bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of palm kernel shell (PKS) as substrate material in vertical-flow engineered wetlands for septage treatment in Malaysia
Authors: Jong Valerie Siaw Wee , Tang Fu Ee 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
In this study, the treatment of septage (originating from septic tanks) was carried out in a pilot-scale, two-staged, vertical-flow engineered wetland (VFEW). Palm kernel shells (PKS) were incorporated as part of the VFEW's substrate (B-PKS), to compare its organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) removal efficiency against wetlands with only sand substrates (B-SD). The results revealed satisfactory OM removal with &gt;90% reduction efficiencies at both wetlands B-PKS and B-SD. No increment of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration was observed in the effluent of B-PKS. Ammonia load removal efficiencies were comparable (&gt;91% and 95% in wetland B-PKS and B-SD, respectively). However, nitrate accumulation was observed in the effluent of B-SD where PKS was absent. This was due to the limited denitrification in B-SD, as sand is free of carbon. A lower nitrate concentration was associated with higher COD concentration in the effluent at B-PKS. This study has shown that the use of PKS was effective in improving the N removal efficiency in engineered wetlands.
Modelling GAC adsorption of biologically pre-treated process water from hydrothermal carbonization
Authors: Fettig J. , Liebe H. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Granular-activated carbon (GAC) adsorption of biologically pre-treated process waters from hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of different materials was investigated. Overall, isotherms showed that most of the dissolved organic substances are strongly adsorbable while the non-adsorbable fractions are small. The equilibrium data were modelled by using five fictive components to represent the organic matter. Mean film transfer coefficients and mean intraparticle diffusivities were derived from short-column and batch kinetic test data, respectively. Breakthrough curves in GAC columns could be predicted satisfactorily by applying the film-homogeneous diffusion model and using the equilibrium and kinetic parameters determined from batch tests. Thus, the approach is suited to model GAC adsorption of HTC process water under technical-scale conditions.
High strength domestic wastewater treatment with submerged forward osmosis membrane bioreactor
Authors: Aftab Bilal , Khan Sher Jamal , Maqbool Tahir , Hankins Nicholas P. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Forward osmosis membranes are less prone to fouling with high rejection of salts, and the osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR) can be considered as an innovative membrane technology for wastewater treatment. In this study, a submerged OMBR having a cellulose triacetate membrane, with the active layer facing the feed solution configuration, was operated at different organic loading rates (OLRs), i.e., 0.4, 1.2 and 2.0 kg-COD/(m3·d) with chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations of 200 mg/L, 600 mg/L and 1,000 mg/L, respectively, to evaluate the performance on varying wastewater strengths. High organic content with sufficient amount of nutrients enhanced the biomass growth. High OLR caused more extrapolymeric substances production and less dewaterability. However, no significant differences in fouling trends and flux rates were observed among different OLR operational conditions.
Analysis of safety parameters for the MINERVE reactor
Authors: Ateya A. E. , Amin E. H. , Nagy M. E. , Abou-Gabal H. H. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The present study aims to show the effect of different cross section libraries on MINERVE reactor safety parameters. The MCNP5 calculation model of the MINERVE reactor facility is used to determine core and safety parameters such as axial and radial fission rate distributions, control rod worth and spectral indices. Different neutron spectra were achieved by changing the experimental lattice within the MINERVE reactor. MINERVE provides a large experimental basis for the improvement of the cross section databases. The current study calculates these parameters by MCNP5 code using three different cross section libraries (the continuous energy cross sections of the ENDFB-VI, T16-2003, and ENDF/B-VII.1 libraries). Neutronic calculations were performed for R1UO2, R1MOX, R2UO2, and R2MOX core configurations, representative of a LWR loaded with UO2, mixed oxide matrix, over moderated UO2 and over moderated MOX, respectively. The study aims to determine the most suitable cross section library to be used with MCNP5 reactor calculation code for light water reactor fuel lattice. The MCNP5 results were compared with the experimental results.
Neutronic performance of (ReprocessedU/Th)O2 fuel in CANDU 6 reactor
Authors: Gholamzadeh Z. , Mirvakili S. M. , Feghhi S. A. H. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Utilization of thorium-based fuel in different reactors has been under investigation for several decades. In fact, excellent breeding features, rather flattened distribution of power as well as proliferation resistance of such fuel cycle draws the attention towards utilization of this type of fuel in nuclear power technology. In the present study, the neutronic performance of a typical thorium core loading is addressed. In this configuration, a mixed uranium and thorium oxide is loaded in CANDU 6 reactor. The obtained results determine a total peaking factor of 2.73 for the proposed configuration. The values obtained for the β and the βeff are 332 and 303 pcm respectively. The core reactivity coefficients were more negative comparing the CANDU 6 loaded with natUO2. The initial fissile material loaded in the core increased by a factor of 1.5 after 730 GWd burn-up. The obtained burn-up results show the core reactivity variations were highly positive after 6 and 12 h shut down because of considerably high buildup of 233Pa after 1-year core operation at 2000 MW power.
Modelling study on production cross sections of 111In radioisotopes used in nuclear medicine
Authors: Kara A. , Korkut T. , Yiğit M. , Tel E. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive drugs used for diagnosis or treatment in a tracer quantity with no pharmacological action. The production of radiopharmaceuticals is carried out in the special research centers generally using by the cyclotron systems. Indium-111 is one of the most useful radioisotopes used in nuclear medicine. In this paper, we calculated the production cross sections of 111In radioisotope via 111–114Cd(p,xn) nuclear reactions up to 60 MeV energy. In the model calculations, ALICE/ASH, TALYS 1.6 and EMPIRE 3.2 Malta nuclear reaction code systems were used. The model calculation results were compared to the experimental literature data and TENDL-2014 (TALYS-based) data.
Serial Markedness Reduction
Authors: Jarosz Gaja 
Published: June 2015

