bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Synthesis of Monopalmitin on a Large Scale by Two Enzymatic Methods
Authors: Wang Xiaosan , Xingguo Wang  , Jin Qingzhe , Wang Tong 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMonoacylglycerols (MAG) are precursors for the synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical triacylglycerols (TAG). In the present study, we improved two methods for synthesizing MAG. One method involved the enzymatic transesterification of vinyl palmitate with glycerol catalyzed by Novozym 435 lipase, and the other method was an enzymatic esterification of 1,2‐acetonide glycerol with palmitic acid catalyzed by Novozym 435 lipase and then the cleavage of 1,2‐acetonide‐3‐palmitoyl glycerol in methanol catalyzed by Amberlyst‐15 to produce monopalmitin. Pure monopalmitin was obtained after repeated crystallization. The main novelties of this study are twofold: Novozym 435 proved to be very effective in catalyzing the transesterification between vinyl palmitate and glycerol without absorbing glycerol onto silica gel; and the enzyme catalyzed reaction between 1,2‐acetonide glycerol and palmitic acid was simpler and safer than the typical method of using 4‐dimethyl aminopyridine and N‐ethyl‐N′‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐carbodiimide hydrochloride as catalysts. Our methods for the synthesis of monopalmitin are much simpler and environmentally friendlier than the reported methods, and they are economical and scalable to larger quantity production.
Are the precapillary sphincters and metarterioles universal components of the microcirculation? An historical review
Authors: Sakai Tatsuo , Hosoyamada Yasue 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The microcirculation is a major topic in current physiology textbooks and is frequently explained with schematics including the precapillary sphincters and metarterioles. We re-evaluated the validity and applicability of the concepts precapillary sphincters and metarterioles by reviewing the historical context in which they were developed in physiology textbooks. The studies by Zweifach up until the 1950s revealed the unique features of the mesenteric microcirculation, illustrated with impressive schematics of the microcirculation with metarterioles and precapillary sphincters. Fulton, Guyton and other authors introduced or mimicked these schematics in their physiology textbooks as representative of the microcirculation in general. However, morphological and physiological studies have revealed that the microcirculation in the other organs and tissues contains no metarterioles or precapillary sphincters. The metarterioles and precapillary sphincters were not universal components of the microcirculation in general, but unique features of the mesenteric microcirculation.
Quantifying and modelling tissue maturation in the living human fetal brain
Authors: Studholme Colin , Rousseau François 
Published: July 2013

AbstractRecent advances in medical imaging are beginning to allow us to quantify brain tissue maturation in the growing human brain prior to normal term age, and are beginning to shed new light on early human brain growth. These advances compliment the work already done in cellular level imaging in animal and post mortem studies of brain development. The opportunities for collaborative research that bridges the gap between macroscopic and microscopic windows on the developing brain are significant. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the current research into MR imaging of the living fetal brain with the aim of motivating improved interfaces between the two fields. The review begins with a description of faster MRI techniques that are capable of freezing motion of the fetal head during the acquisition of a slice, and how these have been combined with advanced post‐processing algorithms to build 3D images from motion scattered slices. Such rich data has motivated the development of techniques to automatically label developing tissue zones within MRI data allowing their quantification in 3D and 4D within the normally growing fetal brain. These methods have provided the basis for later work that has created the first maps of tissue growth rate and cortical folding in normally developing brains in‐utero. These measurements provide valuable findings that compliment those derived from post‐mortem anatomy, and additionally allow for the possibility of larger population studies of the influence of maternal environmental and genes on early brain development.
ADO: A disease ontology representing the domain knowledge specific to Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Malhotra Ashutosh , Younesi Erfan , Gündel Michaela , Müller Bernd , Heneka Michael T. , Hofmann‐Apitius Martin 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundBiomedical ontologies offer the capability to structure and represent domain‐specific knowledge semantically. Disease‐specific ontologies can facilitate knowledge exchange across multiple disciplines, and ontology‐driven mining approaches can generate great value for modeling disease mechanisms. However, in the case of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, there is a lack of formal representation of the relevant knowledge domain.MethodsAlzheimer's disease ontology (ADO) is constructed in accordance to the ontology building life cycle. The Protégé OWL editor was used as a tool for building ADO in Ontology Web Language format.ResultsADO was developed with the purpose of containing information relevant to four main biological views—preclinical, clinical, etiological, and molecular/cellular mechanisms—and was enriched by adding synonyms and references. Validation of the lexicalized ontology by means of named entity recognition‐based methods showed a satisfactory performance (F score = 72%). In addition to structural and functional evaluation, a clinical expert in the field performed a manual evaluation and curation of ADO. Through integration of ADO into an information retrieval environment, we show that the ontology supports semantic search in scientific text. The usefulness of ADO is authenticated by dedicated use case scenarios.ConclusionsDevelopment of ADO as an open ADO is a first attempt to organize information related to Alzheimer's disease in a formalized, structured manner. We demonstrate that ADO is able to capture both established and scattered knowledge existing in scientific text.
The Price Premium for Organic Wines: Estimating a Hedonic Farm-Gate Price Equation
Authors: Corsi Alessandro , Strøm Steinar 
Published: July 2013

