bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The liability of churches for the historical sexual assault of children by priests
Authors: Calitz K 
Published: March 2015

Could a church be held liable for the sexual assault of children by priests when the victims claim as adults only many years after the event? Complainants can claim damages on the basis that the church is either directly or vicariously liable for the alleged acts. If the victims rely on vicarious liability, they will have to prove that the wrongdoer was an employee of the defendant and will further have to prove that the assaults were committed within the course and scope of the wrongdoer's employment. The requirement that a priest must be an employee has in the past created a hurdle for victims, since courts in different countries have traditionally held that priests are not employees of the church as they are servants of God, subject to ecclesiastic law and not civil law. However, in John Doe v Bennet in Canada and JGE v Diocese of Portsmouth in the UK the courts have recently held that even a relationship akin to employment is sufficient to be a basis for vicarious liability. In Bazley v Curry the Canadian Supreme Court moreover extended the traditional meaning of the "course and scope of employment" by developing the "close connection" test. The court found that the acts of a warden of a children's home were so closely connected with his duties that it was fair that his employer (a charitable organisation) should be held liable for his conduct. The close connection test was followed by the House of Lords in the United Kingdom and by the South African Constitutional Court in K v Minister of Safety and Security, although in another context. Adult complainants in cases such as these will further have to prove that their claim has not expired as a result of prescription. In Canada, the UK and South Africa courts have in different ways acknowledged the fact that victims of child sexual abuse are often not able to process their claims timeously, because of psychological factors. The victims are allowed to bring their claims often decades after commission of the wrongful acts. These developments have undoubtedly broadened the vicarious liability of employers and more specifically the liability of churches.
The legislative framework regarding bullying in South African schools
Authors: Laas A , Boezaart T 
Published: March 2015

Bullying in schools is a global phenomenon that has the potential to impact on children not only physically but also psychologically. In South Africa countless children fall victim to bullying, harassment and abuse at schools. A myriad of constitutional rights are infringed upon when bullying occurs, and the problem is escalating. The Protection from Harassment Act 71 of 2011 was signed and accepted into law on the 27th of April 2013. This new Act may grant relief to victims of bullying inter alia by providing for protection orders, and therefore adds to the legislative framework available to victims. However, in terms of bullying in schools, the parties to these incidents are minors and therefore a critical analysis is necessary with regard to the rights of the victim and the offender. In this context the relationship and interaction between the Protection from Harassment Act 71 of 2011, the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008, the Children's Act 38 of 2005 and the South African Schools Act 84 of 1996 call for critical analysis.
Separation of powers in Ghana: The evolution of the political question doctrine
Authors: Mhango M 
Published: March 2015

In some democracies judiciaries have developed the political question doctrine to jurisprudentially resolve political questions and define their relationship with other branches of government. This doctrine is a function of the principle of the separation of powers and provides that there are certain questions of constitutional law that are constitutionally committed to the elected branches of government for resolution. As a result, such questions are non-justiciable and require the judiciary to abstain from deciding them if doing so would intrude upon the functions of the elected branches of government. This article examines the evolution and current status of the political question doctrine in Ghanaian jurisprudence, which developed from American jurisprudence. It begins by briefly discussing the history of the doctrine and its modern application in America. It then discusses how this doctrine was imported into Ghana and applied by the Ghanaian judiciary. The article argues that while there are differences of opinion around the application of the political question doctrine within Ghana's judiciary, the doctrine is firmly part of Ghanaian constitutional law. The article observes that the difference of opinion among judges is over the proper application of the doctrine rather than on whether it forms part of Ghanaian constitutional law. The article also discusses a related issue of the constitutional status of Directive Principles of State Policy in chapter 6 of the Constitution of Ghana.
