bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring compositional changes in sunflower oil‐derived deep‐frying media by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Martínez‐Yusta Andrea , Guillén María Dolores 
Published: September 2015

The evolution of the composition of three sunflower oils submitted to frying temperatures over a prolonged period of time was carried out by means of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. Using the same technique, the evolution of the composition of three sunflower oils derived frying media, formed throughout 14 deep‐frying experiments of three different foods, was also studied. The foods involved in the deep‐frying processes differ in both amount and nature of their lipids. The occurrence of migration of food lipids, thermo‐oxidation, and hydrolytic processes in the sunflower oil frying media can be studied simultaneously by this technique. Changes in the evolution of the molar percentage of the different kinds of acyl groups, as well as of the concentration and nature of the aldehydes and alcohols formed were addressed. It is noteworthy that the main aldehydes detected, in both sunflower oils and sunflower oil frying media, were the reactive (E,E)‐2,4‐alkadienals, likewise the genotoxic and cytotoxic 4‐hydroxy‐(E)‐2‐alkenals and 4,5‐epoxy‐2‐alkenals were also present. In addition, the extent of hydrolytic processes, and, both, the evolution of iodine value and percentage in weight of polar compounds, were also studied.Practical applications: The used technique provides, in only one run and without chemical modification of the sample, a great deal of information related to the quality and safety of the sunflower frying media used in repeated deep frying episodes. The fact that during frying the sunflower oil generates toxic aldehydes with concentrations in line with the heating time and number of fryings should be taken into account at both industrial and culinary levels. It has been shown that the migration of food lipids during frying influences importantly on parameters such as iodine value and percentage in weight of polar compounds, which can mask the degradation level reached by the oil. This study provides useful information about the behavior in deep frying of sunflower, soybean, and extra virgin olive oils, which can be taken into account for the selection of the most suitable oil for frying each kind of food.The study of the evolution of the composition of three sunflower oils submitted to heating at frying temperature over a prolonged period of time and of the composition of three sunflower oils derived frying media, formed throughout 14 deep‐frying experiments of 3 different foods was carried out by means of 1H NMR.
Amperometric Determination of Sulfide by Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Hemin Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide
Authors: Cao Xiaodong , Gao Jiaona , Ye Yingwang , Wang Pengfei , Ding Shun , Ye Yongkang , Sun Hanju 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis work describes a new approach for rapid detection of sulfide using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with hemin functionalized reduced graphene oxide (hemin‐rGO). The modified GCE was applied to the selective amperometric detection of sulfide at a working potential of 0.05 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) at pH 7.5, which gave a linear range of 0.002–0.212 mM, a sensitivity of 246.5 µA mM−1 cm−2, and a detection limit of 1.3 µM. The proposed method was applied in determination of sulfide‐spiked water, and the method was verified with recovery percentage of standard samples with an acceptable satisfaction.
Changing tides: Adaptive monitoring, assessment, and management of pharmaceutical hazards in the environment through time
Authors: Gaw Sally , Brooks Bryan W. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Pharmaceuticals are ubiquitous contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. Adaptive monitoring, assessment, and management programs will be required to reduce the environmental hazards of pharmaceuticals of concern. Potentially underappreciated factors that drive the environmental dose of pharmaceuticals include regulatory approvals, marketing campaigns, pharmaceutical subsidies and reimbursement schemes, and societal acceptance. Sales data for 5 common antidepressants (duloxetine [Cymbalta], escitalopram [Lexapro], venlafaxine [Effexor], bupropion [Wellbutrin], and sertraline [Zoloft]) in the United States from 2004 to 2008 were modeled to explore how environmental hazards in aquatic ecosystems changed after patents were obtained or expired. Therapeutic hazard ratios for Effexor and Lexapro did not exceed 1; however, the therapeutic hazard ratio for Zoloft declined whereas the therapeutic hazard ratio for Cymbalta increased as a function of patent protection and sale patterns. These changes in therapeutic hazard ratios highlight the importance of considering current and future drivers of pharmaceutical use when prioritizing pharmaceuticals for water quality monitoring programs. When urban systems receiving discharges of environmental contaminants are examined, water quality efforts should identify, prioritize, and select target analytes presently in commerce for effluent monitoring and surveillance. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1037–1042. © 2015 SETAC
Giving Up My Naiveté
Authors: Farrell Colleen M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAs the patient drew her last breaths, with her daughter at her bedside, and the curtain closed across the room, my resident, whom I will call Emma, talked me through what was happening. She explained that the patient's only hope for survival had been surgery, yet surgery would surely have killed her. Emma talked about the different ways different families approach withdrawing the level of care provided in the intensive care unit (ICU), allowing a loved one's death. She talked about how hard it is to leave behind everything that happens in this job when she goes home.An intern arrived to make the declaration of death, and Emma encouraged me to go back into the patient's room for this. I placed my stethoscope on the patient's still chest, confirming what we already knew to be true. Death was palpable in that room, and my response was visceral. I did my best to leave the ICU calmly and then ran down five flights of stairs to the hospital chapel and sobbed. When I returned, Emma could see that I was shaken. “It's human,” she told me.In the afternoon, I felt the deep tiredness that I always feel after really crying. In that haze of emotion, I wasn't sure quite how to respond when Emma's next activity for us was to find a patient who needed an arterial blood gas.
