bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacists Views and Practices in Regard to Sales of Antibiotics Without a Prescription in Madinah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Bahnassi Anas 
Published: March 2014

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate pharmacists views and practices in Madinah, Saudi Arabia, through conducting direct interviews including direct questions and hypothetical scenarios.

Methods
A purposeful sample of 150 community pharmacists of different ethnic and educational backgrounds were approached to participate in the study. Semistructured interviews including general questions and 5 hypothetical scenarios were used for the investigation. Complete transcripts of the interviews were prepared. All transcripts were coded and categorized into main themes using a computer software.

Results
Fifty-four pharmacists agreed to participate (response rate, 36%). Sale of antibiotics without prescription is commonly practiced in Saudi Arabia. Lack of legislation enforcement has exacerbated this practice. Economic hardship, patient’s age, emotional factors, and pharmacists’ self confidence in diagnosing and prescribing medications in general and antibiotics in particular were the themes included in the interviews and influenced pharmacists’ decision to sell antibiotics without a prescription.
Many pharmacists did not see the practice as a problem and felt capable of continuing to dispense antibiotics without a prescription. Pharmacists who saw the practice as a problem sees legislation enforcement to be the solution of the problem.

Conclusions
Pharmacist views and practices are alarming. The results of this study show that this practice will continue to spread unless strict enforcement is put in place, Lack of clear understanding of the limitations of pharmacist’s scope of practice. Results of these studies can be extrapolated to other countries in the region and other countries of the similar social and professional development status.
Optimizing Real Time fMRI Neurofeedback for Therapeutic Discovery and Development
Authors: Stoeckel L. E. , Garrison K. A. , Ghosh S. , Wighton P. , Hanlon C. A. , Gilman J. M. , Greer S. , Turk-Browne N. B. , deBettencourt M. T. , Scheinost D. , Craddock C. , Thompson T. , Calderon V. , Bauer C. C. , George M. , Breiter H. C. , Whitfield-Gabrieli S. , Gabrieli J. D. , LaConte S.M. , Hirshberg L. , Brewer J. A. , Hampson M. , Van Der Kouwe A. , Mackey S. , Evins A. E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWhile reducing the burden of brain disorders remains a top priority of organizations like the World Health Organization and National Institutes of Health (BRAIN, 2013), the development of novel, safe and effective treatments for brain disorders has been slow. In this paper, we describe the state of the science for an emerging technology, real time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) neurofeedback, in clinical neurotherapeutics. We review the scientific potential of rtfMRI and outline research strategies to optimize the development and application of rtfMRI neurofeedback as a next generation therapeutic tool. We propose that rtfMRI can be used to address a broad range of clinical problems by improving our understanding of brain-behavior relationships in order to develop more specific and effective interventions for individuals with brain disorders. We focus on the use of rtfMRI neurofeedback as a clinical neurotherapeutic tool to drive plasticity in brain function, cognition, and behavior. Our overall goal is for rtfMRI to advance personalized assessment and intervention approaches to enhance resilience and reduce morbidity by correcting maladaptive patterns of brain function in those with brain disorders.
Molecular mechanism for self-protection against the type VI secretion system inVibrio cholerae
Authors: Yang Xuan , Xu Min , Wang Yanying , Xia Pengyan , Wang Shuo , Ye Buqing , Tong Liang , Jiang Tao , Fan Zusen 
Published: March 2014

VgrG proteins form the spike of the type VI secretion system (T6SS) syringe-like complex. VgrG3 ofVibrio choleraedegrades the peptidoglycan cell wall of rival bacteriaviaits C-terminal region (VgrG3C) through its muramidase activity. VgrG3C consists of a peptidoglycan-binding domain (VgrG3CPGB) and a putative catalytic domain (VgrG3CCD), and its activity can be inhibited by its immunity protein partner TsiV3. Here, the crystal structure ofV. choleraeVgrG3CCDin complex with TsiV3 is presented at 2.3 Å resolution. VgrG3CCDadopts a chitosanase fold. A dimer of TsiV3 is bound in the deep active-site groove of VgrG3CCD, occluding substrate binding and distorting the conformation of the catalytic dyad. Gln91 and Arg92 of TsiV3 are located in the centre of the interface and are important for recognition of VgrG3C. Mutation of these residues destabilized the complex and abolished the inhibitory activity of TsiV3 against VgrG3C toxicity in cells. Disruption of TsiV3 dimerization also weakened the complex and impaired the inhibitory activity. These structural, biochemical and functional data define the molecular mechanism underlying the self-protection ofV. choleraeand expand the understanding of the role of T6SS in bacterial competition.
Implication of inside-debt: signalling for bankruptcy probabilities within small firms
Authors: Seppa Raul 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– Small privately held firms extensively use debt provided by principal owners and households (inside-debt) as an alternative capital source to straight equity capital. The purpose of the research study is to investigate inside-debt-bankruptcy relations.

