bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From disaster to present day: the resiliency of masonry following September 11, 2001
Authors: Biggs David T. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTerrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 in both New York City and Washington D.C. in the United States destroyed two 110‐story office towers and a third 47‐story office building at the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York and portions of the Pentagon in Washington D.C. All WTC buildings in the plaza area (Fig. 1, blue area) were destroyed that day as well.The towers essentially had no masonry components. However, many of the surrounding buildings were impacted by the collapses but survived in some part, due to the masonry used in their construction. In Washington, the area of the masonry clad‐Pentagon damaged on September 11 had been partially strengthened prior to the attack and was subsequently rebuilt.Over the past decade, New York has worked to rebuild the World Trade Center area. This paper provides an update and acknowledges the resiliency of the masonry buildings in the aftermath of a major disaster. Some of the 2013 photographs are taken from a different vantage point from the 2001 photographs due to the construction that has taken place.Von der Katastrophe bis zum heutigen Tag: Die Widerstandsfähigkeit von Mauerwerk, veranschaulicht an den Auswirkungen der Terroranschläge des 11. September 2001. Die Terroranschläge des 11. September 2001 in New York City und Washington DC in den USA zerstörten zwei 110‐stöckige Bürotürme und ein drittes, 47‐stöckiges Bürogebäude am World Trade Center (WTC) in New York sowie Teile des Pentagons in Washington DC. Alle WTC‐Gebäude im Plaza‐Bereich (Bild 1, blau gekennzeichnet) wurden an diesem Tag ebenfalls zerstört.Die Türme hatten im Wesentlichen keine Mauerwerk‐Komponenten. Allerdings blieben viele der umliegenden Gebäude, die von den Einstürzen betroffen waren, infolge des Mauerwerks in der Konstruktion teilweise erhalten. Die Mauerwerksverkleidung des Pentagons in Washington war vor den Angriffen des 11. September teilweise verstärkt worden und wurde danach wieder aufgebaut.In den vergangenen zehn Jahren wurde in New York daran gearbeitet, den Bereich des World Trade Centers wieder aufzubauen. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt den derzeitigen Stand der Entwicklungen und bestätigt die Widerstandsfähigkeit von Mauerwerk bei dieser großen Katastrophe. Einige der Fotos aus dem Jahr 2013 wurden aufgrund der entstandenen Bauten aus einem anderen Blickwinkel aufgenommen als die Fotos von 2001.
Zum Eurocode 6 – Fragen und Antworten
Authors: Jäger Wolfram 
Published: February 2014

AbstractUnter dieser Rubrik werden Fragen beantwortet, die bei der Einarbeitung in den EC 6 entstehen. Die Wiedergabe erfolgt in jedem Falle anonymisiert. Sofern es um Verständnisfragen und Hintergrundinformationen geht, werden sie von den Beiratsmitgliedern beantwortet. Handelt es sich um Auslegungsfragen, wird der zuständige NABau‐Ausschuss NA 005‐06‐01 AA “Mauerwerksbau“ (Sp CEN/TC 125, CEN/TC 250/SC 6) mit einbezogen.Mit dem Leserforum zum EC 6 soll der Praxis die Einarbeitung in das neue Normenpaket mit seinen Nationalen Anhängen erleichtert werden. Auch Sie können als Leser gern von dieser Rubrik Gebrauch machen und Ihre Fragen stellen (mauerwerk@ernst‐und‐sohn.de).Questions concerning the introduction of the EC 6. Under this heading questions are answered, arising from the application of EC 6. The questions are expressing anonymous in all cases. Provided that they concern the understanding and background information the answers will be given by members of the editorial board. If the questions are dealing with the interpretation of clauses of EC 6 the responsible code committee NA 005‐06‐01 AA “Masonry construction” (Sp CEN/TC 125, CEN/TC 250/SC 6) will be involved.The practice should get help for the adjustment in the EC 6 and its National Annexes with this new category of contributions. The readers are invited to avail oneself of this chance very active (mauerwerk@ernst‐und‐sohn.de).Die nachfolgenden Fragen und Antworten beziehen sich auf den Teil 1‐1 [1] sowie Teil 3 [3] von DIN EN 1996 zusammen mit dem zugehörigen Nationalen Anhang [2].
