bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significance of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter Preservation in Preventing Alkaline Reflux Esophagitis in Patients After Total Gastrectomy Reconstructed by Roux-en-Y for Gastric Cancer
Authors: Tomita Ryouichi , Sakurai Kenichi , Fujisaki Shigeru 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
To clarify the significance of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) for prevention of alkaline reflux esophagitis (ARE) after total gastrectomy reconstructed by Roux-en-Y (TGRY) for gastric cancer, we investigated LES function and lower esophageal pH in TGRY patients with or without LES preservation. A total of 51 patients 5 years after TGRY were divided into groups A (26 patients without preserved LES) and B (25 patients with preserved LES) and compared with 22 control participants (group C). Manometric study and ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring were performed on all patients. Symptomatic and endoscopic AREs in group A were significantly higher than those in group B (P &lt; 0.05). The length of LES and maximum LES pressure in group A were significantly shorter and lower, respectively, than in groups B and C (P &lt; 0.01). The length of LES and maximum LES pressure in patients with symptomatic ARE were significantly shorter and lower, respectively, than in patients without symptomatic ARE (P &lt; 0.01). Percentages of time with pH &gt;7 and pH &gt;8 within 24 hours in group A were significantly higher than those in groups B and C (P &lt; 0.01). Preservation of the LES may be necessary to prevent ARE after TGRY.
Surgical Management in Enterovesical Fistula in Crohn Disease at a Single Medical Center
Authors: Su Yann-Rong , Shih I-Lun , Tai Huai-Ching , Wei Shu-Chen , Lin Been-Ren , Yu Hong-Jeng , Huang Chao-Yuan 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Crohn disease is a chronic, transmural, inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract with unknown etiology. It can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract and may cause fistula, stricture, or abscess formation with disease progression. The preoperative diagnosis and definite management of this rare complication are challenges for physicians, urologists, and surgeons.
Cephalosporin Induced Disulfiram-Like Reaction: A Retrospective Review of 78 Cases
Authors: Ren Shiyan , Cao Yuxia , Zhang Xiuwei , Jiao Shichen , Qian Songyi , Liu Peng 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Concomitant ingestion of alcohol and cephalosporin may cause a disulfiram-like reaction; however its fatal outcomes are not commonly known. We retrospectively reviewed 78 patients who had cephalosporin induced disulfiram-like reaction (CIDLR). The patients who had a negative skin test to cephalosporin prior to intravenous antibiotics were included, and those who were allergic to either alcohol or antibiotics were excluded. The average age of 78 patients was 37.8±12.2 (21–60) years. Of the 78 patients, 93.58% of the patients were males, 70.51% of the patients consumed alcohol after use of antibiotics, and 29.49% patients consumed alcohol initially, followed by intravenous antibiotics; however, no significant difference of morbidity was observed in these two groups. All patients were administered antibiotics intravenously. Five of 78 patients (6.41%) developed severe CIDLR too urgently to be rescued successfully. In conclusion, it is important for clinicians to educate patients that no alcohol should be used if one is taking cephalosporin. Also, clinicians should keep in mind that cephalosporin should not be prescribed for any alcoholics.
Complications Associated With Postoperative Adjuvant Radiation Therapy for Advanced Rectal Cancer
Authors: Komori Koji , Kimura Kenya , Kinoshita Takashi , Sano Tsuyoshi , Ito Seiji , Abe Tetsuya , Senda Yoshiki , Misawa Kazunari , Ito Yuichi , Uemura Norihisa , Kawai Ryosuke , Shimizu Yasuhiro 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Preoperative management of advanced rectal cancer often includes chemoradiotherapy, but little is known about the late complications of radiotherapy. However, these are usually serious, making determination of the characteristics of late complications after radiation therapy critical. Accordingly, we investigated the complications occurring after adjuvant pelvic radiation therapy in patients with advanced rectal cancer. We enrolled 34 consecutive patients with TNM stage III rectal cancer who had undergone curative surgery with adjuvant pelvic radiation therapy. Data on the type of complication/organ involved, the number of complications, the phase of onset, and the treatments used were reviewed. Patients who experienced gut complications or edema were less likely to have their complications resolved than those with complications due to infection. Similarly, patients with multiple complications and late-onset complications were also less likely to have their complications resolved than those with single complications and those with early-onset complications, respectively. Adjuvant radiation therapy in patients with resected advanced rectal cancer was associated with various complications, characterized by late onset and impaired resolution. Therefore, patients indicated for radiation therapy should be selected with great caution.
Museums and the establishment of the history

