bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semaglutide as a promising treatment for hypothalamic obesity: a six-month case series on four females with craniopharyngioma
Authors: Gjersdal Erlend , Larsen Liva Bundgaard , Ettrup Kåre Schmidt , Vestergaard Peter , Nielsen Eigil Husted , Karmisholt Jesper Scott , Müller Hermann L. , Dal Jakob 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Patients with hypothalamic pathology often develop hypothalamic obesity, causing severe metabolic alterations resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Treatments for hypothalamic obesity have not proven very effective, although the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist semaglutide has been shown to have positive effects. We examined semaglutide’s effect on weight loss in a sample of patients with hypothalamic obesity.

Methods
Four female patients with hypothalamic obesity resulting from treatment of craniopharyngiomas were treated with semaglutide for six months. Whole Body Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were performed, and blood samples drawn at baseline and after six months. Semaglutide dosages were increased monthly along with tracking of body weight and eating behavior (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, TFEQ-R18).

Results
BMI was reduced in all cases, with an average of 7.9 BMI (range: 6.7 to 10.1) corresponding to a weight loss of 17.0% (range: 11.3–22.4%) or 20.2 kg (range 16.2 kg to 23.4 kg). We found a comparable reduction in total fat mass (17.2%, p = 0.006) and lean mass (16.0%, p = 0.05), whereas bone mass was unchanged (2.6%, p = 0.12). All cases reported an increase in energy levels, improved mobility and physical activity. Unfavorable eating behaviors were reduced after 1 month of treatment (emotional eating − 41 points, p = 0.02, uncontrolled eating − 23 points, p = 0.11). HbA1c and total cholesterol were significantly reduced (p = 0.014 for both).

Conclusion
Semaglutide is a promising and safe treatment option for HO, that improves eating behavior, reduces weight, and improves metabolic markers.
Evaluating Intelligence and Knowledge in Large Language Models
Authors: Bianchini Francesco 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIn recent times, particularly in the last few years, we have observed the rise of numerous Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing semantic technologies. These advancements have subtly yet profoundly transformed our understanding of knowledge and truth, and the mechanisms for expressing, preserving, and disseminating them. This article aims to explore the dual challenge of assessing the effects of Large Language Models and associated semantic technologies on text dissemination and production, especially across the Internet. It specifically examines the implications for trust in online knowledge repositories, the creation of indirect or deliberate forms of ignorance, and the general perception of AI as a critical component of autonomous systems from the users’ viewpoint. The discussion will also consider potential strategies to mitigate the epistemic risks posed by the employment of AI semantic tools, in both suitable and unsuitable scenarios. The suggested approach contributes to the debate on AI intelligence measurement, proposing the evaluation of an AI system’s expected intelligence (as perceived by users) as a means to address the challenges associated with the “knowledge” generated by these systems. My claim is that measuring the expected intelligence in AI systems places humans at the forefront of the issue without necessitating a precise definition of intelligence for AI systems. This approach preserves therefore the essential attribute of these systems: intelligence.
Mutagenesis on a complex mouse genetic background by site-specific nucleases
Authors: Davies Benjamin , Trelfa Lucy , Rashbrook Victoria S. , Drydale Edward , Martin Rachel , Bai Boyan , Golebka Jedrzej , Biggs Daniel Stephen , Channon Keith M. , Bhattacharya Shoumo , Douglas Gillian 
Published: August 2024

