bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early life socio‐economic position and later alcohol use: birth cohort study
Authors: Melotti Roberto , Lewis Glyn , Hickman Matthew , Heron Jon , Araya Ricardo , Macleod John 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimsTo investigate associations between socio‐economic position in early life and later alcohol use and problem use among male and female adolescents.DesignBirth cohort study.SettingSouth West England.ParticipantsA total of 2711 girls and 2379 boys with one or more measures of alcohol use or problem use at age 15 years.MeasurementsExposure measures were highest parental social class, maternal education and household disposable income (all maternal self‐report before school‐age); outcome measures were heavy typical drinking, frequent drinking, regular binge drinking, alcohol‐related psychosocial problems and alcohol‐related behavioural problems.FindingsAlcohol use and related problems were relatively common amongst adolescent girls and boys. Boys were slightly more likely to report frequent drinking and girls were slightly more likely to drink heavily and to experience alcohol‐related psychosocial problems. Higher maternal education appeared protective in relation to alcohol‐related problems, particularly among boys. Higher household income was associated with greater risk of alcohol use and problem use, most apparently among girls.ConclusionsChildren from higher‐income households in England appear to be at greater risk of some types of adolescent alcohol problems, and these risks appear different in girls compared to boys. Childhood social advantage may not generally be associated with healthier behaviour in adolescence.
Review article: towards a considered and ethical approach to organ support in critically‐ill patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Berry P. A. , Thomson S. J. , Rahman T. M. , Ala A. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryBackgroundIncreasing numbers of patients are being admitted to hospital with decompensated chronic liver disease in the UK. A significant proportion will develop complicating extra‐hepatic organ dysfunction, but the selection of those who should be admitted to intensive care is complex and challenging. Alcohol‐related liver disease also presents complex ethical dilemmas.AimTo review recent survival analyses and explore differences in secondary and tertiary care; to highlight strengths and weaknesses of prognostic models, therapeutic advances and shifts in prognostic expectation. We also aim to explore the ethical challenges presented by addiction and self‐injury in an area of limited resource.MethodsWe searched PubMed for articles discussing ‘cirrhosis’, ‘prognosis’, ‘critical illness’, ‘organ failure’, ‘renal failure’, ‘alcohol’, ‘ethics’ and ‘addiction’. We also explored particular ethical dilemmas encountered by the authors and colleagues.ResultsPrognosis has improved in many cirrhotic complications and historically poor outcomes in tertiary care may reflect a more complex patient cohort. Previously ‘untreatable’ complications are now being managed successfully. Estimates of survival are more accurate after a 48‐h period of supportive care. Physicians are not best placed to make judgments with regard to deservingness, moral responsibility, rationing and access to organ support in cases of acute deterioration related to alcoholism, and the case for denying support must be made on purely medical grounds.ConclusionsAn early, aggressive approach to organ support is justified. Further discussions between hepatologists and critical care physicians are required to determine acceptable burden‐to‐benefit ratios for prolonged intensive care support in young alcoholic patients.
Foster Mother–Infant Bonding: Associations Between Foster Mothers' Oxytocin Production, Electrophysiological Brain Activity, Feelings of Commitment, and Caregiving Quality
Authors: Bick Johanna , Dozier Mary , Bernard Kristin , Grasso Damion , Simons Robert 
Published: November 2012

This study examined the biological processes associated with foster mother–infant bonding. In an examination of foster mother–infant dyads (N = 41, mean infant age = 8.5 months), foster mothers' oxytocin production was associated with their expressions of behavioral delight toward their foster infant and their average P3 response to images of all infant faces in the first 2 months of the relationship. Three months later, foster mothers' oxytocin production was still associated with delight toward their foster infant and was also specifically associated with their P3 response to an image of their foster infant. Similar to biologically related mothers and infants, oxytocin appears to be associated with foster mothers' brain activity and caregiving behavior, with patterns suggestive of bond formation.
