bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinch River Freshwater Mussels Upstream of Norris Reservoir, Tennessee and Virginia: A Quantitative Assessment from 2004 to 2009
Authors: Jones Jess , Ahlstedt Steven , Ostby Brett , Beaty Braven , Pinder Michael , Eckert Nathan , Butler Robert , Hubbs Don , Walker Craig , Hanlon Shane , Schmerfeld John , Neves Richard 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe Clinch River is located in northeastern Tennessee (TN) and southwestern Virginia (VA) of the United States, and contains a diverse mussel assemblage of 46 extant species, including 20 species listed as federally endangered. To facilitate quantitative monitoring of the fauna, quadrat data were collected from 2004 to 2009 at 18 sites in the river, including 12 sites in TN and 6 sites in VA. Thirty‐eight mussel species were collected alive in total from quadrat samples taken annually at sites in the TN section of the river. Over the five‐year study period, mussel density averaged 25.5 m−2 at all sites sampled in TN. In contrast, mussel density averaged only 3.1 m−2 at sites sampled in VA. The best historical site in VA was Pendleton Island in Scott County, where mussel density was estimated as high as 25 m−2 in 1979, comparable to current densities recorded in TN. Mussel densities are now <1 m−2, indicating a collapse of the fauna. A severe reduction in mussel abundance has occurred in a 68‐km section of the river from St. Paul, VA, downstream to approximately Clinchport, VA (river kilometers 411.5‐343.3). While the environmental factors responsible for the faunal decline are largely unknown, they must have been severe and sustained to reduce such large populations to their current low levels. Long‐term water and habitat quality monitoring is needed to determine whether environmental degradation is still occurring in the river.
The Effects of Changing Land Cover on Streamflow Simulation in Puerto Rico
Authors: Van Beusekom Ashley E. , Hay Lauren E. , Viger Roland J. , Gould William A. , Collazo Jaime A. , Henareh Khalyani Azad 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study quantitatively explores whether land cover changes have a substantive impact on simulated streamflow within the tropical island setting of Puerto Rico. The Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) was used to compare streamflow simulations based on five static parameterizations of land cover with those based on dynamically varying parameters derived from four land cover scenes for the period 1953‐2012. The PRMS simulations based on static land cover illustrated consistent differences in simulated streamflow across the island. It was determined that the scale of the analysis makes a difference: large regions with localized areas that have undergone dramatic land cover change may show negligible difference in total streamflow, but streamflow simulations using dynamic land cover parameters for a highly altered subwatershed clearly demonstrate the effects of changing land cover on simulated streamflow. Incorporating dynamic parameterization in these highly altered watersheds can reduce the predictive uncertainty in simulations of streamflow using PRMS. Hydrologic models that do not consider the projected changes in land cover may be inadequate for water resource management planning for future conditions.
Analysis of Daily Peaking and Run‐of‐River Operations with Flow Variability Metrics, Considering Subdaily to Seasonal Time Scales
Authors: Haas Nicholas A. , O'Connor Ben L. , Hayse John W. , Bevelhimer Mark S. , Endreny Theodore A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEnvironmental flows are an important consideration in licensing hydropower projects as operational flow releases can result in adverse conditions for downstream ecological communities. Flow variability assessments have typically focused on pre‐ and post‐dam conditions using metrics based on daily averaged flow values. This study used subdaily and daily flow data to assess environmental flow response to changes in hydropower operations from daily peaking to run‐of‐river. An analysis tool was developed to quantify flow variability metrics and was applied to four hydropower projects. Significant differences were observed between operations at the 99% confidence level in the median flow values using hourly averaged flow datasets. Median daily rise and fall rates decreased on average 34.5 and 27.9%, respectively, whereas median hourly rise and fall rates decreased on average 50.1 and 50.6%, respectively. Differences in operational flow regimes were more pronounced in the hourly averaged flow datasets and less pronounced or nonexistent in the daily averaged flow datasets. These outcomes have implications for the development of ecology‐flow relationships that quantify effects of flow on processes such as fish stranding and displacement, along with habitat stability. Results indicate that flow variability statistics should be quantified using subdaily datasets to accurately represent the nature of hydropower operations, especially for daily peaking facilities.
