bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rockefeller University Graduate Tracking Survey System
Authors: Romanick Michelle , Ng Kwan , Lee George , Herbert Matthew , Coller Barry S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundIt is essential to track the careers and accomplishments of the graduates of translational research training programs to assess the impact of the programs and to improve them. The major obstacle is the lack of a convenient method to collect the information in a comprehensive and standardized manner.MethodsWe have developed a Web‐based electronic Graduate Tracking Survey System (GTSS) that prepopulates the graduate's information on publications, grants, patents, and clinical trials from public data sources, thus insuring a uniform data format, facilitating survey completion, and facilitating the aggregation of data at individual or multiple sites. GTSS questions are designed to assess whether trainees make important contributions that improve human health, and to track related “surrogate” career development indicators of likely future success.ResultsThe GTSS has been in use at Rockefeller University since 2011 and has been adopted by 21 other Clinical and Translational Science Award programs.ConclusionsThe GTSS provides an efficient and convenient mechanism to track the graduates of a wide variety of training programs. It has the potential to aggregate standardized data across institutions, thus providing benchmarks for the assessment of individual training programs and data for program improvement.
Diagnostic and therapeutic utility of SpyGlass® peroral cholangioscopy in intraductal biliary disease: Single‐center, retrospective, cohort study
Authors: Tieu Alan H. , Kumbhari Vivek , Jakhete Neha , Onyimba Frances , Patel Yuval , Shin Eun Ji , Li Zhiping 
Published: November 2014

Background and AimSpyGlass® cholangiopancreatoscopy system has shown early success in aiding diagnosis and management of pancreaticobiliary diseases. We aimed to assess the technical success, clinical success, diagnostic yield, therapeutic yield, and safety of the SpyGlass® system at a single institution.MethodsA retrospective, single‐center review of consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with SpyGlass® between January 2008 and August 2013 for a variety of indications. Technical success was defined as the procedure being completed as planned. Clinical success was defined as a successful outcome using diagnostic, clinical, laboratory, or imaging evidence.ResultsSpyGlass® cholangioscopy was carried out in 88 patients (49 females, mean age 56.9 ± 15.5 years). Indications were diagnostic in 67 and therapeutic in 21. Overall, technical success was seen in 87.5% and clinical success in 77.3%. Thirty‐nine patients with indeterminate biliary stricture had technical and clinical success rates of 92.3% and 74.4%, respectively. In this subgroup, malignancy was ultimately diagnosed in 13 with 12 patients diagnosed by SpyGlass® and confirmed by surgical specimens in 12/12 cases; positive predictive value 100%). In the 23 remaining patients with indeterminate biliary strictures, one was later found to have malignancy (negative predictive value 95.8%) after 1 year of follow up. In the 13 therapeutic cases of stone removal, technical and clinical success was seen in 77.0% for both. Overall, adverse events were seen in 15.9%.ConclusionsSpyGlass® demonstrated acceptable technical and clinical success rates in both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. In particular, it allows for an accurate rate of diagnosis of indeterminate biliary strictures.
Evaluation of a digital learning object (DLO) to support the learning process in radiographic dental diagnosis
Authors: Busanello F. H. , da Silveira P. F. , Liedke G. S. , Arús N. A. , Vizzotto M. B. , Silveira H. E. D. , Silveira H. L. D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAimsStudies have shown that inappropriate therapeutic strategies may be adopted if crown and root changes are misdiagnosed, potentially leading to undesirable consequences. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate a digital learning object, developed to improve skills in diagnosing radiographic dental changes.Materials and MethodsThe object was developed using the Visual Basic Application (VBA) software and evaluated by 62 undergraduate students (male: 24 and female: 38) taking an imaging diagnosis course. Participants were divided in two groups: test group, which used the object and control group, which attended conventional classes. After 3 weeks, students answered a 10‐question test and took a practice test to diagnose 20 changes in periapical radiographs.ResultsThe results show that test group performed better that control group in both tests, with statistically significant difference (P = 0.004 and 0.003, respectively). In overall, female students were better than male students. Specific aspects of object usability were assessed using a structured questionnaire based on the System Usability Scale (SUS), with a score of 90.5 and 81.6 by male and female students, respectively.ConclusionsThe results obtained in this study suggest that students who used the DLO performed better than those who used conventional methods. This suggests that the DLO may be a useful teaching tool for dentistry undergraduates, on distance learning courses and as a complementary tool in face‐to‐face teaching.
