bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of Plasma Concentration and Effects of Succinylcholine in Dogs
Authors: Baldwin KA , Forney R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The study was undertaken to determine the pharmacokinetic values for half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance for succinylcholine (SCh) based on measurements of the drug in plasma. Three intravenous (i.v.) doses (0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/kg) were compared to study the time course of paralysis and recovery and to describe the relationship of plasma concentration (Cp) and the pharmacologic effects of SCh in canines. The physiologic response to the neuromuscular blocking drug was monitored using train-of-four stimulation of the left sciatic nerve and recording the response of the corresponding gastrocnemius muscle. Time courses for paralysis and recovery were monitored, and the results were used to predict the kinetic values for the pharmacologic effects. Blood samples were taken following drug administration for direct pharmacokinetic estimations. SCh determinations were performed using ion-pair extraction, chemical demethylation, and gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorous detection. Both kinetic analyses showed the beta half-life for SCh to be approximately 5 min for all doses. SCh has a distribution half-life of less than 1 min. There appears to be a threshold Cp below which neuromuscular function returns. Recovery following SCh induced paralysis had a rapid onset, but the duration of paralysis and the rate of recovery were especially prolonged for the 5.0-mg/kg treatment group.
Pathological Spectrum of the Lung in Cases of Violent Death: Part II. Clinicopathologic Correlation
Authors: Ferrer A , Castellano M , Plaza L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The correlation between the type of pathological lesion of the lung and the circumstances which encompass their evolution in 66 cases of violent death have been examined.
Pulmonary lesions have been classified into four groups.
1. Inflammatory alveolar lesions without a diffuse interstitial involvement (IAL) which result from direct aggressions in subjects of advanced age.
2. Inflammatory alveolar lesions with a diffuse interstitial affection (IALW) which are more frequent in younger subjects having a higher defense capacity and with severe lesions requiring admission to an intensive care unit.
3. Edemohemorrhagic lesions (EHL) appearing as a precocious lesion at any age.
4. Unspecific chronic lesions (UCL) previous to the aggression and without any relationship to death.
The most obvious feature noted was the frequent occurrence of certain types of acute pulmonary lesions indicative of the rapid and extensive capacity of the lung to react to a lesion agent even when death follows rapidly after the aggression. The scarcity of acute interstitial lesions among the older group can be related to a diminution of biological defense activity leading to a less vigorous response; on the contrary, diffuse lesions of the wall seem to be related to an excess of defense mechanisms, determined more by age, severity of lesion, and type of medical assistance received than by a specific type of aggression.
Differentiation of Commercial Polyester Fibers Using Two-Dimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Multivariate Pattern Recognition Techniques
Authors: Kretschmer K , Helbig W 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Six types of colorless commercial poly(ethylene terephthalate) polyester fibers (PET) from different manufacturers were investigated using two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As to their peak structure and area distribution, their chromatograms differed only insignificantly. Therefore a possible use of multivariate pattern recognition techniques was checked for a PET fiber identification based upon a data set obtained through HPLC analysis. The results show that the application of cluster methods (dendrogram, display mapping, and potential density method) enables a classification into different manufacturers.
Application of Digital Image Enhancement Software with the Macintosh Computer to Questioned Document Problems
Authors: Black JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Computerized image enhancement has been demonstrated to be a useful tool in the examination of questioned documents. The program Digital Darkroom™ was used by the author with a Macintosh Plus™ computer, a black and white laser printer, and both handheld and full-size scanners to enhance nearly obliterated writing. Pencil writing which had been erased and then overwritten and writing obscured by typewriter correction fluid are illustrated before and after computerized image enhancement. A photograph of a check printed from microfilm was enhanced by the author, and his results are compared with the efforts of a professional computer image service.
Additional Applications of Digital Image Processing to Forensic Document Examinations
Authors: Behnen AP , Nelson LK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two experimental applications of digital image processing to the examination of questioned documents are evaluated. First is a comparison of digital image processing, electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA) processing, side lighting, and photography in the decipherment of indented writing. Best results are achieved by first utilizing the ESDA, then digitally enhancing the ESDA lift using a high-pass sharpening filter. The second application is the use of image processing equipment to make fracture match comparisons to associate carbon film typewriter ribbons with questioned typescript. Split-screen images and image overlays are found to be very effective techniques for this kind of examination.
Wenderoth [1] and Baier et al. [2] have reported on image processing as it relates to questioned document examination.
