bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in career and workplace attitudes by generation, gender, and culture differences in career perceptions in the United States and China
Authors: Yi Xiang , Ribbens Barbara , Fu Linna , Cheng Weibo 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to compare and understand how age, gender and culture affect individual career and work-related attitudes in Chinese and American samples.Design/methodology/approach– Online and printed questionnaires were administered to employees and managers in China, whereas in the USA, faculty, staff and students at a Midwestern university responded to an online survey. Snowball sampling technique was used to collect data. Independent samplet-tests were conducted to test the hypothesis.Findings– The study showed different work values and attitudes in the workplace between Chinese and the US samples, and indicated the specifics influences that national culture has on them. Culture affects generational changes; generational differences in the US sample are bigger than in Chinese sample; work values differ across generations and cultures; traditional gender role differences persist more strongly across generations in Chinese sample than in the US sample.Research limitations/implications– Generalizability issues; cross-sectional data.Practical implications– US-based multi-national corporations need to understand these differences and better manage their diverse employees operating in China.Originality/value– This study compared generation, culture and gender differences simultaneously; parallel groups at similar life stages were used by basing the boundaries of each generation on the distinct cultural events of each nation. This approach is more consistent with generation definitions than by using influential specific events of each country, respectively. Useful to managers, it will provide guidance for understanding work values and attitudes across gender and generations in the USA and China. Most benefit will occur for US based multinational companies that have Chinese operations, and manage employees with cultural, gender and generational differences.
How being female impacts learning and career growth in advertising creative departments
Authors: Windels Kasey , Mallia Karen L. 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– In the male-dominant creative industries, do men and women have access to the same resources for career learning and development? The purpose of this paper is to examine women’s perspectives of their career trajectories in advertising creative departments.

Design/methodology/approach
– Situated learning theory views learning as produced through interaction with and increasing participation in a community of practice. Interviews were conducted with 19 female creatives to examine two research questions: first, how do women develop identities as creative practitioners within the male dominated advertising creative department? and second, how are women’s learning trajectories influenced by their gender?

Findings
– Gendered expectations affected the type of work women were supposed to produce, their ability to sell work, and the types of assignments they received. Women lacked legitimacy and experienced difficulties developing an identity as a master practitioner. They instead emphasized parts of their identity unrelated to the profession.

Research limitations/implications
– Women were unable to develop identities as full members of the community of practice. The identity formed in conjunction with work was that of a person with lesser talents, fewer opportunities, and less valued contributions, causing them to exit the field or seek positive identity from places other than work.

