bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knightian Uncertainty and Stock-Price Movements: Why the REH Present-Value Model Failed Empirically
Authors: Frydman Roman , Goldberg Michael D. , Mangee Nicholas 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMacroeconomic models that are based on either the rational expectations hypothesis (REH) or behavioral considerations share a core premise: All future market outcomes can be characterized ex ante with a single overarching probability distribution. This paper assesses the empirical relevance of this premise using a novel data set. The authors find that Knightian uncertainty, which cannot be reduced to a probability distribution, underpins outcomes in the stock market. This finding reveals the full implications of Robert Shiller’s ground-breaking rejection of the class of REH present-value models that rely on the consumption-based specification of the risk premium. The relevance of Knightian uncertainty is inconsistent with all REH models, regardless of how they specify the market’s risk premium. The authors’ evidence is also inconsistent with bubble accounts of REH models’ empirical difficulties. They consider a present-value model based on a New Rational Expectations Hypothesis, which recognizes the relevance of Knightian uncertainty in driving outcomes in real-world markets. Their novel data is supportive of the model’s implications that rational forecasting relies on both fundamental and psychological factors.
La critique de la propriété chez les anarchistes du dix-neuvième siècle : une comparaison des propositions de Proudhon et de Déjacque1
Authors: Lebrun Pascal 
Published: August 2015

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon est demeuré célèbre pour son cri, « La propriété, c’est le vol ! » Pourtant, le « père de l’anarchisme » ne promeut pas son abolition. À la même époque, Joseph Déjacque, un autre anarchiste, critique vertement Proudhon pour son refus d’abolir la propriété afin de passer au communisme libertaire. Cet article analyse les pensées de ces deux auteurs au sujet de la propriété en les comparant l’une à l’autre afin d’identifier la cause de leur désaccord.
First hydrothermal discoveries on the Australian‐Antarctic Ridge: Discharge sites, plume chemistry, and vent organisms
Authors: Hahm Doshik , Baker Edward T. , Siek Rhee Tae , Won Yong‐Jin , Resing Joseph A. , Lupton John E. , Lee Won‐Kyung , Kim Minjeong , Park Sung‐Hyun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Australian‐Antarctic Ridge (AAR) is one of the largest unexplored regions of the global mid‐ocean ridge system. Here, we report a multiyear effort to locate and characterize hydrothermal activity on two first‐order segments of the AAR: KR1 and KR2. To locate vent sites on each segment, we used profiles collected by Miniature Autonomous Plume Recorders on rock corers during R/V Araon cruises in March and December of 2011. Optical and oxidation‐reduction‐potential anomalies indicate multiple active sites on both segments. Seven profiles on KR2 found 3 sites, each separated by ∼25 km. Forty profiles on KR1 identified 17 sites, some within a few kilometer of each other. The spatial density of hydrothermal activity along KR1 and KR2 (plume incidence of 0.34) is consistent with the global trend for a spreading rate of ∼70 mm/yr. The densest area of hydrothermal activity, named “Mujin,” occurred along the 20 km‐long inflated section near the segment center of KR1. Continuous plume surveys conducted in January–February of 2013 on R/V Araon found CH4/3He (1 − 15 × 106) and CH4/Mn (0.01–0.5) ratios in the plume samples, consistent with a basaltic‐hosted system and typical of ridges with intermediate spreading rates. Additionally, some of the plume samples exhibited slightly higher ratios of H2/3He and Fe/Mn than others, suggesting that those plumes are supported by a younger hydrothermal system that may have experienced a recent eruption. The Mujin‐field was populated by Kiwa crabs and seven‐armed Paulasterias starfish previously recorded on the East Scotia Ridge, raising the possibility of circum‐Antarctic biogeographic connections of vent fauna.
