bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clearance of Fibrin from Glomeruli. Renal Cortical Fibrinolytic Response after Thromboplastin Infusion in the Rat
Authors: Sanchez-Ibarrola A. , Qazzaz S. , Naish P. 
Published: August 2015

1. The time sequence of glomerular fibrin deposition, renal cortical fibrinolytic response and thrombocytopenia after thromboplastin infusion in rats has been established.
2. Fibrin clearance is rapid and is associated with markedly increased cortical fibrinolytic activity.
3. Plasma fibrinolytic activity was unchanged.
4. Experiments in which the dose-response relationship between thromboplastin dose, fibrin deposition and fibrinolytic response was examined showed that fibrinolytic response increased with fibrin deposition in glomeruli.
5. The dose—response experiments also provided data which suggested that the method of measurement of cortical fibrinolytic activity in the presence of deposited fibrin measures excess rather than total plasminogen activator production.
Comparison of Radioisotope Methods for the Measurement of Phosphate Absorption in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Farrington K. , Mohammed M. N. , Newman S. P. , Varghese Z. , Moorhead J. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Intestinal phosphate absorption was measured in normal subjects, in patients with chronic renal failure, and in post-transplant patients, by a double isotope technique involving oral administration of 32P and simultaneous intravenous injection of 33P with subsequent deconvolution analysis.
2. By this technique intestinal phosphate absorption has been shown to have two components: an initial rapid phase, which is completed by 3 h, and a slower more prolonged phase, which continues beyond 7 1/2 h.
3. Phosphate malabsorption has been demonstrated in chronic renal failure and transplant patients, which is accounted for by impairment of the initial rapid phase of absorption.
4. Results obtained by deconvolution analysis have been compared with other estimates of phosphate absorption obtained from analysis of 32P radioactivity curves alone.
5. The fractional hourly rate of absorption and the plasma 32P radioactivity at 60 min corrected for extracellular fluid volume provided the best approximations to the result obtained by deconvolution analysis, with respect to both the maximal rate of phosphate absorption and cumulative percentage phosphate absorption.
Human Saliva and Semen: Evidence for Proteins Common to Both Which Do Not Occur in Serum
Authors: Eckersall P. D. , Beeley J. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Rabbit antiserum to human whole saliva cross-reacts with both human serum and semen. After absorption of the antiserum by affinity chromatography on a column of immobilized serum protein, the cross-reactions with serum were eliminated.
2. The absorbed antiserum, however, still cross-reacted with semen thus indicating the presence of proteins with immunological similarity in both saliva and semen, but which did not occur in serum.
3. Some of these proteins clearly showed a reaction of complete immunological identity between saliva and semen.
4. The presence of the non-serum proteins in both saliva and semen might be related to common functions in both such as lubrication or antibacterial activity.
Effect of Acute and Chronic Alcohol Ingestion on the Rate of Folate Catabolism and Hepatic Enzyme Induction in Mice
Authors: Kelly D. , Reed B. , Weir D. , Scott J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Folate deficiency is commonly found in alcoholic subjects although the causative mechanism is uncertain. It has been suggested that microsomal enzyme induction resulting from chronic alcohol ingestion might accelerate the rate of folate catabolism thus causing deficiency.
2. By using an experimental animal model to determine the rate of catabolism of [3H]pteroylglutamate (folic acid) by the quantitative estimation of the two urinary catabolites p-[3H]aminobenzoylglutamate and [3H]acetamidobenzoylglumate, we have measured both the rate of folate catabolism and the extent of microsomal-enzyme induction in mice after acute and chronic alcohol ingestion.
3. Despite significant evidence of enzyme induction in the chronic alcohol group, there was no difference in the rate of folate catabolism after acute or chronic alcohol ingestion when compared with that of the controls.
