bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bedside Focused Echocardiography as Predictor of Survival in Cardiac Arrest Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Blyth Lacey , Atkinson Paul , Gadd Kathleen , Lang Eddy 
Published: October 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:1119–1126 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  The objective was to determine if focused transthoracic echocardiography (echo) can be used during resuscitation to predict the outcome of cardiac arrest.Methods:  A literature search of diagnostic accuracy studies was conducted using MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases. A hand search of references was performed and experts in the field were contacted. Studies were included for further appraisal and analysis only if the selection criteria and reference standards were met. The eligible studies were appraised and scored by two independent reviewers using a modified quality assessment tool for diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS) to select the papers included in the meta‐analysis.Results:  The initial search returned 2,538 unique papers, 11 of which were determined to be relevant after screening criteria were applied by two independent researchers. One additional study was identified after the initial search, totaling 12 studies to be included in our final analysis. The total number of patients in these studies was 568, all of whom had echo during resuscitation efforts to determine the presence or absence of kinetic cardiac activity and were followed up to determine return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Meta‐analysis of the data showed that as a predictor of ROSC during cardiac arrest, echo had a pooled sensitivity of 91.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 84.6% to 96.1%), and specificity was 80.0% (95% CI = 76.1% to 83.6%). The positive likelihood ratio for ROSC was 4.26 (95% CI = 2.63 to 6.92), and negative likelihood ratio was 0.18 (95% CI = 0.10 to 0.31). Heterogeneity of the results (sensitivity) was nonsignificant (Cochran’s Q: χ2 = 10.63, p = 0.16, and I2 = 34.1%).Conclusions:  Echocardiography performed during cardiac arrest that demonstrates an absence of cardiac activity harbors a significantly lower (but not zero) likelihood that a patient will experience ROSC. In selected patients with a higher likelihood of survival from cardiac arrest at presentation, based on established predictors of survival, echo should not be the sole basis for the decision to cease resuscitative efforts. Echo should continue to be used only as an adjunct to clinical assessment in predicting the outcome of resuscitation for cardiac arrest.
External Assets as Predictors of Positive Emotions Among At‐Risk Youth in Malaysia
Authors: Abdul Kadir Nor Ba'yah , Rahim Samsudin A. , Mustapha Zaidah , Abdul Mutalib Mimi Hanida , Kee Chang Peng , Mohamed Rusyda Helma 
Published: October 2012

The present study is among the first to examine external assets as predictors of positive emotions among at‐risk youth. The study aims to examine the associations of external assets with positive emotions, determine external assets as a predictor of positive emotions in phase 1, and see if these predictors were consistently established in phase 2. At first contact, 403 participants from low‐income apartments in the suburbs of Kuala Lumpur, aged 13–25 years were asked to complete the 25 Developmental Assets, Malaysian version. The participants were also invited to participate in social activities organized by the PERMATA community. The same participants were approached four months later to examine the stability of measures. Multiple regression analysis revealed support is the most significant predictor of positive emotions at phase 1 whilst positive peer influence, family boundaries and caring neighborhood are the significant predictors at phase 2. Results suggested that the presence of other external assets can enhance the positive development of at‐risk youth, however, the support must be present to some extent in the first place.
Fatty liver Shionogi‐ob/ob mouse: A new candidate for a non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis model
Authors: Sugihara Takaaki , Koda Masahiko , Kishina Manabu , Kato Jun , Tokunaga Shiho , Matono Tomomitsu , Ueki Masaru , Murawaki Yoshikazu 
Published: October 2012

