bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrimination or a Competitive Climate? Why Women Cannot Translate Their Better High School Grades into University Grades
Authors: Galos Diana Roxana , Strauss Susanne , Hinz Thomas 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWhile girls have better grades than boys in high school, this does not translate into better performance of young women, as compared to young men, in university. Due to the high signalling value of university grades for subsequent income and employment outcomes, this has important consequences for gender inequalities at labour market entry. However, previous studies have not yet examined the potential barriers that might limit women’s ability to maintain their previous academic achievement at the university level. Drawing on the nation-wide Student Survey, this study addresses this shortcoming by investigating perceived discrimination against women and perceived competition among students as two potential correlates. Our findings first confirm that while girls have better grades in high school than boys, this has reversed at the university level. Further, high school grades are less strongly correlated with university grades for girls compared to boys. Our results highlight that young women perceive there to be more discrimination against women as well as higher levels of competition within their field of study, than do their male peers. The study further demonstrates that an increased level of perceived discrimination is strongly associated with lower university performance for young women, thereby plausibly hindering their ability to reach their full academic potential.
Investment grants and firms’ productivity: how effective is a grant booster shot?
Authors: Alexandre Fernando , Chaves Miguel , Portela Miguel 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis paper evaluates the impact of awarding a second investment grant to the same firm. We implement a Regression Discontinuity Design strategy using a rich firm-level administrative database, which allows us to link applications to grants and their scores to firms’ performance. Our results show that while a single grant has a positive impact on firms’ labour productivity, a second investment grant produces an even stronger effect. A more granular analysis suggests that only micro- and small-sized firms benefit from a single grant, whereas the overall effect of an investment grant booster shot is confirmed for the micro- and small-sized firms. No effects were found on total factor productivity for either the single or the second grant.
Surnames in Local Newspapers and Social Mobility
Authors: Baldini Massimo , Barigazzi Andrea 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis study aims to investigate social mobility by introducing an innovative data source: surnames in newspapers. The core hypothesis posits that frequent mentions in newspapers are indicative of greater social relevance. Through the collection of local newspaper data in the municipality of Modena, Italy, from 1921 to 2011, we examine variations in the relative representation of surnames in newspapers with respect to their presence in registry data. The results suggest that surnames in newspapers are not a random sample of the population, supporting the assumption that they reflect social significance. Surnames belonging to privileged groups exhibit a higher representation compared to other social groups. This higher relative representation seems to be transmitted to future generations and converges over time toward the mean, with variations depending on the considered high-status group. This kind of analysis could contribute to identifying different mobility patterns at the local level and represents a useful alternative when established data sources, such as income, education, and occupational data, are not available.
Triangulation of Hard X-Ray Sources in an X-Class Solar Flare with ASO-S/HXI and Solar Orbiter/STIX
Authors: Ryan Daniel F. , Massa Paolo , Battaglia Andrea F. , Dickson Ewan C. M. , Su Yang , Chen Wei , Krucker Säm 
Published: August 2024

AbstractHXI on ASO-S and STIX onboard Solar Orbiter are the first simultaneously operating solar hard X-ray imaging spectrometers. ASO-S’s low Earth orbit and Solar Orbiter’s periodic displacement from the Sun–Earth line enables multi-viewpoint solar hard X-ray spectroscopic imaging analysis for the first time. Here, we demonstrate the potential of this new capability by reporting the first results of 3D triangulation of hard X-ray sources in the SOL2023-12-31T21:55 X5 flare. HXI and STIX observed the flare near the east limb with an observer separation angle of 18°. We triangulated the brightest regions within each source, which enabled us to characterise the large-scale hard X-ray geometry of the flare. The footpoints were found to be in the chromosphere within uncertainty, as expected, while the thermal looptop source was centred at an altitude of 15.1 ± 1 Mm. Given the footpoint separation, this implies a more elongated magnetic-loop structure than predicted by a semi-circular model. These results show the strong diagnostic power of joint HXI and STIX observations for understanding the 3D geometry of solar flares. We conclude by discussing the next steps required to fully exploit their potential.
Dust and Clouds on Mars: The View from Mars Express
Authors: Määttänen A. , Fedorova A. , Giuranna M. , Hernández-Bernal J. , Leseigneur Y. , Montmessin F. , Olsen K. S. , Sánchez-Lavega A. , Stcherbinine A. , Szantai A. , Tirsch D. , Vincendon M. , Willame Y. , Wolkenberg P. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractEuropean Space Agency’s Mars Express (MEX) has been orbiting Mars for 20 years and its instruments have provided a plethora of observations of atmospheric dust and clouds. These observations have been analysed to produce many unique views of the processes leading to dust lifting and cloud formation, and a full picture of the climatologies of dust and clouds has emerged. Moreover, the orbit of MEX enables viewing the planet at many local times, giving a unique access to the diurnal variations of the atmosphere. This article provides an overview of the observations of dust and clouds on Mars by MEX, complemented by the Trace Gas Orbiter that has been accompanying MEX on orbit for some years.
The COVID-19 thrombus: distinguishing pathological, mechanistic, and phenotypic features and management
Authors: Becker Richard C. , Tantry Udaya S. , Khan Muhammad , Gurbel Paul A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A heightened risk for thrombosis is a hallmark of COVID-19. Expansive clinical experience and medical literature have characterized small (micro) and large (macro) vessel involvement of the venous and arterial circulatory systems. Most events occur in patients with serious or critical illness in the hyperacute (first 1–2 weeks) or acute phases (2–4 weeks) of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, thrombosis involving the venous, arterial, and microcirculatory systems has been reported in the subacute (4–8 weeks), convalescent (> 8–12 weeks) and chronic phases (> 12 weeks) among patients with mild-to-moderate illness. The purpose of the current focused review is to highlight the distinguishing clinical features, pathological components, and potential mechanisms of venous, arterial, and microvascular thrombosis in patients with COVID-19. The overarching objective is to better understand the proclivity for thrombosis, laying a solid foundation for screening and surveillance modalities, preventive strategies, and optimal patient management.

