bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forelimb kinematics during swimming in the pig-nosed turtle,Carettochelys insculpta, compared with other turtle taxa: rowing versus flapping, convergence versus intermediacy
Authors: Rivera Angela R. V. , Rivera Gabriel , Blob Richard W. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryAnimals that swim using appendages do so by way of rowing and/or flapping motions. Often considered discrete categories, rowing and flapping are more appropriately regarded as points along a continuum. The pig-nosed turtle, Carettochelys insculpta, is unusual in that it is the only freshwater turtle to have limbs modified into flippers and swim via synchronous forelimb motions that resemble dorsoventral flapping, traits that evolved independently from their presence in sea turtles. We used high-speed videography to quantify forelimb kinematics in C. insculpta and a closely related, highly aquatic rower (Apalone ferox). Comparisons of our new data to those previously collected for a generalized freshwater rower (Trachemys scripta) and a flapping sea turtle (Caretta caretta) allow us to (1) more precisely quantify and characterize the range of limb motions used by flappers versus rowers, and (2) assess whether the synchronous forelimb motions of Carettochelys insculpta can be classified as flapping (i.e. whether they exhibit forelimb kinematics and angles of attack more similar to closely related rowing species, or more distantly related flapping sea turtles). We found that the forelimb kinematics of previously recognized rowers (T. scripta and A. ferox) were most similar to each other, but that those of Carettochelys were more similar to rowers than to flapping Caretta. Nevertheless, of the three freshwater species, Carettochelys was most similar to flapping Caretta. "Flapping" in Carettochelys is achieved through very different humeral kinematics than in Caretta, with Carettochelys exhibiting significantly more anteroposterior humeral motion and protraction, and significantly less dorsoventral humeral motion and depression. Based on several intermediate kinematic parameters and angle of attack data, Carettochelys may in fact represent a synchronous rower or hybrid rower-flapper, suggesting that traditional views of Carettochelys as a flapper should be revised.
Racemization-free Synthesis of Lactide Using an Onium Salt Catalyst
Authors: Ishijima Yuuki , Maruta Yasumi , Abiko Atsushi 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Synthesis of Ll-lactide with high chemical, diastereomeric, and enantiomeric purities was achieved by depolymerization of oligo(lactic acid) in the presence of an onium salt catalyst.
Emergence of High-density DNA Origami Network by Dewetting with a Binary Solvent
Authors: Hirano Yoshiaki , Ojima Kaoru , Miyake Yusuke , Kawai Tomoji , Matsumoto Takuya 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
We report a novel and convenient method for rapidly preparing and simultaneously immobilizing a homogeneous DNA origami network on a dry mica surface using a binary solvent. This DNA origami network can be easily obtained through a dewetting process using DNA origami species with initial bar structures. This method for inducing the emergence of two-dimensional network structures with high and uniform densities over large areas is highly valuable for quickly building the scaffolding necessary for fabricating molecular nanoscale network devices.
Application of Sodium Poly(aspartic acid) as a Binding Phase in the Technique of Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films
Authors: Liu Yujing , Chen Hong , Bai Fengling , Gu Jiali , Liu Lianli 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Sodium poly(aspartic acid) (PASP) was investigated for application in the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique as a new binding phase (PASP DGT) for the measurement of Cd2+ in waters. The Cd2+ uptake of PASP DGT increased linearly with time (r2 = 0.9989), with a DGT-labile fraction (Ψ) of 97.57 ± 1.45% in synthetic solution. The Ψ values of Cd2+ were measured in spiked river water (48.65 ± 2.26%) and spiked domestic wastewater (26.71 ± 1.25%). The binding capacity of PASP DGT decreased with increasing ionic strength, whereas it remained fairly constant in the pH range 4–10. The stability constant (log K) of PASP with Cd2+ was 9.28, indicating that PASP can coordinate strongly with Cd2+. The results show that PASP can be used as a binding phase in liquid-type DGT devices for the measurement of Cd2+ in waters.
MRI of the penis
Authors: Kirkham A 
Published: November 2012

MRI of the penis is an expensive test that is not always superior to clinical examination or ultrasound. However, it shows many of the important structures, and in particular the combination of tumescence from intracavernosal alprostadil, and high-resolution T 2 sequences show the glans, corpora and the tunica albuginea well. In this paper we summarise the radiological anatomy and discuss the indications for MRI. For penile cancer, it may be useful in cases where the local stage is not apparent clinically. In priapism, it is an emerging technique for assessing corporal viability, and in fracture it can in most cases make the diagnosis and locate the injury. In some cases of penile fibrosis and Peyronie's disease, it may aid surgical planning, and in complex pelvic fracture may replace or augment conventional urethrography. It is an excellent investigation for the malfunctioning penile prosthesis.
Short stems for total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Gustke K. 
Published: November 2012

