bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concurrent partnerships in Cape Town, South Africa: race and sex differences in prevalence and duration of overlap
Authors: Beauclair Roxanne , Hens Niel , Delva Wim 
Published: February 2015

IntroductionConcurrent partnerships (CPs) have been suggested as a risk factor for transmitting HIV, but their impact on the epidemic depends upon how prevalent they are in populations, the average number of CPs an individual has and the length of time they overlap. However, estimates of prevalence of CPs in Southern Africa vary widely, and the duration of overlap in these relationships is poorly documented. We aim to characterize concurrency in a more accurate and complete manner, using data from three disadvantaged communities of Cape Town, South Africa.MethodsWe conducted a sexual behaviour survey (n=878) from June 2011 to February 2012 in Cape Town, using Audio Computer‐Assisted Self‐Interviewing to collect sexual relationship histories on partners in the past year. Using the beginning and end dates for the partnerships, we calculated the point prevalence, the cumulative prevalence and the incidence rate of CPs, as well as the duration of overlap for relationships begun in the previous year. Linear and binomial regression models were used to quantify race (black vs. coloured) and sex differences in the duration of overlap and relative risk of having CPs in the past year.ResultsThe overall point prevalence of CPs six months before the survey was 8.4%: 13.4% for black men, 1.9% for coloured men, 7.8% black women and 5.6% for coloured women. The median duration of overlap in CPs was 7.5 weeks. Women had less risk of CPs in the previous year than men (RR 0.43; 95% CI: 0.32–0.57) and black participants were more at risk than coloured participants (RR 1.86; 95% CI: 1.17–2.97).ConclusionsOur results indicate that in this population the prevalence of CPs is relatively high and is characterized by overlaps of long duration, implying there may be opportunities for HIV to be transmitted to concurrent partners.
Trening ute eller inne? Rapport fra et prosjekt med datainnsamling under Forskningsdagene 2012
Authors: Calogiuri Giovanna , Weydahl Andi , Mikkilä Saija P. , Nordtug Hildegunn , Horgen Katinka , Raanaas Ruth Kjærsti , Patil Grete Grindal , Ihlebæk Camilla Martha 
Published: February 2015

<p> </p><p class="Default"><strong>Reciprocal benefits of physical activity and exposure to nature for greater gain in health promotion. </strong></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;" lang="EN-US"><strong>Theoretical assumptions and description of a pilot study.</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;" lang="EN-US">Recent studies have highlighted that health problems connected to inactivity are not just associated to lack of exercise, but rather to sedentary behaviour in a broader sense. In a large longitudinal study in the U.S.A., it was found that the amount of time spent in sedentary behaviour, such as watching television, was associated with cause-specific mortality in normal adults, even in subjects who did engage in some exercise program including intensive physical activity PA (Matthews et al., 2012).Therefore, in health promotion, it is important to promote active lifestyles characterized by higher activity levels across the day, increasing the time and frequency one is engage in any body movement, rather than only promoting participation in exercise sessions taking place two or three times a week.</span></p>
Copper‐Catalyzed Amination of Aryl and Alkenyl Electrophiles
Authors: Shaughnessy Kevin H. , Ciganek Engelbert , DeVasher Rebecca B. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe copper‐catalyzed arylation and vinylation of nitrogen nucleophiles is a highly versatile method for the construction of sp2C–N bonds. Copper‐catalyzed C–N bond formation has an extensive history and the field has been reinvigorated with the development of ligand‐promoted catalyst systems that provide general and effective reactions under relatively mild conditions. Copper promotes arylation and vinylation of a wide range of nitrogen nucleophiles, including amines, nitrogen heterocycles, and amide derivatives. The reactivity profile is complementary to that of palladium and often offers orthogonal chemoselectivity. This chapter presents a thorough overview of the copper‐catalyzed coupling of aryl and vinyl halides with nitrogen nucleophiles. Current understanding of the mechanism of this process is presented along with a detailed overview of the scope and limitations of this reaction along with optimal reaction conditions for the coupling of various nitrogen nucleophile classes.
