bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“South Asian Cocktail” – The Predominant Drug Use Pattern in Nepal and its Association with Spread of HIV
Authors: Ojha S P , Sigdel S , H-G M , Verthein U 
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Central Bureau of Statistic of Nepal (2008) shows more than 46,000 illegal drugs users, out of which 61% are injecting drug users (IDU). An injecting mixture of medicines called “South Asian Cocktail” is prevalent in Nepal. This study was carried out to find out the knowledge on drug use behaviour and health status with a focus on HIV in “cocktail” drug users.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey among opiate users in contact with the treatment system was performed. After an initial mapping of Kathmandu valley, 300 drug users, on a random basis, in contact of different treatment and counselling centres were interviewed. The research questionnaire was designed following Europ ASI and Maudsley Addiction Profile standards.
Results: Ninety one percent of the respondents were male and 9% female. 95% are injecting drug users with an average 8.7 years of drug use history. 86% are injecting different “cocktails” usually made of buprenorphine, diazepam, Phenergan (promethazine) and/or other substances (30 day prevalence). Similarly, 48% use heroin whereas only 2% take cocaine/ crack. Amongst tested for HIV (N=223) 33% are positive (25% of sample population).
Conclusion: The “South Asian Cocktail” users have a higher risk behaviour than heroin drug users which is associated with the spread of HIV. It needs to be considered which HIV prevention measures are needed related to the specific needs of cocktail users, since the available services (like needle syringe exchange) does not seem to cover their specific needs.
Burden of Fungal Rhinosinusitis in Rhinology unit of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu
Authors: Thapa N , Pradhan B 
Published: July 2024

Introduction: This longitudinal, prospective, descriptive study was carried out to find out frequency and types of fungal rhinosinusitis, clinicopathologic features,its association with systemic disease and outcome of treatment.
Method: Patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery and fulfilled any of the following two criteria were included in the study: unilateral sinonasal polyps, CT Scan showing soft tissue density with hyperdense areas, presence of fungal mucin or mud during surgery, histopathological report showing fungal infection. Surgical specimens were sent for KOH preparation, fungal culture and histopathological analysis.
Results: Out of 284 patients of chronic rhinosinusitis, 41(14.44%) patients had fungal rhinosinusitis, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (40) and acute fulminantinvasive fungal rhinosinusitis (1). Age ranged from 14-63 years, 26 males and 15 females. Sixteen patients had unilateral disease. The common symptoms were nasal obstruction (41), decreased smell (24) and sneezing (21). Eight patients had hypertension, bronchial asthma (5), COPD(1), pulmonary tuberculosis (1), diabetes mellitus (2) of which 1 patient hadmucormycosis. All the patients had nasal polyps, 1 patient with mucormycosis also had mucopurulent,discharge from left middle meatus and diffuse swelling of left periorbital and maxillary area. Aspergillusfumigatus was isolated in 1 patient. Histopathological examination reported fungal polyp in 5 and mucormycosis in 1 patient. There is no recurrence till date.
Conclusion: Fungal rhinosinusitis is a common pathological entity. It affects both genders common in age group of 21-60 years. It presents as bilateral as well as unilateral nasal polyps. Nasal obstruction is the most common symptom followed by decreased smell and sneezing. Seventeen patients had systemic disease. The treatment protocol used was effective.
Clinical Spectrum of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Tertiary Care Centre
Authors: Pathak R , Harsh S , Adhikari A , Khadga PK 
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Cirrhosis is a common diagnosis in the inpatient population seeking care at the gastroenterology department of the Institute Of Medicine. Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) is commonly associated with decompensated liver cirrhosis and has been associated with frequent adverse outcome. This small study was designed to spectrum of disease and profile of patient having Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis.
Methods: The retrospective study was conducted in patient admitted in department of gastroenterology. A total of 51 patients suffering from cirrhosis with ascites was studied. All subject underwent different investigations, like abdominal paracentesis, abdominal Ultrasonography and biochemical analysis, these tests were analyzed. MELD score was calculated for all the patient.
Results: Total of 51 patients with Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis were enrolled. Majority Of patient had alcohol as the cause of cirrhosis, Jaundice, abdominal pain and fever along with hepatic encephalopathy were chief presenting complaints. A mortality rate of 22% was seen in this small sample of patients.
Conclusions: SBP is a major concern in case of hepatic cirrhosis as it can cause considerable risk of adverse outcome and prolong the hospital stay. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment should be practiced in order to eliminate the risk.
Needle Sticks Injuries among Health Care Professionals in Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Sayami M , Tamrakar J 
Published: July 2024

