bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biogenic synthesis, characterization, toxicity and photocatalysis of zinc sulfide nanoparticles using rhamnolipids from Pseudomonas aeruginosaBS01 as capping and stabilizing agent
Authors: Hazra Chinmay , Kundu Debasree , Chaudhari Ambalal , Jana Tushar 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundThis paper reports a facile eco‐friendly route for biosynthesis of rhamnolipid biosurfactant capped zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles (NPs), its structural characterization, biocompatibility, cytotoxicity assessment and its applicability as a nanophotocatalyst for textile azo dye degradation.ResultsHomogeneous, water soluble, stable and polydisperse 10–15 nm sized ZnS NPs were synthesized with rhamnolipid biosurfactant that served the dual role of capping and stabilizing agent. The as‐prepared ZnS NPs retained photoluminescence intensity and showed an obvious blue shift compared with normal ZnS crystallites of micrometer scale. XRD analysis confirmed crystallinity and SEM and TEM images revealed spherical particles. Unchanged cell viability of adult rat (Rattus norvegicus) hepatocytes for biosurfactant capped ZnS were observed while conventional ZnS NPs showed dose and time‐dependent cytotoxicity. Specifically, rhamnolipid capping induced less oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and perturbation in total glutathione (GSH). Maximum Direct brown MR dye degradation of 96 and 94% was obtained under UV irradiation for 180 min using SDS and biosurfactant capped ZnS NPs, respectively, at pH 11.0 and 25°C.ConclusionThe results elucidated the significance of biocompatible and biodegradable rhamnolipids as an effective and inexpensive capping and stabilizing agent for developing stable and biocompatible ZnS NPs as nanophotocatalyst in the textile industry and for wastewater and effluents treatment.
Magnesium ammonium phosphate formation, recovery and its application as valuable resources: a review
Authors: Liu YingHao , Kumar Sanjay , Kwag Jung‐Hoon , Ra ChangSix 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTo address the issues of wastewater treatment and depleting phosphorus (P) resources, the present review focuses on the very wide interest in P recovery from wastewater, with scientific research underway in countries across the globe. The study describes the growing concern for diminishing P resources and then the chemical principle of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) precipitation, factors influencing MAP crystallization, and various developments achieved through bench, pilot and full scale MAP reactors. A brief description is given of MAP purification and dissolution to economically exploit MAP as a phosphate and magnesium source. Experience in re‐use of recovered MAP as a sustainable agriculture fertilizer is discussed including pot and field trials. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Bacterial cellulose–carbon nanotube composite as a biocompatible electrode for the direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase
Authors: Kim Young‐Hoo , Park Saerom , Won Keehoon , Kim Hyung Joo , Lee Sang Hyun 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundBacterial cellulose (BC)‐based materials have many potential applications in the biomedical field because of their inherent biocompatibility. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used as electrode materials owing to their high electrical conductivity. In this study, BC‐CNT composite electrodes were prepared simply by directly filtering CNTs through BC hydrogel and vacuum drying the BC hydrogel containing the CNTs. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized on BC‐CNT composite electrodes.ResultsCyclic voltammograms revealed that the BC‐CNT‐GOx electrodes had a pair of well‐defined peaks. The formal redox potential peak was –496 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl), which agreed well with that of FAD/FADH2. This result clearly indicates that direct electron transfer occurred between GOx and the BC‐CNT composite electrode. In addition, the GOx immobilized on the electrode retained its catalytic ability to oxidize glucose.ConclusionConductive BC‐CNT composite films form a good biocompatible electrode for the direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase. They have many potential applications in the biomedical field such as biosensors, biofuel cells, and bioelectronic devices. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Practical non‐chromatography strategies for the potential separation of PEGylated RNase A conjugates