of science at Oxford and Cambridge
Authors: BENNETT J. A. 
Published: July 2002

In the Spring of 1944, an informal discussion took place in

Cambridge between Mr. R. S.

Whipple, Professor Allan Ferguson and Mr. F. H. C. Butler, concerning

the formation of a national Society for the History of Science.This is the opening sentence of the inaugural issue of the Bulletin

of the British Society for

the History of Science, the Society's first official publication.

Butler himself was the author

of this outline account of the subsequent approach to the Royal Society,

the parallel moves

to establish a National Committee of the International Academy of the

History of Science,

the formation of a provisional committee to prepare a draft constitution

for a national

society, and the proceedings of the first Annual General Meeting in May
1947.

Whipple had been in Cambridge to discuss his offer to present his collection
of old

scientific instruments

to the University and the possible foundation of a new museum, and Butler,

as Secretary

of the History of Science Committee in Cambridge, was the chief mover in
both this

development and an initiative coupled with it to establish a department

of the history of science.
Preparation for adult life?
Authors: Sutton Clive 
Published: July 2002

BBC Education and The Wellcome Trust:Medicine Through Time.
Videotape: incorporating five 25 min programmes. London: BBC Educational Publishing, 1998, ISBN
0 563 376953, £24.99.Teachers' Resource Pack, with four theme booklets, over 40 picture sources, posters,
time lines, pupils' worksheets etc. London: BBC Educational Publishing, 1998,
ISBN 0 563 376392, £19.99.BBC Education Website: http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/medicine/.It was in the late 1970s that the Schools History Project first launched its ‘developmental
studies’ programme to help youngsters understand how changes in science and technology
have impacted upon human life at different periods. Possible topics included Farming
through the ages – surely one of the most important as we might see it today
– and Warfare
through the ages, but in the event it was Medicine Through Time and Energy Through
Time which were developed most fully. By the 1990s the first of these had achieved a firm
and regular place as a component of GCSE courses and about one third of all those taking
history exams in the GCSE now study it. The involvement of the BBC and the Wellcome
Trust in developing resources to support the work was therefore amply justified by its
standing in the current curriculum.
FINANCE, RELIGION, AND THE FRENCH STATE
Authors: BRIGGS ROBIN 
Published: July 2002

L'argent du roi: les finances sous François Ier.
By Philippe Hamon. Paris: Comité pour
l'histoire économique et financière, Ministère de
l'Economie, 1994. Pp. xliii+609.
ISBN 2-11-087648-4. 249F.The king's army: warfare, soldiers, and society during
the wars of religion in France, 1562–1576.
By James B. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xvi+349.
ISBN 0-521-55003-3. £45.00.One king, one faith: the parlement of Paris and the
religious reformations of the sixteenth century.
By Nancy Lyman Roelker. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California
Press, 1996. Pp. xiii+543. ISBN 0-520-08626-0. £50.00.A city in conflict: Troyes during the French wars of religion.
By Penny Roberts. Manchester:
Manchester University Press, 1996. Pp. xi+228. ISBN 0-7190-4694-7. £40.00.The birth of absolutism: a history of France, 1598–1661.
By Yves-Marie Bercé, translated by
Richard Rex. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan Press, 1996. Pp. viii+262. ISBN
0-333-62757-1. £15.50.The French sixteenth century has always posed serious difficulties for historians. It was
a time of rapid change and, in its later decades, of massive disorder, so that there are
many large and complex issues to unravel. The need for close analysis as an antidote to
over-hasty generalizations is obvious, yet on many issues the archives are frustratingly
scanty or even non-existent. A group of recent books tackles these problems with
considerable ingenuity and a fair degree of success, even if some of the gaps in the
evidence inevitably defy the authors' best efforts.
FAITHFUL DAUGHTER, MURDERING MOTHER:
TRANSGRESSION AND SOCIAL CONTROL IN
COLONIAL NAMIBIA
Authors: MCKITTRICK MEREDITH 
Published: July 2002

