bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pressureless Sintering and Reaction Mechanisms of Ti3SiC2 Ceramics
Authors: Sato Kimitoshi , Mishra Mrinalini , Hirano Hiroto , Hu Chunfeng , Sakka Yoshio 
Published: April 2014

Easy sinterable Ti3SiC2 powder was synthesized from a powder mixture with a molar ratio of 1.0 Ti, 0.3 Al, 1.2 Si, and 2.0 TiC by heating at 1200°C in the flowing Ar. Here, the Al powder acts as a deoxidation agent and provides a liquid phase for the reaction. The powder compacts subjected to pressureless sintering at 1300°C in Ar had a relative density up to 99%. The results of chemical analysis and the measured lattice constant suggest that the Al–Si liquid phase was formed at approximately 1200°C and that liquid‐phase sintering was promoted by the 0.1 molar ratio of Al and the 0.2 molar ratio of Si remaining in excess. The three‐point bending strength, fracture toughness, and electrical resistivity of the sintered samples were 380 MPa, 4.1 MPa m1/2, and 0.34μΩm, respectively.
Structure and Photoluminescence of A Blue‐Green‐Emitting Phosphor for Near‐UV White LEDs
Authors: Ling Hongya , Huang Jinping , Hou Binghu , Liu Jie , Yu Xibin 
Published: April 2014

A series of phosphors Ca12(0.97−x)Al14O32F2: 0.03Ce3+, xTb3+ have been prepared by a hightemperature solid‐state reaction using boric acid as flux. These oxyfluorides crystallize in cubic structure, space group. Under the near ultraviolet excitation within wavelength range 310–390 nm, Ca12(0.97−x)Al14O32F2: 0.03Ce3+, xTb3+ phosphors exhibit an intense emission covering a broad band of 370–500 nm derived from the 5d→4f transitions of Ce3+ and a characteristic emission at 544 nm of Tb3+. The emission can be tuned from blue to green by altering the relative ratio of Ce3+ to Tb3+ in the composition. The energy‐transfer mechanism from Ce3+ to Tb3+ is investigated based on the site occupancy of the luminescence center in the crystal structure of the Ca12Al14O32F2 host. More importantly, when a certain amount of boric acid is added as flux in the synthesis, the fluorescence intensity of the phosphors increases about 65%. Because of its broad excitation and efficiently tunable blue to green luminescence, the Ca12(0.97−x)Al14O32F2: 0.03Ce3+, xTb3+ phosphors may find promising application as a near UV‐convertible phosphor for white‐light‐emitting diodes.
Nanocrystalline Barium Strontium Titanate Ceramics Synthesized via the “Organosol” Route and Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Gao Yanling , Shvartsman Vladimir V. , Gautam Devendraprakash , Winterer Markus , Lupascu Doru C. 
Published: April 2014

Dense nanocrystalline barium strontium titanate Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) ceramics with an average grain size around 40 nm and very small dispersion were obtained by spark plasma sintering at 950°C and 1050°C starting from nonagglomerated nanopowders (~20 nm). The powders were synthesized by a modified “Organosol” process. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and dielectric measurements in the temperature range 173–313 K were used to investigate the evolution of crystal structure and the ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transformation behavior for the sintered BST ceramics with different grain sizes. The Curie temperature TC decreases, whereas the phase transition becomes diffuse for the particle size decreasing from about 190 to 40 nm with matching XRD and permittivity data. Even the ceramics with an average grain size as small as 40 nm show the transition into the ferroelectric state. The dielectric permittivity ε shows relatively good thermal stability over a wide temperature range. The dielectric losses are smaller than 2%–4% in the frequency range of 100 Hz–1 MHz and temperature interval 160–320 K. A decrease in the dielectric permittivity in nanocrystalline ceramics was observed compared to submicrometer‐sized ceramics.
