bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetes self-management education: acceptability of using trained lay educators
Authors: Mandalia P K , Stone M A , Davies M J , Khunti K , Carey M E 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background
The use of lay people to deliver education programmes for people with chronic conditions is a potential method of addressing healthcare staff capacity and increasing the cost efficiency of delivering education. This qualitative substudy is embedded within an equivalence trial (2008–2011 including development stage).

Objectives
In the qualitative substudy, we aimed to elicit the views of key stakeholders (patients, educators) about using lay people to deliver education to people recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, alongside a healthcare professional educator with an equal role. In this way, we sought to explore perceptions about acceptability and also contribute to understanding the reasons underlying positive or negative quantitative findings from main trial.

Methods
We conducted 27 telephone interviews with a purposive sample of patients, lay educators and healthcare professional educators involved in the main trial. Thematic analysis of transcribed data was underpinned by the constant comparative approach and structured using Framework methodology.

Results
Overall, the data suggested that the use of lay educators was acceptable to educators and patients. Perceived difference in knowledge levels between lay and healthcare professional educators did not appear to have an impact on perceived acceptability or the effectiveness of the education received. Additional themes explored were related to peer status of educators and feasibility. Some concerns were raised about lay educators with diabetes, transferring personal issues and about the impact of healthcare professional time taken up by mentoring and supporting lay educators.

Conclusions
Positive perceptions about the use of lay educators support the positive quantitative findings from the main trial. Acceptability is an important consideration in relation to implementation of the model of delivery studied. Concerns raised within the interviews should be considered in the design of training for lay educators.

Trial registration number
ISRCTN 99350009.
Chapter 10 Recent sedimentation in the NW African shelf
Authors: Mhammdi Nadia , Snoussi Maria , Medina Fida , Jaaïdi El Bachir 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A review of the data gathered over the last five decades on the NW African continental shelf within numerous research programmes shows that the sedimentary processes along the shelf are driven by long-term factors such as Quaternary glacial–interglacial periods and shelf morphology, and by short-term factors such as fluvial and aeolian sediment supply, local climate (temperature, rainfall and wind) and hydrodynamic conditions (tides, swell, longshore current, the Canary Current and upwelling). Based on the sedimentary characteristics, the margin has been subdivided into four segments: northern Morocco (30–36°N) and the Grande Côte of Senegal (15–16°30′N) show long mid-shelf mud belts controlled by fluvial input and low hydrodynamic energy; southern Morocco–Mauritania (16°30′N–30°N) and the Petite Côte south of Cape Vert, Gambia and Casamance (12–15°N) are dominated by biogenic and aeolian sands or no sediment input. In this chapter, we present a synopsis of the state of knowledge on the NW African shelf sediments and processes based on various published and unpublished documents.
Chapter 12 Overview of the variability of Late Quaternary continental shelf deposits of the Italian peninsula
Authors: Martorelli Eleonora , Falese Francesco , Chiocci Francesco L. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This paper documents the Late Quaternary (120 ka BP–present) stratigraphic architecture of Italian continental shelves through the interpretation of single-channel, very high-resolution seismic reflection profiles and from data derived from published studies, by using the high-resolution sequence stratigraphy framework. The result of this analysis provides a detailed reconstruction of the variability of shelf stratigraphy in relation to differences in physiography, sediment supply, structural framework and local factors. We distinguish four stratigraphic types: (1) wide shelves with high sediment supply (e.g. the central Adriatic and the central-northern Tyrrhenian shelves); (2) wide but sediment-starved shelves (e.g. the southern Latium shelf); (3) narrow shelves with high sediment supply (e.g. shelves located in the Ionian and southern Tyrrhenian Sea); and (4) narrow and sediment-starved shelves (shelves located around islands and archipelagos). Besides physiography, sediment supply and vertical movements, local factors and specific processes play a significant role in determining Late Quaternary stratal architecture and sedimentary facies. For example, the attributes of antecedent topography commonly seem to govern the formation and preservation of transgressive deposits, whereas the formation and preservation of falling stage and lowstand systems deposits can be hindered by the presence of canyons indenting the shelf edge and/or slope instability.
Chapter 7 The Baltic Sea continental shelf
Authors: Uścinowicz Szymon 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

