bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic implantation of dedifferentiated fat cells ameliorated monoclonal antibody 1-22-3-induced glomerulonephritis by immunosuppression with increases in TNF-stimulated gene 6
Authors: Maruyama Takashi , Fukuda Noboru , Matsumoto Taro , Kano Koichiro , Endo Morito , Kazama Minako , Kazama Tomohiko , Ikeda Jin , Matsuda Hiroyuki , Ueno Takahiro , Abe Masanori , Okada Kazuyoshi , Soma Masayoshi , Matsumoto Koichi , Kawachi Hiroshi 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Implantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has recently been reported to repair tissue injuries through anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. We established dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells that show identical characteristics to MSCs.

Methods
We examined the effects of 106 of DFAT cells infused through renal artery or tail vein on monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1-22-3-induced glomerulonephritis (as an immunological type of renal injury) and adriamycin-induced nephropathy (as a non-immunological type of renal injury) in rats. The mAb 1-22-3-injected rats were also implanted with 106 of DFAT cells transfected with TSG-6 siRNA through tail vein.

Results
Although DFAT cells transfused into blood circulation through the tail vein were trapped mainly in lungs without reaching the kidneys, implantation of DFAT cells reduced proteinuria and improved glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. Implantation of DFAT cells through the tail vein significantly decreased expression of kidney injury molecule-1, collagen IV and fibronectin mRNAs, whereas nephrin mRNA expression was increased. Implantation of DFAT cells did not improve adriamycin-induced nephropathy, but significantly decreased the glomerular influx of macrophages, common leukocytes and pan T cells. However, the glomerular influx of helper T cells, was increased. Implantation of DFAT cells decreased expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12β mRNAs and increased expression of TNF-stimulated gene (TSG)-6 mRNA in renal cortex from mAb 1-22-3-injected rats. The basal level of TSG-6 protein was significantly higher in DFAT cells than in fibroblasts. Expression of TSG-6 mRNA in MCs cocultured with DFAT cells was significantly higher than in mesangial cells or DFAT cells alone. Systematic implantation of DFAT cells with TSG-6 siRNA through tail vein did not improve proteinuria, renal dysfunction and renal degeneration in the mAb 1-22-3-injected rats.

Conclusion
Systematic implantation of DFAT cells effectively ameliorated mAb 1-22-3-induced glomerulonephritis through immunosuppressive effects accompanied by the suppression of macrophage infiltration and expression of IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12β, and increased production of serum and renal TSG-6 that improved the mAb 1-22-3-induced renal degeneration by the immunosuppressive effects of TSG-6. Thus DFAT cells will be suitable cell source for the treatment of immunological progressive renal diseases.
The extracellular death factor (EDF) protects Escherichia coli by scavenging hydroxyl radicals induced by bactericidal antibiotics
Authors: Yan Zhongyi , Li Guodong , Gao Yanfeng , Zhai Wenjie , Qi Yuanming , Zhai Mingxia 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The newly discovered extracellular death factor (EDF) is a pentapeptide with the sequence NNWNN in Escherichia coli. It was reported that it participated in the cell death process mediated by toxin-antitoxin system mazEF. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are recently considered as common factors for bactericidal antibiotics-mediated cell death. Previous study indicated that EDF could scavenge hydroxyl radicals and might act as a signal molecule with dual effects, “death” and “survival”. But the structure-activity relationship of EDF and the effects of EDF on the activity of antibiotics remain unclear. In the present study, our results indicated that tryptophan could be the key residue to the hydroxyl radicals-scavenging activity of EDF, and EDF could protect Escherichia coli from killing by bactericidal antibiotics, but not by DNA-damaging or bacteriostatic antibiotics. Our results could provide novel evidence to understand the role of EDF in drug-resistance.
Sulfuric Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Sorbitol: Mechanistic Study on Preferential Formation of 1,4-Sorbitan
Authors: Yabushita Mizuho , Kobayashi Hirokazu , Shrotri Abhijit , Hara Kenji , Ito Shogo , Fukuoka Atsushi 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
1,4-Sorbitan is a precursor to environmentally benign surfactants, which can be produced from biomass via sorbitol. Currently, sulfuric acid-catalyzed dehydration of sorbitol is the most widely used route for industrial synthesis of 1,4-sorbitan. In this work, we have studied the mechanism of the sorbitol dehydration by sulfuric acid. Our results show that both thermodynamic and kinetic parameters play significant roles to determine the yield of 1,4-sorbitan. Sorbitol preferentially forms an adduct with sulfuric acid, thereby inhibiting the subsequent dehydration of 1,4-sorbitan to isosorbide. Furthermore, a reaction mechanism is proposed for the dehydration reaction, which involves an SN2 reaction on primary C1 of sorbitol attacked by OH of secondary C4.
Collateral and the Choice Between Bank Debt and Public Debt
Authors: Lin Leming 
Published: April 2015

