bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association Between Perceived Discrimination and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Problem Behaviors Among Preadolescent Youths
Authors: Bogart Laura M. , Elliott Marc N. , Kanouse David E. , Klein David J. , Davies Susan L. , Cuccaro Paula M. , Banspach Stephen W. , Peskin Melissa F. , Schuster Mark A. 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We examined the contribution of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination to disparities in problem behaviors among preadolescent Black, Latino, and White youths. Methods. We used cross-sectional data from Healthy Passages, a 3-community study of 5119 fifth graders and their parents from August 2004 through September 2006 in Birmingham, Alabama; Los Angeles County, California; and Houston, Texas. We used multivariate regressions to examine the relationships of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and race/ethnicity to problem behaviors. We used values from these regressions to calculate the percentage of disparities in problem behaviors associated with the discrimination effect. Results. In multivariate models, perceived discrimination was associated with greater problem behaviors among Black and Latino youths. Compared with Whites, Blacks were significantly more likely to report problem behaviors, whereas Latinos were significantly less likely (a “reverse disparity”). When we set Blacks’ and Latinos’ discrimination experiences to zero, the adjusted disparity between Blacks and Whites was reduced by an estimated one third to two thirds; the reverse adjusted disparity favoring Latinos widened by about one fifth to one half. Conclusions. Eliminating discrimination could considerably reduce mental health issues, including problem behaviors, among Black and Latino youths.
Social Resistance Framework for Understanding High-Risk Behavior Among Nondominant Minorities: Preliminary Evidence
Authors: Factor Roni , Williams David R. , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. The recently developed social resistance framework addresses a widespread pattern in which members of some nondominant minorities tend to engage in various risky and unhealthy behaviors more than the majority group. This pilot study tested the core hypotheses derived from this innovative framework. Methods. We conducted in 2011 a nationally representative Web-based survey of 200 members of a nondominant minority group (African Americans) and 200 members of a majority group (Whites). Results. The preliminary findings supported the main premises of the framework and suggested that nondominant minorities who felt discriminated and alienated from society tended also to have higher levels of social resistance. Those with higher levels of social resistance also engaged more in risky and unhealthy behaviors—smoking, drinking, and nonuse of seat belts—than did those with lower levels of social resistance. These associations were not found in the majority group. Conclusions. These preliminary results supported the framework and suggested that social resistance might play a meaningful role in risky and unhealthy behaviors of nondominant minorities, and should be taken into account when trying to reduce health disparities.
Health Effects of Neighborhood Demolition and Housing Improvement: A Prospective Controlled Study of 2 Natural Experiments in Urban Renewal
Authors: Egan Matt , Katikireddi Srinivasa Vittal , Kearns Ade , Tannahill Carol , Kalacs Martins , Bond Lyndal 
Published: April 2013

Objectives. We took advantage of a 2-intervention natural experiment to investigate the impacts of neighborhood demolition and housing improvement on adult residents’ mental and physical health. Methods. We identified a longitudinal cohort (n = 1041, including intervention and control participants) by matching participants in 2 randomly sampled cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2006 and 2008 in 14 disadvantaged neighborhoods of Glasgow, United Kingdom. We measured residents’ self-reported health with Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey version 2 mean scores. Results. After adjustment for potential confounders and baseline health, mean mental and physical health scores for residents living in partly demolished neighborhoods were similar to the control group (mental health, b = 2.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −1.25, 6.23; P = .185; physical health, b = −0.24; 95% CI = −2.96, 2.48; P = .859). Mean mental health scores for residents experiencing housing improvement were higher than in the control group (b = 2.41; 95% CI = 0.03, 4.80; P = .047); physical health scores were similar between groups (b = −0.66; 95% CI = −2.57, 1.25; P = .486). Conclusions. Our findings suggest that housing improvement may lead to small, short-term mental health benefits. Physical deterioration and demolition of neighborhoods do not appear to adversely affect residents’ health.
The RE-AIM Framework: A Systematic Review of Use Over Time
Authors: Gaglio Bridget , Shoup Jo Ann , Glasgow Russell E. 
Published: April 2013

We provided a synthesis of use, summarized key issues in applying, and highlighted exemplary applications in the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. We articulated key RE-AIM criteria by reviewing the published literature from 1999 to 2010 in several databases to describe the application and reporting on various RE-AIM dimensions. After excluding nonempirical articles, case studies, and commentaries, 71 articles were identified. The most frequent publications were on physical activity, obesity, and disease management. Four articles reported solely on 1 dimension compared with 44 articles that reported on all 5 dimensions of the framework. RE-AIM was broadly applied, but several criteria were not reported consistently.
Psychopathology in Young People Experiencing Homelessness: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hodgson Kate J. , Shelton Katherine H. , van den Bree Marianne B. M. , Los Férenc J. 
Published: April 2013

