bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SEMANTIC POLLUTION AND SYNTACTIC PURITY
Authors: READ STEPHEN 
Published: August 2015

AbstractLogical inferentialism claims that the meaning of the logical constants should be given, not model-theoretically, but by the rules of inference of a suitable calculus. It has been claimed that certain proof-theoretical systems, most particularly, labelled deductive systems for modal logic, are unsuitable, on the grounds that they are semantically polluted and suffer from an untoward intrusion of semantics into syntax. The charge is shown to be mistaken. It is argued on inferentialist grounds that labelled deductive systems are as syntactically pure as any formal system in which the rules define the meanings of the logical constants.
Ultrathin MoS2 Nanosheets with Superior Extreme Pressure Property as Boundary Lubricants
Authors: Chen Zhe , Liu Xiangwen , Liu Yuhong , Gunsel Selda , Luo Jianbin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn this paper, a new kind of oil-soluble ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets is prepared through a one-pot process. A superior extreme pressure property, which has not been attained with other nano-additives, is discovered when the nanosheets are used as lubricant additives. The as-synthesized MoS2 nanosheet is only a few atomic layers thick and tens of nanometers wide and it is surface-modified with oleylamine so it can be well dispersed in oil or lubricant without adscititious dispersants or surfactants. By adding 1 wt% ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets, at the temperature of 120 °C, the highest load liquid paraffin can bear is tremendously improved from less than 50 N to more than 2000 N. Based on the tribological tests and analysis of the wear scar, a lubrication mechanism is proposed. It is believed that the good dispersion and the ultrathin shape of the nanosheets ensure that they can enter the contact area of the opposite sliding surfaces and act like a protective film to prevent direct contact and seizure between them. This work enriches the investigation of ultrathin MoS2 and has potential application in the mechanical industry.
Examining the safety of respiratory and intravenous inoculation of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Micavibrio aeruginosavorus in a mouse model
Authors: Shatzkes Kenneth , Chae Richard , Tang Chi , Ramirez Gregory C. , Mukherjee Somdatta , Tsenova Liana , Connell Nancy D. , Kadouri Daniel E. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBdellovibrio spp. and Micavibrio spp. are Gram-negative predators that feed on other Gram-negative bacteria, making predatory bacteria potential alternatives to antibiotics for treating multi-drug resistant infections. While the ability of predatory bacteria to control bacterial infections in vitro is well documented, the in vivo effect of predators on a living host has yet to be extensively examined. In this study, respiratory and intravenous inoculations were used to determine the effects of predatory bacteria in mice. We found no reduction in mouse viability after intranasal or intravenous inoculation of B. bacteriovorus 109J, HD100 or M. aeruginosavorus. Introducing predators into the respiratory tract of mice provoked a modest inflammatory response at 1 hour post-exposure, but was not sustained at 24 hours, as measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA. Intravenous injection caused an increase of IL-6 in the kidney and spleen, TNF in the liver and CXCL-1/KC in the blood at 3 hours post-exposure, returning to baseline levels by 18 hours. Histological analysis of tissues showed no pathological changes due to predatory bacteria. Furthermore, qPCR detected predators were cleared from the host quickly and efficiently. This work addresses some of the safety concerns regarding the potential use of predatory bacteria as a live antibiotic.
Streptococcus mutans copes with heat stress by multiple transcriptional regulons modulating virulence and energy metabolism
Authors: Liu Chengcheng , Niu Yulong , Zhou Xuedong , Zheng Xin , Wang Shida , Guo Qiang , Li Yuqing , Li Mingyun , Li Jiyao , Yang Yi , Ding Yi , Lamont Richard J. , Xu Xin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDental caries is closely associated with the virulence of Streptococcus mutans. The virulence expression of S. mutans is linked to its stress adaptation to the changes in the oral environment. In this work we used whole-genome microarrays to profile the dynamic transcriptomic responses of S. mutans during physiological heat stress. In addition, we evaluated the phenotypic changes, including, eDNA release, initial biofilm formation, extracellular polysaccharides generation, acid production/acid tolerance and ATP turnover of S. mutans during heat stress. There were distinct patterns observed in the way that S. mutans responded to heat stress that included 66 transcription factors for the expression of functional genes being differentially expressed. Especially, response regulators of two component systems (TCSs), the repressors of heat shock proteins and regulators involved in sugar transporting and metabolism co-ordinated to enhance the cell’s survival and energy generation against heat stress in S. mutans.
