bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss of XRCC1 confers a metastatic phenotype to melanoma cells and is associated with poor survival in patients with melanoma
Authors: Bhandaru Madhuri , Martinka Magdalena , Li Gang , Rotte Anand 
Published: January 2014

SummaryUltraviolet (UV) radiation‐induced DNA damage and genomic instability is one of the leading causes for melanoma. X‐ray repair cross‐complementary protein 1, XRCC1, plays a critically important role in base excision repair pathway. This study was therefore performed to analyze the correlation between XRCC1 expression, melanoma progression, and patient survival. Using a tissue microarray with a total of 119 patients with melanoma, we demonstrate that loss of XRCC1 expression is associated with the progression of disease from dysplastic nevi to primary melanoma and to metastatic melanoma. We found that the loss of XRCC1 was correlated with the progression of melanoma from AJCC stage II to stage III and with worse overall and disease‐specific 5‐yr and 10‐yr survival of patients with melanoma. Furthermore, we also illustrate the inhibitory effect of XRCC1 on melanoma cell invasion and migration, which are the regulatory events in melanoma metastasis.
Inconsistencies in care of the pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient with respiratory failure: Opportunity for standardization and improved outcome
Authors: Rowan Courtney M. , Nitu Mara E. , Rigby Mark R 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThere is variability in critical care outcome of the HSCT recipient. One potential reason may be due to the inconsistent ventilation approaches. To quantitate this variability, we conducted a survey to assess self‐reported use of ventilation and adjunctive strategies for the HSCT recipient. Electronic survey, open from June 2012 through January 201, distributed through the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators network electronic mailing list. Ninety‐four individual responses were from 36 different institutions. The majority indicated that HSCT recipients requiring critical care were admitted to the general PICU. The vast majority (89%) endorsed routine practice of low‐tidal‐volume ventilation strategies. More than half stated that pressure‐regulated volume control is the starting mode of choice. Eighty‐three percent felt their group practiced early initiation of lung protective strategies. Eleven percent encouraged “early transition” to HFOV. Inhaled nitric oxide and milrinone were reported at the highest frequencies, but the majority used these empirically. Opinions regarding variables that affect outcomes of the HSCT were diverse. The estimated mortality of HSCT patients with respiratory was highly variable. Strategies for ventilation and oxygenation, use of HFOV, and adjunctive therapies are variable among pediatric intensivists.
Liver transplantation in a child with multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma hepatitis C and management of post‐transplant viral recurrence using boceprevir
Authors: Malik Saloni , Dekio Fumiko , Wen Jessica W. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHCV infection is the leading cause of liver transplantation in the adult population in the United States. HCV infection occurs in 0.2–0.4% of the pediatric population and progression to HCC is uncommon. Liver transplantation for HCV in children is rare. In this report, we present a case of pediatric patient with HCV and multifocal HCC at the age of 13 who underwent successful liver transplantation. While good graft function was initially observed, at one month after transplant, he experienced significant hepatitis C recurrence. He was treated with low‐accelerating dose regimen antiviral therapy of PEG‐IFN and RBV, followed by addition of a protease inhibitor, boceprevir, which led to viral clearance. To our knowledge, this is the first case report describing the post‐transplant course of a child transplanted for HCV and HCC, and the first pediatric case report on using the triple therapy for management of post‐liver transplant recurrence of HCV. This case report demonstrates the need for increased vigilance of surveillance for HCC during childhood.
Trade and Industrial Policies with Heterogeneous Firms: The Role of Country Asymmetries
Authors: Pflüger Michael , Russek Stephan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper explores the role of country asymmetries for trade and industrial policies with heterogeneous firms. The analysis delivers a number of novel results. First, trade policies, infrastructure policies and industrial policies which improve the business conditions in one country have negative productivity and welfare effects on the trading partner. Second, symmetric trade liberalization is immiserizing for a trading partner whose business conditions are inferior. Third, there are gains from trade even for a country whose monopolistically competitive sector with heterogeneous firms is wiped out by switching from autarky to trade.
