bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the effect of estrogen/androgen perturbation on penile development in transgenic and diethylstilbestrol‐Treated mice
Authors: Blaschko Sarah D. , Mahawong Phitsanu , Ferretti Max , Cunha Tristan J. , Sinclair Adriane , Wang Hong , Schlomer Bruce J. , Risbridger Gail , Baskin Laurence S. , Cunha Gerald R. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTBecause both androgens and estrogens have been implicated in penile morphogenesis, we evaluated penile morphology in transgenic mice with known imbalance of androgen and estrogen signaling using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), histology, and immunohistochemistry of androgen and estrogen receptors α/β. Penises of adult wild‐type, estrogen receptor‐α knockout (αERKO), estrogen receptor‐β knockout (βERKO), aromatase knockout (Arom‐KO), and aromatase overexpression (Arom+) mice were evaluated, as well as adult mice treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) from birth to day 10. Adult penises were examined because the adult pattern is the endpoint of development. The urethral orifice is formed by fusion of the MUMP (male urogenital mating protuberance) with the MUMP ridge, which consists of several processes fused to each other and to the MUMP. Similarly, the internal prepuce is completed ventrally by fusion of a ventral cleft. In adult murine penises the stromal processes that form the MUMP ridge are separated from their neighbors by clefts. αERKO, βERKO, and Arom‐KO mice have penises with a MUMP ridge clefting pattern similar to that of wild‐type mice. In contrast, Arom+ mice and neonatally DES‐treated mice exhibit profound malformations of the MUMP, MUMP ridge clefting pattern, and internal prepuce. Abnormalities observed in Arom+ and neonatally DES‐treated mice correlate with the expression of estrogen receptor‐beta (ERβ) in the affected structures. This study demonstrates that formation of the urethal orifice and internal prepuce is due to fusion of separate epithelial‐surfaced mesenchymal elements, a process dependent upon both androgen and estrogen signaling, in which ERβ signaling is strongly implicated. Anat Rec, 296:1127–1141, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Three‐Dimensional Atlas of Human Tongue Muscles
Authors: Sanders Ira , Mu Liancai 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe human tongue is one of the most important yet least understood structures of the body. One reason for the relative lack of research on the human tongue is its complex anatomy. This is a real barrier to investigators as there are few anatomical resources in the literature that show this complex anatomy clearly. As a result, the diagnosis and treatment of tongue disorders lags behind that for other structures of the head and neck. This report intended to fill this gap by displaying the tongue's anatomy in multiple ways. The primary material used in this study was serial axial images of the male and female human tongue from the Visible Human (VH) Project of the National Library of Medicine. In addition, thick serial coronal sections of three human tongues were rendered translucent. The VH axial images were computer reconstructed into serial coronal sections and each tongue muscle was outlined. These outlines were used to construct a three‐dimensional (3D) computer model of the tongue that allows each muscle to be seen in its in vivo anatomical position. The thick coronal sections supplement the 3D model by showing details of the complex interweaving of tongue muscles throughout the tongue. The graphics are perhaps the clearest guide to date to aid clinical or basic science investigators in identifying each tongue muscle in any part of the human tongue. Anat Rec, 296:1102–1114, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How Effective Are Geometric Morphometric Techniques for Assessing Functional Shape Variation? An Example From the Great Ape Temporomandibular Joint
Authors: Terhune Claire E. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTFunctional shape analyses have long relied on the use of shape ratios to test biomechanical hypotheses. This method is powerful because of the ease with which results are interpreted, but these techniques fall short in quantifying complex morphologies that may not have a strong biomechanical foundation but may still be functionally informative. In contrast, geometric morphometric methods are continually being adopted for quantifying complex shapes, but they tend to prove inadequate in functional analyses because they have little foundation in an explicit biomechanical framework. The goal of this study was to evaluate the intersection of these two methods using the great ape temporomandibular joint as a case study. Three‐dimensional coordinates of glenoid fossa and mandibular condyle shape were collected using a Microscribe digitizer. Linear distances extracted from these landmarks were analyzed using a series of one‐way ANOVAs; further, the landmark configurations were analyzed using geometric morphometric techniques. Results suggest that the two methods are broadly similar, although the geometric morphometric data allow for the identification of shape differences among taxa that were not immediately apparent in the univariate analyses. Furthermore, this study suggests several new approaches for translating these shape data into a biomechanical context by adjusting the data using a biomechanically relevant variable. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Circuits of the Olfactory Bulb. The Exception as a Rule
