bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Threshold‐based spraying decision programmes for the red spider mite Tetranychus marianae on eggplant
Authors: Reddy G. V. P. , Kikuchi R. , Bautista J. R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe red spider mite, Tetranychus marianae McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae), has been an important pest of eggplant Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae) and other vegetables in the Mariana Islands. The damage due to T. marianae has been severe and caused huge economic losses. Because no threshold levels are available for T. marianae, many growers are applying up to 12 chemical applications per eggplant cropping period. This is not only expensive, but also results in lower yields because of extensive foliar damage and development of resistance in mites to chemicals. To diminish the calendar‐based chemical applications and to preclude damage to foliage and fruit quality, this study was undertaken for the development of a threshold level for optimum timing of chemical applications for T. marianae. In the direction of this aim, an attempt was made to generate different threshold levels by applying chemical spray (Sun‐spray 6E, 5 ml/l) within 12 h after reaching the threshold levels at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mites/leaf, as well as current recommended calendar‐based sprays and non‐sprayed control in a replicated block design for the dry and wet seasons of 2010 at two locations (Yigo and Inaranjan) in Guam (USA). Based on T. marianae‐infested leaves, incidence of T. marianae and yield levels, the plots sprayed at 2 or 4 mites/leaf in the dry season and 2–8 mites/leaf during the wet season had significantly lower leaf damage and incidence of T. marianae compared with a greater number of mites/leaf in calendar‐based sprays and control plots. At the greater threshold levels, the mean yield was significantly reduced in comparison with the mean yield obtained when plots were sprayed at a threshold of 2–8 mites/leaf. Therefore, it is concluded that the optimum threshold chemical spray for T. marianae on eggplant is 4 mites/leaf during the dry season and 8 mites/leaf in the wet season.
Fusarium spp. are Responsible for Shoot Canker of Kumquat in China
Authors: Zhu Li , Chen Guo‐Qing , Zhao Xiao‐Long , Deng Chong‐Ling , Hyde Kevin D. , Li Hong‐Ye 
Published: September 2012

AbstractShoot and branch canker and tree decline of kumquat (Fortunella margarita cv. Guban) were recorded in Yangshuo County, Guilin City, in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China during 2008–2011. Fusarium oxysporum and a new Fusarium species within the Gibberella fujikuroi complex (Fusarium sp. GLB1) were isolated repeatedly from the infected shoots and branches. Species identifications were verified by their high translation elongation factor 1‐alpha (TEF1) sequence similarity with those of the species epitypes. Koch's postulates were fulfilled on kumquat (cv. Guban) and mandarin establishing pathogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium shoot canker disease caused by F. oxysporum and Fusarium sp. on kumquat.
Aggressiveness and Genetic Diversity of Hemileia vastatrix During an Epidemic in Colombia
Authors: Rozo Yomara , Escobar Carolina , Gaitán Álvaro , Cristancho Marco 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSince 2008, Colombia has been experiencing an epidemic of the coffee rust Hemileia vastatrix. The altitude range of the disease has expanded, and nursery and young plants that were usually not attacked by the disease are now significantly affected. To determine whether this new epidemic has been caused by a new pathogenic isolate, the molecular diversity of the pathogen causing the epidemic in different regions of the country was assessed, using AFLP molecular markers on isolates collected from coffee fields prior and after the year 2008. We also evaluated the aggressiveness of isolates collected from diverse coffee‐producing areas and from different coffee genotypes. Isolates collected before and during the present epidemic were quite similar both genetically and with regard to their aggressiveness. Out of a total of 349 fragments amplified from 6 AFLP primer combinations, 48 (13.2%) were polymorphic and only 18 were unique among H. vastatrix isolates representative of pre‐2008 and post‐2008 epidemic populations. We conclude that the epidemic was caused by the excessive rainfall that has occurred in Colombia since 2006 and that extended to 2011 and not by the arrival of a new isolate of the pathogen or a change in virulence of the species present in the country.
How to Feel Global: The Modern, the Global and the World
Authors: Boehmer Elleke 
Published: September 2012

