bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Notes on a Possible Minoan Forgery
Authors: Betts John H. 
Published: October 2013

The well-known gem of lapis lacedaemonius, generally described as from Kydonia (i.e. the province of Crete in which lies the town of Khania), and now in the Benaki Museum in Athens, has been frequently quoted as a basis for, or in support of theories on, Minoan–Mycenaean religious belief and practice. In this note it is intended to set out grounds for doubting the genuineness of the gem.Its shape and material establish a prima facie case for authenticity. The rather large (c. 25 millimetre diameter) lentoids, slightly elliptical in shape and pierced, generally down the shorter axis, occur commonly in lapis lacedaemonius, carnelian and agate in the L.M. I–II period. Moreover the material does not seem to have been used by forgers, perhaps because it is harder to acquire than, for example, carnelian or agate. However these factors seem out-weighed on closer inspection, when all grounds for doubting the stone's genuineness are considered.
Some Late Minoan III Pottery from Crete
Authors: Popham M. R. 
Published: October 2013

The publication of any Late Minoan IIIB and C pottery from Crete hardly requires apology even when the context of the pottery is as unsatisfactory as that to be considered in this article. For we know far too little about the latter phases of Minoan history and this deficiency will only be made good when more material has been made available. Certainly a more thorough examination of Mainland and Cretan relations in this period is required than that which will be attempted below, though it may well be that the time is not yet ripe for firm or convincing conclusions to be formed. In particular the late Mycenaean IIIB and early IIIC phases of pottery require clearer definition. When this has been done, several of the suggestions in this article, based on comparisons with Mainland pottery, may require amendment.The pottery to be the subject of this study was found in a box numbered Gamma 67 in a store-room of Heraklion Museum in which was housed material from the old excavations at Zakro, Ayia Triadha, Palaikastro, Knossos, and elsewhere. It is predominantly advanced L.M. III in character but includes a few L.M. I sherds, some L.M. II/IIIA, and a considerable amount of Geometric. Unfortunately the box has no label stating the provenance of its contents but there are other helpful indications.
Conjectures in Polygnotus' Troy
Authors: Robertson Martin 
Published: October 2013

Pausanias x. 26. 2: γεγραμμέναι δὲ ἐπι κλίνης ὑπὲρ ταύτας Δηινόμη τε καὶ Μητιόχη καὶ Πεῖσίς ἐστι καὶ Κλεοδίκη. ‘Painted on a couch above these are Deinome and Metioche and Peisis too and Kleodike.’In Polygnotus’ Troy Taken, painted in the Lesche of the Cnidians at Delphi, this group formed part of the Trojan prisoners, shown between the wall of the city and the sea. ταύτας refers to another group (Klymene, Kreousa, Aristomache, and Xenodike) who are described as being above the women between Aithra and Nestor: Andromache with her child, Medesikaste, and Polyxena. These were certainly at the bottom of the picture; Deinome, Metioche, Peisis, and Kleodike certainly at the top. ἐπὶ κλίνης is unconvincing in the context. Most editors and translators accept it without comment, but Frazer's translation, ‘sitting on a couch’ underlines a minor difficulty: four on a couch is hard to envisage in terms of Greek life or art; and though the σχῆμα Πινδαρικόν does not make for clarity, it seems impossible to confine the phrase to the first one or two names. The reading, however, is unacceptable on other grounds, as Carl Robert has shown: this is the open air and these are prisoners of war; a κλίνη is entirely out of place. Polygnotan art was certainly not fully naturalistic, and included much that had a symbolic not a literal reference; but a couch is as improper in this context symbolically as naturally. In Polygnotus' other picture in the Lesche, the Underworld, Theseus and Peirithoos, and in another part Pelias, were shown seated on θρόνοι, while other figures sat on rocks or hillocks or leaned against trees; but the spatial and temporal setting of the Underworld was certainly (and naturally) less defined than that of the Troy. Robert tentatively suggests ἐπικλινής, translating ‘in gebückter Haltung’, but admits that the word has poor authority as applied to persons, and that to force it on this author in this sense is hardly justified.
A Tympanum Fragment at Perachora
Authors: Coulton J. J. 
Published: October 2013

In a useful study, M. C. Llinas has made some important contributions to our knowledge of the stoa at Perachora, and has devoted further attention to the problems of that interesting but sometimes enigmatic building. In the last section of his paper, however, he attributes to one of the stoa pediments a fragmentary tympanum block, and on the strength of the cutting in it he has proposed a roof structure quite abnormal in a stoa. It is his restoration of the roof which provokes these few remarks, for although the Greeks were sometimes lavish in their use of roofing timbers, their structures were not as a rule illogical.M. Llinas proposes a Gaggera roof with three or four heavy purlins, c. 0·20 × 0·30 m. in section and centred c. 0·67 m. apart on either side of a ridge beam (cf. Fig. 1, a). Support for these beams was presumably provided from a cross-beam at every pier of the upper colonnade (intercolumniation 2·30 m.); for since all the piers were of uniform strength, there would be no advantage in cross-beams spaced further apart. Now purlins 0·30 m. high seem unreasonably large to be supported every 2·30 m.
An Eight-Sided Minoan Sealstone in the Ashmolean Museum
Authors: Myres J. L. 
Published: October 2013

