bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current trends in endovascular management of traumatic cerebrovascular injury
Authors: Kansagra Akash P , Cooke Daniel L , English Joey D , Sincic Ryan M , Amans Matthew R , Dowd Christopher F , Halbach Van V , Higashida Randall T , Hetts Steven W 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundThe role of catheter angiography in the diagnosis and management of traumatic cerebrovascular injury has evolved rapidly with advances in CT and MR angiography and continued development of endovascular techniques.ObjectiveTo identify the modern spectrum of traumatic arterial injury encountered during catheter neuroangiography and to examine current patterns of endovascular treatment.MethodsRecords of trauma patients undergoing catheter neuroangiography over a 4 year period at two high volume centers were retrospectively reviewed. The sample comprised 100 separate arterial lesions that were classified according to mechanism, location, acuity, and endovascular treatment. Follow-up imaging and clinical notes were reviewed to identify procedural complications.ResultsOf 100 arterial lesions, 81% were related to blunt trauma. Distribution of lesions by location was 42% intracranial, 39% cervical, and 19% extracranial. The most common injuries were pseudoaneurysm (38%), fistula (29%), and dissection (19%). In total, 41% of lesions underwent endovascular treatment, with trends favoring treatment of non-acute, penetrating, non-cervical, and high grade lesions. Therapy involved coil embolization for 89% of treated lesions. There were a total of two immediate neurovascular complications and one delayed neurovascular complication; one of these resulted in a permanent neurological deficit.ConclusionsOur experience in a large cohort of patients suggests that a relatively high proportion of traumatic arterial lesions identified by catheter angiography are treated by endovascular means, with a low rate of immediate and delayed neurovascular complications.
Proliferation-Independent Control of Tumor Glycolysis by PDGFR-Mediated AKT Activation
Authors: Ran Cong , Liu Huan , Hitoshi Yasuyuki , Israel Mark A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The differences in glucose metabolism that distinguish most malignant and normal tissues have called attention to the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms by which tumor energy metabolism is regulated. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathways that are implicated in proliferation and transformation have been linked to several aspects of tumor glucose metabolism. However, the regulation of glycolysis has invariably been examined under conditions in which proliferation is concomitantly altered. To determine whether RTKs directly regulate glycolysis without prerequisite growth modulation, we first identified a specific RTK signaling pathway, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/PDGF receptor (PDGFR) that regulates glycolysis in glioma-derived tumor stem-like cells from a novel mouse model. We determined that PDGF-regulated glycolysis occurs independent of PDGF-regulated proliferation but requires the activation of AKT, a known metabolic regulator in tumor. Our findings identifying a key characteristic of brain tumors, aerobic glycolysis, mediated by a pathway with multiple therapeutic targets suggests the possibility of inhibiting tumor energy metabolism while also treating with agents that target other pathways of pathologic significance. Cancer Res; 73(6); 1831–43. ©2013 AACR.
Balanced Tiam1-Rac1 and RhoA Drives Proliferation and Invasion of Pancreatic Cancer Cells
Authors: Guo Xingjun , Wang Min , Jiang Jianxin , Xie Chengchen , Peng Feng , Li Xu , Tian Rui , Qin Renyi 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Tiam1 is a rac1-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, and Tiam1-rac1 is involved in a number of cellular processes. Rac1 and RhoA act as molecular switches that cycle between GTP- and GDP-bound states to balance the activities of rac1 and RhoA. The downregulation of rac1 activity leads to upregulation of RhoA activity, which promotes invasion and migration of pancreatic cancers cells. At present, however, the role of Tiam1-rac1 and RhoA in pancreatic cancers is not fully understood. We found that Tiam1 was upregulated in pancreatic cancers and was significantly expressed in tumors without lymph node involvement or distant metastasis compared with cancers where there was involvement. Although Tiam1-rac1 signaling promoted pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth via the Wnt signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo, inhibiting Tiam1-rac1 signaling did not prolong the overall survival time in vivo. This provided evidence that there was a balance between rac1 and RhoA activities in pancreatic cancers. Furthermore, only the combined inhibition of Tiam1-rac1 and RhoA had a beneficial effect on the growth of pancreatic cancers in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that the progression of pancreatic tumors is partially controlled by the balance between Tiam1-rac1 and RhoA. Mol Cancer Res; 11(3); 230–9. ©2012 AACR.
Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury and Risk of Adverse Clinical Outcomes After Coronary Angiography
Authors: James Matthew T. , Samuel Susan M. , Manning Megan A. , Tonelli Marcello , Ghali William A. , Faris Peter , Knudtson Merril L. , Pannu Neesh , Hemmelgarn Brenda R. 
Published: January 2013

Background—
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) has been associated with mortality, although it has been suggested this association may be attributable to confounding. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to characterize the associations between CI-AKI and subsequent clinical outcomes.

