bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
After the Rhapsody
Authors: Neimoyer Susan 
Published: February 2014

1924 was one of the most demanding years of George Gershwin’s career. In addition to the wildly successful premiere of the Rhapsody in Blue that led to numerous additional performances of the work throughout the year, he wrote the music for three hit musicals, all of which opened during that year. Given this context, a manuscript notebook in the Gershwin Collection at the Library of Congress dating from March and April 1924 is particularly intriguing. Because this notebook contains the earliest known sketch of “The Man I Love” (one of Gershwin’s best-loved popular songs), it has been acknowledged in passing by Gershwin scholars. “The Man I Love,” however, is only one of nine short pieces in the notebook and is the only entry written in what is now defined as Gershwin’s compositional style.
This article briefly addresses the entire contents of this “March–April 1924 notebook,” exploring the possibilities of what Gershwin’s purposes in writing these undeveloped works might have been. Were they unused stage music, ideas for the set of piano preludes he was writing off and on during this era, or were they exercises focused on correcting weaknesses in compositional technique uncovered while writing the Rhapsody in Blue? Whatever their purpose, the pieces in this notebook provide clues as to what Gershwin’s creative priorities may have been, as well as further insights into how Gershwin honed his musical craft.
Modification of Silicone Elastomers Using Silicone Comonomers Containing Hydrophilic Surface Active Endgroups
Authors: Goff Jonathan , Arkles Barry , Sulaiman Santy 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTA facile technique was developed for a long-term increase in silicone elastomer surface hydrophilicity, eliminating the need for post-cure surface treatment (e.g. oxygen plasma or surface grafting). Well-defined silicones (1-4 kDa) with a central vinyl functionality and discrete PEG2, PEG3 and tetrahydrofurfuryl (THF) pendant endgroups were synthesized, characterized and used as comonomers in addition-cure, platinum catalyzed 2-part silicone elastomer formulations. The modified silicone elastomers were optically clear and maintained the mechanical performance characteristic of this class of material with up to 20 wt.% comonomer in the 2-part formulation. Contact angle measurements of deionized water on the silicone elastomer surface showed improved wettability with comonomer content. The elastomer surface shifted from hydrophobic (contact angle ∼120°C) to hydrophilic (contact angle < 90°C) at ∼5 wt.% comonomer loadings for extended time frames (> 5 months). Coefficient of friction measurements of the modified silicone elastomers revealed an increase in surface lubricity with comonomer loadings.
Growth of hBN Using Metallic Boron: Isotopically Enriched h10BN and h11BN
Authors: Hoffman T.B. , Zhang Y. , Edgar J.H. , Gaskill D.K. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTHexagonal boron nitride (hBN) crystals enriched in 10B and 11B isotopes were synthesized using a high temperature (1500° C) Ni-Cr-B reactive-precipitation growth under a N2 atmosphere. Two growth mechanisms were observed: conventional defect-facilitated bulk growth which produced crystals with a platelet-like habit with width and thickness of 20-30 μm and 5 μm, respectively, and vapor-liquid-solid interface growth of hBN whiskers with lengths and diameters as large as 70 μm and 5 μm, respectively. Similar growth mechanisms were seen for samples enriched in either isotope. Isotopic analysis via secondary-ion mass spectrometry showed boron concentrations of 84.4 at% and 93.0 at% for the majority isotopes in the 10B-rich and 11B-rich samples, respectively. Raman spectroscopy showed an increase in peak Raman shift for the 10B-rich sample, having two barely resolved peaks at 1393.5 and 1388.8 cm-1, and a decrease for the 11B-rich sample, having peak at 1359.5 cm-1 (FWHM of 9.4 cm-1), compared to that of natural hBN, with its peak at 1365.8 cm-1 (FWHM of 10.3 cm-1). Raman shift showed a linear trend with increasing 10B concentration allowing for a calibration curve to be developed to estimate 10B enrichment in hBN using non-destructive methods.