Introduction: A needle stick injury (NSI) is a percutaneous piercing wound typically set by a needle point, but possibly also by other sharp instruments or objects commonly encountered by Health Care Professionals (HCP). This is a serious issue of occupational hazard because of the risk to transmitting blood-borne diseases like Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Hence, the study was conducted to find out the prevalence of NSI among laboratory and nursing staff (HCP).
Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study from 400 Health Care Professionals was investigated by census sampling. A set of self administered questionnaire was used to collect data in the setting of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH). The data analysis was done in SPSS program with descriptive statistics.
Results: The prevalence of needle stick injury (NSI) was 251(80%). Regarding knowledge response, 193(63%) said needles should not be recapped, 181(58.68%) said gloves should be used for injection all the times, 286 (91%) said HBV, HCV and HIV are transmitted by NSI, 154(50%) mentioned that HBV is a fast transmitting disease. Actions taken for NSI were as follows: 216(75%) washed injured site immediately, only 82(29.5%) said immediately report to authority and 150(54.50%) did nothing after NSI. The common device causing NSI was the syringe and needle 209(73.1%). 291(93.3%) said that they disposed used sharp needles in puncture proof bucket.
Conclusion: NSI is common among HCP in TUTH with 80% prevalence rate. So the health hazards of NSI should be well addressed like transmission of blood borne disease e.g. HIV, HBV and HCV. Preventive measures should be taken to minimize the health hazards to professionals in health care settings.
Nutritional risk assessment in patient undergoing major gastrointestinal surgeries
Authors: Paudel P , Ghimire S , Rai S , Pradhan GBN , Shrestha S , Bhattachan CL 
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Malnutrition is prevalent in surgical patients in the range of 20–50%, depending on the population studied and method employed to determine nutritional status. Malnutrition is associated with adverse clinical outcomes, slow healing, increase in infection and longer hospital stay. There are several methods to assess the nutritional status of surgical patients. However, none has been universally accepted and there is no consensus on the best system. The Nutritional Risk Screening score (NRS 2002) was developed based on the presupposition that the severity of malnutrition indicates increased nutritional requirements and need for nutritional support. It has received approval from the European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition for use in the hospital setting. It is easy to administer in daily clinical practice and offers satisfactory reliability and reproducibility. The aim of the present study was to identify nutritional risk in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgeries using NRS2002 and to determine possible associations with postoperative complications.
Methods: This is a prospective study carried out in department of surgery, Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital from 1st August 2016 to 30th July 2017. All the major gastrointestinal surgeries performed during this period were included. The nutritional assessment was done by BMI, Serum protein /albumin and nutritional risk screening score (NRS 2002).
Results: Sixty three patients who underwent major gastrointestinal surgery were included in this study. Sixty percent patients (n=38) were male, 68.8% had BMI within ideal range (18.5-25.9 kg/m2), 71.4% (n=45) patients underwent elective surgery and 68.2% (n=43) had malignancy. A total of 44.4% (n=28) of the patients were classified as being “at nutritional risk” and 47.6% (n=30) had postoperative complications. The mean NRS score was significantly higher among the patients who had complications compared to those who did not have complication (3.7± 1.2 vs 3± 1, p=0.016). Low serum albumin, BMI and absolute lymphocyte count correlated with presence of nutritional risk assessed by NRS 2002 and complications.
Conclusions: NRS 2002 is simple and easy to apply in routine clinical practice for nutritional assessment. It correlates with postoperative complications. Serum albumin, BMI and absolute lymphocyte count are also simple tools for nutritional assessment of surgical patients and can be used in supplementation with NRS 2002 for better accuracy.
Correlation Of Linear Measurements Of Spleen With Splenic Volume in Computed Tomography
Authors: Suwal S , Subedi K , Gurung G 
Published: July 2024

