bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bromierung von „Poly(1,4-diselenobenzol)“ / Bromination of “Poly(1,4-diselenobenzene)”
Authors: Jung Annette , Wolmershäuser Gotthelf 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
“Poly(1,4-diselenobenzene)”, obtained by reaction of 1,4-dibromobenzene with disodiumdiselenide is shown to contain many different polymer sequences. Bromination of the polymer yields a variety of low molecular weight species thus confirming the non-uniformity of the polymer and giving some hints about its composition. The aryl-selenium-bromine compounds 1,4-benzene-diselenenyldibromide, 4,4′-di(bromoselenenyl)-diphenylseleniumdibromide, and bromo-bis(4-bromophenyl)selenonium hexachloroantimonate were fully characterised inclu­ding X-ray structure determinations.
Diphenyl(1-pyridyl)phosphine Sulfide as a Ligand in Mono-and Binuclear Coinage Metal Complexes
Authors: Olmos M. Elena , Schier Annette , Schmidbaur Hubert 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Diphenyl(1-pyridyl)phosphine sulfide, Ph2pyPS, 1, gives a 1:1 complex (2) with AuCl upon treatment with (C4H8S)AuCl. According to an X -ray diffraction analysis, this compound is isomorphous with the Ph3PS complex. [Ph3PAu]BF4 and 1 give the cationic complex [Ph3PAuSPpyPh2]BF4 (3 ) . With two equivalents of the same reagent the binuclear complex 4 is generated, in which the metal atoms are S- and N-bonded. The reaction of 2 equivalents of 1 with [(tetrahydrothiophene)2Au]ClO4 affords the 2:1 complex 5 with the gold atom exclusively S-bonded. The analogous reaction with AgBF4 gives the 2:1 complex 6, the structure of which has also been determined by X-ray diffraction. The silver atom is engaged in coordinative bonding with both sulfur and both nitrogen atoms in a quasi-tetrahedral environment. Addition of AgClO4 to com pound 5, and of [(MeCN)4Cu]B F4 to 6, gives mixed-metal complexes (7, 8) with head-to-head structures, the silver atoms being exclusively S-bonded.
Synthesis and Chiroptical Properties of Some N-(2-Chloro-7-cyclopropyl-4,7-dihydro-4-oxo-thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbonyl) L-α-Amino Esters
Authors: El-Abadelah Mustafa M. , Nazer Musa Z. , Sabri Salim S. , Khalil Salim M. , Voelter Wolfgang , Geiger Marcela 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A series of N-(2-chloro-7-cyclopropyl-4,7-dihydro-4-oxothieno[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-L-α-amino esters (5 ) have been prepared via the respective thieno[2,3-b]pyridinyl-5-carbonyl chloride (4). The CD spectra of the L-aliphatic (5a -d ) and L-aromatic (5e-g) a-amino acid derivatives display, in organic solvents, sign inversion of the measured Cotton effect (CE) bands. This chiroptical behaviour is probably associated with differences in conformational isomerism of either set. MS and NMR spectral data of the title compounds are presented.
Darstellung und spektroskopische Charakterisierung von Natriumpentacyano(phosphan/phosphit)ferraten(III) / Preparation and Spectroscopic Characterization of Sodium Pentacyano(phosphane/phosphite)ferrates(III)
Authors: Inoue Hidenari , Osone Satomi , Fluck Ekkehard 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Sodium pentacyanoferrates(III) of the type Na2[Fe(CN)5L] (L = phosphane or phosphite) have been prepared from sodium pentacyanoferrates(II), Na3[Fe(CN)5L], by bromine oxidation and characterized by Mössbauer, IR, and electronic spectroscopy. Isomer shifts and quadrupole splittings lie within the range commonly found in low-spin iron(III) complexes. A linear correlation was found between isomer shifts and CN stretching and Fe-CN bending frequencies, respectively. The spectroscopic parameters show that the dπ-dπ back bonding of the Fe-P bonds is synergetically strengthened with increasing σ donor capability of the phosphorus ligands.
