bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimized formulation and processing protocol for a supplementary bean‐based composite flour
Authors: Ndagire Catherine T. , Muyonga John H. , Manju Reddy , Nakimbugwe Dorothy 
Published: May 2015

AbstractProtein‐energy malnutrition is the most serious nutritional body depletion disorder among infants and young children in developing countries, attributable to inadequate energy and nutrient intake, partly due to high dietary bulk of weaning and infant foods. The gruels fed to children are typically of low nutrient and energy density due to the low flour incorporation rate required for drinking viscosity. The aim of this study was to develop a nutritious product, based on common dry beans and other grains, suitable for supplementary feeding. The optimal processing conditions for desired nutritional and sensory attributes were determined using Response Surface Methodology. For bean processing, soaking for 6, 15, or 24 h, germination for 24 or 48 h, and cooking under pressure for either 10 or 20 min were the independent variables. The processed bean flour's total polyphenol, phytic acid and protein content, the sensory acceptability of the bean‐based composite porridge and its protein and starch digestibility were dependent variables. Based on product acceptability, antinutrients and protein content, as well as on protein and starch digestibility, the optimum processing conditions for the bean flour for infant and young child feeding were 24 h of soaking, 48 h of malting, and 19 min of steaming under pressure. These conditions resulted in a product with the highest desirability. The model equations developed can be used for predicting the quality of the bean flour and the bean‐based composite porridge. Bean optimally processed and incorporated with grain amaranth and rice flours of a ratio of 40: 30: 30, respectively, resulted into flour with high energy, mineral, and nutrient density of the final porridge. The composite is well adaptable to preparation at rural community level. The use of these locally available grains and feasible processes could make a great contribution to nutrition security in sub‐Saharan Africa and other developing countries.
Understanding the carbon dioxide sequestration in low‐permeability saline aquifers in the Ordos Basin with numerical simulations
Authors: Xie Jian , Zhang Keni , Hu Litang , Wang Yongsheng , Chen Maoshan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage demonstration project was started in 2010 by injecting around 100 000 tonnes of super‐critical CO2 per annum into a set of very low‐permeability sandstone at depths of more than 1600 m in the northeastern Ordos Basin, China. Based on the site‐specific geology and the observational data, a numerical injection model was developed in order to understand the hydrodynamic behavior of CO2 in the subsurface for evaluating reservoir performance. The results show that the model reasonably described the spreading of the CO2 plume. The Triassic Liujiagou sandstone aquifer is the most favorable storage formation for CO2 sequestration at the site of interest. After three years of injection of CO2, the maximum lateral migration distance of CO2 plume is about 550 m and the pressure build‐up is about 13 MPa in the Liujiagou formation for the actual injection simulation. The major storage layer is at depths of 1690–1699 m, which contributes around 80% of injectivity of the entire reservoir system. The leakage of CO2 into the geological seals is negligible (<0.1%) over the entire simulation period. Regardless of the relatively good fit during the calibration period, the model overestimated the pressures associated with the injection thereafter. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Constraints on Compliance and the Impact of Health Information in Rural Pakistan
Authors: Bennett Daniel , Asjad Naqvi Syed Ali , Schmidt Wolf‐Peter 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe provision of information, which is a common public health strategy, may be ineffective if recommendations are not privately optimal for message recipients. This paper evaluates the response to a hygiene information campaign in rural Pakistan. In a theoretical model, baseline hygiene and health proxy for preferences, prices, and wealth, which jointly moderate the impact of information. We show that people with good baseline hygiene and health respond differentially to the hygiene message. This result, which does not appear to arise through differential learning, suggests that practical constraints limit the adoption of hygiene recommendations. Information provision may exacerbate health inequality under these conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduction of Working Time: Does It Lead to a Healthy Lifestyle?
