bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conditional deletion of neurogenin-3 usingNkx2.1iCreresults in a mouse model for the central control of feeding, activity and obesity
Authors: Anthwal Neal , Pelling Michelle , Claxton Suzanne , Mellitzer Georg , Collin Caitlin , Kessaris Nicoletta , Richardson William D. , Gradwohl Gérard , Ang Siew-Lan 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe ventral hypothalamus acts to integrate visceral and systemic information to control energy balance. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor neurogenin-3 (Ngn3) is required for pancreatic β-cell development and has been implicated in neuronal development in the hypothalamus. Here, we demonstrate that early embryonic hypothalamic inactivation of Ngn3 (also known as Neurog3)in mice results in rapid post-weaning obesity that is associated with hyperphagia and reduced energy expenditure. This obesity is caused by loss of expression of Pomc in Pomc- and Cart-expressing (Pomc/Cart) neurons in the arcuate nucleus, indicating an incomplete specification of anorexigenic first order neurons. Furthermore, following the onset of obesity, both the arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei become insensitive to peripheral leptin treatment. This conditional mouse mutant therefore represents a novel model system for obesity that is associated with hyperphagia and underactivity, and sheds new light upon the roles of Ngn3 in the specification of hypothalamic neurons controlling energy balance.
Variation in urinary excretion of FDG, yet another uncertainty in quantitative PET
Authors: Bach-Gansmo Tore , Dybvik JA , Adamsen TC , Naum A 
Published: May 2013

Background The standardized uptake value (SUV) is the most common estimate of metabolic activity used in clinical positron emission tomography (PET). Several biological and technological factors influence the accurate SUV calculation. Purpose To assess another potential source of variability of the SUV, the variations in urinary excretion of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Material and Methods Twenty patients with various malignancies scheduled for PET/CT with 18F-FDG were included in the present study. The activity in urine voided immediately before image acquisition was measured and decay corrected. An estimation of FDG content in the urinary bladder was made during imaging, and the two components of urinary FDG were added. The urinary output of FDG, and the quantity of FDG divided by the time to measurements, was estimated. Results The excretion of FDG in urine was between 5.7% and 15.2% of injected dose (decay corrected), and from 0.06% to 0.3%/min after injection, a five-fold difference in clearance. Conclusion About 10% of injected dose is excreted in urine at 70 min post injection, but the urinary FDG excretion was found to be highly variable, yet another uncertainty affecting the SUV measurements.
Mitochondrial Coenzyme Q10 Determination by Isotope-Dilution Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Itkonen Outi , Suomalainen Anu , Turpeinen Ursula 
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUNDCoenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an essential part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Unlike most other respiratory chain disorders, CoQ10 deficiency is potentially treatable. We aimed to develop and validate an accurate liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of mitochondrial CoQ10 in clinical samples.METHODSWe used mitochondria isolated from muscle biopsies of patients (n = 166) suspected to have oxidative phosphorylation deficiency. We also used fibroblast mitochondria from 1 patient with CoQ10 deficiency and 3 healthy individuals. Samples were spiked with nonphysiologic CoQ10-[2H6] internal standard, extracted with 1-propanol and with ethanol and hexane (2 mL/5 mL), and CoQ10 quantified by LC-MS/MS. The method and sample stability were validated. A reference interval was established from the patient data.RESULTSThe method had a limit of quantification of 0.5 nmol/L. The assay range was 0.5–1000 nmol/L and the CVs were 7.5%–8.2%. CoQ10 was stable in concentrated mitochondrial suspensions. In isolated mitochondria, the mean ratio of CoQ10 to citrate synthase (CS) activity (CoQ10/CS) was 1.7 nmol/U (95% CI, 1.6–1.7 nmol/U). We suggest a CoQ10/CS reference interval of 1.1–2.8 nmol/U for both sexes and all ages. The CoQ10/CS ratio was 5-fold decreased in fibroblast mitochondria from a patient with known CoQ10 deficiency due to recessive prenyl (decaprenyl) diphosphate synthase, subunit 2 (PDSS2) mutations.CONCLUSIONSNormalization of mitochondrial CoQ10 concentration against citrate synthase activity is likely to reflect most accurately the CoQ10 content available for the respiratory chain. Our assay and the established reference range should facilitate the diagnosis of respiratory chain disorders and treatment of patients with CoQ10 deficiency.
Crystal structure of bis(4-aminobenzenesulfonato-κN)bis(2,2'-biimidazole- κ2N,N')copper(II)-dihydrate (1:2), [Cu(C6H6N4)2(C6H6O3NS)2]·2H2O, C24H28CuN10O8S2
Authors: Liu Bin , Yang Wei , Dai Yong-Cheng , Zhou Li-Li , Jin Qiong-Hua , Zhang Cun-Ling 
Published: May 2013

