bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flexibility in flapping foil suppresses meandering of induced jet in absence of free stream
Authors: Shinde Sachin Y. , Arakeri Jaywant H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThrust-generating flapping foils are known to produce jets inclined to the free stream at high Strouhal numbers$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\mathit{St} = fA/U_{\infty }$, where$f$is the frequency and$A$is the amplitude of flapping and$U_{\infty }$is the free-stream velocity. Our experiments, in the limiting case of$\mathit{St} \rightarrow \infty $(zero free-stream speed), show that a purely oscillatory pitching motion of a chordwise flexible foil produces a coherent jet composed of a reverse Bénard–Kármán vortex street along the centreline, albeit over a specific range of effective flap stiffnesses. We obtain flexibility by attaching a thin flap to the trailing edge of a rigid NACA0015 foil; length of flap is$0.79\, c$where$c$is rigid foil chord length. It is the time-varying deflections of the flexible flap that suppress the meandering found in the jets produced by a pitching rigid foil for zero free-stream condition. Recent experiments (Maraiset al.,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 710, 2012, p. 659) have also shown that the flexibility increases the$\mathit{St}$at which non-deflected jets are obtained. Analysing the near-wake vortex dynamics from flow visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements, we identify the mechanisms by which flexibility suppresses jet deflection and meandering. A convenient characterization of flap deformation, caused by fluid–flap interaction, is through a non-dimensional ‘effective stiffness’,$EI^{*} = 8 \, EI/(\rho \, V_{{{TE_{{max}}}}}^2 \, s_{{{f}}} \, c_{{{f}}}^3/2)$, representing the inverse of the flap deflection due to the fluid-dynamic loading; here,$EI$is the bending stiffness of flap,$\rho $is fluid density,$V_{{{TE_{{max}}}}}$is the maximum velocity of rigid foil trailing edge,$s_{{{f}}}$is span and$c_{{{f}}}$is chord length of the flexible flap. By varying the amplitude and frequency of pitching, we obtain a variation in$EI^{*}$over nearly two orders of magnitude and show that only moderate$EI^{*}\ (0.1 \lesssim EI^{*} \lesssim 1)$generates a sustained, coherent, orderly jet. Relatively ‘stiff’ flaps ($EI^{*} \gtrsim 1$), including the extreme case of no flap, produce meandering jets, whereas highly ‘flexible’ flaps ($EI^{*} \lesssim 0.1$) produce spread-out jets. Obtained from the measured mean velocity fields, we present values of thrust coefficients for the cases for which orderly jets are observed.
Calcium supplementation and bone mineral accretion in Chinese adolescents aged 12–14 years: a 12-month, dose–response, randomised intervention trial
Authors: Ma Xiao-ming , Huang Zhen-wu , Yang Xiao-guang , Su Yi-xiang 
Published: September 2014

A 12-month, dose–response, randomised, intervention trial was conducted to determine adequate Ca intake levels for Chinese adolescents by investigating the effect of Ca supplementation on bone mineral accretion. A total of 220 Han adolescents (111 girls and 109 boys) aged 12–14 years were recruited. All subjects were randomly divided into three groups. The bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of the whole body, lumbar spine (L1–L4), left hip and femoral neck were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Girls in the high-Ca group (actual Ca intake: 1243 (sd193) mg/d) exhibited greater increases in the femoral neck BMC compared with those in the low-Ca group (9·7v. 6·4 %,P =0·04) over the 1-year intervention period. The increases in femoral neck BMC were greater in boys in the high-Ca and medium-Ca groups (actual Ca intake: 985 (sd168) mg/d) than in those in the low-Ca group (15·7v. 11·7 %,P =0·03; 15·8v. 11·7 %,P =0·03). Ca supplementation had significant effects on the whole-body BMC and BMD in subjects with physical activity levels>34·86 metabolic equivalents and on the spine BMD and BMC and BMD of most sites in subjects with Tanner stage < 3. Increasing Ca intake levels with Ca supplementation enhanced femoral neck mineral acquisition in Chinese adolescents. Furthermore, high physical activity levels and low Tanner stage appeared to significantly contribute to the effect of Ca supplementation on bone mass. Whether this is a lasting beneficial effect leading to the optimisation of peak bone mass needs to be determined in other long-term prospective studies.
Cholesterol and egg intakes and the risk of type 2 diabetes: The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study
Authors: Kurotani Kayo , Nanri Akiko , Goto Atsushi , Mizoue Tetsuya , Noda Mitsuhiko , Oba Shino , Sawada Norie , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   for the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group
Published: September 2014

