bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A RETICULOCYTOGENIC AGENT FOR GUINEA‐PIGS PRESENT IN CERTAIN GASTRO‐INTESTINAL SECRETIONS
Authors: Goodfriend J. , Chain E. , Florey H. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. A reticulocytogenic agent for reactive guinea‐pigs (selected according to a modified Jacobson technique) is found in the pyloric, duodenal and ileal secretions of the pig, in the pyloric and duodenal secretions of the cat and in the duodenal secretions of the rabbit and goat, but not in the fundic secretions of either pig or cat.2. The sites of the production of the agent, therefore, correspond to those sections of the gastro‐intestinal mucosa which have been found by Meulengracht and his co‐workers to yield therapeutic agents active in pernicious anæmia.3. From the duodenal secretion of the goat and pig a substance has been prepared which is reticulocytogenic for guinea‐pigs in very small amounts when injected subcutaneously.4. The active agent is thermolabile. It is soluble in acetone and in alcohol. It is partly precipitated by mineral acids, the precipitation being more complete in the presence of salts. It is precipitated by phosphotungstic acid, lead acetate and tannic acid. It is dialysable through cellophane and collodion membranes. The molecular weight is therefore probably less than 4000. It is not destroyed by pepsin or trypsin.We are greatly indebted to Professor Wayne, Dr. Wilkinson, Dr. Ungley and Dr. H. J. Gardner for their kindness in performing the clinical tests referred to in the text. Mr. J. H. D. Kent has had the care of the animals from which he collected the secretions. Without his assistance the work would have been impossible.
ANTAGONISM OF EVIPAN BY PICROTOXIN, CORAMINE, AND CARDIAZOL
Authors: Das S. C. 
Published: December 2014

1. The production of a steady state of respiratory depression by continuous intravenous infusion of sodium evipan into rabbits affords a convenient method for measuring the efficiency of analeptic drugs and for comparing their relative activities.2. Picrotoxin causes an increase in the depth of respiratory movements as well as in the rate, whereas coramine and cardiazol improve the rate of respiration rather than the depth.3. 0·3 mg. of picrotoxin causes the same increase in amplitude of respiratory stimulation as does 10 mg. of coramine or of cardiazol. Picrotoxin takes about 3‐5 minutes to develop its maximum effect, whilst the action of coramine or of cardiazol reaches its maximum very quickly.4. When the respiratory depression is severe, coramine often fails to produce a stimulant effect and may even augment the depression. Picrotoxin still produces a stimulant effect in such cases.5. Picrotoxin is detoxicated at the rate of 1/70 of the amount present per minute, whereas the rate of destruction of coramine is about 1/10 and of cardiazol 1/16 of the amount present per minute.6. Continuous intravenous infusion of picrotoxin simultaneously with continuous infusion of evipan permits the balancing of evipan and picrotoxin, and it is possible to work up to doses of both drugs, either of which alone would be fatal. There is a linear relation between the doses of evipan and the log. of the doses of picrotoxin which balance each other.7. Continuous infusion of coramine superimposed on the continuous infusion of evipan at first shows an increase in the respiratory activity, but after some time there is a gradual fall and the final depression may be greater than that produced by evipan alone. This suggests the formation of an intermediary product during coramine metabolism, which has a depressant action and is more stable than coramine.I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor A. J. Clark for his advice and help throughout the course of my work.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Fund of Edinburgh University.
THE INFLUENCE OF LYSOLECITHIN AND OF INCUBATION ON THE SHAPE, SIZE, AND FRAGILITY OF ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Gillespie W. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. Lysolecithin added in suitable doses to blood does not increase the red cell fragility in hypotonic saline, although the cells become spherical. The fragility of washed cells is slightly diminished by lysolecithin. The spherical cells produced by lysolecithin are essentially different from the spherocytes of congenital hæmolytic anæmia.2. After intravenous injection of lysolecithin into a rabbit, the fragility of the red cells remains raised for a much longer period than the spherical shape of the cells can be observed.3. The effects of incubation of whole blood, and of plasma alone, on the morphology, volume, and fragility of the erythrocytes are contrasted.4. The importance of the inhibiting action of plasma constituents on lysolecithin hæmolysis is stressed.5. The bearing of these experiments on some of the problems of hæmolytic anæmia is discussed.
NITROGEN METABOLISM AFTER BURNING
Authors: Clark E. J. , Peters R. A. , Rossiter R. J. 
Published: December 2014

