bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sports nutrition in a regulatory limbo
Authors: Leser S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe regulatory framework governing sports nutrition products in Europe is changing, with new Regulation 609/2013 on Food for Specific Groups coming into force in July 2016. Currently, sports nutrition products are regulated under the general provisions of Directive 2009/39/EC on Foodstuffs Intended for Particular Nutritional Uses (PARNUTS), the so‐called ‘dietetic foods’. An attempt to set out separate provisions for sports nutrition products, such as food composition and labelling criteria, was made by the European Commission in 2004, but at that time a consensus was not agreed and no official activity was developed in this area. In 2011, in light of conflicting rules with more recent legislation, the European Commission agreed to repeal the ‘dietetic foods’ framework, removing the food categories for which no specific provisions exist, such as sports nutrition products. Today, the prospect of regulators bringing in specific legislation for the sports nutrition sector has receded, with Europe's policy makers recognising that sports people are not a vulnerable subgroup of the general population to require additional controls, as reflected in superseding Regulation 609/2013 on Food for Specific Groups. However, as some Member States remain concerned over consumer safety coming from the use of sports nutrition products, the European Commission has been asked to prepare a report addressing the need, if any, for additional specific rules to govern these food products. As we approach what may be a conclusion on a decade‐long debate about how to regulate sports nutrition products in Europe, thanks to these regulatory changes, the sector may now face a very different challenge. Initially, the industry was in danger of a legislation that was so restrictive that it could have prevented growth and innovation in the sector. Today, as sports nutrition products have evolved to attend to the needs of the wider active population, the industry is now in danger of a regulatory framework that is so broad that it does not recognise the specific needs of sports people. The Commission Report, due in July 2015, is crucial for settling the legislative framework governing sports nutrition products once and for all, so that concerns from National Authorities and the issues currently experienced by the industry are addressed, and the sector can eventually achieve legal clarity and ensure consumer protection. This article discusses the changing regulatory environment for sports nutrition products in Europe, according to the particular views of the European Specialist Sports Nutrition Alliance (ESSNA), the trade association representing the interests of the sports nutrition industry in Europe.
Agreement among optometrists and ophthalmologists in estimating limbal anterior chamber depth using the van Herick method
Authors: Jindal Anish , Myint Joy , Edgar David F. , Nolan Winifred P. , Lawrenson John G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the inter‐observer agreement for measuring limbal anterior chamber depth (LACD) using the van Herick test in community optometrists, glaucoma specialist optometrists and ophthalmologists.MethodsThe study was divided into two phases. In the first phase, a random sample of 100 UK community optometrists were given an opportunity to select and grade eight digital slit‐lamp images of anterior chamber angles using the original van Herick 4 point grading scale. The images were included in a clinical decision making study using computerised virtual case vignettes. In the second phase, hospital‐based glaucoma specialist optometrists and glaucoma sub‐specialist ophthalmologists graded the LACD of the right eye using a 7‐point % grading scale in 57 consecutively presenting patients with suspect glaucoma. Inter‐observer agreement was assessed using linearly weighted kappa (κw).ResultsInter‐observer agreement for community optometrists was moderate, with a mean κw for grading photographic images of 0.50 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43–0.57). Overall, ninety‐two percent of observations were within one grade of the actual grade, although grading of narrow angles was associated with a 13% false negative error rate (based on a ≤ grade 2 threshold). For Phase 2 of the study, pairwise comparisons between optometrists and ophthalmologists showed that agreement was moderate to substantial (mean κw = 0.54–0.65) with a false negative rate of 1.9% (based on a ≤ 25% threshold). Grading accuracy of specialist optometrists and ophthalmologists were equivalent.ConclusionsIn summary, the present study found that community optometrists showed moderate inter‐observer agreement for grading LACD. Glaucoma specialist optometrists showed moderate to substantial agreement with weighted kappa values that were equivalent to sub‐specialist ophthalmologists. The augmented 7‐point % grading scale is intuitive and potentially offers greater accuracy for grading narrow angles than the traditional 4‐point scale for grading LACD.
Body condition constrains immune function in field populations of female Australian plague locust Chortoicetes terminifera
Authors: Graham R. I. , Deacutis J. M. , Simpson S. J. , Wilson K. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThe insect innate immune system comprises both humoral and cellular defence responses. In the laboratory, the insect immune system is well characterized. In the field, however, little is known about the role of constitutive insect immune function and how it varies within and between populations. Laboratory studies suggest that host nutrition has significant impact upon insect immune function. Thus, the rationale for this study was to sample natural populations of the Australian Plague Locust Chortoicetes terminifera to establish whether locust body condition (as determined by protein and lipid content) impacted their constitutive immune system and, as a result, has the potential to impact on their capacity to respond to a pathogenic challenge. We found that body condition varied greatly between individual female locusts within sites and that haemolymph protein levels, but not body lipid content, varied between sites. Moreover, our measures of immune function were correlated with the haemolymph levels of protein (in the case of haemocyte density), lipid (prophenoloxidase activity) or both (lysozyme‐like antimicrobial activity). We discuss the implications of these findings for the role of biological pesticides in the control of locust populations.