The Baltic Sea is a semi-enclosed intracontinental sea of approximately 418 500 km
2
, surrounded by Scandinavia and the lowlands of Central and Eastern Europe. Its catchment area is about four times larger than the area of the sea itself. The Baltic Sea has an average depth of around 50 m, and is connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the shallow and narrow Danish Straits. A characteristic feature of the Baltic Sea is thermohaline stratification, in particular the occurrence of a permanent halocline.

The northern part of the Baltic Sea is situated within the Precambrian Baltic Shield, whereas the southern part lies on the East European Platform. A small SW part lies on the Palaeozoic West European Platform. During the Pleistocene period, Scandinavian ice sheets advanced on the area of the present Baltic Sea several times, resulting in damage to the bedrock and a deepening of the Baltic Basin. The present-day Baltic Sea had its beginnings in the retreat of the last Scandinavian ice sheet, which melted approximately 15.5–14.5 ka ago in the area of the southern part of today's Baltic Sea.
The Quaternary cover of the seabed in the area of the whole Baltic Sea is formed from Pleistocene sediments of glacial, glaciofluvial and limnoglacial origin, as well as from sediments of Holocene marine accumulation. In the southern part of the Baltic, during the Holocene, the sea constantly encroached upon the land, destroying Pleistocene sediments. In the northern part, as a result of uplift of the land and regression of the sea, Pleistocene glacial and glaciofluvial deposits, as well as early Holocene Baltic sediments, are being eroded. In the Baltic Sea, sandy and gravelly sediments are present above the pycnocline, while muds have been deposited below the pycnocline.
A Functional Screen Identifies miRs That Induce Radioresistance in Glioblastomas
Authors: Moskwa Patryk , Zinn Pascal O. , Choi Young Eun , Shukla Sachet A. , Fendler Wojciech , Chen Clark C. , Lu Jun , Golub Todd R. , Hjelmeland Anita , Chowdhury Dipanjan 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The efficacy of radiotherapy in many tumor types is limited by normal tissue toxicity and by intrinsic or acquired radioresistance. Therefore, it is essential to understand the molecular network responsible for regulating radiosensitivity/resistance. Here, an unbiased functional screen identified four microRNAs (miR1, miR125a, miR150, and miR425) that induce radioresistance. Considering the clinical importance of radiotherapy for patients with glioblastoma, the impact of these miRNAs on glioblastoma radioresistance was investigated. Overexpression of miR1, miR125a, miR150, and/or miR425 in glioblastoma promotes radioresistance through upregulation of the cell-cycle checkpoint response. Conversely, antagonizing with antagomiRs sensitizes glioblastoma cells to irradiation, suggesting their potential as targets for inhibiting therapeutic resistance. Analysis of glioblastoma datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed that these miRNAs are expressed in glioblastoma patient specimens and correlate with TGFβ signaling. Finally, it is demonstrated that expression of miR1 and miR125a can be induced by TGFβ and antagonized by a TGFβ receptor inhibitor. Together, these results identify and characterize a new role for miR425, miR1, miR125, and miR150 in promoting radioresistance in glioblastomas and provide insight into the therapeutic application of TGFβ inhibitors in radiotherapy.
Implications: Systematic identification of miRs that cause radioresistance in gliomas is important for uncovering predictive markers for radiotherapy or targets for overcoming radioresistance. Mol Cancer Res; 12(12); 1767–78. ©2014 AACR.
Identification of TRIML2, a Novel p53 Target, that Enhances p53 SUMOylation and Regulates the Transactivation of Proapoptotic Genes
Authors: Kung Che-Pei , Khaku Sakina , Jennis Matthew , Zhou Yan , Murphy Maureen E. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The tumor-suppressor protein p53, encoded by TP53, inhibits tumorigenesis by inducing cell-cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis. Several genetic polymorphisms exist in TP53, including a proline to arginine variant at amino acid 72 (P72 and R72, respectively); this polymorphism alters p53 function. In general, the P72 variant shows increased ability to induce cell-cycle arrest, whereas the R72 variant possesses increased ability to induce apoptosis, relative to P72. At present, the underlying mechanisms for these functional differences are not fully understood. Toward elucidating the molecular basis for these differences, a gene-expression microarray analysis was conducted on normal human fibroblast cells that are homozygous for P72 and R72 variants, along with subclones of these lines that express a p53 short hairpin (shp53). Approximately three dozen genes were identified whose transactivation is affected by the codon 72 polymorphism. One of these is the tripartite-motif family-like 2 (TRIML2) gene, which is preferentially induced by the R72 variant. Importantly, the accumulated data indicate that TRIML2 interacts with p53, and facilitates the modification of p53 with SUMO2. TRIML2 also enhances the ability of p53 to transactivate a subset of proapoptotic target genes associated with prolonged oxidative stress, including PIDD, PIG3 (TP53I3), and PIG6 (PRODH). These data indicate that TRIML2 is part of a feed-forward loop that activates p53 in cells expressing the R72 variant, particularly after prolonged stress.
Implications: The defined actions of TRIML2, in part, explain the underlying molecular basis for increased apoptotic potential of the R72 variant of p53. Mol Cancer Res; 13(2); 250–62. ©2014 AACR.
Spectral Evolution of Nearshore Wave Energy during a Sea-Breeze Cycle
Authors: Gunson Jim , Symonds Graham 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
From in situ measurements taken over several sea-breeze cycles off a beach in southwest (SW) Australia, the evolution of the one-dimensional spectrum of wave energy is observed to have a distinctive spectral shape. During the land-breeze phase of the cycle, lower rates of dissipation of wave energy are seen at high frequencies compared to midrange frequencies above the remnant wind-sea peak. A simulation of waves was performed using the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model and produced the same spectral evolution, by generating longshore modes, as seen in the observations. The performance of whitecapping schemes available in SWAN was assessed, and the Alves–Banner scheme was found to best simulate the observed growth and decay of the wave spectra. During the onshore phase of the sea-breeze cycle, local wave growth is duration limited, and during the offshore land-breeze phase, wave growth is fetch limited. From an examination of the modeled two-dimensional spectra it is found that quadruplet interactions play a key role in spreading high-frequency wave energy in frequency and direction space.
Supraorbital Ethmoid Cell: A Consistent Landmark for Endoscopic Identification of the Anterior Ethmoidal Artery
Authors: Jang David W. , Lachanas Vasileios A. , White Lauren C. , Kountakis Stilianos E. 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveTo demonstrate that the supraorbital ethmoid cell (SOEC) is a consistent and reliable landmark in identification of the anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA).Study DesignRetrospective radiographic study.SettingTertiary care rhinology practice.Subjects and MethodsThe computed tomography (CT) scans for 78 consecutive patients were evaluated for the presence of SOECs, degree of pneumatization, and location of the AEA in relation to fixed anatomic structures. Forty‐one patients with normal SOECs were identified and compared with a group of 15 patients with pathological expansion of the SOEC secondary to inflammatory disease. The CT findings were correlated with endoscopic findings.ResultsThe incidence of SOECs was 53%. Compared to normal SOECs, expanded SOECs had significantly greater pneumatization laterally (9.3 vs 18.5 mm, respectively; P <. 0001) and AEAs that were significantly farther from the skull base (1.3 vs 6.6 mm, respectively; P <. 0001). The distance between the AEA and the nasal beak was similar between the 2 groups (P =. 1). More importantly, 68 of 68 sides with normal SOECs (100%) demonstrated the AEA within or in continuity with the posterior border of the SOEC opening. In patients with pathological expansion, the AEA remained within the posterior border of the SOEC opening in 19 of 19 sides (100%), despite significant expansion of the cell superolaterally.ConclusionThis is the first study to demonstrate a consistent landmark to identify the AEA even in cases of distorted anatomy of the frontal recess. Identifying the SOEC is a practical and reliable technique for minimizing the risk of injury to the AEA during frontal recess surgery.
Bibliometric profile of the global scientific research on multiple sclerosis (2003–2012)
Authors: Aleixandre-Benavent Rafael , Alonso-Arroyo Adolfo , González de Dios Javier , Vidal-Infer Antonio , González-Muñoz María , Sempere Ángel P 
Published: September 2014