CD73 and AMPD3 deficiency enhance metabolic performance via erythrocyte ATP that decreases hemoglobin oxygen affinity
Authors: O’Brien III William G. , Berka Vladimir , Tsai Ah-Lim , Zhao Zhaoyang , Lee Cheng Chi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractErythrocytes are the key target in 5′-AMP induced hypometabolism. To understand how regulation of endogenous erythrocyte AMP levels modulates systemic metabolism, we generated mice deficient in both CD73 and AMPD3, the key catabolic enzymes for extracellular and intra-erythrocyte AMP, respectively. Under physiological conditions, these mice displayed enhanced capacity for physical activity accompanied by significantly higher food and oxygen consumption, compared to wild type mice. Erythrocytes from Ampd3−/− mice exhibited higher half-saturation pressure of oxygen (p50) and about 3-fold higher levels of ATP and ADP, while they maintained normal 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), methemoglobin levels and intracellular pH. The affinity of mammalian hemoglobin for oxygen is thought to be regulated primarily by 2,3-BPG levels and pH (the Bohr effect). However, our results show that increased endogenous levels of ATP and ADP, but not AMP, directly increase the p50 value of hemoglobin. Additionally, the rise in erythrocyte p50 directly correlates with an enhanced capability of systemic metabolism.
Defects in Haem Synthesis in Mammalian Tissues in Experimental Lead Poisoning and Experimental Porphyria
Authors: Gibson Sheila L. M. , Goldberg A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The biochemical effects of experimental lead poisoning and experimental porphyria induced by allyl-isopropylacetamide have been compared in New Zealand White rabbits.
2. In lead poisoning there was an increase in urinary coproporphyrin excretion within 48 hr of the first dose of lead. Urinary δ-aminolaevulic acid excretion increased about 1 week later and urinary porphobilinogen excretion about 3 weeks later.
3. In lead-poisoned rabbits the activity of the enzyme δ-aminolaevulic acid dehydrase was impaired in the brain, liver, kidney and bone marrow. This inhibition was largely due to interference with the sulphydryl groups of the enzyme.
4. No inhibition of the enzyme haem synthetase could be detected in homogenates prepared from lead poisoned tissues but the addition of lead acetate in concentrations similar to those present in the original unhomogenized tissues produced marked inhibition.
5. There was no increase in either the δ-aminolaevulic acid or the porphobilinogen content of the brain in lead poisoning but the δ-aminolaevulic acid content of the liver, kidney and bone marrow, and the porphobiliogen content of the kidney were significantly increased.
6. Inhibition by lead of the enzymes δ-aminolaevulic acid dehydrase and haem synthetase may explain the biochemical abnormalities observed in lead poisoning.
7. In experimental porphyria the main enzyme abnormality found was a large increase in δ-aminolaevulic acid synthetase activity in the liver with increases in δ-aminolaevulic acid dehydrase activity in the liver and kidney.
Abnormal Renal Haemodynamics and Renin Suppression in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Schalekamp M. A. D. H. , Schalekamp-Kuyken M. P. A. , Birkenhäger W. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Intra-arterial pressure, renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate were estimated in thirty-two patients with benign essential hypertension. In twenty cases plasma renin concentrations were also determined. Variability of blood pressure was estimated by automatic indirect pressure recording.
2. There was an even distribution between high and low values of renal vascular resistance and filtration fraction. Variability of blood pressure was inversely related to renal vascular resistance.
3. In five patients plasma renin concentration was found to be abnormally low both in the recumbent and in the 45° tilt position.
4. Plasma renin concentration was related to renal blood flow, renal vascular resistance, filtration fraction and variability of blood pressure.
5. The results suggest that in hypertension renin release is suppressed by an increase in intravascular pressure at the level of the juxtaglomerularcells. The extent of renin suppression seems to be related to the stage of hypertensive disease.
