bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of Micellization from Heat‐Capacity Measurements
Authors: Šarac Bojan , Bešter‐Rogač Marija , Lah Jurij 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the most important technique for studying the thermodynamics of structural transitions of biological macromolecules, is seldom used in quantitative thermodynamic studies of surfactant micellization/demicellization. The reason for this could be ascribed to an insufficient understanding of the temperature dependence of the heat capacity of surfactant solutions (DSC data) in terms of thermodynamics, which leads to problems with the design of experiments and interpretation of the output signals. We address these issues by careful design of DSC experiments performed with solutions of ionic and nonionic surfactants at various surfactant concentrations, and individual and global mass‐action model analysis of the obtained DSC data. Our approach leads to reliable thermodynamic parameters of micellization for all types of surfactants, comparable with those obtained by using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). In summary, we demonstrate that DSC can be successfully used as an independent method to obtain temperature‐dependent thermodynamic parameters for micellization.
Probing the Influence of the Ligands on the Magnetism of Dinuclear Manganese, Iron, and Chromium Complexes Supported by Aroylhydrazone
Authors: Domingo Alex , Specklin David , Rosa Vitor , Mameri Samir , Robert Vincent , Welter Richard 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe influence of aroylhydrazone and bridging ligands on the exchange coupling constant (J) of five dinuclear metal complexes is analyzed through ab initio calculations. The complete active space second‐order perturbation theory with localized orbitals offers not only estimates of J but also detailed information about the contributions of the molecular regions to the overall magnetism. This computational strategy is first validated for two previously reported ferromagnetic MnIII/MnIII and antiferromagnetic FeIII/FeIII complexes. Such calculations are extended to three new dinuclear complexes of MnIV, FeIII and CrIII constructed with a chemically simpler ligand (HL). We provide the synthesis and structural characterization (X‐ray diffraction crystallography) of these three new compounds. The HL ligand exhibits little electronic influence over the J value, but it directs the magnetic properties of the compound by conditioning the relative arrangement of the metal centres.
Selective Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Diboryl PtII and Diaminoboryl CuI Complexes by B–B Activation of Unsymmetrical Diboranes(4) {pinB–B[(NR)2C6H4]}
Authors: Borner Corinna , Kleeberg Christian 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDiaminoboryl ligands are currently intensively investigated because of their unique coordination chemical properties, for example, as part of pincer ligands. Owing to synthetic restrictions, however, access to diaminoboryl complexes is limited. Unsymmetrical diborane(4) derivatives comprising a dialkoxy‐ and a diaminoboron moiety provide efficient access to diaminoboryl complexes either by oxidative addition or by σ‐bond metathesis reactions. Especially, the latter is complementary to existing methods and overcomes the existing limitations. This is illustrated by the modular synthesis of four unsymmetrical diborane(4) derivatives and their application in the selective preparation of unprecedented unsymmetrical diboryl PtII complexes as well as sterically little encumbered diaminoboryl CuI complexes.
Highly Stereoselective aza‐Baylis–Hillman Reactions of CF3‐Sulfinylimines: Straightforward Access to α‐Methylene β‐CF3 β‐Amino Acids
Authors: Milcent Thierry , Hao Jing , Kawada Kosuke , Soloshonok Vadim A. , Ongeri Sandrine , Crousse Benoit 
Published: April 2014

Abstract1,4‐Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane‐catalyzed asymmetric aza‐Baylis–Hillman (ABH) reaction of (R)‐N‐tert‐butanesulfinyl‐(3,3,3)‐trifluoroacetaldimine with various Michael acceptors proceeds with exceptionally high rates and stereochemical outcome. This ABH approach provides convenient and practical access to previously unknown enantiomerically pure α‐methylene β‐CF3 β‐amino esters/acids, forthright useable for peptide synthesis.
