bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary patterns in India and their association with obesity and central obesity
Authors: Satija Ambika , Hu Frank B , Bowen Liza , Bharathi Ankalmadugu V , Vaz Mario , Prabhakaran Dorairaj , Reddy K Srinath , Ben-Shlomo Yoav , Davey Smith George , Kinra Sanjay , Ebrahim Shah 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveObesity is a growing problem in India, the dietary determinants of which have been studied using an ‘individual food/nutrient’ approach. Examining dietary patterns may provide more coherent findings, but few studies in developing countries have adopted this approach. The present study aimed to identify dietary patterns in an Indian population and assess their relationship with anthropometric risk factors.DesignFFQ data from the cross-sectional sib-pair Indian Migration Study (IMS; n 7067) were used to identify dietary patterns using principal component analysis. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to examine associations with obesity and central obesity.SettingThe IMS was conducted at four factory locations across India: Lucknow, Nagpur, Hyderabad and Bangalore.SubjectsThe participants were rural-to-urban migrant and urban non-migrant factory workers, their rural and urban resident siblings, and their co-resident spouses.ResultsThree dietary patterns were identified: ‘cereals–savoury foods’ (cooked grains, rice/rice-based dishes, snacks, condiments, soups, nuts), ‘fruit–veg–sweets–snacks’ (Western cereals, vegetables, fruit, fruit juices, cooked milk products, snacks, sugars, sweets) and ‘animal-food’ (red meat, poultry, fish/seafood, eggs). In adjusted analysis, positive graded associations were found between the ‘animal-food’ pattern and both anthropometric risk factors. Moderate intake of the ‘cereals–savoury foods’ pattern was associated with reduced odds of obesity and central obesity.ConclusionsDistinct dietary patterns were identified in a large Indian sample, which were different from those identified in previous literature. A clear ‘plant food-based/animal food-based pattern’ dichotomy emerged, with the latter being associated with higher odds of anthropometric risk factors. Longitudinal studies are needed to further clarify this relationship in India.
LIBERAL DISPOSITIONS: RECENT SCHOLARSHIP ON FRENCH LIBERALISM
Authors: BEHRENT MICHAEL C. 
Published: February 2015

The story of French liberalism is, we are often told, one of exceptions, eccentricities, and enigmas. Compared to their British counterparts, French liberals seem more reluctant to embrace individualism. Whereas liberals in the English-speaking world typically espouse what Isaiah Berlin called “negative liberty”—a sphere of private autonomy from which the state is legally excluded—French liberals have often proved highly accommodating towards “positive liberty”—that is, liberty insofar as it is tethered to collectively defined ends. Most crucially, rather than seeking to shield individuals and civil society from an intrusive state, French liberals—consistent with a broader trend in French political culture—are inclined to see the state as an essential and even emancipatory political tool. In this vein, Jean-Fabien Spitz writes in a recent collection entitledFrench Liberalism from Montesquieu to the Present Day,Contemporary historians, political scientists, and philosophers all seem to share a simple idea: French political culture, marked as it is by legalism and statism, constitutes an exception to the main trend in modern political thought, which has been to discover and assert the principles of modern liberty.In addition to departing from some of Anglo-American liberalism's main tenets, French liberalism exhibits other oddities: as Larry Siedentop argued in an important essay, its idiom has tended to be historical (rather than theoretical), institutional (as opposed to ethical) and sociological (not legal or political).2This somewhat idiosyncratic variation on “normal” liberalism has led some scholars to characterize liberalism's French iteration as a “chaotic mixture.”3Others have questioned the extent to which liberalism is really a significant French political tradition at all. France's Revolutionary culture has been described as ultimately “illiberal,” leading some historians to speak of a FrenchSonderweg,4in which France's “special path” consists in the fact that it entered the modern age without having developed genuinely liberal institutions.
Genomic potential for nitrogen assimilation in uncultivated members of Prochlorococcus from an anoxic marine zone
Authors: Astorga-Eló Marcia , Ramírez-Flandes Salvador , DeLong Edward F , Ulloa Osvaldo 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Cyanobacteria of the genus Prochlorococcus are the most abundant photosynthetic marine organisms and key factors in the global carbon cycle. The understanding of their distribution and ecological importance in oligotrophic tropical and subtropical waters, and their differentiation into distinct ecotypes, is based on genetic and physiological information from several isolates. Currently, all available Prochlorococcus genomes show their incapacity for nitrate utilization. However, environmental sequence data suggest that some uncultivated lineages may have acquired this capacity. Here we report that uncultivated low-light-adapted Prochlorococcus from the nutrient-rich, low-light, anoxic marine zone (AMZ) of the eastern tropical South Pacific have the genetic potential for nitrate uptake and assimilation. All genes involved in this trait were found syntenic with those present in marine Synechococcus. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses also suggest that these genes have not been aquired recently, but perhaps were retained from a common ancestor, highlighting the basal characteristics of the AMZ lineages within Prochlorococcus.
Enhanced magnetic Purcell effect in room-temperature masers
Authors: Breeze Jonathan , Tan Ke-Jie , Richards Benjamin , Sathian Juna , Oxborrow Mark , Alford Neil McN 
Published: February 2015

