bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The meroplankton community of the oceanic Ross Sea during late summer
Authors: Gallego R. , Lavery S. , Sewell M.A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMeroplankton community studies in the Antarctic have primarily focused on the coastal waters of both the Antarctic Peninsula and the Ross Sea. The New Zealand International Polar Year - Census of Antarctic Marine Life (IPY-CAML) voyage to the Ross Sea during the late summer (February–March) 2008 provided the first meroplankton samples from three regions in the deep, oceanic waters of the Ross Sea (shelf, slope and adjacent offshore Antarctic waters of Admiralty Seamount and Scott Island). We used a combined morphological and molecular approach to identify 36 larval operational taxonomic units based on sequences from three loci (16S, 18S, COI), and exclude early developmental stages of holoplankton. Overall, larval abundance was lower than previous Antarctic studies (5.19 specimens per 100 m3), with larvae most abundant in the first 200 m of the water column and most diverse in the shelf region. Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences in the meroplankton community between regions and depth ranges, but with low similarity within these groupings; differences between water masses were undetectable due to the confounding effect with both region and depth. The influence of nearby benthic populations (e.g. the acorn barnacleBathylasma corolliforme) and/or locally abundant taxa (e.g. the nudibranchTergipes antarcticus) was evident in the meroplankton community.
How precautionary is the policy governing the Ross Sea Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) fishery?
Authors: Abrams Peter A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis article reviews the adequacy of data and models currently being used to estimate the present and future population sizes of the Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoniNorman) in the Ross Sea regional ecosystem. The current tagging programme is unlikely to provide an accurate picture of total population size, and estimates of both the pre-exploitation spawning stock biomass and the ratio of current to pre-exploitation biomass are unreliable. Many parameters necessary for estimating future population growth or decline have not been measured, and the current objective of a 50% reduction in biomass relative to unexploited biomass may easily fail to prevent a much larger reduction from taking place. The need to guess values of important parameters makes it impossible to set bounds on the potential errors of population forecasts. Current scientific knowledge is far from what is needed to predict the likely effects of food-web responses to harvesting of toothfish in the Ross Sea, or to predict the feedback effects of those food-web changes on toothfish populations.
China's environmental policy: an introduction
Authors: Xu Jintao , Berck Peter 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis special issue covers several important aspects of China's environmental policy, ranging from evaluation of government programs (biogas and the Sloping Land Conversion Program) that aim directly to enhance the rural environment, to the reform of natural resource sectors (collective and state forest reforms) that set foundations for the sustainable use of natural resources, and to the impacts of urban environmental policies (including urban transportation management and industrial pollution control policy). We provide an overview of the topic and a brief introduction to each of the contributed papers.
Successful implementation of a laboratory iodization quality assurance system in small-scale salt production facilities in India
Authors: Yadav Kapil , Kumar Rakesh , Pandav Chandrakant S , Karmarkar Madhukar G 
Published: December 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo establish a laboratory iodization quality assurance system to support small-scale salt production facilities in India and to assess the level of agreement for the internal quality assurance (IQA) and external quality assurance (EQA) protocols.DesignOperational research. The IQA and EQA programme was established in the year 2008. Agreement between field laboratories and the reference laboratory for estimation of iodine content of salt from 2008 to 2011 was assessed. Agreement was assessed using the χ2 test, kappa statistics and the Bland–Altman plot.SettingSmall-scale salt producers in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Odisha and Karnataka; ‘field laboratories’ supporting the small-scale salt producers; and the ‘reference laboratory’ of the Regional Office (South Asia) of the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders.SubjectsThree hundred small-scale salt producers in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Odisha and Karnataka and seventeen ‘field laboratories’.ResultsA total of 6573 salt samples for IQA and 347 salt samples for EQA were exchanged between field and reference laboratories during 2008–2012. Out of the total salt sample exchanges, 527 were from Andhra Pradesh and Odisha, 2343 from Gujarat, 2016 from Rajasthan and 1677 from Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The overall between-laboratory agreement was for 61·6 % for IQA and 64·8 % for EQA. The mean difference between iodine content estimation of field laboratories and the reference laboratory was 0·3 ppm (sd 8·2 ppm) for IQA and –0·3 ppm (sd 3·5 ppm) for EQA.ConclusionsOur study successfully documents implementation of a laboratory iodization quality assurance protocol in laboratories supporting small-scale salt production facilities in India.
