bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Koszul, Ringel and Serre duality for strict polynomial functors
Authors: Krause Henning 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis is a report on recent work of Chałupnik and Touzé. We explain the Koszul duality for the category of strict polynomial functors and make explicit the underlying monoidal structure which seems to be of independent interest. Then we connect this to Ringel duality for Schur algebras and describe Serre duality for strict polynomial functors.
A method to measure paddle and detector pressures and footprints in mammography
Authors: Hogg Peter , Szczepura Katy , Darlington Alison , Maxwell Anthony 
Published: March 2013

Purpose:Compression is necessary in mammography to improve image quality and reduce radiation burden. Maximizing the amount of breast in contact with the image receptor (IR) is important. To achieve this, for the craniocaudal projection, there is no consensus within the literature regarding how the IR should be positioned relative to the inframammary fold (IMF). No information exists within the literature to describe how pressure balancing between IR and paddle, and IR breast footprint, might be optimized. This paper describes a novel method for measuring the respective pressures applied to the breast from the IR and the paddle and a method to simultaneously measure the breast footprints on the IR and the paddle.Methods:Using a deformable breast phantom and electronic pressure‐sensitive mat, area and pressure readings were gathered from two mammography machines and four paddles at 60, 80, and 100 N with the IR positioned at −2, −1, 0, +1, and +2 cm relative to the IMF (60 combinations in total).Results:Paddle and IR footprints were calculated along with a uniformity index (UI). For all four paddle/machine/pressure combinations the greatest IR footprint was achieved at IMF +2 cm. The UI indicates that the best pressure/footprint balance is achieved at IMF +1 cm.Conclusions:The authors’ method appears to be suited to measuring breast footprints and pressures on IR and paddle and a human female study is planned.
Microionization chamber air‐kerma calibration coefficients as a function of photon energy for x‐ray spectra in the range of 20–250 kVp relative to 60Co
Authors: Snow J. R. , Micka J. A. , DeWerd L. A. 
Published: March 2013

Purpose:To investigate the applicability of a wide range of microionization chambers for reference dosimetry measurements in low‐ and medium‐energy x‐ray beams.Methods:Measurements were performed with six cylindrical microchamber models, as well as one scanning chamber and two Farmer‐type chambers for comparison purposes. Air‐kerma calibration coefficients were determined at the University of Wisconsin Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory for each chamber for a range of low‐ and medium‐energy x‐ray beams (20–250 kVp), with effective energies ranging from 11.5 keV to 145 keV, and a60Co beam. A low‐Z proof‐of‐concept microchamber was developed and calibrated with and without a high‐Z silver epoxy on the collecting electrode.Results:All chambers composed of low‐Z materials (Z ≤ 13), including the Farmer‐type chambers, the scanning chamber, and the PTW TN31014 and the proof‐of‐concept microchambers, exhibited air‐kerma calibration coefficients with little dependence on the quality of the beam. These chambers typically exhibited variations in calibration coefficients of less than 3% with the beam quality, for medium energy beams. However, variations in air‐kerma calibration coefficients of greater than 50% were measured over the range of medium‐energy x‐ray beams for each of the microchambers containing high‐Z collecting electrodes (Z > 13). For these high‐Z chambers, which include the Exradin A14SL and A16 chambers, the PTW TN31006 chamber, the IBA CC01 chamber, and the proof‐of‐concept chamber containing silver, the average variation in air‐kerma calibration coefficients between any two calibration beams was nearly 25% over the entire range of beam qualities investigated.Conclusions:Due to the strong energy dependence observed with microchambers containing high‐Z components, these chambers may not be suitable dosimeters for kilovoltage x‐ray applications, as they do not meet the TG‐61 requirements. It is recommended that only microchambers containing low‐Z materials (Z ≤ 13) be considered for air‐kerma calibrations for reference dosimetry in low‐ and medium‐energy x‐ray beams.
Prediction of human observer performance in a 2‐alternative forced choice low‐contrast detection task using channelized Hotelling observer: Impact of radiation dose and reconstruction algorithms
Authors: Yu Lifeng , Leng Shuai , Chen Lingyun , Kofler James M. , Carter Rickey E. , McCollough Cynthia H. 
Published: March 2013