Limited and inconsistent associations between cholesterol and egg consumption and type 2 diabetes risk have been observed in Western countries. In the present study, the association of dietary cholesterol and egg intakes with type 2 diabetes risk was examined prospectively. The study subjects comprised 27 248 men and 36 218 women aged 45–75 years who participated in the second survey of the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study and had no histories of type 2 diabetes or other serious diseases. Dietary cholesterol and egg intakes were estimated using a validated 147-item FFQ. The OR of self-reported, physician-diagnosed type 2 diabetes over 5 years were estimated using multiple logistic regression. A total of 1165 newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes were self-reported. Although dietary cholesterol intake was not associated with type 2 diabetes risk in men, it was found to be associated with a 23 % lower odds of type 2 diabetes risk in women in the highest quartile of intake, albeit not statistically significant, compared with those in the lowest quartile (Ptrend= 0·08). Such risk reduction was somewhat greater among postmenopausal women; the multivariable-adjusted OR for the highest quartile of cholesterol intake compared with the lowest quartile was 0·68 (95 % CI 0·49, 0·94; Ptrend= 0·04). No association between egg intake and type 2 diabetes risk was found in either men or women. In conclusion, higher intake of cholesterol or eggs may not be associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Japanese populations. The observed association between decreased type 2 diabetes risk and higher dietary cholesterol intake in postmenopausal women warrants further investigation.
Noise-induced hearing loss in small-scale metal industry in Nepal
Authors: Whittaker J D , Robinson T , Acharya A , Singh D , Smith M 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackground:There has been no previous research to demonstrate the risk of noise-induced hearing loss in industry in Nepal. Limited research on occupational noise-induced hearing loss has been conducted within small-scale industry worldwide, despite it being a substantial and growing cause of deafness in the developing world.Method:The study involved a cross-sectional audiometric assessment, with questionnaire-based examinations of noise and occupational history, and workplace noise level assessment.Results:A total of 115 metal workers and 123 hotel workers (control subjects) were recruited. Noise-induced hearing loss prevalence was 30.4 per cent in metal workers and 4.1 per cent in hotel workers, with a significant odds ratio of 10.3. Except for age and time in occupation, none of the demographic factors were significant in predicting outcomes in regression analyses. When adjusted for this finding, and previous noise-exposed occupations, the odds ratio was 13.8. Workplace noise was significantly different between the groups, ranging from 65.3 to 84.7 dBA in metal worker sites, and from 51.4 to 68.6 dBA in the control sites.Conclusion:Metal workers appear to have a greater risk of noise-induced hearing loss than controls. Additional research on occupational noise-induced hearing loss in Nepal and small-scale industry globally is needed.
A critique of Samuel Shearn's moral critique of theodicies
Authors: SØVIK ATLE OTTESEN , EIKREM ASLE 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn ‘Moral critique and defence of theodicy’ (2013) Samuel Shearn argues that ambitious theodicies trivialize horrendous suffering in an unacceptable way by reinterpreting evils in a way sufferers do not accept. Against Shearn, the authors of this article will argue that sufferer acceptance should not be used as a criterion for the moral acceptability of what theodicies say about horrendous evils. Also, since theodicy is done in the public square, Shearn does not find it relevant to distinguish between contexts in which it is morally improper to communicate theodicies and those in which it is not. We disagree, and present some arguments as to why making such distinctions is morally relevant. Furthermore Shearn argues that theodicy is self-defeating if it aims to comfort sufferers of horrendous evils. We will critically re-examine the examples used to support his conclusion, and suggest that theodicies do have a comforting function. Finally, Shearn describes the difference between theodicy and anti-theodicy as an aesthetic impasse, rather than a moral issue. Against this, we find good reasons to affirm its predominant moral character.
Simultaneous path planning and trajectory optimization for robotic manipulators using discrete mechanics and optimal control
Authors: Shareef Zeeshan , Trächtler Ansgar 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYIn robotics, path planning and trajectory optimization are usually performed separately to optimize the path from the given starting point to the ending point in the presence of obstacles. In this paper, path planning and trajectory optimization for robotic manipulators are solved simultaneously by a newly developed methodology called Discrete Mechanics and Optimal Control (DMOC). In DMOC, the Lagrange–d'Alembert equation is discretized directly unlike the conventional variational optimization method in which first the Euler–Lagrange equations are derived and then discretization takes place. In this newly developed method, the constraints for optimization of a desired objective function are the forced discrete Euler–Lagrange equations. In this paper, DMOC is used for simultaneous path planning and trajectory optimization for robotic manipulators in the presence of known static obstacles. Two numerical examples, applied on a DELTA parallel robot, are discussed to show the applicability of this new methodology. The optimal results obtained from DMOC are compared with the other state-of-the-art techniques. The difficulties and problems associated in using the DMOC for Parallel Kinematic Machine (PKM) are also discussed in this paper.
A hydrographic framework for marine conservation in Scotland
Authors: McManus John 
Published: September 2014

