bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diverticulitis in HIV‐infected patients within the United States
Authors: Cronley K , Wenzke J , Hussan H , Vasquez AM , Hinton A , El‐Dika S , Conwell DL , Krishna SG , Stanich PP 
Published: August 2015

ObjectivesDiverticulitis in patients on immunosuppressant therapy has been associated with increased mortality, but there are no data for HIV‐infected patients. Our aim was to compare the outcomes of hospitalizations for diverticulitis in patients with and without HIV infection.MethodsCross‐sectional study of hospitalizations in the United States accessed through the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Patients hospitalized for diverticulitis in 2007–2011 were included in the analysis. The primary outcomes of interest were mortality and surgical therapy rates. Patients from 2003 to 2011 were utilized to analyse trends in prevalence.ResultsThere were 2375 patients with HIV infection hospitalized for diverticulitis and 1 160 391 patients without HIV infection hospitalized for diverticulitis from 2007 to 2011. The patients with HIV infection were younger and more likely to be male and nonwhite (P < 0.001 for all). There were also differences in insurance types (P < 0.001) and hospitals [size (P = 0.008), type (P < 0.001) and location (P < 0.001)]. After multivariate analysis, patients with diverticulitis and HIV infection had a significantly increased in‐hospital mortality rate [odds ratio (OR) 3.94 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.52–10.20)] and a lower rate of surgical intervention [OR 0.74 (95% CI 0.57–0.95)]. From 2003 to 2011, there was a linear increasing trend in the prevalence of HIV infection among patients hospitalized for diverticulitis (P < 0.001).ConclusionsHIV‐infected patients with diverticulitis had increased mortality and received less surgical treatment in comparison to the general population. Diverticulitis in HIV‐infected patients increased in prevalence over the study period.
Effect of coronal flaring on apical extrusion of debris during root canal instrumentation using single‐file systems
Authors: Topçuoğlu H. S. , Üstün Y. , Akpek F. , Aktı A. , Topçuoğlu G. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effect of coronal flaring on the amount of debris extruded apically during root canal preparation using the Reciproc, WaveOne (WO) and OneShape (OS) single‐file systems.MethodologyNinety extracted single‐rooted mandibular incisor teeth were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 15 for each group) for canal instrumentation. Endodontic access cavities were prepared in each tooth. In three of the six groups, coronal flaring was not performed; coronal flaring was performed with Gates‐Glidden drills on all teeth in the remaining three groups. The canals were then instrumented with one or other of the following single‐file instrument systems: Reciproc, WO and OS. Debris extruded apically during instrumentation was collected into pre‐weighed Eppendorf tubes. The tubes were then stored in an incubator at 70 °C for 5 days. The weight of the dry extruded debris was established by subtracting the pre‐instrumentation and post‐instrumentation weight of the Eppendorf tubes for each group. Data were analysed using one‐way analysis of variance (anova) and Tukey's post hoc tests (P = 0.05).ResultsReciproc and WO files without coronal flaring produced significantly more debris compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in apical extrusion of debris amongst the other groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionsAll single‐file systems caused apical extrusion of debris. Performing coronal flaring prior to canal preparation reduced the amount of apically extruded debris when using Reciproc or WO systems.
Internet-Based Information-Seeking Behavior for Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Abedi Vida , Mbaye Marieme , Tsivgoulis Georgios , Male Shailesh , Goyal Nitin , Alexandrov Andrei V. , Zand Ramin 
Published: August 2015

