bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation management within strongholds in the face of disease‐mediated invasions: red and grey squirrels as a case study
Authors: White Andy , Bell Sally S. , Lurz Peter W. W. , Boots Mike 
Published: April 2014

Summary

There is increasing evidence that disease‐mediated invasions are widespread across a range of vertebrate, invertebrate and plant systems. We therefore need a better understanding of the role of disease in managing conservation threats due to introduced and invasive species.

Here, we develop a general theoretical model framework to assess the impact of disease‐mediated invasion on the viability of conserving native species through refuges taking into account explicit spatial and stochastic processes.

The model techniques are applied to the well‐documented red and grey squirrel conservation system in the UK as a case study.

By combining general and specific modelling approaches, we are able to make management predictions while also gaining an understanding of the processes that underlie population outcomes leading to more robust conservation practice.

Model results indicate that in the absence of control of the invading species, native populations are driven to extinction both in the absence of disease (through competition) and more rapidly when the disease is included (through competition and disease processes).

When control is applied to reduce the abundance of the invading species, there is a threshold in the level of control, above which the invading population can be prevented from establishing and the native species can be protected.

Highly virulent infections – squirrelpox in red squirrels – lead to periodic outbreaks of disease in the native population due to continual invasion attempts from the disease‐carrying invader. Infections with low virulence may become established at endemic levels in native populations. Therefore, an important finding is that the disease can spread through the native species even when the invading species is prevented from establishing.

The benefits of increased density may be countered by an increased risk of disease outbreaks. Therefore, a critical message is that there is a correlation between native density (and therefore habitat quality) and the impact of disease ‘harmful’ to native species.

Control of the invading species to prevent it establishing in strongholds can protect the native species from exclusion, but may not protect it from disease outbreaks.

Synthesis and applications. Disease outbreaks in the absence of the invading species can result in significant population crashes and therefore represents a serious threat because it contributes to the risk of population extinction by suppressing the size of the population making it more vulnerable to extinction through stochastic processes.
Real Estate Market Policy and Household Demand for Housing
Authors: Cheng Yuan , Dagsvik John K. , Han Xuehui 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper used an estimated mixed multinomial logit model of household housing demand to examine the impact of four housing market‐related policies on a stated preference survey sample. The estimated demand probability function suggested that household choice behaviour does show huge heterogeneity. The estimated results were then employed to examine the effects of the policies. We estimated the potential disequilibrium between demand and supply under the construction‐size‐limitation policy, demonstrated that the efficient movers' subsidy increases along with the household income, and simulated the changes in housing demand when tax policy is changed. We demonstrate the potential usefulness of our modelling framework in assisting policy‐making decisions. Our model also partially explains the failures and controversies of the latest real‐estate intervention policies in China.
Power Relations and Social Mix in Metropolitan Neighbourhoods in North America and Europe: Moving Beyond Gentrification?
Authors: Bridge Gary , Butler Tim , Le Galès Patrick 
Published: April 2014

