bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Density‐related effects on the infectivity and aggressiveness of a sterilising smut in a wild population of Digitaria sanguinalis
Authors: Verdú A. M. C. , Mas M.T. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUnderstanding host–pathogen evolutionary dynamics needs characterisation and quantification of processes occurring at many spatiotemporal scales. With this aim, the effects of smut on a naturally infected population of the summer annual Digitaria sanguinalis were followed for 4 years in an uncropped field. The main purpose of the study was to quantify the effects of within‐population density on the infectivity and the aggressiveness of the pathogen in a range of densities that occurred naturally. The infectivity‐related variable measured was the proportion of smutted plants at the end of each growing season; proportions were analysed using a generalised linear model with a binomial distribution considering the year, the density and their interaction as effects. The aggressiveness‐related variables chosen were the number of smutted inflorescences per plant and per area, obtained over the last 2 years; they were analysed by means of ancova considering disease status (seeded or smutted), year, density and all the interactions between them. Although the disease is monocyclic, results showed clearly that infectivity increased with plant density. The number of inflorescences per plant was 1.5 times higher in smutted plants than in healthy plants throughout the range of densities. This variable declined when density increased, but as the infectivity increased at a higher rate, the aggressiveness also increased with density. The surprising results on infectivity are discussed in the context of current knowledge of plant–pathogen interaction dynamics, as well as neighbour effects on pathogen aggressiveness. Moreover, the results could be useful to develop weed biological control strategies.
Carbon dioxide enrichment alleviates heat stress by improving cellular redox homeostasis through an ABA‐independent process in tomato plants
Authors: Li X. , Ahammed G. J. , Zhang Y. Q. , Zhang G. Q. , Sun Z. H. , Zhou J. , Zhou Y. H. , Xia X. J. , Yu J. Q. , Shi K. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPlant responses to elevated CO2 and high temperature are critically regulated through a complex network of phytohormones and redox homeostasis. However, the involvement of abscisic acid (ABA) in plant adaptation to heat stress under elevated CO2 conditions has not been thoroughly studied. This study investigated the interactive effects of elevated CO2 (800 μmol·mol−1) and heat stress (42 °C for 24 h) on the endogenous level of ABA and the cellular redox state of two genotypes of tomato with different ABA biosynthesis capacities. Heat stress significantly decreased maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and leaf water potential, but also increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage (EL) in both genotypes. Heat‐induced damage was more severe in the ABA‐deficient mutant notabilis (not) than in its parental cultivar Ailsa Craig (Ailsa), suggesting that a certain level of endogenous ABA is required to minimise the heat‐induced oxidative damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. Irrespective of genotype, the enrichment of CO2 remarkably stimulated Fv/Fm, MDA and EL in heat‐stressed plants towards enhanced tolerance. In addition, elevated CO2 significantly strengthened the antioxidant capacity of heat‐stressed tomato seedlings towards a reduced cellular redox state for a prolonged period, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. However, elevated CO2 and heat stress did not alter the endogenous level of ABA or the expression of its biosynthetic gene NCED2 in either genotype, indicating that ABA is not involved in elevated CO2‐induced heat stress alleviation. The results of this study suggest that elevated CO2 alleviated heat stress through efficient regulation of the cellular redox poise in an ABA‐independent manner in tomato plants.
The Guru's Way: Exploring Diversity Among British Khalsa Sikhs
Authors: Singh Jasjit 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article will examine some of the diversity within the Khalsa tradition. Although Sikhs are regularly described as being ‘orthodox’ or ‘non‐orthodox’ depending on whether or not they have undergone the amrit initiation ceremony, research into the religious lives of young British Sikhs found much diversity within the British Khalsa tradition. This diversity is based primarily around different maryadas or ‘codes of conduct’; each of which emphasises particular ideas and practices. Rather than comparing these maryadas to a supposed ‘norm’, maryada specific practices and notions of religious authority will be examined in order to understand how the ideas presented in these maryadas impact on ideas of Sikh identity, dietary requirements, gender equality and scriptural authority.