Magma and fluid migration at Yellowstone Caldera in the last three decades inferred from InSAR, leveling, and gravity measurements
Authors: Tizzani P. , Battaglia M. , Castaldo R. , Pepe A. , Zeni G. , Lanari R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe studied the Yellowstone caldera geological unrest between 1977 and 2010 by investigating temporal changes in differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), precise spirit leveling and gravity measurements. The analysis of the 1992–2010 displacement time series, retrieved by applying the SBAS InSAR technique, allowed the identification of three areas of deformation: (i) the Mallard Lake (ML) and Sour Creek (SC) resurgent domes, (ii) a region close to the Northern Caldera Rim (NCR), and (iii) the eastern Snake River Plain (SRP). While the eastern SRP shows a signal related to tectonic deformation, the other two regions are influenced by the caldera unrest. We removed the tectonic signal from the InSAR displacements, and we modeled the InSAR, leveling, and gravity measurements to retrieve the best fitting source parameters. Our findings confirmed the existence of different distinct sources, beneath the brittle‐ductile transition zone, which have been intermittently active during the last three decades. Moreover, we interpreted our results in the light of existing seismic tomography studies. Concerning the SC dome, we highlighted the role of hydrothermal fluids as the driving force behind the 1977–1983 uplift; since 1983–1993 the deformation source transformed into a deeper one with a higher magmatic component. Furthermore, our results support the magmatic nature of the deformation source beneath ML dome for the overall investigated period. Finally, the uplift at NCR is interpreted as magma accumulation, while its subsidence could either be the result of fluids migration outside the caldera or the gravitational adjustment of the source from a spherical to a sill‐like geometry.
Second‐moment budgets in cloud topped boundary layers: A large‐eddy simulation study
Authors: Heinze Rieke , Mironov Dmitrii , Raasch Siegfried 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA detailed analysis of second‐order moment budgets for cloud topped boundary layers (CTBLs) is performed using high‐resolution large‐eddy simulation (LES). Two CTBLs are simulated—one with trade wind shallow cumuli, and the other with nocturnal marine stratocumuli. Approximations to the ensemble‐mean budgets of the Reynolds‐stress components, of the fluxes of two quasi‐conservative scalars, and of the scalar variances and covariance are computed by averaging the LES data over horizontal planes and over several hundred time steps. Importantly, the subgrid scale contributions to the budget terms are accounted for. Analysis of the LES‐based second‐moment budgets reveals, among other things, a paramount importance of the pressure scrambling terms in the Reynolds‐stress and scalar‐flux budgets. The pressure‐strain correlation tends to evenly redistribute kinetic energy between the components, leading to the growth of horizontal‐velocity variances at the expense of the vertical‐velocity variance which is produced by buoyancy over most of both CTBLs. The pressure gradient‐scalar covariances are the major sink terms in the budgets of scalar fluxes. The third‐order transport proves to be of secondary importance in the scalar‐flux budgets. However, it plays a key role in maintaining budgets of TKE and of the scalar variances and covariance. Results from the second‐moment budget analysis suggest that the accuracy of description of the CTBL structure within the second‐order closure framework strongly depends on the fidelity of parameterizations of the pressure scrambling terms in the flux budgets and of the third‐order transport terms in the variance budgets.