AbstractMouse models with complex genetic backgrounds are increasingly used in preclinical research to accurately model human disease and to enable temporal and cell-specific evaluation of genetic manipulations. Backcrossing mice onto these complex genetic backgrounds takes time and leads to significant wastage of animals. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether site-specific nucleases could be used to generate additional genetic mutations in a complex genetic background, using the REVERSA mouse model of atherosclerosis, a model harbouring four genetically altered alleles. The model is comprised of a functional null mutation in the Ldlr gene in combination with a ApoB100 allele, which, after high-fat diet, leads to the rapid development of atherosclerosis. The regression of the pathology is achieved by inducible knock-out of the Mttp gene. Here we report an investigation to establish if microinjection of site-specific nucleases directly into zygotes prepared from the REVERSA could be used to investigate the role of the ATP binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) in atherosclerosis regression. We show that using this approach we could successfully generate two independent knockout lines on the REVERSA background, both of which exhibited the expected phenotype of a significant reduction in cholesterol efflux to HDL in bone marrow-derived macrophages. However, loss of Abcg1 did not impact atherosclerosis regression in either the aortic root or in aortic arch, demonstrating no important role for this transporter subtype. We have demonstrated that site-specific nucleases can be used to create genetic modifications directly onto complex disease backgrounds and can be used to explore gene function without the need for laborious backcrossing of independent strains, conveying a significant 3Rs advantage.
Quantification and characterization of microplastics ingested by mangrove oysters across West Africa
Authors: Mahu Edem , Vanderpuye-Orgle Tyronne Jude , Boateng Charles Mario , Edusei Maurice Oti , Yeboah Gabriella Akpah , Chuku Ernest Obeng , Okpei Paulina , Okyere Isaac , Dodoo-Arhin David , Akintoye Edward Akinnigbagbe 
Published: August 2024

AbstractMicroplastic ingestion by marine organisms presents a challenge to both ecosystem functioning and human health. We characterized microplastic abundance, shape, size, and polymer types ingested by the West African mangrove oyster, Crassostrea tulipa (Lamarck, 1819) sampled from estuaries and lagoons from the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Benin, and Nigeria using optical microscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. A total of 780 microplastics were isolated in the whole tissues of the 250 oysters (n = 50 oysters per country). The abundance and distribution of microplastics in the oysters followed the pattern: the Gambia > Ghana > Sierra Leone > Nigeria > Benin. The Tanbi wetlands in the Gambia recorded the highest average of 10.50 ± 6.69 per oyster while the Ouidah lagoon in Benin recorded the lowest average of 1.80 ± 1.90 per oyster. Overall, microplastic numbers varied significantly (p < 0.05) among the five countries. Microfibers, particularly those within 1001–5000 μm size, dominated the total microplastic count with a few fragments and films. No spherical microplastics were isolated in the oysters. In the Sierra Leone and Benin oysters, fragments and films were absent in the samples. Microplastic between the 1001 and 5000 μm size class dominated the counts, followed by 501–1000 μm, 101–500 μm, and 51–100 μm. Five polymer groups namely polyethylene, polyester, nylon, polypropylene, and polyamide were identified across the five countries, with polyethylene occurring in oysters from all five countries and polyester occurring in all but the oysters from Nigeria. This diversity of polymers suggests varied sources of microplastics ingested by the studied oysters. The absence of microspheres across the five supports findings from other studies that they are the least ingested and highly egested by the oysters.
Graphical Abstract
Biohythane production via anaerobic digestion process: fundamentals, scale-up challenges, and techno-economic and environmental aspects
Authors: Alavi-Borazjani Seyedeh Azadeh , da Cruz Tarelho Luís António , Capela Maria Isabel 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBiohythane, a balanced mixture comprising bioH2 (biohydrogen) and bioCH4 (biomethane) produced through anaerobic digestion, is gaining recognition as a promising energy source for the future. This article provides a comprehensive overview of biohythane production, covering production mechanisms, microbial diversity, and process parameters. It also explores different feedstock options, bioreactor designs, and scalability challenges, along with techno-economic and environmental assessments. Additionally, the article discusses the integration of biohythane into waste management systems and examines future prospects for enhancing production efficiency and applicability. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers interested in advancing biohythane production as a sustainable and renewable energy solution.
An innovative environmental tool to evaluate the sustainability of anthropogenic processes: the tetrahedron approach
Authors: Gueddari-Aourir Abdessamad , Alonso-Moreno Carlos , Zafrilla Jorge Enrique , Canales-Vázquez Jesús , Ayuso-Yuste María Concepción , Villaseñor Elena , García-Yuste Santiago 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe Tetrahedron approach is a new environmental tool adapted to assess the sustainability of anthropogenic processes. This tool is based on a four-step methodology that includes (a) the identification of critical parameters, (b) evaluation through the Tetrahedron Parameter Global Evaluator, (c) construction of a tetrahedron diagram based on the final scores and (d) quantitative estimation of the global sustainability. The Tetrahedron incorporates various aspects of sustainability, including economic, social and environmental factors, and provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating the impact of human activities. This article presents the methodology and application of the Tetrahedron in determining the sustainability of five case studies: CO2 capture, unconventional methanol production, the Solvay process, CO2-alcoholic fermentation process strategy and the CO2-Rumen fermentation process strategy. The results demonstrate the Tetrahedron as an effective and reliable tool to quantify the sustainability of anthropogenic processes and to promote sustainable practices across various industries and sectors. The Tetrahedron offers several advantages over other environmental assessment tools, including holistic approach, simplicity and flexibility.
Historical and contemporary cemeteries in the urban area. The modern development of the city vs. human remnants in the soil
Authors: Greinert Andrzej , Kostecki Jakub 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Death is inextricably linked to the functioning of the biosphere, including the presence of humans on Earth. The remains of 117 billion people who have ever lived on Earth are mostly hidden in the soil. Hence, the organization, use and subsequent fate of cemeteries and their surroundings should also be considered from the perspective of pedeogenesis. The soils of such areas are subject to multifactorial human pressure, as reflected in their often complex soil profiles.

