bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring the effect of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09: the epidemiological experience in the West Midlands, England during the ‘containment’ phase
Authors: INGLIS N. J. , BAGNALL H. , JANMOHAMED K. , SULEMAN S. , AWOFISAYO A. , DE SOUZA V. , SMIT E. , PEBODY R. , MOHAMED H. , IBBOTSON S. , SMITH G. E. , HOUSE T. , OLOWOKURE B. 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYThe West Midlands was the first English region to report sustained community transmission during the ‘containment’ phase of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic in England. To describe the epidemiological experience in the region, West Midlands and national datasets containing laboratory-confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09 virus cases in the region during the ‘containment’ phase were analysed. The region accounts for about 10·5% of England's population, but reported about 42% of all laboratory-confirmed cases. Altogether 3063 cases were reported, with an incidence rate of 56/100 000 population. School-associated cases accounted for 25% of cases. Those aged <20 years, South Asian ethnic groups, and residents of urban and socioeconomically deprived areas were disproportionately affected. Imported cases accounted for 1% of known exposures. Regional R0 central estimates between 1·41 and 1·43 were obtained. The West Midlands experience suggests that interpretation of transmission rates may be affected by complex interactions within and between sub-populations in the region.
Foveal visual acuity is worse and shows stronger contour interaction effects for contrast-modulated than luminance-modulated Cs
Authors: HAIROL MOHD IZZUDDIN , FORMANKIEWICZ MONIKA A. , WAUGH SARAH J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractContrast-modulated (CM) stimuli are processed by spatial mechanisms that operate at larger spatial scales than those processing luminance-modulated (LM) stimuli and may be more prone to deficits in developing, amblyopic, and aging visual systems. Understanding neural mechanisms of contour interaction or crowding will help in detecting disorders of spatial vision. In this study, contour interaction effects on visual acuity for LM and CM C and bar stimuli are assessed in normal foveal vision. In Experiment 1, visual acuity is measured for all-LM and all-CM stimuli, at ∼3.5× above their respective modulation thresholds. In Experiment 2, visual acuity is measured for Cs and bars of different type (LM C with CM bars and vice versa). Visual acuity is degraded for CM compared with LM Cs (0.46 ± 0.04 logMAR vs. 0.18 ± 0.04 logMAR). With nearby bars, CM acuity is degraded further (0.23 ± 0.01 logMAR or ∼2 lines on an acuity chart), significantly more than LM acuity (0.11 ± 0.01 logMAR, ∼1 line). Contour interaction for CM stimuli extends over greater distances (arcmin) than it does for LM stimuli, but extents are similar with respect to acuities (∼3.5× the C gap width). Contour interaction is evident when the Cs and bars are defined differently: it is stronger when an LM C is flanked by CM bars (0.17 ± 0.03 logMAR) than when a CM C is flanked by LM bars (0.08 ± 0.02 logMAR). Our results suggest that contour interaction for foveally viewed acuity stimuli involves feature integration, such that the outputs of receptive fields representing Cs and bars are combined. Contour interaction operates at LM and CM representational stages, it can occur across stage, and it is enhanced at the CM stage. Greater contour interaction for CM Cs and bars could hold value for visual acuity testing and earlier diagnosis of conditions for which crowding is important, such as in amblyopia.
How to Make Wagner Normal: Lohengrin's ‘tour de France’ of 1891–92
Authors: ELLIS KATHARINE 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe traditional story reception historians tell of Wagner in France is really a centralist story about Wagner in Paris. This article reverses the direction in light of the fact that seven French regional towns presented Lohengrin on publicly funded stages in 1891 before the directors of the Paris Opéra dared follow suit. Since the work's ‘job’ in the regions was to prove to Paris that Wagner stagings did not necessarily bring rioting with them, the focus is more on previews than on the usual (and logical) reception material of reviews. In addition, via its multi-centre approach and a sideways glance at a parallel phenomenon – the reception of Victorien Sardou's Thermidor – the article integrates reception study into a broader-based cultural history rather than treating it in potentially more limited fashion as an approach in and of itself.
Expedited Electronic Entry: A New Way to Manage Mass-Casualty Radiology Order Workflow
Authors: Bookman Kelly , Zane Richard 
Published: June 2013

