bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROSTHETIC EAR RECONSTRUCTION APPLYING COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHIC (CT) DATA AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Mohamed Nor Azura , Rajion Zainul Ahmad 
Published: October 2015

The treatment of auricle defect can be by surgical or prosthetic ear rehabilitation depending on the condition. Current practice by surgeon for prosthetic ear rehabilitation require patient to go for osseointegrated craniofacial implant surgery for retention of the prosthetic ear. Impression technique play a vital role in accurate reproduction of affected and unaffected ears, orientation of the ear during wax try in and fabrication of ear prostheses. Traditionally, the wax pattern was created from the impression taken from patient and the final prosthesis is processed with silicone material. This conventional method has always been time consuming, massive work and caused discomfort to patient. Moreover the accuracy of the final prosthetic sometimes was not satisfied. Improvement in medical imaging technology whereby data from computerized tomography (CT) in 2D format can be converting to 3 dimensional images gave tremendous view for surgeon to visualize the result. A new and impressive advance in the development of additive manufacturing technology is now being able to be applied in medical field. The widespread use of computer-aided design (CAD) combine with computer aided manufacturing (CAM) produced the momentum and desire to translate the 3-D images into physical models. Studies and research have indicated the viability of using medical imaging technology, computer aided design (CAD) and additive manufacturing techniques in prosthetics. This paper proposed a novel method of fabricating the prosthetic ear applying mirror image technique to reconstruct the missing ear, and then fabricate the 3D model of the prosthetic ear using Stereolitography (SLA) technology that will become the master mold to produce the final prosthetic ear. This method eliminates the traditional wax pattern procedure. A clinical study is done onto a patient in HUSM and comparison is made between traditional method vs new approach using computer aided technology. Result showed that there is significant different between traditional and new approach design. The new method also shows time reduction during design and fabrication stage.
IDENTIFICATION OF VAGINA AND PELVIS FROM IRIS REGION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
Authors: A.J. Nor’aini , Z. A. Syahrul Akram , S. Azilah 
Published: October 2015

Iris recognition not only can be used in biometrics technology but also in medical application by identifying the region that relates to the body part. This paper describes a technique for identification of vagina and pelvis regions from iris region using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based on iridology chart whereby the ANN process utilized Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN). The localization of the iris is carried out using two methods namely Circular Boundary Detector (CBD) and Circular Hough Transform (CHT). The iris is segmented based on the iridology chart and unwrapped into polar form using Daugman’s Rubber Sheet Model. The vagina and pelvis regions are cropped into pixel size of 40x7 for feature extraction using Principal component Analysis (PCA) and classified using FFNN. In the experiments, 15 pelvis and 20 vagina regions are used for classification. The best result obtained gives overall correct identification from localization using CBD and CHT of about 67% and 81% respectively. From the experiments, it is observed that vagina and pelvis regions are able to be identified even though the results obtained are not 100% accurate.
FEEDSTOCK FLOW CHARACTERIZATION AND PROCESSING OF POROUS NITI BY METAL INJECTION MOULDING (MIM)
Authors: Ismail Muhammad Hussain , Mohamad Nor Nor Hafiez , Davies Hywel A. , Todd Iain 
Published: October 2015

Porous NiTi alloy with a nearly three-dimensionally interconnected pore structure has been successfully fabricated by a transient liquid phase sintering following the metal injection moulding (MIM) process, using a mixture of Ni and Ti elemental powders. The elemental Ni and Ti powders mixture was mixed with a binder system, comprised mainly polyethylene-glycol (PEG) in an alternative technique using a speed mixer, principally incorporating a dual asymmetric centrifuge (DAC). The powder-binder mixture was then characterized using a capillary rheometer at various temperatures and shear rates. It was found that the feedstock exhibited pseudo-plastic behaviour, which is favourable for the MIM process. A temperature range of 120oC - 130oC was considered as the optimum operating condition for the injection moulding processing. The parts were moulded into cylindrical shapes, leached in warm water (60oC for 10 hours), thermally debound in argon and subsequently sintered in a vacuum furnace at four different temperatures ranging from 950oC to 1250oC. All samples underwent expansion in both diameter and height after water leaching and sintering. The XRD results showed that increasing the sintering temperature resulted in a major fraction of the B2 NiTi phase due to phase homogenization and subsequently decreased the amount of secondary phases such as NiTi2 and Ni3Ti. Besides that, the formation of the transient liquid phase during sintering enabled major fraction of pores to be developed with porosity and average size of 39 - 45% and 100 - 120 μm, respectively. The porous parts produced have a great potential to be used as an implant in biomedical applications.
Pipeline Corrosion Growth Modeling for In-Line Inspection Data Using a Population-Based Approach
Authors: Dann Markus R. , Maes Marc A. , Salama Mamdouh M. 
Published: October 2015