Collective pension schemes and individual choice
Authors: VAN BINSBERGEN JULES H. , BROEDERS DIRK , DE JONG MYRTHE , KOIJEN RALPH S. J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractCollective pension schemes are the dominant form of saving for retirement in the Netherlands. We investigate the introduction of individual choices into a collective pension system without affecting the generally accepted advantages of a collective agreement. Increasing individual choices can be beneficial, as it prevents pension plans from making decisions for the average plan participant that may not be optimal for individual participants. We argue for a system in which individuals choose from a set of low-cost balanced index funds, together with a level of intergenerational guarantees that are exchange-traded. This system maintains the two primary advantages of collective agreements: risk sharing and low implementation costs, while facilitating different risk taking behavior at the individual level. To facilitate individual choices within collective pension schemes, it is important to enhance the transparency associated with intergenerational guarantees to all participants in the scheme, both in terms of their price and quantity. We argue that the current system, in which long-term guarantees are given by the young to the old within a specific fund but not across pension funds, is not transparent and we argue that it can be suboptimal. We propose a system ofPension Guarantee Exchanges(PGEs) that increase transparency and allow pension funds with different age distributions to trade with each other. Knowing the price of such guarantees facilitates the introduction of individual portfolio choices within collective pension schemes.
Fictitious fraud: economics and the presumption of reliance
Authors: Gordon Randy D. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn the popular imagination, legal proceedings and their rules of law are thought of as paths to unalloyed truth. Both practitioners and scholars know this is often not the case because the law is, as are other domains, riddled with fictions. Indeed, the law sometimes borrows fictions from other domains to help it achieve results that would otherwise be unobtainable. One such place is securities law, in which courts in the United States have borrowed the concept of the ‘efficient market’ from economics to make fraud class actions possible. But that concept is – if not wholly – at least in good measure fictional.
HIV treatment as prevention: not an argument for continuing criminalisation of HIV transmission
Authors: Francis John G. , Francis Leslie P. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHIV prevention and treatment are undergoing impressive technological and practice changes. In-home rapid testing, prophylaxis before risky sex, and treatment as prevention give cause for remarkable optimism and suggest the possibility of an AIDS-free generation. These changes in HIV prevention and treatment might affect HIV policy in several different directions. One direction would be further entrenchment of the currently prevailing punitive approach. A different direction would be a shift away from use of the criminal law as a method for discouraging risky behaviour and towards a strategy aimed to encourage the use of the new treatment and prevention possibilities. When such abrupt technological changes are accompanied by sharp changes in regulatory regimes, they are identified in the public policy literature as a ‘punctuated equilibrium’. A shift away from criminalisation in HIV policy, if sufficiently widespread and transformative, could reach the level of a punctuated equilibrium. This paper presents a critical assessment of the implications of the changes in available forms of treatment and prevention for the continued appeal of criminalisation as an approach to HIV policy. We conclude that criminalisation is less justifiable in the light of what might be circumstances ripe for a punctuated equilibrium.
Kawashima and the changing focus on Japanese legal consciousness: a selective history of the sociology of law in Japan
Authors: Murayama Masayuki 
Published: December 2013

AbstractKawashima's well-known arguments on Japanese legal consciousness represent characteristic concerns of Japanese socio-legal scholarship: comparison between Japan and the West on the one hand, and law and practice on the other. Such concerns originated much earlier, before World War II. Suehiro, the early founder, relied on Ehrlich's idea of living law to make law fit social reality. In contrast, Kawashima urged Japanese people to make modern law ‘our living law’. He also argued that Japanese consciousness was the main cause of the small volume of litigation. This thesis became a focus of empirical research by Japanese and foreign scholars. Kawashima played a significant role in establishing the sociology of law as a subject in law. In subsequent empirical studies, Kawashima's thesis has been critically assessed. Yet the sociology of law as an empirical science and the characteristic concerns his work represents are distinctive features of the sociology of law in Japan.
