bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pennsylvanian endothyroid foraminifera from the Appalachian Basin
Authors: Hoare R. D. , Sturgeon M. T. 
Published: July 2015

Endothyroid foraminifers are common in most marine Pennsylvanian units in the Appalachian Basin. The genera Planoendothyra Reitlinger, 1959, and Endothyranella Galloway and Harlton, 1930, are the dominant taxa. Scarce Endothyra Phillips, 1846, are restricted below the Desmoinesian. The greatest change in stratigraphic distribution of taxa occurs at the Atokan-Desmoinesian boundary.Sixteen taxa are recognized. Five new species are proposed, including Planoendothyra orbiculata, P.? associata, Endothyranella kentuckyensis, E. inflata, and E. intermissa. Most taxa are assigned previously described American species using a cf. designation. Description and thin section illustration provide a basis for nomenclatural acceptance of these taxa.
Note on the ichthyosaurian Cymbospondylus
Authors: Lindemann Franz-Josef 
Published: July 2015

In 1992 Sander described in this journal a find of the ichthyosaurian genus Cymbospondylus from the Middle Triassic of Spitsbergen. At the time of publication, the specimen illustrated in figures 2-4 (Sander, 1992) and five associated elements (not figured) were housed at the Paleontological Institute and Museum of the University of Zürich (PIMUZ A/III 496 and PIMUZ A/III 647-651). These specimens were later donated by their collector and owner Professor Hans-Joachim Schweitzer (Bonn) to the Paleontological Museum of the University of Oslo (PMO), where they are now stored under the following numbers:
PMO 162.003 (=PIMUZ A/III 496, figs. 2-4 in Sander, 1992)PMO 162.004 (=PIMUZ A/III 647)PMO 162.005 (=PIMUZ A/III 648)PMO 162.006 (=PIMUZ A/III 649)PMO 162.007 (=PIMUZ A/III 650)PMO 162.008 (=PIMUZ A/III 651)
AN AMBIGUOUS BEGINNING: AL-ẒĀHIR WA-AL-BĀṬIN IN IBN KHALDŪN'S PREFACE TO THE MUQADDIMA
Authors: El-Rayes Waseem 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEver since the rediscovery of Ibn Khaldūn's Muqaddima in modern times, debates have been ongoing regarding his identity as a scholar: was he a revolutionary thinker in the modern sense of the word, breaking away from classical and medieval modes of thinking, or was he in fact a conservative Muslim scholar who did not venture far from his traditional Muslim horizons? Through a careful examination of the preface to the Muqaddima, this article shows what he thought about the nature of his project and why he thought it necessary. Accordingly, it builds the case that Ibn Khaldūn is indeed a revolutionary – but not in the modern sense of the word – who did not shy away from challenging tradition in order to reform society's moral and political horizons. An examination of the preface alone will not provide a definitive answer to the question of Ibn Khaldūn's radical vs. conservative thought, but it does put his conservatism (apparent and real) in context.
AL-SUHRAWARDĪ ON MIRROR VISION AND SUSPENDED IMAGES (MUTHUL MU ʿALLAQA)
Authors: Sinai Nicolai 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe notion of a “World of Images” located somewhere between the immaterial and the material world was a mainstay of eschatological speculation in late medieval Islam. As has been recognised before, the concept was launched by al-Suhrawardī (d. 1191). However, its more properly philosophical underpinnings, in particular the notion of “suspended” images – images which somehow have an objective, rather than just a mental or subjective, status – merit further clarification, which this article attempts to provide. Since the concept of “suspended forms”, while applied to eschatological matters in the last treatise of the Philosophy of Illumination, makes its first appearance in a discussion of mirror vision, I examine in some detail Avicenna's understanding of mirror vision as presented in the Shifāʾ, to which al-Suhrawardī reacts. I then undertake a detailed reconstructive analysis of two paragraphs of the Philosophy of Illumination, paying particular attention to the question of the ontological status of “suspended” or “self-subsistent” images as well as to the idea that mirrors serve, not as loci in which images inhere, but as loci at which they become manifest (singular maẓhar).