Clinical implications of initial peripheral eosinophilia in acute eosinophilic pneumonia
Authors: Jhun Byung Woo , Kim Se Jin , Kim Kang , Lee Ji Eun 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground and objectiveThe initial peripheral eosinophil count (PEC) is rarely elevated but tends to increase during the clinical course of acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP). We evaluated whether initial peripheral eosinophilia is an indicator of mild disease in patients with AEP.MethodsWe retrospectively examined associations between initial peripheral absolute eosinophil count, inflammatory markers and clinical characteristics in 85 patients with AEP.ResultsOf 85 patients, 24 (28%) had initial peripheral eosinophilia (>500/μL). Initial peripheral absolute eosinophil count was inversely correlated to white blood cell (WBC) count (ρ = −0.386, P < 0.001), neutrophil percentage (ρ = −0.645, P < 0.001) and C‐reactive protein (CRP; ρ = −0.495, P < 0.001). During treatment, peripheral absolute eosinophil counts increased, while inflammatory markers (WBC, neutrophil percentage, and CRP) decreased. Patients with initial peripheral eosinophilia had a longer duration from onset of symptoms to admission (P = 0.006), had lower WBC counts, neutrophil percentages and CRP values (all P < 0.001), and higher oxygen saturation (P = 0.004) than patients with normal peripheral eosinophil counts. Oxygen requirements (P = 0.013), duration of oxygen administration (P = 0.028) and intensive care unit admission rates (P = 0.003) were lower in patients with initial peripheral eosinophilia. All patients survived and recovered fully after corticosteroid or conservative treatment.ConclusionsInitial PEC may be related to a milder disease status on admission, compared with normal PEC in patients with AEP. This may help to stratify disease severity in AEP.
How to Measure Motivation: A Guide for the Experimental Social Psychologist
Authors: Touré‐Tillery Maferima , Fishbach Ayelet 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article examines cognitive, affective, and behavioral measures of motivation and reviews their use throughout the discipline of experimental social psychology. We distinguish between two dimensions of motivation (outcome‐focused motivation and process‐focused motivation). We discuss circumstances under which measures may help distinguish between different dimensions of motivation, as well as circumstances under which measures may capture different dimensions of motivation in similar ways. Furthermore, we examine situations in which various measures may capture fluctuations in non‐motivational factors, such as learning or physiological depletion. This analysis seeks to advance research in experimental social psychology by highlighting the need for caution when selecting measures of motivation and when interpreting fluctuations captured by these measures.
The Social in Social Psychology
Authors: Greenwood John D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this paper, I make a critical plea for the rehabilitation of the theoretical conception of the intrinsically social dimensions of cognition, emotion, and behavior shared by early social psychologists but progressively neglected and abandoned in the last century. Some critical implications of this theoretical conception are considered, including its relation to contemporary theories of social cognition and the restrictive methodological prescriptions of experimental social psychology. Finally, I consider the relation between this conception and alternative theoretical traditions in social psychology, such as social representation theory and ‘social identity’ theory, cultural psychology, and social constructionism.
Perspective‐Taking as a Strategy for Improving Intergroup Relations: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Qualifications
Authors: Todd Andrew R. , Galinsky Adam D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this article, we review empirical research investigating the efficacy of perspective‐taking – the active consideration of others' mental states and subjective experiences – as a strategy for navigating intergroup environments. We begin by describing some of the benefits accrued from perspective‐taking: more favorable implicit and explicit intergroup evaluations, stronger approach‐oriented action tendencies and positive non‐verbal behaviors, increased intergroup helping, reduced reliance on stereotype‐maintaining mental processes, and heightened recognition of intergroup disparities. We then discuss several of the processes through which perspective‐taking operates, focusing specifically on two affective (i.e., parallel and reactive empathy) and two cognitive (i.e., shifts in attributional thinking and self‐outgroup merging) mechanisms. We also note several moderating factors based on perceiver characteristics, target characteristics, and features of the surrounding context that qualify the effects of perspective‐taking. Finally, we conclude by suggesting potential directions for future research on intergroup perspective‐taking.
Prognostic implications of recipient or donor hepatitis B seropositivity in thoracic transplantation: analysis of 426 hepatitis B surface antigen‐positive recipients
Authors: Manickam P. , Krishnamoorthi R. , Kanaan Z. , Gunasekaran P.K. , Cappell M.S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundPrognostic data on survival of hepatitis B surface antigen‐positive (HBsAg+) recipients and of hepatitis B core antibody‐positive (HBcAb+) donors are limited in the thoracic transplantation (TT) cohort. Improved understanding of risks could potentially expand the recipient and donor pools.MethodsPost‐hoc analysis of limited‐access dataset of the United Network for Organ Sharing database from January 2000–September 2010 was performed. Analyses were performed for all TT, including single and bilateral lung, orthotopic heart, and simultaneous heart‐lung transplants. The primary analyzed outcome was overall survival. A Cox proportional multivariate hazards model was used to adjust for significant risk predictors.ResultsOf 24,817 patients included, 426 recipients were HBsAg+, of whom 106 (25%) died during a mean follow‐up of 3.6 years. On multivariate analysis, recipient HBsAg+ (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69–1.32; P = 0.80), and donor HBcAb+ (HR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.68–1.22; P = 0.53) were not associated with increased overall mortality in the entire TT cohort, with similar results for each individual transplant cohort. Unadjusted survival analysis using Kaplan–Meier curves in individual transplant cohorts did not show significant differences between HBsAg+ and HBsAg− recipients. No statistically significant differences were found between causes of mortality in the 2 groups.ConclusionHBsAg+ status of recipients or HBcAb+ status of donors does not significantly affect overall survival of TT recipients. These data add to the scant literature on this subject and could potentially increase the donor and recipient pools.