AbstractOrganic wines are increasingly produced and appreciated. Because organic production is more costly, a crucial question is whether they benefit from a price premium. We estimate hedonic price functions for Piedmont organic and conventional wines. We use data on the production side in addition to variables of interest to consumers. Our results show that, along with characteristics of interest to consumers, some farm and producer characteristics not directly relevant for consumers do significantly affect wine prices. We find that organic wine tends to obtain higher prices than conventional wine. The price premium is not simply an addition to other price components; organic quality modifies the impact of the other variables on price. (JEL Classification: C21, D49, L11, Q12)
Field and petrographical insight into the formation of orbicular granitoids from the Bonney Pluton, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica
Authors: SMILLIE ROBERT W. , TURNBULL ROSE E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe diversity of orbicule types exposed within granitoids of the Bonney Pluton in southern Victoria Land attests to the dynamic and complex interplay of magmatic processes that were responsible for their formation. Orbicules formed in small pockets of H2O-rich silicate melt that was extracted from the crystallizing and fractionating Bonney Pluton magma and concentrated along the pluton margins. These pockets of melt experienced a superheating event that destroyed almost all pre-existing nuclei and a subsequent delay in crystallization, which led to undercooling conditions that promoted rapid dendritic crystal growth. Superheating was induced by the injection of hot mafic magmas, evidenced by elevated plagioclase XAn, and Mg-Al-Ti-contents in hornblende that point to a higher temperature and a more mafic composition in the melt that the orbicule shells crystallized from. Variation in the type and structure of orbicules (hornblende-rich versus plagioclase-rich shells) were likely due to repeated changes in the composition, H2O-content, temperature and PH2O at the crystallizing orbicule boundary layer in response to pulses in the movement of magma, competition between crystallizing phases, episodic vesiculation, degassing and/or second boiling which dictated the composition, texture and size of individual orbicule shells. Brittle fragmentation of orbicules occurred in response to vesiculation and fragmented orbicules are often found as cores within intact orbicules, indicating that multiple phases of orbicule formation were common. The alignment and compaction of orbicules in ‘pods’ indicates movement of orbicules within the melt-rich pockets occurred, prior to resumption of near-equilibrium crystallization in the host granite.
Lucan's Pharsalia
Authors: Bond R. Warwick 
Published: July 2013