AbstractOne of the important tenets of emergency preparedness is that planning for disaster response should resemble standard operating procedure whenever possible. Electronic order entry has become part of the standard operating procedures of most institutions but many of these systems are either too cumbersome for use during a surge or can even be rendered non-functional during a sudden patient surge such as a mass-casualty incident (MCI). Presented here is an experience with delayed radiology order entry during a recent MCI and the after action programming of the system based on this real experience. In response to the after action analysis of the MCI, a task force was assigned to solve the MCI radiology order entry problem and a solution to streamline disaster image ordering was devised. A “browse page” was created that lists every x-ray and every CT scan that might be needed in such an event with all required information defaulted to “Disaster.” This created a way to order multiple images for any one patient, with 40% time saving over standard electronic order entry. This disaster radiology order entry solution is an example of the surge preparedness needed to promote patient safety and efficient care delivery as the widespread deployment of electronic health records and order entry continues across the United States.BookmanK, ZaneR. Delayed electronic entry: a new way to manage mass-casualty radiology order workflow. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(4):1-2.
Personal Medication Preparedness Among Veteran and Nonveteran Men and Women in the California Population
Authors: Heslin Kevin C. , Gin June L. , Afable Melissa K. , Ricci Karen , Dobalian Aram 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIntroductionThe health of people with chronic medical conditions is particularly vulnerable to the disruptions caused by public health disasters, especially when there is massive damage to the medical infrastructure. Government agencies and national organizations recommend that people with chronic illness prepare for disasters by stockpiling extra supplies of medications.ProblemA wide range of chronic illnesses has long been documented among veterans of the US armed forces. Veterans with chronic illness could be at great risk of complications due to disaster-related medication disruptions; however, the prevalence of personal medication preparedness among chronically ill veterans is not currently known.MethodsData was used from the 2009 California Health Interview Survey on 28,167 respondents who reported taking daily medications. After adjusting for differences in age, health status, and other characteristics, calculations were made of the percentage of respondents who had a two-week supply of emergency medications and, among respondents without a supply, the percentage who said they could obtain one. Veteran men, veteran women, nonveteran men, and nonveteran women were compared.ResultsMedication supplies among veteran men (81.9%) were higher than among nonveteran women (74.8%; P < .0001) and veteran women (81.1%; P = 0.014). Among respondents without medication supplies, 67.2% of nonveteran men said that they could obtain a two-week supply, compared with 60.1% of nonveteran women (P = .012).DiscussionAmong adults in California with chronic illness, veteran men are more likely to have personal emergency medication supplies than are veteran and nonveteran women. Veteran men may be more likely to be prepared because of their training to work in combat zones and other emergency situations, which perhaps engenders in them a culture of preparedness or self-reliance. It is also possible that people who choose to enlist in the military are different from the general population in ways that make them more likely to be better prepared for emergencies.ConclusionVeterans in California have a relatively high level of emergency medication preparedness. Given the health complications that can result from disaster-related medication disruptions, this is a promising finding. Disasters are a national concern, however, and the personal preparedness of veterans in all parts of the nation should be assessed; these findings could serve as a useful reference point for such work in the future.HeslinK, GinJ, AfableM, RicciK, DobalianA. Personal medication preparedness among veteran and nonveteran men and women in the California population. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013; 28(4):1-8.
Crystal structures of S6K1 provide insights into the regulation mechanism of S6K1 by the hydrophobic motif
Authors: Wang Jianchuan , Zhong Chen , Wang Fang , Qu Fangfang , Ding Jianping 
Published: June 2013