<p class="Phon-Paragraph">A growing body of research provides evidence supporting Harmonic Serialism (HS; McCarthy 2000, 2008a, 2010; Elfner to appear; Pruitt 2010), a serial version of Optimality Theory in which a single ranking of constraints is used iteratively to construct a derivation. This work has led to new insights into several outstanding problems in phonology and has highlighted problematic over-predictions of parallel OT, showing that HS predicts a more restricted range of interactions that better reflects typology. Although HS makes it possible to capture certain generalizations stated at intermediate levels of representation, it does not provide a general solution to phonological opacity. For this reason McCarthy developed a significant elaboration of HS, OT with Candidate Chains (OT-CC; McCarthy 2007), which evaluates complete HS-like derivations in parallel. This paper proposes a novel extension of HS, Serial Markedness Reduction (SMR), which combines advantages of HS and OT-CC. Like OT-CC, SMR includes a family of constraints that enables the modeling of both counterfeeding and counterbleeding opacity. However, SMR significantly streamlines the machinery necessary to model opacity as compared to OT-CC, relying on the gradual optimization inherent to HS to construct a single optimal derivation. The formal and empirical differences between OT-CC and SMR are discussed.</p><p> </p>
Oddities of Yidiɲ Stress Revisited
Authors: Kalivoda Nick , Lunden Anya 
Published: June 2015

<span>The Australian language Yidiɲ exhibits an unusual stress pattern: The penultimate syllable and every other syllable to the left bears stress, but penultimate lengthening occurs only in words containing an odd number of syllables. We propose that the lengthening is due to a rhythm-enhancing trade-off: Either the word begins with a stressed syllable or the penultimate syllable is lengthened. This approach is supported by the results of two perception studies. Specifically, it was found that test-strings without initial stress were significantly less likely to be correctly categorized as having rhythmic alternation than test-strings with initial stress. While it has been known that languages prefer words to begin with a stressed syllable these studies provide evidence that starting with a stressed syllable aids listeners in hearing a rhythmic pattern and, further, supports the proposed motivation for the distribution of penultimate lengthening in Yidiɲ.</span>
Discourse structure and attitudinal valence of opinion words in sentiment extraction
Authors: Trnavac Radoslava , Taboada Maite 
Published: June 2015

