bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operational real‐time GPS‐enhanced earthquake early warning
Authors: Grapenthin R. , Johanson I. A. , Allen R. M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMoment magnitudes for large earthquakes (Mw≥7.0) derived in real time from near‐field seismic data can be underestimated due to instrument limitations, ground tilting, and saturation of frequency/amplitude‐magnitude relationships. Real‐time high‐rate GPS resolves the buildup of static surface displacements with theSwave arrival (assuming nonsupershear rupture), thus enabling the estimation of slip on a finite fault and the event's geodetic moment. Recently, a range of high‐rate GPS strategies have been demonstrated on off‐line data. Here we present the first operational system for real‐time GPS‐enhanced earthquake early warning as implemented at the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory (BSL) and currently analyzing real‐time data for Northern California. The BSL generates real‐time position estimates operationally using data from 62 GPS stations in Northern California. A fully triangulated network defines 170+ station pairs processed with the software trackRT. The BSL uses G‐larmS, the Geodetic Alarm System, to analyze these positioning time series and determine static offsets and preevent quality parameters. G‐larmS derives and broadcasts finite fault and magnitude information through least‐squares inversion of the static offsets for slip based on a priori fault orientation and location information. This system tightly integrates seismic alarm systems (CISN‐ShakeAlert, ElarmS‐2) as it uses theirPwave detections to trigger its processing; quality control runs continuously. We use a synthetic Hayward Fault earthquake scenario on real‐time streams to demonstrate recovery of slip and magnitude. Reanalysis of theMw7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah earthquake tests the impact of dynamic motions on offset estimation. Using these test cases, we explore sensitivities to disturbances of a priori constraints (origin time, location, and fault strike/dip).
Air‐sea exchange of methanol and acetone during HiWinGS: Estimation of air phase, water phase gas transfer velocities
Authors: Yang Mingxi , Blomquist Byron W. , Nightingale Philip D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe air‐sea fluxes of methanol and acetone were measured concurrently using a proton‐transfer‐reaction mass spectrometer (PTR‐MS) with the eddy covariance (EC) technique during the High Wind Gas Exchange Study (HiWinGS) in 2013. The seawater concentrations of these compounds were also measured twice daily with the same PTR‐MS coupled to a membrane inlet. Dissolved concentrations near the surface ranged from 7 to 28 nM for methanol and from 3 to 9 nM for acetone. Both gases were consistently transported from the atmosphere to the ocean as a result of their low sea surface saturations. The largest influxes were observed in regions of high atmospheric concentrations and strong winds (up to 25 m s−1). Comparison of the total air‐sea transfer velocity of these two gases (Ka), along with the in situ sensible heat transfer rate, allows us to constrain the individual gas transfer velocity in the air phase (ka) and water phase (kw). Among existing parameterizations, the scaling of ka from the COARE model is the most consistent with our observations. The kw we estimated is comparable to the tangential (shear driven) transfer velocity previously determined from measurements of dimethyl sulfide. Lastly, we estimate the wet deposition of methanol and acetone in our study region and evaluate the lifetimes of these compounds in the surface ocean and lower atmosphere with respect to total (dry plus wet) atmospheric deposition.
Sensitivity of reference evapotranspiration to changes in meteorological parameters in Spain (1961–2011)
Authors: Vicente‐Serrano Sergio M. , Azorin‐Molina Cesar , Sanchez‐Lorenzo Arturo , Revuelto Jesús , Morán‐Tejeda Enrique , López‐Moreno Juan I. , Espejo Francisco 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study analyzes changes in monthly reference evapotranspiration (ETo) by use of the Penman‐Monteith equation and data from 46 meteorological stations in Spain from 1961 to 2011. Over the 51 year study period, there were trends for increasing average ETo during all months and annually at most of the individual meteorological stations. Sensitivity analysis of ETo to changes in meteorological variables was conducted by increasing and decreasing an individual climate variable holding the other variables constant. Sensitivity analysis indicated that relative humidity, wind speed, and maximum temperature had stronger effects on ETo than sunshine duration and minimum temperature. This suggests that aerodynamic component has more importance than radiative component to determine the atmospheric evaporative demand in Spain. The analysis showed a dominant latitudinal spatial gradient in the ETo relative changes across the 46 meteorological observatories, mainly controlled by the increasing available solar energy southward. In addition, the role of different meteorological variables on ETo is influenced by the average climatology at each observatory. ETo trends are mainly explained by the decrease in relative humidity and the increase in maximum temperature since the 1960s, particularly during the summer months. The physical mechanisms that explain ETo sensitivity to the different physical variables and current ETo trends are discussed in detail.
