bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short-term effects of milking frequency on milk yield, milk composition, somatic cell count and milk protein profile in dairy goats
Authors: Torres Alexandr , Hernández-Castellano Lorenzo-Enrique , Morales-delaNuez Antonio , Sánchez-Macías Davinia , Moreno-Indias Isabel , Castro Noemi , Capote Juan , Argüello Anastasio 
Published: May 2014

Goats in Canary Islands are milked once a day by tradition, but in most countries with high technology on farms, goats are milked twice a day, which is known to improve milk yield. Therefore it is important to know whether the increase of milking frequency can improve the production without impairing milk quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the short term effects of three milking frequencies on milk yield, milk composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and milk protein profile in dairy goats traditionally milked once a day. Twelve Majorera goats in early lactation (48±4 d in milk) were used. During a 5-week period, goats were milked once a day (X1) in weeks 1 and 5, twice a day (X2) in weeks 2 and 4, and three times a day (X3) in week 3. Milk recording and sampling were done on the last day of each experimental week. Milk yield increased by 26% from X1 to X2. No differences were obtained when goats were switched from X2 to X3, and from X3 to X2. The goats recovered the production level when they returned to X1. Different patterns of changes in the milk constituents due to the milking frequency effect were observed. Fat percentage increased when switched from X1 to X2, then decreased from X2 to X3, and from X3 to X2, whereas it did not show significant differences from X2 to X1. Milking frequency did not affect the protein and lactose percentages. SCC values were unaffected when goats were milked X1, X2 and X3, but then they increased slightly when milking frequency was returned to X2 and X1. Finally, quantitative analysis showed an increase in intensities of milk protein bands from X1 to X2, but the intensities of casein bands (αS1-CN, αS2-CN, β-CN, κ-CN) and major whey proteins (α-La, β-Lg) decreased from X2 to X3.
Evaluation of the impact of a simple hand-washing and water-treatment intervention in rural health facilities on hygiene knowledge and reported behaviours of health workers and their clients, Nyanza Province, Kenya, 2008
Authors: SREENIVASAN N. , GOTESTRAND S. A. , OMBEKI S. , OLUOCH G. , FISCHER T. K. , QUICK R. 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYMany clinics in rural western Kenya lack access to safe water and hand-washing facilities. To address this problem, in 2005 a programme was initiated to install water stations for hand washing and drinking water in 109 health facilities, train health workers on water treatment and hygiene, and motivate clients to adopt these practices. In 2008, we evaluated this intervention's impact by conducting observations at facilities, and interviewing staff and clients about water treatment and hygiene. Of 30 randomly selected facilities, 97% had water stations in use. Chlorine residuals were detectable in at least one container at 59% of facilities. Of 164 interviewed staff, 79% knew the recommended water-treatment procedure. Of 298 clients, 45% had received training on water treatment at a facility; of these, 68% knew the recommended water-treatment procedure. Use of water stations, water treatment, and client training were sustained in some facilities for up to 3 years.
Cholera in the United States, 2001–2011: a reflection of patterns of global epidemiology and travel
Authors: LOHARIKAR A. , NEWTON A. E. , STROIKA S. , FREEMAN M. , GREENE K. D. , PARSONS M. B. , BOPP C. , TALKINGTON D. , MINTZ E. D. , MAHON B. E. 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYUS cholera surveillance offers insight into global and domestic trends. Between 2001 and 2011, 111 cases were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cholera was associated with international travel in 90 (81%) patients and was domestically acquired in 20 (18%) patients; for one patient, information was not available. From January 2001 to October 2010, the 42 (47%) travel-associated cases were associated with travel to Asia. In October 2010, a cholera epidemic started in Haiti, soon spreading to the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola). From then to December 2011, 40 (83%) of the 48 travel-associated cases were associated with travel to Hispaniola. Of 20 patients who acquired cholera domestically, 17 (85%) reported seafood consumption; 10 (59%) ate seafood from the US Gulf Coast. In summary, an increase in travel-associated US cholera cases was associated with epidemic cholera in Hispaniola in 2010–2011. Travel to Asia and consumption of Gulf Coast seafood remained important sources of US cholera cases.
