bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An experimental study of Turkish Vowel Harmony
Authors: Arik Engin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractProsodic words in Turkish are generated according to the palatal and labial Vowel Harmony (VH) rules: being left-to-right iterative, (1) any suffix vowel agrees with the preceding vowel with the [back] feature and (2) a high vowel agrees with the preceding vowel with the [round] feature. However, bare forms, compounds, affixes of foreign origin, some derivational morphemes, semi-copulas, imperfective, and complementizers violate the rules forming exceptional cases. Considering these exceptions, do Turkish speakers apply VH rules to affixes including 28 disharmonic affixes attached to newly formed or borrowed words? Aiming to answer this question, this paper reports on two experimental linguistic studies which are the first experimental studies on this topic: acceptability judgments with a Likert scale, consisting of a repeated measures within-subjects design, and a forced choice questionnaire. Participants judged words with suffixes, i.e., eight suffixes (harmonic: -DI, -mAlI,-lAr, -lIk and disharmonic: -lejin, -Ijor, -gil, -Ebil) attached to nonsense words (also nonwords) with a common Turkish CVC syllable structure. Results showed that when it comes to nonsense words, regardless of exceptions, Turkish speakers preferred suffixes that undergo VH harmony more than those which do not, and prefer harmonization more than disharmony.
A first glimpse at mobile instant messaging: Some sociolinguistic determining factors
Authors: Pérez-Sabater Carmen , Montero-Fleta Begoña 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDespite the vast body of research on the linguistic peculiarities of Instant Messaging and Short Messaging Service, little is known about the language used in Mobile Instant Messaging in a cross-generational and cross-cultural context. To fill this gap, the crosslinguistic study addressed here is an attempt to approach age-specific variation from a blended ethnography approach. The current research is grounded on an analysis of a naturally-occurring dataset of WhatsApp messages from the point of view of oralisation and deviations from standard forms. Two distinct generations of English and Spanish texters provide empirical data on the parameters of the oralised written discourse suggested by Yus (2011): emoticons, orthographic mistakes, phonetic orthography, abbreviations, acronyms and clippings, and the use of words in other languages. Subsequently, an analysis of the interviews held with the writers approaches the factors that may determine language variation in the messages. The conclusions drawn highlight the persistent use of deviations from standard language of English and Spanish teenagers. The study confirms a higher frequency of a conversational style in Spanish than in English. Not only brevity and speed reasons but also familiarity, playfulness and intimacy with the addressee are behind the intentional variations used.
Use of plasma metanephrine to aid adrenal venous sampling in combined aldosterone and cortisol over-secretion
Authors: Goupil Rémi , Wolley Martin , Ungerer Jacobus , McWhinney Brett , Mukai Kuniaki , Naruse Mitsuhide , Gordon Richard D , Stowasser Michael 
Published: November 2015

Summary
In patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) undergoing adrenal venous sampling (AVS), cortisol levels are measured to assess lateralization of aldosterone overproduction. Concomitant adrenal autonomous cortisol and aldosterone secretion therefore have the potential to confound AVS results. We describe a case where metanephrine was measured during AVS to successfully circumvent this problem. A 55-year-old hypertensive male had raised plasma aldosterone/renin ratios and PA confirmed by fludrocortisone suppression testing. Failure of plasma cortisol to suppress overnight following dexamethasone and persistently suppressed corticotrophin were consistent with adrenal hypercortisolism. On AVS, comparison of adrenal and peripheral A/F ratios (left 5.7 vs peripheral 1.0; right 1.7 vs peripheral 1.1) suggested bilateral aldosterone production, with the left gland dominant but without contralateral suppression. However, using aldosterone/metanephrine ratios (left 9.7 vs peripheral 2.4; right 1.3 vs peripheral 2.5), aldosterone production lateralized to the left with good contralateral suppression. The patient underwent left laparoscopic adrenalectomy with peri-operative glucocorticoid supplementation to prevent adrenal insufficiency. Pathological examination revealed adrenal cortical adenomas producing both cortisol and aldosterone within a background of aldosterone-producing cell clusters. Hypertension improved and cured of PA and hypercortisolism were confirmed by negative post-operative fludrocortisone suppression and overnight 1 mg dexamethasone suppression testing. Routine dexamethasone suppression testing in patients with PA permits detection of concurrent hypercortisolism which can confound AVS results and cause unilateral PA to be misdiagnosed as bilateral with patients thereby denied potentially curative surgical treatment. In such patients, measurement of plasma metanephrine during AVS may overcome this issue.

