bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ship in Geography and the Geographies of Ships
Authors: Hasty William , Peters Kimberley 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAlthough interest in the maritime world has been growing steadily within human geography over the past decade, the ship remains a largely neglected figure in its own right. In spite of facilitating the emergence of modern geographical study and being bound intricately to the movement of ideas, goods and people around the globe, past and present, the ship is an elusive, often invisible, and largely forgotten space. In this paper we seek to move the ship from the margins to the centre of geographical research. To do so, we firstly explore the potential of the ship for making geographical knowledge and as a means of understanding the world. We then go on to review studies from within the discipline and also from further afield which employ the ship as a vehicle for knowing and understanding colonialism, commerce, trade and conflict; embodied and resistant performances, and residual materiality, demonstrating the place of the ship in geography. We then contend that the ship could have a greater role in the discipline if it were not only utilised to make empirical and theoretical inroads in relation to broader geographic themes, but if it were the focus of study itself. Here we argue that geographies of ships would allow scholars the opportunity to reframe the history of the discipline, whilst also raising new questions and lines of enquiry relating to mobilities and more‐than‐human geographies, enriching wider academic projects beyond the discipline through employing the ship as a vehicle for novel empirical examinations.
Public Spaces / Public Spheres: Some Geographies of Space and Democracy
Authors: Miles Malcolm 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this short paper I question the validity of aligning new public spaces with the idea of a public sphere of democratic determination. I suggest that the current emphasis on public spaces in urban development schemes is nostalgic, repeats the ungrounded advocacy associated with culturally‐led urban redevelopment, and masks a widening democratic deficit. Looking to geographical writing on space as a realm of boundaries and exclusions, I ask whether insights from this can be applied to the problem of what constitutes a democratic public sphere (if one exists). I conclude that occupations of urban spaces constitute a proto‐public sphere but are necessarily ephemeral.
Refugees and the City: An Urban Discussion
Authors: Sanyal Romola 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThere has been resurgence in interest in both popular media and academic research on refugees as subjects of incarceration in camps and as a growing population in cities. While the urbanization of refugees is not new, it has become a growing concern for policy‐makers, aid agencies and scholars as the numbers of refugees moving to cities have accelerated. There has been debate over the urbanity of camps due to protracted refugee crises and increasingly, there is recognition that despite the efforts of host governments, self‐ settlement of refugees is taking place in cities. The two issues therefore make the city an important framework to interrogate the spaces of refugees. This paper attempts to show the complexity of refugee politics and socializing in camps and in cities by showing a variety of refugee spaces and practices in different parts of the world and using urban debates‐particularly urban informality to draw links between refugee spaces and cities. The aim is to debunk universalizing myths about refugees and refugee camps as subjects and spaces of bare life and bio‐politics alone. Instead it draws parallels between the urban poor and refugees to offer a perspective on the close and complex relationship cities, refugee spaces and their residents have with each other.
Mycotoxins in farm silages – a 2‐year Irish national survey
Authors: McElhinney C. , Danaher M. , Elliott C. T. , O'Kiely P. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractToxicogenic fungal moulds have been previously identified in Irish farm silages and are known to be capable of producing mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are detrimental to animal health and performance and can be transferred through feed to animal produce. The objectives of this study were to identify and quantify the challenge posed to livestock from mycotoxins in Irish silages and determine whether conventional chemical characteristics could be used as indicators of mycotoxin occurrence. Over the 2‐year period, 300 silages were sampled on 150 farms and these consisted of round‐baled grass silages (n = 115) and pit silages of either grass (n = 175) or maize (n = 10). There was no significant difference in mycotoxin concentrations across silage types in either year, except for baled silage containing higher concentrations of enniatin B compared with pit silage in Year 1. Conventional chemical characteristics of silages were generally not reliable predictors for mycotoxin incidences; however, dry‐matter digestibility, crude protein, fermentation products and ash did predict the incidence of enniatins and beauvericin. The incidence and concentration of the twenty measured mycotoxins were generally low and individual mycotoxin concentrations recorded were considerably lower than current EU directive or guidance thresholds. Non‐regulated mycotoxins measured were similar to or lower than concentrations reported in the literature. Based on current knowledge and the concentrations of individual mycotoxins detected in this study, the challenge to Irish livestock and livestock products from animal consuming silage is generally low. However, the additive or synergistic effects of multiple mycotoxins in silage are unknown.