Methods and Results—

We identified studies using MEDLINE (1950 to June 2011) and Embase (1980 to June 2011), manual bibliographic searches, and contact with experts. We included observational studies that characterized outcomes among patients with and without AKI (based on changes in serum creatinine) after coronary angiography. Eligible studies reported at least 1 of mortality, cardiovascular events, end-stage renal disease, or length of hospital stay. Thirty-nine observational studies met inclusion criteria. Of 34 studies reporting mortality (including 139 603 participants), 33 reported an increased risk of death in those with CI-AKI, although the effect size varied between studies (
I
2
=93.5%). Between-study heterogeneity was partially explained by whether adjustment for confounding features was performed (11 studies without adjustment; pooled crude risk ratio, 8.19; 95% confidence interval, 4.30–15.60;
I
2
=77.3% versus 23 studies with adjustment; pooled adjusted risk ratio, 2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.98–2.90;
I
2
=88.3%). CI-AKI was consistently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events in 14 studies, end-stage renal disease in 3 studies, and prolonged hospitalization in 11 studies.

Conclusions—
CI-AKI is associated with an increased risk of mortality, cardiovascular events, renal failure, and prolonged hospitalization. However, the association between CI-AKI and mortality is strongly confounded by baseline clinical characteristics that simultaneously predispose to both kidney injury and mortality, and the risk attributable to CI-AKI is much lower than that reported from unadjusted studies.
Cerebral Microbleeds and Cognition in Patients With Symptomatic Small Vessel Disease
Authors: Patel Bhavini , Lawrence Andrew J. , Chung Ai Wern , Rich Philip , MacKinnon Andrew D. , Morris Robin G. , Barrick Thomas R. , Markus Hugh S. 
Published: January 2013

Background and Purpose—
Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are common in cerebral small vessel disease. They may cause cognitive impairment, possibly via white matter tract disruption but previous studies have produced inconsistent results. We determined whether CMB number and location are associated with impaired cognition in symptomatic small vessel disease and whether any association was independent of other magnetic resonance imaging markers of small vessel disease.

Methods—
One hundred sixteen patients with lacunar stroke and radiological leukoaraiosis were studied. Neuropsychological assessment was performed. CMBs on gradient echo images were assessed using the Brain Observer Microbleed Rating Scale criteria. Magnetic resonance imaging measures, including diffusion tensor imaging, were also analyzed. Associations between cognitive function and the presence, number, and location of CMBs were determined.

Results—

CMBs were present in 46 (39.7%) patients. CMB number correlated weakly with executive function (
r
=0.22;
P
=0.022) but not with other cognitive indices. CMBs count in the top decile (≥9 CMB, N=12) was more strongly associated with poor executive function; this association remained significant after controlling for T2-lesion load, brain volume, lacune count, and mean diffusivity (b=−0.51;
P
=0.043).

Conclusions—
In symptomatic small vessel disease, CMB number was weakly associated with executive dysfunction. There seemed to be a threshold effect with the association being largely accounted for by an association of impaired executive function with high CMB count. No association of CMBs with other cognitive domains, including processing speed, was found.
Socioeconomic Status and Care After Stroke
Authors: Huang Kun , Khan Nadia , Kwan Allison , Fang Jiming , Yun Lingsong , Kapral Moira K. 
Published: January 2013

Background and Purpose—
Socioeconomic status is inversely associated with mortality after stroke; however, the reasons behind this finding are not well-understood. We undertook a study to determine whether posthospitalization care and medication adherence vary with neighborhood income.

Methods—
We conducted a cohort study of 11 050 patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack admitted to any of 11 specialized stroke centers in Ontario, Canada, between July 1, 2003 and March 31, 2008. Socioeconomic status measured as neighborhood income quintiles was imputed from the 2006 Canadian Census. We used linkages to administrative databases to evaluate processes of stroke care and medication adherence within 1 year of discharge. We used multivariable analyses to assess whether differences in stroke care and medication adherence existed across income groups after adjustment for age, sex, stroke severity, and comorbid conditions.

Results—
Higher income was associated with higher rates of stroke unit admission, neurology consultations, referrals to secondary prevention clinics, and physician visits after hospital discharge; however, the absolute differences in rates were small. There was no difference across income quintiles in the use of postdischarge homecare services or in adherence to antihypertensive, antithrombotic, or lipid-lowering medications.

Conclusions—
Higher income is associated with improvements in some aspects of stroke care delivery. However, the magnitude of the care gap across income quintiles is small and is unlikely to account for the previously observed association between socioeconomic status and survival after stroke.
Trends and Survival Between Ethnic Groups After Stroke
Authors: Wang Yanzhong , Rudd Anthony G. , Wolfe Charles D.A. 
Published: January 2013

Background and Purpose—
To identify trends and differences between ethnic groups in survival after first-ever stroke and examine factors influencing survival.

