bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the BD Bactec MGIT 320 System for Detection of Mycobacteria and Drug Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Duque Abigail , Lin S.-Y. Grace , Desmond Edward , Rienthong Somsak , Rienthong Dhanida , Boonin Chanattree 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Two different laboratories evaluated growth and detection of mycobacteria and drug susceptibility testing of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
by the BD Bactec MGIT 320 using the BD Bactec MGIT 960 (BD Diagnostics, Sparks, MD) as a reference method. Out of 359 processed sputum specimens for detection of mycobacteria, 99.7% were in agreement between the MGIT 320 and MGIT 960. Streptomycin (STR), isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB) (collectively known as SIRE), and pyrazinamide (PZA) drug susceptibility testing was performed on 89 clinical strains, prepared from both liquid and solid inocula. The results of SIRE and PZA were 100% reproducible between the two instruments tested at both laboratories.
Parametrial Anisakidosis
Authors: Ramanan Poornima , Blumberg Andrea K. , Mathison Blaine , Pritt Bobbi S. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Anisakidosis is a parasitic infection caused by anisakid nematodes in the genera
Anisakis
and
Pseudoterranova
. Infection is not uncommon in the United States due to increased raw seafood consumption. We report the first known case of parametrial anisakidosis in a 42-year-old woman and review existing literature.
An Inactivated Cell Culture Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine (JE-ADVAX) Formulated with Delta Inulin Adjuvant Provides Robust Heterologous Protection against West Nile Encephalitis via Cross-Protective Memory B Cells and Neutralizing Antibody
Authors: Petrovsky Nikolai , Larena Maximilian , Siddharthan Venkatraman , Prow Natalie A. , Hall Roy A. , Lobigs Mario , Morrey John 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTWest Nile virus (WNV), currently the cause of a serious U.S. epidemic, is a mosquito-borne flavivirus and member of the Japanese encephalitis (JE) serocomplex. There is currently no approved human WNV vaccine, and treatment options remain limited, resulting in significant mortality and morbidity from human infection. Given the availability of approved human JE vaccines, this study asked whether the JE-ADVAX vaccine, which contains an inactivated cell culture JE virus antigen formulated with Advax delta inulin adjuvant, could provide heterologous protection against WNV infection in wild-type and β2-microglobulin-deficient (β2m−/−) murine models. Mice immunized twice or even once with JE-ADVAX were protected against lethal WNV challenge even when mice had low or absent serum cross-neutralizing WNV titers prior to challenge. Similarly, β2m−/−mice immunized with JE-ADVAX were protected against lethal WNV challenge in the absence of CD8+T cells and prechallenge WNV antibody titers. Protection against WNV could be adoptively transferred to naive mice by memory B cells from JE-ADVAX-immunized animals. Hence, in addition to increasing serum cross-neutralizing antibody titers, JE-ADVAX induced a memory B-cell population able to provide heterologous protection against WNV challenge. Heterologous protection was reduced when JE vaccine antigen was administered alone without Advax, confirming the importance of the adjuvant to induction of cross-protective immunity. In the absence of an approved human WNV vaccine, JE-ADVAX could provide an alternative approach for control of a major human WNV epidemic.
HLA-Specific Intracellular Epitope Processing Shapes an Immunodominance Pattern for HLA-B*57 That Is Distinct from HLA-B*58:01
Authors: Kløverpris Henrik N. , Stryhn Anette , Harndahl Mikkel , Payne Rebecca , Towers Greg J. , Chen Fabian , Riddell Lynn , Walker Bruce D. , Ndung'u Thumbi , Leslie Alasdair , Buus Søren , Goulder Philip 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

HLA-B*57 is strongly associated with immune control of HIV and delayed AIDS progression. The closely related, but less protective, HLA-B*58:01 presents similar epitopes, but HLA-B*58:01
+
individuals do not generate CD8
+
T cells targeting the KF11-Gag epitope, which has been linked to low viremia. Here we show that HLA-B*58:01 binds and presents KF11 peptide, but HIV-infected HLA-B*58:01
+
cells fail to process KF11. This unexpected finding demonstrates that immunodominance patterns can be influenced by intracellular events independent of HLA binding motifs.
