bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calculation Of The Brushless DC Motor Shaft Speed With Allowances For Incorrect Alignment Of Sensors
Authors: Kolano Krzysztof 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The paper treats of correcting calculation errors of the BLDC motor speed, based on the time elapsed between successive changes in the shaft position sensor signal. The developed method enables correction of errors of the deployment of sensors as well as rotating elements of the observation system of the motor shaft position. The correction algorithm performance was analysed with the aid of a model implemented in Matlab-Simulink environment. After confirming usefulness of the developed method through simulation, its usefulness was verified in real closed-loop feedback systems with a BLDC motor. The results of measurements carried out at the developed laboratory station are presented.
Dendritic Organization of Olfactory Inputs to Medial Amygdala Neurons
Authors: Keshavarzi Sepideh , Power John M. , Albers Eva H. H. , Sullivan Robert K. S. , Sah Pankaj 
Published: September 2015

The medial amygdala (MeA) is a central hub in the olfactory neural network. It receives vomeronasal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) and main olfactory information largely via odor-processing regions such as the olfactory cortical amygdala (CoA). How these inputs are processed by MeA neurons is poorly understood. Using the GAD67-GFP mouse, we show that MeA principal neurons receive convergent AOB and CoA inputs. Somatically recorded AOB synaptic inputs had slower kinetics than CoA inputs, suggesting that they are electrotonically more distant. Field potential recording, pharmacological manipulation, and Ca2+imaging revealed that AOB synapses are confined to distal dendrites and segregated from the proximally located CoA synapses. Moreover, unsynchronized AOB inputs had significantly broader temporal summation that was dependent on the activation of NMDA receptors. These findings show that MeA principal neurons process main and accessory olfactory inputs differentially in distinct dendritic compartments.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn most vertebrates, olfactory cues are processed by two largely segregated neural pathways, the main and accessory olfactory systems, which are specialized to detect odors and nonvolatile chemosignals, respectively. Information from these two pathways ultimately converges at higher brain regions, one of the major hubs being the medial amygdala. Little is known about how olfactory inputs are processed by medial amygdala neurons. This study shows that individual principal neurons in this region receive input from both pathways and that these synapses are spatially segregated on their dendritic tree. We provide evidence suggesting that this dendritic segregation leads to distinct input integration and impact on neuronal output; hence, dendritic mechanisms control olfactory processing in the amygdala.
Moderate Cortical Cooling Eliminates Thalamocortical Silent States during Slow Oscillation
Authors: Sheroziya Maxim , Timofeev Igor 
Published: September 2015

Reduction in temperature depolarizes neurons by a partial closure of potassium channels but decreases the vesicle release probability within synapses. Compared with cooling, neuromodulators produce qualitatively similar effects on intrinsic neuronal properties and synapses in the cortex. We used this similarity of neuronal action in ketamine–xylazine-anesthetized mice and non-anesthetized mice to manipulate the thalamocortical activity. We recorded cortical electroencephalogram/local field potential (LFP) activity and intracellular activities from the somatosensory thalamus in control conditions, during cortical cooling and on rewarming. In the deeply anesthetized mice, moderate cortical cooling was characterized by reversible disruption of the thalamocortical slow-wave pattern rhythmicity and the appearance of fast LFP spikes, with frequencies ranging from 6 to 9 Hz. These LFP spikes were correlated with the rhythmic IPSP activities recorded within the thalamic ventral posterior medial neurons and with depolarizing events in the posterior nucleus neurons. Similar cooling of the cortex during light anesthesia rapidly and reversibly eliminated thalamocortical silent states and evoked thalamocortical persistent activity; conversely, mild heating increased thalamocortical slow-wave rhythmicity. In the non-anesthetized head-restrained mice, cooling also prevented the generation of thalamocortical silent states. We conclude that moderate cortical cooling might be used to manipulate slow-wave network activity and induce neuromodulator-independent transition to activated states.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn this study, we demonstrate that moderate local cortical cooling of lightly anesthetized or naturally sleeping mice disrupts thalamocortical slow oscillation and induces the activated local field potential pattern. Mild heating has the opposite effect; it increases the rhythmicity of thalamocortical slow oscillation. Our results demonstrate that slow oscillation can be influenced by manipulations to the properties of cortical neurons without changes in neuromodulation.