AbstractRecently, the world’s first room-temperature maser was demonstrated. The maser consisted of a sapphire ring housing a crystal of pentacene-doped p-terphenyl, pumped by a pulsed rhodamine-dye laser. Stimulated emission of microwaves was aided by the high quality factor and small magnetic mode volume of the maser cavity yet the peak optical pumping power was 1.4 kW. Here we report dramatic miniaturization and 2 orders of magnitude reduction in optical pumping power for a room-temperature maser by coupling a strontium titanate resonator with the spin-polarized population inversion provided by triplet states in an optically excited pentacene-doped p-terphenyl crystal. We observe maser emission in a thimble-sized resonator using a xenon flash lamp as an optical pump source with peak optical power of 70 W. This is a significant step towards the goal of continuous maser operation.
A highly potent human antibody neutralizes dengue virus serotype 3 by binding across three surface proteins
Authors: Fibriansah Guntur , Tan Joanne L. , Smith Scott A. , de Alwis Ruklanthi , Ng Thiam-Seng , Kostyuchenko Victor A. , Jadi Ramesh S. , Kukkaro Petra , de Silva Aravinda M. , Crowe James E. , Lok Shee-Mei 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDengue virus (DENV) infects ~400 million people annually. There is no licensed vaccine or therapeutic drug. Only a small fraction of the total DENV-specific antibodies in a naturally occurring dengue infection consists of highly neutralizing antibodies. Here we show that the DENV-specific human monoclonal antibody 5J7 is exceptionally potent, neutralizing 50% of virus at nanogram-range antibody concentration. The 9 Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Fab 5J7–DENV complex shows that a single Fab molecule binds across three envelope proteins and engages three functionally important domains, each from a different envelope protein. These domains are critical for receptor binding and fusion to the endosomal membrane. The ability to bind to multiple domains allows the antibody to fully coat the virus surface with only 60 copies of Fab, that is, half the amount compared with other potent antibodies. Our study reveals a highly efficient and unusual mechanism of molecular recognition by an antibody.
High rate and stable cycling of lithium metal anode
Authors: Qian Jiangfeng , Henderson Wesley A. , Xu Wu , Bhattacharya Priyanka , Engelhard Mark , Borodin Oleg , Zhang Ji-Guang 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLithium metal is an ideal battery anode. However, dendrite growth and limited Coulombic efficiency during cycling have prevented its practical application in rechargeable batteries. Herein, we report that the use of highly concentrated electrolytes composed of ether solvents and the lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide salt enables the high-rate cycling of a lithium metal anode at high Coulombic efficiency (up to 99.1%) without dendrite growth. With 4 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in 1,2-dimethoxyethane as the electrolyte, a lithium|lithium cell can be cycled at 10 mA cm−2 for more than 6,000 cycles, and a copper|lithium cell can be cycled at 4 mA cm−2 for more than 1,000 cycles with an average Coulombic efficiency of 98.4%. These excellent performances can be attributed to the increased solvent coordination and increased availability of lithium ion concentration in the electrolyte. Further development of this electrolyte may enable practical applications for lithium metal anode in rechargeable batteries.
Proline dehydrogenase 2 (PRODH2) is a hydroxyproline dehydrogenase (HYPDH) and molecular target for treating primary hyperoxaluria
Authors: Summitt Candice B. , Johnson Lynnette C. , Jönsson Thomas J. , Parsonage Derek , Holmes Ross P. , Lowther W. Todd 
Published: February 2015

