bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More secure smart card‐based remote user password authentication scheme with user anonymity
Authors: Kumari Saru , Khan Muhammad Khurram 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn 2009, Xu et al. designed a smart card‐based user authentication scheme. It was found at risk of offline password guessing and forgery attacks as proved by Sood et al. They also proposed an improvement to Xu et al.'s scheme with a view to fix its defects. Parallel to Sood et al.'s work, Song also identified that a domestic but illicit user of the system can impersonate other innocent users. Later, Chen et al. claimed that designs of Sood et al.'s and Song's schemes are not flawless, and they built a scheme over both of these schemes. In 2013, Li et al. observed absence of forward secrecy and lack of password validity test by smart card in Chen et al.'s scheme. They also asserted password change phase of Chen et al.'s scheme as unfriendly and inefficient and gave rise to a new scheme. However, we discover many flaws including offline password guessing and impersonation threats in Li et al.'s scheme. We find that none of the aforementioned schemes provide user anonymity. Therefore, we propose a user authentication scheme with user anonymity. The analysis shows that our scheme retains merits of its predecessor schemes, is free from faults identified in these schemes, and also offers some extra features that make it more suitable for practical applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A combined solution for the Internet access denial caused by malicious Internet service providers
Authors: Abu‐Amara Marwan 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe Internet is becoming a vital communication tool for individuals, businesses, and governments. Thus, the Internet access reliability is crucial especially against malicious behaviors. When a malicious higher‐tier Internet service provider filters transit traffic for the purpose of dropping a specific network's packets, then an Internet access denial occurs. This paper presents a solution for the denial of the Internet access problem that combines a network address translation based solution with a tunnel‐based solution. The network address translation based solution is efficient in terms of network performance but suffers from a server reachability problem; a problem that is solved by using a tunnel‐based solution. Moreover, the paper evaluates the combined solution performance with respect to the end‐to‐end delay and the throughput metrics. The combined solution has insignificant effect on these two metrics when traffic originates from the denied network and is forwarded outside the denied network. In contrast, and dependent on the tunneling protocol used, the combined solution increases the end‐to‐end delay of the network by at least 6% and decreases the throughput of the traffic by at least 1.65% when the traffic is originated outside the denied network and is intended for servers inside the denied network. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Notes on an Ecology of Paradigms
Authors: Klein Louis 
Published: November 2013

The ecology of paradigms conceptualises an alternative perspective on culture. The focus is on practice and understands culture as the paradigmatic reference of a community of practice. This looks at procedures of self‐observation and self‐description as well as on the routines of meaning creation and sense making. The perspective brought forward is radical by focussing primarily on communities of practice. And it is amplified by the modern proliferation of roles carried out and played by the individual calling in this sense for different paradigmatic references.This coexistence of different paradigmatic references holds for the individual as well as for the wider, even global scale. It acknowledges professions next to religions, next to youth and pop culture and next to administrative procedures. Ecology, the science of coexistence allows the synopsis of different cultures on a scale ranging from competition to symbiosis. The clash of civilisations happens at the same time as the coevolution of protestant ethics and capitalism. Based on the concept of ecology of paradigms, we can take a proactive stand and cease to submit reactively to traditions and catechisms. We may start to see possibilities and responsibilities, which come with our practices and their paradigmatic references. And finally, note that evolution correlates with symbiosis and not with competition. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Means to an end: mechanisms of alternative polyadenylation of messenger RNA precursors
Authors: Gruber Andreas R. , Martin Georges , Keller Walter , Zavolan Mihaela 
Published: November 2013

Expression of mature messenger RNAs (mRNAs) requires appropriate transcription initiation and termination, as well as pre‐mRNA processing by capping, splicing, cleavage, and polyadenylation. A core 3′‐end processing complex carries out the cleavage and polyadenylation reactions, but many proteins have been implicated in the selection of polyadenylation sites among the multiple alternatives that eukaryotic genes typically have. In recent years, high‐throughput approaches to map both the 3′‐end processing sites as well as the binding sites of proteins that are involved in the selection of cleavage sites and in the processing reactions have been developed. Here, we review these approaches as well as the insights into the mechanisms of polyadenylation that emerged from genome‐wide studies of polyadenylation across a range of cell types and states. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:183–196. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1206This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