Pressure from TRIM5α Contributes to Control of HIV-1 Replication by Individuals Expressing Protective HLA-B Alleles
Authors: Granier Clémence , Battivelli Emilie , Lécuroux Camille , Venet Alain , Lambotte Olivier , Schmitt-Boulanger Marion , Delaugerre Constance , Molina Jean-Michel , Chakrabarti Lisa A. , Clavel François , Hance Allan J. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

The expression of certain HLA class I alleles, including HLA-B*27 and HLA-B*57, is associated with better control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, but the mechanisms responsible are not fully understood. We sought evidence that pressure from the human restriction factor TRIM5α (hTRIM5α) could contribute to viral control. The hTRIM5α sensitivity of viruses from both HLA-B*57-positive (HLA-B*57
+
) and HLA-B*27
+
patients who spontaneously controlled viral replication, but not viruses from viremic patients expressing these alleles, was significantly greater than that of viruses from patients not expressing these protective HLA-B alleles. Overall, a significant negative correlation between hTRIM5α sensitivity and viral load was observed. In HLA-B*57
+
patients, the T242N mutation in the HLA-B*57-restricted TW10 CD8
+
T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope was strongly associated with hTRIM5α sensitivity. In HLA-B*27
+
controllers, hTRIM5α sensitivity was associated with a significant reduction in emergence of key CTL mutations. In several patients, viral evolution to avoid hTRIM5α sensitivity was observed but could be associated with reduced viral replicative capacity. Thus, in individuals expressing protective HLA-B alleles, the combined pressures exerted by CTL, hTRIM5α, and capsid structural constraints can prevent viral escape both by impeding the selection of necessary resistance/compensatory mutations and forcing the selection of escape mutations that increase hTRIM5α sensitivity or impair viral replicative capacity.
Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus in an Immunocompetent Model of MUC1-Positive or MUC1-Null Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Hastie Eric , Besmer Dahlia M. , Shah Nirav R. , Murphy Andrea M. , Moerdyk-Schauwecker Megan , Molestina Carlos , Roy Lopamudra Das , Curry Jennifer M. , Mukherjee Pinku , Grdzelishvili Valery Z. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a promising oncolytic agent against various malignancies. Here, for the first time, we tested VSV
in vitro
and
in vivo
in a clinically relevant, immunocompetent mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Our system allows the study of virotherapy against PDA in the context of overexpression (80% of PDA patients) or no expression of human mucin 1 (MUC1), a major marker for poor prognosis in patients.
In vitro
, we tested three VSV recombinants, wild-type VSV, VSV-green fluorescent protein (VSV-GFP), and a safe oncolytic VSV-ΔM51-GFP, against five mouse PDA cell lines that either expressed human MUC1 or were MUC1 null. All viruses demonstrated significant oncolytic abilities independent of MUC1 expression, although VSV-ΔM51-GFP was somewhat less effective in two PDA cell lines.
In vivo
administration of VSV-ΔM51-GFP resulted in significant reduction of tumor growth for tested mouse PDA xenografts (+MUC1 or MUC1 null), and antitumor efficacy was further improved when the virus was combined with the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine. The antitumor effect was transient in all tested groups. The developed system can be used to study therapies involving various oncolytic viruses and chemotherapeutics, with the goal of inducing tumor-specific immunity while preventing premature virus clearance.