Lucan, fine poet though he be, is yet one of the most faulty and incalculable of the whole recalcitrant tribe. At the very outset we are surprised by a monstrously fulsome dedication to Nero of a work apparently devoted to a vilification of the man on whose amazing career Nero's empire is founded. Satire being quite out of the question, we must suppose that, despite his republican sympathies, Lucan, recalled as Suetonius says from Athens and received with marked favours, felt some acknowledgement required. At the worst we may regard it as a prudent step to forestall any treacherous slave-copyist, or delator who might have heard a partial recitation; and after Seneca's disgrace in 62, in which year the separate publication of books i–iii indicated by Vacca may have occurred, caution would be still more needful. To the same precaution it may be due that, in the poem proper, anti-Caesarian bias is not immediately apparent. The initial attitude seems impartial: general causes are mentioned; we get the plain statement:Quis iustius induit arma, Scire nefas; magno se iudice quisque tuetur: Victrix causa deis placuit, sed victa Catoni;and even some hesitation by Caesar himself, who, at the Rubicon, confronted by the Genius of Rome, exhibits terrors equal to any recorded of pious Aeneas; though after this he is consistently resolute, and is soon credited with a savage desire for bloodshed2 quite inconsistent with his reported actions and with history.
Poetic Imagery in Homer and Virgil
Authors: Ashley A. M. 
Published: July 2013

It is the special function of the poet to create beauty. Loveliness may appear in many thousand forms, but among these one of the most satisfying is the ‘pen-picture’, the Homeric or Virgilian simile, complete and perfect in three or four lines. Pope speaks of‘The Simile that solitary shinesIn the dry desert of a thousand lines.’
Pindar—The Function and Technique of Poetry
Authors: Freeman Kathleen 
Published: July 2013

All writers are to some extent consciously interested in the technique of their art; many of them far more so than is generally realized. The majority follow the principle Ars maxima celare artem, and do not allow us more than a glimpse into their workshop; many a lyric that delights us by its apparent spontaneity has been hammered out slowly and shaped and altered until its final form contains hardly a trace of the original creation. The late W. B. Yeats in his Autobiography says:‘Metrical composition is always very difficult to me. Nothing is done upon the first day, not one rhyme is in its place; and when at last the rhymes begin to come, the first rough draft of a six-line stanza takes the whole day. Sometimes a six-line stanza would take several days, and not seem finished even then.’
Date and Stage Arrangements of the ‘Prometheia’
Authors: Mullens H. G. 
Published: July 2013

Although Professor Murray in his edition of Aeschylus' plays puts Prometheus between Persae (472 b.c.) and Septem (467 b.c.), many students nowadays show a tendency to place it in the last period of the poet's work. For instance Mr. W. F. J. Knight (J.H.S. lviii, 1938, p. 53) says:‘It is important to regard all the extant plays of Aeschylus, and at least some of the plays that are lost, as a single sequence of developing poetic thought. Accordingly, at the end, when Aeschylus solves the hardest problem of all, the marriage of Heaven and Earth, something like the Prometheia with a satanic Zeus might almost have been predicted…. In fact the metaphysical argument may even have some force in determining the date and authenticity of the Prometheia.
That Word ‘Caput’
Authors: Gosling W. F. 
Published: July 2013

A brief survey of the indebtedness of the modern languages of Europe, and in particular our own, to the Latin word caput may be not without interest.The French did not adopt the classical meaning of caput, but, by way of the slang of the Roman soldiers in all probability, preferred the Latin testa = a tile, French tête. But caput did enter Gaul as the early French chief and modern chef (e.g. chef d'orchestre, chef de cuisine, whence, by the way, the English ‘chef’). English borrowed this word from French under the guise of chief, and from the early French word chevetaine formed the English chieftain. But in one word the French did adopt the classical meaning of caput, and that was in the word couvre-chef (modelled presumably upon the Vulgar Latin capitegium), meaning a covering for the head. This was adopted in Middle English as curchef (kerchief) and signified originally a cloth to cover a woman's head. It was an easy step from this to the modern ‘handkerchief’. Further, Vulgar Latin had a phrase ad caput venire, ‘to come to an end’, ‘to accomplish’. This was taken over into early French as a chief venir: later the verb venir was lost and the phrase a chief was made into the verb achever. Our English word achieve was the inevitable offspring.
The Learner and the Latin Period
Authors: Laughton Eric 
Published: July 2013

