bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple Hair Whorls in a Child with Normal Cranial and Neurologic Development
Authors: Malathi Munisamy , Chandrasekhar Laxmisha , Thappa Devinder M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractHair whorls are a normal characteristic of the human scalp and abnormally placed or absent whorls have been associated with cranial or neurologic abnormalities. We report a case of multiple whorls in a child with normal neurologic development. We also include a brief review of the literature on the development of hair whorls and their associations.
Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in children in day‐care centers of Sapporo
Authors: Mori Mitsuru , Hasegawa Junko , Showa Satoko , Matsushima Aiko , Ohnishi Hirofumi , Yoto Yuko , Tsutsumi Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundWe conducted a retrospective cohort study for evaluating the effectiveness of the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) among children aged 0–6 years in the 2011–2012 season in Sapporo City, Japan, because of scarce evidence.MethodsFrom 10 day‐care centers in Sapporo City, Japan, 629 parents participated in the study. Each parent of the subjects described whether a subject received TIV once or twice in the 2011–2012 season, as well as the exact dates of receiving TIV from records in a maternal and child health handbook marked by a pediatrician. The incidence of influenza was defined as being affected with influenza as diagnosed by a pediatrician. Cox's proportional model was used for calculating a hazard ratio (HR) and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of TIV on an influenza incidence.ResultsAfter adjusting potential confounding variables, such as the day‐care center, presence of comorbidity, size of household, number of siblings, and number of smokers in the home in addition to the age and sex of the child, HR was significantly reduced in the subjects aged 1 year (HR = 0.22, 95%CI 0.09–0.54) as well as in the total subjects (HR = 0.72, 95%CI 0.52–0.99). Consequently, the effectiveness of TIV was calculated as 78% for the subjects aged 1 year and 28% for the total subjects.ConclusionOur study suggests that TIV is effective, especially in subjects aged 1 year. Further studies are necessary in different seasons, places, and populations to clarify the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in children.
From Classroom to Dyad: Actor and Partner Effects of Aggression and Victim Reputation
Authors: Lansu Tessa A. M. , Cillessen Antonius H. N. , Sandstrom Marlene J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis study examined whether early adolescents’ classroom aggression predicted their aggression in a one‐on‐one dyadic setting, and whether early adolescents’ classroom victimization predicted their victimization in the dyadic setting. After completing peer nominations for aggression and victimization, 218 early adolescents (M age = 11.0 years) participated in a dyadic paradigm in which they were led to believe that they played against a same‐sex classmate for whom they could set the intensity of noise blasts. Analyses with the actor–partner interdependence model by Olsen and Kenny showed that peer‐nominated physical aggression for boys and relational aggression for girls predicted noise blast aggression in the dyadic setting. For girls but not boys, peer‐nominated victimization predicted victimization in the dyadic setting.
Toddler Inhibitory Control, Bold Response to Novelty, and Positive Affect Predict Externalizing Symptoms in Kindergarten
Authors: Buss Kristin A. , Kiel Elizabeth J. , Morales Santiago , Robinson Emily 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPoor inhibitory control and bold approach have been found to predict the development of externalizing behavior problems in young children. Less research has examined how positive affect may influence the development of externalizing behavior in the context of low inhibitory control and high approach. We used a multi‐method approach to examine how observed toddler inhibitory control, bold approach, and positive affect predicted externalizing outcomes (observed, adult‐, and self‐reported) in additive and interactive ways at the beginning of kindergarten. Children who were 24‐month‐olds (N = 110) participated in a laboratory visit and 84 were followed up in kindergarten for externalizing behaviors. Overall, children who were low in inhibitory control, high in bold approach, and low in positive affect at 24 months of age were at greater risk for externalizing behaviors during kindergarten.
