bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extinction ratio and wavelength flatness for imbalanced Mach–Zehnder interferometer in silicon‐on‐insulator
Authors: Hsu Shih‐Hsiang , Chung Yi , Wang Chih‐Ming , Yang Yung‐Chia 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe imbalanced Mach–Zehnder interferometer typically uses two multimode interferences individually connected with different path length for interferometric applications. When the optical loss difference between two phase arms is significant, the new splitting scheme using Mach–Zehnder based directional coupler could compensate loss discrepancy for higher extinction ratio and wavelength independence. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2950–2952, 2014
An inductorless CMOS single‐to‐differential transimpedance amplifier with gain‐enhanced topology and postamplifier
Authors: Lai Mu‐Tsung , Tsao Hen‐Wai 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThis article presents an inductorless single‐to‐differential (S2D) transimpedance amplifier (TIA) with gain‐enhanced topology and postamplifier (PA) for the front‐end of an optical communication receiver. Using the regulated cascode topology with S2D converter, the proposed TIA can avoid the use of extra balance–unbalance (balun) converter. In addition, by incorporating dual active feedback in the cascaded gain stages of PA, the bandwidth of the proposed circuit can be effectively extended without using any inductor. Using a standard 90 nm CMOS process, the proposed circuit exhibits a maximum transimpedance gain of 59 dB Ω and the −3 dB bandwidth of 9.6 GHz. Operated at a supply voltage of 1.2 V, the power consumption of the fabricated circuit is only 45 mW, and maximum usable data rate is 12.5‐Gb/s. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2953–2958, 2014
Myocardial perfusion assessment in humans using steady‐pulsed arterial spin labeling
Authors: Capron Thibaut , Troalen Thomas , Robert Benjamin , Jacquier Alexis , Bernard Monique , Kober Frank 
Published: September 2014

PurposeAlthough arterial spin labeling (ASL) has become a routinely performed method in the rodent heart, its application to the human heart remains challenged by low tissue blood flow and cardiac and respiratory motion. We hypothesized that an alternative steady‐pulsed ASL (spASL) method would provide more efficient perfusion signal averaging by driving the tissue magnetization into a perfusion‐dependent steady state.MethodsWe evaluated the feasibility of spASL in the human heart by combining pulsed labeling in the aortic root with a balanced steady state free precession sequence. The spASL scheme was applied to 13 subjects under free breathing. Breathing motion was addressed using retrospective image exclusion based on a contour‐based cross‐correlation algorithm.ResultsThe measured signal with spASL was due to labeled blood. We found that the perfusion signal was larger than that obtained with the earlier flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) method. Averaged myocardial blood flow (MBF) over four myocardial regions was 1.28 ± 0.36 mL·g−1·min−1.ConclusionspASL was able to quantify MBF in healthy subjects under free breathing. Because quantification with ASL is more direct than with first‐pass perfusion MRI, it appears particularly suited for pathologies with diffuse microvascular alterations, MBF reserve, and follow‐up studies. Magn Reson Med 74:990–998, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Volatility analysis in high‐frequency financial data
Authors: Wang Yazhen , Zou Jian 
Published: September 2014

In this paper we provide a detailed review of univariate and multivariate volatility analysis within the framework of high‐frequency financial data setting. The field of volatility modeling and analysis for high‐frequency financial data has experienced a rapid development over the past decade. High‐frequency financial data pose tremendous challenges on volatility modeling and analysis, such as microstructure noise, non‐synchronization, irregularly spaced times between observations, nonstationarity, and jumps. We present models for asset prices and high‐frequency financial data. We discuss common volatility estimators such as realized volatility, two‐time scale and