Nonlinear elastic–plastic stress investigation for two interacting 3‐D cracks in offshore pipelines
Authors: Zhang Y. M. , Ariffin M. Z. , Xiao Z. M. , Zhang W. G. , Huang Z. H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractUnder continuous loading conditions, small closely distanced cracks can grow and coalesce into a large one that may subsequently pose a threat to the integrity and safety of structures. Although many research works were carried out for predicting fatigue growth of multiple cracks, few papers focusing on nonlinear elastic–plastic analysis of multiple cracks' fracture behaviours can be referred to. In this study, 3‐D elastic–plastic investigation has been performed on fracture behaviours of two collinear cracks located in offshore pipelines. The influences of the cracks configuration, the separation distance and internal pressure of the pipeline on the crack behaviours are investigated. On the basis of the numerical results, a new strain‐based crack tip opening displacement estimation method is proposed for assessing the fracture behaviour of flawed pipelines with two interacting collinear cracks.
Hydrocarbons preserved in a ~2.7 Ga outcrop sample from the Fortescue Group, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia
Authors: Hoshino Y. , Flannery D. T. , Walter M. R. , George S. C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe hydrocarbons preserved in an Archean rock were extracted, and their composition and distribution in consecutive slices from the outside to the inside of the rock were examined. The 2.7 Ga rock was collected from the Fortescue Group in the Pilbara region, Western Australia. The bitumen I (solvent‐extracted rock) and bitumen II (solvent‐extracted hydrochloric acid‐treated rock) fractions have different hydrocarbon compositions. Bitumen I contains only trace amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons and virtually no aromatic hydrocarbons. In contrast, bitumen II contains abundant aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The difference seems to reflect the weathering history and preservational environment of the investigated rock. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in bitumen I are considered to be mainly from later hydrocarbon inputs, after initial deposition and burial, and are therefore not indigenous. The lack of aromatic hydrocarbons in bitumen I suggests a severe weathering environment since uplift and exposure of the rock at the Earth's surface in the Cenozoic. On the other hand, the high abundance of aromatic hydrocarbons in bitumen II suggests that bitumen II hydrocarbons have been physically isolated from removal by their encapsulation within carbonate minerals. The richness of aromatic hydrocarbons and the relative scarcity of aliphatic hydrocarbons may reflect the original compositions of organic materials biosynthesised in ancient organisms in the Archean era, or the high thermal maturity of the rock. Cyanobacterial biomarkers were observed in the surficial slices of the rock, which may indicate that endolithic cyanobacteria inhabited the surface outcrop. The distribution of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons implies a high thermal maturity, which is consistent with the lack of any specific biomarkers, such as hopanes and steranes, and the prehnite–pumpellyite facies metamorphic grade.
Inflammatory pseudotumours of the oesophagus – histological and immunohistochemical findings
Authors: Sy Keiyan , Parfitt Jeremy , Marginean Celia , Riddell Robert H , Streutker Catherine J 
Published: November 2014

AimsInflammatory oesophageal pseudotumours are rare lesions, thought to be reactive. Due to marked atypia of the stromal cells, these can be misdiagnosed as malignancies. The objective of this study was to characterize histological and immunohistochemical features of a series of inflammatory pseudotumours of the oesophagus.Methods and resultsWe present 12 cases of inflammatory oesophageal pseudotumours, occurring in seven females and five males, with a mean age of 57.3 years. Clinical presentations were variable; dysphagia, abdominal pain and weight loss and upper gastrointestinal bleed. In a majority of the cases, nodules or masses in the distal oesophagus were identified at endoscopy. Microscopically, the lamina propria in all 12 cases contained inflammation and granulation tissue. Ten of 12 cases showed mucosal ulceration and 11 of 12 cases had acutely inflamed epithelium. Markedly atypical pleomorphic stromal cells with prominent nucleoli were identified in all 12 cases. Immunohistochemistry showed uniform positivity for vimentin in 11 of 11 cases, and two of seven cases demonstrated weak focal positivity for smooth muscle actin. The cells were negative for all other markers.ConclusionsReactive oesophageal lesions can show marked nuclear atypia in stromal fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, which are easily mistaken for malignancies. Pathologists must consider the diagnosis of an inflammatory pseudotumour if stromal atypia is present in an inflammatory background.
