bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic generalised dissimilarity modelling: a new approach to analysing and predicting spatial turnover in the phylogenetic composition of communities
Authors: Rosauer Dan F. , Ferrier Simon , Williams Kristen J. , Manion Glenn , Keogh J. Scott , Laffan Shawn W. 
Published: August 2013

Compared to species turnover, patterns of phylogenetic turnover provide extra information about the spatial structure of biodiversity, for example providing more informative comparisons between the biota of sites which share no species. To harness this information for broad‐scale spatial analysis, we present phylo‐GDM, a technique for interpolating the spatial structure of phylogenetic turnover between sampled locations in relation to environment, based on generalised dissimilarity modelling (GDM).Using a database of over 150 000 location records for 114 myobatrachid frog species in Australia, linked to a species‐level phylogeny inferred from 2467 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA, we calculated species and phylogenetic turnover between pairs of sites. We show how phylogenetic turnover extended the range of informative comparison of compositional turnover to more biologically and environmentally dissimilar sites. We generated GDM models which predict species and phylogenetic turnover across Australia, and tested the fit of models for different ages within the phylogeny to find the phylogenetic tree depth at which the relationship to current day environment is greatest. We also incorporated explanatory variables based on biogeographic patterns, to represent broad‐scale turnover resulting from divergent evolutionary histories. We found that while the predictive power of our models was lower for full phylogenetic turnover than for species turnover, models based on the more recent components of the phylogeny (closer to the tips) outperformed species models and full phylogenetic models.Phylo‐GDM has considerable potential as a method for incorporating phylogenetic relationships into biodiversity analyses in ways not previously possible. Because phylogenies do not require named taxa, phylo‐GDM may also provide a means of including lineages with poorly resolved taxonomy (e.g. from metagenomic sequencing) into biodiversity planning and phylogeographic analysis.
Comparison of Two‐Phase Thermal Conductivity Models with Experiments on Dilute Ceramic Composites
Authors: Angle Jesse P. , Wang Zhaojie , Dames Chris , Mecartney Martha L. 
Published: August 2013

Thermal shock resistance of cubic 8 mol% yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) can be increased by the addition of dilute second phases. This study addresses how these dilute second phases affect the thermal conductivity for two‐phase ceramic composites of 8 mol% YSZ with 10–20 vol% alumina (Al2O3) or 10–20 vol% mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2). Thermal conductivity measurements from 310 K (37°C) to 475 K (202°C) were made using the 3ω method and compared with results from 3D analytical models and a 2D computational microstructure‐based model (Object‐Oriented Finite Element Analysis, OOF2). The linear Rule of Mixtures was the least accurate and significantly overestimated the measured thermal conductivity at low temperatures, with errors in some cases exceeding 100%. Calculations using the Bruggeman and OOF2 models were both much better, and the deviation of less than ±2.5% across all compositions and temperatures is within the range of experimental and modeling uncertainty. The Maxwell Garnett equation was a close third in accuracy (±8%). A sensitivity analysis for each model quantifies how small perturbations in the thermal conductivity of the dispersed second phase influence the effective thermal conductivity of the composite, and reveals that the linear Rule of Mixtures model is physically unrealistic and oversensitive to the thermal conductivity of the dispersed phase.
Preparation of Y3Fe5O12 Microsphere Using Bead‐Milled Nanosize Powder for Embolization Therapy Application
Authors: Aono Hiromichi , Senba Ryota , Nishimori Tadahiko , Naohara Takashi 
Published: August 2013

Y3Fe5O12 microspheres having a 20–32 μm diameter range were prepared by a spray dryer using a bead‐milled nanosize powder. The high heat generation ability in an AC magnetic field was obtained by the bead milling of a commercial powder. The yield of the 20–32 μm microspheres was 13.5% after sifting using 20 and 32 μm sieves. The heat generation ability of the microsphere sample was almost the same as that for the bead‐milled powder because the temperature enhancement mechanism was the Néel relaxation of the superparamagnetic material. Furthermore, the heat generation ability of the Y3Fe5O12 microsphere was improved by calcination at low temperature. The heat ability increased as a function proportional to the square of the increasing magnetic field for the noncalcined sample and the samples calcined at 600°C. For the samples calcined at 650°C or higher, the heat generation ability increased as a function proportional to the cube of the increasing magnetic field because of the particle growth to form single‐domain ferrimagnetic particles. The sample calcined at 650°C showed the maximum heat generation ability(W/g) of 2.4·f·H3, where f and H are the frequency (kHz) and magnetic field (kA/m), respectively.