Purpose:Efficient optimization of CT protocols demands a quantitative approach to predicting human observer performance on specific tasks at various scan and reconstruction settings. The goal of this work was to investigate how well a channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) can predict human observer performance on 2‐alternative forced choice (2AFC) lesion‐detection tasks at various dose levels and two different reconstruction algorithms: a filtered‐backprojection (FBP) and an iterative reconstruction (IR) method.Methods:A 35 × 26 cm2 torso‐shaped phantom filled with water was used to simulate an average‐sized patient. Three rods with different diameters (small: 3 mm; medium: 5 mm; large: 9 mm) were placed in the center region of the phantom to simulate small, medium, and large lesions. The contrast relative to background was −15 HU at 120 kV. The phantom was scanned 100 times using automatic exposure control each at 60, 120, 240, 360, and 480 quality reference mAs on a 128‐slice scanner. After removing the three rods, the water phantom was again scanned 100 times to provide signal‐absent background images at the exact same locations. By extracting regions of interest around the three rods and on the signal‐absent images, the authors generated 21 2AFC studies. Each 2AFC study had 100 trials, with each trial consisting of a signal‐present image and a signal‐absent image side‐by‐side in randomized order. In total, 2100 trials were presented to both the model and human observers. Four medical physicists acted as human observers. For the model observer, the authors used a CHO with Gabor channels, which involves six channel passbands, five orientations, and two phases, leading to a total of 60 channels. The performance predicted by the CHO was compared with that obtained by four medical physicists at each 2AFC study.Results:The human and model observers were highly correlated at each dose level for each lesion size for both FBP and IR. The Pearson's product‐moment correlation coefficients were 0.986 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.958–0.996] for FBP and 0.985 (95% CI: 0.863–0.998) for IR. Bland‐Altman plots showed excellent agreement for all dose levels and lesions sizes with a mean absolute difference of 1.0% ± 1.1% for FBP and 2.1% ± 3.3% for IR.Conclusions:Human observer performance on a 2AFC lesion detection task in CT with a uniform background can be accurately predicted by a CHO model observer at different radiation dose levels and for both FBP and IR methods.
The Role of Stationary Eddies in Shaping Midlatitude Storm Tracks
Authors: Kaspi Yohai , Schneider Tapio 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Transient and stationary eddies shape the extratropical climate through their transport of heat, moisture, and momentum. In the zonal mean, the transports by transient eddies dominate over those by stationary eddies, but this is not necessarily the case locally. In particular, in storm-track entrance and exit regions during winter, stationary eddies and their interactions with the mean flow dominate the atmospheric energy transport. Here it is shown that stationary eddies can shape storm tracks and control where they terminate by modifying local baroclinicity. Simulations with an idealized aquaplanet GCM show that zonally localized surface heating alone (e.g., ocean heat flux convergence) gives rise to storm tracks, which have a well-defined length scale that is similar to that of Earth's storm tracks. The storm tracks terminate downstream of the surface heating even in the absence of continents, at a distance controlled by the stationary Rossby wavelength scale. Stationary eddies play a dual role: within about half a Rossby wavelength downstream of the heating region, stationary eddy energy fluxes increase the baroclinicity and therefore contribute to energizing the storm track; farther downstream, enhanced poleward and upward energy transport by stationary eddies reduces the baroclinicity by reducing the meridional temperature gradients and enhancing the static stability. Transports both of sensible and latent heat (water vapor) play important roles in determining where storm tracks terminate.
Evaluation of Global Atmospheric Solvers Using Extensions of the Jablonowski and Williamson Baroclinic Wave Test Case
Authors: Park Sang-Hun , Skamarock William C. , Klemp Joseph B. , Fowler Laura D. , Duda Michael G. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic atmospheric solvers within the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) are tested using an extension of Jablonowski and Williamson baroclinic wave test case that includes moisture. This study uses the dry test case to verify the correctness of the solver formulation and coding by comparing results from the two different MPAS solvers and from the global version of the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW-WRF). A normal mode initialization is used in the Jablonowski and Williamson test, and the most unstable mode is found to be wavenumber 9. The three solvers produce very similar normal mode structures and nonlinear baroclinic wave evolutions. Solutions produced using MPAS variable-resolution meshes are quite similar to the results from the quasi-uniform mesh with equivalent resolution. Importantly, the small-scale flow features are better resolved in the fine-resolution region and there is no apparent wave distortion in the fine-to-coarse mesh transition region, thus demonstrating the potential value of MPAS for multiscale flow simulation.
Improved Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts by MHS Radiance Data Assimilation with a Newly Added Cloud Detection Algorithm
Authors: Zou Xiaolei , Qin Zhengkun , Weng Fuzhong 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Satellite microwave humidity sounding data are assimilated through the gridpoint statistical interpolation (GSI) analysis system into the Advanced Research core of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (ARW) for a coastal precipitation event. A detailed analysis shows that uses of Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) data from both NOAA-18 and MetOp-A results in GSI degraded precipitation threat scores in a 24-h model forecast. The root cause for this degradation is related to the MHS quality control algorithm, which is supposed to remove cloudy radiances. Currently, the GSI cloud detection is based on the brightness temperature differences between observations and the model background state at two MHS window channels. It is found that the GSI quality control algorithm fails to identify some MHS cloudy radiances in cloud edges where the ARW model has no cloud and the water vapor amount is low. A new MHS cloud detection algorithm is developed based on a statistical relationship between three MHS channels and the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imager channel at 10.7 μm. The 24-h quantitative precipitation forecast is improved rather than degraded by MHS radiance data assimilation when the new cloud detection algorithm is added to the GSI MHS quality control process. The temporal evolution of 3-h accumulative rainfall distributions compared favorably with that of multisensor NCEP observations and GOES-12 imager observations. The precipitation threat scores are increased by more than 50% after 3–6 h of model forecasts for 3-h rainfall thresholds exceeding 1.0 mm.
Relating the Skill of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasts to the Synoptic Environment
Authors: Bhatia Kieran T. , Nolan David S. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Prior knowledge of the performance of a tropical cyclone intensity forecast holds the potential to increase the value of forecasts for end users. The values of certain dynamical parameters, such as storm speed, latitude, current intensity, potential intensity, wind shear magnitude, and direction of the shear vector, are shown to be related to the error of an individual model forecast. The varying success of each model in the different environmental conditions represents a source of additional information on the reliability of an individual forecast beyond average forecast error.
Three hurricane intensity models that were operational for the duration of the five hurricane seasons between 2006 and 2010, as well as the National Hurricane Center official forecast (OFCL), are evaluated for 24-, 48-, and 72-h forecasts in the Atlantic Ocean. The performance of each model is assessed by computing the mean absolute error, bias, and percent skill relative to a benchmark model. The synoptic variables are binned into physically meaningful ranges and then tested individually and in combinations to capture the different regimes that are conducive to forecasts with higher or lower error. The results address conventional wisdom about which environmental conditions lead to better forecasts of hurricane intensity and highlight the different strengths of each model. The statistical significance established between the different bins in each model as well as the corresponding bins for other models indicates there is the potential for error predictions to accompany tropical cyclone intensity forecasts.
ClariVein Mechanochemical Ablation
Authors: Mueller Richard L. , Raines Jeffrey K. 
Published: March 2013