Authors: Galindo‐López Miriam , Rito‐Palomares Marco 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe implementation of efficient processes for the development, recovery and purification of biological products is a main challenge for the bioengineering field. PEGylation can enhance the therapeutic properties of the protein, and often results in heterogeneous population of conjugated species and unmodified protein that presents a protein separations challenge. Non‐chromatography strategies, such as countercurrent distribution in aqueous two‐phase systems (CCD‐ATPS) and ultrafiltration (UF) for the fractionation of PEGylated RNase A conjugates represent attractive alternative worth of consideration.RESULTSIn this work the potential application of CCD‐ATPS for the separation of closely related proteins (i.e. mono‐PEGylated and di‐PEGylated RNase A) was performed under selected conditions. Process conditions involved PEG 8000 13% (w/w), phosphate 10.4% (w/w), at pH 7.0 and volume ratio of 1.0 resulted, after 30 transfers in CCD, in distinguishable peaks that can be attributed to the mono‐PEGylated protein (61%) and di‐PEGylated (58%) form of RNase A. Alternatively, an ultrafiltration‐based strategy resulted in the partial separation of mono‐PEGylated and di‐PEGylated protein, 38% and 60%, respectively, in the concentrate with a 30 kDa membrane. Using a 50 kDa membrane the mono‐PEGylated RNase A accumulates in the filtrate (43%) and the di‐PEGylated in the concentrate (45%).CONCLUSIONSThe results reported here can be considered for the separation of PEGylated proteins, as a first step in the implementation of a purification process. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparing the long‐term effect of high P/COD influent on enhancement of phosphate‐accumulating organisms between acetate‐ and propionate‐fed reactors
Authors: Hsu Chih‐Hsun , Chang Wei‐Chin , Chen Jian‐Jyun , Wu Jhong‐Syun 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundHigh P/COD loading has been extensively applied to obtain a highly enriched culture of phosphate‐accumulating organisms (PAOs) in an anaerobic‐oxic (A/O) system. However, phosphorus rich influent was also observed to deteriorate the phosphorus metabolism. This study therefore operated acetate‐ and propionate‐fed A/O reactors to examine the long‐term effect of high P/COD loading on the enhancement of PAOs in both reactors.ResultsLong‐term cultivating with 40/400 mg P (mg COD)‐1 influent suppressed the proliferation of PAOs in the acetate‐fed reactor, and more importantly provided glycogen‐accumulating organisms (GAOs) with a selective advantage over PAOs. GAOs eventually dominate the A/O system even when the influent phosphorus was reduced back to 15 mg L‐1. Conversely, PAOs was encouraged, and then stably sustained in the propionate‐fed reactor with the same phosphorus influent (40/400 mg P (mg COD)‐1). Obviously, acquiring a stable PAOs‐enriched system via high phosphorus loading relied considerably on the choice of carbon source.ConclusionsPropionate was more beneficial than acetate for supporting PAOs to suffer a high phosphorus loading in an enhanced biological phosphorus removal system. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of immobilization protocol on optimal conditions of ethyl butyrate synthesis catalyzed by lipase B from Candida antarctica
Authors: Friedrich John L. R. , Peña Fernanda P. , Garcia‐Galan Cristina , Fernandez‐Lafuente Roberto , Ayub Marco A. Z. , Rodrigues Rafael C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundIn this work two immobilized preparations of lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) B from Candida antarctica (CALB) were compared as biocatalysts in the synthesis of ethyl butyrate, a short‐chain esters with fruity notes. Commercial Novozym 435 and CALB immobilized on styrene‐divinylbenzene beads (MCI‐CALB) were tested for esterification reactions. Central composite design and response surface methodology were used to optimize the reaction temperature, substrate molar ratio, enzyme content, and the added water.ResultsThe two enzymatic preparations presented different optimal conditions concerning ethyl butyrate production, with higher yields of conversion around 85% in 1.5 h being achieved. However, MCI‐CALB presented productivities 1.6 times higher than Novozym 435. The main difference between the biocatalysts was in relation to operational stability during batch reuse experiments, in which MCI‐CALB retained 80% of its initial activity after eight batches, while Novozym 435 retained only 20% under the same conditions.ConclusionIt was verified that variations in the protocols for enzyme immobilization causes different optimal conditions for the esterification reaction. These are very interesting results because reaction times were short, producing high conversion yields and productivities considering the mass of biocatalyst used. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Humeral epiphyseal shape in the felidae: The influence of phylogeny, allometry, and locomotion