Parental self‐efficacy and oral health‐related knowledge are associated with parent and child oral health behaviors and self‐reported oral health status
Authors: de Silva‐Sanigorski Andrea , Ashbolt Rosie , Green Julie , Calache Hanny , Keith Benedict , Riggs Elisha , Waters Elizabeth 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectivesThis study sought to advance understanding of the influence of psychosocial factors on oral health by examining how parental self‐efficacy (with regard to acting on their child's oral health needs) and oral health knowledge relate to parental and child oral health behaviors and self‐rated oral health.MethodsParents of children in grades 0/1 and 5/6 (n = 804) and children in grades 5/6 (n = 377, mean age 11.5 ± 1.0, 53.9% female) were recruited from a stratified random sample of 11 primary (elementary) schools. Participants completed surveys capturing psychosocial factors, oral health‐related knowledge, and parental attitudes about oral health. Parents also rated their own oral health status and the oral health of their child. Correlations and logistic regression analysis (adjusted for socioeconomic status, child age, and gender) examined associations between psychosocial factors and the outcomes of interest (parent and child behaviors and self‐rated oral health status).ResultsHigher parental self‐efficacy was associated with more frequent toothbrushing (by parent and child), and more frequent visits to a dental professional. These associations were particularly strong with regard to dental visits for children, with parents with the highest tertile for self‐efficacy 4.3 times more likely to report that their child attended a dentist for a checkup at least once a year (95%CI 2.52–7.43); and 3 times more likely to report their child brushing their teeth at least twice a day (Adjusted Odds Ratio 3.04, 95%CI 1.64–5.64) compared with those parents in the lowest tertile for self‐efficacy. No associations with oral health knowledge were found when examined by tertile of increasing knowledge.ConclusionsOral health self‐efficacy and knowledge are potentially modifiable risk factors of oral health outcomes, and these findings suggest that intervening on these factors could help foster positive dental health habits in families.
Impacts of dreissenid mussel invasions on chlorophyll and total phosphorus in 25 lakes in the USA
Authors: CHA YOONKYUNG , STOW CRAIG A. , BERNHARDT EMILY S. 
Published: November 2012

Summary1. Invasions of zebra and quagga mussels have had long‐term, large‐scale impacts on lake ecosystems in the USA as characterised by high abundance, broad‐scale spread and effective adaption to new environmental conditions. Due to their high filtering capacity, decreases in chlorophyll a (Chl) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations have been reported in many affected lakes.2. In 25 US lakes, we analysed the effects of dreissenid invasions on changes in Chl and TP concentrations, measured as the probability of a concentration decrease in the post‐invasion period and changes in Chl–TP relationships using Bayesian hierarchical regressions. We also examined whether changes in Chl and TP concentrations and in the Chl–TP relationship differed according to lake hydromorphology, such as mean depth or mixing status (mixed versus stratified lakes).3. Our results showed that dreissenid invasions were often, but not always, associated with subsequent TP and Chl declines. Dreissenid effects on Chl and TP may be influenced by lake thermal structure. Decreases in Chl and TP were consistently found in mixed lakes where benthic–pelagic coupling is tight, while the effects were less predictable in stratified lakes. Within stratified lakes, Chl and TP reductions were more clearly discernible in deeper lakes with long water residence times.4. Regression results demonstrated that a joint increase in slope and decrease in intercept and a tighter correlation of the Chl–TP relationship were likely to occur in dreissenid‐invaded lakes; this does not support the idea of a shift from bottom‐up to top‐down control of primary production. These results have important implications for management, suggesting that a relaxation of TP standards would be unwarranted.5. Across lakes, the slope of the Chl–TP relationship for mixed lakes was substantially higher than that for stratified lakes before mussel invasion, indicating an important role of light in limiting primary production. The slope differences between mixed and stratified lakes decreased in the post‐invasion period, possibly because mussel filtration results in a relaxation of light limitation that is more pronounced in deeper, stratified lakes.