Structure and Invariance of Executive Functioning Tasks across Socioeconomic Status: Evidence from Spanish-Speaking Children
Authors: Arán-Filippetti Vanessa 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to analyze the latent structure of executive functions (EFs) in Spanish-speaking children and to test measurement invariance across socioeconomic status (SES). We sampled 248 children, aged 8 to 12, who were divided into two groups: 124 children from a medium socioeconomic status (MSS) and 124 children from a low socioeconomic status (LSS). We applied a neuropsychological battery consisting of various EF tasks and performed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multi-group CFA (MGCFA). CFA showed best fit for the three factor solution: (a) Working memory, (b) Cognitive flexibility, and (c) Inhibition. Moreover, the MGCFA revealed that the three-factor solution was invariant (configural, metric, and structural) across SES, allowing valid comparison between the groups (MSS and LSS) of factors. Finally, bifactorial MANOVA revealed a significant effect of SES and group age but not for the interaction between the two in the three EF dimensions indicative of quantitative group differences. Results are discussed in terms of the dimensional nature of the EF construct and the effects of SES on executive functioning.
Defects in bilayer silica and graphene: common trends in diverse hexagonal two-dimensional systems
Authors: Björkman Torbjörn , Kurasch Simon , Lehtinen Ossi , Kotakoski Jani , Yazyev Oleg V. , Srivastava Anchal , Skakalova Viera , Smet Jurgen H. , Kaiser Ute , Krasheninnikov Arkady V. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBy combining first-principles and classical force field calculations with aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy experiments, we study the morphology and energetics of point and extended defects in hexagonal bilayer silica and make comparison to graphene, another two-dimensional (2D) system with hexagonal symmetry. We show that the motifs of isolated point defects in these 2D structures with otherwise very different properties are similar and include Stone-Wales-type defects formed by structural unit rotations, flower defects and reconstructed double vacancies. The morphology and energetics of extended defects, such as grain boundaries have much in common as well. As both sp2-hybridised carbon and bilayer silica can also form amorphous structures, our results indicate that the morphology of imperfect 2D honeycomb lattices is largely governed by the underlying symmetry of the lattice.
Integrated enzyme reactor and high resolving chromatography in “sub-chip” dimensions for sensitive protein mass spectrometry
Authors: Hustoft Hanne Kolsrud , Brandtzaeg Ole Kristian , Rogeberg Magnus , Misaghian Dorna , Torsetnes Silje Bøen , Greibrokk Tyge , Reubsaet Léon , Wilson Steven Ray , Lundanes Elsa 
Published: December 2013

AbstractReliable, sensitive and automatable analytical methodology is of great value in e.g. cancer diagnostics. In this context, an on-line system for enzymatic cleavage of proteins, subsequent peptide separation by liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometric detection has been developed using “sub-chip” columns (10–20 μm inner diameter, ID). The system could detect attomole amounts of isolated cancer biomarker progastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), in a more automatable fashion compared to previous methods. The workflow combines protein digestion using an 20 μm ID immobilized trypsin reactor with a polymeric layer of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-vinyl azlactone (HEMA-VDM), desalting on a polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) monolithic trap column and subsequent separation of resulting peptides on a 10 μm ID (PS-DVB) porous layer open tubular (PLOT) column. The high resolution of the PLOT columns was maintained in the on-line system, resulting in narrow chromatographic peaks of 3–5 seconds. The trypsin reactors provided repeatable performance and were compatible with long-term storage.
Identification of novel modifiers of Aβ toxicity by transcriptomic analysis in the fruitfly
Authors: Favrin G. , Bean D. M. , Bilsland E. , Boyer H. , Fischer B. E. , Russell S. , Crowther D. C. , Baylis H. A. , Oliver S. G. , Giannakou M. E. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe strongest risk factor for developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is age. Here, we study the relationship between ageing and AD using a systems biology approach that employs a Drosophila (fruitfly) model of AD in which the flies overexpress the human Aβ42 peptide. We identified 712 genes that are differentially expressed between control and Aβ-expressing flies. We further divided these genes according to how they change over the animal's lifetime and discovered that the AD-related gene expression signature is age-independent. We have identified a number of differentially expressed pathways that are likely to play an important role in the disease, including oxidative stress and innate immunity. In particular, we uncovered two new modifiers of the Aβ phenotype, namely Sod3 and PGRP-SC1b.