Concentrations of metals and metalloids in soils that have the potential to lead to exceedance of maximum limit concentrations of contaminants in food and feed
Authors: McGrath S. P. , Zhao F. J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis review focusses on the transfers of metals and metalloids from soil to food and feed, based mostly on UK information. Published information on the behaviour of a number of these contaminants in soil–plant systems is used to evaluate which elements are likely to transfer to food and feed. Data on the concentrations of metals and metalloids in soils and other soil properties in England and Wales are used in models to illustrate the likelihood of transfers exceeding the maximum concentration limits in food and feed in European legislation. Information from crop and herbage quality surveys is used to compare with the output from models. In most cases, the modelled or observed concentrations in food and feed do not reach the maximum allowable concentrations. Of all the contaminants considered, Cd appears to be most likely to exceed limit concentrations under UK conditions, but at present, there is some difficulty predicting Pb uptake and As uptake into the edible parts of crops from soil. However, crops exceeding the food limits are more likely to be grown if those crops are vegetables and if soil limit concentrations and best soil management practices have not been followed (e.g. maintenance of high soil pH in the case of cationic metals). We discuss the gaps and uncertainties for different metals and metalloids and show the need to review the situation if food or feed maximum concentration limits are changed as new information becomes available on toxicology and dietary exposure.
The effect of ‘allergenic’ and ‘nonallergenic’ antibiotics on dog keratinocyte viability in vitro
Authors: Voie Katrine L. , Lucas Benjamin E. , Schaeffer David , Kim Dewey , Campbell Karen L. , Lavergne Sidonie N. 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundImmune‐mediated adverse drug reactions (drug hypersensitivity) are relatively common in veterinary medicine, but their pathogenesis is not well understood. For an unknown reason, delayed drug hypersensitivity often targets the skin. Antibiotics, especially β‐lactams and sulfonamides, are commonly associated with these adverse events. The ‘danger theory’ hypothesizes that ‘danger’ signals, such as drug‐induced cell death, might be part of the pathogenesis of drug hypersensitivity reactions.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to determine whether antibiotics that are commonly associated with cutaneous drug hypersensitivity (allergenic) decrease canine keratinocyte viability in vitro more than antibiotics that rarely cause such reactions (nonallergenic).MethodsImmortalized canine keratinocytes (CPEK cells) were exposed to a therapeutic range of drug concentrations of four ‘allergenic’ antibiotics (two β‐lactams, i.e. amoxicillin and cefalexin, and two sulfonamides, i.e. sulfamethoxazole and sulfadimethoxine) or two ‘nonallergenic’ antibiotics (enrofloxacin and amikacin) over 48 h (2, 4, 8, 24 and 48 h). The reactive nitroso metabolite of sulfamethoxazole was also tested.ResultsCefalexin (2 mmol/L) significantly decreased cell viability after 48 h (28 ± 7%; P = 0.035). The nitroso metabolite of sulfamethoxazole (100 μmol/L) decreased cell viability after 2 h (21 ± 7%; P = 0.049), but cell numbers were increased after 8 h (22 ± 6%; P = 0.018). In addition, enrofloxacin (500 μmol/L) also significantly decreased cell viability by 37% (±6%; P = 0.0035) at 24 h and by 70% (±8%; P < 0.001) at 48 h.ConclusionIt appears that the effect of drugs on the in vitro viability of dog keratinocytes is not a good predictor of the ‘allergenic’ potential of an antibiotic. Further work is required to investigate other drug‐induced ‘danger’ signals in dog keratinocytes exposed to ‘allergenic’ antibiotics in vitro.
Study of Wall Thickness and Material Effect on Acoustic Wave Propagation in Water-Filled Piping
Authors: Mokhtari Alireza , Chatoorgoon Vijay 
Published: September 2013

The operation of many industries, such as power plants or many piping systems, demands knowledge of generated pressure pulsations. The effect of acoustic wave amplification in piping systems can be detrimental to the integrity and life of whole plant. Therefore, understanding of the nature of acoustic wave propagation in water filled piping systems needs to be established based on fundamental experiments and analysis. Chatoorgoon et al. [1] and Rzentkowski et al. [2], compared their no flow experiments with theoretical calculation, and realized that the resonant frequency shifts increased linearly, with resonant frequency increasing.
