bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vortex generation by deep-water breaking waves
Authors: Pizzo N. E. , Melville W. Kendall 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe connection between wave dissipation by breaking deep-water surface gravity waves and the resulting turbulence and mixing is crucial for an improved understanding of air–sea interaction processes. Starting with the ensemble-averaged Euler equations, governing the evolution of the mean flow, we model the forcing, associated with the breaking-induced Reynolds shear stresses, as a body force describing the bulk scale effects of a breaking deep-water surface gravity wave on the water column. From this, we derive an equation describing the generation of circulation, $\Gamma $, of the ensemble-average velocity field, due to the body force. By examining the relationship between a breaking wave and an impulsively forced fluid, we propose a functional form for the body force, allowing us to build upon the classical work on vortex ring phenomena to both quantify the circulation generated by a breaking wave and describe the vortex structure of the induced motion. Using scaling arguments, we show that $\Gamma = \alpha {(hk)}^{3/ 2} {c}^{3} / g$, where ($c, h, k$) represent a characteristic speed, height and wavenumber of the breaking wave, respectively, $g$ is the acceleration due to gravity and $\alpha $ is a constant. This then allows us to find a direct relationship between the circulation and the wave energy dissipation rate per unit crest length due to breaking, ${\epsilon }_{l} $. Finally, we compare our model and the available experimental data.
Recoil of a liquid filament: escape from pinch-off through creation of a vortex ring
Authors: Hoepffner Jérôme , Paré Gounséti 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA liquid filament recoils because of its surface tension. It may recoil to one sphere, the geometrical shape with lowest surface, or otherwise segment to several pieces which individually will recoil to spheres. This experiment is classical and its exploration is fundamental to the understanding of how liquid volumes relax. In this paper, we uncover a mechanism involving the creation of a vortex ring which plays a central role in escaping segmentation. The retracting blob is connected to the untouched filament by a neck. The radius of the neck decreases in time such that we may expect pinch-off. There is a flow through the neck because of the retraction. This flow may detach into a jet downstream of the neck when fluid viscosity exceeds a threshold. This sudden detachment creates a vortex ring which strongly modifies the flow pressure: fluid is expelled back into the neck which in turn reopens.
Synthesis of guanidinoacetate and creatine from amino acids by rat pancreas
Authors: da Silva Robin P. , Clow Kathy , Brosnan John T. , Brosnan Margaret E. 
Published: October 2013

Creatine is an important molecule involved in cellular energy metabolism. Creatine is spontaneously converted to creatinine at a rate of 1·7 % per d; creatinine is lost in the urine. Creatine can be obtained from the diet or synthesised from endogenous amino acids via the enzymes arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetateN-methyltransferase (GAMT). The liver has high GAMT activity and the kidney has high AGAT activity. Although the pancreas has both AGAT and GAMT activities, its possible role in creatine synthesis has not been characterised. In the present study, we examined the enzymes involved in creatine synthesis in the pancreas as well as the synthesis of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and creatine by isolated pancreatic acini. We found significant AGAT activity and somewhat lower GAMT activity in the pancreas and that pancreatic acini had measurable activities of both AGAT and GAMT and the capacity to synthesise GAA and creatine from amino acids. Creatine supplementation led to a decrease in AGAT activity in the pancreas, though it did not affect its mRNA or protein abundance. This was in contrast with the reduction of AGAT activity and mRNA and protein abundance in the kidney, suggesting that the regulatory mechanisms that control the expression of this enzyme in the pancreas are different from those in the kidney. Dietary creatine increased the concentrations of GAA, creatine and phosphocreatine in the pancreas. Unexpectedly, creatine supplementation decreased the concentrations ofS-adenosylmethionine, while those ofS-adenosylhomocysteine were not altered significantly.