Applying micro-costing methods to estimate the costs of pharmacy interventions: an illustration using multi-professional clinical medication reviews in care homes for older people
Authors: Sach Tracey H , Desborough James , Houghton Julie , Holland Richard 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectivesEconomic methods are underutilised within pharmacy research resulting in a lack of quality evidence to support funding decisions for pharmacy interventions. The aim of this study is to illustrate the methods of micro-costing within the pharmacy context in order to raise awareness and use of this approach in pharmacy research.MethodsMicro-costing methods are particularly useful where a new service or intervention is being evaluated and for which no previous estimates of the costs of providing the service exist. This paper describes the rationale for undertaking a micro-costing study before detailing and illustrating the process involved. The illustration relates to a recently completed trial of multi-professional medication reviews as an intervention provided in care homes. All costs are presented in UK£2012.Key findingsIn general, costing methods involve three broad steps (identification, measurement and valuation); when using micro-costing, closer attention to detail is required within all three stages of this process. The mean (standard deviation; 95% confidence interval (CI) ) cost per resident of the multi-professional medication review intervention was £104.80 (50.91; 98.72 to 109.45), such that the overall cost of providing the intervention to all intervention home residents was £36,221.29 (95% CI, 32 810.81 to 39 631.77).ConclusionsThis study has demonstrated that micro-costing can be a useful method, not only for estimating the cost of a pharmacy intervention to feed into a pharmacy economic evaluation, but also as a source of information to help inform those designing pharmacy services about the potential time and costs involved in delivering such services.
The use of polyunsaturated fatty acids in ocular hypertension.: A study with blue‐on‐yellow perimetry
Authors: Cellini M. , Rossi A. , Moretti M. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe authors have evaluated the efficacy of systemic treatment with omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in improving the blue/yellow perimetric indices in patients suffering from ocular hypertension.A total of 40 such patients with mean IOP 22.4±2.6 mmHg, who showed pathological values of mean defect (MD) and the correct pattern standard deviation (CPSD) with blue/yellow perimetry, were treated. Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were administered in high doses to them. After three months of therapy, significant improvements in both MD (from —4.845 ± 2.571 dB to —3.720 ± 2.324 dB (p<0.001) and CPSD (from 3.115 ± 1.647 db to 2.860 ± 1.518 dB (p<0.023) were seen in the treated group.Polyunsaturated fatty acids must be considered an efficacious supportive therapy in the prevention and treatment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
Deep sclerectomy in glaucoma. Preliminary results
Authors: Brusini Paolo , Tosoni Claudia 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe authors report the main intra‐operational problems and difficulties they have found with deep sclerectomy, a new surgical procedure for glaucoma. The early post‐operational complications and the short‐term results are also reported. Deep sclerectomy appears to be a safe and effective procedure in various types of glaucoma patients, but randomized prospective long‐term studies are needed to declare that classical trabeculectomy is out‐moded.
The Ibopamine provocative test in patients with diagnosis of open‐angle glaucoma: a ten‐year follow‐up
Authors: Giraldi J. Pecori , Santerelli S. , Di Tizio F. , Saguto D. , Cordiani B. , Zaccara F. , Paone E. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe results obtained in a ten‐year follow‐up of 32 patients with diagnosis of open‐angle glaucoma in which the ibopamine provocative test was repeated at least three times at regular intervals are reported. The positivity of the test proved to be maintained constant through time, thus confirming its high specificity in revealing compromission of aqueous humour outflow pathways.
Compliance and psychological conditions: a long‐term investigation in 245 glaucomatous patients
Authors: Giraldi J. Pecori , Liguori A. , Mollicone A. , Paone E. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryA long‐term epidemiological investigation was made with 245 open‐angle glaucoma patients classed in 3 age bands and by sex, with the aim of determining the prevalence of compliance and the psychological conditions induced by the extended time factor of the disease.It became clear that a good level of compliance can be obtained if patients understand the severity of the disease and its possible consequences and a good relationship exists between patient and doctor.The higher tendency towards depression in under‐45‐year‐old women is, perhaps, due to the undesirability of having to accept a situation requiring an indefinite period of treatment.
Compensation for Historical Emissions and Excusable Ignorance
Authors: Zellentin Alexa 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article defends the idea of applying principles of corrective justice to the matter of climate change. In particular, it argues against the excusable ignorance objection, which holds that historical emissions produced at a time when our knowledge of climate change was insufficient ought to be removed from the equation when applying rectificatory principles to this context. In constructing my argument, I rely on a particular interpretation of rectificatory justice and outcome responsibility. I also address the individualism objection by showing why we should view states as relevant agents of climate change. This argument is built on the assumption that states are institutions set up to coordinate and regulate human interaction, so as to protect their citizens from the unwanted consequences of such interaction.
