bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling MESSENGER observations of calcium in Mercury's exosphere
Authors: Burger Matthew H. , Killen Rosemary M. , McClintock William E. , Vervack Ronald J. , Merkel Aimee W. , Sprague Ann L. , Sarantos Menelaos 
Published: November 2012

The Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) on the MESSENGER spacecraft has made the first high‐spatial‐resolution observations of exospheric calcium at Mercury. We use a Monte Carlo model of the exosphere to track the trajectories of calcium atoms ejected from the surface until they are photoionized, escape from the system, or stick to the surface. This model permits an exploration of exospheric source processes and interactions among neutral atoms, solar radiation, and the planetary surface. The MASCS data have suggested that a persistent, high‐energy source of calcium that was enhanced in the dawn, equatorial region of Mercury was active during MESSENGER's three flybys of Mercury and during the first seven orbits for which MASCS obtained data. The total Ca source rate from the surface varied between 1.2 × 1023 and 2.6 × 1023 Ca atoms s−1, if its temperature was 50,000 K. The origin of this high‐energy, asymmetric source is unknown, although from this limited data set it does not appear to be consistent with micrometeoroid impact vaporization, ion sputtering, electron‐stimulated desorption, or vaporization at dawn of material trapped on the cold nightside.
Tailored second-line therapy in asthmatic children with the Arg16 genotype
Authors: Lipworth Brian J. , Basu Kaninika , Donald Helen P. , Tavendale Roger , Macgregor Donald F. , Ogston Simon A. , Palmer Colin N. A. , Mukhopadhyay Somnath 
Published: November 2012

The Arg16 β2 receptor genotype confers increased susceptibility to exacerbations in asthmatic children taking regular LABA (long-acting β2 agonists). We therefore evaluated using montelukast as an alternative to salmeterol as tailored second-line asthma controller therapy in children expressing this susceptible genotype. A total of 62 persistent asthmatic children with the homozygous Arg16 genotype were randomized to receive salmeterol (50 μg, b.i.d.) or montelukast (5 or 10 mg, once daily) as an add-on to inhaled fluticasone for 1 year. School absences (the primary outcome) were reduced with montelukast compared with salmeterol {difference in score=−0.40 [95% CI (confidence interval), −0.22 to −0.58]; P=0.005}. Salbutamol use was also reduced with montelukast compared with salmeterol [difference in score=−0.47 (95% CI, −0.16 to −0.79); P&lt;0.0001]. Greater improvements occurred in both symptom and quality of life scores with montelukast against salmeterol, whereas there was no difference in FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s). In conclusion, montelukast may be suitable as tailored second-line controller therapy instead of salmeterol in asthmatic children expressing the susceptible Arg16 genotype, a move towards a personalized medicine approach to management.
Taking Stock and Taking Steps: The Case for an Adolescent Version of the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability
Authors: Viljoen JodiL. , Cruise KeithR. , Nicholls ToniaL. , Desmarais SarahL. , Webster ChristopherD. 
Published: November 2012