AbstractElleke Boehmer’s ‘How to Feel Global’ responds to the Oxford Handbook of Global Modernisms by exploring some of the variations and differences in the meaning of the global and the modern that are thrown up by bringing these terms into critical conjunction. In particular, the review examines the different conceptions of the world that underlie the Handbook’s readings of global modernism, and the contradiction that is produced when a close focus on modernity as capitalist expansion comes partially to occlude an attention to modernism as experimental form.
Are Services to Tennessee Children with Special Health Care Needs Comparable with National Achievement of MCHB Objectives?
Authors: Lutenbacher Melanie , Karp Sharon M. , Dietrich Mary S. , Sullivan Julie N. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectiveWe assessed experiences of families with children with special health care needs already engaged with Tennessee Children's Special Services or a family advocacy agency, family voices, and compared their experiences with national data to determine achievement of national maternal‐child health objectives.Design and SampleUsing a descriptive/comparison design, Tennessee families engaged with the state or advocacy agency (n = 816) were compared with the 2005–2006 sample of the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs (n = 40,840) and the Tennessee subsample (n = 794).MeasuresPrimary data were obtained from a survey of families associated with either Tennessee agency. Secondary data analysis used raw data from the national survey.ResultsAll families reported challenges related to time, finances, and family interactions. Most were satisfied with health care services received. Dental care was an issue for all families, but more so for the agencies' sample. Those families also reported more problems with continuous screenings of their affected child and less coordination of care than the national sample.ConclusionsExamining the experiences of families with special needs children who receive services from state agencies in the national context contributes to improving family‐centered services and achieving Maternal‐Child Health Bureau objectives.
Effect of a Vascular Access Surveillance Program on Service Provision and Access Thrombosis
Authors: Jiang Simon , Stewart Glenn , Barnes Elizabeth , Jardine Meg , Razavian Mona , Gallagher Martin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEstablishing and maintaining hemodialysis access are major challenges in dialysis patient care. The impact of implementing guideline recommendations around vascular access surveillance, which lacks strong evidence, is poorly understood. We report the results of a vascular access surveillance and early intervention program upon hemodialysis thrombosis rates for all patients hemodialyzing in a single center between January 2005 and March 2011. Data were derived from hospital records and the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA). Data were collected of 227 prevalent patients over the 6‐year period. Crude ultrasound and angiography intervention rates increased from 23 and 57 per 100 prevalent patients per quarter (/100 pts/qtr) to 31 and 83/100 pts/qtr, respectively, during the study. Crude thrombosis rates fell from 21 to 2/100 pts/qtr during the study. After adjustment for comorbidities, mean ultrasound use increased by 4.6% per quarter (95% CI: 2.4–6.9, p < 0.001), mean interventional angiography increased by 2.6% per quarter (95% CI: 1.1–4.2, p = 0.001), and the predicted mean of the number of thromboses decreased by 8.4% per quarter (95% CI: 5.6–11.1, p < 0.001). Implementation of a vascular access surveillance increases service utilization and is associated with a reduction in vascular access thrombosis.
Evaluation of factors associated with prolonged hospital stay and outcome of febrile neutropenic patients receiving chemotherapy: 70 cases (1997–2010)
Authors: Britton B. M. , Kelleher M. E. , Gregor T. P. , Sorenmo K. U. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFebrile neutropenia (FN) is an important sequela in veterinary patients receiving chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with prolonged hospital stay and outcome in canine patients developingFNsecondary to chemotherapy administration. Medical records of 70 dogs treated forFNat the University of Pennsylvania from 1997 to 2010 were retrospectively evaluated. The mean interval between chemotherapy and hospitalization was 7 days. Two‐thirds of treated patients had lymphoma. The majority of patients (70%) received vincristine or doxorubicin prior to the development ofFN. Tachycardia at admission, complicating medical issues, G‐CSFuse and decreasing neutrophil count after admission were associated with prolonged hospital stay. Hypotension and G‐CSFuse were significantly associated with death in‐hospital. Mortality was 8.5%. Identification of factors associated with prolonged hospital stay and mortality in patients withFNmay enable the development of risk‐adapted treatment guidelines to minimize chemotherapy‐associated morbidity and mortality.
Measured dose rate constant from oncology patients administered 18F for positron emission tomography
Authors: Quinn Brian , Holahan Brian , Aime Jean , Humm John , Germain Jean St. , Dauer Lawrence T. 
Published: September 2012