New Information on the Na-Ti-Se Ternary System
Authors: Aitken Jennifer A. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Molten Salt Fluxes, Polychalcogenide, Polyselenide Na2Ti2Se9 was first discovered in the quaternary system Na/Ti/P/Se, but it can be prepared rationally by dissolving Ti in a Na2Sex flux at 375 °C. The silverish dark red crystals are air-and water-stable. A new method for synthesizing Na4TiSe4 is also reported. Na2Ti2Se9 crystallizes in space group P21, with a = 12.785(4), b = 14.848(4), c = 13.961(4) Å, ß = 94.556(4)°, R1 = 0.0592 and wR2 = 0.1336. The structure is similar to that of KsNaTi6Se27. It contains infinite one dimensional chains which run parallel to the c-axis and contain Ti4+ centers bonded to Se2
2- and Se2- species. The l/∞[Ti2(Se2)4Se]2- chains pack together in a hexagonal pattern. All of the titanium atoms are surrounded by a pentagonal bipyramid of selenium atoms. The selenium atoms bridge the Ti centers in two different ways. Na2Ti2Se9 is a semiconductor with a band gap, Eg, of ~ 1.02 eV. The Raman spectra are also reported.
Metallkomplexe mit biologisch wichtigen Liganden, CXXXII*. N,O-Chelatkomplexe von Palladium(II), Platin(II) und Iridium(III) mit dem Anion von Glucosaminsäure (2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-gluconsäure) / Metal Complexes of Biologically Important Ligands, CXXXII*. N ,O -Chelate Complexes of Palladium (II), Platinum (II), and Iridium (III) with the Anion of Glucosaminic Acid (2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-gluconic Acid)
Authors: Krawielitzki Stefan , Beck Wolfgang 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
From 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-gluconic acid (LH) and chloro bridged metal complexes the N,O chelates (R3P)(Cl)Pd(L) (R = n-C4H9, Ph), (n-C4H9)3P(Cl)Pt(L), (C6H4CH2NMe2)Pd(L), (Ph-N=N-C6H4)Pd(L), Cp*(Cl)Ir(L) are formed. They were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic data.
Synthese und Struktur von benzylsubstituierten Derivaten des Dinickel-Tripeldeckerkomplexes μ-η5,η5(2,3–Dihydro–1,3-diborolyl)-(η3–allyl)(η4–1,5–hexadien) dinickel / Synthesis and Structure of Benzyl Substituted Derivatives of the Dinickel Triple-Decker Complex μ–η5, η5–(2 ,3–Dihydro–1,3 -diborolyl)– (η3–allyl)(η4– 1,5 -hexadiene)dinickel
Authors: Siebert Walter , Huck Stefan , Pritzkow Hans 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Hydroboration of phenyl- and mesitylethyne with in situ formed HBCl2 leads to an isomeric mixture of 1,1-bis(dichloroboryl)-2-phenylethane (4a) and l,l-bis(dichloroboryl)-1-phenylethane (4b) (ratio 3 : 1) and regioselectively to 1,1-bis(dichloroboryl)-2-mesitylethane (4c). Treatment of 4a/b and 4c with BI3 gives the corresponding tetraiodo compounds 5, which undergo redox reactions with butyne-2 to form the 1,3-diiodo-4,5-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3- diborole derivatives 6a/b and 6c. Reactions of the diiodo-1,3-diboroles with AlMe3 or LiMe result in the formation of the very air-sensitive pentaorganyl-1,3-diboroles 1a, 1c and the hexaorganyl-1,3-diborole 1b.
The mixture of 1a/b as well as 1c react with bis(η3-allyl)nickel to give black products, which are chromatographed on silica with hexane as eluent. The brown solids were recrystallized from pentane to give the light-brown crystals of μ-η5,η5-[2-benzyl-l,3 ,4 ,5 -tetramethyl-2 ,3-dihydrol, 3-diborolyl](η3-allyl)(η4-1,5-hexadiene)dinickel (2a, 34%) and μ-η5,η5-[2-(2 ,4 ,6-trimethylbenzyl)- 1,3 ,4 ,5-tetramethyl-2 ,3-dihydro-1,3-diborolyl](η3-allyl)(η4-1,5-hexadiene)dinickel (2c, 43%). lb does not react with Ni(C3H5)2 to form any tripledecker. The compositions of the new compounds follow from spectroscopic and analytical data, and from X-ray structure analyses of 6a and of 2a. The structure of the η4-1,5-hexadiene-η3-allyl-dinickel triple-decker 2a finally disproved the alternative tris(allyl)dinickel arrangement.
