bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central pupillary light reflex circuits in the cat: II. Morphology, ultrastructure, and inputs of preganglionic motoneurons
Authors: Sun Wensi , May Paul J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTPreganglionic motoneurons supplying the ciliary ganglion control lens accommodation and pupil diameter. In cats, these motoneurons make up the preganglionic Edinger‐Westphal population, which lies rostral, dorsal, and ventral to the oculomotor nucleus. A recent cat study suggested that caudal motoneurons control the lens and rostral motoneurons control the pupil. This led us to examine the morphology, ultrastructure, and pretectal inputs of these populations. Preganglionic motoneurons retrogradely labeled by introducing tracer into the cat ciliary ganglion generally fell into two morphologic categories. Fusiform neurons were located rostrally, in the anteromedian nucleus and between the oculomotor nuclei. Multipolar neurons were found caudally, dorsal and ventral to the oculomotor nucleus. The dendrites of preganglionic motoneurons within the anteromedian nucleus crossed the midline, providing a possible basis for consensual responses. Ultrastructurally, several different classes of synaptic profiles contact preganglionic motoneurons, suggesting that their activity may be modified by a variety of inputs. Furthermore, there were differences in the synaptic populations contacting the rostral vs. caudal populations, supporting the contention that these populations display functional differences. Anterogradely labeled pretectal terminals were observed in close association with labeled preganglionic motoneurons, particularly in the rostral population. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that these terminals, packed with clear, spherical vesicles, made asymmetric synaptic contacts onto motoneurons in the rostral population, indicating that these cells serve the pupillary light reflex. Thus, the preganglionic motoneurons found in the cat display morphologic, ultrastructural, and connectional differences suggesting that this rostral preganglionic population is specialized for pupil control, whereas more caudal elements control the lens. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3978–4002, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Central pupillary light reflex circuits in the cat: I. The olivary pretectal nucleus
Authors: Sun Wensi , May Paul J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe central pathways subserving the feline pupillary light reflex were examined by defining retinal input to the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPt), the midbrain projections of this nucleus, and the premotor neurons within it. Unilateral intravitreal wheat germ agglutinin–conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA–HRP) injections revealed differences in the pattern of retinal OPt termination on the two sides. Injections of WGA–HRP into OPt labeled terminals bilaterally in the anteromedian nucleus, and to a lesser extent in the supraoculomotor area, centrally projecting Edinger–Westphal nucleus, and nucleus of the posterior commissure. Labeled terminals, as well as retrogradely labeled multipolar cells, were present in the contralateral OPt, indicating a commissural pathway. Injections of WGA–HRP into the anteromedian nucleus labeled fusiform premotor neurons within the OPt, as well as multipolar cells in the nucleus of the posterior commissure. Connections between retinal terminals and the pretectal premotor neurons were characterized by combining vitreous chamber and anteromedian nucleus injections of WGA–HRP in the same animal. Fusiform‐shaped, retrogradely labeled cells fell within the anterogradely labeled retinal terminal field in the OPt. Ultrastructural analysis revealed labeled retinal terminals containing clear spherical vesicles. They contacted labeled pretectal premotor neurons via asymmetric synaptic densities. These results provide an anatomical substrate for the pupillary light reflex in the cat. Pretectal premotor neurons receive direct retinal input via synapses suggestive of an excitatory drive, and project directly to nuclei containing preganglionic motoneurons. These projections are concentrated in the anteromedian nucleus, indicating its involvement in the pupillary light reflex. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3960–3977, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of mapped stress‐field boundary conditions based on a Hill‐type muscle model
Authors: Cardiff P. , Karač A. , FitzPatrick D. , Flavin R. , Ivanković A. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYForces generated in the muscles and tendons actuate the movement of the skeleton. Accurate estimation and application of these musculotendon forces in a continuum model is not a trivial matter. Frequently, musculotendon attachments are approximated as point forces; however, accurate estimation of local mechanics requires a more realistic application of musculotendon forces. This paper describes the development of mapped Hill‐type muscle models as boundary conditions for a finite volume model of the hip joint, where the calculated muscle fibres map continuously between attachment sites. The applied muscle forces are calculated using active Hill‐type models, where input electromyography signals are determined from gait analysis. Realistic muscle attachment sites are determined directly from tomography images. The mapped muscle boundary conditions, implemented in a finite volume structural OpenFOAM (ESI‐OpenCFD, Bracknell, UK) solver, are employed to simulate the mid‐stance phase of gait using a patient‐specific natural hip joint, and a comparison is performed with the standard point load muscle approach. It is concluded that physiological joint loading is not accurately represented by simplistic muscle point loading conditions; however, when contact pressures are of sole interest, simplifying assumptions with regard to muscular forces may be valid. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Graphene Oxides: Transformations in Natural Waters over a Period of Three Months