Effects of passive smoking on adult nasal respiratory mucosa
Authors: Elwany S , Saeed Y H , Talaat I 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjective:The present study aimed to investigate nasal mucosal changes in response to passive exposure to cigarette smoke.Study design:The study included 20 women aged 35–51 years who were scheduled for non-rhinological surgical procedures, and who had at least 10 years' prolonged passive exposure to household cigarette smoke. During surgery, two 1-mm3 biopsies of nasal mucosa were taken from the lower border of the inferior turbinate. Specimens were processed and examined with light and transmission electron microscopy.Results:Examination of the nasal mucosa showed several histopathological changes. The severity of structural changes increased with duration of smoke exposure. No allergic or neoplastic changes were seen.Conclusion:Passive exposure to cigarette smoke has a deleterious effect on the nasal respiratory mucosa. Prolonged passive smoke exposure may also induce other, significant changes not detected in the present study.
Comparison of non-directive counselling and cognitive behaviour therapy for patients presenting in general practice with an ICD-10 depressive episode: a randomized control trial
Authors: King M. , Marston L. , Bower P. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundMost evidence in the UK on the effectiveness of brief therapy for depression concerns cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). In a trial published in 2000, we showed that non-directive counselling and CBT were equally effective in general practice for patients with depression and mixed anxiety and depression. Our results were criticized for including patients not meeting diagnostic criteria for a depressive disorder. In this reanalysis we aimed to compare the effectiveness of the two therapies for patients with an ICD-10 depressive episode.MethodPatients with an ICD-10 depressive episode or mixed anxiety and depression were randomized to counselling, CBT or usual general practitioner (GP) care. Counsellors provided nondirective, interpersonal counselling following a manual that we developed based on the work of Carl Rogers. Cognitive behaviour therapists provided CBT also guided by a manual. Modelling was carried out using generalized estimating equations with the multiply imputed datasets. Outcomes were mean scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Social Adjustment Scale at 4 and 12 months.ResultsA total of 134 participants were randomized to CBT, 126 to counselling and 67 to usual GP care. We undertook (1) an interaction analysis using all 316 patients who were assigned a diagnosis and (2) a head-to-head comparison using only those 130 (41%) participants who had an ICD-10 depressive episode at baseline. CBT and counselling were both superior to GP care at 4 months but not at 12 months. There was no difference in the effectiveness of the two psychological therapies.ConclusionsWe recommend that national clinical guidelines take our findings into consideration in recommending effective alternatives to CBT.
The effects of temporally secondary co-morbid mental disorders on the associations of DSM-IV ADHD with adverse outcomes in the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)
Authors: Kessler R. C. , Adler L. A. , Berglund P. , Green J. G. , McLaughlin K. A. , Fayyad J. , Russo L. J. , Sampson N. A. , Shahly V. , Zaslavsky A. M. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundAlthough DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is known to be associated with numerous adverse outcomes, uncertainties exist about how much these associations are mediated temporally by secondary co-morbid disorders.MethodThe US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), a national survey of adolescents aged 13–17 years (n = 6483 adolescent–parent pairs), assessed DSM-IV disorders with the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Statistical decomposition was used to compare direct effects of ADHD with indirect effects of ADHD through temporally secondary mental disorders (anxiety, mood, disruptive behavior, substance disorders) in predicting poor educational performance (suspension, repeating a grade, below-average grades), suicidality (ideation, plans, attempts) and parent perceptions of adolescent functioning (physical and mental health, interference with role functioning and distress due to emotional problems).ResultsADHD had significant gross associations with all outcomes. Direct effects of ADHD explained most (51.9–67.6%) of these associations with repeating a grade in school, perceived physical and mental health (only girls), interference with role functioning and distress, and significant components (34.5–44.6%) of the associations with school suspension and perceived mental health (only boys). Indirect effects of ADHD on educational outcomes were predominantly through disruptive behavior disorders (26.9–52.5%) whereas indirect effects on suicidality were predominantly through mood disorders (42.8–59.1%). Indirect effects on most other outcomes were through both mood (19.8–31.2%) and disruptive behavior (20.1–24.5%) disorders, with anxiety and substance disorders less consistently important. Most associations were comparable for girls and boys.ConclusionsInterventions aimed at reducing the adverse effects of ADHD might profitably target prevention or treatment of temporally secondary co-morbid disorders.