Piscine reovirus in wild and farmed salmonids in British Columbia, Canada: 1974–2013
Authors: Marty G D , Morrison D B , Bidulka J , Joseph T , Siah A 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPiscine reovirus (PRV) was common among wild and farmed salmonids in British Columbia, western Canada, from 1987 to 2013. Salmonid tissues tested for PRV by real‐time rRT‐PCR included sections from archived paraffin blocks from 1974 to 2008 (n = 363) and fresh‐frozen hearts from 2013 (n = 916). The earliest PRV‐positive sample was from a wild‐source steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), from 1977. By histopathology (n = 404), no fish had lesions diagnostic for heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI). In some groups, lymphohistiocytic endocarditis affected a greater proportion of fish with PRV than fish without PRV, but the range of Ct values among affected fish was within the range of Ct values among unaffected fish. Also, fish with the lowest PRV Ct values (18.4–21.7) lacked endocarditis or any other consistent lesion. From 1987 to 1994, the proportion of PRV positives was not significantly different between farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (44% of 48), and wild‐source salmonids (31% of 45). In 2013, the proportion of PRV positives was not significantly different between wild coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), sampled from British Columbia (5.0% of 60) or the reference region, Alaska, USA (10% of 58).
Preliminary study of light‐cured hydrogel for endodontic drug delivery vehicle
Authors: Komabayashi Takashi , Wadajkar Aniket , Santimano Sonia , Ahn Chul , Zhu Qiang , Opperman Lynn A. , Bellinger Larry L. , Yang Jian , Nguyen Kytai T. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimDirect pulp capping is the treatment of an exposed vital pulp with a dental material to facilitate the formation of reparative dentin and maintenance of vital pulp. A bioengineered drug delivery vehicle has the potential to increase the success rate of pulp capping. The aim of this study was to develop an injectable and light‐curing drug delivery vehicle for endodontic treatment including direct pulp capping.MethodsPolyethylene glycol‐maleate‐citrate (PEGMC) hydrogel was synthesized as a drug delivery vehicle that is composed of PEGMC (45% w/v), acrylic acid (AA) (5% w/v), 2,2′‐azobis(2‐methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (0.1% w/v), and deionized water. The association between prehydrogel‐solution volume and visible light‐curing was examined. The cytotoxicity of the hydrogel was tested using L929 cells in a cell culture system. Ca2+ release from the hydrogel was determined using calcium hydroxide as the incorporated medicine.ResultsThe results showed that the light‐curing time for hydrogel is comparable to composite resin. The hydrogel had cell toxicity similar to adhesive systems. Moreover, controlled Ca2+ release was obtained from the calcium hydroxide incorporated hydrogel.ConclusionsThe data suggest that hydrogel should be explored further as a promising drug delivery vehicle for vital pulp therapy and regenerative endodontics.
