bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ant foraging on complex trails: route learning and the role of trail pheromones inLasius niger
Authors: Czaczkes Tomer J. , Grüter Christoph , Ellis Laura , Wood Elisabeth , Ratnieks Francis L. W. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryAnts are central place foragers and use multiple information sources to navigate between the nest and feeding sites. Individual ants rapidly learn a route, and often prioritize memory over pheromone trails when tested on a simple trail with a single bifurcation. However, in nature ants often forage at locations which are reached via more complex routes with multiple trail bifurcations. Such routes may be more difficult to learn so that ants benefit from additional information. We hypothesized that trail pheromones play a more significant role in ant foraging on complex routes, either by assisting in navigation or route learning or both. We studied Lasius niger workers foraging on a doubly-bifurcating trail with 4 endpoints. Route learning was slower and errors greater on alternating (e.g. left-right) versus repeating routes (e.g. left-left) - error rates 32% and 3%, respectively. However, errors on alternating routes decreased by 30% when trail pheromone was present. Trail pheromones also aid route learning, leading to reduced errors in subsequent journeys without pheromone. If an experienced forager makes an error when returning to a food source, it reacts by increasing pheromone deposition on the return journey. In addition, high levels of trail pheromone suppress further pheromone deposition. This negative feedback mechanism may act to conserve pheromone or to regulate recruitment. Taken together, these results demonstrate further complexity and sophistication in the foraging system of ant colonies, especially in the role of trail pheromones and their relationship with learning and private information in relation to the challenges of foraging in a complex environment.
Micellar Shape Change in Amphiphilic Solution: A Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Fujiwara Susumu , Hashimoto Masato , Itoh Takashi , Horiuchi Ritoku 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Micellar shape change in amphiphilic solution after sudden change in the solvophilic interaction is studied by molecular dynamics simulations of coarse-grained, rigid amphiphiles. Our simulations demonstrate that, after sudden increase in intensity of the solvophilicity, the disc micelle transforms into cylindrical or spherical micelles immediately. In contrast, spherical micelles coalesce into a disc micelle in a stepwise manner after sudden decrease in intensity of the solvophilicity.
Dialysis Dose Scaled to Body Surface Area and Size-Adjusted, Sex-Specific Patient Mortality
Authors: Ramirez Sylvia Paz B. , Kapke Alissa , Port Friedrich K. , Wolfe Robert A. , Saran Rajiv , Pearson Jeffrey , Hirth Richard A. , Messana Joseph M. , Daugirdas John T. 
Published: September 2012

Summary

Background and objectives
When hemodialysis dose is scaled to body water (V), women typically receive a greater dose than men, but their survival is not better given a similar dose. This study sought to determine whether rescaling dose to body surface area (SA) might reveal different associations among dose, sex, and mortality.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Single-pool Kt/V (spKt/V), equilibrated Kt/V, and standard Kt/V (stdKt/V) were computed using urea kinetic modeling on a prevalent cohort of 7229 patients undergoing thrice-weekly hemodialysis. Data were obtained from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 2008 ESRD Clinical Performance Measures Project. SA-normalized stdKt/V (SAN-stdKt/V) was calculated as stdKt/V × ratio of anthropometric volume to SA/17.5. Patients were grouped into sex-specific dose quintiles (reference: quintile 1 for men). Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for 1-year mortality were calculated using Cox regression.

Results
spKt/V was higher in women (1.7±0.3) than in men (1.5±0.2; P<0.001), but SAN-stdKt/V was lower (women: 2.3±0.2; men: 2.5±0.3; P<0.001). For both sexes, mortality decreased as spKt/V increased, until spKt/V was 1.6–1.7 (quintile 4 for men: HR, 0.62; quintile 3 for women: HR, 0.64); no benefit was observed with higher spKt/V. HR for mortality decreased further at higher SAN-stdKt/V in both sexes (quintile 5 for men: HR, 0.69; quintile 5 for women: HR, 0.60).