Resveratrol reduces morphine tolerance by inhibiting microglial activation via AMPK signalling
Authors: Han Y. , Jiang C. , Tang J. , Wang C. , Wu P. , Zhang G. , Liu W. , Jamangulova N. , Wu X. , Song X. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundEvidence has accumulated indicating that microglia within the spinal cord play a critical role in morphine tolerance. The present study investigated the effects and possible mechanisms of 5′ adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator resveratrol and AICAR to inhibit microglial activation and to limit the decrease in antinociceptive effects of morphine.MethodsThe microglial cell line BV‐2 was used. Cytokine expression was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell signalling was assayed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The antinociception and morphine tolerance were assessed in CD‐1 mice using the hot plate and tail‐flick tests.Results(1) Morphine induces robust BV‐2 cell activation, as evidenced by increased p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphorylation, nuclear factor‐κB translocation and mRNA expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines [including interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐α], inducible nitric oxide synthase and Toll‐like receptor‐4, and these changes are inhibited by resveratrol. (2) Resveratrol activates AMPK to suppress morphine‐induced BV‐2 cell activation. AICAR, another AMPK activator, can mimic the effects of resveratrol, whereas compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, reverses the inhibitory effects of resveratrol treatment. (3) Systemic or spinal administration of resveratrol with morphine significantly blocks microglial activation in the spinal cord and then attenuates the development of acute and chronic morphine tolerance in both male and female mice.ConclusionResveratrol directly suppresses morphine‐induced microglial activation through activating AMPK, resulting in significant attenuation of morphine antinociceptive tolerance.
Intrathecal administration of botulinum toxin type A improves urinary bladder function and reduces pain in rats with cystitis
Authors: Coelho A. , Oliveira R. , Rossetto O. , Cruz C.D. , Cruz F. , Avelino A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundBotulinum toxin A (Onabot/A) has been shown to have an antinociceptive effect. This might be due to an impairment of sensory nerves not only in the peripheral but also in the central nervous system. In this work, we analysed both systems by studying the effect of intrathecal (i.t.) administration of botulinum toxin A in an animal model of bladder pain and hyperactivity induced by cyclophosphamide (CYP).MethodsRats were implanted with an i.t. catheter at the L6 segment. Bladder pain was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of CYP. Five experimental groups were created: (1) Saline i.p. + i.t.; (2) Onabot/A i.t.; (3) CYP i.p. + saline i.t.; (4) CYP i.p. + Onabot/A i.t. 48 h after CYP; and (5) Onabot/A i.t. 30 days. Mechanical sensitivity was assessed in the abdomen and hindpaws. Motor activity was observed in an open‐field arena. Bladder reflex activity was evaluated by cystometry. At the end, bladders and spinal cord were immunoreacted (IR) against cleaved SNAP‐25 (cSNAP‐25), c‐Fos, p‐ERK, calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and GAP43.ResultsThe toxin reduced pain symptoms, bladder hyperactivity, expression of neuronal activation markers and CGRP, typically up‐regulated in this inflammatory model. The presence of cSNAP‐25 was detected in the spinal cord and bladder fibres from animals treated with Onabot/A. No somatic or visceral motor impairments were observed.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that i.t. Onabot/A has a strong analgesic effect in a model of severe bladder pain. This route of administration can be further explored to treat intractable forms of pain.