Understanding mental health issues faced by young homeless persons is instrumental to the development of successful targeted interventions. No systematic review of recent published literature on psychopathology in this group has been completed. We conducted a systematic review of published research examining the prevalence of psychiatric problems among young homeless people. We examined the temporal relationship between homelessness and psychopathology. We collated 46 articles according to the PRISMA Statement. All studies that used a full psychiatric assessment consistently reported a prevalence of any psychiatric disorder from 48% to 98%. Although there was a lack of longitudinal studies of the temporal relationship between psychiatric disorders and homelessness, findings suggested a reciprocal link. Supporting young people at risk for homelessness could reduce homelessness incidence and improve mental health.
Safety Barrier Analysis and Hazard Identification of Blowout Using Managed Pressure Drilling Compared with Conventional Drilling
Authors: Handal Arne , Øie Sondre 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The majority of overbalanced drilling operations are still performed using conventional drilling. The trend indicates that managed pressure drilling systems are increasingly being introduced in regions where the operational pressure window of formations is restricted. DNV has during the last years noticed a considerable demand for third party evaluation of new upcoming managed pressure drilling systems. This paper discusses some of the challenges and advantages for managed pressure drilling compared with conventional drilling.
Many managed pressure drilling systems introduce critical equipment with the intention to enhance operational effectiveness and safety. At the same time the respective equipment is used to adapt the hydraulic pressure profile throughout the wellbore to manage the annular bottom-hole pressure within the formation pressure limits. A general description of the connection between safety critical equipment and the well barriers is discussed in this paper.
Safety barrier analysis and structured hazard identification of critical managed pressure drilling equipment related to well control have been performed. Well-known risk identification methods have been used to analyze common aspects related to Managed Pressure Drilling. Hopefully the analysis introduced in this paper will help the industry to decide when critical drilling equipment should be regarded as well barrier elements or not.
The results indicate that while managed pressure drilling systems have significant advantages both in terms of safety and productivity, risks related to implementation of safety critical equipment need to be managed through reliable and efficient control systems.
Short Text Messages to Motivate HIV Testing Among Men Who have Sex with Men: A Qualitative Study in Lima, Peru
Authors: Menacho Luis A , Blas Magaly M , Alva Isaac E , Roberto Orellana E 
Published: April 2013

Objective:
The objective of this study is to identify features and content that short message service (SMS) should have in order to motivate HIV testing among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Lima, Peru.

Methods:
From October, 2010 to February, 2011, we conducted focus groups at two stages; six focus groups were conducted to explore and identify SMS content and features and two additional focus groups were conducted to tailor SMS content. The text messages were elaborated within the theoretical framework of the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills model and the Social Support Theory.

Results:
A total of 62 individuals participated in the focus groups. The mean age of participants was 28 years (range 18-39). We identified important features and content items needed for the successful delivery of text messages, including: a) the use of neutral and coded language; b) appropriate frequency and time of delivery; c) avoiding mass and repetitive messages; and d) use of short, concise and creative messages. Although in Peru receiving text messages is usually a free service, it is important to remind participants that receiving messages will be free of charge.

Conclusion:
Text messages can be used to promote HIV testing among Peruvian MSM. It is important to consider adequate frequency, message content and cost when delivering messages to promote HIV testing in this population.
Did the 2003 Tax Act Increase Capital Investments by Corporations?
Authors: Campbell John L. , Chyz James A. , Dhaliwal Dan S. , Schwartz William C. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT
On May 28, 2003, the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (2003 Tax Act) reduced shareholder-level taxes on dividends and capital gains. One of the goals of the 2003 Tax Act was to encourage capital investment by corporations. We investigate whether firms increased investment in response to the Act. We first document that capital expenditures increase after the 2003 Tax Act. We then use a difference-in-differences research design to show that this increase in capital expenditures varies predictably with two shareholder-level tax-motivated hypotheses. First, we find that the increase in investment is smaller for firms largely held by investors that are less sensitive to shareholder-level taxes. Second, we find that the increase in investment is larger for firms most likely to fund investment from new equity issuances rather than internal funds. Additional analysis suggests that while the majority of firms increase investment after the tax cut, a small subset of larger, older, and cash-rich firms increased dividend payout instead. Overall, our results suggest that, consistent with the intent of policymakers, the shareholder-level tax rate reductions set forth in the 2003 Tax Act increased corporate investment.
JEL Classifications: G12, G31, G32, G24
Use of the Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate as a Measure of Insulin Resistance in an Urban Multiethnic Population With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Epstein Eric J. , Osman Jamie L. , Cohen Hillel W. , Rajpathak Swapnil N. , Lewis Oksana , Crandall Jill P. 
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVE
Insulin resistance has been described in type 1 diabetes mellitus, is related to risk of vascular complications, and may be more common in certain ethnic groups. Estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) is a validated clinical tool for estimating insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes. Because previous reports of eGDR in adults with type 1 diabetes have included few ethnic minorities, this study explored interethnic differences in eGDR and the relationship of eGDR with diabetic vascular complications.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional study using a sample that included 207 white, black, or Hispanic adults with prior clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes who were receiving care at an urban academic medical center. eGDR (milligrams per kilogram per minute) was calculated using HbA1c, waist circumference, and hypertensive status. Race/ethnicity was self-reported. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs of association of eGDR with diabetes complications (cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, albuminuria, and chronic kidney disease above stage 3).