The primary hyperoxalurias (PH), types 1–3, are disorders of glyoxylate metabolism that result in increased oxalate production and calcium oxalate stone formation. The breakdown of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (Hyp) from endogenous and dietary sources of collagen makes a significant contribution to the cellular glyoxylate pool. Proline dehydrogenase 2 (PRODH2), historically known as hydroxyproline oxidase, is the first step in the hydroxyproline catabolic pathway and represents a drug target to reduce the glyoxylate and oxalate burden of PH patients. This study is the first report of the expression, purification, and biochemical characterization of human PRODH2. Evaluation of a panel of N-terminal and C-terminal truncation variants indicated that residues 157–515 contain the catalytic core with one FAD molecule. The 12-fold higher kcat/Km value of 0.93 M−1·s−1 for Hyp over Pro demonstrates the preference for Hyp as substrate. Moreover, an anaerobic titration determined a Kd value of 125 μM for Hyp, a value ~1600-fold lower than the Km value. A survey of ubiquinone analogues revealed that menadione, duroquinone, and CoQ1 reacted more efficiently than oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor during catalysis. Taken together, these data and the slow reactivity with sodium sulfite support that PRODH2 functions as a dehydrogenase and most likely utilizes CoQ10 as the terminal electron acceptor in vivo. Thus, we propose that the name of PRODH2 be changed to hydroxyproline dehydrogenase (HYPDH). Three Hyp analogues were also identified to inhibit the activity of HYPDH, representing the first steps toward the development of a novel approach to treat all forms of PH.
Pancreatic β-cell identity, glucose sensing and the control of insulin secretion
Authors: Rutter Guy A. , Pullen Timothy J. , Hodson David J. , Martinez-Sanchez Aida 
Published: February 2015

Insulin release from pancreatic β-cells is required to maintain normal glucose homoeostasis in man and many other animals. Defective insulin secretion underlies all forms of diabetes mellitus, a disease currently reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Although the destruction of β-cells is responsible for Type 1 diabetes (T1D), both lowered β-cell mass and loss of secretory function are implicated in Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Emerging results suggest that a functional deficiency, involving de-differentiation of the mature β-cell towards a more progenitor-like state, may be an important driver for impaired secretion in T2D. Conversely, at least in rodents, reprogramming of islet non-β to β-cells appears to occur spontaneously in models of T1D, and may occur in man. In the present paper, we summarize the biochemical properties which define the ‘identity’ of the mature β-cell as a glucose sensor par excellence. In particular, we discuss the importance of suppressing a group of 11 ‘disallowed’ housekeeping genes, including Ldha and the monocarboxylate transporter Mct1 (Slc16a1), for normal nutrient sensing. We then survey the changes in the expression and/or activity of β-cell-enriched transcription factors, including FOXO1, PDX1, NKX6.1, MAFA and RFX6, as well as non-coding RNAs, which may contribute to β-cell de-differentiation and functional impairment in T2D. The relevance of these observations for the development of new approaches to treat T1D and T2D is considered.
Single‐input multiple‐output visible light optical wireless communications supporting quality of service
Authors: Chen Shih‐Hao , Chow Chi‐Wai 
Published: February 2015

Visible light optical wireless communication supporting single‐input multiple‐output quality of service (QoS) by using an indoor light‐emitting diode, a mobile‐phone camera and a photodetector is proposed and demonstrated for the first time. The proposed system can support two fixed‐rate QoS transmissions for two different applications. By employing the rolling shutter effect of the mobile‐phone camera, the data rate of the first data link can be greatly enhanced. The experimental result shows that the proposed system can support the first data link operated at 300 bit/s by using a mobile‐phone camera and the second data link at 38.4 kbit/s by using a photodetector.
Reduced‐order model for MEMS PZT vibrational energy harvester exhibiting buckling bistability
Authors: Scerri J. , Grech I. , Gatt E. , Casha O. 
Published: February 2015