Learning points

Simultaneous autonomous overproduction of cortisol and aldosterone is increasingly recognised although still apparently uncommon.

Because cortisol levels are used during AVS to correct for differences in dilution of adrenal with non-adrenal venous blood when assessing for lateralisation, unilateral cortisol overproduction with contralateral suppression could confound the interpretation of AVS results

Measuring plasma metanephrine during AVS to calculate lateralisation ratios may circumvent this problem.
Changing the “Normal Range” for Blood Pressure from 140/90 to 130/Any Improves Risk Assessment
Authors: Fulks Michael , Stout Robert L. , Dolan Vera F. 
Published: November 2015

Objective
Redefine the “normal” reference range for blood pressure from &lt;140/90 to one that more effectively identifies individuals with increased mortality risk.

Method
Data from the recently published 2014 CRL blood pressure study was used. It includes 2,472,706 life insurance applicants tested by Clinical Reference Laboratory from 1993 to 2007 with follow-up for vital status using the September 2011 Social Security Death Master File. Various upper limits of blood pressure (BP in mm Hg) were evaluated to determine if any was superior to the current, commonly used limit of 140/90 in identifying individuals with increased mortality risk.

Results
An alternative reference range using a systolic BP (SBP) &lt;130 with any diastolic BP (DBP) included 84% of life insurance applicants. It had a lower mortality rate and narrower range of relative risk than &lt;140/90, including 89% as many applicants but only 68% as many deaths. This pattern of lives and deaths was consistent across age and sex.

Conclusion
Switching to a “normal” reference range of SBP &lt;130 offers superior risk assessment relative to using BP &lt;140/90 while still including a sufficient percentage of the population.
Suitability of HIV-Infected Subjects for Insurance
Authors: Singh Gurmukh , Salkind Alan R. , Kneepkens Robert F. 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesTo ascertain the suitability of HIV-positive individuals for insurance coverage based on international data and practices.BackgroundDuring the first decade of HIV epidemic, diagnosis of HIV-infection carried a poor prognosis. Since the introduction of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART or ART), HIV infection is more like other chronic diseases with infected individuals often living 20 or more years after the diagnosis of HIV infectionMethodsReview of peer-reviewed publications was undertaken to assess the risk of death in the HIV-infected population as a whole as well as subsets with favorable outcomes and those with additional comorbidities, such as co-infection with hepatitis viruses and drug use.ResultsReview of literature revealed that in well-educated, non-drug using individuals, negative for hepatitis B and C infection, who had CD 4 counts above 500/cmm, viral loads below 500 particles/mL, and were compliant with treatment, the mortality rate was similar to that of general population.ConclusionsThe risk of death, in at least a subset of HIV-positive subjects, is low enough that insurance providers should consider stratifying HIV-infected individuals according to mortality risk and offering insurance rates comparable to people with other diseases with similar mortality risks.
Enraizamiento de mora (Rubus adenotrichus) en medio líquido en el sistema de inmersión temporal y su aclimatación en invernadero
Authors: Flores Mora Dora , Chacón Cerdas Randall , Jiménez Bonilla Vilma , Ortiz Sancho Fabián 
Published: November 2015