Uncertain Productivity Growth and the Choice between FDI and Export
Authors: Yalcin Erdal , Sala Davide 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhile determinants of FDI patterns have received widespread attention, the timing of their surge remains largely unexplained. According to the proximity–concentration trade‐off argument, a surge in FDI in times of decaying international transportation costs seemingly represents a paradox. Besides transportation costs, other factors have contextually changed: in particular, the uncertainty that firms bear has increased. Enriching the classical choice problem of a multinational firm with insights from the literature on investment under uncertainty, we illustrate how different types of uncertainty determine the timing and optimal entry mode (i.e. FDI or export) of a multinational enterprise into a new market.
Economic Development and Determinants of Environmental Concern
Authors: Dorsch Michael T. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveThis article examines the extent to which individual‐level determinants of environmental concern in underdeveloped economies differ from those in advanced economies.MethodsTo measure environmental concern, I use survey responses to environmental questions asked in 40 countries from the 2005–2008 wave of the World Values Survey. My econometric analysis tests the extent to which individual‐level determinants of environmental concern are conditional upon the level of national economic development.ResultsI find that proxies for objective environmental problems do not explain environmental concern at any level of development. Furthermore, in both advanced and underdeveloped economies, environmental concern is determined by subjective value orientations, but the effect is stronger in the advanced economies.ConclusionsThe findings reinforce the notion that environmentalism is value driven and support a generalized interpretation of postmaterialism in which the relevance of subjective values for explaining environmental concern increases as countries develop.
Is It Really Tolerance? Expanding the Knowledge About Diversity for the Creative Class
Authors: Wimark Thomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAmong current theories on regional development the creative capital has received major attention. Several assessments of the theory have shown that tolerance and creativity cannot be ignored. However, as the focus in these assessments mainly has been to replicate the results of Richard Florida, they have put less emphasis on the issues the tolerance measures pose. This paper argues that tolerance has only been measured by diverse population and that this is insufficient. To solve this issue a variety of tolerance measures are introduced and underlying effects of other variables are tested for. Surprisingly, the only measure significant in the model is the bohemian measure. On the one hand, this renders support for the creative capital theory and suggests that attracting bohemian employees can gain economic growth. On the other hand, it problematises the tolerance concept and indicates that tolerance is hard to grasp and add to economic models.
The development and evaluation of options for improving future UK blood component labelling – outcome of the 2013 UK hospital survey
Authors: Nightingale M. J. , Brazier A. M. , McArthur K. , Jones J. , Cardigan R. , Lodge L. , MacLennan S. ,   on behalf of the UK Blood Services Blood Component Label Steering and Work Groups
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYBackground/ObjectivesUK blood component labels have evolved to accommodate a plethora of information. Concern has, however, been expressed that current UK labelling is too ‘cluttered’, detracting from the clarity of critical information. This prompted a holistic review of labelling and available information technology (IT) with the aim of improving the situation.Methods/MaterialsA survey was circulated requiring UK hospital participants to rank each item of information on the label according to its ‘criticality’ and assess three novel ‘future’ and one ‘transition’ prototype labels. Prototypes were based on applicable regulatory standards, best practice guidance, international benchmark data and UK expert input. The prototypes support steps towards ‘full face’ label printing and utilise 2D and quick response (QR) barcodes.ResultsTwo‐hundred eleven completed surveys were received identifying 110 contributing hospitals with 41% from clinical staff, 37% from transfusion laboratory staff and 22% from transfusion practitioners. There was excellent agreement between the three groups on the critical information, i.e. blood group, expiry date, blood component name, unique donation identification number (DIN) and blood component volume but far less on the other information, especially the various warning messages. Of the ‘future’ labels, option 3 (closest to the current ‘quadrant model’) was most popular. Option 1, with its additional inverted section replicating critical information was least popular and prompted significant safety concerns.ConclusionThe prototype labels correctly identified the critical items of information and extensive comments confirmed that this was more prominently and clearly displayed. Laboratory staff commented that the transition label was essential to enable IT systems to be adapted.