Seasonal hydrologic responses to climate change in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Vano Julie A. , Nijssen Bart , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIncreased temperatures and changes in precipitation will result in fundamental changes in the seasonal distribution of streamflow in the Pacific Northwest and will have serious implications for water resources management. To better understand local impacts of regional climate change, we conducted model experiments to determine hydrologic sensitivities of annual, seasonal, and monthly runoff to imposed annual and seasonal changes in precipitation and temperature. We used the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land‐surface hydrology model applied at 1/16° latitude‐longitude spatial resolution over the Pacific Northwest (PNW), a scale sufficient to support analyses at the hydrologic unit code eight (HUC‐8) basin level. These experiments resolve the spatial character of the sensitivity of future water supply to precipitation and temperature changes by identifying the seasons and locations where climate change will have the biggest impact on runoff. The PNW exhibited a diversity of responses, where transitional (intermediate elevation) watersheds experience the greatest seasonal shifts in runoff in response to cool season warming. We also developed a methodology that uses these hydrologic sensitivities as basin‐specific transfer functions to estimate future changes in long‐term mean monthly hydrographs directly from climate model output of precipitation and temperature. When principles of linearity and superposition apply, these transfer functions can provide feasible first‐order estimates of the likely nature of future seasonal streamflow change without performing downscaling and detailed model simulations.
Toward the camera rain gauge
Authors: Allamano P. , Croci A. , Laio F. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe propose a novel technique based on the quantitative detection of rain intensity from images, i.e., from pictures taken in rainy conditions. The method is fully analytical and based on the fundamentals of camera optics. A rigorous statistical framing of the technique allows one to obtain the rain rate estimates in terms of expected values and associated uncertainty. We show that the method can be profitably applied to real rain events, and we obtain promising results with errors of the order of
. A precise quantification of the method's accuracy will require a more systematic and long‐term comparison with benchmark measures. The significant step forward with respect to standard rain gauges resides in the possibility to retrieve measures at very high temporal resolution (e.g., 30 measures per minute) at a very low cost. Perspective applications include the possibility to dramatically increase the spatial density of rain observations by exporting the technique to crowdsourced pictures of rain acquired with cameras and smartphones.
What the Law Requires of the Engineer
Authors: Weinstein Alvin S. , Chizek Martin S. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter deals with the interface between law and technology, and because product liability is likely to be the legal area of concern to the engineer, the principal focus being the engineering (design) of products or components of products. In some states, the illegal disclosure of trade secrets is classified as fraud, and employees can be fined or even jailed for such activity. As part of the process of product design, the law asks the engineer to consider that the product which emerges from the mind of the designer and the hand of the worker to play a role in enhancing society's well‐being must: (1) account for reasonably foreseeable product misuse; (2) acknowledge human frailties and the characteristics of the actual users; (3) function in the true environment of product use; (4) eliminate or guard against the hazards; and (5) not substitute warnings for effective design and guards.
Non‐reporting of work injuries and aspects of jobsite safety climate and behavioral‐based safety elements among carpenters in Washington state
Authors: Lipscomb Hester J. , Schoenfisch Ashley L. , Cameron Wilfrid 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundDeclining work injury rates may reflect safer work conditions as well as under‐reporting.MethodsUnion carpenters were invited to participate in a mailed, cross‐sectional survey designed to capture information about injury reporting practices. Prevalence of non‐reporting and fear of repercussions for reporting were compared across exposure to behavioral‐based safety elements and three domains of the Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire (NOSACQ‐50).ResultsThe majority (>75%) of the 1,155 participants felt they could report work‐related injuries to their supervisor without fear of retribution, and most felt that the majority of injuries on their jobsites got reported. However, nearly half indicated it was best not to report minor injuries, and felt pressures to use their private insurance for work injury care. The prevalence of non‐reporting and fear of reporting increased markedly with poorer measures of management safety justice (NOSACQ‐50).ConclusionsFormal and informal policies and practices on jobsites likely influence injury reporting. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:411–421, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxygen isotope analysis of human bone phosphate evidences weaning age in archaeological populations
