bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cladonia lichens on extensive green roofs: evapotranspiration, substrate temperature, and albedo
Authors: Heim Amy , Lundholm Jeremy 
Published: December 2013

Green roofs are constructed ecosystems that provide ecosystem services in urban environments. Shallow substrate green roofs subject the vegetation layer to desiccation and other environmental extremes, so researchers have evaluated a variety of stress-tolerant vegetation types for green roof applications. Lichens can be found in most terrestrial habitats. They are able to survive extremely harsh conditions, including frequent cycles of desiccation and rehydration, nutrient-poor soil, fluctuating temperatures, and high UV intensities. Extensive green roofs (substrate depth <20cm) exhibit these harsh conditions, making lichens possible candidates for incorporation into the vegetation layer on extensive green roofs. In a modular green roof system, we tested the effect ofCladonialichens on substrate temperature, water loss, and albedo compared to a substrate-only control. Overall, theCladoniamodules had significantly cooler substrate temperatures during the summer and significantly warmer temperatures during the fall. Additionally, theCladoniamodules lost significantly less water than the substrate-only control. This implies that they may be able to benefit neighboring vascular plant species by reducing water loss and maintaining favorable substrate temperatures.
Effects of recovered wood on the formaldehyde release of particleboards
Authors: Himmel Sarah , Irle Mark , Legrand Guillaume , Perez Rosa , Mai Carsten 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Three-layer polymeric diphenyl-methane-diisocyanate (pMDI)-bonded particleboards (PBs) were produced with different proportions of simulated recovered wood (rW) in the core layers (cLs) to assess the effect of rW on the formaldehyde (FA) release of PB. A pre-test was conducted on furniture and particle mixtures of rW to determine the range of expectable FA emission of rW. The FA content of the raw particle mixtures could be predicted from the contents of the individual raw material and did not change compared to the PB. FA content correlated strongly with PB-FA emission. It was possible to predict the maximum PB-FA contents, which should not be exceeded according to F**** and CARB 2 by linear regression models. At moderate and high total FA emission levels, the FA emission of the particle mixtures was approximately 60% higher than the emission of PB blocks. At low total FA level, the flask method and the gas analysis method exhibited different results with regard to the emissions from particles and their respective PBs.
The electric resistance and the transport properties of carbon nanotube with a Cu chain: A First-Principle study
Authors: Yang Chengyu , Chen Quanfang 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe electric resistance and the transport properties of a carbon nanotube (5,5) adsorbed with a copper chain connected with two copper end electrodes have been calculated by employing the nonequilibrium Green’s function and the Density Function Theory. The properties of the pure carbon nanotube (5,5) with the Cu electrodes have also been calculated as a reference. Both the equilibrium and the nonequilibrium conditions have been investigated. The results have shown that the electrical resistance of the metallic CNT (5,5) has been reduced by the adsorption of the Cu chain due to the interaction between the Cu and the CNT. The change of the I-V curve slope is also explained in terms of the transmission spectrum.
On the Dynamics of Graphdiyne Hydrogenation
Authors: Autreto P. A. , de Sousa J. M. , Galvao D. S. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTGraphene is a two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal array of carbon atoms in sp2-hybridized states. Graphene presents unique and exceptional electronic, thermal and mechanical properties. However, in its pristine state graphene is a gapless semiconductor, which poses some limitations to its use in some transistor electronics. Because of this there is a renewed interest in other possible two-dimensional carbon-based structures similar to graphene. Examples of this are graphynes and graphdiynes, which are two-dimensional structures, composed of carbon atoms in sp2 and sp-hybridized states. Graphdiynes (benzenoid rings connecting two acetylenic groups) were recently synthesized and they can be intrinsically nonzero gap systems. These systems can be easily hydrogenated and the amount of hydrogenation can be