Timing and mechanism of the initial cue establishing handed left–right asymmetry in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos
Authors: Schonegg Stephanie , Hyman Anthony A. , Wood William B. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryBy the six‐cell stage, embryos of Caenorhabditis elegans are morphologically L–R asymmetric with an invariant handedness that persists throughout development. We used intracellular markers to ask whether breaking of L–R symmetry could be observed at earlier stages. Observation of two‐ to three‐cell embryos carrying intracellular markers indicated that L–R symmetry is broken concomitantly with establishment of D–V axis polarity during division of the anterior AB cell. The AB cleavage furrow initiates asymmetrically and always from the left, suggesting L–R differences in the AB cell cortex. An invariantly handed cortical rotation observed earlier during first cleavage implies that the one‐cell embryo has an intrinsic chirality. We propose that L–R differences in the cortex could result from mechanical forces on asymmetric components of a chiral cortical network during the off‐axis elongation of the AB‐cell spindle prior to AB cleavage. genesis 52:572–580, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct visualization of membrane architecture of myelinating cells in transgenic mice expressing membrane‐anchored EGFP
Authors: Deng Yaqi , Kim BongWoo , He Xuelian , Kim Sunja , Lu Changqing , Wang Haibo , Cho Ssang‐Goo , Hou Yiping , Li Jianrong , Zhao Xianghui , Richard Lu Q. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMyelinogenesis is a complex process that involves substantial and dynamic changes in plasma membrane architecture and myelin interaction with axons. Highly ramified processes of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) make axonal contact and then extrapolate to wrap around axons and form multilayer compact myelin sheathes. Currently, the mechanisms governing myelin sheath assembly and axon selection by myelinating cells are not fully understood. Here, we generated a transgenic mouse line expressing the membrane‐anchored green fluorescent protein (mEGFP) in myelinating cells, which allow live imaging of details of myelinogenesis and cellular behaviors in the nervous systems. mEGFP expression is driven by the promoter of 2'‐3'‐cyclic nucleotide 3'‐phosphodiesterase (CNP) that is expressed in the myelinating cell lineage. Robust mEGFP signals appear in the membrane processes of oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), wherein mEGFP expression defines the inner layers of myelin sheaths and Schmidt‐Lanterman incisures in adult sciatic nerves. In addition, mEGFP expression can be used to track the extent of remyelination after demyelinating injury in a toxin‐induced demyelination animal model. Taken together, the membrane‐anchored mEGFP expression in the new transgenic line would facilitate direct visualization of dynamic myelin membrane formation and assembly during development and process remodeling during remyelination after various demyelinating injuries. genesis 52:341–349, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of insects, nutrients, and plant invasion on community structure and function above‐ and belowground
Authors: Wright Phoebe , Cregger Melissa A. , Souza Lara , Sanders Nathan J. , Classen Aimée T. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSoil nutrient availability, invasive plants, and insect presence can directly alter ecosystem structure and function, but less is known about how these factors may interact. In this 6‐year study in an old‐field ecosystem, we manipulated insect abundance (reduced and control), the propagule pressure of an invasive nitrogen‐fixing plant (propagules added and control), and soil nutrient availability (nitrogen added, nitrogen reduced and control) in a fully crossed, completely randomized plot design. We found that nutrient amendment and, occasionally, insect abundance interacted with the propagule pressure of an invasive plant to alter above‐ and belowground structure and function at our site. Not surprisingly, nutrient amendment had a direct effect on aboveground biomass and soil nutrient mineralization. The introduction of invasive nitrogen‐fixing plant propagules interacted with nutrient amendment and insect presence to alter soil bacterial abundance and the activity of the microbial community. While the larger‐scale, longer‐term bulk measurements such as biomass production and nutrient mineralization responded to the direct effects of our treatments, the shorter‐term and dynamic microbial communities tended to respond to interactions among our treatments. Our results indicate that soil nutrients, invasive plants, and insect herbivores determine both above‐ and belowground responses, but whether such effects are independent versus interdependent varies with scale.
