bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for myopia in a discordant monozygotic twin study
Authors: Ramessur Rishi , Williams Katie M. , Hammond Christopher J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPurposeMonozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant for disease allow careful examination of environmental factors whilst controlling for genetic variation. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in environmental risk factors in MZ twins discordant for myopia.MethodsSixty four MZ twin pairs discordant for refractive error were interviewed. Discordant twins were selected from 1326 MZ twin pairs from the TwinsUK adult twin registry with non‐cycloplegic autorefraction. Discordancy was defined as ≥2 Dioptres (D) difference in spherical equivalent (SphE) and discordant for class of refractive error.In a 35‐item telephone questionnaire twins were separately asked (and scored) about the risk factors urban/rural residence, occupational status and highest educational level. They responded with more (1), less (−1) or the same (0) as their twin on time spent outside, playing outdoor sport, and on close work aged <16 and 16–25 years. The lower SphE twin's score was subtracted from the higher SphE twin's score, and mean values of the difference calculated for each variable.ResultsSixty four twin pairs were included (mean age 56, range 30–79 years; mean difference in refraction 3.35 D, S.D. 1.55 D, median difference 2.78 D). Within discordant MZ twin pairs, the more myopic twin was associated with having a higher occupational status (mean score between 16 and 25 years −0.11; 95% CI −0.19 to −0.04; mean score aged >25 years −0.23, 95% CI −0.28 to −0.17), being resident in urban area (mean score −0.26; 95% CI −0.33 to −0.18) and performing more close work (mean score <16 years −0.11; 95% CI −0.18 to −0.05; mean score aged 16–25 years −0.17, 95% CI −0.24 to −0.10) than their twin. The twins who spent more time outdoors (mean score <16 years 0.09; 95% CI 0.03–0.15; mean score aged 16–25 years 0.28, 95% CI 0.15–0.41) or performed more outdoors sports (mean score <16 years 0.13; 95% CI 0.04–0.21; mean score aged 16–25 years 0.23, 95% CI 0.10–0.36) were less likely to be myopic than their twin.ConclusionsThis study has confirmed known environmental risk factors for myopia. These data will allow selection of discordant twins for epigenetic analysis to advance knowledge of mechanisms of refractive error development.
Commercial‐scale biotherapeutics manufacturing facility for plant‐made pharmaceuticals
Authors: Holtz Barry R. , Berquist Brian R. , Bennett Lindsay D. , Kommineni Vally J.M. , Munigunti Ranjith K. , White Earl L. , Wilkerson Don C. , Wong Kah‐Yat I. , Ly Lan H. , Marcel Sylvain 
Published: September 2015

SummaryRapid, large‐scale manufacture of medical countermeasures can be uniquely met by the plant‐made‐pharmaceutical platform technology. As a participant in the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Blue Angel project, the Caliber Biotherapeutics facility was designed, constructed, commissioned and released a therapeutic target (H1N1 influenza subunit vaccine) in <18 months from groundbreaking. As of 2015, this facility was one of the world's largest plant‐based manufacturing facilities, with the capacity to process over 3500 kg of plant biomass per week in an automated multilevel growing environment using proprietary LED lighting. The facility can commission additional plant grow rooms that are already built to double this capacity. In addition to the commercial‐scale manufacturing facility, a pilot production facility was designed based on the large‐scale manufacturing specifications as a way to integrate product development and technology transfer. The primary research, development and manufacturing system employs vacuum‐infiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana plants grown in a fully contained, hydroponic system for transient expression of recombinant proteins. This expression platform has been linked to a downstream process system, analytical characterization, and assessment of biological activity. This integrated approach has demonstrated rapid, high‐quality production of therapeutic monoclonal antibody targets, including a panel of rituximab biosimilar/biobetter molecules and antiviral antibodies against influenza and dengue fever.
