bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DE QUINCEY, LANDSCAPE, AND SPIRITUAL HISTORY
Authors: Whale John 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDe Quincey's writings contain 'reveries' that extend a Wordsworthian response to landscape and combine a sense of the infinite with a recognition of earthly labours. In the context of his troubled orientalism—in his articles 'Ceylon', 'The Kalmuck Tartars', and 'Russia in 1812', for example—his representation of landscape reveals a disturbed mixture of history and Christianity. His militant vision of civilisation secured by the apocalyptic battle of Waterloo is questioned by his construction of 'Eastern' Others and his powerful recognition of mortality. This pervasive sense of doubt also haunts his handling of 'The Apparition of the Brocken' and the vision of England put forward in 'The English Mail-Coach'.
Variation in age and size among breeding populations at different altitudes in the Japanese newts, Cynops pyrrhogaster
Authors: Ochi Osamu , Marunouchi Junsuke , Ueda Hiroaki 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe age distribution of Cynops pyrrhogaster was studied by skeletochronology on 12 breeding populations inhabiting altitudes ranging from 120 m to 1140 m on Shikoku Island, Japan. In populations inhabiting altitudes 500 m or less, the mean SVL were smaller than in those that lived at higher altitudes. In populations inhabiting altitudes less than 500 m, minimum age at maturation was three years. In populations inhabiting altitudes of 500 m or more, the minimum age at maturation was four to seven years. The number of testes lobes was influenced by age and body size and was variable among populations.
VIGILANCE IN BRONZE MANNIKIN GROUPS: THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF PREDATION RISK AND INTRA-GROUP COMPETITION
Authors: Slotow Rob , Coumi Nicola 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We describe foraging behaviour and time budgets of the gregarious bronze mannikin, Lonchura cucullata. In addition to being the first such study of a southern African granivore, this was the first study of a group-forager to differentiate between vigilance for other flock members (conspecifics) and vigilance for predators. We verified a perception of predation risk by placing five feeders at increasing distances from cover. The mean number of birds at a feeder decreased significantly with increasing distance from cover. We manipulated levels of aggression by restricting access to random numbers of feeding holes at various distances. The treatments succeeded in forcing birds to feed further from cover, and by inference, increased levels of aggression. We measured time budgets with focal samples on marked individuals. There was no influence of group size on time budgets. There was a non-significant (p < 0.06) trend for vigilance to increase with increasing distance from cover (predation risk). There was no pattern in the relative vigilance for predators as opposed to vigilance for other flock members (conspecifics), either with group size, distance from cover, or manipulated levels of aggression. Despite our inability to detect patterns of vigilance for other flock members, we emphasize the importance of studies to elucidate such a process.
SPECIES-SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF REFUGE USE IN FISH: THE ROLE OF METABOLIC EXPENDITURE AND BODY LENGTH
Authors: Krause Jens , Cheng David , Kirkman Emma , Ruxton Graeme 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBeing in a refuge has benefits in terms of predator avoidance and costs in terms of lost feeding opportunities. We investigated how the relative importance of these costs and benefits changes with increasing body length in two sympatric fish species, the minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus, and the stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, which differ in their morphological anti-predator adaptations. Minnows were slower to emerge after taking refuge than sticklebacks, and spent less time outside it, which is consistent with the idea that minnows, which lack the morphological defences (such as spines) of sticklebacks, are more cautious of predators than the latter. Food-deprivation experiments indicated that the costs of missed feeding opportunities in terms of relative weight loss were lower for minnows than sticklebacks. Therefore hiding in a refuge comes at a lower metabolic cost for minnows than sticklebacks. Both species reduced their hiding time when food deprived and increased it following a predation threat. Furthermore, they both showed a strong trend for longer hiding periods and shorter exploration times outside the refuge with increasing body length. Our results suggest that in sticklebacks the body length-dependence of hiding times was a result of perceived predation risks being constant with increasing body length whereas relative weight losses decreased. Thus larger fish could metabolically afford to be more cautious. In minnows, both the predation risk and metabolic expenditure decreased with increasing body length suggesting that the longer hiding times in larger fish represented a trade-off between the two factors.