Drastic increases in overweight and obesity from 1981 to 2010 and related risk factors: results from the Barbados Children’s Health and Nutrition Study
Authors: Fernandez Melissa Anne , Kubow Stan , Gray-Donald Katherine , Knight JaDon , Gaskin Pamela S 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo examine overweight and obesity (OWOB), changes in prevalence and potential risk factors in Barbadian children.DesignA cross-section of students were weighed and measured. The WHO BMI-for-age growth references (BAZ), the International Obesity Task Force cut-offs and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth percentiles were used to determine OWOB prevalence. Harvard weight-for-height-for-age growth standards were used to estimate differences in OWOB prevalence from 1981 to 2010. Samples of parents and students were interviewed to describe correlates of OWOB.SettingBarbados.SubjectsPublic-school students (n580) in class 3.ResultsBased on WHO BAZ, the overall prevalence of OWOB was 34·8 % (95 % CI 30·9, 38·7 %). A trend of higher OWOB prevalence was seen for girls across cut-offs, with significant sex differences noted using the International Obesity Task Force cut-offs. According to Harvard growth standards, OWOB has increased dramatically, from 8·52 % to 32·5 %. Children were more likely to be OWOB when annual household income was below BBD 9000 (OR=2·69; 95 % CI 1·21, 5·99). Eating dinner with the family every night was associated with a lower prevalence of OWOB (OR=0·56; 95 % CI 0·36, 0·87).ConclusionsThe sharp increase of OWOB rates in Barbados warrants attention. Sex disparities in OWOB prevalence may emerge at a young age. Promoting family meals may be a feasible option for OWOB prevention. Understanding familial and sociodemographic factors influencing OWOB will be useful in planning successful intervention or prevention programmes in Barbados.
Are 24 h urinary sodium excretion and sodium:potassium independently associated with obesity in Chinese adults?
Authors: Ge Zeng , Zhang Jiyu , Chen Xiaorong , Yan Liuxia , Guo Xiaolei , Lu Zilong , Xu Aiqiang , Ma Jixiang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association of 24 h urinary Na excretion and Na:K with obesity in Chinese adults.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional study using a four-stage stratified sampling strategy.SettingShandong Province, China.SubjectsChinese adults (n 1906) aged 18–69 years who provided complete 24 h urine samples.ResultsOdds of obesity increased significantly across increasing quartiles of urinary Na excretion (1·00, 1·54, 1·69 and 2·52, respectively, for overweight; 1·00, 1·20, 1·50, and 2·03, respectively, for obesity; 1·00, 1·44, 1·85 and 2·53, respectively, for abdominal obesity (assessed by waist circumference); and 1·00, 1·28, 1·44 and 1·75, respectively, for abdominal obesity (assessed by waist-to-height ratio); P for linear trend <0·001 for all). In addition, odds of abdominal obesity, but not odds of overweight and obesity, increased significantly with successive Na:K quartiles. Additionally, for each increment in urinary Na excretion of 100 mmol, odds of overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity (by waist circumference) and abdominal obesity (by waist-to-height ratio) increased significantly by 46 %, 39 %, 55 % and 33 %, respectively. Similarly, with a 1 sd increase in Na:K, odds of abdominal obesity (by waist circumference) and abdominal obesity (by waist-to-height ratio) increased significantly by 12 % and 15 %, respectively.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that 24 h urinary Na excretion and Na:K might be important risk factors for obesity in Chinese adults.
Clinical and prognostic significance of bone marrow abnormalities in the appendicular skeleton detected by low-dose whole-body multidetector computed tomography in patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Nishida Y , Matsue Y , Suehara Y , Fukumoto K , Fujisawa M , Takeuchi M , Ouchi E , Matsue K 
Published: July 2015

AbstractClinical significance of medullary abnormalities in the appendicular skeleton (AS) detected by low-dose whole-body multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) was investigated. A total of 172 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) (n=17), smoldering MM (n=47) and symptomatic MM (n=108) underwent low-dose MDCT. CT values (CTv) of medullary density of AS⩾0 Hounsfield unit (HU) was considered as abnormal. Percentage of medullary abnormalities and the mean CTv of AS in patients with MGUS, smoldering MM and symptomatic MM were 18, 55 and 62% and −44.5 , −20.3 and 11.2 HU, respectively (P<0.001 and P<0.001). Disease progression of MM was independently associated with high CTv on multivariate analysis. In symptomatic MM, the presence of abnormal medullary lesions was associated with increased incidence of high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities (34.4% vs 7.7%; P=0.002) and extramedullary disease (10.4% vs 0%; P=0.032). It was also an independent poor prognostic predictor (hazard ratio 3.546, P=0.04). This study showed that CTv of AS by MDCT is correlated with disease progression of MM, and the presence of abnormal medullary lesions is a predictor for poor survival.
