bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of maternal obesity on sonographic fetal weight estimation and perinatal outcome in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction
Authors: Cody Fiona , Unterscheider Julia , Daly Sean , Geary Michael P. , Kennelly Mairead M. , McAuliffe Fionnuala M. , O'Donoghue Keelin , Hunter Alyson , Morrison John J. , Burke Gerard , Dicker Patrick , Tully Elizabeth C. , Malone Fergal D. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTPurposeMaternal obesity represents a challenge in the sonographic (US) assessment of fetal weight, and is a recognized risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome. The objective of this secondary analysis of data from the Prospective Observational Trial to Optimize Pediatric Health in fetal growth restriction (FGR) Study (PORTO) was to describe the effect of maternal obesity on the accuracy of US in determining the estimated fetal weight (EFW) and the perinatal outcome of pregnancies affected by FGR.MethodsBetween 2010 and 2012, 1,116 women with nonanomalous singleton pregnancies with an EFW in less than the tenth centile were recruited for the PORTO study. Maternal body mass index (BMI) was divided into five subcategories: normal (BMI < 24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25–29.9), obese class 1 (30–34.9), obese class 2 (35–39.9), and obese class 3 (>40). The accuracy of the EFW was determined in women who delivered within 2 weeks of their last US scan. Perinatal outcomes were analyzed by BMI subcategory.ResultsOf the 1,074 patients with complete records, 691 (64%) were of normal weight, 258 (24%) were overweight, 93 (9%) were in obese class 1, 32 (3%) were in obese class 2, and none were in obese class 3. Overall, the EFW determined prior to delivery was within 6% of the actual birth weight in all BMI subcategories. Overweight and obese women delivered more commonly by cesarean section and at earlier gestational ages than did women with a normal BMI (p = 0.0008), resulting in lower birth weights (p = 0.0031) and significantly increased composite perinatal morbidity (p < 0.0001) and mortality (p = 0.0215) rates.ConclusionsUS examination is reliable for assessing the weight of fetuses with FGR in overweight women. Maternal obesity, however, has a significant adverse effect on perinatal outcomes. Thus, health education should focus on awareness of this adverse effect, with optimization of prepregnancy weight as its main goal. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:34–39, 2016
Varying patterns of brachial artery flow‐mediated dilatation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and controls: An application of the group‐based trajectory modeling
Authors: Meyer Michelle L. , Tepper Ping G. , Barinas‐Mitchell Emma , Korytkowski Mary T. , Talbott Evelyn O. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTPurposeTo identify changing patterns of absolute change in brachial artery lumen diameter (LD) after reactive hyperemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and controls and to quantify the association of PCOS status and participants' factors with these patterns.MethodsBrachial flow‐mediated dilation was measured in 128 women with PCOS and 148 controls aged 30–60 years. Group‐based trajectory modeling was used to investigate absolute change in LD every 30 seconds for 2 minutes after occluding cuff deflation. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with trajectories.ResultsThree patterns emerged, namely nondilators (42.2%), dilators (44.6%), and enhanced dilators (13.0%). The proportion of women with PCOS did not differ across groups. Independently of age and PCOS status, larger baseline LD (odds ratio; 95% confidence interval: 2.51; 1.29, 4.89) and lower insulin levels (0.70; 0.52, 0.93) were associated with nondilators rather than with dilators. Higher total cholesterol was associated with dilators in women with PCOS but with nondilators in controls.ConclusionsTrajectory modeling identified distinct patterns of change in LD and factors associated with the endothelial response. This method may be a useful tool to understand the brachial flow‐mediated vasodilator response. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:46–54, 2016
Revival of the use of ultrasound in screening for appendicitis in young adult men
Authors: Pare Joseph R. , Langlois Breanne K. , Scalera Sushama A. , Husain Lubna Farooq , Douriez Carole , Chiu Helen , Carmody Kristin 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTPurposeOur primary aim was to evaluate the use of ultrasound (US) as an initial screening test for diagnosing appendicitis in young adult men. Secondary exploratory analyses included the effects of using US for initial screening in these patients, compared with the use of CT, on radiation exposure, length of stay (LOS), and cost of imaging.MethodsWe retrospectively gathered data from the records of male patients 18–39 years old who had been admitted with appendicitis between June 2006 and September 2011. We investigated the diagnostic tests performed, the patients' characteristics, and the pathologic testing findings and compared the results obtained on US with those obtained on CT.ResultsOf 451 included patients, 86 had undergone US initially. Its sensitivity was only 57% (95% confidence interval, 46–67.6), but its positive predictive value was 98% (95% confidence interval, 93.8–100). The mean LOS was significantly shorter for patients who had undergone US only (214 minutes) than it was for those who had undergone CT only (276 minutes; p < 0.001). We estimated a 57% reduction in CT use and radiation exposure if US were to be performed initially; this would lead to a 45% decrease in imaging costs at our institution.ConclusionsScreening US should be considered first for diagnosing appendicitis because of its high positive predictive value, but even if US results are negative for appendicitis, one should not exclude the possible existence of pathology because US has poor sensitivity in this situation. We speculate that the use of screening US can decrease radiation exposure, imaging costs, and LOS. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:3–11, 2016
Temporal bone thickness and texture are major determinants of the high rate of insonation failures of transcranial doppler in amerindians (the Atahualpa Project)
Authors: Del Brutto Oscar H. , Mera Robertino M. , de la Luz Andrade María , Espinosa Verónica , Castillo Pablo R. , Zambrano Mauricio , Nader Juan A. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTPurposeTo assess the role of temporal bone characteristics in transcranial Doppler (TCD) insonation failures in Amerindians living in rural Ecuador.MethodsWe evaluated thickness and texture of temporal bones in community‐dwelling Amerindians ≥65 years old undergoing TCD. Using receiver operator characteristics curve analysis and generalized estimating equations, we investigated factors associated with insonation failures.ResultsOf 65 participants (mean age 74.7 ± 6.7 years, 60% women), 32 (49%) had uni‐ or bilateral insonation failure through temporal windows. Considering temporal bones independently, 57 of 130 (44%) had poor insonation. Mean thickness was higher (4.7 ± 1.2 versus 2.7 ± 0.9, p < 0.0001), and texture more often heterogeneous (93% versus 22%, p < 0.0001) in bones with poor acoustic windows. Thickness, better predicting poor insonation, was ≥3.6 mm if used alone, and ≥2.7 mm if used together with heterogeneous texture. For every millimeter of increase in thickness, subjects were 2.9 times more likely to have insonation failures. Per se, heterogeneous texture increased by 3.2 times the odds for poor insonation. In all models, being woman increased the odds for poor insonation by six to nine times.ConclusionsTemporal bone thickness and texture are independent predictors of TCD insonation failure in Amerindians. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:55–60, 2016
The implications of different criteria for grading carotid artery stenosis by duplex ultrasound
Authors: Gray Cleona , Murray Sorcha A. , Connolly Mary , O'Donohoe Martin K. , McDonnell Ciaran O. , Badger Stephen A. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTPurposeDuplex ultrasound is the first‐line mode of investigation for carotid stenosis, whose severity could be graded according to NASCET or St. Mary's ratio criteria. The aim of this study was to compare these two methods and review the literature.MethodsAll patients who had carotid duplex ultrasound in a 1‐month period were included. The reports and images were retrospectively reviewed, and the grade of carotid artery stenosis was then recalculated using the St. Mary's Ratio.ResultsA total of 245 (160 men) patients with a mean age 70.4 years (±11.5) were assessed, and 469 extracranial carotid systems were analyzed. Pearson's Coefficient revealed strong correlation (r = 0.79, p = 0.05) between the two methods. In 114 (24.3%) internal carotid arteries, results were different. Of these, 26 (22.8%) would have gone for surgery had they been assessed using the St. Mary's Ratio and not the NASCET grading criteria. Conversely, two internal carotid arteries (1.75%) went for surgery using the NASCET grading criteria that would not have had to should the St. Mary's Ratio been used.ConclusionsAlthough there is a strong level of correlation between the two criteria, choosing one or the other would have a significant impact on the patient' selection for surgery. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 43:563–566, 2015
Hybrid origin of gynogenetic clones and the introgression of their mitochondrial genome into sexual diploids through meiotic hybridogenesis in the loach, Misgurnus anguillicuadatus
Authors: Yamada Aya , Kodo Yukihiro , Murakami Masaru , Kuroda Masamichi , Aoki Takao , Fujimoto Takafumi , Arai Katsutoshi 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIn a few Japanese populations of the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Teleostei: Cobitidae), clonal diploid lineages produce unreduced diploid eggs that normally undergo gynogenetic reproduction; however the origin of these clones remains elusive. Here, we show the presence of two diverse clades, A and B, within this loach species from sequence analyses of two nuclear genes RAG1 (recombination activating gene 1) and IRBP2 (interphotoreceptor retinoid‐binding protein, 2) and then demonstrate heterozygous genotypes fixed at the two loci as the evidence of the hybrid nature of clonal lineages. All the clonal individuals were identified by clone‐specific mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, microsatellite genotypes, and random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints; they commonly showed two alleles, one from clade A and another from clade B, whereas other wild‐type diploids possessed alleles from either clade A or B. However, we also found wild‐type diploids with clone‐specific mitochondrial DNA and nuclear genes from clade B. One possible explanation is an introgression of a clone‐specific mitochondrial genome from clonal to these wild‐type loaches. These individuals likely arose by a cross between haploid sperm from bisexual B clade males and haploid eggs with clone‐specific mtDNA and clade B nuclear genome, produced by meiotic hybridogenesis (elimination of unmatched A genome followed by meiosis after preferential pairing between two matched B genomes) in clone‐origin triploid individual (ABB). J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 593–606, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cortisol stimulates arginine vasotocin and isotocin release from the hypothalamo‐pituitary complex of round goby (Neogobius melanostomus): Probable mechanisms of action