The Role of E3 in pH Protection during Alphavirus Assembly and Exit
Authors: Uchime Onyinyechukwu , Fields Whitney , Kielian Margaret 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Alphaviruses are small enveloped viruses whose surface is covered by spikes composed of trimers of E2/E1 glycoprotein heterodimers. During virus entry, the E2/E1 dimer dissociates within the acidic endosomal environment, freeing the E1 protein to mediate fusion of the viral and endosome membranes. E2 is synthesized as a precursor, p62, which is cleaved by furin in the late secretory pathway to produce mature E2 and a small peripheral glycoprotein, E3. The immature p62/E1 dimer is acid resistant, but since p62 is cleaved before exit from the acidic secretory pathway, low pH-dependent binding of E3 to the spike complex is believed to prevent premature fusion. Based on analysis of the structure of the Chikungunya virus E3/E2/E1 complex, we hypothesized that interactions of E3 residues Y47 and Y48 with E2 are important in this binding. We then directly tested the
in vivo
role of E3 in pH protection by alanine substitutions of E3 Y47 and Y48 (Y47/48A) in Semliki Forest virus. The mutant was nonviable and was blocked in E1 transport to the plasma membrane and virus production. Although the Y47/48A mutant initially formed the p62/E1 heterodimer, the dimer dissociated during transport through the secretory pathway. Neutralization of the pH in the secretory pathway successfully rescued dimer association, E1 transport, and infectious particle production. Further mutagenesis identified the critical contact as the cation-π interaction of E3 Y47 with E2. Thus, E3 mediates pH protection of E1 during virus biogenesis via interactions strongly dependent on Y47 at the E3-E2 interface.
Hydrophobic and Charged Residues in the Central Segment of the Measles Virus Hemagglutinin Stalk Mediate Transmission of the Fusion-Triggering Signal
Authors: Apte-Sengupta Swapna , Navaratnarajah Chanakha K. , Cattaneo Roberto 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT
The pH-independent measles virus membrane fusion process begins when the attachment protein H binds to a receptor. Knowing that the central segment of the tetrameric H stalk transmits the signal to the fusion protein trimer, we investigated how. We document that exact conservation of most residues in the 92 through 99 segment is essential for function. In addition, hydrophobic and charged residues in the 104 through 125 segment, arranged with helical periodicity, are critical for F protein interactions and signal transmission.
Mode of Virus Rescue Determines the Acquisition of VHS Mutations in VP22-Negative Herpes Simplex Virus 1
Authors: Ebert Katja , Depledge Daniel P. , Breuer Judith , Harman Laura , Elliott Gillian 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT
It has been proposed that herpes simplex virus 1 with VP22 deleted requires secondary mutation of VHS for viability. Here we show that a replication-competent Δ22 virus constructed by homologous recombination maintains a wild-type (Wt) VHS gene and has no other gross mutations. By contrast, Δ22 viruses recovered from a bacterial artificial chromosome contain multiple amino acid changes within a conserved region of VHS. Hence, the mode of virus rescue influences the acquisition of secondary mutations.
Functional Analysis of Claudin-6 and Claudin-9 as Entry Factors for Hepatitis C Virus Infection of Human Hepatocytes by Using Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Fofana Isabel , Zona Laetitia , Thumann Christine , Heydmann Laura , Durand Sarah C. , Lupberger Joachim , Blum Hubert E. , Pessaux Patrick , Gondeau Claire , Reynolds Gary M. , McKeating Jane A. , Grunert Fritz , Thompson John , Zeisel Mirjam B. , Baumert Thomas F. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT
The relevance of claudin-6 and claudin-9 in hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry remains elusive. We produced claudin-6- or claudin-9-specific monoclonal antibodies that inhibit HCV entry into nonhepatic cells expressing exogenous claudin-6 or claudin-9. These antibodies had no effect on HCV infection of hepatoma cells or primary hepatocytes. Thus, although claudin-6 and claudin-9 can serve as entry factors in cell lines, HCV infection into human hepatocytes is not dependent on claudin-6 and claudin-9.