This paper tests how collateral value affects a firm’s choice between bank debt and public debt by considering the exogenous variation in the market value of a firm’s real-estate assets caused by fluctuations in local real-estate prices. Using local land supply elasticities as an instrument for local real-estate prices, I estimate that a one-standard-deviation increase in collateral value causes bank debt as a fraction of total debt to increase by six percentage points. This paper was accepted by Wei Jiang, finance.
Local minimizers of the Willmore functional
Authors: Skorzinski Florian 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Since the Willmore functional is invariant with respect to conformal transformations and reparametrizations, the kernel of the second derivative of the functional at a critical point will always contain a subspace generated by these transformations. We prove that the second derivative being positive definite outside this space is a sufficient condition for a critical point to be a local minimizer.
The pseudosymmetric crystal structure of a Dy(III) complex with 3-(3- pyridin-4-yl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl)propionic acid, C30H26DyN9O10
Authors: Zhang Fang , Huang Fang , Jin Ying , Chen Qifan , Quan Wenjing , Liu Fei 
Published: April 2015

Abstract C30H26DyN9O10, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 7.706(5) Å, b = 14.965(5) Å, c = 15.859(5) Å, α = 115.358(5)°, β = 93.621(5)°, γ = 101.313(5)°, V = 1598.0 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0417, wRref(F2) = 0.1248, T = 293 K.
Positioning selves, doing relational work and constructing identities in interview talk
Authors: Miller Elizabeth R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article draws on positioning theory and uses Bamberg’s (2005) three-level analytic approach to analyze how identity construction and relational work implicate the other and are co-constitutive processes in local interactions. To that end, it examines a sequence of excerpts taken from an interview involving the author and a Vietnamese woman and analyzes the co-constructed positioning of self and other that developed over the course of the interview conversation. The article focuses on how (non)delicate topics are introduced, responded to, modified and developed as the interviewee reports on past experience and adopts evaluative stances toward topics initiated by the interviewer. The study further highlights how normative ideologies are indexed and reconstituted in such talk, and points to their role in making particular identities relevant and in mobilizing relational work in local interactions.
On form and function of politeness formulae
Authors: Schlund Katrin 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This paper focuses on the notion of politeness formulae in linguisticpoliteness research. It argues that the formal make-up of politeness formulaeis crucially motivated by their function. The major claim of this paper is thusthat there is a link between form and function of expressions of linguistic politeness.The usefulness of this account will be illustrated by the analysis ofempirical data from Slavic languages and German. Reference to Roman Jakobson’smarkedness theory will show that the choice of linguistic means is notonly dependent on concrete contexts (as is usually claimed in linguistic politenesstheory) but also motivated by the language system itself.
Linguistic politeness and pragmatic variation in request production in Dakar French
Authors: Johns Andrew , Félix-Brasdefer J. César 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article examines linguistic politeness and pragmatic variation in the production of requests among Senegalese speakers of French in Dakar. Drawing on a framework of pragmatic variation (Schneider and Barron 2008; Barron and Schneider 2009) and a model of intercultural communication and politeness systems (Scollon and Scollon 2001), we analyze variation of request variants, internal modification, and variation in the selection of the T/V forms in formal and informal contexts, including solidarity politeness (−P, −D), deference politeness (−P, +D), and hierarchical politeness (+P, +D). The Senegalese French requests were compared to requests from French speakers from France in comparable situations. The realization of politeness and request performance in Senegalese French is influenced by the fact that use of French is normally limited to formal contexts, such as schools and government establishments, with Wolof serving as a lingua franca in informal settings for speakers of many national languages. The results are discussed in light of pragmalinguistic variation, including variation of address forms, request variants, and internal modification.
In memoriam, Albert Gonzalo i Carbó, amigo, pintor y viajero
Authors: Descarga Aniento Joan 
Published: April 2015

