bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A false killer whale reduces its hearing sensitivity when a loud sound is preceded by a warning
Authors: Nachtigall Paul E. , Supin Alexander Y. 
Published: April 2013

Summary
The possibility of conditioned dampening of whale hearing thresholds, when a loud sound is preceded by a warning sound, was investigated. The loud sound was a tone of 20 kHz, 170 dB re 1 μPa, 5s. Hearing sensitivity was measured using pip-train test stimuli and auditory evoked potential recording. The same test sounds served as warning sounds. The durations of the warning sounds were varied randomly to avoid locking an anticipated conditioning effect to the timing immediately before the loud sound. When the test/warning sound pairing varied within a range of 1 to 9 s or from 5 to 35 s, hearing thresholds before the loud sound increased relative to the baseline, respectively, by 10.5 and 13.2 dB. When the test/warning sound precedence varied within a range of 20 to 140 s, the threshold increase was negligible (2.9 dB). The observed hearing threshold increase was not a result of the unconditioned effect of the loud sound like a TTS, so it is considered as a manifestation of conditioned dampening of hearing when the subject anticipated the quick appearance of a loud sound, most likely to protect its hearing.
Jumping mechanisms in gum treehopper insects (Hemiptera, Eurymelinae)
Authors: Burrows Malcolm 
Published: April 2013

SummaryJumping in a species of Australian gum treehopper was analysed from high speed images. Adults and nymphs of Pauroeurymela amplicincta lived together in groups that were tended by ants, but only adults jumped. The winged adults with a body mass of 23 mg and a body length of 7 mm had some morphological characteristics intermediate between those of their close relatives the leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) and the treehoppers (Membracidae). They, like leafhoppers, lacked the prominent prothoracic helmets of membracid treehoppers, but their large hind coxae were linked by press studs (poppers), that are present in leafhoppers but not treehoppers. The hind legs were only 30-40% longer than the other legs and 67% of body length. They are thus of similar proportions to the hind legs of treehoppers but much shorter than those of most leafhoppers. Jumping was propelled by the hind legs, that moved in the same plane as each other beneath and almost parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body. A jump was preceded by full levation of the coxo-trochanteral joints of the hind legs. In its best jumps, the rapid depression of these joints then accelerated the insect in 1.4 ms to a take-off velocity of 3.8 m s-1 so that it experienced a force of almost 280 g. In 22% of jumps, the wings opened before take-off but did not flap until airborne when the body rotated little in any plane. The energy expended was 170 µJ, the power output was 122 mW, and the force exerted was 64 mN. Such jumps are predicted to propel the insect forwards 1450 mm (200 times body length) and to a height of 430 mm if there is no effect of wind resistance. The power output per mass of jumping muscle far exceeded the maximum active contractile limit of muscle and indicates that a catapult-like action must be used. This eurymelid therefore outperforms both leafhoppers and treehoppers in its faster acceleration and in its higher take-off velocity.
Effects of fluvalinate on honey bee learning, memory, responsiveness to sucrose, and survival
Authors: Frost Elisabeth H. , Shutler Dave , Hillier Neil K. 
Published: April 2013

Summary
Contaminants can affect organisms' behaviour and, as a consequence, survival. Tau-fluvalinate (hereafter fluvalinate) is the active ingredient in a pesticide commonly used in North America to control Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman) mites in honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) colonies. Fluvalinate's effects on honey bees are not well known. Honey bee cognitive and neural function can be assessed using the proboscis extension reflex (PER) that applies Pavlovian conditioning techniques. This study used PER to evaluate effects of fluvalinate on honey bee acquisition learning (hereafter, learning), (long-term) memory recall (hereafter, memory), responsiveness to sucrose, and mortality. We also evaluated how exclusion criteria for honey bees that did not exhibit PER during training and memory trials affected interpretation of results. Fluvalinate was administered both orally and dermally at high and low doses to mimic routes by which honey bees are exposed. We found negative effects of fluvalinate on honey bee learning, memory, responsiveness to sucrose, and survival, especially in high oral doses. We also found significant consequences to interpretation of results using different exclusion criteria. For example, almost 50% of individuals that failed to show evidence of learning subsequently showed evidence of memory. The latter results have important implications regarding traditional assessment of PER-based learning and memory; the former results suggest that evaluation of honey bee exposure to fluvalinate and attendant consequences warrants further investigation.
Biomechanics of spontaneous overground walk-to-run transition
Authors: Segers Veerle , De Smet Kristof , Van Caekenberghe Ine , Aerts Peter , De Clercq Dirk 
Published: April 2013

