bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic flux pileup and plasma depletion in Mercury's subsolar magnetosheath
Authors: Gershman Daniel J. , Slavin James A. , Raines Jim M. , Zurbuchen Thomas H. , Anderson Brian J. , Korth Haje , Baker Daniel N. , Solomon Sean C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMeasurements from the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer (FIPS) and Magnetometer (MAG) on the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging spacecraft during 40 orbits about Mercury are used to characterize the plasma depletion layer just exterior to the planet's dayside magnetopause. A plasma depletion layer forms at Mercury as a result of piled‐up magnetic flux that is draped around the magnetosphere. The low average upstream Alfvénic Mach number (MA ~3–5) in the solar wind at Mercury often results in large‐scale plasma depletion in the magnetosheath between the subsolar magnetopause and the bow shock. Flux pileup is observed to occur downstream under both quasi‐perpendicular and quasi‐parallel shock geometries for all orientations of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Furthermore, little to no plasma depletion is seen during some periods with stable northward IMF. The consistently low value of plasma β, the ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic pressure, at the magnetopause associated with the low average upstream MA is believed to be the cause for the high average reconnection rate at Mercury, reported to be nearly 3 times that observed at Earth. Finally, a characteristic depletion length outward from the subsolar magnetopause of ~300 km is found for Mercury. This value scales among planetary bodies as the average standoff distance of the magnetopause.
Differentiation of Hepatocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Mallanna Sunil K. , Duncan Stephen A. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTDifferentiation of human embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into hepatocyte‐like cells provides a platform to study the molecular basis of human hepatocyte differentiation, to develop cell culture models of liver disease, and to potentially provide hepatocytes for treatment of end‐stage liver disease. Additionally, hepatocyte‐like cells generated from human pluripotent stem cells could serve as platforms for drug discovery, determination of pharmaceutical‐induced hepatotoxicity, and evaluation of idiosyncratic drug‐drug interactions. Here, we describe a step‐wise protocol previously developed in our laboratory that facilitates the highly efficient and reproducible differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into hepatocyte‐like cells. Our protocol uses defined culture conditions and closely recapitulates key developmental events that are found to occur during hepatogenesis. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 26:1G.4.1‐1G.4.13. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Profound Methyl Effects in Drug Discovery and a Call for New CH Methylation Reactions
Authors: Schönherr Heike , Cernak Tim 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe methyl group is one of the most commonly occurring carbon fragments in small‐molecule drugs. This simplest alkyl fragment appears in more than 67 % of the top‐selling drugs of 2011 and can modulate both the biological and physical properties of a molecule. This Review focuses on so‐called magic methyl effects on binding potency, where the seemingly mundane change of CH to CMe improves the IC50 value of a drug candidate more than 100‐fold. This discussion is followed by a survey of recent advances in synthetic chemistry that allow the direct methylation of C(sp2)H and C(sp3)H bonds. It is our hope that the relevance of the meager methyl group to drug discovery as presented herein will inspire reports on new CH methylation reactions.
A fundamental analysis of dynamics of waste biodegradation in aerobic processes
Authors: Ajbar AbdelHamid , AlZeghayer Youssef 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the static and dynamic behavior of a biological wastewater treatment process consisting of an aerobic bioreactor and a settler. The process is described by a three‐variable model that takes explicitly into account the mass balance of oxygen. The analysis is carried out for the general case where the biomass specific growth rate is assumed to depend arbitrarily on substrate, biomass, and oxygen. The biomass yield coefficient is also assumed to depend arbitrarily on the substrate. General conditions describing the behavior of the model are derived. The general analysis is applied to an experimentally validated model where the specific growth rate depends on substrate and oxygen following a multiplicative Monod form. Practical diagrams are constructed that delineate the effect of various operating parameters on the performance of the biodegradation. The model is also studied for the case of a variable yield coefficient. The analysis shows the existence of a periodic behavior for some range of model parameters. The results of the paper allowed a useful understanding of the dynamics of the aerobic biodegradation including the effect of operating parameters, the specific growth rate, and the biomass yield coefficient on the existence of instabilities in the process. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbial polysaccharide‐based membranes: Current and future applications
Authors: Freitas Filomena , Alves Vítor D. , Reis Maria A. , Crespo João G. , Coelhoso Isabel M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMicrobial polysaccharides are characterized by high molecular structure variability which translates into a wide range of different properties offering interesting opportunities for application in many different areas, including membrane‐based products and processes. Due to their new or improved properties, microbial polysaccharides can replace plant, algae, and animal products, either in their traditional or in new applications. The main constraint to their wider use is the production costs that are still higher than that of other natural and synthetic polymers. The current applications of microbial polysaccharide membranes in medical, food, and industrial processes are outlined. The limitations still faced by these membranes and the requirements for obtaining innovative products and processes are also addressed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40047.
