bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data visualization for truth maintenance in clinical decision support systems
Authors: Liu Gilbert Chien , Odell Jere D. , Whipple Elizabeth C. , Ralston Rick , Carroll Aaron E. , Downs Stephen M. 
Published: June 2015

Background and objectives:
The goal is to inform proactive initiatives to expand the knowledge base of clinical decision support systems.

Design and setting:
We describe an initiative in which research informationists and health ser-vices researchers employ visualization tools to map logic models for clinical decision support within an electronic health record.

Materials and methods:
We mapped relationships using software for social network analysis: NodeXL and CMAP. We defined relationships by shared observations, such as two Arden rules within medical logic modules that consider the same clinical observation, or by the presence of common keywords that were used to label rules according to standardized vocabularies.

Results:
We studied the Child Health Improvement through Computer Automation (CHICA) sys-tem, an electronic medical record that contains 170 unique variables representing discrete clinical observations. These variables were used in 300 medical logic modules (MLM’s) that prompted health care providers to deliver preventive counseling or otherwise served as clinical decision support. Using data visualization tools, we generated maps that illustrate connec-tions, or lack thereof, between clinical topics within CHICA’s MLMs.

Conclusions:
The development of such maps may allow multiple disciplines commonly inter-acting over EMR platforms, and various perspectives (clinicians, programmers, informationists) to work more effectively as teams to refine the EMR by programming logic routines to address co-morbidities or other instances where domains of medical knowledge should be connected.
A Chemical Heat Pack–Based Method For Consistent Heating of Intravenous Fluids
Authors: DeClerck Matthieu P. , Lipman Grant S. , Grahn Dennis A. , Cao Vinh , Wieland Mark , Troxel Tom , Craig Heller H. 
Published: June 2015

Background Transfusion of cold intravenous fluids (IVF) can exacerbate hypothermia. Civilian and military guidelines recommend heated IVF for hypothermic patients; however, there is currently no ideal IVF heating system for use in resource-limited settings. Objective Development of a system that uses flameless ration heaters (FRH) and an insulated sleeve for the consistent delivery of IVF at physiologically appropriate temperatures (40°–42°C) over the range of ambient conditions typical of the prehospital and wilderness environments. Methods The temperatures of 0.9% normal saline (NS) 1-L bags were measured under 3 ambient conditions: 3°C, 10°C, and 20°C. The IVF was placed in an insulated pouch along with a predetermined number of activated FRH (5 FRH for 3°C, 4 FRH for 10°C, and 3 FRH for 20°C) for 10 minutes before removing the FRHs. The insulated IVF bag was drained through 280 cm of intravenous tubing at a flow rate of 77 mL/min. Raw temperature data for internal and delivery temperatures were collected and analyzed. Results The temperature of the IVF throughout the delivery of 1 L of NS under the 3 ambient conditions was as follows (mean ± SD): at 3°C ambient, 47° ± 2.1°C internal and 42.6°C ± 1.4°C at delivery; at 10°C ambient, 52.3° ± 2.7°C and 45.2° ± 1.6°C; and at 20°C ambient, 45.5° ± 1°C and 39.7° ± 0.7°C. Conclusions The IVF heating system described here reliably delivered physiologically appropriate temperature intravenous fluids in 2 of the 3 ambient treatment conditions. With the appropriate number of FRH for the ambient conditions, this system enables the delivery of warmed IVF to provide active warming, which may be clinically beneficial in the prevention and treatment of hypothermia.
Is Consciousness a Spandrel?