Effect of Chronic and Acute Changes in Sodium Balance on the Urinary Excretion of Prostaglandins E2 and F2α in Normal Man
Authors: Rathaus M. , Podjarny E. , Weiss Eli , Ravid M. , Bauminger Sara , Bernheim J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of changes in sodium balance on renal prostaglandins have been hitherto studied mainly in experimental animals and the results have been controversial. In this study the 24 h urinary excretion of prostaglandins E2 and F2α was measured by radioimmunoassay in seven normal subjects under basal conditions and after 5 days of a diet containing &lt;20 mmol of sodium/day. Subsequently a sodium chloride (150 mmol/l: saline) load (300 mmol of sodium over 4 h) was infused and prostaglandins were again measured in hourly urine collections. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone were also measured under basal conditions, after the low sodium diet and at 2 and 4 h of the saline infusion.
2. Dietary sodium restriction was associated with a marked increase in prostaglandin E2 excretion (from 769.7 ± 201.6 sem to 1761.3 ± 304.9 ng/24 h, P&lt;0.0005). Prostaglandin F2α also increased from 1187.0 ± 390.1 to 1435.6 ± 344.6 ng/24 h, but this was not statistically significant. The prostaglandin E2/prostaglandin F2α ratio increased from 0.83 ± 0.2 to 1.52 ± 0.34 (P&lt;0.01). Plasma renin activity and aldosterone rose significantly (P&lt;0.05 and&lt;0.0025 respectively).
3. During the saline load prostaglandin E2 decreased after 2 h from 142.4 ± 29.9 to 86.7 ± 22.9 ng/h (P&lt;0.05) and to 36.9 ± 5.96 ng/h after 4 h. Prostaglandin F2α decreased at a slower rate, from 98.4 ± 18.7 to 37.5 ± 8.8 ng/h at 4 h (P&lt;0.02). At 4 h the prostaglandin E2/prostaglandin F2α ratio returned to control values (0.90 ± 0.17). Plasma renin activity and aldosterone decreased significantly after 2 h (P&lt;0.02 and&lt;0.0025 respectively) and reached control values after 4 h.
4. The present study demonstrates that chronic and acute changes in sodium balance induce changes in the excretion of prostaglandin E2 parallel to changes in plasma renin activity and aldosterone. The similar but quantitatively smaller changes in prostaglandin F2α and the inversion of the ratio between the two prostaglandins during sodium deprivation suggest that at least two factors are involved: increased delivery of substrate for prostaglandin synthase and decreased activity of the prostaglandin E2 9-ketoreductase. Prostaglandins probably play an important role in the adaptation of the kidney to changes in sodium balance.
Effect of Chronic Dietary Potassium Depletion and Repletion on Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Structure, Electrolytes and pH in the Rabbit
Authors: Hall R. J. C. , Cameron I. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. Chronic dietary potassium depletion which was severe enough to decrease skeletal muscle intracellular potassium concentration by 20%, did not significantly reduce cardiac intracellular potassium concentration of rabbits.
2. Chronic potassium depletion caused a fall in intracellular pH in skeletal muscle, but no changes occurred in cardiac intracellular pH.
3. Intracellular potassium was increased above normal after 1 week of potassium repletion, but had returned to normal after 3 weeks of repletion. This may have resulted from potassium retaining mechanisms which had developed during depletion and which persisted during the early stages of repletion.
4. Cardiac and skeletal muscle from potassium-depleted animals did not show any structural damage when examined by light and electron microscopy.
Inner Medullary Osmolality and Sodium Concentration are Decreased in Rats during Escape from DOCA-Induced Salt Retention
Authors: Düsing R. , Wilke R. , Körber A. , Klingmüller D. , Kramer H. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Papillary osmolality and sodium and potassium concentrations were determined in rats during a control period and during escape from the sodium-retaining effect of deoxycorticosterone acetate and compared with the changes observed after acute frusemide injection.
2. During escape, papillary osmolality [554 ± 36 vs 754 ± 42 mmol/kg of papillary water (H2O), P&lt;0.005] and papillary sodium concentration (131 ± 7 vs 182 ± 8 mmol/kg H2O, P&lt;0.001) were significantly decreased as compared with the control values, while papillary potassium concentration remained unchanged.
3. Frusemide decreased papillary osmolality to 538 ±41 mmol/kg H2O (P&lt;0.005), papillary sodium concentration to 125 ± 9 mmol/kg H2O (P&lt;0.001) and papillary potassium concentration from 80 ± 2 to 69 ± 3 mmol/kg H2O (P&lt;0.05).