Taboada et al. (2008) propose a word-based method for extracting sentiment from text that relies on the most relevant parts of a text. The method predicts that opinion words found in the nuclei (more important parts) of a document are more significant for the overall sentiment, whereas opinion words found in the satellites (less important parts) only potentially interfere with the overall sentiment. However, as pointed out by Taboada et al. (2008) and Narayanan et al. (2009), for certain discourse relations (for instance, Condition relations), the calculation of sentiment should involve both parts of the relation. Based on our analysis of the affective content expressed by automatically extracted discourse relations from the Simon Fraser University Corpus (Taboada 2008) and the Penn Discourse Treebank (Prasad et al. 2008), we propose to classify all the discourse relations into four categories: (1) relations that reverse polarity, (2) intensify polarity, (3) downtone polarity, or (4) produce no change in polarity. We compare the performance of a sentiment analysis system (SO-CAL, Taboada et al. 2011) when opinion words are detected only in the nuclei with its performance when both parts of the relation are analyzed in combination with the opinion words. The results of the experiment show that extraction of both the nucleus and the satellite parts of texts does not improve the performance of a sentiment extraction system.
“You haven’t been to Queens”: The epistemics of identity and place
Authors: Sierra Sylvia Antonina , Botti Alexandra 
Published: June 2015

<p>This research examines the discursive processes through which a New York City transplant constructs his identity as a knowledgeable NYC resident. We focus on the relevance of epistemics in the relational identity processes of authentication and denaturalization (Bucholtz &amp; Hall 2005), arguing that these may be central to the construction of an identity based around place. In our analysis, we show how the speaker uses authentication to legitimize his claims to specific place knowledge and thus his place identity, while also engaging in a process of denaturalization that downplays others’ rights to knowledge, constructing their place identities as false or inauthentic.</p><p> </p>
Chain shifts, strident vowels, and expanded vowel spaces
Authors: Faytak Matthew 
Published: June 2015

<p><span>Chain shifts among vowels proceed along tightly prescribed articulatory paths: peripheral vowels raise, and high vowels, butting up against the top of the vowel space, must instead diphthongize or centralize (Labov 2004). I argue that high vowels may </span><span>also </span><span>further increase their constriction degree, resulting in spirantized vowels with phonetic characteristics of voiced fricatives (Connell 2007). I account for the rare emergence of these vowels with basic principles of dispersion (Liljencrants and Lindblom 1972): tongue height sufficient to produce frication may be integrated into the articulatory vowel space as the end result of raising in push chains. </span></p>
Dialect as a Marker of Political Orientation
Authors: Knoblock Natalia 
Published: June 2015

<span>The abstract revisits the issue of dialect as marker of political identity. It recounts the outcome of an experiment designed to check if the population of a largely conservative area will assume that speakers of the same dialect are more conservative as well. The results showed that respondents indeed identified the speakers of their own dialect as sharing their political affiliation as well. </span>
A unified treatment of the exceptions to the Agent/ECM Correlation
Authors: Ito Yuki 
Published: June 2015

<p><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">Based on the contrast between the </span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">believe-class </span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">and the </span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">wager-class </span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">verbs, Pesetsky (1992) makes a generalization that agentive verbs do not allow ECM (the Agent/ECM Correlation). <span style="font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">However, he notes two classes of exceptions to the generalization.</span> I argue that the two classes of exceptions can be uniformly treated as causatives and that the Agent/ECM Correlation can be seen as an instance of the broader l-syntax finding that “not all internal arguments are created equal”–with agentive activity verbs the root selects an internal argument, but not with change-of-state verbs (Basilico 1998, Hale and Keyser 2002, Alexiadou and Schäfer 2011, Cuervo 2014). </span></p><p> </p>
Evidence for non-existential readings of locative indefinites
Authors: Grimm Robert Maximilian , Lee Choonkyu , Poortman Eva B , Winter Yoad 
Published: June 2015

