bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetics and Tradition: Competing Sources of Knowledge of Human History?
Authors: Schwartz‐Marin Ernesto 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGenetic studies aiming to reconstruct the history of human migrations have made a claim to be able to contribute to the writing of history, with a precision and time depth unavailable to any other discipline. However, recent in‐depth ethnographic studies of genetic science have shown that folk knowledge and traditional ways to understand the difference in diverse locales around the world are integral to the way in which genetics produce knowledge of the history of humanity. Precisely because genetic projects are closely linked to sociocultural ideas about the categorisation of identity, race and ethnicity, they have raised a number of controversial cultural and political issues. Although some studies have played a positive role in helping the researched communities to reaffirm their identity, other projects yielded results that contradicted local narratives of origin. Furthermore, such studies are likely to have important sociopolitical consequences for the claims of sovereignty, auto determination and identity of vulnerable communities.Key ConceptsPopulation genetics typically refers to the study of the genetic structure of human groups deemed to share a common history, geography or culture.Haplotype maps are graphic representations of chunks of DNA that are inherited from one generation to the next, and thus are considered to be of importance for medical and anthropological genetic research.Medical population genomics works under the assumption that knowledge about the genetic structure of populations will eventually translate into a more ‘predictive, preventive and personalised medicine’ in which each individual will know about their propensities and resistance to certain diseases.
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
Authors: Hopper Stephen D 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLocated in London, the World Heritage listed Royal Botanic Gardens Kew is a scientific institution responsible for the largest plant and fungal collections on Earth. For 250 years, its focus has been on documenting plant diversity and economic botany, increasingly emphasising plant conservation in modern decades. RBG Kew played a key role in early European exploration of plant life, and in the establishment of major crops including tea, coffee, rubber and quinine. Kew's Millennium Seed Bank Project was successful in securing seed of 10% of wild plant species in seed banks in 54 countries of origin by 2010, backed up by the MSB collection in Kew's annexe garden at Wakehurst Place, Sussex. Kew's Breathing Planet Program, instituted in 2009, is focused on seven strategies to inspire and deliver science‐based plant conservation worldwide, enhancing the quality of life. RBG Kew exemplifies institutional persistence through times of both patronage and austerity.Key ConceptsA botanic garden contains scientifically named collections of plants, living and preserved, for public study, enjoyment, education, conservation and use.A herbarium is a plant museum of dried labelled specimens for taxonomic, ecological, conservation and geographic studies.Taxonomy/systematics is the science of plant naming and classification.Economic botany is concerned with useful plants involved in human commerce.Molecular phylogenetics is the science of evolutionary relationships using DNA sequence data.Restoration ecology aims to repair and remediate damaged natural habitats, primarily through plant cultivation and management.A seed bank stores plant materials under cool temperature and low humidity for future study, conservation and use.
Molecular Genetics of Ewing Sarcoma
Authors: Ordóñez José L , Amaral Ana T , de Álava Enrique 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Ewing sarcoma (ES) is an aggressive tumour affecting mainly children and young adults. When metastases are detected, the survival rate is compromised as a result of a lack of appropriated treatments. Balanced chromosomal translocations, present in all primary ES, originate gene fusions, such as EWSR1‐FLI1, which act as aberrant transcription factors. Targeting
EWSR1
‐
FLI1
by using RNA interference approaches reduced tumour growth and tumourigenicity of ES cells
in vitro
and
in vivo
and is a good tool in order to get knowledge in the ES biology. However, possibility of taking RNA interference into clinic is limited. At present, some drugs affecting gene fusion activity have been reported to reduce tumour growth. In addition, several approaches targeting ES genetic alterations not related to gene fusions or their genetic targets have been recently reported. The use of more appropriated animal models and the study of ES tumour microenvironment and epigenetics will unveil new therapeutic targets.

Key Concepts

ES is an aggressive developmental tumour.

Balanced chromosomal translocation and associated gene fusions are the primary molecular event in ES.

Secondary molecular events in ES can define new therapeutic targets and new prognostic markers.

The role played by epigenetics in ES and the regulation of chromatin remodelling is beginning to be known.

Detection of ES circulating cells or identification of gene expression profiles in peripheral blood cells could become good prognostic markers.

Identification of new markers of cancer stem cells could help improve ES therapy.

Endoglin could be a relevant therapeutic target in ES.

Osteolysis and bone remodelling are important mechanisms of ES tumour growth.

ES cells secrete extracellular vesicles, containing aberrant EWSR1‐FLI1 mRNA and other growth factors, which interact with surrounding tumour cells and extracellular matrix components.

Combination therapy of a dual inhibitor of IGF1R and IR pathways and a DNA damage agent can avoid resistance to IGF1R inhibitors.

At present, there is a lack of appropriate genetically engineered mice (GEM) of ES.
Mechanisms of Dendrite‐Specific Pruning in
Drosophila
Sensory Neurons
Authors: Zhang Heng , Yu Fengwei 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

During animal development, pruning of unwanted or exuberant neurites is essential for the precise wiring of the nervous system. Holometabolous insects, such as the fruit fly
Drosophila
, undergo complete metamorphosis to replace their larval nervous systems with distinct adult ones. Many neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems selectively prune away their larval dendrites and/or axons and regenerate their adult‐specific processes. Dendritic arborisation sensory neurons, ddaCs, specifically remove their larval dendrites in response to the steroid moulting hormone ecdysone and however keep their axons intact. Owing to their peripheral location, effectiveness of RNAi knockdown and convenience of single‐cell clonal analysis, ddaC neurons have emerged as an attractive system to dissect the pruning process for a decade. Some important genes and pathways, acting downstream of ecdysone signalling, have been discovered to enrich our understanding of neuronal pruning.

Key Concepts

Pruning is a mechanism for the refinement and maturation of the nervous system in various organisms including nematode, fruit fly and mammals.

ddaC sensory neurons undergo large‐scale dendrite‐specific pruning during early metamorphosis.

Ecdysone signalling is the master regulator of dendrite pruning in ddaC neurons.

A genetic pathway composed of Sox14 and Mical governs dendrite pruning in ddaC neurons.

Epigenetic factors regulate Sox14 expression and dendrite pruning in ddaC neurons.

Ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS) regulates different types of neurite pruning.

Endolysosomal degradation pathway downregulates the cell‐surface molecule Neuroglian (Nrg) to promote dendrite pruning.

Phagocytosis regulates fragmentation and clearance of severed dendrites.

Caspase is locally activated in the dendrites of ddaC neurons during pruning.

Calcium signalling is activated in the dendritic compartments to regulate dendrite pruning.
Tetrazine Chromophore‐Based Metal–Organic Frameworks with Unusual Configurations: Synthetic, Structural, Theoretical, Fluorescent, and Nonlinear Optical Studies
Authors: Li Jianghua , Jia Ding , Meng Suci , Zhang Jinfang , Cifuentes Marie P. , Humphrey Mark G. , Zhang Chi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThree unusual three‐dimensional (3D) tetrazine chromophore‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) {(Et4N)[WS4Cu3(CN)2(4,4′‐pytz)0.5]}n (1), {[MoS4Cu4(CN)2(4,4′‐pytz)2]⋅CH2Cl2}n (2), and {[WS4Cu3(4,4′‐pytz)3]⋅[N(CN)2]}n (3; 4,4′‐pytz=3,6‐bis(4‐pyridyl)tetrazine) have been synthesized and characterized by using FTIR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis, powder X‐ray diffraction, gel permeation chromatography, steady‐state fluorescence, and thermogravimetric analysis; their identities were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. MOF 1 possesses the first five‐connected M/S/Cu (M=Mo, W) framework with an unusual 3D (44⋅66) topology constructed from T‐shaped [WS4Cu3]+ clusters as nodes and single CN−/4,4′‐pytz bridges as linkers. MOF 2 features a novel 3D MOF structure with (420⋅68) topology, in which the bridging 4,4′‐pytz ligands exhibit unique distorted arch structures. MOF 3 displays the first 3D MOF structure based on flywheel‐shaped [WS4Cu3]+ clusters with a non‐interpenetrating honeycomb‐like framework and a heavily distorted “ACS” topology. Steady‐state fluorescence studies of 1–3 reveal significant fluorescence emissions. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of 1–3 were investigated by using a Z‐scan technique with 5 ns pulses at λ=532 nm. The Z‐scan experimental results show that the π‐delocalizable tetrazine‐based 4,4′‐pytz ligands contribute to the strong third‐order NLO properties exhibited by 1–3. Time‐dependent density functional theory studies afforded insight into the electronic transitions and spectral characterization of these functionalized NLO molecular materials.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Anionic sp2–sp3 Diboron Compounds: Readily Accessible Boryl Nucleophiles
Authors: Pietsch Sabrina , Neeve Emily C. , Apperley David C. , Bertermann Rüdiger , Mo Fanyang , Qiu Di , Cheung Man Sing , Dang Li , Wang Jianbo , Radius Udo , Lin Zhenyang , Kleeberg Christian , Marder Todd B. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLewis base adducts of tetra‐alkoxy diboron compounds, in particular bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin2), have been proposed as the active source of nucleophilic boryl species in metal‐free borylation reactions. We report the isolation and detailed structural characterization (by solid‐state and solution NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography) of a series of anionic adducts of B2pin2 with hard Lewis bases, such as alkoxides and fluoride. The study was extended to alternative Lewis bases, such as acetate, and other diboron reagents. The B(sp2)–B(sp3) adducts exhibit two distinct boron environments in the solid‐state and solution NMR spectra, except for [(4‐tBuC6H4O)B2pin2]−, which shows rapid site exchange in solution. DFT calculations were performed to analyze the stability of the adducts with respect to dissociation. Stoichiometric reaction of the isolated adducts with two representative series of organic electrophiles—namely, aryl halides and diazonium salts—demonstrate the relative reactivities of the anionic diboron compounds as nucleophilic boryl anion sources.
Powerful Bispyridinylidene Organic Reducing Agents with Iminophosphorano π‐Donor Substituents
Authors: Hanson Samuel S. , Richard Nicholas A. , Dyker C. Adam 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFour members of a new family of powerful bispyridinylidene organic reducing agents have been prepared, which exploit iminophosphorano (N=PR3; R=Ph, Cy) π‐donor substituents. Electrochemical studies show exceptionally high oxidation potentials, ranging from 1.30 to 1.51 V versus SCE. These new reductants were shown to effectively convert 1‐bromonaphthalene to naphthalene under mild reaction conditions. From the redox potentials, substituent constants (σp+) for the iminophosphorano groups Ph3P=N (−1.82) and Cy3P=N (−2.21) were determined, demonstrating their superior π‐donating properties compared to traditional amino substituents.
Site‐Selective Approach to β‐Fluorination: Photocatalyzed Ring Opening of Cyclopropanols
Authors: Bloom Steven , Bume Desta Doro , Pitts Cody Ross , Lectka Thomas 
Published: April 2015

