bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A cytokine‐controlled mechanism for integrated regulation of T‐lymphocyte motility, adhesion and activation
Authors: Bergström Sten‐Erik , Bergdahl Eva , Sundqvist Karl‐Gösta 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe co‐ordination of T‐cell motility, adhesion and activation remains poorly understood. It is also unclear how these functions are co‐ordinated with external stimuli. Here we unveil a series of molecular interactions in cis at the surface of T lymphocytes with potent effects on motility and adhesion in these cells, and communicating with proliferative responses. These interactions were controlled by the signature cytokines of T helper subsets interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) and IL‐4. Low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1 (LRP1) was found to play a key role for T‐cell motility by promoting development of polarized cell shape and cell movement. Endogenous thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1) enhanced cell surface expression of LRP1 through CD47. Cell surface expressed LRP1 induced motility and processing of TSP‐1 while inhibiting adhesion to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and fibronectin. Interleukin‐2, but not IL‐4, stimulated synthesis of TSP‐1 and motility through TSP‐1 and LRP1. Stimulation of the T‐cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex inhibited TSP‐1 expression. Inhibitor studies indicated that LRP1 regulated TSP‐1 expression and promoted motility through JAK signalling. This LRP1‐mediated motogenic signalling was connected to CD47/Gi protein signalling and IL‐2‐induced signalling through TSP‐1. The motogenic TSP‐1/LRP1 mechanism antagonized TCR/CD3‐induced T‐cell proliferation. These results indicate that LRP1 in collaboration with TSP‐1 directs a counter‐adhesive and counter‐proliferative motogenic cascade. T cells seem programmed to prioritize movement before adhesion through this cascade. In conclusion, vital decision‐making in T lymphocytes regulating motility, adhesive interactions and proliferation, are integrated through a molecular mechanism connecting different cell surface receptors and their signalling pathways.
Workplace trade union activists in UK service sector organising campaigns
Authors: Simms Melanie 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article examines the roles of activists as they develop during campaigns to establish a workplace union presence. Evidence shows that there is surprising variation within and between campaigns, which is explained by (i) management decision making; (ii) union policies and structures; and (iii) the skills of the activists themselves. This suggests UK union organising places considerable emphasis on supporting workplace activists with the knowledge, skills, and expertise of organisers and officers in the wider union.
Genetic Variation for Heat Tolerance During the Reproductive Phase in Brassica rapa
Authors: Annisa  , Chen S. , Turner N. C. , Cowling W. A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe investigated heat tolerance at the reproductive stage in six spring‐type B. rapa accessions and one B. juncea accession as a control. Plants were subjected to two temperature treatments for seven days in controlled environmental rooms, beginning one day before the first open flower on the main stem inflorescence. The high‐temperature treatment ranged from 25 °C to 35 °C during 16 h light and 25 °C during 8 h dark. The control temperature treatment was set at 23 °C during 16 h light and 15 °C during 8 h dark. Soil moisture was maintained at close to field capacity to avoid drought stress. Main stem buds that emerged during the treatment period were tagged, and pod and seed production was recorded at each reproductive node. Leaf temperature depression and leaf conductance increased in the high‐temperature treatment which indicated that plants were not drought stressed. A leafy vegetable type of B. rapa from Indonesia was the most tolerant to high temperature, as defined by its ability to set seed equally well in the control and high‐temperature treatments, followed by an oilseed type from Pakistan. Pollen viability remained above 87 % in all accessions and treatments. We conclude that bud number and length, and pod number produced under high temperatures, might provide a useful preliminary screen for high‐temperature tolerance and that B. rapa may be a valuable source of heat tolerance in canola (B. napus).
A continued examination of the inverse relationship between political skill and strain reactions: exploring reputation as a mediating factor
Authors: Zinko Robert 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe positive correlation between political skill and the reduction of the effects of stressors (i.e., strain reaction) in the workplace is well documented. This paper furthers the examination of this correlation by examining the impact of reputation as a mediator. It is posited that individuals possessing political skill are likely to build positive reputations, which, in turn, aid in the reduction of perceived stressors in the workplace. It is hypothesized that it is one's reputation rather than one's social ability (i.e., political skill) that affects an individual's response to stressors. One hundred and eighty‐one professionals were surveyed. Both their political skill and also stress levels were examined, as well as the perceptions held by their coworkers of their reputations. Results demonstrated a mediating effect of reputation between political skill and strain reactions.