The use of short stems has become more popular with the increased interest in less invasive approaches for total hip arthroplasty. The curved broaches and stem can be inserted along a curved track to avoid the abductor attachments. Short stems have the potential of being more bone conserving by allowing for higher neck retention, maintenance of the medial greater trochanter, and preferential stress transfer to the proximal femur.An initial experience with 500 new short stems (Fitmore, Zimmer Orthopedics) stems used for total hip arthroplasty is reported. No stems have been revised for aseptic loosening.
The Biology of Brain Metastasis
Authors: Langley Robert R , Fidler Isaiah J 
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUNDIt is estimated that at least 200 000 cases of brain metastases occur each year in the US, which is 10 times the number of patients diagnosed with primary brain tumors. Brain metastasis is associated with poor prognosis, neurological deterioration, diminished quality of life, and extremely short survival. Favorable interactions between tumor cells and cerebral microvascular endothelial cells encourage tumor growth in the central nervous system, while tumor cell interactions with astrocytes protect brain metastases from the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy.CONTENTWe review the pathogenesis of brain metastasis and emphasize the contributions of microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes to disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Animal models used to study brain metastasis are also discussed.SUMMARYBrain metastasis has many unmet clinical needs. There are few clinically relevant tumor models and no targeted therapies specific for brain metastases, and the mean survival for untreated patients is 5 weeks. Improved clinical outcomes are dependent on an enhanced understanding of the metastasis-initiating population of cells and the identification of microenvironmental factors that encourage disease progression in the central nervous system.
IsoPCR: An Analytically Sensitive, Nested, Multiplex Nucleic Acid Amplification Method
Authors: Søe Martin Jensen , Rohde Mikkel , Mikkelsen Jens , Warthoe Peter 
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND
Nucleic acid tests that can simultaneously detect multiple targets with high sensitivity, specificity, and speed are highly desirable. To meet this need, we developed a new approach we call the isoPCR method.

METHODS
The isoPCR method is a 2-stage nested-like nucleic acid amplification method that combines a single multiplex preamplification PCR with subsequent distinct detection of specific targets by use of isothermal amplification. We compared isoPCR to nested quantitative PCR (qPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and nested LAMP (PCR followed by LAMP), for detection of DNA from Candida glabrata. We evaluated the method's multiplex capability for detecting low copy numbers of pathogens commonly involved in sepsis.

RESULTS
IsoPCR provided detection of 1 copy of Candida glabrata, an LOD that was 5-fold lower than a nested qPCR assay (5 copies), while the amplification time was simultaneously halved. Similarly, the LOD for isoPCR was lower than that for a LAMP assay (1000 copies) and a nested LAMP assay (5 copies). IsoPCR required recognition of 6 regions for detection, thereby providing a theoretically higher specificity compared to nested qPCR (4 regions). The isoPCR multiplexing capability was demonstrated by simultaneous detection of 4 pathogens with individual LODs of 10 copies or fewer. Furthermore, the specificity of isoPCR was demonstrated by successful pathogen detection from samples with more than 1 pathogen present.

CONCLUSIONS
IsoPCR provides a molecular diagnostic tool for multiplex nucleic acid detection, with an LOD down to 1 copy, high theoretical specificity, and halving of the amplification time compared to a nested qPCR assay.
Fuzzy logic controller based Shunt Active Filter control strategies for Power quality improvement Using Different Fuzzy M.F.s
Authors: Panda Anup Kumar , Mikkili Suresh 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Current harmonics are one of the most common power quality problems and are usually resolved by the use of shunt active filters (SHAF). Control strategies (p-q and id-iq) for extracting the three-phase reference currents for shunt active power filters are compared, evaluating their performance under different source conditions. Three-phase reference current waveforms generated by proposed scheme are tracked by the three-phase voltage source converter in a hysteresis band control scheme.The performance of the control strategies has been evaluated in terms of harmonic mitigation and DC link voltage regulation. The proposed SHAF with different fuzzy M.F.s (Trapezoidal, Triangular and Gaussian) is able to eliminate the uncertainty in the system and SHAF gains outstanding compensation abilities. The detailed simulation results using MATLAB/SIMULINK software are presented to support the feasibility of proposed control strategies.
Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for Evaluation of Fluid Flow Through a Gate Valve
Authors: Augusto Pedro Esteves Duarte , Cristianini Marcelo 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Gate valves are the most common valve in industrial plants. However, there is no work in the literature regarding the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to evaluate the fluid flow characteristics and pressure drop in gate valves. The present work evaluated the fluid flow and pressure drop through a commercial gate valve using CFD. The obtained values for the pressure loss coefficient (k) are in accordance to those described in the literature and a power type equation could be used for modeling it as function of the Reynolds Number. Fluid flow behavior through the gate valve highlighted the flow recirculation and stagnant areas, being critical for food and pharmaceutical products processing. The obtained results reinforce the advantages in using CFD as a tool for the engineering evaluation of fluid processes.
Advances in carbon nanotube-noble metal catalyzed organic transformations
Authors: John Jubi , Gravel Edmond , Namboothiri Irishi N.N. , Doris Eric 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis review article is dealing with heterogeneous catalysis applied to synthetic chemistry using various carbon nanotube-supported noble metals (e.g., ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold).
Use of Psychotropic Medication in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Coury Daniel L. , Anagnostou Evdokia , Manning-Courtney Patricia , Reynolds Ann , Cole Lynn , McCoy Robin , Whitaker Agnes , Perrin James M. 
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVES:
The goal of this study was to examine rates of psychotropic medication use and identify associated child and family characteristics among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) enrolled in an autism registry maintained by the Autism Treatment Network (ATN).