Authors: Britton Kate , Fuller Benjamin T. , Tütken Thomas , Mays Simon , Richards Michael P. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTHere we report bone phosphate oxygen (δ18Op) values from perinates/neonates and infants (<3.5 years; n = 32); children (4–12 years; n = 12); unsexed juveniles (16–18 years; n = 2); and adult bones (n = 17) from Wharram Percy, North Yorkshire, England, in order to explore the potential of this method to investigate patterns of past breastfeeding and weaning. In prior studies, δ15N and δ13C analyses of bone collagen have been utilized to explore weaning age in this large and well‐studied assemblage, rendering this material highly appropriate for the testing and development of this alternative method targeting the inorganic phase of bone. Data produced reveal 18O‐enrichment in the youngest perinatal/neonatal and infant samples, and an association between age and bone δ18Op (and previously‐published δ15N values), with high values in both these isotope systems likely due to breastfeeding. After the age of 2–3 years, δ18Op values are lower, and all children between the ages of 4 and 12, along with the vast majority of sub‐adults and adults sampled (aged 16 to >50 years), have δ18Op values consistent with the consumption of local modern drinking water. The implications of this study for the reconstruction of weaning practices in archaeological populations are discussed, including variations observed with bone δ15Ncoll and δ18Op co‐analysis and the influence of culturally‐modified drinking water and seasonality. The use of this method to explore human mobility and palaeoclimatic conditions are also discussed with reference to the data presented. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:226–241, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterogene Katalysatoren – fundamental betrachtet
Authors: Schlögl Robert 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEin heterogener Katalysator ist ein Funktionsmaterial, das mit seinen Reaktanten unter Reaktionsbedingungen kontinuierlich aktive Zentren erzeugt. Diese Zentren verändern die Geschwindigkeit chemischer Reaktionen der an sie gebundenen Reaktanten, ohne die Lage des thermodynamischen Gleichgewichtes dieser Stoffe zu verändern.
Multichannel Conductance of Folded Single‐Molecule Wires Aided by Through‐Space Conjugation
Authors: Chen Long , Wang Ya‐Hao , He Bairong , Nie Han , Hu Rongrong , Huang Fei , Qin Anjun , Zhou Xiao‐Shun , Zhao Zujin , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDeciphering charge transport through multichannel pathways in single‐molecule junctions is of high importance to construct nanoscale electronic devices and deepen insight into biological redox processes. Herein, we report two tailor‐made folded single‐molecule wires featuring intramolecular π–π stacking interactions. The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) based break‐junction technique and theoretical calculations show that through‐bond and through‐space conjugations are integrated into one single‐molecule wire, allowing for two simultaneous conducting channels in a single‐molecule junction. These folded molecules with stable π–π stacking interaction offer conceptual advances in single‐molecule multichannel conductance, and are perfect models for conductance studies in biological systems, organic thin films, and π‐stacked columnar aggregates.
Cobalt‐katalysierte Negishi‐Kreuzkupplungen von (Hetero)Arylzinkreagentien mit primären und sekundären Alkylbromiden und ‐iodiden
Authors: Hammann Jeffrey M. , Haas Diana , Knochel Paul 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWir berichten über eine Cobalt‐katalysierte Kreuzkupplung von Di(hetero)arylzinkreagentien mit primären und sekundären Alkyliodiden und ‐bromiden unter Verwendung von THF‐löslichem CoCl2⋅2 LiCl und TMEDA als Ligand, die zu den entsprechenden alkylierten Produkten in bis zu 88 % Ausbeute führt. Eine Reihe von funktionellen Gruppen (z. B. COOR, CN, CF3, F) werden in diesen Substitutionsreaktionen toleriert. Bemerkenswerterweise beobachten wir keine Umlagerung von sekundären Alkyliodiden zu den entsprechenden linearen Produkten. Ebenso führt die Reaktion von cyclischen TBS‐geschützten Iodhydrinen zu den trans‐2‐Arylcyclohexanol‐Derivaten in exzellenten Diastereoselektivitäten (d.r. bis 99:1).