RNA Processing > 3' End Processing
RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells
Interaction Between VLDL and Phosphatidylcholine Liposomes Generates New γ‐LpE‐like Particles
Authors: Ćwiklińska Agnieszka , Kortas‐Stempak Barbara , Gliwińska Anna , Pacanis Anastasis , Kuchta Agnieszka , Wróblewska Małgorzata 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOne of the subfractions of HDL involved in reverse cholesterol transport is γ‐LpE. It has been assumed that, like preβ‐LpAI, it can be generated during the interaction between phosphatidylcholine liposomes and lipoproteins and can contribute to more efficient cholesterol efflux after the introduction of liposomes to plasma. However, there has been no evidence concerning what the sources of these particles in plasma might be. Here, we determined whether the interaction of phosphatidylcholine liposomes with VLDL and the subsequent conversions of particles could be a source of new γ‐LpE particles. We found that the interaction between liposomes and VLDL affected its lipid and protein composition. The content of phospholipids increased (~96 %) while the content of free cholesterol and apolipoprotein E decreased in VLDL during the reaction with liposomes (~100 and ~24 %, respectively). New particles which did not contain apolipoprotein B were generated. Heterogeneous HDL‐sized populations of particles were generated, containing phospholipids and apolipoprotein E as the sole apolipoprotein, with densities from 1.063 to 1.21 g/ml, either with γ‐mobility on agarose gel and Stokes diameters from 8.58 to 22.07 nm or with preβ‐mobility and Stokes diameters from 9.9 to 21.08 nm. The obtained results contribute to the understanding of changes in lipoproteins under the influence of phosphatidylcholine liposomes, showing the formation of new (γ‐LpE)‐like and (preβ‐LpE)‐like particles, similar in mobility and size to plasma HDL‐LpE. These newly generated particles can claim a share of the antiatherogenic effects of liposomes, observed in studies both in vitro and in vivo.
Mechanical and tribological properties of epoxy matrix composites modified with microencapsulated mixture of wax lubricant and multi-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Khun Nay Win , Zhang He , Yang Jinglei , Liu Erjia 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The mechanical and tribological properties of epoxy composites modified with microencapsulated wax lubricant and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were investigated. The increased soft microcapsules embedded in the epoxy matrices were responsible for the reduced micro-hardness and Young’s modulus of the epoxy composites. It was found that the friction of the epoxy composites greatly decreased with increased microcapsule content due to combined lubricating effects of the both wax lubricant and MWCNTs. As a result, the wear of the epoxy composites apparently decreased with increased microcapsule content.
Decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE‐209) and/or BDE‐47 exposure alters protein expression in purified neural stem/progenitor cells determined by proteomics analysis
Authors: Song Jie , Li Zhi‐hua , He Yu‐Tian , Liu Chuan‐Xin , Sun Bin , Zhang Chun‐Fang , Zeng Jie , Du Pei‐Li , Zhang Hui‐li , Yu Yan‐hong , Chen Dun‐Jin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPolybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely utilized as the additive brominated flame retardants in electronic devices, furniture, plastics, rubber foam, and textiles, which exhibit many negative biological effects, especially potential toxic effects on neurodevelopment. In the present study, we applied a proteomics approach to study the effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE‐209) and/or tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE‐47) on the expression of proteins extracted from neural stem/progenitor cells and further explored mechanisms on neurodevelopmental toxicity. We sub‐cultured 3–4 generations of neural stem/progenitor cells which were exposed to BDE‐209 and/or BDE‐47. After a 72‐h exposure, we applied two‐dimensional gel (2‐DE) to identify differentially expressed proteins and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF–MS) to determine the protein identity of 25 spots. Western blot analysis was applied to determine the expression of cofilin‐1 and vimentin. A total of 39 differential expression protein spots were identified by 2‐DE after BDE‐209 and/or BDE‐47 exposure in the neural stem/progenitor cells, and 19 differentially expressed proteins were identified by MALDI‐TOF‐MS. Western blot analysis revealed that cofilin‐1 and vimentin were differentially expressed in all groups. Expression of both proteins was decreased when the neural stem/progenitor cells were exposed to BDE‐209 and were absent when exposed to both BDE‐47 and BDE‐209. BDE‐209 and/or BDE‐47 might alter the expression of some proteins of neural stem/progenitor cells. Nineteen proteins were identified by MALDI‐TOF‐MS, which will provide a useful basis for further study of the mechanisms underlying PBDE‐mediated neurotoxicity.