Composite carbonate and silicate multiphase solid inclusions in metamorphic garnet from ultrahigh‐P eclogite in the Dabie orogen
Authors: Gao X.‐Y. , Zheng Y.‐F. , Chen Y.‐X. , Hu Z. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractComposite multiphase solid (MS) inclusions composed of carbonate and silicate minerals have been found for the first time in metamorphic garnet from ultrahigh‐P eclogite from the Dabie orogen. These inclusions are morphologically euhedral to subhedral, and some show relatively regular shapes approaching the negative crystal shape of the host garnet. Radial fractures often occur in garnet hosting the inclusions. The inclusions are primarily composed of variable proportions of carbonate and silicate minerals such as calcite, quartz, K‐feldspar and plagioclase, with occasional occurrences of magnetite, zircon and barite. They are categorized into two groups based on the proportions of carbonate and silicate phases. Group I is carbonate‐dominated with variable proportions of silicate minerals, whereas Group II is silicate‐dominated with small proportions of carbonates. Trace element analysis by LA‐ICPMS for the two groups of MS inclusions yields remarkable differences. Group I inclusions exhibit remarkably lower REE contents than Group II inclusions, with significant LREE enrichment and large fractionation between LREE and HREE in the chondrite‐normalized REE diagram. In contrast, Group II inclusions show rather flat REE patterns with insignificant fractionation between LREE and HREE. In the primitive mantle‐normalized spidergram, Group I inclusions exhibit positive anomalies of Zr and Hf, whereas Group II inclusions show negative anomalies of Zr and Hf. Nevertheless, both groups exhibit positive anomalies of Ba, U, Pb and Sr, but negative anomalies of Nb and Ta, resembling the composition of common continental crust. Group I inclusions have higher Ba and U contents than Group II inclusions. Combined with petrological observations, the two groups of MS inclusions are interpreted as having crystallized from composite silicate and carbonate melts during continental subduction‐zone metamorphism. The differences in trace element composition between the two groups are primarily attributed to the proportions of carbonate and silicate phases in the MS inclusions. The silicate melts were derived from the breakdown of hydrous minerals such as paragonite and phengite, whereas the occurrence of carbonate melts indicates involvement of carbonate minerals in the partial melting and thus has great bearing on recycling of supracrustal carbon into the mantle. The coexistence of silicate and carbonate melts in the eclogitic garnet provides insights into the nature of hydrous melts in the subduction factory.
Perceiving the Social Body
Authors: Aulino Felicity 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis essay develops the concept of the “social body” as a metaphorical representation of hierarchical relationships inThailand, as well as the physical embodiment of social, religious, and political structures. To do so, I trace the symbolic coordinates of groups that correspond to conceptions of individual bodies, along with the habituated means ofperceivingas part of a collective. I argue that conventionalThai social interactions involve active attention to and care of the “social body,” in which differential roles are necessary for group functioning. Ethnographic descriptions of social interactions in public and semi‐private arenas depict the spontaneous and embodied root of moral action in these contexts. The values thus enacted, however, challenge normative ideals of distributive justice and open up questions about “care” for a social body that validates unequal power and resource distribution.
The Moral Implications of Immorality
Authors: Yan Yunxiang 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis essay focuses on the issue of immorality, an issue that has largely been understudied in anthropology. It examines two types of immoral behavior in contemporary Chinese society, drawing on cases widely agreed upon by ordinary people to be morally wrong. Next, it analyzes moral experiences and moral sentiments among individuals who either were victims of immoral acts or recalled their own feelings of being immoral. Ethnographic evidence shows that immorality tends to be intuitive and emotional in actual social actions but in recollections of moral experiences it is reflected upon with rational reasoning and justification. Immorality is essentially the violation of the social, which may explain why ordinary people use immorality to define and defend their social behavior in everyday life. The recent emphasis on moral reasoning and ethical choice in anthropological studies of moralities has overlooked the social in the moral as well as the role of moral sentiments and intuitions in social actions.
ON THE IMPACT OF COMPETITION ON TRADE AND FIRM LOCATION
Authors: Okubo Toshihiro , Picard Pierre M. , Thisse Jacques‐François 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTWe study how the level of trade costs and the intensity of competition interact to explain the nature and intensity of trade within a given industry and the location of firms across countries. As trade costs decrease from very high to very low values, the global economy moves from autarky to two‐way trade, through one‐way trade from the larger to the smaller region. By exploring the intensive and extensive margins of exports, we investigate how the intensity of trade reacts to the degree of competitiveness. Furthermore, when firms are free to change location, they flow from the small to the large country, and the larger country is always a net exported on the manufactured good. Firms located in the big country have a bigger size than those located in the small one. Under one‐way trade, the relocation of firms changes their attitude toward export.
SPRAWL, BLIGHT, AND THE ROLE OF URBAN CONTAINMENT POLICIES: EVIDENCE FROM U.S. CITIES
Authors: Hortas‐Rico Miriam 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTU.S. post‐war suburbanization has reshaped the spatial pattern of growth in many metropolitan areas, with population and employment shift toward the suburbs resulting in the urban decay of central cities. This being the case, the adoption of adequate anti‐sprawl policies should lead to a reduction in city blight. Availability of detailed blight measures at the city level enables us to undertake a novel empirical analysis to test this hypothesis. The empirical specification presented here identifies the specific impact of more stringent anti‐sprawl policies adopted at the metro level, proxied by the adoption of urban containment policies, on city blight. Results indicate that the adoption of such policies has effectively contributed to the reduction of downtown deterioration.
