bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of railway tunnels in the Czech Republic using modern tunnelling methods / Die Entwicklung von Eisenbahntunneln in der Tschechischen Republik mit modernen Tunnelvortriebsverfahren
Authors: Mar̆ík Libor , Hasík Otakar 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe density of the railway network in the Czech Republic is 122 km/1, 000 km2, among the highest in Europe. Despite the fact that the surface relief cannot be compared to that of Alpine countries, the development of tunnels has been inherently associated with the development of railways in our country. The first railway tunnels were driven as early as 1845 and the number grew to 109 by 1900. At the end of World War II in 1945, 100 years after the construction of the first tunnel, there were 143 railway tunnels in our republic. After the assumption of power by the communist regime, the development of tunnels stagnated and the Iron Curtain prevented even the opportunity for contacts with engineers in countries with developed tunnel construction and engineering. Modern tunnelling methods were only employed after the Velvet Revolution in 1989, when the intention to incorporate the Czech Republic into the European infrastructure initiated the development of railway transit corridors. The corridors are selected railway routes where higher speeds are possible than on our current railway network, the majority of which runs on tracks from the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, and entailed modification of horizontal and vertical alignments.Die Dichte des Eisenbahnnetzes in der Tschechischen Republik beträgt 122 km pro 1.000 km2 und es ist damit eines der dichtesten in Europa. Trotz der Tatsache, dass die topografischen Gegebenheiten nicht mit denen der Alpenländer verglichen werden können, ist die Entwicklung von Tunneln untrennbar mit der Entwicklung der Eisenbahn in der tschechischen Republik verbunden. Die ersten Eisenbahntunnel wurden bereits 1845 aufgefahren und die Zahl wuchs auf 109 im Jahr 1900 an. Am Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges im Jahre 1945, 100 Jahre nach dem Bau des ersten Tunnels, gab es 143 Eisenbahntunnel. Nach der Machtübernahme durch das kommunistische Regime stagnierte die Entwicklung der Tunnel und der Eiserne Vorhang verhinderte sogar die Möglichkeit von Kontakten mit Ingenieuren in Ländern mit einer weiter entwickelten Tunnel‐ und Maschinenbauindustrie. Moderne Tunnelvortriebsmethoden kamen erst nach der friedlichen Revolution 1989 zur Anwendung, als das Bestreben, die Tschechische Republik in die europäische Infrastruktur zu integrieren, zur Entwicklung von Transitkorridoren für die Eisenbahn führte. Die Korridore sind ausgewählte Bahnstrecken, auf denen höhere Geschwindigkeiten möglich sind als auf dem derzeitigen Schienennetz. Die Mehrzahl verläuft auf Trassen aus dem 19. Jahrhundert und aus der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, und bedingten daher Änderungen bezüglich der horizontalen und vertikalen Trassierung.