Authors: ROBINSON ZACK , MALEY COREY J. , PICCININI GUALTIERO 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT:Determining the biological function of phenomenal consciousness appears necessary to explain its origin: evolution by natural selection operates on organisms’ traits based on the biological functions they fulfill. But identifying the function of phenomenal consciousness has proven difficult. Some have proposed that the function of phenomenal consciousness is to facilitate mental processes such as reasoning or learning. But mental processes such as reasoning and learning seem to be possible in the absence of phenomenal consciousness. It is difficult to pinpoint in what way phenomenal consciousness enhances these processes or others like them. In this paper, we explore a possibility that has been neglected to date. Perhaps phenomenal consciousness has no function of its own because it is either a by-product of other traits or a (functionless) accident. If so, then phenomenal consciousness has an evolutionary explanation even though it fulfills no biological function.
Naturalism, Realism, and Normativity
Authors: PUTNAM HILARY 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT:This essay describes three commitments that have become central to the author's philosophical outlook, namely, to liberal naturalism, to metaphysical realism, and to the epistemic and ontological objectivity of normative judgments.Liberal naturalismis contrasted with familiar scientistic versions of naturalism and their project of forcing explanations in every field into models derived from one or another particular science. The form ofmetaphysical realismthat the author endorses rejects every form of verificationism, including the author's one-time ‘internal realism’, and insists that our claims about the world are true or false and not just epistemically successful or unsuccessful and that the terms they contain typically refer to real entities. ‘Representationalism is no sin’. The central part of the essay is an account oftruthbased on a detailed analysis of Tarski's theory of truth and of the insights we can get from it as well as of the respects in which Tarski is misleading. (This part goes beyond what the author has previously published on the subject.) The account ofthe objectivity of the normativein this essay draws on insights from Dewey as well as Scanlon.
What Is Love? An Incomplete Map of the Metaphysics
Authors: JENKINS C.S.I. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT:The paper begins by surveying a range of possible views on the metaphysics of romantic love, organizing them as responses to a single question. It then outlines a position, constructionist functionalism, according to which romantic love is characterized by a functional role that is at least partly constituted by social matters (social institutions, traditions, and practices), although this role may be realized by states that are not socially constructed.
MODELLING INSURANCE DATA WITH THE PARETO ARCTAN DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Gómez-Déniz Emilio , Calderín-Ojeda Enrique 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn this paper, a new methodology based on the use of the inverse of the circular tangent function that allows us to add a scale parameter (say α) to an initial survival function is presented. The latter survival function is determined as limiting case when α tends to zero. By choosing as parent the classical Pareto survival function, the Pareto ArcTan (PAT) distribution is obtained. After providing a comprehensive analysis of its statistical properties, theoretical results with reference to insurance are illustrated. Its performance is compared, by means of the well-known Norwegian fire insurance data, with other existing heavy-tailed distributions in the literature such as Pareto, Stoppa, Shifted Lognormal, Inverse Gamma and Fréchet distributions.
Tranexamic Acid for Epistaxis–A Promising Treatment That Deserves Further Study
Authors: Clinkard David , Barbic David 
Published: June 2015

Clinical QuestionDoes the application of topical tranexamic acid reduce bleeding as compared to anterior packing?Article ChosenZahed R, Moharamzadeh P, Alizadeharasi S, et al. A new and rapid method for epistaxis treatment using injectable form of tranexamic acid topically: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Emerg Med 2013;31(9):1389-92.ObjectivesTo determine if topically applied tranexamic acid reduces bleeding time in epistaxis.
Tinnitus and its relationship with muscle tenderness in patients with headache and facial pain
Authors: Pezzoli M , Ugolini A , Rota E , Ferrero L , Milani C , Pezzoli L , Pecorari G , Mongini F 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to examine tinnitus prevalence in patients with different types of headache and the relationship between tinnitus and the pericranial muscle tenderness and cervical muscle tenderness scores.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted of 1251 patients with migraine and/or myogenous pain, arthrogenous temporomandibular joint disorders and tension-type headache. Standardised palpation of the pericranial and cervical muscles was carried out and univariable and multivariable analysis was used to measure the odds ratio of suffering tinnitus by the different diagnoses and muscular tenderness grade.Results:A univariable analysis showed that myogenous pain, pericranial muscle tenderness and cervical muscle tenderness scores, sex, and age were associated with tinnitus. When a multivariable model including only age, sex and a headache diagnosis was used, myogenous pain, migraine and age were found to be associated with tinnitus. When muscle tenderness scores were also included, only the cervical muscle tenderness and pericranial muscle tenderness scores were found to be significantly associated with tinnitus.Conclusion:In a population of patients with headache and craniofacial pain, tinnitus was related to increased cervical muscle tenderness and pericranial muscle tenderness scores, rather than to any particular form of headache.