RESULTS
Forty-two percent of the participants were women, and mean age was 45 ± 15 years; 34% were white, 32% were Hispanic, and 34% were black. Ethnicity was significantly associated with eGDR; blacks had significantly lower eGDR (5.66 ± 2.34) than Hispanics (6.70 ± 2.29) and whites (7.20 ± 2.03) (P &lt; 0.001). Patients with the lowest eGDR compared with the highest had a significantly greater risk of any diabetes complication (OR 3.1 [95% CI 1.2–8.1]) compared with the least insulin-resistant patients.

CONCLUSIONS
In an urban clinic population of patients with type 1 diabetes, blacks were significantly less insulin sensitive than whites or Hispanics, and lower eGDR was associated with diabetes complications. Further study is needed to determine whether using eGDR to target interventions can improve outcomes.
Characteristics of leaf shapes among two parental Drosera species and a hybrid examined by canonical discriminant analysis and a hierarchical Bayesian model
Authors: Hoyo Yuri , Tsuyuzaki Shiro 
Published: April 2013

• Premise of the study: Although nondestructive, convenient species identification is desirable for follow‐up research and species conservation, species identification is often confusing, particularly when an interspecific hybrid shows intermediate morphological characteristics between the parental species.• Methods: Drosera anglica Hudson (2n = 40) and D. rotundifolia L. (20) bear the hybrid Drosera obovata Mert. et Koch (30). The samples were identified based on seed fertility and a cytological investigation (DNA amount) before examination. Then, 13 measured morphological traits—including leaf size, leaf shape, and flowering—were used in a canonical discriminant analysis (CDA). Leaf length and width were used in a hierarchical Bayesian model (HBM).• Key results: The majority of the traits of D. obovata were intermediate between the two parental species. However, D. obovata developed larger leaves than the parental species. The identification error of the CDA based on the 13 morphological traits was 4.9%. Errors occurred more often with smaller leaves. When the CDA was used for blade length and width only, the error increased to 6.2%. The HBM, based on the relationships between blade length and width, showed the lowest identification error—4.7%—by improving the identification of small leaves.• Conclusions: The HBM enabled convenient, nondestructive measurements for species identification by considering nonlinear relationships between morphological traits and measurement error. The HBM is likely to be applicable to various follow‐up studies, as well as species conservation.
Evaluation of a short-term medical mission to Syrian refugee camps in Turkey
Authors: Alghothani Nora , Alghothani Yousef , Atassi Bassel 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Background: The escalating political and humanitarian crisis in Syria has left thousands detained, killed or displaced in neighboring countries. Given the permission and co-operation of the Turkish health authorities, a short-term medical mission to the Syrian refugee camps in the Hatay province was arranged. Materials and Methods : To assess this mission′s impact and potential expansion to serve other more emergently inflicted areas both inside and outside the Syrian borders, an evaluation was conducted via survey questionnaire of participating physicians. Results: While almost all respondents found the experience worthwhile and fulfilling, medical, social and educational challenges as well as possible solutions were outlined. Conclusion: The use of several specified principles to further guide efforts towards providing service, education, relief, and awareness would result in greater effect, sustainability and growth of the mission.
Occupational Therapy Interventions to Improve Leisure and Social Participation for Older Adults With Low Vision: A Systematic Review
Authors: Berger Sue , McAteer Jessica , Schreier Kara , Kaldenberg Jennifer 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This systematic review examined evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice to maintain, restore, and improve performance in leisure and social participation for older adults with low vision. We identified and reviewed 13 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Four themes related to interventions to improve leisure and social participation emerged from the literature review: using a problem-solving approach, delivering a combination of services, providing skills training, and making home visits and environmental adaptations. The strongest evidence supports using a problem-solving approach to improve leisure and social participation for older adults with low vision. Evidence was moderate supporting the delivery of a combination of services, either by one professional or through an interdisciplinary approach. Results for the effectiveness of skills training and home visits and home adaptations were mixed. Implications for practice, education, and research are discussed.
Occupational Therapy Interventions to Improve Performance of Daily Activities at Home for Older Adults With Low Vision: A Systematic Review