Background In recent years, Internet became an increasingly important tool for accessing health information and is being used more frequently to promote public health. Aims and/or hypothesis To use Google search data to explore information seeking behavior for transient ischemic attack. Methods We selected two groups of keywords related to transient ischemic attack: ‘Transient Ischemic Attack’ and ‘Mini Stroke’. We obtained all available online search data performed in the United States from the Google search engine for a 10-year span – January 2004 to December 2013. The monthly and daily search data for the selected keywords were analyzed – using moving average – to explore the trends, peaks, and declining effects. Results There were three significant concurrent peaks in the Google search data for the selected keywords. Each peak was directly associated with media coverage and news headlines related to the incident of transient ischemic attack in a public figure. Following each event, it took three- to seven-days for the search trend to return to its respective average value. Furthermore, the trend was steady for ‘Transient Ischemic Attack’; however, the search interest for the keyword ‘Mini Stroke’ shows a steady increase. The overall search interest for the selected keywords was significantly higher in the southeastern United States. Conclusions Our study shows that changes in online search behavior can be associated with media coverage of key events (in our case transient ischemic attack) in public figures. These findings suggest that multimedia health promotion campaigns might be more effective, if increased promptly after similar media coverage.
Surveillance of cell and tissue perturbation by receptors in the LRC
Authors: Trowsdale John , Jones Des C. , Barrow Alexander D. , Traherne James A. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryThe human leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) encompasses several sets of genes with a common evolutionary origin and which form a branch of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). Comparisons of LRC genes both within and between species calls for a high degree of plasticity. The drive for this unprecedented level of variation is not known, but it relates in part to interaction of several LRC products with polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules. However, the range of other proposed ligands for LRC products indicates a dynamic set of receptors that have adapted to detect target molecules relating to numerous cellular pathways. Several receptors in the complex bind a molecular signature in collagenous ligands. Others detect a variety of motifs relating to pathogens in addition to cellular stress, attesting to the opportunistic versatility of LRC receptors.
Newtonian cell interactions shape natural killer cell education
Authors: Goodridge Jodie P. , Önfelt Björn , Malmberg Karl‐Johan 
Published: August 2015

SummaryNewton's third law of motion states that for every action on a physical object there is an equal and opposite reaction. The dynamic change in functional potential of natural killer (NK) cells during education bears many features of such classical mechanics. Cumulative physical interactions between cells, under a constant influence of homeostatic drivers of differentiation, lead to a reactive spectrum that ultimately shapes the functionality of each NK cell. Inhibitory signaling from an array of self‐specific receptors appear not only to suppress self‐reactivity but also aid in the persistence of effector functions over time, thereby allowing the cell to gradually build up a functional potential. Conversely, the frequent non‐cytolytic interactions between normal cells in the absence of such inhibitory signaling result in continuous stimulation of the cells and attenuation of effector function. Although an innate cell, the degree to which the fate of the NK cell is predetermined versus its ability to adapt to its own environment can be revealed through a Newtonian view of NK cell education, one which is both chronological and dynamic. As such, the development of NK cell functional diversity is the product of qualitatively different physical interactions with host cells, rather than simply the sum of their signals or an imprint based on intrinsically different transcriptional programs.
Coevolution of T‐cell receptors with MHC and non‐MHC ligands
Authors: Castro Caitlin D. , Luoma Adrienne M. , Adams Erin J. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryThe structure and amino acid diversity of the T‐cell receptor (TCR), similar in nature to that of Fab portions of antibodies, would suggest that these proteins have a nearly infinite capacity to recognize antigen. Yet all currently defined native T cells expressing an α and β chain in their TCR can only sense antigen when presented in the context of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. This MHC molecule can be one of many that exist in vertebrates, presenting small peptide fragments, lipid molecules, or small molecule metabolites. Here we review the pattern of TCR recognition of MHC molecules throughout a broad sampling of species and T‐cell lineages and also touch upon T cells that do not appear to require MHC presentation for their surveillance function. We review the diversity of MHC molecules and information on the corresponding T‐cell lineages identified in divergent species. We also discuss TCRs with structural domains unlike that of conventional TCRs of mouse and human. By presenting this broad view of TCR sequence, structure, domain organization, and function, we seek to explore how this receptor has evolved across time and been selected for alternative antigen‐recognition capabilities in divergent lineages.
Genetics, genomics, and evolutionary biology of NKG2D ligands
Authors: Carapito Raphael , Bahram Seiamak 
Published: August 2015

