bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion of C and Cr During Creation of Surface Layer on Cast Steel Casting
Authors: Szajnar J. , Dulska A. , Wróbel T. , Suchoń J. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In paper a method of improvement in utility properties of unalloyed cast steel casting in result of diffusion of C and Cr in process of creation of surface layer is presented. The aim of paper was determination of diffusion range of basic elements of alloyed surface layer. Moreover a quantitative analysis of carbides phase strengthens alloyed surface layer of casting was carried out. The results of studies shown that important factors of surface layer creation are maximal temperature Tmax on granular insert – cast steel boundary dependent of pouring temperature, granularity Zw of Fe-Cr-C alloy insert and thickness of casting wall gśo. On the basis of obtained results was affirmed that with increase of thickness of casting wall increases range of diffusion in solid state in Fe-Cr-C grains and in liquid state. Moreover the range of Tmax = 13001500oC favours creation of the proper alloyed surface layers on cast steel.
Evaluation of Cracking Causes of AlSi5Cu3 Alloy Castings
Authors: Eperješi Š. , Matvija M. , Eperješi ľ. , Vojtko M. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Recently, the castings made from aluminum-silicon alloys by pressure die casting are increasingly used in the automotive industry. In practice, on these castings are high demands, mainly demands on quality of their structure, operating life and safety ensuring of their utilization. The AlSi5Cu3 alloy castings are widely used for production of car components. After the prescribed tests, the cracks and low mechanical properties have been identified for several castings of this alloy, which were produced by low pressure casting into a metal mould and subsequent they were heat treated. Therefore, analyses of the castings were realized to determine the causes of these defects. Evaluation of structure of the AlSi5Cu3 alloy and causes of failure were the subjects of investigation presented in this article.
The Influence of the Content of Furfuryl Alcohol Monomer on the Process of Moulding Sand's Thermal Destruction
Authors: Dobosz St. M. , Drożyński D. , Jakubski J. , Major-Gabryś K. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The article discusses the issue of the influence of furfuryl alcohol content in resin binders on properties of moulding sand at elevated temperature. Reducing the share of this component - due to the requirements of the European Union regarding its toxicity - may cause a decrease in temperature of moulding sands’ destruction and, consequently, the thermal deformation of moulds and the creation of many casting defects. The study examined the impact of the furfuryl alcohol content of the thermal destruction processes and on the strength of the moulding sand at an ambient temperature and the tendency to thermal deformation.
Impact Strength of Austenitic and Ferritic-Austenitic Cr-Ni Stainless Cast Steel in -40 and +20°C Temperature
Authors: Kalandyk B. , Zapała R. , Boroń Ł. , Solecka M. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Studies described in this paper relate to common grades of cast corrosion resistant Cr-Ni steel with different matrix. The test materials were subjected to heat treatment, which consisted in the solution annealing at 1060°C followed by cooling in water. The conducted investigations, besides the microstructural characteristics of selected cast steel grades, included the evaluation of hardness, toughness (at a temperature of -40 and +20oC) and type of fracture obtained after breaking the specimens on a Charpy impact testing machine. Based on the results of the measured volume fraction of ferrite, it has been found that the content of this phase in cast austenitic steel is 1.9%, while in the two-phase ferritic-austenitic grades it ranges from 50 to 58%. It has been demonstrated that within the scope of conducted studies, the cast steel of an austenitic structure is characterised by higher impact strength than the two-phase ferritic-austenitic (F-A) grade. The changing appearance of the fractures of the specimens reflected the impact strength values obtained in the tested materials. Fractures of the cast austenitic Cr-Ni steel obtained in these studies were of a ductile character, while fractures of the cast ferritic-austenitic grade were mostly of a mixed character with the predominance of brittle phase and well visible cleavage planes.
Characterization of Explosive Weld Joints by TEM and SEM/EBSD
Authors: Paul H. , Morgiel J. , Baudin T. , Brisset F. , Prażmowski M. , Miszczyk M. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The layers near the interface of explosively welded plates were investigated by means of microscopic observations with the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy equipped with electron backscattered diffraction facility (SEM/EBSD). The metal compositions based on carbon or stainless steels (base plate) and Ti, Zr and Ta (flyer plate) were analyzed. The study was focused on the possible interdiffusion across the interface and the changes in the dislocation structure of bonded plates in the layers near-the-interface.It was found that the extremely rapid temperature increase followed by high cooling rates in the areas near the interface favour the formation of metastable phases. The crystalline or glassy nature of the phases formed inside melted zones strongly depends on the chemical composition of bonded metals. The amorphous phases dominates the melted zone of the (carbon or stainless steel)/Zr whereas the mixture of amorphous phases and nano- grains were identified in (carbon steel)/Ti and (stainless steel)/Ta clads. The elongated shape of the (sub)grains and the randomly distributed dislocations inside them as well as the shear bands and twins observed in the layers near-the-interface of all investigated clads, clearly indicated that during explosive welding, the deformation processes were prevailing over the softening ones.
