bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Access to trans‐3,4‐Dihydroxy‐2‐alkylpyrrolidines and Piperidines by Use of Stereodefined Cyclic N,O‐Acetals as a Diversity‐Generating Element
Authors: Kang Soyeong , Kim Dong‐gil , Rhee Young Ho 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA highly efficient and stereoselective synthetic pathway towards trans‐3,4‐dihydroxy‐2‐alkylpyrrolidines and piperidines is described. The nature of the protecting groups on the hydroxyl moieties played a crucial role on the trans selectivity. By using this method, a concise total synthesis of (−)‐2‐epilentiginosine has been achieved.
Exploring the rising incidence of neuroendocrine tumors: A population‐based analysis of epidemiology, metastatic presentation, and outcomes
Authors: Hallet Julie , Law Calvin How Lim , Cukier Moises , Saskin Refik , Liu Ning , Singh Simron 
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUNDAn increased incidence of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has been reported worldwide, but the reasons underlying this rise have not been identified. By assessing patterns of metastatic presentation, this study sought to examine the epidemiologic characteristics of NETs and the contribution of early‐stage detection to the rising incidence.METHODSA population‐based retrospective cohort study was conducted with prospectively maintained databases linked at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences. Adult patients with a NET diagnosis from 1994 to 2009 in Ontario, Canada were included. The main outcomes included the overall and site‐specific incidence, proportion of metastatic disease, overall survival (OS), and recurrence‐free survival (RFS).RESULTSFive thousand six hundred nineteen NET cases were identified. The incidence of NETs increased from 2.48 to 5.86 per 100,000 per year. Metastases were found in 20.8% at presentation and in another 38% after the initial diagnosis. The proportion of metastases at presentation decreased from 1994 to 2009 (from 29% to 13%). Therefore, although the incidence of all NETs increased, the overall incidence of metastases did not change (0.63‐0.69 per 100,000 per year). The 10‐year OS rate was 46.5%, and the RFS rate was 64.6%. In addition to the primary tumor site, independent predictors of worse OS included an advanced age (P < .0001), male sex (P < .0001), a low socioeconomic status (P < .0001), and rural living (P = 0.049).CONCLUSIONSThe incidence of NETs has markedly increased over the course of 15 years. This is the first study to provide evidence suggesting that the increase in the incidence of NETs may be due to increased detection. In addition to tumor characteristics, low income and rural residency portend worse survival for patients with NETs. Cancer 2015;121:589–597. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Cognitive and Emotion Regulation Change Processes in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: O'Toole Mia S. , Mennin Douglas S. , Hougaard Esben , Zachariae Robert , Rosenberg Nicole K. 
Published: October 2014

The objective of the study was to investigate variables, derived from both cognitive and emotion regulation conceptualizations of social anxiety disorder (SAD), as possible change processes in cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for SAD. Several proposed change processes were investigated: estimated probability, estimated cost, safety behaviours, acceptance of emotions, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Participants were 50 patients with SAD, receiving a standard manualized CBT program, conducted in groups or individually. All variables were measured pre‐therapy, mid‐therapy and post‐therapy. Lower level mediation models revealed that while a change in most process measures significantly predicted clinical improvement, only changes in estimated probability and cost and acceptance of emotions showed significant indirect effects of CBT for SAD. The results are in accordance with previous studies supporting the mediating role of changes in cognitive distortions in CBT for SAD. In addition, acceptance of emotions may also be a critical component to clinical improvement in SAD during CBT, although more research is needed on which elements of acceptance are most helpful for individuals with SAD. The study's lack of a control condition limits any conclusion regarding the specificity of the findings to CBT. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

Change in estimated probability and cost, and acceptance of emotions showed an indirect effect of CBT for SAD.
Cognitive distortions appear relevant to target with cognitive restructuring techniques.
Finding acceptance to have an indirect effect could be interpreted as support for contemporary CBT approaches that include acceptance‐based strategies.
Synthesis, characterization, and tribological properties of two‐dimensional Ti3C2
Authors: Yang Jin , Chen Beibei , Song Haojie , Tang Hua , Li Changsheng 
Published: October 2014

We report on the preparation of two‐dimensional (2D) Ti3C2 and its friction and wear properties. Laminated Ti3AlC2 was synthesized by pressureless sintering using Ti, Al, and graphite, followed by HF exfoliation and sonication treatment to form 2D‐layered Ti3C2, which exhibited individual layer or stack of several layers. Analysis of microstructure and composition was used to confirm the successful exfoliation of laminated Ti3AlC2. The tribological behaviors of the as‐prepared 2D Ti3C2 as a lubrication additive in base oil were investigated. Results indicate that 2D‐layered Ti3C2 can greatly enhance the friction‐reducing and anti‐friction properties of base oil, especially with 1.0 wt% Ti3C2. This novel 2D‐layered Ti3C2 would be a good candidate for lubricating materials to meet emerging needs in practical applications.
Das Freie Wölben über den Schlingrippen der Schlosskapelle Dresden
Authors: Bauer Thomas , Neuling Kay , Huber Ralf 
Published: October 2014

