bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crotaline Fab Antivenom Reverses Platelet Dysfunction Induced by Crotalus scutulatus Venom: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Carstairs Shaun D. , Kreshak Allyson A. , Tanen David A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundPatients sustaining rattlesnake envenomation often develop thrombocytopenia, the etiology of which is not clear. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that venom from several species, including the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus), can inhibit platelet aggregation. In humans, administration of crotaline Fab antivenom has been shown to result in transient improvement of platelet levels; however, it is not known whether platelet aggregation also improves after antivenom administration.ObjectivesThe objective was to determine the effect of C. scutulatus venom on platelet aggregation in vitro in the presence and absence of crotaline Fab antivenom.MethodsBlood was obtained from four healthy male adult volunteers not currently using aspirin, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, or other platelet‐inhibiting agents. C. scutulatus venom from a single snake with known type B (hemorrhagic) activity was obtained from the National Natural Toxins Research Center. Measurement of platelet aggregation by an aggregometer was performed using five standard concentrations of epinephrine (a known platelet aggregator) on platelet‐rich plasma over time, and a mean area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. Five different sample groups were measured: 1) blood alone, 2) blood + C. scutulatus venom (0.3 mg/mL), 3) blood + crotaline Fab antivenom (100 mg/mL), 4) blood + venom + antivenom (100 mg/mL), and 5) blood + venom + antivenom (4 mg/mL). Standard errors of the mean (SEM) were calculated for each group, and paired t‐tests were used to measure differences between groups.ResultsAntivenom administration by itself (group 2) did not significantly affect platelet aggregation compared to baseline (103.8%, SEM ± 3.4%, p = 0.47). Administration of venom (group 3) decreased platelet aggregation (72.0%, SEM ± 8.5%, p < 0.05). Concentrated antivenom administration in the presence of venom (group 4) normalized platelet aggregation (101.4%, SEM ± 6.8%) and in the presence of diluted antivenom (group 5) significantly increased aggregation (133.9%, SEM ± 9.0%; p < 0.05 for both groups when compared to the venom‐only group). To further assess the effects of the venom and antivenom, each was run independently in platelet‐rich plasma without epinephrine; neither was found to significantly alter platelet aggregation in the absence of epinephrine.ConclusionsCrotaline Fab antivenom improved platelet aggregation in an in vitro model of platelet dysfunction induced by venom from C. scutulatus. It is unclear at this time whether this improvement in platelet dysfunction translates into improved clinical outcomes in envenomated patients.
Regulations and Technology Diffusion: Cross Subsidies and Digital Infrastructure Creation
Authors: Majumdar Sumit K. , Chang Hsihui 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTUsing contemporary historical data, the analysis has examined the impact of cross‐subsidization on technology diffusion within telecommunications networks for local exchange sector telecommunications firms in the United States for the years 1995 to 2000. Firms obtaining greater cross‐subsidies engage in greater technology diffusion via network modernization using digital technologies. Contingent on the institutional setting, cross subsidies have risen. These amounts have been put to relevant use in the diffusion of technology via deployment of digital infrastructure. The principles of subsidization are considered negatively as they have presumed anti‐competitive consequences. In technology diffusion they have played a positive role, as the evidence shows. From a radical subjectivist perspective, cross subsidies generate financial capital for firms, which permits them to deploy high quality technology investments such as broadband and these investments can be used for entrepreneurial experiments in providing several customer services.
rs2072135, a low‐penetrance variant for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia?
Authors: Sava Georgina P. , Speedy Helen E. , Di Bernardo Maria Chiara , Deaglio Silvia , Karabon Lidia , Frydecka Irena , Woszczyk Dariusz , Rossi Davide , Gaidano Gianluca , Mansouri Larry , Smedby Karin E. , Juliusson Gunnar , Rosenquist Richard , Catovsky Daniel , Houlston Richard S. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryRecent multi‐stage genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are robustly associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) risk. Given that most of these SNPs map to non‐coding regions of the genome, it suggests that the functional basis of many GWAS signals will be through differential gene expression. By referencing publically accessible expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data on lymphoblastoid cells lines (LCLs) we have globally demonstrated an association between GWAS P‐values and eQTLs, consistent with much of the variation in CLL risk being defined by variants impacting on gene expression. To explore using eQTL data to select GWAS SNPs for replication, we genotyped rs2072135 (GWAS P‐value = 0·0024, eQTL P‐value = 1·510−19) in five independent case‐control series totalling 1968 cases and 3538 controls. While not attaining statistical significance (combined P‐value = 1 × 10−4), rs2072135 defines a promising risk locus for CLL. Incorporating eQTL information offers an attractive strategy for selecting SNPs from GWAS for validation.