Conclusions
SA-based dialysis dose results in dose-mortality relationships substantially different from those with volume-based dosing. SAN-stdKt/V analyses suggest women may be relatively underdosed when treated by V-based dosing. SAN-stdKt/V as a measure for dialysis dose may warrant further study.
Association of Postoperative Proteinuria with AKI after Cardiac Surgery among Patients at High Risk
Authors: Molnar Amber O. , Parikh Chirag R. , Sint Kyaw , Coca Steven G. , Koyner Jay , Patel Uptal D. , Butrymowicz Isabel , Shlipak Michael , Garg Amit X. 
Published: September 2012

Summary

Background and objectives
Preoperative proteinuria is associated with a higher incidence of postoperative AKI. Whether the same is true for postoperative proteinuria is uncertain. This study tested the hypothesis that increased proteinuria after cardiac surgery is associated with an increased risk for AKI.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
This prospective cohort study included 1198 adults undergoing cardiac surgery at six hospitals between July 2007 and December 2009. Albuminuria, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), and dipstick proteinuria were measured 0–6 hours after surgery. The primary outcome was AKI, defined as a doubling in serum creatinine or receipt of acute dialysis during the hospital stay. Analyses were adjusted for patient characteristics, including preoperative albuminuria.

Results
Compared with the lowest quintile, the highest quintile of albuminuria and highest grouping of dipstick proteinuria were associated with greatest risk for AKI (adjusted relative risks [RRs], 2.97 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.20–6.91] and 2.46 [95% CI, 1.16–4.97], respectively). Higher ACR was not associated with AKI risk (highest quintile RR, 1.66 [95% CI, 0.68–3.90]). Of the three proteinuria measures, early postoperative albuminuria improved the prediction of AKI to the greatest degree (clinical model area under the curve, 0.75; 0.81 with albuminuria). Similar improvements with albuminuria were seen for net reclassification index (0.55; P<0.001) and integrated discrimination index (0.036; P<0.001).

Conclusions
Higher levels of proteinuria after cardiac surgery identify patients at increased risk for AKI during their hospital stay.
Investigation of Wear Resistant of Low-Alloyed and Chromium Cast Steel
Authors: Studnicki A. , Szajnar J. 
Published: September 2012

Investigation of Wear Resistant of Low-Alloyed and Chromium Cast Steel
Results of investigations of wear resistant of two species of cast steel were introduced in the article (low-alloyed and chromium cast steel) on the background of the standard material which was low alloy wear resistant steel about the trade name CREUSABRO ®8000. The investigations were executed with two methods: abrasive wears in the stream of loose particles (the stream of quartz sand) and abrasive wears particles fixed (abrasive paper with the silicon carbide). Comparing the results of investigations in the experiments was based about the counted wear index which characterizes the wears of the studied material in the relation to the standard material.
The Influence of Small Amounts of Aluminium on the Spheroidization of Cast Iron with Cerium Mischmetal
Authors: Soiński M. 
Published: September 2012

The Influence of Small Amounts of Aluminium on the Spheroidization of Cast Iron with Cerium Mischmetal
The influence of aluminium (added in quantity from about 0.6% to about 2.8%) on both the alloy matrix and the shape of graphite precipitates in cast iron treated with a fixed amounts of cerium mischmetal (0.11%) and ferrosilicon (1.29%) is discussed in the paper. The metallographic examinations were carried out for specimens cut out of the separately cast rods of 20 mm diameter. It was found that the addition of aluminium in the amounts from about 0.6% to about 1.1% to the cast iron containing about 3% of carbon, about 3.7% of silicon (after graphitizing modification), and 0.1% of manganese leads to the occurrence of the ferrite-pearlite matrix containing cementite precipitates in the case of the treatment of the alloy with cerium mischmetal. The increase in the quantity of aluminium up to about 1.9% or up to about 2.8% results either in purely ferrite matrix in this first case or in ferrite matrix containing small amounts of pearlite in the latter one. Nodular graphite precipitates occurred only in cast iron containing 1.9% or 2.8% of aluminium, and the greater aluminium content resulted in the higher degree of graphite spheroidization. The noticeable amount of vermicular graphite precipitates accompanied the nodular graphite.
The Quality of Welded Connections Elements from the Steel 30HGS and Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V
Authors: Łapiński Z. , Dziedzic A. , Bochnowski W. , Adamiak S. , Sandomierski S. 
Published: September 2012

