bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Era of Prefectures and Counties: An Inquiry into the Power Structure and State Governance in Ancient Chinese Society
Authors: Ruohui Li 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In spite of all the vicissitudes that Chinese society underwent from the Qin (221-206 bc) to the Qing (ad 1644-1911) dynasties, the system of social government throughout this period as a whole was markedly different from that of Zhou. While the post-Qin dynasties adopted fa or laws to govern the nation, it was li or rituals that dominated in Zhou as a norm of social control. Hence the key to a fruitful inquiry into the administrative evolution of society from Zhou through Qing, a period spanning over two thousand years, lies in the investigation of the political shift from Zhou as a kingdom to Qin as an empire. Since li is a system of ritual propriety representing a consensus of both the upper and lower social strata on the constitution of state power, it is fundamentally different from fa due to its lack of a binding or coercive force. An artificial reorganization of society by a new form of social government called for a new political system known as junxian zhi (郡縣制), a bureaucratic system of centrally appointed local magistrates in “prefectures and counties.” The compulsory force of the law was guaranteed by the national army, and so a system of military officialdom ensured the command and monopoly over the army by the monarch. A fluid bureaucratic system, which enabled the ruling sovereign or monarch to delegate his authority to ministers and local officials, replaced the hereditary system of power by clan lineage. This paper begins with an analysis of the differences between the Confucians’ idea of rule by li and the Legalists’ idea of rule by law, and ends with a discussion on the birth and characteristics of the system of prefectures and commanderies.
Creativity in Song Daoxue 道學: Explication and Elaboration in Zhu Xi’s and Chen Chun’s Philosophy
Authors: Berthrong John 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This essay explores one hermeneutical method on the general features of the typology of Zhu Xi’s and Chen Chun’s axiological daoxue cosmology. While there are myriad ways to read Zhu’s daoxue, one fruitful approach is to analyze daoxue cosmology in terms of four domains or fields of focus, namely (1) patterns and coherent principles [form]; (2) dynamic functions and processes [dynamics]; (3) harmonizing cultural outcomes [unification]; and (4) axiological values and virtues [outcomes]. The study then proceeds to sample how important daoxue concepts such as li 理 as patterns and coherent principles and qi 氣 as generative energy are mapped onto the fourfold typology.
The Refracted Moment: Photographing Chinese History in the Making
Authors: Lessard Bruno 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This article examines the way in which both Western and Chinese photographers have documented Chinese history in the making by focusing on the photographic documentation of two key events in the formation of Chinese society: the 1911 Revolution that laid the foundation for the birth of the republic and the “energy revolution” that was the Three Gorges Dam project (1994-2012). The major difference between the two revolutions is that the latter was documented by the Chinese themselves. No longer relying upon images made by Westerners exclusively, as was the case in 1911, the Chinese appropriated this monumental event in their history to archive it photographically. The article offers a conceptual framework for understanding revolutionary events in the context of historiography and photography history. The analysis of various photographs of the 1911 Revolution by Francis Stafford and of the Three Gorges Dam project and area by Edward Burtynsky, Bill Zorn, Zeng Nian, and Yan Changjiang shows that the event remains an evanescent and quasi-impossible entity to capture photographically, and that photographers can only archive its refracted presence in the faces, landscapes, and objects in front of the lens. What the pictures unveil is that the refracted moments of these two events are far more significant than the actual events themselves for the photographers under study.
From kang (炕) to kongtiao (空调): China’s Twentieth Century Cooling
Authors: Williams Emily 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This essay suggests an alternative strategy for thinking about changes in Chinese society in recent decades, using not economic data or theories of development, but the metaphor of temperature. It argues that the cultural imperative in China has, in recent decades, switched from that of keeping warm to that of keeping cool. This change is made tangible through two key objects: the kang (炕), the northern Chinese heated bed, and the kongtiao (空调), the air conditioner. The antiquity of the kang is explored as an object that is key to the development of Chinese civilization in the inhospitable northern climes. Moving between physical and metaphorical ideas of heat, the essay argues that throughout much of the twentieth-century, heating remained the main focus. Twentieth-century revolutions and mass campaigns under Mao Zedong were undeniably ‘hot,’ aiming to stoke the fire of revolution and radical social change. Under the reforms following Mao’s death, however, politics ‘cooled off:’ the political system crystalized and the frenzy of mass campaigns cooled down. This was accompanied by social changes, including what can be called the rise of individual cool, defined by ironic detachment, hedonism and narcissism. The new cool society and cool persona find their architectural accompaniment in the kongtiao, the air conditioner, which has become a must for urban living, even in north China. The kongtiao is presented as an ultimately unsocial device, a machine with intensive energy requirements that dumps heat into communal spaces in the effort to preserve individual comfort.
The Effect of Meltwater Plumes on the Melting of a Vertical Glacier Face
Authors: Kimura Satoshi , Holland Paul R. , Jenkins Adrian , Piggott Matthew 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFreshwater produced by the surface melting of ice sheets is commonly discharged into ocean fjords from the bottom of deep fjord-terminating glaciers. The discharge of the freshwater forms upwelling plumes in front of the glacier calving face. This study simulates the meltwater plumes emanated into an unstratified environment using a nonhydrostatic ocean model with an unstructured mesh and subgrid-scale mixing calibrated by comparison to established plume theory. The presence of an ice face reduces the entrainment of seawater into the meltwater plumes, so the plumes remain attached to the ice front, in contrast to previous simple models. Ice melting increases with height above the discharge, also in contrast to some simple models, and the authors speculate that this “overcutting” may contribute to the tendency of icebergs to topple inwards toward the ice face upon calving. The overall melt rate is found to increase with discharge flux only up to a critical value, which depends on the channel size. The melt rate is not a simple function of the subglacial discharge flux, as assumed by many previous studies. For a given discharge flux, the geometry of the plume source also significantly affects the melting, with higher melt rates obtained for a thinner, wider source. In a wider channel, two plumes are emanated near the source and these plumes eventually coalesce. Such merged meltwater plumes ascend faster and increase the maximum melt rate near the center of the channel. The melt rate per unit discharge decreases as the subglacial system becomes more channelized.
Aircraft-Based Aerosol Sampling in Clouds: Performance Characterization of Flow-Restriction Aerosol Inlets
Authors: Craig Lucas , Moharreri Arash , Rogers David C. , Anderson Bruce , Dhaniyala Suresh 
Published: September 2014

