bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lactate Production from Glucose and Response to Insulin in Perifused Adipocytes from Mesenteric and Epididymal Regions of Lean and Obese Rats
Authors: King Joyce L. , DiGirolamo Mario 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLactate, an important metabolic substrate for peripheral tissues and the liver, is released in significant amounts from adipose tissue. Using a perifusion system, we measured lactate production from glucose and response to insulin in isolated mesenteric and epididymal adipocytes removed from fed or fasted male Wistar rats at two stages of growth and development: (a) lean rats (7 weeks to 9 weeks old, weighing ∼250 g), and (b) fatter rats (6 months to 8 months old, weighing ∼550 g). The results show that lactate production in perifused adipocytes is regulated by the prior nutritional state of the animals, by the adipose tissue region, and by the presence of insulin in the perifusate. In fat cells from lean rats, basal lactate production was significantly higher (p<0.05) in mesenteric cells when compared with epididymal cells, both in the fed state (7.8 nmol/107 fat cells per minute vs. 2.9 nmol/107 fat cells per minute) and after 2 days of fasting (13.6 nmol vs. 3.5 nmol). When the response to 1 mU/mL insulin was studied, however, the relative increase in lactate production produced by insulin was greater in the epididymal cells than in the mesenteric cells, in both the fed (194% vs. 91% over basal, respectively) and fasted (360% vs. 55% over basal, p<0.05) state. When larger epididymal adipocytes from fatter rats were compared with an equal number of smaller epididymal cells from leaner rats, the larger cells produced 4.99 nmol of lactate/107 fat cells per minute, whereas the smaller cells produced 2.93 nmol (p=0.08). Large fat cells showed a small and nonsignificant response to insulin in either type of cell (epididymal vs. mesenteric) or nutritional state (fed vs. fasted). This study indicates that distinct regional differences exist in lactate production and response to insulin. Mesenteric adipose tissue, which drains directly into the portal vein and provides substrates to the liver, may be an important source of lactate for the hepatic processes of gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis.
Hormonal Regulation of Leptin mRNA Expression and Preadipocyte Recruitment and Differentiation in Porcine Primary Cultures of S‐V Cells
Authors: Chen X. L. , Hausman D. B. , Dean R. G. , Hausman G. J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe hormonal regulation of leptin mRNA expression and the association between leptin expression and adipocyte differentiation were examined in primary cultures of porcine S‐V cells with Northern blot and immunocytochemical analysis. Seeding for 3 days with fetal bovine serum (FBS) with varying levels of dexamethasone (Dex) increased levels of leptin mRNA in a dosedependent manner in parallel with increases in the proportion of preadipocytes (AD‐3 positive cells; AD‐3, a preadipocyte marker). Six‐day treatment with 10 or 850 nM insulin after FBS+Dex treatment resulted in a similar increase in leptin mRNA expression and morphological differentiation. However, significantly lower levels of leptin mRNA and smaller fat cells were observed in cultures treated with 1 nM insulin or 10 nM insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I). Dex‐induced increases in leptin mRNA levels and AD‐3 cell numbers were blocked completely by the addition of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) to FBS+Dex‐treated cultures. However TGF‐β significantly increased fat cell size and leptin mRNA expression when added to ITS (insulin, 850 nM; transferrin, 5 μg/ml; and selenium, 5 ug/mL) treated cultures during the lipid‐filling stage. When added with FBS+DEX for the first 3 days, growth hormone (GH) did not influence the Dex‐induced increase in AD‐3 cells and leptin mRNA expression, but GH reduced leptin mRNA levels when added with insulin for 6 days after FBS+Dex. These results demonstrated that regulation of leptin mRNA expression by Dex, insulin, IGF‐I, TGF‐β, and GH may be associated with changes in preadipocyte number and fat cell size.