multi‐scale realized volatility estimators, realized kernel volatility estimator and pre‐averaging volatility estimator in the univariate setting. For estimating co‐volatility, we illustrate data synchronization methods including previous tick, refresh time, and generalized sampling time and present two‐time scale and multi‐scale realized volatility matrix estimators, realized kernel volatility estimator, and the quasi‐maximum likelihood method built on the synchronized data. We also feature pre‐averaging volatility and Hayashi‐Yoshida estimators which are based on inexplicit data synchronization. We provide detailed formulation and properties for each estimator or method and point out their relationships and differences. Given the recent interests in big data and high‐dimensional statistics, large volatility matrix inference approaches are highlighted in the end. WIREs Comput Stat 2014, 6:393–404. doi: 10.1002/wics.1330For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Computational Finance
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Nonparametric Methods
Data: Types and Structure > Time Series, Stochastic Processes, and Functional Data
African‐American TOMM40'523‐APOEhaplotypes are admixture of West African and Caucasian alleles
Authors: Roses Allen D. , Lutz Michael W. , Saunders Ann M. , Goldgaber Dmitry , Saul Robert , Sundseth Scott S. , Akkari P. Anthony , Roses Stephanie M. , Gottschalk W. Kirby , Whitfield Keith E. , Vostrov Alexander A. , Hauser Michael A. , Allingham R. Rand , Burns Daniel K. , Chiba‐Falek Ornit , Welsh‐Bohmer Kathleen A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies have demonstrated a lower apolipoprotein E4 (APOEε4) allele frequency in African‐Americans, but yet an increased age‐related prevalence of AD. An algorithm for prevention clinical trials incorporating TOMM40'523 (Translocase of Outer Mitochondria Membrane) andAPOEdepends on accurate TOMM40'523‐APOEhaplotypes.MethodsWe have compared theAPOEand TOMM40'523 phased haplotype frequencies of a 9.5 kb TOMM40/APOEgenomic region in West African, Caucasian, and African‐American cohorts.ResultsAfrican‐American haplotype frequency scans of poly‐T lengths connected in phase with eitherAPOEε4 orAPOEε3 differ from both West Africans and Caucasians and represent admixture of several distinct West African and Caucasian haplotypes. A new West African TOMM40'523 haplotype, withAPOEε4 connected to a short TOMM40'523 allele, is observed in African‐Americans but not Caucasians.ConclusionThese data have therapeutic implications for the age of onset risk algorithm estimates and the design of a prevention trial for African‐Americans or other mixed ethnic populations.
TNF‐α promotes invasive growth through the MET signaling pathway
Authors: Bigatto Viola , De Bacco Francesca , Casanova Elena , Reato Gigliola , Lanzetti Letizia , Isella Claudio , Sarotto Ivana , Comoglio Paolo M. , Boccaccio Carla 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe inflammatory cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF‐α) is known to trigger invasive growth, a physiological property for tissue healing, turning into a hallmark of progression in cancer. However, the invasive response to TNF‐α relies on poorly understood molecular mechanisms. We thus investigated whether it involves the MET oncogene, which regulates the invasive growth program by encoding the tyrosine kinase receptor for Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF). Here we show that the TNF‐α pro‐invasive activity requires MET function, as it is fully inhibited by MET‐specific inhibitors (small‐molecules, antibodies, and siRNAs). Mechanistically, we show that TNF‐α induces MET transcription via NF‐κB, and exploits MET to sustain MEK/ERK activation and Snail accumulation, leading to E‐cadherin downregulation. We then show that TNF‐α not only induces MET expression in cancer cells, but also HGF secretion by fibroblasts. Consistently, we found that, in human colorectal cancer tissues, high levels of TNF‐α correlates with increased expression of both MET and HGF. These findings suggest that TNF‐α fosters a HGF/MET pro‐invasive paracrine loop in tumors. Targeting this ligand/receptor pair would contribute to prevent cancer progression associated with inflammation.