Rapid diversification of Tragopogon and ecological associates in Eurasia
Authors: Bell C. D. , Mavrodiev E. V. , Soltis P. S. , Calaminus A. K. , Albach D. C. , Cellinese N. , Garcia‐Jacas N. , Soltis D. E. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTragopogon comprises approximately 150 described species distributed throughout Eurasia from Ireland and the UK to India and China with a few species in North Africa. Most of the species diversity is found in Eastern Europe to Western Asia. Previous phylogenetic analyses identified several major clades, generally corresponding to recognized taxonomic sections, although relationships both among these clades and among species within clades remain largely unresolved. These patterns are consistent with rapid diversification following the origin of Tragopogon, and this study addresses the timing and rate of diversification in Tragopogon. Using BEAST to simultaneously estimate a phylogeny and divergence times, we estimate the age of a major split and subsequent rapid divergence within Tragopogon to be ~2.6 Ma (and 1.7–5.4 Ma using various clock estimates). Based on the age estimates obtained with BEAST (HPD 1.7–5.4 Ma) for the origin of crown group Tragopogon and 200 estimated species (to accommodate a large number of cryptic species), the diversification rate of Tragopogon is approximately 0.84–2.71 species/Myr for the crown group, assuming low levels of extinction. This estimate is comparable in rate to a rapid Eurasian radiation in Dianthus (0.66–3.89 species/Myr), which occurs in the same or similar habitats. Using available data, we show that subclades of various plant taxa that occur in the same semi‐arid habitats of Eurasia also represent rapid radiations occurring during roughly the same window of time (1.7–5.4 Ma), suggesting similar causal events. However, not all species‐rich plant genera from the same habitats diverged at the same time, or at the same tempo. Radiations of several other clades in this same habitat (e.g. Campanula, Knautia, Scabiosa) occurred at earlier dates (45–4.28 Ma). Existing phylogenetic data and diversification estimates therefore indicate that, although some elements of these semi‐arid communities radiated during the Plio‐Pleistocene period, other clades sharing the same habitat appear to have diversified earlier.
Spermatogenesis, sperm storage and reproductive timing in bats
Authors: Pfeiffer B. , Mayer F. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractReproduction in bats from the temperate zones differs from the general mammalian pattern with regard to long‐term sperm storage. In contrast to other mammals, female bats from the temperate zones store viable spermatozoa from autumn copulations through hibernation into spring when fertilization occurs. Males, however, are also capable of storing spermatozoa viably in their cauda epididymides after they have undergone spermatogenesis in the summer months. This could free them from precisely coupling their spermatogenic timing to the female cycle. Furthermore, it enables them to inseminate females throughout winter during periodic arousals and into spring. In this comparative study of four sympatric species at one site inCentralEurope, we tested for interspecific differences in the onset and length of the mating period. Species‐specific mating periods can be best explained by the availability of receptive females since males match the timing of spermatogenesis closely to the female reproductive cycle. The close sequence of male reproductive readiness and female availability indicates a fertilization advantage of early copulations in hibernating bats, as opposed to last sperm precedence in most mammals. Thus, the observed marked differences in the timing of reproduction between these sympatric species are in contrast to the hypothesis that reproductive timing results solely from climate and food availability.
Overview of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) candidate pathogen recognition genes reveals importantSolanumR locus dynamics
Authors: Andolfo G. , Sanseverino W. , Rombauts S. , Van de Peer Y. , Bradeen J. M. , Carputo D. , Frusciante L. , Ercolano M. R. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryTo investigate the genome‐wide spatial arrangement ofRloci, a complete catalogue of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) nucleotide‐binding site (NBS)NBS, receptor‐like protein (RLP) and receptor‐like kinase (RLK) gene repertories was generated.Candidate pathogen recognition genes were characterized with respect to structural diversity, phylogenetic relationships and chromosomal distribution.NBSgenes frequently occur in clusters of related gene copies that also includeRLPorRLKgenes. This scenario is compatible with the existence of selective pressures optimizing coordinated transcription. A number of duplication events associated with lineage‐specific evolution were discovered. These findings suggest that different evolutionary mechanisms shaped pathogen recognition gene cluster architecture to expand and to modulate the defence repertoire. Analysis of pathogen recognition gene clusters associated with documented resistance function allowed the identification of adaptive divergence events and the reconstruction of the evolution history of these loci. Differences in candidate pathogen recognition gene number and organization were found between tomato and potato. Most candidate pathogen recognition gene orthologues were distributed at less than perfectly matching positions, suggesting an ongoing lineage‐specific rearrangement. Indeed, a local expansion of Toll/Interleukin‐1 receptor (TIR)‐NBS‐leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) (TNL) genes in the potato genome was evident.Taken together, these findings have implications for improved understanding of the mechanisms of molecular adaptive selection atSolanumRloci.