Characteristics of adverse medication events in a children's hospital
Authors: Stacey Sonya , Coombes Ian , Wainwright Claire , Klee Brittany , Miller Hugh , Whitfield Karen 
Published: July 2014

AimTo compare adverse medication events (AMEs) reported in children, via the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD‐10) coding with events reported via other data sources.MethodAME reports were retrieved using codes Y40–Y59 and X40–X44 over 6 months. Patients’ charts were manually reviewed to identify events associated with error and/or harm with medicines during a hospital admission. Medication name, group, error, harm and alert documentation were recorded. Clinical incidents and pharmacist interventions were reviewed for the same period.ResultsTwo hundred sixty‐three events from January to June 2011 were recorded by ICD‐10 coding in 180 patients. After duplicated, missing or unrelated events were excluded and 146 AMEs remained. In the same period, 117 AMEs were reported as incidents and 190 as pharmacist interventions. In total, 276 children with 447 events were reported via all sources. Little duplication between data sources was evident. In total, 158 events involved harm, with 135 of these from ICD‐10 coding, 16 from incident reports and 2 pharmacist interventions (including 6 events from multiple sources). Error was involved in 3% of ICD10 reports, 97% of incidents and 100% of interventions. Only 14% of harm‐related events from ICD‐10 were documented on the medical record clinical alert. Chemotherapy accounted for 31% of harm‐related events, antimicrobials 18%, corticosteroids 14% and narcotics 12%.ConclusionOf the harm‐related events, 85% were documented via ICD‐10 coding with few documented in other databases. Review of ICD‐10‐coded AMEs can provide valuable information to improve patient safety and quality.
Comparison of Botrytis cinerea Populations Collected from Tomato Greenhouses in Northern Algeria
Authors: Adjebli Ahmed , Leyronas Christel , Aissat Kamel , Nicot Philippe C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTo estimate the genetic diversity and population structure for a better understanding of the spread of Botrytis cinerea, we genotyped with nine microsatellite markers 174 isolates collected from four greenhouses during three growing seasons in the region of Bejaia. Four of these isolates were detected as Botrytis pseudocinerea according to the allele size at locus Bc6. For all other isolates further studied, all loci were polymorphic, with the mean number of alleles per locus ranging from 2.77 to 5.22. Considerable genetic variability was detected in all subpopulations (D* > 0.87; Hnb > 0.40). Based on the standardized index of association analysis, significant but low levels of clonality occurred, not excluding the possibility of recombination (rD = 0.07, P < 0.001). A total of 109 haplotypes were characterized among the isolates, few of which were shared between subpopulations. This, together with moderate genetic differentiation among subpopulations according to the geographical origin (0.080 < FST < 0.167), suggested a low level of inoculum exchange among greenhouses and little carry‐over of inoculum from one sampling season to the next. The importance of genetic structure of B. cinerea populations is discussed and should be taken into consideration for the management of grey mould.
AtfA, a new factor in global regulation of transcription in Acinetobacter spp
Authors: Withers Ryan , Doherty Geoff P. , Jordan Matthew , Yang Xiao , Dixon Nicholas E. , Lewis Peter J. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryAcinetobacter species are widely distributed bacteria in the environment, and have recently gained notoriety as opportunistic nosocomial pathogens. Here we characterize a novel RNA polymerase‐interacting protein named acidic transcription factor A, AtfA. It is small and highly acidic, and is widely distributed throughout the γ proteobacteria, including other significant pathogens in the genera Moraxella, Pseudomonas, Legionella and Vibrio. In the model species A. baylyi ADP1, deletion of atfA significantly affects expression of over 500 genes, resulting in a large cell phenotype, reduced cell fitness, impaired biofilm formation and twitching motility, and increased sensitivity to antibiotics. Deletion of atfA also causes dramatically enhanced sensitivity to ethanol, which is an important growth promoter and virulence factor in Acinetobacter spp. The results suggest that auxiliary factors of RNA polymerase with important biological roles remain to be discovered.