The activity of S6K1 (p70 ribosomal protein subunit 6 kinase 1) is stimulated by phosphorylation of Thr389 in the hydrophobic motif by mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) and phosphorylation of Thr229 in the activation loop by PDK1 (phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1); however, the order of the two events is still ambiguous. In the present paper we report six crystal structures of the S6K1 kinase domain alone or plus the hydrophobic motif in various forms, in complexes with a highly specific inhibitor. The structural data, together with the biochemical data, reveal in vivo phosphorylation of Thr389 in the absence of Thr229 phosphorylation and demonstrate the importance of two conserved residues, Gln140 and Arg121, in the establishment of a hydrogen-bonding network between the N-lobe (N-terminal lobe) and the hydrophobic motif. Phosphorylation of Thr389 or introduction of a corresponding negatively charged group leads to reinforcement of the network and stabilization of helix αC. Furthermore, comparisons of S6K1 with other AGC (protein kinase A/protein kinase G/protein kinase C) family kinases suggest that the structural and sequence differences in the hydrophobic motif and helix αC account for their divergence in PDK1 dependency. Taken together, the results of the present study indicate that phosphorylation of the hydrophobic motif in S6K1 is independent of, and probably precedes and promotes, phosphorylation of the activation loop.
Structural insights into the inhibition of type VI effector Tae3 by its immunity protein Tai3
Authors: Dong Cheng , Zhang Heng , Gao Zeng-Qiang , Wang Wen-Jia , She Zhun , Liu Guang-Feng , Shen Yue-Quan , Su Xiao-Dong , Dong Yu-Hui 
Published: June 2013

The recently described T6SS (type VI secretion system) acts as a needle that punctures the membrane of the target cells to deliver effector proteins. Type VI amidase effectors can be classified into four divergent families (Tae1–Tae4). These effectors are secreted into the periplasmic space of neighbouring cells via the T6SS and subsequently rupture peptidoglycan. However, the donor cells are protected from damage because of the presence of their cognate immunity proteins [Tai1 (type VI amidase immunity 1)–Tai4]. In the present paper, we describe the structure of Tae3 in complex with Tai3. The Tae3–Tai3 complex exists as a stable heterohexamer, which is composed of two Tae3 molecules and two Tai3 homodimers (Tae3–Tai34–Tae3). Tae3 shares a common NlpC/P60 fold, which consists of N-terminal and C-terminal subdomains. Structural analysis indicates that two unique loops around the catalytic cleft adopt a closed conformation, resulting in a narrow and extended groove involved in the binding of the substrate. The inhibition of Tae3 is attributed to the insertion of the Ω-loop (loop of α3–α4) of Tai3 into the catalytic groove. Furthermore, a cell viability assay confirmed that a conserved motif (Gln-Asp-Xaa) in Tai3 members may play a key role in the inhibition process. Taken together, the present study has revealed a novel inhibition mechanism and provides insights into the role played by T6SS in interspecific competition.
Electrically small complementary split‐ring resonator antenna on eighth‐mode substrate integrated waveguide
Authors: Sam S. , Lim S. 
Published: June 2013

An electrically small substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna is proposed at 5.22 GHz. Its electrical size is reduced by a complementary split‐ring resonator which is loaded on the eighth‐mode SIW (EMSIW). The EMSIW occupies only 12.5% of the conventional SIW with the same dominant resonant frequency. The S‐parameters and radiation patterns are investigated by full‐wave simulation and measurements. Results show the omnidirectional radiation pattern with a 4 dBi peak gain.
Compact Wilkinson power divider using two‐section asymmetrical T‐structures
Authors: Chang C.‐L. , Tseng C.‐H. 
Published: June 2013

A compact planar Wilkinson power divider is proposed using two‐section asymmetrical T‐structures to achieve a significant size reduction and retain a mimic return‐loss bandwidth as compared with the conventional one. The asymmetrical T‐structure is realised by two series high‐impedance lines with unequal electrical lengths and a shunt low‐impedance line. The two‐section configuration has the advantage of decreasing the shunt stub size, and then achieving an optimally miniaturised circuit layout. The developed power divider has a 66.5% 15 dB return loss bandwidth and only occupies a 12.7% circuit size of the conventional one. The measured results of the developed power divider are in a good agreement with simulated results.
Rapid synthesis of gallium oxide resistive random access memory by atomic force microscopy local anodic oxidation
Authors: Tsai J.T.H. , Hsu Chia‐Hsiang , Hsu Chia‐Yun , Yang Chu‐Shou 
Published: June 2013