<p>La revista BRAC inicia en su edición número 5 una nueva sección titulada <em>Páginas visuales</em>, en la que publicará obras de arte de autores significativos, creadas expresamente para esta sección. </p><p>El 28 de enero de 1988, Albert me regalaba una obra suya sobre papel con la siguiente dedicatoria: “Para Joan Descarga con la fidelidad de la amistad y el reconocimiento pictórico”. Ahora yo le dedico esta “Cartografía emotiva” en recuerdo de nuestra amistad y el mutuo reconocimiento.</p>
O reto-românico: unidade e fragmentação
Authors: Viaro Mário Eduardo 
Published: April 2015

Resumo: Os manuais de linguística ou filologia românica costumam incluir o reto-românico como uma das principais línguas neolatinas, ao lado do português, espanhol, francês, italiano e romeno. No entanto, tal denominação refere-se na verdade a um conjunto extremamente heterogêneo de línguas, com uma profunda fragmentação dialetal. Acresce-se a isso o recente problema da padronização da norma escrita. Este artigo pretende especificamente apresentar a situação linguística atual dos Grisões e o problema da convivência do romanche com os dialetos alemães e o italianos. Palavras-chave: Reto-românico; dialetologia; contato linguístico. Resumen: Los manuales de linguística o filología románica costumbran incluir el reto-románico como una de las principales lenguas neolatinas, al lado del portugués, español, francés, italiano y rumano. Pero tal denominación se refere en la realidad a un conjunto extremamente heterogéneo de lenguas, con una profunda fragmentación dialectal. Se añade a eso el reciente problema de la estandarización de la norma escrita. Este artículo pretende especificamente presentar la situación linguística actual de los Grisones y el problema de la convivencia del romanche con los dialectos alemanes e italianos.Palabras-clave: Reto-románico; dialectología; contacto linguístico. Abstract: Raeto-Romance is usually included, as well as Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian and Rumanian, among the main Neolatin languages in the handbooks about Romance Philology or Linguistics. However, an extremely heterogeneous set of very different languages, with a huge dialect splitting is meant by such denomination. The problem is also increased with the recent standardization of the written language. The current linguistic situation of the Grisons is specifically dealt in this paper, as well as the coexistence of the Rumantsch language together with the German and the Italian dialects.Keywords: Rhaeto-Romance; dialetology; linguistic contact.
Estudo comparativo do sufixo –aría/–ería nas línguas galega e asturiana em contraste com a língua portuguesa
Authors: Condé Valéria Gil 
Published: April 2015

