We're Motivated to Do
Authors: Steinberg Jesse 
Published: October 2014

Motivational internalists hold that there is a necessary connection between an agent's moral judgments and what she is motivated to do. One way to express the central thesis of this view is as follows:Necessarily, for any agent5,if5judges that some available action is morally right (or good, or obligatory, or …) for5to perform (or to refrain from performing), then5is motivated, at least to some extent, to perform (or to refrain from performing) that action.This is, to borrow a phrase from David Lewis, quite an unlovely mouthful. Perhaps a simpler way of articulating things would be:Necessarily, an agent's sincere moral judgment that she ought to φ provides her with some motivation to φ.Yet another formulation of motivation internalism is:Necessarily, if an agent makes a moral judgment, then she has some desire that favours,inter alia,any course of action that judgment entails.
Knowing Your Own Beliefs
Authors: Schwitzgebel Eric 
Published: October 2014

How do you know your own beliefs? And how well do you know them? The two questions are related. I'll recommend a pluralist answer to the first question. The answer to the second question, I'll suggest, varies depending on features of the case.Self-scanning. Shaun Nichols and Stephen Stich (2003) say this: You have in your mind a functionally defined “belief box.” To believe some propositionP is just to have a representation with the content “P” in the belief box. You also have a monitoring mechanism that can scan the contents of the belief box. Normally, you come to know what you believe by deploying that scanner, creating a new belief in the belief box, a belief with the content “I believe thatP.” Self-scanning accounts admit of many possible variations and complications (e.g., Armstrong 1968, 1981, 1999; Lycan 1996; Goldman 2006), but the basic idea is that people have one or more interior monitors or scanners that detect the presence of beliefs and produce, as output, beliefs about those beliefs (or judgments about those beliefs, or representations of those beliefs).
The Normativity of Belief and Self-Fulfilling Normative Beliefs
Authors: Shah Nishi 
Published: October 2014

As Descartes famously pointed out in theSecond Meditation,the thought that someone is thinking is true anytime anyone thinks it. Furthermore, thinking it makes it true. Conversely, anytime anyone thinks that it is not the case that someone is thinking, this thought is false, and thinking it makes it false.l will argue that the propositions ‘There is at least one true normative proposition’ and ‘There are no true normative propositions’ have very similar properties. The proposition ‘There is at least one true normative proposition,’ like the proposition ‘Someone is thinking,’ is true anytime anyone believes it, and, in an important sense, it is made true by someone's believing it. Conversely, anytime anyone believes that there are no true normative propositions, the proposition he believes is false and his believing it makes it false.
Association of heterotrophic bacteria with aggregated Arthrospira platensis exopolysaccharides: implications in the induction of axenic cultures
Authors: Shiraishi Hideaki 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Inducing an axenic culture of the edible cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis using differential filtration alone is never successful; thus, it has been thought that, in non-axenic cultures, a portion of contaminating bacteria is strongly associated with Arthrospira cells. However, examination of the behavior of these bacteria during filtration revealed that they were not associated with Arthrospira cells but with aggregates of exopolysaccharides present in the medium away from the Arthrospira cells. Based on this finding, a rapid and reliable method for preparing axenic trichomes of A. platensis was established. After verifying the axenicity of the resulting trichomes on enriched agar plates, they were individually transferred to fresh sterile medium using a handmade tool, a microtrowel, to produce axenic cultures. With this technique, axenic cultures of various A. platensis strains were successfully produced. The technique described in this study is potentially applicable to a wider range of filamentous cyanobacteria.
Sprinting performance on the Woodway Curve 3.0TM is related to muscle architecture
Authors: Mangine Gerald T. , Fukuda David H. , Townsend Jeremy R. , Wells Adam J. , Gonzalez Adam M. , Jajtner Adam R. , Bohner Jonathan D. , LaMonica Michael , Hoffman Jay R. , Fragala Maren S. , Stout Jeffrey R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTo determine if unilateral measures of muscle architecture in the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) were related to (and predictive of) sprinting speed and unilateral (and bilateral) force (FRC) and power (POW) during a 30 s maximal sprint on the Woodway Curve 3.0TM non‐motorized treadmill (TM). Twenty‐eight healthy, physically active men (n = 14) and women (n = 14) (age = 22.9 ± 2.4 years; body mass = 77.1 ± 16.2 kg; height = 171.6 ± 11.2 cm; body‐fa t = 19.4 ± 8.1%) completed one familiarization and one 30‐s maximal sprint on the TM to obtain maximal sprinting speed, POW and FRC. Muscle thickness (MT), cross‐sectional area (CSA) and echo intensity (ECHO) of the RF and VL in the dominant (DOM; determined by unilateral sprinting power) and non‐dominant (ND) legs were measured via ultrasound. Pearson correlations indicated several significant (p < 0.05) relationships between sprinting performance [POW (peak, DOM and ND), FRC (peak, DOM, ND) and sprinting time] and muscle architecture. Stepwise regression indicated that POWDOM was predictive of ipsilateral RF (MT and CSA) and VL (CSA and ECHO), while POWND was predictive of ipsilateral RF (MT and CSA) and VL (CSA); sprinting power/force asymmetry was not predictive of architecture asymmetry. Sprinting time was best predicted by peak power and peak force, though muscle quality (ECHO) and the bilateral percent difference in VL (CSA) were strong architectural predictors. Muscle architecture is related to (and predictive of) TM sprinting performance, while unilateral POW is predictive of ipsilateral architecture. However, the extent to which architecture and other factors (i.e. neuromuscular control and sprinting technique) affect TM performance remains unknown.
Introducing dAUTObase: a first step towards the global scale geoepidemiology of autoimmune syndromes and diseases
Authors: Gkantouna Vassiliki A. , Kambouris Manousos E. , Viennas Emmanouil S. , Ioannou Zafeiria-Marina , Paraskevas Michael , Lagoumintzis George , Zagoriti Zoi , Patrinos George P. , Tzimas Giannis E. , Poulas Konstantinos 
Published: October 2014