Diabetes in Urban African Americans. XII. Anthropometry for Assessing Municipal Hospital Outpatients Recently Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Kahn Henry S. , Dunbar Virginia G. , Ziemer David C. , Phillips Lawrence S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: Abdominal obesity is associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors, but there has been little information published to advance the use of abdominal anthropometry in the care of diabetic patients.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional survey of municipal hospital outpatients recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (73 men and 142 women of whom 89% were African Americans). Age‐adjusted linear regression was used to compare the supine sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), supine waist circumference, four anthropometric ratios, and the body mass index (kg/m2) for their ability to predict serum fasting C‐peptide and lipid levels.Results: The best predictor of log‐transformed C‐peptide was SAD/height (p<0.0001 for men; p = 0.0003 for women). SAD/thigh circumference was the best predictor of log‐transformed triglycerides for men (p = 0.002) and of total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol for women (p = 0.043). The body mass index was less able to predict C‐peptide, HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol than was SAD/height or SAD/thigh circumference or waist circumference/height.Discussion: Anthropometric indices of abdominal obesity appear to be correlated with insulin production and lipid risk factors among municipal‐hospital, type 2 diabetic patients much as they are in other studied populations. Since anthropometric data are inexpensively obtained and immediately available to the practitioner, their utility for preliminary clinical assessment deserves to be tested in prospective outcome studies.
Dieting, Exercise, or Disordered Eating Does Not Account for Extremes of Body Weight within Families
Authors: Reed Danielle R. , Price R. Aden 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: Families having both members with obesity and thin members should contain substantial information for genetics studies, provided measured phenotype is an accurate indicator of genetic predisposition. We assessed the impact of potentially complicating behavioral factors on obesity phenotypes of family members selected for a long‐term project to identify genes for human obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: Ninety‐nine Caucasian families were selected for study because they contained both extremely obese and average‐weight family members. Family members (n = 492) were queried about their diet and exercise habits, their psychiatric histories as they pertained to eating disorders, and for a subset of subjects (n = 329), a lifetime dieting history and a lifetime maximum weight were recorded.Results: Subjects with average body weights in these families did not appear to be maintaining their weight by dieting and <4% of the average‐weight subjects had ever been obese in the past.Discussion: Although dieting and other weight loss practices potentially could either mask or complicate the genotype‐phenotype relationship, we found little evidence for this possibility in the families studied.
Dealing With Obesity as a Chronic Disease
Authors: Hill James O. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThere are major efforts underway to educate the primary care physician about the health risks of obesity. Obesity is a chronic disease that requires chronic management. We must establish models that allow primary care physicians to participate in the chronic management of obesity, while recognizing that the interest and ability of primary care physicians to participate in obesity management will vary. Three general models of obesity management are proposed for the primary care physician, ranging from minimal evaluation to complete evaluation and treatment. In order for the models to be implemented, we must consider establishing a category of obesity specialists who can develop comprehensive treatment programs to which patients with obesity can be referred, and who can provide leadership and guidance for primary care physicians who are involved in obesity management. The North American Association for the Study of Obesity (NAASO) could help establish obesity specialists and provide a structure to allow them to provide leadership for obesity treatment.
A Comparison of Dual‐Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry and Somatometrics for Determining Body Fat in Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Colman Ricki J. , Hudson John C. , Barden Howard S. , Kemnitz Joseph W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCOLMAN, RICKI J., JOHN C. HUDSON, HOWARD S. BARDEN, AND JOSEPH W. KEMNITZ. A comparison of dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and somatometrics for determining body fat in rhesus macaques. Obes Res. 1999; 7:90–96.Objective: Various approaches have been used to assess fat and fat distribution in nonhuman primates, including measurements of body weight, body dimensions, and estimates derived from these, such as body mass index. Methods such as tritiated water dilution and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) have also been used. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare DXA measurements and somatometrics.Research Methods and Procedures: Body composition of 15 adult male rhesus macaques was measured by DXA and somatometrics at four time‐points over a 4‐year period. Additionally, DXA precision and somatometric variability were analyzed by repeated measurements of the same subjects.Results: DXA estimates of body fat were positively correlated with body weight, body mass index, body circumferences, and abdominal skinfold thicknesses. DXA assessments of soft tissue composition were precise, with coefficients of variation below 3.3% for all compartments analyzed. The majority of the observed variability in somatometrics was explained by subject variance, rather than by inter‐ or intraobserver variability, or by observer experience level.Discussion: We conclude that noninvasive DXA technology provides precise estimates of nonhuman primate body composition that correlate well with the traditional somatometric measures used in primate studies.