Structuration de la recherche en marketing en France et point de vue des chercheurs sur les thématiques d’avenir
Authors: Béji-Bécheur Amina , Besson Madeleine , Bonnemaizon Audrey 
Published: March 2015

L’objectif de cette réflexion est d’appréhender la construction de la recherche en marketing en France ainsi que les thèmes et visions des chercheurs qui dessinent son avenir. Sur la base de documents et d’entretiens, une histoire de la structuration de la recherche marketing souligne l’encastrement de la recherche dans un réseau d’acteurs. Une étude menée auprès des institutions de la recherche et de chercheurs, aboutit à : (1) une cartographie de 8 thèmes d’intérêt majeur et de leur traduction en marketing et, (2) l’examen des questionnements de chercheurs sur leur positionnement vis-à-vis de ces thèmes et plus largement sur leur rôle vis-à-vis de leurs différents publics (futurs docteurs, entreprises et société civile).
Climate change impacts on the vegetation carbon cycle of the Iberian Peninsula—Intercomparison of CMIP5 results
Authors: Aparício Sara , Carvalhais Nuno , Seixas Júlia 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe vulnerability of a water‐limited region like the Iberian Peninsula (IP) to climate changes drives a great concern and interest in understanding its impacts on the carbon cycle, namely, in terms of biomass production. This study assesses the effects of climate change and rising CO2 on forest growth, carbon sequestration, and water‐use efficiency on the IP by late 21st century using 12 models from the CMIP5 project (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5). We find a strong agreement among the models under representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) scenario, mostly regarding projected forest growth and increased primary production (13, 9% of gross primary production (GPP) increase projected by the models ensemble). Under RCP8.5 scenario, the results are less conclusive, as seven models project both GPP and net primary production to increase (up to 83% and 69%, respectively), while the remaining four models project the IP as a potential carbon source by late century. Divergences in carbon mass in wood predictions could be attributed to model structures, such as the N cycle, land model component, land cover data and parameterization, and distinct clusters of Earth System Models (ESMs). ESMs divergences in carbon feedbacks are likely being highly impacted by parameterization divergences and susceptibility to climate change and CO2 fertilization effect. Despite projected rainfall reductions, we observe a strong agreement between models regarding the increase of water‐use efficiency (by 21% and 34%) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. Results suggest that rising CO2 has the potential to partially alleviate the adverse effects of drought.
On the presence of giant particles downwind of ships in the marine boundary layer
Authors: Sorooshian Armin , Prabhakar Gouri , Jonsson Haflidi , Woods Roy K. , Flagan Richard C. , Seinfeld John H. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis study examines large oceangoing ships as a source of giant cloud condensation nuclei (Dp > 2 µm) due to wake and stack emissions off the California coast. Observed particle number concentrations behind 10 ships exceeded those in “control” areas, exhibiting number concentration enhancement ratios (ERs) for minimum threshold diameters of ~2, ~10, and ~20 µm as high as 2.7, 5.5, and 7.5, respectively. ER decreases with increasing downwind distance and altitude. ER becomes better correlated with ship size variables (gross tonnage, length, and beam) as the minimum size threshold increases from 2 to 20 µm, whereas ship speed has a less distinct relationship with ER. One case study of a container ship shows that there are higher concentrations of sea‐salt tracer species behind it relative to adjacent control areas. These results have implications for cloud properties and precipitation in marine boundary layers exposed to ship traffic.