Training reduced subjectivity of comparative yield method of estimation of grassland biomass
Authors: Balehegn M. , Berhe K. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMeasuring grassland biomass using objective, quick and accurate methods is important for practical purposes in agriculture and ecology. Most existing techniques are either expensive or require advanced technical skills making them unaffordable and impractical for farmers in developing countries. The comparative yield method is a quick technique that involves the estimation of grassland biomass from visual scores. Despite its potential for use by farmers with minimal technical skills, it has been criticized for being subjective, thus limiting its use for research purposes only. We hypothesized that training and establishment of agreed‐upon ground rules can reduce this subjectivity. We compared data collected by 36 farmers in northern Ethiopia, who participated under three instruction groups. Group 1 was involved both in the selection of reference plots and calibration plots and agreed‐on ground rules. Group 2 was shown the reference plots and orientated about the ground rules. Group 3 was neither shown reference plots nor orientated on ground rules. Levene's test for equality of variance was performed among the estimations made by individuals. Mean values of scores and biomass measurements varied among groups. The variability of records was higher in groups 3 and 2 than in group 1, indicating the need for training and agreed‐upon ground rules to achieve objectivity. We conclude that with minimal training and agreement on ground rules, the comparative yield method can be used by farmers and ecologists in developing countries to estimate grassland biomass with better precision and accuracy.
Factors Influencing Migraine Recurrence After Infusion and Inpatient Migraine Treatment in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Cobb‐Pitstick Katherine M. , Hershey Andrew D. , O'Brien Hope L. , Kabbouche Marielle A. , LeCates Susan , White Shannon , Vaughn Polly , Manning Paula , Segers Ann , Bush Judith , Horn Paul S. , Kacperski Joanne 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate factors that influence migraine recurrence after outpatient infusion or inpatient treatment for intractable migraine.BackgroundRecurrence of migraine after acute treatment in an infusion center or an inpatient setting is not well documented in children and adolescents. Given the multifactorial pathogenesis of migraines, multiple factors may influence migraine recurrence. It has been reported that treatment with steroids may reduce the risk of migraine recurrence. The efficacy of steroids as a therapeutic adjunct has not been established. Studies in the adult population have yielded conflicting results.MethodsThis study is a retrospective chart review of patients presenting for treatment of an intractable migraine to the outpatient infusion unit or inpatient unit at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC). Data collected included: age, gender, location of treatment (outpatient, inpatient), migraine duration, diagnosis, severity, the addition of steroids to treatment protocols, and recurrence of migraine at 48 and 72 hours after discharge. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact tests, logistic regression with backward elimination for variable selection, and least squares means slicing with associated odds ratios.ResultsCharts from 207 pediatric patients were analyzed. Using logistic regression analysis: location, gender, diagnosis, and age were all found to be significant predictors of migraine recurrence (P < .05). Patients treated in the inpatient setting were significantly less likely to experience recurrence compared to patients treated in an outpatient infusion unit (OR = 0.32; 95% CI 0.17‐0.61, P = .0002). Male patients with a diagnosis of episodic migraine were significantly less likely to experience recurrence than male patients with chronic migraine (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.04‐0.73; P = .0074). The inclusion of steroids in this study population showed no significant reduction in migraine recurrence. The probability of recurrence decreased with age for episodic migraine patients, while the probability increased with age for chronic migraine patients.ConclusionsRecurrence is an important consideration when treating intractable migraines. Age, gender, diagnosis, and location of treatment correlate with migraine recurrence, but the inclusion of steroids does not. Considering these factors in the management of migraines may improve the outcome of these patients and reduce the risk of recurrence.
Value of the “Test & Treat” Strategy for Uninvestigated Dyspepsia at Low Prevalence Rates of Helicobacter pylori in the Population
Authors: Agréus Lars , Talley Nicholas J. , Jones Michael 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackground and AimIn populations with a low prevalence rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection from Western countries, guidelines for the management of uninvestigated dyspepsia generally recommend that the “test and treat” strategy should be avoided in favor of empiric proton‐pump inhibitor therapy in younger patients (on average < 50 years of age) without alarm symptoms and signs. The prevalence of H. pylori infection has fallen from about 30% to about 10% in Sweden and other countries. We aimed to explore whether the rationale for test and treat is relevant in contemporary clinical practice.Materials and MethodsIn settings with an infection rate in the adult population of 30% and 10%, we modeled the positive and negative predictive values for indirect (nonendoscopy) tests on current H. pylori infection with a presumed sensitivity and specificity of 95%. We then calculated the difference in false‐negative and false‐positive test outcome, and eradication prescription rates in the two scenarios.ResultsWhile the positive predictive value for the test decreased from 0.89 to 0.68 when the prevalence of H. pylori fell from 30% to 10%, there were only 1% more false‐negative tests and 1% less false‐positive tests. The eradication prescription rate would decrease by 18% with a 10% prevalence rate.ConclusionThe recommendation to stop applying “test and treat” at lower prevalence rates of H. pylori should be reconsidered. The test and treat strategy is the preferred approach for most patients who present with dyspepsia.
