bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct synthesis of imino-C-nucleoside analogues and other biologically active iminosugars
Authors: Bergeron-Brlek Milan , Meanwell Michael , Britton Robert 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIminosugars have attracted increasing attention as chemical probes, chaperones and leads for drug discovery. Despite several clinical successes, their de novo synthesis remains a significant challenge that also limits their integration with modern high-throughput screening technologies. Herein, we describe a unique synthetic strategy that converts a wide range of acetaldehyde derivatives into iminosugars and imino-C-nucleoside analogues in two or three straightforward transformations. We also show that this strategy can be readily applied to the rapid production of indolizidine and pyrrolizidine iminosugars. The high levels of enantio- and diastereoselectivity, excellent overall yields, convenience and broad substrate scope make this an appealing process for diversity-oriented synthesis, and should enable drug discovery efforts.
Superlattices assembled through shape-induced directional binding
Authors: Lu Fang , Yager Kevin G. , Zhang Yugang , Xin Huolin , Gang Oleg 
Published: April 2015

AbstractOrganization of spherical particles into lattices is typically driven by packing considerations. Although the addition of directional binding can significantly broaden structural diversity, nanoscale implementation remains challenging. Here we investigate the assembly of clusters and lattices in which anisotropic polyhedral blocks coordinate isotropic spherical nanoparticles via shape-induced directional interactions facilitated by DNA recognition. We show that these polyhedral blocks—cubes and octahedrons—when mixed with spheres, promote the assembly of clusters with architecture determined by polyhedron symmetry. Moreover, three-dimensional binary superlattices are formed when DNA shells accommodate the shape disparity between nanoparticle interfaces. The crystallographic symmetry of assembled lattices is determined by the spatial symmetry of the block’s facets, while structural order depends on DNA-tuned interactions and particle size ratio. The presented lattice assembly strategy, exploiting shape for defining the global structure and DNA-mediation locally, opens novel possibilities for by-design fabrication of binary lattices.
Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies multiple novel associations and ethnic heterogeneity of psoriasis susceptibility
Authors: Yin Xianyong , Low Hui Qi , Wang Ling , Li Yonghong , Ellinghaus Eva , Han Jiali , Estivill Xavier , Sun Liangdan , Zuo Xianbo , Shen Changbing , Zhu Caihong , Zhang Anping , Sanchez Fabio , Padyukov Leonid , Catanese Joseph J. , Krueger Gerald G. , Duffin Kristina Callis , Mucha Sören , Weichenthal Michael , Weidinger Stephan , Lieb Wolfgang , Foo Jia Nee , Li Yi , Sim Karseng , Liany Herty , Irwan Ishak , Teo Yikying , Theng Colin T. S. , Gupta Rashmi , Bowcock Anne , De Jager Philip L. , Qureshi Abrar A. , de Bakker Paul I. W. , Seielstad Mark , Liao Wilson , Ståhle Mona , Franke Andre , Zhang Xuejun , Liu Jianjun 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPsoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease with complex genetics and different degrees of prevalence across ethnic populations. Here we present the largest trans-ethnic genome-wide meta-analysis (GWMA) of psoriasis in 15,369 cases and 19,517 controls of Caucasian and Chinese ancestries. We identify four novel associations at LOC144817, COG6, RUNX1 and TP63, as well as three novel secondary associations within IFIH1 and IL12B. Fine-mapping analysis of MHC region demonstrates an important role for all three HLA class I genes and a complex and heterogeneous pattern of HLA associations between Caucasian and Chinese populations. Further, trans-ethnic comparison suggests population-specific effect or allelic heterogeneity for 11 loci. These population-specific effects contribute significantly to the ethnic diversity of psoriasis prevalence. This study not only provides novel biological insights into the involvement of immune and keratinocyte development mechanism, but also demonstrates a complex and heterogeneous genetic architecture of psoriasis susceptibility across ethnic populations.