Materials and methods
The situation of a Central European city of medieval origin, Zielona Gora (Poland), characterized by the presence of 39 cemeteries within its current boundaries, is presented. The location of these cemeteries was shown in light of other factors of human pressure on soil, including relation to buildings construction and a land use. The analysis of the current form of use of burial sites and their immediate surroundings used the technique of field research and a city's documentation query. In order to reflect the specific impact of the form of use of post-burial grounds on soil properties, selected soil characteristics of exemplary historical cemeteries are presented. The main soil characteristics were evaluated using standard methods of laboratory analysis.

Results and discussion
Some cemeteries are reflected in the city's planning documents – there are all contemporary cemeteries and a few historical ones. The vast majority of historical burial sites are not reflected in the plans. This makes modern urban development directly adjacent to them and even encroaches on their territories. Soil analysis has shown that human remains are still present in soils of these areas, even hundreds of years after cemetery closure. In addition to these, the soils are characterized by elevated C and P content relative to the bedrock. The arrangement of the necrosol profile is disturbed by the significant presence of construction and municipal waste. The most soil characteristics, including grain-size composition, pH, EC, sorption properties, organic and inorganic carbon content, as well as macronutrients and heavy metals, are strong influenced by the land use form and urban pressure on cemetery areas.

Conclusions
It is common practice around the world to bury human bodies or ashes in soil, hence their remains contribute to soil profiles. Proper identification of cemetery soil profiles, with a clear indication of necric features, is difficult due to the different uses of cemetery land. The soils of former cemeteries, by reason of their relationship to buildings and urban parks, take on the characteristics typical of such urban land use forms.
Kinetic scale magnetic holes in the terrestrial magnetosheath: A review
Authors: Shi Quanqi , Yao Shutao , Hamrin Maria , Liu Ji 
Published: August 2024