Relationship Between Work Context and Adherence to a Clinical Practice Guideline for Peripheral Venous Catheters Among Registered Nurses in Pediatric Care
Authors: Förberg Ulrika , Wallin Lars , Johansson Eva , Ygge Britt‐Marie , Backheden Magnus , Ehrenberg Anna 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundIt is known that registered nurses’ (RNs’) work context is related to their use of research and that it can affect nurse and patient satisfaction, as well as the outcomes of care. However, little is known about the relationship between work context and nurses’ adherence to clinical practice guidelines. The aim of this study was to describe RNs’ adherence to a clinical practice guideline (CPG) on the management of peripheral venous catheters (PVCs), their perceptions of work context, and how nurses’ work context and characteristics relate to guideline adherence.MethodsThis cross‐sectional survey was conducted at a large pediatric university hospital in Sweden. Data were collected through a questionnaire on RNs’ adherence to components of a CPG and by using the Alberta Context Tool to assess the nurses’ perceptions of work context, including leadership, culture, feedback processes, and other organizational characteristics.ResultsWork context—in the form of structural and electronic resources, information sharing activities, and feedback processes—was in different ways associated with the adherence to the CPG components. The RNs’ adherence on unit level varied: half the units demonstrated complete adherence on disinfection of hands, whereas a majority of the units reported less than 70% adherence on the use of disposable gloves and the daily inspection of a PVC site.Linking Evidence to ActionOur findings indicate that components in one CPG might require diverse implementation strategies because they are linked to different contextual factors.
Phenotypic Evolution of Therapeutic Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium after Invasion of TRAMP Mouse Prostate Tumor
Authors: Choe Elizabeth , Kazmierczak Robert A. , Eisenstark Abraham 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Salmonella
has been of interest in cancer research due to its intrinsic ability to selectively target and colonize within tumors, leading to tumor cell death. Current research indicates promising use of
Salmonella
in regular administrations to remove tumors in mouse models while minimizing toxic side effects. However, selection of mutants during such long-term tumor colonization is a safety concern, and understanding selection of certain phenotypes within a tumor is an important consideration in predicting the long-term success of bacterium-based cancer treatment strategies. Thus, we have made an initial examination of selected phenotypes in a therapeutic
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium population developed from an archival wild-type LT2 strain and intraperitoneally injected into a 6-month-old TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate) mouse. We compared the original injected strain to isolates recovered from prostate tumors and those recovered from the spleen and liver of non-tumor-bearing TRAMP mice through phenotypic assessments of bacteriophage susceptibility, motility, growth rates, morphology, and metabolic activity. Tumor isolate traits, particularly the loss of wild-type motility and flagella, reflect the selective pressure of the tumor, while the maintenance of bacteriophage resistance indicates no active selection to remove this robust trait. We posit that the
Salmonella
population adopts certain strategies to minimize energy consumption and maximize survival and proliferation once within the tumor. We find these insights to be nonnegligible considerations in the development of cancer therapies involving bacteria and suggest further examinations into the evolution of therapeutic strains during passage through tumors.

IMPORTANCE
Salmonella
is of interest in cancer research due to its intrinsic abilities to selectively target, colonize, and replicate within tumors, leading to tumor cell death. However, mutation of strains during long-term colonization within tumors is a safety concern, and understanding their evolution within a tumor is an important consideration in predicting the long-term success of bacterium-based cancer treatment strategies. Thus, we have made an initial examination of phenotypically diverse
Salmonella
colonies recovered from a therapeutic
Salmonella
strain that we developed and injected into prostate tumor-bearing mice. We compared the bacteriophage susceptibility, motility, growth rates, morphology, and metabolic activity of the original therapeutic strain to those of strains recovered from prostate tumors of tumor-bearing mice and the liver and spleen of non-tumor-bearing mice. Our results suggest that the
Salmonella
population adopts certain strategies to minimize energy consumption and maximize survival and proliferation once within the tumor, leading to phenotypic changes in the strain.