Purpose:Patient exposure rate measurements verify published patient dose rate data and characterize dose rates near 2‐18‐fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG) patients. A specific dose rate constant based on patient exposure rate measurements is a convenient quantity that can be applied to the desired distance, injection activity, and time postinjection to obtain an accurate calculation of cumulative external radiation dose. This study reports exposure rates measured at various locations near positron emission tomography (PET) 18F‐FDG patients prior to PET scanning. These measurements are normalized for the amount of administered activity, measurement distance, and time postinjection and are compared with other published data.Methods:Exposure rates were measured using a calibrated ionization chamber at various body locations from 152 adult oncology patients postvoid after a mean uptake time of 76 min following injection with a mean activity of 490 MBq18F‐FDG. Data were obtained at nine measurement locations for each patient: three near the head, four near the chest, and two near the feet.Results:On contact with, 30 cm superior to and 30 cm lateral to the head, the mean (75th percentile) dose rates per unit injected activity at 60 min postinjection were 0.482 (0.511), 0.135 (0.155), and 0.193 (0.223)μSv/MBq h, respectively. On contact with, 30 cm anterior to, 30 cm lateral to and 1 m anterior to the chest, the mean (75th percentile) dose rates per unit injected activity at 60 min postinjection were 0.623 (0.709), 0.254 (0.283), 0.190 (0.218), and 0.067 (0.081) μSv/MBq h respectively. 30 cm inferior and 30 cm lateral to the feet, the mean (75th percentile) dose rates per unit injected activity at 60 min postinjection were 0.024 (0.022) and 0.039 (0.044) μSv/MBq h, respectively.Conclusions:The measurements for this study support the use of 0.092μSv m2/MBq h as a reasonable representation of the dose rate anterior from the chest of patients immediately following injection. This value can then be reliably scaled to the desired time and distance for planning and staff dose evaluation purposes. At distances closer than 1 m, a distance‐specific dose rate constant of 0.367 μSv/MBq h at 30 cm is recommended for accurate calculations. An accurate patient‐specific dose rate constant that accounts for patient‐specific variables (e.g., distribution and attenuation) will allow an accurate evaluation of the dose rate from a patient injected with an isotope rather than simply utilizing a physical constant.
Measurement of joint kinematics using a conventional clinical single‐perspective flat‐panel radiography system
Authors: Seslija Petar , Teeter Matthew G. , Yuan Xunhua , Naudie Douglas D. R. , Bourne Robert B. , MacDonald Steven J. , Peters Terry M. , Holdsworth David W. 
Published: September 2012

