bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Een blauwdruk van blauwdrukken
Authors: Ankersmit F.R. 
Published: September 2015

In this essay I express my greatest admiration for Mijnhardt's and Kloek's Blauwdrukken. Not only does the book discuss with an unparalleled richness of historical detail a period in Dutch history that was often dismissed as not being worthy of our interest, but it also proposes a most original and fruitful approach to the major problems of Dutch culture at the end of the eighteenth century. Nevertheless, the authors of this marvelous book could be criticized for not having been sufficiently aware of what one might call 'the cognitive dissonance' between late eighteenth century Dutch culture, on the one hand, and what happened in the world of culture at the same time in England, Germany and France, on the other. A tentative suggestion is made for how a greater awareness of this cultural gap might have altered the picture presented in this impressive and most valuable study. This review is part of the discussion forum IJkpunt 1800.
1900: Een pak van Sjaalman of een nieuwe synthese?
Authors: Haan I. de 
Published: September 2015

Bank and Van Buuren erroneously state that 1900 was the year in which bourgeois culture reached its peak in the Netherlands. They overlook the antibourgeois movement that sprang up after 1880. These oversights coincide with an interpretation of cultural history that views culture as a separate entity rather than as part of the symbolization and meaning that permeates every aspect of community life. Based on this last viewpoint, it is apparent that bourgeois culture reached a crisis point around 1900 due to a shift in the relationship between culture, politics and economics. This review is part of the discussion forum IJkpunt 1900.
Het Staatse leger en de militaire revolutie van de vroegmoderne tijd
Authors: Nimwegen O. van 
Published: September 2015

Olaf van Nimwegen, The Dutch army and the early modern military revolutionSince the 1950s, all studies into warfare during the early modern period have been dominated by the idea of a military revolution. The Dutch army plays a pivotal role in this debate. The reforms introduced by Maurice of Orange and his cousin, William Louis of Nassau, are hailed as the beginning of the modern army. In this contribution, the author endorses the importance of the Nassaus' tactical reforms, but challenges the assumption that they also ushered in army reform. As long as the government wanted to keep its involvement with the army as indirect as possible, army growth was limited and the knowledge and expertise gained in wartime was quickly lost in peacetime. It was only after the 1670s that the armed forces of the Dutch Republic were transformed into a standing army made up of professional troops. It was following an attack by the French in 1672, whose forces were far superior, both in terms of sheer numbers and organizational prowess, that the Dutch were forced to restructure their army. With this, the Nassau tactical revolution became embedded into a much farther reaching organizational revolution. This article is part of the special issue 'Legerorganisatie en oorlogvoering in de Lage Landen tijdens de zestiende en zeventiende eeuw'.
Het interieurjaar 2001
Authors: Vries B. de 
Published: September 2015

R. Baarsen, Rococo in Nederland F. van Burkom, Leven in toen. Vier eeuwen Nederlands interieur in beeld H.C.M. Kleijn, Interieurs belicht: M. Westermann, C.W. Fock, E.J. Sluijter, H.P. Chapman, Art and home. Dutch interiors in the age of Rembrandt C.W. Fock, Het Nederlandse interieur in beeld 1600-1900
Economie en totale oorlog
Authors: Klemann H.A.M. 
Published: September 2015

J. Meihuizen, Noodzakelijk kwaad. De bestraffing van economische collaboratie in Nederland na de Tweede WereldoorlogThe economy and full-scale warMeihuizen concludes that the interests of the reconstruction had to take precedence over those of an honourable judicial process, as a result of which cases of economic collaboration seldom reached the courts. This essay argues that Dutch firms could not avoid manufacturing goods for the occupying forces because they were often relatively small-scale in nature and organised along the lines of a family business. If this type of firm refused to fulfil a German order and its competitor was willing to accept it, then it ran the risk of being squeezed out by the competition. This is why, in the Netherlands and elsewhere, as soon as a firm made the transition from a smallscale to a medium-sized family business it was inclined to work all-out for the occupying forces. This had nothing to do with free choice, but rather the will to survive. In addition to this, non-military production, even that which was geared towards keeping the people at home alive and healthy, supported the German war effort. In an economy where all military production is systematically maximized and manufacturing geared towards producing civilian goods is pushed back to a level where it can just about survive, all manufacturing becomes economic collaboration, thereby making the notion redundant. Consequently, the question that should have resounded throughout this study ought to have been whether a legal case could have been made against economic collaboration at all or whether this was doomed to fail from the start. Onderdeel van het discussiedossier Noodzakelijk kwaad.
Rechtspraak en totale oorlog
Authors: Faber S. 
Published: September 2015