Genetic variants associated with susceptibility of Ashkenazi Jews to West Nile virus infection
Authors: DANIAL-FARRAN N. , EGHBARIA S. , SCHWARTZ N. , KRA-OZ Z. , BISHARAT N. 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYThe epidemiology of West Nile virus (WNV) in Israel is different from other neighbouring countries in the Middle East where disease burden has been minimal. We analysed a cohort of Ashkenazi Jewish patients with symptomatic WNV infection (n = 39), and WNV-negative controls (n = 61), for nine genetic variants that has been suggested to be associated with susceptibility to WNV. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms were significantly more frequent in WNV-infected than non-infected individuals, rs7280422 (MX1) [odds ratio (OR) 4·05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·04–8·03, P < 0·001] and rs3213545 (OASL) (OR 1·85, 95% CI 1·03–3·3, P = 0·03). Genetic polymorphism may play a significant role in susceptibility to WNV infection in Ashkenazi Jews
China’s One-Child Policy, a Policy without a Future
Authors: NIE JING-BAO 
Published: May 2014

Abstract:The Chinese Communist Party government has been forcefully promoting itsjihua shengyu(planned fertility) program, known as the “one-child policy,” for more than three decades. A distinctive authoritarian model of population governance has been developed. A pertinent question to be asked is whether China’s one-child policy and the authoritarian model of population governance have a future. The answer must be no; they do not. Although there are many demographic, economic, and social rationales for terminating the one-child policy, the most fundamental reason for opposing its continuation is drawn from ethics. The key ethical rationale offered for the policy is that it promotes the common social good, not only for China and the Chinese people but for the whole human family. The major irony associated with this apparently convincing justification is that, although designed to improve living standards and help relieve poverty and underdevelopment, the one-child policy and the application of the authoritarian model have instead caused massive suffering to Chinese people, especially women, and made them victims of state violence. A lesson from China—one learned at the cost of individual and social suffering on an enormous scale—is that an essential prerequisite for the pursuit of the common good is the creation of adequate constraints on state power.
Hospice and Palliation in the English-Speaking Caribbean
Authors: MACPHERSON CHERYL COX , CHIOCHANKITMUN NINA , AKPINAR-ELCI MUGE 
Published: May 2014

Abstract:This article presents empirical data on the limited availability of hospice and palliative care to the 6 million people of the English-speaking Caribbean. Ten of the 13 nations therein responded to a survey and reported employing a total of 6 hospice or palliative specialists, and having a total of 15 related facilities. The evolving socioeconomic and cultural context in these nations bears on the availability of such care, and on the willingness to report, assess, and prioritize pain, and to prescribe opiates for pain. Socioeconomics and culture also impinge on what medications and modalities of care are routinely available for pain or other conditions and can challenge professionalism, empathy, and responsiveness to patients’ unrelieved pain. Although all respondents report having a protocol for pain management, hospice, or end-of-life care, their annual medical use of opiates is well below the global mean. The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), which monitors such use, encourages Caribbean and other low- and middle-income countries to increase their use of opiates to treat pain, and to overcome both unfounded fears of addiction and overly restrictive interpretation of related laws and regulations. Contextual considerations like those described here are important to the success of policies and capacity-building programs aiming to increase access to hospice and palliation, and perhaps to improving other aspects of health and healthcare. Exploring and responding to the realities of socioeconomic and cultural conditions will enhance public and policy dialogue and improve the design of interventions to increase access to palliative and hospice care. Improving access to palliative and hospice care in the Caribbean demonstrates beneficence and helps to fulfill human rights conventions.
Klippel–Feil syndrome and levo-looped transposition of the great arteries
Authors: Martínez-Quintana Efrén , Rodríguez-González Fayna 
Published: May 2014

AbstractKlippel–Feil syndrome is a skeletal disorder characterised by low hairline and a short neck due to abnormal fusion of two or more cervical vertebrae. Although congenital heart and lung defects are infrequent, some abnormalities such as cor triatriatum, coarctation of the aorta, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, or lung agenesis have been reported. The challenge of recognising Klippel–Feil syndrome lies in the fact that there is an association of this syndrome with other significant conditions such as skeletal, genitourinary, neurological, ear, and some cardiac defects. We report a Klippel–Feil syndrome type III 14-year-old patient with a levo-looped transposition of the great arteries. In addition, the patient had agenesis of the left upper-lung lobe.
