bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Driving under the Influence of Prescription Drugs Used Nonmedically: Associations in a Young Adult Sample
Authors: Benotsch Eric G. , Martin Aaron M. , Koester Stephen , Mason Michael J. , Jeffers Amy J. , Snipes Daniel J. 
Published: October 2013

Background Over the past 20 years, there has been a dramatic increase in the nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD). However, minimal attention has been given to driving under the influence of prescription drugs used nonmedically. Methods This study examines attitudes and characteristics that might be associated with driving while engaging in NMUPD. College students ( N = 763) aged 18–25 years completed online surveys assessing demographic information, NMUPD, recreational use of other drugs, psychological variables, attitudes towards NMUPD and driving, and driving behavior. Results Overall, 28.0% of participants reported lifetime NMUPD; 12.2% reported ever driving while engaging in NMUPD; and 7.9% reported this behavior in the past 3 months. Participants who reported engaging in NMUPD while driving were significantly more likely to report the use of alcohol, marijuana, ecstasy, cocaine, methamphetamine, ketamine, GHB (γ-hydroxybutyric acid), rohypnol, and mephedrone. These participants also scored higher on measures of hopelessness, impulsivity, and sensation seeking. Individuals who engaged in NMUPD while driving also reported lower perceptions of the risks of this behavior and believed that NMUPD is more common in young adults. Conclusions A significant percentage of college students engage in driving under the influence of prescription drugs. Public health interventions designed to increase driving safety may wish to focus attention on this type of drugged driving.
Inaccurate Weight Perception Is Associated With Extreme Weight‐Management Practices in US High School Students
Authors: Ibrahim Chadi , El‐Kamary Samer S. , Bailey Jason , St George Diane M. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTObjective:The objective of the present study was to examine whether adolescents' weight perception accuracy (WPA) was associated with extreme weight‐management practices (EWPs) in differing body mass index (BMI) categories.Methods:WPA, overassessment, and underassessment were determined by comparing self‐reported BMI and weight perception among US high school students in the 2009 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. BMI was classified as follows: underweight (<5th percentile), healthy weight (5th to <85th), overweight (≥85th to <95th), and obese (≥95th). WPA was considered inaccurate if BMI and weight perception were discordant. Overassessors thought they were heavier than they were (among underweight/healthy groups); underassessors thought they were lighter than they were (among healthy/overweight/obese groups). EWPs included ≥1 of fasting, use of diet pills, or purging/laxative use. Logit models were fitted for different BMI sex strata.Results:In the final sample of 14,722 US high school students with complete data, 20.2%, 85.7%, 5.8%, and 80.9% of those who were underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obese, inaccurately assessed their weight, respectively. In turn, 11.4% and 17.6% of accurate and inaccurate assessors engaged in EWPs, respectively. After adjustment, underweight girls who overassessed their weight had 12.6 times higher odds of EWPs (95% confidence interval 3.4–46.6). Moreover, there were elevated odds of EWPs among healthy weight students who overassessed their weight.Conclusions:Overassessing healthy weight students and underweight girls had higher odds of ≥1 EWPs, likely related to an unhealthy desire to lose weight. The present study demonstrates a need to further educate clinicians on WPA and its relation to EWPs even among those of healthy weight who may be seen as not at risk.
Post-traumatic Amaurosis Secondary to Paraophthalmic Internal Carotid Artery Pseudoaneurysm Treated With Pipeline Embolization Device
Authors: Kim James D. , Barber Sean M. , Diaz Orlando M. , Li Helen K. , Jackson Robert E. , Hall Drew , Lee Andrew G. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract:
During evaluation for monocular visual loss, a 48-year-old woman was found to have a posttraumatic paraophthalmic internal carotid artery (ICA) pseudoaneurysm. She underwent reconstruction of the ophthalmic segment of the right ICA with a Pipeline embolization device but her vision did not return.
The phenology–substrate‐match hypothesis explains decomposition rates of evergreen and deciduous oak leaves
Authors: Pearse Ian S. , Cobb Richard C. , Karban Richard 
Published: October 2013

Summary

There is substantial evidence that the rate of litter decomposition is affected by the match between the litter substrate and the soil matrix (decomposer community). We introduce and test the phenology–substrate‐match hypothesis, which predicts that both litter composition and soil matrix will change over the course of the year and that a lagged match between litter type and soil matrix will result in an optimal decomposition environment.