What about politics and culture?
Authors: Güss C. Dominik 
Published: October 2013

AbstractGiven Van de Vliert's impressive dataset and prognoses, I will discuss three limitations. First, the evolutionary argument does not adequately take into account how political changes influence freedoms. Second, the operationalizations of needs and freedoms are limited and questionable. Third, a direct relationship between climate, monetary resources, and psychological variables is a simplification neglecting various intervening variables.
Grid maps for spaceflight, anyone? They are for free!
Authors: Stella Federico , Si Bailu , Kropff Emilio , Treves Alessandro 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe show that, given extensive exploration of a three-dimensional volume, grid units can form with the approximate periodicity of a face-centered cubic crystal, as the spontaneous product of a self-organizing process at the single unit level, driven solely by firing rate adaptation.
What counts as the evidence for three-dimensional and four-dimensional spatial representations?
Authors: Wang Ranxiao Frances , Street Whitney N. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe dimension of spatial representations can be assessed by above-chance performance in novel shortcut or spatial reasoning tasks independent of accuracy levels, systematic biases, mosaic/segmentation across space, separate coding of individual dimensions, and reference frames. Based on this criterion, humans and some other animals exhibited sufficient evidence for the existence of three-dimensional and/or four-dimensional spatial representations.
The concept of intervention
Authors: REUS-SMIT CHRISTIAN 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSince the end of the Cold War, the number of books and articles on intervention in world politics has grown dramatically. Yet curiously little of this work subjects the concept of intervention itself to critical scrutiny. Scholars often preface their analyses with definitional discussions about what intervention is, but these definitions take a common form, conceiving intervention within a ‘sovereignty frame’. This article questions this conception of intervention, arguing that it distorts our understanding of interventionary practices and forms of reasoning that occurred in non-sovereign international orders. After exploring the sovereignty framing of intervention in greater detail, I advance an alternative conception. International orders are systemic configurations of political authority: they comprise multiple units of such authority, each with its own realm of jurisdiction, organised according to some principle of differentiation. Importantly, this principle need not be territorial: it could be functional, for example. International intervention is the transgression of a unit's realm of jurisdiction, conducted by other units in the system. Unlike the sovereign framing of intervention, this conception is equally applicable to the interventionary ideas and practices of diverse international orders, and provides a better basis on which to understand how thinkers in different historical contexts have reasoned about intervention.
Incidence of acute respiratory infections in Australia
Authors: CHEN Y. , KIRK M. D. 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYWe used a national survey of 7578 randomly selected respondents in 2008–2009 to identify the period prevalence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) by season and state, and to estimate the incidence of ARI in the Australian community. A case was defined as any episode of cold or flu with at least one of the following symptoms: fever, chills, sore throat, running nose, or cough in the past 4 weeks. Frequency data were weighted to the Australian population. The response rate to the survey was 49%, and 19·9% (1505/7578) of respondents reported an ARI in the previous 4 weeks, which extrapolated to 68·9 million cases [95% confidence interval (CI) 65·1–72·7] of ARI in Australia annually. The incidence was 3·2 (95% CI 3·0–3·4) cases of ARI/person per year, and was highest in young children and lowest in older people. ARI imposes a significant burden on Australian society.