J. Meihuizen, Noodzakelijk kwaad. De bestraffing van economische collaboratie in Nederland na de Tweede WereldoorlogA successful failure?Melhuizen’s powerful dissertation focuses on one section of the Special Judicial Procedure: settling cases of economic collaboration, particularly the more serious ones. He also examines the Special Judicial Procedure as a whole. First of all with figures, which are less reliable than suggested as is argued in this contribution. Secondly, he used these figures to bolster up his conclusion that we have failed to punish economic collaboration. This is questionable, because the element of punishment was more important in those days than can be deducted from Melhuizen’s views. Onderdeel van het discussiedossier Noodzakelijk kwaad.
Van staatsgezind tot liberaal. De beeldvorming over Johan de Witt in de revolutietijd (1757-1840)
Authors: Haan J. de 
Published: September 2015

From republican to liberal. The image of Johan de Witt during the years of revolution (1757-1840)In the fateful year of 1672, Johan and Cornelis de Witt were brutally murdered by an angry mob in The Hague that had sympathies with the House of Orange. The question is raised: was it the case, one hundred years later in the eighteenth century, that the underlying political motive behind the death of the de Witt brothers led to them being used by a disparate group of political admirers, from republicans to patriots and Bataven, in their own struggle against the ancien régime and stadholder of the time? The answer is simple but clear: no it wasn’t. The republicans defended Johan de Witt against orangeist attacks, but the patriots in the late 1780s were unimpressed with the Grand Pensionary and his brother because of their aristocratic background. During the French occupation of the Netherlands opinions about the de Witt brothers changed and they were suddenly held in great esteem by both patriots and liberals alike. The massacres committed by ordinary citizens during the revolution in France greatly influenced public opinion about Johan and Cornelis. From that time onwards, they were regarded as victims of the angry masses and their fate came to symbolise the dangers of direct democracy.
De techniek van de Nederlandse samenleving
Authors: Vanpaemel G. 
Published: September 2015

Technology in Dutch societyTIN-20 takes the traditional history of technology one step further and transforms it into a contextual history of technical artefacts. In this way, technology (and the technical genius behind it) is reduced to little more than a plaything between social actors. The author argues that more attention should be given to the particular features of technological (and scientific) genius and to an archaeology of this genius in the material, and particularly spiritual, evolution of Dutch society. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw' (J. Schot, H. Lintsen, A. Rip, A. Albert de la Bruhèze).
Het ontstaan van het Nederlandse Statenbewind. Monarchomachistische import of product van eigen bodem?
Authors: Postma F. 
Published: September 2015

The establishment of a government by the States. An original Dutch idea or the fruit of Monarchomachist inspiration?Dutch historians generally take it for granted that, after Leicester’s departure from the Netherlands, Oldenbarnevelt and his fellow-regents decided in 1587 to commit the government of the rebellious provinces to the assembly of the States-General. In their view, this solution was the natural outcome of a long, historical process. I oppose this view. If Balthazar Gerard’s attempt on the 10th of July 1584 upon William of Orange’s life — just three weeks before the prince’s inauguration as Count of Holland — had failed, then Dutch history would have taken a different turn. The inauguration would have inevitably led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in the rebellious provinces. The answer to the question why Oldenbarnevelt and his friends decided to settle the constitutional issue along republican lines three years later is, as I see it, primarily due to the fact that between 1572 and 1587 they adopted the monarchomachist view of kings as the natural oppressors of the people. The tyrannical propensity of kings could only be kept in check by them as members of the assemblies of the lower magistrates, the meetings of States-Generals and Parliaments. This fact alone greatly enhanced the Dutch regents’ already exalted view of representative institutions and themselves as the guardians of the Dutch political order. It was their duty to protect society against the tyranny of kings from above and the chaos of democracy from below. Democracy had become especially dangerous in the great towns of Flanders and Brabant and, by 1587, also in Utrecht where the gullible common man had become an easy target for the radical Calvinist ministers and their theocratic ideas. This situation differed greatly from the one that prevailed in the decades preceding the Revolt. Then the States-General of the Netherlands lived in great fear for its existence which led to bouts of obstructionism when Charles V and Philip II needed their support in their ongoing struggle with the king of France, which again widened the gulf between them and their rulers. However, in 1587, armed with the aristocratic ideology of monarchomachism, the regents around Oldenbarnevelt were able to envisage the republican alternative as the best solution for the political and military problems which the rebellious provinces had to deal with. This article is part of the special issue 'Parlementen in de Nederlanden'.
De vergadering van de Staten-Generaal in de Republiek voor 1795 en de publiciteit
Authors: Koopmans J.W. 
Published: September 2015