Warm and Dead?
Authors: Miles J. K. , Conboy Jeri A. , Hope Aluko A. , Powell Tia 
Published: September 2015

AbstractRobert F. is an eighty‐five‐year‐old who suffered a heart attack at home in a rural location some thirty minutes from any major hospital. By the time the paramedics arrived, he was unconscious and nonresponsive. After spontaneous return of circulation, they began their standard procedure of therapeutic hypothermia. Robert's core temperature was lowered using ice packs, and cold intravenous fluids were initiated. Soon afterward, Robert started to shiver when his body temperature reached 35.6° Celsius. He was then given a bolus of vecuronium as a neuromuscular blockade, sedated, and intubated. He was also given a low‐dose vasopressin for blood‐pressure control. Shortly after Robert arrived in the emergency room, his daughter, his medical decision‐maker, produced an advance directive documenting that her father has a do‐not‐resuscitate (DNR) order, and she demanded that the breathing tube and any other life‐sustaining treatments be withdrawn immediately.The medical staff is very reluctant to comply with this demand for immediate action. Until the neuromuscular blockade wears off, removing the ventilator will prevent Robert from breathing. Furthermore, it may take some time to reverse the therapeutic hypothermia procedure to the point that the patient is at normal temperature. In addition, therapeutic hypothermia itself often causes arrest, so the patient may need to be resuscitated again.Should the staff wait until the patient is warm or honor the decision of his daughter, who holds his medical power of attorney?
Limits of Responsibility: Genome Editing, Asilomar, and the Politics of Deliberation
Authors: Hurlbut J. Benjamin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractOn April 3, 2015, a group of prominent biologists and ethicists called for a worldwide moratorium on human genetic engineering in which the genetic modifications would be passed on to future generations. Describing themselves as “interested stakeholders,” the group held a retreat in Napa, California, in January to “initiate an informed discussion” of CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering technology, which could enable high‐precision insertion, deletion, and recoding of genes in human eggs, sperm, and embryos. The group declared that the advent of a technology that makes human germ‐line genetic engineering plausible makes a corollary discussion of its ethical implications urgent. Echoing this sentiment, the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine have announced plans to convene an international summit in fall 2015 to assess the implications of CRISPR/Cas9.Yet the notion that the advent of this particular technology is the warrant for initiating a public discussion is remarkable, and so too is the idea that the experts who have brought it into being and are putting it to use are best positioned to define the terms of the debate. The relevant ethical questions are by no means specific, let alone subsidiary, to the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. They are longstanding questions about what features of human life ought not be taken as objects of manipulation and control. They are questions about our responsibilities to our children and our children's children, where the mark of our actions will be inscribed upon their bodies and their lives.
Teaching Bioethics at the Secondary School Level
Authors: Bishop Laura J. , Szobota Lola 
Published: September 2015

AbstractRecognition that it is both possible and important to teach secondary school students about bioethics issues and theory has grown slowly within the field of bioethics. In the late 1970s and 1980s, a few first‐generation pioneers recognized the teaching and learning opportunities inherent in bioethics and obtained pilot grants to educate high school teachers about bioethics issues. In the 1990s and 2000s, second‐generation efforts explored the possibilities of bioethics in secondary schools using a range of approaches, models, and funding sources. A third generation of programs that are now emerging benefits from more stable funding and offers materials that may be accessed by teachers across a country or around the world; a number of these programs are endorsed by national entities. An historical overview of these efforts to teach bioethics in high schools highlights some essential steps that must be taken to meet the challenge of teaching bioethics in pre‐college settings.
Why Is Studying the Genetics of Intelligence So Controversial?