Zur Acylierung von 2,3-Dihydro-l,3-diisopropyl-4,5- dimethylimidazol-2-yliden [1] / Acylation o f 2,3-Dihydro-l,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene [1]
Authors: Kuhn Norbert , Steimann Manfred , Walker Michael 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Acylation, Heterocycles, Imidazoles 2,3-Dihydro-l,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene (2, Im) reacts with PhC(O)X to give the imidazolium salts [PhC(O)Im]F (3) and [PhC(O)Im]Cl (5). From 3 and the corre­ sponding fluoro compounds, the salts [PhC(O)Im][BF4] (4a), [PhC(O)Im][Ph3SiF2] (4b) and [PhC(O)Im] [Ph3SnF2] (4c) are obtained. 2 reacts with oxalylic chloride under CO elimination to give the salt [Im2CO]Cl2 (7). The X-ray data of 4c and 7 · 4 H20 · 2 HCl ([Im2CO][Cl4H10O4]) are reported.
Mono-and Bis(cyclopentadienyl)hafnium(IV) Derivatives with Higher Fatty Acids
Authors: Pandey O. P. , Sengupta S. K. , Baranwal B. P. , Shukla Saroj K. , Bhatt Alpana 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The reactions of Cp2HfCl2 with some higher monocarboxylic acids having straight chains, caprylic (C8H16O2), lauric (C12H24O2), myristic (C14H28O2), palmitic (C16H32O2), stearic (C18H36O2), and behenic (C22H44O2) acid, have been studied in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios, respectively. The reaction products isolated, of types Cp2Hf(L)Cl, CpHf(L)2Cl (LH represents different carboxylic acids), have been characterised by conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements and spectral (infrared, electronic, 1HNMR and 13C NMR) data. The bonding of the carboxylato ligand in these complexes has been discussed and plausible structures have been established.
Darstellung und Kristallstruktur von Cs6Cl4O / Preparation and Crystal Structure of Cs6Cl4O
Authors: Mudring Anja-Verena , Jansen Martin 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The solid state synthesis and the crystal structure of Cs6Cl4O(Pearson-code hR22, R3c, a = 1324.7(6), c = 1658(1) pm, Z = 6, 931 reflections with Io > 2σ(I), R1 = 0.040, wR2 = 0.114) are reported. The compound crystallises isotypically with Rb6Cl4O in the anti-K4CdCl6 type of structure. The structure consists of infinite chains of alternating face-sharing OCs6 octahedra and ClCs6 trigonal prisms which are separated by chloride anions. The underlying structural concept and the analogy to perovskites are outlined.
Structural Study of a Binuclear Zinc Complex of 2,6-Diacetylpyridine Bis{N(4)-dimethylthiosemicarbazone}, [Zn(2,6Ac4DM)]2 · MeCN
Authors: Labisbal Elena , Castiñeiras Alfonso , Brown Christine A. , West Douglas X. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Zinc, 2,6-Diacetylpyridine Bis{N(4)-dimethylthiosemicarbazone}, Electrochemical Synthesis Zinc metal was oxidized in the presence of 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis{N(4)-dimethylthiosemi-carbazone} (2 ,6H2Ac4DM) in an acetonitrile solution, to produce a complex of the formula [Zn(2 ,6Ac4DM)]2-CH3CN. One of the zinc atoms is distorted octahedrally 6-coordinate and the coordination involves both pyridyl nitrogen atoms of the two ligands, the imine nitrogen atom and the thiolato sulfur atom of one thiosemicarbazone moiety of each ligand. The other zinc center is distorted tetrahedrally 4-coordinate with NS coordination of the two remaining thiosemicarbazone moieties. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 14.952(2), b = 17.656(3), c = 15.553(4) Å, ß = 111.456(16)°, V= 3821.5(13) Å3 and Z = 4.
Metallkomplexe mit biologisch wichtigen Liganden, CXXXIII [1], a-Aminocarboxylat-Chelate von cyclometallierten Rhodium-Komplexen Metal Complexes of Biologically Important Ligands, CXXXIII [1]. α-Aminocarboxylate Chelates of Cyclometalated Rhodium -Komplexes
Authors: Böhm Andreas , Polbom Kurt , Beck Wolfgang 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The chloro bridged complexes [(2-phenylpyridine-C,N)2RhCl]2 and [(benzo[h]chinoline-C,N)2RhCl]2 react with the anions of alanine, valine and phenylalanine to give the chiral octahedral N,O-chelates L2Rh(α-aminocarboxylate) (1 -5) as mixtures of two diastereoisomers. The complex (benzo[h]chinoline-C,N)2Rh[(S)-NH2CH(CH3)CO2-N,0] was characterized by X-ray diffraction. Its crystals contain two diastereoisomers in the unit cell.
Modes of Xanthine Complexation to Dirhodium Tetrakis[(R)-α-methoxy-α- (trifluoromethyl)-phenylacetate] in Solution and in the Solid State
Authors: Rockitt Sven , Wartchow Rudolf , Duddeck Helmut , Drabczynska Anna , Kiec-Kononowicz Katarzyna 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
It is show n by IR and NMR studies that the xanthines 1-5 prefer a side-on com plexation to the chiral dirhodium tetrakis[(R)-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetatel (Rh*) in solution whereas carbonyl groups are involved in the solid state. For 6, at least the carbonyl group C-6 contributes to complexation in solution as well. A lternating strands of 6 and Rh* exist in the solid state as revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis described in detail. The determination of enantiomeric excess of the chiral xanthine 6 can easily be accomplished by the “dirhodium method ” (1H and 13C NMR in the presence of Rh*).
Solvothermal Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Properties of Thiomolybdates with Complex Transition Metal Cations
Authors: Ellermeier Jan , Bensch Wolfgang 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The new compounds Ni2(tren)3(MO₂O2S6)2 · 2.75 H2O (I) and CO₂(tren)3(MoS4)2 (II) (tren = tris(2-aminoethyl)amine) were prepared under solvothermal conditions. The structure of I is built up of one-dimensional [Ni2(tren)3]n
4+ chains and isolated [MO₂O2S6]2-anions. Each Ni atom in the cationic chain is surrounded by six N-atoms to form a distorted octahedron. The connection of the Ni-atoms in the [Ni2(tren)3]n
4+ -units with the tren molecules leads to zigzag chains in the (100) plane. The situation is different for compound II which consists of isolated [CO₂(tren)3]4+ cations and discrete tetrahedral [MOS4]2-anions. The Co atom in the cation is in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal environment of four N atoms of one tren molecule and of one N atom from a bridging tren-molecule, building up the dimeric structure of the [CO₂(tren)3]4+ unit. Between the anions and cations of both compounds hydrogen bonding is observed. The thermal behaviour of I and II was investigated using differential thermoanalysis and thermogravimetry. On heating I first looses the crystal water and then decomposes slowly in one step, whereas II decomposes also in one step, but at a significantly lower temperature.
Collidinium- und Imidazolium-Salze Fluor-haltiger Anionen. Die Kristallstruktur von [CollH]2 [AsF6][As2 F11] (Coll = 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridin) / Collidinium and Imidazolium Salts of Fluorine-Containing Anions. The Crystal Structure of [CollH]2[AsF6][As2F11] (Coll = 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine)
Authors: Kuhn Norbert , Fuchs Stefan , Minkwitz Rolf , Berends Thorsten 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Die Kristall­ struktur von [CollH]2 [AsF6][As2F11] (Coll = 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridin) Collidinium and Imidazolium Salts of Fluorine-Containing Anions. The Crystal Structure of [CollH]2[AsF6][As2F11] (Coll = 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine) From s-Collidine (1, Coll) and aqueous HF compounds of the composition Coll · n HF (n = 1 -2) are formed which are transformed to [CollH]+ [HF2]- (2) by sublimation. [CollH]2[AsF6][As2F] J (3) is obtained from 1 and the superacid system HF/AsF5. 2 reacts with 2,3-dihydro-l,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene (4, Im) to give the imidazo­ lium salt [ImH]+ [HF2]- (5). Hydrogen bonds in the crystal structure of [CollH]2[AsF6][As2Fn ] (3) are discussed.
Metallkomplexe mit biologisch wichtigen Liganden, CXL. Halbsandwich-Komplexe von Ruthenium(II), Rhodium(III), Iridium(III) sowie Palladium(II)-und Platin(II)-Komplexe mit N,O-Chelaten von Fluor-und Thiophen-haltigen α-Aminosäuren/Metal Complexes of Biologically Important Ligands, CXL. Halfsandwich Complexes of Ruthenium(II), Rhodium(III), Iridium(III) and Palladium(II), Platinum(II) Complexes with N, O-Chelates of Fluorine and Thiophene Containing α-Amino Acids
Authors: Koch Daniela , Beck Wolfgang 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
o-Fluorophenyl glycine and alanine, 2-thienyl glycine and alanine form with dinuclear, chloro bridged metal complexes the chiral N, O-chelates (arene)M (Cl)(NH2CHRCO2) (M = Ru, Rh, Ir; arene = cymene, Cp*) and (R3P)(Cl)M(NH2CHRCO2) (M = Pd, Pt) as mixtures of diastereoisomers or cis/trans-isomers, respectively.
Synthesis, Characterization and Molecular Structure of 2-Pyridyl-formamide N(4)-Dimethylthiosemicarbazone and Some Five-Coordinated Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II) Complexes
Authors: Bermejo Elena , Castiñeiras Alfonso , Fostiak Larissa M. , García Isabel , Llamas-Saiz Antonio L. , Swearingen John K. , West Douglas X 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Sodium in dry methanol reduces 2-cyanopyridine in the presence of N(4)-dimethylthiosemicarbazide to produce 2-pyridyl-formamide N(4)-dimethylthiosemicarbazone, HAm4DM. Com­plexes with zinc(II) and cadmium(II) of formulae [M(Am4DM)(OAc)]2 and [M(HAm4DM)X2] (M = Zn or Cd, X = Cl, Br or I) have been prepared and characterized by spectro­scopic techniques. In addition, the crystal structures of HAm4DM, [Zn(HAm4DM)Br2], and [Cd(HAm4DM)l2] DMSO have been solved. HAm4DM is in the zwitterionic form with a hydrogen bonding interaction between the iminium hydrogen and the thiolato sulfur atom. Co­ ordination of the neutral thiosemicarbazone ligand is via the pyridyl nitrogen, imine nitrogen and thione sulfur atoms, while the anionic ligand in [M(Am4DM)(OAc)]2 coordinates with the same two nitrogen atoms and a thiolato sulfur atom. The [M(HAm4DM)X2] complexes are 5-coordinate with the tridentate thiosemicarbazone and two halogen ligands approaching a square pyramidal stereochemistry.
Drosophila melanogasterActivating Transcription Factor 4 Regulates Glycolysis During Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Lee Ji Eun , Oney McKenna , Frizzell Kimberly , Phadnis Nitin , Hollien Julie 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEndoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress results from an imbalance between the load of proteins entering the secretory pathway and the ability of the ER to fold and process them. The response to ER stress is mediated by a collection of signaling pathways termed the unfolded protein response, which plays important roles in development and disease. Here we show that in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells, ER stress induces a coordinated change in the expression of genes involved in carbon metabolism. Genes encoding enzymes that carry out glycolysis were up-regulated, whereas genes encoding proteins in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory chain complexes were down-regulated. The unfolded protein response transcription factor Atf4 was necessary for the up-regulation of glycolytic enzymes and Lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh). Furthermore, Atf4 binding motifs in promoters for these genes could partially account for their regulation during ER stress. Finally, flies up-regulated Ldh and produced more lactate when subjected to ER stress. Together, these results suggest that Atf4 mediates a shift from a metabolism based on oxidative phosphorylation to one more heavily reliant on glycolysis, reminiscent of aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect observed in cancer and other proliferative cells.
