bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Chemical Background of Advanced Oxidation Processes
Authors: Csay Tamás , Homlok Renata , Illés Erzsébet , Takács Erzsébet , Wojnárovits László 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn advanced oxidation processes, the hydroxyl radical is the main initiator of the degradation of pollutants. For aromatic molecules, the rate coefficients are between 2×109 and 1×1010 mol−1 dm3 s−1 and show some variation according to the electron‐withdrawing or donating nature of the substituents. The one‐electron oxidant .OH induces 2–4 electron oxidations of many aromatic pollutants. These high rates are explained by .OH addition to an unsaturated bond, scavenging of the organic radical by dissolved O2, and subsequent reactions. In amino‐substituted molecules and in azo dyes the efficiency is lower, because O2 cannot compete efficiently with the unimolecular transformation of carbon‐centered radicals. Generally, the toxicity first increases and then decreases with treatment time. The increase is attributed to the high toxicity of some degradation products and to H2O2 formation. In surface waters, traces of transition metal ions degrade some of the H2O2 in Fenton‐like processes.
In vivo quantitative and qualitative assessment of foreign body giant cell formation on biomaterials in mice deficient in natural killer lymphocyte subsets, mast cells, or the interleukin‐4 receptorα and in severe combined immunodeficient mice
Authors: Yang Junghoon , Jao Brian , McNally Amy K. , Anderson James M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn previous studies that explored the influence of cytokines on foreign body giant cell (FBGC) formation, we focused on interleukin (IL)−4 and IL‐13, each of which was discovered to induce macrophage fusion leading to FBGC formation in vitro. Two correlative in vivo studies also confirmed that IL‐4 plays a role in FBGC formation on implanted biomaterials, but that T lymphocytes are not the source of IL‐4 or other cytokines that support this process. The present study focused on identification of the cellular source of macrophage fusion‐inducing cytokines, including natural killer (NK) or NKT lymphocytes and mast cells using mouse models genetically deficient in each of these cell types, as well as IL‐4 receptor alpha(IL‐4Rα)‐deficient and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Polyetherurethane (PEU) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymers were subcutaneously implanted and retrieved after 14, 21, or 28 days. FBGC formation was evaluated using quantitative and qualitative data from retrieved polymer surfaces. Both types of data indicate that, compared to normal control mice, neither NK or NKT lymphocytes nor mast cells are required for FBGC formation. Furthermore, FBGC formation on biomaterials can proceed in IL‐4Rα‐deficient and in SCID mice. Similar conclusions were made regarding FBGC formation on both PEU and PET biomaterials. These data suggest that other sources of IL‐4/IL‐13 and/or additional macrophage fusion‐inducing cytokines can mediate FBGC formation on implanted biomaterials, or that, in the absence of normal primary pathways, FBGC formation is nevertheless supported by redundant innate mechanisms. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 2017–2023, 2014.
Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Glossogyne tenuifolia against selected pathogens
Authors: Yang Tsung‐Shi , Chao Louis Kuo‐Ping , Liu Tai‐Ti 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDGlossogyne tenuifolia (GT) is a perennial herb widely distributed in the areas from south Asia to Australia. Many biological effects of G. tenuifolia have been reported; however, the information about antimicrobial activity of the essential oil (EO) of the herb remains unavailable. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the GT‐EO in vitro and food systems, the antimicrobial impact (AI) of its individual compounds, and interactive effects of major active compounds (linalool, 4‐terpineol, α‐terpineol, ρ‐cymene) on selected Gram‐positive (S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, S. mutans and S. sanguinis) and Gram‐negative (E. coli O157:H7, V. parahaemolyticus and S. enterica) pathogens.RESULTSThe minimal microbicidal concentration (MMC) of the GT‐EO ranged from 0.75 to 12 mg mL−1 against the test bacteria in vitro. Except for L. monocytogenes, the GT‐EO exhibited more inhibitory effect on the selected Gram positive than against the Gram negative bacteria at the GT‐EO concentrations ≤ 12 mg mL−1. The interactive effects of major active compounds (linalool, 4‐terpineol, α‐terpineol, ρ‐cymene) are additive instead of synergistic via the checkerboard analysis. The bacteria with a microbial load of ca. 102 CFU mL−1 in the milk tea could be completely inactivated by the GT‐EO with the MMC of 1.5 mg mL−1.CONCLUSIONρ‐Cymene is the largest component in the GT‐EO; however, it is not the compound predominantly affecting the entire antimicrobial activity of the EO. Instead, 4‐terpineol is the most influential among the test compounds that contribute to the antimicrobial activity of the GT‐EO. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Anti‐obesity action of gingerol: effect on lipid profile, insulin, leptin, amylase and lipase in male obese rats induced by a high‐fat diet
Authors: Saravanan Ganapathy , Ponmurugan Ponnusamy , Deepa Machampalayam Arumugam , Senthilkumar Balasubramanian 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDObesity represents a rapidly growing threat to the health of populations and diet intervention has been proposed as one of the strategies for weight loss. Ginger and its constituents have been used for their anti‐flatulent, expectorant and appetising properties and they are reported to possess gastro‐protective and cholesterol‐lowering properties. The present study investigated the effects of gingerol on the changes in body weight, serum glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and lipid profile in plasma and liver as well as on the activity of amylase, lipase and leptin in high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced obese rats.RESULTSHFD‐induced obese rats were treated orally with gingerol (25, 50 and 75 mg kg−1) once daily for 30 days. A lorcaserin‐treated group (10 mg kg−1) was included for comparison. The levels of body weight, glucose, lipid profile and insulin, insulin resistance, leptin, amylase and lipase were increased significantly (P < 0.05) in HFD rats. Rats treated with gingerol and fed a HFD showed significantly (P < 0.05) decreased glucose level, body weight, leptin, insulin, amylase, lipase plasma and tissue lipids when compared to normal control. The effect at a dose of 75 mg kg−1 of gingerol was more pronounced than that of the dose 25 mg kg−1 and 50 mg kg−1. The lorcaserin‐treated group also manifested similar effects to those of gingerol.CONCLUSIONThese findings suggested that ginger supplementation suppresses obesity induced by a high fat diet and it might be a promising adjuvant therapy for the treatment of obesity and its complications. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Volatile compounds of Celta dry‐cured ‘lacón’ as affected by cross‐breeding with Duroc and Landrace genotypes
Authors: Lorenzo José M , Fonseca Sonia 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDDry‐cured ‘lacón’ is a traditional cured meat product made in the north‐west of Spain from the pigs' foreleg, with similar manufacturing process to that used in dry‐cured ham. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of cross‐breeding of Celta pig with Landrace or Duroc breeds on the formation of volatile compounds through the manufacture of ‘lacón’.RESULTS‘Lacón’ from the crosses with Duroc presented lower final moisture (534 g kg−1) and higher intra‐muscular fat content [144 g kg−1 dry matter (DM)] than ‘lacón’ from Celta pure breed (587 g kg−1 and 36 g kg−1 DM, respectively). Volatile compounds were extracted by solid‐phase microextraction and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Volatile compounds from ‘lacón’ were affected by cross‐breeding. The total amount of volatile compounds significantly (P < 0.001) increased during the manufacturing process, this increase being more marked in samples from the Landrace cross‐breed. The most abundant group of flavour compounds at the end of the manufacturing process was esters in the three batches, followed by aldehydes, hydrocarbons and alcohols. The most abundant ester at the end of the process was hexanoic acid methyl ester, while the aldehyde found in a higher amount was hexanal.CONCLUSIONSThe profile of volatile compounds was affected by cross‐breed, especially at the end of the ‘lacón’ dry‐curing process. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of co‐products from the corn‐ethanol industry on body composition, retention of protein, lipids and energy, and on the net energy of diets fed to growing or finishing pigs
