bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed CH Bond Functionalizations: Feasible Access to a Diversity‐Oriented β‐Carboline Library
Authors: Wu Ningjie , Song Feijie , Yan Lipeng , Li Juan , You Jingsong 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDiversification of the β‐carboline skeleton has been demonstrated to assemble a β‐carboline library starting from the tetrahydro‐β‐carboline framework. This strategy affords feasible access to heteroaryl‐, aryl‐, alkenyl‐, or alkynyl‐substituted β‐carbolines at the C1, C3, or C8 position through three categorically different types of transition‐metal‐catalyzed CC bond‐forming reactions, in the presence of multiple potentially reactive positions. These site‐selective functionalizations include; 1) the Cu‐catalyzed C1/C3‐selective decarboxylative CC and CCsp coupling of hexahydro‐β‐carboline‐3‐carboxylic acid with a CH bond of a heteroarene or terminal alkyne; 2) the chelation‐assisted Pd‐catalyzed C1/C8‐selective CH arylation of hexahydro‐β‐carboline with aryl boron reagents; and 3) the chelation‐assisted Pd‐catalyzed C1/C3‐selective oxidative CH/CH cross‐coupling of β‐carboline‐N‐oxide with arenes, heteroarenes, or alkenes. The saturated structural feature of the hexahydro‐β‐carboline framework can increase reactivity and control site selectivity. The robustness of these approaches has been demonstrated through the synthesis of hyrtioerectine analogues and perlolyrine. We believe that these strategies could provide inspiration for late‐stage diversifications of bioactive core scaffolds.
Epigenetic Molecular Recognition: A Biomolecular Modeling Perspective
Authors: Vellore Nadeem A. , Baron Riccardo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe abnormal regulation of epigenetic protein families is associated with the onset and progression of various human diseases. However, epigenetic processes remain relatively obscure at the molecular level, thus preventing the rational design of chemical therapeutics. An array of robust computational and modeling approaches can complement experiments to shed light on the complex mechanisms of epigenetic molecular recognition and can guide medicinal chemists in designing selective and potent drug molecules. Herein we present a review of studies focused on epigenetic molecular recognition from a biomolecular modeling viewpoint. Although the known epigenetic targets are numerous, this review focuses on the more limited protein families on which computational modeling has been successfully applied. Therefore, we review three main topics: 1) histone deacetylases, 2) histone demethylases, and 3) histone tail dynamics. A brief review of the biological background and biomedical relevance is presented for each topic, followed by a detailed discussion of the computational studies and their relevance.
Active smoking and the risk of estrogen receptor‐positive and triple‐negative breast cancer among women ages 20 to 44 years
Authors: Kawai Masaaki , Malone Kathleen E. , Tang Mei‐Tzu C. , Li Christopher I. 
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUNDEvidence regarding the correlation between smoking and breast cancer among young women is mixed, and previous studies have not assessed whether smoking is associated differentially with risks of the major breast cancer subtypes.METHODSThis was a population‐based, case‐control study of 778 women with estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive breast cancers and 182 women with ER‐negative, progesterone receptor‐negative, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2‐negative (triple‐negative [TN]), invasive breast cancers ages 20 to 44 years who were diagnosed from 2004 to 2010 in the Seattle‐Puget Sound metropolitan area. A control group of 938 cancer‐free women also was included. Associations between various aspects of smoking history and the risks of ER‐positive and TN breast cancer were assessed using polytomous logistic regression.RESULTSEver‐smokers had a 1.3‐fold increased risk (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1‐fold to 1.7‐fold increased risk) of breast cancer overall; and, when stratified by cancer subtype, they had a 1.4‐fold increased risk (95% CI, 1.1‐fold to 1.8‐fold increased risk) of ER‐positive breast cancer, but there was no elevation in their risk of TN disease (odds ratio, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.7‐1.6). Current/recent smokers with a ≥10 pack‐year history of smoking had a 1.6‐fold increased risk (95% CI, 1.1‐fold to 2.4‐fold increased risk) of ER‐positive breast cancer but had no increase in their risk of TN breast cancer (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.5‐1.9).CONCLUSIONSThe current results suggested that young women who are current/recent smokers with high pack‐year histories may have an increased risk of ER‐positive breast cancer but not TN breast cancer. Although this association was modest, the findings suggest that an increased risk of ER‐positive breast cancer may be another health risk incurred by young women who smoke. Cancer 2014;120:1026–1034. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Tuning Quantum‐Dot Organization in Liquid Crystals for Robust Photonic Applications