Authors: Crespo Carlos , Liberia Teresa , Blasco‐Ibáñez José Miguel , Nácher Juan , Varea Emilio 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe connectivity of the neurons of the olfactory bulb is highly idiosyncratic and constitutes an exception to the general plan of how neurons, and especially cortical neurons, construct circuits. The majority of synaptic contacts in the circuits of the cortex are axo‐dendritic. In these contacts, the axon is the presynaptic element, which transmits the signal, and the dendrite is the postsynaptic element, which receives the signal. However, the majority of synaptic contacts in the circuits of the olfactory bulb are dendro‐dendritic. In fact, most of the neurons of the olfactory bulb lack an axon. Moreover, a high percentage of the dendro‐dendritic synapses are reciprocal. This means that the roles of presynaptic and postsynaptic element are not clearly defined, in clear contrast with the universality of unidirectional synaptic transmission in the cortex and elsewhere in the central nervous system. In this review, we analyze and discuss some peculiarities of the circuits of the olfactory bulb. Anat Rec, 296:1401‐1412, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adult Neural Stem Cells From the Subventricular Zone: A Review of the Neurosphere Assay
Authors: Gil‐Perotín Sara , Duran‐Moreno María , Cebrián‐Silla Arantxa , Ramírez Mónica , García‐Belda Paula , García‐Verdugo José Manuel 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe possibility of obtaining large numbers of cells with potential to become functional neurons implies a great advance in regenerative medicine. A source of cells for therapy is the subventricular zone (SVZ) where adult neural stem cells (NSCs) retain the ability to proliferate, self‐renew, and differentiate into several mature cell types. The neurosphere assay, a method to isolate, maintain, and expand these cells has been extensively utilized by research groups to analyze the biological properties of aNSCs and to graft into injured brains from animal models. In this review we briefly describe the neurosphere assay and its limitations, the methods to optimize culture conditions, the identity and the morphology of aNSC‐derived neurospheres (including new ultrastructural data). The controversy regarding the identity and “stemness” of cells within the neurosphere is revised. The fine morphology of neurospheres, described thoroughly, allows for phenotypical characterization of cells in the neurospheres and may reveal slight changes that indirectly inform about cell integrity, cell damage, or oncogenic transformation. Along this review we largely highlight the critical points that researchers have to keep in mind before extrapolating results or translating experimental transplantation of neurosphere‐derived cells to the clinical setting. Anat Rec, 296:1435‐1452, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distribution and size of mucous glands in the ferret tracheobronchial tree
Authors: Hajighasemi‐Ossareh Mohammad , Borthwell Rachel M. , Stevens Jeremy E. , Finkbeiner Walter E. , Widdicombe Jonathan H. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTA transgenic ferret model of cystic fibrosis has recently been generated. It is probable that malfunction of airway mucous glands contributes significantly to the airway pathology of this disease. The usefulness of the ferret model may therefore depend in part on how closely the airway glands of ferrets resemble those of humans. Here, we show that in the ferret trachea glands are commonest in its most ventral aspect and disappear about half way up the lateral walls; they are virtually absent from the dorsal membranous portion. Further, the aggregate volume of glands per unit mucosal surface declines progressively by about 60% between the larynx and the carina. The average frequency of glands openings for the ferret trachea as a whole is only about one‐fifth that in humans (where gland openings are found at approximately the same frequency throughout the trachea). Glands in the ferret trachea are on average about one‐third the size of those in the human. Therefore, the aggregate volume of tracheal glands (per unit mucosal surface area) in the ferret is only about 6% that in humans. As in other mammalian species, airway