Authors: Walmsley Anthony , Elton Sarah , Louys Julien , Bishop Laura C. , Meloro Carlo 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBone morphology of the cats (Mammalia: Felidae) is influenced by many factors, including locomotor mode, body size, hunting methods, prey size and phylogeny. Here, we investigate the shape of the proximal and distal humeral epiphyses in extant species of the felids, based on two‐dimensional landmark configurations. Geometric morphometric techniques were used to describe shape differences in the context of phylogeny, allometry and locomotion. The influence of these factors on epiphyseal shape was assessed using Principal Component Analysis, Linear Discriminant functions and multivariate regression. Phylogenetic Generalised Least Squares was used to examine the association between size or locomotion and humeral epiphyseal shape, after taking a phylogenetic error term into account. Results show marked differences in epiphyseal shape between felid lineages, with a relatively large phylogenetic influence. Additionally, the adaptive influences of size and locomotion are demonstrated, and their influence is independent of phylogeny in most, but not all, cases. Several features of epiphyseal shape are common to the largest terrestrial felids, including a relative reduction in the surface area of the humeral head and increased robusticity of structures that provide attachment for joint‐stabilising muscles, including the medial epicondyle and the greater and lesser tubercles. This increased robusticity is a functional response to the increased loading forces placed on the joints due to large body mass. J. Morphol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Skeletal ontogeny in basal scleractinian micrabaciid corals
Authors: Janiszewska Katarzyna , Jaroszewicz Jakub , Stolarski Jarosław 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe skeletal ontogeny of the Micrabaciidae, one of two modern basal scleractinian lineages, is herein reconstructed based on serial micro‐computed tomography sections and scanning electron micrographs. Similar to other scleractinians, skeletal growth of micrabaciids starts from the simultaneous formation of six primary septa. New septa of consecutive cycles arise between septa of the preceding cycles from unique wedge‐shaped invaginations of the wall. The invagination of wall and formation of septa are accompanied by development of costae alternating in position with septa. During corallite growth, deepening invagination of the wall results in elevation of septa above the level of a horizontal base. The corallite wall is regularly perforated thus invaginated regions consist of pillars inclined downwardly and outwardly from the lower septal margins. Shortly after formation of septa (S2 and higher cycles) their upper margins bend and fuse with the neighboring members of a previous cycle, resulting in a unique septal pattern, formerly misinterpreted as “septal bifurcation.” Septa as in other Scleractinia are hexamerally arranged in cycles. However, starting from the quaternaries, septa within single cycles do not appear simultaneously but are inserted in pairs and successively flank the members of a preceding cycle, invariably starting from those in the outermost parts of the septal system. In each pair, the septum adjacent to older septa arises first (e.g., the quinaries between S2 and S4 before quinaries between S3 and S4). Unique features of micrabaciid skeletal ontogeny are congruent with their basal position in scleractinian phylogeny, which was previously supported by microstructural and molecular data. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthetic hydrogel scaffold is an effective vehicle for delivery of INFUSE (rhBMP2) to critical‐sized calvaria bone defects in rats
Authors: Mariner Peter D. , Wudel Justin M. , Miller David E. , Genova E. Erin , Streubel Sven‐Olrik , Anseth Kristi S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMedtronic's INFUSE Bone Graft provides surgeons with a potent tool for stimulating bone formation. Current delivery vehicles that rely on Absorbable Collagen Sponges (ACS) require excessive quantities of the active ingredient in INFUSE, recombinant human Bone Morphogenic Protein‐2 (rhBMP2), to achieve physiologically relevant concentrations of the growth factor, driving up the cost of the product and increasing the likelihood of undesirable side effects in neighboring tissues. We demonstrate that a simple light‐mediated, thiol‐ene chemistry can be used to create an effective polymer delivery vehicle for rhBMP2, eliminating the use of xenographic materials and reducing the dose of rhBMP2 required to achieve therapeutic effects. Comprised entirely of synthetic components, this system entraps rhBMP2 within a biocompatible hydrogel scaffold that is degraded by naturally occurring remodeling enzymes, clearing the way for new tissue formation. When tested side‐by‐side with ACS in a critical‐sized bone defect model in rats, this polymeric delivery system significantly increased bone formation over ACS controls. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 401–406, 2013