The Assembly of the States-General in the Dutch Republic before 1795 and the information that it released to the general publicThis paper examines the transparency of the meetings of the Dutch States-General during the early modern period. These meetings were held behind closed doors and were only accessible to the political elite. Despite this, some information did leak out to the citizens of the Republic. The key question is which procedures and rites did the general public know about and which aspects of the meetings remained obscure. Following the description of an incident in 1787, in which a fight almost broke out between two deputies — something that was almost unheard of in the history of the States-General — a number of familiar aspects are discussed, such as the frequency of the meetings, the number of deputies present, their agenda and conference table, and the customs that were followed when receiving foreign guests. The paper goes on to discuss some other aspects of the confidential nature of the States-General’s meetings, such as the obligation to secrecy. This confidentiality resulted in an aloof press that only reported harmless facts together with information that was deemedimportant for the prestige of the political elite. This article is part of the special issue 'Parlementen in de Nederlanden'.
Op eieren lopen. Canonvorming met een slecht geweten
Authors: Jonker E. 
Published: September 2015

Ed Jonker, Treading carefully. Writing official history with an uneasy conscience The recent debate on cultural and political identity has placed historians in an awkward position. On the one hand they are aware that the track record of official histories, expressed in historical canons, is upsetting. Historical canons, especially nationalist icones, have obviously done a lot of damage. On the otherhand, many historians understand the current need for historical identity. Confronted with this dilemma they try to solve it by setting themselves standards for writing decent canons. Ideally, these combine critical enquiry, political utility and moral principles. How have Dutch historians fared in trying to square this circle? A first inspection of recently published literature on Dutch identity yields mixed results. This article is part of the forum 'Debat over de zin of onzin van een nationale canon'.
Goed is fout en fout is goed. In Groningen is alles anders
Authors: Zondergeld G.R. 
Published: September 2015

G. R. Zondergeld, ‘In Groningen everything is the other way around: it is right to be on the wrong side, and wrong to be on the right side’In his book about the university in Groningen (1930-1950), Van Berkel wishes to treat the history of the university during that period as an autonomous process completely isolated from the economic crisis and the German occupation that were going on at the time. In his opinion, the idea of a civitas academica was utterly utopian and false, yet he himself creates a sort of civitas academica by isolating the history of the university from the general political developments as seen by the average Dutchman. In this way, he is able to defend the choice made by staff members and students to collaborate with the Germans as a realistic one, but is unable to show any understanding for those students who refused to sign the declaration of loyalty towards the Germans as he refuses to see this in the context of the Dutch resistance against the German occupation. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Academische illusies' (K. van Berkel).
Op weg naar een nationaal landschap: botanische wandelingen in het 'Album der Natuur' (1861-1909)
Authors: Dresen L. 
Published: September 2015

Leen Dresen, Towards a national landscape: botanical walks in the journal Album der Natuur (1861-1909)This article traces developments within the 'botanical walks' that were featured in the successful Dutch popular science journal Album der Natuur, and proposes to interpret these developments as an indication of changing cultural attitudes towards the national landscape in the Netherlands. The first botanical walks in the 1860s were aimed at collecting as many different plants as possible, without paying much attention to any kind of 'national' character of the vegetation. However, during the 1870s and 1880s, identifying the national character of the vegetation became the main focus of the walks. Nationality was seen to express itself in vegetation and in humans, as a native and historical essence of the local climate. Around 1900, a new generation of authors adopted a new approach by no longer focussing on the historical character of the landscape. Instead, the reader was now taken for imaginary walks along new stereotypes of the Dutch natural landscape, which were formulated in biological and didactic terms: like the forest, the dunes and the polder. This new style of botanical description concurred with the rise of the nature conservation movement in the Netherlands, which displayed the same progress-oriented outlook towards the Dutch natural landscape. This article is part of the special issue 'Landschap, natuur en nationale identiteit'.
Opdrachten horen tussengangen te zijn, geen hoofdgerechten. De Arena. Geschiedschrijving in opdracht
Authors: Dunk H.W. von der 
Published: September 2015

Commissioned research should be seen as an appetizer, not the main course.There is no reason why a historian should not carry out commissioned research and in so doing, like so many other professionals, make his or her expertise available to the rest of society, provided that certain conditions are met, namely: that the research can be conducted independently without outside interference, that the historian has unrestricted access to all the relevant archives, and that the individual or organisation commissioning the research cooperates fully in providing all the necessary means and additional information that is required. The historian should always have the final word concerning the research. In ambiguous cases where the historian may have doubts, the commissioned research should be refused. This is because the historian is perpetually at risk of being manipulated for the sake of political, propagandist or other objectives. Moreover, commissioned research should always be the exception to the rule or an additional sideline because of its inherently limited horizon and scope which generally precludes groundbreaking or original research. The present trend of scientific project-based research (a modern variation of commissioned research) with its strong and coherent focus on market orientation also poses a threat to free, original historiography. This article is part of the forum 'Geschiedschrijving in opdracht'.
Lumumba. De Complotten? De moord. Onderzoeksrapport of historische studie?
Authors: Ceuppens B. 
Published: September 2015