Glyphosate and Its Degradation Product AMPA Occur Frequently and Widely in U.S. Soils, Surface Water, Groundwater, and Precipitation
Authors: Battaglin W.A. , Meyer M.T. , Kuivila K.M. , Dietze J.E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGlyphosate use in the United States increased from less than 5,000 to more than 80,000 metric tons/yr between 1987 and 2007. Glyphosate is popular due to its ease of use on soybean, cotton, and corn crops that are genetically modified to tolerate it, utility in no‐till farming practices, utility in urban areas, and the perception that it has low toxicity and little mobility in the environment. This compilation is the largest and most comprehensive assessment of the environmental occurrence of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in the United States conducted to date, summarizing the results of 3,732 water and sediment and 1,018 quality assurance samples collected between 2001 and 2010 from 38 states. Results indicate that glyphosate and AMPA are usually detected together, mobile, and occur widely in the environment. Glyphosate was detected without AMPA in only 2.3% of samples, whereas AMPA was detected without glyphosate in 17.9% of samples. Glyphosate and AMPA were detected frequently in soils and sediment, ditches and drains, precipitation, rivers, and streams; and less frequently in lakes, ponds, and wetlands; soil water; and groundwater. Concentrations of glyphosate were below the levels of concern for humans or wildlife; however, pesticides are often detected in mixtures. Ecosystem effects of chronic low‐level exposures to pesticide mixtures are uncertain. The environmental health risk of low‐level detections of glyphosate, AMPA, and associated adjuvants and mixtures remain to be determined.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Endocrine Active Chemicals in Small Streams Indicate Differential Exposure to Aquatic Organisms
Authors: Lee K.E. , Barber L.B. , Schoenfuss H.L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAlkylphenolic chemicals (APCs) and hormones were measured six times from February through October 2007 in three Minnesota streams receiving wastewater to identify spatial and temporal patterns in concentrations and in estrogen equivalency. Fish were collected once during the study to evaluate endpoints indicative of endocrine disruption. The most commonly detected APCs were 4‐tert‐octylphenol and 4‐nonylphenol and the most commonly detected hormones were estrone and androstenedione. Chemical concentrations were greatest for nonylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (NPECs) (5,000‐140,000 ng/l), followed by 4‐nonlylphenol and 4‐nonylphenolethoxylates (50‐880 ng/l), 4‐tert‐octylphenol and 4‐tert‐octylphenolethoxylates with concentrations as great as 130 ng/l, and hormones (0.1‐54 ng/l). Patterns in chemicals and estrogen equivalency indicated that wastewater effluent is a pathway of APCs and hormones to downstream locations in this study. However, upstream contributions can be equally or more important indicating alternative sources. This study indicates that aquatic organisms experience both spatially and temporally variable exposures in the number of compounds, total concentrations, and estrogenicity. This variability was evident in fish collected from the three rivers as no clear upstream to downstream pattern of endocrine disruption endpoints emerged.
Pregnancy outcomes after emergent laparoscopic surgery for acute adnexal disorders at less than 10 weeks of gestation
Authors: Takeda Akihiro , Hayashi Shotaro , Imoto Sanae , Sugiyama Chisato , Nakamura Hiromi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimTo report our experience with pregnancy outcomes after emergent laparoscopic surgery for acute adnexal disorders at less than 10 weeks of gestation when surgical intervention could be more invasive to intrauterine pregnancy.MethodsGasless multiport laparoscopic surgery or transumbilical laparoendoscopic single‐site surgery was performed with securing of the surgical view by the abdominal wall‐lift method. Intraoperative autologous blood salvage and donation was performed in cases associated with significant hemoperitoneum.ResultsSix cases of ovarian bleeding with ruptured corpus luteal cyst, three cases of adnexal torsion with corpus luteal cyst, and one case each of ruptured heterotopic ampullary pregnancy and heterotopic tubal stump isthmic pregnancy after salpingectomy were managed. For ruptured corpus luteal cyst, hemostasis was achieved by removal of hematoma followed by suturing. For adnexal torsion, detorsion with cyst aspiration was performed in two cases and detorsion alone was performed in one case. For ruptured heterotopic ampullary pregnancy, unilateral salpingectomy was performed. For ruptured heterotopic tubal stump isthmic pregnancy after salpingectomy, removal of the expelled villous tissue followed by hemostatic coagulation was performed. In five cases associated with massive hemoperitoneum, intraoperative autologous blood salvage and donation were performed to avoid homologous blood transfusion. After surgery, seven live births were achieved, while two cases of biochemical pregnancy loss and a case of complete miscarriage were noted.ConclusionAlthough miscarriage could be a significant concern in the perioperative period, gasless laparoscopic surgery appeared to be feasible for management of acute adnexal disorders at less than 10 weeks of gestation.