Quantum effects and anharmonicity in the H2-Li+-benzene complex: A model for hydrogen storage materials
Authors: Kolmann Stephen J. , D'Arcy Jordan H. , Jordan Meredith J. T. 
Published: December 2013

Quantum and anharmonic effects are investigated in H2-Li+-benzene, a model for hydrogen adsorption in metal-organic frameworks and carbon-based materials. Three- and 8-dimensional quantum diffusion Monte Carlo (QDMC) and rigid-body diffusion Monte Carlo (RBDMC) simulations are performed on potential energy surfaces interpolated from electronic structure calculations at the M05-2X/6-31+G(d,p) and M05-2X/6-311+G(2df,p) levels of theory using a three-dimensional spline or a modified Shepard interpolation. These calculations investigate the intermolecular interactions in this system, with three- and 8-dimensional 0 K H2 binding enthalpy estimates, ΔHbind (0 K), being 16.5 kJ mol−1 and 12.4 kJ mol−1, respectively: 0.1 and 0.6 kJ mol−1 higher than harmonic values. Zero-point energy effects are 35% of the value of ΔHbind (0 K) at M05-2X/6-311+G(2df,p) and cannot be neglected; uncorrected electronic binding energies overestimate ΔHbind (0 K) by at least 6 kJ mol−1. Harmonic intermolecular binding enthalpies can be corrected by treating the H2 “helicopter” and “ferris wheel” rotations as free and hindered rotations, respectively. These simple corrections yield results within 2% of the 8-dimensional anharmonic calculations. Nuclear ground state probability density histograms obtained from the QDMC and RBDMC simulations indicate the H2 molecule is delocalized above the Li+-benzene system at 0 K.
Spin-rotation and NMR shielding constants in HCl
Authors: Jaszuński Michał , Repisky Michal , Demissie Taye B. , Komorovsky Stanislav , Malkin Elena , Ruud Kenneth , Garbacz Piotr , Jackowski Karol , Makulski Włodzimierz 
Published: December 2013

The spin-rotation and nuclear magnetic shielding constants are analysed for both nuclei in the HCl molecule. Nonrelativistic ab initio calculations at the CCSD(T) level of approximation show that it is essential to include relativistic effects to obtain spin-rotation constants consistent with accurate experimental data. Our best estimates for the spin-rotation constants of 1H35Cl are CCl = −53.914 kHz and CH = 42.672 kHz (for the lowest rovibrational level). For the chlorine shielding constant, the ab initio value computed including the relativistic corrections, σ(Cl) = 976.202 ppm, provides a new absolute shielding scale; for hydrogen we find σ(H) = 31.403 ppm (both at 300 K). Combining the theoretical results with our new gas-phase NMR experimental data allows us to improve the accuracy of the magnetic dipole moments of both chlorine isotopes. For the hydrogen shielding constant, including relativistic effects yields better agreement between experimental and computed values.
Philosophiehistorie als Rezeptionsgeschichte
Authors: Kamp Andreas 
Published: December 2013

No single theoretician provoked a greater tradition of the reception of his thought throughout changing times and across diverse cultures than did Aristotle, and so Hegel, who calls him the ‘teacher of the human race’, well describes the man known for ages simply as ‘the philosopher’. The present volume examines from a philosophical-historical standpoint the intellect-theory of De Anima III 4-5, which stands in the center of the Aristotelian system and composes one of the most provocative Aristotelian theories. It concentrates on the critical engagement with Aristotle’s conception of nous in Theophrastus and his colleagues (Dicaearchus, Aristoxenus) and students (Demetrius of Phaleron, Menander, Erasistratus) in the Peripatos as well as in the Academic, Socratic, Epicurean and Stoic schools. The analysis of the relevant texts leads to a new assessment of Theophrastus’s philosophical-historical significance in the Aristotelian tradition and documents that in early Hellenism the Aristotelian theory itself played a surprisingly limited role, so that the loss of the original Aristotelian manuscripts as reported by Strabo and Plutarch — a matter hotly debated in recent studies — was of only marginal importance.