Authors: Gutierrez Nestor A , Kil Dong Yong , Liu Yanhong , Pettigrew James E , Stein Hans H 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDConventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS‐CV), uncooked distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS‐BPX) and high‐protein distillers dried grains (HP‐DDG) are used in diets for pigs to provide protein and energy. These ingredients may have different effects on body composition and energy retention. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine effects of DDGS‐CV, DDGS‐BPX and HP‐DDG on body composition and on retention of protein, lipids, and energy when fed to growing or finishing pigs.RESULTSThe total organ weight was greater (P < 0.05) for finishing pigs fed the HP‐DDG diet than for finishing pigs fed the basal diet or the DDGS‐CV diet. Finishing pigs fed the DDGS‐CV diet had greater (P < 0.05) lipid gain than pigs fed the other diets, and the net energy (NE) for DDGS‐CV was greater (P < 0.05) than for DDGS‐BPX, but the NE value of HP‐DDG was not different from that of DDGS‐CV or DDGS‐BPX.CONCLUSIONInclusion of up to 30% DDGS or HP‐DDG in diets fed to growing or finishing pigs will not affect body composition or the retention of energy, protein and lipids, regardless of the stage of growth of pigs. The NE value of DDGS‐BPX and HP‐DDG is not affected by the stage of growth of pigs, but the NE value of DDGS‐CV is greater in finishing than in growing pigs. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The Enhanced Encapsulation Capacity of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane‐based Copolymers for the Fabrication of Electrospun Core/Shell Fibers
Authors: Bauer Adam J. P. , Zeng Tingying , Liu Jianzhao , Uthaisar Chananate , Li Bingbing 
Published: March 2014

This paper reports the use of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)‐based copolymers to stabilize the core/shell interface for the facile fabrication of electrospun core/shell fibers. For the poly[(propylmethacryl‐heptaisobutyl‐polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane)‐co‐(methyl methacrylate)] (POSS‐MMA)/poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) system, the bicontinuity of hybrid core/shell fibers can be tuned by controlling the phase separation of POSS‐MMA/PCL in electrospinning solutions and therefore the size of PCL‐in‐POSS‐MMA emulsion droplets. Our results demonstrate the enhanced encapsulation capacity of POSS‐MMA copolymers as shell materials. Taking advantage of the rapid advancement of POSS‐based copolymer synthesis, this study can potentially be generalized to guide the fabrication of various other POSS‐based core/shell nano‐/microstructures by using single‐nozzle electrospinning or coaxial electrospinning.
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Inferior vena cava Doppler indices in fetuses with hemoglobin Bart's hydrops fetalis
Authors: Luewan Suchaya , Tongprasert Fuanglada , Srisupundit Kasemsri , Tongsong Theera 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess the inferior vena cava (IVC) Doppler changes in fetuses with hydrops fetalis because of anemia, using fetuses with hemoglobin (Hb) Bart's disease as a live model.MethodsFetuses with hydrops fetalis caused by Hb Bart's disease were measured for IVC Doppler indices. The diagnosis of Hb Bart's disease was based on fetal Hb typing. The IVC Doppler indices were compared between the fetuses in early and late hydrops fetalis.ResultsSixty‐nine fetuses had satisfactory measurements, 54 in the early group (gestational age <28 weeks) and 15 in the late group (gestational age ≥28 weeks). Compared with normal reference ranges, the preload index, peak velocity index, and the pulsatility index were significantly lower in the early group (p < 0.001), whereas they were significantly higher in the late group (p < 0.001).ConclusionsOn the basis of evidence of IVC Doppler indices, new insight provided by this study is that in fetal anemia, cardiac decompensation is a consequence of hydrops fetalis, rather than a cause; whereas hypervolemia is the primary cause of hydrops. Additionally, cardiomegaly in most fetuses with high output hydrops fetalis is not a sign of cardiac failure but an effective adaptation to provide oxygen tissue perfusion without increased preload. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimates of photoluminescence efficiencies in GaN nanowires at high injection levels from steady‐state photoluminescence measurements