Assessing Metacognition during a Cognitive Task: Impact of “On-line” Metacognitive Questions on Neuropsychological Performances in a Non-clinical Sample
Authors: Quiles C. , Verdoux H. , Prouteau A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWhereas metacognition is of great interest for neuropsychological practice, little is known about the impact of metacognitive questions during a neuropsychological assessment. This study explored the impact of measuring “on-line” metacognitive processes on neuropsychological performances in a non-clinical population. Participants were randomly assigned to a “standard” or a “metacognitive” neuropsychological test procedure. The “standard” procedure assessed executive functions (Modified Card Sorting Test), episodic memory (“Rappel libre Rappel indicé” 16), working memory (digit span test Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III) and social cognition (Faces Test). In the “metacognitive” procedure, two questions were added after each item of these tests to evaluate “on-line” metacognitive monitoring and control. Working memory performances were better and episodic memory performances lower in the “metacognitive” versus the “standard” procedure. No significant difference was found concerning executive functioning or social cognition. The assessment of “on-line” metacognition might improve working memory performances by enhancing concentration, and might impair episodic memory performances by acting as a distractor. These findings may have implications for the development of cognitive remediation programs. (JINS, 2014, 20, 547–554)
Driving Competences and Neuropsychological Factors Associated to Driving Counseling in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Badenes Dolors , Garolera Maite , Casas Laura , Cejudo-Bolivar Juan Carlos , de Francisco Jorge , Zaragoza Silvia , Calzado Noemi , Aguilar Miquel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMultiple Sclerosis (MS) significantly impacts daily living activities, including car driving. To investigate driving difficulties experienced with MS, we compared 50 MS patients with minor or moderate disability and 50 healthy controls (HC) using computerized driving tests (the ASDE driver test and the Useful Field of View (UFOV) test) and neuropsychological tests. Inclusion criteria included being active drivers. We evaluated whether cognitive deterioration in MS is associated with the results of driving tests by comparing MS patients without cognitive deterioration with HC. The results indicated that the MS patients performed worse than the HCs in attention, information processing, working memory and visuomotor coordination tasks. Furthermore, MS patients with cognitive impairments experienced more difficulties in the driving tests than did the non-impaired MS patients. Motor dysfunction associated with MS also played an important role in this activity. The results of this study suggest that MS should be assessed carefully and that special emphasis should be placed on visuomotor coordination and executive functions because patients with minor motor disability and subtle cognitive impairments can pass measures predictive of driving safety. (JINS, 2014, 20, 555–565)
Consensus development on the essential competencies for Iranian public health nutritionists
Authors: Sadeghi-Ghotbabadi Farzaneh , Shakibazadeh Elham , Omidvar Nasrin , Mortazavi Fathieh , Kolahdooz Fariba 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess key experts’ opinion regarding essential competencies required for effective public health nutrition practice within the health-care system of Iran.DesignQualitative study using the modified Delphi technique through an email-delivered questionnaire.SettingIran.SubjectsFifty-five experts were contacted through email. The inclusion criterion for the study panel was being in a relevant senior-level position in nutrition science or public health nutrition in Iran.ResultsIn the first round, forty-two out of fifty-five experts responded to the questionnaire (response rate=76 %). A sixty-five-item questionnaire was designed with nine competency areas, including ‘nutrition science’, ‘planning and implementing nutritional interventions’, ‘health and nutrition services’, ‘advocacy and communication’, ‘assessment and analysis’, ‘evaluation’, ‘cultural, social and political aspects’, ‘using technology’ and ‘leadership and management’. All experts who had participated in the first round completed a modified version of the questionnaire with seventy-seven items in the second round. The experts scored ‘nutrition science’ as the most essential competency area, while more applied areas such as ‘management and leadership’ were less emphasized. In both rounds, the mean difference between the opinions of the necessity of each area was 5·6 %.ConclusionsThe Iranian experts had general agreement on most of the core competency areas of public health nutritionists. The results indicated the need for capacity building and revisions to educational curricula for public health nutritionist programmes, with more emphasis on skill-based competency development.