Authors: Tabery James 
Published: September 2015

AbstractFrom the very beginning, studies of the nature and nurture of intelligence have been closely associated with an interest in intervening, and those interventions have been surrounded by controversy. The nature of those controversies has not always been the same, however. Since the mid‐nineteenth century, when Francis Galton imagined a science that would assess the extent to which a trait like “genius” was due to nature or due to nurture, science and technology have changed dramatically, and so have the interventions that have been envisioned in light of those developments. A scientist today can search for particular stretches of DNA and assess whether differences in those stretches are associated with differences in a human trait of interest; a genetic counselor today can genetically test an individual (be it an embryo, fetus, newborn, child, or adult) and provide information about what that genetic result means, allowing for interventions that can range from terminating a pregnancy to prescribing chemotherapy. So when one asks a question like, “Why is studying the genetics of intelligence controversial?,” it is important to realize up front that the answer will be, “It can be controversial for a variety of different reasons, and those reasons have evolved over time.” The purpose of this essay is to provide a survey of the controversies that surround genetic studies of intelligence. With the survey in place, I will then draw out several lessons both for scientists who study the genetics of intelligence as well as for science studies scholars (bioethicists, philosophers, historians, sociologists) who reflect and comment on the controversies surrounding that research.
The Trustworthiness Deficit in Postgenomic Research on Human Intelligence
Authors: Richardson Sarah S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn the past, work on racial and ethnic variation in brain and behavior was marginalized within genetics. Against the backdrop of genetics’ eugenic legacy, wide consensus held such research to be both ethically problematic and methodologically controversial. But today it is finding new opportunistic venues in a global, transdisciplinary, data‐rich postgenomic research environment in which such a consensus is increasingly strained. The postgenomic sciences display worrisome deficits in their ability to govern and negotiate standards for making postgenomic claims in the transdisciplinary space between human population variation research, studies of intelligence, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology.Today some researchers are pursuing the genomics of intelligence on a newly grand scale. They are sequencing large numbers of whole genomes of people considered highly intelligent (by varying empirical and social measures) in the hope of finding gene variants predictive of intelligence. Troubling and at times outlandish futurist claims accompany this research. Scientists involved in this research have openly discussed the possibility of marketing prenatal tests for intelligence, of genetic engineering or selective embryo implantation to increase the likelihood of a high‐IQ child, and of genotyping children to guide their education. In this permissive and contested environment, what would trustworthy research on the genomics of high intelligence look like?
General Intelligence (g): Overview of a Complex Construct and Its Implications for Genetics Research
Authors: Plucker Jonathan A. , Shelton Amy L. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCurrent technology has dramatically increased the prevalence of studies to establish the genetic correlates of a wide variety of human characteristics, including not only the physical attributes that determine what we look like and the risk of physiological disease but also the psychological and cognitive characteristics that often define who we are as individuals. Perhaps one of the most deeply personal and often controversial characteristics is the concept of general intelligence, known in the psychological literature as “g.” As with the genetic study of any complex trait, the first step in studying the genetics of g is to carefully define the characteristic of interest. For g, this entails establishing what intelligence means and providing a clear operational definition for how it will be measured. In this paper, we provide a brief historical and theoretical overview of the construct of general intelligence, describe its relationship to the contemporary measurement of intelligence, and discuss these concepts in light of the challenges associated with defining g as a characteristic in the study of genetics.
Can Research on the Genetics of Intelligence Be “Socially Neutral”?
Authors: Roberts Dorothy 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe history of research on the genetics of intelligence is fraught with social bias. During the eugenics era, the hereditary theory of intelligence justified policies that encouraged the proliferation of favored races and coercively stemmed procreation by disfavored ones. In the 1970s, Berkeley psychologist Arthur Jensen argued that black students’ innate cognitive inferiority limited the efficacy of federal education programs. The 1994 controversial bestseller The Bell Curve, by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray, rehashed the claim that race and class disparities stem from immutable differences in inherited intelligence, which could not be eliminated through social interventions. Today most scientists studying the genetics of intelligence distance themselves from this history of social bias by arguing that their research need not investigate intellectual differences between social groups. Rather, they argue, examining the heritability of intelligence can be socially neutral and may even help to reduce social inequities. I argue, however, that research on the genetics of intelligence cannot be socially neutral. Even if we divorce the heritability of intelligence from a eugenicist mission, measuring intelligence remains useful only as a gage of individuals’ appropriate positions in society. Research into the genetics of intelligence ultimately helps to determine individuals’ inherited capacity for particular social positions, even when researchers aim to modify the effects of inheritance.