Objectives: The 2 primary objectives of this publication are to provide a practical step-by-step procedure for the ClariVein system and a focused literature review of endovenous ablation. Materials and Methods: The ClariVein system is the first venous ablation technique to employ a hybrid (dual-injury) technique built into 1 catheter-based delivery system. Endomechanical abrasion is produced by the tip of the catheter’s rotating wire (mechanical component); and endovenous chemical ablation (EVCA) is via simultaneous injection of sclerosant over the rotating wire (chemical component). The author is an early adopter of this technique and via experience has developed a detailed step-by-step protocol. Discussion: To date, there have been 2 pivotal clinical studies published using the ClariVein system. These data are compared with the results using other methods of endovenous ablation. Conclusions: The ClariVein system is an exciting addition to the phlebologist’s toolbox and has the potential to become a first-line treatment.
A systems-based approach to analyse the host response in murine lung macrophages challenged with respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Ravi Laxmi Iyer , Li Liang , Sutejo Richard , Chen Hui , Wong Pui San , Tan Boon Huan , Sugrue Richard J 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children. The degree of disease severity is determined by the host response to infection. Lung macrophages play an important early role in the host response to infection and we have used a systems-based approach to examine the host response in RSV-infected lung-derived macrophage cells.ResultsLung macrophage cells could be efficiently infected (>95%) with RSVin vitro, and the expression of several virus structural proteins could be detected. Although we failed to detect significant levels of virus particle production, virus antigen could be detected up until 96 hours post-infection (hpi). Microarray analysis indicated that 20,086 annotated genes were expressed in the macrophage cells, and RSV infection induced an 8.9% and 11.3% change in the global gene transcriptome at 4 hpi and 24 hpi respectively. Genes showing up-regulated expression were more numerous and exhibited higher changes in expression compared to genes showing down-regulated expression. Based on gene ontology, genes with cytokine, antiviral, cell death, and signal transduction functions showed the highest increases in expression, while signalling transduction, RNA binding and protein kinase genes showed the greatest reduction in expression levels. Analysis of the global gene expression profile using pathway enrichment analysis confirmed that up-regulated expression of pathways related to pathogen recognition, interferon signalling and antigen presentation occurred in the lung macrophage cells challenged with RSV.ConclusionOur data provided a comprehensive analysis of RSV-induced gene expression changes in lung macrophages. Although virus gene expression was detected, our data was consistent with an abortive infection and this correlated with the activation of several antivirus signalling pathways such as interferon type I signalling and cell death signalling. RSV infection induced a relatively large increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, however the maintenance of this pro-inflammatory response was not dependent on the production of infectious virus particles. The sustained pro-inflammatory response even in the absence of a productive infection suggests that drugs that control the pro-inflammatory response may be useful in the treatment of patients with severe RSV infection.
Overexpression of the grapevine PGIP1 in tobacco results in compositional changes in the leaf arabinoxyloglucan network in the absence of fungal infection
Authors: Nguema-Ona Eric , Moore John P , Fagerström Alexandra D , Fangel Jonatan U , Willats William GT , Hugo Annatjie , Vivier Melané A 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
Constitutive expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein 1 (Vvpgip1) has been shown to protect tobacco plants against Botrytis cinerea. Evidence points to additional roles for VvPGIP1, beyond the classical endopolygalacturonase (ePG) inhibition mechanism, in providing protection against fungal infection. Gene expression and biochemical datasets previously obtained, in the absence of infection, point to the cell wall, and particularly the xyloglucan component of transgenic VvPGIP1 lines as playing a role in fungal resistance.