Structural alterations in white-matter tracts connecting (para-)limbic and prefrontal brain regions in borderline personality disorder
Authors: Lischke A. , Domin M. , Freyberger H. J. , Grabe H. J. , Mentel R. , Bernheim D. , Lotze M. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundA dysfunctional network of prefrontal and (para-)limbic brain region has been suggested to underlie emotional dysregulation in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Abnormal activity in this network may be due to structural alterations in white-matter tracts connecting prefrontal and (para-)limbic brain regions. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the structural integrity of major white-matter tracts connecting these regions in BPD.MethodUsing diffusion tensor imaging, we investigated fractional anisotropy (FA), axonal anisotropy (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) in the uncinate fasciculus, the major white-matter tract connecting (para-)limbic and prefrontal brain regions, in 26 healthy controls (HC) and 26 BPD participants. To clarify the specificity of possible white-matter alterations among HC and BPD participants, FA, AD and RD were also investigated in the cingulum.ResultsWe found distinct structural alterations in the uncinate fasciculus but not in the cingulum of BPD participants. Compared to HC participants, BPD participants showed lower FA and higher RD in the uncinate fasciculus. By contrast, AD did not differ in the uncinate fasciculus of HC and BPD participants.ConclusionsOur finding of abnormal FA and RD in the uncinate fasciculus indicates distinct white-matter alterations in BPD, presumably due to stress-induced myelin degeneration in the aftermath of stressful life events. Although these alterations may account for abnormal activity in brain regions implicated in emotion dysregulation, such as the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex, it remains to be determined whether these alterations are specific for BPD.
Exploring social inclusivity within the University of the Third Age (U3A): a model of collaborative research
Authors: PATTERSON REBECCA , MOFFATT SUZANNE , SMITH MAUREEN , SCOTT JESSICA , MCLOUGHLIN CHRISTOPHER , BELL JUDITH , BELL NORMAN 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTLifelong learning is believed to have physical, social and emotional benefits for older adults. In recognition of this, numerous programmes encouraging learning in later life exist worldwide. One example is the University of the Third Age (U3A) – a lifelong learning co-operative rooted in peer-support and knowledge sharing. This article is based on a collaborative study conducted by university researchers and members of a U3A in North-East England (United Kingdom) investigating the social inclusivity of the group in light of low attendance levels among those from social housing and non-professional backgrounds. A qualitative approach comprising semi-structured interviews and focus groups was adopted to explore knowledge and experience of lifelong learning and the U3A. Sixty individuals aged 50+ were interviewed. The demographic profile of participants largely reflected the socio-economic make-up of the area, with the majority living in areas of high socio-economic deprivation. Several barriers to lifelong learning were revealed, including: poor health, insufficient transport and caring responsibilities. Regarding U3A participation, three exclusionary factors were outlined: lack of knowledge, organisational name and location. Poor comprehension of the purpose and remit of the U3A can result in the development of ‘middle-class' myths regarding membership, perpetuating poor participation rates among lower socio-economic groups. Such perceptions must be dispelled to allow the U3A to fulfil its potential as a highly inclusive organisation.