METHODS:
The sample, derived from the ATN registry, consists of 2853 children aged 2 to 17 years with diagnoses of ASD supported by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule with available data on medication use. As part of initial enrollment in the registry, parents completed questionnaires on current psychotropic medication use, psychiatric and medical conditions, and demographics.

RESULTS:
Of the 2853 children, 763 (27%) were taking ≥1 psychotropic medication; 15% were prescribed 1 medication, 7.4% received 2 medications, and 4.5% received ≥3. Among children aged 3 to 5 years, 11% were taking ≥1 psychotropic medication; among 6-to 11-year-old children, 46%; and 66% of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years were taking at ≥1 psychotropic medication. A parent report of comorbid diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, or anxiety was associated with a high rate of use, with 80% receiving ≥1 psychotropic medication. Only 15% of children with no comorbid psychiatric disorder were taking psychotropic medication. Psychotropic medication use was also related to sleep and gastrointestinal problems.

CONCLUSIONS:
The prescription of psychotropic medications in this registry sample is highly related to comorbid psychiatric disorder. Other factors associated with use include medical comorbidities, race, ethnicity, and older age. Pediatrics 2012;130:S69—S76.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms, Adaptive Functioning, and Quality of Life in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Sikora Darryn M. , Vora Parul , Coury Daniel L. , Rosenberg Daniel 
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVEThe purpose of the current study was to evaluate the frequency of co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in a well-defined cohort of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and to examine the relationship between ADHD symptoms and both adaptive functioning and health-related quality of life as reported by parents or other primary caregivers.METHODST scores on 2 ADHD-related scales from the Child Behavior Checklist were used to indicate the presence of ADHD symptoms. Participants were divided into groups based on whether their parents/caregivers rated them as having clinically significant T scores on the Attention Problem and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Problem subscales. Standard scores from the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition and raw scores from the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory were then compared between groups with the use of multivariate analyses.RESULTSApproximately 40% of participants had 1 elevated T score, and 19% had both ADHD-related T scores elevated on the Child Behavior Checklist. The ASD + ADHD group had lower scores on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory in comparison with the ASD alone group.CONCLUSIONSResults suggest greater impairment in adaptive functioning and a poorer health-related quality of life for children with ASDs and clinically significant ADHD symptoms in comparison with children with ASDs and fewer ADHD symptoms. Physicians are encouraged to evaluate for the presence of ADHD symptoms in their patients with ASDs and, if present, include symptom treatment in the overall care plan.
A Practice Pathway for the Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Insomnia in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Malow Beth A. , Byars Kelly , Johnson Kyle , Weiss Shelly , Bernal Pilar , Goldman Suzanne E. , Panzer Rebecca , Coury Daniel L. , Glaze Dan G. 
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVEThis report describes the development of a practice pathway for the identification, evaluation, and management of insomnia in children and adolescents who have autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).METHODSThe Sleep Committee of the Autism Treatment Network (ATN) developed a practice pathway, based on expert consensus, to capture best practices for an overarching approach to insomnia by a general pediatrician, primary care provider, or autism medical specialist, including identification, evaluation, and management. A field test at 4 ATN sites was used to evaluate the pathway. In addition, a systematic literature review and grading of evidence provided data regarding treatments of insomnia in children who have neurodevelopmental disabilities.RESULTSThe literature review revealed that current treatments for insomnia in children who have ASD show promise for behavioral/educational interventions and melatonin trials. However, there is a paucity of evidence, supporting the need for additional research. Consensus among the ATN sleep medicine committee experts included: (1) all children who have ASD should be screened for insomnia; (2) screening should be done for potential contributing factors, including other medical problems; (3) the need for therapeutic intervention should be determined; (4) therapeutic interventions should begin with parent education in the use of behavioral approaches as a first-line approach; (5) pharmacologic therapy may be indicated in certain situations; and (6) there should be follow-up after any intervention to evaluate effectiveness and tolerance of the therapy. Field testing of the practice pathway by autism medical specialists allowed for refinement of the practice pathway.CONCLUSIONSThe insomnia practice pathway may help health care providers to identify and manage insomnia symptoms in children and adolescents who have ASD. It may also provide a framework to evaluate the impact of contributing factors on insomnia and to test the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment strategies for the nighttime symptoms and daytime functioning and quality of life in ASD.
Effects of a Standardized Pamphlet on Insomnia in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Adkins Karen W. , Molloy Cindy , Weiss Shelly K. , Reynolds Ann , Goldman Suzanne E. , Burnette Courtney , Clemons Traci , Fawkes Diane , Malow Beth A. 
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE
Sleep difficulties are common reasons why parents seek medical intervention in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We determined whether a pamphlet alone could be used by parents to help their child’s insomnia.

