bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiaxial and Thermomechanical Fatigue of Materials: A Historical Perspective and Some Future Challenges
Authors: Kalluri Sreeramesh 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Many engineering components in aircraft gas turbine engines, reusable space propulsion systems, and automotive engines must endure cyclic mechanical forces and deformations in multiple directions and non-isothermal conditions. For the design and safety of such engineering components, durability needs to be estimated with robust multiaxial fatigue life prediction models that are validated under such non-isothermal conditions. In this paper, a historical review is presented on the evolution of uniaxial fatigue (thermal, isothermal, bithermal, and thermomechanical) and isothermal, multiaxial fatigue leading to multiaxial, thermomechanical fatigue with several examples on testing techniques and fatigue life prediction methodologies. The necessity for multiaxial, thermomechanical fatigue testing of structural and engine materials, additional cyclic hardening and reduction in fatigue life observed under such service conditions, and ramifications of estimating multiaxial, thermomechanical fatigue life with isothermal multiaxial fatigue data at the greatest temperature of the cycle are discussed. Finally, some of the potential future challenges associated with experimental characterization of materials and fatigue life estimation under these complex but realistic service conditions are highlighted.
Test Development and Materials Characterization Capability for High-Strength Aluminum Alloy Fatigue Crack Growth Response Under Mixed-Mode Loading Conditions
Authors: James M. A. , Bely J. C. , Bucci R. J. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
To meet operational efficiency and productivity demands of the 21st century marketplace, aerospace and transportation sector platforms are being driven to incorporate increasingly larger and more highly stressed unitized structural components. This recent trend has prompted the need for improved fatigue crack growth characterization methodologies to understand impact of relevant mixed-mode loading conditions on crack growth direction and life estimation. This paper describes the development of an Alcoa capability to study and model fatigue crack growth behavior under combined mode I and mode II loading in high-strength aluminum products. The objective is to demonstrate the experimental capability necessary to improve the basic understanding of the roles and synergistic effects of mixed-mode loading (modes I and II) and microstructural resistance, as they relate to fatigue crack growth direction and life estimation. The particular alloy selected for this study is aluminum alloy (AA) 7050-T7651 thick plate taken to be representative of a widely used material for aircraft thick structural parts. The specimens chosen for this capability study are based on the compact tension shear (CTS) specimen documented in the literature. Results are presented to demonstrate the development of stress-intensity factor and compliance solutions to automate the fatigue precracking step. Full-field strain measurements for a notched specimen are used to further validate the finite element analysis. In addition, preliminary results are presented to explore the feasibility of a Keq approach based on total strain-energy release rate to evaluate similitude in the fatigue crack growth rate relationship for the mixed-mode loading case. Preliminary fatigue crack growth test results show that under combined modes I and II loading, the fatigue crack growth rate and direction depend strongly on the competition between the mixed-mode crack-tip driving force and microstructural planes offering the weakest crack growth resistance.
Load Interaction Effects in a Medium Strength Steel for Railway Axles
Authors: Beretta Stefano , Carboni Michele , Regazzi Daniele 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
As is well known, an interaction effect arises on crack propagation when a specimen or a component is subjected to variable amplitude fatigue loading. Depending on the applied load sequence, a certain amount of retardation or acceleration can then be observed, on the fatigue crack growth rate, with respect to the constant amplitude case. In the case of structural ductile materials, the interaction phenomenon is mainly addressed by the local plasticity at the crack tip and can be explained, from a global point of view, by adopting the crack closure concept. From this point of view, in the present research, load interaction effects in a medium strength steel for railway axles are analyzed. An experimental campaign was carried on this material, using SE(T) specimens, in order to understand and quantify the interaction effects arising from relevant load sequences derived from service. The experimental outcomes were then modeled adopting both a simple no-interaction approach and a more sophisticated strip-yield model in order to quantify the possible interaction effects. The modeling was carried out considering different experimental techniques for deriving the crack growth and threshold behaviors of the material, i.e., the traditional ΔK-decreasing technique and the compression pre-cracking one.
One year remission of type 1 diabetes mellitus in a patient treated with sitagliptin
Authors: Lima-Martínez Marcos M , Guerra-Alcalá Ernesto , Contreras Miguel , Nastasi José , Noble Janelle A , Polychronakos Constantin 
Published: October 2014

