bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineral Chemistry of Clays Associated with the Jhilmili Intertrappean Bed in the Eastern Deccan Volcanic Province: Palaeoenvironmental Inferences and KTB Transition
Authors: Pal Sucharita , Srivastava Surabhi , Shrivastava J. P. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Jhilmili intertrappean bed (~13 m thick) attains its significance with the recent discovery of brackish water ostrocod and planktonic foraminifera fossils (Keller et al. 2009; Khosala et al. 2009). Present XRD data revealed abundance of montmorillonite &gt; montmorillonite/chlorite mixed layer &gt; palygorskite in five physically distinct litho-units namely: (a) lower chocolate brown siltstone with green patches, followed by (b) brick red clayey siltstone, (c) greenish grey clay, (d) yellowish brown clay and (e) uppermost olive grey to dark brown silt layers in the succession-represent higher weathering indices and annual precipitation, reflecting cyclic, but longer spells of weathering. Occurrence of M/C mixed layer with the smectite in Jhilmili area is suggestive of their derivation from the later, whilst montmorillonite to palygorskite transformation is ascribed to the drastic changes in the humid to arid climate, where former served as a source of Al and some of the Si and Mg ions for the later. Jhilmili and Anjar clays represent similar charge occupancies at different sites, but later contains relatively higher amount of palygorskite, formed in the arid environment. Majority of the trace elemental data plots for Jhilmili clays lie within the upper and lower limits of infra (Lametas)-/inter-trappeans clays. The continuous release of Cu throughout the succession (mainly in the palygorskite dominated clays) indicates oxidizing conditions. PAAS normalized REE data plots for these clays show progressive enrichment in the HREE contents in the lower part, but, upper part of the succession is marked by positive cerium anomaly, reflecting oxidizing conditions prevailed at the later stage of the succession. These conditions continued, but, were not conducive to HREE enrichment as evidenced by their depletion in the upper part of the succession. The Ce anomaly observed in the middle part of the succession is similar to that form by continental weathering of the basalt, ascribed to Ce precipitation in the oxic environment, thus suggestive of drastic changes in the oxidizing conditions. Thermodynamic data-sets for Jhilmili clays show I/S mixed layer and celadonite compositions, whereas, Jabalpur infra-/inter-trappean clays correspond to Mg smectites and celadonite end members, thus, representing compositional commonality with those of the other clays derived from the continental weathering of basalt protolith. Jhilmili smectites and smectite-chlorite mixtures show compositional similarity with the dioctahedral and trioctahedral smectites and the smectites formed at 250ºC, having compositions between trioctahedral smectite and chlorite, thus, assigning high temperatures for their formation, where the heat required for the formation of these clays was possibly derived from the hydrothermal fluids, associated with the Deccan volcanism.
Resveratrol improves postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis and brain derived neurotrophic factor in prenatally stressed rats
Authors: Madhyastha Sampath , Sekhar Sudhanshu , Rao Gayathri 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPrenatal stress induced neuronal dysfunction is multifactorial, including suppressed neurogenesis in developing brain. Resveratrol is known to exert its neuroprotective potential by enhancing neurogenesis. But the efficacy of resveratrol against prenatal stress was not addressed in detail. Hence in the present study we evaluated the neuroprotective action of resveratrol on prenatal stress‐induced impaired neurogenesis. Pregnant rats were subjected to restraint stress during early or late gestational period. Another sets of rats received resveratrol during entire gestational period along with early or late gestational stress. The study parameters included neuronal assay of doublecortin positive neurons (DCX +ve) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) estimations in 40th postnatal day rat brain. Both early and late gestational stress resulted in significant decrease in generation of new born neurons and BDNF expression in hippocampus. The decrease in number of DCX +ve neurons and hippocampal BDNF expression was more profound in the offspring who received late gestational stress compared to early gestational stress. Resveratrol treatment has improved the expression of DCX +ve neurons and BDNF expression. These data suggest the neuroprotective efficacy of resveratrol against prenatal stress induced impaired neurogenesis.