Fibrinogen Catabolism: Kinetics of Catabolism following Sudden Elevation of the Pool with Exogenous Fibrinogen
Authors: Regoeczi E. 
Published: August 2015

1. Fibrinogen catabolism was studied in ten rabbits before and after suddenly elevating the intravascular pool by injecting a single dose of homologous fibrinogen equivalent to 18–83% of the corresponding protein already present in this pool. Of the two metabolic tracers used, [131I]fibrinogen was injected 3–4 days before and [125I]fibrinogen at the time of introducing the change.
2. Analysis of total body as well as of the circulating radioactivities indicated that the excess protein did not affect the fractional catabolic rate constant, thus permitting the conclusion that fibrinogen catabolism closely follows a first order kinetic reaction. In some animals a fraction of the injected fibrinogen shifted to extravascular sites and altered the pool ratio. Elimination of the excess protein took about 5 days and was accompanied by changes in the synthesis rate of fibrinogen.
Clinical Studies on Inflammation in Human Knee Joints: Xenon (133Xe) Clearances Correlated with Clinical Assessment in Various Arthritides and Studies on the Effect of Intra-Articularly Administered Hydrocortisone in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Dick C. , Whaley K. , St. Onge R. A. , Downie W. W. , Boyle J. A. , Nuki G. , Gillespie F. C. , Buchanan W. Watson 
Published: August 2015

1. The rate of disappearance of intra-articularly administered 133Xe from the knee joint was studied in normal subjects and in patients suffering from various arthritides. The disappearance curve was monoexponential and could be described by a biological half life . The half lives were shown to be reproducible, but could be reduced marginally by aspirating knee joint effusion when present.
2. It was demonstrated that the values depended, not upon the pathological diagnosis, but upon the degree of inflammatory involvement of the knee joint at the time of study.
3. The effect of intra-articularly administered hydrocortisone upon the value was investigated in twenty-five rheumatoid subjects. The mean value obtained before injection of hydrocortisone was significantly lower than the mean value obtained 24 hr later. Significant clinical improvement was also noted. The relationship between individual clinical improvement and the change in value was examined.
The Distribution of Histamine in the Blood of Healthy and Asthmatic Children
Authors: Porter J. F. , Mitchell R. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Histamine levels in whole blood and blood plasma, together with circulating basophil, eosinophil and total leucocyte counts, were determined in three groups of asthmatic children and in a control group of non-asthmatic children.
2. Blood histamine levels were significantly higher than the control levels during asthmatic symptoms, but fell to near normal values in the quiescent phase of asthma and during long-term steroid treatment.
3. Plasma histamine levels were found to be minimal in all the subjects studied (&lt; 1 ng/ml).
4. Significant correlations were found between whole blood histamine levels and basophil counts and between whole blood histamine levels and log eosinophil counts in the control children. The findings in the asthmatic children suggested that the relationships between these phenomena in asthma are more complex than in normal individuals.
The Release of Renin into the Renal Circulation of the Anaesthetized Dog
Authors: Hosie K. F. , Brown J. J. , Harper A. M. , Lever A. F. , MacAdam R. F. , MacGregor J. , Robertson J. I. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. In anaesthetized dogs the rate at which renin was released into the circulation of the right and left kidneys was estimated from renal blood flow, haematocrit, and the V-A renin concentration difference across the kidney. Renin was also measured in samples of renal lymph collected at the same time.
2. The effect on renin release of reducing blood flow in one kidney was studied. For all observations (control and experimental), renal venous plasma renin concentration (RVR) was directly related to arterial plasma renin concentration and to renin release; RVR was inversely related to renal plasma flow.
3. The concentration of renin in renal lymph was considerably higher than that in renal venous plasma taken at the same time. Arterial plasma renin concentration was directly related to the sum of the rates at which renin was released from the two kidneys.
4. Clamping the renal artery of one kidney for 1 hr led to a marked reduction of renal blood flow, to a marked increase in RVR and to a variable change in renin release. Removal of the clamp was followed by increased renin release and by reversal of a previously positive V-A renin difference in the control kidney.