AbstractInteraction of liquid cloud droplets and ice particles with aircraft aerosol inlets can result in the generation of a large number of secondary particles and contaminate aerosol measurements. Recent studies have shown that a sampler designed with a perpendicular subsampling tube located within a flow-through conduit (i.e., a flow-restriction inlet) was best suited for in-cloud sampling. Analysis of field data obtained from different flow-restriction inlets shows that their critical cloud droplet breakup diameters are strongly dependent on design details and operating conditions. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, in-cloud sampling performance of a selected inlet can be predicted reasonably accurately for known operating conditions. To understand the relation between inlet design parameters and its sampling performance, however, CFD calculations are impractical. Here, using a simple, representative one-dimensional velocity profile and a validated empirical droplet breakup criteria, a parametric study is conducted to understand the relationship between different inlet design features and operating conditions on its critical breakup diameters. The results of this study suggest that an optimal inlet for in-cloud aerosol sampling should have a combination of a restriction nozzle at the aft end of the flow-through conduit to minimize wall-impaction shatter artifacts and a blunt leading edge to minimize shatter artifact generation from the aerodynamic breakup of cloud droplets. Inlets for in-cloud aerosol sampling from aircraft will, therefore, differ significantly in design from those used for clear-air aerosol sampling.
Handling an Isolated Malleus Handle Fracture
Authors: Delrue Stefan , De Foer Bert , van Dinther Joost , Zarowski Andrzej , Somers Thomas , Casselman Jan , Offeciers Erwin 
Published: September 2014