Study on Non-Metallic Inclusions in Laser-Welded TRIP-Aided Nb-Microalloyed Steel
Authors: Grajcar A. , Różański M. , Kamińska M. , Grzegorczyk B. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The work concerns the studies on non-metallic inclusions occuring in laser-welded Si-Al TRIP steel containing Nb and Ti microadditions. Laser welding tests of 2 mm thick thermomechanically rolled sheets were carried out using keyhole welding and a solid-state laser. The results of laser welding in the air atmosphere for the heat input value of 0.048 kJ/mm are included. The distribution, type and chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions formed in the base metal, heat-affected zone, and fusion zone are analysed in detail. It was found that the base metal contains rare, fine oxysulphides. Their chemical composition was modified by rare earth elements. Numerous oxide inclusions of a various size and a chemical composition occur in the fusion zone. The dependence between a size of particles and their chemical composition was observed. A microstructure of steel was assessed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques.
Elaboration of Thermomechanical Treatment Conditions of Ti-V and Ti-Nb-V Microalloyed Forging Steels
Authors: Opiela M. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The goal of the work was to describe the forging conditions of thermomechanical treatment for Ti-V and Ti-Nb-V microalloyed steels. Conditions of hot-working allowing to obtain both the desired microstructure and mechanical properties of forgings were selected taking into consideration: precipitation analysis of MX-type (M – Nb, Ti, V; X – N, C) interstitial phases in austenite; research on the influence of the austenitizing temperature on the g-phase grain size; investigation of the continuous compression of specimens; and examination of the kinetics of recrystallization of plastically deformed austenite. The precipitation analysis of MX-type interstitial phases in austenite was conducted on the basis of a simplified thermodynamic model for equilibrium conditions as proposed by Adrian, assuming that individual MX phases are soluble in austenite. The effect of the austenitizing temperature in a range from 900 to 1200°C on the prior austenite grain size was investigated to verify the precipitation analysis of MX-type phases. The work also presents the results of the effect of Nb, Ti and V microadditions on flow stress, recrystallization kinetics and microstructure. Plastometric tests were carried out using the Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical test simulator. The studies provide the basis for a proper design of the manufacturing process for thermomechanical treatment of forged machine parts obtained from high-strength microalloyed steels.
Part I. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects of the Hot Dip (Zn) - Coating Formation
Authors: Wołczyński W. , Pogoda Z. , Garzeł G. , Kucharska B. , Sypień A. , Okane T. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
A hot dip (Zn) – coating formation is carried out in the industry conditions. Two types of the steel substrate are applied to the experiment. Two morphologically different coatings are obtained, accordingly. A hot dip (Zn) – coating formation is also carried out in the laboratory conditions for making some additional explanations of the revealed phenomena. The thickening of the - phase sub-layer is observed in details to determine time of the transition from stable into meta-stable solidification. The Fe-Zn phase diagrams for stable and meta-stable equilibrium are calculated, respectively. The phase diagram for dissolution is also determined. The criterion of the higher temperature of the solid/liquid (s/l) interface is successfully applied to the Fe-Zn system to justify the competition between stable and meta-stable solidification. The mass balance verification is performed for the (Zn) - coating in order to define the nominal Zn–solute concentration required by dissolution and next by solidification. The Zn – solute concentration in the dissolution, super-saturation and saturation zones are determined thermodynamically. The growth kinetics is described for all the sub-layers in the (Zn) – coating.
The Functioning of Drainage Canal Near Barrage “Brzeg Dolny” on the Odra River in 1971–2009
Authors: Olszewska Beata , Pływaczyk Leszek , Łyczko Wojciech 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The paper analyses the amount of water flowing into the drainage canal in comparison to the levels of the Odra waters in the Brzeg Dolny – Wały cross section (upper water in the barrage). The results of the measurement of the flow intensity in the canal in 1971–2009 provided the basis for the evaluation.
The analysis led to the conclusion that with the same ordinate of damming in the barrage the average yearly flow in the canal in the Warzyna section decreased from 196 m3s–1 to about 80 dm3s–1 as the Odra's riverbed and the area between the embankments became tighter. The flow into the canal changes in time and depends on the difference between water levels in the Odra and in the canal. The paper presents the dynamics of changes in the water flow into the canal in relation to 1 m of difference between the level of water in the Odra and the drainage canal. It was shown that in a similar location, ground and water conditions as well as similar damming levels, the value of the drained water can be estimated to be about 35–40 dm3s–1km–1 for 1 meter of difference of the water level in the river and the canal.