Estimating the behaviour of buckling clamped–clamped beams entails solving nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). Several techniques are found in the literature that deal with such PDEs; techniques that also take into account initial curvatures and/or imperfections. However, when the system configuration is different from that of one single beam it becomes more involved. In this Letter, a buckling energy harvester is presented. Owing to the nature of its design, a nonlinear differential equation (not a PDE) capable of capturing all the salient characteristics of its behaviour could be developed. The effectiveness of the model is validated using finite element analysis. The energy harvester is designed using the SINTEF piezoVolume process and operated in the d31 mode. With electrical damping only, the device, designed for validation purposes, achieved a power density of 0.13 mW cm−3 at 3.5 g ms−2 at 560 Hz and produced d31 open‐circuit voltages of 0.6 V.
Deterministic methodologies for the quantification of voltage unbalance propagation in radial and interconnected networks
Authors: Jayatunga Upuli , Perera Sarath , Ciufo Phil , Agalgaonkar Ashish P. 
Published: February 2015

Voltage unbalance propagation is an important aspect in relation to the voltage unbalance management process which aims to maintain acceptable voltage unbalance levels in the power system. The IEC Technical Report IEC/TR 61000‐3‐13:2008 incorporates the effects of voltage unbalance propagation in the voltage unbalance emission allocation methodology by introducing the voltage unbalance transfer coefficient, in order to evaluate the influence made by background voltage unbalance at the point of evaluation. However, no comprehensive approaches exist in the literature to evaluate these coefficients and the IEC work follows some approximations, which are deduced based on simulations and practical measurements. Recent work completed on voltage unbalance emission assessment at the post‐connection stage of unbalanced installations allows separation of the voltage unbalance emission contribution made by upstream/surrounding unbalance sources as a constituent component of the resultant voltage unbalance emission level at the point of evaluation. These new methodologies implicitly deal with the important aspects of voltage unbalance propagation and allow the quantification of coefficients associated with voltage unbalance propagation, which is the main thrust of this study. The theoretical work completed by considering different types of loads in radial and interconnected networks is supplemented by the simulation results.
Increasing renewable penetration on islanded networks through active network management: a case study from Shetland
Authors: Gill Simon , Dolan Michael , Emhemed Abdullah , Kockar Ivana , Barnacle Malcolm , Ault Graham , Mathieson Colin 
Published: February 2015