Background: An isolated malleus handle fracture is rare and presents with vague otological symptoms. Diagnosis depends on careful history taking and otoscopic examination. Different treatment options are available. Reconstruction with hydroxyapatite bone cement is a relatively new technique. Objective: The aim of this article is to review the current diagnostic work-up and treatment options and to demonstrate our method of treatment with hydroxyapatite bone cement. Methods: Three cases, repaired with hydroxyapatite bone cement in a tertiary referral otologic center, were retrospectively analyzed. A review of the literature on diagnosis and treatment procedures was performed. Results: One fracture occurred by withdrawing a finger from the external auditory canal and 2 occurred without clear prior trauma. Our 3 cases were successfully repaired with hydroxyapatite bone cement. Conclusion: Diagnosis of an isolated malleus handle fracture still depends on careful clinical examination. In addition to pure tone audiometry, both low and higher frequency tympanometry may be useful. High resolution computed tomography with reformatting through the malleus handle is the most accurate imaging modality. Reconstruction with hydroxyapatite bone cement is reliable by restoring the original situation with only minimal manipulation and without additional ossicular interruption.
Predictors of Inhospital Mortality in Geriatric Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Doğan Nurettin Özgür , Akıncı Emine , Gümüş Haluk , Akıllı Nazire Belgin , Aksel Gökhan 
Published: September 2014

Aim: To determine the most important predictors of inhospital mortality that could be assessed in geriatric patients presenting with ischemic stroke at admission to the emergency department(ED). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out in geriatric patients with ischemic stroke who were diagnosed in the ED. The primary outcome measure was determined as all-cause inhospital mortality after 30 days of ischemic cerebrovascular event. Results: During the study period, 247 (35.7%) patients died in the hospital and 445 (64.3%) patients survived the 30-day period. The median age of the patients was 78 (72-83). Higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores (odds ratio [OR]: 2.085; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.835-2.370), increased creatinine levels (OR: 2.002; 95% CI: 1.235-3.243), increased platelet levels (OR:1.006; 95% CI: 1.002-1.010), and hyperglycemia (OR: 2.610; 95% CI: 1.023-6.660) were found as independent predictors of inhospital mortality. Conclusion: In evaluating geriatric patients with ischemic stroke, laboratory values including platelet count, creatinine levels, hyperglycemia, and NIHSS scores should be considered to predict inhospital mortality in the ED.
Environmental contamination by cyclophosphamide preparation: Comparison of conventional manual production in biological safety cabinet and robot-assisted production by APOTECAchemo
Authors: Schierl Rudolf , Masini Carla , Groeneveld Svenja , Fischer Elke , Böhlandt Antje , Rosini Valeria , Paolucci Demis 
Published: September 2014

Objectives The aim of this study was to compare environmental contamination of cyclophosphamide (CP) during 1 week of drug compounding by conventional manual procedure in a biological safety cabinet (BSC) with laminar airflow and a new robotic drug preparation system (APOTECAchemo). Methods During four consecutive days, similar numbers of infusion bags with cyclophosphamide were prepared with both techniques in a cross-over design. Wipe samples (49 for BSC, 50 for APOTECAchemo) were taken at several locations (gloves, infusion bags, trays, BSC-benches, floor) in the pharmacy and analyzed for CP concentrations by GC-MSMS (LOD 0.2 ng/sample). Results The detection rate was 70% in the BSC versus 15% in APOTECAchemo. During manual preparation of admixtures using BSC contamination with CP was below 0.001 ng/cm2 at most locations, but significant on gloves (0.0004–0.0967 ng/cm2) and the majority (70%) of infusion bags (<0.0004–2.89 ng/cm2). During robotic preparation by APOTECAchemo, gloves (1 of 8: 0.0007 ng/cm2) and infusion bags (3 of 20: 0.0005, 0.0019, 0.0094 ng/cm2) were considerably less contaminated. Residual contamination was found on the surfaces under the dosing device in the compounding area (0.0293–0.1603 ng/cm2) inside the robotic system. Conclusions Compared to outcomes of other studies, our results underline good manufacturing procedures in this pharmacy with low contamination for both techniques (BSC and APOTECAchemo). Comparison of both preparation procedures validated that contamination of infusion bags was much lower by using the robotic system.
Use of naloxone for reversal of life-threatening opioid toxicity in cancer-related pain
Authors: Howlett Christina , Gonzalez Rosa , Yerram Prakirthi , Faley Brian 
Published: September 2014