Androecia in two Clusia species: development, structure and resin secretion
Authors: Sá‐Haiad B. , Silva C. P. , Paula R. C. V. , Rocha J. F. , Machado S. R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractClusia fluminensis and C. lanceolata are dioecious shrubs having resiniferous flowers with strongly distinct androecia. The aim of this study was to investigate the development and anatomy of their androecia and the ultrastructure, histochemistry and secretory process of their androecium resin glands, examining whether the cellular aspects of resin secretion differed between these two morphologically distinct androecia. Stamens differ, being free in C. fluminensis and clustered in a synandrium in C. lanceolata. Staminode sterility is due to the undifferentiated nature of the anthers in C. lanceolata and degeneration of meiocytes and anther indehiscence in C. fluminensis. Resin is produced in subepidermal cavities and canals with wide lumens. In the secretory stage, epithelial cells present sinuous walls, voluminous nuclei, polymorphic plastids associated with periplastidial reticulum, mitochondria, oil bodies, multivesicular bodies, endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes. The resin is released through rupture points on the distal surface of stamens and staminodes, associated with disrupted cavities and canals. Our results show morphological diversity associated with functional similarity. Also, a secretion pattern shared by the two species includes initiation of the secretory process in young floral buds, compartmentalisation of the secretion in pre‐anthesis buds and release of secretions at anthesis. Cellular aspects of resin secretion in these species are quite similar, as are the chemical identities of the main components of the floral resins of the genus.
Does Organizational Image Matter? Image, Identification, and Employee Behaviors in Public and Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Rho Eunju , Yun Taesik , Lee Kangbok 
Published: February 2015

AbstractOrganizational image, identity, and identification are powerful concepts in terms of understanding members’ behaviors and beliefs. In particular, the term “image” has frequently been used to describe the overall impression of the organization, but most scholars have only focused on organizational image as it is perceived by external audiences. However, organizational image as perceived by members within an organization is critical for determining its impact on individual employees’ motivation, work behaviors, and further performance at work. This article explores the roles of organizational image and identification in explaining organizational behaviors—extra‐role behavior and absenteeism—in public and nonprofit organizations. A series of seemingly unrelated regressions were used to analyze survey data from 1,220 respondents. Results show that organizational image is positively related to employee identification, and identification has a significant influence on promoting extra‐role behavior and lowering employee absenteeism.
Practitioner Points
Organizational image as perceived by members of an organization is an aggregate of individual employees’ perceptions of the organization based on their own experiences and judgments (perceived organizational identity) and outsiders’ judgments about the organization (construed external image).
Both perceived organizational identity and construed external image influence the extent to which employees are likely to identify themselves as part of their organization.
The higher an employee's level of identification, the more he or she is likely to engage in extra‐role behavior.
Managing organizational image and identification in a positive way can significantly reduce costly voluntary employee absences, which are reasonably avoidable absences.
Immunohistochemical Expression of Growth Factors in the Follicular Wall of Normal and Cystic Ovaries of Sows
Authors: Sant'Ana FJF , Reis Junior JL , Blume GR , Gimeno EJ , Rey F , Ortega HH 
Published: February 2015

ContentsThe expression of growth factors was evaluated immunohistochemically in normal and cystic ovaries of sows. The immunohistochemically stained area (IHCSA) was quantified by image analysis to analyse the expression of these proteins in the follicular wall of secondary, tertiary and cystic follicles. IGF‐I immunoreactivity was strong in the granulosa cell layer (GC), moderate in the theca interna (TI) and mild in the theca externa (TE) of the normal follicles. There was severe reduction of the labelling to IGF‐I in the GC of the follicular and luteinized cysts. In the normal follicles, the reactivity for IGF‐II was very similar to pattern noted in IGF‐I. There was reduction of the IHCSAs in the GC of the follicular and luteinized cysts, but the decrease was not significant. The staining of the IGF‐II in the TI and TE of the cysts was increased, in comparison with normal follicles. The IHCSAs for VEGF were higher in the GC and TE of the normal follicles in contrast to TI, but this difference was noted only in the tertiary follicle. The VEGF reactivity increased in the GC of the cysts, in relation to normal follicles. The results of the current study show that the formation of ovarian cysts in sows is associated with alterations in the immunohistochemical expression of some growth factors.