Metabolic regulation of stem cell function
Authors: Burgess R. J. , Agathocleous M. , Morrison S. J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractStem cell function is regulated by intrinsic mechanisms, such as transcriptional and epigenetic regulators, as well as extrinsic mechanisms, such as short‐range signals from the niche and long‐range humoral signals. Interactions between these regulatory mechanisms and cellular metabolism are just beginning to be identified. In multiple systems, differentiation is accompanied by changes in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and the levels of reactive oxygen species. Indeed, metabolic pathways regulate proliferation and differentiation by regulating energy production and the generation of substrates for biosynthetic pathways. Some metabolic pathways appear to function differently in stem cells as compared with restricted progenitors and differentiated cells. They also appear to influence stem cell function by regulating signal transduction, epigenetic marks and oxidative stress. Studies to date illustrate the importance of metabolism in the regulation of stem cell function and suggest complex cross‐regulation likely exists between metabolism and other stem cell regulatory mechanisms.
Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, t-TUCB, protects against myocardial ischaemic injury in rats
Authors: Shrestha Ayush , Krishnamurthy Praveen T , Thomas Pooja , Hammock Bruce D , Hwang Sung H 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the protective role of a soluble epoxide hydrolase(sEH) inhibitor, trans-4-{4-[3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)-ureido] cyclohexyloxy} benzoic acid (t-TUCB), in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial ischaemic injury in vivo.

Methods
Cardioprotective activity of t-TUCB was studied against ISO-induced myocardial ischaemic injury in male Wistar rats. Cardioprotection was assessed by measuring elecrocardiographic (EKG), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK-MB) levels, cardiac calcium and antioxidant levels, and also by measuring infarct size in the cardiac tissue.

Key findings
Pretreatment with t-TUCB at 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg orally for a period of 14 days significantly prevented the changes in EKG parameters (QTc interval prolongation, ST height depression, pathological Q waves formation and T-wave inversion), serum cardiac biomarkers (CK-MB and LDH), relative heart weight, myocardial calcium levels, infarct size and the oxidative status in the cardiac tissue (lipid peroxidation, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels) when compared with the untreated control animals (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusion
The sEH inhibitor t-TUCB significantly prevents ISO-induced myocardial ischaemic injury in rats. This study provides a preliminary confirmation of the efficacy of t-TUCB by oral administration in rats.
Cerebral haemodynamics in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Macías‐Rodríguez Ricardo U. , Duarte‐Rojo Andrés , Cantú‐Brito Carlos , Sauerbruch Tilman , Ruiz‐Margáin Astrid , Trebicka Jonel , Green‐Gómez Marina , Díaz Ramírez Jorge B. , Sierra Beltrán Manuel , Uribe‐Esquivel Misael , Torre Aldo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsFactors other than elevated levels of ammonia may be implicated in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) pathophysiology, including abnormal cerebral haemodynamics. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) evaluates cerebrovascular structural integrity and reactivity, through pulsatility index (PI) and breath‐holding index (BHI) respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate cerebral haemodynamics by TCD in patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis, and patients with and without HE.MethodsWe studied 90 subjects by TCD measuring PI and BHI in the middle cerebral artery: 30 with cirrhosis and no HE, 30 with cirrhosis and low‐grade HE and 30 healthy subjects. Critical flicker frequency, psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score and West‐Haven criteria were performed to assess MHE and HE respectively.ResultsPulsatility index increased in decompensated cirrhotics (Child ≥ 7) when compared with compensated cirrhotics and healthy subjects [median (IQR) 1.07 (0.95–1.21) vs 0.90 (0.83–1.05) vs 0.87 (0.78–0.96); P < 0.001]. A reverse relationship was observed for BHI among the three groups [0.82 (0.45–1.11) vs 1.20 (0.82–1.52) vs 1.28 (1.06–1.68); P < 0.001]. Similar findings were observed in decompensation [model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) score ≥14]. Patients with HE showed higher PI and lower BHI [1.05 (1.00–1.16) and 0.89 (0.59–1.15)], when compared with patients without HE [0.96 (0.83–1.13) and 1.00 (0.60–1.53)] or controls [0.87 (0.78–0.96) and 1.28 (1.06–1.68)] (P < 0.001 for PI, and P = 0.007 for BHI). In multivariate regression models, only PI predicted HE, but it was outperformed by MELD‐sodium and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha.ConclusionsThese results indicate that cerebral haemodynamics are altered in patients with cirrhosis, in relation to severity of disease and HE. Findings on impaired PI and BHI suggest that structural vascular damage and loss of vascular autoregulation are implicated in the pathophysiology of HE.