The Recent Establishment of North American H10 Lineage Influenza Viruses in Australian Wild Waterfowl and the Evolution of Australian Avian Influenza Viruses
Authors: Vijaykrishna Dhanasekaran , Deng Yi-Mo , Su Yvonne C. F. , Fourment Mathieu , Iannello Pina , Arzey George G. , Hansbro Philip M. , Arzey K. Edla , Kirkland Peter D. , Warner Simone , O'Riley Kim , Barr Ian G. , Smith Gavin J. D. , Hurt Aeron C. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT
Influenza A H10N7 virus with a hemagglutinin gene of North American origin was detected in Australian chickens and poultry abattoir workers in New South Wales, Australia, in 2010 and in chickens in Queensland, Australia, on a mixed chicken and domestic duck farm in 2012. We investigated their genomic origins by sequencing full and partial genomes of H10 viruses isolated from wild aquatic birds and poultry in Australia and analyzed them with all available avian influenza virus sequences from Oceania and representative viruses from North America and Eurasia. Our analysis showed that the H10N7 viruses isolated from poultry were similar to those that have been circulating since 2009 in Australian aquatic birds and that their initial transmission into Australia occurred during 2007 and 2008. The H10 viruses that appear to have developed endemicity in Australian wild aquatic birds were derived from several viruses circulating in waterfowl along various flyways. Their hemagglutinin gene was derived from aquatic birds in the western states of the United States, whereas the neuraminidase was closely related to that from viruses previously detected in waterfowl in Japan. The remaining genes were derived from Eurasian avian influenza virus lineages. Our analysis of virological data spanning 40 years in Oceania indicates that the long-term evolutionary dynamics of avian influenza viruses in Australia may be determined by climatic changes. The introduction and long-term persistence of avian influenza virus lineages were observed during periods with increased rainfall, whereas bottlenecks and extinction were observed during phases of widespread decreases in rainfall. These results extend our understanding of factors affecting the dynamics of avian influenza and provide important considerations for surveillance and disease control strategies.
A core needle biopsy provides more malignancy-specific results than fine-needle aspiration biopsy in thyroid nodules suspicious for malignancy
Authors: Hakala T , Kholová I , Sand J , Saaristo R , Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P 
Published: July 2013

Background and aimsThe most commonly used diagnostic method for the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules is ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA), which often yields non-diagnostic or non-definitive results and seldom produces definite malignant diagnoses. To improve upon the malignancy-specific sensitivity, we tested core needle biopsies (CNBs) of thyroid lesions taken from surgical specimens.Material and methods52 consecutive patients with malignant or malignant-suspicious thyroid nodules were referred to Tampere University Hospital between May 2010 and December 2011. Preoperative FNAs were categorised as follicular neoplasm (48%), suspicion for malignancy (46%) or malignancy (6%). Intraoperative FNA and CNB samples were acquired from surgical specimens removed during surgery. The results of the needle biopsies were compared with the final pathological diagnosis.ResultsCNBs had a high definitive sensitivity for malignancy (61%, CI 41% to 78%) whereas the definitive sensitivity for malignancy of FNAs was significantly lower (22%, CI 10% to 42%). CNB was not beneficial in the diagnosis of follicular thyroid lesions. When all suspected follicular tumours were excluded, the definitive sensitivity of CNB rose to 70% (CI 48% to 86%).ConclusionsCNB may be beneficial for the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma and other non-follicular thyroid lesions. CNB may be considered as an additional diagnostic procedure in cases with FNA suspicious for malignancy.
PL02.1 The Dynamic Evolution of Sexual Behavior as It Impacts STD Spread
Authors: Aral S 
Published: July 2013

The past three decades have been marked by significant progress in our understanding of the biological foundations of human behaviour, the evolutionary forces that drive human conduct and cognition and environmental factors that turn genes on and off. Concurrently, advances in communication technologies have drastically changed the way people meet and mate; demographic trends have modified patterns of supply and demand of potential mates while economic trends have affected men and women’s’ motivations for sexual partnering.Consequent changes in sexual values, attitudes and norms; sexual behaviours including sexual practises; and concepts of marriage, commitment, love and sex have been remarkable. Major trends in sexual behavioural determinants of sexually transmitted infection spread include: exponential increases in the size of sexual core groups; increased acceptance of commercial and transactional sex; increases in male, female and underage sex tourism; and increased geographic mobility of sex workers. These trends result in greater connectedness among sexual core groups across national boundaries thereby limiting the effectiveness of national prevention programmes. Moreover, both increased sexual mixing between core groups and the general population and increased reporting about sexual core behaviours through social media facilitate behavioural contagion and enhance the impact of sexual core groups on the behaviours of the general population. It is surprising that STI are not spreading faster globally in light of these changes in their social and behavioural determinants.