The signature of randomness in riparian plant root distributions
Authors: Tron Stefania , Perona Paolo , Gorla Lorenzo , Schwarz Massimiliano , Laio Francesco , Ridolfi Luca 
Published: August 2015

AbstractKnown as “the hidden half”, plant roots are fundamental contributors to the riparian ecosystem functioning. Roots show an extraordinary architectural complexity that recalls their remarkable ability to adapt to environmental heterogeneity, resources availability, and climate. In fluvial environments, phreatophytes and hydrophytes cope with flow and sediment processes, and hydrotropism and aerotropism are the main drivers for root growth. In this work, we show how the vertical root density distribution in riparian plants is the result of how plants respond to the random fluctuations of river flows. A root data set from field and controlled outdoor experiments is used in combination with a physically based analytical model to demonstrate that the root vertical density distribution can be ascribed to the interplay of randomness and determinism in a simple mathematical form. The shape of the distribution reflects the profitability of plant roots to grow in different soil layers depending on the soil moisture availability. For the first time, this model helps understanding in an analytical manner the adaptation strategy of plant roots to different scenarios, paving the way for the comprehension of the effects of future changes in climate and environmental conditions.
Characteristics of extreme geoelectric fields and their possible causes: Localized peak enhancements
Authors: Ngwira Chigomezyo M. , Pulkkinen Antti A. , Bernabeu Emanuel , Eichner Jan , Viljanen Ari , Crowley Geoff 
Published: August 2015

AbstractOne of the major challenges pertaining to extreme geomagnetic storms is to understand the basic processes associated with the development of dynamic magnetosphere‐ionosphere currents, which generate large induced surface geoelectric fields. Previous studies point out the existence of localized peak geoelectric field enhancements during extreme storms. We examined induced global geoelectric fields derived from ground‐based magnetometer recordings for 12 extreme geomagnetic storms between the years 1982 and 2005. For the present study two important extreme storms, 29 October 2003 and 13 March 1989, are shown. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide further evidence on the existence of localized peak geoelectric field enhancements and to show that the structure of the geoelectric field during these localized extremes at single sites can differ greatly from globally and regionally averaged fields. Although the physical processes that govern the development of these localized extremes are still not clear, we discuss some possible causes.
Fragility of reconstructed temperature patterns over the Common Era: Implications for model evaluation
Authors: Wang Jianghao , Emile‐Geay Julien , Guillot Dominique , McKay Nicholas P. , Rajaratnam Bala 
Published: August 2015

AbstractClimate field reconstructions(CFRs) enable spatially resolved estimates of past climates, providing important insights about climate variability over the Common Era. In particular, a reconstructed “La Niña‐like” pattern during the transition from the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) to the Little Ice Age has been widely tied to medieval droughts in southwest North America. This pattern is now used as a key benchmark for global climate model simulations of the last millennium, which have yet to reproduce it. Here we test the pattern's robustness by using four different CFR methods and two proxy networks. With the older network, we find the reconstructed patterns to be highly method‐dependent, with the La Niña‐like pattern not reproduced by two of the CFR methodologies. With the updated proxy network, a globally uniform MCA emerges with all methods, in agreement with simulations from the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 3 ensemble. Our results caution against drawing dynamical interpretations from a single CFR and affirm the importance of developing CFRs through improved statistical methodology and community‐driven proxy syntheses.
Effect of temperature and pore fluid on the strength of porous limestone
Authors: Lisabeth Harrison P. , Zhu Wenlu 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe presence of pore fluid in rocks generally reduces brittle strength. The role of water weakening in porous carbonate rocks and the effect of enhanced deformation on concomitant transport property evolution are poorly understood. The interaction between pore fluid and deformation mechanisms in carbonate rocks is complicated by crystal plasticity and solubility in calcite at low temperatures and pressures. To explore this system, we perform conventional triaxial deformation experiments on Indiana Limestone (~16% porosity) over a range of temperatures (23–75°C) and effective confining pressures (10–50 MPa). Samples are deformed with pore fluids of different saturation states with respect to calcite host rock. Samples tend to fail by distributed deformation. Sample permeability is reduced by up to an order of magnitude during deformation, even in samples exhibiting dilatancy. Compactive yield strength, associated with shear‐enhanced compaction, is greatly reduced in saturated samples compared to dry samples. Dilatancy is suppressed and compaction enhanced at elevated pressures. Greater weakening effects are observed when pore fluid is far‐from‐equilibrium with carbonate rock. Observed weakening results from the interaction between microcracking, mechanical twinning, and pressure solution.