Abstract C24H28CuN10O8S2, triclinic, P1¯ (no. 2), a = 8.7001(8) Å, b = 8.7770(9) Å, c = 10.509(1) Å, α = 65.349(1)°, β = 84.958(1)°, γ = 84.445(2)°, V = 724.9 Å3, Z = 1, Rgt(F) = 0.0348, wRref(F2) = 0.0901, T = 298 K.
Deshaciendo el consenso. La historiografía sobre el proceso de independencia de la Nueva España, 1953-1997
Authors: Ortega José Antonio Serrano 
Published: May 2013

En este artículo analizo el desarrollo de la historiografía sobre el proceso de independencia de la Nueva España entre mediados de la década de los cincuenta y mediados de los noventa. Fue entre 1953 y 1997, para ser más precisos, cuando se crearon nuevas bases metodológicas y distintas áreas de investigación que transformaron y en gran medida relegaron a un segundo plano la llamada historiografía clásica sobre la independencia. La principal inquietud que guía este artículo es entender por qué se impuso el revisionismo historiográfico. Para responder en parte a esta pregunta se considera la siempre cambiante vinculación entre el lugar, el procedimiento y el texto. De esta tríada, el tercer elemento ayuda a explicar la razón por la cual el revisionismo es hasta ahora, en 2012, el principal referente historiográfico de las investigaciones que se llevan a cabo sobre el periodo 1808-1821.
In this article I analyze the development of historiography about the process of the independence of New Spain between the mid-nineteen fifties and mid-nineteen nineties. It was between 1953 and 1997, to be more precise, when new methodological foundations were created and various research areas transformed and largely relegated to a second level the so called classical historiography on independence. My main concern is to understand why historiographical revisionism prevailed. To answer this question I consider the ever-changing relationship between the place, the procedure and the text. In this triad, the third element helps explain why revisionism is even today, in 2012, the main historiographical reference for research on the period 1808-1821.
Incendiary Legislation
Authors: Alexander Anna Rose 
Published: May 2013

This article examines Puebla’s drastic 1885 Fire Code, which prohibited the use of fossil fuels and other flammables in the city center. Poblano lawmakers embraced Porfirian trends in scientific planning, and their attempts to manage the city according to calculated risks of fire reflected broader concerns with hygiene and the correction of social ills. While engineers and architects defended the law for its ability to prevent chaos, merchants criticized the regulations for hindering commerce. By using the rhetoric of order and progress, opposition groups convinced officials to overturn the law and use municipal funds to establish a professional firefighting brigade. This transition to government-controlled public services was the product of popular mobilization and represented an important step in making Puebla a modern city.
El presente artículo examina el estricto Código de Incendios de Puebla de 1885, que prohibía el uso de combustibles fósiles y otros productos inflamables en el centro de la ciudad. Los legisladores poblanos adoptaron las tendencias porfirianas de planeación científica, y sus intentos por administrar la ciudad según los riesgos calculados de incendio reflejaban preocupaciones más amplias por la higiene y la corrección de los males sociales. Mientras que los ingenieros y los arquitectos defendían la ley por su capacidad para prevenir el caos, los comerciantes criticaban la regulación por entorpecer los negocios. Mediante el uso de la retórica del orden y el progreso, los grupos de oposición convencieron a los funcionarios de anular la ley y utilizar fondos municipales para establecer una brigada de bomberos profesional. Esta transición a los servicios públicos controlados por el estado fue producto de una movilización popular y representó un paso importante en la transformación de Puebla en una ciudad moderna.
Rebelión y patrones de resistencia indígena en las Fronteras de San Luis Colotlán, Nueva España, siglos xvi-xviii.
Authors: Medrano Carlos Rubén Ruiz 
Published: May 2013