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess the normal linear measurements of spleen in Nepalese adults by Computed Tomography (CT) and their correlation with splenic volume.
Methods: This was a prospective cross sectional observational study done in 264 peoples undergoing abdominal CT examination for various clinical indications not pertaining to spleen, in Department of Radiology & Imaging, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH). Four linear measurements of spleen were obtained in axial plane. Craniocaudal length of the spleen was also obtained. The volume was obtained by adding cross-sectional area of spleen from 10 mm contiguous axial images and multiplying them with the slice thickness. The relationships between various linear measurements of spleen with spleenic volume were derived.
Results: The mean length of spleen along long axis was 9.3 +/- 1.3 cm, and the mean length along the craniocaudal axis was 7.6 +/- 1.5 cm. The mean width, maximum thickness, and thickness at hilum of the spleen were 9.3 +/- 1.7 cm, 5.1 +/- 1.2 and 3.2 +/- 0.6 cm respectively. The mean splenic volume was 151.20 cm3 ± 59.62 cm3. Significant positive correlations were noted between linear measurements and volume, the strongest being the width followed by the craniocaudal length.
Conclusion: Linear measurements of the spleen in CT show strong correlation with volume and hence can replace the splenic volume measurements while defining splenomegaly
Antibiotic sensitivity pattern on cluster endophthalmitis caused by Gram negative organism
Authors: Thapa M , Gautam P , Joshi SN , Khanal S 
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Endophthalmitis is a rare but devastating complication of intraocular surgery occurring in 0.07%-0.3% of total surgeries. With the introduction of Phacoemulsification through corneal incision, incidence of endophthalmitis has increased in recent days. Outcome of endophthalmitis is worse when it is caused by gram negative organisms.
Methods: Hospital based prospective study of cluster endophthalmitis following cataract surgery done on a single day. Surgeries were performed at BP Koirala Lions Centre of Ophthalmic Studies, IOM, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Results: 8 cases of acute endophthalmitis following cataract surgery were included in the series. Out of them 8, 87.5% (7) had isolates in the both anterior chamber and vitreous tap. Ali patients had infection due to e-coli. 4 cases had mixed growth of E.coli and Staph. aureus in vitreous and anterior chamber both 3 patients had growth of E.coli only in both vitreous and anterior chamber. And 1 patient had growth of E.coli in vitreous only. All the patients complaint of severe pain after few hours of surgery, Visual acuity in 6 patients was CFCF and 1 patient was hand movement (HM), 1 patient had perception of light only. Intravitreal injection of vancomycin (1 mg/0.1ml) and Amikacin (0.4mg/0.1 ml) and Dexamethsone (0.4mg/0.1ml) was given in all cases after AC and Vitreous tap on the first day. On 2nd day all patients underwent vitrectomy and intra vitreal injection repeated in half dose. Out of 8 cases, 3 (37.5%) developed RD. 1 (12.5%) had to undergo evisceration. 1 (12.5%) patients developed cornel opacity, 3(37.7%) patients has good visual recovery visual acuity of 6/6-6/36.
Conclusion: Even after aggressive treatment acute postoperative endophthalmitis due to gram negative bacteria has a bad prognosis.
Cost Plus Pricing Solusi Penghitungan Harga Jual Produk UMKM Studi Kasus: Permata Bakery Lampung
Authors: Astuti Sri , Adelia Putri , Indriyani  
Published: July 2024

Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memastikan harga jual barang secara tepat dengan memanfaatkan metodologi cost-plus pricing di Permata Bakery.

Metodologi : Penelitian menggunakan data primer di samping teknik deskriptif kuantitatif.

Hasil penelitian : Hasil investigasi mengungkapkan perbedaan antara harga jual yang ditetapkan oleh Permata Bakery dan harga yang dihitung oleh para peneliti. Perhitungan pemilik bisnis sering menyebabkan harga yang lebih rendah, akibatnya mengurangi harga jual produk dan keuntungan yang dihasilkan karena kurangnya presisi penetapan harga. Melaksanakan perhitungan biaya plus harga diantisipasi untuk meningkatkan profitabilitas Permata Bakery.
The Effects of Self-Management of Marine Leisure Sports Club Members on Coping with Stress
Authors: Kwon Young-Hoon , Yang Chun-Ho 
Published: July 2024

Background/Objectives:This study aimed to identify the effects of self-management on stress coping of marine leisure sports club members. Methods/Statistical analysis: The subjects of this study were 283 club members participating in marine leisure sports in South Korea. The survey was used as the research tool. Data processing included frequency analysis, validity and reliability verification, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Through these methods, the following results were obtained: Findings: First, the self-management of marine leisure sports club members showed a positive correlation with stress coping. Second, mental management and physical management were found to have positive effects on problem-focused coping. Third, mental management, interpersonal management, and physical management were found to have positive effects on social support seeking. Fourth, mental management, interpersonal management, and practice management were found to have positive effects on aesthetic thinking. Fifth, mental management, interpersonal management, physical management, and practice management were found to have positive effects on emotional coping. Improvements/Applications:The conclusion drawn from the above results is that marine leisure sports club members have good coping abilities through self-management. Therefore, participating in marine leisure sports can relieve daily stress for participants, contributing to their physical, mental, and social health.
Exploring Urban Green Space Visitation Patterns in Informal Settlement. A Case of Dandora, Nairobi County
Authors: Namalwa Silva M. , Omollo Maurice , Konana Charity 
Published: July 2024

The utilization and visitation patterns of Urban Green Spaces (UGS) by users and visitors are inextricably tied to the satisfaction and willingness derived from these spaces. In essence, the positive experiences and levels of satisfaction individuals garner from UGS significantly influence their patterns of usage and frequency of visits. However, few details of this relationship have been studied on matters UGS in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigates the relationship between demographic characteristics and visitation patterns of residents to UGS in slum dwelling areas using Dandora as case study. Survey research design was adopted as a method of investigation using a sample frame of 100. Stratified and simple random sampling technique was used in issuing the household questionnaires. The demographic information analysis reveals a gender-balanced respondent pool, with a predominant youth population thirty to forty years (30-40 years old), largely educated up to secondary level, and primarily self-employed. The majority of respondents have been residents for one to ten years (1-10 years), mainly in Phase two (II) and four (IV) of Dandora. A significant proportion eighty-four percent (84%) of respondents visit UGS, citing weekly visits forty-one percent (41%) and daily visits thirty-four percent (34%) as the most common frequencies. In contrast, sixteen percent 16% do not visit UGS primarily due to concerns about insecurity and other reasons. The study employs a multinomial regression model to examine the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and frequency of UGS visitation. The results indicate a significant relationship, with place of residence being a key factor influencing visitation frequency. Specifically, residents in Phase II show a significant impact on daily and weekly visitation, while residents in Phase III and IV influence monthly visitation. The findings suggest that socio-demographic factors especially place of residence where there are accessible UGS and also resident’s occupation, play a crucial role in influencing residents' UGS visitation patterns. Understanding these relationships can inform urban planning strategies to enhance accessibility and engagement with green spaces in Dandora.
Pensar la Producción de Salud desde el Trabajo Social: Intersecciones entre Rol Profesional y la Salud Colectiva.
Authors: Burwiel Juan Pablo , Maldonado Mariana , Terreno Belén 
Published: July 2024