Impact of Canadian Postsecondary Education on Occupational Prestige of Highly Educated Immigrants
Authors: Adamuti‐Trache Maria , Anisef Paul , Sweet Robert 
Published: May 2013

Cet article utilise les données provenant de l'Enquête longitudinale auprès des immigrants du Canada (ELIC) couvrant la période 2000‐2004 afin d'évaluer l'emploi à durée déterminée et la réussite professionnelle des immigrants récents qui, bien qu'ayant obtenu un diplôme universitaire dans leur pays d'origine, ont choisi de s'inscrire dans un établissement d'enseignement postsecondaire canadien. La principale conclusion de l'article est que la réussite professionnelle des immigrants très instruits est affectée par le choix de l'enseignement post‐secondaire au Canada, toutes catégories socio‐démographiques et conditions d'avant ou après migration confondues. Quatre années après leur arrivée au Canada, les immigrants occupent des emplois nettement moins prestigieux que ceux qu'ils avaient avant la migration. Les immigrants qui ont poursuivi des études universitaires au Canada atteignent des meilleurs résultats professionnels que les non‐participants ou ceux qui ont choisi un collège communautaire. Néanmoins, la majorité des immigrants très instruits n'ont pas réussi à retrouver leur profession.This paper uses data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada covering the period 2000 to 2004 to assess short‐term employment and occupational attainment of recent immigrants who, despite having completed a university degree in their countries of origin, chose to obtain additional credentials at a Canadian postsecondary institution. The main finding of this paper is that occupational attainment of highly educated immigrants is affected by choice of postsecondary education in Canada regardless of differences in sociodemographic, premigration characteristics, and postmigration conditions. Four years after entry, immigrants worked in jobs with significantly lower occupational prestige than those held prior to migration. Immigrants who pursued a university education in Canada attained highest occupational outcomes when compared to nonparticipants and those who chose a community college pathway. Nevertheless, the majority of highly educated immigrants failed to gain entry to the professions.
Social communicative variation in 1–3‐year‐olds with severe visual impairment
Authors: Dale N. J. , Tadić V. , Sonksen P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundAlthough the social communicative domain is recognized as being at risk in young children with visual impairment (VI), few tools are available for identifying those most at risk or the aspects that are most vulnerable.MethodsA standard parent interview – Social Communication Interview for young children with visual impairment (SOCI‐VI), was developed and tested with 55 parents of 17 profoundly, 15 severely VI and 23 normally sighted children; mean age 22 months (range 10–40 months). The 35‐item SOCI‐VI 35 showed adequate inter‐rater and test–retest reliability (P < 0.001).ResultsThirteen of 35 items discriminated within and between the vision groups (anova P 0.008). The group with profound VI scored significantly lower than the Sighted group on the reduced 13 item SOCI‐VI 13 (t‐test P 0.002), the disparity being greatest for items exploring joint attention. The reduced SOCI‐VI 13 showed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach alpha > 0.75) and concurrent validity with the Vineland adaptation questionnaire within a randomized VI subgroup (r 0.8, P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe study reveals trends in early social communicative development in the young VI population and provides preliminary reliability and validity testing for future research within a clinical context.