Racial-Ethnic Disparities in Management and Outcomes Among Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Willi Steven M. , Miller Kellee M. , DiMeglio Linda A. , Klingensmith Georgeanna J. , Simmons Jill H. , Tamborlane William V. , Nadeau Kristen J. , Kittelsrud Julie M. , Huckfeldt Peter , Beck Roy W. , Lipman Terri H. ,   for the T1D Exchange Clinic Network
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Previous research has documented racial/ethnic disparities in diabetes treatments and outcomes. It remains controversial whether these disparities result from differences in socioeconomic status (SES) or other factors. We examined racial/ethnic disparities in therapeutic modalities and diabetes outcomes among the large number of pediatric participants in the T1D Exchange Clinic Registry.METHODS:The cohort included 10 704 participants aged &lt;18 years with type 1 diabetes for ≥1 year (48% female; mean age: 11.9 ± 3.6 years; diabetes duration: 5.2 ± 3.5 years). Diabetes management and clinical outcomes were compared among 8841 non-Hispanic white (white) (83%), 697 non-Hispanic black (black) (7%), and 1166 Hispanic (11%) participants. The population included 214 high-income black and Hispanic families.RESULTS:Insulin pump use was higher in white participants than in black or Hispanic participants (61% vs 26% and 39%, respectively) after adjusting for gender, age, diabetes duration, and SES (P &lt; .001). Mean hemoglobin A1c was higher (adjusted P &lt; .001) in black participants than in white or Hispanic participants (9.6%, 8.4%, and 8.7%). More black participants experienced diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemic events in the previous year than white or Hispanic participants (both, P &lt; .001). There were no significant differences in hemoglobin A1c, diabetic ketoacidosis, or severe hypoglycemia between white and Hispanic participants after adjustment for SES.CONCLUSIONS:Even after SES adjustment, marked disparities in insulin treatment method and treatment outcomes existed between black versus Hispanic and white children within this large pediatric cohort. Barriers to insulin pump use and optimal glycemic control beyond SES should be explored in all ethnic groups.
The Great Sleep Recession: Changes in Sleep Duration Among US Adolescents, 1991–2012
Authors: Keyes Katherine M. , Maslowsky Julie , Hamilton Ava , Schulenberg John 
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND:
Average nightly sleep times precipitously decline from childhood through adolescence. There is increasing concern that historical shifts also occur in overall adolescent sleep time.

METHODS:
Data were drawn from Monitoring the Future, a yearly, nationally representative cross-sectional survey of adolescents in the United States from 1991 to 2012 (N = 272 077) representing birth cohorts from 1973 to 2000. Adolescents were asked how often they get ≥7 hours of sleep and how often they get less sleep than they should. Age-period-cohort models were estimated.

RESULTS:
Adolescent sleep generally declined over 20 years; the largest change occurred between 1991–1995 and 1996–2000. Age-period-cohort analyses indicate adolescent sleep is best described across demographic subgroups by an age effect, with sleep decreasing across adolescence, and a period effect, indicating that sleep is consistently decreasing, especially in the late 1990s and early 2000s. There was also a cohort effect among some subgroups, including male subjects, white subjects, and those in urban areas, with the earliest cohorts obtaining more sleep. Girls were less likely to report getting ≥7 hours of sleep compared with boys, as were racial/ethnic minorities, students living in urban areas, and those of low socioeconomic status (SES). However, racial/ethnic minorities and adolescents of low SES were more likely to self-report adequate sleep, compared with white subjects and those of higher SES.

CONCLUSIONS:
Declines in self-reported adolescent sleep across the last 20 years are concerning. Mismatch between perceptions of adequate sleep and actual reported sleep times for racial/ethnic minorities and adolescents of low SES are additionally concerning and suggest that health education and literacy approaches may be warranted.
Non-volant mammals in a protected area on the Central Andes of Colombia: new records for the Caldas department and the Chinchiná River basin
Authors: Ramírez-Mejía Andrés F. , Sánchez Francisco 
Published: February 2015

The Chinchiná River basin is located on the western slope of the Colombian Central Andes. This basin provides ecosystem services such as water provision for >500,000 people, but has suffered considerable ecosystem degradation, and the information on its biodiversity is limited. We inventoried the non-volant mammals in the Caldas’ Central Hydroelectric (CHEC) Reserve in the Chinchiná River basin, in the Caldas department. We detected 18 species of mammals, present the first record of Puma yagouaroundi for the high Chinchiná River basin, the first record of Leopardus wi­edii for the basin and a new altitudinal record of this felid for the Colombian Central Andes, and we also report a melanistic individual of Leopardus tigrinus. We also provide the first record of Conepatus semistriatus for Caldas department. We highlight the importance of preserving forests on the Chinchiná River basin such as the CHEC Reserve, since they made serve to connect Andean forest with paramo areas on the National Natural Park Los Nevados, adding possible habitat for movements of Puma concolor and other mammals.