bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Pain Intensity in Patients with Neck Pain: Does It Matter How You Do It?
Authors: Kamper Steven J. , Grootjans Sanneke J.M. , Michaleff Zoe A. , Maher Christopher G. , McAuley James H. , Sterling Michele 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate whether variations in the way that pain intensity is measured in patients with neck pain influences the magnitude of pain ratings. The study uses data from 3 longitudinal studies (n = 361 at baseline) on people with neck pain due to whiplash injuries. Pain measures included verbal rating scales, numerical rating scales and a visual analog scale. Different measures asked patient to rate current pain, average pain over 24 hours, over 1 week, or over 4 weeks. Scores were converted to a 0‐100 scale and tracked over time, correlations between measures were calculated. Mixed models regression was used to explore the factors which influenced the differences between scores on the measures. Scores on the different measures were significantly different from each other in each dataset (P < 0.02). The effect of recall period was significant in all datasets and the effect of number of response options was significant in 2 of 3 datasets. Pain intensity ratings appear to be sensitive to method of measurement. It is likely the length of recall time (eg, pain today vs. average pain over 4 weeks) has a significant influence on pain ratings. The influence of number of response options is less certain. Systematic reviewers should not uncritically rescale and pool absolute pain scores from instruments with varying scale descriptors or recall periods.
Physiological and transcriptomic characterization of submergence and reoxygenation responses in soybean seedlings
Authors: TAMANG BISHAL G. , MAGLIOZZI JOSEPH O. , MAROOF M. A. SAGHAI , FUKAO TAKESHI 
Published: January 2014

AbstractComplete inundation at the early seedling stage is a common environmental constraint for soybean production throughout the world. As floodwaters subside, submerged seedlings are subsequently exposed to reoxygenation stress in the natural progression of a flood event. Here, we characterized the fundamental acclimation responses to submergence and reoxygenation in soybean at the seedling establishment stage. Approximately 90% of seedlings succumbed during 3 d of inundation under constant darkness, whereas 10 d of submergence were lethal to over 90% of seedlings under 12 h light/12 h dark cycles, indicating the significance of underwater photosynthesis in seedling survival. Submergence rapidly decreased the abundance of carbohydrate reserves and ATP in aerial tissue of seedlings although chlorophyll breakdown was not observed. The carbohydrate and ATP contents were recovered upon de‐submergence, but sudden exposure to oxygen also induced lipid peroxidation, confirming that reoxygenation induced oxidative stress. Whole transcriptome analysis recognized genome‐scale reconfiguration of gene expression that regulates various signalling and metabolic pathways under submergence and reoxygenation. Comparative analysis of differentially regulated genes in shoots and roots of soybean and other plants defines conserved, organ‐specific and species‐specific adjustments which enhance adaptability to submergence and reoxygenation through different metabolic pathways.
The ash dieback crisis: genetic variation in resistance can prove a long‐term solution
Authors: McKinney L. V. , Nielsen L. R. , Collinge D. B. , Thomsen I. M. , Hansen J. K. , Kjær E. D. 
Published: January 2014

Over the last two decades, ash dieback has become a major problem inEurope, where the causative fungus has invaded the continent rapidly. The disease is caused by the invasive pathogenic fungusHymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus(anamorphChalara fraxinea), which causes severe symptoms and dieback in common ash,Fraxinus excelsior. It is becoming a significant threat to biodiversity in forest ecosystems and the economic and aesthetic impacts are immense. Despite the presence of the disease for at least 10 years inScandinavia, a small fraction ofF. excelsiortrees have remained vigorous, and these trees exhibit no or low levels of symptoms even where neighbouring trees are very sick. This gives hope that a fraction of the ash trees will retain a sufficiently viable growth to survive. Following a period of high mortality in natural populations, selection and breeding of remaining viable ash trees could therefore provide a route for restoring the role of ash in the landscape. This paper reviews the available data on disease dissemination, and the consequences thereof in terms of symptom severity and mortality, and appraises studies that have tested the hypothesis that less‐affected trees have genetically based resistance. The implications of the results for the adaptive potential of common ash to respond to the disease through natural or assisted selection are discussed. The risks of adverse fitness effects of population fragmentation due to high mortality are considered. Finally, it is recommended that resistant trees (genotypes) should be selected to facilitate conservation of the species.
Tissue‐print and squash real‐time PCR for direct detection of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ species in citrus plants and psyllid vectors
Authors: Bertolini E. , Felipe R. T. A. , Sauer A. V. , Lopes S. A. , Arilla A. , Vidal E. , Mourão Filho F. A. A. , Nunes W. M. C. , Bové J. M. , López M. M. , Cambra M. 
Published: January 2014