Goal setting with mothers in child development services
Authors: Forsingdal S. , St John W. , Miller V. , Harvey A. , Wearne P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimThe aim of this grounded theory study was to explore mothers' perspectives of the processes of collaborative goal setting in multidisciplinary child development services involving follow‐up home therapy.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted in South East Queensland, Australia with 14 mothers of children aged 3–6 years who were accessing multidisciplinary child development services. Interviews were focussed around the process of goal setting.ResultsA grounded theory of Maternal Roles in Goal Setting (The M‐RIGS Model) was developed from analysis of data. Mothers assumed Dependent, Active Participator and Collaborator roles when engaging with the therapist in goal‐setting processes. These roles were characterized by the mother's level of dependence on the therapist and insight into their child's needs and therapy processes. Goal Factors, Parent Factors and Therapist Factors influenced and added complexity to the goal‐setting process.ConclusionThe M‐RIGS Model highlights that mothers take on a range of roles in the goal‐setting process. Although family‐centred practice encourages negotiation and collaborative goal setting, parents may not always be ready to take on highly collaborative roles. Better understanding of parent roles, goal‐setting processes and influencing factors will inform better engagement with families accessing multidisciplinary child development services.
Advice to mothers about managing children's behaviours in Canada's premier woman's magazine: a comparison of 1945–1956 with 1990–2010
Authors: Clarke Juanne N. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractRecent research and theorizing has characterized contemporary mothering as medicalized, intensive and risky. The rate of diagnosis of children's mental health issues has grown rapidly, particularly since the 90s. This paper examines the construction of mothering in regard to children's behaviours and mental health through an exploratory and qualitative content analysis of the portrayal of advice to mothers in Chatelaine Magazine, the premier women's magazine published in Canada. The time periods chosen for comparison were 1945–1956 and 1990–2010. The first period was selected because it was a time of dramatic changes that occurred in family, occupational and domestic life for women immediately after World War II. The second represents the modern period. The findings of the paper suggest that mothering was intensive, medicalized and risky in both periods although the conceptualizations of problems differed.
Diabetes and cancer: two diseases with obesity as a common risk factor
Authors: Garg S. K. , Maurer H. , Reed K. , Selagamsetty R. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThere is a growing body of evidence to support a connection between diabetes (predominantly type 2), obesity and cancer. Multiple meta‐analyses of epidemiological data show that people with diabetes are at increased risk of developing many different types of cancers, along with an increased risk of cancer mortality. Several pathophysiological mechanisms for this relationship have been postulated, including insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, enhanced inflammatory processes, dysregulation of sex hormone production and hyperglycaemia. In addition to these potential mechanisms, a number of common risk factors, including obesity, may be behind the association between diabetes and cancer. Indeed, obesity is associated with an increased risk of cancer and diabetes. Abdominal adiposity has been shown to play a role in creating a systemic pro‐inflammatory environment, which could result in the development of both diabetes and cancer. Here, we examine the relationship between diabetes, obesity and cancer, and investigate the potential underlying causes of increased cancer risk in individuals with diabetes. Current treatment recommendations for reducing the overall disease burden are also explored and possible areas for future research are considered.
Dapagliflozin a glucose‐regulating drug with diuretic properties in subjects with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Lambers Heerspink H. J. , de Zeeuw D. , Wie L. , Leslie B. , List J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimsSodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) reabsorbs glucose and sodium in the renal proximal tubule. Dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, targets hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes by increasing renal glucose excretion. To investigate whether the parallel occurring sodium loss would have diuretic‐like physiologic effects, we compared dapagliflozin and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) effects on 24‐h blood pressure (BP), body weight, plasma volume and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).MethodsIn this randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial, 75 subjects with type 2 diabetes were assigned placebo, dapagliflozin 10 mg/day, or HCTZ 25 mg/day. Changes from baseline BP, body weight, plasma volume and GFR were assessed after 12 weeks of treatment.ResultsSubjects' mean age was 56 years, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) duration 6.3 years, and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 7.5%. Treatment with placebo, dapagliflozin or HCTZ resulted in changes from baseline in 24‐h ambulatory mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) of −0.9 (95%CI −4.2, +2.4), −3.3 (95%CI −6.8, +0.2), and −6.6 (95%CI −9.9, −3.2) mmHg, respectively at week 12, adjusted for baseline SBP. Body weight decreased with dapagliflozin and HCTZ. In a sub‐study plasma volume appeared to decrease with dapagliflozin but did not change with placebo or HCTZ treatment. Dapagliflozin induced a greater reduction in GFR (−10.8%; 95%CI −14.6, −6.7) relative to placebo (−2.9%; 95% CI −6.9, +1.2) or HCTZ (−3.4%; 95%CI −7.3, +0.6).ConclusionsDapagliflozin‐induced SGLT2 inhibition for 12 weeks is associated with reductions in 24‐h BP, body weight, GFR and possibly plasma volume. Cumulatively, these effects suggest that dapagliflozin may have a diuretic‐like capacity to lower BP in addition to beneficial effects on glycaemic control.