Validity of dementia and Alzheimer's disease diagnoses in Finnish national registers
Authors: Solomon Alina , Ngandu Tiia , Soininen Hilkka , Hallikainen M. Merja , Kivipelto Miia , Laatikainen Tiina 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundWe investigated dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD) diagnoses in three national registers in Finland: the Hospital Discharge Register (HDR), the Drug Reimbursement Register, and the Causes of Death Register (CDR).MethodsThe Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) study was used as the gold standard. Participants were first evaluated in 1972 to 1987, and were reexamined in 1998 and in 2005 to 2008.ResultsTwo approaches were used for the HDR: with a time restriction (considering “positive” only those cases recorded in the HDR before CAIDE study evaluations) and without a time restriction. Sensitivity of the HDR was 13.7% with time restriction and 51% without time restriction (dementia), and 15.6% with time restriction 55.6% without time restriction (AD). The positive predictive value (PPV) was 87.5% with time restriction and 96.3% without time restriction (dementia), and 100% for AD. Sensitivity and PPV of the HDR were greater after 1998. For AD in the Drug Reimbursement Register alone, sensitivity was 63.5% and PPV was 97.1%; together with the HDR, sensitivity became 65.4% with time restriction and 71.1% without time restriction, and PPV was 100%. For dementia in the CDR, sensitivity was 62.2% and PPV was 100%.ConclusionsDiagnoses in registers have very good accuracy, but underestimation of dementia/AD occurrence may cause an underestimation of associations with risk/protective factors.
SAFE-SIDE SCENARIOS FOR FINANCIAL AND BIOMETRICAL RISK
Authors: Christiansen Marcus C. , Steffensen Mogens 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPremium settlement and calculation of reserves and capital requirements are typically based on worst- or just bad-case assumptions on interest rates, mortality rates, and other transition rates between states defined according to the insurance benefits. If interest and transition rates are chosen independently from each other, the worst choice, i.e. the combination of interest rates and transition rates that maximizes the reserve, can be found by dynamic programming. Here, we generalize this idea by choosing the interest and transition rates from a set that allows for mutual dependence. In general, finding the worst case is much more complicated in this situation, but we characterize a set of relatively tractable problems and present a series of examples from this set. Our approach with mutual dependence is relevant e.g. for internal models in Solvency II.
ON OPTIMAL DIVIDENDS IN THE DUAL MODEL
Authors: Bayraktar Erhan , Kyprianou Andreas E. , Yamazaki Kazutoshi 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe revisit the dividend payment problem in the dual model of Avanzi et al. ([2–4]). Using the fluctuation theory of spectrally positive Lévy processes, we give a short exposition in which we show the optimality of barrier strategies for all such Lévy processes. Moreover, we characterize the optimal barrier using the functional inverse of a scale function. We also consider the capital injection problem of [4] and show that its value function has a very similar form to the one in which the horizon is the time of ruin.
Compactness of embeddings of function spaces on quasi-bounded domains and the distribution of eigenvalues of related elliptic operators
Authors: Leopold Hans-Gerd , Skrzypczak Leszek 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe prove sufficient and necessary conditions for compactness of the Sobolev embeddings of Besov and Triebel–Lizorkin spaces defined on bounded and unbounded uniformly E-porous domains. The asymptotic behaviour of the corresponding entropy numbers is calculated. Some applications to the spectral properties of elliptic operators are described.
Sleep enhances exposure therapy
Authors: Kleim B. , Wilhelm F. H. , Temp L. , Margraf J. , Wiederhold B. K. , Rasch B. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundSleep benefits memory consolidation. Here, we tested the beneficial effect of sleep on memory consolidation following exposure psychotherapy of phobic anxiety.MethodA total of 40 individuals afflicted with spider phobia according to DSM-IV underwent a one-session virtual reality exposure treatment and either slept for 90 min or stayed awake afterwards.ResultsSleep following exposure therapy compared with wakefulness led to better reductions in self-reported fear (p = 0.045,d = 0.47) and catastrophic spider-related cognitions (p = 0.026,d = 0.53) during approaching a live spider, both tested after 1 week. Both reductions were associated with greater percentages of stage 2 sleep.ConclusionsOur results indicate that sleep following successful psychotherapy, such as exposure therapy, improves therapeutic effectiveness, possibly by strengthening new non-fearful memory traces established during therapy. These findings offer an important non-invasive alternative to recent attempts to facilitate therapeutic memory extinction and consolidation processes with pharmacological or behavioral interventions.