The cyanobacterium Mastigocladus fulfills the nitrogen demand of a terrestrial hot spring microbial mat
Authors: Estrella Alcamán María , Fernandez Camila , Delgado Antonio , Bergman Birgitta , Díez Beatriz 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Cyanobacteria from Subsection V (Stigonematales) are important components of microbial mats in non-acidic terrestrial hot springs. Despite their diazotrophic nature (N2 fixers), their impact on the nitrogen cycle in such extreme ecosystems remains unknown. Here, we surveyed the identity and activity of diazotrophic cyanobacteria in the neutral hot spring of Porcelana (Northern Patagonia, Chile) during 2009 and 2011–2013. We used 16S rRNA and the nifH gene to analyze the distribution and diversity of diazotrophic cyanobacteria. Our results demonstrate the dominance of the heterocystous genus Mastigocladus (Stigonematales) along the entire temperature gradient of the hot spring (69–38 °C). Insitu nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction), nitrogen fixation rates (cellular uptake of 15N2) and nifH transcription levels in the microbial mats showed that nitrogen fixation and nifH mRNA expression were light-dependent. Nitrogen fixation activities were detected at temperatures ranging from 58 °C to 46 °C, with maximum daily rates of 600 nmol C2H4 cm−2 per day and 94.1 nmol N cm−2 per day. These activity patterns strongly suggest a heterocystous cyanobacterial origin and reveal a correlation between nitrogenase activity and nifH gene expression during diurnal cycles in thermal microbial mats. N and C fixation in the mats contributed ~3 g N m−2 per year and 27 g C m−2 per year, suggesting that these vital demands are fully met by the diazotrophic and photoautotrophic capacities of the cyanobacteria in the Porcelana hot spring.
The Folding process of Human Profilin-1, a novel protein associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Del Poggetto Edoardo , Chiti Fabrizio , Bemporad Francesco 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHuman profilin-1 is a novel protein associated with a recently discovered form of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This urges the characterization of possible conformational states, different from the fully folded state, potentially able to initiate self-assembly. Under native conditions, profilin-1 is monomeric and possesses a well-defined secondary and tertiary structure. When incubated at low pH or with high urea concentrations, profilin-1 remains monomeric but populates unfolded states exhibiting larger hydrodynamic radius and disordered structure, as assessed by dynamic light scattering, far-UV circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence. Refolding from the urea-unfolded state was studied at equilibrium and in real-time using a stopped-flow apparatus. The results obtained with intrinsic fluorescence and circular dichroism indicate a single phase without significant changes of the corresponding signals before the major refolding transition. However, such a transition is preceded by a burst phase with an observed increase of ANS fluorescence, which indicates the conversion into a transiently populated collapsed state possessing solvent-exposed hydrophobic clusters. Kinetic analysis reveals that such state has a conformational stability comparable to that of the fully unfolded state. To our knowledge, profilin-1 is the first example of an amyloid-related protein where folding occurs in the absence of thermodynamically stable partially folded states.