Huanglongbing (HLB) disease is seriously threatening and/or damaging the citrus industry worldwide. Accurate detection of the three species associated with HLB disease, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter africanus’ and ‘Candidatus Liberibacter americanus’, is essential for the preventive control of the disease. Real‐time PCR is a useful tool for bacterial detection. However, nucleic acid purification steps limit the number of samples that can be processed by PCR. Universal detection of ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ species was achieved by direct tissue‐printing and spotting of plant leaf petiole extracts or squashing of individual psyllids onto paper or nylon membranes. Primers were designed and used with TaqMan chemistry for accurate detection of the bacterium in immobilized targets (prints of 10 overlapping leaf pedicels per tree, or squashed single vectors), by extraction with water and direct use for real‐time PCR. This simplified method was validated and could detect HLB‐liberibacters in 100% of leaves with symptoms and 59% of symptomless leaves collected from HLB‐infected trees. The use of direct assays as template showed good agreement with use of purified DNA (κ = 0·76 ± 0·052). The squash assay allowed detection of the bacterium in 40% of mature Diaphorina citri that fed on leaves of HLB‐infected trees with or without symptoms. A commercial ready‐made kit based on this technology showed 96% accuracy in intra‐laboratory performance studies. The simplified direct methods of sample preparation presented herein can be effectively adopted for use in rapid screening of HLB agents in extensive surveys, certification schemes or for epidemiological and research studies.
Genotypic variation in the ability of landraces and commercial cereal varieties to avoid manganese deficiency in soils with limited manganese availability: is there a role for root‐exuded phytases?
Authors: George Timothy S. , French Andrew S. , Brown Lawrie K. , Karley Alison J. , White Philip J. , Ramsay Luke , Daniell Tim J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe marginal agricultural‐systems of the Machair in the Western Isles of Scotland often have limited micronutrient availability because of alkaline soils. Traditional landraces of oats, barley and rye are thought to be better adapted to cope with the limited manganese (Mn) availability of these soils. When commercial cultivars are grown on the Machair, limited Mn‐availability reduces crop yield and quality. We hypothesised that traditional cereal landraces selected on the Machair acquire Mn more effectively and that this could be linked to exudation of phytase from roots which would release Mn complexed with inositol phosphates. Growth and Mn‐acquisition of five landraces and three commercial cultivars of barley and oats were determined in Machair soil. In addition, root phytase activities were assayed under Mn‐starvation and sufficiency in hydroponics. In Machair soil, landraces had greater capacity for acquiring Mn and a greater ability to achieve maximum yield compared to the commercial cultivars. Under Mn‐starvation, root phytase exudation was upregulated in all plants, suggesting that this trait might allow cereals to acquire more Mn when Mn‐availability is limited. In the landraces, exuded phytase activity related positively to relative Mn‐accumulation, whereas in the commercial cultivars this relationship was negative, suggesting that this trait may be secondary to an efficiency trait that has been lost from commercial germplasm by breeding. This research shows that cereal landraces possess traits that could be useful for improving the Mn‐acquisition of commercial varieties. Exploiting the genetic diversity of landraces could improve the sustainability of agriculture on marginal calcareous lands globally.
Aspects of nursing with evidence‐base when nursing frail older adults: a phenomenographic analysis of interviews with nurses in municipal care
Authors: Gustafsson Lena‐Karin , Mattsson Karin , Dubbelman Kerstin , Snöljung Åsa 
Published: January 2014