<p>We report on experimental results which show that sentences involving locative indefinites can give rise to non-existential readings. “We are far from a gas station,” for example, was judged as false by about two thirds of our subjects in situations where “we” are close to the nearest gas station, yet there also is a more distant gas station such that we are far from it. We examine two accounts of<br />this kind of reading. Under one possible explanation, far from decomposes into its negated antonym. Under an alternative account, indefinites denote properties which are associated with eigenspaces – the spatial regions inhabited by the entities in the extension of the property. We present new evidence, with experimental support, for the latter account: sentences containing indefinites with projective locatives have a salient false interpretation also in situations where the existential reading is true – and decomposition into negated antonyms fails to explain this. Our results imply<br />that indefinites uniformly denote properties and only indirectly, through derivational ambiguity, existential quantifiers.</p>
Unlikely Imperfectives
Authors: Grinsell Timothy W. 
Published: June 2015

The event-in-progress reading of the English incremental-theme progressive (<em>Elena is drawing a circle</em>) displays vagueness effects, especially when the culmination of the event denoted by the progressive is unlikely. This paper explains these unexpected vagueness effects by adopting a modal theory of the progressive and a gradable theory of modality. It is then possible to explain vagueness effects in the progressive as a result of the same semantic phenomena that generate vagueness effects in gradable adjectives like <em>healthy</em>.
Processing of ACD gives no evidence for QR
Authors: Jacobson Pauline , Gibson Edward 
Published: June 2015

<p>Hackl, Koster-Hale and Varvoutis (2012) argue for the existence of QR on the basis of the processing of ACD. But they failed to include a crucial control, and once included, one can show that the effect they demonstrate has nothing to do with QR but comes instead from a pressure to insert word like <em>also</em> or <em>same </em>where the reported events are 'the same'. We further show that the asymmetry between <em>every</em> and <em>the</em> is due to the fact that use of <em>every</em> in the relevant cases makes it easier to establish a causal connection between the events, removing the pressure to insert <em>also </em>or <em>same.</em> Finally we show that - for their 'Large Ellipsis' condition in their Experiment 2 - their hypothesis does not account for their reported data (at least not without additional assumptions), but ours does.</p>
A new metalinguistic degree morpheme
Authors: Bochnak Ryan , Csipak Eva 
Published: June 2015

<p><span>In this paper, we discuss and analyze </span><em>...ish/-ish </em><span>in three of its uses: as a modifier of gradable adjectives; as a clause-final particle that hedges on a speaker’s degree of commitment to a proposition; and as a general precision-regulator. In each case, </span><em>-ish/. . . ish </em><span>makes reference to a degree that is slightly less than the standard for the constituent it applies to. We propose that proposition-modifying </span><em>. . . ish </em><span>belongs to the class of metalinguistic degree morphology alongside metalinguistic comparisons, which have received recent attention in the literature (e.g., </span><span>Giannakidou &amp; Yoon 2011; Morzycki 2011). </span><span>We argue for a unified analysis of ...</span><em>ish/-ish </em><span>as a degree modifier, where the relevant degree variable can be provided lexically, or through a type-shifting operation that makes available a degree of precision in the sense of </span><span>Morzycki </span><span>(2011). This study has implications for research on the semantics of metalinguistic degree morphology, imprecision, speaker-oriented phenomena, and the role of subjectification in semantic change. </span></p>
Preface by the organizers
Authors: Champollion Lucas , Szabolcsi Anna 
Published: June 2015