glands in the ferret disappear at an airway internal diameter of ∼1 mm, corresponding approximately in this species to airway generation 6. Anat Rec, 296:1768–1774, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Subpopulation, Pluripotent Muse Cells, in Basic Research and Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Kuroda Yasumasa , Dezawa Mari 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gained a great deal of attention for regenerative medicine because they can be obtained from easy accessible mesenchymal tissues, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, and the umbilical cord, and have trophic and immunosuppressive effects to protect tissues. The most outstanding property of MSCs is their potential for differentiation into cells of all three germ layers. MSCs belong to the mesodermal lineage, but they are known to cross boundaries from mesodermal to ectodermal and endodermal lineages, and differentiate into a variety of cell types both in vitro and in vivo. Such behavior is exceptional for tissue stem cells. As observed with hematopoietic and neural stem cells, tissue stem cells usually generate cells that belong to the tissue in which they reside, and do not show triploblastic differentiation. However, the scientific basis for the broad multipotent differentiation of MSCs still remains an enigma. This review summarizes the properties of MSCs from representative mesenchymal tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and the umbilical cord, to demonstrate their similarities and differences. Finally, we introduce a novel type of pluripotent stem cell, multilineage‐differentiating stress‐enduring (Muse) cells, a small subpopulation of MSCs, which can explain the broad spectrum of differentiation ability in MSCs. Anat Rec, 297:98–110. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TGFBR3 Co‐Downregulated With GATA3 Is Associated With Methylation of the GATA3 Gene in Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Long , Xue Bo‐Xin , Lei Zhe , Yang Dong‐Rong , Zhang Qing‐Chuan , Shan Yu‐Xi , Zhang Hong‐Tao 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTBladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) accounts for ∼90% of all cases of bladder cancer. Reduced expression of TGFBR3 has been frequently observed in several types of human cancers. However, little is known about whether expression of TGFBR3 reduced in BUC and the underlying mechanisms. In the present study, we performed quantitative real‐time PCR to examine the mRNA expression of TGFBR3 and GATA3, and bisulfite genomic sequencing to evaluate the methylation status in TGFBR3 and GATA3 promoter regions in fresh tumor and the corresponding paracarcinoma tissues from 29 patients with BUC. As a result, the expression of TGFBR3 and GATA3, a transcriptional factor of the TGFBR3 gene, were found to be co‐downregulated in BUC. Moreover, our findings indicated that GATA3 promoter methylation was one of the reasons for silencing of GATA3 and TGFBR3 in BUC, albeit TGFBR3 methylation and mutation were not associated with reduced expression of TGFBR3 mRNA in BUC. In summary, our findings suggest that methylation in the GATA3 promoter region may inhibit the expression of GATA3 mRNA, which leads to the reduced expression of TGFBR3 mRNA in BUC. Anat Rec, 296:1717–1723, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tissue Engineering in Periodontal Tissue
Authors: Iwata Takanori , Yamato Masayuki , Ishikawa Isao , Ando Tomohiro , Okano Teruo 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPeriodontitis, a recognized disease worldwide, is bacterial infection‐induced inflammation of the periodontal tissues that results in loss of alveolar bone. Once it occurs, damaged tissue cannot be restored to its original form, even if decontaminating treatments are performed. For more than half a century, studies have been conducted to investigate true periodontal regeneration. Periodontal regeneration is the complete reconstruction of the damaged attachment apparatus, which contains both hard tissue (alveolar bone and cementum) and soft tissue (periodontal ligament). Several treatments, including bone grafts, guided tissue regeneration with physical barriers for epithelial cells, and growth factors have been approved for clinical use; however, their indications and outcomes are limited. To overcome these limitations, the concept of “tissue engineering” was introduced. Combination treatment using cells, growth factors, and scaffolds, has been studied in experimental animal models, and some studies have been translated into clinical trials. In this review, we focus on recent progressive tissue engineering studies and discuss future perspectives on periodontal regeneration. Anat Rec, 297:16–25. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decreased Apoptosis and Persistence of the Common Nephric Duct During the Development of an Aberrant Vesicoureteral Junction in Dlg1 Gene‐Targeted Mice