Purpose:The ability to accurately measure joint kinematics is an important tool in studying both normal joint function and pathologies associated with injury and disease. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy, accuracy, precision, and clinical safety of measuring 3D joint motion using a conventional flat‐panel radiography system prior to its application in anin vivo study.Methods:An automated, image‐based tracking algorithm was implemented to measure the three‐dimensional pose of a sparse object from a two‐dimensional radiographic projection. The algorithm was tested to determine its efficiency and failure rate, defined as the number of image frames where automated tracking failed, or required user intervention. The accuracy and precision of measuring three‐dimensional motion were assessed using a robotic controlled, tibiofemoral knee phantom programmed to mimic a subject with a total knee replacement performing a stair ascent activity. Accuracy was assessed by comparing the measurements of the single‐plane radiographic tracking technique to those of an optical tracking system, and quantified by the measurement discrepancy between the two systems using the Bland–Altman technique. Precision was assessed through a series of repeated measurements of the tibiofemoral kinematics, and was quantified using the across‐trial deviations of the repeated kinematic measurements. The safety of the imaging procedure was assessed by measuring the effective dose of ionizing radiation associated with the x‐ray exposures, and analyzing its relative risk to a human subject.Results:The automated tracking algorithm displayed a failure rate of 2% and achieved an average computational throughput of 8 image frames/s. Mean differences between the radiographic and optical measurements for translations and rotations were less than 0.08 mm and 0.07° in‐plane, and 0.24 mm and 0.6° out‐of‐plane. The repeatability of kinematics measurements performed using the radiographic tracking technique was better than ±0.09 mm and 0.12° in‐plane, and ±0.70 mm and ±0.07° out‐of‐plane. The effective dose associated with the imaging protocol used was 15μSv for 10 s of radiographic cine acquisition.Conclusions:This study demonstrates the ability to accurately measure knee‐joint kinematics using a single‐plane radiographic measurement technique. The measurement technique can be easily implemented at most clinical centers equipped with a modern‐day radiographic x‐ray system. The dose of ionizing radiation associated with the image acquisition represents a minimal risk to any subjects undergoing the examination.
Evaluation of the Gafchromic® EBT2 film for the dosimetry of radiosurgical beams
Authors: Lárraga‐Gutiérrez José M. , García‐Hernández Diana , García‐Garduño Olivia A. , Galván de la Cruz Olga O. , Ballesteros‐Zebadúa Paola , Esparza‐Moreno Karina P. 
Published: September 2012

Purpose:Radiosurgery uses small fields and high‐radiation doses to treat intra‐ and extracranial lesions in a single session. The lack of a lateral electronic equilibrium and the presence of high‐dose gradients in these fields are challenges for adequate measurements. The availability of radiation detectors with the high spatial resolution required is restricted to only a few. Stereotactic diodes and EBT radiochromic films have been demonstrated to be good detectors for small‐beam dosimetry. Because the stereotactic diode is the standard measurement for the dosimetry of radiosurgical beams, the goal of this work was to perform measurements with the radiochromic film Gafchromic® EBT2 and compare its results with a stereotactic diode.Methods:Total scatter factors, tissue maximum, and off‐axis ratios from a 6 MV small photon beams were measured using EBT2 radiochromic film in a water phantom. The film‐measured data were evaluated by comparing it with the data measured with a stereotactic field diode (IBA‐Dosimetry).Results:The film and diode measurements had excellent agreement. The differences between the detectors were less than or equal to 2.0% for the tissue maximum and the off‐axis ratios. However, for the total scatter factors, there were significant differences, up to 4.9% (relative to the reference field), for field sizes less than 1.0 cm.Conclusions:This work found that the Gafchromic® EBT2 film is adequate for small photon beam measurements, particularly for tissue maximum and off‐axis ratios. However, careful attention must be taken when measuring output factors of small beams below 1.0 cm due to the filmˈs energy dependence. The measurement differences may be attributable to the filmˈs active layer composition because EBT2 incorporates higher Z elements (i.e., bromide and potassium), hence revealing a potential energy dependence for the dosimetry of small photon beams.
International Atomic Energy Agency study with referring physicians on patient radiation exposure and its tracking: a prospective survey using a web-based questionnaire
Authors: Rehani Madan M , Berris Theocharis 
Published: September 2012

ObjectivesTo assess the following themes among referring physicians: (A) importance of acquiring information about previous diagnostic exposures; (B) knowledge about radiation doses involved, familiarity with radiation units and, age-related radiosensitivity; (C) opinion on whether patients should be provided information about radiation dose and (D) self-assessment of appropriateness of referrals.DesignA prospective survey using a web-based questionnaire.SettingInternational survey among referring physicians.ParticipantsReferring physicians from 28 countries.Main outcome measuresKnowledge, opinion and practice of the four themes of the survey.ResultsAll 728 responses from 28 countries (52.3% from developed and 47.7% from developing countries) indicated that while the vast majority (71.7%) of physicians feel that being aware of history of CT scans would always or mostly lead them to a better decision on referring patients for CT scans, only 43.4% often enquire about it. The majority of referring physicians (60.5%) stated that having a system that provides quick information about patient exposure history would be useful. The knowledge about radiation doses involved is poor, as only one-third (34.7%) of respondents chose the correct option of the number of chest x-rays with equivalence of a CT scan. In total, 70.9% of physicians stated that they do not feel uncomfortable when patients ask about radiation risk from CT scans they prescribe. Most physicians (85.6%) assessed that they have rarely prescribed CT scans of no clinical use in patient management.ConclusionsThis first ever multinational survey among referring physicians from 28 countries indicates support for a system that provides radiation exposure history of the patient, demonstrates poor knowledge about radiation doses, supports radiation risk communication with patients and mandatory provisions for justification of a CT examination.
Tachyon cosmology with nonminimal derivative coupling
Authors: Banijamali A. , Sadeghi J. , Vaez H. 
Published: September 2012