Segregation Analysis of Body Mass Index in a Large Sample Selected for Obesity: The Swedish Obese Subjects Study
Authors: Rice Treva , Sjöström C. David , Pérusse Louis , Rao D. C. , Sjöström Lars , Bouchard Claude 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRICE, TREVA, c. DAVID SJÖSTRÖM, LOUIS PÉRUSSE, D. C. RAO, LARS SJÖSTRÖM, AND CLAUDE BOUCHARD. Segregation analysis of body mass index in a large sample selected for obesity: the Swedish Obese Subjects study. Obes Res.Objective: To investigate a major gene hypothesis for body mass index (BMI) in a large sample of probands (n = 2580, ages 37–57 years) who were selected for obesity (BMI≥34 kg/m2 for males and ≥38 kg/m2 for females), along with their spouses and first‐degree relatives (n = 11,204 family members). The probands were recruited as part of an intervention trial assessing whether mortality and morbidity were improved after surgical intervention for obesity as part of the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study.Methods and Procedures: The current analyses were based on BMI measures obtained before intervention. Segregation analysis was carried out using the mixed model implementation in PAP (Pedigree Analysis Package), which allowed for ascertainment correction and for genotype‐dependent effects of covariates (sex and age) in both the major gene component and the multifactorial (i. e., polygenic and familial environment) component.Results: Both a major effect and a multifactorial effect were significant. The percentage of the total variance accounted for by the multifactorial effect was 17%‐24% (increasing as a function of age), and by the major effect, 8%‐34% (decreasing as a function of age). Although tests on the transmission probabilities (τS) were not compatible with Mendelian expectations of 1, 1/2, and 0, the equal τS model was rejected (i. e., the effect is transmitted in families) and the point estimates (0. 96,0. 60, and 0. 17) compared favorably to Mendelian expectations. The major effect was transmitted in a codominant fashion, consistent with a gene‐environment interaction.Discussion: These results suggest both multifactorial and major effect etiologies for BMI in these families of extremely obese probands. Before 20 years of age, the major effect dominates the BMI expression, but after age 20, multifactorial effects account for the most variance. Although the major effect is transmitted in these families, the pattern does not appear to be consistent with a simple Mendelian trait. The possibility of additional major loci (i. e., epistasis) and gene by environment interactions may explain these findings.
Oxidative absorption of hydrogen sulfide using an iron‐chelate based process: chelate degradation
Authors: Deshmukh Girish M. , Shete Aparna , Pawar Deepali M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Oxidative absorption of hydrogen sulfide into a solution of ferric chelates is studied in a stirred cell glass reactor. The experiments were performed to investigate the degradation of chelates sodium salt of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) (Merck), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid diadisodium salt (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) at 313 K, pH 6, iron concentration 10 000 g L−1 and Fe:chelate molar ratio 1:2.RESULTS: Oxidative absorption of hydrogen sulfide into a solution of Fe‐NTA was found to be more successful, therefore, further experiments with 10%, 50% and 100% concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were performed. It was shown that this process is applicable for removal of low and high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. The effect of antioxidants using sodium thiosulfate was also studied in order to minimize degradation of NTA. The kinetics were studied and it was observed that the reaction appeared to be first order in ferric chelate with rate constants for 100, 50 and 10% hydrogen sulfide concentration: 0.035, 0.013 and 0.019 h−1, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Gas sweetening processes have commercial importance in natural gases, refinery of gases and biogas processing. Desulphurization and cleaning (i.e. removal of H2S and CO2) of petroleum gas and biogas is important to make the gas methane rich and to increase the calorific value of fuel. The same techniques of desulphurization and cleaning can be used for treating natural gas or petroleum gas. The desulphurization and cleaning processes can minimize the atmospheric emission of gases like SOx, NOx and CO. As the iron chelate based process is based on the principle of redox reaction of metal chelate with hydrogen sulfide, this method is very useful for desulphurization of petroleum gas and biogas. This work studied the effective use of Fe‐NTA solution for removal of high to low concentrations of H2S as found in biogas and industrial waste gases. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Clinical presentation and outcome of perioperative myocardial infarction in the very elderly following hip fracture surgery