Efficient Editing of Malaria Parasite Genome Using the CRISPR/Cas9 System
Authors: Zhang Cui , Xiao Bo , Jiang Yuanyuan , Zhao Yihua , Li Zhenkui , Gao Han , Ling Yuan , Wei Jun , Li Shaoneng , Lu Mingke , Su Xin-zhuan , Cui Huiting , Yuan Jing 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Malaria parasites are unicellular organisms residing inside the red blood cells, and current methods for editing the parasite genes have been inefficient. The CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and Cas9 endonuclease-mediated genome editing) system is a new powerful technique for genome editing and has been widely employed to study gene function in various organisms. However, whether this technique can be applied to modify the genomes of malaria parasites has not been determined. In this paper, we demonstrated that Cas9 is able to introduce site-specific DNA double-strand breaks in the
Plasmodium yoelii
genome that can be repaired through homologous recombination. By supplying engineered homologous repair templates, we generated targeted deletion, reporter knock-in, and nucleotide replacement in multiple parasite genes, achieving up to 100% efficiency in gene deletion and 22 to 45% efficiencies in knock-in and allelic replacement. Our results establish methodologies for introducing desired modifications in the
P. yoelii
genome with high efficiency and accuracy, which will greatly improve our ability to study gene function of malaria parasites.

IMPORTANCE
Malaria, caused by infection of
Plasmodium
parasites, remains a world-wide public health burden. Although the genomes of many malaria parasites have been sequenced, we still do not know the functions of approximately half of the genes in the genomes. Studying gene function has become the focus of many studies; however, editing genes in malaria parasite genomes is still inefficient. Here we designed several efficient approaches, based on the CRISPR/Cas9 system, to introduce site-specific DNA double-strand breaks in the
Plasmodium yoelii
genome that can be repaired through homologous recombination. Using this system, we achieved high efficiencies in gene deletion, reporter tagging, and allelic replacement in multiple parasite genes. This technique for editing the malaria parasite genome will greatly facilitate our ability to elucidate gene function.
CDK4/6 and IGF1 Receptor Inhibitors Synergize to Suppress the Growth of p16INK4A-Deficient Pancreatic Cancers
Authors: Heilmann Andreas M. , Perera Rushika M. , Ecker Veronika , Nicolay Brandon N. , Bardeesy Nabeel , Benes Cyril H. , Dyson Nicholas J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLoss-of-function mutations in p16INK4A (CDKN2A) occur in approximately 80% of sporadic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), contributing to its early progression. Although this loss activates the cell-cycle–dependent kinases CDK4/6, which have been considered as drug targets for many years, p16INK4A-deficient PDAC cells are inherently resistant to CDK4/6 inhibitors. This study searched for targeted therapies that might synergize with CDK4/6 inhibition in this setting. We report that the IGF1R/IR inhibitor BMS-754807 cooperated with the CDK4/6 inhibitor PD-0332991 to strongly block proliferation of p16INK4A-deficient PDAC cells in vitro and in vivo. Sensitivity to this drug combination correlated with reduced activity of the master cell growth regulator mTORC1. Accordingly, replacing the IGF1R/IR inhibitor with the rapalog inhibitor temsirolimus broadened the sensitivity of PDAC cells to CDK4/6 inhibition. Our results establish targeted therapy combinations with robust cytostatic activity in p16INK4A-deficient PDAC cells and possible implications for improving treatment of a broad spectrum of human cancers characterized by p16INK4A loss. Cancer Res; 74(14); 3947–58. ©2014 AACR.
Telomere Shortening Is Associated with Genetic Anticipation in Chinese Von Hippel–Lindau Disease Families
Authors: Ning Xiang-hui , Zhang Ning , Li Teng , Wu Peng-jie , Wang Xi , Li Xue-ying , Peng Shuang-he , Wang Jiang-yi , Chen Jin-chao , Gong Kan 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease is a rare autosomal dominant cancer syndrome. A phenomenon known as genetic anticipation has been documented in some hereditary cancer syndromes, where it was proved to relate to telomere shortening. Because studies of this phenomenon in VHL disease have been relatively scarce, we investigated anticipation in 18 Chinese VHL disease families. We recruited 34 parent–child patient pairs (57 patients) from 18 families with VHL disease. Onset age was defined as the age when any symptom or sign of VHL disease first appeared. Anticipation of onset age was analyzed by paired t test and the other two special tests (HV and RY2). Relative telomere length of peripheral leukocytes was measured in 29 patients and 325 healthy controls. Onset age was younger in child than in parent in 31 of the 34 parent–child pairs. Patients in the first generation had older onset age with longer age-adjusted relative telomere length, and those in the next generation had younger onset age with shorter age-adjusted relative telomere length (P &lt; 0.001) in the 10 parent–child pairs from eight families with VHL disease. In addition, relative telomere length was shorter in the 29 patients with VHL disease than in the normal controls (P = 0.003). The anticipation may relate to the shortening of telomere length in patients with VHL in successive generations. These findings indicate that anticipation is present in families with VHL disease and may be helpful for genetic counseling for families with VHL disease families and for further understanding the pathogenesis of VHL disease. Cancer Res; 74(14); 3802–9. ©2014 AACR.