Cooking and cuisine in late Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Gautier Alban 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article tries to explore the question of whether the Anglo-Saxons in the tenth and eleventh centuries actually had an interest in elaborate and socially distinctive food preparations – whether, to use words that have been employed and defined by anthropologists and other social scientists, their food practices distinguished ‘cooking’ from ‘cuisine’, or even ‘gastronomy’. Through the study of written sources and archaeological data, we address several issues which can tell us about the Anglo-Saxons’ attitude towards food: the existence of proper kitchens and specialized cooks; the question of ‘privileged foods’ – categories of food widely recognized as suitable for social elites; and the ways by which recipes were transmitted. The answer is that the Anglo-Saxons may have known some forms of elaborate ‘cooking’, that ‘cuisine’ may have existed but cannot be identifi ed as such, and that ‘gastronomy’ was not a part of their thought world.
A context for the sexualization of monsters in The Wonders of the East
Authors: Monk Christopher 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe belief that monsters had a human genealogy originating at a point of transgressive sexual behaviour is something attested to in early medieval texts that either circulated or were written in Anglo-Saxon England. The Hiberno-Latin Reference Bible, a widely known text of the period, and the Old English poem Genesis A both suggest that the sexual deviancy of the progenitors of monsters is perceivable as reiterated stigmata on the monstrous bodies of their progeny. It is within this context of theological exegesis and poetic imagination that the Anglo-Saxon drawings of monsters in The Wonders of the East were produced. What one sees in the depiction of monsters therein is a performance of sexual monstrosity that links monsters to their human forbears; but also, by means of the illustrated interaction of monster and human, the monster is brought perilously close to the here-and-now of the Anglo-Saxon reader-viewer's imagined world.
‘It shames me to say it’: Ælfric and the concept and vocabulary of shame
Authors: Jorgensen Alice 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAn investigation of Ælfric's shame-vocabulary allows us to divide his shame concept into three areas: being (a)shamed, active shaming, and the shameful. The prototypical scenario of shame is humiliation or exposure before others. However, Ælfric asks his audience to imagine this kind of public, worldly shame in relation to failures to live up to Christian ideals; he thus encourages the ethicization and psychologization of shame. In addition, readers are invited to read to find Christian moral symbolism in narratives of shaming, while the emotive label of ‘shameful’ cues rejection and disgust towards what is wrong and pagan. Ælfric's appeals to shame promote self-scrutiny and the performance of a Christian identity. With respect to Anglo-Saxon shame in general, Ælfric offers a case-study in the flexibility of shame and its importance as a mode of knowing and performing the self.Ne sceamige nanum menn þæt he anum lareowe his gyltas cyðe · forðan þe se þe nele his synna on ðissere worulde andettan mid soðre behreowsunge · him sceal sceamian ætforan gode ælmihtigum · and ætforan his engla weorodum · and ætforan eallum mannum · and ætforan eallum deoflum æt ðam micclan dome · þær we eall gegaderode beoð · Þær beoð cuðe ure ealra dæda eallum þam werodum · and seðe ne mæg for sceame his gyltas anum menn ge-andettan · him sceal þonne sceamian · ætforan heofonwarum · and eorð-warum · and hel-warum · and seo sceamu him bið endeleas.