Objective To review the emergency-based approach to opioid toxicity reversal in cancer-related pain patients. Data source A MEDLINE and PubMed search was conducted (1966 to May 2014) using the terms opioids, cancer, naloxone, respiratory depression, morphine, morphine derivatives, emergency, and anaphylaxis. Methods of study selection English articles in human subjects identified from the MEDLINE and PubMed search were evaluated. Citations were excluded if they addressed acute overdoses, non-cancer pain, and/or acute, non-chronic pain. Data extraction and synthesis Pain is a common occurrence in the oncology population. Although toxicity from opioids is common, life-threatening toxicities are not. The use of naloxone in this particular patient population occurs frequently for any perceived opioid-related effect and can be detrimental to the oncology patient’s care and quality of life. Difficulties exist when attempting to separate opioid toxicity from disease progression or metastases and, therefore, a thorough history is needed prior to complete opioid reversal in this population. Severity of the opioid intoxication should dictate reversal strategy. Dosing strategies that take into account both the treatment of the opioid-related effects as well as the negative effects reversal will have on the patient are offered. We also review the pre-hospital setting and identified the need for protocols that not only take the patient’s symptoms into account, but also the patient’s cancer history. Conclusion Opioid reversal protocols should be developed by a multi-disciplinary team. Each protocol should differentiate those toxicities which are life-threatening and require complete opioid reversal with toxicities that require small aliquots of naloxone to mitigate the presenting symptoms.
Molecular detection of haemotropic Mycoplasma species in urban and rural cats from Portugal
Authors: Duarte Ana , Marques Vânia , Correia José Henrique Duarte , Neto Isabel , Bráz Berta São , Rodrigues Cláudia , Martins Telma , Rosado Ricardo , Ferreira Joaquim Pedro , Santos-Reis Margarida , Tavares Luis 
Published: September 2014

Objectives The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of haemoplasma infection in cats in Portugal and to assess risk factors for infection. Methods Real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to assess 236 urban and rural cats from central and southern Portugal. Results The overall prevalence of haemoplasma in the target population was 27.1% (64/236), with individual species’ prevalences as follows: 17.8% (42/236) ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ (CMhm), 14.4% (34/236) Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf) and only 5.9% (14/236) ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis’ (CMt). Multiple infections were detected in 8.1% (19/236) of the samples, with triple and double infections with Mhf and CMhm being most commonly detected (5.9% [14/236] of cats). Haemoplasma infection was significantly higher in shelter cats ( P = 0.015) than in cats with other lifestyles (eg, free-roaming/house pet/blood donors). Haemoplasma prevalence was also higher in cats with feline immunodeficiency virus infection (FIV; P = 0.011). Although sex was not significantly associated with haemoplasma infection ( P = 0.050), CMt was predominantly found in males ( P = 0.032). Also, the presence of haemoplasma multiple infections was statistically associated with being in a shelter ( P = 0.021), male ( P = 0.057) and with FIV co-infection ( P = 0.004). No evidence of an association between haemoplasma infection and geographical location, age or feline leukaemia virus co-infection was found. Conclusions and relevance The results obtained in our study are consistent with the documented worldwide prevalence of feline haemoplasma infections, suggesting that the three main feline haemoplasma species are common in Portugal.
Patterns of shoulder pain during a 14-year follow-up: results from a longitudinal population study in Norway
Authors: Engebretsen Kaia B , Grotle Margreth , Natvig Bård 
Published: September 2014