Authors: Schlager John B. , Brubaker Matt D. , Bertness Kris A. , Sanford Norman A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPhotoluminescence (PL) efficiencies were estimated for individual silicon‐doped GaN nanowires grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE). Steady‐state PL measurements reveal efficiencies that depend on excitation intensity, temperature, and nanowire morphology. While many nanowires had their best efficiencies at base temperature (T ∼ 4 K), some nanowires, given sufficient excitation intensities, had best efficiencies at elevated temperatures (T ∼ 100 K). Room‐temperature internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of PL was as high as 33 ± 5%. These steady‐state results corroborate with time‐resolved PL measurements reported earlier, and both methods can aid in optimizing the growth and processing of nanowires for future applications in nanoscale optoelectronics. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Server‐based code obfuscation scheme for APK tamper detection
Authors: Piao Yuxue , Jung Jin‐Hyuk , Yi Jeong Hyun 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIt is easy to decompile Android applications (or apps) owing to the structural characteristics of the app building process, but this ease makes them quite vulnerable to forgery or modification attacks. In particular, users may suffer direct financial loss if this vulnerability is exploited in security‐critical private and business applications, such as online banking. One of the solutions to these problems is a code obfuscation technique. In this regard, DexGuard, which is based on ProGuard, which is integrated into the Android software development kit build system, has recently been introduced. Although DexGuard protects Android applications more effectively, an attacker is still able to analyze the hex code of a Dalvix Executable file. To resolve this weakness, we begin by analyzing the DexGuard tool from both a static and dynamic point of view. Our analysis reveals that DexGuard has some weaknesses. In this paper, we propose an obfuscation technique based on a client/server model with one‐time secret key delivery using short message service or network protocol. The main concept is to store the core execute class file through obfuscation on the server, so when a program needs to execute core routines, it must request these routines from the server. In this way, we can protect Android apps from reverse engineering. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cryptanalysis and security enhancement of Zhu's authentication scheme for Telecare medicine information system
Authors: Bin Muhaya Fahad T. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe concept of Telecare medicine information systems (TMISs) has evolved to provide better health care to the masses. So the control of access to privileged services provided by TMIS is a crucial concern. Recently, Zhu proposed an authentication scheme for TMIS, which he claimed to be more suitable for TMIS environments than the scheme of Wei et al. especially regarding resistance to offline password guessing attack. However, this paper shows that Zhu's scheme still suffers from offline password guessing attack. We also show how an attacker can impersonate a legal user merely by intercepting a login request and how a legal user (patient) may often become victim of denial‐of‐service in crucial TMIS applications. We further show its vulnerability to online password guessing attack and smart card loss attack. To sort out these discrepancies from Zhu's scheme, we propose an improved scheme with session key establishment and user anonymity. Moreover, this improvement is achieved without adding any complex operation; even the communication cost of the proposed scheme is lesser than that in Zhu's scheme. Analysis shows the robustness as well as the simplicity of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and theoretical models of human cultural evolution
Authors: Kempe Marius , Mesoudi Alex 
Published: March 2014

The modern field of cultural evolution is now over 30 years old, and an extensive body of theory and data has been amassed. This article reviews models of cultural evolution, both experimental and theoretical, and surveys what they can tell us about cultural evolutionary processes. The models are grouped according to which of four broad questions they address: (1) How are cultural traits changed during transmission? (2) How and why do cultural traits accumulate over time? (3) What social learning biases do people use? and (4) What are the population‐level consequences of different social learning biases? We conclude by highlighting gaps in the literature and promising future research directions, including the further integration of theoretical models and experimental data, the identification of the factors underlying cumulative cultural evolution, and the explanation of individual and cultural variation in social learning biases.This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition
Economics > Interactive Decision-Making
Targeted immunomodulation using antigen‐conjugated nanoparticles