Background and objectives: The aim of this paper is to analyse the scientific research on multiple sclerosis using a bibliographic analysis of articles published during the period 2003–2012. Methods: The items under study were obtained from the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E) database, which was accessed through the Web of Science (WOS) platform. All records with the term ‘multiple sclerosis’ in the title, plus all articles published in the journals Multiple Sclerosis and Multiple Sclerosis Journal, were analysed. Results: A total of 9778 articles, with 160,966 citations, were retrieved on multiple sclerosis, and the majority of the articles were published in Multiple Sclerosis Journal ( n = 1511). The articles were published in journals belonging to 135 different subject areas, with the greatest number of papers falling under the category of clinical neurology. The countries that published the largest numbers of articles were the United States (US) ( n = 2786), Italy ( n = 1263), the United Kingdom ( n = 1147) and Germany ( n = 1018). International collaborations produced 20.4% of the papers. Conclusions: We emphasise the progressive growth of publications worldwide, the publication of articles in a wide variety of journals covering numerous subject areas, and the research leadership of Western countries, most notably European countries, the US and Canada.
Toward the use of proxy reports for estimating long-term patient-reported outcomes in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Sonder Judith M , Balk Lisanne J , van der Linden Femke AH , Bosma Libertje VAE , Polman Chris H , Uitdehaag Bernard MJ 
Published: September 2014

Background: Assessment of disease impact in multiple sclerosis (MS) is usually driven by information obtained directly from patients using patient-reported outcomes. However, when patients’ response in longitudinal studies is less reliable or missing, proxy respondents may be used. Objective: The objective of this paper is to evaluate whether long-term patient scores can be reliably estimated using scores obtained from proxies. Methods: Baseline, six-month and two-year data were collected from 155 patients and proxies on the physical scale of the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29). Linear regression analyses were performed with the patient two-year scores as outcome, proxy two-year scores as predictor and other variables that could contribute to a better prediction of the patient follow-up score. Results: The patient follow-up score could be predicted rather accurately ( R2 = 0.74) using the patient baseline score and the proxy follow-up score. The correlation between observed and predicted scores was 0.86. The model performed well in different follow-up durations and even better in an external cohort. Conclusion: A simple model of a constant value (intercept), the patient baseline score and the proxy follow-up score can predict patients’ follow-up score on the physical impact of MS.
Influence of treatments in multiple sclerosis disability: A cohort study
Authors: Cocco Eleonora , Sardu Claudia , Spinicci Gabriella , Musu Luigina , Massa Rita , Frau Jessica , Lorefice Lorena , Fenu Giuseppe , Coghe Giancarlo , Massole Serenella , Maioli Maria Antonietta , Piras Rachele , Melis Marta , Porcu Gianluca , Mamusa Elena , Carboni Nicola , Contu Paolo , Marrosu Maria Giovanna 
Published: September 2014