Offending behaviours of child and adolescent firesetters over a 10‐year follow‐up
Authors: Lambie Ian , Ioane Julia , Randell Isabel , Seymour Fred 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundTo assess the postintervention arson recidivism and other offending rates of a group of 182 firesetting children and adolescents referred to the New Zealand Fire Awareness and Intervention Program (FAIP) over a follow‐up period of 10 years. To investigate predictors of offending behaviour as well as variables associated with previous involvement in firesetting behaviour and offending severity.MethodData collected at the time of the FAIP intervention was provided by the New Zealand Fire Service and the offence histories of the sample were accessed from the New Zealand Police database (NIA). Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics.ResultsAlthough the arson recidivism rate was low (2%), rates of general offending were high, with 59% of the sample having committed an offence during the follow‐up period. Fifteen percent of the sample was classified as severe offenders, 40% as moderate and 4% as minor. Of offenders, 12.6% had been imprisoned during the follow‐up period. Offending was predicted by experience of abuse and a previous firesetting behaviour at the time of the FAIP intervention. Living with both parents at the time of intervention decreased the probability of an individual engaging in future offending behaviour. The presence of family stress and a diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD) were associated with previous firesetting behaviour. In addition, involvement with family violence (as a perpetrator, complainant or victim) was associated with more severe offending behaviour.ConclusionsIn light of existing research, the findings of this study indicate that many firesetters are at risk for future offending and that identification of high‐risk individuals is therefore an important consideration for any organization involved with firesetters. To minimize this risk, there is a need for a collaborative, multiagency approach to firesetting behaviour involving comprehensive risk assessment and appropriate referral for at‐risk individuals.
An offer you cannot refuse: down‐regulation of immunity in response to a pathogen's retaliation threat
Authors: Restif O. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAccording to the Red Queen hypothesis, hosts and pathogens are engaged in an escalating coevolutionary arms race between resistance and virulence. However, the vast majority of symbionts colonize their hosts' mucosal compartments without triggering any immune response, resulting in durable commensal associations. Here, I propose a simple extension of previous mathematical models for antagonistic coevolution in which the host can mount a delayed immune response; in response, the symbiont can change its virulence following this activation. Even though the levels of virulence in both phases are assumed to be genetically determined, this simple form of plasticity can select for commensal associations. In particular, coevolution can result in hosts that do not activate their immune response, thus preventing phenotypically plastic pathogens from switching to a higher virulence level. I argue that, from the host's point of view, this state is analogous to the mafia behaviour previously described in avian brood parasites. More importantly, this study provides a new hypothesis for the maintenance of a commensal relationship through antagonistic coevolution.
Management of Shrinkage Stresses in Direct Restorative Light‐Cured Composites: A Review
Authors: Mantri Shiv P. , Mantri Sneha S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn spite of many advances in the field of dental resin composites, polymerization shrinkage continues to be a major problem. Shrinkage creates stresses within the material and its interface leading to marginal failure, staining, secondary caries, restoration displacement, tooth fracture, and postoperative sensitivity. The aim of this review is to explain the factors affecting shrinkage stresses, their consequences, and clinical strategies for their management.Clinical SignificancePolymerization shrinkage stress in dental composites is recognized as a significant material limitation that substantially complicates the placement of restorations. Shrinkage creates stresses within the material and its interface leading to marginal failure, staining, secondary caries, restoration displacement, tooth fracture, and postoperative sensitivity. This review explains the factors affecting shrinkage stresses, their consequences, and clinical strategies for their management.