A retrospective evaluation of coral snake envenomation in dogs and cats: 20 cases (1996–2011)
Authors: Pérez Mayrim L. , Fox Karlie , Schaer Michael 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the clinical signs, treatment, and outcomes of dogs and cats following envenomation by the eastern coral snake and to report our clinical experience with the use of Coralmyn.DesignRetrospective study (1996–2011).SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsSixteen dogs and 4 cats with eastern coral snake envenomation.Measurements and Main ResultsMedical records meeting the study inclusion criteria were reviewed and evaluated for signalment, date and time of the snake encounter, elapsed time between encounter and hospital examination, initial physical examination findings, antivenom type, length of hospitalization, and outcome. Initial physical examination findings included: quiet mentation, tetraparesis, ptyalism, tachypnea, abdominal breathing, shallow breathing, decreased to absent gag reflex, ataxia, muscle fasciculations, and decreased spinal reflexes. Laboratory findings in dogs included proteinuria, bilirubinuria, hemeproteinuria, increased aspartate aminotransferase activity, increased alanine aminotransferase activity, and hemolysis. Four dogs and 2 cats received Coralmyn and 4 dogs received North American Coral Snake Antivenom. Adverse reaction to antivenom was suspected in 1 dog that received North American Coral Snake Antivenom. Eight of 11 envenomated dogs survived with a median length of hospitalization of 4.5 days. Two of 3 envenomated cats survived with a median length of hospitalization of 4 days. Two dogs were euthanized, 1 dog suffered acute respiratory arrest, and 1 cat developed tachycardia that progressed to pulseless electrical activity. Five dogs and 1 cat in the encounter group survived to discharge.ConclusionsDiagnosis of eastern coral snake envenomation is likely in the dog that has concomitant lower motor neuron neuropathy, bulbar palsy, and hemolysis. Early diagnosis is crucial as antivenom administration can reduce morbidity. Prognosis is considered good with 71% of the envenomated patients in this study surviving to discharge. Supportive care that may include ventilator assistance and antivenom administration are the mainstays of therapy.
Reshaping Urban Infrastructure
Authors: Hodson Mike , Marvin Simon , Robinson Blake , Swilling Mark 
Published: November 2012

SummaryUrban policy makers and researchers consistently recognize the challenge of more effectively reshaping the linkages between cities, urban infrastructure, ecosystem services, and natural resources. The aim of this article is to consider the potential value of developing connections between two currently disconnected approaches to resource use and cities—material flow analysis (MFA) and transitions analysis (TA). This article attempts to address this deficit and looks critically at resource flows through cities and the infrastructures that have been—or could be—reconfigured to more effectively manage these flows from the perspectives of MFA and TA. This is an issue that has not been addressed, with the result that inadequate attention has been paid to the reconfiguring of urban infrastructures whose construction and maintenance are, in turn, often the largest expenditures at the city government level. Insufficient attention has been given to the fact that the design, construction, and operation of infrastructures (specifically energy, waste, water, sanitation, and transport infrastructures) create a sociotechnical environment that plays an important role in shaping, and potentially reshaping, how resources are procured, used, and disposed of by the city. The challenge, of course, is how such a transition takes place, who leads it and what social and governance processes are best suited to facilitate such city transitions. This article assesses the role of MFA and TA in understanding these resource flows and urban infrastructures, making it possible to begin to tackle this challenge in practical transformative ways.