Changes in the acoustic behavior of resident bottlenose dolphins near operating vessels
Authors: Luís Ana Rita , Couchinho Miguel N. , dos Santos Manuel E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMaritime traffic is an issue of major ecological concern, and vessel noise may be an important source of disturbance for coastal cetaceans. In the Sado estuary, Portugal, core habitat areas of a small resident population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) overlap with routes of intense maritime traffic, which presents an opportunity to assess vocal responses of these dolphins to specific vessel noise sources. Field recordings of dolphin vocalizations were made from April to November 2011, using a calibrated system. Dolphin behavior and group size were recorded, as well as the operating boat condition (no boats or specific boat type) in a 1,000 m radius. Spectral analyses of vocalizations allowed the categorization and quantitative analysis of echolocation click trains and social calls, including whistles. Mean overall call rates decreased significantly in the presence of operating vessels. Creaks (fast click trains) were significantly reduced in the presence of ferry boats. Significant differences were also observed in the whistles' minimum, maximum, and start frequencies. These changes in call emission rates and temporary shifts in whistles characteristics may be a vocal response to the proximity of operating vessels, facilitating communication in this busy, noisy estuary.
Larval ecology and morphology in fossil gastropods
Authors: Nützel Alexander 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe shell of marine gastropods conserves and reflects early ontogeny, including embryonic and larval stages, to a high degree when compared with other marine invertebrates. Planktotrophic larval development is indicated by a small embryonic shell (size is also related to systematic placement) with little yolk followed by a multiwhorled shell formed by a free‐swimming veliger larva. Basal gastropod clades (e.g. Vetigastropoda) lack planktotrophic larval development. The great majority of Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic ‘derived’ marine gastropods (Neritimorpha, Caenogastropoda and Heterobranchia) with known protoconch had planktotrophic larval development. Dimensions of internal moulds of protoconchs suggest that planktotrophic larval development was largely absent in the Cambrian and evolved at the Cambrian–Ordovician transition, mainly due to increasing benthic predation. The evolution of planktotrophic larval development offered advantages and opportunities such as more effective dispersal, enhanced gene flow between populations and prevention of inbreeding. Early gastropod larval shells were openly coiled and weakly sculptured. During the Mid‐ and Late Palaeozoic, modern tightly coiled larval shells (commonly with strong sculpture) evolved due to increasing predation pressure in the plankton. The presence of numerous Late Palaeozoic and Triassic gastropod species with planktotrophic larval development suggests sufficient primary production although direct evidence for phytoplankton is scarce in this period. Contrary to previous suggestions, it seems unlikely that the end‐Permian mass extinction selected against species with planktotrophic larval development. The molluscan classes with highest species diversity (Gastropoda and Bivalvia) are those which may have planktotrophic larval development. Extremely high diversity in such groups as Caenogastropoda or eulamellibranch bivalves is the result of high phylogenetic activity and is associated with the presence of planktotrophic veliger larvae in many members of these groups, although causality has not been shown yet. A new gastropod species and genus, Anachronistella peterwagneri, is described from the Late Triassic Cassian Formation; it is the first known Triassic gastropod with an openly coiled larval shell.
Analgesic effectiveness of acetaminophen for primary cleft palate repair in young children: a randomized placebo controlled trial
Authors: Nour Chelan , Ratsiu Joanna , Singh Neeta , Mason Linda , Ray Andrea , Martin Mark , Hassanian Mohammad , Uhler Jacob , Applegate Richard L. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryBackgroundClefting of the lip, palate, or both is a common congenital abnormality. Inadequate treatment for pain in children may result from concerns over opioid‐related adverse effects. Providing adequate pain control with minimal adverse effects remains challenging in children.ObjectivesTo assess opioid‐sparing effects of oral or intravenous acetaminophen following primary cleft palate repair in children.MethodsProspective randomized controlled trial in 45 healthy children, ages 5 months to 5 years, using standardized general anesthesia and lidocaine infiltration of the operative field. Patients were allocated to groups: intravenous acetaminophen/oral placebo (intravenous), oral acetaminophen/intravenous placebo (oral), or intravenous/oral placebo (control). Groups were compared for differences in opioid administration during the 24‐h study period (morphine equivalents µg·kg−1; 95% confidence interval).ResultsIntravenous acetaminophen decreased opioid requirement after surgery (P = 0.003). Patients in the intravenous group received less opioid (272.9; 202.9–342.8 µg·kg−1) than control patients (454.2; 384.3–524.2 µg·kg−1; P < 0.002). Opioid requirement in oral patients (376.5; 304.1–448.9 µg·kg−1) was intermediate and not significantly different from either intravenous (P = 0.11) or control (P = 0.27). During the ward phase of care, intravenous had better analgesia than control (P = 0.002), and both intravenous and oral group patients received less opioid than control (P = 0.01).ConclusionIntravenous acetaminophen given to young children undergoing primary cleft palate repair was associated with opioid‐sparing effects compared to placebo. The fewer morphine doses during ward stay in both intravenous and oral may be important clinically in some settings.
