bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noise and Ultrasound
Authors: Clark William W. , Cox Jerome R. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNoise is America's most widespread nuisance. But excessive noise is more than just a nuisance. Day and night, at home or at work or play, excessive noise exposures annoy individuals, produce stress, impair our ability to communicate, interfere with work and play activities, and, in high enough doses, produce permanent damage to the auditory system that can lead to significant hearing loss.Although annoyance caused by noise affects all of us to some degree, this chapter describes the effects of excessive noise on our ability to hear, and on the effects of ultrasonic stimulation on tissue. The chapter is organized in four sections. In the first, consideration is given to the physical characteristics of sound and the measurement of noise exposure. The second section considers the effects of excessive noise exposure within the range of human hearing, approximately 20 Hz to 20 kHz. In the third section, a review of the effects of infrasonic exposure (<20 Hz) is provided. And, finally, the last section reviews the effects of exposure to ultrasound (20 kHz to 20 μHz) on humans.Engineers and scientists are concerned with sound as an energy that can be measured and quantified; no consideration is usually given to whether the sound can be perceived by humans or not. However, hearing health professionals are usually concerned about theeffectsof sound on humans: what and how we hear, what sounds please us, what sounds annoy us, what sounds interfere with our ability to communicate with each other and impair our productivity and work safety, and what sounds can be damaging to our hearing. These effects require different measures than “simple” quantitative descriptions of acoustic energy, and often are expressed in perceptual terms, like “loudness” or “pitch.”
Radio‐Frequency and Microwave Radiation
Authors: Hitchcock R. Timothy 
Published: August 2012

AbstractRadio‐frequency radiation (RFR) is a type of nonionizing electromagnetic energy. Electromagnetic energy is the propagation of energy by time‐varying electric and magnetic fields. The fields are described by three vector quantities: electric‐field strength, magnetic‐field strength, and propagation vector. Typically, electric and magnetic fields are characterized at right angles to one another and to the direction of motion of the radiation, which is defined by the propagation vector.Radiation may be described by frequency, wavelength, and photon energy. RFR is nonionizing because the photon energy in this spectral region is not sufficient to ionize matter. However, by convention, RFR is described by frequency. Frequency is the number of wave cycles that pass a point in space in a second (s), and the unit is the hertz (Hz). Sometimes, the interaction of RF energy with matter is described by the wavelength, which is the length of one complete wave cycle.For the purposes of this chapter, the boundaries of the RF spectral region are 3 kilohertz (kHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). Usually, microwave radiation is considered a subset of RFR; however, an alternate convention treats radiowave and microwave radiation as two spectral regions.Sources of RFR are both natural and man‐made. Natural sources include terrestrial and extraterrestrial sources, and even the human body. Major man‐made sources are shown reviews are available. The source that has most consistently demonstrated the potential for overexposure during normal use is the unshielded dielectric heater (also called plastic sealers). Induction heaters have demonstrated the potential for overexposures to the magnetic field. Certain maintenance activities associated with broadcasting and radar have the potential for overexposure.This chapter surveys the effect of long‐term studies, ocular effects, behavioral effects, reproductive and developmental effects, and cancer. For the interested reader, reviews of biological effects are available.
Metalworking Fluids (
MWF
)
Authors: Mirer Franklin E. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The present chapter summarizes metalworking fluid (MWF). MWF is the term also used for fluids used in various processes and operation for the manufacture of engines, transmissions, and chassis parts. There are two general categories and four major types of MWF. The characteristics and composition of fluids, as well as technological details of application have been reviewed. The experimental evidence suggests that several agents known to be present in MWF have been classified as carcinogenic. Studies also identified the associations of both straight oil and water‐reduced MWF with several respiratory diseases. NIOSH and the OSHA Metalworking Fluids Standards Advisory Committee have reviewed the health hazards and protective measures.
Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of FeNiCuMnTiSnx High Entropy Alloys
Authors: Liu Liang , Zhu Jian Bo , Li Jian Chen , Jiang Qing 
Published: August 2012

AbstractFeNiCuMnTiSnx multicomponent alloys (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 where x denotes the adding amount in atomic percentage when other elements are taken as 1) are prepared by an arc furnace. The results show that the crystal structure of FeNiCuMnTiSnx alloys transforms from mixed intermetallic compounds to a single crystal structure (zinc blende structure) with the increasing of Sn content. The magnetization of the FeNiCuMnTiSnx alloys gradually increases from 0.34 to 15.8 emu · g−1 with the increasing x, the magnetic transformation undergoes from the paramagnetism (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1) to superparamagnetism (x = 0.5) finally to soft magnetism (x = 1) at room temperature. We use computer simulation and find that the magnetism of alloys appears when Fe atoms replace Ni atoms.
On the Estimation of True Hall–Petch Constants and Their Role on the Superposition Law Exponent in Al Alloys
Authors: Thangaraju Shanmugasundaram , Heilmaier Martin , Murty Budaraju Srinivasa , Vadlamani Subramanya Sarma 
Published: August 2012

AbstractHall–Petch (HP) relation and the superposition of different strengthening mechanisms in different aluminum alloys with grain sizes in the range of 50 nm–70 µm were analyzed. HP parameters as high as σ0 ≈ 200 MPa and kHP ≈ 0.14 MPa m1/2 were observed when the HP relation was fitted directly using the experimentally measured yield strength values. In contrast, considering only the grain size strengthening (by subtracting other strengthening contributions), HP constants of σ0 ≈ 10 MPa and kHP ≈ 0.06 MPa m1/2 were obtained over wide range of grain sizes for the case of a linear superposition of the various strengthening mechanisms present. This is in excellent accord with the values obtained for pure Al justifying the chosen superposition exponent of n equal unity for the different alloys investigated.
Syntactic Iron Foams – On Deformation Mechanisms and Strain‐Rate Dependence of Compressive Properties
Authors: Peroni Lorenzo , Scapin Martina , Avalle Massimiliano , Weise Jörg , Lehmhus Dirk , Baumeister Joachim , Busse Matthias 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSyntactic iron foams are produced by metal injection moulding from pure Fe powder and two grades of commercial glass microspheres. Mechanical performance of samples containing 5/10/13 wt% of microspheres is compared to unfilled reference material properties at strain‐rates covering 6 orders of magnitude, including Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) experiments. Complex mechanical behavior including strengthening effects of microspheres leading to a plateau strength level which is nearly independent of porosity as well as strain‐rate sensitivity of compressive properties are observed. Typical plateau onset stress levels exceed equivalent characteristics of most comparable cellular metallic materials, reaching between approximately 220 and 270 MPa under quasi‐static conditions, depending on amount and type of added microspheres. A qualitative explanation of significant events in the deformation sequence as reflected in the stress–strain‐curve is offered and discussed in the context of existing studies on syntactic foams. A course for further investigations to verify this hypothesis is suggested.
Advanced Electron Microscopy for Advanced Materials
Authors: Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Bals Sara , Van Aert Sandra , Verbeeck Jo , Van Dyck Dirk 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe idea of this Review is to introduce newly developed possibilities of advanced electron microscopy to the materials science community. Over the last decade, electron microscopy has evolved into a full analytical tool, able to provide atomic scale information on the position, nature, and even the valency atoms. This information is classically obtained in two dimensions (2D), but can now also be obtained in 3D. We show examples of applications in the field of nanoparticles and interfaces.