MRI of Pallidal Involvement in Beta‐Ketothiolase Deficiency
Authors: O'Neill Michael L. , Kuo Frank , Saigal Gaurav 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTBeta‐ketothiolase (BKT) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder, which causes episodic severe metabolic acidosis. Average onset of disease is from 6 to 24 months. Imaging findings relating to this entity have rarely been reported. We report a case of a 5‐year‐old girl with BKT deficiency with isolated focal T2 hyperintensities involving the globi pallidi, which demonstrated restricted diffusion. To our knowledge, these imaging findings have not been previously reported in the setting of BKT deficiency.
‘Of Golden King and Silver Lady’: Yeats and the Pre‐Socratic Philosophers
Authors: Muller Elizabeth 
Published: November 2012

AbstractOf all the poets in the English speaking world, Yeats is probably the most indebted to philosophy and much has been said about the momentous impact Plato and the Neo‐Platonists had on his work. This paper examines another philosophical legacy which is directly relevant to the theme of the conference since many Pre‐Socratic philosophers wrote their philosophical aphorisms in verse: they lived at a time when the distinction between philosophy and literature had not yet come about. During that fascinating period of ur‐philosophy, both the Italian and the Ionian schools produced thinkers who couched down revelations in dactylic hexameters, the meter used for prophecy at Delphi as well as Homer’s epic metre. Indeed, the two philosophers who are most relevant to Yeats’s work, i.e., Empedocles and Heraclitus were often compared to soothsayers, especially Heraclitus, aptly named ‘the obscure’ and whose nominal fragments were famously cryptic throughout Antiquity. Yeats’s wife, Georgie Hyde‐Lees, had an extremely good knowledge of early Greek philosophy, and it comes as no surprise that frequent allusions to the Pre‐Socratic philosophers appear in Yeats’s later poetry and esoteric treatise, A Vision, in fact in all the works that were written after his marriage. Regarding subject‐matter, the Pre‐Socratic schools assert an influence over Yeats’s poetry as he moves away from transcendental Platonism and in this paper I will attempt to trace their impact. But I should also like to point out that they affect Yeats’s style as he started writing extremely short aphoristic verse containing the same sort of lapidary and obscure paradoxes as can be found in Pre‐Socratic fragments. Famous statements like ‘Fair and foul are near of kin’ vividly recall the epigrams of Heraclitus. So great is Yeats’s mastery of style in service to philosophy that his work often begs comparison with pre‐Socratic writings and their unique blend of poetry, knowledge and myth.
The Triumph of Schopenhauer’s Pessimism Over Comte’s Positivism in George Gissing’s Early Writing
Authors: Harrison Debbie 
Published: November 2012

AbstractGeorge Gissing (1857–1903) is one of the most rewarding and unsettling of the English writers of fiction associated with literary realism in the late nineteenth century. His early novels – beginning with Workers in the Dawn (1880) and culminating with The Nether World (1889) – dramatize the life of the suffering poor but also the anguished intellectual outcast, with whom he identified and saw as a victim of the deep‐rooted Victorian class system and its equally entrenched hypocrisy. During his stormy early life Gissing engaged enthusiastically with socialism and at the same time he was drawn to the Positivist creed espoused by the French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798–1857). Almost immediately, however, he became disenchanted with Comte’s “religion of humanity” and developed a much darker disposition, strongly inflected by the aestheticism and ascetic detachment from the world and the “Will,” as advocated by the Pessimism of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860). In this essay I argue that this apparently paradoxical philosophical volte face was inevitable from the outset and that Pessimism was always the dominant force in Gissing’s life. However, although Gissing embraced Schopenhauer’s aesthetic vision for artistic genius, he rarely achieved the asceticism on which Pessimism was founded; his anger and bitterness towards the hypocrisy of late‐Victorian society stayed with him to the very end. Nevertheless, among contemporary, like‐minded writers of fiction, including Thomas Hardy,George Meredith, George Moore, and Arthur Morrison, Gissing stands out as the Apostle of Pessimism.