Scaling pairwise β‐diversity and α‐diversity with area
Authors: Mokany Karel , Jones Mirkka M. , Harwood Thomas D. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimThe relationship between species richness (α‐diversity) and area is well studied; however, the way in which compositional dissimilarity between pairs of sites (β‐diversity) scales with area has only recently attracted research attention. The aim of this study was to improve the understanding of how both α‐ and β‐diversity scale with area, to illuminate ecological processes structuring the distribution of biodiversity and enable prediction of α‐ and β‐diversity for large regions from much smaller samples.LocationWe examined both simulated spatial community data and measurements from tropical forest tree plots in Panama.MethodsWe applied the simulated and measured community data to assess how both α‐ and β‐diversity scale with area. Then we examined how accurately community α‐diversity and pairwise β‐diversity can be extrapolated from small sample areas of different size within each community, using the species–area power relationship.ResultsFor both the simulated and tree plot data, pairwise β‐diversity scaled with area in a corresponding manner to the much more familiar species–area relationship. By altering the attributes of the simulated communities, we found that α‐ and β‐diversity saturated at smaller areas where abundances were more even, species distributions were less aggregated and regional richness was lower. Estimates of α‐ and β‐diversity for a pair of communities generally increased in accuracy with the size of the local sample areas from which extrapolations were made.Main conclusionsThese analyses suggest that the most robust estimates of α‐ and β‐diversity for a larger area will be obtained by local samples that are greater than 10% the size of that larger area. Our results emphasize the fundamental link in how both α‐ and β‐diversity scale with area, and demonstrate how simple knowledge of these scaling relationships can be used to predict the diversity of larger areas from smaller samples.
Host–parasite coevolution favours parasite genetic diversity and horizontal gene transfer
Authors: Schulte R. D. , Makus C. , Schulenburg H. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractHost–parasite coevolution is predicted to favour genetic diversity and the underlying mechanisms (e.g. sexual reproduction and, more generally, genetic exchange), because diversity enhances the antagonists' potential for rapid adaptation. To date, this prediction has mainly been tested and confirmed for the host. It should similarly apply to the parasite. Indeed, our previous work demonstrated that experimental coevolution between the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and its microparasite Bacillus thuringiensis selects for genetic diversity in both antagonists. For the parasite, the previous analysis was based on plasmid‐encoded toxin gene markers. Thus, it was restricted to a very small part of the bacterial genome and did not cover the main chromosome, which harbours a large variety of virulence factors. Here, we present new data for chromosomal gene markers of B. thuringiensis and combine this information with the previous results on plasmid‐encoded toxins. Our new results demonstrate that, in comparison with the control treatment, coevolution with a host similarly leads to higher levels of genetic diversity in the bacterial chromosome, thus indicating the relevance of chromosomal genes for coevolution. Furthermore, the frequency of toxin gene gain is significantly elevated during coevolution, highlighting the importance of horizontal gene transfer as a diversity‐generating mechanism. In conclusion, our study emphasizes the strong influence of antagonistic coevolution on parasite genetic diversity and gene exchange.
Convergent evolution of morphology and habitat use in the explosive Hawaiian fancy case caterpillar radiation
Authors: Kawahara A. Y. , Rubinoff D. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSpecies occurring in unconnected, but similar habitats and under similar selection pressures often display strikingly comparable morphology, behaviour and life history. On island archipelagos where colonizations and extinctions are common, it is often difficult to separate whether similar traits are a result of in situ diversification or independent colonization without a phylogeny. Here, we use one of Hawaii's most ecologically diverse and explosive endemic species radiations, the Hawaiian fancy case caterpillar genus Hyposmocoma, to test whether in situ diversification resulted in convergence. Specifically, we examine whether similar species utilizing similar microhabitats independently developed largely congruent larval case phenotypes in lineages that are in comparable, but isolated environments. Larvae of these moths are found on all Hawaiian Islands and are characterized by an extraordinary array of ecomorphs and larval case morphology. We focus on the ‘purse cases’, a group that is largely specialized for living within rotting wood. Purse cases were considered a monophyletic group, because morphological, behavioural and ecological traits appeared to be shared among all members. We constructed a phylogeny based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences from 38 Hyposmocoma species, including all 14 purse case species and 24 of non‐purse case congeners. Divergence time estimation suggests that purse case lineages evolved independently within dead wood and developed nearly identical case morphology twice: once on the distant Northwest Hawaiian Islands between 15.5 and 9 Ma and once on the younger main Hawaiian Islands around 3.0 Ma. Multiple ecomorphs are usually found on each island, and the ancestral ecomorph of Hyposmocoma appears to have lived on tree bark. Unlike most endemic Hawaiian radiations that follow a clear stepwise progression of colonization, purse case Hyposmocoma do not follow a pattern of colonization from older to younger island. We postulate that the diversity of microhabitats and selection from parasitism/predation from endemic predators may have shaped case architecture in this extraordinary endemic radiation of Hawaiian insects.