used to tune the band gap value. In this work we have investigated, through fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations with reactive force field (ReaxFF), the structural and dynamics aspects of the hydrogenation mechanisms of graphdiyne membranes. Our results showed that depending on whether the atoms are in the benzenoid rings or as part of the acetylenic groups, the rates of hydrogenation are quite distinct and change in time in a very complex pattern. Initially, the most probable sites to be hydrogenated are the carbon atoms forming the triple bonds, as expected. But as the amount of hydrogenation increases in time this changes and then the carbon atoms forming single bonds become the preferential sites. The formation of correlated domains observed in hydrogenated graphene is no longer observed in the case of graphdiynes. We have also carried out ab initio DFT calculations for model structures in order to test the reliability of ReaxFF calculations.
Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Matrix for Inducing Noncovalent Interactions Toward Enhanced Catalytic Performance of Metallic Electrode
Authors: Hoa Le Q. , Yoshikawa Hiroyuki , Saito Masato , Tamiya Eiichi 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTHerein, we investigated the noncovalent interactions derived from functionalized carbon nanotube matrices grafting metallic alloy PtRu nanoparticle-decorated Vulcan carbon (fMWCNTs-g-PtRu/C) toward the enhancement of alcohol oxidation reactions. The fMWCNTs noncovalently grafted PtRu/C was successfully synthesized and demonstrated significant enhancement of the electro-catalytic activity and stability toward alcohol oxidation reactions as revealed by electrochemical characterizations. The presented results indicate that the grafting matrix specifically enhances ethanol oxidation reaction kinetics much more than methanol and propanol oxidation reactions. Since the same loading of PtRu/C was used for all tests, the differentiation between these reactants revealed the different strength of noncovalent interactions between the functional matrix and corresponding reactants. This result reveals a new strategy for using fMWCNTs matrix as potential catalyst supports due to its facile fabrication and functionalization, cost effectiveness and environmental friendliness, factors in which all of them are necessary for the practical application of direct alcohol fuel cells in near future.
The Hydrogenation Dynamics of h-BN Sheets
Authors: Perim Eric , Paupitz Ricardo , Autreto P. A. S. , Galvao D. S. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTHexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), also known as white graphite, is the inorganic analogue of graphite. Single layers of both structures have been already experimentally realized.In this work we have investigated, through fully atomistic reactive molecular dynamics simulations, the dynamics of hydrogenation of h-BN single-layers membranes.Our results show that the rate of hydrogenation atoms bonded to the membrane is highly dependent on the temperature and that only at low temperatures there is a preferential bond to boron atoms. Unlike graphanes (hydrogenated graphene), hydrogenated h-BN membranes do not exhibit the formation of correlated domains. Also, the out-of-plane deformations are more pronounced in comparison with the graphene case. After a critical number of incorporated hydrogen atoms the membrane become increasingly defective, lost its two-dimensional character and collapses. The hydrogen radial pair distribution and second-nearest neighbor correlations were also analyzed.
Graphyne Oxidation: Insights From a Reactive Molecular Dynamics Investigation
Authors: Machado L. D. , Autreto P. A. S. , Galvao D. S. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTGraphyne is a generic name for a family of carbon allotrope two-dimensional structures where sp2 (single and double bonds) and sp (triple bonds) hybridized states coexists. They exhibit very interesting electronic and mechanical properties sharing some of the unique graphene characteristics. Similarly to graphene, the graphyne electronic properties can be modified by chemical functionalization, such as; hydrogenation, fluorination and oxidation. Oxidation is of particular interest since it can produce significant structural damages.In this work we have investigated, through fully atomistic reactive molecular dynamics simulations, the dynamics and structural changes of the oxidation of single-layer graphyne membranes at room temperature. We have considered α, β, and γ-graphyne structures. Our