5. On several other occasions negative V-A renin differences were observed. That is, more renin appeared to enter the kidney in arterial blood than left in the renal vein.
The in Vivo Metabolism of Radioiodinated Cold Agglutinins of Anti-I Specificity
Authors: Brown D. L. , Cooper A. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. The metabolism of six purified and radioiodinated cold agglutinins has been studied in five patients with chronic cold haemagglutinin disease and in six normal controls. Two of the patients showed overt haemolysis at the time of this study and all had complement components adsorbed to the surface of their red cells.
2. The mean fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of the cold agglutinins, studied in the patients from whom they were isolated (14·5%/day), was similar to the mean FCR of the same cold agglutinins in normal controls (15·6%/day) and there was no correlation between the FCR and the presence of haemolysis. Exposure to cold with a concomitant increase in haemolysis during the course of one of these studies had no effect on the catabolic rate of the cold agglutinin.
3. Individual values for the FCR ranged from 10·8 to 19·4%/day (corresponding to half-lives of 4·9–7·8 days) and appeared to be characteristic for each recipient. When two different cold agglutinins were studied simultaneously in the same subject their catabolism was virtually identical.
4. Untreated patients with chronic cold haemagglutinin disease were calculated to be synthesizing IgM at approximately ten times the normal rate. The fall in serum IgM concentration and agglutinin and haemolysin titres, following treatment with alkylating agents, appeared to be due to a diminution in the rate of synthesis and not due to increased catabolism.
5. ‘7S’ subunits of one of the cold agglutinins, which retained cold haemagglutinating activity, were rapidly catabolized in a normal subject.
Limited Supersaturation versus Phase Equilibration in Predicting the Occurrence of Decompression Sickness
Authors: Hills B. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Three experiments have been designed to test the following assumptions underlying the conventional methods for calculating decompression schedules: (a) that there is a critical limit to the supersaturation of a tissue by a gas, and (b) that no gas is formed in the tissues of a subject who does not develop symptoms of decompression sickness.
2. When decompression time was titrated by cutting back upon the time spent at various last stops, it was found that a last stop at a depth of 30 ft was more effective than one at 20 ft which was, in turn, more effective than one at the conventional last stop of 10 ft for each of five schedules. These trials involved fourteen goats and 486 exposures.
3. In a second method, an exposure was selected for each animal from which the ‘titrated’ stop was now the only one required; but the results were inconclusive since the interval of uncertain diagnosis was now of comparable order of magnitude to the total decompression time.
4. In a third method, symptoms could not be induced in three goats, which had just completed marginally safe decompressions, by exposure to high-intensity ultrasound whose energy would be expected to cause the tissue to exceed any hypothetical metastable limit to supersaturation.
5. It was concluded that it is far more likely that the quantity of gas separating from solution determines the imminence of decompression sickness rather than its mere presence as determined by a critical limit to supersaturation.
6. This is discussed in relation to modifying the diving tables, and the serious implication that conventional schedules are really treating a gas phase in the tissues which does not give rise to symptoms due to the remaining compression afforded by the stopping pressures, rather than preventing the separation of gas from solution in tissue.
Divalent Ion Excretion in Chronic Kidney Disease: Relation to Degree of Renal Insufficiency
Authors: Popovtzer M. M. , Schainuck L. I. , Massry S. G. , Kleeman C. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The excretory patterns of sodium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were evaluated in seventy-eight patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency, and in twelve normal subjects.
2. In mild renal failure the fractional excretion of filtered sodium, magnesium and phosphorus are significantly higher while that of calcium is significantly lower than values seen in normals. In advanced renal failure the fractional excretions of the filtered loads of all these ions increase steeply. These patterns are not influenced by the type of renal disease.
3. The fractional excretions of filtered sodium and calcium, calcium and magnesium, and sodium and magnesium were plotted against each other. The analysis of the plots showed that the fractional excretions of their filtered loads correlate poorly in patients with mild and moderate renal insufficiency, but closely in patients with severe renal failure.