Design/methodology/approach
– Inside-debt-bankruptcy relation is tested on three prominent bankruptcy prediction models using correlation and logit regression analysis. Sample consists of 314 Estonian small firms. Financial reports of 2007 are modelled against bankruptcies declared in 2009.

Findings
– Results imply that users of inside-debt are less profitable; they have weaker liquidity position and less retained earnings. Leverage is not found to be significant determinant between inside-debt users and non-users. Fundamental finding of the study suggests that the use of inside-debt is significantly and positively related to bankruptcy probability. While inside-debt carries no risk elements per se, findings are robust to indicate that the use of inside-debt has significant power to signal for increasing bankruptcy risk and as such, reducing information asymmetry of small firms.

Research limitations/implications
– This study is limited to single country data. Bankruptcy data fall to the period of economical recession. It is suggested to repeat the study in a normal economical situation and to extend sample size over different countries.

Practical implications
– Findings contribute to the understanding of firms' financial risk, firm behaviour and capital structure development. In a lending industry, results shall supplement to prudent credit risk assessment techniques and design of bankruptcy models in general.

Originality/value
– To the author's best knowledge, inside-debt-bankruptcy relation is not studied so far in the existing academic literature.
The academic activist in an age of ambivalence: reflections on a decade ofCPoIB
Authors: Cairns George 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the origins ofCPoIBand on events in the IB sphere over the decade since it was conceived.Design/methodology/approach– The approach of the paper is one of personal critical reflection on events and their implications for the full range of involved and affected parties, informed by Aristotelian philosophy.Findings– The author posits the need for a new generation of “academic activists” in support of a humanistic management manifesto.Originality/value– The paper reinforces the philosophy ofCPoIBand the need for its continuing growth and development.
Developments and leanings of crowdsourcing industry: implications of China and India
Authors: Perera Indika , A. Perera Pramuk 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– Since crowdsourcing can be taken as a new field, the purpose of this paper is to suggest an idea/movement to motivate pro or anti-ideas/movements from scholars and experts to develop a synthesis in future.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper provides a quantitative analysis of world leading outsource provider markets: China – manufacturing sector: and India – service sector. The paper uniquely presents the much needed analysis details along with a model that fits crowdsourcing into outsourcing setup.

Findings
– There is a strong need of policy implications and business process re-engineering strategies to harness the benefits of crowdsourcing into the present industry norms taking into account the macroeconomic norms as well as the potential impact on individual workers or participants of the crowd.

Originality/value
– The paper indicates a possible shift in the scope of management from managing a firm to managing beyond boundaries. Implications drawn in this paper can provide high impact support for decision makers and future research.
Using performance templates for manager and employee learning – in-action
Authors: Lyons Paul , P. Bandura Randall 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– This article demonstrates how the performance improvement process, performance templates, may be used for both manager and employee learning. The paper explains the concept, offers theoretical support for it, gives evidence of the efficacy of the process, and explains, in detail, how the process may be applied.

Design/methodology/approach
– The approach is to present or demonstrate what performance templates are and how a manager and a group of employees work together to create them and use them in the field. The paper presents the approach, explains how it connects with theory, offers empirical support for performance templates, and gives a sequence of events as to their creation and use.

Findings
– The findings indicate that, in general, the learning and performance approach, performance templates offer an influential and practical tool for both manager and employee learning, and consistent performance improvement. The approach has many applications, although recent research relies mostly on its use in sales organizations.

Research limitations/implications
– Primarily, the performance template approach has been used with small samples of learners. In the extant studies of the approach, small sample sizes limit the value of statistical analysis.

Practical implications
– The approach has not been tested with large employee groups (more than 25). The method is labor-intensive and time consuming. Large groups of participants would compromise the use of the approach as individual employee participation could be limited.

Originality/value
– Performance templates add to the arsenal of tools and methods available to trainers and managers. There is some empirical support for the approach. Performance templates represent both a learning approach and a performance improvement approach as managers and their employees work jointly to create learning and change.
Perceived corruption frequency and size of corruption in economies
Authors: Mukherjee Vivekananda , Roy Aparajita 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– The paper aims to develop a theoretical model to explain the exact process through which the scale effect works to create a possible wedge between a perception-based ranking like the “Corruption Perception Index (CPI) ” and the axiomatic “absolute costs of corruption”-based ranking of economies with low enforcement against corruption.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper takes into account corruption both at the “high” and “low” levels of bureaucracies, where the bribes are paid sequentially at the two levels. The bribes are endogenously determined at the equilibrium using a sequential game approach.

