bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the interplay between childhood and adult adversity in pathways to psychosis: initial evidence from the AESOP study
Authors: Morgan C. , Reininghaus U. , Fearon P. , Hutchinson G. , Morgan K. , Dazzan P. , Boydell J. , Kirkbride J. B. , Doody G. A. , Jones P. B. , Murray R. M. , Craig T. 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundThere is evidence that a range of socio-environmental exposures is associated with an increased risk of psychosis. However, despite the fact that such factors probably combine in complex ways to increase risk, the majority of studies have tended to consider each exposure separately. In light of this, we sought to extend previous analyses of data from the AESOP (Aetiology and Ethnicity in Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses) study on childhood and adult markers of disadvantage to examine how they combine to increase risk of psychosis, testing both mediation (path) models and synergistic effects.MethodAll patients with a first episode of psychosis who made contact with psychiatric services in defined catchment areas in London and Nottingham, UK (n = 390) and a series of community controls (n = 391) were included in the AESOP study. Data relating to clinical and social variables, including parental separation and loss, education and adult disadvantage, were collected from cases and controls.ResultsThere was evidence that the effect of separation from, but not death of, a parent in childhood on risk of psychosis was partially mediated through subsequent poor educational attainment (no qualifications), adult social disadvantage and, to a lesser degree, low self-esteem. In addition, there was strong evidence that separation from, but not death of, a parent combined synergistically with subsequent disadvantage to increase risk. These effects held for all ethnic groups in the sample.ConclusionsExposure to childhood and adult disadvantage may combine in complex ways to push some individuals along a predominantly sociodevelopmental pathway to psychosis.
‘We can't keep going on like this’: identifying family storylines in young onset dementia
Authors: ROACH PAMELA , KEADY JOHN , BEE PENNY , WILLIAMS SION 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study, we identify the dominant storylines that were embedded in the narratives of younger people with dementia and their nominated family members. By implementing a longitudinal, narrative design underpinned by biographical methods we generated detailed family biographies with five families during repeated and planned research contacts (N=126) over a 12–15-month period between 2009 and 2010. The application of narrative analysis within and between each family biography resulted in the emergence of five family storyline types that were identified as: agreeing; colluding; conflicting; fabricating; and protecting. Whilst families were likely to use each of these storylines at different points and at different times in their exposure to young onset dementia, it was found that families that adopted a predominantly ‘agreeing’ storyline were more likely to find ways of positively overcoming challenges in their everyday lives. In contrast, families who adopted predominantly ‘conflicting’ and ‘colluding’ storylines were more likely to require help to understand family positions and promote change. The findings suggest that the identification of the most dominant and frequently occurring storylines used by families may help to further understand family experience in young onset dementia and assist in planning supportive services.
X-ray powder diffraction data for deoxyschisandrin
Authors: Zhang Li Li , Pan Qing Qing , Xiao Dan , Wu Xiao Qing , Wang Qing , Li Hui 
Published: April 2013

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for deoxyschisandrin, C24H32O6, are reported [a = 13.083(3) Å,b = 19.563(9) Å,c = 8.805(6) Å,β = 90.472(0)°, unit-cell volumeV = 2253.82 Å3,Z = 4, and space groupP21]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with theP21space group. No detectable impurity was observed.
Estimating vaccine effectiveness against severe influenza in England and Scotland 2011/2012: applying the screening method to data from intensive care surveillance systems
Authors: THOMAS H. L. , ANDREWS N. , GREEN H. K. , BODDINGTON N. L. , ZHAO H. , REYNOLDS A. , McMENAMIN J. , PEBODY R. G. 
Published: April 2013

SUMMARYMethods for estimating vaccine effectiveness (VE) against severe influenza are not well established. We used the screening method to estimate VE against influenza resulting in intensive care unit (ICU) admission in England and Scotland in 2011/2012. We extracted data on confirmed influenza ICU cases from severe influenza surveillance systems, and obtained their 2011/2012 trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) status from primary care. We compared case vaccine uptake with population vaccine uptake obtained from routine monitoring systems, adjusting for age group, specific risk group, region and week. Of 60 influenza ICU cases reported, vaccination status was available for 56 (93%). Adjusted VE against ICU admission for those aged ⩾65 years was −10% [95% confidence interval (CI) −207 to 60], consistent with evidence of poor protection from the 2011/2012 TIV in 2011/2012. Adjusted VE for those aged <65 years in risk groups was −296% (95% CI −930 to −52), suggesting significant residual confounding using the screening method in those subject to selective vaccination.