The field of violence risk assessment has matured considerably, possibly advancing beyond its own adolescence. At this point in the field's evolution, it is more important than ever for the development of any new device to be accompanied by a strong rationale and the capacity to provide a unique contribution. With this issue in mind, we first take stock of the field of adolescent risk assessment in order to describe the rapid progress that this field has made, as well as the gaps that led us to adapt the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START; Webster, Martin, Brink, Nicholls, & Desmarais, 2009) for use with adolescents. We view the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability: Adolescent Version (START:AV; Nicholls, Viljoen, Cruise, Desmarais, & Webster, 2010; Viljoen, Cruise, Nicholls, Desmarais, & Webster, in progress) as complementing other risk measures in four primary ways: 1) rather than focusing solely on violence risk, it examines broader adverse outcomes to which some adolescents are vulnerable (including self-harm, suicide, victimization, substance abuse, unauthorized leave, self-neglect, general offending); 2) it places a balanced emphasis on adolescents’ strengths and vulnerabilities; 3) it focuses on dynamic factors that are relevant to short-term assessment, risk management, and treatment planning; and 4) it is designed for both mental health and justice populations. We describe the developmentally-informed approach we took in the adaptation of the START for adolescents, and outline future steps for the continuing validation and refinement of the START:AV.
Near-field interactions in electric inductive–capacitive resonators for metamaterials
Authors: Withayachumnankul Withawat , Fumeaux Christophe , Abbott Derek 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Near-field interactions in an array of electric inductive–capacitive (ELC) resonators are investigated analytically, numerically and experimentally. The measurement and simulation results show that inter-cell coupling plays an important role in determining the response of metamaterials. A quasistatic dipole–dipole interaction model, together with a Lagrangian formalism, quantitatively explains the interplay between the electric and magnetic couplings in the resonator array. Depending on the alignment of the resonators, the couplings can cause resonance shifting and/or splitting. The knowledge obtained from this study is crucial in designing metamaterials with ELC resonators.
The manipulation of an unstarting supersonic flow by plasma actuator
Authors: Im S , Do H , Cappelli M A 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The manipulation of an unstarting supersonic flow is demonstrated using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). Experiments are carried out in a Mach 4.7 model inlet flow. Flow features, such as boundary layers and shockwaves at low freestream static pressure (1 kPa) and temperature (60 K) are visualized with Rayleigh scattering from condensed CO2 particles. Flow unstart, initiated by mass injection, is studied for three model inlet flow configurations, distinguished by the initial conditions (untripped or tripped, plasma actuated or not) of the boundary layers. Unstart in the presence of thick, tripped boundary layers is characterized by the formation of an oblique unstart shock just upstream of a separating and propagating boundary layer. The presence of plasma actuation of this tripped boundary layer seems to arrest the boundary layer separation and leads to the formation of a quasi-stationary pseudo-shock, delaying unstart. The flow generated with DBD actuation is more characteristic of what is seen when unstart is generated in a model flow in which thin boundary layers grow naturally. Planar laser Rayleigh scattering visualizations suggest that the DBD actuation thins the tripped boundary layer over the exposed electrode region.
Emission measurements from planar arrays of porous ionic liquid ion sources
Authors: Courtney Daniel G , Li Hanqing Q , Lozano Paulo 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
We present current emission measurements from arrays of 480 porous ionic liquid ion source emitters for applications in space propulsion and in the processing and analysis of materials. The emitters are fabricated with a top-down approach from 10 × 10 × 1 mm3 bulk porous nickel and are housed within a microetched silicon frame and stainless-steel aperture-matching extraction grids. Measurements of emitted and collected currents are reported using two ionic liquids (ILs), EMI-BF4 and EMI-Im. Total beam currents up to about 400 µA can be sustained through passive feeding with IL fed from the rear of the bulk porous substrate. These currents are in agreement with previous work where currents of about 1 µA were observed from single emitters. Ion transparencies as high as 0.95 are achieved with manually assembled grids. Current emission displays reasonable symmetry between polarities, although slight differences could yield to the accumulation of one type of ion in the source leading to electrochemical reactions despite voltage alternation. Strong current decays with time and evidence of surface contamination reinforce this hypothesis. Future work should address this issue through closed-loop control of charge emission.