Las experiencias del Trabajo Social en el campo de la salud vienen aportando elementos que contribuyen a la problematización de aquellas prácticas que refuerzan el reduccionismo biomédico, generando propuestas creativas para reflexionar en torno el trabajo en salud. Esto nos plantea el desafío de seguir ampliando el arco de categorías, posicionamientos y perspectivas que naveguen las intersecciones entre las Ciencias Sociales, el Trabajo Social y el campo de la salud. En este sentido la Salud Colectiva, como movimiento de “apertura a paradigmas éticos que instalen formas no hegemónicas de producir y concebir el proceso de salud-enfermedad-cuidado” (Paim, 2021), nos parece una herramienta necesaria. Los aportes conceptuales y epistemológicos de la Salud Colectiva resultan cruciales en escenarios instituyentes, transformadores o de transición en el campo sanitario. Representan un cuerpo de saberes y prácticas con experiencias en el campo de la gestión pública, de la investigación y la práctica asistencial. Por lo tanto, el artículo pretende constituirse como un insumo para el análisis y la reflexión disciplinar junto a la posibilidad de fortalecer la relación teórico-práctica del trabajo social en salud. Asimismo, presenta la oportunidad de ofrecer una síntesis que produzca nuevas estrategias para los procesos de intervención profesional en relación a la producción de salud.
Penerapan Strategi Pembelajaran Pada Metode Karyawisata Dalam Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Anak Sekolah Minggu
Authors: Rahel Ribka , Nikita  , Rosanti Tatubeket  
Published: July 2024

Penggunaan metode yang monoton membuat anak sekolah minggu mengalami penurunan motivasi belajar saat kegiatan belajar sekolah minggu berlangsung, maka guru sekolah minggu harus melakukan strategi pembelajaran dengan menerapkan metode baru untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Penggunaan strategi pembelajaran memberikan kemudahan dalam menentukan metode pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan situasi anak sekolah minggu maka penulis memutuskan untuk menerapkan metode karyawisata dalam meningkatkan motivasi belajar pada anak sekolah minggu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka sebagai teknik pengumpulan datanya. Maka tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sejauh mana penerapan strategi pembelajaran pada metode karyawisata ini dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan motivasi belajar pada anak sekolah minggu yang mengalami penurunan motivasi belajar. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini adalah menerapkan metode karyawisata pada anak sekolah minggu terdiri dari beberapa tahapan seperti tahapan perencanaan; menentukan tujuan karyawisata, menetapkan objek wisata sesuai tema materi pelajaran sekolah minggu, menetapkan durasi waktu karyawisata, Menyusun kegiatan belajar dalam pengenalan karya penciptaan Allah yang akan dilakukan saat di tempat karyawisata, menyiapkan perlengkapan belajar sekolah minggu yang dibutuhkan karyawisata. Tahapan pelaksanaan; pelaksanaan karyawisata dengan anak sekolah minggu dan tahapan akhir; anak sekolah minggu memberikan hasil laporan dalam bentuk tulisan kepada guru sekolah minggu.
Kata Kunci: Strategi pembelajaran, Metode karyawisata, Motivasi
Building Children's Social Skills Through Picture Story Books
Authors: Sinamo Junita , Panjaitan Lestari Sri Wahyuni , Butar Butar Mei Lastri E.F. 
Published: July 2024

This research explains the role of picture books in developing children's social skills. Through a careful literature review, this research identified several key aspects, ranging from understanding social skills to practical strategies for incorporating picture books into children's education. Reading picture books can develop children's social skills such as empathy, critical thinking skills, communication, cooperation and tolerance. Picture books allow children to feel like they will act out emotions as characters in the story., understand the plot of the story, identify problems and find solutions, and learn about cooperation and respecting differences. Practical strategies such as reading aloud, using stories as starting points for conversations, and using stories as examples to resolve conflicts can help maximize the benefits of picture books for children's learning. Incorporating picture books into a child's education helps children develop social skills that are important for life success while providing a fun and meaningful learning experience for early childhood.
Keywords: Social Skills, Early Childhood, Picture Story Books