Adaptive attenuation of unknown and time‐varying narrow band and broadband disturbances
Authors: Landau Ioan Doré , Airimitoaie Tudor‐Bogdan , Silva Abraham Castellanos 
Published: March 2015

SummaryIn many classes of applications like active vibration control and active noise control, the disturbances can be characterized by their frequency content and their location in a specific region in the frequency domain. The disturbances can be of narrow band type (simple or multiple) or of broad band type. A model can be associated to these disturbances. The knowledge of this model allows to design an appropriate control system in order to attenuate (or to reject) their effect upon the system to be controlled. The attenuation of disturbances by feedback is limited by the Bode Integral and the ‘water bed’ effect upon the output sensitivity function. In such situations, the feedback approach has to be complemented by a ‘feedforward disturbance compensation’ requiring an additional transducer for obtaining information upon the disturbance. Unfortunately, in most of the situations, the disturbances are unknown and time‐varying and therefore an adaptive approach should be considered. The generic term for adaptive attenuation of unknown and time‐varying disturbances is ‘adaptive regulation’ (known plant model, unknown, and time‐varying disturbance model).The paper will review a number of recent developments for adaptive feedback compensation of multiple unknown and time‐varying narrow band disturbances and for adaptive feedforward compensation of broad band disturbances in the presence of the inherent internal positive feedback caused by the coupling between the compensator system and the measurement of the image of the disturbance. Some experimental results obtained on a relevant active vibration control system will illustrate the performance of the various algorithms presented. Some open research problems will be mentioned in the conclusion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integration of invariant‐set‐based FDI with varying sampling rate virtual actuator and controller
Authors: Osella Esteban N. , Haimovich Hernan , Seron María M. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryWe present a new output feedback fault‐tolerant control strategy for continuous‐time linear systems with bounded disturbances. The strategy combines a digital nominal controller under controller‐driven (varying) sampling with virtual actuator (VA)‐based controller reconfiguration to compensate for abrupt actuator faults and invariant‐set‐based fault detection and isolation. Two independent objectives are considered: (a) closed‐loop stability with setpoint tracking and (b) controller reconfiguration under faults. Our main contribution is to extend an existing fault detection and isolation and VA‐based controller reconfiguration strategy to systems under controller‐driven sampling in such a way that if objective (a) is possible under controller‐driven sampling (without VA) and objective (b) is possible under uniform sampling (without controller‐driven sampling), then closed‐loop stability and setpoint tracking will be preserved under both healthy and faulty operations for any possible sampling rate evolution that may be selected by the controller. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CN Coupling of Indoles and Carbazoles with Aromatic Chlorides Catalyzed by a Single‐Component NHC‐Nickel(0) Precursor
Authors: Rull Silvia G. , Blandez Juan F. , Fructos Manuel R. , Belderrain Tomás R. , Nicasio M. Carmen 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA new and efficient nickel‐based protocol for the N‐arylation of indoles and carbazoles with aromatic chlorides, the least expensive of the aryl halides, is described. The procedure provides selectively N‐(hetero)arylation products in good to high yields, in short reaction times and without adding an excess of ligands.magnified image
Musculoskeletal concerns do not justify failure to use safer sequential trigger to prevent acute nail gun injuries
Authors: Lipscomb Hester J. , Nolan James , Patterson Dennis 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundAcute nail gun injuries can be controlled significantly by using tools with sequential triggers and training. Concern has been raised that sequential triggers, which require that the nose piece of the gun be depressed prior to pulling the trigger, could increase risk of musculoskeletal problems.MethodsWe conducted active injury surveillance among union carpenter apprentices to monitor acute injuries and musculoskeletal disorders between 2010 and 2013.ResultsAcute injury risk was 70% higher with contact trip rather than sequential triggers. Musculoskeletal risk was comparable (contact trip 0.09/10,000 hr (95% CI, 0.02–0.26); sequential 0.08/ 10,000 hr (95% CI 0.02–0.23)).ConclusionsConcern about excess risk of musculoskeletal problems from nail guns with sequential triggers is unwarranted. Both actuation systems carry comparable musculoskeletal risk which is far less than the risk of acute injury; there is clearly no justification for failure to prevent acute injuries through use of the safer sequential trigger. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:422–427, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disparities in occupational injury hospitalization rates in five states (2003–2009)