Authors: Rodarte Andrea L. , Nuno Zachary S. , Cao Blessing H. , Pandolfi Ronald J. , Quint Makiko T. , Ghosh Sayantani , Hein Jason E. , Hirst Linda S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMesogenic ligands have the potential to provide control over the dispersion and stabilization of nanoparticles in liquid crystal (LC) phases. The creation of such hybrid materials is an important goal for the creation of soft tunable photonic devices, such as the LC laser. Herein, we present a comparison of isotropic and mesogenic ligands attached to the surface of CdSe (core‐only) and CdSe/ZnS (core/shell) quantum dots (QDs). The mesogenic ligand′s flexible arm structure enhances ligand alignment, with the local LC director promoting QD dispersion in the isotropic and nematic phases. To characterize QD dispersion on different length scales, we apply fluorescence microscopy, X‐ray scattering, and scanning confocal photoluminescent imaging. These combined techniques demonstrate that the LC‐modified QDs do not aggregate into the dense clusters observed for dots with simple isotropic ligands when dispersed in liquid crystal, but loosely associate in a fluid‐like droplet with an average interparticle spacing >10 nm. Embedding the QDs in a cholesteric cavity, we observe comparable coupling effects to those reported for more closely packed isotropic ligands.
Electrostatic Ion Thrusters ‐ Towards Predictive Modeling
Authors: Kalentev O. , Matyash K. , Duras J. , Lüskow K. F. , Schneider R. , Koch N. , Schirra M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe development of electrostatic ion thrusters so far has mainly been based on empirical and qualitative knowhow, and on evolutionary iteration steps. This resulted in considerable effort regarding prototype design, construction and testing and therefore in significant development and qualification costs and high time demands. For future developments it is anticipated to implement simulation tools which allow for quantitative prediction of ion thruster performance, long‐term behavior and space craft interaction prior to hardware design and construction. Based on integrated numerical models combining self‐consistent kinetic plasma models with plasmawall interaction modules a new quality in the description of electrostatic thrusters can be reached. These open the perspective for predictive modeling in this field. This paper reviews the application of a set of predictive numerical modeling tools on an ion thruster model of the HEMP‐T (High Efficiency Multi‐stage Plasma Thruster) type patented by Thales Electron Devices GmbH. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasma‐Based Pollutant Degradation in Gas Streams: Status, Examples and Outlook
Authors: Brandenburg R. , Kovačević V. V. , Schmidt M. , Basner R. , Kettlitz M. , Sretenović G.B. , Obradović B.M. , Kuraica M.M. , Weltmann K.‐D. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe status of the research into and the application of non‐thermal plasmas for the pollutant degradation in gases is discussed, including some fundamental topics and engineering issues.Two reactor concepts, both based on dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs), are presented and investigated for various tasks. The DBD‐stack reactor shows a very good scalability and was investigated for the oxidation of NO in combustion gases (shipping diesel engine exhausts). The oxidation processes were significantly enhanced by the admixture of hydrocarbons. Significant NO conversion at low specific energy densities below 100 J/L were achieved in laboratory and test bench studies. The water falling film reactor demonstrated its feasibility for the removal of hydrocarbon pollutants from gases. Undecane, a long‐chain, harmful hydrocarbon, was decomposed. The conversion of non‐soluble compounds into soluble ones (formic acid) is a promising development towards a compact plasma‐assisted scrubbing technology. These approaches are good progress not only in the field of environmental plasma application, but also for indoor air quality, hygiene, and plasma synthesis. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Generation of Large‐Area Highly‐Nonequlibrium Plasma in Pure Hydrogen at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Prysiazhnyi V. , Brablec A. , Čech J. , Stupavská M. , Černák M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDiffuse Coplanar Surface Barrier Discharge (DCSBD) is a novel type of atmospheric‐pressure plasma source developed for high‐speed large‐area surface plasma treatments. Basic characteristics of DCSBD operated in pure atmospheric‐pressure hydrogen were measured using optical and emission spectroscopy methods, and its potential for the surface treatment application was demonstrated by hydrogen plasma reduction of Cu2O thin layers. The discharge generates a thin layer of diffuse non‐equilibrium plasma with a high power density of 70 Wcm–3. The mean electron density and electron temperature derived from spectroscopic data were 1.3 x 1016cm–3 and 19 x 103K, and the surface Cu2O layers forming a weak boundary were reduced to metallic copper within several seconds. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Basic Study of Two‐Dimensional Thomson Scattering Measurement by Multiple Reflections and Time‐of‐Flight of Laser Beam
Authors: Ito Shingo , Sakamoto Hisashi , Kotani Raita , Inomoto Michiaki , Ono Yasushi , Narihara Kazumichi 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYA novel two‐dimensional Thomson scattering (TS) measurement system has been developed by adopting the time‐of‐flight (TOF) difference in the signals scattered from three parallel laser beams formed by multiple reflections. New ideas are: (1) a YAG laser beam is reflected by 6 mirrors so that it covers the whole r–z plane of a spherical Tokamak (ST) plasma; (2) the observation position is determined by the time delay of the scattered light, which helps to significantly reduce the necessary numbers of spectrometers and detectors. Using a TS‐4 torus plasma merging device. we successfully measured the electron temperature at nine points, demonstrating the basic theory of this novel TS system.
A Pulse‐Type Hardware Level Difference Detection Model Based on Sound Source Localization Mechanism in the Barn Owl
Authors: Sakurai Tsubasa , Sekine Yoshifumi 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYAuditory information processing is very important in the darkness where vision information is extremely limited. Barn owls have an excellent hearing information processing function. Barn owls can detect a sound source with high accuracy to within less than two degrees in both the vertical and horizontal directions. When they perform sound source localization, barn owls use the interaural time difference for localization in the horizontal plane, and the interaural level difference for localization in the vertical plane. We are constructing a two‐dimensional sound source localization model using pulse‐type hardware neuron models based on sound source the localization mechanism of barn owl for the purpose of engineering application. In this paper we propose a pulse‐type hardware model for level difference detection based on sound source the localization mechanism of the barn owl. First, we discuss the response characteristics of the mathematical model for level difference detection. Next we discuss the response characteristics of the hardware mode. The results show clearly that this proposed model can be used as a sound source localization model for the vertical direction.
Enhancement of Passive Surveillance System for Airport Surface Movement
Authors: Kakubari Yasuyuki , Koga Tadashi , Miyazaki Hiromi , Shimada Hiroki , Nihei Shiro 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYMultilateration is an aircraft surveillance system for airport surface movement utilizing hyperbolic positioning. The system performance is sometimes degraded by multipath signals in airport apron areas. ENRI has proposed an enhanced multilateration system named OCTPASS (Optically Connected Passive Surveillance System), which has interference immunity in a multipath environment. This paper describes evaluation results for OCTPASS prototype equipment.
Automatic Generation of 3D Facial Image Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Yamamoto Takuma , Hattori Koosuke , Taguchi Ryo , Hoguro Masahiro , Umezaki Taizo 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYThe face is one of the most important regions for communication with others and for recognition of persons, and consequently face recognition systems are highly desirable. Such systems use images captured by a camera to recognize persons. However, face images are variable because of external factors such as the position of the body, ambient lighting, facial expression, and so on. This variability decreases recognition accuracy, and therefore facial recognition systems must overcome this problem. Recognition with 3D data solves this problem, but 3D measuring systems are expensive. Therefore, we propose a method that estimates 3D face data from 2D images captured by a camera. The method uses artificial neural networks, which learn the relations between 2D facial images and 3D facial data, as measured by a CCD camera and a laser range finder. Then, the artificial neural networks are able to reconstruct 3D facial data from 2D images. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective.
Design of an Implicit GMV‐PID Controller Using Closed Loop Data
Authors: Wakitani Shin , Hosokawa Kei , Yamamoto Toru 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYIn industrial processes, PID control has been applied in many real systems. The control performance strongly depends on the PID parameters. Although some schemes for tuning PID parameters have been proposed, these schemes need system parameters which are estimated by system identification in order to calculate the PID parameters. On the other hand, model‐free controller design schemes represented by virtual reference feedback tuning (VRFT) or FRIT have received much attention in the last few years. These methods can calculate control parameters using closed loop data and are expected to reduce computational costs. In this paper, a type of implicit PID controller using closed loop data is proposed. In the proposed method, the PID parameters are calculated on the basis of the implicit generalized minimum variance control. The control performance can be suitably adjusted by means of only a user‐specified parameter. The effectiveness of the proposed method is numerically and experimentally evaluated.
Isotropic Nd‐Fe‐B Thick‐Film Magnets for Micro‐Rotors Prepared by PLD Method
Authors: Nakano Masaki , Itakura Masaru , Yanai Takeshi , Yamashita Fumitoshi , Fukunaga Hirotoshi 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe flexibility of magnetization of isotropic thick‐film magnets enabled us to enhance the torque of a millimeter‐size motor comprising a multipolar magnetized rotor compared to the torque of a miniaturized motor using an anisotropic Nd‐Fe‐B sintered magnet. In order to upgrade the torque of the small motor further, an increase in the remanence value of the isotropic films is indispensable. In this study, therefore, we prepared nano‐composite Nd‐Fe‐B thick films by a high‐speed PLD (pulsed laser deposition) method with a deposition rate of approximately 40 μm/h. Resultantly, the use of additive (Zr or Nb) was effective to enhance the coercivity value of Nd‐Fe‐B thick‐film magnets with Nd‐poor composition, however it was difficult to increase the remanence values. In order to apply the thick films to a micro‐rotor, investigation on several experiments related to mechanical property was also carried out.
Position and Rotation Estimation for Mobile Robots in Outside of Recording Path Using Ego‐Motion
Authors: Hagiwara Yoshinobu , Shoji Tatsuya , Imamura Hiroki 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYIn this research, estimating the position and rotation of a mobile robot outside of a recording path is realized by applying ego‐motion to view‐based navigation. The ego‐motion is calculated based on the differences in 3D positions of SURF feature points between recording and current images obtained by a Kinect sensor. In conventional view‐based navigation, it is difficult to plan another path when people and objects are found in the recording path. By using the authors’ proposed estimation method, it is possible to realize flexible path planning in actual environments that include people and objects. Based on the results of experiments performed in actual indoor environments, the authors evaluated measurement accuracy for the robot's position and rotation estimated under their method, and confirmed the viability of their method for actual environments including people and objects.
Chromium Complexes Containing Polycyclic Condensed Aromatic Ligands: Mono‐ and Bidirectional Synthesis from Chromium–Carbenes, Molecular Structures, and Rearrangement Reactions
Authors: Hegele Peter , Schnakenburg Gregor , Daniels Jörg , Dötz Karl Heinz 
Published: February 2014

AbstractChromium–pyrenylcarbenes accessible from halopyrene precursors undergo benzannulation upon gentle warming with 3‐hexyne to give hydroquinoid benzopyrene–Cr(CO)3 complexes. Kinetic benzannulation product 3 rearranges into thermodynamic haptotropomer 4 at 70 °C in octafluorotoluene under first‐order kinetics. Further complexation of 3 by Cr(NH3)3(CO)3 affords syn and anti dinuclear chromium–benzopyrene complexes. Bidirectional extension of the benzannulation protocol results in the formation of syn and anti dibenzopyrene–dichromium complexes, which are structurally characterized by X‐ray analysis.