SummaryThe purpose of the present study is to describe the biomechanics of spontaneous walk-to-run transitions (WRTs) in humans. After minimal instructions, 17 physical active subjects performed WRTs on an instrumented runway enabling measurement of speed, acceleration, spatiotemporal variables, ground reaction forces and 3D kinematics. The present study describes (1) the mechanical energy fluctuations of the body centre-of-mass (BCOM) as a reflection of the whole body dynamics and (2) the joint kinematics and kinetics. Consistent with previous research, the spatiotemporal variables show a sudden switch from walking to running in one transition step. During this step there is a sudden increase in forward speed, the so-called speed jump (0.42 m/s). At total body level, this is reflected in a sudden increase in energy of the BCOM (0.83 ± 0.14 J/kg) and an abrupt change from an out-of-phase to an in-phase organization of the kinetic and potential energy fluctuations. During the transition step a larger net propulsive impulse compared to the preceding and following steps is observed due to a decrease in the braking impulse. It is suggested that the altered landing configuration (prepared during the last 40% of the preceding swing) places the body in an optimal configuration to minimize this braking impulse. We hypothesize this configuration also evokes a reflex allowing a more powerful push off, which generates enough power to complete the transition and launch the first flight phase. This powerful push-off is also reflected in the vertical ground reaction force which suddenly changes to a running pattern.
Synthesis and Characterization of Oxygen/Sulfur-Bridged Incomplete Cubane-Type Clusters, [M3S4(Tpe)3]+ and [M3OS3(Tpe)3]+ (M = Mo and W), and a Mixed-Metal Cubane-Type Cluster, [Mo3PdS4Cl(Tpe)3]
Authors: Yoshida Ryouichi , Shibahara Takashi , Akashi Haruo 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The reaction of [Mo3S4(H2O)9]4+ (1) and [Mo3OS3(H2O)9]4+ (2) with hydrotris(pyrazolyl)ethanol (HTpe) ligands produced [Mo3S4(Tpe)3]PF6·3CH2Cl2 ([5]PF6·3CH2Cl2) and [Mo3OS3(Tpe)3]PF6·4CH2Cl2 ([6]PF6·4CH2Cl2), respectively, using solvent extraction. Furthermore, the tungsten analogous compounds, [W3S4(Tpe)3]PF6·4CH2Cl2 ([7]PF6·4CH2Cl2) and [W3OS3(Tpe)3]PF6·2.5CH2Cl2 ([8]PF6·2.5CH2Cl2) have been prepared using a similar procedure to that used in the preparation of 5. The cyclic voltammograms of 5, 6, and 7 show one reversible one-electron oxidation process and one reversible one-electron reduction process (5, E1/2 = −0.96 and 1.10 V; 6, E1/2 = −0.96 and 1.00 V; 7, E1/2 = −1.54 and 0.77 V: all values are given vs. SHE). Complex 8 also shows one reversible (E1/2 = 0.61 V) and one irreversible one-electron oxidation processes (Epc = 1.12 V) and one irreversible one-electron reduction process (Epc = −1.54 V). The reaction of 5 with organometallic compound [Pd2(dba)3] in CH3CN afforded [Mo3PdS4Cl(Tpe)3]·4.5CH2Cl2 ([11]·4.5CH2Cl2). Complex 11 showed a high catalytic activity for the intramolecular cyclization of 4-pentynoic acid to give γ-methylene-γ-butyrolactone in the presence of Et3N. X-ray structure analyses of [5]PF6·3CH2Cl2, [6]PF6·4CH2Cl2, [7]PF6·4CH2Cl2, [8]PF6·2.5CH2Cl2, and [11]·4.5CH2Cl2 revealed that each molybdenum or tungsten atom is bonded to the Tpe ligand.
Kaliberreduktion der V. saphena magna und der V. femoralis nach CHIVA
Authors: Mendoza E. 
Published: April 2013