The future of Aid for Trade: challenges and options
Authors: HALLAERT JEAN-JACQUES 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe Aid for Trade Initiative needs to be revamped. This article describes the challenges the Initiative faces and describes the pros and cons of possible reforms. The Aid for Trade Initiative succeeded in mobilizing quickly a large amount of financial resources. However, because the Doha Round talks stalled, the aid mobilized could not support the implementation of a multilateral agreement. Instead, it was spent on various projects, some of them not clearly related to trade. This affected developing countries confidence in the Initiative. To make matters worse, in the midst of a fiscal crisis that threatens development budgets, the Initiative had difficulties showing convincing results. In order to preserve resource mobilization, the WTO is expanding the scope of the Initiative to new areas only remotely related to trade and the trade and development nexus. This is unlikely to build confidence. The WTO should rather narrow the scope of the Initiative in order to make it more focused and efficient.
Upper Thermal Tolerance of Mountain Whitefish Eggs and Fry
Authors: Brinkman Stephen F. , Crockett Harry J. , Rogers Kevin B. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSome populations of Mountain Whitefish Prosopium williamsoni, a widely distributed native Rocky Mountain salmonid, have experienced catastrophic declines while other populations remain robust. To assess the possibility that the declines have arisen from climate‐related factors, several experiments were conducted to determine the upper thermal tolerances of embryos and fry and the effects of temperature on growth. Hatching of eggs was measured at 5.7, 6.4, 8.4, and 10.4°C (three replicates each). Survival and growth of fry were measured for 33 d at 5.7, 8.2, 11.8, 16.5, 19.1, 22.2, and 25.2°C (three replicates each). Mean hatching success was 96.7% (SD, 2.9) at 5.7°C, 98.3% (2.9) at 6.4°C, 90.0% (8.7) at 8.4°C and 38.3% (10.4) at 10.4°C. The ultimate upper incipient lethal temperature for fry was 23.6°C (95% CI, 23.5–23.7°C) after 7 d, which decreased with time to 22.6°C (22.1–23.0°C) after 33 d. The critical thermal maximum was 26.7°C (SD, 0.8) for fry acclimated to 13.4°C. The temperature for maximum growth was 13.8°C (95% CI, 10.8–16.8°C). Growth rates above and below the temperature for maximum growth decreased sharply to about 40% of the maximum at 5.7°C and 22.2°C. Based on these experimental data, the criteria for the protection of Mountain Whitefish fry are 21.6°C for acute water temperature and 16.8°C for chronic water temperature. The acute criterion for reproduction—based on the maximum temperature for successful incubation—is 8.4°C. The low upper thermal tolerance of Mountain Whitefish relative to those of other salmonids suggests that they will be very vulnerable to the increasing stream temperatures resulting from climate change.
Cost of Annual Tuberculosis Screening of Healthcare Workers with Negative Tuberculin Skin Test Results
Authors: Jackson J. Brooks , Tao Xuguang , Sneed Laurie , Humphrey-Carothers Frances , Bernacki Edward 
Published: April 2013

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual screening for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection using the tuberculin skin test (TST) for individuals working in hospitals with 200 or more inpatient beds that have at least 6 documented cases of active tuberculosis (TB) per year. The cost of annual TB screening programs is significant, but the cost per individual with TST conversion is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the annual TB screening program at the Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical School to determine (1) the proportion of individuals with TST conversion among individuals in the annual TB screening program with patient care exposure at the Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical School, (2) which employment and demographic factors are associated with TST conversion, (3) the prevalence of active TB disease among those with TST conversion, and (4) the annual cost of subsequent screening of individuals with initial negative TST results and the screening cost per individual with TST conversion.TST results were reviewed for individuals participating in the annual TB screening program during the previous 4 years (2007–2010) at the Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical School, which has experienced an average of 12 documented cases of active TB per year. TST was performed before employment and then annually for healthcare providers according to CDC guidelines and the manufacturer's directions. Individuals in the testing program included anyone who had patient contact, such as physicians, nurses, technologists, students, phlebotomists, nutritionists, pharmacists, and clerks. All initial testing was 2-step testing if the individual was initially reactive.