Kein Theoretiker provozierte über eine ähnlich lange Zeitspanne eine so intensive, kontinuierliche und multikulturelle Rezeption wie Aristoteles. Die Geschichte der Philosophie verlangt es daher geradezu, unter der Perspektive der ebenso konstanten wie vielgestaltigen Auseinandersetzung mit “dem Philosophen” analysiert zu werden. Den geeignetsten Kristallisationspunkt hierfür stellt die in “De Anima” G 4-5 präsentierte Nous-Theorie dar, denn zum einen stand sie im Zentrum des aristotelischen “Systems”, zum anderen handelt es sich bei ihr um die mit gröîter Kontinuität, höchster Intensität und unterschiedlichsten Resultaten rezipierte philosophische Theorie überhaupt.
Der vorliegende Band thematisiert, im Anschluî am die “Topographie” der aristotelischen Noetik, die frühhellenistische Resonanz. Den ersten Schwerpunkt bildet Theophrasts philosophisch-kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der Nous-Konzeption seines Lehrers, den zweiten die “De Anima”-Rezeption in der damaligen Philosophie-Szene, die im wesentlichen durch drie Gruppen konstituiert wurde: Theophrasts Kollegen im “Peripatos” (Dikaiarch, Aristoxenos); Theophrasts eingene Hörerschaft (Demetrios v. Phaleron, Menander, Erasistratos); und die zahlreichte philosophische Konkurrenz: die “Akademiker”, “Sokratiker”, und die Schulen Epikurs bzw. Zenons. Die Analyse der relevanten Texte führt erstens zu einder grundsätzlichen Neubewertung der philosophiehistorischen Position Theophrasts. Zweitens dokumentiert sie, daî die aristotelische Theorie entgegen der heutigen opinio communis gerade im Frühhellenismus eine erstaunlich bescheidene Rolle spielte. Rezeptionsgeschichtlich kommt dem von Strabon/Plutarch berichteten und in der neueren Forschung heiîdiskutierten Verlust der aristotelischen Originalmanuscripte deshalb allenfalls eine sekondäre Bedeutung zu.
Richard Billingham “De Consequentiis” mit Toledo-Kommentar
Authors: Weber-Schroth Stephanie 
Published: December 2013

The theory of consequences is one of the most important developments of medieval logic and was an integral part of the logic curricula at universities. One of the most famous authors of school tracts in the 14th century was Richard Billingham who was well known for his Speculum puerorum, a famous and influential text in the 14th and 15th century. This book includes the critical editions of three copies of Billingham's tract De consequentiis and the edition of the Toledo commentary on this tract. Apart from these texts the book will consider some short school tracts of Billingham's contemporaries as well as the elaborated treatises on the consequences in Ockham's Summa logicae and Burleigh's De putitate artis logicae. The introduction gives information about the author, the historical context and the latest developments of research. The concept of consequences in the British tradition is discussed in the detailed commentary on Billingham's tract which follows the editions.
Die Folgerungslehre ist eine der bedeutendsten Entwicklungen mittelalterlicher Logik und war integraler Bestandteil der Logik-Curricula an den Universitäten. Zu den bedeutendsten Autoren von Schultraktaten im 14. Jh. zählt Richard Billingham, Autor des Speculum puerorum, einem berühmten und einflußreichen Text über das Beweisen von Aussagen. Die vorliegende Arbeit enthält die kritischen Editionen dreier Kopien von Billinghams Traktat Über die Folgerungen (De consequentiis) und die Edition des Toledo-Kommentars zu diesem Traktat. Darüber hinaus werden in der Arbeit einige zeitgenössische Schultraktate sowie die ausgearbeiteten Abhandlungen zu den Folgerungen in Ockhams Summa logicae und Burleighs Traktat De puritate artis logicae berücksichtigt. Die Einleitung informiert über den historischen Kontext, den gegenwärtigen Forschungsstand sowie über den Autor und sein Werk. Den Editionen schließt sich ein ausführlicher Kommentar an, in dem der Folgerungsbegriff der Britischen Tradition diskutiert wird und der dem Leser weitere Hilfen zum Verständnis des Textes bietet.