bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drivers of deep‐water renewal events observed over 13 years in the South Basin of Lake Baikal
Authors: Tsimitri Chrysanthi , Rockel Burkhardt , Wüest Alfred , Budnev Nikolay M. , Sturm Michael , Schmid Martin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLake Baikal, with a depth of 1637 m, is characterized by deep‐water intrusions that bridge the near‐surface layer to the hypolimnion. These episodic events transfer heat and oxygen over large vertical scales and maintain the permanent temperature stratified deep‐water status of the lake. Here we evaluate a series of intrusion events that reached the bottom of the lake in terms of the stratification and the wind conditions under which they occurred and provide a new insight into the triggering mechanisms. We make use of long‐term temperature and current meter data (2000–2013) recorded in the South Basin of the lake combined with wind data produced with a regional downscaling of the global NCEP‐RA1 reanalysis product. A total of 13 events were observed during which near‐surface cold water reached the bottom of the South Basin at 1350 m depth. We found that the triggering mechanism of the events is related to the time of the year that they take place. We categorized the events in three groups: (1) winter events, observed shortly before the complete ice cover of the lake that are triggered by Ekman coastal downwelling, (2) under‐ice events, and (3) spring events, that show no correlation to the wind conditions and are possibly connected to the increased spring outflow of the Selenga River.
Insights from modeling and observational evaluation of a precipitating continental cumulus event observed during the MC3E field campaign
Authors: Mechem David B. , Giangrande Scott E. , Wittman Carly S. , Borque Paloma , Toto Tami , Kollias Pavlos 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA case of shallow cumulus and precipitating cumulus congestus sampled at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Southern Great Plains supersite during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment is analyzed using a multisensor observational approach and numerical simulation. Observations from a new radar suite surrounding the facility are used to characterize the evolving statistical behavior of the precipitating cloud system. This is accomplished using distributions of different measures of cloud geometry and precipitation properties. Large‐eddy simulation (LES) with size‐resolved (bin) microphysics is employed to determine the forcings most important in producing the salient aspects of the cloud system captured in the radar observations. Our emphasis is on assessing the importance of time‐varying versus steady state large‐scale forcing on the model's ability to reproduce the evolutionary behavior of the cloud system. Additional consideration is given to how the characteristic spatial scale and homogeneity of the forcing imposed on the simulation influences the evolution of cloud system properties. Results indicate that several new scanning radar estimates such as distributions of cloud top are useful to differentiate the value of time‐varying (or at least temporally well‐matched) forcing on LES solution fidelity.
Body wave extraction and tomography at Long Beach, California, with ambient‐noise interferometry
Authors: Nakata Nori , Chang Jason P. , Lawrence Jesse F. , Boué Pierre 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe retrieve P diving waves by applying seismic interferometry to ambient‐noise records observed at Long Beach, California, and invert travel times of these waves to estimate 3‐D P wave velocity structure. The ambient noise is recorded by a 2‐D dense and large network, which has about 2500 receivers with 100 m spacing. Compared to surface wave extraction, body wave extraction is a much greater challenge because ambient noise is typically dominated by surface wave energy. For each individual receiver pair, the cross‐correlation function obtained from ambient‐noise data does not show clear body waves. Although we can reconstruct body waves when we stack correlation functions over all receiver pairs, we need to extract body waves at each receiver pair separately for imaging spatial heterogeneity of subsurface structure. Therefore, we employ two filters after correlation to seek body waves between individual receiver pairs. The first filter is a selection filter based on the similarity between each correlation function and the stacked function. After selecting traces containing stronger body waves, we retain about two million correlation functions (35% of all correlation functions) and successfully preserve most of body wave energy in the retained traces. The second filter is a noise suppression filter to enhance coherent energy (body waves here) and suppress incoherent noise in each trace. After applying these filters, we can reconstruct clear body waves from each virtual source. As an application of using extracted body waves, we estimate 3‐D P wave velocities from these waves with travel time tomography. This study is the first body wave tomography result obtained from only ambient noise recorded at the ground surface. The velocity structure estimated from body waves has higher resolution than estimated from surface waves.