4. The present results suggest that medullary portions of the distal tubule (probably the ascending loop of Henle) may represent one site of tubular sodium chloride rejection during escape from the sodium-retaining effect of deoxycorticosterone acetate.
Renin Response to Volume Contraction and Indomethacin in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Cangiano J. L. , Rodriguez-Sargent Carmen , Nascimento L. , Martinez-Maldonado M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of volume contraction and indomethacin on renin response were examined in spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats. Volume contraction was induced by frusemide or by salt-restricted diet combined with frusemide administration.
2. Plasma renin levels were not altered by either procedure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (5.2 ± 0.8 versus 5.6 ± 0.9 ng h−1 ml−1). Normotensive rats responded to volume contraction with a sharp increase in plasma renin activity (13.1 ± 1.2 to 23.3 ± 1.1 ng h−1 ml−1).
3. Intraperitoneal injection of indomethacin for 1 week did not alter basal renin levels in either group. In contrast, indomethacin pretreatment caused renin to rise in response to frusemide in spontaneously hypertensive rats (4.7 ± 0.8 to 27.1 ± 1.8 ng h−1 ml−1).
4. These findings suggest that a prostaglandin normally inhibits the renin response of spontaneously hypertensive rats to frusemide-induced volume contraction. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis allows volume contraction to stimulate renin release.
Captopril Combined with Thiazide Lowers Renin Substrate Concentration: Implications for Methodology in Renin Assays
Authors: Rasmussen S. , Nielsen M. Damkjaer , Giese J. 
Published: August 2015

1. We have measured plasma concentrations of renin, renin substrate and angiotensins I and II as well as plasma renin activity in nine patients with severe or malignant hypertension during treatment with captopril, hydrochlorothiazide and propranolol.
2. On captopril and hydrochlorothiazide the plasma concentrations of renin substrate and angiotensin II decreased markedly, while renin and angiotensin I levels were increased.
3. The changes in renin substrate concentration suggest a consumption of substrate induced by an increased renin release. Further, the positive feedback of angiotensin II on hepatic renin substrate synthesis may be inhibited.
4. The sequential changes in renin release during captopril treatment should be monitored by measuring plasma renin concentration since plasma renin activity measurements will be profoundly influenced by the marked changes in plasma renin substrate concentration.
Proteinase Activity of Human Renin Preparations: The International Reference Preparation (Renin Standard 68/356)
Authors: Pourmotabbed G. , Chou H. J. , Workman R. J. , Gregerman R. I. 
Published: August 2015

1. Several commonly used preparations of human renin, including the International Reference Preparation (Renin Standard 68/356), were examined for the presence of contaminating proteinase activity by using a 14C-glycinated bovine haemoglobin substrate assay.
2. All of the human renin preparations tested cleaved haemoglobin even in the presence of di-isopropylfluorophosphate and ethylenediaminetetra-acetate (EDTA). For a given amount of renin activity, varying amounts of proteinase activity were seen. The pH optimum also varied between preparations.
3. Small peptide inhibitors of human renin were not able to inhibit the proteinase activity. Furthermore a diazoacyl reagent and pepstatin, both potent inhibitors of aspartic acid-active site proteinases, were only partially inhibitory.
4. These and other observations suggest that the proteinase activity of the human renin preparations is not due to renin itself, but to contaminating proteinases of different types. Since these enzymes may produce angiotensin I or peptides which may interfere in renin assays, crude preparations of renin which contain proteinase activity, including the International Reference Preparation, should be used with caution or replaced by proteinase-free human renin which can be easily prepared by use of suitable affinity chromatography.
Properties of a Renin Inhibitor Isolated from the Pig Kidney Cortex
Authors: Sagnella G. A. , Peart W. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. A renin-inhibitory material has been partially purified from soluble extracts of the pig kidney cortex by ammonium sulphate precipitation and diethylaminoethylcellulose (DEAE) chromatography and its properties studied.
2. It displayed competitive type kinetics. It did not inhibit cathepsin D, carboxypeptidase A, pancreatic kallikrein or trypsin.