SynopsisOrganisms and sea floor sediments respond to a number of physical and physico-chemical factors, the understanding of which permits identification of areas with typical and potentially aberrant habitats and deposits. After a resumé of the bathymetry of Scottish water tides, tidal current and residual currents stemming from the circulation in the North Atlantic are examined. The salinity and temperature interrelationships in many areas are summarised in open shelf waters, sea lochs and estuaries. Sea floor sediments commonly reflect reworking of glacial deposits coupled with varying indigenous populations of organisms which contribute skeletal debris to the particulate assemblages characterising the bed.
Grievances and Opportunities: Religious Violence across Political Regimes
Authors: Muchlinski David 
Published: September 2014

AbstractStudies of religious violence have established that when states restrict religious freedom, the probability of religious violence increases. Conventional wisdom holds that religious violence is primarily a result of religious grievances. When religious groups are denied religious freedom, they seek to revise the status quo in their favor though the use of violence. This study challenges this narrative. It finds, rather than being caused only by grievances, religious violence is also fueled by moments of opportunity. Utilizing cross-national data for the years 2008 and 2001–2005, it is found that religious violence occurs most frequently in anocratic regimes marked by weak and decaying state institutions. Hence, the current narrative is incomplete. Studies analyzing religious violence need to consider how various regimes provide or stifle the opportunity for religious actors to engage in violence as well as how those regimes fuel religious violence through restricting religious freedom and increasing religious grievances.
Depression and heart failure associated with clinical COPD questionnaire outcome in primary care COPD patients: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Urff Manon , van den Berg Jan-Willem K , Uil Steven M , Chavannes Niels H , Damoiseaux Roger AMJ 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Background:
Improvement in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is one of the main goals in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Impaired HRQoL in COPD is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, hospitalisations and burden on our health-care system. The Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ) is a validated, reliable, short questionnaire for the evaluation of disease-specific HRQoL in patients with COPD in primary care.

Aims:
To investigate factors that might be associated with CCQ outcome in COPD in a primary care setting.

Methods:
In a population of COPD patients in primary care, multiple regression analyses were used to assess associations between CCQ outcome and depression, heart failure, FEV1% predicted, FEV1/FVC, age, sex, body mass index and current smoking.