Determining population structure and hybridization for two iris species
Authors: Hamlin Jennafer A. P. , Arnold Michael L. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIdentifying processes that promote or limit gene flow can help define the ecological and evolutionary history of a species. Furthermore, defining those factors that make up “species boundaries” can provide a definition of the independent evolutionary trajectories of related taxa. For many species, the historic processes that account for their distribution of genetic variation remain unresolved. In this study, we examine the geographic distribution of genetic diversity for two species ofLouisianaIrises,Iris brevicaulisandIris fulva. Specifically, we asked how populations are structured and if population structure coincides with potential barriers to gene flow. We also asked whether there is evidence of hybridization between these two species outside Louisiana hybrid zones. We used a genotyping‐by‐sequencing approach and sampled a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms across these species' genomes. Two different population assignment methods were used to resolve population structure inI. brevicaulis; however, there was considerably less population structure inI. fulva. We used a species tree approach to infer phylogenies both within and between populations and species. ForI. brevicaulis,the geography of the collection locality was reflected in the phylogeny. TheI. fulvaphylogeny reflected much less structure than detected forI. brevicaulis. Lastly, combining both species into a phylogenetic analysis resolved two of six populations ofI. brevicaulisthat shared alleles withI. fulva. Taken together, our results suggest major differences in the level and pattern of connectivity among populations of these two Louisiana Iris species.
Electrochemical Determination of Dextromethorphan on Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Screen‐Printed Electrode after Electromembrane Extraction
Authors: Fakhari Ali Reza , Koruni Mohammad Hossein , Ahmar Hamid , Shahsavani Abolfath , Movahed Siyavash Kazemi 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this paper, electromembrane extraction coupled with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) on a reduced graphene oxide modified screen‐printed carbon electrode (RGO‐SPCE) for the determination of dextromethorphan (DXM) in urine and plasma has been described. DXM migrated from 4 mL of a donor phase across a thin layer of 2‐nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) immobilized in the pores of a porous hollow fiber, into a 20 µL acceptor phase (HCl) present inside the lumen of the fiber. Then, 15 µL of a 0.1 M NaOH solution was added to the acceptor phase and the mixture was analyzed using DPV.
Photoelectrochemical Detection of H2O2 Based on Flower‐Like CuInS2‐Graphene Hybrid
Authors: Wang Siwen , Zhu Yihua , Yang Xiaoling , Li Chunzhong 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA novel photoelectrochemcial biosensing system was fabricated based on the composition of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), flower‐like CuInS2 (CIS) and graphene on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode for detecting H2O2. The graphene layer was used as highly conductive scaffolds for electron transport from the ITO electrode to CIS. Furthermore, the flower‐like CIS enhanced the multi‐reflection of light and provided matrixes for the adsorption of HRP. Utilizing one‐pot solvothermal method, we prepared flower‐like CIS‐graphene hybrid (GCIS). Electrochemical tests displayed advantage of graphene with better electron conductivity, and HRP/GCIS showed higher photoelectrochemical behavior.