Authors: Ahn Taehyun 
Published: May 2015

AbstractI examine whether working hours have a causal effect on the health behaviors of workers. In assessing the causal relationship, I estimate fixed‐effects instrumental variable models by using exogenous variation in adopting a reduced workweek in South Korea as an instrument for work hours. The estimation results reveal that shortening work hours induces individuals to exercise regularly and decreases the likelihood of smoking, with more pronounced effects for heavy smokers. While a work‐hour reduction substantially increases the probability of drinking participation, it does not significantly affect the likelihood of frequent or daily drinking habits. In addition, the effect of a work‐hour reduction on regular exercise is salient among women and older groups, and the effect on smoking behaviors is more pronounced among men and middle‐aged groups. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of NAPL exposure on the wettability and two‐phase flow in a single rock fracture
Authors: Lee Hang Bok , Kim Byung‐Woo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSurface‐wetting properties are an important cause of changing the groundwater and two‐phase fluid flows. Various factors affecting the surface wettability were investigated in a parallel‐walled glass fracture with non‐aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) (gasoline, diesel, trichloroethylene, and creosote) wetted surfaces. First, the effect of the duration of NAPL exposure on wettability change was considered at pre‐wet fracture surfaces using the various NAPL species, and the result showed that the surface became hydrophobic after the exposure time of NAPL exceeded 2000 min. Second, the initial wetting state of the surface affected the timing when the wettability change begins as well as the extent of the wettability change in an NAPL‐wetted rock fractures. Under the dry condition, the wettability change was completed within a very short time of exposure to NAPL (~5 min), and then it finally reached the intermediate and weakly NAPL wetting (contact angle of 118°). Under the pre‐wet condition, a relatively long time of exposure (~5000 min) was needed to observe the obvious change of the surface wettability, which was changed up to strongly NAPL wetting (contact angle of 142°). Third, the wettability changed by NAPL exposure was stable and maintained for a long time, regardless of water flushing rate and temperature. Finally, the wettability change by the exposure of NAPL on parallel fracture surfaces was evaluated at various groundwater flow velocities. Result showed that groundwater flow velocity has an important impact upon measured contact angle. Although fracture surfaces were exposed to NAPL at the low groundwater flow velocity, the wettability was not changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic when the contact time between NAPL and mineral surfaces was not sufficient owing to the pulse‐type movement of NAPL. This implies that the variation of exposure pattern due to groundwater flow on the wettability change can be an important factor affecting the wettability change of fracture surface and migration behaviour at natural fractured rock aquifers in case of NAPL spill. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wear behavior of pressable lithium disilicate glass ceramic
Authors: Peng Zhongxiao , Izzat Abdul Rahman Muhammad , Zhang Yu , Yin Ling 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis article reports effects of surface preparation and contact loads on abrasive wear properties of highly aesthetic and high‐strength pressable lithium disilicate glass‐ceramics (LDGC). Abrasive wear testing was performed using a pin‐on‐disk device in which LDGC disks prepared with different surface finishes were against alumina pins at different contact loads. Coefficients of friction and wear volumes were measured as functions of initial surface finishes and contact loads. Wear‐induced surface morphology changes in both LDGC disks and alumina pins were characterized using three‐dimensional laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The results show that initial surface finishes of LDGC specimens and contact loads significantly affected the friction coefficients, wear volumes and wear‐induced surface roughness changes of the material. Both wear volumes and friction coefficients of LDGC increased as the load increased while surface roughness effects were complicated. For rough LDGC surfaces, three‐body wear was dominant while for fine LDGC surfaces, two‐body abrasive wear played a key role. Delamination, plastic deformation, and brittle fracture were observed on worn LDGC surfaces. The adhesion of LDGC matrix materials to alumina pins was also discovered. This research has advanced our understanding of the abrasive wear behavior of LDGC and will provide guidelines for better utilization and preparation of the material for long‐term success in dental restorations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 968–978, 2016.
Synthesis of piezoelectric and bioactive NaNbO3 from metallic niobium and niobium oxide
Authors: Prado da Silva Marcelo Henrique , da Rocha Daniel Navarro , de Andrade Gobbo Luciano , dos Santos Azevedo Luciana Maria , Louro Luís Henrique Leme , Machado Costa Andréa , Brant de Campos José 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNaNbO3 was synthesized by two different routes, one using metallic niobium powder, and another using niobium oxide (Nb2O5) powder. In both routes an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was used to hydrothermally treating the powders. In the first approach, the solution concentrations were 3M, 1M, and 0.5M. The second route used solution concentrations of 10M and 12.5M. After the hydrothermal treatments, the powders were heat treated in order to synthesize NaNbO3. The products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) with Rietveld refinement. The phases were identified by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) with Rietveld refinement. It was observed that the molar concentrations of the solutions had opposing effects for each route. An antiferroelectric phase was found in both routes. In the niobium metallic route, a ferroelectric phase was also synthesized. This study proves that piezoelectric NaNbO3 can be obtained after alkali treatment of both Nb and Nb2O5. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 979–985, 2016.
Pharmacokinetics of bound and unbound telaprevir in cirrhotic patients with moderate and severe hepatic impairment
Authors: Ouwerkerk‐Mahadevan Sivi , Halabi Atef , Cieslarová Blanka , Aerts Indra , Witek James , Van Solingen‐Ristea Rodica , Luo Donghan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic parameters of telaprevir (TVR) in patients with moderate and severe hepatic impairment, measure the unbound (pharmacologically active) plasma concentrations of TVR, and determine if any changes in TVR exposure were of clinical relevance. Ten patients with moderate (Child‐Pugh B) hepatic impairment, 10 matched healthy control volunteers, and 4 nonmatched patients with severe (Child‐Pugh C) hepatic impairment received 750 mg TVR every 8 hours for 6 days. Venous blood samples were collected at various times throughout the study. Single‐dose and steady‐state pharmacokinetics of total and unbound TVR were calculated. Safety and tolerability of TVR were also assessed. The mean maximum plasma concentration and area under the curve values of total and unbound TVR were lower in patients with moderate hepatic impairment compared with matched healthy controls following a single dose and at steady state but did not consistently meet statistical significance. This trend was also present when patients with severe hepatic impairment were compared with the nonmatched healthy controls. However, the safety profile of TVR in the patient and healthy volunteer groups was comparable with previously published data. These results indicate that reduced plasma concentrations of total and unbound TVR in patients with hepatic impairment are unlikely to be clinically relevant.
