bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility of nine organophosphorus pesticides in skimmed milk towards inoculated lactic acid bacteria and yogurt starters
Authors: Zhou Xin‐Wei , Zhao Xin‐Huai 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrevious research has shown that fresh milk might be polluted by some organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs). In this study the dissipation of nine OPPs, namely chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos‐methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos, fenthion, malathion, phorate, pirimiphos‐methyl and trichlorphon, in skimmed milk was investigated to clarify their susceptibility towards lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yogurt starters.RESULTSSkimmed milk was spiked with nine OPPs, inoculated with five strains of LAB and two commercial yogurt starters at 42 °C for 24 and 5 h respectively and subjected to quantitative OPP analysis by gas chromatography. Degradation kinetic constants of these OPPs were calculated based on a first‐order reaction model. OPP dissipation in the milk was enhanced by the inoculated strains and starters, resulting in OPP concentrations decreasing by 7.0–64.6 and 7.4–19.2% respectively. Totally, the nine OPPs were more susceptible to Lactobacillus bulgaricus, as it enhanced their degradation rate constants by 18.3–133.3%. Higher phosphatase production of the assayed stains was observed to bring about greater OPP degradation in the milk.CONCLUSIONBoth LAB and yogurt starters could enhance OPP dissipation in skimmed milk, with the nine OPPs studied having different susceptibilities towards them. Phosphatase was a key factor governing OPP dissipation. The LAB of higher phosphatase production have more potential to decrease OPPs in fermented foods. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Models for Oscillating Polymerization: Activation by Product in a System with Flow
Authors: KATIME ISSA , PÉREZ ORTIZ JUAN A. , MORALES JOSÉ A. , MENDIZÁBAL EDUARDO 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIn this work, four polymerization mechanisms with flow are proposed where sustained oscillation can be present: (1) Polyaddition initiated by radicals produced by initiator decomposition, which is catalyzed by the polymer, first‐order termination, a polymer disappears by a reaction with a third substance and by leaving the system in the exit flow. (2) Polycondensation where the polymer has catalytic activity upon H to produce a monomer, first‐order termination and a monomer disappears by a reaction with a third substance, and there is exit flow for all the species. (3) Polycondensation with catalytic activity of the polymer upon A to produce a monomer, first‐order termination, conformational transitions of the polymers, one of the polymer conformations disappears by a reaction with a monomer and exit flow for all the species. (4) Polycondensation combined with polyaddition where the polycondensation polymer product has catalytic activity on the monomer, first‐order termination and exit flow of all the species.
Absorption and Scattering in Concentrated Monomer Miniemulsions: Static and Dynamic Investigations
Authors: Lobry Emeline , Jasinski Florent , Penconi Marta , Chemtob Abraham , Ley Christian , Croutxé‐Barghorn Céline , Oliveros Esther , Braun André M. , Criqui Adrien 
Published: April 2014

Low‐scattering monomer miniemulsions have recently emerged as a suitable system for the development of efficient photopolymerization processes in dispersed media. Since their reactivity under UV exposure is strongly dependent on their optical properties, there is a strong interest to find simple analytical methods for studying absorption and scattering with ready‐to‐polymerize concentrated miniemulsions, while avoiding dilution. This paper focuses on three types of concentrated miniemulsions without photoinitiator (PI) and containing either a hydrophilic or hydrophobic PI. The application of the two‐flux theory of Kubelka–Munk on these multiple scattering miniemulsions enables the determination of the scattering and absorption coefficients for different initial droplet sizes. These results show that reaction kinetics are strongly correlated with scattering efficiency. Below a threshold average diameter of ca. 150 nm, any decrease of droplet size diminishes the extent of scattering significantly, thus improving light penetration and the reaction rate. Additionally, a complementary dynamic study proves that the smallest miniemulsions are subjected to a decrease of scattering during irradiation. This result opens up interesting perspectives on the elucidation of the nucleation mechanism operating in a miniemulsion photopolymerization.