Se presentan los resultados de una investigación cuyo objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de tres concentraciones de Ácido Indolbutírico (AIB) sobre el enraizamiento in vitro de la mora “vino sin espinas”. Se utilizó un sistema de inmersión temporal automatizado para determinar la sobrevivencia de las plántulas durante la aclimatación. Se empleó un medio de cultivo líquido MS con sales al 50%, sacarosa al 3% y pH 5.7, suplementado con 0.125 (T1), 0.250 (T2) y 0.500 (T3=control) mg/L de AIB. En cada recipiente para inmersión temporal se colocaron 200ml de medio y 15 explantes, se programó la inmersión por 5 minutos cada 12 horas, se incubaron a 20°C y 16h luz por ocho semanas. Se aplicó el análisis de ANDEVA y las pruebas de Tukey para evaluar la longitud del tallo, la longitud de las raíces y el número de entrenudos. Las vitroplantas se aclimataron en un sustrato compuesto de suelo, carbón vegetal y granza de arroz (3:1:1) y se determinó el porcentaje de sobrevivencia durante cuatro semanas. T1 registró la mayor longitud del tallo (6.49 cm) y fue estadísticamente diferente a T2 y T3. T3 presentó la mayor longitud radical (4.73 cm) y fue estadísticamente igual a T1 y T2. Ningún tratamiento mostró diferencia estadística en el número de entrenudos (8 promedio). T2 mostró la mayor sobrevivencia de plántulas a la cuarta semana de aclimatación con un 78.6% seguido del T3 (57.9%) y T1 (43.3%). Se concluyó que las plantas provenientes de T2 (0.250 mg/L AIB), las cuales presentaron una longitud promedio de tallo de aproximadamente 6 cm y una longitud promedio de raíz de aproximadamente 4cm, mostraron la mayor sobrevivencia durante la etapa de aclimatación. La investigación se realizó en el Tecnológico de Costa Rica durante el 2008.
Cultivo protegido de hortalizas en Costa Rica
Authors: Ramírez Vargas Carlos , Nienhuis James 
Published: November 2015

La horticultura en Costa Rica se ha desarrollado principalmente a campo abierto y se ha concentrado en el Valle Central donde predominan las actividades de expansión urbanística y comercial. Muchos de los problemas asociados a la producción hortícola se centran en la alta presencia de plagas y enfermedades que obligan al productor a utilizar plaguicidas químicos con consecuencias nocivas para el ambiente: la horticultura a campo abierto se vuelve muy contaminante e insostenible. Una alternativa productiva pueden ser los sistemas de cultivos protegidos, en los que se usan estructuras, materiales y equipo; posibilitan la producción de hortalizas en climas adversos y facilitan el control de plagas y enfermedades. Estos sistemas se han usado ampliamente a nivel mundial con gran éxito, pero a nivel del trópico es necesaria la investigación en este campo con el objetivo de implementar o modificar el sistema para que favorezca la producción sostenible de hortalizas.
Obtención de un híbrido de frijol arbustivo para una cosecha mecanizada
Authors: Muñoz Ruiz Carlos 
Published: November 2015

En el estudio se evaluaron tres variedades de frijol negro (Brunca, Guaymí y Talamanca), obtenidas en la estación experimental Fabio Baudrit de la Universidad de Costa Rica, y una variedad (Negro Chapingo), obtenida en la Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo, México. Estas variedades no presentaron las características genéticas deseadas para ser utilizadas como donadores y aceptores de polen para obtener un híbrido arbustivo y de floración determinada para su cosecha en forma mecánica en la zona norte del país. Sin embargo, se lograron obtener cinco híbridos F1 entre los cruces realizados, ellos son: BCh, ChT, TCh, BT y TB. Todos ellos presentaron en la F2 características genéticas de porte semiarbustivo (TII y TIII) y de floración indeterminada, no compatibles para la obtención de un híbrido adecuado para la cosecha de frijol mecanizada. En este proyecto de investigación se utilizó el método de polinización dirigida o artificial y el cruce simple recíproco entre las variedades participantes y se hicieron 341 polinizaciones entre sí, respectivamente.
Semejanzas entre el ajo (Allium sativum) costarricense y el ajo asiático según secuencias de ADN ribosomal
Authors: Barboza Rojas Karina , Hernández Soto Alejandro , Zúñiga Vega Claudia 
Published: November 2015

En Costa Rica, la producción de ajo (Allium sativum) es escasa y se limita principalmente a las regiones de Llano Grande de Cartago. Sin embargo, por el precio que tiene actualmente en el mercado, el ajo costarricense se vislumbra como una hortaliza que podría constituirse en un recurso valioso para los productores nacionales. Por lo anterior, en este artículo se presenta la caracterización mediante secuencias ribosomales de materiales de ajo provenientes Costa Rica y su comparación con ajo importado de China. El ADN se extrajo a partir de hojas de vitroplantas de ajo mantenidas en un congelador a -70°C, pulverizadas en un mortero. El ADN ribosomal se amplificó, purificó y secuenció. Se realizó el análisis bioinformático de las secuencias ribosomales. El BLASTn permitió determinar que los productos de PCR amplificados corresponden a la secuencia parcial de los genes 28S y 18S (sitios de unión de los cebadores) y a la secuencia completa de la región ITS-1, 5.8S e ITS-2. Se encontró que todas las secuencias alinearon en casi un 100% con la accesión EU626375.1 publicada en la base de datos del GeneBank, correspondiente al clon Allium sativum voucher BF-ALL-037. En general, las secuencias mostraron ser muy conservadas. Los puntajes obtenidos del alineamiento realizado con ClustalW reflejaron una identidad del 97 al 99% entre las secuencias.El presente estudio es el primer reporte de este tipo que se realiza sobre ajo costarricense y generó información básica e indispensable para continuar con los estudios moleculares de este cultivo.
Validación de un método analítico para la determinación del contenido de sodio en los alimentos
Authors: Valverde Montero Ericka , Silva Trejos Paulina 
Published: November 2015