The erosive growth of hillside gullies
Authors: Rose Calvin W. , Yu Bofu , Ward Douglas P. , Saxton Nina E. , Olley Jon M. , Tews Errol K. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe rate of erosion of hillside gullies depends both on gully flow characteristics and the resistance offered by the gully soil profile to erosion. This paper describes a method for quantifying a physically‐based resistance measure, illustrated by application to a gully feeding sediment into the Bremer River, southeast Queensland, Australia. The dynamics of discharge down the gully during runoff events is the driver of erosion, but this was unknown. A new method is described whereby this unmeasured flow can be estimated using data on rainfall rate and river gauge monitoring.The data collected on the gully was the increase in dimensions and volume (and so soil loss) over a two year period. This information was obtained from a digital elevation model (DEM) of the catchment, derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) observations made at either end of the two year period. The soil profile resistance characteristic evaluated is the energy required to erode a unit mass of soil from the gully walls, a physically‐defined parameter, J, present in flow‐driven erosion theory, which was adapted and applied to predict soil loss from the Bremer River gully. The value of J was evaluated by equating predicted to measured gully soil loss over the two year period using two alternative descriptions of gully cross‐section. Firstly a realistic gully shape description was used, made possible by LiDAR data, yielding J = 405.5 J/kg. Secondly, in order to allow use of more widely‐available aerial photography for such studies, the simplifying assumption of a semi‐circular gully shape was made, yielding J = 455 J/kg. Allowing a ±30% error in estimated effective runoff rate for this ungauged gully, the estimated J value would have an uncertainty of +1%/−7% using the actual gully geometry. The assumptions made in estimating J are discussed, and possible applications of this information listed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cortisol administration increases hippocampal activation to infant crying in males depending on childhood neglect
Authors: Bos Peter A. , Montoya Estrella R. , Terburg David , van Honk Jack 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAnimal studies show that exposure to parental neglect alters stress regulation and can lead to neural hyposensitivity or hypersensitivity in response to cortisol, most pronounced in the hippocampus. Cortisol, the end product of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, has also been related to parenting more directly, for example, in both sexes, cortisol levels increase when listening to infants crying, possibly to activate and facilitate effective care behavior. Severe trauma is known to negatively affect the HPA‐axis in humans; however, it is unknown whether normal variation in parental care in the healthy population can alter sensitivity of the hippocampus to cortisol. Here, we investigate whether variation in experienced neglect changes neural sensitivity to cortisol when humans listen to infant crying, which is an unequivocal signal relevant for care behavior. In a placebo‐controlled, within‐subject neuroimaging study, we administered 40 mg cortisol to 21 healthy young males without children and used a validated task for measuring neural responses to infant crying. The Dutch version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was used to index participants' early exposure to abuse and neglect. The data show that cortisol markedly increased hippocampal activation toward crying infants, and this effect varied significantly with parental neglect, even in our nonclinical subject sample. Without exposure to severe trauma or neglect, reduced self‐experienced quality of parental care in the normal range already substantially increased hippocampal responsivity to cortisol. Altered hippocampal sensitivity to cortisol might be a cross‐species marker for the risk of developing later life psychopathology. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5116–5126, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inter‐annual variation in the topographic controls on catchment‐scale snow distribution in a maritime alpine catchment, New Zealand
Authors: Webster Clare S. , Kingston Daniel G. , Kerr Tim 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSeasonal snow is a globally important water resource that contributes substantially to upland and lowland water resources. As such, there is a need to understand the controls on the spatial and temporal variation in snow distribution. This study meets this research need by investigating the topographic controls on snow depth distribution in the upper Jollie catchment in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Furthermore, inter‐annual variation in the importance of the topographic controls is examined and linked to variation in the dominant synoptic‐scale weather patterns over a 4‐year period (2007–2010). Through the use of regression trees, the relative importance of the topographic controls on snow depth was shown to vary between the four study years. In particular, elevation explained the greatest amount of variance in 2007 and 2008 and east‐exposure explained the greatest variance in 2009 and 2010. The other wind exposure variables also had a large effect on the snow depth distribution in 2009 and 2010. Differences in the frequency and duration of synoptic weather patterns were physically consistent with the changing importance of these variables. In particular, a higher frequency of troughing events in 2009 and 2010 is thought to be associated with a reduced importance of elevation and greater influence of wind exposure on snow depth in these years. These findings demonstrate the importance of using multi‐year data sets, and of considering topographic and climatic influences, when attempting to model alpine snow distribution. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Air‐stream temperature correlation in forested and urban headwater streams in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Gu Chuanhui , Anderson William P. , Colby Jeffrey D. , Coffey Christopher L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAir temperature can be an effective predictor of stream temperature. However, little work has been done in studying urban impacts on air‐stream relationships in groundwater‐fed headwater streams in mountainous watersheds. We applied wavelet coherence analysis to two 13‐month continuous (1 hr interval) stream and air temperature datasets collected at Boone Creek, an urban stream, and Winkler Creek, a forest stream, in northwestern North Carolina. The main advantage of a wavelet coherence analysis approach is the ability to analyse non‐stationary dynamics for the temporal covariance between air and stream temperature over time and at multiple temporal scales (e.g. hours, days, weeks and months). The coherence is both time and scale‐dependent. Our research indicated that air temperature generally co‐varied with stream temperature at time scales greater than 0.5 day. The correlation was poor during the winter at the scales of 1 to 64 days and summer at the scales of 1.5 to 4 days, respectively. The empirical models that relate air temperature to stream temperature failed at these scales and during these periods. Finally, urbanization altered the air‐stream temperature correlation at intermediate time scales ranging from 2 to 12 days. The correlation at the urban creek increased at the 12‐day scale, whereas it decreased at scales of 2 to 7 days as compared with the forested stream, which is probably due to heated surface runoff during summer thunderstorms or leaking stormwater or wastewater collection systems. Our results provide insights into air‐stream temperature relationships over both time and scale domains. Identifying controls over time and scales are needed to predict water temperature to understand the future impacts that interacting climate and land use changes will have on aquatic ecosystem in river networks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Target Genes of RUNX2 Transcription Factor and 1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3
Authors: Stephens Alexandre S. , Morrison Nigel A. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe RUNX2 transcription factor is indispensable for skeletal development and controls bone formation by acting as a signaling hub and transcriptional regulator to coordinate target gene expression. A signaling partner of RUNX2 is the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) that becomes active when bound by its ligand 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3). RUNX2 and VDR unite to cooperatively regulate the expression of numerous genes. In this study, we overexpressed RUNX2 in NIH3T3 fibroblasts concomitantly treated with VD3 and show that RUNX2 alone, or in combination with VD3, failed to promote an osteoblastic phenotype in NIH3T3 cells. However, the expression of numerous osteoblast‐related genes was up‐regulated by RUNX2 and large‐scale gene expression profiling using microarrays identified over 800 transcripts that displayed a twofold of greater change in expression in response to RUNX2 overexpression or VD3 treatment. Functional analysis using gene ontology (GO) revealed GO terms for ossification, cellular motility, biological adhesion, and chromosome organization were enriched in the pool of genes regulated by RUNX2. For the set of genes whose expression was modulated by VD3, the GO terms response to hormone stimulus, chemotaxis, and metalloendopeptidase activity where overrepresented. Our study provides a functional insight into the consequences of RUNX2 overexpression and VD3 treatment in NIH3T3 cells in addition to identifying candidate genes whose expression is controlled by either factor individually or through their functional cooperation. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1594–1608, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
NaBH4/Ac2O/DOWEX(R)50WX4: A Convenient System for Fast Preparation of gem‐Diacetates from Aldehydes
Authors: Asl Parisa Azizi , Setamdideh Davood 
Published: April 2014

AbstractReductive‐acylalation of aldehydes has been carried out by NaBH4/Ac2O/DOWEX(R)50WX4 system. A variety of aldehydes (1 mmol) have been reacted with Ac2O (0.5 mL) and NaBH4 (1 mmol) in the presence of DOWEX(R)50WX4 (0.5 g) for the preparation of their corresponding acylals within 1 min at room temperature with excellent yields of the products (90‐95%). Ketones do not react with this system.