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Image reconstruction in k‐space from MR data encoded with ambiguous gradient fields
Authors: Schultz Gerrit , Gallichan Daniel , Weber Hans , Witschey Walter R.T. , Honal Matthias , Hennig Jürgen , Zaitsev Maxim 
Published: April 2014

PurposeIn this work, the limits of image reconstruction in k‐space are explored when non‐bijective gradient fields are used for spatial encoding.TheoryThe image space analogy between parallel imaging and imaging with non‐bijective encoding fields is partially broken in k‐space. As a consequence, it is hypothesized and proven that ambiguities can only be resolved partially in k‐space, and not completely as is the case in image space.MethodsImage‐space and k‐space based reconstruction algorithms for multi‐channel radiofrequency data acquisitions are programmed and tested using numerical simulations as well as in vivo measurement data.ResultsThe hypothesis is verified based on an analysis of reconstructed images. It is found that non‐bijective gradient fields have the effect that densely sampled autocalibration data, used for k‐space reconstruction, provide less information than a separate scan of the receiver coil sensitivity maps, used for image space reconstruction. Consequently, in k‐space only the undersampling artifact can be unfolded, whereas in image space, it is also possible to resolve aliasing that is caused by the non‐bijectivity of the gradient fields.ConclusionFor standard imaging, reconstruction in image space and in k‐space is nearly equivalent, whereas there is a fundamental difference with practical consequences for the selection of image reconstruction algorithms when non‐bijective encoding fields are involved. Magn Reson Med 73:857–864, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Free‐breathing steady‐state free precession cine cardiac magnetic resonance with respiratory navigator gating
Authors: Moghari Mehdi H. , Komarlu Rukmini , Annese David , Geva Tal , Powell Andrew J. 
Published: April 2014

PurposeTo develop and validate a respiratory motion compensation method for free‐breathing cardiac cine imaging.MethodsA free‐breathing navigator‐gated cine steady‐state free precession acquisition (Cine‐Nav) was developed which preserves the equilibrium state of the net magnetization vector, maintains the high spatial and temporal resolutions of standard breath‐hold (BH) acquisition, and images entire cardiac cycle. Cine image data is accepted only from cardiac cycles occurring entirely during end‐expiration. Prospective validation was performed in 10 patients by obtaining in each three complete ventricular image stacks with different respiratory motion compensation approaches: (1) BH, (2) free‐breathing with 3 signal averages (3AVG), and (3) free‐breathing with Cine‐Nav.ResultsThe subjective image quality score (1 = worst, 4 = best) for Cine‐Nav (3.8 ± 0.4) was significantly better than for 3AVG (2.2 ± 0.5, P = 0.002), and similar to BH (4.0 ± 0.0, P = 0.13). The blood‐to‐myocardium contrast ratio for Cine‐Nav (6.3 ± 1.5) was similar to BH (5.9 ± 1.6, P = 0.52) and to 3AVG (5.6 ± 2.5, P = 0.43). There were no significant differences between Cine‐Nav and BH for the ventricular volumes and mass. In contrast, there were significant differences between 3AVG and BH in all of these measurements but right ventricular mass.ConclusionFree‐breathing cine imaging with Cine‐Nav yielded comparable image quality and ventricular measurements to BH, and was superior to 3AVG. Magn Reson Med 73:1555–1561, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Feasibility of Electric Property Tomography of pelvic tumors at 3T
Authors: Balidemaj Edmond , van Lier Astrid L. H. M. W. , Crezee Hans , Nederveen Aart J. , Stalpers Lukas J. A. , van den Berg Cornelis A. T. 