Code blue: Acinetobacter baumannii, a nosocomial pathogen with a role in the oral cavity
Authors: Richards A.M. , Abu Kwaik Y. , Lamont R.J. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryActinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen that can cause a wide range of serious conditions including pneumonia, meningitis, necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis. It is also a major cause of wound infections in military personnel injured during the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, leading to its popular nickname of ‘Iraqibacter’. Contributing to its success in clinical settings is resistance to environmental stresses such as desiccation and disinfectants. Moreover, in recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the number of A. baumannii strains with resistance to multiple antibiotic classes. Acinetobacter baumannii is an inhabitant of oral biofilms, which can act as a reservoir for pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Subgingival colonization by A. baumannii increases the risk of refractory periodontitis. Pathogenesis of the organism involves adherence, biofilm formation and iron acquisition. In addition, A. baumannii can induce apoptotic cell death in epithelial cells and kill hyphal forms of Candida albicans. Virulence factors that have been identified include pili, the outer membrane protein OmpA, phospholipases and extracellular polysaccharide. Acinetobacter baumannii can sense blue light through a blue‐light sensing using flavin (BLUF) domain protein, BlsA. The resulting conformational change in BlsA leads to changes in gene expression, including virulence genes.
Expression of γ‐tocopherol methyltransferase in chloroplasts results in massive proliferation of the inner envelope membrane and decreases susceptibility to salt and metal‐induced oxidative stresses by reducing reactive oxygen species
Authors: Jin Shuangxia , Daniell Henry 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe γ‐tocopherol methyltransferase (γ‐TMT) is an important enzyme regulating synthesis of four tocopherols (α, γ, β and δ). In this report, we investigated the role of γ‐TMT in regulating abiotic stress within chloroplasts. The At γ‐tmt overexpressed via the tobacco chloroplast genome accumulated up to 7.7% of the total leaf protein, resulting in massive proliferation of the inner envelope membrane (IEM, up to eight layers). Such high‐level expression of γ‐TMT converted most of γ‐tocopherol to α‐tocopherol in transplastomic seeds (~10‐fold higher) in the absence of abiotic stress. When grown in 400 mm NaCl, α‐tocopherol content in transplastomic TMT leaves increased up to 8.2‐fold and 2.4‐fold higher than wild‐type leaves. Likewise, under heavy metal stress, α‐tocopherol content in the TMT leaves increased up to 7.5‐fold, twice higher than in the wild type. Under extreme salt stress, the wild type accumulated higher starch and total soluble sugars, but TMT plants were able to regulate sugar transport. Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide content in wild type increased up to 3‐fold within 48 h of NaCl stress when compared to TMT plants. The ion leakage from TMT leaves was significantly less than wild‐type plants under abiotic stress and with less malondialdehyde, indicating lower lipid peroxidation. Taken together, these studies show that α‐tocopherol plays a crucial role in the alleviation of salt and heavy metal stresses by decreasing ROS, lipid peroxidation and ion leakage, in addition to enhancing vitamin E conversion. Increased proliferation of the IEM should facilitate studies on retrograde signalling from chloroplast to the nucleus.
Classification of independent components of EEG into multiple artifact classes
Authors: Frølich Laura , Andersen Tobias S. , Mørup Morten 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this study, we aim to automatically identify multiple artifact types in EEG. We used multinomial regression to classify independent components of EEG data, selecting from 65 spatial, spectral, and temporal features of independent components using forward selection. The classifier identified neural and five nonneural types of components. Between subjects within studies, high classification performances were obtained. Between studies, however, classification was more difficult. For neural versus nonneural classifications, performance was on par with previous results obtained by others. We found that automatic separation of multiple artifact classes is possible with a small feature set. Our method can reduce manual workload and allow for the selective removal of artifact classes. Identifying artifacts during EEG recording may be used to instruct subjects to refrain from activity causing them.