El presenta artículo busca explicar la transformación de la disidencia étnica y disconformidad comunitaria que acaeció en distintos momentos en las Fronteras de San Luis Colotlán, Jalisco, a lo largo de los siglo XVII y XVIII. Esta circunscripción militar y de frontera, presenta distintos elementos significativos para evaluar un punto poco trabajado en la historiografía colonial mexicana: la calidad mutable de las expresiones de resistencia nativa en zonas liminares y de frontera, así como sus transfiguraciones ideológicas que presentó en sus patrones de interpelación al régimen colonial.
This article seeks to explain the transformation of ethnic dissent and community disagreement at different times in the borders of San Luis Colotlán, Jalisco, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This military and border district presents various significant elements for the analysis of an overlooked subject in Mexican colonial historiography: the changing quality of native resistance expressions in liminal and frontier zones and the ideological transformation of patterns for questioning colonial rule.
Trials by Fire
Authors: Osten Sarah 
Published: May 2013

Across Mexico in the early 1920s, gubernatorial elections chronically failed, and the steps that the federal government took to resolve these crises often provoked further political upheaval. This pattern of electoral failure and the controversies it inspired are testimony to the prevailing uncertainty within the political class as to where the boundaries of power truly lay in post-revolutionary Mexico. This comparison of two failed gubernatorial elections reveals the significance of state politics to national political consolidation, and the formative role of political parties in the immediate post-revolutionary period, preceding the founding of the National Revolutionary Party (PNR) in 1929.
A principios de la década de 1920 las elecciones gubernativas fracasaron en todo México de manera crónica, y los pasos que tomó el gobierno federal para resolver estas crisis provocaron a menudo una mayor agitación política. Este patrón de fracaso electoral y las controversias que suscitó son testimonio de la incertidumbre prevaleciente entre la clase política en cuanto a dónde estaban verdaderamente los límites del poder en el México posrevolucionario. La comparación de dos elecciones gubernativas fallidas revela la importancia de la policía estatal en la consolidación política nacional, y el papel formativo de los partidos políticos en el periodo inmediato posrevolucionario, previo a la fundación del Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR) en 1929.
Corn, Tomatoes, and a Dead Dog
Authors: Browning Anjali 
Published: May 2013

This article examines how some of Mexico’s two million small farmers are responding to the opening of the market for corn. The consequences of US-Mexican agricultural restructuring include more marginal production practices, which threaten the nation’s food and water security. Based on research in San Juan Guelavía, Oaxaca, I argue that even programs implemented to offset the negative impacts of liberalization on small producers actually undermine them while promoting overexploitation of local resources. Through case examples, I illustrate the challenges Guelavíans face as they attempt to recreate livelihoods within the context of drought, soil erosion, resource competition and market exclusion.Este artículo examina la respuesta de algunos pequeños agricultores de México—que en total suman dos millones—ante la apertura del mercado del maíz. Entre las consecuencias de la reestructuración agrícola México–Estados Unidos se cuentan más prácticas marginales de producción, que amenazan la seguridad alimenticia e hídrica de la nación. Aquí, sostengo que en San Juan Guelavía, Oaxaca, incluso los programas implementados para contrarrestar los impactos negativos de la liberalización sobre los pequeños productores acaban por socavarlos, al tiempo que promueven la sobreexplotación de recursos locales. Mediante ejemplos de caso, ilustro los desafíos que enfrentan los habitantes de Guelavía en sus intentos por recrear modos de sustento dentro del contexto de la sequía, la erosión de la tierra, la competencia por los recursos y la exclusión del mercado.
Parental Consanguinity and Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses
Authors: Sabbagh Heba J. , Ahmed Hassan Mona Hassan , Innes Nicola P. T. , Baik Alaa Al , Mossey Peter A. 
Published: May 2013