results showed that the oxidation reactions are strongly site dependent and that the sp-hybridized carbon atoms are the preferential sites to chemical attacks. Our results also showed that the effectiveness of the oxidation (estimated from the number of oxygen atoms covalently bonded to carbon atoms) follows the α, β, γ-graphyne structure ordering. These differences can be explained by the fact that for α-graphyne structures the oxidation reactions occur in two steps: first, the oxygen atoms are trapped at the center of the large polygonal rings and then they react with the carbon atoms composing of the triple bonds. The small rings of γ-graphyne structures prevent these reactions to occur. The effectiveness of β-graphyne oxidation is between the α- and γ-graphynes.
Electron Irradiation of Graphene Field Effect Transistor Devices
Authors: Woo Sung Oh , Teizer Winfried 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTWe report the effects of electron irradiation on graphene Field Effect Transistor (FET) devices. We irradiated the graphene devices with 30keV electrons and measured the electrical transport properties in high vacuum in-situ. Upon electron irradiation, a Raman ‘D’ band appears. In addition, we observed that the doping behavior of the graphene devices changed from P to N type as a result of the irradiation. We also observed a shift of the Dirac point while the graphene FET device stays in vacuum and after it interacted with environmental molecules under ambient conditions.
Covalent Chemical Modification of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes Using Azide Functionalised Anthraquinone Derivatives for Pseudocapacitor Application.
Authors: Frayère Charlotte , Galindo Christophe , Divay Laurent , Paté Michel , Le Barny Pierre 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTElectrodes made of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) chemically modified by a series of anthraquinone derivatives (AQ) have been prepared and characterized by cyclic voltammetry in 0.1M H2SO4, using the standard 3 electrode set-up and by Raman spectroscopy. It has been demonstrated that a AQ modified SWCNT electrode provided between 114 to 220% higher specific capacitance, compared to pristine SWCNT electrode, depending on the length of the spacer between SWCNT and AQ.
Tax Uncertainty and Voluntary Real-Time Tax Audits
Authors: Beck Paul J. , Lisowsky Petro 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT
This study examines the empirical relation between voluntary participation in the Internal Revenue Service's (IRS) Compliance Assurance Process (CAP) audit program, and tax uncertainty disclosed in financial statements pursuant to Financial Interpretation No. 48 (FIN 48). Based on the findings of prior analytical and empirical research, we formulate and test hypotheses about the likelihood of voluntary CAP participation and the resulting effect on FIN 48 tax reserves. We find that firms with moderate-sized FIN 48 reserves are more likely to participate in CAP than firms with either small or large reserves, indicating an inverted U-shaped relation between CAP participation rates and firms' tax reserves. After controlling for non-random sample selection, we find that CAP firms significantly reduce their FIN 48 reserves by about 16.5 percent relative to non-CAP firms. However, this reduction is concentrated among firms with moderate-sized FIN 48 reserves. These cross-sectional differences are consistent with FIN 48 reserves reflecting both tax uncertainty and tax aggressiveness.
JEL Classifications: M41; M42; M48; H25.
Data Availability: FIN 48 data and confidential tax data on CAP participants are obtained from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Large Business & International (LB&I), Planning, Analysis, Inventory, and Research Division (PAIR). The CAP data are not publicly available; the FIN 48 data were compiled and validated by the IRS and made available to one of the authors. All other data are available from public sources identified in this treatise. Because tax data are confidential and protected by data nondisclosure agreements under the Internal Revenue Code, all statistics are presented in the aggregate; no statistics with three or fewer observations are disclosed. Any opinions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the IRS.
Meckel’s Diverticulum with Multiple Ileal Ulcers as a Source of Massive Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage in a Three Year Old Child
Authors: Hamid Raashid , Wani Sajad A , Shera AH , Khurshid Sheikh , Bhat NA , Baba Aejaz A 
Published: December 2013