Phosphorylation by PKA and Cdk5 Mediates the Early Effects of Synapsin III in Neuronal Morphological Maturation
Authors: Piccini Alessandra , Perlini Laura E. , Cancedda Laura , Benfenati Fabio , Giovedì Silvia 
Published: September 2015

Synapsin III (SynIII) is a neuron-specific phosphoprotein that plays a unique role in neuronal development. SynIII is phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) at a highly conserved phosphorylation site and by cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (Cdk5) at a newly described site. Although SynIII is known to be involved in axon elongationin vitro, the role of its phosphorylation by PKA and Cdk5 in the modulation of this process is unknown. We expressed either wild-type (WT) or phosphorylation-site mutants of SynIII in primary SynIII knock-out (KO) mouse neurons at early stages ofin vitrodevelopment. Whereas the neurite elongation phenotype of SynIII KO neurons was fully rescued by the expression of WT SynIII, the expression of nonphosphorylatable and pseudo-phosphorylated PKA mutants was ineffective. Also, the nonphosphorylatable Cdk5 mutant was unable to rescue the neurite elongation phenotype of SynIII KO neurons. By contrast, the pseudo-phosphorylated mutant rescued the delay in neuronal maturation and axonal elongation, revealing a Cdk5-dependent regulation of SynIII function. Interestingly, SynIII KO neurons also exhibited decreased survival that was fully rescued by the expression of WT SynIII, but not by its phosphorylation mutants, and was associated with increased activated caspase3 and altered tropomyosin receptor kinase B isoform expression. These results indicate that PKA and Cdk5 phosphorylation is required for the physiological action of SynIII on axon specification and neurite outgrowth and that the expression of a functional SynIII is crucial for cell survival.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSynapsin III is an atypical member of the synapsin family of synaptic vesicle-associated phosphoproteins that is precociously expressed in neurons and is downregulated afterward. Although experimental evidence suggests a specific role for Synapsin III in neuronal development, the molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. We found that Synapsin III plays a central role in early stages of neuronal development involving neuronal survival, polarization, and neuritic growth and that these effects are dependent on phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and cyclin-dependent protein kinase-5. These results explain the recently described neurodevelopmental defects in the migration and orientation of Synapsin III-depleted cortical neurons and support the potential association of Synapsin III with neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia.
Orthodox Icons in Romanian State Schools: Symbols of Romania’s Orthodox Identity?
Authors: Panait Corina Petronela 
Published: September 2015

The article refers to the debate over the presence of the Orthodox icons in the Romanian state schools which, after the fall of communism in Romania, replaced the dominant portraits of the dictator. Answering the question whether they might be considered as a symbol of Orthodox identity some important moments from the history of Christianity in Romania are analysed. The article presents also the main points of the proponents and opponents in the discussion over the icons in the context of broader Romanian identity.
“The Polish Operation”. The genocide of the Polish people in the USSR in the years 1937–1938
Authors: Hałaburda Marek 
Published: September 2015

The article is based on a rich and valuable literature presenting the tragic events occurred in the western part of USSR in the years 1937–1838, when more than hundred thousand people accused of spying for Poland were arrested and many of them were killed. The campaign against the Polish people was initiated by the official order number 00485 issued on 11 August 1937 and signed by the Soviet People’s Commissar for State Security Nikolai Yezhov.
Religijność żołnierzy w świetle artykułów wojskowych – założenia metodologiczne
Authors: Łopatecki Karol 
Published: September 2015

Wojskowe akta normatywne, choć stanowią przedmiot badań historyków wojskowości, jak dotąd w niewielkim stopniu były wykorzystywane jako źródło historyczne do badań nad przemianami pobożności oraz religijności żołnierzy. Tego typu badania odnosić się mogą do trzech wyraźnie określonych fenomenów, takich jak: instytucja kapelanów wojskowych, ceremonie religijne oraz propagowanie koncepcji Boga. Artykuł stanowi zatem próbę zaprezentowania założeń metodologicznych umożliwiających wydobycie ze źródeł – artykułów wojskowych – informacji wykraczających poza treść formalnie konotowaną przez przepis prawny. Podstawę zaprezentowanych analiz stanowią badania poświęcone rozwojowi polskich i litewskich praw wojskowych w okresie do połowy XVII wieku.
Theory of Petroleum Engineering Education: Big Bounce, Big Crunch, or Big Freeze?
Authors: Plaksina Tatyana , Gildin Eduardo 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Historically petroleum engineering departments have been the primary suppliers of engineering human resources to the oil and gas industry. Similar to the operators and service companies, the universities are sensitive to changes in demand. Though the asset of the petroleum engineering academia is not barrels of crude oil and cubic feet of gas, it is future professionals of different degrees (bachelor's, master's, and doctorate). In the last several years in response to rapid increase in hydrocarbon prices and unconventional production, we observed a hiring surge in the industry and subsequent agitation among engineering freshmen to choose petroleum engineering as their major. As a result, this short-lived high demand for petroleum engineering graduates created tremendous pressure on the departments causing them to expand their educational capacities. In some cases that led to doubling of the number of undergraduates in the program. Simultaneously, such dramatic expansion of the student body created a growing demand for professors. According to the most conservative estimates, there is an obvious shortage of professors of all ranks. This demand for the specialized engineering professionals occurs on the foreground of the domestic shortage of the general engineering professionals as indicated by the Labor Department.