Compensation of pleural mesothelioma in France: Data from the French National Mesothelioma Surveillance Programme
Authors: Chamming's Soizick , Clin Bénédicte , Brochard Patrick , Astoul Philippe , Ducamp Stéphane , Galateau‐Salle Fançoise , Ilg Annabelle Gilg Soit , Goldberg Marcel , Gramond Céline , Imbernon Ellen , Rolland Patrick , Pairon Jean‐Claude 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine the rates of compensation awarded to patients presenting with pleural mesothelioma and factors linked to such compensation in France.MethodsThe study population consisted of 2,407 patients presenting with pleural mesothelioma, recorded by the National Mesothelioma Surveillance Programme between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2009. Analysis of claims for recognition as “occupational disease” (OD) and claims for compensation by the Compensation Fund for Asbestos Victims (FIVA) were analyzed.ResultsApproximately 30% of subjects presenting with pleural mesothelioma, affiliated to the General National Health Insurance fund, neither sought recognition as an OD nor claimed for FIVA compensation. Gender, age at diagnosis, type of health insurance, and socio‐professional category influence the likelihood of patients presenting with mesothelioma seeking compensation for this disease.ConclusionsResults show an under‐compensation of pleural mesothelioma as OD and by the FIVA in France. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:146–154, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Blood cadmium, mercury, and lead and metabolic syndrome in South Korea: 2005–2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Lee Byung‐Kook , Kim Yangho 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIntroductionWe present data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2010 regarding the association between levels of blood cadmium, mercury, and lead and metabolic syndrome (MS) in a representative sample of the adult South Korean population. MS is defined as a cluster of disorders including central obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension, low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high triglycerides.MethodsThe analysis was restricted to participants ≥20 years of age who completed the health examination survey, including blood lead, cadmium, and mercury measurements. Odds ratios (ORs) for MS were calculated for log2‐transformed blood metal levels and tertiles thereof after covariate adjustment.ResultsNo significant results were observed in females. In males, adjusted ORs indicated that a doubling of blood cadmium resulted in a 23.0% increase in the risk of MS. Male subjects in the highest tertile of blood cadmium were 36.7% more likely to have MS versus those in the lowest tertile. There were no significant ORs for having MS or its components in any of the models of blood lead and mercury levels after covariate adjustment.ConclusionThe association between blood cadmium level and MS was significant regardless of the type of variable (continuous or categorical) among men with lower blood cadmium levels. Thus, blood cadmium levels were robust risk factors for MS in men. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an association between cadmium exposure and MS. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:682–692, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The conditions of cationic exchange with the use of recycling polystyrene derivative, the product of sulfonation by silica sulfuric acid
Authors: Sułkowski Wiesław W. , Nowak Krzysztof , Sułkowska Anna , Mikuła Barbara , Wierzba Piotr 
Published: August 2012

AbstractGrowing amount of waste plastics has become an environmental problem on a global scale. This study presents an investigation of the conditions of cleaning water from heavy metal ions using chemically recycled polystyrene. To get effective ion exchangers, the sulfonation of virgin polystyrene and expanded polystyrene wastes were obtained using silica sulfuric acid. As it turned out, the use of this solid sulfonating agent simplifies the separation of the polymeric product from the acid and the solvent in comparison to conventional sulfonation methods. The ion exchange behavior of copper and zinc cations in the yielded sulfonated derivatives of polystyrene was studied. Batch shaking adsorption experiments depending on contact time, pH, temperature, and dosage of adsorbate were carried out. The stability of resin to cyclical adsorption and regeneration (column experiment) was also investigated. We report that resins have a high adsorption efficiency with total ion exchange capacity (IEC) about 2.6 meq g−1, which drops with decreasing pH owing to competition between protons H+ and metal cations, whereas with the increasing resin doses the removal of cations rises for a constant initial metal concentration. The speed of cation exchange for yielded adsorbents was even better than for commercial resins. After 360 cyclical adsorption and regeneration in column, resin had working IEC of about 2.3 meq g−1. The study shows that cation exchange resin from polystyrene wastes can be used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from water. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Mitochondrial Swelling and Incipient Outer Membrane Rupture in Preapoptotic and Apoptotic Cells