Originality/value
– This study was the first study that the authors are aware of to examine empirically the relationship between situated learning theory and gender. It provided evidence from women’s perspectives that gender restricted access to material for forming a positive work-identity, which impeded learning as women realized and accepted they were on a different trajectory than similarly-situated males.
Unions’ response to corporate restructuring in Telefónica: locked into collective bargaining?
Authors: Rodríguez-Ruiz Óscar 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to analyze the restructuring approach followed by the highly profitable Telefónica in its 2011 redundancy plan, and explores unions’ response to management strategy.Design/methodology/approach– The research follows a case study approach constructing a dataset with information from company reports, committee records, union documents, press releases, and other available sources such as specialized journals and newspapers.Findings– Specifically this case study tries to show how massive job cuts have been implemented through a labour-mediated downsizing strategy that mitigates contestation and industrial conflict.Originality/value– The paper tackles the relevant question of how unions respond to corporate restructuring (involving downsizing) in countries where industrial relations institutions remain relatively strongly embedded and proactive.
Exploring the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and organizational justice in the Islamic Saudi Arabian context
Authors: Elamin Abdallah M , Tlaiss Hayfaa A. 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– Cross-cultural studies suggest that while organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and organizational justice have received considerable attention in Anglo-Saxon contexts, the same cannot be claimed in non-Western, Arab Middle Eastern contexts. The purpose of this paper is to attend to this knowledge gap by exploring OCB in the context of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its relationship with organizational justice.Design/methodology/approach– In cognizance of the extant literature, the study explores the perceptions of Saudi Arabian managers of the five conceptually different dimensions of citizenship behaviour – conscientiousness, sportsmanship, civic virtue, courtesy, and altruism. It also explores their perceptions of distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice. In addition, the current study investigates the relationship between organizational justice and OCB. Using the survey questionnaire method, data was collected from more than 250 Saudi managers at different levels of the managerial hierarchy and working in a wide range of organizations and industries.Findings– The results indicate that Saudi Arabian managers reported exhibiting OCB at work. They also suggest the salience of various forms of organizational justice in Saudi Arabian organizations as motivated by Arab cultural values and Islamic teachings. In regards to the relationship between the two constructs, our results indicate that interactional justice is most frequently associated with various dimensions of OCB for various reasons, including the emphasis that Islam and Islamic teachings give to demonstrating respect and courtesy in dealings with others.Originality/value– The literature on OCB and organizational justice is thin in the Arab world. With that in mind, the current study is the first to explore OCB in Saudi Arabia. It is also the first to investigate the relationship between citizenship behavior and justice in Saudi organizations. The findings of this study highlight the need for academics and human resource experts to account for the role of socio-cultural factors and Islam when examining these constructs in the Arab world. The implications of the findings for academics and practitioners are discussed.
Rethinking the marginalisation thesis
Authors: Williams Colin C , Horodnic Ioana Alexandra 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to evaluate critically the “marginalisation” thesis, which holds that marginalised populations disproportionately participate in undeclared work. Until now, the evidence that participation in undeclared work is higher in marginalised areas (e.g. peripheral rural localities) and marginalised socio-economic groups (e.g. the unemployed, immigrant populations and women) has come from mostly small-scale surveys of particular localities and population groups. There have been no extensive quantitative surveys. Here, the intention is to fill this gap.Design/methodology/approach– To do this, we report a 2007 survey of participation in undeclared work involving 26,659 face-to-face interviews conducted in 27 European Union (EU) member states.Findings– The finding is that the marginalisation thesis is valid when discussing younger people and those living in peripheral rural areas; they are more likely to participate in undeclared work. However, there is no significant association between immigrant populations and participation in undeclared work. Moreover, a reinforcement thesis, which holds that the undeclared economy reinforces the spatial and socio-economic disparities produced by the declared economy, applies when considering those with fewer years in education, women, the unemployed and less affluent European regions; they have lower participation rates than higher educated people, men, the employed and affluent European regions.Research limitations/implications– The outcome is a call for a more nuanced understanding of the marginalisation thesis as valid for some marginalised populations but not others. Whether similar findings prevail at other spatial scales and in other global regions now needs investigating.Practical implications– This survey displays that although it is appropriate to target some marginalised populations when tackling undeclared work, this is not valid for others (e.g. immigrant populations, the unemployed, those living in less affluent EU regions).Originality/value– The first extensive evaluation of whether marginalised populations are more likely to participate in undeclared work.
Retaining professional workers: what makes them stay?
Authors: George Christeen 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate why professional workers actually remain in their organisations.Design/methodology/approach– The design of the study was cross-sectional. A number of factors important for the retention of professional workers were identified from the literature. A 19 item “retention scale” was developed based on the identified retention factors and their characteristics. It was proposed that the retention factors could be divided into two levels: organisational and job. The retention scale was completed by 138 workers form the UK site of a multinational Marketing company. The reliability of the scale was assessed using Cronbach’sαand was found to be 0.80.Findings– Factor analysis supported the division of the retention factors into organisational and job levels with a two factor structure in which organisational levels loaded strongly on component 1 and job level items loaded strongly on component 2. Scores on these two subscales predicted individual workers’ intention to remain within their organisation using both MANOVA and logistic regression analysis.Research limitations/implications– This is a preliminary look at factors important for the retention of professional workers and as such has several limitations. A more comprehensive review of the literature on retention is required and further testing of the model is required with a larger sample size. Links with the literature on the psychological contract also need to be more fully explored.Practical implications– This research has practical implications for practitioners due to the importance of retaining top talent for increased competitive advantage. The factors that have been found here to be important for retaining professional workers have also been observed in high performing companies.Social implications– The retirement of the baby boomer generation means that there has to be a greater emphasis on retaining key employees in organisations to mitigate the loss of key skills and competences.Originality/value– Most previous studies and many HR managers concerned with the retention of professional and other workers tend to concentrate on those aspects of the job or of the organisation that make them leave. This study is concerned with why people stay with their employers.
Outsourcing and financial crisis: evidence from Icelandic service SMEs
Authors: Edvardsson Ingi Rúnar , Teitsdóttir Unnur Dilja 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to analyse the application of outsourcing within Icelandic service companies in the wake of the banking collapse.