Authors: Liu Chiung-Ju , Brost Melodie A. , Horton Vanessa E. , Kenyon Sarah B. , Mears Kristen E. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The impact of age-related vision loss on older adults’ independence at home is profound. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the effectiveness of interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice to maintain, restore, and improve performance in daily activities at home for older adults with low vision. We searched and screened abstracts from multiple electronic databases and identified 17 studies that fulfilled our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three themes in intervention approaches emerged: multicomponent intervention, single-component intervention, and multidisciplinary intervention. Strong evidence of effectiveness was found in studies that applied a multicomponent approach; these interventions involved teaching knowledge and skills that older adults with low vision need to help overcome the disablement process. Evidence also suggests that multiple sessions of training with low vision devices and special viewing skills to compensate for vision loss are necessary to have a positive effect on daily activities. Finally, multidisciplinary intervention that focused on personal goals yielded greater positive outcomes than interventions that were not personalized.
Occupational Therapy Interventions to Promote Driving and Community Mobility for Older Adults With Low Vision: A Systematic Review
Authors: Justiss Michael D. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
A systematic literature review was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice to improve or maintain the driving performance and community mobility of older adults with low vision. The results of this review identified a limited number of articles—eight—that met the inclusion criteria. Identified intervention strategies included the use of bioptics or prisms, multidisciplinary vision rehabilitation for community mobility, driving simulator training, driver education programs, and orientation and mobility training. Evidence is insufficient for the effectiveness of these interventions in improving or maintaining the driving performance or community mobility of older adults with low vision. Key study limitations included heterogeneity of sample characteristics (age, type of vision impairment), lack of standardization of interventions (device type, time, intensity duration), and lack of standardized assessments to measure driving and community mobility. This evidence-based review is informative for discussion of practice, education, and research implications.
Development and Preliminary Psychometric Evaluation of the Self-Perceptions in Rehabilitation Questionnaire (SPIRQ) for Brain Injury Rehabilitation
Authors: Ownsworth Tamara , Stewart Ea , Fleming Jennifer , Griffin Janelle , Collier Ann Maree , Schmidt Julia 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The Self-Perceptions in Rehabilitation Questionnaire (SPIRQ) is a brief measure developed to monitor client self-perceptions, motivation, and emotional reactions throughout rehabilitation. We describe the SPIRQ’s development and preliminary psychometric evaluation.
METHOD. One hundred five adults with traumatic brain injury attending two brain injury rehabilitation units completed the SPIRQ during occupational therapy sessions. A subset (n = 33) completed the SPIRQ twice over a 5- to 7-day interval to examine test–retest reliability.
RESULTS. Exploratory factor analysis yielded three factors: Changes in Self and Life Plans, Self in Rehabilitation, and Emotional Reactions. Their internal consistency was sound (αs = .72–.83). Test–retest reliability was generally acceptable (rs = .67–.81), and scores did not significantly change between testing occasions (p &gt; .05).
CONCLUSION. We found preliminary support for the SPIRQ scales’ reliability and construct validity. Future empirical evaluation and potential clinical applications of the SPIRQ in occupational therapy are discussed.
Review of Instrument Development and Testing Studies for Children and Youth
Authors: Hilton Claudia List , Goloff Sophie E. , Altaras Ofra , Josman Naomi 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
We reviewed 12 articles from 2012 that addressed development and testing of instruments for children and youths and American Journal of Occupational Therapy articles from 2009–2013 that addressed 11 activity and participation instruments to determine how well this group of instruments facilitates the generation of evidence sufficient to support practice in accordance with the Centennial Vision. We observed an increase in the number of instrument development and testing studies and in higher level studies and larger cohorts; funding was provided for almost half of the studies, and attention was given to use of blind testing and transition to adult-age assessments. Further development of performance-based activity and participation instruments; instruments that examine biomedical molecular–cellular, biomedical, and environmental mechanisms; and intervention fidelity measures and increased use of blind testing are necessary for occupational therapy to meet the Centennial Vision.