Kinetic index combining native and postcontrast myocardial T1 in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Kachenoura Nadjia , Besson‐Hajji Laila , Graves Martin J , Reid Scott , Soulat Gilles , Ashrafpoor Golmehr , De Cesare Alain , Hagege Albert , Redheuil Alban , Mousseaux Elie 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundTo evaluate ability of pre‐ and postcontrast apparent T1* indices, as well as their combination to characterize myocardial structural changes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).MethodsStudy protocol was approved by institutional review board and informed consent was obtained. T1 mapping was performed using MOLLI sequence (1.5T magnet) on: (i) tubes with known T1 and varied heart‐rates (HR), (ii) 17 HCM (55 ± 15 years) and 18 controls (49 ± 16 years), before contrast and every 5 min over 20 min postcontrast. Global and segmental native T1 (T1*Native), extracellular volume (ECV) and percentage of decrease in myocardial T1* (T1*decay = 100·[1‐T1*Post‐contrast/T1*Native]) were estimated. Correlation coefficients of associations between T1 and LV indices, such as left ventricular wall thickness (WT) and mass index (LVMi) were provided. Receiver operator curve analysis was performed on per‐patient basis to assess ability of T1* indices to identify HCM.ResultsWhile up to a T1* of 1000 ms the effect of HR was minor, it was more pronounced above 1000 ms. T1*Native (754 ± 76 ms versus 1014 ± 130 ms, P < 0.001), ECV20min (23 ± 5% versus 27 ± 4%, P = 0.005), and T1*decay5, 10, 15 or 20min (38 ± 8% versus 54 ± 6%, P < 0.001) showed significant differences between controls and HCM. Correlation coefficients for associations with WT and LVMi were higher for T1*Native and T1decay, independent of acquisition time (with WT/LVMi: r = 0.58/0.44 (P < 0.05) for T1*Native; r = 0.23 (P < 0.05)/0.23 for ECV20min; r > 0.51/ > 0.45(P < 0.05) for T1*decay5, 20min). T1*Native (97.1%) and T1*decay (91.2%) characterized HCM with higher accuracy (P < 0.02) than ECV (69%).ConclusionT1*Native and T1*decay were able to characterize HCM more accurately than ECV, even in the absence of myocardial hypertrophy and late‐gadolinium enhancement. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2015;42:1713–1722.
A multi‐decadal assessment of the performance of gauge‐ and model‐based rainfall products over Saudi Arabia: climatology, anomalies and trends
Authors: El Kenawy Ahmed M. , McCabe Matthew F. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTMany arid and semi‐arid regions have sparse precipitation observing networks, which limits the capacity for detailed hydrological modelling, water resources management and flood forecasting efforts. The objective of this work is to evaluate the utility of relatively high‐spatial resolution rainfall products to reproduce observed multi‐decadal rainfall characteristics such as climatologies, anomalies and trends over Saudi Arabia. Our study compares the statistical characteristics of rainfall from 53 observatories over the reference period 1965–2005, with rainfall data from six widely used gauge‐based products, including APHRODITE, GPCC, PRINCETON, UDEL, CRU and PREC/L. In addition, the performance of three global climate models (GCMs), including CCSM4, EC‐EARTH and MRI‐I‐CGCM3, integrated as part of the Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), was also evaluated. Results indicate that the gauge‐based products were generally skillful in reproducing rainfall characteristics in Saudi Arabia. In most cases, the gauge‐based products were also able to capture the annual cycle, anomalies and climatologies of observed data, although significant inter‐product variability was observed, depending on the assessment metric being used. In comparison, the GCM‐based products generally exhibited poor performance, with larger biases and very weak correlations, particularly during the summertime. Importantly, all products generally failed to reproduce the observed long‐term seasonal and annual trends in the region, particularly during the dry seasons (summer and autumn). Overall, this work suggests that selected gauge‐based products with daily (APHRODITE and PRINCETON) and monthly (GPCC and CRU) resolutions show superior performance relative to other products, implying that they may be the most appropriate data source from which multi‐decadal variations of rainfall can be investigated at the regional scale over Saudi Arabia. Discriminating these skillful products is important not only for reducing uncertainty in climate, hydrological and environmental assessments but also for advancing model developments in the region.