Clinal variation in a brown lemur (Eulemurspp.) hybrid zone: Combining morphological, genetic and climatic data to examine stability
Authors: Delmore K. E. , Brenneman R. A. , Lei R. , Bailey C. A. , Brelsford A. , Louis E. E. , Johnson S. E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractStudies of hybrid zones can inform our understanding of reproductive isolation and speciation. Two species of brown lemur (Eulemur rufifronsandE. cinereiceps) form an apparently stable hybrid zone in the Andringitra region of south‐eastern Madagascar. The aim of this study was to identify factors that contribute to this stability. We sampled animals at 11 sites along a 90‐km transect through the hybrid zone and examined variation in 26 microsatellites, the D‐loop region of mitochondrialDNA, six pelage and nine morphological traits; we also included samples collected in more distant allopatric sites. Clines in these traits were noncoincident, and there was no increase in either inbreeding coefficients or linkage disequilibrium at the centre of the zone. These results could suggest that the hybrid zone is maintained by weak selection against hybrids, conforming to either the tension zone or geographical selection‐gradient model. However, a closer examination of clines in pelage and microsatellites indicates that these clines are not sigmoid or stepped in shape but instead plateau at their centre. Sites within the hybrid zone also occur in a distinct habitat, characterized by greater seasonality in precipitation and lower seasonality in temperature. Together, these findings suggest that the hybrid zone may follow the bounded superiority model, with exogenous selection favouring hybrids within the transitional zone. These findings are noteworthy, as examples supporting the bounded superiority model are rare and may indicate a process of ecologically driven speciation without geographical isolation.
Water Footprint of Cereals and Vegetables for the Beijing Market
Authors: Huang Jing , Ridoutt Bradley G. , Zhang Hailin , Xu Changchun , Chen Fu 
Published: July 2013

SummaryBeijing is situated in water‐scarce northern China, where there is a history of policies aimed at constraining local agricultural water use to meet the increasing urban water demand. This has led to a change in local crop production and subsequent effects in terms of the importation of cereals and vegetables grown in other parts of China. The dilemma is that local policies designed to improve Beijing's water resources situation may have the unintended consequence of increasing water stress in other regions. In this article, life cycle assessment approaches were used to model both consumptive and degradative water use for the major cereals and vegetables consumed in Beijing, enabling comparison of local and imported supplies. In the Beijing region, cropping cereals rather than intensive vegetables in greenhouses could reduce local blue water consumption by 7,216 cubic meters per hectare per year (m3 ha−1 yr−1) and nitrogen pollution by 45 kg ha−1 yr−1. However, depending on how the local food shortfall is balanced by imported food, shifts in cropping pattern in Beijing have the potential to cause either an improvement or exacerbation of the nationwide water stress situation (e.g., −42% to 4% for water scarcity footprint). As such, local policy making regarding agricultural land and water use needs to consider the wider food production context. This situation in Beijing is likely to be representative of the challenge facing many of the world's large and mega‐sized cities, where a sustainable means of increasing food supply must be found.
microRNA‐181a is involved in insulin‐like growth factor‐1‐mediated regulation of the transcription factor CREB1
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhao Zhao , Yang Fan , Gao Yimei , Song Jian , Wan Yu 
Published: July 2013

AbstractmicroRNAs are a class of small non‐coding RNA molecules negatively regulating gene expression at post‐transcriptional level in many tissues including the central nervous system. cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) is a key nuclear factor highly expressed in hippocampal neurons on which many signal pathways converge. Recent studies have found that microRNA‐181a is rich in mature nerve cells, and bioinformatics analysis shows that the CREB1 mRNA 3′‐untranslated region (3′UTR) contains complementary sequence to the miR‐181a seed region. In this study, we investigated whether miR‐181a is a negative regulator for CREB1 expression in neurons. It was found that the expression of miR‐181a was negatively correlated with Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) and CREB1 in the Lewis rat hippocampus. miR‐181a bound to CREB1 mRNA through a specific binding site in the 3′UTR sequence. The expression of CREB1 in PC12 cells was down‐regulated by transfection with a miR‐181a mimic and up‐regulated by a miR‐181a inhibitor. A down‐regulated miR‐181a and an up‐regulated CREB1 were observed in IGF‐1‐stimulated PC12 cells. And miR‐181a inhibited dendritic growth of cultured hippocampus neurons. These suggest that miR‐181a is involved in IGF‐1‐regulated CREB1 expression by targeting its mRNA 3′UTR.
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microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression at the post‐transcriptional level and are involved in the central nervous system development. Here, we demonstrate that miR‐181a can inhibit the expression of the transcription factor CREB1 by specifically targeting its mRNA 3′UTR and inhibit the development of hippocampus neurons. Repressed expression of miR‐181a is involved in IGF‐1‐mediated up‐regulation of CREB1 in vivo and in vitro. These findings indicate that miR‐181a could be a potential target for preventing neurodegenerative diseases.