Organizing groundwater regimes and response thresholds by soils: A framework for understanding runoff generation in a headwater catchment
Authors: Gannon John P. , Bailey Scott W. , McGuire Kevin J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA network of shallow groundwater wells in a headwater catchment at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, U.S. was used to investigate the hydrologic behavior of five distinct soil morphological units. The soil morphological units were hypothesized to be indicative of distinct water table regimes. Water table fluctuations in the wells were characterized by their median and interquartile range of depth, proportion of time water table was present in the solum, and storage‐discharge behavior of subsurface flow. Statistically significant differences in median, interquartile range, and presence of water table were detected among soil units. Threshold responses were identified in storage‐discharge relationships of subsurface flow, with thresholds varying among soil units. These results suggest that soil horizonation is indicative of distinct groundwater flow regimes. The spatial distribution of water table across the catchment showed variably connected/disconnected active areas of runoff generation in the solum. The spatial distribution of water table and therefore areas contributing to stormflow is complex and changes depending on catchment storage.
MRI features of Binswanger's disease predict prognosis and associated pathology
Authors: Akiguchi Ichiro , Budka Herbert , Shirakashi Yoshitomo , Woehrer Adelheid , Watanabe Toshiyuki , Shiino Akihiko , Yamamoto Yasumasa , Kawamoto Yasuhiro , Krampla Wolfgang , Jungwirth Susanne , Fischer Peter 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the prevalence of MRI features of Binswanger's disease (BD), specifically MRI with diffuse white matter lesions and scattered multiple lacunes (BD‐MRI), and to describe neurological features and pathological outcomes of a community‐based cohort study.MethodsOf 697 participants (all 75 years old), 503 completed neurological examinations at baseline and were followed‐up every 30 months thereafter with MRIs, the mini‐mental state examination (MMSE) and the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale‐Motor Section (UPDRSM). Data from participants with BD‐MRI were compared with those from participants with predominant white matter lesions (WML‐MRI), scattered multiple lacunes (ML‐MRI), or normal MRIs.ResultsFourteen BD‐MRI patients (2.8%) were detected at baseline. The mean MMSE scores in the BD‐MRI, WML‐MRI, ML‐MRI, and normal MRIs groups were 26.4, 28.2, 28.4, and 28.5, respectively, and the mean UPDRSM scores were 9.1, 1.3, 3.1, and 1.7, respectively. At the 30‐month follow‐up, mortality rates in the normal MRIs, WML‐MRI and ML‐MRI were 4%, 9.1%, and 22.2%, respectively, and follow‐up MRIs were available for 80%, 82%, and 61% of the participants, respectively. In the BD‐MRI, however, five patients were deceased, and only five follow‐up individual MRIs were available (33.3%). Autopsies were performed on six of eight BD‐MRI brains, and these brains fulfilled the pathological criteria for BD independent of Alzheimer disease pathology. All these six individuals also showed systemic atherosclerosis and renal arterio‐arteriolosclerosis.InterpretationThe BD‐MRI participants had poor prognoses and showed pure BD pathology with advanced systemic vascular disease. BD‐MRI appears to be a predictor of vascular neurocognitive impairment.