Effects of wind on entrainment efficiency in volcanic plumes
Authors: Suzuki Yujiro J. , Koyaguchi Takehiro 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe entrainment of air by turbulent mixing plays a central role in the dynamics of volcanic eruption clouds, as the amount of entrained air controls the height of the plume. In one‐dimensional models of volcanic plumes, the efficiency of entrainment under a wind field is parameterized using two empirical constants. The first is the coefficient associated with the entrainment caused by the shear between the volcanic plume and the ambient air (i.e., the radial entrainment coefficient), and the other is associated with the entrainment caused by wind (i.e., the wind entrainment coefficient). In this study, we used three‐dimensional numerical simulations of volcanic plumes to determine the effective values of these empirical constants from the relationship between eruption conditions and plume heights. These simulations suggest that the value of the radial entrainment coefficient is 0.05–0.06, which is slightly smaller than that of pure jets or plumes seen in laboratory experiments (0.07–0.15). The value of the wind entrainment coefficient was estimated to be 0.1–0.3, which is significantly smaller than those estimated from laboratory experiments (0.3–1.0). The entrainment coefficients derived from these simulations successfully explain the observations made during the 2011 Shinmoe‐dake eruptions in which the volcanic plumes were significantly distorted by the wind.
Myxococcales
Authors: Reichenbach Hans 
Published: August 2015

My.xo.coc.ca' les. M.L. fem. pl. n.Myxococcaceaetype family of order; ‐alesending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.MyxococcalestheMyxococcaceaeorder.Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales
Genome‐wide variant by serum urate interaction in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Nazeri Arash , Roostaei Tina , Sadaghiani Shokufeh , Chakravarty M. Mallar , Eberly Shirley , Lang Anthony E. , Voineskos Aristotle N. 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveSerum urate levels have been associated with risk for and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Urate‐related compounds are therapeutic candidates in neuroprotective efforts to slow PD progression. A urate‐elevating agent is currently under investigation as a potential disease‐modifying strategy in people with PD. However, PD is a heterogeneous disorder, and genetic variation may explain divergence in disease severity and progression.MethodsWe conducted a genome‐wide association study to identify gene variant × serum urate interaction effects on the striatal 123I‐ioflupane (DaTscan) binding ratio measured using single photon emission computed tomography in patients with possible PD from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI, n = 360). Follow‐up analyses were conducted to assess gene variant × serum urate interaction effects on magnetic resonance imaging–derived regional brain volumes and clinical status. We then attempted to replicate our primary analysis in patients who entered the Parkinson Research Examination of CEP‐1347 Trial (PRECEPT) with a clinical diagnosis of PD (n = 349).ResultsRs1109303 (T>G) variant within the INPP5K gene on chromosome 17p13.3 demonstrated a genome‐wide significant interaction with serum urate level to predict striatal dopamine transporter density among all PPMI participants (n = 359) with possible PD (p = 2.01 × 10−8; after excluding participants with SWEDD [scan without evidence of dopaminergic deficit]: p = 1.12 × 10−9; n = 316). Independent of striatal dopamine transporter density, similar effects on brain atrophy, bradykinesia, anxiety, and depression were observed. No effect was present in the PRECEPT sample at baseline; however, in non‐SWEDD PD participants in PRECEPT (n = 309), we observed a significant longitudinal genotype × serum urate interaction effect, consistent in direction with the PPMI sample, on progression of striatal dopamine transporter density over the 22‐month follow‐up.InterpretationGenetic profile combined with serum urate level can be used to predict disease severity and potential disease progression in patients with PD. These results may be relevant to therapeutic efforts targeting the urate pathway. Ann Neurol 2015;78:Ann Neurol 2015;78:679–696
Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of a Photosensitizer‐BODIPY Derivative for Potential Photodynamic Therapy Applications