The observations which follow will to some appear heretical and perhaps dangerous; but I believe that they are worth making, if only to draw attention to a tendency in the present teaching of Latin prose which seems more dangerous still. When the beginner, having covered the field of essential grammar and syntax, is first introduced to the writing of continuous prose, he is rightly reminded of the disjointed style which is often encountered in English. This, he is told, was foreign to the Roman, who preferred to express his ideas in the form of a ‘period’, that is to say, a complex, architectural sentence-structure in which several subordinate clauses are made to depend in various ways upon the main clause. This period, he learns, is central to Latin prose, and an example or two from Cicero and Livy will be given to illustrate its use; he is then advised to emulate these models. His first exercise may well be nine or ten lines of English, to be turned into a single Latin ‘period’. The result is rarely satisfactory. The unhappy learner, in his attempt to produce the required composite sentence, upsets the natural order of clauses, presses phrases into strained and alien constructions, and probably achieves confusion. Here, for instance, is one of the first exercises in Bradley's Aids to Latin Prose; the passage, it is stated, ‘should be fused into a single sentence by the aid of participles, relatives, and conjunctions’:‘Both sides had exhausted their ammunition. The fight had raged at close quarters for three hours without any result. The carnage was horrible. The soldiers were suffocated with the heat and dust, and could scarcely keep their feet on the bloody and slippery soil; but no one could say that he had seen the back of a single foe, or heard a single voice asking for quarter. It seemed as though the gods of Mexico had inspired the nation with superhuman strength, and a courage proof against wounds or death.’
Tragic Optimism in the Aeneid
Authors: Mullens H. G. 
Published: July 2013

An ἀγών between the dignity and aspiration of man and the apparently overwhelming power of the gods or of circumstance recurs frequently as a theme in the Greek tragedies. The solution proposed by the Greek writers was always positive and encouraging to man. The same theme is found in the Aeneid, and the answer is not dissimilar to the solution offered in some of his plays by Aeschylus. Virgil views the struggle historically and he makes his hero the embodiment of past, present, and future. He is Aeneas the founder of the Roman race, he is Augustus the inaugurator of the new Rome, and he is also what Augustus and his successors in the poet's opinion should be. That is to say, he is the tradition of the past, the actuality of the present, and an ideal for the future. Above all he is the Roman people then, now, and to come; and the ideal for the future is a social ideal. The tragic idea of the Aeneid is made plain at the beginning of the poem by means of the celestial machinery. The first scene is the storm (i, 34–156) when all the powers of heaven seem to be trying to wreck the already ruined Trojans. We might indulge in a misapplication of words and choose as a motto for this passagetantaene animis caelestibus irae? (l. 11)The gods are cruel and unjust as in Prometheus Vinctus. The second scene shows the effect of this ‘persecution’ upon the Trojans. They are fessi rerum (178), ‘weary of the world’. But from Aeneas suffering evokes a confession of faith—per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata quietas ostendunt; illic fas regna resurgere Troiae. Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis. (204–7)
Virgil and the Homeric Epithet
Authors: Richardson L. J. D. 
Published: July 2013