We conducted a decomposition experiment in a Mediterranean mixed deciduous–evergreen oak savanna in California. We initiated litter decomposition of both a deciduous oak (whose leaves fall in autumn) and an evergreen oak (whose leaves fall in spring) in both autumn and spring.

Consistent with the phenology–substrate‐match hypothesis, we found that decomposition of deciduous oak litter was accelerated compared to evergreen oak litter when decomposition was initiated in spring, while evergreen litter was accelerated compared to deciduous litter when decomposition was initiated in autumn.

We also found a small effect of microsite on leaf decomposition, where both evergreen and deciduous oak leaves decomposed faster under the canopy of a conspecific.

Synthesis. Our study extends theory of litter quality and the decomposer community into a temporal context, which may be an important source of variation in decomposition rates when species with different litterfall phenologies co‐occur.
Exploring the generality of associations between plant functional traits: evidence within ecological groups along an altitudinal gradient in Hyrcanian forest
Authors: Jafari Seyed Mohammad , Zarre Shahin , Alavipanah Seyed Kazem , Ghahremaninejad Farrokh 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe hypothesized that associations among plant functional traits may differ within different ecological assemblages and plant communities. Association among plant traits including plant maximum height, seed weight, fruit type, pollination mode, mean leaf area, and leaf type were explored within life forms, plant strategy groups along with lowland and montane forest vegetation. In total, 83 sampling plots of 400 m2 were placed along a 2400 m altitudinal gradient in Hyrcanian forest. Importance‐values of species within vegetation types were used for weighting data and trait associations were explored using categorical principal component analysis. A G‐test and Fisher's exact test of independence were used to retest significance of the correlations. Different paired trait associations (association lines) including height–leaf, height–seed, height–pollination, leaf–seed, seed–fruit and fruit–pollination were observed and their ecological or physiological basis was discussed. Life forms, strategy types and vegetation types differed based on association lines. Some of the well‐known trade‐offs appear by increasing scale from ecological groups to vegetation types in Hyrcanian forest. The observed patterns of trait associations in Hyrcanian forest and several other ecosystems of the world call the generality of previously accepted trait correlations into question.
Effect of mushroom diet on pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in healthy Chinese subjects
Authors: Toh Dorothy Su Lin , Limenta Lie Michael George , Yee Jie Yin , Wang Ling‐Zhi , Goh Boon‐Cher , Murray Michael , Lee Edmund Jon Deoon 
Published: October 2013