AimThe fatty liver Shionogi (FLS) mouse develops hereditary fatty liver without obesity. The FLS‐ob/ob mouse made by transferring the leptinob gene demonstrates several metabolic disorders and marked fat deposition in the liver. The aim was to evaluate which mouse model, the FLS or FLS‐ob/ob, is more useful for non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis research.MethodsFLS (n = 40) and FLS‐ob/ob (n = 40) mice were fed a standard diet for 12, 24, 36 and 48 weeks, and then killed. The degree of fat deposition, oxidative stress, fibrosis and apoptosis were analyzed in the liver. Hepatic mRNA expression of fibrogenic and pro‐inflammatory cytokines was measured.ResultsFLS mice developed hepatic steatosis and slight fibrosis without obesity between 12 and 48 weeks of age. Conversely, FLS‐ob/ob mice developed severe steatosis at 12 weeks of age, and steatohepatitis with increased oxidative stress and advanced fibrosis between 24 and 36 weeks of age. At 48 weeks of age, some FLS‐ob/ob but not FLS mice, progressed to cirrhosis. Transforming growth factor‐β1, connective tissue growth factor and tumor necrosis factor‐α mRNA expression levels were greater in FLS‐ob/ob than FLS mice between 24 and 48 weeks of age. The number of apoptotic cells in the liver was greater at 12 weeks of age in FLS mice and at 48 weeks of age in FLS‐ob/ob mice.ConclusionFLS‐ob/ob mice developed more severe steatohepatitis with fibrosis than FLS mice, and had increased oxidative stress and apoptosis. These findings indicate that the FLS‐ob/ob mouse is a more useful model for steatohepatitis research.
Internal and External Quality Mapping as a New Approach to the Evaluation of Sensory Quality – a Case Study with Olive Oil
Authors: Delgado Claudia , Guinard Jean‐Xavier 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe preference mapping approach was extended to the investigation of sensory quality in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), and this article describes a new methodology – internal and external quality mapping – which can be used to uncover and measure the positive and negative drivers of sensory quality as perceived by experts. A panel of 23 olive oil experts evaluated 22 EVOOs for the intensity of the sensory attributes in the International Olive Council scorecard on a 10‐cm scale, and then rated their overall sensory quality on a 100‐point scale. In parallel, a descriptive analysis panel rated the intensity of 22 sensory attributes. The quality ratings by the experts were analyzed by principal component analysis (e.g., internal quality mapping), and were then related to the descriptive analysis ratings using regression methods (e.g., external quality mapping). No significant segmentation was found in the quality ratings of the experts, indicating that the experts' concept of quality was homogeneous. Through a regression of the quality ratings into a factor analysis, biplots of the sensory attributes showed that ripe and green fruit, nutty, grassy, bitter and pungent flavors were positive drivers of quality for the experts, whereas rancidity and fustiness were negative drivers.Practical ApplicationsInternal and external quality mapping is proposed as a validation tool for the assessment of sensory quality by experts. It uncovers potential segmentation among the experts and it identifies the sensory drivers of their concept of sensory quality.Understanding how experts interpret quality in extra virgin olive oil will also be beneficial for producers and marketers because they often bridge between them and the consumers, similar to the wine industry, where experts play a fundamental role in guiding consumers' purchase decisions.
Willingness‐to‐Pay for a Nutraceutical‐Rich Juice Blend
Authors: Lawless Lydia J.R. , Nayga Rodolfo M. , Akaichi Faical , Meullenet Jean‐François , Threlfall Renee T. , Howard Luke R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAs human life expectancy increases, the potential for nutraceutical products expands. Economic theory and sensory science were integrated to determine (1) consumer acceptance of potential health statements about a juice blend and (2) the relative satisfaction consumers derived from sensory and nutraceutical characteristics of a juice blend. Four nonhypothetical experimental auction sessions with 11–12 consumers/session were held (n = 47) to elicit willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) for an optimized juice blend (87% Concord grape and 13% blackberry). Participants in two sessions tasted the product first and then received a potential health statement about the juice blend regarding positive benefits of anthocyanins before the third round (vice versa for the other two sessions). The WTP for the juice blend was higher when subjects tasted the product first and then received the potential health statement, which indicated a contrast effect caused by treatment order. Agreement with the potential health statement was not correlated to WTP. Nutraceutical product launch should be accompanied with in‐store taste sessions to introduce consumers to product sensory properties.Practical ApplicationsConsumers' willingness‐to‐pay for nutraceuticals can be assessed through nonhypothetical experimental auctions. Nonhypothetical value elicitation methods use real money and products to advantageously eliminate hypothetical bias. Experimental auctions allow product attributes such as nutraceutical status to be assessed along with sensory characteristics; hence, auctions can more easily capture all product aspects that contribute to consumer liking. Understanding how consumers value all attributes can provide crucial information about a product's marketplace sustainability.
LuxU connects quorum sensing to biofilm formation in Vibrio fischeri
Authors: Ray Valerie A. , Visick Karen L. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryBiofilm formation by Vibrio fischeri is a complex process involving multiple regulators, including the sensor kinase (SK) RscS and the response regulator (RR) SypG, which control the symbiosis polysaccharide (syp) locus. To identify other regulators of biofilm formation in V. fischeri, we screened a transposon library for mutants defective in wrinkled colony formation. We identified LuxQ as a positive regulator of syp‐dependent biofilm formation. LuxQ is a member of the Lux phosphorelay and is predicted to control bioluminescence in concert with the SK AinR, the phosphotransferase LuxU and the RR LuxO. Of these, LuxU was the only other regulator that exerted a substantial impact on biofilm formation. We propose a model in which the Lux pathway branches at LuxU to control both bioluminescence and biofilm formation. Furthermore, our evidence suggests that LuxU functions to regulate syp transcription, likely by controlling SypG activity. Finally, we found that, in contrast to its predicted function, the SK AinR has little impact on bioluminescence under our conditions. Thus, this study reveals a novel connection between the Lux and Syp pathways in V. fischeri, and furthers our understanding of how the Lux pathway regulates bioluminescence in this organism.
HIV-1 Antisense Transcription Is Preferentially Activated in Primary Monocyte-Derived Cells
Authors: Laverdure Sylvain , Gross Antoine , Arpin-André Charlotte , Clerc Isabelle , Beaumelle Bruno , Barbeau Benoit , Mesnard Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT
In this study, an antisense luciferase-expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) molecular clone was used to infect primary cells. We found that antisense transcription activity from the 3′ long terminal repeat (LTR) was significantly more abundant in monocyte-derived cells than in activated T lymphocytes. Moreover, by analyzing antisense transcription in infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs), we observed that the majority of HIV-1-infected MDDCs with significant antisense transcription activity did not produce Gag. We also confirmed that the negative-strand-encoded antisense protein (ASP) was expressed in monocyte-derived cells.
Utilization of Sialylated Glycans as Coreceptors Enhances the Neurovirulence of Serotype 3 Reovirus
Authors: Frierson Johnna M. , Pruijssers Andrea J. , Konopka Jennifer L. , Reiter Dirk M. , Abel Ty W. , Stehle Thilo , Dermody Terence S. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT
Mammalian reoviruses display serotype-specific patterns of tropism and disease in the murine central nervous system (CNS) attributable to polymorphisms in viral attachment protein σ1. While all reovirus serotypes use junctional adhesion molecule-A as a cellular receptor, they differ in their utilization of carbohydrate coreceptors. This observation raises the possibility that carbohydrate binding by σ1 influences reovirus pathology in the CNS. In this study, we sought to define the function of carbohydrate binding in reovirus neuropathogenesis. Newborn mice were inoculated intramuscularly with wild-type strain type 3 Dearing (T3D) and T3D-σ1R202W, a point mutant T3D derivative that does not bind sialic acid (SA). Infected mice were monitored for survival, and viral loads at the sites of primary and secondary replication were quantified. Fewer mice inoculated with the wild-type virus survived in comparison to those inoculated with the mutant virus. The wild-type virus also produced higher titers in the spinal cord and brain at late times postinoculation but lower titers in the liver in comparison to those produced by the mutant virus. In addition, the wild-type virus was more virulent and produced higher titers in the brain than the mutant following intracranial inoculation. These animal infectivity studies suggest that T3D-σ1R202W harbors a defect in neural growth. Concordantly, compared with the wild-type virus, the mutant virus displayed a decreased capacity to infect and replicate in primary cultures of cortical neurons, a property dependent on cell surface SA. These results suggest that SA binding enhances the kinetics of reovirus replication in neural tissues and highlight a functional role for sialylated glycans as reovirus coreceptors in the CNS.
Risk factors and pregnancy outcomes in women with syphilis diagnosed using a molecular approach
Authors: Casal Charliana , Araújo Eliete da Cunha , Corvelo Tereza Cristina de Oliveira 
Published: October 2012