The voice of the king in ‘King Edgar's Establishment of Monasteries’
Authors: Pratt David 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe Old English text by Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester, known as ‘King Edgar's Establishment of Monasteries’ (EEM) is here viewed as an expression of royal ideology. The article argues that the final section of EEM, in the first person, should be interpreted as words attributed to Edgar himself. This re-reading strengthens the case for dating EEM to the period 966 x c. 970, and for suspecting a female audience. It is argued that EEM accompanied an early, feminized version of Æthelwold's translation of the Rule of St Benedict. This model of religious life related to the responsibility of Edgar's queen, Ælfthryth, for female houses, and reflected her alliance with Æthelwold. EEM offered a distinctive view of English ecclesiastical history subtly tailored to these purposes. The final section of EEM presented a sophisticated defence of female monastic endowment. Ælfthryth's role provides an important context for understanding the politics and representation of Æthelred's kingship in the 990s.
Serovars and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella from human patients in Shanghai, China, 2006–2010
Authors: ZHANG J. , JIN H. , HU J. , YUAN Z. , SHI W. , RAN L. , ZHAO S. , YANG X. , MENG J. , XU X. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYWe conducted a retrospective study on non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from patients with diarrhoea in Shanghai, China, 2006–2010. A total of 1484 isolates of 70 Salmonella serovars were recovered from about 18 000 stool specimens. Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium were the most prevalent with isolation rates of 27·6% and 25·5%, respectively. The majority (1151, 77·6%) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and 598 (40·3%) to more than three antimicrobials. Approximately half (50·9%) of the isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and other resistance rates were sulfisoxazole (47·9%), streptomycin (37·6%), ampicillin (31·3%) and tetracycline (30·5%). Co-resistance to fluoroquinolones and the third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins was also identified.
Water track modification of soil ecosystems in the Lake Hoare basin, Taylor Valley, Antarctica
Authors: Levy Joseph S. , Fountain Andrew G. , Gooseff Michael N. , Barrett J.E. , Vantreese Robert , Welch Kathy A. , Lyons W. Berry , Nielsen Uffe N. , Wall Diana H. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWater tracks are zones of high soil moisture that route shallow groundwater down-slope, through the active layer and above the ice table. A water track in Taylor Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, was analysed for surface hydrogeological, geochemical, and biological characteristics in order to test the hypothesis that water tracks provide spatial structure to Antarctic soil ecosystems by changing the physical conditions in the soil environment within the water tracks from those outside the water tracks. The presence of the water track significantly affected the distribution of biotic and abiotic ecosystem parameters: increasing soil moisture, soil salinity, and soil organic matter within the water track relative to soils outside the water track, and reducing soil phosphate, soil pH, and the population of nematodes and other invertebrates in water track soils relative to off track soils. These results suggest that water tracks are distinct and extreme ecological zones in Taylor Valley that provide long-range (kilometre to multi- kilometre) structure to Antarctic hillslope ecosystems through physical control on soil moisture and solute content. Contrary to expectations, these high soil-moisture sites are not hotspots for faunal biological activity because high soil salinity makes them suitable habitats for only the most halo-tolerant organisms.
Atrioventricular septal defect with an imperforate right-sided component of the common atrioventricular valve: anatomic and embryologic considerations
Authors: Hernandez Lazaro E. , Kochilas Lazaros K. , Anderson Robert H. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe describe an atypical case of an atrioventricular septal defect with a common atrioventricular junction in which the right-sided component of the common atrioventricular valve was imperforate, producing tricuspid atresia with a severely hypoplastic right ventricle and an ostium primum defect. We discuss the implications of the anatomic findings with regard to concepts of cardiac development, drawing a comparison with similar cases previously reported.