<p>The papers collected in this online volume were presented at the 24th Conference on Semantics and Linguistic Theory, North America’s foremost conference devoted to natural language semantics with relevance to linguistic theory. SALT 24 was hosted at New York University from May 30th to June 1st, 2014.</p><p>The four invited speakers were Emmanuel Chemla (ENS), Valentine Hacquard (Maryland), Lauri Karttunen (Stanford), and Sarah Moss (Michigan).</p><p>The conference featured 14 talks and 24 posters. They were selected from 246 submissions, based on 955 reviews by 187 reviewer colleagues, by the program committee, consisting of Chris Barker, Lucas Champollion, Simon Charlow, Salvador Mascarenhas, Philippe Schlenker, and Anna Szabolcsi.</p><p>Not all presenters have submitted papers to this volume. For the full program, with abstracts, slides, handouts, and posters for download, see <a href="http://nyu.edu/salt2014">nyu.edu/salt2014</a>.</p><p>115 people registered for the conference, and audiences over the three days held steady at just under 100. We gratefully thank our graduate students, department chairs Chris Barker and Alec Marantz, and Deans Michael Laver and Thomas J. Carew for their help, which made this conference possible.</p><p>The lead editor for this volume is Todd Snider, and his fellow editors at the Cornell Linguistics Circle are Sarah D’Antonio and Mia Wiegand.</p><p>Starting with this year, the SALT proceedings are no longer using eLanguage to host them and are moving to a differently branded server based on Open Journal Systems. As was the case for previous proceedings, this volume is released online for free. Both platforms are hosted by the Linguistic Society of America, whose support we gratefully acknowledge.</p><p> </p><p>Lucas Champollion and Anna Szabolcsi</p><p>for the organizing team</p>
The Mammalian Sterile 20–like 1 Kinase Controls Selective CCR7-Dependent Functions in Human Dendritic Cells
Authors: Torres-Bacete Jesús , Delgado-Martín Cristina , Gómez-Moreira Carolina , Simizu Siro , Rodríguez-Fernández José Luis 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR7 directs mature dendritic cells (mDCs) to the lymph nodes where these cells control the initiation of the immune response. CCR7 regulates chemotaxis, endocytosis, survival, migratory speed, and cytoarchitecture in mDCs. The molecular mechanisms used by CCR7 to regulate these functions in mDCs are not completely understood. The mammalian sterile 20–like 1 kinase (Mst1) plays a proapoptotic role under stress conditions; however, recently, it has been shown that Mst1 can also control homeostatic cell functions under normal conditions. In this study, we show that stimulation of CCR7 in mDCs induces Gαi-dependent activation of Mst1, suggesting the involvement of this kinase in the control of CCR7-dependent functions. Analysis of the mDCs in which Mst1 expression levels were reduced with small interfering RNA shows that this kinase mediates CCR7-dependent effects on cytoarchitecture, endocytosis and migratory speed but not on chemotaxis or survival. In line with these results, biochemical analysis indicates that Mst1 does not control key signaling regulators of CCR7-dependent chemotaxis or survival. In contrast, Mst1 regulates downstream of CCR7 and, of note, independently of Gα13, the RhoA pathway. Reduction of Mst1 inhibits CCR7-dependent phosphorylation of downstream targets of RhoA, including cofilin, myosin L chain, and myosin L chain phosphatase. Consistent with the role of the latter molecules as modulators of the actin cytoskeleton, mDCs with reduced Mst1 also displayed a dramatic reduction in actin barbed-end formation that could not be recovered by stimulating CCR7. The results indicate that the kinase Mst1 controls selective CCR7-dependent functions in human mDCs.
Primary Central Nervous System (CNS) Lymphoma B Cell Receptors Recognize CNS Proteins
Authors: Montesinos-Rongen Manuel , Purschke Frauke G. , Brunn Anna , May Caroline , Nordhoff Eckhard , Marcus Katrin , Deckert Martina 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Primary lymphoma of the CNS (PCNSL) is a diffuse large B cell lymphoma confined to the CNS. To elucidate its peculiar organ tropism, we generated recombinant Abs (recAbs) identical to the BCR of 23 PCNSLs from immunocompetent patients. Although none of the recAbs showed self-reactivity upon testing with common autoantigens, they recognized 1547 proteins present on a large-scale protein microarray, indicating polyreactivity. Interestingly, proteins (GRINL1A, centaurin-α, BAIAP2) recognized by the recAbs are physiologically expressed by CNS neurons. Furthermore, 87% (20/23) of the recAbs, including all Abs derived from IGHV4-34 using PCNSL, recognized galectin-3, which was upregulated on microglia/macrophages, astrocytes, and cerebral endothelial cells upon CNS invasion by PCNSL. Thus, PCNSL Ig may recognize CNS proteins as self-Ags. Their interaction may contribute to BCR signaling with sustained NF-κB activation and, ultimately, may foster tumor cell proliferation and survival. These data may also explain, at least in part, the affinity of PCNSL cells for the CNS.