Impacts of palatal coverage on bolus formation during mastication and swallowing and subsequent adaptive changes
Authors: Sato T. , Furuya J. , Tamada Y. , Kondo H. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryPalatal coverage is often required for elderly edentulous patients with complete dentures. The purpose of this study was to clarify impacts of palatal coverage on bolus formation and subsequent adaptive changes. Subjects were 18 healthy young dentulous adults who wore 1·5‐mm‐thick palatal plates. Subjects were asked to feed 12 g of bicoloured rice as usual, and the bolus formation by mastication and swallowing in the pharynx was observed using a nasal videoendoscopy. The bolus formation index (BFI), number of mastication strokes until swallowing, visual analogue scale about swallowing easiness and masticatory performance using colour‐changeable gum were measured under three conditions: before placement of the palatal plate (day 0), immediately after placement (day 1) and after 7 days of wearing the plate (day 7). BFI and visual analogue scale on day 1 were significantly lower than those on day 0, but those on day 7 significantly recovered to the level of day 0. The number of mastication strokes did not change from day 0 to day 1, however, that on day 7 was significantly higher. Masticatory performance on days 1 and 7 was significantly lower than that on day 0. Although palatal coverage inhibits bolus formation during feeding, subjects increased the number of mastication strokes until swallowing threshold as they adapted to palatal coverage over time. This adaptive change was due to compensate for the lowered masticatory performance to achieve bolus formation for comfortable swallowing.
Petrography and mineralogy of the ungrouped type 3 carbonaceous chondrite Dar al Gani 978
Authors: Zhang Ai‐Cheng , Yurimoto Hisayoshi 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDar al Gani (DaG) 978 is an ungrouped type 3 carbonaceous chondrite. In this study, we report the petrography and mineralogy of Ca,Al‐rich inclusions (CAI), amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs), chondrules, mineral fragments, and the matrix in DaG 978. Twenty‐seven CAIs were found: 13 spinel‐diopside‐rich inclusions, 2 anorthite‐rich inclusions, 11 spinel‐troilite‐rich inclusions, and 1 spinel‐melilite‐rich inclusion. Most CAIs have a layered texture that indicates a condensation origin and are most similar to those in R chondrites. Compound chondrules represent a high proportion (approximately 8%) of chondrules in DaG 978, which indicates a local dusty chondrule‐forming region and multiple heating events. Most spinel and olivine in DaG 978 are highly Fe‐rich, which corresponds to a petrologic type of >3.5 and a maximum metamorphic temperature of approximately 850–950 K. This conclusion is also supported by other observations in DaG 978: the presence of coarse inclusions of silicate and phosphate in Fe‐Ni metal, restricted Ni‐Co distributions in kamacite and taenite, and low S concentrations in the matrix. Mineralogic records of iron‐alkali‐halogen metasomatism, such as platy and porous olivine, magnetite, hedenbergite, nepheline, Na‐rich in CAIs, and chlorapatite, are present, but relatively limited, in DaG 978. The fine‐grained, intergrowth texture of spinel‐troilite‐rich inclusions was probably formed by reaction between pre‐existing Al‐rich silicates and shock‐induced, high‐temperature S‐rich gas on the surface of the parent body of DaG 978. A shock‐induced vein is present in the matrix of DaG 978, which indicates that the parent body of DaG 978 at least experienced a shock event with a shock stage up to S3.
The melt‐bearing impactites of the Ritland structure, Norway–Implications for melt formation in small impact craters
Authors: Kalleson Elin , Dypvik Henning , Riis Fridtjof , Nilsen Odd 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA melt‐bearing impactite unit is preserved in the 2.7 km diameter shallow marine Ritland impact structure. The main exposure of the melt‐bearing unit is in an approximately 100 m long cliff about 700 m southwest of the center of the structure. The melt and clast content vary through this maximum 2 m thick unit, so that lithology ranges from impact melt rock to suevite. Stratigraphic variations with respect to the melt content, texture, mineralogy, and geochemistry have been studied in the field, and by laboratory analysis, including thin section microscopy. The base of the melt‐bearing unit marks the transition from the underlying lithic basement breccia, and the unit may have been emplaced by an outward flow during the excavation stage. There is an upward development from a melt matrix‐dominated lower part, that commonly shows flow structures, to an upper part characterized by more particulate matrix with patchy melt matrix domains, commonly as deformed melt slivers intermingled with small lithic clasts. Melt and lithic fragments in the upper part display a variety of shapes and compositions, some of which possibly represent fallback material from the ejecta cloud. The upper boundary of the melt‐bearing impactite unit has been placed where the deposits are mainly clastic, probably representing slump and avalanche deposits from the modification stage. These deposits are therefore considered sedimentary and not impactites, despite the component of small melt fragments and shocked minerals within the lowermost part, which was probably incorporated as the debris moved down the steep crater walls.