Population‐based meta‐analysis of furosemide pharmacokinetics
Authors: Van Wart Scott A. , Shoaf Susan E. , Mallikaarjun Suresh , Mager Donald E. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTFurosemide is a loop diuretic frequently used to treat fluid overload conditions such as hepatic cirrhosis and congestive heart failure (CHF). A population‐based meta‐analysis approach in NONMEM® was used to develop a PK model characterizing the time‐course of furosemide in plasma and excretion into the urine for healthy subjects and fluid overload patients. Furosemide PK data from healthy subjects receiving 80 mg of oral furosemide were supplemented with additional individual and aggregate plasma concentration and urinary excretion versus time data from the literature after intravenous (i.v.) or oral furosemide administration (10–500 mg) to healthy subjects or fluid overload patients. A three‐compartment model with zero‐order input following i.v. administration (or first‐order absorption using a Weibull function after oral administration) and first‐order elimination best described furosemide PK. A covariate analysis identified creatinine clearance (CLCR) as a statistically significant predictor of renal clearance (CLR), with a population mean CLR of 4.67, 3.11, 1.95 and 1.17 l/h for a subject with normal renal function (CLCR = 120 ml/min) or mild (CLCR = 80 ml/min), moderate (CLCR = 50 ml/min) or severe (CLCR = 30 ml/min) renal impairment. Oral bioavailability was 59.1% and non‐renal clearance was 2.02 l/h. A PC‐VPC and other model diagnostics demonstrated that the population PK model can reasonably predict the rate of urinary furosemide excretion over time using dosing history and commonly available demographic data, allowing for convenient assessment of PK‐PD relationships for furosemide when given alone or in combination with other agents used to treat fluid overload conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nucleus of the solitary tract in the C57BL/6J mouse: Subnuclear parcellation, chorda tympani nerve projections, and brainstem connections
Authors: Ganchrow Donald , Ganchrow Judith R. , Cicchini Vanessa , Bartel Dianna L. , Kaufman Daniel , Girard David , Whitehead Mark C. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) processes gustatory and related somatosensory information rostrally and general viscerosensory information caudally. To compare its connections with those of other rodents, this study in the C57BL/6J mouse provides a subnuclear cytoarchitectonic parcellation (Nissl stain) of the NST into rostral, intermediate, and caudal divisions. Subnuclei are further characterized by NADPH staining and P2X2 immunoreactivity (IR). Cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) labeling revealed those NST subnuclei receiving chorda tympani nerve (CT) afferents, those connecting with the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and reticular formation (RF), and those interconnecting NST subnuclei. CT terminals are densest in the rostral central (RC) and medial (M) subnuclei; less dense in the rostral lateral (RL) subnucleus; and sparse in the ventral (V), ventral lateral (VL), and central lateral (CL) subnuclei. CTb injection into the PBN retrogradely labels cells in the aforementioned subnuclei; RC and M providing the largest source of PBN projection neurons. Pontine efferent axons terminate mainly in V and rostral medial (RM) subnuclei. CTb injection into the medullary RF labels cells and axonal endings predominantly in V at rostral and intermediate NST levels. Small CTb injections within the NST label extensive projections from the rostral division to caudal subnuclei. Projections from the caudal division primarily interconnect subnuclei confined to the caudal division of the NST; they also connect with the area postrema. P2X2‐IR identifies probable vagal nerve terminals in the central (Ce) subnucleus in the intermediate/caudal NST. Ce also shows intense NADPH staining and does not project to the PBN. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1565–1596, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paramagnetic Relaxation of Long‐Lived Coherences in Solution NMR