This paper presents an experimental study showing that linear wave theory, based on a transmission matrix method does predict well the acoustic resonance frequency from 50 to 500 Hz. and the resonant frequency shifts were negligible. Study of tube wall thickness, material (stainless steel and Aluminum) and some equal branch configurations for “Closed-end” tubes are discussed.
Deciphering the Origins and Tracking the Evolution of Cholera Epidemics with Whole-Genome-Based Molecular Epidemiology
Authors: Grad Yonatan H. , Waldor Matthew K. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

The devastating Haitian cholera outbreak that began in October 2010 is the first known cholera epidemic in this island nation. Epidemiological and genomic data have provided strong evidence that United Nations security forces from Nepal introduced toxigenic
Vibrio cholerae
O1, the cause of epidemic cholera, to Haiti shortly before the outbreak arose. However, some have contended that indigenous
V. cholerae
contributed to the outbreak. In a recent paper (
mBio
4
:e00398-13, 2013), L. S. Katz et al. explored the nature and rate of changes in this ancient pathogen’s genome during an outbreak, based on whole-genome sequencing of 23 Haitian
V. cholerae
clinical isolates obtained over a 20-month period. Notably, they detected point mutations, deletions, and inversions but found no insertion of horizontally transmitted DNA, arguing strongly against the idea that autochthonous
V. cholerae
donated DNA to the outbreak strain. Furthermore, they found that Haitian epidemic
V. cholerae
isolates were virtually untransformable. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that the Haitian isolates were nearly identical to isolates from Nepal and that the Nepalese-Haitian isolates were distinguishable from isolates circulating elsewhere in the world. Reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Haitian isolates was consistent with a single introduction of
V. cholerae
to Haiti sometime between late July and late October 2010, dates remarkably concordant with epidemiological observations. In aggregate, this paper provides additional compelling evidence that the
V. cholerae
strain responsible for the Haitian cholera epidemic came from Nepal and illustrates the power of whole-genome-based analyses for epidemiology, pathogen evolution, and forensics.
OP01 How a Detailed Understanding of Industry Activities can Inform Public Health Policy: The example of Cigarette Pricing in Britain
Authors: Gilmore A B , Tavakoly B , Taylor G , Reed H 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundTobacco tax increases are the most effective means of reducing tobacco use and inequalities in smoking but effectiveness depends on transnational tobacco company (TTC) pricing strategies, specifically whether TTCs overshift tax increases (increase prices on top of the tax increase) or undershift the taxes (absorb the tax increases so they are not passed onto consumers), about which very little is known. Our routine monitoring of TTC activity had shown that, despite falling sales and consumers shifting down to cheaper cigarette brands, TTC profits were increasing. We therefore aimed to examine tobacco industry pricing strategy in Britain and the extent to which it might undermine the public health objectives of tobacco taxation policy.MethodsA. Review of industry and retail literature was used to inform the allocation of cigarette brands to price segments. Analysis survey, commercial and routine data covering the period 1999 to 2009 was used to explore (i) value and volume market share by price segment; (ii) real price trends using CPI indexation; (iii) revenue by price segment; (iv) the extent to which tax increases were transferred to consumers and whether this differs by price segment; (v) whether commonly used price indices, including the retail price index for cigarettes accurately reflect price trends when compared with the weighted average price of cigarettes.B. TTCs categorise brands into four price segments: premium, economy, mid and “ultra-low-price” (ULP). TTCs have only sold ULP brands since 2006 whence their real price has remained virtually static and their market share doubled. The price gap between premium and ULP brands is increasing because the industry differentially shifts tax increases between brand segments: while on average taxes are overshifted, taxes on ULP brands are not always fully passed onto consumers. Most notably, at the point each year when tobacco taxes increase, the industry is absorbing taxes on the ULP brands. Price indices reflect the price of premium brands only, despite the fact that the market share of premium brands has fallen substantially over time and thus fail to detect these problems.ConclusionIndustry initiated price changes appear timed to reassure price-sensitive smokers and accentuate the price gap. While overshifting should benefit public health, the growing price-gap enables downtrading to cheaper products and may explain smoking-related inequalities. Governments must monitor cigarette prices by price segment and consider industry pricing strategies in setting tobacco tax policies. Monitoring of corporate activities can inform public health policy developments.