WITHIN-COLONY RELATEDNESS IN A TERMITE SPECIES: GENETIC ROADS TO EUSOCIALITY?
Authors: Husseneder  , Brandl  , Epplen  , Epplen J.T. , Kaib  
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Hamilton's theory predicts that relatedness asymmetries, with higher relatedness between alloparents and brood than between parents and brood, favour the evolution of eusociality. The haplodiploid reproductive system of the social Hymenoptera does indeed produce relatedness asymmetries, but the diplodiploid system of the eusocial Isoptera does not automatically do so. Three mechanisms that might favour relatedness asymmetries, and therefore eusociality, in termites have been extensively debated: First, substantial inbreeding generates the background for effective kin-selection. Second, inbreeding-outbreeding cycles within and between colonies cause a higher relatedness between individuals of the same generation than between them and their potential offspring. This would be analogous to the haplodiploid system. Third, translocation complexes of sex-linked chromosomes may generate higher relatedness within sexes than between sexes, again analogous to the haplodiploid system. We tested these three hypotheses for the African termite Schedorhinotermes lamanianus (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae) using estimates of within-colony relatedness derived by multilocus DNA fingerprinting with a synthetic oligonucleotide probe. We found little support for any of the three hypotheses. We observed inbreeding to occur only during one or a few generations within colonies, which is unlikely to be an operational basis for ongoing kin-selection. Overall, we conclude that ecological factors and constraints must be considered a major selective force.
Lost in worm space: phylogeny and morphology as road maps to nematode diversity
Authors: Ley Paul De 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe taxonomic impediment in nematology is expanding rather than receding: in the past decade estimates of nematode species richness have increased by several orders of magnitude, while the number of active nematode taxonomists has continued to decline steadily. In order to survive as a discipline in the new century, nematode taxonomy will therefore have to i) prioritise taxa that are relevant to other scientific investigations, ii) provide identification and classification tools that are easily applicable by nonspecialists, and iii) focus on revealing patterns of relatedness rather than on compiling exhaustive catalogues of species, since the latter will never remotely reach completion. Traditional morphological studies based on light microscopy do not meet these needs because they provide insufficient character resolution and require too much specialist knowledge. Phylogenetic approaches are more promising, especially when incorporating molecular sequence data as well as other non-traditional character suites. En nématologie, les obstacles taxinomiques sont en accroissement plutôt qu’en recul: pendant la dernière décennie, les estimations relative à la diversité en espèces ont été accrues par plusieurs ordre de grandeur tandis que le nombre de taxinomistes a continué à décroître régulièrement. Pour se maintenir en tant que discipline au cours du nouveau siècle, la taxinomie nématologique devra donc i) donner priorité à des taxons en relation directe avec d’autres recherches scientifiques, ii) produire des instruments d’identification et de classification plus accessibles aux non-spécialistes, et iii) se concentrer sur la découverte de relations d’affinité plutôt que sur la compilation de catalogues d’espèces lesquels n’atteindront jamais l’exhaustivité. Les études morphologiques traditionnelles basées sur la microscopie optique ne peuvent répondre à ces besoins du fait qu’elles n’ont pas une résolution suffisante pour les caractères et qu’elles requièrent trop de connaissances spécialisées. Les approches phylogénétiques sont plus prometteuses, spécialement lorsqu’elles sont basées sur des séquences moléculaires et d’autres séries de caractères non-traditionnels.