Prehospital System Development in Jaffna, Sri Lanka
Authors: Zimmerman John R. , Bertermann Kecia M. , Bollinger Paul J. , Woodyard Donnie R. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIntroductionThe building of prehospital emergency medical care systems in developing and lower middle-income countries (as defined by the World Bank) is a critical step in those countries’ efforts to reduce unnecessary morbidity and mortality. This case report presents the development of a prehospital care system in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka and provides the results of the system's first year of operations, the likely reasons for the results, and the prospects for sustained operations of the system. The goal of this report is to add to the literature surrounding Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in developing countries by providing insight into the implementation of a prehospital emergency care system in developing and lower middle-income settings.MethodsThe level of utilization and the financial performance of the system during its first year of operation were analyzed using data from the Jaffna Regional Director of Health Services (RDHS) Call Center database and information from the implementing organization, Medical Teams International.ResultsThe system responded to >2000 emergency calls in its first 11 months of operation. The most utilized ambulance of the system experienced only a US $13.50 loss during the first 12 months of operation. Factors such as up-front support, a systematic approach, and appropriateness contributed to the successful implementation of the Jaffna prehospital EMS system.ConclusionThe implementation of a prehospital EMS system and its functioning were successful in terms of utility and, in many regards, financial stability. The system's success in development may serve as a potential model for implementing prehospital emergency medical care in other developing and lower middle-income country settings, keeping in mind factors outside of the system that were integral to its developmental success.ZimmermanJR, BertermannKM, BollingerPJ, WoodyardDR. Prehospital system development in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(5):1-8.
Amicable Settlements of WTO Disputes: Bilateral Solutions in a Multilateral System
Authors: ALSCHNER WOLFGANG 
Published: July 2013

AbstractEvery third dispute brought to the WTO and not withdrawn early is settled amicably through a mutually agreed solution (MAS). This includes high-profile and long-standing WTO disputes such as EC–Bananas or Softwood Lumber. By offering a negotiated solution to hard cases, MAS have added stability to the multilateral trading system. MAS, however, also raise concerns. Settlements favour the instant resolution of disputes, but may conflict with third party interests and collective stakes. Where WTO members use their MAS to contract out of WTO law (‘WTO+’/‘WTO–’MAS), the multilateral trading system may be at risk. In addition, new forms of bilateral (interim-)settlements not foreseen in the DSU have recently emerged which currently escape multilateral disciplines. This article assesses how well the DSU balances the competing interests involved in amicable settlements, preserving the contractual flexibility of disputants while safeguarding multilateral interests. Contributing to current DSU reform debates, the article rejects the need for greater MAS enforceability, endorses the strengthening of procedural and substantive safeguards protecting collective stakeholders in settlements, and calls for new DSU disciplines on interim-settlements.
Protein analysis by time-resolved measurements with an electro-switchable DNA chip
Authors: Langer Andreas , Hampel Paul A. , Kaiser Wolfgang , Knezevic Jelena , Welte Thomas , Villa Valentina , Maruyama Makiko , Svejda Matej , Jähner Simone , Fischer Frank , Strasser Ralf , Rant Ulrich 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMeasurements in stationary or mobile phases are fundamental principles in protein analysis. Although the immobilization of molecules on solid supports allows for the parallel analysis of interactions, properties like size or shape are usually inferred from the molecular mobility under the influence of external forces. However, as these principles are mutually exclusive, a comprehensive characterization of proteins usually involves a multi-step workflow. Here we show how these measurement modalities can be reconciled by tethering proteins to a surface via dynamically actuated nanolevers. Short DNA strands, which are switched by alternating electric fields, are employed as capture probes to bind target proteins. By swaying the proteins over nanometre amplitudes and comparing their motional dynamics to a theoretical model, the protein diameter can be quantified with Angström accuracy. Alterations in the tertiary protein structure (folding) and conformational changes are readily detected, and even post-translational modifications are revealed by time-resolved molecular dynamics measurements.
The impact of mathematical modeling on the understanding of diabetes and related complications
Authors: Ajmera I , Swat M , Laibe C , Le Novère N , Chelliah V 
Published: July 2013

Diabetes is a chronic and complex multifactorial disease caused by persistent hyperglycemia and for which underlying pathogenesis is still not completely understood. The mathematical modeling of glucose homeostasis, diabetic condition, and its associated complications is rapidly growing and provides new insights into the underlying mechanisms involved. Here, we discuss contributions to the diabetes modeling field over the past five decades, highlighting the areas where more focused research is required.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e54; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.30; advance online publication 10 July 2013