Calcium channel blocker attenuated opioid withdrawal syndrome
Authors: Shimatani Tatsutoshi , Adachi Hiroshi , Mihashi Hiroyuki , Usumoto Noriko , Yoshimoto Kohei , Ayukawa Katsuhiko 
Published: January 2015

CaseA 61‐year‐old woman was diagnosed with deep cervical abscess and enlarged mediastinal abscess. These required a protracted period of mechanical ventilation and neck and thoracic drainage surgery with daily wound lavage, necessitating the administration of large amounts of fentanyl and dexmedetomidine. After extubation, fentanyl was discontinued but dexmedetomidine was continued, and she developed hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hyperthermia within several hours; therefore, she was diagnosed with opioid withdrawal syndrome. Her symptoms failed to improve with either an increased dexmedetomidine dose or a diltiazem infusion for symptomatic management. Ultimately, 20 mg nifedipine was given through a nasogastric tube, which led to a resolution of withdrawal symptoms.OutcomeThis is the first case of calcium channel blockers attenuating opioid withdrawal syndrome symptoms in a human.ConclusionCalcium channel blockers might be alternative therapy to refractory opioid withdrawal syndrome. Case accumulation in the future is expected.
Relic photon temperature versus redshift and the cosmic neutrino background
Authors: Hofmann Ralf 
Published: January 2015

Presuming that CMB photons are described by the deconfining phase of an SU(2) Yang‐Mills theory with the critical temperature for the deconfining‐preconfining phase transition matching the present CMB temperature K (SU(2)CMB), we investigate how CMB temperature T connects with the cosmological scale factor a in a Friedmann‐Lemaître‐Robertson‐Walker Universe. Owing to a violation of conformal scaling at late times, the tension between the (instantaneous) redshift of reionisation from CMB observation () and quasar spectra () is repealed. Also, we find that the redshift of CMB decoupling moves from to which questions ΛCDM cosmology at high redshifts. Adapting this model to the conventional physics of three flavours of massless cosmic neutrinos, we demonstrate inconsistency with the value Neff ∼ 3.36 extracted from Planck data. Interactions between cosmic neutrinos and the CMB implies a common temperature T of (no longer separately conserved) CMB and neutrino fluids. Neff ∼ 3.36 then entails a universal, temperature induced cosmic neutrino mass with . Our above results on zre and zdec, derived from SU(2)CMB alone, are essentially unaffected when including such a neutrino sector.
image
Nanometer‐Scale Water‐ and Proton‐Diffusion Heterogeneities across Water Channels in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes
Authors: Song Jinsuk , Han Oc Hee , Han Songi 
Published: January 2015

AbstractNafion, the most widely used polymer for electrolyte membranes (PEMs) in fuel cells, consists of a fluorocarbon backbone and acidic groups that, upon hydration, swell to form percolated channels through which water and ions diffuse. Although the effects of the channel structures and the acidic groups on water/ion transport have been studied before, the surface chemistry or the spatially heterogeneous diffusivity across water channels has never been shown to directly influence water/ion transport. By the use of molecular spin probes that are selectively partitioned into heterogeneous regions of the PEM and Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization relaxometry, this study reveals that both water and proton diffusivity are significantly faster near the fluorocarbon and the acidic groups lining the water channels than within the water channels. The concept that surface chemistry at the (sub)nanometer scale dictates water and proton diffusivity invokes a new design principle for PEMs.