Conditional Deliberation: The Case of Joint Parliamentary Committees in theEU
Authors: Ozcurumez Saime , Hoxha Julinda 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDeliberation, as a mode of interaction based on the logic of reason‐giving argumentation, is a core feature of theEuropeanUnion institutions. Yet only few studies have explored the conditions that make deliberation possible in practice. This study examines the institutional determinants of deliberation within joint parliamentary committees (JPCs) – longstanding instruments ofEUenlargement policy. The empirical analysis reveals a dynamic relationship between ‘deliberation’ and ‘debate’ as extreme modes of interaction that co‐exist within the same setting. It also suggests that deliberation is a product of participants' constant efforts to maintain equal power relations and low issue‐area sensitivity. This study provides new evidence on deliberative politics at theEUlevel. In addition, it highlights the role of inter‐parliamentary deliberation as a catalyst for political co‐operation and policy co‐ordination, at a time of intensifying enlargement fatigue and growingEuroscepticism both at home and abroad.
Overdominance interacts with linkage to determine the rate of adaptation to a new optimum
Authors: Draghi J. , Whitlock M. C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOverdominance, or a fitness advantage of a heterozygote over both homozygotes, can occur commonly with adaptation to a new optimum phenotype. We model how such overdominant polymorphisms can reduce the evolvability of diploid populations, uncovering a novel form of epistatic constraint on adaptation. The fitness load caused by overdominant polymorphisms can most readily be ameliorated by evolution at tightly linked loci; therefore, traits controlled by multiple loosely linked loci are predicted to be strongly constrained. The degree of constraint is also sensitive to the shape of the relationship between phenotype and fitness, and the constraint caused by overdominance can be strong enough to overcome the effects of clonal interference on the rate of adaptation for a trait. These results point to novel influences on evolvability that are specific to diploids and interact with genetic architecture, and they predict a source of stochastic variability in eukaryotic evolution experiments or cases of rapid evolution in nature.
A method for prioritizing interventions following root cause analysis (RCA): lessons from philosophy
Authors: Boyd Matt 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesRoot cause analysis (RCA) is widely used to investigate adverse events in health care and is mandated by many organizations and governments. RCA employs a combination of techniques to establish the factors contributing to a harmful outcome. Once the factors are identified, then interventions are usually designed in order to prevent further harms from occurring. Prior to deciding which intervention(s) to implement, we must make judgements of causal importance in the context of multiple, interacting conditions. Clearly, we must take action to prevent adverse events, but we need not take action against every contributing cause. I aim to show that many causal factors can be identified by RCA, but current approaches do not adequately distinguish among these causes, leaving numerous potential targets of intervention. I argue that this is because the literature on RCA (with few exceptions) has largely neglected the literature on philosophy of causation and explanation.MethodIn this paper, I focus on demonstrating how Strevens' kairetic approach to explanation and Tinbergen's four questions to explain behaviour have the potential to work synergistically with the present RCA methods.ResultThere are important lessons we can bring to RCA from the literature on causation and explanation, particularly from the philosophy of science and biology.ConclusionThis work could enhance the effectiveness of RCA by identifying and understanding the causes that really make a difference to adverse events. This ought to reduce the number of targets and focus intervention following RCA.
Variations in lipid screening frequency in family medicine patients with cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Doganer Yusuf C. , Rohrer James E. , Angstman Kurt B. , Merry Stephen P. , Erickson Jacob L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesThis study was undertaken to assess the frequency of lipid screening in comparison with the United States Preventive Services Task Force guideline in a sample of family medicine patients. In addition, we sought to determine the association between testing frequency and achievement of lipid targets.MethodsA random sample was extracted from 271 patients from among all patients cared for in our Department of Family Medicine for whom lipid screening was ordered from March to September 2012 and who had ≥2 well‐defined cardiovascular risk factors. Lipid testing frequency was classified in three ways: semi‐annual or less often (0–12 tests over 6 years), annual or less often (0–6 tests), or biennial (0–3 tests).ResultsMultiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the predictors of lipid screening more often than semi‐annually were age ≥60 years [odds ratio (OR) = 3.7] and diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR = 30.6). Predictors of screening more often than annually were DM (OR = 4.3), hypertension (OR = 2.1), family history of premature coronary artery disease (OR = 5.6) and statin treatment (OR = 3.5). Lipid goal attainment was not associated with testing frequency except with regard to low‐density lipoprotein levels (P = 0.043, P < 0.001, P = 0.005, by semi‐annual, annual and biennial, respectively) and total cholesterol levels (P = 0.015, P = 0.025 by semi‐annual and annual, respectively).ConclusionsQuestionable high frequency of lipid testing was detected even when the more conservative approach of annual monitoring was assumed. Frequency of testing was not associated with goal attainment for most parameters. Physicians should request the lipid testing based on overall risk assessment and person variability in accordance with published guidelines.