Costly institutions as substitutes: novelty and limits of the Coasian approach
Authors: PAGANO UGO , VATIERO MASSIMILIANO 
Published: May 2014

AbstractOne of the main contributions of Ronald H. Coase was to demonstrate how mainstream economics was based on a contradictory amalgam of costly physical inputs and free institutional resources, and to give origin to the economics of institutions: each institution is a mode of allocation and organization of economic resources that is to be investigated. In particular, none of the institutions (including the market) is afree lunch. The Coasian approach regards institutions as costly substitutes and provides a fundamental starting point for comparative institutional analysis. However, Coase neglected two issues deriving from the observation that institutions are not cost-free. First, when institutions are costly, one should not only consider their possible substitutes but also how complementary institutions affect their costs, as well as the costs of the possible institutional substitutes. Second, the economic analysis should also take into account that the transition from one institutional setup to another cannot occur in costless meta-institutions. The initial conditions may substantially affect the final institutional arrangements. Both the novelty of Coase's approach and its limits were grossly undervalued. In particular, the costly institutions assumption requires a view of economics as a historical discipline.
Multiscale structural gradients enhance the biomechanical functionality of the spider fang
Authors: Bar-On Benny , Barth Friedrich G. , Fratzl Peter , Politi Yael 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe spider fang is a natural injection needle, hierarchically built from a complex composite material comprising multiscale architectural gradients. Considering its biomechanical function, the spider fang has to sustain significant mechanical loads. Here we apply experiment-based structural modelling of the fang, followed by analytical mechanical description and Finite-Element simulations, the results of which indicate that the naturally evolved fang architecture results in highly adapted effective structural stiffness and damage resilience. The analysis methods and physical insights of this work are potentially important for investigating and understanding the architecture and structural motifs of sharp-edge biological elements such as stingers, teeth, claws and more.
Sex pheromone biosynthetic pathways are conserved between moths and the butterfly Bicyclus anynana
Authors: Liénard Marjorie A , Wang Hong-Lei , Lassance Jean-Marc , Löfstedt Christer 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAlthough phylogenetically nested within the moths, butterflies have diverged extensively in a number of life history traits. Whereas moths rely greatly on chemical signals, visual advertisement is the hallmark of mate finding in butterflies. In the context of courtship, however, male chemical signals are widespread in both groups although they likely have multiple evolutionary origins. Here, we report that in males of the butterflyBicyclus anynana, courtship scents are producedde novovia biosynthetic pathways shared with females of many moth species. We show that two of the pheromone components that play a major role in mate choice, namely the (Z)-9-tetradecenol and hexadecanal, are produced through the activity of a fatty acyl Δ11-desaturase and two specialized alcohol-forming fatty acyl reductases. Our study provides the first evidence of conservation and sharing of ancestral genetic modules for the production of FA-derived pheromones over a long evolutionary timeframe thereby reconciling mate communication in moths and butterflies.
A global compendium of human dengue virus occurrence
Authors: Messina Jane P , Brady Oliver J , Pigott David M , Brownstein John S , Hoen Anne G , Hay Simon I 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA global geographic database of human dengue virus occurrence was produced to generate a global risk map and associated burden estimates1. Herein we present the database, which comprises occurrence data linked to point or polygon locations, derived from peer-reviewed literature and case reports as well as informal online sources. Entries date from 1960 to 2012. We describe all data collection processes in full, as well as geo-positioning, database management and quality-control procedures. This is the most comprehensive database of confirmed human dengue infection to-date, consisting of 8,309 geo-positioned occurrences in total.