Summary
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disease characterized by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. This paper describes the case of a 19-year-old male patient who presented with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody positive and diabetic ketoacidosis, which mandated intensive insulin treatment. Once the ketoacidosis was controlled, an oral dose of 100 mg of sitagliptin was administered once a day. Ketoacidosis was managed by insulin and insulin daily requirement began to dwindle after one month, until its complete withdrawal at 8 weeks, when partial remission was reached. The patient has now remained on sitagliptin treatment alone for a year, without requiring insulin. The benefit observed with this medication is possibly associated with its immunological effects. Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 in animal models deregulates the Th1 immune response, increases secretion of Th2 cytokines, activates CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T-cells, and prevents IL17 production.

Learning points

The use of insulin-dose-adjusted HbA1c constitutes the best way to define partial remission in T1DM patients.

The use of sitagliptin in T1DM patients could help to decrease daily requirement of insulin by delaying β-cell loss and improving endogenous insulin production.

The determination of antibodies against insulin, islet cells, and GAD permits differentiation of T1DM patients from those with atypical or ketosis-prone diabetes.
School-Based Health Centers as Patient-Centered Medical Homes
Authors: O’Leary Sean T. , Lee Michelle , Federico Steve , Barnard Juliana , Lockhart Steven , Albright Karen , Shmueli Doron , Allison Mandy A. , Kempe Allison 
Published: October 2014

OBJECTIVE:School-based health centers (SBHCs) have been suggested as possible patient-centered medical homes. Our objectives were to determine, in a low-income, urban population, adolescents’ reasons for visiting SBHCs and the value parents place on SBHC services, and adolescents’ and parents’ assessment of how well SBHCs fulfill criteria for a medical home as defined by the American Academy of Pediatrics.METHODS:A cross-sectional, mailed survey of a random sample of 495 adolescent SBHC users and 497 parents of SBHC users from 10 SBHCs in Denver, CO from May to October 2012. Eligible adolescents were registered in an SBHC with ≥1 visit during the 2011 to 2012 school year.RESULTS:Response rates were 40% (198/495) among adolescents and 36% (181/497) among parents. The top 3 reasons for visits were for illness (78%), vaccines (69%), and sexual health education (63%). Factors reported as very important by &gt;75% of parents in the decision to enroll their adolescent in an SBHC included clinic offering sick or injury visits, sports physicals, and vaccinations. More than 70% of adolescents gave favorable responses (always or usually, excellent or good) to questions about American Academy of Pediatrics medical home criteria (accessibility, continuity, comprehensiveness, family-centeredness, coordination, and compassion). Most parents (83%) reported that they could always or usually trust the SBHC provider to take good care of their child; 82% were satisfied with provider-to-provider communication.CONCLUSIONS:In a low-income urban population, SBHCs met criteria of a medical home from adolescents’ and parents’ perspectives. Policymakers and communities should recognize that SBHCs play an important role in the medical community, especially for underserved adolescents.
Adherence to Guidelines for Glucose Assessment in Starting Second-Generation Antipsychotics
Authors: Raebel Marsha A. , Penfold Robert , McMahon Ann W. , Reichman Marsha , Shetterly Susan , Goodrich Glenn , Andrade Susan , Correll Christoph U. , Gerhard Tobias 
Published: October 2014

OBJECTIVES:
In 2003, the US Food and Drug Administration issued warnings about hyperglycemia and diabetes with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs); guidelines have recommended metabolic screening since 2004. However, little is known of contemporary practices of glucose screening among youth initiating SGAs. Our objective was to evaluate baseline glucose assessment among youth in the Mini-Sentinel Distributed Database starting an SGA.

METHODS:
The cohort included youth ages 2 through 18 newly initiating SGAs January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2011, across 10 sites. Baseline glucose was defined as fasting/random glucose or hemoglobin A1c (GLU) measurement occurring relative to first SGA dispensing. Differences in GLU assessment were evaluated with χ2 tests and logistic regression.

RESULTS:
The cohort included 16 304 youth; 60% boys; mean age 12.8 years. Risperidone was most commonly started (43%). Eleven percent (n = 1858) had GLU assessed between 90 days before and 3 days after first dispensing. Assessment varied across SGAs (olanzapine highest), sites (integrated health care systems higher), ages (16–18 highest), years (2007 highest), and gender (female higher; all P &lt; .001). GLU assessment among those starting olanzapine was more likely than among those starting quetiapine (odds ratio [OR]: 1.72 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37–2.18]), aripiprazole (OR: 1.49 [95% CI: 1.18–1.87]), or risperidone (OR: 1.61 [95% CI: 1.28–2.03]).

CONCLUSIONS:
Few children and adolescents starting SGA have baseline glucose assessed. This is concerning because those at high diabetes risk may not be identified. Further, lack of screening impedes determining the contribution of SGAs to hyperglycemia development.
Longitudinal Association Between Teen Sexting and Sexual Behavior
Authors: Temple Jeff R. , Choi HyeJeong 
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND:
This study examines the temporal sequencing of sexting and sexual intercourse and the role of active sexting (sending a nude picture) in mediating the relationship between passive sexting (asking or being asked for a nude picture) and sexual behaviors.

METHODS:
Data are from Wave 2 (spring 2011) and Wave 3 (spring 2012) of an ongoing 6-year longitudinal study of high school students in southeast Texas. Participants included 964 ethnically diverse adolescents with a mean age of 16.09 years (56% female; 31% African American, 29% Caucasian, 28% Hispanic, 12% other). Retention rate for 1-year follow-up was 93%. Participants self-reported history of sexual activity (intercourse, risky sex) and sexting (sent, asked, been asked). Using path analysis, we examined whether teen sexting at baseline predicted sexual behavior at 1-year follow-up and whether active sexting mediated the relationship between passive sexting and sexual behavior.

RESULTS:
The odds of being sexually active at Wave 3 were 1.32 times larger for youth who sent a sext at Wave 2, relative to counterparts. However, sexting was not temporally associated with risky sexual behaviors. Consistent with our hypothesis, active sexting at Wave 2 mediated the relationship between asking or being asked for a sext and having sex over the next year.

CONCLUSIONS:
This study extends cross-sectional literature and supports the notion that sexting fits within the context of adolescent sexual development and may be a viable indicator of adolescent sexual activity.
Learning needs analysis comparing novice and expert opinion, to develop a simulation-based intensive care unit training programme
Authors: Seller Daniel R. , O'Brien Robert , Brock Kim 
Published: October 2014

A learning needs analysis was performed using an online survey to establish the most appropriate curriculum for a simulation-based intensive care training programme for junior physiotherapists. Perceptions were compared between an intensive care-naïve ‘novice’ group of rotational physiotherapists from a single tertiary teaching hospital in Melbourne, Australia, and an ‘expert’ group of senior intensive care physiotherapists from across Australia. The learning needs analysis survey involved two questions. Question one required participants to rank assessment topics for perceived training importance from 1 (greatest) to 6 (least). Question two required participants to select which treatment topics from a list (total 15) they felt important for further training. 14/15 (93%) of the novice group, and 15/16 (94%) of the expert group completed the surveys. The highest ranked assessment topics for both groups were assessing intubated, ventilated patients and assessment of haemodynamically unstable patients. The highest rated treatment topics for both groups were lung hyperinflation, and rehabilitation. Based on these results and practical considerations, the subsequently developed simulation-based intensive care training programme comprised four modules: general assessment of an intensive care unit patient, assessment of haemodynamically unstable patients, positioning, and lung hyperinflation.
The Influence of New European Union Driver’s License Legislation on Reporting of Severe Hypoglycemia by Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Pedersen-Bjergaard Ulrik , Færch Louise , Allingbjerg Marie-Louise , Agesen Rikke , Thorsteinsson Birger 
Published: October 2014

OBJECTIVE
We test the hypotheses that the implementation in Denmark of new, stricter European Union (EU) legislation on driver’s licensing, with the purpose to improve traffic safety in January 2012, has reduced the self-reported rate of severe hypoglycemia in a routine clinical setting and that anonymous reporting results in higher event rates.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A cohort of 309 patients with type 1 diabetes was recruited in the outpatient clinic at Nordsjællands University Hospital Hillerød, Denmark. Yearly numbers of severe hypoglycemic events defined by need for treatment assistance from another person were retrieved from medical records in the years 2010 to 2012 and retrospectively reported in an anonymous questionnaire. Data from medical records in 2012 were compared with those from 2010 and 2011 and with data from the questionnaire.

RESULTS
Reported rates of severe hypoglycemia in the medical records were reduced by 55% in 2012 compared with the prior years (P = 0.034). The proportion of subjects reporting recurrent episodes was grossly reduced from 5.6 to 1.5% (P = 0.014). Compared with anonymous reporting in the questionnaire, the rate of severe hypoglycemia in 2012 was 70% lower (P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Reporting of severe hypoglycemia by patients with type 1 diabetes is significantly reduced following implementation of EU driver’s licensing legislation that implies withdrawal of driver’s licensing in case of recurrent episodes within 1 year. The resulting burden of concealed severe hypoglycemia may impair the safety of affected patients and unintentionally paradoxically reduce the general traffic safety.
The Assessment of the Autonomic Response to Acute Stress Using Electrodermal Activity
Authors: M. Mestanlk , Z. Vlsnovcova , I. Tonhajzerova 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The response of autonomic nervous system to mental stress is currently studied as a key role factor in the pathophysiology of stress related diseases. Altered autonomic regulation can result in increased morbidity, potentially affecting (directly or indirectly) any of the organs. Cardiovascular system (CVS) is one of the most sensitive systems to the effect of autonomic outputs. The predictive value of the laboratory stress tests was proved in several studies with CVS pathology. In this study we aimed to assess the autonomic reactivity to different mental stressors (cognitive and emotional) in healthy subjects using electrodermal activity (EDA) as a sensitive psychophysiological marker of sympathetic activity. We found significantly increased EDA in response to all the mental tasks with decrease of the values during recovery periods. However, EDA did not return to the baseline values during recovery periods, potentially indicating the sympathetic arousal during complete stress profile protocol. We suggest EDA presents a well applicable marker of the sympathetic activation, offering a different information about central regulation processes regarding the sympathetic activity compared to cardiac autonomic indices.
Coincidence of Malignancy and Congenital Thrombophilia as the Cause of Deep Venous Thrombosis - Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: L. Stanclakova , J. Stasko , Z. Jedlnakova , J. Sokol , I. Plamenova , L. Lisa , M. Fedor , P. Kublsz 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Introduction: Deep venous thrombosis (DVT, phlebothrombosis) is a very important clinical problem with its resultant fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) as one of the possible consequences. Factor V Leiden (FV Leiden) is a genetic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC) and an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Homozygous carriers of the FV Leiden mutation are estimated to have an 80-fold increased lifetime relative risk of VTE. Most homozygous carriers present with VTE before 40 years of age, but some can live thrombosis-free until the sixth or seventh decade of life or even remain asymptomatic for life. Case-controlled studies of patients with cancer revealed a four-fold increase in thromboembolic occurrence in acute leukaemia, with the risk of thrombosis persisting even after remission of the disease.
Case Report: The authors present a case report of the 61-year-old patient with leukaemic transformation of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and development of DVT of the left leg (LL) as the first clinical manifestation of homozygous FV Leiden carrier. Due to his diagnosis it was not possible to indicate surgical treatment of DVT. After initial treatment with subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and continuous intravenous application of unfractionated heparin (UFH) the deficiency of antithrombin III (AT III) potentiating the persistence of his hypercoagulable state developed. Treatment with the new oral anticoagulant - rivaroxaban, vasoprotective and antithrombotic drugs in the combination with mechanical methods of VTE prophylaxis led to a reduction in edema of left thigh and calf by 3.5 cm and 4 cm, respectively. Son of the patient experienced DVT at the age of 27 years, too.