To manage the integrity of corroded pipelines reliable estimates of the current and future corrosion growth process are required. They are often obtained from in-line inspection data by matching defects from two or more inspections and determining corrosion growth rates from the observed growth paths. In practice only a (small) subset of the observed defects are often reliably matched and used in the subsequent corrosion growth analysis. The information from the remaining unmatched defects on the corrosion growth process are typically ignored. Hence, all decisions that depend on the corrosion growth process such as maintenance and repair requirements and re-inspection intervals, are based on the information obtained from the (small) set of matched defects rather than all observed corrosion anomalies.
A new probabilistic approach for estimating corrosion growth from in-line inspection data is introduced. It does not depend on defect matching and the associated defect matching uncertainties. The reported defects of an inspection are considered from a population perspective and the corrosion growth is determined from two or more defect populations. The distribution of the reported defect sizes is transformed into the distribution of the actual defect sizes by adjusting it for detectability, false calls, and sizing uncertainties. The obtained distribution is then used to determine the parameters of the assumed gamma-distributed corrosion growth process in order to forecast future metal loss in the pipeline. As defect matching is not required all reported corrosion defects are used in the probabilistic analysis rather than the truncated set of matched defects. A numerical example is provided where two in-line inspections are analyzed.
Effects of Underwater Explosion on Pipeline Integrity
Authors: Bartolini Lorenzo Maria , Marchionni Lorenzo , Molinari Caterina , Parrella Antonio 
Published: October 2015

Unexploded charges e.g. mines, bombs, torpedoes, etc... are rarely identified at a very early stage of reconnaissance surveys for pipeline route corridors. These ordnances are found during detailed pre-engineering or pre-lay surveys and, sometimes and not surprisingly, during the ordinary surveys performed on the pipeline in service. UXOs represent a hazard for the pipeline as well as for the assets and people involved in the construction phase. An appropriate mitigation plan in areas potentially affected is generally performed, including ordnance removal or mined-area clearance. Large diameter long offshore trunk lines crossing different territorial waters are often exposed to this kind of hazard. As such, pipeline construction and operation call for advanced numerical modelling as unique/valuable tool for providing a quantitative measure of the UXOs related risks.
In recent projects the understanding of the underwater explosion process and prediction of damages associated to specific weapon-target engagement are based on the outcome of engineering tools based on finite element modelling. The continuing development of multi-purpose and multi-physics finite element analyses codes facilitates their application, providing sharp and detailed insight into the complex subject of underwater explosive effect and the coupled response of nearby structures. The scope of the structural integrity assessment is to define the minimum distance to be guaranteed between the pipeline and unexploded ordnance to avoid any risk of pipeline damage, as a function of the quantity of explosive. The engineering task of the integrity assessment includes the definition of the relevant conditions for the pipeline whether buried or free spanning, the analysis of the interaction between the gas bubble and shock pressure waves and the cylindrical shape of the pipeline, both as a shell that collapse under a pressure wave and a pipe length that moves laterally and develops bending. The objective is to evaluate the minimum allowable distance of the ordnance from the pipeline, as a function of the explosive quantity and type.
In this paper, a series of real cases is presented in order to provide the most relevant parameters characterizing the integrity assessment under the applied load scenario from propagating shock waves. The propagation in water of shock pressure waves induced by the underwater explosion of a spherical charge is performed using finite element modelling, after model verification and validation with respect to the analytical and experimental formulations available in open literature. The outcome from finite element modelling is compared with findings from a simplified model based on modal analysis of the pipe shell – inward bulging and collapse of the pipe section and of the pipe beam – lateral displacement of the impacted stretch and bending at the crest of the buckle.
Risk Based Inspection Planning for Fatigue Damage in Offshore Steel Structures
Authors: Lassen Tom , Recho Naman 
Published: October 2015

High fatigue reliability is one of the most important design criteria for welded offshore steel structures. Due to repeated wave loading fatigue cracks may initiate and grow in welded joints that are important for the integrity of these structures.
The present paper presents the methodology and the practical calculations for risk based inspection planning for fatigue cracks in welded details. Due to the uncertainty in the variables involved in the problem the planning has to be carried out by stochastic modeling and risk based assessments. Scatter in potential crack growth has to be analyzed by applied probabilistic facture mechanics and the uncertainty in the performance of the actual inspection technique has to be determined. With given risk acceptance criteria the practical outcome of the analyses is recommended inspection techniques and associated planned inspection time intervals. The classical theory is outlined and the latest recommendations from a Joint Industry Project recently completed by Det Norske Veritas in Norway are discussed. Discussion on how to model the fatigue process correctly is emphasized, particularly the role of time to crack initiation versus the subsequent crack propagation phase. Proper modeling of these two phases is crucial to get the potential crack path correct and thus obtain a reliable estimate of the probability of crack detection. For the crack propagation phase the selection of geometry functions is addressed.
A practical case study for life extension of an offshore oil loading system is finally presented. A structural significant item in the system is the steel gooseneck connection for the sub-sea flexible loading hoses. The case is an interesting one in the way that two similar systems were analyzed independently, one analysis based on the tradition S-N approach and one where the decisions were reliability based by applying the Risk Based Inspection approach.
Integrity Assurance of an Oil Transportation Pipeline in a Transformed Design Environment
Authors: Kumar Amitabh , McShane Brian , McQueen Mark 
Published: October 2015

A large Oil and Gas pipeline gathering system is commonly used to transport processed oil and gas from an offshore platform to an onshore receiving facility. High reliability and integrity for continuous operation of these systems is crucial to ensure constant supply of hydrocarbon to the onshore processing facility and eventually to market. When such a system is exposed to a series of complex environmental loadings, it is often difficult to predict the response path, in-situ condition and therefore the system’s ability to withstand subsequent future loading scenarios.
In order to continue to operate the pipeline after a significant environmental event, an overall approach needs to be developed to — (a) Understand the system loading and the associated integrity, (b) Develop a series of criteria staging the sequence of actions following an event that will verify the pipeline integrity and (c) Ensure that the integrity management solution is simple and easy to understand so that it can be implemented consistently.
For a complex loading scenario, one of the main challenges is the ability to predict the controlling parameter(s) that drives the global integrity of these systems. In such scenarios, the presence of numerous parameters makes the technical modeling and prediction tasks arduous. To address such scenarios, first and foremost, it is crucial to understand the baseline environment data and other associated critical design input elements. If the “design environmental baseline” has transformed (due to large events e.g. storms etc.) from its original condition; it modifies the dynamics of the system. To address this problem, a thorough modeling and assessment of the in-situ condition is essential. Further, a robust calibration method is required to predict the future response path and therefore expected pipeline condition.
The study further compares the planned integrity management solutions to the field data to validate the efficiency of the predicted scenarios. By the inclusion of real field-data feedback to the modeling method, balanced integrity solutions can be achieved and the ability to quantify the risks is made more practical and actionable.
The Encountered Extreme Events and Predicted Maximum Ice-Induced Loads on the Ship Hull in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Suominen Mikko , Kujala Pentti , Kotilainen Mikko 
Published: October 2015

This paper studies the causes (ship operations and ice conditions) for the maximum ice-induced loads on the ship hull. Furthermore, the extreme loads are predicted with the Gumbel I asymptotic distribution. The study utilizes the full-scale measurement data collected in the Antarctic waters onboard S.A. Agulhas II between Dec 2013 and Feb 2014. The iceinduced loads were measured at the bow, bow shoulder and stern shoulder. The ice conditions were observed visually and the machinery control and navigational data were recorded continuously.
The study showed that the turning of the ship has a major effect on the loading at the stern shoulder. The maximum loads also showed an increasing trend as a function of the observed ice concentration and maximum ice thickness in all three areas of the hull. In addition, the maximum loads at the bow showed a decreasing trend as a function of an increasing ice floe diameter. Furthermore, the study with the return period of the ice-induced loads showed that the return period of the loads was at the same level at the bow and stern shoulder. However, the extreme values exceeded with a probability of 1 % or 0.1 % are clearly higher for the bow.
Engagement in the Arctic: The ‘Modular Arctic Hub (MODARC)’ Facilitates the ‘Kick-Off’
Authors: Hoog Sven , Longrée Mark , Menze Andreas 
Published: October 2015

It seems to be certain that a huge variety of activities will be established in the Arctic in turn of global warming in the coming decades. These activities comprise fishery, tourism, cargo shipping and resource extraction mainly taking place in Arctic waters, at coastal areas and at shore. As history shows, these activities often suffer from a complicate supply of skilled personnel, insufficient infrastructure and not suitable tools for use in harsh environment, which are significant obstacles towards a cost efficient setup of required hubs supporting the ‘conquering of the Arctic’.
IMPaC has taken the chance of participating in the European funded joint research project ACCESS (Ref. [3]) to develop a concept for the modular establishment of stations in the Arctic: MODARC (MODular ARCtic Hub). The basic module of MODARC shall act as initial hub providing fundamentals like accommodation, energy, communication in a safe and secure way. The hubs shall be self-sufficient for an extended kick-off period and operable conforming to a zero-emission policy, which IMPaC has already met during projects for the Caspian Sea (Ref. [2]).
The basic modules are operable right after installation allowing supporting the establishment of further specialized activities serving the various means of activities mentioned above. Thus, the character of each settlement will be case (project) dependent but comparable in its basic concept. Paramount advantage of the MODARC concept is the idea of producing the floating modules in worldwide benign conditions like harbors or wharfs allowing testing and certifying each module prior to send out and installation at location. Even personnel can be trained before or during the shipment to the operation location — just like it is usual e.g. in Aerospace technology.
Uncertainty Analysis in Ship-Model Resistance Test
Authors: Steen Sverre , Ankit  , Gavrilin Sergey 
Published: October 2015

In a ship model resistance test, the towing force measurements usually contain high amplitude and low frequency noise. The length of the towing tank is finite, which induces an uncertainty in the estimated mean value of the towing force. In practical work, a time-window is manually selected from the complete measurement time history to compute the mean value to be used in the further analysis. Due to the combination of high-amplitude, low frequency noise and limited length of time series, the selection of the time window is found to matter for the resulting mean value. The idea pursued in this paper is that the uncertainty in the estimated mean value of resistance can be improved by considering multiple time windows rather than just one.
First, the paper deals with the estimation of mean value of resistance from the given towing force data using 1) Single Time Window (STW) technique 2) Multiple Time Windows (MTW) technique. By applying these techniques to a given time series with a known mean, we can compare reliability of these estimators. Finally, the carriage and ship model are mathematically modeled as moving spring-mass-damper system. Comparison of the simulated towing force data with the experimental data allows us to understand the major sources of noise in towing force data.
A Method for Estimating Quasi-Static Riser Deformation and Applied Forces From Sparse Riser Inclination Measurements
Authors: McNeill Scot , Saruhashi Tomokazu , Sawada Ikuo , Kyo Masanori , Miyazaki Eigo , Yamazaki Yasuyuki 
Published: October 2015

A method was recently presented for determining quasi-static and dynamic riser angles using measured data typically found in a riser fatigue monitoring system, specifically acceleration and angular rate data. The riser angles were determined at sensor locations. In this paper quasi-static riser displacement, inclination angle, curvature, and stress are estimated along the entire length of the riser, using only the quasi-static inclinations angles at sparse sensor locations. In addition the distribution of applied forces along the entire riser length is also estimated. A rough representation of the current profile can be calculated using the drag coefficients of riser joints.
The riser deformation (displacement, inclination, curvature) and applied forces are estimated by solving the matrix equation f = K*x, where f is the vector of forces and moments, K is the stiffness matrix and x is the vector of displacements and inclination angles. In the equation, force and displacement vectors are unknown and the stiffness matrix is determined using Finite Element (FE) modeling. Constraints are applied, setting the inclination angle at the sensor locations to the values derived from measured data. The remaining highly-underdetermined problem cannot be solved in a classical sense, as it admits infinite solutions. To get a solution that is consistent with the physics of riser deformation, smoothness of the solution is enforced as a constraint. The smoothest solution is solved using quadratic programming methods.
Following implementation of the method in Matlab®, the procedure was validated using numerical simulations of a riser in applied current. Both connected (to the wellhead) and disconnected cases were simulated. Estimated riser displacements, slopes, curvatures and applied forces are found to match the simulation results closely.
The algorithm was then run using measured data from an emergency disconnect event that occurred on the Chikyu drill ship in November, 2012. The riser displacement, inclination and curvature were determined and found to agree well with results determined using another method.
The additional capabilities presented herein further expand the utility of a riser monitoring system. Quasi-static and dynamic riser angles are derived from acceleration and angular rate sensors using previously published methods. Using the method developed herein, the quasi-static inclination angles at the sensor locations can be used to determine the displacement, inclination, curvature (stress) and even applied force along the entire riser. These results are particularly useful in strength assessment, model verification, clashing and emergency event reconstruction analyses.