Resumo: Este artigo pretende analisar comparativamente o sufixo –aría/–ería nas línguas galega e asturiana em contraste com a língua portuguesa. Com base nos estudos propostos pelo Grupo de Pesquisa intitulado Morfologia Histórica do Português da Universidade de São Paulo (www.usp.br/gmhp), demonstraremos que o referido sufixo apresenta as mesmas significações semânticas em ambas as línguas, preservando, dessa forma, a unidade românica. Em um segundo momento, procuraremos inserir o sufixo no contexto hispânico com o propósito de verificar a interferência da língua castelhana. Do ponto de vista político, o galego encontra-se em condição de cooficial em relação ao castelhano, o que não se verifica nas Astúrias, pois a língua asturiana não é considerada língua oficial pelo Estatuto de Autonomia, fato que favorece o castelhano, que se mantém como língua soberana.Palavras-chave: Linguística românica; morfologia; derivação; línguas iberorromânicas. Resumen: Este artículo tiene la pretensión de establecer un análisis comparativo de los sufijos –aría/–ería entre las lenguas gallega y asturiana en contraste con la lengua portuguesa. Con base en los estudios propuestos por el Grupo de Investigación nombrado Morfologia Histórica do Português de la Universidad de São Paulo (www.usp.br/ gmhp), demostraremos que dicho sufijo presenta las mismas significaciones semánticas en ambas lenguas, conservando de esa forma la unidad románica. En segundo lugar, buscaremos insertar el sufijo en el contexto hispánico con el fin de verificar la interferencia de la lengua castellana. Desde un punto de vista político, el gallego se encuentra en condición de co-oficialidad, respecto al castellano, lo cual no se verifica en Asturias, pues a la lengua asturiana no se considera como oficial en el Estatuto de Autonomía, hecho que le favorece al castellano, que se mantiene como lengua soberana.Palabras-clave: Linguística románica; morfología; derivación; lenguas iberorrománicas. Keywords: Romance linguistics; morphology; derivation; iberoromance languages.
China and India: Growing Energy Demand and Implications for the World
Authors: Wang Tao 
Published: April 2015

Economist's Corner - Implications of exploding energy demand in China and India.
Sustained rapid economic growth has made China and India increasingly important in the world economy. The accompanying surge in energy demand from these two countries caught the world's attention only recently, as money-of-the-day oil prices broke record after record over the last couple of years. Some blame energy demand growth in China and India for the recent rise in oil prices, and some fear that a seemingly insatiable appetite for energy in these two countries will dry up world energy resources and threaten the way of life in Western countries.
Indeed, energy demand has been growing fast in these two countries as their economies expanded rapidly. China and India together accounted for approximately 40% of the increase in world energy demand over the last 10 years and more than half in the last 5 years (Fig. 1). Between the two, China has taken the lion's share of energy demand growth so far. China alone accounted for 45% of the world's energy consumption growth and one-third of the increase in world oil demand between 2001 and 2005, while India accounted for 5% and 4%, respectively.
The New Conventional
Authors: Thakur Ganesh 
Published: April 2015

President's column - 2012 SPE President Ganesh Thakur offers his “unconventional” views.
The word “unconventional” has become quite common in today’s E&P (exploration and production) lexis. A quick search of SPE’s OnePetro.org library returns more than 1,750 documents using the word in the title. This is not surprising, since most energy analysts believe that world sources of unconventional hydrocarbons—such as gas hydrates, tight gas sandstones, and oil and gas shales—hold more fuel than undiscovered conventional hydrocarbon sources.
According to the International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook 2011, the long-term global natural gas resource base is very roughly estimated at more than 800 Tcm, of which about 50% is unconventional gas. Total natural gas resources could sustain today’s production for more than 250 years, and all regions have resources approximately equal to at least 75 years of current consumption.
The IEA also projects oil demand will hit 99 million B/D in 2035. A growing share of oil equivalent output will come from natural gas liquids and unconventional crude resources, such as extra heavy oil, oil sands in Canada, and tight oil in the US. Unconventional oil production will play an increasingly important role in the global energy economy.
These unconventionals are the new conventional.
Engage in Networking and Realize Your Dream Job
Authors: Vaucher David 
Published: April 2015

Soft Skills - Networking can open opportunities for exciting new career pathways.
For some, “networking” has a negative connotation, conjuring up images of people ingratiating themselves with everyone with whom they come into contact to climb the corporate ladder. This perception is untrue, and one can make the case that failing to network effectively—especially at the Young Professional stage—can hamper your career. Readers of TWA may already have read articles about “effective networking,” which can come across as procedural (i.e., behave this way, attend these events). In reality, networking is normal to human nature and is an innate ability we all possess.
What Is Networking? Networking is really about making friends. So much has been written about the topic that this may seem simplistic, but when it comes right down to it, adding people to your network only means making new friends. A great example applies to our college affiliation. A university’s reputation is largely based on the future success of its alumni. In turn, the schools will heavily push their “alumni network” to get you to attend in the first place. It sounds so official, but then you graduate, and all of a sudden, you are an alumnus yourself, attending various activities, meeting new people, and making new friends, who become part of your network. Later, when you need independent advice, or are looking for a referral or a new venture, you contact someone in your network. Easy.
As a matter of fact, your network is already huge—you just don’t realize it. It is not something you build after you start working. Anyone you know personally is in your network and could potentially help you by being a source of information.
Discover a Career: Flow Assurance
Authors: Di Lullo Alberto 
Published: April 2015

