bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of functional disability in Huntington's disease: Role of cognitive and motor dysfunction
Authors: Ross Christopher A. , Pantelyat Alex , Kogan Jane , Brandt Jason 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe clinical syndrome of Huntington's disease (HD) is notable for a triad of motor, cognitive, and emotional features. All HD patients eventually become occupationally disabled; however, the factors that render HD patients unable to maintain employment have not been extensively studied. This review begins by discussing the clinical triad of HD, highlighting the distinction in the motor disorder between involuntary movements, such as chorea, and voluntary movement impairment, with the latter contributing more to functional disability. Cognitive disorder clearly contributes to disability, though the relative contribution compared to motor is difficult to unravel, especially because many of the tests used to asses “cognition” have a strong motor component. The role of emotional changes in disability needs more study. The literature on contributions to functional disability, driving impairment, and nursing home placement is reviewed. Relevant experience is presented from the long‐standing JHU HD observational study on motor versus cognitive onset, as well as on cognitive and motor features at the time when individuals discontinued working. Finally, we briefly review government policies in several countries on disability determination. We interpret the data from our own studies and from the literature to indicate that there is usually a close relationship between cognitive and motor dysfunction, and that it is critical to take both into consideration in determining disability. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Weathering the storm: best practices for nonprofits in crisis
Authors: Kinsky Emily S. , Drumheller Kristina , Gerlich R. Nicholas 
Published: September 2014

Nonprofit organizations are as susceptible to crisis as any organization as exemplified by Livestrong's attempts to outlive Lance Armstrong's downfall and Planned Parenthood (PP) overcoming Susan G. Komen for the Cure's (SGK) policy to defund organizations under investigation. The public battles held on social media during crises such as these have forced organizations onto new battlegrounds. Supporters for each of these nonprofits proudly shared their thoughts via tweets (e.g. #IstandwithPP) and status updates, as the organizations raced to control the situation. PP had tweeted SGK's policy change creating a bevy of support while sending SGK into a reversal that is still costing racers. Surveys were distributed following Armstrong's performance‐enhancing drug use confession and SGK's funding policy announcement to determine attitudes toward giving after organizational crisis. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used to assess the strength of attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control on the intent to donate to these organizations. The use of TPB expands nonprofit marketing horizons by helping better understand stakeholder intentions and their causes. On the basis of the findings, best practices for nonprofits handling crisis were identified. In particular, organizations need to know their target audiences, know what will make supporters remain, look at crises as opportunities for renewal, be honest, and apologize when appropriate.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insights into β2‐adrenergic receptor binding from structures of the N‐terminal lobe of ARRDC3
Authors: Qi Shiqian , O'Hayre Morgan , Gutkind J. Silvio , Hurley James H. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTARRDC3 is one of six known human α‐arrestins, and has been implicated in the downregulation of the β2‐adrenergic receptor (β2AR). ARRDC3 consists of a two‐lobed arrestin fold and a C‐terminal tail containing two PPYX motifs. In the current model for receptor downregulation by ARRDC3, the arrestin fold portion is thought to bind the receptor, while the PPXY motifs recruit ubiquitin ligases of the NEDD4 family. Here we report the crystal structures of the N‐terminal lobe of human ARRDC3 in two conformations, at 1.73 and 2.8 Å resolution, respectively. The structures reveal a large electropositive region that is capable of binding phosphate ions of crystallization. Residues within the basic patch were shown to be important for binding to β2AR, similar to the situation with β‐arrestins. This highlights potential parallels in receptor recognition between α‐ and β‐arrestins.
First principles analysis of atomic configurations of group IV elements in Ge crystal for solar cells
Authors: Matsutani Ryo , Sueoka Koji , Kamiyama Eiji 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe focused on group IV semiconductors, i.e., Ge (Si), containing C, Si (C, Ge), and/or Sn atoms as alternative candidates for poly‐Si crystals to achieve higher engineering efficiency in solar cells in this research. The main target of this study was to obtain basic data on atomic configurations, such as bond strain and stable sites for substituted C, Si, and Sn atoms in Ge and for C, Ge, and Sn atoms in Si crystals through first principles analysis. We found that ((C, Si)/C) atoms with smaller covalent radii than (Ge/Si) formed tensile local strain along zigzag bonds in the <110> direction while (Sn/(Ge, Sn)) atoms with larger covalent radii than (Ge/Si) formed compressive local strain. Another important result was that local strains except for zigzag bonds had opposite signs to strains along zigzag bonds. The main results to summarize stable configurations of substitutional IV elements were: (1) C and Sn (Si) atoms were stable at positions next to one another, while Si and Sn atoms were stable at mostly separated positions in Ge crystals. (2) C (Ge) and Sn atoms were stable at positions next to one another, while C and Ge atoms were stable at mostly separated positions in Si crystals. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structure of the Sulfido Ferrate Oxide, Cs11[Fe5S8]2[O]
Authors: Schwarz Michael , Röhr Caroline 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe sulfido ferrate oxide Cs11[Fe5S8]2[O] was synthesized at a maximum temperature of 1170 K from samples containing Fe, Cs2S2 and CsO2 as well as by substituting CsO2 as oxygen source with Fe2O3. In the crystal structure (tetragonal, tI84, SG I4/mmm, a = 1199.34(2), c = 1411.65(2) pm, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0188) two crystallographically different iron ions, which are present in a 1:4 atomic ratio, are tetrahedrally coordinated by S ligands [d(Fe–S) = 228.8–238.3 pm]. The [FeS4] tetrahedra are connected by common edges to form “holey” layers closely related to the dense tetrahedra layers of compounds like “AIFe2S2” (AxFe2–yS2, ThCr2Si2‐type). In both compounds the layers are arranged in the unit cell at heights z of 1/4 and 3/4. Inbetween the alkali counter cations are interspersed. In Cs11[Fe5S8]2[O], one cation site is replaced by oxygen, which is octahedrally coordinated by Cs cations only [d(O–Cs) = 285–303 pm]. The tips of these isolated [OCs6] octahedra point into the holes of two adjacent sulfido ferrate layers. The structure relation between the aristotype “A[Fe2S2]”, the mixed‐valent title compound and “K5[Fe8S10]”, which serves as a model for the FeII ferrates AxFe2–yS2, are discussed applying the crystallographic group‐subgroup formalism. The latter model compound is used in a comparison of the calculated band structures and the discussion of the chemical bonding in a layered FeII sulfido ferrate and the related intermediate valent FeII/III title compound.
Petrographic Characteristics of the Proterozoic Vempalle Carbonates, Cuddapah Basin, India and their Implications
Authors: Mathur Ramavati , Raj B. Udai , Balaram V. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract:
The Vempalle Formation of the Proterozoic Cuddapah basin has a well developed sequence of carbonate rocks, which are interbedded with shales, siltstones and chert. The stromatolitic carbonates are conspicuous at many places but the oolitic carbonates are less prominent and are present only in some areas. All the carbonates are pervasively dolomitized. Petrographic examination of these carbonates revealed that they are predominantly made up of fine grained micrite with patchy development of sparite and chert/quartz. The stromatolitic carbonates show distinct banding of alternate carbonate and cherty layers. The latter are rich in organic matter indicating prevalence of profuse biogenic activity. The oolitic carbonates comprise of ooids showing both concentric and radial patterns and made up of carbonate/ chert and cemented by micro/mega quartz or carbonate itself. Diagenetic and post depositional features are reflected in cementation, recrystallization, compaction, stylolite formation and silicification processes. Various stages of cementing material are observed. Secondary vein fillings of carbonate or quartz traverse the carbonate/cherty groundmass. Intraclasts present suggest occasional erosional destruction of associated sediments, short lived transport and local redeposition. Accessory silicate minerals represent terrigenous influx during deposition. Dolomitization of the carbonates was fabric retentive and early diagenetic. The environmental conditions were characterised by low energy, within a shallow water zone, in occasional higher energy events and turbulence. The carbonates appear to have been deposited on a shallow water ramp within a tidal regime.