AbstractMagnetic holes at the ion-to-electron kinetic scale (KSMHs) are one of the extremely small intermittent structures generated in turbulent magnetized plasmas. In recent years, the explorations of KSMHs have made substantial strides, driven by the ultra-high-precision observational data gathered from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. This review paper summarizes the up-to-date characteristics of the KSMHs observed in Earth’s turbulent magnetosheath, as well as their potential impacts on space plasma. This review starts by introducing the fundamental properties of the KSMHs, including observational features, particle behaviors, scales, geometries, and distributions in terrestrial space. Researchers have discovered that KSMHs display a quasi-circular electron vortex-like structure attributed to electron diamagnetic drift. These electrons exhibit noticeable non-gyrotropy and undergo acceleration. The occurrence rate of KSMH in the Earth’s magnetosheath is significantly greater than in the solar wind and magnetotail, suggesting the turbulent magnetosheath is a primary source region. Additionally, KSMHs have also been generated in turbulence simulations and successfully reproduced by the kinetic equilibrium models. Furthermore, KSMHs have demonstrated their ability to accelerate electrons by a novel non-adiabatic electron acceleration mechanism, serve as an additional avenue for energy dissipation during magnetic reconnection, and generate diverse wave phenomena, including whistler waves, electrostatic solitary waves, and electron cyclotron waves in space plasma. These results highlight the magnetic hole’s impact such as wave-particle interaction, energy cascade/dissipation, and particle acceleration/heating in space plasma. We end this paper by summarizing these discoveries, discussing the generation mechanism, similar structures, and observations in the Earth’s magnetotail and solar wind, and presenting a future extension perspective in this active field.
Evaluation of the Effects of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on Caenorhabditis elegans Survival and Fertility
Authors: Zöngür Alper 
Published: August 2024

AbstractDi-2-ethylhexyl (DEHP), which is widely used in industrial products, is produced annually in excess of 2 million tons worldwide. DEHP is an endocrine disruptor and one of the major environmental pollutant chemicals (EDCs) in nature. There is some information about the effects of these products, which provide great advantages in every respect, on human health and the environment. In this study, C. elegans organism was used to evaluate the health and environmental risks of DEHP. The survival and fertility effects of DEHP on the C. elegans organism were examined and the results were evaluated. In the study, it was determined that DEHP not only shortened the survival time of C. elegans but also caused a decrease in fertility. DEHP (0.625 mM and 10 mM) caused a 23.2–30.6% decrease in fertility. Additionally, the LC50 (50% lethal concentration) value of DEHP was found to be 321 µg/mL.
Correlation of PD-L1 expression with different clinico-pathological and immunohistochemical features of ovarian surface epithelial tumors
Authors: Shalaby Asem , Shalaby Ola , Abdullah Hazem , Boulassel Mohamed Rachid , Arafa Mohammad 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Primary carcinoma of the ovary (OCs) are responsible for a significant number of deaths related to cancer, and have the highest rate of death related to cancers of the female reproductive organs. Programmed cell death 1 (PD1) protein, acts as an immune checkpoint, and has an important role in the down-regulation of the immune system by preventing the activation of T-cells, which will weaken the autoimmunity and increases self-tolerance. This study aimed at the evaluation of the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of PD-L1 in various primary surface ovarian epithelial tumours and to test its correlation with different clinicopathological parameters together with the expression of a panel of P53, ER and PR.

Methods
A set of 102 cases of primary ovarian surface epithelial neoplasms (benign, borderline and malignant) were collected to construct Tissue Microarray (TMA) using 3 tissue cores from each case. IHC for PD-L1, p53, PR and ER was performed. The expression of PD-L1 was evaluated in relation to some clinicopathological parameters and to the expression patterns of other markers.

Results
Expression of PD-L1 was detected in about 51% (n = 36) of malignant tumours. The malignant group significantly showed PD-L1 positivity compared to borderline and benign groups. The malignant tumours significantly showed PD-L1 and total p53 positivity in comparison to borderline group. Also, malignant tumours significantly showed higher combined positivity of PD-L1 and either PR or ER compared to borderline and benign lesions. No significant correlation was appreciated between PD-L1 expression and with any of the studied clinicopathological parameters.