Assessment of Coronary Flow with Transthoracic Color Doppler Echocardiography in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Ferreiro Daniel E. , Cianciulli Tomás F. , Saccheri Maria C. , Lax Jorge A. , Celano Leonardo , Beck Martin A. , Gagliardi Juan A. , Kazelián Lucia R. , Neme Roberto O. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundRecent advances in echocardiography have allowed assessment of flow velocity in the epicardial coronary arteries of patients with ischemic heart disease, using transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography (TTDE). However, few data are available regarding coronary blood flow in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).ObjectiveTo assess the epicardial coronary arteries of patients with HCM.Material and MethodsA group of 25 patients with HCM was assessed prospectively (mean age 57 ± 21 years, 11 male) using TTDE; flow velocities in the epicardial coronary arteries were measured and compared with those obtained in 10 age‐ and gender‐matched controls. Analysis of the diastolic spectral waveform included flow velocity integral (VTI), peak velocity, deceleration time, and deceleration slope measurements, while systolic waveform analysis included peak flow measurement and morphology assessment (positive, absent or negative). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for multiple comparisons for variables with a normal distribution, and a Kruskal–Wallis test was used for variables with non‐Gaussian distribution.ResultsPatients with HCM exhibited an increase in diastolic flow velocity with a rapid deceleration slope and a systolic slope which was decreased, absent or reversed, compared to normal subjects. On linear regression analysis there was no correlation with the type of hypertrophy or magnitude of the intraventricular pressure gradient in patients with obstructive HCM.ConclusionIn patients with HCM, noninvasive assessment with TTDE revealed abnormal findings in the distal flow of the epicardial coronary arteries, very similar to those seen in the no‐reflow phenomenon. These findings were independent of the type of hypertrophy and magnitude of the intraventricular pressure gradient in patients with obstructive HCM.
Feynman Diagrams, Problem Spaces, and the Kuhnian Revolution to Come in Teacher Education
Authors: Seltzer‐Kelly Deborah 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA blue‐ribbon panel convened by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) concluded in 2010 that teacher education in the United States must be “turned upside down,” with practical experience at its center and academic content woven around the practical. It might seem that the new clinical model based on medical education, which has been adopted by eight states, would be well‐aligned with a Deweyan inquiry‐based pedagogy. Dewey himself recognized a paradox, however: preparation for the combination of rigor and flexibility needed for inquiry‐based pedagogical skills absolutely requires immersion in clinical settings, even as immersion in the teaching environment that prevails in U.S. public schools systematically socializes new teachers to a very different set of skills than those needed for this model of effective pedagogy. Recent scholarship by Kuhnian scholars provides practical guidance for an alternative understanding of how changes in practice occur and may be transmitted to future generations.
Class Analysis and the Emancipatory Potential of Education
Authors: Gerrard Jessica 
Published: May 2013

AbstractRecently, a range of educational theorists have explored and extended upon popular currents in political theory through articulating “open” and “unknowing” pedagogies. Such contributions represent a radical turn away from the presumed “universals” found in proclamations of justice and emancipation and, ultimately, the centering of class analysis. At the same time, inspired by and building upon Bourdieuian theory, another cluster of educational research has developed a nuanced understanding of the social, cultural, and educational mechanisms involved in class reproduction. In this essay, Jessica Gerrard offers a critical — though sympathetic — response to these dual trends. Bringing together theories of reproduction in conversation with theories of pedagogical possibility, Gerrard argues for a renewed understanding of working‐class relations to education that incorporates an understanding of working‐class action and struggle.