Meckel’s Diverticulum (MD) is a frequent congenital anomaly of small bowel often difficult to diagnose. It is usually asymptomatic and can present as bleeding, obstruction and inflammation. We report a case of MD in a 3 year old male child, diagnosed by 99mTc pertechnetate scan and confirmed on laparotomy. Excised specimen revealed a large MD with multiple ileal ulcers, as a source of massive bleeding per rectum. The clinical features and need for early diagnosis and treatment are discussed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i3.7802 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. 2013;33(3):227-229
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Authors: Kapoor Kanika , Batra Prerna , Saha Abhijeet 
Published: December 2013

We present a rare case of Trecher Collins Syndrome.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i3.7896 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. 2013;33(3):245
Scrub Typhus: An Uncommon Cause of Pyrexia without Focus
Authors: Yadav Dinesh , Chopra Abhishek , Dutta Ashok Kumar , Kumar Sandeep , Kumar Virendra 
Published: December 2013

Scrub typhus is a rickettsial disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. Commonly reported from hilly and forest areas, it usually presents with fever, eschar, maculopapular rash, headache, gastrointestinal symptoms and lymphadenopathy. We report a seven year old male resident of Delhi, a non-endemic region, presenting with pyrexia without focus and fluid refractory hypotension, subsequently diagnosed as scrub typhus. Fever responded to doxycycline and child was discharged on day 5. To conclude, rickettsial infections can be seen in non-endemic, urban areas as well and should be suspected and investigated in children presenting with pyrexia without focus, not responding to usual antibiotics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i3.8172 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. 2013;33(3):234-235
Admission Hypothermia Among Neonates Presented to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Akter Shaheen , Parvin Rubiya , Yasmeen B.H. Nazma 
Published: December 2013

Introduction: In developing countries, thermal protection of the newborn is not properly addressed. Neonates presented to Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for admission with various problems are frequently found to be hypothermic. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and associated risk factors for neonatal hypothermia on admission to NICU. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study carried over a period of three years at Enam Medical College and Hospital (EMCH) among the newborns admitted to NICU. Hypothermia has been defined as axillary temperature <36.5°C (<97.7° F). Temperature was measured at admission. Data were collected regarding perinatal and socio economic factors. Bivariate and multivariate analysis has been done to see the association of risk factors. Result: A total of 2310 babies between 0 and 680 h of age (mean 43± 12 hours) were studied. Thirty four percent (785) of the neonates had hypothermia. Mean gestation was 34±3 weeks and 42.5% were inborn. Significant determinants of neonatal hypothermia at admission included factors like preterm (p=0.03), low birth weight (p=0.005), normal delivery (p=0.012), birth asphyxia (p=0.001) below average socioeconomic status (p=0.001) and long distance (>10 km) travelled by the neonate (p=0.03). Independent variables are resuscitation at birth [p=.001, Odds Ratio (OR), 2.43; Confidence Interval (CI), 1.47 to 4.00], (p=0.001), age less than 24 hours (p=.02; OR 2.25; CI, 1.13 to 4.47), low birth weight (p=0.03; OR,2.0; CI, 1.06 to 3.82), caesarean section(C/S) delivery (p=.006; OR 1.35; CI, 1.18-2.12) and below average economic status (p=0.001; OR, 2.76; CI, 1.56 to 5.90). Conclusion: Incidence of admission hypothermia among neonates in our NICU was 34%. Independent risk factors are resuscitation at birth, very low birth weight, C/S delivery, age less than 24 hours and poor socio-economic condition. Proper thermal care should be provided for neonates both at home and hospitals. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i3.8312 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. 2013;33(3):166-171
Do Infants and Children have Measurable Inguinal Canals?
Authors: Osuoji Roland I , Bankole Michael A 
Published: December 2013

Introduction: Herniotomy is a common procedure performed by Paediatric Surgeons. However, opinions differ as to whether to open the inguinal canal when performing this procedure or not. Those who advocate performing herniotomy without opening the inguinal canal believe that in early childhood, the superficial inguinal ring is directly superimposed on the deep inguinal ring, there being no appreciable inguinal canal in this age group. Our study was planned to open the inguinal canal and simply measure the distance between the pubic tubercle medially and the inferior epigastric vessels laterally. Finding a measurable inguinal canal in all cases studies debunks the belief that the superficial inguinal ring frequently overlaps the deep inguinal ring. Materials and Methods: From October 2007 to September 2008 and from May 2012 to April 2013 the inguinal canals of 75 children from 1 day to 2 years old were measured during herniotomies and orchidopexies. Premature babies were excluded from this study. The inguinal canals were all opened. Using a simple sterilized metallic ruler, the distance between the ipsilateral inferior epigastric vessels and the ipsilateral pubic tubercle was measured. Results: The lengths of the inguinal canals ranged from 1cm to 4.5 cm (mean 2.88cm+/-.71cm SD). The shortest inguinal canal length was 1 cm while the longest inguinal canal was 4.5 cm. Conclusion: Children with inguinal hernia up to the age of 2 years have a measurable inguinal canal and we suggest the excision of the hearnial sac superficial to the external inguinal ring runs the risk of leaving substantial sac behind proximal to the transfixing suture, even when some traction is applied to the sac before applying the transfixing suture. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i3.8355 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. 2013;33(3):182-185
Role of Diffusion Weighted MRI in Maple Syrup Urine Disease: Rare Cause of Neonatal Metabolic Encephalopathy
Authors: Shah Diva , Nirula Apoorv , Shah Dwiti 
Published: December 2013