Effects on DPPH inhibition of egg‐white protein polypeptides treated by pulsed electric field technology
Authors: Wang Ke , Wang Jia , Liu Bolong , Lin Songyi , Zhao Ping , Liu Jingbo , Jones Gregory , Huang Hsiang‐Chi 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDEgg‐white protein polypeptides are potentially used as a functional ingredient in food products. In this study, the effects on DPPH inhibition of egg‐white protein polypeptides ranging from 10 to 30 kDa treated by pulsed electric field (PEF) technology were investigated.RESULTS2, 2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition (%) was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of polypeptides. In order to develop and optimize a pulsed electric field (PEF) mathematical model for improving the antioxidant activity, we have investigated three variables, including concentration (6, 8 and 10 mg mL−1), electric field intensity (10, 20 and 30 kV cm−1) and pulse frequency (2000, 2350 and 2700 Hz) and subsequently optimized them by response surface methodology (RSM). The concentration (8 mg mL−1), electric field intensity (10 kV cm−1) and pulse frequency (2000 Hz) were found to be the optimal conditions under which the DPPH inhibition increased 28.44%, compared to the sample without PEF treatment. Both near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and mid‐infrared spectroscopy (MIR) were used to analyze the change of functional groups © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry.CONCLUSIONThe results showed that PEF technology could improve the antioxidant activity of antioxidant polypeptides from egg‐white protein under the optimized conditions.
The kinetics of thermal generation of flavour
Authors: Parker Jane K 
Published: October 2012

AbstractControl and optimisation of flavour is the ultimate challenge for the food and flavour industry. The major route to flavour formation during thermal processing is the Maillard reaction, which is a complex cascade of interdependent reactions initiated by the reaction between a reducing sugar and an amino compound. The complexity of the reaction means that researchers turn to kinetic modelling in order to understand the control points of the reaction and to manipulate the flavour profile. Studies of the kinetics of flavour formation have developed over the past 30 years from single‐ response empirical models of binary aqueous systems to sophisticated multi‐response models in food matrices, based on the underlying chemistry, with the power to predict the formation of some key aroma compounds. This paper discusses in detail the development of kinetic models of thermal generation of flavour and looks at the challenges involved in predicting flavour. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Broken rice kernels and the kinetics of rice hydration and texture during cooking
Authors: Saleh Mohammed , Meullenet Jean‐Francois 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundDuring rice milling and processing, broken kernels are inevitably present, although to date it has been unclear as to how the presence of broken kernels affects rice hydration and cooked rice texture. Therefore, this work intended to study the effect of broken kernels in a rice sample on rice hydration and texture during cooking. Two medium‐grain and two long‐grain rice cultivars were harvested, dried and milled, and the broken kernels were separated from unbroken kernels. Broken rice kernels were subsequently combined with unbroken rice kernels forming treatments of 0, 40, 150, 350 or 1000 g kg−1 broken kernels ratio. Rice samples were then cooked and the moisture content of the cooked rice, the moisture uptake rate, and rice hardness and stickiness were measured.ResultsAs the amount of broken rice kernels increased, rice sample texture became increasingly softer (P < 0.05) but the unbroken kernels became significantly harder. Moisture content and moisture uptake rate were positively correlated, and cooked rice hardness was negatively correlated to the percentage of broken kernels in rice samples.ConclusionDifferences in the proportions of broken rice in a milled rice sample play a major role in determining the texture properties of cooked rice. Variations in the moisture migration kinetics between broken and unbroken kernels caused faster hydration of the cores of broken rice kernels, with greater starch leach‐out during cooking affecting the texture of the cooked rice. The texture of cooked rice can be controlled, to some extent, by varying the proportion of broken kernels in milled rice. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Toward A Community‐driven Development Model of Rural Tourism: the Chinese Experience