In this paper we study a gravitational theory in which tachyons play the role of a scalar field. Also, nonminimal derivative coupling between tachyons and the Einstein tensor is considered in the model. We show that at the initial time, tachyon field behavior is exponential and its behavior at late times is liner in cosmic time. We investigate the asymptotic behavior of scale factor a(t) = eα(t) and show that in the limit t → ∞ it is impossible to have a constant [Formula: see text] and the model has an initial cosmological singularity (i.e., a ∝ (t – ti)2/β) in the limit t – ti.
Population genetics study of common (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) and soprano (Pipistrellus pygmaeus) pipistrelle bats from central Europe suggests interspecific hybridization
Authors: Sztencel-Jabłonka A. , Bogdanowicz W. 
Published: September 2012

The discovery that the most widespread bat in Europe comprises cryptic species, Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774) (common pipistrelle) and Pipistrellus pygmaeus (Leach, 1825) (soprano pipistrelle), provides a great opportunity to look at the mechanism of species coexistence. Based on eight nuclear microsatellite loci (n = 353), we observed similarities between the species in Poland with respect to heterozygosity, allelic richness, mean relatedness, and inbreeding coefficients. However, pronounced differences in migratory patterns (shown by assignment tests) suggest that P. pygmaeus is the more migratory species. The proportion of bats migrating between colonies differed significantly, with 17.1% and 41.8% individuals of P. pygmaeus and P. pipistrellus, respectively, confidently assigned to colonies of origin. Both species demonstrated a more migratory character in central Europe compared with the populations from the British Isles. Given the cryptic nature of the examined taxa, we also assessed whether they hybridize. Hybridization was confirmed by three methods—one based on genetic distance and two based on Bayesian approaches. The overall hybridization rate, depending on assumed threshold values, ranged from 1.7% to 13.3% for both species. We conclude that the population structuring in these pipistrelles is not homogenous across their range. Moreover, hybridization between them in continental Europe does occur and is not rare.
Ultrastructure of the coenecium of Cephalodiscus (Hemichordata: Pterobranchia)
Authors: Gonzalez Paul , Cameron Christopher B. 
Published: September 2012

The ultrastructure of the coenecia of Cephalodiscus (Cephalodiscus) hodgsoni Ridewood, 1907, Cephalodiscus (Idiothecia) nigrescens Lankester, 1905, and Cephalodiscus (Orthoecus) densus Andersson, 1907 was characterized using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The coenecium of Cephalodiscus is composed of layers of coenecial material of variable thickness laid down one upon the next and separated by sheets. Thick fusellar-like layers (up to 160 μm thick) and thin cortical-like layers (down to 15 nm thick) are present, but do not form two distinct components. Instead, a continuum exists in the thickness and shape of these layers. At the ultrastructural level, both fusellar-like and cortical-like layers are composed of thin (16–23 nm) long and straight fibrils, similar to the fibrils described in extant Rhabdopleura Allman, 1869. In C. densus, fibrils in the outer secondary deposits show a parallel arrangement, similar to the arrangement of fibrils in the graptolite eucortex. Although similarities in the shape and arrangement of growth increments between Cephalodiscus, Rhabdopleura, and graptolites probably reflect homologous zooidal behaviors and secretion mechanisms, differences at the ultrastructural level show that fibril types and fibril arrangement can evolve independently from larger scale features of the coenecium.