Authors: Teo Wei Zhe , Pumera Martin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGraphene oxide (GO), a derivative of graphene consisting of various oxygen moieties, has gained popularity owing to its excellent physiochemical properties and applicability in various fields. GO nanomaterials can be synthesized by using Hofmann (HO), Hummers (HU), and Staudenmaier (ST) methods of oxidative treatment of graphite to give GO‐HO, GO‐HU, and GO‐ST, respectively. These GO nanomaterials were found to exhibit different degrees of cytotoxicity that were suggested to be dependent on the amount and type of the oxygen‐containing functional group present in the nanomaterials. Therefore, in this study, the transformations of GO‐HO, GO‐HU, and GO‐ST nanomaterials in three types of natural waters over time were investigated to determine whether the oxygen‐containing functional groups present in these nanomaterials undergo any changes after residing in natural waters. Based on the data obtained from Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, although the density of defects in the GO nanomaterials remained relatively similar (a slight increase was detected in the GO‐HO nanomaterials) over the period of examination, changes in the oxygen content of the GO nanomaterials were observed in most of the GO suspensions, which suggests that interaction between the natural waters and the GO nanomaterials do occur. Cyclic voltammetry measurements revealed that the natural waters had opposing effects on the GO nanomaterials: the GO‐HU nanomaterials suffered a reduction in the amount of electroactive oxygen‐containing functional groups present, whereas an increase was observed in the GO‐HO and GO‐ST nanomaterials. In addition, it was proposed that some of the electroactive oxygen moieties were completely lost from the GO‐ST nanomaterials after exposing them to the natural waters. More studies should be performed in the future to comprehend the underlying mechanism for the transformations observed in this study so that the fate, transport, and toxicity of GO nanomaterials in environmental waters can be better understood.
Interannual variation in stand transpiration estimated by sap flow measurement in a semi‐arid black locust plantation, Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Zhang Jian‐Guo , Guan Jin‐Hong , Shi Wei‐Yu , Yamanaka Norikazu , Du Sheng 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe semi‐arid region of the Loess Plateau in China is characterized by its fragile ecosystems. Soil erosion and water shortage are major factors influencing the ecology and hydrology of vegetation in this area. For proper management of watershed ecosystems, quantification of water use by major vegetation types is needed. We used Granier‐type thermal dissipation probes in a black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) plantation and upscaled stand transpiration from individual measurements of stem sap flow. Stand transpiration water use during the growing seasons of 2008–2010 was estimated on the basis of measured sap flux densities and sapwood areas. Seasonal and interannual variations were observed in stand‐scale transpiration. Within a monthly timescale, water use by daily transpiration was correlated with daily solar radiation and daytime average vapour pressure deficit. The monthly changes in stand transpiration were mainly correlated with changes in leaf area index and with mean daytime vapour pressure deficit, solar radiation and potential evapotranspiration at lower significance. A positive relationship between stand transpiration and soil moisture conditions was detected at an annual scale, but not at a monthly scale. Precipitation did not show a clear correlation with stand transpiration at either seasonal or annual timescale. The results suggest that although the stand transpiration is controlled by multiple factors, those contributing to a significant difference vary with timescales. Some factors (e.g. soil moisture) may only be detected upon long‐term observations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Aminosulfonylation of Aryl Iodides by using Na2SO3 as the SO2 Source
Authors: Li Wanfang , Li Haoquan , Langer Peter , Beller Matthias , Wu Xiao‐Feng 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe realized an interesting palladium‐catalyzed aminosulfonylation of aryl iodides by using Na2SO3 as a cheap SO2 source. In most cases, the yields were comparable to those reported by using the 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(sulfur dioxide) adduct (DABCO·2SO2, DABSO) as the SO2 source.