ZusammenfassungEinleitung: Die Durchmesser der V. saphena magna (VSM) und der V. femoralis communis (VFC) gelten als Hinweis auf den Schwere-grad der Venenerkrankung. Eine Kaliberreduktion 8 Wochen nach Operation nach CHIVA wurde bereits belegt (3), offen blieb die Langzeitwirkung.Methode: Bei 43 Patienten wurde 5 Jahre nach einem Eingriff nach CHIVA an den Stammvenen der Durchmesser der VSM und der VFC, das C(CEAP) und die Wiederauffüllzeit im Vergleich zum präoperativen Wert erfasst.Ergebnis: 43 Patienten (Durchschnittsalter 52,7 Jahre) stellten sich im Mittel 5,36 Jahre nach Operation nach CHIVA vor. Der Durchmesser der VFC verringerte sich von präoperativ 15,39 ± 2,93 mm über 15,11 ± 2,73 mm nach 8 Wochen auf 14,18 ± 2,56 mm (p<0,05), bei Behandlung der VSM verringerte sich der Durchmesser der VFC von 16,07 ± 2,65 mm über 15,29 ± 2,41 mm nach 8 Wochen auf 14,30 ± 2,81 mm (p<0,001). Der Durchmesser der VSM verringerte sich von präoperativ 7,13 ± 2,05 mm über 4,98 ± 1,49 mm nach 8 Wochen auf 4,38 ± 1,44 mm nach 5 Jahren (p<0,001). Das C reduzierte sich von präoperativ 2,77 ± 0,81 mm über 1,51 ± 1,19 mm nach 8 Wochen auf 1,72 ± 1,10 mm nach 5 Jahren (p = 0,007). Die Wiederauffüllzeit verlängert sich von präop. 15,24 ± 6,18 ± s über 17,9 ± 6,47 s nach 8 Wochen auf 21,61 ± 9,2 s nach 5 Jahren (p = 0,022).Fazit: Auch in der Langzeitstudie nach CHIVA konnte keine Belastung der tiefen Beinvenen nachgewiesen werden.
Der lange Weg der Syphilis bis zum Ulcus cruris syphiliticum
Authors: Dissemond J. , Hach-Wunderle V. , Hach W. 
Published: April 2013

ZusammenfassungDie Syphilis fiel im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes von einem Tag auf den anderen in Europa ein. Sie stellte sich in einer ganz anderen Weise dar, wie wir sie heute kennen. In einer der ersten Beschreibungen von Josef Grünpeck ist die Rede von fürchterlichen schwarzen Zapfen und kleinen Hörnern mit bestialischem Gestank, die im Gesicht hervorwuchsen sowie von grausamen Knochenschmerzen, so dass sich die Kranken den Tod herbeiwünschten. Durch die ständigen Kriegshandlungen, aber ebenso durch die gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse kam es im 16. Jahrhundert von Spanien her über Neapel zu einer rasant fortschreitenden Epidemie, die schließ-lich ganz Europa überrannte. Die Folge waren grundlegende Einflüsse auf das kulturelle Leben der Menschen in allen Gesellschaftsschichten. Die Ärzte haben sich in einer heute unübersehbaren Literatur mit der Krankheit auseinandergesetzt. Dabei stellt das Blickfeld auf das Ulcus cruris syphiliticum nur einen winzigen Ausschnitt dar.
Ulkus-Sprechstunde für Einsteiger
Authors: Kahle B. , Recke A. L. 
Published: April 2013

