bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Stability of n‐Acyl Peroxynitrates
Authors: KABIR M. , JAGIELLA S. , ZABEL F. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPeroxynitrates (RO2NO2), in particular acyl peroxynitrates (R = R′C(O) with R′ = alkyl), are prominent constituents of polluted air. In this work, a systematic study on the thermal decomposition rate constants of the first five members of the series of homologous R′C(O)O2NO2 with R′ = CH3 ( =PAN), C2H5, n‐C3H7, n‐C4H9, and n‐C5H11 is undertaken to verify the conclusions from previous laboratory data (Grosjean et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 1994, 28, 1099–1105; Grosjean et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, 1038–1047; Bossmeyer et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33, L18810) that the longer chain peroxynitrates may be considerably more stable than PAN. Experiments are performed in a temperature‐controlled, evacuable 200 L‐photoreactor made from quartz. n‐Acyl peroxynitrates are generated by stationary photolysis of mixtures of molecular bromine, O2, NO2, and the corresponding parent aldehydes, highly diluted in N2. Thermal decomposition of R′C(O)O2NO2 is initiated by the addition of an excess of NO. First‐order decomposition rate constants k1 of the reactions R′C(O)O2NO2 (+M) → R′C(O)O2 + NO2 (+M) are derived at 298 K and a total pressure of 1 bar from the measured loss rates of R′C(O)O2NO2, correcting for wall loss of R′C(O)O2NO2 and several percentages of reformation of R′C(O)O2NO2 by the reaction of R′C(O)O2 radicals with NO2. With increasing chain length of R′, k1(298 K) slightly decreases from 4.4 × 10−4 s−1 (R′ = CH3) to 3.7 × 10−4 s−1 (R′ = C2H5), leveling off at (3.4 ± 0.1) × 10−4 s−1 for R′ = n‐C3H7, n‐C4H9, and n‐C5H11. Temperature dependencies of k1 were measured for CH3C(O)O2NO2 and n‐C5H11C(O)O2NO2 in the temperature range 289–308 K, resulting in the same activation energy within the statistical error limits (2σ) of 0.9 and 1.5 kJ mol−1, respectively. A few experiments on n‐C6H13C(O)O2NO2, n‐C7H15C(O)O2NO2, and n‐C8H17C(O)O2NO2 were also performed, but the results were considered to be unreliable due to strong wall loss of the peroxynitrate and possible complications caused by radical‐sinitiated side reactions.
Does Classical Music Relieve Math Anxiety? Role of Tempo on Price Computation Avoidance
Authors: Feng Shan , Suri Rajneesh , Bell Monique 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTMarketers often do not present prices in ways that permit easy comparisons or calculations. For many consumers, situations that involve numbers and computations lead to math anxiety. Results of three studies show that math‐anxious consumers tend to avoid alternatives that require price computations. Interestingly, such consumers find relief from math anxiety when slow tempo classical music plays in the background. However, in the absence of background music or when the tempo of such music is fast, those with high math anxiety exhibited a heightened avoidance of choices requiring price computations.
Attractive Chameleons Sell: The Mimicry‐Attractiveness Link
Authors: Kulesza Wojciech , Szypowska Zofia , Jarman Matthew S. , Dolinski Dariusz 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe present research explored the effects of nonverbal mimicry behavior and mimicker attractiveness in a natural retail context. A 3 (nonverbal mimicry, nonmimicking, antimimicry) × 2 (attractive salesperson, attractiveness control) design was used to study the effects of different combinations of these variables on female customers’ (N = 150) purchases, customer service ratings, and plans to return to the store. Results showed that customers spent the most and had the highest customer service ratings when they interacted with a salesperson who was both attractive and mimicking them. When the salesperson, however, was less attractive and engaged in the opposite gestures as the customer, it corresponded with substantially lower customer service ratings and a tendency to not wish to return to the store. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings for mimicry and attractiveness in a retail environment are discussed.
User‐only design to assess drug effectiveness in clinical practice: application to bisphosphonates and secondary prevention of fractures
Authors: Corrao Giovanni , Ghirardi Arianna , Segafredo Giulia , Zambon Antonella , Della Vedova Gianluca , Lapi Francesco , Cipriani Francesco , Caputi Achille , Vaccheri Alberto , Gregori Dario , Gesuita Rosaria , Vestri Annarita , Staniscia Tommaso , Mazzaglia Giampiero , Di Bari Mauro ,   on behalf of the BEST investigators
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPurposeDifferent strategies applicable to control for confounding by indication in observational studies were compared in a large population‐based study regarding the effect of bisphosphonates (BPs) for secondary prevention of fractures.MethodsThe cohort was drawn from healthcare utilization databases of 13 Italian territorial units. Patients aged 55 years or more who were hospitalized for fracture during 2003–2005 entered into the cohort. A nested case‐control design was used to compare BPs use in cohort members who did (cases) and who did not experience (controls) a new fracture until 2007 (outcome). Three designs were employed: conventional‐matching (D1), propensity score‐matching (D2), and user‐only (D3) designs. They differed for (i) cohort composition, restricted to patients who received BPs straight after cohort entry (D3); (ii) using propensity score for case‐control matching (D2); and (iii) compared groups of BPs users versus no users (D1 and D2) and long‐term versus short‐term users (D3).ResultsBisphosphonate users had odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of 1.20 (1.01 to 1.44) and 0.95 (0.74 to 1.24) by applying D1 and D2 designs, respectively. Statistical evidence that long‐term BPs use protects the outcome onset with respect to short‐term use was observed for user‐only design (D3) being the corresponding odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 0.64 (0.44 to 0.93).ConclusionsUser‐only design yielded closer results to those seen in RCTs. This approach is one possible strategy to account for confounding by indication. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of the ConXL moment connection cyclic behavior in box columns without filling concrete with different arrangement of collar bolts
Authors: Shahidi Farhood , Rezaeian Alireza , Jamal‐Omidi Majid , Shahidi Farhad 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThe aim of this study was to study numerically the seismic behavior of ConXL connection without filler concrete of columns and reduce the number of collar bolts with different arrangement. For this purpose, to verify the modeling and analyzing, we compared the numerical results of specimens (reduced beam section, end plate and Kaiser bolted bracket (KBB) connections) with the experimental results and observed a good agreement. Afterward, 18 specimens of ConXL moment connections in box columns not filled with concrete with axial force in single, planar and bi‐axial loading conditions with different arrangement of bolts were studied, and their performances were evaluated. Results show that seismic behavior of specimens with beam section depth less than W30 series under cyclic loading, even with reduces of number of bolts to 16 numbers, are suitable in the over 0.04 rad rotations.In addition, the use of 16 bolts in W30 series beams connections is suitable provided they are used in the corner connections (with single sided loading) and the material specifications ASTM‐A36 are used for the beams. Moreover, the closer the position of bolts related to the outer side of collar flange, the more axial strain of bolts shank and the lesser slippage. The most optimum of bolt position is the surface middle of the collar flange and collar corner. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elastic scattering cross section of photons by water: limits for the free atom approximation
Authors: Cardoso Simone C. , Gonçalves Odair D. , Cusatis Cesar 
Published: June 2014

Several papers can be found in the literature in which elastic and inelastic experimental scattering cross sections of photons by water with energies in the keV range are measured. Usually, the authors use some kind of normalization with theoretical values, because of the difficulties in obtaining some parameters necessary to obtain absolute cross sections from the measurements. A reasonable range of momentum transfer has been covered, but nevertheless, inconsistencies and gaps still remain.In this work, we address the problem performing absolute cross section measurements in the high momentum transfer region (0.33 Å−1 ≤ x ≤ 4.5 Å−1), where no structure effects can be observed. We compare the results with theory to validate it in an intermediary region (0.33 Å−1 ≤ x ≤ 1.72 Å−1) and then use the experimental values to normalize data in the low‐energy region (0.078 Å−1 ≤ x ≤ 1.72 Å−1) to obtain the experimental cross section in that region.From the comparison, we concluded that for momentum transfers, x between 0.7 and 4.5 Å−1 the scattering can be considered as being due to free atoms in free molecules. Therefore, the scattering cross sections may be considered as a sum of those from free atoms.Theoretically, the scattering cross sections can be obtained from the form factors as well as from the second‐order perturbation theory (S‐matrix) because there is no significant difference between both. On the other hand, for x ≤ 0.7 Å−1, interference between the photon‐scattered amplitudes due to liquid structure generates oscillations in the cross section values. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tidal flow over topography: effect of excursion number on wave energetics and turbulence
Authors: Jalali Masoud , Rapaka Narsimha R. , Sarkar Sutanu 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe excursion number, $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}Ex = U_0/\varOmega l$, is a parameter that characterizes the ratio of streamwise fluid advection during a tidal oscillation of amplitude $U_0$ and frequency $\varOmega $ to the streamwise topographic length scale $l$. Direct numerical simulations are performed to study how internal gravity waves and turbulence change when $Ex$ is varied from a low value (typical of a ridge in the deep ocean) to a value of unity (corresponding to energetic tides over a small topographic feature). An isolated obstacle having a smoothed triangular shape and 20 % of the streamwise length at critical slope is considered. With increasing values of $Ex$, the near field of the internal waves loses its beam-like character, the wave response becomes asymmetric with respect to the ridge centre, and transient lee waves form. Analysis of the baroclinic energy balance shows significant reduction in the radiated wave flux in the cases with higher $Ex$ owing to a substantial rise in advection and baroclinic dissipation as well as a decrease in conversion. Turbulence changes qualitatively with increasing $Ex$. In the situation with $Ex \sim 0.1$, turbulence is intensified at the near-critical regions of the slope, and is also significant in the internal wave beams above the ridge where there is intensified shear. At $Ex = O(1)$, the transient lee waves overturn adjacent to the ridge flanks and, owing to convective instability, buoyancy acts as a source for turbulent kinetic energy. The size of the turbulent overturns has a non-monotonic dependence on excursion number: the largest overturns, as tall as twice the obstacle height, occur in the $Ex = 0.4$ case, but there is a substantial decrease of overturn size at larger values of $Ex$ simulated here.
Active control of a turbulent boundary layer based on local surface perturbation
Authors: Bai H. L. , Zhou Y. , Zhang W. G. , Xu S. J. , Wang Y. , Antonia R. A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractActive control of a turbulent boundary layer has been experimentally investigated with a view to reducing the skin-friction drag and gaining some insight into the mechanism that leads to drag reduction. A spanwise-aligned array of piezo-ceramic actuators was employed to generate a transverse travelling wave along the wall surface, with a specified phase shift between adjacent actuators. Local skin-friction drag exhibits a strong dependence on control parameters, including the wavelength, amplitude and frequency of the oscillation. A maximum drag reduction of 50 % has been achieved at 17 wall units downstream of the actuators. The near-wall flow structure under control, measured using smoke–wire flow visualization, hot-wire and particle image velocimetry techniques, is compared with that without control. The data have been carefully analysed using techniques such as streak detection, power spectra and conditional averaging based on the variable-interval time-average detection. All the results point to a pronounced change in the organization of the perturbed boundary layer. It is proposed that the actuation-induced wave generates a layer of highly regularized streamwise vortices, which acts as a barrier between the large-scale coherent structures and the wall, thus interfering with the turbulence production cycle and contributing partially to the drag reduction. Associated with the generation of regularized vortices is a significant increase, in the near-wall region, of the mean energy dissipation rate, as inferred from a substantial decrease in the Taylor microscale. This increase also contributes to the drag reduction. The scaling of the drag reduction is also examined empirically, providing valuable insight into the active control of drag reduction.
Linear instability, nonlinear instability and ligament dynamics in three-dimensional laminar two-layer liquid–liquid flows
Authors: Ó Náraigh Lennon , Valluri Prashant , Scott David M. , Bethune Iain , Spelt Peter D. M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe consider the linear and nonlinear stability of two-phase density-matched but viscosity-contrasted fluids subject to laminar Poiseuille flow in a channel, paying particular attention to the formation of three-dimensional waves. A combination of Orr–Sommerfeld–Squire analysis (both modal and non-modal) with direct numerical simulation of the three-dimensional two-phase Navier–Stokes equations is used. For the parameter regimes under consideration, under linear theory, the most unstable waves are two-dimensional. Nevertheless, we demonstrate several mechanisms whereby three-dimensional waves enter the system, and dominate at late time. There exists a direct route, whereby three-dimensional waves are amplified by the standard linear mechanism; for certain parameter classes, such waves grow at a rate less than but comparable to that of the most dangerous two-dimensional mode. Additionally, there is a weakly nonlinear route, whereby a purely spanwise wave grows according to transient linear theory and subsequently couples to a streamwise mode in weakly nonlinear fashion. Consideration is also given to the ultimate state of these waves: persistent three-dimensional nonlinear waves are stretched and distorted by the base flow, thereby producing regimes of ligaments, ‘sheets’ or ‘interfacial turbulence’. Depending on the parameter regime, these regimes are observed either in isolation, or acting together.
Hierarchical parcel-swapping representation of turbulent mixing. Part 2. Application to channel flow
Authors: Kerstein Alan R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA novel concept for simulation of turbulent mixing, termed hierarchical parcel swapping (HiPS), was recently proposed. The method involves either a parameterized representation of the turbulent flow or a more self-contained flow simulation. As a step toward turbulent mixing applications, the latter formulation is used for the first numerical demonstration of model performance. Owing to its suitability for this purpose and its role as a canonical benchmark, channel flow is the target application. Despite its idealized representation of this flow, HiPS is shown to capture salient features of the flow with a notable degree of quantitative accuracy. The implications of this finding with regard to flow physics and with regard to the applicability of HiPS to other problems are discussed.
Partially uncovered Cheatham platinum-covered stent to treat complex aortic coarctation associated with aortic wall aneurysm
Authors: Butera Gianfranco , Piazza Luciane 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPercutaneous treatment of aortic coarctation is a widely used option. Covered stents have increased the profile of efficacy and safety of this procedure. Here we report on a 32-year-old woman with significant aortic recoarctation associated with aortic wall aneurysm and close proximity of both lesions to the origin of both the subclavian arteries.It was decided to manually and partially uncover the proximal part of the stent to have a hybrid stent that could act as a bare stent at the level of the origin of the subclavian arteries and as a covered stent at the level of the aneurysm.
Swarm intelligence inspired shills and the evolution of cooperation
Authors: Duan Haibin , Sun Changhao 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMany hostile scenarios exist in real-life situations, where cooperation is disfavored and the collective behavior needs intervention for system efficiency improvement. Towards this end, the framework of soft control provides a powerful tool by introducing controllable agents called shills, who are allowed to follow well-designed updating rules for varying missions. Inspired by swarm intelligence emerging from flocks of birds, we explore here the dependence of the evolution of cooperation on soft control by an evolutionary iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD) game staged on square lattices, where the shills adopt a particle swarm optimization (PSO) mechanism for strategy updating. We demonstrate that not only can cooperation be promoted by shills effectively seeking for potentially better strategies and spreading them to others, but also the frequency of cooperation could be arbitrarily controlled by choosing appropriate parameter settings. Moreover, we show that adding more shills does not contribute to further cooperation promotion, while assigning higher weights to the collective knowledge for strategy updating proves a efficient way to induce cooperative behavior. Our research provides insights into cooperation evolution in the presence of PSO-inspired shills and we hope it will be inspirational for future studies focusing on swarm intelligence based soft control.
The Portrayal of Stuttering on YouTube
Authors: Donaher Joseph , Minkoff Christina 
Published: June 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the portrayal of stuttering on YouTube and gage the popularity and tone of the user-generated comments.
Method: A search of stuttering videos on YouTube was conducted and 50 videos were analyzed. A combination of descriptive and inferential statistics were used to explore the following variables: (a) type of video, (b) age of presenter, (c) diagnostic reliability—behaviors, (d) diagnostic reliability—content, and (e) public perception.
Results: Videos were viewed on average 27,494 times with 95% of videos receiving positive ratings by the public. Sixty-four percent of the videos were classified as “poor” to “very poor” clinical examples of stuttering behaviors and 52% were classified as “poor” to “very poor” clinical examples of stuttering content. User-generated comments were characterized more often as negative (28%) than positive (12%) with 34% of the comments being neutral.
Conclusion: The low diagnostic reliability scores and proportion of negative user generated comments suggest that clinicians should remain cautious in using YouTube for clinical purposes related to stuttering.
Lossless passive snubber for half bridge interleaved flyback converter
Authors: Mohammadi Mehdi , Adib Ehsan 
Published: June 2014

Discontinues output current of regular flyback converter will cause several problems such as large volume of output capacitor and also high output voltage noise. Interleaved structure can reduce output current ripple and process more power compared with single‐phase flyback converter. Normally, reducing the weight and size of a converter is an important goal while designing. An efficient way to reduce the size and weight of a converter and thus increasing power density is increasing switching frequency. However, in this way, switching losses increases. A half bridge interleaved flyback converter with clamp circuit is introduced and improved with a passive lossless snubber circuit. In this structure, the stored energy in parasitic elements is absorbed by passive snubber at turn off instant to provide soft switching condition for all semiconductor elements. The proposed snubber is load independent which is an important characteristic. In addition, a 500 W prototype converter is implemented which can improve the efficiency more than 6%.
Fast minimum loss space vector pulse‐width modulation algorithm for multilevel inverters
Authors: Sozer Yilmaz , Torrey David A. , Saha Aparna , Nguyen Hung , Hawes Nathaniel 
Published: June 2014

This study focuses on developing fast, easily implementable minimum loss space vector pulse‐width modulation (PWM) algorithms for three‐level inverters that can work through extended region of operation into over modulation. A unique way of duty cycle limitation for the maximum dc bus utilisation and the minimum loss PWM techniques is organised in the algorithm in a way to require minimum cycle time from embedded controllers. The developed control algorithm is tested in the Matlab/Simulink environment for the grid interactive inverter. The algorithm is experimentally evaluated on a system developed for a 15 kW grid interactive inverter for a renewable energy application. The simulation and experimental results show that proposed algorithm is very efficient and represents an easily implementable minimum loss space vector PWM algorithm for multilevel inverters.
Synthesis of glycosides of resveratrol, pterostilbene, and piceatannol, and their anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, and neuroprotective activities
Authors: Sato Daisuke , Shimizu Nobuyoshi , Shimizu Yoshiko , Akagi Masaaki , Eshita Yuki , Ozaki Shin-ichi , Nakajima Nobuyoshi , Ishihara Kohji , Masuoka Noriyoshi , Hamada Hiroki , Shimoda Kei , Kubota Naoji 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Resveratrol was glucosylated to its 3- and 4′-β-glucosides by cultured cells of Phytolacca americana. On the other hand, cultured P. americana cells glucosylated pterostilbene to its 4′-β-glucoside. P. americana cells converted piceatannol into its 4′-β-glucoside. The 3- and 4′-β-glucosides of resveratrol were further glucosylated to 3- and 4′-β-maltosides of resveratrol, 4′-β-maltoside of which is a new compound, by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase. Resveratrol 3-β-glucoside and 3-β-maltoside showed low 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free-radical-scavenging activity, whereas other glucosides had no radical-scavenging activity. Piceatannol 4′-β-glucoside showed the strongest inhibitory activity among the stilbene glycosides towards histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Pterostilbene 4′-β-glucoside showed high phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity.
Crusade Propaganda in Word and Image in Early Modern Italy: Niccolò Guidalotto’s Panorama of Constantinople (1662)*
Authors: Ben-Aryeh Debby Nirit 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe focus of this article is a vast seventeenth-century panorama of Constantinople, which is an exceptional drawing of the city, currently displayed at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art. The panorama is an elaborate piece of anti-Ottoman propaganda designed by the Franciscan friar Niccolò Guidalotto da Mondavio. Guidalotto also prepared a large manuscript, held in the Vatican Library, which details the panorama’s meaning and the motivation behind its creation. It depicts the city as seen from across the Golden Horn in Galata, throwing new light on both the city and the relationships between the rival Venetian Republic and the Ottoman Empire. It also trumpets the unalloyed Christian zeal of Niccolò Guidalotto and serves as a fascinating example of visual Crusade propaganda against the Ottomans in the early modern period.