AimsThis study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in Chinese subjects who received a diet rich in shiitake mushrooms. Shiitake mushrooms have been shown to contain high amount of ergothioneine. In vitro studies have shown that OCTN1‐mediated secretion of gabapentin is trans‐stimulated by ergothioneine. This study also investigated the concentrations of ergothioneine in plasma at baseline and following mushroom consumption.MethodsTen healthy male subjects were recruited and received a diet containing no mushrooms (treatment A) or a high mushroom diet (treatment B; after at least a 7 day washout period) 1 day prior to administration of a single oral dose of gabapentin 600 mg.ResultsIngestion of shiitake mushrooms produced significant increases in plasma ergothioneine concentrations that were sustained for more than 48 h. A statistically significant but modest increase in the renal clearance (CLR) of gabapentin occurred after intake of the mushroom diet (91.1 ± 25.1 vs. 76.9 ± 20.6 ml min−1, P = 0.031). No significant changes in AUC(0,tlast) of gabapentin were observed (P = 0.726). Creatinine clearance did not correlate with CLR of gabapentin at baseline (treatment A). After ingestion of the mushroom diet, creatinine clearance accounted for 65.3% of the variance in CLR of gabapentin.ConclusionsThese data suggest that diet–drug pharmacokinetic interactions may occur during co‐exposure to gabapentin and mushroom constituents. However, as it does not affect the AUC(0,tlast) of gabapentin, it may not have clinically important consequences. Shiitake mushrooms can also be used as a source of ergothioneine for future clinical studies.
Haematopoietic cell transplantation for acute leukaemia and advanced myelodysplastic syndrome in Fanconi anaemia
Authors: Mitchell Richard , Wagner John E. , Hirsch Betsy , DeFor Todd E. , Zierhut Heather , MacMillan Margaret L. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryAcute leukaemia or advanced myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS ≥ 5% blasts) in Fanconi anaemia (FA) patients is associated with a poor prognosis. We report 21 FA patients with acute leukaemia or advanced MDS who underwent haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) at the University of Minnesota between 1988 and 2011. Six patients had biallelic BRCA2 mutations. Eight patients received pre‐transplant cytoreduction, with 3 achieving complete remission. HCT donor source included human leucocyte antigen‐matched sibling (n = 2) or alternative donors (n = 19). Neutrophil engraftment was 95% for the entire cohort, and the incidence of acute graft‐versus‐host disease was 19%. 5‐year overall survival (OS) was 33%, with a relapse rate of 24%, with similar OS in patients with biallelic BRCA2 mutations. Our study supports the use of HCT in the treatment of FA patients with acute leukaemia or advanced MDS, however, the role of chemotherapy prior to HCT remains unclear for this population. FA patients with biallelic BRCA2 are unique and may benefit from higher dose chemotherapy relative to other complementation groups.
Telling our story: a narrative therapy approach to helping lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people with a learning disability identify and strengthen positive self‐identity stories
Authors: Elderton Anna , Clarke Sally , Jones Chris , Stacey James 
Published: October 2013

Accessible Summary

This article is about a group for people with learning disabilities who are gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender (e.g. people who dress in clothes traditionally worn by the opposite sex).

People who went to the group liked telling stories about their lives and other people listening to them.

People who went to the group said it helped them learn about who they are and to feel good about themselves.

SummaryHistorically, and to a somewhat lesser extent presently, people with learning disabilities have had little or no voice in the stories other people (particularly professionals) tell about them and their lives. Four psychology workshops, based on a narrative therapy approach, were run for a group of people with learning disabilities who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT) who regularly attend a support group called ‘Mingle’. The workshops invited members to tell their stories, especially the parts not usually told. The aim was to support people to identify and strengthen positive self‐identities. Workshops were facilitated by two trainee clinical psychologists within a Community Learning Disability Team (CLDT).
Experiences of people with learning disabilities in the criminal justice system
Authors: Hyun Elly , Hahn Lyndsey , McConnell David 
Published: October 2013

Accessible Summary

Many people with learning disabilities are caught up in the criminal justice system. Yet few studies have explored what this is like for them.

The available research suggests that people with learning disabilities often feel alone and afraid when they are caught up in the criminal justice system. They do not understand what is happening to them, and they feel like there is no one they can turn to for support.

The findings raise concerns about how people with learning disabilities are treated within the criminal justice system, and whether their rights are being respected.

Further research is needed to better understand the experiences and support needs of people with learning disabilities who are caught up in the criminal justice system.

SummaryThe aim of this review is to synthesise findings from research about the experiences of people with learning disabilities who have faced arrest and jail time. After an extensive search of the literature, four relevant articles were found. The first‐person accounts presented in these four studies were pooled, and a thematic analysis was undertaken. Three common themes were identified: (i) study participants did not understand what was happening to them, or why, (ii) they felt alone, and they did not know where to turn, or to whom for support and (iii) they were uncertain about what to say or do. Overall, the findings raise concerns about the treatment of people with learning disabilities in the criminal justice system and their access to procedural justice. Further research is needed to improve understanding of their experiences and support needs. There is unequivocal evidence that persons with learning disabilities are over‐represented in the prison population. To date however, few studies have investigated their first‐hand experience, including their experiences of being interrogated, of standing trial, serving time and transitioning back into the community. The purpose of this review is to draw what insights we can from the limited available data and to identify directions for future research.
Exendin‐4 decreases liver inflammation and atherosclerosis development simultaneously by reducing macrophage infiltration
Authors: Wang Y , Parlevliet E T , Geerling J J , van der Tuin S J L , Zhang H , Bieghs V , Jawad A H M , Shiri‐Sverdlov R , Bot I , de Jager S C A , Havekes L M , Romijn J A , Willems van Dijk K , Rensen P C N 
Published: October 2013