Analyzing genome coverage profiles with applications to quality control in metagenomics
Authors: Lindner Martin S. , Kollock Maximilian , Zickmann Franziska , Renard Bernhard Y. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMotivation: Genome coverage, the number of sequencing reads mapped to a position in a genome, is an insightful indicator of irregularities within sequencing experiments. While the average genome coverage is frequently used within algorithms in computational genomics, the complete information available in coverage profiles (i.e. histograms over all coverages) is currently not exploited to its full extent. Thus, biases such as fragmented or erroneous reference genomes often remain unaccounted for. Making this information accessible can improve the quality of sequencing experiments and quantitative analyses.Results: We introduce a framework for fitting mixtures of probability distributions to genome coverage profiles. Besides commonly used distributions, we introduce distributions tailored to account for common artifacts. The mixture models are iteratively fitted based on the Expectation-Maximization algorithm. We introduce use cases with focus on metagenomics and develop new analysis strategies to assess the validity of a reference genome with respect to (meta-) genomic read data. The framework is evaluated on simulated data as well as applied to a large-scale metagenomic study, for which we compute the validity of 75 microbial genomes. The results indicate that the choice and quality of reference genomes is vital for metagenomic analyses and that validation of coverage profiles is crucial to avoid incorrect conclusions.Availability: The code is freely available and can be downloaded from http://sourceforge.net/projects/fitgcp/.Contact: RenardB@rki.deSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Stochastic parametrizations and model uncertainty in the Lorenz ’96 system
Authors: Arnold H. M. , Moroz I. M. , Palmer T. N. 
Published: April 2013

Simple chaotic systems are useful tools for testing methods for use in numerical weather simulations owing to their transparency and computational cheapness. The Lorenz system was used here; the full system was defined as ‘truth’, whereas a truncated version was used as a testbed for parametrization schemes. Several stochastic parametrization schemes were investigated, including additive and multiplicative noise. The forecasts were started from perfect initial conditions, eliminating initial condition uncertainty. The stochastically generated ensembles were compared with perturbed parameter ensembles and deterministic schemes. The stochastic parametrizations showed an improvement in weather and climate forecasting skill over deterministic parametrizations. Including a temporal autocorrelation resulted in a significant improvement over white noise, challenging the standard idea that a parametrization should only represent sub-gridscale variability. The skill of the ensemble at representing model uncertainty was tested; the stochastic ensembles gave better estimates of model uncertainty than the perturbed parameter ensembles. The forecasting skill of the parametrizations was found to be linked to their ability to reproduce the climatology of the full model. This is important in a seamless prediction system, allowing the reliability of short-term forecasts to provide a quantitative constraint on the accuracy of climate predictions from the same system.
Two routes of MexS‐MexT‐mediated regulation of MexEF‐OprN and MexAB‐OprM efflux pump expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Uwate Maki , Ichise Yu‐ki , Shirai Akihiro , Omasa Takeshi , Nakae Taiji , Maseda Hideaki 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe NfxC‐type mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces the MexEF‐OprN efflux pump and down‐regulates expression of the quorum‐sensing‐dependent efflux pump MexAB‐OprM and production of virulence factors in the presence of an active transcriptional regulator, MexT. Consequently, these cells are resistant to chloramphenicol and hypersusceptible to β‐lactam antibiotics. An upper negative regulator, MexS, has been assumed to inactivate MexT in wild‐type strains, hence shutting down production of the MexEF‐OprN pump. This observation was, however, reported in only one clinical strain and not confirmed in well‐characterized laboratory strains. Moreover, it is not known whether MexS is involved in the quorum‐sensing‐dependent regulation of virulence factor production. To assess these issues, a plasmid carrying wild‐type mexS was introduced into three NfxC‐type mutants from laboratory strains, which carry an impaired mexS and unimpaired mexT. Unexpectedly, all the transformants produced an increased amount of MexEF‐OprN proteins. Three clinical NfxC strains were similarly transformed and although MexEF‐OprN was undetectable in two of these strains, one produced an increased amount of these proteins, similar to the laboratory strains. These results were interpreted to mean that P. aeruginosa takes two separate routes in MexT‐mediated regulation of mexEF‐oprN expression: the MexS‐bypassed pathway and MexS‐mediated pathway. On the other hand, the transformants of both the laboratory and clinically derived NfxC‐type cells produced increased amounts of MexAB‐OprM and virulence factors, suggesting that production of these proteins occurs via the MexS‐mediated pathway.
