bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Political Power of Economic Ideas: The Case of ‘Expansionary Fiscal Contractions'
Authors: Dellepiane-Avellaneda Sebastian 
Published: March 2014

Research Highlights and Abstract This article Provides the first systematic analysis of the rise and diffusion of the idea of expansionary fiscal contractions (besides Blyth's book). Uses comparative case studies to assess the actual influence of this policy idea during the Great Recession. Provides a better understanding of the social construction of the financial crisis. Contributes to the growing scholarship on ideational political economy, including works documenting the resilience of the neoliberal paradigm. This article examines the rise and influence of a powerful economic idea: ‘expansionary fiscal contractions'. The counterintuitive policy belief that severe fiscal adjustments can be expansionary was originally advanced by economists Francesco Giavazzi and Marco Pagano in the early 1990s. Over the years, this idea became dominant in certain epistemic communities, mainly through the literature on lessons from successful consolidations. In the event, the relationship between budget reduction and economic growth turned out to be one of the most contested issues in the aftermath of the financial crash of 2008. This article is divided into three main sections. The first section documents the social diffusion of this singular economic idea, from academia to policy networks. The second reports the ‘battle of ideas'over fiscal consolidation during the Great Recession. The third section assesses the influence of the idea of expansionary contractions on actual policy choices by examining the politics of austerity in Ireland, Spain and the UK in the period 2008–2012.
Pre‐eclampsia, eclampsia and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes: a secondary analysis of the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health
Authors: Abalos E , Cuesta C , Carroli G , Qureshi Z , Widmer M , Vogel JP , Souza JP ,   on behalf of the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health Research Network
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and related severe complications, identify other associated factors and compare maternal and perinatal outcomes in women with and without these conditions.DesignSecondary analysis of the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health (WHOMCS) database.SettingCross‐sectional study implemented at 357 health facilities conducting 1000 or more deliveries annually in 29 countries from Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East.PopulationAll women suffering from any hypertensive disorder during pregnancy, the intrapartum or early postpartum period in the participating hospitals during the study period.MethodsWe calculated the proportion of the pre‐specified outcomes in the study population and their distribution according to hypertensive disorders' severity. We estimated the association between them and maternal deaths, near‐miss cases, and severe maternal complications using a multilevel logit model.Main outcome measuresHypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Potentially life‐threatening conditions among maternal near‐miss cases, maternal deaths and cases without severe maternal outcomes.ResultsOverall, 8542 (2.73%) women suffered from hypertensive disorders. Incidences of pre‐eclampsia, eclampsia and chronic hypertension were 2.16%, 0.28% and 0.29%, respectively. Maternal near‐miss cases were eight times more frequent in women with pre‐eclampsia, and increased to up to 60 times more frequent in women with eclampsia, when compared with women without these conditions.ConclusionsThe analysis of this large database provides estimates of the global distribution of the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The information on the most frequent complications related to pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia could be of interest to inform policies for health systems organisation.
Eclampsia, a comparison within the International Network of Obstetric Survey Systems
Authors: Schaap TP , Knight M , Zwart JJ , Kurinczuk JJ , Brocklehurst P , van Roosmalen J , Bloemenkamp KWM 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo compare incidences, characteristics, management and outcome of eclampsia in the Netherlands and the UK.DesignA comparative analysis of two population‐based prospective cohort studies.SettingAll hospitals with consultant‐led maternity units.PopulationWomen with eclampsia in the Netherlands (226) and the UK (264).MethodsComparison of individual level data from national studies in the Netherlands and the UK (LEMMoN 2004–06; UKOSS 2005/06).Main outcome measuresIncidence, maternal complications and differences in management strategies.ResultsIncidences of eclampsia differed significantly between both countries: the Netherlands 5.4/10 000 deliveries versus UK 2.7/10 000 (relative risk [RR] 1.94, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] 1.6–2.4). The proportion of women with a preceding diagnosis of pre‐eclampsia was comparable between both countries (the Netherlands 42%; UK 43%), as was the proportion who received magnesium sulphate prophylaxis. Women in the Netherlands had a significantly higher maximum diastolic blood pressure (111 mmHg versus 95 mmHg, P < 0.001); significantly fewer received anti‐hypertensive medication (16% versus 71%; RR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1–0.3) and were treated less often with magnesium sulphate after their first fit (95% versus 99%; RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92–0.99). Maternal death occurred in three cases in the Netherlands compared with zero in the UK.ConclusionsThe incidence of eclampsia in the Netherlands was twice as high compared with the UK when using uniform definitions. Women with eclampsia in the Netherlands were not managed according to guidelines, particularly with respect to blood pressure management. Changes in management practice may reduce both incidence and poor outcomes.