Effects of heat and drought stress on post‐illumination bursts of volatile organic compounds in isoprene‐emitting and non‐emitting poplar
Authors: Jud Werner , Vanzo Elisa , Li Ziru , Ghirardo Andrea , Zimmer Ina , Sharkey Thomas D. , Hansel Armin , Schnitzler Jörg‐Peter 
Published: September 2015

AbstractOver the last decades, post‐illumination bursts (PIBs) of isoprene, acetaldehyde and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) following rapid light‐to‐dark transitions have been reported for a variety of different plant species. However, the mechanisms triggering their release still remain unclear. Here we measured PIBs of isoprene‐emitting (IE) and isoprene non‐emitting (NE) grey poplar plants grown under different climate scenarios (ambient control and three scenarios with elevated CO2 concentrations: elevated control, periodic heat and temperature stress, chronic heat and temperature stress, followed by recovery periods). PIBs of isoprene were unaffected by elevated CO2 and heat and drought stress in IE, while they were absent in NE plants. On the other hand, PIBs of acetaldehyde and also GLVs were strongly reduced in stress‐affected plants of all genotypes. After recovery from stress, distinct differences in PIB emissions in both genotypes confirmed different precursor pools for acetaldehyde and GLV emissions. Changes in PIBs of GLVs, almost absent in stressed plants and enhanced after recovery, could be mainly attributed to changes in lipoxygenase activity. Our results indicate that acetaldehyde PIBs, which recovered only partly, derive from a new mechanism in which acetaldehyde is produced from methylerythritol phosphate pathway intermediates, driven by deoxyxylulose phosphate synthase activity.
Evaluation of oxidative metabolism and oxidative DNA damage in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Alici Demet , Bulbul Feridun , Virit Osman , Unal Ahmet , Altindag Abdurrahman , Alpak Gokay , Alici Hayri , Ermis Berna , Orkmez Mustafa , Taysi Seyithan , Savas Haluk 
Published: September 2015

AimsThere are limited published data about the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). In addition, oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage have not been investigated together in OCD. In this study, we aimed to evaluate oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage in patients with OCD.MethodsForty‐two patients with OCD who were diagnosed in the Psychiatry Clinic of Gaziantep University and 38 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. Serum 8‐hydroxideoxiguanosine (8‐OHdG), total antioxidant status, total oxidant status evaluation and oxidative stress index calculation were conducted in Gaziantep University Biochemical Laboratory.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the total antioxidant status, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index levels between the patients and control group. However, 8‐OHdG levels were significantly higher in OCD patients than controls (P = 0.022). In addition, 8‐OHdG levels were significantly lower in patients who took treatment than in patients who were newly diagnosed (P = 0.016).ConclusionsIn our study, we found that oxidative DNA damage increased in OCD patients even though oxidative stress was normal. In addition, DNA damage was lower in patients who were treated compared to those without treatment.
The Framing of Public Knowledge Controversies in the Media: A Comparative Analysis of the Portrayal of Badger Vaccination in the English National, Regional and Farming Press
Authors: Naylor Rhiannon , Manley Will , Maye Damian , Enticott Gareth , Ilbery Brian , Hamilton‐Webb Alice 
Published: September 2015

AbstractScience has a powerful role in society. It can fuel innovation, shape policy and influence public opinion. However, science can also be highly controversial and subject to substantial disagreement and debate. Such debates are often evident in the media which regularly reports on areas of disagreement and debate. This article draws on the case‐study of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), which has become a highly politicised issue in recent years, to explore media representation of public knowledge controversies. The disease has received substantial policy and media attention, particularly in relation to badgers and their role in its spread. This article focuses on the ways in which the various debates associated with bTB and its control are presented in the press, with a specific emphasis on badger vaccination. An in‐depth discourse analysis compares regional, national and farming press, and identifies a number of complex dualisms against which the debate is framed. These dualisms help to explain the unclear policy direction and constant divisions between those who do and do not support badger vaccination, and the continued status of bTB control as a public knowledge controversy.
Forms of Food Transition: Sociocultural Factors Limiting the Diets' Animalisation in France and India
Authors: Fourat Estelle , Lepiller Olivier 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAnimal‐source food consumption is considered a key element in studying and characterising shifts in food diets. But it is most often studied from the macro‐nutritional and macro‐economic perspectives of the ‘nutrition transition’ model. This article advocates the need for a socio‐anthropological examination of the animal‐source food consumption, involved in the transition phenomena. Based on a review of the literature on two different cases (India and France) our study sheds light on social and cultural factors of ‘de‐animalisation’ processes, and advocates an alternative approach to transitions in food. This has led us to examine different forms of animal‐source food consumption and their evolutions at smaller social scales, taking into account sociocultural factors such as the symbolic dimensions of food, the eaters' viewpoints, the processes of sociocultural differentiation, the sociocultural identities, the contexts of choice and consumption or the role of critical reflexivity in the evolution of diets, particularly in the phenomena of ‘de‐animalisation’. Finally, this article raises a number of further questions for researchers interested in the issue of diet transition process.
