bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental correlates of acorn production by four species of Minnesota oaks
Authors: Koenig Walter D. , Knops Johannes M. H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe measured acorn production by four species of oaks in central Minnesota over a 17‐year period with the goal of understanding the proximate drivers of masting behavior. All four species exhibited significant annual variation and within‐population synchrony of acorn production, although masting behavior was more pronounced in the two species that require 1 year to develop acorns (‘1‐year’ species) than the two species that require 2 years (‘2‐year’ species). There was also strong synchrony between species that require the same number of years to mature acorns, but not between species requiring different numbers of years. Acorn production by three of the four species correlated with spring or summer conditions, while no significant environmental correlate of acorn production was detected for the fourth species. Acorn production by none of the four species correlated significantly with variables calculated from the differences in weather conditions from 1 year to the next. These results, combined with prior studies of oaks, suggest that environmental conditions during key periods of acorn development frequently correlate with acorn production, as expected if such factors bear a direct mechanistic relationship to seed production. On the other hand, the environmental factors involve vary greatly both among species and even among populations of the same species, a result consistent with the hypothesis that environmental correlates are simply cues used by plants to synchronize reproductive investment. In either case, our results do not support the recent proposition that variables based on differences in environmental conditions from 1 year to the next serve as a general cue for masting behavior.
The β‐Subunit of Cholera Toxin has a High Affinity for Ganglioside GM1 Embedded into Solid Supported Lipid Membranes with a Lipid Raft‐Like Composition
Authors: Margheri G. , D'Agostino R. , Trigari S. , Sottini S. , Del Rosso M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this communication, we report on the fabrication of GM1‐rich solid‐supported bilayer lipid membranes (ssBLM) made of sphingomyelin and cholesterol, the main components of lipid rafts, which are the physiological hosting microenvironment of GM1 on the cell membrane. The functionality of the ganglioside has been checked by measuring the apparent dissociation constant KD of the complex formed by the β‐subunit of the cholera toxin and GM1. The value found deviates less than one order of magnitude from that measured for in vivo cells, indicating the potential of these ssBLM as optimized in vitro biomimetic platforms.
Freedom in the 1990s
Authors: Peterson Paul Silas 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn the second half of the twentieth century there was a renaissance of liberalism and a new interest in freedom in modern Western industrialised nations. Theologians responded to the intellectual discourse in various ways while treating the concept of freedom in theology. Here three different engagements with the understanding of freedom and liberalism at the end of the century are introduced. The first is a critique of liberalism and rejection of modern accounts of freedom as autonomy. This account draws upon historical and theological resources in the presentation of modern liberalism as a negative development in theology and in understandings of society. In the article here, this first approach is presented in the context of its social and political orientation and contemporary context in the later twentieth century. While some of the contours of this first approach are viewed critically, one aspect of its intentions is praised. The second example is an adoption of the discourse of modern liberalism and a justification of it with an account of the Reformation as its progenitor. This account draws upon a narrative of progressive liberation in modern human history. The second approach is addressed here in its particular context after the Second World War and in the specific cultural and theological framework of the latter part of the twentieth century. While the revival of modern liberal theology in the latter part of the twentieth century is presented here as a necessary development in the wake of radical early twentieth century anti-liberalism, some of the sweeping claims of this approach are viewed critically. Finally, a third mediatory approach is presented. This general group sought to advance a form of the liberal theological tradition while also theologically challenging Enlightenment conceptions of autonomy. Three brief examples are drawn upon to illustrate this approach. One is concerned with providing orientation for the basic doctrinal question of human freedom and sin. The second example deals with the systematic theological specification of human freedom in the postmodern context and its relation to an understanding of divine freedom. The third example deals with the ethical implications of a theologically grounded understanding of freedom.
Reading and Revelation in Hans Frei and David Tracy
Authors: Shukla Marsaura 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMost maps of theology in the twentieth century, particularly theology in North America, would include the delineation of revisionist theology and postliberal theology as mutually exclusive, opposed options in theological method. This article begins to challenge the contours of this received map through a comparison of David Tracy and Hans Frei, pre-eminent figures in revisionist and postliberal theology, respectively. I show that, for all their differences, both Tracy and Frei posit the reader–text relationship as the site and even in some sense the source of revelation. Their turn to reading is motivated by the perception of a certain loss or estrangement characterising contemporary religiosity. Though the scope and details of their description of the problem differ, there is a similarity in the vision of Christian life which stands in contrast to the contemporary situation. For both, their visions of Christian life can be articulated through the notion of orthodoxy, understood in its full sense as referring to a coherent, vibrant and all-encompassing immersion in Christian doctrine and practice. Engagement in proper reading practice becomes for each the entrance into and sign of full participation in religious life, analogous to the role of belief in traditional notions of orthodoxy. I suggest that Tracy and Frei represent two forms of ‘theology of ortholexis’ or ‘right reading’. The turn to reading is most obvious in Frei, who explicitly links the modern difficulty in attaining a sense of the coherence of Christian history, doctrine and lived life to a misconstrual of the nature of the biblical text which leads to a misguided reading practice. Yet Tracy also places the model of reading as conversation at the centre of his revisionist account of the possibility of a contemporary experience of the authority of the Bible and the power of the Christian tradition more generally. In these ‘theologies of ortholexis’, a constellation of modern anxieties concerning the limits and possibilities of our knowledge and experience of the divine are addressed through positing the reader–text relationship forged through proper reading practice as the place of and way to authentic revelation.
§ V.—Ancient Sites in the Strymon Valley
Authors: Welch F. B. 
Published: October 2013