Dangerousness of the Delusional Misidentification of Children
Authors: Arturo Silva J , Sharma KK , Leong GB , Weinstock R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Misidentification syndromes have been studied from a variety of perspectives, including phenomenological, biological, and nosological approaches. More recently, misidentification syndromes have been studied from a psychiatric-legal perspective, especially with regards to the problem of dangerousness. Capgras syndrome and other syndromes of misidentification can lead to hostile mood and subsequent physical violence. Little attention has so far been devoted to children as the objects of the psychotic person's misidentification delusion(s). We provide a review of cases from the anglophonic literature that have children as the misidentified objects, add three new cases, and then discuss the relationship between misidentification and potential harm to these children.
Fluorescence of Petroleum Products II. Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Plots of Gasolines
Authors: Alexander J , Mashak G , Kapitan N , Siegel JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The technique of three-dimensional fluorescence, first used in the forensic science analysis of motor oils and auto lubricants, is evaluated in the study of gasoline samples taken straight from the pump. The study includes ten samples of different grades and brands. No common spectral features attributable to brand or grade type could be shown. A program designed to determine the similarities or differences between two three-dimensional plots is employed to determine if two samples of gasoline could have a common source.
Examination of the Josef Mengele Handwriting
Authors: Epstein G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Through the application of basic forensic document examination principles, the known Josef Mengele handwriting from the period 1938 was examined and successfully compared to disputed handwriting made in 1949 and circa 1970s. These examinations resulted in the positive identification of Josef Mengele as the writer of the disputed material. Although these handwriting examinations did not confirm that Josef Mengele's remains were in Grave 321 at the cemetery at Embu, they verified the witness accounts of the last years of Dr. Josef Mengele's life.
Pseudo-Political Terrorism
Authors: Tanay E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper describes a variety of homicides which are motivated by psychopathology but rationalized by political ideas. A psychopath or a psychotic with a political rationale is treated differently from one who does not offer ideological explanations. There are psychopaths and psychotics who are unable to act out murderous impulses without political camouflage. Examples from terroristic activities are offered to demonstrate the use of political cover for murderous behavior. The danger of psychopathic terrorism has increased as a result of technology and the failure to differentiate political and pseudo-political terrorism. Such differentiation may be useful in prevention of terrorism and in negotiation with individual terrorists.
Homicide by Insulin Administration
Authors: Haibach H , Dix JD , Shah JH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This report describes a case of homicide by insulin administration and a study of the effects of storage conditions on insulin in serum. The study revealed insulin to be remarkably stable at refrigerator temperatures. Therefore, for forensic science purposes, insulin immunoassay data are interpretable even when serum is not stored by the standard laboratory method of freezing.
An Unusual Pattern of Gunshot Injury Linking Two Homicides to the Same Assailant
Authors: Frazer M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This case report describes an unusual pattern of gunshot firing that proved useful in convicting one assailant of two murders. The assailant fired into the first victim, successively through the same entrance hole at contact range. This technique of firing twice through the same hole was also demonstrable on his second victim in the bare skull of the decomposed body. This unusual pattern noted in two homicides found two weeks apart, in concert with other circumstantial evidence, led to the successful conviction of the man for both murders.
Computerized Axial Tomography as an Aid in Bite Mark Analysis: A Case Report
Authors: Farrell WL , Rawson RD , Steffens RS , Stephens D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case is presented to demonstrate the use of computerized axial tomography (CAT) to develop precise registration of incisal edges for comparison to bite marks. Emphasis is drawn to the availability of CAT Scanning equipment and the importance of understanding its use as an adjunct or alternative to already accepted methods of incisal registration.
Postmortem Identification of the Edentulous Deceased: Denture Tissue Surface Anatomy
Authors: Jacob RFK , Shalla CL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This model evaluates the use of dental stone casts derived from maxillary tissues and from the internal aspects of maxillary dentures for edentulous postmortem identification. Tissue topography of the total cast and of rugae tracings photographed from the casts were evaluated for identification accuracy in twenty-eight trials for each of the two designs. Eight casts were examined in each trial. The trial was designed as matching or nonmatching, and as an equivocal or unequivocal decision by the examiner. Unequivocal decisions with 100% accuracy resulted when the entire dental cast was evaluated. Seventy-nine percent accuracy with equivocation in some trials resulted when only rugae tracings from the casts were evaluated. This investigation supported use of stone casts derived from the internal anatomy of maxillary dentures for forensic science identification when cast topography in toto was considered.