Authors: Sesso A. , Belizário J.E. , Marques M.M. , Higuchi M.L. , Schumacher R.I. , Colquhoun A. , Ito E. , Kawakami J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractOuter mitochondrial membrane (OMM) rupture was first noted in isolated mitochondria in which the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) had lost its selective permeability. This phenomenon referred to as mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) refers to a permeabilized inner membrane that originates a large swelling in the mitochondrial matrix, which distends the outer membrane until it ruptures. Here, we have expanded previous electron microscopic observations that in apoptotic cells, OMM rupture is not caused by a membrane stretching promoted by a markedly swollen matrix. It is shown that the widths of the ruptured regions of the OMM vary from 6 to 250 nm. Independent of the perforation size, herniation of the mitochondrial matrix appeared to have resulted in pushing the IMM through the perforation. A large, long focal herniation of the mitochondrial matrix, covered with the IMM, was associated with a rupture of the OMM that was as small as 6 nm. Contextually, the collapse of the selective permeability of the IMM may precede or follow the release of the mitochondrial proteins of the intermembrane space into the cytoplasm. When the MPT is a late event, exit of the intermembrane space proteins to the cytoplasm is unimpeded and occurs through channels that transverse the outer membrane, because so far, the inner membrane is impermeable. No channel within the outer membrane can expose to the cytoplasm a permeable inner membrane, because it would serve as a conduit for local herniation of the mitochondrial matrix. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
2,2′:3′,2′′‐Terthiophene‐Based all‐Thiophene Dendrons and Dendrimers: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Properties
Authors: Ma Chang‐Qi , Mena‐Osteritz Elena , Wunderlin Markus , Schulz Gisela , Bäuerle Peter 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of generational dendritic oligothiophenes (DOTs) has been successfully achieved by a divergent/convergent approach that involves halogenation, boronation, and palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling reactions. The key point in the presented synthetic approach is the use of trimethylsilyl (TMS) protecting groups, which allow for the core‐lithiation and subsequent boronation of the dendrons and for the peripheral ipso‐substitution with iodine monochloride or N‐bromosuccimide. In addition, the TMS protecting groups can be completely removed by using tetrabutylammonium fluoride, thus yielding only‐thiophene‐based dendrons and dendrimers. Due to their highly branched structure, all these synthesized DOTs are soluble in organic solvents. Chemical structures were confirmed by NMR spectroscopic, mass spectrometric, and elemental analysis. Concentration‐dependent 1H NMR spectroscopic investigations revealed that the higher generation compounds tend to aggregate in solution. Such an aggregation behavior was further confirmed by measuring with MALDI‐TOF MS. Both MALDI‐TOF MS and gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC) analyses confirmed the monodispersity of the DOTs. Furthermore, GPC results revealed that these DOT molecules adopt a condensed globular molecular shape. Their optical and electronic properties were also investigated. The results indicated that these DOTs comprise various conjugated α‐oligothiophenes with different chain lengths, which results in the higher generation compounds showing broad and featureless UV/Vis absorption spectra and ill‐defined redox waves.
Absolute Stereochemical Determination of Chiral Carboxylates Using an Achiral Molecular Tweezer
Authors: Yoon Hongsik , Lee Chi‐Hwa , Jang Woo‐Dong 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA new type of molecular tweezer (1) has been synthesized for the direct determination of the absolute configuration of chiral carboxylates without analyte derivatization. Upon the addition of diamine and anionic guests, 1 exhibited shifts in its absorption spectrum with clear isosbestic points. The continuous variation method indicated that both the diamine and anionic guests form 1:1 host–guest complexes with 1 with very high binding affinity. When Boc‐L‐Ala (BLA) as a form of tetrabutylammonium salt was added to 1, a weak negative CD signal was observed. This weak CD signal was dramatically changed to a strong positive CD couplet upon addition of achiral 1,12‐diaminododecane. Such a positive CD couplet was observed for all of the tested L‐amino acid derivatives, while the D‐amino acid derivatives gave the opposite signals. As a result of these unique characteristics of 1, it can be utilized as a highly sensitive probe for the absolute stereochemical determination of chiral carboxylates.
On the Mechanism Behind the Instability of Isoreticular Metal–Organic Frameworks (IRMOFs) in Humid Environments
Authors: Bellarosa Luca , Castillo Juan Manuel , Vlugt Thijs , Calero Sofía , López Núria 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIncreasing the resistance to humid environments is mandatory for the implementation of isoreticular metal–organic frameworks (IRMOFs) in industry. To date, the causes behind the sensitivity of [Zn4(μ4‐O)(μ‐bdc)3]8 (IRMOF‐1; bdc=1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate) to water remain still open. A multiscale scheme that combines Monte Carlo simulations, density functional theory and first‐principles Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics on IRMOF‐1 was employed to unravel the underlying atomistic mechanism responsible for lattice disruption. At very low water contents, H2O molecules are isolated in the lattice but provoke a dynamic opening of the terephthalic acid, and the lattice collapse occurs at about 6 % water weight at room temperature. The ability of Zn to form fivefold coordination spheres and the increasing basicity of water when forming clusters are responsible for the displacement of the organic linker. The present results pave the way for synthetic challenges with new target linkers that might provide more robust IRMOF structures.