Lumumba. The conspiracies? The murder. Research report or historical study?Written by four historians, ’Lumumba. The conspiracies? The murder’ is based upon the official report of the Belgian parliamentary commission of inquiry in which they participated. The commission of inquiry was set up to investigate whether the then Belgian government bore any responsibility for the murder of Patrice Lumumba, the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the Congo after the country gained independence from Belgium. The official report concluded that the Belgian government of that time bore a moral responsibility for the assassination. The fact that the federal Belgian parliament deemed it necessary to set up a commission of inquiry to establish the official truth suggests that the country has still not come to terms with its colonial past. The book adds little to the report, largely because the authors behaved more like judges intent on passing a verdict of guilty or innocent than independent historians who are obliged to analyse and interpret the facts without necessarily appropriating blame.
La fabrication d'honnêtes hommes. Of hoe Maria-Theresia voorbeeldige burgers wilde boetseren in de colleges van de Oostenrijkse Nederlanden (1777-1789)
Authors: Leyder D. 
Published: September 2015

La fabrication d’honnêtes homes. Or how Maria-Theresia tried to create model citizens in the colleges of Austrian Netherlands (1777-1789)During the second half of the 18th century, education became a political issue in large areas of Europe. The Austrian Netherlands whole-heartedly took part in this movement. Here, the government shared the optimistic believe of enlightened philosophers that education was able to mould youth and to change society in a specific way. In this article, we take a closer look at the moral and the religious education that young people received in the colleges. Focussing both on normative documents and on sources that unveil day-to-day reality in the schools, we sketch the ideal of the honest men the government wanted to fabricate, and we evaluate the results of this undertaking at different levels. This article is part of the special issue 'De menselijke canon en de Lage Landen'.
Managing Water in an Urban Land. A New History of Rijnland
Authors: TeBrake W. H. 
Published: September 2015

Managing Water in an Urban Land. A New History of RijnlandWaterstad in stedenland, a history of the Hoogheemraadschap Rijnland before 1857, is a fine example of the ‘new hydraulic history.’ By drawing information from a broad range of sources, employing an explicitly ecological approach, and imbedding their work in the social, economic, and political history of the period they cover, Milja van Tielhof and Petra J. E. M. van Dam have produced a well-researched, clearly-written, and attractive volume that is a worthy successor to Fockema Andreae’s classic study of nearly 75 years ago. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Waterstaat in stedenland' (Milja van Tielhof and Petra J. E. M. van Dam).
Polderland
Authors: Prak M. R. 
Published: September 2015

Polder LandThis review of Waterstaat in stedenland. Het hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland voor 1857 (Utrecht, 2006) by Milja van Tielhof and Petra van Dam, raises the question: ‘To what extent does this study of the Netherland’s most important polder area confirm two important theses in Dutch history?’. It concludes that the book confirms the idea of Holland as an early commercial society. On the other hand, it finds little evidence in the book to support the idea that Holland was an early democratic society in which farmers were regularly consulted about important decisions that directly affected their own lives. The Rijnland Water Board was, in fact, completely dominated by noble families and members of the urban elite who together managed to overcome the challenges of collective action in a very large area. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Waterstaat in stedenland' (Milja van Tielhof and Petra J. E. M. van Dam).
De drassige schaduw van de Gouden Eeuw. Historisch-ecologische reflecties over wateroverlast en economische transformaties in ancien régime Rijnland
Authors: Soens Tim 
Published: September 2015

The Murky Shadow of the Golden Age. Historical-Ecological Reflections about Flooding and Economic Transformation in Ancien Régime RijnlandIn the past as well as today, flooding and other water-related problems cannot be explained by isolating the physical dynamics of the landscape or the technological and institutional failure of society. In their innovative synthesis on the ancien régime water board of Rijnland, Milja van Tielhof and Petra van Dam are able to link continuing drainage and flooding problems as well as the – controlled – extension of lakes in the peat area and the apparent inability of the water board to adopt proper solutions, to economic choices with specific social consequences. This way, the authors of Waterstaat in stedenland, show us that the history of water boards remains a vital issue in the environmental history of the Low Countries. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Waterstaat in stedenland' (Milja van Tielhof and Petra J. E. M. van Dam).