Fatalities in Wingsuit BASE Jumping
Authors: Mei-Dan Omer , Monasterio Erik , Carmont Michael , Westman Anton 
Published: November 2013

Objective To analyze fatality data associated with wingsuit use in an international case series of fixed-object sport parachuting (BASE jumping) to identify incident and injury mechanisms and to form a basis for potential prevention measures and future safety recommendations. Methods A descriptive epidemiological study was performed of fatal injury events occurring in wingsuit BASE jumping. Fatalities (n = 180) were sequentially analyzed assessing human, equipment, and environmental factors from 1981 to 2011. Main outcome measures included descriptions of typical fatal incident and injury mechanisms. Results Of the 180 fatal events, 39 (22%) were related to use of wingsuits; 38 (97%) launched from cliffs and 1 (3%) from a building. Of the 39 fatalities, 19 (49%) were caused from cliff strikes, 18 (46%) from ground impact, and 1 (3%) from a building strike. Thirty-eight (97%) of the fatalities were male. During 2002 to 2007 there was a total of 61 BASE jumping deaths, 10 (16%) of which were related to the use of wingsuits, whereas during 2008 to 2011 there was a total 59 fatal events, of which 29 (49%) were related to the use of wingsuits. Seventeen fatalities (39%) were attributed to wingsuit path miscalculation. In the first 8 months of 2013, 17 of 19 (90%) fatalities were wingsuit related. Most fatalities occurred between April and October, reflecting a seasonal increase in activity in the northern hemisphere summer. Conclusions Wingsuit-related BASE jump fatalities appear to be increasing as wingsuit BASE jumping increases in popularity. Most fatalities are attributed to cliff or ground impact, and are mostly the result of flying path miscalculation.
Search and Rescue in the Intermountain West States
Authors: Russell Katie W. , Weber David C. , Scheele Brian M. , Ernst Ryan P. , Kanaan Nicholas C. , Smith William R. , McIntosh Scott E. , Wheeler Albert R. 
Published: November 2013

Background Minimal data exist regarding the activity, membership, training, and medical oversight of search and rescue (SAR) teams. Objective Our objective was to describe these characteristics in the Intermountain West SAR organizations. Methods A contact list was generated and electronic surveys were sent to SAR officials in each Intermountain West county. Results were descriptively analyzed. Results Of the contacted jurisdictions, 56% (156) responded to the survey. The annual average call volume was 29 missions (range, 5 to 152). Multiple levels of medical training were represented on SAR teams, ranging from first aid/cardiopulmonary resuscitation providers to the physician level, and 79% of teams provided some medical training to their membership. Of the SAR medical professionals, 23% had formal wilderness medical training. Local emergency medical services provided 60% of the medical care on SAR missions rather than SAR personnel. Formal physician medical oversight was present in 41% of the SAR teams. These physicians participated in a range of SAR activities including medical protocol drafting (including expanded scope of practice), medical trainings, mission participation, medical consultation, and prescribing medications for field use. The majority (69%) of those physicians were trained in emergency medicine, and 45% of the active medical directors had protocols allowing for an expanded scope of practice due to the remote nature of SAR medical care. Conclusions Intermountain West SAR teams vary in their activity, composition, training, and level of medical oversight. This study confirms that opportunities exist for physician integration with SAR teams in the studied states and likely throughout the United States.