Should I smile or should I frown? An ERP study on the voluntary control of emotion‐related facial expressions
Authors: Recio Guillermo , Shmuilovich Olga , Sommer Werner 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe investigated the motor planning and reprogramming of facial expressions of happiness and anger with a response‐priming task. A response signal commanded the production of a validly or invalidly cued facial expression. Electromyogram showed performance costs of inhibiting the falsely prepared expression and reprogramming the correct one in invalid trials. These performance costs were larger in zygomaticus major than corrugator supercilii, indicating better control over the latter. Event‐related potentials indicated no emotion specificity in the initial preparation of anger and happiness in the contingent negative variation. During reprogramming, anger came along with greater allocation of processing resources for the inhibition of the preactivated motor plan (N2), and the updating of a new one (P3). These additional processing resources and the faster control over corrugator may reflect the need for being quick and accurate in displaying threat.
Effects of the Chemical Compositions of Salars de Uyuni and Atacama Brines on Lithium Concentration during Evaporation
Authors: Ogawa Yasumasa , Koibuchi Hiroshi , Suto Koichi , Inoue Chihiro 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDuring Li recovery from salar brines, Li concentration is typically increased to about 60,000 mg L−1 by evaporation. We investigated the concentration changes of Li, Na, K, Mg, Cl, SO4, and B during evaporation of both natural Uyuni and artificial Atacama brines. The Uyuni brine exhibited a maximum Li concentration of 6810 mg L−1 at 31 days of evaporation, at which point the majority of the Na and K in the brine was removed. The Li concentration decreased with further evaporation due to precipitation as Li2SO4, such that the level at the 56 day mark was approximately 4130 mg L−1. In contrast, the artificial Atacama brine showed no pronounced Li precipitation, even after 54 days, at which point the Li concentration was 21,800 mg L−1. The initial concentrations of Na and K in the Atacama brine were higher than those in the Uyuni brine, and the Atacama solution still retained K after 54 days of evaporation. The order of precipitation of cation species during the evaporation of both brines was: Na, followed by K, Mg, and Li. Thus, Li precipitation in the Atacama brine might be prevented due to the more favored precipitations of Na and K, such that significant Li removal did not occur in this brine.
Geochemistry, U–Pb Geochronology and Hf Isotope Studies of the Daheishan Porphyry Mo Deposit in Heilongjiang Province, NE China
Authors: Hu Xinlu , Yao Shuzhen , He Mouchun , Ding Zhenju , Cui Yubao , Shen Jun , Chen Bin , Zhu Bopeng 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Daheishan porphyry Mo deposit was recently discovered in the northern segment of the Great Xing'an Range, NE China. Three main types of granitoids are identified in this deposit: granodiorite, fine‐grained granite, and porphyritic granite. The orebodies are dominantly hosted within the granodiorite and in the contact zone between the granodiorite and tuff or hornfels, while no mineralization has been found in the fine‐grained granite or the porphyritic granite. We present in situ LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U‐Pb dates for the granodiorite, fine‐grained granite, and porphyritic granite, which yielded 146.9 ± 1.1 Ma (2σ), 146.6 ± 1.7 Ma (2σ), and 149.7 ± 4.2 Ma (2σ), respectively. Their εHf(t) values range from 3.9 to 12.2, associated with young crustal model ages (TDM2) ranging from 524 Ma to 849 Ma, indicating that their parental magmas may have been generated by partial melting of the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian crustal components. The formation of the Daheishan deposit was genetically related to the subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific Plate.