Blood and urinary changes in nitrogen compounds in animals after burning at 70°, 75°, and 80°C. for 30 seconds have been compared with anæsthetised controls.1. Blood Changes.—Within an hour after burning there commenced an increase in blood urea in both rats and rabbits, present in the latter four days later. There was also a fall in the total plasma protein and a persistent fall in the plasma albumin. Though falling slightly at first, the globulin levels rose; this caused a progressive fall in the albumin/globulin ratio.2. Urinary Changes.—In rats upon constant diet the following changes occurred with increasing severity of the burn, namely:(a) An initial rise in weight (due to water retention), followed by a fall in weight.(b) Creatinuria.(c) Increased urea elimination; except for early nitrogen retention in the more severe cases for 1 to 2 days. The latter was also a constant feature of rats dying from burns and indicates some form of kidney disturbance.No constant changes took place in ammonia excretion or in creatinine output, though the latter fell for 1 to 2 days in the more severe burns.3. The early changes may be explained by the decreased blood volume (shock). The later changes, which are important clinically, indicate a protein mobilisation.4. As practical measures suggested by the above, carbohydrates should be given during the period of shock, and high protein diets later.
RADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF MEPACRINE ON THE GASTRO‐INTESTINAL TRACT OF THE RAT
Authors: Army Malaria Research Unit  , The Nuffield Institute for Medical Research  
Published: December 2014

1. A technique has been developed with which the effect of drugs on the gastro‐intestinal tract may be studied in the intact unanæsthetised animal. The technique consists in giving rats bismuth meals and observing their rate of passage radiographically.2. The effects of mepacrine on the rat's gut are: hypertonicity and disturbed peristalsis in the stomach; pylorospasm, increased gastric secretion; delay in gastric emptying; increased accumulation of gas in the stomach and the cæcum; and slight delay in the rate of passage of the bismuth meal through the small intestine.3. The severity of the effect on the stomach may be measured by determining the length of time taken for the stomach to empty.4. The effect of various doses of mepacrine dihydrochloride given before the barium meal has been determined, and this information will serve as a basis for comparative studies with other salts of this drug and with other methods of administration.
“AVIDITY” OF ANTI‐A AGGLUTINATING SERA
Authors: Barnes D. W. H. , Loutit J. F. 
Published: December 2014

“Avidity” of anti‐A blood‐grouping sera was measured by(a) the unagglutinated red cell count,(b) the time of agglutination,with A1 and A2 red cells.With each serum agglutination time was always shortest with the lowest dilution. The lowest unagglutinated cell count was with A2 cell usually in the lowest serum dilution, but with A1 cells was variable.Agglutination time and agglutinating strength are therefore probably determined by different factors in serum.Immune rabbit sera approximated to the ideal anti‐A blood‐grouping sera rather than natural or immune human sera.We should like to thank Dr. W. T. J. Morgan of the Lister Institute for his help and for liberal supplies of immnlune rabbit sera.
THE LOCATION OF CHOLINESTERASE IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Burgen A. S. V. , Chipman L. M. 
Published: December 2014

1. The oil/water distribution coefficients of a number of cholin‐esterase inhibitors have been obtained.2. The inhibition of cholinesterase in the brain of dogs has been measured after injection of TEPP and 3‐diisopropylphosphato‐N‐methyl pyridinium methyl sulphate (PPS) both systemically and intracranially.3. PPS is almost insoluble in lipoid and produces no physiological effects on the central nervous system.4. Less than lethal doses of PPS produced only 16 per cent inhibition of cholinesterase in grey and white matter.5. Cholinesterase in a sympathetic ganglion is freely inhibited by PPS.6. The way in which anticholinesterase drugs produce their central effects is discussed.7. It is probable that cholinesterase is located at different sites in neuromuscular, sympathetic, and central synapses.
Spatial and Temporal Features of the Growth of a Bacterial Species Colonizing the Zebrafish Gut
Authors: Jemielita Matthew , Taormina Michael J. , Burns Adam R. , Hampton Jennifer S. , Rolig Annah S. , Guillemin Karen , Parthasarathy Raghuveer 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