Clinical information needs and access in primary health care: a comparative cross‐sectional study of rural and non‐rural primary care physicians
Authors: Naeem Salman Bin , Bhatti Rubina 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundPrimary care physicians (PCPs) need a wide range of clinical information (CI) resources to manage their patients. Continued access to these resources in their practice settings provides self‐reliance and a better approach towards clinical decision making.ObjectiveTo compare the PCPs CI needs and access to CI in rural versus non‐rural practice setting.MethodsA comparative cross‐sectional survey was conducted in the Government health centres of the District of Multan, Pakistan. PCPs were classified into rural and non‐rural according to their practice setting using the State Office of Rural Health definition. Rural means ‘more than 10 miles from a population centre of 30 000 or more’.ResultsThe CI needs of rural and non‐rural PCPs were the same, but rural PCPs had significantly less access to nearly all CI resources when compared to non‐rural PCPs. Age was a major determining factor of perceived information needs for continuing medical education but not for accessing CI.DiscussionPrimary care physicians in rural settings face innumerable difficulties in accessing the required CI due to non‐existence of libraries and poor information infrastructure.ConclusionDespite no difference in information needs, rural PCPs have significantly less access to CI resources. The study suggests ways to address the inequality in provision of CI resources.
Microstructures and Properties of 3Y‐TZP/Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe12O19 Composites Prepared by Two Methods
Authors: Zhang Chao , Guo Ruisong , Wang Shanshan , Liu Zhichao , Guo Weina , Wu Chen , Cai Guanglan 
Published: September 2015

Two composites of Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe12O19 grains dispersed in a 3 mol% yttria‐doped zirconia (3Y‐TZP) matrix are prepared by two methods. The mechanical and electromagnetic properties of the both composites are investigated. The maximum values of the bending strength and the fracture toughness are 786 MPa and 8.6 MPa m1/2, respectively. The maximum value of the magnetization is 17.2 emu/g. In addition, the distribution of the Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe12O19 phase is described using the box dimension of the fractal theory. The impedance spectra of the both composites are fitted using the equivalent circuit model with a constant phase element (CPE). The obtained p value of the CPE can indirectly reflect the morphology of the Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe12O19 phase in both composites according to the universal relaxation law.
Bone health management of Australian breast cancer survivors receiving hormonal therapy
Authors: Roberts R. , Miller M. , O'Callaghan M. , Koczwara B. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBreast cancer survivors are at risk of bone loss due to hormonal treatment. We conducted a case note audit to investigate patterns of care and adherence to guidelines for initial management of risk of bone loss in 42 women receiving hormonal therapy. All those receiving aromatase inhibitors (n = 14) and 10 on tamoxifen had a bone density assessment. Eleven (26%) women had osteopenia and four (9.5%) osteoporosis. Management was variable and not always aligned with the guidelines.
Function and expression of CD1d and invariant natural killer T‐cell receptor in the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)
Authors: Fichtner Alina Suzann , Paletta Daniel , Starick Lisa , Schumann Richard F. , Niewiesk Stefan , Herrmann Thomas 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) belongs to the rodent family of Cricetidae and provides a powerful model to study the pathogenesis of human respiratory viruses and measles virus. Recent studies in other rodent models have suggested a role for invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in antiviral immunity and vaccination against respiratory virus infections. Using new experimental tools, we provide the first evidence for a functional CD1d cell molecule (crCD1d) and iNKT T‐cell receptor in cotton rats. The crCD1d cDNA sequence was identified and crCD1d transductants showed that monoclonal antibody WTH‐2 stains crCD1d as efficiently as mouse or rat CD1d. The expression of crCD1d was clearly weaker for thymocytes and B cells, and higher for T cells, which is different to what is found in murine species. The antigen‐presenting capacity of crCD1d was demonstrated with crCD1d–immunoglobulin dimers loaded with the glycolipid PBS57, which bound iNKT T‐cell receptors. Evidence for functional cotton rat iNKT cells was provided by detection of interferon‐γ and interleukin‐4 in cultures of splenocytes stimulated with PBS57 and α‐galactosylceramide and by specific staining of about 0·2% of splenocytes with PBS57‐loaded crCD1d dimers. Canonical AV14/AJ18 rearrangements were identified and found to contain multiple members of the AV14 (AV11) family. One of them was expressed and found to bind CD1d dimers. In summary, these data provide the first evidence for functional CD1d molecules and iNKT T‐cell receptors in cotton rats and provide the tools to analyse them both in the cotton rat model of infectious diseases.