The effect of reducing dietary energy density via the addition of water to a dry diet, on body weight, energy intake and physical activity in adult neutered cats
Authors: Alexander Janet E. , Colyer Alison , Morris Penelope J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIncreasingly domestic cats live in an overfeeding and underexercising environment where obesity is a major health concern. One strategy to aid healthy body weight maintenance is dietary energy dilution. Published data indicate that increasing dietary moisture content leads to a reduction in energy intake and increased activity. However, a number of different methodologies were employed in these studies and associated changes in physical activity have only been measured once. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of diets of three different moisture contents offered in excess of energy requirements, on body weight, energy intake and physical activity in adult neutered cats. Sixty-nine adult cats randomised into three groups, received 100 % of their daily individual maintenance energy requirements (IMER) of dry diet or dry diet hydrated to 40 or 80 % total moisture content (tmc). Baseline activity, intake, body weight and body composition were measured. Following this baseline phase, the cats received the same diets at 200 % of daily IMER and the measurements repeated over the next 28 d. When offered the diets at 200 % IMER, cats fed the dry diet significantly increased body weight and percentage of body fat (P < 0·01), while those offered the hydrated diets did not (P > 0·01). The levels of physical activity in cats offered the hydrated 80 % tmc diet were significantly (P < 0·01) higher than those offered the dry or 40 % tmc diet. We suggest that dietary energy dilution by addition of water may be a useful strategy for healthy body weight maintenance in overfed cats.
Alterations to oxidative stress markers in dogs after a short-term stress during transport
Authors: Ferreira Chayanne S. , Vasconcellos Ricardo S. , Pedreira Raquel S. , Silva Flavio L. , Sá Fabiano C. , Kroll Fernanda S. A. , Maria Ana P. J. , Venturini Katiani S. , Carciofi Aulus C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWhile methods to evaluate antioxidant capacity in animals exist, one problem with the models is induction of oxidative stress. It is necessary to promote a great enough challenge to induce measurable alterations to oxidative parameters while ensuring the protocol is compatible with animal welfare. The aim of the present study was to evaluate caged transport as a viable short-term stress that would significantly affect oxidative parameters. Twenty adult Beagle dogs, maintained on the same diet for 60 d prior to the transport, were included in the study. To simulate the stress, the dogs were housed in pairs in transport cages (1·0 m × 1·0 m × 1·5 m), placed on a truck coupled to a trailer and transported for a period of 15 min. Blood collection was performed immediately before and again 3 h after the transportation to evaluate oxidative parameters in blood serum, including thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), sequestration activity of the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•), protein carbonylation (PC), total sulfhydryl groups (SH), alpha-tocopherol (αToc) and retinol (Ret). PC, SH and αToc were not significantly changed in the study; however, TBARS, TAC and DPPH increased, whereas Ret decreased after the transport. Although the lack of a control group of dogs not submitted to transport is a limitation to be considered, we conclude that the transport model is effective in inducing an antioxidant response in dogs and relevant blood parameters show sensitivity to this proposed model.
A Zebrafish Embryo Behaves both as a “Cortical Shell – Liquid Core” Structure and a Homogeneous Solid when Experiencing Mechanical Forces
Authors: Liu Fei , Wu Dan , Chen Ken 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMechanical properties are vital for living cells, and various models have been developed to study the mechanical behavior of cells. However, there is debate regarding whether a cell behaves more similarly to a “cortical shell – liquid core” structure (membrane-like) or a homogeneous solid (cytoskeleton-like) when experiencing stress by mechanical forces. Unlike most experimental methods, which concern the small-strain deformation of a cell, we focused on the mechanical behavior of a cell undergoing small to large strain by conducting microinjection experiments on zebrafish embryo cells. The power law with order of 1.5 between the injection force and the injection distance indicates that the cell behaves as a homogenous solid at small-strain deformation. The linear relation between the rupture force and the microinjector radius suggests that the embryo behaves as membrane-like when subjected to large-strain deformation. We also discuss the possible reasons causing the debate by analyzing the mechanical properties of F-actin filaments.