The Application of Chromatographic Gas Ratio Analysis in Reservoir Fluid Evaluation of “Beta” Field in the Congo Basin
Authors: Mode Ayonma Wilfred , Anyiam Okwudiri Aloysius , Egbujie Brian Chinedu 
Published: September 2014

Abstract:
This study illustrates how real time chromatographic analysis of light hydrocarbons can provide effective fluid characterisation as the reservoir is being penetrated. For the analysis, gas chromatographic data of Methane to Pentane (C1-C5) were collected from the reservoir sections of three wells (A, B and C) in the “Beta Field”, onshore Congo basin. These gas values were plotted on the Pixler plot for the individual wells. Also, the values of their wetness, character and balance ratios were evaluated. The results obtained were compared with the fluid type standard values of the gas ratios, to identify the type of fluid in the formation. The fluid types indicated by these results were then compared with the results obtained through the analysis of the resistivity values from the three wells. These results show that both the chromatographic gas ratio analysis and the resistivity results indicate the same fluid type (oil) in the three wells.
Cervid remains from the Middle Siwaliks of Hasnot (Late Miocene), Pakistan
Authors: Khan Muhammad Akbar , Akhtar Muhammad , Iliopoulos George 
Published: September 2014

Abstract:
The late Miocene-early Pliocene fossil deposits of Hasnot in northern Pakistan have yielded a very rich vertebrate fauna. In this paper we describe the remains of Cervidae from six of these localities. By dental remains, at least four species of cervids are documented. These remains significantly widen the time distribution of the cervids and draw back the first appearance of cervids in the Dhok Pathan Formation of the Siwaliks. The data indicate a diverse set of coexisting ungulates in the area, subsisting within a mosaic of habitats.
HOMOGENEOUS PBW DEFORMATION FOR ARTIN–SCHELTER REGULAR ALGEBRAS
Authors: SHEN Y. , ZHOU G.-S. , LU D.-M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe introduce a method named homogeneous PBW deformation that preserves the regularity and some other homological properties for multigraded algebras. The method is used to produce Artin–Schelter regular algebras without the hypothesis on grading.
Patterns of dietary intake and serum carotenoid and tocopherol status are associated with biomarkers of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk
Authors: Wood Adrian D. , Strachan Anna A. , Thies Frank , Aucott Lorna S. , Reid David M. , Hardcastle Antonia C. , Mavroeidi Alexandra , Simpson William G. , Duthie Garry G. , Macdonald Helen M. 
Published: September 2014

Dietary modification may affect inflammatory processes and protect against chronic disease. In the present study, we examined the relationship between dietary patterns, circulating carotenoid and tocopherol concentrations, and biomarkers of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation in a 10-year longitudinal study of Scottish postmenopausal women. Diet was assessed by FFQ during 1997–2000 (n3237, mean age 54·8 (sd2·2) years). Participants (n2130, mean age 66·0 (sd2·2) years) returned during 2007–11 for follow-up. Diet was assessed by FFQ (n1682) and blood was collected for the analysis of serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), IL-6, serum amyloid A, E-selectin, lipid profile and dietary biomarkers (carotenoids, tocopherols and retinol). Dietary pattern and dietary biomarker (serum carotenoid) components were generated by principal components analysis. A past ‘prudent’ dietary pattern predicted serum concentrations of hs-CRP and IL-6 (which decreased across the quintiles of the dietary pattern;P= 0·002 andP= 0·001, respectively; ANCOVA). Contemporary dietary patterns were also associated with inflammatory biomarkers. The concentrations of hs-CRP and IL-6 decreased across the quintiles of the ‘prudent’ dietary pattern (P= 0·030 andP= 0·006, respectively). hs-CRP concentration increased across the quintiles of a ‘meat-dominated’ dietary pattern (P= 0·001). Inflammatory biomarker concentrations decreased markedly across the quintiles of carotenoid component score (P< 0·001 for hs-CRP and IL-6, andP= 0·016 for E-selectin; ANCOVA). Prudent dietary pattern and carotenoid component scores were negatively associated with serum hs-CRP concentration (unstandardised β for prudent component: − 0·053, 95 % CI − 0·102, − 0·003; carotenoid component: − 0·183, 95 % CI − 0·233, − 0·134) independent of study covariates. A prudent dietary pattern (which reflects a diet high in the intakes of fish, yogurt, pulses, rice, pasta and wine, in addition to fruit and vegetable consumption) and a serum carotenoid profile characteristic of a fruit and vegetable-rich diet are associated with lower concentrations of intermediary markers that are indicative of CVD risk reduction.
Energy balance aspect in KALI-30 GW high-voltage pulse power source
Authors: Sharma Archana , Mitra S. , Vishnu Sharma Senthil K. , Singh Sandeep , Tewari S.V. , Mittal K.C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper elaborates the effect of unmatched stored energy in high-voltage high-energy pulsed power systems. High-voltage insulation failure of KALI system is analyzed thoroughly for its occurrence. According to the simulations and analysis energy mismatch of MARX generator and Blumlein transmission line is found to be the most significant cause for high-voltage failure of the system. MARX generator and Blumlein of KALI are redesigned to attain better energy balance at same voltage level. Observations, simulation and analytical results are illustrated in the following sections.
A new observer-based adaptive controller for cooperative handling of an unknown object
Authors: Monfaredi Reza , Rezaei S. Mehdi , Talebi Ali 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYThis paper presents a new observer-based adaptive controller for handling an object withunknowngeometry, center of mass, and inertia using a cooperative robotic system. The cooperative robotic system comprises three Cartesian robots, where robots and the grasped object form a closed-loop kinematic chain. The unknown object is approximated by three virtual links of unknown lengths rigidly attached to one another at the object's center of mass (COM). Due to the unknown COM and unknown inertia of the object, the lengths and inertia of these virtual links are unknown, resulting in kinematic and dynamic uncertainties in the control system. A parameter estimator is proposed to estimate the object's COM to compensate for kinematic uncertainties of the system. Moreover, a new dynamic adaptation law is developed to cope with dynamic uncertainties of the object. The dynamic equations of the cooperative system are transformed from joint space into task space. These task space dynamics are transformed into object space by passively decomposing the dynamics into two decoupled systems, i.e.lockedandshapedsystems. An adaptive controller is developed for the locked system, and the shaped system is controlled by a composite controller based on a PD controller plus a stabilizing damping term. The stability of the proposed controllers is shown using the passivity concept and Lyapunov theorem. Simulation results show that the closed-loop position error asymptotically converges to zero. It is also shown that kinematic and dynamic adaptation parameters converge to real and bounded values respectively.
The emergence and evolution of infant externalizing behavior
Authors: Lorber Michael F. , Del Vecchio Tamara , Slep Amy M. Smith 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn the present investigation, we examined the developmental viability of the externalizing behavior construct spanning the period from 8 to 24 months of age. A sample of 274 psychologically aggressive couples was recruited from hospital maternity wards and followed from childbirth through 24 months of age. Mothers and fathers completed questionnaire measures of infant physical aggression, defiance, activity level, and distress to limitations at 8, 15, and 24 months. The developmental viability of externalizing behavior at each age studied was suggested by several results. Physical aggression, defiance, activity level, and distress to limitations reflected the operation of a single underlying externalizing behavior factor. In some cases, these individual facets of externalizing behavior became more strongly associated with one another over time. The externalizing construct exhibited remarkable longitudinal stability, with the stability of physical aggression and defiance increasing with age. The externalizing behavior construct was concurrently and prospectively associated with several factors in its nomological network (e.g., interparental conflict and poor parental bond with the infant). Our findings suggest that externalizing behaviors coalesce into a psychologically meaningful construct by 8 months of infant life. Researchers who seek to chart the emergence of the externalizing behavior construct may now need to look to earlier months.
Clinical and molecular characterisation of Holt–Oram syndrome focusing on cardiac manifestations
Authors: Jhang Won Kyoung , Lee Beom Hee , Kim Gu-Hwan , Lee Jin-Ok , Yoo Han-Wook 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackground: Holt–Oram syndrome is characterised by CHD and limb anomalies. Mutations in TBX5 gene, encoding the T-box transcription factor, are responsible for the development of Holt–Oram syndrome, but such mutations are variably detected in 30–75% of patients. Methods: Clinically diagnosed eight Holt–Oram syndrome patients from six families were evaluated the clinical characteristics, focusing on the cardiac manifestations, in particular, and molecular aetiologies. In addition to the investigation of the mutation of TBX5, SALL4, NKX2.5, and GATA4 genes, which are known to regulate cardiac development by physically and functionally interacting with TBX5, were also analyzed. Multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis was performed to detect exonic deletion and duplication mutations in these genes. Results: All included patients showed cardiac septal defects and upper-limb anomalies. Of the eight patients, seven underwent cardiac surgery, and four suffered from conduction abnormalities such as severe sinus bradycardia and complete atrioventricular block. Although our patients showed typical clinical findings of Holt–Oram syndrome, only three distinct TBX5 mutations were detected in three families: one nonsense, one splicing, and one missense mutation. No new mutations were identified by testing SALL4, NKX2.5, and GATA4 genes. Conclusions: All Holt–Oram syndrome patients in this study showed cardiac septal anomalies. Half of them showed TBX5 gene mutations. To understand the genetic causes for inherited CHD such as Holt–Oram syndrome is helpful to take care of the patients and their families. Further efforts with large-scale genomic research are required to identify genes responsible for cardiac manifestations or genotype–phenotype relation in Holt–Oram syndrome.
Carbon flow from volcanic CO2 into soil microbial communities of a wetland mofette
Authors: Beulig Felix , Heuer Verena B , Akob Denise M , Viehweger Bernhard , Elvert Marcus , Herrmann Martina , Hinrichs Kai-Uwe , Küsel Kirsten 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Effects of extremely high carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations on soil microbial communities and associated processes are largely unknown. We studied a wetland area affected by spots of subcrustal CO2 degassing (mofettes) with focus on anaerobic autotrophic methanogenesis and acetogenesis because the pore gas phase was largely hypoxic. Compared with a reference soil, the mofette was more acidic (ΔpH ∼0.8), strongly enriched in organic carbon (up to 10 times), and exhibited lower prokaryotic diversity. It was dominated by methanogens and subdivision 1 Acidobacteria, which likely thrived under stable hypoxia and acidic pH. Anoxic incubations revealed enhanced formation of acetate and methane (CH4) from hydrogen (H2) and CO2consistent with elevated CH4 and acetate levels in the mofette soil.13CO2 mofette soil incubations showed high label incorporations with ∼512 ng 13C g (dry weight (dw)) soil−1 d−1into the bulk soil and up to 10.7 ng 13C g (dw) soil−1 d−1 into almost all analyzed bacterial lipids. Incorporation of CO2-derived carbon into archaeal lipids was much lower and restricted to the first 10 cm of the soil. DNA-SIP analysis revealed that acidophilic methanogens affiliated with Methanoregulaceae and hitherto unknown acetogens appeared to be involved in the chemolithoautotrophic utilization of 13CO2. Subdivision 1Acidobacteriaceae assimilated 13CO2 likely via anaplerotic reactions because Acidobacteriaceae are not known to harbor enzymatic pathways for autotrophic CO2 assimilation. We conclude that CO2-induced geochemical changes promoted anaerobic and acidophilic organisms and altered carbon turnover in affected soils.
Host adaptive immunity alters gut microbiota
Authors: Zhang Husen , Sparks Joshua B , Karyala Saikumar V , Settlage Robert , Luo Xin M 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
It has long been recognized that the mammalian gut microbiota has a role in the development and activation of the host immune system. Much less is known on how host immunity regulates the gut microbiota. Here we investigated the role of adaptive immunity on the mouse distal gut microbial composition by sequencing 16 S rRNA genes from microbiota of immunodeficient Rag1−/− mice, versus wild-type mice, under the same housing environment. To detect possible interactions among immunological status, age and variability from anatomical sites, we analyzed samples from the cecum, colon, colonic mucus and feces before and after weaning. High-throughput sequencing showed that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia dominated mouse gut bacterial communities. Rag1− mice had a distinct microbiota that was phylogenetically different from wild-type mice. In particular, the bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila was highly enriched in Rag1−/− mice compared with the wild type. This enrichment was suppressed when Rag1−/− mice received bone marrows from wild-type mice. The microbial community diversity increased with age, albeit the magnitude depended on Rag1 status. In addition, Rag1−/− mice had a higher gain in microbiota richness and evenness with increase in age compared with wild-type mice, possibly due to the lack of pressure from the adaptive immune system. Our results suggest that adaptive immunity has a pervasive role in regulating gut microbiota’s composition and diversity.