Authors: Singh Maninder , Srinivas Chinthalapalli , Deb Mayukh , Kurur Narayanan D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractLong‐lived coherences (LLCs) are known to have lifetimes much longer than transverse magnetization or single quantum coherences (SQCs). The effect of paramagnetic ions on the relaxation of LLCs is not known. This is particularly important, as LLCs have potential applications in various fields like analytical NMR, in vivo NMR and MR imaging methods. We study here the behaviour of LLCs in the presence of paramagnetic relaxation agents. The stepwise increase in the concentration of the metal ion is followed by measuring various relaxation rates. The effect of paramagnetic ions is analysed in terms of the external random field’s contribution to the relaxation of two coupled protons in 2,3,6‐trichlorobenzaldehyde. The LLCs relax faster than ordinary SQCs in the presence of paramagnetic ions of varying character. This is explained on the basis of an increase in the contribution of the external random field to relaxation due to a paramagnetic relaxation mechanism. Comparison is also made with ordinary Zeeman relaxation rates like R1, R2, R1ρ and also with rate of relaxation of long‐lived states RLLS which are known to be less sensitive to paramagnetically induced relaxation. Also, the extent of correlation of random fields at two proton sites is studied and is found to be strongly correlated with each other. The obtained correlation constant is found to be independent of the nature of added paramagnetic impurities.
Exploring Pathways for Activation of Carbon Monoxide by Palladium Iminophosphines
Authors: Kuganathan Navaratnarajah , Veal Edward , Green Malcolm L. H. , Green Jennifer C. , Pascu Sofia I. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDFT calculations on palladium(II) methyl complexes incorporating P/N ligands demonstrate that CO activation in the presence of competing ligands, such as CH3CN or C2H4, occurs through an associative mechanism involving CO/ligand exchange, followed by migratory insertion of CO into the PdMe bond. Recent investigations into the PdII coordination of CO and C2H4 and their subsequent insertion into the PdMe bonds of complexes of the type [PdMe(iminophosphine)(NCMe)]+ are reported.
Applications of 2‐C‐Formyl‐Glycals in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Ramesh Namakkal G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe chemistry of 2‐C‐formyl‐glycals has witnessed tremendous growth over the last two decades. Functionalized compounds derived from 2‐C‐formyl‐glycals have found applications in organic synthesis, carbohydrate chemistry, medicinal chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, and materials chemistry. These advancements can be mainly attributed to the availability of a very simple and general procedure for the direct formylation of glycals by using the Vilsmeier–Haack reaction. The highly conjugated α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl functional group present in 2‐C‐formyl‐glycals provides opportunities for synthetic elaboration, which can lead to a variety of natural and unnatural compounds for varied applications. This review summarizes the recent developments in the synthesis and applications of these versatile chiral intermediates.
Effective delivery of large genes to the retina by dual AAV vectors
Authors: Trapani Ivana , Colella Pasqualina , Sommella Andrea , Iodice Carolina , Cesi Giulia , de Simone Sonia , Marrocco Elena , Rossi Settimio , Giunti Massimo , Palfi Arpad , Farrar Gwyneth J , Polishchuk Roman , Auricchio Alberto 
Published: October 2013

AbstractRetinal gene therapy with adeno‐associated viral (AAV) vectors is safe and effective in humans. However, AAV's limited cargo capacity prevents its application to therapies of inherited retinal diseases due to mutations of genes over 5 kb, like Stargardt's disease (STGD) and Usher syndrome type IB (USH1B). Previous methods based on ‘forced’ packaging of large genes into AAV capsids may not be easily translated to the clinic due to the generation of genomes of heterogeneous size which raise safety concerns. Taking advantage of AAV's ability to concatemerize, we generated dual AAV vectors which reconstitute a large gene by either splicing (trans‐splicing), homologous recombination (overlapping), or a combination of the two (hybrid). We found that dual trans‐splicing and hybrid vectors transduce efficiently mouse and pig photoreceptors to levels that, albeit lower than those achieved with a single AAV, resulted in significant improvement of the retinal phenotype of mouse models of STGD and USH1B. Thus, dual AAV trans‐splicing or hybrid vectors are an attractive strategy for gene therapy of retinal diseases that require delivery of large genes.