AbstractTo expand upon the recent pioneering reports of catalyzed sp3 CH fluorination methods, the next rational step is to focus on directing “radical‐based fluorination” more effectively. One potential solution entails selective CC bond activation as a prelude to selective fluorination. Herein, we report the tandem photocatalyzed ring‐opening/fluorination reactions of cyclopropanols by 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene (TCB) and Selectfluor to afford a process tantamount to site‐selective β‐fluorination of carbonyl‐containing compounds. This new approach provides a synthetically mild and operationally simple route to otherwise difficult‐to‐prepare β‐fluorinated products in good yields and with good‐to‐excellent regioselectivity. Remarkably, substrates that contain other usually reactive (e.g., benzylic) sites undergo ring‐opening fluorination preferably. The versatility of this method to give cyclic β‐fluorides from tertiary cyclopropanols and γ‐fluoro alcohols is also highlighted.
Linking extremely low birth weight and internalizing behaviors in adult survivors: Influences of neuroendocrine dysregulation
Authors: Waxman Jordana A. , Lieshout Ryan J.Van , Boyle Michael H. , Saigal Saroj , Schmidt Louis A. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTYoung adult survivors of extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1000 g) are known to be at elevated risk for internalizing problems, though little is known about the mechanisms that may lead to higher levels of psychopathology in this vulnerable group. We examined the moderating influence of neuroendocrine functioning on the link between being born at ELBW and internalizing behaviors at age 30–35. Salivary cortisol was collected 20 min after completion of a social stress task in 83 ELBW adult survivors and 89 normal birth weight (NBW; >2500 g) controls. Using a median split, participants were separated into two groups (high or low afternoon cortisol levels). ELBW survivors with “high” afternoon cortisol levels self‐reported significantly higher levels of internalizing behaviors compared to those with “low” afternoon cortisol levels. This association between afternoon cortisol and internalizing symptoms did not exist among NBW controls. These results are suggestive of a differential susceptibility for internalizing behaviors among ELBW survivors, depending on their ability to regulate neuroendocrine responses. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 486–496, 2015.
Performance Comparison of Circuits for Pole‐Mounted STATCOM Using SiC Devices
Authors: Kikuma Toshiaki , Ishikawa Tadao , Takasaki Masahiro , Mochikawa Hiroshi , Kuzumaki Atsuhiko , Kodani Kazuya , Murao Takeru 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARYThe recent years have seen an increasing trend in the cumulative installed capacity of distributed generators. As a result, voltage management may become difficult in existing power distribution systems in the future. A STATCOM (STAtic synchronous COMpensator) is a promising option for solving this problem because it can control reactive power rapidly and continuously. For a distribution system, STATCOM needs to be pole‐mounted to realize its low cost. However, a transformer for a STATCOM is large and heavy, and hence it is difficult to install a STATCOM on a distribution pole. We adopt a transformerless STATCOM to reduce STATCOM size and use SiC devices with low‐loss performance to obtain a more compact and efficient STATCOM. There are a large number of circuits available for a STATCOM, and there has been considerable research on performance comparisons among these circuits. However, these comparisons were drawn under different conditions, including switching frequency and level number for the circuits. In addition, these comparisons do not include the use of SiC devices. We made an equitable comparison for a 100 kVa pole‐mounted STATCOM using SiC devices. We discuss the performance and characteristics of each circuit in terms of efficiency and volume.
Evaluation of Power Surpluses and Shortfalls Due to Error in Forecasting of Photovoltaic Generation Output
Authors: Masuta Taisuke , Oozeki Takashi , Da Silva Fonseca Junior Joao Gari , Murata Akinobu 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARYThe 2011 Tohoku earthquake had a great impact on Japanese energy policy. It is expected that nuclear power plants will be phased out and a large amount of generation from renewable energy sources will be installed. Attention is particularly focused on photovoltaic (PV) generation, technology in which Japan is superior, and a high price is set in the feed‐in tariff policy, which started in 2012. However, large integration of PV into power grids may cause imbalances between power supply and demand. It will be indispensable to use PV power generation forecasts in economic‐load dispatching control (EDC), so that the economics and reliability of power systems networks can be maintained. Thus, in the previous study, we proposed an EDC method with unit commitment (UC) based on the results provided by a day‐ahead PV forecast. In this study, we evaluate the frequency and trend of shortfalls and surpluses of power due to error in forecasting PV power generation by numerical simulations using the power system model of the Kanto area in Japan. The results showed that shortfalls or surplus power occur not only due to overestimations or underestimations of PV power, but also due to the operating conditions of the power systems.
Serological comparative proteomics analysis of mitochondrial autoantibody‐negative and ‐positive primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Deng Chuiwen , Hu Chaojun , Wang Li , Zhang Shulan , Li Ping , Wu Ziyan , Chen Si , Zhang Fengchun , Li Yongzhe 
Published: April 2015

Here, we investigated the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) by using 2D‐DIGE to analyze serological differences between anti‐mitochondrial antibody (AMA)‐positive and ‐negative PBC patients. The study comprised 30 patients with PBC; 20 AMA‐positive and ten AMA‐negative patients matched for age, sex, and pathological stage. A screening group (four AMA‐positive and four AMA‐negative patients) was used for 2D‐DIGE. Protein spots that were differently abundant between the two groups were identified via dye intensity and MS. Nine candidate proteins were identified from these spots. Western blotting was used to verify two of the identified proteins, serum amyloid P‐component (SAP) and vitronectin (VN). VN levels were significantly higher in the sera of AMA‐negative PBC patients (p < 0.01), whereas no significant difference was found between the two groups for SAP. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use serological comparative proteomics to explore differences between AMA‐positive and ‐negative PBC patients. VN levels were higher in AMA‐negative PBC patients, and this finding could be related to the more severe bile duct destruction observed in this group.
Energy Recovery in a Naphtha Splitter Process through Debottlenecking of Retrofitted Thermally Coupled and Double‐Effect Distillation Sequences
Authors: Minh Le Quang , Van Duc Long Nguyen , Lee Moonyong 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA thermally coupled distillation sequence (TCDS) and a double‐effect sequence (DES) were proposed to retrofit an existing naphtha splitter process in the refinery plant for enhanced energy efficiency. This, however, can create a bottleneck in the columns. A side reboiler was proposed to debottleneck the retrofitted columns. The concept of minimum vapor flow rate was used as a preliminary calculation to determine the benefits of these proposed arrangements. A practical optimization using the response surface methodology was applied to the design of TCDS and DES. In addition, a column grand composite curve was used to highlight the thermodynamic feasibility of the implementation of a side reboiler into the retrofitted sequences. As a result, the DES was shown as the best alternative through combination of a side reboiler, and this achieved 32.7 % savings on operating costs with a maximum reuse of the existing equipment.
Improved Method to Identify Hydraulic Flow Units for Reservoir Characterization
Authors: Mirzaei‐Paiaman Abouzar , Saboorian‐Jooybari Hadi , Pourafshary Peyman 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIdentification of hydraulic flow units (HFUs) is an important part of reservoir characterization. Rock samples within a given HFU are expected to have the same mean hydraulic radius. We show that the famous reservoir quality index‐flow zone indicator (RQI/FZI) technique and its recent modifications do not use the concept of mean hydraulic radius. Each predicted HFU by these methods may contain the samples with different pore structures, and further the rocks with similar structures may be distributed in more than one HFU. This makes the reservoir characterization very complicated and sometimes an erroneous process. An improved method, referred to as FZI star method (FZI*), is presented here using the base form of the Kozeny–Carmen (K–C) equation, opposed to RQI/FZI method which relies on the generalized form of the K–C equation, by proper consideration of the mean hydraulic radius concept. The presented method is verified using a large set of capillary pressure measurements.
Aromatic effect of fat and oxidized fat on a meat‐like model reaction system of cysteine and glucose
Authors: Yang Zheng , Xie Jianchun , Zhang Ling , Du Rongqiang , Cao Changchun , Wang Meng , Acree Terry , Sun Baoguo 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIt is well known that lipid degradation modifies the aroma of the meat‐like reaction of cysteine and reducing sugars. However, how aroma modification is caused by the odourants produced in the reaction mixtures is rarely studied. In the present study, 76 volatiles were reported from the reaction models containing cysteine and glucose with (or without) chicken fat or oxidized chicken fat. Using aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) of gas chromatography‐olfactory (GC‐O), 15 potent odourants were screened, whereby 12 of them were identified and quantified to be 1~77889 µg/kg of the reaction mixtures. Aroma models, with similarity ratings to the reaction mixtures (by sensory analysis) ranging as high as 90%, were prepared. Sensory assessment by omission study showed that the presence of fatty compounds from lipid degradation in the reaction mixtures although of low FD factors by GCO, nonetheless contributed the greatest to the alteration of overall aroma, followed by the quantitative reduction of the thiols from the Maillard reaction. The quantitative change of the heterocyclic odourants which formed from the Maillard reaction or the interaction of the Maillard reaction with lipid degradation was found to have a marginal impact. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.