SummaryHuman and mouse NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) are absent or only poorly expressed by most normal cells but are upregulated by cell stress, hence, alerting the immune system in case of malignancy or infection. Although these ligands are numerous and highly variable (at genetic, genomic, structural, and biochemical levels), they all belong to the major histocompatibility complex class I gene superfamily and bind to a single, invariant, receptor: NKG2D. NKG2D (CD314) is an activating receptor expressed on NK cells and subsets of T cells that have a key role in the recognition and lysis of infected and tumor cells. Here, we review the molecular diversity of NKG2DLs, discuss the increasing appreciation of their roles in a variety of medical conditions, and propose several explanations for the evolutionary force(s) that seem to drive the multiplicity and diversity of NKG2DLs while maintaining their interaction with a single invariant receptor.
Gender specific effect of LIPC C‐514T polymorphism on obesity and relationship with plasma lipid levels in Chinese children
Authors: Wang Hao , Zhang Dandan , Ling Jie , Lu Wenhui , Zhang Shuai , Zhu Yimin , Lai Maode 
Published: August 2015

AbstractHepatic lipase (LIPC) is a key rate‐limiting enzyme in lipoprotein catabolism pathways involved in the development of obesity. The C‐514T polymorphism in the promoter region is associated with decreased LIPC activity. We performed a case‐controlled study (850 obese children and 2119 controls) and evaluated the association between LIPC C‐514T polymorphism, obesity and plasma lipid profile in Chinese children and adolescents. Additionally, we conducted a meta‐analysis of all results from published studies as well as our own data. A significant association between the polymorphism and obesity is observed in boys (P = 0.042), but not in girls. And we observed a significant relationship of the polymorphism with total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) independent of obesity in boys. The T allele carriers have higher levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) in obese boys, and triglyceride (TG), TC and LDL‐C in non‐obese girls (all P < 0.05). In the meta‐analysis, under dominant model the T allele increased body mass index (BMI) level in boys, while it decreased BMI in girls, and increased the levels of TC both in the overall and subgroups, TG and HDL‐C in the overall and boys, and LDL‐C in the overall (all P < 0.05). Our results suggest that the T allele might carry an increased risk of obesity in Chinese boys. The meta‐analysis suggests that T allele acts as a risk allele for higher BMI levels in male childhood, while it is a protective allele in female childhood. And the polymorphism is associated with the levels of plasma lipids, which may be modulated by obesity and gender.
MiR‐138 inhibits cell proliferation and reverses epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in non‐small cell lung cancer cells by targeting GIT1 and SEMA4C
Authors: Li Jiefang , Wang Qinrong , Wen Ruiling , Liang Jieman , Zhong Xiaoling , Yang Wei , Su Dongxiang , Tang Jun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractNon‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common and lethal malignant tumours worldwide with a poor 5‐year survival rate. Recent studies indicated that miRNAs have been involved in the tumorigenic driver pathways in NSCLC, but the relevant molecular mechanisms are not well‐understood. In this study, we investigated the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of miR‐138 in human NSCLC. The effects of miR‐138 on the NSCLC cell growth and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) were first examined. Then the targeting connections of miR‐138 with G‐protein‐coupled receptor kinase‐interacting protein 1 (GIT1) and semaphorin 4C (SEMA4C) were confirmed by dual luciferase reporter assays. Finally, the effects of GIT1 and SEMA4C on the NSCLC cell growth and EMT were investigated respectively. We found that the ectopic expression of miR‐138 resulted in a significant inhibition of NSCLC growth and reversion of EMT. GIT1 and SEMA4C were identified as two novel targets of miR‐138. Furthermore, GIT1 and SEMA4C knockdown inhibited the cell growth and reversed EMT, just like the effects of miR‐138 overexpression on NSCLC cells, whereas ectopic expression of GIT1 and SEMA4C partly rescued the suppressive effects of miR‐138 in NSCLC cells. These data represent a crucial step towards the understanding of the novel roles and molecular mechanism of miR‐138, GIT1 and SEMA4C in NSCLC progression, which may provide some new targets or prognostic biomarkers for NSCLC treatment, thus having implications in translational oncology.