Methods—
Population-based stroke register of first in a lifetime strokes between 1995 and 2010. Baseline data were collection of sociodemographic factors, stroke subtype, case mix, risk factors before stroke, and receipt of effective acute stroke processes. Survival curves were estimated with Kaplan-Meier methods, and survival analyses were undertaken using Cox Proportional-hazards models.

Results—

Survival improved significantly over this 16-year period (
P
<0.0001). Black Caribbean and black African had a reduced risk of all-cause mortality compared with white patients (hazard ratio, 0.85 [95% confidence interval, 0.74–0.98] and 0.61 [0.49–0.77], respectively) after adjustment for confounders. This survival advantage of black Caribbean/black African over white mainly existed in older patients (over 65). Recent stroke, being black Caribbean/black African, and stroke unit admission were associated with better survival.

Conclusions—
Survival has improved in a multiethnic population over time. The independent survival advantage of black Caribbean and black African over White group in those aged over 65 may be a healthy migrant effect of first generation migrants. The increase in admission to a stroke unit may contribute to the improvement in survival after stroke.
Papias, Origen, and Eusebius: The Criticisms and Defense of the Gospel of John
Authors: Manor T. Scott 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The question of whether or not Papias recorded anything about John’s Gospel has garnered a lot of attention in the scholarly realms of New Testament and Patristics alike. Most notably, Charles E. Hill has recently argued that a portion of Eusebius’ testimony (HE 3.24.5-13) on the origins of the Gospel of John derives from the record of Papias. Aspects of Hill’s proposal are largely convincing, particularly the links he draws between Eusebius’ testimony and other writers who knew the Papian tradition. However, Hill has overestimated the influence of Papias on Eusebius’ account and missed a crucial, albeit subtle, correction by Eusebius against his hero, Origen. This article suggests that the argument for Gospel compatibility found in 3.24.8b-13 is Eusebius’ own direct response to the criticisms raised by Origen that the divergent chronology of the Gospel of John demonstrates its historical unreliability.
A Dissection of Energetics of the Geostrophic Flow: Reconciliation of Rossby Wave Energy Flux and Group Velocity
Authors: Cai Ming , Huang Bohua 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
It is shown in this paper that there is no ambiguity in the final form of the governing equations of a quasigeostrophic (QG) model after partitioning the total flow into the geostrophic, balanced ageostrophic, and unbalanced ageostrophic components. The uniqueness of the QG model formulation ensures that the energetics of a QG model is the same as that derived from the QG potential vorticity equation. Particularly, the well-known but somewhat mysterious “missing term” in the energetics of Rossby waves, identified in the literature as the difference between the pressure work and the energy flux transported at the group velocity, can be easily recovered. The missing term is the pressure work on the convergence of the balanced ageostrophic flow, representing a “hidden” conversion between kinetic and potential energy of the geostrophic flow that excites the unbalanced flow. This energy conversion equals the convergence of a one-directional energy flux that always transports energy westward at the zonal phase speed of Rossby waves. The pressure work on the divergence of the unbalanced flow does the actual conversion between kinetic and potential energy of the geostrophic flow and the pressure work on the unbalanced flow causes energy propagation in other directions. Therefore, it is the pressure work on the unbalanced flow that causes Rossby waves to be dispersive, leading to the downstream development. The sum of the energy transported at the zonal phase speed of Rossby waves and the pressure work on the unbalanced flow exactly equals the energy transported at the group velocity of Rossby waves.
Influence of the Extratropical Ocean Circulation on the Intertropical Convergence Zone in an Idealized Coupled General Circulation Model
Authors: Fučkar Neven S. , Xie Shang-Ping , Farneti Riccardo , Maroon Elizabeth A. , Frierson Dargan M. W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe authors present coupled model simulations in which the ocean's meridional overturning circulation (MOC) sets the zonal mean location of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in the hemisphere with deep-water production. They use a coarse-resolution single-basin sector coupled general circulation model (CGCM) with simplified atmospheric physics and two idealized land–sea distributions.In an equatorially symmetric closed-basin setting, unforced climate asymmetry develops because of the advective circulation–salinity feedback that amplifies the asymmetry of the deep-MOC cell and the upper-ocean meridional salinity transport. It confines the deep-water production and the dominant extratropical ocean heat release to a randomly selected hemisphere. The resultant ocean heat transport (OHT) toward the hemisphere with the deep-water source is partially compensated by the atmospheric heat transport (AHT) across the equator via an asymmetric Hadley circulation, setting the ITCZ in the hemisphere warmed by the ocean.When a circumpolar channel is open at subpolar latitudes, the circumpolar current disrupts the poleward transport of the upper-ocean saline water and suppresses deep-water formation poleward of the channel. The MOC adjusts by lowering the main pycnocline and shifting the deep-water production into the opposite hemisphere from the channel, and the ITCZ location follows the deep-water source again because of the Hadley circulation adjustment to cross-equatorial OHT. The climate response is sensitive to the sill depth of the channel but becomes saturated when the sill is deeper than the main pycnocline depth in subtropics. In simulations with a circumpolar channel, the ITCZ is in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) because of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) circumpolar flow that forces northward OHT.