Findings
– The paper finds that in the absence of coalition between the two levels of bureaucrats, both the absolute level of corruption and the welfare level of the economies are expected to vary inversely with the perceived corruption frequency. The paper also explores the possibility of a stable coalition between the “high” and “low” level bureaucrats and shows that with the perception of a stable coalition being formed, the negative monotonic relation between the corruption frequency and the absolute size of corruption breaks down.

Originality/value
– First, the paper argues that the ranking of the economies with low enforcement against corruption on the basis of perceived corruption frequency may not reflect the ranking of the economies according to their absolute size of corruption; it points out that the perceived higher corruption frequency in an economy as reflected in CPI can be an indicator of both the lower size of “high” level corruption and absolute size of corruption in the economy. Particularly, this happens in economies where coalition between the “high” and “low” level officials does not form. Second, it identifies the exact way in which the scale effect works to create a difference in the CPI ranking and the axiomatic “absolute costs of corruption”-based ranking and explains why similar difference would exist if “absolute costs of corruption”-based ranking is derived from all the sources of hard data on corruption. Third, it explains why a stable coalition between the “high” and “low” level bureaucrats in economies with low enforcement does not usually form.
Error rates in physician dictation: quality assurance and medical record production
Authors: C. David Gary , Chand Donald , Sankaranarayanan Balaji 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– The purpose of the paper is to determine the instance of errors made in physician dictation of medical records.Design/methodology/approach– Purposive sampling method was employed to select medical transcriptionists (MTs) as “experts” to identify the frequency and types of medical errors in dictation files. Seventy-nine MTs examined 2,391 dictation files during one standard work day, and used a common template to record errors.Findings– The results demonstrated that on the average, on the order of 315,000 errors in one million dictations were surfaced. This shows that medical errors occur in dictation, and quality assurance measures are needed in dealing with those errors.Research limitations/implications– There was no potential for inter-coder reliability and confirming the error codes assigned by individual MTs. This study only examined the presence of errors in the dictation-transcription model. Finally, the project was done with the cooperation of MTSOs and transcription industry organizations.Practical implications– Anecdotal evidence points to the belief that records created directly by physicians alone will have fewer errors and thus be more accurate. This research demonstrates this is not necessarily the case when it comes to physician dictation. As a result, the place of quality assurance in the medical record production workflow needs to be carefully considered before implementing a “once-and-done” (i.e. physician-based) model of record creation.Originality/value– No other research has been published on the presence of errors or classification of errors in physician dictation. The paper questions the assumption that direct physician creation of medical records in the absence of secondary QA processes will result in higher quality documentation and fewer medical errors.
The hospital survey on patient safety culture in Portuguese hospitals
Authors: Eiras Margarida , Escoval Ana , Monteiro Grillo Isabel , Silva-Fortes Carina 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– Quantitative instruments to assess patient safety culture have been developed recently and a few review articles have been published. Measuring safety culture enables healthcare managers and staff to improve safety behaviours and outcomes for patients and staff. The study aims to determine the AHRQ Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSPSC) Portuguese version's validity and reliability.

Design/methodology/approach
– A missing-value analysis and item analysis was performed to identify problematic items. Reliability analysis, inter-item correlations and inter-scale correlations were done to check internal consistency, composite scores. Inter-correlations were examined to assess construct validity. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to investigate the observed data's fit to the dimensional structure proposed in the AHRQ HSPSC Portuguese version. To analyse differences between hospitals concerning composites scores, an ANOVA analysis and multiple comparisons were done.

Findings
– Eight of 12 dimensions had Cronbach's alphas higher than 0.7. The instrument as a whole achieved a high Cronbach's alpha (0.91). Inter-correlations showed that there is no dimension with redundant items, however dimension 10 increased its internal consistency when one item is removed.

Originality/value
– This study is the first to evaluate an American patient safety culture survey using Portuguese data. The survey has satisfactory reliability and construct validity.
Important quality aspects in the transfer process
Authors: Häggström Marie , Asplund Kenneth , Kristiansen Lisbeth 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– Admission to and transfer from an intensive care unit affects not only the patient but also his or her relatives. The authors aimed to investigate relatives' perceptions of quality of care during a patient's transfer process from an intensive care unit to a general ward.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study had a mixed method design that included quantitative data and answers to open questions. The participants were 65 relatives of patients who received care in an ICU. They were recruited from two hospitals in Sweden.