ZusammenfassungAls Einsteiger können Anamnese und Be -fundeinordnung bei Patienten mit Ulcus cruris mitunter sehr schwierig sein. Es empfiehlt sich, einer gewissen Systematik zu folgen, um das weitere Vorgehen strukturiert planen zu können. Diese Fortbildung in Bildern ersetzt nicht die Lektüre von Lehrbüchern und Leitlinien, sie soll vielmehr einige praktische Tipps und Hintergedanken zur Anamnese bei Ulcuspatienten und bei der Befundbeschreibung von Ulcera vorstellen.
REVIEWS
Authors: Falkenhayner Nicole , Marino Alessandra 
Published: April 2013

THE LOST GERMAN EAST: FORCED MI GRA TION AND THE POLITICS OF MEMORY, 1945–1970, ANDREW DEMSHUK (2012) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 324 pages, ISBN 978-1-107-02073-3, Hardback, € 79,00
LA QUARTA VIA: MOGADISCIO, ITALIA (ITA, ENGLISH SUBTITLES, KIMERAFILM 2012,
38’)
AULÒ: ROMA POSTCOLONIALE (ITA, ENGLISH SUBTITLES, KIMERAFILM 2012, 48’)
Redetermination of the structure of 4’-(bromomethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2- carbonitrile, C14H10BrN
Authors: Siddegowda Maravanahalli S. , Yathirajan Hemmige S. , Narayana Badiadka , Gerber Thomas , Hosten Eric , Betz Richard 
Published: April 2013

Abstract C14H10BrN, orthorhombic, Fdd2 (no. 43), a = 24.196(1) Å, b = 47.123(2) Å, c = 4.0402(2) Å, V = 4606.5 Å3, Z = 16, Rgt(F) = 0.0275, wRref(F2) = 0.0671, T = 200 K.
Redetermination of the structure of 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5- phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one, C16H13ClN2O
Authors: Dayananda Alaloor S. , Yathirajan Hemmige S. , Gerber Thomas , Hosten Eric , Betz Richard 
Published: April 2013

Abstract C16H13ClN2O, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 7.9510(2) Å, b = 13.2274(3) Å, c = 12.8923(3) Å, β = 90.172(1)°, V = 1355.9 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0314, wRref(F2) = 0.0834, T = 200 K.
New Neonatal Classification of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Part 2: To Predict Permanent Lateral Incisor Agenesis and Maxillary Growth
Authors: Doucet Jean-Charles , Delestan Christian , Montoya Pedro , Matei Lucia , Bigorre Michèle , Herlin Christian , Baümler Caroline , Daures Jean-Pierre , Captier Guillaume 
Published: April 2013

Objectives To bring a neonatal classification system of unilateral cleft lip and palate and to correlate this classification with the distribution of the permanent lateral incisor and maxillary growth. Design Retrospective with longitudinal follow-up. Setting Tertiary. Patients A total of 112 individuals with treated unilateral cleft lip and palate and 30 controls. Main Outcome Measures Unilateral cleft lip and palate neonatal casts were classified anatomically in four categories, in which Class 1 corresponds to a maxillary arch with a narrow alveolar cleft; Class 2 corresponds to a balanced form; Class 3 corresponds to a wide cleft and short maxilla; and Class 4 corresponds to a wide cleft and long maxilla. The classification was correlated with the distribution of the permanent lateral incisor. Maxillary growth was evaluated using a cephalometric analysis after the age of 10 years. Results Clinical classification of unilateral cleft lip and palate found 10 cases of Class 1 (8.9%), 34 cases of Class 2 (30.4%), 46 cases of Class 3 (41.1%), and 22 cases of Class 4 (19.6%). The permanent lateral incisor was most often present in narrower clefts (Classes 1 and 2); whereas, large clefts (Classes 3 and 4) were relatively more frequently associated with an agenesis of the permanent lateral incisor ( P = .019). Maxillary growth impairment was most severe in Class 3, with a mean sella-nasion-A point angle at 71.9° ± 4.6° ( P < .001). Conclusions Using the cleft width, arch form, and shape of the nasal septum, unilateral cleft lip and palate can be classified into four different classes at birth, which can all give information about permanent lateral incisor agenesis and maxillary growth.
Abrupt Laryngeal Engagement during Stop Plosive-Vowel Transitions in Children with Repaired Cleft Palate and Adequate Velopharyngeal Closure: Aerodynamic and Sound Pressure Level Evidence
Authors: Zajac David J. , Milholland Sarah 
Published: April 2013