Published: April 2014

PurposeInvestigation of the validity of the “transceive phase assumption” for Electric Property Tomography of pelvic tumors at 3T. The acquired electric conductivities of pelvic tumors are beneficial for improved specific absorption rate determination in hyperthermia treatment planning.MethodsElectromagnetic simulations and magnetic resonance imaging measurements of a pelvic‐sized phantom and the human pelvis of a volunteer and a cervix cancer patient.ResultsThe reconstructed conductivity values of the phantom tumor model are in good quantitative agreement (mean deviation: 1–10%) with the probe measurements. Furthermore, the average reconstructed conductivity of a pelvic tumor model was in close agreement with the input conductivity (0.86 S/m vs. 0.90 S/m). The reconstructed tumor conductivity of the presented patient (cervical carcinoma, Stage: IVA) was 1.16 ± 0.40 S/m.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the feasibility of electric property tomography to measure quantitatively the conductivity of centrally located tumors in a pelvic‐sized phantom and human pelvis with a standard magnetic resonance (MR) system and MR sequences. A good quantitative agreement was found between the reconstructed σ‐values and probe measurements for a wide range of σ‐values and for off‐axis located spherical compartment. As most pelvic tumors are located in the central region of the pelvis, these results can be exploited in hyperthermia treatment planning systems. Magn Reson Med 73:1505–1513, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Negative effect of clenbuterol on physical capacities and neuromuscular control of muscle atrophy in adult rats
Authors: Lang Guillaume , Dernoncourt Valerie , Bisson Jean‐François 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Clenbuterol has been used to alleviate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and elicit an anabolic response in muscles. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of muscle mass variation on physical capacities in rats.Methods: The left hindlimbs of Wistar rats were immobilized for 20 days in plantarflexion with a splint and then remobilized for 16 days. The effect of a non‐myotoxic dose of clenbuterol during the immobilization period was evaluated. Physical capacities were coordination, free locomotion, grip strength, and bilateral deficit.Results: Immobilization induced a loss of muscle mass, coordination, and strength without any effect on free locomotion. The positive anabolic effect of clenbuterol did not prevent a loss of physical capacities resulting from immobilization.Conclusions: Muscle mass correlated strongly with coordination and isometric strength in untreated rats. Anabolic effect, fiber phenotype modification, and perturbation in neuromuscular communication with clenbuterol improved muscle mass, but it altered physical capacities.Muscle Nerve52: 1078–1087, 2015
Green and blue areas as predictors of overweight and obesity in an 8‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Halonen Jaana I. , Kivimäki Mika , Pentti Jaana , Stenholm Sari , Kawachi Ichiro , Subramanian S.V. , Vahtera Jussi 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo longitudinally examine associations between proximity of urban green or blue areas and BMI.MethodsThe study population consisted of the Finnish Public Sector study participants who responded to surveys in 2000 and 2008 and lived in an urban area; 15,621 of them did not move residence (nonmovers) during the follow‐up, and 9696 did (movers). The associations for objectively measured distance and change in distance to blue area and usable green area with self‐reported BMI were assessed (normal weight/overweight/obese).ResultsAmong the nonmovers, living >750 versus <250 m from usable green area increased the odds of overweight (odds ratio [OR] 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07‐2.11), and living 500‐750 versus <250 m from the nearest blue area increased the odds of overweight (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.01‐1.52). No significant associations were observed for obesity. Moving away from the proximity of green, but not blue, area (from <250 to >250m) increased the odds of obesity (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.08‐2.06).ConclusionsThese longitudinal population level findings suggest that living far from usable green areas or waterfront in urban areas increases the risk of overweight.