Phylogeny of Bursaphelenchus species derived from analysis of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer DNA sequences
Authors: Beckenbach Karen , Blaxter Mark , Webster John M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Bursaphelenchus species can cause serious economic damage to pine forestry,
and are widely distributed across the globe. The genetic structure of the B.
mucronatus-B. xylophilus species group was investigated using sequences of
the internal transcribed spacers of the ribosomal RNA gene repeat as a
marker. Analysis of the ITS from 11 Bursaphelenchus isolates, using
Aphelenchoides rhytium as an outgroup, supports the perception that the two
species are distinct genetic entities. Significant divergence was however
found within each species. ITS sequence analysis does not support a
separation of European and Japanese B. mucronatus into distinct
species-level taxa. Phylogenie des especes de Bursaphelenchus issue d'une
analyse des sequences du DNA ribosomique de l'espaceur interne transcrit -
Les especes de Bursaphelenchus peuvent provoquer de serieux degats aux
cultures de pins et sont largement reparties dans le monde. La structure
genetique des especes du groupe B.mucronatus-B. xylophilus a ete etudiee en
utilisant comme marqueur des sequences repetees de l'espaceur interne
transcrit du gene de l'ARN ribosomique. L'analyse des ITS de 11 isolats de
Bursaphelenchus, en utilisant Aphelenchoides rhytium comme un extra-groupe,
conforte l'idee que les deux especes sont des entites genetiques distinctes.
Une divergence significative a cependant ete trouvee a l'interieur de chaque
especes. L'analyse des sequences des ITS n'accredite pas la separation des
B. mucronatus europeen et japonais en deux especes distinctes.
Order-disorder in clay mineral structures
Authors: Plançon A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSome recent works dealing with the concept of order-disorder in clay minerals are considered, including those aspects of order-disorder which appeared in the Brindley & Brown (1980) monograph, i.e. disorder in the distribution of cations, disorder in layer stacking, orderdisorder in mixed-layer systems and finite crystal size as a lattice disorder. Heterogeneity of samples and polymorphous transformations are also considered as other types of disorder. Most of these works emphasize that accurate structural characterization can only be obtained if several techniques are combined (e.g. XRD and IR, EXAFS and Mo¨ssbauer spectroscopies, etc.). Another conclusion is that accurate structural determination provides the key to the genesis of clays.
Total scattering studies of silica polymorphs: similarities in glass and disordered crystalline local structure
Authors: Keen D. A. , Dove M. T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe structure of amorphous silica has frequently been compared with its crystalline counterparts in an attempt to understand the glass structure beyond short-range correlations. This paper presents results from neutron total scattering measurements of several polymorphs of silica and shows how these can be used to make a direct, quantitative comparison of amorphous and crystalline forms. It is found that the glass is similar to HP-tridymite and β-cristobalite, both dynamically-disordered crystalline phases of silica, but only out to distances ∼7.5 Å, beyond which the structures diverge. This is too small to validate a microcrystallite theory of glass structure. It is the average 180° Si–O–Si linkage in these two crystalline phases which gives them the flexibility for their instantaneous disordered structure to resemble the quenched (static) glass structure.
Regulation of the nuclear proteasome activity in myelomonocytic human leukemia cells after adriamycin treatment
Authors: Ciftci Özlem , Ullrich Oliver , Schmidt Christian A. , Diestel Antje , Hass Ralf 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTreatment of different human leukemia cell variants with the anthracycline adriamycin was associated with a rapid activation of the proteasome. Thus, proliferating U937, TUR, and retrodifferentiated U937 cells exhibited a 4.3-fold, 5.8-fold, and 4.3-fold proteasome activation within 15 minutes after adriamycin treatment, respectively. In contrast, little if any proteasome activation was detectable in a growth-arrested differentiated U937 population following adriamycin treatment. Further analysis of this mechanism revealed a significant reduction of adriamycin-induced proteasome activity after inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) by 3-aminobenzamide (3-ABA) in the proliferating leukemic cell types. These findings suggested that PARP is involved in the regulation of drug-induced proteasome activation. Indeed, anti-PARP immunoprecipitation experiments of adriamycin-treated cells revealed increasing levels of coprecipitated, enzymatically active proteasome particularly in the proliferating cell variants in contrast to the differentiated U937 cells, with a maximum after 15 minutes, and sensitivity to PARP inhibition by 3-ABA. The specific role of the PARP was investigated in U937 and TUR cell clones stably transfected with a constitutively active antisense PARP (asPARP) vector. Thus, asPARP-TUR cells developed a 25-fold increased sensitivity to adriamycin treatment. Furthermore, we investigated leukemic blasts isolated from acute myelogenous leukemia patients and obtained a similarly enhanced proteasome activity after adriamycin treatment, which was dependent on the PARP and thus could be coprecipitated with anti-PARP antibodies. Transient transfection of leukemic blasts with the asPARP vector significantly reduced the adriamycin-induced proteasome activation. These data suggest that the PARP-associated nuclear proteasome activation represents a potential target within chemotherapeutic defense mechanisms developed by leukemia cells.