3. Renins from dog, rabbit and rat were inhibited, but not those from sheep or man, when assayed with pig angiotensinogen.
4. The material was inactivated by treatment with trypsin, N-ethylmaleimide or p-chloromercuribenzoate.
5. Renin-inhibitory activity was not found in plasma from peripheral blood of pigs.
6. It is concluded that the function of the renin inhibitor in the renal cortex of the pig may be restricted to the intrarenal environment.
Effect of Hyperprolactinaemia Due to Pituitary Tumour on Serum Albumin, Protein and Oncotic Pressure
Authors: Brajkovich I. E. , De Leon R. S. , Mashiter K. 
Published: August 2015

1. Serum albumin, total protein, oncotic pressure and osmolality were measured in a group of patients with hyperprolactinaemia due to a prolactin secreting tumour, normal subjects and normoprolactinaemic acromegalic patients.
2. A significant increase in albumin, total protein and oncotic pressure was found in the prolactinoma patients when compared with those of the other two groups.
3. There was no difference in serum osmolality between the three groups.
4. These studies provide further evidence that prolactin may have anabolic effects.
Proteins in the Urine Associated with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and other Neuromuscular Diseases
Authors: Frearson N. , Taylor R. D. , Perry S. V. 
Published: August 2015

1. Up to 200 protein staining spots could be detected on two-dimensional electrophoresis of urine from healthy persons. Other minor spots were occasionally present.
2. Although the electropherograms exhibited constant characteristic features some variation in protein pattern was observed between individuals and with a given individual at different times.
3. Two additional proteins, spots C and D, were consistently present in urine from boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Spot C was also present in the urine of about 60% of obligatory carriers of this dystrophy.
4. The protein responsible for spot C had a molecular weight of 26000 and an isoelectric point of 5.3.
5. Spot C was also detected in the urine of patients with other neuromuscular conditions. Neither spot C nor spot D could be detected in the urine of patients with physical disabilities other than those of neuromuscular origin.
6. It is concluded that the urinary excretion of spot C, and probably of spot D, is a consequence of muscle damage and that their detection has potential as a diagnostic tool.
Increased Intralymphocytic Sodium Content in Essential Hypertension: An Index of Impaired Na+ Cellular Metabolism
Authors: Ambrosioni E. , Costa F. V. , Montebugnoli L. , Tartagni F. , Magnani B. 
Published: August 2015

1. The sodium concentration in lymphocytes was measured in a group of 66 normotensive subjects (40 without familial hypertension and 26 with familial hypertension), in a group of 81 patients with essential hypertension and in a group of 14 patients with secondary hypertension.
2. The mean value (±sd) in normotensive subjects with no history of familial hypertension was 21.9 ± 3.1 mmol/kg wet weight, which was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.005) than that of normotensive subjects with familial hypertension (mean value 27.9 ± 4.2 mmol/kg). Lymphocyte sodium concentration was significantly higher in patients with essential hypertension (33.2 ± 3.3 mmol/kg; P &lt; 0.001) than in the subjects with normal blood pressure without familial hypertension.
3. In the patients with essential hypertension there was a significant correlation between lymphocyte sodium concentration and systolic (P &lt; 0.005), diastolic (P &lt; 0.001) and mean (P &lt; 0.001) blood pressure. In the normotensive subjects there was no correlation between the lymphocyte sodium concentration and the blood pressure.
4. The patients with secondary forms of hypertension had normal lymphocyte sodium concentration, except in the case of Conn's disease.
5. Incubation with ouabain increased lymphocyte sodium concentration in the normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension; the final sodium concentration was similar in the two groups.
6. When lymphocytes from normotensive subjects without familial hypertension were incubated in plasma of patients with essential hypertension there was an increase in their sodium content.
Effect of Hypertonic and Hypotonic Infusions on Aldosterone in Conscious Sodium-Depleted Dogs
Authors: Childers Jennifer W. , Schneider E. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. The role of the plasma sodium concentration in the regulation of aldosterone secretion and sodium excretion was investigated by comparing in 13 conscious sodium-depleted dogs the effects of the same sodium load (2.5 mmol/kg) given as either a hypertonic or hypotonic infusion.