AbstractResearch on spatial segregation has suggested that social mix may be a temporary phase in class displacement, where relations between different groups are at best divided or ‘tectonic’, for instance in England. Political and policy discourses, by contrast, tend to uncritically valorize social mix as a means to breaking up concentrations of poverty and providing neighbourhoods with a middle‐class voice. In the literature, little attention has been paid to power dynamics in socially mixed neighbourhoods and the implications this may have for understanding theory and policy. The five articles that make up this symposium address the ways in which social and ethnic groups interact in major cities in Europe and North America and, as the title suggests, this involves taking into account power relations, domination and negotiation between the different groups. There is a need to connect the experience of the deployment of power within neighbourhoods (and between them) with the discussions of power mechanisms at work in wider urban processes.
Negotiating Social Mix in Toronto's First Public Housing Redevelopment: Power, Space and Social Control in Don Mount Court
Authors: August Martine 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article examines the experience of social interaction in Toronto's Don Mount Court community, the first socially mixed public‐housing redevelopment site in Canada. Similar to the American HOPE VI program, redevelopment involved the demolition and mixed‐income reconstruction of the community to include both public housing and new market condominiums with a neo‐traditional redesign. Based on participant observation, this article describes four struggles that emerged over the course of a series of mixed‐income community governance meetings intended to promote social inclusion. These struggles related to (1) unequal power relations in shaping local priorities; (2) the power to brand the community and define its aesthetic characteristics; (3) the power to define and use public space; and (4) power over modes of surveillance and exclusion. The findings challenge the myth that the ‘benevolent’ middle class will use their political influence and social capital to the benefit of their low‐income neighbors in mixed neighbourhoods. Instead, the research found that public‐housing tenants were often on the receiving end of antagonism. It is argued that policymakers intent on ameliorating problems related to residence in disadvantaged communities should focus on funding for social programs and transformative change, rather than on public‐housing demolition and state‐driven gentrification via mixed‐income redevelopment.
Development by Decree: The Limits of ‘Authoritarian Modernization’ in the Russian Federation
Authors: Kinossian Nadir , Morgan Kevin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe apparent success of state‐managed market economies has challenged the conventional wisdom that liberal democracy is the norm around which all capitalist countries tend to converge. If the link between democracy and development is more tenuous than we often think, the authoritarian variety of capitalism is not without its own problems, especially with respect to political legitimacy, innovation and regional development. This article explores these issues through the prism of ‘authoritarian modernization’ in Russia. We argue that this strategy is unlikely to succeed, even in its own terms, because (1) the political system fails to create favourable institutional conditions for modernization; (2) the economic system is beset by deeply embedded structural problems; and (3) the regional policy apparatus is torn between the goals of spatial equalization and spatial agglomeration. The article focuses on the Skolkovo Innovation Centre, the main symbol of Russian modernization, to demonstrate the territorial repertoire of the mega‐project, a state‐sponsored development strategy to create innovation clusters from above because they cannot emerge from below.
Expression of octopaminergic receptor genes in 4 nonneural tissues in female Nicrophorus vespilloides beetles
Authors: Cunningham Christopher B. , Douthit Mary K. , Moore Allen J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOctopamine regulates the function of many tissues and physiological processes in invertebrates. The expression of octopamine receptor genes has been examined in multiple tissue types in several different insect orders. However, little work has addressed this issue in Coleoptera. Most studies characterize individual genes in different tissue types, but here we describe the expression of 6 octopamine receptor genes in thoracic musculature, oviducts, Malpighian tubules, and fat body of female Nicrophorus vespilloides beetles to characterize both different genes and different tissues within a single study. We then compare the gene expression profiles found in this beetle to other insects to examine the extent to which expression profiles are conserved across insects. We also examine the relative involvement of octopamine verses octopamine/tyramine receptors based on receptor gene expression in each tissue to help elucidate if tyramine plays a role in the regulation of these tissues. We find a high degree of overlap in the expression profile of the 6 genes examined in the thoracic musculature, a moderate amount for the oviducts, and divergent profiles for Malpighian tubules and fat body. Based on expression difference in receptor subtypes, our results also support the suggestion that tyramine is a biogenic amine with physiological actions separate from octopamine.
Antibacterial Effect of Grapefruit Seed Extract (GSE) on Makgeolli‐Brewing Microorganisms and Its Application in the Preservation of Fresh Makgeolli