Recognizing cryptic environmental changes by using paleoecology and taphonomy of Pleistocene bivalve assemblages in the Oga Peninsula, northern Japan
Authors: Chiba Tomoki , Shirai Masaaki , Sato Shin'ichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMultivariate analyses applied to Pleistocene bivalve assemblages from the Oga Peninsula (northern Japan) discriminate three distinct assemblages. The assemblages and their taphonomy were used to recognize environmental settings and changes. The Astarte–Cyclocardia–Glycymeris assemblage indicates shelf environment (below the storm wave base) where gravels and shells are transported from shallower settings. Supply of the exotic coarse sediment probably enabled epifaunal bivalves to inhabit the sea floor. The Glycymeris assemblage is characterized by dominance of G. yessoensis and represents current-swept shoreface environment (above the storm wave base). The Moerella assemblage is characterized by bivalves inhabiting bay to open-marine conditions and diverse deposit-feeders, indicating a moderately land-locked environment, such as an open bay or a bay mouth. Fine-grained substrata rich in organic matters in the bay were probably suitable for the deposit-feeders. Ordination also shows the assemblages along two environmental gradients, a bathymetrical one and the other related to open-marine and bay conditions. The environmental changes are explained mainly by glacio-eustatic sea-level changes and alternation of coastal geomorphology caused by local crustal movements. This study also suggests that fossil assemblages can be a powerful tool to reconstruct environments and depositional dynamics even in intensely bioturbated sedimentary facies.
Shadowing and -limit sets of circular Julia sets
Authors: BARWELL ANDREW D. , MEDDAUGH JONATHAN , RAINES BRIAN E. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this paper we consider quadratic polynomials on the complex plane${f}_{c} (z)= {z}^{2} + c$and their associated Julia sets,${J}_{c} $. Specifically, we consider the case that the kneading sequence is periodic and not an$n$-tupling. In this case${J}_{c} $contains subsets that are homeomorphic to the unit circle, usually infinitely many disjoint such subsets. We prove that${f}_{c} : {J}_{c} \rightarrow {J}_{c} $has shadowing, and we classify all$\omega $-limit sets for these maps by showing that a closed set$R\subseteq {J}_{c} $is internally chain transitive if, and only if, there is some$z\in {J}_{c} $with$\omega (z)= R$.
Effect of Non-Uniform Heat Generation on Unsteady MHD Flow Over a Vertical Stretching Surface with Variable Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Muthtamilselvan M. , Prakash D. , Doh D.-H. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe effect of space and temperature dependent heat generation/absorption on an unsteady laminar boundary layer flow of viscous, incompressible, radiating and electrically conducting fluid over a vertical stretching permeable surface is investigated numerically in the presence of applied magnetic field and buoyancy force. By applying similarity analysis, the governing partial differential equations are transformed into a set of non-linear coupled ordinary differential equations and they are solved by Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method along with shooting technique. The numerical values obtained within the boundary layer for the dimensionless velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient and heat transfer rate are presented through graphs and tables for several set of values of governing parameters.
Glutamine modulates acute dextran sulphate sodium-induced changes in small-intestinal intraepithelial γδ-T-lymphocyte expression in mice
Authors: Pai Man-Hui , Liu Jun-Jen , Yeh Sung-Ling , Chen Wei-Jao , Yeh Chiu-Li 
Published: November 2013

The present study investigated the effect of glutamine (Gln) on dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced changes in the expression of small-intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) γδ-T cells in mice. Mice were randomly assigned to a normal control (NC) group and two DSS-treated groups. The NC group and one of the DSS-treated groups (DSS-C) were fed a common semi-purified diet, while the other DSS-treated group (DSS-G) was fed an identical diet, except that part of casein was replaced by Gln, which provided 25 % of total amino acid nitrogen. After being fed the diets for 10 d, mice in the NC group were given distilled water, while the DSS-treated groups were given distilled water containing 2·5 % DSS for 5 d. At the end of the experiment, the mice were killed. The small-intestinal IEL γδ-T-cell subset was isolated for further analysis. The results indicated that DSS treatment resulted in a lower percentage of small-intestinal IEL γδ-T cells and higher mRNA expressions of interferon-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, complement 5a receptor and keratinocyte growth factor in IEL γδ-T cells. Gln administration increased the proportion of small-intestinal IEL γδ-T cells, and the expression levels of immunomodulatory mediator genes in IEL γδ-T cells were lower in the DSS-treated mice. The histological findings indicated that the immunoreactive intensity of the tight junction protein ZO-1 in the small-intestinal mucosa was higher in the DSS-G group than in the DSS-C group. These results indicate that pretreatment with Gln increases the proportion of small-intestinal IEL γδ-T cells and down-regulates γδ-T-cell-expressed inflammatory mediators, which may consequently ameliorate the severity of DSS-induced small-intestinal epithelial injury.