PP03 A Big Problem for a Big Country. The Health and Economic Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases in Russia
Authors: Rtveladze K , Marsh T , L Webber , M Brown , McPherson K , Konstevaya A , Staradubova A , Goryakin Y E 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in Russia is 2-3 times higher than in the rest of the developed world and accounts for 57% of all deaths. It has been observed that in recent years mortality from stroke is declining, whereas that from myocardial infarction is increasing. Modifiable risk factors: excessive alcohol and tobacco consumption, diet and sedentary lifestyles, have a negative effect on life expectancy resulting in high mortality rates. Russia, similar to most developed countries has observed a steady increase in body mass index (BMI) leading to a high burden of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and hypertension and associated costs. This paper looks at obesity related CVDs and costs for the Russian healthcare system.MethodsA Markov-type simulation has been utilised to estimate the future burden of the weight changes and costs up to 2050. Incidence, mortality and healthcare costs were collected for CHD, stroke and hypertension. The results have been simulated for 3 hypothetical scenarios to project a potential impact of policy interventions: a) assuming no reduction in BMI; b) 1% reduction in BMI across the population; c) 5% reduction in BMI across the population.ResultsThe disease prevalence rates will triple for diseases by 2050. Prevalence of CHD and stroke is projected to increase from 4,455 in 2010 to 12,723 cases only in 2050 (per 100,000 population). Hypertension prevalence is estimated to increase from 18,833 to 36,438 between 2010 and 2050. For the year 2050 in isolation, it is projected that nearly 280 incidence cases of CHD and stroke and 820 incidence cases of hypertension can be avoided with a 1% decrease in BMI across the population (per 100,000). A 5% reduction in BMI would, for 2050, cause a fall of nearly 7,600 incidence cases of CHD and stroke and 15,250 incidence cases of hypertension (per 100,000). Costs savings are substantial; 3-9 million Euros can be saved each year due to reduction in the BMI by 1% and 5% respectively.ConclusionDisease and economic burden attributed to the projected obesity rates are severe and have alarming adverse effects on the Russian healthcare. Despite the recent decreasing trend in rate of stroke, it is projected to increase along with CHD and hypertension due to increased obesity prevalence. The risk factors, however, are modifiable and Russia should act immediately to establish a strong policy to prevent the future increases in rates of morbidity and economic consequences of CVDs.
PP05 Shifts in the type of Coronary Heart Disease Hospitalisations: Increasing Proportions of Chronic forms, Especially among the Elderly
Authors: Koopman C , Bots M I , Dis I van , Vaartjes I 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundShifts in the burden of coronary heart disease (CHD) from an acute to chronic illness may have important public health consequences. The objective of this study was to assess age-gender-specific time trends in rates and characteristics of acute and chronic forms of CHD hospital admissions in the Netherlands.MethodsUsing nationwide Dutch registers, we assessed time trends between 1998 and 2007 in hospitalisation rates of 188,266 acute myocardial infarction (AMI, ICD-9 410), 294,374 unstable angina (ICD-9 411, 413) and 203,881 chronic forms of CHD (ICD-9 412, 414) admissions.ResultsBetween 1998 and 2007, the age-standardised CHD hospitalisation rate declined from 688 to 545 per 100,000 in men and from 281 to 229 per 100,000 in women. Overall trends masked age differences, with increasing hospitalisation rates in very old age (≥85 years). The annual percentage change in hospitalisation rates was larger for AMI (men: -5.1%, women: -4.4%) than for unstable angina patients (men: -2.0%, women: -2.0%). For chronic CHD, the average annual percentage change was +0.5% in men and +2.1% in women. The proportion of chronic CHD in the total of CHD admissions increased between 1998 and 2007 from 29% to 36% in men and from 23% to 30% in women. The proportion of AMI decreased from 30% to 24% in men and from 27% to 22% in women.ConclusionAn increasing proportion of CHD hospital admissions in the Netherlands were for chronic forms of CHD. This may in part be accounted for by the increased use of revascularization procedures, especially among the elderly.