A dominant role for the methyl-CpG-binding protein Mbd2 in controlling Th2 induction by dendritic cells
Authors: Cook Peter C. , Owen Heather , Deaton Aimée M. , Borger Jessica G. , Brown Sheila L. , Clouaire Thomas , Jones Gareth-Rhys , Jones Lucy H. , Lundie Rachel J. , Marley Angela K. , Morrison Vicky L. , Phythian-Adams Alexander T. , Wachter Elisabeth , Webb Lauren M. , Sutherland Tara E. , Thomas Graham D. , Grainger John R. , Selfridge Jim , McKenzie Andrew N. J. , Allen Judith E. , Fagerholm Susanna C. , Maizels Rick M. , Ivens Alasdair C. , Bird Adrian , MacDonald Andrew S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) direct CD4+ T-cell differentiation into diverse helper (Th) subsets that are required for protection against varied infections. However, the mechanisms used by DCs to promote Th2 responses, which are important both for immunity to helminth infection and in allergic disease, are currently poorly understood. We demonstrate a key role for the protein methyl-CpG-binding domain-2 (Mbd2), which links DNA methylation to repressive chromatin structure, in regulating expression of a range of genes that are associated with optimal DC activation and function. In the absence of Mbd2, DCs display reduced phenotypic activation and a markedly impaired capacity to initiate Th2 immunity against helminths or allergens. These data identify an epigenetic mechanism that is central to the activation of CD4+ T-cell responses by DCs, particularly in Th2 settings, and reveal methyl-CpG-binding proteins and the genes under their control as possible therapeutic targets for type-2 inflammation.
Optofluidic fabrication for 3D-shaped particles
Authors: Paulsen Kevin S. , Di Carlo Dino , Chung Aram J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractComplex three-dimensional (3D)-shaped particles could play unique roles in biotechnology, structural mechanics and self-assembly. Current methods of fabricating 3D-shaped particles such as 3D printing, injection moulding or photolithography are limited because of low-resolution, low-throughput or complicated/expensive procedures. Here, we present a novel method called optofluidic fabrication for the generation of complex 3D-shaped polymer particles based on two coupled processes: inertial flow shaping and ultraviolet (UV) light polymerization. Pillars within fluidic platforms are used to deterministically deform photosensitive precursor fluid streams. The channels are then illuminated with patterned UV light to polymerize the photosensitive fluid, creating particles with multi-scale 3D geometries. The fundamental advantages of optofluidic fabrication include high-resolution, multi-scalability, dynamic tunability, simple operation and great potential for bulk fabrication with full automation. Through different combinations of pillar configurations, flow rates and UV light patterns, an infinite set of 3D-shaped particles is available, and a variety are demonstrated.
100-nm-sized magnetic domain reversal by the magneto-electric effect in self-assembled BiFeO3/CoFe2O4 bilayer films
Authors: Sone Keita , Naganuma Hiroshi , Ito Masaki , Miyazaki Takamichi , Nakajima Takashi , Okamura Soichiro 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA (001)-epitaxial-BiFeO3/CoFe2O4 bilayer was grown by self-assembly on SrTiO3 (100) substrates by just coating a mixture precursor solution. The thickness ratio of the bilayer could be controlled by adjusting the composition ratio. For example, a BiFeOx:CoFe2Ox = 4:1 (namely Bi4CoFe6Ox) mixture solution could make a total thickness of 110nm divided into 85-nm-thick BiFeO3 and 25-nm-thick CoFe2O4. Self-assembly of the bilayer occurred because the perovskite BiFeO3 better matched the lattice constant (misfit approximately 1%) and crystal symmetry of the perovskite SrTiO3 than the spinel CoFe2O4 (misfit approximately 7%). The magnetic domains of the hard magnet CoFe2O4 were switched by the polarization change of BiFeO3 due to an applied vertical voltage and the switched magnetic domain size was approximately 100nm in diameter. These results suggest that self-assembled BiFeO3/CoFe2O4 bilayers are interesting in voltage driven nonvolatile memory with a low manufacturing cost.