Motivation: An autoimmune disorder occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own healthy body tissues. The initiation of a geoepidemiological database, for recording autoimmune incidents with a focus to clinical manifestations, demographic parameters and geographic background is crucial to detect correlations.
Results: The dAUTObase collects an ever increasing number of publications—currently counting 435—on autoimmune diseases’ frequencies in various populations and ethnic groups. The respective data have been hosted by a web application developed for the task. It uses three data visualization tools: the PivotViewer, the Disease Treemap and the Disease World Map, to assist the effective data querying.
Availability and implementation: The dAUTObase 2.0 version (www.biodata.gr/dautobase) needs no registration for querying, but data entry and modification is reserved for registered users (curators-administrators).
Contact: kpoulas@upatras.gr or tzimas@cti.gr
What caused seven consecutive years of low puerulus settlement in the western rock lobster fishery of Western Australia?
Authors: de Lestang Simon , Caputi Nick , Feng Ming , Denham Ainslie , Penn James , Slawinski Dirk , Pearce Alan , How Jason 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPuerulus settlement in the western rock lobster fishery has remained below average for seven consecutive years (2006/2007–2012/2013), with 2008/2009 being the lowest in over 40 years. Examination of the timing of the start of spawning using fishery-independent data since the mid-2000s indicated that spawning has been occurring earlier. The low settlement appears related to higher water temperatures at the time of the onset of spawning (October) since the mid-2000s. Statistical analysis shows that the most (71%) of the variation in puerulus settlement was explained by the timing of spawning, storm activity during autumn/spring, and offshore water temperatures in February. Earlier spawning may cause a mismatch with other environmental factors such as peaks in ocean productivity and/or storms that assist the larvae return to the coast and offshore water temperatures that help the early stage larval growth. These variables produced a plausible hypothesis to explain the decline in puerulus settlement for these 7 years, including the recruitment failure of 2008/2009. They also predicted the substantial improvement in settlement for 2013/2014. Egg production levels did not to have a significant relationship with puerulus settlement levels after taking environmental variables into account. Further verification with additional years is required to see whether this relationship is maintained. Global climate change may influence these environmental factors: the timing of spawning is influenced by water temperature and there has been a reduced trend of autumn to spring storms off southwest Australia.
Exportation of excess feed from Mediterranean fish farms to local fisheries through different targeted fish species
Authors: Izquierdo-Gómez David , González-Silvera Daniel , Arechavala-López Pablo , López-Jiménez José Ángel , Bayle-Sempere Just Tomás , Sánchez-Jerez Pablo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCoastal fisheries and sea cage aquaculture coexist along the coastal zone, and it has been suggested that wild fish feed on excess feed around farms. If this occurs, the condition of wild fish can increase and their lipid profile can become modified. However, the influence of fishfarming on coastal fisheries has not been described in detail. Four targeted species of different trophic gilds, Sardinella aurita, Caranx rhonchus, Mullus barbatus, and Pomatomus saltatrix were studied and the lipid profiles of individuals captured by coastal fisheries and around fish farms were compared. Results show that fish captured at farms showed increased levels of total lipids and/or the terrestrial fatty acids contained in feed pellets. Individuals with increased terrestrial fatty acid proportions were detected in the catch of small-scale artisanal fisheries but not among trawled fish. Consequently, this study demonstrates the influence of fishfarming on coastal fisheries through the exportation of excess feed in the shape of wild fish biomass.
Longline hook testing in the mouths of pelagic odontocetes
Authors: McLellan William A. , Arthur Logan H. , Mallette Sarah D. , Thornton Steven W. , McAlarney Ryan J. , Read Andrew J. , Pabst D. Ann 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Several species of odontocete cetaceans depredate bait and catch and, as a result, become hooked and entangled in pelagic longline fisheries. The present study measured how selected commercial longline hooks, including “weak hooks”, behaved within odontocete mouths. Five hooks (Mustad-16/0, Mustad-18/0, Mustad J-9/0, Korean 16, and Korean 18) were tested on three species of odontocetes known to interact with longline fisheries—short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus), and false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens). Specimens were secured to a stanchion, hooks were placed in the mouth at multiple positions along the dorsal lip, and the force required to pull each hook free was measured. The soft tissue lips of these odontocetes were capable of resisting forces up to 250 kg before failing. The polished steel M-16, M-18, and J-9 hooks straightened at forces between 50 and 225 kg, depending on hook gauge. When straightened, these hooks exposed the sharpened barb, which sliced through the lip tissue, usually releasing the hook intact. The K-16 and K-18 hooks behaved very differently, breaking at higher forces (110–250 kg) and consistently just at the barb; usually, there was measurable soft-tissue loss and often shards of the hook were retained within those soft tissues. The different behaviours of these two hook types—the M and J type polished steel vs. the K type carbon steel—were consistent across all species tested. Mechanical tests were also conducted to determine if hooks could fracture the mandible of these same odontocetes. Only the M-18 and K-18 hooks had sufficiently large gapes to hook around the mandible, and both hook types fractured bone in short-finned pilot whales and Risso's dolphins. These results support other lines of evidence indicating that longline hooks can cause serious injury to these species, and suggest possible steps to mitigate these impacts.