Objective To determine whether children with repaired cleft palate and adequate velopharyngeal closure exhibit abrupt laryngeal engagement during stop plosive-vowel transitions as compared with children without cleft palate. Design A prospective group design was used with convenience sampling of patients at a university craniofacial center. Participants Participants were 25 children (15 boys, 10 girls) with repaired cleft palate (mean age = 10.9 years, standard deviation = 1.5 years) and 20 children (10 boys, 10 girls) without cleft palate (mean age = 10.8 years, standard deviation = 1.8 years). All children with cleft palate had adequate velopharyngeal closure as determined by aerodynamic testing. Main Outcome Measures (1) Peak oral airflow was determined during the release of /t/ in the word “two” during a counting task. (2) An index of laryngeal engagement defined as the ratio of the maximum oral airflow declination to peak oral airflow was calculated during the release of /t/. (3) Sound pressure level was determined during the vowel of the word “two.” Results Children with cleft palate exhibited significantly more negative laryngeal engagement ratios (i.e., more abrupt adduction) ( P = .002) and greater sound pressure level ( P = .049) than controls. There was a significant negative relationship between laryngeal engagement and sound pressure level for all children ( r = -.428, P = .003). Conclusions Children with repaired cleft palate and adequate velopharyngeal function appear to use a strategy of abrupt laryngeal adduction during stop plosive-vowel transitions. This strategy—perhaps learned even prior to palate surgery—may help to achieve either adequate sound pressure level and/or velopharyngeal closure.
Identification of Drought, Heat, and Combined Drought and Heat Tolerant Donors in Maize
Authors: Cairns Jill E. , Crossa Jose , Zaidi P. H. , Grudloyma Pichet , Sanchez Ciro , Araus Jose Luis , Thaitad Suriphat , Makumbi Dan , Magorokosho Cosmos , Bänziger Marianne , Menkir Abebe , Hearne Sarah , Atlin Gary N. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTLow maize (Zea maysL.) yields and the impacts of climate change on maize production highlight the need to improve yields in eastern and southern Africa. Climate projections suggest higher temperatures within drought‐prone areas. Research in model species suggests that tolerance to combined drought and heat stress is genetically distinct from tolerance to either stress alone, but this has not been confirmed in maize. In this study we evaluated 300 maize inbred lines testcrossed to CML539. Experiments were conducted under optimal conditions, reproductive stage drought stress, heat stress, and combined drought and heat stress. Lines with high levels of tolerance to drought and combined drought and heat stress were identified. Significant genotype × trial interaction and very large plot residuals were observed; consequently, the repeatability of individual managed stress trials was low. Tolerance to combined drought and heat stress in maize was genetically distinct from tolerance to individual stresses, and tolerance to either stress alone did not confer tolerance to combined drought and heat stress. This finding has major implications for maize drought breeding. Many current drought donors and key inbreds used in widely grown African hybrids were susceptible to drought stress at elevated temperatures. Several donors tolerant to drought and combined drought and heat stress, notably La Posta Sequia C7‐F64‐2‐6‐2‐2 and DTPYC9‐F46‐1‐2‐1‐2, need to be incorporated into maize breeding pipelines.
Population Structure and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Diversity of Historical Minnesota Maize Inbreds