The Quality of Welded Connections Elements from the Steel 30HGS and Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V
The aim of that work was the evaluation of the quality of welded connections elements (welds) from the 30HGS steel and titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. The metallographic, factographic tests were used, and measurements of microhardness with the Vickers method. In the head weld of the 30HGS steel there were non-metallic partial division and bubbles observed. The average microhardness in the head connection was 320 HV0.1. There was no significant increase/decrease observed of microhardness in the head influence zone of the weld. There was a good condition of head connections observed, in accordance with the standard EN12517 and EN25817. In the head weld of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy there were single, occasional non-metallic interjections and bubbles observed. There were no cracks both on the weld, and on the border of the heat influence zone. The value of microhardness in head connection was in the range 300÷445 HV0.1. Reveal a very good condition of the head connections in accordance with the standard EN12517 and EN25817. The factographic tests prove the correctness of welded connections done and then heat treatment in case of steel and titanium alloy.
The Effect of Nodular Cast Iron Metal Matrix on the Wear Resistance
Authors: Gumienny G. 
Published: September 2012

The Effect of Nodular Cast Iron Metal Matrix on the Wear Resistance
The paper presents results of studies on the effect of the nodular cast iron metal matrix composition on the abrasive and adhesive wear resistance. Nodular cast iron with different metal matrix obtained in the rough state and ADI were tested. To research of abrasive and adhesive wear the pearlitic and bainitic cast iron with carbides and without this component were chosen. The influence of the carbides amount for cast iron wear resistance was examined. It was found, that the highest abrasive and adhesive wear resistance under conditions of dry friction has a nodular cast iron with carbides with upper and lower bainite. Carbides in bainitic and pearlitic cast iron significantly increase the wear resistance in these conditions. In terms of fluid friction the largest wear resistance had cast iron group with the highest hardness.
Assessment of the Low Alloy Cast Steel Inoculation Effects with Chosen Additives
Authors: Bartocha D. , Baron C. , Suchoń J. , Kilarski J. , Szajnar J. , Sebzda W. 
Published: September 2012

Assessment of the Low Alloy Cast Steel Inoculation Effects with Chosen Additives
Structure, and thus the mechanical properties of steel are primarily a function of chemical composition and the solidification process which can be influenced by the application of the inoculation treatment. This effect depends on the modifier used. The article presents the results of studies designed to assess the effects of structural low alloy steel inoculation by selected modifying additives. The study was performed on nine casts modeled with different inoculants, assessment of the procedure impact was based on the macrostructure of made castings. The ratio of surface area equivalent to the axial zone of the crystals and columnar crystals zone was adopted as a measure of the inoculation effect.
Wearing Quality of Austenitic, Duplex Cast Steel, Gray and Spheroidal Graphite Iron
Authors: Pietrowski S. 
Published: September 2012

Wearing Quality of Austenitic, Duplex Cast Steel, Gray and Spheroidal Graphite Iron
The current work presents the research results of abrasion wear and adhesive wear at rubbing and liquid friction of new austenitic, austenitic-ferritic ("duplex") cast steel and gray cast iron EN-GJL-250, spheroidal graphite iron EN-GJS-600-3, pearlitic with ledeburitic carbides and spheroidal graphite iron with ledeburitic carbides with a microstructure of the metal matrix: pearlitic, upper bainite, mixture of upper and lower bainite, martensitic with austenite, pearlitic-martensitic-bainitic-ausferritic obtained in the raw state. The wearing quality test was carried out on a specially designed and made bench. Resistance to abrasion wear was tested using sand paper P40. Resistance to adhesive wear was tested in interaction with steel C55 normalized, hardened and sulfonitrided. The liquid friction was obtained using CASTROL oil. It was stated that austenitic cast steel and "duplex" are characterized by a similar value of abrasion wear and adhesive wear at rubbing friction. The smallest decrease in mass was shown by the cast steel in interaction with the sulfonitrided steel C55. Austenitic cast steel and "duplex" in different combinations of friction pairs have a higher wear quality than gray cast iron EN-GJL-250 and spheroidal graphite iron EN-GJS-600-3. Austenitic cast steel and "duplex" are characterized by a lower wearing quality than the spheroidal graphite iron with bainitic-martensitic microstructure. In the adhesive wear test using CASTROL oil the tested cast steels and cast irons showed a small mass decrease within the range of 1÷2 mg.
Structure of Water Mist Stream and its Impact on Cooling Efficiency of Casting Die
Authors: Władysiak R. , Budzyński P. 
Published: September 2012