Infant engagement and early vocabulary development: a naturalistic observation study of Mozambican infants from 1;1 to 2;1
Authors: MASTIN J. DOUGLAS , VOGT PAUL 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis study analyzes how others engage rural and urban Mozambican infants during naturalistic observations, and how the proportion of time spent in different engagements relates to infants' language development over the second year of life. Using an extended version of Bakeman and Adamson's (1984) categorization of infant engagement, we investigated to what extent a detailed analysis of infant engagement can contribute to our understanding of vocabulary development in natural settings. In addition, we explored how the different infant engagements relate to vocabulary size, and how these differ between the two communities. Results show that rural infants spend significantly more time in forms of solitary engagement, whereas urban infants spend more time in forms of triadic joint engagement. In regard to correlations with reported productive vocabulary, we find that dyadic persons engagement (i.e. interactions not about concrete objects) has positive correlations with vocabulary measures in both rural and urban communities. In addition, we find that triadic coordinated joint attention has a positive relationship with vocabulary in the urban community, but a contrasting negative correlation with vocabulary in the rural community. These similarities and differences are explained, based upon the parenting beliefs and socialization practices of different prototypical learning environments. Overall, this study concludes that the extended categorization provides a valuable contribution to the analysis of infant engagement and their relation to language acquisition, especially for analyzing naturalistic observations as compared to semi-structured studies. Moreover, with respect to vocabulary development, Mozambican infants appear to benefit strongest from dyadic Persons engagement, while they do not necessarily benefit from joint attention, as tends to be the case for children from industrial, developed communities.
Isomerism or heterotaxy: which term leads to better understanding?
Authors: Loomba Rohit S. , Hlavacek Anthony M. , Spicer Diane E. , Anderson Robert H. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractUse of correct nomenclature is important in all aspects of medicine. Many of the controversies that have bedeviled paediatric cardiology have devolved from the inappropriate use of words to describe the lesions to be found when the heart is congenitally abnormal. A continuing area of disagreement is the situation currently described by many as representing “heterotaxy”. When used literally, this word means any departure from the normal. Thus, all congenitally malformed hearts represent examples of heterotaxy. By convention, nonetheless, the term is used to describe the arrangement in which the bodily organs, including parts of the heart, are not in their usual or in their mirror-imaged patterns. The arrangements, therefore, represent the presence of the organs on the right and left sides of the body being mirror imaged, in other words isomeric; however, not all the organs are uniformly isomeric. In this review, we show that, when assessed on the basis of the morphology of the atrial appendages, specifically the extent of the pectinate muscles relative to the atrioventricular junctions, isomerism is an unequivocal finding within the heart. Only the atrial appendages, however, are truly isomeric. The potential problem of disharmony between the various systems of organs is resolved simply by accounting specifically for each of the systems. On these bases, we suggest that the isomeric arrangements can now readily be diagnosed in the clinical setting, and differentiated into their right and left isomeric variants. We propose that such distinctions will provide the key for establishing the genetic cues responsible for the formation of the isomeric as opposed to the lateralised arrangements.
Research Preregistration in Political Science: The Case, Counterarguments, and a Response to Critiques
Authors: Monogan James E. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThis article describes the current debate on the practice of preregistration in political science—that is, publicly releasing a research design before observing outcome data. The case in favor of preregistration maintains that it can restrain four potential causes of publication bias, clearly distinguish deductive and inductive studies, add transparency regarding a researcher’s motivation, and liberate researchers who may be pressured to find specific results. Concerns about preregistration maintain that it is less suitable for the study of historical data, could reduce data exploration, may not allow for contextual problems that emerge in field research, and may increase the difficulty of finding true positive results. This article makes the case that these concerns can be addressed in preregistered studies, and it offers advice to those who would like to pursue study registration in their own work.