Poly-L-Lysine coated fluorescent upconversion nanoparticles for siRNA delivery and tracking
Authors: Bansal Akshaya , Gnanasammandhan Muthu Kumara , Yong Zhang 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTNanoparticle-based vectors are fast becoming the main choice for nucleic acid delivery. Fluorescent nanoparticles have the added advantage of tracking the delivery process and also of tracking cells transfected with nucleic acids for cell therapy. Fluorescent upconversion nanoparticles (UCNs) are ideal candidates for tracking since they are excited by NIR light and hence have very low phototoxicity, high signal-to-noise ratio and enable imaging in deep tissues. UCNs coated with a layer of silica and adsorbed with siRNA or siRNA loaded into the mesoporous silica coating on the UCNs have been used for siRNA delivery. However the loading of siRNA is very poor since the silica coating is negatively charged and it repels the negatively charged siRNA limiting the amount of siRNA that can be adsorbed on the surface of nanoparticles. Here we report the use of a layer-by-layer approach to coat the UCNs with Poly-L-Lysine (PLL) and use it for delivery. Highly monodispersed UCNs were synthesized with an average size of 50 nm. They were then modified with PLL and STAT-3 siRNA was adsorbed on to the surface of the modified UCNs. The loading of the siRNA was found to be 60 % more efficient by this approach as compared to silica coated UCNs alone. The PLL-coated UCNs also were minimally cytotoxic as shown by MTS assay. The siRNA coated UCNs also efficiently transfected B16F0 cells and knocked down STAT3 significantly and also enabled cell imaging. Thus, This method shows good promise for siRNA delivery and tracking and this could also be extended to in-vivo transfection and tracking.
Natural hazard and disaster tourism
Authors: Rucińska Dorota , Lechowicz Maciej 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
An observed trend, which can be defined as tourist interest in natural hazards and disasters, has persuaded the authors to attempt to research several issues, including tourist motivations and specific tourism properties and functions of this form of activity. The objective also covered the allocation of this social and natural process in the general structure of tourism. This interest has a long history, and a new stage is currently forming, which partly results from factors affecting society, such as information and education, which provoke antagonistic reactions. Extreme natural phenomena entail a common reduction of tourist interest in the destination which hosted the event; however, it never drops to zero. Differences are visible depending on the type of phenomenon. On the other hand, natural hazards and disasters are considered to hold a specific tourism value. This article discusses the allocation of this human activity in the tourism forms known to scientists, accounting for its diversity and relating to ethics.
99mTc-MIBI-Szintigraphie hypo funktioneller Schilddrüsenknoten
Authors: Zimny M. , Rink T. , Stahl U. , Fritzel M. , Klett R. , Schenke S. 
Published: February 2014

ZusammenfassungZur Dignitätsabklärung hypofunktioneller Schilddrüsenknoten kann eine Szintigraphie mit 99mTc-MIBI erfolgen. Bei Minderspeiche- rung im Pertechnetat- und MIBI-Szintigramm lässt sich ein Schilddrüsenkarzinom relativ sicher ausschließen. Bei vermehrter MIBI-An- reicherung wird eine Operation empfohlen. Die Einstufung isointenser Knoten wird kontrovers gesehen. Untersucht wurde, welche Karzinomprävalenz isointense Knoten zeigen und ob sich durch SPECT-Technik ein diagnostischer Zugewinn ergibt. Patienten, Methodik: Retrospektive Auswertung von MIBI-Szintigraphien in planarer und SPECT- Technik. Die Szintigraphie erfolgte nach Applikation von 510 MBq 99mTc-MIBI eine Stunde p. i. Die Auswertung erfolgte visuell mit Einteilung der Knoten in hypo-, iso- und hy- perintens im Vergleich zum paranodulären Gewebe. Ergebnisse: Bei 83 von 225 Patienten mit MIBI-Szintigraphien erfolgte eine histologische Sicherung (Alter 48,6 ± 12,6 Jahre, 72% weiblich). Es fanden sich 12 papilläre Karzinome (14,5%). Bei planarer Aufnahme wurden 12, 34 bzw. 37 Knoten, in den SPECT- Aufnahmen 16, 21 bzw. 46 Knoten als hypo-, iso- bzw. hyperintens eingestuft. Unter den in planarer Technik als hypo-, iso- bzw. hyperin- tens eingestuften Knoten fanden sich 1, 5 bzw. 6 Karzinome und bei tomographischer Technik kein, 4 bzw. 8 Karzinome. Wurden die iso- und hyperintensen Knoten als malignom- supekt zusammengefasst, ergaben sich für Sensitivität, Spezifität, NPV und PPV bei planarer Aufnahme Werte von 91,7, 15,5, 91,7 bzw. 15,6% und bei tomographischer Aufnahme 100, 22,5, 100 bzw. 17,9%. Schlussfolgerung: Hypofunktionelle SD-Knoten mit iso- und hyperintenser MIBI-Speicherung zeigen eine vergleichbare Malignomprävalenz. Durch die Untersuchung in SPECT-Technik ergibt sich eine Verbesserung insbesondere von Sensitivi- tät und negativem Vorhersagewert.