Effect of neodymium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser and fluoride on the acid demineralization of enamel
Authors: Braga Sheila Regina Maia , de Oliveira Elisabeth , Sobral Maria Angela Pita 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of the neodymium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet (Nd:YAG) laser and acidic phosphate fluoride (APF) on enamel erosion caused by hydrochloric acid.MethodsFifty human enamel specimens were distributed according to the following treatments (n = 10): untreated (control), APF (1.23%) 4 min, Nd:YAG laser (100 mJ, 1 W, 10 Hz, 141.5 J/cm2), APF + Nd:YAG laser, and Nd:YAG laser + APF. For 14 days the specimens were submitted to erosive challenge: 5 min in 3 mL hydrochloric acid (0.01 M, pH 2.2), rinsed with distilled water, and stored in artificial saliva for 3 h. This cycle was repeated four times per day. The calcium (Ca) loss was determined in demineralizing solution by atomic emission spectroscopy, and superficial roughness (Ra) was measured before and after the erosive challenge.ResultsThe mean Ca loss was (mg/L, ± standard deviation): control 12.74 ± 3.33, APF 1.71 ± 0.11, laser 1.64 ± 0.08, APF + laser 1.38 ± 0.08, and laser + APF 1.48 ± 0.07. Kruskal–Wallis test showed a significant difference between the control and other groups. APF + laser showed minor loss of Ca. After the erosive challenge, the APF + laser group showed Ra alteration.ConclusionA significant reduction in tooth dissolution was observed after fluoride application combined with Nd:YAG irradiation.
Protease activated receptor‐1 antagonist ameliorates the clinical symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via inhibiting breakdown of blood–brain barrier
Authors: Kim Ha Neui , Kim Yu Ri , Ahn Sung Min , Lee Sun Kyung , Shin Hwa Kyoung , Choi Byung Tae 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTo evaluate the question of whether protease activated receptor‐1 (PAR‐1) antagonist is a potential therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis, we treated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice with two PAR‐1 antagonists, KC‐A0590 and SCH‐530348. Treatment with both antagonists resulted in a significant decrease in the clinical characteristics of EAE mice by suppressing demyelination and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the spinal cord and brain, as well as a significantly reducing the increased thrombin and tumor necrosis factor‐α. Profound leakage of dextran was observed in the brain of EAE mice. However, treatment with PAR‐1 antagonists resulted in the stabilization of vascular endothelial cells and reduced blood–brain barrier breakdown with suppression of inflammatory response. Treatment with PAR‐1 antagonists also resulted in down‐regulated expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and preserved expression of occludin and zonula occludens (ZO)‐1 in the brain and their significant expression was confirmed in neurons, astrocytes, and vascular endothelial cells. Finally, endothelial cells and primary cultured astrocytes were treated with PAR‐1 antagonists; both antagonists suppressed thrombin‐induced breakdown of ZO‐1 in endothelial cells and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 in astrocytes. Collectively, our results suggest that PAR‐1 antagonist is effective in attenuation of the clinical symptoms of EAE mice by stabilizing the blood–brain barrier and may have therapeutic potential for treatment of multiple sclerosis.
image
In the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice model, treatment with two protease activated receptor‐1 (PAR‐1) antagonists KC‐A0590 and SCH‐530348 resulted in stabilization of vascular endothelial cells and reduced blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown with down‐regulated expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) and preserved expression of occludin and zonula occludens (ZO)‐1. PAR‐1 antagonist is effective in attenuation of the clinical symptoms of EAE mice by inhibiting breakdown of BBB.
Pulsed dye laser in treatment of steroid‐induced atrophy
Authors: Mansouri Parvin , Ranjbar Maryam , Abolhasani Ehsan , Chalangari Reza , Martits‐Chalangari Katalin , Hejazi Somayeh 
Published: August 2015