The vertebrate intestine is home to microbial ecosystems that play key roles in host development and health. Little is known about the spatial and temporal dynamics of these microbial communities, limiting our understanding of fundamental properties, such as their mechanisms of growth, propagation, and persistence. To address this, we inoculated initially germ-free zebrafish larvae with fluorescently labeled strains of an
Aeromonas
species, representing an abundant genus in the zebrafish gut. Using light sheet fluorescence microscopy to obtain three-dimensional images spanning the gut, we quantified the entire bacterial load, as founding populations grew from tens to tens of thousands of cells over several hours. The data yield the first ever measurements of the growth kinetics of a microbial species inside a live vertebrate intestine and show dynamics that robustly fit a logistic growth model. Intriguingly, bacteria were nonuniformly distributed throughout the gut, and bacterial aggregates showed considerably higher growth rates than did discrete individuals. The form of aggregate growth indicates intrinsically higher division rates for clustered bacteria, rather than surface-mediated agglomeration onto clusters. Thus, the spatial organization of gut bacteria both relative to the host and to each other impacts overall growth kinetics, suggesting that spatial characterizations will be an important input to predictive models of host-associated microbial community assembly.

IMPORTANCE
Our intestines are home to vast numbers of microbes that influence many aspects of health and disease. Though we now know a great deal about the constituents of the gut microbiota, we understand very little about their spatial structure and temporal dynamics in humans or in any animal: how microbial populations establish themselves, grow, fluctuate, and persist. To address this, we made use of a model organism, the zebrafish, and a new optical imaging technique, light sheet fluorescence microscopy, to visualize for the first time the colonization of a live, vertebrate gut by specific bacteria with sufficient resolution to quantify the population over a range from a few individuals to tens of thousands of bacterial cells. Our results provide unprecedented measures of bacterial growth kinetics and also show the influence of spatial structure on bacterial populations, which can be revealed only by direct imaging.
How do systematic reviews incorporate risk of bias assessments into the synthesis of evidence? A methodological study
Authors: Katikireddi Srinivasa Vittal , Egan Matt , Petticrew Mark 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundSystematic reviews (SRs) are expected to critically appraise included studies and privilege those at lowest risk of bias (RoB) in the synthesis. This study examines if and how critical appraisals inform the synthesis and interpretation of evidence in SRs.MethodsAll SRs published in March–May 2012 in 14 high-ranked medical journals and a sample from the Cochrane library were systematically assessed by two reviewers to determine if and how: critical appraisal was conducted; RoB was summarised at study, domain and review levels; and RoB appraisals informed the synthesis process.ResultsOf the 59 SRs studied, all except six (90%) conducted a critical appraisal of the included studies, with most using or adapting existing tools. Almost half of the SRs reported critical appraisal in a manner that did not allow readers to determine which studies included in a review were most robust. RoB assessments were not incorporated into synthesis in one-third (20) of the SRs, with their consideration more likely when reviews focused on randomised controlled trials. Common methods for incorporating critical appraisals into the synthesis process were sensitivity analysis, narrative discussion and exclusion of studies at high RoB. Nearly half of the reviews which investigated multiple outcomes and carried out study-level RoB summaries did not consider the potential for RoB to vary across outcomes.ConclusionsThe conclusions of the SRs, published in major journals, are frequently uninformed by the critical appraisal process, even when conducted. This may be particularly problematic for SRs of public health topics that often draw on diverse study designs.
Langerin-expressing dendritic cells in human tissues are related to CD1c+ dendritic cells and distinct from Langerhans cells and CD141high XCR1+ dendritic cells
Authors: Bigley Venetia , McGovern Naomi , Milne Paul , Dickinson Rachel , Pagan Sarah , Cookson Sharon , Haniffa Muzlifah , Collin Matthew 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Langerin is a C-type lectin expressed at high level by LCs of the epidermis. Langerin is also expressed by CD8+/CD103+ XCR1+ cross-presenting DCs of mice but is not found on the homologous human CD141high XCR1+ myeloid DC. Here, we show that langerin is expressed at a low level on DCs isolated from dermis, lung, liver, and lymphoid tissue and that langerin+ DCs are closely related to CD1c+ myeloid DCs. They are distinguishable from LCs by the level of expression of CD1a, EpCAM, CD11b, CD11c, CD13, and CD33 and are found in tissues and tissue-draining LNs devoid of LCs. They are unrelated to CD141high XCR1+ myeloid DCs, lacking the characteristic expression profile of cross-presenting DCs, conserved between mammalian species. Stem cell transplantation and DC deficiency models confirm that dermal langerin+ DCs have an independent homeostasis to LCs. Langerin is not expressed by freshly isolated CD1c+ blood DCs but is rapidly induced on CD1c+ DCs by serum or TGF-β via an ALK-3-dependent pathway. These results show that langerin is expressed outside of the LC compartment of humans and highlight a species difference: langerin is expressed by the XCR1+ “DC1” population of mice but is restricted to the CD1c+ “DC2” population of humans (homologous to CD11b+ DCs in the mouse).
Parasitismo na população da broca-do-café Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), pelo parasitoide Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)
Authors: De Souza Moisés Santos , Silva Alexandre Almeida e , Teixeira César Augusto Domingues , Costa José Nilton Medeiros 
Published: December 2014