Analyzing ENSO Teleconnections in CMIP Models as a Measure of Model Fidelity in Simulating Precipitation
Authors: Langenbrunner Baird , Neelin J. David 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The accurate representation of precipitation is a recurring issue in climate models. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) precipitation teleconnections provide a test bed for comparison of modeled to observed precipitation. The simulation quality for the atmospheric component of models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) phase 5 (CMIP5) is assessed here, using the ensemble of runs driven by observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Simulated seasonal precipitation teleconnection patterns are compared to observations during 1979–2005 and to the ensemble of CMIP phase 3 (CMIP3). Within regions of strong observed teleconnections (equatorial South America, the western equatorial Pacific, and a southern section of North America), there is little improvement in the CMIP5 ensemble relative to CMIP3 in amplitude and spatial correlation metrics of precipitation. Spatial patterns within each region exhibit substantial departures from observations, with spatial correlation coefficients typically less than 0.5. However, the atmospheric models do considerably better in other measures. First, the amplitude of the precipitation response (root-mean-square deviation over each region) is well estimated by the mean of the amplitudes from the individual models. This is in contrast with the amplitude of the multimodel ensemble mean, which is systematically smaller (by about 30%–40%) in the selected teleconnection regions. Second, high intermodel agreement on teleconnection sign provides a good predictor for high model agreement with observed teleconnections. The ability of the model ensemble to yield amplitude and sign measures that agree with the observed signal for ENSO precipitation teleconnections lends supporting evidence for the use of corresponding measures in global warming projections.
Use of WindSat to Extend a Microwave-Based Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature Time Series
Authors: Banzon Viva F. , Reynolds Richard W. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The NOAA ¼° daily optimum interpolation sea surface temperature analysis (DOISST) is available either as a 31-yr (from 1981 onward) time series based on Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) observations or as a 9-yr (2002–11) time series that incorporates additional data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) on the Earth Observing System (EOS) platform. In October 2011, AVHRR+AMSR DOISST production was discontinued when the AMSR instrument lost its capability to collect daily, global-coverage data. Sea surface temperatures from the follow-up AMSR2 instrument will not be available until mid-2013. To ensure an uninterrupted consistent long-term microwave-based DOISST time series, this study tested the feasibility of bridging the gap between AMSR and AMSR2 using WindSat Polarimetric Radiometer (WSAT) data. Comparison of WSAT and AMSR SST data during their period of overlap from 2004 to 2011 showed temporal gaps were common for WSAT, especially before 2009. The WSAT daily spatial coverage was slightly inferior to AMSR but still far superior to AVHRR. When satellite SSTs were bias adjusted with respect to in situ data, the resulting AMSR- and WSAT-only analyses were very similar. Monthly zonal averages agreed to within 0.1 K, except when WSAT data were continuously missing for over three weeks. However, if satellite SSTs were not bias adjusted prior to analysis, seasonally varying zonal average differences were observed, with maxima of ~0.3 K occurring at midlatitudes. Thus, WSAT can be used to continue the microwave-based DOISST time series because the methodology compensates for the different equatorial crossing times of the two satellites.
Development of metaphors to explain cognitive behavioural principles for patients with medically unexplained symptoms in Sri Lanka
Authors: Sumathipala Athula 
Published: January 2013

Background: Medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) are common in primary care across cultures, accounting for high consultations with multiple providers and unnecessary investigations. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is efficacious for MUS and reduces physical symptoms, psychological distress and disability. Two intervention trials by the author and his group remain the only reported trials from the developing world. Material: A treatment package was designed by modifying a CBT model. The modifications were innovative use of locally relevant appropriate language and strategies that were simple enough while conforming to the CBT principles. The aim was to convey the principles of CBT to people using simple techniques – using metaphor. These are described in the paper as generic metaphors that could be used to explain the CBT principles and specific ones for patients with MUS. Discussion: Metaphor is an effective clinical tool. The author’s clinical experience and patients’ feedback suggest that these metaphors are helpful in conveying the CBT principles to patients. To develop metaphors appealing to the client and effective clinically, carrying out qualitative research among patients’ explanatory model is an important prerequisite. The generic and MUS-specific metaphors reported here should be tried in other cultural and clinical settings and evaluated. Further systematic work including qualitative work for consensus evaluation among CBT experts as well as opinion on user-friendliness of these techniques tested among CBT practitioners will be needed.