I Here describe a few sites on the south side of the valley of the Strymon, which I noticed while stationed there in 1916–1918. All except No. 5 belong to the third type described by Wace and Thompson and consist of large, low flat-topped mounds covered with Hellenistic sherds. This part of the country was anciently inhabited by the Bisaltai.1. At kilometre 70 on the Salonika-Serres road, about three kilometres south-west of Sakavcha, and two-and-a-half kilometres west of Makesh. Round the edges the remains of ancient walls can be easily traced; in places they are still three feet high and the same thickness with small towers at irregular intervals. Remains of house walls can be found everywhere a few feet down.
The Dates and Origins of Cypriote Sculpture
Authors: Myres John L. 
Published: October 2013

Since the publication of my Handbook to the Cesnola Collection of Antiquities from Cyprus (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1914) there have been three revisions both of the chronology there suggested—which was essentially that outlined by Colonna-Ceccaldi Monuments antiques de Cypre, Paris, 1882—and of the estimate of the debt of Cypriote sculptors to Asiatic, Egyptian, and Hellenic models and influences. All three regard Hellenic influences as primary, and Oriental influences as relatively unimportant; and consequently all bring down the beginnings of sculpture in Cyprus within the archaic period of Greek sculpture, and the period of easy access to Cyprus from the Greek treaty port of Naucratis, during the Egyptian occupation of the island between 560 and 525 B.C.The same distractions which postponed the publication of the sanctuary site excavated at Levkoniko in 1913, and described at last on pp. 61–8 above, prevented me from replying earlier to these criticisms.
Excavations in Ithaca, 1930–35;
Authors: Heurtley W. A. 
Published: October 2013

Apart from the rather summary excavation on the summit of Aetós by Gell at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and the opening of some tombs above Pisaetó by Guitara in 1811–14, excavations have been made in Ithaca on three occasions previously to Lord Rennell's expedition.In the course of two visits, one in 1868 and the other in 1878, Schliemann dug trial trenches in the plain at Pólis, at the ‘School of Homer’, at Aetós (both on the saddle and on the summit), at the cave of Dexiá, and at Marathiá. The work was carried out at great speed, and it is not always easy to make out from his description the precise nature of the objects found; nor is it known what has become of them. It is clear, however, that nothing Mycenaean was found.
§ 6. The Seals and Sealings
Authors: Eccles Edith 
Published: October 2013