The confinement induced resonance in spin-orbit coupled cold atoms with Raman coupling
Authors: Zhang Yi-Cai , Song Shu-Wei , Liu Wu-Ming 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe confinement induced resonance provides an indispensable tool for the realization of the low-dimensional strongly interacting quantum system. Here, we investigate the confinement induced resonance in spin-orbit coupled cold atoms with Raman coupling. We find that the quasi-bound levels induced by the spin-orbit coupling and Raman coupling result in the Feshbach-type resonances. For sufficiently large Raman coupling, the bound states in one dimension exist only for sufficiently strong attractive interaction. Furthermore, the bound states in quasi-one dimension exist only for sufficient large ratio of the length scale of confinement to three dimensional s-wave scattering length. The Raman coupling substantially changes the confinement-induced resonance position. We give a proposal to realize confinement induced resonance through increasing Raman coupling strength in experiments.
A reversal of fortunes: climate change ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ in Antarctic Peninsula penguins
Authors: Clucas Gemma V. , Dunn Michael J. , Dyke Gareth , Emslie Steven D. , Levy Hila , Naveen Ron , Polito Michael J. , Pybus Oliver G. , Rogers Alex D. , Hart Tom 
Published: May 2014

AbstractClimate change is a major threat to global biodiversity. Antarctic ecosystems are no exception. Investigating past species responses to climatic events can distinguish natural from anthropogenic impacts. Climate change produces ‘winners’, species that benefit from these events and ‘losers’, species that decline or become extinct. Using molecular techniques, we assess the demographic history and population structure of Pygoscelis penguins in the Scotia Arc related to climate warming after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). All three pygoscelid penguins responded positively to post-LGM warming by expanding from glacial refugia, with those breeding at higher latitudes expanding most. Northern (Pygoscelis papua papua) and Southern (Pygoscelis papua ellsworthii) gentoo sub-species likely diverged during the LGM. Comparing historical responses with the literature on current trends, we see Southern gentoo penguins are responding to current warming as they did during post-LGM warming, expanding their range southwards. Conversely, Adélie and chinstrap penguins are experiencing a ‘reversal of fortunes’ as they are now declining in the Antarctic Peninsula, the opposite of their response to post-LGM warming. This suggests current climate warming has decoupled historic population responses in the Antarctic Peninsula, favoring generalist gentoo penguins as climate change ‘winners’, while Adélie and chinstrap penguins have become climate change ‘losers’.
2 GHz sub‐harmonically injection‐locked PLL with mixer‐based injection timing control in 0.18 µm CMOS technology
Authors: Huang Ke , Wang Ziqiang , Zheng Xuqiang , Zhang Chun , Wang Zhihua 
Published: May 2014

A 2 GHz sub‐harmonically injection‐locked phase‐locked loop (SILPLL) with a self‐aligned injection window is presented. The SILPLL adopts a mixer‐based self‐align technique to automatically adjust the injection timing, overcoming the speed limitation of the phase detection. Circuit techniques such as a symmetrical mixer and a V/I converter with mismatch cancellation are adopted to improve injection timing accuracy. Fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS technology, the SILPLL exhibits −127 dBc/Hz phase noise at 1 MHz offset and draws 6.9 mA current from a 1.8 V power supply. The measured root‐mean‐square jitter integrating from 1 kHz to 40 MHz is 214 fs and the reference spur is −61 dBc.
ZnO core–shell microspheres prepared by one‐pot hydrothermal reaction and their photocatalysis properties
Authors: Liu Yingying , Jia Xiaohua , Wu Xiangyang 
Published: May 2014

ZnO core–shell microspheres were fabricated by a facile one‐pot hydrothermal method without any other surfactant or template. The structure, morphologies and properties of the as‐prepared samples were determined using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and ultraviolet (UV) and visible absorption spectroscopy. Results showed that the zinc ions were first adsorbed onto the surface of a sucrose droplet or included in the droplet and then reacted with each other to form a ZnO crystal nucleus, which was followed by the growth and calcination steps to form ZnO core–shell microspheres. The photocatalytic characterisation revealed that ZnO core–shell microspheres behave high photocatalytic activity for methylene blue under UV light irradiation, and the degradation rate can reach to 97.64% in 210 min.