Memory consolidation in humans: new evidence and opportunities
Authors: Maguire Eleanor A. 
Published: January 2014

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
This lecture is concerned with autobiographical memory representations, how they evolve and change over time, and the brain regions that support them.
What advances does it highlight?
The use of high resolution structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging combined with methods such as multi‐voxel pattern analysis are opening up new opportunities to study memory consolidation in vivo in humans.
We are endlessly fascinated by memory; we desire to improve it and fear its loss. While it has long been recognized that brain regions such as the hippocampus are vital for supporting memories of our past experiences (autobiographical memories), we still lack fundamental knowledge about the mechanisms involved. This is because the study of specific neural signatures of autobiographical memories in vivo in humans presents a significant challenge. However, recent developments in high‐resolution structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging coupled with advanced analytical methods now permit access to the neural substrates of memory representations that has hitherto been precluded in humans. Here, I describe how the application of ‘decoding’ techniques to brain‐imaging data is beginning to disclose how individual autobiographical memory representations evolve over time, deepening our understanding of systems‐level consolidation. In particular, this prompts new questions about the roles of the hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex and offers new opportunities to interrogate the elusive memory trace that has for so long confounded neuroscientists.
Role of the carotid body chemoreceptors in baroreflex control of blood pressure during hypoglycaemia in humans
Authors: Limberg Jacqueline K. , Taylor Jennifer L. , Dube Simmi , Basu Rita , Basu Ananda , Joyner Michael J. , Wehrwein Erica A. 
Published: January 2014

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Activation of the carotid body chemoreceptors with hypoxia alters baroreceptor‐mediated responses in humans. We aimed to examine whether this relationship can be translated to other chemoreceptor stimuli (i.e. hypoglycaemia).
What is the main finding and its importance?
We show that hypoglycaemia‐mediated changes in heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity cannot be attributed exclusively to the carotid chemoreceptors; however, the chemoreceptors play a role in resetting the baroreflex working range during hypoglycaemia. These results provide a potential mechanism for impaired glycaemic control and increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with carotid chemoreceptor overactivity (i.e. sleep apnoea).
Activation of the carotid body chemoreceptors with hypoxia alters baroreceptor‐mediated responses. We aimed to examine whether this relationship can be translated to other chemoreceptor stimuli (i.e. hypoglycaemia) by testing the following hypotheses: (i) activation of the carotid body chemoreceptors with hypoglycaemia would reduce spontaneous cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (sCBRS) in healthy humans; and (ii) desensitization of the carotid chemoreceptors with hyperoxia would restore sCBRS to baseline levels during hypoglycaemia. Ten young healthy adults completed two 180 min hyperinsulinaemic [2 mU (kg fat‐free mass)−1 min−1], hypoglycaemic (∼3.2 μmol ml−1) clamps, separated by at least 1 week and randomized to normoxia (arterial partial pressure of O2, 122 ± 10 mmHg) or hyperoxia (arterial partial pressure of O2, 424 ± 123 mmHg; to blunt activation of the carotid body glomus cells). Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, plasma catecholamines, heart rate variability (HRV) and sCBRS were assessed. During hypoglycaemia, HRV and sCBRS were reduced (P < 0.05) and the baroreflex working range was shifted to higher heart rates. When hyperoxia was superimposed on hypoglycaemia, there was a greater reduction in blood pressure and a blunted rise in heart rate when compared with normoxic conditions (P < 0.05); however, there was no detectable effect of hyperoxia on sCBRS or HRV during hypoglycaemia (P > 0.05). In summary, hypoglycaemia‐mediated changes in HRV and sCBRS cannot be attributed exclusively to the carotid chemoreceptors; however, the chemoreceptors appear to play a role in resetting the baroreflex working range during hypoglycaemia.
Properties of regenerated mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle following notexin injury
Authors: Head S. I. , Houweling P. J. , Chan S. , Chen G. , Hardeman E. C. 
Published: January 2014

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
In dystrophinopathies, regenerated muscles contain branched fibres. We have hypothesized that, once a threshold is reached, part of the susceptibility of dystrophic muscle to damage is due to the presence of branched fibres, not the absence of dystrophin. Here, we explore the novel question: ‘Does dystrophin‐positive, regenerated muscle containing branched fibres also show an increased susceptibility to contraction‐induced damage?’
What is the main finding and its importance?
One round of notexin regeneration produces a dystrophin‐positive muscle containing 29% branched fibres, which is below threshold and not more susceptible than wild‐type muscle to damage. This muscle would serve as an ideal control for young mdx mice.
Muscles of mdx mice are known to be more susceptible to contraction‐induced damage than wild‐type muscle. However, it is not clear whether this is because of dystrophin deficiency or because of the abnormal branching morphology of dystrophic muscle fibres. This distinction has an important bearing on our traditional understanding of the function of dystrophin as a mechanical stabilizer of the sarcolemma. In this study, we address the question: ‘Does dystrophin‐positive, regenerated muscle containing branched fibres also show an increased susceptibility to contraction‐induced damage?’ We produced a model of fibre branching by injecting dystrophin‐positive extensor digitorum longus muscles with notexin. The regenerated muscle was examined at 21 days postinjection. Notexin‐injected muscle contained 29% branched fibres and was not more susceptible to damage from mild eccentric contractions than contralateral saline‐injected control muscle. Regenerated muscles also had greater mass, greater cross‐sectional area and lower specific force than control muscles. We conclude that the number of branched fibres in this regenerated muscle is below the threshold needed to increase susceptibility to damage. However, it would serve as an ideal control for muscles of young mdx mice, allowing for clearer differentiation of the effects of dystrophin deficiency from the effects of fibre regeneration and morphology.
Reflex control of inflammation by sympathetic nerves, not the vagus
Authors: Martelli D. , Yao S. T. , McKinley M. J. , McAllen R. M. 
Published: January 2014

Key points
It is believed that the CNS controls inflammation via the autonomic nervous system, but the strength of this action and the neural pathways responsible are unclear.
In anaesthetized rats we measured the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 60 μg kg−1, i.v.) by plasma tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) levels 90 min later.
Bilateral section of the splanchnic sympathetic nerves before LPS treatment resulted in a 5‐fold increase in the plasma TNFα response, but bilateral vagotomy had no effect.
LPS treatment strongly increased efferent activity in the splanchnic sympathetic nerve and its splenic branch; vagotomy did not affect this.
These results show that, besides directly stimulating inflammation, LPS engages a powerful anti‐inflammatory reflex that can inhibit the plasma TNFα response by 80%.
The reflex efferent arm is in the splanchnic sympathetic nerves; the vagi play no part.
AbstractWe investigated a neural reflex that controls the strength of inflammatory responses to immune challenge – the inflammatory reflex. In anaesthetized rats challenged with intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 60 μg kg−1), we found strong increases in plasma levels of the key inflammatory mediator tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) 90 min later. Those levels were unaffected by previous bilateral cervical vagotomy, but were enhanced approximately 5‐fold if the greater splanchnic sympathetic nerves had been cut. Sham surgery had no effect, and plasma corticosterone levels were unaffected by nerve sections, so could not explain this result. Electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that efferent neural activity in the splanchnic nerve and its splenic branch was strongly increased by LPS treatment. Splenic nerve activity was dependent on inputs from the splanchnic nerves: vagotomy had no effect on the activity in either nerve. Together, these data demonstrate that immune challenge with this dose of LPS activates a neural reflex that is powerful enough to cause an 80% suppression of the acute systemic inflammatory response. The efferent arm of this reflex is in the splanchnic sympathetic nerves, not the vagi as previously proposed. As with other physiological responses to immune challenge, the afferent pathway is presumptively humoral: the present data show that vagal afferents play no measurable part. Because inflammation sits at the gateway to immune responses, this reflex could play an important role in immune function as well as inflammatory diseases.
Identification of a Novel Membrane Transporter Mediating Resistance to Organic Arsenic in Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Shen Zhangqi , Luangtongkum Taradon , Qiang Zhiyi , Jeon Byeonghwa , Wang Liping , Zhang Qijing 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Although bacterial mechanisms involved in the resistance to inorganic arsenic are well understood, the molecular basis for organic arsenic resistance has not been described.
Campylobacter jejuni
, a major food-borne pathogen causing gastroenteritis in humans, is highly prevalent in poultry and is reportedly resistant to the arsenic compound roxarsone (4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzenearsonic acid), which has been used as a feed additive in the poultry industry for growth promotion. In this study, we report the identification of a novel membrane transporter (named ArsP) that contributes to organic arsenic resistance in
Campylobacter
. ArsP is predicted to be a membrane permease containing eight transmembrane helices, distinct from other known arsenic transporters. Analysis of multiple
C. jejuni
isolates from various animal species revealed that the presence of an intact
arsP
gene is associated with elevated resistance to roxarsone. In addition, inactivation of
arsP
in
C. jejuni
resulted in 4- and 8-fold reductions in the MICs of roxarsone and nitarsone, respectively, compared to that for the wild-type strain. Furthermore, cloning of
arsP
into a
C. jejuni
strain lacking a functional
arsP
gene led to 16- and 64-fold increases in the MICs of roxarsone and nitarsone, respectively. Neither mutation nor overexpression of
arsP
affected the MICs of inorganic arsenic, including arsenite and arsenate, in
Campylobacter
. Moreover, acquisition of
arsP
in NCTC 11168 led to accumulation of less roxarsone than the wild-type strain lacking
arsP
. Together, these results indicate that ArsP functions as an efflux transporter specific for extrusion of organic arsenic and contributes to the resistance to these compounds in
C. jejuni
.
Ecological Dynamics of Toxic
Microcystis
spp. and Microcystin-Degrading Bacteria in Dianchi Lake, China
Authors: Zhu Lin , Wu Yanlong , Song Lirong , Gan Nanqin 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Toxic cyanobacterial blooms directly threaten both human safety and the ecosystem of surface waters. The widespread occurrence of these organisms, coupled with the tumor-promoting properties of the microcystin toxins that they produce, demands action to mitigate their potential impacts and, thus, a robust understanding of their ecological dynamics. In the present work, the abundance of toxic
Microcystis
spp. and microcystin (MC)-degrading bacteria in Dianchi Lake, located in Yunnan Province, China, was studied using quantitative PCR. Samples were taken at monthly intervals from June 2010 to December 2011 at three sampling stations within this freshwater lake. Results revealed that variation in the abundance of both total
Microcystis
spp. and toxic
Microcystis
spp. exhibited similar trends during the period of the algal bloom, including the reinvasion, pelagic growth, sedimentation, and overwintering periods, and that the proportion of toxic
Microcystis
was highest during the bloom and lowest in winter. Importantly, we observed that peaks in
mlrA
gene copy numbers of MC-degrading bacteria occurred in the months following observed peaks in MC concentrations. To understand this phenomenon, we added MCs to the MC-degrading bacteria (designated strains HW and SW in this study) and found that MCs significantly enhanced
mlrA
gene copy numbers over the number for the control by a factor of 5.2 for the microcystin-RR treatment and a factor of 3.7 for the microcystin-LR treatment. These results indicate that toxic
Microcystis
and MC-degrading bacteria exert both direct and indirect effects on each other and that MC-degrading bacteria also mediate a shift from toxic to nontoxic populations of
Microcystis
.