IntroductionIn earlier research as well as in political discussion and documents, the topic of evidence has been highlighted as one of the most important concerns in nursing care. This study focuses on understanding what lies behind nurses' ways of acting regarding evidence‐based nursing through an illumination of the way they perceive the phenomena.AimThe aim was to identify and describe the different ways municipal care nurses perceive aspects of working with evidence when nursing frail older adults.MethodsAn explorative design with a phenomenographic approach based on interviews with nurses working with home‐based care within the municipality was used in order to gain understanding of nurse's perceptions of the phenomena.ResultsFindings revealed that the nurses perceived a variety of aspects when working with evidence when nursing frail older people. Aspects with a spectra of different perceptions shown in the analysis were as follows: Evidence‐based nursing as a desired intention/mission, lack of practical supporting structures to apply evidence, lack of confidence in own capacity to apply evidence and a belief that it will work anyway.ConclusionsFindings reveal that it is a challenge to implement research both on an individual as well as on an organisational level. Understanding the contextual perceptions of evidence by nurses can cast light on the barriers as well as the prerequisites of working with evidence while caring for frail older adults in municipal care.
Identification of a novel HLA‐C*04 allele, HLA‐C*04:162
Authors: Wang D. , Gao S. , Xu Y. , He L. , Zhen J. , Zou H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHLA‐C*04:162 differs from the closely matching allele C*04:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in exon 4 at position 883 A/G.
Goodstart: a cluster randomised effectiveness trial of an integrated, community‐based package for maternal and newborn care, with prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV in a South African township
Authors: Tomlinson Mark , Doherty Tanya , Ijumba Petrida , Jackson Debra , Lawn Joy , Persson Lars Åke , Lombard Carl , Sanders David , Daviaud Emmanuelle , Nkonki Lungiswa , Goga Ameena , Rohde Sarah , Sitrin Deborah , Colvin Mark , Chopra Mickey 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundProgress towards MDG4 for child survival in South Africa requires effective prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV including increasing exclusive breastfeeding, as well as a new focus on reducing neonatal deaths. This necessitates increased focus on the pregnancy and early post‐natal periods, developing and scaling up appropriate models of community‐based care, especially to reach the peri‐urban poor.MethodsWe used a randomised controlled trial with 30 clusters (15 in each arm) to evaluate an integrated, scalable package providing two pregnancy visits and five post‐natal home visits delivered by community health workers in Umlazi, Durban, South Africa. Primary outcomes were exclusive and appropriate infant feeding at 12 weeks post‐natally and HIV‐free infant survival.ResultsAt 12 weeks of infant age, the intervention was effective in almost doubling the rate of exclusive breastfeeding (risk ratio 1.92; 95% CI: 1.59–2.33) and increasing infant weight and length‐for‐age z‐scores (weight difference 0.09; 95% CI: 0.00–0.18, length difference 0.11; 95% CI: 0.03–0.19). No difference was seen between study arms in HIV‐free survival. Women in the intervention arm were also more likely to take their infant to the clinic within the first week of life (risk ratio 1.10; 95% CI: 1.04–1.18).ConclusionsThe trial coincided with national scale up of ARVs for PMTCT, and this could have diluted the effect of the intervention on HIV‐free survival. We have demonstrated that implementation of a pro‐poor integrated PMTCT and maternal, neonatal and child health home visiting model is feasible and effective. This trial could inform national primary healthcare reengineering strategies in favour of home visits. The dose effect on exclusive breastfeeding is notable as improving exclusive breastfeeding has been resistant to change in other studies targeting urban poor families.
Monitoring With Good Cause — Basic Principles and Current Status
Authors: Rothenhöfer Horst , Manke Andreas 
Published: January 2014