Section 2. Evaluation of the impact of the strategy on pyrethroid and endosulfan resistance: discriminating dose studies
Authors: Forrester Neil W. , Cahill Matthew , Bird Lisa J. , Layland Jacquelyn K. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe monitoring technique employed in this study (discriminating dose screening of larvae reared from field collected eggs) proved extremely successful in documenting the impact of the strategy on both pyrethroid and endosulfan resistance, without the problems of alternative techniques. Because of the sensitivity of this technique, strategy users have been able to verify the anticipated impact of the strategy, identify problems, adjust their management practices accordingly and assess the effectiveness of these procedures. This has resulted in the maintenance of the strategy's excellent compliance rate.Pyrethroids imposed selection for resistance in both moths and larvae, resulting in increases in resistance within the Stage II window and the early Stage III period, respectively. These two peaks effectively merged into one large peak while the period of pyrethroid use remained at 42 days. However, the initiative to reduce the pyrethroid window to 35 days separated the two peaks and proved to be a successful delaying tactic. The two main factors influencing pyrethroid resistance appear to be dilution by susceptibles immigrating from the refugia, followed by pyrethroid selection pressure. However, as the refugia became increasingly contaminated, their effectiveness as a source of susceptibles for dilution declined, resulting in gradually increasing pyrethroid resistance levels in all areas over time. Adult selection was more important in the mixed crop Emerald study area because of premating selection. This, along with the higher Helicoverpa armigera pressure at Emerald, probably offset any potential benefit of the longer crop season at this site. Inadequate cultivation of post-harvest fields harbouring overwintering pupae, presumably due to low price forecasts in the economically sensitive cotton industry, resulted in the survival of large numbers of resistant pupae. As a result, cultural control of overwintering pupae has become a major component of the integrated Australian resistance management strategy. The strategy has not overcome the pyrethroid resistance problem but has proved to be a successful delaying tactic in ‘buying time’ and extending the useful life of the pyrethroids.However, the strategy has been much more successful in managing endosulfan resistance and some possible reasons for this are discussed: effectively lower selection pressure, fitness deficit, fewer life stages selected, or lower genetic dominance. However, it was not possible from this study to determine the relative importance of these factors or their interactions.
Section 7. Pyrethroid resistance: selection of adults
Authors: Forrester Neil W. , Cahill Matthew , Bird Lisa J. , Layland Jacquelyn K. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryAdult Helicoverpa armigera were shown to be capable of expressing pyrethroid resistance to both direct and indirect exposure. Male and female moths were equally resistant. Pyrethroid field sprays selected for resistance in moths which were repelled onto neighbouring unsprayed cotton and possibly also, lower into the unsprayed portion of the canopy. Selection of moths prior to egg laying is suggested as the explanation for the immediate increase in pyrethroid resistance which occurs within the Stage II window.The phenotypic expression of pyrethroid resistance in adult H. armigera declined significantly with age, beginning sometime between four and six days and continuing for the effective life span of the moth. This was the main reason for the poor correlation of adult resistance (determined from pheromone trapped males) and resistance in field collected eggs found in a detailed study comparing both techniques on two properties. On a young emerging moth population, pyrethroids remained selective for four to five days. On an ageing population, pheromone trapped males significantly underestimated resistance. Endosulfan and profenofos sprays were neutral in their impact on pyrethroid resistance in both eggs and adults. The resistance peaks in eggs lagged four to seven days behind the pyrethroid applications. The advantages and disadvantages of monitoring resistance using pheromone trapped males are discussed.
Prenatal mercury exposure and infant birth weight in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study
Authors: Vejrup Kristine , Brantsæter Anne Lise , Knutsen Helle K , Magnus Per , Alexander Jan , Kvalem Helen E , Meltzer Helle M , Haugen Margaretha 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between calculated maternal dietary exposure to Hg in pregnancy and infant birth weight in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa).DesignExposure was calculated with use of a constructed database of Hg in food items and reported dietary intake during pregnancy. Multivariable regression models were used to explore the association between maternal Hg exposure and infant birth weight, and to model associations with small-for-gestational-age offspring.SettingThe study is based on data from MoBa.SubjectsThe study sample consisted of 62 941 women who answered a validated FFQ which covered the habitual diet during the first five months of pregnancy.ResultsMedian exposure to Hg was 0·15 μg/kg body weight per week and the contribution from seafood intake was 88 % of total Hg exposure. Women in the highest quintile compared with the lowest quintile of Hg exposure delivered offspring with 34 g lower birth weight (95 % CI −46 g, −22 g) and had an increased risk of giving birth to small-for-gestational-age offspring, adjusted OR = 1·19 (95 % CI 1·08, 1·30). Although seafood intake was positively associated with increased birth weight, stratified analyses showed negative associations between Hg exposure and birth weight within strata of seafood intake.ConclusionsAlthough seafood intake in pregnancy is positively associated with birth weight, Hg exposure is negatively associated with birth weight. Seafood consumption during pregnancy should not be avoided, but clarification is needed to identify at what level of Hg exposure this risk might exceed the benefits of seafood.