Authors: Choi Jae‐Suk , Lee Yu‐Ri , Ha Yu‐Mi , Seo Hyo Ju , Kim Young Hun , Park Sun‐Mee , Sohn Jae Hak 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTo develop a new preservation method, the antimicrobial activity of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) against Makgeolli‐brewing microorganisms and food‐borne pathogens was assessed, and a general analysis and sensory evaluation of fresh Makgeolli with added GSE was made. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of GSE against 10 strains of Makgeolli‐brewing microorganism were 0.0122 to 1.5625 μL/mL. The MIC values against 6 strains of food‐borne pathogens were 0.0061 to 0.7813 μL/mL. On addition of 0.1% (v/v) and 0.2% GSE in bottled fresh Makgeolli, no significant difference in the pH, or the contents of total acids, ethanol, or methanol in the Makgeolli, were observed compared with control Makgeolli (with no GSE), during the preservation period (8 weeks) at 10 °C. In the Makgeolli with 0.1% and 0.2% GSE, the total bacterial counts decreased significantly by 4.9% (P < 0.01) and 11.2% (P < 0.001), respectively, versus the control. The decreases in yeast count were significantly lessened by 15.33% and 15.24% (both P < 0.001), respectively, after 8 weeks of storage, compared with the control. In the sensory evaluation of Makgeolli with 0.1% and 0.2% GSE, the refreshment and overall acceptability received significantly better scores than the control (P < 0.01), with no change in sweetness, bitterness, sourness, turbidity, color, or odor. These results suggest that GSE controls the growth of Makgeolli‐brewing microorganisms and extends the shelf life (ca. 2 wk), without decreasing overall acceptance.
Thermooxidative Stability of Fennel Oleoresin Microencapsulated in Blended Biopolymer Agents
Authors: Chranioti Charikleia , Tzia Constantina 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this work, the oxidative and thermal stabilities of 4 different encapsulating agents (chitosan [CH], modified starch [MS], gum arabic [GA], and maltodextrin [MD]) used in fennel oleoresin microencapsulation by the freeze‐drying technique were evaluated both individually and in blends (binary and ternary ones). The oxidative stability of the encapsulated products was assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of the secondary oxidation volatiles along with the use of oxidation markers (peroxide value, PV), while a differential scanning calorimetery analysis was conducted. Gum arabic, both plain and its mixtures, exhibited the lowest protection against lipid oxidation, presenting high PVs. However, good microencapsulation efficiency along with the best oxidative stability in terms of PV and thermal stability indicated that the formulations of MS‐CH and MS‐MD‐CH could be suggested as alternative encapsulating agents.
Medical abortion with mifepristone and home administration of misoprostol up to 63 days' gestation
Authors: Løkeland Mette , Iversen Ole Erik , Engeland Anders , Økland Ingrid , Bjørge Line 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the acceptability and efficacy of medical abortion at home up to 63 days' gestation without limits on travel distance to a registered institution.DesignObservational prospective study.SettingHaukeland University Hospital between May 2006 and May 2009.PopulationA total of 1018 women requesting abortion before 63 days' gestation who chose medical termination with mifepristone and home administration of misoprostol.MethodsThe women took 200 mg mifepristone under nurse supervision and self‐administered 800 μg misoprostol vaginally 36–48 h later at home. All were contacted by phone for follow‐up and assessment of bleeding, pain and acceptability.Main outcome measuresEvacuation rate, pain, bleeding, acceptability, influence of distance on treatment.ResultsMedian gestational age was 50 (range 35–63) days and 70 (7.1%) of the women lived more than 60 min travel from the clinic. The rate of completed abortion was 93.6% and surgical evacuation was performed in 50 (4.9%) cases. Two women requested treatment on the day of misoprostol use. Moderate to strong pain was experienced by 68.4%, and 74.7% reported moderate to heavy bleeding. Parous women experienced less pain than nulliparous women (odds ratio 0.27; 95% confidence interval 0.19–0.34). In all, 95.1% of the women were satisfied with staying at home. Travel distance did not influence treatment outcome variables.ConclusionsIn our experience, home administration of misoprostol is an effective and acceptable method for abortion up to 63 days of gestation and women should be eligible for this treatment option regardless of their travel distance from hospital.
Quantification of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques: a quantitative review
Authors: Kemp G. J. , Ahmad R. E. , Nicolay K. , Prompers J. J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMagnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can give information about cellular metabolism in vivo which is difficult to obtain in other ways. In skeletal muscle, non‐invasive 31P MRS measurements of the post‐exercise recovery kinetics of pH, [PCr], [Pi] and [ADP] contain valuable information about muscle mitochondrial function and cellular pH homeostasis in vivo, but quantitative interpretation depends on understanding the underlying physiology. Here, by giving examples of the analysis of 31P MRS recovery data, by some simple computational simulation, and by extensively comparing data from published studies using both 31P MRS and invasive direct measurements of muscle O2 consumption in a common analytical framework, we consider what can be learnt quantitatively about mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle using MRS‐based methodology. We explore some technical and conceptual limitations of current methods, and point out some aspects of the physiology which are still incompletely understood.
Impact of Having a First Child on Maternal Depressive Symptoms: Does the Birth of a Mother's First Baby Increase Symptoms of Depression in the Mother?
Authors: Jung Eun‐Hee , Yoo Joan P. 
Published: April 2014