An immersed boundary method for fluid flows around rigid objects
Authors: Jendoubi A. , Yakoubi D. , Fortin A. , Tibirna C. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYIn this paper, we present an immersed boundary method for solving fluid flow problems in the presence of static and moving rigid objects. A FEM is used starting from a base mesh that does not represent exactly rigid objects (non‒body‒conforming mesh). At each time step, the base mesh is locally modified to provide a new mesh fitting the boundary of the rigid objects. The mesh is also locally improved using edge swapping to enhance the quality of the elements. The Navier–Stokes equations are then solved on this new mesh. The velocity of moving objects is imposed through standard Dirichlet boundary conditions. We consider a number of test problems and compare the numerical solutions with those obtained on classical body‒fitted meshes whenever possible. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient p‐multigrid discontinuous Galerkin solver for complex viscous flows on stretched grids
Authors: Ghidoni A. , Colombo A. , Bassi F. , Rebay S. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYDiscontinuous Galerkin methods are very well suited for the construction of very high‐order approximations of the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations on unstructured and possibly nonconforming grids but are rather demanding in terms of computational resources. In order to improve their computational efficiency, a p‐multigrid solution strategy is here considered for the solution of the Navier–Stokes equations. In particular, a line smoother will be used to alleviate the effect of stretched grids on the convergence rate. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach in the solution of compressible shockless flow problems is demonstrated on the following 3D viscous test cases: a Delta Wing and a 3D streamlined body. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The neural correlates of worry in association with individual differences in neuroticism
Authors: Servaas Michelle Nadine , Riese Harriëtte , Ormel Johan , Aleman André 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe tendency to worry is a facet of neuroticism that has been shown to mediate the relationship between neuroticism and symptoms of depression and anxiety. The aim of the current study was to investigate the neural correlates of state worry in association with neuroticism. One‐hundred twenty participants were selected from an initially recruited sample of 240 women based on their neuroticism score. First, participants completed a questionnaire to assess the excessiveness and uncontrollability of pathological worry. Second, we measured brain activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while participants were randomly presented with 12 worry‐inducing sentences and 12 neutral sentences in a mood induction paradigm. Individuals scoring higher on neuroticism reported to worry more in daily life and to have generated more worry‐related thoughts after the presentation of a worry‐inducing sentence. Furthermore, imaging results showed the involvement of default mode and emotional brain areas during worry, previously associated with self‐related processing and emotion regulation. Specifically, cortical midline structures and the anterior insula showed more activation during worry, when individuals indicated to have generated more worry‐related thoughts. Activation in the retrosplenial and visual cortex was decreased in individuals scoring higher on neuroticism during worry, possibly suggesting reduced autobiographical specificity and visual mental imagery. In the literature, both these processes have been related to the cognitive avoidance of emotional distress. Excessive worry features in a number of emotional disorders and results from studies that elucidate its neural basis may help explain how and why neuroticism contributes to vulnerability for psychopathology. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4303–4315, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mathematical Properties of the Moments of Truncated Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Spectra and Their Potential Application
Authors: Baram Asher , Luz Zeev 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe moments of truncated dynamic magnetic resonance spectra, Mn(L), are expanded in terms of power series of the integration range −L to +L. The expansion consists of three contributions: 1) an L‐independent term that, for the first three moments (n=1 to 3), is independent of the motion and equals the corresponding moment, Mn, of the rigid powder spectrum; 2) a limited number of (positive) terms, diverging as Lk (k<n, odd), reflecting the broadening effect due to motion; these terms vanish for the first three moments and become nonzero, with motion‐dependent coefficients, only from the fourth moment on; and 3) an infinite series of converging (negative) terms, in powers of 1/Lk (k is odd), reflecting the reduction of the moments due to the truncation of the spectra; these terms are motion dependent for all moments. The convergence properties of this series are discussed and expressions for the lower (truncated) moments in the slow and fast motion limits of a secular Hamiltonian are derived. For the slow motion limit, it is shown how the L‐dependence of the moments can be used to estimate the magnetic and dynamic parameters. The procedure is demonstrated using computer‐simulated spectra. In the fast motion regime, closed expressions are obtained in a similar form to those of the relaxation equations. The effect of natural line width and strong‐collision dynamics on the various moments as well as that of nonsecular terms in the Hamiltonian are also briefly discussed.