Conclusions
This study showed a significant PD-L1 expression in malignant primary surface epithelial tumours. Construction of a panel of IHC markers, including PD-L1, could have a potential value to define patients those would benefit from the addition of immunotherapy to the treatment plan.
Performance of ChatGPT on basic healthcare leadership and management questions
Authors: Leutz-Schmidt Patricia , Grözinger Martin , Kauczor Hans-Ulrich , Jang Hyungseok , Sedaghat Sam 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Purpose
ChatGPT is an LLM-based chatbot introduced in 2022. This study investigates the performance of ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 on basic healthcare leadership and management questions.

Methods
ChatGPT-3.5 and -4 (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA, USA) generated answers to 24 pre-selected questions on three different areas of management and leadership in medical practice: group 1) accessing management/leadership training, group 2) management/leadership basics, group 3) department management/leadership. Three readers independently evaluated the answers provided by the two versions of ChatGPT. Three 4-digit scores were developed to assess the quality of the responses: 1) overall quality score (OQS), 2) understandibility score (US), and 3) implementability score (IS). The mean quality score (MQS) was calculated from these three scores.

Results
The interrater agreement was good for ChatGPT-4 (72%) and moderate for ChatGPT-3.5 (56%). The MQS of all questions reached a mean score of 3,42 (SD: 0,64) using ChatGPT-3.5 and 3,75 (SD: 0,47) using ChatGPT-4. ChatGPT-4 showed significantly higher MQS scores in group 2 and 3 questions than ChatGPT-3.5 (p = 0.039 and p < 0.001, respectively). Also, significant differences between ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 regarding OQS, US, and IS in group 3 questions were seen with significances reaching p < 0.001. Significant differences between the two chatbot versions were also present regarding OQS in question groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.035 each). 87.5% of the answers provided by ChatGPT-4 (21 of 24 answers) were considered superior to the answers provided by ChatGPT-3.5 for the same questions. Neither ChatGPT-3.5 nor ChatGPT-4 offered any inaccurate answers.

Conclusion
ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 performed well on basic healthcare leadership and management questions, while ChatGPT-4 was superior.
Hybrid FDG-PET/MRI for Diagnosis and Clinical Management of Patients with Suspected Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma: A Feasibility Pilot Study
Authors: de Jong D. M. , Chehin K. , Meijering T. L.N. , Segbers M. , van Driel L. M.J.W. , Bruno M. J. , Groot Koerkamp B. , IJzermans J. N.M. , Verburg F. A. , de Lussanet de la Sabloniere Q. G. , Dwarkasing R. S. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Recently introduced hybrid 2-[18 F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18 F-FDG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) combined with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may aid in proper diagnosis and staging of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA). The aim of this study is to assess the effect of 18 F-FDG PET/MRI on diagnosis and clinical decision making in the pre-operative work up of pCCA.

Methods
In this single-centre pilot study patients with presumed resectable pCCA underwent state-of-the-art 18 F-FDG hybrid PET/MRI using digital silicone photomultiplier detectors integrated within a 3-Tesla bore. Data were collected on several baseline and imaging characteristics. The primary outcome measure was the added diagnostic information and the effect on clinical decision making. Secondary aim was to correlate quantitative PET signal intensity to patient- and tumour characteristics. High and low SUVmax subgroups related to the mean value were made. Significance of lesion- and patient characteristics with the high and low SUVmax subgroups, as well as TLR and TBR, was evaluated with Fisher’s exact test or Mann-Whitney-U test.

Results
In total 14 patients were included (mean age 62.4 years, 64% male). Final diagnosis was pCCA in 10 patients (71.4%), follicular lymphoma in one patient (7.1%) and benign disease in the remaining three patients. FDG-PET/MRI added valuable diagnostic information in six (43%) patients and affected clinical decision making in two of these patients (14%) by increasing confidence for malignancy which lead to the decision for surgery on short term. High SUVmax values were seen in half of cases with pCCA and half of cases with non-cancerous lesions. In addition, high SUVmax values were directly associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis when present (p = 0.03).

Conclusion
Simultaneous 18 F-FDG-PET/MRI added diagnostic information in six of fourteen patients and influenced clinical decision making in two patients (14%) with presumed resectable pCCA.