PP07 Are Cardiovascular Trial Results Systematically different between Europe and North America? A Multi-Study Analysis
Authors: Hartley L C , Bowater R J , Girling A , Lilford R J 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundConcerns that there are international differences in treatment effectiveness have led many countries to be reluctant to extrapolate foreign clinical data to use as the basis of their guideline recommendations and in the approval of new interventions. Much of the evidence on which these concerns are based, however, comes from a limited data set, with few studies directly assessing international differences in treatment effectiveness. The aim of this study was to assess differences in the results of cardiovascular trials between Europe and North America and further, investigate if certain intervention types were more prone to such differences. This was done using the panoramic meta-analytic approach.MethodsA literature search was conducted over the Cochrane Library (2000 to 2008) and Medline (2005-2008) for all meta-analyses which contained randomised control trials for the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The analysis was then conducted both within and over the included meta-analyses by comparing the trial results between Europe and North America for both fatal and non-fatal endpoints.ResultsOver all meta-analyses, for fatal endpoints, interventions conducted in Europe showed more beneficial effects over controls compared to North America but this was not statistically significant. A similar pattern was seen for non-fatal endpoints with this reaching statistical significance (p = 0.017). The types of intervention prone to inter-continental differences could not be identified for fatal or non-fatal endpoints. Methodological quality of individual trials between continents was assessed with the Jadad scale and no statistically significant differences were seen between Europe and North America (p = 0.274).ConclusionSome evidence, although not strong, is provided that international differences in treatment effectiveness exist between Europe and North America. This suggests that those developing guidelines and approving new interventions should be cautious about the extrapolation of trial data between continents.
OP11 Missing Women? The Health Inequalities Impact of Low Control and Gender Discrimination: A Theory-Led Systematic Review of Observational Studies
Authors: Pennington A J , Orton L , Ring A , Fox D , Petticrew M , White M , Sowden A , Whitehead M M 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundIncreasing control and empowerment are considered central to efforts to reduce health inequalities. From our critical review of theory, low control or powerlessness emerged as a potentially fundamental mechanism underlying social inequalities in health. Amartya Sen’s theories of “freedom” and “capabilities” to live a long and healthy life have been influential: focusing attention on the health consequences of a lack of freedom for women in contexts where there is pervasive gender discrimination. We conducted a systematic review, which addressed the question: what is the empirical evidence of the extent and nature of the relationship between control in the living environment and health-related outcomes, differentiated by gender, socio-economic status or ethnicity? Findings relating to gender inequalities are presented here.MethodsLogic models developed from our critical review of theory were used to guide our search strategy and to locate relevant literature. Studies were identified by searching seven bibliographic databases, screening reference lists, consulting key informants and searching organisational websites. Observational studies of any design were included that addressed our review question. Data extraction and quality appraisal of included studies were carried out by two reviewers, with disagreements brought to the wider team for discussion. This was followed by a narrative synthesis.ResultsWe identified 61 studies, 25 of which reported findings on the health-related outcomes of low control/discrimination against women, all but one set in low and middle-income countries. There is some evidence that women with low control have reduced freedom of movement and control over important determinants of health such as access to food and nutrition, household resources, healthcare, education, employment, land and property ownership and reproductive rights. For women, low control or autonomy was associated with increased anxiety, stress and depression, increased childhood malnutrition and mortality, higher fertility, poorer reproductive health and higher levels of violence against women. Son preference, in societies characterised by low female control and discrimination, is associated with poorer health outcomes that include reduced survival of girls and women; resulting in the phenomenon of “missing women”. The effects of gender discrimination on survival begin before birth through selective abortion of female foetuses, leading to distorted population demographics.ConclusionThere is empirical evidence of an adverse impact on the health of women and female children living in societies in which they suffer low control and overt gender discrimination. Purposeful measures to improve the economic, social and political position of women in their societies are advocated to improve the situation.