Comparative study on nutrient composition, phytochemical, and functional characteristics of raw, germinated, and fermented Moringa oleifera seed flour
Authors: Ijarotimi Oluwole S. , Adeoti Oluwole A. , Ariyo Oluwaseun 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMoringa oleifera seeds were processed as raw M. oleifera (RMO), germinated M. oleifera (GMO), and fermented M. oleifera (FMO), and were evaluated for proximate, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, phytochemicals/antinutrients, and functional properties. Protein content of GMO (23.69 ± 0.11 g/100 g) was higher than FMO (21.15 ± 0.08 g/100 g) and that of RMO (18.86 ± 0.09 g/100 g) (P < 0.05), respectively. Energy value of FMO (465.32 ± 0.48 kcal) was higher than GMO (438.62 ± 0.12 kcal) and that of RMO (409.04 ± 1.61 kcal), respectively. Mineral contents in GMO were significantly higher in iron, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and copper, while FMO were higher in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, and both were significantly lower than those in RMO (P < 0.05). Total essential amino acids (TEAAs) in FMO (31.07 mg/g crude protein) were higher than in GMO (26.52 mg/g crude protein), and were higher than that in RMO (23.56 mg/g crude protein). Linoleic acid (58.79 ± 0.02–62.05 ± 0.01 g/100 g) and behenic acid (0.13 ± 0.00–0.20 ± 0.06 g/100 g) were the predominant and least fatty acids, respectively. Phytochemical/antinutrient compositions in FMO samples were significantly lower than GMO, and both were significantly lower when compared with RMO samples (P < 0.05). The bulk density (pack and loose), foaming capacity, swelling capacity, and water absorption capacity (WAC) of FMO were significantly higher than those of GMO, and there was no significant difference between GMO and RMO samples. The study established that fermentation processing methods increased the protein content, essential amino acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles, and reduced antinutrient compositions of M. oleifera seed than germination processing techniques; hence, fermentation techniques should be encouraged in processing moringa seeds in food processing.
Retrieval study at 623 human mesh explants made of polypropylene – impact of mesh class and indication for mesh removal on tissue reaction
Authors: Klosterhalfen B. , Klinge U. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTextile meshes frequently are implanted in the abdominal wall to reinforce a hernia repair. However, revisions for mesh associated complications confirm that these devices are not completely free of risk. Explanted devices offer an opportunity to define the impact of mesh structure on tissue response. This retrieval study analyses the tissue reaction to 623 polypropylene mesh samples (170 class 1 with large pores, and 453 class 2 with small pores) explanted for pain, infection, or recurrence. Histopathological assessment included morphometry of inflammatory infiltrate (IF) and connective tissue (CT), and of collagen 1/3 ratio. Half of the meshes were removed after more than 23 month. Despite large inter‐individual differences removal for infection showed more IF than for pain or recurrence with significant correlation of IF with CT. Class 1 meshes with large pores showed less IF, CT, fistula formation, calcification, and bridging than class 2 meshes with small pores. Meshes removed for recurrence showed a lowered collagen 1/3 ratio in 70%. Large pore class 1 meshes showed an improved tissue response and may be considered as favorable to prevent inflammatory side effects. The presence of lowered collagen 1/3 ratio in most of the samples with recurrences stresses the relevance of an intact healing process. Late manifestation of complications demands long‐lasting follow‐up. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 101B: 1393–1399, 2013.