Global profiling of co- and post-translationally N-myristoylated proteomes in human cells
Authors: Thinon Emmanuelle , Serwa Remigiusz A. , Broncel Malgorzata , Brannigan James A. , Brassat Ute , Wright Megan H. , Heal William P. , Wilkinson Anthony J. , Mann David J. , Tate Edward W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractProtein N-myristoylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification that has been implicated in the development and progression of a range of human diseases. Here, we report the global N-myristoylated proteome in human cells determined using quantitative chemical proteomics combined with potent and specific human N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) inhibition. Global quantification of N-myristoylation during normal growth or apoptosis allowed the identification of >100 N-myristoylated proteins, >95% of which are identified for the first time at endogenous levels. Furthermore, quantitative dose response for inhibition of N-myristoylation is determined for >70 substrates simultaneously across the proteome. Small-molecule inhibition through a conserved substrate-binding pocket is also demonstrated by solving the crystal structures of inhibitor-bound NMT1 and NMT2. The presented data substantially expand the known repertoire of co- and post-translational N-myristoylation in addition to validating tools for the pharmacological inhibition of NMT in living cells.
Speech Intelligibility in Deaf Children After Long-Term Cochlear Implant Use
Authors: Montag Jessica L. , AuBuchon Angela M. , Pisoni David B. , Kronenberger William G. 
Published: September 2014

PurposeThis study investigated long-term speech intelligibility outcomes in 63 prelingually deaf children, adolescents, and young adults who received cochlear implants (CIs) before age 7 (M= 2;11 [years;months], range = 0;8–6;3) and used their implants for at least 7 years (M= 12;1, range = 7;0–22;5).MethodSpeech intelligibility was assessed using playback methods with naïve, normal-hearing listeners.ResultsMean intelligibility scores were lower than scores obtained from an age- and nonverbal IQ–matched, normal-hearing control sample, although the majority of CI users scored within the range of the control sample. Our sample allowed us to investigate the contribution of several demographic and cognitive factors to speech intelligibility. CI users who used their implant for longer periods of time exhibited poorer speech intelligibility scores. Crucially, results from a hierarchical regression model suggested that this difference was due to more conservative candidacy criteria in CI users with more years of use. No other demographic variables accounted for significant variance in speech intelligibility scores beyond age of implantation and amount of spoken language experience (assessed by communication mode and family income measures).ConclusionMany factors that have been found to contribute to individual differences in language outcomes in normal-hearing children also contribute to long-term CI users' ability to produce intelligible speech.
Introduction.
Authors: Dukes J. S. , Ziska L. H. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

This book, divided into four parts, aims to provide a means for understanding the consequences of invasive species (such as weeds) and climate change, not in isolation but in a synergistic context. The first part of the book outlines the dimensions of the problem. The second part of the book highlights the global synergy between climate change and invasive species with 'case studies' from around the world. The third part deals with the issue of managing new invasive threats in a changing climate. Part IV addresses the issue of what can be done when invasive species do show up on your doorstep.
Non-native species in Antarctic terrestrial environments: the impacts of climate change and human activity.
Authors: Hughes K. A. , Convey P. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Antarctic terrestrial biodiversity is simple compared to other regions of the Earth, with many higher taxonomic groups not represented, due to the continent's isolation, the severe climatic conditions and the relative scarcity of suitable habitats. So far, Antarctic biodiversity has been little affected by nonnative species introductions, due to (i) the late arrival of humans on the continent (c.1820), (ii) the overall low intensity of human activity and (iii) the concentration of most of that activity around a limited number of research stations and tourist sites, such as exist on the Antarctic Peninsula. However, human activity is increasing, and Antarctica is increasingly vulnerable to the human-mediated importation of non-native species and the redistribution of indigenous Antarctic species. While the Antarctic Peninsula is one of the most rapidly warming regions on the planet, the Antarctic continent has, so far, experienced relatively little climatic change, but this is expected to change over the next century. Consequently, terrestrial communities are increasingly vulnerable, as climate change increases the risk of non-native species establishment and dispersal. This chapter describes non-native species in Antarctica that have already become established. Also described are the eradications that have been attempted and the practicality of minimizing microbial introductions. Finally, the chapter discusses recent policy developments relating to nonnative species and suggests that more needs to be done by the Antarctic Treaty Parties to implement biosecurity practices and eradicate existing non-native colonists, before fragile Antarctic communities are changed irreversibly.