Authors: Zou Tongqian , Huang Songshan (Sam) , Ding Peiyi 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTBased on three case studies of rural tourism practices in suburban Beijing, China, this paper proposes a community‐driven development (CDD) model in rural tourism. The paper illustrated three principles of the CDD model: localization of supply chain, community‐external investor symbiosis, and democratization of decision making. The three principles as a whole serve as key to understanding and successfully implementing the CDD in China. Although the three principles come from the practice of rural tourism development in China, it is hoped that theoretical implications could be derived from this paper to direct tourism planning exercises in other countries, especially those developing countries with similar economic development backgrounds to China. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postradiation sarcoma after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Chan Jimmy Yu Wai , Wong Stanley Thian Sze , Lau Gregory Ian Siu Kee , Wei William Ignace 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Postradiation sarcoma (PRS) is a notorious complication after radiotherapy (RT). The prognosis is poor, and the role of surgery is not well defined. The aim of our study was to review our experience in the management of PRS after RT for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).Study Design:Case series.Methods:Between 1998 and 2011, all patients treated for PRS after radiation for NPC were reviewed retrospectively.Results:Twenty‐five patients were included. The mean latency period for the development of PRS after previous RT was 12.4 years. The histologic subtypes included osteosarcoma (n = 8), rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 6), undifferentiated sarcoma (n = 6), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (n = 4), and leiomyosarcoma (n = 1). Twenty patients underwent surgery with curative intent, but 14 of them eventually had microscopic positive resection margins. Among them, all received postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation, and six of them had brachytherapy as well. However, 71.4% of them eventually developed local recurrence. The median survival was significantly better for those with clear margin resection than for those with positive margins (5.12 years vs. 1.44 years, P = .04). Surgery was effective in symptom palliation, including tumor pain, bleeding, and trismus.Conclusions:PRS remains a disease with poor prognosis. Surgical resection with clear margins achieves significantly better survival. Surgery is also effective in the palliation of pain, bleeding, and trismus in patients with advanced staged disease. Laryngoscope, 2012
Effects of zinc deficiency and supplementation on gene expression of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) on the tongue in rats
Authors: Sekine Hiroki , Takao Kyoichi , Yoshinaga Koji , Kokubun Shinichiro , Ikeda Minoru 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:We examined the effect of zinc deficiency and supplementation on the expression of bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) and epithelial sodium ion channel (ENaC) genes on the tongue in rats.Study Design:Prospective animal study.Methods:A total of 36 male Sprague‐Dawley rats (3 weeks old) were used. Twelve rats were fed a normal diet for 28 (n = 6) or 56 (n = 6) days, another 12 were fed a zinc‐deficient diet for the same periods, and still another 12 were fed a zinc‐deficient diet for 28 days and then administered zinc for a further 28 days. The epithelium of the circumvallate papillae was collected, and expression of the TAS2R40, TAS2R105, TAS2R107, TAS2R118, TAS2R121, TAS2R136, TAS2R140, and ENaC genes was examined by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction.Results:Gene expression frequency of TAS2R40 and TAS2R107 significantly decreased in rats fed a zinc‐deficient diet, and frequency of TAS2R107 significantly increased following zinc administration. No changes were noted in expression of TAS2R105, TAS2R118, TAS2R121, or ENaC in zinc‐deficient rats.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that zinc may affect gene expression for some TAS2Rs on the tongue in rats. Laryngoscope, 2012