Results:
Data from 341 patients (mean age 68.1±10.3, COPD GOLD class I–III) were used for analyses. Together, heart failure and depression explained 23% of the variance in CCQ total score (P<0.001, N=93). Heart failure was most strongly associated with CCQ functional score (27% explained variance, P<0.001, N=100), whereas depression was most strongly associated with CCQ mental score (22% explained variance, P<0.001, N=93).

Conclusions:
CCQ outcomes are higher in COPD patients with heart failure and depression. These findings might imply that heart failure and depression affect HRQoL of patients with COPD, and thus emphasise the importance of a holistic approach of this complex disease, leading to a correct diagnosis of COPD and its comorbidities, to achieve better tailored treatment of chronic patients.
Competitive growth mechanisms of AlN on Si (111) by MOVPE
Authors: Feng Yuxia , Wei Hongyuan , Yang Shaoyan , Chen Zhen , Wang Lianshan , Kong Susu , Zhao Guijuan , Liu Xianglin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTo improve the growth rate and crystal quality of AlN, the competitive growth mechanisms of AlN under different parameters were studied. The mass transport limited mechanism was competed with the gas-phase parasitic reaction and became dominated at low reactor pressure. The mechanism of strain relaxation at the AlN/Si interface was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Improved deposition rate in the mass-transport-limit region and increased adatom mobility were realized under extremely low reactor pressure.
Exocytosis of gliotransmitters from cortical astrocytes: implications for synaptic plasticity and aging
Authors: Lalo Ulyana , Rasooli-Nejad Seyed , Pankratov Yuriy 
Published: September 2014

Maintaining brain function during aging is very important for mental and physical health. Recent studies showed a crucial importance of communication between two major types of brain cells: neurons transmitting electrical signals, and glial cells, which maintain the well-being and function of neurons. Still, the study of age-related changes in neuron–glia signalling is far from complete. We have shown previously that cortical astrocytes are capable of releasing ATP by a quantal soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex-dependent mechanism. Release of ATP from cortical astrocytes can be activated via various pathways, including direct UV-uncaging of intracellular Ca2+or G-protein-coupled receptors. Importantly, release of both ATP and glutamate from neocortical astrocytes was not observed in brain slices of dominant-negative SNARE (dnSNARE) mice, expressing dnSNARE domain selectively in astrocytes. We also discovered that astrocyte-driven ATP can cause significant attenuation of synaptic inhibition in the pyramidal neurons via Ca2+-interaction between the neuronal ATP and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. Furthermore, we showed that astrocyte-derived ATP can facilitate the induction of long-term potentiation of synaptic plasticity in the neocortex. Our recent data have shown that an age-related decrease in the astroglial Ca2+ signalling can cause a substantial decrease in the exocytosis of gliotransmitters, in particular ATP. Age-related impairment of ATP release from cortical astrocytes can cause a decrease in the extent of astroglial modulation of synaptic transmission in the neocortex and can therefore contribute to the age-related impairment of synaptic plasticity and cognitive decline. Combined, our results strongly support the physiological relevance of glial exocytosis for glia–neuron communications and brain function.
The role of neuronal versus astrocyte-derived heparan sulfate proteoglycans in brain development and injury
Authors: Tselnicker Isabella Farhy , Boisvert Matthew M. , Allen Nicola J. 
Published: September 2014