Detection of Gunshot Residue on Dark‐Colored Clothing Prior to Chemical Analysis
Authors: Kersh Kyla L. , Childers James M. , Justice Dale , Karim Greg 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDetection of gunshot residue (GSR) is an arduous task for investigators. It is often accomplished with chemical tests, which can reveal elements and ions indicating the presence of GSR, but are likely to cause physical alteration to the pattern. In this study, the Spex Forensics Mini‐CrimeScope MCS 400, along with 16 accompanying wavelength filters, was applied to various GSR patterns and target types. Three dark shirt materials, four ammunition calibers, and eight ammunition manufacturers, along with the primer residue of the different manufacturer ammunitions were tested. Results indicate the alternate light source wavelength of 445 nm to be the optimal setting. In addition, target material plays a large role in the preservation of GSR patterns as particles burn. Furthermore, it can be extrapolated that residue, observed from a full round and firing distance of six inches, is mostly composed of unburnt gunpowder residue, not primer residue.
Acquired idiopathic lipoatrophic panniculitis in a 12‐month‐old infant
Authors: Ng Su Yuen , D'Arcy Colleen , Orchard David 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLipoatrophic panniculitis is a rare condition affecting mainly children, often associated with connective tissue disease. We report a healthy 12‐month‐old girl with no clinical or laboratory features of connective tissue disease who presented with the progressive appearance of annular atrophic plaques beginning at the left arm. A histopathological analysis revealed lobular panniculitis, with fat necrosis and an associated inflammatory infiltrate supporting the diagnosis of lipoatrophic panniculitis. Lipoatrophic panniculitis should be considered in infants and young children with clinical features of panniculitis and fat atrophy even without clinical or serologic evidence of connective tissue disease.
Type of delivery onset has a significant impact on post‐natal mortality in preterm infants of less than 30 weeks' gestation
Authors: Grill A , Olischar M , Weber M , Pollak A , Leitich H 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimType of delivery onset is not currently evaluated for its predictive impact. This study explored whether the type of preterm delivery onset was an antenatal predictor for post‐natal mortality in preterm infants <30 weeks' gestation and should be included in antenatal counselling.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included 1117 preterm infants <30 weeks' gestation born between 1999 and 2008 in a tertiary perinatal referral centre. Study patients were classified into spontaneous or iatrogenic preterm deliveries. Spontaneous deliveries included deliveries after preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and preterm labour. The study outcome was infant mortality before discharge from hospital.ResultsWe included 499 patients born after PPROM (44.7%) and 247 born after preterm labour (22.1%). Iatrogenic preterm birth was noted in 282 patients (25.2%) and 89 patients fulfilled both criteria for spontaneous and iatrogenic preterm delivery (8.0%). Babies born after iatrogenic preterm delivery in gestational weeks 25–29 had significantly higher mortality rates. Logistic regression revealed that type of preterm delivery onset was an independent antenatal predictor for post‐natal mortality.ConclusionType of preterm delivery onset had a significant impact on post‐natal mortality in preterm infants <30 weeks' gestation, with a higher mortality rate after iatrogenic preterm delivery.
High‐Content Analysis in Toxicology: Screening Substances for Human Toxicity Potential, Elucidating Subcellular Mechanisms and In Vivo Use as Translational Safety Biomarkers
Authors: O'Brien Peter J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHigh‐content analysis (HCA) of in vitro biochemical and morphological effects of classic (small molecule) drugs and chemicals is concordant with potential for human toxicity. For hepatotoxicity, concordance is greater for cytotoxic effects assessed by HCA than for conventional cytotoxicity tests and for regulatory animal toxicity studies. Additionally, HCA identifies chronic toxicity potential, and drugs producing idiosyncratic adverse reactions and/or toxic metabolites are also identified by HCA. Mechanistic information on the subcellular basis for the toxicity is frequently identified, including various mitochondrial effects, oxidative stress, calcium dyshomeostasis, phospholipidosis, apoptosis and antiproliferative effects, and a fingerprinting of the sequence and pattern of subcellular events. As these effects are frequently non‐specific and affect many cell types, some toxicities may be detected and monitored by HCA of peripheral blood cells, such as for anticancer and anti‐infective drugs. Critical methodological and interpretive features are identified that are critical to the effectiveness of the HCA cytotoxicity assessment, including the need for multiple days of exposure of cells to drug, use of a human hepatocyte cell line with metabolic competence, assessment of multiple pre‐lethal effects in individual live cells, consideration of hormesis, the need for interpretation of relevance of cytotoxicity concentration compared to efficacy concentration and quality management. Limitations of the HCA include assessment of drugs that act on receptors, transporters or processes not found in hepatocytes. HCA may be used in a) screening lead candidates for potential human toxicity in drug discovery alongside of in vitro assessment of efficacy and pharmacokinetics, b) elucidating mechanisms of toxicity and c) monitoring in vivo toxicity of drugs with known toxicity of known mechanism.
Hearing problems in the learning disability population: is anybody listening?
Authors: McClimens Alex , Brennan Siobhan , Hargreaves Pauline 
Published: March 2014