Graphical abstract

Thrombosis involving the arterial, venous, and microvascular circulatory systems is a hallmark of COVID-19 contributing to organ injury, morbidity, and mortality. The COVID-19 thrombus has unique and distinct characteristics. Among them are a highly inflammatory signature on a foundation of endothelial cell inflammation and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). While the SARS-CoV-2 virus and resulting host immunoinflammatory response to this pathogen provide an underpinning for vascular events, the virus spike protein is necessary and likely sufficient for acute, subacute, and potentially in a latent form harbored in adipocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and circulating monocytes potentially contributing to post-infectious atherothrombotic phenotypes.
Genetic assessment of litter size, body weight, carcass traits and gene expression profiles in exotic and indigenous rabbit breeds: a study on New Zealand White, Californian, and Gabali rabbits in Egypt
Authors: Ayyat Mohamed S. , El-Monem Usama M. Abd , Moustafa Mahmoud M. A. , Al-Sagheer Adham A. , Mahran Mohamed D. , El-Attrouny Mahmoud M. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractRabbits are essential for commercial meat production due to their efficient growth and productivity, breeds like New Zealand White (NZW), Californian (CAL), and Gabali (GAB) rabbits offer unique genetic traits in litter, growth, and carcass traits. This study aimed to evaluate heritability (h2), genetic and phenotypic correlations (rg and rp) for litter size, body weight and carcass traits across California (CAL), New Zealand white (NZW) and Gabali (GA) rabbits. Along with exploring gene expression profiles of TBC1D1, NPY, AGRP, POMC, Leptin, GH, GHR, IGF-1, CAA, GPR, ACC, CPT1, FAS, and CART in the brain, liver, and meat tissues of different rabbit breeds. The breed genotype had a significant impact on litter size (LS), litter weight (LW), body weight at 12 weeks (BW12), and daily weight gain (DWG) traits. NZW rabbits displayed superior performance in terms of litter size and litter weight, while CAL rabbits recorded the highest values for BW12 and DWG. Heritability estimates (h2) were generally low for litter size (ranging from 0.05 to 0.12) and medium for body weight (ranging from 0.16 to 0.31). Both genetic (rg) and phenotypic (rp) correlations for litter size were positive and moderate (ranging from 0.08 to 0.48), while correlations for body weight ranged from 0.21 to 0.58. Additionally, CAL rabbits exhibited higher carcass traits compared to NZW and GA rabbits. In terms of breed-specific gene expression patterns, New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits displayed the highest expression levels of key genes related to energy metabolism (TBC1D1), appetite regulation (NPY, AGRP, POMC), nutrient transport (CAA), and G protein-coupled receptors (GPR) in both brain and liver tissues. Californian (CAL) rabbits exhibited superior gene expression of the ACC gene in brain tissue and GH, GHR, and IGF-1 genes in brain and meat tissues. Gabali (GAB) rabbits demonstrated the highest expression levels of TBC1D1, NPY, AGRP, GPR, and ACC genes in meat tissues. These breed-specific gene expression differences, combined with genetic evaluation efforts, have the potential to enhance reproductive and productive performance in rabbits, offering valuable insights for rabbit breeding programs and genetic selection.
Finding the Needle in the Haystack: Can Natural Language Processing of Students’ Evaluations of Teachers Identify Teaching Concerns?
Authors: Dine C. Jessica , Shea Judy A. , Clancy Caitlin B. , Heath Janae K. , Pluta William , Kogan Jennifer R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Institutions rely on student evaluations of teaching (SET) to ascertain teaching quality. Manual review of narrative comments can identify faculty with teaching concerns but can be resource and time-intensive.