Unique Deca‐ and Tetranuclear Halocuprate(I) Clusters of a Clamplike Ligand: Isolation, Structure, and Luminescence Properties
Authors: Li Li , Li Hai‐Yan , Ren Zhi‐Gang , Lang Jian‐Ping 
Published: February 2014

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Jian‐Ping Lang at Soochow University, P. R. China. The cover image shows the structure containing the decanuclear chlorocuprate(I) cluster in which two stairlike [Cu5Cl5] fragments share two μ6‐Cl and two μ‐Cl atoms to form a unique [Cu10Cl10] cluster framework. In the background is a gate with the motto of the university “Unto a Full Grown Man”.
Asymmetric Iodolactonization: An Evolutionary Account
Authors: Nolsøe Jens M. J. , Hansen Trond V. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe diversity entailed by halolactonization makes it a fundamental transformation, enabling the synthetic organic chemist to build up molecular complexity in a way that relates structural elements in a predictable manner. Due to practical aspects and the subsequent flexible manipulation of the installed halogen handle, iodolactonization takes precedence over the other variants. The asymmetry that can be conferred on the products by iodine‐induced cyclization has been the subject of various approaches. For a long time stereoselectivity has been achieved by substrate‐controlled reactions. However, lately, the reagent‐controlled counterpart has surfaced as an alternative based on the action of a catalyst. Despite the fact that the current progress in catalytic asymmetric iodolactonization has happened only in the space of the last three years, a number of conceptually different approaches have already been applied to advance beyond the substrate‐controlled reaction. Herein we describe the various strategies, which have propelled the development of asymmetric iodolactonization to its current state, putting an emphasis on catalysis.
Direct Trifluoromethylthiolation Reactions: The “Renaissance” of an Old Concept
Authors: Toulgoat Fabien , Alazet Sébastien , Billard Thierry 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBecause of its high lipophilicity, the CF3S group has always interested chemists. However, strategies to introduce it into organic molecules have been, for the most part, reserved to specialized “fluorine chemists”. Recent published work has demystified these preconceived ideas by proposing new efficient methods or easy‐to‐handle reagents to enrich the toolbox of chemists. However, all these new concepts arise from the pioneering works of the past! In this review, we will do a “back to the future” by remembering the most significant results of the past and by presenting extensions and novelties of the present and for the future.
A FIM Study to Assess Safety and Exposure of Inhaled Single Doses of AP301—A Specific ENaC Channel Activator for the Treatment of Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Schwameis Richard , Eder Sandra , Pietschmann Helmut , Fischer Bernhard , Mascher Hermann , Tzotzos Susan , Fischer Hendrik , Lucas Rudolf , Zeitlinger Markus , Hermann Robert 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAP301 is an activator of ENaC‐mediated Na+ uptake for the treatment of pulmonary permeability edema in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The purpose of this “first‐in‐man” study was to examine local and systemic safety and systemic exposure of ascending single doses of AP301, when inhaled by healthy male subjects. In a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, 48 healthy male subjects were randomized to 6 ascending dose groups (single doses up to 120 mg) of 8 subjects each (3:1 randomization of AP301: placebo). Serial assessments included spirometry, exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), vital signs, ECG, safety laboratory, adverse events (AE), and blood samples for the quantification of AP301 in plasma. Descriptive statistics was applied. All 48 subjects received treatment, and completed the study as per protocol. No serious, local (e.g., hoarseness, cough, bronchospasm), or dose‐limiting AEs were noted. None of the assessments indicated notable dose or time‐related alterations of safety outcomes. Observed AP301 systemic exposure levels were very low, with mean Cmax values of <2.5 ng/mL in the highest dose groups. Inhaled AP301 single doses up to 120 mg were safe and well tolerated by healthy male subjects. Distribution of inhaled AP301 was largely confined to the lung, as indicated by very low AP301 systemic exposure levels.