Predictors of the risk of malnutrition among children under the age of 5 years in Somalia
Authors: Kinyoki Damaris K , Berkley James A , Moloney Grainne M , Kandala Ngianga-Bakwin , Noor Abdisalan M 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the predictors of wasting, stunting and low mid-upper arm circumference among children aged 6–59 months in Somalia using data from household cross-sectional surveys from 2007 to 2010 in order to help inform better targeting of nutritional interventions.DesignCross-sectional nutritional assessment surveys using structured interviews were conducted among communities in Somalia each year from 2007 to 2010. A two-stage cluster sampling methodology was used to select children aged 6–59 months from households across three livelihood zones (pastoral, agro-pastoral and riverine). Predictors of three anthropometric measures, weight-for-height (wasting), height-for-age (stunting) and mid-upper arm circumference, were analysed using Bayesian binomial regression, controlling for both spatial and temporal dependence in the data.SettingThe study was conducted in randomly sampled villages, representative of three livelihood zones in Somalia.SubjectsChildren between the ages of 6 and 59 months in Somalia.ResultsThe estimated national prevalence of wasting, stunting and low mid-upper arm circumference in children aged 6–59 months was 21 %, 31 % and 36 %, respectively. Although fever, diarrhoea, sex and age of the child, household size and access to foods were significant predictors of malnutrition, the strongest association was observed between all three indicators of malnutrition and the enhanced vegetation index. A 1-unit increase in enhanced vegetation index was associated with a 38 %, 49 % and 59 % reduction in wasting, stunting and low mid-upper arm circumference, respectively.ConclusionsInfection and climatic variations are likely to be key drivers of malnutrition in Somalia. Better health data and close monitoring and forecasting of droughts may provide valuable information for nutritional intervention planning in Somalia.
A Legal Journey Through the UN, Academia, and the ICJ: Conversations with Dame Rosalyn Higgins DBE, JSD, FBA, QC
Authors: Dingle Lesley 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article, written by Lesley Dingle, is based upon an in-depth interview with Dame Rosalyn Higgins in March 2014. It highlights particular elements that characterise her contribution to legal scholarship and international adjudication, and should be read in the context of the biography presented in the Eminent Scholars Archive: http://www.squire.law.cam.ac.uk/eminent_scholars/dame_rosalyn_higgins.php. Dame Rosalyn Higgins was born in Kensington in 1937. She grew up in London during the Blitz and her matter-of-fact account of these times epitomised her later career: application to the task in hand, and a lack of a sense of expectation. After the War, she passed successively through grammar school, Girton College, Yale and the Royal Institute of International affairs, steadily immersing herself over fifteen years in the work of the United Nations during its formative period. It was on the UN's role as the global peace-keeper and international law-maker that she became the acknowledged authority. There followed a long period of formal academia (1978–95: Kent and LSE), during which she rose to high office. This experience further honed her scholarly and administrative instincts, and she was honoured in 1995 with a DBE. Later that year Dame Rosalyn was appointed to the Bench of the International Court of Justice – the first woman to rise to this position, and in 2006 was elected its President. She retired in 2009.
Judicial Power in Latin America: a Short Survey
Authors: Miguel-Stearns Teresa M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article, written by Teresa M. Miguel-Stearns, explores the vast differences in judicial authority not only between the common law and civil law traditions, but also among various countries steeped in the civil law tradition in Latin America. Judicial review,certiorari, precedent, and other functions and characteristics of the judiciaries of five distinctly different countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico) are compared and contrasted with each other and with the common law tradition. This evaluation demonstrates that despite their, arguably, similar distant histories and legal foundations, each country has evolved into a unique legal system with significant differences in the treatment of the judiciary and its jurisprudence.
‘Good’ Law
Authors: Hoadley Daniel 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe ever increasing capabilities of online legal research platforms have revolutionised the strategies we adopt in tackling routine research questions. It is now possible, for example, to comprehensively identify later judicial references to any given earlier case at the click of a button. However, we are potentially running the risk of believing that the online platforms are capable of providing us with answers to questions that they are not yet able to deliver. In this short article Daniel Hoadley focuses on the capability of the current spread of online research platforms to answer a frequent and fundamental legal research question: “is this case still good law?”