Thoracic positron emission tomography using18F-fluorodeoxyglucose for the evaluation of residual mediastinal Hodgkin disease
Authors: Weihrauch Martin R. , Re Daniel , Scheidhauer Klemens , Ansén Sascha , Dietlein Markus , Bischoff Stefanie , Bohlen Heribert , Wolf Jürgen , Schicha Harald , Diehl Volker , Tesch Hans 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Residual mediastinal masses are frequently observed in patients with Hodgkin disease (HD) after completed therapy, and the discrimination between active tumor tissue and fibrotic residues remains a clinical challenge. We studied the diagnostic value of metabolic imaging by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in detecting active mediastinal disease and predicting relapse. Twenty-eight HD patients with a residual mediastinal mass of at least 2 cm after initial therapy or after salvage chemotherapy were prospectively assigned to 29 examinations with FDG PET and were evaluated as 29 “subjects.” Patients were monitored for at least 1 year after examination and observed for signs of relapse. Median follow-up was 28 months (range, 16 to 68 months). A PET-negative mediastinal tumor was observed in 19 subjects, of whom 16 stayed in remission and 3 relapsed. Progression or relapse occurred in 6 of 10 subjects with a positive PET, whereas 4 subjects remained in remission. The negative predictive value (negative PET result and remission) at 1 year was 95%, and the positive predictive value (positive PET result and relapse) was 60%. The disease-free survival for PET-negative and PET-positive patients at 1 year was 95% and 40%, respectively. The difference was statistically significant. A negative FDG PET indicates that an HD patient with a residual mediastinal mass is unlikely to relapse before 1 year, if ever. On the other hand, a positive PET result indicates a significantly higher risk of relapse and demands further diagnostic procedures and a closer follow-up.
Relationships between age at diagnosis, clinical features, and outcome of therapy in children treated in the Medical Research Council AML 10 and 12 trials for acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Webb David K. H. , Harrison Georgina , Stevens Richard F. , Gibson Brenda G. , Hann Ian M. , Wheatley Keith 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Between May 1988 and June 2000, 698 children were treated in the Medical Research Council acute myeloid leukemia 10 and 12 trials. The presenting features and outcomes of therapy in these children were compared by age. Although there was no single cutoff in age, younger children were more likely to have intermediate risk and less likely to have favorable cytogenetics (P &lt; .001), and they had a higher incidence of translocations involving chromosome 11q23 (P &lt; .001). The distribution of French-American-British (FAB) types also varied with age; FAB types M5 (P &lt; .001) and M7 (P &lt; .001) were more common in early childhood, whereas older children were more likely to have FAB types M0 (P = .03), M1 (P = .04), M2 (P = .005), and M3 (P &lt; .001). Involvement of the central nervous system at diagnosis was also more common in the youngest children (P = .01). Younger children had more severe diarrhea (P = .002), whereas older children had worse nausea and vomiting (P = .01) after chemotherapy. When adjusted for other important factors, complete remission rates were similar (P = .5) and although there was less resistant disease in younger children (P = .003), this was partially balanced by a slight increase in deaths during induction therapy in younger patients (P = .06). On multivariate analysis overall survival (P = .02), event-free survival (P = .02), and disease-free survival were better (P = .06) in younger children due to a lower relapse rate (P = .02) especially in the bone marrow (P = .02).