Accessible summary

people with learning disability tend to have more hearing problems than other people.

often these hearing problems are not picked up by doctors, nurses, carers or even by the people themselves.

living with undetected hearing loss means people miss out on information, social opportunities and entertainment.

routine screening for hearing loss would improve the lives of many people with learning disability.

SummaryWe undertook this project because we believed that hearing loss experienced by the target population was greater than the referral figures suggested. Therefore, we set up a trial service initiative designed to examine the efficacy of different referral routes into audiology services for adults with learning disability. This retrospective analysis focuses on the generation of data on hearing loss on a small population sample (n = 136) gathered over a 6‐month period in 2012. We suggest remedial action now to prevent more problems in the future.
Angiotensin‐(1–7) attenuates angiotensin II‐induced signalling associated with activation of a tyrosine phosphatase in Sprague–Dawley rats cardiac fibroblasts
Authors: Tao Xiaoling , Fan Jinqi , Kao Guoying , Zhang Xiaoge , Su Li , Yin Yuehui , Zrenner Bernhard 
Published: March 2014

Background informationAngiotensin‐(1–7) [ANG‐(1–7)] mediates vasodilation, antiproliferation, anti‐apoptosis and antifibrosis, therefore, it opposes the effects of angiotensin II (ANG II). However, the detailed signal transduction mechanism following the Mas receptor activated by ANG‐(1–7) is still poorly understood. Src homology2‐containing inositol phosphatase 1 (SHP‐1), a redoxsensitive protein tyrosine phosphatase, negatively influences downstream signalling molecules, such as mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), through dephosphorylation, thereby inhibiting proliferative and profibrotic signalling induced by ANG II. Therefore, we hypothesised that SHP‐1 may mediate the antiproliferative signalling of ANG‐(1–7) through the regulation of the dynamic balance of MAPKs and SHP‐1 in isolated cardiac fibroblasts. Primary culture of neonatal Sprague–Dawley rats cardiac fibroblasts was treated separately with different interventions to investigate this issue.ResultsOur data revealed that ANG II increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐related kinase (p‐ERK1/2) and the ratio of (p‐ERK1/2)/(ERK1/2), but ANG‐(1–7) decreased them. The effects of ANG‐(1–7) on the phosphorylation p‐ERK1/2 were blocked by the Mas receptor antagonist A‐779. Unlike ANG II, which decreased the activity of SHP‐1, ANG‐(1–7) increased its activity. Overexpression of SHP‐1 attenuated the ANG II‐stimulated phosphorylation of c‐Src, its downstream molecules ERK1/2, α‐smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1). These effects were also inhibited by the specific inhibitor of SHP‐1, sodium stibogluconate. ANG‐(1–7) had no significant effects on the gene expression of TGF‐β1, collagen I or collagen III, but was found to antagonise the stimulatory effects of ANG II on them.ConclusionsANG‐(1–7), through Mas receptor, activates SHP‐1 in cardiac fibroblasts, which can negatively modulate ANG II‐induced phosphorylation of c‐Src and MAPKs, and inhibits profibrotic factors TGF‐β1 and collagen production. ANG‐(1–7) can thereby serve as a protective role by counteracting the effects of ANG II.
Pharmacology and anti‐addiction effects of the novel κ opioid receptor agonist Mesyl Sal B, a potent and long‐acting analogue of salvinorin A
Authors: Simonson B , Morani A S , Ewald A W M , Walker L , Kumar N , Simpson D , Miller J H , Prisinzano T E , Kivell B M 
Published: March 2014