Authors: Gupta Bhanu P. , Huddleston Jeanne M. , Kirkland Lisa L. , Huddleston Paul M. , Larson Dirk R. , Gullerud Rachel E. , Burton M. Caroline , Rihal Charanjit S. , Wright R. Scott 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Patterns of clinical symptoms and outcomes of perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) in elderly patients after hip fracture repair surgery are not well defined.METHODS:A retrospective 1:2 case‐control study in a cohort of 1212 elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery from 1988 to 2002 in Olmsted County, Minnesota.RESULTS:The mean age was 85.3 ± 7.4 years; 76% female. PMI occurred in 167 (13.8%) patients within 7 days, of which 153 (92%) occurred in first 48 hours; 75% of patients were asymptomatic. Among patients with PMI, in‐hospital mortality was 14.4%, 30‐day mortality was 29 (17.4%), and 1‐year mortality was 66 (39.5%). PMI was associated with a higher inpatient mortality rate (odds ratio [OR], 15.1; confidence interval [CI], 4.6–48.8), 30‐day mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 4.3; CI, 2.1–8.9), and 1‐year mortality (HR, 1.9; CI, 1.4–2.7).CONCLUSION:Elderly patients, after hip fracture surgery, have a higher incidence of PMI and mortality than what guidelines indicate. The majority of elderly patients with PMI did not experience ischemic symptoms and required cardiac biomarkers for diagnosis. The results of our study support the measurement of troponin in postoperative elderly patients for the diagnosis of PMI, in order to implement in‐hospital preventive strategies to reduce PMI‐associated mortality. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Needs assessment and curriculum mapping: Enhancing management skills of the nonprofit workforce
Authors: Wang Lili , Ashcraft Robert F. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article documents the needs assessment and curriculum mapping of a nonprofit management certificate program in the United States. Based on a survey of nonprofit leaders, we identify management skill sets critical to the nonprofit sector in a challenging economic environment. In addition, a survey of alumni and students assesses participants' view of skills and knowledge they need in their daily jobs or for career advancement. Results of the study not only help to inform the curriculum revamping of the selected program but also serve to inform the content of other education programs within the nonprofit professional development education arena.
Porous polyurethane foams based on recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) for oil sorption
Authors: Atta Ayman M. , Brostow Witold , Datashvili Tea , El‐Ghazawy Rasha A. , Lobland Haley E. Hagg , Hasan Abdul‐Raheim M. , Perez Jose M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn using recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as a petroleum sorbent we tried to achieve two important objectives simultaneously. PET waste was glycolized using trimethylolpropane (TMp) or pentaerytheritol (PEr) to produce suitable polyol oligomers for polyurethane (PU) foams. The glycolysis was carried out in the presence of manganese acetate as a catalyst under normal pressure in m‐cresol at 220 °C. Producing polyols, PEr degraded PET into lower molecular weights than TMp. So prepared oligomers were reacted with 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate providing several types of PU foam. The effect of various variables (polyol reactivity, water content, type of catalyst, isocyanate amount and surfactant) on the foam structure and properties were analyzed. Porosity of the PU foams was examined using environmental scanning electron microscopy. Foams based on glycolized TMp contain small uniform cells whereas other foams form less uniform cells with varying sizes including closed cells. Dynamic mechanical analysis gives much lower storage moduli for TMp‐based PUs that for those based on PEr, an effect of dangling ethylene chains in the former case. The glass transition temperatures Tg are higher when PEr rather than TMp is used. Our PU foams show good sorption properties and sufficient reusability. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Particle Size Characterization of an Extra Fine Milled Product
Authors: Hennart Stephen L. A. , Hee Pim van , Wildeboer Willem J. , Meesters Gabriel M. H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe present research aims to characterize the particle size distribution of sub micron particles suspended in a liquid. The particles milled are an organic poorly water soluble crystalline product. To characterize the size of these particles, different techniques have been tested: imaging techniques (SEM, CryoTEM), static light scattering techniques, dynamic light scattering techniques, centrifugation and flow field flow fractionation.The results indicate that the studied milled particles have a primary particle size close to 180nm and there is strong evidence of larger particles which are very likely aggregates. This is clearly seen from the Cryo TEM results. All the above mentioned techniques should in principle be able to measure samples of dispersion containing particles of ca 180 nm but several are disturbed by the presence of large aggregates. It is difficult to estimate the amount of aggregate present, but most of the time one is interested in what the primary particle size distribution is. It is clear that no single piece of equipment is capable of exactly determining the particle size distribution of our samples, but the static light scattering with low shear on mixing does give a good representation of what is seen with the image analysis by cryo TEM.