Use of intravenous insulin aspart for treatment of naturally occurring diabetic ketoacidosis in dogs
Authors: Walsh Eric S. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Hess Rebecka S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo characterize the utility and safety of IV insulin aspart in the treatment of diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) in dogs and to determine the times to resolution of hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and acidemia in dogs treated with IV insulin aspart.DesignProspective noncontrolled single arm study of dogs with DKA between February 2010 and March 2011.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsSix dogs with spontaneous DKA and blood glucose (BG) concentration >13.8 mmol/L (250 mg/dL), pH between 7.0 and 7.35, and blood beta‐hydroxybutyrate >2.0 mmol/L were treated with an IV continuous rate infusion (CRI) of aspart insulin. The time to biochemical resolution of DKA was defined as the time interval from when the IV CRI of aspart insulin began until marked hyperglycemia (BG concentration >13.8 mmol/L [250 mg/dL]), acidemia (venous pH <7.35), and ketonemia (beta‐hydroxybutyrate concentration >2.0 mmol/L) resolved. Aspart insulin was administered as an IV CRI at an initial dose of 0.09 U/kg/h. The dose was adjusted according to a previously published protocol.Measurements and Main ResultsThe median time to biochemical resolution of DKA in dogs treated with insulin aspart was 28 hours (range, 20–116 h). Mean BG concentration decreased significantly from the time IV fluid resuscitation began (32.0 mmol/L [576 mg/dL]; range, 14.9–38.9 mmol/L [268–700 mg/dL]) until 6 hours later when IV aspart insulin CRI began (20.1 mmol/L [363 mg/dL]; range, 9.4–26.1 mmol/L [169–470 mg/dL],P= 0.03). No adverse effects were observed in association with IV insulin aspart administration. Median cost of hospitalization was US$3,477 (range, US$1,483–10,469). Median total units per kilogram of administered IV insulin aspart was 2.97 U/kg (range, 2.04–10.52 U/kg).ConclusionsIntravenous CRI of insulin aspart is a safe and effective treatment for DKA in dogs. IV fluid resuscitation is recommended prior to insulin administration.
Seasonal Analysis of Mucosal Immunological Function and Physical Demands in Professional Australian Rules Footballers
Authors: Coad Sam , Gray Bon , McLellan Christopher 
Published: September 2015

Purpose:To assess match-to-match variations in salivary immunoglobulin A concentration ([s-IgA]) measured at 36 h postmatch throughout an Australian Football League (AFL) premiership season and to assess the trends between 36-h-postmatch [s-IgA] and match-play exercise workloads throughout the same season.Methods:Eighteen elite male AFL athletes (24 ± 4.2 y, 187.0 ± 7.1 cm, 87.0 ± 7.6 kg) were monitored on a weekly basis to determine total match-play exercise workloads and 36-h-postmatch [s-IgA] throughout 16 consecutive matches in an AFL premiership season. Global positioning systems (GPS) with integrated triaxial accelerometers were used to measure exercise workloads (PlayerLoad) during each AFL match. A linear mixed-model analyses was conducted for time-dependent changes in [s-IgA] and player load.Results:A significant main effect was found for longitudinal postmatch [s-IgA] data (F16,240 = 3.78, P < .01) and PlayerLoad data (F16,66 = 1.98, P = .03). For all matches after and including match 7, a substantial suppression trend in [s-IgA] 36-h-postmatch values was found compared with preseason baseline [s-IgA].Conclusion:The current study provides novel data regarding longitudinal trends in 36-h-postmatch [s-IgA] for AFL athletes. Results demonstrate that weekly in-season AFL match-play exercise workloads may result in delayed mucosal immunological recovery beyond 36 h postmatch. The inclusion of individual athlete-monitoring strategies of [s-IgA] may be advantageous in the detection of compromised postmatch mucosal immunological function for AFL athletes.
“If You Don’t Have Anything Nice to Say, Then Don’t Say Anything At All”: Positive Appearance-related Commentary and Physical Activity
Authors: Cline Lindsay , Gammage Kimberley L. 