Previous studies on the impact of having a first child on a mother's psychological well‐being has not been extensively examined in Korea. The present study aims to understand how having a first child is associated with a first‐time mother's depressive symptoms when compared with their childless counterparts. A sample of 140 women aged 20–40 years, married, and childless in wave 1 of the Korean National Welfare Panel Study (KOWEPS) was selected. The depressive symptoms of women who became mothers between wave 1 and wave 2 of the study and those who remained childless were compared using CES‐D. Two different types of analytical methods (i.e. pooled OLS, fixed effects model) were employed. The results consistently indicated that Korean mothers were more depressed after the birth of the first child than wives without a child. Employment status and satisfaction of social relationship were associated with women's depression in the fixed effect model. The consistent finding that shows a negative association between having a first child and maternal depressive symptoms provides empirical grounds for the development of prevention and intervention programs for first‐time mothers. Implications of the study findings are discussed.
Health and production of feedlot cattle following supplementation with urea–molasses in starter pens
Authors: Croft IA , Clayton EH , Cusack PMV 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of providing a urea–molasses supplement to cattle during feedlot introduction on average daily gain, carcase weight and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) morbidity and mortality.MethodsCommercial mixed sex, mixed breed cattle (387.4 ± 0.2 kg) were systematically allocated to receive 2.1 L/animal of urea–molasses during feedlot introduction (n = 2307) or remain untreated (n = 2336). Cattle remained in the feedlot for an average of 40 days until reaching slaughter weight. Body weight data was collected prior to feedlot induction and all cases of BRD morbidity and mortality were determined during feeding. Hot standard carcase weight and P8 fat thickness were determined at slaughter.ResultsAverage daily gain (1.94 ± 0.06 vs 1.93 ± 0.06, P = 0.650), BRD incidence (6.46% vs 5.53%, P = 0.183) and BRD mortality (0.17% vs 0.21%, P = 0.752) did not differ between supplemented and unsupplemented cattle. The BRD incidence was higher (P = 0.017) when cattle without permanent incisors were supplemented with urea–molasses (7.26%) compared with unsupplemented cattle (5.26%), and was also higher in steers compared with heifers (12.7% vs 7.8%, P < 0.001) and higher in cattle purchased from saleyards compared with cattle purchased off paddocks (12.4% vs 5.7%, P < 0.001).ConclusionsHealth and production were not significantly improved following supplementation of cattle with urea–molasses during feedlot introduction. BRD incidence was, however, significantly related to cattle sex and source. Further research is required to understand the relationship between feeding high non‐protein nitrogen sources and BRD morbidity in young cattle.
Anterior chamber collapse syndrome in a koala
Authors: Liddle VL , Naranjo C , Bernays ME 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundAnterior chamber collapse syndrome has been recognised in various species and is associated with early‐life ocular disease or trauma. It is important to differentiate this acquired condition from a congenital malformation.Case reportAn adult female koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) was referred for assessment of buphthalmos and severe keratitis of the right eye. The degree of keratitis obstructed examination of intraocular structures. Enucleation of the affected eye was performed and the histopathological diagnosis was anterior chamber collapse syndrome and secondary glaucoma. This case contributes to the limited information available in the literature on anterior chamber collapse syndrome, a disease unique in having secondary glaucoma with minimal or no inflammation. The case also expands the literature available on ocular disease in koalas. More specifically, this is the only reported case of glaucoma, of any aetiology, in the koala.
Granuloma formation and suspected neuropathic pain in a domestic pigeon (Columba livia) secondary to an oil‐based, inactivatedNewcastle disease vaccine administered for protection against pigeon paramyxovirus‐1
Authors: Cowan ML , Monks DJ , Raidal SR 
Published: April 2014