Background and PurposeThe aetiology of inflammation in the liver and vessel wall, leading to non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and atherosclerosis, respectively, shares common mechanisms including macrophage infiltration. To treat both disorders simultaneously, it is highly important to tackle the inflammatory status. Exendin‐4, a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonist, reduces hepatic steatosis and has been suggested to reduce atherosclerosis; however, its effects on liver inflammation are underexplored. Here, we tested the hypothesis that exendin‐4 reduces inflammation in both the liver and vessel wall, and investigated the common underlying mechanism.Experimental ApproachFemale APOE*3‐Leiden.CETP mice, a model with human‐like lipoprotein metabolism, were fed a cholesterol‐containing Western‐type diet for 5 weeks to induce atherosclerosis and subsequently treated for 4 weeks with exendin‐4.Key ResultsExendin‐4 modestly improved dyslipidaemia, but markedly decreased atherosclerotic lesion severity and area (−33%), accompanied by a reduction in monocyte adhesion to the vessel wall (−42%) and macrophage content in the plaque (−44%). Furthermore, exendin‐4 reduced hepatic lipid content and inflammation as well as hepatic CD68+ (−18%) and F4/80+ (−25%) macrophage content. This was accompanied by less monocyte recruitment from the circulation as the Mac‐1+ macrophage content was decreased (−36%). Finally, exendin‐4 reduced hepatic chemokine expression in vivo and suppressed oxidized low‐density lipoprotein accumulation in peritoneal macrophages in vitro, effects dependent on the GLP‐1 receptor.Conclusions and ImplicationsExendin‐4 reduces inflammation in both the liver and vessel wall by reducing macrophage recruitment and activation. These data suggest that exendin‐4 could be a valuable strategy to treat NASH and atherosclerosis simultaneously.
Purification and Modeling Amphipathic Alpha Helical Antimicrobial Peptides from Skin Secretions of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
Authors: Asoodeh Ahmad , Sepahi Samaneh , Ghorani‐Azam Adel 
Published: October 2013

Antimicrobial peptides as ancient immune system are found in almost all types of living organisms. Amphibian's skin is an important source of bioactive peptides with strong antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumor properties. They have important role in inducing apoptosis as well as cancer therapy in vitro. In this study, we extracted and purified antimicrobial peptides from skin secretions of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis and named them brevinin‐Eu and cyanophlyctin β. They showed favorable antibacterial properties on both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria with ignorable hemolytic activity of <1.9% and 0.7% at very high concentrations of brevinin‐Eu and cyanophlyctin β, respectively. For antibacterial activity and MIC determination, two Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus PTCC1431 and B. cereus PTCC1247) and two Gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli HP101BA 7601c and Klebsiella pneumoniae PTCC1388) were assayed. MIC values of extracted peptides demonstrated that they can inhibit bacterial growth at very low concentration (17 and 12 μg/mL) for brevinin‐Eu and cyanophlyctin β, respectively. Structural prediction suggested that the brevinin‐Eu can efficiently bind and destroy bacterial membrane, but cyanophlyctin β uses a diverse mode of action.
Lack of host gut microbiota alters immune responses and intestinal granuloma formation during schistosomiasis
Authors: Holzscheiter M , Layland L E , Loffredo-Verde E , Mair K , Vogelmann R , Langer R , Wagner H , Prazeres da Costa C 
Published: October 2013