Background Population studies have reported that shoulder pain is the third most frequently reported musculoskeletal pain. Long duration, pain intensity and high level of disability predict persistent complaints. The present study aimed to describe the prevalence of shoulder pain in a general population and follow this over a long period (1990 to 2004). The objective was also to describe the stability of shoulder pain and patterns of co-occurrence with neck and upper back pain. Methods Data were obtained from a self-reported questionnaire in a population in Ullensaker muncipality, north-east of Oslo. The Standard Nordic Questionnaire was sent in 1990, 1994 and 2004 to inhabitants belonging to six birth cohorts from 1918–20 to 1968–70. Results The 1-year prevalence of shoulder pain was 46.7% (95% CI, 44.9% to 48.6%) in 1990, 48.7% (95% CI, 46.8% to 50.5%) in 1994, and 55.2% (95% CI, 53.5% to 56.9%) in 2004. Approximately three-quarters of the persons with shoulder pain at one given time also reported shoulder pain at the next follow-up. Conclusions Prevalence of shoulder pain during a 14-year period was high and slightly increasing. Shoulder pain was reported most frequently in co-occurrence with neck pain. Classification models should include neck pain as well as other co-occurring pain sites.
Robotic pyeloplasty: Initial experience of a single UK centre
Authors: Lamb Benjamin W , Vasdev Nikhil , Mourtzilas Evangelos , Hanbury Damian C , Lane Tim M , Adshead James M 
Published: September 2014

Objective: We present our experience and outcomes at a single UK robotic centre of robotic-assisted laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty for the treatment of pelvo-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO). Materials and methods: Between July 2009 and July 2013, 20 robotic-assisted transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasties were performed by four surgeons. Data were obtained from patient case notes, patient charts, and radiographic reports. Results: A total of 20 robot-assisted laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasties were performed in 11 men and nine women. Mean age at treatment was 37 years (range 16–75) with an average follow-up of 14 months (five to 24). The average console time was two hours: 8 minutes (1:30–3:30), mean drop in haemoglobin 0.67 g/dl (−3.5 to +1.3), mean change in serum creatinine −0.5 (−22 to +18). The average time to post-operative catheter removal was 1.64 days (one to two), to post-operative drain removal 2.43 days (two to three), and to discharge 2.8 days (two to four). The average time to stent removal was 6.1 weeks (six to eight). At the mean follow-up of 14 months no major perioperative complications had occurred and no patients were re-admitted within 30 days of operation. The success rate was 95%; one patient required a second procedure in the form of an open redo-pyeloplasty because of continued pain and radiographic evidence of continued obstruction. Conclusions: These results suggest that robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty is a feasible treatment for PUJO in a UK centre. Low rates of morbidity, short post-operative stay and high success rates at our centre are comparable with other series. Longer follow-up of this cohort is needed to demonstrate durable and effective outcomes.
Multiple resistance-activating substances produced by Humicola phialophoroides isolated from soil for control of Phytophthora blight of pepper
Authors: Yang Ching-Hui , Lin Mei-Ju , Su Huey-Jen , Ko Wen-Hsiung 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background
Microorganisms capable of utilizing vegetable tissues for multiplication in soil were isolated, cultivated in liquid medium prepared from the same vegetable tissues, and tested for ability to activate resistance in pepper leaves against Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsici.

Results
Among the 121 microorganisms isolated, a fungus Humicola phialophoroides showed distinct ability to produce substances capable of activating resistance. The resistance-activating substances produced by H. phialophoroides were mostly retained in the mycelium, and were readily extracted from the mycelium powder with polar solvents. The extract was not inhibitory to zoospore germination or germ tube growth of P. capsici. In pepper leaves, the extract took only about 12 h to activate resistance against P. capsici. After activation, washing treated leaf surface with water did not have much effect on the resistance expression. In addition to being able to move from the upper leaf surface to lower leaf surface, the resistance-activating substances were capable of moving 5 mm acropetally and 10 mm basipetally in pepper leaves, Chromatography of the extract on silica gel column suggests that there are probably more than three components in the extract with resistance-activating ability. The resistance-activating activity of the mycelium extract was not affected by treatment with either cation or anion exchange resins, indicating that none of the active components have positive or negative charges on their molecules.

Conclusion
Results show that H. phialophoroides is capable of producing multiple resistance-activating substances which are mostly retained in the mycelium. The study also indicates that none of the active components have positive or negative charges on their molecules.