Anti-inflammatory effect of elemental diets with different fat composition in experimental colitis
Authors: Papada E. , Kaliora A. C. , Gioxari A. , Papalois A. , Forbes A. 
Published: November 2013

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two isoenergetic elemental formulae with different fat content in the rat model of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) colitis that mimics human inflammatory bowel disease. A total of forty-five male Wistar rats were assigned to five groups: (1) control group; (2) TNBS-induced colitis group; (3) TNBS-induced colitis group fed a long-chain TAG (LCT)-rich diet; (4) TNBS-induced colitis group fed a medium-chain TAG (MCT)-rich diet; (5) TNBS-induced colitis group fed a baseline diet and administered infliximab. Nutritional management lasted 12 d before and 4 d after rectal administration of TNBS. Subsequently, the rats were killed, and colonic tissue samples were collected for the assessment of histology, inflammation and oxidative stress. The MCT-rich diet decreased IL-6, IL-8 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) levels and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, while the LCT-rich diet reduced only ICAM-1 levels and GST activity (P< 0·05). Neither elemental formula affected IL-10 levels. Infliximab reduced IL-8 and ICAM-1 levels and GST activity and increased IL-10 levels (P< 0·05). No significant differences were detected in oxidative stress. Histological damage scores differed significantly only between the control and the TNBS-induced colitis group. A MCT-rich formula seems to exert stronger anti-inflammatory effects than a LCT-rich formula in TNBS colitis.
Reduced risk of dyslipidaemia with oolong tea consumption: a population-based study in southern China
Authors: Yi Deqing , Tan Xuerui , Zhao Zhiguo , Cai Yingmu , Li Yiming , Lin Xiuying , Lu Sailan , Chen Yongsong , Zhang Qingying 
Published: November 2013

Experimental studies have suggested that tea consumption could lower the risk of dyslipidaemia. However, epidemiological evidence is limited, especially in southern China, where oolong tea is the most widely consumed beverage. We conducted a population-based case–control study to evaluate the association between consumption of tea, especially oolong tea, and risk of dyslipidaemia in Shantou, southern China, from 2010 to 2011. Information on tea consumption, lifestyle characteristics and food consumption frequency of 1651 patients with newly diagnosed dyslipidaemia and 1390 controls was obtained using a semi-quantitative questionnaire. Anthropometric variables and serum biochemical indices were determined. Drinking more than 600 ml (2 paos) of green, oolong or black tea daily was found to be associated with the lowest odds of dyslipidaemia risk (P< 0·001) when compared with non-consumption, but only oolong tea consumption was found to be associated with low HDL-cholesterol levels. A dose–response relationship between duration of tea consumption and risk of dyslipidaemia (OR 0·10, 95 % CI 0·06, 0·16), as well as that between amount of dried tea leaves brewed and risk of dyslipidaemia (OR 0·34, 95 % CI 0·24, 0·48), was found. Moreover, consumption of oolong tea for the longest duration was found to be associated with 3·22, 11·99 and 6·69 % lower blood total cholesterol, TAG and LDL-cholesterol levels, respectively. In conclusion, the present study indicates that long-term oolong tea consumption may be associated with a lower risk of dyslipidaemia in the population of Shantou in southern China.