Perceiving the algae: How feeding‐current feeding copepods detect their nonmotile prey
Authors: Gonçalves Rodrigo J. , Kiørboe Thomas 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFeeding‐current feeding copepods detect and capture prey individually, but the mechanism by which nonmotile prey is detected has been unclear. Early reports that copepods detect phytoplankton prey at distances of one body length or more led to the hypothesis that solutes leaking from the prey would be carried to the copepod by the sheared feeding current and arrive prior to the prey, thus allowing the copepod to adjust the feeding current to bring the prey within reach of the feeding appendages. Many subsequent studies have been interpreted assuming this mechanism, which appears currently to be the main accepted view. Here, we review the observations available in the literature and add our own data to show that in most cases the prey, whether phytoplankton cells or inert particles, has to be within a few prey radii from the setae of the feeding appendages to elicit a capture response. We further demonstrate that (1) long‐range chemical detection is incompatible with known algal leakage rates and reasonable assumptions of sensitivity, (2) that near‐field chemical detection is constrained by diffusion across the boundary layer of the sensor and takes longer than observed near‐contact times, and (3) that most reported detection distances are well predicted by models of fluid mechanical signal generation and detection. We conclude that near‐field mechanoreception is the common prey detection mode in pelagic copepods. Prey detection distances are thus governed mainly by the reach of the feeding appendages, in contrast to the strong prey size‐dependency implied by remote chemical prey detection.
Fish herbivory as key ecological function in a heavily degraded coral reef system
Authors: Plass‐Johnson Jeremiah G. , Ferse Sebastian C. A. , Jompa Jamaluddin , Wild Christian , Teichberg Mirta 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLocalized impacts, such as eutrophication and overfishing, have been identified as major threats to reefs worldwide, resulting in changes in coral reef community composition, from coral‐dominance to algal‐dominance. Herbivory by fishes is frequently cited as a key process structuring benthic community response to stressors. Here, we experimentally tested the capacity of herbivorous fishes to remove macroalgae along an onshore–offshore spatial gradient in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia; a coral reef system exposed to long‐term anthropogenic disturbances. Bioassays of Sargassum and Padina spp. were collected from the reef flat and transplanted onto the reef slope at five islands varying in distance (1–55 km) from the coastline and city of Makassar, South Sulawesi. Supplementary underwater video deployment and fish surveys were used to identify species‐specific differences in herbivore communities and rates of algal removal. Over a 24 h period, Padina was almost completely removed from the two outermost islands, but removal declined toward shore. With the exception of the site closest to Makassar, more than 50% of all transplanted macroalgae were removed. Species diversity of algal‐consuming fishes and total bites increased toward off‐shore, with only one species, Siganus virgatus (Siganidae), feeding at all sites. These changes in herbivore communities underline the capacity for functional resilience under varying levels of reef degradation. Our results exemplify the complexities of ecological functioning along environmental gradients.
Demicompact linear operators, essential spectrum and some perturbation results
Authors: Chaker Wajdi , Jeribi Aref , Krichen Bilel 
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we present some results on Fredholm and upper semi‐Fredholm operators involving demicompact operators. Our results generalize many known ones in the literature, in particular those obtained by Petryshyn in and Jeribi et al. in , . They are used to establish a fine description of the Schechter essential spectrum of closed densely defined operators, and to investigate the essential spectrum of the sum of two bounded linear operators defined on a Banach space by means of the essential spectrum of each of the two operators.
Experimental approaches to identify small RNAs and their diverse roles in bacteria – what we have learnt in one decade of MicA research
Authors: Van Puyvelde Sandra , Vanderleyden Jozef , De Keersmaecker Sigrid C. J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNowadays the identification of small RNAs (sRNAs) and characterization of their role within regulatory networks takes a prominent place in deciphering complex bacterial phenotypes. Compared to the study of other components of bacterial cells, this is a relatively new but fast‐growing research field. Although reports on new sRNAs appear regularly, some sRNAs are already subject of research for a longer time. One of such sRNAs is MicA, a sRNA best described for its role in outer membrane remodeling, but probably having a much broader function than anticipated. An overview of what we have learnt from MicA led to the conclusion that even for this well‐described sRNA, we still do not have the overall picture. More general, the story of MicA might become an experimental lead for unraveling the many sRNAs with unknown functions. In this review, three important topics in the sRNA field are covered, exemplified from the perspective of MicA: (i) identification of new sRNAs, (ii) target identification and unraveling the biological function, (iii) structural analysis. The complex mechanisms of action of MicA deliver some original insights in the sRNA field which includes the existence of dimer formation or simultaneous cis and trans regulation, and might further inspire the understanding of the function of other sRNAs.