Objective To assess whether individuals born to consanguineous parents had a higher frequency of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts compared with those with no parental consanguinity. Design A prespecified plan for a search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and data extraction from studies reporting consanguinity in relation to nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (NSOFC) was carried out. Papers reporting observational studies with control populations were included, without language restrictions, and these reports were assessed for quality. Sensitivity analyses using subgroups, homogeneity evaluation, and assessment of publication bias were carried out, and meta-analyses of extracted data were performed. Results Sixteen studies fulfilled the selection criteria and were included in the metaanalyses. There were statistically significant relationships between consanguinity and NSOFC for all 16 studies combined ( P = .0003), with odds ratio (OR) = 1.83 and 95% confidence interval (CI) = (1.31, 2.54); 10 case-control studies ( P = .006), with OR = 2.06 and 95% CI = (1.23, 3.46); six cross-sectional studies ( P = .03), with OR = 1.34 and 95% CI = (1.02, 1.76); first cousins consanguineous marriages ( P = .04), with OR = 1.40 and 95% CI = (1.01, 1.93); cleft palate alone ( P = .01), with OR = 1.89 and 95% CI = (1.14, 3.13); and cleft lip with or without cleft palate cases ( P = .002), with OR = 1.56 and 95% CI = (1.18, 2.07). Conclusion Although there was a high level of study heterogeneity, the evidence is consistent in suggesting that consanguinity is a risk factor for NSOFC, with an overall OR of 1.83 (95% CI, 1.31 to 2.54), implying that there was almost twice the risk of a child with NSOFC being born if there was parental consanguinity.
Mammals across the K/Pg boundary in northeastern Montana, U.S.A.: dental morphology and body-size patterns reveal extinction selectivity and immigrant-fueled ecospace filling
Authors: Wilson Gregory P. 
Published: May 2013

The Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/Pg) mass extinction has long been viewed as a pivotal event in mammalian evolutionary history, in which the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs allowed mammals to rapidly expand from small-bodied, generalized insectivores to a wide array of body sizes and ecological specializations. Many studies have used global- or continental-scale taxonomic databases to analyze this event on coarse temporal scales, but few studies have documented morphological diversity of mammalian paleocommunities on fine spatiotemporal scales in order to examine ecomorphological selectivity and ecospace filling across this critical transition. Focusing on well-sampled and temporally well-constrained mammalian faunas across the K/Pg boundary in northeastern Montana, I quantified dental-shape disparity and morphospace occupancy via landmark- and semilandmark-based geometric morphometrics and mean body size, body-size disparity, and body-size structure via body-mass estimates.My results reveal several key findings: (1) latest Cretaceous mammals, particularly metatherians and multituberculates, had a greater ecomorphological diversity than is generally appreciated, occupying regions of the morphospace that are interpreted as strict carnivory, plant-dominated omnivory, and herbivory; (2) the decline in dental-shape disparity and body-size disparity across the K/Pg boundary shows a pattern of constructive extinction selectivity against larger-bodied dietary specialists, particularly strict carnivores and taxa with plant-based diets, that suggests the kill mechanism was related to depressed primary productivity rather than a globally instantaneous event; (3) the ecomorphological recovery in the earliest Paleocene was fueled by immigrants, namely three multituberculate families (taeniolabidids, microcosmodontids, eucosmodontids) and to a lesser extent archaic ungulates; and (4) despite immediate increases in the taxonomic richness of eutherians, their much-celebrated post-K/Pg ecomorphological expansion had a slower start than is generally perceived and most likely only began 400,000 to 1 million years after the extinction event.
Analysis of Juice Yield, Sugar Content, and Biomass Accumulation in Sorghum
Authors: Godoy Jayfred Gaham V. , Tesso Tesfaye T. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTBecause of its high potential for biomass production, adaptation to marginal conditions, and sugar‐rich stalks, sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] has been recognized as a prospective source as biofuel feedstock. Tapping into this potential, however, requires development of distinct varieties and hybrids with enhanced value as feedstock source. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the inheritance of key plant traits associated with biofuel production and (2) to identify new genetic sources that can be used in breeding programs to improve these traits. Six high‐biomass and/or sweet sorghum pollinator genotypes and three grain sorghum seed parents were intercrossed using the Design II mating scheme. The hybrids and their parents were evaluated in three environments in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected on plant height, days to flowering and maturity, biomass, juice yield, Brix, and lodging. General combining ability (GCA) for male parents was highly significant for all traits, and the top pollinators had 85, 34, and 47% higher juice yield, Brix, and biomass, respectively, compared with the overall mean of the hybrids. Specific combining ability effects were also significant but much lower than the variation revealed by GCA among males. Two of the males (PI257602 and PI185672) had the top scores for all traits considered and, hence, are excellent resources for breeding sorghum as biofuel feedstock.
Relatedness and Genotype × Environment Interaction Affect Prediction Accuracies in Genomic Selection: A Study in Cassava
Authors: Ly Delphine , Hamblin Martha , Rabbi Ismail , Melaku Gedil , Bakare Moshood , Gauch Hugh G. , Okechukwu Richardson , Dixon Alfred G.O. , Kulakow Peter , Jannink Jean‐Luc 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTBefore implementation of genomic selection, evaluation of the potential accuracy of prediction can be obtained by cross‐validation. In this procedure, a population with both phenotypes and genotypes is split into training and validation sets. The prediction model is fitted using the training set, and its accuracy is calculated on the validation set. The degree of genetic relatedness between the training and validation sets may influence the expected accuracy as may the genotype × environment (G×E) interaction in those sets. We developed a method to assess these effects and tested it in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). We used historical phenotypic data available from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Genetic Gain trial and performed genotyping by sequencing for these clones. We tested cross‐validation sampling schemes preventing the training and validation sets from sharing (i) genetically close clones or (ii) similar evaluation locations. For 19 traits, plot‐basis heritabilities ranged from 0.04 to 0.66. The correlation between predicted and observed phenotypes ranged from 0.15 to 0.47. Across traits, predicting for less related clones decreased accuracy from 0 to 0.07, a small but consistent effect. For 17 traits, predicting for different locations decreased accuracy between 0.01 and 0.18. Genomic selection has potential to accelerate gains in cassava and the existing training population should give a reasonable estimate of future prediction accuracies.
A parameter-free stabilized finite element method for scalar advection-diffusion problems
Authors: Bochev Pavel , Peterson Kara 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe formulate and study numerically a new, parameter-free stabilized finite element method for advection-diffusion problems. Using properties of compatible finite element spaces we establish connection between nodal diffusive fluxes and one-dimensional diffusion equations on the edges of the mesh. To define the stabilized method we extend this relationship to the advection-diffusion case by solving simplified one-dimensional versions of the governing equations on the edges. Then we use H(curl)-conforming edge elements to expand the resulting edge fluxes into an exponentially fitted flux field inside each element. Substitution of the nodal flux by this new flux completes the formulation of the method. Utilization of edge elements to define the numerical flux and the lack of stabilization parameters differentiate our approach from other stabilized methods. Numerical studies with representative advection-diffusion test problems confirm the excellent stability and robustness of the new method. In particular, the results show minimal overshoots and undershoots for both internal and boundary layers on uniform and non-uniform grids.