Novel adult feeding disruption test (FDT) to detect insecticide resistance of lepidopteran pests in cotton
Authors: van Kretschmar B , Cabrera Ana R , Bradley Julius R , Roe R Michael 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDResistance monitoring is an important aspect of insect resistance management and the preservation of insecticide efficacy. The adult vial test (AVT) is most often used for resistance monitoring for a variety of insects. A potential alternative method is feeding disruption where resistant insects are distinguished from susceptible insects on the basis of their ability to feed on insecticide in nectar containing a colorimetric marker to measure feeding. The advantages of a feeding disruption test (FDT) for lepidopteran adults might include a more rapid assay than AVT, an assay format easier to prepare, a bioassay applicable to both oral and contact insecticides and the provision of food and water during the course of the test. The objective of the present work was to determine the feasibility of an adult FDT.RESULTSHeliothis virescens moths fed permethrin and spinosad in dyed nectar yielded dose‐dependent ingestion, fecal production and mortality data. A permethrin diagnostic dose distinguished pyrethroid‐resistant from pyrethroid‐susceptible moths, based on fecal production.CONCLUSIONProof of concept was demonstrated for an adult FDT in which resistant moths were distinguished from susceptible moths on the basis of the ability of the insect to feed on insecticide in dyed nectar and produce dyed feces.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Contact and fumigant toxicity of Pinus densiflora needle hydrodistillate constituents and related compounds and efficacy of spray formulations containing the oil to Dermatophagoides farinae
Authors: Lee Ju‐Hee , Kim Jun‐Ran , Koh Young Ryull , Ahn Young‐Joon 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe toxicity of red pine needle hydrodistillate (RPN‐HD), 19 RPN‐HD constituents and another 12 structurally related compounds and the control efficacy of four experimental spray formulations containing RPN‐HD (0.5. 1, 2 and 3% sprays) to adult Dermatophagoides farinae were evaluated.ResultsRPN‐HD (24 h LC50, 68.33 µg cm−2) was toxic to mites. Menthol was the most toxic compound (12.69 µg cm−2), and the toxicity of this compound and benzyl benzoate did not differ significantly. High toxicity was also produced by α‐terpineol, bornyl acetate, geranyl acetate, thymol, linalyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, citral, linalool and camphor (18.79–36.51 µg cm−2). These compounds were more toxic than either deet or dibutyl phthalate. In vapour‐phase mortality tests, these compounds were consistently more toxic in closed versus open containers, indicating that their mode of delivery was largely a result of vapour action. RPN‐HD 3% experimental spray provided 95% mortality against adult D. farinae, whereas permethrin (cis:trans, 25:75) 2.5 g L−1 spray treatment resulted in 0% mortality.ConclusionIn the light of global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic acaricides in indoor environments, RPN‐HD and the compounds described merit further study as potential biocides for the control of Dermatophagoides populations as fumigants with contact action. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry