bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Self‐Organized Criticality in riverbank mass failures: a matter of perspective?
Authors: Croke Jacky , Denham Robert , Thompson Chris , Grove James 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA growing body of field, theoretical and numerical modelling studies suggests that predicting river response to even major changes in input variables is difficult. Rivers are seen to adjust rapidly and variably through time and space as well as changing independently of major driving variables. Concepts such as Self‐Organized Criticality (SOC) are considered to better reflect the complex interactions and adjustments occurring in systems than traditional approaches of cause and effect. This study tests the hypothesis that riverbank mass failures which occurred both prior to, and during, an extreme flood event in southeast Queensland (SEQ) in 2011 are a manifestation of SOC. Each wet‐flow failure is somewhat analogous to the ‘avalanche’ described in the initial sand‐pile experiments of Baket al. (Physical Review Letters, 1987, 59(4), 381–384) and, due to the use of multitemporal LiDAR, the time period of instability can be effectively constrained to that surrounding the flood event. The data is examined with respect to the key factors thought to be significant in evaluating the existence of SOC including; non‐linear temporal dynamics in the occurrence of disturbance events within the system; an inverse power‐law relation between the magnitude and frequency of the events; the existence of a critical state to which the system readjusts after a disturbance; the existence of a cascading processes mechanism by which the same process can initiate both low‐magnitude and high‐magnitude events. While there was a significant change in the frequency of mass failures pre‐ and post‐flood, suggesting non‐linear temporal dynamics in the occurrence of disturbance events, the data did not fit an inverse power‐law within acceptable probability and other models were found to fit the data better. Likewise, determining a single ‘critical’ state is problematic when a variety of feedbacks and multiple modes of adjustment are likely to have operated throughout this high magnitude event. Overall, the extent to which the data supports a self‐organized critical state is variable and highly dependent upon inferential arguments. Investigating the existence of SOC, however, provided results and insights that are useful to the management and future prediction of these features. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pummersdorfer Tunnel – Water conditions in the shallow tunnel / Pummersdorfer Tunnel – Wasserverhältnisse im seicht liegenden Tunnel
Authors: Hödl Reinhold , Höllrigl Michael 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe Westbahn line between Vienna and Wels in Austria is being upgraded to four tracks to improve its capacity and performance for passenger and goods traffic. The opening of the section “Gap‐closing St.Pölten‐Loosdorf (GZU)” in 2017 completed the four‐track Westbahn line between Vienna and Linz. The Pummersdorfer Tunnel is the last tunnel in this section and is designed as a single‐bore two‐track tunnel with a length of 3.5 km. The tunnel runs close to the surface with a maximum of 25 m overburden in weathered or unweathered Miocene schlier (marl). The driving of the tunnel encountered two groundwater horizons, pore groundwater in the Quaternary cover gravels above the tunnel crown and water in the joints of the Miocene schlier in or just above tunnel level. Some unexpected heavy water inrushes occurred during tunnelling.The article first gives an overview of the project and the geological conditions and is then concerned with the effects of the groundwater inflows on the tunnelling works and the groundwater use in the near vicinity.Für die Erhöhung der Kapazität und Leistungsfähigkeit im Personen‐ und Güterverkehr wird die Westbahn zwischen Wien und Wels viergleisig ausgebaut. Mit Inbetriebnahme des Abschnitts “Lückenschluss St.Pölten‐Loosdorf (GZU)” im Jahr 2017 wird die viergleisige Westbahn zwischen Wien‐ und Linz fertiggestellt. Der Tunnel Pummersdorf ist der letzte Tunnel in diesem Abschnitt und ist als einröhriger zweigleisiger Tunnel mit rund 3, 5 km Länge konzipiert. Der Tunnel verläuft oberflächennahe mit maximal 25 m Überlagerung im verwitterten bzw. unverwitterten Miozänschlier. Durch den Vortrieb sind zwei Grundwasserhorizonte, Porengrundwasser in den quartären Deckenschottern oberhalb der Tunnelfirste und Kluftgrundwasser im Miozänschlier in bzw. knapp über Tunnelniveau, berührt. Im Zuge des Vortriebs kam es kurzfristig zu unerwartet starken Wasserzutritten.Der Beitrag gibt zunächst einen Überblick über das Projekt sowie die geologischen Rahmenbedingungen und befasst sich anschließend mit den Auswirkungen der Bergwasserzutritte für die Vortriebsarbeiten und die im Nahbereich befindlichen Grundwassernutzungen.
GBA‐associated Parkinson's disease: Reduced survival and more rapid progression in a prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Brockmann Kathrin , Srulijes Karin , Pflederer Sylvia , Hauser Ann‐Kathrin , Schulte Claudia , Maetzler Walter , Gasser Thomas , Berg Daniela 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundParkinson's disease (PD) patients with GBA mutations show an earlier age at onset and more severe non‐motor symptoms compared with PD patients without GBA mutations.ObjectiveThis study was undertaken to evaluate progression of motor and non‐motor symptoms in sporadic PD patients depending on the mutational GBA status.MethodsWe used regression analysis to evaluate independent effects of the mutational GBA status, age at onset, age at examination, and disease duration on motor (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [UPDRS]‐III, Hoehn and Yahr [H&Y] stage, Levodopa [l‐dopa]‐equivalent‐dosage) and non‐motor characteristics (cognition and mood). Disease progression was assessed prospectively over 3 years.ResultsThe GBA‐associated PD patients compared with non‐mutation PD patients, although younger and with an earlier age at onset, show (1) a more rapid disease progression of motor impairment and cognitive decline and (2) reduced survival rates.ConclusionsThe mutational GBA status, rather than older age and age at onset, presents an important predictor for disease progression in this specific subgroup of PD patients. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Presynaptic effects of levodopa and their possible role in dyskinesia
Authors: Mosharov Eugene V. , Borgkvist Anders , Sulzer David 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLevodopa replacement therapy has long provided the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). We review how this dopamine (DA) precursor enhances dopaminergic transmission by providing a greater sphere of neurotransmitter influence as a result of the confluence of increased quantal size and decreased DA reuptake, as well as loading DA as a false transmitter into surviving serotonin neuron synaptic vesicles. We further review literature on how presynaptic dysregulation of DA release after l‐dopa might trigger dyskinesias in PD patients. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Rheumatoid Hand Surgery: Is there a Decline? A 22-Year Population-Based Study
Authors: Gogna Rajiv , Cheung Graham , Arundell Melanie , Deighton Chris , Lindau Tommy R. 
Published: December 2014

Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common idiopathic inflammatory arthritis affecting 0.8 % of the population. It can cause significant hand and wrist damage and dysfunction. Recent advances in anti-rheumatic treatments have the potential to decrease the prevalence of hand deformities in patients with RA. Our aim was to investigate whether there has been a decline over 22-years in the number of hand surgical procedures being undertaken for patients with RA and whether this correlates with the introduction of new anti-rheumatic therapies. Methods We performed a retrospective, population-based (Derbyshire) study of all patients with RA who underwent hand surgery at the Pulvertaft Hand Centre from 1990 to 2012. Index procedures included (1) teno-synovectomy and soft tissue procedures, (2) wrist arthrodesis/arthroplasty and (3) finger arthrodesis. Results A total of 297 procedures were performed in 153 Derbyshire patients with RA over the 22-year period, with mean age at surgery 59 years (range 24–88 years). The female to male ratio was 2.5:1. The overall trend showed a peak in 2004 and a subsequent decline thereafter. This coincides with an increasing tendency by local rheumatologists to introduce earlier and more intensive conventional disease-modifying drugs and biological therapies for more resistant disease. Conclusions There has been a decline in the number of hand surgery procedures being performed on patients with RA during our 22-year population-based study. It indicates that medical treatments and strategies have been successful at preventing disease progression.
Kinderwunsch als genetisches Risiko?
Authors: Wehling Peter 
Published: December 2014

Zusammenfassung
Erweiterte präkonzeptionelle Anlageträgerscreenings auf seltene, rezessive Erkrankungen haben sich in jüngster Zeit als neuartige Form genetischer Diagnostik herausgebildet. Bisher werden Tests auf mehr als 100 Anlageträgerschaften von kommerziellen Unternehmen angeboten, eine künftige Übernahme in öffentliche Gesundheitssysteme wird jedoch bereits diskutiert. Falls Mann und Frau die gleiche rezessive Anlage tragen, eröffnet die Diagnostik ihnen verschiedene Alternativen, um die Geburt eines kranken Kindes zu vermeiden. Erweiterte Trägerscreenings haben jedoch problematische gesellschaftliche Implikationen und werfen ungelöste Fragen auf, u. a. wie die getesteten Krankheiten ausgewählt werden und wie eine angemessene genetische Beratung zu gewährleisten ist. Die Vermutung, die Etablierung solcher Screenings sei unvermeidbar, könnte sich als vorschnell erweisen.
Can rove beetles (Staphylinidae) be excluded in studies focusing on saproxylic beetles in central European beech forests?
Authors: Parmain G. , Bouget C. , Müller J. , Horak J. , Gossner M.M. , Lachat T. , Isacsson G. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMonitoring saproxylic beetle diversity, though challenging, can help identifying relevant conservation sites or key drivers of forest biodiversity, and assessing the impact of forestry practices on biodiversity. Unfortunately, monitoring species assemblages is costly, mainly due to the time spent on identification. Excluding families which are rich in specimens and species but are difficult to identify is a frequent procedure used in ecological entomology to reduce the identification cost. The Staphylinidae (rove beetle) family is both one of the most frequently excluded and one of the most species-rich saproxylic beetle families. Using a large-scale beetle and environmental dataset from 238 beech stands across Europe, we evaluated the effects of staphylinid exclusion on results in ecological forest studies. Simplified staphylinid-excluded assemblages were found to be relevant surrogates for whole assemblages. The species richness and composition of saproxylic beetle assemblages both with and without staphylinids responded congruently to landscape, climatic and stand gradients, even when the assemblages included a high proportion of staphylinid species. At both local and regional scales, the species richness as well as the species composition of staphylinid-included and staphylinid-excluded assemblages were highly positively correlated. Ranking of sites according to their biodiversity level, which either included or excluded Staphylinidae in species richness, also gave congruent results. From our results, species assemblages omitting staphylinids can be taken as efficient surrogates for complete assemblages in large scale biodiversity monitoring studies.
Is Equal Marriage an Anglican Ideal?
Authors: Henwood Gill 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA critical conversation between the Church of England's response to the Government's consultation on Equal Civil Marriage 2012, questions arising from professional parish practice as a priest, and literature in this area of research. The article explores the theological significance of ‘equal marriage’ (equal access to marriage and equality within marriage) as a Christian possibility within the Church of England, with contemporary approaches to gender and sexuality.
Characterisation of THz emission from double‐metal‐patterned gallium–arsenide multiple emitters
Authors: Gow P.C. , McBryde D. , Berry S.A. , Barnes M.E. , Apostolopoulos V. 
Published: December 2014

Multiplexed gallium–arsenide (GaAs)‐based terahertz (THz) emitters fabricated with periodic double‐metal structures are demonstrated and the effect of different metals on the THz output is investigated. THz emission originates from the lateral photo‐Dember effect and from the different Schottky barrier heights of the chosen metal pair. The metal combinations used were Au–Al, Au–Pb and Cu–Cr. The emitters were characterised according to temperature and the highest peak‐to‐peak THz emission was achieved with the Cu–Cr metal pairing at 150 K.
Love Bugs: promoting sexual health among young people in Samoa
Authors: Heard Emma , Auvaa Leveti , Pickering Charlotte 
Published: December 2014

IssueThis project addressed the sexual health and well being of youth in Samoa; a key at‐risk group experiencing high rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and alienation from sexual health services.MethodsLove Bugs included a health promotion event held at the National University of Samoa (NUS), exposing young people to sexual health information and developing personal skills and building self‐efficacy around healthy relationships, communication and safer sex. A survey provided insights into participants' knowledge and perceptions of sexual health, STIs and healthy relationships. In response to survey results, six free condom dispensers were installed at NUS.ResultsLove Bugs exposed over 500 Samoan youth to positive sexual health information and provided an opportunity for personal skill development with regard to protecting sexual health and well being. Condom dispensers were developed and installed on the university campus for the ongoing access by students without concern of cost or embarrassment. Strong partnerships were built between key community and government stakeholders that encouraged collaborative action towards protecting sexual health and well being of Samoan youth.ConclusionsLove Bugs was a successful initiative which addressed sexual health and well being of young people in Samoa. A comprehensive evaluation should be undertaken.
Poor Survival of Acoustically‐Tagged Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Neville Chrys M. , Beamish Richard J. , Chittenden Cedar M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe collapse of the commercial fishery and the major decline in catches in the recreational fishery for Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Strait of Georgia since the mid‐1990s represents a major economic loss to British Columbia. Early marine residence is critical for survival of Chinook Salmon, but measuring the amount of mortality has been difficult. Acoustic tags can be used to measure marine mortality and study migratory behavior. We surgically implanted 278 juvenile Chinook Salmon with acoustic tags to monitor when and how many tagged fish moved out of the Strait of Georgia. Only eight tagged fish were detected leaving the Strait of Georgia, indicating that there could have been substantial mortality of the tagged juvenile Chinook Salmon within the strait. Tagging mortality was minimal, and the detection of tags was shown not to be a major source of error in this study. A major change in population structure between the spring and fall tagging periods meant that it was unlikely that most of the fish tagged in June and July remained within the Strait of Georgia. The decline in abundance of juvenile Chinook Salmon in November 2008 also indicates that the lack of detections of all tagged fish is unlikely a consequence of fish remaining in the Strait of Georgia. This information and the low catches in winter surveys indicated that most juvenile Chinook salmon were no longer in the strait in the late fall and winter. If the tagged fish were representative of the untagged fish, the current brood‐year strength probably is largely determined within the Strait of Georgia.Received January 31, 2014; accepted July 31, 2014
Otolith Chemistry to Determine Within‐River Origins of Alabama Shad in the Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint River Basin
Authors: Schaffler Jason J. , Young Shawn P. , Herrington Steve , Ingram Travis , Tannehill Josh 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRecent fish passage work in the Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint (ACF) river system has coincided with an increase in the abundance and population estimates of adult Alabama ShadAlosa alabamae. Juvenile Alabama Shad are now common in the Flint River and Lake Seminole above Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam where they have historically been absent. Fish passage work has successfully restored spawning adults to these habitats; however, whether these juveniles are contributing to the observed population increases is unknown. Our objective was to determine the natal origins of adult Alabama Shad returning to spawn in the ACF river system, specifically whether fish passage efforts at the dam were contributing recruits to the adult population. Juvenile otolith chemistry profiles were significantly different between nursery locations above and below the dam but were complicated by temporal variation. However, including short term temporal variation in a discriminant function analysis (DFA) resulted in 88% correct classification, indicating that for the ACF river basin, short‐term temporal variability in otolith chemistry does not pose a significant problem for predicting natal origins from cohorts that were not sampled. This finding relied most heavily on strontium, which did not exhibit temporal variation. Our data show that juvenile Alabama Shad produced upstream and downstream of the dam in the ACF can be reliably discriminated with an otolith chemistry approach. This discriminant function was applied to 140 adult Alabama Shad collected during 2010 and 2011 from below the dam and indicated that 86% of adults returning to spawn in the ACF system recruited from the Flint River above the dam. Neither collection year, sex, nor age affected the shad origins. These data indicate that juvenile Alabama Shad are able to emigrate successfully downstream through at least one lock and dam and contribute to the adult stock.Received April 12, 2014; accepted August 5, 2014
Predicting Brook Trout Occurrence in Stream Reaches throughout their Native Range in the Eastern United States
Authors: DeWeber Jefferson T. , Wagner Tyler 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis is an important species of conservation concern in the eastern USA. We developed a model to predict Brook Trout population status within individual stream reaches throughout the species’ native range in the eastern USA. We utilized hierarchical logistic regression with Bayesian estimation to predict Brook Trout occurrence probability, and we allowed slopes and intercepts to vary among ecological drainage units (EDUs). Model performance was similar for 7,327 training samples and 1,832 validation samples based on the area under the receiver operating curve (∼0.78) and Cohen's kappa statistic (0.44). Predicted water temperature had a strong negative effect on Brook Trout occurrence probability at the stream reach scale and was also negatively associated with the EDU average probability of Brook Trout occurrence (i.e., EDU‐specific intercepts). The effect of soil permeability was positive but decreased as EDU mean soil permeability increased. Brook Trout were less likely to occur in stream reaches surrounded by agricultural or developed land cover, and an interaction suggested that agricultural land cover also resulted in an increased sensitivity to water temperature. Our model provides a further understanding of how Brook Trout are shaped by habitat characteristics in the region and yields maps of stream‐reach‐scale predictions, which together can be used to support ongoing conservation and management efforts. These decision support tools can be used to identify the extent of potentially suitable habitat, estimate historic habitat losses, and prioritize conservation efforts by selecting suitable stream reaches for a given action. Future work could extend the model to account for additional landscape or habitat characteristics, include biotic interactions, or estimate potential Brook Trout responses to climate and land use changes.Received May 9, 2014; accepted August 26, 2014
Spatio‐phylogenetic multispecies distribution models
Authors: Kaldhusdal Arne , Brandl Roland , Müller Jörg , Möst Lisa , Hothorn Torsten 
Published: December 2014

Summary

Ecologists increasingly consider phylogenetic relatedness in both community composition and spatial arrangements in communities. Here we considered both the phylogenetic correlation between multiple species and the spatial correlation induced by unobserved spatial heterogeneity on multiple plots. For this analysis, we introduced phylogenetic spatial generalised linear mixed models (PSGLMMs), which are an extension of phylogenetic generalised linear mixed models (PGLMMs).

We used the framework of generalised linear array models to simultaneously model species and plot dimension. Such models have the potential to explain the correlation of the phylogenetic relationship of the observed species and of the spatial proximity of the plots, or both. We proposed model selection strategies based on proper scores and empirically evaluated them in a case study using bird count data. In our analysis, we focused on two special cases: the community composition model and the environmental sensitivity model.

Our simulation study indicated that it might be difficult to correctly identify phylogenetic signals when the phylogenetic correlation is rather low and when studying presence‐absence or count data of rare or pervasive species.