Murine macrophage inflammatory cytokine production and immune activation in response to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection
Authors: Waters Stephanie , Luther Sanjana , Joerger Torsten , Richards Gary P. , Boyd E. Fidelma , Parent Michelle A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractVibrio parahaemolyticus is the most common cause of bacterial, seafood‐related illness in the USA. Currently, there is a dearth of published reports regarding immunity to infection with this pathogen. Here, production of both pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines by V. parahaemolyticus‐infected RAW 264.7 murine macrophages was studied. It was determined that this infection results in increased concentrations of IL‐1α, IL‐6, TNF‐α and IL‐10. Additionally, decreases in cell surface TLR2 and TLR4 and increases in T‐cell co‐stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86 were discovered. The data presented here begin to identify the immune variables required to eliminate V. parahaemolyticus from infected host tissues.
Taming wildlife disease: bridging the gap between science and management
Authors: Joseph Maxwell B. , Mihaljevic Joseph R. , Arellano Ana Lisette , Kueneman Jordan G. , Preston Daniel L. , Cross Paul C. , Johnson Pieter T. J. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryParasites and pathogens of wildlife can threaten biodiversity, infect humans and domestic animals, and cause significant economic losses, providing incentives to manage wildlife diseases. Recent insights from disease ecology have helped transform our understanding of infectious disease dynamics and yielded new strategies to better manage wildlife diseases. Simultaneously, wildlife disease management (WDM) presents opportunities for large‐scale empirical tests of disease ecology theory in diverse natural systems.To assess whether the potential complementarity betweenWDMand disease ecology theory has been realized, we evaluate the extent to which specific concepts in disease ecology theory have been explicitly applied in peer‐reviewedWDMliterature.While only half ofWDMarticles published in the past decade incorporated disease ecology theory, theory has been incorporated with increasing frequency over the past 40 years. Contrary to expectations, articles authored by academics were no more likely to apply disease ecology theory, but articles that explain unsuccessful management often do so in terms of theory.Some theoretical concepts such as density‐dependent transmission have been commonly applied, whereas emerging concepts such as pathogen evolutionary responses to management, biodiversity–disease relationships and within‐host parasite interactions have not yet been fully integrated as management considerations.Synthesis and applications. Theory‐based disease management can meet the needs of both academics and managers by testing disease ecology theory and improving disease interventions. Theoretical concepts that have received limited attention to date in wildlife disease management could provide a basis for improving management and advancing disease ecology in the future.
Distribution of Variants of Old English by, for, between
Authors: Alcorn Rhona 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis paper attempts to systematise the distribution of variant forms of the Old English prepositions by, for and between. Using evidence from the variable positioning of their object personal pronouns, I argue that by and for each have two prosodically conditioned allomorphs; one that is phonologically dependent on its object (like French de ‘of’ as in Jean a beaucoup d'argent ‘John has lots of money’) and another that is not. Patterns in the distribution of variant forms of between have previously been noted but remain partially unexplained. I offer a novel analysis of the tendency for personal pronouns to occur to the left rather than the right of betweonum and of the tendency to use that particular variant of between when its complement is a personal pronoun.