Discover a Career - Opportunities in petroleum reservoir simulation and flow assurance.
If you ask 10 specialists, “What is flow assurance?”, you are likely to receive 10 different answers. Some may provide broad, generic statements about hydrocarbon transportability. Others may confine themselves to a more limited scope, emphasizing the use of chemicals to prevent deposits or of simulators to predict fluid dynamics or thermal issues. I was never quite satisfied with such answers, so let me offer an 11th definition: “Flow assurance is the technical discipline that guarantees achievement of a lifting and transport system’s lifetime production targets— from the near-wellbore to offloading tanks—by predicting, preventing, and solving problems originated by the behavior of the transported substances (i.e., gases, liquids, and solids either separated or in multiphase conditions).” This long definition emerged as an attempt to encompass each different facet of my everyday activities, which I will try to clarify one by one.
First, a focus on flow assurance has some physical boundaries. Qualitatively, whenever flow from the reservoir is confined within a very limited space, flow assurance starts becoming an issue. This may happen in pipes of any sort (e.g., well tubings, flowlines, and pipelines), but also in plant facilities (e.g., valves, manifolds, separators, and slug catchers) and in that rather fuzzy region called the near-wellbore, where the fluids must accelerate and squeeze close together to enter the well. The property common to all these places is that even tiny transformations produced by the fluids traversing them may have drastic effects on the capability to produce the desired hydrocarbon flow.
Setting the Foundation With the Bricks From Others: Advice for Recent Grads
Authors: Fernandez Tony 
Published: April 2015

What's Ahead - Comments from 2015 TWA Editor-in-Chief Tony Fernandez.
Welcome to the first TWA issue of 2015! Our goal for this issue is to provide an all-inclusive reference for entry-level graduates as they begin their careers, so it is jam-packed with terrific early-career guidance from industry leaders. Think of your career as a tall building: the stronger the foundation, the taller the building can be built. I especially urge you to read 2015 SPE President Helge Haldorsen’s eight dimensions to a successful career in the President’s Column.
Throughout your first few years in the industry, the advice that you acquire will replicate much of what is in this issue: continue your technical education, fine tune your “soft skills,” and build a mentorship network, to name a few. While these are all vital for a prosperous career in oil and gas, I defer to the words of our authors on these topics on the following pages. Instead, I’ll “give forward” four pieces of advice that I was once given, which have had the most profound impact on my career.
Mentoring Is a Two-Way Street
Authors: Donachie John 
Published: April 2015

YEPP PerSPEctive - John Donachie comments on the important aspects of mentoring.
No such thing as a stupid question? Who has had a question in a meeting but didn't ask because you thought you might come across as daft? I believe that the answer is everyone. To test my belief, I used to include a totally irrelevant three-letter acronym, "TLA," somewhere in the technical presentations I was giving to see who would ask me for a definition. No one ever asked, so I eventually stopped doing it.
The energy business has massive scope, encompassing all technical engineering disciplines. Our chosen sector also has all of the associated business and functional disciplines found in most global industries. As young professionals, we have to span this gulf of ignorance as we begin our careers while keeping an eye on our career development and progression within our chosen company.
We cannot be expected to immediately know everything about every aspect of this industry and also be expected to know how to handle the multitude of business and personal challenges that present themselves more frequently than we would like. As we begin on our career journey, there will be things that we simply do not know and will need to seek assistance to resolve. And so, we need guidance. I have always thought that the trick is to combine the need for guidance with the desire to seek and receive it when it is offered. Simply put, this is mentoring.