Direct Insight into the Three‐Dimensional Internal Morphology of Solid–Liquid–Vapor Interfaces at Microscale
Authors: Yang Shuai , Du Jiexing , Cao Moyuan , Yao Xi , Ju Jie , Jin Xu , Su Bin , Liu Kesong , Jiang Lei 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSolid–liquid–vapor interfaces dominated by the three‐phase contact line, usually performing as the active center in reactions, are important in biological and industrial processes. In this contribution, we provide direct three‐dimensional (3D) experimental evidence for the inside morphology of interfaces with either Cassie or Wenzel states at micron level using X‐ray micro‐computed tomography, which allows us to accurately “see inside” the morphological structures and quantitatively visualize their internal 3D fine structures and phases in intact samples. Furthermore, the in‐depth measurements revealed that the liquid randomly and partly located on the top of protrusions on the natural and artificial superhydrophobic surfaces in Cassie regime, resulting from thermodynamically optimal minimization of the surface energy. These new findings are useful for the optimization of classical wetting theories and models, which should promote the surface scientific and technological developments.
Recycling Application of Li–MnO2 Batteries as Rechargeable Lithium–Air Batteries
Authors: Hu Yuxiang , Zhang Tianran , Cheng Fangyi , Zhao Qing , Han Xiaopeng , Chen Jun 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe ever‐increasing consumption of a huge quantity of lithium batteries, for example, Li–MnO2 cells, raises critical concern about their recycling. We demonstrate herein that decayed Li–MnO2 cells can be further utilized as rechargeable lithium–air cells with admitted oxygen. We further investigated the effects of lithiated manganese dioxide on the electrocatalytic properties of oxygen‐reduction and oxygen‐evolution reactions (ORR/OER). The catalytic activity was found to be correlated with the composition of LixMnO2 electrodes (0<x<1) generated in situ in aprotic Li–MnO2 cells owing to tuning of the Mn valence and electronic structure. In particular, modestly lithiated Li0.50MnO2 exhibited superior performance with enhanced round‐trip efficiency (ca. 76 %), high cycling ability (190 cycles), and high discharge capacity (10 823 mA h gcarbon−1). The results indicate that the use of depleted Li–MnO2 batteries can be prolonged by their application as rechargeable lithium–air batteries.
Developing Conjugated Polymers with High Electron Affinity by Replacing a CC Unit with a B←N Unit
Authors: Dou Chuandong , Ding Zicheng , Zhang Zijian , Xie Zhiyuan , Liu Jun , Wang Lixiang 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe key parameters of conjugated polymers are lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels. Few approaches can simultaneously lower LUMO and HOMO energy levels of conjugated polymers to a large extent (>0.5 eV). Disclosed herein is a novel strategy to decrease both LUMO and HOMO energy levels of conjugated polymers by about 0.6 eV through replacement of a CC unit by a B←N unit. The replacement makes the resulting polymer transform from an electron donor into an electron acceptor, and is proven by fluorescence quenching experiments and the photovoltaic response. This work not only provides an effective approach to tune the LUMO/HOMO energy levels of conjugated polymers, but also uses organic boron chemistry as a new toolbox to develop conjugated polymers with high electron affinity for polymer optoelectronic devices.
Thermal and dielectric properties of polycarbonatediol polyurethane
Authors: Ortiz‐Serna Pilar , Carsí Marta , Redondo‐Foj Belén , Sanchis María Jesús , Culebras Mario , Gómez Clara María , Cantarero Andrés 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe dielectric relaxation behavior of segmented polyurethane has been studied using Broad‐Band Dielectric Spectroscopy in the frequency domain, 10−2 to 108 Hz, and in the temperature range of −120 to 140°C. The spectra show three secondary processes (δ, γ, and β) followed by the α relaxation and conductive processes. The Havriliak‐Negami (HN) phenomenological equation was used in order to characterize all the processes. The δ, γ, and β relaxations are probably associated with (i) local motions of the main chain (ii) motions of the carbonate group in the soft phase and (iii) reorientational motions of water molecules. The microphase separated morphology associated with soft and hard domains is reflected in the dielectric spectra, at high temperatures, by the presence of the Maxwell‐Wagner‐Sillars (MWS) interfacial polarization process. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42007.