S05.2 Challenges and Opportunities: Potentials in Research on AMR Gonococci
Authors: Deal C 
Published: July 2013

Although gonorrhoea has afflicted humans for centuries and the causative bacterium,Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was identified over a century ago, gonorrhoea remains a global public health problem. Stepwise acquisition of genetic mutations has conferred gradually increasing resistance to multiple antibiotics, thus limiting their usage for presumptive therapy. Until recently cephalosporins have remained the foundation of treatment, but growing evidence suggests that resistance is emerging. Even as researchers work to understanding the genetic mutations required for cephalosporin resistance, it is clear that new treatment options are needed. This presents a challenge as the number of new systemic antimicrobials evaluated and approved each year by regulatory agencies has steadily fallen over the past 30 years. Currently one new antimicrobial is undergoing clinical study as a potential treatment of gonorrhoea. An alternative strategy is to repurpose older antibiotics by studying the efficacy of dual therapy combinations of existing antimicrobials. Ultimately new antimicrobial development is needed now, since the development process can take more than a decade.Detecting and responding to emergence of multidrug resistant gonorrhoea remains a challenge. Rapid detection of resistant infections is facilitated by local antimicrobial susceptibility testing, which requires live organisms isolated by culture. However, as the use of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) have expanded, the number ofN. gonorrhoeaecultures performed by public health laboratories decreased rapidly and the capacity of laboratories to perform culture has declined. An alternative strategy is to develop molecular assays for detecting genetic mutations associated with resistance or susceptibility to specific antimicrobials to guide antibiotic selection by the clinician at the point of care. Even with this potential, molecular assays may not be able to supplant culture-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing for surveillance to detect novel resistance phenotypes and genotypes. Ultimately a gonococcal vaccine may be the most effective public health strategy.
S14.1 Testing For Syphilis in Pregnancy and Associated Adverse Outcomes in Mozambique
Authors: Mahomed M , Gimbel S , Hoek R , Rustagi A , Come C , Newman L , Faria F , Manuel J , Gloyd S , Broutet N 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundAntenatal syphilis screening and treatment is an effective intervention to reduce perinatal, infant, and maternal morbidity and mortality. Prenatal syphilis screening increased in Manica and Sofala Provinces from < 5% in 1993 to over 90% since 2005. This study aimed to (1) estimate the prevalence of congenital syphilis in the cities of Beira and Chimoio, (2) determine differences in congenital syphilis among women treated early in pregnancy, late in pregnancy, and not treated, and (3) identify factors associated with syphilis screening among pregnant women.MethodsPregnant women presenting at one of six maternities in Beira and Chimoio cities, were recruited and screened with rapid syphilis tests (RST) and, if positive, further screened using Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR). All live newborns whose mothers tested positive at any point during pregnancy or at birth were RPR screened to detect congenital syphilis. A newborn subsample also had blood and tissue samples taken for IgM and PCR testing to validate the RPR results.ResultsBetween March 5, 2012 and March 15, 2013, 16,812 women were recruited out of the 19,821 births registered at the participating maternities. Overall, 611 women (3.6% total) tested positive for syphilis; 498 were syphilis positive by RST at the maternity. An additional 113 women had tested positive at ANC, but were RST negative at delivery. Of the total 405 women who had tested syphilis positive (RST or RPR) and been treated in ANC, their syphilis results at delivery were the following: 286 (71%) were RST positive, 192 (47%) were both RST and RPR positive, and 35 (9%) were RPR positive and RST negative. There was no significant difference in RST/RPR rates between women treated before or after 28 weeks gestation. Of the 16,322 women who were syphilis negative at ANC, 211 (1.26%) were RPR positive at birth (suggestive of recent infection); of these women, 152 (54%) were RPR positive. Estimates of the prevalence of and factors associated with congenital syphilis and association with gestational age of treatment are pending, awaiting results of confirmatory testing.ConclusionsThe congenital syphilis prevalence rate is substantially lower in this region than in other regions of Mozambique, likely related to years of antenatal syphilis screening. Lifetime positivity of RST was variable, as nearly 30% of women with positive RST tests in pregnancy were RST negative at birth. In addition, nearly half of women treated adequately remained RPR positive at delivery after treatment.