Astrocytes modulate many aspects of neuronal function, including synapse formation and the response to injury. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) mediate some of the effects of astrocytes on synaptic function, and participate in the astrocyte-mediated brain injury response. HSPGs are a highly conserved class of proteoglycans, with variable heparan sulfate (HS) chains that play a major role in determining the function of these proteins, such as binding to growth factors and receptors. Expression of both the core proteins and their HS chains can vary depending on cellular origin, thus the functional impact of HSPGs may be determined by the cell type in which they are expressed. In the brain, HSPGs are expressed by both neurons and astrocytes; however, the specific contribution of neuronal HSPGs compared with astrocyte-derived HSPGs to development and the injury response is largely unknown. The present review examines the current evidence regarding the roles of HSPGs in the brain, describes the cellular origins of HSPGs, and interrogates the roles of HSPGs from astrocytes and neurons in synaptogenesis and injury. The importance of considering cell-type-specific expression of HSPGs when studying brain function is discussed.
Selective filtering defect at the axon initial segment in Alzheimer’s disease mouse models
Authors: Sun Xiaqin , Wu Yu , Gu Mingxue , Liu Zhuo , Ma Yuanlin , Li Jun , Zhang Yan 
Published: September 2014

Significance
It is widely accepted that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related disease that is always associated with later stages of life. However, our data indicates that if carrying familial AD mutations (such as the PS1 mutations examined in this study), neurons are perturbed during development, protein trafficking, protein translocation, and axon initial segment (AIS) subcellular structure formation. Given that AIS is associated with action potential generation and NR2B is highly related to synaptic transmission, we think that this may subsequently lead to many problems associated with misfiring and synaptic transmission in these AD neurons, and may further contribute to AD development and pathology.
The Notion of Expression in Music Criticism
Authors: Alessandri Elena 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Expression is arguably one of the most common and important terms in musical discourse, used as a measure of the aesthetic value of musical performance. But what does it mean for a performance to be expressive or for a performer to play expressively? The difficulty of this question resides in the complexity of the expression phenomenon and in the ambiguity that the word “express” and its correlates can bring to the expression discourses shared in different contexts (e.g. typical listeners, musicians, researchers). This chapter discusses some of the main issues related to the ambiguous usage of the term “expression” in musical parlance through an examination of music critics’ reviews of Beethoven’s 32 piano sonatas. It attempts to clarify what critics mean—or seem to mean—when they talk of expression in music, and how this notion relates to their critical judgements.
A Taxonomy of Listeners’ Judgements of Expressiveness in Music Performance
Authors: Schubert Emery , Fabian Dorottya 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines methods of obtaining listeners’ responses to one or more interpretations of a piece of western classical music. Referring to Gilman’s psychological study of expressiveness, it discusses some of the issues faced by music psychologists when investigating expressiveness in music, and the problem of defining expressiveness. It then examines the various definitions of expression in the music-psychology literature, and proposes a taxonomy that categorizes different kinds of expressiveness according to content (musical, emotional, etc.) and layer (composer, performer). Empirical studies of post-performance listener ratings of recorded performances of a violin composition by Johann Sebastian Bach and continuous rating of different performances of the Hungarian Dance No. 2 by Johannes Brahms are then discussed. Finally, it is argued that music-psychology research will be well served by considering the different kinds of expression that are associated with music, which the chapter lays out systematically from the perspective of the listener.
Implications for Ethnomusicology
Authors: Stock Jonathan P. J. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Ethnomusicologists have a long-held interest in musical expressivity, with general observations as follows. First, musical expression has enduring qualities, even though performances are newly made for each occasion, but change vs. stability is also very typically genre-specific. Second, music’s expressivity emerges in relation to particular personal histories and cultural environments, such that use of apparently similar expressive ingredients may hide divergent aesthetic values. Third, while we can measure certain aspects of expressivity as strategic departures from preconceived sonic norms, cross-cultural comparison remains methodologically challenging. Fourth, many worldwide struggle to talk about musical expressivity or rely entirely on metaphor, such that research across language boundaries is not straightforward. Participation as a musician provides the researcher deep access in settings where actions speak louder than words, but takes us far from the experimental isolation of variables. The account closes with an examination of future prospects for ethnomusicologists, noting opportunities with respect to interdisciplinarity, quantitative and qualitative research techniques, and the rethinking of the concept of expressivity itself.