Professor Bosanquet's text was already in galley-proof more than fifteen years ago; but as it had to be re-set, I have made a few corrections and additions, and added the inventory numbers which the objects now bear in the Candia Museum (quoted under CM) and references to works published since 1926.A full discussion of the seals from Palaikastro should take account of the numerous examples obtained in the province of Sitia by Sir Arthur Evans, who travelled there in the days of Turkish rule, and other collectors. Owing to the migratory character of the Christian population, many of whom passed the winter in the villages of the Palaikastro plain and the summer in villages in the hills, and to frequent intermarriages with more distant settlements, gems found here have been widely scattered. In the list which follows have been included some stones from Palaikastro and neighbouring sites which were bought for the Candia Museum during the excavation. It is probable that most of them come from interments disturbed in agricultural work.
Excavations in the Neolithic Settlement of Knossos, 1957–60. Part I
Authors: Evans J. D. 
Published: October 2013

The excavations described here were undertaken for the purpose of obtaining a fuller knowledge of the nature of the Neolithic settlement site which lies below the Minoan palace of Knossos.The presence of this settlement site was originally recognized by Sir Arthur Evans very soon after he began work at Knossos at the beginning of the century. His numerous soundings established that it was of considerable size, covering the whole of the hill of Kephala below the palace and the surrounding houses (an area of at least 11 acres), and that it must have endured for a long period, since the depth of deposit attained to nearly 10 metres in places. A pottery sequence was worked out by Mackenzie on the basis of the soundings carried out up to 1904, and this was subsequently adopted in essentials by Evans in the final publication. It has subsequently been refined and modified by Dr. A. Furness (Mrs. Ozanne), using Evans's material in the Stratigraphical Museum, in a paper which she published in this journal in 1953.
Dionysos at Smyrna
Authors: Hasluck Margaret 
Published: October 2013

The σύνοδος of the μύσται and τεχνῖται of Dionysos Breiseus at Smyrna has long been known to students from several series of inscriptions. These, although defective in themselves, can be supplemented by the inscriptions of analogous associations, so that the details of the society's organisation are tolerably familiar, and for the present require no further discussion. But certain questions have not so far been decided. Such concern the origin of the god, the meaning of the epithet, and the situation of his temple at Smyrna. The present paper is an attempt to answer these questions, some new evidence having recently come to hand.The earliest certain home of Dionysos Breiseus seems to have been Lesbos, where the name of Brisa has been known for many centuries. Homer's heroine will be recalled: Androtion knew a Lesbian promontory called Βρῆσα: the Lesbos of to-day has a hill and a village called respectively Βρίσιον and Βρίσια.
The Macedonian Era. II
Authors: Tod Marcus N. 
Published: October 2013

In the last volume of this Annual (xxiii. 206 ff.) I attempted to restate the arguments for the view that the provincial era of Macedonia dates from 1st Dios, 148 B.C., and the Actian (or, to give it the name which it bore in Macedonia, the Augustan) era from 1st Dios, 32 B.C.I mentioned (p. 210) Prof. M. Holleaux as having expressed in 1914 a doubt of the continued existence of separate Macedonian and Achaean eras running concurrently and a desire for further investigation of the question. This was, indeed, the starting-point of my own inquiry. I regret, however, that I overlooked a later statement of the same scholar (Rev. Et. Anc. xix. 81), who in 1917 accepted as fully established the Macedonian era of 148 B.C., and pointed out that the Oxyrhynchus Epitome of Livy proves that the defeat of Andriscus and the submission of Macedonia took place in that year (cf. Kornemann, Die neue Livius-Epitome aus Oxyrhynchus, 91 f., 113 f.). Further, in an article which became accessible to me only after my own discussion was already in print, Pomtow himself has declared in favour of the earlier starting-point of the Macedonian era, on the ground both of the Macedonian and also of the Delphian documents.
Columns of Ordeal
Authors: Hasluck F. W. 
Published: October 2013