Authors: Sears Jeanne M. , Bowman Stephen M. , Hogg‐Johnson Sheilah 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundAchievement of health equity and elimination of disparities are overarching goals of Healthy People 2020, yet there is a paucity of population‐based data regarding race/ethnicity‐based disparities in occupational injuries.MethodsHospital discharge data for five states (Arizona, California, Florida, New Jersey, and New York) were obtained from the Healthcare Cost & Utilization Project (HCUP) for 2003–2009. Age‐adjusted rates and trends for work‐related injury hospitalizations were calculated using negative binomial regression (reference category: non‐Latino white).ResultsLatinos were significantly more likely to have a work‐related traumatic injury hospitalization. The disparity for Latinos was greatest for machinery‐related hospitalizations. Latinos were also more likely to have a fall‐related hospitalization. African‐Americans were more likely to have an occupational assault‐related hospitalization, but less likely to have a fall‐related hospitalization.ConclusionsWe found evidence of substantial multistate disparities in occupational injury‐related hospitalizations. Enhanced surveillance and further research are needed to identify and address underlying causes. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:528–540, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Nanostructured Carbon through Ionothermal Carbonization of Common Organic Solvents and Solutions
Authors: Chang Yuanqin , Antonietti Markus , Fellinger Tim‐Patrick 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA combination of ionothermal synthesis and hot‐injection techniques leads to novel nanocarbons made from organic solvents. Controlled addition of commonly used organic solvents into a hot ZnCl2 melt gives rise to spherical, sheetlike, and branched nanofibrous carbon nanoparticles with surprisingly high carbon efficiency. When heteroatom‐containing solvents were used, the doping levels reach up to 14 wt. % nitrogen and 13 wt. % sulfur. Materials with high surface areas and large pore volumes of solvent carbons as high as 1666 m2 g−1 and 2.80 cm3 g−1 in addition to CO2 adsorption capacities of 4.13 mmol g−1 at 273 K and 1 bar can be obtained. The new method works not only for pure carbon materials, but was also extended for the synthesis of carbon/inorganic nanocomposites. ZnS@C, Ni@C, and Co@C were successfully prepared with this straightforward procedure. The obtained Ni@C nanocomposites perform well in the electrocatalytic water oxidation, comparable with commercial noble‐metal catalysts.
Highly hydrophobic hierarchical nanomicro roughness polymer surface created by stamping and laser micromachining
Authors: Cardoso Marcos R. , Martins Renato J. , Dev Apurba , Voss Tobias , Mendonca Cleber R. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThis article describes the design and fabrication of hierarchical nanomicrostructured polymer surfaces with high hydrophobicity. The nanoscale roughness is achieved by stamping a ZnO nanowire film into PDMS. Subsequently, microstructures with different periodicities are created in the stamped PDMS sample by direct laser writing using femtosecond pulses. With this approach, we were able to produce hierarchical surface morphologies, composed of nano and microscale structures that exhibit water contact angles larger than 160°. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42082.
Combination of PDMS microfilters and micromixers based on flexible thermoplastic films for size sorting and mixing of microparticles
Authors: Lee Michael , Lopez‐Martinez Maria J. , Baraket Abdoullatif , Zine Nadia , Esteve Jaume , Plaza Jose A. , Ahmed Naveed , Elaissari Abdelhamid , Jaffrezic‐Renault Nicole , Errachid Abdelhamid 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTWe present a study for the development of flexible microfilters based on sealing microstructured poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) to different functionalized thermoplastic films [polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)]. The microfilter was manufactured by soft‐lithography and replica molding and then combined with plasma activation and chemical treatment using 3‐(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). To demonstrate the functionality of the PDMS microfilters, poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (MPS) were filtered through the microfluidic device based on the three thermoplastic films. Subsequently, the mixing capabilities of a passive PDMS micromixer was observed with the injection of polymeric MPS (fluorescent and nonfluorescent) as fluidic mixers are not generally effective at mixing particles. On mixing nonfluorescent MPS (∼<10–30 µm in diameter) a mixing performance of 13.3% at 5 mm was observed. Therefore, a PDMS microfiltering device was integrated with a PDMS micromixer using a simple and cost effective home‐made polymeric connector for filtration at a size sorting of 11 µm. The results exhibit that the combination of the two microfluidic devices can be achieved with size sorting and mixing of MPS with an improved mixing performance of 62.5% at 3 mm. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42088.