Evaluation of early weight loss thresholds for identifying nonresponders to an intensive lifestyle intervention
Authors: Unick Jessica L. , Hogan Patricia E. , Neiberg Rebecca H. , Cheskin Lawrence J. , Dutton Gareth R. , Evans‐Hudnall Gina , Jeffery Robert , Kitabchi Abbas E. , Nelson Julie A. , Pi‐Sunyer F. Xavier , West Delia Smith , Wing Rena R. ,   The Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveWeight losses in lifestyle interventions are variable, yet prediction of long‐term success is difficult. The utility of using various weight loss thresholds in the first 2 months of treatment for predicting 1‐year outcomes was examined.MethodsParticipants included 2327 adults with type 2 diabetes (BMI:35.8 ± 6.0) randomized to the intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) of the Look AHEAD trial. ILI included weekly behavioral sessions designed to increase physical activity and reduce caloric intake. 1‐month, 2‐month, and 1‐year weight changes were calculated.ResultsParticipants failing to achieve a ≥2% weight loss at Month 1 were 5.6 (95% CI:4.5, 7.0) times more likely to also not achieve a ≥10% weight loss at Year 1, compared to those losing ≥2% initially. These odds were increased to 11.6 (95% CI:8.6, 15.6) when using a 3% weight loss threshold at Month 2. Only 15.2% and 8.2% of individuals failing to achieve the ≥2% and ≥3% thresholds at Months 1 and 2, respectively, go on to achieve a ≥10% weight loss at Year 1.ConclusionsGiven the association between initial and 1‐year weight loss, the first few months of treatment may be an opportune time to identify those who are unsuccessful and utilize rescue efforts.Trial Registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00017953
Emigration of Scottish Steelworkers to Canada: Impacts on Social Networks
Authors: Newbold K. Bruce , Watson Susannah , Ellaway Anne 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThroughout the 1960s–1980s, many steelworkers emigrated from the regions in and around Glasgow, Scotland, seeking better economic opportunities in other industrial cities, including Hamilton in Ontario, Canada. However, little is known about how this move affected the social networks of the steelworkers and their families at the time of immigration and how their social networks had evolved over time. Fifteen former Scottish steelworkers living in the Hamilton area and the daughter of one deceased steelworker were interviewed for this study. Immigration to Canada had clearly disrupted their social networks, as many experienced the loss of valued relationships with parents, neighbours, and co‐workers left behind in Scotland. These losses led to homesickness for many steelworkers and their wives and had driven some families back to their home country. Despite cultural similarities to the broader population, the steelworkers still experienced social isolation at times that limited their ability to form supportive networks (particularly with co‐workers and neighbours). Over time, a change in lifestyle as a result of immigration increased social advantages in Canada, and involvement in recreational sports contributed to the strengthening of relationships (particularly with their immediate family members and fellow Scottish immigrants) and the formation of new social networks, albeit ones that differed from those they had left behind in Scotland. This study helped to identify circumstances that both challenge and ease the formation of social networks for immigrants and contribute to our understanding of how context influences the evolution of social networks for new arrivals. © 2014 The Authors. Population, Space and Place published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Theoretical investigation of molecular and electronic structure changes of the molecular magnet Mn12 cluster upon super‐reduction
Authors: Nishimoto Yoshio , Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Awaga Kunio , Lundberg Marcus , Irle Stephan 
Published: April 2014

Abstractmagnified imageDensity functional theory calculations on the neutral [Mn12]0 molecular magnet and super‐reduced [Mn12]8– cluster were employed to investigate the experimental geometrical changes observed during discharging in a molecular cluster battery. It was found that for relevant low‐spin states the eight electrons added in [Mn12]8– are mainly added to the outer eight Mn atoms, causing elongation of the bonds between outer Mn and their surrounding O atoms, while the inner Mn4 cluster is less affected by the reduction.magnified imageSchematic representation of the spin density of the neutral [Mn12]0 cluster and its super‐reduced state [Mn12]8–, for which several possible spin states were found.(© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Better Posture Strategy for Fingertip Force and Finger Coordination during a Daily Activity
Authors: Huang Chen‐Yu , Su Fong‐Chin 
Published: April 2014