SummaryFatalities from schistosome infections arise due to granulomatous, immune-mediated responses to eggs that become trapped in host tissues. Schistosome-specific immune responses are characterized by initial T helper type 1 (Th1) responses and our previous studies demonstrated that myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (Myd88)-deficient mice failed to initiate such responses in vivo. Paradoxically, schistosomal antigens fail to stimulate innate cells to release proinflammatory cytokines in vitro. Since Schistosoma mansoni infection is an intestinal disease, we hypothesized that commensal bacteria could act as bystander activators of the intestinal innate immune system to instigate Th1 responses. Using a broad spectrum of orally administered antibiotics and anti-mycotics we analysed schistosome-infected mice that were simultaneously depleted of gut bacteria. After depletion there was significantly less inflammation in the intestine, which was accompanied by decreased intestinal granuloma development. In contrast, liver pathology remained unaltered. In addition, schistosome-specific immune responses were skewed and faecal egg excretion was diminished. This study demonstrates that host microbiota can act as a third partner in instigating helminth-specific immune responses.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of published trials comparing the effectiveness of transanal endoscopic microsurgery and radical resection in the management of early rectal cancer
Authors: Sajid M. S. , Farag S. , Leung P. , Sains P. , Miles W. F. A. , Baig M. K. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimA systematic analysis was conducted of trials comparing the effectiveness of transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEMS) with radical resection (RR) for T1 and T2 rectal cancer.MethodAn electronic search was carried out of trials reporting the effectiveness of TEMS and RR in the treatment of T1 and T2 rectal cancers.ResultsTen trials including 942 patients were retrieved. There was a trend toward a higher risk of local recurrence (odds ratio 2.78; 95% confidence interval 1.42, 5.44; z = 2.97; P < 0.003) and overall recurrence (P < 0.01) following TEMS compared with RR. The risk of distant recurrence, overall survival (odds ratio 0.90; 95% confidence interval 0.49, 1.66; z = 0.33; P = 0.74) and mortality was similar. TEMS was associated with a shorter operation time and hospital stay and a reduced risk of postoperative complications (P < 0.0001). The included studies, however, were significantly diverse in stage and grade of rectal cancer and the use of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.ConclusionTransanal endoscopic microsurgery appears to have clinically measurable advantages in patients with early rectal cancer. The studies included in this review do not allow firm conclusions as to whether TEMS is superior to RR in the management of early rectal cancer. Larger, better designed and executed prospective studies are needed to answer this question.
One‐Minute Walk and modified Timed Up and Go tests in children with cerebral palsy: performance and minimum clinically important differences
Authors: Hassani Sahar , Krzak Joseph J , Johnson Barbara , Flanagan Ann , Gorton George , Bagley Anita , Õunpuu Sylvia , Romness Mark , Tylkowski Chester , Oeffinger Donna 
Published: October 2013

AimThis prospective multicenter study assessed performance and changes over time, with and without surgical intervention, in the modified Timed Up and Go (mTUG) and One‐Minute Walk tests (1MWT) in children with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP). Minimum clinically important differences (MCIDs) were established for these tools.MethodTwo hundred and nineteen participants with bilateral spastic CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] levels I–III) were evaluated at baseline and 12 months follow‐up. The non‐surgical group (n=168; 54 females, 114 males; mean age 12y 11mo, [SD 2y 7mo], range 8y 1mo–19y) had no surgical interventions during the study. The surgical group (n=51; 19 females, 32 males; mean age 12y 10mo [SD 2y 8mo] range 8y 2mo–17y 5mo) underwent soft‐tissue and/or bony procedures within 12 months from baseline. The mTUG and 1MWT were collected and MCIDs were established from the change scores of the non‐surgical group.ResultsDependent walkers (GMFCS level III) required more time to complete the mTUG (p≤0.01) than independent walkers (GMFCS levels I and II). For the 1MWT, distance walked decreased with increasing impairment (p≤0.01). 1MWT and mTUG change scores were not significantly different at any GMFCS level for either the surgical or non‐surgical groups (p≤0.01).InterpretationChildren with varying levels of function (GMFCS level) perform differently on the 1MWT and mTUG. The data and MCID values can assist clinicians in interpreting changes over time and in assessing interventions.