In 1938 or 1939, an uninitiated and unwed girl named Nangombe living in
the Uukwaluudhi district of Ovamboland, northern Namibia, became
pregnant. If mission and colonial accounts are to be believed, it was not an
unusual occurrence at this time, but it had profound consequences for
Nangombe and those close to her. By the 1930s, the belief that pre-initiation
pregnancies boded ill fortune for clan, chief and community was highly
contested, but it was far from extinct. When the chief discovered the
pregnancy, he expelled Nangombe. She took refuge in a neighboring society
and bore a daughter. While such infants were often killed at birth,
Nangombe's was not. Mother and daughter returned home within the year.
The chief, enraged by their reappearance, then expelled the entire family.The problems created by Nangombe's child caused tension in her
household and the family was driven to begging for food. Nangombe's
mother, seeing the catastrophes already caused by the presence of her
illegitimate granddaughter and fearing that worse would come, urged her
daughter to kill the child. Nangombe refused, while her mother continued to
offer dire predictions that their lineage would be destroyed if the child were
left alive. Finally, in July 1941, Nangombe gave into her mother's pressure
and strangled her daughter. Her father and the local chief reported her act
to colonial officials. The colonial government of South West Africa investigated
and sent her to trial with her mother, who was charged as an accessory
to murder.The nature of the case changed abruptly in the colonial capital of
Windhoek. Instead of trying Nangombe for murder, the Supreme Court
convened to decide whether she was insane, despite testimony from her
village asserting that she was sane and that the murder had been a rational
act. Her mother was transformed from a co-defendant to a witness to her
daughter's physical and mental health. Nangombe was diagnosed as epileptic
and, on this basis, committed to a native asylum in Fort Beaufort, South
Africa. She remained there until 1946, when she was released and returned
home. She lived out the rest of her life in relative anonymity, little noticed
in the communities where she lived and invisible to the colonial administration
– a far cry from the scrutiny and public interventions which attended
her young adulthood.
Seeing out the Century
Authors: TALLACK DOUGLAS 
Published: July 2002

Barbara Haskell, The American Century: Art and Culture 1900–1950 (New
York: Whitney Museum of American Art, in association with W. W.
Norton, 1999, $60 cloth). Pp. 408. ISBN 0 393 04723 7, 0 87427 122 3.Lisa Phillips, The American Century: Art and Culture 1900–1950 (New York:
Whitney Museum of American Art, in association with W. W. Norton,
1999, $60 cloth). Pp. 398. ISBN 0 393 04815 2, 0 87427 123 1.
Habitat preferences and residence time for the freshwater to ocean transition stage in Arctic charr
Authors: Bégout Anras M.L. , Gyselman E.C. , Jorgenson J.K. , Kristofferson A.H. , Anras L. 
Published: July 2002

Using acoustic telemetry techniques, the movements and habitat utilization of anadromous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) were determined when they entered the Freshwater Creek Estuary (Cambridge Bay, Northwest Territories, Canada) in the spring. The study was carried out during the transition from full ice cover to open water.Between 23 June and 1 July 1996, nine adult Arctic charr were tagged with external acoustic transmitters. These fish were tracked until 6 July using two radio-linked acoustic array systems and a portable manual receiver with a directional hydrophone. Two transmitters measured temperature and location, one measured depth and location and the remaining six, location only.All of the tagged charr remained in Cambridge Bay Estuary until the sea-ice had melted and the mouth of the bay was ice-free. Primarily, they remained in the warmer brackish surface layer which was ∼2 m thick and rarely moved into the colder underlying marine waters. As well, the tagged charr remained either near the shore or over offshore shoals, following the ice-edge as it melted down the estuary. Residence time in the estuary was greater than ten days for some fish. Therefore, in spite of evidence from controlled laboratory studies that have shown that Arctic charr are preadapted to the marine environment and are capable of migrating directly into seawater, this study shows that, in the wild, they prefer to remain in warmer brackish water until the sea-ice has melted and that the transition stage is longer than previously suggested.
The Indispensability of Character
Authors: Kupperman Joel J. 
Published: July 2002