Background and PurposeAcute activation of κ opioid (KOP) receptors results in anticocaine‐like effects, but adverse effects, such as dysphoria, aversion, sedation and depression, limit their clinical development. Salvinorin A, isolated from the plant Salvia divinorum, and its semi‐synthetic analogues have been shown to have potent KOP receptor agonist activity and may induce a unique response with similar anticocaine addiction effects as the classic KOP receptor agonists, but with a different side effect profile.Experimental ApproachWe evaluated the duration of effects of Mesyl Sal B in vivo utilizing antinociception assays and screened for cocaine‐prime induced cocaine‐seeking behaviour in self‐administering rats to predict anti‐addiction effects. Cellular transporter uptake assays and in vitro voltammetry were used to assess modulation of dopamine transporter (DAT) function and to investigate transporter trafficking and kinase signalling pathways modulated by KOP receptor agonists.Key ResultsMesyl Sal B had a longer duration of action than SalA, had anti‐addiction properties and increased DAT function in vitro in a KOP receptor‐dependent and Pertussis toxin‐sensitive manner. These effects on DAT function required ERK1/2 activation. We identified differences between Mesyl Sal B and SalA, with Mesyl Sal B increasing the Vmax of dopamine uptake without altering cell‐surface expression of DAT.Conclusions and ImplicationsSalA analogues, such as Mesyl Sal B, have potential for development as anticocaine agents. Further tests are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms by which the novel salvinorin‐based neoclerodane diterpene KOP receptor ligands produce both anti‐addiction and adverse side effects.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2
Histopathologic characteristics of therapy‐associated cutaneous neoplasms with vemurafenib, a selective BRAF kinase inhibitor, used in the treatment of melanoma
Authors: Sufficool Kari E. , Hepper Donna M. , Linette Gerald P. , Hurst Eva A. , Lu Dongsi , Lind Anne C. , Cornelius Lynn A. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundActivating mutations in BRAF have been observed in up to 60% of melanomas, indicating a pivotal role for kinase deregulation in tumor progression. Vemurafenib is a specific inhibitor of BRAF for treatment of melanomas with activating BRAF V600E mutations and has been a major advancement in melanoma treatment. Treatment with vemurafenib, and to a lesser extent, sorafenib, a relatively non‐specific inhibitor of BRAF, has been associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).MethodsClinical and microscopic characteristics of cutaneous neoplasms were evaluated following vemurafenib administration.ResultsTwenty‐four of 47 (51%) patients receiving vemurafenib at our institution developed 146 total cutaneous neoplasms, with 75% developing multiple lesions. The median number of lesions in affected patients was three. Body distribution included head/neck (29%), chest/back (21%), upper (23%) and lower extremities (27%). Lesions were biopsied and pathologically showed multiple types of epidermal tumors including, but not limited to, verrucous keratoses with/without partial thickness dysplasia, actinic keratoses and well‐differentiated and invasive SCCs with/without keratoacanthomatous features.ConclusionsWe describe the histopathologic findings of skin lesions potentially associated with vemurafenib. Additional investigation is necessary to further elucidate cutaneous neoplasms associated with vemurafenib; however, frequent dermatologic evaluation is warranted in all patients receiving BRAF inhibitors.