Authors: Gorbe Mónica , Barba‐Bon Andrea , de la Torre Cristina , Gil Salvador , Costero Ana M. , Sancenón Félix , Murguía Jose Ramón , Martínez‐Máñez Ramón 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA new photosensitizer (1) based on the 4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) scaffold has been synthesized. 1 is water soluble and showed an intense absorption band at 490 nm (ɛ=77600 cm−1 m−1) and an emission at 514 nm. In vitro toxicity of 1 in the presence of light and in darkness has been studied with HeLa, HaCaT, MCF‐7, and SCC‐13 cell lines. Moreover, internalization studies of 1 in these cell lines were also performed. These results suggested that 1 is more toxic for SCC‐13 and HeLa carcinoma cells than for the HaCaT non‐cancerous immortal human keratinocytes. Toxicity upon light irradiation was due to the formation of singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cellular co‐localization experiments revealed preferential localization of the dye in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Nitrogen‐Enriched Fe3O4@Carbon Nanospheres Derived from Fe3O4@3‐Aminophenol/Formaldehyde Resin Nanospheres Based on a Facile Hydrothermal Strategy: Towards a Robust Catalyst Scaffold for Platinum Nanocrystals
Authors: Tian Kesong , Guo Wanchun , Zhao Xiaoqing , Xu Zhaopeng , Jiao Jiao , Jia Yin , Li Ruifei , Wang Haiyan 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRobust nitrogen‐enriched Fe3O4@carbon nanospheres have been fabricated as a catalyst scaffold for Pt nanoparticles. In this work, core–shell Fe3O4@3‐aminophenol/formaldehyde (APF) nanocomposites were first synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method, and subsequently carbonized to Fe3O4@N‐Carbon nanospheres for in situ growth of Pt nanocrystals. Abundant amine groups were distributed uniformly onto Fe3O4@N‐Carbon nanospheres, which not only improved the dispersity and stability of the Pt nanocrystals, but also endowed the Pt‐based catalysts with good compatibility in organic solvents. The dense three‐dimensional cross‐linked carbon shell protects the Fe3O4 cores against damage from harsh chemical environments, even in aqueous HCl (up to 1.0 m) or NaOH (up to 1.0 m) solutions under ultrasonication for 24 hours, which indicates that it can be used as a robust catalyst scaffold. In the reduction of nitrobenzene compounds, the Fe3O4@N‐Carbon@Pt nanocatalysts show outstanding catalytic activity, stability, and recoverability.
A second‐time percutaneous aortic‐valve implantation for bioprosthetic failure
Authors: Codner Pablo , Assali Abid , Vaknin Assa Hana , Kornowski Ran 
Published: August 2015

Key Clinical MessageWe report a case of an 84‐year‐old man with a history of surgical aortic‐valve replacement for chronic aortic regurgitation (AR) who later developed severe prosthetic valve AR. Subsequent treatment with a Corevalve® was unsuccessful with severe AR seen at 3 years after the valve‐in‐valve procedure. The patient was then successfully treated with a second catheter‐based Corevalve® implantation.
An Experimental and Theoretical Approach to Investigate the Effect of Chain Length on Aminothiol Adsorption and Assembly on Gold
Authors: Bedford Erin , Humblot Vincent , Méthivier Christophe , Pradier Claire‐Marie , Gu Frank , Tielens Frederik , Boujday Souhir 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDespite the numerous studies on the self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkylthiols on gold, the mechanisms involved, especially the nature and influence of the thiol–gold interface are still under debate. In this work the adsorption of aminothiols on Au(111) surfaces has been studied by using surface IR and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as by density functional theory (DFT) modeling. Two aminothiols were used, cysteamine (CEA) and mercaptoundecylamine (MUAM), which contain two and eleven carbon atoms, respectively. By combining experimental and theoretical methods, it was possible to draw a molecular picture of the thiol–gold interface. The long‐chain aminothiol produced better ordered SAMs, but, interestingly, the XPS data showed different sulfur binding environments depending on the alkyl chain length; an additional peak at low binding energy was observed upon CEA adsorption, which indicates the presence of sulfur in a different environment. DFT modeling showed that the positions of the sulfur atoms in the SAMs on gold with similar unit cells [(2√3×2√3)R30°] depended on the length of the alkyl chain. Short‐chain alkylthiol SAMs were adsorbed more strongly than long‐chain thiol SAMs and were shown to induce surface reconstruction by extracting atoms from the surface, possibly forming adatom/vacancy combinations that lead to the additional XPS peak. In the case of short alkylthiols, the thiol–gold interface governs the layer, CEA adsorbs strongly, and the mechanism is closer to single‐molecule adsorption than self‐assembly, whereas for long chains, interactions between alkyl chains drive the system to self‐assembly, leading to a higher level of SAM organization and restricting the influence of the sulfur–gold interface.