Consistent Entry-Hole Diameter Perforating Charge Reduces Completion Pressure and Increases Proppant Placement
Authors: Rasmuson Craig D. , Walden Joel T. , Smith Charles H. , Pinkett John 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
To help reduce entry-hole diameter variation and eliminate the risk of using centralizing rings, a family of perforating charges was developed with the objective to maintain consistent hole size, regardless of the clearance distance between the charges and the casing. This paper demonstrates that this family of charges makes the stimulation behavior, specifically the treating pressures and rates, more consistent and predictable.
Consistent entry-hole diameter charges and an industry standard premium charge were run in two horizontal wells for comparison. The fluid systems of the two wells varied, so only stage-to-stage comparisons within the same well were used for analysis. Comparison of breakdown and treating pressures and overall proppant placed in each stage demonstrated that consistent hole-size charges yielded better results. Breakdown pressures were reduced by 10%; treating pressures were reduced by 3%, and the amount of proppant placed in the formation increased by approximately 4,640 lbm/stage using consistent hole-size charges.
The design of horizontal completions includes multiple inputs and variables that can make it difficult to determine completion fluid and proppant behavior during stimulation, particularly the entry-hole diameter created by explosive perforating charges. In horizontal wells, perforating charges are near the bottom of the casing, causing energy directed outward from the charges through the casing, cement, and formation to be inconsistent. Generally, charges lying on the bottom of the casing create larger, deeper holes. However, energy is lost from the charges facing upward because the perforating jets must first pass through a larger fluid gap before penetrating the casing. This inconsistency in hole size causes significant variation in formation breakdown and treating pressure between stimulation intervals, affecting the amount of fluid and proppant placed in the formation, influencing overall well productivity. Attempts to centralize a perforating gun in the wellbore have been made, reducing variability of perforating charge standoff from the casing. This introduces additional risk of becoming stuck or unintentionally pumping the guns off the wireline. Therefore, a perforating charge capable of delivering consistent entry holes is essential.
This paper discusses a comparison of two distinct perforating charges fired in the same well in contrast to previous studies conducted with the charges fired in different wells. This comparison reduces the amount of uncontrollable variables and demonstrates the improved economics of an asset using a consistent hole-size charge.
Fuzzynistic Models for Multiphase Flow Pattern Identification
Authors: Popa Florentina , Dursun Serkan , Houchens Brent 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This paper presents an innovative method for the identification of multiphase flow patterns and the estimation of pressure drop. This method uses a data-driven classification model based on a fuzzy inference system (FIS). The paper discusses the specific problem of two-phase, gas-liquid regime identification and pressure drop prediction for pipe flow and demonstrates the ability of the fuzzy-mechanistic (fuzzynistic) model to accurately identify the flow regime. In addition, the fuzzynistic model is computationally efficient, and can help to provide real-time monitoring and control of production and pipeline equipment. The fuzzynistic model is demonstrated for two-phase, gas-liquid pipe flow over a wide range of superficial velocities and pipe inclination angles. Seven flow regimes are identified.
Historically, regime predictions for multiphase flows have been based on either empirical maps created from experimental observations or on mechanistic models, which consider the physical mechanisms that cause variations of fluid phase distribution. Both have disadvantages in that they are either tied to limited experimental data or are prone to discontinuities at the regime transitions, or both. An innovative contribution of the fuzzynistic method is that it classifies flow patterns with associated weights. These flow patterns allow the aggregation of pressure drop functions of classified flow patterns to help estimate the corresponding pressure drop automatically across flow regime transitions. Flow regime maps generated using the fuzzy logic approach accurately mimic those generated by mechanistic models, but have “fuzzy” transitions between regimes because of the partial degree of membership to adjacent and neighboring regimes. Thus, along the flow path, partial degrees of membership to adjacent and neighboring flow regimes are assigned to account for the pressure drop prediction at the regime transitions. Furthermore, because the fuzzynistic method is computationally efficient, it could be used for real-time monitoring and control of equipment in wells, pipelines, and downstream processing.