Efficacy of Continuous Oral Administration of Lanthanum Carbonate over 24 months
Authors: Ishizu Takashi , Hong Zhang , Matsunaga Tsuneaki , Kaneko Yoko , Taru Yoshinori 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTo examine the efficacy of long‐term administration of lanthanum carbonate, changes in serum Ca, phosphate, whole parathyroid hormone (wPTH), and ALP were examined in 40 patients who were able to tolerate dosage of lanthanum carbonate over a continuous period of 24 months. Concurrently, concomitant administration of other phosphate binders, cinacalcet, vitamin D, etc., was also examined. After 24 months, serum phosphorus levels (P levels) had decreased to within management target of guidelines, from 6.16 ± 1.44 mg/dL to 5.58 ± 1.15 mg/dL, and this effect was maintained for 2 years. There were no changes in Ca level. wPTH did not change significantly but tended to increase at 12 months. The dose of concomitantly administered calcium carbonate and sevelamer hydrochloride was reduced. The P‐lowering function of lanthanum carbonate still held steady at 24 months following the start of dosage. Because of the rising trend seen in wPTH, dose of cinacalcet and/or vitamin D need to be modulated. Reducing the number of concomitantly administered phosphate binder tablets was desirable from the standpoint of patient adherence.
Multicenter Study of Long‐Term (Two‐Year) Efficacy of Lanthanum Carbonate
Authors: Ando Ryoichi , Kimura Hitoshi , Sato Hidehiko , Iwamoto Shunsuke , Yoshizaki Yuki , Chida Yoshiko , Ishida Yuji , Takayama Masanobu , Yamada Kouei , Tachibana Ken , Ohtsuka Masakazu , Kikuchi Kan , Inoue Atsushi 
Published: April 2013

AbstractLong‐term efficacy of lanthanum carbonate on hyperphosphatemia was examined in multicenter dialysis patients. Outcome and efficacy after 2 years was investigated in 101 patients who had undergone lanthanum carbonate administration. Thirty‐three cases dropped out by the 2‐year point; patients undergoing at least 2 years of administration totaled 68. Reasons for dropping out were as follows: improvement of hyperphosphatemia, nine cases; changing hospitals, seven cases; medical complications, five cases; digestive symptoms, four cases; poor compliance, four cases; parathyroidectomy, two cases; death, two cases. The mean dosage was increased from initial daily dosage of 744 mg to 1266 mg after 1 year, and to 1246 mg after 2 years. Serum phosphate concentration decreased significantly from the initial 6.15 mg to 5.57 mg/dL after 1 year, and to 5.45 mg/dL after 2 years. Although a lowering trend was observed in corrected calcium levels, the difference was not significant. Parathyroid hormone was unchanged. Achievement rate of Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy (JSDT) management target values for both phosphorus and calcium improved from 32.7% to 50.0% after 1 year, and to 56.5% after 2 years. Lanthanum carbonate is useful as a therapeutic tool for hyperphosphatemia over long durations.
Improving Agricultural Productivity Sustainably at Global Level: The Role of Agricultural Innovation Policies
Authors: Moreddu Catherine , Van Tongeren Frank 
Published: April 2013

summaryImproving Agricultural Productivity Sustainably at Global Level: The Role of Agricultural Innovation PoliciesAt the request of Mexican G20 presidency, a number of international organisations provided recommendations on how to improve agricultural productivity sustainably, in particular for small family farms. This article outlines current issues regarding developments in agricultural productivity and sustainability, and stresses the potential role of innovation in improving agricultural productivity growth sustainably. While average growth in total factor productivity tends to accelerate and to converge across major world regions, there are major differences across countries, regions and farms. Efforts to increase agricultural production and productivity face serious challenges in terms of sustainability as they take place within an environment characterised by the scarcity of natural resources and uncertainties regarding the impact of climate change. Innovation is seen as key to improving productivity sustainably. As major providers of research and innovation, G20 countries will have to help find innovative solutions better adapted to an evolving and diverse demand. Suggestions made to improve the relevance and cost‐efficiency of G20 agricultural innovation systems include: strengthening the governance of Agricultural Innovations Systems (AIS), cross‐country co‐operation, involvement of the private sector, including through public–private partnerships, linkages within multiple AIS actors, and regulations to foster innovation in the sector.