The fabrication of gallium oxide nanodots for the application of resistive random access memory (RRAM) using a process of atomic force microscopy (AFM) local anodic oxidation on an indium tin oxide conductive glass substrate is reported. In the atmospheric environment, an AFM probe tip contacts the gallium film locally. This gallium oxide nanodot acts as the insulator layer in a single unit of the RRAM. The structure describes the insulator layer (GaOx) sandwiched by the top (AFM tip) and bottom (Ga film) electrodes. Using current and voltage biased methods, the device switches from a high‐resistance state (HRS) to a low‐resistance state (LRS) and reset from LRS to HRS. Low read‐voltage is used to distinguish the high/low resistance to present the digital data. Presented results show the ability of atomic force microscopy anodic oxidation to produce 300 nm diameter gallium oxide nanodots on glass substrates for potentially high density RRAMs.
Measurements and analysis of the radar signature of a new wind turbine design at X‐band
Authors: Balleri Alessio , Al‐Armaghany Allann , Griffiths Hugh , Tong Kinfai , Matsuura Takashi , Karasudani Takashi , Ohya Yuji 
Published: June 2013

The authors study the radar signature of a new type of wind turbine, named the Wind Lens. This design includes a flanged shroud around the turbine which concentrates the wind flow past the turbine blades and hence improves the efficiency. The design also offers improved safety and reduces acoustic noise. Furthermore, it may offer a significantly lower radar signature, which may make the design much more attractive for use in situations where conventional wind turbine designs may disturb the operation of radars. The authors present the results of an experimental trial, carried out in the UK, to measure the radar cross section (RCS) of a 5 kW Wind Lens turbine prototype and provide a reference database that can be used for comparing the Wind Lens RCS with that of conventional turbines. The authors also investigate the methods to further reduce the Wind Lens RCS and present the results of a time‐varying Doppler analysis. The results show that the addition of a metallic mesh around the shroud obscures the rotating blades, and hence mitigates the RCS by 15 dB, at angles where the radar interference is highest.
Monte Carlo Calculations of Effective Surface Tension for Small Clusters
Authors: N Hale Barbara 
Published: June 2013

In this study we have calculated configurational Helmholtz free energy differences between n and n – 1 molecule water clusters and nand n – 1 atom argon clusters using classical effective atom-atom pair potentials and the Bennett–Metropolis Monte Carlo technique. When plotted versus n–1/ 3 the slope of the free energy differences yields an effective surface tension, σ. It is found that these slopes display a universal (material independent) property related to the excess surface entropy / κ per molecule (or atom), Ω. For most materials (in the bulk liquid state) the latter quantity is about 2. The results indicate that clusters as small as n = 10 display bulk surface free energy properties. The temperature dependence of the effective surface tension for the model water clusters is also investigated and is consistent with a simple scaled form, σ / κTρ2/3liquid ≈ Ω(Tc /T – 1), where Tc = 647 K and Ω = 1�9.
Extending Literary Darwinism
Authors: Verpooten Jan 
Published: June 2013