Design, simulation, and large‐scale testing of an innovative vibration mitigation device employing essentially nonlinear elastomeric springs
Authors: Luo Jie , Wierschem Nicholas E. , Fahnestock Larry A. , Spencer Billie F. , Quinn D. Dane , McFarland D. Michael , Vakakis Alexander F. , Bergman Lawrence A. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYThis study proposes an innovative passive vibration mitigation device employing essentially nonlinear elastomeric springs as its most critical component. Essential nonlinearity denotes the absence (or near absence) of a linear component in the stiffness characteristics of these elastomeric springs. These devices were implemented and tested on a large‐scale nine‐story model building structure. The main focus of these devices is to mitigate structural response under impulse‐like and seismic loading when the structure remains elastic. During the design process of the device, numerical simulations, optimizations, and parametric studies of the structure‐device system were performed to obtain stiffness parameters for the devices so that they can maximize the apparent damping of the fundamental mode of the structure. Pyramidal elastomeric springs were employed to physically realize the optimized essentially nonlinear spring components. Component‐level finite element analyses and experiments were conducted to design the nonlinear springs. Finally, shake table tests using impulse‐like and seismic excitation with different loading levels were performed to experimentally evaluate the performance of the device. Experimental results demonstrate that the properly designed devices can mitigate structural vibration responses, including floor acceleration, displacement, and column strain in an effective, rapid, and robust fashion. Comparison between numerical and experimental results verified the computational model of the nonlinear system and provided a comprehensive verification for the proposed device. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A robust and distributed design for coordinated downlink beamforming for secure MISO interference channels
Authors: Fei Zesong , Ni Jiqing , Wang Niwei , Xing Chengwen , Kuang Jingming 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we address the optimization problems of downlink coordinated beamforming over the K‐user multiple‐input single‐output interference channel with confidential messages. Our design objective is to minimise the total transmit power subject to the constraints of individual signal‐to‐interference plus noise ratio and equivocation rates. For the case with perfect channel state information (CSI), by deriving the equivalent forms for the signal‐to‐interference plus noise ratio and the secrecy constraints, the optimization problem is reformulated as a second‐order cone programme problem. Then, an optimal distributed algorithm using the partial Lagrangian duality is discussed. In addition we extend the analysis to the imperfect CSI scenario with bounded ellipsoidal errors, the centralised algorithm has been proposed by solving a semi‐definite programme with the help of rank relaxation, whereas the distributed robust algorithm is devised by using ADMM. Finally, the simulation results have shown that with perfect CSI, the centralised and distributed algorithms have nearly the same performance, but in the case of imperfect CSI, the centralised algorithm shows a slightly better performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Posterior parietal cortex activity reflects the significance of others' actions during natural viewing
Authors: Salmi Juha , Glerean Enrico , Jääskeläinen Iiro P. , Lahnakoski Juha M. , Kettunen Juho , Lampinen Jouko , Tikka Pia , Sams Mikko 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has been associated with multiple stimulus‐driven (e.g., processing stimulus movements, providing visual signals for the motor system), goal‐directed (e.g., directing visual attention to a target, processing behavioral priority of intentions), and action‐related functions in previous studies with non‐naturalistic paradigms. Here, we examined how these functions reflect PPC activity during natural viewing. Fourteen healthy volunteers watched a re‐edited movie during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants separately annotated behavioral priority (accounting for percepts, thoughts, and emotions) they had experienced during movie episodes. Movements in the movie were quantified with computer vision and eye movements were recorded from a separate group of subjects. Our results show that while overlapping dorsomedial PPC areas respond to episodes with multiple types of stimulus content, ventrolateral PPC areas exhibit enhanced activity when viewing goal‐directed human hand actions. Furthermore, PPC activity related to viewing goal‐directed human hand actions was more accurately explained by behavioral priority than by movements of the stimulus or eye movements. Taken together, our results suggest that PPC participates in perception of goal‐directed human hand actions, supporting the view that PPC has a special role in providing visual signals for the motor system (“how”), in addition to processing visual spatial movements (“where”). Hum Brain Mapp 35:4767–4776, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Encoding and retrieval of landmark‐related spatial cues during navigation: An fMRI study
Authors: Wegman Joost , Tyborowska Anna , Janzen Gabriele 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTTo successfully navigate, humans can use different cues from their surroundings. Learning locations in an environment can be supported by parallel subsystems in the hippocampus and the striatum. We used fMRI to look at differences in the use of object‐related spatial cues while 47 participants actively navigated in an open‐field virtual environment. In each trial, participants navigated toward a target object. During encoding, three positional cues (columns) with directional cues (shadows) were available. During retrieval, the removed target had to be replaced while either two objects without shadows (objects trial) or one object with a shadow (shadow trial) were available. Participants were informed in blocks about which type of retrieval trial was most likely to occur, thereby modulating expectations of having to rely on a single landmark or on a configuration of landmarks. How the spatial learning systems in the hippocampus and caudate nucleus were involved in these landmark‐based encoding and retrieval processes were investigated. Landmark configurations can create a geometry similar to boundaries in an environment. It was found that the hippocampus was involved in encoding when relying on configurations of landmarks, whereas the caudate nucleus was involved in encoding when relying on single landmarks. This might suggest that the observed hippocampal activation for configurations of objects is linked to a spatial representation observed with environmental boundaries. Retrieval based on configurations of landmarks activated regions associated with the spatial updation of object locations for reorientation. When only a single landmark was available during retrieval, regions associated with updating the location of oneself were activated. There was also evidence that good between‐participant performance was predicted by right hippocampal activation. This study therefore sheds light on how the brain deals with changing demands on spatial processing related purely to landmarks. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Floccosic Acid, a New Triterpenic Acid from Nepeta floccosa
Authors: Ali Liaqat , Ali Samina , Hussain Javid , Al‐Harrasi Ahmed , Latif Khan Abdul , Tasleem Hussain Shah Syed , Shamim Rizvi Tania 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe isolation and structure elucidation of a new triterpenic acid named floccosic acid (1) is reported on the basis of the 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR assignments. This secondary metabolite was isolated as a new constituent, along with the known triterpenoids, betulinic acid and β‐amyrin. All these compounds were purified by repeated column chromatography of the MeOH extract of Nepeta floccosa. The structure elucidation of the new compound was accomplished by the combined mass spectrometry (MS), infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy, one‐ (1H‐ and 13C‐) and two‐dimensional (HC correlations; HMBC and HSQC) NMR techniques. The known compounds were identified by comparison of their physical and spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature.