Reversible Rekonfiguration von DNA‐Origami‐Nanosystemen und deren Beobachtung mittels FRET‐Einzelmolekülanalyse
Authors: Saccà Barbara , Ishitsuka Yuji , Meyer Rebecca , Sprengel Andreas , Schöneweiß Elisa‐Charlott , Nienhaus G. Ulrich , Niemeyer Christof M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDie Methoden der DNA‐Nanotechnologie gehören heutzutage zu den am weitesten fortgeschrittenen Verfahren zur räumlich und zeitlich kontrollierten Manipulation chemischer Systeme im Nanometerbereich. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten wir durch eine Kombination von DNA‐Origami‐Strukturen, welche räumlich definiert adressiert werden können, mit schaltbaren und dabei mechanische Bewegung auslösenden DNA‐Motiven neuartige dynamisch rekonfigurierbare DNA‐Nanokapselsysteme erzeugen. Die Dynamik des Systems wurde dabei durch eine reversible Streckung bzw. Kontraktion der zentralen Kavität in der DNA‐Nanostruktur erzeugt und konnte mittels eines distanzabhängigen Energietransfers zwischen zwei in der Struktur integrierten Fluorophoren über FRET‐Einzelmolekülanalysen gemessen werden. Interessanterweise zeigten diese Messungen, dass die Kinetik der einzelnen Umlagerungsprozesse stark von den verwendeten Strukturmotiven und/oder Aktuatorsequenzen abhängig war, wodurch eine besondere Eignung von FRET‐Einzelmolekülanalysen zur Optimierung der Dynamikeigenschaften großer DNA‐Nanostrukturen unterstrichen wird. Dabei glauben wir, dass die hier gezeigten DNA‐Nanosysteme in der Zukunft als Modellstrukturen für artifizielle, biomimetische Kompartimente oder Transportsysteme dienen könnten.
Phosphine‐Initiated Cation Exchange for Precisely Tailoring Composition and Properties of Semiconductor Nanostructures: Old Concept, New Applications
Authors: Gui Jing , Ji Muwei , Liu Jiajia , Xu Meng , Zhang Jiatao , Zhu Hesun 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPhosphine‐initiated cation exchange is a well‐known inorganic chemistry reaction. In this work, different phosphines have been used to modulate the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the cation exchange reaction to synthesize complex semiconductor nanostructures. Besides preserving the original shape and size, phosphine‐initiated cation exchange reactions show potential to precisely tune the crystallinity and composition of metal/semiconductor core–shell and doped nanocrystals. Furthermore, systematic studies on different phosphines and on the elementary reaction mechanisms have been performed.
Linking Deltahedral Zintl Clusters with Conjugated Organic Building Blocks: Synthesis and Characterization of the Zintl Triad [R‐Ge9‐CHCHCHCH‐Ge9‐R]4−
Authors: Bentlohner Manuel M. , Klein Wilhelm , Fard Zohreh H. , Jantke Laura‐Alice , Fässler Thomas F. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe accessibility of triads with deltahedral Zintl clusters in analogy to fullerene–linker–fullerene triads is another example for the close relationship between fullerenes and Zintl clusters. The compound {[K(2.2.2‐crypt)]4[RGe9‐CHCHCHCH‐Ge9R]}(toluene)2 (R=(2Z,4E)‐7‐amino‐5‐aza‐hepta‐2,4‐dien‐2‐yl), containing two deltahedral [Ge9] clusters linked by a conjugated (1Z,3Z)‐buta‐1,3‐dien‐1,4‐diyl bridge, was synthesized through the reaction of 1,4‐bis(trimethylsilyl)butadiyne with K4Ge9 in ethylenediamine and crystallized after the addition of 2.2.2‐cryptand and toluene. The compound was characterized by single‐crystal structure analysis as well asNMR and IR spectroscopy.
Fluorescence Microscopy Visualization of Contacts Between Objects
Authors: Suhina Tomislav , Weber Bart , Carpentier Chantal E. , Lorincz Kinga , Schall Peter , Bonn Daniel , Brouwer Albert M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe area of contact between two objects was detected by using the strong enhancement of the fluorescence of rigidochromic probe molecules attached to one of the surfaces. Confinement of the molecules suppresses nonradiative decay and turns on the fluorescence. The approach is demonstrated by imaging of the contact area of a plastic sphere in contact with a flat glass surface. Our results agree excellently with the prediction of Hertz’s classical theory based on elastic deformation.