Se validó la metodología analítica para la determinación de sodio en alimentos mediante espectroscopía de absorción atómica de llama. Las muestras de 0,5 g se digirieron en un horno de microondas con 5,0 mL de HNO3 al 65 % en masa. El ámbito de linealidad óptimo que se obtuvo fue de 0,043 mg/L a 0,70 mg/L con un coeficiente de correlación de 0,998. Los límites de detección y cuantificación reportados fueron de 0,025 mg/L y 0,043 mg/L, respectivamente; con una sensibilidad de calibración de 0,805 Lmg-1, una sensibilidad analítica de 44 Lmg-1.La precisión se evaluó en condiciones de repetibilidad y se obtuvo un valor para RDSr igual a 2,9%. La veracidad se determinó utilizando tres patrones certificados del NIST®, SRM 1846 Infant Formula con un valor reportado para sodio de (2310 ± 130) mg/kg, SRM 8414 Bovine Muscle Powder con (0,210 ± 0,008) % en masa, y SRM 8415 Whole Egg Powder con (0,377 ± 0,034) % en masa. Se obtuvieron sesgos de entre (-0,010 a 0,009) mg/L. De la lista de alimentos seleccionados para el estudio, se encontró que la leche entera en polvo, el pan blanco de trigo, el queso fresco y el queso mozzarella presentan el contenido más elevado en sodio, con concentraciones que oscilan entre (106 a 452) mg Na/100g
Estrategias de cooperación académica para el desarrollo de la formación e investigación en Centroamérica y la Unión Europea
Authors: Trejos Benavides Eugenio , Briones Peñalver Antonio Juan 
Published: November 2015