Aim
To determine if natural language processing (NLP) of SET comments completed by learners on clinical rotations can identify teaching quality concerns.

Setting and Participants
Single institution retrospective cohort analysis of SET (n = 11,850) from clinical rotations between July 1, 2017, and June 30, 2018.

Program Description
The performance of three NLP dictionaries created by the research team was compared to an off-the-shelf Sentiment Dictionary.

Program Evaluation
The Expert Dictionary had an accuracy of 0.90, a precision of 0.62, and a recall of 0.50. The Qualifier Dictionary had lower accuracy (0.65) and precision (0.16) but similar recall (0.67). The Text Mining Dictionary had an accuracy of 0.78 and a recall of 0.24. The Sentiment plus Qualifier Dictionary had good accuracy (0.86) and recall (0.77) with a precision of 0.37.

Discussion
NLP methods can identify teaching quality concerns with good accuracy and reasonable recall, but relatively low precision. An existing, free, NLP sentiment analysis dictionary can perform nearly as well as dictionaries requiring expert coding or manual creation.
“Why Does Color Have to Matter?”: Color-Blind Racism and Political Polarization Among Jewish Americans
Authors: Horwitz Ilana M. , Spencer Ilana , Schnabel Landon 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThere is an appreciable divergence in views on racism among Jewish Americans based on their political affiliations, with Jewish Democrats being almost four times as likely as Jewish Republicans to perceive substantial discrimination against Black people. Through qualitative interviews with 30 Jewish adults across the political spectrum in the Philadelphia area, we analyze narratives surrounding George Floyd’s murder, the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement, and the ensuing 2020 racial justice protests. The findings reveal pronounced polarization: Politically conservative Jews, predominantly Orthodox, largely opposed the BLM movement, often employing “color-blind racism” to justify their stance. In contrast, politically liberal Jews supported the BLM movement, emphasizing its importance in addressing racial injustice. This study contributes to the literature on Black–Jewish relations by providing insights into the complex relationship between American Jews and race, highlighting the impact of both religious and political polarization within the Jewish community on matters of racial justice.
Management of maize-legume conservation agriculture systems rather than varietal choice fosters human nutrition in Malawi
Authors: Muoni Tarirai , Mhlanga Blessing , Öborn Ingrid , Thierfelder Christian 
Published: August 2024

AbstractMalawi smallholder farmers are facing climate-induced challenges that have increased food and nutrition insecurity in the country, thus sustainable intensification practices has been widely recommended. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of cropping systems with improved varieties on total system productivity and nutrition under different environments. The study involved on-farm experiments in ten communities in Central and Southern Malawi, incrementally established from 2005/2006 to 2018/2019 cropping seasons. Each community had six demonstration plots with three main treatments: conventional ploughing (CP): sole maize grown on seasonally constructed ridges and furrows; no-tillage (NT): sole maize grown on retained ridges with minimum soil disturbance and residue retained; and Conservation agriculture (CA): maize intercropped either cowpea, pigeon pea or groundnut on retained ridges as in NT. Our results show that total system nutrition was higher in CA treatments than NT and CP. The yields of maize were at least 800 kg ha−1 higher in CA and NT than CP despite the variety that was grown. Legume yields were also higher under CA and NT than CP. High protein yield was observed in CA systems (at least 100 kg ha−1 higher than CP) where maize and legume intercrops were rotated with grain legumes. Our results show nutrients and energy gains in CA and NT systems that can be invested in practices that increases the resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change. Conservation agriculture and NT systems have more influence on productivity of smallholder farms, despite the genotypes used (hybrids or OPVs).
Reconceptualizing the Interaction of Behavior and Environment
Authors: de Haan Jan Philippe , Simon Carsta 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe concept of response strength and the process of strengthening by reinforcement are controversial in terms of their explanatory power. We clarify potential theoretical misconceptions following from a strength-based account such as essentialist thinking and circular reasoning. These problems also arise in the practice of latent variable modeling in psychometrics. To solve these conceptual problems, we discuss the Multilevel Model of Behavioral Selection (MLBS; Borgstede & Eggert, 2021) as an alternative theoretical framework. We use blocking from Pavlovian conditioning as an example to demonstrate how the MLBS framework prevents misconceptions arising from strength-based accounts and how it provides a more parsimonious and coherent explanation of the phenomenon. We illustrate the need for precisely defined and theoretically meaningful concepts and offer a reinterpretation of “strengthening by reinforcement.” The reconceptualization in terms of the MLBS renders the concept of response strength superfluous. We conclude by highlighting the importance of theoretical reconsideration, putting aside difficulties that arise when attempting to validate strength by empirical means.
Comparison of Small Rotor Tonal and Random Noise Decomposition Methods
Authors: Malkki Justin , Yauwenas Yendrew , Doolan Con , Moreau Danielle 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis paper examines and compares methods of separating tonal and broadband components of the noise generated by small rotors as commonly found on small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS). Time synchronous analysis (TSA) methods with varying averaging algorithms, such as ensemble averaging (EA), exponential weighted moving averaging (EWMA) and Kalman filter averaging (KFA), are compared against themselves and against a cross-correlation-based method. The decomposition methods are used on noise measurements of a small isolated rotor under static operation and edgewise flight conditions at 10 m/s in the UNSW anechoic wind tunnel (UAT). The best method for isolating tones is TSA-EWMA and for isolating the broadband spectrum of noise is the cross-correlation method, based on the spectral reconstruction of the experimental data.
Using viscoplastic fluid to suppress part sedimentation in volumetric additive manufacturing
Authors: Salajeghe Roozbeh , Šeta Berin , Marla Deepak , Spangenberg Jon 
Published: August 2024