When the poet Martial regrets that he cannot express the name of his friend Ěărĭnus in Latin verse and suggests with some irony that a Greek poet, to whom nothing is impossible, would not have had the same difficulty, he illustrates his envious complaint by quoting the first two words of Iliad, v. 31—TAρεζ, xAρεζ, that is the name Ares with variant quantities:dicunt ărĭnon tamen poetae,sed Graeci, quibus est nihil negatumet quos TAρεζ, xAρεζ, decet sonare.But had Martial been able to cite in his hendecasyllables the whole of that line of Homer, namelyTAρεζ, xAρεζ, βρoτoλoγiγέ, μiαiϕνε, τεiχεσiπλῆτα,he could have pointed to a much more formidable obstacle than mere quantitative incompatibility which lay in the path of every Latin poet who, almost without exception, turned for inspiration and guidance to Greek originals. The strength of this Homeric line lies in its memorable compounds, here chancing to increase in length as the line proceeds: the line is almost of the type called by the Greeks ‘rhopalic’, bludgeon-like, growing progressively in thickness towards the butt-end. Homer's music is not merely ‘winged'; it is ‘strong-wing'd’. The God of War is here called βρoτoλoιγóς, ‘mortal-plaguing’: μıαıøóνoς, ‘blood-polluted’: τειχεσιπλἡτης, ‘battlement-storming’—all these breathless mouthfuls within three-quarters of one hexameter line. Latin is usually regarded as a succinct language, a speech employing fewer words to express an organized idea than most tongues. But it would be futile to attempt to enclose within the compass of four and a half feet of a Latin hexameter the connotation of the three Greek compound adjectives, with their sixfold content—the notions of plague and mankind, pollution and murder, sacker and walled cities.
The Ancient Shape of Attica
Authors: Myres J. L. 
Published: July 2013

The physical shape of Attica has not altered appreciably since ancient times; Attica is far too well founded for that in the remote geological structure of the Aegean. But Attica is a promontory, an akté, plunged in the sea at the far end of the main watershed of peninsular Greece; and filled also with abrupt and lofty mountains, which prevent it from being ‘easy to oversee’ (eusynoptos) in the sense prescribed by Aristotle for his ideal city-state. Consequently the ground-plan, the ‘shape’ of Attica on a map of Greece, has been differently interpreted by different observers.On the modern map, based on ‘trigonometrical’ measurement of angles subtended by bases of exactly measured length, Attica appears as a wedge-shaped promontory, one side of which lies between Piraeus and C. Sunium, the other between Sunium and the bend of the coast south of Rhamnus. The angle between these two coasts is about 45 °, or half of a right angle. West of Piraeus, the island of Salamis, seen from the sea, not only looks like part of Attica, but conceals the great ingression of the Saronic Gulf into the Bay of Eleusis. And north of Rhamnus, even on the modern map, few people realize that the coast runs much more nearly west than north—bearing about 300° from Rhamnus to the Euripus Strait; so completely does Euboea insist on its immemorial connexion with Attica, and disguise the fact that from Parnassus east-ward into Attica the Greek mainland is an isthmus, lying nearly east and west, and only about 24 miles broad between the bays of Livadostro (anc. Creüsa) on the Corinthian Gulf, and Skroponeri on the Euboean channel, on the border between Boeotia and Locris.
Is our Roman History Teaching Reactionary?
Authors: Examiner  
Published: July 2013

Three years of war have clarified a good many issues. One of the luxuries that soon had to go was the academic and scholastic privilege of sitting on the fence in the interests of ‘intellectual honesty’. The war has forced us to take sides. There are values to which to-day—in different degrees of understanding and sincerity—we all necessarily subscribe. We believe in the virtue of free thought and discussion, in coming to conclusions on the basis of objective evidence, in deciding our courses of action through the operation of an informed democracy: we are against the autocratic rule of a group or an individual, we reject dogmas (such as racial teaching) based on emotion, a priori assertions that must not be tested, ‘inspired’ truth as the controller of scientific investigation. If anyone doubts that we have made up our minds about these values, let him consider the fact that 99–99 per cent, of the people of this country are ready to fight on in an increasingly conscious struggle against the Fascist enemy who denies them all.Now for the past few years it has been my privilege to mark ancient history answers of candidates for Higher Certificates from some of the leading schools in the country. And as the issues to which I have just referred have grown clearer, I have become progressively more uneasy. The question which has gradually, framed itself in my mind is this: Are we teachers of Roman history in fact engaged in an unconscious trahison des clercs? Are we in danger of becoming an intellectual ‘fifth column’? In short, are we presenting Roman history in such a way as to bring those rightly accepted democratic values into contempt? (I say ‘Roman history’ designedly: for the dangers I have in mind do not arise to the same extent in relation to Greek history.)