METHODS
Thirty-six children with ASD, ages 2 to 10 years, were enrolled. All had prolonged sleep latency confirmed by actigraphy showing a mean sleep latency of 30 minutes or more. Parents were randomly assigned to receive the sleep education pamphlet or no intervention. Children wore an actigraphy device to record baseline sleep parameters, with the primary outcome variable being change in sleep latency. Actigraphy data were collected a second time 2 weeks after the parent received the randomization assignment and analyzed by using Student’s t test. Parents were also asked a series of questions to gather information about the pamphlet and its usefulness.

RESULTS
Although participants randomized to the 2 arms did not differ statistically in age, gender, socioeconomic status, total Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire score, or actigraphy parameters, some differences may be large enough to affect results. Mean change in sleep-onset latency did not differ between the randomized groups (pamphlet versus no pamphlet). Parents commented that the pamphlet contained good information, but indicated that it would have been more useful to be given specific examples of how to take the information and put it into practice.

CONCLUSIONS
A sleep education pamphlet did not appear to improve sleep latency in children with ASDs.
Nonmedical Interventions for Children With ASD: Recommended Guidelines and Further Research Needs
Authors: Maglione Margaret A. , Gans Daphna , Das Lopamudra , Timbie Justin , Kasari Connie ,   For the Technical Expert Panel,,   HRSA Autism Intervention Research – Behavioral (AIR-B) Network
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE
To use the findings of a systematic review of scientific evidence to develop consensus guidelines on nonmedical interventions that address cognitive function and core deficits in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and to recommend priorities for future research.

METHODS
The guidelines were developed by a Technical Expert Panel (TEP) consisting of practitioners, researchers, and parents. A systematic overview of research findings was presented to the TEP; guideline statements were drafted, discussed, debated, edited, reassessed, and presented for formal voting.

RESULTS
The strength of evidence of efficacy varied by intervention type from insufficient to moderate. There was some evidence that greater intensity of treatment (hours per week) and greater duration (in months) led to better outcomes. The TEP agreed that children with ASD should have access to at least 25 hours per week of comprehensive intervention to address social communication, language, play skills, and maladaptive behavior. They agreed that applied behavioral analysis, integrated behavioral/developmental programs, the Picture Exchange Communication System, and various social skills interventions have shown efficacy. Based on identified gaps, they recommend that future research focus on assessment and monitoring of outcomes, addressing the needs of pre/nonverbal children and adolescents, and identifying the most effective strategies, dose, and duration to improve specific core deficits.

CONCLUSIONS
The creation of treatment guidelines and recommendations for future research represents an effort by leading experts to improve access to services for children with ASDs while acknowledging that the research evidence has many gaps.
Autism Spectrum Disorders and Developmental Disabilities in Children From Immigrant Families in the United States
Authors: Lin Sue C. , Yu Stella M. , Harwood Robin L. 
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVES
Recent census data show that nearly one-quarter of US children have at least 1 immigrant parent; moreover, there has been a dramatic increase in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and select developmental disabilities (DDs). However, little is known about access to medical home and adequacy of insurance coverage for children with ASDs and select DDs from immigrant families.

METHODS
By using the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health, we compared children with ASDs and select DDs from immigrant (n = 413, foreign born or reside with at least 1 immigrant parent) and nonimmigrant (n = 5411) families on various measures of medical home and insurance coverage. We used weighted logistic regression to examine the association between immigrant family and selected outcome measures while controlling for confounding factors.

RESULTS
Compared with nonimmigrant families, children with ASD and select DD from immigrant families were more than twice as likely to lack usual source of care and report physicians not spending enough time with family. Furthermore, multivariable analyses indicate that insurance coverage is an important factor in mitigating health care barriers for immigrant families.

CONCLUSIONS
The study demonstrates important areas of deficits in the health care experiences of children with ASD and select DD from immigrant households. Public policy implications include increasing access to existing insurance programs, augmenting public awareness resources for ASD and select DD, and offering assistance to immigrant families that are struggling with the medical needs of their children.