Narcissism Distorts the Fading Affect Bias in Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Ritchie Timothy D. , Walker W. Richard , Marsh Shawnda , Hart Claire , Skowronski John J. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe Fading Affect Bias (FAB) occurs when the affect associated with personal events fades differentially across time: Positive affect fades slower than negative affect. Three studies examined whether the magnitude of the FAB is moderated by narcissism. Results from Study 1 (diary method, N = 26) showed that low narcissism participants evidenced a large FAB, but high narcissism participants evidenced a reversed FAB. Results from Study 2 (retrospective recall method, N = 110) showed that low narcissism participants evinced a large FAB and that the FAB diminished or dissipated as narcissism increased. Results from Study 3 (retrospective recall method, N = 83) showed that high narcissists evinced a FAB when they recalled achievement‐themed autobiographical events but evinced a reversed FAB when they recalled communal‐themed events. These findings occurred independently of event rehearsal frequency. Results are discussed in terms of the idea that emotion regulation efforts may be disrupted in narcissists. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Di‐tert Butyl Peroxide‐Promoted Sequential Methylation and Intramolecular Aromatization of Isonitriles
Authors: Dai Qiang , Yu Jin‐Tao , Feng Xiaomei , Jiang Yan , Yang Haitao , Cheng Jiang 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe di‐tert butyl peroxide (DTBP)‐promoted sequential reaction of isonitriles is developed, leading to 6‐methylphenanthridine derivatives in moderate to excellent yields. DTBP served as both promoter and methyl source. The procedure proceeds through the addition of a methyl radical derived from the peroxide to the isonitrile followed by aromatic homolytic cyclization. It tolerates a series of functional groups, such as fluoro, chloro, acetyl, methoxycarbonyl, cyano and trifluoromethyl.magnified image
Effect of Physical and Chemical Plasma Etching on Surface Wettability of Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymer Composites for Bone Plate Applications
Authors: ZIA ABDUL WASY , WANG YI‐QI , LEE SEUNGHUN 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTCarbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite bone plates are widely used nowadays. Implants with a hydrophobic surface are highly recommended, and plasma treatment can be used to reduce surface wettability to improve biological functioning. This study reports the physical and chemical plasma etching of CFRP for controlled surface wettability. The plasma treatment was performed with a linear ion beam source, and optimized physical and chemical etching conditions were evaluated. The untreated specimens have a contact angle of 52o. It was observed that the maximum contact angle of 68o can be obtained by physical plasma etching whereas the minimum angle of 19o can be achieved by chemical plasma etching, which is an important task of this study to enhance adhesion of a thin diamond‐like carbon film on CFRP on a coated composite bone plate.
Quantum capacitance and Landau parameters of massless Dirac fermions in graphene
Authors: Asgari Reza , Katsnelson Mikhail I. , Polini Marco 
Published: October 2014

Extensive numerical results for the thermodynamic density of states (i.e. quantum capacitance) of a two‐dimensional massless Dirac fermion fluid in a doped graphene sheet are presented. In particular, by employing the random phase approximation, the impact of screening exerted by a metal gate located nearby a graphene flake is quantified. Finally, the spin‐ and circularly‐symmetric Landau parameter, which can be experimentally extracted from independent measurements on the same setup of the quantum capacitance and quasiparticle velocity, is calculated.
Koexistenz von 3d‐Ferromagnetismus und Supraleitung in [(Li1−xFex)OH](Fe1−yLiy)Se
Authors: Pachmayr Ursula , Nitsche Fabian , Luetkens Hubertus , Kamusella Sirko , Brückner Felix , Sarkar Rajib , Klauss Hans‐Henning , Johrendt Dirk 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDie supraleitende Verbindung [(Li1−xFex)OH](Fe1−yLiy)Se (x≈0.2, y≈0.08) wurde durch Hydrothermalsynthese hergestellt und mit Einkristall‐ und Pulverdiffraktometrie strukturell charakterisiert. Die Struktur besteht aus alternierenden (Li1−xFex)OH‐ und (Fe1−yLiy)Se‐Schichten vom anti‐PbO‐Typ. Messungen des elektrischen Widerstandes und der magnetischen Suszeptibilität ergeben Supraleitung bei 43 K. Eine Anomalie in der diamagnetischen Abschirmung zeigt zusätzlich ferromagnetische Ordnung bei 10 K in der supraleitenden Phase an. Dieser Ferromagnetismus entsteht durch die Eisenatome der (Li1−xFex)OH‐Schicht, während die Supraleitung von der (Fe1−yLiy)Se‐Schicht ausgeht. Magnetisierungsisothermen bestätigen die Überlagerung der ferromagnetischen mit der supraleitenden Hysterese. Dabei ist das ferromagnetische Dipolfeld größer als das untere, aber kleiner als das obere kritische Feld des Supraleiters. Die Bildung einer spontanen Vortex‐Phase, in der beide Ordnungen koexistieren, wird durch 57Fe‐Mößbauer‐Spektren, 7Li‐NMR‐ und μSR‐Experimente bestätigt.