A microelectromechanical system artificial basilar membrane based on a piezoelectric cantilever array and its characterization using an animal model
Authors: Jang Jongmoon , Lee JangWoo , Woo Seongyong , Sly David J. , Campbell Luke J. , Cho Jin-Ho , O’Leary Stephen J. , Park Min-Hyun , Han Sungmin , Choi Ji-Wong , Hun Jang Jeong , Choi Hongsoo 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe proposed a piezoelectric artificial basilar membrane (ABM) composed of a microelectromechanical system cantilever array. The ABM mimics the tonotopy of the cochlea: frequency selectivity and mechanoelectric transduction. The fabricated ABM exhibits a clear tonotopy in an audible frequency range (2.92–12.6 kHz). Also, an animal model was used to verify the characteristics of the ABM as a front end for potential cochlear implant applications. For this, a signal processor was used to convert the piezoelectric output from the ABM to an electrical stimulus for auditory neurons. The electrical stimulus for auditory neurons was delivered through an implanted intra-cochlear electrode array. The amplitude of the electrical stimulus was modulated in the range of 0.15 to 3.5 V with incoming sound pressure levels (SPL) of 70.1 to 94.8 dB SPL. The electrical stimulus was used to elicit an electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR) from deafened guinea pigs. EABRs were successfully measured and their magnitude increased upon application of acoustic stimuli from 75 to 95 dB SPL. The frequency selectivity of the ABM was estimated by measuring the magnitude of EABRs while applying sound pressure at the resonance and off-resonance frequencies of the corresponding cantilever of the selected channel. In this study, we demonstrated a novel piezoelectric ABM and verified its characteristics by measuring EABRs.
A Computational Model of Innate Directional Selectivity Refined by Visual Experience
Authors: Adams Samantha V. , Harris Christopher M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe mammalian visual system has been extensively studied since Hubel and Wiesel’s work on cortical feature maps in the 1960s. Feature maps representing the cortical neurons’ ocular dominance, orientation and direction preferences have been well explored experimentally and computationally. The predominant view has been that direction selectivity (DS) in particular, is a feature entirely dependent upon visual experience and as such does not exist prior to eye opening (EO). However, recent experimental work has shown that there is in fact a DS bias already present at EO. In the current work we use a computational model to reproduce the main results of this experimental work and show that the DS bias present at EO could arise purely from the cortical architecture without any explicit coding for DS and prior to any self-organising process facilitated by spontaneous activity or training. We explore how this latent DS (and its corresponding cortical map) is refined by training and that the time-course of development exhibits similar features to those seen in the experimental study. In particular we show that the specific cortical connectivity or ‘proto-architecture’ is required for DS to mature rapidly and correctly with visual experience.
Cerebellar cystic ganglioglioma in an 8-year-old child
Authors: Özer Erdener , Yüceer Nurullah 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe authors report a child with a cerebellar ganglioglioma and large cyst. An 8-year-old boy presented with headache and ataxia. Computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies demonstrated a large cystic component associated with intense contrast enhancement of a mural nodule in the left cerebellar hemisphere. A preoperative diagnosis of cystic astrocytoma was made. The tumor was removed via a midline suboccipital approach. Pathological examination of the tumor specimen revealed a ganglioglioma. The postoperative course was uneventful. There was no tumor recurrence on repeat MRI. At most recent follow-up, the patient was well. Although rare, cerebellar cystic gangliogliomas should be included in the differential diagnosis of posterior fossa tumors.
Integrating community-based participatory research and informatics approaches to improve the engagement and health of underserved populations
Authors: Unertl Kim M , Schaefbauer Chris L , Campbell Terrance R , Senteio Charles , Siek Katie A , Bakken Suzanne , Veinot Tiffany C 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjective We compare 5 health informatics research projects that applied community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches with the goal of extending existing CBPR principles to address issues specific to health informatics research.Materials and methods We conducted a cross-case analysis of 5 diverse case studies with 1 common element: integration of CBPR approaches into health informatics research. After reviewing publications and other case-related materials, all coauthors engaged in collaborative discussions focused on CBPR. Researchers mapped each case to an existing CBPR framework, examined each case individually for success factors and barriers, and identified common patterns across cases.Results Benefits of applying CBPR approaches to health informatics research across the cases included the following: developing more relevant research with wider impact, greater engagement with diverse populations, improved internal validity, more rapid translation of research into action, and the development of people. Challenges of applying CBPR to health informatics research included requirements to develop strong, sustainable academic-community partnerships and mismatches related to cultural and temporal factors. Several technology-related challenges, including needs to define ownership of technology outputs and to build technical capacity with community partners, also emerged from our analysis. Finally, we created several principles that extended an existing CBPR framework to specifically address health informatics research requirements.Conclusions Our cross-case analysis yielded valuable insights regarding CBPR implementation in health informatics research and identified valuable lessons useful for future CBPR-based research. The benefits of applying CBPR approaches can be significant, particularly in engaging populations that are typically underserved by health care and in designing patient-facing technology.