Literary Darwinism is an emerging interdisciplinary research field that seeks to explain literature and its oral antecedents (“literary behaviors”), from a Darwinian perspective. Considered the fact that an evolutionary approach to human behavior has proven insightful, this is a promising endeavor. However, Literary Darwinism as it is commonly practiced, I argue, suffers from some shortcomings. First, while literary Darwinists only weigh adaptation against by-product as competing explanations of literary behaviors, other alternatives, such as constraint and exaptation, should be considered as well. I attempt to demonstrate their relevance by evaluating the evidentiary criteria commonly employed by Literary Darwinists. Second, Literary Darwinists usually acknowledge the role of culture in human behavior and make references to Dual Inheritance theory (i.e., the body of empirical and theoretical work demonstrating that human behavior is the outcome of both genetic and cultural inheritance). However, they often do not fully appreciate the explanatory implications of dual inheritance. Literary Darwinism should be extended to include these recent refinements in our understanding of the evolution of human behavior.
Allergy management in primary care across European countries – actual status
Authors: Agache I. , Ryan D. , Rodriguez M. R. , Yusuf O. , Angier E. , Jutel M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe standard of care for allergies within a primary care (PC) setting has a strong influence on disease prevention and control, quality of life, and patient satisfaction. The level of knowledge of allergic diseases and the accessibility to regular follow‐up are essential. EAACI and IPCRG conducted a survey to evaluate the actual status of care for allergic diseases in PC. Access to allergy and asthma specialist treatment was identified as the greatest ‘unmet need’. The average waiting time between a referral and being seen in a public health service is usually >6 weeks. Referring the patients to an ‘organ’ specialist is much easier compared with referral to an allergist. Most PCPs have access to blood tests for total and specific IgE. Skin prick testing is available in only half of the cases, while provocation tests, allergen quantification in homes, and a dietician service are even less available. 20.6% of practices do not have access to allergy tests at all. Other issues raised were low political or general public awareness, lack of understanding by the patients of their allergic disease, the need to invest in PC, and to achieve sufficient competence at the appropriate level of care.
Young adults with coeliac disease may be at increased risk of early atherosclerosis
Authors: De Marchi S. , Chiarioni G. , Prior M. , Arosio E. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryBackgroundAccelerated progression of atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular risk have been described in immune‐mediated disorders, but few data are available in coeliac disease.AimTo evaluate instrumental and biochemical signs of atherosclerosis risk in 20 adults at first diagnosis of coeliac disease and after 6–8 months of gluten‐free diet with mucosal recovery.MethodsWe analysed total, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, homocysteine, C‐reactive protein, folate and vitamin B12; ultrasound measurement of carotid intima‐media thickness (IMT) and endothelium‐dependent dilatation were both carried on at diagnosis and after gluten withdrawal. Twenty‐two healthy members of the hospital staff served as matched controls for vascular examinations.ResultsAt baseline, mean total and HDL‐cholesterol (HDL‐C) were both within normal range, while mean LDL‐cholesterol concentration was slightly increased; diet was associated with an increment in total and HDL‐C (68.2 ± 17.4 vs. 51.4 ± 18.6 mg/dL; P < 0.001) and a significant improvement in total/HDL‐C ratio (3.05 ± 0.71 vs. 3.77 ± 0.92; P < 0.02). Mean plasma homocysteine was elevated and not influenced by diet. C‐reactive protein significantly decreased with diet (1.073 ± 0.51 vs. 1.92 ± 1.38 mg/dL; P < 0.05). At baseline, in coeliacs, IMT was increased (0.082 ± 0.011 vs. 0.058 ± 0.012 cm; P < 0.005), while endothelium‐dependent dilatation was decreased (9.3 ± 1.3 vs. 11.2 ± 1.2%; P < 0.05). Both parameters improved after gluten abstinence.ConclusionsAdults with coeliac disease seem to be at potentially increased risk of early atherosclerosis as suggested by vascular impairment and unfavourable biochemical risk pattern. Chronic inflammation might play a determining role. Gluten abstinence with mucosal normalisation reverts to normal the observed alterations.
Plant traits as indicators: loss or gain of information?
Authors: de Bello Francesco , Mudrák Ondřej 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this issue, Kachergis et al. provide a timely comparison of taxonomic vs functional group‐based indicators for managed steppes. The authors demonstrate how functional indicators result in only a marginal loss of taxonomic information while potentially covering community aspects not accounted for by taxa. To expand these ideas, specific plant traits could complement taxonomic indicators to achieve multiple monitoring goals.
An augmented lecture feedback system to support learner and teacher communication
Authors: Zarraonandia Telmo , Aedo Ignacio , Díaz Paloma , Montero Alvaro 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this paper, it is advocated that the feedback loop between learners and teachers could be improved by making use of augmented reality (AR) techniques. The bidirectional communication between teacher and learners is sometimes hampered by students' fear of showing themselves up in front of their classmates. In order to overcome this problem, a system is proposed whereby teachers receive immediate and private feedback both individualised for each student as well as aggregated for the whole class. With that purpose, the teacher, who is equipped with a head‐mounted AR display, can visualise symbols that represent the status students have stated using private devices in relation to the lecture content. In order to explore the possibilities of this approach, an experience was conducted in a lecture on a university course. The results are encouraging and suggest that as this technology matures and less intrusive AR display models become available, it could provide effective support to improve communication and interaction during lectures.A video abstract of this article can be viewed at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUCkNkuAiK8