bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moderate changes in nutrient input alter tropical microbial and protist communities and belowground linkages
Authors: Krashevska Valentyna , Sandmann Dorothee , Maraun Mark , Scheu Stefan 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
We investigated the response of soil microbial communities in tropical ecosystems to increased nutrient deposition, such as predicted by anthropogenic change scenarios. Moderate amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus and their combination were added along an altitudinal transect. We expected microorganisms and microbial grazers (testate amoebae) to significantly respond to nutrient additions with the effect increasing with increasing altitude and with duration of nutrient additions. Further, we expected nutrients to alter grazer–prey interrelationships. Indeed, nutrient additions strongly altered microbial biomass (MB) and community structure as well as the community structure of testate amoebae. The response of microorganisms varied with both altitude and duration of nutrient addition. The results indicate that microorganisms are generally limited by N, but saprotrophic fungi also by P. Also, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi benefited from N and/or P addition. Parallel to MB, testate amoebae benefited from the addition of N but were detrimentally affected by P, with the addition of P negating the positive effect of N. Our data suggests that testate amoeba communities are predominantly structured by abiotic factors and by antagonistic interactions with other microorganisms, in particular mycorrhizal fungi, rather than by the availability of prey. Overall, the results suggest that the decomposer system of tropical montane rainforests significantly responds to even moderate changes in nutrient inputs with the potential to cause major ramifications of the whole ecosystem including litter decomposition and plant growth.
Mammalian Mon2/Ysl2 regulates endosome-to-Golgi trafficking but possesses no guanine nucleotide exchange activity toward Arl1 GTPase
Authors: Mahajan Divyanshu , Boh Boon Kim , Zhou Yan , Chen Li , Cornvik Tobias Carl , Hong Wanjin , Lu Lei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractArl1 is a member of Arf family small GTPases that is essential for the organization and function of Golgi complex. Mon2/Ysl2, which shares significant homology with Sec7 family Arf guanine nucleotide exchange factors, was poorly characterized in mammalian cells. Here, we report the first in depth characterization of mammalian Mon2. We found that Mon2 localized to trans-Golgi network which was dependent on both its N and C termini. The depletion of Mon2 did not affect the Golgi localized or cellular active form of Arl1. Furthermore, our in vitro assay demonstrated that recombinant Mon2 did not promote guanine nucleotide exchange of Arl1. Therefore, our results suggest that Mon2 could be neither necessary nor sufficient for the guanine nucleotide exchange of Arl1. We demonstrated that Mon2 was involved in endosome-to-Golgi trafficking as its depletion accelerated the delivery of furin and CI-M6PR to Golgi after endocytosis.
Linear aggregation of proteins on the membrane as a prelude to membrane remodeling
Authors: Simunovic Mijo , Srivastava Anand , Voth Gregory A. 
Published: November 2013

Significance
The remodeling of lipid membranes accompanies many cellular processes, such as the formation of organelles, division, trafficking, and signaling. Although many proteins have been implicated to play roles in these processes, their vast complexity precluded the profound understanding of how they occur at the molecular level. The most notable membrane remodelers are proteins containing one of several types of Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domains. They adhere and insert into the membrane to sculpt it into different shapes. Our work demonstrates that N-BAR proteins arrange into string-like aggregates and meshes that generate the initial curvature on the membrane. Our observation on the self-assembly of proteins elucidates the way these proteins may interact rapidly to participate in complex cellular machineries.
Unifying self-responsibility and solidarity in social security institutions
Authors: Frericks Patricia 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT
Welfare states and social security institutions are positioned at a nexus of the two principles self-responsibility and solidarity resulting in higher or lower social inequality. Despite historical and national particularities, it is possible to identify common tendencies in their relational developments in Europe. Here, four of them will be analysed. The analysis of these cross-national developments results in the observation that self-responsibility and solidarity are being redefined and have ultimately grown together into a strict circular logic of interdependency. This, however, assumes very different forms of self-responsibility and solidarity and thereby a different concept and nexus of both principles than was the case some 20 years ago. Dominant discourses based on dualistic concepts are much too limited to comprehend this complex nexus. Instead, the changed institutions of social security implement institutional norms that correspond to a broad concept of interdependency.
MOND and IMF variations in early-type galaxies from ATLAS3D
Authors: Tortora C. , Romanowsky A. J. , Cardone V. F. , Napolitano N. R. , Jetzer Ph. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) represents a phenomenological alternative to dark matter (DM) for the missing mass problem in galaxies and clusters of galaxies. We analyse the central regions of a local sample of ∼220 early-type galaxies from the ATLAS3D survey, to see if the data can be reproduced without recourse to DM. We estimate dynamical masses in the MOND context through Jeans analysis and compare to ATLAS3D stellar masses from stellar population synthesis. We find that the observed stellar mass–velocity dispersion relation is steeper than expected assuming MOND with a fixed stellar initial mass function (IMF) and a standard value for the acceleration parameter a0. Turning from the space of observables to model space (a) fixing the IMF, a universal value for a0 cannot be fitted, while, (b) fixing a0 and leaving the IMF free to vary, we find that it is ‘lighter’ (Chabrier like) for low-dispersion galaxies and ‘heavier’ (Salpeter like) for high dispersions. This MOND-based trend matches inferences from Newtonian dynamics with DM and from the detailed analysis of spectral absorption lines, adding to the converging lines of evidence for a systematically varying IMF.
YY1 DNA binding and interaction with YAF2 is essential for Polycomb recruitment
Authors: Basu Arindam , Wilkinson Frank H. , Colavita Kristen , Fennelly Colin , Atchison Michael L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPolycomb Group (PcG) proteins are crucial for epigenetic inheritance of cell identity and are functionally conserved from Drosophila to humans. PcG proteins regulate expression of homeotic genes and are essential for axial body patterning during development. Earlier we showed that transcription factor YY1 functions as a PcG protein. YY1 also physically interacts with YAF2, a homolog of RYBP. Here we characterize the mechanism and physiologic relevance of this interaction. We found phenotypic and biochemical correction of dRYBP mutant flies by mouse YAF2 demonstrating functional conservation across species. Further biochemical analysis revealed that YAF2 bridges interaction between YY1 and the PRC1 complex. ChIP assays in HeLa cells showed that YAF2 is responsible for PcG recruitment to DNA, which is mediated by YY1 DNA binding. Knock-down of YY1 abrogated PcG recruitment, which was not compensated by exogenous YAF2 demonstrating that YY1 DNA binding is a priori necessary for Polycomb assembly on chromatin. Finally, we found that although YAF2 and RYBP regulate a similar number of Polycomb target genes, there are very few genes that are regulated by both implying functional distinction between the two proteins. We present a model of YAF2-dependent and independent PcG DNA recruitment by YY1.
Bacillus subtilisRecA and its accessory factors, RecF, RecO, RecR and RecX, are required for spore resistance to DNA double-strand break
Authors: Vlašić Ignacija , Mertens Ramona , Seco Elena M. , Carrasco Begoña , Ayora Silvia , Reitz Günther , Commichau Fabian M. , Alonso Juan C. , Moeller Ralf 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBacillus subtilis RecA is important for spore resistance to DNA damage, even though spores contain a single non-replicating genome. We report that inactivation of RecA or its accessory factors, RecF, RecO, RecR and RecX, drastically reduce survival of mature dormant spores to ultrahigh vacuum desiccation and ionizing radiation that induce single strand (ss) DNA nicks and double-strand breaks (DSBs). The presence of non-cleavable LexA renders spores less sensitive to DSBs, and spores impaired in DSB recognition or end-processing show sensitivities to X-rays similar to wild-type. In vitro RecA cannot compete with SsbA for nucleation onto ssDNA in the presence of ATP. RecO is sufficient, at least in vitro, to overcome SsbA inhibition and stimulate RecA polymerization on SsbA-coated ssDNA. In the presence of SsbA, RecA slightly affects DNA replication in vitro, but addition of RecO facilitates RecA-mediated inhibition of DNA synthesis. We propose that repairing of the DNA lesions generates a replication stress to germinating spores, and the RecA·ssDNA filament might act by preventing potentially dangerous forms of DNA repair occurring during replication. RecA might stabilize a stalled fork or prevent or promote dissolution of reversed forks rather than its cleavage that should require end-processing.
megaTALs: a rare-cleaving nuclease architecture for therapeutic genome engineering
Authors: Boissel Sandrine , Jarjour Jordan , Astrakhan Alexander , Adey Andrew , Gouble Agnès , Duchateau Philippe , Shendure Jay , Stoddard Barry L. , Certo Michael T. , Baker David , Scharenberg Andrew M. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Rare-cleaving endonucleases have emerged as important tools for making targeted genome modifications. While multiple platforms are now available to generate reagents for research applications, each existing platform has significant limitations in one or more of three key properties necessary for therapeutic application: efficiency of cleavage at the desired target site, specificity of cleavage (i.e. rate of cleavage at ‘off-target’ sites), and efficient/facile means for delivery to desired target cells. Here, we describe the development of a single-chain rare-cleaving nuclease architecture, which we designate ‘megaTAL’, in which the DNA binding region of a transcription activator-like (TAL) effector is used to ‘address’ a site-specific meganuclease adjacent to a single desired genomic target site. This architecture allows the generation of extremely active and hyper-specific compact nucleases that are compatible with all current viral and nonviral cell delivery methods.
Etomidate Use and Postoperative Outcomes among Cardiac Surgery Patients
Authors: Wagner Chad E. , Bick Julian S. , Johnson Daniel , Ahmad Rashid , Han Xue , Ehrenfeld Jesse M. , Schildcrout Jonathan S. , Pretorius Mias 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background:
Although a single dose of etomidate can cause relative adrenal insufficiency, the impact of etomidate exposure on postoperative outcomes is unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the association between a single induction dose of etomidate and clinically important postoperative outcomes after cardiac surgery.

Methods:
The authors retrospectively examined the association between etomidate exposure during induction of anesthesia and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery from January 2007 to December 2009 by using multivariate logistic regression analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Postoperative outcomes of interest were severe hypotension, mechanical ventilation hours, hospital length of stay, and in-hospital mortality.

Results:
Sixty-two percent of 3,127 patients received etomidate. Etomidate recipients had a higher incidence of preoperative congestive heart failure (23.0 vs. 18.3%; P = 0.002) and a lower incidence of preoperative cardiogenic shock (1.3 vs. 4.0%; P < 0.001). The adjusted odds ratio for severe hypotension and in-hospital mortality associated with receiving etomidate was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.58–1.09) and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.45–1.24), respectively, and the adjusted hazard ratio for time to mechanical ventilation removal and time to hospital discharge was 1.10 (95% CI, 1.00–1.21) and 1.07 (95% CI, 0.97–1.18), respectively. Propensity score analysis did not change the association between etomidate use and postoperative outcomes.

Conclusions:
In this study, there was no evidence to suggest that etomidate exposure was associated with severe hypotension, longer mechanical ventilation hours, longer length of hospital stay, or in-hospital mortality. Etomidate should remain an option for induction of anesthesia in cardiac surgery patients.
Nociceptor-selective Peripheral Nerve Block Induces Delayed Mechanical Hypersensitivity and Neurotoxicity in Rats
Authors: Peters Christopher M. , Ririe Douglas , Houle Timothy T. , Aschenbrenner Carol A. , Eisenach James C. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background:
Long-lasting, sensory-specific peripheral nerve blockade would advance perioperative analgesia. Perineural injection of a combination of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel agonists and lidocaine or its hydrophilic derivative, QX-314, produces prolonged sensory or nociceptor-selective nerve block in rodents. In this study, the authors tested the efficacy of these combinations in peripheral nerve block after incisional surgery in rats.

Methods:
The authors administered perisciatic lidocaine (2%), QX-314 (0.2%) followed by dilute capsaicin (0.05%, 10 min later), or vehicle in rats and the duration of motor and sensory block to thermal and mechanical stimuli assessed in normal animals and those after incisional surgery to the hind paw. Other animals receiving these injections were evaluated 7 weeks later by behavior and histology for potential neurotoxicity.

Results:
Perineural injection of the combination not only attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity for 72 h after incision but also resulted in delayed onset mechanical hypersensitivity several weeks later, accompanied by degeneration of central terminals of isolectin B4 (nonpeptidergic) and calcitonin gene–related peptide–containing (peptidergic) afferents in the ipsilateral spinal cord. Dorsal root ganglia ipsilateral to injection of the combination showed increased expression of activating transcription factor-3 and satellite cell activation.

Conclusions:
Combined administration of local anesthetics with the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 agonist capsaicin induced a near complete blockade of incision-induced hypersensitivity for several days. However, the same combination induced delayed mechanical hypersensitivity and neurotoxicity in naïve rats. Combination of these drugs in these concentrations is likely to result in neurotoxicity, and the safety of other concentrations warrants further study.
Reciprocal Responses in the Interaction between Arabidopsis and the Cell-Content-Feeding Chelicerate Herbivore Spider Mite
Authors: Zhurov Vladimir , Navarro Marie , Bruinsma Kristie A. , Arbona Vicent , Santamaria M. Estrella , Cazaux Marc , Wybouw Nicky , Osborne Edward J. , Ens Cherise , Rioja Cristina , Vermeirssen Vanessa , Rubio-Somoza Ignacio , Krishna Priti , Diaz Isabel , Schmid Markus , Gómez-Cadenas Aurelio , Van de Peer Yves , Grbić Miodrag , Clark Richard M. , Van Leeuwen Thomas , Grbić Vojislava 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMost molecular-genetic studies of plant defense responses to arthropod herbivores have focused on insects. However, plant-feeding mites are also pests of diverse plants, and mites induce different patterns of damage to plant tissues than do well-studied insects (e.g. lepidopteran larvae or aphids). The two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) is among the most significant mite pests in agriculture, feeding on a staggering number of plant hosts. To understand the interactions between spider mite and a plant at the molecular level, we examined reciprocal genome-wide responses of mites and its host Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Despite differences in feeding guilds, we found that transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis to mite herbivory resembled those observed for lepidopteran herbivores. Mutant analysis of induced plant defense pathways showed functionally that only a subset of induced programs, including jasmonic acid signaling and biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates, are central to Arabidopsis’s defense to mite herbivory. On the herbivore side, indole glucosinolates dramatically increased mite mortality and development times. We identified an indole glucosinolate dose-dependent increase in the number of differentially expressed mite genes belonging to pathways associated with detoxification of xenobiotics. This demonstrates that spider mite is sensitive to Arabidopsis defenses that have also been associated with the deterrence of insect herbivores that are very distantly related to chelicerates. Our findings provide molecular insights into the nature of, and response to, herbivory for a representative of a major class of arthropod herbivores.
Pathogen-Triggered Ethylene Signaling Mediates Systemic-Induced Susceptibility to Herbivory inArabidopsis
Authors: Groen Simon C. , Whiteman Noah K. , Bahrami Adam K. , Wilczek Amity M. , Cui Jianping , Russell Jacob A. , Cibrian-Jaramillo Angelica , Butler Ian A. , Rana Jignasha D. , Huang Guo-Hua , Bush Jenifer , Ausubel Frederick M. , Pierce Naomi E. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMulticellular eukaryotic organisms are attacked by numerous parasites from diverse phyla, often simultaneously or sequentially. An outstanding question in these interactions is how hosts integrate signals induced by the attack of different parasites. We used a model system comprised of the plant host Arabidopsis thaliana, the hemibiotrophic bacterial phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae, and herbivorous larvae of the moth Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) to characterize mechanisms involved in systemic-induced susceptibility (SIS) to T. ni herbivory caused by prior infection by virulent P. syringae. We uncovered a complex multilayered induction mechanism for SIS to herbivory. In this mechanism, antiherbivore defenses that depend on signaling via (1) the jasmonic acid–isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile) and (2) other octadecanoids are suppressed by microbe-associated molecular pattern–triggered salicylic acid (SA) signaling and infection-triggered ethylene signaling, respectively. SIS to herbivory is, in turn, counteracted by a combination of the bacterial JA-Ile mimic coronatine and type III virulence-associated effectors. Our results show that SIS to herbivory involves more than antagonistic signaling between SA and JA-Ile and provide insight into the unexpectedly complex mechanisms behind a seemingly simple trade-off in plant defense against multiple enemies.
Catalase andNO CATALASE ACTIVITY1Promote Autophagy-Dependent Cell Death inArabidopsis
Authors: Hackenberg Thomas , Juul Trine , Auzina Aija , Gwiżdż Sonia , Małolepszy Anna , Van Der Kelen Katrien , Dam Svend , Bressendorff Simon , Lorentzen Andrea , Roepstorff Peter , Lehmann Nielsen Kåre , Jørgensen Jan-Elo , Hofius Daniel , Breusegem Frank Van , Petersen Morten , Andersen Stig Uggerhøj 
Published: November 2013

AbstractProgrammed cell death often depends on generation of reactive oxygen species, which can be detoxified by antioxidative enzymes, including catalases. We previously isolated catalase-deficient mutants (cat2) in a screen for resistance to hydroxyurea-induced cell death. Here, we identify an Arabidopsis thaliana hydroxyurea-resistant autophagy mutant, atg2, which also shows reduced sensitivity to cell death triggered by the bacterial effector avrRpm1. To test if catalase deficiency likewise affected both hydroxyurea and avrRpm1 sensitivity, we selected mutants with extremely low catalase activities and showed that they carried mutations in a gene that we named NO CATALASE ACTIVITY1 (NCA1). nca1 mutants showed severely reduced activities of all three catalase isoforms in Arabidopsis, and loss of NCA1 function led to strong suppression of RPM1-triggered cell death. Basal and starvation-induced autophagy appeared normal in the nca1 and cat2 mutants. By contrast, autophagic degradation induced by avrRpm1 challenge was compromised, indicating that catalase acted upstream of immunity-triggered autophagy. The direct interaction of catalase with reactive oxygen species could allow catalase to act as a molecular link between reactive oxygen species and the promotion of autophagy-dependent cell death.
The Wage Premium of Foreign Education: New Evidence from Australia
Authors: Tani Massimiliano , Heaton Christopher , Chan Gavin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractUsing data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia, we analyse if migrants' hourly earnings vary depending on where their education was attained. We find evidence of substantial variation in the returns from nominally equivalent qualifications obtained in different groups of countries. Bachelor degrees obtained in English‐speaking countries are associated with higher returns than equivalent qualifications earned elsewhere. For higher degrees and for technical diplomas and certificates, we find evidence of higher hourly wages for degrees earned in English‐speaking countries, but not in Australia or New Zealand and non‐English‐speaking countries. We discuss some policy implications of our results.
Formal and Informal Employment in China: Probability of Employment and Determinants of Monthly Wages
Authors: Zuo Hong 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe goal of this research is to ascertain the employment status probabilities and the determinants of monthly wages of employees in China in order to provide a much‐needed, more accurate and widely acceptable documentation of informal employment in China on the basis of the International Statistical Standard Definition. This study will use Lee's model to correct for selection bias. The results show that employment status probabilities are mainly determined by sex, age, experience, ethnic status, education, region and migrant status, while monthly wages of informal employees are mainly affected by sex, education, region, firm size, city size and migrant status.
Adding a Top‐Up Sample to the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey
Authors: Watson Nicole , Wooden Mark 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSince its commencement in 2001, the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey has become a much‐used resource by researchers. Over the same time, the Australian population has evolved in a number of ways that the sample, even with ‘following rules’, cannot emulate. Most notable is the lack of recent immigrants arriving after 2001. A general population‐wide top‐up of the sample was added in 2011 which allows new population sub‐groups to be represented and helps alleviate biases from non‐random attrition. This article describes the methodology of the top‐up sample, the response rates achieved and the representativeness of the combined sample.
An Investigation of the Feldstein–Horioka Puzzle for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Economies
Authors: Wang Mu‐Shun 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article reviews the extensive literature on how to respond to the Feldstein–Horioka puzzle. This study quantitatively investigates the impact of instrumental variables on the correlation between domestic savings and investment. I consider two financial frictions: the economic system and the bank features. I find that the dynamic panel model with instrumental variables produces a savings–investment correlation and that information technology generates capital flows to ensure that countries have an incentive to develop. The findings emphasise the potential benefits associated with developing prospects and capital flow in an increasingly competitive emerging market.