Temperature Dependence of Electric Transport in Few-layer Graphene under Large Charge Doping Induced by Electrochemical Gating
Authors: Gonnelli R. S. , Paolucci F. , Piatti E. , Sharda Kanudha , Sola A. , Tortello M. , Nair Jijeesh R. , Gerbaldi C. , Bruna M. , Borini S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe temperature dependence of electric transport properties of single-layer and few-layer graphene at large charge doping is of great interest both for the study of the scattering processes dominating the conductivity at different temperatures and in view of the theoretically predicted possibility to reach the superconducting state in such extreme conditions. Here we present the results obtained in 3-, 4- and 5-layer graphene devices down to 3.5 K, where a large surface charge density up to about 6.8·1014 cm−2 has been reached by employing a novel polymer electrolyte solution for the electrochemical gating. In contrast with recent results obtained in single-layer graphene, the temperature dependence of the sheet resistance between 20 K and 280 K shows a low-temperature dominance of a T2 component – that can be associated with electron-electron scattering – and, at about 100 K, a crossover to the classic electron-phonon regime. Unexpectedly, this crossover does not show any dependence on the induced charge density, i.e. on the large tuning of the Fermi energy.
Loss of PTPRM Associates with the Pathogenic Development of Colorectal Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence
Authors: Sudhir Putty-Reddy , Lin Shiu-Ting , Chia-Wen Chien , Yang Shung-Haur , Li Anna Fen-Yau , Lai Rai-Hua , Wang Mei-Jung , Chen Yuan-Tsong , Chen Chian-Feng , Jou Yuh-Shan , Chen Jeou-Yuan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIdentification and functional analysis of genes from genetically altered chromosomal regions would suggest new molecular targets for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Here we performed a genome-wide analysis of chromosomal copy number alterations (CNAs) in matching sets of colon mucosa-adenoma-carcinoma samples using high-throughput oligonucleotide microarray analysis. In silico analysis of NCBI GEO and TCGA datasets allowed us to uncover the significantly altered genes (p ≤ 0.001) associated with the identified CNAs. We performed quantitative PCR analysis of the genomic and complementary DNA derived from primary mucosa, adenoma and carcinoma samples and confirmed the recurrent loss and down-regulation of PTPRM in colon adenomas and carcinomas. Functional characterization demonstrated that PTPRM negatively regulates cell growth and colony formation, whereas loss of PTPRM promotes oncogenic cell growth. We further showed that, in accordance to Knudson's two-hit hypothesis, inactivation of PTPRM in colon cancer was mainly attributed to loss of heterozygosity and promoter hypermethylation. Taken together, this study demonstrates a putative tumor suppressive role for PTPRM and that genetic and epigenetic alterations of PTPRM may contribute to early step of colorectal tumorigenesis.
A modelling methodology to assess the effect of insect pest control on agro-ecosystems
Authors: Wan Nian-Feng , Ji Xiang-Yun , Jiang Jie-Xian , Li Bo 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe extensive use of chemical pesticides for pest management in agricultural systems can entail risks to the complex ecosystems consisting of economic, ecological and social subsystems. To analyze the negative and positive effects of external or internal disturbances on complex ecosystems, we proposed an ecological two-sidedness approach which has been applied to the design of pest-controlling strategies for pesticide pollution management. However, catastrophe theory has not been initially applied to this approach. Thus, we used an approach of integrating ecological two-sidedness with a multi-criterion evaluation method of catastrophe theory to analyze the complexity of agro-ecosystems disturbed by the insecticides and screen out the best insect pest-controlling strategy in cabbage production. The results showed that the order of the values of evaluation index (RCC/CP) for three strategies in cabbage production was “applying frequency vibration lamps and environment-friendly insecticides 8 times” (0.80) < “applying trap devices and environment-friendly insecticides 9 times” (0.83) < “applying common insecticides 14 times” (1.08). The treatment “applying frequency vibration lamps and environment-friendly insecticides 8 times” was considered as the best insect pest-controlling strategy in cabbage production in Shanghai, China.
A multi-functional bubble-based microfluidic system
Authors: Khoshmanesh Khashayar , Almansouri Abdullah , Albloushi Hamad , Yi Pyshar , Soffe Rebecca , Kalantar-zadeh Kourosh 
Published: April 2015

AbstractRecently, the bubble-based systems have offered a new paradigm in microfluidics. Gas bubbles are highly flexible, controllable and barely mix with liquids and thus can be used for the creation of reconfigurable microfluidic systems. In this work, a hydrodynamically actuated bubble-based microfluidic system is introduced. This system enables the precise movement of air bubbles via axillary feeder channels to alter the geometry of the main channel and consequently the flow characteristics of the system. Mixing of neighbouring streams is demonstrated by oscillating the bubble at desired displacements and frequencies. Flow control is achieved by pushing the bubble to partially or fully close the main channel. Patterning of suspended particles is also demonstrated by creating a large bubble along the sidewalls. Rigorous analytical and numerical calculations are presented to describe the operation of the system. The examples presented in this paper highlight the versatility of the developed bubble-based actuator for a variety of applications; thus providing a vision that can be expanded for future highly reconfigurable microfluidics.