The drive to reduce reliance on fossil fuel generation in meeting power system demand is encouraging network operators to develop new methods managing network capacity while maintaining stability and security. Challenges relating to network stability are particularly acute on islanded networks. The Northern Isles New Energy Solutions (NINES) project is implementing techniques to manage the power network on the Shetland Islands in the UK. Active network management (ANM) is used to monitor and control generation in real time, and flexible demand is scheduled to minimise the use of conventional generation by reducing wind curtailment and minimising system losses. The flexible demand has the ability to respond to frequency and support system stability. This study presents the development of two modelling techniques used in the design and deployment of NINES – an ‘envelope of stability wind generation’ and the use of dynamic optimal power flow to schedule flexible demand. A case study is presented which shows that an ANM scheme managing flexible demand has the potential to increase wind capacity connected on Shetland from the existing 4 MW to 16.1 MW. Demand flexibility is shown to be capable of contributing up to 16.6 GWh towards reducing conventional generation.
Comparative study of the effectiveness and limitations of current methods for detecting sequence coevolution
Authors: Mao Wenzhi , Kaya Cihan , Dutta Anindita , Horovitz Amnon , Bahar Ivet 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Motivation: With rapid accumulation of sequence data on several species, extracting rational and systematic information from multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) is becoming increasingly important. Currently, there is a plethora of computational methods for investigating coupled evolutionary changes in pairs of positions along the amino acid sequence, and making inferences on structure and function. Yet, the significance of coevolution signals remains to be established. Also, a large number of false positives (FPs) arise from insufficient MSA size, phylogenetic background and indirect couplings.
Results: Here, a set of 16 pairs of non-interacting proteins is thoroughly examined to assess the effectiveness and limitations of different methods. The analysis shows that recent computationally expensive methods designed to remove biases from indirect couplings outperform others in detecting tertiary structural contacts as well as eliminating intermolecular FPs; whereas traditional methods such as mutual information benefit from refinements such as shuffling, while being highly efficient. Computations repeated with 2,330 pairs of protein families from the Negatome database corroborated these results. Finally, using a training dataset of 162 families of proteins, we propose a combined method that outperforms existing individual methods. Overall, the study provides simple guidelines towards the choice of suitable methods and strategies based on available MSA size and computing resources.
Availability and implementation: Software is freely available through the Evol component of ProDy API.
Contact: bahar@pitt.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Is the Quality of Sushi Ruined by Freezing Raw Fish and Squid? A Randomized Double-Blind Trial With Sensory Evaluation Using Discrimination Testing
Authors: Iwata Kentaro , Fukuchi Takahiko , Yoshimura Kenichi 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Background.  Sushi is a traditional Japanese cuisine enjoyed worldwide. However, using raw fish to make sushi may pose risk of certain parasitic infections, such as anisakidosis, which is most reported in Japan. This risk of infection can be eliminated by freezing fish; however, Japanese people are hesitant to freeze fish because it is believed that freezing ruins sushi's taste.
Methods.  A randomized double-blind trial with discrimination testing was conducted to examine the ability of Japanese individuals to distinguish between frozen and unfrozen sushi. A pair of mackerel and squid sushi, one once frozen and the other not, was provided to the participants, and they were asked to answer which one tasted better.
Results.  Among 120 rounds of discrimination testing involving the consumption of 240 pieces of mackerel sushi, unfrozen sushi was believed to taste better in 42.5% (51 dishes) of cases, frozen sushi was thought to taste better in 49.2% (59 dishes), and the participants felt the taste was the same in 8.3% (10 dishes). The odds ratio for selecting unfrozen sushi as “tastes better” over frozen sushi was 0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI], .59–1.26; P = .45). For squid, unfrozen sushi was believed to be superior 48.3% of the time (58 dishes), and frozen sushi, 35.0% of the time (42 dishes). They were felt to be the same in 16.7% (20 dishes) (odds ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, .93–2.05; P = .11).
Conclusions.  Freezing raw fish did not ruin sushi's taste. These findings may encourage the practice of freezing fish before using it in sushi, helping to decrease the incidence of anisakidosis.
Prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance among patients failing first-line ART in Monrovia, Liberia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Loubet Paul , Charpentier Charlotte , Visseaux Benoit , Borbor Abraham , Nuta Cecilia , Adu Eric , Chapplain Jean-Marc , Baysah Maima , Tattevin Pierre , Yazdanpanah Yazdan , Descamps Diane 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Objectives
To assess the prevalence of acquired drug resistance in HIV-1-infected patients living in Monrovia, Liberia, who had clinical and/or immunological failure of first-line ART according to WHO criteria.

Patients and methods
Patients receiving ART for &gt;1 year with clinical and/or immunological failure were included. Sequencing of protease and reverse transcriptase regions was performed using Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA et les hépatites virales (ANRS) procedures and sequences were interpreted using the ANRS resistance algorithm.

Results
Ninety patients were enrolled. They had been receiving ART for a median time of 42 months and half were receiving zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine. Seventy-five per cent of patients were infected with CRF02_AG. Twenty-seven per cent of patients displayed a plasma viral load &lt;50 copies/mL. Among the 66 patients with detectable viraemia, the median viral load was 4.7 log10 copies/mL (IQR = 3.0–5.6). The prevalence of NRTI and NNRTI resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) was 63% and 71%, respectively; and the median number of NRTI and NNRTI RAMs was 2 and 3, respectively. Two patients (4%) displayed viruses with PI RAMs. Regarding NRTI drug resistance, 29%, 38%, 63%, 29% and 25% of patients had viruses resistant to zidovudine, stavudine, lamivudine/emtricitabine, abacavir and tenofovir, respectively. Regarding the NNRTI drug class, 56%, 65%, 33% and 42% of patients had viruses resistant to efavirenz, nevirapine, etravirine and rilpivirine, respectively.

Conclusions
The high prevalence of acquired drug resistance in patients followed in two centres of the Liberian capital city, documented after a median of 3 years on a first-line ART regimen, jeopardizes the activity of second-line regimens and highlights the need for virological monitoring in these settings.