AbstractVolumetric additive manufacturing (VAM) presents several advantages, notably reduced printing times and high surface quality. Yet, a persistent challenge is sedimentation during printing, impacting the geometric fidelity of printed objects. This study proposes an innovative solution using a viscoplastic resin, aiming to alleviate sedimentation and enable translation-free printing. Through numerical simulations, this approach’s efficacy is showcased. A comparative analysis between a viscoplastic fluid and a Newtonian case elucidates the disparities in viscosity and shear rate fields and their impact on sedimentation dynamics. Moreover, the study investigates the intricate relationships between viscoplastic parameters, resin attributes, and setup parameters to unveil their collective influence on sedimentation behavior. This methodology offers valuable insights into selecting optimal viscoplastic behavior and printing parameters to effectively control sedimentation in VAM.
Reduction of Water Consumption for Heating Plant Cooling with an Indirect Cooling System
Authors: Hlaváček Ondřej , Vagenknechtová Alice 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIn order to combat drought, many industrial companies are taking austerity measures in their water management. They are driven not only by economic reasons but also by tightening legislation, directly prohibiting the extraction of water from the environment when a drought is declared. The article deals with the case of a company that operates a heating plant for an industrial zone and the adjacent town. The water source is a river 2.5 km away. In the event of a drought, the company is affected by a ban on river-water extraction, which has a direct impact on the operation of the heating plant and the entire industrial zone, with the current heating-plant cooling system consuming up to 60% of the industrial water. Previous studies have shown the impossibility of installing a dry or hybrid cooling system in the area. A possible economical option is closed-loop cooling. Most of the cooling water is lost by evaporation, the rest by surface blowdown, neither of which occurs in a closed circuit. This paper deals with an alternative closed cooling system using a river and its design parameter calculation, including a comparison of the different options for pipe location and routing.
Adipositas beim Prader-Willi-Syndrom (PWS)
Authors: Schweiger Barbara , Mühleder Johannes , Laimer Sandra 
Published: August 2024

ZusammenfassungDas Prader-Willi-Syndrom ist eine genetisch bedingte Erkrankung, bei der eine pathognomonische Hyperphagie fast bei allen Patienten zu einer Adipositas führt. Da die Adipositas mit ihren Komorbiditäten die Haupttodesursache ist, kommt der Behandlung eine wichtige Rolle zu. Medikamente zeigen bisher nur mäßige Erfolge bezüglich des Body-Mass-Index, können jedoch die Hyperphagie positiv beeinflussen. Der Ernährung kommt die wichtigste Aufgabe im Therapiemanagement zu. Hierbei gilt es die Zusammensetzung der Mahlzeiten zu beachten, aber auch Verhaltensmaßnahmen altersentsprechend umzusetzen. Die Adipositasprävention ist, trotz neuer Medikamente die wichtigste Säule zur Reduktion der Morbidität und Mortalität.
Theoretical Physics and Theoretical Neuroscience: What Each Can Learn from the Other
Authors: Abbott Larry , Gaudenzi Rocco 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis interview with Larry Abbott, a distinguished physicist who made his way from theoretical particle physics to neuroscience, explores similarities and differences between the theoretical scaffoldings of physics and biology and the respective modelling practices. Abbott reflects on the philosophical underpinnings and practical challenges of both fields, emphasising the role of mathematical modelling in understanding complex systems. He discusses the status and the unifying role of the Standard Model in physics, compares it to the theoretical framework at the basis of neuroscience, and addresses the sociological and methodological shifts required when applying physical principles to biological phenomena. The conversation also delves into the impact of recent advances in artificial intelligence on the theory of the brain, probing whether these technological developments enhance our understanding of intelligence and consciousness.