A Highly anti‐Selective Asymmetric Henry Reaction Catalyzed by a Chiral Copper Complex: Applications to the Syntheses of (+)‐Spisulosine and a Pyrroloisoquinoline Derivative
Authors: Xu Kun , Lai Guoyin , Zha Zhenggen , Pan Susu , Chen Huanwen , Wang Zhiyong 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA highly anti‐selective asymmetric Henry reaction has been developed, affording synthetically versatile β‐nitroalcohols in a predominately anti‐selective manner (mostly above 15:1) and excellent ee values (mostly above 95 %). Moreover, the anti‐selective Henry reaction was carried out in the presence of water for the first time with up to 99 % ee. The catalytic mechanism was proposed based on the detection of the intermediates by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI‐MS). Furthermore, the anti adducts have been successfully transformed into the biochemically important (+)‐spisulosine and a pyrroloisoquinoline derivative.
Synthesis of High‐Quality Diesel with Furfural and 2‐Methylfuran from Hemicellulose
Authors: Li Guangyi , Li Ning , Wang Zhiqiang , Li Changzhi , Wang Aiqin , Wang Xiaodong , Cong Yu , Zhang Tao 
Published: August 2012

AbstractHydroxyalkylation–alkylation (HAA) coupled with hydrodeoxygenation is a promising route for the synthesis of renewable high‐quality diesel or jet fuel. In this work, a series of solid‐acid catalysts were firstly used for HAA between lignocellulose‐derived furan and carbonyl compounds. Among the investigated catalysts, Nafion‐212 resin demonstrated the highest activity and stability. Owing to the high activity of the reactants and the advantage in industrial integration, the HAA of 2‐methylfuran (2‐MF) and furfural can be considered as a prospective route in future applications. Catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and time had evident effects on the HAA of 2‐MF and furfural over Nafion‐212 resin. Finally, the HAA product of 2‐MF and furfural was hydrogenated over a Pd/C catalyst and hydrodeoxygenated over Pt‐loaded solid‐acid catalysts. Pt/zirconium phosphate (Pt/ZrP) was found to be the best catalyst for hydrodeoxygenation. Over the 4 % Pt/ZrP catalyst, a 94 % carbon yield of diesel and 75 % carbon yield of C15 hydrocarbons (with 6‐butylundecane as the major component) was achieved.
Efficient CO2 Capture by Porous, Nitrogen‐Doped Carbonaceous Adsorbents Derived from Task‐Specific Ionic Liquids
Authors: Zhu Xiang , Hillesheim Patrick C. , Mahurin Shannon M. , Wang Congmin , Tian Chengcheng , Brown Suree , Luo Huimin , Veith Gabriel M. , Han Kee Sung , Hagaman Edward W. , Liu Honglai , Dai Sheng 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe search for a better carbon dioxide (CO2) capture material is attracting significant attention because of an increase in anthropogenic emissions. Porous materials are considered to be among the most promising candidates. A series of porous, nitrogen‐doped carbons for CO2 capture have been developed by using high‐yield carbonization reactions from task‐specific ionic liquid (TSIL) precursors. Owing to strong interactions between the CO2 molecules and nitrogen‐containing basic sites within the carbon framework, the porous nitrogen‐doped compound derived from the carbonization of a TSIL at 500 °C, CN500, exhibits an exceptional CO2 absorption capacity of 193 mg of CO2 per g sorbent (4.39 mmol g−1 at 0 °C and 1 bar), which demonstrates a significantly higher capacity than previously reported adsorbents. The application of TSILs as precursors for porous materials provides a new avenue for the development of improved materials for carbon capture.