Diversification of C4 grasses (Poaceae) does not coincide with their ecological dominance
Authors: Bouchenak‐Khelladi Yanis , Slingsby Jasper A. , Verboom G. Anthony , Bond William J. 
Published: February 2014

• Premise of the study: The radiation of a lineage and its rise to ecological dominance are distinct phenomena and driven by different processes. For example, paleoecological data has been used to show that the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation did not coincide with their rise to dominance. Using a phylogenetic approach, we here explored the evolution of C4 grasses and evaluated whether the diversification of this group and its rise to ecological dominance in the late Miocene were decoupled.• Methods: We assembled a matrix including 675 grass species of the PACMAD clade and 2784 characters (ITS and ndhF) to run a molecular dating analysis using three fossils as reference calibrations. We coded species as C3 vs. C4 and reconstructed ancestral states under maximum likelihood. We used the program BiSSE to test whether rates of diversification are correlated with photosynthetic pathway and whether the radiation of C4 lineages preceded or coincided with their rise to ecological dominance from ∼10 Ma.• Key results: C4 grass lineages first originated around 35 Ma at the time of the Eocene–Oligocene transition. Accelerated diversification of C4 lineages did not coincide with their rise to ecological dominance.• Conclusions: C4‐dominated grasslands have expanded only since the Late Miocene and Pliocene. The initial diversification of their biotic elements can be tracked back as far as the Eocene–Oligocene transition. We suggest that shifts in taxonomic diversification and ecological dominance were stimulated by different factors, as in the case of the early angiosperms in the Cretaceous.
Floral structure and development in Rafflesiaceae with emphasis on their exceptional gynoecia
Authors: Nikolov Lachezar A. , Staedler Yannick M. , Manickam Sugumaran , Schönenberger Jürg , Endress Peter K. , Kramer Elena M. , Davis Charles C. 
Published: February 2014

• Premise of the study: The holoparasitic plant family Rafflesiaceae include the world's largest flowers. Despite their iconic status, relatively little is known about the morphology and development of their flowers. A recent study clarified the organization of the outer (sterile) floral organs, surprisingly revealing that their distinctive floral chambers arose via different developmental pathways in the two major genera of the family. Here, we expand that research to investigate the structure and development of the reproductive organs of Rafflesiaceae.• Methods: Serial sectioning, scanning electron microscopy, and x‐ray tomography of floral buds were employed to reconstruct the structure and development of all three Rafflesiaceae genera.• Key results: Unlike most angiosperms, which form their shoot apex from the primary morphological surface, the shoot apex of Rafflesiaceae instead forms secondarily via internal cell separation (schizogeny) along the distal boundary of the host–parasite interface. Similarly, the radially directed ovarial clefts of the gynoecium forms via schizogeny within solid tissue, and no carpels are initiated from the floral apex.• Conclusions: The development of the shoot apex and gynoecium of Rafflesiaceae are highly unusual. Although secondary formation of the morphological surface from the shoot apex has been documented in other plant groups, secondary derivation of the inner gynoecium surface is otherwise unknown. Both features are likely synapomorphies of Rafflesiaceae. The secondary derivation of the shoot apex may protect the developing floral shoot as it emerges from within dense host tissue. The secondary formation of the ovarial clefts may generate the extensive placental area necessary to produce hundreds of thousands of ovules.