Background and objective: A critical aspect of multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments is understanding the effect of disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) on the long-term risk of disability and whether the effect is related to disability at start of treatment. Methods: We performed an observational study on 3060 MS patients. The effect of therapy on progression to Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 3.0 and 6.0 from onset was analysed in treated vs untreated (UTP) patients using Cox regression analysis adjusted for propensity score and immortal time bias. Results: Compared to UTP, the risks of EDSS 3.0 were 94% and 73% lower in immunomodulant (IMTP-) and immunosuppressant (ISTP-) treated patients, respectively, while the risk of EDSS 6.0 was 86% lower in IMTP. The risk of EDSS 6.0 was, respectively, 91% and 75% lower in 1275 IMTP before and 114 after EDSS 3.0 than in 539 UTP; the risk was higher in IMTP starting therapy after EDSS 3.0 than before (HR = 4.42). Conclusions: DMDs delayed long-term disability in MS patients treated either in the early or, to a lesser extent, in the later phase of the disease. Thus, the window of therapeutic opportunity is relatively extended, assuming that early is better than late treatment, but late is better than never.
Social workers and volunteers in Israel
Authors: Weiss-Gal Idit , Caduri Aviva 
Published: September 2014

Summary This study examines factors associated with Israeli social workers’ investment of effort in, and inclusion of, volunteers in their work. The variables are drawn from three theories: status characteristic theory, psychological contract theory, and organizational culture theory, and from claims regarding training in working with volunteers. The sample consisted of 118 randomly selected direct social workers in 26 municipal social service departments in Israel. The instruments were designed specifically for the study. Findings Social workers’ effort investment and inclusion increased when they: (a) viewed volunteers as contributing to social workers and the organization; (b) expected themselves to invest effort in their volunteers; (c) believed their volunteer met their expectations with regard to service users and social workers; (d) trusted their volunteer; (e) perceived their managerial culture, peer culture, and artifacts as encouraging effort investment and inclusion; and (f) received training in working with volunteers. Implications On a theoretical level, the findings expand our knowledge about factors that may impact on social workers’ investment of effort in volunteers and their inclusion. On a methodological level, instruments with good psychometric properties were developed to examine the associations studied and these can serve in future research. On the practical level, the findings highlight the importance of training in working with volunteers and underscore the value for managers and volunteer coordinators discussing the workers’ psychological contract with them and of fostering an organizational culture that encourages effort investment in, and inclusion of, volunteers.
Intestinal absorption and biological effects of orally administered amorphous silica particles
Authors: Yoshida Tokuyuki , Yoshioka Yasuo , Takahashi Hideki , Misato Kazuki , Mori Takahide , Hirai Toshiro , Nagano Kazuya , Abe Yasuhiro , Mukai Yohei , Kamada Haruhiko , Tsunoda Shin-ichi , Nabeshi Hiromi , Yoshikawa Tomoaki , Higashisaka Kazuma , Tsutsumi Yasuo 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Although amorphous silica nanoparticles are widely used in the production of food products (e.g., as anticaking agents), there is little information available about their absorption and biological effects after oral exposure. Here, we examined the in vitro intestinal absorption and in vivo biological effects in mice of orally administered amorphous silica particles with diameters of 70, 300, and 1,000 nm (nSP70, mSP300, and mSP1000, respectively) and of nSP70 that had been surface-modified with carboxyl or amine groups (nSP70-C and nSP70-N, respectively). Analysis of intestinal absorption by means of the everted gut sac method combined with an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer showed that the intestinal absorption of nSP70-C was significantly greater than that of nSP70. The absorption of nSP70-N tended to be greater than that of nSP70; however, the results were not statistically significant. Our results indicate that silica nanoparticles can be absorbed through the intestine and that particle diameter and surface properties are major determinants of the degree of absorption. We also examined the biological effects of the silica particles after 28-day oral exposure in mice. Hematological, histopathological, and biochemical analyses showed no significant differences between control mice and mice treated with the silica particles, suggesting that the silica nanoparticles evaluated in this study are safe for use in food production.