Experimental results with an optimized magnetic field configuration for JET breakdown
Authors: Albanese R. , Maviglia F. , Lomas P.J. , Manzanares A. , Mattei M. , Neto A. , Rimini F.G. , de Vries P.C. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Experiments and modelling have been carried out to optimize the magnetic field null during breakdown at JET. Such optimization may prove to be essential for reliable plasma initiation at low voltages, e.g. in ITER where the value of the electric field available will be limited to 0.33 V m−1.
A two-dimensional FEM electromagnetic model has been employed to predict the stray field configuration during JET breakdown. This model includes the active poloidal field circuits, a description of the passive structure and the JET magnetic circuit. In particular, the model includes the gap at the top of the iron circuit (but not at the bottom), which introduces a perturbing field, with radial and vertical components, not previously considered. A number of experiments were run using the optimized magnetic null configuration, allowing one to achieve a more robust breakdown at a low electric field. The model calculation to adjust the magnetic null position was validated using the recordings from a fast visible camera. The optimized position and dynamics of the plasma start lead to a smoother behaviour of the JET radial field control system, far from the amplifier limits. Finally, an important indication was obtained on the precision needed for the active current measurements during the low electric field breakdown relevant from the perspective of the ITER real-time acquisition system.
The Economics of Health and Vitamin Consumption
Authors: Schroeter Christiane , Anders Sven , Carlson Andrea 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe estimate the impact of vitamin supplement intake, lifestyle, health indicators, food culture, and demographics on diet quality outcomes as measured by the Healthy Eating Index–2005 (HEI). Our data consists of U.S. adults who participated in the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Alternative instrumental variable estimators explicitly address issues of endogeneity and complex sample design. Our empirical analysis demonstrates that diet quality is strongly interrelated with food culture. We suggest that vitamin consumption serves as another marker for healthy eating. This finding emphasizes the need to employ economic modeling when developing public policy to reduce obesity.
LOGICOIL—multi-state prediction of coiled-coil oligomeric state
Authors: Vincent Thomas L. , Green Peter J. , Woolfson Derek N. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Motivation: The coiled coil is a ubiquitous α-helical protein-structure domain that directs and facilitates protein–protein interactions in a wide variety of biological processes. At the protein-sequence level, the coiled coil is readily recognized via a conspicuous heptad repeat of hydrophobic and polar residues. However, structurally coiled coils are more complicated, existing in a wide range of oligomer states and topologies. As a consequence, predicting these various states from sequence remains an unmet challenge.
Results: This work introduces LOGICOIL, the first algorithm to address the problem of predicting multiple coiled-coil oligomeric states from protein-sequence information alone. By covering &gt;90% of the known coiled-coil structures, LOGICOIL is a net improvement compared with other existing methods, which achieve a predictive coverage of ∼31% of this population. This leap in predictive power offers better opportunities for genome-scale analysis, and analyses of coiled-coil containing protein assemblies.
Availability: LOGICOIL is available via a web-interface at http://coiledcoils.chm.bris.ac.uk/LOGICOIL. Source code, training sets and supporting information can be downloaded from the same site.
Contact: D.N.Woolfson@bristol.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Efficacy of High-dose Nebulized Colistin in Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Caused by Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Lu Qin , Luo Rubin , Bodin Liliane , Yang Jianxin , Zahr Noël , Aubry Alexandra , Golmard Jean-Louis , Rouby Jean-Jacques 
Published: November 2012