Published: September 2015

Background:Despite the well-documented benefits of physical activity, North Americans remain insufficiently inactive. Consequently, determining what motivates individuals to engage in physical activity becomes increasingly important. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the frequency of negative appearance-related commentary and positive appearance-related commentary could predict physical activity behavior.Methods:Participants were young adult women (N = 192) who completed a series of questionnaires to assess the frequency of appearance-related commentary they received and their physical activity behavior.Results:A hierarchical regression analysis indicated the overall regression was significant, F (4,187) = 4.73, P < .001, R2adj = .07, ΔR2 = .07), with positive weight/shape appearance-related commentary (β = 470.27, P < .001) significantly predicting physical activity behavior, while controlling for body mass index.Conclusions:Providing positive reinforcement via positive weight/shape compliments may be beneficial to motivate physical activity participation.
Reduced Transplacental Transfer of a Subset of Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific Antibodies to Neonates of Mothers Infected with Plasmodium falciparum Malaria during Pregnancy
Authors: Ogolla Sidney , Daud Ibrahim I. , Asito Amolo S. , Sumba Odada P. , Ouma Collins , Vulule John , Middeldorp Jaap M. , Dent Arlene E. , Mehta Saurabh , Rochford Rosemary 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTOver 35% of children in a region of malaria endemicity are infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by 6 months of age. This susceptibility may be linked to impaired transplacental transfer of antibodies. In this study, we determined the effect of malaria exposure during pregnancy on the transfer of EBV-specific maternal antibodies in a region of western Kenya that experiences endemic malaria. Pregnant mothers were recruited and followed up until delivery to determine levels of neonatal malaria exposure. Levels of EBV lytic (viral capsid antigen [VCA], Z transcriptional activator [Zta], and early diffuse antigen complex [EAd]) and EBV latent (EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1]) and tetanus-specific IgG antibodies were measured in 70 paired maternal and cord blood samples using a Luminex-bead-based assay. A high proportion (63%) of the infants were exposed to malariain utero. Levels of EBV- and tetanus-specific antibodies were similar in malaria-infected mothers and in mothers who had no detectable malaria infection. Malaria-exposed neonates had significantly lower levels of anti-EBNA1, anti-Zta, and anti-EAd antibodies than were seen in their mothers.In uteromalaria exposure resulted in significant reductions in transplacental transfer of anti-VCA-p18 and anti-EBNA1 antibodies of 13% and 22%, respectively. Neonates received significantly low levels of anti-Zta and anti-EAd antibodies irrespective of malaria exposure levels. In multivariate analysis,in uteromalaria exposure was associated with a significant reduction in the transfer of anti-VCA-p18 and anti-EBNA1 antibodies to the neonates (P= 0.0234 andP= 0.0017, respectively). Malaria during pregnancy results in differential levels of transfer of EBV-specific antibodies from the mother to the fetus. The impaired transplacental transfer of some antibodies may lead to the malaria-exposed neonates being susceptible to early EBV infection.
Proteins Selected in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis by an Immunoproteomic Approach with Potential Serodiagnosis Applications for Tegumentary Leishmaniasis
Authors: Duarte Mariana C. , Pimenta Daniel C. , Menezes-Souza Daniel , Magalhães Rubens D. M. , Diniz João L. C. P. , Costa Lourena E. , Chávez-Fumagalli Miguel A. , Lage Paula S. , Bartholomeu Daniela C. , Alves Maria Julia M. , Fernandes Ana Paula , Soto Manuel , Tavares Carlos A. P. , Gonçalves Denise U. , Rocha Manoel O. C. , Coelho Eduardo A. F. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe serodiagnosis of human tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) presents some problems, such as the low level of antileishmanial antibodies found in most of the patients, as well as the cross-reactivity in subjects infected by other trypanosomatids. In the present study, an immunoproteomic approach was performed aimed at identification of antigens in total extracts of stationary-phase promastigote and amastigote-like forms ofLeishmania(Viannia)braziliensisusing sera from TL patients. With the purpose of reducing the cross-reactivity of the identified proteins, spots recognized by sera from TL patients, as well as those recognized by antibodies present in sera from noninfected patients living in areas where TL is endemic and sera from Chagas disease patients, were discarded. TwoLeishmaniahypothetical proteins and 18 proteins with known functions were identified as antigenic. The study was extended with some of them to validate the results of the immunoscreening. The coding regions of five of the characterized antigens (enolase, tryparedoxin peroxidase, eukaryotic initiation factor 5a, β-tubulin, and one of the hypothetical proteins) were cloned in a prokaryotic expression vector, and the corresponding recombinant proteins were purified and evaluated for the serodiagnosis of TL. The antigens presented sensitivity and specificity values ranging from 95.4 to 100% and 82.5 to 100%, respectively. As a comparative antigen, a preparation ofLeishmaniaextract showed sensitivity and specificity values of 65.1 and 57.5%, respectively. The present study has enabled the identification of proteins able to be employed for the serodiagnosis of TL.