Findings
– A majority perceived the transfer process as important, but analysis also showed that the participants rated it as an area for improvements. The relatives wanted participation, personal insight and control, respectful encounters, proximity, reassurance, continuous quality, reconnection and feedback. The relatives' participation in the transfer process was perceived as inadequate by 61 per cent, and the support that was received after the ICU discharge was perceived as inadequate by 53 per cent. The patients' length of stay in the ICU affected the relatives' perceptions of the quality of care. Overall, the relatives seemed to desire that the transfer process includes a continuous care, a competent staff, available information throughout the transfer process and personal involvement in the care, both before and after the transfer from the ICU.

Research limitations/implications
– The conclusion of this study is that relatives' needs and seeking for a well-planned ICU transitional process organisation with continuous quality before and after transfer, informational strategies that encourage the relatives to be involved and an organisation with competence throughout the healthcare chain are vital for quality.

Practical implications
– The conclusion of this study is that relatives' needs and seeking for a well-planned ICU transitional process organisation with continuous quality before and after transfer, informational strategies that encourage the relatives to be involved and an organisation with competence throughout the healthcare chain are vital for quality.

Originality/value
– The findings have important implications for nursing and nursing management. A relative's perception of the quality of care before and after transfer from ICU may be a valuable source to evaluate the ICU transitional care.
Patient choice of a hospital: implications for health policy and management
Authors: Mohammad Mosadeghrad Ali 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this study was to identify the most important influencing factors in choosing a hospital by a patient.Design/methodology/approach– This study involved a mixed research design. Focus groups and in-depth individual interviews were conducted with patients to explore reasons for choosing a hospital. In addition, this study involved survey-based research on the patient choice.Findings– Type of the hospital, type of the service, word of mouth, cost of services, the health insurance programme, location, physical environment, facilities, providers' expertise and interpersonal behaviour, and reputation of the hospital influenced patients' choice of a hospital. Doctor recommendations and health insurance programme were the main reasons for choosing a hospital for inpatients and outpatients respectively.Practical implications– Identifying and understanding key factors that influence a patient choice of a healthcare setting helps managers and policy makers invest their resources in those critical areas and improve those aspects of their services to attract more patients.Originality/value– This article contributes to healthcare theory and practice by developing a conceptual framework for understanding the factors that influence a patient choice of a healthcare setting.
A time-varying approach to analysing fiscal policy and asset prices in South Africa
Authors: Gupta Rangan , Jooste Charl , Matlou Kanyane 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– This paper aims to study the interplay of fiscal policy and asset prices in a time-varying fashion.Design/methodology/approach– Using South African data since 1966, the authors are able to study the dynamic shocks of both fiscal policy and asset prices on asset prices and fiscal policy based on a time-varying parameter vector autoregressive (TVP-VAR) model. This enables the authors to isolate specific periods in time to understand the size and sign of the shocks.Findings– The results seem to suggest that at least two regimes exist in which expansionary fiscal policy affected asset prices. From the 1970s until 1990, fiscal expansions were associated with declining house and slightly increased stock prices. The majority of the first decade of 2000 had asset prices increasing when fiscal policy expanded. On the other hand, increasing asset prices reduced deficits for the majority of the sample period, while the recent financial crises had a marked change on the way asset prices affect fiscal policy.Originality/value– This is the first attempt in the literature of fiscal policy and asset prices to use a TVP-VAR model to not only analyse the impact of fiscal policy on asset prices, but also the feedback from asset prices to fiscal policy over time.
The persistent effect of banking crises on investment and the role of financial markets
Authors: Rioja Felix , Rios-Avila Fernando , Valev Neven 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– While the literature studying the effect of banking crises on real output growth rates has found short-lived effects, recent work has focused on the level effects showing that banking crises can reduce output below its trend for several years. This paper aims to investigate the effect of banking crises on investment finding a prolonged negative effect.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors test to see whether investment declines after a banking crisis and, if it does, for how long and by how much. The paper uses data for 148 countries from 1963 to 2007. Econometrically, the authors test how banking crises episodes affect investment in future years after controlling for other potential determinants.

Findings
– The authors find that the investment to GDP ratio is on average about 1.7 percent lower for about eight years following a banking crisis. These results are robust after controlling for credit availability, institutional characteristics, and a host of other factors. Furthermore, the authors find that the size and duration of this adverse effect on investment varies according to the level of financial development of a country. The largest and longer-lasting decrease in investment is found in countries in a middle region of financial development, where finance plays its most important role according to theory.

Originality/value
– The authors contribute by finding that banking crisis can have long-term effects on investment of up to nine years. Further, the authors contribute by finding that the level of development of the country's financial markets affects the duration of this decrease in investment.