A broca-do-café, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) é responsável por grandes prejuízos em plantios de café, causando perdas de produtividade aos cafeicultores e danos quantitativos e qualitativos aos grãos. O controle biológico da praga tem sido principalmente à base de fungos entomopatogênicos. Em Rondônia, Brasil, as informações acerca dos parasitoides de H. hampei são escassas. O parasitoide Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem é um inimigo natural da broca do café e já é utilizado como agente de controle biológico em países da África e da América Latina. Constatou-se a presença desse parasitoide em cafezais de Rondônia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os níveis de ocorrência e parasitismo do parasitóide em uma plantação de café no município de Ouro Preto D’Oeste, Estado de Rondônia. Foram analisados semanalmente frutos de café coletados diretamente das plantas e caídos sobre o solo, de janeiro a dezembro de 2004. Observou-se a ocorrência do parasitoide durante os meses de maior infestação da praga. Durante o período estudado, a taxa de parasitismo nos diferentes microambientes variou de 2 a 24%.
Parasitism in the Population of the Coffee Berry Borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) by the Parasitoid Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

Abstract. The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) attacks coffee plantations, greatly decreasing the production of coffee plants, causing quantitative and qualitative damage to the grains. Biological control of this pest has focused mostly on entomopathogenic fungi. In the state of Rondonia, studies on parasitism levels of the parasitoids of H. hampei are scarce. The parasitoid Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem is a natural enemy of the coffee berry borer and is already used as an agent of biological control in countries of Africa and Latin America. The objective of the present study was to investigate the occurrence and parasitism levels of the parasitoid in a coffee plantation in the municipality of Ouro Preto D’Oeste, State of Rondonia. Coffee beans collected directly from the plants and on the ground were analyzed weekly from January to December 2004. Parasitoid occurred in months of the highest pest infestation. During the studied period, parasitism rate in different microenvironments ranged from 2 to 24%.
Distribuição da Oviposição e Dinâmica Temporal do Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) por Meio de Ovitrampas
Authors: Monteiro Fred Julio Costa , Carvalho José Carlos Tavares , Souto Raimundo Nonato Picanço 
Published: December 2014