Improved Detection by Next-Generation Sequencing of Pyrazinamide Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates
Authors: Maningi Nontuthuko E. , Daum Luke T. , Rodriguez John D. , Mphahlele Matsie , Peters Remco P. H. , Fischer Gerald W. , Chambers James P. , Fourie P. Bernard 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

The technical limitations of common tests used for detecting pyrazinamide (PZA) resistance in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolates pose challenges for comprehensive and accurate descriptions of drug resistance in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). In this study, a 606-bp fragment (comprising the
pncA
coding region plus the promoter) was sequenced using Ion Torrent next-generation sequencing (NGS) to detect associated PZA resistance mutations in 88 recultured MDR-TB isolates from an archived series collected in 2001. These 88 isolates were previously Sanger sequenced, with 55 (61%) designated as carrying the wild-type
pncA
gene and 33 (37%) showing mutations. PZA susceptibility of the isolates was also determined using the Bactec 460 TB system and the Wayne test. In this study, isolates were recultured and susceptibility testing was performed in Bactec 960 MGIT. Concordance between NGS and MGIT results was 93% (
n
= 88), and concordance values between the Bactec 460, the Wayne test, or
pncA
gene Sanger sequencing and NGS results were 82% (
n
= 88), 83% (
n
= 88), and 89% (
n
= 88), respectively. NGS confirmed the majority of
pncA
mutations detected by Sanger sequencing but revealed several new and mixed-strain mutations that resolved discordancy in other phenotypic results. Importantly, in 53% (18/34) of these isolates,
pncA
mutations were located in the 151 to 360 region and warrant further exploration. In these isolates, with their known resistance to rifampin, NGS of
pncA
improved PZA resistance detection sensitivity to 97% and specificity to 94% using NGS as the gold standard and helped to resolve discordant results from conventional methodologies.
FilmArray Respiratory Panel Assay: Comparison of Nasopharyngeal Swabs and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Samples
Authors: Azadeh Natalya , Sakata Kenneth K. , Brighton Anjuli M. , Vikram Holenarasipur R. , Grys Thomas E. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
The FilmArray respiratory panel (FARP) reliably and rapidly identifies 17 viruses and 3 bacterial pathogens. A nasopharyngeal swab FARP (NP FARP) is performed for many patients with respiratory symptoms. For patients who are acutely ill or immunocompromised or fail to improve, a bronchoalveolar lavage sample FARP (BAL FARP) is performed in addition to the NP FARP. To date, no studies have compared the yield of a BAL FARP with that of an NP FARP. We retrospectively studied all patients who had a BAL FARP within 7 days after an NP FARP between June 2013 and May 2014. Demographic information, comorbidities, FARP results, and all microbiologic data from BAL fluid were collected. Eighty-six patients had a BAL FARP performed within 7 days (mean, 1.6; median, 1) after an NP FARP. Of these, 66 (77%) had concordant BAL and NP FARP results: 15 (23%) had the same pathogen identified from the NP and BAL FARPs, and 51 (77%) had concordant negative FARP results. In 18 of the 86 patients (21%), a pathogen was detected from the NP FARP; of these, 15 (83%) had a concordant match on a subsequent BAL FARP, and the remaining 3 had negative BAL FARPs. In 17 of the 86 patients (20%), pathogens were identified from the BAL FARPs that were not detected by the NP FARPs; of these, 16 (94%) had initial negative NP FARPs. The data suggest that once a pathogen is identified by an NP FARP, a subsequent BAL FARP is unlikely to add new microbiologic information. However, a BAL FARP may provide new, useful microbiologic information when performed within 7 days after a negative NP FARP.