Inflation and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Southern African Development Community
Authors: Bittencourt Manoel , van Eyden Reneé , Seleteng Monaheng 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the role of inflation rates in determining economic growth in 15 sub‐Saharan African countries, which are all members of the Southern African Development Community, between 1980 and 2009. The results, based on panel time‐series data and analysis (we use the fixed effects and fixed effects with instrumental variables estimators to account for heterogeneity and endogeneity in thin panels), suggest that inflation has had a detrimental effect to growth in the community. We highlight that inflation has offset the Mundell–Tobin effect and consequently reduced the much needed economic activity in the community, and also the importance of an institutional framework conducive to a stable macroeconomic environment as a precondition for development and prosperity in the community.
The Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself…and Crime: The Current State of the Fear of Crime Literature and Where It Should Go Next
Authors: Henson Billy , Reyns Bradford W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractResearchers have explored the impact of fear of crime for well over 40 years. In that time, the fear of crime literature has undergone a remarkable evolution, with researchers examining it among varied populations, in many contexts, and from different theoretical perspectives. The purpose of the current work is to provide a brief review of the fear of crime literature, with specific focus on how the research has evolved. Particular attention is placed on how the definitions and measures of fear of crime have become more precise over time. In addition, a discussion of the theoretical perspectives and consequences of fear of crime is also included, along with directions for future research.
Litigating Change? Social Movements and the Court System
Authors: McCammon Holly J. , McGrath Allison R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSocial movement actors increasingly turn to the law and pursue litigation in their efforts to bring about social change. Our article provides an overview of scholarship on collective and politicized litigation, drawing from sociolegal studies, political science, and sociology. We consider scholarship that illuminates why activists turn to litigation tactics in the first place and circumstances in which a social movement litigation strategy can be successful. We also consider additional impacts of movement litigation. Given that social movement researchers in sociology have, to date, paid only limited attention to activist litigation, we encourage scholars in the discipline to investigate further this important form of social movement mobilization.
Neighborhood Structure, Social Capital, and Community Resilience: Longitudinal Evidence from the 2011 Brisbane Flood Disaster*
Authors: Wickes Rebecca , Zahnow Renee , Taylor Melanie , Piquero Alex R. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveWhether a community can demonstrate resilience following a disaster largely depends on the pre‐disaster context. Community disadvantage, the concentration of vulnerable and ethnically diverse groups, and high levels of residential mobility in the pre‐disaster environment make it difficult for communities to “bounce back” following a disaster. The lack of social capital in the pre‐disaster context also hinders community resilience. Yet there is scant research that assesses the extent to which pre‐disaster structural conditions and the availability of local social capital influence community resilience post‐disaster.MethodsWe use administrative and longitudinal survey data from over 4,000 residents living in 148 urban communities in an Australian capital city (Brisbane). The survey data were collected before a major flooding event in 2011 and again 15 months post‐disaster to examine the influence of prior levels of social capital on community resilience. Our indicator of community resilience is an index of perceived community problems before and after disaster.ResultsCommunity problems were significantly lower in flooded communities when compared with nonflooded communities. Although higher levels of social capital were associated with lower community problems post‐flood, the effect of social capital on these problems did not differ in flooded and nonflooded areas. However, the concentration of vulnerable groups did lead to greater problems in flooded communities post‐disaster.ConclusionAlthough social capital may reduce local community problems under normal conditions, it may have a limited effect on reducing community problems in a post‐disaster environment. In contrast, the structural conditions of a neighborhood before flood have lasting and negative effects on community problems.
SoilFlex‐LLWR: linking a soil compaction model with the least limiting water range concept
Authors: Keller T. , da Silva A. P. , Tormena C. A. , Giarola N. F. B. , Cavalieri K. M. V. , Stettler M. , Arvidsson J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSoil compaction impacts growing conditions for plants: it increases the mechanical resistance to root growth and modifies the soil pore system and consequently the supply of water and oxygen to the roots. The least limiting water range (LLWR) defines a range of soil water contents within which root growth is minimally limited with regard to water supply, aeration and penetration resistance. The LLWR is a function of soil bulk density (BD), and hence directly affected by soil compaction. In this paper, we present a new model, ‘SoilFlex‐LLWR’, which combines a soil compaction model with the LLWR concept. We simulated the changes in LLWR due to wheeling with a self‐propelled forage harvester on a Swiss clay loam soil (Gleyic Cambisol) using the new SoilFlex‐LLWR model, and compared measurements of the LLWR components as a function of BD with model estimations. SoilFlex‐LLWR allows for predictions of changes in LLWR due to compaction caused by agricultural field traffic and therefore provides a quantitative link between impact of soil loading and soil physical conditions for root growth.