Authors: Iizuka‐Kogo Akiko , Akiyama Tetsu , Senda Takao 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTCongenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract occur at a frequency of 1 in 500 live births in humans. Mutant mice null for Dlg1 (Dlg1−/− mice), a membrane‐associated guanylate kinase containing PDZ domains, exhibit various urogenital malformations, including hypoplasia of the kidney and ureter, megaureter, hydronephrosis, and aplasia of the seminal vesicle and the vagina. The common nephric duct (CND) is a distal part of the Wolffian duct between the ureteric branch and the opening to the urogenital sinus, and normally disappears by embryonic day (E) 12.5 by a downward shift of the ureteric branch. Although retardation of the disappearance of the CND is apparent during urogenital development in Dlg1−/− mice, its pathogenesis and prognosis are unclear. In the present study, we found a decrease in apoptotic cells in the CND epithelium in Dlg1−/− mice at E11.5. Cell proliferation did not change. Additionally, histological observation of the development of the ureteral orifice indicated that the CND remained at E15.5 and was widely open to the vesical lumen in Dlg1−/− mice, in contrast to the complete disappearance of the CND and a narrow ureteric orifice in control mice. The dilatation of the vesicoureteral junction remained at E18.5. Opening of the vesicoureteral junction is known to cause vesicoureteral reflux and subsequent megaureter and hydronephrosis. Therefore, our present observation demonstrates that lack of the Dlg1 gene induces a decrease in apoptotic epithelial cell death and the persistence of the CND, which result in a dysfunctional vesicoureteral junction and cause megaureter or hydronephrosis through vesicoureteral reflux. Anat Rec, 296:1936–1942, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Size of the Anterior Fontanelle: Three‐Dimensional Measurement of a Key Trait in Human Evolution
Authors: Moffett Elizabeth A. , Aldridge Kristina 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe anterior fontanelle (AF) is an integral element of the developing human infant craniofacial system. Consideration of the AF is crucial for assessing craniofacial growth, as altered development of this feature may indicate abnormal growth. Moreover, prolonged patency of the AF may represent a derived hominin feature. The AF is regarded as essential for fetal head molding during birth in humans, with deformation of the head during birth often necessary for successful delivery. However, the function of a patent AF among fossil hominins is unclear. Because the AF represents an important structure in both a clinical and evolutionary context, techniques for estimating the size of the AF must be accurate and reproducible. Therefore, we have developed a novel method for assessing surface area of the AF with the goal of creating a more accurate measure of this feature. In this study, we test the accuracy and repeatability of a novel three‐dimensional (3D) method for assessing the size of the AF in human infants and compare the results obtained for surface area of the AF using the conventional and 3D methods. Anat Rec, 297:234–239, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of environmental noise on growth and neuropsychological development of newborn rats
Authors: Zheng Yanyan , Meng Meng , Zhao Congmin , Liao Wei , Zhang Yuping , Wang Liyan , Wen Enyi 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTWe aimed to investigate the effects of environmental noise exposure on the growth and neuropsychological development in neonatal rats. Twenty‐four postnatal 7‐day‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly assigned into control, high‐noise and reduced noise groups. The rats in the high‐noise group were exposed to 90 dB white noise, and those in the control group were grown under standard condition, while those in the reduced noise group were exposed to standard condition with sound‐absorbing cotton. Ten, 15, and 20 days post noise exposure, both the body weight and length of the rats in high‐noise group were lower than those in the control and reduced noise groups, respectively. The secretion of growth hormone was significantly decreased in the rats exposed to high noise environment, compared to those exposed to standard condition and reduced noise. More interestingly, the swimming distance was apparently increased and the swimming speed was significantly decreased in high‐noise group compared with those in control and reduced noise groups. Importantly, the mRNA and protein levels of SYP in the rats hippocampus were significantly decreased in high‐noise group compare with those in control and reduced noise groups. Similarly, the positive expression of SYP in the CA1 region of hippocampus was also significantly decreased in the high noise group rats. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that high noise exposure could decrease the production of growth hormone and SYP in neonatal rats, which may retard the growth of weight and length and the capability of learning and memory. Anat Rec, 297:949–954, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are Hemipenial Spines Related to Limb Reduction? A Spiny Discussion Focused on Gymnophthalmid Lizards (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)