Background
Colistin often remains the only active agent against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. The aim of the study was to assess efficacy of nebulized colistin for treating ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii.

Methods
One hundred and sixty-five patients with VAP caused by P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii were enrolled in a prospective, observational, and comparative study. The sensitive strain group included 122 patients with VAP caused by P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii susceptible to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, or quinolones and treated with intravenous antibiotics for 14 days. The multidrug-resistant strain group included 43 patients with VAP caused by multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii and treated with nebulized colistin (5 million international units every 8 h) either in monotherapy (n=28) or combined to a 3-day intravenous aminoglycosides for 7-19 days. The primary endpoint was clinical cure rate. Aerosol was delivered using vibrating plate nebulizer.

Results
After treatment, clinical cure rate was 66% in sensitive strain group and 67% in multidrug-resistant strain group (difference -1%, lower limit of 95% CI for difference -12.6%). Mortality was not different between groups (23 vs. 16%). Among 16 patients with persisting or recurrent P. aeruginosa infection, colistin minimum inhibitory concentration increased in two patients.

Conclusion
Nebulization of high-dose colistin was effective to treat VAP caused by multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii. Its therapeutic effect was noninferior to intravenous β-lactams associated with aminoglycosides or quinolones for treating VAP caused by susceptible P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii.
Thiazolidinediones improve hepatic fibrosis in rats with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis by activating the adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase signalling pathway
Authors: Zhang Wei , Wu Rong , Zhang Feng , Xu Yizhi , Liu Bo , Yang Yingying , Zhou Huamei , Wang Lulu , Wan Keqiang , Xiao Xiaoqiu , Zhang Xia 
Published: November 2012

Summary

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) markedly reduce hepatic steatosis in both rodents and humans. However, the effects and mechanisms of action of TZDs on hepatic fibrosis remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of TZDs on histological changes in the liver and on the modulation by adiponectin via the AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway in rats with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
Forty rats were divided into normal control, high‐fat diet (HFD), pioglitazone control and pioglitazone intervention groups. After 24 weeks treatment with pioglitazone (10 mg/kg per day by gavage), changes in liver histology, serum aminotransaminase, triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), glucose, insulin, adiponectin and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 concentrations and hepatic adiponectin, AMPK, α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and collagen I expression were evaluated.
The degree of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis was significantly higher in HFD‐induced NASH rats compared with normal controls, as were serum concentrations of aminotransaminase, TG, FFA, glucose, insulin and TGF‐β1 and hepatic expression of α‐SMA and collagen I protein. Serum adiponectin concentrations and hepatic expression of adiponectin mRNA and AMPK protein were significantly lower in the HFD‐induced NASH rats compared with the normal control.
Pioglitazone significantly reduced the degree of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, as well as serum concentrations of aminotransaminase, TG, FFA, glucose, insulin and TGF‐β1 and hepatic expression of α‐SMA and collagen I protein. In addition, pioglitazone significantly increased serum adiponectin concentrations and hepatic expression of adiponectin mRNA and AMPK protein.
In conclusion, the TZD pioglitazone improved hepatic fibrosis in rats with NASH by upregulating adiponectin expression and activating AMPK, thus subsequently inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells and the overproduction of extracellular matrix.
Smoking behaviour in pregnancy and its impact on smoking cessation at various intervals during follow‐up over 21 years: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Rattan D , Mamun A , Najman JM , Williams GM , Doi SA 
Published: November 2012