SummaryBackgroundOne of the important and distressing cutaneous side effects of steroid therapy is skin atrophy, which has no definite and effective treatment. To the best of our knowledge, laser therapy for steroid‐induced atrophic scars has not been investigated to date.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pulsed dye laser in the treatment of steroid‐induced atrophic scars.MethodsIn this pilot study, 15 patients with at least one atrophic patch were treated with the 585‐nm pulsed dye laser at 4‐week interval sessions until achieving complete improvement or until patient were lost to follow‐up. Clinical outcome was assessed via standard photographic method before each treatment session and after the final visit. An independent dermatologist evaluated the photographs.ResultAll of the patients (13 females and two males) with 25–59 years of age experienced some degree of improvement, except one patient who withdrew from the treatment after three sessions. The treatment was well tolerated.ConclusionThe results of our study indicated that pulsed dye laser therapy could be employed as a new method in the treatment of steroid‐induced atrophic scars. Pulsed dye laser might affect the lesions through inducing collagen deposition and production of more superficial dermal elastin as well as less unidirectional collagen in clusters.
Noncultured epidermal‐melanocyte cell suspension and dermal‐fat grafting for the reconstruction of an irregular, atrophic, and depigmented forehead scar: an innovative approach
Authors: Sarangal Rishu , Yadav Savita , Sakral Arti , Dogra Sunil 
Published: August 2015

SummaryScars on the face ‘eclipse’ patient social life and provide challenge for the treating surgeon. ‘Forehead’ is difficult area on face to re‐construct because of the inelastic, relatively immobile skin and subcutaneous tissue. The surgical correction of scar depends upon the site, size, type of scar and general condition of the patient. We describe an innovative approach to treat a depressed, de‐pigmented, irregular scar placed vertically in the centre of forehead, in a young girl..
Mediating effect of stress on the association between early trauma and psychological distress in Korean college students: a cross‐sectional observational study
Authors: Kim S. , Noh D. , Park S. I. 
Published: August 2015

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Despite the increase of studies into the predictors of psychological distress, few have attempted to address the mediation of stress in the relationship between early trauma and psychological distress.

What does this paper add to existing knowledge?

In this study, college students with trauma exposure before the age of 18 years reported high levels of college life stress and psychological distress. In addition, of the subcategories of early trauma, emotional abuse was most highly correlated with current stress and psychological distress.

This paper confirmed the partial mediating effect of stress between early trauma and psychological distress among Korean college students. In other words, this study found a direct effect of early trauma on current psychological distress and an indirect effect of early trauma on psychological distress mediated through life stress.

What are the implications for practice?

Early trauma and stress should be considered when developing interventions for college students' mental health, although individuals with trauma exposure have difficulties disclosing their traumatic event. Therefore, we suggest that stress management may be easier to apply and more effective in promoting college students' mental health than trauma‐focused interventions.

AbstractIntroductionResearch has shown that early trauma and stress may affect current psychological distress. However, few studies have attempted to address the mediation of stress between early trauma and psychological distress.AimThis cross‐sectional observational study aimed to examine the mediating effects of stress on the association between early trauma and psychological distress in Korean college students.MethodParticipants included 216 college students (51.4% male) who completed self‐report questionnaires assessing early trauma, college life stress, and psychological distress.ResultsEarly trauma, stress, and psychological distress were significantly correlated. Of the subcategories of early trauma, emotional abuse was most highly correlated with stress and psychological distress. The bootstrapping results indicate that stress is a partial mediator between early trauma and psychological distress after controlling for covariates including socioeconomic status, habitation status, and gender.DiscussionThe results imply that both early trauma and stress should be considered when developing interventions for college students' mental health. However, individuals with trauma exposure tend to have difficulties disclosing their traumatic event. Therefore, we suggest that stress management may be more feasible and effective in promoting college students' mental health than trauma‐focused interventions.