Independent confirmation of global land warming without the use of station temperatures
Authors: Compo Gilbert P. , Sardeshmukh Prashant D. , Whitaker Jeffrey S. , Brohan Philip , Jones Philip D. , McColl Chesley 
Published: April 2013

AbstractConfidence in estimates of anthropogenic climate change is limited by known issues with air temperature observations from land stations. Station siting, instrument changes, changing observing practices, urban effects, land cover, land use variations, and statistical processing have all been hypothesized as affecting the trends presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and others. Any artifacts in the observed decadal and centennial variations associated with these issues could have important consequences for scientific understanding and climate policy. We use a completely different approach to investigate global land warming over the 20th century. We have ignored all air temperature observations and instead inferred them from observations of barometric pressure, sea surface temperature, and sea‐ice concentration using a physically based data assimilation system called the 20th Century Reanalysis. This independent data set reproduces both annual variations and centennial trends in the temperature data sets, demonstrating the robustness of previous conclusions regarding global warming.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma nodal surgery directed by a preoperative radiographic map utilizing CT scan and ultrasound in all primary and reoperative patients
Authors: Lesnik David , Cunnane Mary Elizabeth , Zurakowski David , Acar Gul Ozbilen , Ecevit Cenk , Mace Alasdair , Kamani Dipti , Randolph Gregory W. 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundTo study the diagnostic accuracy of physical examination (PE), ultrasonography (US), contrastenhanced computed tomography (CT) and in preoperative detection of macroscopic nodal metastasis in primary/recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients to determine if the routine addition of CT would be beneficial in accurate preoperative lymph‐node surgery planning.MethodsIn a tertiary center prospective study, 162 PTC patients underwent preoperative lymph‐node evaluation by PE, US, and CT. Sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative predictive value (PPV/NPV) of each nodal detection technique were calculated in central/lateral cervical compartments. The gold standard for diagnostic‐accuracy was surgical pathology.ResultsIn patients undergoing primary (Group I)/revision (Group II) surgical treatment for PTC, combined US/CT yielded significantly higher sensitivity for macroscopic lymph‐node detection in both lateral and central neck, most marked in Group I‐central compartment.ConclusionsCombined preoperative US/CT provides reliable, objective, preoperative macroscopic nodal metastasis map to design rational nodal surgery in primary/revision PTC patients. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 191–202, 2014
Internet‐mediated physician–patient interaction focusing on extracranial hemangiomas and vascular malformations
Authors: Wiegand Susanne , Marggraf Johannes , Wilhelm Thomas , Eivazi Behfar , Werner Jochen A. 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundInternet‐mediated communication in health care is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this study was to analyze internet‐mediated physician–patient interaction in an angioma center.MethodsPatient‐related e‐mails received between January 2002 and June 2009 were retrospectively analyzed regarding the diagnosis of hemangiomas or vascular malformations. Additionally, the visitors' statistics of the corresponding website ‘‘www.angiome.de” was evaluated.ResultsFive hundred forty‐eight e‐mails matched the criteria of the study. From 2002 to 2008, the number of messages registered annually increased by a factor of 20 and the average number of e‐mails per patient tripled. The number of new patients contacting the center via e‐mail increased from 12 to 72 per year. The website ‘‘www.angiome.de” was visited 8490 times in 2008 and 13,291 times in 2009.ConclusionThe presence of the internet is relevant to get in touch with new patients and to provide information for nonprofessionals and experts especially in diseases with low incidence. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 187–190, 2014
Cancer of the head and neck region in solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Rabinovics Naomi , Mizrachi Aviram , Hadar Tuvia , Ad‐El Dean , Feinmesser Raphael , Guttman Dan , Shpitzer Thomas , Bachar Gideon 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundSolid organ recipients are at an increased risk of developing various malignancies. We investigated the incidence, clinical features, and outcome of patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer after organ transplantation.MethodsA retrospective analysis was undertaken of patients who underwent solid organ transplantation (kidney, liver, lung, heart) treated at our institution from 1992 to 2010.ResultsOf 2817 organ recipients, 175 patients (6.1%) developed 391 head and neck malignancies. Cutaneous malignancies were the most common (93%): squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; 51%) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC; 42%). The average interval from transplantation to diagnosis of head and neck malignancy was 7.3 years, with liver recipients diagnosed earlier. Eighteen percent of patients presented with an aggressive pattern of head and neck cancer, including 24% of patients with cutaneous SCC.ConclusionOrgan transplantation recipients are at a higher risk to develop head and neck cancer with an aggressive behavior characterized by multiple recurrences and decreased survival. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 181–186, 2014
Development of aquatic toxicity benchmarks for oil products using species sensitivity distributions
Authors: Barron Mace G , Hemmer Michael J , Jackson Crystal R 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Determining the sensitivity of a diversity of species to spilled oil and chemically dispersed oil continues to be a significant challenge in spill response and impact assessment. We used standardized tests from the literature to develop species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) of acute aquatic toxicity values for several petroleum products and 2 Corexit oil dispersants. Fifth percentile hazard concentrations (HC5s) were computed from the SSDs and used to assess relative oil product toxicity and in evaluating the feasibility of establishing toxicity benchmarks for a community of species. The sensitivity of mysids (Americamysis bahia) and silversides (Menidia beryllina) were evaluated within the SSDs to determine if these common test species were appropriate surrogates for a broader range of species. In general, SSD development was limited by the availability of acute toxicity values that met standardization criteria for a diversity of species. Pooled SSDs were also developed for crude oil and Corexit dispersants because there was only small variability in the HC5s among the individual oil or dispersant products. The sensitivity of mysids and silversides varied across the oil and dispersant products, with the majority of toxicity values greater than the HC5. Application of SSDs appears to be a reasonable approach to developing oil product toxicity benchmarks, but additional toxicity data are needed for a larger range of species conducted under standardized test conditions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:610–615. © 2013 SETAC
Enabling in vivo measurements of nanoparticle concentrations with three‐dimensional optoacoustic tomography
Authors: Tsyboulski Dmitri A. , Liopo Anton V. , Su Richard , Ermilov Sergey A. , Bachilo Sergei M. , Weisman R. Bruce , Oraevsky Alexander A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this report, we demonstrate the feasibility of using optoacoustic tomography (OAT) to evaluate biodistributions of nanoparticles in animal models. The redistribution of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was visualized in living mice. Nanoparticle concentrations in harvested organs were measured spectroscopically using the intrinsic optical absorption and fluorescence of SWCNTs. Observed increases in optoacoustic signal brightness in tissues were compared with increases in optical absorption coefficients caused by SWCNT accumulation. The methodology presented in this report can further be extended to calibrate the sensitivity of an optoacoustic imaging system for a range of changes in optical absorption coefficient values at specific locations or organs in a mouse body to enable noninvasive measurements of nanoparticle concentrations in vivo. Additionally, qualitative information provided by OAT and quantitative information obtained ex vivo may provide valuable feedback for advancing methods of quantitative analysis with OAT. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ubiquitin E3 ligase Wwp1 negatively regulates osteoblast function by inhibiting osteoblast differentiation and migration
Authors: Shu Lei , Zhang Hengwei , Boyce Brendan F , Xing Lianping 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

Ubiquitin E3 ligase-mediated protein degradation promotes proteasomal degradation of key positive regulators of osteoblast functions. For example, the E3 ligases—SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (Smurf1), Itch, and WW domain–containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (Wwp1)—promote degradation of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), transcription factor jun-B (JunB), and chemokine (C-X-C) receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) proteins to inhibit their functions. However, the role of E3 ligases in age-associated bone loss is unknown. We found that the expression level of Wwp1, but not Smurf1 or Itch, was significantly increased in CD45-negative (CD45−) bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells from 6-month-old and 12-month-old wild-type (WT) mice. Wwp1 knockout (Wwp1−/−) mice developed increased bone mass as they aged, associated with increased bone formation rates and normal bone resorption parameters. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) from Wwp1−/− mice formed increased numbers and areas of alkaline phosphatase+ and Alizarin red+ nodules and had increased migration potential toward chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) gradients. Runx2, JunB, and CXCR-4 protein levels were significantly increased in Wwp1−/− BMSCs. Wwp1−/− BMSCs had increased amount of ubiquitinated JunB protein, but Runx2 ubiquitination was no change. Knocking down JunB in Wwp1−/− BMSCs returned Runx2 protein levels to that in WT cells. Thus, Wwp1 negatively regulates osteoblast functions by affecting both their migration and differentiation. Mechanisms designed to decrease Wwp1 levels in BMSCs may represent a new approach to prevent the decrease in osteoblastic bone formation associated with aging.
Bone stiffness and failure load are related with clinical parameters in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Romme Elisabeth APM , Rutten Erica PA , Geusens Piet , de Jong Joost JA , van Rietbergen Bert , Smeenk Frank WJM , Wouters Emiel FM , van den Bergh Joop PW 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

Osteoporosis is frequently seen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Because research on bone structure and bone strength in COPD patients is limited, the objectives of this pilot study were as follows: (1) to compare bone structure, stiffness, and failure load, measured at the peripheral skeleton, between men with and without COPD after stratification for areal bone mineral density (aBMD); and (2) to relate clinical parameters with bone stiffness and failure load in men with COPD. We included 30 men with COPD (normal aBMD, n = 18; osteoporosis, n = 12) and 17 men without COPD (normal aBMD, n = 9; osteoporosis, n = 8). We assessed pack-years of smoking, body mass index (BMI), fat free mass index (FFMI), pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1], FEV1/forced vital capacity [FVC], diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide [DLCO], and transfer coefficient for carbon monoxide [KCO]), and extent of emphysema. Bone structure of the distal radius and tibia was assessed by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT), and bone stiffness and failure load of the distal radius and tibia were estimated from micro finite element analysis (µFEA). After stratification for aBMD and COPD, men with osteoporosis showed abnormal bone structure (p &lt; 0.01), lower bone stiffness (p &lt; 0.01), and lower failure load (p &lt; 0.01) compared with men with normal aBMD, and men with COPD had comparable bone structure, stiffness, and failure load compared with men without COPD. In men with COPD, lower FFMI was related with lower bone stiffness, and failure load of the radius and tibia and lower DLCO and KCO were related with lower bone stiffness and failure load of the tibia after normalization with respect to femoral neck aBMD. Thus, this pilot study could not detect differences in bone structure, stiffness, and failure load between men with and without COPD after stratification for aBMD. FFMI and gas transfer capacity of the lung were significantly related with bone stiffness and failure load in men with COPD after normalization with respect to femoral neck aBMD. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Enhancing the Color Rendering Index for Phosphor‐converted White LEDs Using Cadmium‐Free CuInS2/ZnS QDs
Authors: Chuang Po‐Hsiang , Lin Chun Che , Yang Heesun , Liu Ru‐Shi 
Published: April 2013

AbstractCuInS2 (CIS) I‐III‐VI‐type quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized under different growth times by the facile solvothermal method. Emission wavelengths showed a deep red region (630 ‐ 650 nm) with low quantum yields (QYs). The core CIS was effectively passivated by the coating layer of ZnS, thereby remarkably increasing the QYs (48% and 82%) and causing the blue shift of the emission band (580 ‐ 623 nm). Red‐emitting CIS/ZnS QDs that were blended with Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ phosphor‐based white light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) were further demonstrated. The color rendering index of white LEDs was improved (Ra = 86) by using red‐emitting CIS/ZnS QDs with broader spectra. The optical properties were evaluated under various forward currents; these properties included the electroluminescence spectra and luminous efficiency of CIS/ZnS QDs‐assisted white LEDs. These results clearly showed that CIS/ZnS QDs are promising candidates for application in white LEDs.
Base‐Promoted Selective Activation of Benzylic Carbon‐Hydrogen Bonds of Toluenes with Rhodium(III) Porphyrin Chloride: Synthetic Scopes and Mechanism
Authors: Choi Kwong Shing , Chiu Peng Fai , Chan Chung Sum , Chan Kin Shing 
Published: April 2013

AbstractToluenes underwent base‐promoted selective benzylic carbon‐hydrogen bond activation (CHA) with rhodium porphyrin chlorides (Rh(por)Cl). In the absence of nucleophilic base, both aryl and benzylic rhodium porphyrins were formed. In the presence of nucleophilic base, the selectivity, rates and functional group compatibilities of benzylic activation reactions were enhanced. K2CO3 was found to be the optimal base to achieve the best yields. Ortho‐, meta‐ and para‐substituted toluenes in the presence of K2CO3 yielded the corresponding rhodium porphyrin benzyls in high yields both in solvent‐free conditions and in benzene solvent. Mechanistically, in the absence of nucleophilic base, a cationic rhodium(III) porphyrin species together with some rhodium(II) porphyrin are the most likely intermediates to account both the aryl and benzylic CHA. In the presence of a base, Rh(por)OH is generated by ligand substitution with Rh(por)Cl and rapidly undergoes reduction to give rhodium(II) porphyin dimer and H2O2. The key rhodium porphyrin intermediates for benzylic CHA were found to be rhodium(II) porphyrin dimer and hydrides as observed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, which underwent parallel benzylic CHA reactions with the rhodium(II) porphyrin dimer being the more reactive intermediate.
Nano‐Gold Modified Genosensor for Direct Detection of DNA Hybridization
Authors: Mousavi‐Sani Seyedeh Zeinab , Raoof Jahan Bakhsh , Ojani Reza , Hamidi‐Asl Ezat 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this paper, nano‐gold modified carbon paste electrode (NGMCPE) was employed to develop an electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensor. The proposed sensor was made up by immobilization of 15‐mer single stranded oligonucleotide probe for detection of target DNA. Hybridization detection relies on the alternation in guanine oxidation signal following hybridization of the probe with complementary genomic DNA. The guanine oxidation was monitored using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Different factors such as activation potential, activation time and probe immobilization conditions were optimized. The selectivity of the sensor was investigated by non‐complementary oligonucleotides. Diagnostic performance of the biosensor was described and the detection limit was found 1.9 × 10−13 M at the NGMCPE surface. All of the investigations were performed in both CPE and NGMCPE and finally their results were compared.
Depletion of Water Molecules Near the End Stage of Steric Zipper Formation
Authors: Cheng Hsin‐Mei , Huang William Y. C. , Tsai Tim W. T. , Mou Yun , Chao John Chin Hao , Chan Jerry C. C. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSteric zipper refers to a structural motif where the residues of two neighboring beta‐sheet layers are tightly interdigitated. Recently, steric zippers have been proposed as the fundamental structural units of amyloid fibrils. The steric zipper formed by polypeptides containing the palindromic sequence AGAAAAGA may have considerable biological relevance because the fragment AGAAAAGA is highly conserved in prion proteins of different species. The fibril core formed by AGAAAAGA has a distinctive structural feature that the distance between two interdigitated beta‐sheet layers is comparable to the inter‐strand distance of the individual beta sheet. In this work, the amyloid fibrils formed by the polypeptides of PrP(113‐127), viz. Ac‐AGAAAAGAVVGGLGG‐NH2, are taken as the model compound for the solid‐state NMR study of the formation of steric zipper. Near the end stage of the zipper formation, the NMR data show that there is a layer of water molecules trapped in between the two closely stacking β‐sheet layers. The zipper formation is completed upon the depletion of the water molecules between the interdigitated β‐sheet layers. On the basis of the NMR measurements and molecular dynamics simulations, we suggest that the residues A118 of the two neighboring beta sheets would first come into contact upon the zipper formation.
Coupled economic‐coastline modeling with suckers and free riders
Authors: Williams Zachary C. , McNamara Dylan E. , Smith Martin D. , Murray A Brad. , Gopalakrishnan Sathya 
Published: April 2013

AbstractShoreline erosion is a natural trend along most sandy coastlines. Humans often respond to shoreline erosion with beach nourishment to maintain coastal property values. Locally extending the shoreline through nourishment alters alongshore sediment transport and changes shoreline dynamics in adjacent coastal regions. If left unmanaged, sandy coastlines can have spatially complex or simple patterns of erosion due to the relationship of large‐scale morphology and the local wave climate. Using a numerical model that simulates spatially decentralized and locally optimal nourishment decisions characteristic of much of U.S. East Coast beach management, we find that human erosion intervention does not simply reflect the alongshore erosion pattern. Spatial interactions generate feedbacks in economic and physical variables that lead to widespread emergence of “free riders” and “suckers” with subsequent inequality in the alongshore distribution of property value. Along cuspate coastlines, such as those found along the U.S. Southeast Coast, these long‐term property value differences span an order of magnitude. Results imply that spatially decentralized management of nourishment can lead to property values that are divorced from spatial erosion signals; this management approach is unlikely to be optimal.