Structure of Water Mist Stream and its Impact on Cooling Efficiency of Casting Die
The work is a continuation of research on the use water mist cooling in order to increase efficiency of die-casting aluminum alloys. The paper presents results of research and analysis process, spraying water and generated a stream of water mist, the effect of the type of nozzle, the nozzle size and shape of the emitting of the water mist on the wall surface of casting die on the microstructure and geometry of water mist stream and cooling efficiency. Tests were used to perform high-speed camera to record video in the visible and infrared camera. Results were used to develop a computerized image analysis and statistical analysis. The study showed that there are statistical relationships between water and air flow and geometry of the nozzle and nozzle emitting a stream of microstructure parameters of water mist and heat the incoming stream. These relationships are described mathematical models that allow you to control the generating of adequate stream of water mist and a further consequence, the cooling efficiency of casting die.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk elements in honey from the South Moravian region (Czech Republic)
Authors: Batelková Petra , Borkovcová Ivana , Čelechovská Olga , Vorlová Lenka , Bartáková Klára 
Published: September 2012

The aim of this study was to determine the actual content of some exogenous contaminants in the honey from the South Moravian region of the Czech Republic. The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and risk elements (Mercury - Hg, Cadmium - Cd, Lead - Pb, and Arsenic - As) in multifloral blossom and honey dew samples of honey were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy methods. The samples were collected form beekeepers and from retail stores located in South Moravia in the Czech Republic. Concentrations of individual PAHs in honey samples ranged between 0.02 μg·kg-1–1.93 μg·kg-1. The limit of benzo[a]pyrene for infant formula (1.0 μg·kg-1) was not exceeded and fluoranthene was not quantified in any of the samples. Concentrations of Hg, Cd, and Pb were in the range of 3.24 μg·kg-1–11.31 μg·kg-1, 0.95 μg·kg-1–32.35 μg·kg-1, and 22.80 μg·kg-1–177.85 μg·kg-1, respectively. Concentration of As exceeded the detection limit only in three samples, ranging from 3.51 μg·kg-1 to 4.35 μg·kg-1. Acceptable limits for trace elements in infant formula were met. Results of this study complete present knowledge of the contaminant content in Czech honey and confirmed high quality and safety of honey from the South Moravian region.
Hybrid peripheral nerve sheath tumor
Authors: Lang Shih-Shan , Zager Eric L. , Coyne Thomas M. , Nangunoori Raj , Kneeland J. Bruce , Nathanson Katherine L. 
Published: September 2012

In recent literature, there have been case reports of an extremely rare entity characterized by hybrid peripheral nerve tumors consisting of elements of neurofibroma, schwannoma, and/or perineurioma. The authors present a unique case of a patient with multiple painful hybrid tumors with negative genetic testing for neurofibromatosis Type 1 and no clinical evidence of neurofibromatosis Type 2 or schwannomatosis.
A 28-year-old woman presented with tentatively diagnosed schwannomatosis. She had painful bilateral retromastoid scalp tumors as well as multiple other painful tumors in the distribution of the saphenous, femoral, and sciatic nerves. Her family history was significant for a paternal grandfather with a solitary schwannoma. The patient underwent multiple surgical procedures for tumor resection, including tumors in the regions of the retromastoid scalp, bilateral sciatic nerves, left femoral nerve, and left axilla. These tumors were examined and evaluated histologically. Within the tumors, components of both neurofibromas and schwannomas were found, even though these 2 peripheral nerve sheath tumors have been long considered to be distinct entities. This case report suggests a distinct syndrome that has not previously been appreciated.
Correlation between shunt series and scoliosis radiographs in children with myelomeningoceles
Authors: Thomas Jonathan G. , Hwang Steven W. , Blumberg Todd J. , Whitehead William E. , Curry Daniel J. , Luerssen Thomas G. , Jea Andrew 
Published: September 2012