Case reportA domestic pigeon developed a sterile granuloma following vaccination with an oil‐adjuvant, inactivatedLaSota strain ofNewcastle disease. The aim of vaccination was to provide protection against pigeon paramyxovirus‐1 (PPMV‐1), a disease previously considered exotic toAustralia. Granuloma formation is considered a rare complication of vaccination againstPPMV‐1 in pigeons. Clinical signs consistent with neuropathic pain became apparent during the extensive management of the granuloma, which included surgical removal of foreign material, control of the pain and inflammation and protection against antimicrobial contamination.ConclusionPPMV‐1 is now considered endemic inAustralia and protecting pigeons with vaccination is important. Until a product is registered for use, vaccination remains off‐label and the risk of adverse reaction, including sterile granuloma, must be considered.
Educational games based on distributed and tangible user interfaces to stimulate cognitive abilities in children with ADHD
Authors: de la Guía Elena , Lozano María D. , Penichet Víctor M. R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractChildren with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience behavioural and learning problems at home and at school, as well as a lack of self‐control in their lives. We can take advantage of the evolution of new technologies to develop applications with the aim of enhancing and stimulating the learning process of children with ADHD. In addition, these applications may help teachers and therapists to track the progress of the children. In this paper, we present a novel software system with new interaction mechanisms with the aim of improving memory and attention in children with ADHD. The system is based on a set of collaborative games developed in a novel multi‐device environment applying the distributed user interface paradigm together with tangible user interfaces (TUIs). The interaction with the system is very intuitive and simple as children interact directly with known physical objects used as TUIs instead of using the mouse and the keyboard. In this way, children can play while moving around the room and interact with the games that are projected on the wall.
Genetic Profiling by Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphism‐Based Array Analysis Defines Three Distinct Subtypes of Orbital Meningioma
Authors: Ho Cheng‐Ying , Mosier Stacy , Safneck Janice , Salomao Diva R. , Miller Neil R. , Eberhart Charles G. , Gocke Christopher D. , Batista Denise A. S. , Rodriguez Fausto J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOrbital meningiomas can be classified as primary optic nerve sheath (ON) meningiomas, primary intraorbital ectopic (Ob) meningiomas and spheno‐orbital (Sph‐Ob) meningiomas based on anatomic site. Single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐based array analysis with the Illumina 300K platform was performed on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue from 19 orbital meningiomas (5 ON, 4 Ob and 10 Sph‐Ob meningiomas). Tumors were World Health Organization (WHO) grade I except for two grade II meningiomas, and one was NF2‐associated. We found genomic alterations in 68% (13 of 19) of orbital meningiomas. Sph‐Ob tumors frequently exhibited monosomy 22/22q loss (70%; 7/10) and deletion of chromosome 1p, 6q and 19p (50% each; 5/10). Among genetic alterations, loss of chromosome 1p and 6q were more frequent in clinically progressive tumors. Chromosome 22q loss also was detected in the majority of Ob meningiomas (75%; 3/4) but was infrequent in ON meningiomas (20%; 1/5). In general, Ob tumors had fewer chromosome alterations than Sph‐Ob and ON tumors. Unlike Sph‐Ob meningiomas, most of the Ob and ON meningiomas did not progress even after incomplete excision, although follow‐up was limited in some cases. Our study suggests that ON, Ob and Sph‐Ob meningiomas are three molecularly distinct entities. Our results also suggest that molecular subclassification may have prognostic implications.