With the interest in long term operation of nuclear power plants there is a growing interest in monitoring the degradation of a component. The intention is to prevent failures, leakages and incidents and thus enhance safety and reliability of a plant. While researchers are developing new sensors and technologies, there is a long tradition in fatigue monitoring in Germany and a growing number of plants in other countries is implementing that well-proven methodology.
This paper summarizes the current status and long-term experience of fatigue monitoring and explains the basic principles and benefits. It declares why fatigue has a special importance among other degradation mechanisms in a holistic approach. Fatigue monitoring is a combination of load monitoring and fatigue assessment methods.
More than 30 years of monitoring have revealed that unspecified loads and unexpected load cycles do occur in service that could violate the integrity of safety relevant components. The knowledge of real load histories not only results in realistic usage factors but empowers operators to optimize operation modes for preventing failures and reducing the annual increments of fatigue usage.
Numerous examples — such as leaking valves, unintended valve switching, fluctuating thermal stratification or water hammer — demonstrate that unintended or unexpected loads occur every now and then at different locations with different causes. To discover these loads immediately after occurrence means a direct feedback about root causes for degradation which is a valuable decision support for appropriate corrective or preventive actions.
Fatigue monitoring has proved to enhance safety and to generate significant economic benefits. Now it is time to make it an international standard.
Change Gasket: Overview and Recent Developments
Authors: Currie Russ 
Published: January 2014

The paper discusses the development of sealing technology within the organisation with particular emphasis on the novel gasket (NG) referred to as Change.
The paper will introduce the concept and product; it will discuss the series of tests including comparison with four other gasket styles commonly used in the sealing industry. A brief summary of product development is under taken and sealing industry gasket constants and calculations are used to highlight the benefits of novel technology.
A Methodology for Generation of Best-Estimate Pipeweld Failure Probabilities and Leak Rates for Pressurised Water (PWR) Reactor Plant
Authors: Wilson James , Heaton Elizabeth 
Published: January 2014

This paper presents an overview of the work undertaken by Rolls-Royce to develop a methodology for the generation of best-estimate Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) pipeweld failure probabilities and leak rates using the WinPRAISE software code.
WinPRAISE (the code) uses fracture mechanics principles to generate best-estimate pipeweld Probabilities of Failure (P(f)) by performing a monte-carlo statistical crack growth analysis. Calculation inputs include material properties and a detailed model of service loadings. Since the WinPRAISE default initial weld defect size distribution and frequency database is for MMA type welds, factors can be applied to the output to take credit for improved welding techniques such as automated TIG.
The leak before break philosophy for ductile PWR pipe materials has also been used to develop a criterion to determine an appropriate best-estimate initial through-wall crack geometry. The applied bending stress at the pipeweld and fluid mechanics principles can then be utilised to provide the corresponding initial leak rate. This model of initial through-wall crack geometry has resulted in a reduction in pipeweld initial leak rate estimates which benefits the probabilistic safety assessment for the applicable plant.
This paper presents the Rolls-Royce methodology for generation of best-estimate probabilities of failure and leak rates for PWR pipewelds based upon fatigue crack growth of welding defects.
Statistical Analysis and Monte-Carlo Simulations of Warm Prestressing of Pre-Cracked Small Single Edge Notch Bend Specimens
Authors: van Gelderen Derreck , Lauerova Dana , Posta Miroslav , Pistora Vladislav , Booker Julian , Smith David 
Published: January 2014