<p>El artículo resume las acciones de fortalecimiento institucional y proyectos de investigación para la formación e investigación de las capacidades de agronegocios en Costa Rica y la Región de Murcia.</p><p>La formación del profesorado, egresados y estudiantes; el conocimiento de las agro empresas y la emprendimientos en turismo rural, la economía social y el desarrollo de los agronegocios, la creación de spin-off, la logística y las operaciones de empresas hortofrutícolas, son algunos de los objetivos principales de estos proyectos de cooperación académica para el desarrollo de los países de Centroamérica y la Unión Europea.</p> <p>Estos aspectos de la investigación llevarán a un mejor conocimiento de las zonas rurales y de las actividades agropecuarias para impulsar la consolidación en las regiones.</p>
New Approach of Using Wells Static Pressure Measurements in Identifying Dynamic Regions and Sectors in a Giant Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Sadok Abdel Aziz , Baslaib Mohamed A. , Huang Qingfeng 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Compartmentalization (vertical and lateral) is often a major uncertainty at the field appraisal stage, impacting important investment decisions. Unfortunately the most definitive compartmentalization data (dynamic production data or high resolution 4D seismic) are not usually available so early in field life. Usually geometrically equal sectors are defined to start with to be used as a guide to monitor and manage the reservoir. In mature reservoirs, these data are available. The understanding of the different zones and compartments boundaries is crucial for better re-sectorization and better effective management strategies especially in case of the giant field with gas and water injection schemes.
This paper illustrates how indications of compartmentalization and limits of sectors can be achieved by analyzing the sporadic pressure static data dispersed in time and space. The first step of this work is to integrate seismic re-interpretation of the faults with Bottom-Hole Static Pressure (BHSP) analysis to identify acting faulting and barriers. This is achieved by overlapping all isobar maps and then by taking the derivatives of the pressure versus x and y directions. The pressure contrast in space can be highlighted based on a given threshold. If this pressure contrast is overlapped by a seismically identified fault, it can be considered as a barriers or semi-barrier or just absent based on the degree of pressure contrast. The second step is to use the identified boundaries as guidance to limit and confine the different zones and fault blocks that are suspected to act more or less as isolated units. After identifying the boundaries more or less sealing a classification of the static pressure measurements using k-mean value will help to identify the dynamic regions that behave in the same way.
A re-sectorization of the field will be based on those units. A forward calculation of voidage replacement ratio and injection production versus pressure can be used as a criterion for identifying the best sectoring scenario.
Integrity Management of Pipelines Transporting Hydrocarbons: an Integrated Approach
Authors: Gabetta Giovanna , Morrea Silvia , Travaglia Filippo , Cioffi Paola , Monaco Sonia 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Pipeline integrity is a challenge for Oil Companies since number, length and age of pipelines is increasing worldwide, and people are increasingly aware about environmental protection.
A project aimed at a safer and continuous service of such components is underway in eni, with attention to implement innovative technologies. The objective of this paper is to describe how PIM (Pipeline Integrity Management) project can be effective towards a safer pipeline management.
The engineering and the operation team are activated
To establish a pipeline integrity strategy To define an inspection strategy issuing an Inspection & Maintenance Plan To execute a Baseline Inspection as a benchmark to future inspection strategy To implement a Data Management System for pipelines in service.
Programmed inspection are performed and the pipeline integrity is evaluated. A proper requalification/life extension process is started if:
Operating conditions do require special care Design life is exceeded
Data are collected and analysed, hazard are identified and criticalities examined. Inspection plans are specified and implemented to maintain pipeline integrity and to prevent failures.
A growing data base is implemented, containing all kind of data about production lines transporting different classes of fluids, as for instance construction data, geometry, materials characterization and so on; the data base is implemented with information about active damage mechanisms, inspection results, failure analysis, production and fluid characteristics, flow dynamic modelled with numerical codes and more. The number of in inline inspection (ILI) reports implemented is growing. Unfortunately, not all portions of a pipeline – especially when quite old - can be inspected, due to geometrical constraints; this is why part of the effort is directed towards innovation and studies, as for instance:
To obtain a better understanding of damage evolution To model the thickness loss of the components To apply innovative techniques for inspection.
Collected data allow to perform a sensible engineering risk analysis, and to better plan further inspection activities.
Examples of cases will be discussed in the paper and the decision tree for selected situations will be presented.
The paper will show how data records are important and how an integrated approach to inspection and maintenance can be beneficial to the Oil & Gas Business. An integrated approach between Engineering and Operation allow to develop "integrity friendly" solutions, implementing existing inspection and maintenance plans.
Analysis of pelvic rotation on the standard hip ventrodorsal extended radiographic view
Authors: Colaço Bruno , Ferreira António , Ginja Mário , Martins João 
Published: November 2015

SummaryObjectives: To study the symmetry of the iliac horizontal diameter (IHD) maximum obturator foramen width (OFW), ischiatic femoral overlap (IFO), pelvic horizontal radius (PHR), femoral head diameter (FHD), and obturator foramen area (OFA) parameters in the normal hip extended radiographic view and to evaluate the correlation of pelvic rotation with the magnitude of asymmetry of these parameters.Methods: Nine canine cadavers from adult, large and giant breeds were radiographed in standard hip extended views and with 2°, 4° and 6° degrees of rotation. The variables IHD, OFW, IFO, PHR, FHD, and OFA were analysed in radiographs.Results: The IHD measurements exhibited repeatability, bilateral symmetry and 95% of confidence interval of asymmetry in different pelvic rotations without superposition (p <0.05); OFW and IFO exhibited repeatability, bilateral symmetry and a small superposition in 95% of confidence interval of asymmetry according different pelvic rotations; PHR, FHD and OFA exhibited repeatability, bilateral symmetry and unacceptable superposition in 95% of confidence interval of asymmetry depending on pelvic rotation.Clinical significance: The IHD is the recommended variable and OFW is an acceptable variable in order to evaluate slight pelvic rotation. The data may be used in qualitative analyses of hip extended radiographic views. In the future, complementary studies should be performed to evaluate the impact of degree of pelvic rotation on the hip dysplasia score.