Abstract“… Die Kunst der Wölbung war der erste Sieg der Konstruktion über die Schwerkraft, … im Umgang mit dem Stein als Werkmaterial lernte der menschliche Geist, die Kräfte und Gesetze der Materie zu ergründen und sie planend für seine Zwecke nutzbar zu machen …“ [1].So wie es Götz Fehr 1961 für die spätgotischen Werkleute um Benedikt Ried beschrieb, stand in den Jahren 2009 bis 2013 für die Autoren die gleiche Aufgabe bei der Rekonstruktion des Schlingrippengewölbes der Schlosskapelle Dresden von 15561, wo für die Ausführung der sphärisch gekrümmten Wölbsegel kaum mehr Überlieferungen sowohl zur Technologie des Freien Wölbens bei Schlingrippengewölben als auch zu den Materialien bekannt waren.In einem mehrmonatigen Prozess wurden die Mörtel‐ und Ziegelrezepturen anhand von Befunden an noch bestehenden Wölbungen durch die Autoren studiert2 und durch Versuchsmodelle3, bei denen die Materialeigenschaften im Zusammenhang mit einem Freien Wölben erprobt wurden, letztendlich zum erfolgreichen Einsatz bei der Rekonstruktion der Dresdner Kapelle geführt.The freely formed vaults over the winding ribs of the Chapel in Dresden’s Castle. “… The art of vaulting was the first ‘win‘ that construction had against gravity … Man’s spirit learned by dealing with stone as the building material how to determine the forces and laws of materials and how to plan to make them usable for his purposes …“ [1].The same task as that which Götz Fehr described in 1961 for the Late Gothic craftsmen in Benedikt Ried presented itself to the authors for reconstructing the winding ribbed vault of the Chapel in Dresden’s Castle, dating from 1556 1, where hardly any traditional knowledge had been handed down through the generations about how to build the spherically curved, vault springing: not only concerning the technology of freely formed vaulting but also regarding the materials.The authors studied 2 the formulas for mortars and bricks in a process lasting several months on the basis of findings from surviving vaults and by means of the test models 3 which they used to test the materials’ properties in connection with a freely formed vault before finally discovering how to use them successfully for reconstructing Dresden’s Chapel.
Effects of ice and floods on vegetation in streams in cold regions: implications for climate change
Authors: Lind Lovisa , Nilsson Christer , Weber Christine 
Published: October 2014

AbstractRiparian zones support some of the most dynamic and species‐rich plant communities in cold regions. A common conception among plant ecologists is that flooding during the season when plants are dormant generally has little effect on the survival and production of riparian vegetation. We show that winter floods may also be of fundamental importance for the composition of riverine vegetation. We investigated the effects of ice formation on riparian and in‐stream vegetation in northern Sweden using a combination of experiments and observations in 25 reaches, spanning a gradient from ice‐free to ice‐rich reaches. The ice‐rich reaches were characterized by high production of frazil and anchor ice. In a couple of experiments, we exposed riparian vegetation to experimentally induced winter flooding, which reduced the dominant dwarf‐shrub cover and led to colonization of a species‐rich forb‐dominated vegetation. In another experiment, natural winter floods caused by anchor‐ice formation removed plant mimics both in the in‐stream and in the riparian zone, further supporting the result that anchor ice maintains dynamic plant communities. With a warmer winter climate, ice‐induced winter floods may first increase in frequency because of more frequent shifts between freezing and thawing during winter, but further warming and shortening of the winter might make them less common than today. If ice‐induced winter floods become reduced in number because of a warming climate, an important disturbance agent for riparian and in‐stream vegetation will be removed, leading to reduced species richness in streams and rivers in cold regions. Given that such regions are expected to have more plant species in the future because of immigration from the south, the distribution of species richness among habitats can be expected to show novel patterns.
Access to Polycyclic Derivatives by Triflate‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroarylation
Authors: Cacciuttolo Bastien , Poulain‐Martini Sophie , Fontaine‐Vive Fabien , Abdo Mahmoud Ali Hussein , El‐Kashef Hussein , Duñach Elisabet 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn efficient and versatile synthesis of indane, tetralin and benzosuberan derivatives has been developed; the synthesis starts from nonactivated aromatic compounds bearing unsaturated side chains and is a bismuth(III) or indium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate‐catalysed atom‐economic process. A variety of polycyclic compounds have been isolated in high yields. Lactonisation could be observed for esters with 2,2‐disubstituted terminal olefins through a Lewis acid catalysed reaction between the olefin and one of the ester groups.
Human values, legal regulation, and approval of homosexuality in Europe: A cross‐country comparison
Authors: Kuntz Anabel , Davidov Eldad , Schwartz Shalom H. , Schmidt Peter 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAlthough research has revealed a trend toward liberalization of attitudes toward homosexuality in Western countries, acceptance of homosexuality differs remarkably among individuals and across countries. We examine the roles of individual value priorities and of national laws regarding homosexuality and the interaction between them in explaining approval of homosexuality. Data are drawn from the European Social Survey and include representative national samples of 27 European countries in 2010. As hypothesized, individuals who prioritized openness to change and universalism values approved of homosexuality more, whereas those who prioritized conservation and power values exhibited more disapproval. Approval was greater in countries whose laws regarding homosexuality were more progressive. In addition, legal regulation of homosexuality moderated the associations of individual value priorities. In countries with more progressive laws, both the positive effect of openness to change values and the negative effect of conservation values on approval of homosexuality were weaker. However, the positive effect of universalism values and the negative effect of power values did not vary as a function of national laws regarding homosexuality. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint probabilistic forecasting of wind speed and temperature using Bayesian model averaging
Authors: Baran S. , Möller A. 
Published: October 2014