The Potential in Simulation and Metamodeling for the Understanding and Development of NDE
Authors: Hammersberg Peter , Persson Gert , Wirdelius Håkan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBy combining detailed mathematical modeling of the physics involved in NDE with a broader and robust engineering approach based on the sequential steps of screening, modeling and optimization, it is possible to generate metamodels that can support NDE engineering efforts to evaluate the applicability of NDE in a wider context, as a complement to the repeatability, reproducibility and capability studies normally performed. The aim of the initial screening phase is to effectively evaluate and prioritize NDE control parameters from a wider perspective regarding the demands of a specific application and to prioritize parameters of lesser importance for the outcome on the basis of economic and practical considerations. The aim of the second and third steps is to study the influence of the important parameters and to perform sensitivity analyses of reproducibility and repeatability, for example, followed by procedure development, respectively. The methodology is straightforward when it comes to smooth response surfaces of lower order (up to second or third order). Generally, the recommendation for the screening phase is ‘to be bold’ for the definition of the experimental range for each parameter – meaning to make them as wide as possibly relevant for the specific application. For NDE applications not following the Berens assumption for POD studies, e.g., large cracks yield large response signals, such as the varying signal amplitudes from surface breaking notches in ultrasonic testing, the mentioned recommendation of ‘be-bold’ screening phase may lead to incorrect prioritization of parameters. In this publication, this is illustrated by how the width of the experimental range for the control parameters tested during screening actually influences the screening results. Two basic ultrasonic testing set-ups have been compared using the SimSUNDT simulation software package: surface breaking notch (SBN) and side drilled hole (SDH). Even though the results were anticipated, they pointed out the need to further develop the screening methodology supporting NDE engineering, especially when it comes to addressing the issue of applicability. Does the data collected tell us what we actually want to know about the tested application? Or does it only tell us something about the NDE method?
Examination of the Wear Behavior of Cu-Ni/B4Cp Composite by the Taguchi Method
Authors: Yildiz Tülay , Gür Ali Kaya , Aba Süleyman 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of process parameters on adhesive wear resistance by using the Taguchi experimental design method. In this study, Cu-Ni/B4Cp composites were produced by the powder metallurgy method and the effect on the adhesive wear resistance was investigated. Cu-Ni/B4Cp composite materials were made by cold pressing methods and reinforced with 1% Ni as well as with 6, 12 and 18% B4Cp, respectively. The sintering was carried out at 800 and 900°C for 60 minutes. The wear tests were performed by using block on ring test apparatus at loads of 5, 10 and 15 N at a rotation speed of 90 rpm and a wear distance of 250, 500 and 750 m, respectively. The results were evaluated by the calculated wear losses. The wear resistance increased with increasing B4C ratio.
Dry Sliding Wear Mechanism of Spark Plasma Sintered Si3N4/SiC Composites on Steel
Authors: Ozturk Zeynep Taslicukur 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn the present work, Si3N4-based composites were characterized by a relatively low friction coefficient in unlubricated sliding against a 100Cr6 steel ball. Si3N4-based composites containing different amounts of SiC were produced by spark plasma sintering at 1650 °C for 5 min with a uniaxial pressure of 40 MPa in a nitrogen atmosphere. In the wear test, the load, total distance and rotating speed were selected as 60 N, 120 m and 500 rpm, respectively. The wear tracks were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to estimate the wear mechanism. The results were evaluated using the friction coefficient-distance diagram. Si3N4-based composites showed significant decrement in wear by improving toughness with SiC powder reinforcement.
Improved Stress Shielding of a Coated Cemented Hip Stem by Functionally Graded Materials
Authors: Hedia Hassan S. , Fouda Noha 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Surfaces are the primary contact zones between a biomaterial and its host organism. Surface treatment or coating provides a means to fulfill demanding structural and mechanical requirements of the prostheses. As well as, a number of studies have been performed on functionally graded materials (FGM) and their suitability for use as the biomaterial of choice in various prostheses. This study investigates the effect of utilizing the two concepts of FGM and coating, in designing new hip stem material. The results of this study concluded that the optimal FGM cemented stem is consisting of titanium at the upper stem layers graded to collagen at lower stem layers. The optimal functionally graded stem coated with collagen reduced the stress shielding by 51% compared to homogenous titanium stem coated with collagen. However, this optimal graded stem coated with hydroxyapatite showed a reduction of stress shielding by 57% compared to homogenous titanium stem coated with hydroxyapatite.