Conclusion: In this report, we describe a case of the patient with DVT during the leukaemic transformation of MDS to AML as a relatively late first clinical manifestation of homozygous FV Leiden mutation. At the same time the article deals with the clinical aspects of discussed thrombophilia in the relatives of the patient, as well as with the etiopathogenesis, pharmacologic treatment options and possible complications of DVT (PE, pulmonary hypertension and post-thrombotic syndrome).
Water Quality and Crop Contamination in Peri-Urban Agriculture
Authors: Oshunsanya Suarau Odutola , Adeniran Tolafe Olayinka 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The quality of untreated water used by dry season vegetable growers determines the safety of the vegetables produced for human consumption. Traditionally, small scale vegetable farmers site their farms along banks of streams which gradually dry up during the dry season resulting in isolated pockets of ponds at different intervals along the path of the streams which are used by farmers to irrigate. A field experiment was initiated at Ibadan to ascertain the quality of irrigation water used to produce vegetables along Ona-stream during the dry season. Five isolated ponds and one locally dug well were sampled and analysed to ascertain the heavy metals status. Results of soil analysis from five farms (A - E) sited very close to the stream revealed high concentrations of heavy metals ranging from 0.96 to 2.34 mg kg-1 for Pb, 0.72 to 2.16 mg kg-1 for Cr and 0.30 to 0.92 mg kg-1 for Co while farmland F sited about 90m away from the stream was free of Pb, Cr and Co contaminants. Locally dug well F water was free of Cr, Co and Pb while isolated ponds had Cr, Co and Pb in the range of 0.01 to 0.23 mg kg-1 which is beyond safe consumption thresholds. There were strong correlations between heavy metals in water and vegetable for Cr (0.992**), Cd (0.599**), Ni (0.614*) and Pb (0.552**) indicating that the hygienic status of dry season vegetables is largely determined by the quality of irrigation water. In addition, all vegetables irrigated with untreated isolated ponds contained Cd, Pb and Ni concentrations above maximum permissible standard which could pose risk to human health. Therefore, farmers should be enlightened on the need to use hygienic water for irrigation. Construction of shallow wells on the farms instead of using contaminated stream water directly could be a better option for healthy and sustainable agriculture.
First Laboratory Confirmation of Salmonid Alphavirus Type 2 (SAV2) Infection in Poland
Authors: Borzym Ewa , Maj-Paluch Joanna , Stachnik Magdalena , Matras Marek , Reichert Michał 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify the genotype of Polish isolates of salmonid alphaviruses (SAV) and to find the origin of the virus. Samples for virus isolation included the kidneys, spleen, and liver pooled from 10 fish. A typical cytopathic effect was observed after inoculation of samples on cell lines. Total RNA was extracted from cell culture supernatant and submitted to RT-PCR with primers amplifying two informative regions of the genome: a conserved region in the E2 gene and a variable region in the nsP3 gene. The sequences revealed that the strain from Poland belonged to subtype SAV 2, indicating a very strong genetic identity with isolates from Italy and France.
Haemotropic Mycoplasma Infection Revealed by Real-Time PCR in Specific Pathogen-Free Rats
Authors: Sashida Hinako , Harasawa Ryô , Ichijo Toshihiro , Satoh Hiroshi , Furuhama Kazuhisa 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The presence of Mycoplasma haemomuris (haemoplasma) in blood samples collected from specific pathogen-free (SPF) laboratory rats bred in Japan was reported. Its presence was examined in Fischer 344, Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Wistar rat strains of both sexes by real-time PCR. All strains were positive for M. haemomuris infection. The 16S rRNA gene of M. haemomuris strain detected in the animals was amplified using end-point PCR. Only the entire nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA gene of a mycoplasma strain detected in SD rats was determined and compared to those of other haemoplasmas. Our investigations suggest a wide M. haemomuris infection among the SPF rats purchased from commercial breeders in Japan.