Synergies between climate change and species invasions: evidence from marine systems.
Authors: Sorte C. J. B. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

The hypothesis that climate change will facilitate species invasions has recently received increasing focus in studies of marine systems. Over the past decade, approaches to testing this hypothesis have shifted from time-series observations of concomitant increases in both processes to experimental tests that are beginning to reveal the mechanisms underlying the synergies between these two aspects of global change. The results of many studies conform to expectations that under climate change, invasive species' abundances, ranges and per capita effects - collectively indicative of invader impacts - will increase. However, there remain significant gaps in our understanding of responses to non-thermal factors (such as changes in ocean pH, dissolved oxygen and storm events) and how species-specific idiosyncrasies will manifest in changes at the community level. Continued exploration of the synergies between climate change and species invasions will help us to anticipate potential indirect effects (mediated through the responses of interacting invaders) on native species, which may themselves also be directly affected by climate change.
Climate, CO2 and invasive weed management.
Authors: Ziska L. H. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Given the economic and environmental harm caused by invasive weeds, one of the fundamental objectives of weed biologists is to manage invasive populations in order to minimize their impact following introduction. At present, in most developed countries, chemical application remains the principal means of management regarding spread and impact. Yet, it is becoming increasingly clear that there are a number of direct and indirect effects between climate change and rising carbon dioxide levels [CO2] that are likely to alter herbicide efficacy. For those data that suggest a reduction in effectiveness, primarily with rising CO2 levels, there are several (as yet untested) possible physiological and/or physical mechanisms. At present, it appears that a single ubiquitous explanation for reduced efficacy in the context of climate change is unlikely. A number of alternative non-chemical weed control methods are available, and a combination of available management methods under the rubric of integrated pest management may provide a robust strategy to minimize climate change/[CO2] impacts on weed management. Overall, looking forward, it is highly likely that current chemical control practices will need to change to cope with emerging challenges related to increasing herbicide resistance and extreme variation in climate parameters (e.g. drought). It is also clear that research to adapt herbicide management to these challenges deserves more time and attention than it has received to date.
Sodium Thiosulfate Attenuates Acute Lung Injury in Mice
Authors: Sakaguchi Masahiro , Marutani Eizo , Shin Hae-sook , Chen Wei , Hanaoka Kenjiro , Xian Ming , Ichinose Fumito 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background:
Acute lung injury is characterized by neutrophilic inflammation and increased lung permeability. Thiosulfate is a stable metabolite of hydrogen sulfide, a gaseous mediator that exerts antiinflammatory effects. Although sodium thiosulfate (STS) has been used as an antidote, the effect of STS on acute lung injury is unknown. The authors assessed the effects of STS on mice lung and vascular endothelial cells subjected to acute inflammation.

Methods:
Lung injury was assessed in mice challenged with intratracheal lipopolysaccharide or subjected to cecal ligation and puncture with or without STS. Effects of STS on endothelial permeability and the production of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species were examined in cultured endothelial cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide or tumor necrosis factor-α. Levels of sulfide and sulfane sulfur were measured using novel fluorescence probes.

Results:
STS inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced production of cytokines (interleukin-6 [pg/ml]; 313 ± 164, lipopolysaccharide; 79 ± 27, lipopolysaccharide + STS [n = 10]), lung permeability, histologic lung injury, and nuclear factor-κB activation in the lung. STS also prevented up-regulation of interleukin-6 in the mouse lung subjected to cecal ligation and puncture. In endothelial cells, STS increased intracellular levels of sulfide and sulfane sulfur and inhibited lipopolysaccharide or tumor necrosis factor-α–induced production of cytokines and reactive oxygen species. The beneficial effects of STS were associated with attenuation of the lipopolysaccharide-induced nuclear factor-κB activation through the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor 6 ubiquitination.

Conclusions:
STS exerts robust antiinflammatory effects in mice lung and vascular endothelium. The results suggest a therapeutic potential of STS in acute lung injury.