ObjectivesTo investigate the risk factors for infection and the outcome of pregnancy in women diagnosed with syphilis using a molecular approach.MethodsCase-control study of pregnant women admitted to a maternity ward, with the cases classified as early or latent maternal syphilis, based on clinical-serological diagnoses. The DNA of total peripheral blood was used to detect thepolAgene using nested PCR (nPCR). The case and control groups were divided into subgroups based on whether the birth was successful (infant survived) or had a lethal outcome (miscarriage, stillbirth or neonatal death).ResultsThe frequency of maternal syphilis was 1% (237/25 600), considering both those that had live births (71.3%, 169/237) and those with a lethal outcome (28.7%, 68/237), with a higher detection rate being provided by the nPCR in women with early syphilis. The cases of nPCR(+) congenital syphilis were more frequent in the women with early syphilis, nPCR(+) mothers and those who did not have treatment during the prenatal. The risk of maternal syphilis was greater in women who had not received preventive counselling, initiated sexual activity at 16 years of age or younger, had multiple partners, used drugs, were from households with a low income and poor sanitation, and had a history of miscarriage.ConclusionsThe risk factors for congenital syphilis are closely related to the health of the mother, reflecting the lack of adequate prenatal care. The high frequency of maternal syphilis was associated in particular to the socio-economic conditions of the mother and her sexual and reproductive health.
ISO open systems interconnection standardization status report
Authors: desJardins Richard 
Published: October 2012

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a standardization program by which two heterogeneous computer systems located anywhere in the world will be able to exchange information easily by executing mutually agreed standardized protocols. The term "open" refers to the use of publicly standardized protocols by all manufacturers and networks rather than the private protocols used within each of their closed communities.
The OSI approach has been adopted by all the major information systems standardization bodies in the world, including the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the Consultative Committee for International Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT), the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS).
The necessary standardized protocols are currently under intensive development throughout the world, principally in Europe, the United States and Japan. This activity will lead to the universal interconnection of the information systems of the world by the end of the 1980s.
Proving safety properties for a general communication protocol
Authors: Ossefort Marty 
Published: October 2012