No self-respecting Cairene dragoman omits to point out to his clients among the curiosities of the mosque of Amr at Fostat two columns near the South door, which are endowed, according to popular superstition, with the miraculous power of discriminating between true Moslems and Unbelievers. Placed at such a short distance apart (some ten inches) that the passage between them can with difficulty be negotiated by a man of average build, the columns none the less allow a true Moslem, however stout, to pass between them, while an Unbeliever, however slim, finds passage impossible. In other words, the space is supernaturally widened if necessary to accommodate the former and contracted to exclude the latter class.The columns actually used for this purpose at Cairo do not seem long to have been associated with the superstition. Visitors to the mosque in the sixties do not mention it, though they refer to the companion marvel of the column miraculously transported from Mecca. The superstition itself, however, is of great antiquity and relatively well documented. The purpose of the rite, a spiritual test, distinguishes it sharply from the many similar ‘passing through’ rituals universally current and generally considered ‘lucky’ acts practised with a view to the healing of disease, etc. Its symbolism, as we shall see, suggests a Christian origin.
Mycenaean Megara and Nordic Houses
Authors: Boëthius C. A. 
Published: October 2013

The results of recent prehistoric excavations in Greece show that there is no evidence to support, still less to prove, the widespread assumption that the round hoop-roofed house is the original type from which all forms of human houses have been evolved. The truth is that there is a greater variety of primitive house types than is usually supposed, and allowance must be made for the possibility that in course of development these exercise reciprocal influence on one another.Dr. Bulle has pointed out that from the earliest times both rectangular and round huts and houses occur contemporaneously and that both forms are to be found to-day in use among primitive peoples. This is exactly what the archaeological evidence shows for Greece. Neither by stratification, nor by transitional forms does the Greek evidence support the view that in Greece the rectangular house developed from a round hut like those of Orchomenos I. Dr. Mackenzie, to whose paper I would refer, has collected most of the material for this question, and the case has also been clearly stated by Fimmen.
§ IV.—The Rhyton Well
Authors: Wace A. J. B. 
Published: October 2013

During the campaign of 1920 we sank a few trial pits within the acropolis walls to test the stratification and to try to find, if possible, earlier remains, after it had become clear to us that the buildings immediately round the Grave Circle were not earlier in date than Late Helladic III. Two such pits were made on the slope about fifty metres south-east of the top of the Ramp. Near by we noticed what was at first taken to be a rectangular pit enclosed by a rough stone wall measuring 1·00 by 1·00 m. and ·45 m. thick. The interior of this was cleared out, and then we found the walling was merely the coping (about 2·22 m. high at the point where it is best preserved) to a circular well-shaft about 1·15 m. in diameter, driven down through the hard limestone rock.As we excavated the well-shaft nothing worth noting, except some miscellaneous potsherds and the remains of a crushed leaden vessel, came to light till a depth of about six metres below the highest point of the coping, when some fragments of a funnel-shaped rhyton in Lapis Lacedaemonius (A, below) were found. From this down to a depth of 7·75 m. the other objects here described were recovered.
Excavations in Macedonia—II
Authors: Casson S. 
Published: October 2013

The excavations of 1921 in Macedonia recorded in Vol. XXIV. of the Annual (p. 1 ff.) were completed in 1922. The site known as Chauchitsa was completely examined and the cemetery on the two rocky mounds was sufficiently excavated to make it possible to establish the main features of the burial methods and equipment. The high mound at the back of the cemetery on the edge of the plateau was also excavated and found to be an undisturbed stratified site. The strata revealed were of the fourth century B.C., of the Early Iron Age, and below that of the Bronze Age. The objects found in the Bronze Age strata and the nature of these strata have been fully dealt with elsewhere: the purpose of this report is to describe the cemetery, the Iron Age deposit which overlay the Bronze Age settlement, the Historic strata which overlay the Iron Age settlement, and, finally, to shew the connection between the Iron Age settlement and the cemetery at the foot of the plateau.The East Mound (Figs. 1 and 2).—Fourteen graves in all were opened in the first season and have been duly recorded. In the second season a further twenty-two graves were opened, and all alike shewed the same general character as the first fourteen.
Stamped Pithos Fragments in the Collection of the British School
Authors: Lamb Winifred 
Published: October 2013