Late‐onset Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia post–fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab: implications for prophylaxis
Authors: Haeusler Gabrielle M. , Slavin Monica A. , Seymour John F. , Lingaratnam Senthil , Teh Benjamin W. , Tam Constantine S. , Thursky Karin A. , Worth Leon J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectiveFludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab (FCR) therapy for lymphoid malignancies has historically been associated with a low reported incidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP). However, prophylaxis was routinely used in early studies, and molecular diagnostic tools were not employed. The objective of this study was to review the incidence of PJP during and post‐FCR in the era of highly sensitive molecular diagnostics and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)–computerised tomography (CT).MethodsAll patients treated with standard FCR at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (March 2009 to June 2012) were identified from a medications management database. Laboratory‐confirmed PJP cases during this time were identified from an electronic database.ResultsOverall, 66 patients were treated with a median of 5.5 FCR cycles. Eight PJP cases were identified, 6 of whom had received chemotherapy prior to FCR. In 5 cases, 18F‐FDG PET demonstrated bilateral ground‐glass infiltrates. Median CD4+ lymphocyte counts at time of PJP diagnosis and 9–12 months following FCR were 123 and 400 cells/μL, respectively. In patients receiving no prophylaxis, 9.1% developed PJP during FCR. The rate following FCR was 18.4%, with median onset at 6 months (2.4–24 months).ConclusionGiven the high rate of late‐onset PJP, consideration should be given for extended PJP prophylaxis for up to 12 months post‐FCR, particularly in pretreated patients. Further evaluation of the role of CD4+ monitoring is warranted to quantify risk of disease development and to guide duration of prophylaxis.
Corticotropin‐releasing factor infusion into nucleus incertus suppresses medial prefrontal cortical activity and hippocampo‐medial prefrontal cortical long‐term potentiation
Authors: Farooq Usman , Rajkumar Ramamoorthy , Sukumaran Shalini , Wu You , Tan Wei Hao , Dawe Gavin Stewart 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the rat has been implicated in a variety of cognitive processes, including working memory and expression of fear memory. We investigated the inputs from a brain stem nucleus, the nucleus incertus (NI), to the prelimbic area of the mPFC. This nucleus strongly expresses corticotropin‐releasing factor type 1 (CRF1) receptors and responds to stress. A retrograde tracer was used to verify connections from the NI to the mPFC. Retrogradely labelled cells in the NI expressed CRF receptors. Electrophysiological manipulation of the NI revealed that stimulation of the NI inhibited spontaneous neuronal firing in the mPFC. Similarly, CRF infusion into the NI, in order to mimic a stressful condition, inhibited neuronal firing and burst firing in the mPFC. The effect of concurrent high‐frequency stimulation of the NI on plasticity in the hippocampo‐prelimbic medial prefrontal cortical (HP‐mPFC) pathway was studied. It was found that electrical stimulation of the NI impaired long‐term potentiation in the HP‐mPFC pathway. Furthermore, CRF infusion into the NI produced similar results. These findings might account for some of the extra‐pituitary functions of CRF and indicate that the NI may play a role in stress‐driven modulation of working memory and possibly other cognitive processes subserved by the mPFC.
Formation of long‐lasting galls by overwintered nymphs in the Japanese aphid Quadrartus yoshinomiyai (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Hormaphidinae)
Authors: Uematsu Keigo , Shibao Harunobu 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the life history of a generation of galls created by the aphid Quadrartus yoshinomiyai (Hormaphidinae: Nipponaphidini) on its primary host plant, Distylium racemosum. First‐instar fundatrix nymphs of Q. yoshinomiyai initiated galls on stems of developing shoots in early April and incipient enclosed galls were found from later the same month. The galls lasted for up to 14 months, during which they grew to maturity, opened in early or mid‐April of the following year and dried up by the end of June. First‐instar fundatrix nymphs were found on winter buds, indicating that they hatched from eggs in autumn and overwintered as nymphs. These results suggest that Q. yoshinomiyai has a three‐year life cycle.