An efficient non‐newtonian fluid‐flow simulator for variable aperture fractures
Authors: Morris Joseph P. , Chochua Gocha G. , Bogdan Andrey V. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMany natural and industrial applications involve non‐Newtonian fluids w­ith high effective viscosity ratios flowing between surfaces with spatial variations in aperture. In particular, hydraulic fracturing operations often require pumping sequences of non‐Newtonian fluids with yield‐stress into a variable‐aperture fracture that initially contains water. Numerical methods for this class of problem must deal robustly with the high aspect ratio of the flow domain and large contrasts in effective viscosity while maintaining interfaces between immiscible phases. We avoid the computational burden of a fully three‐dimensional approach by introducing an aperture‐averaged analytic solution for flow of a Hershel‐Bulkley fluid between two plates. We discuss the incorporation of this analytic solution within a simulator of flow within a fracture with spatial variations in aperture. We minimize numerical diffusion through use of a hybrid Lagrangian‐Eulerian approach that naturally tracks the multiple fluid phases. We demonstrate effectiveness of the numerical method through comparison with analytic results and one‐dimensional finite difference numerical solutions. Benchmarking of the 2‐D model against a 3‐D model reveals both advantages and shortcomings of a through‐aperture averaged method. The two simulations agree on the bulk behaviour of the phases while the 2‐D model is two orders of magnitude more efficient. Comparison between predictions of the models after water injection behind the pad reveals that the 3‐D model predicts non‐uniformity across the fracture aperture. This suggests that while bulk behaviour may be well captured by the 2‐D model, improved accuracy could be obtained by introducing multiple fluid layers within each cell of the model.
Effect of Low‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering by Ezetimibe/Simvastatin on Outcome Incidence: Overview, Meta‐Analyses, and Meta‐Regression Analyses of Randomized Trials
Authors: Thomopoulos Costas , Skalis George , Michalopoulou Helena , Tsioufis Costas , Makris Thomas 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTThis analysis investigated the extent of different outcome reductions from low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) lowering following ezetimibe/simvastatin treatment and the proportionality of outcome to LDL‐C reductions. The authors searched PubMed between 1997 and mid‐June 2015 (any language) and the Cochrane Library to identify all randomized controlled trials comparing ezetimibe/simvastatin with placebo or less intensive LDL‐C lowering. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), standardized to 20 mg/dL LDL‐C reduction, were calculated for 5 primary outcomes (fatal and nonfatal) and 4 secondary outcomes (non‐cardiovascular [CV] death, cancer, myopathy, and hepatopathy). Five ezetimibe/simvastatin RCTs (30 051 individuals) were eligible, 2 comparing ezetimibe/simvastatin vs placebo and 3 vs less intensive treatment. Outcomes reduced almost to the same extent were stroke (RR: −13%, 95% CI: −21% to −3%), coronary heart disease (CHD; RR: −12%, 95% CI: −19% to −5%), and composite of stroke and CHD (RR: −14%, 95% CI: −20% to −8%). Absolute risk reductions: 5 strokes, 10 CHD events, and 16 stroke and CHD events prevented for every 1000 patients treated for 5 years. Residual risk was almost 7× higher than absolute risk reduction for all the above outcomes. All death outcomes were not reduced, and secondary outcomes did not differ between groups. Logarithmic risk ratios were not associated with LDL‐C lowering. Our meta‐analysis provides evidence that, in patients with different CV disease burden, major CV events are safely reduced by LDL‐C lowering with ezetimibe/simvastatin, while raising the hypothesis that the extent of LDL‐C lowering might not be accompanied by incremental clinical‐event reduction.
An efficient solution to the subset‐sum problem on GPU
Authors: Curtis V. V. , Sanches C. A. A. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryWe present an algorithm to solve the subset‐sum problem (SSP) of capacity c and n items with weights wi,1≤i≤n, spending O(n(m − wmin)/p) time and O(n + m − wmin) space in the Concurrent Read/Concurrent Write (CRCW) PRAM model with 1≤p≤m − wmin processors, where wmin is the lowest weight and
, improving both upper‐bounds. Thus, when n≤c, it is possible to solve the SSP in O(n) time in parallel environments with low memory. We also show OpenMP and CUDA implementations of this algorithm and, on Graphics Processing Unit, we obtained better performance than the best sequential and parallel algorithms known so far. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.