The eight-sided prism of sardonyx, of which the eight faces are represented in Fig. 1, was acquired by Sir Arthur Evans in Eastern Crete, and is certainly of Cretan workmanship and Middle Minoan style.All the signs are recorded already in Scripta Minoa I (Oxford, 1909) and are numbered there as follows:—
The Process of Tradition in Greece
Authors: Dawkins R. M. 
Published: October 2013

The word ‘tradition’, used to mean either the process of oral transmission or the story so transmitted, may cover two things: the oral relation from man to man of real events with the possible value of such traditions for history, and this amounts to the study of what is called folk-memory, or the transmission of legends dealing with such supernatural happenings as no one is likely to regard as true. This paper deals exclusively with the latter.We read and are taught from our childhood legends of the gods and heroes of Greek and Roman mythology, to say nothing of the legends of our own northland. These legends are set down in books, but it is reasonable to ask what relation these written stories bear to what in earlier ages was actually told and more or less believed by people in different parts of the country concerned and at different periods. How far was a legend always told in the form in which we happen to find it recorded? We are, I believe, too prone to look upon a legend as having been always a fixed and so to say canonical story, although we have in fact no lack of hints that legends admit of the widest variations.
Coupe de Bronze Chypro-Phénicienne Trouvée en Gréce
Authors: Dussaud René 
Published: October 2013

Il y a bien près d'un siècle que l'attention des archéologues fut attirée par des coupes de bronze ou d'argent, parfois doré, découvertes d'abord à Nimroud puis à Chypre. Dès 1855 Fr. Lenormant émit l'avis que les coupes de Nimroud étaient d'origine phénicienne.En 1876, une tombe au voisinage de Palestrina fournit un véritable trésor: objets en or, argent, electrum, argent doré, ivoire, bronze et fer, parmi lesquels deux coupes l'une anépigraphe en argent doré, l'autre en argent avec inscription phénicienne. Le tout fut attribué à l'art phénicien par Helbig. Fr. Lenormant fut également d'avis que la plupart des objets portaient la marque de l'industrie phénicienne et plus spécialement carthaginoise. La coupe de Palestrina en argent doré fut brillamment expliquée par Clermont-Ganneau, du moins quant à la frise principale: prince sortant en char de sa ville fortifiée pour aller chasser le cerf dans la montagne, sacrifice aux dieux, attaque par le génie de la montagne figuré en singe, rentrée dans la ville fortifiée.
Lasithi in Ancient Times
Authors: Pendlebury J. D. S. 
Published: October 2013

Recent excavations in the district of Lasithi in Crete have both raised and answered a number of historical problems which, while not suitable for inclusion in a strict excavation report, may yet properly be the subject of an essay in honour of one who did so much for the archaeology and topography of Crete in the early days.It must be remembered that the following pages are suggestions intended merely to stimulate further enquiry on a less restricted scale. In prehistoric archaeology certainty is impossible. A definite set of facts may be interpreted in two quite different ways, both equally possible. The only hope is to fit the greatest possible number of facts into the framework and to make sure that there is no vital fact which contradicts the whole.
Part II. The Prehistoric Cemetery: Graves below The House of the Warrior Vase
Authors: A. J. B. Wace  , Pakenham-Walsh M. 
Published: October 2013

The exploration of the Grave Circle within the Cyclopean Walls near the Lion Gate, which we began in 1920, resulted in the discovery or identification of several groups of graves, which led us to the conclusion that a Prehistoric Cemetery had lain on the hillside at this point before the fortifications were constructed and that the Shaft Graves were a group of royal graves enclosed within that cemetery.In 1939, following a suggestion made by Tsountas, we explored the area to the north-west of the Lion Gate outside the walls and found there fifteen graves belonging to the Prehistoric Cemetery which was in use from Middle Helladic to Late Helladic II times. Subsequent exploration outside the walls in this region has resulted in the discovery of yet more graves, and those so far noted and explored outside the walls now number forty. To these we should probably add one more, a disturbed grave found recently by the Anastelosis Section of the Greek Archaeological Service in its operations at the north-west angle of the bastion on the west of the entrance to the Lion Gate.
Notes on Some Attic Decrees
Authors: Woodward A. M. 
Published: October 2013