Design/methodology/approach
– Findings are based on comparing surveys conducted in early 2009 (381 answers) and in the summer of 2013 (212 answers).

Findings
– In general outsourcing did not increase, but most SMEs had extended their outsourcing in almost every area of operation, such as human resource management (HRM), IT and peripheral tasks. Also, more SMEs gave cost-reduction as a reason for outsourcing in 2013, and more respondents in 2013 expressed a positive experience of outsourcing. It is uncommon for companies to outsource human resources or lay off staff. Instead, outsourcing mainly focuses on aspects of information technology as well as administrative and peripheral functions.

Research limitations/implications
– The research highlights service firms in one country by survey methods. Further research is needed in other sectors and countries, and more varied research methods are recommended.

Originality/value
– Research on outsourcing in SMEs in the wake of the financial crisis is rare, and very few studies have focused on the HRM implications of outsourcing in SMEs. This study can inform researchers and practitioners on critical aspects of outsourcing.
Effect of wire diameter and hook location on second bond failure modes
Authors: Harun Fuaida , Ismail Roslina , Jalar Azman , Abdullah Shahrum 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to analyze the effect of Au wire size and location of hook during wire pulling test to identify the variation of results obtained.

Design/methodology/approach
– Two hook locations, namely, location A and location B were used to analyze the effect of hook location. Location A was the same as the hook location required by MIL-STD-883E standard, whereas location B was located near to the second bond. The correlation between new purposed failure modes and MIL-STD-883E standard was developed to reflect on the pull strength with the physical failure.

Findings
– It was observed that fine pitch Au wire has higher variation and lower process capability of pull strength. Au wire pulled by the hook at location B provides a more representative result compared to that at location A. Fifty per cent or more of Au remnant is required to be considered as a good and reliable Au wedge bond based on the new purposed failure modes.

Originality/value
– The evaluation of gold (Au) wedge bond requires a new proper wire pulling test method. This is due to the large variation obtained from the application of current practice of wire pulling test.
Integrated hygro-swelling and thermo-mechanical behavior of mold compound for MEMS package during reflow after moisture preconditioning
Authors: Kwak Jae B. , Park Seungbae 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper was to study the combined effect of hygro and thermo-mechanical behavior on a plastic encapsulated micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) package during the reflow process after exposed to a humid environment for a prolonged time. Plastic encapsulated electronic packages absorb moisture when they are subjected to humid ambient conditions.

Design/methodology/approach
– Thus, a comprehensive stress model is established for a three-axis accelerometer MEMS package, with detailed considerations of fundamentals of mechanics such as heat transfer, moisture diffusion and hygro-thermo-mechanical stress. In this study, the mold compound is considered to be the most critical plastic material in MEMS package. Other plastic components of thin film materials can be disregarded due to their small sizes such as die attach and Bismaleimide Triazine (BT) core, even though they are also susceptible to moisture. Thus, only the moisture-induced properties of mold compound were obtained from the proposed experiments. From the desorption measurement after preconditioning at 85°C/85 per cent relative humidity (RH), the saturated moisture content and diffusivity were obtained by curve fitting the data to Fick’s equation. In addition, a new experimental setup was devised using the digital image correlation system together with a precision weight scale to obtain the coefficient of hygroscopic swelling (CHS) at different temperatures.

Findings
– The experimental results show that the diffusion coefficient of mold compound material follows Arrhenius equation well. Also, it is shown that the CHS of mold compound increases as temperature increases. Experimentally obtained moisture properties were then used to analyze the combined behavior (thermo-hygro-mechanical) of fully saturated MEMS package during the reflow process using a finite element analysis (FEA) with the classical analogy method. Finally, the warpage and stresses inside the MEMS package were analyzed to compare the effects of hygroscopic, thermal and hygro-thermo-mechancal behaviors.

Originality/value
– In this study, unlike the other researches, the moisture effects are investigated specifically for MEMS package which is relatively smaller in scale than conventional electronic packages. Also, as a conjugated situation, MEMS package experiences both humid and temperature during the moisture resistance test. Thus, major objective of this study is to verify stress state inside MEMS package during the reflow process which follows the preconditioning at 85°C/85 per cent RH. To quantify the stresses in the package, accurate information of material properties is experimentally obtained and used to improve modeling accuracy.
Microfabrication of Si3N4-polyimide membrane for thermo-pneumatic actuator
Authors: Abdul Hamid Norihan , Yunas J. , Yeop Majlis B. , Hamzah A.A. , Bais B. 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to discuss the fabrication technology and test of thermo-pneumatic actuator utilizing Si3N4-polyimide thin film membrane. Thin film polyimide membrane capped with Si3N4 thin layer is used as actuator membrane which is able to deform through thermal forces inside an isolated chamber. The fabricated membrane will be suitable for thermo-pneumatic-based membrane actuation for lab-on-chip application.