Opaque minerals, magnetic properties, and paleomagnetism of the Tissint Martian meteorite
Authors: Gattacceca Jérôme , Hewins Roger H. , Lorand Jean‐Pierre , Rochette Pierre , Lagroix France , Cournède Cécile , Uehara Minoru , Pont Sylvain , Sautter Violaine , Scorzelli Rosa. B. , Hombourger Chrystel , Munayco Pablo , Zanda Brigitte , Chennaoui Hasnaa , Ferrière Ludovic 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe present a description of opaque minerals, opaque mineral compositions, magnetic properties, and paleomagnetic record of the Tissint heavily shocked olivine‐phyric shergottite that fell to Earth in 2011. The magnetic mineralogy of Tissint consists of about 0.6 wt% of pyrrhotite and 0.1 wt% of low‐Ti titanomagnetite (in the range ulvöspinel 3–15 magnetite 85–97). The titanomagnetite formed on Mars by oxidation‐exsolution of ulvöspinel grains during deuteric alteration. Pyrrhotite is unusual, with respect to other shergottites, for its higher Ni content and lower Fe content. Iron deficiency is attributed by an input of regolith‐derived sulfur. This pyrrhotite has probably preserved a metastable hexagonal monosulfide solution structure blocked at temperature above 300 °C. The paleomagnetic data indicate that Tissint was magnetized following the major impact suffered by this rock while cooling at the surface of Mars from a post‐impact equilibrium temperature of approximately 310 °C in a stable magnetic field of about 2 µT of crustal origin. Tissint is too weakly magnetic to account for the observed magnetic anomalies at the Martian surface.
Continuous postoperative analgesia via quadratus lumborum block – an alternative to transversus abdominis plane block
Authors: Visoiu Mihaela , Yakovleva Nataliya 
Published: August 2013

SummaryDifferent transversus abdominis plane blocks techniques cause variations in postoperative analgesia characteristics. We report the use of unilateral quadratus lumborum catheter for analgesia following colostomy closure. The catheter was placed under direct ultrasound visualization and had good outcomes: low pain scores and minimal use of rescue analgesic medication. No complications were reported in this pediatric patient. More studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of this regional anesthesia technique.
Synthesis of Evidence On Heterogeneous Interventions with Multiple Outcomes Recorded Over Multiple Follow-Up Times Reported Inconsistently: A Smoking Cessation Case-Study
Authors: Madan Jason , Chen Yen-Fu , Aveyard Paul , Wang Dechao , Yahaya Ismail , Munafo Marcus , Bauld Linda , Welton Nicky 
Published: August 2013

SummaryHealth technology assessment requires the synthesis of evidence from multiple sources to assess the cost-effectiveness of competing interventions. However, the format of the available reported evidence is often complex. We present a case-study of electronic aids to smoking cessation, which raises various methodological challenges. The evidence base evaluated highly complex and diverse interventions, reporting one or both of two different, but related, outcome measures. Furthermore, there were differences between studies in the number and timing of follow-up times reported, whereas 12-month continuous abstinence is required in the cost-effectiveness analysis. We develop a categorization system to evaluate the interventions, and we use network meta-analysis of time-to-relapse model parameters to estimate coherent intervention effects for any pair of categories. We compare the fit of alternative time-to-relapse models and explore the effect of joint models for both outcome measures, which can be used to estimate treatment effects when a given outcome is not reported, so that all the available evidence can be combined.