Mice lacking the CCR9 CC-chemokine receptor show a mild impairment of early T- and B-cell development and a reduction in T-cell receptor γδ+ gut intraepithelial lymphocytes
Authors: Wurbel Marc-André , Malissen Marie , Guy-Grand Delphine , Meffre Eric , Nussenzweig Michel C. , Richelme Mireille , Carrier Alice , Malissen Bernard 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCC chemokine receptor (CCR) 9, the receptor for the CC-chemokine CCL25/thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK), is mainly expressed by thymocytes and by intraepithelial (IEL) and lamina propria lymphocytes of the small intestine. To study the biologic role of CCR9, a mouse strain was generated in which the CCR9 gene was deleted. In spite of the high level of CCR9 found in double- and single-positive thymocytes and of the expression of its corresponding ligand on thymic stromal cells, CCR9 deletion had no major effect on intrathymic T-cell development. It was noted that there was only a one-day lag in the appearance of double-positive cells during fetal ontogeny in CCR9−/− thymi. When tested in chemotaxis assay, thymocytes isolated from CCR9−/− mice failed to respond to TECK/CCL25. Taken together, these results suggest that in thymocytes, CCR9 is the only physiologic receptor for TECK/CCL25, and that it is dispensable for proper T-cell development. Bone marrow pre-pro–B cells migrate in response to TECK/CCL25, but more mature B cells do not. Consistent with this observation, it was shown that there are fewer pre-pro–B cells in CCR9−/−mice than in wild-type mice. However, this diminution does not appear to have a detectable effect on the generation of a normal complement of mature B cells. Finally, it was shown that in the small intestine of CCR9-deficient mice, the intraepithelial T-cell–to–epithelial cell ratio is decreased, an observation that can be accounted for by a marked diminution of the T-cell receptor γδ+ compartment.
Targeting transgene expression to antigen-presenting cells derived from lentivirus-transduced engrafting human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells
Authors: Cui Yan , Golob Jonathan , Kelleher Erin , Ye Zhaohui , Pardoll Drew , Cheng Linzhao 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) represent an important target for the treatment of various blood disorders. As the source of critical cells within the immune system, genetic modification of HSCs can also be used to modulate immune responses. The effectiveness of HSC-mediated gene therapy largely depends on efficient gene delivery into long-term repopulating progenitors and targeted transgene expression in an appropriate progeny of the transduced pluripotent HSCs. Self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vectors have been demonstrated to be capable of transducing mitotically inactive cells, including HSCs, and accommodating a nonviral promoter to control the transgene expression in transduced cells. In this study, we constructed 2 SIN lentiviral vectors, EF.GFP and DR.GFP, to express the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene controlled solely by the promoter of either a housekeeping gene EF-1α or the human HLA-DRα gene, which is selectively expressed in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We demonstrated that both vectors efficiently transduced human pluripotent CD34+cells capable of engrafting nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. When the EF.GFP vector was used, constitutive high-level GFP expression was obtained in all the human HSC progeny detectable in NOD/SCID mice and in subsequent in vitro differentiation assays, indicating that engrafting human HSCs have been transduced. In contrast, the DR.GFP vector mediated transgene expression specifically in human HLA-DR+ cells and highly in differentiated dendritic cells (DCs), which are critical in regulating immunity. Furthermore, human DCs derived from transduced and engrafted human cells potently stimulated allogeneic T-cell proliferation. This study demonstrated successful targeting of transgene expression to APCs/DCs after stable gene transduction of pluripotent HSCs.