Design/methodology/approach
– The actuator device consisting of a micro-heater, a Si-based micro-chamber and a heat-sensitive square-shaped membrane is fabricated using surface and bulk-micromachining process, with an additional adhesive bonding process. The polyimide membrane is capped with a thin silicon nitride layer that is fabricated by using etch stop technique and spin coating.

Findings
– The deformation property of the membrane depend on the volumetric expansion of air particles in the heat chamber as a result of temperature increase generated from the micro-heater inside the chamber. Preliminary testing showed that the fabricated micro-heater has the capability to generate heat in the chamber with a temperature increase of 18.8 °C/min. Analysis on membrane deflection against temperature increase showed that heat-sensitive thin polyimide membrane can perform the deflection up to 65 μm for a temperature increase of 57°C.

Originality/value
– The dual layer polyimide capped with Si3N4 was used as the membrane material. The nitride layer allowed the polyimide membrane for working at extreme heat condition. The process technique is simple implementing standard micro-electro-mechanical systems process.
Selective metallization of solar cells
Authors: Wrobel Edyta , Kowalik Piotr , Mazurkiewicz Janusz 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to present the possibility of the technology of chemical metallization for the production of contact of photovoltaic cells. The developed technology allows you to perform low-cost contacts in any form.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study used a multi- and monocrystalline silicon plates. On the surface of the plates, the contact by the electroless metallization was made. After metallization stage, annealing process in a temperature range of 100-700°C was conducted to obtain ohmic contact in a semiconductor material. Subsequently, the electrical parameters of obtained structures were measured. Therefore, trial soldering was made, which demonstrated that the layer is fully soldered.

Findings
– Optimal parameters of the metallization bath was specified. The equations RS = f (metallization time), RS = f (temperature of annealing) and C-V characteristics were determined. As a result of conducted research, it has been stated that the most appropriate way leading to the production of soldered metal layers with good adhesion to the portion of selectively activated silicon plate is technology presented below in the following steps: masking, selective activation and nickel-plating of activated plate. Such obtained metal layers have great variety in application and, in particular, can be used for the preparation of electric terminals in silicon solar cell.

Originality/value
– The paper presents a new, unpublished method of manufacturing contacts in the structure of the photovoltaic cell.
Thermal and mechanical properties of sintered Ag layers for power module assembly
Authors: Myśliwiec Marcin , Kisiel Ryszard 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of our paper is to investigate thermal and mechanical properties of Ag sintered layers used for assembly of SiC diode to Direct Bonding Copper (DBC) interposer. How SiC devices are assembled to ceramic package defines efficiency of heat transfer and mechanical support.

Design/methodology/approach
– Ag microparticles, sized 2-4 μm and flake shaped, were used as joining material. The parameters of sintering process were as follows: temperature 400°C, pressure 10 MPa and time 40 min. It was found that after sintering and long-term aging in air at 350°C the adhesion is in the range of 10 MPa, which is enough from a practical point of view. The thermal properties of the SiC die assembled into a ceramic package were also investigated. In the first step, the calibration of the temperature-sensitive parameter VF (IF = 2 mA) was done and the relation between VF and temperature was found. In the next step, the thermal resistance between junction and case was determined knowing junction and case temperature.

Findings
– For SiC diode with Au bottom metallization joined to the DBC interposer by Ni/Au metallization by Ag microparticle layer, Rth j-c is in the range of 2-3.5°C/W, and for SiC diode with Ag bottom metallization joined to DBC interposer with Ag metallization by Ag microparticle layer, Rth j-c is in the range of 4.5-5.5°C/W.

Research limitations/implications
– In the future, research on thermal resistance of SiC diodes assembled onto the DBC interposer with Au and Ag metallization in the temperature range up to 350°C needs to be carried out. To do this, it necessary to find a solution for the attaches that leads to ceramic package able to work at such high temperature.

Originality/value
– Obtained results are comparable with results mentioned by other studies for eutectic Au/Sn or SAC solder joints; however, the solution proposed by us can properly work at significantly higher temperatures.