Green Photochemical Processes and Technologies for Research & Development, Scale‐up and Chemical Production
Authors: Oelgemöller Michael 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPhotochemistry is often viewed as a green chemical method since photons are regarded as a ‘clean and traceless reagent’. Despite this, photochemical transformations generally suffer from a variety of ‘non‐green’ drawbacks that have prevented their widespread adaptation in chemical manufacturing. These include the necessity for hazardous solvents, low quantum yields of photochemical transformations, high energy demands of traditional lamps and the need for high dilution due to the low penetration of light into the reaction mixture. As a result, photochemical operations generate large volumes of hazardous solvent waste, demand prolonged irradiation times and require high energy inputs. This highlight article shows recent examples of green photochemical processes and technologies that overcome these limitations. These include photodecarboxylations in water matrices with high quantum yields in an advanced 308‐nm excimer falling film reactor, solar photooxygenations utilizing concentrated sunlight generated in a parabolic trough loop and photosensitized additions in resource‐efficient microreactors under continuous flow conditions. The results show that photochemistry can be implemented as a truly green methodology across the entire chemical process spectrum from early R&D to scale‐up and subsequently production.
Note on the blow‐lamp method of detecting organic halogen compounds in the air
Authors: Timmis L. B. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAn ordinary petrol blow lamp burning light petroleum serves to detect, by the coloration of the flame, low concentrations of organic halogen vapours in the surrounding air, and for this purpose it may be used instead (if the special alcohol lamp standardised by D.S.I.R. Within certain ranges the concentration may be roughly estimated, and figures are given for trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, and “Freon.”
The determination of aniline in alkylanilines
Authors: Spencer G. , Brimley J. E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe picryl chloride method for the determination of aniline in some alkylanilines has been investigated in detail and a very rapid and satisfactory method evolved. Picryl chloride and aniline react with elimination of a molecule of hydrochloric acid, which can lie determined by titration with caustic soda, and satisfactory procedures for varying amounts of undine in Home of the commoner alkylanilines have been worked out.
Dried egg. The relationship of analysis to flavour
Authors: Fryd C. F. M. , Hanson S. W. F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe methods used by the Government Laboratory in the examination of dried egg during the period from 1942 to the present day are described, including the use of physical and chemical properties for calculating a numerical equivalent of the flavour score, A revised equation is given, which brings all known forms of deterioration in spray‐dried egg within the scope of this calculation.
Simplified procedure for estimation of total carotenoids in carrots
Authors: Booth V. H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTwo simple methods for the removal of small representative samples from carrots are described: (a) in the sector method narrow sectors are out and weighed; (b) in the cylinder method small rods are bored out and measured. The latter method is suitable for sampling in the field; the roots survive and may be replanted and grown on for seed production. A simplified and rapid procedure for the estimation of total carotenoids in the samples is described. The pigments are extracted with cold light petroleum‐acetone, and colorimetric determinations made directly on this solution. Carotene averages M% of the total carotenoids in mature carrots.
Vitamin‐C content of vegetables. Part II. Effect of storage on raw vegetables
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Baker L. C. , Parkinson T. L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe storage of lettuce, broccoli, cabbage and spinach at room temperature resulted in loss of vitamin‐C at different rates. These rates were greatly reduced by lowering the storage temperature to 3°c., in fact at 3°c. increases in the amount of vitamin‐C present in lettuce, broccoli and cabbage were actually observed during the first 2 days of the storage period. There appeared to be some correlation between the loss of vitamin‐C on storing and the general withering and deterioration in the appearance of the vegetable.
Hydroxybenzyl alcohols from phenol form‐aldehyde resins
Authors: Ruderman I. W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCrystalline deposits were found to have sublimed in the exhaust stacks of tunnel dryers when paper or cloth impregnated with a commercial phenol‐formaldehyde ammonia‐catalysed resin was dried. Analysis of these deposits led to the isolation and identification of o‐ and p‐hydroxy‐benzyl alcohol. The isolation of those intermediates by sublimation from resins has not been reported before.