Cryptococcus gattii infection in solid organ transplant recipients: description of Oregon outbreak cases
Authors: Forrest G.N. , Bhalla P. , DeBess E.E. , Winthrop K.L. , Lockhart S.R. , Mohammadi J. , Cieslak P.R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCryptococcus gattii was recognized as an emerging infection in the Pacific Northwest in 2004. Out of 62 total infections in Oregon since the outbreak, 11 were in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. SOT recipients were more likely to have disseminated disease and higher mortality than normal hosts, who mostly had isolated mass lesions. The median time from transplantation to C. gattii diagnosis was 17.8 months. The primary sites of infection were lung (n = 4), central nervous system (n = 3), or both (n = 4). The Oregon‐endemic strain, VGII (subtypes IIa and IIc) was present in 10 of 11 patients; the median fluconazole minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 12 μg/mL (range 2–32 μg/mL) for this strain. We found C. gattii infection among organ transplant recipients was disseminated at diagnosis, had low cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal antigen titers, and was associated with an elevated fluconazole MIC and high attributable mortality.
Transcriptome atlas of the Arabidopsis funiculus – a study of maternal seed subregions
Authors: Khan Deirdre , Millar Jenna L. , Girard Ian J. , Chan Ainsley , Kirkbride Ryan C. , Pelletier Julie M. , Kost Sara , Becker Michael G. , Yeung Edward C. , Stasolla Claudio , Goldberg Robert B. , Harada John J. , Belmonte Mark F. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThe funiculus anchors the structurally complex seed to the maternal plant, and is the only direct route of transport for nutrients and maternal signals to the seed. While our understanding of seed development is becoming clearer, current understanding of the genetics and cellular mechanisms that contribute to funiculus development is limited. Using laser microdissection combined with global RNA‐profiling experiments we compared the genetic profiles of all maternal and zygotic regions and subregions during seed development. We found that the funiculus is a dynamic region of the seed that is enriched formRNAs associated with hormone metabolism, molecular transport, and metabolic activities corresponding to biological processes that have yet to be described in this maternal seed structure. We complemented our genetic data with a complete histological analysis of the funiculus from the earliest stages of development through to seed maturation at the light and electron microscopy levels. The anatomy revealed signs of photosynthesis, the endomembrane system, cellular respiration, and transport within the funiculus, all of which supported data from the transcriptional analysis. Finally, we studied the transcriptional programming of the funiculus compared to other seed subregions throughout seed development. Using newly designedin silicoalgorithms, we identified a number of transcriptional networks hypothesized to be responsible for biological processes like auxin response and glucosinolate biosynthesis found specifically within the funiculus. Taken together, patterns of gene activity and histological observations reveal putative functions of the understudied funiculus region and identify predictive transcriptional circuits underlying these biological processes in space and time.
Hyperhemolysis syndrome in patients with sickle cell anemia: report of three cases
Authors: Santos Berta , Portugal Rodrigo , Nogueira Carmen , Loureiro Monique 
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUNDSickle cell anemia (SCA) is characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia. Worsening of anemia after red blood cell (RBC) transfusion has been reported and is often referred to as hyperhemolysis syndrome (HS). HS is a severe transfusion reaction characterized by destruction of both donor and host RBCs.CASE REPORTSIn this study we report the clinical findings and treatment of three adolescent patients with SCA who presented with HS. HS occurred after exchange transfusion in two cases and after RBC transfusion during vasoocclusive crises in one. A decrease of serum hemoglobin (Hb) levels was observed 5 to 7 days after transfusions and ranged from 2.5 to 5.7 g/dL. The direct antiglobulin test was positive in two patients who also presented with alloantibodies. Patient 3 received 2 additional RBC units after the onset of HS and experienced the lowest Hb values (2.5 g/dL) shortly after. Patients received intravenous steroids as the main specific treatment and also immunoglobulin and erythropoietin. Resolution of hemolysis was observed in all cases. Of note, spleen lesions were detected in two patients, one had a normal spleen size, and the other presented with enlarged spleen. Pathophysiologic implications of these findings were discussed.CONCLUSIONSHS must be a well‐recognized complication of SCA after RBC transfusion. Prompt initiation of treatment and avoiding further transfusions may contribute to reduce the mortality associated with HS. The presence of functional spleen on the pathophysiology of HS deserves further evaluation.