UV curable soybean‐oil hybrid systems based on thiol‐acrylate and thiol‐ene‐acrylate chemistry
Authors: Zhang Dandan , Liang Hongbo , Bu Jiang , Xiong Lei , Huang Shengmei , Zhang D. D. , Liang H. B. , Bu J. , Xiong L. , Huang S. M. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, epoxidized soybean oil was modified to prepare acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) and vinyl/acrylate ended soybean oil (VASO), which were blended with mercaptopropyl polyhedral oligomericsilsequioxane (POSS‐SH) to prepare UV curable thiol‐acrylate and thiol‐ene‐acrylate hybrid coatings. Photopolymerization processes of the coatings were measured and the results showed that addition of POSS‐SH obviously increased the conversion of double bond. The physical and mechanical properties of all cured samples were investigated, which indicated that the pencil hardness, tensile strength, and fracture toughness were significantly improved by POSS‐SH. Moreover, with increasing POSS‐SH content, the water contact angles of cured samples were increased, and the water resistance was greatly improved. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42095.
ERAP1 Gene Expression Is Influenced by Nonsynonymous Polymorphisms Associated With Predisposition to Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Costantino Félicie , Talpin Alice , Evnouchidou Irini , Kadi Amir , Leboime Ariane , Said‐Nahal Roula , Bonilla Nelly , Letourneur Franck , Leturcq Tifenn , Ka Zeyna , van Endert Peter , Garchon Henri‐Jean , Chiocchia Gilles , Breban Maxime 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveSeveral polymorphisms in ERAP1 are strongly associated with susceptibility to spondyloarthritis (SpA). The combination of rs17482078, rs10050860, and rs30187 results in the construction of 3 major haplotypes that are associated with SpA (the “protective” haplotype T/T/C, the “neutral” haplotype C/C/C, and the “susceptibility” haplotype C/C/T). The aim of the present study was to determine whether such haplotypes might affect endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP‐1) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, protein level, and/or enzymatic activity in antigen‐presenting cells, a type of cell that is potentially relevant to disease pathogenesis.MethodsMonocyte‐derived dendritic cells (DCs) were generated in 2 cohorts (a discovery cohort and a replication cohort) comprising a total of 23 SpA patients and 44 healthy controls. Lymphoblastoid B cell lines were established from individuals who were homozygous for the risk, the neutral, or the protective ERAP1 haplotype, respectively. In those samples, we investigated the relationship between ERAP1 haplotypes and mRNA expression level. We also used Western blot analysis to measure the relative protein expression of ERAP‐1 and a fluorogenic assay to measure its enzymatic activity.ResultsIn monocyte‐derived DCs, there was a strong association between ERAP1 haplotypes and the ERAP‐1 mRNA expression level, with higher levels in subjects harboring the susceptibility haplotype (P = 0.001 and P = 5.6 × 10−7 in the discovery and replication cohorts, respectively). In lymphoblastoid B cell lines, we observed a significant correlation between haplotype risk score and ERAP1 transcript or protein level (P = 0.003, ρ = 0.92 for both). Enzymatic activity followed a similar trend both in monocyte‐derived DCs and in lymphoblastoid B cell lines.ConclusionThese data provide strong evidence that SpA‐associated ERAP1 polymorphisms affect the level of gene expression in antigen‐presenting cells. How increased production/activity of ERAP‐1 may influence susceptibility to SpA remains to be determined.
Long‐term changes in the relationship between stratospheric circulation and East Asian winter monsoon
Authors: Wei Ke , Takahashi Masaaki , Chen Wen 
Published: March 2015

AbstractUsing two generations of reanalysis datasets from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), we showed that on the interannual timescale the two leading modes of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) are associated with tropospheric annular mode (AM) and stratospheric polar vortex (SPV), respectively. The relationship between AM and the first EAWM mode remained stable during 1958–2013, whereas that between SPV and the second EAWM mode increased suddenly since the late 1980s. The SPV‐related circulation and planetary wave activities are intensified in the latter period. We suggested that this change might be caused by the global warming and ozone depletion.