Symptoms in patients with skin changes due to chronic venous insufficiency often lead to emergency care service: an Italian observational study
Authors: Ruggiero Michele , Grande Raffaele , Naso Agostino , Butrico Lucia , Rubino Paolo , Placida Girolamo Domenico , Cannistrà Marco , Serra Raffaele 
Published: September 2015

AbstractChronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is the most advanced form of chronic venous disease (CVD), and is often associated with skin changes such as hyperpigmentation, eczema, lipodermatosclerosis and venous skin ulceration that cause discomfort, pain, sleep disturbances, absenteeism in the workplace, disability and deteriorated quality of life (QoL). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of CVI and skin changes in patients who turn to Continuous Assistance Services due to the presence of disturbing symptoms of their condition.Data were evaluated by consulting the medical records, during a 16‐month period, available with three Continuous Assistance Services of the Italian territory.The overall population of the referring centres consisted of 1186 patients [739 females (62·31%) and 447 males (37·69%)]. Seventy‐nine patients (6·66%) consulted the emergency unit for venous symptoms related to CVD. Patients with more severe disease (CVI, categories C4–C6) represented the majority accounting for 60·75%, while patients with moderate disease (C3) accounted for 35·44% and patients with mild disease (C1–C2 stages) accounted for 3·79%.The main finding of this study is that despite CVI not being a disease that commonly requires medical emergency/urgency intervention, patients with CVI, especially in advanced stage with skin changes, may turn to Continuous Assistance Service for treating bothersome symptoms related to their condition.
Dementia caregiver burden association with community participation aspect of social capital
Authors: Papastavrou Evridiki , Andreou Panayiota , Middleton Nicos , Tsangari Haritini , Papacostas Savvas 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimsThis study explores dementia caregiver burden and depression in the context of social capital and investigates the relationship of caregivers' burden with the perceptions of social capital of a non‐caregivers' group.BackgroundSocial capital is the range of social contact that gives access to social, emotional and practical support, but little is known about dementia patients and their care by the family in that context.DesignA cross‐sectional correlational study was undertaken.MethodsSeventy family dementia caregivers matched to non‐caregivers from the same neighbourhood participated in the study; three instruments were used to collect the data: the Zarit Burden Interview, the Centre for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression scale and the Social Capital Questionnaire. Paired sample t‐tests and correlation analysis were performed to examine all the hypotheses of interest. The data collection period was between October 2010–July 2011.ResultsOverall social capital scores were higher for the non‐caregivers and lower for the caregivers with significant differences in each group. The correlation between caregiver burden and social capital showed that the overall burden score is significantly negatively related with the social capital factor ‘non‐caregivers’ participation in the community'.ConclusionUnderstanding the relation between caregiver burden and social capital will enhance nurses' capacity to explore the concept, the meaning and the politics of social capital to the benefit of dementia caregivers in the community.
Intrinsic survival advantage of social insect queens depends on reproductive activation
Authors: Rueppell O. , Königseder F. , Heinze J. , Schrempf A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe central trade‐off between reproduction and longevity dominates most species' life history. However, no mortality cost of reproduction is apparent in eusocial species, particularly social insects in the order Hymenoptera: one or a few individuals (typically referred to as queens) in a group specialize on reproduction and are generally longer lived than all other group members (typically referred to as workers), despite having the same genome. However, it is unclear whether this survival advantage is due to social facilitation by the group or an intrinsic, individual property. Furthermore, it is unknown whether the correlation between reproduction and longevity is due to a direct mechanistic link or an indirect consequence of the social role of the reproductives. To begin addressing these questions, we performed a comparison of queen and worker longevity in the ant Cardiocondyla obscurior under social isolation conditions. Survival of single queens and workers was compared under laboratory conditions, monitoring and controlling for brood production. Our results indicate that there is no intrinsic survival advantage of queens relative to workers unless individuals are becoming reproductively active. This interactive effect of caste and reproduction on life expectancy outside of the normal social context suggests that the positive correlation between reproduction and longevity in social insect queens is due to a direct link that can activate intrinsic survival mechanisms to ensure queen longevity.