The Prevalence of Smoking among Karbala/Iraq University Students in Iraq in 2005
Authors: Mousawi Ali Al 
Published: February 2014

Background Tobacco use is considered one of the largest public health threats facing the world. The estimated number of current smokers in the world exceeds 1.3 billion, which means that one third of the world's population above 15 years are smokers. Smoking prevalence is increasing in the developing world but monitoring of this trend is poor in these countries. Studies on smoking in Iraq are scarce, with the current smoking prevalence rate reported to be 15–25% for males and 1–10% for females in surveys conducted in the past ten years. Objectives This study aimed to find the prevalence of smoking among Karbala University students in Iraq and determine its associations with participants' demographic and other related predictors, including other substance use behaviors, to help inform and develop future prevention and control programs. Material and Methods A categorical random sample included 2298 students at Karbala University in Iraq who answered a self-completed questionnaire. The questionnaire was based on the Drug Abuse Program questionnaire and was piloted before implementation. Descriptive and analytic statistical tools (SPSS-20) were used to assess significant associations at P < 0.001 to compensate for multiple comparisons. Results The prevalence of current smoking among Karbala University students was 10.5%, shisha smoking 4.4% and previous smoking (having ceased smoking for more than 30 days) 1.0%. Approximately half of the smokers surveyed (45.7%) started smoking before the age of 18. Smoking was positively related to male gender, increasing age, being unmarried, college, drinking alcohol, having a positive attitude toward smoking and higher fathers' educational level. Conclusion Lifetime smoking prevalence was found to be approximately two out of ten students. Significant positive association was found between smoking and other substance use behaviours. Additionally it was associated with positive attitudes toward substance use. Significant predictors were determined. Further studies are needed to explore the prevalence of smoking among Iraqi youths to find trends and help to guide the implementation scientifically based control and prevention programs.
La politique positive : un levier pour susciter l’intérêt envers la politique chez les jeunes
Authors: Dostie-Goulet Eugénie , Guay Jean-Herman 
Published: February 2014

Cette étude, qui s’insère dans le courant de la littérature portant sur les jeunes et la politique, souhaite apporter un éclairage sur un groupe d’âge auquel on accorde moins d’attention : les adolescents. Comment ceux-ci voient-ils la politique ? Quels termes (bien commun, pouvoir, conflit…) sont pour eux les plus « parlants » ? À travers l’étude de données provenant de 700 adolescents montréalais, nous explorons comment cette vision de la politique influence leur engagement envers cette dernière. Différentes analyses, autant factorielles que de régression, nous permettent de conclure que, au-delà de l’intérêt, une vision positive de la politique a un effet beaucoup plus important sur l’engagement qu’une vision négative, mais qu’il n’y a rien de pire que l’indifférence.
Thin Layer Chromatography
Authors: Cai Li 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThin layer chromatography (TLC) is a quick, sensitive, and inexpensive technique used to determine the number of components in a mixture, verify the identity and purity of a compound, monitor the progress of a reaction, determine the solvent composition for preparative separations, and analyze the fractions obtained from column chromatography. This unit is mainly aimed at novice experimenters, describing in detail the strategies and principal steps for performing a TLC experiment, with illustrations of the relevant instruments, as well as approaches for obtaining and understanding results. Valuable practical tips and troubleshooting solutions are also provided throughout the unit. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 8:6.3.1‐6.3.18. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Relation of Novel Echocardiographic Measures to Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment in Scleroderma‐Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Gopal Deepa M. , Doldt Bryan , Finch Kim , Simms Robert W. , Farber Harrison W. , Gokce Noyan 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveSystemic sclerosis (SSC; scleroderma)–associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a major cause of mortality in SSc patients and represents an important diagnostic and therapeutic target. Our aims were to evaluate the relationship between echocardiogram‐derived right‐sided heart hemodynamics and gold standard right‐sided heart catheterization (RHC) measurements in a scleroderma population and to investigate whether this relationship is modified by a subset of pulmonary hypertension.MethodsWe performed RHC and echocardiography on the same day, with pulmonary function testing in 21 consecutive subjects with scleroderma and precapillary pulmonary hypertension (mean ± SD age 57 ± 10 years, 81% women).ResultsRHC measures, including pulmonary arterial systolic and mean pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), correlated strongly with echocardiogram‐derived data. RHC‐derived PVR was negatively associated with right ventricular (RV) systolic performance, as measured by tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE; rho = −0.70, P < 0.001), tissue Doppler tricuspid s′ velocity (rho = −0.68, P = 0.002), and RV fractional area change (rho = −0.78, P < 0.001). Correlations with TAPSE and s′ velocity were strengthened when forced vital capacity %/diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide % ≥1.6 was used to identify pure PAH phenotypes in SSc. Bland‐Altman analyses demonstrated strong agreement between RHC and echocardiogram‐derived hemodynamic measures.ConclusionOur findings suggest that echocardiography may play a clinical role in identifying pulmonary hypertension and RV dysfunction noninvasively, particularly in a subset of SSc patients stratified by pulmonary function testing. This method may establish specific disease phenotypes with differential cardiovascular impact and prove useful as a marker of disease progression/risk stratification in SSC patients that warrants further investigation in larger cohorts.