Authors: McCarthy Derrick P. , Hunter Zoe N. , Chackerian Bryce , Shea Lonnie D. , Miller Stephen D. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe growing prevalence of nanotechnology in the fields of biology, medicine, and the pharmaceutical industry is confounded by the relatively small amount of data on the impact of these materials on the immune system. In addition to concerns surrounding the potential toxicity of nanoparticle (NP)‐based delivery systems, there is also a demand for a better understanding of the mechanisms governing interactions of NPs with the immune system. Nanoparticles can be tailored to suppress, enhance, or subvert recognition by the immune system. This ‘targeted immunomodulation’ can be achieved by delivery of unmodified particles, or by modifying particles to deliver drugs, proteins/peptides, or genes to a specific site. In order to elicit the desired, beneficial immune response, considerations should be made at every step of the design process: the NP platform itself, ligands, and other modifiers, the delivery route, and the immune cells that will encounter the conjugated NPs can all impact host immune responses.This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease
Hemoglobin Level Influences Tumor Response and Survival After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Hamai Yoichi , Hihara Jun , Taomoto Junya , Yamakita Ichiko , Ibuki Yuta , Okada Morihito 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundNeoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) followed by esophagectomy confers a survival benefit on patients with esophageal cancer. However, nCRT might be less meaningful for poor responders. Thus, being able to predict responses would help ensure the selection of optimal therapy.MethodsWe reviewed data from 123 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) who underwent nCRT that comprised concurrent radiation (40 Gy) and chemotherapy followed by esophagectomy. We assessed associations between clinical and blood data obtained before starting nCRT and the pathologic response.ResultsWe compared good (Japan Esophageal Society response evaluation criteria grades 3/2; n = 89, 72.4 %) and poor (grades 1/0; n = 34, 27.6 %) responders. Performance status (p = 0.02), hemoglobin level (p = 0.005), and platelet counts (p = 0.03) were statistically significant pretherapeutic factors for a response to nCRT. Multivariable analysis subsequently selected the hemoglobin level (odds ratio 1.52; 95 % confidence interval 1.08–2.15; p = 0.02) as the sole independent predictor. Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that the optimal cutoff for pretherapeutic hemoglobin was 13 g/dl for predicting a response. We found that 48.8 and 17.1 % of patients with hemoglobin level ≤13 and >13 g/dl, respectively, were poor responders (p = 0.0002), with 5‐year overall survival rates of 40.9 and 58.9 %, respectively (p = 0.048).ConclusionsPretherapeutic hemoglobin levels can influence responses and survival after nCRT for ESCC. Thus, hemoglobin levels can serve as a useful marker for tailoring optimal therapies for individual patients with advanced ESCC.
The Logic of School Gardens: A Phenomenological Study of Teacher Rationales
Authors: Jorgenson Simon 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDespite the importance of teachers to the school garden movement, we still know very little about what drives particular teachers to incorporate a school garden into their pedagogy. In response, this article reports the findings of a study designed to investigate the internal processes and products involved in rationalising and sustaining teachers’ use. Analysis of interviews with three primary teachers — Laura, Meredith, and Clare — indicate that a powerful rationale is formed when teachers read their childhood memories, often idealised, against their observations of children today. This rationale is strengthened by opportunities afforded by the garden itself, which allows teachers to enact their deepest beliefs about teaching and learning and resist external controls. This study also provides evidence that a school garden can easily evoke nostalgia. The article ends by re-theorising this nostalgia as part of the ‘cultural logic’ (Enfield, 2000) of school gardens, while suggesting nostalgia's productive uses.
Creative Arts-Based Pedagogies in Early Childhood Education for Sustainability (EfS): Challenges and Possibilities
Authors: Ward Kumara S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis article showcases a creative approach to early childhood education for sustainability (ECEfS). It reports on the author's doctoral research program, which examined the effectiveness of arts-based pedagogies for exploring and understanding the natural world in an early childhood education program. Motivated by their existing commitment to education for sustainability (EfS), the participating educators used the arts for further exploration and understanding of the natural world in teaching and learning. They explored the role of the arts in knowledge production and embodied experience, and reinterpreted and built on their own funds of knowledge about their environment. The result was meaningful curriculum steeped in content about the natural environments that were local to the children and their educators. The findings further signify the challenges educators needed to overcome in order to intensify their connection with their own local environments, and the effect that this enhanced connection had on their capacity to reflect local natural environments in their programs with the children.