Mr. D. M. Lewis has made a valuable contribution to our understanding of this decree relating to the Praxiergidai and their ancestral ritual, but his restoration of the last line (l. 25) is far from satisfactory. In his version the last two lines are given as follows:In stating that the restorations are ‘virtually compulsory’ he has failed to realise that [με]δίμνον is not the only possible explanation for the six letters that survive, and he does not discuss the unlikely construction with a genitive plural following ἀμφιεννύ[ναι].
Prehistoric Laconia: A Note
Authors: Waterhouse Helen 
Published: October 2013

This paper contains a brief summary of the results of researches into the prehistory of Laconia which were conducted mainly during the years 1936–9. It is greatly regretted that a series of varied but compelling impediments has hitherto delayed a proper publication; this, however, will follow as soon as possible.The map, Fig. 1, is taken from sheet G 13, Kalamai, of the 1/250,000 series dated June 1944. The chronological table lists the sites alphabetically under six regions. The nature of the evidence for each entry is briefly noted, entries without source reference being based on autopsy. Literary sources for the history of pre-Dorian Laconia will not be discussed here.
Riddle Appreciation and Reading Comprehension in Cantonese-Speaking Children
Authors: Tang Ivy N. Y. , To Carol K. S. , Weekes Brendan S. 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
Inference-making skills are necessary for reading comprehension. Training in riddle appreciation is an effective way to improve reading comprehension among English-speaking children. However, it is not clear whether these methods generalize to other writing systems. The goal of the present study was to investigate the relationship between inference-making skills, as measured by riddle appreciation ability, and reading comprehension performance in typically developing Cantonese-speaking children in the 4th grade.

Method
Forty Cantonese-speaking children between the ages of 9;1 (years;months) and 11;0 were given tests of riddle appreciation ability and reading comprehension. Chinese character reading and auditory comprehension abilities were also assessed using tests that had been standardized in Hong Kong.

Results
Regression analyses revealed that riddle appreciation ability explained a significant amount of variance in reading comprehension after variance due to character reading skills and auditory comprehension skills were first considered. Orthographic, lexical, morphological, and syntactic riddles were also significantly correlated with reading comprehension.

Conclusion
Riddle appreciation ability predicts reading comprehension in Cantonese-speaking 4th-grade children. Therefore, training Cantonese speakers in riddle appreciation should improve their reading comprehension.
Longing to belong
Authors: Butcher Tim 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine distinctions between embeddedness and belonging in ethnographic fieldwork to make sense of a researcher's identity position in the field.

Design/methodology/approach
– A confessional ethnographic narrative was retrospectively crafted from field notes from a 12-month fieldwork period. This narrative is presented and critically discussed to problematize the author's remembered sense of place and temporality in the field.

Findings
– Regardless of whether a researcher “longs to belong” in the field, the paper finds that the research and the researcher belongs to the field. The temporality of an ethnographer's being in the field causes its inhabitants, the research participants to assign him/her a distinct and hybrid identity position.

Research limitations/implications
– It is recognized that the research presented is bound by nostalgia. However, such reflexive intersubjectivity must be accounted for in ethnography. The identity position of a researcher influences the research process and outcomes. And that identity is not at the discretion of the researcher.

Originality/value
– Adopting the trope of habitus and postcolonial principles, this research illustrates the criticality of reflexive intersubjectivity in ethnography to positioning the researcher as “Other,” not the research participants. For organizational ethnographers, and qualitative researchers more widely, to recognize this ethical consideration has consequences for how fieldwork is practiced and reported.
Epidemiological study and considerations of primary focal hyperhidrosis in Japan: From questionnaire analysis
Authors: Fujimoto Tomoko , Kawahara Kazuo , Yokozeki Hiroo 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPrimary hyperhidrosis is a disorder of excessive, bilateral and relatively symmetrical sweating occurring in the palms, soles and axillae regions without obvious etiology. There have been some reports of the epidemiology of primary hyperhidrosis abroad so far, but there has never been any research performed in Japan. We performed a questionnaire survey for people aged 5–64 years who agreed with the purpose of this study at 20 companies or schools, and received 5807 valid responses. From this survey, each prevalence could broken down into 5.33% for primary palm hyperhidrosis, 2.79% for primary plantar hyperhidrosis, 5.75% for primary axillae hyperhidrosis and 4.7% for primary head hyperhidrosis. Patients with severe symptoms were estimated to be approximately 616 000 for primary palmar hyperhidrosis and 2 239 000 for primary axillae hyperhidrosis in Japan. These findings reveal that many patients feel a decreased quality of life because of symptoms of hyperhidrosis every day. However, only 6.2% of the patients had visited medical institutions. Moreover, few patients take appropriate treatment even after visiting the hospital.
Efficacy and safety of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) baths in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in Malaysia
Authors: Wong Su‐ming , Ng Ting Guan , Baba Roshidah 
Published: October 2013