Biocompatibility and preclinical feasibility tests of a temperature‐sensitive hydrogel for the purpose of surgical wound pain control and cartilage repair
Authors: Seol Dongrim , Magnetta Michael J. , Ramakrishnan Prem S. , Kurriger Gail L. , Choe Hyeonghun , Jang Keewoong , Martin James A. , Lim Tae‐Hong 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe recently introduced a novel pluronic F127 and hyaluronic acid‐based hydrogel (HG) designed to deliver a broad range of therapeutics. The reverse‐thermal responsive HG exhibits physical properties that seem to be ideal for the local delivery of drug‐ and cell‐based therapies to specific anatomic sites through percutaneous injection. However, questions related to the HG's safety and efficacy must first be addressed. To address these issues, we performed standard in vitro cytotoxicity and drug release tests and in vivo biocompatibility tests in a rat model. In addition, we determined whether the HG was an effective stem cell carrier in a rat cartilage defect model. We found that the HG showed viability and biocompatibility levels similar to those reported for F127 or hyaluronic acid alone. In vitro drug release studies with bupivacaine, a drug used clinically for local pain relief, revealed that after an initial burst bupivacaine was released continuously for 10 days. Stem cells loaded in the HG were retained in situ and stimulated cartilage regeneration in experimental defects. Taken as a whole, these findings support further efforts to develop the HG as a versatile system for the delivery of a wide range of therapeutic agents in humans. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 101B: 1508–1515, 2013.
Randomized, placebo‐controlled study to assess the impact on QT/QTc interval of supratherapeutic doses of ceftazidime–avibactam or ceftaroline fosamil–avibactam
Authors: Das Shampa , Armstrong Jon , Mathews David , Li Jianguo , Edeki Timi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPotential effects of supratherapeutic doses of intravenous (IV) ceftazidime–avibactam and ceftaroline fosamil–avibactam on cardiac repolarization were assessed in a thorough QT/QTc study. This was a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, four‐period crossover Phase I study (NCT01290900) in healthy males (n = 51). Subjects received, in randomized order and separated by ≥3 days washout: single doses of IV ceftaroline fosamil 1,500 mg with avibactam 2,000 mg; IV ceftazidime 3,000 mg with avibactam 2,000 mg; oral moxifloxacin 400 mg (open‐label positive control); and IV placebo (saline). Least square mean and two‐sided 90% confidence intervals (CI) for change from baseline in Fridericia‐corrected QT interval (ΔQTcF) for active treatments versus placebo were estimated at 10 time points over 24 hours. The upper bound of the two‐sided 90% CI for placebo‐corrected ΔQTcF did not exceed 10 milliseconds at any time point over 24 hours for ceftaroline fosamil–avibactam or ceftazidime–avibactam. The lower bound of the two‐sided 90% CI for the difference between moxifloxacin and placebo in ΔQTcF over 1–4 hours was >5 milliseconds, confirming assay sensitivity. Pharmacokinetics results confirmed achievement of supratherapeutic plasma concentrations. No safety concerns were raised. In conclusion, supratherapeutic doses of ceftaroline fosamil–avibactam or ceftazidime–avibactam were not associated with QT/QTc prolongation in this study population.
Prenatal diagnosis of robinow syndrome: A case report
Authors: Castro Simon , Peraza Efren , Barraza Astrid , Zapata Marco 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTRobinow syndrome, also known as fetal face syndrome, is a rare genetically heterogeneous condition characterized mainly by mesomelic limb shortening, facial malformations, and genital abnormalities. This report describes the sonographic findings in a case of autosomal‐dominant Robinow syndrome diagnosed at 23.1 weeks' gestation, in a patient with no history of affected relatives. Here we describe the sonographic characteristics of this syndrome from the diagnosis until birth. The prenatal and postnatal findings, the differential diagnosis, and the prognosis of patients with this syndrome are discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 42:297–300, 2014
Ultrasound‐guided thrombin injection in the treatment of iatrogenic arterial pseudoaneurysms: Single‐center experience
Authors: Kleczynski Paweł , Rakowski Tomasz , Dziewierz Artur , Jakala Jacek , Dudek Dariusz 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of ultrasound‐guided percutaneous thrombin injection for the treatment of postcatheterization arterial pseudoaneurysms. We evaluated retrospectively 82 consecutive subjects treated with percutaneous ultrasound‐guided thrombin injection of postcatheterization femoral (n = 79), brachial (n = 2), and radial (n = 1) pseudoaneurysms from January 2006 to April 2012. Pseudoaneurysm size, thrombin dose, and therapy outcome were documented. All pseudoaneurysm sacs were thrombosed with a single injection. The overall primary success rate (complete sac thrombosis) was 92.7%. A 30‐day Doppler ultrasound follow‐up showed a 100% procedural success. There were no complications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:24–26, 2014