Insomnia symptoms, objective sleep duration and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal activity in children
Authors: Fernandez‐Mendoza Julio , Vgontzas Alexandros N. , Calhoun Susan L. , Vgontzas Angeliki , Tsaoussoglou Marina , Gaines Jordan , Liao Duanping , Chrousos George P. , Bixler Edward O. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundInsomnia symptoms are the most common parent‐reported sleep complaints in children; however, little is known about the pathophysiology of childhood insomnia symptoms, including their association with hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis activation. The objective of this study is to examine the association between parent‐reported insomnia symptoms, objective short sleep duration and cortisol levels in a population‐based sample of school‐aged children.DesignA sample of 327 children from the Penn State Child Cohort (5–12 years old) underwent 9‐h overnight polysomnography and provided evening and morning saliva samples to assay for cortisol. Objective short sleep duration was defined based on the median total sleep time (i.e., < 7·7 h). Parent‐reported insomnia symptoms of difficulty initiating and/or maintaining sleep were ascertained with the Pediatric Behavior Scale.ResultsChildren with parent‐reported insomnia symptoms and objective short sleep duration showed significantly increased evening (0·33 ± 0·03 μg/dL) and morning (1·38 ± 0·08 μg/dL) cortisol levels. In contrast, children with parent‐reported insomnia symptoms and ‘normal’ sleep duration showed similar evening and morning cortisol levels (0·23 ± 0·03 μg/dL and 1·13 ± 0·08 μg/dL) compared with controls with ‘normal’ (0·28 ± 0·02 μg/dL and 1·10 ± 0·04 μg/dL) or short (0·28 ± 0·02 μg/dL and 1·13 ± 0·04 μg/dL) sleep duration.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that insomnia symptoms with short sleep duration in children may be related to 24‐h basal or responsive physiological hyperarousal. Future studies should explore the association of insomnia symptoms with short sleep duration with physical and mental health morbidity.
Decreased prevalence of dementia associated with statins: a national population‐based study
Authors: Chuang C.‐S. , Lin C.‐L. , Lin M.‐C. , Sung F.‐C. , Kao C.‐H. 
Published: March 2014

Background and purposeDementia is a neurodegenerative disorder that presents a progressive decline in cognitive function and loss of short‐term memory with age. Several studies have shown that statin, an oral lipid‐lowering drug, may reduce the risk of developing dementia. The objective of this study is to explore the association between statin and the development of dementia.MethodsThe data analyzed in this study were retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. The sample consisted of 123 300 patients ≥ 20 years of age, including 61 650 dementia patients with statin use and 61 650 patients without statin use who were eligible for inclusion in this study. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed to measure the effects of statin use on the risk of dementia.ResultsThe beneficial effect of statin on dementia was significant after adjusting for sociodemographic factors and comorbidities (adjusted hazard ratio of 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.86–0.98). The sex‐ and age‐specific analysis of adjusted hazard ratios showed a higher beneficial effect from statin treatment in women than in men, and the effect became more significant with age.ConclusionStatin therapy may help prevent the development of dementia, and both hydrophilic and lipophilic statins produce similar effects. However, the preventive characters and associated mechanisms must be further explored and identified.