Observations and Statistics Relating to Suicide Weapons
Authors: Stone IC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The weapon at the scene of a suicide provides a resource in addressing such questions as frequency of blood in or on the weapon, location of the weapon with respect to the body, and evidence of firearm discharge residues on the hand. The first 195 weapons were tested for blood by a technique different from the following 202 weapons. Results were obtained which caused procedural changes in blood detection. Data are presented for frequency of blood in and on the muzzle of weapons, relative frequency of location of suicidal gunshot wound, and percent “positive” findings of gunshot residue metals on the hands. It was found that suicidal gunshot wounds were 3 times more frequent to the head than the chest, and that no significant difference was noted between males and females in this study. Scene photographs reveal that the suicide weapon is in or resting on the hand of the decedent 20% of the time with handguns and 11% of the time with long guns.
A Guide to the Rapid Screening, Identification, and Comparison of Synthetic Fibers in Dust Samples
Authors: Petraco N 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A microscopical scheme for the examination, identification, and comparison of the synthetic fibers present in dust is proposed. The method involves mounting a sample of dust in a medium with a refractive index of 1.525 at 25°C. and collecting morphological and optical data about the synthetic fibers present in the dust specimen. The data are then used to identify each fiber's generic class and to compare fiber samples. This scheme was designed for examiners with little experience in synthetic fiber examination.
Bullet Hole Identification Kit: Case Report
Authors: Bergman P , Springer E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A field kit for the identification of bullet holes using chemical spot tests for lead and copper was used in an investigation of an accidental wounding during a military exercise. Based upon the results obtained using the kit, it was possible to detect the bullet holes in question, and thus, reconstruct the path and direction of the bullet. It was further possible to estimate the type and diameter of the bullet.
Evidence That “Vaginal Peptidase” Is a Bacterial Gene Product
Authors: Blake ET , Cook CE , Bashinski JS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A peptidase has been described in vaginal samples, termed “vaginal peptidase.” This enzyme has been proposed as a tissue specific marker for vaginal debris. We have explored the presence of this enzyme in vaginal swabs from alleged sexual assault victims and volunteer donors as well as bacterial cultures. These studies reveal that “vaginal peptidase” is composed of a family of peptidase isozymes that originate from several bacterial species. The characterization of “vaginal peptidase” as a tissue specific marker for vaginal debris is premature.
Distributions of Genetic Markers in United States Populations: I. Blood Group and Secretor Systems
Authors: Gaensslen RE , Bell SC , Lee HC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
All published and unpublished population frequency data that could be located for U.S. populations are tabulated and presented for the blood group and secretor systems. Results obtained by combining data for comparable racial/ethnic groups are also presented. The results obtained with combined data may give better information on frequencies for the U.S. population at large than is obtainable from studies conducted in restricted geographic areas.
An Improved Technique for the Visualization of Footprint Impressions in the Insoles of Athletic Shoes
Authors: Laskowski GE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although instances of analysis and comparison of footprint impressions in footwear to identify that footwear to a particular individual are rare, the necessity of this type of analysis may be crucial in obtaining certain information for forensic science purposes. The most common method for the visualization of footprint impressions in insoles of footwear is by examination of the insoles under standard laboratory lighting or ultraviolet light. A simple technique of casting the interior of athletic shoes including the cloth insoles with Duroc™ dental casting material will generally enhance the quality and visibility of footprint impressions even when impressions are not readily apparent under various lighting conditions. The resulting three-dimensional cast with additional points of identification is also available, thus giving the examiner a number of data points and models with which to make comparisons, and, perhaps, an identification.
A Carpipramine Related Fatality
Authors: Fraser AD , Isner AF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A fatality following ingestion of the tricyclic antidepressant carpipramine (Prazinil®) and ethyl alcohol is described. Carpipramine was quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of carpipramine was 2.0 mg/L in blood and 0.44 mg/L in urine. Ethyl alcohol was measured by headspace gas chromatography and found to be 105 mg/dL in blood and 55 mg/dL in the urine. Quantitative analysis of stomach contents was positive for carpipramine by thin-layer chromatography. To our knowledge, this is the first reported fatality involving carpipramine.
A Simple Overlay System for Data Comparison in Dental Identification
Authors: Jones GF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A system for handling dental data in mass disasters and in individual cases is described. The basic method allows for a quick overlay comparison of antemortem and postmortem records. After systematic hole punching in the postmortem form, it can be placed over the antemortem form and nonmatches can be easily detected. Suggested uses in mass disaster and individual cases are discussed, as well as its potential for acquainting rural law enforcement with the value of dental data and its management.