Défendre l'enseignement secondaire pour sauver le latin : le pari perdu de la Franco-Ancienne (1946-1978)
Authors: Cardon-Quint Clémence 
Published: November 2014

Les associations de spécialistes et les syndicats enseignants font, le plus souvent, l’objet de travaux distincts, ce qui tend à reproduire sans l’interroger la division des rôles mises en avant par ces acteurs collectifs. Le cas de la Franco-Ancienne, de sa reconstitution en 1946 jusqu’à sa transformation en Association des professeurs de lettres en 1978, révèle au contraire une confusion des genres, attestée par le rôle central d’acteurs « multipositionnels » ainsi que par les stratégies argumentatives employées pour défendre les langues anciennes. En adossant la défense des humanités à celle de l’enseignement secondaire, les dirigeants de la Franco-Ancienne ont longtemps su défendre efficacement la cause du latin. Après avoir fait la force de la Franco-Ancienne, cette conjonction la condamna à l’échec lorsque, à la faveur des réformes éducatives et des mutations du corps enseignant, cette conception traditionnelle des finalités de l’enseignement secondaire devint minoritaire.
Infiltrating Regulatory B Cells Control Neuroinflammation following Viral Brain Infection
Authors: Mutnal Manohar B. , Hu Shuxian , Schachtele Scott J. , Lokensgard James R. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the existence of a subset of B lymphocytes, regulatory B cells (Bregs), which modulate immune function. In this study, in vivo and in vitro experiments were undertaken to elucidate the role of these Bregs in controlling neuroinflammation following viral brain infection. We used multicolor flow cytometry to phenotype lymphocyte subpopulations infiltrating the brain, along with in vitro cocultures to assess their anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory roles. This distinctive subset of CD19+CD1dhiCD5+ B cells was found to infiltrate the brains of chronically infected animals, reaching highest levels at the latest time point tested (30 d postinfection). B cell–deficient Jh−/− mice were found to develop exacerbated neuroimmune responses as measured by enhanced accumulation and/or retention of CD8+ T cells within the brain, as well as increased levels of microglial activation (MHC class II). Conversely, levels of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells were found to be significantly lower in Jh−/− mice when compared with wild-type (Wt) animals. Further experiments showed that in vitro–generated IL-10–secreting Bregs (B10) were able to inhibit cytokine responses from microglia following stimulation with viral Ags. These in vitro–generated B10 cells were also found to promote proliferation of regulatory T cells in coculture studies. Finally, gain-of-function experiments demonstrated that reconstitution of Wt B cells into Jh−/− mice restored neuroimmune responses to levels exhibited by infected Wt mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Bregs modulate T lymphocyte as well as microglial cell responses within the infected brain and promote CD4+Foxp3+ T cell proliferation in vitro.
Introduction of Inflation Linked Bond in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges
Authors: Akanbi A , Alabede A 
Published: November 2014

Protection against inflation is an essential part of contemporary financial markets, particularly in high-inflation economies like Nigeria. Nowadays, inflation linked instruments are becoming popular in the world financial markets. The objective of this paper is to examine the issues that may arise if inflation linked bond are introduced in Nigeria. The paper also explore the different motivations in which for using inflation linked bonds by issuers and the preference by investors relative to other funding options(for issuers) and investment portfolio (by investors) in Nigeria.
Contractor Selection for Enhancing the Quality of University Education in Nigeria using the Hamming Distance
Authors: Omorogbe DEA , Aibieyi SO 
Published: November 2014

The need for contractor selection in our university education system cannot be over emphasized. And applying scientific techniques for appropriateness and accuracy in the selection process is of utmost importance. This paper identifies four main attributes that should be considered uppermost in the selection of contractors in our university system and the application of intuitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS using hamming distance for handling human decision problems. A survey was carried out in four randomly selected Nigerian universities using Delphi method. Data collected were transformed into inituitionistic fuzzy numbers. Then inituitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS algorithm was used in the evaluation and selection process due to its amenability to humanistic systems. A computer program was written in matlab which run in 0.004698 seconds to compute the numerical result. It is concluded that adopting scientific techniques to humanistic systems lead to accuracy and development in the system.Key words: contractor selection, university education system, intuitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS
Quality Assurance Culture in Niger Delta University: A Necessity for Enhancing Standards and National Transformation
Authors: Agih AA 
Published: November 2014

The study was a descriptive survey which sought to find out how well the operators of Niger Delta University understand and utilize some of the quality assurance culture indices in the management of the institution. A sample of 660, which represented 50% of the entire population of 1333 (760 academic and 573 non-academic staff) was obtained through the Simple Random Sampling Technique. Three research questions were developed to guide the study, and the instrument for data collection was a questionnaire titled, “Perception of Quality Assurance Culture Questionnaire” (PQACQ).The reliability coefficient was established at 0.74%. Findings revealed that operators of the system do not possess most of the quality assurance cultural indices required to enhance quality and standards in the University. This equally made it difficult for them to utilize the quality assurance culture required in the management of theinstitution. It was therefore recommended that seminars/ workshops be organized to instil in management staff some of the cultural values of quality assurance, if the system must achieve the desired goal of quality improvement. Also, the study recommended the inculcation and effective assessment of the affective characteristics of pupils/students while still in school to prepare them for the world of work and others.