O presente estudo teve como objetivo monitorar a dispersão do Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) por meio de ovitrampas e correlacionar com as variáveis ambientais durante período aproximado de um ano na cidade de Macapá, AP, Brasil. Foram instaladas um total de 66 ovitrampas em 4 zonas da cidade: oeste, sul norte e central, trocando semanalmente as armadilhas. A contagem de ovos permitiu calcular o índice de positividade de ovo (IPO) e índice de densidade de ovo (IDO). Comparou-se o IPO e o IDO entre zonas, e correlacionou-se com os dados climáticos. Durante o estudo, o IPO foi de 50,44% e o IDO 103,79. Não houve diferença do IPO entre as zonas, apenas o IDO da zona central fora maior que as demais. O IPO e o IDO estiveram correlacionados positivamente com a pluviosidade e umidade do ar mínima e, negativamente com a umidade máxima do ar e temperatura máxima e mínima. O monitoramento do A. aegypti por meio de ovitrampa direciona complementarmente a equipe de combate ao vetor, permitindo atuar de maneira mais eficaz na área de maior positividade. Nossos resultados indicam que Macapá está similarmente infestada pelo A. aegypti e que estes elevados índices são influenciados fortemente pelas variáveis ambientais, sendo o período mais chuvoso com os maiores índices entomológicos.
Distribution of Oviposition and Temporal Dynamics of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) by Ovitraps
Abstract. This study aimed to monitor the spread of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) using ovitraps and correlate the results with the climate data over a period of approximately one year in the city of Macapá, AP, Brazil. A total of 66 ovitraps were installed in four areas of the city (west, south, north and central), and replaced weekly. The eggs were counted to calculate the egg positivity index (EPI) and egg density index (EDI). The EPI and EDI were compared across zones and correlated with climate data. For the period of the study, the EPI was 50.44% and the EDI was 103.79. There was no difference in EPI across different areas, and only the EDI in the central area was greater than that in the other areas. The EPI and EDI were correlated positively with rainfall and humidity minimum and negatively with maximum humidity of air and maximum and minimum temperature. The monitoring of A. aegypti using ovitraps helps the team to combat the vector, enabling them to act more effectively in areas of higher positivity. Our results indicate that Macapa is similarly infested with A. aegypti and these high levels are strongly influenced by environmental variables, being the rainiest period with the largest entomological indices.
The Modular Form: A Review of Pafford and Fancher’s Potent Object Project
Authors: Hanzalik Katherine 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Potent Object Project (POP), designed by Patricia Fancher and Brent Pafford, is an ongoing multimodal participatory art project/pedagogy that uses the modular form to facilitate, as they say, ‘experience, connection, and shared meaning’ amongst communities in and around Clemson University’ (Fancher and Pafford 2014). In the first stage of the project, the designers created 500 mugs, tagged them with QR tracking codes, then shared them with 500 students and professors across the disciplines, particularly, though, first-year composition students; each participant wrote a short story about his or her own life, recorded it, and then represented it visually by drawing a message or icon on the mug, either on the lines painted onto the mugs or over and outside of the lines (Fancher and Pafford 2014). Over the course of the next two weeks, they took the mugs out of the classroom and used them in their everyday lives, effectively transforming a public project into a utilitarian object (Fancher and Pafford 2014). At the end of the two weeks, participants took ‘selfies’ with their mugs then shared them with other members of the community, in addition to submitting the audio and images for POP’s digital Mug Archive.
The project’s cyber spaces (WordPress, Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr) allow anyone who has found a mug to share a story, an image, and interconnect, so while mugs were moving and cyber connections were made, two installations took place in disparate physical venues, effectively reaching those who wouldn’t otherwise reach out. The first venue: the campus’ art gallery, wherein attendees could enjoy the sight of the mugs and participate by offering their own stories (‘Acorn’ 2014); the second: a digital media lab on library’s main floor, a central campus location, wherein previous participants could re-connect with the project and explore the narratives projected on the walls and newcomers could take part (‘Brown’ 2014). Whereas some participants couldn’t part with their mugs, others passed them along to strangers or those closest to them (Fancher 2014; Harris 2014). The project remains ongoing. Fancher explains, ‘This thing has legs beyond me and Brent’s control. We’re really excited to see how/where this brings us, where our mugs go, and what we learn by letting the mugs and the students lead the way’ (2013).
Twisted permutation codes
Authors: Gillespie Neil I. , Praeger Cheryl E. , Spiga Pablo 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
We introduce twisted permutation codes, which are frequency permutation arrays
analogous to repetition permutation codes, namely, codes obtained from the repetition construction applied
to a permutation code. In particular, we show that a lower bound for the minimum distance of a twisted permutation code is the minimum distance of a
repetition permutation code. We give examples where this bound is tight, but more importantly, we
give examples of twisted permutation codes with minimum distance strictly greater than this lower bound.