2. The plasma sodium concentration was significantly higher and the plasma aldosterone concentration and urinary aldosterone excretion were significantly lower after the hypertonic infusion as compared with the hypotonic infusion.
3. The cumulative urinary sodium excretion during the 22 h after beginning the infusion was significantly greater after the hypertonic infusion, but this difference was not observed in five sodium-depleted dogs who were treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate before the infusions were given.
4. These data suggest that elevations in plasma sodium concentration are effective in decreasing aldosterone secretion and, hence, in increasing sodium excretion in conscious sodium-depleted dogs.
Relationship between Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein Concentrations and Lipoprotein Lipase and Hepatic Lipase Activities in Children with Hyperlipidaemia
Authors: Gamlen T. R. , Layward E. , McTaggart F. , Muller D. P. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. Significant positive correlations were found between the lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities of post-heparin plasma samples and plasma high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations in 21 children with hyperlipidaemia and six normal adult males.
2. A significant positive correlation was also observed between the two lipase activities and the ratio of HDL cholesterol to apoprotein AI (apo AI) concentrations.
3. These findings provide further evidence that a significant proportion of HDL and possibly the HDL2 subfraction is formed during the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.
Detection and Interaction of Elastic and Flow-Resistive Respiratory Loads in Man
Authors: Shahid S. U. , Goddard B. A. , Howell J. B. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. The detection of added inspiratory airflow resistances was studied in normal individuals under two circumstances: first, while breathing unhindered, and secondly, while breathing against continuously applied (‘basal’) inspiratory elastic loads. The addition of basal elastic loads resulted in impaired detection of flow-resistive loads whether expressed as added flow resistance or as a proportion of the basal flow resistance.
2. When loads were plotted on a logarithmic scale, load-detection relationships were linear, permitting both threshold and slope of the detection response (‘sensitivity’) to be assessed. Impaired detection associated with basal elastic loads was shown to be due to a raised threshold without change in ‘sensitivity’.
3. When the flow resistances submitted for detection were expressed as a proportion of the sum of the basal flow resistance and added elastance, the probability of detection was independent of the magnitude of the added elastance.
4. The interaction between basal elastic and added flow-resistive loads suggests that at the time of detection the basal elastance acts in a manner similar to that of an added flow resistance.
5. Added basal flow resistances had no significant effect on the detection of threshold elastic loads.
Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Subjects Measured with a Bedside Computer-Based Technique
Authors: Smith S. E. , Smith S. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. A computer-based technique is described for measuring and analysing cardiac beat-to-beat intervals.
2. The R-R intervals were recorded at rest, during forced deep breathing and during the Valsalva manoeuvre in 174 healthy subjects aged between 16 and 89 years.
3. The mean resting R-R interval was independent of sex, age and smoking habit. The normal range was 654.6-1141.4 ms with a mean value of 864.7 ms.
4. Variation in interval length at rest and during deep breathing depended on age and the mean interval length, whereas the Valsalva ratio depended on age alone. Normal ranges were calculated from regression analysis of these relationships.
5. It is concluded that the technique described can be used to test cardiac autonomic function at the bedside.
Evidence for Inhibitory and Anti-Ouabain-Like Factors in Leukaemic Blood
Authors: Mir M. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. At a high dilution in Ringer solution (1:200), leukaemic plasma significantly (P &lt; 0.05) decreased the ouabain-sensitive and increased ouabain-insensitive components of sodium efflux from erythrocytes. At a low dilution (1:10) leukaemic plasma predominantly decreased the total and ouabain-insensitive component of sodium efflux (P &lt; 0.01).
2. Erythrocytes from patients with leukaemia had a high affinity for the plasma factor which inhibited the total and ouabain-insensitive efflux (inhibitory factor).
3. Washings of leukaemic erythrocytes which had been incubated in leukaemic plasma contained a factor which significantly decreased the ouabain-sensitive and increased ouabain-insensitive components of sodium efflux (the anti-ouabain-like factor).
4. These studies show that leukaemic blood contains two factors which have opposite effects on sodium efflux from erythrocytes. These factors may contribute to the high incidence of multiple electrolyte disturbances in acute myeloid leukaemia.