Impact of the HITECH Act on physicians’ adoption of electronic health records
Authors: Mennemeyer Stephen T , Menachemi Nir , Rahurkar Saurabh , Ford Eric W 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Background and Objective The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act has distributed billions of dollars to physicians as incentives for adopting certified electronic health records (EHRs) through the meaningful use (MU) program ultimately aimed at improving healthcare outcomes. The authors examine the extent to which the MU program impacted the EHR adoption curve that existed prior to the Act.
Methods Bass and Gamma Shifted Gompertz (G/SG) diffusion models of the adoption of “Any” and “Basic” EHR systems in physicians’ offices using consistent data series covering 2001–2013 and 2006–2013, respectively, are estimated to determine if adoption was stimulated during either a PrePay (2009–2010) period of subsidy anticipation or a PostPay (2011–2013) period when payments were actually made.
Results Adoption of Any EHR system may have increased by as much as 7 percentage points above the level predicted in the absence of the MU subsidies. This estimate, however, lacks statistical significance and becomes smaller or negative under alternative model specifications. No substantial effects are found for Basic systems. The models suggest that adoption was largely driven by “imitation” effects ( q -coefficient) as physicians mimic their peers’ technology use or respond to mandates. Small and often insignificant “innovation” effects (p-coefficient) are found suggesting little enthusiasm by physicians who are leaders in technology adoption.
Conclusion The authors find weak evidence of the impact of the MU program on EHR uptake. This is consistent with reports that many current EHR systems reduce physician productivity, lack data sharing capabilities, and need to incorporate other key interoperability features (e.g., application program interfaces).
Afferent System Overview
Authors: Flemming Kelly D. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The afferent, or sensory, systems include visual, auditory, somatosensory, and interoceptive (ie, pain, temperature, and visceral sensation) inputs to the central nervous system. This chapter briefly reviews principles of transduction, relay, and processing of sensory information. The dorsal column–medial lemniscal system is reviewed in more detail. However, pain, vision, olfaction, and hearing are reviewed in subsequent chapters.
Special Somatic Sensory Afferent Overview
Authors: Eggers Scott D. , Benarroch Eduardo E. , Leavitt Jacqueline A. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The special somatic afferent systems include vestibular, auditory, and vision. Vestibular and auditory afferent information is received by cranial nerve VIII, which then projects to central pathways. Cranial nerve II carries afferent visual information to central pathways. This chapter reviews the receptors and structural components of these special somatic afferent systems.
Brainstem and Cranial Nerves: Overview and Medulla
Authors: Flemming Kelly D. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This chapter and the following 3 chapters will review the anatomy of the brainstem and cranial nerves. This chapter contains an overview of the cranial nerves as well as important structures at the level of the medulla. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves (numbered I through XII). Like spinal nerves, cranial nerves contain sensory or motor fibers or a combination of fiber types. These fibers are classified by their embryologic origin or common structural and functional characteristics.
Brainstem and Cranial Nerves
Authors: Flemming Kelly D. , Brazis Paul W. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This chapter will review pathways that are not at a single level of the brainstem, but rather involve multiple areas with supratentorial input. These include autonomic pathways, the reticular formation and chemically defined groups, and coordination of eye movements. The sympathetic fibers travel from the hypothalamus to the intermediolateral column in the spinal cord through the lateral brainstem. Patients with a unilateral lesion of the lateral brainstem may develop ipsilateral Horner syndrome. The ventrolateral medulla is also a sympathetic region of the brainstem. It projects to the spinal cord and is involved in the innervation of blood vessels in the limbs.
Supranuclear Ocular Motor Systems
Authors: Brazis Paul W. , Eggers Scott D. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Saccadic eye movements and nystagmus are 2 types of fast eye movements. Slow eye movements are smooth pursuit, vestibular, optokinetic, and vergence. Reflexive and voluntary conjugate eye movements incorporate cortical, subcortical (basal ganglia), and vestibulocerebellar input to the final common pathways of horizontal and vertical eye movements. This chapter reviews the anatomy and dysfunction of the supranuclear input to conjugate gaze.