Authors: Kalamarz‐Kubiak Hanna , Kleszczyńska Agnieszka , Kulczykowska Ewa 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThere were two aims of this in vitro perfusion study. Firstly, to determine which class of receptors, glucocorticoid (GRs) or mineralocorticoid (MRs), are involved in cortisol regulation of arginine vasotocin (AVT) and isotocin (IT) release from the hypothalamo‐pituitary (H–P) complex of round goby (Neogobius melanostomus). Secondly, to determine which pathways, genomic or non‐genomic, are involved in the aformentioned process.The H–P explants were perfused with cortisol (1.4 × 10−7 M, 2.8 × 10−7 M, 0.4 × 10−6 M); only the highest dose significantly increased a release of both nonapeptides. In the perfusion of H–P explants, we used cortisol (0.4 × 10−6 M) in combination with GRs antagonist RU486 (0.3 × 10−6 M) or MRs antagonist C03DA01 (0.36 × 10−6 M) or transcription inhibitor Actinomycin D (1 × 10−7 M). All inhibitors were also tested seperately. The contents of AVT and IT in the perfusion media was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. This study suggested that different mechanisms were involved in the regulation of AVT and IT release from H–P complex in round goby. Apparently it was GRs but not MRs that were involved in cortisol regulation of AVT and IT release. In the case of AVT, our data points to both genomic and non‐genomic pathways mediating the effect of cortisol; in the case of IT, it is only the non‐genomic pathway. This study presents the first feasible mechanisms of cortisol action on AVT and IT release from the H–P complex in round goby. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 616–626, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid changes in ovarian mRNA induced by brief photostimulation in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)
Authors: Shahed Asha , McMichael Carling F. , Young Kelly A. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThis study sought to characterize the rapid intraovarian mRNA response of key folliculogenic factors that may contribute to the restoration of folliculogenesis during 2–10 days of photostimulation in Siberian hamsters. Adult hamsters were exposed to short photoperiod (8L:16D) for 14 weeks (SD). A subset were then transferred to long photoperiod (16L:8D) for 2 (PT day‐2), 4 (PT day‐4), or 10 days (PT day‐10). Quantitative real‐time PCR was used to measure intraovarian mRNA expression of: gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle stimulating hormone β‐subunit (FSHβ‐subunit), luteinizing hormone β‐subunit (LHβ‐subunit), FSH and LH receptors, estrogen receptors α and β (Esr1 and Esr2), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and ‐9, anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH), inhibin‐α subunit, fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Compared to SD, plasma FSH concentrations increased on PT day‐4 and the number of antral follicles and corpora lutea increased on PT day‐10. FSHR and inhibin‐α mRNA expression also increased on PT day‐4, whereas LHR and proliferation marker PCNA both increased on PT day‐10 as compared to SD. Esr1 mRNA increased on PT day‐2 and remained significantly increased as compared to SD, whereas Esr1 mRNA increased only on PT day‐2, similar to FGF‐2 and MMP‐2 results. No differences were observed in mRNA expression in ovarian GnRH, FSHβ‐ and LHβ‐subunits, AMH, and MMP‐9 mRNA with 2–10 days of photostimulation. Rapid increases in intraovarian FSHR and inhibin‐α mRNA and antral follicle/corpora lutea numbers suggest that the ovary is primed to react quickly to the FSH released in response to brief periods of photostimulation. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 627–636, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Character trees from transcriptome data: Origin and individuation of morphological characters and the so‐called “species signal”
Authors: Musser Jacob M. , Wagner Günter P. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTWe elaborate a framework for investigating the evolutionary history of morphological characters. We argue that morphological character trees generated by phylogenetic analysis of transcriptomes provide a useful tool for identifying causal gene expression differences underlying the development and evolution of morphological characters. They also enable rigorous testing of different models of morphological character evolution and origination, including the hypothesis that characters originate via divergence of repeated ancestral characters. Finally, morphological character trees provide evidence that character transcriptomes undergo concerted evolution. We argue that concerted evolution of transcriptomes can explain the so‐called “species signal” found in several recent comparative transcriptome studies. The species signal is the phenomenon that transcriptomes cluster by species rather than character type, even though the characters are older than the respective species. We suggest the species signal is a natural consequence of concerted gene expression evolution resulting from mutations that alter gene regulatory network interactions shared by the characters under comparison. Thus, character trees generated from transcriptomes allow us to investigate the variational independence, or individuation, of morphological characters at the level of genetic programs. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 588–604, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phylogenetic uncertainty can bias the number of evolutionary transitions estimated from ancestral state reconstruction methods
Authors: Duchêne Sebastian , Lanfear Robert 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTAncestral state reconstruction (ASR) is a popular method for exploring the evolutionary history of traits that leave little or no trace in the fossil record. For example, it has been used to test hypotheses about the number of evolutionary origins of key life‐history traits such as oviparity, or key morphological structures such as wings. Many studies that use ASR have suggested that the number of evolutionary origins of such traits is higher than was previously thought. The scope of such inferences is increasing rapidly, facilitated by the construction of very large phylogenies and life‐history databases. In this paper, we use simulations to show that the number of evolutionary origins of a trait tends to be overestimated when the phylogeny is not perfect. In some cases, the estimated number of transitions can be several fold higher than the true value. Furthermore, we show that the bias is not always corrected by standard approaches to account for phylogenetic uncertainty, such as repeating the analysis on a large collection of possible trees. These findings have important implications for studies that seek to estimate the number of origins of a trait, particularly those that use large phylogenies that are associated with considerable uncertainty. We discuss the implications of this bias, and methods to ameliorate it. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 517–524, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of early changes after growth plate injury using MRI
Authors: Nakase Masashi , Kim Wook‐Cheol , Oka Yoshinobu , Hosokawa Motoo , Yoshida Takashi , Yamada Naotake , Nishida Atsushi , Yokozeki Kouichi , Ikoma Kazuya , Kawata Mitsuhiro , Kubo Toshikazu 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundTo elucidate the association between growth plate injury size and the beginning of physeal growth disturbance by MRI.MethodsThirty‐two 5‐week‐old male Japanese white rabbits were used. Injuries were made to the right tibial proximal growth plate central region with a 3.0‐mm and a 1.2‐mm drill. The left tibia was used as a control. MRI (7.04 Tesla [T], gradient echo: repetition time [TR], 71.68 ms; echo time [TE], 3.60 ms; proton‐density weighted imaging: TR, 2000 ms; TE, 12 ms) of the growth plates was performed at 1, 4, 8, 10, and 12 weeks postinjury. Tibia length, histology, radiography, and microcomputed tomography (µCT) were studied.ResultsMRI showed that at 10 and 12 weeks postinjury in the 3.0‐mm group, the medial and lateral growth plates in the noninjured regions were significantly reduced compared with the controls (P < 0.05). At 12 weeks postinjury in the 1.2‐mm group, medial and lateral growth plates in the noninjured regions were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Tibia length and histological growth plate height of injured side in both groups were significantly shorter than controls at 12 weeks postinjury (P < 0.05). Comparison with the controls showed no significant difference at any of the time periods in either the 3.0‐ or 1.2‐mm group according to the radiographic studies (P > 0.05). Bony bridges developed in all the subjects of the 3.0‐mm group and in five of eight subjects of the 1.2‐mm group, as shown by µCT images.ConclusionThis study suggested that growth plate injury size was associated with the timing of the beginning of physeal growth disturbance. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2015;42:1698–1704.
Performance of an efficient image‐registration algorithm in processing MR renography data
Authors: Conlin Christopher C. , Zhang Jeff L. , Rousset Florian , Vachet Clement , Zhao Yangyang , Morton Kathryn A. , Carlston Kristi , Gerig Guido , Lee Vivian S. 
Published: July 2015

PurposeTo evaluate the performance of an edge‐based registration technique in correcting for respiratory motion artifacts in magnetic resonance renographic (MRR) data and to examine the efficiency of a semiautomatic software package in processing renographic data from a cohort of clinical patients.Materials and MethodsThe developed software incorporates an image‐registration algorithm based on the generalized Hough transform of edge maps. It was used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), and mean transit time (MTT) from 36 patients who underwent free‐breathing MRR at 3T using saturation‐recovery turbo‐FLASH. The processing time required for each patient was recorded. Renal parameter estimates and model‐fitting residues from the software were compared to those from a previously reported technique. Interreader variability in the software was quantified by the standard deviation of parameter estimates among three readers. GFR estimates from our software were also compared to a reference standard from nuclear medicine.ResultsThe time taken to process one patient's data with the software averaged 12 ± 4 minutes. The applied image registration effectively reduced motion artifacts in dynamic images by providing renal tracer‐retention curves with significantly smaller fitting residues (P < 0.01) than unregistered data or data registered by the previously reported technique. Interreader variability was less than 10% for all parameters. GFR estimates from the proposed method showed greater concordance with reference values (P < 0.05).ConclusionThese results suggest that the proposed software can process MRR data efficiently and accurately. Its incorporated registration technique based on the generalized Hough transform effectively reduces respiratory motion artifacts in free‐breathing renographic acquisitions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:391–397.