As the practice of networking has become more widespread, the study of communications protocols has grown accordingly. At the same time, techniques for verification of message-passing networks have been developed to the point where they can now be used to prove safety properties about such protocols.
In this paper, we discuss the problem of two processes which must communicate through some semi-reliable medium. In order for communication to take place, there must be some set of rules for acknowledging correctly received messages, called frames, and for retransmitting lost or damaged frames. Such a set of rules is called a communication protocol.
We present a generalized communication data link layer protocol and give a proof using a technique recently proposed by Misra and Chandy [Misra81]. We also show that this protocol and proof include two very important special cases:
1) the well-known Alternating Bit protocol, and
2) the portion of the HDLC protocol dedicated to ensuring that packets are received, and that they are received in the correct order.
The problem of verifying communication protocols, has been addressed by Stenning [Stenning76], and more recently by Hailpern [Hailpern8l]. Each of these protocols can be considered to be a special case of the one presented here. Hailpern also proves liveness of his algorithm, but uses temporal logic and explicit induction (on the number of messages) for proving both safety and liveness.
We do not cover the proof of liveness in this paper. However, the proof technique can be extended for liveness proofs. For a discussion of this, the reader is referred to [Misra82].
CSNET protocol software
Authors: Comer Douglas , Korb John T. 
Published: October 2012

CSNET is built on the Department of Defense network (ARPANET), public packet-switched physical networks (Telenet), and a telephone-based relay network (Phonenet). Some CSNET sites have direct connections to ARPANET, some have direct connections to Telenet, and some have connections only to telephone-based relay machines. The chief objective of CSNET is to provide a network interconnection for all groups engaged in Computer Science Research.
CSNET has adopted TCP/IP as its standard transport level protocols. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) [POST81] is an end-to-end protocol. It establishes communications between two processes that are running on different machines, detects and corrects errors, controls data flow, and provides reliable communications. Application programs call TCP to transfer data across the network. TCP, in turn, uses the Internet Protocol (IP) [POST81] to send data to the appropriate network. CSNET communications such as file transfer, remote login, and process-to-process communication over the network assume that a TCP interface is available at CSNET sites.
Since ARPANET sites are required to support the TCP/IP protocols, CSNET sites connected directly to the ARPANET automatically have access to TCP/IP. Phonenet relays connect directly to the ARPANET; they too have access to TCP to relay mail onto the ARPANET. Telenet does not use the TCP/IP protocols. Consequently, CSNET sites that are connected only to Telenet need additional software before they can communicate on CSNET. That software is described in this paper -- it provides an interface between the public packet - switched protocol X.25 [CCITT78] and TCP/IP. Although the design outlined here is applicable to any vendor's system, our implemention is for a Digital Equipment Corporation VAX running the Western Electric UNIX [UNIX78] operating system as modified by the University of California at Berkeley.
This report focuses on the technical issues involved in building software to interface TCP/IP and X.25. The tariff structure for public networks is discussed only to the extent that it influences our design. Other issues such as access control, and protocol selection are beyond the scope of this report.
Interprocess communication system of the MT35 digital exchange
Authors: Battarel G. J. , Savary H. F. 
Published: October 2012

The MT35 is a digital exchange. It handles subscribers lines and transit traffic. It features a modular structure based on interconnected terminal sites (TS). Each TS has full call handling capability, and can support up to 1500 subscribers; the overall control is handled by two microsynchronized Motorola M68000 microprocessors. Up to 15 TSs may be point to point connected to form a MT35 exchange.
There is no shared memory between TSs: communication is over TDM links (Time Division Multiplex, 2 Mb/s) carrying both data (messages between sites) and digitalized voice. It is a loosely coupled architecture (JEN), as compared to an architecture as CM* (SWA).
The overall system operational data, including subscriber tables, equipment configuration, supervision and maintenance data, is handled by the exchange as a distributed data base (BOC, COR). Each TS holds a part of this data base in its private memory: it includes local objects (e.g. equipment or subscriber descriptors) and an image of non-local objects (e.g. routing tables or configuration data).
A single special TS, in which telephony equipment is replaced by I/O peripherals, called Management and Maintenance Site (MMS) maintains an up-to-date copy of the data base on secondary storage. It supports operator interface, coordinates update operations on non-local objects, TS programs and data base loading.
The execution of a function (e.g. call establishment, operator request, etc.) results in the creation of a transaction, which generally spans over several sites, according to the location of the resources involved (e.g. caller and called party).