Ensembles of forecasts are typically employed to account for the forecast uncertainties inherent in predictions of future weather states. However, biases and dispersion errors often present in forecast ensembles require statistical post‐processing. Univariate post‐processing models such as Bayesian model averaging (BMA) have been successfully applied for various weather quantities. Nonetheless, BMA and many other standard post‐processing procedures are designed for a single weather variable, thus ignoring possible dependencies among weather quantities. In line with recently upcoming research to develop multivariate post‐processing procedures, for example, BMA for bivariate wind vectors, or flexible procedures applicable for multiple weather quantities of different types, a bivariate BMA model for joint calibration of wind speed and temperature forecasts is proposed on the basis of the bivariate truncated normal distribution. It extends the univariate truncated normal BMA model designed for post‐processing ensemble forecast of wind speed by adding a normally distributed temperature component with a covariance structure representing the dependency among the two weather quantities.The method is applied to wind speed and temperature forecasts of the eight‐member University of Washington mesoscale ensemble and of the 11‐member Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement International‐Hungary Ensemble Prediction System (ALADIN‐HUNEPS) ensemble of the Hungarian Meteorological Service, and its predictive performance is compared to that of the independent BMA calibration of these weather quantities and the general Gaussian copula method. The results indicate improved calibration of probability and accuracy of point forecasts in comparison to the raw ensemble and the independent BMA approach, and the overall performance of this bivariate model is able to keep up with that of the Gaussian copula method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reward‐related decision making in older adults: relationship to clinical presentation of depression
Authors: McGovern Amanda R. , Alexopoulos George S. , Yuen Genevieve S. , Morimoto Sarah Shizuko , Gunning‐Dixon Faith M. 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveImpairment in reward processes has been found in individuals with depression and in the aging population. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to use an affective neuroscience probe to identify abnormalities in reward‐related decision making in late‐life depression; and (2) to examine the relationship of reward‐related decision making abnormalities in depressed, older adults to the clinical expression of apathy in depression. We hypothesized that relative to older, healthy subjects, depressed, older patients would exhibit impaired decision making and that apathetic, depressed patients would show greater impairment in decision making than non‐apathetic, depressed patients.MethodsWe used the Iowa Gambling Task to examine reward‐related decision making in 60 non‐demented, older patients with non‐psychotic major depression and 36 older, psychiatrically healthy participants. Apathy was quantified using the Apathy Evaluation Scale. Of those with major depression, 18 individuals reported clinically significant apathy, whereas 42 participants did not have apathy.ResultsOlder adults with depression and healthy comparison participants did not differ in their performance on the Iowa Gambling Task. However, apathetic, depressed older adults adopted an advantageous strategy and selected cards from the conservative decks compared with non‐apathetic, depressed older adults. Non‐apathetic, depressed patients showed a failure to adopt a conservative strategy and persisted in making risky decisions throughout the task.ConclusionsThis study indicates that apathy in older, depressed adults is associated with a conservative response style on a behavioral probe of the systems involved in reward‐related decision making. This conservative response style may be the result of reduced sensitivity to rewards in apathetic individuals. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating Presence for Customer Experience in a Virtual Environment: Using a Nuclear Power Plant as an Example
Authors: Lee Chia‐Hsuan , Chou Chinmei , Sun Tien‐Lung 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTIn contrast to experiences offered by traditional media, this study used a three‐dimensional virtual environment to evaluate customer experiences. The aims of this study were twofold: first, to investigate whether virtual interaction can impress customers in a visual or auditory sense and thereby further induce “presence”; and second, to understand how to provide a better sense of presence by using virtual interactions. This study used a nuclear power plant control room to construct virtual customer experience patterns. The results of the questionnaire showed no statistical significance, except for one question: “How responsive was the environment to actions that you initiated (or performed)?” During the experience, interactively receiving information in the active model offered a more significant sense of presence. For the physiological measurement, we used the multiscale entropy of complexity to analyze the heart rate. The complexity index for the active model proved significantly larger than for the passive, indicating better adaptability to the active model.
Monetary Policy Indeterminacy and Identification Failures in the U.S.: Results from A Robust Test
Authors: Castelnuovo Efrem , Fanelli Luca 
Published: October 2014