Probing Bis‐FeIV MauG: Experimental Evidence for the Long‐Range Charge‐Resonance Model
Authors: Geng Jiafeng , Davis Ian , Liu Aimin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe biosynthesis of tryptophan tryptophylquinone, a protein‐derived cofactor, involves a long‐range reaction mediated by a bis‐FeIV intermediate of a diheme enzyme, MauG. Recently, a unique charge‐resonance (CR) phenomenon was discovered in this intermediate, and a biological, long‐distance CR model was proposed. This model suggests that the chemical nature of the bis‐FeIV species is not as simple as it appears; rather, it is composed of a collection of resonance structures in a dynamic equilibrium. Here, we experimentally evaluated the proposed CR model by introducing small molecules to, and measuring the temperature dependence of, bis‐FeIV MauG. Spectroscopic evidence was presented to demonstrate that the selected compounds increase the decay rate of the bis‐FeIV species by disrupting the equilibrium of the resonance structures that constitutes the proposed CR model. The results support this new CR model and bring a fresh concept to the classical CR theory.
Anomalous Nuclear Overhauser Effects in Carbon‐Substituted Aziridines: Scalar Cross‐Relaxation of the First Kind
Authors: Kuprov Ilya , Hodgson David M. , Kloesges Johannes , Pearson Christopher I. , Odell Barbara , Claridge Timothy D. W. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAnomalous NOESY cross‐peaks that cannot be explained by dipolar cross‐relaxation or chemical exchange are described for carbon‐substituted aziridines. The origin of these is identified as scalar cross‐relaxation of the first kind, as demonstrated by a complete theoretical description of this relaxation process and by computational simulation of the NOESY spectra. It is shown that this process relies on the stochastic modulation of J‐coupling by conformational transitions, which in the case of aziridines arise from inversion at the nitrogen center. The observation of scalar cross‐relaxation between protons does not appear to have been previously reported for NOESY spectra. Conventional analysis would have assigned the cross‐peaks as being indicative of a chemical exchange process occurring between correlated spins, were it not for the fact that the pairs of nuclei displaying them cannot undergo such exchange.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Monodisperse Poly(ethylene glycols) and Derivatives through Macrocyclization of Oligo(ethylene glycols)
Authors: Zhang Hua , Li Xuefei , Shi Qiuyan , Li Yu , Xia Guiquan , Chen Long , Yang Zhigang , Jiang Zhong‐Xing 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA macrocyclic sulfate (MCS)‐based approach to monodisperse poly(ethylene glycols) (M‐PEGs) and their monofunctionalized derivatives has been developed. Macrocyclization of oligo(ethylene glycols) (OEGs) provides MCS (up to a 62‐membered macrocycle) as versatile precursors for a range of monofunctionalized M‐PEGs. Through iterative nucleophilic ring‐opening reactions of MCS without performing group protection and activation, a series of M‐PEGs, including the unprecedented 64‐mer (2850 Da), can be readily prepared. Synthetic simplicity coupled with versatility of this new strategy may pave the way for broader applications of M‐PEGs.