Object
Over 85% of patients with myelomeningoceles require placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for hydrocephalus, and between 25% and 85% of these patients develop scoliosis. Although most patients undergo repeated shunt series radiography to evaluate for device malfunction, scoliosis radiographs are less consistently obtained. The authors sought to determine if a correlation exists between these 2 radiographic techniques for a given patient, as shunt series are obtained with the patient supine, whereas scoliosis radiographs are acquired with the patient standing upright. The authors also endeavored to study if shunt series radiographs can reliably detect significant scoliosis.

Methods
The authors retrospectively reviewed a single institution's series of 593 patients with myelomeningoceles and identified all patients in whom a shunt series and scoliosis radiographs were obtained within a 6-month period. They reviewed the medical records and radiographs of these patients for demographic and radiographic parameters. They then applied a linear regression model and determined shunt series curve cutoffs to detect scoliotic curves greater than 20° and 50°.

Results
Of the 593 patients identified, 116 did not have radiographs available for interpretation. Of the remaining 477 patients, 201 had radiographic evidence of scoliosis (42%), and 66 had both a shunt series and a scoliosis radiographs acquired within a 6-month interval. In 4 patients, both end vertebrae of the scoliotic curve could not be visualized on a single radiograph. The mean age of the remaining cohort was 10.6 ± 5.2 years and the mean curve magnitude was 58° ± 37°. Using identical end vertebrae, the mean shunt series curve magnitude was 49° ± 35°. The mean interval between both radiographs was 2.3 ± 3.3 months. The regression model showed a strong linear association between shunt series and scoliosis series curves. A curve greater than 19° on shunt series radiographs would detect significant curves of greater than 20° on scoliosis series with 91% sensitivity and 78% specificity. A shunt series curve greater than 37° had 100% sensitivity and 93% specificity in identifying significant scoliotic curves greater than 50°.

Conclusions
Although shunt series radiographs may not precisely depict scoliotic curve magnitude because the impact of gravity is negated, they may be useful in helping to confirm clinical suspicion of scoliosis. The authors' results suggest a strong correlation between both types of radiographs.
Dépôts atmosphériques azotés et leurs effets en forêt: un bilan des sites d'observation à long terme
Authors: Thimonier Anne , Pannatier Elisabeth Graf , Schmitt Maria , Waldner Peter , Schleppi Patrick , Braun Sabine 
Published: September 2012

Nitrogen deposition and its effects in forests: results from long-term observation sites?
Emissions of nitrogenous pollutants reached a peak in the mid-1980s and have decreased since then, but they remain at a high level. Long-term observation sites were established between 1984 and 1995 within three networks in Switzerland (IAP, LWF and NITREX), following growing concern that the vitality of forests might be affected by air pollution. Here we assess the nitrogen status of selected sites and its changes over the last 15 to 25 years. Nitrogen deposition at the sites was either obtained from models (IAP) or from throughfall measurements (LWF and NITREX). Indicators of the nitrogen status of a site included nitrate leaching from the rooting zone (43 sites), tree foliar concentrations of nitrogen and other nutrients (&gt;100 sites), and the species composition of ground vegetation (59 sites). Nitrogen deposition has significantly decreased on eight out of twelve sites during the last 15 years. However, except in the Alps, deposition remains within or above the range of empirical critical loads, which correspond to the deposition levels above which the ecosystem might be negatively affected. Nitrate leaching can be locally high, depending on deposition rates, but also on other factors such as soil properties. Tree foliar concentrations in nitrogen and phosphorus have tended to decrease during the last 15 to 25 years. The comparison of vegetation surveys, first carried out in 1984, then repeated in 2003/2004, indicated an increase in nitrophilous species (IAP), but on a more recent and shorter period (1994/1998–2011), on a smaller number of sites (LWF), we found no significant changes.