Please cite this paper as: Rattan D, Mamun A, Najman J, Williams G, Doi S. Smoking behaviour in pregnancy and its impact on smoking cessation at various intervals during follow‐up over 21 years: a prospective cohort study. BJOG 2013;120:288–296Objective  To determine whether mothers who quit or reduce their level of smoking in pregnancy comprise a group of health‐conscious women who are disproportionally likely to adopt a healthier smoking lifestyle in the medium to longer term, compared with women who continue to smoke during pregnancy.Design  A prospective cohort study.Setting  A public hospital in Australia.Population  A cohort of 6703 individual mothers who completed both initial phases of data collection in 1981–1983; mothers who smoked daily (2992) before pregnancy were included in this study.Methods  Mothers were interviewed at 3–5 days post‐delivery, 6 months, 5 years, 14 years and 21 years to determine their smoking status. An inverse probability‐weighted Poisson regression with a robust error variance was fitted to the data using a log‐link function and a binary response variable for smoking outcome, and adjusting for several possible confounding factors.Main outcome measure  Smoking cessation at several follow‐up points, for up to 21 years.Results  Of the mothers who smoked daily before pregnancy, 12, 23, 37 and 41% reported having ceased smoking at 6 months and at 5, 14 and 21 years, respectively. The decision to quit smoking during pregnancy was found to be independently associated with a higher rate ratio (RR) of smoking cessation at 6 months (RR 30.60, 95% CI 20.50–45.69), 5 years (RR 4.36; 95% CI 3.61–5.27), 14 years (RR 2.42, 95% CI 2.12–2.75) and 21 years (RR 1.86; 95% CI 1.60–2.15), after adjusting for several possible confounding factors.Conclusions  Pregnancy appears to be an opportunity for successfully quitting smoking, regardless of socio‐economic circumstances or demographic background.
Forensic Applications of Light‐Element Stable Isotope Ratios of Ricinus communis Seeds and Ricin Preparations
Authors: Kreuzer Helen W. , West Jason B. , Ehleringer James R. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSeeds of the castor plant Ricinus communis are of forensic interest because they are the source of the poison ricin. We tested whether stable isotope ratios of castor seeds and ricin preparations can be used as a forensic signature. We collected over 300 castor seed samples worldwide and measured the C, N, O, and H isotope ratios of the whole seeds and oil. We prepared ricin by three different procedures, acetone extraction, salt precipitation, and affinity chromatography, and compared their isotope ratios to those of the source seeds. The N isotope ratios of the ricin samples and source seeds were virtually identical. Therefore, N isotope ratios can be used to correlate ricin prepared by any of these methods to source seeds. Further, stable isotope ratios distinguished >99% of crude and purified ricin protein samples in pairwise comparison tests. Stable isotope ratios therefore constitute a valuable forensic signature for ricin preparations.
Potential Use of Hydrocarbons for Aging Lucilia sericata Blowfly Larvae to Establish the Postmortem Interval
Authors: Moore Hannah E. , Adam Craig D. , Drijfhout Falko P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPrevious studies on Diptera have shown the potential for the use of cuticular hydrocarbons' analysis in the determination of larval age and hence the postmortem interval (PMI) for an associated cadaver. In this work, hydrocarbon compounds, extracted daily until pupation from the cuticle of the blowfly Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae), have been analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results show distinguishing features within the hydrocarbon profile over the period of the larvae life cycle, with significant chemical changes occurring from the younger larvae to the postfeeding larvae. Further interpretation of the chromatograms using principal component analysis revealed a strong correlation between the magnitudes of particular principal components and time. This outcome suggests that, under the conditions of this study, the cuticular hydrocarbons evolve in a systematic fashion with time, thus supporting the potential for GC–MS analysis as a tool for establishing PMI where such a species is present.
Differential effects of baclofen and oxytocin on the increased ethanol consumption following chronic psychosocial stress in mice
Authors: Peters Sebastian , Slattery David A. , Flor Peter J. , Neumann Inga D. , Reber Stefan O. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractChronic stress is known to enhance the susceptibility for addiction disorders including alcoholism. While these findings have been recapitulated in animal models, the majority of these studies have utilized non‐social rather than social stress paradigms; the latter of which are believed to be more relevant to the human situation. Therefore, the major aim of this study was to investigate, if 14 days of chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC), a pre‐clinically validated psychosocial stress paradigm relevant for human psychiatric and somatic disorders, enhances ethanol (EtOH) consumption in male mice. To assess this, we employed the well‐established two‐bottle free‐choice paradigm where mice were given access to water and 2, 4, 6 and 8% EtOH solutions (with the concentrations increasing each fourth day) following termination of the stress procedure. After 14 days of CSC, stressed mice consumed significantly more EtOH at all concentrations tested and displayed increased EtOH preference at concentrations of 6 and 8%. This effect was not due to an altered taste preference in CSC mice as assessed by saccharine‐ and quinine‐preference tests, but was accompanied by increased anxiety‐related behavior. Systemic administration of baclofen (2.5 mg/kg) or oxytocin (OXT; 10 mg/kg) reduced the EtOH intake in single housed control (baclofen, OXT) and CSC (baclofen) mice, whereas intracerebroventricular OXT (0.5 μg/2 μl) was ineffective in both groups. Taken together, these results suggest that (i) chronic psychosocial stress enhances EtOH consumption, and (ii) baclofen and OXT differentially affect EtOH intake in mice.