High-field Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Vocalization Processing in Marmosets
Authors: Sadagopan Srivatsun , Temiz Nesibe Z. , Voss Henning U. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractVocalizations are behaviorally critical sounds, and this behavioral importance is reflected in the ascending auditory system, where conspecific vocalizations are increasingly over-represented at higher processing stages. Recent evidence suggests that, in macaques, this increasing selectivity for vocalizations might culminate in a cortical region that is densely populated by vocalization-preferring neurons. Such a region might be a critical node in the representation of vocal communication sounds, underlying the recognition of vocalization type, caller and social context. These results raise the questions of whether cortical specializations for vocalization processing exist in other species, their cortical location, and their relationship to the auditory processing hierarchy. To explore cortical specializations for vocalizations in another species, we performed high-field fMRI of the auditory cortex of a vocal New World primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Using a sparse imaging paradigm, we discovered a caudal-rostral gradient for the processing of conspecific vocalizations in marmoset auditory cortex, with regions of the anterior temporal lobe close to the temporal pole exhibiting the highest preference for vocalizations. These results demonstrate similar cortical specializations for vocalization processing in macaques and marmosets, suggesting that cortical specializations for vocal processing might have evolved before the lineages of these species diverged.
The impact of work engagement and workaholism on well-being
Authors: Caesens Gaëtane , Stinglhamber Florence , Luypaert Gaylord 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper are twofold. First, the authors examined the effects of two types of working hard (i.e. work engagement, workaholism) on employees’ well-being (i.e. job satisfaction, perceived stress, and sleep problems). Second, the authors tested the extent to which both types of working hard mediate the relationship between three types of work-related social support (i.e. perceived organizational support, perceived supervisor support, and perceived coworker support) and employees’ well-being.Design/methodology/approach– An online questionnaire was administered to 343 PhD students.Findings– Results revealed that work engagement mediates the relationships between perceived organizational support and job satisfaction and perceived stress. Perceived organizational support has also a direct positive impact on job satisfaction and a direct negative impact on perceived stress and sleep problems. Furthermore, work engagement mediates the influence of perceived supervisor support on job satisfaction and perceived stress. Finally, workaholism was found to mediate the relationships between perceived coworker support, and job satisfaction, perceived stress, and sleep problems.Practical implications– The findings suggest that managers should promote practices in order to foster work engagement and prevent workaholism. In line with this, the findings indicated that the most powerful source of support that fosters work engagement is perceived supervisor support. Organizations should, therefore, train their supervisors to be supportive in their role of directing, evaluating and coaching subordinates or encourage supervisors to have regular meetings with their subordinates. Additionally, the results showed that perceived coworker support is the only source of work-related social support that has a negative influence on workaholism. Managers should foster coworker support, for instance by encouraging informal mentoring among employees in order to build a strong social network.Originality/value– Because scholars argued that each type of work-related social support might have different consequences and might vary in terms of strength of associations with their outcomes, the study aimed to examine the concomitant effects of three forms of work-related social support on two types of working hard which, in turn, influence employees’ well-being.
The impact of placements on students’ self-efficacy
Authors: Edwards Matt 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between work placements and employability, through an analysis of the impact of a work placement on students’ self-efficacy.

Design/methodology/approach
– The basis of this paper is a large-scale work-based learning module at the University of Birmingham, the “Professional Development Module”. Students completed questionnaires both before and after they undertaken their placements and the results from the questionnaires were compared. These results were then combined with the results of semi-structured interviews undertaken with students.

Findings
– The paper's findings support the view that a work placement has a positive impact on students’ self-efficacy, especially in relation to their confidence in making applications and/or attending interviews, and in articulating their skills and strengths.

Research limitations/implications
– While the relatively small sample size means that the paper's conclusions must remain provisional, it highlights the need for careers practitioners to encourage students to engage in critical self-reflection. The paper suggests that it is important for careers practitioners and researchers to engage in more collaborative projects in order for a fully rounded picture of the relationship between placements and employability to emerge. The paper shows that more research is needed into the relative impact of short- and long-term placements.

Originality/value
– The paper demonstrates the value of assessing students’ views both before and after their work placements so that these views can be compared directly.