In Volume XII of the Annual of the British School were published two fragments of stamped pithoi (Nos. I. and II.) from Kameiros, part of a series of such fragments in the collection of the School. The remaining examples, mainly from Melos, are described below, the drawings having been made at the same time as those published in 1906.No. III. (Pl. XI. A) ·105 × ·12 × ·02 — ·03 m. From Melos.Coarse reddish clay.Decoration : border of arches; border of double plait with three strands in each twist and bosses between; frieze projecting ·004 m. with lion and Centaur. The lion's mouth is open, shewing the tongue, his left forepaw is raised. The motive of the paw is a common one: cf. the lion on the Ionic B.F. bowl, Pfuhl, Malerei und Zeichnung der Griechen, iii. Pl. XXVIII. No. 128, and the kylix, Louvre, A. 478. The Centaur, likewise, is a common type. He is the vanquished Centaur begging for mercy, made popular through illustrations like those of Herakles and Nessos, and used here because he was a familiar figure which fitted the space. An excellent parallel is on a steatite lentoid intaglio from Melos. The Centaur has equine, not human fore-legs, as on other pithos fragments from Melos: contrast the type with human fore-legs from Kameiros and Asia Minor, where it seems never to have been superseded.
Some new Specimens of Byzantine Music
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W. 
Published: October 2013

As an illustration from a good manuscript in the Round Notation I have chosen a Canon of which I can present a reproduction from my own photographs. It is in the First Authentic Mode, and belongs to the Sunday before Christmas (fourth in Advent). This Canon does not find a place in the service-books now in use, but the words are in the printed Hirmologus. As poetry they are neither better nor worse than the ordinary run of Byzantine Canons.Our text is from the Hirmologus, Cryptoferratensis E. γ. II, date about 1280. Our facsimiles contain another Hirmus coming before the Advent Canon, namely, the last ode of the Canon, ω̨̕δὴν ἐπινίκιον ἄ̣σωμεν πάντεσ,2 likewise in the First Authentic Mode.Translations. Canon ᾠδὴν ἐπινίϰιον
last ode: ‘Let us all magnify the light-bringing Cloud, by whom the Lord of all, like rain from heaven upon a fleece of wool, came down; and for our sake was made flesh and became man, though He was from everlasting—let us magnify her, the Holy Mother of our God.’
Byzantine Architecture in Mani
Authors: Megaw H. 
Published: October 2013

It is a little surprising that practically nothing has been done to supplement Traquair's valuable pioneer work on the churches of Mani. The field is richer even than his article suggests. The buildings are in a state of preservation unique for Greece, they cover a long period and their study may be expected to elucidate the history of the peninsula in the Middle Ages.In July 1933 I spent four days in the villages between Pyrgos and Gerolimena, a journey of which the principal objective was the church of H. Theodoros at Vamvaka. This, the only dated church reported in Mani, is somewhat summarily dealt with in Traquair's survey. Though small in size and simply decorated it gives the key to the chronology of the whole Mani group and seemed on this account to deserve a special examination. A short account of this church constitutes the core of the present article (pp. 139–145).
III. The Surroundings of the Cave of Trapeza
Authors: Pendlebury J. D. S. 
Published: October 2013

A. Some 70 metres east of the cave, close to the south-east corner of the hill, a few fragments of an undecorated Middle Minoan I pithos and a fragment of a stone axe too small to give any idea of its type were found in a shallow deposit on a small terrace.B. In a cleft in the rock 40 metres east of the cave, dignified by the name of Τοῦ Γρυμάνη τὸ σπήλαιο, were found most of the pieces of a Neolithic vase (see below p. 16 and Plate V, 1), a handle of a fabric similar to ‘Trapeza Ware’, and a number of sherds, including the base of a tripod which could not be dated more closely than to the Early Minoan Period generally. A few Byzantine sherds also occurred.