Toward robust history matching of a giant carbonate gas‐condensate reservoir
Authors: Ghadami Nader , Rasaei M. Reza , Hejri Shahab 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCarbonate reservoirs are highly heterogeneous and require considerable effort to characterize and model. This is because of complex depositional and diagenetic processes involved in their formation.This paper presents and discusses a systematic methodology that leads to a sound full‐field dynamic model such that its behavior is closed to the field historical records without much interfering the model. The methodology was applied to a giant carbonate gas‐condensate reservoir characterized by several heterogeneous layers. Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy studies were performed to capture the heterogeneity and selection of geological zones and subzones.Prior to construction of the field simulation model, single‐well modeling was conducted and tuned to well test data to target several objectives. These included evaluation of formation capacity (kh) and skin factor/non‐Darcy effect as deducted from a match to drill stem test (DST) results. The effect of skin factor (S) and non‐Darcy coefficient (D) on flow performance in the framework of sensitivity analysis was followed. Boost factors were obtained to upscale the core averaged kh to that of well test and used in the full‐field dynamic model.The dynamic model was upscaled using production logging tool/DST data and incorporating the concept of hydraulic flow zone unit. The objective of tracking model coherency throughout the upscaling process was followed. The initial gas in place closely matched that of the static model. With the approach used in the current work, the data matching process took minimum effort. In addition, the model although of a relatively considerable size required short computing time for all forecast scenarios. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of alginate beads filled with nanohydroxyapatite: An efficient approach for fluoride sorption
Authors: Pandi Kalimuthu , Viswanathan Natrayasamy 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTNanohydroxyapatite (n‐HAp) powder is a promising adsorbent material with high defluoridation capacity (DC); however, it causes pressure drop during field applications. To overcome such problems and utilize the advantages of n‐HAp, it is aimed to prepare n‐HAp in a usable bead form with the support of alginate (Alg) biopolymer. n‐HApAlgLa composite beads were synthesized by introducing n‐HAp powder in Alg polymeric gel, and the resulting solution was dropped into La3+ ions for crosslinking. Defluoridation experiments were carried out in batch mode to optimize various influencing parameters like contact time, pH, challenger anions, initial fluoride concentrations, and temperature. The beads were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray analyzer analysis. The sorption process was explained using diverse isotherms and kinetic models. The values of thermodynamic parameters indicate that the nature of fluoride is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. In field studies, n‐HApAlgLa beads reduce the fluoride concentration below the tolerance limit. The regeneration and reusability studies were proposed to effectively use the sorbent. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41937.
Taxation Challenges in Developing Countries
Authors: Carnahan Michael 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA well‐functioning revenue system is a necessary condition for strong, sustained and inclusive economic development. However, the revenue systems in some developing countries have fundamental shortcomings. Using Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability assessment data, this article provides a summary of the revenue raising capabilities across 58 developing countries. Tax reforms or tax system changes need to be made mindful of that current capacity. The optimal choice of tax regime may be different when administrative capacity is low. The increasing globalisation of economic activity adds a further layer of complexity that developing countries need to manage in building and maintaining their revenue systems. Finally, any proposals to change the revenue system in a developing country need to recognise that, like developed countries, tax reforms are highly political endeavours.
Why Does the Government Fail to Improve the Living Conditions of Migrant Workers in Shanghai? Reflections on the Policies and the Implementations of Public Rental Housing under Neoliberalism
Authors: Shen Yang 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHow to get affordable housing is the primary concern of many peasant migrants working in Shanghai. Although the central government has issued a series of policies regarding migrant housing in recent years, they are merely rhetoric and incapable to meet migrant workers' needs. This article aims to interrogate why the public housing policy cannot solve migrant housing problems and what neoliberalism means in housing provision. It is argued that the neoliberal approaches embedded in public rental housing implementation show that the government prioritises public rental housing for the middle class, which is considered important to the economy, and ignores the others. The prioritisation gives rise to the failure of providing affordable housing to peasant migrant workers. Living in safe and affordable housing is vital to their well‐being and the sustainable economic growth in urban China. Policy advice is addressed in the conclusion.
Globalisation in Viet Nam: An Opportunity for Social Mobility?
Authors: Brand‐Weiner Ian , Francavilla Francesca , Olivari Mattia 
Published: January 2015

AbstractViet Nam's Doi Moi reforms opened the economy to the world and set structural transformations and society in motion. In this context, a relevant question is whether structural transformation has created new employment opportunities and facilitated upwards social mobility. Social mobility, captured by labour and income mobility, is a useful concept to measure the extent to which opportunities exist in a society. Using panel data, this article finds that Viet Nam's labour market shows some flexibility, but does not follow a clear trend. An expected predominance of the industrial and service sectors and wage employment could not be found. The income distribution is open, and four fifths of the households change their position. In essence, income mobility continues to follow traditional patterns: agriculture is still key to advance households' well‐being, especially in times of uncertainty. The structural changes are still not an important driving force for income mobility.