The newborn presenting with neurological symptoms such as seizures or lethargy due to inborn error of metabolism is an important problem. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inherited genetic disease, caused by a deficiency of the catalytic components of α-ketoaciddehydrogenase complex, which is responsible for the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids. The purpose of this case report is to show diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) MRI findings of acute phase of classic form of MSUD in a newborn although this imaging findings are rare but very typical, known as “MSUD oedema”. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i3.8365 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. 2013;33(3):230-233
Clinical Profile and Outcome of Neonates Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at a Tertiary Care Centre in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Shah Gauri Shankar , Yadav Satish , Thapa Anil , Shah Lokraj 
Published: December 2013

Introduction: Neonatal period is the most susceptible period of life due to different causes, which in most cases are preventable. Every year millions of neonates are born and a large proportion of them are admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for various indications. One of the Millennium Development Goals is to reduce under five mortality by two thirds by 2015. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the clinical profile, pattern of diseases and common causes of mortality and morbidity in neonates admitted to NICU. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at level III Neonatal NICU of a tertiary -care teaching hospital from January, 2012 to December, 2012. Results: Total of 361 neonates were admitted in NICU. Eighty six neonates (23.8%) were admitted due to prematurity and 73 (20.2%) with birth asphyxia. Among birth asphyxia, 40(54.8%)were in HIE III, 27.4% and 17.8% in HIE II and HIE I, respectively. One hundred eighteen (32.6%) cases were diagnosed as sepsis. The overall mortality was 20.2% during hospital stay. Conclusions: Sepsis, prematurity and birth asphyxia were major causes for admission in NICU. All these etiologies are preventable up to some extent and, if detected earlier, can be effectively treated in order to reduce morbidity and mortality. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i3.8447 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. 2013;33(3):177-181
Fernando de Noronha, l'île Dauphine de la des Indes ou l'échec des suggestions malouines (1734-1737)
Authors: Delcourt André 
Published: December 2013

A maintes reprises la Compagnie des Indes a recherché celles des îles de l'Atlantique-sud capables de revigorer ses équipages longs-courriers et réduire leur taux de mortalité. Tantôt, — et ce fut le cas de Fernando de Noronha —, par l'établissement d'aménagements insulaires devant assurer aux meilleures conditions le ravitaillement en eau, bois et vivres frais. Tantôt en laissant le soin aux équipages de tirer le meilleur parti des ressources naturelles des îles ; tel, en particulier, le cas de la relâche « sauvage » à l'Ascension, la plus visitée de toutes par les Français.
Toutefois les fournitures de bois, d'eau et de chair de tortues marines ne furent pas les seuls services offerts par cette dernière relâche. Cette île quasimenent déserte, inhabitée, servit très souvent de « boîte postale » sauvage aux vaisseaux revenant des au-delà du cap de Bonne-Espérance. C'est cette réputation soutenue de relais en informations navales qui fit, dans les débuts des deux dernières maritimes du règne de Louis XV, que la Compagnie y envoya, en « aviso », en 1744, l'Expédition, capitaine de Lesquelen et, en 1756, la tartane le Saint-Jean Baptiste, capitaine Aillaud, avec mission d'avertir de la gravité de la conjoncture tous bâtiments français qui toucheraient l'île et de les engager, par conséquence à la vigilance. Les sept vaisseaux contactés par l'Expédition d'avril à juin reçurent mission de dérouter par le Cap Breton, au Canada, avant de rejoindre la France. Quant au Saint-Jean Baptiste il n'eut même pas la possibilité de communiquer son message, faute de bâtiments français croisés en ses quatre mois de croisière. Entre temps, en 1746, les rendez-vous, parfaitement réussi, des retours marchants de l'Inde avec deux vaisseaux du roi commandés par La Galissonnière devant Fernando de Noronha, redevenu portugais, permit à cinq d'entre eux de ramener en France, en plus de riches cargaisons, une prise anglaise.