Authors: Sales Nunes Pedro M. , Curcio Felipe F. , Roscito Juliana G. , Rodrigues Miguel T. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTCalcified spines in the hemipenial surface occur convergently in several gymnophthalmid lizard species and in advanced snakes. Based on the pronounced degrees of limb reduction in these distantly related lineages, such hemipenial structures were suggested to play a functional role in couple‐anchoring during copulation, partly assuming the function of the limbs during mating. Herein, we assessed the hemipenial morphology of virtually all the valid genera of the family Gymnophthalmidae to test for a phylogenetic correlation between limb reduction and the presence of calcified hemipenial spines. The occurrence of calcified structures was mapped on the two most comprehensive phylogenies of the family. We concluded that spiny hemipenes are by no means necessarily associated with reduction of limbs. Conversely, the presence of well‐developed hemipenial spines in specific limb‐reduced taxa does not allow one to disregard the possibility that in some instances such structures might indeed be functionally associated with couple‐anchoring, improving the success of mating. Anat Rec, 297:482–495, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three‐dimensional computed tomography reconstruction measurements of acetabulum in Chinese adults
Authors: Ma Hecheng , Han Yingying , Yang Qiwei , Gong Yubao , Hao Shuang , Li Youqiong , Liu Jianguo 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe present study was designed to define the morphological dimensions of the acetabulum in normal Chinese adults and to statistically compare these data with the available data worldwide. This information is important for the diagnosis of dysplasia and treatment of total hip arthroplasty. In this study, the gender and bilateral differences were evaluated. One‐hundred CT scans of patients were retrospectively studied. These individuals showed no signs of developmental disturbances in either of the hip joints. Thirty‐five morphometric parameters of the acetabulum were measured. The size of acetabulum was evaluated by the acetabular perimeter, anteroposterior diameter, vertical diameter, the depth and width of fossa ovalis in both transaxial and coronal plane. The parameters of acetabular orientation were the acetabular angle, anterior center edge angle, neck shaft angle, acetabular anteversion, and abduction angle. The coverage of acetabulum was examined as the, acetabular head index, center edge angle, the distance between the femoral head, and acetabulum. Gender and bilateral differences were analyzed for each parameter, and compared with available worldwide data. The results showed statistically significant differences between the Chinese genders and also between the Chinese and other human races in some parameters. In conclusion, gender, bilateral and racial differences exist in the morphology of acetabulum. The data may be helpful for the design of total hip arthroplasty for the Chinese population. Anat Rec, 297:643–649, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elastic Modulus of Cetacean Auditory Ossicles
Authors: Tubelli Andrew A. , Zosuls Aleks , Ketten Darlene R. , Mountain David C. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIn order to model the hearing capabilities of marine mammals (cetaceans), it is necessary to understand the mechanical properties, such as elastic modulus, of the middle ear bones in these species. Biologically realistic models can be used to investigate the biomechanics of hearing in cetaceans, much of which is currently unknown. In the present study, the elastic moduli of the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) of eight species of cetacean, two baleen whales (mysticete) and six toothed whales (odontocete), were measured using nanoindentation. The two groups of mysticete ossicles overall had lower average elastic moduli (35.2 ± 13.3 GPa and 31.6 ± 6.5 GPa) than the groups of odontocete ossicles (53.3 ± 7.2 GPa to 62.3 ± 4.7 GPa). Interior bone generally had a higher modulus than cortical bone by up to 36%. The effects of freezing and formalin‐fixation on elastic modulus were also investigated, although samples were few and no clear trend could be discerned. The high elastic modulus of the ossicles and the differences in the elastic moduli between mysticetes and odontocetes are likely specializations in the bone for underwater hearing. Anat Rec, 297:892–900, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.