An effective jar opening movement requires not only the complex integration of the thumb and fingers but also good body segment coordination dependent on the body posture. However, few studies have focused on the effect that jar opening posture has on the finger force integration when the fingertips are grasping the jar in their natural positions, rather than fixed ones, and few have considered the role of the global motor in this task.Forty‐two healthy young subjects participated in this study and performed the jar opening movement using a custom instrument with three opening postures. The results showed that the resultant force and overall torque of the right hand significantly increased from the vertical to the off‐table posture. The thumb produced the greatest resultant, tangential and normal forces when the off‐table posture was used. Further, the average normalized normal forces of the thumb and middle–ring–little finger group were greater for the off‐table posture than those for the vertical posture, whereas no difference was found for the index finger. The normal forces were 3.02–3.36 times greater than the tangential forces for the three finger groups. The thumb had the greatest torque contribution and produced the same torque contributions for all the three postures. The torque contributions of the index finger and the middle–ring–little finger group were 0.56–0.96 times smaller than that of the thumb. This study found a better posture strategy for the young subjects to open a jar with the off‐table posture while sitting, and this was also the best opening posture when comparing the overall torque in this work with that reported in previous studies, no matter whether the subjects were standing or sitting or whatever type of finger group was defined. However, the effect of grasp type and the middle, ring and little fingertip force need to be clarified in future studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Propensity score methods for estimating relative risks in cluster randomized trials with low‐incidence binary outcomes and selection bias
Authors: Leyrat Clémence , Caille Agnès , Donner Allan , Giraudeau Bruno 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDespite randomization, selection bias may occur in cluster randomized trials. Classical multivariable regression usually allows for adjusting treatment effect estimates with unbalanced covariates. However, for binary outcomes with low incidence, such a method may fail because of separation problems. This simulation study focused on the performance of propensity score (PS)‐based methods to estimate relative risks from cluster randomized trials with binary outcomes with low incidence. The results suggested that among the different approaches used (multivariable regression, direct adjustment on PS, inverse weighting on PS, and stratification on PS), only direct adjustment on the PS fully corrected the bias and moreover had the best statistical properties. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tricks of Light on Helices: Transformation of Helical Polymers by Photoirradiation
Authors: Nakano Tamaki 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe following polymer structural transitions were achieved using light: preferred‐handed helix formation for poly(9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluoren‐2,7‐diyl), helix racemization (helix–helix transition) for poly(2,7‐bis(4‐t‐butylphenyl)fluoren‐9‐yl acrylate) and poly(2,5‐bis[4‐((S)‐2‐methylbutyloxy)phenyl]styrene), and helix decomposition for poly(2,7‐bis(4‐t‐butylphenyl)‐9‐methylfluoren‐9‐yl acrylate) and poly(2,7‐bis(4‐t‐butylphenyl)fluoren‐9‐ylmethyl methacrylate). Although these types of transitions and chemical transformations have been studied mainly using heat or chemicals as stimuli, light can also cause these structural alterations. In the helix construction and the helix–helix transition, a key transition is a twist‐coplanar conformational change of a biphenyl or an aryl–aryl unit in the side chain or the main chain of the polymer. Furthermore, the helix–helix transition was caused only by light and not by heat. The examples discussed in this review are expected to trigger off a new direction in synthesis and reaction of chiral polymers.
Laparoscopic Versus Open Incisional and Ventral Hernia Repair: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Yanyan , Zhou Haiyang , Chai Yunsheng , Cao Can , Jin Kaizhou , Hu Zhiqian 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundLaparoscopic incisional and ventral hernia repair (LIVHR) is an alternative approach to conventional open incisional and ventral hernia repair (OIVHR). A consensus on outcomes of LIVHR when compared with OIVHR has not been reached.MethodsAs the basis for the present study, we performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of all randomized controlled trials comparing LIVHR and OIVHR.ResultsEleven studies involving 1,003 patients were enrolled. The incidences of wound infection were significantly lower in the laparoscopic group than that in the open group (laparoscopic group 2.8 %, open group 16.2 %; RR = 0.19, 95 % CI 0.11–0.32; P < 0.00001). The rates of wound drainage were significantly lower in the laparoscopic group than that in the open group (laparoscopic group 2.6 %, open group 67.0 %; RR = 0.06, 95 % CI 0.03–0.09; P < 0.00001). However, the rates of bowel injury were significantly higher in the laparoscopic group than in the open group (laparoscopic group 4.3 %, open group 0.81 %; RR = 3.68, 95 % CI 1.56–8.67; P = 0.003). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the incidences of hernia recurrence, postoperative seroma, hematoma, bowel obstruction, bleeding, and reoperation. Descriptive analyses showed a shorter length of hospital stay in the laparoscopic group.ConclusionsLaparoscopic incisional and ventral hernia repair is a feasible and effective alternative to the open technique. It is associated with lower incidences of wound infection and shorter length of hospital stay. However, caution is required because it is associated with an increased risk of bowel injury compared with the open technique. Given the relatively short follow‐up duration of trials included in the systematic review, trials with long‐term follow‐up are needed to compare the durability of laparoscopic and open repair.