Using Photos to Develop Text Messages to Promote Walking
Authors: Buchholz Susan Weber , Ingram Diana , Wilbur JoEllen , Pelt Phyllis 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPurposeSending text messages (TMs) is a promising global intervention to help adults increase their engagement in walking as a form of physical activity (PA). But, little is known about how effective and acceptable TMs are developed.DesignOur study was designed to (a) determine the acceptability, among low‐income adults, of receiving TMs to increase their walking and (b) develop, using photos to prompt discussion, a participant‐generated database of TMs to promote walking.MethodsIn 2011, three focus groups (low‐income, sedentary adults) met at community clinics (one focus group at each of three clinics). To promote dialogue to help develop TMs, we created a discussion guide and a set of 40 photos depicting barriers to increasing PA or showing people walking. A content analysis of TMs developed was done using audiotaped transcripts, photo page notes, flip chart notes, and field notes.FindingsTwelve TM themes emerged, including 172 TMs developed by the 23 study participants (age 50 ± 6.3 years).ConclusionsUsing TMs to help achieve walking goals is an acceptable method of promoting PA with adults. Using culturally relevant photos to prompt discussion, focus groups can develop a database of PA‐related TMs to promote walking.Clinical RelevancePhysical inactivity is a significant contributor to adult health problems worldwide, and walking is a realistic method of increasing PA. Using focus groups and photos, individuals can generate acceptable, personalized and innovative TMs to promote walking.
Developing new pharmacotherapies for autism
Authors: Ecker C. , Spooren W. , Murphy D. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDeveloping new pharmacotherapies for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a challenge. ASD has a complex genetic architecture, several neurobiological phenotypes and multiple symptom domains. However, new opportunities are emerging that could lead to the development of ‘targeted’ and individualized pharmacological interventions. Here, first we review these important new insights into the aetiology and neurobiology of ASD with particular focus on (i) genetic variants mediating synaptic structure and functioning and (ii) differences in brain anatomy, chemistry and connectivity in this condition. The characterization of the genotypic and phenotypic differences underlying ASD might in the future be invaluable for stratifying the large range of different individuals on the autism spectrum into genetically and/or biologically homogeneous subgroups that might respond to similar targeted interventions. Secondly, we propose a strategic framework for the development of targeted pharmacotherapies for ASD, which comprises several different stages in which research findings are translated into clinical applications. The establishment of animal models and cellular assays is important for developing and testing new pharmacological targets before initiating large‐scale clinical trials. Finally, we present the European Autism Interventions – A Multicentre Study for Developing New Medications (EU‐AIMS) Initiative, which was set up in the context of the EU Innovative Medicines Initiative as the first European platform for integrated translational research in ASD. The EU‐AIMS Initiative consists of academic and industrial partners working in collaboration to deliver a more ‘personalized’ approach to diagnosing and treating ASD in the future.
Third Parties and the Social Scaffolding of Forgiveness
Authors: Walker Margaret Urban 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIt is widely accepted that only the victim of a wrong can forgive that wrong. Several philosophers have recently defended “third‐party forgiveness,” the scenario in which A, who is not the victim of a wrong in any sense, forgives B for a wrong B did to C. Focusing on Glen Pettigrove's argument for third‐party forgiveness, I will defend the victim's unique standing to forgive, by appealing to the fact that in forgiving, victims must absorb severe and inescapable costs of distinctive kinds, a plight that third parties do not share. There are, nonetheless, significant, even essential, roles played by third parties in making forgiveness possible, reasonable, or valuable for victims of serious wrongs. I take a closer look at the links between victims, wrongdoers, resentment, and forgiveness in showing why the victim alone can forgive.
Mothers with an eating disorder: ‘food comes before anything’
Authors: Stitt N. , Reupert A. 
Published: July 2013

Accessible summary
Mothers with an eating disorder (ED) are a neglected clinical and research group.
Nine mothers were individually interviewed to discuss how their ED might impact on family life, and how being a parent might impact on their disorder.
Mothers' relationship with food and children was complex – some prioritized food over their children, but were simultaneously concerned about the impact of their disorder on their children.
Clinicians need to identify the parenting status of those with an ED and support them in their parenting role.
AbstractThere is little research that has presented the voices of mothers with an eating disorder (ED). The aim of this study was to clinicians present the experiences of mothers, drawn from the community, who have an ED and their perceptions regarding how their ED impacts on their children and parenting. Semi‐structured, individual interviews were conducted with nine mothers with various EDs. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, alongside member checks and inter‐rater reliability, was employed to analyze data. Six themes were identified: (1) the impact of an ED on children; (2) modelling disturbed eating behaviours; (3) prioritizing food before children's needs, or as described by one participant, ‘food comes before anything’; (4) children motivate recovery; (5) secrecy within families; and (6) treatment needs. Overall, mothers juggled to balance the competing demands of an ED and the needs of their children. The need for clinicians to acknowledge and support a mother's role when treating EDs is highlighted.