Results
To elucidate the role of wall-associated processes in PGIP-derived resistance pre-infection, a wall profiling analysis, using high-throughput and fractionation techniques, was performed on healthy leaves from wild-type and previously characterized transgenic lines. The cell wall structure profile during development was found to be altered in the transgenic lines assessed versus the wild-type plants. Immunoprofiling revealed subtle changes in pectin and cellulose components and marked changes in the hemicellulose matrix, which showed reduced binding in transgenic leaves of VvPGIP1 expressing plants. Using an enzymatic xyloglucan oligosaccharide fingerprinting technique optimized for tobacco arabinoxyloglucans, we showed that polysaccharides of the XEG-soluble domain were modified in relative abundance for certain oligosaccharide components, although no differences in ion profiles were evident between wild-type and transgenic plants. These changes did not significantly influence plant morphology or normal growth processes compared to wild-type lines.

Conclusions
VvPGIP1 overexpression therefore results in cell wall remodeling and reorganization of the cellulose-xyloglucan network in tobacco in advance of potential infection.
Long-term prospective longitudinal evaluation of emotional distress and quality of life in cervical cancer patients who remained disease-free 2-years from diagnosis
Authors: Mantegna Giovanna , Petrillo Marco , Fuoco Gilda , Venditti Laura , Terzano Serena , Anchora Luigi Pedone , Scambia Giovanni , Ferrandina Gabriella 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
A long-term prospective assessment of QoL in cervical cancer patients is still lacking. Here, we provide the first 2-years prospective, longitudinal study evaluating emotional distress and QoL in early stage (ECC) and locally advanced (LACC) cervical cancer patients who remained disease-free 2-years from diagnosis.

Methods
The questionnaires: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Global Health Status items of EORTC QLQ-C30 (GHS), and EORTC QLQ-CX24 (CX24) have been administered by a dedicated team of psycho-oncologists, administered at baseline, and after 3, 6, 12 and 24 months from surgery The Generalized Linear Model for repeated measure was used to analyze modifications of QoL measures over time.

Results
In both groups, an early reduction of the percentage of patients with anxiety levels ≥11 was observed at the 3-month evaluation (ECC: 25.7% at baseline Vs 14.7% after 3 months, p value=0.001; LACC: 22.2% at baseline Vs 15.4% after 3 months, p value=0.001). Despite this favorable trend, after 2 years from diagnosis, 11.9% of ECC and 15.6% of LACC patients still showed an anxiety score ≥11. No significant changes over time were observed in term of Depression levels. Focusing on QoL issues, mean GHS and Sexual Activity scores showed an improvement over time in both groups compared to baseline (GHS: 5.7% difference for ECC, p value=0.001, and 11.0% in LACC, p value=0.001; SXA: 13.9% difference for ECC, p value=0.001; and 6.1% in LACC, p value=0.008). On the other hand, Body Image mean scores were significantly impaired by chemoradiation administration in LACC patients, without long-term recovery (7.5% difference, p value=0.001). Finally, in both groups, lymphedema (LY) and menopausal symptoms (MS) showed an early worsening which persisted 2-year after surgery (LY: 19.5% difference for ECC, p value=0.014, and 27.3% in LACC, p value=0.001; MS: 14.4% difference for ECC, p value=0.004, and 16.0% in LACC, p value=0.002).

Conclusions
Despite a significant improvement over time, elevated anxiety levels are still detectable at 24 months after surgery in approximately 10% of cervical cancer patients. Much more attention should be focused on surgical/medical approaches able to minimize the negative impact of lymphedema and menopausal symptoms on QoL.