4. These results indicate that the relation between the renal handling of divalent ions is not uniform at all levels of renal insufficiency. The dissociation between the excretory patterns observed in patients with early renal failure is consistent with the concept that different mechanisms may influence each individual ion separately. This is in contrast to the close association which exists between the excretory patterns of these ions in patients with advanced renal disease, and in which a single common mechanism may underlie the renal handling of these ions.
The Hypoxic Drive to Breathing in Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
Authors: Flenley D. C. , Franklin D. H. , Millar J. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. We measured the ventilatory response to CO2 at two levels of arterial Po2 in twelve patients who suffered from chronic obstructive bronchitis. We also determined the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid bicarbonate in ten of these patients.
2. The CO2 response was depressed in nine patients who suffered from hypoxia and CO2 retention when breathing air. The hypoxic drive to breathing was normal in six cases, increased in one and absent in two cases who had severe chronic hypoxia and secondary polycythaemia.
3. The slope of the acute on chronic whole body CO2 titration line expressed in terms of arterial H+ and arterial Pco2 was the same in the hypercapnic patients as in normal men. This relationship allows predictions of the duration of hypercapnia in clinical practice.
4. Increased buffering in cerebrospinal fluid does not account for the depressed ventilatory response to CO2 in these patients.
5. By calculating the probable rise in jugular venous Pco2 which will follow correction of chronic hypoxia in these patients, we conclude that the administration of oxygen will remove a peripheral chemoreceptor stimulus to breathing but increase the central stimulus by a rise in cerebrospinal fluid acidity.
Urinary Excretion of Calcium and Creatinine in Relation to Age and Body Weight in Normal Subjects and Patients with Renal Calculus
Authors: Bulusu L. , Hodgkinson A. , Nordin B. E. C. , Peacock M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Variations with age in body weight, urine volume and calcium and creatinine excretion were determined in 246 normal subjects and 305 patients with calcium-containing renal stones.
2. Body weight, urine volume and creatinine excretion increased with age to a maximum in the third decade in both male and female controls and stone-formers. Thereafter body weight and urine volume did not change appreciably but creatinine excretion decreased.
3. In normal subjects the daily excretion of calcium and calcium concentration increased in the first two decades and remained relatively constant thereafter until the eighth decade when they decreased. The calcium/creatinine ratio was high in the first decade and fell during the second and third decades. Thereafter it remained relatively constant in men until the eighth decade when it fell. In women, however, there was a second rise in the fifth and sixth decades. The calcium/body weight ratio remained relatively constant with age until the eighth decade, when it fell.
4. Patients with renal calculus showed similar variations in calcium excretion with age. The mean values, however they were expressed, were higher than those in normal subjects of the same age and sex.
5. The daily excretion of calcium was higher in men than women, whether normal subjects or stone-formers. This difference was abolished when calcium excretion was related to body weight and reversed when excretion was related to creatinine.
6. Comparison of the present data with previous data from the same population indicated that the mean daily excretion of calcium by both normal subjects and patients with renal calculi has increased during the last decade.
7. The significance of these observations in relation to calcium homeostasis and renal calculus formation is discussed.
Distribution of Blood Flow in the Renal Cortex during Saline Loading
Authors: Munck O. , de Bono E. , Mills I. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of infusion of isotonic saline on the circulation in the renal cortex in the dog was investigated by an external counting technique involving measurement of the transit times for 85Krypton and 131I-labelled albumin after rapid injection into the renal artery.
2. During saline infusion superficial renal cortical blood flow and overall cortical blood flow rose by 23 and 15%, respectively. There was a 6% rise in the ratio superficial cortical blood flow to overall cortical flow, which however, was not significant.
3. Resistance to flow through cortex decreased.
4. Mean transit time for plasma through cortex decreased from an average of 2·9 sec in the control period to 2·6 and 2·1 sec during saline infusion.
5. Renal cortical blood volume, as estimated from the cortical blood flow and the mean transit time for plasma, was virtually unchanged.
6. These studies indicate that the decrease in resistance to flow during acute isotonic saline infusion is probably caused by a dilatation of the resistance vessels only. No significant redistribution of blood flow in cortex takes place; this, however, does not exclude regional changes in glomerular filtration rate.