Gilbert Harman has argued that it does not make sense to ascribe character traits to people. The notion of morally virtuous character becomes particularly suspect.How plausible this is depends on how broad character traits would have to be. Views of character as entirely invariant behavioural tendencies offer a soft target. This paper explores a view that is a less easy target: character traits as specific to kinds of situation, and as involving probabilities or real possibilities. Such ascriptions are not undermined by Harman's arguments, and it remains plausible that the agent's character often is indispensable in explanation of behaviour. Character is indispensable also as processes of control that impose reliability where it really matters.
Social roles and the gender difference in rates of the common mental disorders in Britain: a 7-year, population-based cohort study
Authors: WEICH S. , SLOGGETT A. , LEWIS G. 
Published: July 2002

Background. It is not known why the most common mental disorders (CMD), anxiety and depression, are more prevalent among women. This gradient has not been explained by differences in the number or type of social roles occupied by men and women. Given the dearth of longitudinal studies, these negative findings could reflect reverse causality, if men with CMD relinquish social roles more readily than women.Methods. Cohort study using data from the first seven (annual) waves of the British Household Panel Survey. The prevalence of CMD was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), 12 months after ascertaining occupancy of five social roles. Of 12379 participants aged 16–70, 9947 completed the GHQ on at least two consecutive occasions, resulting in 44139 paired observations. Random effects models adjusted for the correlation of repeated measures and for baseline GHQ score.Results. The odds ratio for the gender difference in the future prevalence of CMD (adjusted for baseline GHQ score) was 1·92 (95% CI 1·75–2·10). Neither the number or type of social roles occupied, nor socio-economic status explained the gender difference in these conditions (adjusted OR 1·82, 95% CI 1·66–1·99). While CMD at baseline was associated with a subsequent reduction in social role occupancy, this did not vary between men and women.Conclusions. Gender differences in CMD were not explained by differences in the number or type of social roles occupied by men and women, or by reverse causality. Future studies should consider characteristics of social roles, such as demand, control and reward.
Parenting and adult mood, anxiety and substance use
disorders in female twins: an epidemiological,
multi-informant, retrospective study
Authors: KENDLER K. S. , MYERS J. , PRESCOTT C. A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Although parenting has long been considered an important risk factor for subsequent
psychopathology, most investigations of this question have studied a single informant, clinical
populations, one or a few disorders and did not consider relevant covariates.Methods. Three dimensions of parenting (coldness, protectiveness and authoritarianism) were
measured by combining the retrospective reports from adult female twins, their co-twins, and their
mothers and fathers. We assessed by personal interview, lifetime history in the twins of eight
common psychiatric and substance abuse disorders and a range of predictors of parenting. Analyses
were performed using logistic regression.Results. Examined individually, high levels of coldness and authoritarianism were modestly but
significantly associated with increased risk for nearly all disorders, while the impact of protectiveness
was more variable. These associations declined modestly when putative predictors of parenting were
added as covariates. Maternal and paternal parenting were equally associated with outcomes in
adult daughters. When coldness, protectiveness and authoritarianism were examined together,
nearly all significant associations were seen solely with coldness. Few significant interactions were
found between maternal and paternal parenting or between coldness, protectiveness and
authoritarianism. The shared experience of these three dimensions of parenting predicts a quite
small correlation in liability to these disorders in dizygotic twin pairs (e.g. r < 0·04).Conclusion. In women, parenting behaviour, especially levels of coldness, is probably causally
related to risk for a broad range of adult psychiatric disorders. The impact of parenting on
substance use disorders may be largely mediated through their co-morbidity with major depression,
phobias and generalized anxiety disorder. In general population samples, the association of poor
parenting with psychiatric illness is modest, largely non-specific and explains little of the observed
aggregation of these disorders in families.
Diagnostic stability in subjects with multiple admissions for psychotic illness
Authors: FORRESTER A. , OWENS D. G. C. , JOHNSTONE E. C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Although studies investigating changes in diagnosis between psychotic episodes have
differed in design, some consistent findings have emerged. This study seeks to clarify and extend
these findings by describing and comparing clinical and operationally defined diagnostic stability in
a group of subjects with multiple episodes of functional psychotic illness.Methods. The OPCRIT programme was applied to case notes of 204 subjects with multiple
admissions for psychotic illness. Clinical and operationally defined diagnoses were compared and
the spread and stability of diagnoses determined.Results. An increase in the frequency of diagnosis of schizophrenia from initial to subsequent
episodes was demonstrated. High levels of stability were found for schizophrenia (58 to 98%),
moderate levels for affective disorders (24 to 83%), low levels for other non-organic psychotic
conditions (27 to 54%) and atypical psychosis (27 to 53%), and very low levels for schizoaffective
disorder (5 to 39%) and other conditions (0 to 4%).Conclusions. The stability levels for schizophrenia and affective disorders are adequate, but the low
levels for a range of other psychotic conditions raise questions regarding their predictive validity.
Reply to Richard Gale
Authors: SWINBURNE RICHARD 
Published: July 2002