SummaryWe propose a novel identification‐robust test for the null hypothesis that an estimated New Keynesian model has a reduced form consistent with the unique stable solution against the alternative of sunspot‐driven multiple equilibria. Our strategy is designed to handle identification failures as well as the misspecification of the relevant propagation mechanisms. We invert a likelihood ratio test for the cross‐equation restrictions (CER) that the New Keynesian system places on its reduced‐form solution under determinacy. If the CER are not rejected, sunspot‐driven expectations can be ruled out from the model equilibrium and we accept the structural model. Otherwise, we move to a second‐step and invert an Anderson and Rubin‐type test for the orthogonality restrictions (OR) implied by the system of structural Euler equations. The hypothesis of indeterminacy and the structural model are accepted if the OR are not rejected. We investigate the finite‐sample performance of the suggested identification‐robust two‐step testing strategy by some Monte Carlo experiments and then apply it to a New Keynesian AD/AS model estimated with actual US data. In spite of some evidence of weak identification as for the ‘Great Moderation’ period, our results offer formal support to the hypothesis of a switch from indeterminacy to a scenario consistent with uniqueness occurring in the late 1970s. Our identification‐robust full‐information confidence set for the structural parameters computed on the ‘Great Moderation’ regime turns out to be more precise than the intervals previously reported in the literature through ‘limited‐information’ methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Rumination and Reappraisal on Social Anxiety Symptoms During Cognitive‐Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Brozovich Faith A. , Goldin Philippe , Lee Ihno , Jazaieri Hooria , Heimberg Richard G. , Gross James J. 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveThere is growing interest in the role of transdiagnostic processes in the onset, maintenance, and treatment of mental disorders (Nolen‐Hoeksema & Watkins, 2011). Two such transdiagnostic processes–rumination and reappraisal–are the focus of the present study. The main objective was to examine the roles of rumination (thought to be harmful) and reappraisal (thought to be helpful) in adults with social anxiety disorder (SAD).MethodWe conducted a randomized controlled trial of cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) with 75 adults with SAD and examined pre‐ to post‐CBT changes as well as weekly fluctuations in rumination, reappraisal, and social anxiety symptoms.ResultsSocially anxious individuals’ baseline rumination (brooding) scores predicted weekly levels of social anxiety, rumination, and reappraisal, whereas baseline reappraisal scores did not. Greater weekly rumination was associated with greater weekly social anxiety, but reappraisal was not related to social anxiety.ConclusionThese findings suggest that rumination may have a more significant role than reappraisal in understanding fluctuations in social anxiety during CBT for SAD.
Challenges to Decentralisation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Beyond the Political Settlement
Authors: Gaynor Niamh 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDecentralisation is increasingly seen as an important part of conflict resolution and peacebuilding strategies within fragile states where increased public accountability and participation help reduce horizontal inequalities and address local grievances. This view assumes a strong political element to decentralisation, however. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Kinshasa and in Bas‐Congo, this article highlights three key sets of challenges to political decentralisation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) which arise from its roots within the elite political settlement. A re‐orientation in support is proposed providing for a deeper political decentralisation and a more inclusive political settlement. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐efficiency single etch step apodized surface grating coupler using subwavelength structure
Authors: Benedikovic Daniel , Cheben Pavel , Schmid Jens H. , Xu Dan‐Xia , Lapointe Jean , Wang Shurui , Halir Robert , Ortega‐Moñux Alejandro , Janz Siegfried , Dado Milan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractGrating couplers are key elements enabling the coupling of light between planar waveguide circuits and optical fibers. In this work, it is demonstrated using simulations and experiments that a high coupling efficiency can be achieved for an arbitrary buried oxide thickness by judicious adjustment of the grating radiation angle. The coupler strength is engineered by subwavelength structure, allowing straightforward apodization and single etch step fabrication. The design has been implemented using Fourier‐eigenmode expansion and finite difference time domain methods. The measured coupling loss of a continuously apodized grating is −2.16 dB with a 3 dB bandwidth of 64 nm, therefore opening promising prospects for low‐cost and high‐volume fabrication using 193 nm deep‐ultraviolet lithography. It is also shown by simulations that a coupling loss as low as −0.42 dB is predicted for a modified coupler structure with bottom mirror.