Warm prestressing is widely acknowledged as being able to enhance material toughness, especially in steels that exhibit lower shelf cleavage fracture. The enhancement in toughness has a significant impact on the integrity of pressure vessels, particularly during severe loading conditions, such as pressurised thermal shock.
In this paper, we undertake detailed statistical analyses of experimental data provided via a comprehensive programme of fracture tests at UJV (Ústav jaderného výzkumu Řež a.s.). A warm prestressing model, developed by Chell, is used to predict the change in toughness probabilistically, using Monte-Carlo methods to predict the distribution in toughness following different warm prestressing cycles. The results obtained from this model are also compared to predictions made by the Wallin approach.
Experimental data was generated, at UJV for WWER 440 RPV steel, using small single-edge-notched bend SEN(B) specimens (or pre-cracked Charpy) across a range of different fracture temperatures, warm pre-stress temperatures, and levels of preload, in both as-received and irradiated conditions. In this paper, experimental data obtained only from tests on unirradiated specimens were statistically treated. A three parameter Weibull distribution was used to map the scatter observed in the virgin toughness. The statistical significance of increase in apparent fracture toughness due to warm prestressing was evaluated using the Mann-Whitney test. It was further shown by Monte-Carlo simulations that the Chell and Wallin models provide slightly conservative predictions of the resulting fracture toughness. Both, the experimentally measured and predicted values of the resulting fracture toughness, depend on the specific tests conditions, especially on the level of preload.
Failure Analysis of Corrosion Test Coupons and a Failed Tube From an Ethanol Vaporizer
Authors: Gilkey Mark H. , Kloos Rachel 
Published: January 2014

Costly production losses at a production plant from failed ethanol vaporizers prompted further investigation into the cause of failure. Three corrosion test coupons from a vaporizer and a leaking tube from a second vaporizer were examined for evidence of corrosion damage and for the cause of damage.
Results suggest that sulfur in the water component of the product was a contributing cause of the corrosion in each case.
MOP, MAOP, DP and MAWP: Understanding the Differences to Avoid Unnecessary Costs
Authors: Aumuller John J. , Carucci Vincent A. 
Published: January 2014

The ASME pressure vessel and piping codes and standards provide excellent references for code writers in international jurisdictions when developing their own national codes and for safety authorities when developing regulatory acts. The inclination to customize this effort may add unnecessary complexity that unintentionally obscures the underlying engineering principles.
In developing the Canadian pipeline code, the authors use the notion of maximum operating pressure or MOP similar to the MOP found in the ASME codes for pipelines. While the ASME code definitions are explicit and articulate, the MOP defined in the Canadian code is less so and has led to inadvertent confusion by industry users. Misunderstanding of complementary terminology used in ancillary ASME standards has contributed to further complexities. The use of the term, maximum allowable operating pressure or, MAOP in the ASME pipeline codes has further reduced clarity when integrating this term into international codes and regulatory acts.
This paper examines, in detail, some aspects of the Canadian pipeline code and illustrates via a representative case study some of the aforementioned difficulties that have arisen. These difficulties resulted in unnecessary derating of assets by imposing operational limits that were well below actual capacity. A clear explanation of the engineering principles underlying the provisions for codes which use a “design by rules” philosophy will help operators set appropriate limits for both static and dynamic loads that may not be apparent in the specific codes considered and will be expository for regulators and code users in general.
Coalesced Martensite in Pressure Vessel Steels
Authors: Pous-Romero Hector , Bhadeshia Harry 
Published: January 2014

An alloy commonly used for large pressure vessels, known as SA508 Gr. 3, has a microstructure after heat treatment consisting of a mixture of tempered bainite and martensite at fast cooled regions near surfaces subject to water quenching. These two phases are conventionally recognised to consist of fine platelets, each of which is approximately 0.2 μm in thickness; enhancing strength and leading to good toughness properties.
We have discovered in our experimental work that there are circumstances where the adjacent platelets of a similar orientation can coalesce as the austenite transforms, to produce much coarser structures which are believed to be detrimental to toughness. An examination of published micrographs reveals that such coalesced regions existed but were not noticed in previous studies. The mechanism of coalescence is described and methods to ameliorate the coarsening are discussed.