Role of the modulation of CYP1A1 expression and activity in chemoprevention
Authors: Badal S. , Delgoda R. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTAs one of the main extra‐hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYP1A1 has been comprehensively investigated for its ability to metabolize both exogenous and endogenous compounds into their carcinogenic derivatives. These derivatives are linked to cancer initiation and progression. The compound benzo‐a‐pyrene (BaP), a copious and noxious compound present in coal tar, automobile exhaust fumes, cigarette smoke and charbroiled food, is metabolised by CYP1A1 and has been studied in great detail. Other compounds reliant on the same enzyme for their activation include 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and heterocyclic amine, 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP). This review takes an in‐depth look at a number of phytochemicals, plant extracts and a few synthetic compounds that have been researched and deemed potential chemopreventives via their interaction with the activity and expression of CYP1A1. It will also review a useful active site model of CYP1A1. Based on inhibitors of CYP1A1 that have demonstrated in vivo use as chemopreventors, CYP1A1 is a useful initial target for screening compounds with such potential, with the use of rapid in vitro and/or in silico assessments. Chemoprevention is a means by which healthy tissues are protected via the prevention, inhibition or reversal of carcinogenesis. This review focuses on one important pathway of carcinogenesis and identifies the important role that CYP1A1 plays in that pathway. It is hoped that highlighting the importance of such a key target, will help revive further research into and application of inhibitors of CYP1A1 towards generating improved chemopreventors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and utilization of an ex vivo bromodeoxyuridine local lymph node assay protocol for assessing potential chemical sensitizers
Authors: Williams W. C. , Copeland C. , Boykin E. , Quell S. J. , Lehmann D. M. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) is widely used to identify chemicals that may cause allergic contact dermatitis. Exposure to a dermal sensitizer results in proliferation of local lymph node T cells, which has traditionally been measured by in vivo incorporation of [3H]methyl thymidine. A more recent non‐isotopic variation of the assay utilizes bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in vivo. To further improve the utility of this assay, we developed an ex vivo BrdU labeling procedure eliminating the need for in vivo injections. The results of this assay correctly identified a strong sensitizer (i.e., trimellitic anhydride) as well as weak/moderate sensitizers (i.e., eugenol, cinnamaldehyde and hexylcinnaminic aldehyde). As anticipated, neither non‐sensitizers isopropanol and lactic acid nor the false negative chemical nickel II sulfate hexahydrate induced a positive threshold response in the assay. The results of this assay are in close agreement with those of the in vivo LLNA:BrdU‐enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay labeling procedure. We also used the ex vivo BrdU LLNA procedure to evaluate ammonium hexachloroplatinate, ammonium tetrachloroplatinate and cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and the assay correctly identified them as sensitizers based on the calculation of EC2 values. We conclude that this ex vivo BrdU labeling method offers predictive capacity comparable to previously established LLNA protocols while eliminating animal injections and the use of radioisotope. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
ARRY‐334543 Reverses Multidrug Resistance by Antagonizing the Activity of ATP‐Binding Cassette Subfamily G Member 2
Authors: Wang De‐Shen , Patel Atish , Sim Hong‐May , Zhang Yun‐Kai , Wang Yi‐Jun , Kathawala Rishil J. , Zhang Hui , Talele Tanaji T. , Ambudkar Suresh V. , Xu Rui‐Hua , Chen Zhe‐Sheng 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTARRY‐334543 is a small molecule inhibitor of ErbB1 and ErbB2 tyrosine kinases. We conducted this study to determine whether ARRY‐334543 can enhance the efficacy of conventional anticancer drugs through interaction with ABC transporters. Lung cancer cell line NCI‐H460 and its ABCG2‐overexpressing NCI‐H460/MX20, as well as the ABCG2‐, ABCB1‐, and ABCC10‐overexpressing transfected cell lines were used for the reversal study. Our results demonstrated that ARRY‐334543 (1.0 μM) significantly reversed ABCG2‐mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) by directly inhibiting the drug efflux function of ABCG2, resulting in the elevated intracellular accumulation of chemotherapeutic drugs in the ABCG2‐overexpressing cell lines. In addition, in isolated membranes, ARRY‐334543 stimulated ATPase activity and inhibited photolabeling of ABCG2 with [125I]‐iodoarylazidoprazosin in a concentration‐dependent manner indicating that this drug directly interacts at the drug‐binding pocket of this transporter. ARRY‐334543 (1.0 μM) only slightly reversed ABCB1‐ and partially reversed ABCC10‐mediated MDR suggesting that it exhibits high affinity toward ABCG2. Moreover, homology modeling predicted the binding conformation of ARRY‐334543 at Arg482 centroid‐based grid of ABCG2. However, ARRY‐334543 at reversal concentrations did not affect the expression level of ABCG2, AKT and ERK1/2 and regulate the re‐localization of ABCG2. We conclude that ARRY‐334543 significantly reverses drug resistance mediated by ABCG2. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1381–1391, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.