Synthesis of 1‐Amino‐5,6‐diaryl‐3‐cyano‐1H‐pyridin‐2‐ones and 6,7‐Diaryl‐4‐cyano‐3‐hydroxy‐1H‐[1,2]diazepines from Isoflavones
Authors: Zhu Mu‐Lin , Zhang Zun‐Ting , Xue Dong , Hua Hui‐Liang , Liang Yong , Wnuk Stanislaw F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe one‐step cyclocondensation of substituted isoflavones (=3‐phenyl‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐ones) with cyanoacetohydrazide in the presence of KOH afforded a mixture of 1‐amino‐5,6‐diaryl‐3‐cyano‐1H‐2‐pyridin‐2‐ones and 6,7‐diaryl‐4‐cyano‐3‐hydroxy‐1H‐[1,2]diazepines.
Solitary osteochondroma of the distal radius: A rare cause of carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosed using ultrasound
Authors: Franz Torsten , Leclère Franck Marie , Rees Marcel Gregor 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTCarpal tunnel syndrome is the most common entrapment neuropathy in the upper extremity. A rare case of carpal tunnel syndrome due to solitary osteochondroma arising from the metaphysis of the distal radius is presented. Preoperative diagnosis was suspected by physical examination and high‐resolution sonography and confirmed by radiographs. Surgical treatment consisted of extended open carpal tunnel release and excision of the tumor. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:557–559, 2014
Enamel erosion and prevention efficacy characterized by confocal laser scanning microscope
Authors: Maia Ana Marly Araújo , Longbottom Christopher , Gomes Anderson Stevens Leonidas , Girkin John Michael 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate the erosion‐inhibiting effect of two toothpastes on the development of erosion‐like lesions, by a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Forty human enamel blocks were divided into five groups (n = 8), in accordance to evaluate the GC MI Paste Plus and Oral B with stannous fluoride, applied as slurries and associated with toothbrush. Specimens were submitted to an erosion challenge from citric acid (0.5%, pH = 2.8), for 5 min, six times a day, alternating in artificial saliva immersions. Reference group was not exposed to treatment. Part of specimens (Groups 02 and 03) was exposed twice daily just to slurries, for 2 min, therefore specimens from Groups 04 and 05 were also abraded, for 30 s. The enamel surfaces were morphological characterized using CLSM images, with mineral loss being measured using the resulting 3D images referenced to an un‐challenged portion of the sample. Step values were compared using the one‐way ANOVA test. CLSM was shown to be a viable, noncontact, and simple technique to characterize eroded surfaces. The statistical difference in the step size was significant between the groups (P = 0.001) and using multiple comparisons a statistically significant protective effect of toothpastes was shown when these were applied as slurries. Although groups submitted to tooth brush showed mineral loss similar to reference control group, due to the damages of abrasion associated. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:439–445, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variability in summer anticyclonic circulation over the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and west Greenland in the late 20th/early 21st centuries and its effect on glacier mass balance
Authors: Bezeau P. , Sharp M. , Gascon G. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTMore frequent summer anticyclonic circulation over the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) between 2007 and 2012 caused more intense and sustained melt of ice caps and glaciers and increased rates of mass loss. To determine the frequency of the occurrence of anticyclonic circulation over the CAA and western Greenland, a self‐organizing map (SOM) was used to classify daily 500 hPa geopotential height (GPH) anomalies calculated from National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis 1 (1948–2012) and five Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models (1950–2025). While the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis indicates that significant summer warming over the CAA is linked to a doubling in the frequency of anticyclonic circulation over the region since 2007, the CMIP5 models were not capable of reproducing the magnitude of the trend in the frequency of anticyclonic circulation over the CAA and western Greenland found in NCEP/NCAR. The variability of the frequency of positive anomalies in summer 500 hPa GPH was found to be related to variability of Arctic sea ice volume/thickness in April, May and June (1979–2012) and to poleward eddy heat flux in June (1979–2012).