Taking a Stand: The Genetics Community's Responsibility for Intelligence Research
Authors: Callier Shawneequa L. , Bonham Vence L. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThere is a longstanding debate about genetics research into intelligence. Some scholars question the value of focusing on genetic contributions to intelligence in a society where social and environmental determinants powerfully influence cognitive ability and educational outcomes. Others warn that censoring certain research questions, such as inquiries about genetic differences in intellectual potential, compromises academic freedom. Still others view interest in this subject as a corollary to a long and troublesome history of eugenics research. The dawn of a new era in genome sequencing as a commodity will sustain scientific interest in the genetics of intelligence for the foreseeable future, but deep‐rooted challenges threaten the scientific merit of the research. The use of imprecise definitions of study populations, the difficult nature of studying the environment, and the potential of researcher bias are inextricably linked with concerns about the trustworthiness and utility of research in this area. Leadership by the genetics community is essential to ensure the value and trustworthiness of these studies.
Waterfowl production from winter wheat fields in North and South Dakota
Authors: Skone Brandi R. , Rotella Jay J. , Walker Johann 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North America produces more than 50% of North America's upland‐nesting ducks. With the recent increase in economic value of some cash‐crops and the potential to lose productive nesting habitat enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), there has been interest in evaluating the efficacy of alternative farming practices to provide additional breeding habitat for waterfowl. We evaluated and compared daily survival rates (DSR) of duck nests (Anasspp.) in winter wheat with those in perennial cover. We also examined the number of hatched nests/ha in each habitat and compared them to estimates in spring wheat to put habitat‐specific estimates of nest survival in perspective. We monitored 1,195 nests in winter wheat and 3,147 in perennial cover in North and South Dakota on 13–19, 10.36‐km2sites each year from 2010 to 2012. In 2010, we also monitored 75 nests in spring wheat. We used an information‐theoretic approach to develop and evaluate a set of competing models based on plausible and previously established covariates affecting nest survival. Across all species, nest survival was at least as high in winter wheat as in perennial cover, and for northern pintails and mallards, estimated nest survival rates were greater in winter wheat. Nest survival also varied by year and study area, was positively related to nest age, and was negatively related to the number of wetland basins, the proportion of cropland in the landscape, and vegetation density. Density of hatched nests in perennial cover (0.14/ha) was on average twice as high as nests in winter wheat fields (0.07/ha), which was in turn 4 times higher than estimates for spring wheat fields (0.02/ha). Our results provide evidence that winter wheat could be a useful tool for wildlife managers seeking to add productive nesting habitat in landscapes under intensive crop production. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Microneedle fractional radiofrequency increases epidermal hyaluronan and reverses age‐related epidermal dysfunction
Authors: Lee Hee Jung , Seo Seong Rak , Yoon Moon Soo , Song Ji‐Ye , Lee Eun Young , Lee Sang Eun 
Published: September 2015

Background and ObjectiveSkin aging results in physiological alterations in keratinocyte activities and epidermal function, as well as dermal changes. Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that cause epidermal dysfunction during skin aging are not well understood. Recently, the role of epidermal hyaluronan (HA) as an active regulator of dynamic cellular processes is getting attention and alterations in HA metabolism are thought to be important in age‐related epidermal dysfunction. Microneedle fractional radiofrequency (RF) has shown effects for improving cutaneous aging. However, little is known about the effects of fractional RF on the epidermal HA and epidermal function. We investigated the effect of microneedle fractional RF on the expression of epidermal HA in young and aged mice epidermis.Materials and MethodsWe performed fractional RF on the dorsal skin of 30 8‐week‐old (young) hairless mice and 15 47‐week‐old (aged) C57BL/6J mice. Skin samples were collected on day 1, 3, and 7. HA content was measured by ELISA. Gene expressions of CD 44, HABP4, and HAS3 were measured using real time RT‐PCR. Immunohistochemistry for detection of HA, CD44, PCNA, and filaggrin were performed.ResultsHA content and the mRNA levels of HABP4, CD44, and HAS3 were upregulated in the epidermis of both young and aged mice after microneedle fractional RF treatment. The expression was increased from day 1 after treatment and increased expression persisted on day 7. Fractional RF treatment significantly increased PCNA and filaggrin expression only in the aged mice skin.ConclusionMicroneedle fractional RF increased epidermal HA and CD44 expression in both young and aged mice and reversed age‐related epidermal dysfunction especially in aged mice, suggesting a new mechanism involved in the skin rejuvenation effect of microneedle fractional RF. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:140–149, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.