Shotcup Petal Abrasions in Close Range .410-Caliber Shotgun Injuries
Authors: Dowling GP , Dickinson JAH , Cooke CT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Shotcup petal abrasions centered around a shotgun wound of entrance are generally thought to occur at a range of 30 to 90 cm. A suicidal .410-caliber shotgun injury of the right eye is described in which typical petal abrasions were noted around the entrance wound. However, significant soot deposition around the wound suggested that the range of fire was less than 30 cm and perhaps closer to 15 cm. Test-firing of the weapon and ammunition used by the decedent showed some spread of the shotcup petals at a range of 7.5 cm, progressing to maximum spread at 30 to 52.5 cm. Further testing with other .410 ammunition, containing shotcups, confirmed the spread of shotcup petals at ranges less than 30 cm, irrespective of manufacturer, shotshell length, and birdshot size. When a variety of shotguns were tested, it was found that one weapon with a very short barrel and cylinder bore did not exhibit petal spread until a range of 30 cm was reached. The remaining shotguns, with longer barrels and full choke, all demonstrated definite petal spread at a range of 12.5 cm. The long, narrow configuration of .410 shotcup petals may explain their early spread and the production of peal abrasions at ranges of less than 30 cm.
Some Spectral Observations of Infrared Luminescence
Authors: Cantu AA , Prough RS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The fluorescence spectra of several components having fluorescence in the vis-near infrared (IR) region were obtained. Several of these components were obtained from IR luminescent inks. The spectral features (excitation and emission spectra and their intensities) explain the observed emission when these components are analyzed with an IR luminescence apparatus (excitation with blue green light/emission detected with IR sensitive television (TV) tube) or a laser induced fluoresence system (514.5-nm excitation with argon ion laser/emission detected with laser light absorbing goggles or with IR sensitive TV tube). The emissions from these methods are part of the same fluoresence emission peak. The emission response for each of the methods is dependent on the division of this peak between the vis and near IR region and its intensity in these regions. The intensity is dependent on the excitation source.
Drug Use by Tractor-Trailer Drivers
Authors: Lund AK , Preusser DF , Blomberg RD , Williams AF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood or urine samples or both were obtained from 317 of 359 randomly selected tractor-trailer drivers asked to participate in a driver health survey conducted at a truck weighing station on Interstate 40 in Tennessee. Altogether, 29% of the drivers had evidence of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, prescription or nonprescription stimulants, or some combination of these, in either blood or urine. Cannabinoids were found in 15% of the drivers' blood or urine; nonprescription stimulants such as phenylpropanolamine were found in 12%; prescription stimulants such as amphetamine were found in 5%; cocaine metabolites were found in 2%; and alcohol was found in less than 1%. These results provide the first objective information about the use of potentially abusive drugs by tractor-trailer drivers. The extent of driver impairment attributable to the observed drugs is uncertain because of the complex relationship between performance and drug concentrations.
A Hybrid Ampholyte Focusing Technique for Esterase D Subtyping of Evidentiary Material
Authors: Budowle B , Gambel AM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An ultrathin-layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing technique that uses a composite of ampholytes from three commercial sources is described for subtyping esterase D. All common allelic products of esterase D were separated clearly. The technique described in this paper provides a higher conclusive call rate on known blood specimens (95.8%) and questioned bloodstains (69.7%) compared with continuous zone electrophoresis in agarose gels (89.9 and 37.6%, respectively).
A Method of Orientation of Skull and Camera for Use in Forensic Photographic Investigation
Authors: McKenna JJI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The ability to obtain accurate superimposition of the image of the teeth from ante- and post-mortem dentitions is a prerequisite of photographic superimposition. A prototype skull and camera holder is described that enables this to be achieved quickly and simply. The position of the skull relative to the attitude of the face in the photograph can then be documented and hence reproduced as required.
Analysis of Explosives by Liquid Chromatography/Thermospray/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Berberich DW , Yost RA , Fetterolf DD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We have investigated the application of liquid chromatography/thermospray/mass spectrometry (LC/TSP/MS) to the separation and identification of commercial and military explosives. The LC was performed using a reverse phase column with an isocratic mobile phase and a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. These conditions resulted in retention times of less than 3 min for common explosives, permitting rapid analysis. The TSP was operated in the filamenton ionization mode which yielded unique spectra for the following explosive compounds: 1,3,5-trinitrotriazacyclohexane (RDX), 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,4,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX), trinitrotoluene (TNT), dinitrotoluene (DNT), pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN), nitroglycerin (NG), diphenylamine (DPA), and monomethylaminenitrate (MMAN). The majority of explosives yielded only negative ion thermospray mass spectra, which exhibited a strong [M + CH3COO]−; however, components of double-based smokeless powders also yielded positive ion spectra. An important forensic science application of this work is the identification of commercial and military explosives. Spectra which were obtained from the residues of improvised explosive devices of military C4 and a double-based smokeless powder allowed identification of the pure explosive compounds, LC/TSP(filament-on)/MS provided limits of detection less than 2.5 picograms for PETN.