Marketing Raw Milk from Dairy Farmers before and after the 2008 Milk Scandal in China: Evidence from Greater Beijing
Authors: Jia Xiangping , Luan Hao , Huang Jikun , Li Shengli , Rozelle Scott 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTChina's 2008 milk scandal severely impacted its dairy industry. Afterwards, the government took prompt efforts to regulate and enhance food safety standards. For example, a dairy marketing management policy was implemented, and concentrated dairy complexes were recommended as options for smallholder dairy farmers. The results of this study show that the policies affected marketing channels at the farm gate. Since then, new dairy complexes have emerged and are becoming the primary marketing channel for milk. The marketing transformation has profound implications for food safety, and has strengthened vertical coordination in the Chinese dairy chain.
An optimal model for predicting the productivity of perforated vertical HTHP wells
Authors: Hu Jiancheng , Xu Jiuping , Wang Shize , Qi Bin , Qiao Zhiguo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAs perforation helps regulate inflow from the reservoir, the optimisation of the perforating parameters is critically important in increasing productivity. In this paper, a one‐dimensional reservoir/wellbore coupling model is presented to predict the productivity of perforated vertical high‐temperature‐high‐pressure (HTHP) wells. A comprehensive perforation skin factor is developed in the model, which takes into consideration many reservoir and perforation parameters, such as length, density, radius, anisotropy, phasing, partial penetration, perforation damage and formation damage. An optimisation strategy is established to investigate the effect of the perforation parameters on productivity based on the skin factor of a well. The model is applied to a 7100 m deep HTHP gas well to demonstrate its use in determining optimal perforation parameters. The simulation results demonstrate that an optimisation strategy improves the perforated well inflow performance. Then, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to investigate the effect of reservoir and perforation parameters on productivity.
Plasma Applications: A Dermatological View
Authors: Tiede R. , Hirschberg J. , Daeschlein G. , von Woedtke T. , Vioel W. , Emmert S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe ability to produce cold plasma at atmospheric pressure conditions was the basis for the rapid growth of plasma related application areas in biomedicine. Plasma comprises a multitude of active components such as charged particles, electric current, UV radiation, and reactive species which can act synergistically. The antiitch, antimicrobial, and anti‐inflammatory effect was already demonstrated in in vivo and in vitro experiments and until now no resistance of pathogens against plasma treatment was observed. The combination of the different active agents and their broad range of positive effects on various diseases, especially easily accessible skin diseases, render plasma quite attractive for applications in medicine. Hence, plasma medicine as an independent and promising medical field has been emerged recently.For medical applications two different types of cold plasma are suitable; indirect (plasma jet, plasma torch) and direct plasma sources (dielectric barrier discharge ‐ DBD). So far, no standards and norms are defined for any of these plasma sources. Also, no convenient criteria for standardization of the quality rating of plasma in the view of dermatological applications exist. Although various cold plasma studies have been performed the results are hardly comparable, as physical parameters of the plasma devices, experimental conditions, and organisms used vary greatly. Therefore, standardized risk analyses are necessary for the assessment of different plasma sources. In this review two plasma sources are described and possible risk factors are discussed to estimate the safety of plasma used as a therapeutic tool in dermatology. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)