AbstractStaphylococcus aureus is frequently found in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and contributes to disease exacerbation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bleach baths as an adjunctive treatment in AD patients. Patients between 2 and 30 years old with moderate to severe AD were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled study. Patients soaked in diluted bleach or distilled water baths for 10 min, twice a week for 2 months. Efficacy assessments included the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) scores and S. aureus density was determined using quantitative bacterial cultures. Patients in the treatment group showed significant reductions in EASI scores. A 41.9% reduction in S. aureus density from baseline was seen at 1 month further reducing to 53.3% at 2 months. Equal numbers of patients in both groups experienced mild side‐effects. This study demonstrates that diluted bleach baths clinically improved AD in as little as 1 month. No patient withdrew from the treatment arm because of intolerance to the baths.
Adaptive maternal plasticity in response to perceptions of larval competition
Authors: Buser Claudia C. , Ward Paul I. , Bussière Luc F. 
Published: October 2013

Summary

Because the developmental performance of a genotype can vary substantially depending on the conditions to which it is exposed, mothers are known to exercise strong choice concerning oviposition sites. Females potentially adjust the provisioning or paternity of offspring by responding to multiple environmental factors, but how those factors interact in the context of female assessment has been under investigated and remains poorly understood.
In this study, we examine how female perceptions of the larval environment affect the size, fitness and paternity of her brood. We mated female yellow dung flies, Scathophaga stercoraria, with two different males each, manipulated female perception of larval competition levels, and subsequently split clutches across high and low‐competition conditions.
We found that females (especially large females) laid more eggs when they perceived low levels of competition for their brood. Females further adjusted brood size depending on the size of their last mate (who typically sires most offspring), increasing brood size for large second mates when perceiving low levels of competition, and for small second mates when they perceived competition to be high. Larval survival was highest for females who perceived the same larval conditions that their larvae experienced, and whose last mate was well suited to such conditions (e.g. small for competitive conditions, or large in the absence of competition). In contrast, the effects of competition on paternity did not depend on maternal perceptions of larval competition, as would be expected if females exercise adaptive cryptic choice to favour alternate male phenotypes depending on the intensity of larval competition.
Our experimental approach supports complex and sophisticated changes in female behaviour in response to cues of larval fitness. Our results further emphasize that most plasticity in maternal behaviour serves to improve larval fitness directly, providing valuable empirical support for theoretical assertions of the primacy of material benefits over good‐genes.
The point process use‐availability or presence‐only likelihood and comments on analysis
Authors: McDonald Trent L. 
Published: October 2013

Summary

Use‐availability and presence‐only analyses are synonyms. Both require two samples (one containing known locations, one containing potential locations), both estimate the same parameters, and both use the same fundamental likelihood.

Use‐availability and presence‐only designs compare characteristics of points where an organism was located to those where the organism could have been located. These designs can be generalized to estimate the relative probability that any event occurred at a set of locations.

This article generalizes the use‐availability likelihood given in Johnson et al. (Resource selection functions based on use‐availability data: theoretical motivation and evaluation methods, Journal of Wildlife Management, 2006) to point locations. This derivation arrives at the same likelihood as Fithian & Hastie (Statistical Models for Presence‐Only Data: Finite‐Sample Equivalence and Addressing Observer Bias, 2012) but uses a different technique and allows a more general link function. Fithian & Hastie (2012) use a case–control argument and Bayes theorem to derive the likelihood. This article uses Lagrangian multipliers to maximize the two‐sample likelihood.

Resource selection functions (RSF) defined here are ratios of density functions. RSFs must be positive and unbounded. Proper link functions must provide proportionality over their entire range. Given these conditions, the exponential link is the most logical and appropriate link function for RSFs. These conditions exclude the logistic link.

This article affirms that estimation of a RSF does not involve ‘running logistic regression’. By assigning 0 and 1 (pseudo‐)responses to vectors of covariates associated with locations in the used and available sample, it is possible to ‘trick’ logistic regression software into maximizing the use‐availability likelihood. Representing the analysis as ‘logistic regression’ is misleading because that implies use of the logistic link, which is inappropriate for RSF's. It is more accurate to state that the ‘use‐availability likelihood was maximized’.

RSFs are more general, intuitive and useful than resource selection probability functions (RSPF). RSPFs depend heavily on sampling mechanisms and the number of used and available locations selected. Consequently, the objective of estimation in use‐availability studies should be the RSF, not the RSPF.

Two simple examples and R code in the Supporting Information illustrate computations. These examples maximize the general log likelihood without the aid of logistic regression software.