Authors: Schaefer Christopher M. , Bernardo Rex 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThe University of Minnesota has developed more than 600 maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds since 1915. Our objectives were to (i) characterize the population structure and relatedness in the historical Minnesota maize inbred collection in comparison with inbreds of known heterotic groups, (ii) identify any unique germplasm groups among the historical Minnesota inbreds, and (iii) characterize the genetic diversity of the historical Minnesota germplasm. We used the Illumina MaizeSNP50 Beadchip to analyze 284 inbreds with 43,252 single nucleotide polymorphism markers: 143 inbreds developed at Minnesota (referred to as “A” inbreds), 26 inbreds developed by public breeding programs, and 115 inbreds developed by seed companies. Model‐based clustering divided the inbreds into K = 5 subpopulations represented by the B73, Mo17, Oh43, A321, and PH207 genetic backgrounds. More than 60% of the A inbreds clustered in the A321 subpopulation; many of these inbreds were derived from the open‐pollinated cultivar Minnesota 13. The A321 subpopulation had higher mean dissimilarity (0.384) and gene diversity (0.377) than the other four subpopulations. Subclusters in the A321 and Oh43 subpopulations represented groups of inbreds unique to the historical Minnesota germplasm. Our results may help provide maize breeders with information needed to effectively use historical genetic resources while maintaining heterotic patterns necessary in hybrid breeding.
Reference Values of Physical Performance in Thai Elderly People Who Are Functioning Well and Dwelling in the Community
Authors: Thaweewannakij Thiwabhorn , Wilaichit Sirinat , Chuchot Renu , Yuenyong Yaowaraporn , Saengsuwan Jiamjit , Siritaratiwat Wantana , Amatachaya Sugalya 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundBecause the number of elderly people is rapidly increasing, reference values for the physical abilities necessary to independently conduct daily activities are crucial for promoting good health. Although a few studies have reported reference values for functional tests relating to these abilities, all of those values were derived from populations in developed countries, which have baseline demographic and anthropometric characteristics different from those of Thai people.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to describe reference values for 5 physical performance tests for Thai elderly people who were functioning well and dwelling in the community.DesignA cross-sectional design was used in this study.MethodsA total of 1,030 Thai elderly people who were functioning well were cross-sectionally assessed for their physical abilities with 5 functional tests: 10-Meter Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed “Up & Go” Test, Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test, and Six-Minute Walk Test. The data were reported with descriptive statistics according to decade of age and sex. Differences among the age decades and between the sexes were analyzed with a 1-way analysis of variance and an independent-sample t test, respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine baseline characteristics important in functional abilities.ResultsMost of the values found for the performance-based measures were lower than those previously reported, with a significant trend toward age- and sex-related functional decline. Weight and height were important contributors to level of functional ability.LimitationsOnly a few elderly individuals older than 90 years of age participated in this study. Therefore, their findings were combined with those of participants aged 80 to 89 years.ConclusionsThe findings described here may be useful as reference values for 5 physical performance tests for Thai elderly people. Health practitioners can use this information to identify functional impairments early and to promote independence in Thai and other elderly populations with similar anthropometric characteristics, such as those in the Association of South East Asian Nations.
Vendidas y Devueltas: Queer Times and Color Lines in Chicana/o Performance
Authors: Rowe Aimee Carrillo 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This paper explores the temporal structures that shape Chicana subjectivity. The historical figure, La Malinche, is often imagined through acts of betrayal as “La Vendida” (literally the one who has been sold). I propose an alternative reading—that of “La Devuelta”—the one who is returned as an empowering Chicana figure. Drawing on and extending theories of queer temporality, I consider the way time passes and is recuperated by queer Chicanas who rewrite nationalist temporalities. Although nationalist projects structure La Vendida through heterosexual and capitalist imperatives, Chicana feminist treatments of imperial trauma and queer erotics provide alternate modes of belonging, healing, and embodiment.