Multi‐Electron Oxygen Reduction by a Hybrid Visible‐Light‐Photocatalyst Consisting of Metal‐Oxide Semiconductor and Self‐Assembled Biomimetic Complex
Authors: Naya Shin‐ichi , Niwa Tadahiro , Negishi Ryo , Kobayashi Hisayoshi , Tada Hiroaki 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAdsorption experiments and density functional theory (DFT) simulations indicated that Cu(acac)2 is chemisorbed on the monoclinic sheelite (ms)‐BiVO4 surface to form an O2‐bridged binuclear complex (OBBC/BiVO4) like hemocyanin. Multi‐electron reduction of O2 is induced by the visible‐light irradiation of the OBBC/BiVO4 in the same manner as a blue Cu enzyme. The drastic enhancement of the O2 reduction renders ms‐BiVO4 to work as a good visible‐light photocatalyst without any sacrificial reagents. As a model reaction, we show that this biomimetic hybrid photocatalyst exhibits a high level of activity for the aerobic oxidation of amines to aldehydes in aqueous solution and imines in THF solution at 25 °C giving selectivities above 99 % under visible‐light irradiation.
A General Palladium‐Catalyzed Method for Alkylation of Heteroarenes Using Secondary and Tertiary Alkyl Halides
Authors: Wu Xiaojin , See Jessica Wei Ting , Xu Kai , Hirao Hajime , Roger Julien , Hierso Jean‐Cyrille , Zhou Jianrong (Steve) 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA general alkylation of heterocycles using a simple palladium catalyst is reported. Most classes of heterocycles, including indoles and pyridines, efficiently coupled with unactivated secondary and tertiary alkyl halides. An alkyl radical addition to neutral heteroarenes is most likely involved.
Crowning Proteins: Modulating the Protein Surface Properties using Crown Ethers
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Chung , Maestre‐Reyna Manuel , Hsu Kai‐Cheng , Wang Hao‐Ching , Liu Chia‐I , Jeng Wen‐Yih , Lin Li‐Ling , Wood Richard , Chou Chia‐Cheng , Yang Jinn‐Moon , Wang Andrew H.‐J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCrown ethers are small, cyclic polyethers that have found wide‐spread use in phase‐transfer catalysis and, to a certain degree, in protein chemistry. Crown ethers readily bind metallic and organic cations, including positively charged amino acid side chains. We elucidated the crystal structures of several protein‐crown ether co‐crystals grown in the presence of 18‐crown‐6. We then employed biophysical methods and molecular dynamics simulations to compare these complexes with the corresponding apoproteins and with similar complexes with ring‐shaped low‐molecular‐weight polyethylene glycols. Our studies show that crown ethers can modify protein surface behavior dramatically by stabilizing either intra‐ or intermolecular interactions. Consequently, we propose that crown ethers can be used to modulate a wide variety of protein surface behaviors, such as oligomerization, domain–domain interactions, stabilization in organic solvents, and crystallization.
Disciformycins A and B: 12‐Membered Macrolide Glycoside Antibiotics from the Myxobacterium Pyxidicoccus fallax Active against Multiresistant Staphylococci
Authors: Surup Frank , Viehrig Konrad , Mohr Kathrin I. , Herrmann Jennifer , Jansen Rolf , Müller Rolf 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTwo macrolide glycosides with a unique scaffold were isolated from cultures of the myxobacterium Pyxidicoccus fallax. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were elucidated by a combination of NMR, MS, degradation, and molecular modeling techniques. Analysis of the proposed biosynthetic gene cluster led to insights into the biosynthesis of the polyketide and confirmed the structure assignment. The more active compound, disciformycin B, potently inhibits methicillin‐ and vancomycin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Gram‐Scale Enantioselective Formal Synthesis of Morphine through an ortho–para Oxidative Phenolic Coupling Strategy
Authors: Tissot Matthieu , Phipps Robert J. , Lucas Catherine , Leon Rafael M. , Pace Robert D. M. , Ngouansavanh Tifelle , Gaunt Matthew J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA gram‐scale catalytic enantioselective formal synthesis of morphine is described. The key steps of the synthesis involve an ortho–para oxidative phenolic coupling and a highly diastereoselective “desymmetrization” of the resulting cyclohexadienone that generates three of the four morphinan ring junction stereocenters in one step. The stereochemistry is controlled from a single carbinol center installed through catalytic enantioselective hydrogenation. These transformations enabled the preparation of large quantities of key intermediates and could support a practical and scalable synthesis of morphine and related derivatives.
Dynamic properties of magnetorheological elastomers based on iron sand and natural rubber
Authors: Shuib Raa Khimi , Pickering K. L. , Mace B. R. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) based on iron sand and natural rubber were prepared. The Taguchi method was employed to investigate the effect of a number of factors, namely, the iron sand content, iron sand particle size, and applied magnetic field during curing on the loss tangent (tan δ) and energy dissipated during cyclic loading. Tan δ was measured through dynamic mechanical analysis over a range of frequency (0.01–130 Hz), strain amplitude (0.1–4.5%), and temperature (−100 to 50°C). The energy dissipated was measured with a universal tester under cyclic tensile loading. The data were then statistically analyzed to predict the optimal combination of factors, and finally, experiments were conducted for verification. It was found that the iron sand content had the greatest influence on tan δ when measured over a range of frequency, and the energy dissipated during hysteresis tests. However, none of the factors showed a significant influence on tan δ when measured over a range of strain amplitude. Furthermore, the iron sand content and magnetic field were also found to influence the width of the peak in tan δ as a function of the temperature. The morphological characteristics of the MREs were also examined with scanning electron microscopy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41506.
trans/cis‐Isomerization of Fluorene‐Bridged Azo Chromophore with Significant Two‐Photon Absorbability at Near‐Infrared Wavelength
Authors: Chu Chih‐Chien , Chang Ya‐Chi , Tsai Bo‐Kai , Lin Tzu‐Chau , Lin Ja‐Hon , Hsiao Vincent K. S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAzo‐containing materials have been proven to possess second‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties, but their third‐order NLO properties, which involves two‐photon absorption (2PA), has rarely been reported. In this study, we demonstrate a significant 2PA behavior of the novel azo chromophore incorporated with bilateral diphenylaminofluorenes (DPAFs) as a π framework. The electron‐donating DPAF moieties cause a redshifted π–π* absorption band centered at 470 nm, thus allowing efficient blue‐light‐induced trans‐to‐cis photoisomerization with a rate constant of 2.04×10−1 min−1 at the photostationary state (PSS). The open‐aperture Z‐scan technique that adopted a femtosecond (fs) pulse laser as excitation source shows an appreciably higher 2PA cross‐section for the fluorene‐derived azo chromophore than that for common azobenzene dyes at near‐infrared wavelength (λex=800 nm). Furthermore, the fs 2PA response is quite uniform regardless of the molecular geometry. On the basis of the computational modeling, the intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT) process from peripheral diphenylamines to the central azo group through a fluorene π bridge is crucial to this remarkable 2PA behavior.
Logic Gate System with Three Outputs and Three Inputs Based on Switchable Electrocatalysis of Glucose by Glucose Oxidase Entrapped in Chitosan Films
Authors: Liu Shuang , Wang Lei , Lian Wenjing , Liu Hongyun , Li Chen‐Zhong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA logic‐gate system with three outputs and three inputs was developed based on the bioelectrocatalysis of glucose by glucose oxidase (GOx) entrapped in chitosan films on the electrode surface by means of ferrocenedicarboxylic acid (Fc(COOH)2). Cyclic voltammetric (CV) signals of Fc(COOH)2 exhibited pH‐triggered on/off behavior owing to electrostatic interactions between the film and the probe at different pH levels. The addition of glucose greatly increased the oxidation peak current (Ipa) through the electrocatalytic reaction. pH and glucose were selected as two inputs. As a reversible inhibitor of GOx, Cu2+ was chosen as the third input. The combination of three inputs led to Ipa with different values according to different mechanisms, which were defined as three outputs with two thresholds. The logic gate with three outputs by using one type of enzyme provided a novel model to build logic circuits based on biomacromolecules, which might be applied to the intelligent medical diagnostics as smart biosensors in the future.
A Naphthalimide‐Based Fluorescence “Turn‐On” Probe for the Detection of Pb2+ in Aqueous Solution and Living Cells
Authors: Un Hio‐Ieng , Huang Chang‐Bo , Huang Junhai , Huang Chusen , Jia Ti , Xu Lin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn easily available naphthalimide‐based fluorescent probe NPA for Pb2+ detection was successfully developed. NPA exhibited an obvious fluorescence turn‐on response toward Pb2+ in aqueous solution and in living cells. Moreover, a series of model compounds were rationally designed and synthesized in order to explore the sensing mechanism and binding mode of NPA with Pb2+.