P1/P2 genotyping of known and novel null alleles in the P1PK and GLOB histo‐blood group systems
Authors: Westman Julia S. , Hellberg Åsa , Peyrard Thierry , Hustinx Hein , Thuresson Britt , Olsson Martin L. 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundThe rare but clinically important null phenotypes of the P1PK and GLOB blood group systems are due to alterations in A4GALT and B3GALNT1, respectively. A recently identified single‐nucleotide polymorphism in Exon 2a of A4GALT predicts the common P1 and P2 phenotypes but rare variants have not been tested.Study Design and MethodsThe aim of this study was to analyze 84 p, P1k, and P2k samples, with special emphasis on unknown alleles and the P1/P2 marker. Of these, 27 samples came from individuals not previously investigated genetically and were therefore subjected to sequencing of A4GALT or B3GALNT1, and a subset was tested by flow cytometry.ResultsThe P1/P2 genotyping linked 20 p‐inducing mutations in A4GALT to P1 or P2 allelic background. Eight p alleles remain unlinked due to compound heterozygosity. For 23 of 25 Pk samples, concordant results were observed: P1k samples had at least one P1 allele while P2k had P2 only. The two remaining samples typed as P1+ and P1+w but were genetically P2/P2. A tendency toward higher Pk antigen expression was observed on P1k cells compared to P2k. In total, six previously unknown null mutations were found and characterized in A4GALT while four new changes were revealed in B3GALNT1.ConclusionFor the first time, p alleles were shown to occur on both P1 and P2 allelic backgrounds. Furthermore, P1/P2 genotyping predicted the P1k versus P2k phenotype in more than 90% of globoside‐deficient samples. The number of GLOB‐null alleles was increased by 50% and several P1PK‐null alleles were identified.
Donors' perspectives on self‐deferral of men having sex with men from blood donation
Authors: Lee Cheuk‐Kwong , Lee Krystal Chi‐Kei , Lin Che‐Kit , Lee Shui‐Shan 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundSelf‐deferral of men having sex with men (MSM) from blood donation is a means of protecting blood safety. There has recently been a strategy change from permanent to time‐limited deferral in some countries. Awareness and attitudes of donors is crucial for effective implementation of MSM deferral or any change of the strategy.Study Design and MethodsA postdonation survey was administered using a Web‐based questionnaire, after explanation by trained volunteers, to evaluate donors' awareness and compliance toward the health history enquiry (HHE, the deferral questionnaire) of the Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, sexual experiences, and opinions on permanent versus time‐limited deferral.ResultsA total of 1373 Chinese donors (male:female 1.28:1), a majority (89.1%) of whom were repeat donors, completed the survey at eight blood donation centers. Almost all (98.7%) were aware of HHE, although only half read it in detail, the latter comprising more experienced donors. Most did not hold strong views on deferral, with more than half (59.4%) concurring with both permanent and time‐limited deferral. Seventeen (3.2%) of the sexually active male donors were MSM, of whom six disagreed with permanent deferral while seven agreed with changing to time‐limited deferral. A simpler question structure was preferred by 57% of the respondents for screening MSM to achieve self‐deferral.ConclusionsDonors generally do not read through the deferral questionnaire in sufficient detail for making an informed decision. Blood safety would eventually depend on donors' compliance with the deferral mechanism, irrespective of whether it is permanent or time‐limited.
Mannitol‐adenine‐phosphate: a novel solution for intraoperative blood salvage
Authors: Yang Ping , Zhou Jing , Kang Yi , Gong Lina , Zhang Jie , Yu Jie , Yin Xiaorong , Zhang Chongwei , Liu Guangyue , Liu Jin , Du Lei 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundIntraoperative blood salvage (IBS) procedures include washing with normal saline (NS), which may deplete red blood cell (RBC) nutrients. The mannitol‐adenine‐phosphate (MAP) solution, commonly used for RBC preservation, provides glycolytic substrates; therefore, MAP should be a better solution than NS in IBS. In this study, we determined whether using MAP could reduce washing‐associated RBC damage and destruction.Study Design and MethodsAdenine nucleotide contents, RBC morphology, and plasma free hemoglobin (PF‐Hb) level of RBCs treated with NS or MAP solution were compared under three conditions: 1) 4‐hour preservation of fresh blood from healthy volunteers, 2) collection from the shed blood of patients, and 3) incubation of the collected shed blood with plasma.ResultsAdenine nucleotide level and RBC elongation index were greater and PF‐Hb level was lower in MAP groups than NS groups (p < 0.05) after preservation and incubation. In NS, RBCs lost their deformability and became stomatocytes, and even RBC “ghosts” 48 hours after incubation, while they remained normal in MAP solution.ConclusionThe MAP solution helps preserve RBC morphology and function, and reduces hemolysis, possibly due to improved energy production. Therefore, MAP should replace NS during IBS.