I am most grateful to Richard Gale for the detailed attention which he has
paid to my detailed arguments, and for the kind remarks between which he sandwiches
his hard-hitting criticisms. The first of the latter is that I ‘slosh back and
forth’ (211) between different theses, Ss,
Sw, and W. I hope not, but I agree that
I may not have made the relation between these sufficiently clear. I am certainly
committed to, and sought to argue for, the strong version of the strong thesis:Ss For every instance of evil, God is justified in allowing it.But I cannot examine every instance of evil in order to show that – I do not know
of all the evils, let alone have time or space to discuss each of them. So I need to
produce an inductive argument for Ss, and I seek to do so by considering the
various kinds of evil, and trying to show that God is justified in allowing any evil
of that kind. Hence I consider the evils of having bad desires, making wrong
choices which cause suffering to oneself, making wrong choices which cause
suffering to others, suffering occurring through natural processes, ignorance of
God etc. I divide evils into kinds, in such a way that the morally significant differences
between evils of a given kind is simply one of degree – different instances
of suffering occurring through natural processes differ in respect of their intensity
and the period of time they last.
Who's Who in the ‘Real World’? What do Germany, the
Netherlands and the United States Stand for in Relation to Welfare?
Authors: EVERS ADALBERT 
Published: July 2002

Robert E. Goodin, Bruce Headey, Ruud Muffels, Henk-Jan Dirven. The Real
Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999,
x+358 pp.The Real Worlds of Welfare Capitalism represents the fruits of ten years' interaction
of an international team of colleagues from Australia and the Netherlands.
What it does can be summarised as follows: it compares different welfare states
each of which is deemed to represent one of the three main types of welfare
regimes. This is done with reference to five external criteria taken as standards of
success. As a basis for the assessment, the study uses an advanced statistical
instrument – namely – panel studies. And to say right at the beginning, this is an
impressive piece of work.
Dreaming is not a non-conscious electrophysiologic state
Authors: Pagel J. F. 
Published: July 2002

There has been no generally accepted cognitive definition of dreaming. An electrophysiologic correlate (REM sleep) has become its defining characteristic. Dreaming and REM sleep are complex states for which the Dreaming + REMs model is over-simplified and limited. The target articles in this BBS special issue present strong evidence for a dissociation between dreaming and REM sleep.[Hobson et al.; Nielsen, Revonsuo; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]