Position sensorless surface‐mounted permanent‐magnet synchronous generator and its application to power DC microgrid
Authors: Hu Kai‐Wei , Liaw Chang‐Ming 
Published: April 2015

This study presents a position sensorless surface‐mounted permanent‐magnet synchronous generator (SPMSG) and its application in powering DC microgrid. The derated characteristics of a PMSG with different AC–DC converters under brushless DC generator (BDCG) mode and the conventional switch‐mode rectifier (SMR) mode are first comparatively assessed. Then a PMSG followed by three‐phase three‐switch Vienna SMR is established. Good operation performance is achieved via the proposed robust current and voltage control schemes. Second, a position sensorless control scheme based on observed extended back electromotive force (EMF) for the SPMSG followed by Vienna SMR is developed. The generation characteristics are enhanced by the developed starting and back‐EMF angle tuning schemes. Third, a single‐phase three‐wire load inverter with the proposed novel robust waveform tracking control scheme is developed to yield good AC 220 V/110 V output voltage waveforms under unknown and non‐linear loads. Some experimental results are provided to demonstrate the operation performances of the established SPMSG system in conventional generator with fixed output voltage and wind generator. More specifically, the BDCG mode and the SMR mode for operating a PMSG are experimentally evaluated.
High step‐up DC–DC converter based on the switched‐coupled‐inductor boost converter and diode‐capacitor multiplier: steady state and dynamics
Authors: Axelrod Boris , Beck Yuval , Berkovich Yefim 
Published: April 2015

In this study a new scheme of a step‐up converter with very high voltage gain is proposed. The scheme is based on a natural combination of the switched‐coupled‐inductor boost converter and the diode‐capacitor multiplier. The study proposes a special scheme of their mutual use for attaining very high voltage gain. An important advantage of the proposed circuit is the avoidance of the current spikes through the transistor and diodes because of the leakage inductance of the coupled inductors. The scheme provides soft commutation of the switch and the diodes. The study analyses the modes of operation and obtains the basic fundamental relations in steady state; an expression for voltage stress across the switch is derived. A new method for dynamic analysis is proposed. The corresponding analytical expressions and curves of the transient behaviour are also obtained. Modelling of the proposed structure and the experimental results are in full agreement regarding the expected efficiency and correctness of the theoretical analysis. A 100 W laboratory prototype was built and verified.
Sliding mode harmonic compensation strategy for power quality improvement of a grid‐connected inverter under distorted grid condition
Authors: Kang Sung‐Wook , Kim Kyeong‐Hwa 
Published: April 2015

A novel sliding mode harmonic compensation (SMHC) scheme is proposed for the enhanced power quality in distributed generation systems under distorted grid condition. The harmonic pollution caused by non‐linear loads in electrical networks brings about distorted grid voltage, power losses and heating in electrical equipments. The proposed SMHC scheme is composed of a harmonic detector and a sliding mode harmonic current controller based on the integral sliding mode control. By using the fourth order band pass filter, the proposed harmonic detector can effectively extract harmonic components without phase delay. These harmonic components can be notably suppressed by adopting the sliding mode harmonic current controller with fast dynamic response. Whereas the conventional sliding mode schemes have been developed to control the entire current value, the proposed SMHC scheme controls only the harmonic components by dividing inverter voltage model into the fundamental and harmonic models. Since the fundamental component in charge of power flow is controlled by proportional‐integral controller, the chattering can be quite reduced. The proposed scheme is a non‐selective harmonic compensation, which reduces the computational burden than the conventional selective schemes. The validity of the proposed scheme is demonstrated through simulations and experiments using 2 kVA laboratory prototype grid‐connected inverter.