Legumes and meat analogues consumption are associated with hip fracture risk independently of meat intake among Caucasian men and women: the Adventist Health Study-2
Authors: Lousuebsakul-Matthews Vichuda , Thorpe Donna L , Knutsen Raymond , Beeson W Larry , Fraser Gary E , Knutsen Synnove F 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveIn contrast to non-vegetarians, vegetarians consume more legumes and meat analogues as sources of protein to substitute for meat intake. The present study aimed to assess the association between foods with high protein content (legumes, meat, meat analogues) by dietary pattern (vegetarians, non-vegetarians) and hip fracture incidence, adjusted for selected lifestyle factors.DesignA prospective cohort of Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) enrollees who completed a comprehensive lifestyle and dietary questionnaire between 2002 and 2007.SettingEvery two years after enrolment, a short questionnaire on hospitalizations and selected disease outcomes including hip fractures was sent to these members.SubjectsRespondents (n 33 208) to a baseline and a follow-up questionnaire.ResultsIn a multivariable model, legumes intake of once daily or more reduced the risk of hip fracture by 64 % (hazard ratio = 0·36, 95 % CI 0·21, 0·61) compared with those with legumes intake of less than once weekly. Similarly, meat intake of four or more times weekly was associated with a 40 % reduced risk of hip fracture (hazard ratio = 0·60, 95 % CI 0·41, 0·87) compared with those whose meat intake was less than once weekly. Furthermore, consumption of meat analogues once daily or more was associated with a 49 % reduced risk of hip fracture (hazard ratio = 0·51, 95 % CI 0·27, 0·98) compared with an intake of less than once weekly.ConclusionsHip fracture incidence was inversely associated with legumes intake and, to a lesser extent, meat intake, after accounting for other food groups and important covariates. Similarly, a high intake of meat analogues was associated with a significantly reduced risk of hip fracture.
International Test Results for Objective Lens Quality, Resolution, Spectral Accuracy and Spectral Separation for Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopes
Authors: Cole Richard W. , Thibault Marc , Bayles Carol J. , Eason Brady , Girard Anne-Marie , Jinadasa Tushare , Opansky Cynthia , Schulz Katherine , Brown Claire M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAs part of an ongoing effort to increase image reproducibility and fidelity in addition to improving cross-instrument consistency, we have proposed using four separate instrument quality tests to augment the ones we have previously reported. These four tests assessed the following areas: (1) objective lens quality, (2) resolution, (3) accuracy of the wavelength information from spectral detectors, and (4) the accuracy and quality of spectral separation algorithms. Data were received from 55 laboratories located in 18 countries. The largest source of errors across all tests was user error which could be subdivided between failure to follow provided protocols and improper use of the microscope. This truly emphasizes the importance of proper rigorous training and diligence in performing confocal microscopy experiments and equipment evaluations. It should be noted that there was no discernible difference in quality between confocal microscope manufactures. These tests, as well as others previously reported, will help assess the quality of confocal microscopy equipment and will provide a means to track equipment performance over time. From 62 to 97% of the data sets sent in passed the various tests demonstrating the usefulness and appropriateness of these tests as part of a larger performance testing regiment.