Restimulation Design Considerations and Case Studies of Haynesville Shale
Authors: Melcher Joseph , Persac Stephen , Whitsett Andrew 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This paper discusses a method for, and case histories of, using an environmentally acceptable, self-removing particulate diverter that has proven to be successful in the refracturing efforts of horizontal unconventional reservoirs. This method is typically chosen for its low cost, self-assembly, self-removal, and ease of addition into treatment. An outline of the evolution of restimulation design, typical procedures, and candidate selection strategies is provided. The ability to add reservoir contact, restore conductivity, and remediate blockage makes this technique desirable.
Different strategies can be applied when using this product and are typically customized to the particular candidate well selected for the refracturing treatment. The treatment design is also often customized to the particular candidate well; however, key components of the design are outlined. Candidate wells for refracturing typically fall into one or more categories: Understimulation occurred in the original completion.Production damaging mechanisms are present.A low investment lease retention strategy is required.A pressure-sink mitigation strategy is necessary for infill completions.
A typical procedure will consist of casing inspection, wellbore cleanout, addition of perforations, and flowback considerations.
In this study, different Haynesville shale refracturing treatments and results are compared. The evolution of treatment designs, such as carrier fluid, fluid volume, proppant volume, and diverting methodology, are explained. The results and the theory behind these changes are outlined, along with the economic viability of refracturing treatments. Pre/post-treatment estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) calculations are compared, along with treatment pressure trend analysis. The EUR uplift from the refracturing treatments is used to show the economic viability.
Although performing secondary stimulation treatments is not uncommon, the industry's focus on improving production decline curves has led to a surging interest in refracturing horizontal unconventional reservoirs. Decline rates in unconventional reservoirs tend to be more rapid compared to conventional reservoirs because of their ultralow permeability, limited reservoir contact, and original completion strategy. Restimulation of these reservoirs enables the recovery of hydrocarbons trapped by these restrictions.
Slickwater Proppant Transport in Complex Fractures: New Experimental Findings & Scalable Correlation
Authors: Alotaibi Msalli A. , Miskimins Jennifer L. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Slickwater hydraulic fracturing is an important technology that has enabled the oil and gas industry to economically develop enormous unconventional resources. Despite its great success, this technology faces challenges, especially with proppant transport in complex fractures. Very limited work exists in literature about slickwater proppant flow in subsidiary fractures or predictive correlations to estimate settled proppant dune heights.
This paper provides a scalable correlation to predict dune height across a wide range of flow rates and proppant concentrations. A unique feature about this correlation is its inclusion of the friction effect, as roughness was introduced to the fracture slot walls. 30/70 mesh brown sand was used to conduct the slot flow experiments and build the correlation. This paper also spotlights the proppant transport mechanism during proppant dune development. Understanding this mechanism reveals key information about the horizontal and vertical settled proppant size distribution. In addition, experimental results are presented to answer the debatable question whether slickwater can transport proppant into tertiary fractures or not. In fact, the data shows that proppant in slickwater is not only capable of "turning the corner" but also developing high dune levels exceeding 96% of the tertiary fracture slot heights.
Reducing Costs and Optimizing Drilling and Completion Efficiencies in Unconventional Plays Using Completion Diagnostics
Authors: Senters C. W. , Warren M. N. , Squires C. L. , Woodroof R. A. , Leonard R. S. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques continue to drive the profitable development of previously uneconomical reservoirs. In many basins across the world, economic exploration and production activities are a prerequisite for developing these unconventional reservoir projects, as well as vertically-drilled conventional reservoir projects. The specific examples in this paper are located in the Anadarko Basin and Appalachian Basin.
Completion diagnostics are being employed to validate the drilling and completion optimization of wells across all of the major unconventional plays in North America. This paper focuses on three specific projects in which the diagnostics implemented in horizontal completion programs led to significant cost reductions and efficiency gains. All of the wells in the discussed projects utilized at least one type of completion diagnostics to implement cost savings or optimize drilling and completion practices.
Eliminating unnecessary wellbore interventions reduces costs and lowers operational risks. In order to justify the need for a wellbore intervention, completion diagnostics are applied during the stimulation treatment. The first case history in this paper reviews data that support the decision to reduce costs by not milling out completion hardware, as well as supporting the expenditure for a wellbore intervention when data indicate flow obstructions along the lateral.
The second case history illustrates the evaluation of completion methods ranging from different openhole systems to a cemented plug and perf completion that had a failed cement job. The post treatment diagnostic data are illustrated with actions taken to further optimize the drilling and completion practices in the future.
The third and final case history is an interwell communication study that uses fluid tracers to evaluate potential areas of acreage that could be left unaccessed. Interwell communication is evaluated for toe-to-toe communication to determine if the area between toes in adjacent pad completions is sufficiently accessed.