Thermal/mechanical properties of short carbon fibre/SiC co‐reinforced graphite matrix composites produced by low temperature hot pressing
Authors: Han Yongjun , Yan Qingzhi , Li Xianhui 
Published: April 2015

Short carbon fibre and silicon carbide (SiC) co‐reinforced graphite matrix composites were prepared with natural flaky graphite as raw materials by low temperature hot pressing at 1900°C. The flexural strength in the direction perpendicular to the graphite layers reached 221 MPa for carbon fibre of 5 vol% and SiC of 30 vol%, which was an improvement of 275% compared with pure graphite materials. The composites improved the bend strength of the block obviously, while maintaining the thermal conductivity of 220 W/m K in the direction perpendicular to the hot pressing. The new process has the advantages of being a non‐pitch binder process which avoids the high temperature graphitisation operation.
Assessing the real world effectiveness of the Healthy Eating Activity and Lifestyle (HEAL™) program
Authors: Hetherington Sharon A. , Borodzicz Jerrad A. , Shing Cecilia M. 
Published: April 2015

Issue addressedCommunity‐based lifestyle modification programs can be a valuable strategy to reduce risk factors for chronic disease. However, few government‐funded programs report their results in the peer‐reviewed literature. Our aim was to report on the effectiveness of the Healthy Eating Activity and Lifestyle (HEAL™) program, a program funded under the Australian government's Healthy Communities Initiative.MethodsParticipants (n = 2827) were recruited to the program from a broad range of backgrounds and each week completed an hour of group‐based physical activity followed by an hour of lifestyle education for 8 weeks. Physical activity, sitting time, fruit and vegetable consumption, anthropometric measures, blood pressure and functional capacity data were gathered at baseline and post‐program.ResultsHEAL™ participation resulted in significant acute improvements in frequency and volume of physical activity, reductions in daily sitting time and increases in fruit and vegetable consumption. HEAL™ participation led to reductions in total body mass, body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure and to improvements in functional capacity (P < 0.001).ConclusionsBased on these findings and the coordinated approach to program delivery, the HEAL™ program warrants consideration as a behaviour change strategy in primary health care networks, local government or community settings.
Diel Patterns and Temporal Trends in Spawning Activities of Robust Redhorse and River Redhorse in Georgia, Assessed Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring
Authors: Straight Carrie A. , Rhett Jackson C. , Freeman Byron J. , Freeman Mary C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe conservation of imperiled species depends upon understanding threats to the species at each stage of its life history. In the case of many imperiled migratory fishes, understanding how timing and environmental influences affect reproductive behavior could provide managers with information critical for species conservation. We used passive acoustic recorders to document spawning activities for two large‐bodied catostomids (Robust RedhorseMoxostoma robustumin the Savannah and Broad rivers, Georgia, and River RedhorseM. carinatumin the Coosawattee River, Georgia) in relation to time of day, water temperature, discharge variation, moonlight, and weather. Robust Redhorse spawning activities in the Savannah and Broad rivers were more frequent at night or in the early morning (0100–0400 hours and 0800–1000 hours, respectively) and less frequent near midday (1300 hours). Spawning attempts in the Savannah and Broad rivers increased over a 3–4‐d period and then declined. River Redhorse spawning activities in the Coosawattee River peaked on the first day of recording and declined over four subsequent days; diel patterns were less discernible, although moon illumination was positively associated with spawning rates, which was also observed for Robust Redhorses in the Savannah River. Spawning activity in the Savannah and Broad rivers was negatively associated with water temperature, and spawning activity increased in association with cloud cover in the Savannah River. A large variation in discharge was only measured in the flow‐regulated Savannah River and was not associated with spawning attempts. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show diel and multiday patterns in spawning activities for anyMoxostomaspecies. These patterns and relationships between the environment and spawning activities could provide important information for the management of these species downstream of hydropower facilities.
Treaties
Authors: Bradley Curtis A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers the status of treaties within the U.S. legal system. The focus is on international agreements concluded through the senatorial advice and consent process specified in Article II of the Constitution. The chapter describes that process, including the Senate’s ability to condition its consent through reservations and other qualifications. It also discusses the role of treaties as supreme law of the land, including the situations in which treaties will be considered “self-executing” and “non–self-executing,” as well as the later-in-time relationship of treaties to federal statutes. The chapter also discusses the relationship of treaties to constitutional limitations concerning the separation of powers and federalism, including the implications of the Supreme Court’s 1920 decision in Missouri v. Holland. The chapter concludes with a consideration of how the United States terminates treaties.